bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A two cell type theory for aldosterone biosynthesis: the roles of 11β-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase, and a high capacity tightly binding steroid carrier for 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone in rat adrenals
Authors: Vinson G P , Teja R , Ho M M , Puddefoot J R 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Several lines of experimentation suggest that a tissue-sequestered pool of 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) in the rat adrenal may be mobilized as an aldosterone precursor.
We show here that this steroid is maintained in a non-extractable form in the membranes of collagenase-dispersed fasciculata/reticularis cells. Because of this stability, the complex can be identified by immunocytochemistry and also, in IEF gels of solubilized inner adrenocortical zone membrane preparations, by immunoblotting. However, the complexed steroid cannot be extracted from the gels into organic solvent unless first treated with trypsin. Preincubation of viable whole glandular tissue with trypsin significantly enhanced aldosterone output and eliminated the trypsin-releasable 18-OH-DOC pool in IEF gels of solubilized inner zone membranes. Both prior sodium depletion and acute trypsin stimulation of whole glands enhanced extractable 18-OH-DOC in glomerulosa tissue membranes.
Other experiments using in situ hybridization show that mRNA coding for 11β-hydroxylase (which generates 18-OH-DOC) is confined to the inner adrenocortical zones, whereas aldosterone synthase (which does not) is transcribed exclusively in the glomerulosa.
The data suggest that a pool of 18-OH-DOC in inner zone membranes can be mobilized for utilization as an aldosterone precursor in the glomerulosa. The results also indicate the existence of an entirely novel tightly binding steroid carrier from which steroid cannot be extracted by organic solvent unless first subjected to proteolytic degradation.
Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 144, 359–368
Changes in glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in the developing ovine pituitary and the effects of exogenous cortisol
Authors: Matthews S G , Yang K , Challis J R G 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Developmental changes in pituitary glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA were examined during gestation and early neonatal life using in situ hybridization. Pituitaries were harvested from sheep fetuses at days 60–80, 100–120, 130–135, 140–142 and term, and from lambs of days 0–7 and 30–60, and adults. GR mRNA was present in the pars distalis by day 60, levels increased through gestation, and there was a redistribution of GR mRNA, resulting in a relatively greater abundance at the base of the pars distalis. At term, there was a significant (P<0·05 compared with the day 140–142 fetuses) elevation of GR mRNA, which was maintained in the newborn lamb, reaching highest levels at days 30–60 of neonatal life. GR mRNA was undetectable in the pars intermedia until day 120, but subsequently increased to high levels at term. Interestingly, the expression of GR mRNA in the pars intermedia dropped precipitously in the newborn (P<0·05 compared with term), though levels recovered in the older lambs and adults. The regional and cellular distribution of GR mRNA correlated closely with the presence of immuno-reactive GR (irGR) in the pituitary; the majority of irGR was present in the nuclei. Intrafetal infusion of cortisol (12 h; 5 μg/min) in late gestation (day 135) had no effect on GR mRNA expression in either the pars distalis or pars intermedia. These results indicated that, in the fetal pituitary, (1) the GR gene is expressed in both the pars distalis and pars intermedia, (2) levels of GR mRNA in the fetal pituitary correlated with the distribution of nuclear irGR, (3) GR mRNA is present at higher levels in the inferior aspect of the pars distalis, its abundance increases immediately prior to parturition and is maintained in the newborn, and (4) cortisol infusion for 12 h does not affect GR mRNA in either region of the pituitary, suggesting that, in the short term, glucocorticoids do not directly regulate GR synthesis.
Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 144, 483–490
Tri-iodothyronine directly affects rat Sertoli cell proliferation and differentiation
Authors: Palmero S , Prati M , Bolla F , Fugassa E 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The addition of physiological concentrations (1 nm) of tri-iodothyronine (T3) to the culture medium of Sertoli cells from prepubertal (8-day-old) rats stimulated both protein synthesis (+55%) and lactate (+50%) production, while it inhibited DNA synthesis (−30/35%) and aromatase activity (−45/50%); insignificant T3-dependent effects were observed in cultured Sertoli cells from midpubertal (28-day-old) rats. These data suggest an age-dependent role for thyroid hormone in promoting and maintaining Sertoli cell differentiation at puberty; moreover, the hormone is involved in the regulation of Sertoli cell proliferation. The present study validates the role of Sertoli cells as a specific target for T3 action at the testis level; it also demonstrates the existence of an early and critical direct influence of thyroid hormone on Sertoli cell proliferation and functional maturation.
Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 145, 355–362
Involvement of epidermal growth factor in inducing adiposity of aged female mice
Authors: Adachi H , Kurachi H , Homma H , Adachi K , Imai T , Sakata M , Matsuzawa Y , Miyake A 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Aged mice exhibit an increase in their body weight (BW), which is associated with fat deposit increase. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) concentration in the submandibular gland also increases with aging. We examined the effects of elevated EGF on the adiposity of aged female mice. Studies were started in two groups of animals consisting of sham-operated (n=10) and sialoadenectomized (n=10, Sx; surgical removal of the submandibular glands) mice at 8 weeks of age. Body weight gain and food intake were measured throughout 78 weeks of age in these two groups. Body weight was significantly less in the Sx group throughout 78 weeks, while food intake was not changed by Sx after 12 weeks of age. To examine further if EGF plays a role in the induction of adiposity in aged female mice, sham-operated animals were given 100 μl anti-EGF rabbit antiserum (anti-EGF group, n=5) or normal rabbit serum (control group, n=5) every 3 days, and Sx animals were given 5 μg/day EGF (Sx+EGF group, n=5) or saline (Sx group, n=5) from 78 weeks of age for 3 weeks. At 81 weeks of age, all animals of these four groups were killed, and carcass fat deposition and fat cell sizes were measured. Although the relative weights (weight ratio to BW) of the liver and kidney were not changed by Sx and anti-EGF treatment, the relative weights of mesenteric and subcutaneous fat tissues and adipocyte weights were significantly decreased in Sx and anti-EGF groups compared with the control group. Moreover, both acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA levels were significantly decreased by Sx or anti-EGF administration in mesenteric and subcutaneous fat tissues. On the other hand, EGF administration to Sx animals had no effect on BW, fat tissues and adipocyte weights, and ACS and LPL mRNA levels. The results, however, were consistent with the fact that adipose tissue EGF receptors were down regulated in Sx mice. These findings suggest that EGF may play a role in the induction of adiposity in aged female mice.
Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 146, 381–393
Effect of oral calcium supplementation on intracellular calcium and plasma renin in men
Authors: Lijnen P , Petrov V 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
A double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel study was conducted on the effect of a high daily oral calcium supplementation of 1 g elemental calcium, given twice daily for 16 weeks in normal male subjects, on plasma renin, aldosterone, kallikrein, cGMP, cAMP and calciotropic hormones, intracellular calcium concentrations and plasma total and ionized calcium. After a 1-month run-in period on a limited use of dairy products, the subjects (n=32) were allocated to a placebo or a calcium group. Placebo or 1 g elemental calcium was administered twice daily in the morning and evening for 16 weeks. All subjects were investigated at baseline and after 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks of placebo or calcium administration. A decreased intraerythrocyte and intraplatelet Ca2+ concentration was observed in the calcium-treated subjects. Compared with the placebo group, an increase in the plasma renin activity (PRA) in the calcium group was observed after 4, 8 and 16 weeks of oral calcium administration. However, plasma aldosterone and urinary excretion of aldosterone, kallikrein, cGMP and cAMP were not changed during calcium administration. Oral calcium supplementation in these men was also accompanied by a reduction in the plasma concentration of intact parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, an increase in 24-h urinary calcium excretion but no change in the plasma total Ca2+ concentration, serum ionized Ca2+ level and plasma phosphate or 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Lacidipine tended to increase PRA in the placebo-treated subjects and to decrease it in the calcium-treated subjects: this difference in lacidipine effect between the placebo and calcium group was significant (P<0·05). Our data show that the increase in PRA observed in men during oral calcium supplementation is accompanied by a reduction in the intracellular free and total Ca2+ concentration in platelets and erythrocytes and by a decrease in the plasma concentration of intact parathormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 146, 421–429
Changes in testicular function following specific deprivation of LH in the adult male rabbit
