bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE SPECIFIC ACTIVITY OF PLASMA CORTISOL IN SHEEP AFTER INTRAVENOUS INFUSION OF [1,2-3H2]CORTISOL, AND ITS RELATION TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF CORTISOL
Authors: PATERSON J. Y. F. , HARRISON F. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Tritium-labelled cortisol was administered to sheep by intravenous infusion at constant rate for up to 4 hr. When the infusion was stopped, [3H] cortisol disappeared rapidly from plasma and its concentration could be described by a double exponential function. There was good agreement between the results from 50 experiments on 11 sheep. In pregnant ewes, there was no noticeable difference in the rate of disappearance of [3H]cortisol from plasma until about 2 weeks before lambing, when the rate became more rapid.
These data were interpreted in terms of a two-compartment model of cortisol distribution. The central compartment contains about 42 μg. cortisol and may be identical with the cortisol contained in whole blood volume. The outer compartment contains about 130 μg. cortisol; less than half of this compartment may be in intercellular fluids, partly bound to protein, and the remainder in intracellular fluids.
In pregnant ewes near term there is a decrease in plasma cortisol concentration which appears to result from expansion of plasma volume. The decrease in unbound cortisol concentration probably results in a decrease in the size of the outer compartment of cortisol. This may contribute to the observed increase in the rate of disappearance of [3H] cortisol from plasma, but this change may also coincide with the initiation of secretion of cortisol by the foetus, at about 1 or 2 μg./min.
A COMPARISON OF THE CONVERSION IN VITRO OF PREGNENOLONE SULPHATE AND PREGNENOLONE TO STEROID HORMONES BY TISSUE FROM A CLEAR CELL ADENOMA OF THE ADRENAL GLAND
Authors: GRIFFITHS K. , CUNNINGHAM D. , CAMERON E. H. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Tissue from a clear cell adenoma of the adrenal gland was incubated simultaneously with [7α-3H]pregnenolone sulphate and [4-14C]pregnenolone in Krebs—Ringer bicarbonate-glucose solution. Evidence was obtained for the conversion of pregnenolone sulphate to cortisol and corticosterone. The differences in the ability of the tissue to convert the sulphate and the free steroid to corticosteroids and androgens are discussed in relation to theories on the functional zonation of the human adrenal cortex.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE UNCONJUGATED, NEUTRAL NON-POLAR STEROIDS OF HUMAN PLACENTA
Authors: CHAMBERLAIN J. , MORRIS N. F. , SMITH NANCY C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Normal human term placentae have been examined for neutral non-polar steroids by gas chromatography. Preliminary examination of a number of neutral extracts showed a consistent pattern of chromatographic peaks on both non-selective (SE-30) and selective (QF-1) stationary phases. The extracts were further fractionated by thin-layer chromatography and reexamined in detail by acetate formation, adsorption and partition thin-layer chromatography, and gas chromatography. The major steroids identified were progesterone, 3β-hydroxy-pregn-5-en-20-one, 20α-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one and 3β-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one; minor amounts of 3α-hydroxy-5β-pregnan-20-one and 5β-pregnane-3α,20α-diol were also identified.
ENDOCRINE AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON OLIGOSPERMIC MEN TREATED WITH HUMAN PITUITARY AND CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
Authors: de KRETSER D. M. , TAFT H. P. , BROWN J. B. , EVANS J. H. , HUDSON B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The results of treatment of three oligospermic men for periods of up to 12 months with human pituitary gonadotrophin alone and in combination with human chorionic gonadotrophin (Pregnyl) is described. The addition of exogenous gonadotrophin resulted in a small but significant stimulation of spermatogenesis which was confirmed by quantitative histological assessment of testicular biopsy specimens taken before, during and after treatment. The time taken for a response in the ejaculate appears to be dependent on the initial histological appearance of the testis, in particular the stage of germinal cell arrest.
Estimations of plasma testosterone and urinary oestrogen indicate that testicular steroid biosynthesis is stimulated during treatment with gonadotrophin.
