bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epizootiologic Study of Bluetongue: Virologic and Serologic Results
Authors: Osburn B. I. , McGowan B. , Heron B. , Loomis E. , Bushnell R. , Stott J. , Utterback W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Heparinized blood and serum samples were obtained from 1,295 ruminants in herds or flocks with bluetongue virus (btv) infection in 4 western states. Submissions were from herds or flocks with clinical bluetongue (bt), as well as from animals on premises with no history of bt disease. Insects, including Culicoides variipennis, were collected in areas enzootic for bt disease. Viral isolations were in 10-day-old embryonating chicken eggs that were then adapted to Vero cells for serotyping. Sera were tested for group-specific antibody to btv by the micro agar gel precipitin (agp) test. Viral isolations were from cattle (81), sheep (122), goats (9), antelope (2), and C variipennis (5). There were 7 isolates of serotype 10, 114 of serotype 11, 42 of serotype 13, and 56 of serotype 17. In herds or flocks from which btv was isolated, 51% of cattle, 56% of sheep, 21% of goats, and 52% of antelope had agp antibodies. Virus was isolated from 43% of the cattle and 23% of the sheep that had no demonstrable evidence of agp antibodies. Viral isolations were seasonal, occurring from August until December. Approximately 30% of the herds or flocks from which virus was isolated had more than one serotype of virus causing infection.
Surgical Technique and Considerations for Implantation of Electromagnetic Blood Flow Transducer and Occluder Onto the Coronary Arteries
Authors: Tranquilli W. J. , Manohar M. , Thurmon J. C. , Benson G. J. , Shawley R. V. , Feller D. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A technique was developed for the implantation of an electromagnetic flow probe and vascular occluder onto the right and left coronary arteries in the calf and pony. Surgical manipulation was well tolerated in the animals. The subcutaneous housing on the peripheral ends of these devices of the lateral thoracic wall served as a maintenance-free technique for chronic exteriorization of these devices. Implantation onto the coronary arteries required a surgical technique which accomplished the prerequisites for proper flow probe function. A reactive hyperemic response was elicited in each animal by implanting an inflatable vascular occluder distal to the flow probe. The correct function of these devices post-operatively established the feasibility of this surgical technique for implanting these devices on the coronary arteries for chronic studies of coronary circulation.
Pharmacokinetics of Cephalothin and Cephalexin in Selected Avian Species
Authors: Bush Mitchell , Locke Diana , Neal Lawrence A. , Carpenter James W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Plasma concentrations and the biological half-lives of cephalothin and cephalexin in avian species of a variety of body sizes and metabolic rates were studied. The species chosen were eastern bobwhite quail (Colinus v virginianus), pigeons (Columba livia), hybrid rosybill ducks (Netta sp), greater sandhill cranes (Grus canadensis tabida), and emus (Dromiceius novaehollandiae). In the 1st phase of the study, cephalothin sodium was given im in a dose of 100 mg/kg of body weight. Plasma concentrations reached peak (av 18 μg/ml) at 0.5 hour and were measurable 2.5 to 5.5 hours after drug administration. The biological half-life of cephalothin was 16 to 54 minutes; the half-life varied directly with increased species body weight, with the exception of the ducks studied.
In the 2nd phase, cephalexin monohydrate was given orally in doses of 25, 35, and 50 mg/kg of body weight. Plasma concentrations reached peak (av 20 μg/ml) at 0.5 to 1 hour and were measurable 2.5 to 5.5 hours after drug administration. The biological half-life of cephalexin was 36 to 126 minutes.
In the 3rd phase, differences in plasma concentrations and the half-lives of cephalexin between fed quail and fasted quail were insignificant.
Dosage regimens for cephalothin of 100 mg/kg 4 times a day and for cephalexin of 35 to 50 mg/kg 4 times a day would be expected to establish and maintain therapeutic plasma concentrations in large birds (pigeons, cranes, and emus). These same doses, administered every 2 to 3 hours, would be expected to establish and maintain therapeutic plasma concentrations in smaller birds (quail, ducks).
Effect of Excessive Exposure to Sodium Fluoride on Composition and Crystallinity of Equine Bone Tumors
Authors: Shupe J. L. , Eanes E. D. , Leone N. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sodium fluoride (5 mg/kg of body weight) was fed for 20 months to horses with hereditary multiple exostoses (hme), a skeletal disorder that primarily affects endochondral bones during skeletal development. Rib biopsies were performed on both hme horses not fed fluoride (control) and hme horses that were fed fluoride to obtain comparable specimens for chemical analyses and x-ray diffraction.