Authors: Jeyakumar M , Suresh R , Krishnamurthy H N , Moudgal N R 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Sexually mature male rabbits actively immunized against highly purified ovine LH (oLH) were used as a model system to study the effects of endogenous LH deprivation (and therefore testosterone) on spermatogenesis as well as pituitary FSH secretion. Immunization against oLH generated antibody titres capable of cross-reacting and neutralizing rabbit LH and this resulted in a significant reduction (P<0·01) in serum testosterone levels by 2–4 weeks of immunization. A significant increase in circulating FSH concentration (from a basal level of ∼ 1 ng to 60–100 ng/ml; P<0·01) was observed within 4–6 weeks of immunization, perhaps a consequence of the negative feedback effect of the lack of testosterone. The effect of LH deprivation on spermatogenesis assessed by DNA flow cytometry and histological analyses of testicular biopsy tissue revealed that lack of testosterone primarily results in a rapid reduction and complete absence of round (1C) and elongated (HC) spermatids. The immediate effect of LH/testosterone deprivation thus appears to be at the step of meiotic transformation of primary spermatocytes (4C) to 1C. A significant reduction (>80%; P<0·01) in the 4C population and a relative accumulation (>90%; P<0·01) in spermatogonia (2C) was also observed, suggesting a need for testosterone during the transformation of 2C to 4C. In all but one of the rabbits, both qualitative and quantitative recovery in spermatogenesis occurred during the recovery phase, even at a time when only a marginal increase in serum testosterone (compared with the preimmunization) levels was observed as a result of a rapid decline in the cross-reactive antibody titres. These results clearly show that LH/testosterone deprivation in addition to primarily affecting the meiotic step also regulates the conversion of 2C to 4C during spermatogenesis.
Journal of Endocrinology (1995) 147, 111–120
Variants Near MC4R Are Associated With Obesity and Influence Obesity-Related Quantitative Traits in a Population of Middle-Aged People: Studies of 14,940 Danes
Authors: Zobel Dorit P. , Andreasen Camilla H. , Grarup Niels , Eiberg Hans , Sørensen Thorkild I.A. , Sandbæk Annelli , Lauritzen Torsten , Borch-Johnsen Knut , Jørgensen Torben , Pedersen Oluf , Hansen Torben 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE— Variants downstream of the melanocortin-4 receptor gene (MC4R) have been reported to associate with obesity. We examined rs17782313, rs17700633, rs12970134, rs477181, rs502933, and rs4450508 near MC4R for association with obesity-related quantitative traits, obesity, and type 2 diabetes in Danish individuals.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— The variants were investigated for association with obesity-related quantitative traits in 5,807 population-based sampled individuals, obesity in 14,940 individuals, and type 2 diabetes in 8,821 individuals.
RESULTS— The minor risk alleles of rs17782313, rs17700633, and rs12970134 were associated with BMI (effect per allele 0.25 kg/m2, P = 0.01; 0.23, P = 0.01; and 0.31, P = 7 × 10−4, respectively), waist circumference (0.67 cm, P = 0.006; 0.53, P = 0.02; and 0.85, P = 3 × 10−4), and body weight (1.04 kg, P = 6 × 10−4; 0.71, P = 0.01; and 1.16, P = 8 × 10−5). In case-control studies of obesity defined by BMI, the minor C-allele of rs17782313 was associated with overweight/obesity and obesity (odds ratio [OR] 1.09, P = 0.006 and OR 1.12, P = 0.003, respectively). Similarly, the minor A-allele of rs17700633 was associated with overweight/obesity and obesity (1.12, P = 8 × 10−5 and 1.16, P = 2 × 10−5), and the minor A-allele of rs12970134 was also associated with overweight/obesity and obesity (1.13, P = 2 × 10−5 and 1.15, P = 6 × 10−5). rs477181, rs502933, and rs4450508 were not significantly associated with obesity in the Danish population. The frequency of the minor risk alleles of rs17782313 and rs12970134 was higher among patients with type 2 diabetes than among glucose-tolerant individuals (OR 1.08, P = 0.08 and 1.08, P = 0.06, respectively); however, these borderline associations were abolished after adjustment for BMI.
CONCLUSIONS— rs17782313, rs17700633, and rs12970134 near MC4R associate with measures of obesity in Danish individuals.
Equational spectrum of Hilbert varieties
Authors: Padmanabhan R. , Rudeanu Sergiu 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe prove that an equational class of Hilbert algebras cannot be defined by a single equation. In particular Hilbert algebras and implication algebras are not one-based. Also, we use a seminal theorem of Alfred Tarski in equational logic to characterize the set of cardinalities of all finite irredundant bases of the varieties of Hilbert algebras, implication algebras and commutative BCK algebras: all these varieties can be defined by independent bases of n elements, for each n > 1.