THE CLUTCHING REACTION AND ORGASM IN THE FEMALE RHESUS MONKEY (MACACA MULATTA)
Authors: ZUMPE DORIS , MICHAEL R. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A description is given of the turning round, looking backwards, lipsmacking, clutching and biting behaviour of the female rhesus monkey that occurs during the ejaculatory mount of the male: this behavioural sequence has been designated the clutching reaction. It was observed during almost all ejaculations in intact females, but the incidence decreased after bilateral ovariectomy. Oestrogen administration to ovariectomized females restored it to the levels in intact females and progesterone administration diminished it to levels lower than those in any other condition. It is suggested that this behavioural reaction is an external expression of consummatory sexual behaviour in the female rhesus monkey, and its homology with orgasm in the human female is discussed.
ESTIMATION OF AN OXYTOCIN-LIKE SUBSTANCE IN HIGHLY PURIFIED EXTRACTS FROM THE BLOOD OF PUERPERAL WOMEN DURING SUCKLING
Authors: COCH J. A. , FIELITZ C. , BROVETTO J. , CABOT H. M. , CODA H. , FRAGA A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The presence of a substance in the jugular blood of lactating women with the chromatographic, electrophoretic, and pharmacological properties of oxytocin has been demonstrated.
The concentration of this substance in the jugular plasma, during suckling, was equivalent to 12–25 μ-u./ml. synthetic oxytocin.
These figures are in good agreement with those calculated from the rate of infusion of oxytocin necessary to elicit milk ejections similar to that produced during suckling.
THE STRUCTURE OF SOME REACTION PRODUCTS OF THE ACIDIC URINARY METABOLITES OF PROGESTERONE
Authors: ALLEN J. G. , COOKE ALMA M. , THOMAS G. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
After injection of [4-14C]progesterone into rabbits, 62% of the radioactivity recovered from the urine after hydrolysis is extractable from ether into sodium bicarbonate solution. Treatment of these acidic metabolites with potassium borohydride, followed by sodium bismuthate, yields neutral material which can be separated into three zones by thin-layer chromatography. The most polar zone, accounting for 61% of the radioactivity recovered from the plate, consists of epimers of 3,6-dihydroxyandrostan17-al.
PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE INHIBITOR OBTAINED FROM THE URINE OF THE BONNET MONKEY
Authors: SAIRAM M. R. , RAJ H. G. MADHWA , MOUDGAL N. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) inhibitor in monkey urine was purified by selective extraction of the crude extract with acetate buffer, ammonium sulphate precipitation and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The purified inhibitor was free of luteinizing hormone activity. It behaved as an apparently homogeneous protein. The inhibitor contained about 20% carbohydrate (hexoses, hexosamines, fucose and sialic acid). Thin-layer gel filtration indicated a molecular weight of about 65,000. The inhibitor was labile to heat treatment, exposure to extremes of pH and denaturing agents. The inhibitor effectively neutralized the biological activity of FSH preparations from human, monkey, horse, pig, sheep and rat pituitary glands, pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin and human pituitary urinary gonadotrophin.
THE MILKING STIMULUS AND MAMMARY GROWTH IN THE GOAT
Authors: COWIE A. T. , KNAGGS G. S. , TINDAL J. S. , TURVEY A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The regular twice daily 'milking' of three ovariectomized virgin goats brought about mammary growth and the initiation of lactation. After several months daily milk yields of 0·8 to 2·0 1. were attained. The mammogenic and lactogenic responses to the milking stimulus were completely abolished in four virgin goats (two ovariectomized and two with intact ovaries) in which the pituitary stalk had been transected before 'milking' was started. The neurohormonal mechanisms concerned and the significance of these observations for the interpretation of studies on the hormonal induction of mammary growth and lactation are discussed.
THE ACTION OF OVARIAN STEROIDS AND RELAXIN ON GLYCOGEN AND SOME ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN THE UTERUS OF THE HAMSTER
Authors: HALL KATHLEEN , KHALIGH H. SALIMI 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Glycogen, and activities of amylophosphorylase, transglycosylase, uridine diphosphate glucose-glycogen glucosyl transferase (glycogen synthetase) and alkaline phosphatase were investigated by histochemical techniques in uteri of 44 spayed hamsters, untreated and injected with oestrogen (Oe) or progesterone (P) alone or in combination, and with or without relaxin (R). Chemical determinations of glycogen content were made for some uteri.
