bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nature of the Differences in the Intraseasonal Variability of the Pacific and Atlantic Storm Tracks: A Diagnostic Study
Authors: Deng Yi , Mak Mankin 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
On the basis of an intraseasonal variability index of storm track evaluated for 40 winters (1963–64 through 2003–04) of NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data, it is found that well-defined midwinter minimum [MWMIN; (midwinter maximum MWMAX)] occurs in 21 (8) winters over the North Pacific. In contrast, MWMIN (MWMAX) occurs in 4 (25) of the 40 winters over the North Atlantic. The power spectrum of such an index for the Pacific has a broad peak between 5 and 10 yr, whereas the spectrum of the index for the Atlantic has comparable power in two spectral bands: 2–2.8 and 3.5–8 yr.
Over the North Pacific, the increase in the zonal asymmetry of the background baroclinicity as well as in the corresponding horizontal deformation of the time-mean jet from early/late winter to midwinter is distinctly larger in an MWMIN winter. Associated with these changes, there is a distinctly stronger barotropic damping rate in the January of an MWMIN winter. The increase in the net conversion rate of eddy kinetic energy from early/late winter to midwinter is much larger in an MWMAX winter than that in an MWMIN winter. Even though there is a modest increase in the barotropic damping from early/late winter to midwinter over the North Atlantic, it is overcompensated by a larger increase in the baroclinic conversion rate. That would result in MWMAX. These results are empirical evidences in support of a hypothesis that a significant enhancement of the barotropic damping relative to the baroclinic growth from early/late winter to midwinter is a major contributing factor to MWMIN of the Pacific storm track.
Mechanisms Supporting Long-Lived Episodes of Propagating Nocturnal Convection within a 7-Day WRF Model Simulation
Authors: Trier S. B. , Davis C. A. , Ahijevych D. A. , Weisman M. L. , Bryan G. H. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
A large-domain explicit convection simulation is used to investigate the life cycle of nocturnal convection for a one-week period of successive zonally propagating heavy precipitation episodes occurring over the central United States. Similar to climatological studies of phase-coherent warm-season convection, the longest-lived precipitation episodes initiate during the late afternoon over the western Great Plains (105°–100°W), reach their greatest intensity at night over the central Great Plains (100°–95°W), and typically weaken around or slightly after sunrise over the Midwest (95°–85°W). The longest-lived episodes exhibit average zonal phase speeds of ∼20 m s−1, consistent with radar observations during the period.
Composite analysis of the life cycle of five long-lived nocturnal precipitation episodes indicates that convection both develops and then propagates eastward along an east–west-oriented lower-tropospheric frontal zone. An elevated ∼2-km-deep layer of high-θe air helps sustain convection during its period of greatest organization overnight. Trajectory analysis for individual episodes reveals that the high-θe air originates both from within the frontal zone and to its south where, in this latter case, it is transported northward by the nocturnal low-level jet (LLJ).
The mature (nocturnal) stage composite evinces a thermally direct cross-frontal circulation, within which the trajectories ascend 0.5–2 km to produce the elevated conditionally unstable layer. This transverse vertical circulation is forced by deformation frontogenesis, which itself is supported by the intensification of the nocturnal LLJ. The frontal zone also provides an environment of strong vertical shear, which helps organize the zonally propagating component of convection. Overnight the convection exhibits squall-line characteristics, where its phase speed is typically consistent with that which arises from deep convectively induced buoyancy perturbations combined with the opposing environmental surface flow. In a large majority of cases convection weakens as it reaches the Midwest around sunrise, where environmental thermodynamic stability is greater, and environmental vertical shear, frontogenesis, and vertical motions are weaker than those located farther west overnight.
