bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of faults in production simulation models
Authors: Fisher Q. J. , Jolley S. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes basic ‘rules-of-thumb’ that offer an indication of common uncertainties and pitfalls, as well as the analytical methods, data requirements and work elements required to replicate the impact of faults on fluid flow in production simulation models successfully. The first, and most important, stage in this modelling process is to ensure that an accurate structural interpretation is incorporated into the simulation model. In particular, that all fault linkages and cross-fault juxtapositions are taken from the seismic interpretation into the simulation grid. Fault rocks sometimes reduce the rate of cross-fault flow in which case it is important to account for this reduction in flow within simulation models. This is best achieved if databases of fault rock properties, measured from the field of interest or nearby similar reservoirs, are up-scaled to calculate fault transmissibility multipliers. It is sometimes necessary to consider not just the single-phase permeability but also the capillary pressure and relative permeability characteristics of the fault rocks present. Finally, all the relevant static and dynamic data must be appraised critically. However, the interpretation of such data is usually non-unique and misinterpretations can create errors in the production-related fault seal analysis. Where these basic guidelines are followed, it has been our experience that the project time required to achieve a history match of production data is dramatically reduced. In addition, as the history match is more geologically reasonable, the model is often more reliable for predicting the long-term behaviour of the reservoir. This gives confidence in the model's forecast to guide development planning and day-to-day field management decisions.
Definition of a fault permeability predictor from outcrop studies of a faulted turbidite sequence, Taranaki, New Zealand
Authors: Childs C. , Walsh J. J. , Manzocchi T. , Strand J. , Nicol A. , Tomasso M. , Schöpfer M. P. J. , Aplin A. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Post-depositional normal faults within the turbidite sequence of the Late Miocene Mount Messenger Formation of the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand are characterized by granulation and cataclasis of sands and by the smearing of clay beds. Clay smears maintain continuity for high ratios of fault throw to clay source bed thickness (
c
. 8), but are highly variable in thickness, and gaps occur at any point between the clay source bed cut-offs at higher ratios. Although cataclastic fault rock permeabilities may be appreciably lower (
c
. two orders of magnitude) than host rock sandstone permeabilities, the occurrence of continuous clay smears, combined with low clay permeabilities (10s to 100s nD) means that the primary control on fault rock permeability is clay smear continuity. A new permeability predictor, the Probabilistic Shale Smear Factor (PSSF), is developed which incorporates the main characteristics of clay smearing from the Taranaki Basin. The PSSF method calculates fault permeabilities from a simple model of multiple clay smears within fault zones, predicting a more heterogeneous and realistic fault rock structure than other approaches (e.g. Shale Gouge Ratio, SGR). Nevertheless, its averaging effects at higher ratios of fault throw to bed thickness provide a rationale for the application of other fault rock mixing models, e.g. SGR, at appropriate scales.
Mechanics of fault and expulsion rollover systems developed on passive margins detached on salt: insights from analogue modelling and optical strain monitoring
Authors: Krézsek C. , Adam J. , Grujic D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Scaled analogue experiments with layered brittle and ductile materials have been used to simulate the development of listric growth-fault and expulsion rollover systems during gravitational spreading of a passive margin sedimentary wedge detached on salt. The experiments were performed with varying sedimentation patterns and rates to simulate different depositional scenarios. Deformation monitoring with 3D optical image correlation techniques was used to quantify the 3D surface evolution and strain history of model structures. Our results indicate that rollover structure kinematics is strongly coupled to sedimentation patterns and rates. Whereas differential loading governs the margin-scale state of stress and extensional spreading in the experiments, more localized feedback between the dynamic depositional systems, fault-controlled subsidence, and salt mobilization control the strain history of local fault structures. This is reflected in the characteristic succession of extensional structures that evolve from symmetrical grabens through early, mature and late (collapsed) basinward listric growth-fault and rollover systems into landward listric growth-fault and rollover systems. A lack of sedimentation enhances reactive diapir rise and passive diapirism, whereas low sedimentation rates favour development of long-lived basinward listric growth-fault or expulsion rollover systems. Conversely, high sedimentation rates lead to the development of landward listric growth-fault and rollover systems.
A Novel Polymorphism in the Promoter Region ofERBB4Is Associated with Breast and Colorectal Cancer Risk
Authors: Rokavec Matjaž , Justenhoven Christina , Schroth Werner , Istrate Monica Adina , Haas Susanne , Fischer Hans-Peter , Vollmert Caren , Illig Thomas , Hamann Ute , Ko Yon-Dschun , Glavač Damjan , Brauch Hiltrud 
Published: December 2007