Glycogen was visualized only in myometrial and arterial muscle fibres and migrating leucocytes. Almost none was revealed by histochemical techniques in uteri of controls and after P although chemical determinations showed moderate amounts present; this is discussed. Oe and Oe + R increased glycogen in muscle fibres of the longitudinal layer and less consistently of the circular layer. Oe + P and Oe + P + R produced greater increase in the longitudinal but no increase in the circular layers. Phosphorylase activity was visualized in myometrial and arterial muscle fibres only. Controls showed greatest activity in the circular muscle fibres. Progesterone alone produced a slight increase in the longitudinal layer. All other treatments produced strong activity in the fibres of the longitudinal layer but less consistent increase in those of the circular layer. The techniques did not differentiate between the active and the inactive forms of the enzyme and this is discussed in relation to hormonal action.
The distribution of transglycosylase appeared to be similar to that of phosphorylase.
Preliminary tests of glycogen synthetase revealed activity in fibres of the longitudinal layer and (in two animals given Oe) the circular layer.
In untreated controls and after Oe and Oe + R, alkaline phosphatase activity was confined to epithelia, vascular endothelium and some macrophages. Activity also appeared in stromal cells and in fibroblasts of myometrial connective tissue after P, Oe + P and Oe + P + R. Myometrial muscle fibres showed no activity before or after any of the treatments.
With the combinations and doses used, no certain effect of relaxin was recorded.
AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF OESTROGEN ON THE THYROID GLAND OF CASTRATED ADULT MALE RATS
Authors: BITHELL J. F. , BROWN-GRANT K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The uptake of 131I by the thyroid gland of the castrated adult male rat is increased 24 hr. and is maximal 48 hr. after the injection of a single dose of 50 μg. oestradiol. The response is not dose-dependent between 25 and 1600 μg.
The thyroid:serum (T:S) concentration ratio for 131I is also increased by oestradiol with a time-course similar to the changes in uptake, but release of 131I-labelled hormone from the gland in vivo and radioactive phosphate uptake were not affected.
Analysis of the kinetics of 131I accumulation by the blocked gland show that the effects on 131I uptake and T:S ratio were due to an increase in the clearance rate with a possible associated decrease in the exit rate constant for iodide from the gland to the blood.
Under the conditions of these experiments, the effects of oestradiol are not consistent with their being produced by an increase in pituitary thyrotrophic hormone secretion; a direct action on the gland appears likely.
These conclusions apply solely to the experimental conditions described here and do not provide the basis for any generalization about the action of oestrogens on the thyroid gland.
The method of analysis developed for the estimation of the unilateral clearance constant and the exit rate constant, together with their standard deviations, is presented in an appendix.
THE KINETICS OF THE EXCHANGE BETWEEN TRANSCORTIN-BOUND AND UNBOUND CORTISOL IN PLASMA
Authors: DIXON P. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In order to determine the probable availability of protein-bound cortisol to the tissues, the establishment of equilibrium between transcortin-bound [3H]cortisol and unbound [14C]cortisol in plasma has been followed using Sephadex gel filtration. Association of cortisol with transcortin was rapid; dissociation of the steroid-protein complex was comparatively slow; when the binding-sites were nearly saturated the half-dissociation times of [3H]cortisol were 25 min. at 4°, 1 min. at 22° and about 10 sec. at 37°.
PARATHYROID FUNCTION IN SPONTANEOUS PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
Authors: ADAMS P. , CHALMERS T. M. , RIGGS B. L. , JONES J. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Calcium and phosphorus metabolism were studied in 22 patients with spontaneous primary hypothyroidism. Two patients were found to have hypercalcaemia but the mean serum calcium concentration of the group was significantly less than that of control subjects. The renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate was decreased and could be increased to normal with small calcium infusions. The response to calcium deprivation and to infusions of EDTA was abnormal and suggested an impaired ability to mobilize calcium from bone. There was a significant correlation between the defect in calcium mobilization, as judged from the response to EDTA, and the renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate.
In three patients serum parathyroid hormone concentrations, measured by radioimmunoassay, were in the upper part of the normal range.
It is suggested that in patients with hypothyroidism the target cells in bone are less responsive to the effects of parathyroid hormone than normal; as a consequence parathyroid hormone secretion may be increased.
