bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural Overexcitation and Implication of NMDA and AMPA Receptors in a Mouse Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Implying Zinc Chelation
Authors: Domínguez María‐Isabel , Blasco‐Ibáñez José‐Miguel , Crespo Carlos , Nacher Juan , Marqués‐Marí Ana‐Isabel , Martínez‐Guijarro Francisco‐José 
Published: May 2006

Summary:  Purpose: Zinc chelation with diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC) during nondamaging kainic acid administration enhances excitotoxicity to the level of cell damage. The objective of this work was to study the developing of the lesion in this model of temporal lobe epilepsy and the implications of the different types of glutamate receptors. Methods: The antagonist of the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor MK‐801, and the antagonist of the α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor GYKI52466, were used concomitantly with intraperitoneal administration of kainic acid (15 mg/kg) followed by DEDTC (150 mg/kg) in mouse. The animals were killed at different times from 4 h to 7 days. Fos proteins were used as markers of cell overexcitation; heat‐shock protein 72 (HSP72) as marker of cell stress. Results: Neither kainic acid nor DEDTC alone, at the doses used, led to cell loss, HSP72 expression, or permanent Fos protein induction. When combined, the hilus and cornu ammonis were damaged; principal cells in these areas coexpressed c‐Fos and HSP72, with the exception of CA2; interneurons did not express HSP72 in any area. MK‐801 completely abolished damage and HSP72 expression from the hippocampus. GYKI52466 blocked CA1 damage and HSP72 expression in the CA1 but not in the CA3. Conclusions: Synaptic zinc increases the tolerance of hippocampus to overexcitation. All the areas that are fated to die are determined simultaneously; the damage in the CA1 is not an extension of the damage in the CA3. Damage of the CA3 is dependent on kainate and NMDA receptors, whereas the damage of the CA1 depends on AMPA and NMDA receptors.
A Simple Manual Rosetting Method for Absolute CD4
+
Lymphocyte Counting in Resource-Limited Countries
Authors: Nouanthong Phonethipsavanh , Pata Supansa , Sirisanthana Thira , Kasinrerk Watchara 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT

A CD4 monoclonal antibody which reacts with CD4
+
lymphocytes but does not react significantly with monocytes was generated and used to develop a simple method for CD4 count. In a comparison with standard flow cytometry, high correlation was obtained. The developed method can be an alternative to flow cytometry for resource-limited countries.
Stereochemistry of crown ethers, X-ray crystallographic structures, solid phase 13C NMR, and solution conformational equilibria in cis-syn-cis dicyclohexano-15-crown-5 ether and its sodium thiocyanate complex
Authors: Buchanan G W , Mathias S. , Bensimon C. , Charland J. P. 
Published: May 2006

