bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 2-mercaptoethanol tube agglutination test for diagnosis of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae infection in pigs
Authors: Mittal K. R. , Higgins R. , Larivière S. , Leblanc D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A 2-mercaptoethanol (2-me) tube agglutination (ta) test has been developed as an alternative to the complement fixation (cf) test for the detection of antibodies to Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae, a causative agent of pleuropneumonia in pigs. Using sera from experimentally infected pigs, herds with confirmed H pleuropneumoniae infection, and from disease-free pigs, the specificity and the sensitivity of the 2-me-ta test were investigated and results were compared with those obtained using the cf test.
The ta test without 2-me gave 100% nonspecific reaction. The 2-me-ta test was highly specific and more sensitive than was the cf test. Seemingly, the 2-me-ta test can be used to monitor herds for H pleuropneumoniae antibodies instead of the cf test because it was easier to perform. Test procedures for a presumptive herd diagnosis of H pleuropneumoniae have been proposed.
Anthelmintic efficacy of mebendazole suspension against induced helminth infections in South African sheep and cattle
Authors: Van der Westhuizen Barney , Newcomb Kathleen , Guerrero Jorge 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Critical controlled tests were performed in 157 sheep (8 experiments) and 34 cattle (2 experiments) to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of mebendazole suspension, administered intraruminally via a stomach tube at a dosage rate of 15 mg of mebendazole/kg of body weight, against induced infections of immature and adult stages of commonly encountered nematode parasites in South Africa.
In the sheep, the controlled efficacy of mebendazole suspension was good to excellent (90.1% to 100%) against all stages of Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Gaigeria pachyscelis, Ostertagia circumcincta, Nematodirus spathiger, and Chabertia ovina species. Mebendazole was also highly effective (97.3% to 99.9%) against 4th, 5th, and adult stages of Oesophagostomum columbianum and 5th-stage and adult Dictyocaulus filaria. Moderate activity was obtained (79.8% to 82.2%) against 3rd-stage Ο columbianum, 3rd- and 4th-stage D filaria, and 5th-stage and adult Strongyloides papillosus.
In the cattle, mebendazole was effective (91.5% to 100%) against 4th-stage and adult H placei, Cooperia pectinata, Bunostomum phlebotomum, and Oesophagostomum radiatum species, but did not exhibit any appreciable activity (27.3% to 41.5%) against 4th-stage and adult Ο ostertagi.
Selected physical and chemical characteristics of prostatic fluid collected by ejaculation from healthy dogs and from dogs with bacterial prostatitis
Authors: Branam J. Edward , Keen Carl L. , Ling Gerald V. , Franti Charles E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Forty specimens of prostatic fluid, collected by ejaculation from 36 dogs with bacterial prostatitis, and 43 specimens of prostatic fluid collected by the same method from 42 healthy dogs were analyzed with respect to pH, specific gravity, cholesterol concentration, and zinc, copper, iron, calcium, and magnesium concentrations. Values from prostatic fluid of infected dogs were compared with values from prostatic fluid of healthy dogs, using a variety of statistical methods. In striking contrast to data obtained from human beings, prostatic fluid pH, specific gravity, or cholesterol zinc concentrations were not altered in dogs with bacterial prostatitis. Seemingly, these tests are not reliable in the diagnosis of bacterial prostatitis in dogs.
Statistical analysis of selected tracheal measurements in normal dogs and dogs with collapsed trachea
Authors: Dallman Mark J. , Brown Esther M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Tracheas were removed from 8 average-sized (13 to 19 kg) dogs, 12 toy breed dogs, and 6 toy breed dogs with collapsed trachea. The tracheal arcs were counted whenever possible and measurements of the inner ventrodorsal and lateral diameters, lumen areas, cartilage and muscle thicknesses, and numbers of chondrocytes and muscle cells/0.1 mm2 were obtained from 3 regions. The regions were the 3rd ring caudal to the larynx, the region at the thoracic inlet, and the 2nd ring cranial to the carina.
