bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Assessment of State Agencies That Affect Forests
Authors: Ellefson P.V. , Moulton R.J. , Kilgore M.A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A 2000 assessment finds that state agencies affecting forest conditions are dispersed over all levels of state government and that a state's lead forestry agency is often but one of many units involved in forestry. Most of these agencies directly determine forest uses and forest management activities, yet many affect forest conditions through programs focused on fisheries and wildlife, water pollution, and park and recreation management. The consequences of dispersed responsibility for forests are usually viewed as adverse, yet there are also important benefits, including efficiencies arising from competition between agencies and additional ways that citizens can interact with government.
Southern Forest Resource Assessment highlights: Waters and Wetlands
Authors: Greis J.G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Public interest in the wetlands and waters of the South is high and likely to intensify as multiple demands on these resources inevitably increase. Indications are that widespread concerns about water quality will be joined by concerns for water quantity as the region's population and economy grow. The largely private forests of the South will likely be expected to satisfy even more public demand for wood products, recreational experiences, and ecological stability while generating clean water. The forestry community's response to these challenges will not only influence the quality of southern waters and wetlands, but will also likely dictate the operational flexibility that society permits forest managers in the future.
Thinking Like a Conservationist
Authors: Miller C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Government agencies at federal, state, and local levels use conservation to signal their attempts to balance economic development with environmental protection; some go farther and define conservation as the preservation of social capital and the built environment. Has the word lost all meaning? In the 19th century, George Perkins Marsh witnessed the destruction of natural resources and proposed conservation as a remedy. For Gifford Pinchot, the power of conservation as an idea would sustain human prosperity for all time. Aldo Leopold called conservation “a state of harmony between men and land” and found the word's true meaning in its call to live accordingly.
Forest Streamwater Concentrations of Nitrogen and Phosphorus: A Comparison with EPA's Proposed Water Quality Criteria
Authors: Ice G. , Binkley D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
To address the problem of excessive nutrients in US waters, the Environmental Protection Agency is developing water quality criteria for four types of waterbodies and 14 ecoregions. In this article we focus on total nitrogen and total phosphorus criteria for rivers and streams. A review of 300 streams draining small forested watersheds finds that nutrient concentrations often exceed EPA's proposed criteria. More detailed nutrient concentration patterns were evaluated for eight unmanaged research forested watersheds, three of which would have failed EPA criteria and been identified as impaired. Finer-scale tools would more precisely reflect water quality patterns and make the nutrient criteria rational, physically achievable, and biologically relevant.
Adaptive Management and the Northwest Forest Plan: Rhetoric and Reality
Authors: Stankey G.H. , Bormann B.T. , Ryan C. , Shindler B. , Sturtevant V. , Clark R.N. , Philpot C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Adaptive management represents a process to use management policies as a source of learning, which in turn can inform subsequent actions. However, despite its appealing and apparently straightforward objectives, examples of successful implementation remain elusive, and a review of efforts to implement an adaptive approach in the Northwest Forest Plan proves the point. Barriers include an institutional and regulatory environment that stymies innovation, increasing workloads coupled with declining resources that constrain learning-based approaches, and a lack of leadership. The time is right to learn from experiences and consider alternatives.
Market and Resource Impacts of a Canadian Lumber Tariff
Authors: Adams D.M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Recent imposition of another import tariff on Canadian softwood lumber found support both as a means to offset alleged unfair Canadian cost advantages and to force reductions in Canadian old-growth harvest. Our analysis provides estimates of the traditional market impacts associated with this policy, plus the less commonly considered resource tradeoffs. The gross revenues of US lumber producers and private timber sellers will rise at the expense of increased expenditures by US lumber consumers. Timber harvest will decline in Canada but rise on private lands in the United States, lowering US softwood inventories.
NASA and Russian Scientists Observe Land-Cover and Land-Use Change and Carbon in Russian Forests
Authors: Bergen K.M. , Conard S.G. , Houghton R.A. , Kasischke E.S. , Kharuk V.I. , Krankina O.N. , Ranson K.J. , Shugart H.H. , Sukhinin A.I. , Treyfeld R.F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In 1997, several project teams of the NASA Land-Cover Land-Use Change Program began working with Russian organizations to try to quantify and understand the past, present, and future land-cover and land-use trends in Russian boreal forests. Selected results of completed and ongoing research projects are discussed in four categories: forest dynamics, fire and fire behavior, carbon budgets, and new remote sensing analysis methods. This research has helped pave the way for collaborations with international organizations and other networks, and collaborations at several scales are now making it possible for Russian and US scientists to work together to further our knowledge on the influence of land-cover and land-use change throughout the world.