A Future for Hypertext Fiction
Authors: Pope James 
Published: October 2006

Despite continued interest from the academy and creative writers, the question remains as to whether ‘ordinary’ readers, used to the conventions of print narratives, can enjoy hypertext fiction. Since each hypertext fiction interface is more or less idiosyncratic, readers can be discouraged by unfriendly interface designs. Radically re-structured narrative forms can also cause confusion for readers. Critical works and empirical research from literary studies and interface design provide clues towards a better understanding of the effects of hypertext fiction upon readers, and knowledge from both fields can be productively merged in empirical studies of hypertext. This article provides a methodological specification, and a summary of findings from my ongoing study of readers’ responses to a range of hypertext fictions and their interfaces. Though there are barriers to reading pleasure, these can be overcome, and there is evidence that hyper text fiction can be as engaging and enjoyable as fiction in print.
Composite hyoid‐sternohyoid interposition graft revisited: ucla experience 1974–1984
Authors: Burstein Fernando D. , Canalis Rinaldo , Ward Paul H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe surgical correction of severe laryngotracheal stenosis remains a challenging problem. We report on a series of 20 patients treated with the composite hyoid‐sternohyoid interposition graft (HSIG). They range in age from 1 to 66 years and all had severe subglottic stenosis refractory to dilatation and stenting procedures. The major cause of stenosis was prolonged endotracheal intubation (16/20); the majority of patients (13/20) had severe medical illness complicating their airway management. Postoperative results were judged on the basis of decannulation, voice strength, and quality as well as activity tolerance. Follow‐up periods were over 24 months in all cases. Twelve patients were decannulated and three keep their tracheotomy tubes permanently plugged. All have socially acceptable voices and good activity tolerance. Seven patients who were aphonic had voice improvement. There were three complete failures; one secondary to infection, one due to severe scleroderma, and one because of graft displacement. Each patient underwent an average of four postoperative endoscopies for airway evaluation and removal of granulation tissue. CAT scanning was useful in diagnosing postoperative problems, especially graft displacement, which was impossible to diagnose by endoscopic examination. We conclude that the composite hyoid‐sternohyoid interposition graft is a useful and reliable tool in the treatment of subglottic stenosis.
Laser photocoagulation of vascular malformations of the tongue
Authors: Dixon John A. , Kim Davis R. , Gilbertson Jeffrey J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVascular malformations of the tongue (hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, AV fistulae, etc.) compromise a significant portion of head and neck angiodysplastic lesions. Complications requiring treatment include bleeding, pain, and difficulties related to increased tongue volume. Treatment modalities have included embolization, excision, cryotherapy, sclerosis, radiation, and chemotherapy. The more aggressive therapies often result in major functional disability to loss of lingual tissue. A series of nine patients has been treated for one or more of the complications of lingual vascular malformations with either argon of Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation. The therapeutic objective was provision of symptomatic relief with conservation of functioning lingual tissue. Results have varied from good to excellent with markedly decreased bleeding frequency as well as reduction in lesion size. No serious complications, such as bleeding or invasive infection, have been noted. Laser phototherapy is beneficial in the palliation of selected benign lingual vascular malformations.
Long‐term morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing surgery for unilateral vocal cord paralysis
Authors: Gardner Glendon M. , Shaari Christopher M. , Parnes Steven M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFifty‐six patients who had undergone surgery for unilateral vocal cord paralysis (UVCP) were reviewed retrospectively. The etiologies; indications for surgery; timing of onset, diagnosis and surgery; complications; and survival rates are presented.Forty patients had neoplasms of which 32 were malignant and 8 were benign. UVCP was due to direct tumor involvement in 16 cases and surgical trauma in 21 cases.Mean survival for patients who presented with UVCP which was due directly to a malignancy was 5 months versus 22 months for those patients with UVCP due to surgical trauma during resection of malignancies. Mean survival for lung cancer patients was 5 months versus 24 months for patients with other malignancies.The etiology and manner of presentation of UVCP are important prognostic indicators which should be considered when planning surgical intervention for UVCP.