The 3 tracheal regions were compared with one another for all the variables in the 3 dog groups. All groups exhibited similar significant regional variations for tracheal diameters, lumen areas, and cartilage and muscle thicknesses. There were no significant differences between regions for chondrocyte and muscle cell counts.
In the comparison of average dogs and normal toy breed dogs, the former had larger ventrodorsal tracheal diameters, lumen areas, and cartilage and muscle thicknesses. The measurements from the toy breed dogs with collapsed tracheas were smaller than those from the normal toy breed dogs. There were no significant differences in chondrocyte and muscle cell counts between average dogs and normal toy breed dogs.
Anthelmintic efficacy of avermectin B1a and dihydroavermectin B1a against ovine gastrointestinal nematodes in 1977
Authors: Todd Kenneth S. , Mansfield Manford E. , DiPietro Joseph A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In a critical study, 40 female mixed-breed lambs with experimental infections of Cooperia spp, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Ostertagia circumcincta, T axei, and Haemonchus contortus were allocated to 8 groups in 1977. Groups 1 and 5 served as controls. Groups 2 to 4 were treated orally with avermectin B1a at dosage levels of 25, 50, and 100 μg/kg of body weight, respectively. Groups 6 to 8 were given oral dihydroavermectin B1a at dosage levels of 50, 100, and 200 μg/kg, respectively. The lambs were euthanatized and necropsied 6 days after treatment. The compounds were > 99% effective at all dosage levels.
Clinical biochemical and hematologic values of the American Miniature Horse: Reference values
Authors: Harvey Roger B. , Hambright Marjorie B. , Rowe Loyd D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sixteen clinical biochemical determinations and 13 hematologic measurements were performed on 49 Healthy American Miniature Horses of mixed age and both sexes. Serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine values were also determined. Serum biochemical test results from American Miniature Horses compared favorably with values for full-sized horses, whereas differences in hematologic test results were noticed between American Miniature Horses and full-sized horses.
Efficacy of ethylenediamine dihydriodide as an agent to prevent experimentally induced bovine foot rot
Authors: Berg J. N. , Maas J. P. , Paterson J. A. , Krause G. F. , Davis L. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ethylenediamine dihydriodide (eddi) was administered by capsule and as a feed premix to cattle in 2 studies. In study I (32 steers), eddi was given at 0, 12.5, 50, and 200 mg/animal each day and in study II (36 steers) at 0, 30, and 200 mg/animal each day. Serum iodine levels were monitored during the studies. The cattle were inoculated intradermally in the interdigital space with a mixture of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides melaninogenicus to induce acute foot rot at day 15 (study I) or day 28 (study II) after eddi administration was started. Lesions and lameness were evaluated 5 days after challenge exposure, using a subjective scoring system.
The cattle receiving eddi had significantly less severe lesions and lameness than control cattle in both studies (study I, P < 0.003; study II, P < 0.001). The results indicated that eddi was efficacious in prevention of foot rot.
The studies demonstrated a direct relationship between dosage levels of eddi and serum iodine levels. However, at the large dosage level (200 mg) there were some individuals that showed an inability to metabolize and excrete the iodine as demonstrated by high serum iodine levels (600 to 700 μg of iodine/dl of serum).
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Prototheca zopfii isolated from bovine intramammary infections
Authors: McDonald John S. , Richard John L. , Anderson Arlen J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility tests were carried out on 48 strains of Prototheca zopfii, an achlorophyllous algae causing refractory mastitis in dairy cows; 27 antimicrobials were evaluated. All strains were susceptible to both myxin and nystatin. In addition, 22 strains were susceptible to amphotericin B, 21 to polymyxin B, and 18 to gentamicin. Only 1 strain was susceptible to kanamycin. All strains were resistant to ampicillin, bacitracin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, clotrimazole, cloxacillin, erythromycin, flucytosine, ketoconazole, lincomycin, miconazole, neomycin, nitrofurazone, novobiocin, oleandomycin, penicillin, rifampin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and vancomycin.
