bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral viral infections and the therapeutic use of antiviral agents in dentistry
Authors: McCullough MJ , Savage NW 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper reviews the current concepts of viral classification, infection and replication. The clinical presentation of common oral viral infections encountered in the dental practice are discussed, including: herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2; Epstein‐Barr virus; varicella‐zoster virus; Coxsackie virus; human papilloma virus; and human immunodeficiency virus. The diagnosis, principles of management and pharmacological agents available for the treatment of oral viral infections are also discussed.
Accessing government subsidized specialist orthodontic services in Western Australia
Authors: Kruger E. , Tennant M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: In Australia there is growing demand for dental services. This leads to more pressure on the oral health service providers, and in particular government subsidized dental care. Against this backdrop it is important that government dental services (rationed to health care cardholders) are provided equitably on a basis of need, not access. The primary hypothesis investigated in this study was that there would be an even distribution of patients referred for government subsidized orthodontic care across Western Australia when regionally adjusted for socio‐economic status. Methods: Data were obtained as a de‐identified waiting list for orthodontic treatment at The University of Western Australia. The data included all patients on the orthodontic waiting list as at December 2003. Results: Significant differences between ARIA categories were detected when all waiting list entries were distributed. However, the trend was towards more entries (adjusted for population) in highly accessible areas. It was found that people from relatively wealthy areas tended to be more likely to be on the waiting list than those from more disadvantaged regions. Conclusion: In summary, the results of this study indicate that there is an uneven distribution of demand for orthodontics waiting list positions across Western Australian postcode areas by remoteness (ARIA) and by socio‐economic disadvantage (IRSD). The results suggest that demand for subsidized orthodontic care may be influenced by the general demand for treatment of that region and not on what would be expected to be an even need for treatment across all health care cardholders.
Factors influencing recent dental graduates' location and sector of employment in Victoria
Authors: Silva M. , Phung K. , Huynh W. , Wong H. , Lu J. , Aijaz A. , Hopcraft M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Recruitment and retention of dentists in the public sector and rural areas in Victoria has become increasingly difficult in recent years. There are little available data on the factors that influence the sector and location of practice of new dental graduates. The objective of this study was to investigate the factors considered by new graduates in determining the location and sector of employment after graduation, and influencing any early changes in career path. Methods: Questionnaires were sent to dentists who graduated from The University of Melbourne from 2000–2003 who were currently practising in Victoria. There were 154 subjects to whom questionnaires were sent and 109 useable questionnaires were returned, a response rate of 74 per cent. Results: Upon graduation, 53 per cent of the new graduates chose to work in the private sector only, compared to 15 per cent in public sector only and 33 per cent in both. At present, 71 per cent work in the private sector only, 17 per cent in the public sector only and 12 per cent in both. The most important factors for choosing to work in the private sector were receiving broad range of clinical experience, opportunities to familiarize with practice management and providing a continuity of care. The principal factors for practising in the public sector were clinical mentoring and advice, consolidating clinical skills and work environment. Initially, 48 per cent of the sample chose to work in metropolitan areas only, 39 per cent in rural areas only and 13 per cent in both. Factors that influenced the decision to work in rural areas were the broad range of clinical experience and remuneration, while the main factors for choosing to work in metropolitan areas were lifestyle and proximity to family and friends. Conclusions: This study found that a large proportion of new dental graduates initially chose to work in the public sector and rural areas on graduation primarily as a means of consolidating their clinical skills. However, retention of dentists in both these areas appears to be a problem, with less than 10 per cent of 2000–2001 graduates still working in the public sector and only 20 per cent of 2000–2001 graduates still working in rural areas.
Caries experience in preschool children referred for specialist dental care in hospital
Authors: Hallett KB , O'Rourke PK 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Background
: Increasing numbers of preschool children are being referred for specialist dental management in a paediatric hospital. Most cases have severe early childhood caries and require comprehensive management under general anaesthesia. The present study investigated risk factors for disease presence at initial consultation.
Methods
: A convenience sample of 125 children under four years of age from the north Brisbane region were examined and caries experience recorded using dmft and dmfs indices. A self‐administered questionnaire obtained information regarding social, demographic, birth, neonatal, infant feeding and dental health behaviour variables. The data were analysed using the chi‐square and one‐way analysis of variance procedures.
