bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Acid Environment and Constant Deflection on PVC Sewer Pipe
Authors: Sharff PA , DelloRusso SJ 
Published: March 2009

A test study was undertaken to determine the effects of a sustained exposure to sulphuric acid solution on pipe stiffness of PVC sewer pipes held at fixed 5% deflection. This study was part of a multi-participant round-robin program to evaluate and develop a test method for long-term effects of deflection in various environments on plastic sewer pipe. Sections of 6 in. (152.4 mm) diameter SDR 35 PVC sewer pipe ASTM D 3034 — Specification for Type PSM Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe and Fittings 6 in. (152.4 mm) long were tested for pipe stiffness by the parallel plate method ASTM D 2412 — Test Method for Determination of External Loading Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading, as received from three suppliers. Pipe specimens were then immersed in a 1.0N sulphuric acid solution for 1 week and retested for pipe stiffness. The pipe sections were then held at 5% deflection in special test fixtures and continuously immersed in a 1.0N solution of sulphuric acid at room temperature. The pipe stiffness of each specimen was measured at various time intervals over a period of two years, without removing them from the acid bath. Results were analyzed to evaluate the effects of the acid immersion, coupled with the fixed deflection. One control pipe specimen was fixed at 5% deflection in an air-only environment and tested for pipe stiffness at the same time intervals as the acid-immersed specimens.
Test data indicates a minimal effect of fixed deflection and acid immersion over time on short-term pipe stiffness. Analysis of load data illustrates the significant relaxation response of PVC pipe under constant deflection, i.e. the decrease in wall stress over time. Two year data exhibit good correlations to the design-oriented viscoelastic predictions derived from Findley's power law. The influence of filler content on stiffness behavior is examined but no conclusive relationship is apparent. The influence of the test fixture on interpretation of results is discussed and recommendations for improvements are presented.
An Automated Tensile Machine for Small Specimens Heavily Neutron Irradiated in FFTF/MOTA
Authors: Kohyama A , Sato S , Hamada K 
Published: March 2009

The objective of this work is to develop a fully automated tensile machine for post-irradiation examination (PIE) of Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF)/Materials Open Test Assembly (MOTA) irradiated miniature tension specimens. The anticipated merit of the automated tensile machine is to reduce damage to specimens during specimen handling for PIE and to reduce exposure to radioactive specimens. This machine is designed for testing at elevated temperatures, up to 873 K, in a vacuum or in an inert gas environment. Twelve specimen assemblies are placed in the vacuum chamber that can be tested successively in a fully automated manner.
A unique automated tensile machine for the PIE of FFTF/MOTA irradiated specimens, the Monbusho Automated Tensile Machine (MATRON) consists of a test frame with controlling units and an automated specimen-loading apparatus. The qualification of the test frame has been completed, and the results have satisfied the machine specifications. The preliminary tests utilizing unirradiated specimens reproduced duplicated data with those from an Instrontype testing machine. An automated specimen-loading apparatus has also been developed, and the qualification of the functions of this apparatus has been completed. The further improvements, which add flexibility to accept deformed specimens that do not fit the original dimensions, will also be reported.
The capabilities of producing creep and relaxation data have been demonstrated for Cu, Al, 316SS, and ferritic steels. The specimen holders for the three-point bending test and the small bulge test (small punch test; SP test) were also designed and produced. These fixtures are currently being tested to verify the validity of the material test results.
Mechanical Properties and NDE of a HIP'ed Silicon Nitride
Authors: Khandelwal PK 
Published: March 2009

Life prediction analytical methodology for ceramic gas turbine engine components requires the incorporation of time- temperature-stress dependent behavior and properties of the structural material. Injection molded and hot isostatic pressed PY6 silicon nitride with 6% yttria was used for this study. The room temperature fast fracture modulus-of-rupture (MOR) strength of 812.9 MPa degraded at 1400°C to 465.6 MPa. The monotonic tensile strength at room temperature was 407.9 MPa, which degraded to 303.3 MPa at 1400°C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that MOR specimens predominantly failed from surface flaws at room temperature, whereas the tensile specimens failed from volume defects. At higher temperatures, however, the failures occurred from surface and volume flaws in both the MOR bars and tensile specimens. Tensile creep data between 1260°C and 1400°C resulted in a stress exponent (n) of 7.8 ± 1.0 with an apparent activation energy of 957 ± 149 kj/mole. SEM revealed that the material between 1300°C and 1400°C failed due to the formation, linking, and growth of cavities that caused the material to creep. At lower temperatures, failure was controlled both by slow crack growth and creep.
Microfocus X-ray detected 50 micron laser drilled surface holes in flat and button-head cylindrical specimens with a thickness sensitivity of 1% to 2%. Surface wave acoustic microscopy detected 10 micron surface holes in button-head tensile specimens.
Head and Neck Injuries in Equestrian Sports
Authors: Bixby-Hammett DM 
Published: March 2009

