bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis B virus clearance from serum and liver after acute hepatitis delta virus superinfection in chronic HBsAg carriers
Authors: Pastore G. , Monno L. , Santantonio T. , Angarano G. , Milella M. , Giannelli A. , Fiore J. R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractClinical, virological, and histological findings in four HBsAg chronic carriers who cleared HBV markers from both serum and liver following HDV superinfection are described. The patients were long‐term HBsAg carriers and all were HBV‐DNA/HBeAg positive. Liver biopsy, obtained from three of the patients between 5 and 15 months prior to HDV superinfection, showed chronic persistent hepatitis in two and chronic active hepatitis in one. During the follow‐up of 9–19 months, the patients completely recovered from acute delta hepatitis with termination of HBsAg carriage and regression of the histological feature of chronic liver damage.These data demonstrate that sometimes HDV is able to induce a permanent inhibition of its helper virus. HDV superinfection probably enhances the immune clearance of infected cells during the replicative phase of chronic HBV infection.
High genomic variability in the pre‐C region of hepatitis B virus in anti‐HBe, HBV DNA‐positive chronic hepatitis
Authors: Fiordalisi Gianfranco , Cariani Elisabetta , Mantero Giovanni , Zanetti Alessandro , Tanzi Elisabetta , Chiaramonte Maria , Primi Daniele 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSome chronic HBV carriers have circulating HBV DNA despite the presence of anti‐HBeAg antibodies. This observation has recently been related to the presence, in the HBV pre‐C region, of a translational stop codon that prevents HBeAg synthesis. In the present study, we analyzed, at the nucleotide level, the pre‐C/C region of HBV isolated from the sera of 11 anti‐HBe, HBV DNA‐positive chronic carriers. Nucleotide sequence analysis of 25 independent clones revealed that the pre‐C sequence is highly variable, even among clones derived from the same serum sample. Moreover, our data show that HBeAg synthesis can also be prevented by as yet undescribed T‐C substitution at position 1815 that eliminates the start codon of the pre‐C transcript. These results suggest that the HBV genome contains segments of high variability that have probably been selected during evolution to favor the segregation of functionally advantaged mutants capable of avoiding host immunity.
Cytopathogenicity, drug susceptibility, and thymidine kinase activity of a retinovirulent herpes simplex virus type 2
Authors: Langford M. P. , Colacino J. M. , Kaiwar R. , Mahjoub S. B. , Ganley J. P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe investigated some of the biological and biochemical characteristics of a neurovasive, retinovirulent herpes simplex virus type 2 strain SL (HSV‐2[SL]) and compared them with those of a neurovirulent, nonretinovirulent HSV‐2(186). HSV‐2(SL) was shown to spread rapidly and produce large syncytium in vitro. HSV‐2(SL) and HSV‐2(186) were equally susceptible to acyclovir (ACV) and thymine arabinoside (Ara‐T). However, HSV‐2(SL) was fourfold and 44‐fold more susceptible than HSV‐2(186) to iododeoxyuridine (IUdR) and bromovinyldeoxyuridene (BVDU), respectively. In addition, cytosolic TK from HSV‐2(SL)‐infected cells phosphorylated 4, 20, and 23,000 times more IUdR, iododeoxycytidine (IdCyD), and Ara‐T than the TK of HSV‐2(186), respectively. Further, HSV‐2(186) replication was inhibited by Ara‐T. These studies indicate that the retinovirulent HSV‐2(SL) has a syn phenotype and a TK with broad substrate activity.
Defined epitope blocking with Murray Valley encephalitis virus and monoclonal antibodies: Laboratory and field studies
Authors: Hawkes R. A. , Roehrig J. T. , Boughton C. R. , Naim H. M. , Orwell R. , Anderson‐Stuart P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn an attempt to develop a specific serological test for Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus antibodies, a panel of MVE monoclonal antibodies was utilised in defined‐epitope blocking ELISA tests. In sera of mice immunised singly and in combinations of MVE, Alfuy (ALF), and Kunjin (KUN) viruses, blocking patterns usually distinguished MVE infections from those of the other flaviviruses.When blocking tests with selected MAbs were applied to 468 flavivirus antibody positive sera collected from human subjects throughout New South Wales, sera with blocking patterns consistent with previous MVE infection were found in 18 subjects. All were long‐term residents of areas previously frequented by MVE, and all were of an age to have been exposed to the virus in past epidemics. No such sera were found in subjects living in coastal areas of NSW where MVE has never been reported.