Meeting the Needs of Nepal's Poor: Creating Local Criteria and Indicators of Community Forestry
Authors: Smith P.D. , Chhetri B.B.K. , Regmi B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Community forestry holds great potential to improve the situation of poor people through provision of basic forest products. However, Nepal's traditional caste and wealth structures can lead to forest management that does not meet the needs of poor people. Locally created criteria and indicators of success offer an opportunity to incorporate values of status equality into community visions for the future. In this study, we identify similarities and differences between the goals of rich and poor users to determine the aspects of community forestry that require special attention during creation of criteria and indicators.
Fuel Reduction Strategies in Forest Communities: A Longitudinal Analysis of Public Support
Authors: Shindler B. , Toman E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study uses panel data from a mail survey administered to the same individuals in 1996 and 2000 to measure change in public attitudes toward fire management programs on federal lands in eastern Oregon and Washington. Findings were generally similar between 1996 and 2000, but three noteworthy changes occurred over the four-year interval. First, the number of citizens who view smoke as a problem has risen. Second, citizens gave Forest Service information programs lower ratings and considered other sources of information more reliable. And finally, the relationship between the Forest Service and residents in the region appears to have eroded. Nevertheless, respondents continued to support prescribed fire and mechanized thinning for fuel reduction purposes in local forests.
Timber Harvests and Forest Neighbors: The Urban Fringe Research Project at Oregon State University
Authors: Shelby Bo , Tokarczyk John A. , Johnson Rebecca L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
As urban and suburban populations grow, the urban fringe has expanded into once-remote forests. With this growth, the complexity and cost associated with harvesting have increased, along with public disputes and the potential for legal actions. To better identify and understand forest border residents' interests and concerns about harvest activities, residents of the McDonald Forest Estates (a neighborhood bordering the Oregon State University Research Forest) were consulted and surveyed prior to a proposed harvest. Results show interesting patterns of preferences for specific harvest treatments and illustrate the more general issues that concern border residents, including buffers, duration of activities, safety, regrowth, and impacts on recreation and aesthetics.
Policy Analysis and National Forest Appeal Reform
Authors: Mortimer Michael J. , Scardina Anthony V. , Jenkins Dylan H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The USDA Forest Service appeals process has affected the management of national forests for nearly a century. Concerns over wildfire and forest health have recently focused attention on the role of the appeals process in agency decisionmaking and management. A policy analysis framework is useful to illustrate the relationships in complex national forest management questions. Although reformation of the appeals process has previously been identified and recommended, stakeholders' interest in maintaining the current appeals process creates an obstacle. The current use of the appeals process represents a policy choice designed to address a particular national forest management concern, but changes in management priorities and methods suggest reconsidering the utility of the appeals process.
Old-Growth: What Is It?
Authors: Helms John A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Old-growth has been used and understood by foresters and ecologists for a long time. The term implies that the organism must be old, becoming overmature, senescent, slow growing, and declining in vigor. But the precise characteristics and attributes of the term are not identified. In recent years, the term has been used in diverse contexts and often in a value-laden manner. This causes confusion regarding exactly what is meant by old-growth and clouds debates about the management and conservation of the forests to which the term refers. Foresters and ecologists should consider taking the lead in defining the term and monitoring its use.
Coping with Interface Wildfire as a Human Event: Lessons from the Disaster/Hazards Literature
Authors: Kumagai Yoshitaka , Carroll Matthew S. , Cohn Patricia 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The human community impacts of wildland fire is an understudied area. This article reviews the human disaster and hazards literature in an attempt to discover lessons applicable to understanding the social impacts of fire in the residential/wildland interface. It is argued that those literatures are potentially very useful in developing an understanding of wildland fire as a human event. A number of lessons are derived including why people tend to be unduly optimistic in the face of environmental hazards such as fire and why the characteristics of the affected community are at least as important as those of the fire in understanding social impacts.
