bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
R & D, INTERNATIONAL PRODUCTION AND TRADE THE TECHNOLOGICAL GAP THEORY IN A FACTOR‐ENDOWMENT MODEL
Authors: KATRAK HOMI 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThis paper has developed a simple model to examine three questions about the TG theory of international trade. First, to examine some reasons for inter‐country differences in the levels of R&D, secondly, whether the Heckscher‐OhIin and Human Skills theories' view of free exogenous technology has any role in the TG theory and, thirdly, whether the TG and HS theories make similar predictions about the basis and pattern of trade,Skilled labour was assigned a dual role, namely, as an input in production as well as in R & D. A firm undertaking R&D must decide on the allocation of skilled labour between production and R&D. The optimum allocation requires that the marginal revenue product of skilled labour be equal in its two activities.The optimum allocation was used to analyse the first and second of the above questions. It was shown that inter‐country differences in the level of R&D may arise because of differences in the endowment of skilled labour and/or in factor efficiency. Moreover, those influences cause more than proportionate differences in the level of R & D. This more than proportionate effect arises because the endogenous technology, generated by R & D, builds upon the exogenous free technology of the Heckscher‐Ohlin theory. Demand conditions in home and/or foreign markets were considered as a third possible influence on R & D.The analyses also examined how a firm's optimal allocation of skilled labour could be affected by certain influences, such as involvement in foreign trade, entry of rival firms and government regulation.Although the theoretical findings of the paper have not yet been empirically tested, there is some indirect support from the evidence of an earlier industry‐level study and, moreover, the findings could also be consistent with some recent empirical results that have shown a two‐way relationship between R&D and trade. Finally, the findings suggested alternative scenarios where the TG and HS theories may make different predictions about the basis and pattern of trade.
EXPECTATIONS, LEARNING AND THE KALMAN FILTER
Authors: CUTHBERTSON KEITH 
Published: April 2008

