bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of colonies of Cowdria ruminantium in midgut epithelial cells of Amblyomma variegatum
Authors: Kocan Katherine M. , Morzaria Subhash P. , Voigt Wolf P. , Kiarie Jim , Irvin Anthony D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The development of colonies of Cowdria ruminantium was studied in midgut epithelial cells of adult Amblyomma variegatum that had become infected by feeding as nymphs on cattle with experimentally induced heart-water disease. Colonies were not observed in gut tissues obtained from nymphs during the feeding period, but were present in midgut epithelial cells of ticks obtained at 15 days after they were replete through molting to the adult stage. Colonies were small (1 to 10 µm) initially, but as tick development progressed, their diameter increased to as much as 60 μm. With electron microscopy, colonies were observed to be membrane bound and contained pleomorphic organisms that were reticulated. The organisms seemed to be dividing by binary fission. Many colonies contained a large, electron-dense inclusion that was morphologically similar to hemoglobin deposits found in the cytoplasm of midgut epithelial cells of recently fed ticks. Cowdria ruminantium was often observed adhered to these inclusions.
Effect of clenbuterol on histamine-induced airway obstruction in ponies
Authors: Derksen F. J. , Scott J. S. , Slocombe R. F. , Robinson N. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
We determined the effect of iv administered β2-adrenergic receptor agonist clenbuterol on pulmonary function and on the response to histamine in 12 healthy ponies. Measurements were made at base line and after saline solution or clenbuterol was administered iv at a dosage of 0.2, 0.8, or 1.6 µg/kg. The dosage of clenbuterol used in each study was unknown to the investigators until all the data had been analyzed. Intravenous administration of saline solution or clenbuterol did not alter base-line pulmonary function significantly. Aerosol histamine administration significantly decreased arterial oxygen tension and dynamic compliance and increased pulmonary resistance, respiratory frequency, and minute ventilation, but had no effect on arterial carbon dioxide tension and tidal volume. The magnitude of change in these variables was unaffected by previous administration of clenbuterol at any of the dosages tested. We conclude that clenbuterol at the dosages tested is not a bronchodilator in healthy ponies and does not exert a significant protective effect against aerosol histamine-induced airway narrowing.
BW755C modifies endotoxin-induced respiratory failure in pigs
Authors: Olson Neil C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The porcine pulmonary response to endotoxemia was evaluated before and after 3-amino-1-(3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-2-pyrazoline hydrochloride (BW755C), a dual inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. Escherichia coli endotoxin (055-B5) was infused iv into anesthetized 10- to 14-week-old pigs at 5 µg/kg the first hour, followed by 2 µg/ kg/hr for 3.5 hours. The BW755C was infused at 20 mg/ kg before endotoxin was administered and at 2.2 mg/kg during endotoxemia. During phase 1 (ie, 0 to 2 hours), the endotoxin-induced pulmonary hypertension, increased pulmonary vascular resistance and alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, and decreased cardiac index and lung dynamic compliance were blocked or modified by BW755C. During phase 2 endotoxemia (ie, 2 to 4.5 hours), BW755C modified or blocked the increases in pulmonary vascular pressures, pulmonary vascular resistance, alveolar dead space ventilation, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, lung water, and bronchoalveolar lavage albumin concentration. The BW755C also modified the phase 2 decreases in cardiac index, lung dynamic compliance, and aortic platelet count. With regard to the endotoxin-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction, and impairment of gas exchange, the data do not support a role for lipoxygenase metabolites, because the modified blockade (provided by BW755C) was of no greater magnitude than that reported for indomethacin (cyclooxygenase blocker). However, the data supports a possible role for lipoxygenase metabolites with regard to altering vascular permeability, cardiac index, and aortic platelet count.
