bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Syntheses, Structural Studies, and Magnetic Properties of Divalent Cu and Co Selenites with Organic Constituents
Authors: Feng Mei‐Ling , Prosvirin Andrey V. , Mao Jiang‐Gao , Dunbar Kim R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSix new divalent metal selenites have been synthesized by hydro‐/solvothermal methods which leads to the incorporation of the organic template as a cation or a ligand. The structure of [H2pip][Cu(SeO3)2] (1) (pip=piperazine) features 1D anionic chains of [Cu(SeO3)2]2−which are cross‐linked by the template cations through hydrogen bonds into a 2D layer. In [Cu(C3H4N2)(SeO3)] (2) the organic template is coordinated to the copper(II) ion of the inorganic Cu(SeO3) layer. The isostructural compounds [H2en][M(HSeO3)2Cl2] (en=ethylenediamine; M=Cu (3), Co (4)) contain layers of [MCl2(HSeO3)2]2−units (M=Cu, Co), which are cross‐linked by the template cations via hydrogen bonds into a 3D network. The structure of [H2en][Cu2(SeO3)2(HSeO3)]2⋅H2O (5), consists of a pillared layered architecture in which the Cu(SeO3) layers are further interconnected by bridging hydrogen selenite groups (the pillar). The compound [H2pip][Cu2(Se2O5)3] (6), which crystallizes as a 3D open framework represents the first organically templated metal diselenite. These new compounds are thermally stable up to at least 170 °C. All of the compounds exhibit fairly strong antiferromagnetic interactions. More interestingly, compounds3and4behave as a weak ferromagnets below the critical temperatures ofTc=12 and 8 K, respectively, and both of them exhibit spin‐flop phase transitions around 800±100 Oe.
Promoting culturally appropriate colorectal cancer screening through a health educator
Authors: Tu Shin‐Ping , Taylor Vicky , Yasui Yutaka , Chun Alan , Yip Mei‐Po , Acorda Elizabeth , Li Lin , Bastani Roshan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer mortality in the US. Surveys reveal low CRC screening levels among Asians in the US, including Chinese Americans.METHODS.A randomized controlled trial was conducted with Chinese patients to evaluate a clinic‐based, culturally and linguistically appropriate intervention promoting fecal occult blood test (FOBT) screening. The multifaceted intervention included a trilingual and bicultural health educator, bilingual materials (a video, a motivational pamphlet, an informational pamphlet, and FOBT instructions), and three FOBT cards. Patients in the control arm received usual care. Our primary outcome measure was FOBT screening within 6 months after randomization. The proportion of FOBT completion in the intervention and control arms was compared by using a chi‐square test, and logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for the effects of sociodemographic variables and prior screening history. Potential effect modifications were also tested by using logistic regression models.RESULTS.Our intervention had a strong effect on FOBT completion (intervention group, 69.5%; control group, 27.6%), and the adjusted odds of FOBT slightly increased to over 6‐fold greater in the intervention arm compared with the control arm. No effect modification by age, gender, language, insurance, or prior FOBT was found.CONCLUSIONS.The authors' multifaceted, culturally appropriate intervention significantly increased FOBT screening in a group of low‐income and less‐acculturated minority patients. Given the large effect size, future research should determine the effective core component(s) that can increase CRC screening in both the general and minority populations. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Environmental taxation in the natural resource extraction sector: is it a good idea?
