bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF OCULAR MORBIDITY IN VERY‐LOW‐BIRTHWEIGHT INFANTS TO THE AUSTRALIAN HEALTH SERVICE
Authors: FRACO C. G. KEITH , MD W. H. KITCHEN 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe survival rate of very‐low‐birthweight (VLBW) infants has greatly increased due to the introduction of intensive‐care methods to neonatal nurseries. It was feared that this would also cause an increase in the amount of ocular morbidity associated with prematurity. In order to estimate this, 111 very‐low‐birthweight infants (birthweights ≤ 1500 g) were reviewed at two years of age. They comprised 63% of the total number of long‐term surviving babies born at, or transferred in the neonatal period to, the Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, in 1977 and 1978. In 33% a significant ocular problem was detected; 19% had strabismus. 17% had a significant refractive error, 10% had cicatricial retrolental fibroplasia (RLF), and 2.7% were blind, due to optic atrophy associated with cerebral palsy. Other studies have shown that 7% of VLBW infants develop severe (Stage III) RLF, and 18% of these (1.26% of VLBW infants) will be socially or totally blind.In order to estimate the significance of VLBW infants to the ophthalmic health services, and to the organisations for the care of the visually handicapped, these figures can be extrapolated. Based on 1980 figures, it would be expected that approximately 1105 VLBW infants would survive annually, and nine would become blind from RLF, while 110 would have been affected by RLF. Thirty‐three children would be blind from optic atrophy associated with cerebral palsy, 210 would have strabismus, and at least 187 would have a significant refractive error. VLBW infants will contribute significantly to the number of children requiring ocular care, and because of the high incidence of ocular abnormalities, it is recommended that routine screening of all VLBW infants be carried out at one year and two years of age.
VISUAL DISPLAY UNITS
Authors: FRACO MARK R. HARRISON 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe suggestion that cataracts or other organic damage can result from exposure to radiation from visual display units (VDUs) is not supported by the best currently available epidemiological and experimental evidence.Eyestrain is common among VDU operators but is usually due to factors in the office environment, rather than defects in vision. Visual screening fests for operators should be simple, and tests for extraocular muscle balance and colour vision are not recommended.
MANAGEMENT OF PERSISTENT HYPERPLASTIC PRIMARY VITREOUS
Authors: WALTER J. STARK MD  , WARREN FAGADAU MD  , PEGGY S. LINDSEY MD  , HUGH R. TAYLOR FRACO, MD  , RONALD G. MICHELS MD  
Published: November 2007

AbstractInstruments designed for pars plana vitrectomy can be used to manage selected complicated congenital cataracts such as those with persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV). We have applied closed‐eye vitrectomy techniques through a limbal approach in seven eyes with PHPV. A clear pupillary space was achieved in all cases and two of the seven eyes achieved useful vision. The management of children with complicated congenital cataracts such as those with PHPV is discussed.
EPIKERATOPHAKIA: EXISTING LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE MODIFICATIONS
Authors: WERBLIN THEODORE P. , J. ELLIOTT BLAYDES MD  
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe predictability of optical correction has been a problem for all forms of refractive corneal surgery. In epikeratophakia, changes in graft dimensions and surgical technique improved accuracy, but several problems still exist in cryolathing preserved corneal tissue. Preserved corneal tissue is quite oedematous and when frozen on the cryolathe, assumes an irregular shape. A mechanical technique to dehydrate tissue was developed which yields corneal tissue which behaves in a predictable fashion. The use of donor corneal tissue in refractive surgery has certain inherent limitations. There is no way of measuring the power of the lathed corneal lens prior to surgery; the power is a function of the shape the lens will take in vivo. The ability to supply large numbers of donor corneal buttons may be an impractical task should this type of surgery become widely used. The use of alloplastic lenses should overcome most of these difficulties.
AN OUTLINE OF ONE HUNDRED YEARS‘ HISTORY AT ST VINCENT'S HOSPITAL, SYDNEY, 1872–1972
Authors: FRACO JOHN ANTILL POCKLEY 
Published: November 2007

AbstractH. D. McLaurin, the first ophthalmic surgeon to St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, was appointed in 1872 and in 1874 he also became physician to the Hospital. The clinic passed to a line of talented, well trained, dedicated but highly individualistic ophthalmologists, but with its division into two and later four, a large ophthalmological department evolved with competitive individualism giving way to cooperative team work. The golden years were probably ten years before and after World War II. Ophthalmology advanced with increasing medical science and technological development, while control slipped from the Sisters of Charity and an Honorary Medical Staff to a salaried service and a ponderous secular bureaucracy. An amazing level of therapeutic and surgical efficiency was reached, but a t a cost of reduced spiritual and human values.
