bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual harassment of nurses: an occupational hazard?
Authors: FINNIS SARAH J. , ROBBINS IAN 
Published: November 2007

Summary

A questionnaire was administered to qualified and student nurses to assess the prevalence and consequences of sexual harassment.
There was a 56% completion rate. Of these 43 (66%) of the registered nurses and nine (35%) of the student nurses reported having experienced sexual harassment. The incidence of harassment for registered nurses in the year prior to the study was 46%.
Patients were most likely to be the harasser for both student and registered nurses but there was an increased likelihood that other staff were involved in the harassment of registered nurses with doctors and male nursing staff being the predominant perpetrators.
Dimensions of assertiveness and sex role identity did not predict the likelihood of harassment.
Results are discussed in the context of attribution theory and gender power relationships.
The development of research in nursing in the United Kingdom
Authors: HOPPS LINDA C. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

The last 30 years have seen considerable development in research in nursing.
Nursing is building a repository of research‐based knowledge.
Formal structures around which research can be developed and organized are being established.
Research findings are still not being implemented in practice, but strategies to address this issue are being developed.
Nurses are being educated to utilize research findings in practice.
The Report of the Task‐force on the Strategy for Research in Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting was published in May 1993 (DoH, 1993). It advocates that research in nursing should be fully integrated in health‐services research and outlines future strategy in four key areas: priorities, education, practice and careers.
Case management in the community: identifying a role for nursing
Authors: BERGEN ANN 
Published: November 2007

Summary

This paper describes the findings of” a questionnaire survey designed to create a picture of current case management practices as they relate to community nursing.
Eighty‐three questionnaires were analysed in order to identify client groups, nurse details, functions of case management adopted, other services involved, titles used and advantages and disadvantages of the ways of working adopted.
Findings suggest that interpretation of, and involvement in, case management is variable and that the practice potential for this model of care warrants further research.
A further critical description of the therapeutic community
Authors: CLARKE LIAM 
Published: November 2007

Summary

A review of the literature pertaining to therapeutic communities in Britain is presented. An outline of the historical origins and development of communities is provided.
Overall, the review is set within a somewhat sceptical context. Mention is made of the inherent confusion of descriptions resulting from the proliferation of competing terminologies in the field. Problems of research are also itemized as are problems of ideological interference with both theory and practice.
A tentative conclusion suggests that outcome measures might assist the process of describing these communities more accurately.
Nursing diagnoses: a Dutch perspective
Authors: LEIH PETER , SALENTIJN CEES 
Published: November 2007

Summary

In this article, the authors adopt a position with respect to the definition of ‘nursing diagnosis’.
Two central functions of a classification system for nursing diagnoses are distinguished: domain and communication.
Seven issues related to the development of such a classification system are discussed. These issues are of a methodological, philosophical and practical nature.
A proposal is made for further study and development of a Dutch classification system for nursing diagnoses, preferably in collaboration with NANDA.
Automating ward evaluations: a tentative first step
Authors: MOSELEY L. G. , MEAD D. M. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

Auditing nursing practice is a time‐consuming, error‐prone task.
Feedback to individuals is highly desirable but usually is not offered. This is particularly difficult in large‐scale studies.
In this study of 654 wards a new method was attempted. Structured questionnaires were analysed by a computer program and feedback reports generated automatically.
Informal evaluations by the initial recipients are positive and the method seems worthy of future development.
The hospital health‐promotion facilitator: an evaluation
Authors: McBRIDE ANITA , MOORWOOD ZELDA 
Published: November 2007

Summary

This 1‐year study tested the transferability of the Primary Care Facilitator model to the hospital setting, and was designed to assess and enhance existing hospital health‐promotion activity.
From work with nurses on three wards in an acute general hospital, the Primary Health Care model was found to be appropriate for the hospital setting.
There were demonstrable changes in attitudes to health promotion and an increase in health‐promotion activity. It now appears appropriate to evaluate the role of the hospital health‐promotion facilitator on a wider basis.
Areas for further research, beyond the scope of this particular project, should be the quality of the health‐promotion activity and exploration of factors that encourage or inhibit utilization of health‐promotion opportunities.
A telephone survey of medical patients 1 week after discharge from hospital
Authors: BOWMAN GERALD S. , HOWDEN JANE , ALLEN SUSAN , WEBSTER ROSEMARY A. , THOMPSON DAVID R. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

