bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Waning of the Aggressive Response in the Three-Spined Stickleback Upon Constant Exposure To a Conspecific. I, a Preliminary Analysis of the Phenomenon
Authors: Van Den Assem J. , Van Der Molen J.N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractStickleback males, which are held solitary under experimental conditions described above, give a more or less constant aggressive response toward a test-male (aggression test) when tested once or twice daily during a 4-day period following nest-construction. A distinct waning of this response is found in such males that have a continuous view of another male in a neighbouring territory behind a glass partition ('rival situation') : the frequency of biting decreases and becomes nil or fluctuates about a low level. Rival males and controls do not differ in the response toward a test-female (sex test). Therefore, rival males are said to have attained to a 'hypo-aggressive' condition. The stimulus situation that produces the waning of aggressiveness appears to have some specific properties, e.g. a goldfish neighbour does not lead to the same results. Waning of aggressiveness is also found toward the neighbour if it is used as a test-male. Waning is qualitatively independent of the presence of the glass partition, it occurs also in situations where neighbours can interact freely. Neighbours need not have a continuous view of one another to become hypo-aggressive, a (frequent) intermittent view leads to the same results. We conclude from our experiments that a recovery of aggressiveness, if present, takes place slowly (as a matter of days). A further analysis of the rival responses leads to the separation of three types: I, an unmodified response (similar to controls) ; II, a hypo-aggressive response without an increase of sexual activities toward the test-male; III, a hypo-aggressive response with an increase of sexual activities in addition. A large part of the type III males do not seem to discriminate a test-male and a test-female, the numbers of bites and zigzags in both test situations being nearly equal. Nest-building, or perhaps the presence of a complete nest, is a relevant factor for the occurrence of hypo-aggressiveness and the increase of sexual activities toward a test-male. The interaction of the aggressive and sexual tendencies is found to be entirely consistent with SEVENSTER'S (1961) results. In controls, biting and zigzagging result from the same aggressive and sexual tendencies irrespective of whether they are shown in aggression or in sex tests, and both tendencies are mutually inhibitive. The same conclusion is drawn for the interaction of aggressive and sexual tendencies in rivals. Though the interactions take place on quantitatively different levels, the relations of the tendencies remain qualitatively similar.
Aggressive Communication By Larus Gla Ucescens Part Ii. Visual Communication
Authors: Stout John F. , Brass Melvin E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPairs of complete models or wooden block models with adjustable stuffed heads of Larus glaucescens were placed in gull territories. Choice of attack on the models revealed that the head and neck of L. glaucescens are the parts of the body that release aggressive display in territorial behavior. When using models with the head and neck mounted in a normal posture, the upright threat model received a significantly greater number of attacks than the oblique model. The oblique model received a significantly greater number of attacks than the choking model. When comparing the reactions caused by the abnormal postured head at levels identical to those of the normal aggressive postures upright threat, oblique and choking, there were similar results. It was apparent that visual communication was accomplished by head level. A higher head level portrayed lower level of aggressiveness, whereas a lower head level portrayed greater level of aggressiveness and inhibited attack on the model. Secondary aggressive stimuli, such as squinted eyes and muscle tension, are probably not significant in evoking or prohibiting an attack.
Vocalizations Elicited By Electrical Brain Stimulation in Coturnix Coturnix Japonica
Authors: Potash Lawrence M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. Most of the natural calls emitted by adult Japanese quail in the breeding phase of their life cycle could be placed into 15 categories. Brain-stimulation elicited vocalizations resembled examples of 10 of the 15 call categories.
Patterns of Inheritance in the Bowing Display and Associated Behaviour of Some Hybrid Streptopelia Doves
Authors: Davies S.J.J.F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe bowing display of Streptopelia doves was studied in captive individuals of five species at Madingley, Cambridge, England from 1961 to 1964. The five species were S. roseogrisea-(risoria) (barbary), S. decaocto (collared), S. turtur (turtle), S. chinensis (necklace) and S. senegalensis (senegal). F1 hybrids were bred between the barbary and the other four species and single males of each of the F1 necklace x collared and senegal x turtle were also observed. F2 generation birds of the collared x barbary F1 hybrid, as well as some backcrossed birds were included in the study. Bowing displays were usually given only by male doves when close to another dove. The form of the bowing display differed from species to species and exhibited a typical intensity in each species. Each hybrid also had a bowing display of characteristic form. The ciné film showed that there was variation in form between the bowing cycles of any one bout, both in the pure species and in the hybrids. This variation could not be adequately described from the films taken in this study. The rate of bowing of each species was constant and differed from that of every other species. Hybrids also exhibited a typical intensity in this character. There was much more intra-specific and intra-hybrid variaton in the timing of individual movements within bowing cycles in a bout than in the timing of the bowing cycle as a whole. The relative variability of the different elements could be ranked, and in all species and hybrids studied the timing of the total cycle tended to be least variable and that of the pause at the top of the bow most variable. The frequencies with which bowing displays and kah calls were given under standard conditions, were measured, and provided two other behavioural characters whose pattern of inheritance could be studied. Three patterns of inheritance were found in each of these behaviour patterns of the F1 hybrids. In some cases the behaviour was intermediate between that of the two parents, in others it approximated the behaviour of one parent closely and in others again the hybrid's behaviour exceeded the range of either parent.
