bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prostaglandins and Postmaturity
Authors: TambyRaja R. L. , Karim S. M. M. , Salmon J. A. , Ratnam S. S. 
Published: February 2008

Summary: Levels of E and F prostaglandins in amniotic fluid of patients with prolonged pregnancy have been compared with levels of patients in the last 4 weeks of normal pregnancy. The mean F prostaglandin levels in patients going past term (1,293.3 ± 332.87 pg/ml) were considerably lower than those going into spontaneous labour at term (4,276.71 ± 1,469.62 pg/ml). In 43 patients who went past term, the F prostaglandin levels bore a positive correlation to the cervical score (correlation coefficient 0.654; P < 0.001).These studies suggest that prostaglandins play an important role in the spontaneous onset of labour at term and are also responsible for cervical ripening at term.
The Urethral Axis Test in the Evaluation of Stress Incontinence
Authors: Elliott Murray 
Published: February 2008

Summary: A simple test in the management of patients with anatomical stress incontinence is described. It is considered that this test is useful in identifying the degree of anatomical deformity about the bladder neck and hence helpful in selecting the appropriate operation for the particular patient.In the author's experience, this test can replace the more elaborate radio‐graphic investigations, usually described for the pre‐operative assessment of such patients.
Idiopathic Fatty Liver of Pregnancy With Maternal and Fetal Survival
Authors: Gillespie Peter , Hunter Christopher 
Published: February 2008

Summary: A case of idiopathic fatty liver of pregnancy with survival of mother and child is reported. The management of this condition is essentially supportive; coagulation disturbances may require special attention. Maternal survival should be the major consideration and is favourably influenced by early delivery. Fetal monitoring aids obstetric management and may indirectly improve fetal survival.Evidence from the literature suggests that the condition does not usually recur in subsequent pregnancies.
Comparison of Plasma Volume Levels in Normal Pregnancy Between Two Ethnic Groups in Fiji
Authors: Coleman R. J. 
Published: February 2008

Summary: In the normal pregnancy Indian women have a lower plasma volume than Fijian women. Volume studies in the third trimester on the normal pregnancies of 191 Fijian women and 92 Indian women showed that the latter group also had lower red cell volumes and blood volumes. Consequently, both groups showed a similar distribution of haemoglobin concentration. The reduction in plasma volume is not related to parity and the plasma volumes of Indian women did not show the correlation with maternal height of the Fijian women. In view of the higher reported incidence of toxaemia in Indian women, these findings support the concept that a reduction in plasma volume occurs before the onset of clinical signs of toxaemia.Indian women also have a lower plasma volume for a given birth‐weight/ maternal size ratio. There is some evidence that they have smaller babies than Fijian women after allowing for the differences in maternal size but the results are statistically inconclusive.
Cryosurgery of Benign Cervical Lesions as an Out‐Patient Procedure
Authors: Chew W. C. , Chew W. Y. 
Published: February 2008

Summary: Seventy‐three patients had cryocautery to the cervix for the treatment of cervical erosion. The cure rate was 99%, whereas 85% were cured after 8 weeks.Postcoital and intermenstrual bleeding and vaginal discharge were the presenting symptoms most responsive to treatment. The most common side‐effect was a watery vaginal discharge which was present in 93% of the patients. The discharge subsided after 2–4 weeks. There were no systemic side‐effects.Cryocautery of benign cervical lesions has been found to be safe, simple and convenient for the patient and could be performed on an outpatient basis.
Factors Influencing the Time of Introduction of Steroidal Contraception in the Breast‐Feeding Mother
Authors: Cox John W. 
Published: February 2008

Summary: : To ensure infertility whilst breast feeding many mothers ingest steroidal contraceptives. Animal experiments have shown how sexual differentiation of the brain occurs during perinatal life and can be affected by exogenous steroids. The amount of sex steroid secreted in the milk of lactating mothers is very small and dependent on the type of steroid chosen. “On demand” breast feeding is associated with a longer period of lactational amenorrhoea, obviating the necessity for early usage of contraceptives.In view of the possibility that sexual differentiation may be disturbed, it is suggested that, where steroidal contraception is required, the progesterone with the minimal amount of oestrogenic metabolite be used.
Problems in the Diagnosis of Ectopic Pregnancy
Authors: O'Neil A. G.B. 
Published: February 2008

