bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of traditional basal and apical periprostatic block: impact on injection pain and biopsy pain
Authors: Nguyen Carvell T. , Jones J. Stephen 
Published: November 2006

OBJECTIVETo compare the pain of injection and biopsy when lidocaine is injected periprostatically either at a basal or apical site, as the former is commonly used to anaesthetise the prostate, based on several reports showing that it can eliminate most of the pain associated with prostate biopsy, and this site has been favoured over apical injection because the nerves enter the prostate from the basal aspect.PATIENTS AND METHODSIn all, 143 patients scheduled for biopsy were randomized to receive a periprostatic block either at the apex or base of the prostate. Immediately before biopsy 5 mL of 1% lidocaine was injected under transrectal ultrasonographic (TRUS) guidance into the periprostatic nerves bilaterally. Patients were immediately given a 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS, 0–100) to assess the pain associated with both the block and the subsequent biopsy.RESULTSThe mean VAS scores for the anaesthetic block were 21.1 and 22.0 (P = 0.79) and the biopsy VAS scores were 17.6 and 28.7 (P < 0.001) for the apical and basal groups, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between patients who had a 12‐ or 20‐core biopsy.CONCLUSIONSApical periprostatic injection with anaesthetic provides better anaesthesia for TRUS biopsy than basal injection, and without increasing the pain associated with injection at the potentially more sensitive apical site.
Production of polyhydroxybutyrate in sugarcane
Authors: Petrasovits Lars A. , Purnell Matthew P. , Nielsen Lars K. , Brumbley Stevens M. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryWe report here the production of the bacterial polyester, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), in the crop species sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids). The PHB biosynthesis enzymes of Ralstonia eutropha [β‐ketothiolase (PHAA), acetoacetyl‐reductase (PHAB) and PHB synthase (PHAC)] were expressed in the cytosol or targeted to mitochondria or plastids. PHB accumulated in cytosolic lines at trace amounts, but was not detected in mitochondrial lines. In plastidic lines, PHB accumulated in leaves to a maximum of 1.88% of dry weight without obvious deleterious effects. Epifluorescence and electron microscopy of leaf sections from these lines revealed that PHB granules were visible in plastids of most cell types, except mesophyll cells. The concentration of PHB in culm internodes of plastidic lines was substantially lower than in leaves. Western blot analysis of these lines indicated that expression of the PHB biosynthesis proteins was not limiting in culm internodes. Epifluorescence microscopy of culm internode sections from plastidic lines showed that PHB granules were visible in most cell types, except photosynthetic cortical cells in the rind, and that the lower PHB concentration in culm internodes was probably a result of dilution of PHB‐containing cells by the large number of cells with little or no PHB. We discuss strategies for producing PHB in mitochondria and mesophyll cell plastids, and for increasing PHB yields in culms.
Association of vitiligo with HLA‐A2: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Liu J‐B , Li M , Chen H , Zhong S‐Q , Yang S , Du W‐D , Hao J‐H , Zhang T‐S , Zhang X‐J , Zeegers MP 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground  Linkage and association studies suggest that the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) region may be involved in the genetic susceptibility of vitiligo. HLA‐A2 has been reported to be associated with vitiligo in some, but not all, studies.Objective  To identify sources of the heterogeneity among studies and to quantify effect estimates, we examined the association of HLA‐A2 with vitiligo in a meta‐analysis of all observational studies comparing the frequencies of HLA‐A2 between vitiligo individuals and controls during 1966–2005.Methods  The summary odds ratio (OR) was calculated by using a fixed‐ or a random‐effects model. Meta‐regression analysis was undertaken to investigate the effects of study characteristics on the pooled OR.Results  Eleven case‐controlled studies fulfilled our inclusion criteria. The studies identified a total of 777 patients and 4820 controls. Meta‐analysis showed a significantly increased frequency of HLA‐A2 in vitiligo among cases [OR = 2.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.67–2.58]. Heterogeneity was explained by the quality of the study and the ethnic background of the participants. Meta‐regression analysis further showed that the percentage of familial vitiligo among the subjects had a significant effect on the pooled OR (P = 0.008). No study had a significant effect on the pooled OR and no publication bias presented in the studies analysed (P = 0.688).Conclusion  These findings strongly suggest an association between HLA‐A2 and vitiligo.
