bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Richard Böckh (1824–1907)
Authors: Leuschner Torsten 
Published: September 2007

ZusammenfassungGegenstand des vorliegenden Aufsatzes ist das sprachenstatistische und nationalitätenpolitische Werk des preußischen Statistikers Richard Böckh (1824–1907), insbesondere der Aufsatz “Über die statistische Bedeutung der Volksprache” (1866), in dem Böckh die Ansicht vertritt, allein die Sprache definiere die Nationalität, und das BuchDer Deutschen Volkszahl und Sprachgebiet in den europäischen Staaten(1869), das u.a. erstmals einen Katalog von Sprachenrechten für Minderheiten enthält. Der Beitrag verfolgt die Rezeption von Böckhs Werk während des deutsch-französischen Krieges von 1870/71, als Böckhs Konzeptionen in der deutschen Öffentlichkeit als moralische Rechtfertigung der Annexion von Elsass-Lothringen verstanden wurden, sowie im Zusammenhang mit der preußischen Geschäftssprachenfrage der Jahre 1873–1876. Abschließend werden noch einige spätere Positionen und Aktivitäten Böckhs beleuchtet, nämlich sein Engagement für das Auslandsdeutschtum im Rahmen des von ihm 1881 mitbegründeten Allgemeinen Deutschen Schulvereins sowie sein Eintreten gegen den Missbrauch von Statistiken im Berliner Antisemitismusstreit um 1880. Obwohl zweifellos mutig, zeigt Letzteres doch auch, wie sehr der einst so populäre sprachbezogene Nationsbegriff zehn Jahre nach der Reichsgründung schon in die Defensive geraten war.
On the origins of scalar particles in Italian
Authors: Visconti Jacqueline 
Published: September 2007

In this paper the Italian scalar particles perfino and addirittura are investigated in a diachronic perspective, from their origins in spatial and temporal meanings to the scalar value they have in Present Day Italian. The data documenting the shift are discussed in Section 2, where it is argued that the lexical semantics of the particles plays a crucial role in constraining the contexts in which they appear, and hence their change. Section 3 defines the evolution of Italian scalar particles as an instance of subjectification, i.e. as an increased degree of encoding of the Speaker’s attitude, and considers the syntactic evolution of both perfino and addirittura as the structural reflection of the subjectification process that they undergo at the semantic level. Section 4 addresses the question of whether the development of perfino and addirittura is a case of grammaticalisation, reconsidering the definition of both the concept of grammaticalisation and its relationship to subjectification. Section 5 concludes and points out at some directions of further research work.
COMPARAISON INTERLINGUISTIQUE DE MATÉRIEL VERBAL PROPRE A L'APPRENTISSAGE DE CONCEPT1
Authors: Mcmurray Gordon , Noizet Georges 
Published: September 2007

Inter‐language comparison of verbal material for the study of concept formation. — A list of 215 French words, which were translation equivalents of the words in Underwood and Richardson's (1956) published list, were presented to 119 French students from which single, restricted to sense impression associates were obtained. A systematic inter‐language comparison is established and differences between French and English speaking subjects discussed.The piocedure adopted by Mednick and Halpern (1962) to study the ease of concept attainment as a function of Associative Rank has been applied to French subjects. A replication using a direct translation of the English nouns shows no difference between concepts at Associative Rank 1 and 2. It appears indeed from norms of the French group that the concepts selected are balanced not only with respect to Dominance Level but also with respect to Mean Associative Rank. But further experiment, with a material established according to the norms of the French list of associates, shows a very significant difference in the mean number of trials taken to solve each concept. It thus strengthened the assumption of homogeneity of associative response hierarchies in a given language community.
DO YOU KNOW WHAT YOUR NEIGHBOURS ARE DOING ? A STUDY OF SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION IN EUROPE1
Authors: Krantz David L. 
Published: September 2007

