bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Isothiazole Derivatives: Synthesis, Reactivity, Physicochemical Properties and Pharmacological Activity
Authors: Regiec Andrzej , Machoń Zdzisław , Miedzybrodzki Ryszard , Szymaniec Stanisław 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe synthesis and biological investigation of the series of amide and ester derivatives 10–20 of 5‐(4‐chlorobenzoyl)amino‐3‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolecarboxylic acid 5 are presented. Because the amide series of 5‐benzoylamino‐3‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolecarboxylic acid 2 has been studied extensively and from this series denotivir (vratizolin) 4 [1, 2] became the antiviral drug. The influence of exchanging the N‐benzoyl for a N‐(4‐chlorobenzoyl) group at position 5 of the isothiazole ring on the pharmacological activity of 5‐benzoylamino‐3‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolecarboxylic acid 2 derivatives is dealt with here. The effect of structure modifications in the carboxylic group of the 5‐(4‐chlorobenzoyl)amino‐3‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolecarboxylic acid 5 series of derivatives on their biological activity is discussed. Some of the tested 5‐(4‐chlorobenzoyl)amino‐3‐methyl‐4‐isothiazolecarboxylamides revealed significant anti‐inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced edema and air‐pouch inflammation tests. Physicochemical properties of 6‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐methylisothiazolo[5,4‐d]‐4H‐1,3‐oxazin‐4‐one 6 are described. Its use in the synthesis of isothiazole derivatives and its reactivity are also presented.
Mechanism of Remote Conjugate Addition of Lithium Organocuprates to Polyconjugated Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Yoshikai Naohiko , Yamashita Tatsuya , Nakamura Eiichi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRegioselective reaction of a lithium organocuprate (R2CuLi) and a polyconjugated carbonyl compound affords a remote‐conjugate‐addition product. This reaction proceeds particularly cleanly when the conjugation is terminated by a CC triple bond. The reaction pathways and the origin of the regioselectivity of this class of transformations are explored with the aid of density functional calculations. The outline of the reaction pathway is as follows. An initially formed β‐cuprio(III) enolate intermediate undergoes smooth copper migration along the conjugated system. This process takes place faster than reductive elimination of intermediary σ/π‐allylcopper(III) species, since the latter reaction disrupts the conjugation in the substrate and hence is not preferred. The copper migration to the acetylenic terminal affords a σ/π‐allenylcopper(III) intermediate, which undergoes facile and selective CC bond forming reductive elimination at the terminal carbon atom. The present mechanistic framework shows good agreement with some pertinent experimental data, including 13C NMR chemical shifts and kinetic isotope effects.
One‐Shot Double Elimination Process: A Practical and Concise Protocol for Diaryl Acetylenes
Authors: Orita Akihiro , Taniguchi Hisataka , Otera Junzo 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA variety of diaryl acetylenes were obtained in good yields when lithium hexamethyldisilazide was added to a solution of arylmethyl sulfone, aryl aldehyde, and chlorodiethylphosphate in THF. In this one‐shot process, a number of transformations such as aldol reaction, phosphorylation of aldolate, and double elimination of the resulting β‐substituted sulfone proceeded successively to afford the desired acetylenes. The one‐shot process was accelerated by the substitution of halogen atoms on the phenyl groups, and unsymmetrically substituted diaryl acetylenes were obtained without contamination of the dehalogenated products. Diaryl acetylenes with other substituents such as CF3, ethoxycarbonyl, dimethylamino, TMS‐acetylene groups, as well as pyridinyl and thienyl moieties were also accessible with this method. However, methoxy‐substituted compounds were obtained in moderate yields under the same conditions, but the yields were increased when lithium diisopropylamide was used instead.
