bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physico‐Chemical Characteristics of Citrus Seeds and Seed Oils from Pakistan
Authors: Anwar Farooq , Naseer Rehana , Bhanger M. I. , Ashraf Samia , Talpur Farah Naz , Aladedunye Felix Adekunle 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe physico‐chemical characteristics of the seeds and seed oils of four citrus species, Mitha (Citrus limetta), Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), Mussami (Citrus sinensis), and Kinnow (Citrus reticulata) were investigated. The hexane‐extracted oil content of citrus seeds ranged from 27.0 to 36.5%. The protein, fiber and ash contents were found to be 3.9–9.6%, 5.0–8.5%, and 4.6–5.6%, respectively. The extracted oils exhibited an iodine value of 99.9–110.0; refractive index (40 °C), 1.4639–1.4670; density (24 °C), 0.920–0.941 mg/mL; saponification value, 180.9–198.9; unsaponifiable matter, 0.3–0.5%; acid value (mg KOH/g of oil), 0.5–2.2 and color (1‐in. cell) 1.4–3.0R + 15.0–30.0Y. The oils revealed a good oxidative stability as indicated by the determinations of specific extinctions at 232 and 270 nm (2.3–4.4 and 0.6–0.9, respectively), p‐anisidine value (2.2–3.2) and peroxide value (1.6–2.4 mequiv/kg of oil). The citrus seed oils mainly consisted of linoleic acid (36.1–39.8%). Other prominent fatty acids were palmitic acid (25.8–32.2%), oleic acid (21.9–24.1%), linolenic acid (3.4–4.4%), and stearic acid (2.8–4.4%). The contents of tocopherols (α, γ, and δ) in the oil were 26.4–557.8, 27.7–84.1, and 9.1–20.0 mg/kg, respectively. The results of the present study demonstrated that the seeds of citrus species investigated are a potential source of valuable oil which might be utilized for edible and other industrial applications.
Counting Difficulties: Retained Instruments, Sponges, and Needles
Authors: Jackson Sarah , Brady Sharon 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTPATIENTS IN WHOM A SPONGE or instrument is left after surgery may suffer complications including pain, infection, abscess, or intestinal obstruction.CONSEQUENCES OF RETAINED ITEMS for surgical team members may include malpractice lawsuits and adverse actions from the National Practitioner Data Bank and state licensing board.ADHERENCE TO AORN recommended practices for counting and facility counting policies can protect both patients and practitioners. AORN J 87 (February 2008) 315‐321. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Preparation of Adolescents for Outpatient Surgery: Using an Internet Program
Authors: O'Conner‐Von Susan 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTTHIS STUDY COMPARED the effectiveness of an Internet‐based method with a standard method for preparing adolescent patients scheduled for out‐patient tonsillectomy procedures.A TWO‐GROUP EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN compared adolescents' state anxiety, knowledge acqui‐sition, postoperative pain intensity, and satisfaction with the method of preoperative preparation.PARENTS' STATE ANXIETY and satisfaction with their child's preparation method also were compared.DATA ANALYSIS REVEALED significantly increased knowledge acquisition and satisfaction among adolescents who were assigned to the Internet method of preparation and increased satisfaction among their parents. AORN J 87 (February 2008)374–398. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Improving Compliance With Occupational Safety and Health Administration Standards
Authors: Cuming Richard G. , Rocco Tonette S. , McEachern Adriana G. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTHEALTH CARE FACILITIES can be dangerous places. The mission of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is to improve the safety of the American workplace by developing and implementing standards that prevent occupational injury, illness, and death.PERIOPERATIVE SERVICES are performed in environments where exposure to bloodborne pathogens is a daily occurrence, making implementation and compliance with OSHA standards very important.EMPLOYEES AND EMPLOYERS must remain current with workplace safety requirements, including use of personal protective equipment. This article presents implications of the OSHA standards for employers, educators, and employees. AORN J 87 (February 2008) 347‐356. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Pursuing Cleanliness in a Field Surgical Environment
Authors: Stevenson Kevin , Cather Charles 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTPERIOPERATIVE MILITARY NURSES often are faced with the challenge of providing a clean surgical milieu in environments that are decidedly hostile to cleanliness.THE COMBINATION of temperature extremes, blowing sand, dirt, mud, infection vectors, and the nature of battlefield wounds thwart the best intentions of maintaining cleanliness.MITIGATING THESE PROBLEMS requires setting priorities, teamwork, a rigorous daily regimen of cleaning, and a willingness to make improvements as opportunities become available.
