bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GenomePlex Whole-Genome Amplification
Authors: Arneson Nona , Hughes Simon , Houlston Richard , Done Susan 
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTIONPCR-based whole-genome amplification (WGA) has the goal of generating microgram quantities of genome-representative DNA from picogram or nanogram amounts of starting material. This amplification should introduce little, or ideally no, representational bias. In contrast to other techniques for WGA, PCR-based methods are generally less affected by DNA quality and are more applicable to DNA extracted from various sources (fixed and fresh tissues). GenomePlex WGA, described in this protocol, is a proprietary amplification technology based on nonenzymatic random fragmentation of genomic DNA. The protocol involves conversion of the genome into an in vitro molecular library of DNA fragments, followed by incubation at various temperatures to add adaptor sequences with specific PCR priming sites to both ends of every fragment. The fragment library can then be amplified several 1000-fold to generate milligram quantities of DNA starting with as little as 10-100 ng.
Transfecting Avian Motor Neurons and Their Axons Using In Ovo Electroporation
Authors: Linn Stephanie A. , Krull Catherine E. 
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTIONIn ovo electroporation of half of the avian neural tube is a simple procedure in which one places the electrodes parallel to the neural tube, flanking the intended axial region of transfection. It is possible to modify this technique to target the ventral quadrant of the neural tube that contains motor neurons in the lateral motor column (LMC) and their axons by positioning the electrodes in an offset dorsal/ventral configuration, instead of the standard parallel position. If the electroporation is performed in the neural tube of stage 15 chick embryos, the medial portion of the LMC is targeted primarily; however, if neural tubes of stage 17 embryos are electroporated, the entire LMC will be transfected. This technique can be used to examine the behavior of motor axons as they project into the developing limb when genes are misexpressed, overexpressed, or knocked down via RNAi (using short hairpin RNA [shRNA]). The un-electroporated half of the neural tube serves as an internal control, or an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter construct (pCAX) serves as a control for the electroporation and for EGFP expression. By electroporating a DNA construct that contains EGFP, or co-electroporating the DNA of interest with a GFP reporter construct, it is possible to verify the success of the electroporation in ovo.
Speices diversity and the systematics of some New World leaf litter Thysanoptera (Phlaeothripinae; Glyptothripini)
Authors: MOUND LAURENCE A. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract More than fifty species of closely related glyptothripine Thysanopterahave been described from leaf litter at one site in southern Brazil. The ecological and evolutionary significance of this species swarm are discussed, and the relationships of the New World glyptothripine genera are reassessed. A key is produced to the world genera of the Glyptothripini, and a check list is provided to the fifteen genera and 119 species from the New World. Nomenclatural changes include thirty‐five new combinations, five new generic synonyms and one new specific synonym.
Notes on Neotropical Zoraptera, with descriptions of two new species
Authors: NEW T. R. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractCharacters used un specific identification of Zoraptera are briefly discussed. A list of Neotropical species is given, and the difficulties of associating sexes of some species outlined. Two new species are described and figured (Zorotypus weidneri sp.n., ♂, ♀, Brazil; Z.hamiltoni sp.n., ♂, ♀, Colombia) and additional records and information given on Z.shannoni Gurney (♂, Brazil) and Z.huxleyi Bolivar y Pieltain & Coronado G (♂, ♀, recorded from Brazil for the first time).
The New World species of the water‐beetle genus Notomicrus (Noteridae)*
Authors: YOUNG FRANK N. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractEight species of Notomicrus Sharp are recognized and described or partially redescribed with figures of dorsal outlines and external male genitalia: brevicomis Sharp, gracilipes Sharp, huttoni sp.n., malkini sp.n., nanulus (LeConte), reticulatus Zimmermann, sharpi Balfour‐Browne, traili Sharp. A key for identification is given, but the main reliance for recognition of the species is on the external male genitalia. New distribution records are given for all species.