DRAINING PUS FROM THE CORNEA
Authors: FRACO R. L. COOPER , FRACO I. J. CONSTABLE 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThirteen patients with varying grades of suppurative keratitis were studied with regard to their response to keratoplasty. In all patients there was a rapid improvement in symptoms and signs. In eight of the 13 there was restoration at least of previous function: one patient lost all vision due to secondary closed‐angle glaucoma, because he refused further surgery. Corneal graft opacification occurred in three eyes; one other became partially opaque; whilst in a fourth, the lamellar graft remained clear while the original autograft failed. At last follow‐up, all eyes were normotensive and free of symptoms. Keratoplasty should assume an important part of the management of suppurative keratitis, from both theoretical and practical considerations.
DYSPLASTIC OPTIC DISCS IN ASSOCIATION WITH TRANSSPHENOIDAL ENCEPHALOCELE AND HYPOPITUITARY DWARFISM: A CASE REPORT
Authors: TUFT S. J. , CLEMETT R. S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA patient with a basal encephalocele, dysplastic optic discs and hypopituitary dwarfism is described. The importance of identifying associated structural defects and endocrine dysfunction in patients with dysplastic optic discs is emphasised.
TRANSPLANTATION ANTIGENS AND KERATOPLASTY
Authors: STARK WALTER J. , TAYLOR HUGH R. , DATILES MANUEL , YOUNG ELAINE , KLEIN PAMELA 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAllograft rejection is one of the leading causes of corneal graft failure in man when the cornea is heavily vascularised. This paper reports the feasibility and possible benefits of using histocompatibility (HLA) antigen crossmatch testing and HLA‐D locus antigen matching for corneal donor selection. Double‐masked clinical trials designed to determine the value of these procedures for keratoplasty are discussed.
AN ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF THE ROLE OF LEUCOCYTES AND FIBROBLASTS IN THE BREAKDOWN OF BRUCH'S MEMBRANE
Authors: MPhil PHILIP PENFOLD , BSppSc MURRAY KILLINGSWORTH , FRACO SHIRLEY SARKS 
Published: November 2007

AbstractUltrastructural examination was performed on 30 eyes selected on the basis of a light microscopic classification as representing all stages of macular degeneration. The eyes belonged to 29 patients aged 40 to 91 years at death and all patients with the exception of the 40‐year‐old had been examined during life.The results indicate that monocytes, lymphocytes, fibroblasts and mast cells may play a role in the formation of breaks in Bruch's membrane at early and late stages of macular degeneration. The implications of these observations are discussed in the context of their possible role in choroidal neovascularization.
VITREOUS CYTOLOGY IN PRIMARY CEREBRORETINAL MALIGNANT LYMPHOMA
Authors: FRCPA JOHN M. WEINER , FRACO ROBERT J. RAMSAY , BS NEERAJ ANAND MB , FRACO JAMES D. CAIRNS 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe report the case of a 72‐year‐old woman who presented with vitreous opacities of unknown cause. A pars plana vitrectomy yielded material in which there were atypical lymphoid cells consistent with malignant lymphoma. Five months after the vitrectomy, the patient re‐presented with cerebral lymphoma. Our report emphasizes the value of cytological examination of the vitreous in selected cases. We also review the features of malignant lymphoma of the retina and stress the cerebroretinal axis of involvement in this disease.
A CASE OF JUNCTIONAL EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA (HERLITZ‐PEARSON) WITH CORNEAL BULLAE
Authors: MB MICHAEL E. HAMMERTON , TURNER THOMAS W. , PYNE REMINGTON J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA proven case of junctional epidermolysis bullosa is presented in which there have been recurrent right and left corneal lesions. The corneal changes arose either spontaneously or after minor trauma. We have no histological findings of the cornea at present, but the clinical features are similar to those reported in epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica‐recessive. We believe that this is the first detailed case report of corneal involvement in proven junctional epidermolysis bullosa. The literature is reviewed.
