bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1,3,4(2H)‐isoquinolinetrione herbicides: Novel redox mediators of photosystem I
Authors: Mitchell Glynn , Clarke Eric D. , Ridley Stuart M. , Greenhow Daren T. , Gillen Kevin J. , Vohra Shaheen K. , Wardman Peter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of 1,3,4(2H)‐isoquinolinetriones have been found to be fast‐acting post‐emergence herbicides, producing symptoms of desiccation. These redox‐active compounds are very potent stimulators of the light‐dependent consumption of oxygen at photosystem I in isolated chloroplasts. Pulse radiolysis studies on 2‐ethyl‐1,3,4(2H)‐isoquinolinetrione have shown it to have free‐radical properties which could enhance the generation of superoxide radicals in plants. Electrochemical studies further support a redox mediator mode of action for the series. The compounds were found to be unstable towards hydrolysis, and this was considered to be a major factor limiting the overall herbicidal effects. Other parameters, related to uptake and/or translocation, which may limit the full expression of the herbicidal activity of certain compounds, are discussed.
Residues of methomyl in strawberries, tomatoes and cucumbers
Authors: Ahmed Mohamed Tawfic , Ismail Saad M. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn accurate and rapid high performance liquid chromatography method was developed to monitor residues of methomyl in plant extracts. The rate of disappearance of foliage‐applied methomyl from strawberries, tomatoes and cucumbers was studied. Residues reached levels of 0.55, 0.2 and 0.6 mg kg−1 seven days after methomyl had been applied to strawberries, tomatoes and cucumbers, respectively. Results also showed that rinsing treated fruits with tap water removed considerable amounts of methomyl. Samples of strawberries, tomatoes and cucumbers were collected from local markets at Ismailia, and checked for methomyl residues. Residues in 12.5% of tomato and 25% of strawberry samples were above 0.2 mg kg−1.
The toxicity of difenacoum and difethialone to the rock hyrax, Procavia capensis
Authors: Moran Shmuel , Sofer Shaul 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRock hyraxes (Procavia capensis) were individually caged and were given two second‐generation anticoagulants, difenacoum and difethialone, in fresh sliced apple bait. Mortality caused by 0.1‐0.2 g kg−1 difenacoum bait was rather low: 0/6, 1/4 and 2/4 only. As a relatively high concentration in the bait was required, the use of difenacoum in the field is not possible because of environmental considerations. Mortality caused by 0.05 g kg−1 difethialone bait was 5/6, and by 0.065 g kg−1 6/6. The potential of using difethialone in the field is uncertain because of the prolonged treatment needed.
Carbon dioxide as a potential fumigant for termite control
Authors: Delate Kathleen M. , Grace J. Kenneth , Armstrong John W. , Tome Carrie H. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFormosan subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, were exposed to ⩾ 95% or 50% carbon dioxide atmospheres for intervals of 24‐120 h at 26(±3)°C. A 24‐h exposure to ⩾ 95% carbon dioxide caused significant termite mortality, but 60 h were required for complete mortality. Exposure to 50% carbon dioxide for 60 h resulted in approximately 70% termite mortality, while complete mortality was recorded after 120 h. When termites were sealed in wooden blocks (90 × 90 × 152 mm), 72‐96 h exposure to ⩾ 95% carbon dioxide was necessary for complete control. A limited study with Cryptotermes brevis (Walker) suggested that this drywood termite is also susceptible to carbon dioxide fumigation, although slightly longer exposures may be required than with C. formosanus. Carbon dioxide‐modified atmospheres are a viable alternative to conventional fumigants for vault fumigation of termite‐infested materials, and may also be applicable to larger‐scale fumigations to control structural pests.
