bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Venezuelan equine encephalitis‐specific immunoglobulin responses: Live attenuated TC‐83 versus inactivated C‐84 vaccine
Authors: Engler R. J. M. , Mangiafico J. A. , Jahrling P. , Ksiazek T. G. , Pedrotti‐Krueger M. , Peters C. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractVenezuelan equine encephalitis (VEEI‐specific immunoglobulin responses to the two vaccines, TC‐83 (a live attenuated vaccine) and C‐84 (a formalin inactivated vaccine derived from the TC‐83 strain of virus) were evaluated using an antigen and isotype‐specific enzyme‐linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA). The VEE‐specific ELISA for IgG, IgG subclasses, IgA and IgM were developed and standardized using sera from vaccine‐ exposed and unexposed human subjects. Paired human sera (before and 28 days after immunization) were tested from laboratory workers vaccinated with either TC‐83 (Group A: 20 paired sera from subjects receiving a single TC‐83 vaccine and with no prior history of vaccination) or C‐84 in varying schedules (Group B: 19 paired sera from subjects who had a distant vaccination history to TC‐83 but no evidence of neutralizing antibody; Group C: 19 paired sera from subjects receiving their first C‐84 vaccination and no prior documented history of vaccination; Group D: 15 paired sera from subjects receiving a C‐84 booster vaccination with prior history of C‐84 but no TC‐83 exposure). Sera were all tested for viral neutralization in vitro using a Vero cell monolayer for culturing virus and establishing 80% plaque reduction for each serum tested.All pre‐sera tested demonstrated no plaque reduction neutralization at a level of 80% for a dilution of 1 :10. ELSA antibody titers for all pre‐sera with no prior VEE exposure through vaccination or possible environmental factors were negative at a titer of 1 :160 for IgM, 1 :80 for IgG, IgA, and G subclasses. All vaccine types and strategies generated a significant IgG response postvaccination (P < 0.0001) and this response correlated with the 80% plaque reduction neutralization titer (PRN‐80) for VEE‐specific IgG, GI, G3 and IgA at a P value of < 0.001 for both Group A and B. No such correlation was observed for G2 and no G4 responses to immunization were noted in any of the groups tested. There was a significant difference between geometric mean (GM) titers postvaccination for Group A or Group B versus Group C (P< 0.001) and for Group C versus Group D (P < 0.001) for IgG. Neither group C or D (1 or 2 doses of C‐84 alone) demonstrated an IgA response in contrast to the TC‐83 exposed groups (Groups A and B). C‐84 was an effective booster vaccine in subjects previously exposed to the live attenuated vaccine and generated a significant neutralization antibody response mirrored in the IgG, G1, G3 and IgA titer increases by ELISA. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment with recombinant α‐interferon of chronic hepatitis C in anti‐HIV‐positive patients
Authors: Marriott Eduardo , Navas Sonia , Romero Jorge Del , Garcia Soledad , Castillo Inmaculada , Quiroga Juan Antonio , Carreño Vicente 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA pilot study of chronic hepatitis C treatment was conducted in 14 patients (13 had chronic active hepatitis and 1 had liver cirrhosis). All patients were asymptomatic for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (mean CD4 count of 584 ± 283 cells/mm3). Patients received 9 MU rlFN‐α2A per day for three months. After this, patients received 9 MU three times weekly for three months, 6 MU for another three months on the same protocol, and finally 3 MU again three times weekly for the last three months. After the first month of ALT treatment in 9 patients (64%) returned to normal; a significant decrease in ALT levels was observed with respect to the pretreatment values (mean of 42 lU/l, range 15–75 vs 152 IUI, range 69–355; P < 0.01). Of the 9 patients who completed the treatment period, 5 had a complete response, and 4 of these 5 continued with normal ALT values during follow‐up (sustained response) while the other patient relapsed within one month after cessation of therapy. The remaining 4 patients were non‐responders (including one case with a break‐through of the response). HCV‐RNA was not detectable in 3 of the 5 responders at the end of therapy while during follow‐up viral RNA became undetectable in the other 2 patients. 2/4 non‐responder patients had detectable HCV‐RNA during follow‐up. Liver histology improved in all the patients. No changes were observed in the immunological status or HIV infection. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypervariable 5′‐terminus of hepatitis C virus E2/NS1 encodes antigenically distinct variants
