bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte‐associated antigenemia in measles: Demonstration and significance
Authors: Abramowitz Aron , Tamir Israel , Livni Nelly , Lotan Chaim , Morag Abraham 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn indirect immunoperoxidase technique was used for the identification of measles virus (MeV) antigen in routinely prepared peripheral blood smears. Characteristic brown immunoperoxidase staining was present in the polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes in 25 of 31 children during the exanthematous stage of measles. No peroxidase staining was seen on peripheral blood smears in any of 9 children convalescing from measles or in 9 children with upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) without exanthema. These findings were confirmed by control studies and were reproduced by immunofluorescent staining. The data suggest that MeV antigen is localized in the PMN leukocytes during the acute stage of measles infection, and may be connected to phagocytosis of viral antigenic material by PMN leukocytes. The technique described has potential for rapid laboratory diagnosis of measles and, possibly, of other viral infections during the acute stage and before measurable amounts of antibodies are produced.
An electron microscope study of three‐component immune complexes
Authors: Almeida June D. , Bradburne A. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractImmune electron microscopy has been used to examine the appearance of three‐component complexes. The three components are antigen, supplied by two dissimilar viruses, antibody, and a secondary immune reactant. Secondary reagents used in the study are antispecies immunoglobulin (anti‐IgG), rheumatoid factor (RF), and complement. Each of these secondary reagents produced cross‐linking between antigenically unrelated immune complexes, and it was found possible to distinguish visually the mixed complexes produced by each of them. The significance of the appearance of these mixed complexes is discussed and related to the neutralisation enhancement that can occur in the presence of secondary immune reactants. The appearance of the complexes is also related to the false positive results that can be obtained in carrying out solid phase immunoassays.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of 2H‐1, 3‐Oxazine‐2,6(3H)‐dione (Oxauracil) in the treatment of herpes simplex virus (HSV)‐Induced acute encephalitis in mice
Authors: Seal Lawton A. , Jamison Richard M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTreatment of suckling mice with the pyrimidine analogue 2H‐1,3‐oxazine‐2,6(3H)‐dione (oxauracil) proved successful in reducing mortality associated with HSV‐2‐induced encephalitis. Oxauracil did not decrease mortality associated with HSV‐1 infection; however, there was an increased survival time and a decrease in the amount of infectious virus recovered from the brains of HSV‐1‐infected animals.
Cultivation of human rotaviruses in cell culture
Authors: Albert M. John , Bishop Ruth F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSixteen specimens of faeces from children with acute diarrhoea due to rotavirus were inoculated into MA‐104 cells. Rotaviruses present in six of the specimens were successfully adapted to growth after serial passage. Two of these strains had “short RNA” patterns and had caused epidemics of diarrhoea in children in Melbourne, Australia from 1977 to 1979, or in children in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea in 1979. The remaining four strains had “long RNA” patterns. One of these four strains was of major epidemiological importance as a cause of childhood diarrhoea in Melbourne during 1981. The other three strains appeared identical and were isolated from babies born in a Melbourne obstetric hospital during 1977. All six strains were successfully adapted to stationary culture, but only four strains could be plaqued. Selection of strains of rotavirus for culture on the basis of their known epidemiological importance in different communities will increase information about clinically important strains throughout the world.
Acquisition of antibodies to various coxsackie and echo viruses and hepatitis A virus in agricultural communal settlements in Israel
Authors: Morag Abraham , Margalith Miriam , Shuval Hillel I. , Fattal Badri 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA seroepidemiological study was conducted to measure the antibody prevalence for eight different enteric viruses. These include seven “classical” enteroviruses, ie, Coxsackie virus types A9, B1, B3, B4 and three ECHO virus types 4, 7, and 9, as well as hepatitis A virus (HAV), recently classified as enterovirus 72. Sera samples were obtained from 791 residents living in 29 agricultural settlements (kibbutzim) with a total population of 15,950. The results indicated that the acquisition of antibodies to Coxsackie and ECHO viruses occurred at a significantly earlier age than to HAV. Prevalence of antibodies to Coxsackie and ECHO viruses at two to four years of age was 40%–69%, in contrast to 4% for HAV. At age 5–17 years, 85% had antibodies to five or more of the seven “classical” enteroviruses, as compared with 10% to HAV. The latter steeply increased to 63% for age group 18–24 years and reached a peak of 95% for age group 50 years and older. Prevalence of antibodies to ECHO and Coxsackie viruses were often found to be higher in females than in males, within the age group of 18 years and older, but not in age groups 18 years and younger. Prevalence of antibodies to HAV was observed to be much higher in males than in females 18–24 years of age. No significant difference was found in the prevalence of individuals harboring antibodies to three or more and even up to five or more Coxsackie and ECHO viruses between those HAV‐negative versus those HAV positive. This suggests that in addition to the well‐known fecal‐oral mode of transmission in these agents, other factors are involved that are responsible for the significantly different mode of aquisition of infection and immunity to classical enteroviruses and HAV in the community of the kibbutz.
