bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disorders of perfusion of the anterior segment of the eye
Authors: Gillies William E. , Brooks Anne MV 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: We have investigated the vascular perfusion of a wide variety of conditions of the anterior segment using fluorescein angiography. Methods: The conditions were classified and findings reported according to the system set out below. Patients underwent full ocular examination. Fluorescein angiography of the anterior segment was carried out when indicated to investigate iris atrophy and neovascularisation. Specular microscopy of the corneal endothelium was used to detect changes in this tissue. Results: The hypoperfusion was variable in degree and accompanied by varying degrees of iris hypoplasia and atrophy with neovascularisation. The degree of neovascularisation depended upon its rapidity of development, the pre‐existing state of vascular perfusion and the underlying pathological condition. Conclusions: Hypoperfusion with resultant ischaemia and neovascularisation is common in conditions of the anterior segment. An understanding of the changes is valuable in treating many conditions affecting the anterior segment. The changes observed may also occur elsewhere in the physical system and may be a significant part of the ageing process, either as scattered, disparate processes or as part of a general disease process.
Allergic reactions to oral, surgical and topical bovine collagen: Anaphylactic risk for surgeons
Authors: Mullins Raymond J. , Richards Carole , Walker Thomas 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: Two cases of allergic (IgE‐mediated) reaction to bovine collagen are described. Both patients developed conjunctival oedema in response to the topical application of highly purified bovine collagen to the eye during opthalmic surgery (corneal shields and catgut suture material). One patient developed periocular angioedema and angioedema of the throat after the ingestion of bovine collagen in the form of gelatin‐containing foods. Methods: The presence of allergen‐specific IgE was evaluated by skin prick testing with collagen‐derived products, and by topical challenge with a highly purified bovine collagen‐derived corneal shield. Results: In both patients, application of collagen to the eye reproduced the original subconjunctival oedema. In one patient, skin testing with purified and crude extracts of bovine collagen in the form of a corneal shield, catgut suture material and edible gelatin demonstrated evidence of collagen‐specific IgE. Conclusions: Clinical reactions to collagen are rare. Neverthless, patients with a history of allergic reactions to bovine collagen‐derived products should be investigated because of the widespread use of collagen‐derived therapeutic devices, the potential for immunological cross‐reactivity with dietary collagen (gelatin) and the potential for anaphylaxis.
The pathogenesis of polychromatic cholesterol crystals in the anterior chamber
Authors: Kennedy Christopher John 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose: Polychromatic cholesterol crystals of the anterior chamber are an interesting and unusual finding. This paper examines the different pathogenetic mechanisms leading to the formation of these clinically detectable anterior chamber crystals. Methods: Three aetiologically different cases which exhibited polychromatic crystals in the anterior chamber were reviewed. Aqueous samples were examined by wet field microscopy in all cases and additionally by electron microscopy in one of these. One enucleated globe was available for histopathology. Results: Typical highly refringent cholesterol crystals were identified in the aqueous of all cases. In the first case, the cholesterol crystals developed following the breakdown of vitreous and anterior chamber haemorrhage. In the second case, the cholesterol appeared to derive from the subretinal fluid of a chronic total retinal detachment in the absence of any intraocular haemorrhage. The cholesterol crystals of the final case resulted from phacolysis and were associated with a marked neutrophil response and the presence of proteinaceous crystals consistent with the crystallins. Conclusion: Anterior chamber cholesterolosis is a secondary phenomenon that always occurs as a result of an ocular disease process. Although the prognosis is dismal for chronically diseased eyes displaying cholesterol crystals in the anterior chamber, the prognosis for eyes with phacolysis may be excellent.
