bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Prediction Model for Lung Cancer Diagnosis that Integrates Genomic and Clinical Features
Authors: Beane Jennifer , Sebastiani Paola , Whitfield Theodore H. , Steiling Katrina , Dumas Yves-Martine , Lenburg Marc E. , Spira Avrum 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death due, in part, to lack of early diagnostic tools. Bronchoscopy represents a relatively noninvasive initial diagnostic test in smokers with suspect disease, but it has low sensitivity. We have reported a gene expression profile in cytologically normal large airway epithelium obtained via bronchoscopic brushings, which is a sensitive and specific biomarker for lung cancer. Here, we evaluate the independence of the biomarker from other clinical risk factors and determine the performance of a clinicogenomic model that combines clinical factors and gene expression.
Training (n = 76) and test (n = 62) sets consisted of smokers undergoing bronchoscopy for suspicion of lung cancer at five medical centers. Logistic regression models describing the likelihood of having lung cancer using the biomarker, clinical factors, and these data combined were tested using the independent set of patients with nondiagnostic bronchoscopies. The model predictions were also compared with physicians' clinical assessment.
The gene expression biomarker is associated with cancer status in the combined clinicogenomic model (P &lt; 0.005). There is a significant difference in performance of the clinicogenomic relative to the clinical model (P &lt; 0.05). In the test set, the clinicogenomic model increases sensitivity and negative predictive value to 100% and results in higher specificity (91%) and positive predictive value (81%) compared with other models. The clinicogenomic model has high accuracy where physician assessment is most uncertain.
The airway gene expression biomarker provides information about the likelihood of lung cancer not captured by clinical factors, and the clinicogenomic model has the highest prediction accuracy. These findings suggest that use of the clinicogenomic model may expedite more invasive testing and definitive therapy for smokers with lung cancer and reduce invasive diagnostic procedures for individuals without lung cancer.
Dietary Energy Balance Modulates Signaling through the Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathways in Multiple Epithelial Tissues
Authors: Moore Tricia , Beltran Linda , Carbajal Steve , Strom Sara , Traag Jeanine , Hursting Stephen D. , DiGiovanni John 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The prevalence of obesity, an established risk factor for several types of cancer, has increased steadily over the past several decades in the United States. New targets and strategies for offsetting the effect of obesity on cancer risk are urgently needed. In the present study, we examined the effect of dietary energy balance manipulation on steady-state signaling in multiple epithelial tissues, with a focus on the Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. For these experiments, male FVB/N and C57BL/6 and female ICR mice were maintained on a control (10 kcal% fat) diet, a diet-induced obesity (DIO; 60 kcal% fat) regimen, or a 30% calorie restriction (CR) regimen for 15 to 17 weeks. Relative to the control group, the DIO regimen increased, whereas CR decreased, circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) as has previously been reported. Western blot analyses showed that the DIO regimen enhanced, whereas CR inhibited, activation of Akt and mTOR, regardless of epithelial tissue or genetic background. In contrast, activation of AMP-activated protein kinase was modulated by dietary energy balance manipulation in the liver but not in the epidermis or dorsolateral prostate. Western blot analyses of epidermal extracts taken from ICR mice also revealed reduced activation of both the IGF-I receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor in CR mice, compared with control mice or mice maintained on the DIO regimen. Taken together, these novel findings suggest that dietary energy balance modulates signaling through cell-surface receptors (i.e., IGF-I receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor), affecting activation of multiple downstream pathways including Akt and mTOR, thus providing important dietary and pharmacologic targets for disrupting the obesity-cancer link.
Four Years of Tropical ERA-40 Vorticity Maxima Tracks. Part I: Climatology and Vertical Vorticity Structure
Authors: Kerns Brandon , Greene Kantave , Zipser Edward 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Using the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA-40), vorticity maxima (VM) have been manually tracked and classified as developing and nondeveloping. The VM are identified on Hovmöller plots for June–October 1998–2001, within 0°–35°N, 140°–10°W. Over 600 low-level and midlevel VM are tracked. The ERA-40 VM track climatology compares favorably with previous knowledge about easterly waves. Some new results have also been found. The VM are not equivalent to easterly waves, so it is important to distinguish between the large-scale wave and the embedded VM. Unlike waves, individual VM leaving Africa generally do not survive to cross the entire Atlantic. Unlike waves, which can cross Central America, most individual east Pacific VM originate in the east Pacific. Genesis productivity is defined as the fraction of nontropical cyclone VM that eventually develop. It reaches 50% in the eastern North Pacific (EPAC) and 30% in the Atlantic, where there is geographical separation between the locations of maximum nondeveloping and pregenesis track density. There is a strong gradient in daily genesis potential (DGP) near 10°N, associated with weaker upper-level anticyclonic vorticity equatorward of 10°N. The maximum genesis productivity is obtained north of 10°N, where the upper-anticyclonic vorticity and DGP are higher. Finally, there is no obvious distinction in VM strength between developing VM prior to genesis and nondeveloping VM. A major factor is the minimum vorticity threshold for VM as opposed to cloud clusters.
