bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN THE INTERVAL BETWEEN CALVING AND FIRST SERVICE ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF NORMAL DAIRY COWS
Authors: Williamson N. B. , Quinton F. W. , Anderson G. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Reproductive records from 8 commercial dairy herds in a herd health scheme were examined to determine the effect of the calving to first service interval on breeding performance. A reduction in the first service conception rate was observed in cows bred within 60 days of calving. Early breeding did not appear to have any adverse effect on subsequent reproductive performance.A linear relationship between days to first service and intercalving interval was demonstrated. A 1‐day reduction in the interval to first service reduced the intercalving interval by 0.86 of a day. This paper shows that a reduction in calving to service intervals to achieve annual calving produces high economic gains.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CERTAIN SKIN CHARACTERS OF SHEEP IN RESISTANCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO FLEECE‐ROT AND BODY STRIKE
Authors: Watts J. E. , Nay T. , Merritt G. C. , Coyll J. R. , Griffiths D. A. , Dennis J. A. 
Published: March 2008

Micro‐anatomical differences in skin structure associated with resistance and susceptibility of sheep to fleece‐rot and body strike were identified, and found to be of similar magnitude in 2 genetically divergent flocks of medium‐woolled Merino ewes. Susceptible sheep were characterised by smaller follicle groups, resulting in higher densities of follicle populations with greater concentrations of the primary follicles (and sudoriferous glands) than in the resistant sheep. From these smaller follicle groups of susceptible sheep, thicker wool fibres grew than were found in the resistant sheep.The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of fleece‐rot and body strike of sheep, and the value of the measured skin characters as a method for identifying resistant sheep.
AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION OF AUSTRALIAN ANIMAL FEEDS AND SUSPECTED CASES OF MYCOTOXICOSIS
Authors: Bryden W. L. , Lloyd A. B. , Cumming R. B. 
Published: March 2008

Aflatoxin B1 was detected in 23 of 55 Australian feedstuffs known to be either water damaged or visibly mouldy. The highest contamination was 0.7 mg/kg of feed and the mean concentration 0.14 mg/kg. Of 36 feedstuffs purchased from local manufacturers, only a peanut meal contained aflatoxin B1 (0.5 mg/kg).Eleven feedstuffs were associated with field outbreaks of animal disease and 7 of these contained aflatoxin. However, the level of aflatoxin contamination was insufficient to account for the described disease symptoms.
ASSESSMENT OF VAGINAL IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTS AS AN INDICATOR OF OESTRUS IN CATTLE
Authors: Carter P. D. , Dufty J. H. 
Published: March 2008

A study was made in cattle of the variation of vaginal impedance with respect to the placement of probe, time after insertion, and stages of the oestrous cycle. Impedance values were lowest and least variable when determined in the ventral sector of the vaginal fornix. Allowing the probe time to warm up improved results.Vaginal impedance declined by approximately 30% during pro‐oestrus, oestrus and metoestrus when compared with dioestrus. The time at which the lowest values were reached varied between animals, in 2 cases being a day before oestrus, in another 2 on the day of oestrus, and for 1, the day after oestrus. The method described was not suitable for determining the peak of behavioural oestrus.
TOXIC EFFECTS OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF DL‐METHIONINE INFUSED INTO THE RUMEN OF SHEEP
Authors: Doyle P. T. , Adams N. R. 
Published: March 2008

Four Merino wethers were fed ad libitum on a roughage diet comprised of equal parts of chopped lucerne hay and oaten chaff. The sheep received continuous infusions of DL‐methionine into the rumen; the daily dose increasing from 0 g (control treatment) up to 30 g in 3 g amounts at weekly intervals.Dry matter intake (DMI) fell below the control level when 24 g/day of more of the amino acid was infused, while plasma free methionine levels increased substantially when 30 g/day was given.There was no effect of DL‐methionine supplementation on the bodyweight of the animals. However, when 30 g/day of DL‐methionine was infused one animal died and the acute condition of 2 others necessitated their slaughter. Significant lesions included acute nephrosis and haemolytic anaemia, with milder changes in the liver and pancreas.This report indicates that sheep are unlikely to show the kind of chronic methionine toxicity seen in other species.
