bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevention of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized medical patients
Authors: Lenchus Joshua D. , Jaffer Amir K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe hospitalized medical patient in the US today has multiple risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) and is therefore at a significant risk of developing this condition both during hospitalization and after discharge. The American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) guidelines recommend pharmacologic prophylaxis unless there are contraindications. Low‐molecular‐weight heparins (LMWH) are the preferred class of drugs due to multiple advantages, including daily dosing and a decreased risk of heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia, to name a few. Several emerging oral anticoagulants, including Factor Xa inhibitors and direct thrombin inhibitors, are currently being evaluated in Phase III clinical trials as prophylaxis against VTE in medically ill patients and may some day replace parenteral drugs. Mt Sinai J Med 75:449–453, 2008. © 2008 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Synthesis of water vapor barrier membrane by coating of poly(vinyl alcohol) substrate with poly(tert‐butyl acrylate)‐silica nanocomposite
Authors: Saito Reiko , Nakagawa Daisuke 
Published: September 2008

AbstractTo prepare a water vapor barrier membrane, organic/silica nanocomposites were used with perhydropolysilazane (PHPS) and poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) (P(tBA)) or poly(tert‐butyl acrylate‐co‐2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (TBAH) on a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) substrate. Water vapor permeability coefficient, Q, of the coated PVA substrates was measured. To prevent crack formation in the organic/silica nanocomposite layer, P(tBA) or TBAH with lower Tg than that of PVA was inserted as a stress relaxation layer between the PVA substrate and the composite layer. The insertion of the stress relaxation layer drastically decreased the Q value. The lowest Q value was observed especially when TBAH was inserted between TBAH/silica nanocomposite layer and the PVA substrate. Observation with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) did not show any crack both in the composite layer and near the interface between layers. It would be due to the good compatibility of the TBAH stress relaxation layer to the TBAH/silica nanocomposite layer and to the PVA substrate. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polyurethane–acrylate hybrid latexes from miniemulsion polymerization: effect of endgroups on structure and properties
Authors: Wang Chunpeng , Chu Fuxiang , Jin Liwei , Lin Mingtao , Xu Yuzhi , Guyot Alain 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPolyurethanes (PUs) were prepared by condensation of isophorone diisocyanate and polypropylene glycol (PPG) using butane diol as a chain extender. Methoxy or methacrylic endgroups of PUs were obtained upon reacting the residual isocyanate group (NCO) moiety with either methanol or hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA). The resulted PUs were dissolved in mixtures of acrylic monomers, and then the miniemulsion polymerization was conducted. These PUs were quite efficient hydrophobes for polyurethane (PU)‐acrylate hybrid miniemulsion polymerization. It was also demonstrated from the results of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) that the microphase separation of soft and hard phase of PUs in hybrid latexes was more significant than that of original PUs. The PU containing the methacrylic endgroup was almost fully cross‐linked during miniemulsion polymerization, resulting in less hard–hard segment of PU hydrogen bond in the hybrid polymer. Some specific morphologies were also discussed from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The mechanical properties of these films were studied from the strain–stress curves. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Will layered double hydroxides give nanocomposites with polar or non‐polar polymers?
