bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boys and their reading: Conceptions of young people about the success of the full on magazine
Authors: Carnell Eileen 
Published: November 2005

Within the context of the national debate about boys' achievement in secondary schools, this article examines young people's conceptions of the success of the Full On magazine designed to encourage boys to read more and to challenge the negative aspects of a ‘lad’ culture.The article begins with an analysis of the magazine, its editorial policy and intervention strategy. It summarizes a national longitudinal study (Hall & Coles, 2001) and reviews how Full On addresses the concerns raised by this survey.The research method draws on the concept of ‘Appreciative Inquiry’, highlighting the magazine's potential to achieve its aims. The findings, based on interviews with young people and their teachers, are largely positive, identifying high levels of engagement with Full On, its potential to widen boys' aspirations, its effects on their studying and potential to influence post‐16 choices.The young people's voices contribute to the understanding of the success of the magazine and debates about reading. Key issues emerge: the relationship between school and reading; boys' conceptions of themselves as readers; the importance of recognizing popular reading; the need to extend conceptions of literacy and reading communities.The study reveals important links between boys' reading and their different perceptions of masculinities, and illuminates the need for teachers to adapt schools' literacy practices to encourage wider participation in reading.
Population structure and the impact of regional and local habitat isolation upon levels of genetic diversity of the endangered damselfly Coenagrion mercuriale (Odonata: Zygoptera)
Authors: WATTS PHILLIP C. , SACCHERI ILIK J. , KEMP STEPHEN J. , THOMPSON DAVID J. 
Published: November 2005

Summary1. Coenagrion mercuriale is one of Europe's most threatened damselflies. There is concern for the long‐term persistence of many of its U.K. colonies because adult lifetime movement is limited, making isolated populations susceptible to extinction.2. Using 14 microsatellite loci we characterised levels of genetic diversity, evidence for a recent decline and the spatial genetic structure for C. mercuriale population in Wales, U.K.3. Spatial isolation is not an absolute predictor of low genetic diversity at either local or regional scales.4. One population inhabiting a remote, edge of range site is genetically impoverished with levels of variability (at microsatellite loci) among the lowest reported for any insect species.5. Agricultural land and high ground are physical barriers to dispersal by adults.6. Consistent with work from elsewhere, movement by mature C. mercuriale in Pembrokeshire is sufficient to prevent significant genetic differentiation throughout a habitat matrix of some 3–4 km if the suitable habitat sites are <2 km apart and lack barriers to movement. Even within a good habitat matrix, however, genetic isolation by distance develops within 10 km.
The role of preoperative prophylactic antibiotic administration in periapical endodontic surgery: a randomized, prospective double‐blind placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Lindeboom J. A. H. , Frenken J. W. H. , Valkenburg P. , Van Den Akker H. P. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAim  To determine the value of clindamycin prophylaxis in the prevention of postoperative wound infections in patients undergoing endodontic surgery.Methodology  This study included 256 patients undergoing endodontic surgery in a prospective double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial comparing oral administration of an oral placebo versus a preoperative 600 mg dose of clindamycin. After randomization the study medication was administered orally 1 h before surgery in a double‐blind fashion. For a period of 4 weeks the postoperative course was observed according to clinical parameters of infection. Primary end‐point was infection at the surgical site.Results  The mean age of the study population was 44.4 years (SD 11.4, range 18–82 years) with a sex distribution of 147 females (47.4%) and 109 males (42.6%). Mean age of the patients in the clindamycin group was 44.7 years (SD 12.0), and the mean age in the placebo group was 44.1 years (SD 10.8) (P = 0.49). In the clindamycin group, the mean duration of surgery was 32.3 min (SD 8.8) and in the placebo group the mean duration of surgery was 32.5 min (SD 8.4) (P = 0.89). Two infections [1.6%; 95 confidence interval (CI): 0.48–4.72] were identified in the clindamycin group and four (3.2%; 95 CI: 0.42–1.33) in the placebo group (P = 0.448).Conclusions  No statistically significant difference was found between clindamycin prophylaxis and placebo with regard to the prevention of postoperative infection in endodontic surgical procedures.
