bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence exerted on drug prescribing by patients’ attitudes and expectations and by doctors’ perception of such expectations: a cohort and nested case‐control study
Authors: Lado Eugenia , Vacariza Manuel , Fernández‐González Carlos , Gestal‐Otero Juan Jesús , Figueiras Adolfo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  Although demand for medication is regarded as one of the most important factors in pharmaceutical expenditure, little is known about patients’ influence on drug prescribing. This study assesses the influence exerted on drug prescribing by patients’ attitudes and expectations, and by doctors’ perception of such expectations.Method  We conducted a population‐based cohort study covering 937 subjects attending a health centre in the northwest of Spain. Prescription‐drug advertising directly targeted at patients is banned in Spain. We conducted home‐based interviews at the start of follow‐up to assess patients’ attitudes, and monthly telephone interviews during the 1‐year follow‐up period to assess consumption of medical drugs and medical visits. Using nested case‐control study covering 127 of the cohort subjects who attended the health centre, we assessed patients’ pre‐consultation expectations for prescriptions, doctors’ perception of such patients’ expectations, and the drugs actually prescribed.Results  Of the total sample, 69.3% answered the home‐based questionnaire, 77.6% completed 11 or more months of follow‐up, and 100% of cohort subjects who attended the health centre responded to the pre‐consultation survey conducted in the waiting room. Patients’ attitudes, though not associated with prescription (P > 0.1), were, however, associated with demand for medical consultation (P < 0.01), self‐medication (P < 0.01) and prescription expectations (P < 0.01). Although doctors’ perception of patients’ expectations did indeed show an association with drug prescribing (P = 0.001), there was no association between patients’ expectations and doctors’ perception of such expectations (P > 0.1), as these tended to be overestimated by doctors.Conclusion  We conclude that, although doctors prescribe in accordance with what they believe their patients expect, in practice patients exert no influence on drug prescribing because their prescription expectations are misconstrued by doctors, who overestimate them.
Combined bias suppression in single‐arm therapy studies
Authors: Hamre Harald J. , Glockmann Anja , Kienle Gunver S. , Kiene Helmut 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Rationale, aims and objectives  For therapy evaluation studies, control groups are sometimes not feasible. In single‐arm studies, various bias factors apart from the test therapy can affect clinical outcomes. The objective of this analysis was to improve the methods to minimize bias in single‐arm studies.
Method  We present a procedure for combined suppression of several bias factors, using two methods: sample restriction to patients unaffected by bias, and score adjustment. The procedure was used for a secondary analysis of disease score (doctors’ global rating, 0–10) in a cohort of patients receiving anthroposophic therapies for chronic diseases. Four bias factors were suppressed stepwise: attrition bias (by replacing missing values with the baseline value carried forward), bias from natural recovery (by sample restriction to patients with disease duration of ≥12 months), regression to the mean due to symptom‐driven self‐selection (by replacing baseline scores with scores three months before enrolment) and bias from adjunctive therapies (by sample restriction to patients not using adjunctive therapies).
Results  In the cohort analysed, these four bias factors could together explain a maximum of 37% of the 0‐ to 6‐month improvement of disease score.
Conclusion  Combined bias suppression, using sample restriction and score adjustment, is a transparent procedure to minimize bias in single‐arm therapy studies. Further applicability of the procedure should be tested in future studies.
Three parameters comprehensively describe the temperature response of respiratory oxygen reduction
Authors: KRUSE JÖRG , ADAMS MARK A. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTUsing an exponential model that relies on Arrhenius kinetics, we explored Type I, Type II and dynamic (e.g. decliningQ10with increasing temperature) responses of respiration to temperature. Our Arrhenius model provides three parameters:RREF(the base of the exponential model, nmol g−1 s−1),E0(the overall activation energy of oxygen reduction that dominates its temperature sensitivity, kJ mol−1) andδ(that describes dynamic responses ofE0to measurement temperature, 103 K2). Two parameters,E0andδ, are tightly linked. Increases in overall activation energy at a reference temperature were inversely related to changes inδ. At anE0of ca. 45 kJ mol−1,δapproached zero, and respiratory temperature response was strictly Arrhenius‐like. Physiologically, these observations suggest that as contributions of AOX to combined oxygen reduction increase,E0(REF) decreases because of different temperature sensitivities forVmax, andδincreases because of different temperature sensitivities forK1/2of AOX and COX. The balance between COX and AOX activity helps regulate plant metabolism by adjusting the demand for ATP to that for reducing power and carbon skeleton intermediates. Our approach enables determination of respiratory capacityin vivoand opens a path to development of process‐based models of plant respiration.
