bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of local and global outliers in mapping studies
Authors: Ainsworth L. M. , Dean C. B. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn mapping studies, extreme risk areas may arise in proximity to one another in a smooth spatial surface. They may also arise as isolated ‘hotspots’ or ‘lowspots’, which are quite distinct from those of neighbouring sites. In this paper, we develop spatial methods which encompass both types of extreme risks. The former is modelled by a spatially smooth surface using a conditional autoregressive model; the latter is addressed with the addition of a discrete clustering component, which offers the flexibility of accommodating extreme isolated risks and is not limited by spatial smoothness. The autoregressive component incorporates the spatially correlated risk as a baseline surface, acknowledging that environmental activity, often spatially correlated, influences risk responses. The discrete component identifies hotspots/lowspots of activity beyond the spatially correlated baseline risk surface. Both types of extreme risk are important, but isolated extremes may provide insight into areas with potential of being a centre for future spatially correlated extreme risks. Hence these may be particularly important in terms of surveillance. A Bayesian approach to inference is employed and graphical techniques for isolating extremes are illustrated. Model assessment is conducted via cross‐validation posterior predictive checks. Three examples demonstrate the utility of the methods and case studies show the procedures to be useful for pinpointing extreme risks. In addition, sensitivity to priors is investigated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial and mixture models for recurrent event processes
Authors: Dean C. B. , Nathoo F. , Nielsen J. D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractStudies of recurring infection or chronic disease often collect longitudinal data on the disease status of subjects. Two types of models may be envisioned for the analysis of such data: counting process models or multi‐state transitional models. We consider both scenarios in the specific case where the population consists of mixtures. A flexible semi‐parametric model for analyzing longitudinal panel count data is presented. Discrete mixtures of smooth counting process intensity forms are considered, including mixtures of splines, which permit time‐varying covariate effects, with the so‐called proportional intensity model as a limiting case. For recurrent events handled in a multi‐state transitional model framework, individuals may be said to occupy one of a discrete set of states and interest centers on the transition process between states. We examine the use of mixed Markov models for the analysis of such longitudinal data where the processes corresponding to different subjects may be correlated spatially over a region. Both discrete and continuous‐time models incorporating spatially correlated random effects are discussed. Examples illustrate the methods discussed including a study of recurrent weevil infestation, and one to assess the effectiveness of a pheromone treatment in disturbing the mating habits of the cherry bark tortrix moth. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian analysis of the multivariate geographical distribution of the socio‐economic environment in England
Authors: Abellan Juan J. , Fecht Daniela , Best Nicky , Richardson Sylvia , Briggs David J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this paper we analyse the geographical distribution of theIndices of Deprivation 2004, a set of seven area‐based indices measuring multiple dimensions of socio‐economic status (SES) related to income, employment, education, health, access to services and housing, crime, and living environment in England at district level. We first study all the seven SES ‘domains’ separately using spatial hierarchical models to assess the level of underlying geographical structure in each of them. We then explore their joint relationships using a spatial factor model that extracts the information common and specific to the income, employment and education domains and regress the other domains on the extracted components. We use Bayesian inference throughout. Results show that all seven domains present strong spatial structure. The income, employment, education and health domains largely share the same information, which moderately overlaps with the crime and environment domains. The domain on access to services and housing is quite different from the others. The geographical patterns found in the latent common and specific factors are however difficult to interpret without further complementary information. Further investigation is required to identify plausible causal processes related to current economic and regional policies, and also to historic factors and their long‐lasting socio‐economic legacy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing a parenting skills‐and‐support intervention for mothers with eating disorders and pre‐school children: part 2. Piloting a group intervention
Authors: Bryant‐Waugh Rachel , Turner Hannah , Jones Ceri , Gamble Caroline 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectiveThis paper reports the development and preliminary evaluation of a group intervention for mothers with eating disorders who have pre‐school children.MethodThis study aimed to define and clarify intervention components, and make a preliminary assessment of the feasibility, acceptability and potential for achieving clinical change of the group intervention.ResultsAn eight‐session group intervention was developed and piloted with four or five participants in each of three trials. Feedback demonstrated that the majority of participants tolerated and valued this type of intervention, and felt it had a positive impact on parenting skills and confidence. Preliminary evaluation suggested reduction in parenting concerns and improved depression scores following group participation.DiscussionThe groups revealed a range of difficulties experienced by such mothers. An intervention designed to address the identified issues could have important beneficial effects on child development and provide a valuable means of support to this patient group. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Look at yourself: can body image therapy affect the cognitive and emotional response to seeing oneself in the mirror in eating disorders?