After this year's research on scientific communication in Europe, where almost 100 interviews were conducted in 8 European countries, one finding is clear: there is better communication between Europe and America than among European countries. Since space is limited, the analysis of this finding will be made in terms of the communication behavior of the members of the cross‐national organization, the European Association of Experimental Social Psychologists. Their behavior indicates communication within a specialty, and in part, a representative case for the overall findings of the research.The Association is a limited membership organization with members in 14 countries. Since its initiation in 1963, the group has increased not only in size but in its cross‐national representation. The questionnaire‐interview data obtained at the Association's most recent meeting, supplemented by the findings from the general interview sample, provides the basis for the following discussion.
UNESCO'S PROJECT ON THE EXCHANGE OF KNOWLEDGE FOR ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Schwendler Wolfgang 
Published: September 2007

“Information is knowledge. Knowledge is power.” More than ever, this saying is acquiring compelling force, although it has in fact been true since man sought to communicate and to free himself from the constraints and dangers threatening his survival or hampering the development of his highest potentialities. But with the extension of relationships with societies, this maxim of Auguste Comte becomes even more pertinent. Those who lack knowledge see their fate shaped by others in the light of their own interests. This is true of individuals as well as of social groups and of people. Millions of human beings are subjected to oppressive forms of domination, both covert and overt, because they lack access to knowledge.What will the situation be tomorrow? Does irreversible “planetarization” mean that some individuals or groups of people will become the brain, storing and originating knowledge, while others will be reduced to functioning as connective or muscular tissue? The metaphor (if such it is) may be open to criticism, but the question, which is at the heart of this whole research on the exchange of knowledge, remains valid. We must face the possibility, remote though it may be, of an unequal division of mankind into a more or less standardized, mechanized, and “functional” mass and an initiated elite in possession of all the power. Processes are moving ahead that will culminate in such a situation ‐ unless we prove capable of instituting a new international economic order. No further evidence is needed than the increase in the disparities and inequalities of income and ability to acquire knowledge not only between industrialized and Third World countries, but also within each of these groups of countries, between sections of the population, between regions, and between town and country.
THE CROSS‐CULTURAL STUDY OF INTELLIGENCE: PIAGET AND THE BAOULÉ*
Authors: Dasen Pierre R. 
Published: September 2007

There are two aspects of Piaget's theory that can be at least partly distinguished: (1) The stage theory, or the development of particular concepts through a series of hierarchical stages; (2) The metatheory, or the interactionist model of adaptation (assimilation and accommodation) that explains the mechanisms of cognitive development. Most cross‐cultural research has been based on the first of these aspects, using and adapting “Piagetian tasks ”in various conceptual areas. Some findings of this line of enquiry, and the methodological problems encountered, are briefly reviewed. It is argued that no specific task, nor a combination of them, can be taken to measure a general cognitive level; the tasks measure the attainment of particular concepts rather than “intelligence”. New evidence is presented on the reliability and validity of Piagetian tasks used in a cross‐cultural setting.In the second model, intelligence is broadly defined as adaptation to the environment; in this conception it would be reasonable to expect divergent paths of cognitive development in different cultures. In other words, one might need a different Piagetian psychology in each culture, but based on universal deep mechanisms.As a modest contribution to a more “emic ”study of intelligence, the concept of intelligence as defined by the Baoulé of Ivory Coast, n'glouèlě is presented and discussed. Ratings on n'glouèlě and its different components are related to performance on Piagetian tasks in a sample of 8‐ to 9‐year‐old rural Baoulé children. The thrust of the paper is to point out once more the cultural relativity of any conception of intelligence, be it from a Piagetian or any other perspective.
INTELLIGENCE, COGNITIVE STYLES, AND BRAIN LATERALIZATION
Authors: Vernon Philip E. 
Published: September 2007

