bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two years of growth hormone therapy in young children with Prader–Willi syndrome: Physical and neurodevelopmental benefits
Authors: Myers Susan E. , Whitman Barbara Y. , Carrel Aaron L. , Moerchen Victoria , Bekx M. Tracy , Allen David B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInfants with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) typically display failure to thrive and decreased muscle mass with excess body fat for age. Growth hormone (GH) therapy in children with PWS improves, but does not normalize, body composition and muscle strength and agility. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of earlier GH therapy on anthropometric measurements, body composition, and psychomotor development in affected PWS infants and toddlers. Twenty‐five subjects, ages 4–37 months, were randomized to 2 years of GH therapy (1 mg/m2/day) or 1 year of observation without GH treatment and then placed on GH (1.5 mg/m2·day) for 1 year only. Anthropometric measurements were obtained by standard methods: percent body fat, lean body mass, and total body bone mineral density by dual x‐ray absorptiometry; motor constructs of mobility and stability by the Toddler Infant Motor Evaluation; and cognitive and language function by the Capute Scales of Infant Language and Cognitive Development. GH‐treated PWS subjects demonstrated normalization of length/height standard deviation scores (SDS), faster head growth, increased lean body mass accrual, and decreased percent body fat (P < 0.005 for all parameters), as well as improved language (P = 0.05) and cognitive (P = 0.02) quotient Z‐scores compared with similarly aged untreated PWS subjects after 1 year into the study. PWS subjects treated before their first birthday spoke their first words at a mean age of 14.4 ± 2.8 months and walked independently at 23.3 ± 4.8 months. GH therapy was well‐tolerated; however, one PWS subject experienced scoliosis progression. As greater benefits were seen in our study with early treatment, prompt referral to a pediatric endocrinologist for consideration of GH therapy is recommended for PWS at an early age. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A report of pure 7p duplication syndrome and review of the literature
Authors: Papadopoulou E. , Sifakis S. , Sarri C. , Gyftodimou J. , Liehr T. , Mrasek K. , Kalmanti M. , Petersen M.B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe report on a case of a 9‐month‐old female infant with a direct duplication of the 7p13‐p22.1 chromosome region diagnosed by combining conventional cytogenetic, FISH, and multicolor banding (MCB) studies. Traditional G‐banding detected a partial 7p duplication, which was further demonstrated to be entirely of chromosome 7 origin by using a whole chromosome paint for chromosome 7, and derived from 7p13‐p22.1 by MCB. The infant presented with characteristic dysmorphic features, psychomotor retardation, and generalized hypotonia. The phenotypic manifestations of partial 7p trisomy with or without other chromosome involvement are briefly reviewed. Our observations in combination with other cases confirm that 7p trisomy due to dir dup(7p) can be regarded as a defined chromosome syndrome. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A syndrome of holoprosencephaly, recurrent infections, and monocytosis
Authors: Jubinsky Paul T. , Shanske Alan L. , Pixley Fiona J. , Montagna Cristina , Short Mary K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe describe three siblings with holoprosencephaly, recurrent infections, and increased peripheral blood monocytes. These children were born to apparently healthy parents in a family with one unaffected child. Affected individuals had microcephaly, severe developmental delay, failure to thrive, and brachydactyly. The clinical courses were complicated by endocrine dysfunction, multiple respiratory, and skin infections. Laboratory studies showed normal karyotypes, normal lymphocyte function, and a peripheral blood monocytosis with markedly abnormal morphology. Mutation analysis of the seven genes (SHH, ZIC2, SIX3, TGI, FTDGF1, GLI2, and PTCH) known to be involved in holoprosencephaly was normal. This is the first report demonstrating an association between abnormal mononuclear phagocytes and holoprosencephaly. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modern Aldol Methods for the Total Synthesis of Polyketides
Authors: Schetter Bernd , Mahrwald Rainer 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aldol reaction is one of the most important methods for the stereoselective construction of polyketide natural products, not only for nature but also for synthetic chemistry. The tremendous development in the field of aldol additions during the last 30 years has led to more and more total syntheses of complicated natural products. This Review illustrates by means of selected syntheses of natural products the new variants of the aldol addition. This includes aldol additions with various metal enolates, as well as metal‐complex‐catalyzed, organocatalytic, and biocatalytic methods.
