bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colorimetric Assay for Evaluating Glycosyl Fluoride-hydrolyzing Activity of Glycosidase by Using Alizarin Complexon Reagent
Authors: Shoda Shin-ichiro , Shintate Keiko , Ishihara Masaki , Noguchi Masato , Kobayashi Atsushi 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
A novel enzyme assay for screening glycosidases has been developed by using glycosyl fluorides. The method is based on the color change caused by the complex formation of fluoride ion and lanthanum–alizarin complexon (La3+–ALC). The assay showed higher sensitivity compared with the conventional method using p-nitrophenyl glycoside as screening substrate. A quantitative study on the hydrolysis of β-lactosyl fluoride catalyzed by a purified cellulase has been demonstrated, indicating that the present method can also be employed for enzyme kinetics.
Synthesis of an Enantiopure syn-Benzocyclotrimer through Regio-selective Cyclotrimerization of a Halonorbornene Derivative under Palladium Nanocluster Conditions
Authors: Higashibayashi Shuhei , Sakurai Hidehiro 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
An enantiopure syn-benzocyclotrimer 1 was selectively synthesized from an enantiopure halonorbornene 2 through regio-selective cyclotrimerization catalyzed by palladium nanoclusters. The yield of 1 was dependent on the stability of the palladium clusters, which was ascertained from the appearance and TEM images of the reaction mixtures. The thus-prepared enantiopure benzocyclotrimer will serve as a key intermediate for the synthesis of C3v symmetric chiral buckybowls.
Polyoxometalate-assisted One-step Fabrication of Porous Nanorods of β-FeOOH and the Facile Transition to Hematite
Authors: Mao Baodong , Kang Zhenhui , Wang Enbo , Tian Chungui , Zhang Zhiming , Wang Chunlei , Li Siheng 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Uniform porous β-FeOOH nanorods of 10–20 nm have been controllably fabricated by direct hydrothermal treatment of FeCl3 and dilute tungstophosphoric acid H3PW12O40 (PW12) solution. N2 adsorption–desorption properties of the nanorods were studied. Hematite nanorods with the same morphologies and interesting weak ferromagnetic properties were obtained by annealing these β-FeOOH nanorods.
Highly Ordered Structures Self-assembled by NaDC under Metal-ion-mediation
Authors: Wang Ying-Te , Yan Xiao-Qing , Ma Hui-Li , Jin Wei-Jun 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Sodium deoxycholate self-assembled into fan-like structural aggregates with uniform size and shape. Additional metal ions led the aggregates to transfer from fan-like to fractal aggregates. The fractal aggregates might provide an insight into understanding the formation of a gallstone because fractal structures were found in human being gallstones.
Photoluminescence of Eu(DBM)3Phen-embedded Silica Nanospheres Synthesized in Microemulsion
Authors: Wang Yan , Qin Weiping , Zhang Jisen , Cao Chunyan , Zhang Jishuang , Lü Shaozhe , Jin Ye , Wei Guodong , Wang Guofeng , Wang Lili 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Eu(DBM)3Phen-embedded silica nanospheres were synthesized through a simple water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion method. TEM observation indicates that the nanospheres are ≈40 nm in diameter and with a uniform core/shell structure. Compared to Eu(DBM)3Phen complex, the nano-hybrid-spheres shows similar emissions of Eu3+ ions under 355-nm excitation. By dynamic analysis at low temperature and laser selective excitation spectra, we found that there are two luminescent centers formed in the nanohybrids.
CdS Quantum Dots Sensitized TiO2 Sandwich Type Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells
Authors: Tachibana Yasuhiro , Akiyama Hitomi Y , Ohtsuka Yasuhide , Torimoto Tsukasa , Kuwabata Susumu 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
For the first time, we report highly stable CdS quantum dots sensitized TiO2 sandwich type photoelectrochemical solar cells. A unique combination of a sensitized electrode and a polysulfide electrolyte has provided the most stable solar cell with the highest IPCE of approximately 70%.