Relationships and higher classification of some Tenebrionidae and Zopheridae (Coleoptera)
Authors: DOYEN J. T. , LAWRENCE J. F. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract.Changes in the higher classification of Zopheridae and Tenebrionidae are specified, mostly within the context of Watt's (1974b) revised subfamily classification of Tenebrionidae. New or revised diagnoses are provided for adults and/or larvae of several higher taxa, and larval descriptions of several tribes are provided for the first time.The family Zopheridae is classified as three subfamilies, Ulodinae, Usechinae and Zopherinae. Usechini is transferred from Tenebrionidae into Zopheridae.Trachyderas costulatumis transferred from Tenebrionidae into Ulodini, as the only New World member of that tribe. Larvae ofDipsaconia, Brouniphylax Syrphetodes, Usechus, NosodermaandZopherusare characterized for the first time.NoserodesCasey,SesapisCasey, andVerodesCasey are placed as junior synonyms ofNosodermaSolier. Keys are provided for genera of adults and known larvae of New World zopherids. The new speciesUsechimorpha montanusDoyen is described.Two broad evolutionary lineages are recognized within the Tenebrionidae, based on structure of the mouthparts and male genitalia and on the occurrence of abdominal defensive glands. Members of the tentyrioid lineage include those species which lack glands. This group corresponds to the Pimeliinae of Watt, which should be suppressed in favour of Tentyriinae. Within the tentyrioid group revised diagnoses and generic changes are specified for the tribes Anepsiini, Stenosini and Elenophorini. Batuliini is placed in synonymy under Anepsiini, and Vacronini Casey is recognized in a new sense.BatuliodesCasey is placed in synonymy underBatuliusLeConte, andVacronusCasey is placed as a junior synonym ofAlaephusHorn. The larva ofAlaephus pallidusHorn is described.The tenebrionoid lineage includes those species which possess abdominal defensive glands. Major changes are specified for three subfamilies. Subfamily Phrenapatinae: three tribes, Phrenapatini, Penetini and Archeoglenini are recognized and diagnosed; the larva ofPhrenapatesis described, andArcheoglenes australisLawrence,AoccidentalisLawrence,A.peckiLawrence andA.solo‐monensisLawrence are described as a new species, extending the known distribution of the Archeoglenini to the New World. Subfamily Hypophloeinae: two tribes, Hypophloeini and Gnathidiini, are recognized and adults and larvae are diagnosed; the generaAnopidium, Cryptozoon, Paralyrius, Paranopidium, Pey‐rierasia, PseudanopodiumandTyrtaeusare transferred from Colydiidae to Tenebrionidae. Subfamily Tenebrioninae: the tribe Amphidorini is dissolved, and its members are transferred to the Eleodini, Helopini andincertae sedis; Tricho‐derulus longipilosaBlaisdell becomes a junior homonym ofEleodes longipilosaHorn. We proposeEleodes blaisdelliDoyen as a replacement name. The taxo‐nomic position of the tribes Cnemeplatiini, Typhlusechini, Falsomycterini, Apocryphini and Myrmechixenini and of the generaAdelonia, RhypasmaandExeniotisare discussed, without specifying exact relationships.
A taxonomic revision of the North American species of Stigmella (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae)
Authors: NEWTON PHILIP J. , WILKINSON CHRISTOPHER 
Published: January 2008

Abstract. A revision of the fifty‐one species of the genus Stigmella from North America is presented. Thirty‐one species are recorded only from the U.S.A., seventeen species and one subspecies from the U.S.A. and Canada and three species and one subspecies are known only from Canada. Five species are new: Stigmella inconspicuella (U.S.A., California); S.heteromelis (California); S.sclerostylota (Arkansas); S.longisacca (California) and S.plumosetaeella (Arizona). Life histories, mine characteristics and larval habits are given where known. These are collated from field study, material examined, breeding records and the literature. A list of host plants is also provided.A neotype is designated for Nepticula prunifoliella Clemens, previously considered to be possibly dipterous.Although most Stigmella species have different genital morphology, some pairs of species do not. In these pairs, however, external features and characteristics of the mine often differ – some pairs also differ in distribution or season. The taxonomic implications are discussed in the individual treatments – not all the problems, however, can be resolved without further rearing studies and collection. Species‐groups have been designated on the basis of morphology. Some species are, however, structurally intermediate between species‐groups and others may resemble Ectoedemia Busck in aspects of the male genitalia while their female genitalia, external features and venation are typical of Stigmella.
