bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Territoriality in the Laughing Gull (L. Atricilla)
Authors: Burger Joanna , Beer C.G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLaughing Gulls (Larus atricilla) were studied in a tidal salt marsh located in Brigantine, New Jersey and on an island in the Gulf of Mexico to determine how nesting gulls respond to conspecific intruders. Gulls were observed in Texas and at Brigantine during the pre-egg stage. In Texas, Laughing Gulls set up pairing territories in the sand beach area next to the colony, and defended these areas against conspecifics. In New Jersey, pairing territories were often located on Spartina mats within the colony area. Twelve pairs of gulls were marked, sexed, and observed for eight to fourteen hours per day during the incubation period. An intruder was defined as any gull other than the nesting pair which landed within three meters of the nest. The interactions between the nesting pair and intruders were recorded for 1145 sequences. Eighty-five percent of all intruders were responded to with the following patterns: Long Calls (18%), Intruder Displays (45%), and Chases (22%). Long Calls and Intruder Displays were given by an incubating bird, while Chasing was performed by the mate standing nearby. Gulls flying over the nest were usually reacted to with a Long Call although Intruder Displays were sometimes given. Intruders landing within one meter of the nest were always given an Intruder Display by the incubating bird and were frequently chased by its mate. Intruders landing from one to two meters from the nest were usually given the Intruder Display: those landing two to three meters from the nest were usually chased. Gulls landing over three meters from the nest were usually ignored. The probability that an intruder was responded to decreased as the distance from the nest increased. The behavior of intruders was as follows. Fifty-three percent of the intruders landing within a meter of the nests were rapists or potential rapists. These intruders remained on the nest longer than did other intruder, and sometimes evoked pecking and attack from the incubating bird. Nest-material stealers (18%) remained on the nest for less time. Neighbors (7%) infrequently landed on the wrong nest but quickly flew to their own nest. In 22 percent of the cases the activities of the intruders could not be determined, since they were quickly repelled.
Thermoregulatory Aspects of Behavior in the Blue Spiny Lizard Scelopor Us Cyanogenys (Sauria, Iguanidae)
Authors: Greenberg Neil 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. The thermal relations of blue spiny lizards, Sceloporus cyanogenys, were studied in laboratory habitats which were designed to allow the expression of a large repertoire of natural behavior patterns. Body temperatures obtained with fast-reading thermometers and by radio telemetry from implanted transmitters were correlated with postures and activities. 2. The morning emergence of lizards was found to be cued by light, often in the absence of immediate thermal reinforcement. 3. Two basking postures which altered a lizard's air and substrate thermal interfaces could be distinguished. The environmental and body temperature correlates of these postures were not appreciably different, and the change from one posture to another could not be interpreted as thermoregulatory. 4. When thermal conditions permitted, basking continued up to the attainment of the maximum voluntary body temperature (38.7 C), and was then followed by perching. 5. The body temperature correlates of perching had a range and mean much like the "normal activity range" of other species of Sceloporus (28.2-38.7 C, X= 35.2). 6. Defecation occurred mostly in the morning towards the end of the basking period, but had a broad thermal range (27.5 to 35.7 C). 7. The range of body temperatures during feeding was broad (25.3-38.5 C), but that of foraging was much narrower (34.3-38.7 C).
A Quantitative Study of Long-Term Courtship: I. Ethological Isolation Between Sympatric Populations of the Midas Cichlid, Cichlasoma Citrinellum, and the Arrow Cichlid, C. Zaliosum
Authors: Baylis Jeffrey R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractI. Cichlasoma citrinellum is a cichlid fish found in the Great Lakes and crater lakes of Nicaragua. It is sympatric with C. zaliosum in Lake Apoyo, a Nicaraguan crater lake. C. zaliosum is confined to that lake and is closely related to C. citrinellum; it probably arose from C. citrinellum in Lake Apoyo. C. labiatum is endemic to the Great Lakes and is also closely related to C. citrinellum. All three species have complex reproductive behavior involving a prolonged courtship with pair bondings, followed by a period of joint parental defense and care of the offspring. 2. Fish from sympatric populations of C. citrinellum and C. zaliosum interbred and produced viable F1 offspring in the laboratory, when given no choice except a mate of the opposite species. 3. Given a choice, C. citrinellum and C. zaliosum from both allopatric and sympatric populations formed only homospecific pairs, but the allopatric test was not conclusive. 4. C. labiatum was tested in a mate choice situation with an allopatric population of C. citrinellum and showed incomplete behavioral isolation. 5. Ethological isolating mechanisms are sufficient to explain the maintenance of species isolation between C. citrinellurn and C. zaliosum in a sympatric situation in Lake Apoyo.