The structures of the title materials have been determined via X-ray crystallography. In the free crown ether, there is effectively a plane of symmetry that bisects the molecule. In the NaNCS complex, ring inversion of one of the cyclo-hexane moieties has occurred, giving a distorted pentagonal pyramidal coordination geometry about the sodium ion. For the free crown, two conformers, whose free energies differ by ca. 0.5 kJ / mol in solution can be detected via 13C NMR at 168 K. Limiting low-temperature solution spectra are compared to those which have been obtained in the solid phase using the 13C CPMAS technique. Key words: crown ethers, stereochemistry, X-ray, NMR.
Parameterization of the Urban Water Budget with the Submesoscale Soil Model
Authors: Dupont Sylvain , Mestayer Patrice G. , Guilloteau Emmanuel , Berthier Emmanuel , Andrieu Hervé 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
This paper presents the hydrological component of the Submesoscale Soil Model, urbanized version (SM2-U). This model is an extension of the rural Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere (ISBA) soil model to urban surfaces. It considers in detail both rural and urban surfaces. Its purpose is to compute the sensible heat and humidity fluxes at the canopy–atmosphere interface for the computational domain lower boundary condition of atmospheric mesoscale models in order to simulate the urban boundary layer in any weather conditions. Because it computes separately the surface temperature of each land use cover mode while the original model computes a unique temperature for the soil and vegetation system, the new version is first validated for rural grounds by comparison with experimental data from the Hydrological Atmospheric Pilot Experiment-Modélisation du Bilan Hydrique (HAPEX-MOBILHY) and the European Field Experiment in a Desertification Threatened Area (EFEDA). The SM2-U water budget is then evaluated on the experimental data obtained at a suburban site in the Nantes urban area (Rezé, France), both on an annual scale and for two stormy events. SM2-U evaluates correctly the water flow measured in the drainage network (DN) at the annual scale and for the summer storm. As for the winter storm, when the soil is saturated, the simulation shows that water infiltration from the soil to the DN must be taken care of to evaluate correctly the DN flow. Yet, the addition of this soil water infiltration to the DN does not make any difference in the simulated surface fluxes that are the model outputs for simulating the urban boundary layer. Urban hydrological parameters are shown to largely influence the available water on artificial surfaces for evaporation and to influence less the evapotranspiration from natural surfaces. The influence of the water budget and surface structure on the suburban site local climatology is demonstrated.
Equatorial Superrotation and Barotropic Instability: Static Stability Variants
Authors: Williams G. P. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Altering the tropospheric static stability changes the nature of the equatorial superrotation associated with unstable, low-latitude, westerly jets, according to calculations with a dry, global, multilevel, spectral, primitive equation model subject to a simple Newtonian heating function. For a low static stability, the superrotation fluxes with the simplest structure occur when the stratospheric extent and horizontal diffusion are minimal. Barotropic instability occurs on the jet's equatorward flank and baroclinic instability occurs on the jet's poleward flank. Systems with a high static stability inhibit the baroclinic instability and thereby reveal more clearly that the barotropic instability is the primary process driving the equatorial superrotation. Such systems produce a flatter equatorial jet and also take much longer to equilibrate than the standard atmospheric circulation.
New Lithium Salt Ionic Conductor Using Poly(vinyl alcohol) Matrix
Authors: Kanbara Takaki , Inami Minoru , Yamamoto Takakazu , Nishikata Atsushi , Tsuru Tooru , Watanabe Masayoshi , Ogata Naoya 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) forms transparent homogeneous composites with lithium salt (LiClO4, LiBF4, and LiCF3SO3) up to 50–60 wt-% of the lithium salt in the composites. The composites show electrical conductivity of 10−6 − 2 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 50 wt-% of the lithium salt at 20 °C. Temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity obeys Arrehnius type equation in most cases with activation energies of 50–107 kJ mol−1
1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of 1-Methyl-3-oxidopyridinium and Sulfonylethenes. A Synthesis of 2-Tropanols and Monofluorinated 2-Tropanol
Authors: Takahashi Tamiko , Hagi Toru , Kitano Kazuyoshi , Takeuchi Yoshio , Koizumi Toru 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
2α- and 2β-Tropanols were synthesized by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of phenyl vinyl sulfone and 1-methyl-3-oxidopyridinium regio- and stereoselectively. The method was extended to a preparation of 6α-fiuoro-2β-tropanol from 1-(benzenesulfonyl)-1-fluoroethene.
Doping Effect on the Two-layer Organic Solar Cell
Authors: Hiramoto Masahiro , Kishigami Yasuhisa , Yokoyama Masaaki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Doping effect on an organic solar cell composed of two-layer thin pigment films of metal-free phthalocyanine (H2Pc) and perylene tetracarboxylic derivative (Me-PTC) was investigated. When H2 or NH3 was doped to the Me-PTC film during vacuum deposition, the photocurrent density drastically increased and the power conversion efficiency of the cell reached about 1% even under 75 mW cm−2 white light.
A New Cytotoxic Diterpene from the Marine Red Alga Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) Lamouroux
Authors: Takeda Satoshi , Matsumoto Takeshi , Komiyama Kanki , Kurosawa Etsuro , Suzuki Teruaki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A new cytotoxic diterpene has been isolated from the title alga. This compound possesses a new, A-seco-parguerane skeleton and a hexadecanoic acid ester group. The structure was established by spectroscopic means, including two-dimensional NMR methods.
Thermolysis of α-Azidoacetcphenone Phenylsulfonylhydrazones. A New Preparative Route to 4-Aryl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles
Authors: Ito Suketaka , Kakehi Akikazu , Yamazaki Akihiro 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Thermolysis of α-azidoacetophenone phenylsulfonylhydrazones gave 4-aryl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles in good yields. The reaction proceeds probably via the elimination of benzenesulfinic acid from 4-aryl-2-phenylsulfonyltriazolines formed intermediately.
Francis Bacon and the Architect of Fortune
Authors: Cochrane Rexmond C. 
Published: May 2006

