bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Poly(γ-benzyl l-glutamate)/Poly(ethylene oxide) Diblock Copolymer Endcapped with Sugar Moiety for Cell-Specific Biomaterials
Authors: Cho Chong-Su , Chung Sook-Ja , Goto Mituaki , Kobayashi Akira , Akaike Toshihiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
AB block copolymers consisting of poly(γ-benzyl l-glutamate)(PBLG) as component A and poly(ethylene oxide) as component B were prepared containing [O-β-d-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)]-d-gluconamide or [O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-d-gluconamide. From the circular dichroism measurements in solution state as well as infrared measurements in solid state, it was found that they had α-helical structure in both states as same as for the PBLG homopolymer. From adhesion of hepatocytes to the copolymer in vitro, it was found that lactose-carrying PBLG/PEO block copolymer had about 80% of adhesion within 2 h.
Diene-transmissive Hetero Diels-Alder Reactions of Bis(silyloxy) Cross-conjugated Trienes with Azodicarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Tsuge Otohiko , Hatta Taizo , Yakata Kenshi , Maeda Hironori 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The first example for the diene-transmissive hetero Diels-Alder reaction of two bis(silyloxy) cross conjugated trienes, 3-benzylidene- and 3-(methoxymethylene)-2,4-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)-1,4-pentadiene, is presented by the reactions with azodicarbonyl compounds such as diethyl azodicarboxylate and triazolinediones. The cross type of the diene-transmissive reaction is also described.
Direct Oxygenation of Benzene and Its Analogues into Phenols Catalyzed by Oxovanadium(IV) Complex with Combined Use of Molecular Oxygen and Aldehyde
Authors: Hata Eiichiro , Takai Toshihiro , Yamada Tohru , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In the presence of a catalytic amount of oxovanadium(IV) complexes coordinated by 1,3-diketone-type ligands, benzene and its analogues are directly oxygenated into phenols by combined use of molecular oxygen and crotonaldehyde at room temperature.
Application of Photochromic 5-Dimethylaminoindolylfulgide to Photon-Mode Erasable Optical Memory Media with Non-Destructive Readout Ability Based on Wavelength Dependence of Bleaching Quantum Yield
Authors: Matsui Fumio , Taniguchi Hitoshi , Yokoyama Yasushi , Sugiyama Kazuhiro , Kurita Yukio 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Bleaching quantum yield of 5-dimethylaminoindolylfulgide in a PMMA film decreased as the wavelength of irradiating visible light became longer, and the quantum yield was close to zero at the wavelength longer than 750 nm, where the colored species of the fulgide still has the absorption. By taking advantage of this observation, a photon-mode erasable optical memory media having non-destructive readout ability was constructed. Continual readout was possible for more than one hundred thousand times.
A New Oxidation of 3-Bromocamphor to Camphorquinone
Authors: Hattori Kazuyuki , Yoshida Takashi , Rikuta Ken-ichi , Miyakoshi Tetsuo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
3-Bromocamphor was oxidized in DMSO by bubbling air in the presence of sodium iodide to give camphorquinone quantitatively. The oxidation was found to proceed under mild conditions by a radical mechanism.
Atomic Force Microscopic Observation of Plasma Polymerized Film. Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, Hexamethyldisiloxane, and Pyrrole as the Monomers
Authors: Tazaki Michiko , Aizawa Hiroyuki , Homma Terutake 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Atomic force microscopic observations of plasma polymerized thin films of the three monomers, hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyldisiloxane, and pyrrole, were made. The polymerization processes under fixed plasma conditions were followed with the reaction time. The differece of the polymerization rate between these monomers was clearly obtained by AFM observation.
Convenient Synthesis of Dehydrooligopeptides Containing α-Dehydroamino Acid Residue Alone
Authors: Shin Chung-gi , Koshimizu Masao , Yonezawa Yasuchika 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Convenient synthesis of dehydropeptides containing only α-dehydroamino acid was accomplished by the fragment condensation and β-elimination.
Novel Chemical Modification of Myoglobin by an Alcohol-Responsive Phenylboronic Acid Function
Authors: Nagasaki Takeshi , Kimura Onari , Hamachi Itaru , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A novel method for modification of myoglobin by an alcohol-responsive phenylboronic acid function has been developed. A modified myoglobin can form a stable complex with poly(vinyl alcohol) in high pH region. The spectroscopic examination indicates that the complexation makes the modified myoglobin more stable against some denaturing factors than native myoglobin.
