bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Disintegration of the Internal Tide
Authors: Helfrich Karl R. , Grimshaw Roger H. J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The disintegration of a first-mode internal tide into shorter solitary-like waves is considered. Since observations frequently show both tides and waves with amplitudes beyond the restrictions of weakly nonlinear theory, the evolution is studied using a fully nonlinear, weakly nonhydrostatic two-layer theory that includes rotation. In the hydrostatic limit, the governing equations have periodic, nonlinear inertia–gravity solutions that are explored as models of the nonlinear internal tide. These long waves are shown to be robust to weak nonhydrostatic effects. Numerical solutions show that the disintegration of an initial sinusoidal linear internal tide is closely linked to the presence of these nonlinear waves. The initial tide steepens due to nonlinearity and sheds energy into short solitary waves. The disintegration is halted as the longwave part of the solution settles onto a state close to one of the nonlinear hydrostatic solutions, with the short solitary waves superimposed. The degree of disintegration is a function of initial amplitude of the tide and the properties of the underlying nonlinear hydrostatic solutions, which, depending on stratification and tidal frequency, exist only for a finite range of amplitudes (or energies). There is a lower threshold below which no short solitary waves are produced. However, for initial amplitudes above another threshold, given approximately by the energy of the limiting nonlinear hydrostatic inertia–gravity wave, most of the initial tidal energy goes into solitary waves. Recent observations in the South China Sea are briefly discussed.
La formation des monitrices en mieux-être familial au Botswana
Authors: Kromberg Marit , Mashalaba N.N. 
Published: March 2008

"Les conditions d'existence des communautés rurales ne seront pas vraiment améliorées par la pratique d'une médecine curative. L'amélioration dépend d'une formation graduelle des populations elles-mêmes dans le domaine des techniques élémentaires de médecine préventive. Pour diffuser cet enseignement, un corps de 250 monitrices en mieux-être familial sera formé en vue d'être affecté aux villages... Cette opération-pilote fut poursuivie par le gouvernement au courant des deux dernières années. Une femme est sélectionnée par village pour suivre un stage de onze semaines en vue d'acquérir des connaissances de base d'hygiène personnelle et de santé publique, de nutrition, d'éducation sanitaire, de protection infantile et de contrôle des naissances. Elle apprend aussi à reconnaître et à soigner certaines maladies, telles que la gale, à identifier et prendre des mesures contre la malnutrition infantile, à suivre les tuberculeux ainsi que ceux qui pour raient le devenir. Les femmes sélectionnées ont le titre de monitrice en mieux-être familial; elles ont besoin d'encouragements et d'encadrement constant ainsi que de stages de perfectionnement dans le cadre de l'exercice de leurs fonctions."1
The Demand for Pre-School Care: an Aspect of the Problems of the Nigerian Working Mother
Authors: Fadayomi T.O. 
Published: March 2008

One of the changes brought about by the increasing employment of women outside the home is the demand for both custodial and developmental care for their pre-school age children 1. The demand situation for extra-maternal child care in Nigeria seems to be aggravated by the gradual erosion of the traditional resources for extramaternal childcare such as the community of friends and relations, hired nursemaids and servants, and the inadequate provision of extrafamilial institutions such as nurseries and daycare centres. Rather than quantify the demand for extramaternal care for children, this study assesses the childcare arrangements of working mothers and inquires into the existing resources for meeting this demand both within and outside the household. It is concluded that demand for extramaternal childcare of both custodial and developmental nature is not fulfilled by existing resources. Therefore, it is being suggested that an inventory of existing pre-school institutions such as nurseries and daycare centres, programmes for the improvement and expansion of these facilities would facilitate the participation of women in the labour force and their effective contribution to social and economic development.
Towards a Social Policy for Families of Multiple Infants
Authors: Goshen-Gottstein Esther R. 
Published: March 2008

The last few decades have produced a steadily rising incidence of multiple infants. Dealing with several babies, grossly overtaxes the mother who cannot cope unaided. The present social policy in Israel, regarding families of triplets and quadru plets, is that these families have nurse-maids working in their homes during the first six months of the infants' lives, the funding coming from the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare.
Social Development: the Economic, the Political, and the Normative Emphases
Authors: Cummings Robert E. 
Published: March 2008

[This paper presents the possibility that a new definition of social development is emerging based upon global "value" transformations. Global value transformation can be found in such organizations as the United Nations, OPEC, and other international/ global organizations. Definitions of social development are briefly reviewed, the relationship between social work and social development is explored, the traditional emphases of social development (economic and political) are presented, and finally, the normative emphasis as a emerging focus of social development is introduced. An appendix which refers to social development and social change terminology is included.]
The Aged in Brazil
Authors: Elder Charles 
Published: March 2008

