bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Organic Light‐Emitting Diode with Field‐Effect Electron Transport
Authors: Schols S. , Verlaak S. , Rolin C. , Cheyns D. , Genoe J. , Heremans P. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe describe an organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) using field‐effect to transport electrons. The device is a hybrid between a diode and a field‐effect transistor. Compared to conventional OLEDs, the metallic cathode is displaced by one to several micrometers from the light‐emitting zone. This micrometer‐sized distance can be bridged by electrons with enhanced field‐effect mobility. The device is fabricated using poly(triarylamine) (PTAA) as the hole‐transport material, tris(8‐hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) doped with 4‐(dicyanomethylene)‐2‐methyl‐6‐(julolindin‐4‐yl‐vinyl)‐4H‐pyran (DCM2) as the active light‐emitting layer, andN,N′‐ditridecylperylene‐3,4,9,10‐tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI‐C13H27), as the electron‐transport material. The obtained external quantum efficiencies are as high as for conventional OLEDs comprising the same materials. The quantum efficiencies of the new devices are remarkably independent of the current, up to current densities of more than 10 A cm–2. In addition, the absence of a metallic cathode covering the light‐emission zone permits top‐emission and could reduce optical absorption losses in waveguide structures. These properties may be useful in the future for the fabrication of solid‐state high‐brightness organic light sources.
Vapor‐Based Initiator Coatings for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Jiang X. , Chen H.‐Y. , Galvan G. , Yoshida M. , Lahann J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA novel polymeric initiator coating for surface modification via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is reported. The synthetic approach involves the chemical vapor deposition of [2.2]paracyclophane‐4‐methyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate and can be applied to a heterogeneous group of substrates including stainless steel, glass, silicon, poly(dimethylsiloxane), poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(tetrafluoroethylene), and polystyrene. Surface analysis using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy confirmed the chemical structure of the reactive initiator coatings to be consistent with poly[(p‐xylylene‐4‐methyl‐2‐bromoisobutyrate)‐co‐(p‐xylylene)]. Appropriate reactivity of the bromoisobutyrate side groups was confirmed by surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of a oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate. After solventless deposition of the CVD‐based initiator coating, hydrogel films as thick as 300 nm could be conveniently prepared within a 24 h timeframe via ATRP. Moreover, the polymerization showed ATRP‐specific reaction kinetics and catalyst concentration dependencies. In addition, spatially controlled deposition of the initiator coatings using vapor‐assisted microstructuring in replica structures resulted in fabrication of spatially confined hydrogel microstructures. Both protein adsorption and cell adhesion was significantly inhibited on areas that were modified by surface‐initiated ATRP, when compared with unmodified PMMA substrates. The herein described initiator coatings provide a convenient access route to controlled radical polymerization on a wide range of different materials. While demonstrated only for a representative group of substrate materials including polymers, metals, and semiconductors, this method can be expected to be generically applicable – thereby eliminating the need for cumbersome modification protocols, which so far had to be established for each substrate material independently.