Evaluation of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities in clinically normal and abnormal equine joints
Authors: Yancik S. A. , McIlwraith C. W. , Wagner A. E. , Trotter G. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Creatine kinase (ck) and lactate dehydrogenase (ld) enzyme activities and isoenzymes were determined for synovial fluid, synovial membrane, and articular cartilage from 24 clinically normal equine tarsocrural (tibiotarsal) and femoropatellar joints. All 3 tissues contained ld isoenzymes ld1 to ld5, and ck isoenzymes bb and mm. The ck isoenzyme mb was not found. The similarities in isoenzyme composition of these 3 tissues made differentiation of the source of ld and ck impossible by isoenzyme pattern alone. Reference values for the total enzyme activities of specific joint tissues also had wide variations. The wide variation in activities, as determined by the enzymatic analysis of synovial fluid and a lack of tissue specificity in clinically normal equine joint tissue, indicated that those values were not predictive for the extent and type of tissue damage in equine joint disease. This hypothesis was confirmed when synovial fluids from 22 abnormal joints were analyzed for ld isoenzymes and total enzyme activity. The various causes of the joint problems were not distinguishable.
Chemical analysis of bovine and porcine vitreous humors: Correlation of normal values with serum chemical values and changes with time and temperature
Authors: McLaughlin P. S. , McLaughlin B. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Vitreous humors collected from cattle and swine at time of death were compared with serum samples collected before these animals were slaughtered to determine whether vitreous chemical constituents were stable after death occurred. Vitreous humor from 1 eye and serum were obtained from each of 120 cattle and 120 swine at slaughter. The second eye from each animal was enucleated and incubated at 4 C, 20 C, and 37 C for 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours, and then vitreous humor was obtained from the incubated eye. Serum and the fresh and incubated vitreous samples were analyzed for urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and phosphorus concentrations. In the incubated vitreous sample, stability varied for urea nitrogen, creatinine, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride concentrations, but the values were generally more stable with samples incubated at lower temperatures and for shorter incubation periods. Potassium and phosphorus concentrations increased with time and temperature of incubation of the samples.
Placental transfer of specific antibodies during ovine congenital toxoplasmosis
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Hughes H. P. A. , Lillehoj H. S. , Gamble H. R. , Munday B. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The passage of non-Toxoplasma antibodies from dam to fetus through damaged placenta was studied in sheep inoculated with Toxoplasma gondii. Six ewes were inoculated with chicken globulins and Leptospira bacterins 2 months before oral inoculation with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Ewes were euthanatized between 42 and 62 days after T gondii inoculation. Antibody titers against chicken globulins, Leptospira spp, Haemonchus contortus, Sarcocystis spp, and T gondii were measured in the maternal and fetal sera. All ewes became infected with T gondii and had grossly visible necrotic foci in the placentas, and T gondii antibodies were found in the fetuses and the ewes. Appreciable amounts of antibodies to Haemonchus contortus, Sarcocystis sp, Leptospira spp, and chicken globulins did not cross the placental barrier. Seemingly, serologic examination of the fetus was reliable for the diagnosis of ovine congential toxoplasmosis.
Complement immunofluorescence in sera of dogs with pemphigus foliaceus
Authors: Medleau Linda , Dawe Donald L. , Scott Danny W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sera from 14 dogs with active pemphigus foliaceus were tested for the presence of circulating antiepithelial antibodies. These antibodies could not be detected in the dogs with indirect immunofluorescent staining or in vitro complement-staining methods.
Pharmacokinetics of selenium administered parenterally at toxic doses in sheep
Authors: Blodgett D. J. , Bevill R. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pharmacokinetics of Se were evaluated in 24 female crossbred sheep, 8 to 14 months of age, after toxic doses of Se were administered. Five groups of 4 sheep each were given 0.4, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, or 1 mg of Se/kg of body weight, im. Nine of these sheep died within 36 hours after Se administration. Blood Se disappearance curves were triphasic for the 11 sheep that lived for at least 36 hours after Se administration and were biphasic for the 9 sheep that died within 36 hours. The λ2 rate constants of Se disposition after im administration indicated a dose dependency. Sheep given 0.4, 0.6, 0.7, or 0.8 mg of Se/kg had λ2 rate constants of 0.110, 0.079, 0.046, and 0.034 hour−1, respectively (r2 = 0.97). The respective half-lives of the 2nd distributive phase after im administration were 6.3, 8.8, 15.1, and 20.4 hours. In the 11 sheep that had triphasic pharmacokinetics, the mean λ3 elimination rate was 0.0011 hour−1.