Extremely low frequency electromagnetic field exposure promotes differentiation of pituitary corticotrope‐derived AtT20 D16V cells
Authors: Lisi Antonella , Ledda Mario , Rosola Emanuela , Pozzi Deleana , Emilia Enrico D′ , Giuliani Livio , Foletti Alberto , Modesti Andrea , Morris Stephen J. , Grimaldi Settimio 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe pituitary corticotrope‐derived AtT20 D16V cell line responds to nerve growth factor (NGF) by extending neurite‐like processes and differentiating into neurosecretory‐like cells. The aim of this work is the study of the effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF‐EMF) at a frequency of 50 Hz on these differentiation activities. To establish whether exposure to the field could influence the molecular biology of the cells, they were exposed to a magnetic flux density of 2 milli‐Tesla (mT). Intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i ) and intracellular pH (pHi) were monitored in single exposed AtT20 D16V cells using fluorophores Indo‐1 and SNARF for [Ca2+]i and pHi, respectively. Single‐cell fluorescence microscopy showed a statistically significant increase in [Ca2+]i followed by a drop in pHi in exposed cells. Both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission microscopy of exposed AtT20 D16V cells show morphological changes in plasma membrane compared to non‐exposed cells; this modification was accompanied by a rearrangement in actin filament distribution and the emergence of properties typical of peptidergic neuronal cells—the appearance of secretory‐like granules in the cytosol and the increase of synaptophysin in synaptic vesicles, changes typical of neurosecretory‐like cells. Using a monoclonal antibody toward the neurofilament protein NF‐200 gave additional evidence that exposed cells were in an early stage of differentiation compared to control. Pre‐treatment with 0.3 µM nifedipine, which specifically blocks L‐type Ca2+ channels, prevented NF‐200 expression in AtT20 D16V exposed cells. The above findings demonstrate that exposure to 50 Hz ELF‐EMF is responsible for the premature differentiation in AtT20 D 16 V cells. Bioelectromagnetics 27:641–651, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Corporate environmental performance evaluation: a measurement model and a new concept
Authors: Xie Shuangyu , Hayase Kohji 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWhile many third‐party organizations are practically evaluating corporate environmental performance (CEP), few academic studies have paid attention to third‐party environmental performance evaluation (EPE). To answer the question of what should be measured for third‐party EPE, we develop an environmental performance measurement (EPM) model consisting of environmental management performance (EMP) and environmental operational performance (EOP), and hypothesize that EMP be measured by four management performance indicators (MPIs: organizational system, stakeholder relations, operational countermeasures and environmental tracking) and EOP be measured by two operational performance indicators (OPIs: inputs and outputs). Further, to answer the question of how to enable third‐party EPE comparable across companies from different (sub‐)sectors, we propose to use the environmental intensity change index (EICI) as a measure of OPIs. Empirical tests confirm that the EICI and the evaluation based on it are comparable across companies from different sub‐sectors. Empirical tests also support the existence of the MPIs and OPIs and the two‐dimensioned constructs of CEP. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Bilateral duplicated internal jugular veins: Case study and literature review
Authors: Downie S.A. , Schalop L. , Mazurek J.N. , Savitch G. , Lelonek G.J. , Olson T.R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA rare bilateral duplication of the internal jugular vein (IJV) was discovered during cadaveric dissection. From each jugular foramen, a single IJV descended to the level of the hyoid bone then divided into medial and lateral veins. The medial IJVs traveled in the carotid sheath; the lateral IJVs coursed posterolateral to the sheath across the lateral cervical region (posterior triangle) of the neck. On the right side, medial and lateral IJVs entered the subclavian vein separately. C2–C3 anterior rami and the suprascapular artery passed between the medial and lateral IJVs. The right external jugular vein passed aberrantly between the heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) into the subclavian vein anterior to the lateral IJV. On the left side, the medial IJV drained into a large bulbous jugulovertebrosubclavian (JVS) sinus that received six main vessels. The lateral IJV diverged posterolaterally toward the border of the trapezius muscle, received the transverse cervical vein, and then turned sharply anteromedially to drain into the JVS sinus. The lateral IJV also gave an aberrant additional large vein that passed laterally around the omohyoid muscle before entering the JVS sinus. The left external jugular vein paralleled the anterior border of SCM before passing posterolaterally to terminate in the JVS sinus. Jugular vein anomalies of this magnitude are very rare. Determining the frequency of multiple IJVs is hampered by inconsistent terminology. We suggest that IJV duplication differs from fenestration anatomically and, potentially, developmentally. Criteria for characterizing IJV duplication and fenestration are proposed. The mechanism of development and the clinical significance of multiple IJVs are discussed. Clin. Anat. 20:260–266, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axillary arch in Bulgarian population: Clinical significance of the arches
