bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FURTHER STUDIES ON CAST GLASS POTS
Authors: Geller R. F. , Finn A. N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper is a progress report covering the work done by the Bureau of Standards during the past three years on the problem of cast glass pots. The work done is essentially an application of the results of research reported in previous Bureau publications and contains data on body compositions, the arching of pots and their resistance to optical glass. The following conclusions were made: (a) The casting of porcelain glass pots has passed the experimental stage; (b) The content of plastic clay is not of prime importance as long as the body will cast satisfactorily; (c) Proper watersmoking practically eliminates fissures and surface cracks; (d) Pots should be arched to the highest temperature consistent with the refractoriness of the body.
CLAY SEWER PIPE MANUFACTURE
Authors: Schurecht H. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Purpose.—Experiments were conducted to remove coarse iron bearing minerals from clays magnetically in order to prevent their formation of black blisters on sewer pipe. Results.—It was found that most of the coarse iron bearing minerals can be removed by means of a high intensity magnetic separator. Although the cost of this treatment on the roasted clays is too great, the separation from the raw material is not prohibitive to plants suffering large losses due to this defect.
SUGGESTIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT IN ENAMELING TECHNOLOGY1
Authors: Stalby Homer F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper comprises the address of the Chairman of the Enamel Division of the American Ceramic Society at the Atlantic City Meeting, February, 1924. Among the suggestions for development in enameling technology are: The more general use of melted weights in representing enamel compositions; the use of coefficient of thermal expansion factors; improvement in the mechanical properties of enamel glasses by increasing the percentages of zinc oxide, boric oxide and titanium oxide, and by the use of thinner coatings; the widening of the heat range of ground coat enamel compositions by the use of more complex compositions than are now employed; and, finally, the more careful control of variation in the composition of the feldspars used in making enamels.
SILLIMANITE1 DEVELOPMENT IN SOME TYPICAL CLAYS2
Authors: Kraner Hobart M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe question of sillimanite development in clays during firing is given theoretical consideration. References are cited which indicate a change in the structure of the clay molecule immediately after dehydration. Since most materials in the amorphous condition have lower indices of refraction than crystals or crystalline aggregates of the same chemical composition, the development of sillimanite is traced by increase of the mean indices of refraction of the fired clay aggregates.Results based upon this method show a rapid development of sillimanite between 900 and 1100°C.
WHAT HAS BEEN THE EXPERIENCE IN SUBSTITUTING DOMESTIC SECONDARY AND ‐PRIMARY KAOLINS FOR ENGLISH CHINA CLAYS?1
Authors: Langenbeck Karl 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe duty of the U. S. Tariff Commission with respect to ascertaining if the rates of import on foreign clays are bringing about freedom of commercial competition in domestic clay.Two instances, in the manufacture of electrical porcelain, were brought out, in which the consumers buy foreign or domestic china and ball clays. in which competition is free. That is to say, experience with competitive clays is sufficiently complete to enable all purchases to be made on the basis of price, f.O.b. factory.The factor of uniformity in deliveries, brought out indictment of domestic china clays and English ball clays, as irregular in quality.The inadequacy of analytical and experimental methods and practices, in failing to give comparable data, as between clays similar in kind, was charged by all producers. No defense to the charge was made by any ceramist present.The claimants of the electrical porcelain industry, of experience enabling them to substitute competitive clays for each other, gave no information on the character and limits of their tests.As there was manifest lack of progress in the testing of clays, that would lead to safe subsitution, the failure of free competition between foreign and domestic production does not lie in the economic field. It must be charged to the ceramic profession as a whole.