Association of skull base and facial fractures
Authors: Slupchynskyj Oleh S. , Berkower Alan S. , Byrne Daniel W. , Cayten C. Gene 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA retrospective analysis of 268 trauma patients with facial fractures who received computed tomography of the head was undertaken to assess an association with skull base fractures.The incidence of skull base fracture was compared to facial fractures of various anatomic locations. Skull base fractures were significantly increased in orbital wall/rim fractures (36.0%, P = .0823). In contrast, skull base fractures related to orbital floor (27.3%, P = .6191) and maxillary/zygomatic (29.4%, P = .1148) fractures were not significantly greater and were infrequently seen with mandible (4.0%, P = .0454) and nasal (7.7%, P = .0345) fractures. The incidence of skull base fracture was directly associated with the number of facial fractures per patient; one facial fracture (21.0%), two facial fractures (30.4%), and three or more facial fractures (33.3%) (P<.05).The incidence of skull base fractures was related to the location of facial fractures and the number of facial fractures per patient. The results provide additional clinical information to facilitate the prompt detection and diagnoses of skull base fracture.
Ventricular dysphonia: A profile of 40 cases
Authors: Von Doersten Peter G. , Izdebski Krzysztof , Ross Joel C. , Cruz Raul M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVentricular dysphonia is a poorly understood disorder involving ventricular fold participation during phonation. A population of ventricular dysphonia patients was evaluated using phonatory function studies such as laryngovideostroboscopy, advanced acoustic analysis, and electroglottography to identify shared epidemiologic characteristics and to discuss possible neuromuscular mechanisms and causes. Forty patients with ventricular dysphonia were studied and epidemiologic, acoustic, and histologic data were analyzed. In almost all cases, the authors found abnormalities affecting the glottis caused by a related medical condition. The abnormalities included true vocal cord (TVC) aperiodicity in 100% of the patients, TVC asymmetry in 65%, a laryngeal mass or foreign body (usually Teflon®) in 35%, TVC erythema or edema in 32.5%, and TVC bowing in 22.5%. Ventricular dysphonia seems to be primarily a compensatory mechanism for glottic dysfunction. Therapy is based on identifying and correcting the underlying abnormalities. Laryngovideostroboscopy is a particularly important tool in examining chronic dysphonia.
Systemic Hyalinosis: A Distinctive Early Childhood–Onset Disorder Characterized by Mutations in the Anthrax Toxin Receptor 2 Gene (ANTRX2)
Authors: Shieh Joseph T.C. , Swidler Petra , Martignetti John A. , Ramirez Maria Celeste M. , Balboni Imelda , Kaplan Julie , Kennedy Jeanette , Abdul-Rahman Omar , Enns Gregory M. , Sandborg Christy , Slavotinek Anne , Hoyme H. Eugene 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE. We sought to further characterize the phenotype and facilitate clinical recognition of systemic hyalinosis in children who present with chronic pain and progressive contractures in early childhood.PATIENTS AND METHODS. We report on 3 children who presented in infancy with symptoms and signs that initially were not recognized to be those of systemic hyalinosis. Although the children were evaluated for a variety of problems, including lysosomal storage disorders and nonaccidental trauma, all eventually underwent genetic analysis of the anthrax toxin receptor 2 gene (ANTRX2) and were diagnosed as having systemic hyalinosis.RESULTS. We describe the recognizable but variable clinical phenotype of systemic hyalinosis and associated mutations in ANTRX2. Affected individuals presented in early infancy with severe pain and progressive contractures. Initial diagnostic evaluations were unrevealing; however, hyperpigmented skin over bony prominences, skin nodules, and fleshy perianal masses suggested a diagnosis of systemic hyalinosis. ANTRX2 analysis confirmed the diagnosis in each case. Although 2 of the children died in infancy as a result of complications of chronic diarrhea, the third child has survived into midchildhood. These data suggest that some ANTRX2 mutations, such as that identified in the long-term survivor, may be associated with a less severe course of disease.CONCLUSIONS. Although some aspects of systemic hyalinosis may resemble lysosomal storage disorders, the clinical features of systemic hyalinosis are distinctive, and detection of an ANTRX2 mutation can confirm the diagnosis. Early recognition of affected individuals should allow for aggressive pain control and expectant management of the multiple associated problems, including gastrointestinal dysfunction.