SummaryOur final comments can be relatively brief. In assessing the empirical importance of expectations variables in macroeconomic behavioural equations, a variety of “expectations models” should be used. To date, the Muth‐rational expectations approach has dominated the empirical literature. A major drawback, however, is the lack of an explicit optimal learning process by agents. We have attempted to remedy this by bringing together various diverse strands in the expectations, statistics and engineering literature to formalize models that embody “optimal information extraction” by agents faced with a stochastic environment. The Khan filter provides a unified method of approaching these problems and in this paper we presented the Kalman filter in terms of the usual least squares approach familiar to applied economists. Relatively inexpensive econometric software which utilizes recursive estimation techniques has recently become available. It is hoped that this paper has provided a framework favourable to its use by applied economists particularly in investigating the role of expectations variables in economic models.
Definition of the capsular insertion plane on the proximal humerus
Authors: Amadi Hippolite O. , Sanghavi Sanjay M. , Kamineni Srinath , Skourat Roman , Hansen Ulrich N. , Bull Anthony M. J. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe aim of this work was quantitatively to establish the relationship between the plane that hosts the humeral head lateral margin (anatomical neck) and that of the capsular insertion. Eight cadaveric shoulders were used. These were dissected, exposing the humeral head margin and the root of the capsular humeral insertion to extract digitally their outlines using a mechanical 3‐d digitizer. The datasets of the digitized outlines were applied and the geometric planes they best fitted mathematically calculated. Vector analysis techniques were finally applied to the two planes to quantify the relationship between them. The humeral head margin is circular (± 2.2% of radius), having each of its outlining points on the same plane (within ± 1.5 mm.) The capsular attachment outlining points also insert on a plane (± 1.4 mm). The two planes are related to one another by an inclination of 14.5 ± 3.6°. The relationship described here would allow for in vivo prediction of humeral attachment of capsular structures by using radiological datasets of the anatomical neck. This would be useful in patient‐specific modelling to study and understand the glenohumeral ligament kinematics during clinical examinations and to plan surgical reconstructive procedures.
Immediate single‐tooth implants in the anterior maxilla: a 1‐year case cohort study on hard and soft tissue response
Authors: De Rouck Tim , Collys Kristiaan , Cosyn Jan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAim: The objective of the present study was to assess implant survival rate, hard and soft tissue response and aesthetic outcome 1 year after immediate placement and provisionalization of single‐tooth implants in the pre‐maxilla. All patients underwent the same strategy, that is mucoperiosteal flap elevation, immediate implant placement, insertion of a grafting material between the implant and the socket wall and the connection of a screw‐retained provisional restoration.Material and Methods: Thirty consecutive patients were treated for single‐tooth replacement in the aesthetic zone by means of immediate implant placement and provisionalization. Reasons for tooth loss included caries, periodontitis or trauma. At 6 months, provisional crowns were replaced by the permanent ones. Clinical and radiographic evaluation was completed at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months to assess implant survival and complications, hard and soft tissue parameters and patient's aesthetic satisfaction.Results: One implant had failed at 1 month of follow‐up, resulting in an implant survival rate of 97%. Radiographic examination yielded 0.98 mm mesial, respectively, 0.78 mm distal bone loss. Midfacial soft tissue recession and mesial/distal papilla shrinkage were 0.53, 0.41and 0.31 mm, respectively. Patient's aesthetic satisfaction was 93%.Conclusions: The preliminary results suggest that the proposed strategy can be considered to be a valuable treatment option in well‐selected patients.
Clinical changes in periodontium during pregnancy and post‐partum
Authors: Gürsoy Mervi , Pajukanta Riitta , Sorsa Timo , Könönen Eija 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackground and Aim: Pregnancy has been presented to increase susceptibility to gingival inflammation. It is unclear whether pregnancy gingivitis exposes or proceeds to periodontitis. We examined longitudinally the severity of periodontal changes during pregnancy and post‐partum, and compared the findings with an age‐matched group of non‐pregnant women.Material and Methods: Thirty generally healthy, non‐smoking women at an early phase of their pregnancy and 24 non‐pregnant women as controls were recruited. The pregnant group was examined three times during pregnancy and twice during post‐partum, and the non‐pregnant group three times, once per subsequent month. At each visit, visible plaque index (VPI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) were measured from six sites per tooth.Results: In the pregnant group, BOP and PPD increased simultaneously without relation to plaque between the first and second trimesters, and thereafter decreased during subsequent visits. No changes were detected in CAL during the study period. In the non‐pregnant group, BOP stayed invariable during the follow‐up and correlated with the amount of plaque. Neither periodontal pocket formation nor significant changes in attachment levels were observed.Conclusion: Based on this study, changes in clinical parameters during pregnancy are reversible, indicating that pregnancy gingivitis does not predispose or proceed to periodontitis.
SIDS diagnosis should not be put to bed
Authors: Alm Bernt , Wennergren Göran , Lagercrantz Hugo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe finding that prone sleeping position and smoking are important risk factors for SIDS has considerably reduced the incidence. Although these risk factors can be found in many cases of SIDS, they cannot be regarded as causes of death.Conclusion: The diagnosis of SIDS must be adhered to, and risk factors must not be confused with diagnoses. A structured follow‐up of all cases of SIDS can be a cost‐effective mean to ensure that parents and researchers are given adequate information.
What Can We Learn? Adult Outcomes in Children of Seriously Mentally Ill Mothers
Authors: O’Connell Kathleen LeClear 
Published: April 2008