Four additional sheep were given 0.7 mg of Se/kg, iv. These sheep survived and had blood Se disappearance curves that were triphasic. In the 4 sheep given Se iv, the mean λ3 elimination rate was 0.0020 hour-1, which represented a biological half-life of 354 hours or 14.7 days.
Effect of jejunal loop location on the activity of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin in 4- to 5-week-old pigs
Authors: Dove Charles R. , Zinn Gene M. , Veum Trygve L. , Ellersieck Mark R. , Parker Charlotte D. , White Arnold A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Heat-stable enterotoxin (STa) from Escherichia coli strain 431 was injected into the jejunum of 4 pigs from each of 3 litters, using a ligated intestinal loop assay (with loops beginning 1 m caudad to the pylorus). The jejunum was divided into 4 contiguous areas, with 4 loops in each area. Doses of 0, 10, 100, or 1,000 ng of purified toxin (10 ng/ mouse unit) were injected into the loops within an area, using a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Fluid accumulation in the loops increased (P < 0.05) with increasing concentrations of STa in pigs in all litters, but the magnitude of the response varied across litters. Fluid responses to the STa varied in the different areas of the jejunum, with pigs in 2 litters having a decrease (P < 0.05) in the response to STa in the caudal areas. These data quantitate the variability within the different areas of the jejunum of the young pig.
Retrograde flow of spermatozoa into the urinary bladder of rams
Authors: Pineda M. H. , Dooley M. P. , Hembrough F. B. , Hsu W. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Retrograde flow of spermatozoa into the urinary bladder of rams during electroejaculation (ee) was examined. In experiment 1, semen and 4 consecutive samples of the urine released during the first post-ee micturition were collected once a week from 6 rams for 5 weeks during the nonbreeding season. The overall mean concentration per milliliter and the mean total number of spermatozoa in the urine ranged from 3.06 to 4.32 × 106 and from 80 to 2,865 × 106, respectively. The spermatozoal concentration in sequential urine samples was not different between samples, indicating that these spermatozoa had mixed with the urine before micturition. The percentage of the total number of spermatozoa displaced during ee, which flowed into the urinary bladder (retrograde flow), varied among rams (range 3.9% to 80%). The overall mean percentage of retrograde flow during the nonbreeding season was 28.3%.
In experiment 2, a catheter was implanted into the urinary bladder of 6 rams (4 rams were from experiment 1), and semen was collected over 4 weeks during the subsequent breeding season. A urine sample was collected from the implanted catheter before ee. Immediately after semen collection, urine was collected by evacuating the bladder. The spermatozoal concentration in the pre-ee urine ranged from 0 to 1.3 × 106 (mean ± sd, 0.17 ± 0.38 × 106) and was significantly (P < 0.0001) lower than the spermatozoal concentration in the post-ee urine, which ranged from 1.10 to 22.55 × 106 (mean ± sd, 9.46 ± 11.30 × 106). The overall mean percentage of retrograde flow during the breeding season was 20.1%. Considerable losses of spermatozoa occurred during ee as a result of retrograde flow of spermatozoa into the urinary bladder. The magnitude of retrograde flow can be estimated by determining the number of spermatozoa contained in the ejaculate and those recovered in the urine released during the first post-ee micturition.
Antimicrobial alternatives for calf diarrhea: Enteric responses to Escherichia coli, deferoxamine, or gallium in neonatal calves
Authors: Fettman Martin J. , Brooks Patricia A. , Jones Robert L. , Mero Kendall N. , Phillips Robert W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Intestinal malabsorption or transferable resistance in enteric bacteria are potentially serious complications of routine oral administrations of antibiotics. On the basis of reports on antimicrobial effects of host iron sequestration and on synthetic iron chelators or competitors in vitro, 2 iron antagonists were studied for their potential as alternative antimicrobials for Escherichia coli diarrhea. Deferoxamine, a fungal iron chelator used to treat acute iron intoxication, and elemental gallium, a competitive inhibitor of iron activity in metabolic enzyme systems, were examined for their effects on enteric morphology and function in neonatal calves.