THE ABSENCE OF INTACT GROWTH HORMONE IN URINE AS JUDGED BY RADIOIMMUNOASSAY
Authors: GIRARD J. , GREENWOOD F. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Non-specific factors in urine, measuring as apparent growth hormone, were detected when the radioimmunoassay for plasma growth hormone was applied to urine, dilute urine and fractions therefrom. Varying concentrations of salt and urea were shown to mimic the effect of growth hormone and, like the urine inhibition, were lost on dialysis. Urine from normal subjects and from a hypopituitary dwarf treated with growth hormone, when concentrated, desalted and fractionated by gel filtration gave no evidence for the presence of growth hormone. From recovery experiments it was concluded that growth hormone in normal urine is present at concentrations below 0·1 μg./I. An inhibitor with the immunological characteristics of growth hormone was obtained from a fraction of concentrated urine from an acromegalic patient and was equivalent to 0·24 μg. growth hormone/24 hr. urine.
THE OESTROGEN REQUIREMENT FOR IMPLANTATION AND THE EFFECT OF ITS DOSE ON THE IMPLANTATION RESPONSE IN THE MOUSE
Authors: SMITH DIANNE MOORE , BIGGERS J. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
It has been shown for the random-bred Swiss mouse that blastocyst implantation does not take place in the absence of oestrogen. Mated, ovariectomized mice receiving progesterone alone showed no evidence of implantation. However, if 17β-oestradiol benzoate (0·5 μg.) was administered in addition to progesterone, a high percentage of these animals had implantation sites and the response was not significantly different from that observed in control animals which were mated and either sham-operated or left surgically intact.
The effect of the dose of oestradiol on the implantation response was also investigated. The combined data showed that the percentage of mice per group having implantation sites and the mean number of implantation sites per mouse increased as the dose of oestradiol was raised from 0·5 × 10−2 μg. to 10−1 μg. The implantation response declined as the dose of oestradiol was increased above 10−1 μg. The median effective dose was found to be 2·91 × 10−2 μg. with fiducial limits of error of 1·76 × 10−2 μg. to 5·04 × 10−2 μg.
OVULATION AND THYROID FUNCTION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: BROWN-GRANT K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Serial measurements of peripheral blood 131I content beginning 96–120 hr. after the injection of radioactive iodide in rabbits were made to study possible short-term changes in thyroid gland activity after mating. No changes in the disappearance curve of blood radioactivity were detected after matings that induced ovulation or after the injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin. A dose of 12·5 m-u. thyrotrophin intravenously produced gross changes in the blood 131I levels, and mating was shown not to modify the response to this dose of thyrotrophin. It is concluded that, when ovulation is induced by mating in this species, no change in thyrotrophin secretion occurs; this finding is in contrast to results in species that ovulate 'spontaneously'.
THE EFFECT OF AUTOTRANSPLANTATION OF THE OVARIES TO THE KIDNEYS OR UTERUS ON THE OESTROUS CYCLE OF THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: BLAND K. P. , DONOVAN B. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Autotransplantation of the ovaries of guinea-pigs to either the uterus or the kidneys caused the degeneration of all luteal and follicular tissue with the exception of the primordial follicles situated in the periphery of the graft. Follicular development then took place and oestrus and ovulation occurred 10–11 days after transplantation. The corpora lutea formed at this ovulation were maintained in a functional state for more than 35 days when the ovaries were transferred to the kidneys but when ovarian grafts were made to the uterus a series of shortened vaginal cycles was observed. These results substantiate the local nature of the luteolytic abilities of the uterus in this species and imply the existence of a uterine luteolytic substance.
URINARY LEVELS OF C19 AND C21 STEROIDS IN HEALTHY YOUNG MEN AND THEIR RELATION TO MUSCLE AND LIMB BONE WIDTHS
Authors: TANNER J. M. , GUPTA D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The urinary excretion of a number of individually estimated C19 and C21 steroids was measured in 26 healthy young men. The relation between the levels of excretion of certain steroids and the widths of bone, muscle and fat in the upper arm, calf and thigh measured in radiographs was studied. There was a positive relation between the excretion of androsterone and aetiocholanolone and muscle width, and also between total cortisol metabolites and bone width. There was a highly significant negative regression of total corticosterone metabolites on muscle width.
STUDIES ON GONADOTROPHIN-INDUCED OVULATION IN THE IMMATURE RAT
Authors: BELL E. T. , LUNN S. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of the administration of 25 i.u. human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) on the induction of ovulation in intact immature rats treated with 50 i.u. pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) has been studied.
