bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Amsterdam Studies of Acute Psychiatry I (ASAP-I); A prospective cohort study of determinants and outcome of coercive versus voluntary treatment interventions in a metropolitan area
Authors: van der Post Louk , Schoevers Robert , Koppelmans Vincent , Visch Irene , Bernardt Clemens , Mulder Niels , Beekman Aartjan , de Haan Lieuwe , Dekker Jack 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Background
The overall number of involuntary admissions is increasing in many European countries. Patients with severe mental illnesses more often progress to stages in which acute, coercive treatment is warranted. The number of studies that have examined this development and possible consequences in terms of optimizing health care delivery in emergency psychiatry is small and have a number of methodological shortcomings. The current study seeks to examine factors associated with compulsory admissions in the Amsterdam region, taking into account a comprehensive model with four groups of predictors: patient vulnerability, social support, responsiveness of the health care system and treatment adherence.

Methods/Design
This paper describes the design of the Amsterdam Study of Acute Psychiatry-I (ASAP-I). The study is a prospective cohort study, with one and two-year follow-up, comparing patients with and without forced admission by means of a selected nested case-control design. An estimated total number of 4,600 patients, aged 18 years and over, consecutively coming into contact with the Psychiatric Emergency Service Amsterdam (PESA) are included in the study. From this cohort, a randomly selected group of 125 involuntary admitted subjects and 125 subjects receiving non-coercive treatment are selected for further evaluation and comparison.
First, socio-demographic, psychopathological and network characteristics, and prior use of health services will be described for all patients who come into contact with PESA. Second, the in-depth study of compulsory versus voluntary patients will examine which patient characteristics are associated with acute compulsory admission, also taking into account social network and healthcare variables. The third focus of the study is on the associations between patient vulnerability, social support, healthcare characteristics and treatment adherence in a two-year follow-up for patients with or without involuntarily admittance at the index consultation.

Discussion
The current study seeks to establish a picture of the determinants of acute compulsory admissions in the Netherlands and tries to gain a better understanding of the association with the course of illness and patient's perception of services and treatment adherence. The final aim is to find specific patient and health care factors that can be influenced by adjusting treatment programs in order to reduce the number of involuntary admissions.
The effect of voluntary fasting and dehydration on flicker-induced retinal vascular dilation in a healthy individual: a case report
Authors: Heitmar Rebekka , Gherghel Doina , Armstrong Richard , Cubbidge Robert , Hosking Sarah 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Introduction
Dynamic retinal vessel analysis represents a well-established method for the assessment of vascular reactivity during both normal conditions and after various provocations. We present a case where the subject showed abnormal retinal vessel reactivity after fasting voluntarily for 20 hours.

Case presentation
A healthy, 21-year-old man who fasted voluntarily for 20 hours exhibited abnormal retinal vascular reactivity (dilation and constriction) after flicker provocation as measured using the Dynamic Retinal Vessel Analyser (Imedos, Jena, Germany).

Conclusion
The abnormal vascular reactivity induced by fasting was significant; abnormal levels of important nutrients due to fasting and dehydration could play a role through altering the concentration of vasoactive substances such as nitric oxide. This hypothesis needs further investigation.
Monogenic Diabetes in the Young, Pharmacogenetics and Relevance to Multifactorial Forms of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Vaxillaire Martine , Froguel Philippe 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Most valuable breakthroughs in the genetics of type 2 diabetes for the past two decades have arisen from candidate gene studies and familial linkage analysis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), an autosomal dominant form of diabetes typically occurring before 25 years of age caused by primary insulin secretion defects. Despite its low prevalence, MODY is not a single entity but presents genetic, metabolic and clinical heterogeneity. MODY can result from mutations in at least six different genes encoding the glucose sensor enzyme glucokinase and transcription factors that participate in a regulatory network essential for adult β-cell function. Additional genes have been described in other discrete phenotypes or syndromic forms of diabetes. Whereas common variants in the MODY genes contribute very modestly to type 2 diabetes susceptibility in adults, major findings emerging from the advent of genome-wide association studies will deliver an increasing number of genes and new pathways for the pathological events of the disease.