PROBLEM:  Information is lacking about the experiences, needs of, and interventions for children of seriously mentally ill mothers. METHODS:  Quantitative and qualitative methods of inquiry were used to retrospectively explore the characteristics and needs of adult children of seriously mentally ill mothers. The sample (N = 40) was recruited by referral and media advertisements. Childhood variables related to attachment, family environment, and parenting were compared to adult well‐being outcomes of depression, quality of life, sense of coherence, and self‐esteem. Participants also responded to the question “What other question should have been included in this study about your experience as the child of a seriously mentally ill mother?” and, additionally, spontaneously added their own clarifications of their answers to the survey questions.FINDINGS:  It was apparent that the childhoods of participants were disruptive and often painful. Over half of the sample reported having their own diagnosis of depression in adulthood. Despite these factors, most members of the study sample were functioning well in adulthood, most often as a result of their own initiative. CONCLUSIONS:  A high rate of depression in adulthood and participants’ own descriptions of their painful memories and experiences of childhood identifies that more can and should be done to assist children of mentally ill mothers to cope with their environments. Interventions at various times in childhood are described.
Korean American Adolescent Depression and Parenting
Authors: Kim Eunjung , Cain Kevin C. 
Published: April 2008

PROBLEM:  Korean American adolescents tend to experience more mental health problems than adolescents in other ethnic groups. METHODS:  The goal of this study was to examine the association between Korean American parent–adolescent relationships and adolescents’ depressive symptoms in 56 families. FINDINGS:  Thirty‐nine percent of adolescents reported elevated depressive symptoms. Adolescents’ perceived low maternal warmth and higher intergenerational acculturation conflicts with fathers were significant predictors for adolescent depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS:  The findings can be used to develop a family intervention program, the aim of which would be to decrease adolescent depressive symptoms by promoting parental warmth and decreasing parent–adolescent acculturation conflicts.
Derivative-assisted evaluation of well yields in a heterogeneous aquifer
Authors: Parks Kevin P , Bentley Laurence R 
Published: April 2008

The evaluation of well yields conventional timedrawdown methods is based on the assumption of infinite-acting radial flow (IARF) of groundwater to a well. However, long-term well yields are controlled by heterogeneities and, as suggested here, by the presence of linear features and aquitard leakage, and the subsequent departures from IARF. Accurate prediction of long-term well yields therefore requires an evaluation of aquifer heterogeneities. Derivative techniques combined with aquifer geology and conventional methods aid in the evaluation of long-term well yields in the heterogenous aquifers. Our case study involves the estimation of long-term well yields from relatively short-term aquifer tests in an aquifer near Calgary, Alberta. The wells are completed in a gravel-floored cahnnel incised into bedrock. On the regional scale, the floor gravels appear to form a continuous and homogeneous aquifer. Aquifer-test responses indicate internal heterogeneity at a scale below the resolution attainable with the available well control. Reliable estimates of aquifer parameters are obtained by applying a derivative technique to the analysis of timedrawdown data. Derivative analysis allows us to isolate test segments for which the assumption of IARF is valid. Characteristic timedrawdown and derivative curves are then integrated with geology to identify the nature of heterogeneities and assess their impact on long-term aquifer response to pumping. Key words: aquifer-test, derivative, heterogeneity, well yield, buried valley aquifer.
An Improvement of Vector Method by Allocation of Intensities Based on the Crystallographic Symmetry
Authors: Shimizu R. , Ohta K. , Harase J. 
Published: April 2008

An investigation has been carried out utilizing model and experimental pole figures
made by X‐ray technique in order to examine the use of the vector method as a
means of the texture analysis. The main findings are as follows:• From crystal symmetry considerations positions and magnitudes of peaks along
the ζ
angle can be predicted. There are discrepancies in these intensity peaks
and in some cases the peaks are missing altogether.• This problem was solved by the allocation of intensities such that equal
intensities are obtained at the crystallographic symmetry positions.• Even a slightly mismatched combination of the reflection and transmission pole
figures caused an increase in residual vector (R) resulting in the failure of the
analysis for the minor textural component.
An Investigation Into the Accuracy of the Vector Method by Comparison With ECP Measurements
Authors: Shimizu R. , Harase J. , Ohta K. 
Published: April 2008