Alcohol‐aggression expectancies and dispositional aggression moderate the relationship between alcohol consumption and alcohol‐related violence
Authors: Barnwell Sara Smucker , Borders Ashley , Earleywine Mitch 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAlcohol consumption increases aggression, but only in some drinkers. This study examines how expectancies for alcohol‐induced aggression and dispositional aggression moderate the link between alcohol consumption and alcohol‐related violence, building on previous studies that have employed limited measures of alcohol‐related violence and included few women. A sample of 212 men and women reported their alcohol consumption, alcohol‐aggression expectancies, dispositional aggression, and incidents of alcohol‐related aggressive acts. Alcohol‐aggression expectancies and quantity of alcohol consumed interacted to predict alcohol‐related aggression. Alcohol‐aggression expectancies covaried with alcohol‐related aggressive acts, particularly in heavier drinkers. Dispositional aggression also correlated with alcohol‐related aggression among heavier drinkers. These results help identify that alcohol might increase aggression only among heavy drinkers who expect alcohol to increase aggression or who are dispositionally aggressive. Aggr. Behav. 32:517–527, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social cognition and moral cognition in bullying: what's wrong?
Authors: Gini Gianluca 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo different models have been proposed that describe the bully alternatively as a child lacking in social skills [Crick and Dodge, 1994], or as a cold manipulative individual, who leads gangs to achieve personal goals [Sutton et al., 1999a]. The present study examined the performance of 204 8–11‐year‐olds in a set of stories that assessed understanding of cognitions and emotions, in relation to their Participant Role in bullying. Moreover, children's understanding of moral emotions and proneness to moral disengagement was assessed. Victims showed some difficulties in the social cognition task, whereas bullies did not. Aggressive children, instead, were found to be more ready to show moral disengagement mechanisms, whereas defenders showed higher levels of moral sensibility. Results are discussed in relation to the two models, and the need for further research into empathy and moral cognition of children involved in bullying episodes is highlighted. Aggr. Behav. 32:528–539, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct and indirect bully‐victims: differential psychosocial risk factors associated with adolescents involved in bullying and victimization
Authors: Marini Zopito A. , Dane Andrew V. , Bosacki Sandra L. , CURA YLC‐ 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe present study examined psychosocial risk factors that differentiated direct and indirect bully‐victims from bullies, victims and uninvolved adolescents. A total of 7,290 (3,756 girls) students (ages 13–18 yr) from a region of Southern Ontario, Canada, completed a number of self‐report measures to determine the relation between direct and indirect bullying and victimization and several psychosocial risk factors, including normative beliefs about antisocial acts, angry‐externalizing coping, social anxiety, depression, self‐esteem, temperament, attachment, parental monitoring and peer relational problems. ANCOVA and logistic regression analyses indicated that indirect bully‐victims and victims were similar in demonstrating greater internalizing problems and peer relational problems than indirect bullies and uninvolved participants. Furthermore, adolescents involved in indirect bullying (bullies, bully‐victims) reported a higher level of normative beliefs legitimizing antisocial behaviour and less parental monitoring (males only) than indirect victims and uninvolved participants. Only normative beliefs legitimizing antisocial behaviour distinguished direct bully‐victims and bullies from victims and uninvolved adolescents. Results illuminate the distinct characteristics of direct and indirect bully‐victims; theoretical and clinical implications are discussed. Aggr. Behav. 32:551–569. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coping with bullying at school: children's recommended strategies and attitudes to school‐based interventions in England and Japan