Identification of reheat furnace temperature models from closed‐loop data—an industrial case study
Authors: Samyudia Yudi , Sibarani Hatopan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis work deals with the application of prediction error (PE) method to identify the furnace temperature models from a set of closed‐loop data. In this study, we gather a set of measurement data of the set points of the furnace zone temperatures as inputs and the furnace sidewall temperatures as outputs under a dynamic change of the slab pace rate. Owing to the complexity of its process dynamics, we assume no knowledge about the nature of the feedback mechanism. By treating the slab pace rate as an additive external signal, we show that the closed‐loop data is informative for applying a direct approach to the closed‐loop identification using the PE method, but only for a particular class of model structures. Model validation results support this analysis, in which the identified ARX, Box–Jenkins, and state‐space models are reasonably better than the identified FIR models, according to the Akaike's index and the one‐step‐ahead prediction criteria. The residual analysis reveals that the identified ARX, Box–Jenkins, and state‐space models do satisfy a 99% confidence region of its auto‐ and cross‐correlation functions. Moreover, we find out that, for the collected data, there is no significant difference in the model predictive quality when applying the MISO and MIMO PE methods using the state‐space model structure. © 2006 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Should we continue teaching anatomy by dissection when …?
Authors: Rizzolo Lawrence J. , Stewart William B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe central role that human dissection has long held in clinical education is being reevaluated in many institutions. Despite the impression that many institutions are abandoning dissection, very few have and most of those have reinstated dissection within a few years. What are the inherent qualities that lead institutions back to dissection? In our efforts to redesign a shortened dissection course, our consultations with a broad range of clinicians lead us to understand how the rhythms of clinical practice are modeled and developed in the small‐group setting of the dissection laboratory. Following further consultation with colleagues who have experimented with different models of anatomy instruction, we discuss three themes in support of dissection. First, problem‐solving in the dissection laboratory develops the habits‐of‐mind of clinical practice. Second, relating dissection to imaging modalities develops the spatial reasoning skills needed to understand computer simulations, interpret imaging data, and interact with surgeons, radiologists, and patients. Third, the human face of dissection fosters self‐reflection and integration of the cognitive and affective skills required for medical practice. Through group process, the collaborative effort of dissection teams develops essential of attributes of clinical professionalism. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 289B:215–218, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy meets architecture: Designing new laboratories for new anatomists
Authors: Trelease Robert B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGeneral notions of architecture are familiar to anatomists, and they frequently use the word in describing the functional structures of cells, tissues, and whole organisms. Beyond concepts relating to orderly structure, anatomists infrequently encounter the profession of architecture and practicing architects. Significantly, anatomists can work with architects in the design and building of laboratories and classrooms, efforts that can have sustained effects on the practice of anatomy. In this paper, we consider cooperative interactions between anatomists and architects in designing new laboratories that accommodate educational innovations and increasingly valuable dissection resources. We begin by introducing architecture and architects in their roles in design and building. We next consider essential features and technologies for new laboratories that support a combination of classical dissection, prosection, models, and computer‐based information. Different working conditions are reviewed for designing renovations of existing facilities, long‐term planning for new, same‐institution buildings, and extramural planning and construction for new medical schools. Whatever the project, anatomists work with architects in repeated interactive planning meetings that arrive at working laboratory designs by a process similar to successive approximation. In consulting on designs for extramural institutions, anatomists must balance client administration and faculty needs with objective oversight of practice‐side design features, constraints, and capacity for innovative uses with new curricula. Architects are the key agents in producing laboratories designed for flexible and innovative anatomical education, although client‐favored models for Internet‐based technology can limit future use of cadavers in multiyear teaching of medical and health sciences students. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 289B:241–251, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of Activity of Immobilised and Soluble Metalloporphyrins by NO Release of Oximes by Chemiluminescence
Authors: Lübbe Andrea Nicola , Rickerts Bianca , Duchstein Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe ongoing interest in very efficient systems for the imitation of cytochrome P‐450‐dependent monooxygenase reactions, consisting of metalloporphyrin and oxygen donor, prompted us to develop a method to compare the catalytic activity of soluble metalloporphyrins with those which have been immobilised on different silica surfaces. In this article, we describe a method which allows direct comparison between the catalytic activities of soluble and immobilised metalloporphyrins by measuring the NO release of cyclohexanone oxime. We observed that all metalloporphyrins are able to enhance the NO release of cyclohexanone oxime in the presence of iodosobenzene as oxygen donor. In case of cationic metalloporphyrins, no difference in the catalytic activity was determined. In contrast, for perfluorinated metalloporphyrins we ascertained a major loss of activity after immobilisation. These results led us to the assumption that it is not easy to compare quantitative results of NO releases if soluble and immobilised metalloporphyrins were used.