Catechol‐O‐methyltransferaseVal158Metpolymorphism and clinical characteristics in first episode non‐affective psychosis
Authors: Pelayo‐Terán José María , Crespo‐Facorro Benedicto , Carrasco‐Marín Eugenio , Pérez‐Iglesias Rocío , Mata Ignacio , Arranz Maria Jesús , Leyva‐Cobián Francisco , Vázquez‐Barquero José Luis 
Published: December 2007

AbstractCatechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT)Val158Metpolymorphism has been identified as a potential etiologic factor in schizophrenia. It has been proposed that this polymorphism could be associated with specific clinical markers. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of COMTVal158Metpolymorphism genotype in the phenotypic expression of first episode psychosis at onset. Age of onset, DUP, SANS, and SAPS (positive, disorganized, and negative dimensions) were studied in 169 Caucasian drug‐naïve patients with a first‐episode of non‐affective psychosis. The COMTVal158Metpolymorphism was typed using PCR amplification of the relevant region followed by digestion withNlaIII and electrophoresis. A multivariate ANCOVA was performed with COMT and gender as independent variables. Patients with Val/Val genotype had significantly higher levels of SANS negative dimension scores (F: 3.539;P = 0.031) and had a younger age of onset (F: 4.649;P = 0.011) than Met carriers. Our findings suggest that the Val allele is associated with onset phenotypic features related to a poor prognosis of the illness. These data would indicate that COMT genotype may have a role in the etiological model for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and structural characterization of diorganotin(IV) complexes with 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid
Authors: Azadmeher Amirreza , Amini Mostafa M. , Hadipour Nasser , Khavasi Hamid Reza , Fun Hoong‐Kun , Chen Chun‐Jung 
Published: December 2007

AbstractTwo new diorganotin(IV) derivatives of 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid, {[Ph2Sn(2,6‐C5H3N)(COO)2][Na(2,6‐C5H3N)(COOH) (COO)(CH3OH)2]} (1) and [Me2Sn(2,6‐C5H3N)(COO)2(H2O)]•H2O (2) were synthesized by the reaction of Ph3SnCl and PhMe2SnI with 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid, respectively in the presence of sodium methoxide or potassium iso‐propoxide. The prepared compounds were characterized by mass spectrometry, IR, 1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR spectroscopies. The molecular structures of both complexes were determined by a single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. The X‐ray structure revealed pentagonal bipyramidal geometry around the tin atom for compound 1, which is incorporated with a hexacoordinated monosodium derivative of 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid. Complex 2 adopts a monomeric structure with two carboxylate oxygen atoms coordinated to tin in monodenate form from equatorial positions, and the coordination number is raised to six as the oxygen of water and pyridine nitrogen occupies the other equatorial positions of octahedron. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction of methyltin(IV) compounds with carboxylate ligands. Part 2: formation thermodynamic parameters, predictive relationships and sequestering ability
Authors: De Stefano Concetta , Gianguzza Antonio , Giuffrè Ottavia , Pettignano Alberto , Sammartano Silvio 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThermodynamic data of mono‐, di‐ and tri‐methyltin(IV)‐carboxylate complexes (acetate, malonate, succinate, oxydiacetate, diethylenetrioxydiacetate, malate, citrate, 1,2,3‐tricarballylate, 1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylate, 1,2,3,4,5,6‐benzenehexacarboxylate) in aqueous solution are reported at t = 25 °C and I = 0 mol l−1. Thermodynamic parameters obtained were analysed to formulate empirical predictive relationships as a function of different parameters, such as the number of carboxylate groups of the ligand and the charge of the alkyltin(IV) cation. Sequestration diagrams of citrate and 1,2,3‐tricarballylate towards alkyltin(IV) cations at different pH values are also reported and discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dependence of CO oxidation on Pt nanoparticle shape: a shape‐selective approach to the synthesis of PEMFC catalysts
Authors: Kinge Sachin , Urgeghe Christian , De Battisti Achille , Bönnemann Helmut 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn real catalyst systems, it is difficult to establish a correlation between catalytic properties and the shape (crystal planes, corners and steps) of the active catalytic particles. In this paper we present a clear shape dependence of the catalytic properties of a Vulcan‐supported fuel cell catalyst having 4 nm cubo‐octahedral platinum(0) nanocrystallites with (111) and (100) surfaces stabilized by sodium polyacrylate. The electrode materials were characterized by CO‐stripping cyclic voltammetry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), showing that no agglomeration had occurred among the nanoparticles on the catalyst surfaces. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A tool for data cube construction from structurally heterogeneous XML documents
Authors: Näppilä Turkka , Järvelin Kalervo , Niemi Timo 
Published: December 2007

AbstractData cubes for OLAP (On‐Line Analytical Processing) often need to be constructed from data located in several distributed and autonomous information sources. Such a data integration process is challenging due to semantic, syntactic, and structural heterogeneity among the data. While XML (extensible markup language) is the de facto standard for data exchange, the three types of heterogeneity remain. Moreover, popular path‐oriented XML query languages, such as XQuery, require the user to know in much detail the structure of the documents to be processed and are, thus, effectively impractical in many real‐world data integration tasks. Several Lowest Common Ancestor (LCA)‐based XML query evaluation strategies have recently been introduced to provide a more structure‐independent way to access XML documents. We shall, however, show that this approach leads in the context of certain—not uncommon—types of XML documents to undesirable results. This article introduces a novel high‐level data extraction primitive that utilizes the purpose‐built Smallest Possible Context (SPC) query evaluation strategy. We demonstrate, through a system prototype for OLAP data cube construction and a sample application in informetrics, that our approach has real advantages in data integration.