Fluoride content of the rib from a horse fed fluoride for 20 months was approximately 20 to 30 times higher than that from a control horse. Fluoride content of the bone tumors was higher than those of normal bones in both control and fluoride-fed horses. The effect of fluoride uptake on the Ca/P ratio was slight. The Ca/P ratios did not differ significantly between tumorous and normal ribs.
X-ray diffraction studies showed that the crystallinity (ie, crystal size/perfection) of the mineral apatite in the tumor of the rib from the control horse was lower than that of normal bone from the same rib. Fluoride, however, induced a marked change in the crystallinity at both the tumorous and the normal bone sites. The crystallinity of the tumor apatite in the fluoride-fed horse exceeded that of normal bone in the control horse. Otherwise, there were no demonstrable fluoride-induced gross or radiographic changes in the bone tumors.
Apparent Inactivity of Several Antiparasitic Compounds Against the Eyeworm Thelazia lacrymalis in Equids
Authors: Lyons E. T. , Drudge J. H. , Tolliver S. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Activity of 15 compounds, given alone or in mixtures [butamisole, cambendazole, caviphos, febantel (alone or with trichlorfon), fenbendazole, ivermectin, levamisole-piperazine, oxfendazole, oxibendazole, pyrantel pamoate (alone or with piperazine-carbon disulfide complex), thiabendazole (alone or with piperazine or with trichlorfon), tioxidazole, and trichlorfon], against Thelazia lacrymalis was evaluated in 102 equids. Determination of activity was based on comparison of infection rate in treated animals examined at necropsy with infection rate of dead equids in our contemporary surveys. None of the compounds appeared to be active against T lacrymalis.
In Utero Transmission of Bovine Leukemia Virus
Authors: Van Der Maaten M. J. , Miller J. M. , Schmerr M. J. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In an initial study, 18 calves born to cows persistently infected with bovine leukemia virus (blv) were tested for infective virus and antibodies at birth, and no infected or seropositive animals were found. Four of these calves were maintained in quarters where infected animals were housed, and 3 of the 4 subsequently became infected. These were probably contact infections acquired during, or at some time after, birth. The remaining 14 calves were kept in isolation pens in a building housing no infected cattle. None of this group was found to be blv infected during 1 year of observation. In further studies, 15 pregnant cows inoculated with blv became infected. One abortion, considered to be unrelated to the blv inoculation, occurred 38 days later. The remaining 14 cows gave birth to 1 dead and 14 live calves. The dead calf and its live twin were seropositive for blv at birth, indicating that they had been infected in utero. The remaining 13 calves were negative for blv antibodies at birth and remained so during 1 year of observation.
Anthelmintic Efficacy of Albendazole in Calves with Naturally Acquired Fasciola hepatica Infections
Authors: Bradley Richard E. , Randell Wallace F. , Armstrong Douglas A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The anthelmintic efficacy of albendazole was evaluated as an oral drench at dosages of 15.0,	10.0, and 7.5 mg/kg of body weight in 3 groups crossbred Brahman calves (n = 12 group) infected with Fasciola hepatica. Although posttreatment fluke ova counts for the 3 albendazole treatment groups were significantly (P < 0.01) lower (av 82%) than were counts in nontreated calves, there were no significant differences in the responses to the different albendazole treatments. At necropsy, adult fluke counts in treated calves were lower (P < 0.05) than were counts in nontreated calves, but as with ova counts, a dose-related trend was not noticed. Efficacy against adult flukes was 63.4%, 50.0%, and 56.6% for 15.0, 10.0, and 7.5 mg/kg, respectively. Activity against immature flukes was not observed in calves given the 10.0 and 7.5 mg/kg, but there was a 36% decrease of flukes in those calves given 15.0 mg/kg. Significant decreases (P < 0.05) in fluke ova viability were observed for the 3 treatment groups in which 12.9% of ova collected at necropsy failed to embryonate (control group av 6.7%).
Posttreatment weight changes were not significantly different, although gains were greater within albendazole treatment groups. Decreases in gastrointestinal parasite ova counts after treatment were 98%, 93%, and 93% for groups given 15.0, 10.0, and 7.5 mg/kg, respectively. Ova counts in nontreated calves increased 26.2% during the same period.
