bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The measurement of term importance in automatic indexing
Authors: Salton G. , Wu H. , Yu C. T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe frequency characteristics of terms in the documents of a collection have been used as indicators of term importance for content analysis and indexing purposes. In particular, very rare or very frequent terms are normally believed to be less effective than medium‐frequency terms. Recently automatic indexing theories have been devised that use not only the term frequency characteristics but also the relevance properties of the terms. The major term‐weighting theories are first briefly reviewed. The term precision and term utility weights that are based on the occurrence characteristics of the terms in the relevant, as opposed to the nonrelevant, documents of a collection are then introduced. Methods are suggested for estimating the relevance properties of the terms based on their overall occurrence characteristics in the collection. Finally, experimental evaluation results are shown comparing the weighting systems using the term relevance properties with the more conventional frequency‐based methodologies.
Information flow and analysis: Theory, simulation, and experiments. II. Simulation, examples, and results
Authors: Yovits M. C. , Foulk C. R. , Rose L. L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis series of articles describes research which has been underway at The Ohio State University in an effort to develop a fundamental and general theory of information flow and analysis. More specifically, the research attempts to (1) identify and quantify important variables and parameters in the information flow process; (2) establish relationships among these variables; (3) apply the theory to practical situations and to examine the resulting implications; and (4) develop models, both simulation and experimental, to utilize and validate the theory. The basis for our work treats information as data of value in decision‐making. This, in turn, leads to a powerful model of a Generalized Information System. We have now made considerable progress and have developed the basic elements comprising a generalized theory. In particular, we have been able to establish quantitative definitions for and relationships among quantity of information, value of information, effectiveness of information, decision‐maker effectiveness, decision‐maker performance, and other terms. By dealing with “average” decision‐makers, we establish unique relationships for specific decision situations. Typical relationships and curves are presented in the articles. We describe a flexible, sophisticated simulation model which permits the examination of the interrelationship between information and decision‐making for a wide variety of different situations. We present detailed simulation results for two specific examples‐a typical farmer and a mathematical example. We describe prototype experiments which place human decision‐makers in an interactive decision‐making situation. We are able to obtain data on their decision‐making behavior in the light of our conceptual model. Preliminary analysis of the data is described.
Lack of standardization of the journal title data element in databases
Authors: Williams Martha E. , Lannom Laurence 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe problem of data element representation is more extensive than most perceive. The number of standards (internal, national, and international) is large, but the use of standards within databases is not widespread. The result is a significant lack of standardization both within and across databases. The result of nonstandardization becomes apparent when one attempts an exhaustive search on a particular data element in multiple databases. The journal title element was studied in eight databases, and four measures (“Number of forms of an element in a database,” “Percent retrievability by element form,” “Number of noncontiguous entry points in a sorted list,” and “Percent retrievability by best form of an element”) were developed to show the extent of standardization within a database and some of its implications for searching.
Information flow and analysis: Theory, simulation, and experiments. III. Preliminary experiments and analysis
Authors: Yovits M. C. , Foulk C. R. , Rose L. L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis series of articles describes research which has been underway at The Ohio State University in an effort to develop a fundamental and general theory of information flow and analysis. More specifically, the research attempts to (1) identify and quantify important variables and parameters in the information flow process; (2) establish relationships among these variables; (3) apply the theory to practical situations and to examine the resulting implications; and (4) develop models, both simulation and experimental, to utilize and validate the theory. The basis for our work treats information as data of value in decision‐making. This, in turn, leads to a powerful model of a Generalized Information System. We have now made considerable progress and have developed the basic elements comprising a generalized theory. In particular, we have been able to establish quantitative definitions for and relationships among quantity of information, value of information, effectiveness of information, decision‐maker effectiveness, decision‐maker performance, and other terms. By dealing with “average” decision‐makers, we establish unique relationships for specific decision situations. Typical relationships and curves are presented in the articles. We describe a flexible, sophisticated simulation model which permits the examination of the interrelationship between information and decision‐making for a wide variety of different situations. We present detailed simulation results for two specific examples—a typical farmer and a mathematical example. We describe prototype experiments which place human decision‐makers in an interactive decision‐making situation. We are able to obtain data on their decision‐making behavior in the light of our conceptual model. Preliminary analysis of the data is described.
