bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and phosphorus removal from nutrient‐rich industrial wastewater using granular sludge
Authors: Yilmaz Gulsum , Lemaire Romain , Keller Jurg , Yuan Zhiguo 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe biological removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from nutrient‐rich abattoir wastewater using granular sludge has been investigated. A lab‐scale sequencing batch reactor, seeded with granular sludge developed using synthetic wastewater, was operated for 13 months under alternating anaerobic and aerobic conditions. It is demonstrated that the granules could be sustained and indeed further developed with the use of abattoir wastewater. The organic, nitrogen, and phosphorus loading rates applied were 2.7 gCOD L−1 day−1, 0.43 gN L−1 day−1, and 0.06 gP L−1 day−1, respectively. The removal efficiency of soluble COD, soluble nitrogen and soluble phosphorus were 85%, 93%, and 89%, respectively. However, the high suspended solids in the effluent limited the overall removal efficiency to 68%, 86%, and 74% for total COD, TN, and TP, respectively. This good nutrient removal was achieved through the process known as simultaneous nitrification, denitrification, and phosphorus removal, likely facilitated by the presence of large anoxic zones in the center of the granules. The removal of nitrogen was likely via nitrite optimizing the use of the limited COD available in the wastewater. Accumulibacter spp. were found to be responsible for most of the denitrification, further reducing the COD requirement for nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Mineral precipitation was evaluated and was not found to significantly contribute to the overall nutrient removal. It is also shown that the minimum HRT in a granular sludge system is not governed by the sludge settleability, as is the case with floccular sludge systems, but likely by the limitations associated with the transfer of substrates in granules. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 529–541. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surfactants from Biomass: A Two‐Step Cascade Reaction for the Synthesis of Sorbitol Fatty Acid Esters Using Solid Acid Catalysts
Authors: Corma Avelino , Hamid Sharifah B. A. , Iborra Sara , Velty Alexandra 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSorbitol fatty esters have been prepared through a two‐step catalytic process which involves the protection of the polyalcohol by ketalization followed by esterification with the fatty acid. Inorganic molecular sieves with different pore topologies as well as heteropolyacids (HPA) were used as acid catalysts to perform both the ketalization and the esterification step. These catalysts are found to hydrolyze the ketal function and promote the esterification between the free hydroxy groups and oleic acid in a cascade process. The results show a positive shape‐selectivity effect when the process is carried out using tridirectional, and especially monodirectional (mordenite), zeolites, such that the ratio of mono‐ to higher esters and the hydroxy number of the final product are increased as compared to those obtained for the homogeneous‐catalyzed process.
Adolescent depression: diagnosis, treatment, and educational attainment
Authors: Fletcher Jason M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn this paper, I use nationally representative longitudinal data to examine adolescent depression and educational attainment. First, I examine the individual, family, and community‐level determinants of adolescent depression, diagnosis, and treatment. I find that male and minority adolescents who score high on depression scales are less likely to be diagnosed as depressed or receive treatment than female and non‐Hispanic white adolescents. Additionally, I find several community‐level variables to be important determinants of depression, diagnosis, and treatment. Second, I examine the importance of adolescent depression for educational attainment. Although it is uncontroversial to expect a negative relationship, most previous research uses cross‐sectional data, making it difficult to adequately determine the magnitude of the effect. I find that depressive symptoms are related to educational attainment along multiple margins: dropping out of high school, college enrollment, and college type. These relationships are only found for adolescent females, and there are several interesting results across income groups. Overall, these findings suggest that further attempts to diagnose and treat adolescents with depressive symptoms are needed and that additional treatment options may be required to combat the important relationship between adolescent depression and human capital accumulation for females. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of weight loss on outcomes in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing concomitant chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Capuano Giorgio , Grosso Alessandra , Gentile Pier Carlo , Battista Michele , Bianciardi Federico , Di Palma Annamaria , Pavese Ida , Satta Francesco , Tosti Michela , Palladino Anna , Coiro Guido , Di Palma Mario 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBackground.The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of weight loss on outcome in patients with head and neck cancer undergoing concomitant chemoradiotherapy (CCRT): treatment interruption, infections, mortality, and hospital readmission rate.Methods.Forty patients with head and neck cancer were enrolled. All patients were counseled to follow a nutritional program during CCRT. Body weight was evaluated at baseline, at the end, and 30 days after radiochemotherapy.Results.Ninety percent of compliant patients with nutritional program maintained body weight (mean, 1 ± 2.4 kg) and 100% of noncompliant patients continued to lose weight (mean, −9 ± 4 kg; p < .001). A reduction greater than 20% of prediagnosis weight significantly correlated with treatment interruption (p = .003), infections (p = .002), early mortality (p = .011), hospital readmission rate (p = .001), and survival (log‐rank test: z = −2.722, p = .006).Conclusion.In patients with head and neck cancer undergoing CCRT, the early nutritional management reduces weight loss and improve outcome. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of the parotid gland: A rare pediatric case