This paper explores the process of ageing in Brazil and the efforts of the public and private sectors to develop gerontological programs and concepts that are geared to the needs of Brazilian society. Finally, a nursing home in Rio de Janeiro; "Casa Sao Luiz Para A Velhice" will be presented and discussed as an example of the progress that is being made in the field of aging in the urban centers of the country. Developing countries Would do well to emulate the work done to achieve this particular goal by Brazil. It is a country of contrast regarding economic and social development, which extends from the most primitive to the ultra modern.
Understanding Transitions at the Crossroads of Asia
Authors: Ghosh Suchandra 
Published: March 2008

The expression ‘Crossroads of Asia’ has been borrowed from a publication by Elizabeth Errington and Joe Cribb. It seemed to be the most befitting expression to underline the wide geographical horizon extending from Afghanistan to north-west India, which this paper intends to dwell upon. In earlier historiography this period, generally known as the post-Mauryan period, was often seen as one of ‘foreign invasions’. The paper would seek to examine how far this notion was guided by the representation of these ‘foreigners’, their social standings in the contemporary texts. The paper will also bring in certain images that were markers of Hellenism. People of the north-west were themselves of varying cultures, and the region displayed networks of wide ranging territorial and inter-civilizational contacts. A synthesis of the archaeological materials found in this region indicates multi-prong linkages of which the Central Asian connection played a significant role in the shaping of the culture of the region.
Arthroscopic Capsulolabral Repair for Posterior Shoulder Instability in Throwing Athletes Compared with Nonthrowing Athletes
Authors: Radkowski Christopher A. , Chhabra Anikar , Baker Champ L. , Tejwani Samir G. , Bradley James P. 
Published: March 2008

Background There are limited studies evaluating arthroscopic treatment of unidirectional posterior shoulder instability in overhead-throwing athletes. Hypothesis Arthroscopic capsulolabral repair for unidirectional posterior shoulder instability will yield equivalent stability and functional outcomes in the overhead-throwing athlete and nonthrowers. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods Ninety-eight athletes (107 shoulders) with unidirectional posterior shoulder instability were treated with arthroscopic Posterior capsulolabral reconstruction or, rarely, capsular plication alone, as determined by their specific intra-articular lesions. Patients were evaluated prospectively with the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scoring system. Stability, range of motion, strength, pain, and function were assessed preoperatively and postoperatively with standardized subjective scales. Results for 27 dominant shoulders in throwing athletes (25%) were compared with those for 80 shoulders in nonthrowing athletes (75%). Results At a mean follow-up of 27 months postoperatively, there were no differences in the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score or scores for stability, range of motion, strength, pain, and function between the throwers and nonthrowers, with both groups showing a significant improvement in all categories ( P < .0001). Excellent or good results were achieved in 89% of the throwers and 93% of the nonthrowers. Throwing athletes were less likely to return to their preinjury levels of sport (55%) compared with nonthrowing athletes (71%). Conclusion Arthroscopic posterior capsulolabral repair effectively improves stability, range of motion, strength, pain, and function in throwing athletes with unidirectional posterior shoulder instability. Despite similar outcome measures to nonthrowers, throwing athletes are less likely to return to their preinjury levels of sport.
Adaptive diffusion kernel learning from biological networks for protein function prediction
Authors: Sun Liang , Ji Shuiwang , Ye Jieping 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Background
Machine-learning tools have gained considerable attention during the last few years for analyzing biological networks for protein function prediction. Kernel methods are suitable for learning from graph-based data such as biological networks, as they only require the abstraction of the similarities between objects into the kernel matrix. One key issue in kernel methods is the selection of a good kernel function. Diffusion kernels, the discretization of the familiar Gaussian kernel of Euclidean space, are commonly used for graph-based data.

Results
In this paper, we address the issue of learning an optimal diffusion kernel, in the form of a convex combination of a set of pre-specified kernels constructed from biological networks, for protein function prediction. Most prior work on this kernel learning task focus on variants of the loss function based on Support Vector Machines (SVM). Their extensions to other loss functions such as the one based on Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence, which is more suitable for mining biological networks, lead to expensive optimization problems. By exploiting the special structure of the diffusion kernel, we show that this KL divergence based kernel learning problem can be formulated as a simple optimization problem, which can then be solved efficiently. It is further extended to the multi-task case where we predict multiple functions of a protein simultaneously. We evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed algorithms using two benchmark data sets.