Metabolism of [ring‐2,6‐14]parathion in plant cell suspension cultures of carrot (Daucus carota), purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea), soybean, thorn apple (Datura stramonium) and wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Krol Doris Van Der , Schuphan Ingolf , Thiede Brigitte , Schmidt Burkhard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBy means of standardized procedures, the metabolism of [ring‐2,6‐14C]‐parathion was investigated in carrot (Daucus carota L.), purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea L.), soybean (Glycine max Merrill cv. ‚Mandarin’︁, and Glycine max Merrill cv. ‚Harosoy 63’︁ cultivated on B5 and Miller media, respectively), thorn apple (Datura stramonium L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cell suspension cultures. In the wheat and soybean (Mandarin) cells only 2.9 and 8.9%, respectively, of the applied parthion remained unmetabolized after 48 h of incubation, while 51.2, 57.9, 60.3, and 62.4% of the unchanged parent were detected in the D. purpurea, D. Stramonium, carrot and soybean (Harosoy) cultures, respectively. In all suspensions, paraoxon and 4‐nitrophenol were found as phase I metabolites, thus demonstrating that plant tissues can catalyse oxidative desulfuration and dearylation of parathion. 4‐Nitrophenol was also glycosylated with glucose and possibly galactose. Further, as yet unidentified, metabolites indicated that bio‐transformations had also occurred at the aromatic moiety. Large amounts of non‐extractable residues were detected in the wheat suspension (38.3%), while the other cultures showed a lower incorporation of 14C into insoluble cell material (0.9‐9.4%). For a prospective ecotoxicological evaluation of the metabolic fate of pesticides and xenobiotics in plants in general, the differential metabolic capacity of plant cell cultures and plants should be taken into account.
The effects of the insect growth regulator lufenuron on oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis, and german cockroach, Blattella germanica, populations in simulated domestic environments
Authors: Mosson Helen J. , Short Johanna E. , Schenkerb Rudolf , Edwardsa John P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBait (50 mg AI kg−1) and spray (10 mg AI m−2) formulations of the novel insect growth regulator (IGR) lufenuron were tested against populations of the Oriental cockroach Blatta orientalis L. and the German cockroach Blattella germanica L. that had been established in simulated domestic environments. The treated populations of B. germanica declined rapidly three to four months after the start of bait or spray treatment, and were completely eradicated after 12 months. As well as disrupting the moulting process, lufenuron affected the reproduction of B. germanica by preventing the hatch of the oothecae. In B. germanica, it appeared probable that lufenuron was transferred from female cockroaches to the oothecae while they were being carried. By contrast with B. germanica, the treated populations of B. orientalis did not show any substantial decline compared with the control, even after 18 months' exposure to lufenuron bait or spray treatments. Moreover, neither moulting nor reproduction in the populations of B. orientalis appeared to be affected by either of the lufenuron treatments. Subsequently, laboratory investigations with surface deposits of either technical or formulated lufenuron, applied at dose rates up to 50 mg AI m−2, failed to demonstrate any significant effects on the development or reproduction of B. orientalis. Laboratory tests with first‐instar nymphs of both species revealed substantial differences in sensitivity to the moult‐disrupting effects of the compound. These differences extended to the adult insects, where reproduction was markedly affected in B. germanica, but apparently unaffected in B. orientalis. Thus, both bait and spray formulations of lufenuron have been shown to provide rapid and effective control of German cockroach populations in simulated domestic environments. However, the same treatments were much less effective against similar populations of the Oriental cockroach. These results are discussed in terms of the potential effectiveness of lufenuron as a cockroach control agent, and in relation to the substantial differences in susceptibility to the inhibitory effects of this compound on reproduction that were apparent between Blatta orientalis and Blattella germanica.
Influence of soil moisture on short‐term adsorption of diuron and isoproturon by soil
Authors: Gaillardon Paul , Dur Jeanne C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe adsorption of diuron and isoproturon by a clay loam soil at 35% (3‐16 kPa) and 62% (1 kPa) soil moisture content was studied by means of glass microfibre filters capable of sampling soil solution for herbicide analysis. Adsorption was rapid, with 40–80% of the final (24 h) sorption being achieved within 2 min. These equilibria were achieved more rapidly for diuron, which was also the more highly adsorbed. Adsorption of both herbicides was favoured by low soil moisture initially, but was enhanced by higher soil moistures at sorption times greater than 30 min. However, increasing the soil moisture from 31% (10 kPa) to 62% (1 kPa) had little effect on the final soil sorption capacity. Regarding the water status in the soil, it is thought that adsorption took place in small pores (<3 μm). Herbicides diffused rapidly into small pores and adsorption by wet soil was delayed for a short period of time (about 30 min).