Authors: Chang Ray C. , Dave Sandeep P. , Robinson Philip G. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBackground.Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, or malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) of the head and neck is an uncommon malignancy that is exceedingly rare in the pediatric population. Although MFH was once considered the most common soft tissue sarcoma in adults, recently authors have questioned its existence as a distinct pathologic entity.Methods.In light of this debate, we present a case of MFH with giant cells involving the parotid gland, and we review its pathology.Results.We describe a 6‐year‐old male with parotid gland MFH. Diagnosis was fraught with difficulty, typical of this disease. He was treated with a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy with a good initial response.Conclusion.The classification of MFH has been recently debated. Nevertheless, our case is the second report of pediatric MFH involving the parotid gland. Surgical resection is the preferred treatment, but combined chemoradiation may be necessary in the head and neck region. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008
Constructive episodic simulation: Temporal distance and detail of past and future events modulate hippocampal engagement
Authors: Addis Donna Rose , Schacter Daniel L. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBehavioral, lesion and neuroimaging evidence show striking commonalities between remembering past events and imagining future events. In a recent event‐related fMRI study, we instructed participants to construct a past or future event in response to a cue. Once an event was in mind, participants made a button press, then generated details (elaboration) and rated them. The elaboration of past and future events recruited a common neural network. However, regions within this network may respond differentially to event characteristics, such as the amount of detail generated and temporal distance, depending on whether the event is in the past or future. To investigate this further, we conducted parametric modulation analyses, with temporal distance and detail as covariates, and focused on the medial temporal lobes and frontopolar cortex. The analysis of detail (independent of temporal distance) showed that the left posterior hippocampus was responsive to the amount of detail comprising both past and future events. In contrast, the left anterior hippocampus responded differentially to the amount of detail comprising future events, possibly reflecting the recombination of details into a novel future event. The analysis of temporal distance revealed that the increasing recency of past events correlated with activity in the right parahippocampus gyrus (Brodmann area (BA) 35/36), while activity in the bilateral hippocampus was significantly correlated with the increasing remoteness of future events. We propose that the hippocampal response to the distance of future events reflects the increasing disparateness of details likely included in remote future events, and the intensive relational processing required for integrating such details into a coherent episodic simulation of the future. These findings provide further support for the constructive episodic simulation hypothesis (Schacter and Addis (2007) Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 362:773–786) and highlight the involvement of the hippocampus in relational processing during elaboration of future events. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Consumer benefits from increased competition in shopping outlets: Measuring the effect of Wal‐Mart
Authors: Hausman Jerry , Leibtag Ephraim 
Published: December 2007

AbstractNon‐traditional retail outlets, including supercenters, warehouse club stores, and mass merchandisers, have nearly doubled their share of consumer food‐at‐home expenditures in the U.S. from 1998 to 2003. Wal‐Mart supercenters have had the biggest impact on food retailing as they compete most closely with traditional supermarkets and offer many identical food items at an average price about 15%–25% lower than traditional supermarkets. We consider consumer benefits from this market share growth and estimate the effect on consumer welfare of entry and expansion into new geographic markets. We calculate the compensating variation that arises from both the direct variety effect of the entry of supercenters and the indirect price effect that arises from the increased competition that supercenters create and find the average effect of the total compensating variation to be 25% of food expenditures. Since we find that lower income households tend to shop more at these lower priced outlets, a significant decrease in consumer surplus arises from restricting entry and expansion of supercenters into new geographic markets. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complementarities in automobile production
Authors: Biesebroeck Johannes Van 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe number of different car and light truck models produced in North America has increased enormously over the last decades. The data suggests that producing this increased variety of vehicles is associated with a productivity penalty. We show that manufacturers can adopt complementary activities to reduce this penalty. Flexible technology, defined as the ability to assemble models derived from different ‘platforms’ on the same assembly line, and bringing previously outsourced activities in‐house are two such activities that we identify. Both are costly themselves, in terms of lower productivity, but they reduce the cost of producing greater variety. The results are robust to controlling for the endogeneity of the adoption decisions using activity‐specific instruments, as proposed by Athey and Stern (2003). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fine structure of the spermatheca and of the accessory glands inOrchesella villosa(Collembola, Hexapoda)