Conclusion
Results show that the performance of linearly combined diffusion kernel is better than every single candidate diffusion kernel. When the number of tasks is large, the algorithms based on multiple tasks are favored due to their competitive recognition performance and small computational costs.
Multiple immunofluorescence labelling of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue
Authors: Robertson David , Savage Kay , Reis-Filho Jorge S , Isacke Clare M 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Background
Investigating the expression of candidate genes in tissue samples usually involves either immunohistochemical labelling of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections or immunofluorescence labelling of cryosections. Although both of these methods provide essential data, both have important limitations as research tools. Consequently, there is a demand in the research community to be able to perform routine, high quality immunofluorescence labelling of FFPE tissues.

Results
We present here a robust optimised method for high resolution immunofluorescence labelling of FFPE tissues, which involves the combination of antigen retrieval, indirect immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy. We demonstrate the utility of this method with examples of immunofluorescence labelling of human kidney, human breast and a tissue microarray of invasive human breast cancers. Finally, we demonstrate that stained slides can be stored in the short term at 4°C or in the longer term at -20°C prior to images being collected. This approach has the potential to unlock a large in vivo database for immunofluorescence investigations and has the major advantages over immunohistochemistry in that it provides higher resolution imaging of antigen localization and the ability to label multiple antigens simultaneously.

Conclusion
This method provides a link between the cell biology and pathology communities. For the cell biologist, it will enable them to utilise the vast archive of pathology specimens to advance their in vitro data into in vivo samples, in particular archival material and tissue microarrays. For the pathologist, it will enable them to utilise multiple antibodies on a single section to characterise particular cell populations or to test multiple biomarkers in limited samples and define with greater accuracy cellular heterogeneity in tissue samples.
The Songbird Neurogenomics (SoNG) Initiative: Community-based tools and strategies for study of brain gene function and evolution
Authors: Replogle Kirstin , Arnold Arthur P , Ball Gregory F , Band Mark , Bensch Staffan , Brenowitz Eliot A , Dong Shu , Drnevich Jenny , Ferris Margaret , George Julia M , Gong George , Hasselquist Dennis , Hernandez Alvaro G , Kim Ryan , Lewin Harris A , Liu Lei , Lovell Peter V , Mello Claudio V , Naurin Sara , Rodriguez-Zas Sandra , Thimmapuram Jyothi , Wade Juli , Clayton David F 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Background
Songbirds hold great promise for biomedical, environmental and evolutionary research. A complete draft sequence of the zebra finch genome is imminent, yet a need remains for application of genomic resources within a research community traditionally focused on ethology and neurobiological methods. In response, we developed a core set of genomic tools and a novel collaborative strategy to probe gene expression in diverse songbird species and natural contexts.

Results
We end-sequenced cDNAs from zebra finch brain and incorporated additional sequences from community sources into a database of 86,784 high quality reads. These assembled into 31,658 non-redundant contigs and singletons, which we annotated via BLAST search of chicken and human databases. The results are publicly available in the ESTIMA:Songbird database. We produced a spotted cDNA microarray with 20,160 addresses representing 17,214 non-redundant products of an estimated 11,500–15,000 genes, validating it by analysis of immediate-early gene (zenk) gene activation following song exposure and by demonstrating effective cross hybridization to genomic DNAs of other songbird species in the Passerida Parvorder. Our assembly was also used in the design of the "Lund-zfa" Affymetrix array representing ~22,000 non-redundant sequences. When the two arrays were hybridized to cDNAs from the same set of male and female zebra finch brain samples, both arrays detected a common set of regulated transcripts with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.895. To stimulate use of these resources by the songbird research community and to maintain consistent technical standards, we devised a "Community Collaboration" mechanism whereby individual birdsong researchers develop experiments and provide tissues, but a single individual in the community is responsible for all RNA extractions, labelling and microarray hybridizations.

Conclusion
Immediately, these results set the foundation for a coordinated set of 25 planned experiments by 16 research groups probing fundamental links between genome, brain, evolution and behavior in songbirds. Energetic application of genomic resources to research using songbirds should help illuminate how complex neural and behavioral traits emerge and evolve.
Novel aromatic ring-hydroxylating dioxygenase genes from coastal marine sediments of Patagonia
Authors: Lozada Mariana , Riva Mercadal Juan P , Guerrero Leandro D , Di Marzio Walter D , Ferrero Marcela A , Dionisi Hebe M 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Background
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), widespread pollutants in the marine environment, can produce adverse effects in marine organisms and can be transferred to humans through seafood. Our knowledge of PAH-degrading bacterial populations in the marine environment is still very limited, and mainly originates from studies of cultured bacteria. In this work, genes coding catabolic enzymes from PAH-biodegradation pathways were characterized in coastal sediments of Patagonia with different levels of PAH contamination.