Authors: Georgiev G.P. , Jelev L. , Surchev L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn order to study the incidence of the axillary arch in the Bulgarian population, we examined the axillary regions of 56 formol–carbol fixed human cadavers and observed two cases with a unilateral axillary arch. In the first case, the variant structure was situated on the right side of a 58‐year‐old female cadaver. The axillary arch extended from the lateral border of the latissimus dorsi to the posterior layer of the pectoralis major tendon. In the second case, the axillary arch was found on the left side of a 63‐year‐old male cadaver and had the same attachment points as in the first case. The innervation and blood supply of the arches are discussed. We have also reviewed extensive information concerning the clinical importance of the axillary arch, and for the first time, it was summarized clearly for clinicians. The summary consists of three parts: “diagnosis” of the axillary arch by physical investigation or imaging techniques; the axillary arch and surgical interventions in the region of the axilla; the axillary arch as an entrapment site for the axillary vessels and nerves. Clin. Anat. 20:286–291, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Position and altitude tracking control for toe support phase of biped walking robot
Authors: Takahashi Taro , Kawamura Atsuo 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNo paper has been published on the active use of the foot toe of biped walking robots. In other words, the sole of the supporting leg is usually assumed to completely contact the ground. To maintain this condition, the robot walking has a restriction such as the maximum walking speed limitation. If the point contact of the toe to the ground through walking is available, a variety of walking can be realized. In this paper, a new control method for biped robots, in which the contact of the sole to the ground becomes a point contact, is proposed. The COM (Center of Mass) and swing leg can track the desired path and each heel joint angle can be controlled by the proposed controller while a biped walking robot is following a forward falling. Therefore, the motion of the body does not need to be limited to quiet motion. The proposed method is verified by simulation and experimental results with “Ken,” a six‐joint DOF biped robot. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(1): 72–79, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (http://www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20094
Robust feedforward control system considering sudden disturbance for optical disk recording system
Authors: Ohishi Kiyoshi , Miyazaki Toshimasa , Inomata Koichi , Koide Daiichi , Tokumaru Haruki 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper proposes a new robust feedforward tracking servo system for optical disk recording systems in the case of a sudden disturbance for the optical disk recording system. In optical recording systems, the tracking servo system must suppress tracking error below its tolerance. This paper designs the robust feedback control system by using the coprime factorization and disturbance observer. The proposed robust feedback control system suppresses the sudden disturbance caused by walking and running. The detecting signal of optical disk recording systems is only a tracking error. Hence, the feedforward controller of the proposed tracking control system is constructed based on both Zero Phase Error Tracking (ZPET) control theory and prediction of tracking error. The experimental results point out that the proposed tracking servo system has a quick and precise tracking response and keeps the residual tracking error below its tolerance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(4): 60– 68, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20257
Modified multiobjective particle swarm optimization method and its application to energy management system for factories
Authors: Kitamura Syoichi , Mori Kazuyuki , Shindo Seiichi , Izui Yoshio 
Published: July 2006

AbstractConventional energy management systems (EMS) for factories have been developed to minimize energy costs. However, we have to reduce energy consumption and CO2emissions to preserve the environment. This paper proposes a multiobjective optimization method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) to minimize energy costs and CO2emissions, and presents its effectiveness through simulation results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(4): 33–42, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20269