Authors: Kanetsuna Tomoyuki , Smith Peter K. , Morita Yohji 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSchool bullying in England and ijime in Japan have long but separate research traditions. We focus on a cross‐national comparison of secondary school pupils' opinions about coping strategies, bystander intervention, and attitudes towards school‐based interventions. One‐to‐one structured interviews were conducted with 61 Japanese and 60 English pupils aged 12–15 years, in six secondary schools. Coping strategy recommended was found to vary by type of bullying. Seeking help was the most recommended, with significant national differences notably for social exclusion. Victims were thought not to seek help for several reasons, again varying by nationality. There was consensus that bystanders should help victims, but more pupils in England had positive views on school‐based interventions than pupils in Japan. Gender differences were small. Findings are discussed in the light of differing peer group structures and actions taken against bullying/ijime in the two countries. Aggr. Behav. 32:570–580, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Family‐based association study between brain‐derived neurotrophic factor gene polymorphisms and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in UK and Taiwanese samples
Authors: Xu Xiaohui , Mill Jonathan , Zhou Kaixin , Brookes Keeley , Chen Chih‐Ken , Asherson Philip 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBrain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in normal neuronal development. Several lines of evidence implicate the involvement of BDNF in attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study investigated the role of two common BDNF variants (Val66Met, C270T) in two samples of ADHD probands from the United Kingdom (n = 180) and Taiwan (n = 212). We found evidence of increased transmission of the C allele of the C270T in Taiwanese samples (TDT: χ2 = 6.78, P = 0.009) and the two samples pooled together (TDT: χ2 = 7.24, P = 0.007). No association was found between the Val66Met polymorphism and ADHD in either of the two populations. Analysis of haplotypes demonstrated a significant decreased transmission of haplotypes containing the Val66 allele and the 270T allele in the Taiwanese samples (TDT: χ2 = 4.57, P = 0.032) and the pooled sample set (TDT: χ2 = 5.82, P = 0.016). This study provides evidence for the possible involvement of BDNF in susceptibility to ADHD. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Block of neural Kv1.1 potassium channels for neuroinflammatory disease therapy
Authors: Beraud Evelyne , Viola Angèle , Regaya Imed , Confort‐Gouny Sylviane , Siaud Philippe , Ibarrola Danielle , Le Fur Yann , Barbaria Jocelyne , Pellissier Jean‐François , Sabatier Jean‐Marc , Medina Igor , Cozzone Patrick J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractObjectiveWe asked whether blockade of voltage‐gated K+ channel Kv1.1, whose altered axonal localization during myelin insult and remyelination may disturb nerve conduction, treats experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).MethodsElectrophysiological, cell proliferation, cytokine secretion, immunohistochemical, clinical, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and spectroscopy studies assessed the effects of a selective blocker of Kv1.1, BgK‐F6A, on neurons and immune cells in vitro and on EAE‐induced neurological deficits and brain lesions in Lewis rats.ResultsBgK‐F6A increased the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in neurons and did not affect T‐cell activation. EAE was characterized by ventriculomegaly, decreased apparent diffusion coefficient, and decreased (phosphocreatine + β‐adenosine triphosphate)/inorganic phosphate ratio. Reduced apparent diffusion coefficient and impaired energy metabolism indicate astrocytic edema. Intracerebroventricularly BgK‐F6A–treated rats showed attenuated clinical EAE with unexpectedly reduced ventriculomegaly and preserved apparent diffusion coefficient values and (phosphocreatine + β‐adenosine triphosphate)/inorganic phosphate ratio. Thus, under BgK‐F6A treatment, brain damage was dramatically reduced and energy metabolism maintained.InterpretationKv1.1 blockade may target neurons and astrocytes, and modulate neuronal activity and neural cell volume, which may partly account for the attenuation of the neurological deficits. We propose that Kv1.1 blockade has a broad therapeutic potential in neuroinflammatory diseases (multiple sclerosis, stroke, and trauma). Ann Neurol 2006