Assessment of female and male fertility in Sprague–Dawley rats administered vorinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor
Authors: Wise L. David , Spence Stan , Saldutti Louise P. , Kerr Janet S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been shown to mediate the regulation of gene expression, induce cell growth, cell differentiation, and apoptosis of tumor cells. These compounds are now marketed or are in clinical development. One such HDAC inhibitor, vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid [SAHA], Zolinza), was assessed for its potential effects on fertility in Sprague–Dawley rats. METHODS: Female rats were administered oral dose levels of 0 (vehicle only), 15, 50, or 150 mg/kg/day of vorinostat for 14 days before cohabitation, during cohabitation, and through Gestation Day (GD) 7. In a separate study, male rats were administered oral dose levels of 0 (vehicle only), 20, 50, or 150 mg/kg/day for 10 weeks before cohabitation, during cohabitation, and until the day before scheduled sacrifice (approximately 14 weeks total). In both studies, % peri‐implantation loss and % postimplantation loss were evaluated on GD 15–17. Testicular weight and histomorphology, cauda epididymal sperm count, and sperm motility were evaluated in the male rat study at termination. RESULTS: There were treatment‐related decreases in body weight gain at 150 mg/kg/day in both studies. There were no effects on mating or fertility indices in either study. In the female study there were increased numbers of corpora lutea in all drug‐treated groups (only 1 or 2 affected dams in low and mid‐dose groups), and a marked increase in percent postimplantation loss only in the high‐dose group. No treatment‐related effects were observed on litter or sperm parameters of the male study. CONCLUSIONS: Vorinostat had no effects on mating or fertility in rats up to 150 mg/kg/day. There were no indications of reproductive toxicity in drug‐treated male rats. Increases in corpora lutea or resorptions were observed in treated female rats. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 80:1–8, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decreased Expression of GATA4 in the Diaphragm of Nitrofen‐Induced Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: Dingemann Jens , Doi Takashi , Gosemann Jan‐Hendrik , Ruttenstock Elke Maria , Nakazawa Nana , Puri Prem 
Published: December 2007

BACKGROUNDThe molecular mechanisms underlying the diaphragmatic defect in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) are still poorly understood. The transcription factor GATA4 is essential for normal development of the diaphragm. Recently, mutations in the GATA4 gene have been linked to human and rodent CDH. We hypothesized that diaphragmatic GATA4 expression is downregulated in the nitrofen CDH model.METHODSPregnant rats received Nitrofen or vehicle on day 9 of gestation (D9). Fetuses were sacrificed on D13, D18, or D21. Pleuroperitoneal folds (n = 20) and fetal diaphragms (n = 40) were (micro) dissected and divided into CDH group and controls. RNA and protein were extracted. GATA4 mRNA levels were determined by real‐time PCR. Protein levels were determined by ELISA and Immunohistochemistry.RESULTSmRNA levels and Protein levels were significantly decreased in the CDH group compared to controls on D13 (mRNA 15.96 ± 6.99 vs. 38.10 ± 5.01, p < 0.05), D18 (mRNA 10.45 ± 1.84 vs. 17.68 ± 2.11, Protein 2.59 ± 0.06 vs. 4.58 ± 0.35 p < 0.05) and D21 (mRNA 4.31 ± 0.83 vs. 6.87 ± 0.88, Protein 0.16 ± 0.08 vs. 1.26 ± 0.49, p < 0.05). Immunoreactivity of GATA4 was markedly decreased in CDH‐diaphragms on D13, D18, and D21.CONCLUSIONSWe provide evidence for the first time that diaphragmatic expression of GATA4 is downregulated in the nitrofen model, suggesting that decreased expression of GATA4 may impair diaphragmatic development in nitrofen‐induced CDH.
