bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
four Transatlantic Convergence or Transatlantic Split? Elements for a Comparative Framework
Authors: Schierup Carl-Ulrik 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter elaborates a theoretical framework for the comparative analysis of social exclusion, with particular reference to migrants and ethnic minorities. It attempts to forge a synthesis of theoretical propositions within US research on ethnicity, race, gender, and class with insights from European comparative sociological studies on welfare regimes. It compares ‘racialized exclusion’ in the United States with the segregated urban spaces in which immigrants and new ethnic minorities tend to be concentrated in European societies. It also discusses the highly different development in different parts of the European Union (concentrating on the 15 states which made up the EU until 2004). The discussion reveals a complex interplay between path-dependent institutional strategies and multiple tendencies of convergence in the direction of a neo-American strategy of globalization and its characteristic forms of ‘advanced marginality’. Yet individual societies continue to cope with forces of globalization as well as processes of racialized exclusion in different ways and with different results. These differences are linked to their particular welfare regimes, institutionalized economic and political frameworks, and particular modes of organization of civil society.
ten What Creed in Europe?
Authors: Schierup Carl-Ulrik 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis concluding chapter reviews the overall predicaments of the European dilemma as the EU faces the dual challenge of national-ethnic diversity and social crisis. It focuses on the issues of European moral-political identity and the future of a multinational-multi-ethnic democracy. It asks which moral-political values and institutional strategies may actually guide the future integration of one of the world’s most powerful economic and political blocs. The discussion reconnects with the overall issue of the dual crisis of the welfare state and the nation, contending that the dual crisis needs to be restated as also encompassing a crisis for the EU-European supra-nation. With the character of currently dominant EU policies and the emergent ‘post-national workfare regime’ of the Union in mind, the authors elaborate on the potential capacity of the European supra-nation to offer a viable and democratic alternative. They question today’s strong tendency to seek solutions to an apparent crisis of neo-liberal strategies in stringent immigration and asylum measures, and retrograde policies of ethno-cultural entrenchment. This serves to highlight the crucial question as to which moral-political ‘creed’ will actually prevail in the 21st century.
Capturing the Process
Authors: Dodson Debra L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter offers a heuristic model to guide the exploration of how the convergence of individual, institutional, and extra-institutional forces contribute to substantive representation of women, as well as to the probabilistic nature of the relationship between descriptive and substantive representation of women. The focus is on seven distinct yet interactive factors: the participant stream, the condition stream, the problem stream, the internal/institutional structural stream, the internal/institutional political stream, the external political stream, and the solution stream. This framework forces the discussion beyond the simple question of ‘Do women make a difference?’ to highlight strategies that can increase (or decrease) substantive representation of women regardless of women’s proportional presence.
Representing Women: Consensus and Complexity
Authors: Dodson Debra L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn setting the foundation for a closer look at women’s impact, this introduction to Part II draws on the extensive interviews with women members to provide evidence that almost every woman interviewed — regardless of party and across Congresses — expressed some basic sense of responsibility to women. Yet this unity in theory suggested by their words posed a sharp contrast to what was often disunity (or limited unity) of action in practice, pointing to the need to deconstruct seemingly similar sentiments surrounding responsibility and connection to women.
Reproductive Rights: Gender Difference and the Paradox of Power
Authors: Dodson Debra L. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter uses four legislative battles (the Freedom of Choice Act, Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances bill, Medicaid funding of abortion, and abortion provisions in the Federal Employees’ Health Benefit Act) as case studies for understanding the contested issues and complexity belying gender difference and women’s impact. While women members were seen as united around reproductive rights, institutional dynamics in this partisan environment and extra-institutional pressures encouraged the increasingly diverse group of women to give voice to diversity, defined (and re-defined) women’s priorities and their understandings of their roles and responsibilities as representatives of women, and influenced their prospects for political success within an institution whose agenda they did not control. While the case studies suggest the need to bring more women into office, they remind us that the potential of presence is limited without positional power, and that mobilized women voters who pose a gender gap threat can provide legitimacy for difference within institutions steeped in masculine values.