The larval head of Agathiphaga (Lepidoptera, Agathiphagidae) and the lepidopteran ground plan
Authors: KRISTENSEN NIELS P. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The larval head of Agathiphaga vitiensis is described. There is a complete hypostomal bridge but no hypostomal ridges. Adfrontal ridges and distinct ecdysial lines are absent. There are two vestigial stemmata (without lenses) on each side. The antenna is one‐segmented. All ‘typical lepidopteran’ head setae have been identified. The corporotentorium is very slender; dorsal tentorial arms are present. Intrinsic labral muscles are lacking. The mandible has retained a tentorial muscle. The maxilla is without a discrete cardo and has but a single endite lobe; ‘intrinsic maxillary muscles’ and the ‘cranial flexor of the dististipes’ are lacking. The postlabium is undivided and without setae, the labial palp is one‐segmented and the lateral prelabio‐hypopharyngeal sclerotization is continued into an oral arm. Some of the ventral pharyngeal dilators arise on the tentorium; mouth‐angle retractors and dorsal post‐cerebral pharynx dilators are absent. The two brain lobes have almost parallel long axes and are united by a narrow (almost pure neuropile) bridge. The corpora cardiaca and callata are contiguous. The aorta is an open gutter in front of the retrocerebral complex.Available evidence on the ground plan structure of the lepidopteran larval head is reviewed. The ancestral head supposedly was prognathous and was autapomorphic in having the cranio‐cardinal articulation far behind the mandible; it had a complete hypostomal bridge but neither hypostomal nor adfrontal ridges, its tentorium was probably stout and with dorsal arms. Paulus & Schmid (1978, Z. zool. Syst. EvolForsch. 16) described a lepidopteran/trichopteran synapomorphy in stemma structure. A tentative table of homologies between cranial setae in Lepidoptera and Trichoptera is presented; it differs considerably from the scheme of Williams & Wiggins (1981, Proc. 3rd Symp. Trichopt.). The mouth parts and their musculature must have been overall very primitive for a panorpid larva, but the number of maxillary palp segments was reduced (three). The ‘dististipes’sensu Hinton is considered to consist of complexly fused parts of the stipes and basal palp segments. The cephalic stomodaeum must have possessed all primitive groups of extrinsic muscles. The incomplete available information on Micropterigidae impedes reconstruction of some details of the lepidopteran ground plan.Larval head structures support the monophyly of an entity comprising the Agathiphagidae + Heterobathmiidae + Glossata. There is one suite of derived characters shared by Heterobathmiidae and Agathiphagidae only and another shared by Heterobathmiidae and the Glossata only; one of these must represent parallelisms.
The internal female genitalia of some Zygaenidae (Insecta, Lepidoptera): their morphology and remarks on their phylogenetie significance*
Authors: NAUMANN CLAS M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe internal female genitalia of fifteen species of Zygaenidae (representing seven genera of Zygaeninae), one species of Heterogynidae and one species of Limacodidae have been studied in order to delimit the distribution of Petersen's glands within the Zygaenidae. The study demonstrates a considerable amount of structural variation. Petersen's glands are found to represent an autapomorphic character of the Zygaeninae, while the pseudobursa is restricted to the Zygaenini. Most likely it is an autapomorphic character of this tribe. Some other characters that were studied are discussed with special reference to their usefulness for a reconstruction of the phylogeny of the Zygaenidae.
A Cretaceous dance fly (Diptera: Empididae) from Botswana
Authors: WATERS SASKIA B. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract The first fossil dance fly, Empis (s.s.) orapaensis sp.nov., of the subfamily Empidinae (Diptera: Empididae) is described from Africa. It was extracted from middle Cretaceous sediments of Orapa, Botswana. Empis orapaensis manifests a more plesiomorphous wing venational pattern then the extant species of Empis, and a list of the apomorphic and plesiomorphic characteristics is given. The specimen modifies earlier ideas on the phylogeny of the Empidoidea.The fossil also provides us with more conclusive evidence on the environment of Cretaceous southern Africa. E.orapanenis probably had a similar life‐style to extant members of the group and therefore visited flowers.