Authors: Vocks Silja , Wächter Alexandra , Wucherer Maike , Kosfelder Joachim 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe study examined whether the extent of negative body‐related thoughts and emotions evoked by looking in a mirror can be changed by cognitive‐behavioural body image therapy (BIT) and whether any remaining cognitive and affective responses dropped faster after the treatment. Females with eating disorders (n = 17) looked in a mirror for 40 minutes under standardised conditions before and after BIT. A control group (CG) (n = 24) was also exposed to their own bodies twice. Cognitive and affective reactions were assessed four times during the session. Hierarchical Linear Modelling revealed that among eating‐disordered patients, the entrance levels of negative thoughts and feelings were lower at post compared to pre‐BIT, whereas they remained stable in the CG. The extent of reduction of the remaining body image distress was not changed after the treatment. BIT seems to be a potent treatment of negative emotions and cognitions in an in vivo situation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
A cell‐centred arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method
Authors: Maire Pierre‐Henri , Breil Jérôme , Galera Stéphane 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe present an original and accurate unstructured cell‐centred arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian algorithm devoted to the simulation of multi‐material fluid flows. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An immersed boundary method for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in complex geometry
Authors: Sheu Tony W. H. , Ting H. F. , Lin R. K. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA nodally exact convection–diffusion–reaction scheme developed in Cartesian grids is applied to solve the flow equations in irregular domains within the framework of immersed boundary (IB) method. The artificial momentum forcing term applied at certain points in the flow and inside the body of any shape allows the imposition of no‐slip velocity condition to account for the body of complex boundary. Development of an interpolation scheme that can accurately lead to no‐slip velocity condition along the IB is essential since Cartesian grid lines generally do not coincide with the IB. The results simulated from the proposed IB method agree well
with other numerical and experimental results for several chosen benchmark problems. The accuracy and fidelity of the IB flow solver to predict flows with irregular IBs are therefore demonstrated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional lattice Boltzmann interface capturing method for incompressible flows
Authors: Zheng H. W. , Shu C. , Chew Y. T. , Sun J. H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a new three‐dimensional lattice Boltzmann interface capturing method for incompressible flows following the work of Zheng et al. (Phys. Rev. E 2005; 72:056705). As shown in the paper, the fourth rank isotropic property of the lattice tensor is not needed for interface capturing. As a result, a new D3Q7 (D3 means three dimensional, Q7 means seven velocity bits) lattice velocity model and its associated equilibrium distribution functions are proposed in the paper. The proposed model is validated by comparing its numerical results with those of an existing lattice Boltzmann interface
capturing model (J. Comput. Phys. 2004; 198:628–644) and three‐dimensional direction split flux‐corrected transport method (Int. J. Numer. Meth. Fluids 1997; 24:671–691). Numerical results showed that the present model performs better than the existing methods in capturing the interface. It greatly improves the computational efficiency and saves at least half of the memory as compared to other lattice Boltzmann interface capturing models. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian method for laser plasma simulations
Authors: Kapin T. , Kuchařík M. , Limpouch J. , Liska R. , Váchal P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) 2D code has been developed in Cartesian and cylindrical geometries. For laser plasma simulations, the code has been extended by heat conductivity, laser absorption and QEOS equation of state. Three particular problems (originated in laser plasma experiments) for which pure Lagrangian simulation fails demonstrate the necessity of using the ALE method. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The steady Navier–Stokes/energy system with temperature‐dependent viscosity—Part 2: The discrete problem and numerical experiments
Authors: Pérez Carlos E. , Thomas Jean‐Marie , Blancher Serge , Creff René 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this second part, we analyse the associated discrete problem arising from a conforming finite element method formulation of the mathematical model presented in the first part. Thus, existence and uniqueness of the discrete solution when using small enough data are stated following the same strategy used in the continuous case,
with a Cea's type error estimate established as the main result. Some numerical experiments, steady and unsteady, are performed, which allow us to validate the previous mathematical model and its discrete approximation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Closure models for multimaterial cells in arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian hydrocodes