Chemical speciation of heterogeneously reduced Pu in synthetic brines
Authors: Ding Mei , Conca James L. , Auwer Christophe Den , Gabitov Rinat I. , Hess Nancy J. , Paviet-Hartmann Patricia , Palmer Phillip D. , LoPresti Vin , Conradson Steven D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryX-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy has been used to determine the speciation of Pu precipitates prepared by the heterogeneous reduction of Pu(VI) with Al and Fe in 5 M NaCl and an ERDA-6 brine, a simulant from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant in Carlsbad, New Mexico. NaOCl was added to some of these solutions to determine its effect on Pu speciation. Analysis of the PuLIIIspectra showed that all solids consisted of PuO2+x-y(OH)2y·zH2O, compounds with characteristics identical to those prepared by hydrolysis and with Pu-O and Pu-Pu distances identical to those treated at elevated temperature. Additionally, reduction with Al gave compounds with different site distributions than reduction with Fe, and reduction with Al or the addition of NaOCl appeared to suppress the formation of oxo groups and their associated Pu(V) sites.
Barbarian and Greek—and Church History
Authors: Buckler F. W. 
Published: April 2006

The subject I have chosen for my Address tonight is the present plight of Church History, its causes, and a possible cure. It is an old story. Thirty years ago, the late Professor H. M. Gwatkin wrote:Church History has not always had a bad name in England. It was as respectable as any other till it was covered with reproach by the partizanship and credulity of the Tractarians. Whatever service they did by calling attention to the subject was far outweighed by the scandal of their uncritical methods and unhistorical dogmas. The reproach is not yet done away, for the literature with which the successors of that school have flooded the country is little better than a dream. Its writers often have their merit; but their fundamental dogmas compel them to set aside the plainest facts of history and human nature. So the outsiders who take their ideas of the subject from its professed experts are still too much inclined to set it aside with sarcastic politeness, or by way of reaction to rush into excesses of scepticism.
The Place of the Prayer Book in the Western Liturgical Tradition
Authors: Shepherd Massey H. 
Published: April 2006

The theme of this address, in commemoration of the 400th anniversary of the First Book of Common Prayer, may be stated in the words of the late Miss Evelyn Underhill:Anglican worship is a special development of the traditional Christian cultus; and not merely a variant of Continental Protestantism. … It forms, with the Bible or Lectionary, the authorized Missal and Breviary of the English branch of the Catholic Church. Its use is obligatory, and its contents declare in unmistakable terms the adherence of that Church to the great Catholic tradition of Christendom and the general conformity of its worship to the primitive ritual type.
Recent Historiography of the Protestant Churches in America
Authors: Carter Paul A. 
Published: April 2006

Thirty-five years ago Lewis Vander Velde criticized his fellow historians for not having written more on the American churches. He charged that lay historians, “whose point of view is detached and objective,” had left the study of organized religion in the United States to “clergymen whose primary interest is religious” American historians recognized “the importance of the Church in colonial times,” but they had “too frequently assumed that its influence as a force in public affairs disappeared with the American Revolution”—even though the nation's recent experience with Prohibition ought to have taught them otherwise:Writers in an age when the Church is on the defensive fail to realize that the transformation which has put it in this position is much more a product of the last seventy years [i.e., 1862–1932] than of the previous seventy [i.e, presumably, 1792–1862]. In the time of our grandfathers, the Church was still a strong factor in the life of the nation; an institution led by intellectual giants, attended regularly by a large portion of the people, it exerted an important influence upon American life. … In 1860 politics and the Church still offered the greatest professional opportunities, and … in consequence the best minds were to be found there.
Wilford Woodruff and the Changing Nature of Mormon Religious Experience
Authors: Alexander Thomas G. 
Published: April 2006

Though historians of religion in the United States have long recognized the importance of Mormonism, scholarly studies such as those by Mario De Pillis, Marvin Hill, and Louis Reinwand have only begun to explain the church's meaning and attraction. As a recent scholar of American religious history has argued,the exact significance of this great story persistently escapes definition.…One cannot even be sure if the object of our consideration is a sect, a mystery cult, a new religion, a church, a people, a nation, or an American subculture; indeed, at different times and places it is all of these.…[The Mormons] remain people apart.…Their inner intellectual and spiritual problems cannot easily be shared with others.