Transdermal delivery enhancement of haloperidol from gel formulations by 1,8-cineole
Authors: Elgorashi Abubakr S , Heard Charles M , Niazy Esmail M , Noureldin Osman H , Pugh W John 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The feasibility of using 10% 1,8-cineole as an enhancer for transdermal delivery of haloperidol has been examined. In-vitro transdermal delivery across full-thickness human, rabbit and hairless mouse skins was measured from three polymer gel systems, hypromellose (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose), Carbomer (Carbopol) 940 and macrogol (polyethylene glycol) using Franz cells. Values for the permeability coefficient kp, calculated as the product (Kh)×(D/h2) where these two factors were obtained from curve fitting of the non-steady-state equation over 24 h, were similar from the three formulations. The value of kp from hypromellose was significantly enhanced by cineole by factors of 6.2 (4.6–8.1), 5.6 (5.0–6.2) and 3.0 (2.6–3.4) for human, rabbit and mouse, respectively (mean and 95% confidence intervals). Enhancement ratios for K: 13.3 (8.3–20), 3.1 (2.5–3.9) and 2.0 (1.5–2.6), were higher than those for D: 0.47 (0.41–0.55), 1.8 (1.6–2.1) and 1.5 (1.3–1.8). This suggested that the barrier function of the skin lipids was marginally affected and the main effect was to increase the thermodynamic activity of the drug in the barrier. The enhancement achieved in human skin suggested that delivery could be safely enhanced by terpenoids.
Characterization of primary sensory neurons mediating static and dynamic allodynia in rat chronic constriction injury model
Authors: Yamamoto Wataru , Sugiura Akemi , Nakazato-Imasato Etsuko , Kita Yasuhiro 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Mechanical allodynia, such as static and dynamic allodynia, is a prominent feature of neuropathic pain syndromes. The aim of this study is to characterize primary sensory neurons mediating the mechanical allodynia in a rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model with a combination of pharmacological and histological investigations. N-(4-Tertiarybutylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl) tetrahydropyrazine-1(2H)-carbox-amide (BCTC), a selective and competitive antagonist of the vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1), and resiniferatoxin, which causes desensitization of TRPV1-expressing fibres, suppressed static allodynia but not dynamic allodynia in CCI rats. Immunohistochemical studies of TRPV1 and NF200, an A-fibre marker 200 kDa neurofilament, in dorsal root ganglion neurons demonstrated that each 48% of the positive-stained neurons were immunoreactive only for TRPV1 or NF200. The other 4% of stained neurons were double-positive for TRPV1 and NF200. Of the TRPV1-positive neurons, more than 99% were small- (diameter &lt;25 μm) and medium- (25–45 μm) sized. In contrast, 97% of NF200 single-labelled neurons were medium- and large- (&gt;45 μm) sized. These findings suggest that two types of mechanical allodynia are transmitted by different primary sensory neurons: static allodynia is mediated by TRPV1 positive small- and medium-sized neurons and dynamic allodynia might be signalled by TRPV1-negative medium- and large-sized neurons.
Effects of the selective EP4 antagonist, CJ-023,423 on chronic inflammation and bone destruction in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis
Authors: Okumura Takako , Murata Yoko , Taniguchi Kana , Murase Akio , Nii Aisuke 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) produced by cyclooxygenase (COX) is a potent pro-inflammatory mediator. We have recently discovered CJ-023,423, a highly selective antagonist of EP4 receptors, one of the PGE2 receptors. This agent is suitable for exploring the effects of blocking EP4 receptors following oral administration in rats. In this study, CJ-023,423 was used in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) to investigate the role of the EP4 receptor in chronic inflammation and bone destruction. These effects were compared with those of rofecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor. CJ-023,423 had significant inhibitory effects on paw swelling, inflammatory biomarkers, synovial inflammation and bone destruction in AIA rats. In particular, the inhibitory effect on paw swelling in AIA rats was comparable to that of rofecoxib. These results suggest that PGE2 acting via the EP4 receptor is involved in the development of chronic inflammation and bone destruction, particularly with respect to oedema in AIA rats. This is the first study to confirm the in-vivo effects of EP4 receptor blockade on inflammation and bone destruction in AIA rats with a small-molecule compound.
