bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of saliva collection and enzyme‐immunoassay for the quantification of cortisol in socially housed baboons
Authors: Pearson Brandon L. , Judge Peter G. , Reeder DeeAnn M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractCirculating cortisol levels are often used to assess the biological stress response in captive primates. Some methods commonly used to collect blood samples may alter the stress response. As such, noninvasive means to analyze cortisol levels are increasingly being developed. We adapted an existing collection method to simultaneously obtain saliva from multiple socially living hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas hamadryas) and validated an enzyme‐immunoassay kit to quantify cortisol within the saliva samples. Over a period of 12 months, saliva samples were regularly collected from approximately half of the 18‐member colony, representing younger monkeys who were more willing to participate. The assay met the four criteria typically used to assess the effectiveness of a new analytical technique: parallelism, precision, accuracy, and sensitivity. Cortisol levels were also proportional to those expected given published plasma levels of cortisol in baboons. Further, salivary cortisol levels increased in individuals following significant stress‐related events, such as removal from the group, indicating biological validation. The technique provided a reliable and effective means to assess a physiological indicator of stress in a social group without initiating a stress response owing to handling or sedation, and provided a real‐time assessment of cortisol levels and reactivity. Am. J. Primatol. 70:1145–1151, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Not‐so‐Dark Ages: Ecology for human growth in medieval and early Twentieth Century Portugal as inferred from skeletal growth profiles
Authors: Cardoso Hugo F.V. , Garcia Susana 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis study attempts to address the issue of relative living standards in Portuguese medieval and early 20th century periods. Since the growth of children provides a good measure of environmental quality for the overall population, the skeletal growth profiles of medieval Leiria and early 20th century Lisbon were compared. Results show that growth in femur length of medieval children did not differ significantly from that of early 20th century children, but after puberty medieval adolescents seem to have recovered, as they have significantly longer femora as adults. This is suggestive of greater potential for catch‐up growth in medieval adolescents. We suggest that this results from distinct child labor practices, which impact differentially on the growth of Leiria and Lisbon adolescents. Work for medieval children and adolescents were related to family activities, and care and attention were provided by family members. Conversely, in early 20th century Lisbon children were more often sent to factories at around 12 years of age as an extra source of family income, where they were exploited for their labor. Since medieval and early 20th century children were stunted at an early age, greater potential for catch‐up growth in medieval adolescents results from exhausting work being added to modern adolescent's burdens of disease and poor diet, when they entered the labor market. Although early 20th century Lisbon did not differ in overall unfavorable living conditions from medieval Leiria, after puberty different child labor practices may have placed modern adolescents at greater risk of undernutrition and poor growth. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional implications of radial diaphyseal curvature
Authors: Galtés Ignasi , Jordana Xavier , Manyosa Joan , Malgosa Assumpció 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA recent study (Galtés et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 135 (2008) 293‐300) demonstrated that during pronation, pronator teres exerts a favorable force for radial lateral bending. On the basis of this finding, we hypothesized that the pattern of muscular loading exerted on the radius by this muscle might play a role as a mechanical stimulus involved in radial bowing. The current work relates the hypertrophy of the forearm muscles to the degree of lateral curvature of the radial diaphysis. The analysis is based on an original osteometrical index to estimate radial curvature, and it applies a visual reference method to grade the osteological appearance of 10 entheses of 104 radii from archaeological and contemporary samples. Using these morphological data as an indirect method to measure the association between muscular hypertrophy and bone curvature, this study reveals that the pattern of muscular loading exerted on the apex of the radial shaft by the pronator teres muscle may play an important role as a mechanical stimulus involved in diaphyseal bowing. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technical note: Dental microwear textures of “Phase I” and “Phase II” facets
Authors: Krueger Kristin L. , Scott Jessica R. , Kay Richard F. , Ungar Peter S. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe power stroke of mastication has been traditionally divided into two parts, one which precedes centric occlusion, and the other which follows it—“Phase I” and “Phase II,” respectively. Recent studies of primate mastication have called into question the role of Phase II in food processing, as they have found little muscle activity or accompanying bone strain following centric occlusion. That said, many researchers today look to Phase II facets to relate diet to patterns of dental microwear. This suggests the need to reevaluate microwear patterns on Phase I facets. Here we use texture analysis to compare and contrast microwear on facets representing both phases in three primate species with differing diets (Alouatta palliata, Cebus apella, and Lophocebus albigena). Results reaffirm that microwear patterns on Phase II facets better distinguish taxa with differing diets than do those on Phase I facets. Further, differences in microwear textures between facet types for a given taxon may themselves reflect diet. Some possible explanations for differences in microwear textures between facet types are proposed. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns in ontogeny of human trabecular bone from SunWatch Village in the Prehistoric Ohio Valley: General features of microarchitectural change
