bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
s e v e n The Physical Monadology and theElements of Nature
Authors: Schöneld Martin 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores Kant’s professorial thesis, The Joint Use of Metaphysics and Geometry in Natural Philosophy, the First Example of Which Contains the Physical Monadology (1756). Section 1 describes Euler’s problem that Kant sets out to solve — How can indivisible, unextended points make up divisible and extended bodies? Section 2 discusses Kant’s dynamic solution: his conception of “activity spheres” as ultimate and energetic constituents of matter. Section 3 examines Kant’s argument for combining qualitative-conceptual and quantitative-empirical perspectives, and its role in the pre-critical project.
Explaining Militarization at Waco
Authors: Wright Stuart A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis essay examines how the Branch Davidians — a small religious group following a peaceful lifestyle in rural Texas — came to be perceived as a dangerous community that required an aggressive and sustained military-like response from authorities to subdue them. The Davidians were brought to the attention of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms through the sustained efforts of apostates and other interest groups. This led to a siege in which most of the members died. The analysis focuses on the “logic” by which the situation was so dramatically militarized.
Soka Gakkai: Searching for the Mainstream
Authors: Kisala Robert 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis essay examines the conflict-ridden history of the Soka Gakkai, the largest new religious movement in Japan with over eight million members in that country and over one million members abroad. Three sources of conflict are covered: Soka Gakkai’s aggressive proselytizing activities, its political activities, and its pacifist stance, which are connected to the biography of founder Makiguchi Tsunesaburo and to the exclusivist interpretation of its heritage from the Buddhist teacher Nichiren. In conflict with both the Japanese government during the Second World War and the larger Nichiren Buddhist tradition, the movement’s political power and militaristic missionary work are the most significant contributors to the bad press and popular suspicion it has generated.
Notes on the Aumist Religion
Authors: Zoccatelli PierLuigi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This essay describes how Aumism’s original Hindu identity was transformed into a universalism that seemed to blend Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Islam, and Judaism as a consequence of founder Gilbert Bourdin’s self-identification as the Cosmoplanetary Messiah. However, this apparent syncretism is less significant than the role that esoteric, occult traditions play in Aumism, and that constitute a “second pillar” on which Aumism has gradually been constructed as a separate “tradition.” Both historically, in terms of Bourdin’s background in esoteric study, and sociologically, in terms of the background of a majority of members, Aumism is an esoteric group, which is a fundamental type, distinct from religious movements and cult movements.
Inventing L. Ron Hubbard
Authors: Christensen Dorthe Refslund 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMore than a decade after his death, the work and person of L. Ron Hubbard remain at the very core of the Church of Scientology. The steps that were taken both before and after Hubbard’s passing are partly responsible for the ease with which the church navigated the potential crisis that could have been initiated by Hubbard’s death. The most important of these initiatives is the hagiographic production, the most significant attempt by the church to continually renew interest in Hubbard and thereby his religion, by pointing to him as the ultimate source and legitimizing resource. This essay analyzes part of such a hagiographic account. The analysis of the hagiography will be placed in perspective by introducing other church initiatives to promote and protect Hubbard and Scientology, and will include introductions to basic Scientological ideas, practices, and important parts of the church’s literature.
The Solar Temple “Transits”: Beyond the Millennialist Hypothesis
Authors: Lewis James R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis essay examines the Order of the Solar Temple, focusing on founder Joseph Di Mambro. His idiosyncracies provide keys for understanding the Solar Temple’s dramatic final “transit.” The focus on Di Mambro then feeds into a broader analysis of the three primary suicide cults examined by contemporary scholars: the People’s Temple, the Solar Temple, and Heaven’s Gate. It is argued that millennialism and external provocation are not as central for understanding suicide groups as previous analysts have suggested. Instead, a leader with failing health along with other factors characteristic of intensive religious groups are more important in predicting which groups are predisposed to suicide.
“Come On Up, and I Will Show Thee”
Authors: Chryssides George D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis essay examines the worldview of the Heaven’s Gate in terms of the concept of postmodernity. After the mass suicide of 1997, the group provoked controversy as an example of a “suicide cult” equivalent to the People’s Temple, the Branch Davidians, and the Solar Temple. However, a closer look at the radical physicalistic interpretation of the Book of Revelation presented by Marshall Applewhite and Bonnie Nettles shows that the actions undertaken make sense in light of the group’s worldview. The group’s idiosyncratic use of science fiction and Christianity also parallels the construction of meaning in a postmodern society.