Crystal Structure and Magnetic Property of Two Novel 1-D Cobalt(II) Assemblies
Authors: Masuhara Naoji , Hayami Shinya , Motokawa Natsuko , Shuto Aya , Inoue Katsuya , Maeda Yonezo 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Two novel one-dimensional (1-D) cobalt(II) self-assemblies, [Co(pyterpy)(NCS)2] (1) and [Co(pyterpy)(SO4)]·(CH3OH)(C2H5OH)(H2O) (2) (pyterpy = 4′-(4″′-pyridyl)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) were synthesized and characterized. Compound 1 forms a linear chain, and compound 2 forms a zigzag chain. It is thought that the structural differences are caused by binding counter anions as coligands.
Visual Color Sensor for Indole Vapors
Authors: Kohno Yoshiumi , Okubo Takeshi , Matsushima Ryoka 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Based on the Ehrlich reaction in solid film, a color sensor has been developed for selective detection of indole and pyrrole vapors in environmental or workplace air. It will be suitable for real-time monitoring since neither pre-treatments of the air sample nor heavy instrumentations are needed.
Relationship Between Pharmaceutical Company User Fees and Drug Approvals in Canada and Australia: A Hypothesis-Generating Study
Authors: Lexchin Joel 
Published: November 2006

Background: Since the early- to mid-1990s, drug companies have paid fees for a variety of activities carried out by the Therapeutic Products Directorate in Canada and the Therapeutic Goods Administration in Australia. Objective: To explore whether changes in approval times for new active substances and in the percentage of new drug submissions receiving positive decisions coincided with the level of user fees. Methods: Data were collected from a range of Canadian and Australian government publications on the following topics: total funding for and workload of the regulatory agencies, the percentage of income that came from tax revenue and user fees, the percentage of new drug submissions that received a positive decision, and—for Canada only—the percent of submissions that were approved on first review. Results: In both countries, there was a moderate-to-strong positive association between the level of industry funding and the percent of submissions that received a positive decision and a moderate-to-strong (Canada) and moderate (Australia) negative association between the level of industry funding and approval times. Conclusions: Changes observed in both countries are favorable to the pharmaceutical industry. Other than user fees leading to a pro-industry bias in the regulatory authorities, other possible explanations include a more efficient use of resources, a smaller workload (Canada), an improvement in the quality of drug submissions (Canada), and more resources (Australia). Further research strategies are needed to either confirm or refute the hypothesis that the level of industry funding affects decisions made in drug regulatory systems.
Febuxostat: A Selective Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Hyperuricemia and Gout
Authors: Bruce Susan P 
Published: November 2006

Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical trial data, safety profile, precautions, and place in therapy of febuxostat, a novel nonpurine xanthine oxidase inhibitor in development for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. Data Sources: Available studies and abstracts were identified through MEDLINE (1990–November 2006), Science Citation Index, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Cochrane Databases, and the American College of Rheumatology and European League Against Rheumatism Web sites. Key search terms were febuxostat, TMX-67, TEI-6720, hyperuricemia, and gout. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All available studies describing the pharmacology of febuxostat were included. Human studies formed the basis for discussion of clinical parameters, including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety of febuxostat. Data Synthesis: Febuxostat significantly reduces uric acid levels within 2 weeks after initiation of therapy and up to 48% by the end of 104 weeks of therapy. Approximately 60% of patients achieved the primary goal of serum uric acid less than 6 mg/dL during the last 3 months following once-daily administration of febuxostat 80 mg or 120 mg for at least 52 weeks. The most common adverse reactions to febuxostat were abnormal results from liver function tests, diarrhea, headache, arthralgias, and musculoskeletal symptoms. Due to its potency, patients are at an increased risk of experiencing gout flares for at least the first year of therapy. Up to 70% of patients in clinical trials experienced gout flares despite concomitant prophylactic treatment with colchicine or naproxen. Additional clinical trial evidence supports the efficacy and safety of febuxostat in the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. Conclusions: Febuxostat is a promising alternative to allopurinol for the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia. The optimal length of prophylactic therapy, clinical significance of abnormal liver function tests results during therapy, and safety in patients with moderate or severe renal insufficiency warrant further investigation.