THE OXIDATION OF CERAMIC WARES DURING FIRING.—II. THE DECOMPOSITION OF VAFUOUS COMPOUNDS OF IRON WITH SULPHUR UNDER SIMULATED KILN CONDITIONS1
Authors: Jackson Frederick G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe progress of sulphur evolution is traced from a series of clay bars containing known amounts of various iron‐sulphur compounds, both with and without the addition of carbon, when heated in imitation of a kiln schedule in atmospheres varying from pure oxygen to those commonly encountered in kiln practice, including neutral and reducing atmospheres. The varying degree of incompleteness of sulphur evolution is noted. The residual sulphur is found to be practically insoluble in water or aqua regia, but is rendered soluble by hydrofluoric acid. As a plausible explanation there is advanced the theory of the formation of “ferrous sulpho‐silicate.”
NOTE ON THE RATIONAL ANALYSIS OF CLAYS1
Authors: Tilley G. S. , Sullivan J. D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSeveral feldspars, muscovite, biotite and quartz, as well as diaspore clay and kao linite, in fairly pure state, were severally subjected to the procedure of “rational analysis” of clays. It was shown by analysis of the residues and solutions obtained:

That all the feldspars were attacked to a greater or less extent
That the micas were attacked more than the kaolinite
That kaolinite was not wholly decomposed by the treatment
That diaspore clay was not approximately decomposed by the treatment
That the amount of decomposition of all the substances depends to a considerable extent on the time and temperature of treatment.

As a result of these conclusions, it would not be possible to draw any conclusion as to the clay substance content of a particular clay from the results of a rational analysis.
EXACT NOTIONS OF FLUORINE ENAMELS
Authors: Musiol Charles 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe theories of Vogt, Grunwald, Mayer and Havas, and others regarding the role of fluorine in enamels are proved by mathematical rather than chemical means to be incorrect. Fluorine is not volatilized as SiF4, but disappears during the smelting process as F2, although in the presence of B2O3 it may be volatilized as BF3. Enamel formulas should be studied by means of the “subtractive” analysis method.
THE OXIDATION OF CERAMIC WARES DURING FIRING. V.—A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE NATURE OF SULPHUR EVOLUTION IN KILN‐FIRING.1 (Part I)
Authors: Jackson Frederick G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe absorption and evolution of sulphur gases in four industrial brick kilns were studied. Curves are shown giving the cumulative amounts of sulphur entering and leaving the kilns, and of the kiln content of sulphur. Surfaces and hearts of draw trials are analyzed to show the progressive change in nature of the sulphur compounds in the ware.
A STUDY OF SLIPS FOR STANDARD FINISH TERRA COTTA (CONES 4–5)1
Authors: Davis H. E. , Lathrop J. S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe objects of the study were (1) to ascertain proportional limits of Cornwall stone, feldspar, flint and clays in terra cotta slips at cones 4–5, and (2) to evolve a slip that will be (a) highly vitreous, (b) white, (c) have a firing range which will not be affected by normal kiln variations and (d) freedom from crazing, checking, peeling and flaking. Compositions for various slips are given.
THE PARTICLE ANALYSIS OF CLAYS BY SEDIMENTATION1
Authors: Schramm Edward , Scripture E. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAs a result of the analysis of Odén, it is possible to apply the sedimentation method quantitatively to the determination of particle distribution of clays in the dispersed state. An experimental procedure is described by which a number of points on the curve may be determined without the aid of any special apparatus. Sedimentation without the aid of a deflocculating agent gives valuable information as to the condition of the clay. Flocculated clays behave like jellies and the method of particle analysis cannot be applied in this case. Data concerning the usual physical properties are presented and these are found consistent with the results of the sedimentation tests as confirmed by microscope observations. The dispersed and fine grained clays are characterized by high dry strength, and the effect of deflocculating a clay is to increase its dry strength.
REFLECTIONS UPON ART AND MANUFACTURE1
Authors: Woodward Ellsworth 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe writer is struck by the interesting fact that in all manufactured articles in which there is an appeal to taste, those articles sell best and bring the highest return in money which possess the imprint of art. A truly beautiful thing increases rather than diminishes in value. Objects of pure utility, making no appeal to taste, are priced according to the exigencies of competition. They possess no added value, recognized as inherent in art. It would seem that the recognition of this intangible quality, which differentiates a beautiful and at the same time useful thing from that which is purely useful, but possesses no beauty, might be a subject of very great interest for a manufacturer. The great mass of the purchasing world is content to pay the higher price for the article which stimulates his imagination and affords him pleasure.