Women's Health: Staying the Course with a Critical Mass
Authors: Dodson Debra L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWomen’s health policy united women across party lines in the 103rd and yielded numerous victories. These successes continued a trend established in earlier Congresses and, relatively speaking, would not come under attack in the 104th when almost every other political gain previously made by women was vulnerable. As such, juxtaposition of women’s health case studies with the reproductive rights case studies allows us to go once again beyond the simple question of ‘Do women make a difference?’ to explore not only how the confluence of individual, institutional, and cultural factors gives meaning to gender and shapes the probabilistic relationship between descriptive and substantive representation of women over time and across policy areas, but also to suggest strategies for advancing substantive representation regardless of women’s proportional presence. The results illustrate the value of diversity and suggest strategies that can sustain unity amid diversity. They suggest that in addition to increasing women’s presence, substantive representation of women will be facilitated by raising the gender consciousness of women in the mass public, by reinforcing awareness (and fear) of the gender gap, and by women’s advancement within the institutional hierarchy. In short, even with a ‘mom and apple pie’ issue, making a difference requires efforts by women inside the Congress to put matters on the agenda and the mobilization of women outside the institution to give legitimacy and political teeth to demands that challenge masculinist values.
Conclusion: Looking Toward the Future
Authors: Dodson Debra L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBy going beyond the simple question ‘Do women make a difference?’ and delving into the meaning of elected women’s sense of connection of women using this dynamic framework, the results provide insight into factors that encourage substantive representation of women and shape the meaning of gender. They suggest that women may not only transform institutions, but be transformed by them and the larger political environment. To that end, the conclusion suggests six strategies likely to further substantive representation of women at any given level of descriptive representation: (1) strengthening the voices of women on the outside to encourage those on the inside to challenge masculinist values and amass the majorities they need to effect change; (2) electing men who see women as a political group with legitimate needs and interests; (3) strengthening the recruitment of gender conscious women, while nurturing gender consciousness among women inside and outside the institution; (4) increasing the legitimacy of substantive representation of women by casting achievement of such goals in terms consistent with institutional norms; (5) confronting the legitimacy of women’s claims to act for women by rejecting essentialist assumptions; and (6) confronting the contested meaning of substantive representation of women in theory and practice, while simultaneously accommodating the realities women face as actors within institutions with norms and values beyond their control. These strategies in the long term may help determine whether any compromises women make as ‘team players’ will contribute to the regendering of this political institution or simply mean more political jobs for women who reinforce long established norms, and whether ultimately we can expect ‘regendering’ within Congress to transform the nature of partisan political debate or simply reinforce the divisions of contemporary partisan politics.
The Religious Condition of Ireland 1770-1850
Authors: Yates Nigel 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This book gives a detailed account of the development of the main religious denominations in Ireland between 1770 and 1850, set against the background of the main economic, political, and social developments in Ireland in this period, and the religious history of Ireland between the Reformation and the late 18th century. It makes a comparative analysis of these developments against parallel developments in the other Celtic regions of Britain and Europe: Brittany, Wales, the Isle of Man, and the western highlands and islands of Scotland. The principal arguments of this book are that, on the one hand, it was a period of reform in all the main religious denominations in Ireland, but on the other, it was one which witnessed a serious deterioration of ecumenical relations between the churches, and set the scene for the sectarian violence of the late 19th and 20th centuries. The book is the first major study of Irish religious history to be written from an interdenominational, and in some respects, a clearly non-denominational standpoint. It is based on an extensive analysis of primary source material.
Church Building and Restoration in Ireland 1770–1850
Authors: Yates Nigel 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the programmes of church building and restoration in Ireland between 1770 and 1850, including the evidence of surviving church interiors from this period. It concludes that this programme was one of the most ambitious and extensive in Europe. Particular attention is paid to the restoration of Church of Ireland and building of new Roman Catholic cathedrals.
7 Theological Developments and Ecumenical Relations 1770–1850
Authors: Yates Nigel 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter analyses the changes in the relationship between the Christian churches in Ireland in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It concludes that from the relatively good ecumenical relations at the beginning of this period, the churches came into more and more conflict with one another, and that contemporary political developments helped inflame religious sectarianism. The Evangelical movement in Ireland had a generally negative impact on ecumenical relations, and helped establish a long-term gulf between Roman Catholics and Protestants.
Introduction: The Diffusion of the Health Agenda
Authors: Cribb Alan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis introductory chapter discusses the ‘diffusion of the health agenda’ and its implications for healthcare and healthcare ethics. It begins with a thumbnail sketch of some fundamental shifts in modern health policy and services, and looks briefly at some of the philosophical changes that underpin these shifts — the so-called ‘social turn’ in healthcare. The chapter then reflects upon some of the implications of this diffused agenda for healthcare ethics.
