bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cryptic speciation in two widespread subterranean amphipod genera reflects historical drainage patterns in an ancient landscape
Authors: FINSTON T. L. , JOHNSON M. S. , HUMPHREYS W. F. , EBERHARD S. M. , HALSE S. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe landscape of the Pilbara region of Western Australia has been relatively unchanged for 100 million years. The ancient river systems of this region might be expected to be sources of isolation and divergence for aquatic species. Hence, the occurrence of widespread groundwater taxa in this landscape offers the opportunity to examine associations between genetic diversity and drainage patterns. Pilbarus and Chydaekata are two widespread genera of subterranean amphipods endemic to the Pilbara, each occupying multiple tributaries. We used molecular data to examine the roles of drainage patterns in structuring genetic diversity. Gene flow within a tributary may be facilitated by the occasional occurrence of these amphipods in springs, which results in their downstream dispersal during episodic flooding. However, tributary boundaries may form hydrological barriers to gene flow, resulting in localised isolation of populations and divergence. Samples of both genera, collected throughout three river basins, were examined for sequence divergence in the cytochrome c oxidase I mitochondrial gene. There was no evidence of contemporary gene flow among populations of either genus, and each tributary contained highly divergent lineages, which were not associated with similar morphological differentiation. This suggests cryptic speciation has occurred, and similar phylogenetic signals in both taxa imply similar evolutionary histories. Surface populations may have been driven into subterranean refugia by the cessation of flow in the rivers, associated with Tertiary climate change, while morphological evolution may have been constrained by stabilising selection. The lack of congruence between molecular diversity and morphology raises important practical issues for conservation.
Characterization and distribution of Pogonomyrmex harvester ant lineages with genetic caste determination
Authors: SCHWANDER TANJA , CAHAN SARA HELMS , KELLER LAURENT 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGenetic caste determination has been described in two populations of Pogonomyrmex harvester ants, each comprising a pair of interbreeding lineages. Queens mate with males of their own and of the alternate lineage and produce two types of diploid offspring, those fertilized by males of the queens’ lineage which develop into queens and those fertilized by males of the other lineage which develop into workers. Each of the lineages has been shown to be itself of hybrid origin between the species Pogonomyrmex barbatus and Pogonomyrmex rugosus, which both have typical, environmentally determined caste differentiation. In a large scale genetic survey across 35 sites in Arizona, New Mexico and Texas, we found that genetic caste determination associated with pairs of interbreeding lineages occurred frequently (in 26 out of the 35 sites). Overall, we identified eight lineages with genetic caste determination that always co‐occurred in the same complementary lineage pairs. Three of the four lineage pairs appear to have a common origin while their relationship with the fourth remains unclear. The level of genetic differentiation among these eight lineages was significantly higher than the differentiation between P. rugosus and P. barbatus, which questions the appropriate taxonomic status of these genetic lineages. In addition to being genetically isolated from one another, all lineages with genetic caste determination were genetically distinct from P. rugosus and P. barbatus, even when colonies of interbreeding lineages co‐occurred with colonies of either putative parent at the same site. Such nearly complete reproductive isolation between the lineages and the species with environmental caste determination might prevent the genetic caste determination system to be swept away by gene flow.