Speciation in the sub‐Antarctic weevil genus Dusmoecetes Jeannel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: CHOWN S. L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractRelatively few instances of sympatric speciation have been reported in the literature, and both theoretical and empirical studies of this mode of speciation remain controversial. Recently, a model of sympatric speciation less restrictive than earlier ones has been proposed. This study presents a hypothetical speciation scenario, based on current observations, which seems to be consistent with the new model. Two morphologically similar, though ecologically separated, species are identified in the Dusmoecetes similis (C. O. Waterhouse) species complex on Marion Island (46° 54′S, 37° 45′E), based on a study of the morphology, biology and ecology of the group. Differences between the demands placed on angiosperm‐ and bryophyte‐feeding members of the complex, and the differing demands of bryophyte and angiosperm‐dominated communities, coupled with low vagility and a high degree of assortative mating, suggest that a sympatric model can be used to explain speciation in this genus, which probably occurred within the last 10,000 years. Differences between Dusmoecetes marioni Jeannel and D. Similis (Waterhouse) are discussed, and a lectotype designated for the latter species.
New synonym ofDrosophila yakubaBurla, 1954 (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors: McEVEY S. F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractNew biological and bibliographic information confirms that the widely accepted nameDrosophila yakubaBurla, 1954 and the unused nameDrosophila opisthomelainaare synonymous. The latter was coined by Nolte & Stoch in a 1950 work containing a disclaimer and is unavailable by strict application of Article 8b of theInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature(3rd edn, 1985). In a previously overlooked publication, Nolte (1958) citesD.opisthomelainaas a senior synonym; the work also contains diagnostic information. Synonymy is not disputed but before 1958 the name was unavailable. ThusD. opisthomelainaNolte, 1958 is treated as a junior rather than a senior synonym ofD.yakuba.These nomenclatural corrections remove confusion concerning records of this species in southern Africa and will probably be met with general approval. The distribution in southern Africa and Madagascar ofD.yakubaand closely related species:D.melanogasterMeigen, 1830,D.simulansSturtevant, 1919 andD.teissieriTsacas, 1971, are summarized.
Evidence for lock‐and‐key mechanisms in the internal genitalia of the Apamea moths (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)
Authors: MIKKOLA KAURI 
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Fifty of the fifty‐six species of the genus Apamea known from North America and three Palaearctic species were analysed for lock‐and‐key characters in their internal genitalia, mainly in the male vesica and the female bursa copulatrix. There were an average of 4.5 such characters per species, structurally corresponding in the two sexes. Anatomically they form a postcopulatory but prezygotic isolation mechanism. In some closely related species, the internal genitalia are very similar, but these species have a precopulatory isolation mechanism in the presence or absence of male abdominal coremata. Closely related species did not have more lock‐and‐key characters than unrelated species, which is taken to indicate absence of character displacement. The anatomical distribution of the lock‐and‐key characters was examined and the organs of eight species are illustrated.The lock‐and‐key hypothesis has been abandoned by several earlier authors but mainly on consideration of external genitalia. In Apamea the invariable functional correspondence between sexes in the sperm transferring organs, and the overall species‐specifity of characters but non‐existence of interspecific differences under a precopulatory mechanism indicate that (a) lock‐and‐keys are functioning and (b) they act as isolation mechanisms. Alternative hypotheses of genitalic evolution are reviewed.
Cladistic analysis of the Sepsidae (Cyclorrhapha: Diptera) based on a comparative scanning electron microscopic study of larvae
Authors: MEIER RUDOLF 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe result of a phylogenetic analysis of the Sepsidae based on larval characters is presented. It is shown that cyclorrhaphan larvae can be as rich a source of characters as Nematocera immatures when investigated using an SEM. The cladistic analysis comprised fifty‐two species in sixteen genera of the Sepsidae and five outgroup species and used fifty‐seven morphological characters. It found seven parsimonious trees which only differed with respect to the arrangement of some species within the genus Themira. The basal dichotomies of the phylogenetic trees are particularly well supported, indicating the conservative nature of larval characters. Orygma is confirmed as the sister group of all the remaining sepsids, the Sepsinae. There is good larval evidence that Ortalischema is the sister group of all remaining Sepsinae and that the Toxopodinae constitute an early radiation within the Sepsidae. According to larval data, some genera are paraphyletic (Themira, Palaeosepsis), but adult characters appear to contradict these findings. Among the traditionally recognized higher taxa within the Sepsidae, Hennig's Themira species‐group and Steysbal's Sepsini have to be rejected as polyphyletic. However, Hennig's Sepsis species‐group is confirmed as monophyletic and will probably constitute one major element of a future phylogenetic system of the Sepsidae. States of the strongly modified fore‐legs of some adult sepsid males are mapped onto the phylogenetic tree, largely confirming Šulc's ideas about the evolution of these features. The origin and evolution of male sternites with brushes and a gland on the tibiae of the males (‘osmeterium’) are discussed. Whereas adult characters point to a sister‐group relationship between the Sepsidae and the Ropalomeridae, larval characters appear to indicate a sister‐group relationship between the Coelopidae and the Sepsidae. The evidence for both hypotheses is critically evaluated.