Authors: Lesniewski Richard R. , Boardway Keith M. , Casey James M. , Desai Suresh M. , Devare Sushil G. , Leung Tat K. , Mushahwar Isa K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSynthetic peptides representing sequences encoded at the 5′‐terminus of E2/NS1 in hepatitis C virus (HCV) were constructed. Peptides synthesized based on the sequences of four distinct HCV isolates were used to develop enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) for detection of antibodies in chronic HCV patients and in HCV‐infected plasma donors. HCV sequence‐specific antibodies were detected among patients with chronic HCV from the United States and Italy at frequencies of 22.2% and 55.8%, respectively. Similarly, sequence‐specific antibodies were detected in 54.6% of U.S. and 55.6% of Japanese commercial plasma donors who had previous evidence of HCV exposure. Our data support earlier findings of geographic variability among HCV variants. The region encoded by amino acids (aa) 380–436 was shown to contain at least one variant‐specific and one conserved epitope. The data further indicate that a majority of patients chronically infected with HCV (58.1% U.S., 68.8% Italy) have antibodies directed to the 5′‐terminus of the E2/NS1 gene product. We conclude that genotypic variability within the E2/NS1 gene of HCV results in antigenically distinct variants. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of low level of human papilloma virus type 16 DNA sequences in cancer cell lines derived from two well‐differentiated nasopharyngeal cancers
Authors: Huang Eng‐Shang , Gutsch David , Tzung Keh‐Weei , Lin Chin‐Tarng 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHuman papilloma virus type 16 (HPV16) related sequences were detected in two EBV‐negative nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell lines derived from two well‐differentiated NPC by polymerase chain reaction. E2 and E6 related sequences of HPV16 were demonstrated using two pairs of primers derived from these two regions. DNA sequence analysis of amplified products excluded the possibility of laboratory viral DNA contamination. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The E2 region of HPV 16 in relation to different types of cervical lesions
Authors: Krajinovic Maja , Lazic Jelena , Stanimirovic Branko , Diklic Vukosava , Savic Ana 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe presence of the E2 region of HPV 16 was determined by the polymerase chain reaction in biopsy samples with different histopathological diagnoses. The absence of the E2 gene was observed in 17 of 30 cases examined. The E2 deletions were not confined exclusively to invasive carcinomas or to integrated viral forms. In the majority of cases, the course of cervical lesions was consistent with the state of the E2 gene.
Two successive outbreaks of SRSV‐associated gastroenteritis in South Africa
Authors: Taylor Maureen B. , Schildhauer Carmen I. , Parker Simon , Grabow Wilhelm O. K. , Jiang Xi , Estes Mary K. , Cubitt W. David 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo successive outbreaks of gastroenteritis in South Africa were investigated to identify the aetiological agents. Some patients were involved in both outbreaks. Enteropathogenic bacteria or parasites were not evident in either outbreak. Small round structured viruses (SRSVs) were demonstrated in both outbreaks by direct electron microscopy. SRSV UK3/Hawaii virus was identified by immune electron microscopy as the causative agent in the first outbreak. Using new recombinant Norwalk virus (rNV) immunoassays for antibodies and antigen, Norwalk virus was implicated in the second outbreak. Preexisting antibodies to Norwalk virus were not protective and there was no cross protection between Hawaii and Norwalk viruses. There was no anamnestic response to Norwalk virus following the SRSV UK3/Hawaii outbreak although those affected had preexisting antibodies to Norwalk virus. To our knowledge, this is the first definitive diagnosis of SRSV‐associated gastroenteritis in South Africa.
Immunoglobulin M antibody response to measles virus following primary and secondary vaccination and natural virus infection
Authors: Erdman Dean D. , Heath Janet L. , Watson John C. , Markowitz Lauri E. , Bellini William J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe use of IgM antibody detection for the classification of the primary and secondary measles antibody response in persons following primary and secondary vaccination and natural measles virus infection was examined. Of 32 nonimmune children receiving primary measles vaccination, 31 (97%) developed IgM antibodies, consistent with a primary antibody response. Of 21 previously vaccinated children with low levels of preexisting IgG antibodies who responded to revaccination, none developed detectable IgM antibodies, whereas 33 of 35 (94%) with no detectable preexisting IgG antibodies developed an IgM response. Of a sample of 57 measles cases with a prior history of vaccination, 55 (96%) had detectable IgM antibodies. Of these, 30 (55%) were classified as having a primary antibody response and 25 (45%) a secondary antibody response based on differences in their ratios of IgM to IgG antibodies. Differences in the severity of clinical symptoms between these 2 groups were consistent with this classification scheme. These findings suggest that 1) an IgM response follows primary measles vaccination in the immunologically naive, 2) an IgM response is absent on revaccination of those previously immunized, and 3) an IgM response may follow clinical measles virus infection independent of prior immunization status.