Authors: Nyambo Calistor , Wang Dongyan , Wilkie Charles A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA preliminary study to determine the compatibility of organically‐modified magnesium aluminum layered double hydroxides with polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and poly(methyl methacrylate) was carried out by melt blending of the polymers with the layered double hydroxide. Only in the case of poly(methyl methacrylate) was good dispersion and nanocomposite formation obtained. The morphology of all the four systems was examined using X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy; the systems were also characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and cone calorimetry. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics of acrylate emulsion polymerization containing hydrophilic hydroxyl monomer in the presence of nano‐SiO2 particles
Authors: Yu Cai‐Li , Zhang Fa‐Ai , Zhu Xing‐Hua 
Published: September 2008

AbstractKinetics of acrylate emulsion polymerization containing hydrophilic hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and acrylic acid (AA) in the presence of nano‐SiO2 were investigated. The influence of temperature, emulsifier level, hydroxyl monomer content and the level of nano‐SiO2 on monomer conversion, polymerization rate (Rp), and the particle size was studied. The results showed that the presence of nano‐SiO2 increased the Rp when the level was below 5% but decreased when the level was above 7.5%, the more levels, the more seriously. As the temperature and emulsifier levels increased, and the presence of hydroxyl monomer, the Rp increased. The active energy of the system was 142.01 kJ/mol and the relationship of Rp and the concentration of emulsifier (E) was Rp ∞ [E]0.38. The mean particle size increased, particle size distribution became broader as the nano‐SiO2 levels increased. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of an evidence report and policies lifting reimbursement restrictions for acid suppressants: analysis of the Belgian national database
Authors: van Driel Mieke L. , Vander Stichele Robert , Elseviers Monique , De Sutter An , De Maeseneer Jan , Christiaens Thierry 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPurposeTo explore the effect on prescribing of policies that lift reimbursement restrictions on selected H2‐antihistamines and proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and of practice recommendations.MethodsMonthly claims based data for proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2‐antihistamines were obtained from the national health insurance database (Farmanet 1997–2005). Two policies were issued. In March 2001 two H2‐antihistamines and in March 2003 two PPIs became available without restrictions. An evidence report was distributed in September 2004. Periods before and after implementation of the interventions were compared. Interrupted time series with segmented regression analysis was used to assess and compare time trends.ResultsThe first policy resulted in an increase of volume (1.6 million DDDs; 95% CI 1.4–1.8 million; p < .001) and expenditure (€637 744; 95% CI 177 052–1 098 437; p = .026) for H2‐antihistamines, but consumption of PPIs continued to grow. After the second policy use of selected PPIs also increased (4.7 million DDDs increase; 95% CI 3.9–5.5 million; p < .001), but more than the desired shift toward selected PPIs. Although total expenditure stabilized at a lower level, there was no significant change of trend. Publication of the evidence report did not have any impact on prescribing.ConclusionsPolicies that lift reimbursement restrictions did not result in meaningful changes in utilization or cost saving. They may even have unintended effects. Collaboration between policymakers and guideline developers and linking policies to evidence‐based guidelines could be a more effective way to pursue cost‐containment and better quality of care. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A pilot study of the immediate effects of mirror feedback on sitting postural control in normal healthy adults
Authors: Watson Martin , Peck Matthew 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackground and Purpose. The remediation of postural control problems is a common feature of many physiotherapy interventions. Provision of augmented visual feedback through use of mirror‐reflected body image is one means by which therapists can purportedly facilitate patients' postural correction abilities. Despite the historic place of this treatment modality within the physiotherapist's armamentarium, the strategy has however received very limited investigation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extent to which availability of reflected body image influences the normal subjects' postural control abilities when in a sitting position. Method. A pilot investigation was undertaken, utilizing a sample of convenience comprising 18 healthy female subjects (mean age 20.8 years). All subjects underwent testing of their sitting postural control abilities in two separate conditions: with and without mirror feedback. A full length therapy mirror, as typically found in many rehabilitation departments, was used where appropriate to provide the reflected body image. Testing was carried out three times for each condition (six tests in total), obtaining average performance across three tests for each condition. Test order for each subject for the six tests was varied using a Latin square procedure to control for learning effect. Measurement of the subjects' postural control abilities was achieved by Balance Performance Monitor using a seat plate monitor and evaluating body sway path (mm). Postural control was challenged during testing by asking the subjects to maintain a standardized complex sitting position. Results. Group mean sway path with mirror feedback was lower than without: means 165.72 mm (standard deviation [SD] = 40.52 mm) versus 244.74 mm (SD = 68.48 mm). This suggested improved postural control ability when the subjects were able to view their reflected body image during testing. A related t test (t = 4.873, n = 18) showed differences between the two conditions to be statistically significant (p < 0.001), 95% confidence interval = 44.80 mm–113.23 mm. Conclusion. This relatively unsophisticated evaluation of mirror feedback nonetheless suggested a potential intervention effect. The precise mechanism(s) by which this strategy might effect changes in postural control ability, as well as the likely carryover of the effect and its replication in individuals with movement control problems, are all issues requiring further investigation. Nonetheless, these results provide provisional support for the notion that mirror feedback is a potentially useful strategy in the training of postural control. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New asperxanthone and asperbiphenyl from the marine fungus Aspergillus sp.