Suprachoroidal effusion following argon laser trabeculoplasty
Authors: Kennedy Christopher J. , Roden Dermot M. , McAllister Ian L. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose: This is first report of suprachoroidal effusion occurring subsequent to argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT). Methods: Review of the records of the patient in question. Results: A 77‐year‐old woman with bilateral pseudophakia and primary open‐angle glaucoma was treated with ALT when her visual fields deteriorated despite topical timolol therapy. Although ALT was initially performed without complication in one eye, treatment of the other eye led to a choroidal detachment. This was associated with temporary reduction in visual acuity, shallowing of the anterior chamber and hypotony. Conclusion: Suprachoroidal effusion appears to be another complication of ALT. In the reported case, this complication and its effects were temporary and resolved with conservative management.
Keratoprosthesis: preliminary results of an artificial corneal button as a full‐thickness implant in the rabbit model
Authors: Hicks Celia R. , Chirila Traian V. , Dalton Paul D. , Clayton Anthony B. , Vijayasekaran Sarojini , FRACO Geoffrey J Crawford. , Constable Ian J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose: To develop a prototype artificial cornea and evaluate it in the rabbit model. Methods: Hydrogel core‐and‐skirt keratoprostheses were made and were inserted as full‐thickness implants covered with conjunctival flaps in the right eyes of eight rabbits. Results: Peroperative complications related to inadequate mechanical strength led to failure in the early postoperative period in three animals, one was euthanased for an unrelated reason and the remaining four have been successful for up to 16 weeks' follow‐up. Conclusions: Full‐thickness implantation of an artificial cornea; analogous to penetrating keratoplasty, has been achieved in the rabbit model. Histological findings confirm that integration of the prosthesis with host tissue occurs. The main complications encountered in this preliminary series were related to inadequate strength of the sponge skirt of this prototype device. Work in our laboratories is now concentrated upon improving the mechanical qualities of the hydrogel skirt and on the enhancement of biointegration.
Cost effectiveness of cataract surgery: A comparison of conventional extracapsular surgery and phacoemulsification at Flinders Medical Centre
Authors: Asimakis Peter , Coster Douglas J. , Lewis Deborah J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose:To compare the cost of conventional extracapsular cataract surgery and phacoemulsification at Flinders Medical Centre. Methods:The costs of the two forms of cataract surgery were assessed over a 12‐month period. During this period 410 cataract operations were performed. Setting:The cataract surgery was carried out in a dedicated day surgery unit in a teaching hospital. Outcome measure:The direct, indirect and tangible costs were measured. Results:Conventional extracapsular cataract surgery with posterior chamber lens implant costs $1000.85 and phacoemulsification with lens implantation costs $1231.00. Conclusions:Although conventional extracapsular surgery generates slightly lower costs than phacoemulsification, the cost difference is small. In generating these figures, some assumptions must be made and the real difference may prove to be less than this.
Evaluation of photoscreener instruments in a childhood population: 1. Otago photoscreener and Dortmans videophotorefractor
Authors: Cooper Carolyn D. , Bowling Francis G. , Hall Julie E. , Colville Deborah J. , Dortmans Renus J. , Munch Jesper , Gole Glen A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Objective:To evaluate two photoscreeners in a childhood population. Study design:Double‐masked study. Subjects and method:One hundred and thirteen children aged between 11 and 44 months with either normal vision or known visual disorders were photoscreened without cycloplegia by the Otago and Dortmans (prototype) photoscreeners. Each child had a full ophthalmological examination either on the day of screening or in the preceeding six months. Photoscreen images were reviewed by an independent observer for indicators of amblyopiogenic risk factors, and compared to the full ophthalmological examination to determine sensitivity and specificity for each instrument. Results:The Otago photoscreener returned a sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 82% for the detection of amblyopiogenic risk factors. The Dortmans photoscreener returned a sensitivity of 70% and specificity of 90%. Both photoscreeners were portable and easily operated. Conclusion: Children can be screened successfully for amblyopiogenic risk factors with these photoscreening systems. Further evaluation is required to determine specificity in a normal population. This would also provide information on the potential usefulness of photoscreeners in a cost effective childhood vision screening program.
