bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Software evolution in open source projects—a large‐scale investigation
Authors: Koch Stefan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this paper, the evolution of a large sample of open source software systems will be analysed. The evolution of commercial systems has been an issue that has long been a centre of research, thus a coherent theoretical framework of software evolution has been developed and empirically tested, most notably the laws of software evolution. In exploring the evolutionary behaviour of open source systems, these results can serve as a point of reference, allowing to assess if differences exist, or which aspects of open and collaborative development styles have an impact on evolutionary behaviour. The data collection method relying on a large software repository and the respective source code control systems is described, and an overview on the collected data on several thousand projects is given. The evolutionary behaviour is explored using both a linear and a quadratic model, with the quadratic model being shown as better suited. The most interesting fact is that while in the mean the growth rate is linear or decreasing over time according to the laws of software evolution, a significant percentage of projects is able to sustain super‐linear growth. There is a positive relationship between the size of a project, the number of participants, and the inequality in the distribution of work within the development team with the presence of super‐linear growth patterns. On the other hand, there is evidence for a group of projects of moderate size which shows decreasing growth rates, while small projects in general exhibit linear growth. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A component‐based framework for radio‐astronomical imaging software systems
Authors: Kemball A. J. , Crutcher R. M. , Hasan R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a component‐based framework for radio‐astronomical imaging software systems. We consider optimal re‐use strategies for packages of disparate architectures brought together within a modern component framework. In this practical case study, the legacy codes include both procedural and object‐oriented architectures. We consider also the special requirements on scientific component middleware, with a specific focus on high‐performance computing. We present an example application in this component architecture and outline future development planned for this project. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dimensions of food insecurity and livelihood strategies among rural households in Dire Dawa, eastern Ethiopia
Authors: Shimelis Abebaw , Bogale Ayalneh 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBased on household‐level data gathered from 115 randomly selected rural locations in Dire Dawa, the extent of food security and livelihoods strategies was scrutinised. Food insecurity was found to be a severe problem in the area with 76% of the households being food insecure, and with a food‐insecurity gap and severity of food insecurity of 31% and 15%, respectively. The study also identified various livelihood strategies of the rural households, which were found to be a composite of different activities to enable them to make a living. These activities included mixed crop‐livestock farming, diversification of crop production, diversification of livestock production, and supplementation of crop and livestock production with off‐farm activities. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Space‐time diversity‐enhanced QoS provisioning for real‐time service over MC‐DS‐CDMA based wireless networks
Authors: Zhang Xi , Tang Jia , Chen Hsiao‐Hwa 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn order to support the quality‐of‐service (QoS) requirements for real‐time traffic over broadband wireless networks, advanced techniques such as space‐time diversity (STD) and multicarrier direct‐sequence code division multiple access (MC‐DS‐CDMA) are implemented at the physical layer. However, the employment of such techniques evidently affects the QoS provisioning algorithms at the medium access control (MAC) layer. In this paper, we propose a space‐time infrastructure and develop a set of cross‐layer real‐time QoS‐provisioning algorithms for admission control, scheduling, and subchannel‐allocations. We analytically map the parameters characterizing the STD onto the admission‐control region guaranteeing the real‐time QoS. Our analytical analyses show that the proposed algorithms can effectively support real‐time QoS provisioning. Also presented are numerical solutions and simulation results showing that the STD can significantly improve the QoS provisioning for real‐time services over wireless networks. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of WTG dynamic response to parameter variations of analytic wind stochasticity
