bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interdependence, Internationalization and Foreign Policy Decentralization in Sweden
Authors: Sundelius Bengt 
Published: March 2007

Sundelius, B. Interdependence, Internationalization and Foreign Policy Decentrali zation in Sweden. Cooperation and Conflict, XIX, 1984, 93-120. This paper examines the implications of increasing interdependence on Swedish policy-making structures. It is suggested that such effects include the internationali zation of domestic agencies and a decentralization of foreign policy processes. The empirical test of this hypothesis is primarily based on an examination of staff and budget resources devoted to international affairs during 1950-1980. The data show that the scope and intensity of internationalization have expanded over the period but they do not indicate an increase in its weight. The data also fail to uncover any clear decentralization trend but show the continued dominance of the Foreign Ministry. This study suggests that the structural implications of interdependence may not be as clear and overwhelming as thought but are affected by conscious attempts at controlling decentralizing forces. The paper shows that it is important to distinguish between various national strategies for adjusting to interdependence and its commonly shared pressures on government structures. This case study is part of a comparative project on this theme.
Cuba: Dependent Interventionism
Authors: Dunér Bertil 
Published: March 2007

Dunér, B. Cuba: Dependent Interventionism. Cooperation and Conflict, XXII, 1987, 35-47. Cuban military internationalism has been of great concern to many a Western observer and has also been rather surprising, insofar as it contradicts the theory of International Politics which ascribes a very limited international role to countries of Cuba's size. Some find the explanation of its prolific military involvement abroad in Cuban subordination, Havanna acting at Moscow's behest. While it is evident that the Soviet connection is a key factor, Cuba's relation to the Soviet Union is quite different and far more complex. What is it? Cuba's international behaviour is usually regarded as a case of communist foreign policy. In this article the dimension of Cuba as a developing country is incorporated as well. The analysis is pursued in terms of the categories of resources and national interests, supplemented by that of ideological interests. The answer to the question is given in terms of dependence. Its exact nature and extent are not known but several conclusions can be drawn. Cuba has been dependent on the Soviet Union in the implementation of intervention (and in this respect there has even been interdependence). There may have been financial dependence, too. The most inter esting, however, is Cuban security dependence, implying material reliance on the Soviets as well as their protection underwriting. Whereas dependence on the USSR has made Cuban activism possible, one cannot rule out the possibility that by turning its back on Cuba the Soviet Union has thwarted Cuba's plans in some instances. It is possible to analyze the efficiency of a revolutionary line by the way the enemies of the revolution react to it. Fidel Castro, Granma 28 January 1966
Operation: Break Even
Authors: Kilborn Paul C. 
Published: March 2007

The last five years have produced a revolution in the traveling habits of the public that has created a crisis.... in some cases disaster.... to the thousands of small city and town hotels throughout the country. Lavish new motels, faster transportation, and in many cases lack of urban renewal (especially in parking) have all been con tributing factors of which we are well aware. Equally responsible, however, are the hotel owners and managers who have not "kept up with the times." Maintenance of physical property has, in many cases, been sadly neglected. And sound business judgment in the cutting of costs, rear rangement of services, and proper promotion and pricing have been definitely lacking. No doubt exists in our minds that we must exer cise extreme daily vigilance in operating the Mark Twain Hotel just to maintain "Operation: Break Even." In the coming years many small hotels will close their doors forever.... the result of lack of astute management and, of course, the ever-changing habits of the traveling public. Certainly it is our feeling that few if any hotels in smaller com munities will ever again be profitable from the standpoint of standard business investment. Yet, as an important adjunct to community living, these hotels should be maintained if they can meet the minimum standards of economic feasibility.
An Approach to Conceptualizing Competency of Performance in Educational Administration
Authors: Gibson R. Oliver , King Richard A. 
Published: March 2007

Three major areas of competence in educational administration are explored within a framework of social action. They include the ability to explain and predict changes in the objective setting, to understand human meaning and intentionality, and to act on the basis of those explanations and understandings. Specific examples of administrative problems are explored within this conceptualization to develop several hypotheses for use in the preparation of educational administrators. R. Oliver Gibson is a Professor in the Department of Educational Administration at the State University of New York at Buffalo and Richard A. King is an Assistant Professor of Educational Administra tion at the University of New Mexico.
South African press coverage of a frontline African State
Authors: Mohamed Ali N. 
Published: March 2007