Results
: Ninety‐four per cent of referred children had severe ECC with mean dmft of 10.5 ± 3.8 and mean dmfs of 27.1 ± 15.1. Prevalence of severe ECC was significantly higher in children allowed a sweetened liquid in the infant feeding bottle (99 per cent) and allowed to sip from an infant feeding bottle during the day (100 per cent). Mean dmfs was significantly higher in children allowed to sleep with a bottle (28.7) and sip from a bottle during the day (29.9), children from a non‐Caucasian background (31.8), those children that commenced regular toothbrushing between 6 to 12 months of age (28.1), had no current parental supervision of daily tooth‐brushing (34.2) and had not taken daily fluoride supplements (27.8), vitamin supplements (27.8) or prescription medicine previously (27.6).
Conclusions
: The behavioural determinants for severe early childhood caries presence in hospital‐referred children were similar to those identified in the regional preschool population.
Dental health in rural Victoria: the Crossroads Household Survey
Authors: Simmons D. , Culliney K. , Joshy G. , McKenzies A. , Morgan M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Background
: The aims of this study were to describe dental health and perceived barriers to dental care in a regional centre and surrounding smaller towns in rural Victoria.
Methods
: A stratified, randomized, face‐to‐face household survey was undertaken to assess levels of edentulism and access to oral health services. A study response rate of 70.3 per cent (6316/9260) was achieved.
Results
: When compared with those in the regional centre, people living in the shire capitals were more likely to travel greater distances to see a dentist and were less likely to have seen a dentist within the past 12 months. While there was little difference in the edentulous proportion living in shire capitals compared with the regional centre, the level of edentulousness over the entire region was greater than overall Australian estimates. Differences in perceived barriers to care within the region were less than expected. Existing perceived barriers were lack of need, time until available appointments, attitudes of dentists and lack of public dental facilities. Differences in these barriers existed between socioeconomic groups.
Conclusions
: This study shows that the prevalence of edentulism was higher in the areas studied relative to the Australian population. Significant patient perceived barriers to care exist which may contribute to the problem.
Resin adhesion to caries‐affected dentine after different removal methods
Authors: Sattabanasuk V. , Burrow MF , Shimada Y. , Tagami J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Background
: Caries‐affected dentine is the common bonding substrate when treating a patient. At present, there are many methods used for caries removal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength of two adhesives (Clearfil Protect Bond and OptiBond Solo Plus Total‐Etch) to caries‐affected dentine after three different caries removal methods.
Methods
: Extracted carious human third molars were used and caries‐affected dentine surfaces were obtained from one of the three removal methods: (i) round steel bur in a slow‐speed handpiece; (ii) Er:YAG laser; or (iii) 600‐grit silicon carbide abrasive paper. Each of the adhesives was used to bond resin composite to the caries‐affected dentine according to the manufacturers' instructions. Hourglass‐shaped specimens were prepared and stressed in tension at 1mm/min. Data were analysed using two‐way analysis of variance and least significant difference test.
Results
: Clearfil Protect Bond showed significantly lower bond strength than OptiBond Solo Plus Total‐Etch after caries removal with round steel bur, but the opposite was found for specimens treated with silicon carbide abrasive paper. For laser‐treated dentine, no significant differences between the adhesives were revealed.
Conclusions
: Besides the differences in adhesives, different caries removal methods seem to influence resin adhesion to caries‐affected dentine.
Dentinal hypersensitivity: a review
Authors: Bartold PM 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTooth sensitivity is a very common clinical presentation which can cause considerable concern for patients. This condition is frequently encountered by periodontists, dentists, hygienists and dental therapists. The management of this condition requires a good understanding of the complexity of the problem, as well as the variety of treatments available. This review considers the aetiology, incidence and management of dentinal hypersensitivity.
Dissolution of porcine incisor pulps in sodium hypochlorite solutions of varying compositions and concentrations
Authors: Clarkson RM , Moule AJ , Podlich H. , Kellaway R. , Macfarlane R. , Lewis D. , Rowell J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: The solubility of dental pulp tissue in sodium hypochlorite has been extensively investigated but results have been inconsistent; due most likely to variations in experimental design, the volume and/or rate of replenishment of the solutions used and the nature of the tissues assessed. Traditionally, the sodium hypochlorite solutions used for endodontic irrigation in Australia have been either Milton or commercial bleach, with Milton being the most common. Recently, a range of Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) approved proprietary sodium hypochlorite solutions, which contain surfactant, has become available. Some domestic chlorine bleaches now also contain surfactants. The purpose of this study was to perform new solubility assessments, comparing Milton with new TGA approved products, Hypochlor 1% and Hypochlor 4% forte, and with a domestic bleach containing surfactant (White King).Methods: Ten randomly assigned pulp samples of porcine dental pulp of approximately equal dimensions were immersed in the above solutions, as well as representative concentrations of sodium hydroxide. Time to complete dissolution was measured and assessed statistically.Results: White King 4% showed the shortest dissolution time, closely followed by Hypochlor 4% forte. White King 1% and Hypochlor 1% each took around three times as long to completely dissolve the samples of pulp as their respective 4% concentrations, while Milton took nearly 10 times as long. The sodium hydroxide solutions showed no noticeable dissolution of the pulp samples.Conclusions: The composition and content of sodium hypochlorite solutions had a profound effect on the ability of these solutions to dissolve pulp tissuein vitro.Greater concentrations provided more rapid dissolution of tissue. One per cent solutions with added surfactant and which contained higher concentrations of sodium hydroxide were significantly more effective in dissolution of pulp tissue than Milton.
