bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The history of anatomy in Persia
Authors: Shoja Mohammadali M. , Tubbs R. Shane 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe study of human anatomy can be found throughout the rich history of Persia. For thousands of years, morphological descriptions derived from this part of the world have contributed to and have helped form our current anatomical knowledge base. In this article we review the major influential Persian periods and the individuals who have contributed to the development of anatomy. We have divided the history of Persia into five eras: (1) the period of the Elamites, Medes, early Persians and Babylonians (10th millennium to 6th century BC); (2) following the establishment of the Persian Empire (6th century BC) to the 7th century AD; (3) after the Islamic conquest of Persia to the ascendency of Baghdad (7th to 13th century AD); (4) from the Mongol invasion of Persia to the foundations of modern anatomy (13th to 18th century AD); and (5) modern Persia/Iran (18th century AD to present). Evidence indicates that human dissection was commonplace in the first era, which led to a disciplined practice of surgery in the centuries leading to the foundation of the Persian Empire. By the emergence of Zoroastrianism in the Persian Empire, the microcosm theory was widely used to understand internal anatomy in relation to the external universe. The world's first cosmopolitan university and hospital were built in Gondishapur, south‐western Persia, in the third century AD. Greek and Syriac knowledge influenced the second era. With the gradual ruin of Gondishapur and the foundation of Baghdad following the Islamic conquest of Persia (637–651 AD), a great movement took place, which led to the flourishing of the so‐called Middle Age or Islamic Golden Age. Of the influential anatomists of this period, Mesue (777–857 AD), Tabbari (838–870 AD), Rhazes (865–925 AD), Joveini (?−983 AD), Ali ibn Abbas (930–994 AD), Avicenna (980–1037 AD) and Jorjani (1042–1137 AD) all hailed from Persia. There is evidence in the Persian literature as to the direct involvement of these scholars in human dissection. Syro‐Indian, Byzantine, Greek, Chinese and Arabic knowledge all influenced the third era. In the fourth period, the first colour illustrated anatomical text (by Mansur, 14th century AD) was compiled. Chinese and Indian anatomical styles were embraced, though there was a strong religious siege of anatomy late in this era. By the 19th century, Persia had entered a new era of modernizing movements and academic contact with the West through the reforms of Mirza Tagi Khan Amir Kabir. Knowledge of anatomy for this region in the 20th century was greatly influenced by Europe and America.
Stress in women's daily life before and after a myocardial infarction: a qualitative analysis
Authors: Sjöström‐Strand Annica , Fridlund Bengt 
Published: April 2007

Background:  Little is known about women's perceptions of their daily life before and after a myocardial infarction (MI), especially with regard to stress, which is a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD).Aim:  To describe and explore women's perceptions of stress before and after an MI.Method:  Two interviews with women who suffered an MI, the first at the hospital (n = 20) and the second 4–10 months after the MI (n = 14), were analysed using a phenomenographic approach.Findings:  The stress emanated either from within themselves (personal traits) or as an effect of their immediate surroundings. The period before the MI was stressful due to the different roles they had to maintain in their private and professional lives. They lost control over their daily life. After hospital discharge they both wanted and needed support, as they were terrified when they returned home. They did not know how much they could do and neither did their relatives, while little or no support was provided by the healthcare professionals.Conclusions:  To prevent CHD in daily life and avoid reinforcing stress, it is important to place greater emphasis on stress as an important risk factor. An understanding of this phenomenon can assist primary healthcare, coronary care unit (CCU) and rehabilitation nurses in supporting these women as well as their partners to adapt their daily lives both before and after an MI. It is essential to formulate and implement individualised treatment plans and to provide support groups for women.
Ten polymorphic microsatellite loci for the trematode Gymnophallus sp.
Authors: LEUNG TOMMY L. F. , POULIN ROBERT , KEENEY DEVON B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTen polymorphic loci were isolated and characterized from the intertidal New Zealand trematode Gymnophallus sp., a common parasite of the abundant local bivalve Austrovenus stutchburyi. Observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.17 to 0.96, and three to 23 alleles were detected in 24 trematode metacercariae. These loci are currently being used to investigate the molecular ecology of this species within the bivalve host.