In March 1984, an unprecedented peace treaty in southern Africa was signed by the governments of Mozambique and the Republic of South Africa. The treaty held an obvious promise for peace and economic stability in the region, particularly for the signatories. This study was undertaken to decipher what changes the Nkomati Peace Treaty may have brought to the relationships of the signatories through the eyes of the press. The prestigious Rand Daily Mail was content analyzed. All issues that were published during the twelve-month period preceding the treaty and the twelve-month period following the treaty were included in the study. Comparisons of the direction of coverage (favorable, neutral, un favorable, towards Mozambique), frequency of coverage, and prominence of the coverage of Mozambique in the Mail were done. The results showed a significantly less favorable treatment of Mozambique following the treaty; a considerable increase in coverage; and a significant decrease in the prominence of Mozambican stories.
Media reform in China since 1978: Background factors, problems and future trends
Authors: Junhao Hong  , Cuthbert Marlene 
Published: March 2007

In 1978 China initiated economic and political reforms and implemented various new policies including policies which affected China's mass media to a degree unprece dented in China's media history.Drawing on a variety of primary sources, including 14 years of experience of the first author in Shanghai Television Station (STV), this study examines the relationship between media reform and economic and political reforms by means of analyzing the factors generating the changes, problems caused by and facing the changes, and the trends of the changes in the 1990s.The study concludes that media reform will continue in the 1990s, but in a more cautious way, and will be focused more on practice than on systems or policies.
The relative effects of residential and school environments on the dental caries experience of 5- and 12-year-old children in the north west of England
Authors: Tickle Martin , Craven Rebecca J , Milsom Keith M , Kay Elizabeth J 
Published: March 2007

Objective To identify the relative influence of home and school environments on children's caries experience in both the primary and secondary dentitions. Setting The north west of England. Method Data were used from surveys of 5- and 12-year-old children in the north west of England. Super Profiles was used to categorise children into four groups based on the areas in which their home address and school were located. Differences in dental caries experience were examined using t-tests with Bonferroni modification to the p-value. Results Five-year-old children living in deprived areas and attending schools in deprived areas, and those living in a deprived area but attending a school in an affluent area had significantly (p<0.05) more disease than children from affluent areas who attended schools in deprived areas and those from affluent areas who attended schools in affluent areas. The situation in 12-year-olds differed, those living in deprived areas and attending schools in deprived areas having significantly (p<0.05) more disease than children from the other three groups. Conclusions The results suggest that the main influence on dental disease experience in both 5- and 12-year-olds is the home environment. The results have implications for the planning of health promotion interventions.
A qualitative study of older people's perceptions of skin cancer
Authors: Wright Lindsay , Bramwell Ros 
Published: March 2007

Objective The aim of the current study was to explore the health beliefs of older people in relation to skin cancer. Design This was a qualitative study, based on semi-structured interviews. Setting Interviews were carried out at a social centre, run by Age Concern, for people aged over 55. Methods Ten males and ten females, aged between 58 and 87, were interviewed using a semi-structured interview schedule. Results A qualitative content analysis of the interviews revealed a certain degree of confusion regarding the causes and appearance of skin cancer, and whilst early detection was perceived as 'a good thing' there was evidence of a lack of motivation, salience, knowledge of how to carry out skin self-examination, and a low sense of personal susceptibility. Conclusions It is suggested that health education for skin cancer needs to be targeted specifically at older people, in a way which encourages them to relate to it, in contrast to current health education which emphasises primary prevention and thus focuses on, and is designed to attract the attention of younger people.
Attitudes of young people toward driving after smoking cannabis or after drinking alcohol
Authors: Danton Kathy , Misselke Louise , Bacon Rob , Done John 
Published: March 2007

Objective Currently there is a public welfare debate about the acute effects of cannabis and risk of motor vehicle accidents. This study sought to disclose young people's attitudes, values, and willingness to drive after smoking cannabis, and their awareness of the potential risks. Design Focus group interviews which contrasted attitudes and beliefs about drinking and driving with those about smoking cannabis and driving. Setting At the college or workplace where young people were either studying or working. Method Five focus groups comprising peers from the same work/study environment, each addressing the same set of key issues. Results Young people appear to be knowledgeable about the risks of drinking and driving, and hold a culture wide value that such behaviour is antisocial. This is in stark contrast to their willingness to smoke cannabis and drive coupled with poorly developed values and knowledge about the risks involved. Conclusion Young people appear to be risk averse when it comes to drink- driving, but willing to take risks with smoking cannabis and driving. The difference probably arises from the well developed public health campaigns and education aimed to discourage drink-driving. It is therefore reasonable to be optimistic that health education could change attitudes and willingness to drive after smoking cannabis.
Explaining lesbians' practice of breast self-examination: Results from a UK survey of lesbian health
Authors: Fish Julie , Wilkinson Sue 
Published: March 2007