Authors: Söderholm Patrik 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the economics of taxing virgin raw materials for environmental reasons. The theoretical discussion is general in scope but empirically we focus on the case of aggregate taxation in three European countries. The motives for environmental taxation of aggregates are mixed, and not all motives find strong support in the economics literature. For instance, the conservation motive may be valid if a relevant market failure can be identified, but, in the presence of a well defined owner of the resource, resource scarcity is often not a sufficient condition for policy intervention. Under some conditions a tax levied per ton of aggregates extracted may be motivated by the presence of environmental externalities at the extraction stage. Still, such a tax provides no direct incentives to reduce the relevant externalities, since the only way of avoiding the tax is to reduce production. In this respect the UK tax appears to be particularly inefficient; it uses one policy instrument to address a number of different environmental externalities at the extraction stage (noise, dust, visual intrusion, loss of amenity and damage to biodiversity), and it is uniform across quarries although the associated externalities are likely to be highly site specific. Overall the paper concludes that taxing output or use typically represents a ‘second‐best’ policy alternative, which could be used when, for instance, the monitoring of non‐point‐source emissions and/or efficient property rights regimes are hard to implement. The fact that virgin resource taxes often address rather diffuse (not to say unimportant) environmental problems may however make them hard to promote effectively on the political arena. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Wind power policy options in finland – analysis of energy policy actors' views
Authors: Varho Vilja 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGovernments around the world are responding to the environmental problems caused by energy production by promoting wind power and other renewable forms of energy. Country specific political and ideological issues affect the choice of policy instruments. For example, although Finland and Sweden are already part of the same Nordic electricity market, they use different renewable energy policy instruments. The views about suitable policy instruments also vary within the Finnish energy sector. This paper is based on analysis of interviews with 25 energy sector actors that affect wind power policy in Finland. They used a number of process‐oriented and value‐based criteria to evaluate policies. Emphasis on deregulated market conditions was found to be strong, and to limit methods that are considered appropriate for supporting wind power. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Characterizing the policy instrument mixes for municipal waste in Sweden and England
Authors: Persson Åsa 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn the search for effective environmental policy instruments (EPIs), the interest in combining environmental policy instruments – such as taxes and charges, tradable permit schemes, voluntary agreements, information measures, and traditional command‐and‐control regulation – in synergistic policy mixes has intensified recently (OECD, 2001a). However, there is also a need to analyse the longer term pattern in the choice of instruments for a cumulative policy mix. The aim of this paper is to examine two aspects of this pattern – diversity and coerciveness – in the field of municipal waste management in Sweden and England. Based on an inventory of instruments adopted at the national level in 1995–2005, it is concluded that the diversity has increased in both countries, although the national instrument preferences differ. Two contrasting hypotheses on coerciveness in the sequencing of instruments are then tested; the ‘minimal‐coercion’ hypothesis by Doern and Wilson (1974) and van der Doelen's (1998) ‘give‐and‐take’ strategy. It is found that Sweden has made relatively consistent choices of more coercive instruments, while a pattern of ‘give‐and‐take’ of positive and negative instruments can be discerned in the instrument mix in England. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The variability of environmental protection expenditures between sectors in Sweden
Authors: Hammar Henrik , Löfgren Åsa 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe focus of this paper is on environmental protection investments for reducing emissions to air in the pulp and paper industry and in the energy and heating industry. We use data on environmental protection investments to assess the costs for environmental protection in order to characterize the potential differences between these two industries in their ability to adapt to national policymaking. We find that the energy and heating industry invests more than the pulp and paper industry in relation to their revenues. This pattern is also true if we look at the type of environmental protection investment (i.e. clean technology or end‐of‐pipe solutions). That the pulp and paper industry is less investment intensive with regards to environmental protection is in line with what can be expected, i.e. firms in a competitive market do not seem to have the same possibility of internalizing the external cost of production in response to ‘green’ consumer demand. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Structural and Magnetic Studies of Copper(II) and Zinc(II) Coordination Complexes Containing Nitroxide Radicals as Chelating Ligands