Development and Evaluation of an Intervention Program: "Control on Campus"
Authors: Wdowik Melissa J. , Kendall Patricia A. , Harris Mary A. , Keim Kathryn S. 
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE This study was designed to develop and test an intervention for college students with type 1 diabetes. METHODS A diabetes program, "Control on Campus," and guide were developed based on the Expanded Health Belief Model and Social Learning Theory. Diabetes knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors were assessed preprogram, postprogram, and at follow-up for 3 intervention cohorts and a control group. RESULTS Reporting of HbAlc values and diabetes knowledge improved significantly as a result of the intervention compared with no increase in the control group. Furthermore, participants reported feeling more support on campus after the intervention, appeared to have overcome their fears associated with testing their blood glucose, reported an increased frequency of blood glucose testing, and were more likely to test when they felt their blood glucose level was low. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this research yielded substantial insight into the characteristics of college students with diabetes and was successful in designing and evaluating an intervention trial for this population.
Coping and Psychosocial Adjustment of Women With Diabetes
Authors: Willoughby Deborah F. , Kee Carolyn C. , Demi Alice , Parker Veronica 
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between coping styles and psychosocial adjustment for women with diabetes. METHODS The sample consisted of 115 community-residing women with diabetes. Coping was measured by the Revised Jalowiec Coping Scale and psychosocial adjustment by the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale. Pearson's product moment correlation was used to assess relationships between coping and adjustment. RESULTS The most frequently and effectively used coping styles were optimistic, confrontive, self-reliant, and supportant. The psychological, social, and health care domains showed the most problems; the fewest were in the extended family, sexual, and vocational domains. Relationships were found between women's coping styles and psychosocial adjustment, with better adjustment associated with effective use of confrontive, supportant, optimistic, self-reliant, and palliative coping styles. CONCLUSIONS Important relationships exist between the ways women cope with diabetes and their level of psychosocial adjustment to the illness. Knowledge of these relationships can help diabetes educators assist clients in making lifestyle changes.
A Community Diabetes Education and Gardening Project to Improve Diabetes Care in a Northwest American Indian Tribe
Authors: Armstrong Donna L. 
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to design a culturally appropriate education program for a Northwest American Indian tribe. METHODS Needs assessment revealed that a community approach rather than clinic-based education would address multiple barriers to diabetes care. Both process and outcome information are described for community and individual level evaluations. RESULTS This intervention design consisted of community diabetes workshops called "How Healthy Am I?--Treating the Whole Person." The workshops represented a traditional view of health and included 4 specific themes: (1) taking care of the body, with an emphasis on diabetes care and physical activity; (2) mental health needs; (3) foods for healthy living; and (4) spirituality and healing the whole person. Workshops were designed to be social and informational, and involve all community members. A community garden was established to improve access to fresh produce and encourage exercise. CONCLUSIONS Prior to implementation of the community workshops and evaluations, the tribal government chose to discontinue receiving the federal funding for this project. Elements of a mutually respectful collaboration are outlined and discussed based on the experiences of this project.
Diabetes in Urban African Americans: Assessment of Diabetes-Specific Locus of Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Hayes Risa P. , Bernard Annette M. , Slocum Wrenn , EI-Kebbi Imad , Ziemer David , Gallina Daniel , Phillips Lawrence S. 
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE This study was conducted to examine the applicability and relationship to glycemic control of the Diabetes Locus of Control (DLC) Scales in a low-literacy, economically deprived, African American population with type 2 diabetes. METHODS The DLC Scales were administered orally to African American patients with type 2 diabetes who had been referred to the diabetes unit of a large urban public hospital. Reliability, interscale correlations, and associations with patient characteristics were compared with those originally obtained for a better educated, predominately Caucasian population. RESULTS The structure and correlates of the DLC Scales in the African American population were more similar than different from those originally obtained from a primarily well-educated, Caucasian population. However, comprehension of some items was difficult for up to 10% of the low-literacy population. A significant relationship was found between belief in chance and both glycemic control at the 6-month follow-up and the change in glycemic control over time. CONCLUSIONS Although the DLC Scales operate similarly in an urban African American population with limited education, further modification is needed to enhance the prediction of glycemic control and provide direction for developing targeted interventions.
