bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A model of growth, pregnancy and lactation in the red deer
Authors: VETHARANIAM I. , STEVENS D. R. , ASHER G. W. , WOODWARD S. J. R. , ARCHER J. A. , ROLLO M. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA model of the growth, pregnancy and lactation of red deer was developed for incorporation into a whole-farm systems model in order to improve the understanding of venison supply systems. The model estimates the level of metabolic demand for a deer, which depends on the maximum capacity of its tissues to use energy. A function that takes account of satiation signals and rumen capacity is used to convert the metabolic demand into an estimate of the deer's forage intake demand, which can be used as an input into a foraging model. The actual energy intake of the deer is subsequently used to predict live weight (LW), body condition score, foetal growth and gestation length in pregnant hinds, and milk yield in lactating hinds. In order to make these predictions, the model requires inputs that include values for mean daily temperature, mean daily wind speed, day length and season, as well as pasture quality. Values for model parameters were obtained from the literature, rather than by fitting to data, and model predictions were then compared with measurements obtained in independent trials.In simulations, the model predicted that 152-day-old stags and hinds, weighing, respectively, 44 and 48 kg, would grow to, respectively, 106 and 90 kg when 517 days old, compared with trial results of, respectively, 103 and 84 kg. Predictions for the weight of pregnant hinds, gestation length and calf birth weight compared well with an experiment for hinds on a high plane of nutrition but poorly for hinds on medium and low planes. Weekly predictions of hind LWs for days 132–230 of pregnancy had respective residual means of 0·08, 6·2 and 8·5 kg, and respective residual standard deviations of 1·33, 4·6 and 5·2 kg for the high, medium and low nutritional planes. Predicted gestation length for high, medium and low planes of nutrition were, respectively, 231·5, 238·0 and 242·0 days compared with experimental values of, respectively, 231·3, 234·7 and 239·2 days, while predicted birth weights were, respectively, 8·5, 8·3 and 8·9 kg compared with measured values of, respectively, 8·4, 9·5 and 9·3 kg. Predicted calf growth from birth to 14 weeks agreed well with data (residual mean and standard deviation being 0·04 and 1·15 kg, respectively).The existing software structure of the whole-farm model dictated that the deer model use the Euler method with a fixed, daily time step. Therefore, the model was constructed using difference (rather than differential) equations and used a traditional, energy-balance method for predicting growth. This empirical approach tacitly imposed a standard body composition and standard metabolic rate for adults, with values corresponding to well-fed deer. This does not cater for variation in body composition and metabolic activity, and in retrospect, caused the model to perform poorly for the medium and low nutritional regimes.
Bilateral, simultaneous cochlear implantation in children: surgical considerations
Authors: Migirov L , Kronenberg J 
Published: March 2009

AbstractProblem:The advantages of bilateral, simultaneous cochlear implantation include: the possibility to pre-empt cochlear calcification following meningitis; reduction of the intervention to only one procedure, general anaesthetic and course of clinical care (with obvious benefits for the patient); and greater cost-effectiveness. The disadvantages of such a procedure include: doubling the risk of associated complications; placing the patient on the implanted side during contralateral implantation; the possibility of vestibular alteration simultaneously in both ears; the need for precise planning of symmetrical incisions and implant sites; and longer surgery time.Methods:The study cohort included 10 children who underwent bilateral, simultaneous cochlear implantation using the suprameatal approach.Results:The overall operation time, inclusive of anaesthesia, was approximately three hours in all cases. None of the children had any intra- or post-operative complications.Conclusions:From a surgical perspective, bilateral, simultaneous cochlear implantation is a safe procedure. The use of a non-mastoidectomy approach is recommended.
Rinodina etayoi, anew saxicolous lichen species from the Canary Islands
Authors: GIRALT Mireia , van den BOOM Pieter P. G. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe silicicolous lichen species,Rinodina etayoiGiralt & van den Boom, is described as new from inland localities of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote (Canary Islands). It is characterized by a crustose, whitish thallus containing atranorin, zeorin, chloroatranorin and stictic acid, hemispheric pseudolecanorine apothecia containing, a proper exciple inspersed with numerous and large oil drops, and by ascospores of theMischoblastia-type. The joint occurrence of pannarin, stictic acid andMischoblastia-type ascospores makesR. etayoiunique within the genus.