Effect of fungal metabolites and some derivatives against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Nezara viridula (L.)
Authors: Balcells Mercè , Canela Ramon , Coll Josep , Sanchís Vicent , Torres Mercè 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo fungal metabolites, aspyrone (3‐(1,2‐epoxypropyl)‐5‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐5,6‐dihydropyran‐2‐one) and asperlactone (3‐(1,2‐epoxypropyl)‐5‐(1‐hydroxyethyl)‐5‐furan‐2‐one) were isolated from an Aspergillus ochraceus Wilhelm strain showing IGR activity against Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Synthetic derivatives of aspyrone were produced using published methods. These derivatives together with aspyrone and asperlactone were tested for insect growth‐regulating activity against T. castaneum, and for ovicidal activity against Nezara viridula L. Of the compounds tested asperlactone appeared to be the most active.
Cross‐resistance between benzoylureas and benzoylhydrazines in the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L
Authors: Sauphanor Benoǐt , Bouvier Jean C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFailure in the control of the codling moth. Cydia pomonella L., with diflubenzuron was observed for three years in several locations of southern France. A laboratory procedure was set up to screen field populations for resistance to insecticides which regulate or inhibit insect development. Last‐instar larvae were captured with corrugated cardboard traps, and the tests were conducted on the F1 progeny. Newly hatched larvae were deposited in individual cups on thin layers of artificial diet, first treated with the pesticide by the way of a spray tower. They were then placed in a controlled environment chamber at 25(± 1)°C. Mortality was recorded after the first moulting, i.e. five days after infestation. These tests revealed a 370‐fold resistance to diflubenzuron in one population of C. pomonella. Cross‐resistance was observed with the two other benzoylureas registered in France against this species: teflubenzuron seven‐fold resistance) and triflumuron (102‐fold resistance). The two populations observed also presented cross‐resistance (26‐fold) with the ecdysone analogue tebufenozide (benzoylhydrazine), to which they had not previously been exposed. This is the first record of naturally occurring resistance to this new compound. Ovicidal tests on F3 progeny also indicated possible cross‐resistance with the juvenile hormone analogue, fenoxycarb, for one strain. The resistance to these different insecticides appears to be codominant. It also proved possible to detect resistance by testing the F1 progeny of males captured with non‐adhesive sex phero‐mone traps, paired with females of a laboratory susceptible strain.
Studien über Stärkesirup und seine Verwendung
Authors: Haupt Hugo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDie „Studien über Stärkesirup und seine Verwendung”︁ sind im Jahre 1928 erstmals in der Deutschen Nahrungsmittel‐Rundschau veröffentlicht und noch in jüngster Zeit auch ins Holländische und Englische über‐tragen worden. Mit dem im wesentlichen wörtlichen Nachdruck des Originalmanuskriptes verfolgen wir mit gütiger Zustimmung des Verfassers einmal eine grundsätzliche Absicht, nämlich die ältere, heute meist nur unter Schwierigkeiten oder oft gar nicht mehr erreichbare Fachliteratur von Rang in dieser Zeitschrift zu sammeln und wieder zugänglich zu machen.Darüber hinaus aber wollen wir hier die Frage der Beimischungsbegrenzung und der Kennzeichnung zur Diskussion stellen, weil im Hinblick auf die Entwicklung in der Praxis, in der sich der besondere Wert des Stärkesirups inzwischen überall durchgesetzt hat, die geltenden lebensmittelrechtlichen Bestimmungen einer Überprüfung und der Anpassung an die tatsächlichen Verhältnisse bedürfen. Nach den Vorschriften des Lebensmittelgesetzes ist die Beimischung von Stärkesirup bei Marmeladen auf höchstens 12% begrenzt und bei Einfrucht nur bis 5% bei Mehrfrucht bis zur Höchstgrenze von 12% kennzeichnungsfrei. Ob nun ‐ wie es noch der Wunsch der Anreger dieser 1927 durchgeführten Untersuchungen gewesen war ‐ der Deklarationszwang für Stärkesirup als Benachteiligung gegenüber dem Rübenzucker beseitigt werden sollte, wie es etwa in England der Fall ist, oder aber ob nicht der Hinweis auf den Beimischungsanteil des Stärkesirups eher als eine werbewirksame Hervorhebung des besonderen Wertes des Produktes angesehen werden könnte, wie es etwa amerikanischer Auffassung entspricht, das ist sowohl eine Frage der Qualität des jeweiligen Erzeugnisses als auch eine Frage der Werbung. In‐sofern sind die nachstehenden Studien von einem der gründlichsten Kenner der Materie auch heute noch aktuell und geeignet, zur Klärung der lebensmittelrechtlichen Seite des Problems beizutragen. Die Schriftleitung.