Breast-Feeding During Maternal Use of Azathioprine
Authors: Moretti Myla E , Verjee Zul , Ito Shinya , Koren Gideon 
Published: November 2006

Objective: To report the clinical outcome of infants whose mothers were taking azathioprine while nursing and to quantify the transfer of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), its active metabolite, into breast milk. Case Summary: We report on a series of 4 patients treated with azathioprine while lactating. Breast milk samples were analyzed for 6-MP in 2 of the mothers. Several milk samples per patient were analyzed; levels of 6-MP were undetectable by high performance liquid chromatography (limit of detection 5 ng/mL). Therefore, the absolute relative infant dose would have been less than 0.09% of the maternal weight-adjusted dose. No adverse effects were encountered in any of the 4 infants. Discussion: A large number of women of reproductive age are treated with azathioprine for a range of chronic conditions that require immunosuppression, such as systemic lupus erythematosus or solid organ transplants. Similar to other antimetabolites, the drug has generally been contraindicated for use during breast-feeding because of the theoretical concern for toxicity in the nursing infant. The available literature in this area is sparse and dated. The data presented here confirm published reports of minimal 6-MP excretion into milk, suggesting that significant systemic adverse effects in the infant are unlikely. Conclusions: Maternal azathioprine use during lactation does not appear to pose a significant immediate clinical risk to the suckling infant. Continued monitoring and long-term assessment of these infants are warranted.
Statins and Progression of Calcified Aortic Stenosis
Authors: Chua Doson , Kalb Kelli 
Published: November 2006

Objective: To review the evidence evaluating the efficacy of statins in reducing the progression of calcified aortic stenosis (AS). Data Sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PubMed were searched (all up to November 2006) for studies evaluating the use of statins to reduce the progression of calcified AS. Search terms included statin, HMG CoA reductase inhibitor, calcified AS, valve stenosis, and calcified stenosis. Additional primary trials were located by searching references noted in review articles. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Clinical trials published in the English language were selected for review. Primary efficacy outcomes evaluated were changes in aortic valve measurements, hemodynamic measures of AS, and change in measures of AS severity. Data Synthesis: TWO prospective clinical trials and 5 retrospective studies were included in this review. All of the retrospective studies demonstrated that statin use was associated with a statistically significant delay in the progression of AS. One prospective observation trial showed benefit of statin use; however, a large, randomized, double-blind, prospective trial showed no benefit of statin use in decreasing the progression of AS. Conclusions: An association between statin use and a delay in AS progression has been observed in retrospective studies; however, prospective trials showed conflicting results. Currently, statins cannot be recommended for medical treatment of AS until larger trials are conducted.
Androgen Deprivation in Veterans with Prostate Cancer: Implications for Skeletal Health
Authors: Wilcox Andrew , Carnes Molly L , Moon Timothy D , Tobias Renee , Baade Heather , Stamos Emily , Elliott Mary E 
Published: November 2006

Background: Common risk factors for osteoporosis in older men include smoking, heavy use of alcohol, propensity to falls, and use of bone-toxic medications such as prednisone. There is also increasing appreciation of the skeletal risk faced by men receiving androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer. Measures to prevent bone loss in such patients are available. Objective: To test the following hypotheses in a population of veterans receiving ADT for prostate cancer: (1) fracture risk factors in addition to androgen deprivation would be found in most patients, (2) bone mass measurements would be assessed in a minority of patients, and (3) a minority of the subjects would receive bisphosphonate therapy or have contraindications for such treatment. Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review of male veterans receiving ADT from 1993 through 2001, at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Madison, WI. Results: One hundred and seventy-four subjects met study criteria, with a mean age of 76 years and median duration of 21 months of ADT. Eighty-one percent had risk factors in addition to ADT. Only 13% underwent bone density measurement by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and, of those measured, more than half had osteoporosis. Only 19% of the men received both calcium and vitamin D supplements. Antiresorptive therapy was provided to 11% of men, although more than two-thirds had no contraindications to therapy. A total of 24 men sustained a fracture after starting ADT. For men who did undergo bone density measurement, 77% received antiresorptive therapy. Of those who exhibited osteoporosis by DXA scan, 85% received antiresorptive therapy. Conclusions: Male veterans receiving ADT for prostate cancer received inadequate evaluation and treatment for osteoporosis. Based on our data, a simple and practical strategy to prompt further evaluation and improved care may be to undertake bone density measurements in men prior to or soon after commencing ADT.
