bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imaging compact supermassive binary black holes with Very Long Baseline Interferometry
Authors: Taylor G. B. , Rodriguez C. , Zavala R. T. , Peck A. B. , Pollack L. K. , Romani R. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe report on the discovery of a supermassive binary black-hole (SBBH) system in the radio galaxy 0402+379, with a projected separation between the two black holes of just 7.3 pc. This is the most compact SBBH pair yet imaged by more than two orders of magnitude. These results are based upon multi-frequency imaging using the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) which reveal two compact, variable, flat-spectrum, active nuclei within the elliptical host galaxy of 0402+379. Multi-epoch observations from the VLBA also provide constraints on the total mass and dynamics of the system. The two nuclei appear stationary while the jets emanating from the weaker of the two nuclei appear to move out and terminate in bright hot spots. The discovery of this system has implications for the number of compact binary black holes that might be sources of gravitational radiation. The VLBI Imaging and Polarimetry Survey (VIPS) currently underway should discover several more SBBHs.
The central 80×200 pc of M83: how many black holes and how massive are they?
Authors: Dottori H. , Díaz R. , Rodrigues I. , Agüero M. P. , Mast D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe central ≈ 80×200 pc of the barred spiral galaxy M83 (NGC 5236) has been observed with the GEMINI-S+CIRPASS configuration which produced 490 spectra with a spectral resolving power of 3200, centered at 1.3 microns, oriented NW-SE. We determine the kinematics of this region with 0.36″ sampling and sub-arcsec resolution. Disk-like motions have been detected in Paβ at parsec scales around: a) the optical nucleus, b) the center of the external K-band isophotes coincident with that of the CO velocity map both also tracing the center of the bulge, and c) a hidden condensation located at (R,θ)=(158pc, 301o). The present resolution allows to detect other minor whirls, not discussed here. The disk around (a) has a radius of ∼8 pc and the two around (b) and (c) can be traced approximately up to 50–60 pc from their kinematical centers.The rotation curves have been fitted by Satoh like spheroids+disk indicating masses of ≈4× 106M⊙, 60– 70× 106M⊙ and 30– 40× 106M⊙ respectively. Limit to the masses of central BHs can be set by supposing that the central unresolved line broadening inside each condensations is dominated by the BH as far as allowed by the central error bars. The BH +Satoh models were smoothed with a 9 pc Gaussian. The upper mass limit derived for the BH is for (a) ∼ 106 / sin(i)M⊙, and for (b) and (c) 0.2–1.0× 106 / sin(i)M⊙. Many questions arise from this interesting nucleus: are we witnessing a unique phenomenon or simply a barred galaxy with ongoing strong SF in our backyard? Does each one of the condensations host a BH indeed? or is there only one at the bulge center? Which is the fate of this complex scenario?
Relationship between X-shaped radio sources and double-double radio galaxies
Authors: Chen Xian , Liu Fukun 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBoth the X-shaped radio galaxies and double-double radio galaxies (DDRGs) are suggested in the literature to be due to the binary-accretion disk interaction or to the coalescence of SMBBHs. These models suggest some relationship between the two types of radio sources. In this paper, we collected data from literatures for two samples of X-shaped and double-double radio galaxies together with a control sample of FRII radio galaxies and statistically investigate their properties.We find that the wings of X-shaped radio galaxies and the outer and inner lobes of DDRGs tend to be perpendicular to the major axis of the host galaxy (or dust structures), while the active lobes orient randomly. Both X-shaped and double-double radio galaxies are low luminous FRII or FRI/FRII transitional radio sources with the similar dimensionless accretion rate ṁ ∼ 0.01, which is about the transitional accretion rate given in the literature.All the statistic results can be reconciled if there is an evolutionary relationship between X-shaped and double-double radio galaxies, in the sense that X-shaped radio galaxies may be due to the interaction of active SMBBHs and accretion disk and DDRGs due to the removal of inner disk region and the coalescence of SMBBHs.