THE FDA REPORT ON INTRAOCULAR LENSES*
Authors: MD WALTER J. STARK , MD DAVID M. WORTHEN , MD JACK T. HOLLADAY , MD PATRICIA E. BATH , PhD MARY E. JACOBS , PhD GEORGE C. MURRAY , McGHEE ELEANOR T. , PhD MAX W. TALBOTT , OD MELVIN D. SHIPP , MD NANCY E. THOMAS , BARNES ROGER W. , PhD DANIEL W. C. BROWN , MD JORGE N. BUXTON , MD ROBERT D. REINECKE , PhD CHANG‐SHENG LAO , FISHER SCARLETT 
Published: November 2007

AbstractClinical studies of intraocular lenses (IOLs) as investigational devices have been regulated in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) since 9 February 1978. As of August 1982. data have been collected on more than one million IOLs implanted. During the last 12 months of the study, 409 000 IOLs were implanted. Visual acuity of 20/40 or better at one year after surgery was present in 85% of over 45 000 cases reviewed. Increasing patient age, surgical problems, postoperative complications, and adverse reactions were factors that reduced the visual acuity. The current trend in the USA is for implantation of posterior chamber and anterior chamber IOLs.
THE NATIONAL REGISTRY OF DRUG‐INDUCED OCULAR SIDE EFFECTS
Authors: MD F.T. FRAUNFELDER , BS S. M. MEYER 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe National Registry of Drug‐induced Ocular Side Effects is an international information centre for ocular toxicology. The Registry collects case reports of drug‐induced ocular side effects from physicians and other national registries, and surveys the world literature for drug‐related ocular events. Possible adverse drug associations can be identified in this system, and cause‐and‐effect relationships may on occasion be proven. Functions of this Registry include increasing ophthalmic awareness of human ocular toxicology, and promoting continuation of contributions to decrease the delay between recognition of a possible adverse drug reaction and the actual reporting of it in the literature.
OCULAR CHANGES IN PATIENTS INFECTED WITH THE FILARIAL NEMATODE ONCHOCERCA VOLVULUS IN SOUTHWESTERN SUDAN
Authors: JUSTIN O'DAY , BSC CHARLES D. MACKENZIE , BVSC JEFFREY F. WILLIAMS 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOphthalmological examination of 417 patients with onchocerciasis in southwestern Sudan, a woodland savannah region, showed that ocular disease is a major health problem in these patients. Visual acuity was severely impaired in approximately 6% of patients and was reduced to finger counting in some individuals as young as 16 years. Pathological changes seen in the cornea ranged from punctate opacification to more severe sclerosing keratitis; the punctate lesions were more common in juveniles than adults. These punctate lesions were often associated with degenerating microfilariae, and a hypothetical sequence of their development is presented. Posterior segment lesions varied from mild focal retinal pigment changes, visible as dots, to widespread chorioretinal atrophy. Optic atrophy and vascular sheathing were also seen and were found exclusively in adults. These ocular changes are consistent with the findings of workers in other endemic areas who attributed them to onchocerciasis. Additional changes seen in this study included dispersal of pigment in the anterior chamber, iritis with seclusion of the pupil, and cataracts.These findings are discussed in the light of current knowledge of the pathogenesis of the disease and the need for further research into its immunopathology.
LESSONS FROM PROBLEMS OF FUNGAL KERATITIS
Authors: FRCS C. PETER RING 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA case history is reported of a contact lens wearer who presented with a keratitis from which Candida albicans was grown. This perforated, but appeared to heal and the patient was discharged only to be readmitted a few weeks later with what was shown to be a fungal endophthalmitis. Although the infection resolved problems of management and mismanagement are reviewed.
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF EYE INJURIES IN CHILDREN
Authors: FRACO PHYLLIS M. WADDY 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA retrospective analysis was carried out of 563 records of children up to 13 years of age (413 [73.4%] boys, 150 [26.6%] girls) who were admitted to the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children and Sydney Eye Hospital between July 1969 and June 1979 with trauma to the globe. Associated injuries to lids and adnexae were not included.The right eye was injured twice as often as the left. Girls exhibited a tower rate of injury and less severe trauma with no age peak, whereas boys in the 12‐year group were markedly at risk.Implicated were 81 agents classified into 14 groups, with kitchen items accounting for 54% of trauma. Two hundred and seventy‐seven (49.2%) were contusion injuries, 259 (46%) were perforating injuries. Because of the difference in causative agents, penetrating injuries tended to occur in younger children and contusion injuries in the older age group.In this series 40 (7%) eyes were enucleated. There were no cases of endophthalmitis or sympathetic ophthalmia.