Assessing the Cultural Relevance of an Education Program for Urban African Americans With Diabetes
Authors: Anderson Robert M. , Funnell Martha M. , Arnold Marilynn S. , Barr Patricia A. , Edwards Gloria J. , Fitzgerald James T. 
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE This study was conducted to assess the cultural relevance of an education program for urban African Americans with diabetes. METHODS A set of 12 videotape vignettes were developed for use in diabetes education for urban African Americans with diabetes. Focus groups and questionnaires were used to determine if patients and diabetes educators would find the materials stimulating, culturally appropriate, and useful. RESULTS The videotape and discussion guide were perceived as valuable by both healthcare professionals and patients. CONCLUSIONS This education program could be a valuable resource for diabetes educators who want to provide culturally sensitive and relevant diabetes education for urban African Americans with diabetes.
Health-Promotion Practices of Young Black Women at Risk for Diabetes
Authors: Jefferson Vanessa W. , Melkus Gail D. , Spollett Geralyn R. 
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the health-promoting practices of young black women at risk for type 2 diabetes. METHODS The sample consisted of 30 black women from an urban area who had a history of gestational diabetes and/or a first-degree relative with diabetes. Participants completed the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II Survey and an interview. Both were used to categorize health-promoting practices, exercise, diet, knowledge of diabetes prevention, and general health. RESULTS Demographic information and interview revealed a propensity towards obesity, despite education and income levels. The results for the Lifestyle II Survey showed a higher average total score for healthy nutrition than physical activity, which were inconsistent with the qualitative data obtained by interview. Fifty percent stated that they exercised as a general health-promoting behavior. Self-reported daily caloric, fiber, and fat intake was high to moderate; 60% reported initiating diet modifications secondary to a desire to lose weight or for medical problems; and 26% reported receiving information on diabetes prevention from a healthcare provider. CONCLUSIONS A systematic approach of planning and actively incorporating health-promoting activities into one's lifestyle as a young adult may protect or delay the onset of diabetes and prevent complications.
Gender and Treatment Differences in Knowledge, Health Beliefs, and Metabolic Control in Mexican Americans With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Brown Sharon A. , Harrist Ronald B. , Villagomez Evangelina T. , Segura Mario , Barton Sara A. , Hanis Craig L. 
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE The purpose of this project was to describe metabolic control, knowledge, and health beliefs of Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes. METHODS The study site was Starr County, Texas, a border community located on the Rio Grande River and bordering northern Mexico. Of the total sample of 360 persons, 252 agreed to participate in this intervention study and were randomized either to the treatment group or the control group that waited 1 year to begin the intervention. RESULTS The majority of individuals were Spanish-speaking females with a mean age of 54 years and a mean diabetes duration of 8 years. For those treated with diet only, males exhibited higher fasting blood glucose levels than females. Gender effects were seen for cholesterol level, with females exhibiting higher levels than males. Males expressed stronger perceptions of control and social support for diet. Bivariate relationships were found between acculturation and diabetes knowledge. The health belief subscales of control and impact on job together explained 16% of the variance in HbAlc values. CONCLUSIONS Males and females held differing beliefs about ability to control their diabetes and degree of social support for diet. The impact of gender differences on ability to integrate diabetes self-care and on effectiveness of diabetes programs has not been determined but should be considered in future research.
Developing a Conceptual Framework for Understanding Illness and Attitudes in Older, Urban African Americans With Diabetes
Authors: Chin Marshall H. , Polonsky Tamar S. , Thomas Valencia D. , Nerney Michael P. 
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE This study was conducted to better understand how older African Americans with diabetes view their illness, and to develop a conceptual framework for approaching their care. METHODS Researchers conducted interviews of 19 African American patients 65 years or older who attended clinics at an urban academic medical center. The mean age of the patients was 73 years, 58% were female, 63% had a complication from diabetes, and 58% were taking insulin. Patients were asked open-ended questions about how diabetes affected their lives and their attitudes toward treatment. Data were analyzed through a grounded-theory perspective. RESULTS Patients showed variation in the degree to which they believed that diabetes affected their lives and how aggressive they wished treatment to be. Themes included issues of quality of life, health beliefs, and the social context. Paradoxical, contradictory statements were common, expressing ambivalence and uncertainty regarding the effect of the illness and the treatment. CONCLUSIONS Wide variation exists in the attitudes of older African Americans toward their diabetes and treatment. Patients frequently expressed ambivalence toward the care of their illness. Providers should explore these issues and help patients resolve their ambivalence if patient preferences are to be respected in the overall treatment plan.