INEXPENSIVE TECHNIQUES FOR THE PRODUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF GNOTOBIOTIC PIGLETS, CALVES AND LAMBS
Authors: Makin T. J. , Tzipori S. 
Published: March 2008

An inexpensive system was developed for the routine derivation and maintenance of gnotobiotic piglets, calves and lambs. Isolator chambers to house these animals were welded in the laboratory from flexible, clear polyvinylchloride film. The isolators consisted of either a simple, closed cylindrical chamber, or for the larger animals, a fibreglass‐reinforced plastic (FRP) tub surmounted by a flexible film canopy. The isolators were adaptable for a variety of purposes and most components were interchangeable between isolators. The assembled isolators were sterilised with peracetic acid.Over 300 gnotobiotic piglets, 29 gnotobiotic calves and 18 gnotobiotic or specific pathogen free lambs have been reared successfully by these techniques. Six colostrum deprived foals and a litter of conventional puppies have been successfully maintained in microbial isolation in these isolators. The FRP tub base isolators also proved suitable for housing gnotobiotic weaner piglets. No viral or bacterial cross contamination was detected between isolators housing experimentally infected animals.
COLLECTION OF SEMEN FROM STALLIONS AT STUD
Authors: Dowsett K. F. , Pattie W. A. 
Published: March 2008

Semen was collected from 222 stallions of 13 breed or colour types in southern Queensland and northern New South Wales. A total of 648 collection attempts were made, using an artificial vagina, during 4 consecutive breeding seasons (1974/5 to 1977/8). Modifications were made to the techniques used by previous workers because collections were made at commercial studs using minimal animal restraint.Of all collection attempts, 621 (96%) were successful, while at least one semen sample was collected from each of 216 stallions (97%). There were no significant relationships between stallion collection failures and breeding season, time of year or age and breed of stallion. Time of year (seasons and months) was the only factor having a significant relationship with collection failures; highest failure rates occurring in autumn and winter.The techniques described are applicable for breeding soundness examinations of untrained stallions and for collection of semen for artificial insemination.
A SURVEY OF MYCOBACTERIOSIS OF FERAL PIGS IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY
Authors: Corner L. A. , Barrett R. H. , Lepper A. W. D. , Lewis V. , Pearson C. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSeven hundred and fifty‐one feral pigs from the subcoastal plains of the Northern Territory were examined. The sample population consisted of 52.4% females and 47.6% males. They ranged in age from newborn piglets to mature animals of over 72 months. Of the pigs examined 47.7% had macroscopic abscesses and of these 80.2% were probably caused by mycobacteria. Tissues from 193 pigs were examined bacteriologically and 93 strains of mycobacteria were isolated. These were typed as M. bovis (37 strains); M. avium serotype 2 (1); M. intracellulare serotypes 6 (2), 7 (3), 9 (1) and 18 (1); M. intracellulare double serotypes 6 + 12 (1), 8 + 12 (1) and 11 + 25 (1); M. intracellulare unclassified serotype (4); M. scrofulaceum serotype 41 (1); M. scrofulaceum unclassified serotype (7); M. gordonae (2); M. kansasii (1); M. simiae (2); M. szulgai (2); M. vaccae (1); and M. xenopi (2). Additionally, 3 strains were unidentifiable members of the M. avium‐M. intracellulare‐M. scrofulaceum (MAIS) complex, one strain was a Runyon's group IV and 4 strains were typed as members of the genus Rhodococcus. Five strains were non‐viable on subculture and 10 did not conform to any currently recognised species of mycobacteria. Of the 93 strains, 3 were isolated from tissue that did not contain macroscopic lesions, viz. M. simiae, Runyon's group IV and an unidentifiable member of the MAIS complex.It was concluded that the feral pig is probably an end host for both M. bovis and atypical mycobacteria and not a significant source of infection for cattle. M. bovis is not a significant cause of mortality in feral pigs but mycobacterioses are a significant cause of morbidity.With increasing age, the proportion of pigs having lesions increased whereas the proportion of lesions from which mycobacteria could be isolated decreased.