Simulation of Nematode Attraction To a Point in a Flat Field
Authors: Green C.D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractComputation of the movements of a hypothetical animal in a circular gradient show that all the varied approaches of male cyst nematodes to their females could be a result of one response mechanism in which the animal 'walks' or stops in response to the presence or absence of stimulus. A stimulus occurs when the receptor observes a concentration of stimulant above a threshold level and the receptor adapts so that, in effect, its threshold concentration approached the ambient concentration. The mechanism is in principle a kinesis because locomotion stops or continues; turning and head waving may be continuous or occur only after stopping; no directed bias to movement is incorporated although the tracks approach the source of the gradient as though klinotaxis occurred.
Genotype Versus Experience Effects On Aggression in Wild and Domestic Norway Rats
Authors: Price Edward O. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe agonistic behavior of field-trapped and first-generation laboratory-reared wild male Norway rats was compared in a resident-intruder context in order to examine the hypothesis that aggressive behavior is significantly reduced by laboratory rearing. In addition isolate and group-reared wild and domestic rats were compared in order to determine the effect of early social deprivation on levels of aggression. Experimental subjects were housed in test chambers for at least one month prior to their exposure to anosmic hybrid (wild X domestic) intruders. Agonistic behaviors of both residents and intruders were recorded in two 30-minute trials. Field-trapped males were significantly more aggressive than any of the laboratory-reared groups. The behavior of isolate-reared subjects of both stocks did not differ significantly from their group-reared counterparts. Three hypotheses were advanced to account for the greater aggressiveness of the wild-caught rats. The evidence favors an interpretation based on the greater opportunity for social conditioning in the field environment and the blocking of habitual behavior patterns (i.e. escape) in captivity.
Errors in the Sex of Eggs Laid By the Solitary Bee Osmia r uFa (Megachilidae)
Authors: Raw Anthony , O'Toole Christopher 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFrom calculations based on cell lengths and the locations of cells in nests it was estimated that failures in fertilization of eggs of the solitary bee Osmia rufa resulted in 6% more adult males in the population. After adjustment the sex ratio was almost exactly par.
The Comparative Ontogeny of Social Interactions in Two Species of Cockroach
Authors: Gorton Robert E. , Gerhardt Kristine M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The ontogeny of social behaviour in two species of cockroach, Shawella couloniana and Eublaberus posticus, was investigated and compared. 1) All acts were recorded in each of 5 age classes per species and the frequencies of each act were calculated and compared. 2) Agonistic intensity increased in Shawella and decreased in Eublaberus with age. 3) Clumping was observed until the last instar in Eublaberus, but never in Shawella, at which time the spacing became regular. 4) Numbers of acts per encounter increased in Shawella and decreased in Eublaberus as a function of age. 5) Initiator-terminated encounters were more frequent in Shawella adults, while responder-terminated encounters were characteristic of all nymphal interactions. In Eublaberus adult males, responder-terminated encounters were most common, but no difference between initiator- and responder-terminated encounters was found in the nymphs. 6) These data were correlated with environmental and life-history parameters in the two species.
A Comparison of Effects of Simple Experimental Manipulations On Fighting Generated By Breeding Activity and Predatory Aggression in 'To' Strain Mice
Authors: Brain Paul F. , Al-Maliki Sami 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A preliminary study was conducted to examine the influences of simple experimental manipulations on aggressiveness generated by breeding activity and locust-killing behaviour (a form of predatory aggression?) in 'TO' strain mice. In females, where response to a male intruder was the form of intraspecific aggression investigated, factors examined included: a) female's reproductive status (namely pregnant or lactating) ; b) time since parturition; c) gonadal steroid production; d) anosmia. In males, rank-related fighting and locust killing were contrasted in animals from the breeding situation, from individual housed mice and from unisexual groups of experimental animals. A comparison of these intra- and inter-specific forms of aggression confirm that they can be influenced in very different ways by situational and physiological variables. Both maternal aggression and rank-related fighting were suppressed by anosmia. The results reiterate the need to specify which form of 'aggression' is being used in a particular study.
