bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Test of the Equal Environment Assumption (EEA) in Multivariate Twin Studies
Authors: Derks Eske M. , Dolan Conor V. , Boomsma Dorret I. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn the classic twin design, estimation of genetic and environmental effects is based on the assumption that environmental influences are shared to the same extent by monozygotic and dizygotic twins (equal environment assumption, EEA). We explore the conditions in which the EEA can be tested based on multivariate phenotypic data. We focus on the test whether the correlation between shared environmental factors in dizygotic twins (rC) is less than 1. First, model identification was investigated analytically in Maple and Mx. Second, statistical power was examined in Mx. Third, the amount of bias caused by violation of the EEA was evaluated. Finally, applications to empirical data concern spatial ability in adolescents and aggression in children. Bivariate and trivariate models include several instances in which the EEA can be tested. The number of twin pairs that is needed to detect violation of the EEA with a statistical power of .80 (α = .05) varied between 508 and 3576 pairs for the situations considered. The bias in parameter estimates, given misspecification, ranged from 5% to 34% for additive genetic effects, and from 4% to 34% for shared environmental effects. Estimates of the nonshared environmental effects were not biased. The EEA was not violated for spatial ability or aggression. Multivariate data provide sufficient information to test the validity of the EEA. The number of twin pairs that is needed is no greater than the number typically available in most twin registries. The analysis of spatial ability and aggression indicated no detectable violation of the EEA.
The Natural Course of Monochorionic and Dichorionic Twin Pregnancies: A Historical Cohort
Authors: Hack Karien E. A. , Derks Jan B. , de Visser Veerle L. , Elias Sjoerd G. , Visser Gerard H. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCurrent early diagnosis, surveillance and intervention options make it hard to determine the natural course of twin pregnancies, especially regarding spontaneous preterm delivery and perinatal mortality. We studied the natural course in monochorionic (MC) and dichorionic (DC) twin pregnancies in a historical cohort. Twin pregnancies were studied in a unique database of 651 twin pairs born in the period 1907 to 1938. We examined the effect of chorionicity on gestational age, birthweight, peri-natal mortality, intertwin birthweight differences, the incidence of preeclampsia and maternal mortality. Perinatal mortality was 27.7% for MC and 15.8% for DC twins (p < .001). Gestational age and birthweight were stronger predictors of perinatal mortality than chorionicity. Perinatal outcome was poorer for the second twin, especially in DC twins. Delivery before 37 weeks of gestation occurred more often in MC twin pregnancies (48.8% compared to 33.3% in DC twin pregnancies). DC twins were on average 288 g (95% confidence interval 201–376) heavier than MC twins. Severe birthweight discordancy occurred equally in MC and DC twins (18.1%). However, if present, mortality was only increased in MC twins. The birthweight of girls was not affected by the presence of a male co-twin. In this historical cohort MC twin pregnancies had a higher perinatal mortality, caused by a high incidence of low birthweight mainly due to preterm delivery. Mortality did not differ in deliveries after 31 weeks of gestation, which is in contrast to recent data. Apparently, modern obstetrics is more effective in reducing mortality in DC twins.
Discordant Fetal Infection for Parvovirus B19 in a Dichorionic Twin Pregnancy
Authors: Dickinson Jan E. , Keil Anthony D. , Charles Adrian K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThere are only a few reports of fetal parvovirus infection in the circumstance of a twin pregnancy. We report a case of differential fetal infection following maternal parvovirus B19 infection in a dichorionic twin pregnancy culminating in a dual live-birth. A 32-year-old woman was diagnosed with parvovirus infection following exposure to her infected child at 19 weeks' gestation in a dichorionic twin gestation. Maternal IgG seroconversion was documented and maternal blood parvovirus B19 DNA was detected by PCR testing. Fetal monitoring with serial ultrasound assessment was instituted. At 25 weeks' gestation Twin I (male) displayed minor ascites, small pericardial effusion, placentomegaly and oligohydramnios. Middle cerebral artery peak systolic velocity (MCA PSV) studies were abnormal. Twin II (female) was sonographically unremarkable. A single fetal intravascular transfusion for Twin I was performed (pretransfusion Hb 80 g/L). Twin I fetal blood parvovirus B19 DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serum demonstrated both B19 IgG and IgM. Following fetal transfusion the hydrops resolved, although the placentomegaly persisted. Two live infants were delivered at 37 weeks' gestation. Individual neonatal venepuncture detected B19 DNA by PCR in Twin I but not in Twin II. B19 IgM was present in Twin I but not Twin II. Both neonates had B19 IgG antibodies. Placental histopathology demonstrated mild edema for Twin I but no inclusion cells. The placenta of Twin II was unremarkable. This case demonstrates the ability for differential transplacental infection of this virus and the assistance of fetal MCA flow studies to guide therapy in a multiple pregnancy at risk of parvovirus infection.