The use of a dental implant as an abutment in three unit implant‐tooth supported fixed partial denture: a case report and 32 month follow‐up
Authors: Clarke DF , Chen ST , Dickinson AJG 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe combined use of dental implants and teeth as abutments in fixed partial dentures may offer advantages to both patients and practitioners in certain clinical situations. An implant‐tooth retained prosthesis may reduce surgical intervention and cost to the patient. It may also mean that anatomical restrictions to the provision of an implant‐retained fixed prosthesis may be overcome. In this case report, the steps in provision of a three unit implant‐ to‐tooth fixed partial denture are described and the treatment planning and prognosis of a restoration of this type are discussed.
Holes a plenty: oral health status a major issue for newly arrived refugees in Australia
Authors: Davidson N. , Skull S. , Calache H. , Murray S. , Chalmers J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Dental health needs of newly arrived refugees are much greater than for the wider Australian community. This paper identifies the disparities and highlights major dental health issues for Australia's growing and constantly changing refugee population. Methods: Using available data and the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index as a measure of oral health, the reported oral health status of refugee groups in Australia was compared with that of the general population, Indigenous Australians, recipients of public dental services, special needs groups in Australia and other refugee groups outside Australia. Results: The reported oral health status of Australian refugees compared poorly with the comparison groups. Of particular concern was the number of reported untreated decayed teeth (D). This ranged from a mean of 2.0 to 5.2 compared with 0.6 to 1.4 for the general Australian population. Refugee groups also reported fewer filled teeth (1.0 to 5.8) compared with the general population (4.1 to 9.3). Similar results were found when reported D, M and F teeth for refugees were compared to Indigenous Australians, public dental service recipients, immigrants and special needs groups in Australia. Conclusions: Dental health of refugees, particularly untreated decay, compared poorly to that of Indigenous Australians, and special needs populations in Australia who all have known worse dental health than the general population. There is an urgent need for the inclusion of this at risk population among targeted dental services. In addition, sources of health related data must clearly identify refugees to enable appropriate comparisons with other population groups. Recommendations for refugees are made regarding on‐arrival dental assessment and treatment, and community based oral health programmes.
Enhancement of fluoride release from glass ionomer cement following a coating of silver fluoride
Authors: Ariffin Z. , Ngo H. , McIntyre J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: This study investigated the extent to which a coating of 10% silver fluoride (AgF) on discs of glass ionomer cements (GICs) would enhance the release of fluoride ion into eluting solutions at varying pH. Materials and methods: Forty discs each of Fuji IX, Fuji VII and of Vitrebond were prepared in a plastic mould. Twenty discs of each material were coated for 30 seconds with a 10% solution of AgF. Five discs each of coated and uncoated material were placed individually in 4ml of differing eluant solutions. The eluant solutions comprised deionized distilled water (DDW) and three separate acetate buffered solutions at pH 7, pH 5 and pH 3. After 30 minutes the discs were removed and placed in five vials containing 4ml of the various solutions for a further 30 minutes. This was repeated for further intervals of time up to 216 hours, and all eluant solutions were stored. Fluoride concentrations in the eluant solutions were estimated using a fluoride specific electrode, with TISAB IV as a metal ion complexing and ionic concentration adjustment agent. Cumulative fluoride release patterns were determined from the incremental data. Results: The coating of AgF greatly enhanced the level of fluoride ion release from all materials tested. Of the uncoated samples, Vitrebond released the greater concentrations of fluoride ion, followed by Fuji VII. However, cumulative levels of fluoride released from coated samples of the GICs almost matched those from coated Vitrebond. Conclusions: It was concluded that a coating of 10% AgF on GICs and a resin modified GIC greatly enhanced the concentration of fluoride released from these materials. This finding might be applied to improving protection against recurrent caries, particularly in high caries risk patients, and in the atraumatic restorative technique (ART) of restoration placement.