Encountering virtual users: A qualitative investigation of interpersonal communication in chat reference
Authors: Radford Marie L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSynchronous chat reference services have emerged as viable alternatives to the traditional face‐to‐face (FtF) library reference encounter. Research in virtual reference service (VRS) and client–librarian behavior is just beginning with a primary focus on task issues of accuracy and efficiency. This study is among the first to apply communication theory to an exploration of relational (socioemotional) aspects of VRS. It reports results from a pilot study that analyzed 44 transcripts nominated for the LSSI Samuel Swett Green Award (Library Systems and Services, Germantown, MD) for Exemplary Virtual Reference followed by an analysis of 245 randomly selected anonymous transcripts from Maryland AskUsNow! statewide chat reference service. Transcripts underwent in‐depth qualitative content analysis. Results revealed that interpersonal skills important to FtF reference success are present (although modified) in VRS. These include techniques for rapport building, compensation for lack of nonverbal cues, strategies for relationship development, evidence of deference and respect, face‐saving tactics, greeting and closing rituals. Results also identified interpersonal communication dynamics present in the chat reference environment, differences in client versus librarian patterns, and compensation strategies for lack of nonverbal communication.
Overexpression of Runx2 directed by the matrix metalloproteinase‐13 promoter containing the AP‐1 and Runx/RD/Cbfa sites alters bone remodeling in vivo
Authors: Selvamurugan Nagarajan , Jefcoat Stephen C. , Kwok Sukyee , Kowalewski Rodney , Tamasi Joseph A. , Partridge Nicola C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) and runt domain binding (Runx/RD/Cbfa) sites and their respective binding proteins, c‐Fos/c‐Jun and Runx2 (Cbfa1), regulate the rat matrix metalloproteinase‐13 (MMP‐13) promoter in both parathyroid hormone (PTH)‐treated and differentiating osteoblastic cells in culture. To determine the importance of these regulatory sites in the expression of MMP‐13 in vivo, transgenic mice containing either wild‐type (−456 or −148) or AP‐1 and Runx/RD/Cbfa sites mutated (−148A3R3) MMP‐13 promoters fused with the E. coli lacZ reporter were generated. The wild‐type transgenic lines expressed higher levels of bacterial β‐galactosidase in bone, teeth, and skin compared to the mutant and non‐transgenic lines. Next, we investigated if overexpression of Runx2 directed by the MMP‐13 promoter regulated expression of bone specific genes in vivo, and whether this causes morphological changes in these animals. Real time RT‐PCR experiments identified increased mRNA expression of bone forming genes and decreased MMP‐13 in the tibiae of transgenic mice (14 days and 6 weeks old). Histomorphometric analyses of the proximal tibiae showed increased bone mineralization surface, mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate in the transgenic mice which appears to be due to decreased osteoclast number. Since MMP‐13 is likely to play a role in recruiting osteoclasts to the bone surface, decreased expression of MMP‐13 may cause reduced osteoclast‐mediated bone resorption, resulting in greater bone formation in transgenic mice. In summary, we show here that the 148 bp upstream of the MMP‐13 transcriptional start site is sufficient and necessary for gene expression in bone, teeth, and skin in vivo and the AP‐1 and Runx/RD/Cbfa sites are likely to regulate this. Overexpression of Runx2 by these regulatory elements appears to alter the balance between the bone formation‐bone resorption processes in vivo. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 545–557, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The elimination of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense sleeping sickness in the focus of Luba, Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea
Authors: Simarro P. P. , Franco J. R. , Ndongo P. , Nguema E. , Louis F. J. , Jannin J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAfter the resurgence of sleeping sickness in Luba, Equatorial Guinea, a major campaign to control the disease was established in 1985. The campaign comprised no vector control, but intensive active and passive surveillance using serology for screening, and treatment of all parasitological and suspected serological cases. Total prevalence was used to classify villages as endemic, at risk, anecdotal and non‐endemic which also allowed defining the geographic extent of the focus. Active case‐finding was implemented from 1985 to 2004. The frequency of surveys was based on parasitological prevalence: twice a year during intensified control, once a year during ordinary control and once every 2 years during the control consolidation phase, when the parasitological prevalence in the whole focus fell to 0.1%. From 1985 to 1999, the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) was used as an initial screening tool, followed by parasitological confirmation of IFAT positive cases, and the Card Agglutination Trypanosomiasis Test (CATT) if necessary. In 2000, the IFAT was replaced by the CATT. Serum‐positive individuals without parasitological confirmation were subsequently tested on serial dilution. All cases underwent lumbar puncture to determine the stage of the disease. First‐stage cases were treated with pentamidine and second‐stage cases with melarsoprol. A few relapses and very advanced cases were treated with eflornithine. The last sleeping sickness case was identified and treated in 1995.