SELECTION OF FIRE BRICK BY COMPARATIVE TESTS WITH A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD USED TO MEASURE THE TEMPORARY EXPANSION OR CONTRACTION OF FIRE BRICK AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES1
Authors: Kohlmeybr F. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper discuses the laboratory tests employed by the Electric Light and Power Company with which the author is connected, in selecting several brands of fire brick suitable for use in the construction of a power plant. A detailed description is given of the method used to measure the temporary expansion or contraction of fire brick at various temperatures and the procedure followed in the inspection of fire brick briefly outlined.
PROGRESS REPORT ON RESEARCH OF PAVING BRICK FROM IOWA SHALES1
Authors: Moulton D. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTest on full size pavers made from 11 shales showed that five would make an excellent paving material and others had possibilities of making a block that would give service. Various processes were tried as soft‐mud, roller expression machine, dry‐press, and a new belt machine, also additions of magnesium and colloidal materials. The soft‐mud, roller expression machine gave equal if not better results than the stiff‐mud process, and the other processes required higher temperatures to get a suitable block for test. Magnesium reduced the rattler test from 27% to 22% and changed the color to buff similar to that of fire clay. The colloidal materials made the shale more refractory and hence the brick were too soft for the rattler test.2
NEW TYPE OF OXY‐ACETYLENE FUSION FURNACE, WITH NOTES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF REFRACTORIES AT CONE 401
Authors: Gorton A. F. , Groves W. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe furnace described in this paper differs from the usual type of fusion furnace in that acetylene is used as fuel and the burner is applied vertically instead of horizontally. Advantages offered by this novel design are rapidity and uniformity of heating, convenience as regards regulation and observation of the cones, economy of operation and simplicity of maintenance.
THE OXIDATION OF CERAMIC WARES DURING FIRING.1 VI. A LABORATORY STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF VARYING THE RATE OF GAS FLOW AND OF HEATING ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF PYRITE IN CLAY
Authors: Jacks Frederick G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis investigation shows that varying the rate of heating has little effect on the evolution of sulphur as gases from pyrite. Varying the rate of atmospheric flow, how‐ever, exerts a very marked effect. With a rapidly moving atmosphere the sulphur is 90% removed below 510°C (950°F), even when heated rapidly. Explanations are made and the application of the results to industry is pointed out.
A LABORATORY LOAD FURNACE1
Authors: Helser P. D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper illustrates the advantages of the laboratory load furnace. The points emphasized are: (1) direct application of load to specimen; (2) perfect alignment of specimen beneath the load; (3) control of temperature; (4) control of specimen chamber atmosphere; and (5) measurement of volume changes of the specimen throughout the test.
THE DESIGN OF ARCHES FOR KILNS AND FURNACES1
Authors: Norton F. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe design of arches is considered from the view point of minimizing the static and temperature stresses. The catenary shape of arch is most satisfactory, as it allows the use of a high arch with good stability. Some actual designs are worked out to illustrate the method of calculating a catenary arch.
THE EFFECT OF ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS ON THE LOAD TEST FOR REFRACTORIES1
Authors: Sheerar Leonard Francis 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe literature relative to the investigation was reviewed and criticized. Iron pyrite was added to clays in amounts varying from 0 to 5%. Test pieces 2×2×41/2 inches were fabricated by the stiff‐mud, and dry‐press processes. After firing to cone 8 these were subjected to load tests at 1350°C under oxidizing, neutral, and reducing conditions. Expansion and contraction values were plotted against time and temperature. Results under reducing conditions. Expansion and contraction increased with increase of pyrite content.
