bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primer on GRITS/STAT 5.0
Authors: Kimzey Doug 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGRITS/STAT 4.2 (Groundwater Information Tracking System with statistical analysis capability) enjoys widespread use in the groundwater community. GRITS/STAT is a free PC‐based database system capable of performing many of the statistical methods promulgated by the EPA guidance documents: Statistical Analysis of Ground‐Water Monitoring Data at RCRA Facilities, 1989, and Addendum to Interim Final Guidance, 1992. GRITS/STAT 4.2, however, suffered from numerous software problems and lagged behind current guidance, particularly in the implementation of statistical intervals. With the release of GRITS/STAT 5.0, many of the software problems that plagued GRITS/STAT 4.2 were addressed and an entirely new Statistical Intervals module was added to bring the software closer to current guidance. The GRITS/STAT 5.0 Beta Test produced a helpful list of work arounds to commonly reported problems. A comparison of the Parametric Confidence Interval methods in GRITS/STAT 4.2 and GRITS/STAT 5.0 illustrates the expanded utility offered by the new Statistics module. The Parametric Confidence Interval in GRITS/STAT 4.2 is only moderately useful for comparing individual wells to an alternate concentration limit (ACL) computed on average background samples. GRITS/STAT 5.0, however, offers users the ability to compare individual and pooled wells to ACLs computed on background averages and risk‐based maximum concentration limits (MCLs).
The trade‐off between assessment and cleanup phases of remediation projects
Authors: Painter Jennifer P. , Hogan Brian J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBased on actual project experiences over the past decade, execution strategies for remediation projects have varied significantly. For example, the overlap between the assessment and cleanup phases can range from none (for projects that complete assessment activities before starting the cleanup) to almost half of the assessment duration (for projects that may be under pressure to show progress at the site). This article quantifies the relationship between remediation project execution strategies, project definition components, and remediation project cost and schedule performance. By relating project outcomes to indicators that can be monitored early in the project cycle, project teams may be able to correct problems before they affect the ultimate performance of the remediation project.
Best management practices to prevent cross‐media transfers during soil cleanup
Authors: Dutta Subijoy , Robinson Bonnie B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCleanup activities often focus on the initial and final concentration levels of contaminants. What happens in‐between, during implementation of treatment technologies, has raised major concerns by several environmental groups. To address this issue, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has undertaken the task of developing a guidance that would identify the potential for cross‐media transfer during implementation of various soil treatment technologies and recommend best management practices (BMPs) to prevent or control these cross‐media transfers. The soil treatment technologies have been grouped into seven major categories in this effort. This article provides some details of the seven soil treatment technology groups and the general BMPs recommended in the draft BMP guidance document. One case history of existing control practices is also presented in this article and compared with the recommended BMPs.
Enhanced land treatment of petroleum‐contaminated soils using solid peroxygen materials
Authors: Davis John W. , West Robert J. , Klecka Gary M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA pilot field study evaluated whether adding solid peroxygen materials during land treatment could cost effectively accelerate cleanup at a site contaminated with petroleum‐related compounds. Five test cells were constructed containing approximately five cubic yards of soil contaminated with 300–400 mg/kg of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). Three cells received treatment with solid peroxygen materials (either MgO2 or CaO2), while the other two cells served as controls (no peroxygen amendment). Adding solid peroxygen compounds effectively reduced the hydrocarbon contamination in the soils and decreased the treatment time. During this time, the concentration of TPH in soil in the three treatment cells decreased. In contrast, there was little loss of TPH from the two control cells simulating traditional land treatment. Adding the solid peroxygen materials reduced the total site remediation time, thereby reducing the overall costs.
Rehabilitation of the chernoistochinskii drinking water system, Nizhnii Tagil, Russia
Authors: Brown James R. , Myers Vernon B. , Parker Susan G. , Stewart Robert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) performed a reservoir diagnosis and developed low‐cost recommendations to improve drinking water quality for the city of Nizhnii Tagil, Russia. Despite widespread regional pollution, water quality within the drinking water supply source can be summarized as generally good. Sampling and analysis efforts did not reveal appreciable amounts of hazardous chemicals or metals. The major water quality problem stems from an abundance of blue‐green algae during the summer months, causing drinking water taste and odor problems and filter clogging at the water treatment plant. City water treatment officials also frequently experience difficulties with maintaining an effective disinfection residual in the distribution system because it spans more than 30 kilometers in length. Regrowth of microorganisms in the distribution system often causes coliform bacteria counts to exceed standards. The implementation of a watershed protection and management program, and the installation of a new disinfection system, to purify drinking water and to reduce bacterial growth in the distribution system should improve drinking water quality for the city residents.