Human monoclonal antibodies to human cytomegalovirus derived from peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy adults
Authors: Kitamura Kunio , Yamada Kazumasa , Kuzushima Kiyotaka , Morishima Tsuneo , Morishima Yasuo , Yamamoto Naohiko , Nishiyama Yukihiro , Ohya Kenichi , Yamaguchi Hiroshi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractImmunoglobulin G class human monoclonal antibodies to human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) were produced by the fusion of Epstein‐Barr virus‐transformed B cells and a murine myeloma cell line. The B cells were derived from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy adult volunteers. Four hybridomas producing HCMV‐specific monoclonal antibodies were established and each of four antibodies immunoprecipitated an HCMV‐specific protein with a molecular weight of 68 kDa. However, the antibodies differed in some of their properties as characterized by indirect immunofluorescence assay and immunoblotting studies, due to the detection of different epitopes on the reacting antigen. None of the four antibodies had any virus neutralizing activity.
Rapid recovery in mice after combined nasal/oral immunization with killed respiratory syncytial virus
Authors: Reuman Peter D. , Keely Scott P. , Schiff Gilbert M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBased on the concept of a common mucosal immune system, the murine gastrointestinal tract was inoculated (oral) with three doses (5, 20, and 40 μg) of UV‐inactivated respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in order to elicit a virus‐specific immune response in the respiratory tract. Only the 40 μg dose induced significant (P < 0.01) anti‐RSV‐IgG rises in serum and lung wash compared to controls. To improve the immune response, mice were immunized intranasally under light anesthesia with the same 40 μg dosage regimen of killed RSV so that each dose passed through the nose and was swallowed. This combined nasal/oral immunization stimulated anti‐RSV‐IgG in serum, lung wash and nasal wash (P < 0.001) and anti‐RSV‐IgA in lung and nasal wash (P < 0.001) that were comparable to levels after infection with live RSV. Three days after challenge with live RSV, mice given combined nasal/oral immunization showed suppressed nasal virus shedding (P = 0.025). Nasal virus shedding correlated inversely with concentrations of anti‐RSV‐Ig in nasal secretions but did not correlate with concentrations in serum.
Hepatitis C virus in a prospective study of posttransfusion non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in Taiwan
Authors: Wang Jin‐Town , Wang Teh‐Hong , Lin Jaw‐Town , Sheu Jin‐Chuan , Sung Juei‐Low , Chen Ding‐Shinn 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUsing an enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay for antibody against hepatitis C virus (anti‐HCV), serial serum samples from 26 non‐A, non‐B (NANB) posttransfusion hepatitis (PTH) patients were studied in a prospective study in Taiwan. Sixteen (61.5%) of the 26 patients were positive for anti‐HCV antibodies. Two of the 16 patients were positive for anti‐HCV before transfusion. The remaining 10 patients were negative for anti‐HCV antibodies. The rate of anti‐HCV seroconversion is, therefore, 58.5%. Of the 14 patients with anti‐HCV seroconversion, three were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers. The time of seroconversion for anti‐HCV ranges from 2 to 24 weeks after the first elevation of ALT (mean: of 8.7 weeks,) or 6–32 weeks from the date of transfusion (mean: 13 weeks). Twelve (85.7%) of the 14 anti‐HCV seroconverted patients had persistent abnormal ALT 6 months after the onset of hepatitis in contrast to 30% of chronicity in the anti‐HCV‐negative patients. The results suggest that HCV is the major causative agent in NANB PTH in Taiwan, and patients positive for anti‐HCV have a higher risk of chronicity.
Protein analysis of newly isolated variants of echovirus type 18 by electrophoresis and Western blotting
Authors: Hayase Yukiharu , Toya Kazuo , Tanaka Toshinori , Tobita Kiyotake 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe protein patterns of two newly isolated antigenic variants of echovirus type 18 were compared with those of the prototype strain. Electrophoretic mobilities of VP1 and VP2 of the variants differed from those of the prototype strain. The antiserum against the prototype strain reacted to VP0 and VP2 in the Western blotting experiment. In addition, the variants differed from the prototype strain in growth behavior in the cultured cells.