Intralenticular metallic foreign body
Authors: Lee Lawrence R. , Briner A Michael 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background:Intralenticular metallic foreign bodies may be well tolerated for many years. Case Report:A 24‐year‐old Caucasian man was referred with an intralenticular metallic foreign body present in the left eye for five days. Following initial treatment with topical steroid and antibiotic, the lens remained clear and visual acuity normal. Two years later the left eye developed an anterior uveitis, with reduced vision. A left phacoemulsification lens extraction with removal of the intralenticular foreign body and insertion of a posterior chamber intraocular lens was performed. Conclusion:Management of intralenticular metallic foreign bodies may be conservative till intraocular inflammation or cataract develops.
Coexistent orbital and cerebellar venous anornalies in linear sebaceous naevus syndrome
Authors: Seawright Ashley A. , Sullivan Timothy J. , Pelekanos James T. , Masel John 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background:Orbital venous anomalies can result in significant morbidity and have been reported in association with other venous anomalies, some with the potential for serious complication. Methods/results:We present a case of an orbital venous anomaly coexistent with a large cerebellar venous angioma and a linear sebaceous naevus. Clinical features, asSociations, complications and management principles are presented. Conclusion:Upon clinical recognition of an orbital venous anomaly, brain imaging and appropriate clinical assessment should be considered in light of the possibility of coexistence of potentially life‐threatening lesions.
Congenital orbital teratoma
Authors: Lee GA , Sullivan TJ , Tsikleas GP , Davis NG 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: The occurrence of proptosis at birth unusual and may be associated with a variety of tumours and structural abnormalities. Congenital orbital teratoma a rare cause of congenital proptosis. Methods: A case report is presented of a female infant with gross right proptosis. Results: Computed tomography demonstrated a characteristic multicystic structure with no intracranial involvement. Histological examination found tissues derived from all three germ cell layers, consistent with a congenital orbital teratoma. The tumour was successfully removed preserving the globe and vision. Conclusions: This report is an example of how early surgical intervention may allow preservation of the globe and vision in some patients with congenital orbital teratoma.
Ocular gene therapy: The basic science and current state of research
Authors: da Cruz L , Rakoczy P , Constable I 
Published: November 2007

AbstractRecent technical advances have led to the demonstration of the molecular basis of many genetic eye diseases. Methods now in use have been able to both suppress and insert genes in vitro and in vivo in ocular cells. The combination of this new knowledge and these techniques offers the potential for a new therapeutic approach to diseases that currently have no treatments. The scientific basis of gene therapy is introduced and then the current state of research is discussed in relation to the eye and ocular tissues.
Visual acuity in an Australian Aboriginal population
Authors: Stocks NP , Hiller JE , Newland H 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: Australia is a developed country, However; Aboriginal Australians have rates of blindness comparable to Third World countries. There have been well‐funded eye health programs for 15 years in Central Australia. This paper examines if there has been an improvement in visual disability of one traditional group of Aboriginal Australians. Methods: Results from an eye health survey of the Anangu Pitjantjatjara of South Australia in 1990 are presented. These data are compared with results for ‘blindness’ and ‘poor vision’ from a national survey undertaken in 1976. The two surveys were comparable in design, both were cross‐sectional population‐based prevalence surveys. Prevalence rates were adjusted for the size of the source population. Results: Young rural Aboriginal Australians have good visual acuity. Low vision and blindness (WHO definitions) occur in 19.6% and 10.4% of 60+ year olds, respectively. Women were more likely than men to be blind or have low vision (OR= 1.93; 1.06‐3.58). There was a decline in ‘poor vision’ between surveys (OR=2.86; 1.86‐4.75) but not in ‘blindness’. Conclusion: Although there has been a reduction in the prevalence of visual disability in rural Aboriginal Australians, improvements in the provision of eye care for the elderly need to occur.
