bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How college science students engage in note‐taking strategies
Authors: Bonner Janice M. , Holliday William G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA composite theory of college science student note‐taking strategies was derived from a periodic series of five interviews with 23 students and with other variables, including original and final versions of notes analyzed during a semester‐long genetics course. This evolving composite theory was later compared with Van Meter, Yokoi, and Pressley's (Journal of Educational Psychology, 86, 323–338, 1994) corresponding composite “college students' theory of note‐taking.” Students' notes in this long‐term study were also compared with a standard of “adequate” note‐taking established by experts. Analyses detected many similarities between the two composite theories. Analyses also provided evidence of inadequate note‐taking strategies, inconsistencies between what students claimed and evidently did with their notes, and weak self‐regulating learning strategies. Recommendations included prompting students during class on how to take notes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 43: 786–818, 2006
Prediction of delivery date by sonography in the first and second trimesters
Authors: Olesen A. W. , Thomsen S. G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the dates of delivery predicted by last menstrual period (LMP), crown–rump length (CRL) and biparietal diameter (BPD) with the actual date of delivery in a population of pregnant women divided into those with certain and those with uncertain LMP.MethodsHealthy women were enrolled at the first visit during their pregnancy to a general practitioner in Odense, Denmark, and underwent ultrasound examinations in the first and second trimesters. Data from a study of 798 women who gave birth in the period August 2001 to April 2003 are presented, although only the 657 spontaneous deliveries were used for analysis (n = 339 and 318 in the certain and uncertain LMP groups, respectively). Data on pregnancy and delivery were collected from the medical records. Wilcoxon's signed rank test was used to test the hypothesis of no difference in prediction error (predicted − actual date of delivery) between the three methods.ResultsThe median prediction errors estimated by sonography in the first and second trimesters and by corrected LMP according to cycle length were 2.32, 0.16, and 3.00 days, respectively, in women with certain LMP, and 1.71, 0.00, and 3.00 days, respectively, in women with uncertain LMP. The median gestational age at delivery estimated by sonography in the first and second trimesters and by corrected LMP according to cycle length was 282, 280, and 283 days, respectively, in both groups.ConclusionAn ultrasound examination in the second trimester (17–22 completed weeks) is the best predictor of the date of delivery at the individual level, followed by an ultrasound examination in the first trimester. Having an uncertain LMP does not affect the sonographic prediction of date of delivery. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dilemmas in the management of twins discordant for anencephaly diagnosed at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation
Authors: Vandecruys H. , Avgidou K. , Surerus E. , Flack N. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo help develop an evidence‐based approach to the best management of twin pregnancies discordant for anencephaly.MethodsWe retrospectively examined the management and outcome of 18 pregnancies discordant for anencephaly diagnosed at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation in our center. We combined these data with those from other publications. In total, there were 44 dichorionic pregnancies that were managed expectantly (n = 35) or by selective feticide (n = 9) and 19 monochorionic pregnancies that were managed expectantly. We also reviewed the literature to ascertain the outcome of monochorionic twin pregnancies undergoing cord occlusion.ResultsIn the 35 dichorionic pregnancies that were managed expectantly, 20 (57.1%) developed polyhydramnios at 25–31 weeks; 13 were managed expectantly, five had amniodrainage and two had selective feticide. In 34 of the 35 cases the non‐anencephalic twin was liveborn at a median gestation of 36 (range, 28–39) weeks and in six (17.6%) of these it was born before 33 weeks. In the dichorionic pregnancies that had selective feticide, there was one miscarriage and eight (88.9%) live births at a median gestation of 37 (range, 30–40) weeks and in one (12.5%) of these it was born before 33 weeks. In the monochorionic pregnancies, four (21.1%) anencephalic fetuses died at 20–32 weeks and in three of these the normal co‐twin also died. In the 16 (84.2%) cases resulting in the live birth of the normal twin, delivery occurred at a median gestation of 33 (range, 27–39) weeks and in six (37.5%) of these it was before 33 weeks. Ultrasound‐guided bipolar cord coagulation in 92 pregnancies, mostly complicated by twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence or severe twin‐to‐twin transfusion syndrome, was associated with a survival rate of 77.2% and early preterm delivery rate of 31.0%.ConclusionDichorionic twins discordant for anencephaly are best managed with serial ultrasound examinations for early diagnosis of polyhydramnios, which can then be treated either by amniodrainage or selective feticide. In monochorionic twins it is uncertain whether the best management is expectant or by cord occlusion. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DhARO4, an amino acid biosynthetic gene, is stimulated by high salinity in Debaryomyces hansenii