The most frequently read book in the library that Samuel Pepys began to collect about 1660 was a volume he called ‘my dear “Faber Fortunae”, of my Lord Bacon's'. This book, which he apparently read through six times between 1661 and 1666, has been identified as an edition of Bacon's essays in Latin translation which was published and reprinted in duodecimo at Leyden in 1641, 1644, and 1659.The question of the identity of this work by Bacon was first raised by correspondents of Notes & Queries in 1886, but it was not resolved. Despite the importance of this much read book to young Pepys and to our understanding of him, only three of his eight biographers have so much as mentioned the work. None has identified it sufficiently to discuss it.
John Bale's Nondramatic Works of Religious Controversy
Authors: Pineas Rainer 
Published: May 2006

John Bale is known chiefly as a dramatist and as a bibliographer. His considerable body of nondramatic polemical works has received little attention, probably because most scholars share the feelings of that biographer of Bale who says, ‘Of Bale's works as a controversialist, perhaps the less one says the better.’ However, Bale was an important propagandist for the extreme Protestant position, and a study of his nondramatic polemical works should add something to our knowledge of the art of religious controversy as exercised during the sixteenth century.Bale's polemical works fall into two categories: those written against the bishops of the English church, accusing them of being no better than the Catholics, and those written against the Catholics themselves, although Bale does occasionally refer to the Enghsh bishops in his anti-Catholic works also.
Spenser's House of Care: a Reinterpretation
Authors: Steadman John M. 
Published: May 2006

On the fourth book of The Faerie Queene, Scudamour passes a restless night in the house of Care,… a blacksmith by his trade,That neither day nor night from working spared,But to small purpose yron wedges made:Those be unquiet thoughts, that carefull minds invade.The smith is assisted by ‘sixe strong groomes’ who keep the visitor awake most of the evening with the din of their… huge great hammers, that did never rest From heaping stroakes… .When the knight finally falls asleep, Care awakens him with a pair of red-hot tongs.That this episode ‘symbolizes Scudamour's jealous wretchedness’ is, as Lemmi observed, perfectly obvious. Indeed Spenser has made the meaning of his ‘darke conceit’ extremely clear.
Thomas Murner, Thomas More, and the First Expression of More's Ecclesiology
Authors: Headley John M. 
Published: May 2006

In a letter of 26 August 1523 Thomas More writes to Wolsey about a Franciscan friar, Thomas Murner, who while in Germany has written a book against Luther in defense of the king and recently has been I brought to England under false pretenses. More explains that the king has pitied this friar in his plight and would now have Wolsey reward Murner with £100 to enable him to return home where his presence is very necessary. More continues:he is one of the chiefe stays agaynst the faction of Luther in that parties, agaynst whom he hath wrytten many bokis in the Almayng tong and now sith his cummyng hither he hath translated in to Latyn the boke that he byfore made in Almaigne in defence of the Kingis boke.
Spenser's Image of Sapience
Authors: Quitslund Jon A. 
Published: May 2006

The high point of the contemplative ascent described in Spenser's Fowre Hymnes is the poet's vision of Sapience, in 11. 183-287 of ‘An Hymne of Heavenly Beavtie’. Of the several feminine sovereigns in Spenser's poetry, Sapience is the most sublime. Her power to create and preserve encompasses all that is elsewhere delegated to Nature, Venus, Mutabilitie, and Gloriana.Both heauen and earth obey vnto her will,And all the creatures which they both containe:For of her fulnesse which the world doth fill,They all partake, and do in state remaine,As their great Maker did at first ordaine,Through obseruation of her high beheast,By which they first were made, and still increast.(197-203)
Impeachable Source? On the Use of the Second Edition of Reindorf's History as a Primary Source for the Study of Ghanaian History - II
Authors: Jenkins Ray 
Published: May 2006

