bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whale falls may provide important stepping stone habitat between deep sea vents seeps
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

For Craig Smith, professor of oceanography at the University of Hawaii at Manao, whale watching involves more than spying for breaching cetaceans from a tour boat deck. His whale watching includes dives in a submersible to sites of dead whales that have settled to the ocean bottom, and studies of the creatures that find the high concentrations of lipids and proteins in the bones of these sunken behemoths to be rich food sources.According to Smith, who discovered the first sunken whale in 1987, these “whale falls” serve as important intermediate habitat to allow fauna to disperse between isolated hydrothermal vents and cold water seeps. The question of dispersal arose after the discovery of vents in 1977, and the identification of a few species at some vents or seeps separated by thousands of km.
New TOMS instrument measures ozone and aerosols
Authors: Kaye Jack A. , McPeters Richard D. , Herman Jay R. , Bhartia P. K. , Krueger Arlin J. 
Published: October 2006

New Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments launched in 1996 have provided new and better information about ozone distribution, sulfur dioxide concentrations following large volcanic eruptions, the distributions of ultraviolet‐absorbing aerosols (including ash plumes) in the troposphere, and the flux of ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface. The instruments gathered important data on ozone depletion in the Antarctic in the austral springs of 1996 and 1997 and in the Arctic in the Northern Hemisphere spring of 1997. Ash clouds associated with forest fires in the United States and in Indonesia, as well as the eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano in Montserrat in December 1997, were also observed.NASA's Earth Probe (EP) satellite, launched in July 1996, carries one TOMS instrument. A second TOMS instrument flew on the Japanese Advanced Environmental Orbiting Satellite (ADEOS), known as “Midori,” launched in August 1996 from Japan. Unfortunately, because the ADEOS spacecraft failed in June 1997, only 10 months of data are available from the ADEOS TOMS instrument (see http://mentor.eorc.nasda.go.jp/ADEOS). The Earth Probe satellite flew in a 500 km Sun‐synchronous orbit, which was chosen to complement the 800 km altitude of the ADEOS spacecraft by providing improved horizontal resolution for viewing aerosol sources (26 km x 26 km at nadir instead of the 42 km x 42 km resolution of ADEOS). Because of the lower orbit, data gaps did not allow for full daily maps of the sunlit Earth from EP TOMS. In order to restore the complete global coverage lost with the ADEOS failure, the EP spacecraft was boosted to a 740 km orbit in early December 1997.
NRC says integrated approach needed to understand, protect environment
Authors: Kolb Charles E. , Loehr Raymond C. , Gopnik Morgan 
Published: October 2006

A recent study by the National Research Council (NRC) advocates a more comprehensive and integrated approach to our nation's environmental research and development (R&D) activities. Because we face environmental problems of unprecedented complexity, the study maintains that the traditional practice of studying isolated environmental problems and devising narrowly focused control or remediation strategies to manage them will no longer suffice.In the report, Building a Foundation for Sound Environmental Decisions [National Academy Press, 1997], an NRC committee highlighted the need for developing a deeper scientific understanding of ecosystems, as well as the sociological and economic aspects of human interactions with the environment. To achieve these goals, the committee recommended a core research agenda for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that has three components.
Climate change and the rise and fall of sea level over the millennium
Authors: Varekamp Johan C. , Thomas Ellen 
Published: October 2006

Average rates of relative sea level rise (RSLR) along the coast of the eastern United States were 1–2 mm/yr over the last 2,000 years. Higher rates have occurred in recent centuries, and their onset seems to have preceded the period of modern global warming. A modest rate increase started in the 17th century, well before the modern global warming of this century, but the highest rates have occurred during the last 200 years, with a major acceleration around 1800 A.D. No significant acceleration is apparently associated with the rapidly rising temperatures of the last 100 years.How does one establish possible relationships between rates of sea level rise and climate fluctuations? Tide‐gauge records are too short and noisy to derive a quantitative, empirical relationship between relative sea level rise rates and climate change [Douglas, 1992], and predictions of future rates of sea level rise are largely based on theory. The recent geological record can provide empirical insights, which can be applied toward the assessment of current rates and those predicted for the next century.
In brief
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Satellite improves space weather forecasts Real‐time data from NASA's Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) satellite became part of the daily U.S space weather forecast operations in late January, providing forecasters at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Space Environment Center with an important tool for improving forecasts and warnings of solar storms.Forecasters with NOAA and the U.S. Air Force—the agencies that, along with NASA, are coordinating the project—are incorp orating the ACE data into operations, allowing the agencies to predict and issue 1‐hour geomagnetic storm alerts with almost 100% accuracy, they say.
Gravity Currents in the Environment and the Laboratory
Authors: Hamilton Kevin 
Published: October 2006