Emerging Diseases: A Global and Biological Perspective
Authors: Zessin K.‐H. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe ‘Livestock Revolution’ and globalization with enormous increases in free trade of animals and food products are not a choice but a reality (Thiermann, J. Vet. Med. Educ., 28, 2001, 56). Conditions of modern life, some of them related to or being the result of globalization, ensure that factors responsible for disease emergence are more prevalent than ever. Categorization of the factors is somewhat arbitrary but are representative of the underlying processes that cause emergence. Major responsible factors include ecological changes, such as changes due to agriculture or economic development or to anomalies in climates, human demographical changes and behaviour, travel and commerce, technology and industry, microbial adaptation and change, and the breakdown of public health measures (Morse, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 1, 1995, 7). Furtheron, concerning pathogens, their most striking feature emerging and re‐emerging is their diversity, ranging from viruses and prions, over bacteria and rickettsia, fungi, protozoa to helminths. As presently the epidemiological perspective does not permit reliable prediction and prevention of most damaging new pathogens, and as the evolutionary perspective only provides rough theoretical estimates for selective processes in pathogen populations, surveillance and monitoring remain the most important methods to recognize early that ‘something has happened’. In light of the complexity and diversity of likely new emerging diseases, such surveillance may be more broadly targeted and aimed more realistically at early recognition of disease syndromes rather than at identifying microbial diseases. The complex and rapid‐paced development of international trade, coupled with increasing societal demands for not only abundant and inexpensive food as well as for protection from diseases originating from animals, demands immediate attention from the veterinary community. The inter‐relationship at the minimum between animal production, animal diseases and human diseases demands that we consider our concepts, methods and structures. There exists a huge growth area for the veterinary profession; substantial need exists for trained individuals who understand the science of foreign diseases, who can facilitate emergency management operations against diseases (Brown, J. Vet. Med. Educ., 30, 2003, 112) and who can contribute to adjust and strategically develop animal production systems further.
Glomangioma in the Prepuce of a Dog
Authors: Galofaro V , Rapisarda G , Ferrara G , Iannelli N 
Published: November 2006

ContentsA case of preputial glomangioma in an 8‐year‐old Springer Spaniel dog is reported. The dog presented a solitary nodular mass, approximately 3.5 × 5.2 cm in diameter, located on the lateral wall of the prepuce at the base of the penis. Histologically, the excised tumour mass consisted of proliferating round epithelioid cells arranged in a cordon‐like structure around small blood vessels. The neoplastic cells were positive for alpha smooth muscle actin and negative for cytokeratin, desmin, S‐100 protein and neurone‐specific enolase. Based on these pathologic features, the tumour was diagnosed as glomangioma, a neoplasm extremely rare in dogs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of preputial glomangioma in the dog.
Efficacy of primary hormonal therapy for patients with localized and locally advanced prostate cancer: A retrospective multicenter study
Authors: UENO SATORU , NAMIKI MIKIO , FUKAGAI TAKASHI , EHARA HIDETOSHI , USAMI MICHIYUKI , AKAZA HIDEYUKI 
Published: November 2006

Aim: A retrospective review of patients with localized and locally advanced prostate cancer was performed to evaluate the efficacy of primary hormonal therapy and predict long‐term prognosis in these patients.Methods: A total of 628 patients who were diagnosed with stage T1c to T3 prostate cancer were treated with primary hormonal therapy at participating institutions. The patients were classified based on pretreatment prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level, Gleason score, and time to nadir PSA level. Disease‐specific and progression‐free survival rates were investigated, and compared among the subgroups.Results: The mean age of patients was 74.5 years, and median pretreatment PSA level was 14.0 ng/mL. A total of 399 patients (63.5%) were treated with combined androgen blockade (CAB), and 229 patients (36.5%) were treated with castration monotherapy. The disease‐specific survival rate of all 628 patients was 89.1% at 8 years. The group that showed a good response to primary hormonal therapy (Group G, pretreatment PSA level ≤20 ng/mL, Gleason score ≤7, and time to nadir PSA ≤6 months) accounted for approximately one‐third of the total number of T1c–T3 patients. Disease‐specific and progression‐free survival rates at 8 years in Group G were 98.9% and 82.0%, respectively. These rates increased to 100% and 87.3%, respectively, in patients receiving CAB treatment in Group G.Conclusions: The results indicate the usefulness of primary hormonal therapy, especially CAB treatment, for patients showing a good response to hormonal therapy in long‐term control of localized and locally advanced prostate cancer.