SsTypA1, a chloroplast‐specific TypA/BipA‐type GTPase from the halophytic plant Suaeda salsa, plays a role in oxidative stress tolerance
Authors: WANG FANG , ZHONG NAI‐QIN , GAO PENG , WANG GUI‐LING , WANG HAI‐YUN , XIA GUI‐XIAN 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT Suaeda salsa is a leaf‐succulent euhalophytic plant capable of surviving under seawater salinity. Here, we report the isolation and functional analysis of a novel Suaeda gene (designated as SsTypA1) encoding a member of the TypA/BipA GTPase gene family. The steady‐state transcript level of SsTypA1 in S. salsa was up‐regulated in response to various external stressors. Expression of SsTypA1 was restricted to the epidermal layers of the leaf and stem in S. salsa, and SsTypA1–green fluorescence protein (GFP) fusion proteins were targeted to the chloroplasts of tobacco leaves. Ectopic over‐expression of SsTypA1 rendered the transgenic tobacco plants with significantly increased tolerance to oxidative stress, and this was accompanied by a reduction in H2O2 content. Enzymatic and Western blot analyses revealed that the activity and amount of the thylakoid‐bound NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) complex in the chloroplasts of leaf cells were enhanced. Additionally, an in vitro assay demonstrated that SsTypA1 bound to GTP and possessed GTPase activity that was stimulated by the presence of chloroplast 70S ribosomes. Together, these results suggest that SsTypA1 may play a critical role in the development of oxidative stress tolerance, perhaps as a translational regulator of the stress‐responsive proteins involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) suppression in chloroplast.
Truncated flame structures within a deposit of the Indian Ocean Tsunami: evidence of syn‐sedimentary deformation
Authors: MATSUMOTO DAN , NARUSE HAJIME , FUJINO SHIGEHIRO , SURPHAWAJRUKSAKUL APICHART , JARUPONGSAKUL THANAWAT , SAKAKURA NORIHIKO , MURAYAMA MASAFUMI 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis study reveals the three‐dimensional morphology and syn‐sedimentary formation processes of a deformation structure termed ‘truncated flame structures’ which is found in a terrestrial tsunami deposit in southern Thailand that formed during the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. The structure was found at the boundary between a lower fine‐grained layer and an upper coarse‐grained layer that are related to two runup events. In order to confirm the morphology of the structure, the authors excavated two trenches and an opencast pit. When viewed in a cross‐section oriented parallel to the direction of the runup current, the deformed boundary has an irregularly bulging profile, similar to that observed in flame structures. The protruding structures are inclined towards the downstream direction of the runup current, and are truncated horizontally along their upper surface by parallel laminations in the overlying layer. When viewed in a cross‐section oriented perpendicular to the current direction, it appears that parts of the upper layer descend into the lower layer as lobate masses. In places, these masses are completely detached from the main part of the upper layer, forming circular or elliptical shapes. The contact between the lower layer and the main part of the upper layer is a planar truncation surface. Opencast excavation of the contact surface revealed that the deformed structures have flat, sinuous horseshoe crests that open in a downstream direction. It is possible for the runup current to generate shear stress such that it deforms the boundary into a truncated flame structure. Moreover, the observations made in this study indicate the syn‐sedimentary development of the structure: deformation and truncation occurred simultaneously in association with the runup current that formed the upper layer. Truncated flame structures can be used as a criterion in identifying the syn‐sedimentary deformation of substrate: the structures are indicative of unidirectional flow with sufficiently high shear velocity to deform unconsolidated substrate. As in the present case, the truncated flame structures may be characteristic of tsunami events that involve strong unidirectional currents on land due to the extraordinarily long wave period of tsunamis, rather than other events such as storm surges or flooding.