Authors: Ito Akihiro , Nakano Yoshiaki , Urabe Masashi , Tanaka Kazuyoshi , Shiro Motoo 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe mononuclear transition metal complexes [Cu(CF3SO3)212](1a), [Zn(CF3SO3)212] (1b), [Cu(CF3SO3)222]·2CH3CN (2a), and [Zn(CF3SO3)222]·2CH3CN (2b) have been preparedfrom the newly synthesized doxyl nitroxide ligands 4,4‐dimethyl‐2,2‐di(2‐pyridyl)oxazolidine‐N‐oxyl (1) and 4,4‐dimethyl‐2,2‐bis[2‐(3‐methylpyridyl)]oxazolidine‐N‐oxyl (2) and M(CF3SO3)2 (M = CuII or ZnII). These metal–nitroxide complexes have been structurally and magnetically characterized. In all complexes, the four pyridyl groups coordinate in equatorial coordination sites and the two nitroxide groups in axial coordination sites, which means that the central metal ion acquires a distorted N4O2 octahedral configuration. The variable‐temperature magnetic susceptibility data show that complexes 1b and 2b exhibit paramagnetic behavior, and hence a very weak intraligand magnetic interaction could be estimated [JNO–NO = –0.64 (1b) and 0.14 cm–1 (2b)]. The χmT values of 1a and 2a decrease continuously with decreasing temperature until they reach a nearly constant value at around 50 K, thereby indicating an intramolecular antiferromagnetic interaction between the CuII ion and the nitroxide ligands for both 1a and 2a [JCu–NO = –81.6 (1a) and–78.1 cm–1 (2b)]. These magnetic behaviors are supported by density functional theory calculations and are discussed in connection with the specific structural features. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A Poly(bicyclic dimer) and a Cyclic Tetramer: Ligand Isomerism of S2O2 Macrocycles During the Assembly of Supramolecular Silver(I) Complexes
Authors: Lee So Young , Seo Joobeom , Yoon Il , Kim Chung‐Sik , Choi Kyu Seong , Kim Jae Sang , Lee Shim Sung 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTwo isomeric S2O2 macrocycles (L1 and L2) with a 14‐membered cavity have been synthesised as a model system with different binding modes. Self‐assembly reactions of L1 and L2 with silver perchlorate afford the respective ligand‐directed cyclic oligomer complexes with different shapes: a poly(bicyclic dimer) (1) and a discrete cyclic tetramer (2). The formation of these supramolecular complexes is discussed in terms of conformational discrimination of two isomeric macrocycles due to ring rigidity and interdonor distances.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A ZnII‐Based Chiral Crystalline Nanotube
Authors: Zhang Hong‐Tao , Li Yi‐Zhi , Wang Tian‐Wei , Nfor Emmanuel N. , Wang Hua‐Qin , You Xiao‐Zeng 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA novel metal‐organic chiral nanotube, {[Zn(C14H10N2O4)·(H2O)4]2·H2O}n (1), with the walls consisting of homochiral triple‐stranded right‐handed (P) helices has been constructed by the reaction of acyclic ligands and zinc ions. All guest water molecules are arranged in a helical fashion inside the hydrophilic channel of the nanotube. This coordination polymer shows blue‐emitting fluorescence and displays a second harmonic generation (SHG) response in the solid state.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
An integrated microfluidic chip for DNA/RNA amplification, electrophoresis separation and on‐line optical detection
Authors: Huang Fu‐Chun , Liao Chia‐Sheng , Lee Gwo‐Bin 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study presents an integrated microfluidic chip capable of performing DNA/RNA (deoxyribonucleic acid/ribonucleic acid) amplification, electrokinetic sample injection and separation, and on‐line optical detection of nucleic acid products in an automatic mode. In the proposed device, DNA/RNA samples are first replicated using a micromachine‐based PCR module or reverse transcription PCR (RT‐PCR) module and then transported by a pneumatic micropump to a sample reservoir. The samples are subsequently driven electrokinetically into a microchannel, where they are separated electrophoretically and then detected optically by a buried optical fiber. The various modules of the integrated microfluidic chip are fabricated from cheap bio‐compatible materials, such as PDMS, polymethylmethacrylate, and soda‐lime glass. The functionality of the proposed device is demonstrated through its successful application to the DNA‐based bacterial detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae and the RNA‐based detection of Dengue‐2 virus. It is shown that the low thermal inertia of the PCR/RT‐PCR modules reduces the sample and reagent consumption and shortens the reaction time. With less human intervention, the subsequent DNA separation and detection could be performed in an automatic mode. The integrated microfluidic device proposed in this study represents a crucial contribution to the fields of molecular biology, genetic analysis, infectious disease detection, and other biomedical applications.