Classification of Social Signals in Squirrel Monkeys By Means of Cluster Analysis
Authors: Maurus M. , Pruscha H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
It is the chief aim of this project to reduce the extremely large number of observable actions of squirrel monkeys to a smaller number of classes of actions, which can be distinguished from each other in respect to their function in the communication processes of the animals. By means of such a classification, we want to increase the predictability of successive social signals. Using an agglomerative cluster method - in which the quantity trans information taken from information theory is responsible for the formation of the classes - such a classification based on two kinds of frequency matrices is found. That we actually obtain classes of actions having the same or at least similar meanings, is proven not only by way of the results derived from cluster-analysis, but also from an explicit study of the frequency matrices on which they are based. The biological relevance of the classifications we have found as well as the mathematical methods we have used is discussed.
Behaviour of Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus L.) At Calving Time
Authors: Clutton-Brock T.H. , Guinness F.E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRed deer on the Isle of Rhum (Inner Hebrides) show a well defined calving peak in late May and early June. Just before calving, hinds leave their usual social groups and move away from areas of high population density. Calves spend most of the day lying away from their mothers and are visited at intervals. During these visits, mothers show increased vigilance and flight distance from observers. When disturbed close to their lying calves, hinds are unwilling to approach the calf's position and may move the calf to a new area during the following 24 hours. Calves select their lying position with care, preferring to lie in long vegetation in places where they are sheltered from sight and can see the ground in front of them. All these behaviour patterns change during the first four weeks after parturition. The behaviour of hinds breeding for the first time differs little from that of experienced mothers.
The Relation of Scent-Marking, Olfactory Investigation, and Specific Postures in the Isolation-Induced Fighting of Rats
Authors: Adams David B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe temporal sequences of acts and postures of rats during tests for isolation-induced fighting were recorded and analyzed. Scent-marking and olfactory investigation, which have been related to fighting by previous studies, were particularly emphasized. From the data a model was constructed for the sequence of behaviors which lead to and maintain isolation-induced fighting. The typical sequence begins with olfactory investigation and scent-marking; the home rat initially investigates the intruder, and the intruder initially investigates the cage. The combination of olfactory perception of a strange male and a familiar environment, it was suggested, serves to trigger an offensive mechanism in the home rat which leads to bite-and-kick attack and offensive sideways posture. The pain of the attack then triggers defensive mechanism in the intruder rat which leads to defensive upright posture and submissive posture. Whereas the functional role of the bite-and-kick attack appears to be simply the infliction of pain and elicitation of defense in the intruder, the function of offensive sideways posture as a threat behavior may be more complex. It is possible that it becomes a conditioned pain stimulus due to its close temporal pairing with bite-and-kick attack, but it is more likely that it produces defense by a process of sensitization. In any case, following the initial attack, the offensive sideways posture continues to elicit defensive behavior by the intruder even when there are no further attacks. The functional roles of the defensive postures were interpreted as positioning the intruder in such a way that the home rat cannot assume the aggressive posture from which attack is launched. Scent-marking behavior was consistent within strains, within individuals, and across different types of measures (accumulation of scent-marking marking material and performance of the stereotyped scent-marking act, crawl-over-dish). Amount of scent-marking was not correlated with attack, however, and its role in isolation-induced fighting remains unclear. In parallel to findings in other rodents, it was observed that scent-marking was diminished in animals after they had been subjected to attack.