Internationale Normung von Begriffen und Definitionen auf dem Stärkegebiet 5. Mitteilung
Authors: Graefe G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInternational Standardization of Terms and Definitions Associated with Starch. Part 5. As a result of the fifth meeting of the “Terminology” group (SC 1/GT 1) of Technical Committee 93 (TC 93) of the International Standardization Organization (ISO) held in Berlin on February 19 and 20, 1974, a list was compiled giving definitions in English and French for another 40 terms. The French version (a), the English version (b) and an unofficial German version (c), supplemented by alphabetic indices, are presented for discussion.A total of 127 terms and definitions of the international vocabulary, approved by 20 countries, have up to now been published in International Standard 1227 of February 15, 1973 and its first supplement of March 15, 1974.
Systematic hybrid LOH: a new method to reduce false positives and negatives during screening of yeast gene deletion libraries
Authors: Alvaro David , Sunjevaric Ivana , Reid Robert J. D. , Lisby Michael , Stillman David J. , Rothstein Rodney 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe have developed a new method, systematic hybrid loss of heterozygosity, to facilitate genomic screens utilizing the yeast gene deletion library. Screening is performed using hybrid diploid strains produced through mating the library haploids with strains from a different genetic background, to minimize the contribution of unpredicted recessive genetic factors present in the individual library strains. We utilize a set of strains where each contains a conditional centromere construct on one of the 16 yeast chromosomes that allows the destabilization and selectable loss of that chromosome. After mating a library gene deletion haploid to such a conditional centromere strain, which corresponds to the chromosome carrying the gene deletion, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the gene deletion locus can be generated in these otherwise hybrid diploids. The use of hybrid diploid strains permits complementation of any spurious recessive mutations in the library strain, facilitating attribution of the observed phenotype to the documented gene deletion and dramatically reducing false positive results commonly obtained in library screens. The systematic hybrid LOH method can be applied to virtually any screen utilizing the yeast non‐essential gene deletion library and is particularly useful for screens requiring the introduction of a genetic assay into the library strains. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Analysis of Infection after Polypropylene Mesh Repair of Abdominal Wall Hernia
Authors: Jezupors Arnolds , Mihelsons Māris 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAimThe aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of superficial and prosthetic mesh infection following polypropylene mesh repair of different abdominal wall hernia in individual patients and to analyze the manifestation, clinical process and outcomes in patients with prosthetic mesh infection.MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of 375 patients with 423 implanted meshes for groin, femoral, umbilical, incisional and epigastric hernias, with a mean follow‐up of 15 months (range: 3–73 months).ResultsThe total superficial infection rate was 1.65% percnt;, and the rate of mesh infection was 0.94% percnt;. There were no statistically significant differences in prosthetic mesh infection between monofilament and multifilament meshes as well as between the different repair groups of hernias. The deep incisional surgical site infection after previous operation was established as a significant risk factor for prosthetic mesh infection in incisional hernia repair (P < 0.0001). Five cases of prosthetic mesh infection were presented and analyzed.ConclusionsThere is no correlation between the superficial and prosthetic mesh infection. There may be difficulties in determining mesh infection and to choose the right tactic. The reconvalescence in all patients with mesh infection was achieved only after removal of the infected mesh.
