bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The unexpected chemistry of a bis(phospholyl)acetylene
Authors: Duffy Matthew P. , Donnadieu Bruno , Mathey François 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe reaction of lithium 3,4‐dimethyl‐phospholide with tetrachloroethylene gives the corresponding 1,2‐bis(phospholyl)acetylene that has been characterized by X‐ray crystal structure analysis of its bis(pentacarbonylmolybdenum) complex. The reaction with sulfur leads to the corresponding disulfide that spontaneously undergoes a self‐condensation via a Diels‐‐Alder cycloaddition between the CC triple bond and the phosphole dienic system giving, after aromatization by loss of the phosphorus bridge, the corresponding 1,2‐bis(phospholyl)benzene. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:537–541, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20457
A facile synthesis of new 1,2‐dihydro‐2λ5‐[1,3]oxazolo[5,4‐d][1,3,2]diazaphosphinine derivatives starting from 2‐benzoylamino‐3, 3‐dichloroacrylonitrile
Authors: Shablykin Oleg V. , Gakh Andrei A. , Brovarets Vladimir S. , Rusanov Eduard B. , Drach Boris S. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractEasily accessible 2‐benzoylamino‐3,3‐dichloroacrylonitrile, when treated successively with primary amines, phosphorus pentachloride, sulfur dioxide, and various N‐ or S‐nucleophiles, furnishes the corresponding derivatives of 1,2‐dihydro‐2λ5‐[1,3]oxazolo[5,4‐d][1,3,2]diazaphosphinine, a novel fused heterocycle. The structure of the compounds obtained is unequivocally confirmed by spectroscopic methods and X‐ray diffraction analysis. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:506–511, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20470
Synthesis and antitumor activity of novel α‐aminophosphonates from diterpenic dehydroabietylamine
Authors: Rao Xiaoping , Song Zhanqian , He Ling 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA series of novel α‐aminophosphonates were synthesized from diterpenic dehydroabietylamine, and their structures were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Their antitumor activities against SMMC7721 liver cancer cells were evaluated by the MTT method. Compounds 4 and 6 exhibited higher activities even at very low concentrations, and the inhibition ratios reached 75% and 79% at 0.1 µM, respectively. The inhibition ratio of compound 9 reached 99% after 72‐h incubation. α‐Aminophosphonates with a fluorine atom and a nitro group fused to the benzene ring exhibited higher activities. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:512–516, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20471
Synthesis of phosphorous acid and its derivatives based on the reaction of elemental phosphorus (P4) and aqueous solution of choline in the presence of the hydroxides of earth alkali metals
Authors: Platova Elena V. , Batyeva Elvira S. , Kursheva Lidiya I. , Sinyashin Oleg G. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA nonchloric method for the synthesis of phosphorous acid and barium and calcium phosphites is proposed, involving the reaction of elemental phosphorus (P4) with aqueous barium and calcium hydroxides in the presence of quaternary ammonium base (choline). Conditions for the preparation of high‐purity phosphorous acid based on the oxidation of the hypophosphite ion to the phosphite ion in a strong alkali medium were studied. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:517–519, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20472
Studies on organophosphorus compounds: Synthesis and reactions of [1,2,4,3]triaza‐phospholo[4,5‐a]quinoxaline derivative
Authors: Moustafa Hassan M. , Mohamed Mounir A. A. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract2,4‐Bis‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1,3,2,4‐dithiadiphosphetane‐2,4‐disulfide (Lawesson's reagent) (1) reacted with 2‐hydrazino‐3‐methyl‐quinoxaline (2) to give [1,2,4,3]‐triazaphospholo[4,5‐a]quinoxaline derivative 3. The Mannich reaction using different amines on compound 3 gave Mannich bases 4a–d. Also, compound 3 reacted with formaldehyde to give the corresponding 2‐hydroxymethyl derivative 5, which upon reaction with thionyl chloride gave the corresponding chloromethyl derivative 6. Treatment of compound 6 with some thiols yielded the corresponding sulfides 7a–d. Acylation of compound 3 gave acylated compounds 8a,b. Compound 9, which was prepared through the reaction of compound 3 with ethyl cyanoacetate, was investigated as a starting material for the synthesis of some new heterocyclic systems 10–13. Also, reaction of compound 9 with carbon disulfide and 2 equivalents of methyl iodide in a one‐pot reaction yielded the corresponding ketene‐S,S‐acetal 14, which in turn reacted with bidentates to give some new heterocycles 15–17. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:520–529, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20473
Oxidation of diethyl N‐sulfinylphos‐phoramidates
Authors: Mielniczak Grażyna , Łopusiński Andrzej 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIt is reported that the diethyl N‐sulfinylphosphoramidate (1a) is oxidized with iodoso‐ and/or iodoxybenzene as well as with organic peroxides, to give diethyl N‐sulfonylphosphoramidate (7a). The latter was generated in situ at low temperature and trapped with dialkyl phosphoramidates, affording the N,N′ bis(dialkyl phosphor)sulfamides 3a–c. The oxidation of 1a with cumene peroxide in the presence of 2,2‐dimethyl‐propan‐1‐ol (9) produced the diethylphosphor‐N‐[2,2‐dimethylpropyl]sulfamate (10a). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:530–536, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20474
The impact of using different costing methods on the results of an economic evaluation of cardiac care: microcosting vs gross‐costing approaches
Authors: Clement (Nee Shrive) Fiona M. , Ghali William A. , Donaldson Cam , Manns Braden J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackground: Published guidelines on the conduct of economic evaluations provide little guidance regarding the use and potential bias of the different costing methods.Objectives: Using microcosting and two gross‐costing methods, we (1) compared the cost estimates within and across subjects, and (2) determined the impact on the results of an economic evaluation.Methods: Microcosting estimates were obtained from the local health region and gross‐costing estimates were obtained from two government bodies (one provincial and one national). Total inpatient costs were described for each method. Using an economic evaluation of sirolimus‐eluting stents, we compared the incremental cost–utility ratios that resulted from applying each method.Results: Microcosting, Case‐Mix‐Grouper (CMG) gross‐costing, and Refined‐Diagnosis‐Related grouper (rDRG) gross‐costing resulted in 4‐year mean cost estimates of $16 684, $16 232, and $10 474, respectively. Using Monte Carlo simulation, the cost per QALY gained was $41 764 (95% CI: $41 182–$42 346), $42 538 (95% CI: $42 167–$42 907), and $36 566 (95% CI: $36 172–$36 960) for microcosting, rDRG‐derived and CMG‐derived estimates, respectively (P<0.001).Conclusions: Within subject, the three costing methods produced markedly different cost estimates. The difference in cost–utility values produced by each method is modest but of a magnitude that could influence a decision to fund a new intervention. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic information, obesity, and labor market outcomes
Authors: Norton Edward C. , Han Euna 
Published: July 2008

