bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐Throughput‐Experimentation in der heterogenen Katalyse
Authors: Schüth F. , Demuth D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHigh‐Throughput‐Experimentation wurde vor etwa zehn Jahren in die Katalyseforschung eingeführt und ist mittlerweile in vielen Labors zu einem der Standardwerkzeuge geworden. Während in spezifischen Projekten einzelne Komponenten, wie etwa Parallelreaktoren oder automatische Synthesestationen, mit großen Vorteilen eingesetzt werden können, entfaltet die Technologie ihre wirkliche Leistungsfähigkeit erst bei einer integrierten Herangehensweise, bei der komplette Arbeitsabläufe im Hochdurchsatzmodus implementiert werden. Dies reicht von der Software‐unterstützten Versuchsplanung über die Hochdurchsatzsynthese, Charakterisierung, parallelisierte Tests bis hin zur Computer‐gestützten Datenanalyse. Mit diesen Methoden sind seit ihrer Einführung bereits viel versprechende Katalysatorkandidaten entdeckt worden, teilweise auch bereits in die praktische Anwendung überführt worden. Die Komponenten und der gesamte Arbeitsablauf werden im Folgenden näher dargestellt.
Perceptions of performance: how European organizations experience EMAS registration
Authors: Pedersen Esben Rahbek 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe literature on corporate social responsibility (CSR) is packed with attempts to uncover the business case of CSR. However, the findings are often based on either case stories or overall analyses of the business case for CSR, thereby overlooking the heterogeneity of the business landscape and the wide variety of CSR initiatives. This article intentionally tries to fall between the two chairs. By focusing on a single aspect of the blurry CSR concept, the article examines how European organizations perceive the motives, costs and benefits associated with EMAS (Environmental Management and Audit Scheme) registration. The article is based on a case analysis of Copenhagen Zoo and a web survey of 162 EMAS‐registered organizations. One of the main conclusions is that the respondents often perceive EMAS as a success even though they believe that the monetary costs from adopting the system outweigh the benefits. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Methoxyphenyl‐Functionalized Diiron Azadithiolates as Models for the Active Site of Fe‐Only Hydrogenases: Synthesis, Structures, and Biomimetic H2 Evolution
Authors: Song Li‐Cheng , Ge Jian‐Hua , Zhang Xiao‐Guang , Liu Yang , Hu Qing‐Mei 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA series of methoxyphenyl‐functionalized diiron azadithiolate (ADT) complexes, [{(μ‐SCH2)2N(C6H4OMe‐p)}Fe2(CO)5L] [L = CO (2); PPh3 (3); PPh2H (4)] and [{(μ‐SCH2)2N(C6H4OMe‐p)}Fe2(CO)4(CN)2][Et4N]2 (5) as the active site models of Fe‐only hydrogenases has been investigated. While model 2 was prepared in 67 % yield by a condensation reaction of N,N‐bis(chloromethyl)‐p‐methoxyaniline (1) with [(μ‐LiS)2Fe2(CO)6], models 3–5 were prepared in 49–75 % yields by a CO substitution reaction of 2 with PPh3, PPh2H, or Et4NCN, respectively. The X‐ray crystal structures of 2 and 3 revealed that the methoxyphenyl substituent is attached to the N atom by an axial bond and the nitrogen lone electron pair in an equatorial position. On the basis of cyclic voltammetric studies of 2 and 4, it was found that 2 is a catalyst for proton reduction, and an EECC mechanism is proposed for such electrocatalytic H2 production catalyzed by the ADT‐type models. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Oligoazulenes with Mixed Ethynyl and Butadiynyl Bridges
Authors: Elwahy Ahmed H. M. , Hafner Klaus 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe new oligoazulenes 10–14 with mixed ethynyl and butadiynyl bridges were synthesized by oxidative Eglinton coupling from the readily accessible ethynylazulenes 3, 4, 7, 9 and 15 as well as by Pd/Cu‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions with the appropriate iodoazulenes 5, 6 and 8. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Foam Processing and Cellular Structure of Polycarbonate‐Based Nanocomposites
Authors: Ito Yasuhito , Yamashita Masatoshi , Okamoto Masami 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary: Via a batch process in an autoclave, foam processing of intercalated PC/clay nanocomposites, having different amounts of clay, has been conducted using supercritical CO2 as a foaming agent. The cellular structures obtained from various foaming temperature‐CO2 pressure ranges were investigated by SEM. The incorporation with nanoclay‐induced heterogeneous nucleation occurs because of a lower activation energy barrier compared with homogeneous nucleation as revealed by the characterization of the interfacial tension between bubble and matrix. The controlled structure of the PCCN foams changed from microcellular (d ≅ 20 µm and Nc ≅ 1.0 × 109 cells · cm−3) to nanocellular (d ≅ 600 nm and Nc ≅ 3.0 × 1013 cells · cm−3). The mechanical properties of PCCN foams under compression test were discussed.TEM micrograph for the structure of the cell wall foamed at 160 °C.magnified imageTEM micrograph for the structure of the cell wall foamed at 160 °C.