Chromosome‐specific microsatellites from the tammar wallaby X chromosome and chromosome 2
Authors: MACDONALD ANNA J. , SARRE STEPHEN D. , FITZSIMMONS NANCY N. , GRAVES JENNIFER A. MARSHALL 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMicrosatellites were identified from fully sequenced bacterial artificial chromosome clones from the X chromosome and chromosome 2 of the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii. A total of 20 microsatellites were genotyped. Seven X chromosome loci and eight loci from chromosome 2 were polymorphic, with between two and 11 alleles per locus. These markers will facilitate genetic mapping in the tammar wallaby and will have wider applications in macropod population genetics. In particular, X chromosome microsatellites will provide a novel evolutionary perspective from which to view macropod mating systems and gene flow.
Whole‐body mechanics and kinematics of terrestrial locomotion in the Elegant‐crested TinamouEudromia elegans
Authors: HANCOCK JENNIFER A. , STEVENS NANCY J. , BIKNEVICIUS AUDRONE R. 
Published: April 2007

Whereas humans and certain birds experience an abrupt change in locomotor dynamics when shifting from walks to runs, a smooth walk–run transition characterizes many ground‐dwelling birds. This study defines the biomechanical distinction between walks and runs in the Elegant‐crested TinamouEudromia elegansusing ground reaction forces. Three birds were filmed at 250 Hz from a lateral view as they moved over a force plate built into a trackway. Centre of mass mechanics and kinematic variables were analysed in 81 steady‐speed trials that represented a speed range from 0.66 to 2.78 m/s.E. elegansundergoes two speed‐related changes in locomotor mechanics. The first is a shift from walking strides that utilize vaulting mechanics to low‐speed runs that exhibit bouncing mechanics; this transition occurs at Froude numbers between 0.4 and 0.6. Such low‐speed runs exhibit duty factors exceeding 0.5 and, hence, lack an aerial phase between steps. The second transition, from grounded running to aerial running, occurs when duty factors decrease below 0.5. Grounded running in birds may enhance vision by stabilizing visual stimuli over the retina. The eventual incorporation of an aerial phase during running enables increased locomotor speeds primarily through longer stride lengths.
Bone changes in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia: a histomorphometric and microcomputed tomographic study
Authors: Schmidt Aline , Blanchet Odile , Dib Mamoun , Baslé Michel F. , Ifrah Norbert , Chappard Daniel 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMyelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) is a clonal disorder of the haematopoietic stem cell which can be associated with marrow fibrosis and/or osteosclerosis. Because bone progenitors and mature bone cells are influenced by the marrow microenvironment, cellular and tissular changes were assessed by histomorphometry in MMM. Thirteen patients, with a clinical proven MMM, had a bone biopsy of the iliac crest with double tetracycline labelling and osteoclast count. Histomorphometry was done at the 2D level (bone volume, osteoid parameters, bone histodynamic parameters and osteoclast count) and 3D level by microcomputed tomography. All patients had clusters of abnormal megakaryocytes in bone marrow. Newly apposed bone packets were observed in 12 patients and corresponded to an increased thickness of some bone units with new lamellae or focal areas of woven bone anchored on the pre‐existing trabeculae. Osteoid parameters were unchanged, only bone formation rate appeared considerably increased in seven patients. There was a net tendency for decrease in osteoclast number and conversion of trabecular pillars into plates. An uncoupling of bone remodelling was evidenced with an increased life‐span of osteoblasts associated with a normal/reduced osteoclast activity. A very complex network of factors is candidate to explain bone changes observed in MMM.
Predictive value of discrimination indices in differential diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia and beta‐thalassemia trait
Authors: Beyan Cengiz , Kaptan Kürşat , Ifran Ahmet 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObjectives:  Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and beta‐thalassemia trait (B‐TT) are the most common causes of hypochromic microcytic anemias. Many indices have been defined to quickly discriminate these similar entities via parameters obtained from automated blood count analyzers. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the predictive value of these indices in differential diagnosis of IDA and B‐TT in adult cases.Methods:  This study consists of 45 IDA cases, 36 women and nine men, whose mean age is 33.87 ± 11.59 (mean ± SD) (range 17–57 yr) and 66 B‐TT cases, 41 women and 25 men, whose mean age is 33.26 ± 13.36 (mean ± SD) (range 14–74 yr). IDA cases with Hb value <8.7 g/dL have been excluded because these cases are not confused with B‐TT cases in practice. Patient groups have been evaluated according to red blood cell (RBC), red blood cell distribution width (RDW), Mentzer index, Shine and Lal indices, England and Fraser indices, Srivastava index, Green and King indices, RDW index and Ricerca index. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and Youden’s index have been calculated.Results:  Finally, none of these different formulations are superior to RBC value obtained from automated analyzers in adult cases with IDA and B‐TT.Conclusions:  Total body iron status and hemoglobin A2 level should be obtained for accurate differential diagnosis of IDA and B‐TT until more efficient tools develop.