THE APPLICATION OF ELECTRIC HEAT TO GLASS ANNEALING1
Authors: Otis A. N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA descriptive paper in which the author refers to electrically heated travelling leers and stationary furnaces now in use for annealing various kinds of glassware, including special ware, miniature lamp bulbs and stems, conveyor leers for bottles, and box furnaces for optical glass.The operating characteristics of the conveyor leers are discussed, and the electric energy consumed for a typical week's run is given, from which as a basis, costs of operation may be estimated.An equipment for annealing lenses and prisms of optical glass is described in some detail, and a proposed furnace with control equipment of great accuracy for annealing large disks for telescopes is illustrated and discussed at some length.
THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SOME CERAMIC MATERIALS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES AND A SIMPLE COMMERCIAL METHOD FOR ITS DETERMINATION.1
Authors: King Robert Maynard 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper gives the values obtained by some resistivity measurements of several well known minerals used in the ceramic field. The values for some ceramic bodies are also given. A simple apparatus and method with which these values were obtained are described in detail.
RECENT FACTORY EXPERIENCE AND EXPERIMENTS IN DRYING TERRA COTTA1
Authors: Bowman James R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn attempt was made to determine by experiment the best conditions with respect to temperature, circulation of air, and its relative humidity, by which to obtain shorter drying time, a minimum of war page, and cracking of the ware generally. Also, a very tender clay was given special study with the object of finding a set of drying conditions by which its extreme tendency to warp and crack would be reduced to a point that would permit practical use of this clay for terra cotta body. The drying time was reduced about 407, by increasing the steam pressure in the heating coils and apparently some showing made in reducing the tendency of the ware to warp and crack. A schedule of drying that gave satisfactory results with the tender clay was developed on an experimental scale, but could not be applied to the factory driers because of limitations in the heating and circulation equipment.
REFRACTORIES FOR OIL‐GAS MANUFACTURE1
Authors: Knoliman J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe present investigations of refractories by the oil‐gas industry on the Pacific Coast were stimulated by sporadic independent tests in the past whereby it was observed that different qualities of fire brick not only had varying lengths of service but also had an apparent influence on the amount and quality of gas made and on the efficiency of gas manufacture.The essential differences in generator design, including that of brick‐work construction, in the two‐shell type of generator as compared with the single‐shell generator are such that longer refractories life is obtained in the former type. The operations in the manufacture of oil gas for the two‐generator types are briefly discussed, showing that the refractories are subjected to alternating oxidizing and reducing conditions.Other causes contributing to ultimate refractories failures are carbon deposition in the brick, abrasion of hot gases and the impinging of long flames on the brick, heavy checker‐brick loads on arches, faulty construction of arches, and erratic working conditions. In addition, super‐saturated steam, heavy hydrocarbons, and salts and sulphur in the oil, are contributing causes to checker‐brick disintegration, especially in the generator zones where the oil and steam are introduced. It is hoped that specifications for refractories may be drawn up from the results of practical service tests now being conducted.The heat‐transfer and heat‐absorption properties of various refractories, such as conductivity, specific heat, density, diffusivity, heat capacity, and time required for the refractories to reach near‐heat saturation, are discussed, particular attention being given to their possible application as oil‐gas generator checker brick. The need for more complete and accurate data on the fundamental constants necessary in heat‐transfer calculations is pointed out.Researches on refractories with thermal properties superior to fire brick are now being conducted in generators in an endeavor to increase gas capacity and operating efficiency along the lines indicated by theoretical considerations.
THE DEFLOCCULATION OF CLAY SLIPS AND RELATED PROPERTIES1
Authors: Scripture E. W. , Schramm Edward 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn an earlier paper2 the authors have given the particle analysis and other tests of a number of English china clays, one English ball clay and several domestic kaolins. In this paper are presented the following additional data for the same clays: the carbon content as a measure of organic matter; the change in state of dispersion with pH for 20% slips as determined by settling tests; the change in viscosity with pH as determined with 40% slips; the alkali absorption for 20% and 40% slips. The more plastic clays are characterized by high organic content, high alkali absorption, and dispersion at low pH. Casting slips made up with the different china clays and two ball clays in varying proportions show that ball clay causes fluidity and that the plastic china clays produce more viscous slips than the less plastic.