Three‐dimensional, non‐destructive visualization of vertical root fractures using flat panel volume detector computer tomography: an ex vivoin vitro case report
Authors: Hannig C. , Dullin C. , Hülsmann M. , Heidrich G. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAim  To detect and to visualize radiographically vertical root fractures in extracted teeth with a prototype of a novel, high resolution, three‐dimensional flat panel volume detector computer tomograph (FD‐VCT) system.Summary  Five teeth with root fillings and clinical symptoms such as fistulas and isolated periodontal pockets of 8 mm or more were extracted after dental radiography indicating lateral or periapical lesions. Vertical root fractures or cracks were suspected because of the symptoms and clinical findings were evident after extraction in all cases but fracture lines were not visible on routine dental radiographs acquired before extraction. The extracted teeth were explored with a prototype of a FD‐VCT. Using the FD‐VCT, in all cases vertical root fractures or crack lines could be detected clearly in different views, depiction‐modes and cross‐sections at a spatial resolution of 140 μm. The evaluation of the fracture lines and teeth could be performed in three‐dimensional views. The FD‐VCT findings were confirmed by detailed inspection of the extracted teeth.Key learning points• The FD‐VCT is an innovative diagnostic tool for non‐destructive, three‐dimensional evaluation of extracted teeth in pre‐clinical and experimental studies.• The FD‐VCT allows precise visualization and evaluation of vertical root fractures or cracks in extracted teeth.• Clinical application of the system may be possible if technical modifications reduce the exposure dose: the high resolution detector systems of the FD‐VCT should be combined with radiation systems that focus the radiation to the area of interest.
A mathematical model of the growth of sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, populations on farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Scotland and its use in the assessment of treatment strategies
Authors: Revie C W , Robbins C , Gettinby G , Kelly L , Treasurer J W 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSea lice are a persistent problem for farmed and wild salmonid populations. Control can be achieved through the use of veterinary medicines. A model was developed to describe the patterns of sea lice infection on salmon farms in Scotland and to predict the likely effect of various treatment strategies. This model takes into account development rates and mortality using compartments representing life history stages and external infection pressure. The national sea lice infection pattern was described using parameters representing stage survival, background infection levels and egg viability rates. The patterns observed across farms varied greatly and the model gave broad agreement to observed trends with different parameters being required in the model for sites using hydrogen peroxide and cypermethrin treatments. The parameter estimates suggest that the background infection pressure on sites where cypermethrin was administered was higher than for those using hydrogen peroxide. Both models had comparable magnitudes of sensitivity with survival from one stage to another being the most sensitive parameter, followed by feedback rates at which gravid females produce eggs, with background infection levels the least sensitive. The effect of different cypermethrin treatment strategies was assessed using the model. Increasing treatments in a production cycle gave more effective control. However, the model showed that timing of treatments is most important if sea lice are to be effectively controlled.
A possible lower crustal flow channel in the Middle Urals based on reflection seismic data
Authors: Brown D. , Juhlin C. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe Europrobe Seismic Reflection Profiling in the Urals Experiments (ESRU) reflection seismic data from the Middle Urals imagesc.10‐km thick band of strong, subhorizontal lower crustal reflectivity and a thinning of the crust that is associated with the East Uralian Zone, a broad strike‐slip fault system containing high‐grade metamorphic rocks and syn‐orogenic to post‐orogenic granitoids. The lower crustal reflectivity consists of discontinuous to continuous, high‐amplitude reflections. Reflections are subparallel to slightly oblique and have a layered to oblate appearance. Geometrical relationships indicate that the reflectivity post‐dates fault activity, suggesting that late‐orogenic processes modified the lower crust. The surface geology indicates that the conditions for lower crustal flow were met in the East Uralian Zone. We suggest that the lower crustal reflectivity imaged by the ESRU data is related to a flow channel that developed at the base of the crust in the interior of the orogen.
Characteristics of Claw Horn Microstructure and the Effect of Flooring Systems on Horn Quality
Authors: Voges T. , Mülling Ch. , Benz B. , Budras K.‐D. 