A new species of Lecanactis (Arthoniales, Roccellaceae) from Madagascar
Authors: ERTZ Damien , SÉRUSIAUX Emmanuël 
Published: March 2009

AbstractLecanactis rubra is described as new to science. It is characterized by having rounded to irregular or lirellate ascomata, relatively wide 3-septate ascospores and by the production of gyrophoric acid and an anthraquinone. The species is known only from the type locality in the deciduous dry forests in the western part of Madagascar.
Modernizing Military Organizations and Political Control in Central Europe
Authors: Demchak Chris C. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe public policy issues of modernizing public agencies in Central Europe are nowhere more pressing than in the process of modernizing militaries. The leaders of central Europe – Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia – plan to deploy smaller, more professional forces equipped with advanced weapons and support systems, changing their organizations accordingly. This paper argues that the political and organizational circumstances roughly common to Central European countries make such modernization highly problematical for effective civilian policy in crises. Advanced technologies can compound the normal problems of civilian ministerial control by altering modernizing military organizations in unexpected ways. The more intricate, critical and expensive the machines, the more organizational effects they induce. Even in minor crises, military leaders will probably want to move to heightened states of readiness to be sure the machines are in place and functional. Under these circumstances, there is greater potential for each otherwise noisy but survivable crisis to escalate through regrettable military guidance and destabilizing military actions, with or without full civilian understanding.
AMBIGUITY IN THE DETERMINATION OF THE FREE ENERGY ASSOCIATED WITH THE CRITICAL CIRCLE MAP
Authors: KENNY BRIAN G. , DIXON TONY W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe consider a simple model to describe the widths of the mode-locked intervals for the critical circle map. By using two different partitions of the rational numbers based on Farey series and Farey tree levels, respectively, we calculate the free energy analytically at selected points for each partition. It emerges that the result of the calculation depends on the method of partition. An implication of this finding is that the generalized dimensions Dq are different for the two types of partition except when q=0; that is, only the Hausdorff dimension is the same in both cases.
Psychometric Approach to Social Capital: Using AsiaBarometer Survey Data in 29 Asian Societies
Authors: HOTTA ZEN-U LUCIAN , INOGUCHI TAKASHI 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper is one of the few attempts made by social scientists to measure social capital via psychometric approach, and is the only one of such kind to base its evidence on the AsiaBarometer survey data. After first reviewing the history of social capital, including its conceptual emergence and recent literatures, we expose the issue of difficulty in the measurement of social capital despite its topical popularity. We tackle this measurement issue by applying psychometric procedures to the AsiaBarometer survey data of 2004, 2005, and 2006, focusing on questions pertaining to social capital of ordinary individuals residing in the 29 survey societies. This paper is significant in two aspects. First, using simple statistical procedures, it extracts various dimensions of social capital without first knowing what dimensions to extract. In short, it does not try to measure social capital using some kind of pre-defined concepts such as those outlined in the historical review of our predecessors. Rather, it succeeds in manifesting key factors of social capital – altruism, utilitarianism, communitarianism, and concordance with prevailing regime – by mechanically processing collective responses by individual respondents towards survey questions oriented with social capital. Though the paper does not aim to establish its methodology as a widely held consensus on how to measure social capital, it does give credence and recognition to psychometric approaches as effectives means to measure social capital, which, by its very definition, calls for ‘objective’ approaches using collective data to measure ‘subjective’ notions of individual actions within networks. Second, this paper is the first systematic empirical analysis of social capital in all the subregions of Asia, i.e. East, Southeast, South, and Central. It builds on our earlier works, including the 2006 paper on social capital in Central and South Asia, and gives empirical credence to important concepts on Asian political culture.