Transient analysis on current sensor of resin molded type for measurement of power factor in power distribution system
Authors: Furukawa Tatsuya , Ohchi Masashi , Watanabe Yuki 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe authors have proposed the resin molded type of voltage–current sensor for the real‐time observation of the power factor. The sensor has been designed and implemented based on the FEM; however, the current waveform and practical power distribution system includes harmonic components due to the inverter‐fed power apparatuses in households and factories. Therefore, it is necessary to apply not the conventionaljω method but the finite‐difference approximation to the time derivative term in a transient electromagnetic field analysis using FEM. In the paper, the authors will show the result of electromagnetic field analysis of the sensor adopting the finite‐difference approximation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(1): 1–9, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (http://www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20294
Gait control for redundant legged biped robot at constant velocity and constant height of the waist
Authors: Shima Ryoichi , Haishi Masahiko , Shibata Masaaki 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a gait control method for redundant legged biped robot based on leg center of mass (COM) position control at constant velocity and constant height of the waist. The developed biped robot has redundant legs, which have four degrees of freedoms (DOFs) on each in the sagittal plane. The redundant DOF enables movement of its leg tip position and its leg COM position independently. Therefore, the proposed robot has structural capability to control the leg COM position for maintaining the projection of the total COM inside the support polygon without upper body motion. Such capability enables the stable static walk in the arbitrarily desired velocity and height of the waist motion. The validity of the proposed method for the static walk at constant velocity and constant height of the waist in the leg COM position control for redundant legged biped robot is confirmed by several results of simulation and experiment. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(4): 51–59, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20357
Sustainable society formed by unselfish agents
Authors: Kikuchi Toshiko 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIt has been pointed out that if the social configuration of the three relations (market, communal, and obligatory relations) is not balanced, a market‐based society as a total system fails. Using multiagent simulations, this paper shows that a sustainable society is formed when all three relations are integrated and function appropriately.When agent trades are based on the market mechanism (i.e., agents act in their own interest and thus only market relations exist), weak agents who cannot perform transactions die. If a compulsory tax is imposed to enable all weak agents to survive (i.e., obligatory relations exist), then the fiscal deficit increases.On the other hand, if agents who have excess income undertake the unselfish action of distributing their surplus to the weak agents (i.e., communal relations exist), then the trade volume increases. It is shown that the existence of unselfish agents is necessary for the realization of a sustainable society.The survival of all agents, however, is difficult in a communal society. In an artificial society, for all agents to survive and fiscal balance to be maintained, all three social relations must be fully integrated. These results show that adjusting the balance of the three social relations will lead to the realization of a sustainable society. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(1): 38–46, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (http://www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20368
Film properties and polycrystallization of organic dyes on ITOs with surface treatment for organic light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Iwama Yuki , Mori Tatsuo , Mizutani Teruyoshi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractITO (indiuTatsuooxide) has now been widely used as the transparent anode for organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs). We used various methods of ITO surface treatment and examined their effects by measuring contact angle and calculating surface energy. We also prepared OLEDs with ITO treated by each method, and estimated their characteristics. The surface of ITO treated by UV‐O3 or O2‐plasma was more hydrophilic than that treated by only organic rinse or no treatment, and consequently the characteristic of the OLED was improved. We suppose these treatments affect the hole injection from ITO into the organic layer, due to ionization potential or surface cleanness. We also investigated the time degradation of NPD films on the ITO substrates. The films deposited with a high deposition rate polycrystallized faster. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 156(4): 1– 8, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20379