Measurement of BK papovavirus IgG and IgM by radioimmunoassay (RIA)
Authors: Zapata M. , Mahony J. B. , Chernesky M. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCurrent techniques for the measurement of BK papovavirus (BKV) specific IgM include sucrose density gradient centrifugation followed by hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) or indirect immunofluorescent (IF) staining of BKV infected cells using a fluorescein conjugated anti‐human IgM antibody. These techniques are cumbersome and labor intensive and do not lend themselves to testing large numbers of sera.A solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed to facilitate the measurement of BKV IgG and IgM in large numbers of sera. Solid phase antigen was prepared by adsorbing CsCl purified BKV antigen to polyvinyl chloride microtiter plates. Following reaction with serum, bound immunoglobulin was detected with iodinated goat anti‐human IgG or IgM. RIA for the measurement of BKV IgG was sensitive with titers approaching 10−6. Determination of IgG titers by RIA and HAI showed good agreement (P < 0.01, correlation coefficient = 0.74). Measurement of BKV IgM was not affected by the presence of BKV IgG as evidenced by sucrose density gradient fractionation of IgM positive sera, removal of IgG by treatment with S. aureus protein A, and addition of BKV IgG to BKV IgM. Rheumatoid factor (RF) gave false positive IgM titers in the presence of BKV IgG when RF titers were ≥ 1:640 by latex agglutination testing and BKV IgG levels exceed 1:256 by HAI. False positives due to RF could be eliminated by treatment of sera with sheep anti—human IgG antisera. RIA for BKV IgM was specific as sera containing JCV‐, cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐, rubella‐, or hepatitis B core antibody (anti HBc)—IgM were negative by RIA. RIA detected BKV IgM in several sera from renal dialysis or allograft palienls with titers ranging from 1:400 to 1:128,000 and demonstrated that BKV IgM persisted in sera of renal allograft patients for as long as 343 days post transplantation.
IgM antibodies in sera from patients with chronic active hepatitis reacting with the measles virus matrix protein and nucleoprotein
Authors: Christie K. E. , Endresen C. , Haukenes G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe antigenic specificity of measles virus IgM antibodies in sera from patients with chronic active hepatitis not caused by hepatitis B virus has been examined. An immunosorbent column containing antihuman IgM covalently bound to Sepharose was used to pick up IgM from the sera. Radiolabelled measles virus antigens were then allowed to react with the IgM antibodies. The immune complexes were eluted and analysed by sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS]‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.Four sera from patients with hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg]‐negative chronic active hepatitis with high measles virus haemagglutination inhibition [HI] and complement fixation [CF] antibody titres and positive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] for measles‐virus‐specific IgM were examined. The results were compared with those obtained using sera from patients with an acute measles virus infection and from healthy controls.In both patient groups, IgM antibodies with specificity against the matrix protein represented the major portion of the measles virus IgM. IgM antibodies against the measles virus nucleoprotein and probably against host‐cell‐derived actin were also present. The patient sera contained only traces of IgM antibodies with specificity against the measles virus haemagglutinin or fusion protein. No specific IgM antibodies were found in sera from healthy controls.