Producing the Goods: Health, Welfare and Well‐being
Authors: Cribb Alan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter focuses on one of the most important dimensions of the diffusion of the health agenda: the opening up of the ‘ends’ of health policy. It discusses the concept of health and considers the ways in which various conceptions of health or other health-related goods are, or ought to be, embodied in policies and practices, as self-consciously chosen ends or as elements built into the value field. The second part of the chapter asks some more direct questions about the nature and boundaries of healthcare and health policy, about the difficulties of isolating health from health-related goods, or health-related goods from other goods, and about some of the value tensions inherent in health-related discourses.
The Distribution of Health and Healthcare
Authors: Cribb Alan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe most important ethical implication of the diffusion of the health agenda is the growth in salience of health inequalities. Taking a broad social perspective on health opens up the consideration of patterns of determinants and patterns of health experiences. This chapter addresses the following issues: (i) What they might entail in practice, in other words: ‘What would a more equal health polity have to aim at?’ and (ii) How far should health or public policy be led by a concern with equity where this comes into conflict with other relevant values? The first part of the chapter sets out the rationale for thinking that health inequalities are ethically important. The chapter later places more emphasis on the problems of interpreting the implications of this ethical significance.
Responsibility for Health
Authors: Cribb Alan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter begins by briefly reflecting on some of the different senses of responsibility. It then considers the relationship between specific examples of questions about health responsibilities and the more overarching questions. It is argued that for healthcare ethics, diffused responsibility means combining ethical analysis of policy contexts and institutions with work on individual professionals and citizens. We must examine and find ways of appraising the ethical bases and effects of the social and institutional arrangements which shape the production of health experiences and the distribution of health-related entitlements and obligations. Policy-making has to be evaluated through this lens, and the actions of individuals judged within this context. Each of these layers of appraisal is only relatively autonomous. Overall, the judgements made at each level determine the judgements we make at the others.
Professional Ethics in Context
Authors: Cribb Alan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter focuses on some of the tensions and interactions between what might be called the vocational and institutional identities of health professionals, between the ways in which they would like to think they act and the ways in which institutional regimes ‘make’ them act. Topics discussed include the nature of healthcare professionalism, the division of ethical labour, models of healthcare professionalism, and value allocation and professional dilemma.
1 On the Threshold
Authors: Conybeare Catherine 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The Cassiciacum dialogues present Augustine in a liminal state. He chose the genre of philosophical dialogue for his first public statements as a would-be Christian to encapsulate that sense of liminality. He uses the relative informality of the genre to open up questions about the relationship of language to reality, underplay his conclusions, and let his readers take the conversation further for themselves.
2 Childrearing Rights and Their Distribution
Authors: Clayton Matthew 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
On what bases should childrearing rights and resources be allocated to different individuals? Criticising child-centred responses to this question, this chapter sets out a dual interest conception that takes into account the interests of parents as well as children. First, it offers a liberal defence of accommodating the interests of parents when deciding who should rear children. Dworkin’s hypothetical insurance scheme is extended to defend a conception of justice in childrearing in which resources are diverted to those who lack valuable parenting assets, or to parents whose children are difficult or costly to raise. The use of hypothetical insurance to theorize childrearing issues is defended against several objections. Finally, more detail is provided with respect to the nature of the rights that issue from the particular dual interest conception of childrearing that is defended.
4 Education for Justice
Authors: Clayton Matthew 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter offers an account of political or citizenship education. It argues that a central feature of citizenship education in a liberal society is the development of a sense of justice, and the virtues of civility and reciprocity that are constitutive of that sense. The discussion begins with the analysis of Brighouse’s consent-based objections to the shaping of political motivations. An alternative political motivation model is defended, which draws on Rawls’s account of the natural duty of justice. The aims of political education, with respect to the skills, attitudes and values of liberal citizens, are briefly discussed. Education for justice rejects the view that political education should seek to cultivate a sense of nationality. The aims of political education in the context of questions about global justice are considered. Certain educational issues that arise in the non-ideal world from the point of view of developing a sense of justice are addressed.