Twelve male calves were allotted to 4 groups: (1) given nonpathogenic E coli (control); (2) given enterotoxigenic B44 E coli; (3) given deferoxamine (50 mg/kg, twice a day); and (4) given gallium (4 mg/kg, twice a day). Calves were studied for 8 days, including the conduct of oral glucose and lactose tolerance tests on days 1, 3, and 7. By day 7, according to oral glucose and lactose tolerance tests, peak plasma glucose concentrations in all calves of groups 2, 3, and 4 were lower than those values in controls. The frequency of diarrhea was significant in all treated calves, and disease was most severe in the deferoxamine-treated calves. Quantitative cultural examination on day 8 showed significant numerical increases of jejunal and ileal E coli and ileal lactobacilli in deferoxamine-treated calves (group 3) and of ileal streptococci in gallium-treated calves (group 4) and showed jejunal and ileal overgrowths of Saccharornyces yeast in deferoxamine-treated calves. Histopathologic ranking of intestinal sections obtained on day 8 revealed more severe lesions in treated (groups 2, 3, and 4) vs control (group 1) calves and in gallium-treated (group 4) vs E coli-inoculated (group 2) calves. Alterations in enteric flora, morphology, and function indicated that, at the doses used in the present study, the 2 iron antagonists would not provide an efficacious alternative therapeutic approach.
Serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations in weanling horses fed carbohydrate by direct gastric infusion
Authors: Glade Michael J. , Luba Norman K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Plasma glucose and serum insulin, thyroxine, and triiodothyronine concentrations were monitored in 6 weanling Thoroughbreds after direct gastric infusion of solutions containing sucrose or casein. Neither plasma glucose nor serum hormone concentrations were affected by infusions of water or by infusions of 326 or 424 g of casein/250 kg of body weight. However, glucose and hormone concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.001) after infusions of 649 or 844 g of sucrose/250 kg. Initial rates of increase were more rapid and increases were subsequently reversed more rapidly when 844 g of sucrose/250 kg was infused than when 649 g of sucrose/250 kg was infused. Soluble carbohydrate in the digestive tract triggered specific responses in the serum thyroid hormone concentrations of weanling horses. Magnitudes and durations of these responses appeared to depend on the amount of carbohydrate present.
Radioimmunoassay for parathyroid hormone in equids
Authors: Roussel Allen J. , Lin Y. C. , Strait John R. , Modransky Paula D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Radioimmunoassay for parathyroid hormone (pth) in equids was performed on blood samples from healthy equids and equids with hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia. The assay was validated for equine carboxy-terminal pth. Manipulation of serum ionized Ca in healthy equids by infusing Na2 EDTA and CaCl2 produced an expected increase and decrease, respectively, in measurable immunoreactive pth. Intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation were 2.6% and 11.7%, respectively. The range of pth valves for healthy mature horse mares and geldings maintained on pasture was < 0.27 ng/ml to 0.92 ng/ml and for horse colts fed grain was 0.61 to 1.25 ng/ml. Serum pth values were measured on 2 equine patients with hypercalcemia, 1 pony with primary hyperparathyroidism and 1 horse with pseudohyperparathyroidism. Both patients had increased serum pth values.
Feline renal ultrasonography: Quantitative analyses of imaged anatomy
Authors: Walter P. A. , Feeney D. A. , Johnston G. R. , Fletcher T. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Maximal kidney dimensions from serial ultrasonograms were measured in 10 healthy cats. Because clinical ultrasonographic examination is often performed in conjunction with excretory urography, the effect of radiographic contrast medium-induced diuresis on dimensional change also was evaluated. Although a slight, statistically significant increase in size was observed (compared with kidneys scanned without contrast medium), this increase could not be detected on the basis of visual image evaluation alone.
Technique for measuring the area of canine articular surfaces
Authors: Probst Curtis W. , Eyster George E. , DeCamp Charles E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A method for measuring the surface area of canine articular cartilage was developed. Ten pairs of humeri were harvested from fresh canine cadavers. The articular cartilage of each humeral head was covered with liquid rubber latex applied with a brush to the margins of the articular surface. The latex cast was removed from the cartilage after the latex dried. Radial cuts were made in the cast so it could be flattened into a 2-dimensional plane. The surface area of each cast was then measured, using a compensating polar planimeter.
