bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The indirect effects of advertisements designed to change product attribute beliefs
Authors: Yi Youjae 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis study investigated the dynamics of attitude change by examining indirect effects of an ad designed to change a belief. Results showed that an ad had indirect effects on unmentioned beliefs, which were a function of (1) the manner in which beliefs are organized internally in ad recipients' cognitive structure and (2) retrieval cues provided externally in the ad. Also, the ad had indirect effects on evaluations (ai) of the intended attribute; these effects were observed especially when the belief was directly attacked by the ad and the ad recipients' beliefs were held with high confidence.
Growing Nanoballoons and Nanotubes of Pure Polymer from a Microcapsule
Authors: Fei Bin , Yang Zongyue , Xin John H. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAbundant nanoballoons and nanotubes (less than 100 nm) of pure polymer have been grown from a hybrid microcapsule by programed heating. The hybrid microcapsule, comprising an organosilica shell and styrene core, was synthesized by a sol–gel reaction. Electronic microscopy confirmed that most of the growing nanostructures were nanoballoons of less than 100 nm with a thickness of 15 nm, while a few nanostructures were nanotubes with outer diameters around 20 nm. Infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric measurements were employed to analyze the composition of the hybrid spheres both qualitatively and quantitively. Based on the pore distribution on the microcapsule surface, the formation mechanism of these nanostructures was proposed in a schematic way. These interesting results encouraged us to develop a microdevice ‘nano‐extruder’ from existing porous templates.magnified image
Application of QSPR to Binary Polymer/Solvent Mixtures: Prediction of Flory‐Huggins Parameters
Authors: Xu Jie , Liu Hongtao , Li Wenbin , Zou Hantao , Xu Weilin 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA QSPR study was performed for the prediction of the Flory‐Huggins parameters of binary polymer/solvent mixtures. 1 664 descriptors for each polymer and solvent were checked and a cubic multivariable model, with R2 = 0.9638 and s = 0.146, was produced by using genetic algorithms on a training set of 52 mixtures. The reliability of the proposed model was further validated by satisfactory statistical parameters being obtained using an external test set ($R_{{\rm ext}}^2$ = 0.9565). All descriptors involved in the model can be derived solely from the chemical structures of the polymers and the solvents, which makes it very useful in predicting the Flory‐Huggins parameters of unknown or unavailable polymer/solvent mixtures.magnified image
The Application of Color Photography to Transmission Electron Microscope Studies of Thin Metal Foils
Authors: Murr L. E. , Inman M. C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA study has been made of the application of color photography to observations of dislocation motion and other time dependent phenomena in thin metal foils by transmission electron microscopy. The color technique employed was first developed by Mueller [1] to clarify vacancy‐interstitial densities in the atomic surface planes of metal whiskers by field emission microscopy. In the present application, pairs of sequential electron transmission micrographs are first superposed optically to obtain color addition. The superposed image is then photographed using standard color emulsions. It has been found that photographic density changes in black and white which result from the movement of dislocations, bend contours, dispersed particles and like phenomens, are sensitively reproduced as a corresponding color change which is immediately apparent to the eye.
Über die Symmetriegruppen von Spinverteilungen Von
Authors: Kitz A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDurch eine Erweiterung der Symmetrietransformationen für die Spindichte in Kristallen wird erreicht, daß neue Symmetriegruppen entstehen. Diese Gruppen stellen eine Verallgemeinerung der Shubnikov‐Gruppen oder magnetischen Raumgruppen dar und ermöglichen auch eine Beschreibung der Symmetrie von ebenen und räumlichen Spinstrukturen. Am Beispiel der Raumgruppe O wird erläutert, wie man zu einer gegebenen Raumgruppe die mit ihr verträglichen Symmetriegruppen für die Spindichte bestimmen kann.
