bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
POPULATION DENSITY AND CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATIONSome Unexpected Findings in Central Cities
Authors: SHICHOR DAVID , DECKER DAVID L. , O'BRIEN ROBERT M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCriminal behavior and criminal victimization have been associated with population density in the criminological literature. and this has led re‐ searchers to argue that there is a positive zero‐order relationship between population density and crime rates. However, using National Crime Survey victimization data we found that there is no simple relationship between population density and crime rates in 26 large American cities. Property crimes nith contact were, found 10 he positivelv correlated with population density. and thus are consistent with traditional criminological explana‐ tions. All other crimes, which we classified as property crimes without contacl and nonproperty assaultive crimes. contradict most previous research findings because of significant negative correlations with popula‐ tion density.
SCHOOL FAILURE AND DELINQUENCY Which Causes Which?
Authors: PHILLIPS JOHN C. , KELLY DELOS H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAn extensive literature has developed on the relationship between school failure and adolescent misconduct. Almost all of this literature has assumed that school failure is causally prior to adolescent misconduct. but little systematic attention has been devoted to the critical issue of causal order. of misconduct is causally prior to school failure, most of the recent work on the school‐delinquency linkage would have to be rejected. Given a workable definition of “delinquency” or “misconduct.” the causal order issue can be empirically assessed. Evidence from cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies provides at least tentative support for the proposition that school failure precedes misconduct in the causal process.
DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT THEORY EXAMINED
Authors: HALBASCH KEITH 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIt is argued that the attempts of Burgess and Akers and of Adams to formulate Sutherland's differential association theory in the language of operant conditioning theory fail to preserve Sutherland's interesting insights by reducing his theory to the mere claim that criminal behavior is operant conditioning behavior. Questions are then raised about the truth of even this claim. Some attention is also given to the question of the verification of both Sutherland's original theory and the operant Conditioning reformulations of it.
RANDOM ASSIGNMENT TO TREATMENT GROUPS:
Authors: WOOD MICHAEL T. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA persistent problem in evaluation research relates to the difficulty of using true experimental designs. In particular, random assignment of subjects to treatment groups is both very important to insure the internal validity of the design and very difficult to implement due to logistical and ethical aspects of field research. This paper reports on a strategy for randomization which was adapted to judicial research: specifically to the evaluation of o program for adjudicating minor traffic offenders. It is demonstrated that through careful planning and coordination, designs involving random assignment can be instituted without involving significant difficulties.
ALIENATION IN PRISON ORGANIZATIONS:
Authors: SMITH CAROL F. W. , HEPBURN JOHN R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe deprivation modelsuggests that prisonization and inmate opposition the prison organization are a function of the deprivations imposed by organization. Compliance theory maintains that alienationof the organiza tionf participants covaries with the coerciveness of the organization. Data obtained from inmates and officers in six adult correctional institutions are examined to test the hypothesis that inmate alienation is a result of the coer civeness of the institution and a cause of inmate opposition to the institu tion. The findings lend support to the hypothesized model and, further more, suggest the need to distinguish between absolute and relative deprivation.
BYSTANDER REPORTING OF A CRIME:
Authors: BICKMAN LEONARD , HELWIG HELEN 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA field experiment was conducted to study bystander reporting of a crime. The study investigated two primary dimensions upon which most programs which encourage reporting, namely, monetary reward and anonymity. Conditions of anonymity and reward were unobtrusively varied during a bogus interview conducted with shoppers before they entered a supermarket. Neither of these variables affected the reporting of a staged shoplifting. However, preincident behavioral intention to report was significantly correlated with reporting behavior. The findings are discussed with respect to research on intrinsic motivation and deindividuation.
MAINSTREAM CRIMINOLOGY:
Authors: PELFREY WILLIAM V. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study explores the tendency of academic criminology and other crime‐related areas 10 accept or reject the new criminology as a viable alternative to the traditional perspective. Criminology has been characterized as being in a period of paradigm revolution as indicated by the radical writings of the 1970s. The results of this study lead to the conclusion that mainstream criminology has slipped its traditional boundaries and the new criminology is gaining acceptance.
FEAR OF CRIME AND HANDGUN OWNERSHIP
Authors: DeFRONZO JAMES 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe levels of handgun ownership and the fear of criminal victimization Abstract are both considered social problems in American society. The present study attempted to test for causal effects among these and several other variables through the use of a nonrecursive simultaneous equation model to analyze data for 1,818 men. The results indicated that handgun ownership had the effect of reducing the fear of crime while fear had no statistically signficant effect on handgun ownership. These variables, in turn were influenced by religious membership, region, income, size of place of residence, political orientation, and age. The Findings do not support claims that the fear of crime motivates increased handgun ownership but do confirm arguments that in the contemporary United States. Handgun ownership provides some men with a sense of personal security.
