bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Performance, Point‐to‐Point, Transmission Line Signaling
Authors: Dehon André , Knight Thomas F. 
Published: September 2007

Inter‐chip signaling latency and bandwidth can be key factors limiting the performance of large VLSI systems. We present a high performance, transmission line signaling scheme for point‐to‐point communications between VLSI components. In particular, we detail circuitry which allows a pad driver to sense the voltage level on the attached pad during signaling and adjust the drive impedance to match the external transmission line impedance. This allows clean, reflection‐free signaling despite the wide range of variations common in IC device processing and interconnect fabrication. Further, we show how similar techniques can be used to adjust the arrival time of signals to allow high signaling bandwidth despite variations in interconnect delays.This scheme employed for high performance signaling is a specific embodiment of a more general technique. Conventional electronic systems must accommodate a range of system characteristics (e.g. delay, voltage, impedance). As a result, circuit designers traditionally build large operating margins into their circuits to guarantee proper operation across all possible ranges of these characteristics. These margins are generally
added at the expense of performance. The alternative scheme exemplified here is to sample these system characteristics in the device′s final operating environment and use this feedback to tune system operation around the observed characteristics. This tuning operation reduces the range of characteristics the system must accommodate, allowing increased performance. We briefly contrast this sampled, system‐level feedback with the
more conventional, fine‐grained feedback employed on ICs (e.g. PLLs).
Iterative Partitioning with Varying Node Weights
Authors: Caldwell Andrew E. , Kahng Andrew B. , Markov Igor L. 
Published: September 2007

The balanced partitioning problem divides the nodes of a [hyper]graph into groups of
approximately equal weight (i.e., satisfying balance constraints) while minimizing the
number of [hyper]edges that are cut (i.e., adjacent to nodes in different groups). Classic
iterative algorithms use the pass paradigm [24] in performing single‐node moves [16, 13]
to improve the initial solution. To satisfy particular balance constraints, it is usual to
require that intermediate solutions satisfy the constraints. Hence, many possible moves
are rejected.Hypergraph partitioning heuristics have been traditionally proposed for and
evaluated on hypergraphs with unit node weights only. Nevertheless, many real‐world
applications entail varying node weights, e.g., VLSI circuit partitioning where node
weight typically represents cell area. Even when multilevel partitioning [3] is performed
on unit‐node‐weight hypergraphs, intermediate clustered hypergraphs have varying
node weights. Nothing prevents the use of conventional move‐based heuristics when
node weights vary, but their performance deteriorates, as shown by our analysis of
partitioning results in [1].We describe two effects that cause this deterioration and propose simple
modifications of well‐known algorithms to address them. Our baseline implementations
achieve dramatic improvements over previously reported results (by factors of up to 25);
explicitly addressing the described harmful effects provides further improvement.
Overall results are superior to those of the PROP‐REXest algorithm reported in [14],
which addresses similar problems.
An lonised‐impurity Scattering Modelfor 3D Monte Carlo Device Simulation with DiscreteImpurity Distribution
Authors: Barraud S. , Dollfus P. , Galdin S. , Rengel R. , Martin M. J. , Velázquez J. E. 
Published: September 2007

An improved 3‐D Monte Carlo simulation model is developed to treat the discrete
random dopant distribution in sub‐0.1 μm MOSFET. The new atomistic model is based
on a scattering rate calculation and an algorithm that take into account many‐body effects
and the local variations of screening length according to impurity distribution and bias
conditions.To validate this new approach low field electron drift mobility and diffusion
coefficient have been computed using simulation of 3D bars for 1015–1018 cm–3 range
of average doping concentration. A good agreement is found between calculation and
experimental mobility data at 300 K.
Living conditions and health promotion strategies
Authors: Ambrose Peter J. 
Published: September 2007

The paper assesses the empirical evidence con cerning the interface between living conditions and health status provided by a number of case studies of urban regeneration in London, and Brighton and Hove. These studies were carried out in the theoretical framework provided by the Cost-effec tiveness in Housing Investment programme that has been seeking since 1993 to identify and mea sure additional 'exported' costs to services such as health, education and policing which derive from poor living conditions. A chronological study of the 'health gain' asso ciated with the Central Stepney Single Regeneration Budget improvement to two run-down estates indi cates that a seven-fold health improvement in the rate of 'illness days' experienced has taken place over a four-year period (1996-2000). This 7:1 dif ferential was identical to that found in the synoptic comparison of illness days, and some health and policing costs, between the Stepney area and an area of improved housing in Paddington carried out in 1996. The paper presents an exploratory attempt to list and categorise in various ways the exported costs associated with poor living conditions and offers some preliminary assessment of their mea surability. Finally, a number of health promoting strategies that should be borne in mind when carrying out urban renewal programmes are discussed. It is argued that the provsion of satisfactory housing is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition to pro mote good health. Attention must also be paid to community development, especially of 'organic' activities, the quality of services especially in rela tion to benefits, access to healthy food, crime reduction and, critically, the promotion of jobs and the reduction of poverty.
Botanical perspectives on health Peppermint: more than just an after-dinner mint
Authors: Spirling Lucy I. , Daniels Ian R. 
Published: September 2007