Laparoscopic management of urachal remnants in adulthood
Authors: OKEGAWA TAKATSUGU , ODAGANE AKIHIRO , NUTAHARA KIKUO , HIGASHIHARA EIJI 
Published: November 2006

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the outcome of laparoscopic excision of urachal remnants (LUR), and to compare the outcome with that of the traditional open excision of urachal remnants (OUR).Methods: Between February 2001 and December 2005, six patients with a mean age of 23.8 years who had a symptomatic urachal sinus underwent radical LUR. Using 12 mm and 5 mm ports, the caudal stump of the urachus was ligated with an absorbable clip and divided. The peritoneal and preperitoneal tissue between the medial umbilical ligaments was dissected free of the transversalis fascia. Dissection was carried out along the preperitoneal plane toward the umbilicus. The cephalic side of the lesion was ligated at the umbilicus with an endo‐loop and divided. In addition, four patients who underwent a traditional OUR were included. Peri‐ and postoperative records were reviewed to assess morbidity, recovery, and outcome.Results: The operative duration was not significantly shorter for the LUR group than the OUR group, but there was generally a reduction in blood loss (mean 16.5 vs 68.3 mL), an earlier resumption of eating (mean 1.3 vs 2.5 days), and a shorter hospital stay (mean 5.3 vs 10.5 days). There were no intraoperative complications in either the LUR or the OUR group. Mean follow up was 5 (range 4–12) months. There were no postoperative complications.Conclusions: The results suggest that LUR can be safely and satisfactorily performed in adulthood.
Lower urinary tract dysfunction in type 1 familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy in Kumamoto, Japan
Authors: WADA YOSHIHIRO , ANDO YUKIO , KAI NOBUYUKI , TAKAHASHI WATARU , KIKUKAWA HIROAKI , NAKANISHI JURO , HONDA JIRO , JINNOUCHI YOSHITERU , UEDA SHOICHI 
Published: November 2006

Objective: To evaluate lower urinary tract dysfunction of type 1 familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) patients in Kumamoto, Japan.Methods: Lower urinary tract symptoms were evaluated in FAP patients. Urodynamic studies were evaluated in FAP patients as compared to those in control subjects. The location and distribution of amyloid deposits were evaluated in the urinary bladder in an autopsy case.Results: In lower urinary symptoms, 86%, 19% and 38% patients showed difficulty in urination, urinary frequency and urinary incontinence. In detrusor function during filling cystometry, 14% patients showed detrusor overactivity. Moreover, 43% patients showed low compliance bladder, 62% and 38% patients showed normal and reduced bladder sensation, respectively. First desire to void (FDV), strong desire to void (SDV) and post‐voided residual urine (PVR) were increased in FAP patients as compared to those in control subjects. In the urethral pressure profilometry, 71%, 10% and 19% patients showed incompetent, normal functional and overactive urethral closure mechanism, respectively. Maximum urethral pressure (MUP), maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) and functional profile length (FPL) were decreased in FAP patients compared to those in control subjects.Conclusion: Autonomic, somatic nerve systems and bladder detrusor musculature might be impaired in lower urinary tract of type 1 FAP patients in Kumamoto, Japan.
Serum amino acids as indicators of cerebrospinal neuronal activity in patients with micturition disorders
Authors: NISHIJIMA SAORI , SUGAYA KIMIO , FUKUDA TAKASHI , MIYAZATO MINORU , ASHIMINE SATOSHI , OGAWA YOSHIHIDE 
Published: November 2006

Objective: Our previous study showed that the spinal glycine level in rats was changed by spinal injury or bladder outlet obstruction, and this change was reflected by serum glycine levels. Therefore, we measured the serum glutamate and glycine levels in healthy volunteers and patients with cerebrospinal damage or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) to confirm whether the change of serum amino acid levels was obtained from these patients as well as the animal experiment.Methods: We measured the serum glutamate and glycine levels in 170 healthy controls, 57 patients with cerebrovascular disease (CVD), 68 patients with spinal cord injury (SCI), and 70 patients with BPH. Amino acid levels were compared between the controls and patients, according to gender, level of spinal injury and the type of bladder activity.Results: In the healthy controls, glutamate levels were higher and glycine levels were lower in men than in women. On group comparison of each gender, there were no differences of glutamate levels. However, glycine levels were lower in male and female SCI patients and BPH patients than in controls. According to the level of spinal injury or the pattern of bladder activity and amino acid levels, there were no relationships among them.Conclusions: Serum glutamate and glycine levels were not related to the spinal injury level or bladder activity. However, serum glycine levels changed in patients with SCI or BPH patients, so it may be possible to use it as an indicator of spinal glycinergic neuronal activity.
