bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prostate cancer screening and shared decision‐making preferences among African‐American members of the Prince Hall Masons
Authors: Williams Randi M. , Zincke Nicole L. , Turner Ralph O. , Davis Jackson L. , Davis Kimberly M. , Schwartz Marc D. , Johnson Lenora , Kerner Jon F. , Taylor Kathryn L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractObjectives: Shared decision making (SDM) is recommended as one method to assist men in making an informed decision about prostate cancer screening (PCS). SDM preferences for PCS have not been evaluated among African‐American (AA) men. Given AA men's increased risk and the uncertainty surrounding screening, it is critical to determine how to assist AA men in making an informed decision. We assessed the extent to which a sample of AA men wished to engage in SDM regarding PCS and the demographic and psychological characteristics associated with SDM preferences.Methods: Participants completed a telephone interview that covered demographic and medical information, SDM preferences, PCS knowledge, decisional conflict, and satisfaction with previous screening decisions. Subjects included 286 AA men aged 40–70, who were members of a Masonic organization.Results: Fifty‐seven percent preferred SDM, 36% preferred to make their own decision, and 7% wanted their doctor to decide. A higher level of education and older age were associated with preferring SDM (p<0.05), while men with greater PCS knowledge were more likely to prefer to make the decision independently (p<0.05).Conclusions: Results suggest that physicians need to be prepared to discuss PCS with their patients. Further, more attention may be needed to engage younger, less educated, and less knowledgeable men as they may be less likely to discuss PCS. This understanding of AA men's preferences for PCS decisions helps to clarify the issues that health professionals need to consider when attempting to assist AA men in making a PCS decision. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Airway function in infants treated with inhaled nitric oxide for persistent pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Hoskote Aparna U. , Castle Rosemary A. , Hoo Ah‐Fong , Lum Sooky , Ranganathan Sarath C. , Mok Quen Q. , Stocks Janet 
Published: January 2008

AbstractRationaleInhaled nitric oxide (iNO), used for treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn (PPHN), is an oxygen free radical with potential for lung injury. Deferring ECMO with iNO in these neonates could potentially have long‐term detrimental effects on lung function. We studied respiratory morbidity (defined as occurrence of respiratory infections requiring treatment, episodes of wheezing, and/or need for ongoing medications following discharge) and airway function at 1 year postnatal age in term neonates treated with iNO but not ECMO for PPHN, and compared data from similar infants recruited to the UK ECMO Trial randomized to receive ECMO or conventional management (CM).MethodsMaximal expiratory flow at FRC (V'maxFRC) was measured in infants treated with iNO for PPHN (oxygenation index ≥25) at birth.ResultsV'maxFRC was measured in 23 infants and expressed as z‐scores, to adjust for sex and body size and compared to data from 71 (46 ECMO, 25 CM) infants studied at a similar age in the ECMO Trial. Respiratory morbidity was low in iNO group. V'maxFRC z‐score was lower than predicted in all groups (P < 0.001), with no significant difference between those treated with iNO [mean (SD) z‐score: −1.65 (1.2)] and those treated with ECMO [−1.59 (1.2)] or CM [−2.1(1.0)]. Within iNO, ECMO and CM groups; 26%, 37% and 56%, respectively, had V'maxFRC z‐scores below normal.ConclusionsRespiratory outcome at 1 year in iNO treated neonates with moderately severe PPHN is encouraging, with no apparent increase in respiratory morbidity when compared to the general population. Sub‐clinical reductions in airway function are evident at 1 year, suggesting that continuing efforts to minimize lung injury in the neonatal period are warranted to maximize lung health in later life. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:224–235. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How to get your paper rejected
Authors: Chernick Victor 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis paper focuses on the main problems that authors of rejected papers have had in their submissions to Pediatric Pulmonology over the past 5 years or so. It is intended as a teaching tool for residents, fellows, allied health personnel, practicing physicians and even some academic physicians who need a refresher on what goes wrong and how they may avoid rejection of their labor. The approach is somewhat lighthearted but nevertheless the message is quite serious. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:220–223. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The current state of preclinical prostate cancer animal models
