bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Maize (E)-β-Caryophyllene Synthase Implicated in Indirect Defense Responses against Herbivores Is Not Expressed in Most American Maize Varieties
Authors: Köllner Tobias G. , Held Matthias , Lenk Claudia , Hiltpold Ivan , Turlings Ted C.J. , Gershenzon Jonathan , Degenhardt Jörg 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe sesquiterpene (E)-β-caryophyllene is emitted by maize (Zea mays) leaves in response to attack by lepidopteran larvae like Spodoptera littoralis and released from roots after damage by larvae of the coleopteran Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. We identified a maize terpene synthase, Terpene Synthase 23 (TPS23), that produces (E)-β-caryophyllene from farnesyl diphosphate. The expression of TPS23 is controlled at the transcript level and induced independently by D. v. virgifera damage in roots and S. littoralis damage in leaves. We demonstrate that (E)-β-caryophyllene can attract natural enemies of both herbivores: entomopathogenic nematodes below ground and parasitic wasps, after an initial learning experience, above ground. The biochemical properties of TPS23 are similar to those of (E)-β-caryophyllene synthases from dicotyledons but are the result of repeated evolution. The sequence of TPS23 is maintained by positive selection in maize and its closest wild relatives, teosinte (Zea sp) species. The gene encoding TPS23 is active in teosinte species and European maize lines, but decreased transcription in most North American lines resulted in the loss of (E)-β-caryophyllene production. We argue that the (E)-β-caryophyllene defense signal was lost during breeding of the North American lines and that its restoration might help to increase the resistance of these lines against agronomically important pests.
Identification of a Novel Adenine Nucleotide Transporter in the Endoplasmic Reticulum of Arabidopsis
Authors: Leroch Michaela , Neuhaus H. Ekkehard , Kirchberger Simon , Zimmermann Sandra , Melzer Michael , Gerhold Joachim , Tjaden Joachim 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Many metabolic reactions in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) require high levels of energy in the form of ATP, which is important for cell viability. Here, we report on an adenine nucleotide transporter residing in the ER membranes of Arabidopsis thaliana (ER-ANT1). Functional integration of ER-ANT1 in the cytoplasmic membrane of intact Escherichia coli cells reveals a high specificity for an ATP/ADP antiport. Immunodetection in transgenic ER-ANT1-C-MYC-tag Arabidopsis plants and immunogold labeling of wild-type pollen grain tissue using a peptide-specific antiserum reveal the localization of this carrier in ER membranes. Transgenic ER-ANT1-promoter-β-glucuronidase Arabidopsis lines show high expression in ER-active tissues (i.e., pollen, seeds, root tips, apical meristems, or vascular bundles). Two independent ER-ANT1 Arabidopsis knockout lines indicate a high physiological relevance of ER-ANT1 for ATP transport into the plant ER (e.g., disruption of ER-ANT1 results in a drastic retardation of plant growth and impaired root and seed development). In these ER-ANT1 knockout lines, the expression levels of several genes encoding ER proteins that are dependent on a sufficient ATP supply (i.e., BiP [for luminal binding protein] chaperones, calreticulin chaperones, Ca2+-dependent protein kinase, and SEC61) are substantially decreased.
Maize Genome Structure Variation: Interplay between Retrotransposon Polymorphisms and Genic Recombination
Authors: Dooner Hugo K. , He Limei 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAlthough maize (Zea mays) retrotransposons are recombinationally inert, the highly polymorphic structure of maize haplotypes raises questions regarding the local effect of intergenic retrotransposons on recombination. To examine this effect, we compared recombination in the same genetic interval with and without a large retrotransposon cluster. We used three different bz1 locus haplotypes, McC, B73, and W22, in the same genetic background. We analyzed recombination between the bz1 and stc1 markers in heterozygotes that differ by the presence and absence of a 26-kb intergenic retrotransposon cluster. To facilitate the genetic screen, we used Ds and Ac markers that allowed us to identify recombinants by their seed pigmentation. We sequenced 239 recombination junctions and assigned them to a single nucleotide polymorphism–delimited interval in the region. The genetic distance between the markers was twofold smaller in the presence of the retrotransposon cluster. The reduction was seen in bz1 and stc1, but no recombination occurred in the highly polymorphic intergenic region of either heterozygote. Recombination within genes shuffled flanking retrotransposon clusters, creating new chimeric haplotypes and either contracting or expanding the physical distance between markers. Our findings imply that haplotype structure will profoundly affect the correlation between genetic and physical distance for the same interval in maize.