Summary: Problems in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy have been assessed over a 4‐month period at King Edward Memorial Hospital. Twenty‐three of thirty women (77%) were sent home after their initial presentation with symptoms of their ectopic pregnancy. Thirteen were sent home from major teaching hospitals and the remaining 10 by their general practitioners.In 76 patients, laparoscopy was performed to exclude ectopic pregnancy; the diagnosis was confirmed in only 30. Plasma β HCG values were elevated in all patients with an ectopic pregnancy within the Fallopian tube. The finding of a β HCG value of less than 2.5 i.u./1 could have allowed 36 of these patients to avoid diagnostic laparoscopy. Nine patients with intrauterine pregnancies (5 continuing and 4 aborting) might have avoided laparoscopy if ultrasonography had been used.Careful application of these tests, together with good history taking, will minimise the number of patients in whom an incorrect diagnosis is made.
An Evaluation of Two Methods of Antenatal Ultrasonic Fetal Weight Estimation
Authors: Finikiotis G. , MacLennan A. H. , Verco P. W. , Ogden S. E. 
Published: February 2008

Summary: The accuracy of 2 methods of antenatal ultrasonic fetal weight estimation has been compared. The method of Warsof et al. (1977) computes the estimated fetal weight from measurements of the abdominal circumference and the biparietal diameter, whilst the method of Higginbottom et al. (1975) utilises the circumference of the abdomen alone. The estimated weights obtained by the 2 methods were compared with the actual weights at birth occurring within 48 hours of the estimation.Using the tables of Warsof et al., 77% of the actual birth weights were within 10% of the estimated weight, with a coefficient of correlation of 0.95. Eighty‐two per cent, of babies less than 2,500 g fell within 10% of the estimated weight (Warsof et al.), with a coefficient of correlation of 0.96. Using the formula of Higginbottom et al., 56% of the total birth weights fell within 10% of the estimated weight and the coefficient of correlation was 0.89. Forty‐five per cent, of the babies weighing less than 2,500 g were within the 10% range, the coefficient of correlation of this subgroup being 0.91. It is concluded that antenatal fetal weight estimation using the computed tables of Warsof et al. is superior in our population to the method described by Higginbottom et al., and such antenatal fetal weight estimation is of potential value in many high risk pregnancies.
Glycosylated Haemoglobin in Pregnancy
Authors: Davies D. M. , Welborn T. A. 
Published: February 2008

Summary: A study of the use of glycosylated haemoglobin (glyco Hb) levels to identify the pregnant woman with abnormal glucose tolerance and as an adjunct in the control of the diabetic pregnant patient was undertaken.There was no difference in glyco Hb levels in pregnant women with normal or abnormal glucose tolerance. Mean glyco Hb levels were found to increase with the progress of pregnancy.Serial estimations of glyco Hb level in diabetic pregnant women reflected the degree of overall control, but were inadequate, when compared with serial glucose estimations, to assess the often rapidly‐changing requirements of pregnancy.
Salbutamol Infusion for Premature Labour — The Australian Trials Experience
Authors: Pincus Richard 
Published: February 2008

Summary: Fourteen clinical trials were conducted in Australia to evaluate the safety and efficacy of salbutamol infusions in the prevention of premature labour. A total of 527 single pregnancies and 36 multiple pregnancies during which this treatment was used were reported sufficiently fully for inclusion in this report. The results suggest that significant prolongation of pregnancy can be achieved in most cases, provided that cervical dilatation is less than 3 cm and that the membranes are intact. If either of these conditions is absent, prolongation of pregnancy is still possible in some cases.The treatment is not without risks, and adequate supervision is essential.
Polycystic Ovarian Disease — Current Concepts
Authors: Biggs J. S. G. 
Published: February 2008

