bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autobiography, Ideology, and Genre Theory
Authors: Elbaz Robert 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThis article will study the ideological presuppositions behind two prevalent definitions of the autobiographic genre ‐ the “typological” and the “dynamic”. The typological view puts the emphasis on the inherent generic dimensions of autobiography, while the dynamic view stresses the “aesthetics of reception”. Despite formal differences, however, both approaches view autobiography as illustrating the problematic relationship between fact and fiction; that is, an ontological difference is claimed to distinguish autobiography from fiction. Autobiography, it is held, purports to represent a “truth” about a given reality (through its duplication), while fiction does not. It will be argued, however, that through the processes of mediation (by linguistic reality), and suspension (due to the text's lack of finality and completion), autobiography can only be a fiction. Indeed autobiography is fiction and fiction is autobiography: both are narrative arrangements of reality. The ideological nature of these arrangements in autobiographical writing is the issue of concern here.
Scheidung und Mischung: Sprache und Gesellschaft in Thomas Manns Buddenbrooks
Authors: Wolf Ernest M. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThomas Mann gebraucht in Buddenbrooks drei verschiedene deutsche Sprachformen: das Hochdeutsche, das niederdeutsche Platt und was er den »Lübecker Dialekt« nennt, eine Mischung von Hochdeutsch und Plattdeutsch, die als Missingsch definiert werden kann. Außerdem erwähnt er noch an einer Stelle eine Sonderform der Lübecker kaufmännischen Umgangssprache, die er ebenfalls als »Dialekt« bezeichnet. Dazu kommt noch eine Fremdsprache, das Französische.Da Buddenbrooks ein Gesellschaftsronman ist, besitzen alle sprachliche Elemente auch eine soziologische Funktion: sie zeigen den Platz einzelner Sprecher oder Gruppen innerhalb des Gesellschaftsgefüges an. Die drei genannten Grundformen des deutschen entsprechen als Standessprachen den Hauptschichten der Lübecker Klassengesellschaft. Die großbürgerliche Oberschicht spricht hochdeutsch, der kleinbürgerliche Miettelstand das Lübecker Missingsch und die unterste Volksschicht plattdeutsch.Die grundsätzlich geltenden Zuordnung der Sprachformen zu den drei Klassenschichten wird jedoch durch mannigfaltige Sprachmischungen eingeschränkt. Angehörige der Oberschicht sowie auch der Mittelstand sprechen neben ihren primären Standessprachen Häfrig auch noch plattdeutsch. Das Französische wird von dem alten Herrn Johann Buddenbrook in einer eigenartigen Sprachmischung mit dem Plattdeutschen kombiniert.
Proto‐Gothicism: The Infernal Iconography of Walpole's Castle of Otranto
Authors: Frank Frederick S. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAn analysis of the major supernatural icons or horror symbols of the first Gothic novel, Horace Walpole's Castle of Otranto (1764), suggests that the work's infernal iconography expresses in a fully developed way the central themes of the emergent Gothic tradition: a malign and disorderly cosmos; the impotency of rationalism; supernatural terror and horror as the prevailing conditions of the Gothic universe. The iconography of Gothicism derives from older positive value Systems, codes of religious belief or symbols of social stability, but converts these traditional positive representations of order and security into an iconography of fear, doubt, loss, disintegration of self and disruption of natural law. The primary example of this process of iconographic inversion whereby the negative or darker side of the symbol becomes the dominant object of terror in the Gothic world is the sentient architecture of the haunted Castle of Otranto itself, a former refuge now become a site of terror. Concentrating on the mobile icons of the castle's interior and applying a theory of iconology developed by Theodore Ziolkowski in his Disenchanted Images: A Literary Iconology, the essay explores Walpole's proto‐Gothic achievement in preparing the way for the vast eruption of Gothic fiction that would follow in the last decades of the Eighteenth Century.
Ratiocination About an Ape A Poeto‐logical Investigation of a Murderer
Authors: Ritter Erich H. 
Published: August 2007