Stair‐rod Dislocations and Extended Barriers in the Body‐centered Cubic Lattice
Authors: Teutonico L. J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe interaction of glissile extended dislocations on intersecting {112} planes in the bodycentered cubic lattice is considered. It is found that, for each axis of intersection of two {112} planes except 〈111〉, stair‐rod dislocations of Burgers vectors 1/3 〈001〉, 1/3 〈002〉, and 1/6 〈113〉 can be formed. Formulas for the widths of the extended dislocation barriers in isotropic b.c.c. materials are derived, and numerical results are presented for tungsten. It is concluded that, for a stacking fault energy of the order of 100 erg/cm2, extended dislocation barriers will occur in tungsten.
On the X‐Ray Coloration of Thermally Bleached γ‐Irradiated Sodium Chloride and Evidence for Perturbed F‐Band
Authors: Sastry P. V. , McCarthy K. A. 
Published: October 2008

Abstractγ‐irradiated sodium chloride crystals (irradiated into the second stage), on partial thermal bleaching at moderate temperatures (160°–200 °C) show the evolution of an absorption band, which has the characteristic properties of a colloid band. Further thermal bleaching leaves the crystals colorless. When such partially or completely thermally bleached crystals are X‐irradiated at room temperature, they show enhanced colorability and give evidence for the presence of perturbed F‐centers. A significant difference between the effects of soft and hard X‐radiation is observed. The results are discussed in the light of the mechanism of color center production by radiation.
Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen der Bildung von Leerstellenagglomeraten in abgeschrecktem Gold Von
Authors: Chik K.‐P. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDie Keimbildung von Stapelfehlertetraedern in abgeschreckten Goldfolien wurde elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Es ergaben sich quantitative Ergebnisse bezüglich der Abhängigkeit der Tetraederdichte von der Leerstellenkonzentration und der Anlaßtemperatur sowie bezüglich der Kinetik der Keimbildung. Bei jeder Anlaßtemperatur wurde eine kleinste Konzentration C für Einfachleerstellen gefunden, bei der die Keimbildung gerade noch möglich ist. Dabei gilt C = A exp (− Q/kT) mit A = 0,4 und Q = (0,26 ± 0,06) eV. Neben den Tetraedern wurden auch Versetzungspolygone mit Stapelfehlern und andere Formen von Leerstellenagglomeraten beobachtet. Für C wird eine Deutung gegeben.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Züchtung von plättchenförmigen Kadmiumsulfid‐Einkristallen Von
Authors: Flögeł P. , Koepp R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCdS‐Einkristalle, die in strömender Atmosphäre in Quarzglasrohren nach verschiedenen Verfahrensvarianten gezüchtet worden sind, werden spektralanalytisch in bezug auf Reinheit und durch Ätzen in bezug auf die Konzentration ihrer Baufehler verglichen. Durch Synthese (Cd + H2S, Cd + S2 + H2) hergestellte Kristalle sind im Durchschnitt reiner und an Strukturfehlern mit Dimension >I ärmer als die durch Umsublimation in verschiedenen Trägergasgemischen (N2, N2, + H2, N2 + H2 + H2S, N2 + S2) hergestellten Kristalle. Von den durch Umsublimation gewonnenen Kristallen zeichnen sich die in reinem Stickstoff gezüchteten Kristalle in bezug auf Reinheit und Baufehlerfreiheit aus und ergeben gleiche Werte wie die synthetisierten Kristalle. Die Ergebnisse werden besonders im Hinblick auf den Transport fremder Elemente diskutiert.
Magnetic Properties of a TmCo2 Single Crystal
Authors: Deportes J. , Gignoux D. , Givord P. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe magnetization of a spherical single crystal of the ferrimagnetic TmCo2 compound has been studied in fields up to 140 kOe. Below the ordering temperature (4 K ≦ Tc ≦ 7 K depending on the melting method) the easy magnetization axis is [111]. Using the fact that the difference in the anisotropy energy between the [111] and [110] axis is very small, the relative importance of fourth and sixth order terms of the crystalline potential has been estimated. The existence of a singlet ground state explains the low spontaneous magnetization observed at 1.5 K.