Restricted expression of C‐type lectin‐like natural killer receptors by CD8 T cells in the murine small intestine
Authors: Jänner Nathalie , Hahnke Karin , Mollenkopf Hans‐Joachim , Steinhoff Ulrich , Kaufmann Stefan H. E. , Mittrücker Hans‐Willi 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe intestinal mucosa represents a challenging environment for CD8+ T cells, which must tolerate nutrient antigens and commensal microorganisms while responding efficiently to pathogens. Consequently, specific regulatory mechanisms apply for CD8+ T cells in the intestinal environment, which should also be reflected in a tissue‐specific gene expression profile of these cells. This study investigates whether such tissue‐specific gene expression can be observed in CD8+ T cells primed during bacterial infection. To identify intestine‐specific gene expression in conventional CD8αβ+ T cells, mice were infected with Listeria monocytogenes expressing ovalbumin (LmOVA). Using OVA257–264 tetramers, specific CD8+ T cells were sorted from spleen, liver and the small intestinal mucosa, and RNA samples from these cells were compared using microarrays. This approach allowed the identification of differences in gene expression in a highly defined CD8+ T‐cell population with identical antigen specificity generated during infection. One group of genes with reduced expression in the intestinal mucosa comprised members of the C‐type lectin‐like natural killer receptor (NKR) family. Fluorescence‐activated cell sorting analysis was used to assess protein expression of NKR. NKR expression on CD8+ T cells from the intestinal mucosa was dependent on the route of listeria application and consequently on the site of T‐cell priming. Retinoic acid influenced NKR expression consistent with an imprinting of the NKR expression profile in intestine‐associated lymphoid tissues. In contrast, NKR expression was largely independent from intestinal flora. Our results demonstrate that in the intestinal mucosa, conventional CD8αβ+ T cells lack NKR expression and thereby lose responsiveness to NKR ligands, which otherwise could possibly cause adverse activation or inhibition of T cells in this environment.
Regulatory networks that function to specify flower meristems require the function of homeobox genes PENNYWISE and POUND‐FOOLISH in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kanrar Siddhartha , Bhattacharya Monideepa , Arthur Blake , Courtier Jennifer , Smith Harley M. S. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryFlowering is a major developmental phase change that transforms the fate of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) from a leaf‐bearing vegetative meristem to that of a flower‐producing inflorescence meristem. In Arabidopsis, floral meristems are specified on the periphery of the inflorescence meristem by the combined activities of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT)–FD complex and the flower meristem identity gene, LEAFY (LFY). Two redundant functioning homeobox genes, PENNYWISE (PNY) and POUND‐FOOLISH (PNF), which are expressed in the vegetative and inflorescence SAM, regulate patterning events during reproductive development, including floral specification. To determine the role of PNY and PNF in the floral specification network, we characterized the genetic relationship of these homeobox genes with LFY and FT. Results from this study demonstrate that LFY functions downstream of PNY and PNF. Ectopic expression of LFY promotes flower formation in pny pnf plants, while the flower specification activity of ectopic FT is severely attenuated. Genetic analysis shows that when mutations in pny and pnf genes are combined with lfy, a synergistic phenotype is displayed that significantly reduces floral specification and alters inflorescence patterning events. In conclusion, results from this study support a model in which PNY and PNF promote LFY expression during reproductive development. At the same time, the flower formation activity of FT is dependent upon the function of PNY and PNF.