This article is an attempt to rationalize consequently the existence of the “Ourang‐Outang” as the murderer in Poe's short story “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” from within the structure of the story. One could even say that it is an attempt to prove “categorically” the necessity of the ape as murderer.In order to do this, the article resorts to the conceptualization and the philosophical underpinning of theGestaltof the detective as an aesthete. Such an understanding of the detective and its rationalization literally provokes the connection of two, each other unknown contemporaries: Poe and Kierkegaard; and ‐ last yet not least ‐ it evokes another romantic: E. T. A. Hoffmann. Other intellectual luminaries, like T. W. Adomo and his friend S. Kracauer, helped to blaze the trail; and, of course, a historical and political view helped to keep “things” in line.Not only does the presented approach help to explain the ape rationally, it also helps to rationalize the unusually young age of Auguste Dupin himself. The explanation of his character is ‐together with the enigma of the ape ‐ one of the most obscure issues in Poe's detective fiction. This treatment of Poe's detective and the ape tries to realize critically Poe's understanding of his term “ratiocination”.
Are the Endocrine Society's Clinical Practice Guidelines on Androgen Therapy in Women Misguided? A Commentary
Authors: Traish Abdulmaged , Guay Andre T. , Spark Richard F. ,   the Testosterone Therapy in Women Study Group
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT
The Endocrine Society Clinical Guidelines on Androgen Therapy in Women (henceforth referred to as the Guidelines) do not necessarily represent the opinion held by the many health-care professionals and clinicians who are specialized in the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of women's health in androgen insufficiency states. The recommendations provided in the published Guidelines are neither accurate nor complete. We disagree with the therapeutic nihilism promoted by these Guidelines. The members of the Guidelines Panel (henceforth referred to as the Panel), in their own disclaimer, stated that the Guidelines do not establish a standard of care.
Based on data available in the contemporary literature, on the role of androgens in women's health, we provide in this commentary a point-by-point discussion of the arguments made by the Panel in arriving at their recommendations. It is our view that the Guidelines are not based on the preponderance of scientific evidence.
Health-care professionals, physicians, and scientists often disagree when determining how best to address and manage new and emerging clinical issues. This is where we stand now as we endeavor to understand the role of androgens in a woman's health and welfare. Indeed, some basic facts are not in contention. All agree that dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) production from the adrenal gland begins during the preteen years, peaks in the mid 20s, then declines progressively over time. In contrast, ovarian androgen (i.e., testosterone) secretion commences at puberty, is sustained during a woman's peak reproductive years and declines as a woman ages, with a more rapid and steep decrease after surgical menopause. However, there are ample data to suggest that adrenal androgens play a role in the development of axillary and pubic hair, and that testosterone is critical for women's libido and sexual function.
We take this opportunity to invite members of the Panel on Androgen Therapy in Women to discuss, clarify, comment, or rebut any of the points made in this Commentary. It is our goal to elevate this debate in order to provide women who are afflicted with androgen insufficiency and sexual disorders with the highest quality health care and to relieve their distress and suffering, as well as to improve their quality of life.
Koro—The Psychological Disappearance of the Penis
Authors: Mattelaer Johan J. , Jilek Wolfgang 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT
The aim of this article is to present a summarizing overview on ethnomedical aspects of koro (in Chinese called suo-yang), the panic anxiety state in which affected males believe that the penis is shrinking and/or retracting, and perhaps disappearing.
While reduction of penile volume occurs physiologically due to vasoconstriction in cold temperature and intense anxiety, it is believed in certain cultures that genital shrinking leads to impotence and sterility, and eventually to death.
Traditional Chinese medicine treats suo-yang, the reduction of the male principle yang, as a dangerous disturbance of the life-sustaining yin-yang equilibrium of the organism.
Koro has therefore been held to be a Chinese “culture-bound” condition. However , the koro phenomenon is also known among diverse ethnic and religious groups in Asia and Africa, typically in cultures in which reproductive ability is a major determinant of a young person's worth.
Koro epidemics of panic anxiety due to widespread fears of losing one's genitals, procreative ability, and even one's life, are triggered by rumors of genital disappearance supposedly caused in China by female fox spirits, in Singapore and Thailand by mass poisoning, and in Africa by sorcery, usually in the context of socioeconomic or political tension.
Today, in contemporary Western societies, ideas of genital disappearance are not culturally endorsed. But historically, it should be remembered that in the late Middle Ages in Europe, a man could lose his membrum virile through magical attacks by witches.
The conclusion is that the psychological disappearance of the penis is a universal syndrome that was described recently in Asia and Africa and already in Medieval Europe.
Syncretism
Authors: Baerman Matthew 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSyncretism occurs where two or more distinct morphosyntactic values are collapsed in a single inflected word form. In the current literature, instances of syncretism are being increasingly cited to support particular models of morphology and feature structure. This article takes a critical look at the sorts of analyses that the data actually warrant, in particular showing the limitations of an approach that treats syncretism as dependent on morphosyntactic feature structure.
Work–Family Intersections
Authors: Winslow‐Bowe Sarah 
Published: August 2007