CRYPTOCOCCOSIS IN DOGS: A REPORT ON 6 CASES
Authors: Sutton R. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe main features of Cryptococcus neoformans infection in 6 dogs, all of which were of large breed, were central nervous system involvement in all cases and diversity of the initial presenting signs. The respiratory tract was affected in one case, but the bronchopneumonia did not appear to be of cryptococcal origin. Immunosuppressive factors and other diseases which are believed to increase the susceptibility of man and animals to cryptococcal infection did not appear to be of importance in these cases.
BEEF CATTLE RESEARCH IN THE NEXT DECADE*
Authors: Shelton J. N. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Priorities for research in beef cattle are proposed in the areas of nutrition, breeding, reproduction and health. Research in nutrition should be concerned with enhancing utilisation of cellulose and non‐protein nitrogen. Cattle breeding projects should concentrate on the synthesis of genotypes suited to specific environments, while in the area of reproduction, wastage remains the most important problem.Improvement of diagnostic tests and vaccines would result from intensified research into subcellular function of causative organisms. Major contributions to animal health could emanate from studies of the genetic basis of disease resistance. The very small number of veterinarians employed in animal production research tends to deprive health of its proper place as a central feature of production.
THE DETECTION OF ARTHRITIS IN PIGS IN AN ABATTOIR AND ITS PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Cross G. M. , Edwards M. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe results of a study of the prevalence in each joint of arthritis in pigs as detected by meat inspectors is presented. A prevalence of arthritis in 1.07% of carcases was obtained, of which 0.28% were condemned totally and 0.79% condemned partially. With partial condemnations there was a bias to the left side in the hindquarters, and a significant bias to the hindquarter as compared with the forequarter. A consequence was that undetected arthritic lesions, especially in the forequarter and probably containing viable Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, are finding their way to the consumer.
TREATMENT OF EQUINE PHYCOMYCOSIS BY IMMUNOTHERAPY AND SURGERY
Authors: Miller R. I. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Treatment of equine phycomycosis with a vaccine derived from ultrasonicated hyphae of Hyphomyces destruens was attempted in 30 cases of clinical hyphomycosis, 10 cases of hyphomycosis following unsuccessful surgery and 5 cases of basidiobolomycosis. Approximately 53% of animals with clinical hyphomycosis were cured after vaccination, while a further 33% clinically improved. All horses with hyphomycosis treated within 2 weeks of unsuccessful surgery were cured. There was no response to vaccination with a Hyphomyces preparation in horses with basidiobolomycosis, while surgery alone resulted in a cure of approximately 69%.Animals tolerated the vaccination procedures well. In all cases there was a moderate to severe reaction at the site of subcutaneous injection which subsided within 96 hours. In approximately 30% of injections a sterile abscess formed at the site but responded promptly to treatment. Response to vaccination at the site of the lesion was observed within 7 to 10 days of first injection. There was progressive reduction of pruritus, drying of the surface of the lesion, expulsion of kunkers, fibrosis of the granuloma, and eventually complete epithelialisation.
ERADICATION OF TUBERCULOSIS FROM AN EXTENSIVELY MANAGED BEEF HERD
Authors: Armstrong J. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Eradication of tuberculosis from a herd of 5,000 head of beef cattle with a long history of infection was achieved in a 5‐year period using the single caudal fold tuberculin test in conjunction with segregation of breeders of different ages and selective slaughter of problem groups. The major problem which had to be overcome to achieve eradication was the occurrence of anergic tuberculous animals. All animals in the group were slaughtered when it was apparent testing was not successful. Testing was very effective in elminating TB from cattle under the age of two years.Incomplete musters and breakdown of segregation caused reinfection of clean groups in the early stages.
COLISEPTICAEMIA OF LAMBS
Authors: Mason R. W. , Corbould A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY In 1979 and 1980, 23 and 29 cases of ovine colisepticaemia from 16 and 18 properties respectively were diagnosed. All cases but one were caused by Esherichia coli 078: NM (Non Motile). Mortality ranged from 1% to 5% with an age distribution of 3 to 12 weeks. Most cases occurred in October. Thirty‐three of the isolates were tested against a wide range of antibiotics and all had similar sensitivity patterns. E. coli 078 was detected less frequently in rectal cultures than in bile, small intestinal or nasal cultures from colisepticaemic lambs. In addition, E. coli 078 was recovered more frequently from nasal than from rectal cultures of lambs dying from causes other than colisepticaemia in colisepticaemic flocks. These findings suggest that perhaps the nasal route may be the more important portal of infection in ovine colisepticaemia caused by E. Coli 078 organisms.