An embedded cohesive crack model for finite element analysis of mixed mode fracture of concrete*
Authors: SANCHO J. M. , PLANAS J. , GÁLVEZ J. C. , REYES E. , CENDÓN D. A. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTAn embedded cohesive crack model is proposed for the analysis of the mixed mode fracture of concrete in the framework of the Finite Element Method. Different models, based on the strong discontinuity approach, have been proposed in the last decade to simulate the fracture of concrete and other quasi‐brittle materials. This paper presents a simple embedded crack model based on the cohesive crack approach. The predominant local mode I crack growth of the cohesive materials is utilized and the cohesive softening curve (stress vs. crack opening) is implemented by means of a central force traction vector. The model only requires the elastic constants and the mode I softening curve. The need for a tracking algorithm is avoided using a consistent procedure for the selection of the separated nodes. Numerical simulations of well‐known experiments are presented to show the ability of the proposed model to simulate the mixed mode fracture of concrete.
Fighting for Life: South African HIV/AIDS Peer Educators as a New Industrial Relations Actor?
Authors: Dickinson David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis article examines HIV/AIDS peer educators in South African workplaces, drawing on research in five companies with large peer educator programmes. The research indicates that peer educators are primarily focused on reducing new HIV infections and ‘normalizing’ the epidemic by promoting change in the behaviour of individuals — a feature that is not accounted for by theories of workplace mobilization based on collective action. Similarly, their role is inadequately explained by theories on the emergence of new workplace actors based on the changing nature of work, shifting identity salience in society, and the nexus between workplace and communities as opportunities for union regeneration. After outlining the profile and activities of workplace HIV/AIDS peer educators, attention is paid to their motivations and methods of action, their relationship to management and unions, and the way in which they straddle workplace and community. The implications of this and the possible trajectory of workplace peer educators as a new industrial relations actor are discussed.
Paediatric eczema and psychosocial morbidity: how does eczema interact with parents’ illness beliefs?
Authors: Walker C , Papadopoulos L , Hussein M 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground  Thus far there has been relatively little work on children's illness representations regarding eczema and how these relate to parental conceptualizations of their child's psychosocial health. This is important because the challenge of raising a child with a serious illness can affect many facets of a parent's everyday life and the behaviour of parents can be closely related to the health of the child.Methods  Two hundred and thirty‐two children with eczema, asthma, eczema and asthma, and healthy controls between 7 and 12 years of age and their parents were recruited. Children were administered the Children's Illness Perception Questionnaire. Questionnaires completed by the parents were The Personality Inventory for Children and The Parental Stress Inventory.Results  Parents of children with eczema did not judge their children to have poorer psychosocial health than controls, but parents of children with eczema could not be distinguished between in terms of whether their child was significantly affected by their eczema or not.Conclusions  This work could have important implications for the quality of life of the child and for the parent–child relationship and these implications are considered.
Overestimating Outcome Rates: Statistical Estimation When Reliability Is Suboptimal
Authors: Hayward Rodney A. , Heisler Michele , Adams John , Dudley R. Adams , Hofer Timothy P. 