Results
Genes encoding for the catalytic alpha subunit of aromatic ring-hydroxylating dioxygenases (ARHDs) were amplified from intertidal sediment samples using two different primer sets. Products were cloned and screened by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Clones representing each restriction pattern were selected in each library for sequencing. A total of 500 clones were screened in 9 gene libraries, and 193 clones were sequenced. Libraries contained one to five different ARHD gene types, and this number was correlated with the number of PAHs found in the samples above the quantification limit (r = 0.834, p < 0.05). Overall, eight different ARHD gene types were detected in the sediments. In five of them, their deduced amino acid sequences formed deeply rooted branches with previously described ARHD peptide sequences, exhibiting less than 70% identity to them. They contain consensus sequences of the Rieske type [2Fe-2S] cluster binding site, suggesting that these gene fragments encode for ARHDs. On the other hand, three gene types were closely related to previously described ARHDs: archetypical nahAc-like genes, phnAc-like genes as identified in Alcaligenes faecalis AFK2, and phnA1-like genes from marine PAH-degraders from the genus Cycloclasticus.

Conclusion
These results show the presence of hitherto unidentified ARHD genes in this sub-Antarctic marine environment exposed to anthropogenic contamination. This information can be used to study the geographical distribution and ecological significance of bacterial populations carrying these genes, and to design molecular assays to monitor the progress and effectiveness of remediation technologies.
Rapid EST isolation from chromosome 1R of rye
Authors: Zhou Ruo-Nan , Shi Rui , Jiang Shu-Mei , Yin Wei-Bo , Wang Huang-Huang , Chen Yu-Hong , Hu Jun , Wang Richard RC , Zhang Xiang-Qi , Hu Zan-Min 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackgroundTo obtain important expressed sequence tags (ESTs) located on specific chromosomes is currently difficult. Construction of single-chromosome EST library could be an efficient strategy to isolate important ESTs located on specific chromosomes. In this research we developed a method to rapidly isolate ESTs from chromosome 1R of rye by combining the techniques of chromosome microdissection with hybrid specific amplification (HSA).ResultsChromosome 1R was isolated by a glass needle and digested with proteinase K (PK). The DNA of chromosome 1R was amplified by two rounds of PCR using a degenerated oligonucleotide 6-MW sequence with aSau3AI digestion site as the primer. The PCR product was digested withSau3AI and linked with adaptor HSA1, then hybridized with theSau3AI digested cDNA with adaptor HSA2 of rye leaves with and without salicylic acid (SA) treatment, respectively. The hybridized DNA fragments were recovered by the HSA method and cloned into pMD18-T vector. The cloned inserts were released by PCR using the partial sequences in HSA1 and HSA2 as the primers and then sequenced. Of the 94 ESTs obtained and analyzed, 6 were known sequences located on rye chromosome 1R or on homologous group 1 chromosomes of wheat; all of them were highly homologous with ESTs of wheat, barley and/or other plants inGramineae, some of which were induced by abiotic or biotic stresses. Isolated in this research were 22 ESTs with unknown functions, probably representing some new genes on rye chromosome 1R.ConclusionWe developed a new method to rapidly clone chromosome-specific ESTs from chromosome 1R of rye. The information reported here should be useful for cloning and investigating the new genes found on chromosome 1R.
Design of a zinc finger protein binding a sequence upstream of the A20 gene
Authors: Wei Yong , Ying Dajun , Hou Chunli , Cui Xiaoping , Zhu Chuhong 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Background
Artificial transcription factors (ATFs) are composed of DNA-binding and functional domains. These domains can be fused together to create proteins that can bind a chosen DNA sequence. To construct a valid ATF, it is necessary to design suitable DNA-binding and functional domains. The Cys2-His2 zinc finger motif is the ideal structural scaffold on which to construct a sequence-specific protein. A20 is a cytoplasmic zinc finger protein that inhibits nuclear factor kappa-B activity and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-mediated programmed cell death. A20 has been shown to prevent TNF-induced cytotoxicity in a variety of cell types including fibroblasts, B lymphocytes, WEHI 164 cells, NIH 3T3 cells and endothelial cells.

Results
In order to design a zinc finger protein (ZFP) structural domain that binds specific target sequences in the A20 gene promoter region, the structure and sequence composition of this promoter were analyzed by bioinformatics methods. The target sequences in the A20 promoter were submitted to the on-line ZF Tools server of the Barbas Laboratory, Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), to obtain a specific 18 bp target sequence and also the amino acid sequence of a ZFP that would bind to it. Sequence characterization and structural modeling of the predicted ZFP were performed by bioinformatics methods. The optimized DNA sequence of this artificial ZFP was recombined into the eukaryotic expression vector pIRES2-EGFP to construct pIRES2-EGFP/ZFP-flag recombinants, and the expression and biological activity of the ZFP were analyzed by RT-PCR, western blotting and EMSA, respectively. The ZFP was designed successfully and exhibited biological activity.

Conclusion
It is feasible to design specific zinc finger proteins by bioinformatics methods.