Authors: Muhando Endusa Billy , Senjyu Tomonobu , Yona Atsushi , Kinjo Hiroshi , Funabashi Toshihisa 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlthough variable‐speed operation can reduce the impact of transient wind gusts and subsequent component fatigue, this is still an unknown factor that must now be quantified. Reduction in drive‐train stresses caused by fatigue loads in high wind turbulence is fundamental to realizing both output power leveling and long service life for a wind turbine generator (WTG). This paper presents an evolutionary controller comprising a linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) and neurocontroller acting in tandem to effect optimal performance under high turbulence intensities, for a variable‐speed, fixed‐pitch WTG. The control objectives are maximum energy conversion and reduction in mechanical stresses on the system components. The proposed paradigm utilizes generator torque in controlling the rotor speed in relation to the highly turbulent wind speed, thereby ensuring the extracted aerodynamic power is maintained at a constant value, while shaft moments are regulated. The performance of the proposed controller is compared with that of the LQG and it is found that the former is more efficient in maintaining rated power, minimizing shaft torque variations, and shows robustness to parameter variations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A suite of Gateway® cloning vectors for high‐throughput genetic analysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Alberti Simon , Gitler Aaron D. , Lindquist Susan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn the post‐genomic era, academic and biotechnological research is increasingly shifting its attention from single proteins to the analysis of complex protein networks. This change in experimental design requires the use of simple and experimentally tractable organisms, such as the unicellular eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and a range of new high‐throughput techniques. The Gateway® system has emerged as a powerful high‐throughput cloning method that allows for the in vitro recombination of DNA with high speed, accuracy and reliability. Two Gateway‐based libraries of overexpression plasmids containing the entire complement of yeast open reading frames (ORFs) have recently been completed. In order to make use of these powerful resources, we adapted the widely used pRS series of yeast shuttle vectors for use in Gateway‐based cloning. The resulting suite of 288 yeast Gateway vectors is based upon the two commonly used GPD and GAL1 promoter expression systems that enable expression of ORFs, either constitutively or under galactose‐inducible conditions. In addition, proteins of interest can be fused to a choice of frequently used N‐ or C‐terminal tags, such as EGFP, ECFP, EYFP, Cerulean, monomeric DsRed, HA or TAP. We have made this yeast Gateway® vector kit available to the research community via the non‐profit Addgene Plasmid Repository (http://www.addgene.org/yeast_gateway). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nutrient intake in lysinuric protein intolerance
Authors: Tanner L. M. , Näntö‐Salonen K. , Venetoklis J. , Kotilainen S. , Niinikoski H. , Huoponen K. , Simell O. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryLysinuric protein intolerance (LPI) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by defective transport of cationic amino acids. Poor intestinal absorption and increased renal loss of arginine, ornithine and lysine lead to low plasma concentrations of these amino acids and, subsequently, to impaired urea cycle function. The patients therefore have decreased nitrogen tolerance, which may lead to hyperammonaemia after ingestion of normal amounts of dietary protein. As a protective mechanism, most patients develop strong aversion to protein‐rich foods early in life. Oral supplementation with citrulline, which is absorbed normally and metabolized to arginine and ornithine, improves protein tolerance to some extent, as do sodium benzoate and sodium phenylbutyrate also used by some patients. Despite effective prevention of hyperammonaemia, the patients still consume a very restricted diet, which may be deficient in energy, essential amino acids and some vitamins and minerals. To investigate the potential nutritional problems of patients with lysinuric protein intolerance, 77 three‐ to four‐day food records of 28 Finnish LPI patients aged 1.5–61 years were analysed. The data suggest that the patients are clearly at risk for many nutritional deficiencies, which may contribute to their symptoms. Their diet is highly deficient in calcium, vitamin D, iron and zinc. Individualized nutritional supplementation accompanied by regular monitoring of dietary intake is therefore an essential part of the treatment of LPI.