Cartesian Skeptics
Authors: Broughton Janet 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This essay contrasts Descartes with three skeptical figures: the Doubting Pyrrhonist, the Agrippan Pyrrhonist, and the Cartesian Skeptic. It argues that the meditator in Descartes’s Meditations is different from all three of these skeptics. Seeing the distinctive character of the meditator helps us understand how Descartes could have hoped to meet the challenge of skepticism.
Democracy in Iran
Authors: Gheissari Ali , Nasr Vali 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Recently Iran has once again been in the headlines. Reputed to be developing nuclear weapons, the future of Iraq's next-door neighbor is a matter of grave concern both for the stability of the region and for the safety of the global community. President George W. Bush labeled it part of the “Axis of Evil,” and has railed against the country's authoritarian leadership. Yet as Bush trumpets the spread of democracy throughout the Middle East, few note that Iran has one of the longest-running experiences with democracy in the region. This book looks at the political history of Iran in the modern era, and offers an in-depth analysis of the prospects for democracy to flourish there. After having produced the only successful Islamist challenge to the state, a revolution, and an Islamic Republic, Iran is now poised to produce a genuine and indigenous democratic movement in the Muslim world. Democracy in Iran is neither a sudden development nor a western import. The concept of democracy in Iran today may appear to be a reaction to authoritarianism, but it is an old idea with a complex history, one that is tightly interwoven with the main forces that have shaped Iranian society and politics, institutions, identities, and interests. This book seeks to understand why democracy failed to grow roots and lost ground to an autocratic Iranian state. Why was democracy absent from the ideological debates of the 1960s and 1970s? Most important, why has it now become a powerful social, political, and intellectual force? How have modernization, social change, economic growth, and the experience of the revolution converged to make this possible?
An Islamic Developmental State? 1989–1997
Authors: Gheissari Ali , Nasr Vali 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the shift from revolution to state-building and details how socioeconomic challenges, on the one hand, and memories of state and intellectual capital produced by the Pahlavi period, on the other, coalesced to shape the postrevolutionary state. Topics covered include successors to Khomeini, consolidation of new order, contending with socioeconomic challenges, social consequences of economic changes, and privatization and private sector growth.
Epilogue
Authors: Gheissari Ali , Nasr Vali 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Iran's prospects for a democratic state. It is argued that the context for the democracy debate in Iran and the drive for democracy's realization have been strengthened by demographic changes; decentralization of authority in the form of increased importance of municipal and provincial constituencies; and the decade-long experience with civil society activism, voting, and mobilization of the population during electoral campaigns. However, Iranian politics has not as yet removed the main obstacles to democratization and state-building and the quest for social and individual freedoms have not converged in a linear process of political change. In the absence of a framework that would bind democracy to state-building, the goals of the latter have impeded the development of the former. The struggle between the two will shape state and society and will determine the pace and direction of Iran's progress toward the goal of a democratic state.
Introduction
Authors: Morey Melanie M. , Piderit John J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter describes the current cultural context, both secular and Catholic, in which Catholic colleges and universities operate. It establishes the claims of these institutions their Catholic identity and mission distinguishes them within the landscape of American higher education. The data from the first phase of a national study of Catholic higher education that led to the more extensive second phase are analyzed. The design and methodology of both the first and second phases of the study are also discussed.
The Catholic Tradition
Authors: Morey Melanie M. , Piderit John J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter provides a brief introduction to three umbrella terms: the Catholic intellectual tradition, the Catholic moral tradition, and Catholic social teaching. It begins with a historical look at the emergence of universities and the position of theology, philosophy, and the other liberal arts in these institutions. Using this as a foundation, it highlights what is meant by “Catholic intellectual tradition”. The Catholic intellectual tradition is further specified by identifying four theological or philosophical themes that recur in a Catholic analysis of academic areas. The Catholic moral tradition is invoked through a brief presentation of natural law, which is then used to suggest approaches Catholic institutions should take toward substance abuse and sexual intimacy on campus. Catholic universities are encouraged to become clearer about policy, and more specific about the amount and type of Catholic content students are expected to learn and retain during their years in a Catholic college or university. The concluding section explores the significance of cultural illiteracy and shadow cultures.