JUVENILE COURT DISPOSITIONS:
Authors: CARTER TIMOTHY J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe research question precipitated by the concern for “just sanctions” and effective treatment for future juvenile programs is: What have been the criterion used by juvenile court decision makers in disposition sentencing. Disposition is analyzed for both nonstatus and status offense groups. The method of analysis is a stepwise discriminant function. The findings indicate the importance of legalistic variables and a social class bias in the dispositions of both offense groups. The social class bias is much stronger in the case of status offenders and increases at subsequent court disposition levels. These data support the labeling‐conflict contention of class bias in the application of sanctions and suggest a policy directive for future delinquency prevention programs.
VIOLENCE AND POOR READING
Authors: ANDREW JUNE M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPoor reading achievement, long linked to delinquency. also proved related to a history of violent offenses among male and female. Anglo and non‐Anglo, juvenile offenders. Reading was measured by the Wide Range Achievement Test. adjusted for Wechsler Verbal IQ; the Violence Scale specified the degree of violence of each child's most serious offense.
LINKING ACTUAL AND PERCEIVED CERTAINTY OF PUNISHMENT:
Authors: PARKER JERRY , GRASMICK HAROLD G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAn untested proposition in deterrence theory is that people's perceptions of the certainty of arrest in a community are influenced by their exposure to information about crimes committed in the community which have and have not resulted in arrest. We examine the effects of two sources of information on people k perceptions of the certainty of arrest in a community: (1) newspaper crime stories and (2) personal experiences with crimes and the personal experiences of one's acquaintances. Only the latter appear to influence people's estimates of the certainty of arrest.
CRIME REPORTING:
Authors: KIDD ROBERT F. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMost of the recent work on crime reporting has yet to be integrated into a coherent theoretical scheme. In response to this theoretical void, the present article outlines a model of the social psychological processes involved in crime reporting. The processes underlying the reporting of an observed crime assume that the bystander is a rational decision maker. After sighting an unusual event. the bystander calculates how discrepant the event is from his personal norms, ponders the sort of label that is appropriate for explaining the event, assumes personal responsibility. and adds up the costs and benefits associated with action. Final action or inaction is the consequence of a long chain of unobservable, cognitive events. The model draws heavily from current theorizing in studies of help‐giving and altruistic behavior.
THE PRODUCTION OF CRIMINOLOGY
Authors: QUINNEY RICHARD 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCriminology—in theory and practice—is a form of cultural production. We are creating a way of understanding and a way of living in the world. Our production, however. is mediated by our location in the class structure. Whether our expressions are critical and reflexive or merely reflections of capitalism is shaped by our ability to think dialectically and by our conscious involvement in the class struggle. We are in Ihe position‐intellectually and socially‐to think about and act upon the production of a socialist future.
ANALYZING OFFICIAL DEVIANCE
Authors: TURK AUSTIN T. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPartisan criminological analysis is characterized by dogmatic theories whose volidity is politically rather thon scientifically determined. Methods of inquiry ore used to demonstrate rather thon test theoretical propositions. Standard methodological tactics include assertion, anecdote, association, and analogy. In contrast, nonpartisan conflict analysis treats as entirely problematic the processes by which conceptions of deviance are socially constructed and become the official concerns of those who wield state power. What, how, why, and by whom behavioral or nonbehovioral attributes are labeled deviant is viewed as o function of the relative power of parties in conflict over the distribution of life chances.
THEORY AND IDEOLOGY IN MARXIST CRIMINOLOGY
Authors: AKERS RONALD L. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMarxist criminology can be analyzed both as a theory of what is and as an ideology of what ought to be. theory must be examined by logic and empirical evidence. An ideology and its vision of the good society must be examined by comparison with other ideologies and real societies based on competing ideologies. Such comparisons would reveal that societies based on Marxist ideology have been unjust and repressive and do not represent a future for which criminologists should strive as Quinney urges them to do.
CRIMINAL JUSTICE PLANNING
Authors: SMITH RICHARD A. , KLOSTERMAN RICHARD E. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAcademic and practicing criminal justice planners have generally assumed the utility of a particular model of planning. This model, the general planning process model, proceeds in a strict sequence of problem analysis, goal identification, alternative analysis, program selection, implementation, and evaluation. While this approach has proven useful in other areas such as corporate and military planning many of the fundamental assumptions underlying its use are not satisfied in the criminal justice field. Criminal justice planners have generally attempted to modify the field to match the assumptions of their planning approach. hut they have had little success in doing so. An alternative model exists, however, which suggests that planning ought to he restricted, concurrent, and fragmented. This approach not only adapts planning to the present characteristics of the criminal, justice field hut also helps deal with some of the fields most troublesome characteristics.