Cohort analysis of writing in Year 7 following two, four and seven years of the National Literacy Strategy
Authors: MONTGOMERY DIANE 
Published: February 2008

At 11 years of age, English students in secondary schools are expected to make no more than five spelling errors per 100 words and write at a speed of 25 words per minute in order to cope with the curriculum.This research found that at least one third of the Year 7 cohorts (ages 11–12) in three typical suburban secondary schools were unable to meet the spelling criterion and 12% or more were so poor they were in the dyslexic category. Over 95% could not meet the handwriting speed criterion and boys were more than 10% slower than girls.Fluency and speed in writing are essential underpinning skills contributing to spelling accuracy and compositional ability in examination performance. Their role in underachievement across the ability range appears greater than suspected for the difficulties observed so far go far wider than amongst children identified with SEN, such as those with dyslexia and developmental co‐ordination difficulties (DCD), sometimes called dyspraxia. Interventions which teachers in general might undertake are indicated.The research is ongoing.
SOME CORRELATIONS BETWEEN METHODS OF KNOWING AND THEOLOGICAL CONCEPTS IN ARTHUR PEACOCKE'S PERSONALISTIC PANENTHEISM AND NONPERSONAL NATURALISTIC THEISM
Authors: Peters Karl E. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract.Differences in methods of knowing correlate with differences in concepts about what is known. This is an underlying issue in science and religion. It is seen, first, in Arthur Peacocke's reasoning about God as transcendent and personal, is based on an assumption of correlative thinking that like causes like. This contrasts with a notion of causation in empirical science, which explains the emergence of new phenomena as originating from temporally prior phenomena quite unlike that which emerges. The scientific understanding of causation is compatible with a naturalistic theism that holds a nonpersonal model of God as the creative process. However, focusing on the immanence of God, there is a second correlation between methods of knowing and concepts of God. Classical empiricism, used by science, correlates with God understood nonpersonally as the creative process. Radical empiricism, in which feelings and not only sense perceptions have cognitive import, opens up the possibility that one can experience Peacocke's personal, panentheistic God as pattern‐forming influence. I illustrate this second method‐concept correlation with a personal experience.
HIERARCHIES: THE CORE ARGUMENT FOR A NATURALISTIC CHRISTIAN FAITH
Authors: Clayton Philip 
Published: February 2008

Abstract.This article takes on a perhaps impossible task: not only to reconstruct the core argument of Arthur Peacocke's program in science and religion but also to evaluate it in two major areas where it would seem to be vulnerable, namely, more recent developments in systems biology and the philosophy of mind. If his theory of hierarchies is to be successful, it must stand up to developments in these two areas and then be able to apply the results in a productive way to Christian theological reflection. Peacocke recognized that one's model of the mind‐body relation is crucial for one's position on the God‐world relation and divine action. Of the three models that he constructed, it turns out that only the third can serve as a viable model for theology if it is to be more than purely deistic or metaphorical.
AN INTELLECTUALLY HONEST THEOLOGY
Authors: Jackelén Antje 
Published: February 2008

Abstract.A hallmark of Arthur Peacocke's work is his aim of writing theology that is intellectually honest. He believed that intelligibility and meaning are foremost on theology's agenda. Consequently, he focused on ultimate meanings, but he did so by taking into account the scientific knowledge of the world. He faced head‐on the challenge to accept the Christian tradition, at the same time subjecting that tradition to critique and reforming its images and modes of thinking. I survey Peacocke's agenda, his methodology, and the sources of his theological thinking, and how this contributes to understanding the relationship between science and theology. A major result of his approach is the abolition of dualisms, specifically that of the natural and the supernatural. Peacocke's approach to theology has exemplary potential for the debate between those who espouse a radical Enlightenment with its claim to universal principles of reason and radical postmodernists who may appear to fall prey to a relativism that equals nihilism.