A taxonomic revision of Limacoccus Bondar with a cladistic analysis of its relationships with other scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea)
Authors: FOLDI IMRÉ 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe scale insect genus Limacoccus and its four palm pest species are revised and all instars with sexual dimorphism are described and illustrated. A key to Limacoccus species is provided. The unique life‐history of this genus with construction of a protective tunnel by the second‐instar female is described. A cladistic analysis of Limacoccus and eleven representative species of Diaspididae, Halimococcidae, Phoenicococcidae and Beesoniidae, was undertaken using fifty‐four traditional and new characters from first and second instars and adult females. Character polarity was determined by outgroup comparison with Margarodidae, Pseudococcidae, Eriococcidae and Asterolecaniidae as outgroups. Nine most parsimonious trees were found. Analysis of the eleven terminal taxa of the strict consensus tree using Phoenicococcidae, Halimococcidae and Diaspididae as outgroups produced one parsimonious tree. As result of this analysis, Limacoccus is believed to be a monophyletic group of characterized by seven autapomorphies and is assigned to the family Beesoniidae fam.rev. The redefined family is divided into two tribes: Beesoniini stat.nov. with genera Beesonia and Mangalorea and Limacocciini stat.nov. with the genus Limacoccus. The Beesoniidae are here regarded as a sister group of Phoenicococcidae.
PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF SULPHUR CONTAINING AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTTDES
Authors: Dose K. , Rajewsky B. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe action of ultraviolet light (wavelength 2537Å) on cysteine, cystine, methionine, reduced and oxidized glutathione, and reduced insulin has been studied. Special attention is focussed on the influence of pH and of oxygen tension upon all reactions. On irradiation disulphides in acid medium, reductive cleavage of S‐S bonds dominates. This reduction is not greatly influenced by oxygen. On irradiation of thiols in alkaline solution, however, the C‐S bond is reductively split if oxygen is excluded. Most of the data obtained are discussed with regard to these two very interesting reactions. On irradiation of methionine, a‐aminobutyric acid is the main product when oxygen is excluded. In the presence of oxygen the cleavage of the C‐S bondage is inhibited. The thioether is then oxidized.
EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON ANTIGENICITY OF HORSE SERUM ALBUMIN: FORMATION OF NEW DETERMINANTS
Authors: Kleczkowski A. , Gold A. H. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryStructural alterations in horse serum albumin caused by ultraviolet radiation resulted in disappearance of the original determinants and in formation of new determinants. There was, however, enough similarity between the original and the new determinants for antibodies produced by the new determinants to show a weak affinity to the non‐irradiated albumin. Only weak antisera were produced by injecting rabbits with extensively irradiated albumin.
PHOTOLYSIS AND RADIOLYSIS OF NITROMETHANE AND NITROETHANE
Authors: Paszyc S. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Prolonged photolysis of nitromethane and nitroethane in liquid and vapour phases, with simultaneous photolysis of the nitrogen dioxide formed, was studied in the absence and presence of cupric oxide. A high‐pressure quartz immersion lamp providing the full range of visible and u.v. spectrum, with a high output of radiation at 366 and 313 mμ, was employed as source of light. The products of photolysis were detected by microanalytical methods, infrared‐absorption spectrum analysis and gas chromatography. Photolysis of liquid nitro‐alkanes resulted in formation of many compounds; saturated hydrocarbons, and in the case of nitroethane, ethylene, were submitted to detailed examination. Photolysis in the vapour phase was carried out in a specially designed glass apparatus. The main products were nitrogen dioxide, aldehydes and polyaldehydes; hydrocarbons were not estimated.Liquid nitromethane and nitroethane were also irradiated with γ‐rays from a 60Co source. The radiolysis products were similiar to those obtained on photolysis. The mechanism of photolytic decomposition of nitroalkanes is proposed and discussed.