Widespread unidirectional transfer of mitochondrial DNA: a case in western Palaearctic water frogs
Authors: PLÖTNER J. , UZZELL T. , BEERLI P. , SPOLSKY C. , OHST T. , LITVINCHUK S. N. , GUEX G.‐D. , REYER H.‐U. , HOTZ H. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractInterspecies transfer of mitochondrial (mt) DNA is a common phenomenon in plants, invertebrates and vertebrates, normally linked with hybridization of closely related species in zones of sympatry or parapatry. In central Europe, in an area north of 48°N latitude and between 8° and 22°E longitude, western Palaearctic water frogs show massive unidirectional introgression of mtDNA: 33.7% of 407 Rana ridibunda possessed mtDNA specific for Rana lessonae. By contrast, no R. lessonae with R. ridibunda mtDNA was observed. That R. ridibunda with introgressed mitochondrial genomes were found exclusively within the range of the hybrid Rana esculenta and that most hybrids had lessonae mtDNA (90.4% of 335 individuals investigated) is evidence that R. esculenta serves as a vehicle for transfer of lessonae mtDNA into R. ridibunda. Such introgression has occurred several times independently. The abundance and wide distribution of individuals with introgressed mitochondrial genomes show that R. lessonae mt genomes work successfully in a R. ridibunda chromosomal background despite their high sequence divergence from R. ridibunda mtDNAs (14.2–15.2% in the ND2/ND3 genes). Greater effectiveness of enzymes encoded by R. lessonae mtDNA may be advantageous to individuals of R. ridibunda and probably R. esculenta in the northern parts of their ranges.
RADIOLOGICAL CRITERIA OF THE RESPONSE OF BONE TUMOURS TO RADIOTHERAPY*
Authors: DEANS B. L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe generally accepted signs of satisfactory response of a bone tumour to radiotherapy are described. The opinion is expressed that diminution of blood supply is a result of tumour atrophy and not a primary cause of it, and that where a tumour diminishes in bulk after irradiation corresponding reduction of its blood supply is to be inferred. Arteriography has proved unreliable as an index of response to radiotherapy.The changes in the bone which may follow irradiation of a bone tumour are reviewed, particularly with respect to “dead tumour space”. Causes of incomplete repair, and the significance of diminished resistance to effects of ordinary “wear and tear” are discussed. Radiological appreciation of the changes which may occur involves the distinction of repair bone from neoplastic bone. A suggestion as to how this distinction may be made is offered. Tomography is of value and importance in showing changes both before and after radiotherapy.
LEIOMYOMA OF THE CARDIO ‐ OESOPHAGEAL JUNCTION WITH OVERLYING SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE OESOPHAGUS IN ASSOCIATION WITH A HIATAL HERNIA
Authors: WALD M. , WALTERS M. N. I. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe case history of a 72 year old woman with a leiomyoma of the cardio‐oesophageal junction associated with an overlying squamous cell carcinoma, the combined tumour lying in a hiatal hernia, is presented. The treatment was by resection, alimentary continuity being restored by oesophagogastrostomy.The importance of oesophagoscopy in all suspected cases of oesophageal neoplasia including leiomyoma is stressed. Where the mucosa overlying an extramucosal tumour is normal, biopsy is contraindicated because of interference with subsequent surgical enucleation. When, however, the mucosa is in any way abnormal biopsy is mandatory, as in the case described an early squamous cell carcinoma was revealed.A brief review of the literature with particular reference to the symptomatology and radiological findings is included.
Traumatic Meningoceles
Authors: Perrett Lanze V. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTraction lesions of the brachial plexus may result in avulsion of nerve roots within the spine or peripheral lesions outside the spine. The avulsion lesions carry the more serious prognosis and may be diagnosed by the myelographic demonstration of traumatic meningoceles. Other suggestive, but less specific myelographic findings are elongation of root pouches or obliteration of these structures. Accurate diagnosis of the site of the lesion saves unnecessary surgical exploration and helps in management and prognosis.