Temporomandibular joint inflammation decreases the voltage‐gated K+channel subtype 1.4‐immunoreactivity of trigeminal ganglion neurons in rats
Authors: Takeda Mamoru , Tanimoto Takeshi , Nasu Masanori , Matsumoto Shigeji 
Published: June 2007

AbstractVoltage‐gated K+(Kv) channels are one of the important physiological regulators of the membrane potentials in excitable cells, including sensory ganglion neurons. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether temporomandibular joint (TMJ) inflammation alters expression of Kv channel subtype 1.4 (Kv1.4) of trigeminal ganglion (TRG) neurons innervating TMJ relating allodynia (pain caused by normally innoxious stimulation), by using both behavioral and immunohistochemical techniques. TMJ inflammation was induced by injection of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) into the rat TMJ. The threshold for escape from mechanical stimulation applied to the orofacial area in TMJ inflamed rats was significantly lower than that in naïve rats. TMJ afferents were identified by fluorogold (FG) labeling. The mean numbers of Kv1.4‐/neurofilament (NF) 200(myelinated fiber marker) positive‐ and negative‐immunoreactivities FG‐labeled small‐/medium‐diameter TRG neurons in inflamed rats were significantly decreased when compared with those in the naïve rats. These findings suggest that TMJ inflammation reduces the expression of Kv1.4 subunits in the small‐/medium sized (Aδ‐/C‐) TRG neurons and this may contribute to trigeminal inflammatory allodynia in TMJ disorder. These results lead us to suggest that Kv channel openers may be a potential therapeutic agents for prevention of mechanical allodynia.
Examination of gap junctional, intercellular communication by in situ electroporation on two co‐planar indium‐tin oxide electrodes
Authors: Anagnostopoulou Aikaterini , Cao Jun , Vultur Adina , Firth Kevin , Raptis Leda 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGap junctions are plasma membrane channels between neighboring cells. We previously described a powerful technique where gap junctional, intercellular communication (GJIC) of adherent cells can be examined by in situ electroporation on a slide, part of which is coated with electrically conductive and transparent indium‐tin oxide. An electric pulse is applied through an electrode placed on the cells in the presence of the tracking dye, Lucifer yellow (LY). The pulse causes LY's penetration into the cells growing on the conductive part of the slide, and the subsequent migration of the dye to the non‐electroporated cells growing on the non‐conductive area is microscopically observed under fluorescence illumination. Although this technique is adequate for a number of cell lines, the turbulence generated as the electrode is removed can cause cell detachment, which makes GJIC examination problematic. In this communication, we describe a slide configuration where junctional communication can be examined in the absence of an upper electrode: Cells are grown on two co‐planar electrodes separated by a barrier which diverts the electric field, rendering it vertical to the cell layer. The elimination of an upper electrode is especially valuable for the electroporation of sensitive cells, such as terminally differentiated adipocytes. This technique can also be used for the introduction of other non‐permeant molecules such as peptides or siRNA, followed by examination of the cellular phenotype or gene expression levels in situ.
Ultrastructure of the egg shell of the acanthocephalan Neoechinorhynchus crassus
Authors: Nikishin V.P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn the acanthocephalan Neoechinorhynchus crassus five embryonic envelopes have been identified, including four, which are similar to those in previously studied acanthocephalans and a supplementary one, located between the outer and the second envelopes, which is characteristic of only a few Eoacanthocephala. The terminology of the envelopes in relation to their origin and possible function is discussed.
Comparison of the cost-effectiveness of infliximab in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in the United Kingdom based on two different clinical trials
Authors: Kobelt Gisela , Sobocki Patrik , Sieper Joachim , Braun Jürgen 
Published: June 2007

Objectives:To compare the cost-effectiveness of the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) with infliximab in the United Kingdom over lifetime estimated from two different clinical trials and adjusted for clinical practice guidelines.Methods:A cost-effectiveness model was developed to incorporate clinical, epidemiological, and economic data and allow extrapolation of trial results and incorporation of long-term treatment. Assumptions regarding treatment beyond the trials were based on open extensions from the trials and treatment guidelines by the British Society for Rheumatology. Results are presented for both the societal perspective and the perspective of the National Health Service (UK £, discounted 3.5 percent).Results:Under the assumption that disease activity would be controlled and functional capacity would remain stable while on drug, treatment with infliximab (5 mg/kg every 6 weeks) dominates standard treatment in the societal perspective. In the National Health Service perspective, the cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained over lifetime was £28,300 and £26,800 for the two trials. If functional capacity were to deteriorate at half the rate of untreated patients, the cost per QALY gained would be £35,300 and £34,100, respectively. The results are sensitive to the dosing regimen adopted, the discontinuation rate, and assumptions concerning disease progression while on treatment.Conclusions:The two clinical trials yield the same cost-effectiveness results and the cost per QALY gained with treatment was found to be in the acceptable range.