The amygdaloid complex and the medial and lateral ventricular eminences in staged human embryos
Authors: Müller Fabiola , O’Rahilly Ronan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe amygdaloid complex was investigated in 36 serially sectioned staged human embryos, including 20 impregnated with silver. This is the first such account based on graphic reconstructions, 28 of which were prepared. Significant findings in the human include the following. (1) The medial (first) and (then) lateral ventricular eminences arise independently at stages 14 and 15, and unite only at stage 18 to form the floor of the lateral ventricle. (2) The future amygdaloid region is discernible at stage 14 and the amygdaloid primordium at stage 15. (3) The anterior amygdaloid area and the corticomedial and basolateral complexes appear at stage 16. (4) These three major divisions arise initially from the medial ventricular eminence, which is diencephalic. (5) Individual nuclei begin to be detectable at stages 17–21, the central nucleus at stage 23 and the lateral nucleus shortly thereafter. (6) The ontogenetic findings in the human embryonic period accord best with the classification used by Humphrey (J Comp Neurol 132, 135–165, 1968). (7) The lateral eminence, which is telencephalic, contributes to the cortical nucleus at stage 18. (8) The primordial plexiform layer develops independently of the cortical nucleus. (9) Spatial changes of the nuclei within the amygdaloid complex and of the complex as a whole begin in the embryonic period and continue during the fetal period, during the early part of which the definitive amygdaloid topography in relation to the corpus striatum is attained. (10) The developing amygdaloid nuclei are closely related to the medial forebrain bundle, which has already appeared in stage 15. (11) Fibre connections develop successively between the amygdaloid nuclei and the septal, hippocampal and diencephalic formations, constituting the beginning of the limbic system before the end of the embryonic period. Although the nucleus accumbens also appears relatively early (stage 19), connections between it and the amygdaloid complex are not evident during the embryonic period. (12) Influence of the olfactory bulb and tubercle on initial amygdaloid development, as postulated for rodents, is unlikely in the human. The findings exemplify the necessity of beginning developmental studies with the embryonic period proper.
DOES ELASTIN CONTRIBUTE TO THE PERSISTENCE OF CORPORA ALBICANTIA IN THE OVARY OF THE COMMON DOLPHIN (DELPHINUS DELPHIS)
Authors: Takahashi Yuko , Ohwada Shyuichi , Watanabe Kouichi , Ropert‐Coudert Yan , Zenitani Ryoko , Naito Yasuhiko , Yamaguchi Takahiro 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe corpora albicantia (CAs) from the ovaries of 39 common dolphins (Delphinus delphis) caught in driving fisheries were used, and histologically and immunohistochemically examined. The area of each corpus albicans (CA) and the proportion of that area occupied by elastin were measured using NIH‐image software. In all CAs, elastoid material (EM) was apparent although EM area varied in each CA. CAs increased in number with dolphin age. Smaller CAs contained a higher proportion of EM. EM was completely digested by elastase, but not by collagenase. Furthermore, EM was immunostained with anti‐α‐elastin antibody. These results demonstrated that EM was elastin. The present study is the first to describe the presence of elastin in cetacean CAs. The higher proportion of elastin in small‐sized CAs of common dolphins is suggested as the likely cause of the persistence of CA.
Ten-Year Multi-Institutional Results of Breast-Conserving Surgery and Radiotherapy in BRCA1/2-Associated Stage I/II Breast Cancer
Authors: Pierce Lori J. , Levin Albert M. , Rebbeck Timothy R. , Ben-David Merav A. , Friedman Eitan , Solin Lawrence J. , Harris Eleanor E. , Gaffney David K. , Haffty Bruce G. , Dawson Laura A. , Narod Steven A. , Olivotto Ivo A. , Eisen Andrea , Whelan Timothy J. , Olopade Olufunmilayo I. , Isaacs Claudine , Merajver Sofia D. , Wong Julia S. , Garber Judy E. , Weber Barbara L. 