Authors: Gosman James H. , Ketcham Richard A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAlthough adult skeletal morphological variation is best understood within the framework of age‐related processes, relatively little research has been directed towards the structure of and variation in trabecular bone during ontogeny. We report here new quantitative and structural data on trabecular bone microarchitecture in the proximal tibia during growth and development, as demonstrated in a subadult archaeological skeletal sample from the Late Prehistoric Ohio Valley. These data characterize the temporal sequence and variation in trabecular bone structure and structural parameters during ontogeny as related to the acquisition of normal functional activities and changing body mass. The skeletal sample from the Fort Ancient Period site of SunWatch Village is composed of 33 subadult and three young adult proximal tibiae. Nondestructive microCT scanning of the proximal metaphyseal and epiphyseal tibia captures the microarchitectural trabecular structure, allowing quantitative structural analyses measuring bone volume fraction, degree of anisotropy, trabecular thickness, and trabecular number. The microCT resolution effects on structural parameters were analyzed. Bone volume fraction and degree of anisotropy are highest at birth, decreasing to low values at 1 year of age, and then gradually increasing to the adult range around 6–8 years of age. Trabecular number is highest at birth and lowest at skeletal maturity; trabecular thickness is lowest at birth and highest at skeletal maturity. The results of this study highlight the dynamic sequential relationships between growth/development, general functional activities, and trabecular distribution and architecture, providing a reference for comparative studies. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dissecting the molecular architecture and origin of Bayash Romani patrilineages: Genetic influences from South‐Asia and the Balkans
Authors: Klarić Irena Martinović , Salihović Marijana Peričić , Lauc Lovorka Barać , Zhivotovsky Lev A. , Rootsi Siiri , Janićijević Branka 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe Bayash are a branch of Romanian speaking Roma living dispersedly in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. To better understand the molecular architecture and origin of the Croatian Bayash paternal gene pool, 151 Bayash Y chromosomes were analyzed for 16 SNPs and 17 STRs and compared with European Romani and non‐Romani majority populations from Europe, Turkey, and South Asia. Two main layers of Bayash paternal gene pool were identified: ancestral (Indian) and recent (European). The reduced diversity and expansion signals of H1a patrilineages imply descent from closely related paternal ancestors who could have settled in the Indian subcontinent, possibly as early as between the eighth and tenth centuries AD. The recent layer of the Bayash paternal pool is dominated by a specific subset of E1b1b1a lineages that are not found in the Balkan majority populations. At least two private mutational events occurred in the Bayash during their migrations from the southern Balkans toward Romania. Additional admixture, evident in the low frequencies of typical European haplogroups, J2, R1a, I1, R1b1b2, G, and I2a, took place primarily during the early Bayash settlement in the Balkans and the Romani bondage in Romania. Our results indicate two phenomena in the Bayash and analyzed Roma: a significant preservation of ancestral H1a haplotypes as a result of considerable, but variable level of endogamy and isolation and differential distribution of less frequent, but typical European lineages due to different patterns of the early demographic history in Europe marked by differential admixture and genetic drift. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study on microhardness, dynamic mechanical, and tribological properties of PEEK/Al2O3 composites
Authors: Goyal R. K. , Tiwari A.N. , Mulik U. P. , Negi Y. S. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe wear and friction properties of poly (ether‐ether‐ketone) (PEEK) reinforced with 0–33 vol % (60 wt %) micron size Al2O3 composites were evaluated at a sliding speed of 1.0 m/s and nominal pressure from 0.5 to 1.25 MPa under dry sliding conditions using a pin‐on‐disk wear tester. The wear resistance of the pure PEEK is 10‐fold higher than that of mild steel under the similar test condition. It is improved to 18‐fold as compared with mild steel at 3.5 vol % Al2O3 content. The improvement in wear properties may be attributed to the thin, tenacious, and coherent transfer film formed between the steel countersurface and composite pin. However, the wear resistance of PEEK containing above 3.5 vol % Al2O3 was deteriorated, despite their higher hardness and stiffness as compared with that of composites containing lower Al2O3 content. This is attributed to the formation of thick and noncoherent transfer film, which does not prevent the wear of the composites from hard asperities of countersurface. Moreover, hard Al2O3 particles present in transfer film act as third body wear mechanism. The coefficient of friction of the composites is higher than that of pure PEEK. SEM and optical microscopy have shown that wear of pure PEEK occurs by the mechanism of adhesion mainly whereas of PEEK composites by microploughing and abrasion. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effects of off‐bottom shellfish aquaculture on winter habitat use by molluscivorous sea ducks
Authors: Žydelis Ramūnas , Esler Daniel , Kirk Molly , Sean Boyd W. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Shellfish farming is an expanding segment of marine aquaculture, but environmental effects of this industry are only beginning to be considered.