AbstractEconomists have argued that obesity may lead to worse labor market outcomes, especially for women. Empirical methods to test this hypothesis have not thus far adequately controlled for the endogeneity of obesity. We use variation in genotype to predict variation in phenotype (obesity). Genetic information from specific genes linked to obesity in the biomedical literature provides strong exogenous variation in the body mass index and thus can be used as instrumental variables. These genes predict swings in weight of between 5 and 20 pounds for persons between five and six feet tall. We use additional genetic information to control for omitted variables correlated with both obesity and labor market outcomes. We analyzed data from the third wave of the Add Health data set, when respondents are in their mid‐twenties. Results from our preferred models show no effect of lagged obesity on the probability of employment or on wages, for either men or women. This paper shows the potential of using genetic information in social sciences. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is there a meaningful serum hepatitis B virus DNA cutoff level for therapeutic decisions in hepatitis B e antigen–negative chronic hepatitis B virus infection?
Authors: Papatheodoridis George V. , Manesis Emanuel K. , Manolakopoulos Spilios , Elefsiniotis Ioannis S. , Goulis John , Giannousis John , Bilalis Antonios , Kafiri Georgia , Tzourmakliotis Dimitrios , Archimandritis Athanasios J. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

The diagnosis of hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative chronic hepatitis B indicating therapeutic intervention currently requires serum hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA ≥2,000 IU/mL. We evaluated the severity of liver histology and the presence of histological indication for treatment in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic HBV infection focusing on those with low viremia and/or normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT). In total, 399 patients with increased ALT and detectable serum HBV DNA (chronic hepatitis B patients) and 35 cases with persistently normal ALT and HBV DNA >2,000 IU/mL (inactive carriers) were included. Histological indication for treatment (grading score ≥7 and/or stage ≥2 in Ishak's classification) was found in 91% (185/203), 82% (75/91), 75% (47/63), and 62% (26/42) of chronic hepatitis B patients with HBV DNA ≥200,000, 20,000-199,999, 2,000-19,999, and <2,000 IU/mL, respectively (

P

< 0.001). Histological indication for treatment was more frequent in chronic hepatitis B patients with persistently elevated ALT (86% or 275/321), but it was also found in 74% (58/78) of those with transiently normal ALT (

P

= 0.025). All inactive carriers had HBV DNA <20,000 IU/mL. Histological indication for treatment was present in 17% (6/35) of inactive carriers always due to moderate (stage 2) fibrosis without active necroinflammation.