Formation history of supermassive black holes in a viable cosmological window
Authors: Coimbra-Araújo Carlos H. , Friaça Amâncio C. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe show, performing a viable cosmological window, that only the magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) disk model is capable to explain how an intermediate mass black hole (IMBH) (with masses ∼ 103M⊙) grows unto a supermassive black hole (SMBH) (with masses ∼ 107M⊙). We still calculate the supermassive stars sequence of stability. Those stars, with synthetized helium or oxygen cores, collapse to form IMBHs. In our calculation we show that the primordial stars must have rapid rotation if they are in the stable part of the sequence.
Polarization from an orbiting spot
Authors: Dovčiak Michal , Karas Vladimír , Matt Giorgio 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe polarization from a spot orbiting around Schwarzschild and extreme Kerr black holes is studied. The time dependence of the degree and angle of polarization during the spot revolution is examined as a function of the observer's inclination angle and black hole angular momentum. The gravitational and Doppler shifts, lensing effect as well as time delays are taken into account.
Activity type of galaxies in HyperLeda
Authors: Gavrilović N. , Mickaelian A. , Petit C. , Popović L. Č. , Prugniel P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe HyperLeda database (!http://leda.univ-lyon1.fr) is a tool to study the physics of galaxies. It is based on compilations of heterogeneous data (from large surveys and literature) which are cross-identified and homogenized to produce a uniform representation of the galaxies. We have added in the database a characterization of the nuclear and starburst activity from the Véron and Véron catalogue.It is now possible to retrieve an activity type for the HyperLeda galaxies having this attribute, and to select list of objects from constraints on activity type. For example, one may select all Sy2 galaxies within some magnitude limits and/or redshift.
Physical properties of emitting plasma near massive black holes: the Broad Line Region
Authors: Ilić D. , Mura G. La , Popović L. Č , Shapovalova A. I. , Ciroi S. , Chavushyan V. H. , Rafanelli P. , Burenkov A. N. , Marcado A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe apply the Boltzmann-Plot (BP) method to the Balmer lines to estimate the physical propertiesin the Broad Line Region of Active Galactic Nuclei. We study the Balmer lines of a sample of 90 AGN from Sloan Digital Sky Survey database, as well as the time variability of the BP parameter A of NGC 5548.
Optical variability of X-ray selected blazars
Authors: Kurtanidze Omar M. , Nikolashvili Maria G. , Kimeridze Givi N. , Sigua Lorand A. , Kapanadze Bidzina Z. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe present optical R band photometry of nine X-ray selected BL Lac objects: 1ES 0229+200, 1ES 0323+022, 1ES 502+675, 1ES 0647+250, 1ES 0806+524, 1ES0927+500, 1ES 1028+511, 1ES 1959+650, 1ES2344+514.Variability on long time scales within one magnitude in R band was found for all of the observed objects, except 1ES 0229+200 and 1ES0927+500. Largest variation was detected for 1ES 0502+675 and equals to 1.07 mag. Only few objects show statistically significant variation on intra-day scale.
Detailed structure of the X-ray jet in 4C 19.44 (PKS1354+195)
Authors: Schwartz D. A. , Harris D. E. , Landt H. , Siemiginowska A. , Perlman E. S. , Cheung C. C. , Gelbord J. M. , Worrall D. M. , Birkinshaw M. , Jorstad S. G. , Marscher A. P. , Stawarz L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe investigate the variations of the magnetic field, Doppler factor, and relativistic particle density along the jet of a quasar at z=0.72. We chose 4C 19.44 for this study because of its length and straight morphology. The 18 arcsec length of the jet provides many independent resolution elements in the Chandra X-ray image. The straightness suggests that geometry factors, although uncertain, are almost constant along the jet. We assume the X-ray emission is from inverse Compton scattering of the cosmic microwave background. With the aid of assumptions about jet alignment, equipartition between magnetic-field and relativistic-particle energy, and filling factors, we find that the jet is in bulk relativistic motion with a Doppler factor ≈ 6 at an angle no more than 10∘ to the line of sight over de-projected distances ≈ 150–600 kpc from the quasar, and with a magnetic field ≈10 μGauss.