The Function of Complexity in the Courtship of the Grasshopper Myrmeleotettix Maculatus
Authors: Bull C.M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMales of the grasshopper Myrmeleotettix maculatus have a courtship which is more complex than that of many other grasshopper species in terms of the number of body parts and different movements involved. The courtship consists of four distinct phases which are described in detail. The female may respond by either ignoring the male, by rejecting him or by calling back. Only females which call back are mated. In laboratory cages where male and female grasshoppers were brought into contact for the first time, 1610 courtship initiations were observed. Only 32% of these proceeded beyond the first phase, and 10% actually reached the last phase of the courtship sequence. Males were often persistent courters with a trend for succeeding courtships to one female to reach the same or a later phase. Females may respond, by calling, at any phase of the male courtship. A male may attempt to mate with a female at any phase of his courtship, but his success is higher if the female has called first. A male will almost always attempt to mate with a female once he has reached the final courtship phase, but he rarely succeeds. These observations are used to examine hypotheses to account for the significance of complexity in the courtship of this species. It is unlikely to serve as a species specific signal, an indicator of male fitness, an advertisement for mates over distance, or a mechanism to prepare males for copulation. Complexity might serve to convert females from a semi-receptive to a fully receptive state. If females could be prepared in this way, it would allow them to continue eating when not being courted. This would be advantageous because it would allow the maximum accumulation of reproductive material in the female. The behaviour might have arisen through sexual selection and have been then given this alternative function.
Ongoing Behaviour and Startle Responses of Chicks
Authors: Forrester R.C. , Broom D.M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe responsiveness of 6-day-old chicks varied in nature and degree according to their ongoing behaviour. Behaviour sequences were interrupted by a novel change, the illumination of a bulb, in the home pen. The behaviour of chicks following the novel change was compared with that of others whose ongoing behaviour was the same but which were undisturbed. The difference between these experimentals and controls, which we define as the response, involved fixation of the bulb and reduced feeding, general pecking and preening behaviour. Some birds showed much crouching and immobility whereas others showed more escape behaviour, for example jumping and peeping. A greater proportion of escape components and a smaller proportion of immobility components was included in the response if the chicks had been active, when the bulb was illuminated, than if they had been inactive. Specific differences in response according to ongoing behaviour included more crouching and less jumping by chicks which had been preening than by those which had been walking. These results and the fact that certain activities persisted briefly after bulb illumination are discussed in terms of the physical difficulties of change from one activity to another, attentional mechanisms, causal factors and the behavioural final common path. We propose that there is a 'locking on' mechanism which minimises inefficient vacillation between behaviours. Responsiveness can be very different according to ongoing behaviour, so this fact should be taken into account in any attempt to assess the responses of animals.
Grooming in Norway Rats: the Development and Adult Expression of a Complex Motor Pattern
Authors: Richmond Gail , Sachs Benjamin D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In two experiments detailed observations and quantitative analyses were made of the development and adult expression of grooming in laboratory rats. In the first experiment, 5 litters of rat pups were observed each day from 0-28 days of age, and grooming movements were recorded on paper. Forepaw wipes of the nose appeared by Day 3, followed by eye wipes (Day 6) and ear wipes (Day 8). These movements were integrated into normal-appearing head grooming on Day 11. The mouth was used to groom posterior portions of the body beginning on Day 14 with the belly, and continuing subsequently with hip (Day 15), back (Day 18), and the anogenital region and tail (Day 20). Thus, these aspects of grooming followed a general cephalocaudal progression. In contrast, the development of scratching of the head and body, which began on Day 6, did not follow a systematic order. In the second experiment, 5 adult male rats were observed in glass aquaria, which also served as their living compartments, and bouts of grooming were recorded on videotape for later analysis. Sequential and spatial characteristics of movements were determined by replaying the videotapes in slow motion, while temporal characteristics were determined by a frame-by-frarne analysis of the tapes. This experiment revealed a cephalocaudal progression of acts within bouts of grooming: grooming usually began with the paw-lick- nose-wipe sequence and progressed from there to eye wipes and ear wipes. Mouthing of the torso followed, usually beginning with more anterior portions and terminating with more posterior portions. Scratching with the hindpaws was unpredictably interpolated into the grooming sequence. The experiment also revealed that transitions between grooming different parts of the body were predictable from the spatial and temporal characteristics of the grooming. That is, the last stroke in chains of nose, eye, or ear wipes was reliably slower than previous strokes in the chain, and also tended to be incomplete. Thus, the order in which grooming of specific body areas emerges during early development follows an anterior-posterior progression, and this progression closely parallels the sequence in which body areas are groomed by adult rats. Furthermore, in adults these movements obey specific temporal and spatial rules which can be used to predict transitions of grooming from one body area to the next. This parallel between the ontogenetic and adult expressions of grooming may reflect, respectively, the maturation and activation of genotypically determined, functional units in the central nervous system. In addition, theories now being applied to the problem of transitions between different motive systems (e.g., eating and drinking), may be extended to account for transitions within a motive system (e.g., from grooming of one part of the body to the next).