Birch Reduction of Hexaphenyl‐ and Pentaphenylbenzene and an X‐ray Crystallography and NMR Spectroscopy Study of cis‐ and epi‐1,2,3,4,5,6‐Hexaphenylcyclohexane and of 2,3,5,6‐Tetraphenyl‐1,1′‐bicyclohexylidene: Cannizzaro's Conundrum Revisited
Authors: Grealis John P. , Müller‐Bunz Helge , Ortin Yannick , Condell Mark , Casey Michael , McGlinchey Michael J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe Birch reduction of hexaphenylbenzene yields two isomers of 1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexaphenylcyclohexane. The X‐ray crystal structure of the all‐cis isomer, 1, reveals that the severe steric crowding among the three axial phenyls is alleviated by a marked splaying out of those three aryl substituents relative to the positioning in a conventional chair structure. A second product, 2, was identified crystallographically and by NMR spectroscopy as the 1,3‐diaxial‐2,4,5,6‐tetraequatorial (epi) isomer of hexaphenylcyclohexane, in which only five of the six additional hydrogen atoms are positioned on the same face of the C6Ph6 precursor. A variable‐temperature NMR study of the all‐cis isomer 1 yielded a chair‐to‐chair inversion barrier of ≈19 kcal mol−1, which is somewhat higher than the previously reported values for all‐cis‐1,2,3,4,5,6‐C6H6R6 in which R=Me or CO2Me. The possible relevance to Cannizzaro's 1854 report of a product with the formula (C7H6)n is discussed. By contrast, Birch reduction of pentaphenylbenzene led to the formation of 2,3,5,6‐tetraphenyl‐1,1′‐bicyclohexylidene.
Removal of Carcinogenic Direct Azo Dyes from Aqueous Solutions Using Calix[n]arene Derivatives
Authors: Yilmaz Ozmen Elif , Erdemir Serkan , Yilmaz Mustafa , Bahadir Müfit 
Published: December 2007

AbstractCalix[n]arenes having different internal cavities sizes were synthesized. The ability of these sorbents to extract carcinogenic direct azo dyes from water by a solid‐liquid extraction process was studied and compared to results obtained with the unsubstituted calix[n]arene. The carboxylic acid derivative of calix[6,8]arene showed the highest affinity towards the azo dyes. The sorption capacity of dyes on the calix[n]arenes was dependent on the presence of sulfonate groups on the anionic dyes. The optimum pH value for dye sorption was observed at pH 3.5 to 8.5 for all calixarene derivatives. The proposed sorption mechanism involves several kinds of interactions: electrostatic repulsion between carboxylic acid groups of calix[n]arenes and sulfonate groups of azo dyes, hydrogen bonding and formation of an inclusion complex through host‐guest interactions.
Utility of Remote Sensing Technology for Determining Characteristics of Sandy Beaches
Authors: Kaya Sinasi , Seker Dursun Z. , Yasa Nilay E. , Kabdasli Sedat , Tanik Aysegul 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn this study, four sandy beaches located on the western part of the Turkish Black Sea coast were selected to determine the characteristics of sand. Hence, field studies were conducted and remotely sensed data taken simultaneously were utilized.A hand spectroradiometer was used to measure reflectance values in the beaches. Various monitoring stations for spectral reflectance measurements and sand sampling stations for moisture content analyses were selected on each of the beaches. The sand samples were further sieved in the laboratory to obtain the grain size distribution. The spectral reflectance measurements of the beaches and the grain size distributions were compared with the classified IKONOS satellite images obtained simultaneously with the field surveys. Reflectance values showed similarities between the beaches. Classification done by using the grain size distributions put forth the areal‐based information on sand size characteristics.
New Sorbents for Solid‐Phase Extraction for Metal Enrichment
Authors: Türker Ali Rehber 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSample pretreatment methods, such as separation and/or preconcentration prior to the determination of metal ions have developed rapidly due to the increasing need for accurate and precise measurements at extremely low levels of ions in diverse matrices. This review covers new sorbents including microorganisms and nanomaterials used for the solid‐phase extraction of metal ions from various sample matrices. A literature survey of the last three years (2005–2007) offering a critical review of these new sorbents available for use in trace metal enrichment is provided. To keep the focus on new sorbents, some of the papers relating to well‐known sorbents such as activated carbon are excluded.