Published: November 2006

Objective. To demonstrate how failure to account for measurement error in an outcome (dependent) variable can lead to significant estimation errors and to illustrate ways to recognize and avoid these errors.Data Sources. Medical literature and simulation models.Study Design/Data Collection. Systematic review of the published and unpublished epidemiological literature on the rate of preventable hospital deaths and statistical simulation of potential estimation errors based on data from these studies.Principal Findings. Most estimates of the rate of preventable deaths in U.S. hospitals rely upon classifying cases using one to three physician reviewers (implicit review). Because this method has low to moderate reliability, estimates based on statistical methods that do not account for error in the measurement of a “preventable death” can result in significant overestimation. For example, relying on a majority rule rating with three reviewers per case (reliability ∼0.45 for the average of three reviewers) can result in a 50–100 percent overestimation compared with an estimate based upon a reliably measured outcome (e.g., by using 50 reviewers per case). However, there are statistical methods that account for measurement error that can produce much more accurate estimates of outcome rates without requiring a large number of measurements per case.Conclusion. The statistical principles discussed in this case study are critically important whenever one seeks to estimate the proportion of cases belonging to specific categories (such as estimating how many patients have inadequate blood pressure control or identifying high‐cost or low‐quality physicians). When the true outcome rate is low (<20 percent), using an outcome measure that has low‐to‐moderate reliability will generally result in substantially overestimating the proportion of the population having the outcome unless statistical methods that adjust for measurement error are used.
Immigrant Intentions and Mobility in a Global Economy: The Attitudes and Behavior of Recently Arrived U.S. Immigrants*
Authors: Massey Douglas S. , Akresh Ilana Redstone 
Published: November 2006

Objectives.In this article we develop a conceptual model connecting immigrants' objective circumstances to satisfaction with life in the United States, intentions with regard to naturalization and settlement, and concrete behaviors such as remitting and leaving the country.Methods.We analyze data from the New Immigrant Survey Pilot to estimate structural equations derived from our conceptual model.Results.Those expressing a high degree of U.S. satisfaction are significantly more likely to intend to naturalize and, because of this fact, are also more likely to want to stay in the United States forever. In terms of socioeconomic characteristics, however, those with high earnings and owners of U.S. property are less likely to intend naturalizing; and those with high levels of education are least likely to be satisfied with the United States, but satisfaction is itself unrelated to remitting or emigrating, which are determined by citizenship intentions and objective circumstances.Conclusions.The picture that emerges from this analysis is of a fluid and dynamic global market for human capital in which the bearers of skills, education, and abilities seek to maximize earnings in the short term while retaining little commitment to any particular society or national labor market over the longer term.
Political Orientations and Naturalization Among Latino and Latina Immigrants*
Authors: Pantoja Adrian D. , Gershon Sarah Allen 
Published: November 2006

Objective. This study adds to our knowledge of the naturalization process by considering the impact of political orientations in shaping the pursuit of U.S. citizenship among contemporary Latino and Latina immigrants.Methods. We draw on data from the 1999 Harvard/Kaiser/Washington Post “Latino Political Survey” and use ordered logistic regression analyses to test the effects of political orientations on immigrant naturalization.Results. Political orientations exert a powerful influence on naturalization beyond the traditional sociodemographic determinants. Furthermore, the impact of political orientations on naturalization varies by gender.Conclusions. Naturalization can be induced by stressing the importance of voting and being interested in politics. In addition, Latinas are more likely to pursue naturalization than Latinos and the factors driving their decisions systematically differ from those of their male counterparts.
Current General Trends inBeowulfStudies
Authors: Hill John 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis overview of late twentieth‐ and early twenty‐first‐century literary criticism charts the kinds of on‐going approaches diverse readers bring to the Old English masterpiece – approaches likely to be mainstays into the near future. The post‐structuralistBeowulfhas many faces: there is the archaicBeowulf, containing a dramatized social world from an anthropologically remote time and place; the feministBeowulf, where the center of contention is over the marginality or not of female figures; the psychologicalBeowulf, replete with one dynamic or another of the unconscious or of the projected, monstrous Other, which in turn yields a monster‐studiesBeowulf. We also have the oral‐traditionalBeowulfwith its political and ethnogenetic implications, the moralBeowulf, the comicalBeowulf, and finally the dragon‐inhabitedBeowulf. Dozens of studies have been organized to illuminate these categories, while the survey ends on suggestions that the poem may in fact be formed deeply according to some arithmetical or geometrical scheme.