Conclusion:

HBeAg-negative chronic HBV patients with persistently or transiently increased ALT and HBV DNA ≥20,000 IU/mL almost always require therapeutic intervention, but histological indications for treatment are also present in the majority of such cases with HBV DNA <20,000 and even <2,000 IU/mL. In contrast, minimal histological lesions are observed in the majority of HBeAg-negative patients with persistently normal ALT and HBV DNA >2,000 IU/mL, who may not require immediate liver biopsy and treatment but only close follow-up. (Hepatology 2008.)
Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3) and a deficit of serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) phosphoproteins involved in leptin transduction mediate the effect of fructose on rat liver lipid metabolism
Authors: Vilà Laia , Roglans Núria , Alegret Marta , Sánchez Rosa María , Vázquez-Carrera Manuel , Laguna Juan Carlos 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

There is controversy regarding whether fructose in liquid beverages constitutes another dietary ingredient of high caloric density or introduces qualitative changes in energy metabolism that further facilitate the appearance of metabolic diseases. Central to this issue is the elucidation of the molecular mechanism responsible for the metabolic alterations induced by fructose ingestion. Fructose administration (10% wt/vol) in the drinking water of Sprague-Dawley male rats for 14 days induced hyperleptinemia and hepatic leptin resistance. This was caused by impairment of the leptin-signal transduction mediated by both janus-activated kinase-2 and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. The subsequent increase in activity in the liver of the unphosphorylated and active form of the forkhead box O1 nuclear factor, which transrepresses peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α activity, and a lack of activation of the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, led to hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic steatosis. These alterations are attributable to two key events: (1) an increase in the amount of suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 protein, which blocks the phosphorylation and activation of janus-activated kinase-2 and Tyr985 on the long form of the leptin receptor; and (2) a common deficit of phosphorylation in serine/threonine residues of key proteins in leptin-signal transduction pathways. The latter is probably produced by the early activation of protein phosphatase 2A, and further sustained by the accumulation in liver tissue of ceramide, an activator of protein phosphatase 2A, due to incomplete oxidation of fatty acids.

Conclusion:

Our data indicate that fructose ingestion as a liquid solution induces qualitative changes in liver metabolism that lead to metabolic diseases. (Hepatology 2008.)
Lignanamides and Sesquiterpenoids from Stems of Mitrephora thorelii
Authors: Ge Fan , Tang Chun‐Ping , Ye Yang 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe first phytochemical investigation on stems of Mitrephora thorelii led to the isolation of three new lignanamides, thoreliamides A–C (1–3), and a new sesquiterpenoid, thorelinin (4), together with ten known compounds. The structures of the new compounds were established on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses. Thoreliamide C is the first trimer derived from cinnamic acid amide units.
Eremophilane‐Type Sesquiterpenes from the Roots of Ligularia virgaurea
Authors: Zhang Zhan‐Xin , Fei Dong‐Qing , Jia Zhong‐Jian 
Published: July 2008

AbstractFrom the roots of Ligularia virgaurea, five new eremophilane‐type sesquiterpenes were isolated, including three new eremophilenolides, 6β‐(angeloyloxy)‐1α,8β,10β‐trihydroxyeremophil‐7(11)‐en‐12,8α‐olide (1), 6β‐(angeloyloxy)‐1β,10β‐epoxy‐8β‐ethoxyeremophil‐7(11)‐en‐12,8α‐olide (2), and 1β,10β‐epoxy‐8β‐ethoxy‐6β‐[(2‐methylacryloyl)oxy]eremophil‐7(11)‐en‐12,8α‐olide (3), two new noreremophilanes, 3β‐[(2‐methylacryloyl)oxy]‐8‐oxo‐12‐noreremophil‐6‐en‐11‐one (9), and 9β‐hydroxy‐8‐oxo‐12‐noreremophil‐6‐en‐11‐one (10), and six known eremophilanes, namely 4–8, and 11. Their structures were elucidated by means of spectral methods, such as IR, HR‐ESI‐MS, and 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, and by comparison of the spectral data with those reported for structurally related compounds.
Four New Dibenzocyclooctadiene Lignans from Schisandra rubriflora
Authors: Li Hong‐Mei , Luo Yong‐Ming , Pu Jian‐Xin , Li Xiao‐Nian , Lei Chun , Wang Rui‐Rui , Zheng Yong‐Tang , Sun Han‐Dong , Li Rong‐Tao 
Published: July 2008