Effects of Dietary Aflatoxin on Existing Bacterial Intramammary Infections of Dairy Cows
Authors: Brown R. W. , Pier A. C. , Richard J. L. , Krogstad R. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Aflatoxin, a naturally occurring mycotoxin with immunosuppressive properties, was given to 4 lactating dairy cows that had experimentally induced or naturally occurring mammary infections in 2 of their 4 mammary quarters. Aflatoxin was given orally in daily doses approximating 0.3 mg of B1 activity/kg of body weight for periods of 12 to 14 days. Infecting organisms were Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus hyicus. The 4 cows were monitored for clinical signs of disease and signs of mastitis for periods before, during, and after aflatoxin consumption. The cows developed inappetence, lost body weight, and had variable reductions in daily milk yield. Serum ornithine-carbamoyl transferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities were elevated during and 1 to 3 weeks after aflatoxin consumption. Exacerbations of acute clinical mastitis did not occur in any of the infected quarters; however, bacterial populations in the milk increased in 3 of the 4 cows during aflatoxin consumption. Mean California mastitis test scores were generally highest in the infected quarters in the period after the last dose of aflatoxin was given. Aflatoxin M1 appeared in milk 3 to 6 hours after aflatoxin consumption began, and persisted for 72 hours or longer after the last dose of aflatoxin was given. Aflatoxin B1 and M1 were present in urine samples taken at 6 hours after aflatoxin consumption began and persisted for 72 through 120 hours after the last dose of aflatoxin was given.
Pharmacokinetics of Fenbendazole in Sheep
Authors: Marriner Susan E. , Bogan James A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Concentrations of fenbendazole and its sulfoxide, oxfendazole, and sulfone metabolites were determined in 6 sheep after oral administration of fenbendazole (10 mg/kg of body weight). Mean peak concentrations in plasma of fenbendazole, oxfendazole, and sulfone of 0.15, 0.29, and 0.17 μg/ml occurred 24, 30, and 36 hours after administration, respectively. Mean peak concentrations in abomasal fluid were 1.82, 0.66, and 0.07 μg/ml occurring at 30, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. Fenbendazole and oxfendazole were detectable in plasma and abomasal fluids for 5 days after administration. Much of the anthelmintic activity of fenbendazole may be due to the oxfendazole metabolite. Plasma concentrations of fenbendazole were less and persisted for a shorter period after intra-abomasal administration than after oral administration.
Experimental Induction of Proteus mirabilis Cystitis in the Pony and Evaluation of Therapy with Trimethoprim-Sulfadiazine
Authors: Divers T. J. , Byars T. D. , Murch O. , Sigel C. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Proteus mirabilis cystitis was induced in 9 ponies by chemically eroding the bladder mucosa before the organism was inoculated. Comparisons were made in the treatment of P mirabilis cystitis between ponies treated daily for 13 days with a trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (tmp-sdz) paste and both positive and negative controls. Urine cultures from ponies treated with tmp-sdz became negative for P mirabilis between days 3 and 9 after the start of the treatment, whereas positive controls remained infected until day 13. Urine cultures from all ponies were negative for P mirabilis on day 28. Urine concentrations of tmp and sdz were relatively high after day 1 of therapy.
Experimental Evidence of a Reciprocal Temperature Relationship Between the Parietofrontal Region and the Orbital Emissary Vein in the Pony
Authors: Magilton J. H. , Swift C. S. , Ghoshal N. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The heads of 5 ponies were embalmed and the vessels were double injected with latex. Dissection of these specimens revealed venous pathways (1) from the nasal area to the cavernous sinus and (2) from the parietofrontal region to the ventral petrosal sinus. Thermistors were chronically implanted near the orbital emissary veins of 3 additional ponies. Hot and cold packs were applied alternately to the parietofrontal regions. The temperature near the orbital emissary veins increased during the 5 trials with cold application and decreased during the 5 trials with hot application. The authors were able to influence physiologic adjustments in the heat loss in the nasal area (evidenced by temperature changes near the orbital emissary veins) by imposing nonphysiologic changes in the temperature of the venous blood draining the parietofrontal region.