AbstractResearch on the intersections of paid labor and family life has expanded in recent decades, driven in large part by the dramatic increase in women's labor force participation and the concurrent rise in dual‐earner families. This article first reviews the extant literature on three major sources of conflict between work and family – the demands of home, the demands of work, and cultural prescriptions for ‘good’ workers, childhood, and parenting. Then, I turn to a review of policies and programs designed to address the nexus of employment and personal obligations now confronting the majority of American workers, emphasizing that, in the USA, nearly all of these attempts to address work–family conflict occur at the organizational (rather than governmental) level and are thus differentially distributed resources. I conclude with two suggestions for future research – attention to the diversity of American workers and families and examinations of work–family intersections across the life course.
The Generality and Consequences of Stereotype Threat
Authors: McGlone Matthew S. , Pfiester R. Abigail 
Published: August 2007

Abstract‘Stereotype threat’ refers to the state of psychological discomfort people experience when confronted by an unflattering reputation in a situation where that reputation can be confirmed by one's behavior. Once aroused, stereotype threat can have a number of disruptive effects, among them the short‐term impairment of intelligent thought and academic achievement. Over time, it can prompt defensive adaptations that have far‐reaching effects, such as disengagement from activities or domains where the stereotype is relevant, which in turn can lead to impaired intellectual development. Stereotype threat thus can result in a self‐fulfilling prophecy whereby a person comes to resemble his or her reputation, living up or down to social expectations. This article reviews the development of the stereotype threat construct from Steele and Aronson's (1995) original demonstration to investigations of its generality and mediators and to more recent studies focusing on strategies for reducing its negative effects.
Echocardiographic characterisation of left ventricular geometry of professional male tennis players
Authors: Osborn Ross Q , Taylor Walter C , Oken Keith , Luzano Marcello , Heckman Michael , Fletcher Gerald 
Published: August 2007

Background:The cardiac characteristics of various types of athletes have been defined by echocardiography. Athletes involved in predominately static exercise, such as bodybuilders, have been found to have more concentric hypertrophy, whereas those involved in dynamic exercise, such as long distance runners, have more eccentric hypertrophy. Tennis at the elite level is a sport that is a combination of static and dynamic exercise.Objective:To characterise left ventricular geometry including left ventricular hypertrophy by echocardiography in male professional tennis players.Design:Retrospective study of screening echocardiograms that were performed on male professional tennis players.Setting:All echocardiograms were performed at the Mayo Clinic (Jacksonville, Florida, USA) between 1998–2000.Participants:A total of 41 male professional tennis players, with a mean age of 23.Results:Left ventricular hypertrophy was present in 30 of 41 subjects (73%, 95% CI: 57%–86%). The majority of players manifested eccentric hypertrophy (n = 22, 54%). Concentric hypertrophy (n = 9, 22%) and normal geometry (n = 7, 17%) were encountered with similar frequency. Only 7% (n = 3) manifested concentric remodelling. The mean thickness of both the interventricular septum and the posterior wall was 11.0 mm. The mean LVEDd was 55 mm. The mean RWT was 0.41. The mean LVMI was 130 gm/m2and the mean EF was 64%. Five of the 41 subjects had an abnormal septal thickness of 13 mm.Conclusion:This was the first study to specifically describe the full range of echocardiographically-determined left ventricular geometry in professional male tennis players. The majority of subjects exhibited abnormal geometry, predominantly eccentric hypertrophy.
Habitat attributes and chestnut-backed chickadee nest site selection in uncut and partial-cut forests
Authors: Mahon C. Lisa , Martin Kathy , Steventon J.D. 
Published: August 2007