Authors: Calderón‐Torres Marissa , Peña Antonio , Thomé Patricia E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe highly halotolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii when grown in the presence of 2M NaCl, increased the expression of ARO4 which is involved in the biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids. The function of the isolated gene was verified by complementation of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae null mutant, aro4Δ, restoring the specific activity of the enzyme (a 3‐deoxy‐D‐arabino‐heptulosonate‐7‐phosphate synthase) to wild‐type levels. DhARO4 transcript expression under high salinity was stimulated at the beginning of the exponential growth phase. As the DhARO4 promoter region presents putative GCRE and CRE sequences, its expression was evaluated under conditions of NaCl stress and amino acid starvation, showing similar expression levels for either condition. The combined effect of both stressors resulted in a further increase in transcript levels over the singly added stressors, indicating independent stimulatory events. Our results support the hypothesis that high salinity and amino acid availability are physiologically interconnected. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inorganic polyphosphate and exopolyphosphatase in the nuclei of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: dependence on the growth phase and inactivation of the PPX1 and PPN1 genes
Authors: Lichko Lidiya P. , Kulakovskaya Tatyana V. , Kulaev Igor S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNuclei of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae possess inorganic polyphosphates (polyP) with chain lengths of ca. 10–200 phosphate residues. Subfractionation of the nuclei reveals that the most part of polyP is not associated with DNA. Transition of the yeast cells from stationary phase to active growth at orthophosphate (Pi) excess in the medium is followed by the synthesis of the shortest polyP (<15 phosphate residues) and hydrolysis of the high‐molecular polyP (>45 phosphate residues) in the nuclei. Nuclear exopolyphosphatase (exopolyPase) activity does not depend on the growth phase. The PPX1 gene encoding the major cytosolic exopolyPase does not encode the nuclear one and its inactivation has no effect on polyP metabolism in this compartment. Under inactivation of the PPN1 gene encoding another yeast exopolyPase, elimination of the nuclear exopolyPase is observed. The effect of PPN1 inactivation on the polyP level in the nuclei is insignificant in the stationary phase, while in the exponential phase this level increases 2.3‐fold as compared with the parent strain of S. cerevisiae. In the active growth phase, no hydrolysis of high‐molecular polyP is detected while the synthesis of short‐chain polyP is retained. The data obtained indicate substantial changes in polyP metabolism in nuclei under the renewal of active growth, which only partially depends on the genes of polyP metabolism known to date. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of Yap1p and Skn7p‐mediated oxidative stress response in the defence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae against singlet oxygen
Authors: Brombacher Katrin , Fischer Beat B. , Rüfenacht Karin , Eggen Rik I. L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe production of the reactive oxygen species superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces the expression of various defence genes involved in an oxidative stress response. Expression of many of these genes has been shown to be coordinated by two transcriptional regulators, Yap1p and Skn7p, either alone or in concert. Here, we investigated the role of the Yap1p and Skn7p‐mediated stress response in the defence against singlet oxygen, a non‐radical reactive oxygen species produced mainly by photosensitized reactions in illuminated cells. Both, a yap1 and skn7 mutant were highly sensitive to Rose Bengal, an exogenous photosensitizer producing singlet oxygen in the light. The expression of a Yap1p‐dependent reporter gene was induced by increased singlet oxygen production, showing that singlet oxygen activates general oxidative stress response mechanisms required for the resistance against Rose Bengal treatment. This response was also slightly stimulated by light in the absence of the photosensitizer, possibly due to singlet oxygen production by endogenous photosensitizers. The expression pattern of four oxidative stress genes in a yap1, skn7 and wild‐type strain and the sensitivity of the corresponding mutants exposed to different oxidative stress conditions proved a role of Yap1p and Skn7p in the defence against singlet oxygen. Similarities in the genetic responses against singlet oxygen and hydroperoxides suggest an overlap in the oxidative stress response against these reactive oxygen species. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Whispering gallery modes in photoluminescence and Raman spectra of a spherical microcavity with CdTe quantum dots: anti-Stokes emission and interference effects
Authors: Gaponik Nikolai , Rakovich Yury P. , Gerlach Matthias , Donegan John F. , Savateeva Diana , Rogach Andrey L. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
We have studied the photoluminescence and Raman spectra of a system consisting of a polystyrene latex microsphere coated by CdTe colloidal quantum dots. The cavity-induced enhancement of the Raman scattering allows the observation of Raman spectra from only a monolayer of CdTe quantum dots. Periodic structure with very narrow peaks in the photoluminescence spectra of a single microsphere was detected both in the Stokes and anti-Stokes spectral regions, arising from the coupling between the emission of quantum dots and spherical cavity modes.