Authors: Wu Zu‐Jian , Ouyang Ming‐An , Tan Qing‐Wei 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Marine fungi are of great importance as potential sources of agricultural pesticide leads. To continue work on new and biologically active metabolites from marine fungi, culture extracts of selected isolates were screened for inhibitory activity against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), a typical member of the tobamovirus group of plant viruses.RESULTS: A new difuranxanthone, asperxanthone (1), and a new biphenyl, asperbiphenyl (2), as well as seven known unsaturated fatty acid glycerol esters, were isolated from a selected marine fungus, identified as Aspergillus sp. (MF‐93), collected in the Quan‐Zhou Gulf. Two‐dimensional NMR methods and FAB‐MS established the structures of the new compounds. Among the compounds, 1 and 2 showed moderate activity (inhibitory rates 62.9 and 35.5% respectively) in inhibiting multiplication of TMV, higher than that of the other seven known lipids but much lower than that of the extract at the identical concentration of 0.2 mg mL−1.CONCLUSION: Two new compounds, asperxanthone and asperbiphenyl, were identified as active components from Aspergillus sp. (MF‐93). Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Automatic sex detection of individuals of Ceratitis capitata by means of computer vision in a biofactory
Authors: Blasco Jose , Gómez‐Sanchís Juan , Gutierrez Abelardo , Chueca Patricia , Argilés Rafael , Moltó Enrique 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The sterile insect technique (SIT) is acknowledged around the world as an effective method for biological pest control of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Sterile insects are produced in biofactories where one key issue is the selection of the progenitors that have to transmit specific genetic characteristics. Recombinant individuals must be removed as this colony is renewed. Nowadays, this task is performed manually, in a process that is extremely slow, painstaking and labour intensive, in which the sex of individuals must be identified. The paper explores the possibility of using vision sensors and pattern recognition algorithms for automated detection of recombinants.RESULTS: An automatic system is proposed and tested to inspect individual specimens of C. capitata using machine vision. It includes a backlighting system and image processing algorithms for determining the sex of live flies in five high‐resolution images of each insect. The system is capable of identifying the sex of the flies by means of a program that analyses the contour of the abdomen, using fast Fourier transform features, to detect the presence of the ovipositor. Moreover, it can find the characteristic spatulate setae of males. Simulation tests with 1000 insects (5000 images) had 100% success in identifying male flies, with an error rate of 0.6% for female flies.CONCLUSION: This work establishes the basis for building a machine for the automatic detection and removal of recombinant individuals in the selection of progenitors for biofactories, which would have huge benefits for SIT around the globe. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Theory of excitons in carbon nanotubes
Authors: Ando Tsuneya , Uryu Seiji 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA brief review is given on the electronic and optical properties of carbon nanotubes. The topics include an effective‐mass description of the electronic states, optical absorption and excitons, two‐photon absorption, excitons in metallic nanotubes, their fine structure and the Aharonov–Bohm effect, and exciton absorption for perpendicular polarization. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Narrowing of exciton linewidth of a quantum dot with increasing temperature
Authors: Bando Kazuki , Masumoto Yasuaki 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSpectral narrowing of exciton luminescence at the elevated temperature was observed in a semiconductor quantum dot (QD). The Fourier spectroscopy was used for the study of decoherence processes of excitons in the single QD. High resolution spectra of the excitons were obtained from the Fourier transform of the decay profile of the exciton decoherence. We found that the exciton linewidth in the QD at low temperature was predominated by spectral diffusion due to carriers trapped at localized sites around the QD and the narrowing of the exciton line was induced by thermally activated escape processes of the carriers from the trap sites. The narrowing of the exciton line also indicates that the exciton decoherence in the semiconductor quantum dots is predominated by environmental fluctuation rather than the exciton‐phonon interaction at low temperature. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analysis of non‐exponential decay of photogenerated carriers by recombination