Structure and Properties of Soy Protein Plastics Plasticized with Acetamide
Authors: Liu Dagang , Zhang Lina 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary: Acetamide‐plasticized SPI sheets, denoted SAm, were prepared by compress molding at 140 °C and 20 MPa. The compatibility between acetamide and SPI has been investigated by DSC, WXRD, optical transmittance and SEM. Strong hydrogen bonding interaction between SPI and acetamide was evidenced by FT‐IR spectroscopy. When acetamide contents reached 30 phr the SAm exhibited best plasticity, leading to the highest elongation at break (178%) of the material. Moreover, the single glass transition temperatures of the SAm sheets decreased with an increase of acetamide content. Furthermore, the results from torque rheology revealed that the flexibility and processability were improved when the acetamide contents increased from 10 to 50 phr. Interestingly the acetamide‐plasticized SPI materials had better optical transmittance at 800 nm (75%) than that of glycerol‐plasticized SPI sheet, indicating a good compatibility of the SAm materials. At the same time, the results from TGA measurement and the water uptake indicated that SAm sheets possessed higher thermal stability and water‐resistance than those of glycerol‐plasticized SPI. This work provided a good plasticizer for SPI, and it is anticipated to use in biodegradable protein materials widely.Water uptake of the SAm sheets at 35% RH.magnified imageWater uptake of the SAm sheets at 35% RH.
Quantum Chemical Mapping of Initialization Processes in RAFT Polymerization
Authors: Coote Michelle L. , Izgorodina Ekaterina I. , Krenske Elizabeth H. , Busch Markus , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary: We present the first ab initio simulation of a reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Using ab initio molecular orbital theory, we calculate the equilibrium constants for the first eight addition–fragmentation steps in the cyanoisopropyl dithiobenzoate‐mediated polymerization of styrene. We then simulate the concentration profiles for the RAFT agent, and its unimeric and dimeric adducts, assuming standard experimental parameters for styrene homopolymerization and the addition of the styryl radical to the RAFT agent. The simulated data show excellent agreement with published experimental data, highlighting the accuracy of quantum chemistry. In contrast, the currently used chain‐length independent models fail to describe even the qualitative trends in the data, regardless of whether the fragmentation reaction is assumed to be fast or slow. The calculated chain‐length dependent equilibrium constants are large, in agreement with the earlier proposed slow fragmentation model.Ab initio kinetic modelling of concentration profiles during the RAFT initialization period.magnified imageAb initio kinetic modelling of concentration profiles during the RAFT initialization period.
Synthesis and SFM Study of Comb‐Like Poly(4‐vinylpyridinium) Salts and Their Complexes with Surfactants
Authors: Gallyamov Marat O. , Starodubtsev Sergey G. , Khokhlov Alexei R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary: Poly(4‐vinylpyridinium) bromides containing octyl and dodecyl pendant groups were synthesized. Bromide anions in these polymer salts were substituted with dodecylsulfate and bis(2‐ethylhexylsuccinate) anions using ion‐exchange reactions. Initially, P4VP and its derivatives loaded with hydrophobic groups were deposited on a mica surface from diluted solutions in chloroform for visualization. Images of single adsorbed macromolecules were obtained using scanning force microscopy. Original P4VP chains form partially compacted self‐intersecting coils. Loading the polymer chains with large hydrophobic groups and especially the increase in the number of alkyl tails (see Figure) per monomer unit of the polymer chain leads to the stretching of the coils, and the comb‐like macromolecules adopt more and more extended self‐avoiding 2D conformations when deposited on the substrate.Polymer chains with large hydrophobic groups and increasing number of alkyl tails per monomer unit of the polymer chain.magnified imagePolymer chains with large hydrophobic groups and increasing number of alkyl tails per monomer unit of the polymer chain.