Moral philosophy as the foundation of normative media theory: The case of African Ubuntuism
Authors: Fourie Pieter J 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
In the South African debate about the role of the media in the new (post-apartheid) South African society, the African moral philosophy ubuntuism is from time to time raised as a framework for African normative media theory. Up till now, the possibility of using ubuntuism as a normative framework can, however, not yet be described as a focused effort to develop a comprehensive theory on the basis of which media performance could be measured from ‘an African perspective’. Rather, the topic of ubuntuism as normative media theory should be seen in the context of the African Renaissance as part of an intellectual quest to rediscover and re-establish idealized values of traditional African culture(s) and communities and to apply it to contemporary phenomena such as the media. However, given South Africa's history of apartheid in which Christian nationalism was misused as a moral philosophy to mobilize a patriotic media in the service of volk and vaderland, it is not too early to ask critical questions about ubuntuism as a possible framework for normative media theory. Such questioning is the purpose of this article. Against the background of a postmodern and a postcolonial perspective on normative theory, questions related to the following are raised: the expediency of ubuntuism in the context of changed African cultural values, the distinctiveness of ubuntuism as an African moral philosophy, the vulnerability of moral philosophy to political misuse, ubuntuism in the context of the future of normative theory in a globalized world and changed media environment, and, the implications of ubuntuism for journalism practice. It is concluded that ubuntuism may pose a threat to freedom of expression. Given the nature of contemporary South African society and its media system, a postmodern emphasis on diversity and pluralism as the cornerstone of future normative theory is supported.
Ignatius' Pagan background in Second Century Asia Minor
Authors: Brent Allen 
Published: March 2007

Zusammenfassung
Die Vorstellungen des Ignatius von Antiochien über die Kirchenordnung und -struktur (zumindest in der sog. Mittleren Rezension) lassen sich besonders gut auf dem Hintergrund zeitgenössischer Vorstellungen politischer Theologie griechischer Stadtstaaten in Kleinasien interpretieren. Diese stehen wiederum auf dem Hintergrund der sog. Zweiten Sophistik. Das zeigt bereits die besondere Bedeutung der homonoia, wie sie etwa für die Gründung der Stadt Oioanda durch Iulius Demosthenes unter Trajan nachweisbar ist. Hierbei zeigt sich der Zusammenhang von homonoia und liturgischem Geschehen, das in Prozessionen den Kaiser durch entsprechende Bilder und Opfer präsent werden läßt. Auf diesem Hintergrund wird Ignatius' Bemühen um die Ordnung in den Kirchen theologisch verständlich: In Zusammenkünften und Prozessionen sowie der Ordnung des Klerus (verstanden als „Träger“ Gottes, Christi bzw. des Heiligen oder der 12 Apostel) wird Christus als der Herr der universalen Kirche selbst präsent.
Das unendliche Sichausstrecken (Epektasis) zum Guten bei Gregor von Nyssa und Plotin. Eine vergleichende Untersuchung
Authors: Alexopoulos Theodoros 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A comparison between the concepts of Plotinus and Gregory of Nyssa shows important congruences. Not only general concepts as the concept of the beautiful, the goodness of God, the impact of love for attracting the soul in higher realms or the importance of the free decision of the will, but even the infinite character of the ascent of the soul towards God can be named. Beside of these similarities even important differences must be stated, namely the role of Christ and the sacramental life of the church. The most important point, however, seems to be the different concept of mystical ascent: while for Plotinus there can be a true union during the ekstasis, Gregory denies exactly that stressing the infinite character of each ascent.
Book Reviews
Authors: White Carolyn L. 