Nicotiana glauca-induced congenital deformities in calves: clinical and pathologic aspects
Authors: Keeler Richard F. , Shupe James L. , Crowe M. Ward , Olson Arland , Balls Lew Dell 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Seven calves born to 7 cows fed Nicotiana glauca during portions of the 1st trimester of gestation were deformed at birth. Deformities increased in severity as the calves aged. At birth, calves typically had arthrogryposis of the forelimbs or curvature of the spine; severity varied among calves. In 4 calves necropsied at about 15 months of age, there was general malpositioning and misalignment of the distal ends of the radius and ulna and the proximal ends of the metacarpal bones. Carpal joints were severely affected, fetlock joints were moderately affected, and pastern joints were slightly affected, with lateral rotation of forelimbs common; severity varied among calves. In 1 of the 4 calves, there was moderate torticollis and scoliosis resulting from wedging of some of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae and abnormal cranial curvature of the left thoracic ribs. Histologic changes were not noticed in muscle, brain, spinal cord, or endocrine organs of the 4 calves.
Effect of Acetate or Chloride Anions on Intestinal Absorption of Water and Solutes in the Calf
Authors: Demigé C. , Rémésy C. , Chartier F. , LeFaivre J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The influence of acetate, compared with chloride, included in glucose-glycine-sodium formulation was investigated in anesthetized calves, using isolated segments of jejunum or ileum filled with one of the formulations. Maximal absorption of water was observed in the jejunum; this absorption was markedly higher with acetate formulations. The absorption of sodium was highest in the jejunum with the acetate formulation. With the acetate formulation, sodium absorption was still substantial in the ileum, but sodium absorption was maximal with the chloride formulation. Acetate was readily absorbed in the small intestine, particularly in the jejunum, whereas chloride was essentially absorbed in the ileum. With acetate formulations, there was a concomitant secretion of chloride and bicarbonate. These results indicate that acetate favors very efficiently the absorption of water and sodium in the jejunum. In addition, acetate has other interesting properties, such as alkalinizing effects after metabolization.
Anthelmintic Efficacy of 22,23-Dihydroavermectin B1 Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Calves
Authors: Benz G. W. , Ernst J. V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Anthelmintic activities of 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1 (comprised to ≥ 95% 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a and ≤ 5% 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1b) against gastrointestinal nematodes in calves were evaluated in 2 controlled experiments. Infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axei, T colubriformis, Cooperia oncophora, and C punctata were given to 11-week-old calves and Oesophagostomum radiatum had been given 21 days earlier to allow all larvae to attain adulthood at the same time.
Each experiment had 4 groups of 5 calves each. Treatment was given to the calves at 14 weeks of age, and 7 to 8 days after treatment, the calves were necropsied. In experiment 1, group 1 control calves had a geometric mean of 11,054 nematodes; groups 2, 3, and 4 calves (at 14 weeks of age) given 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1 orally at doses of 50, 100, or 200 μg/kg had reductions of 73.5%, 97.3%, and 99.7%, respectively. In experiment 2, group 5 control calves had a geometric mean of 18,897 nematodes; groups 6, 7, and 8 calves given 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1 subcutaneously at doses of 50, 100, or 200 μg/kg had reductions of 74.6%, 95.3%, and 98.8%, respectively.
Controlled Evaluation of Ivermectin in Shetland Ponies
Authors: Craig T. M. , Kunde J. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ivermectin was injected im into 12 yearling Shetland ponies. The following reductions in percentages of parasites recovered from ponies given 200 μg/kg or 300 μg/kg, as compared with the parasitic population in those given the vehicle at 1 week after injection, were as follows: Otobius megnini nymphs—no reduction; Gasterophilus intestinalis—100% and 99.9%; G nasalis—100% and 99.9%; Parascaris equorum adults—100% and 96%; Strongylus vulgaris adults—100% and 100%; S edentatus adults—100% and 100%; cyathostome adults of the genera Gyalocephalus, Cylicocyclus, Cyathostomum, Cylicostephanus, and Poteriostomum—99.9% and 100%; 4th-stage larvae—97.3% and 96.8%; Oesophagodontus robustus adults—100% and 100%; Triodontophorus spp—adults—100% and 100%, 4th-stage larvae—95.1% and 100%; and Oxyuris equi adult males—66.7% and 77.7%, adult females—96.5% and 100%, and 4th-stage larvae—94.1% and 96.9%. Other parasites encountered were too few in number to estimate drug efficacy.