Improvement in clinical condition and thymus morphologic features associated with growth hormone treatment of immunodeficient dwarf dogs
Authors: Roth James A. , Kaeberle Merlin L. , Grier Ronald L. , Hopper Joan G. , Spiegel Herbert E. , McAllister Harold A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Immunodeficient dwarfism in Weimaraner dogs was characterized by failure to grow, emaciation, growth hormone (gh) deficiency, decreased lymphocyte blastogenic responsiveness to mitogens, lack of thymus cortex, and recurrent infections usually resulting in death. Affected pups did not respond to conventional supportive therapy, but did respond to treatment with thymosin fraction 5. Response to therapy with bovine gh was monitored by clinical observation, histopathologic examination of thymic biopsy material, lymphocyte blastogenic responsiveness to nonspecific mitogens, and radioimmunoassay of thymosin α 1 concentration in the serum. Growth hormone therapy (0.1 mg/kg of body weight/dose, 14 doses) during a 1-month period in 2 immunodeficient dwarf pups resulted in clinical improvement and a marked increase in the thickness and cellularity of the cortex of the thymus. Immunodeficient dwarf pups were not deficient in serum thymosin α 1 before gh therapy. Growth hormone therapy was not associated with a consistent increase in serum thymosin α 1 concentration or lymphocyte blastogenic responsiveness to mitogens.
Effect of electromyography on serum creatine kinase values in clinically normal dogs and horses
Authors: Steiss Janet E. , Forsyth George 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of needle electromyography (emg) on serum creatine kinase (ck) activity was determined, using clinically normal dogs (males and females; n = 8) and horses (females; n = 8). All animals appeared normal on emg evaluation. Serum ck was measured before and 4, 24, and 48 hours after emg. Except for a single 24-hour sample in a dog, the animals did not have abnormally increased serum ck activity after emg. For dogs and horses, mean values were increased, but within normal range at 4 and 24 hours and returned to base-line values by 48 hours after emg. For dogs, but not for horses, these ck increases at 4 and 24 hours were significant (P < 0.05). Most dogs and horses, without neuromuscular disease, did not have serum ck activity above the normal range after emg.
Identification of the major coagulase-positive Staphylococcus sp of dogs as Staphylococcus intermedius
Authors: Berg John N. , Wendell David E. , Vogelweid Cathy , Fales William H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Specimens obtained from the skin of healthy dogs and from various surgical and pyogenic lesions were culturally examined for coagulase-positive staphylococci. The isolates of Staphylococcus were biotyped, using hemolysin production, coagulase production, and the biochemical tests contained in a commercial Staphylococcus identification system. A total of 72 coagulase-positive isolates were biotyped, with 70/72 identified as S intermedius and 2/72, as S aureus. All of the S intermedius isolates were coagulase-positive with canine plasma.
Seasonal occurrence of infective nematode larvae in California High Sierra pastures grazed by cattle
Authors: Baker Norman F. , Fisk Robert A. , Rimbey Carl W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Worm-free Holstein calves were used to assess the seasonal variation in numbers of nematode infective larvae on herbage at 2 commercial cow-calf ranches in the Sierra Nevada mountains. Both ranches used Herefords as their basic breed. One ranch near Sattley, California, is at an elevation of approximately 1,500 m above sea level, whereas the study area on the 2nd ranch near Susanville is at an elevation of approximately 1,250 m above sea level. Worm-free tracer calves were allowed to graze for approximately 30 days and were then kept free of further nematode infection until euthanasia and necropsy approximately 30 days after removal from the pastures. At necropsy, the number, species, and stages of development of nematodes in the gastrointestinal tract were determined.
The most common species of nematode in the abomasum was Ostertagia ostertagi and in the small intestine Cooperia oncophora.
Infection levels decreased during early summer and were low in midsummer to early fall. In late fall and winter, infection levels began to increase, and highest infection levels were obtained during the spring. A low level of inhibited development (up to 18%) of 4th-stage O ostertagi occurred in November and December. Considerably higher levels of inhibition (up to 61%) were observed in March, April, and May. Inhibition of development in Cooperia spp was not noticed.
Other nematodes seen were O lyrata, C mcmasteri, C punctata, Trichostrongylus axei, Haemonchus sp, and Nematodirus helvetianus.