Patterns of journal use in a departmental library: A citation analysis
Authors: McCain Katherine W. , Bobick James E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCitation analysis of faculty publications, doctoral dissertations, and preliminary doctoral qualifying briefs produced by faculty and students of the Biology Department, Temple University, is used to assess journal use in the Biology Library during the years 1975‐1977. There are 3739 citations to 336 journals in the combined sources ranking. The distribution of citations in each user group ranking and the combined sources ranking takes the form of a Bradford distribution; slope and x‐intercept values are given for each ranking. Sixty highly cited titles are examined in detail. Dissertation citations are dependent on active faculty participation in the doctoral program. Citations in qualifying briefs cover a broader range of topics and interests than either of the other two sources. Citation frequencies of volumes published in the periods 1960‐1969 and 1970‐1977 are examined. The post‐1960 citation frequency for 51 titles is 80% or higher. Several collection maintenance and development decisions have been made, based on the results of this study. Citation analysis is shown to be a useful tool in assessing actual and potential journal use by a heterogeneous clientele in a departmental library.
Representations, processes, memory mechanisms: The basic components of cognition
Authors: Monsell Stephen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEvery cognitive skill draws upon part of the brain's extensive repertoire of representational subsystems, storage mechanisms, and processes. This tutorial article is an introduction to research exploring these basic components of cognitive skill and their organization. Four areas of research are reviewed: the perception of objects and words; the distinction between short‐ and long‐term memory mechanisms; the retrieval of remembered episodes and facts; attention, performance, and consciousness.
Influence on online bibliographic services on student behavior
Authors: Kochen Manfred , Reich Victoria , Cohen Lee 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA class of graduate students who were assigned the task of compiling bibliographies on research topics was divided into two groups. The first received help in the form of online bibliographic searches conducted by one of the authors. The second group received help for an equivalent amount of time with conventional use of standard bibliographic tools. The online group spent less time on searching, but few felt that the search techniques helped to facilitate knowledge. We raise the question of who will benefit most from online bibliographic searches, under what conditions, and what important difference it will make to them. It seems that it may not greatly affect the scholarship or productivity of most students.
TOXLINE: Evolution of an online interactive bibliographic database
Authors: Schultheisz Robert J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe National Library of Medicine has offered TOXLINE, an online interactive bibliographic database of biomedical (toxicology) information since 1972. Files from 11 secondary sources comprise the TOXLINE database. The sources supplied bibliographic records in different formats and data structures. Data from each supplier's format had to be converted into a format suitable for TOXLINE. Three different, successive retrieval systems were used for the TOXLINE database which required reformatting of the data. Algorithms for generating terms for inverted file search methods were tested. Special characters peculiar to the scientific literature were evaluated during search term generation. Developing search term algorithms for chemical names in the scientific literature required techniques different from those used for nonscientific literature. Problems with replication of bibliographic records from multiple secondary sources are described. Some observations about online interactive databases since TOXLINE was first offered are noted.
Postcoordinate retrieval: A comparison of two indexing languages
Authors: Schabas Ann H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article reports on a comparison of the postcoordinate retrieval effectiveness of two indexing languages: LCSH and PRECIS. The effect of augmenting each with title words was also studied. The database for the study was over 15,000 UK MARC records. Users returned 5326 relevance judgments for citations retrieved for 61 SDI profiles, representing a wide variety of subjects. Results are reported in terms of precision and relative recall. Pure/applied sciences data and social sciences data were analyzed separately. Cochran's significance tests for ratios were used to interpret the findings. Recall emerged as the more important measure discriminating the behavior of the two languages. Addition of title words was found to improve recall of both indexing languages significantly. A direct relationship was observed between recall and exhaustivity. For the social sciences searches, recalls from PRECIS alone and from PRECIS with title words were significantly higher than those from LCSH alone and from LCSH with title words, respectively. Corresponding comparisons for the pure/applied sciences searches revealed no significant differences.
Collaboration in computational musicology
Authors: Pao Miranda Lee 
Published: June 2007

AbstractProductivity and collaboration are defined in terms of a 1966 study of a scientific group. These two parameters in a humanistic subject, computational musicology, are compared with the earlier study. The two most collaborative musicologists are also most prolific. However, only 15% of the humanistic literature are involved in coauthorship as compared with 80% of the scientific subject. Although heavy collaboration is an effective mechanism to stimulate substantially higher productivity, there is also a distinct core of highly prolific musicologists who collaborate very little, if at all. We suggest that such evidence supports the traditional belief that the humanist has a general tendency to work alone.