The concept of intelligence as a kind of mental power is criticized, since it is essentially static. Many authors wish to substitute the concept of processes or styles of thinking and learning, which might be developed by appropriate training. But there is no consensus as to which styles are of major importance in intellectual growth, and few of those suggested can be assessed objectively. They resemble the historical notion of types; and like types, they may be weak in internal consistency and generalizability. Some types which are defined by psychometric variables or factors are more promising.Currently the contrast between left brain and right brain functions is over‐popularized. But it is associated both with verbal vs visuospatial abilities, and with analytic‐sequential vs holistic processing. The right brain has been credited with a wide range of other functions for which there is little evidence, e.g., intuition, creativity, meditational trance states, etc. Findings from studies of brain‐damaged or commissurotomized patients, and experiments with normal subjects, are outlined. The dichotomy is not the same as Das' simultaneous vs successive, Freud's primary vs secondary processes, Witkin's field independence, or Guilford's convergent vs divergent. Certain implications for education, for mental testing, and for cross‐cultural research are discussed.
TEACHERS' CONCEPTIONS OF STUDENTS' INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENT FUNCTIONING: A CROSS‐SECTIONAL STUDY OF ELEMENTARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY LEVEL TEACHERS
Authors: Fry P.S. 
Published: September 2007

The study investigated teachers' views and conceptions of intelligence and intelligent functioning by asking a large representative sample of teachers to rate behaviors and attributes of intelligent functioning children. The objective was (1) to assess which cognitive, social and verbal factors teachers rate as being most important in the intelligent functioning of children; and (2) to determine whether elementary, secondary and tertiary level teachers have prototypic views of the characteristics of “ideally intelligent functioning ”elementary, secondary and tertiary level students. In an extended phase of the study elementary, secondary and tertiary teachers were also asked to indicate their level of tolerance of selective negative traits and behaviors in “ideally intelligent ”students.Consistent with predictions, the findings revealed that teachers have well‐developed implicit views of intelligence and intelligent functioning and they subscribe to several prototypic views of the “ideally intelligent functioning ”elementary, secondary and tertiary level students.The implications of the findings are discussed in terms of the effects which teachers' implicit views of intelligence have on their assessment of children's functioning.
PSYCHOLOGY AND HEALTH: CONTRIBUTIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE
Authors: Holtzman Wayne H. , Evans Richard I. , Kennedy Steve , Iscoe Ira 
Published: September 2007

Psychology as both a science and a profession has been closely identified with other disciplines in the broad field of health since the turn of the century. Recent advances in health care have reinforced the growing belief that the promotion of health and the prevention and treatment of illness can be greatly enhanced by incorporating the scientific findings and modern technology of psychology into everyday practices. Outlining the contributions of psychology to health care throughout the world is the primary purpose of this report.In this brief survey, only some of the most timely and relevant issues can be mentioned, together with examples of current work in the field. The reader interested in pursuing these psychological contributions more thoroughly is encouraged to review pertinent references from the citations at the end of this report. After an introductory overview, special attention is given to each of the major areas within the broad field of health care where psychological applications have been particularly useful.
Pieces of Minds in Psycholinguistics: Steven Pinker, Kenneth Wexler, and Noam Chomsky A Series of Interviews conducted by Jean A. Rondal
Authors: Rondal Jean A. 
Published: September 2007

This is the second in a series of three interviews featuring Steven Pinker, Kenneth Wexler, and Noam Chomsky, three giant figures in the field of linguistics, psycholinguistics, and cognitive science. This second interview is with Professor Noam Chomsky. The first interview, with Professor Steven Pinker, appeared in a preceding issue of this journal (Vol. 28, Issue 4, pp. 459–480). The last one, featuring Professor Wexler, will appear in the next issue.Noam Chomsky is, without a doubt, the greatest linguist ever. His numerous contributions since the early 1950s have revolutionised theoretical linguistics almost completely. They have literally transformed the study, and in many respects even the very notion, of language. In the present interview, Dr. Chomsky speaks of his theories and of some alternative or varying points of view. He specifies his most current conception of language and grammar. Particularly interesting from a historical perspective, Noam Chomsky also speaks of the relationships between transformational grammar and experimental psychology in the 1960s, of his years training with Zeilig Harris in Philadelphia, of the self‐developed ideas that led him to conceive of generative grammar, and of his opposition to Skinner and Skinnerism as well as to Piaget and Piagetianism in the preceding decades.The interview took place at MIT in May of 1988. It was edited and revised in December, 1992 and in March, 1993. I am very grateful to Noam Chomsky for his time, availability, and most friendly collaboration. One will find, together with the transcript of the interview, a brief sketch of Professor Chomsky's professional vitae, as well as a selected bibliography.
A thermographic study of paravertebral analgesia
Authors: CHEEMA S. P. S. , ILSLEY D. , RICHARDSON J. , SABANATHAN S. 
Published: September 2007