The telephone is an effective means of communication and its use is growing as a means of offering members of the public access to health‐care agencies for advice and support.
Acute hospital beds are at a premium and as lengths of stay in hospital continue to fall there is an increasing need for effective discharge planning and post‐discharge support.
Eighty‐five patients (58 men and 27 women) were interviewed over the telephone 1 week after discharge from a medical ward.
Over half of the patients reported health problems and one‐fifth reported social problems.
Almost half of the patients sought advice.
Telephone follow‐up would appear to be a useful means of monitoring a patient's progress and providing an opportunity for patients seeking, or nurses offering, advice and support.
Preventing heel pressure sores: a comparison of heel pressure relieving devices
Authors: ZERNIKERN WENDY 
Published: November 2007

Summary

It has been widely recognized that elderly patients with an orthopaedic problem are predisposed to developing heel pressure sores.
In this study four pressure‐reducing devices, commonly used in the prevention of heel ulcers, were objectively compared for their ability to decrease or remove pressure on the heels of patients with fractured necks of femurs and fractured femurs.
Forty‐one patients were randomly allocated a pressure relieving device. The efficacy of the device was evaluated by continuously assessing the skin integrity of both heels on a daily basis over a period of 12 days. Data were collected over a 30 month period.
The four devices were foam splints, eggshell foam, duoderm and heel protector boots. Foam splints and eggshell foam proved to be more effective devices in relieving pressure exerted on the heel.
This study recognizes that meticulous nursing care remains the critical clement in prevention of heel ulcers; however, the use of eggshell foam and foam splints in conjuction with this enhances the maintenance of skin integrity.
Measuring rDNA diversity in eukaryotic microbial systems: how intragenomic variation, pseudogenes, and PCR artifacts confound biodiversity estimates
Authors: THORNHILL DANIEL J. , LAJEUNESSE TODD C. , SANTOS SCOTT R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMolecular approaches have revolutionized our ability to study the ecology and evolution of micro‐organisms. Among the most widely used genetic markers for these studies are genes and spacers of the rDNA operon. However, the presence of intragenomic rDNA variation, especially among eukaryotes, can potentially confound estimates of microbial diversity. To test this hypothesis, bacterially cloned PCR products of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region from clonal isolates of Symbiodinium, a large genus of dinoflagellates that live in symbiosis with many marine protists and invertebrate metazoa, were sequenced and analysed. We found widely differing levels of intragenomic sequence variation and divergence in representatives of Symbiodinium clades A to E, with only a small number of variants attributed to Taq polymerase/bacterial cloning error or PCR chimeras. Analyses of 5.8S‐rDNA and ITS2 secondary structure revealed that some variants possessed base substitutions and/or indels that destabilized the folded form of these molecules; given the vital nature of secondary structure to the function of these molecules, these likely represent pseudogenes. When similar controls were applied to bacterially cloned ITS sequences from a recent survey of Symbiodinium diversity in Hawaiian Porites spp., most variants (~87.5%) possessed unstable secondary structures, had unprecedented mutations, and/or were PCR chimeras. Thus, data obtained from sequencing of bacterially cloned rDNA genes can substantially exaggerate the level of eukaryotic microbial diversity inferred from natural samples if appropriate controls are not applied. These considerations must be taken into account when interpreting sequence data generated by bacterial cloning of multicopy genes such as rDNA.
Serum testosterone levels, mental disorders and criminal behaviour
Authors: Räsänen P. , Hakko H. , Visuri S. , Paanila J. , Kapanen P. , Suomela T. , Tiihonen J. 
Published: November 2007