Renal functional relationships in dogs with glomerulopathies
Authors: Allen Timothy A. , Fettman Martin J. , Jaenke Roger S. , Wilke W. Lee 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, and nitration fraction were determined by measuring plasma disappearance of [14C] inulin and [3H]tetraethylammonium bromide after a single iv bolus injection was given to 8 dogs with membranous nephropathy, renal glomerulosclerosis, or renal amyloidosis. Glomerular filtration rate was decreased in the 8 dogs. Effective renal plasma flow was within reference values in 1 dog, increased in 1 dog, and decreased in 6 dogs. Filtration fraction was within reference values in 2 dogs and decreased in 6 dogs. The glomerular filtration rate also was estimated by the endogenous creatinine clearance technique and was decreased in the 8 dogs with glomerulopathies.
Efficacy of a streptomycin-dependent, live Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine against challenge exposure to Pasteurella haemolytica in cattle
Authors: Blanchard-Channell M. T. , Ashfaq M. K. , Kadel W. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A streptomycin-dependent, live Pasteurella haemolytica vaccine was given in 1 or 2 doses to 2 groups of weaned calves; 2 other groups of calves were not vaccinated. All calves in the vaccinated groups and calves in 1 of the nonvaccinated groups were stressed by transport, intratracheally inoculated with bovine herpesvirus type-1 (Cooper strain), and then intratracheally inoculated with P haemolytica type Al. The 4th group of calves (nonvaccinated controls) was not stressed and were not intratracheally inoculated with virus or bacteria. Mean daily weight gains, total clinical sign scores, lung lesion scores, plasma fibrinogen concentrations, and antibody titers against P haemolytica were determined at various intervals. Calves that had been vaccinated twice had greater mean daily weight gains and lower total clinical sign scores and lung lesion scores than did nonvaccinated, challenge-exposed calves, but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Calves vaccinated once had the greatest mean daily weight gains, the lowest total clinical sign scores, and the lowest lung lesion scores when compared with the other 2 challenge-exposed groups of calves. Mean daily weight gains and total clinical sign scores of calves vaccinated once were significantly different (P < 0.05) than those of calves vaccinated twice. Nonvaccinated, non-challenge-exposed control calves did not develop clinical signs of disease, did not develop lung lesions, and had consistently positive daily weight gains, and had scores in these areas that were significantly different (P < 0.05) from those of all challenge-exposed groups of calves. Increases in plasma fibrinogen concentrations corresponded to infection with P haemolytica. Antibody titers against P haemolytica were not consistent among animals in any group, and a significant correlation was not found between antibody titers and the severity of illness.
Persistence of colonies of Anaplasma marginale in overwintering Dermacentor variabilis
Authors: Logan Thomas M. , Kocan Katherine M. , Edwards Wanda , Hair Jakie A. , Claypool P. L. , Ewing S.A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dermacentor variabilis were infected as nymphs with Anaplasma marginale by allowing the ticks to feed on a single infected donor calf. Two weeks after molting to the adult stage, the ticks were allotted into 1 of 3 groups and were allowed to overwinter at room temperature (25 C) in the laboratory (group 1), cold storage (4.5 C) in the laboratory (group 2), or outdoors in leaf litter (group 3). Persistence of A marginale was assessed by determining density of colonies (number of colonies/0.1 mm2 of gut tissue examined) in tick gut specimens at 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12 months after molting to the adult stage. Colonies of A marginale were found in all groups at every density evaluation period. Highest colony densities were observed uniformly in specimens collected at month 7 (May); densities decreased at month 9 and were lowest at month 12. Statistical analysis indicated that ticks subjected to cold storage and to outdoor conditions had similar colony densities of A marginale; the density curve in these 2 groups indicated significant quadratic effects over time, with peak densities in May. Mean colony density in ticks kept at room temperature fit a different quadratic equation. The morphologic data indicated that A marginale overwinters in Dermacentor variabilis, and that increasing numbers of organisms are found from January to May.