Published: November 2005

Introduction:  Interactions between horn quality and flooring systems significantly impact on claw health. Poor horn quality is associated with reduced milk yield, painful lesions or slaughtering. Horn quality is determined by horn cells, intercellular cement and hoof horn architecture, i.e. the structure and arrangement of the horn tubules. Soft and elastic flooring systems have been reported to have a positive influence on the microstructure of hoof horn.Aims:  We wanted to correlate the microstructure of claw horn to the horn quality in a large number of samples and detect influences of the flooring system on hoof horn microstructure.Methods:  Samples were obtained from two different studies: 40 cows from Hohenheim/Germany kept on slatted floor and subsequently on rubber mats for 4 months; 1000 cows from 11 farms in Luxembourg, kept on concrete floor. From all samples 7 μm‐sections were cut and stained with the PAS‐reaction. Morphometry was done with the LuciaG©‐software (Nikon GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany) and statistical analysis was performed with SPSS® (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Parameters measured were area, minimal and maximal diameter of both medulla and cortex of horn tubules. Statistical analysis included: tubules per visual field, area per visual field, total medulla area, total cortex area and the limiting values of diameters.Results:  Luxembourg samples showed consistency of tubule‐parameters between both dates; all farms showed an average number ranging from 13.36 to 14.79 tubules per visual field. Hohenheim horn from the hard flooring showed 19.9 and horn of the same animals kept on rubber floor showed 20.5 tubules per visual field. Maximum diameter of hard‐floor horn is 55 μm whereas 45 μm in animals kept on rubber floor.Conclusions:  The results show that genetic/individual differences take smaller influence on horn quality than housing systems. These outcomes provide evidence for the economical and animal welfare benefit of soft and elastic flooring systems. Further research will focus on correlation of biodata, such as physiological state, lactation, age, and claw horn microstructure.This work was supported by Biopsytec/Rheinbach.
Vascularization of the Fleshy Comb in the Domestic Chicken
Authors: Vollmerhaus B. , Reese S. , Roos H. 
Published: November 2005

Up to now little is known about the vascularization of the chicken fleshy comb (crista carnosa). In order to evaluate the vascularization of the crista carnosa of the cook (breed White Leghorn), corrosion casts were created by injecting Plastoid into the internal carotid as described by Schummer (1951). Specimens were investigated by stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Generally the dermis is highly vascularized by two capillary networks, which are localized beneath the epithelium and beneath the dermal papillas. The dense subepithelial network is characterized by the presence of sinusoid vessels. In the subcutaneous plexus numerous arteriovenous anastomoses of different types occur. Additionally there are arteriovenous anastomoses between the main vessels reaching the indentations of the comb. Our results show the presence of superficial and dense capillary networks and arteriovenous anastomoses are the anatomical basis for the functions of the chicken comb in mating behaviour and thermoregulation.Reference  Schummer, A. 1951: Simplified method for plastoid corrosion. Anat. Anaz. 98, 288–290.
The Corpus fibule in Sheep (Ovis ammon f. aries) – its Ontogeny and Reduction or Persistence from Fetal Age to Adulthood
Authors: Boos A. , Bartels T. 