Oesophageal Dyskinesia
Authors: Wright J. T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYVarious types of abnormal movements of the oesophagus have been discussed. It has been shown that there is a gentle gradation between tertiary wave formation, idiopathic diffuse spasm and achalasia, such that it becomes difficult at times to put each case into its proper compartment. The question of lower oesophageal rings has been discussed, and an attempt made to sort out some confusions which have arisen.
The Acute Radiation Syndrome
Authors: Gurner Colonel C. M. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryWhole body radiation in doses greater than 100 rem produces the acute radiation syndrome, which may be fatal.The final assessment of the degree of radiation damage sustained by a casualty will be made on the clinical findings, supported by serial blood examinations, and perhaps by biochemical and physical estimations, but the early assessment can only be made by knowledge of the physical circumstances of the accident and by the rapidity of appearance of the symptoms and their severity.
Radiology in Respiratory Distress of the Newborn
Authors: Howie R. N. , Stewart J. H. , Campbell THE LATE B. L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThis paper reviews the experience of an obstetric hospital in neonatal chest radiology during a twelve‐month period in which 178 babies with a variety of respiratory disorders were X‐rayed. Radiological patterns were correlated with pathological findings in 39 babies dying. Changes in early X‐rays of 68 babies with the idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome were studied and were found to be of some, although rather limited, value in prognosis. The value and some limitations of radiology in neonatal respiratory disorders are discussed.
Cavitating Pulmonary Metastases
Authors: Lowen W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYCavitation of the primary tumors of the lung is a well known phenomenon, but it is rare in the pulmonary metastases. Three cases of cavitating pulmonary metastases are presented. The pathogenesis of the cavitation, and the radiological principles on which the demonstration of a “ring” shadow in the lung depends, are discussed. Clinical features and the differential diagnosis are briefly outlined.
Arterial Embolism of the Lower Limbs
Authors: WESTON T. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwenty‐nine cases of arterial embolus of the lower limbs over an eight‐year period are reviewed from the case records of this hospital. Of these, 18 patients were in atrial fibrillation and 19 finally died. Of the total, five were subjected to arteriography. All five presented an appearance of block in the arterial tree, a block which in each case presented a crescentic upper margin, with convexity proximal which it is considered may be characteristic of embolus. The sites of block were in four the popliteal artery and in one the external iliac artery. Of the five patients, three underwent embolectomy and in the other two there was little clinical doubt that the obstruction was in fact due to embolus. It is suggested that this arterio‐graphic picture may in some cases be useful in differentiating embolic from thrombotic arterial obstruction.
Knotted Catheter and Other Injuries to Arterial Catheters and Guide Wires
Authors: Syme James 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAttention is confined to injuries to catheters and guide wires as complications of arteriography, as opposed to mechanical damage to the arterial system, or effects attributable to the contrast medium, although it is acknowledged that not infrequently damage to an equipment part will also involve arterial injury. Two illustrative cases are reported, one of knotting of a transfemoral catheter in the distal aortic arch, and one of breakage of the flexible tip of the guide wire in attempting to negotiate a tortuous innominate bifurcation with a right transaxillary catheter. Possible technical factors underlying the equipment injury in each case are analysed critically, and refinements of technique and equipment suggested to avoid such injury. Reports of other forms of arterial equipment damage and of injury to similar equipment in other parts of the vascular system are briefly reviewed.
An Evaluation of Drip Infusion Pyelography
Authors: Sherbon K. J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary

Drip infusion pyelography provides more satisfactory nephrograms and pyelograms than the conventional intravenous urogram examination.
It is particularly valuable in renal insufficiency or where it is expected that the conventional examination would be of poor quality.
It is useful for determining the presence or absence of a space‐occupying lesion where there is doubt.
It may determine the nature of the space‐occupying lesion, although selective renal arteriography is considered superior in this regard.
The examination appears to be safe, although an unexplained rise in blood urea occurred in two patients and more experience in the method will be needed to assess its safety.