AbstractFrom the aerial parts of Schisandra rubriflora (Franch) Rehd. et Wils., four new dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans, methylgomisin R (1), (+)‐14‐tigloylgomisin K3 (2), 12‐demethylwuweilignan I (3), schisandrene A (4), together with 13 known lignans, were isolated. The structures of four new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including extensive 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR techniques.
Ligand‐Exchange Processes on Solvated Beryllium Cations. Part III
Authors: Puchta Ralph , van Eldik Rudi 
Published: July 2008

AbstractOn the basis of DFT calculations (B3LYP/6‐311+G**), the possibility to include solvent effects is considered in the investigation of the H2O‐exchange mechanism on [Be(H2O)4]2+ within the widely used cluster approach. The smallest system in the gas phase, [Be(H2O)4(H2O)]2+, shows the highest activation barrier of +15.6 kcal/mol, whereas the explicit addition of five H‐bonded H2O molecules in [{Be(H2O)4(H2O)}(H2O)5]2+ reduces the barrier to +13.5 kcal/mol. Single‐point calculations applying CPCM (B3LYP(CPCM:H2O)/6‐311+G**//B3LYP/6‐311+G**) on [Be(H2O)4(H2O)]2+ lower the barrier to +9.6 kcal/mol. Optimization of the precursor and transition state of [Be(H2O)4(H2O)]2+ within an implicit model (B3LYP(CPCM:H2O)/6‐311+G** or B3LYP(PCM:H2O)/6‐311+G**) reduces the activation energy further to +8.3 kcal/mol but does not lead to any local minimum for the precursor and is, therefore, unfavorable.
7‐Halogenated 7‐Deazapurine 2′‐Deoxyribonucleosides Related to 2′‐Deoxyadenosine, 2′‐Deoxyxanthosine, and 2′‐Deoxyisoguanosine: Syntheses and Properties
Authors: Seela Frank , Xu Kuiying 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA series of 7‐fluorinated 7‐deazapurine 2′‐deoxyribonucleosides related to 2′‐deoxyadenosine, 2′‐deoxyxanthosine, and 2′‐deoxyisoguanosine as well as intermediates 4b–7b, 8, 9b, 10b, and 17b were synthesized. The 7‐fluoro substituent was introduced in 2,6‐dichloro‐7‐deaza‐9H‐purine (11a) with Selectfluor (Scheme 1). Apart from 2,6‐dichloro‐7‐fluoro‐7‐deaza‐9H‐purine (11b), the 7‐chloro compound 11c was formed as by‐product. The mixture 11b/11c was used for the glycosylation reaction; the separation of the 7‐fluoro from the 7‐chloro compound was performed on the level of the unprotected nucleosides. Other halogen substituents were introduced with N‐halogenosuccinimides (11a→11c–11e). Nucleobase‐anion glycosylation afforded the nucleoside intermediates 13a–13e (Scheme 2). The 7‐fluoro‐ and the 7‐chloro‐7‐deaza‐2′‐deoxyxanthosines, 5b and 5c, respectively, were obtained from the corresponding MeO compounds 17b and 17c, or 18 (Scheme 6). The 2′‐deoxyisoguanosine derivative 4b was prepared from 2‐chloro‐7‐fluoro‐7‐deaza‐2′‐deoxyadenosine 6b via a photochemically induced nucleophilic displacement reaction (Scheme 5). The pKa values of the halogenated nucleosides were determined (Table 3). 13C‐NMR Chemical‐shift dependencies of C(7), C(5), and C(8) were related to the electronegativity of the 7‐halogen substituents (Fig. 3). In aqueous solution, 7‐halogenated 2′‐deoxyribonucleosides show an approximately 70% S population (Fig. 2 and Table 1).
New Components Including Cyclopeptides from Barks of Christiana africana DC. (Tiliaceae)
Authors: Michalet Serge , Payen‐Fattaccioli Laëtitia , Beney Chantal , Cégiéla Pascale , Bayet Christine , Cartier Gilbert , Noungoué‐Tchamo Diderot , Tsamo Etienne , Mariotte Anne‐Marie , Dijoux‐Franca Marie‐Geneviève 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPhytochemical investigation of barks of Christiana africana led to the identification of cyclopeptide alkaloids, flavonoids, coumarinolignans, iridoids, sesquiterpenoids, and triterpenes. This plant was classified so far in the Tiliaceae family. This study was started while the genomic study of numerous specimens was described in order to establish new criteria for Malvales botanical classification. In the present work, twenty components were identified, belonging to the three major classes of secondary metabolites: alkaloids, phenols, and terpenes. In the first class, cyclopeptides are well‐known compounds in Rhamnaceae and Sterculiaceae. Their presence in Malvaceae (in APG2 sensus) suggests a possible chemical link between the ex‐Tiliaceae and the Malvaceae.
Two New Alkaloids from Flueggea virosa
Authors: Wang Guo‐Cai , Wang Ying , Li Qian , Liang Jie‐Ping , Zhang Xiao‐Qi , Yao Xin‐Sheng , Ye Wen‐Cai 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTwo new securinega‐type alkaloids and four known ones were isolated from the twigs and leaves of Flueggea virosa. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods (UV, IR, HR‐ESI‐MS, and 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR), and the absolute configurations were assigned by CD spectra. The structures of the known compounds were identified by comparison of their physical and spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature.