We examined the relationship between habitat attributes and nest-site selection by chestnut-backed chickadees ( Poecile rufescens (Townsend, 1837); hereinafter chickadees) in uncut and partial-cut forests in northwest British Columbia. We described the characteristics of uncut sites and compared them with structurally modified partial-cut sites (mature and old forests). We then compared the use and selection of habitat by chickadees at uncut and partial-cut sites at three spatial scales: (1) the stand (19–24 ha uncut or partial-cut stand), (2) the nest patch (a 0.031 ha patch centered on nest trees), and (3) the nest tree. At the stand scale, we found no correlation between the density of breeding chickadees and the characteristics of uncut and partial-cut sites. At the nest-patch scale, chickadees in uncut and old partial-cut sites selected nest patches with higher densities of broken-top trees compared with available habitat within territories. At the nest-tree scale, chickadees selected nest trees with boring insects and broken tops in uncut and mature partial-cut sites and large trees with boring insects in old partial-cut sites. Our results suggest that chickadees exhibited flexibility in resource selection but also selected resources with similar attributes at the nest-patch and nest-tree scales. Managed stands that maintain a range of tree species and conditions, including live trees with areas of disease, insect attack, and damage, will provide the specific structural attributes used for nesting by weak cavity excavators such as the chickadee.
Common and Unique Neural Activations in Autobiographical, Episodic, and Semantic Retrieval
Authors: Burianova Hana , Grady Cheryl L. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
This study sought to explore the neural correlates that underlie autobiographical, episodic, and semantic memory. Autobiographical memory was defined as the conscious recollection of personally relevant events, episodic memory as the recall of stimuli presented in the laboratory, and semantic memory as the retrieval of factual information and general knowledge about the world. Our objective was to delineate common neural activations, reflecting a functional overlap, and unique neural activations, reflecting functional dissociation of these memory processes. We conducted an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study in which we utilized the same pictorial stimuli but manipulated retrieval demands to extract autobiographical, episodic, or semantic memories. The results show a functional overlap of the three types of memory retrieval in the inferior frontal gyrus, the middle frontal gyrus, the caudate nucleus, the thalamus, and the lingual gyrus. All memory conditions yielded activation of the left medial-temporal lobe; however, we found a functional dissociation within this region. The anterior and superior areas were active in episodic and semantic retrieval, whereas more posterior and inferior areas were active in autobiographical retrieval. Unique activations for each memory type were also delineated, including medial frontal increases for autobiographical, right middle frontal increases for episodic, and right inferior temporal increases for semantic retrieval. These findings suggest a common neural network underlying all declarative memory retrieval, as well as unique neural contributions reflecting the specific properties of retrieved memories.
Applying artificial neural networks to the diagnosis of organic dyspepsia
Authors: García-Altés Anna , Santín Daniel , Barenys Mercè 
Published: August 2007