Here Reindorf described the events leading to the defeat and death of MacCarthy. Unlike Ellis, his account differed substantially -- both in detail and emphasis -- from earlier (mostly British) ones. The panegyric verse with which he closed the chapter was, however, quite typical of the Fante-Wesleyan response to this Governor. With the exception of a few details (and, of course, the vernacular) this chapter is fairly and fully reproduced, including even the panegyric.In a detailed chapter covering the period from July, 1824 to July, 1826, Reindorf described the siege of Cape Coast and the circumstances inducing the Asante to retire to Kumase. He then traced the recovery and reorganization of the Asante army under Osei Yaw Akoto and the efforts of Europeans and Accra businessmen to revive the southern alliance. In his own work Cruickshank was concerned only with the siege and withdrawal and on these parts Reindorf relied for some events of the siege. But, rather characteristically, he emphasized the Gã role in certain of these (197/190).It has been argued that one of the more salient features of Reindorf's work is its palpable orientation toward the Gãs. The extent to which this is valid criticism will be discussed below but, rather ironically, the evidence in this chapter which might support this thesis has been largely omitted from History II. For example, in the second sentence of the chapter Reindorf had labeled the Gas as “bull-dogs of the European governments” for fighting in no fewer than five engagements between March of 1823 and June of 1824, but this was omitted in History II (196/[189]).
Bushi and the Historians: Historiographical Themes in Eastern Kivu
Authors: Newbury David 
Published: May 2006

Historical studies of Kivu are still in their very infancy. Recent work has been carried out in Bufulero, Bushi, Buhavu, and Bunande, but lacking the results of these studies, historians working from published materials have very few sources at their disposal. Existing sources include works by Colle, Moeller, Willame, and Cuypers, with the latter two based primarily on the former, at least in their historical dimensions. Because the sources are so few and are essentially similar, little critical attention has been given them; by constant citation and repetition they have become hallowed as truth and used as a basis for teaching and university theses. By this process such essentially colonial interpretations have become entrenched in the historical ontology of the region. This paper proposes to review some of the written sources in light of current research in the region, by first presenting certain themes which appear to have guided earlier historical inquiry and then discussing the works of these four influential authors in light of these themes.The first attempts to record historical traditions in the Kivu area were influenced by earlier studies of Rwanda which emphasized the centralized and hierarchical nature of the Rwandan state. Many of the early missionaries and Zairean priests in Kivu, men to whom contemporary researchers owe much for their accumulated sources, had close contacts with the seminaries and published work in Rwanda. In most historical works, Rwanda was seen as the end development for other states in the region, and prominence was given to those historical factors which were assumed to have had a common impact throughout the area.
Arabic Materials in the Government Archives of Zanzibar
Authors: al-Naqar ʿUmar 
Published: May 2006

This paper results from two visits to the Archives at Zanzibar in 1975 and 1976, lasting in all approximately three weeks. Access to these archives has not been an easy matter for some time, though more recently a few scholars have been able to secure permission to use them. This paper is an examination solely of the Arabic materials in the Archives, and may be of use to those who intend to use the Archives, particularly non-Arabic-speaking scholars.The collection was originally housed in the museum of Bayt al-Amānī before it was moved to its present site, a modern building centrally situated on the main road to the airport. There is a large reading room with an open shelf library containing various studies on Zanzibar, Zanzibar government publications, and a newspaper collection. Other documents are available on request from stacks housed in the lower part of the building. Regretably, however, no photocopying facilities are presently available. Copies of an inventory prepared in 1954 may be consulted in the reading room.
The Kedong Massacre and the Dick Affair: A Problem in the Early Colonial Historiography of East Africa
Authors: Maxon Robert , Javersak David 
Published: May 2006