In an attempt to investigate the accuracy of the vector method for crystal texture
analysis, a comparison has been made between the inversion result of the pole figure
made by X‐ray studies using the VM and the inversion result of the pole figure made
by ECP. A comparison has been made between the inversion by the pole figure
generated by direct measurement of orientations by ECP and the actual orientation
distribution (measured by ECP) displayed in the same mode. The materials studied
were recrystallized Fe–3% Si and Fe–50% Ni. The main findings were:• In the mean intensities of each individual Box, the inversion results of pole
figures made from orientations determined by ECP were in good agreement with
the inversion from (100) pole figures made by X‐ray or actual orientation
distribution (made by ECP) displayed in the same mode as the vector method.• For Fe–3% Si, quite a good agreement was obtained between the results
inverted from X‐ray pole figure and the direct measurement by ECP for the
intensity distribution of minor texture component along ζ angle. It was
concluded from these investigations that the inversion of the pole figure by the
vector method is accurate enough for most practical purposes.
Nondestructive Analysis of Textures in Rolled Sheets by Ultrasonic Techniques
Authors: Spies M. , Schneider E. 
Published: April 2008

The preferred grain orientation in polycrystals causes a direction dependence of the ultrasonic wave
velocities. In an extensive study, the texture influence on different ultrasonic wave velocities is
measured in series of cold‐rolled ferritic steel sheets. Based on that, ultrasonic techniques are
developed to characterize the texture in terms of the three fourth‐order expansion coefficients of the
orientation distribution function (ODF). Evaluation equations are given for the application of free
ultrasonic longitudinal and shear waves as well as for the application of ultrasonic SH‐waves.Furthermore, linear correlations are found between the Δr‐ and rm‐values, characterizing the deep drawability of the sheets and the expansion coefficients and , evaluated by ultrasonic techniques. The study demonstrates that ultrasonic techniques hold
high promise to evaluate the fourth‐order expansion coefficients of the ODF and to characterize the deep drawing behavior of
rolled sheets by the use of calibration experiments.
Directionally Solidified Materials:Nickel‐base Superalloys forGas Turbines
Authors: Lacaze Jacques , Hazotte Alain 
Published: April 2008

From the first forged turbine blades made of iron base alloys to the present nickel base single‐grain
turbine blades and vanes manufactured by directional solidification, an enormous amount of research
has been directed to attaining the hottest possible combustion chamber temperatures in jet engines.
Temperature has been increased by about 15 K each year for the last two decades, improving the
thermodynamic efficiency of the engines. The more recent developments concern the manufacturing
of single‐grain parts made of nickel base superalloys with large amount of the γ′ hardening phase.This paper first presents the directional solidification process used to produce single‐grain parts, the
formation of as‐cast microstructures and the defects that can arise during solidification. In the second
part the thermal treatments that are applied to the nickel base superalloys in order to enhance their
mechanical properties are detailed. The effect of crystallographic orientation and of the γ/γ′
microstructure on the mechanical properties is briefly presented, as well as the. microstructural
changes that can possibly arise during service.
Automated Determination of LatticeOrientation From ElectronBackscattered KikuchiDiffraction Patterns
Authors: Wright Stuart I. , Zhao Jun-Wu , Adams Brent L. 
Published: April 2008

As described in a previous paper (Wright and Adams, 1990), with the advent of new techniques it has
become practical to consider using single orientation measurements for texture investigations.Advantages of using single orientations measurements over the traditional bulk measurement using
pole figures are: direct access to odd‐l terms in the series expansion of the Orientation Distribution
Function (ODF) (Bunge, 1982) and the capability to measure local textures and to obtain spatial
orientation correlation information. The primary obstacle to the use of single orientation measurements
is the large investment of direct operator time required to obtain a statistically reliable data set.
This study examines a technique that has been developed to automate the orientation identification
process. The technique essentially compares an electron backscattered Kikuchi diffraction (BKD)
pattern with a set of idealized patterns and finds the best match. The set of idealized patterns is
created from a set of orientations which represent a tessellation of the asymmetric region of Euler
space. The technique shows promising preliminary results, BKD patterns for silicon and stainless steel
were correctly identified by the computer.
The Compound Influence of Textureand Microstructure on theMechanical Properties of Low‐C SteelWires
Authors: Gangli P. , Szpunar J. A. , Sugondo  
Published: April 2008