Outburst of the unique X-ray transient CI Cam and its impact on the system
Authors: Šimon V. , Bartolini C. , Guarnieri A. , Piccioni A. , Hanžl D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe argue that the outburst of CI Cam (XTE J0421+560), probably containing a black hole, was caused by the thermal instability of the accretion disk. Applying the model of King & Ritter (1998), we obtain a realistic disk mass and radius. The differences from soft X-ray transients belonging to the low-mass X-ray binaries can be explained if the disk in CI Cam heats up an extended envelope and/or a strong jet is formed. We resolve several spectral components in the optical colors in quiescence after the outburst; they vary in a complicated way during a possible 1350 d cycle.We find indications that the variations of the source of the optical light can be related to those of the X-ray source in quiescence. The accretion disk seems to refill at present. Nowadays, only non-periodic intra-night optical (∼0.02 mag) fluctuations are present. As regards the absence of coherent changes in the optical band, we point out the similarities in the situation of CI Cam and the microquasar LS5039/RX J1826–1450.
Chilled disks in ultraluminous X-ray sources
Authors: Soria Roberto , Kuncic Zdenka , Gonçalves Anabela C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIf the standard disk-blackbody approximation is used to estimate black hole (BH) masses in ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs), the inferred masses are ∼ 1000 M⊙. However, we argue that such an approximation cannot be applied to ULXs, because their disks are only radiating a small fraction of the accretion power, and are therefore cooler than they would be in a thermal-dominant state, for a given BH mass. Instead, we suggest that a different phenomenological approximation should be used, based on three observable parameters: disk luminosity, peak temperature, and ratio between thermal and non-thermal emission. This method naturally predicts masses ∼ 50 M⊙, more consistent with other theoretical and observational constraints.
Humpy LNRF-velocity profiles in accretion discs orbiting rapidly rotating Kerr black holes: a possible relation to epicyclic oscillations
Authors: Stuchlík Zdeněk , Slaný Petr , Török Gabriel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCoordinate-independent definition of the characteristic, so-called “humpy” frequency related to the positive gradient of the orbital velocity in locally non-rotating frames around nearly extreme Kerr black holes is given and compared with the epicyclic and orbital frequencies for both Keplerian thin discs and limiting marginally stable thick discs.
Contrasting patterns of seed and root colonization by bacteria from the genus Chryseobacterium and from the family Oxalobacteraceae
Authors: Green Stefan J , Michel Frederick C , Hadar Yitzhak , Minz Dror 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Microbial colonization of plant seeds and roots is a highly complex process in which soil and plant type can influence the composition of the root-associated and rhizosphere microbial communities. Amendment of compost, a common agricultural technique, introduces exogenous nutrients and microorganisms to the soil–plant environment, and can further influence microbial community composition in the plant environment. Although compost amendments can strongly influence soil and rhizosphere microbial communities, there is evidence that with increasing proximity to the root, plant influences predominate over soil effects. We hypothesized that the ‘rhizosphere effect’ observed with proximity to plant surfaces does not act equally on all microorganisms. To explore this issue, we examined two bacterial taxa that reproducibly colonized seed and root surfaces in an experiment examining the influence of compost amendment on plant-associated bacterial communities. Population-specific analyses revealed striking differences in the ecology of bacteria from the genus Chryseobacterium and the family Oxalobacteraceae in potting mix and plant-associated environments. Seed- and root-colonizing Oxalobacteraceae populations were highly sensitive to plant effects, and phylogenetic analyses of root-colonizing Oxalobacteraceae revealed the presence of root-associated populations that were highly similar, regardless of treatment, and differed from the potting mix populations detected at the same sampling points. Conversely, Chryseobacterium community composition was found to be essentially invariant within treatments, but was strongly influenced by compost amendment. This persistence and stable nature of the Chryseobacterium community composition demonstrates that rhizosphere selection is not the exclusive factor involved in determining the composition of the cucumber spermosphere and rhizosphere communities.