Institutional Culture
Authors: Morey Melanie M. , Piderit John J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter discusses how a pervasive institutional culture at Catholic colleges and universities has eroded in the absence of highly visible, knowledgeable, and committed nuns, brothers, and priests. It defines what a critical mass of knowledgeable and committed Catholic faculty members means for each of the four models of Catholic colleges and universities. It offers strategies for developing visible clusters of committed and knowledgeable faculty and administrators who can serve as religious cultural catalysts on each of the four types of campuses.
two The ‘Migration Crisis’ and the Genesis of Europe's New Diversity
Authors: Schierup Carl-Ulrik 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn the early 1990s, politicians, media, and public opinion perceived the growing entries of migrants and asylum seekers to Western and southern Europe as a ‘migration crisis’ likely to threaten economic prosperity and national identity. In fact, migration declined in the mid-1990s, only to grow again at the beginning of the new century. At the same time, descendents of earlier migrants formed visible new minorities. The growing porosity of borders and diversity of populations coincided with a fundamental change in the character of welfare states and class relations in Europe. This chapter charts the ‘turning points’ in the process that has undermined traditional ideas of monocultural identities, discusses the challenges this poses for European societies, and examines a range of approaches to managing migration and diversity.
six Germany: Immigration and Social Exclusion in a Declining Welfare State
Authors: Schierup Carl-Ulrik 
Published: June 2006

AbstractGermany has had the largest immigration of any European country: a mixture of ‘return’ of ethnic Germans and systematic recruitment of ‘temporary guestworkers’. The migrants stayed on and formed new ethnic minorities after recruitment was stopped in 1973. Yet the official line until the 1990s was that Germany was ‘not a country of immigration’. The resulting processes of ethnic segmentation and social exclusion coincided with a crisis of Germany’s strong ‘social state’, based on a regulated labour market, comprehensive social insurance, collective wage bargaining, and full employment. Exposure to global competition caused chronic unemployment, undermining the financial basis for the welfare state. The result has been a simultaneous crisis of national identity and the welfare state, with the pluralistic federal system apparently incapable of making the reforms needed to restart the economy and prevent the growth of inequality.
seven Economic Miracle and Political Limbo: Italy and Its ‘Extracommunitarians’
Authors: Schierup Carl-Ulrik 
Published: June 2006

AbstractTo grasp Italy’s experience of migration, welfare, and citizenship, it is necessary to first understand the convoluted relationship between formal legislation and central directives on the one hand, and their interpretation and implementation in a decentralized and clientilistic political-administrative setting on the other. Added to this is the complexity of Italy’s division into major regions that are still very different in terms of economy, political culture, and social structure and, consequently, in terms of the modes in which immigrants become incorporated into economy and society. This refers in particular to the traditional north-south divide, which has not vanished during the last three decades of economic restructuring and political change, but has taken on partially new forms. The chapter presents data on the growth of immigration in Italy. It draws a cursory sketch of the specific character of the Italian conservative-corporatist welfare state and the discontents produced by its merger with Italy’s post-Fordist political economy and labour market. It describes the growing structural dependency of the Italian economy on migrant labour and discusses the segmentation of the labour market in relation to the major regional divisions. The chapter closes with a discussion of vagaries of policy formation and the current political struggles in Italy over immigration.
nine ‘Bloody Subcontracting’ in the Network Society: Migration and Post‐Fordist Restructuring across the European Union
Authors: Schierup Carl-Ulrik 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter discusses the emergence of downgraded and informal sectors of European labour markets staffed by socially marginal migrants and ethnic minorities. These parts of the economy and the labour market seem to represent a ‘pre-modern’ regression in terms of organization and management. Yet the processes through which this occurs are part and parcel of advanced capitalist strategies of deregulation for the enhancement of ‘flexibility’ in terms of a networked economy and society and a fragmented labour market. This point is illustrated by case studies of industrial restructuring from Britain, the Netherlands, Spain, and Portugal. These examples exhibit advanced corporate strategies heading the ongoing restructuring of the political economy and European societies, and reflect processes typical for different economic sectors. The cases also demonstrate the impact of the different national institutional contexts and welfare regimes in which these strategies of restructuring are embedded.
Rethinking Difference
Authors: Dodson Debra L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter acknowledges the compelling evidence that women in public office make a difference, even as it explores the controversies that often lurk beneath the surface of such assertions: the probabilistic rather than deterministic nature of the relationship between descriptive and substantive representation of women; the contested legitimacy of women representing women; and disagreement about what it means to represent women. To that end, the chapter explores the need to develop theoretical and empirical models that recognize diversity, to take actions out of a contextual vacuum, to re-examine the appropriateness of the empirical models that structure the analysis, to confront (and ultimately counteract) institutional and cultural pressures that call into question the legitimacy of women representing women, and to acknowledge the conceptual weaknesses that belie the tendency to treat gender difference as a synonym for substantive representation of women.