Extreme Patterns of Variance in Small Populations: Placing Limits on Human Y‐Chromosome Diversity through Time in the Vanuatu Archipelago
Authors: Cox M. 
Published: November 2006

SummarySmall populations are dominated by unique patterns of variance, largely characterized by rapid drift of allele frequencies. Although the variance components of genetic datasets have long been recognized, most population genetic studies still treat all sampling locations equally despite differences in sampling and effective population sizes. Because excluding the effects of variance can lead to significant biases in historical reconstruction, variance components should be incorporated explicitly into population genetic analyses. The possible magnitude of variance effects in small populations is illustrated here via a case study of Y‐chromosome haplogroup diversity in the Vanuatu Archipelago. Deme‐based modelling is used to simulate allele frequencies through time, and conservative confidence bounds are placed on the accumulation of stochastic variance effects, including diachronic genetic drift and contemporary sampling error. When the information content of the dataset has been ascertained, demographic models with parameters falling outside the confidence bounds of the variance components can then be accepted with some statistical confidence. Here I emphasize how aspects of the demographic history of a population can be disentangled from stochastic variance effects, and I illustrate the extreme roles of genetic drift and sampling error for many small human population datasets.
Osteoprotegerin Plasma Levels are Strongly Associated with Polymorphisms in Human Homologue of the Mouse Progressive Ankylosis (ANKH) Gene
Authors: Vistoropsky Y. , Malkin I. , Kobyliansky E. , Livshits G. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryOsteoprotegerin inhibits osteoclastogenesis and plays an important role in the control of bone resorption. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying regulation of OPG levels are currently not fully elucidated. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the ANKH gene, which plays a central role in bone mineralization, contributes to the genetic regulation of OPG levels. A family‐based association study used a sample of 159 ethnically homogeneous nuclear families, comprising 556 apparently healthy individuals. Statistical analyses included family aggregation analysis of OPG variation and four types of transmission disequilibrium tests. Each individual was genotyped for 11 SNPs in the ANKH gene. Four TDTs consistently showed a highly significant association between OPG levels and the intronic SNP rs875525 located between exons 6 and 7. The combined p‐value for four tests to reject the null hypothesis of no association was 0.0003. Furthermore, haplotypes generated between rs875525 and two additional neighbouring SNPs (rs2291943 and rs2288474) also revealed a significant association with OPG plasma levels (p < 10−4‐10−3). ANKH genetic polymorphisms in the area between SNP rs2291943 and rs2288474 are strongly associated with OPG plasma levels. The molecular mechanism underlying this association is not obvious, and therefore these results should be regarded cautiously until they are confirmed in independent studies.
Ten microsatellite loci for the reef‐building coral Acropora millepora (Cnidaria, Scleractinia) from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Authors: VAN OPPEN MADELEINE J. H. , UNDERWOOD JIM N. , MUIRHEAD ANDY N. , PEPLOW LESA 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHere we present nine novel, polymorphic microsatellite loci developed for the scleractinian coral Acropora millepora (Acroporidae) from the Great Barrier Reef. In addition, we have assessed the specificity and polymorphism of five microsatellite loci previously developed for a Caribbean congener and one locus developed for an Indo‐Pacific congener. Only one of the latter six loci produced reliable results, yielding a total of 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci for A. millepora. Variability was tested on 20–23 individuals from a single population, plus another ∼10 individuals from each of three different populations, resulting in five to 20 alleles per locus.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai)
Authors: INOUE EIICHI , MATSUKI YUMI , ANZAI HIROYUKI , EVANS KATE 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFourteen microsatellite markers were developed from an enriched genomic library of Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) by selective hybridization. They were characterized using 17 Japanese pear cultivars. The expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.21 to 0.74 and from 0 to 0.88, respectively. Two to 11 alleles were detected per locus, with IPPN09 and IPPN15 judged to amplify multiple loci. IPPN17 was the most informative locus with the lowest probability of identity (0.19). These primers exhibited a high cross‐species transferability between species and genera.