Properties of the 15D and the Nottingham Health Profile questionnaires in patients with lower limb atherosclerotic disease
Authors: Koivunen Kirsi , Sintonen Harri , Lukkarinen Hannele 
Published: June 2007

Objectives:The aim of this study was to compare the generic health-related quality of life (HRQoL) instruments, the 15D and the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), in terms of feasibility, cross-sectional construct validity, discriminatory power, and responsiveness to the change in patients with lower limb atherosclerosis disease (LLAD).Methods:Patients who were treated conservatively (64 patients), scheduled for endovascular treatment (85 patients), or for elective surgery (31 patients) filled in the NHP and the 15D questionnaires before treatment and 12 months after. The methods of analysis included calculations of the completion rate, the multitrait–multimethod matrix, extreme group comparisons with thet-test, and calculations of “floor” and “ceiling” effects and effect sizes.Results:Both the 15D and the NHP instruments were feasible because full data were obtained at baseline from 84.1 percent of patients and 82 percent at 12 months with the 15D and, respectively, 75.8 percent and 79 percent with the NHP. The multitrait–multimethod matrix and extreme group comparisons provided a clear convergent and discriminant evidence of the cross-sectional construct validity of the instruments. The convergent validity correlations were quite high, ranging between .40 and .682. The tendency for higher percentages at the “ceiling” and “floor” for the NHP suggests that it has less discriminatory power than the 15D on roughly comparable dimensions. The 15D and the NHP were almost equally responsive to change.Conclusions:This study provided evidence that both the 15D and the NHP are appropriate for measuring HRQoL among patients with LLAD.
Establishing a comprehensive continuum from an evidentiary base to policy development for health technologies: The Ontario experience
Authors: Levin Leslie , Goeree Ron , Sikich Nancy , Jorgensen Birthe , Brouwers Melissa C. , Easty Tony , Zahn Catherine 
Published: June 2007

Objectives:The aim of this study was to describe a comprehensive continuum that has developed in Ontario between government and key stakeholder groups, including hospitals, physicians, academic institutions, clinical epidemiologists, health economists, industry, and bioethicists to achieve evidence-based recommendations for policy development.Methods:The various components of the comprehensive model that has evolved to develop an evidentiary platform for policy development are summarized, and the flow between these components is described.Results:The development of the Ontario Health Technology Advisory Committee (OHTAC) and associated programs demonstrate the need to go beyond the traditional steps taken within most health technology assessment paradigms. These components include pragmatic postmarketing studies, human factors, and safety analyses, and formalized interactions with a broad spectrum of potential end-users of each technology, experts, and industry. These components, taken together with an expanded systematic review to include a range of economic analyses, and societal impacts augment the traditional systematic review processes. This approach has been found to be important in assisting decision making and has resulted in an 81 percent conversion from evidence to policy consideration for eighty-three technologies that had been assessed at the time this article was submitted.Conclusions:The comprehensive model, centered around OHTAC, has added important new dimensions to health policy by improving its relevance to decision makers and providing an accountable and transparent basis for government to invest appropriately in health technologies. This study could also form a basis for further research into appropriate methodologies and outcome measurements as they relate to each component of this approach.
Does the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence only appraise new pharmaceuticals?