Restaurant Wastewater Treatment by Constructed Wetlands
Authors: Gunes Kemal 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA low‐cost method for domestic wastewater treatment has been developed for scattered settlements in rural areas with no sewer facilities. The system was operated with only restaurant wastewaters having pollutant strengths 2 to 4 times higher than typical domestic wastewater. The system dimensions were 1 m×4 m×0.4 m (W×L×H). The three layers inside were separated by plastic sheets and filled with 10 cm thick peat layers. The system could treat up to 400 L of restaurant wastewater daily with removal rates of COD, TKN, PO4‐P, N‐Total, and SS of 94.4, 2.7, 0.23, 2.95, and 87.2 g/m2, respectively. The system was equipped with a disinfection unit having two 8 W UV lamps. The efficiency of disinfection was tested based on the pathogen count in the effluent. No Escherichia coli or fecal coliforms were detected in the effluent.
Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 identifies a specific subpopulation of angiogenic blood vessels following contusive spinal cord injury in the adult mouse
Authors: Benton Richard L. , Maddie Melissa A. , Minnillo Danielle R. , Hagg Theo , Whittemore Scott R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAfter traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), disruption and plasticity of the microvasculature within injured spinal tissue contribute to the pathological cascades associated with the evolution of both primary and secondary injury. Conversely, preserved vascular function most likely results in tissue sparing and subsequent functional recovery. It has been difficult to identify subclasses of damaged or regenerating blood vessels at the cellular level. Here, adult mice received a single intravenous injection of the Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 (IB4) at 1–28 days following a moderate thoracic (T9) contusion. Vascular binding of IB4 was maximally observed 7 days following injury, a time associated with multiple pathologic aspects of the intrinsic adaptive angiogenesis, with numbers of IB4 vascular profiles decreasing by 21 days postinjury. Quantitative assessment of IB4 binding shows that it occurs within the evolving lesion epicenter, with affected vessels expressing a temporally specific dysfunctional tight junctional phenotype as assessed by occludin, claudin‐5, and ZO‐1 immunoreactivities. Taken together, these results demonstrate that intravascular lectin delivery following SCI is a useful approach not only for observing the functional status of neovascular formation but also for definitively identifying specific subpopulations of reactive spinal microvascular elements. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1031–1052, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of neuropeptides in migraine: where do they stand in the latest expert recommendations in migraine treatment?
Authors: Samsam M. , Coveñas R. , Ahangari R. , Yajeya J. , Narváez J.A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMany factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of migraine headache, including activation of the trigeminovascular system, dysfunction of: cerebral blood vessels, circulating vasoactive substances, mitochondrial energy metabolism, brain oxygenation and metabolism, platelet disorder, alterations in serotonin levels, low levels of brain tissue magnesium, altered transport of ions across the cell membrane, and inheritance and dysfunction of the brainstem periaqueductal gray matter. The headache phase of migraine is associated with cerebral vasodilation and inflammation, presumably mediated by the release of vasoactive substances and neuropeptides including CGRP (calcitonin gene‐related peptide). Increased serum CGRP levels have been detected during migraine and cluster headache. One strategy to treat migraine is to inhibit the release of neuropeptides or to block their receptors. This article briefly reviews some experimental and clinical investigations focused on neuropeptide involvement in migraine. Drug Dev Res 68:294–314, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antiepileptic drugs in the preventive treatment of migraine in children and adolescents
Authors: Vollono Catello , Ferraro Diana , Valeriani Massimiliano 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMigraine prevalence in childhood ranges from 2.7 to 10% causing a significant impact on quality of life. No drugs are currently approved for use in the prevention of pediatric migraine. Antiepileptic drugs such as valproate and topiramate have been approved for the preventive treatment of migraine in adults. The present study aimed at reviewing evidence on the efficacy and safety of antiepileptic drugs in the preventive treatment of migraine in children and adolescents. We searched PubMed from 1988 to May 2007 and reviewed, abstracted, and classified relevant literature. Thirteen studies were reviewed. Data from randomized controlled trials are available only for valproate and topiramate. They show that both topiramate and valproate are effective in reducing headache frequency, intensity, and duration. As for safety and tolerability, topiramate is well tolerated, while there are insufficient data regarding the tolerability of valproate. Open‐label or retrospective studies suggest that levetiracetam, zonisamide, and gabapentin are effective, but further evidence is warranted to confirm these data. Drug Dev Res 68:355–359, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.