Published: April 2006

Purpose We compared the outcome of breast-conserving surgery and radiotherapy in BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with breast cancer versus that of matched sporadic controls. Methods A total of 160 BRCA1/2 mutation carriers with breast cancer were matched with 445 controls with sporadic breast cancer. Primary end points were rates of in-breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) and contralateral breast cancers (CBCs). Median follow-up was 7.9 years for mutation carriers and 6.7 years for controls. Results There was no significant difference in IBTR overall between carriers and controls; 10- and 15-year estimates were 12% and 24% for carriers and 9% and 17% for controls, respectively (hazard ratio [HR], 1.37; P = .19). Multivariate analyses for IBTR found BRCA1/2 mutation status to be an independent predictor of IBTR when carriers who had undergone oophorectomy were removed from analysis (HR, 1.99; P = .04); the incidence of IBTR in carriers who had undergone oophorectomy was not significantly different from that in sporadic controls (P = .37). CBCs were significantly greater in carriers versus controls, with 10- and 15-year estimates of 26% and 39% for carriers and 3% and 7% for controls, respectively (HR, 10.43; P < .0001). Tamoxifen use significantly reduced risk of CBCs in mutation carriers (HR, 0.31; P = .05). Conclusion IBTR risk at 10 years is similar in BRCA1/2 carriers treated with breast conservation surgery who undergo oophorectomy versus sporadic controls. As expected, CBCs are significantly increased in carriers. Although the incidence of CBCs was significantly reduced in mutation carriers who received tamoxifen, this rate remained significantly greater than in controls. Additional strategies are needed to reduce contralateral cancers in these high-risk women.
Formation of Large Molecular Humic Acid with Addition of Zinc Ion as Elucidated by Liquid Chromatography/ICP-AES
Authors: Itoh Akihide , Haraguchi Hiroki 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A size exclusion chromatography system with UV absorption detection and simultaneous multielement detection by ICP-AES has been used to elucidate that humic acid forms some large molecules with molecular weight larger than 300000 in aqueous solution, when zinc is added in humic acid solution as the ionic form.
Electrochemical Formation of Dimeric Organostannyl Compounds
Authors: Ishiwata Toyoaki , Nonaka Tsutomu , Umezawa Masanobu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Organosilyl stannanes were formed by electroreduction of the corresponding organostannyl chlorides or distannanes with silyl chlorides. The Sn-C bond formation was also confirmed in the reduction of a mixture of stannyl and alkyl chlorides.
Preparation and Structure of Phenyldithioxophosphoranes Carrying t-Butyl and Dimethylaminomethyl or Dimethylaminoethyl Groups at the ortho-Positions
Authors: Yoshifuji Masaaki , Kamijo Kazunori , Toyota Kozo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Dithioxophosphoranes and thioxophosphines carrying 2,4-di-t-butyl-6-(aminoalkyl)phenyl groups were prepared and characterized. The intramolecular coordination of the nitrogen lone pair to the phosphorus atom was indicated by NMR and IR spectroscopy and was confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
Synthesis of Titanosilicate Zeolite from Bulk Titania via Mechanochemical Route
Authors: Yamamoto Katsutoshi , Garcia Salomon E Borjas , Saito Fumio , Muramatsu Atsushi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
An easy and highly reproducible synthesis method for titanosilicate zeolites has been developed, which can use bulk titania and silica as source materials. In this method, a uniform silica–titania composite is prepared from titania and silica powders by the solid-phase mechanochemical reaction and converted into a titanosilicate zeolite by the succeeding hydrothermal treatment.
Attenuation of Radiation Damage and Neutron Field in Reactor Pressure Vessel Wall
Authors: Brumovsky M , Marek M , Zerola L , Viererbl L , Golovanov VN , Lichadeyev VV , Raetsky BM , Petelin AL 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In the paper the large-scale irradiation experiment is described. It is aimed at the experimental assessment of the effect of reactor pressure vessel wall on neutron flux, neutron energy spectrum as well as irradiation embrittlement through the vessel wall. The experiment was realized within the IAEA Technical cooperation project. The irradiation was performed in the RIAR, Dimitrovgrad, Russian Federation, under the coordination by the Nuclear Research Institute Rez plc, Rez, Czech Republic. Mechanical testing and neutron dosimetry will be performed in both organizations with the larger part in the coordinating institute.