Acute neuropathogenicity with experimental infection of equine herpesvirus 9 in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Kodama A. , Yanai T. , Yomemaru K. , Sakai H. , Masegi T. , Yamada S. , Fukushi H. , Kuraishi T. , Hattori S. , Kai C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackground  Equine herpesvirus 9 (EHV‐9) is a new neurotropic equine herpesvirus which induced encephalitis in a variety of animals. However, there was no information on the susceptibility of EHV‐9 in primates.Methods  To assess the infectivity of EHV‐9, four common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were inoculated by the nasal route with 106 plaque‐forming units of EHV‐9.Results and conclusions  All of the inoculated animals exhibited various neurological signs progressing to collapse. Histologically, the affected animals had severe encephalitis characterized by neuronal degeneration and necrosis with intranuclear inclusion bodies, which extended from the olfactory bulb to the rhinencephalon and piriform lobe. Immunohistochemistry revealed EHV‐9 antigens in degenerating neuronal cells. The nasal cavity had severe necrotizing rhinitis with prominent intra‐nuclear inclusion bodies in the olfactory mucosa. These findings indicate that the marmosets are susceptible to EHV‐9.
The human‐ABO blood groups of free‐ranging long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) and parapatric rhesus macaques (M. mulatta) in Thailand
Authors: Malaivijitnond Suchinda , Sae‐Low Wattana , Hamada Yuzuru 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackground  Long‐tailed and rhesus macaques are widely used in biomedical research; therefore, the known blood group is important.Methods  The human‐type ABO blood group was determined in wild or semi‐wild long‐tailed and rhesus macaques in Thailand. A total of 729 long‐tailed and 160 rhesus macaques from 20 localities were temporarily caught.Results  The frequency profiles of blood groups, calculated by averaging the frequency of each troop in long‐tailed and rhesus macaques, were AB > O > B > A at 29.6%, 27.4%, 27.2%, and 15.8%, and B > AB > A > O at 39.6%, 33.4%, 18.2%, and 8.8%, respectively. Irrespective of locality, the frequencies were AB > O > B > A of 29.6%, 28.0%, 24.4%, and 18.0%, and AB > B > A > O of 37.5%, 28.7%, 26.9%, and 6.9%, respectively, for all long‐tailed and rhesus macaques. The frequency profile of blood groups in Thai rhesus macaques was somewhat similar to that in the parapatric long‐tailed macaques; however, it was different from other rhesus populations where only group B was detected.Conclusions  Our data support the hypothesis that Indochinese rhesus macaques are hybrids between rhesus and long‐tailed macaques in the past.
Visualizing extracellular matrix and sensing fibroblasts metabolism in human dermis by nonlinear spectral imaging
Authors: Zhuo Shuangmu , Chen Jianxin , Jiang Xingshan , Cheng Xiaochun , Xie Shusen 
Published: April 2007

Background/purpose: The purpose of this work was to demonstrate the use of the nonlinear spectral imaging technique with the image‐guided spectral analysis function and the extracting channels function in visualizing the extracellular maxtrix (ECM) structures and sensing fibroblasts metabolism within fresh and untreated human dermis.Methods: A Zeiss LSM 510 META laser scanning microscopy and a femtosecond Ti: sapphire laser was used to obtain the nonlinear spectral images of human dermis.Results: The nonlinear spectral imaging technique was useful in obtaining the biomorphology and biochemistry information from human dermis. By combining the image‐guided spectral analysis function, intrinsic components were identified and their corresponding emission spectra can be analyzed. By integrating the extracting channels function, the information of ultrastructure of the ECM can be quantitatively obtained.Conclusion: The nonlinear spectral imaging technique has been demonstrated to be an effective technique for a detailed analysis and qualitative visualization of the ECM structure, and sensing of cell metabolism within fresh and untreated human dermis. Specifically, the ultrastructure of the ECM can be revealed, and collagen fibril spacing, elastic fiber diameters, the ration of collagen content over elastin can be quantitatively determined. It was found that the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) signals excited at 830 nm provide the information for a good estimation of cellular redox ratio and a parameter (NF), the ration of NADH over FAD fluorescence signal, is used for sensing fibroblasts metabolism. With the advent of the clinical portability of typical multiphoton microscopy, the technique has the potential to be applied for in vivo studies and clinical examinations.