Published: March 2007

Archaeologies of Materiality by Lynn Meskell, ed., Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005. 229 pp.Carolyn L. White is an Assistant Professor of Anthropology at University of Nevada, Reno. A historical archaeologist, she is particularly interested in material culture that can be linked to individual people, such as personal adornment and shoes. Her book, American Artifacts of Personal Adornment, 1680–1820: A Guide to Identification and Interpretation, was published in 2005 by AltaMira Press. She is co‐editor of the Guides to American Artifacts series, published by Left Coast Press.
Random Evolutions
Authors: Koroliuk V.S. , Limnios N. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This article gives a short presentation of random evolutions. First, the following two examples are presented: dynamical stochastic systems and increment processes, both in Markov media. Then, an introduction to semi‐Markov Random evolution in a Banach space is given, where the previous evolutionary systems are obtained as particular cases. Finally, two abstract limit theorems of average and diffusion approximation for continuous and jump semi‐Markov random evolutions are presented. Remarks on bibliography and further topics related to random evolutions are given.
Transverse electrodes for improved DNA hybridization in microchannels
Authors: Das Siddhartha , Chakraborty Suman 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe present study examines the modality, in which localized transverse electric fields can be successfully employed, to augment the rate of DNA hybridization at the capturing probes that are located further downstream relative to the inlet section of a rectangular microchannel. This is in accordance with an enhanced strength of convective transport that can be achieved, on account of increments in the wall zeta potential at the transverse electrode locations. In the present model, the overall convective transport, which is an implicit function of the magnitude and the location of the transverse electrical field being employed, is essentially coupled with the surface kinetics of the bare silica wall and also the kinetics that are involved in the dual mechanisms of DNA hybridization. Parameters that govern the overall transport phenomena, such as the pH of the inlet buffer, the length of the transverse electrodes, and the voltages at which these electrodes are maintained are critically examined, in an effort to obtain an optimized wall pH distribution, which in turn can ensure favorable DNA hybridization rates at the capturing probe locations. Practical constraints associated with the upper limits of the strength of the transverse electrical fields that can be employed are also critically analyzed, so as to ensure that an optimized rate of DNA hybridization can be achieved from the bio‐microfluidic arrangement, without incurring any adverse effects associated with the overheating of the DNA molecules leading to their thermal denaturation. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Inhibition of DNA Topoisomerase I by Natural and Synthetic Mono‐ and Dimeric Protoberberine Alkaloids
Authors: Qin Yong , Pang Ji‐Yan , Chen Wen‐Hua , Zhao Zhong‐Zhen , Liu Liang , Jiang Zhi‐Hong 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA series of natural (i.e., 1–7) and synthetic (i.e., 8–23) protoberberine alkaloids were evaluated for their inhibitory activities towards DNA topoisomerase I. Both the natural, monomeric protoberberine alkaloids and their mono‐modified congeners showed only minor activities. In contrast, most of the dimeric protoberberine alkaloids, especially compounds 12–22, were highly active, with a similar cleavage efficiency as camptothecin (CPT), a well‐known, potent topoisomerase‐I inhibitor. Thus, these dimeric compounds are promising candidates to be further elaborated as anticancer leads. The mechanism of topoisomerase‐I inhibition seems to be dependent on drug concentration for the dimeric protoberberines. At low concentration, they exhibit similar characteristics as CPT. At high concentration, this ability is mostly lost, and the dimers inhibit the relaxation activity of topoisomerase I. Thus, we suppose that the active, dimeric protoberberines strongly bind to plasmid DNA at elevated drug concentration. This most likely results in blocking the enzyme's access to plasmid DNA, thus inhibiting its relaxation.
Inter‐ and Intramolecular Palladium‐Catalyzed Allyl Cross‐Coupling Reactions Using Allylindium Generated In Situ from Allyl Acetates, Indium, and Indium Trichloride
Authors: Seomoon Dong , Lee Kooyeon , Kim Hyunseok , Lee Phil Ho 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInter‐ and intramolecular palladium‐catalyzed allyl cross‐coupling reactions using allylindium generated in situ by treatment of allyl acetates with indium and indium trichloride in the presence of Pd0 catalyst and nBuNMe2 in DMF were successfully demonstrated. Allylindium species generated in situ by reductive transmetalation of π‐allylpalladium(II) complexes, obtained from a variety of allyl acetates in the presence of Pd0 catalyst together with indium and indium trichloride, were found to be capable of acting as effective nucleophilic coupling partners in Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions. A variety of allyl acetates such as but‐1‐en‐3‐yl acetate, crotyl acetate, and 2‐methylallyl acetate afforded the corresponding allylic compounds in good yields in cross‐coupling reactions. Various electrophilic cross‐coupling partners such as aryl iodides and vinyl bromides and triflates participate in these reactions. Not only intermolecular but also intramolecular Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions work equally well to produce the desired allylic coupling products in good yields.