THE TWIN CYLINDER: A REFRACTING AID
Authors: PETTINGER DOOGLAS F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA simple refracting aid is described which differs from the Jackson Cross‐Cylinder in utilizing plain cylinders in a convenient, quickly manipulated form to assist in determining whether astigmatism is present and, in known astigmatism, in deciding whether the power should be increased or decreased by a cylinder alone or with a compensating sphere. It can be used in conjunction with the cross‐cylinder to obtain the final adjustment or it can be used independently, its design with the lenses arranged on opposite sides of a stalk permits rapid change in variations presented to the patient and reduces to‐and‐fro movements of lenses from trial case to trial frame. Key words: refraction, astigmatism, cylinder determination.
UNTREATED HANSEN'S DISEASE OF THE EYE: A CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL REPORT
Authors: ROBERTSON IAN , WEINER JOHN M. , FINKELSTEIN ERNEST 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA Maltese immigrant presented with intermittent bilateral anterior uveitis for which no cause could be found. The inflammation did not respond to topical treatment and ultimately the left eye developed a hypopyon and was enucleated. Histological examination revealed granulomatous inflammation and large numbers of Mycobacterium leprae throughout the anterior segment. Occasional foci of inflammation containing Mycobacterium leprae were found in the vitreous extending to the retina at the posterior pole. These findings in the posterior segment have rarely been reported. Eye infection in Hansen's disease is frequent and delays in diagnosis are common.
DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESSION OF DIABETIC EYE DISEASE IN NEWCASTLE (1977–1984): RATES AND RISK FAC
Authors: MITCHELL PAUL 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA prevalence study of diabetic eye disease was conducted in Newcastle during 1977–1978. Ophthalmoscopic retinopathy was found in 49% of 1210 clinic diabetics, while vision‐threatening retinopathy (VTR) (proliferative signs or maculopathy) occurred in 13%. Maculopathy was the commonest cause of visual loss, occurring frequently in subjects with non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes.This group has now been followed for up to seven years (including 70% at four years); incidence rates for the development of retinopathy and for progression to a vision‐threatenig stage can now be estimated. The study found that diabetics with no retinopathy developed this at a rate of 8% per year, while only 0.4% per year progressed to VTR. However, once any retinopathy was present, progression to VTR occurred in 6% per year (2% proliferative and 4% maculopathy); and if any retinal signs indicating the presence of capillary closure were noted the rate was 13% per year.These rates are for the group overall: however, certain parameters were found to influence the progression in individual patients. Included were the age at onset and the duration of diabetes, the presence of poor control (particularly in older diabetics on oral agents) or associated nephropathy. An analysis of these data and their implications for routine eye screening of diabetics is presented.
CONGENITAL ECTROPION UVEAE AND GLAUCOMA
Authors: HERTZBERG R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractCongenital ectropion uveae is a rare condition which may be present in one or both eyes. If the patient is followed glaucoma will always be found to be present. Associated features which have been described are ptosis, Rieger's anomaly, Prader Willi syndrome, facial hemiatrophy and neurofibromatosis. This paper describes a patient followed for 18 years who had bilateral congenital ectropion uveae, bilateral ptosis, asthma and late onset of a dental defect.
THE CONCURRENT APPLICATION OF OPHTHALMIC DROPS
Authors: GEYER O. , GODEL V. , LAZAR M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe significance of the time interval between topical instillation of two different ocular preparations in 63 normal subjects was investigated. The experimental model selected was pupillary dilatation by mydriatic agents. The results indicated that two drugs applied at the “same time” had an equal effect to drugs applied 10 minutes apart. The implications of the study to clinical practice are discussed.