The complex relationships between executive functions and positive
symptoms in schizophrenia
Authors: Guillem F. , Rinaldi M. , Pampoulova T. , Stip E. 
Published: February 2008

BackgroundRelationships between performance on various tests of executive functions and
positive symptoms, especially delusions and hallucinations, have not been
found consistently. This may be related to method of rating symptoms, to
possible interactions between them, as well as to the low specificity of the
cognitive test measures used. In this study, we have investigated the
relationships between different aspects of positive symptomatology and
several executive subprocesses.MethodStable schizophrenia patients (n=96) were assessed for disorganization,
delusion and hallucination symptoms rated from the Scale for Assessment of
Positive Symptoms and the Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms.
Interference sensitivity, inhibition and flexibility were assessed using the
Wickens paradigm. The relationships between symptom dimensions as well as
with cognitive and other potentially confounding variables were assessed
using Pearson correlations and (simple and partial)
stepwise regressions.ResultsGenerally consistent with the cognitive constructs used to account for
positive symptoms, the results indicated relationships between delusions,
disorganization and inhibition, and between hallucinations and interference
sensitivity. However, these relationships appeared more complex than
expected, with some being dependent on interactions between symptoms.ConclusionsThese results suggest: (i) that the global
measures usually employed may not be appropriate for demonstrating specific
relationships between symptoms and executive functions and
(ii) that it is necessary to take into account the
interactions between positive symptoms as well as with other factors to
reveal these relationships.
Early childhood adversity and adolescent depression: the mediating role of continued stress
Authors: Hazel N. A. , Hammen C. , Brennan P. A. , Najman J. 
Published: February 2008

BackgroundWhile various conceptualizations of the link between childhood adversity and later depression have been offered, most have not accounted for the possibility that early adversity predicts continuing stress proximal to depression onset. Thus, the present study tested the possible mediating role of recent stress in the association between early adversity and depression in late adolescence.MethodStudy questions were examined in a longitudinal community sample of 705 youth who were contemporaneously assessed for early adversity exposure prior to age 5 years, chronic and episodic stress at age 15 years, and major depression prior to age 15 years and between 15 and 20 years.ResultsTotal youth stress burden at age 15 years mediated the effect of early adversity on depression between ages 15 and 20 years, and none of the observed relationships were moderated by onset of depression prior to age 15 years.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that continued stress exposure proximal to depression onset largely accounts for the association between early adversity and depression in late adolescence. Intervention should thus focus on disrupting the continuity of stressful conditions across childhood and adolescence. Future studies of the neurobiological and psychosocial mechanisms of the link between early experiences and depression should explore whether the effects of early experiences are independent of continuing adversity proximal to depressive onset.
Effect of hyperglycemia on inflammatory markers in patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Goyal Rajeev , Faizy Abul , Islam Najmul 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe role of inflammation in causation of both Diabetes and its complications has gained acceptance. Initially, hyperglycemia was thought to be the factor causing inflammation, but recently, obesity has gained attraction as probable cause of inflammation. We have studied the levels of markers of inflammation in Diabetic patients, with uncontrolled hyperglycemia, before and after treatment. The results indicate that hyperglycemia significantly causes increase in inflammatory markers like TNF-α and IL-6, which further contribute to pathogenesis of Diabetes mellitus type 2 as well as its complications such as atherosclerosis and neuropathy.