Anion Separation with Metal–Organic Frameworks (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 10/2007)
Authors: Custelcean Radu , Moyer Bruce A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe cover picture shows the concept of selective anion separation using metal–organic frameworks. Functionalization of the coordination polymers with hydrogen‐bonding groups for specific anion binding and recognition results in highly selective separations by direct anion exchange or competitive crystallization processes. The diagram in the lower‐left corner depicts a qualitative model for anion separation selectivity, captured in three orthogonal concepts: complementarity (strength and number of anion‐binding interactions), organizational rigidity of the framework, and softness (or degree of covalency for anion binding). The solvation‐controlled (Hofmeister) selectivity that is normally observed in anion separations can be reversed (anti‐Hofmeister) or completely replaced by peak selectivity (non‐Hofmeister) when rigid, structurally constrained frameworks having a sufficient number of complementary anion‐binding groups are employed, or when the anion is bound with a strong degree of covalency (soft–soft interactions). The background shows a structurally rigid metal–organic framework functionalized with –COOH anion‐binding groups that exhibit peak selectivity for the Cl(H2O)4− anionic cluster. Details are presented in the Microreview by R. Custelcean and B. A. Moyer on p. 1321 ff.
Simplified 2‐D CE‐MS mapping: Analysis of proteolytic digests
Authors: Erny Guillaume L. , Cifuentes Alejandro 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIt has been demonstrated that CE‐MS is a very useful hyphenated technique for proteomic studies. However, the huge amount of data stored in a single CE‐MS run makes it necessary to account with procedures able to extract all the relevant information made available by CE‐MS. In this work, we present a new and easy approach capable of generating a simplified 2‐D map from CE‐MS raw data. This new approach provides the automatic detection and characterization of the most abundant ions from the CE‐MS data including their mass‐to‐charge (m/z) values, ion intensities and analysis times. It is demonstrated that visualization of CE‐MS data in this simplified 2‐D format allows: (i) an easy and simultaneous visual inspection of large datasets, (ii) an immediate perception of relevant differences in closely related samples, (iii) a rapid monitoring of data quality levels in different samples, and (iv) a fast discrimination between comigrating polypeptides and ESI‐MS fragmentation ions. The strategy proposed in this work does not rely on an excellent mass accuracy for peak detection and filtering, since MS values obtained from an IT analyzer are used. Moreover, the methodology developed works directly with the CE‐MS raw data, without interference by the user, giving simultaneously a simplified 2‐D map and a much easier and more complete data evaluation. Besides, this procedure can easily be implemented in any CE‐MS laboratory. The usefulness of this approach is validated by studying the very similar trypsin digests from bovine, rabbit and horse cytochrome c. It is demonstrated that this simplified 2‐D approach allows specific markers for each species to be obtained in a fast and simple way.
Separation of Nile Blue‐labelled fatty acids by CE with absorbance detection using a red light‐emitting diode
Authors: Breadmore Michael C. , Henderson Rowan D. , Fakhari Ali Reza , Macka Miroslav , Haddad Paul R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe separation of fatty acids derivatised with Nile Blue (NB) by CE with detection using a red light‐emitting diode (LED) was examined. NB was selected as the derivatisation agent due to its high molar absorption coefficient of 76 000 M−1cm−1 at 633 nm, making it well suited for sensitive absorbance detection using a red 635 nm LED. NB‐labelled fatty acids were separated by both MEKC using SDS micelles, i‐PrOH and n‐BuOH and by NACE in a number of solvents including MeOH, EtOH and ACN. The sensitivity of NACE was superior to MEKC, with detection limits of 5×10−7–7×10−7 M obtained for each acid, approximately 20 times lower than the MEKC method. The NACE detection limits are approximately 100 times lower than previous reports on the separation of fatty acids by CE using indirect absorbance detection, ten times lower than using indirect fluorescence detection and are inferior only to those obtained using precapillary derivatisation and direct fluorescence detection. The efficiency of the NACE method was also superior to MEKC and allowed the separation of unsaturated fatty acids to be examined, although it was not possible to baseline‐resolve linoleic (C18:2) and linolenic (C18:3) acids in a reasonable time. The method was used to analyse the fatty acid profile of two edible oils, namely sunflower and sesame oils, after alkali hydrolysis, where it was possible to identify both the saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in each sample.