Surprising Formation of Chlorinated Butenolides from Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates and Hexachloro­acetone in the Presence of Triphenyl Phosphite
Authors: Yavari Issa , Sabbaghan Maryam , Hossaini Zinatossadat , Ghazanfarpour‐Darjani Majid 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTriphenyl phosphite reacts smoothly with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates and hexachloroacetone to produce alkyl 2‐(dichloromethylene)‐2,5‐dihydro‐5‐oxo‐4‐(trichloromethyl)furan‐3‐carboxylates in good yields.
Secondary Metabolites from the Stem Bark of Litsea akoensis and Their Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Chang Su‐Yen , Cheng Ming‐Jen , Kuo Yueh‐Hsiung , Lee Shiow‐Ju , Chang Hsun‐Shuo , Chen Ih‐Sheng 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSix new butanolides, litseadioxanins A and B (1 and 2, resp.) bearing a 1,2‐dioxane moiety, litseatrinolides A and B (3 and 4, resp.), and litseakolides D1 and D2 (5 and 6, resp.), were isolated from the stem bark of Litsea akoensis, together with six known compounds. The structures of the new compounds were characterized by in‐depth NMR‐spectroscopic and mass‐spectrometric analyses. Butanolides 1–4, and a mixture of 6 and litsenolide E2, and litsenolide B1 were tested against human tumor cells, including MCF‐7 (human breast adenocarcinoma), NCI‐H460 (non‐small‐cell lung cancer), and SF‐268 (glioblastoma) cell lines. Among the tested compounds, litsenolide B1 exhibited marginal cytotoxic activity against MCF‐7, NCI‐H460, and SF‐268 cell lines in vitro.
Fluorescence Switches Triggered by Metal Ions
Authors: Wessig Pablo , Czapla Sylvia , Schedler Uwe 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMolecular switches 1 with a modular architecture whose functional principle is based on conformational changes around two acetylene axes were developed. By systematic screening of various metal ions, it was found that especially Pb2+ ions effectively trigger the switching event. The reporting of this event takes place by the change of the ratio between excimer and monomer fluorescence emission of two pyrene moieties.
Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized Thiazoles from Acid Chlorides, Tetramethylthiourea, Ethyl Bromopyruvate, and Ammonium Thiocyanate
Authors: Yavari Issa , Hossaini Zinatossadat , Seyfi Samereh , Shirgahi‐Talari Faezeh 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of ethyl 2‐(dimethylamino)‐1,3‐thiazole‐4‐carboxylates is described via a four‐component reaction between acid chlorides, tetramethylthiourea, ethyl bromopyruvate, and ammonium thiocyanate.
The persistence in hedge fund performance: extended analysis
Authors: Capocci Daniel P. J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis study analyses and decomposes hedge fund returns to detect a systematic hedge fund selection criterion that enables investors to consistently and significantly outperform classical equities and bond indices over a full market cycle and over bullish and bearish market periods. The methodology used is adapted from Capocci and Hübner. The measures used include the returns, the volatility, the Sharpe score, the alpha, the beta, the skewness and the kurtosis. Measures incorporating the volatility display very strong ability to assist investors in creating alpha and consistently and significantly outperform classical indices. A sub‐period analysis is performed to check the robustness of the results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exchange rate pass‐through to prices in macrodata: a comparative sensitivity analysis
Authors: Mihailov Alexander 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper compares exchange rate pass‐through to aggregate prices in the US, Germany and Japan across a number of dimensions. Building on the empirical approaches in the recent literature, our contribution is to perform a thorough sensitivity analysis of pass‐through estimates. We find that the econometric method, data frequency and variable proxy employed matter for the precision of details, yet they often agree on some general trends. Thus, pass‐through to import prices has declined in the 1990s relative to the 1980s, pass‐through to export prices remains country‐specific and pass‐through to consumer prices is nowadays negligible in all three economies we considered. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.