Objective: Although previous studies have revealed an association between androgens and aggression, there is a lack of knowledge of this issue in different mental disorders.Method: The associations between serum testosterone levels and criminal behaviour in different mental disorders were examined using data collected from forensic psychiatric male patiens (20 schizophrenics and 42 subjects with personality disorders).Results: Male criminals with personality disorders had significantly higher serum levels of total and free testosterone than criminal schizophrenics. Among schizophrenics, total (P= 0.01) and free testosterone (P = 0.01) declined significantly more with age compared to healthy controls and patients with personality disorders, and also correlated with duration of neuroleptic drug use (r=‐0.60, P= 0.000 for total and r=‐0.46, P = 0.0001 for free testosterone). The recidivists with personality disorder had higher total (P=0.04) and free testosterone (P=0.05) levels than non‐recidivists with personality disorder.Conclusion: Personality disordered criminals with multiple offences had high serum testosterone levels. The low testosterone concentrations among schizophrenics may be due either to long‐term use of neuroleptic agents or to the mental illness itself and its possible inhibition of the pituitary‐gonadal axis.
Validity and reliability of the French‐language version of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS)
Authors: Lançon C. , Reine G. , Llorca P. M. , Auquier P. 
Published: November 2007

Lançon C, Reine G, Llorca PM, Auquier P. Validity and reliability of the French‐language version of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999: 100: 237–243. © Munksgaard 1999.Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the French‐language version of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).Method: The validity and reliability of the PANSS were studied in a population of 342 patients diagnosed as schizophrenic according to DSM‐III‐R criteria.Results: The study of the internal consistency and principal‐component analysis of the initial structure with three subscales (positive, negative and general psychopathology) led us to investigate other factorial structures. We isolated a 5‐factor structure (negative, positive, hostility, disorganization and anxietyidepression) explaining 57.5% of the total variance. The internal consistency of the 5 factors isolated was good (0.87 for the negative factor, 0.82 for the positive factor, 0.78 for the hostility factor, 0.71 for the disorganization factor and 0.68 for the anxiety/depression factor, respectively). The validity study on the external criteria confirmed the relationship between the negative and anxiety/depression factors and the extrapyramidal symptoms.Conclusion: The stability of the PANSS factorial warrants discussion.
Depressive disorders in Chinese patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Liu C. Y. , Fuh J. L. , Teng E. L. , Wang S. J. , Wang P. N. , Yang Y. Y. , Liu H. C. 
Published: November 2007

ObjectiveThe present study was to investigate the prevalence and potential risk factors of depressive disorders in Chinese patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodA series of consecutive AD patients from the Memory Disorders Clinic of the Veterans General Hospital, Taipei were studied. Psychiatric diagnosis was made according to DSM‐III‐R criteria with the use of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐III‐R (SCID). The Chinese version of the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) were also applied. Primary caregivers were interviewed for the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale, the Barthel Index and the Alzheimer's Deficit Scale (ADS).ResultsAmong 141 AD patients, seven (5.0%)were diagnosed with major depression, 11 (7.8%) with dysthymia and five (3.5%) with depressive disorder not otherwise specified. Women were at elevated risk for depressive disorders and had more severe symptoms of depressio.ConclusionsThe prevalence of depressive disorders among Chinese AD patients is in the middle of the range of western findings. The risk factor for depression is female gender.
Psychometric properties of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐12) in a German primary care sample
Authors: Schrnitz N. , Kruse J. , Tress W. 
Published: November 2007

ObjectiveThe aim of this investigation was to examine the psychometric properties of the German 12‐item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐12) in a primary care sample.MethodA sample (n= 421) of adult out‐patients was screened using the GHQ‐I2. A standardized clinical interview (SCID) was conducted with all screened patients. Reliability, validity and factor analysis of the GHQ‐12 were evaluated. Item characteristics were examined using item characteristics curves. Item bias analysis was performed using contingency tables.ResultsThe German version of the GHQ‐12 is a reliable instrument and performed well in detecting cases of psychological disorders. Factor analysis replicated the findings of earlier studies. Item characteristics curves and item bias analysis indicated that the individual items should be assessed carefully. One item was biased in relation to age, while another item showed a low positive response rate.ConclusionThe GHQ‐12 as a whole is a reliable questionnaire and can be a useful screening tool in primary care.
A follow‐up study of postpartum psychoses: prognosis and risk factors for readmission
Authors: M. Terp I. , Engholm G. , Meller H. , Mortensed P. B. 
Published: November 2007