Multi-scale ordering of self-assembled InAs/GaAs(001) quantum dots
Authors: Kiravittaya S , Songmuang R , Rastelli A , Heidemeyer H , Schmidt OG 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Ordering phenomena related to the self-assembly of InAs quantum dots (QD) grown on GaAs(001) substrates are experimentally investigated on different length scales. On the shortest length-scale studied here, we examine the QD morphology and observe two types of QD shapes, i.e., pyramids and domes. Pyramids are elongated along the [1–10] directions and are bounded by {137} facets, while domes have a multi-facetted shape. By changing the growth rates, we are able to control the size and size homogeneity of freestanding QDs. QDs grown by using low growth rate are characterized by larger sizes and a narrower size distribution. The homogeneity of buried QDs is measured by photoluminescence spectroscopy and can be improved by low temperature overgrowth. The overgrowth induces the formation of nanostructures on the surface. The fabrication of self-assembled nanoholes, which are used as a template to induce short-range positioning of QDs, is also investigated. The growth of closely spaced QDs (QD molecules) containing 2–6 QDs per QD molecule is discussed. Finally, the long-range positioning of self-assembled QDs, which can be achieved by the growth on patterned substrates, is demonstrated. Lateral QD replication observed during growth of three-dimensional QD crystals is reported.
Botulinum neurotoxin for management of intractable central leakage through a voice prosthesis in surgical voice restoration
Authors: Mullan G P J , Lee M T , Clarke P M 
Published: July 2006

Rehabilitation of voice and speech after total laryngectomy has become established practice in recent years. A voice prosthesis is placed within a surgically produced fistula between the trachea and upper oesophagus and acts as a one way valve, allowing passage of pulmonary air from the trachea into the oesophagus and preventing aspiration of food and fluid from the oesophagus into the trachea. Persistent leakage through or around these prostheses is a recognized complication, the aetiology of which can vary widely, from mechanical issues with the prostheses themselves to anatomical and physiological issues associated with the reconstructed pharynx.We report a new technique of using Dysport® in the management of intractable central leakage due to premature and forceful closure of the upper oesophageal sphincter during swallowing. This resulted in the pooling of fluids around the posterior flange of the prosthesis. This, along with the increased pressure from the muscle contraction, led to central leakage, as identified on videofluoroscopy. An injection of Dysport paralysed the upper oesophageal sphincter, preventing pooling of fluids around the prosthesis and the forcing open of the valve. The effect was to eliminate the leakage, and the patient did not require further injections over the following 22 months.
Can we improve dysphagia referrals?
Authors: Phillips S A , Ross P D , Chalmers K , MacDougall G 
Published: July 2006

We set out to examine whether a multidisciplinary out-patient dysphagia referral triage service would shorten the duration of a patient's referral process and direct patients to the correct specialty. A review was carried out of patients referred with dysphagia before and after the introduction of a multidisciplinary out-patient dysphagia service, from February 2001 to April 2001 and from January 2002 to March 2002, inclusive.One hundred and eight patients were referred in total. The length of time until the first appointment was reduced from four to three weeks (median; range one to 23; p<0.001). The number of instrumental investigations was reduced, with a median of one instrumentation per patient under the new service, compared with two in those under the standard service (p<0.001). Attendance to hospital was also reduced, with 45 per cent of patients under the new service requiring only one appointment, compared with 13 per cent in those under the standard service (p<0.001).The multidisciplinary out-patient dysphagia service was associated with significant reductions in waiting times, in the number of instrumental investigations and in the duration of the patient's referral process.