AbstractPurpose: The receptor tyrosine kinase ERBB4/HER4 plays a role in cell division, migration, differentiation, as well as apoptosis, and is frequently overexpressed in breast and colorectal tumors. To understand the role of genetic variations in the regulation of ERBB4 expression, we identified new polymorphisms and investigated their functional implication and risk association with breast and colorectal cancer.Experimental Design: We screened colorectal tumors from 92 patients for genetic variants at the ERBB4 ATG −1000 bp 5′-regulatory region by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography and sequencing. Variants were subjected to DNA-protein interaction analyses (electrophoretic mobility shift assay), reporter gene assays in breast cancer cell lines MDA134 and MDA157, and immunohistochemical analyses of breast tumors. We established genotype frequencies within a breast cancer case-control collection (1,021 cases, 1,015 population-based controls) and a colorectal cancer case-control collection (459 cases, 569 blood donors) using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were assessed by multivariate logistic regression.Results: We identified five new germ line variants −815 A&gt;T, −782 G&gt;T, −638 insTC, −267 C&gt;G, and −219 del10bp. Two variants showed in vitro functional effects. The −782T allele showed lower protein binding affinity and lower promoter activity compared with the −782G allele, however, the −815T allele showed higher protein binding affinity and higher promoter activity. The −782T variant was identified as a risk allele for breast and colorectal cancer (OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.06-2.34 and OR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.22-3.99, respectively).Conclusion: The ERBB4 −782 G&gt;T polymorphism, by virtue of its in vitro functional implication and incidence, is a risk factor for breast and colorectal cancer.
Input of DNA Microarrays to Identify Novel Mechanisms in Multiple Myeloma Biology and Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Mahtouk Karène , Hose Dirk , De Vos John , Moreaux Jérôme , Jourdan Michel , Rossi Jean François , Rème Thierry , Goldschmidt Harmut , Klein Bernard 
Published: December 2007

AbstractMultiple myeloma is a B-cell neoplasia characterized by the proliferation of a clone of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. We review here the input of gene expression profiling of myeloma cells and of their tumor microenvironment to develop new tumor classifiers, to better understand the biology of myeloma cells, to identify some mechanisms of drug sensitivity and resistance, to identify new myeloma growth factors, and to depict the complex interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment. We discuss how these findings may improve the clinical outcome of this still incurable disease.
The Challenge of Drugging Undruggable Targets in Cancer: Lessons Learned from Targeting BCL-2 Family Members
Authors: Verdine Gregory L. , Walensky Loren D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The genomic and proteomic revolutions have provided us with an ever-increasing number of mechanistic insights into cancer pathogenesis. Mutated genes and pathologic protein products have emerged as the basis for modern anticancer drug development. With the increasing realization of the importance of disrupting oncogenic protein-protein interaction, new challenges have emerged for classical small molecule and protein-based drug modalities, i.e., the critical need to target flat and extended protein surfaces. Here, we highlight two distinct technologies that are being used to bridge the pharmacologic gap between small molecules and protein therapeutics. With the BCL-2 family of survival proteins as their substrate for intracellular targeting, we conclude that peptide stapling and fragment-based drug discovery show promise to traverse the critical surface features of proteins that drive human cancer.
Pseudomonas aeruginosain the home environment of newly infected cystic fibrosis patients
Authors: Schelstraete P. , Van daele S. , De Boeck K. , Proesmans M. , Lebecque P. , Leclercq-Foucart J. , Malfroot A. , Vaneechoutte M. , De Baets F. 
Published: December 2007

The source of acquisition ofPseudomonas aeruginosain cystic fibrosis (CF) patients remains unknown. Patient-to-patient transmission has been well documented but the role of the environment as a source of initial infection is as yet unclear.In the present study, the origin of the firstP. aeruginosaisolate in CF patients was investigated by comparing theP. aeruginosagenotype(s) from newly infected patients with genotypes ofP. aeruginosaisolates from the home environment and from other patients from the same CF centre.A total of 50 newly infected patients were studied.P. aeruginosacould be cultured from 5.9% of the environmental samples, corresponding to 18 patients. For nine of these, the genotype of the environmentalP. aeruginosaisolate was identical to the patient's isolate. In total, 72% of the environmentalP. aeruginosaisolates were encountered in the bathroom. Patient-to-patient transmission within the CF centre could not be ruled out for three patients.In summary, a low prevalence ofPseudomonas aeruginosawas found in the home environment of the newly infected cystic fibrosis patients. The bathroom should be targeted in any preventive cleaning procedures. An environmental source of the new infection could not be ruled out in nine patients.
Proximal visceral endoderm and extraembryonic ectoderm regulate the formation of primordial germ cell precursors
Authors: de Sousa Lopes Susana M Chuva , Hayashi Katsuhiko , Surani M Azim 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Background
The extraembryonic tissues, visceral endoderm (VE) and extraembryonic ectoderm (ExE) are known to be important for the induction of primordial germ cells (PGCs) in mice via activation of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling pathway. We investigated whether the VE and ExE have a direct role in the specification of PGCs, or in an earlier event, namely the induction of the PGC precursors in the proximal posterior epiblast cells.