Surge in treatment admissions related to methamphetamine use in Cape Town, South Africa: implications for public health
Authors: PLÜDDEMANN ANDREAS , MYERS BRONWYN J. , PARRY CHARLES D. H. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. In the past decade, methamphetamine has become increasingly a drug of concern globally. The purpose of this study is to describe the changing trends in treatment admissions for methamphetamine abuse in Cape Town, South Africa and to highlight the implications of these changes for policy, practice and research. Design and Methods. Data were collected on admissions for drug abuse treatment through a regular monitoring system involving drug treatment centres and programmes in Cape Town every 6 months as part of the South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (SACENDU). A one‐page form was completed by treatment centre personnel to obtain demographic data, the patients' primary and secondary substances of abuse, the mode, frequency and age of first use of substance and information on prior treatment. Results. The results indicate that between 2004 and 2006 a dramatic increase in treatment admissions for methamphetamine abuse occurred, a large proportion of the methamphetamine patients are adolescents and that the drug is almost exclusively smoked. Discussion and Conclusions. The rapid increase in admissions for methamphetamine abuse is of great concern, particularly as the drug has a number of serious, often chronic, side effects and that a large proportion of the patients are adolescents. The implications for public health are discussed.
Can music therapy engage patients in group cognitive behaviour therapy for substance abuse treatment?
Authors: DINGLE GENEVIEVE A. , GLEADHILL LIBBY , BAKER FELICITY A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. Despite the availability of effective treatments for substance use disorders, engaging people in treatment remains a challenge. This clinical study describes a 7‐week trial of music therapy as an adjunct to group cognitive behaviour therapy with the aim of increasing patient engagement in a private hospital open group programme. Design and Methods. Patient attendance rates and perceptions of the music therapy were collected at the end of each music therapy session by means of an anonymous survey, and only data from each patient's first survey were used in the analysis. Twenty‐four surveys were analysed, representing feedback from 10 men and 14 women, aged between 17 and 52 years. Results. The average attendance rate over the 7‐week trial was 75%. The results indicated that enjoyment and motivation to participate during the sessions was uniformly high (mean ratings of 4.3 and 4.0 out of 5, respectively). The majority (83%) of participants reported that they would attend another music therapy session, and almost half (46%) endorsed that ‘(music therapy) would help them to feel more a part of the group’. Additional analyses revealed that music therapy was able to engage patients regardless of their age group (25 years and under vs. over‐25 years) or substance (alcohol only vs. other drugs). Discussion and Conclusions. Music therapy is a promising approach to improving engagement in substance abuse treatment groups.
The effects of the market withdrawal of temazepam gel capsules on benzodiazepine injecting in Sydney, Australia
Authors: DEGENHARDT LOUISA , ROXBURGH AMANDA , VAN BEEK INGRID , HALL WAYNE D. , ROBINSON MAXINE K. F. , ROSS JOANNE , MANT ANDREA 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. This study assessed the impact on benzodiazepine injection among IDU in Sydney of removing temazepam gel capsule preparations from the Australian market. Design and Methods. Several data sources were used: (1) data from the NSW Illicit Drug Reporting System (IDRS) (an annual, cross‐sectional survey of regular IDU in Sydney) for the period 1996–2005; (2) data from inner Sydney outreach services and the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MSIC) on last drug injected; and (3) national benzodiazepine prescription data, by formulation, from the Drug Utilisation Sub‐Committee for the period 2001–06. Results. Removal of temazepam gel capsule formulations from the Australian market in 2004 resulted in increased prescribing of tablet formulations but overall benzodiazepine prescription numbers remained stable. Injection of benzodiazepines ceased as a mode of administration of benzodiazepines among IDU in inner Sydney, but very frequent oral use of benzodiazepines remained highly prevalent. Discussion and conclusions. Removal of an easily injectable form of benzodiazepines appeared to halt injection of benzodiazepines among disadvantaged IDU. However, IDU continue to use the drug heavily and interventions to assist IDU with reducing dependent benzodiazepine use are warranted. There is a need for continued vigilance to emergent injecting drug use risks to implement timely harm reduction strategies.