Pulmonary function changes in goats given 3-methylindole orally
Authors: Mesina Julian E. , Bisgard Gerald E. , Robinson Gail M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six adult goats were given 0.2 g of 3-methylindole (3MI)/kg of body weight orally. Lung mechanics and ventilatory function were obtained before 3MI and 2, 4, 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours after 3MI administration. Clinical signs were also monitored. Lungs were removed for gross and microscopic examination and for morphometric analysis from goats that died spontaneously or were killed with an overdose of pentobarbital after 72 hours.
The major pulmonary function changes observed included a marked decrease in dynamic lung compliance with a moderate increase in airway resistance, a concomitant hypoxemia, sustained increase in respiratory frequency, a progressive decrease in tidal volume and alveolar ventilation, and increased dead space to tidal volume ratio. A mild metabolic acidosis was also noticed.
Chloramphenicol and the neonatal calf
Authors: Burrows G. E. , Tyler R. D. , Craigmill A. L. , Barto P. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pharmacokinetic values and possible toxic effects of chloramphenicol on bone marrow and hematologic and serum chemical values were determined in newborn calves given the drug (iv) once a week or in repeated doses, 12 hours between doses. The rates of elimination for chloramphenicol and antipyrine also were compared. Chloramphenicol also was administered to older calves by im and subcutaneous routes, with an apparent bioavailability of 50% to 60%. The elimination half-lives for both chloramphenicol and antipyrine were markedly increased in the newborn calf for at least the first 3 to 4 weeks of life. Despite the high and prolonged serum chloramphenicol concentrations in these calves, there was little or no indication of toxic effects, Bone marrow aspirates did not reveal any signs of intoxication such as cytoplasmic or nuclear vacuolation. Marrow cellularity was not recognizably different from the control group.
Comparative viral, immunologic, and pathologic responses of chickens inoculated with herpesvirus of turkeys as embryos or at hatch
Authors: Sharma J. M. , Lee L. F. , Wakenell P. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Chickens were vaccinated with the herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt) at embryonation day 17 or 18 or at hatch and various responses of the 2 vaccinated groups were compared. In embryo-vaccinated chickens, hvt titers were high in the lungs before hvt could be isolated from other tissues. Seemingly, embryos acquired infection via the respiratory tract. In hatch-vaccinated chickens, hvt was first isolated from spleen and then from other tissues. Titers of recoverable hvt in tissues of embryo-vaccinated chickens were higher than in those of hatch-vaccinated chickens, particularly during the 1st week of age. Anti-hvt antibodies and natural killer cell reactivity in spleen effector cells were comparably increased in both vaccinated groups. Embryo vaccination with hvt did not cause progressive lesions, reduction in body weight gain, or impairment of humoral and cellular immune functions. Seemingly, hvt can be used safely as an embryonal vaccine in chickens.
Clinical aspects of experimentally induced chloride deficiency in Holstein calves
Authors: Blackmon D. M. , Neathery M. W. , Miller W. J. , Brown S. R. , Crowell W. A. , McGuire S. O. , Gentry R. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A severe total body chloride deficit was induced in Holstein calves by feeding a low-chloride ration (0.063% CI) and removing digesta daily from the abomasum through a surgically implanted cannula. Clinical signs of the deficit observed included polydipsia, polyuria, dehydration, anorexia, scleral injection, decreased respiratory rate, and blood and mucus in the feces. Necropsy findings included dehydration, blood in the lumen of the small intestine, and renal lesions. The most extensive histopathologic changes occurred in the renal tubular epithelium of the outer medulla where mineralization of the tubular epithelium and basement membranes was frequently seen.
Efficacy of triclabendazole against Fasciola hepatica and Fascioloides magna in naturally infected calves
Authors: Craig T. M. , Huey R. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty calves (8 to 12 months old), naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica and Fascioloides magna, were obtained from Brazoria, Tex. They were randomly allotted to 3 treatment groups. One group (6 calves) was given the carrier without drug, the 2nd group (7 calves) was treated with triclabendazole at 6 mg/kg of body weight, and the 3rd group (7 calves) was treated with triclabendazole at 12 mg/kg. All treatments were administered as a drench. Calves given triclabendazole (either dosage level) had a 100% reduction in F hepatica burden as compared with the untreated controls. Both treatment doses also appeared to have detrimental effect on F magna infections. Viability of all flukes was determined on the basis of movement, color, and tegumental integrity. Clinical toxic reactions were not observed in the treated calves.