A series of experiments were made determining textural, microstructural, and mechanical properties
in cold drawn, and spheroidization heat treated low‐C steel wires (AISI‐1018 and 1033 grades). It was
found that texture exerted a significant influence on the mechanical properties, while microstructure had a comparable influence.Mechanical properties are represented by yield strength (YS), ultimate compressive strength (UCS)
and by homogeneous strain energy (EHOM), defined by the integral of stress up to uniform
elongation. Textural properties are represented by the Taylor‐factor, M, the R‐value, and by the
maximum of the orientation distribution function (ODFMAX). Micro‐structural properties are
treated with the help of the aspect ratio parameter (1/√AR), where AR is the grain aspect ratio
(length to ellipsoidal width), the grain size parameter (1/√D), and the mean free path between second phase spheroidized cementites √N.For cold drawn steel wires, homogeneous strain energy (EHOM) is well correlated to (1/√AR) and
(ODFMAX). Yield strength, on the other hand, appears to be chiefly influenced by the aspect ratio
parameter, thus here ODFMAX exerts less influence. The yield strength (YS) of annealed,
spheroidization treated low‐C wires are equally influenced by the grain size parameter (1/√D), the
mean distance between spherulites (√N) and by ODFMAX.The textures of the cold drawn wires could be well described by the 〈110〉 fibre parallel to wire axis, and by the 〈111〉 fibre normal to wire axis. The annealed wires, while also featuring these two fibres, displayed a distinct {111}〈110〉single orientation.
Texture and Plastic Anisotropy in Model Aluminium ‐ Lithium Alloys
Authors: Engler Olaf , Mizera Jaroslaw , Driver Julian H. , Lücke Kurt 
Published: April 2008

The specific roles of Li, Zr and Cu alloying elements
in Al‐Li alloys have been investigated in terms of their
influence on texture evolution during rolling and
subsequent plastic anisotropy. Three model alloys; Al‐2.3%
Li, Al‐2.3% Li‐0.1% Zr and Al‐2.3% Li‐1.2% Cu‐0.1% Zr were
hot and cold rolled to reductions up to 92% and their
texture evolution systematically characterised by X‐ray
pole figures and complete ODFs. Hot rolling of the Zr
containing alloys, which do not recrystallize, led to a
strong Bs texture component. Cold rolling of all alloys
gave the usual Taylor‐type β fibre components, with certain
variations according to the precipitation state which can
favour or inhibit shear banding.Pronounced plastic anisotropies, R(α), were measured
on the rolled sheets with Rmin at α = 0° and Rmax at α ≈ 60°. Actual values depend upon rolling temperature and strain
but typically Rmin ≈ 0.3 and Rmax ≈ 1.5 to 2. The
quantitative texture data was used together with the CMTP
and Taylor models to predict the anisotropy; in general the
CMTP model gave a reasonable correlation with the
experimental values.
Absorption Corrections for X‐Ray Texture Measurement of Any Shape Sample
Authors: Montesin T. , Heizmann J. J. , Vadon A. 
Published: April 2008

A pole figure needs generally more than 2000 points of measurement, each point
corresponding to a specific location of the sample in space. For each position, the
detected intensity will depend on:‐the irradiated volume,‐the volumic fraction of cristallites in Bragg position in this volume, this one
depending in its turn on the cristallographic texture,‐the absorption of X‐Rays by the material (1).For flat and thick samples with an homogeneous texture, corrections are not
required, because there is an exact balance between the increase of intensity due to the
diffracting volume and the decrease of intensity due to the absorption (2). The
corrections are necessary for an any shape sample.In a first part, we present the absorption correction for X‐ray texture measurement
of any shape sample. In a second part, the intensities corrections are applied to a set of
wires. the presented experiments demonstrate that the intensity corrections should be
used to determine the texture of wires accuratly.