State estimation of networks with distributed generation
Authors: Cobelo Iñigo , Shafiu Ahmed , Jenkins Nick , Strbac Goran 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe nature and control of existing distribution networks limits the amount of distributed generation that can be connected. To increase the penetration of distributed generation a distribution management system controller (DMSC) can be used. The use of a DMSC requires a state estimator algorithm that provides an estimate of the network state in real time. In this paper, a state estimation algorithm based on the methods used on transmission networks is presented. The application of these methods into distribution networks requires existing measuring systems to be supplemented with the addition of new real‐time measurements, and the use of load estimates. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fuzzy‐tuned genetic algorithm for optimal reconfigurations of radial distribution network
Authors: Sahoo N. C. , Ranjan R. , Prasad K. , Chaturvedi A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA large amount of power can be saved by optimal reconfiguration of radial distribution systems (RDS). Moreover, by transferring loads from the strongly loaded feeders to the lightly loaded ones, the reconfiguration of RDS can also achieve balancing of feeder loads and alleviate overload conditions. This paper presents a new approach for optimal reconfiguration of RDS based on a fuzzy‐tuned genetic algorithm by minimizing real power loss and improving loading pattern of the feeder. The proposed algorithm overcomes the combinatorial nature of the reconfiguration problem and deals with the optimization of a non‐linear, non‐continuous objective function. The main features of the proposed genetic approach for network reconfiguration are: preserving radial property of the network without islanding any load point by an elegant coding scheme and an efficient convergence characteristic attributed to tuned mutation using fuzzy logic. The proposed algorithm is tested for seven case studies on a 69‐bus RDS. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A second‐order BGK scheme for the equations of radiation hydrodynamics
Authors: Jiang Song , Sun Wenjun 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe present a second‐order BGK scheme for the equations of multidimensional radiation hydrodynamics (RHE) in zero diffusion limit by using the generalized Maxwellian (Comput. Fluids 2000; 29:917–933) and the second‐order BGK scheme for the Euler equations (J. Comput. Phys. 1993; 109:53–66; Gas Kinetic Scheme for Unsteady Compressible Flow Simulations. Lecture Note Series 1998‐03. Von Kárman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, 1998). This extends a (first‐order) kinetic flux vector splitting scheme (KFVS) for RHE (Tang and Wu (2000)) to a second‐order BGK scheme. Several one‐ and two‐dimensional numerical examples demonstrate improvement of the scheme in accuracy and resolution compared with the KFVS scheme (Tang and Wu (2000)) and the first‐order BGK scheme. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A numerical simulation on diffuser‐nozzle based piezoelectric micropumps with two different numerical models
Authors: Jeong Jin , Kim Chang Nyung 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study has been conducted to compare two different numerical models for the evaluation of the performance characteristics of a diffuser‐nozzle based piezoelectric micropump. Here, the transient displacements of the membrane and the flow characteristics in the piezoelectric micropump have been closely investigated with the FSI model and the prescribed deformation model for two different frequencies. It has been found that the behaviour of the membrane computed with the FSI model is not in accordance with that with the prescribed deformation model, and that the net flow rate with the FSI model is larger than that with the prescribed deformation model. Therefore, the choice of numerical model is very important in conducting numerical analysis for piezoelectric micropumps. The results of this study can be utilized as basic data for the design and analysis of piezoelectric micropumps. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On stabilized finite element methods for the Stokes problem in the small time step limit