Authors: Bando Takayoshi , Koshino Kazuki , Itoh Chihiro , Shinozuka Yuzo 
Published: September 2008

AbstractNumerical simulation has been performed for the recombine dynamics of photogenerated carriers in a semiconductor surface. The simulation is based on the following three rules: (1) Just after photoexcitation, carriers (electrons and holes) are initially distributed at random on a two‐dimensional surface with equal densities. (2) Each carrier diffuses independently on the surface, obeying a random‐walk process with diffusion length σe and σh. (3) When the distance between an electron and a hole is smaller than the recombination radius r0, these carriers may disappear by recombination. Simulation on the survival probability P (t) has been performed for various values of parameters. Following results are obtained. P (t) at first decays exponentially with a shorter life time for larger σe and σh. But later, P (t) shows a longer tail for larger σe and σh. The longer tail can be fitted by a single stretched exponential function. All the qualitative results do not change if we use another model where the annihilation rate depends exponentially decaying function of the electron‐hole distance, assuming a tunnel recombination. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nonuniform exciton localization in different GaAs quantum wells studied by spatially resolved cross‐sectional cathodoluminescence
Authors: Fujiwara K. , Jahn U. , Luna E. , Grahn H. T. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractExcitonic radiative recombination in different GaAs quantum wells (QWs) is investigated by cross‐sectional cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy with high spatial resolution. By measuring spectrally discriminated CL intensities originating from the various QWs as a function of excitation position, the exciton bands of the individual QWs can be mapped to see how the respective CL intensities are influenced by the excitation position along the growth direction. We find that nonuniform capture of nonequilibrium electron‐hole pairs by the QWs plays an important role for the exciton recombination, which strongly depends on the traversing pathway. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transient band‐bending in InP/InAs/InP core‐multishell nanowires
Authors: Goto Ken , Tomimoto Shinichi , Pal Bipul , Masumoto Yasuaki , Mohan Premila , Motohisa Junichi , Fukui Takashi 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe report on the photoluminescence (PL) and time‐resolved PL (TR‐PL) spectroscopy of wurtzite InP/InAs/InP core‐multishell nanowires. Multiple peaks appeared in the PL spectra due to monolayer variation of InAs layers and each PL peak showed a blueshift with a cube‐root dependence on the excitation power. This blueshift results from the band‐bending in the type‐II band configuration. Fast decay caused by the relaxation of the band‐bending was observed at higher energy sides of the PL peaks in the TR‐PL measurement. The blueshift calculated by a triangular quantum well approximation in type‐II configuration was in good agreement with that observed in the experiment. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
4‐(dicyanomethylene)‐2‐methyl‐6‐(p‐dimethylaminostyryl)‐4H‐pyran (DCM)‐doping density dependence of luminescence spectra and white emission in polymer light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Inoue Akinori , Hosokawa Takeshi , Haishi Motoki , Ohtani Naoki 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe fabricated white polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs), in which the active region is doped with a low‐weight molecule. The host polymer material is Poly(9,9‐didodecyl‐fluorenyl‐2,7‐yleneethylnylene) (PFO), while the guest luminescent low‐weight‐molecule is 4‐(Dicyanomethylene)‐2‐methyl‐6‐(p‐dimethylaminostyryl)‐4H‐pyran (DCM). The photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) spectra strongly depend on DCM‐doping‐density. However, the most suitable DCM‐doping‐densities for white emissions in PL and EL are slightly different. This discrepancy is caused by the difference in excitation efficiencies. The photo‐excitation system for PL measurement is better than the current injection for generating carriers efficiently. Thus, the realization of the white EL signal requires the larger DCM‐doping‐density than that of the white PL signal. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nanoscale organization of CD4 molecules of human T helper cell mapped by NSOM and quantum dots