CHANCE AND NECESSITY IN ARTHUR PEACOCKE'S SCIENTIFIC WORK
Authors: Woloschak Gayle E. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract.Arthur Peacocke was one of the most important scholars to contribute to the modern dialogue on science and religion, and for this he is remembered in the science‐religion community. Many people, however, are unaware of his exceptional career as a biochemist prior to his decision to pursue a life working as a clergyman in the Church of England. His contributions to studies of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) structure, effects of radiation damage on DNA, and on the interactions of DNA and proteins are among the most important in the field at the time and have had a lasting scientific impact that is still felt today. Peacocke's arguments with Jacques Monod over stochastic (chance) and deterministic (necessity) processes driving evolution became important independently for both the science and the religion communities and appear to have contributed significantly to his decision to become involved in science‐religion dialogue rather than continuing his work exclusively in the field of science. Nevertheless, although Peacocke took on an active church life and ceased his experimental work, he never left science but continued to read the scientific literature and published a scientific review on different approaches in defining DNA structure as recently as 2005.
THE NEW SCIENCES OF RELIGION
Authors: Grassie William 
Published: February 2008

Abstract.In this essay I examine the new sciences of religion, spanning the traditional fields such as the psychology, sociology, and anthropology of religion to new fields such as the economics, neurosciences, epidemiology, and evolutionary psychology of religion. The purpose is to welcome these approaches but also delineate some of their philosophical and theological limitations. I argue for pluralistic methodologies in the scientific study of religious and spiritual phenomena. I argue that religious persons and institutions should welcome these investigations, because science affects only interpretative strategies and does not present a fundamental challenge to core religious commitments. Indeed, the new sciences of religion can help religions in becoming more effective and wholesome. I am critical of confusing the scientific study of religion with scientism and trace this ideological project back to August Comte. In the end I deconstruct the metaphoric boundary that places religion on the inside as the object and science as the subject on the outside looking in.
SPACE AND RELIGION: AN INTERWEAVING OF INFLUENCES
Authors: Arnould Jacques 
Published: February 2008

Abstract.Since the earliest ages of humanity, the contemplation of the starry sky has invited the human being to ask: “Who am I? Where is my origin? What is my destiny?” The revolution introduced by modem astronomy has affected how humankind understands itself, and the development of aeronautical and then astronautical techniques introduced a new experiment for humanity—that of being citizen of the sky. By carrying out the dream of Icarus, has humanity realized the attempt of Prometheus? Would we take the place of the gods or God? Do religions have to fear the conquest of space? Despite modern science and the knowledge we have accumulated, space still holds its share of mystery, nurtured by its vast dimensions and startling beauty. Space continues to raise the issue of meaning.
IS THERE A FUTURE FOR THE DIALOGUE?
Authors: Bonting Sjoerd L. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract.The title question was raised by Philip Hefner in an editorial in the March 2007 issue of Zygon, and answered in various ways in sixteen guest editorials in the June, September, and December 2007 issues. In this article, after defining some pertinent concepts, I comment on these essays. I review critical statements made by the guest editorialists and survey their proposals for further dialogue topics. I conclude with my own views on the future of the dialogue and the role of Zygon therein.
RanBPM, a novel interaction partner of the brain‐specific protein p42IP4/centaurin α‐1
Authors: Haase Andrea , Nordmann Caroline , Sedehizade Fariba , Borrmann Claudia , Reiser Georg 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe protein p42IP4 (aka Centaurin α‐1) is highly enriched in the brain and has specific binding sites for the membrane lipid phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5‐trisphosphate and the soluble messenger inositol 1,3,4,5‐tetrakisphosphate (Ins(1,3,4,5)P4; IP4). p42IP4 shuttles between plasma membrane, cytosol and cell nucleus. However, the molecular function of p42IP4 is still largely unclear. Here, we report a novel interaction partner for p42IP4, Ran binding protein in microtubule‐organizing center (RanBPM). RanBPM is ubiquitously expressed and seems to act as scaffolding and modulator protein. In our studies, we established this interaction in vitro and in vivo. The in vivo interaction was demonstrated with endogenous RanBPM from rat brain. Both proteins co‐localize in transfected HEK 293 cells. We could show that the interaction does not require additional proteins. D‐Ins(1,3,4,5)P4, a specific ligand for p42IP4, is a concentration‐dependent and stereoselective inhibitor of this interaction; the l‐isoform is much less effective. We found that mainly the SPRY domain of RanBPM mediates the p42IP4‐RanBPM association. The ARFGAP domain of p42IP4 is important for the interaction, without being the only interaction site. Recently, p42IP4 and RanBPM were shown to be involved in dendritic differentiation. Thus, we hypothesize that RanBPM could act as a modulator together with p42IP4 in synaptic plasticity.