Authors: Dallai Romano , Zizzari Zaira Valentina , Fanciulli Pietro Paolo 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe spermatheca and the accessory glands of the collembolanOrchesella villosaare described for the first time. Both organs exhibit ultrastructural differences, according to the time of the intermolt in which the specimens were observed. A thick cuticular layer lines the epithelial cells of the accessory glands. In the reproductive phase, they are involved in secretory activity; a moderately dense secretion found in the apical cell region opens into the gland lumen. Cells with an extracellular cistern are intermingled with the secretory cells. These cells could be involved in fluid secretion, with the secretory product opening into the cistern which is filled with an electron‐transparent material. After the reproductive phase, the gland lumen becomes filled with a dense secretion. The accessory gland secretion may play a protective role towards the eggs. The spermatheca is located between the accessory glands; its epithelium is lined by a thin cuticle forming spine‐like projections into the lumen and consists of cells provided with an extracellular cistern. Secretory cells, similar to those seen in the accessory glands, are missing. Cells with a cistern could be involved in the production of a fluid secretion determining sperm unrolling and sperm motility. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myogenesis in Aplysia californica (Cooper, 1863) (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia) with special focus on muscular remodeling during metamorphosis
Authors: Wollesen Tim , Wanninger Andreas , Klussmann‐Kolb Annette 
Published: December 2007

AbstractTo date only few comparative approaches tried to reconstruct the ontogeny of the musculature in invertebrates. This may be due to the difficulties involved in reconstructing three dimensionally arranged muscle systems by means of classical histological techniques combined with light or transmission electron microscopy. Within the scope of the present study we investigated the myogenesis of premetamorphic, metamorphic, and juvenile developmental stages of the anaspidean opisthobranch Aplysia californica using fluorescence F‐actin‐labeling in conjunction with modern confocal laser scanning microscopy. We categorized muscles with respect to their differentiation and degeneration and found three true larval muscles that differentiate during the embryonic and veliger phase and degenerate during or slightly after metamorphosis. These are the larval retractor, the accessory larval retractor, and the metapodial retractor muscle. While the pedal retractor muscle, some transversal mantle fibers and major portions of the cephalopedal musculature are continued and elaborated during juvenile and adult life, the buccal musculature and the anterior retractor muscle constitute juvenile/adult muscles which differentiate during or after metamorphosis. The metapodial retractor muscle has never been reported for any other gastropod taxon. Our findings indicate that the late veliger larva of A. californica shares some common traits with veligers of other gastropods, such as a larval retractor muscle. However, the postmetamorphic stages exhibit only few congruencies with other gastropod taxa investigated to date, which is probably due to common larval but different adult life styles within gastropods. Accordingly, this study provides further evidence for morphological plasticity in gastropod myogenesis and stresses the importance of ontogenetic approaches to understand adult conditions and life history patterns. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Female‐specific increase in primordial germ cells marks sex differentiation in threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Authors: Lewis Zachary R. , McClellan Maryanne C. , Postlethwait John H. , Cresko William A. , Kaplan Robert H. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractGonadal sex differentiation is increasingly recognized as a remarkably plastic process driven by species‐specific genetic or environmental determinants. Among aquatic vertebrates, gonadal sex differentiation is a frequent endpoint in studies of endocrine disruption with little appreciation of underlying developmental mechanisms. Work in model organisms has highlighted the diversity of master sex‐determining genes rather than uncovering any broad similarities prompting the highly conserved developmental decision of testes versus ovaries. Here we use molecular genetic markers of chromosomal sex combined with traditional histology to examine the transition of the bipotential gonads to ovaries or testes in threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Serially‐sectioned threespine stickleback fry were analyzed for qualitative and quantitative indications of sexual differentiation, including changes in gonadal morphology, number of germ cells and the incidence of gonadal apoptosis. We show that threespine stickleback sampled from anadromous and lacustrine populations are differentiated gonochorists. The earliest sex‐specific event is a premeiotic increase in primordial germ cell number followed by a female‐specific spike in apoptosis in the undifferentiated gonad of genetic females. The data suggest that an increase in PGC number may direct the undifferentiated gonad toward ovarian differentiation. J. Morphol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Objective evidence of sleep disturbance in women with posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Calhoun Patrick S. , Wiley Matt , Dennis Michelle F. , Means Melanie K. , Edinger Jack D. , Beckham Jean C. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAlthough sleep disturbance is considered a hallmark of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), objective evidence for sleep disturbance in patients with PTSD has been equivocal. The goal of the current investigation was to objectively examine sleep disturbance among women with PTSD in their home environment. Women with PTSD (n = 30) and a control group (n = 22) completed three nights of actigraphy monitoring. Results from actigraphy indicated that women with PTSD had poorer sleep efficiency, increased sleep latency, and more restless sleep. Actigraphy measures were moderately correlated with self‐report sleep‐log data, but were unrelated to scores on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The current study provides evidence that women with PTSD have objectively measured sleep disturbance in their normal environment at home. Disturbed sleep may have important implications for the health and well‐being of individuals with PTSD.