A risk assessment of chlorinated aliphatics in bioremediated soils
Authors: Smith Tracy G. , Portier Ralph J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNatural microbes living in contaminated subsurface media can be enhanced to degrade large concentrations of contaminating compounds at a faster rate than the microbes could degrade under natural conditions. A feasibility study demonstrating this principle was performed on‐site in southern Louisiana to evaluate the effectiveness of two microbial degradation remediation methods used to decrease the human carcinogenic risks associated with exposure to ethylene dichloride and vinyl chloride concentrations in contaminated clay and sludge soils at the site. The results of the study are compared to an acceptable Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality closure level to evaluate in‐situ microbial enhancement in chlorinated aliphatic‐contaminated sludge and clay soils as a remediation/cleanup alternative in similar industrial situations.
Adaptive sampling and analysis programs for contaminated soils
Authors: Johnson Robert , Quinn John , Durham Lisa , Williams Gustavious , Robbat Albert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAdaptive sampling and analysis programs (ASAPs) provide a cost‐effective alternative to traditional sampling program designs. ASAPs are based on field analytical methods for rapid sample turnaround and field‐based decision support for guiding the progress of the sampling program. One common objective of ASAPs is to delineate contamination present in soils, either to support feasibility studies or remedial action designs. An ASAP based on portable gas chromatograph/ mass spectrograph (GC/MS) technologies developed at Tufts University combined with decision support tools created at Argonne National Laboratory was used to delineate explosives contamination in soils at Joliet Army Ammunition Plant, Joliet, Illinois. Tufts' GC/MS technologies provided contaminant‐specific identification and quantification with rapid sample turnaround and high sample throughput. Argonne's decision support tools estimated contamination extent, determined the uncertainty associated with those estimates, and indicated where sampling should continue to minimize uncertainty. In the case of Joliet, per sample analytical costs were reduced by 75 percent as compared to the cost of off‐site laboratory analyses for explosives. The use of an ASAP resulted in a much more accurate identification and delineation of contaminated areas than a traditional sampling program would have with the same number of samples collected on a regular grid. While targeting explosives contamination in soils at Joliet, the ASAP technologies used in this demonstration have much broader application.
Thermal treatment and decontamination of mercury‐contaminated waste: Recent developments and comparative evaluation
Authors: Sadhukhan Pasupati , Bradford Mike 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe land disposal restriction regulations have necessitated development of technologies for the treatment of wastes and soils containing mercury. Of all the treatment methods, thermal technologies are the most advanced and proven for a variety of mercury‐contaminated waste materials.During the past few years, a number of thermal treatment processes have been developed both for listed and characteristic waste. A review of the technologies identified six that are in either commercial or pilot plant stages. The biggest volumes of waste currently occur in the gas processing and caustic‐chlorine industries, so most of the technologies being used appear to have been developed around the characteristics of these two wastes.This article discusses the characteristics of each of the six available thermal treatment processes, and describes the types of mercury‐contaminated wastes these technologies have been designed to handle.
Natural biodegradation of wood preservatives
Authors: Stroo Hans , Cosentini Chris , Ronning Tedd , Larsen Mark 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNatural biodegradation can contain groundwaters impacted by creosote and pentachlorophenol. Using natural biodegradation for such sites is attractive because groundwater restoration is often impracticable, but the dissolved plumes are biodegradable and exert relatively low oxygen demands. Three case studies of its successful use are presented, with emphasis on the types of evidence needed, the rates and extents of removal, and the strategies for incorporating natural biodegradation into a remediation approach. Natural biodegradation was proven at all three sites, using a combination of field geochemical measurements, laboratory simulations, and computer modeling. Contaminant plumes at these three sites were contained within 100 to 700 feet downgradient of the apparent sources, although the rates of biodegradation varied widely. Natural biodegradation should be considered as part of an overall remedial strategy for most sites contaminated by creosote and/or pentachlorophenol.