Idiopathic immune complex glomerulonephritis in dogs with multisystem involvement
Authors: Jeraj K. P , Vernier R. L. , Polzin D. , Klausner J. K. , Osborne C. A. , Stevens J. B. , Michael A. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Renal specimens obtained by biopsy and/or at necropsy from 4 dogs with nephrotic syndrome were studied using light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopies. The glomerulonephritis observed in these dogs was considered an idiopathic immune complex glomerulonephritis associated with multisystem involvement because causes of glomerulonephritis in these dogs could not be established. Immunoglobulin A was observed in granular deposits in the mesangial and subendothelial regions of the glomeruli. The relationship of the clinical and pathologic features of this disease in dogs to various renal syndromes in human beings are described.
Susceptibility and reservoir potential of the dog to spotted fever-group rickettsiae
Authors: Norment B.R. , Burgdorfer Willy 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
This study was initiated to determine the degree of susceptibility of dogs to virulent and nonvirulent spotted fever-group rickettsiae and to evaluate dogs as sources of infection for ticks. Dogs were exposed either by inoculation (syringe) or by infective tick bite to the following rickettsial serotypes: (1) Rickettsia rickettsii (Wachsmuth and Sawtooth ♀ 2 strains), (2) R montana (M/5-6 B strain), and (3) R rhipicephaii (3-7- ♀6 strain). Results indicated that dogs inoculated with 1,000 or 10,000 egg infective doses of virulent R rickettsii developed a rickettsemia that was detectable as early as 4 days after inoculation to as late as 10 days. Conversely, none of the dogs inoculated with R montana (M/5-6 B) or R rhipicephali (3-7- ♀ 6) or exposed to ticks infected with these strains developed detectable rickettsemia, fever, or other observable clinical signs.
None of the 394 ticks that fed on rickettsemic dogs (R rickettsii) infected by inoculation became infected, and only 3 of 348 ticks (0.9% infection rate) were infected after feeding on dogs which had been infected by tick bite. All ticks fed on dogs exposed to R rhipicephali and R montana were shown to be free of rickettsiae.
The largest concentrations of plaque-forming units (pfu) in Vero cell culture from undiluted whole blood were found on day 6 and on day 7 in dogs that were inoculated with 10,000 and 1,000 R rickettsii, respectively, of the Sawtooth ♀ 2 strain. The highest rickettsial concentration observed for the dog infected by tick feeding was on day 9. Conversely, there were no pfu observed in Vero cell culture of undiluted whole blood of the dogs inoculated with 1,000 or 10,000 R rhipicephali (3-7- ♀ 6 strain) or exposed to infective Rhipicephalus sanguineus.
On the basis of these data, it would appear that the dog, under natural conditions, is not an efficient reservoir for infecting ticks with either virulent or nonvirulent spotted fever-group rickettsiae.
Efficacy of vaccination of sows with serologically related coronaviruses for control of transmissible gastroenteritis in nursing pigs
Authors: Woods R. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three groups of pregnant sows were vaccinated at 8 and 2 weeks before parturition with tissue culture-adapted feline infectious peritonitis (fip) virus, porcine transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) small-plaque (sp) virus from a persistently infected cell line, or noninfected cell culture fluids (controls). Pigs nursing vaccinated sows were orally challenge exposed with virulent tge virus when they were 1 to 3 days old. The morbidity of the nursing pigs was 48% in the sp-tge group, 82% in the fip group, and 93% in the controls. The survival rate among the nursing pigs was 77% in the sp-tge groups, 48% in the fip group, and 14% in the controls. Virus-neutralizing antibodies of immunoglobulin A were detected in colostrum and milk of the sp-tge group, but not in the fip or control groups.