STANDARDIZED PROPORTION OF THE GREEK VASE AND ORNAMENT1
Authors: Gardner Robert W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper demonstrates that in Greek art geometry and not inspiration was the basis of proportion and the fundamental of design. It gives the actual method, hitherto lost, that was employed in the application of geometry to design by artists and craftsmen of the fifth century B.C. The subject matter contained in this article was obtained by its writer in an investigation into the proportions of the Parthenon. In his book2“The Parthenon: Its Science of Forms,” the writer deals only with the temple and the design of the Acropolis and of the city of Athens and its port of the Piraeus, but in this article he gives in a simplified form the canon of proportion which can be applied today in every branch of art, the canon which the Greeks employed in producing the masterpieces of the Golden Age of Pericles.
A PHENOMENAL CASE OF TILE BREAKAGE1
Authors: Harts R. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn 1921 an interesting case of tile breakage was discovered at Hinckley, Utah, in a drain which had been laid for three years, the backfill ranging from 2 to 6 feet. The breakage was inversely proportional to the depth of the backfill and the tile had broken upward, all conditions of fracture being reversed. Some of the tile did not break until a portion of the backfill was removed. Investigation showed that the tile had been laid in a trench but slightly wider than the outside diameter of the tile, the material being a highly colloidal clay, extremely dry. The line was for relief of another drain and no water entered the line until the latter was tapped. Water percolating through the joints and saturating the adjacent clay caused an expansion which crushed the tile laterally. Subsequent laboratory studies showed the clay to have a coefficient of expansion of 178.5.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS SODIUM SILICATES AND OTHER ELECTROLYTES ON CLAY SLIPS1
Authors: McDowell Samuel J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAttention is drawn to the fact that different brands of sodium silicate vary 250 % in their soda to silica ratio. Four silicates with ratios from 1:1.8 to 1:4 were added on a basis of per cent Na2O to slips of six clays commonly used in the whiteware industry. Rate of flow, hydrogen‐ion concentration, and settling behavior were studied. Maximum rate of flow was produced in each case while the slip was acid. Those silicates high in silica were the most potent in their effect on rate of flow for a given amount of Na2O. The effect was also more pronounced than that of NaOH, Na2CO3, or silica sol which were used as comparisons. Possible explanations of the mechanism of deflocculation are discussed to explain the results.
HYDROGEN‐ION CONTROL IN CERAMICS1
Authors: Taylor W. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTMany technical, as well as nontechnical, men hesitate to use hydrogen‐ion control because they feel that its application requires the services of a highly trained chemist. This paper shows, by a simple nontechnical discussion of the subject and by a demonstration of the method of making measurements, that a plant foreman can apply it just as easily and accurately as a trained chemist.
THE ELIMINATION OF LAMINATION IN CLAY BARS1
Authors: Greaves‐Walker A. F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe cause of lamination and methods of reducing or eliminating it are discussed.Lamination in stiff‐mud clay bars may be caused by either auger or die, or both, or may be due to physical properties of the clay. Each clay is an individual problem.Trouble may be partially or wholly eliminated by varying auger distance, changing type of barrel, taper of die, length of die, changing speed of column, proper lubrication, and other means.
THE EFFECT OF FINE GRINDING ON AN INDURATED CLAY1
Authors: Walker Thomas C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTFine grinding develops certain desired physical properties of a clay that has become hard by the pressure of the overlying stratas and the heat produced by this pressure. The fineness of grind produces in direct proportion an increase in the plasticity, plastic tensile strength, and shrinkage, and a decrease in the absorption and porosity. An indurated clay can be made to produce required properties by the proper fineness of grinding.