Still Liminal after All These Years
Authors: Gold Ann Grodzins 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes some of the chapter's author's peregrinations in the liminality of teaching, notably, “the rocks and stones” laid out in large courses for undergraduates all looking for transcendence. The chapter addresses the question: how can “the continuity between external actions and internal states of being” be taught, when the “gulf” the class sees between lofty texts and meditative ideals is analogous to the gulf between the illiterate rites of the thousands of Indian villages and the textual ideals depicted by the tradition? The chapter puts forward a solution and evidence of gains in cultural understanding brought about by this.
Dancing Ritual, Ritual Dancing: Experiential Teaching
Authors: Gill Sam 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter ruminates on the formal lack of interest in both ritual and dancing. The chapter's author takes his thoughts on the university as “a Christian theological project” into a class on ritual, in which he had his students dance. From a theoretical point of view, the study of dancing and the study of ritual are very closely related. Many rituals are dance-dramas; many dances are done as ritual. Students' experience of dancing as a component to teaching ritual is easily accomplished and broadly accepted. A comparative worldwide study of ritual and ritual dancing provides a magnificent theater for the construction and examination of ritual theory.
Ritualizing Zen and the Art of Writing
Authors: Grimes Ronald L. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes the author's discovery of the pedagogy of yielding the teacher's control to the very rites with which he has empowered his students. The chapter's author teaches Buddhism and writing in unorthodox ways, not because he thinks either is special but because such subjunctive experiences, however complex and dangerous, can be effective ways of teaching. The chapter concludes by arguing that although the line between teaching and practice is fine and never easy to walk, it is always worth trying.
Teaching Ritual Propriety and Authority through Japanese Religions
Authors: Nelson John 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes the author's teaching of valuable lessons about the historical uses of ritual that often do not appear in courses — for example, how Shintō symbolism could turn the Japanese emperor into a deity, evoking obedience and reverence from all his subjects. The chapter's author's course on Buddhism also stresses the role of ritual in propping up political power, which is demonstrated through an analysis of the ritual recitation of the Heart Sutra.
Teaching Rites Ritually
Authors: McGann Mary E. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The chapter's author approaches the subject of teaching rites ritually from the perspective of the engaged minister, the ritual leader, who is teaching the basics of ritual and liturgy to future ceremonial leaders. The chapter's author comes to her task with an unexpected, but very modern, set of credentials above her degrees in theology and liturgical studies: more than a decade of participation in an African American Catholic community for an ethnographic study of the role of music in ritual life. She describes three ways of teaching rites ritually, each of which enables a particular kind of “ritual knowing” that is relevant for students at specific stages of their studies. The first, which fosters foundational ritual knowledge, is effective ecumenically, inviting students who are insiders to their own tradition to widen their perspectives on their own experience and to appreciate liturgical rites that are not their own. The second, which cultivates performative ritual knowledge, has taken shape in the need to teach students of her own denomination how to conduct their own rites. The third iteration focuses on scholarly ritual knowledge, which prepares doctoral students to become scholars and teachers in the field of liturgical studies.
Reflections on Ritual in Noh and Kyōgen
Authors: Gardner Richard A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter proposes that noh and kyôgen plays, traditional Japanese performing arts that originated in the 15th century, provide useful materials for teaching about ritual. At the simplest of levels, the plays might be used to illustrate the central importance of ritual in religion. The plays might also be used to teach and reflect on at least some of the broader issues concerning ritual and religion alluded to earlier in the book. In addition, the plays provide some grounds for tempering the seriousness involved in much academic theorizing about religion and, especially, the religions of others. These observations are used to outline the structure of a proposed course and the nature of the materials to be used.