Throughout history different species of mint have been used across the globe for their varying properties, both medi cinal and culinary. Today, the commer cial sales of mints are expanding each year - and at the end of a large meal after-dinner mints are frequently served. But why do we take them? Peppermint ( Mentha piperita ) is usu ally taken after a meal for its ability to reduce indigestion and colonic spasms by reducing the gastrocolic reflex. It is a naturally occurring hybrid cross between water mint ( M. aquatica) and spearmint ( M. spicata) and is best known for its role as a popular flavour ing agent. Less well recognised is pep permint's potential role in the manage ment of numerous other medical con ditions including certain procedures, e.g. colonoscopy. With the growing popularity of herbal remedies, among both the pub lic and medical practitioners, it would seem that now is an opportune time to consider further what peppermint has to offer the world of medicine.
The role of traditional birth attendants in Atakumosa, Nigeria
Authors: Abioye-Kuteyi E.A. , Elias S.O. , Familusi A.F. , Fakunle A. , Akinfolayan K. 
Published: September 2007

All 26 traditional birth attendants (TBAs) and their 109 in 15 settlements in Atakumosa West Local Government (LGA) in Nigeria were interviewed to assess TBA training, practices and utilisation. The study showed that more than 80% of TBAs were older women with more than four children, practised single-handedly and held other occupations. About 54% of those studied had no designated room for deliveries; twenty-one (80.8%) did not consider any pregnant woman to be at high risk; three (11.5%) perform intravaginal examinations during labour and only a few recognise complications; twelve (46.2%) never refer patients. Despite these deficiencies, TBAs continue to practise in appreciable numbers and their services continue to be on demand in the communities under study. Nearly all of the clients interviewed had started to use TBAs by the age of 25 and 50% had used TBAs for all of their deliver ies. Most TBAs provide antenatal care and 77% had a case load of less than five clients per month. Ninety-six per cent of the clients had not been referred by the TBA before. Although 61 % of clients felt TBAs were both inadequately equipped and trained, the majority (91%) were satisfied with TBA care; 62% would use a TBA in a future pregnancy and 49% would rec ommend TBA care to other women. Low socio-economic status, illiteracy, poor awareness of modern maternal health (MCH) facilities, personalised care, strong family influence and easy access to TBA services were strong factors promoting traditional midwifery in the LGA. If adequately trained, equipped, supported and supervised, TBAs can contribute towards safe motherhood in Nigeria and in other developing countries.
Promoting the health and social care of older people: gaining a perspective from outside the UK
Authors: Ashton Loraine 
Published: September 2007

With people living longer, getting sicker and entering nurs ing home care later in their lives, the global trends point to preventing premature institution as a major public health and social care goal. Compared with the UK - Australia, Canada and the USA have a longer track record for intro ducing government Acts, policies and strategies which con tribute to supporting older people in maintaining their health, safety and independence. They also have govern ment Ministers for the Aged. In the UK, it is only very recently that we are witnessing new Government pro grammes such as the NHS Plan and Modernising Social Ser vices that begin to demonstrate its more determined approach to improve the life of the older person. An ageing population brings new challenges to policy- makers and planners in the statutory sectors. Various inter national conferences have been held to address ways in which countries are providing or developing their services, and their research regarding older people. Yet, whatever country one considers, nursing home care continues to give rise to many concerns. Developments in the USA managed care programmes have recently come under even more scrutiny from the Federal and State governments, insurance agencies, nursing home owners and, of course, older peo ple themselves. This article raises issues that still need to be addressed in the UK. It reports briefly on an international conference (attended during the undertaking of a Winston Churchill Fellowship) which had some forward-thinking presenta tions addressing existing and future care needs of older people. It then concentrates on highlighting some of the current developments in the USA care system that might be learning lessons for UK policy-makers. It concludes with some additional considerations for delivering a National Service Framework for Older People in order that "The needs of older people are at the heart of the reform programme for health and social services."
Probiotics in Modern Meat Production
Authors: Walters A.H. 
Published: September 2007