Improvement of frequency change at Japan standard time
Authors: Hanado Yuko , Hosokawa Mizuhiko , Imamura Kuniyasu , Kotake Noboru 
Published: July 2006

AbstractJapan Standard Time is an average atomic time generated by a group of Cs clocks at NICT. Several years ago, a problem was found in the timescale, that is, the frequency change by the removal of a clock from the group. The reason turned out to be improper clock‐rate estimation of each Cs clock. We fixed the problem by revising the clock‐rate estimation method. After this revision, the frequency change on clock removal became small. We also derived a formula to express the frequency change of the timescale by using the data of the removed clock. In some simulations and actual Japan Standard Time, this formula demonstrated its validity for estimating the frequency change. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(1): 29–37, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (http://www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20384
Epitopes of human fibrin recognized by the rheumatoid arthritis‐specific autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins
Authors: Sebbag Mireille , Moinard Nathalie , Auger Isabelle , Clavel Cyril , Arnaud Jacques , Nogueira Leonor , Roudier Jean , Serre Guy 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFormation of the epitopes recognized by the rheumatoid arthritis (RA)‐specific autoantibodies to citrullinated proteins (ACPA) on filaggrin and on the α‐ and β‐chains of fibrin, their synovial target, requires conversion of their arginyl residues into citrullyl residues, but is also affected by their amino‐acyl environment. Using competition with five citrullinated filaggrin‐derived peptides bearing major ACPA epitopes, we confirmed the close cross‐reactivity between filaggrin and citrullinated fibrin. To identify the sequential epitopes recognized on fibrin by ACPA, 71 citrullinated 15‐mer peptides derived from all the sites of the α‐ and β‐chains of fibrin harboring arginyl residues were tested by ELISA using ACPA‐positive RA sera exhibiting different reactivity profiles to the five filaggrin peptides. We identified 18 fibrin‐derived peptides bearing ACPA epitopes. Regarding the ability of fibrinogen arginyl residues to be citrullinated in vitro, 11 of the peptides likely correspond to in vivo targeted epitopes. Two out of them bear major epitopes and are located in the central globular domain of the protein. In the synovial tissue, fibrin citrullination and ACPA binding could impair fibrin degradation by plasmin. The immunological conflict between ACPA and fibrin could therefore sustain synovial inflammation not only via pro‐inflammatory effector mechanisms but also via impairment of fibrinolysis.
An Enantioselective Fluorescence Sensor for Glucose Based on a Cyclic Tetrapeptide Containing Two Boronic Acid Binding Sites
Authors: Heinrichs Guido , Schellenträger Marc , Kubik Stefan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe synthesis and binding properties of carbohydrate receptor 1d, which contains two boronic acid binding sites facing each other at opposing sides of a cyclotetrapeptide cavity, are presented. According to electrospray mass spectrometry, 1H NMR spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy, this receptor forms stable 1:1 complexes with D‐glucose (Ka = 24800 ± 1200 M–1) and L‐glucose (Ka = 11900 ± 1600 M–1) in water/methanol (1:1) at pH = 11.7. Complexes with D‐galactose, D‐mannose, and D‐allose are significantly less stable, while D‐fructose, D‐ribose, and D‐xylose cannot be bound by cooperative action of both boronic acid binding sites. Thus, 1d possesses high affinity and selectivity in glucose recognition combined with good enantioselectivity. Moreover, fluorescence of 1d is quenched upon substrate binding, which allows the use of this receptor as an optical sensor for glucose in aqueous solution. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Cover Picture: Thermal Behaviour of Selected C10H16 Monoterpenes (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 15/2006)
Authors: Stolle Achim , Brauns Claudia , Nüchter Matthias , Ondruschka Bernd , Bonrath Werner , Findeisen Matthias 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe cover picture shows three molecules that constitute a thermal reaction network. On the left‐hand side the monoterpene hydrocarbon β‐pinene is depicted, which occurs in many resins of conifers, e. g. pine (lat. Pinus) or spruce. The molecules on the right‐hand side, limonene and myrcene, are thermal isomerisation products of β‐pinene pyrolysis and have a refreshing odour that is reminiscent of lemon or lime. Myrcene is a component of the essential oil of herbs like oregano, tarragon or hop. The article of B. Ondruschka et al. on p. 3317 ff. deals with the thermochemical network based upon the thermal isomerisation of β‐pinene.