Summary: The Stein Leventhal syndrome, now commonly referred to as polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) has provided a focus for application of new methods of investigation of the ovary. The first description of the condition referred to 7 women; subsequent large‐scale studies have confirmed menstrual irregularity, hirsutism and infertility as the principal symptoms.PCOD has been shown to be associated with certain histopathological changes in the ovaries, notably capsular thickening, subcapsular follicular cysts and hyperplasia of the theca interna, with or without follicular atresia.The development of urine hormone assays allowed the endocrine basis of PCOD to be described. Urine determinations have now been largely replaced by assays in blood and profiles of hormone changes in PCOD have been proposed. The significant changes are high, fluctuating levels of luteinizing hormone, raised oestrone and androgen concentrations. Oestradiol and follicle stimulating hormone levels are often reduced. Other abnormalities underlying PCOD include defects in steroidogenic enzymes, especially aromatase, this leading to blocked conversion of oestrogen precursors and a resulting accumulation of androgenic steroids.The origin of the disease is unknown. The abnormal gonadotrophin release which is found, however, leads to deficient follicular development and androgen excess at the expense of oestradiol production. The disordered gonadal steroid secretion results in altered pituitary sensitivity to gonadotrophin releasing hormone and abnormal gonadotrophin production. Once established, the disease is self‐perpetuating.Current management problems include the uncertain value of ovarian resection, the best method of treatment where infertility is no longer a problem, and the risks of endometrial cancer in the presence of chronically‐raised endogenous oestrogen levels. The inadequacy of treatment of hirsutism in these women is a particular problem.More work is needed to establish the factors which initiate PCOD and to resolve the problems in its management.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Chromosomal Abnormalities: Analysis of 1000 Consecutive Amniotic Fluids
Authors: Bell J. A. , Ansford A. J. 
Published: February 2008

Summary:Cytogenetic studies have been performed on 1,000 amniotic fluid specimens referred for prenatal diagnosis. Two‐thirds of the patients had strong clinical indications for prenatal chromosome studies and the remaining one‐third were referred because of maternal anxiety or a family history of neural tube defect. A total of 18 affected fetuses were detected in this series (1.8%) and these included 3 male fetuses in patients with a history of sex‐linked disorder and 15 fetuses with chromosome abnormalities. The overall culture success rate was 97.4% and the average time taken to obtain sufficient material for initial chromosome analysis was 13 days. Fetal loss within 4 weeks of the amniocentesis was 1.2%.
Atypical Discharge from the Breast During Pregnancy and/or Lactation
Authors: O'Callaghan M. A. 
Published: February 2008

Summary:The breast of a pregnant or lactating woman will occasionally secrete a blood‐like discharge which discolours the colostrum or milk. The condition, and medical responses to it, are described as seen in a survey of 37 cases. Suggestions are made regarding management of the phenomenon.
Circulating Gonadotropins and Urinary Oestrogens in Postmenopausal Diabetic Women
Authors: Quinn M. A. , Ruffe H. , Brown J. B. , Ennis G. 
Published: February 2008

Summary:Serum FSH and LH and total urinary oestrogens were measured in 20 mature onset postmenopausal diabetic women and compared to 20 nondiabetic women matched for age, years since menopause, surface area and per cent ideal weight. Significantly higher levels of urinary oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol and significantly lower levels of FSH and LH were found in the diabetic women. Closer analysis of these findings showed that the differences were maintained for the diabetics who required insulin for adequate control, whereas diabetics controlled on diet alone or diet and oral hypoglycaemic drugs were not significantly different from control subjects except in urinary oestrone excretion.
Myotonic Dystrophy and Pregnancy
Authors: Cope Ian 
Published: February 2008

Summary:“Always shake the hand of the pregnant patient with cataracts”. A patient with undiagnosed myotonic dystrophy presented in pregnancy with a history of postpartum haemorrhage in her previous pregnancies. She had been operated on for cataracts. Problems arose after delivery which lead to the diagnosis of myotonic dystrophy being made at that time. The features of this condition and its implications for pregnancy are discussed.
Premature Rupture of the Membranes, Oligohydramnios and Pulmonary Hypoplasia
Authors: Fliegner John R. , Fortune Denys W. , Eggers T. R. 
Published: February 2008

Summary: The clinical and pathological features of oligohydramnios associated with severe pulmonary hypoplasia are described in 10 infants without renal anomalies. In 8 patients the condition was associated with prolonged premature rupture of the membranes at 16 to 36 weeks of gestation in a study of 244 patients (3.3%). Seven of the infants died of respiratory failure within 24 hours of delivery; the other infant survived. In the remaining 2 patients with severe oligohydramnios at term, but unassociated with premature rupture of the membranes, both infants succumbed.Problems with resuscitation should be anticipated in pregnancies complicated by prolonged leakage of amniotic fluid or oligohydramnios, and pulmonary hypoplasia should be recognized as a cause of respiratory distress. Apart from the ultrasonic predelivery confirmation of normal kidneys to exclude Potter's syndrome it is recommended that ultrasonic assessment of thoracic cage volume should be made before delivery.
Ethnic Considerations in Ultrasonic Scanning of Fetal Biparietal Diameters
Authors: Walton Stuart M. 
Published: February 2008