Development of microsatellites for the invasive riparian plant Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) using intersimple sequence repeat cloning
Authors: PROVAN JIM , LOVE HEATHER M. , MAGGS CHRISTINE A. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract Impatiens glandulifera (Himalayan balsam) is an invasive riparian plant species that can outcompete native perennials. Population genetic data on dispersal may aid in the management of invasive species, so we have developed microsatellite markers for this significant invader using an intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR)‐based cloning method. Eight polymorphic markers displayed between two and five alleles, with overall levels of observed and expected heterozygosities ranging from 0.0500 to 0.7500 and from 0.1449 to 0.7692, respectively.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers in Galapagos prickly pear (Opuntia) cactus species
Authors: HELSEN P. , VERDYCK P. , TYE A. , DESENDER K. , VAN HOUTTE N. , VAN DONGEN S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe Opuntia (prickly pear) genus contains over 200 species. Six of them are endemic to the Galapagos archipelago. Although these cacti are ‘keystone’ species of the Galapagos’ semi‐arid ecosystem, they have never been studied in detail. Because of their current threatened status and their important role in the ecosystem, we developed 16 microsatellite markers to study the population genetic structure of some of these species. These markers display a high level of polymorphism with numbers of alleles per locus ranging from six to 53. Results also revealed possible polyploidy in these cacti.
Urine — a source for noninvasive genetic monitoring in wildlife
Authors: HAUSKNECHT ROLAND , GULA ROMAN , PIRGA BARTOSZ , KUEHN RALPH 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNoninvasive samples are of increasing importance to study wild populations. In this study, we investigate the applicability of urine samples as the sole source of DNA for routine noninvasive genetic monitoring of wildlife using wolves (Canis lupus) as an example. Within the scope of a long‐term wolf population survey, we collected during winter snow tracking in Bieszczady Mountains, Poland 41 urine samples considered as utilizable for genetic analyses. DNA concentration was determined by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and six microsatellite loci were genotyped in threefold repeated genotyping experiments to assess the reliability of genetic analyses of urine. DNA concentration of 33 urine samples was successfully quantified and of 14 samples, we obtained congruent results for all analysed loci and all repeated genotyping experiments. The gender of urine samples was identified with a Y‐chromosome‐linked marker. Considering the high discovery rate of urine in conjunction with its genotype reliability, our study confirms that urine is a valuable source in noninvasive genetic monitoring. Additionally, preselection of samples via qPCR proved to be a powerful tool contributing to a beneficial cost‐value ratio of genetic analyses by minimizing genotyping errors.
Variable microsatellite markers for a snapping shrimp (Alpheus armillatus) species complex
Authors: MATHEWS LAUREN M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSnapping shrimp (Alpheus) are an important ecological component of tropical marine systems and are excellent models for studies of phylogeography and behavioural ecology. Here, I describe 10 variable microsatellite loci for the Alpheus armillatus species complex of snapping shrimp. The primers were tested on 60 individuals representing three evolutionary lineages within the complex, and yielded three to 21 alleles. These loci will be effective tools in future studies on population genetics and mating behaviour in this complex.
Repetitive flanking sequences (ReFS): novel molecular markers from microsatellite families
Authors: ANDERSON SARAH J. , GOULD PHIL , FREELAND JOANNA R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlthough microsatellite markers have become exceedingly popular in molecular studies of wild organisms, their development in some taxonomic groups is challenging. This is partly because of repetitive flanking sequences, which lead to the simultaneous amplification of alleles from multiple loci. Until now, these microsatellite DNA families have been considered unsuitable for population genetics studies, but here we describe our development of these repetitive flanking sequences (ReFS) as novel molecular markers. We illustrate the utility of these markers by using them to address an outstanding taxonomic question in the moth genus Schrankia.