Electrocardiographic Values for Anesthetized Cats in Lateral and Sternal Recumbencies
Authors: Calvert Clay A. , Coulter Dwight B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The values from ecg leads I, II, III, aVF, rV2, V2, V4, and V10 were recorded from cats given ketamine and acepromazine. The recordings were made with the cats in right lateral and sternal recumbent positions. Position had minimal effects. The data were compared with published values and included new data on leads rV2, V2, and V4.
Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection in a Large Holstein Herd: Cohort Analysis of the Prevalence of Antibody-Positive Cows
Authors: Huber N. L. , DiGiacomo R. F. , Evermann J. F. , Studer E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum samples were obtained annually (from 1977 to 1980) from cows in a large Holstein herd and were tested for antibodies to bovine leukemia virus (blv), using the agar-gel immunodiffusion test. The prevalence of reactors in the herd decreased from 23.0% to 11.8%. Analysis by 12-month cohorts revealed that the decrease in herd prevalence was due to successive cohorts entering the herd with significantly lower blv antibody prevalences. This was accompanied by a low annual incidence of blv seroconversion, which ranged from 0.9% to 2.1%.
Effect of Hypocalcemia on Motility of the Ruminant Stomach
Authors: Huber T. L. , Wilson R. C. , Stattelman A. J. , Goetsch D. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The sensitivity of ruminal and abomasal contractions to hypocalcemia was evaluated in sheep. Serum diffusible calcium concentrations were determined during induction of hypocalcemia (iv infusion of Na2EDTA) and recovery from hypocalcemia (no infusion). Contractile strength of the rumen gradually decreased as serum diffusible calcium concentrations decreased; significant correlation (r = 0.75; P < 0.001) was observed. Ruminal contractions disappeared before clinical signs of hypocalcemia were seen. Abomasal contractions were slightly reduced when serum diffusible calcium concentrations were equal to those producing ruminal stasis and clinical signs of hypocalcemia. These observations indicated that ruminal dysfunction may occur considerably before the onset of clinical signs of hypocalcemia.
Pharmacology of Narcotic Analgesics in the Horse: Quantitative Detection of Morphine in Equine Blood and Urine and Logit-Log Transformations of This Data
Authors: Combie Joan , Blake J. W. , Ramey B. E. , Tobin Thomas 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Morphine was detected in equine biological fluids by a combination of liquid-liquid extraction and column chromatography, followed by derivatization and gas-liquid chromatographic assay, using electron capture detector. Recovery of morphine from the equine biological samples was poor. However, despite an overall recovery of less than 20%, this method had a detection limit of 0.2 ng/ml. Addition of 5,000 U of bovine liver β-glucuronidase/ml of urine enabled detection of the drug in urine for up to 144 hours after horses were given 0.1 mg of morphine/kg of body weight. Morphine was found for at least 24 hours in serum samples. An adaptation of logit-log transformation of gas-liquid chromatographic data for linearization over 3 log units suggested a simple adaptation to existing semiautomated data handling systems.
Ultrastructural Evidence of a Functional Heterogeneity Among Physeal Chondrocytes in Growing Swine
Authors: Wilsman N. J. , Farnum C. E. , Hilley H. D. , Carlson C. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Chondrocytes from the distal ulnar physis of 1- and 5-month-old boars were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Among reserve, proliferating, and early hypertrophic chondrocytes, 2 distinct cell types (dark cells and light cells) were recognized, and in the distal proliferative and early hypertrophic regions, dark cells seemed to be involved in matrix vesicle production. Late hypertrophic light cells seemed to follow 2 lines of maturation. One pathway resulted in cells with a stellate shape, typical of hypertrophic cells in several species other than swine. A 2nd pathway resulted in large oval cells with water-clear cytoplasm. These cells appeared to become encased in a lamina of fine fibrils interspersed with irregularly shaped electron-dense material. The functional significance of these 2 pathways remains unclear.
Arterial and Venous Blood Gas Tensions in Clinically Healthy Cats
Authors: Middleton Deborah J. , Ilkiw Jan E. , Watson A. D. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Reference values for arterial and jugular venous blood gas tensions and acid-base equilibrium were determined in clinically healthy cats fitted with aortic catheters. Comparison of arterial and jugular venous blood within individual cats indicated that venous specimens were of limited use in the prediction of arterial blood gas tensions.