Authors: Linden Luan , Vondeling Hindrik , Packer Claire , Cook Alison 
Published: June 2007

Objectives: To determine the relative extent to which the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) appraises new versus existing technologies, and pharmaceutical versus nonpharmaceutical health technologies.Methods: We categorized technologies within NICE appraisals published between March 2000 and June 2006 by type and classified them as new or existing using the timeline between launch in the United Kingdom and referral to NICE. We used a 3-year postlaunch cutoff to determine whether a technology was new, with a sensitivity analysis of 1 and 5 years.Results: We reviewed 159 technologies from 88 appraisals. Of these, 84 (53 percent) were new (sensitivity analysis 36 to 67 percent) and 75 (47 percent) were existing technologies. A total of 119 (75 percent) were pharmaceuticals, 22 (14 percent) were devices, 14 (9 percent) were procedures, and 4 (3 percent) were categorized as miscellaneous. Classification according to newness and technology type showed that 62 percent (42 to 75 percent) of the pharmaceuticals appraised were new.Conclusions: By developing and applying a definition of new, we have found that the criticism of the bias toward new technologies is unfounded when applied to the appraisal program overall. At the same time, new pharmaceuticals are over-represented in the program compared with devices and procedures. This domination may cause inflationary pressures on the health service, but any wholesale move away from the technological frontier may be more costly.
Health technology assessment and ill-structured problems: A case study concerning the drug mebeverine
Authors: Moret-Hartman Margriet , van der Wilt Gert Jan , Grin John 
Published: June 2007

Objectives:The practical significance of health technology assessment (HTA) in policy decisions or clinical practice has been challenged. Possibly, problem definitions underlying HTA do not concur sufficiently with the problem definitions held by policy makers or clinicians. We performed an in-depth case study on mebeverine, a drug prescribed to patients with irritable bowel syndrome, to explore this hypothesis.Methods:The theoretical framework was provided by the theory of argumentative policy analysis. We analyzed documents and held semistructured interviews to collect data. We reconstructed interpretative frames to analyze actors' argumentation.Results:The funding and usage problems relating to mebeverine were ill-structured. Actors disagreed on the information needed and the norms at stake. As a result, the problem definition shifted, and the resulting problem definitions failed to correspond with the problems perceived by the target populations.Conclusions:To ensure that future studies on healthcare problems are useful, it is imperative that policy makers take the problem definitions of potential users into account.
Priority setting for health technology assessments: A systematic review of current practical approaches
Authors: Noorani Hussein Z. , Husereau Donald R. , Boudreau Rhonda , Skidmore Becky 
Published: June 2007

Objectives: This study sought to identify and compare various practical and current approaches of health technology assessment (HTA) priority setting.Methods: A literature search was performed across PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, BIOSIS, and Cochrane. Given an earlier review conducted by European agencies (EUR-ASSESS project), the search was limited to literature indexed from 1996 onward. We also searched Web sites of HTA agencies as well as HTAi and ISTAHC conference abstracts. Agency representatives were contacted for information about their priority-setting processes. Reports on practical approaches selected through these sources were identified independently by two reviewers.Results: A total of twelve current priority-setting frameworks from eleven agencies were identified. Ten countries were represented: Canada, Denmark, England, Hungary, Israel, Scotland, Spain, Sweden, The Netherlands, and United States. Fifty-nine unique HTA priority-setting criteria were divided into eleven categories (alternatives; budget impact; clinical impact; controversial nature of proposed technology; disease burden; economic impact; ethical, legal, or psychosocial implications; evidence; interest; timeliness of review; variation in rates of use). Differences across HTA agencies were found regarding procedures for categorizing, scoring, and weighing of policy criteria.Conclusions: Variability exists in the methods for priority setting of health technology assessment across HTA agencies. Quantitative rating methods and consideration of cost benefit for priority setting were seldom used. These study results will assist HTA agencies that are re-visiting or developing their prioritization methods.