Isolation and characterization of 22 polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers of Japanese sea bass (Laterolabrax japonicus)
Authors: JIANG XIN , LIAO MEIJIE , LIU YONGJIAN , GAO TIANXIANG , YANG GUANPIN 
Published: November 2006

AbstractJapanese sea bass (Laterolabrax japonicus) inhabits the coast of East Asia and is cage‐cultured currently in China as well. Twenty‐two microsatellite DNA markers were developed and used to type 35 individuals collected along the Chinese coast. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to 23. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.111 to 0.938, while the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.114 to 0.914. All 22 loci are neutral and independent of each other; two deviated significantly from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. These microsatellite DNA markers are moderately informative, which will certainly facilitate the management and exploitation of the genetic resource of L. japonicus.
Trophoblast–Macrophage Interactions: a Regulatory Network for the Protection of Pregnancy
Authors: Fest Stefan , Aldo Paulomi B. , Abrahams V. M. , Visintin I. , Alvero A. , Chen R. , Chavez S. L. , Romero R. , Mor G. 
Published: November 2006

Problem  Macrophages are one of the first immune cells observed at the implantation site. Their presence has been explained as the result of an immune response toward paternal antigens. The mechanisms regulating monocyte migration and differentiation at the implantation site are largely unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that trophoblast cells regulate monocyte migration and differentiation. We propose that trophoblast cells ‘educate’ monocytes/macrophages to create an adequate environment that promote trophoblast survival.Method of study  CD14+ monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood using magnetic beads. Co‐culture experiments were conducted using a two‐chamber system. Monocytes were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cytokine levels were determined using multiplex cytokine detecting assay.Results  Trophoblast cells increase monocyte migration and induce a significant increase in the secretion and production of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines [interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐8, tumor necrosis factor‐α] and chemokines (growth‐related oncogen‐α, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1, macrophage inflammatory protein‐1β, RANTES). Furthermore, the response of monocytes to LPS was different in monocytes pre‐exposed to trophoblast cells.Conclusion  The results of this study suggest that trophoblast cells are able to recruit and successfully educate monocytes to produce and secrete a pro‐inflammatory cytokine and chemokine profile supporting its growth and survival. Furthermore we demonstrate that trophoblast cells can modulate monocytes response to bacterial stimuli.
Detection of human herpesvirus 6 in patients with oral chronic graft‐vs‐host disease following allogeneic progenitor cell transplantation
Authors: Pereira CM , De Almeida OP , Corrêa MEP , Costa FF , De Souza CA , Barjas‐Castro ML 
Published: November 2006

Introduction:  Chronic graft‐vs‐host disease (cGVHD) is a major cause of morbidity in long‐term survivors of allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation. Herpesviruses are involved in the occurrence and progression of various oral diseases.Aim:  The aim of this study was to investigate the role of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) in patients with oral manifestations of cGVHD.Materials and methods:  Peripheral blood and oral fluids (whole saliva, gingival crevicular fluid and parotid gland saliva) from 19 cGVHD patients, and 28 blood donors were examined for HHV6. Oral tissue samples were collected from 12 cGVHD patients and 12 healthy individuals. Nested polymerase chain reaction was employed to identify the HHV6.Results and conclusion:  The virus was detected in whole saliva in 13 cGVHD patients (68%) and in 19 blood donors (67%). HHV6 was not identified in any of the gingival crevicular fluid and parotid gland saliva samples in cGVHD patients. In the control group 14.3% of both, four gingival crevicular fluid and four parotid gland saliva samples were positive. Two oral tissue samples of cGVHD patients were positive for HHV6. These results indicate that patients with oral manifestations of cGVHD and healthy individuals present high and similar incidence of HHV6 in blood and oral fluids. These data do not support the importance of HHV6 in oral lesions of cGVHD.
Vaccine Scares
Authors: Andrews Nick 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Vaccination has been one of the great success stories. It has eradicated smallpox; it has greatly reduced polio and measles; it has hugely improved the health of children and adults throughout the globe. But when a single study linked the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine with autism some parents refused to have their children vaccinated. Despite scientific refutation, a major public scare, lasting for years, has resulted. Nick Andrews looks at what went wrong.