Immune response to guinea pig cytomegalovirus polypeptides and cross reactivity with human cytomegalovirus
Authors: Kacica Marilyn A. , Harrison Christopher J. , Myers Martin G. , Bernstein David I. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe immune response to guinea pig cytomegalovirus (gpCMV) was evaluated by immunoblotting. Preinoculation guinea pig plasma did not react with gpCMV antigen, whereas convalescent plasma reacted to at least 18 gpCMV‐specific polypeptides. The initial immune response was primarily directed at polypeptides with MWs of 100, 75, and 56 kDa. Over 80% of plasma collected more than 29 days after viral inoculation reacted to these polypeptides and also to those with MW of 54, 52, and 38 kDa. In this report, we also demonstrate cross reactivity between gpCMV and human CMV (HCMV). Human immunoglobulin (IVIG) reacted to at least 20 HCMV polypeptides and cross reacted with six gpCMV polypeptides. GpCMV convalescent plasma also reacted with HCMV polypeptides.
Major antigenic domain recognized by monoclonal antibodies maps within the carboxy‐terminal moiety of a recombinant human immunodeficiency virus‐1 p24 protein
Authors: Gallina A. , Rossi F. , Mariani M. , Bonelli F. , Achilli G. , Cattaneo E. , Milanesi G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAntigenicity in mice of a recombinant polypeptide including the complete amino acid sequence of mature human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p24 protein was studied by induction of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). A panel of nine recloned hybridomas secreting MAbs with anti‐p24 reactivity was isolated and further characterized. Competitive inhibition experiments suggested that the MAbs could be grouped into four epitopic classes corresponding to at least two distinct determinants. Analysis of reactivity to recombinant p24 deletion variants indicated that all the recognized epitopes are localized within a carboxy‐terminal domain (amino acids 168–208) which should be largely exposed in recombinant as well as authentic antigen. Lack of response to N‐terminal and central portions of p24 suggests that the antigenicity of those regions in the natural polypeptide is strongly conformation‐dependent.
Prevalence of human T‐cell leukemia virus antibody among heterosexuals living in Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Authors: van Doornum G. J. J. , Hooykaas C. , Huisman J. G. , van der Linden M. M. D. , Coutinho R. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo determine the heterosexual spread of human T‐cell leukemia virus (HTLV‐I) infections, a cohort of 472 individuals with more than 5 heterosexual partners in the 6 months before entry was studied. They were recuited from visitors to the Clinic for Sexually Transmitted Diseases of the Municipal Health Service. Half of the study group was born in the Netherlands, 13% in Surinam or the Dutch Antilles, and 8% in Turkey or Morocco. Seventy percent were involved in commercial sex.Three persons were positive for HTLV‐I, with serum antibodies against p19, p24, p28, gp46, and gp61 in Western immunoblot (WIB) and radio‐immunoprecipitation assay (RIPA). Two of them originated from Surinam and the third was a Dutch woman. Two other individuals were HIV‐positive, 19% had hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐markers and 6% Treponema pallidum reacted in the hemagglutination assay (TPHA). It is concluded that HTLV‐I ciruclates in the Surinamese population in Amsterdam and there was no evidence of appreciable heterosexual transmission.