Published: November 2005

The corpus fibulae (CF) in sheep is represented by a cartilaginous anlage during early embryogenesis, which may calcify and ossify with ongoing gestation and finally towards term is supposed to be replaced by a connective tissue cord called ligamentum fibulare (LF). A recent study in goat (Boos A and T Bartels, 2002), however, revealed that 58 % of the animals examined exhibited a pin‐shaped bone within the LF. This indicates that a complete transformation of the anlage of the CF to a connective tissue cord is not performed in all goats raising the question of existing parallels in sheep. Forty‐two fetuses and lower legs of 18 lambs and 100 sheep being elder than 2 years were collected at the slaughterhouse. Radiographs and macerated or enzymatically cleared and stained lower legs were assessed for the expression of a CF. In 28 of 42 fetuses (66%), 11 of 18 lambs (61%) and 48 of 100 adult sheep (48%) at least one cartilaginous – only fetal period – or osseous CF could be detected. Differences between groups were significant (Chi‐square test, P < 0.05). In 2, 3 and 15 animals, respectively, only a unilateral expression was evident. In early fetuses, the fibula either consisted of a long anlage having the length of the tibia or of a long proximal and a short distal part paralleling the tibia. In somewhat larger fetuses the CF was composed only of the proximal part or even completely lacked (crown rump length 7.5 ± 1.5 vs. 11.2 ± 2.4 and 12.2 ± 2.0 cm, respectively). Pre‐term fetuses, lambs and adult sheep were devoid of a CF (n = 5/7, 7/11 and 52/100, respectively) or exhibited a pin‐shaped bone of varying length within the LF. This osseous CF was either in close contact to the caput fibulae (n = 6 animals) – always separated by connective tissue – or located more distally. In the latter cases the centre of the osseous pin was usually situated at a level between the proximal and intermediate thirds of the tibia. Results suggest that the corpus fibulae in sheep may persist in many individuals (50%) as a pin‐shaped bone throughout life.Reference  Boos, A., and T. Bartels, 2002: Ann. Anat. 184, 289–293
Bovine Trophoblast Cells: Establishment of Cell Culture System and Comparison to In Vivo Qualities
Authors: Zeiler M. , Leiser R. , Pfarrer C. 
Published: November 2005

Cell culture offers a specifically good understanding of single factors during complex signal transduction pathways, and cell–cell interactions can be examined in small scale. In the bovine synepitheliochorial placenta the peculiarity of ‘restricted’ trophoblast invasion is found as non‐polarized trophoblast giant cells migrating into the uterine epithelium. Specific expression patterns of integrin receptors in trophoblast cells have already been shown in relation to the differentiation of the haemochorial placenta of humans and rodents. For evaluation of integrin function during the precisely controlled trophoblast invasion in cow, it is important to develop a model system, where primary cell cultures from cotyledons are compared to in vivo trophoblast cells. Uteri of pregnant cows were gathered during routine slaughtering. In parallel, placentomes were snap‐frozen for the production of cryosections, and other placentomes were manually separated into fetal cotyledon and maternal caruncle. Dissociation of the cotyledonary cells was accomplished with collagenase I, and cells were cultivated in Quantum 286 (PAA Laboratories GmbH, Linz), a special medium for epithelial cells, containing 10% fetal calf serum. A population of mainly epitheloid cells was achieved by controlled trypsin/EDTA treatment, because of different adhesive forces of fibroblasts and epithelial cells to the substrate. Both, confluent growing cells and tissue sections, were investigated by indirect immunofluorescence with antibodies against cytokeratin, integrin subunits α6, β1, α and β, and the extracellular matrix (ECM) components laminin and fibronectin. The epithelial character of the propagated cells was proven by their distinct immunostaining for cytokeratin. In vivo expressed integrin subunits α6 and β1 were found colocalized along cell‐cell borders and towards the flask ground. The corresponding ECM ligand laminin occurred in both, cells and tissue. In tissue sections fibronectin and subunits α and β3 were not detected in trophoblast cells, however, in vitro these cells displayed a weak immunoreactivity. Summarizing, a method for the cultivation of bovine trophoblast cells was successfully established. The comparison of in vivo and in vitro expressed integrins and ECM showed that the cells in part maintained their in vivo attributes, and therefore are suitable for the study of cell–cell interactions.Funded by German Research Foundation.
The Anatomy of the Kidney of the Soleidae (Teleostei: Pleuronectiformes): the Importance of Plastination and Interest for the Phylogeny of Flatfishes
Authors: Chanet B. , Betti E. , Desoutter M. , Guintard C. , Grondin G. 