Synthesis, Acute Toxicity, and Analgesic Activity of New Derivatives of Pyrrole
Authors: Danchev Nikolai , Bijev Atanas , Yaneva Diana , Vladimirova Stanislava , Nikolova Irina 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTen pyrrole derivatives (including six new compounds) were synthesized and evaluated as potential platform for analgesic agents' development. Acute intraperitoneal toxicity and analgesic activity studies (acetic acid writhing test) were performed on mice with acetylsalicylic acid used as a reference substance. Products 3c, 3d, 3e, and 3h exhibited a dose‐dependant activity demonstrating 1.5 to 2.5‐fold better protections than the reference. The most prospective compounds comprised salicylic acid moieties, whose 4‐substituted derivatives were related to lower acute toxicity and considerable activity. 4‐[3‐(Ethoxycarbonyl)‐2‐methyl‐5‐(3,4‐dimethoxy‐phenyl)‐1H‐pyrrol‐1‐yl]‐2‐hydroxy‐benzoic acid 3c was pointed out as the most prospective substance due to its lower acute toxicity (378 mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally) and highest analgesic activity (up to 89.3% protection) in a dose range of 1/10 to 1/40 parts of LD50.
Titanium and Zirconium Complexes with Non‐Salicylaldimine‐Type Imine–Phenoxy Chelate Ligands: Syntheses, Structures, and Ethylene‐Polymerization Behavior
Authors: Suzuki Yasuhiko , Tanaka Hidetsugu , Oshiki Toshiyuki , Takai Kazuhiko , Fujita Terunori 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNew Ti and Zr complexes that bear imine–phenoxy chelate ligands, [{2,4‐di‐tBu‐6‐(RCH=N)‐C6H4O}2MCl2] (1: M=Ti, R=Ph; 2: M=Ti, R=C6F5; 3: M=Zr, R=Ph; 4: M=Zr, R=C6F5), were synthesized and investigated as precatalysts for ethylene polymerization. 1H NMR spectroscopy suggests that these complexes exist as mixtures of structural isomers. X‐ray crystallographic analysis of the adduct 1⋅HCl reveals that it exists as a zwitterionic complex in which H and Cl are situated in close proximity to one of the imine nitrogen atoms and the central metal, respectively. The X‐ray molecular structure also indicates that one imine phenoxy group with the syn CN configuration functions as a bidentate ligand, whereas the other, of the anti CN form, acts as a monodentate phenoxy ligand. Although Zr complexes 3 and 4 with methylaluminoxane (MAO) or [Ph3C]+[B(C6F5)4]−/AliBu3 displayed moderate activity, the Ti congeners 1 and 2, in association with an appropriate activator, catalyzed ethylene polymerization with high efficiency. Upon activation with MAO at 25 °C, 2 displayed a very high activity of 19900 (kg PE) (mol Ti)−1 h−1, which is comparable to that for [Cp2TiCl2] and [Cp2ZrCl2], although increasing the polymerization temperature did result in a marked decrease in activity. Complex 2 contains a C6F5 group on the imine nitrogen atom and mediated nonliving‐type polymerization, unlike the corresponding salicylaldimine‐type complex. Conversely, with [Ph3C]+[B(C6F5)4]−/AliBu3 activation, 1 exhibited enhanced activity as the temperature was increased (25–75 °C) and maintained very high activity for 60 min at 75 °C (18740 (kg PE) (mol Ti)−1 h−1). 1H NMR spectroscopic studies of the reaction suggest that this thermally robust catalyst system generates an amine–phenoxy complex as the catalytically active species. The combinations 1/[Ph3C]+[B(C6F5)4]−/AliBu3 and 2/MAO also worked as high‐activity catalysts for the copolymerization of ethylene and propylene.