Results
We cultured embryonic day (E) 5.75 to E7.0 mouse embryos in an explant-assay with or without extraembryonic tissues. The reconstituted pieces of embryonic and extraembryonic tissues were assessed for the formation of both PGC precursors and specified PGCs. For this, Blimp1:gfp and Stella:gfp transgenic mouse lines were used to distinguish between PGC precursors and specified PGC, respectively. We observed that the VE regulates formation of an appropriate number of PGC precursors between E6.25–E7.25, but it is not essential for the subsequent specification of PGCs from the precursor cells. Furthermore, we show that the ExE has a different role from that of the VE, which is to restrict localization of PGC precursors to the posterior part of the embryo.

Conclusion
We show that the VE and ExE have distinct roles in the induction of PGC precursors, namely the formation of a normal number of PGC precursors, and their appropriate localization during early development. However, these tissues do not have a direct role during the final stages of specification of the founder population of PGCs.
A phase III trial comparing an anionic phospholipid-based cream and aloe vera-based gel in the prevention of radiation dermatitis in pediatric patients
Authors: Merchant Thomas E , Bosley Christina , Smith Julie , Baratti Pam , Pritchard David , Davis Tina , Li Chenghong , Xiong Xiaoping 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Purpose
Radiation dermatitis is a common side effect of radiation therapy (RT). In severe cases, RT must be interrupted until the skin heals, which can compromise treatment. The purpose of the study was to compare an anionic polar phospholipid (APP)-based cream and an aloe vera-based gel to determine their effectiveness in preventing and treating radiation dermatitis.

Patients and methods
Forty-five pediatric patients (median age, 11 years) with various diagnoses who received at least 23.4 Gy participated. APP cream and aloe vera gel were symmetrically applied within the irradiated field after each treatment. Three measures were collected before, during and after completion of treatment: subject's skin comfort, dermatologic assessment, and common toxicity criteria (CTC).

Results
Significant differences in specific variables favoring APP cream use were noted in some patients including skin comfort variables, dry (p = 0.002), soft (p = 0.057), feels good (p = 0.002), rough (p = 0.065), smooth (p = 0.012) and dermatologic variables, dryness (p = 0.013), erythema (p = 0.002) and peely (p = 0.008). Grouped CTC scores were supportive of APP cream (p = 0.004). In comparing the first and last assessments, two dermatologic variables, dryness (p = 0.035) and peely (p = 0.016), favored APP cream.

Conclusion
APP cream is more effective than aloe vera-based gel for prevention and treatment of radiation dermatitis.
Cytoplasmic location of factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor is associated with an enhanced hypoxic response and a shorter survival in invasive breast cancer
Authors: Tan Ern Yu , Campo Leticia , Han Cheng , Turley Helen , Pezzella Francesco , Gatter Kevin C , Harris Adrian L , Fox Stephen B 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Introduction
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α levels in invasive breast carcinoma have been shown to be an adverse prognostic indicator. Cellular HIF-1α activity is regulated by factor-inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (FIH-1). In hypoxia, FIH-1 hydroxylation of Asn803 within the C-terminal transactivation domain does not occur and HIF-1α forms a fully active transcriptional complex. The present study investigates the role of FIH-1 in invasive breast carcinoma and its correlation with hypoxia.

Methods
Microarrayed tissue cores from 295 invasive carcinomas were stained for FIH-1, for HIF-1α and for carbonic anhydrase 9. FIH-1 expression was correlated with standard clinicopathological parameters and with the expression of the surrogate hypoxic markers HIF-1α and carbonic anhydrase 9.

Results
FIH-1 was positive in 239/295 (81%) tumours, 42/295 (14%) exclusively in the nucleus and 54/295 (18%) exclusively in the cytoplasm. Exclusive nuclear FIH-1 expression was significantly inversely associated with tumour grade (P = 0.02) and risk of recurrence (P = 0.04), whereas exclusive cytoplasmic FIH-1 was significantly positively associated with tumour grade (P = 0.004) and carbonic anhydrase 9 expression (P = 0.02). Patients with tumours that excluded FIH-1 from the nucleus had a significantly shorter survival compared with those with exclusive nuclear expression (P = 0.02). Cytoplasmic FIH-1 expression was also an independent poor prognostic factor for disease-free survival.