Authors: Pienta Kenneth J. , Abate‐Shen Cory , Agus David B. , Attar Ricardo M. , Chung Leland W.K. , Greenberg Norman M. , Hahn William C. , Isaacs John T. , Navone Nora M. , Peehl Donna M. , Simons Jonathon W. , Solit David B. , Soule Howard R. , VanDyke Terry A. , Weber Michael J. , Wu Lily , Vessella Robert L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractProstate cancer continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in men around the world. The field of prostate cancer research continues to be hindered by the lack of relevant preclinical models to study tumorigenesis and to further development of effective prevention and therapeutic strategies. The Prostate Cancer Foundation held a Prostate Cancer Models Working Group (PCMWG) Summit on August 6th and 7th, 2007 to address these issues. The PCMWG reviewed the state of prostate cancer preclinical models and identified the current limitations of cell line, xenograft and genetically engineered mouse models that have hampered the transition of scientific findings from these models to human clinical trials. In addition the PCMWG identified administrative issues that inhibit the exchange of models and impede greater interactions between academic centers and these centers with industry. The PCMWG identified potential solutions for discovery bottlenecks that include: (1) insufficient number of models with insufficient molecular and biologic diversity to reflect human cancer, (2) a lack of understanding of the molecular events that define tumorigenesis, (3) a lack of tools for studying tumor–host interactions, (4) difficulty in accessing model systems across institutions, and (5) addressing why preclinical studies appear not to be predictive of human clinical trials. It should be possible to apply the knowledge gained molecular and epigenetic studies to develop new cell lines and models that mimic progressive and fatal prostate cancer and ultimately improve interventions. Prostate 68: 629–639, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Safety culture factors, group differences, and risk perception in five petrochemical plants
Authors: Kao Chen‐Shan , Lai Wei Hung , Chuang Tien Fu , Lee Jin‐Chuan 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to develop and initially evaluate a survey to assess the level of present safety culture within a petrochemical organization. On the basis of the modified International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safety culture model, we identified eight global dimensions of safety culture: safety commitment and support, safety attitude and behavior, safety communication and involvement, safety training and competence, safety supervision and audit, safety management system and organization, accident investigation and emergency planning, and reward and benefits. The 73‐item questionnaire, we developed, was distributed as a self‐administered survey to 604 workers of five petrochemical companies and 533 surveys were returned with a high response rate of 88.2%. Statistical methods were used to analyze the collected data sets, including factor analysis, t‐test, and one‐way ANOVA analysis of variance. Data indicated an overall positive performance in relation to organizational safety culture dimensions. Results also showed that personal backgrounds, particularly for job position, work experience, and age, significantly affected perceptions on many safety culture dimensions. In addition, specific factors revealed areas in need of organization attention for improvement, namely, safety commitment and support, safety communication and involvement, and rewards and benefits, were provided to senior managers for their use in decision making on promoting the safety culture within the organization. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2008
Real‐time data‐based risk assessment for hazard installations storing flammable gas
Authors: Jianfeng Zhou , Guohua Chen , Qingguang Chen 
Published: January 2008

AbstractLarge quantities of dangerous substances, especially explosive or flammable gases, are processed or stored in hazard installations. A risk‐based warning/early‐warning system for major hazard installations is very important for the prevention of major accidents. The real‐time data‐based risk and the risk factors are analyzed in this article, and a fuzzy logic based real‐time risk assessment method is proposed. On the basis of fuzzy logic theory, the likelihood of an accident occurrence and the consequence of the accident can be assessed, and the risk value or risk level can be evaluated by utilizing a risk matrix. The method takes advantage of the real‐time data acquired from the safety monitoring system so that the change in the risk can be determined as the accident develops. The risk assessment simulation of a vapor cloud explosion (VCE) accident caused by gas leaked from an liquefied petroleum gas tank is performed. It is shown that the risk of a VCE accident varies with the change of the monitored data. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2008
Measurement and modelling of glyphosate fate compared with that of herbicides replaced as a result of the introduction of glyphosate‐resistant oilseed rape
Authors: Mamy Laure , Gabrielle Benoit , Barriuso Enrique 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Crops resistant to glyphosate may mitigate the increasing contamination of the environment by herbicides, since their weeding requires smaller amounts of herbicides and fewer active ingredients. However, there are few published data comparing the fate of glyphosate with that of substitute herbicides under similar soil and climatic conditions. The objectives of the work reported here were (i) to evaluate and compare the fate in soil in field conditions of glyphosate, as used on glyphosate‐resistant oilseed rape, with that of two herbicides frequently used for weed control on the same crop, albeit non‐resistant: trifluralin and metazachlor, and (ii) to compare field results with predictions of the pesticide root zone model (PRZM), parameterized with laboratory data. Dissipation and vertical distribution in the soil profile of glyphosate, trifluralin and metazachlor were monitored in an experimental site located in Eastern France for 1 year.RESULTS: Herbicide persistence in the field increased as follows: metazachlor < glyphosate < trifluralin, contrary to laboratory results showing glyphosate to be least persistent. The main metabolite of glyphosate—aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA)—was more persistent than glyphosate. AMPA and trifluralin had the largest vertical mobility, followed by metazachlor and glyphosate. PRZM underestimated the dissipation rate of glyphosate in the field and the formation of AMPA, but its predictions for trifluralin and metazachlor were correct. The simulation of herbicides and AMPA distribution in the soil profile was satisfactory, but the mobility of trifluralin and metazachlor was slightly underestimated, probably because PRZM ignores preferential flow. In general, data from the laboratory allowed an acceptable parameterization of the model, as indicated by goodness‐of‐fit indices.CONCLUSION: Because of the detection of AMPA in the deep soil layer, the replacement of both trifluralin and metazachlor with glyphosate might not contribute to decreasing environmental contamination by herbicides. PRZM may be used to evaluate and to compare other weed control strategies for herbicide‐resistant as well as non‐resistant crops. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Statistical tools for determining appropriate selection of regression models for analysis of environmental fate datasets
Authors: Aldworth Jeremy , Jackson Scott H 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND:In the NAFTA regulatory community, a currently consistent methodology used to estimate dissipation times for environmental fate data is not applied.RESULTS:This work demonstrates through a case study that the inappropriate use of pseudo‐first‐order regression models can result in inaccurate estimates of soil degradation rates, and it proposes some statistical tools that can be used to identify an appropriate statistical model to fit a particular environmental fate dataset. Diagnostic procedures have been proposed to identify the appropriate scale, and statistical testing procedures have been proposed to select the appropriate model within that scale.CONCLUSION:Results from this work demonstrate that, unless the proposed diagnostic and statistical procedures are used, inaccurate estimates of dissipation times may result. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Unraveling the oxidation of Ru using XPS
Authors: Ernst M. A. , Sloof W. G. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA method is presented to analyze XPS spectra recorded from thin (<5 nm) oxide layers with known thickness on corresponding metal substrates. With this method, the contribution of the oxide overlayer can be separated from the metal substrate for the metal core level line, even when the difference in binding energy between metallic and oxidic electrons is small. This method involves the fitting of Doniach‐Sunjic (DS) line shapes for the metallic and oxidic state to the measured spectrum, where the area ratio between the metallic and oxidic contribution is fixed through the known thickness.The method was applied to ruthenium single crystals with a (0001) surface that were oxidized in a ultra‐high vacuum (UHV) chamber at a temperature of 673 K and an oxygen pressure between 1 × 10−4 and 1 × 10−2 Pa. Analysis of the oxidic contribution to the Ru 3p3/2 line shows that two different types of oxides can be formed in the oxidation process. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust Bayesian sample size determination in clinical trials
Authors: Brutti Pierpaolo , De Santis Fulvio , Gubbiotti Stefania 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis article deals with determination of a sample size that guarantees the success of a trial. We follow a Bayesian approach and we say an experiment is successful if it yields a large posterior probability that an unknown parameter of interest (an unknown treatment effect or an effects‐difference) is greater than a chosen threshold. In this context, a straightforward sample size criterion is to select the minimal number of observations so that the predictive probability of a successful trial is sufficiently large. In the paper we address the most typical criticism to Bayesian methods—their sensitivity to prior assumptions—by proposing a robust version of this sample size criterion. Specifically, instead of a single distribution, we consider a class of plausible priors for the parameter of interest. Robust sample sizes are then selected by looking at the predictive distribution of the lower bound of the posterior probability that the unknown parameter is greater than a chosen threshold. For their flexibility and mathematical tractability, we consider classes of ε‐contamination priors. As specific applications we consider sample size determination for a Phase III trial. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organic Molecular Nanotechnology
Authors: Schiek Manuela , Balzer Frank , Al‐Shamery Katharina , Brewer Jonathan R. , Lützen Arne , Rubahn Horst‐Günter 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA new route to bottom‐up organic nanotechnology is presented. Molecular building blocks with specific optoelectronic properties are designed and grown via directed self‐assembly arrays of morphologically controlled light‐emitting organic nanofibers on template surfaces. The fibers can be easily transferred from the growth substrate to device platforms either as single entities or as ordered arrays. Due to the extraordinary flexibility in the design of their optoelectronic properties they serve as key elements in next‐generation nanophotonic devices.
The mucopolysaccharidoses: a success of molecular medicine
Authors: Clarke Lorne A. 