Status Signaling in Harris Sparrows: Some Experiments in Deception
Authors: Rohwer Sievert 
Published: April 2008

Abstract(1) Harris Sparrows signal their social dominance status by variations in the amount of black feathering on their crowns and throat. The potential ability of individuals to cheat on such a status signaling system was experimentally investigated by dyeing and bleaching some free-ranging individuals in a flock attracted to a bait station. As discussed in detail, cheating is a theoretically important problem because survival studies have shown subordinates to be much less likely to survive over winter than dominants. If true, this should result in strong directional selection toward the dominant plumage type. (2) Subordinates dyed to mimic the highest ranking birds of the winter hierarchy were, with but one exception, persecuted by the legitimate studlies. The single exception was apparently a bird which had underestimated his status during the fall molt when the appropriate plumage signal is produced. (3) Bleached birds were forced to fight much more for their status, as dramati. cally shown by what was likely the first encounter between a bleached bird and a normal individual of just slightly lower rank. Eventually the bleached birds behaved as though all others around them were perceived as disrespectful, and despotically attacked birds at an abnormally high rate. (4) While these data strongly suggest that cheating is socially controlled, such a social organization raises some complex evolutionary issues. An alternative explanation of the apparent social control of cheating is that the unusual behavior observed in response to my manipulations merely represented normal defense of winter resources. This explanation requires that the rate of winter dominance inter-actions be controlled by (1) the risk of attack, and (2) the importance of resource defense. If this is true, the dyed birds may have appeared sick since no hormonal manipulation accompanied their dyeing; thus they may have been attacked more because perceived risk was down and potential gain high (beat the toughy while he is down). Likewise, the bleached birds may have become unusually aggressive because the closer approach of low ranked birds suggested to them that a much more active defense of resources was required. Experiments distinguishing these hypothesis have not yet been performed.
Selection and Dropping of Whelks By Northwestern Crows
Authors: Zach Reto 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPrey selection, dropping behaviour and dropping site selection was investigated in Northwestern crows (Corvus caurinus) feeding on whelks (Thais lamellosa). Crows selected only the largest whelks available in the intertidal zone. Although equally palatable, smaller whelks were ignored. Crows assessed size of whelks first by sight and then by weight. Thus, some were picked up with the bill and laid down again before a final selection was made. Rejects were longer and heavier than available whelks and shorter and lighter than selected ones. Usually, crows carried and dropped only one whelk at a time. While dropping, crows typically flew almost vertically up, released the whelk and then dove after it. The mean number of drops required to break a whelk was 4.36. Crows dropped whelks until they could obtain most or all of the soft parts. Usually crows did not give up dropping a whelk until it broke. The mean height of drop was 5.23 m. Crows had a tendency to increase height of drop over successive attempts. During most flights, crows lost some height before releasing a whelk. Presumably, this allowed them to watch whelks fall and bounce. All whelks were dropped onto rock. None were released over water or grass. Crows had specific dropping sites. This was because they selected hard substrate and safe sites for dropping. On dropping sites whelks were unlikely to bounce into water. Results were compared with those of other studies of dropping behaviour in gulls and hawks. Dropping behaviour in crows seems to be much more adaptable than in gulls.
Territorial Behavior of a Blackbird: Mechanisms of Site-Dependent Dominance
Authors: Haven Wiley R. , Wiley Minna S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe behavioral mechanisms that produce territoriality require that a resident's agonistic tendencies vary with the locations of encounters with opponents or with the distance between the resident and an opponent. Variation in agonistic tendencies with location could result from increased aggressiveness in familiar locations. Only a few field studies have previously documented variation in aggressive tendencies either with the location of an encounter or the distance of an opponent. In this study, we measured the spatial distributions of advertising activities in the territories of male yellow-hooded blackbirds Agelaius icterocephalus and related these distributions to aggressive tendencies of the residents. Advertising and agonistic activities resembled those of other marsh-nesting blackbirds in the genera Agelaius and Xanthocephalus. To portray the spatial distributions of activities, we determined convex hulls for the 95 % and 68% of instances or seconds of an activity closest to the vector mean of the distribution. A territorial male's time perched conspicuously, instances of conspicuous perching, songs and song flights were concentrated near the center of his territory. In spite of this uneven distribution of a male's time and advertising activities within his territory, a male's aggressive tendencies toward intruders did not vary clearly either with the intruder's location or distance from the resident, provided only that the intruder was within the resident's boundaries. Interactions with neighbors suggested that use of an area is a prerequisite for its defense. Changes in boundaries and establishment of new territories revealed that a male's use of an area increased before aggression toward neighboring residents began. Changes in a resident's territorial boundaries often resulted from changes in the spatial distribution of residents' activities as a result of localizing activities around nests of egg-laying females or changes in the locations of nests under construction. These observations suggest that predominance in use of an area leads to dominance in defense of that area.