Authors: Bochev Pavel B. , Gunzburger Max D. , Lehoucq Richard B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRecent studies indicate that consistently stabilized methods for unsteady incompressible flows, obtained by a method of lines approach may experience difficulty when the time step is small relative to the spatial grid size. Using as a model problem the unsteady Stokes equations, we show that the semi‐discrete pressure operator associated with such methods is not uniformly coercive. We prove that for sufficiently large (relative to the square of the spatial grid size) time steps, implicit time discretizations contribute terms that stabilize this operator. However, we also prove that if the time step is sufficiently small, then the fully discrete problem necessarily leads to unstable pressure approximations. The semi‐discrete pressure operator studied in the paper also arises in pressure‐projection methods, thereby making our results potentially useful in other settings. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Array comparative genomic hybridization reveals a very high frequency of deletions of the long arm of chromosome 6 in testicular lymphoma
Authors: Bosga‐Bouwer Anneke G. , Kok Klaas , Booman Marije , Boven Ludolf , van der Vlies Pieter , van den Berg Anke , van den Berg Eva , de Jong Bauke , Poppema Sibrand , Kluin Philip 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDespite the fact that numerous studies have been performed on diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), only few have concerned extranodal lymphomas occurring in the testis. We performed a cytogenetic and molecular study of 17 testicular non‐Hodgkin lymphomas, of which 14 were proven primary DLBCL of the testis. Cytogenetic analysis revealed in 8 out of 11 evaluable cases a structural abnormality of the long arm of chromosome 6, with deletion or addition of material of unknown origin, and with breakpoints spanning the region 6q12‐6q23. The cytogenetic findings were confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with a chromosome 6 painting probe. Using array based‐comparative genomic hybridization on 16 evaluable cases, including 5 cases not tested by cytogenetics or FISH, 14 (88%) showed chromosome 6q deletions. We identified two regions of minimal deletion (RMD), at 104–113 Mb (6q16.3‐q21) and 137.5–138.8 Mb (6q23.3), respectively. In one case, we observed a 2.7 Mb homozygous deletion ranging from 135.3 to 138.0 Mb that partly overlapped with the RMD at 6q23.3. Our study indicates that 6q deletions play a major pathogenetic role in DLBCL of the testis and that many of these deletions are part of unbalanced translocations. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrological and biogeochemical processes in a changing Amazon: results from small watershed studies and the large‐scale biosphere‐atmosphere experiment
Authors: Neill Christopher , Elsenbeer Helmut , Krusche Alex V. , Lehmann Johannes , Markewitz Daniel , de O. Figueiredo Ricardo 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe Amazon Basin is the world's largest tropical forest region and one where rapid human changes to land cover have the potential to cause significant changes to hydrological and biogeochemical processes. The Large‐Scale Biosphere‐Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) is a multidisciplinary, multinational research program led by Brazil. The goal of LBA is to understand how the Amazon Basin functions as a regional entity in the earth system and how these functions are changing as a result of ongoing human activity. This compilation of nine papers focuses on a central LBA question in the area of nutrient dynamics and surface water chemistry—how do changes in land use alter fluxes of dissolved and particulate materials from uplands across riparian zones and down the channels of river corridors? These papers cover work conducted in small watersheds on a wide range of topics within the spirit and geographical focus area of LBA: water balance and runoff generation, nutrient transformations in riparian zones and stream channels, carbon fluxes in water moving from land to water and the influence of soils on flowpath structure and stream chemistry. Important new insights can be gained from these and other studies. Forest clearing for pastures results in a decrease in soil hydraulic conductivity that forces water into surficial flowpaths throughout most of the rainy season across wide regions of the Amazon. Riparian zones along small forest streams appear to be very effective in removing nitrate arriving from the uplands, while forest streams take up nitrate at very low rates, allowing them to travel downstream for long distances. Although substantial, the contribution of dissolved organic C (DOC) to the carbon flux from forests to streams appears to be lower than the flux of dissolved inorganic C that is subsequently outgassed as CO2. Remaining key challenges within LBA will be to synthesize existing data sets on river networks, soils, climate, land use and planned infrastructure for the Amazon to develop models capable of predicting hydrologic and biogeochemical fluxes at a variety of scales relevant to the development of strategies for sustainable management of the Amazon's remarkable forest, soil and freshwater resources. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.