PROBIOTICS ARE defined as 'Growth-promoting factors produced by micro-organisms'. For the controlled nutri tion of farm animals reared under modern conditions, claims for the use of a commercial probiotic feed addi tive are described and discussed. Meat production involving the confinement and hous ing of animals reaches far back into history especially in hostile winter climates. Even today, the henhouse, pigsty and cowshed are commonplace. With the growth of affluent societies in the First World, the demand for meat and meat products has markedly increased. This has led to the development of rearing and fattening methods for animals under controlled and continuous all-the-year-round housing conditions — the so-called factory farming.
Effect of fluoridated milk on caries: 5 year results
Authors: Bánóczy Jolán , Zimmermann P. , Hadas Éva , Pinter Adrienne , Bruszt Vera 
Published: September 2007

THE AIM OF the study was to assess the caries- preventive effect of fluoridated milk after 4- and 5 years of consumption in 165 institutionalized chil ren aged 6- to 12 years. The children consumed 200 ml of milk daily, fluoridated with 0.4 mg-, or 0.75 mg F- according to age. The data were compared with those of 122 home children without preventive measures. Analysis of the data showed a considerable increase in the ratio of caries-free children, aged 7-10 years, after 5 years of fluoridated milk consumption. The caries pre valence in the test group showed statistically significant reduction both in the primary and permanent dentition, in the latter between 60- to 67% . The caries reduction of the first permanent molars in the age-group of 7 years old was 85%. In children aged 9-12 years, after 4 years of fluoridated milk consumption, only small reductions could be observed. Milk-fluoridated thus seems to be effective in home children; early starting-age increases the protective effect considerably.
Nutrition Situation in the Arabian Gulf Countries
Authors: Musaiger Abdulrahman Obaid 
Published: September 2007

THE NUTRITIONAL status in the Arabian Gulf countries; mainly Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and United Arab Emirates (UAE), is similar. These states enjoy good economic situation with the highest per capita income in the world and sufficient supply of food; however malnutrition continue to exist. First degree malnutrition exists in this area, though second degree malnutrition is more frequent. Marasmus and anaemia are the main undernutrition problems. Gastro entritis, intestinal parasitism and food habits are believed to be responsible for the prevalence of underweight and anaemia among the children. On the other hand obesity, diabetes, hypertension and heart diseases are the common public health problems of the adults.
Expatriate maids and food patterns in Kuwait
Authors: Amine Ezzat K. , Al-Awadi Fawzia 
Published: September 2007

THE AIM of this study was to investigate the role of the maid and her nationality on infant feeding patterns, nutritional status of mothers and food pattern in Kuwait. A multistage stratified sample of 2004 Kuwaiti families was taken to represent all districts in Kuwait. Mothers were interviewed to collect data on infant feeding patterns, types of foods pre sented daily and the nutritional status of the mother was assessed. When there was no maid, 65.3% of the infants were breast fed, such rate declined to 55.1% when a maid was employed. The duration of breast feeding was prolonged from 5.43 months in the presence of a maid to 7.29 months in her absence. Obesity was more prevalent among mothers (44.7%) when a maid was employed and decreased when they received no help (35.4%). The results show that traditional dishes are presented for lunch which is the major meal of the day. Food items presented for breakfast or dinner are more diversified. Hamburger, fried potato, macaroni and fried chicken have become popular dishes in Kuwait. The types of food presented were significantly associ ated with the nationality of the maid.
A Comparison of Two Insecticidal Shampoos in the Treatment of Head Louse Infection
Authors: Jolley J.H. , Kennedy J.P. , Miller A.J. 
Published: September 2007

THE EFFICACY and tolerability of a phenothrin liquid shampoo was compared with a carbaryl shampoo in 50 children with head lice infection. Twenty-five children were treated with a phenothrin liquid shampoo and 25 with a carbaryl shampoo. Each treatment was applied on three occasions at three-day intervals. Reinspection two weeks after initiation of treatment revealed two apparent treatment failures in the carba ryl group and one in the phenothrin group. No side effects were reported for either treatment. It is concluded that phenothrin liquid shampoo is a safe and effective treatment for head louse infection and is therefore a useful addition to those insecticides currently employed.
Suspected Synergism Between Consanguinity and Familial Aggregation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Anokute Charles C. 
Published: September 2007