Implications of MTBE for Intrinsic Remediation of Underground Fuel Tank Sites
Authors: Odencrantz Joseph E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMTBE in groundwater has been shown to travel over 1,000 feet downgradient from its source in several comprehensive field studies conducted across North America. The biodegradability of MTBE is examined by summarizing all the significant literature on the subject and by detailing the findings of recent field investigations of MTBE transport. In Orange County, California, the persistence of MTBE is analyzed and statistical representations of source variability are presented. Regional and far field transport of MTBE in groundwater sourced from underground gasoline storage tanks are summarized in comprehensive tables of frequency and plume length. Estimates of source mass and duration allow for comparison of associated plume size. The conclusion reached after reviewing all the available literature on MTBE is that its biodegradability seems slight and the size of the plumes are surprisingly large. Intrinsic or natural attenuation remedies for MTBE merit close scrutiny.
SITE Program Success: Cost Savings to Government and Increased Revenue for Technology Vendors
Authors: Gatchett Annette M. , Edwards Katherine S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program is a program mandated by Congress through the 1986 Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA). The original Superfund allowed no provisions for research and development of needed remediation technologies. Problems arose when the demand for involved, complex treatment could not be met by the traditional contain, haul, and dispose process that hazardous waste handlers had become familiar with. In response to the increasing complexity of hazardous waste site remediation, SARA called for an “Alternative or Innovative Treatment Technology Research and Demonstration Program.” As a result, EPA's Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response and the Office of Research and Development established the SITE program. This article is a historical analysis of the unique cost savings of the SITE program.
Powerful data analysis routine helps locate buried bombs
Authors: Barthel Christian , Rosenberger Ralf 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHeavy bombing during World War II in Europe, particularly in Germany, left thousands of unexploded bombs buried underground and underwater. The bombs can be detected with magnetic sensors, but sorting through the huge amounts of data generated in area searches has proven to be by far the most difficult part of the task. Recently, a data analysis program has been developed that is capable of correlating global positioning system (GPS) data to magnetic sensor readings to identify likely bomb site candidates in a remarkably short period of time. A key to the success of this application is the use of packaged data‐analysis software, Origin, from Microcal Software, Inc. (Northampton, Massachusetts), which is capable of interfacing to external C and C++ pattern curve‐fitting routines that operate at the required high rates of speed.
A planning‐level model for estimating quantities of wastes generated by the demolition of structures during remediation
Authors: Davis Michal J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA model is presented to estimate quantities of wastes generated by the demolition of various types of industrial structures. It is intended to be used for preliminary planning purposes in the absence of any detailed structure‐specific information. Detailed material quantity estimates compiled for structures at the U.S. Department of Energy's Fernald site in Ohio were used to develop the statistical relationships in the model. The model provides estimates of the total quantity of wastes, the quantities of waste concrete, and the quantities of wastes that originate from at‐, below‐, and above‐grade portions of a structure.
A local solution to superfund clean‐up: The southeast rockford site
Authors: Morrissette Peggy 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOn January 13, 1999 a consent decree was signed for the first community settlement ever successfully negotiated for a Superfund site. The 10‐square mile groundwater study zone in Rockford, Illinois, is only 20 percent of the area of the city, but represents 60 percent of its industrial capacity. Local government and business leaders took the initiative to negotiate a community‐based settlement with the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (IEPA) and find financing mechanisms that citizens could back.Rockford dodged the Superfund bullet that has ripped apart so many other communities as bank loans dry up, development ceases, local taxes plunge along with property values, the local economy stagnates, and neighbor is pitted against neighbor in a litigation war.
Use of open‐path FTIR spectroscopy to address air monitoring needs during site remediations
Authors: Minnich Timothy R. , Scotto Robert L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlthough open‐path Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has been an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Toxic Organic Compendium Method since 1996, it has been underutilized as a means to assess exposure to gaseous contaminants during the remediation of hazardous waste sites. This might be considered surprising in light of the many benefits that proper application of this technology can offer. In this article, we provide an overview of the technology and the principle of operation, describe the nature of the data generated, discuss the benefits associated with the technology's use in site clean‐up, present emission‐rate estimation techniques, and examine the reasons why it has not gained more support over the years. Finally, we present a case study in which the technology was used to drive an 11‐month emergency removal action under the direction of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
A performance history of the base catalyzed decomposition (BCD) process
Authors: Schupp Donald A. , Krishnan E. Radha , Huffman George L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRemediation of halogenated organic compounds—such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)—poses a challenge because these compounds are resistant to microbial attack and to degradation by many common chemicals. Since the mid‐1980s, the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Office of Research and Development in Cincinnati, Ohio—the National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL)—has funded research and development efforts to develop specialized, chemical dehalogenation processes for detoxifying PCBs and related compounds. NRMRL owns domestic rights for “basic process” patents on a chemical dehalogenation process commonly known as Base Catalyzed Decomposition (BCD). EPA has licensed the process to two firms for use in the United States. This article summarizes laboratory‐scale, pilot‐scale, and field performance data on BCD technology collected to date by various governmental, academic, and private organizations.