The Analysis of Stratified 2 × 2 Contingency Tables
Authors: Berger Vance W. , Stefanescu Catalina , Zhou Yan Yan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe consider the problem of testing for independence against the consistent superiority of one treatment over another when the response variable is binary and is compared across two treatments in each of several strata. Specifically, we consider the randomized clinical trial setting. A number of issues arise in this context. First, should tables be combined if there are small or zero margins? Second, should one assume a common odds ratio across strata? Third, if the odds ratios differ across strata, then how does the standard test (based on a common odds ratio) perform? Fourth, are there other analyzes that are more appropriate for handling a situation in which the odds ratios may differ across strata? In addressing these issues we find that the frequently used Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test may have a poor power profile, despite being optimal when the odds ratios are common. We develop novel tests that are analogous to the Smirnov, modified Smirnov, convex hull, and adaptive tests that have been proposed for ordered categorical data. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Directed evolution of the 5'‐untranslated region of the phoA gene in Escherichia coli simultaneously yields a stronger promoter and a stronger Shine‐Dalgarno sequence
Authors: Huang Xu , Zhang Xian‐En , Zhou Ya‐Feng , Zhang Zhi‐Ping , Cass Anthony E. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDirected evolution has been widely applied for gene improvement through random mutagenesis of coding sequences. Through error‐prone PCR both in the coding sequence and the regulatory sequence of E. coli alkaline phosphatase, the cellular enzyme activity has been efficiently enhanced. Sequence analysis revealed that the resultant mutant 34‐B12, which showed a sevenfold increased enzyme activity at the cellular level, contains three mutations in the regulatory sequence and another three mutations in the coding sequence. Activity assays of the enzyme containing the corresponding amino acid substitutions proved that the amino acid mutations contribute only to a small portion to the increased cellular enzyme activity. So the mutations in the 5'‐untranslated region were analyzed separately and combinationally. The results suggested that one mutation yielded a stronger promoter and the other two mutations both elevated the E. coli alkaline phosphatase expression at the translational level; moreover, a stronger Shine‐Dalgarno sequence was generated.
Development of a vaccine marker technology: Display of B cell epitopes on the surface of recombinant polyomavirus‐like pentamers and capsoids induces peptide‐specific antibodies in piglets after vaccination
Authors: Neugebauer Markus , Walders Birgit , Brinkman Marc , Ruehland Claus , Schumacher Thomas , Bertling Wolf M. , Geuther Eugen , Reiser Christian O. A. , Reichel Christoph , Strich Sandra , Hess Juergen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHighly immunogenic capsomers (pentamers) and virus‐like particles (VLPs) were generated through insertion of foreign B cell epitopes into the surface‐exposed loops of the VP1 protein of murine polyomavirus and via heterologous expression of the recombinant fusion proteins in E. coli. Usually, complex proteins like the keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) act as standard carrier devices for the display of such immunogenic peptides after chemical linkage. Here, a comparative analysis revealed that antibody responses raised against the carrier entities, KLH or VP1 pentamers, did not significantly differ up to 18 weeks, demonstrating the highly immunogenic nature of VP1‐based particulate structures. The carrier‐specific antibody response was reproducibly detected in the meat juice after processing. More importantly, chimeric VP1 pentamers and VLPs carrying peptides of 12 and 14 amino acids in length, inserted into the BC2 loop, induced a strong and long‐lasting humoral immune response against VP1 and the inserted foreign epitope. Remarkably, the epitope‐specific antibody response was only moderately decreased when VP1 pentamers were used instead of VLPs. In conclusion, we identified polyomavirus VP1‐based structures displaying surface‐exposed immunodominant B cell epitopes as being an efficient carrier system for the induction of potent peptide‐specific antibodies. The application of this approach in vaccine marker technology in livestock holding and the meat production chain is discussed.