Terp IM, Engholm G, Møller H, Mortensen PB. A follow‐up study of postpartum psychoses: prognosis and risk factors for readmission. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999: 100: 40–46. © Munksgaard 1999.Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the prognosis and risk factors for the first readmission after postpartum psychosis.Method Linking the Danish Medical Birth Register and the Danish Psychiatric Central Register from 1 January 1973 to 31 December 1993 revealed 1173 women diagnosed with a psychosis within 91 days of delivery. The relative risk (RR) of readmission was estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression models.Results: An increased risk of readmission was found for women with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (RR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.9–3.1) and for women with a history of previous psychiatric admission (RR = 1.8, 95% CI = 152.1) compared to first‐admitted women with other functional psychoses. Unmarried women also showed an increased risk of readmission, and only preterm delivery was associated with a reduced risk of readmission.Conclusion: Preterm delivery predicts the best prognosis after postpartum psychosis. The majority of readmissions were related to the psychopathology of the patient and to lack of social support.
Selection of SHV Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Dependent Cefotaxime and Ceftazidime Resistance in
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Requires a Plasmid-Borne
bla
SHV
Gene
Authors: Hammond David S. , Harris Tegan , Bell Jan , Turnidge John , Giffard Philip M. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

In
Klebsiella pneumoniae
, it is common for plasmid-located and chromosome-located
bla
SHV
copies to coexist within single cells. The plasmid-borne genes are mainly derived from two separate IS
26
-mediated mobilizations of
bla
SHV
. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the presence of a non-extended-spectrum β-lactamase (non-ESBL) encoding plasmid-borne form of
bla
SHV
facilitates the cefotaxime (CTX)-mediated selection of ESBL-expressing mutants, even when there is a chromosomal copy of the same gene. Twenty-one diverse ESBL-negative,
bla
TEM
-negative
K. pneumoniae
clinical isolates were tested for the IS
26
insertions characteristic of the two mobilization events. The isolates were then tested for their ability to be selected for ESBL-mediated CTX resistance by serial subculturing with a doubling of the CTX concentration at every subculture. Fourteen isolates possessed neither of the IS
26
insertions. None of these became ESBL positive, and all died during the course of the experiment, despite possessing chromosomal
bla
SHV
copies. The other isolates all became ESBL positive and grew abundantly up to a CTX concentration of 128 μg/ml. Similar results were obtained with ceftazidime. ESBL expression was associated with the appearance of the expected G→A mutation at position 1 of codon 238 and also with
bla
SHV
copy number amplification. It was concluded that plasmid-borne
bla
SHV
greatly facilitates the selection of ESBL expression, even when the same gene is on the chromosome, and that gene dosage effects are likely to contribute to this phenomenon.
Daptomycin Activity against
Staphylococcus aureus
following Vancomycin Exposure in an In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model with Simulated Endocardial Vegetations
Authors: Rose Warren E. , Leonard Steven N. , Sakoulas George , Kaatz Glenn W. , Zervos Marcus J. , Sheth Anjly , Carpenter Christopher F. , Rybak Michael J. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