Authors: Shashkov M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractHigh‐speed multimaterial flows with strong shear deformations occur in many problems. Due to the nature of shock wave propagation in complex materials, the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) methods are currently the only proven technology to simulate such problems. In ALE methods, the mesh does not move with the fluid, so that it is unavoidable that mixed cells containing two or more materials will appear; such mixed cells require a special closure model to be well posed. In this paper, we will discuss some of the possible models. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A numerical method for forced convection in porous and homogeneous fluid domains coupled at interface by stress jump
Authors: Chen Xiaobing , Yu Peng , Winoto S. H. , Low Hong‐Tong 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA numerical method was developed for flows involving an interface between a homogeneous fluid and a porous medium. It is based on the finite volume method with body‐fitted and multi‐block grids. The Brinkman–Forcheimmer extended model was used to govern the flow in the porous medium region. At its interface, the flow boundary condition imposed is a shear stress jump, which includes the inertial effect, together with a continuity of normal stress. The thermal boundary condition is continuity of temperature and heat flux.The forced convection through
a porous insert over a backward‐facing step is investigated. The results are presented with flow configurations for different Darcy numbers, 10−2 to 10−5, porosity from 0.2 to 0.8, Reynolds number from 10 to 800, and the ratio of insert length to channel height from 0.1 to 0.3. The heat transfer is improved by using porous insert. To enhance the heat transfer with minimal frictional losses, it is preferable to have a medium length of insert with medium Darcy number, and larger Reynolds number. The interfacial stress jump coefficients β and β1 were varied from −1 to 1, and within this range the average and local lower‐wall Nusselt numbers are not sensitive to the parameters. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hybrid immersed boundary and material point method for simulating 3D fluid–structure interaction problems
Authors: Gilmanov Anvar , Acharya Sumanta 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA numerical method is developed for solving the 3D, unsteady, incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in curvilinear coordinates containing immersed boundaries (IBs) of arbitrary geometrical complexity moving and deforming under forces acting on the body. Since simulations of flow in complex geometries with deformable surfaces require special treatment, the present approach combines a hybrid immersed boundary method (HIBM) for handling complex moving boundaries and a material point method (MPM) for resolving structural stresses and movement. This combined HIBM & MPM approach is presented as an effective approach for solving fluid–structure interaction (FSI) problems. In the HIBM, a curvilinear grid is defined and the variable values at grid points adjacent to a boundary are forced or interpolated to satisfy the boundary conditions. The MPM is used for solving the equations of solid structure and communicates with the fluid through appropriate interface‐boundary conditions.The governing flow equations are discretized on a non‐staggered grid layout using second‐order accurate finite‐difference formulas. The discrete equations are integrated in time via a second‐order accurate dual time stepping, artificial compressibility scheme. Unstructured, triangular meshes are employed to discretize the complex surface of the IBs. The nodes of the surface mesh constitute a set of Lagrangian control points used for tracking the motion of the flexible body. The equations of the solid body are integrated in time via the MPM. At every instant in time, the influence of the body on the flow is accounted for by applying boundary conditions at stationary curvilinear grid nodes located in the exterior but in the immediate vicinity of the body by reconstructing the solution along the local normal to the body surface. The influence of the fluid on the body is defined through pressure and shear stresses acting on the surface of the body.The HIBM & MPM approach is validated for FSI problems by solving for a falling rigid and flexible sphere in a fluid‐filled channel. The behavior of a capsule in a shear flow was also examined. Agreement with the published results is excellent. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immersed boundary conditions method for unsteady flow problems described by the Laplace operator
Authors: Husain S. Z. , Floryan J. M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAn implicit, spectral algorithm for the analysis of unsteady flow problems governed by the Laplace operator in corrugated geometries is described. The algorithm treats the physical boundary conditions as constraints along lines internal to the solution domain. The method eliminates the need for coordinate generation and can be quickly adapted to changing geometries. Various tests confirm the spectral accuracy in space and the first‐ and second‐order accuracies in time. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A general Riemann solver for Euler equations
Authors: Wu Hao , Shen Zhijun 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we present a general Riemann solver which is applied successfully to compute the Euler equations in fluid dynamics with many complex equations of state (EOS). The solver is based on a splitting method introduced by the authors. We add a linear advection term to the Euler equations in the first step, to make the numerical flux between cells easy to compute. The added linear advection term is thrown off in the second step. It does not need an iterative technique and characteristic wave decomposition for computation. This new solver is designed to permit the construction of high‐order approximations to obtain high‐order Godunov‐type schemes. A number of numerical results show its robustness. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluid–structure interaction problems in free surface flows: Application to boat dynamics