A large variety of geophysical phenomena can be considered examples of gravity currents, normally thought of as the horizontal or quasihorizontal penetration of a light fluid by a plume of denser fluid. In Gravity Currents in the Environment and the Laboratory, Simpson discusses both the basic physics and real‐world applications of gravity currents and related phenomena such as hydraulic jumps, undular bores, and the spread of buoyant plumes.This book is a considerable expansion of an earlier edition published a decade ago and represents the accumulated wisdom of a career devoted to observation and laboratory simulation of small‐scale environmental fluid mechanical phenomena. The result can be recommended enthusiastically both to experts in the field and readers who have more general interests in meteorology, oceanography, or other areas of fluid mechanics.
Identifying Marine Phytoplankton
Authors: Hargraves Paul E. 
Published: October 2006

Until recently, anyone who needed to accurately identify marine phytoplankton had one of four choices: use the outdated Englishlanguage volumes by E. E. Cupp and N. I. Hendey plus the more recent book by J. Dodge, acquire a working knowledge of German and use the old volumes by Schiller and Hustedt, spend huge amounts of time in an exceedingly well‐equipped marine science library trying in vain to keep up with the rapidly evolving field of phytoplankton systematics and taxonomy, or track down one of the rarest of endangered species—a phytoplankton taxonomist—and beg for help.To these unfortunate choices is added one considerably more hopeful: Identifying Marine Phytoplankton. This volume, which has seven contributing authors, contains most of the taxonomic groups that make up the planktonic autotrophs and some heterotrophs of the seas, coasts, and estuaries of the world (missing are cyanobacteria and some of the picoplankton groups).
New protocols needed for sharing hydrometeorologic data
Authors: McGurk B. J. , Miller N. L. 
Published: October 2006

The collection of hydrometeorological data is becoming privatized, and competition within the industrial sector (utilities, weather forecasting, etc.) is intensifying. Disruption in collection and distribution of these data will adversely affect both the science community and general public. The problem extends beyond California and the United States: governments worldwide are outsourcing data collection activities, and contractors recognize that restricting free access to hydrometeorological data increases profit margins.The issue that must be raised, however, is whether restricting free public and governmental access to these data reduces water resources management efficiency as well as the accuracy and timeliness of flood forecasting, and delays the delivery of information to the public. Therefore, we propose a strategy that provides select users with real‐time information for the benefit of the public, while protecting competitive interests within the private sector.
Comment [on “Locked‐in Stress in Viscoelastic Earth Materials”]
Authors: Fletcher Raymond C. 
Published: October 2006

This is a comment on the item “Locked‐in Stress in Viscoelastic Earth Materials” (Eos, June 17, 1997, p. 248).In the box the author remarks “…ur is finite and uθ = uΦ = O…. There is a corresponding radial strain but no tangential strain…” The former is true, but the latter is false. The tangential strains are ϵθθ = ϵΦ= ur/r.
Study finds Appalachian forest mortality rates may be higher than government surveys indicate
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A newly released 3‐year survey of the mixed hardwood forest in the Appalachian region of the United States indicates that trees in a stretch of woods from Alabama to Pennsylvania are dying at a rate 2 to 3 times higher than federal and state reports have indicated. While the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Forest Service and other agencies estimate the region's average tree mortality rate, a key measure of forest health, as approximately 0.5% annually or 5% per decade, the survey by the Appalachia Forest Action Project (AFAP) claims the rate actually is 2% annually or 20% per decade.The AFAP report issued in February, “Patterns of Forest Health: A Report on Citizen Monitoring in the Eastern Mountains,” also states that both commercial and noncommercial trees are affected, that the forest can appear healthy although the species composition is undergoing rapid change with greater mortality rates for some species, and that acid rain and ground‐level ozone may be the causing for the forest damage. These atmospheric agents can weaken the immune systemsof some tree species and make them more susceptible to disease.
Aquamarine waters recorded for first time in Eastern Bering Sea
Authors: Vance T. C. , Schumacher J. D. , Stabeno P. J. , Baier C. T. , Wyllie‐Echeverria T. , Tynan C. T. , Brodeur R. D. , Napp J. M. , Coyle K. O. , Decker M. B. , Hunt G. L. , Stockwell D. , Whitledge T. E. , Jump M. , Zeeman S. 
Published: October 2006