Ritual and the Writing Class
Authors: Lehrich Christopher I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter sketches ways to teach writing in a course on ritual. It begins by discussing the objectives and principles that guide this process. It then offers discussion of sample writing assignments, and how they can help students improve both their writing and their understanding of ritual. Finally, it reflects briefly on what can be learned from teaching such a course, not only about pedagogy but also about ritual.
Words That Breach Walls:Women's Rituals in Rajasthan
Authors: Harlan Lindsey 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores women's ritual practices in Rajasthan, North India. It emphasizes the permeability of domestic space, the flexibility of the term “domestic”, and the continuity between domicile and extra-domestic spaces. Rajput women's performance of ratijagas — women's “wake” rituals — during weddings and other important occasions is examined. Ratijagas are domestic ritual performances since they occur in households. Any simple distinction between public and private domains when it comes to women's ritual performance is rejected. As travelers to other households for ratijaga performances, for example, women may transform the environments from which they come and to which they travel; what goes on in one household may affect processes in other households. The film Chocolat is used as a comparison, demonstrating that the dynamics highlighted in the materials explored are not specifically Hindu or Indian, but may be seen as broader insights about women's potential influence on religious praxis.
Becoming American
Authors: Foley Michael W. , Hoge Dean R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecent theories of civic engagement suggest three major pathways by which worship communities could promote the social and civic incorporation of recent immigrants: providing immigrants with social capital and supplying linkages to the wider society (the social capital argument); playing a role themselves as civic actors (the civil society argument); and giving them civic skills and mobilizing them for civic or political action (the civic participation model). Both as civic actors and in mobilizing members, worship communities also shape people's conceptions of themselves as citizens, promoting a particular identity as players in the civic arena. Worship communities differ in the way each of these pathways plays out, depending upon the circumstances of the group's immigration and reception in the United States, the organizational culture of the worship community, and the interpretation of its religious tradition that shapes it.
Sources of Social Capital
Authors: Foley Michael W. , Hoge Dean R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWorship communities can be important sources of both bonding and bridging social capital, but not all such communities provide significant levels of material support or economic opportunities, nor do all facilitate the social and civic incorporation of recent immigrants. Worship communities that are primarily houses of worship in organizational culture, such as Hindu temples, some mosques, and some Catholic parishes are least likely to provide bonding social capital for their members. Those that organize themselves more as a family, like many evangelical churches, provide bonding social capital but may do little to encourage civic engagement. Finally, more diverse communities and those with extensive ties to the larger society provide richer opportunities and resources to their members.
Conclusion
Authors: Foley Michael W. , Hoge Dean R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractImmigrant worship communities promote the civic and social incorporation of immigrants in varying ways and to varying degrees, depending upon the demographics of the group, the organizational culture of the worship community, its religious tradition, and leaders' interpretations of that tradition. Such diversity undermines recent claims that immigrant worship communities are being transformed under the impress of the American “congregational template”. On the contrary, in many cases they bring distinctive patterns of organization and practice to American religion, and in some cases are transforming American churches. As ethnic and religious “outsiders” defending the terms on which they will be incorporated into American society, they take their place in a long line that has defined American pluralism since the origins of the republic.
Opening Up the Hungarian Economy: Conditions and Consequences of Liberalizing Trade and Capital Flows in Hungary
Authors: Oblath Gábor 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter addresses issues related to trade (current account) liberalization in Hungary. An overview of the main issues related to external economic liberalization is presented, focusing on trade liberalization. This is followed by a review of macroeconomic developments in the country over the past decade. Then, after dealing with the conceptual and statistical difficulties involved, decomposition exercises are performed regarding changes in aggregate demand and employment; at the end of this analysis, macroeconomic characteristics of different subperiods are discussed. The next section deals with social changes and shifts in income distribution. Finally, the different lines of analysis are brought together and conclusions drawn regarding the mode of external liberalization in Hungary.