Mutations in TITF1 are not relevant to sporadic and familial chorea of unknown cause
Authors: Bauer Peter , Kreuz Friedmar R. , Bürk Katrin , Saft Carsten , Andrich Jürgen , Heilemann Hubert , Riess Olaf , Schöls Ludger 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBenign hereditary chorea (BHC; OMIM 118700) is an autosomal dominant movement disorder. Mutations in the thyroid transcription factor 1 (TITF1) gene have been linked with BHC. The phenotype for BHC is highly variable and may include atypical features such as dystonia, slow saccades, and even cognitive deficits. Although BHC is commonly transmitted in a dominant manner, assessment of TITF1 mutations in familial or sporadic patients with late‐onset nonprogressive or early‐onset progressive chorea is of practical relevance in order to evaluate diagnostic strategies in single patients. In this study, 18 patients with chorea of unknown cause including index patients of three families with autosomal dominantly inherited nonprogressive chorea have been screened for TITF1 mutations by means of denaturating high‐pressure liquid chromatography (dHPLC). No sequence variations were detected for the complete open reading frame, suggesting that TITF1 mutations are not a common cause of sporadic or familial chorea of unknown cause. Additionally, linkage analysis excluded TITF1 mutations in a large family with benign hereditary chorea. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Oscillations in the basal ganglia under normal conditions and in movement disorders
Authors: Gatev Plamen , Darbin Olivier , Wichmann Thomas 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA substantial body of work within the last decade has demonstrated that there is a variety of oscillatory phenomena that occur in the basal ganglia and in associated regions of the thalamus and cortex. Most of the earlier studies focused on recordings in rodents and primates. More recently, significant advances have been made in this field of research through the analysis of basal ganglia field potentials recorded from implanted deep brain stimulation electrodes in the basal ganglia of human patients with Parkinson's disease and other disorders. It now appears that oscillatory activity may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. The most significant finding is that in Parkinson's disease synchronized oscillatory activity in the 10‐ to 35‐Hz band (often termed “β‐band”) is prevalent in the basal ganglia–thalamocortical circuits, and that such activity can be reduced by dopaminergic treatments. The entrainment of large portions of these circuits may disrupt information processing in them and may lead to parkinsonian akinesia (and perhaps tremor). Although less firmly established than the role of oscillations in movement disorders, oscillatory activities at higher frequencies may also be a component of normal basal ganglia physiology. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Disturbance of rapid eye movement sleep in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2
Authors: Boesch Sylvia M. , Frauscher Birgit , Brandauer Elisabeth , Wenning Gregor K. , Högl Birgit , Poewe Werner 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFive genetically confirmed spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) patients were admitted to our sleep laboratory for two all‐night video‐polysomnographies. A standard montage was used, including electroencephalography, vertical and horizontal electrooculography, electromyography of mental, submental, and tibialis anterior muscles, and respiratory monitoring. Four of five SCA2 patients had insufficient muscle atonia during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. All patients exhibited myoclonic jerks during REM sleep, while elaborated behavior was not observed in the video. Abnormal motor control during sleep with periodic leg movements and REM sleep without atonia occurs frequently in SCA2. This finding may reflect a dysfunction of dopaminergic and/or brainstem and cerebellar outflow pathways. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Consideration of thermodynamic, transport, and mechanical properties in the design of polymer electrolyte membranes for higher temperature fuel cell operation
Authors: Choi Pyoungho , Jalani Nikhil H. , Thampan Tony M. , Datta Ravindra 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA phenomenological theory is provided for water sorption and proton transport in polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) as well as in polymer‐inorganic nanocomposite membranes (NCPEMs) that not only serves to rationalize the sorption and conductivity behavior of conventional PEMs such as Nafion but also provides a framework for rational design of improved PEMs and NCPEMs. The thermodynamic model, which considers the effect of osmotic pressure on the activity of free water within the membrane pores, predicts the entire sorption isotherm and provides a plausible explanation for the so‐called Schroeder's paradox. The transport model incorporates the various mechanisms of proton transport, namely, surface hopping, Grotthuss diffusion, and en masse diffusion. As the design of alternate PEMs suitable for effective proton transport under hot and dry conditions is a key current technological goal, the rational design of NCPEMs for this purpose is considered here in detail on the basis of an extension of the transport model to account for the influence of the inclusion of functional additives in NCPEMs. The results also point to the reason that Nafion is an excellent PEM, because the hydrophobic nature of its backbone induces water away from surface into pore bulk where efficient proton diffusion occurs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 2183–2200, 2006