Glycinergic nerve endings in hippocampus and spinal cord release glycine by different mechanisms in response to identical depolarizing stimuli
Authors: Luccini Elisa , Romei Cristina , Raiteri Luca 
Published: February 2008

AbstractStudies on hippocampal glycine release are extremely rare. We here investigated release from mouse hippocampus glycinergic terminals selectively pre‐labelled with [3H]glycine through transporters of the GLYT2 type. Purified synaptosomes were incubated with [3H]glycine in the presence of the GLYT1 blocker NFPS to abolish uptake (∼ 30%) through GLYT1. The non‐GLYT1‐mediated uptake was entirely sensitive to the GLYT2 blocker Org25543. Depolarization during superfusion with high‐K+ (15–50 mmol/L) provoked overflows totally dependent on external Ca2+, whereas in the spinal cord the 35 or 50 mmol/L KCl‐evoked overflow (higher than that in hippocampus) was only partly dependent on extraterminal Ca2+. In the hippocampus, the Ca2+‐dependent 4‐aminopyridine (1 mmol/L)‐evoked overflow was five‐fold lower than that in spinal cord. The component of the 10 μmol/L veratridine‐induced overflow dependent on external Ca2+ was higher in the hippocampus than that in spinal cord, although the total overflow in the hippocampus was only half of that in the spinal cord. Part of the veratridine‐evoked hippocampal overflow occurred by GLYT2 reversal and part by bafilomycin A1‐sensitive exocytosis dependent on cytosolic Ca2+ generated through the mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. As glycine sites on NMDA receptors are normally not saturated, understanding mechanisms of glycine release should facilitate pharmacological modulation of NMDA receptor function.
Comprehensive proteomic analysis of protein changes during platelet storage requires complementary proteomic approaches
Authors: Thon Jonathan N. , Schubert Peter , Duguay Marie , Serrano Katherine , Lin Shujun , Kast Juergen , Devine Dana V. 
Published: February 2008

BACKGROUND: Proteomics methods may be used to analyze changes occurring in stored blood products. These data sets can identify processes leading to storage‐associated losses of blood component quality such as the platelet (PLT) storage lesion (PSL). The optimal strategy to perform such analyses to obtain the most informative data sets, including which proteomics methods, is undefined. This study addresses relative differences among proteomics approaches to the analysis of the PLT storage lesion.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Changes to the PLT proteome between Days 1 and 7 of storage were analyzed with three complementary proteomic approaches with final mass spectrometry analysis: two‐dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis/differential gel electrophoresis (DIGE), isotope tagging for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ), and isotope‐coded affinity tagging (ICAT). Observed changes in concentration during storage of selected proteins were confirmed by immunoblotting.RESULTS: In total, 503 individual proteins changed concentration over a 7‐day storage period. By method, a total of 93 proteins were identified by 2D gel/DIGE, 355 by iTRAQ, and 139 by ICAT. Less than 16 percent of the 503 proteins, however, were identified by not more than at least two proteomic approaches. Only 5 proteins were identified by all approaches. Membrane protein changes were not reliably detected with 2D gel/DIGE methods.CONCLUSION: Although proteomics analyses identified many storage‐associated protein changes, these varied significantly by method suggesting that a combination of protein‐centric (2D gel or DIGE) and peptide‐centric (iTRAQ or ICAT) approaches are essential to acquire adequate data. The use of one proteomics method to study changes in stored blood products may give insufficient information.