Protective effect of the endothelin antagonist CPU0213 against isoprenaline-induced heart failure by suppressing abnormal expression of leptin, calcineurin and SERCA2a in rats
Authors: Xu Ming , Ji Hui , Dai De-Zai , Tang Xiao-Yun , Dai Yin 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Heart failure (HF) may be produced by sustained β-adrenoceptor stimulation by causing changes in the expression of endothelin-1 (ET-1), the leptin system, calcineurin and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2a (SERCA2a) underlying cardiac dysfunction. The aim of this study was to verify whether isoprenaline (ISO)-induced HF is attributed to changes in the above molecular markers, and whether the dual ET-receptor antagonist CPU0213 could reverse the cardiac dysfunction caused by ISO treatment, focusing on these molecular markers. HF was induced in rats by administration of ISO (2 mgkg−1 s.c.) for 10 days. CPU0213 (30 mgkg−1 s.c.) and propranolol (4 mgkg−1 s.c.) were administered on days 7–10. HF developed after 10 days' ISO administration and was manifest as impaired cardiac performance, increased heart weight index, oxidative stress, elevated serum enzymes, and disordered expression of the endothelin system, leptin system, calcineurin and SERCA2a. All these abnormalities were significantly reversed by CPU0213, and the effectiveness of this ET-receptor antagonist was comparable to that of propranolol. Thus, antagonism of ET receptors by CPU0213 normalizes these changes in molecular markers, alleviating HF.
The induction of atherogenic dyslipidaemia in poloxamer 407-treated mice is not mediated through PPARα
Authors: Johnston Thomas P , Waxman David J 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The copolymer surfactant poloxamer 407 (P-407) has been used to induce a dose-controlled dyslipidaemia in both mice and rats. Human macrophages cultured with P-407 exhibit a concentration-dependent reduction in cholesterol efflux to apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) due to down-regulation of the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) can increase expression of liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) in macrophages and thereby promote the expression of ABCA1, which, in turn, mediates cholesterol efflux to apoA1. This study investigated point(s) along this signalling pathway at which P-407 might act to inhibit cholesterol efflux from macrophages. A transactivation assay was used to evaluate whether P-407 could either activate PPARα or block the activation of PPARα by an established PPARα agonist. P-407 was also evaluated for its potential to alter plasma lipid concentrations following its administration to both normal C57BL/6 and PPARα-deficient mice. P-407 was unable to modulate PPARα activity, as determined in cell-based transactivation assays. Moreover, P-407-induced dyslipidaemia occurred at the same rate and to the same extent in PPARα-deficient mice as was observed in C57BL/6 mice, suggesting no role for PPARα in P-407-mediated dyslipidaemia. Although PPARs are known to mediate the transcriptional regulation of the two major apolipoproteins associated with HDL (apoA1 and apoA2), P-407 treatment resulted in a similar decrease (∼30%) in the plasma concentration of apoA1 in both control and PPARα-deficient mice. Since our previous work demonstrated that P-407 was unable to abrogate the capacity of a known LXRα agonist to increase cholesterol efflux from macrophages, P-407 is likely to exert its effect, either directly or indirectly, on ABCA1, rather than on LXRα. On the basis of these findings it is concluded that PPARα does not mediate the P-407-dependent reduction in apoA1-facilitated cholesterol efflux from macrophages.