Angiogenesis inhibition with bevacizumab and the surgical management of colorectal cancer
Authors: Thornton A D , Ravn P , Winslet M , Chester K 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
Bevacizumab is an angiogenesis inhibitor and a new therapy for the treatment of colorectal cancer. It is a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets vascular endothelial growth factor.

Methods
This review is based on a literature search of Medline, Pubmed, ISI web of knowledge and other published work for original articles, reviews and abstracts relevant to the surgical management of colorectal cancer with bevacizumab.

Results and conclusion
Combined with current chemotherapy regimens, bevacizumab offers a significant survival advantage, making it likely to see widespread use. Despite being generally well tolerated, serious toxicities, including wound complications and gastrointestinal perforation, have been reported that affect surgical management. Consideration should be given to the timing of surgical and adjuvant intervention when using this drug.
Traditional and virtual microscopy compared experimentally in a classroom setting
Authors: Scoville Sheila A. , Buskirk Trent D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe technology known as virtual microscopy is now widely available to medical students. A number of medical school histology and pathology course directors, including those at the Eastern Virginia Medical School, are exploring the question of how best to make use of this new tool. The current study compared the efficacy of teaching and testing one unit of histology, bone and cartilage, using two technologies, namely, virtual microscopy and traditional microscopy. Additionally, the study examined whether low, moderate, high moderate, or high achieving students perform more effectively in any of the learning/testing formats. In a completely randomized block design, 96 first semester, first‐year medical students were grouped by previous exam quartiles then subsequently randomly assigned to one of four groups. Using identical laboratory exercises with highly comparable slides for each experimental group, half of the subjects learned the exercise with traditional microscopy and half learned with virtual microscopy. Subjects were further randomly subdivided into virtual or actual testing groups. The authors found no significant differences in test scores when they examined effects by learning group or by testing group, nor were there significant interaction effects. Student performance evaluated by previous exam quartile was significant (P < 0.001). That is, students who had scored in a particular quartile on a previous test tended to score in the same quartile on the bone and cartilage test regardless of learning or testing method. In a short opinion survey, students were polled to evaluate their experience. Student preferences for both learning and testing method varied widely. Clin. Anat. 20:565–570, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Basic Study of Adhesion of Several Alumina‐based Washcoats Deposited on Stainless Steel Microchannels
Authors: Zapf R. , Kolb G. , Pennemann H. , Hessel V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe adhesion of several washcoats deposited on stainless steel microchannels was investigated by performing a mechanical test (drop test) after application‐oriented tests, temperature cycling, and water exposure. For this study alumina washcoats (γ‐Al2O3) and washcoats of commercially available alumina‐based catalyst powders (Pt/Al2O3, Rh/Al2O3) were used. The deposited washcoats showed very good adhesion not only for fresh samples but also after the application‐oriented tests.
Nucleoside–Metallacarborane Conjugates for Base‐Specific Metal Labeling of DNA
Authors: Olejniczak Agnieszka B. , Plešek Jaromir , Leśnikowski Zbigniew J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA general approach to the synthesis of nucleoside conjugates between derivatives of thymidine (T), 2′‐O‐deoxycytidine (dC), 2′‐O‐deoxyadenosine (dA), and 2′‐O‐deoxyguanosine (dG), and metallacarborane complexes is described. Metallacarborane–nucleoside derivatives are prepared by reaction of the dioxane–metallacarborane adduct with a base‐activated 3′,5′‐protected nucleoside. In the case of T and dG a mixture of regioisomers, which is easily separable by chromatographic methods, is obtained, thus yielding a series of modifications containing metallacarborane groups at the 2‐O, 3‐N, 4‐O and 1‐N, 2‐N, 6‐O locations, respectively; dC and dA are alkylated at the exo‐amino function. The proposed methodology provides a route for the synthesis and study of nucleic acids modified with metallacarboranes at designated locations and a versatile approach to the incorporation of metals into DNA.