Summary: Biparietal diameters (BPD) were determined by ultrasonography on 86 Caucasians and 107 Polynesians at different gestations. Analysis of variance showed a highly significant (p<0.01) difference between groups. At any gestational age, Polynesian fetuses had BPDs 1.89 mm greater than Caucasian fetuses and this fact must be taken into consideration when a single measured value of BPD is being used in the estimation of gestational age.In areas where the obstetrical population comprises different ethnic groups, there is a need for establishing local reference tables by race.
Prospective Comparative Trial of Tinidazole and Metronidazole as Prophylaxis for Elective Hysterectomy
Authors: Cocks P. S. , Munro R. , Norton B. , Nutting J. , Shanker S. , Cheng S. 
Published: February 2008

Summary: A prospective randomised controlled study has demonstrated that tinidazole and metronidazole are effective in reducing post‐operative morbidity in women undergoing the operation of elective hysterectomy.Postoperative febrile morbidity, pelvic infection and antibiotic usage were reduced in those patients receiving either tinidazole or metronidazole as compared with a placebo group, but no advantage could be demonstrated with metronidazole administration preoperatively and for 7 days postoperatively as opposed to a single preoperative dose of tinidazole.
Adolescent Primigravidae and Their Obstetric Performance
Authors: Lee Peter Y. A. , Walters William A. W. 
Published: February 2008

Summary:The obstetric performance of adolescent primigravidae in a major metropolitan teaching hospital was analysed retrospectively and found to be similar, if not superior, to that of a control group of primigravidae. This was surprising in view of the late antenatal presentation of the adolescents and their smaller physique. More low birth weight infants, however, were born to adolescent than to older primigravidae, although the perinatal mortality was not increased because of this.Modern obstetric practice is increasingly concerned with adolescent pregnancies, many of the latter occurring in younger age groups (Oliver, 1975; Baldwin, 1976; Hunt, 1976). Traditionally, such pregnancies have been associated with an increased prevalence of social, psychological and obstetric problems. Therefore, we thought that a review of the obstetric performance of adolescent primigravidae in our Hospital would be useful in order to define any particular problems and to assess the increased risk of complications if such existed.An adolescent primigravid pregnancy was defined as a first pregnancy when the maternal age at delivery was 16 years or less (taken to the last completed year). The controls were delivered subsequent to one of the adolescent primigravidae.All adolescent pregnancies that resulted in spontaneous or therapeutic abortion were excluded from the study. The racial composition of both groups was similar and included mainly Australians, Greeks, and Italians as well as some other migrants.
Impacted Shoulders – A Personal Experience
Authors: Schramm Mary 
Published: February 2008

Summary:Failure of the shoulders to follow readily after delivery of the head is a life‐threatening emergency for the mother and baby which is occasionally encountered by most obstetricians, and receives scant attention in current obstetric textbooks.This is a record of my personal experience of the condition, including 7 patients in whom a destructive procedure was required.
A Comparison of Intraamniotic Prostaglandin and Extraamniotic Prostaglandin Gel For Midtrimester Termination of Pregnancy
Authors: Smith D. H. , Dalrymple J. C. 
Published: February 2008

Summary:A comparison between midtrimester abortion induced by the intraamniotic injection of prostaglandin F2α and abortion induced by prostaglandin F2α in Tylose gel administered extraamniotically was made in a group of 40 patients. The induction‐abortion interval in the extraamniotic group was 12.1 hours which was significantly shorter (P < 0.001) than the intraamniotic group (27.6 hours). The placenta was expelled completely more often and there were no cervical lacerations using the extraamniotic method whereas 2 patients required repair of cervical lacerations after intraamniotic prostaglandin. Extraamniotic administration of prostaglandin F2α in Tylose gel is recommended as a safe and more effective method for inducing midtrimester abortion than intraamniotic prostaglandin.
A Double‐Blind Trial of Ethinyl Oestradiol and Norethisterone Separately and Together, in Menopausal Women
Authors: Smith M. , Evans D. V. , Vella P. V. , Nordin B. E. C. 
Published: February 2008