Objective To explore the reasons for lesbians' practice of breast self-examination (BSE). Previous research in the USA has suggested that lesbians are less likely than heterosexual women to practise BSE on a Design A combined quantitative and qualitative research instrument was designed to map patterns of breast health behaviour and to elicit qualitative explanations for those behaviours. Setting The study used a multiple sampling frame in order to achieve a socially and geographically diverse sample of participants living throughout the UK from Cornwall to the Outer Hebrides. Results Thirteen per cent ( n=137) of lesbians in the sample report monthly practice of BSE. Their stated reasons for regular BSE fall into five main categories: (i) 'Experiences of problems'; (ii) Awareness of particular risks'; (iii) 'Established routine'; (iv) 'Knowledge about BSE'; (v) 'Other'. Conclusion Lesbians' explanations for their regular practice of BSE may offer valuable insights into their decision making and help to inform the decisions of others to practise monthly BSE. The paper concludes by suggesting ways in which lesbians' explanations may be used to develop lesbian-specific health education and promotion.
Evidence: the holy grail of integrated health promotion and health education
Authors: Baric L. 
Published: March 2007

There is no doubt that health promotion and health education (HP/HE) in the UK are in a crisis, in view of the limited amount of financial resources available, the reduction in services and the lack of available new specialist jobs. The Government seems to have made a political decision about the reduction (if not abolition) of HP/HE services, with the danger of throwing the baby out with the bathwater' by neglecting the support for research into methodologies that are still needed for preventing disease and improving health. The idea of creating 'health promoting settings', sponsored by WHO, is gradually losing its supporters. The other alternative, that of integrating HP/HE into the core activity of a setting, is resulting in HP/HE losing its identity and being absorbed into that core activity. This could be considered by some as an advantage, since all the members of a setting become involved in the activity. There are, however, disadvantages in that this integrated form of HP/HE cannot be separately evaluated since it is a part of the core activity. Thus it remains fossilised at the stage of its integration, and does not produce any specific institutions with structured research and development facilities, or create new approaches based on new scientific discoveries, such as the new insights into the contribution of genetics to the prevention and treatment of disease. In this article, it is argued that there is a way of saving HP/HE as a method for the improvement of people's health, based on the differentiation of activities, the 'value-added' aspect and differential diagnosis, given the problems of the settings and integrative approaches drawing on new evidential methods.
Atypical Facial Pain: A Survey of Treatment in the Manchester Area (UK)
Authors: Elrasheed A.A. , Worthington H.V. , Ariyaratnam S. , Duxbury A.J. 
Published: March 2007

Introduction A review of the scientific literature found no unified opinion on the approach to the diagnosis and treatment of atypical facial pain (AFP). Aim To investigate the approaches to AFP, among the units of oral and maxillofacial surgery, oral medicine, anaesthetics, Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT), psychiatry and neurology in the Greater Manchester area (UK). Method Analysis of the clinical notes of 250 patients from a three-year period using a data collection sheet. Statistical analysis Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results AFP cases had a female preponderance and a long history of a persistent pain affecting no dominant location. Pain was of moderate to severe intensity, throbbing in quality and could disrupt sleep. Over half the cases had signs and symptoms related to other recognised types of facial pain. Effective treatments involved antidepressants and acupuncture. There was no unified pattern of referral between units. The short and long- term outcomes were influenced by treatment rather than the approach to diagnosis. Anaesthetic and neurology units had better outcomes than the oral and maxillofacial surgery and oral medicine units ( p<0.001). Conclusions Different specialities receive referrals diagnosed as AFP but there is no uniform approach to treatment and this results in different outcomes. A more uniform approach to care is required.
The development and implementation of a peer-led intervention to prevent smoking among secondary school students using their established social networks
Authors: Audrey Suzanne , Cordall Kathleen , Moore Laurence , Cohen David , Campbell Rona 
Published: March 2007