Study of Surface Properties of Polyolefins Modified by Corona Discharge Plasma
Authors: Novák Igor , Pollák Vladimír , Chodák Ivan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary: Polyolefin surfaces, namely isotactic poly(propylene) (iPP) and low‐density polyethylene (LDPE), were modified by corona discharge plasma. The chemical changes on the modified surfaces were observed, deeply affecting the surface and the adhesive properties of the studied materials. The hydrophobic recovery in the case of iPP is considerably dependent on the polymer crystallinity. The presence of the processing agents in the LDPE has a significant influence on the surface hydrophobization dynamics.Concentration of hydro peroxides in corona‐treated iPP versus the energy density: a) E‐iPP, and b) BO‐iPP.magnified imageConcentration of hydro peroxides in corona‐treated iPP versus the energy density: a) E‐iPP, and b) BO‐iPP.
Improved robust stability criteria and design of robust stabilizing controller for uncertain linear time‐delay systems
Authors: Parlakçı M. N. Alpaslan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this paper, an improved linear matrix inequality (LMI)‐based robust delay‐dependent stability test is introduced to ensure a larger upper bound for time‐varying delays affecting the state vector of an uncertain continuous‐time system with norm‐bounded‐type uncertainties. A quasi‐full‐size Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional is chosen and free‐weighting matrix approach is employed. Less restrictive sufficient conditions are derived for robust stability of time‐varying delay systems with norm‐bounded‐type uncertainties. Moreover, the investigation of the stabilization problem with memoryless state‐feedback control is presented such that the stabilizability criteria are obtained in terms of matrix inequalities, which can be solved via utilizing a cone complementarity minimization algorithm. Finally, the problem of output feedback stabilization for square systems is also taken into consideration. The output feedback stabilizability criteria are derived in the form of linear matrix inequalities, which are convex and can be easily solved using interior point algorithms. A plenty of numerical examples are presented indicating that the proposed stability and stabilization methods effectively improve the existing results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Localized energy efficient routing in mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Haque Israat Tanzeena , Assi Chadi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe consider the problem of localized energy aware routing in mobile ad hoc networks. In localized routing algorithms, each node forwards a message based on the position of itself, its neighbors and the destination. The objective of energy aware routing algorithms is to minimize the total power for routing a message from source to destination or to maximize the total number of routing tasks that a node can perform before its battery power depletes. In this paper we propose new localized energy aware routing algorithms called OLEAR. The algorithms have very high packet delivery rate with low packet forwarding and battery power consumption. In addition, they ensure good energy distribution among the nodes. Finally, packets reach the destination using smaller number of hops. All these properties make our algorithm suitable for routing in any energy constrained environment. We compare the performance of our algorithms with other existing energy and non‐energy aware localized algorithms. Simulation experiments show that our algorithms present comparable energy consumption and distribution to other energy aware algorithms and better packet delivery rate. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dispersant effectiveness on oil spills – impact of salinity
Authors: Chandrasekar Subhashini , Sorial George A. , Weaver James W. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
When a dispersant is applied to an oil slick, its effectiveness in dispersing the spilled oil depends on factors such as oil properties, wave-mixing energy, temperature, and salinity of the water. Estuaries represent water with varying salinity, so in this study, three salinity values in the range 10–34 psu were investigated, representing potential salinity concentrations found in typical estuaries. Three oils were chosen to represent light refined oil, light crude oil, and medium crude oil. Each was tested at three weathering levels to represent maximum, medium, and zero weathering. Two dispersants were chosen for evaluation. A modified trypsinizing flask termed a baffled flask was used to conduct the experimental runs. A full factorial experiment was conducted for each oil. The interactions between the effects of salinity and three environmental factors, temperature, oil weathering, and mixing energy, on dispersion effectiveness were investigated. Each experiment was replicated four times in order to evaluate the accuracy of the test. Statistical analyses of the experimental data were performed for each of the three oils independently for each dispersant treatment (two dispersants and oil controls). A linear regression model representing the main factors (salinity, temperature, oil weathering, flask speed) and second-order interactions among the factors was fitted to the experimental data. Salinity played an important role in determining the significance of temperature and mixing energy on dispersant effectiveness for almost all the oil–dispersant combinations. The impact of salinity at different weathering was only significant for light crude oil with dispersant A.