The interaction between off‐bottom, suspended oyster farming and wintering sea ducks in coastal British Columbia was studied. Specifically, the habitat use of surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) and Barrow's goldeneyes (Bucephala islandica), the most abundant sea duck species in the study area, was evaluated in relation to natural environmental attributes and shellfish aquaculture.
The extent of shellfish farming was the best‐supported habitat variable explaining variation in surf scoter densities, and the only habitat attribute from the considered set that was a strong predictor of Barrow's goldeneye densities. In both cases, the findings indicated strong positive relationships between densities of sea ducks and shellfish aquaculture operations. These relationships are presumably the result of large numbers of wild mussels (Mytilus trossulus) that settle and grow on aquaculture structures and are preferred prey of these sea ducks.
Previous work has shown that aquaculture structures provide good conditions for recruiting and growing mussels, including refuge from invertebrate predators, which in turn provides higher densities of higher quality prey for sea ducks than available in intertidal areas. This offers a rare example in which introduction of an industry leads to positive effects on wildlife populations, which is particularly important given persistent declines in numbers of many sea ducks.
Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A baseline biological survey of the proposed Taputeranga Marine Reserve (Wellington, New Zealand): spatial and temporal variability along a natural environmental gradient
Authors: Pande Anjali , Gardner Jonathan P. A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Four macroalgal, four macroinvertebrate and eight fish species were surveyed at eight sites (three inside, five outside the proposed reserve) over three years before the establishment of the Taputeranga Marine Reserve (MR) on Cook Strait (Wellington, New Zealand). This baseline data set was used to estimate temporal and spatial variability in size and abundance of these taxa, and will be used to quantify taxon‐specific changes in size and abundance once the MR is established.
Statistically significant differences in size and/or abundance were observed for many taxa among the sites. These differences are consistent with the existence of a natural environmental gradient from the west (entrance to Cook Strait) to the east (Wellington Harbour). This gradient highlights the importance of conducting a pre‐reserve baseline survey at multiple sites and over multiple years to better understand the conservation or fisheries benefits that MRs are expected to deliver.
Two macroalgal, one macroinvertebrate, and six fish species showed statistically significant seasonal variation in abundance. Subsequent multi‐taxa monitoring needs to include a seasonal component to capture this natural variability.
This multi‐site and multi‐year data set represents one of the most comprehensive and robust baseline data sets available anywhere in the world. It will be used to quantify the ecological changes associated with a newly established full no‐take marine reserve. Ongoing monitoring will enhance understanding of the sizes and abundances of key taxa, allow a detailed determination of the conservation effects of reserve establishment, and inform management decisions for Wellington's south coast.
Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Humic acid–cetyltrimethylammonium bromide interaction: a fluorimetric study
Authors: Subbiah Deepa , Mishra Ashok Kumar 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSynchronous and excitation emission matrix fluorescence (EEMF) characteristics of humic acid–surfactant interaction have been studied. The variation of synchronous and EEMF spectral maxima and intensities with humic acid (HA)–cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) composition sensitively reflects the extent of flocculation of HA. It was found that the concentration range for co‐precipitation of HA–CTAB was similar for all concentrations (60 p.p.m., 80 p.p.m. and 100 p.p.m.) of humic acid studied. In the concentration range 60–150 p.p.m. of humic acid, the EEMF maximum is found at 460/540 nm, indicating the presence of ligneous materials. Fluorescence intensity measurement at this contour excitation/emission wavelength (460/540 nm) is suggested as a convenient and a sensitive method for studying the physical state of humic acid in the presence of cationic surfactants. No significant interaction of HA with sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS) and TX‐100 was found. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selectivity and potential interference from phenolic compounds in chemiluminescence methods for the determination of synephrine
Authors: Francis Paul S. , Brown Allyson J. , Bellomarino Sara A. , Taylor Amelia M. , Slezak Teo , Barnett Neil W. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThree recently reported chemiluminescence methods (based on reactions with alkaline luminol and hexacyanoferrate(III); acidic cerium(IV) and rhodamine B; and acidic permanganate with polyphosphates) for the determination of synephrine were re‐evaluated in terms of their selectivity towards this analyte in comparison to other phenolic compounds. A fourth reagent system, acidic soluble manganese(IV) and formaldehyde, was also examined. Each set of reagents was sensitive towards synephrine (limits of detection were 3 × 10−9, 5 × 10−8, 1 × 10−8 and 1 × 10−8 mol/L, respectively) but also responded with numerous other phenolic compounds, including some that are present in citrus fruit extracts, dietary supplements and/or biological fluids. It is therefore recommended that the determination of synephrine in these matrices should incorporate physical separation of sample components (e.g. chromatography or electrophoresis). In more general terms, this study illustrates that accurate percentage recoveries for an analyte in spiked samples (without validation against another analytical method) are insufficient to confirm the analytical utility of new flow‐injection analysis (FIA) procedures. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenging abilities of chromonyl‐thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione compounds
