bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chest Pain in the Dental Surgery: A Brief Review and Practical Points in Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Chapman PJ 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIf a dental patient develops chest pain it must always be managed promptly and properly, i.e., the practitioner immediately stops the procedure and, being aware of the patient's medical history, questions the patient regarding the nature of the pain to help determine the likely diagnosis. It will most likely be a manifestation of coronary artery disease (synonymous with ischaemic heart disease), i.e., angina pectoris or acute myocardial infarction, most usually the former. Angina will usually resolve with proper intervention whereas up to about onehalf of myocardial infarction cases will develop cardiac arrest, mostly in the first few hours, and this will be fatal in up to two‐thirds of cases. As health care professionals, dental practitioners have an inherent duty of care to be able to initiate appropriate care if such a medical emergency occurs.
Patterns of referral of patients undergoing surgical management for oral cancer
Authors: Chandu A. , Smith ACH 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: Oral cancer is most often diagnosed by dentists or dental specialists. We were interested in analyzing demographic and referral data for a cohort of patients referred for the management of oral cancer to our unit.Methods: A consecutive review of all patients treated by oral and maxillofacial surgery at the Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre over the last 10 years. Inclusion criteria included those patients with malignant oral and perioral disease that underwent surgical management. Exclusion criteria included those patients who did not have malignant oral disease, who did not have surgical management and those patients who were not treated by our unit as the primary surgeon.Results: A total of 113 patients were identified. The mean age for presentation for the group was 61.6 years and the male to female ratio was 1.2:1. Approximately 70 per cent of patients were smokers or had smoked in the past. Over the last 10 years there has been a steady increase in referrals to our unit. Over half of all patients referred were from the Royal Dental Hospital of Melbourne while the majority of the remainder of the referrals were from private oral and maxillofacial surgeons. A significantly increased number of referrals from other sources were identified. Surveillance techniques that can be used in general dental practice are also described.Conclusions: A high proportion of referrals from dental sources highlights the importance of the dentist and dental specialist in the diagnosis and referral of patients with suspected oral cancer. Patients can either be referred to a dental hospital, private oral and maxillofacial surgeons or directly to a public hospital oral and maxillofacial surgery unit treating oral cancer, such as the one at the Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre.
Dental caries experience of preschool children from the north brisbane region
Authors: Hallett KB , O'Rourke PK 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: To report the dental caries experience of preschool children within the north Brisbane region and to investigate the association between selected social and demographic variables and disease presence.Methods: A cross‐sectional sample of 2515 children aged four to six years was examined in a preschool setting using decayed, missing, filled teeth/surface (dmft/dmfs) and percentage caries free indices. A self‐administered questionnaire obtained information regarding selected social and demographic variables. The data were analysed using the chi‐square and one way analysis of variance procedures at the 5 per cent level of significance.Results: Overall, 1668 (66.3 per cent) children were disease free at the examination and mean dmft was 1.4±77 and dmfs was 2.28±6.00. Dental caries occurred more frequently and severely in children from non‐Caucasian background (p<0.000), family language other than English (p=0.001) and lower socio‐economic status (p<0.000).Conclusions: Significant associations between child ethnicity, language spoken at home, socio‐economic status and caries presence have been identified. Epidemiological data can be used for improved public oral health service planning and resource allocation within the region.
Oral health promotion for our ageing Australian population
Authors: Chalmers JM 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe ageing Australian population living in the new millennium has dental needs that are very different and more complex than those experienced by previous older adult cohorts during the twentieth century. A summary of the oral health status of older Australians is presented, together with a review of the important relationships between general health and oral health. The key to maintaining and improving older adults' oral health status is the use of oral health promotion strategies that focus not only on dental characteristics, but also on the life characteristics of older adults, and on their quality of life issues. Traditionally, there has been very limited geriatric oral health promotion, with several myths contributing to this situation. Contemporary geriatric oral health promotion in the new millenium has an evidence‐based and planned approach. It encompasses not only the treatment of oral diseases and conditions, but has an increased focus on the prevention of oral diseases and conditions to enhance oral health status and older adults' quality of life. Using the Ottawa Charter and a functional dependence classification, a geriatric oral health promotion matrix is presented, using a specific example of Australian residential care.