Screening for biomarkers in plasma from patients with gangrenous and phlegmonous appendicitis using CE and CEC in combination with MS
Authors: Johannesson Nina , Olsson Louise , Bäckström Daniel , Wetterhall Magnus , Danielsson Rolf , Bergquist Jonas 
Published: March 2007

AbstractToday a high degree of “false” appendicitis diagnoses are occurring. In this study, a screening experiment of biomarkers of two different kinds of appendicitis, gangrenous and phlegmonous, were conducted with CE and CEC coupled to MS. Plasma samples were obtained from patients pre‐ and post‐surgery. A large amount of data was generated to be able to compare them, and chemometrics tools were utilized to visualize the differences. Indicative patterns were found for both pre‐ and post‐surgery of the two types of inflammation as well as between them. The divergences were traced back to the MS peaks obtained in the CE‐ and CEC‐MS setups as possible biomarkers for the two forms of appendicitis.
Multilocus mutation scanning for the analysis of genetic variation within Malassezia (Basidiomycota: Malasseziales)
Authors: Cafarchia Claudia , Otranto Domenico , Campbell Bronwyn E. , Latrofa Maria Stefania , Guillot Jacques , Gasser Robin B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMembers of the genus Malassezia are budding yeasts, characterized by a thick cell wall. Recently, these yeasts have received attention as emerging pathogens. They are common commensals on the skin of animals and can become pathogenic under the influence of various predisposing factors. Central to studying their taxonomy, systematics, and ecology and to diagnosis is the accurate identification of species or operational taxonomic units. To overcome the limitations of current phenotypic and biochemical methods of identification, a PCR‐coupled SSCP approach, utilizing sequence variation (0.4–33.5%) in short regions (∼250–270 bp) of the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS‐1) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and the chitin synthase‐2 gene (chs‐2), was assessed for the identification and differentiation of different species/genotypes of Malassezia, characterized previously by DNA sequencing. Genomic DNA samples (n = 30) from Malassezia isolates cultured from canine skin scrapings were assessed by SSCP analysis of the two different genetic loci, and unequivocal delineation between genotypes and species was achieved. This SSCP approach is considered to provide a practical tool for the rapid and reliable genetic characterization of Malassezia genotypes/species from dogs and for investigating their population genetics and ecology. It will also provide a powerful tool for studies of Malassezia isolates from other animal species.
Cytogenetic effects of short‐ and long‐term exposure of chick embryos to the phenoxyherbicide 2,4‐D
Authors: Arias Elio 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBefore incubation, chick embryos were treated with the herbicide 2,4‐dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4‐D) by injecting onto the inner shell membrane solutions of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, or 4 mg 2,4‐D. A commercial formulation containing 37% 2,4‐D iso‐octyl ester as active ingredient and pure 2,4‐D were tested. Sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and cell cycle kinetics were examined at days 4, 7, and 10 from 22 to 30 embryos per group. After 4 days of exposure to commercial 2,4‐D, a small (P < 0.05) dose‐related increase of SCE was seen for the 4‐mg group. An enhanced SCE response upon long‐term exposure to 2,4‐D was apparent. After 10 days of exposure, SCE frequencies for the 2‐ and 4‐mg commercial 2,4‐D, and 4‐mg pure 2,4‐D groups were significantly higher than for the controls. A significant slowing of cell cycle at concentrations at and above 1 mg was seen. Also observed was a slight, not statistically significant proliferative effect at the lowest dose of 0.5 mg/embryo. Consistent with the results from other test systems, the present findings indicate that 2,4‐D has a low to moderate genotoxic activity. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.