Authors: Kruk Irena , Bozdağ‐Dündar Oya , Ertan Rahmiye , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. , Michalska Teresa 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe oxygen free radical scavenging activities of 15 chromonyl‐thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione compounds (CTDs) were examined in chemical systems producing superoxide anion radicals, O (potasium superoxide–18‐crown‐6 ether–DMSO), and hydroxyl radicals, HO•(a Fenton reaction: Fe(II)–H2O2–sodium trifluoroacetate, pH 6.15). Chemiluminescence and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy using 5,5‐dimethyl‐1‐pyrroline‐1‐oxide (DMPO) as spin trap were applied to evaluate antioxidant behaviour of CTDs towards the oxygen radicals. The results indicated that 11 of the 15 tested compounds showed a significant inhibitory effect on the chemiluminescence generated from the O‐generating system, ranging from 41 to 86%, and 13 CTDs quenched the ESR signal of the DMPO–OH spin adduct by 33–86%, at a concentration of 1 mmol L−1. Our findings demonstrate that CTDs could be good free radical scavengers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling of a foamed emulsion bioreactor: II. model parametric sensitivity
Authors: Kan Eunsung , Deshusses Marc A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe sensitivity of a conceptual model of a foam emulsion bioreactor (FEBR) used for the control of toluene vapors in air was examined. Model parametric sensitivity studies showed which parameters affect the removal of toluene (as model pollutant) in the FEBR the most significantly, and enabled definition of the limits of the process. Detailed examination of the results indicated that the process is highly complex and that both mass transfer and kinetic limitations can coexist in the bioreactor system. These results will help with the optimization of the design and operation of FEBRs. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 102: 708–713. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of hispanic representation and conceptualization in psychology and law research
Authors: Padilla Joshua B. , Miller Monica K. , Broadus Angela D. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractHispanics are now the largest minority group in the United States, yet research examining the impact this will have on the American legal system is limited. The first purpose of this article was to synthesize the studies that have been conducted, which have found that Hispanics have a perspective toward the police, the courts and the law, and jury decision making that is unique from those of Caucasians and other ethnic groups. The second purpose of this article was to analyze whether psychology and law research has been conducted in a manner conducive to identifying this unique Hispanic perspective. An analysis of 800 articles published in five psychology and law journals revealed that, while Hispanics were typically conceptualized properly, the proportion of articles devoted to the Hispanic perspective is disturbingly low. To increase understanding of the Hispanic perspective, psychology and law researchers must increase the amount of empirical attention given to Hispanics. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Likelihood of using drug courts: Predictions using procedural justice and the theory of planned behavior
Authors: Maeder Evelyn M. , Wiener Richard L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe current research compares two theoretical models borrowed from social psychology (theory of planned behavior and procedural justice) to predict intentions to make use of a drug court. Medicaid‐eligible substance users answered a number of questions regarding their intentions to use a drug court in the future, including items from planned behavior and procedural justice scales. When procedural justice was considered alone, only trustworthiness predicted intention to use drug courts. When planned behavior was considered alone, only deliberative attitudes predicted the intention. After combining the two models, deliberative attitudes from the theory of planned behavior were the only significant predictor of likelihood to make use of a drug court. Recommendations for future study of this area center on conceptualization of procedural justice and the use of alternative samples. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing racial bias in the penalty phase of capital trials
Authors: Shaked‐Schroer Netta , Costanzo Mark , Marcus‐Newhall Amy 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPast research (e.g. Lynch & Haney, 2000) has shown that race plays a significant role in juror decision making in the penalty phase of capital murder trials. This study investigates the possibility of reducing juror bias towards Blacks by altering the content of jury instructions. White and non‐White participants received trial information and jury instructions in which the defendant's race (Black or White) and the instruction type (standard or simplified) were manipulated. Participants rendered a sentence recommendation, identified factors they considered to be aggravating or mitigating, and responded to instruction comprehension questions. Bias against the Black defendant was significantly reduced when simplified instructions were used and when the defendant was judged by racially diverse jurors. Simplification also led to better comprehension of sentencing instructions. Implications for capital trials are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.