A PROTRACTED CASE OF CRYPTOCOCCAL NASAL GRANULOMA IN A STALLION
Authors: Roberts M. C. , Sutton R. H. , Lovell D. K. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A 13‐year‐old Standardbred stallion presented with a unilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge and airway obstruction was found to have an extensive cryptococcal nasal granuloma. Treatment was not attempted. The stallion was destroyed 26 months later having completed 2 successful breeding seasons. The granuloma had gradually increased in size and almost completely occupied the left nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.It was characterised histologically by fibrous and myxomatous tissue and masses of yeasts. A cryptococcal granuloma found within the wall of the jejunum could represent evidence of dissemination, and organisms were seen within alveoli, bronchioles and the intestinal lumen.
A SURVEY OF VIRUS INFECTION IN SUB‐ANTARCTIC PENGUINS ON MACQUARIE ISLAND, SOUTHERN OCEAN
Authors: Morgan I. R. , Westbury H. A. , Caple I. W. , Campbell J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Serums from 1002 penguins of 4 species on Macquarie Island, a sub‐antarctic island in the Southern Ocean, were examined for antibody to Newcastle disease virus (NDV), influenza A virus, avian paramyxovirus, alphavirus and flavivirus.No evidence of haemagglutination‐inhibition antibody to influenza A virus or alphavirus was detected. Serums from 6% of royal penguins sampled gave positive reactions to NDV while the other 3 species were negative.Antibody to a flavivirus and an avian paramyxovirus, other than NDV, was detected in 3 of the 4 penguin species.Cloacal swabs from 831 penguins of 4 species were examined for the presence of viruses. Six isolates of paramyxovirus, other than NDV, were obtained from swabs taken from royal and king penguins at 2 widely separated sites on the island.
DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGHLY INFECTIVE BABESIA BIGEMINA VACCINE OF REDUCED VIRULENCE
Authors: Dalgliesh R. J. , Callow L. L. , Mellors L. T. , McGregor W. 
Published: March 2008

The virulence of a strain of Babesia bigemina was reduced by syringe passaging at 3 to 16‐week intervals in a series of 7 calves. The calves were splenectomised 1 to 14 weeks after inoculation to induce the relapse parasitaemias used for passaging. Parasites taken at relapse from the last 3 calves in the series were inoculated into splenectomised calves from which highly parasitised blood for vaccine was obtained.The vaccine produced mild infections in 32 recipient cattle. When challenged either 5 weeks or 7 months after vaccination, the cattle had substantial immunity to a heterologous strain of B. bigemina.
THE PREVALENCE OF DIROFILARIA IMMITIS AND OTHER PARASITES IN URBAN POUND DOGS IN NORTH‐EASTERN VICTORIA
Authors: Blake R. T. , Overend D. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The results of a survey investigating the prevalence of dirofilaria immitis and other helminth and protozoan infections in urban dogs in north‐eastern Victoria are presented. D. immitis was detected in 2.7% of the general population (8.3% of dogs older than 2 years). Microfilariae of D. immitis were not detected in the peripheral circulation of 30% of dogs infected with the adult parasites. The most prevalent gastro‐intestinal parasites were Dipylidium caninum 57%; Trichuris vulpis 41%; Toxocara canis 38%; and Uncinaria stenocephala 26%.The prevalence of T. canis in dogs less than one year of age was 73% and this decreased with increasing age. No Echinococcus granulosus adults were detected. Sarcocystis spp and Isospora ohioensis were the most commonly seen coccidians.
THE EFFECT OF LICE INFESTATION ON THE GROWTH OF HEREFORD CALVES
Authors: Cummins L. J. , Graham J. F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Two experiments were carried out to examine the effects of cattle lice on the productivity of young calves. In both experiments the main species present was Linognathus vituli. In the first experiment, treatment of grazing heifers and their suckled calves did not improve the overall bodyweight gain of either the heifers or the calves. The calves experienced a rapid build‐up in lice populations during autumn and early winter which was associated with mild transient pathogenic effects, but this was followed by an apparent ‘self‐cure’ reaction and compensatory gain during late winter.In the second experiment young calves were placed in feedlots and fed high and low planes of nutrition. Treatment to remove lice did not result in any improvements in growth rate on either plane of nutrition; however it was clear that untreated, undernourished calves had heavier lice infestation.