New standards for permanent tooth emergence in Australian children
Authors: Diamanti J. , Townsend GC 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Published standards for permanent tooth emergence in Australian children are 40 years old. The aim of this study was to present new data on the timing and sequence of permanent tooth emergence in a large sample of Australian children and to compare the findings with those of earlier studies. Methods: Records of a randomly selected sample of 8676 children, aged between 4 to 16 years, who had attended the clinics of the South Australian Dental Service were scanned optically and coded to provide the data for this study. A logistic regression analysis enabled median times of emergence, together with percentile ranges, to be calculated for each tooth, except third molars, in boys and girls. Comparisons were made between the sexes and with previously published values. The frequencies of occurrence of emergence polymorphisms for different tooth pairs were also computed. Results: The earliest teeth to emerge in both boys and girls were the central incisors and first molars, whereas the second premolars and molars and maxillary canines tended to be last to emerge. The mandibular teeth tended to precede the corresponding maxillary teeth in emergence in both sexes. Tooth emergence was advanced in girls compared with boys, averaging 4.5 months in the maxilla and 5.3 months in the mandible. In general, emergence times of children in the present sample were later than those reported previously for Australian children. The most common emergence polymorphism in the maxilla involved the canine and second premolar, whereas common polymorphisms in the mandible were noted for the central incisor and first molar, canine and first premolar, and the second premolar and second molar. Conclusions: Given that they have been collected relatively recently from a large sample of children, the new data reported in this paper can now be used as standards when assessing permanent tooth emergence of Australian children.
Diagnostic and preventive service trends in private general practice: 1983–1984 to 1998–1999
Authors: Brennan DS , Spencer AJ 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Aggregate trends have indicated increases in the provision of diagnostic and preventive services but there have been few reports based on their component sub‐categories. The aims of this study were to investigate time trends in the provision of sub‐categories of diagnostic and preventive services across a 15‐year period. Methods: A random sample of Australian dentists was surveyed by mailed questionnaire in 1983–1984, 1988–1989, 1993–1994 and 1998–1999 (response rates 71–75 per cent). Data were weighted to provide representative estimates for the age by sex distribution of private general practitioners in 1983, 1988, 1993 and 1998. Results: Rates per visit were higher, Poisson regression, P<0.05, in 1998–1999 compared to baseline for examinations, radiographs, prophylaxis and topical fluoride. Diagnostic and preventive service rates varied by age of patient: compared to patients aged 65+ years, examinations were higher among children aged <5 years to adults aged 25–44 years, radiographs were lower among children <5 years and 5–11 years but higher among adults aged from 18–24 years to 45–64 years, prophylaxis services were lower among children <5 years but higher among adolescents 12–17 years to adults aged 45–64 years, while topical fluoride was higher among children 5–11 years and adolescents 12–17 years. Conclusions: Examination, radiograph, prophylaxis, and topical fluoride rates increased over the study period. While examination rates increased for both children and adults, and prophylaxis rates increased for adolescents and adults, rates for radiographs and topical fluoride only increased for adults. Age‐specific changes in service rates over time indicate the effect of changing oral health status and population demographics on service provision.
Dental caries experience in a young adult military population
Authors: Hopcraft M. , Morgan M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate a group of young Australian adults to determine their caries experience and compare these current levels with similar aged cohorts over the past 30 years. Caries experience was also related to lifetime exposure of fluoridated water consumption. Methods: This was achieved through a cross‐sectional study involving Australian Army recruits seen for their initial dental examination at 1st Recruit Training Battalion, Kapooka. A total of 499 recruits had a clinical examination with the aid of bitewing radiographs and an orthopantogram. Sociodemographic and fluoride history data were elicited via a questionnaire. Results: Mean DMFT scores for age cohorts were: 17–20 years of age — DMFT 3.59; 21–25 years of age — DMFT 4.63; 26–30 years of age — DMFT 7.07; 31–35 years of age — DMFT 9.04. Subjects with a lifetime exposure to fluoridated water had significantly lower dental caries experience (DMFT 3.80) than subjects with no exposure to fluoridated water (DMFT 5.15). Conclusions: It was found that there has been a decline in the level of caries experience in young Australian adults when the data from this study were compared to other ad hoc studies.