Long‐term carriage of hepatitis C virus with normal aminotransferase after interferon treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Kakumu Shinichi , Yoshika Kentaro , Tanaka Kazuma , Higashi Yasuyuki , Kurokawa Susumu , Hirofuji Hideo , Kusakabe Atsuhiko 
Published: March 2007

AbstractStudies were undertaken to investigate whether interferon therapy could induce hepatitis C virus (HCV) carriage with normal serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) values using an assay that combined reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. The subjects studied were 53 patients with chronic active hepatitis C who received interferon (α, 33 cases; β, 20 cases) therapy. All were seropositive for HCV RNA prior to therapy. In all 22 complete responders, whose ALT levels fell to normal during therapy and for at least 24 weeks after therapy, HCV RNA became persistently negative except in two cases. The two had sustained viremia on treatment and for 1.0‐1.5 years of follow‐up, although their biochemical tests were normal. In 15 patients with a transient response in whom the disease recurred when interferon was stopped, HCV RNA was undetectable in 80% of the cases at the end of therapy, but the virus reappeared with subsequent elevation of ALT in all patients. However, 3 patients in this group had normal enzyme levels with viremia for 2.1‐2.8 years of follow‐up after acute deterioration of illness. In 16 patients who did not respond to interferon, HCV RNA was persistently positive during and after therapy. These findings suggest that interferon therapy induces a long‐term carrier state of HCV infection with normal ALT levels in some patients.
Attenuation of a reactivated cardiovirulent coxsackievirus B3: The 5′‐nontranslated region does not contain major attenuation determinants
Authors: Zhang Hong Yi , Yousef Galal E. , Cunningham Louise , Blake Neil W. , Yang Xiaomei Ou , Bayston Trevor A. , Kandolf Reinhard , Archard Leonard C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo investigate the molecular basis of pathogenicity of Coxsackieviruses, a virus was reactivated by transfection from a full‐length cDNA clone derived from cardiovirulent Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). The reactivated virus, rCVB3, was passaged serially in human dermatofibroblasts (HDF). No cytopathic effect was observed up to 12 days after inoculation with rCVB3 or earlypassage virus, although disintegration of the monolayers was observed with late‐passage virus (10th to 14th passages). Approximately 10% of HDF inoculated with rCVB3 were positive for viral antigens by immunofluorescence using enterovirus‐ or CVB3‐specific monoclonal antibodies. These observations, together with the low infectivity titre of rCVB3 in HDF, suggest that HDF initially support only carrier state infection. After the 14th passage, the cardiovirulence of passaged virus (p14V) in mice was attenuated by a factor of >104. Phenotypic changes of plaque size were also noticed in p14V: An attenuated variant (p14V‐1) that produced larger plaques than rCVB3 in Vero cells has been plaque purified. The 5′‐terminus of the genome of attenuant p14V‐1 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its sequence determined. Only one point mutation was found within the 5′‐nontranslated region (5′NTR) at position 690 (A to U) compared to the viral RNA sequence obtained for rCVB3. An intertypic chimeric virus was reactivated from a cDNA clone after replacing the 5′‐terminal 891 nucleotides of the wild‐type genome with the corresponding region of the attenuant p14V‐1. This chimeric virus, CB3/p14V1/1, produced wild‐type plaques in Vero cells and showed cardiovirulence similar to that of rCVB3 in mice. It is concluded that, unlike polioviruses, the 5′NTR of p14V‐1 does not contain major determinants of attenuation.
Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV) in HIV‐1‐infected patients (nice seroco cohort)
Authors: Quaranta J. F. , Delaney S. R. , Alleman S. , Cassuto J. P. , Dellamonica P. , Allain J. P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a cohort of 272 HIV‐infected patients was assessed by means of 4 anti‐HCV assays: a 1st generation and a neutralization test, a 2nd generation test, and a confirmatory test, the dot‐blot Matrix HCV™ immunoassay. The cohort included, as a single risk factor, 35.7% intravenous drug users (IVDUs), 25% homosexual men, 30.1% heterosexual individuals, 5.9% transfused patients, 0.7% occupational infections, and 2.6% patients with unknown infection source, and was studied on entry and in samples collected for up to 36 months. Results showed that on entry (i) sera of 83 out of 272 members of the cohort were positive by the HCV 1st generation EIA (30.5%); 70 were confirmed by the neutralization test (84.3%); (ii) 115 of the cohort were reactive with the 2nd generation HCV EIA (41.3%); (iii) with the dot‐blot immunoassay 99 (86.1%) of the cohort were confirmed and 16 remained indeterminate. The overall confirmed HCV antibody‐positive rate in these 272 patients was 36.4%. Antibody to HCV was detected in 78.3% of IVDUs, 18.3% of heterosexual individuals, 31.2% of transfused patients, and only 2.9% of homosexual men. The 36‐month follow‐up of this cohort revealed that 4/145 patients became anti‐HCV positive by second generation assay. Hepatitis B markers were frequently associated with HCV in IVDUs (71.1%) but infrequently in heterosexual (8.5%) or homosexual (1.5%) individuals. Our results suggest that HCV 2nd generation EIA used in combination with the semiautomated dot‐blot assay as a confirmatory test improves the specificity and sensitivity for HCV antibody detection. Homosexual males are at low risk of HCV infection among HIV risk groups. © 1994 Wiiey‐Liss, Inc.
Antibody response to a synthetic peptide derived from the human papillomavirus type 6/11 L2 protein in recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: Correlation between southern blot hybridization, polymerase chain reaction, and serology
Authors: Tachezy Ruth , Hamsikova Eva , Valvoda Jaroslav , Van Ranst Marc , Betka Jan , Burk Robert D. , Vonka Vladimir 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRecurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is the most common benign tumour of the larynx, affecting both children and adults. We present a series of 25 patients, including 10 cases of juvenile multiple, 8 cases of adult solitary, and 7 cases of adult multiple RRP. Biopsy tissue from each patient was screened by Southern blot hybridization and polymerase chain reaction for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA. Sera from patients and age‐ and sex‐matched controls were tested for the presence of HPV‐specific antibodies using a synthetic pep‐tide derived from the minor capsid protein (L2) of HPV 6/11. By Southern blot hybridization and/or polymerase chain reaction, biopsies from all patients were positive for HPV 6/11 DNA. There was no difference in antibody response between cases and controls. Female cases and controls had significantly higher antibody titers than male subjects. A correlation was observed between the HPV‐specific antibody level and the number of surgery‐necessitating recurrences. © 1994 Wiiey‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis C virus‐RNAs in plasma and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of hemophiliacs with chronic hepatitis C: Evidence for viral replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: Willems M. , Peerlinck K. , Moshage H. , Deleu I. , Van Den Eynde C. , Vermylen J. , Yap S. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHemophiliacs who have been exposed to unbeaten and/or dry heated pooled clotting factor concentrates are at high risk of chronic hepatitis C. Although the mechanism and site of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication are not yet known, HCV is thought to replicate through a complementary negative RNA strand, as has been shown for fla‐viviruses. The detection of negative RNA strands has therefore been regarded as a marker of replication. We investigated the prevalence of HCV‐RNA and of negative HCV‐RNA strands in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and plasma of hemophiliacs.Forty‐three of 47 patients studied (91%) had anti‐HCV antibodies and in 36 patients HCV‐RNA was detectable in PBMC. In one group of 20 patients negative HCV‐RNA strands were present in PBMC and 10 of these patients also had negative HCV‐RNA strands in plasma. In another group of nine patients HCV‐RNA was detected in PBMC, although cDNA synthesis was carried out in the absence of primers. Only in two of these nine patients negative and positive HCV‐RNA strands were demonstrated specifically in PBMC using a modified reverse transcription step.If the presence of negative HCV‐RNA strands can be considered as marker of viral replication, the findings indicate that HCV can replicate in PBMC. Furthermore, in certain patients it is impossible to use the currently available technique to detect selectively positive or negative HCV‐RNA Strands. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complete nucleotide sequence of a beta‐cell tropic variant of coxsackievirus B4