Raman Spectrum of Cubic Zinc Sulphide – An Interpretation
Authors: Talwar D. N. , Agrawal Bal K. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractUsing the polarisation selection rules, a theoretical interpretation of the second‐order Raman spectrum of cubic zinc sulphide [ZnS(C)], in terms of phonons at Γ, X, L, and W critical points is presented. The set of phonon values that satisfactorily explains the observed Raman peaks are consistent with both the neutron data and a theoretical lattice dynamical model. The given interpretations suggest that the amount of scattering from points in the Brillouin zone other than critical points is very small. Thus the Raman experiments, if carefully performed and interpreted on the basis of a reliable theoretical lattice dynamical model would provide a basis for determining the zone‐boundary phonon frequencies for those zinc‐blende type semiconductor compounds for which insufficient optical data are available.
Spin Fluctuation Depressed Superconductivity in Nb‐V Alloys
Authors: Rapp Ö , Crafoord C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe electrical resistivity of Nb‐V alloys has been measured around 250°C. Together with published values of the susceptibility and the electronic part of the specific heat the contribution of spin fluctuations t o the depression of the superconducting transition temperature, Tc has been estimated. A calculation of Tc based on experimental resistivity, susceptibility, and specific heat and with one adjustable parameter shows qualitative agreement with the observed Tc over the whole alloy system and reasonable quantitative agreement in the dilute B V region. Further evidence for the existence of spin fluctuations in Nb‐V and an enhanced electron‐phonon coupling constant γ in V is derived from the observed rate of depression of Tc with V concentration, published band structure calculations for V, and published Knight shift relaxation times.
A Study of hole Scattering in Ge by Cyclotron Resonance
Authors: Gershenson E. M. , Gusinskii E. N. , Rabinovich R. I. , Soina N. V. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractScattering of hot holes on acoustical phonons has been investigated experimentally in pure Ge (ND + NA ≈ 1012cm13) at low temperature (1.7 to 4.2 °K) in detail. It is shown that the degeneracy of the valence band influences the scattering of hot heavy and light holes in a different manner. The essential role of interband transitions is demonstrated. The results of the investigation of the influence of the recombination mechanism on the width and shape of the CR line of hot carriers are presented. It is demonstrated that the space distribution of the carriers must be taken into account for a correct interpretation of the experimental results.
On the influence of map analysis formulation in the estimation of wind field derivatives
Authors: Pedder M. A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMany wind field analysis formulations which have been described in the meteorological literature do not take into account the cross‐coherence of the sampled component variables. As a result, such formulations can produce spurious amplification or damping of derived vorticity and divergence. This effect is examined with particular reference to a linear weighting scheme in which an optimal vector component weighting is derived from a homogeneous and isotropic correlation model for streamfunction and velocity potential variables. It is demonstrated theoretically and in sample analyses that unless the contributions to total vector variance from divergent and solenoidal effects are equal, then estimated fields of both vorticity and divergence derived as linear functions of component data are adversely affected by the exclusion of cross‐component weighting. The same effect is shown to occur when empirical distance‐weighting or surface‐fitting formulations are used, and is particularly serious when such methods are used to estimate divergence from scattered observations sampling a predominantly solenoidal field. It is concluded that univariate methods for analysis of atmospheric winds cannot in general produce unbiased estimates of wind field derivatives unless the scale of spatial sampling is much less than the characteristic spatial scale of velocity variation.
Evaluating the effect of the inter‐relationships among the different spectral bands on iasi performance
Authors: Amato U. , Cuomo V. , Rizzi R. , Serio C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe performance of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer, IASI, under development at the laboratories of CNES, the French National Space Agency, has been evaluated. an error analysis has been carried out on the basis of the expected radiometric noise. to this end, a linear form of the radiative‐transfer equation has been formulated for the direct and simultaneous estimation of temperature, water vapour and ozone profiles. the results show that the performance of the new spectrometer largely meets the World Meteorological Organization temperature and water vapour retrieval specifications. In addition, the instrument should enable the distinction to be made between tropospheric and stratospheric ozone, which is of both climatological and meteorological importance.