Horse activities have a large number of participants in the United States. Most accident occur in leisure activities making record keeping difficult. Horse activities are relatively safety ranking 67 in the number of admissions to hospital emergency rooms in the USA. Injuries when they occur to equestrians tends to be severe.
Statistics from Medical Examiners in the United States and morbidity studies from Australia and New Zealand are given as well as statistics from four sources: the National Electronic Surveillance System (NEISS), the Justin Sportsmedicine Program, the National Park System visitor and employee injuries and the United States Pony Clubs.
The figures show head/face/neck injuries in horseback riding are frequent and severe and can be prevented or reduced in severity by wearing secured ASTM SEI protective helmet. The horse and academic community by communication and cooperation should design studies which can provide information needed to prevent these injuries.
Problems Prompt a Quest for High Quality Standards
Authors: Cullen WC 
Published: March 2009

Roofing problems can be traced to a lack of standards, inadequacies in standards, non-conformance to or non-enforcement of standards. It follows that the occurrence of certain problems can be reduced or eliminated by producing appropriate, quality standards that are adhered to by the specified products. Five case studies are examined that focus on roof performance problems dealing with specific roofing materials described by ASTM standard specifications.
Suggestions are offered for revising specific standards by adding requirements based on available research results. Packaging and labeling requirements as well as precision and bias statements are also discussed.
A New Analytical Method for Determining the Distribution of Components in Asphalt Coated Felts and Shingles
Authors: Cash CG 
Published: March 2009

This paper describes a new analytical method for determining the mean and standard deviation of the mass of each component of all asphalt coated felt products, excluding APP (atactic polypropylene) modified bituminous products (APP and other polypropylenes are relatively insoluble in 1,1,1 trichloroethane).
Methods for estimating the composition of products manufactured on asphalt saturated organic and asbestos felts are well known. Until now, similar analytical methods have not been available for products made with glass fiber felts. This new method adapts and improves on the older methods, to provide more refined and precise data for products made with most felt types, and which may lead to new concepts about the performance of these products.
Specific examples include comparative analyses of the exposed and unexposed segments of a typical 3-tab strip asphalt shingle manufactured on glass fiber felts, the top part of a laminated asphalt shingle manufactured on glass fiber felts, an SBS (styrene-butadiene-styrene) modified asphalt sheet, a conventional asphalt shingle manufactured on organic felt, and an SBS modified shingle made on a glass fiber felt.
Three Modified Bitumen Roofing Membranes at Fort Polk: Preliminary Field Test Results
Authors: Bailey DM , Rossiter WJ , Seiler JF 
Published: March 2009

The results of the first five years of a 10-year field evaluation on three modified bitumen roofing systems at Fort Polk, LA are presented. This work is part of a research effort being conducted by the U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratories (USACERL) to investigate long-term performance of single-ply membrane roofing materials.
In 1987, three different modified bitumen roofing systems were installed on Building 920 at Fort Polk: a torch-applied atactic polypropylene (APP), a hot-mopped styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) and a self-adhering SBS membrane. At the time of installation, the roof membrane materials were tested for initial properties to provide a basis for comparison with later samples. Test samples for each roofing system were taken during the initial installation and at years 1,2,3, and 5. A total of nine tests measuring mechanical and physical properties of the membranes were performed on each of the sets of samples. The properties being evaluated were those considered essential to good roofing performance. For most properties, American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard test methods were used. In addition to the membrane testing, the roofs have been visually inspected once each year. Preliminary findings indicate that the test roofs are performing well.
Enhancement of the Standard for PVC Roof Membrane Material with the use of Mechanical and Chemical Analysis
Authors: Paroli RM , Dutt O , Smith TL , Whelan BJ 
Published: March 2009