CITATION ARREST Extending the Reach of the Criminal Justice System?
Authors: HORNEY JULIE 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe use of citations in place of full custody arrest has generally been considered a liberal reform. It has been suggested, however, that because such a policy might produce a shift in police officers' criteria for arrest, it could result in an increase in the number of people being brought into the criminal justice system. An interrupted time series design was used to study the effect of a citation policy on arrest rates. The predicted increase was found for only one offense. The implications for the evaluation of citation arrest are discussed.
A SENSE OF INJUSTICE?:
Authors: KROHN MARVIN , STRATTON JOHN 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe literature on the impact of processing a defendant through the criminal justice system has long assumed that this experience created a “sense of injustice” for defendants which militated against rehabilitative efforts within correctional settings. The current research examined this assumption with data collected from a sample of inmates in a medium and a maximum security institution within a midwestern state. The findings serve to question the assumption of the development of a sense of injustice, as most inmates perceive themselves as having been treated fairly by the criminal justice system. It is also found that there is little relationship between attitudes toward the preprison criminal justice system and measures of prisonization. The results are discussed in reference to their relevance to the functional and importation models of prisonization.
TOO DUMB TO KNOW BETTER
Authors: HAHN NICOLAS F. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThroughout history, three traits have commonly been stressed as characteristic of the bad woman: her irresolution. her promiscuity, and her responsibility for the downfull of others. These traits were amplified by a series of studies of “cacogenic” families which appeared between 1874 and 1926. The family studies offered seemingly scientific proof that the bad woman was the source of many social problems and an important criminal type in her own right. The process by which the family studies helped remodel the image of the bad woman is examined as are effects of that remodeling on institutionalization policy. The development of this new image of the bad woman is explained, in part, by the fact that the family studies were financed by wealthy eugenists; these sponsors stood to gain from the increased social control which, the family studies showed, was required by the cacogenic woman and her progeny.
SEX CRIMES IN THE SUBWAY
Authors: BELLER ANNE , GARELIK SANFORD , COOPER SYDNEY 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article describes the nature, extent, and empirical ramifications of nonfelonious sex crimes on the New York City subway. Nonfelonious sex crimes are defined as those offenses designated “sexual abuse” and “public lewdness” in the revised New York Penal Code of 1967. excluding sexual abuse in the first degree. Offenders are predominantly black and Hispanic; victims white, youthful, and unexceptional in looks. Contrary to psychiatric stereotypes, 50% of recidivists in rhese crime categories prove to have arrest records for violent crimes. including nonsexual ones: and sexual abuse and public lewdness recidivists tend to commit either offense interchangeably.
SOCIAL CLASS AND DELINQUENT BEHAVIOR
Authors: JOHNSON RICHARD E. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe apparent refutation by self‐report studies of social class‐related theories of juvenile delinquency is critically reviewed. Improper conceptualization and operationalization of “social class” are considered to be primary causes of inconsistent findings. A more appropriate “underclasslearning class” model of stratification is suggested. Although no empirical support is found for a relationship between self‐reported delinquent behavior and socioeconomic status of father's occupation. indications are that social class is somewhat more related to self‐reported delinquency using the underclass/earning class model. However, there is no reason to expect social class to emerge as a major correlate of delinquent behavior no matter how it is measured.
THE NEUTRALIZATION OF CRIMINAL OFFENSE
Authors: MINOR W. WILLIAM 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA previously untested proposition from Sykes and Matza's neutralization theory is that certain types of offenders will favor certain types of neutralizing excuses. Murderers, for example. may tend toward denial of responsibility or denial of the victim. A competing hypothesis, derived from Hindelang's challenges to neutralization and drift theories, is that offenders would favor excuses keyed to offenses similar to their own. Robbers, for example, may favor excuses for robbery over excuses for other offenses. regardless of the content of the excuses themselves. The data presented in this article, based on o survey of inmates in four Florida prisons, fail to support either hypothesis. This may suggest that the two perspectives from which the hypotheses are derived are overly simplistic‐that the nature of crime and delinquency is more subtle and complex than indicated by either the subcultural or antisubcultural theoretical traditions.