Psychometric analysis and refinement of the connor–davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC): Validation of a 10‐item measure of resilience
Authors: Campbell‐Sills Laura , Stein Murray B. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractResilience refers to an individual's ability to thrive despite adversity. The current study examined the psychometric properties of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD‐RISC). Three undergraduate samples (ns < 500) were used to determine the factor structure of the CD‐RISC. The first two samples were used to conduct exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and the third was used for confirmatory factor analysis. The EFA showed that the CD‐RISC had an unstable factor structure across two demographically equivalent samples. A series of empirically driven modifications was made, resulting in a 10‐item unidimensional scale that demonstrated good internal consistency and construct validity. Overall, the 10‐item CD‐RISC displays excellent psychometric properties and allows for efficient measurement of resilience.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and smoking relapse: A theoretical model
Authors: Cook Jessica W. , McFall Miles M. , Calhoun Patrick S. , Beckham Jean C. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with a high prevalence of cigarette smoking, heavy cigarette consumption, and low cessation rates. To date, little is known about mechanisms impeding smoking cessation among this recalcitrant group of smokers. An important first step in improving smoking cessation treatment efficacy is the assessment of knowledge about mechanisms pertinent to relapse. This theoretical study addresses the gap in the literature regarding factors potentially influencing smoking relapse among individuals with PTSD. Mechanisms reviewed that may be particularly relevant to smoking relapse among PTSD smokers include negative affect, positive affect, attention, anxiety sensitivity, distress tolerance, and self‐efficacy. Treatment implications as well as methodological advances that may be relevant to examining the proposed relapse model are discussed.
Posttraumatic stress and depression symptoms in soldiers returning from combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan
Authors: Lapierre Coady B. , Schwegler Andria F. , LaBauve Bill J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe purpose of the present research was to identify rates of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms in soldiers returning from war. During reintegration training, U.S. Army soldiers, who recently returned from a 12‐month deployment to either Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom, n = 2,275) or Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom, n = 1,814), completed study materials. Surveys assessed self‐reported levels of depression, posttraumatic stress, and life satisfaction. Results indicated that approximately 44% of soldiers who volunteered to participate self‐reported clinically significant levels of depressive symptoms, posttraumatic stress symptoms, or both. Although assessing symptoms and not disorders, these results suggest a potentially high rate of mental health concerns in soldiers immediately after returning from a combat zone. Further research should examine the utility of broad scale interventions.
Guilt and giving: A process model of empathy and efficacy
Authors: Basil Debra Z. , Ridgway Nancy M. , Basil Michael D. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis research develops a model of consumer response to charity appeals. Using the Extended Parallel Process Model from the fear appeal literature as a foundation, the current model proposes that empathy and self‐efficacy generate guilt and reduce maladaptive responses, which, in turn, shapes donation intention. The results demonstrate that the impact of empathy on charitable donation intention is fully mediated by guilt and maladaptive responses. The impact of self‐efficacy is partially mediated by guilt and maladaptive responses. Therefore, both empathy and self‐efficacy determine whether guilt or maladaptive responses result. This model clarifies the process through which guilt appeals operate, by identifying the roles of empathy and self‐efficacy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.