Assessing Fire Risk in the Wildland-Urban Interface
Authors: Haight Robert G. , Cleland David T. , Hammer Roger B. , Radeloff Volker C. , Rupp T. Scott 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Identifying areas of the wildland-urban interface (WUI) that are prone to severe wildfire is an important step in prioritizing fire prevention and preparedness projects. Our objective is to determine at a regional scale the relative risk of severe wildfire in WUI areas and the numbers of people and houses in high-risk areas. For a study area in northern lower Michigan, we first develop a spatial database of WUI areas (both intermix and interface) using housing data from the 2000 US Census and 1994 vegetation data from the Gap Analysis Project of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Then, we develop a spatial database of historic (pre-1900) fire regimes and current (1994) fuels to identify areas with high risk of stand-replacing fires. High-risk areas historically supported jack pine (P. banksiana Lamb.) and mixed pine forests with stand-replacing fire rotations less than 100 years and currently support upland conifer and hardwood forests. Analysis of the databases shows that 26% of the study area is WUI. About 25% of the WUI has relatively high fire risk. Over 88% of the WUI with high fire risk has low housing density (&lt;1 house per 2 ha) and is classified as intermix where fuels and structures intermingle. The predominance of high-risk intermix areas with low-density housing has implications for planning effective fuel treatments and evacuation plans.
The Speculative Shadow over Timberland Values in the US South
Authors: Wear David N. , Newman David H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In well-functioning markets, forestland prices capture a wealth of information regarding current as well as anticipated uses of land and resources contained on it. They reflect the valuation of current uses and incorporate information regarding productivity, standing timber capital, and the effects of taxes that apply to land and production. Land prices are speculative by definition, so they also incorporate information regarding anticipated future uses of the land and resources. A study of spatial patterns of assessed forestland prices in Georgia shows rising nontimber values in certain locations and suggests shifts in the future use of land and resources. As expected, land prices anticipate future development of forested land at the periphery of urbanizing areas. Rising timberland values also portend changes in land uses in some more rural counties. In these areas, it appears that low-density residential growth and recreational values are having an impact on the uses of timberland that is greater than previously thought. These findings provide some insights into the causes of ongoing shifts in ownership of forested land between industry, individuals, and equity concerns. Anticipated population and income growth in the South could hold important implications for both the supply of timber and the conditions of forestland in a large portion of the region.
Digital Video in the Classroom: Communication Skills for Future Resource Professionals
Authors: Shindler Bruce , Hino Jeff , Gordon Ryan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This article reinforces the need for effective communicators in natural resource organizations. It demonstrates the usefulness and accessibility of one communication format—video production—and provides a specific illustration of how Oregon State University is preparing future forestry professionals with a useful skill set. It draws on classroom examples to show how ideas can be merged with technology to deliver creative messages to citizens. It also describes the applicability of video beyond the university to forest agencies and organizations.
Environmental Consequences of Intensively Managed Forest Plantations in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Hayes John P. , Schoenholtz Stephen H. , Hartley Mitschka J. , Murphy Glen , Powers Robert F. , Berg Dean , Radosevich Steven R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Environmental consequences of intensively managed forest plantations (IMFP) are manifested primarily through influences on biodiversity, soils, and water resources. These consequences may be positive, neutral, or negative, depending on the spatial and temporal context and site-specificdetails. Many aspects of environmental consequences of IMFPs are increasingly understood, but significant gaps in our knowledge remain. Societal environmental goals and objectives of IMFPs remain poorly articulated and fuel a lively, often heated, social dialogue that will likely continuefor some time to come.
Public Influences on Plantation Forestry
Authors: Howe Glenn T. , Shindler Bruce , Cashore Benjamin , Hansen Eric , Lach Denise , Armstrong Ward 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
For plantation forestry to be successful, it must be biologically possible, economically feasible, and culturally adoptable (i.e., socially acceptable). We discuss social acceptability and plantation forestry in the Pacific Northwest, stressing that social acceptability is a judgmental process that is both provisional and dependent on many complex factors, and that most decisions are based on intuition, rather than a rational evaluation of all relevant choices. We suggest that conflicts over plantation forestry can be minimized by carefully considering social acceptability and by forging formal agreements (accords) that promote the goals of both environmentalists and forest industries.
Taking Stock of the International Arrangement on Forests
Authors: Auer Matthew R. , Karr-Colque Catherine , Samman Safiya 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The nonlegally binding international arrangement on forests (IAF) was established by countries in 2000 to promote management, conservation, and sustainable development of all types of forests and to strengthen long-term political commitment to this end. In 2005, its convening body, the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF), reviews the effectiveness of the IAF and deliberates on next steps. The review is likely to find that some of the most effective parts of the arrangement have occurred outside the negotiating chambers of the UNFF. Increasing the effectiveness and lasting impact of the arrangement requires that countries integrate forests into the broader international agenda for sustainable development, emphasize the contributions of forests to poverty alleviation and economic development, and, most importantly, translate policy into concrete actions.