Recurrent upper airway infections and bacterial biofilms
Authors: Galli J , Ardito F , Calò L , Mancinelli L , Imperiali M , Parrilla C , Picciotti P M , Fadda G 
Published: November 2006

Background: Bacterial biofilms identified in various medical devices used in otorhinolaryngology, including tympanostomy tubes, voice prostheses, and cochlear implants, can directly colonise mucosal tissues. The upper airways seem to be at high risk for this type of colonisation. Chronic and/or recurrent upper airway infections may be related to the complex structural and biochemical (quorum sensing) organisation of the biofilm which interferes with the activity of antibiotics (including those with proven in vitro efficacy), thus promoting the establishment of a chronic infection eradicable only by surgical treatment. Biofilm formation plays a role in upper respiratory infections: it not only explains the resistance of these infections to antibiotic therapy but it also represents an important element that contributes to the maintenance of a chronic inflammatory reaction.Objectives: To document the presence of biofilms in surgical tissue specimens from patients with recurrent infection diseases, and identify their possible role in the chronicity of these infectious processes.Method: We examined 32 surgical specimens from the upper respiratory tract (tonsils, adenoids, mucosa from the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses) of 28 patients (20 adults, eight children) with upper airway infections that had persisted despite repeated treatment with anti-inflammatory agents and antibiotics with demonstrated in vitro efficacy. Tissues were cultured using conventional methods and subjected to scanning electron microscopy for detection of biofilm formation.Results: Over 80 per cent (26/32; 81.3 per cent) of the tissue specimens were culture-positive. Bacterial biofilms (associated in most cases with coccoid bacteria) were observed in 65.6 per cent of the tissue samples.
The ALIAS (ALbumin In Acute Stroke) Phase III randomized multicentre clinical trial: design and progress report
Authors: Ginsberg M.D. , Palesch Y.Y. , Hill M.D. ,   for the ALIAS Trialists
Published: November 2006

High-dose human ALB (albumin) therapy is highly neuroprotective in animal models of ischaemic stroke. A recently completed 82-subject pilot-phase dose-escalation trial has shown that ALB is safe, with strong preliminary suggestions of possible efficacy. We are now proceeding to a large randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled multicentre trial funded by the NIH (National Institutes of Health), the ALIAS (Albumin In Acute Stroke) Phase III Trial, which is designed to ascertain definitively whether high-dose ALB therapy confers neuroprotection in subjects with acute ischaemic stroke treated within 5 h of stroke onset. The primary efficacy outcome measure is a favourable outcome, defined as an NIHSS (NIH Stroke Scale) score of 0–1 or a modified Rankin Scale score of 0–1 at 3 months post-randomization. Separate randomization (1:1) to ALB or placebo therapy will be carried out in two cohorts of 900 subjects each, one that receives standard-of-care thrombolytic therapy and the other that does not. Approx. 60 North American clinical sites will participate. Subject enrolment is expected to commence in July 2006.
Special Topics Issue of Microcirculation: Ion Channels and Pulmonary Vascular Function
Authors: TOWNSLEY MARY I. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTUnique features of the pulmonary circulation impact its function in health and disease, not the least of which is the existence of developmentally distinct, functionally heterogeneous extra‐alveolar and septal capillary networks. The impact of ion channel expression and regulation in lung vascular smooth muscle or endothelium in these vascular compartments provides a focus for this special topics issue. Reviews and original contributions from experts in the field discuss two broad groups of ion channels, drawing on studies utilizing biophysical and molecular approaches in heterologous expression systems, in vitro approaches in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, and physiologic studies in animal models of chronic pulmonary hypertension. First, channels involved in membrane depolarization and related alterations in vascular tone, and shear sensing or exocytosis by endothelium are discussed: voltage‐gated potassium channels, ATP‐regulated potassium channels and L‐ and T‐ type voltage‐gated calcium channels. The second series of reviews discusses the role of calcium influx pathways provided by transient receptor potential channels in regulation of pulmonary vascular tone or vascular remodeling, and endothelial barrier function. Understanding the role of ion channels in pulmonary vascular pathophysiology may be critical to development of new therapeutic strategies.