The London Market for Sovereign Debt, 1870–1913 versus Today's Markets
Authors: Mauro Paolo , Sussman Nathan , Yafeh Yishay 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter describes the pre-World War I London market for sovereign bonds issued by emerging countries, and compares it with the corresponding market today. It shows that the London market was large, active, and liquid, far larger than the corresponding market of today. Moreover, investors were able to rely on timely and comprehensive information regarding borrowing countries. The chapter then discusses the construction of the data sets used in the book, and analyzes the behavior of bond spreads in the historical and modern samples.
The Determinants of the Cost of Capital: Case Study Evidence
Authors: Mauro Paolo , Sussman Nathan , Yafeh Yishay 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter conducts a case study of spreads on sovereign bonds issued by Japan and Russia, two countries that introduced the gold standard in 1897. It is shown that Japanese spreads were relatively unaffected by the establishment of some of Japan’s most important institutions, including the promulgation of the Meiji Constitution in 1889, which explicitly guaranteed the protection of property rights and the rule of law. The only institutional reform that led to an immediate improvement in Japan’s ‘credit rating’ was the adoption of the gold standard. Japan’s war with Russia (1904-1905) and its successful outcome had a far more visible impact on spreads than most institutional reforms. The chapter also conducts a case study of the British-Dutch interest differential around the Glorious Revolution. It shows that developments regarding war and peace had a far greater impact on borrowing costs than institutional reforms.
Spreads, News, and Macroeconomics: A Multivariate Regression Analysis
Authors: Mauro Paolo , Sussman Nathan , Yafeh Yishay 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter presents a systematic attempt to identify the determinants of bond spreads. Using multivariate regression analysis, it relates emerging market bond spreads for 1870-1913 and for the modern period to macroeconomic variables and to categories of news articles. It is shown that past and present investors pay attention to both macroeconomic fundamentals and to information reflected in the news, especially regarding violent conflicts. News on institutional reforms rarely elicit investor response. Country-specific fundamentals and news play less of a role in determining bond spreads today than they did in the past.
Children in Medical Research
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This book examines the ethical issues in pediatric medical research. It argues that policies and practices on the participation of children must focus primarily on minimizing risks. It offers specific recommendations to revise Subpart D of the federal regulations to provide greater protection where necessary and remove obstacles that do not provide additional protection but interfere with access. The book is divided into four sections. Section 1 focuses on the issue of access versus protection in pediatric research. Section 2 deals with challenges to regulations. Section 3 discusses the strengths and limits of current regulations, while different case studies are examined in Section 4.
2 Access versus Protection: Minority Representation in Pediatric Research
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the extent to which pediatric researchers reported race and ethnicity (R/E) data; the representation of Black, Hispanic, and Asian children and their parents in pediatric medical research; the extent to which language may be a barrier in pediatric research; and how R/E data were collected in pediatric research. Collecting R/E data in medical research was difficult because the data were not presented in a standardized format. Black children and their parents were overrepresented, while Hispanic children and their parents were underrepresented in pediatric research. Black subjects had greater overrepresentation in clinical trials than in nontherapeutic research, and a greater representation in research that was potentially stigmatizing. Language barriers existed in pediatric research, and the most number of Hispanic and Asian participants were enrolled in research in which translation services are available.
4 Should We Provide Healthy Children with Greater Protection in Medical Research?
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines whether Subpart D of the federal regulations on human subject protections provides appropriate protection for all children, when research offers no prospect of direct benefit (also known as ‘nontherapeutic research’). It shows that Subpart D provides greater protection for healthy children and allows children who have a disorder or condition to be exposed to greater risk of harm. This double standard is unjust because the distribution of burdens falls disproportionately on children with a disorder or condition. Suggestions for revising the federal regulations are presented.
7 Human Subject Protections in Pediatric Research
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Institutional review board (IRB) review is required for all federally funded research involving human subjects regulated by the Food and Drug Administration, or performed at an institution that accepts federal funds. The requirement to document IRB review and the procurement of informed consent (IC) in published research reports is more recent. This chapter examines to what extent research published in three peer-reviewed pediatric journals documented IRB approval and IC, and to what extent the researchers who failed to document IRB and IC stated that they had obtained appropriate IRB review and consent from subjects. It was observed that a small but significant number of pediatric research protocols failed to obtain IRB approval or a waiver.