Dynamic workplans and field analytics: Metals assessment by inductively coupled plasma/optical emission spectroscopy
Authors: Simpson Robert L. , Bock Christa L. , Robbat Albert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHazardous waste site investigations were carried out at the Marine Corps Air Station (MCAS) in Yuma, Arizona and at Hanscom Air Force Base (HAFB) in Bedford, Massachusetts. The purpose of the first was to determine the location and extent of metals contamination throughout the base. The objective of the second was to evaluate the risk of metals contamination to groundwater from soil at three locations within the airfield. Dynamic workplans were developed and an adaptive sampling and analysis plan carried out with the data produced in the field used to support the goals of each project. An inductively coupled plasma/optical emission spectrometer (ICP/OES) was modified for field operation. A more efficient microwave digestion method and pressurized Teflon filtration system were developed for the HAFB project. Results were comparable to standard Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methods, which must rely on two digestion procedures to recover EPA‐targeted metals within the prescribed recovery range. The MCAS investigation, conducted over a five‐month period, advanced the Navy's efforts from 30 months behind schedule to 18 months ahead of schedule, while the data generated at HAFB showed no risk to groundwater from metals.
Six‐phase heating™: The new power tool
Authors: Kendall Scott , Wolf Jerry L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe removal of dense non‐aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) in‐situ remains one of the remediation industry's toughest burden. Numerous treatment methods have been applied in an effort to deal with this problem, most requiring many years of continued application to produce even marginally successful results. Current Environment Solutions (CES) has brought a new technology, known as Six‐Phase Heating™ (SPH), to bear on this problem. This new technology is proving capable of providing rapid remediation of DNAPL‐contaminated sites at reasonable costs.
Bench‐ and pilot‐scale applications of electrochemical peroxidation: A new remedial concept
Authors: Chiarenzelli Jeffrey , Falanga Lauren , Wunderlich Michele 
Published: February 2007

AbstractElectrochemical peroxidation (ECP) is a proprietary process that utilizes sacrificial iron electrodes and stochiometrically balanced applications of hydrogen peroxide to efficiently destroy aqueous phase contaminants. In laboratory trials it has been successful in reducing, often to non‐detectable levels, BTEX, fuel additives, chlorinated solvents, and polychlorinated biphenyls in ground waters. The process has also been found effective in reducing the chemical and biological oxygen demand of industrial waste water. Agency‐approved pilot tests will be conducted at two gasoline spill sites during 2000 where traditional pump and treat methods have proven ineffectual because of ground water chemistry or subsurface hydrologic conditions. The ECP process utilizes a tripartite treatment strategy consisting of 1) ex situ chemical oxidation; 2) in situ oxidation by reinjection of treated water with residual oxidants at the head of the plume; and 3) reestablishment of aerobic biodegradation by alteration of subsurface redox conditions. In contrast to other in situ oxidation treatment methods, dissolved iron is derived electrochemically, negating the need for ferrous salt addition. Dilute hydrogen peroxide (3 percent) is incrementally added to maximize oxidation efficiency and eliminate safety and environmental concerns accompanying the use of highly concentrated solutions. Results of laboratory trials and the geological and geochemical considerations of upcoming pilot‐scale applications are presented. Other potential applications currently under investigation include combination with other remedial processes (e.g. permeable barriers and hydrogen release compounds) to insure complete and rapid contaminant mineralization.
Superfund cleanup: Designing containment remedies for recreational reuse
Authors: King Joseph D. , Taylor Richard J. , McLaughlin Andrea , Voss Christopher 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn July, 1999, EPA announced its Superfund Redevelopment Initiative, the Agency's effort to help communities bring Superfund sites back into productive use in a manner that is protective of human health and the environment. As part of the Superfund Redevelopment Initiative, the Agency is developing reuse design guides that provide technical information related to the design of remedies that safely support reuse. The design guides focus on the reuse of containment sites, and address such topics as settlement, gas control, irrigation, drainage, and operation and maintenance. Case studies of redeveloped sites are also presented in the guides. EPA is currently developing design guides that address the reuse of Superfund sites for commercial purposes, wildlife areas, parking lots, recreational sports fields, and golf courses. This article provides information on the first guide in the series‐the reuse of Superfund sites for recreational purposes.