Conclusion
FIH-1 is widely expressed in invasive breast carcinoma. As with other HIF regulators, its association between cellular compartmentalization and the hypoxic response and survival suggests that tumour regulation of FIH-1 is an additional important mechanism for HIF pathway activation.
Design of Functionalized PAMA Viscosity Modifiers to Reduce Friction and Wear in Lubricating Oils
Authors: Müller Michael , Fan Jingyan , Spikes Hugh 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Polyalkylmethacrylates (PAMAs) are widely used as both viscosity index improvers and dispersant boosters in engine, hydraulic, and transmission oils. Since they are employed in a relatively high concentration in these roles, it is desirable that they be able to enhance other characteristics of a lubricant and, in particular, its boundary lubricating properties. A series of functionalized PAMAs have been synthesized that can adsorb from oil solution onto rubbing surfaces to produce thick boundary films. These films enhance lubricant film formation in slow speed and high temperature conditions and thus make a significant contribution to their lubricating ability. The current paper describes a systematic study of the influence of functionalized PAMAs on boundary lubrication performance. The high frequency reciprocating test rig (HFRR) was applied to investigate friction and wear under pure sliding. A new test method has been developed which allows wear to be monitored in a rolling and sliding contact based on the mini traction machine (MTM). This, in combination with other tests, is employed to investigate the influence of polymer architecture, functionality, concentration and molecular weight on friction and wear in a range of lubricant formulations. This enables the tailored design of polymers which offer low friction and wear properties.
Design, Construction, and Installation of Conventional Steel Jacket Platforms
Authors: Lee Griff C. , Andrews J. Connie 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Construction of the first steel jacket-type offshore structure began in 1947, in shallow water, in the Gulf of Mexico. Both design and installation techniques have progressed to the point that a fixed platform now stands in a water depth of over 300 meters.
By today's standards, the early design calculations were rather crude. As electronic computers became available, more sophisticated analysis tools were developed. Still further enhancements have been developed in design technology to take into account the dynamic characteristics of both the load application and the structural response. Parallel improvements have also been made in the construction engineering phase of design which insures that the installation can be safely performed as planned. Improvements in fabrication and installation capability have kept pace with the developments in design technology. New, "third generation", large capacity derrick barges and pile hammers as well as construction techniques are now available which make the installation of large structures in rough water a routine procedure.
In all previously developed offshore areas, the fixed platform has proven to be the most dependable and efficient support for drilling and production operations. There is no reason why similar structures cannot be equally successful in the offshore waters surrounding the People's Republic of China.
Automated Production Systems
Authors: Hardy Ian J. , Wetzel Gordon P. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Western Operating Area of the Prudhoe Bay field in Alaska gathers oil and gas from 17 remote well pad facilities, covering an area of 108 square miles. Three Gathering Centers, each capable of handling 300 MB/D of oil and 480 MMSCF/D of gas, pteprocess the oil before shipment via the Trans-Alaska pipeline.
The size of the field, its geographic location, and the "tight line" transportation system provide some challenging operational and control problems. These problems are identified showing how automation has been used to solve them. This includes the use of an integrated supervisory control system and a distributed process control system designed to meet the control needs of future production facilities as the field proceeds to ultimate development.
Simultaneous Characterization of Geological Shapes and Permeability Distributions in Reservoirs Using the Level Set Method
Authors: Villegas R. , Dorn O. , Moscoso M. , Kindelán M. , Mustieles F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An important technique in modern reservoir management is the use of production data for the characterization of permeability distributions with more than one lithology from production data. A major difficulty which arises in these situations is that sharp discontinuities of permeabilities between these lithofacies need to be reconstructed at the same time with more smoothly varying profiles inside of them. So far, techniques have been developed which recover either the interfaces or a smoothly varying profile, but not both of them. Our group has developed recently a novel method for modelling and reconstructing geological shapes in reservoirs from production data. This method is based on a level set representation of the shapes. In our previous work1,2 we have assumed that the permeability distribution in the different regions of the reservoirs do not vary significantly such that they can be approximated by a constant value which was approximately known from prior information. In this paper we will present an extension of this new method which is able to recover at the same time the shapes of the different geological regions and variations of the permeability distribution in each of these regions. In each step of our new reconstruction technique the production data are used in order to calculate an update for the shape of the two lithofacies and at the same time a pixel-based correction of the parameter profiles inside of these regions. Only one simulation of a two-phase flow simulator and a corresponding adjoint simulator are necessary for calculating both updates. In our paper we will present numerical results in 2D for realistic situations of a water flooding process. We show that our method is able to reconstruct two lithofacies of complicated shape and the corresponding permeability distributions simultaneously from these production data.