Clozapine Effective in Olanzapine-Induced Pisa Syndrome
Authors: Arora Manu , Praharaj Samir Kumar , Sarkar Sukanto 
Published: November 2006

Objective: To report a case of olanzapine-induced Pisa syndrome that improved after treatment with clozapine. Case Summary: A 22-year-old male with paranoid schizophrenia presented with insidious onset tonic truncal flexion with axial rotation and difficulty in walking after exposure to olanzapine in doses up to 15 mg/day for 9 months. An objective causality assessment suggested that Pisa syndrome was probably related to olanzapine. There was improvement in his symptoms after 6 weeks of treatment with clozapine in doses gradually titrated to 350 mg/day. Discussion: Pisa syndrome is a type of dystonia that has been associated with both typical and atypical antipsychotics. Both acute and insidious onset cases have been described in the literature, which have different course and treatment response. Clozapine was found to be effective in reducing the severity of olanzapine-induced Pisa syndrome. Conclusion: Clozapine may be a useful treatment option for Pisa syndrome that has been caused by olanzapine.
Contribution of TRPM8 Channels to Cold Transduction in Primary Sensory Neurons and Peripheral Nerve Terminals
Authors: Madrid Rodolfo , Donovan-Rodríguez Tansy , Meseguer Victor , Acosta Mari Carmen , Belmonte Carlos , Viana Félix 
Published: November 2006

Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) is the best molecular candidate for innocuous cold detection by peripheral thermoreceptor terminals. To dissect out the contribution of this cold- and menthol-gated, nonselective cation channel to cold transduction, we identified BCTC [N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)piperazine-1-carboxamide] as a potent and full blocker of recombinant TRPM8 channels. In cold-sensitive trigeminal ganglion neurons of mice and guinea pig, responses to menthol were abolished by BCTC. In contrast, the effect of BCTC on cold-evoked responses was variable but showed a good correlation with the presence or lack of menthol sensitivity in the same neuron, suggesting a specific blocking action of BCTC on TRPM8 channels. The biophysical properties of native cold-gated currents (Icold), and the currents blocked by BCTC were nearly identical, consistent with a role of this channel in cold sensing at the soma. The temperature activation threshold of native TRPM8 channels was significantly warmer than those reported in previous expression studies. The effect of BCTC on nativeIcoldwas characterized by a dose-dependent shift in the temperature threshold of activation.The role of TRPM8 in transduction was further investigated in the guinea pig cornea, a peripheral territory densely innervated with cold thermoreceptors. All cold-sensitive terminals were activated by menthol, suggesting the functional expression of TRPM8 channels in their membrane. However, the spontaneous activity and firing pattern characteristic of cold thermoreceptors was totally immune to TRPM8 channel blockade with BCTC or SKF96365 (1-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy]ethyl-1H-imidazole hydrochloride). Cold-evoked responses in corneal terminals were also essentially unaffected by these drugs, whereas responses to menthol were completely abolished. The minor impairment in the ability to transduce cold stimuli by peripheral corneal thermoreceptors during TRPM8 blockade unveils an overlapping functional role for various thermosensitive mechanisms in these nerve terminals.
Do strict rules and moving images increase the reliability of sequential identification procedures?
Authors: Valentine Tim , Darling Stephen , Memon Amina 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLive identification procedures in England and Wales have been replaced by use of video, which provides a sequential presentation of facial images. Sequential presentation of photographs provides some protection to innocent suspects from mistaken identification when used with strict instructions designed to prevent relative judgements (Lindsay, Lea, & Fulford, 1991). However, the current procedure in England and Wales is incompatible with these strict instructions. The reported research investigated whether strict instructions would enhance the reliability of identification from video. The effect of using moving rather than still video clips was also investigated. Participants witnessed a live staged incident, and attempted to identify the culprit later from police video lineups, which were run double blind. Strict instructions produced a significantly lower rate of correct identifications in culprit present lineups, but did not significantly reduce the rate of mistaken identification in culprit absent lineups. Moving images yielded fewer mistaken identifications in culprit absent lineups. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Good, you identified the suspect…but please ignore this feedback’: can warnings eliminate the effects of post‐identification feedback?