Randomised clinical trial of Hydrofiber dressing with silver versus povidone–iodine gauze in the management of open surgical and traumatic wounds
Authors: Jurczak Florent , Dugré Thierry , Johnstone Alison , Offori Theodor , Vujovic Zorica , Hollander Dirk ,   AQUACEL Ag Surgical/Trauma Wound Study Group
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis prospective, randomised clinical trial compared pain, comfort, exudate management, wound healing and safety with Hydrofiber® dressing with ionic silver (Hydrofiber Ag dressing) and with povidone–iodine gauze for the treatment of open surgical and traumatic wounds. Patients were treated with Hydrofiber Ag dressing or povidone–iodine gauze for up to 2 weeks. Pain severity was measured with a 10‐cm visual analogue scale (VAS). Other parameters were assessed clinically with various scales. Pain VAS scores decreased during dressing removal in both groups, and decreased while the dressing was in place in the Hydrofiber Ag dressing group (n = 35) but not in the povidone–iodine gauze group (n = 32). Pain VAS scores were similar between treatment groups. At final evaluation, Hydrofiber Ag dressing was significantly better than povidone–iodine gauze for overall ability to manage pain (P < 0·001), overall comfort (P ≤ 0·001), wound trauma on dressing removal (P = 0·001), exudate handling (P < 0·001) and ease of use (P ≤ 0·001). Rates of complete healing at study completion were 23% for Hydrofiber Ag dressing and 9% for povidone–iodine gauze (P = ns). No adverse events were reported with Hydrofiber Ag dressing; one subject discontinued povidone–iodine gauze due to adverse skin reaction. Hydrofiber Ag dressing supported wound healing and reduced overall pain compared with povidone–iodine gauze in the treatment of open surgical wounds requiring an antimicrobial dressing.
Paediatric partial‐thickness scald burns – is Biobrane the best treatment available?
Authors: Mandal Anirban 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe article critically analyses the role of Biobrane, one of the widely used modern biosynthetic dressings, in paediatric partial‐thickness scald burns. Most of the studies, available in the literature, confirmed that Biobrane has significantly reduced the hospital stay, wound healing time and requirements of pain medications. However, very few studies with long‐term follow up are available. Further randomised controlled trials are required to challenge the supremacy of Biobrane in paediatric partial‐thickness burns.
Wound bed preparation of difficult wounds: an evolution of the principles of TIME
Authors: Ligresti Claudio , Bo Filippo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn the last few years, considerable progress has been made in the treatment of chronic ulcers, thanks to new therapy methods. Wound bed preparation is a modern approach for the removal of local barriers to healing by optimising debridement, reduction of bioburden and exudate management through the TIME principles, which have been introduced by the International Advisory Board on Wound Bed Preparation. However, this protocol does not evaluate the state of the repair process and therefore does not suggest the ideal therapeutic choice for each single patient. The revised TIME‐H concept considers also the supposed healing time, H, and gives a score that correlates the wound condition with the incidental concomitance with medical pathologies related to the therapeutic measures, thus guiding the clinician towards a practical and systematic approach in the treatment. By applying this scheme to our situation, the average healing time was considerably reduced. The formulation of the new protocol TIME‐H for a critical assessment of treatment scheme, which also includes the general conditions of the patient, represents a more rational and adequate approach for an accurate prognosis and therefore for a more suitable therapeutic choice in the treatment of difficult wounds.