Dose-dependent effect of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis
Authors: Srihari Thummala , Sengottuvelan Murugan , Nalini Namasivayam 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Colon cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developed and developing countries. Diet and dietary constituents play a major role in the aetiology of colon cancer. We have investigated the effect of an aqueous extract of oregano (Origanum vulgare. L.) on lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidant status in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. We aimed to identify the important antioxidants present in Indian oregano using RP-HPLC. DMH (20 mgkg−1) was administered subcutaneously once a week for the first four weeks and then discontinued. Oregano was supplemented every day orally at a dose of 20, 40 or 60 mgkg−1 to different groups of rats for 15 weeks. After this time the rats were killed and the colons were examined visually and evaluated biochemically. The levels of lipid peroxidation products, such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and conjugated dienes were significantly higher in the liver whereas in caecum and colon the levels were lower in DMH-treated animals as compared with control rats. The levels of the anti-oxidants superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase were decreased in DMH-treated rats, but were significantly reversed on oregano supplementation. Oregano supplementation (40 mgkg−1) had a modulatory role on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant profile in colon cancer-bearing rats, which suggested a possible anti-cancer property of oregano.
Acetyl Chloride-Mediated Synthesis of trans-2-[(Diethoxyphosphorylamino)alkyl]-4-aryl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2λ5-dioxaphosphorinane-2-oxide
Authors: Miao Zhiwei , Zhang Jianfeng , Cui Zhanwei , Chen Ruyu 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
N-Phosphoramino-protected six-membered cyclic α-aminophosphonates trans-2-[(diethoxyphosphorylamino)alkyl]-4-aryl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2λ5-dioxaphosphorinane-2-oxide 4a–4l were synthesized with the help of acetyl chloride. 31P NMR was used to trace the reaction process. A possible reaction mechanism was proposed and the stereochemistry of the title compounds was studied. In order to confirm the structure of 4, products 4f and 4k were recrystallized and determined by X-ray diffraction analysis.
Treatment Pathway and Patterns of Clozapine Prescribing for Schizophrenia in New Zealand
Authors: Wheeler Amanda J 
Published: May 2008

Objective: To describe the treatment pathway and patterns of clozapine use in patients with schizophrenia, including coprescribed psychotropic medications, and compare the extent of coprescribing of clozapine with that of non-clozapine schizophrenia treatment in community montal health services in the Auckland and Northland regions of New Zealand. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted for adult outpatients receiving care from community mental health services on October 31, 2004. Data collected for all patients prescribed an antipsychotic included demographics (sex, age, ethnicity); principal diagnosis (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition); comorbid conditions; duration of mental illness; psychiatric admissions; and treatment information (psychotropic medications, with dose and route of administration). If clozapine had been started after the introduction of full government prescription subsidy (February 1999), additional data, including year of initiation and prior antipsychotic history, were collected. Analysis included all outpatients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia (including schizoaffective disorder). Results: Antipsychotics were prescribed for 2796 schizophrenia patients; 32.8% were prescribed clozapine, with a mean dose of 372 mg/day and an average duration of illness of 9.7 years before starting clozapine. Patients who had started treatment after clozapine was funded by the government (59.3%) had received a median of 3 antipsychotic drugs prior to starting clozapine; most of the treatment regimens included 1 second-generation antipsychotic (91.2%). Clozapine patients were less likely to be coprescribed another antipsychotic compared with non-clozapine patients (11.7% vs 17.6%; p conclusions: Outpatients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia were prescribed clozapine at expected rates; however, treatment was delayed longer than recommended. There is some evidence that access to clozapine for treatment-resistant schizophrenia has improved, possibly as the result of the introduction of government subsidy, guideline dissemination, or increasing experience of clinicians with use of clozapine. In this real-world environment, the number of concomitant psychotropic medications for outpatients with schizophrenia was found to be low; when used concomitantly with clozapine, they were most commonly used to manage adverse effects.