Published: January 2008

The mucopolysaccharidoses represent a devastating group of lysosomal storage diseases affecting approximately 1 in 25 000 individuals. Advances in biochemistry and genetics over the past 25 years have resulted in the identification of the key hydrolases underlying the mucopolysaccharidoses, with subsequent isolation and characterisation of the genes involved. Ultimately these advances have led to the recent development of specific treatment regimens for some of the mucopolysaccharidoses, in the form of direct enzyme replacement. Direct replacement of the defective gene product has been attempted for very few genetic disorders, and thus the experience gained in the lysosomal storage diseases by the development, evaluation and integration of treatment regimens into healthcare is instructive for other rare genetic disorders. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of the mucopolysaccharidoses and highlights the complex biochemical and physiological perturbations that underlie the disease phenotype.
Civilization and torture: beyond the medical and psychiatric approach
Authors: Viñar Marcelo N. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe author argues that torture affects not only its victims, and also that torture is not a disease of the victim but an endemic illness of civilization which has the effect of shattering the social network that makes us human. In order to rebuild healthy social relationships, it is vital to detect and accept the existence of this invisible pathology. We must listen to the intense groan of torture victims and understand them if we are to dare to look at the oppressive order which destroys them.
The Extended Mind and Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Bray Amanda 
Published: January 2008

Objectives: Extended mind theory, a recent development in the field of cognitive philosophy, suggests that the information and processes contained in external objects such as notebooks and computers can be considered as much a part of a person's mind as the processes contained within the brain itself. This paper aims to outline extended mind theory, and to explore how it might be applied to an understanding of psychiatric conditions such as borderline personality disorder (BPD). Conclusion: Those with BPD have a deficit in their ability to perform certain high-level cognitive tasks, such as regulation of affect and impulse control. They incorporate the brains of people close to them, to supplement their own brains when performing these tasks. Using an external object or person as part of one's own cognitive apparatus demands nearly constant proximity and an exceptionally intimate informational bond. This would account for the BPD sufferer's panic and despair in the face of abandonment – when abandonment means literally losing one's mind, it could seem worth any effort or risk to avoid such a loss. Further application of extended mind theory to other psychiatric phenomena is also considered.
What is to Become of the College Clinical Practice Guidelines?
Authors: Rosenman Stephen , Christensen Helen , Griffiths Kathleen 
Published: January 2008

Objective: College guidelines have been published “to assist practitioner and patient decisions” in treatment. There is little evidence that the guidelines have been used despite their apparent importance in the maintenance of treatment that is adequate, competent, safe, honest and up-to-date. This paper discusses the value and non-use of College clinical practice guidelines and examines possible ways that they may be promulgated and used. Conclusions: Guideline research indicates that clinicians will ignore guidelines for reasons that include impracticality, inflexibility, oversimplification and disagreements with evidence interpretation. Their objections cannot be solved by guideline writers. Consumers have a legitimate use for guidelines and this can become the starting point for informed discussion of treatment and necessary deviations from standardized care. Through consumers, the guidelines can make their way into practitioners' awareness and play a role in the maintenance of treatment quality.
Overcoming Barriers in Referral from Schools to Mental Health Services
Authors: Allison Stephen , Roeger Leigh , Abbot Dorothy 
Published: January 2008

Objectives: This survey of primary, secondary and area schools investigated their referrer satisfaction with six Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS) teams, spread over two metropolitan and four rural centres, and servicing six corresponding metropolitan and rural education districts. The survey aimed to identify barriers to referral from schools to CAMHS and to generate domains for quality improvement across the six local areas. Method: School principals and counsellors completed the online Southern Schools Satisfaction Survey, which sought qualitative comment about aspects of the community mental health service in their area. Results: The response rate (65%) was reasonably good for a large online survey, with 149 schools participating (171 respondents: 113 principals and 58 counsellors). The majority of the respondents were satisfied with the service from CAMHS (24% were ‘very satisfied’, 47% ‘mostly satisfied’ 23% ‘mildly dissatisfied’ and 6% ‘very dissatisfied’). The main barriers and sources of dissatisfaction that schools identified were CAMHS waiting lists, service availability and lack of flexibility. Practices from the team with the highest percentage of satisfied school respondents formed a constructive basis for service-wide quality improvement. These changes focused on flexibility in emergency responses, communication with schools and process of care with students. Conclusions: Surveying referrer satisfaction can be useful for quality improvement within regional mental health services through the identification of good practice which can be transferred across teams.