Authors: Lampinen James Michael , Scott Jennifer , Pratt DeAnna , Leding Juliana K. , Arnal Jack D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe present experiments focus on whether the post‐identification feedback effect can be reduced by providing participants with warnings. Participants viewed a crime on video and identified a suspect from a target‐absent lineup (Experiment 1) or target‐present lineup (Experiment 2). Participants then received positive feedback, negative feedback or no feedback. Half of the participants received a warning saying their feedback was randomly generated by the computer, and the other half received no warning. Robust post‐identification feedback effects were observed in both experiments in the no warning condition. These effects were largely eliminated when participants received a warning. In Experiments 3 and 4, we failed to find an ameliorative effect of a forensically realistic warning. These results indicate that warnings can reduce the effect of post‐identification feedback in principle, but the application of warnings in practice may be more difficult. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive output feedback control for a class of nonlinear systems with unknown virtual control coefficients signs
Authors: Zheng Yunfeng , Yang Yansheng 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a global output‐feedback control scheme for a class of nonlinear systems that are transformed via a parameter‐independent change of co‐ordinates into a form in which there exist three kinds of unknown parameters: one is the unknown virtual control coefficients, one is the unknown parameters that multiply output nonlinearities and the other kind is the unknown parameters that multiply affine functions of the derivative of the measured output with coefficients that are smooth nonlinear functions of the measured output. We use two parameter‐dependent changes of co‐ordinates to transform the system considered into parametric output‐feedback form. One transformation is used to eliminate the difficulty in dealing with unknown virtual control coefficients and the other transformation is used to remove the nonlinearities which are affine functions of the derivative of the measured output with coefficients that are smooth nonlinear functions of the measured output. Then the scheme presented by Ye (IEEE Trans. Automat. Control2001;46:112–115) can be applied to the new system. Global results can be obtained for the overall closed‐loop systems without any constraints on the nonlinear terms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Molecular Weight on the Structure and Morphology of Oriented Thin Films of Regioregular Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) Grown by Directional Epitaxial Solidification
Authors: Brinkmann M. , Rannou P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRegioregular head‐to‐tail (HT)‐coupled poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT) with a weight‐average molecular weight (Mw) in the 7.3–69.6 kDa range is crystallized by directional epitaxial solidification in 1,3,5‐trichlorobenzene (TCB) to yield highly oriented thin films. An oriented and periodic lamellar structure consisting of crystalline lamellae separated by amorphous interlamellar zones is evidenced by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Both the overall crystallinity as well as the orientation of the crystalline lamellae decrease significantly with increasing Mw. The total lamellar periodicity is close to the length of “fully extended” chains for Mw = 7.3 kDa (polystyrene‐equivalent molecular weight, eq. PS) and it saturates to a value of ca. (25–28) ± 2 nm for Mw ≥ 18.8 kDa (eq. PS). This behavior is attributed to a transition from an oligomeric‐like system, for which P3HT chains are essentially in a fully extended all‐trans conformation and do not fold, to a semicrystalline system that involves a periodic alternation of crystalline lamellae separated by extended amorphous interlamellar zones, which harbor chain folds, chain ends, and tie molecules. For P3HT with Mw of ca. 7.3 kDa (eq. PS), epitaxial crystallization on TCB allows for the growth of both “edge‐on” and “flat‐on” oriented crystalline lamellae on the TCB substrate. The orientation of the lamellae is attributed to 1D epitaxy. Because of the large size of the “flat‐on” crystalline lamellae, a characteristic single‐crystal electron diffraction pattern corresponding to the [001] zone was obtained by selected area electron diffraction (SAED), indicating that P3HT crystallizes in a monoclinic unit cell with a = 16.0 Å, b = 7.8 Å, c = 7.8 Å, and γ = 93.5°.