Variations in the Structure of Bleats From Sheep of Four Different Breeds
Authors: Shillito Walser Elizabeth , Hague Peter 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Characteristics of bleats from groups of ewes from Clun Forest, Dalesbred, Jacob and Border Leicester breeds are described. The bleats were analysed on a sonagraph and measured for length, fundamental frequency and formant structure. The bleats from Border Leicester sheep differed most from the other breeds, they were the longest bleats and had the lowest fundamental frequency with four formants in a pattern 4-10-14-17. Clun Forest ewes had the shortest bleats and highest fundamental frequency, with three formants in a pattern 3.6-8-12. Jacob bleats showed little variation in fundamental frequency and were lower than Dalesbred and Clun bleats. They sounded rich and mellow and often had only two formants in a pattern of 4-9 (sometimes 12). Dalesbred bleats were long and vigorous with well marked harmonics. Their formant pattern was 4-9-13. Individual ewe's bleats had a combination of characteristics which were different from bleats of other sheep. Lambs do not seem to use any one particular character of the bleat to identify the voice of their dam.
Helpers(?) At the Nest in the Mongolian Gerbil, Meriones Unguiculatus
Authors: Ostermeyer Malcolm C. , Elwood Robert W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Mongolian gerbil families were observed in artificial burrow systems and the effects of the presence of juveniles and the number of 'underground' nest areas were noted. Juveniles interacted with infants and increased their time in the maternal nest during the rearing of the infants as did the fathers. Parents spent less time self-grooming and licking the infants if juveniles were present. The fathers appeared to act paternally mainly towards the juveniles but also supplied the "underground" area with food. These observations were congruent with the prediction that juveniles act as helpers at the nest. A second experiment, however, indicated that juveniles retarded the development of the infants, possibly by stealing milk. The parents appeared to minimise the detrimental effects that juveniles had on the development of the infants and yet ensured that the juveniles remain within the family group until they were old enough to fend for themselves. The number of nest areas had little effect on these social interactions.
Observations On Vocalization of Ewes and Lambs in the Field
Authors: Shillito Walser Elizabeth , Walters Eurof , Ellison Judy 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Dalesbred, Jacob and Soay ewes were observed with their lambs in the field for 3 months, to record when vocalizations occurred and the subsequent behavioural interactions. Soay ewes bleated and moved towards their lambs more than the Dalesbred and Jacob ewes, and were the least vocal in response to the lamb's bleats. The Soay lambs had the lowest proportion of vocal responses without movement to the ewe's bleats, but were more likely to bleat themselves and run to their dam, than the Dalesbred and Jacob lambs. They also had a low proportion of results in the category 'No response'. Dalesbred ewes bleated in reply to their lamb's bleats without moving toward the lambs, more than the other breeds. The Dalesbred lambs bleated and ran to the ewes in response to the ewe bleats more than the Jacob and Soay lambs, and the proportion of this response increased with age. The Jacob ewes and lambs had the highest incidence of 'no response' recorded to their vocalization. These results are discussed in relation to experimental findings on vocalizations in sheep, and it is suggested that domestication has tended to increase the amount of bleating by sheep.
Feeding Behaviour of Three Species of Squirrels
Authors: Ando Motokazu , Shiraishi Satoshi , Uchida Teru Aki 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Japanese giant flying squirrel, Petaurista leucogenys, Japanese flying squirrel, Pteromys momonga and Asiatic chipmunk, were compared for feeding behaviour under experimental conditions. Although P. leucogenys always fed in a sitting posture on branches, it extended its forepaws effectively both laterally and ventrally. When the animal was not able to place its large body on a slender twig, it brought the twig within reach of the mouth by the forepaws, obtaining food at the tip. P. momonga and T. s. asiaticus took a hanging posture, too, and the former was more skillful in this posture than was the latter. In picking up food scattered on the floor, P. leucogenys extended the body, without shifting its hindfeet, in a wide range including its lateral side; T. s. asiaticus got food in a narrow range only just in front of the body, and P. momonga had an intermediate range between those of the above two species. Among the three species, the daily frequency of feeding bouts was in inverse proportion to the duration of a feeding bout; P. leucogenys had relatively long and infrequent bouts, the reverse being the case with T. s. asiaticus. Characteristics of the posture, technique and frequency of feeding in the three species were supposed to be a reflection of interspecific differences in the diet, habitat, and freedom and length of the forelimb.