Citation ranking versus subjective evaluation in the determination of journal hierachies in the social sciences
Authors: Gordon Michael D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractConsiderable interest has been shown in problems associated with ranking journals in accord with their relative importance. With the publication of Journal Citation Reports, regularly updated ranking indicators, based on citation analysis, are made readily available. These indicators have been shown to have significant correlations with scientists' evaluations of the relative importance of journals in the biomedical sciences, but not the physical sciences. This article examines the situation in the social sciences, and finds a strong association between sociologists' evaluations of journal rank and particular citation rank indicators. This suggests that Social Science Journal Citation Reports could prove a valuable aid to journal selection for libraries and information systems.
Thematic analysis in information science: The example of “literature obsolescence”
Authors: Kuch T. D. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe concept of thematic analysis, as developed by Gerald Holton, Robert Merton, and others, is reviewed and characterized. The strengths and limitations of this concept are briefly discussed. The applicability of thematic analysis to information science is explored by means of examining four thematic models of change of state of knowledge, as exemplified by terms such as “literature obsolescence.” Articles from ten years of the Journal of the American Society for Information Science (volumes 16–27) were selected for examination. Several of these articles are shown to have thematic content and to exemplify the four models of change of state of knowledge. A concluding discussion assesses the implication of thematic analysis for information science and points out some unresolved problems of such analysis.
A replication of the Nelson and Mitroff experiment in teaching “bothsides” thinking
Authors: Geus Jan De , Mulder Frans , Zuurke Bert , Levine Marilyn M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA replication of Nelson and Mitroff's 1974 experiment in using computer gaming to teach “Bothsides” thinking was conducted in The Netherlands. Their results were not confirmed with regard to the attitude change of participants. The programmed well‐defined problem did not trigger Bothsides thinking, and, in our opinion, does not fit this mode of decision‐making. In addition, we found the list of questions for measuring the “change of mind” of the players neither valid nor reliable. The provisional conclusions of the research reported here are that (1) an ill‐defined rather than a well‐defined problem is needed, (2) the problem should be relevant and realistic, (3) an analysis of the process of thinking while playing the game is a better measure of eventual changes in the mode of thinking of the participants than postgame pencil‐and‐paper attitude tests.
Bibliometric models for management of an information store. III. Developing an empirical model
Authors: Parker Ralph H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBased on earlier studies by the author relating to differential demand among items in an information store and to the relation of demand to age of material, this article undertakes to develop an empirical model for predicting the size of an information store necessary to satisfy specified levals of demand. A modus operandi for selecting items for retirement or removal with the least adverse impact on effectiveness of the store is suggested.
A computer intermediary for interactive database searching. II. Evaluation
Authors: Meadow Charles T. , Hewett Thomas T. , Aversa Elizabeth S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis is the second of two articles describing the development, testing, and evaluation of the Individualized Instruction for Data Access System (IIDA). The system was tested in an industrial setting and it was demonstrated that (1) end users of scientific and technical literature could learn to do their own bibliographic searches through computer‐assisted instruction as well as they learned through a comparable period of conventional instruction, and (2) end users were as satisfied with the results of their own searchings as with the result of searches performed for them, for the types of searches tested.
A probabilistic approach to information retrieval in systems with boolean search request formulations
Authors: Radecki Tadeusz 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUp to the present a number of theoretical approaches has been developed in order to improve the effectiveness and/or efficiency of information retrieval. However, most of the information retrieval methods based on these approaches have never passed the stage of purely theoretical investigation, and experimentation, if carried out at all, has been very limited in scale. A closer examination of current theoretical developments and the present practice of information retrieval reveals that a combination of the existing theory of probabilistic retrieval into a practical methodology based on Boolean searches would be very promising. Such an extension of the probabilistic approach to information retrieval is outlined.