Enterovirus‐specific serum IgA antibody responses in patients with acute infections, chronic cardiac disease, and recently diagnosed insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: Muir Peter , Singh N. Brajachand , Banatvala Jangu E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEmploying an antibody class capture ELISA, we assessed the significance of enterovirus (EV)‐specific serum IgA (EV‐IgA) as a marker of EV infection. EV‐IgA was detectable in 64% of sera from patients with acute illnesses which may be attributable to EV infection who also had EV‐IgM, but also in 30% of sera from patients without evidence of EV infection. High EV‐IgA levels were more closely associated with the presence of EV‐IgM and were demonstrable in 39% of patients with acute infections who were EV‐IgM positive, compared to 3% of those who were EV‐IgM negative. Among patients with acute EV infection confirmed by virus isolation, EV‐IgA was present in 67% and EV‐IgM was present in 83%. As a marker of acute EV infection, EV‐IgA is less sensitive and less specific than EV‐IgM. EV‐IgA responses in patients with chronic cardiac disease paralleled EV‐IgM responses in some cases but there was no significant association between these two antibody responses in this group as a whole. High EV‐IgA responses were present in 20% of EV‐IgM positive and 21% of EV‐IgM negative patients, and may persist as a result of an immunoregulatory defect leading to virus or antigen persistence at mucosal surfaces. High EV‐IgA levels were also detectable in 33% of EV‐IgM positive newly diagnosed insulin‐dependent diabetics but in none who were EV‐IgM negative, which suggests that most EV infections in these patient were acute rather than persistent.
HIV‐1 variability and progression to AIDS: A longitudinal study
Authors: Fiore Josè Ramòn , Calabró Maria Luisa , Angarano Gioacchino , De Rossi Anita , Fico Cecilia , Pastore Giuseppe , Bianchi Luigi Chieco 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHIV‐1 replicative activity and its relation to the clinical and immunological evolution of infection was studied in a group of 150 HIV‐1 seropositive Italian i.v. drug abusers over a 1 year period. HIV‐1 was isolated from 91 (60%) subjects; two groups of isolates were distinguished, according to replicative activity “in vitro” and ability to induce cytopathic effects in cell cultures, and were termed “rapid‐high” and “slow‐low” viruses, in agreement with other workers. Rapid‐high viruses were recovered more frequently from patients with ARC/AIDS, while slow‐low viruses seemed related to the asymptomatic period of infection. The replicative properties of HIV‐1 seem to affect strongly the course of disease. In fact, an important CD4 cell decline occurred in asymptomatic subjects with rapid‐high virus infection; asymptomatic subjects with negative viral cultures or with slow‐low viruses showed no such decline. Asymptomatic subjects with negative viral cultures had no signs of disease during the observation period, while 9% with slow‐low virus and 45% with rapid‐high virus progressed to AIDS.
Serum hepatitis B virus DNA in healthy HBsAg‐negative Chinese adults evaluated by polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Shih Ling‐Na , Sheu Jin‐Chuan , Wang Jin‐Town , Huang Guan‐Tarn , Yang Pei‐Ming , Lee Hsuan‐Shu , Sung Juei‐Low , Wang Teh‐Hong , Chen Ding‐Shinn 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSerum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA was assayed using polymerase chain reaction, in 107 HBsAg‐negative normal Chinese subjects. The results showed that eight subjects (7.5%) had HBV DNA. In the subgroup with antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti‐HBs) and to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc), 7.3% (5/68) were positive for HBV DNA; HBV DNA was not detected in six individuals with anti‐HBs only and in nine with anti‐HBc only. In four persons with anti‐HBc and anti‐HBe, one had HBV DNA. In 20 subjects negative for all hepatitis B serological markers, two (10%) were found to have HBV DNA. This study indicates that serological markers are not adequate to rule out HBV infection, and it further implies that present blood donor screening methods may need improving.
Identification of hantavirus serotypes by testing of post‐infection sera in immunofluorescence and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays
Authors: Groen J. , Jordans H. G. M. , Clement J. P. G. , Rooijakkers E. J. M. , UytdeHaag F. G. C. M. , Dalrymple J. , Van Der Groen G. , Osterhaus A. D. M. E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSerum samples were collected from 27 individuals who had been infected with a member of the genus Hantavirus in the Netherlands or Belgium during the last 15 years. These samples were tested in an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and two enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) systems, using different virus strains that represented each of the four recently proposed serotypes of this genus. The serum samples from 11 individuals who had been infected through contacts with laboratory rats showed the highest reactivities with Hantaan virus (serotype I) and SR‐11 (serotype 11) in the IFA and ELISA systems. The samples of 16 individuals who had probably been infected through contacts with wild rodents showed the highest reactivities with Hällnäs virus (serotype III) in the IFA. All except two of these also showed the highest reactivity with Hällnäs virus in the two different ELISA systems.