A retrospective study of 210 cases of diabetes was carried out at King Khalid University Hospital diabetes clinic to delineate etiologic factors in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Standardised detailed questionnaires were administered to both cases and controls and the information sought included general demographics, dietary patterns, anthropometric values, family history, consanguinity and familial aggregation of Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Familial aggregation yielded an odds ratio of 6:2 which suggests a causal association with DM. A synergistic effect of familial aggregation was observed which needs to be further explored in future studies.
Residency Training in Graduate Medical Education (Nine-Year View)
Authors: Al-Balla Suliman , Al-Nozha Mansour , El-Shabrawy Ali Mohamed 
Published: September 2007

Assessment of the progress of residency training in graduate education after 9 years shows that the original goals established for various specialties are being effectively met. There are now 7 approved residency programmes for diplo mas and 10 approved residency programmes for fellowships with 324 residents trained and in training, out of whom (32%) were females, and 222 (68%) were male residents. Student interest in these programmes has remained at a high level. Only 15 candidates (4.64%) had withdrawn from the residency training programmes. Heavy emphasis has been placed upon curriculum design, selection criteria of students and quality control mechanisms through residency committees in specialty departments and the residency board embracing residency coordinators. This paper outlines some concerns regarding the present status of various residencies and suggests some recommendations for future development of these programmes.
Essential Food Hygiene Certificate Examination: Examination Papers Reviewed
Authors: Donaldson R.J. 
Published: September 2007

One thousand papers for the Essential Food Hygiene exami nation, chosen consecutively from those being processed in RSH House on 6-7 April 1994, were reviewed. The purpose of the review was to assess the impact of the redesigned course and the new examination papers which were introduced from 1 January 1994. The pass rate for the sample was 96.7% which was somewhat lower than the pass rate of 99.2% for the whole of 1993 when the previous examination papers were in use. Out of 1000 papers 33 were failures. Eighteen candi dates had obtained the 70% pass mark yet still failed because one of the two questions on temperature control had been answered incorrectly. The requirement to answer both those questions correctly in order to obtain a certifi cate was introduced with the new examination papers and marked a major change. The conclusion from this snapshot study was that the majority of Tutors and the candidates from their courses had achieved a high degree of examination success. In particular, Tutors had secured a major objective by ensu ring that trainees had a clear understanding of the concepts of temperature control. Only a minority were having diffi culty. Of the 33 individuals who failed, 18 came from just four of the 108 courses.
Nurses' evaluations of sources of information about HIV and AIDS
Authors: Irving K.L. , Ferguson E. , Cox T. , Farnsworth W.J.F. , Irving Kirstin L. , Ferguson Eamonn , Cox Tom , Farnsworth William J. F. 
Published: September 2007

Reviews of the literature indicate that nurses feel ill-informed about HIV/AIDS and that poor knowledge is associated with anxiety and negative attitudes towards infected patients and their care. Although some studies have sought to identify the sources of HIV/AIDS information available to nurses, few have attempted to understand how nurses evaluate such sources. In this study in 1992, 15 sources of HIV/AIDS information were identified during group discussions with nursing staff and nurse tutors. 277 nursing staff evaluated each of the sources in terms of perceived frequency (how often the source is used) and six items chosen to assess the 'usability' and 'usefulness' of each source (e.g. how informative the source is, how easy it is to understand). The results indicate that in-service training, basic training and professional colleagues are the sources evaluated most highly while posters and advertisements, television and radio and popular newspapers are the most frequently used sources of information. Trades unions' journals and pamphlets are the least frequently used sources of information and receive only modest evaluations. 20% of respondents report never having received any training regarding HIV and AIDS. Implications for the future provision of HIV/AIDS information and directions for further research are discussed.
The 'other' sexually transmitted diseases: a case for public health education
Authors: Osujih M. 
Published: September 2007

Generally, people tend to associate the phrase 'sexually transmitted diseases' (STDs) with only gonorrhoea and syphilis. This paper highlights the prevalence of other diseases such as herpes simplex, trichomoniasis and candidiasis which are also sexually transmitted. It is shown that, although they are rarely discussed and reported, various estimates, particularly in the developed countries where statistics are available, indicate that their incidence rates are rapidly rising to epidemic proportions and, in certain instances, have surpassed the annual cases of syphilis and gonorrhoea. Their causative organisms, mode of spread, signs and symptoms, complications, prevention and control are presented. Although knowledge of the above are important, it is emphasised that it is much more desirable to focus on prevention through public health education. Health education strategies such as avoiding sexual exposure with infectees, personal hygiene, simulation, role-play and unemotional discussion in schools and the use of mass media in disseminating information to the public regarding prevention, control and how to seek for treatment are elaborated upon.