Summary:In previous publications (Jones et al., 1977; Nordin et al., 1980) we have shown that menopausal symptoms respond well to 15 pig of ethinyl oestradiol and rather less well to 5 mg daily of norethisterone. We have not previously established whether even smaller doses of ethinyl oestradiol might be effective or whether combining this preparation with norethisterone might produce an additive effect. The present paper describes a trial designed to answer these questions.
Bowel Complications in the Management of Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Solomon H. J. , Atkinson K. H. , Coppleson J. V. M. , Elliott P. M. , Houghton C. R. S. , Tattersall M. H. N. , Green D. 
Published: February 2008

Summary:In a consecutive series of 163 patients referred with malignant ovarian tumours there were 24 (14.7%) who developed major bowel complications; 21 patients were operated upon for bowel obstruction and had a mean survival time of 8.1 months; 8 of the 24 patients are alive with cancer and 4 are alive without evidence of residual tumour. It is concluded that laparotomy is indicated when bowel complications occur in patients with ovarian carcinoma.
Prognostic Significance of Oncofetal Antigens in Patients with Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Koh S.H. , Cauchi M.N. 
Published: February 2008

Summary:The prognostic significance of elevated oncofetal antigens, namely carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alphafetoprotein (AFP), and β subunit of human chorionic gonadotrophin (β HCG) were studied in 39 patients with cancer of the ovary. At low cut‐off levels, (CEA > 2.5 μ g/1, AFP > 5 μg/1, and β HCG > 3 IU/1) the median survival was 21 months in patients with one or more positive markers compared to >43 months in patients without markers. At high cut‐off points (namely CEA >10 μg/1, AFP > 10 μg/1 and β HCG > 10 IU/1), the median survival of patients having one or more positive markers was 10 months compared to > 46 months in patients with no markers. Using linear regression and Logrank analysis, the difference between the observed and expected death rate was significant (P < 0.05 at low cut‐off levels, and < 0.01 at high cut‐off levels).These results indicate that patients who have one or more positive oncofetal markers on presentation are likely to have a significantly worse prognosis than patients without markers. Moreover, higher levels of oncofetal markers are associated with correspondingly worse prognosis.
Amniotic Fluid Pre‐AIbumin and Retinoi Binding Protein in Complicated Pregnancies
Authors: Legge Michael 
Published: February 2008

Summary:Amniotic fluid pre‐albumin and retinol binding protein levels were assayed in normal pregnancies and in those complicated by Rhesus isoimmunization, maternal diabetes mellitus, and intra‐uterine fetal growth retardation ranging from 35 to 40 weeks' gestation. Only pregnancies complicated by severe erythroblastosis demonstrated any significant change in amniotic fluid pre‐albumin levels (P < 0.001). No retinoi binding protein was detected in any of the amniotic fluid samples tested.
Partial Hydatidiform Mole: Ultrasonographic Features
Authors: Woo J. S. K. , Hsu C. , Fung L. L. Y. , Ma H. K. 
Published: February 2008

Summary:Four patients with partial hyatidiform mole managed at the Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, are described. The diagnosis of blighted ovum or missed abortion was made on the sonographic findings prior to suction evacuation. The dominant features in these cases consisted of a relatively large central transonic area bearing the appearance of an empty gestational sac and surrounded by a thick rim of low‐level placenta‐like echoes; in contrast with the case of the blighted ovum, a well‐defined echogenic sac wall is absent. In another 9 patients with molar pregnancy managed during the same period, the more typical ‘snow‐storm’ vesicular appearence was present. It was concluded that the anembryonic appearance described should alert the sonologist and clinician to the possible diagnosis of partial hydatitiform mole. The evacuated material from the uterine cavity should be examined morphologically and if possible cytogenetically.
Characteristic Fetal Heart Rate Changes in Severe Rhesus Isoimmunization
Authors: Haines Christopher J. , Read Michael D. 
Published: February 2008

Summary:A case of pregnancy complicated by severe rhesus isoimmunization is described. The finding of a sequence of fetal heart pattern changes on daily cardiotocography offers a simple method of detecting the severely compromised fetus, which appears to be related to the underlying pathological process, and is more sensitive than other tests of fetal well‐being currently used.