Thermodynamical impact and internal structure of a tropical convective cloud system
Authors: Guichard F. , Lafore J.‐P. , Redelsperger J.‐L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA three‐dimensional cloud‐resolving model is used to simulate a cloud system, observed during the Tropical Ocean/Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment, corresponding to the development of shear parallel convective lines and characterized by the absence of large‐scale ascent. the system life cycle includes different types of clouds interacting in both space and time.The thermodynamical impact as well as statistical properties of the system are analysed using a partition of the total domain into several (6 to 12) internal areas. In‐cloud temperature excess is weak as observed, whereas water vapour excess is significant and correlated with vertical velocity. However, buoyancy deviations are extremely small, indicating an equilibrium of density, involving thermodynamics and microphysics. Decomposition of budgets highlights the mechanisms of compensation occuring between the precipitating system and its environment.Moisture convective transports are extremely intense and complex to analyse. A decomposition into vertical and horizontal parts shows that horizontal exchanges are important, in particular to explain moistening at upper levels. the effective part of vertical fluxes (after removing the compensating parts) occurs in active shallow and deep clouds, at very fine scales. These results question some basic hypotheses assumed in existing convective parametrizations.
A turbulence scheme allowing for mesoscale and large‐eddy simulations
Authors: Cuxart J. , Bougeault P. , Redelsperger J.‐L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe paper describes the turbulence scheme implemented in the Meso‐NH community research model, and reports on some validation studies. Since the model is intended to perform both large‐eddy and mesoscale simulations, we have developed a full three‐dimensional scheme, based on the original method of Redelsperger and Sommeria. A prognostic equation for the turbulent kinetic energy is used, together with conservative variables for moist non‐precipitating processes. A particularity of the scheme is the use of variable turbulent Prandtl and Schmidt numbers, consistently derived from the complete set of second‐order turbulent‐moment equations. The results of three idealized boundary‐layer simulations allowing detailed comparisons with other large‐eddy simulation (LES) models are discussed, and lead to the conclusion that the model is performing satisfactorily.The vertical flux and gradient computation can be run in isolation from the rest of the scheme, providing an efficient single‐column parametrization for the mesoscale configuration of the model, if an appropriate parametrization of the eddy length‐scale is used. The mixing‐length specification is then the only aspect of the scheme which differs from the LES to the mesoscale configuration, and the numerical constants used for the closure terms are the same in both configurations. The scheme is run in single‐column mode for the same three cases as above, and a comparison of single‐column and LES results again leads to satisfactory results. It is believed that this result is original, and is due to the proper formulation of the parametrized mixing length and of the turbulent Prandtl and Schmidt numbers. In fact, a comparison of the parametrized mixing length with the length‐scale of the energy‐containing eddies deduced by spectral analysis of the LES shows interesting similarity.
Dew variability within a small arid drainage basin in the Negev Highlands, Israel
Authors: Kidron Giora J. , Yair Aaron , Danin Avinoam 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDew variability during the autumn dewy season within a small arid drainage basin in the Negev Highlands, Israel, is studied. Dew measurements were carried out at 18 stations on four exposures, using the Cloth‐Plate Method (CPM) and Duvdevani dew gauges. The study also included periodical wind and substrate temperature measurements.Dew variability within the drainage basin was high. Average daily dew values obtained by the CPM were between 0.07 and 0.31 mm, whereas dew duration ranged between 1.6 and 4.1 hours per dewy morning. Dew amounts monitored by the Duvdevani gauges were lower, between 0.09 and 0.20 mm. Both methods show, however, consistent variability and correspond to a similar pattern. Whereas near‐ground dew measurements were the highest at the hilltops and at the bottom of the sun‐shaded northern and western exposures, wadi bed stations and, especially, the south facing midslope station obtained the lowest dew quantities.The near‐surface dew patterns are not in agreement with the classical model of both Geiger and Oke, which predicts high dew quantities at the wadi beds (due to nocturnal down‐slope wind) and at the lee side of the prevailing wind, i.e. the south‐facing midslope station. The low quantities at the south‐facing midslope station is explained by the paramount role of surface temperatures, whereas variability in radiational cooling is seen as responsible for the high near‐ground dew quantities at the hilltops and the low quantities at the wadis.This conclusion is supported by dew measurements al 40 cm above ground. Dew measurements at 40 cm above ground at the south‐facing midslope station and at both wadi beds were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than at 0.7 cm above ground. Facilitating an efficient radiational cooling, and beyond the impact of the surface temperatures, dew measurements at this height correspond to the classical model, highlighting the important impact of surface temperatures and ventilation upon near‐ground dew condensation in an arid drainage basin.