Recently, the emergence of reduced susceptibility to daptomycin has been linked to the reduced vancomycin susceptibility that occurs after vancomycin exposure in
Staphylococcus aureus
in vivo and in vitro. This study evaluated this propensity in clinical isolates of
S. aureus
using an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model with simulated endocardial vegetations over 8 days. Five clinical isolates (four methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
isolates and one methicillin-susceptible
S. aureus
[MSSA] isolate), all of which were reported to have become nonsusceptible to daptomycin, were evaluated. The following regimens were evaluated: vancomycin 1 g every 12 h for 4 days followed by daptomycin 6 mg/kg of body weight daily for 4 days and daptomycin 6 mg/kg daily for 8 days. If nonsusceptibility was detected, the following regimens were evaluated: no treatment for 4 days followed by daptomycin 6 mg/kg daily for 4 days, vancomycin 1 g every 12 h for 4 days followed by daptomycin 10 mg/kg daily for 4 days, and daptomycin 10 mg/kg daily for 8 days. The emergence of daptomycin nonsusceptibility (12- to 16-fold MIC increase) was detected only with the MSSA isolate with daptomycin 6 mg/kg daily for 4 days after vancomycin exposure. However, the bactericidal activity of daptomycin was maintained and the MIC increases of these isolates, which had no
mprF
or
yycG
mutations, were unstable to serial passage on antibiotic-free agar. Subsequent regimens did not demonstrate nonsusceptibility to daptomycin. These findings suggest that reduced daptomycin susceptibility can be a strain-specific and unstable event. Further evaluation of the susceptibility relationship between daptomycin and vancomycin is necessary to understand the factors involved and their clinical significance.
The Mechanism of Action of β-
d
-2′-Deoxy-2′-Fluoro-2′-
C
-Methylcytidine Involves a Second Metabolic Pathway Leading to β-
d
-2′-Deoxy-2′-Fluoro-2′-
C
-Methyluridine 5′-Triphosphate, a Potent Inhibitor of the Hepatitis C Virus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase
Authors: Murakami Eisuke , Niu Congrong , Bao Haiying , Micolochick Steuer Holly M. , Whitaker Tony , Nachman Tammy , Sofia Michael A. , Wang Peiyuan , Otto Michael J. , Furman Phillip A. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

β-
d
-2′-Deoxy-2′-fluoro-2′-
C
-methylcytidine (PSI-6130) is a potent inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA replication in an HCV replicon assay. The 5′-triphosphate of PSI-6130 is a competitive inhibitor of the HCV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and acts as a nonobligate chain terminator. Recently, it has been shown that the metabolism of PSI-6130 also results in the formation of the 5′-triphosphate of the uridine congener, β-
d
-2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-2′-
C
-methyluridine (PSI-6206; RO2433). Here we show that the formation of the 5′-triphosphate of RO2433 (RO2433-TP) requires the deamination of PSI-6130 monophosphate and that RO2433 monophosphate is subsequently phosphorylated to the corresponding di- and triphosphates by cellular UMP-CMP kinase and nucleoside diphosphate kinase, respectively. RO2433-TP is a potent inhibitor of the HCV RdRp; however, both enzymatic and cell-based assays show that PSI-6130 triphosphate is a more potent inhibitor of the HCV RdRp than RO2433-TP.
The P-113 Fragment of Histatin 5 Requires a Specific Peptide Sequence for Intracellular Translocation inCandida albicans, Which Is Independent of Cell Wall Binding
Authors: Jang Woong Sik , Li Xuewei Serene , Sun Jianing N. , Edgerton Mira 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe activity of histatin 5 (Hst 5) againstCandida albicansis initiated through cell wall binding, followed by translocation and intracellular targeting. TheC. albicanscell wall protein Ssa2 is involved in the transport of Hst 5 into cells as part of cell killing. P-113 (a 12-amino-acid candidacidal active fragment of Hst 5) and P-113Q2.10 (which is inactivated by a glutamine substitution of the Lys residues at positions 2 and 10) were compared for their levels of cell wall binding and intracellular translocation inCandidawild-type (wt) andssa2Δ strains. Both P-113 and P-113Q2.10 bound to the walls ofC. albicanswt andssa2Δ cells, although the quantity of P-113Q2.10 in cell wall extracts was higher than that of P-113 in both strains. Increasing the extracellular NaCl concentration to 100 mM completely inhibited the cell wall association of both peptides, suggesting that these interactions are primarily ionic. The accumulation of P-113 in the cytosol of wt cells reached maximal levels within 15 min (0.26 μg/107cells), whilessa2Δ mutant cells had maximal cytosolic levels of less than 0.2 μg/107cells even after 30 min of incubation. Furthermore, P-113 but not P-113Q2.10 showed specific binding with a peptide array ofC. albicansSsa2p. P-113Q2.10 was not transported into the cytosol of eitherC. albicanswt orssa2Δ cells, despite the high levels of cell wall binding, showing that the two cationic lysine residues at positions 2 and 10 in the P-113 peptide are important for transport into the cytosol and that binding and transport are independent functional events.