Representing Women: The Elite to Elite Connection
Authors: Dodson Debra L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter deconstructs women’s words of connection to women, focusing on the connection women members of Congress feel towards other political women. Content analysis of transcripts shows that women members of Congress seem to conceptualize political women as a group with shared experiences and comradery, common concerns, and/or interrelated fates. However, the data also show that beneath the veneer of unity and connectedness revealed in women’s words is considerable complexity, driven not only by individual level forces — ideology, life experiences, race, etc. — but also shaped by the institutional environment of Congress and the constraints posed by its partisan structure.
Representing Women: The Constituency Connection
Authors: Dodson Debra L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe analysis of women’s self-described roles as representatives of women finds both convincing evidence of consensus among women members over time and across parties as well as an abundance of complexity, pointing once again to the importance of going beyond what women say to other factors that give practical meaning to their words: perceptions of women as a group, resentment of perceived gender-related problems facing women, commitment to advancing women, and differences in the relative priority of working on behalf of women. Deconstructing ‘women’ and ‘women’s issues’ reveals differences in meanings that may contribute to different actions on different issues, benefiting different women. A closer look at partisan differences in the institutional and extra-institutional environments reveals challenges and opportunities for surrogate representation of women, which contribute to disunity among women in practice and perhaps diversity in the way feminist protest is manifested.
Difference, Negotiation, and Constraints in the Policy Process
Authors: Dodson Debra L. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The ratings of ten interest groups, along with party unity and presidential support scores, are analyzed to explore the broader evidence of change and stability in gender difference and women’s impact across the strikingly different environments of the 103rd and 104th Congresses. Although the results suggest that increased descriptive representation will enhance substantive representation of women, these findings of gender difference coexist with evidence that descriptive representation might not necessarily contribute to increased substantive representation of women. Gender differences narrowed in the 104th, primarily due to the influx of a new cohort of Republican women who were in some cases even more conservative than their male colleagues, but also due to ‘conversion’ effects, as veteran Republican women shifted rightward in an institutional environment where the cost of difference increased. With Democratic men on average being more feminist/liberal than Republican women on average, the question is raised whether substantive representation of women would be better served by increasing the proportional presence of Democrats (regardless of gender) or by increasing women’s presence regardless of party.
Health Care Reform: The Convergence of the Politics of Presence and the Politics of Ideas
Authors: Dodson Debra L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter deconstructs gender differences to explore the contested issues surrounding gender difference, when the politics of presence converged with partisan politics in the struggle over health care reform during the Democratic-controlled 103rd Congress. The impact of the institutional environment on women’s agenda and actions, along with differences in environmental pressures across parties and committees, are explored. The analysis attempts to move beyond the simple question of whether women make a difference to an understanding of how political environments, structured by partisanship and steeped in masculinist values, affect and can be affected by the feminale. The case study suggests that one cannot truly understand gender differences in an institutional vacuum, even as it forces us to confront the relationship between gender difference and substantive representation of women, and to consider the value of the concept of feminist protest in understanding partisan differences in gender difference and women’s impact.
Health and the Good Society
Authors: Cribb Alan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe goals of healthcare and health policy, and the health-related dilemmas facing policy makers, professionals, and citizens are analysed and debated in a range of disciplines, including public health, sociology, and applied philosophy. The book's core argument is that clinical ethics needs to be understood in the context of public health ethics. This entails healthcare ethics embracing ‘the social dimension’ of health in two overlapping senses: first, the various respects in which health experiences and outcomes are socially determined; and second, the ways in which health-related goods are better understood as social rather then purely individual goods. This broader approach to the ethics of healthcare includes a concern with the social construction of both healthcare goods and the roles, ideals, and obligations of agents; that is to say it focuses upon the ‘value field’ of health-related action and not only upon the ethics of action within this value field. This book thus ‘opens up’ the agenda of healthcare ethics both methodologically and substantively: it argues that population-oriented perspectives are central to all healthcare ethics, and that everybody has some share of responsibility for securing health-related goods including the good of greater health equality. One of its major conclusions is that the rather limited tradition of health education policy and practice needs a complete re-think.