During the late summer of 1997, for the first time ever recorded, most of the continental shelf of the eastern Bering Sea was covered by aquamarine waters (Figure 1), resulting from a massive bloom of coccolithophores (Figure 2). Light reflecting off the calcium carbonate plates of the flagellated coccolithophores gave the water its anomalous color, which was first observed in July. The bloom was also clearly visible from space, as shown by some of the first images from the multispectral sea‐viewing wide‐field‐of‐ view sensor (SeaWiFS) scanner in September.Light penetration into the water column, essential for primary production by diatoms and other phytoplankton, was markedly reduced. This shift potentially altered the trophic dynamics throughout the food web of one of world's most productive ecosystems.
Math and science study rates students
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The Netherlands and Sweden walked off with the equivalent of golden microscopes and calculators in international literacy test results in science and mathematics released on February 24.Students in those two countries scored first and second among 21 nations participating in the most recent phase of the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), billed as the largest and most ambitious study of comparative educational achievement ever undertaken. TIMSS tested science and math literacy of students in their final year of secondary school; Asian countries opted not to participate in this third and final phase of testing.
Program focuses attention on continental margins
Authors:   MARGINS Steering Committee
Published: October 2006

Continental margins are the Earth's principal loci for producing hydrocarbon and metal resourcessemi; for earthquake, landslide, volcanic, and climatic hazardssemi; and for the greatest population density. As such, margins are where the action is.Despite the societal and economic importance of margins, many of the mechanical, fluid, chemical, and biological processes that shape them are poorly understood. Progress is hindered by the sheer scope of the problems and by the spatial‐temporal scale and complexities of the processes. To overcome these obstacles, the margins community has identified the outstanding scientific problems in continental margins research, and the MARGINS Program, a research initiative supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), is promoting research strategies that redirect traditional approaches to margin studies.
Lunar Prospector finds signature for water ice on Moon, NASA announces
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

NASA scientists were overcome with wide‐eyed excitement on March 5 when the agency announced that the Lunar Prospector mission has found evidence of water ice on the Moon.The finding, based on just the first four weeks of data from the Lunar Prospector's anticipated 18 month mission, is proof, says mission manager Scott Hubbard, that “faster, better, cheaper is not just a slogan: it's a way of life.” It also means that astronauts sometime in the 21st century may find that orb an oasis as well as a refueling pit stop for further Solar System exploration.
Magazine published by IAHS Reaches out to Chinese Hydrologists
Authors: Shensheng Dai 
Published: October 2006

IAHS Information, written in Chinese, is published four times per year. It was first published in 1989 with the support of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) and other related organizations. The magazine aims to be a bridge between IAHS and Chinese hydrologists. Between 1,300 and 1,500 copies of each issue are distributed.This year will mark the magazine's 10th anniversary. In the 35 issues from 1989 to 1998 the magazine introduced approximately 172 papers and 1,447 abstracts, which were extracted both from IAHS's Proceedings and Reports and Hydrological Sciences Journal. These papers and abstracts discussed various hydrological specialities, such as surface water, groundwater, and sediment. The magazine also published 83 articles about meeting news and 91 book reviews.
Atlas of Venus
Authors: Grinspoon David H. 
Published: October 2006

The 1990s have been a tremendously exciting time for exploration and science of the planet Venus, the nearest neighbor and, in many ways, near twin of the Earth. The Magellan spacecraft, launched in May 1989 for an August 1990 arrival, was a stunning success, imaging nearly the entire globe at subkilometer resolution. Before Magellan met its end in October 1994, adding its mass to the planet whose study had been its raison d'etre, its radar imager had transformed our view of the Venusian surface from a smattering of murky images and incomplete, grainy maps provided by earlier Russian probes to a crystal clear global portrait of a planet with a long, complex, and ongoing history of volcanism and tectonism.Aesthetically, the Magellan images are of superb quality and they contain a wonderful mix of the familiar and the exotic that will fuel Venus science for decades. A rich menagerie of volcanic features including vast plains of flood basalts, towering shield volcanoes, smaller “pancake domes” formed from more viscous magmas, and even volcanic “river channels” that wind across the plains for thousands of kilometers make Venus a dreamworld for planetary volcanologists. Other volcano‐tectonic features, such as the hundreds of crownlike circular “coronae” mapped around the planet, seem unique to Venus.
Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields
Authors: Blakely Richard J. 
Published: October 2006

With a profusion of excellent books on geomagnetism published or revised during the last few years (one, in fact, by the same publisher as Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields), we might ask why we need yet another on the same subject. I believe the answer is clear. This book fills a gap between the highly mathematical and technical coverage of G. Backus, R. Parker, and C. Constable's Foundations of Geomagnetism (1996) and the solid‐Earth focus provided by R. T. Merrill, M. W. McElhinny, and P. L. McFadden's The Magnetic Field of the Earthsemi; Paleomagnetism, the Core, and the Deep Mantle (1996).Perhaps Introduction to Geomagnetic Fields is best described by its first sentence: “This book is designed for those who want a condensed and less technical coverage of geomagnetic topics than is afforded by existing textbooks.” The foreword describes the book as a beginning textbook, containing minimal technical jargon without complex mathematical formulas. The author makes a valiant reach for this goal (becoming too elementary in some casessemi; we are provided, for example, with the definition of an arc tangent, a description of scientific notation, and a reminder that sin 90°=1) but is nly partially successful. By page 17, the book has already introduced Maxwell's and Laplace's equations in s pherical coordinates, complete with Legendre polynomials. This is certainly understandable (what could be more instructive than the single equation Δ 2V=0?), and the book does provide plenty of text to illustrate the physical meanings behind important formulations. The book has only five chapters covering the broad range of geomagnetic topics. The first chapter describes the Earth's main magnetic field, emphasizing its dipole and nondipole characteristics via spherical harmonic analysis. Geomagnetic components and charts are described, and there is a brief discussion of paleomagnetism and the fluid‐core source of the internal field.
Workshop focuses on nonlinear waves and turbulence in space plasmas
Authors: Neubauer F. M. , Schwartz S. J. , Tsurutani B. T. 
Published: October 2006