Ceftobiprole: An Extended-Spectrum Anti–Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Cephalosporin
Authors: Anderson Shawn D , Gums John G 
Published: May 2008

Objective: To summarize and evaluate the literature concerning ceftobiprole. Data Sources: Literature identification was conducted through MEDLINE (1966–February 2008) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–February 2008) using the terms ceftobiprole, medocaril, BAL 5788, RO-5788, BAL 9141, RO 63-9141, pynolidinone cephalosporin. MRSA, complicated skin and skin-structure infections (cSSSIs), community-acquired pneumonia, and nosocomial pneumonia. Additional publications were identified through a review of articles and abstracts from infectious disease meetings. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles in English were evaluated and all pertinent information was included. Data Synthesis: Ceftobiprole medocaril is an extended-spectrum cephalosporin with activity against methicillin-reslstant Staphylococcus spp., vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Inactivity includes extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)–producing Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcus faecium. Preliminary data suggest that ceftobiprole may be effective with a 1-hour infusion of 500 mg every 12 hours for gram-positive infections and 500 mg every 8 hours with a 2-hour infusion for polymicrobial infections. Two clinical trials support these dosing regimens for cSSSIs. Ceftobiprole was noninferior to vancomycin in suspected gram-positive cSSSIs, with cure rates of 93.3% and 93.5%, respectively. Furthermore, ceftobiprole was noninferior to vancomycin and ceftazidime in polymicrobial cSSSIs (cure rates 90.5% vs 90.2%, respectively). Although the total number of adverse effects was similar to those of the comparator, more patients in the ceftobiprole group experienced nausea, vomiting, and dysgeusia. Conclusions: The activity of ceftobiprole and limited clinical data suggest that it may be useful as empiric monotherapy for cSSSI and in combination with other antimicrobials in lower respiratory tract infections for which Phase 3 clinical trials are currently exploring. Although not shown in vitro, ceftobiprole may induce resistance due to its broad spectrum of activity. Approval is expected for the treatment of cSSSI.
BRAZILIAN FREE‐TAILED BATS AS INSECT PEST REGULATORS IN TRANSGENIC AND CONVENTIONAL COTTON CROPS
Authors: Federico Paula , Hallam Thomas G. , McCracken Gary F. , Purucker S. Thomas , Grant William E. , Correa-Sandoval A. Nelly , Westbrook John K. , Medellín Rodrigo A. , Cleveland Cutler J. , Sansone Chris G. , López Juan D. , Betke Margrit , Moreno-Valdez Arnulfo , Kunz Thomas H. 
Published: May 2008

During the past 12 000 years agricultural systems have transitioned from natural habitats to conventional agricultural regions and recently to large areas of genetically engineered (GE) croplands. This GE revolution occurred for cotton in a span of slightly more than a decade during which a switch occurred in major cotton production areas from growing 100% conventional cotton to an environment in which 95% transgenics are grown. Ecological interactions between GE targeted insects and other insectivorous insects have been investigated. However, the relationships between ecological functions (such as herbivory and ecosystem transport) and agronomic benefits of avian or mammalian insectivores in the transgenic environment generally remain unclear, although the importance of some agricultural pest management services provided by insectivorous species such as the Brazilian free‐tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis, have been recognized.We developed a dynamic model to predict regional‐scale ecological functions in agricultural food webs by using the indicators of insect pest herbivory measured by cotton boll damage and insect emigration from cotton. In the south‐central Texas Winter Garden agricultural region we find that the process of insectivory by bats has a considerable impact on both the ecology and valuation of harvest in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic and non‐transgenic cotton crops. Predation on agricultural pests by insectivorous bats may enhance the economic value of agricultural systems by reducing the frequency of required spraying and delaying the ultimate need for new pesticides. In the Winter Garden region, the presence of large numbers of insectivorous bats yields a regional summer dispersion of adult pest insects from Bt cotton that is considerably reduced from the moth emigration when bats are absent in either transgenic or non‐transgenic crops. This regional decrease of pest numbers impacts insect herbivory on a transcontinental scale. With a few exceptions, we find that the agronomics of both Bt and conventional cotton production is more profitable when large numbers of insectivorous bats are present.