Randomized controlled trial of general practitioner intervention in women with excessive alcohol consumption
Authors: SCOTT EILEEN , ANDERSON PETER 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSeventy two women drinking 21 units (21og) or more of alcohol per week were recruited from an opportunistic screening programme in eight English general practices. The women were randomized into control and treatment groups. Women in the treatment group received ten minutes advice from their general practitioner to reduce alcohol consumption. At one year follow‐up, when analyzed by intention to treat, women in the treatment group had reduced their alcohol consumption from an average of 35‐24 units per week. Similar reductions were found in the control group (from 37‐27 units per week). The lack of evidence for a treatment effect may be explained by contamination of the control group by informal interventions. [Scott E, Anderson P. Randomized controlled trial of general practitioner intervention in women with excessive alcohol consumption.
The crime cocktail: licensed premises, alcohol and street offences
Authors: IRELAND C. S. , THOMMENY J. L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThere is widespread acknowledgment for a connection between alcohol consumption and crime, but the extent of the connection and its implications continue to promote debate. Previous research has concentrated on assessment of alcohol involvement of offenders following arrest. Not all incidents coming to the notice of police result in an arrest. Arrest‐centred alcohol involvement research is limited as arrest is not the most common outcome of police attendance.This study utilized an incident survey card to allow operational police officers to record their assessment of alcohol involvement for all incidents, not just arrests. Police were given clear guidelines to assist in their assessment of alcohol involvement. The survey was conducted over a 4‐week period in six metropolitan Sydney Police Patrols. Levels of alcohol involvement were very high, with 77% of street offence incidents (assault, offensive behaviour and offensive language) found to be alcohol‐related. Also identified was the high proportion of offences occurring in or near licensed premises. Sixty per cent of all alcohol‐related street offences were included in this category. Other offences which also received a high alcohol involvement assessment were malicious damage (58%), domestic violence (40%) and noise complaints (59%). Drink driving offences were, by definition, 100% alcohol‐related.
The effect of prices on alcohol consumption in New Zealand 1983–1991
Authors: WETTE HILDEGARD C. , ZHANG JIA‐FANG , BERG RICHARD J. , CASSWELL SALLY 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe strength of the effect of prices on alcohol consumption is of relevance in determining the potential impact that alcohol taxes have on consumption and, thereby, alcohol‐related problems. This price‐consumption relationship was investigated for New Zealand. Multiple regression analysis was employed using quarterly aggregate consumption and price data for 1983–1991. Price elasticities of alcohol consumption were estimated to be ‐1.1, ‐1.1, 0, ‐2.0 for beer, wine and spirits beverage, and absolute (total) alcohol consumption, respectively. These elasticity estimates and the degree to which prices explained consumption trends in the regression equations, suggest that price had a strong effect on alcohol consumption in New Zealand during the period investigated. Thus, the current taxing policy, in which excise tax is indexed to inflation, is deemed a useful tool for preventing an increase in alcohol consumption and alcohol‐related problems.