“Street Haunting”: Phantasmagorias of the Modern Imperial Metropolis1
Authors: Gerend Sara 
Published: November 2006

This paper forms part of a Literature Compass cluster of articles which examines the current state of Virgina Woolf Studies and aims to provide a snapshot of the field. Urmila Seshagiri (University of Tennessee) and Rishona Zimring (Lewis and Clark College) first provide an introduction for this paper along with Benjamin Harvey's article, “The Twentieth Part: Virginia Woolf in the British Museum Reading Room.” The full text of Sara Gerend's piece then follows.These papers grew out of the 15th Annual International Virginia Woolf Conference (College of Lewis and Clark, Portland, OR, June 9–12, 2005).The full cluster is made up of the following articles:“Introduction: Virginia Woolf and The Art of Exploration,” Urmila Seshagiri and Rishona Zimring, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00393.x“Virginia Woolf's Sense of Adventure,” Maria DiBattista, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00394.x“The Twentieth Part: Virginia Woolf in the British Museum Reading Room,” Benjamin Harvey, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00395.x“‘Street Haunting’: Phantasmagorias of the Modern Imperial Metropolis,” Sara Gerend, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00396.x“Hyde Park Gate News,” Gill Lowe, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00397.x“The Art of ‘Scene‐Making’ in the Charleston Bulletin Supplements,” Claudia Olk, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00398.x“A Camera of Her Own: Woolf and the Legacy of the Indomitable Mrs. Cameron,” Emily Setina, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00399.x“Woolfian Resonances,” Anne Fernald, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00400.x“Early Twentieth‐Century British Women Travellers to Greece: Contextualizing the Example of Virginia Woolf,” Martha Klironomos, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00401.x“‘Others Wanted to Travel’: Woolf and ‘America Herself’,” Thaine Stearns, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00402.x
The Art of “Scene‐Making” in the Charleston Bulletin Supplements
Authors: Olk Claudia 
Published: November 2006

This paper forms part of a Literature Compass cluster of articles which examines the current state of Virgina Woolf Studies and aims to provide a snapshot of the field. Urmila Seshagiri (University of Tennessee) and Rishona Zimring (Lewis and Clark College) first provide an introduction for this paper along with Gill Lowe's article, “Hyde Park Gate News.” The full text of Claudia Olk's piece then follows.These papers grew out of the 15th Annual International Virginia Woolf Conference (College of Lewis and Clark, Portland, OR, June 9–12, 2005).The full cluster is made up of the following articles:“Introduction: Virginia Woolf and The Art of Exploration,” Urmila Seshagiri and Rishona Zimring, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00393.x“Virginia Woolf's Sense of Adventure,” Maria DiBattista, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00394.x“The Twentieth Part: Virginia Woolf in the British Museum Reading Room,” Benjamin Harvey, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00395.x“‘Street Haunting’: Phantasmagorias of the Modern Imperial Metropolis,” Sara Gerend, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00396.x“Hyde Park Gate News,” Gill Lowe, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00397.x“The Art of ‘Scene‐Making’ in the Charleston Bulletin Supplements,” Claudia Olk, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00398.x“A Camera of Her Own: Woolf and the Legacy of the Indomitable Mrs. Cameron,” Emily Setina, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00399.x“Woolfian Resonances,” Anne Fernald, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00400.x“Early Twentieth‐Century British Women Travellers to Greece: Contextualizing the Example of Virginia Woolf,” Martha Klironomos, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00401.x“‘Others Wanted to Travel’: Woolf and ‘America Herself’,” Thaine Stearns, Literature Compass 3 (2006), 10.1111/j.1741‐4113.2006.00402.x
From Madame de Staël to Lord Byron: The Dialectics of European Romanticism
Authors: Bordoni Silvia 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis article illustrates current scholarly productions on European Romanticism and analyses the significance of a dialectical relation between literatures and cultures in the birth and development of European Romanticism. By analysing the works of August and Friedrich Schlegel, Germaine de Staël and Byron, the article aims to give a constructive overview of European Romanticism and of the British contribution to it.