A multivariate analysis of the factors predicting hearing outcome after surgery for cholesteatoma in children
Authors: Chadha N K , Jardine A , Owens D , Gillett S , Robinson P J , Maw A R 
Published: July 2006

Objective: To explore factors influencing hearing outcomes in children treated by canal wall up (CWU) and canal wall down (CWD) mastoid surgery.Methods: Retrospective cohort study including three units in Bristol and Bath, UK. Ninety consecutive children underwent cholesteatoma mastoid surgery, with the first procedure between 1998 and 2001; minimum follow up was three disease-free years.Results: The CWU and CWD cohorts significantly differed in pre-operative stage and hearing. After disease eradication, air conduction (AC) thresholds changed by +4.0 dB (95 per cent confidence intervals (95%CI) −2.0, 10.1) in the CWD group and −5.3 dB (95%CI −9.3, 1.3) in the CWU group (p=0.029). Using multiple linear regression to account for cohort differences, AC thresholds were increased by: pre-operative AC threshold (p<0.0001), initial ossicular stage (p=0.013), and CWD-surgery (p=0.005).Conclusion: Disease-free hearing was better with CWU-surgery, less initial ossicular damage, and better pre-operative hearing. Worse initial disease increased the likelihood of CWD surgery. Wider use of ossiculoplasty in the CWU cohort (51 per cent vs 5 per cent) may partially explain the superior results.
Effect of systemic and intracortical administration of phenytoin in two genetic models of absence epilepsy
Authors: Gurbanova Ayten A , Aker Rezzan , Berkman Kemal , Onat Filiz Yilmaz , van Rijn Clementana M , van Luijtelaar Gilles 
Published: July 2006

Spontaneous 7–10 Hz spike‐wave discharges (SWDs) are the electroencephalographic hallmark of absence seizures, as can be observed in WAG/Rij as well as in GAERS, two commonly used well‐validated genetic rat models of absence epilepsy. A local upregulation of sodium channels within the perioral region of the primary somatosensory cortex indicated an initiation site for SWDs in WAG/Rij rats, in line with a new theory that assumes that SWDs have a cortical focal origin in the perioral region of the somatosensory cortex. We tested whether bilateral microinfusion at this focal site of the sodium channel blocker phenytoin, which is known to aggravate SWDs after systemic administration, reduces SWDs in both models.
WAG/Rij rats and GAERS, chronically provided with cortical EEG electrodes and bilateral cortical cannula's, were used. The EEGs were recorded before and after or systemic or bilateral infusion of phenytoin.
Microinfusion of phenytoin at the perioral region of the somatosensory cortex produced an immediate cessation of seizure activity in WAG/Rij rats, while systemic injection produced an increase in both genetic models. Microinfusion of the same and higher concentrations of phenytoin in GAERS at the same stereotactic coordinates showed no effect. Phenytoin was effective in GAERS 2 mm more posteriorly.