Iron‐Catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck Cross‐Coupling Reaction with Styrenes
Authors: Loska Rafal , Volla Chandra M. Rao , Vogel Pierre 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn the presence of iron(II) chloride (FeCl2; 20 mol%) and potassium tert‐butoxide (t‐BuOK; 4 equiv.) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), aryl and heteroaryl iodides undergo stereoselective Mizoroki–Heck CC cross‐coupling reactions with styrenes at 60 °C giving the corresponding (E)‐alkenes. The best yields are obtained upon adding a ligand (80 mol%) such as proline or picolinic acid. Aryl bromides and pyridinyl bromides are also coupled with styrenes but in lower yields.
Antitumor activity and mechanism of action of the iron chelator, Dp44mT, against leukemic cells
Authors: Noulsri Egarit , Richardson Des R. , Lerdwana Surada , Fucharoen Suthat , Yamagishi Tetsuo , Kalinowski Danuta S. , Pattanapanyasat Kovit 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIron chelators have been reported to induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. Recent studies suggest broad and selective antitumor activity of the new iron chelator, di‐2‐pyridylketone‐4,4‐dimethyl‐3‐thiosemicarbazone (Dp44mT; Whitnall et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:14901–14906). However, little is known concerning its effects on hematological malignancies. Using acute leukemia cells, the effect of Dp44mT on apoptosis, cell cycle, caspase‐3 activation, and mitochondrial trans‐membrane potential has been examined by flow cytometry. Dp44mT acted to induce a G1/S arrest in NB4 promyelocytic leukemia cells at low concentrations (0.5–2.5 μM), being far more effective than the clinically used chelator, desferrioxamine (DFO). Moreover, Dp44mT induced apoptosis of NB4 cells in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner with markedly less effect on nonproliferating cells. The apoptosis‐inducing activity of Dp44mT was significantly more effective than DFO. Furthermore, this study also showed that Dp44mT had broad activity, inducing apoptosis in several types of acute leukemia and also multiple myeloma cell lines. Additional studies examining the cytotoxic mechanisms of Dp44mT showed that a reduction in the mitochondrial trans‐membrane potential and caspase‐3 activation could be involved in the mechanism of apoptosis. Our results suggest that Dp44mT possesses potential as an effective cytotoxic agent for the chemotherapeutic treatment of acute leukemia. Am. J. Hematol. 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Continuous infusion of intermediate‐dose cytarabine and fludarabine with idarubicin for patients younger than 60 years with resistant acute myeloid leukemia: A prospective, multicenter phase II study
Authors: Kim Hawk , Park Jae‐Hoo , Lee Je‐Hwan , Lee Jung‐Hee , Joo Young‐Don , Lee Won‐Sik , Bae Sung‐Hwa , Mo Ryoo Hun , Lee Kyoo‐Hyung 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe assessed continuous infusion (CI) of fludarabine and cytarabine (FLAG) plus idarubicin for patients under 60‐years old with resistant acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Induction chemotherapy consisted of idarubicin (12 mg/m2 iv infusion over 30 min on Days 1–3), plus fludarabine (30 mg/m2/day) and cytarabine (1,000 mg/m2/day) on Days 1–5 as a 24‐hr CI. G‐CSF was added on Days 1–5. The 29 patients enrolled were of median age 40 years (range, 18–57 years); of these, 8 (27.6%) had primary refractory disease, 19 (65.5%) were in early relapse, and 1 each (3.4%) was in multiple relapse and relapse after SCT. In response to induction, 8 patients (27.6%) achieved CR, 2 (6.9%) achieved CRp, and 19 (65.5%) failed treatment; of the latter, 14 had aplasia, three had an indeterminate course, and two showed resistance. Seven patients remain alive, while two were lost to follow‐up. Nineteen patients died, 14 of infection, one of toxicity during consolidation, three of relapse after SCT, and two of persistent disease. These findings indicate that although CI of FLAG plus idarubicin was effective for eradicating blasts, it carried a high risk of toxicity. Reduced doses are recommended for CI of FLAG plus idarubicin. Am. J. Hematol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Core–Shell PbI2@WS2 Inorganic Nanotubes from Capillary Wetting
Authors: Kreizman Ronen , Hong Sung You , Sloan Jeremy , Popovitz‐Biro Ronit , Albu‐Yaron Ana , Tobias Gerard , Ballesteros Belén , Davis Benjamin G. , Green Malcolm L. H. , Tenne Reshef 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMehrwandige WS2‐Nanoröhrentemplate fungieren als Wirte zur Herstellung von PbI2@WS2‐Kern‐Schale‐Nanoröhren durch kapillare Benetzung. Winkelgetreues Wachstum von PbI2‐Schichten auf der Innenwand der relativ weiten (ca. 10 nm) WS2‐Nanoröhren führt zu Nanoröhrenstrukturen, die in engen Kohlenstoff‐Nanoröhrentemplaten nicht beobachtet wurden. Eine simulierte HR‐TEM‐Aufnahme nach Strukturmodellierung (siehe Bild) stimmt gut mit dem experimentellen Bild überein.magnified image