The systems approach: Its variety of aspects
Authors: Mattessich Richard 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article offers a concise survey and glimpse of the vast literature presently available in the field of systems thinking and cybernetics. The first part discusses the areas of systems philosophy, systems analysis (mathematical systems theory), empirical systems research, and systems engineering, while the second part offers some details about the contributions of the following selected scholars: von Bertalanffy, Bogdanov, Ackoff, Churchman, and Herbert A. Simon. A bibliography of some 150 books and papers closes the article.
Collection and characterization of spelling errors in scientific and scholarly text
Authors: Pollock J. J. , Zamora A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe SPEEDCOP (SPEIIing Error Detection correction Project) project recently completed at Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) extracted over 50,000 misspellings from approximately 25,000,000 words of text from seven scientific and scholarly databases. The misspellings were automatically classified and the error types analyzed. The results, which were consistent over the different databases, showed that the expected incidence of misspelling is 0.2%, that 90–95% of spelling errors have only a single mistake, that substitution is homogeneous while transposition is heterogeneous, that omission is the commonest type of misspelling, and that inadvertent doubling of a letter is the most important cause of insertion errors. The more frequently a letter occurs in the text, the more likely it is to be involved in a spelling error. Most misspellings collected by SPEEDCOP are of the type colloquially referred to as “typos” and approximately 90% are unlikely to be repeated in normal spans of text.
Validity of citation criteria for assessing the influence of scientific publications: New evidence with peer assessment
Authors: Lawani Stephen M. , Bayer Alan E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article reviews the principal correlational studies employing citation counts as criterion measures for assessing the impact of scientific scholarship. The rationale and limitations of such measures and studies are discussed. New evidence on the validity of citation criteria is presented based on a sample of 870 cancer research papers, divided into three groups (“first‐order” papers, abstracted in the Year Book of Cancer; “second‐order” papers, listed but not abstracted in the yearbook; and “average‐order” papers, a representative cross section of research papers unlisted in the yearbook). Results consistently show that highly rated papers are more highly cited over the ensuing five years after publication, or when controls are introduced for self‐citations, for the influence of listing in the yearbook, and for language and country of authorship. The implications of results are discussed.
Human memory organization for computer programs
Authors: Norcio A. F. , Kerst Stephen M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHuman memory organization has been shown to be important in the processing of natural language. Evidence is provided in this investigation which suggests that human memory organization is also important in processing programming languages. Subjects were divided into experimental groups which studied programs with or without documentation, and with or without hierarchically indented statements. Subjects studied and recalled five Fortran programs. The pattern of recalled statements at logic segment boundaries was compared to the recalled pattern within segments. In addition, the recalled boundary patterns of the experimental groups were compared to each other. The results indicate that algorithmic logic segments form a cognitive organizational structure in human memory for computer programs. Statement indentation and internal program documentation did not apparently enhance the organizational process or the recall of programming statements.
Automatic query formulations in information retrieval
Authors: Salton G. , Buckley C. , Fox E. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractModern information retrieval systems are designed to supply relevant information in response to requests received from the user population. In most retrieval environments the search requests consist of keywords, or index terms, interrelated by appropriate Boolean operators. Since it is difficult for untrained users to generate effective Boolean search requests, trained search intermediaries are normally used to translate original statements of user need into useful Boolean search formulations. Methods are introduced in this study which reduce the role of the search intermediaries by making it possible to generate Boolean search formulations completely automatically from natural language statements provided by the system patrons. Frequency considerations are used automatically to generate appropriate term combinations as well as Boolean connectives relating the terms. Methods are covered to produce automatic query formulations both in a standard Boolean logic system, as well as in an extended Boolean system in which the strict interpretation of the connectives is relaxed. Experimental results are supplied to evaluate the effectiveness of the automatic query formulation process, and methods are described for applying the automatic query formulation process in practice.
A cocitation map of the social indicators movement
Authors: White Howard D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAuthor cocitations form the base of a general technique of bibliogrpahic retrieval and of mapping the strucutre of literatures. The technique was used here in a largescale retrieval of the Social Indicators (SI) literature and a computerized mapping, through multidimensional scaling and clustering, of key SI contributors as perceived by citers during 1972‐1980. Clusters of points on the map are interpreted as authors similar in perceived subject matter and style of work; other interpretable features also eemerge. The map conforms well with independent reviews of the SI literature, actually illustrating some of the judgments they contain. It is suggested that such mappings may become a stimulus and complement to literature reviews in the future.