Poliovirus and vesicular stomatitis virus replication in the presence of 6‐diazo‐5‐oxo‐L‐norleucine or 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose
Authors: Goldstein Gerald , Guskey Louis E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effects of 6‐diazo‐5‐oxo‐L‐norleucine (DON), 2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (DOG), and tunicamycin (TM) on the replication of poliovirus (PV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) were examined. During a 48‐hr replication period, TM, DON, and DOG inhibit VSV plaque formation in HEp‐2 cells by 99.9%, 99.8%, and 99.9% respectively. Inhibition of VSV by DON is reversed with glutamine. Although all three agents are known to affect glycoprotein synthesis, DON and DOG also inhibit plaque formation of viruses devoid of structural glycoproteins. Thus, plaque formation of PV types 1 and 3 and Coxsackie B3 virus is delayed in HEp‐2 and Buffalo green monkey kidney cells during exposure to these agents. Since these viruses do not contain glycoproteins and since concentrations up to 10 μg TM/ml cause no significant inhibition of PV, DON and DOG are affecting another viral or cellular process. Inhibition of PV replication by DON is reversed by addition of 25 mM glutamine or marginally by exposure to a combination of 5 mM concentrations of cytidine, uridine, adenosine monophosphate, and guanosine monophosphate. Inhibition of PV replication by DOG is reversed with 5 mM uridine alone. During DON exposure of HEp‐2 cells infected with PV, the amount of 3H‐uridine incorporation at 5.5 hr postinfection (pi) is reduced to 53% of untreated controls, an amount 11% greater than incorporation in cultures infected with PV but not treated with DON. These data indicate that the inhibition of PV replication by DON or DOG occurs at the level of viral RNA synthesis, while the primary target of these agents during VSV replication is probably glycosylation.
Serological diagnosis of parainfluenza virus infections by enzyme immunoassay with special emphasis on purity of viral antigens
Authors: Julkunen Iikka 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEnzyme immunoassay (EIA) for parainfluenza virus type 1,2, and 3 antibodies was compared with the complement fixation test (CF) as a diagnostic method in 180 patients with respiratory symptoms. The CF test detected rises in parainfluenza virus antibodies in 30 cases, whereas EIA detected 47 rises. Patients with antibody rises in parainfluenza or mumps virus antibodies were studied for cross‐reactions by CF, hemagglutination inhibition (HAI), and EIA using purified viral envelope glycoprotein and nucleocapsid preparations. All methods showed marked cross‐reactivity between parainfluenza virus type 1 and 3 antibodies. Mumps virus infection often raised heterologous antibodies even against purified viral antigens. Rabbit antisera produced against viral envelope glycoproteins showed heterologous antibody responses between parainfluenza 1 and 3 antibodies and between parainfluenza 1 and mumps antibodies by HAI, EIA, and immunoprecipitation. The cross‐reactive antibodies were usually directed against both of the envelope glycoproteins, HN and F proteins, of the viruses.
Genome variants of human adenovirus 40 (subgroup F)
Authors: Kidd A. H. , Berkowitz F. E. , Blaskovič P. J. , Schoub B. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwenty‐six strains of faecal adenovirus from three continents (two from Europe, 16 from South Africa, and eight from Canada) were typed as Ad40 by restriction enzyme analysis of the DNA using Sma I. The DNA of the strains was further compared by digestion with six other enzymes, namely Bam HI, Eco RI, Bgl I, Xho I, Sst I, and Hind III. At least two different restriction profiles were found to exist for each enzyme. Nineteen of the 26 strains studied had the same combination of profiles for all the enzymes, within the limits of resolution of the technique. This genome type was detected from all three continents and included the Finnish reference strain Hovi‐X. The other seven strains were genome variants, representing five other genome types. Three genome types were detected only in South African specimens, whereas one genome type was detected in single specimens from both South Africa and Canada. Strain Dugan from Holland, indistinguishable from other Ad40 strains in neutralization tests using polyclonal antibody preparations [de Jong et al, 1983], deviated from the common Hovi‐X‐like genome on digestion of the DNA with any of the enzymes except Sma I.