Recurrent aphthous ulcerative disease: presentation and management
Authors: Boras V Vucicevic , Savage NW 
Published: March 2008

AbstractRecurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU) is the second most common type of ulceration seen in the oral cavity. Notwithstanding an extensive literature and numerous proposed aetiologies, the cause of the disease remains obscure. In addition to the current conservative management of RAU lesions with corticosteroids, new treatment options are available and some have proven successful in open trials. This paper reviews patient work‐up and management.
A longitudinal study of 0.2% chlorhexidine gel for removal of mutans streptococci infection in preschool children
Authors: Law V. , Seow WK 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: The purpose of the present longitudinal study was to determine the effectiveness of 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) in removing mutans streptococci (MS) in a treatment cohort of caries‐free, preschool children. Methods: Thirty‐six children with mean age 38.6 ± 15.9 months who had MS infection brushed once daily with 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel for a period of 6–12 months. The children were examined every three months to assess their oral hygiene and dietary habits and MS status using a commercial microbiological kit. Results: The percentages of children who eliminated MS from their mouths increased from 28 per cent after three months to 48 per cent after six months and over 70 per cent after 12 months of gel use (p=0.039). Compliance of brushing with CHX gel was significantly associated with MS removal after six months gel use (p < 0.02). At the three and six month recalls, sugar snacks and increased sugar frequency were associated with continued presence of MS (p=0.03 and p=0.007). After three months cessation of CHX use, 13 (45 per cent) remained MS free (p=0.003). Conclusions: This pilot study involving caries‐free preschoolers with MS shows the potential of chlorhexidine gel to remove MS for the limited duration of study.
Periodontal disease among 45–54 year olds in Adelaide, South Australia
Authors: Brennan DS , Spencer AJ , Roberts‐Thomson KF 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: The aims of this study were to describe the prevalence, extent and severity of periodontal disease among middle‐aged adults, and to examine periodontitis by dental visit pattern, dental and health behaviour, socio‐demographics and socio‐economic status. Methods: A random sample of 45–54 year olds from metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia was surveyed by mailed self‐complete questionnaire during 2004–2005 with up to four follow‐up mailings of the questionnaire to non‐respondents (n=879 responded, response rate=43.8 per cent). Oral examinations were performed on 709 people who responded to the questionnaire (completion rate=80.7 per cent), providing an assessment of periodontal status. Results: Prevalence of loss of attachment (LOA) of 6+ mm was 19.2 per cent, extent of sites with LOA of 6+ mm was 1.3 per cent, and severity of LOA of sites with LOA of 2+ mm was 2.4mm. Using a case definition for periodontitis of two or more sites with LOA of 5+ mm and one or more sites with PD of 4+ mm in a multivariate logistic regression showed higher odds of periodontitis for people who last visited for relief of pain (OR=1.93) and who smoked daily/occasionally (OR=3.84), while lower odds were observed for people who were born in Australia (OR=0.51) and spoke English as the main language at home (OR=0.34). Conclusions: While periodontal disease was related to visit pattern and health‐related behaviours, the relationship with place of birth and main language spoken at home indicated socio‐cultural variation in disease not explained by behaviour among this cohort of 45–54 year olds.
The implications and management of acute odontogenic infection in association with Down and Eisenmenger syndromes and schizophrenia in a rural setting
Authors: Butler DR , Chilvers CR , Cane RJ 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: This report describes the case management of a 32 year old special needs patient with life‐threatening odontogenic infection. The combination of schizophrenia, Down and Eisenmenger syndromes presented significant challenges to managing his oral health, particularly within the rural context. In this case, dental treatment was limited to a full dental clearance during a high risk general anaesthesia session. Method: A comprehensive work‐up prior to general anaesthesia was an essential aspect of care. This included a full medical history and examination, communication between medical specialists, the dentist and family consultation. The anaesthetic procedure was undertaken using a careful regimen of drugs and monitoring to minimize the impact on his cardiovascular system. Techniques to minimize bleeding from extraction sites were also important. Results: Three weeks postsurgically the patient was reviewed and his family reported that he was interacting positively with them after years of surliness and conflict. This was attributed to a managed psychotropic medication regimen and improved dental condition, which has led to a sustained improvement in quality of life. Conclusions: The management of acute odontogenic infection for special needs patients in the rural setting requires a local interdisciplinary team approach, careful consideration of related pathophysiology and its potential impact on general anaesthesia, and close consultation with family and carers.