Correlation between HBV DNA detection by polymerase chain reaction and pre‐S1 antigenemia in symptomatic and asymptomatic hepatitis B virus infections
Authors: Chemin I. , Baginski I. , Petit M. A. , Zoulim F. , Pichoud C. , Capel F. , Hantz O. , Trepo C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome in sera from 73 symptomatic and asymptomatic HBsAg carriers was studied by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers specific for the S and C regions. Pre‐S proteins of the HBV envelope were detected in serum by a specific monoclonal antibody in a double immunoradiometric assay.Out of twenty‐five symptomatic patients with chronic active hepatitis (14 with HBeAg and 11 with anti‐HBe), all were positive for HBV DNA by PCR, while 14/14 HBeAg and 2/11 (18%) of the anti‐HBe patients were positive by dot blot hybridization. All but one anti‐HBe patient (96%) carried Pre‐S1 proteins. Among the asymptomatic HBsAg carriers, HBV DNA was detected by PCR in 14/14 (100%) HBeAg positive patients and in 25/34 (73%) anti‐HBe positive patients. Pre‐S1 proteins were found, respectively, in 14/14 (100%) and 11/22 (50%) of the same cases tested in parallel. The 20 healthy blood donors devoid of HBV markers and with normal transaminases tested were found negative for HBV DNA using PCR.Out of 12 patients who recovered from acute hepatitis 6, all were found negative by PCR analysis after a mean follow up of 1 year after seroconversion to anti‐HBs. When serial samples from 2 patients (one with acute hepatitis 6, the other with chronic hepatitis 6) were tested for the presence of HBV DNA and of Pre‐S1 proteins, both markers showed parallel development.The results indicate that HBV DNA detected by PCR is associated significantly with the presence of Pre‐S1 proteins (P < 0.0001) and does reflect the presence of complete virions in sera from patients negative for HBV DNA by the conventional hybridization technique. The results also suggest a slower clearance of infectious particles than assumed previously.
Acute sporadic hepatitis in Sudanese children
Authors: Hyams K. C. , Hussain M. A. M. , Al‐Arabi M. A. , Atallah N. Al‐Huda , El‐Tigani A. , McCarthy M. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEighty consecutive cases of acute viral hepatitis and 80 controls selected from a public pediatric clinic were entered into a study of acute sporadic hepatitis in Khartoum, Sudan. Study subjects were 14 years of age or younger and were mainly from a low socioeconomic level. Non‐A, non‐B hepatitis was diagnosed by exclusion in 35 (43.8%) patients, hepatitis A in 27 (33.8%), acute hepatitis B in 8 (10.0%), possible Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) hepatitis in 1 patient; and dual hepatitis A and B infection in 1 patient. Eight acute cases were positive for HBsAg but negative for anti‐HBc IgM and anti‐HAV IgM. Delta hepatitis was not identified in any study subject. A household case of jaundice and acquaintance with an individual outside of the household with jaundice during the prior 6 months were associated with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. There was no association between parenteral exposure and non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. These findings suggest that enterically transmitted non‐A, non‐B hepatitis may be a major cause of acute sporadic hepatitis in children in this area, as well as a cause of epidemic hepatitis.
Polymerase chain reaction for early detection of HSV‐DNA in cerebrospinal fluid: An experimental mouse encephalitis study
Authors: Boerman Rudolf H. , Arnoldus Edo P. J. , Peters A. C. Boudewijn , Bloem Bastiaan R. , Raap Anton K. , Ploeg Mels Van Der 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA series of experiments was carried out using a mouse HSV‐1 encephalitis model for detecting HSV‐DNA in CSF by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results were correlated with the time period after corneal inoculation, clinical signs and symptoms, and progression of infection in brain tissue (antigen detection and histo‐pathology), and were compared with virus isolation by spin‐amplified culture (SAC/IF).The PCR proved to be superior to SACAF, both with respect to early detection and the percentage of positive samples. The results of PCR did not correlate with signs of disease, nor with the interval post‐inoculation. A correlation with the spread of HSV within the brain tissue was found.The possible pathways for virus spread from brain parenchyma to the CSF as well as a possible explanation for the low amounts of virus and viral‐DNA within the CSF are discussed.