Improving services for prevention and treatment of substance misuse for Aboriginal communities in a Sydney Area Health Service
Authors: TEASDALE KATHARINE E. , CONIGRAVE KATHERINE M. , KIEL KEREN A. , FREEBURN BRADLEY , LONG GEORGE , BECKER KAREN 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. Substance misuse among Aboriginal Australians is both a symptom of disadvantage and suffering but also a cause of health and social problems. Few data are available on how mainstream drug and alcohol services meet the needs of Aboriginal Australians. We assessed acceptability and accessibility of mainstream services for Aboriginal Australians with alcohol or drug use disorders in an urban Area Health Service (AHS). We identified priorities for improvement and an implementation plan. Methods. We collected feedback via consultation with client groups, with the Aboriginal community and community organisations, with staff of the AHS and of the local Aboriginal Medical Service (AMS) and through direct observation. We examined attendance data. Results. Aboriginal people were well represented in this mainstream service, partly because of existing collaboration with the AMS. Good points in the service were reported to be priority appointments for new Aboriginal clients, professional and caring service and collaboration with the AMS. Suggested improvements included increased cultural sensitivity of communication, more appropriate physical surrounds and printed materials, having Aboriginal staff available, peer support groups and integration of health care for individual, family and community. The action plan included increased recruitment and career opportunities for Aboriginal staff, strengthened partnerships with the Aboriginal community, including ongoing collaboration with the AMS in improving and monitoring mainstream service quality. Discussion and Conclusions. Given the adverse impact of substance use disorders, there is a pressing need for services to work with Aboriginal communities to optimise the quality of mainstream treatment services.
Australian smokers' use of bupropion and nicotine replacement therapies and their relation to reimbursement, Australia 2001–05
Authors: LUTSENKO HERA , DORAN CHRISTOPHER M. , HALL WAYNE D. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjective. To compare the usage of bupropion hydrochloride and nicotine replacement in Australia between 2001 and 2005. Design and Setting. We analysed aggregate data on the utilisation of: (1) bupropion under the Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme (PBS) between 2001 and 2005; (2) bupropion and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) on the Repatriation Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme (RPBS) between 1995 and 2005; and (3) NRT aggregate sales data from GlaxoSmithKline for 2001–05. The National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS) 2004 was used to estimate the proportion of smokers who received a bupropion prescription in each year. Main Outcome Measures. Numbers of annual prescriptions for bupropion on the PBS and buproprion and NRT on the RPBS; annual sales figures on NRT patches (2001–05); and the estimated proportion of Australian smokers who used bupropion in 2003. Results. The number of bupropion prescriptions on the PBS peaked at 351 772 in 2001 (costing the PBS $83 million). This declined by 72% to 97 173 in 2005 (a cost of $12 million). The estimated percentage of smokers in Australia who used bupropion in a year fell from 11% in 2001 to 3.6% in 2005. The annual number of bupropion prescriptions on the RPBS fell from 3786 in 2001 to 1173 in 2005, while there was no change in the number of NRT prescriptions (3793 in 2001 and 3886 in 2005). Sales data from the leading market supplier of NRT also indicated that NRT use continued to grow in Australia while bupropion use declined. Conclusions. Bupropion usage has fallen by 72% since a peak in the year of first listing on the PBS, while the utilisation of NRTs appears to have increased, despite the price differential in favour of bupropion. Implications. Given the greater interest among smokers in NRT than bupropion (and evidence of the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of NRT), the Australian government should reconsider its decision not to list NRT on the PBS.