Reasons are given for using diluted contrast media, although it is probable that dilution of the contrast medium does not enhance the examination.
Radiation and Marrow Infusion in Leukaemia
Authors: Holt J. A. G. , Woodliff H. J. , Davis R. E. , Neal J. R. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA patient with chronic granulocytic leukaemia, refractory to conventional treatment, was given approximately 1,000 rads of whole‐body radiation followed by infusion of 4.9×109 isogenic bone marrow cells.The patient died two months later. The value of marrow infusion, the radiation dosimetry and the problem of radiation pneumonitis are discussed.
Assessment of Obstructive Airways Disease by Whole Lung Tomograms
Authors: Horn C. , Robertson M. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryMost patients with obstructive airways disease suffer from bronchial asthma, pulmonary emphysema, chronic obstructive bronchitis or a combination of these conditions.Whole lung tomograms provide differential information of the vascular calibre and branching patterns and of characteristic changes in the bronchial tree and lung parenchyma.Changes associated with cor pulmonale and with left ventricular failure when emphysema is present are described.
Training for Nuclear Medicine*
Authors: Clarke K. H. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryIt is suggested that four training programmes should be considered, covering (a) medical graduates aspiring to become nuclear medicine specialists, (b) scientists, (c) radioisotope technicians, and (d) medical undergraduates. Some instruction is required for other medical and scientific staff involved in specialized studies. It is also suggested that the College of Radiologists should endeavour to ensure that the training of the above groups in nuclear medicine is satisfactory.
Radiological Aspects of the Pulmonary Complications Resulting from Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation (I.P.P.V.)
Authors: Leeming B. W. A. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe use of intermittent positive pressure ventilation is associated with a number of pulmonary complications which are of radiological importance. These complications are grouped into three categories.In the first category are cases of asthma which require resuscitation with intermittent positive pressure ventilation. These cases may develop severe air trapping which can progress to pulmonary interstitial emphysema, although the latter complication is known to develop without a respirator being used. The second category includes pulmonary oedema, and there is brief reference to the effects of oedema of the bronchial mucosa. In an appendix to the paper the possible relationship of pulmonary oedema to the body handling of salt and water when intermittent positive pressure ventilation is used is examined. The analysis of accurately recorded fluid balance data did not reveal any statistical association between the retention of sodium, potassium or water, or any combination of these three and the presence of pulmonary oedema. The third category is represented by the serious condition of obliterative pneumonitis (respirator lung syndrome).In all three categories the clinical and radiological findings and, where relevant, the pathological findings, are described.During the year 1967 it was found that of a total of 267 admissions five developed pulmonary interstitial emphysema, four during intermittent positive pressure ventilation therapy. Two died. Sixty‐nine cases (26%) developed pulmonary oedema, and in 15 cases there seemed no adequate explanation for the oedema other than factors associated with the use of a respirator. The number of cases of pulmonary oedema closely related to the use of intermittent positive pressure ventilation is considered to be higher than 15, however. Two adults and two children under 10 years of age developed fatal obliterative pneumonitis confirmed by necropsy.
Methods of Irradiation of the Pelvis by External and Intracavitary Irradiation in the Treatment of Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix; A Comparison of Early Results with Particular Reference to Morbidity
Authors: Adler G. F. 
Published: March 2008

Summary

The problem of treatment of carcinomas of the cervix by a combination of external and intracavitary methods of irradiation is discussed.
A retrospective survey of J00 consecutive cases seen in the years 1964 and 1965 is presented.
The results of treatment by each method are compared by tabling complications seen during the first two years following treatment.
The relative advantage— and disadvantages of intracavitary and external methods of irradiation are discussed, and the place of preoperative intracavitary radiation therapy is reviewed.
Tin method of combined external and intracavitary irradiation to high dosage produced more frequent complications than did the conventional forms of treatment. It is suggested that greater risks may have to to be accepted if effective treatment is to In‐ given to patients with advanced tumours which prove to In‐unsuitable for initial treatment with intracavitary radon.