How Diabetes Specialists Treat Their Own Diabetes: Findings From a Study of the AADE and ADA Membership
Authors: Graff Marilyn R. , Rubin Richard R. , Walker Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine how diabetes specialists, who themselves have diabetes, manage their own care. METHODS An independent research organization faxed anonymous, 1-page surveys to all professional members of the American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE) and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) who had valid fax numbers. Only those individuals with diabetes were asked to fill out and return the survey. RESULTS Of the 12 525 surveys that were distributed, 802 (6.4%) were returned. The prevalence of type 1 diabetes in this sample was estimated to be 13 times higher than in the general US population, whereas the prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 42% to 54% lower. Of the respondents with type 1 diabetes, most (96%) practiced intensive treatment regimens, and more than half used an insulin infusion pump. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes specialists treat their own diabetes according to current standards of medical care, with insulin pumps being the preferred method of insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes in this sample. Knowing that experts almost universally practice intensive treatment regimens may be a powerful motivator for patients and sends a strong message to primary care providers and payers regarding the need for treating diabetes according to current standards of care.
Comparison of Pregnancy Mood Profiles in Gestational Diabetes and Preexisting Diabetes
Authors: Langer Niell , Langer Oded 
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE This study sought to answer the following questions: How does intensified diabetes management affect the patient's mood profile? Is there a relationship between levels of glycemic control and emotional profile? Which factors distinguish the emotional profile of women with pregestational diabetes from women with newly diagnosed gestational diabetes? METHODS A secondary analysis was conducted of women with newly diagnosed gestational diabetes (GDM), pregestational diabetes (PGDM), and nondiabetic controls. Those with diabetes were treated with an intensified approach. All participants responded to a questionnaire measuring bipolar subjective mood states. The relation between diabetes types, glucose characteristics during pregnancy, and mood were analyzed. RESULTS The mood profile was significantly associated with level of glycemic control in GDM women (comparable to controls). PGDM women were not affected by either level of glycemic control or diabetes class categories. The number of glucose determinations, marital status, and maternal age were related to mood profile for GDM women. CONCLUSIONS Because women with GDM and PGDM present different mood profiles in pregnancy, customized medical/behavioral goals may be needed to enhance compliance and optimize perinatal outcome.
Challenges to Participating in a Lifestyle Intervention Program: The Native American Diabetes Project
Authors: Griffin Julie A. , Gilhiland Susan S. , Perez Georgia , Upson Dona , Carter Janette S. 
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE This paper describes the factors that American Indian teachers in the Native American Diabetes Project (NADP) reported affected participation in the NADP lifestyle education sessions. METHODS A postsession exit interview was conducted with each of the 7 mentors (teachers) of the NADP sessions. Interview questions addressed general perceptions of the sessions, factors that kept participants from coming to the sessions, and attitudes toward diabetes and persons with diabetes. Interviews were transcribed and responses reflecting factors related to participation were marked and organized into topic areas. RESULTS Mentors reported a range of factors that affected participation in the sessions, such as conflicts with community activities and beliefs/attitudes about diabetes. The latter factor includes program knowledge, recruitment methods, attitudes toward the program, and beliefs about diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Asking community members what factors they believe affect participation is an important component of increasing participation in community-based programs. Community members can provide a valuable personal perspective of actual and potential conflicts in the community.
Secondary Analysis of Perceptions and Meanings of Type 2 Diabetes Among Mexican American Women
Authors: Aloozer Francesca 
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE the purpose of this study was to explore explanatory models of diabetes from the perspective of Mexican American women with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In-depth interviews were conducted in a secondary analysis of an interpretive interactionism study to investigate the meanings of diabetes from the perspectives of Mexican American women with type 2 diabetes. The sensitizing concept used was Kleinman's explanatory models of illness. The original study sample included 20 Mexican American women between the ages of 27 and 45 with varying lengths of time since diagnosis. RESULTS Data analysis was an interactive process. The data were collapsed into explanatory models of diabetes categorized as defining, getting, having, describing, or taking care of diabetes. The meaning of having diabetes was viewed as a life threat with complications and a shortened life. CONCLUSIONS Diabetes complications, viewed as symptoms, were structured in the explanatory models developed from the contextual arenas of family and community. Given the family and community history of diabetes, genetic predisposition to the disease, and perceived life threat, understanding Mexican American women's explanatory models about diabetes serves as a basis for negotiating therapeutic interventions.