SummarySix patients undergoing paravertebral blocks for chronically painful conditions of the chest wall were thermographically imaged so that the extent of cutaneous vasodilatation and hence sympathetic block could be correlated with the distribution of the somatic block. All blocks were performed by a single experienced operator, with a single percutaneous entry, using 15ml of 0.5% bupivacaine at a mean level of T9–10 (range T7–8‐T10–11), with radiological confirmation of correct needle placement. There was a mean distribution of the somatic block of five dermatomes (range 1–8), as evidenced by loss of pinprick sensation, with upper and lower limits of T6 and L3. The mean distribution of the sympathetic block was eight dermatomes (range 6–10), as evidenced by ipsilateral skin warming (p = 0.0005‐0.001), with upper and lower limits of T5 and L3. No bilateral spread was observed. No significant postural changes in blood pressures were seen, although there was a small but significant decrease in supine heart rate (p = 0.05). This study demonstrates that a large unilateral somatic and sympathetic block is obtainable with a single thoracic percutaneous paravertebral injection. It challenges the suggestions that this method of analgesia is ineffective and hazardous, that a sympathetic component is a rare accompaniment and that the lumbar nerve roots are spared.
Somatostatin and total intravenous anaesthesia
Authors: KANAKOUDIS F. S. , KONSTANTINIDOU A. S. , PETROU A. , TALIOURIDOU E. I. , PAPADOPOULOU‐BOUTI A. L. , MICHALOUDIS D. G. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryWe have studied the analgesic effects of somatostatin during surgery and its influence on the plasma glucose levels and the liver enzyme profile in 40 ASA 1 or 2 patients undergoing surgery for carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Each patient received either somatostatin bolus 3.5 μg.kg‐1 intravenously plus an infusion of somatostatin 3.5 μg kg‐1. h‐1, or sodium chloride 0.9% as a placebo in a double‐blind manner. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol 1 mg.kg‐1 followed by a continuous infusion of propofol in a stepwise declining regimen. Vecuronium was used for muscular relaxation. Fentanyl 100 jig was administered intravenously in bolus doses for analgesia during surgery as required. Blood samples were taken at Wmin pre‐induction, 5 min postintubation, 5, 30, 60,120 min postincision and 30 min post‐recovery for plasma glucose levels. Blood samples were also taken at 10 min pre‐induction, 120min postincision and 24 h postoperatively for liver enzymes. The total requirement for fentanyl in the control group was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than in the group that received somatostatin. Eight out of 20patients in the study group required no additional analgesia intra‐operatively. The changes in blood glucose values followed the same pattern in both groups. There was a tendency for liver enzymes to increase in both groups. Although this increase was less in the study group, this change was not statistically significant.
Nasotracheal tube placement over the fibreoptic laryngoscope
Authors: HUGHES S. , SMITH J. E. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryWe have assessed the effectiveness of three tracheal tube rotational movements in assisting nasotracheal tube placement over the fibreoptic laryngoscope. Ninety ASA grade 1 or 2 oral surgery patients undergoing fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation under general anaesthesia were studied. After the fibrescope had been positioned in the trachea, patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups. In group 1, no rotation was used and the tube was advanced towards the trachea in the neutral position. In group 2, the tube was rotated by 90° anticlockwise. In group 3, the tube was rotated by 180° anticlockwise, then rotated back to 90° anticlockwise (overcorrected rotation). If resistance to the advance was encountered, up to two more attempts were allowed, after further rotational manoeuvres had been made, in accordance with a standard, graduated sequence. There were significantly more successful tube placements at the first attempt in groups 2 and 3 (93% and 100% respectively) than in group I (63%). It is therefore recommended that 90° anticlockwise or overcorrected 90° anticlockwise tube rotation is used to facilitate nasotracheal tube placement during fibreoptic intubation.
Anaesthesia for intra‐peritoneal perfusion of hyperthermic chemotherapy Haemodynamic changes, oxygen consumption and delivery