Genetic structure analysis of domestic duck populations in eastern China
Authors: Hui-Fang Li , Wei-Tao Song , Wen-Qi Zhu , Wen-Juan Xu , Qing-Ping Tang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractUsing microsatellite markers, the genetic structure of nine domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos) populations in eastern China was analysed. The results showed that the heterozygosity was high in these populations, ranging from 0.5137 to 0.6055, with an average heterozygosity of 0.5523, reflecting the rich diversity. Considerable breed differentiation was observed and 25.65% of the total genetic variation came from breed differences; this low differentiation result affirmed that each breed has its own genetic diversity. The DA genetic distances suggested that greater differentiation existed between populations. The duck populations were clustered into four groups based on neighbour joining (NJ) clustering, and the clustering results showed relationships with duck breed distributions and economic utilization.
Activation tagging library construction and mutant phenotype analysis
Authors: Dong-Mei Cao , Xi-Ying Fan , Yun-Shan Wang , Li-Fang Kang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractActivation tagging plays an important role in plant genomics studies. In this paper, an activation tagging library containing 50 000 Basta-resistant lines was constructed by mediated transformation of the mutantbzr1-DofAribidopsis thaliana. Among these transformants, 47 lines showed obvious phenotypes, including late flowering time, dwarf growth habit, changed leaf shape, longer leaf petiole, leaves lacking trichomes, sterility and no kink between stem/leaf. Some T-DNA flanking sequences were obtained by TAIL (thermal asymmetric interlaced) and nested PCR. Results showed that the mutants contained one to three T-DNA insertions. The insertions were distributed in the first, fourth and fifth chromosomes of the genome.
Induction of lamb follicular development and embryo production in vitro
Authors: Xiao-Yong Chen , Shu-Jun Tian , Run-Zi Sang , Shu-Chun Sun , Zhu-Jun Zhao , Jun-Jie Li , Wei-Tao Dun 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEffect of lamb age, transport stimulation and repeated hormone superovulation on the number of collected oocytes were determined. Effect of the culture medium containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) on the development of embryos produced in vitro from lamb oocytes was also investigated. Results indicated that the mean numbers of collected and available oocytes (oocytes with compacted cumulus cells, evenly granulated ooplasm and morphologically normal) from 6- to 8-week-old lambs were 60.8±13.9 and 58.2±12.3, respectively. These figures were higher than those obtained from 12- to 14-week-old lambs (27.3±5.1 and 26.0±4.9) (P<0.05). Stimulation by transportation didn't decrease the number of collected oocytes from the superovulated lambs (P>0.05). However, the number of collected oocytes in the repeated superovulation group was significantly reduced, compared with the control group (P<0.05). The embryonic culture medium supplemented with 10 μmol/l EDTA highly improved the development capability of the embryos from lamb oocytes (P<0.05). Healthy lambs were born following embryo transfer.
Identification of thecrygene inBacillus thuringiensisstrain WZ-9 and its toxicity againstHenosepilachna vigintioctomaculata
Authors: Ping Song , Qin-Ying Wang , Hui-Xian Wu , Xiu-Jun Lu , Yong Wang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBacillus thuringiensisstrain WZ-9, isolated from soil in Hebei province, China, was effective againstHenosepilachna vigintioctomaculatalarvae. The strain presented bipyramidal crystals with a protein band of 130 kDa in SDS–PAGE. The pH changes of the culture media showed important fluctuations during the 24 h growth cycle. The pH varied less in log and stationary phases than it did in the exponential phase. Bioassay results showed that the WZ-9 strain was only harmful to larvae ofH. vigintioctomaculataand not to either adults ofH. vigintioctomaculataor other several lepidopteran and coleopteran insects. LC50to second-instar larvae ofH. vigintioctomaculatawas 2.95×107cells/ml after 72 h. Genotypic investigations showed that this strain possessed thecry7gene. Sequence analysis demonstrated that the encoding gene contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 3414 bp and encoded 1138 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence was 99.65% identical to that of the reported Cry7Ab2 sequences. This gene was designated by the Bt δ-endotoxin nomenclature committee as Cry7Ab3 with accession number BI 1015188 in the GenBank database.