Objective To design, implement and evaluate a peer-led intervention to reduce smoking amongst secondary school students. Design A health promotion intervention combining peer education with diffusion of innovation theory, to be rigorously evaluated by means of a cluster randomised controlled trial with concurrent process and economic evaluations. Setting Year 8 students (12/13 year olds) in 30 secondary schools in south-west England and south Wales. Method Approximately 15 per cent of students, identified by their peers as being influential within the school, were trained to intervene in everyday situations and encourage their fellow students not to smoke. These 'peer supporters' received two days of intensive training from a team of trainers led by professional health educators at training venues and four follow-up sessions back at school. The training aimed to equip the peer supporters with the knowledge, skills and confidence to encourage their peers not to smoke. Results The intervention proved feasible and acceptable to schools. 10,731 Year 8 students were recruited to the trial at baseline. Retention of peer supporters throughout the ten-week intervention period was high. Eighty- two per cent (687 of 835) of students who consented to act as peer supporters completed the programme and fulfilled the role. The average cost per school of delivering the intervention was £4,702. Conclusion The costs of implementing this programme were sizeable but, if effective, it could yield substantial long-term health gains and contribute to a reduction in health inequalities.
What's a research protocol?
Authors: Holloway Philip J , Mooney Jeanette A 
Published: March 2007

A clinical trial needs a carefully structured, written plan in order not only to ensure its smooth running and successful conclusion but also to gain the compulsory agreement of an ethical committee. Such a plan is called a protocol. It consists of several stages. These are: 1 An introduction; 2 A statement of aims, objectives, hypotheses and the calculation of sample size; 3 A detailed account of the methodology, which itself is divided into a number of sections including the methods used in the statistical analysis of the data; 4 A study schedule and costing; 5 Any necessary appendices; and 6 A supporting bibliography. This article describes these stages in detail in the hope that a beginner can better understand the planning of a study involving members of the public.
Norms, attitudes and smoking behaviour amongst Manchester students
Authors: Baric L. , MacArthur C. , Fisher C. 
Published: March 2007

THE MAIN assumption underlying this study is that people in a society behave in an orderly way and that once we know the essence of that order, much of people's behaviour is predictable. This predictability is based on the expecta tions that are built into social interaction as norms, which reflect the institution alized values of that society. If we know more mechanism of transmission and acquisition of norms, we may be able to intervene and influence this process. • THIS paper reports on the findings of a study on smoking habits, attitudes, knowledge and norms amongst students at the University of Manchester. It represents a part of a wider study into the problem area of cigarette smoking and the process of socialization, financed by the Health Education Council. The study represents an attempt to explore the possibilities of measuring norms and attitudes, finding out about their trans mission and acquisition and their ultimate effect on smoking.
Impact of health education in reducing drug overdosage
Authors: Tohani Vinod K. 
Published: March 2007

A FOUR year retrospective study into the possible effect of a substantial health education programme prom oting the home safety of drugs showed a significant change in admissions of drug overdosage to the hospital. Though the programme was based on the prevention of accidental poisoning in children and the elderly, it also showed a significant drop in other age groups.
The Effects of Psychotherapies: a Study On Patients' Perception of Results in an Italian Public Setting
Authors: Fava E. , Pazzi E. , Arduini L. , Masserini C. , Lammoglia M. , Lomazzi L. , Landra S. , Pazzaglia P. , Carta I. 
Published: March 2007

Enquiries centred on the perspective of users of psychiatric treatments and their families, has become an increasingly widespread method to improve the quality of treatments administered by health services. In this study, in particular, we examine the users' perception of the quality and variability of the effects of psychotherapies, the difficulties met, and the perceived help factors. The sample consists of 216 users of psychotherapy and 223 patients in psychiatric treatment with psychological support. They are outpatients, managed by the public health service. The questionnaires included closed ended, open ended questions and scales that were previously tested on a sample of patients. The questionnaire for patients was anonymous and administered by researchers external to the medical staff. Irrespective of the diagnosis or of a concurrent pharmacological therapy, a high percentage of patients (75%), in both groups, feel improved. Improvement consist of the decrease of symptoms, a sense of feeling better, but also feeling grown up, more mature, having higher self-esteem and feeling more adequate in inter personal relationships. This last type of result is significantly more frequent in the group of patients in psychotherapy. Besides these patients are faced with more difficulties and play more active a role while they are in treatment. The main difference between patients in psychotherapy and those in psychiatric management with psychological support is not indeed the identification of different perceived therapeutic factors, but rather the different evaluation of their relative importance. On the whole, the study seems to show that the effects of real psychotherapies include, beside an improvement of symptoms, the achievement of goals of personal growth and maturity, self-satisfaction and an increase in self-esteem, all in accordance with a conception of health as well-being and self-satisfaction rather than as absence of illness.