On the morning of 25 November 1895 Maasai fighting men slaughtered hundreds of Kikuyu and Swahili caravan porters and askari in the Kedong Valley of Kenya (then in the Uganda Protectorate); the carnage caused one European to describe the area as the “Valley of Death.” The next day Andrew Dick, a British trader formerly with the Imperial British East Africa Company, learned of the massacre and resolved to avenge it. In a fierce counter-attack, Dick killed at least one hundred Maasai before being put to death himself.While they were dramatic events, the Kedong Massacre and the Dick Affair are of far less significance from the perspective of the 1980s than during the colonial period. They were without question also much less important than was often assumed in bringing about amicable relations between the Maasai and the British. However, the concern of this paper will be with the varying accounts of these incidents that are available to the historian today, and the problems of the sources of the early colonial history of East Africa that are put in somewhat depressing perspective by the fact that, as Charles Miller has remarked, “nearly every individual writing about the 1890s has his own version of the incidents.” Many of these versions, often accepted as independent sources, have been adopted from the accounts of others. Through comparison of accounts one can use internal evidence to suggest an individual author's unacknowledged sources and in some cases trace the “genealogy” of the account. At the risk of further complicating the picture, we will attempt to analyze the historiography of the incidents and suggest that scholars and popular writers have largely overlooked or ignored one important account of the massacre and its aftermath.
On Using the White Fathers' Archives
Authors: Dickerman Carol W. 
Published: May 2006

The Société des Missionnaires d'Afrique, more commonly known as the Pères Blancs or White Fathers, began its work of proselytizing in northern and sub-Saharan Africa in the second half of the nineteenth century. Their archives, located in Rome, are a treasure trove for Africanists of all disciplines. In founding the order in 1868, Cardinal Lavigerie, archbishop of Algiers, charged its members to bring Christianity to Africa not by imposing European civilization on Africans but rather by converting the inner man while maintaining the external indigenous forms of dress, food, shelter, and especially language. Lavigerie wrote that it was thus indispensible for the fathers to learn the local language as rapidly as possible, and in areas where the language had not yet been studied, one member of the mission was to spend one or two hours each day compiling a dictionary. In addition, the superior of each post was to keep a daily journal in which he entered, among other matters, information gleaned from the local people about their history, geography, and customs. This journal, Lavigerie wrote, could easily become “une mine féconde.” Another obligation of the superior was to send a monthly letter to the Maison-Mère in Algiers describing the progress of the mission, the health of its members, and any extraordinary local events or activities by the authorities.These injunctions of Lavigerie have yielded a very valuable collection of material on nineteenth- and twentieth-century Africa that is housed in the White Fathers' headquarters in Rome. (The transfer from Algiers took place in 1952.)
Report on Archives of the Popular and Revolutionary Republic of Guinea in Conakry
Authors: Klein Martin A. 
Published: May 2006

Before I came to Conakry I had been warned that the archives were in poor condition, had suffered damage from the elements and from the termites, and were not well maintained. One scholar who worked here in the 1960s spoke not only of termite damage but of chickens and goats wandering through. To my pleasant surprise I have found that the archives are fairly extensive, that they are in relatively good condition, and that they are being maintained as well as can be expected. The locale is not an ideal one, though its location on an exposed point of land near the sea makes for pleasant breezes and good cross-ventilation. There is no control of either temperature or humidity in the building. While some dossiers are partially damaged, I have not seen one that is not usable. My biggest problem has been the handwriting of the clerks and administrators who made copies of correspondence in local registers.The original work of organizing the archives was done by Madeira Keita, the R.D.A. leader, who worked here during the early 1950s. The classification system he set up was maintained by Damien d'Almeida, who published a repertoire in 1962. The repertoire is fairly detailed and it notes when a dossier or a register is in poor condition. The classification system is sound, though occasionally one finds documents, reports, and correspondance grouped together in a haphazard manner. The problem was more the sloppy recordkeeping of the colonial administration than the work of the undermanned archivists. In general, I have been to find what I have wanted and the organization has been very useful. The present archivist, Moctar Ba, is competent and seems conscientious.