Intracytoplasmic inclusions in human hepatocytes in non‐A, non‐B hepatitis: An ultrastructural study
Authors: McCaul Thomas F. , Tovey George , Anderson Michael G. , Murray‐Lyon Lain M. , Zuckerman Arie J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn ultrastructural study was carried out on 114 liver biopsies obtained for diagnostic purposes from patients with various pathological disorders of the liver including hepatitis B‐related liver disease, non‐A, non‐B hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, fatty change, and cryptogenic cirrhosis. The opportunity was taken to evaluate the significance of intracytoplasmic crystalline structures found in the hepatocytes of nine patients with a variety of liver disorders. The cytoplasmic inclusions varied in size up to 2 μm in length and shape and were not limited by membranes. The presence of these inclusions cannot, however, be correlated either specifically with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis or with other known nonviral liver disease. The functional, physiological, and pathological significance of the crystalline structures remain to be elucidated.
Neutralizing antibody and interferon‐α in cerebrospinal fluids and sera of acute aseptic meningitis
Authors: Ichimura Hiroshi , Shimase Kohichi , Tamura Ikuo , Kaneto Eiji , Kurimura Osamu , Aramitsu Yoshimi , Kurimura Takashi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCerebrospinal fluids (CSFs) and sera from 20 patients with echovirus 30 (E 30) meningitis, 4 patients with enterovirus 71 (EV 71) meningitis, and 5 patients with acute aseptic meningitis (AM) of unknown etiology were investigated at the acute and the convalescent phases of the disease to elucidate the roles of neutralizing antibody (NT) and interferon‐α (IFN‐α) in the central nervous system (CNS) in cases of AM in humans. Viruses were isolated from the CSFs at the acute phase of AM, but not at the convalescent phase. There was a fourfold or greater rise in NT titer between paired sera to E 30 or EV 71 but only a slight rise between paired CSFs. IFN‐α was detected in the CSFs ranging from <10 to 25.5 IU/ml but not in the sera, and the IFN‐α level in the CSF was significantly higher in the acute phase than in the convalescent phase. These results suggest that in cases of acute enteroviral infections in the CNS, NT plays only a small role in the recovery from AM, and IFN‐α plays a direct or indirect role in curbing the local spread of the virus and eliminating the virus from the CNS at the acute phase of AM.
Absence of detectable hepatitis B virus DNA in sera and liver of chimpanzees with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis
Authors: Yap S. H. , Heilings J. A. , Rijntjes P. J. M. , van Loon A. M. , Duermeyer W. , Stute R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe risk of hepatitis B infections has been reduced by screening of blood donors for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). However, recipients remain at significant risk of developing post‐transfusion hepatitis. Studies have shown that non‐A, non‐B hepatitis virus(es) are responsible for the majority of post‐transfusion hepatitis infections. In spite of many efforts, these non‐A, non‐B hepatitis viruses have not yet been identified. Epidemiological studies, however, suggest that non‐A, non‐B hepatitis shares many features with hepatitis B. Recently, Wands et al [1982] showed, in chimpanzees infected with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis agents, the presence of antigenemia or viremia by radioimmunoassay with monoclonal antibodies directed toward distinct determinants of HBsAg and by molecular hybridization analysis. They suggested that non‐A, non‐B hepatitis agents may be related, but distinct variant(s) of hepatitis B virus (HBV). In this study, five chimpanzees were inoculated with three different agents that have been shown to transmit non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. The following inocula were used (I) a factor VIII preparation kindly provided by D.W. Bradley, (II) acute phase serum from a chimpanzee infected with the F strain kindly provided by A.J. Zuckerman, and (III) a DS‐antigen serum previously shown by us to transmit non‐A, non‐B hepatitis [Duermeyer et al, 1983]. All chimpanzees developed a rise in transaminase levels between 8 and 10 weeks after inoculation. None of the chimpanzees was positive for any markers of HBV infection. No evidence was obtained of infection with hepatitis A, cytomegalovirus, or Epstein‐Barr virus. One chimpanzee developed chronic liver disease. The presence of HBV DNA in sera and in liver biopsies was studied. HBV DNA hybridizable sequences were not detected in any of the samples collected at different stages of the disease. These findings suggest that the non‐A, non‐B hepatitis agents in our study are not related to HBV.