Samples of reinforced and unreinforced PVC roofing membranes were studied using dynamic mechanical analysis and tensile testing. Preliminary work has shown that the glass-transition temperature provides an indication of the relative stability of the membranes and may assist in understanding the shattering phenomenon.
This study discusses the utility of using the glass-transition temperature in standards for the reinforced PVC roofing membranes. It is shown that Tg values are easily obtained from dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and that DMA should be considered in the standards for roofing membranes.
Based upon the characterization of samples from shattered roofs, as well as reinforced materials subjected to artificial weathering, recommendations for enhancing the ASTM Standard D4434 are presented.
The Use of Field Tests and Electrochemical Noise to Define Conditions for Accelerated Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) Testing
Authors: Brennenstuhl AM , Gendron TS 
Published: March 2009

The problem associated with the development of an accelerated test for assessing the susceptibility of materials to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is an uncommonly difficult one, The usual methods of accelerating corrosion such as increasing the temperature and concentration of aggressive species cannot be used. Both these factors have to be maintained within relatively tight limits, otherwise unacceptable changes in the biology of the system will result. Conventional, anodic polarization techniques can produce misleading information because the very high fields produced at the metal surface during polarization are incompatible with the maintenance of viable microorganisms. Other methods of acceleration and detection must therefore be sought.
A combination of failure analyses, laboratory studies, and field simulations has been useful to determine the mechanism of corrosion of Ontario Hydro's freshwater cooled heat exchangers (HXs) and to identify the most detrimental operating conditions. During field simulations of the worst conditions, electrochemical noise monitoring has identified a reproducible response that could be an MIC signature. This signature may be used to verify the relevance of proposed accelerated MIC tests to field operation.
This paper describes the methods and results of field experiments using electrochemical noise monitoring and their implications for accelerated MIC testing.
Review of Effects of Biofilms on the Probability of Localized Corrosion of Stainless Steels in Seawater
Authors: Salvago G , Taccani G , Fumagalli G 
Published: March 2009

Measurements have been made of pH values in the layer adjacent to finemeshed screens immersed in artificial and natural seawater. The results obtained on platinum, bronze, nickel-based alloys, stainless-steel and carbon-steel screens indicate that acidic environments can be formed beneath the biofilm on even cathodically polarized metallic materials. From an examination of data regarding the exposure of different materials in galvanic couples to natural and artificial environments, it seems clear that stainless steels exposed to the acidification of the artificial environment: (1) leads to depolarization phenomena of the cathodic processes, with effects qualitatively but not quantitatively similar to those observed in natural seawater; and (2) enhances the localized corrosion onset probability, though the attack penetration depth is lower than values observed in natural seawater.
The different procedures for obtaining polarization curves in seawater, as well as the significance of the numeric values achieved, are discussed herein. The electrochemical complexity of biofilms is emphasized. Some aspects of the biofilms formed on stainless steel exposed to seawater are similar to those observed for conductive polymer films, such as polypyrroles.
The Characterization of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Heavy Oil Waterflood Operations
Authors: Jack TR , Rogoz E , Bramhill B , Roberge PR 
Published: March 2009

This study was carried out in an oilfield waterflood operation in which produced brine is reinjected to displace oil from the reservoir. Significant corrosion problems are associated with bacterial colonization of the water handling system. Previous work has focused on optimizing biocide treatments, but there are limits to what is economically achievable by this approach.
This report describes results of an audit of chemical, biological and corrosion parameters measured across the Wainwright waterflood operation over a 30-month period. The intent of the audit was to provide a basis for understanding and improving monitoring and control practices in such operations.
Corrosion-monitoring methods generally failed to correlate in a simple way with corrosion failures. Failure frequency correlated with several water chemistry parameters. Common treatment chemicals showed evidence of promoting bacterial growth. Sulfate-reducing bacterial numbers were found to be a function of position in the system, population composition and water chemistry.
Based on the insights obtained, a series of runs was carried out in a special test facility to assess the effects of trace nitrate, oxygen scavenger, and nutrient addition on the sessile bacterial populations present in an operating unit. Results are briefly described.
An Electrochemical Method for On-Line Monitoring of Biofilm Activity in Cooling Water Using the BloGEORGE™ Probe
Authors: Licina GJ , Nekoksa G , Howard RL 
Published: March 2009