Pits and fissures: Relative space contribution in fissures from sealants, prophylaxis pastes and organic remnants
Authors: Burrow JF , Burrow MF , Makinson OF 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Previous studies by the authors have looked at the nature of the fissure system of human permanent molars and premolars, and has provided evidence for the presence of a prismless layer of enamel. It was noted during these studies that the fissure spaces were often occupied by material other than the fissure sealant. The aim of this study was to define these materials and to look at the percentage contribution of each to the sealed fissure space. Methods: A sample of teeth, both molars and premolars, were sealed with an unfilled fissure sealant after prophylaxis with a coloured prophylaxis paste. In one group, the crown of the tooth was removed by dissolution in hydrochloric acid following placement of the sealant. This revealed a negative image of the fissure system and its contents. The second group of teeth was sectioned following sealing, and the contents of the fissure space were analyzed. Results: The negative image of the fissure system displayed the fissure contents by colour and the sectioned teeth were able to be computer analyzed to establish the relative contribution of sealant, prophylaxis paste and organic material to the fissure space. Conclusions: Sealant contribution was in the range of 14–96 per cent, prophylaxis paste from 0–50 per cent and organic remnants 0–55 per cent. The presence of these last two components could contribute to sealant loss.
Precision ablation of dental enamel using a subpicosecond pulsed laser
Authors: Rode AV , Gamaly EG , Luther‐Davies B , Taylor BT , Graessel M. , Dawes JM , Chan A. , Lowe RM , Hannaford P. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn this study we report the use of ultra‐short‐pulsed near‐infrared lasers for precision laser ablation of freshly extracted human teeth. The laser wavelength was ˜800nm, with pulsewidths of 95 and 150fs, and pulse repetition rates of 1kHz. The laser beam was focused to an approximate diameter of 50μm and was scanned over the tooth surface. The rise in the intrapulpal temperature was monitored by embedded thermocouples, and was shown to remain below 5C when the tooth was air‐cooled during laser treatment. The surface preparation of the ablated teeth, observed by optical and electron microscopy, showed no apparent cracking or heat effects, and the hardness and Raman spectra of the laser‐treated enamel were not distinguishable from those of native enamel. This study indicates the potential for ultra‐short‐pulsed lasers to effect precision ablation of dental enamel.
Remineralization of enamel subsurface lesions in situ by sugar‐free lozenges containing casein phosphopeptideamorphous calcium phosphate
Authors: Cai F. , Shen P. , Morgan MV , Reynolds EC 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: The anticariogenic potential of casein phosphopeptide‐amorphous calcium phosphate nanocomplexes (CPP‐ACP) has been demonstrated using laboratory, animal and human in situ caries models. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of CPP‐ACP incorporation into a sugar‐free lozenge (pressed mint tablet) on enamel remineralization in a human in situ model.Methods: The study utilized a double‐blind, randomized, cross‐over design with four treatments: (i) a lozenge containing 56.4mg (3 per cent w/w) CPP‐ACP; (ii) a lozenge containing 18.8mg (1 per cent w/w) CPP‐ACP; (iii) a lozenge not containing CPP‐ACP; and (iv) a no lozenge nil‐treatment control. Ten subjects wore removable palatal appliances with four, human‐enamel, half‐slab insets containing subsurface lesions. Lozenges were consumed, without chewing, four times per day for 14 days duration. After each treatment period the enamel slabs were removed, paired with their respective demineralized control, embedded, sectioned and subjected to microradiography and computer‐assisted densitometric image analysis to determine the level of remineralization.Results: The incorporation of CPP‐ACP into the lozenge significantly increased enamel subsurface lesion remineralization with 18.8 and 56.4mg of CPP‐ACP increasing remineralization by 78 and 176 per cent respectively, relative to the control sugarfree lozenge.Conclusion: This study demonstrates that lozenges are a suitable vehicle for the delivery of CPP‐ACP to promote enamel remineralization.
Efficacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation performed in a dental chair
Authors: Lepere AJ , Finn J. , Jacobs I. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: Within the dental setting, historically there has been some concern as to whether cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) can be performed effectively in the dental chair. This study tested the hypothesis that there is no difference in the efficacy of CPR performed in the dental chair or on the floor.Methods: Four cycles of two‐person CPR were performed by three health professionals on a manikin positioned alternately on the floor and in a dental chair. Ventilation was performed using a Laerdal pocket mask, without oxygen supplementation. Compression and ventilation performance was recorded using a computerized manikin skill meter.Results: Each of the participants was able to achieve a mean cardiac compression depth of between 41 and 50cm, irrespective of the CPR surface. The only statistically significant difference found in expired air resuscitation (EAR) and external cardiac compression performance was that 37 per cent of ventilations performed on the floor were deemed to be too shallow, compared to only 15 per cent in the dental chair (p=0.001).Conclusions: It is possible for those trained in basic life support to perform CPR effectively in the dental chair. Each of the participants agreed that CPR, in particular EAR, was easier to perform when the manikin was in the dental chair compared with the floor. Dentists are encourage to regularly update their CPR knowledge and skills, including the practice of CPR in the dental chair.