Diagnostic clues to megaloblastic anaemia without macrocytosis
Authors: CHAN C. W. J. , LIU S. Y. H. , KHO C. S. B. , LAU K. H. T. , LIANG Y. S. , CHU W. R. , MA S. K. E. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryMasking of the macrocytic expression of megaloblastic anaemia (MA) by coexisting thalassaemia, iron deficiency and chronic illness has been widely reported. We described the haematological and clinical features of 20 Chinese patients with MA presenting with mean corpuscular volume (MCV) ≦99 fl, and analysed the steps leading to the final diagnosis of MA with concomitant thalassaemia trait (n = 11), thalassaemia trait and iron deficiency (n = 3), iron deficiency (n = 4) and chronic illness (n = 2). We also compared the haematological characteristics of this group of patients with a group of normocytic anaemic patients without vitamin B12/folate deficiency, and identified certain laboratory information useful for differentiating the two groups. Statistically significant parameters included the mean values of haemoglobin, MCV, red cell distribution width (RDW), reticulocyte index, platelet count and serum bilirubin. All provided clues to maturation disorders within the marrow. A decision flowchart for the diagnosis of MA without macrocytosis was proposed. In the studied population, by using the parameters of haemoglobin <10 g/dl, MCV 80–99 fl, RDW ≥ 16% and reticulocyte index ≦ 2% as indicators, there was a 58% chance that a patient had MA without macrocytosis if he/she had all the four indicators, and a 2.2% chance of having it if he/she did not have these indicators. We emphasized the importance of including peripheral blood smear examination in the diagnostic procedures for such patients, as well as the importance of paying attention to patients’ medical history, racial background and previous MCV value.
Antiphospholipid antibodies and hepatitis C virus infection in Iranian thalassemia major patients
Authors: KASHEF S. , KARIMI M. , AMIRGHOFRAN Z. , AYATOLLAHI M. , PASALAR M. , GHAEDIAN M. M. , KASHEF M. A. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryAlthough the precise nature of Antiphospholipid antibodies is still not clearly defined, they are known to have association with thromboembolic events and have been found in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Moreover, high prevalence of HCV infection and thrombotic risk is described in thalassemia. We aimed at investigating the prevalence of anticardiolipin antibodies (aCLAbs), lupus anticoagulant (LA), and their relation with HCV infection in Iranian thalassemic patients. Presence of anti‐HCV antibody, serum HCV‐RNA, aCLAbs, and LA activity was determined in 131 patients with thalassemia major (male/female: 63/68 aged 3–29 years) registered at thalassemia unit, Dastgheib Hospital, Shiraz, Iran. Sixty‐one healthy controls were also included. Anti‐HCV antibody was positive in 24 (18.3%), IgG aCLAbs in 56 (42.7%), and LA activity in 9 (6.9%) patients. 87.5% of patients positive for aCLAbs had a low titer of aCLAbs. Although none of the participants had a previous history of thrombosis, higher prevalence of aCLAbs was detected in thalassemic patients compared with controls. No significant difference in the prevalence of aCLAbs was found between HCV‐infected and noninfected patients. A high prevalence of aCLAbs, the majority in low titers, was detected in Iranian thalassemic patients irrespective of previous history of thrombosis and presence of HCV infection.
Cloning, Functional Characterization, and Mode of Action of a Novel Insecticidal Pore-Forming Toxin, Sphaericolysin, Produced by
Bacillus sphaericus
Authors: Nishiwaki Hisashi , Nakashima Kenta , Ishida Chiharu , Kawamura Tadayuki , Matsuda Kazuhiko 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT

An insecticidal protein produced by
Bacillus sphaericus
A3-2 was purified to elucidate its structure and mode of action. The active principle purified from the culture broth of A3-2 was a protein with a molecular mass of 53 kDa that rapidly intoxicated German cockroaches (
Blattela germanica
) at a dose of about 100 ng when injected. The insecticidal protein sphaericolysin possessed the undecapeptide motif of cholesterol-dependent cytolysins and had a unique N-terminal sequence. The recombinant protein expressed in
Escherichia coli
was equally as potent as the native protein. Sphaericolysin-induced hemolysis resulted from the protein's pore-forming action. This activity as well as the insecticidal activity was markedly reduced by a Y159A mutation. Also, coapplication of sphaericolysin with cholesterol abolished the insecticidal action, suggesting that cholesterol binding plays an important role in insecticidal activity. Sphaericolysin-lysed neurons dissociated from the thoracic ganglia of the German cockroaches. In addition, sphaericolysin's activity in ganglia was suppressed by the Y159A mutation. The sphaericolysin-induced damage to the cockroach ganglia was greater than the damage to the ganglia of common cutworms (
Spodoptera litura
), which accounts, at least in part, for the higher sensitivity to sphaericolysin displayed by the cockroaches than that displayed by cutworms.