Two new miR‐16 targets: caprin‐1 and HMGA1, proteins implicated in cell proliferation
Authors: Kaddar Tagrid , Rouault Jean‐Pierre , Chien Wei Wen , Chebel Amel , Gadoux Mylène , Salles Gilles , Ffrench Martine , Magaud Jean‐Pierre 
Published: March 2009

Background information. miRNAs (microRNAs) are a class of non‐coding RNAs that inhibit gene expression by binding to recognition elements, mainly in the 3′ UTR (untranslated region) of mRNA. A single miRNA can target several hundred mRNAs, leading to a complex metabolic network. miR‐16 (miRNA‐16), located on chromosome 13q14, is involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis regulation; it may interfere with either oncogenic or tumour suppressor pathways, and is implicated in leukaemogenesis. These data prompted us to search for and validate novel targets of miR‐16.Results. In the present study, by using a combined bioinformatics and molecular approach, we identified two novel putative targets of miR‐16, caprin‐1 (cytoplasmic activation/proliferation‐associated protein‐1) and HMGA1 (high‐mobility group A1), and we also studied cyclin E which had been previously recognized as an miR‐16 target by bioinformatics database. Using luciferase activity assays, we demonstrated that miR‐16 interacts with the 3′ UTR of the three target mRNAs. We showed that miR‐16, in MCF‐7 and HeLa cell lines, down‐regulates the expression of caprin‐1, HMGA1a, HMGA1b and cyclin E at the protein level, and of cyclin E, HMGA1a and HMGA1b at the mRNA levels.Conclusions. Taken together, our data demonstrated that miR‐16 can negatively regulate two new targets, HMGA1 and caprin‐1, which are involved in cell proliferation. In addition, we also showed that the inhibition of cyclin E expression was due, at least in part, to a decrease in its mRNA stability.
Glycolysis in contracting rat skeletal muscle is controlled by factors related to energy state
Authors: Ørtenblad Niels , Macdonald Will A. , Sahlin Kent 
Published: March 2009

The control of glycolysis in contracting muscle is not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to examine whether activation of glycolysis is mediated by factors related to the energy state or by a direct effect of Ca2+ on the regulating enzymes. Extensor digitorum longus muscles from rat were isolated, treated with cyanide to inhibit aerobic ATP production and stimulated (0.2 s trains every 4 s) until force was reduced to 70% of initial force (control muscle, referred to as Con). Muscles treated with BTS (N-benzyl-p-toluene sulfonamide), an inhibitor of cross-bridge cycling without affecting Ca2+ transients, were stimulated for an equal time period as Con. Energy utilization by the contractile apparatus (estimated from the observed relation between ATP utilization and force–time integral) was 60% of total. In BTS, the force–time integral and ATP utilization were only 38 and 58% of those in Con respectively. Glycolytic rate in BTS was only 51% of that in Con but the relative contribution of ATP derived from PCr (phosphocreatine) and glycolysis and the relation between muscle contents of PCr and Lac (lactate) were not different. Prolonged cyanide incubation of quiescent muscle (low Ca2+) did not change the relation between PCr and Lac. The reduced glycolytic rate in BTS despite maintained Ca2+ transients, and the unchanged PCr/Lac relation in the absence of Ca2+ transients, demonstrates that Ca2+ is not the main trigger of glycogenolysis. Instead the preserved relative contribution of energy delivered from PCr and glycolysis during both conditions suggests that the glycolytic rate is controlled by factors related to energy state.
Subglottic Air Pressure and Swallowing
Authors: Gross Roxann Diez 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe existence of positive subglottic air pressure at the time of the swallow was first demonstrated in patients with indwelling tracheostomy tubes. Deglutitive subglottic air pressure has also been measured in non-tracheostomized persons. Several investigations that compared the occlusion status of tracheostomy tubes (open vs. closed) have found relationships between swallowing physiology and tube status. Similar findings were reported when healthy individuals swallowed at various lung volumes. As such, there is emerging evidence for the role of subglottic air pressure in swallowing motor control. Clinically, subglottic pressures in relation to breathing and swallowing coordination, pulmonary function, and lung-thoracic unit recoil forces may need to be considered when working with both tracheostomized and non-tracheostomized patients.