Some statistical considerations associated with the data assimilation of precipitation observations
Authors: Errico Ronald M. , Fillion Luc , Nychka Douglas , Lu Zhan‐Qian 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBayes's theorem is applied to the problem of analysing temperature and moisture in a volume of air given a single observation of precipitation amount, utilizing a model of non‐convective precipitation and prior estimates of the fields. Results using different statistics and shapes of probability distributions are examined. These include normal, truncated normal, and log normal distributions with special treatment of the value zero. The uncertainly of the model's formulation is considered in addition to uncertainty of observations. The posterior distribution is multi‐modal due to the model's formulation using a conditional expression. The dominant mode may be predicted as a non‐precipitating slate by the model, although the observation indicates precipitation is present. Means and modes of posterior distributions depend sensitively both on the assumed statistics and the shapes of the underlying distributions. The results suggest that the usual minimization of a cost‐function should not be used cavalierly to assimilate precipitation observations.
Maternal control strategies, maternal language usage and children's language usage at two years
Authors: TAYLOR NICOLE , DONOVAN WILBERTA , MILES SALLY , LEAVITT LEWIS 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe present study determined whether parenting style, defined by control strategies varying in power-assertion mediated the established relation between maternal language usage (grammar and semantics) and child language (grammar, semantics and pragmatics) during toddlerhood (n=60). Based upon their use of control strategies mothers were categorized into continuum-of-control groups (i.e. high guidance (HG), high control (HC) or high negative control (HNC)). Mothers in the high negative control group, who characteristically used high levels of prohibitions and commands, had children who performed relatively poorly overall on the language measures (i.e. MLU, number of bound morphemes, number of different words and use of language functions). In contrast, children of mothers in the HG and HC groups exhibited more advanced language usage overall. The relation between maternal and child language usage was mediated by parenting style for child pragmatics and partially for child grammar.
Food Allergy as Seen by an Allergist
Authors: Cox Helen E 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe clinical expression of allergic disease is the consequence of a series of complex gene–environment interactions that occur at the materno–fetal interface and throughout infancy, leading to persistence of the Th2 immune response. It has been proposed that atopic eczema is the cutaneous manifestation of a systemic disorder that also gives rise to asthma, food allergy, and allergic rhinitis. The recent emergence of genes regulating epidermal barrier function has raised the question of whether the skin barrier in atopic eczema is defective from the outset, rendering the epidermis “leaky,” thereby increasing the risk of allergen penetration and the succeeding inflammatory reaction that contributes to atopic eczema. Food allergic sensitisation and eczema frequently coexist during the first 2 years of life, and food allergy is more prevalent in infants and children with moderate to severe eczematous inflammation. The majority of food allergic reactions are caused by 8 foods, with milk, egg, and peanut occurring with greatest frequency. The acquisition of food‐specific tolerance occurs predominantly with foods in which the epitopes are grouped together in a conformational structure (milk, egg, wheat, soy), whilst it rarely occurs in patients allergic to foods in which the epitopes are arranged in a linear fashion (nuts, seeds, fish). Better tests and novel therapies, such as immunotherapy and oral tolerance induction, are required for the management of food allergy.