The data suggest that both genetic models have a cortical area at which diametrically opposite effects of phenytoin can be found compared to systemic injections: a decrease after local microinfusion and aggravation after systemic administration, although the exact cortical location may be different. Moreover, a deficit in sodium channels might be an ethiological factor underlying an increased probability for the initiation of SWDs in the somatosensory cortex.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 1076–1082. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706791
Efficacy of selective 5‐HT6 receptor ligands determined by monitoring 5‐HT6 receptor‐mediated cAMP signaling pathways
Authors: Romero Gonzalo , Sánchez Elisabeth , Pujol Marta , Pérez Pilar , Codony Xavier , Holenz Jörg , Buschmann Helmut , Pauwels Petrus J 
Published: July 2006

Two novel selective 5‐HT6 receptor ligands E‐6801 (6‐chloro‐N‐(3‐(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl)‐1H‐indol‐5‐yl)imidazo[2,1‐b]thiazole‐5‐sulfonamide) and E‐6837 (5‐chloro‐N‐(3‐(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl)‐1H‐indol‐5‐yl)naphthalene‐2‐sulfonamide) were investigated and compared to the putative 5‐HT6 receptor antagonists SB‐271046 (5‐chloro‐N‐(4‐methoxy‐3‐(piperazin‐1‐yl)phenyl)‐3‐methylbenzo[b]thiophene‐2‐sulfonamide) and Ro 04‐06790 (N‐(2,6‐bis(methylamino)pyrimidin‐4‐yl)‐4‐aminobenzenesulfonamide) using a cAMP‐mediated pathway.
Forskolin stimulation, to increase the magnitude of agonist cAMP responses, and site‐directed mutagenesis of the 5‐HT6 receptor, in order to yield constitutively active receptor, were applied.
5‐HT (Emax, % over basal: 200), E‐6801 (120) and E‐6837 (23) induced cAMP formation at the rat 5‐HT6 receptor. In the copresence of forskolin, cAMP responses were more potent and enhanced to 294 (5‐HT, % over forskolin), 250 (E‐6801) and 207 (E‐6837), respectively. 5‐HT‐mediated cAMP formation was dose‐dependently blocked by SB‐271046 (pA2: 8.76±0.22) and Ro 04‐6790 (pA2: 7.89±0.10) and not affected by the copresence of forskolin. Both E‐6801 and E‐6837 yielded partial antagonism of the 5‐HT response in the absence of forskolin, whereas antagonism was either completely absent (E‐6801) or attenuated (E‐6837) in the copresence of forskolin. Intrinsic activity of these 5‐HT6 receptor ligands at a constitutively active human S267K 5‐HT6 receptor in Cos‐7 cells indicated similar efficacy (Emax, % over basal) for 5‐HT (97), E‐6801 (91) and E‐6837 (100), while Ro 04‐6790 (‐33) and SB‐271046 (‐39) were equi‐efficacious inverse agonists.
The use of either forskolin or a constitutively active S267K 5‐HT6 receptor enhances the resolution for monitoring the efficacy of 5‐HT6 receptor ligands. E‐6801 and E‐6837 are potent partial agonists at the 5‐HT6 receptor. Ro 04‐6790 and SB‐271046 appear to act as inverse agonists/antagonists.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 148, 1133–1143. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706827
Is there a temperature‐dependent uptake of anandamide into cells?
Authors: Thors L , Fowler C J 
Published: July 2006

Background and purpose:The temperature dependency of anandamide uptake into cells implies an active mechanism but this is still a matter of considerable debate. We have therefore re‐examined the temperature‐sensitive uptake of anandamide in ND7/23 mouse neuroblastoma × rat dorsal root ganglion neurone hybrid cells and RBL2H3 rat basophilic leukaemia cells.Experimental approach:Cellular uptake of [3H] anandamide was measured in the presence of bovine serum albumin at different incubation temperatures and times. Rates of uptake were also measured in wells alone. Free anandamide concentrations were calculated by published methods.Key results:Anandamide showed a time‐dependent saturable uptake into ND7/23 cells. The uptake was greater at 37°C than at 4°C for a given added anandamide concentration following a 5 min incubation. However, this temperature‐dependency reflected temperature‐dependent effects on the concentration of anandamide available for uptake, rather than the uptake process itself. A similar conclusion could be drawn for the rapid (∼1 min) uptake of anandamide into RBL2H3 cells. In contrast, re‐analysis of published data for P19 cells indicated a clear temperature‐dependency of the uptake at long (15 min) incubation times. The level of anandamide retained by wells alone provided a better measure of free anandamide concentrations than calculated values.Conclusions and implications:ND7/23 cells may be a useful model system for the study of anandamide uptake. The temperature‐dependent uptake of anandamide may reflect effects on free anandamide concentrations rather than on the uptake process itself.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)149, 73–81. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706831