Background. Dyspepsia diagnoses and treatment decisions are made in situations in which multiple factors must be taken into account. Evolving from neuro-biological insights, artificial neural networks (ANNs) can employ multiple factors in resolving medical prediction, classification, pattern recognition, and pattern completion. The objective of this study was to compare predictive results classifying people with organic dyspepsia with Helicobacter pylori testing (rapid urease test), a scoring system based on patients' symptoms (derived using logistic regression), classification and regression trees (CART) and the most common ANN approach used in medicine: a feed-forward multilayer perceptron (MLP) trained by back-propagation. Methods. A scoring system, CART algorithm, and MLP model were constructed. Predictive accuracy was calculated for them and for Helicobacter pylori testing. Results. MLP model had a sensitivity of 0.91 (0.81 for all data) and a specificity of 0.74 (0.79 for all data) for test data. That compares favorably with Helicobacter pylori testing (sensitivity = 0.80, specificity = 0.43), the scoring system (sensitivity = 0.85, specificity = 0.60), and the CART model (sensitivity = 0.88, specificity = 0.53). Diagnostic accuracy, the area under the curve, was 0.82 using the MLP model, 0.61 using Helicobacter pylori testing, 0.78 using the scoring system, and 0.72 for the test set using CART. Conclusions. The results of the analysis showed that the ANN model derived has better predictive accuracy than Helicobacter pylori testing, than a scoring system based on patients' symptoms and than a decision tree algorithm (CART). ANN model could be used as a predictive tool for organic dyspepsia and would be useful in the process of referral of dyspeptic patients from primary care to endoscopy units.
An exploratory test for an excess of significant findings
Authors: Ioannidis John PA , Trikalinos Thomas A 
Published: August 2007

Background The published clinical research literature may be distorted by the pursuit of statistically significant results. Purpose We aimed to develop a test to explore biases stemming from the pursuit of nominal statistical significance. Methods The exploratory test evaluates whether there is a relative excess of formally significant findings in the published literature due to any reason (e.g., publication bias, selective analyses and outcome reporting, or fabricated data). The number of expected studies with statistically significant results is estimated and compared against the number of observed significant studies. The main application uses α = 0.05, but a range of α thresholds is also examined. Different values or prior distributions of the effect size are assumed. Given the typically low power (few studies per research question), the test may be best applied across domains of many meta-analyses that share common characteristics (interventions, outcomes, study populations, research environment). Results We evaluated illustratively eight meta-analyses of clinical trials with >50 studies each and 10 meta-analyses of clinical efficacy for neuroleptic agents in schizophrenia; the 10 meta-analyses were also examined as a composite domain. Different results were obtained against commonly used tests of publication bias. We demonstrated a clear or possible excess of significant studies in 6 of 8 large meta-analyses and in the wide domain of neuroleptic treatments. Limitations The proposed test is exploratory, may depend on prior assumptions, and should be applied cautiously. Conclusions An excess of significant findings may be documented in some clinical research fields. Clinical Trials 2007; 4: 245—253; http://ctj.sagepub.com
Determinants of the range of drugs prescribed in general practice: a cross-sectional analysis
Authors: de Bakker Dinny H , Coffie Dayline SV , Heerdink Eibert R , van Dijk Liset , Groenewegen Peter P 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Background
Current health policies assume that prescribing is more efficient and rational when general practitioners (GPs) work with a formulary or restricted drugs lists and thus with a limited range of drugs. Therefore we studied determinants of the range of drugs prescribed by general practitioners, distinguishing general GP-characteristics, characteristics of the practice setting, characteristics of the patient population and information sources used by GPs.

Methods
Secondary analysis was carried out on data from the Second Dutch Survey in General Practice. Data were available for 138 GPs working in 93 practices.
ATC-coded prescription data from electronic medical records, census data and data from GP/practice questionnaires were analyzed with multilevel techniques.

Results
The average GP writes prescriptions for 233 different drugs, i.e. 30% of the available drugs on the market within one year. There is considerable variation between ATC main groups and subgroups and between GPs. GPs with larger patient lists, GPs with higher prescribing volumes and GPs who frequently receive representatives from the pharmaceutical industry have a broader range when controlled for other variables.

Conclusion
The range of drugs prescribed is a useful instrument for analysing GPs' prescribing behaviour. It shows both variation between GPs and between therapeutic groups. Statistically significant relationships found were in line with the hypotheses formulated, like the one concerning the influence of the industry. Further research should be done into the relationship between the range and quality of prescribing and the reasons why some GPs prescribe a greater number of different drugs than others.