Authors: Formaggia L. , Miglio E. , Mola A. , Parolini N. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we present some recent studies on fluid–structure interaction problems in the presence of free surface flow. We consider the dynamics of boats simulated as rigid bodies. Several hydrodynamic models are presented, ranging from full Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes equations to reduced models based on potential flow theory. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Equity in health and health care in a decentralised context: evidence from Canada
Authors: Jiménez‐Rubio Dolores , Smith Peter C. , Van Doorslaer Eddy 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe impact of administrative decentralisation on equity in health and health care is an important unresolved issue in the health policy debate. Predictions from the limited theoretical literature and the relevant empirical research are both insufficient to draw any firm conclusions. Many countries are nevertheless experimenting with decentralisation policies in the absence of research evidence. This paper presents an exploratory empirical analysis of decentralisation by investigating the spatial dimensions of health‐related equity in Canada, a highly decentralised setting. Using data from the 2001 Canadian Community Health Survey, we apply a decomposition method of the Concentration Index to explore whether income‐related inequalities in health and inequities in the use of health care are more likely to be due to gaps between rich and poor Canadian provinces rather than to differences between rich and poor individuals within them. The results show that within area variation is the most important source of income‐related health inequality, while income‐related inequities in health care use are mostly driven by differences between provinces. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The association of up‐regulation of X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein with cell adhesion‐mediated drug resistance in U937 cells
Authors: Wang Xiaofang , Wang Chun , Qin You‐wen , Yan Shi‐ke , Gao Yan‐rong 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAn increasing body of evidence indicates that environmental factors may contribute to the drug resistance of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). CAM‐DR (cell adhesion‐mediated drug resistance) is a reversible, de novo drug resistance induced by adhesion of tumour cell lines to fibronectin (FN). Adhesion was demonstrated to directly regulate the apoptotic machinery. And it was observed in previous studies that high levels of X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) were related to resistance to chemotherapeutics in many cancer cell lines. However, whether XIAP is relevant to CAM‐DR of AML cells is unknown. In this report, we demonstrated that the mRNA and protein levels of XIAP were increased by 96.15% and 120.92%, respectively in U937 cells cocultured with FN as compared with controls. Antisense oligonucleotides targeting XIAP down‐regulated the expression of XIAP and sensitized U937 cells to daunorubicin. In addition, we investigated the signalling pathway involved in the upregulation of XIAP. The levels of phosphorylated Akt (Ser473) were elevated in U937/FN cells and the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 suppressed XIAP expression and restored the chemosensitivity to daunorubicin. Our findings suggested that adhesion‐dependent activation of the PI3K/Akt/XIAP pathway may be one of the factors involved in the CAM‐DR of U937 cells. Targeting this pathway may be a useful approach to improve the therapeutic responsiveness of leukaemia cells. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organochlorines and risk of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Spinelli John J. , Ng Carmen H. , Weber Jean‐Philippe , Connors Joseph M. , Gascoyne Randy D. , Lai Agnes S. , Brooks‐Wilson Angela R. , Le Nhu D. , Berry Brian R. , Gallagher Richard P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOrganochlorine chemicals and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been suspected as possible risk factors for non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). We investigated PCBs and organochlorine pesticides and risk of NHL in a population‐based case–control study in British Columbia, Canada. Congeners of PCBs (including dioxinlike congeners) and pesticides or pesticide metabolites were measured in plasma of 422 pretreatment cases and 460 control subjects. This is so far the largest study to examine organochlorines in plasma to date. Several dioxin‐like PCB congeners were associated with increased risk of NHL, including dioxin‐like PCB nos. 118 and 156 with odds ratios (OR) for the highest versus lowest quartile between 1.6 and 1.8. Several non‐dioxin‐like congeners also showed significant associations. The PCB congener with the strongest association was no. 180 with an OR for the highest versus the lowest quartile of 1.83 (95% confidence interval = 1.18–2.84). Six pesticide analytes also showed a significant association with NHL; β‐hexachlorocyclohexane, p,p′‐DDE, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, oxychlordane and trans‐nonachlor. The strongest association was found for oxychlordane, a metabolite of the pesticide chlordane (highest vs. lowest quartile OR = 2.68, 95% confidence interval = 1.69–4.24). Our results provide further evidence that organochlorines contribute to NHL risk. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.