Nonlinear waves and turbulence have important implications for the dynamics of the oceans, the atmosphere, the plasma regions of the solar system, comets, the interplanetary medium, and the Sun. As in ocean dynamics and atmospheric physics, turbulence and nonlinear waves in plasmas can be described in the magnetohydrodynamic framework by fluid variables such as velocity, density, and temperature complemented by the electromagnetic field. This approximate description often has to be augmented by a kinetic description that involves velocity space distribution functions, however.The purpose of a workshop held last year on nonlinear waves and turbulence in space plasmas was to bring together geophysicists, astrophysicists, plasma physicists, and mathematicians to discuss nonlinear waves and turbulence in space plasmas. About 60 scientists attended, with many from the United States, Europe, Israel, India, China, and Japan. The emphasis of the meeting was on general nonlinear wave theory, nonlinear waves and turbulence in the interplanetary medium, the magnetosheath and foreshock of the Earth, and cometary plasmas. A few talks attempted to link astrophysical plasma regions with nonlinear waves and turbulence in space plasmas.
Why was Wegener rejected?
Authors: Stern David P. 
Published: October 2006

In his “Forum” item (Eos, February 3, 1998), Ron Girdler commented on Alfred Wegener's “continental drift” theory and noted, “What we should be pondering is: Why did the scientific establishment reject such a large amount of evidence for so long?”A fitting answer whose message still holds was given by Sir Edward Bullard in 1975 in his autobiographical article in Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences.
Imminent climate and circulation shift in northeast Pacific Ocean could have major impact on marine resources
Authors: Ingraham W. James , Ebbesmeyer Curtis C. , Hinrichsen Richard A. 
Published: October 2006

A climate shift is imminent in the northeast Pacific Ocean, research suggests, and may have a major impact on marine resources, particularly Pacific salmon. Scientists anticipate that the shift, driven by large‐scale changes in the Earth's atmospheric wave pattern, will become evident in the next few years. The most recent shift, characterized by a switch from cold and wet conditions to warm and dry conditions in the Pacific northwest of the United States, occurred in 1977 [e.g., Trenberth and Hurell, 1994].The expected climate shift is suggested by studies of oscillations in ocean surface water drift and in treering records. Drift trajectories, derived from a new measure of decadal variability, showed well‐defined oscillations in the 20th century, but researchers were concerned that this decadal nature might not be as evident over a considerably longer time. Thus because of the possible rarity of the 30‐year interval since the last climate shift, treering width data was scrutinized for the western juniper for the period from 1500 to 1900 A.D.
Planning cuts risk from many natural hazards, experts say
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

During the United Nations'‐designated International Decade of Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR), which concludes at the end of 1999, much attention has been focused on the issue, and on scientific advances and policy initiatives that are providing new capabilities for dealing with disasters.Yet, natural disasters continue to cause astronomically high property damages that average about $440 billion per year globally, as well as enormous secondary economic losses, deaths, and social disruption.
Chunk of Antarctic ice shelf breaks off
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A 200 sq km section of the Larsen‐B ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula, that extends northward toward South America, has crumbled away, and about two‐thirds of the 12,000 sq km ice sheet is now at risk of breaking off, a researcher who analyzed recent satellite images announced on April 16.“This may be the beginning of the end for the Larsen Ice Shelf,” said Ted Scambos, a research associate at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, a joint institute of the University of Colorado at Boulder and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Scambos worked with satellite images collected by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), based at the university.
Cities around the globe join voluntary effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Doug Yoder, assistant director of the department of environmental resource management of Miami‐Dade County, Fla., says that concern about climate change was one of several reasons why his county voluntarily pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions a few years ago.The low‐lying, subtropical coastal communities “are going to feel the effects of climate change probably in advance of other parts of the country,” says Yoder. “Our susceptibility to tropical storms, certainly since Hurricane Andrew [in 1992], has gotten people's attention.” He recognizes that the county's efforts probably will not bring direct or immediate climate benefits to the region, though he says steps taken by every municipality count.