Modular Synthesis of Functional Nanoscale Coordination Polymers
Authors: Lin Wenbin , Rieter William J. , Taylor Kathryn M. L. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe coordination‐directed assembly of metal ions and organic bridging ligands has afforded a variety of bulk‐scale hybrid materials with promising characteristics for a number of practical applications, such as gas storage and heterogeneous catalysis. Recently, so‐called coordination polymers have emerged as a new class of hybrid nanomaterials. Herein, we highlight advances in the syntheses of both amorphous and crystalline nanoscale coordination polymers. We also illustrate how scaling down these materials to the nano‐regime has enabled their use in a broad range of applications including catalysis, spin‐crossover, templating, biosensing, biomedical imaging, and anticancer drug delivery. These results underscore the exciting opportunities of developing next‐generation functional nanomaterials based on molecular components.
Single‐input and single‐output (SISO) controller reduction based on theL1‐norm
Authors: Yang Yu , Wu Jun , Xiong Rong , Xu Weihua , Chen Sheng 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis paper proposes a new method to solve the controller‐reduction problem based on theL1‐norm. This method uses a reduced‐order closed‐loop system to deduce reduced‐order controllers. The problem of obtaining the required lower‐order closed‐loop system was formulated as anL1‐norm optimization, and the conditions were provided for guaranteeing the internal stability and the existence of lower‐order controllers from the obtained reduced‐order closed‐loop system. In addition, the particle swarm optimization and sequence linear programming were adopted to solve the resultantL1‐norm optimization. Two numerical examples demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Airborne remote sensing of valley floor geoarchaeology using Daedalus ATM and CASI
Authors: Challis Keith , Kincey Mark , Howard Andy J 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis paper investigates the potential of multispectral methods of airborne remote sensing for geological and archaeological prospection in river valleys, specifically the archaeologically rich, well‐documented aggregate landscape of the middle Trent Valley in the East Midlands of England. The paper reviews the systematic examination of Daedalus 1268 Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) multispectral data. Data from a single flight along the Trent Valley in 1996 were subject to a comprehensive suit of analytical techniques including the calculation of vegetation indices and multivariate analysis. The results suggest that both ATM and CASI data have great potential for detecting and characterizing archaeological and geological features. Vegetation indices relying on ratios of red to infrared reflectance were particularly effective at highlighting cropmarks, in some cases revealing crop variation not apparent in the visible spectrum. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Retrospective on the Design and Synthesis of Novel Molecules through a Strategic Consideration of Metathesis and Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Kotha Sambasivarao , Mandal Kalyaneswar 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSynergy in synthesis: Strategic consideration of metathesis and Suzuki–Miyaura (SM) cross‐coupling for CC bond‐formation processes has opened up new and “green” synthetic routes to various complex targets. The use of this synergistic combination for the synthesis of supramolecular ligands, polyaromatic compounds, and complex natural products is covered in this Focus Review.magnified imageIn recent years, ruthenium‐catalyzed metathesis and palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions have proven to be the most efficient tools for carbon–carbon bond formation in synthetic organic chemistry. This is mainly because of the stability and remarkable functional‐group tolerance of these catalysts. Therefore, the strategic consideration of these two powerful reactions can eventually minimize the synthetic steps for the construction of complex target molecules. In this perspective we summarize the efforts of many research groups who have used the combination of these two powerful reactions (either together in concert or separated by a few multistep sequences) for the synthesis of supramolecular ligands, polyaromatic compounds, and complex natural products.