Mapping heroin careers: utilising a standardised history‐taking method to assess the speed of escalation of heroin using careers in a treatment‐seeking cohort
Authors: BEST DAVID , DAY ED , CANTILLANO VANESSA , GASTON ROMINA LOPEZ , NAMBAMALI ANGELA , SWEETING RUTH , KEANEY FRANCIS 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIntroduction and aims. Although there has been increasing research attention to the concept of addiction careers and treatment careers, there are few standardised measures for assessing illicit drug using careers. A new instrument for mapping lifetime drug use history (LDUH) was used to assess transitions in the initial stages of heroin use careers among illicit drug users. Design and Methods. 58 lifetime heroin users completed a one‐off researcher‐administered interview in treatment settings in two English cities, London and Birmingham, about their histories of drug use, drug treatment and other key life events. Results. The sample reported initiating heroin use at a mean age of 21 years and escalated to daily use by 23 years. On average, there was a gap of nearly 8 years before seeking treatment and at the time of interview the cohort averaged one‐third of their heroin careers in treatment. However, there was marked variability across the group, with three discernible groups identified based on use patterns. While one group (n = 21) showed consistent escalation in total quantity of heroin used across the first year, the second group had an intermittent pattern of use and the third group reported an unchanging monthly heroin use pattern. These groups differed in the time taken to initiate treatment and in the proportion of their heroin careers in active use. Discussion and Conclusions. The instrument was acceptable to research participants and identified important variability in onset and escalation factors in heroin careers. The implications for therapeutic interventions and for clinical use of the instrument are discussed.
Measuring the use and career histories of drug users in treatment: reliability of the Lifetime Drug Use History (LDUH) and its data yield relative to clinical case notes
Authors: DAY ED , BEST DAVID , CANTILLANO VANESSA , GASTON ROMINA LOPEZ , NAMBAMALI ANGELA , KEANEY FRANCIS 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. There is no generally accepted clinical or research instrument available for recording the longitudinal course of a drug‐using ‘career’. This paper reports on an initial examination of the properties of the Lifetime Drug Use History Questionnaire (LDUH), built around monthly mapping of drug use patterns in relation to other life events. Design and Methods. Forty heroin and cocaine users completed structured interviews at two treatment sites. Twenty subjects were interviewed on two occasions separated by a 3‐day interval, using either the same interviewer (n= 10) or two different interviewers (n= 10) as assessments of inter‐rater and test – retest reliability. Results. Very good inter‐rater agreements were observed, demonstrated by Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficients generally higher than 0.8 and 0.7, respectively. Additionally, concordance with clinical notes was assessed for four drug use history variables, resulting in poorer rates of agreement. An exact matching with clinical records was obtained for the variable ‘age of first use of heroin’ in 47.2% (n= 17) of the heroin users, while a good agreement (only 1 or 2 years' difference) was found in 36.1% of cases (n= 5). Discussion and Conclusions. The LDUH method resulted in high reliability for heroin and cocaine and suggests an effective, clinically applicable method for history‐taking. The paucity and inconsistency of similar information in the clinical notes would further justify the use of a standardised method for recording drug histories.
Extracellular Arginine Rapidly Dilates In Vivo Intestinal Arteries and Arterioles Through a Nitric Oxide Mechanism
Authors: Pezzuto Laura , Bohlen H. Glenn 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT Objective: Arginine used for nitric oxide formation can be from intracellular stores or transported into cells. The study evaluated the rapidity, and primary site of NO and vascular resistance responses to arginine at near physiological concentrations (100–400 μ M). Methods: Arginine was applied to a single arteriole through a micropipette to determine the fastest possible responses. For vascular blood flow and [NO] responses, arginine was added to the bathing media. Results: Dilation of single arterioles to arginine began in 10–15 seconds and application over the entire vasculature increased [NO] in ∼ 60–90 seconds, and flow increased within 120–300 seconds. Resting periarteriolar [NO] for arterioles was 493.6 ± 30.5 nM and increased to 696.1 ± 68.2 and 820.1 ± 110.5 nM at 200 and 400 μ M L‐arginine. The blood flow increased 50% at 400–1200 μ M L‐arginine. The reduced arterial resistance during topical arginine was significantly greater than microvascular resistance at 100 and 200 μ M arginine. All responses were blocked by L‐NAME. Conclusions: This study demonstrated arterial resistance responses are as or more responsive to arginine induced NO formation as arterioles at near physiological concentrations of arginine. The vascular NO and resistance responses occurred rapidly at L‐arginine concentrations at and below 400 μ M, which predict arginine transport processes were involved.