After the administration of HCG a marked increase in ovarian wet weight was observed. The maximum increase, which occurred 10 hr. after hormone treatment, was noted 2 hr. before ova were found in the oviducts.
The alteration in ovarian wet weight was associated with a fall in percentage solids. However, it appears likely that an increase both in follicular fluid and in cell mass occurred before ovulation. Possible reasons for the absence of any marked effect on uterine wet weight or percentage solids are discussed.
CHANGES IN LUTEINIZING HORMONE CONTENT OF THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL DURING THE INTERVAL BETWEEN CLUTCHES
Authors: HEALD P. J. , ROOKLEDGE K. A. , FURNIVAL B. E. , WATTS G. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The luteinizing hormone (LH) content of the anterior pituitary of the domestic fowl has been determined at different times during the interval between successive clutches of eggs. The LH content remained constant for 12–14 hr. after the ovulation of the last egg of the sequence, decreased 16 hr. before ovulation, rose again to a peak 12 hr. before ovulation and decreased to lower levels 4 and 8 hr. before the ovulation itself, at which point levels had risen to the normal values. These changes are discussed in relation to the lighting sequence and times of oviposition. It is suggested that the decreased levels 4–8 hr. before ovulation represents the release of ovulatory LH.
CHLOROMETHYLDIMETHYLSILYL ETHERS IN THE ROUTINE ASSAY OF URINARY 11-DEOXY-17-OXOSTEROIDS BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: THOMAS B. S. , WALTON D. R. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Chloromethyldimethylsilyl ethers (CDMSE) of androsterone, aetiocholanolone and dehydroepiandrosterone were prepared by reacting the steroids with chloromethyldimethylchlorosilane and diethylamine in hexane. These derivatives gave more reproducible results than the corresponding trimethylsilyl ethers (TMSE) during gas chromatography on thin-film columns (e.g. 0·6% XE60). Interfering matter from urine extracts which can occur in the androsterone TMSE peak, was eliminated when CDMSE derivatives were used.
The use of CDMSE derivatives in the routine analysis of urinary 11-deoxy-17-oxosteroids by gas-liquid chromatography, compared favourably with that of TMSE derivatives in terms of specificity, sensitivity, accuracy and precision.
THE PROGESTATIONAL ACTIVITY OF 9α-HALOGENATED STEROIDS IN THE OVARIECTOMIZED EWE
Authors: HOLST P. J. , MOORE N. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A flock of 135 ovariectomized ewes was used in five tests designed to investigate the ability of three 9α-halogenated steroids to condition the spayed ewe to exhibit oestrus after a single injection of oestradiol benzoate (ODB). The experimental steroids (9α-fluoro-11β-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione, 9α-chloro-11β-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione and 9α-bromo-11β-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20 dione) were tested against a progestagen of known characteristics (17α-acetoxy-9α-fluoro-11β-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione = SC-9880, G. D. Searle) and against each other.
The steroids were injected intramuscularly, daily for 12 days and ODB was given at one of three doses as a single intramuscular injection 48 or 96 hr. after the final steroid injection.
The effects of the three experimental steroids, as indicated by the oestrous responses to ODB, differed little from that of SC-9880, thus proving them to be highly potent progestagens; 0·4 mg./day appeared to be about the minimum daily effective dose of all three experimental steroids indicating a potency about 15–20 times that of progesterone.
CORTICOSTEROID SYNTHESIS IN A CLEAR CELL ADENOMA: A TIME-BASED STUDY
Authors: CAMERON E. H. D. , GRIFFITHS K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The removal of a large clear cell adenoma (67 g.) from a patient in the Cardiff Royal Infirmary presented an opportunity to investigate the relative importance of alternative metabolic pathways to cortisol in adrenal tissue consisting primarily of a single cell type. Experiments were performed in which chopped tumour tissue was incubated simultaneously with [4-14C]pregnenolone and [7α-3H]progesterone for periods of time ranging from 5 to 120 min.
The conversion of these precursors to a variety of corticosteroids and intermediates was determined by radioisotope dilution techniques. From the results obtained, it was concluded that progesterone played only a minor role in the transformation of pregnenolone to cortisol in this tissue. It appeared that a large proportion of any progesterone formed from pregnenolone is rapidly metabolized to the 17-deoxycorticosteroids.