INFLUENCE OF NEURAL RETINA ON LENS FIBRE DIFFERENTIATION IN RATS
Authors: McAVOY J. W. , WALTON J. , CAMPBELL M. T. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractLens epithelial explants grown in retina‐conditioned medium (RCM) undergo structural and molecular changes characteristic of fibre differentiation in the intact lens. We suggest that\n vivo neural retina releases a fibre differentiation factor (FDF) that interacts with equatorial lens epithelial cells and stimulates them to undergo fibre cell differentiation. According to this model, interaction with neural retina is essential for normal lens formation in embryos and for normal lens growth throughout life. Preliminary work on purification of the factor indicates that FDF activity is associated with a high molecular weight complex of 500 kd. The active component of this complex appears to be an 80 kd molecule.
RETINAL DEVELOPMENT IN HUMANS: THE ROLES OF DIFFERENTIAL GROWTH RATES, CELL MIGRATION AND NATURALLY OCCURRING CELL DEATH
Authors: PROVIS JAN M. , DRIEL DIANA VAN 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe distribution of ganglion cells throughout the retinal ganglion cell layer is non‐uniform in adult mammals. This paper reviews some of our data describing the development of retinal ganglion cell topography in the human fetus. Results indicate that early in the fetal period the distribution of ce/fe in the ganglion cell layer is almost uniform, but by the end of gestation there is a gradient in cell density of about 10:1 (centrahperipheral). Peripheral retina grows more rapidly than the central retina prior to about 23 weeks gestation, but this differential growth rate apparently has little effect on the development of a centre‐peripheral density gradient. The gradient appears between about 18 and 30 weeks gestation, and during this period there appears to be a greater rate of cell death in the ganglion cell layer of the peripheral retina. Cell density at the developing fovea is less than the perifoveal cell density at all ages, suggesting that ganglion cells migrate from fovea/ into perifoveal regions throughout the fetal period.
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CONTRACTED OCULAR SOCKET
Authors: PUTTERMAN ALLEN M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTotally contracted ocular sockets are difficult to reconstruct and many patients resort to wearing a black patch. One reason for surgical failure is that many popular techniques attach a mucous membrane or a skin‐lined vertical stent to the superior or inferior orbital rim. This produces a vertical space that commonly shrinks and becomes too small to retain an artificial eye.The normal anatomy of the ocular cul‐de‐sac is C‐shaped rather than vertical. It passes under the orbital roof superiorly and over the floor interiorly. A technique has been devised in which the mid‐aspect of a custom‐made C‐shaped mucous membrane‐lined conformer is secured to the superior and inferior orbital rims. This attachment forces the posterior periphery of the conformer deep into the socket to form a space that simulates the normal anatomy of the ocular cul‐de‐sac.The described technique has been successful in producing a spacious cul‐de‐sac in 36 patents with total socket contractures. A modification of the technique has been successful in treating 12 patients with partial contractures. All patients have easily retained an artificial eye after operation.
Müllers MUSCLE‐CONJUNCTIVAL RESECTION PTOSIS PROCEDURE
Authors: PUTTERMAN ALLEN M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe Müllers muscle‐conjunctival resection procedure is a relatively simple means of relieving upper eyelid ptosis. Candidates for the operation are chosen by placing several drops of 10% phenylephrine hydrochloride into the upper ocular fornix. If the upper lid elevates close to a norma! level after five minutes, the patient is selected for the operation. A specially designed clamp is applied to 6.5 to 9.5 mm of conjunctiva and müllers muscle above the superior tarsal border. A suture is run distal to the clamp, connecting conjunctiva and müllers muscle to the superior tarsal border, and then the tissues held in the clamp are resected.The müllers muscle‐conjunctival resection has advantages over the Fasanella procedure, because tarsus is preserved, and over the levator aponeurosis advancement and tuck procedures, because the results are much more predictable.
INVOLUTIONAL PTOSIS: RECOGNITION AND MANAGEMENT
Authors: MARTIN PETER A. , ROGERS PETER A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractInvolutional ptosis is a ptosis of varying degree. There is good levator function with a high lid fold and increased lid excursion on downgaze. There may be increased translucency of the upper lid. We reviewed all adult ptosis cases over the past three years at Sydney Eye Hospital and found 20 cases to have aponeurotic defects such as a dehiscence or disinsertion. Ninety percent of our cases had a positive 10% phenylephrine test.We recommend that all operations be done under local anaesthesia without adrenaline, overcorrecting by 1–2 mm at the time of surgery.