Published: November 2005

Pleuronectiformes or flatfishes are teleostean fishes well known for their external asymmetry, with the two eyes on one side of the body, right or left according to the species. Their internal asymmetry has not been studied in detail in various species and we report here some original observation and manipulation on the kidney of some flatfishes. In most flatfishes, the kidney is an uneven and symmetrical organ present in the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity, lying on the ventral side of the vertebral column, between the haemal arches. Dorsally, the kidney bends ventrally and the whole organ is boomerang‐shaped. However, in two flatfish families, the structure of the kidney appears to be different. Kobelkowsky (2000) shows that the kidney of the American soles (family Achiridae) is asymmetrical with a more developed right posterior part extending backwards between the haemal spines and the right epaxial musculature. Such an asymmetry has been mentioned in the common sole (Solea solea [Soleidae]) by Audigé (1910) and forgotten in the subsequent literature. However, it is the left side posterior part that is more developed in the common sole. This peculiar structure has been observed in dissected and plastinated specimens of several soleid species. This anatomical feature seems to be unique to flatfish species belonging to the Soleidae, a more developed left posterior of the kidney appears to be a synapomorphy of the animals belonging to this family and confirms the monophyly of this group. We hope to specify this point in a near future. The anatomy of kidney should then be taken in account in future works dedicated to flatfishes systematics. Conclusions:(1) The anatomy of soft organs is mostly unknown for flatfishes, even for those of economic importance, and examination of the structures of these species is highly needed. (2) The study of the soft anatomy reveals a new set of data for the research of flatfish phylogeny. (3) In order to make a better comparison between the different species, a process of good conservation, like plastination, is needed for preservation of the structures (Grondin and Olry, 2000; Dieckwisch, 1990). In fish, plastination is well known to preserve the internal organs (Asadi, 1998).References  Asadi, M.H., 1998: Plastination of Sturgeons with the S10 technique in Iran: the first Trials. J. Int. Soc. Plastination, 13: 15–16.Audigé, J., 1910: Contribution à l’étude des reins des poissons téléostéens. Arch. Zool. Expér., 5 sér. 4: 275‐624.Dieckwisch, B., 1996: Plastination of fishes. 5th Int. Conf. Plast., Heidelberg, Germany.Grondin, G. and R. Olry, 2000: Current Plastination Index 2000, Publication of the International Society for Plastination, Université du Québec à Trois‐Rivières ed., 66 p.Kobelkowsky, A., 2000: Sistema urogenital de los lenguados de la familia Achiridae (Pisces : Pleuronectiformes) del Golfo de México. Hidrobiológica, 10: 51–60.
Teaching of Anatomy of Genital Organs in the Large Animals
Authors: Constantinescu G. M. 
Published: November 2005

At the University of Missouri‐Columbia, USA, teaching the anatomy of genital organs in large (and in small) animals is clinically oriented.In the male horse, ox, and pig, the descriptive anatomy of the structures is taught in that order as they are listed in Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria. Clinical correlates are immediately mentioned in relation to each of the following structures. The testicle, epididymis, ductus deferens, spermatic cord, and tunics of spermatic cord and testis are correlated to the castration, criptorchidism, ectopic testicles, and inguinal herniae, as well as to the landmarks and approaches to different clinical techniques. The penis and male urethra are correlated to the prolapse of the prepuce, ulcerative posthitis, balanitis, penile deviation, penischisis, persistent penile frenulum, short retractor penis muscle, catheterization of the urethra, the contagious equine metritis (CEM), etc. In the female horse, ox and pig, following the similar order as in the male species, the ovary and the salpinx are correlated to the diagnosis of pregnancy by rectal exploration, ovarian hypoplasia, ectopic pregnancy, and ovariectomy. The uterus is correlated to the different aspects of metritis and endometritis, to the retained placenta, pyometra, uterine torsion, uterine prolapse and eversion, Caesarian section, diagnosis of pregnancy and different stages of oestrus by rectal exploration, double external ostium of the cervix, distocia, and the assessment of possible difficulties in the birth process. The vagina and vestibulum vaginae are correlated to the gaertneritis, vaginal and cervical prolapse, vaginitis, catheterization of the urinary bladder, and pelvimetry. The vulva and clitoris are correlated to vulvitis, balanitis, distocia, episiotomy, and transmissible genital diseases. Different kinds of udder diseases (mastitis) are based on the thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the udder including the blood and nerve supply and the lymphatic system.The two techniques of epidural anesthesia (Magda and Farquharson in ruminants) and subsacral anaesthesia (Popescu) for diagnosis and treatment purposes are explained in detail.