PRESENCE OF DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCIN AND PENICILLIN IN COWS' MILK FOLLOWING INTRAUTERINE ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Manners J. G. , Stewart R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Cows were given liquid intrauterine infusions of dihydrostreptomycin and penicillin or dihydrostreptomycin alone approximately 24 hours after the onset of oestrus to determine the necessary withholding period for milk intended for human consumption.When dihydrostreptomycin and procaine penicillin were administered together, a withholding period of 72 hours provided an adequate safety margin. Thirty‐six hours was an adequate withholding period when dihydrostreptomycin was administered.
THE SEROLOGICAL RESPONSE OF CHICKENS TO OIL EMULSION VACCINES CONTAINING THE V4 STRAIN OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS
Authors: Schalkoort R. , Morgan D. M. , Spradbrow P. B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Experiments were conducted with vaccines containing the V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). Both living aqueous vaccines and vaccines consisting of virus incorporated in an oil emulsion were used. The calculated dose of virus contained in the oil emulsion vaccine was 108,7 50% embryo infectious doses (EID50) per bird dose. Haemagglutinin inhibition (HI) antibody levels of 8 are presumed protective.One‐day‐old chicks with low levels of maternal antibody were vaccinated intraocularly with 106,3EID50 of live vaccine, and concurrently with oil emulsion vaccine. Presumed protective levels of antibody were present at two weeks post vaccination and were maintained for at least seven weeks longer.When adult birds 15 weeks old with no previous exposure to NDV were vaccinated intraocularly with 106,7EID50 per bird, protective levels of antibody were produced within a week. Unvaccinated birds put in contact with the vaccinated birds produced similar antibody levels within 14 days. Revaccination with oil emulsion vaccine after antibody levels had fallen resulted in a rapid response with high levels of antibody.When antibody‐free adult commercial birds with an unknown history of exposure to NDV were vaccinated intramuscularly with oil emulsion vaccine, high antibody levels were produced for at least 21 weeks. Concurrent intraocular inoculation with 107,0EID50 live virus did not enhance the response. Natural infection of unvaccinated birds occurred during the experiment. This was detected by the presence of HI antibody levels of short duration.When antibody‐free commercial birds were inoculated intramuscularly with oil emulsion vaccine containing 106,0, 107,0, or 108,0EID50 per bird dose, 100% of birds inoculated with the highest dose produced presumed protective levels of antibody within two weeks, as compared with a 5‐week delay when using the 107,0EID50 per bird dose.
BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO BOOPHILUS MICROPLUS IN AUSTRALIAN ILLAWARRA SHORTHORN AND BRAHMAN X AUSTRALIAN ILLAWARRA SHORTHORN CATTLE
Authors: UTECH K. B. W. , WHARTON R. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Breeding for resistance to the cattle tick Boophilus microplus was undertaken in a herd of Australian Illawarra Shorthorn (AIS) cattle from 1961 to 1978 and in a herd of Braham x AIS cattle from 1970 to 1979. Breeder cows and their progeny were assessed for tick resistance during October to January. Resistance levels were determined as the average percentage mortality of female ticks from two artificial infestations with cohorts of c 20,000 larvae.Resistance increased from 89.2% to 99% in the AIS breeding herd, as a result of the yearly introductions of more resistant individuals and culling of less resistant ones. Concurrently resistance in the AIS progeny increased from 93.7% to 97.7%, thus demonstrating that the selection and breeding of the cows and bulls resulted in genetic improvement in the resistance of the progeny.Milk production tests on heifers from the selected AIS herd during 1975 to 79 indicated that selection for tick resistance did not select against milk production.Resistance of the Brahman x AIS increased from 98.4% to 99.3% in the breeding herd and from 97.6% to 99.6% in the progeny. Female calves of both breeds were more resistant than males.