Authors: KANAKOUDIS F. , PETROU A. , MICHALOUDIS D. , CHORTARIA G. , KONSTANTINIDOU A. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryWe investigated the intra‐operative application of intraperitoneal perfusion of hyperthermic chemotherapy and its effects on cardiovascular status and oxygen consumption and delivery in 11 patients following laparotomy for surgical resection of recurrent tumours or peritoneal metastases. Closed peritoneal irrigation was carried out with perfusate at a temperature of 45–47°C. External cooling was applied during the procedure to prevent systemic hyperthermia. Data were collected 5 min before the commencement of the hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion, at 5, 30, 60 and 90 mm during perfusion and 5 min after perfusion was discontinued. During the hyperthermic perfusion period, the core body temperature increased significantly but remained within clinically acceptable values. Heart rate, central venous pressure and pulmonary artery pressure increased significantly during perfusion; these returned to control values immediately after discontinuation of perfusion, except for the heart rate, which remained high. Mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption did not change significantly although a metabolic acidosis developed during the study period. These findings suggest that the intraperitoneal perfusion of hyperthermic chemotherapy may be safe in humans, provided that appropriate monitoring, cooling and technical support are applied.
The reproducibility of the iliac crest as a marker of lumbar spine level
Authors: Render C. A. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe postero‐anterior lumbar spine X rays of 163 patients undergoing investigation for back pain were reviewed and the spinal level marking the intersection of a line joining the iliac crests was determined. This point coincided with the L4 spinous process or the L4–5(interspace in 78.6% of patients but was as high as the L3–4 interspace in 3.7% of cases. Reliance on this landmark might lead to more cranial placement of epidural or spinal needles than was intended and this may increase the risk of spinal cord damage.
Audit of postoperative pain control Influence of a dedicated acute pain nurse
Authors: COLEMAN S. A. , BOOKER‐MILBURN J. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe inadequacies of conventional intramuscular opioid analgesia have fuelled an expansion in the use of patient‐controlled analgesia and epidural analgesia after surgery. This is not always accompanied by increased education and specialist supervision of ward staff and patients. A survey in our hospital prior to the appointment of an Acute Pain Nurse showed an unacceptable incidence of side effects when epidural analgesia was employed on ordinary surgical wards. More surprisingly, efficacy of patient‐controlled analgesia was found to be low. Frequent review of patients and regular education of ward staff by a specialist Pain Nurse have achieved a substantial reduction in side effects of epidural analgesia and improvement in efficacy of patient‐controlled analgesia. We have shown that the advantages of patient‐controlled analgesia can be largely negated by failure to address deficiencies in knowledge of pain management amongst ward staff and patients.
Leg ischaemia in an infant following accidental intra‐arterial administration of atracurium treated with caudal anaesthesia
Authors: Kessell G. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryWe describe the effects of accidental intra‐arterial injection of suxamethonium and atracurium into the femoral artery of an infant. An 11‐month‐old boy with Downs Syndrome and obstructive sleep apnoea presented for tonsillectomy. Peripheral venous cannulation proved impossible. A femoral venous line was sited following inhalational induction of anaesthesia. Suxamethonium was given through this line and produced no adverse effect. Subsequently, atracurium was given through the line causing an instant cutaneous flush in the leg followed by a marked ischaemic appearance. The femoral line was assumed to be sited in the femoral artery and was removed. At the end of the operation a caudal injection of 10ml of 0.25% bupivacaine was performed. Within 30 min there was marked vasodilation of both legs with easily felt peripheral pulses. In view of the tonsillectomy anticoagulant and thrombolytic therapy were contra‐indicated. There were no adverse sequelae.