Aspiration Pneumonitis and Aspiration Pneumonia
Authors: Cavallazzi Rodrigo , Vasu Tajender S , Marik Paul E 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia are common entities that occur more frequently in populations that are susceptible to aspiration. In aspiration pneumonitis, the degree of lung injury caused by the aspiration of gastric contents is influenced by the pH and to a lesser extent volume of the aspirate. In aspiration pneumonia, the key precipitating event is the inhalation of colonized oropharyngeal material. While anaerobic bacteria are the classic organisms associated with aspiration pneumonia, gram-negative bacteria also play an important role in its pathogenesis. Although there is enormous potential for the investigation of strategies aiming the prevention of aspiration pneumonia, most studies have failed to show a benefit of these strategies. Recently published clinical trials have evaluated the efficacy of different antibiotic regimens for the treatment of aspiration pneumonia. Importantly, new and simplified antibiotic regimens have emerged as an option for the treatment of aspiration pneumonia.
Swallow Pattern Generator Reconfiguration of the Respiratory Neural Network
Authors: Vovka Andrea , Davenport Paul W. , Wheeler-Hegland Karen , Morris Kendall F. , Sapienza Christine M. , Bolser Donald C. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
When the nasal and oral passages converge and a bolus enters the pharynx, it is critical that breathing and swallow motor patterns become integrated to allow safe passage of the bolus through the pharynx. Breathing patterns must be reconfigured to inhibit inspiration, and upper airway muscle activity must be recruited and reconfigured to close the glottis and laryngeal vestibule, invert the epiglottis, and ultimately protect the lower airways. Failure to close and protect the glottal opening to the lower airways, or loss of the integration and coordination of swallow and breathing, increases the risk of penetration or aspiration. A neural swallow central pattern generator (CPG) controls the pharyngeal swallow phase and is located in the medulla. We propose that this swallow CPG is functionally organized in a holarchical behavioral control assembly (BCA) and is recruited with pharyngeal swallow. The swallow BCA holon reconfigures the respiratory CPG to produce the stereotypical swallow breathing pattern, consisting of swallow apnea during swallowing followed by prolongation of expiration following swallow. The timing of swallow apnea and the duration of expiration is a function of the presence of the bolus in the pharynx, size of the bolus, bolus consistency, breath cycle, ventilatory state and disease.
Multivariate analysis of variance test for gene set analysis
Authors: Tsai Chen-An , Chen James J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Gene class testing (GCT) or gene set analysis (GSA) is a statistical approach to determine whether some functionally predefined sets of genes express differently under different experimental conditions. Shortcomings of the Fisher's exact test for the overrepresentation analysis are illustrated by an example. Most alternative GSA methods are developed for data collected from two experimental conditions, and most is based on a univariate gene-by-gene test statistic or assume independence among genes in the gene set. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) approach is proposed for studies with two or more experimental conditions.
Results: When the number of genes in the gene set is greater than the number of samples, the sample covariance matrix is singular and ill-condition. The use of standard multivariate methods can result in biases in the analysis. The proposed MANOVA test uses a shrinkage covariance matrix estimator for the sample covariance matrix. The MANOVA test and six other GSA published methods, principal component analysis, SAM-GS, analysis of covariance, Global, GSEA and MaxMean, are evaluated using simulation. The MANOVA test appears to perform the best in terms of control of type I error and power under the models considered in the simulation. Several publicly available microarray datasets under two and three experimental conditions are analyzed for illustrations of GSA. Most methods, except for GSEA and MaxMean, generally are comparable in terms of power of identification of significant gene sets.
Availability: A free R-code to perform MANOVA test is available at http://mail.cmu.edu.tw/~catsai/research.htm
Contact: jamesj.chen@fda.hhs.gov; catsai@mail.cmu.edu.tw
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.