Video Analysis of Siamang (Hylobates Syndactylus) Songs
Authors: Haimoff Elliott H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper reports a study of the bioacoustics and locomotor behaviours of siamang (Hylobates syndactylus) during calling. Ten call bouts were videotaped and analysed in detail. The results suggest that the calls are complex duets produced sequentially, and that they are interactively organized by means of co-ordinating cues. The relationship between vocal and non-vocal behaviours, and the spacing of the duetting animals, are also organized in a regular fashion. The advantages and importance of videotaping over other methods in the micro-analysis of these calls are stressed.
Female Sticklebacks Prefer To Spawn With Males Whose Nests Contain Eggs
Authors: Ridley Mark , Rechten Catherine 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDoes the presence of absence of eggs in a male stickleback's nest affect the chance that a female will spawn with him? Female threespined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) were presented alternatively to males with or to males without eggs. Our results show that the chance that a female will follow a male to his nest is unaffected by whether he has eggs. Once a female has reached the nest, she can either enter it and spawn, or back out and refuse. There was a tendency for females to be more likely to spawn than to refuse if the nest contained eggs. In a sequential choice experiment females that had refused a male without eggs were then presented to a second male, either with eggs or, as a control, without eggs. Females were significantly more likely to spawn with the second male if he possessed eggs. The finding that females prefer to spawn with males with eggs suggests functional explanations for female refusal, male egg kidnapping, and male 'displacement fanning'.
The Acoustic Behaviour of Platycleis Albopunctata (Goeze) (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)
Authors: Latimer William 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLaboratory studies have been made of the duetting behaviour of the bush cricket Platycleis albopunctata and related to the natural behaviour of this species in the field. Sound transmission and attenuation in grassland habitats has been investigated briefly. Duets between caged males usually commence with a phase of chirp alternation in which each insect produces chirps at half the normal rate. Generally duets resolve into interactions in which one insect sings close to the normal solo rate while the other sings intermittently, interrupting chirps such that the species-specific temporal pattern of the songs of both insects is obscured. The lack of precise alternation and the development of this dominance-subordinance relationship is consistent with a 'territorial' dispersion pattern in the field where males are usually beyond the range of mutual acoustic interference.
Parental Care and the Development of Thermoregulation in Red Junglefowl
Authors: Sherry D.F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFew newly hatched birds are capable of maintaining a stable elevated body temperature at air temperatures encountered in the wild. The brooding behaviour of young red junglefowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) and the changes in brooding that occur with the development of homeothermy were examined to determine the importance of thermal factors in parent-young contact. A fall in cooling rate and a rise in body temperature occur in junglefowl chicks in the days following hatching, and the young spend less time in contact with the hen as these changes occur. The length of brooding bouts is jointly determined by air temperature and the age of the young. Additional brooding at low air temperatures did not affect feeding by the parent or young. The general features of chick brooding persist when the hen is replaced with a model with brood patches at a temperature normal for maternal junglefowl. Brooding and huddling with other young are alternative thermoregulatory strategies. Behavioural thermoregulation by the young accounted for most features of contact between parent and young. Termination of brooding by the parent and reduction of chick heat loss by changes in parental posture may also influence brooding. Reliance on behavioural thermoregulation may permit development in a wide range of thermal environments.
Variations and Multiple Functions of the Advertising Display of Western Grebes
Authors: Nuechterlein Gary L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSpectrographic analysis of the Advertising call of Western grebes showed seasonal and geographic variation, individual differences, and variation between birds of different sex, color phase, and pairing status. In each of these cases, I determined: 1) how the calls dif fered structurally, and 2) whether birds responded to playbacks of these differences in the field. Advertising is used by unpaired males to attract females. Unpaired males distinguish and ignore the calls of other males and paired females, but respond to calls of unpaired females of the same color phase. Paired birds also continue to use the Advertising call in a variety of contexts involving contact between individuals in large breeding groups. This means that unpaired males must somehow avoid confusing such calls with those of potential mates. Playback experiments showed that Western grebes accomplish this by varying call bout-length and by calling alternately back and forth. After pairing, Western grebes shift to shorter bouts (1-2 calls/bout) and reply only to their mate's call. Seasonal variation in call-bout length is then just a by-product of pairing status changes. Advertising thus is a very flexible "open signal", whose meaning depends on both its fine-grained structure and its social contexts.