Hepatitis D virus antibody in HBsAg‐positive and HBsAg‐negative substance abusers with chronic liver disease
Authors: Novick David M. , Farci Patrizia , Karayiannis Peter , Gelb Alvin M. , Stenger Richard J. , Kreek Mary Jeanne , Thomas Howard C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe hepatitis D virus (HDV; previously called the “delta agent”) is a defective organism which can replicate only in the presence of the hepatitis B virus (HBV). We tested the serum of 95 substance abusers, all of whom had sufficient evidence of chronic liver disease to warrant a liver biopsy, for hepatitis D virus antibody (anti‐HDV). Anti‐HDV was detected in five of eight hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐positive patients and 12 of 87 (14%) HBsAg‐negative patients. Antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc) was the sole hepatitis B marker in eight of the 12 (67%) anti‐HDV‐positive, HBsAg‐negative patients but in only 14 of 75 (19%) anti‐HDV‐negative, HBsAg‐negative patients (P < 0.005). None of the anti‐HDV‐positive, HBsAg‐negative patients had detectable IgM anti‐HBc in the serum or hepatitis D antigen in liver tissue, and they had similar clinical features and liver biopsy diagnoses to HBsAg‐negative patients without anti‐HDV. We conclude that anti‐HDV in HBsAg‐negative substance abusers reflects infection with HDV and HBV in the distant past and does not indicate more severe liver disease than that seen in HBsAg‐negative patients without anti‐HDV.
Unconventional pathogens causing spongiform encephalopathies absent in blood products
Authors: Tateishi Jun , Tsuji Sadatoshi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo determine whether unconventional pathogens causing subacute spongiform encephalopathy may be present in blood products, a newly developed hepatitis B vaccine and a widely used blood product were injected into mice and rats. As only a few aged mice in the test and the control groups showed spongiform encephalopathic change of a sparse or mild degree and which differed from that seen in rodents infected with Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease, the presence of unconventional pathogens in the tested inocula can be ruled out.
Isolation and Preliminary Characterization of Mutants of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus With Altered Virulence in Chickens
Authors: Fraizer G. , Main O. , Hardy J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA small plaque (sp) and four temperature‐sensitive (ts) mutants of western equine encephalomyelitis virus (WEEV) were obtained from a highly virulent field isolate (BFS‐1703) after mutagenesis with 5‐azacytidine or nitrosoguanidine or following undiluted passage in mosquito cell culture. Three ts mutants (158, 214, and 260) expressed stable ts phenotypes as determined both by six‐hour leak yield and efficiency of plaquing (EOP) analyses. Progeny of ts mutant 214 grown at the nonpermissive temperature lacked hemagglutinin activity. The sp mutant (148) was as highly virulent as the wild‐type virus (WTV) for newly hatched chickens (infected when 12 hours old), whereas the ts mutants were attenuated in their virulence for this host. Attentuation was correlated with lower viremia titers in 24‐hour postinfection blood samples. The WTV and those mutants able to infect 21‐day‐old chickens produced nonlethal infections but the growth of ts 158 was apparently restricted in this high‐temperature nonpermissive host. All ts mutants except ts 158 lost their ts phenotype after growth for 24 hours in newly hatched chickens and in duck embryonic cell culture (DECC) maintained at 42°C.
Detection of integration during active replication of hepatitis B virus in the liver
Authors: Boender P. J. , Schalm S. W. , Heijtink R. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA method is described that enables the unequivocal detection of the integration of hepatitis B virus DNA (HBV‐DNA) into the genomic DNA of the host cell, while at the same time the virus exhibits active replication. This detection was achieved by separating the low molecular weight replicating HBV‐DNA from the high molecular weight genomic DNA of the host by electrophoresis of the total undigested cellular DNA through low melting agarose. The high molecular weight DNA was isolated from this gel and electrophoresed after digestion with restriction enzyme(s) on a second agarose gel. Transfer of the DNA content of both gels and hybridization of these blots with 32P‐labelled HBV‐DNA will reveal whether any integrated and/or actively replicating DNA is present. By using this method the presence of a single copy of HBV‐DNA integrated in host DNA was demonstrated in hepatocellular carcinoma tissue of a patient with active HBV replication.