Strategies for Forestry Success: Examples from the Early Years of the Pennsylvania Forestry Association
Authors: Linehan Peter E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Founded in 1886, the Pennsylvania Forestry Association (PFA) worked tirelessly to awaken the state government and people to the dangers of forest destruction. In its journal, Forest Leaves, the PFA advocated forest conservation and wise utilization of resources. It also educated the public about forest science. The article describes some of the successful conservation strategies derived from the first 20 years of Forest Leaves.
The Applicant Is No Gentleman: Women in the Forest Service
Authors: Lewis James G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
For much of the 20th century, the esprit de corps of the Forest Service depended heavily on the notion of the agency as an elite fraternity. The job of forester itself—a combination of lumberjack, frontiersman, explorer, and Old West sheriff—provided an opportunity for men to live the “strenuous life,” that most masculine of lifestyles. The reality, however, was that this boys' club could not have functioned nearly as well without the women in its midst. It is only within the last three decades of the 20th century that women have been admitted into the fraternity, and only after they forced their way in. The article is adapted from the book, The Forest Service and the Greatest Good: A Centennial History (Forest History Society 2005, Durham, NC) the companion book to the film, “The Greatest Good: A Forest Service Centennial Film.”
Estimating and Circumventing the Effects of Perturbing and Swapping Inventory Plot Locations
Authors: McRoberts Ronald E. , Holden Geoffrey R. , Nelson Mark D. , Liknes Greg C. , Moser Warren K. , Lister Andrew J. , King Susan L. , LaPoint Elizabeth B. , Coulston John W. , Smith W. Brad , Reams Gregory A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the USDA Forest Service reports data and information about the Nation's forest resources. Increasingly, users request that FIA data and information be reported and distributed in a geospatial context, and they request access to exact plot locations for their own analyses. However, the FIA program is constrained by law from disclosing exact locations and, instead, releases only approximate locations. The results of the study indicate that the effects of using approximate locations are negligible for design-based estimates for circular areas of radii greater than approximately 20 mi (32 km). For model-based estimates, the results are less definitive and depend on the modeling technique, the spatial resolution of units on which variables are observed, spatial correlation in the variables, and the quality of fit of the model to the data. Several methods for circumventing the effects of the approximate locations are discussed.
What Is the Fire Danger Now? Linking Fuel Inventories with Atmospheric Data
Authors: Woodall Christopher W. , Charney Joseph J. , Liknes Greg C. , Potter Brian E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The combination of forest fuel maps with real-time atmospheric data may enable the creation of more dynamic and comprehensive assessments of fire danger. The goal of this study was to combine fuel maps, based on data from the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the USDA Forest Service, with real-time atmospheric data for the creation of a more dynamic index of fire danger. Results indicated fuel loadings and moisture could be estimated for specific points on a meteorological modeling grid network (4 × 4 km; based on FIA's strategic-scale fuel inventory and atmospheric data) enabling the current assessment and 1- to 2-day prediction of fire danger as well as refined understanding of fire danger across forest ecosystems.
The Enhanced Forest Inventory and Analysis Program of the USDA Forest Service: Historical Perspective and Announcement of Statistical Documentation
Authors: McRoberts Ronald E. , Bechtold William A. , Patterson Paul L. , Scott Charles T. , Reams Gregory A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the USDA Forest Service has initiated a transition from regional, periodic inventories to an enhanced national FIA program featuring annual measurement of a proportion of plots in each state, greater national consistency, and integration with the ground sampling component of the Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) program. The transition has required conceptual and technical changes in the statistical methodology that supports the program. This article provides a brief historical perspective on the FIA program, announces publication of the statistical documentation supporting the program, previews individual chapters in the documentation, and provides a brief discussion of areas where investigations are continuing.
Distribution of Introduced North American Ash Species and Their Role in Lowland Forest Management in Croatia
Authors: Kremer Dario , Čavlović Juro 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
North American ash species were introduced 100 years ago in the lowland regions in Croatia to afforestation sites where the native narrow-leaved ash could not survive. Presence and distribution of these species were obtained on the basis of forest management plans. A total number of 1,917 subcompartments (16,970 ha) showing the presence of these species as pure stands, partial stands, groups of trees, or individual trees were established. Gauss-Krüger coordinates of subcompartment center points and a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 100 × 100-km grid were used for mapping the distribution of introduced ash species. The total standing volume of North American ash in the surveyed area is estimated to be 181,500 m3. In 90 randomly selected localities, the presence of green ash was confirmed, whereas white ash was not found. In the management of lowland forests in Croatia to date, the pioneer and ameliorative role of green ash in the preparation of habitat for the arrival and survival of narrow-leaved ash has been emphasized, though its economic function is not substantial. This North American ash will continue to have a minor but useful role in forest management on wet sites in Croatia.