The presence of active microorganisms on piping and components in cooling water systems can have a profound effect on the corrosion performance of such systems. Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) can result in premature failures of critical and support systems, increased downtime of equipment for repairs and maintenance, and increased operating costs associated with mitigation measures. In some cases, MIC has forced premature replacement of tanks, heat exchangers, and piping systems with a severe effect on plant availability.
Monitoring methods that alert plant operators that biofilm formation is occurring on pipe work and components permit the operators to initiate mitigation actions before biofouling becomes severe or MIC has occurred. The effectiveness of common water treatment chemicals is also increased substantially by prompt actions. Unfortunately, most monitoring activities rely upon process controls or batch methods that are too slow or of insufficient sensitivity to permit reliable control and implementation of mitigation techniques. Those methods are also too slow to be utilized for process controls of biocide additions, hence, mitigation activities are often excessively costly, both environmentally and in terms of direct costs of antimicrobial chemicals.
An electrochemical probe to permit on-line monitoring of biofilm activity under power plant or other industrial exposure conditions is under development. This device, the BIoGEORGE electrochemical biofilm monitor, permits on-line evaluations of the effects of biofilm formation upon the surfaces of passive alloys such as stainless steels exposed to cooling water environments. Benchtop experiments have shown that biofilm formation on stainless steel surfaces can be detected by an electrochemical indication well in advance of any visual evidence of biofilm or corrosion on the electrodes. The probe may be used to provide an early warning to plant operators to take appropriate actions such that biofouling and MIC may be avoided. The simplicity of the design and operation sequence are such that probes may be installed and left to operate unattended for extended periods with only minimal operator interaction.
The design of the probe, results of benchtop experiments, and a description of its installation at the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant are described.
Fire Tests and Interior Furnishings
Authors: Hirschler MM 
Published: March 2009

Interior furnishings are consumer products found in various occupancies. They include furniture, bedding, curtains and drapes, surface finishes (wall, ceiling and floor coverings), and cabinetry. Among the features they have in common is the fact that they are rarely a single material, but that they generally involve various layers. This characteristic is important because it explains why testing of their individual components usually does not give adequate answers.
A survey of the development of such fire tests, and of the present status, is presented here. Special focus will be placed on upholstered furniture tests.
The flammability of upholstered furniture has been under a microscope since it was first discovered to be an important issue, in the late 1960s and early 1970s. However, relatively few tests have been developed and standardized, either in the United States or in other countries. The initial focus was on cigarette ignition and on component testing, resulting in tests such as the NBS mockups and the UFAC test (ASTM E 1352 or NFPA 261 and ASTM E 1353 or NFPA 262, respectively). This was followed by testing of entire chairs with cigarettes (CA TB 116). Eventually, composite component testing with small flames started, pioneered by British standard BS 5852. Parallel to this, material testing continued, using a variety of mostly small-scale tests (the most frequently used tests being CS 191-53 and CA TB 117). In the mid 1980s, tests started to appear for the flaming behavior of complete upholstered furniture items, CA TB 133 being among the most notable ones. The fire community has now understood that the most important fire property is the heat release rate, and this has been incorporated into contents and furnishings tests, as in ASTM E 1537. The next step is the attempt to predict the results of such tests with bench-scale heat release tests and fire models. This work is still in progress.
Fire tests for other interior furnishings have also undergone a complex history, which is reviewed. Tests for the different products are in various stages of development. It would appear that the fire testing of furnishings and contents in the future will entail mostly finished products and heat release equipment.
A flurry of activity is characterizing the present emphasis on furnishings. Moreover, the majority of the new tests being developed generate results that can be used as input for models to carry out fire hazard or fire risk assessments.
Assessing Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Eatough DJ 
Published: March 2009

The assessment of environmental tobacco smoke exposure is complicated by the presence of significant amounts of organic material in both the gas and the particulate phase and by changes in the relative composition of the two phases with time. An understanding of both the chemical nature of fresh environmental tobacco smoke and the changes in its composition over time are needed in order to properly assess the impact of smoking on the nonsmoker in indoor environments. The dynamics of these changes in environmental tobacco smoke affect: (1) the chemical compounds to which the nonsmoker is exposed, (2) the chemical compounds that may be used to estimate the exposure of the nonsmoker to environmental tobacco smoke in the indoor environment, and (3) risk assessment of disease and irritant exacerbations associated with exposure of the nonsmoker to environmental tobacco smoke.
The chemical characteristics of environmental tobacco smoke that affect the assessment of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke are reviewed. The various components of environmental tobacco smoke that have been used to assess exposure are evaluated with respect to the following three criteria: (1) uniqueness to environmental tobacco smoke, (2) ease of determination at concentrations present in indoor air, and (3) relationship to other components of environmental tobacco smoke.