Microscopic investigation of artificially demineralized surface enamel exposed to controlled intra‐oral periods
Authors: Neves AA , Primo LG , Ramos PR 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: Arrest and regression of enamel caries is generally followed by clinical surface changes in enamel. The aim of this study was to evaluate microscopic surface changes in demineralized enamel submitted to toothbrushing with a fluoridated dentifrice or to a fluoridated gel in situ.Methods: Enamel blocks demineralized by an acidic gel, were built in plates of five volunteers during three periods of 14 days each: exposure to the oral cavity (C+); brushing with a fluoridated dentifrice three times a days (B); application of a 2 per cent sodium fluoride gel and exposure to the oral cavity (F). Eight blocks were kept in 100 per cent humidity under refrigeration as negative controls (C‐).Results: Stereomicroscopic examination revealed that 15, 47.4 and 30 per cent of samples from C+, B and F presented enamel cavitation after the experimental period. The demineralized enamel area in these groups decreased considerably compared to C‐, both in cavitated and non‐cavitated samples, although it was statistically significant only in cavitated samples from B (p=0.003; t test). Scanning electron microscopy revealed that C+ and F retained irregularities caused by the acid challenge, while B presented a more leveled profile of the enamel surface.Conclusions: Exposure of demineralized enamel to intra‐oral periods reduced the demineralized enamel area. Tooth brushing enhanced this reduction, because of surface abrasion.
Treatment delays in paediatric dento‐alveolar trauma at a tertiary referral hospital
Authors: Batstone MD , Waters C. , Porter SAT , Monsour FNT 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Paediatric dento‐alveolar trauma is a common event. Delays in treatment can have adverse effects on long term outcomes and the aim of this study was to quantify the treatment delays in paediatric dento‐alveolar trauma in a tertiary referral hospital. Methods: All cases of paediatric dento‐alveolar trauma over a two year period from July 2000 to June 2002 were identified and the charts were reviewed retrospectively. All children presenting to the emergency department with dento‐alveolar trauma within 48 hours of injury during the time period were included. Results: Forty‐three patients were identified. The average age was 5.51 years, though there was a bias towards one and two year olds. Males were injured 1.5 times more frequently than females. There was an average delay of 9.6 hours between injury and treatment for all patients. Transit time from outside practitioners to hospital and waiting times in hospital made up the greatest delays. Children injured an average of 2.37 teeth and only 14 per cent were uncomplicated crown fractures. Conclusions: Children who present to children's hospitals for treatment of dento‐alveolar trauma have more severe injuries than those treated elsewhere. They have large but potentially reducible delays between injury and treatment.
Assessing restored teeth with pulp and periapical diseases for the presence of cracks, caries and marginal breakdown
Authors: Abbott PV 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: To determine whether clinical examinations and periapical radiographs provide sufficient information to assess the cause of pulp and periapical diseases, the status of teeth when restored and their further treatment needs. Other aims were to determine whether restorations should be removed prior to commencing endodontic treatment, and whether the type and longevity of restorations were related to the presence of disease. Methods: Information was collected regarding 245 restored teeth from 220 consecutive patients referred for endodontic treatment. Teeth were examined before and after the restorations were removed and the findings were compared. Results: Pre‐operative examination revealed 47 (19.2 per cent) teeth had caries, 57 (23.3 per cent) had cracks and 96 (39.2 per cent) had marginal breakdown. After restoration removal, the figures were 211 (86.1 per cent), 147 (60 per cent), and 244 (99.6 per cent) respectively. Almost all teeth (93 per cent) had more than one of these factors and periapical radiographs were unreliable indicators of their presence. There was only a 56.1 per cent chance (with 95 per cent Confidence Interval) of finding caries, cracks or marginal breakdown prior to restoration removal. Composite resins were more often associated with early onset and rapid progression of pulp diseases. Conclusions: All restorations should be removed prior to endodontic treatment in order to remove the common factors that may have caused the pulp and periapical disease, and to assess the tooth's prognosis and future treatment needs.