Authors: Titchener P. A. , Jenkins O. , Szopa T. M. , Taylor K. W. , Almond J. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA mouse pancreas‐adapted variant of coxsackievirus B4 (P‐CB4) has been shown to replicate in, and cause an excessive release of insulin from, pancreatic beta cells cultured in vitro. The prototype CB4 strain (JVB Benschoten), from which the adapted variant was derived, although able to replicate in cultured islets does not cause a similar release of insulin from the beta cells. The pancreas‐adapted virus has also been shown to cause host cell protein synthesis shut‐off in beta cells and to inhibit (pro)insulin biosynthesis. These metabolic changes occur in the absence of cytolytic damage [Szopa et al.: Bioscience Reports 5:63‐69, 1985 and Cell Biochemistry and Function 4:181‐187, 1986].To investigate the genetic basis for this beta cell tropism, the complete nucleotide sequence of P‐CB4 has been determined and compared to that of the previously published sequence of the prototype CB4 strain (JVB Benschoten) [Jenkins et al.: Journal of General Virology 68:1835‐1848, 1987]. Twenty‐five nucleotide sequence differences were observed. Of these, six occur in the 5′ noncoding region of the genome and 19 in the coding region (resulting in seven amino acid changes). The possible significance of these changes in relation to the beta cell tropism of the pancreas‐adapted virus is discussed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomic characterization of rotavirus strains obtained from hospitalized children with diarrhoea in Bangladesh
Authors: Tabassum Shahina , Shears P. , Hart C. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFaecal samples were obtained from 111 children hospitalized with acute watery gastroenteritis in a children's hospital in Bangladesh from January to December, 1989. Rotavirus was detected as the aetiologic agent in 35 (32%) of these patients. The electrophoretic pattern of ds‐RNA extracted from the rotaviruses showed 11 different migration patterns (six short and five long), as well as some short and long mixed profiles. All four major G serotypes were identified by amplification of a segment of the gene for VP7 using the polymerase chain reaction. A specific serotype could be assigned in 32 (91%) cases. Serotypes G1‐G4 accounted for 11%, 37%, 11%, and 23% of isolates respectively. Three (9%) mixed serotypes were identified by this method and were found to be mixtures of serotypes G1 and G4, G2 and G4, and G3 and G4. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tumor necrosis factor, interleukin‐2, and interferon‐gamma in adult varicella
Authors: Wallace Mark R. , Woelfl Ingrid , Bowler William A. , Olson Patrick E. , Murray Nancy B. , Brodine Stephanie K. , Oldfield Edward C. , Arvin Ann M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAdult varicella can be a severe illness complicated by pneumonia, encephalitis, or prolonged fever. This study measured levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐alpha, interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), and interferon gamma (IFN‐G) in a consecutive group of 31 adult varicella patients presenting within 24 hours of rash onset. All cytokines were assayed using an ELISA technique. TNF‐alpha was detectable in 71% of patients with a mean level of 52 pg/ml. IL‐2 was detectable in 29% with a mean level of 1040 pg/ml. IFN‐gamma was detectable in only 9%. There was no correlation between TNF, IL‐2, or IFN‐G level and clinical severity as determined by duration and severity of cutaneous findings, duration of fever, frequency of hepatitis, or thrombocytopenia. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutation specific PCR and direct solid phase sequencing assay for the detection of hepatitis B virus Pre‐C/C mutants in anti‐HBe‐positive, chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Goergen Bernd , zum Büschenfelde Karl‐Herrmann Meyer , Gerken Guido 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSequence analysis of the HBV DNA from patients with anti‐HBe+, chronic hepatitis B revealed that the lack of HBeAg is mostly due to a single G→A transition at nucleotide position 1896, resulting in a translational stop codon. A point mutation‐specific polymerase chain reaction (msPCR) for the detection of this genetic variant was established. Two serologically defined groups of patients with symptomatic chronic hepatitis B (HBeAg+ n = 14, anti‐HBe+ n = 11) were included in this study. Viral DNA from 43 sera (26 eAg+/17 anti‐HBe+) was amplified twice, using two different sets of PCR primers. Each set contained the same — strand primer, but the + strand primers differed at their 3′‐end, thus being complementary only to the wild‐type or to the mutant DNA. Unspecific amplification was ruled out by choosing high annealing temperatures (66°C) and cloned HBV‐DNA as specificity controls. Furthermore, the results were compared to our findings obtained with direct solid‐phase sequencing of the amplified viral DNA. Using msPCR, we found the mutation in four of 26 of the eAg+ sera and in 17 of 17 of our anti‐HBe+ samples. Mixed virus populations were identified in 13 of 21 cases. Compared to the sequencing results, msPCR is more sensitive and less time consuming for the detection of the stop codon and thus is suitable as a rapid and specific screening method. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.