Authors: Chen Jianan , Wu Yangzhe , Wang Chenxi , Cai Jiye 
Published: September 2008

AbstractCD4 molecule, the surface marker of T helper cell, has been comfirmed to be the main cellular receptor for the human immunodeficiency viruses HIV‐1, HIV‐2 and SIV. Recent research demonstrated the importance of the spatial arrangement of CD4 on the cell membrane to its binding efficiency to virus. In this article, the combined near‐field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) and quantum dots (QDs) fluorescent labeling technology were performed to investigate the nanoscale organization of CD4 molecules with a spatial resolution about 100 nm. Simultaneous topographic image of the T helper cell and fluorescent image of QDs have been directly gained by NSOM/QDs‐based system. Intensity‐ and size‐distribution histograms of the QDs fluorescent spots verify that approximately 80% of the CD4 molecules are organized in nanosized domains randomly distributed on the cell surface. Intensity‐size correlation analysis revealed heterogeneity in the molecular packing density of the domains. Our results also illustrated the combination of NSOM imaging and QDs labeling is an ultrasensitive, high‐resolution technique to probe nanoscale organization of molecules on the cell surface. SCANNING 30: 448–451, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Next generation grids and wireless communication networks: towards a novel integrated approach
Authors: Fantacci Romano , Vanneschi Marco , Bertolli Carlo , Mencagli Gabriele , Tarchi Daniele 
Published: September 2008

AbstractOne of the most promising trends for next generation networks is to consider an integrated approach to the communication infrastructure and the processing layer. In particular, the introduction of broadband and reliable wireless networks allows the interaction of a huge number of devices all creating a single network. On the other hand, the grid paradigm is considered as one of the most promising approach for pervasive and dynamic applications. Aim of this paper is to present a novel integrated approach between grid paradigm and wireless networks by highlighting the main advantages of their cooperation. In particular, it will be shown here how a wireless heterogeneous network can be exploited for implementing a pervasive and dynamic grid (mobile grid) and, on the other hand, a mobile grid allows the optimization of the communication infrastructure. The integrated approach can be an effective method for solving applications, such as emergency management, where a huge amount of data derived from a wireless infrastructure needs to be processed efficiently and adaptively, and the traffic flow in the wide area wireless networks needs to be coordinated and optimized. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A power efficient solution to the large interference range problem in ad hoc networks
Authors: Lai Wei Kuang , Tsai Hsu‐Sheng , Li Chilin , Shieh Chin‐Shiuh 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDue to the mismatch between the transmission range and interference‐vulnerable range, the reception at a receiving node in a wireless network could still be interfered by a sending node beyond the coverage of its clear‐to‐send (CTS). This is the so‐called large interference range problem. It is a common problem in real environments but overlooked by the standards and related studies. The large interference range problem could lead to transmission control protocol (TCP) instability and TCP unfairness, especially in case of multi‐hop transmission. There exist research works devoted to this issue. However, more power consumption was incurred at the same time. For a power‐efficient solution to this problem, a novel scheme, named power control interference avoidance (PCIA), is developed and presented in this article. The proposed scheme decouples control channel from data channel and use different power level in the transmission of control frames and data frames. By doing so, the large interference problem can be effectively avoided, while retaining a high level of power efficiency. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed scheme had been validated by an analytic study on a simplified model and a series of simulations. As revealed in the simulation results, the proposed PCIA scheme outperforms conservative CTS reply (CCR) and IEEE 802.11 in many aspects, including data corruption ratio and power efficiency. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.