LABELING AND IDENTITY
Authors: JENSEN GARY F. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article is both a response to criticism of some of the aurhor's work on Abstract the relevance of labeling to adolescent self‐conceptions and an attempt to reconcile divergent findings. Through a reanalysis of the data under question, it was found that both official labeling and self‐reporred delinquency are related to delinquent self‐images but that self‐reported delinquency is more closely associated with such images than official labels. In an effort to reconcile divergent findings, there was some indication in the data that the impact of official labeling may vary depending on the extent of involvement in delinquency. The most pressing task regarding this issue is further study of the variable meaning of labels and sanctions in different sociocultural and group contexts.
CONTROLLING CORPORATE DEVIANCE
Authors: HOPKINS ANDREW 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The effectiveness of sanctions applied to corporate offenders has not been adequately studied, in part because of the absence of any appropriate research strategy. This absence stems from the tendency. since Sutherland, to conceptualize corporate crime as individual rather than organizational behavior. This article outlines a research procedure based on the organizational nature of corporate crime and uses it to evaluate the impact of prosecutions under Australia's Trade Practices Act. The article concludes that the sanctions applied have considerably reduced the likelihood of corporate recidivism.
THE EGGHEAD, THE FLATFOOT, AND THE SCREW
Authors: SAGARIN EDWARD 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The growth of the American Society of Criminology has strengthened it not only in numbers but by the active participation of leading criminologists. Practitioners entering the ranks of the organization offer an opportunity for collegial interaction of social scientists with police, correctional, and other personnel. This association may be mutually beneficial, but it may also result in faction‐ridden organizations whose facades of dialogue conceal dissatisfaction. The author envisages a scientific organization true to a mission that is neither elitist, exclusionary, nor isolated from the administration of justice or penology.
THE NEW MYTH OF CLASS AND CRIME
Authors: CLELLAND DONALD , CARTER TIMOTHY J. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract On the basis of a reanalysis of the empirical evidence. Tittle et al. (1978) concluded that the presumed inverse relationship between class and crime is a myth. We discuss six problems in their evaluation: paucity of evidence; lack of specification of theoretical relationships; faulty specification and measures of class; inadequate operational definitions of “crime”; faulty analysis of evidence; and failure to examine all evidence. We conclude that the empirical evidence supports the hypothesis that low class position is a source of serious crimes against persons and property.
CHINATOWN'S IMMIGRANT GANGS
Authors: JOE DELBERT , ROBINSON NORMAN 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The rise of Chinese youth gangs in urban centers in North America is a social phenomenon that has gained prominence in the past decade and a half. This study examines the characteristics and processes of four gangs operating in the Chinatown of Vancouver, Canada, over a three‐year period (1975‐1978). The gangs were composed entirely of teenaged immigrants recently arrived from Hong Kong who were engaged in a wide variety of antisocial and criminal behaviors. Three sociocultural antecendents are identified as important in the development of Chinese youth gangs: (1) the weakening among many Hong Kong immigrants of the traditional Chinese pattern of close parental guidance and supervision; (2) the resultant emergence of youth peer‐groups who challenge parental authority and Chinese values; (3) the strong attraction of North American success symbols for gang members, and their perceived inability to achieve success through legitimate means because of difficulties in learning English.
CRIME AS AN OCCUPATION
Authors: CULLEN FRANCIS T. , LINK BRUCE G. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Students of crime have traditionally stressed the uniqueness of the criminal world and have developed special concepts in their attempt to explain the functioning of this “special” domain. In contrast, others in the field have asserted that the concepts used to investigate the coventional world can also be employed to provide insight into its criminal counterpart. This sentiment has been particularly evident among those who have utilized the concept of “occupation” to analyze criminal behavior. Building on the “crime as work” perspective, this research illustrates that, similar to conventional occupations, criminal work is stratified by prestige and stereotyped by sex. Further, the data suggest that Davis and Moore's (1945) functional theory may be a useful explanation not only of the stratification of conventional work but of criminal occupations as well.
SOME MISLEADING CONCEPTIONS IN SENTENCING RESEARCH
Authors: HORWITZ ALLAN , WASSERMAN MICHAEL 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Most studies of sentencing practices in both adult and juvenile courts have compared the relative power to predict dispositions of “legal” variables, such as the seriousness of offense and previous arrest record, and “extralegal” variables, such as race and social class. It is suggested that this is a misleading model for research on the decision‐making process in juvenile courts. Instead, results presented here indicate that the juvenile court uses a model of substantive decision‐making oriented toward the character and social environment of offenders. Social background variables are found to be more important determinants of disposition than either “legal” or “extralegal” variables.