Orbital colour Doppler imaging in chronic ocular ischaemic syndrome
Authors: Lee HM , Fu ERY 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: The clinical syndrome of chronic ocular ischaemia may be difficult to diagnose due to its wide range of non‐specific presentations, and its diagnosis often implies the presence of underlying severe carotid occlusive disease. Colour Doppler imaging (CDI), a recent advance in ultrasonography that allows for colour‐encoded blood flow data of a vascular structure to be displayed simultaneously on a conventional real‐time gray‐scale B mode image, has been used in the assessment of ocular and orbital vasculature. Method: Four patients with chronic ocular ischaemic syndrome whose diagnoses were aided by CDI are presented. Results: Orbital CDI was successful in confirming the diagnosis in all four cases. Reversal of blood flow in the ophthalmic arteries was demonstrated. Central retinal vessels were not detected with CDI in all four patients with complete occlusion of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery. One of the four patients had intermittent reversal of ophthalmic arterial flow ipsilateral to the 60% stenosed internal carotid artery. Conclusion: This non‐invasive technique is an excellent alternative to invasive vascular studies such as angiography for the diagnosis and evaluation of the chronic ocular ischaemic syndrome.
Georg Bartisch: Ophthalmodouleia, der Augendienst, 1583. A treatise on service of the eyes and a review of the chapter on strabismus
Authors: Lowe Ronald F 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn 1583, Georg Bartisch, oculist and cutter for bladder stones at the court of Duke August 1 of Saxony, published at his own expense a 273 page textbook of ophthalmology. It contained 91 wood cuts and, in the present volume, they are presented in brilliant colour as they were in the original books prepared for presentation. The book was one of the first medical treatises to be published in the German vernacular instead of traditional Latin. It has been translated into English and published in gothic type to simulate the original. Treatment of diseases of the eye by medicines or surgery are reported in great detail. It gives an account of ophthalmology at the time of the early Renaissance when enlightenment was beginning to overtake the darkness of the Middle Ages.
Changes in the interpupillary distance with age and its effect on the near fusion free position
Authors: Chen AH , O'Leary DJ 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTPurpose:The effect of the rate of the interpupillary distance (IPD) change with age on the near fusion free position was investigated in the present study.Methods:Three hundred and fifty‐two children aged from 2 to 16 years of age were tested. Interpupillary distance was estimated with a modified Viktorin's method and the near fusion free position was measured with a modified Maddox Wing.Results:The results reveal a significant difference in IPD growth rate between females and males and between children aged below and above 5 years. Most children below 5 years of age were orthophoric, but heterophoria became more common above 5 years of age.Conclusion:The present study suggests that the oculomotor control system for convergence can compensate for age changes in IPD.
Interactions between the constitutive host defences of tears and Staphylococcus epidermidis
Authors: Leitch EC , Willcox MDP 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTAs part of the normal microbiota of the external eye, Staphylococcus epidermidis has probably developed strategies to overcome tear defences. The interaction of this bacteria with constitutive tear proteins was examined. Isolates of S. epidermidis grown in 10% serum or artificial tear fluid containing lysozyme or lactoferrin were resistant to the action of these proteins. Using ELISA, cell wall binding of C3, vitronectin and lactoferrin differed quantitatively between strains and in closed‐eye compared to open‐eye conditions. No differences were observed between ocular and non‐ocular strains. This suggests that ocular isolates originate from the general host microbiota and S. epidermidis isolates are resistant to individual constitutive tear proteins.
Presence of inflammatory mediators in the tears of contact lens wearers and non‐contact lens wearers
Authors: Tan M , Thakur A , Morris C , Willcox MDP 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe present studies have demonstrated the levels of N‐methyl histamine in tears from normal physiological states, pathological states and contact lens wear Histamine was significantly increased in closed eye tears compared with both open and reflex tears. Tears from other ocular conditions had low levels of histamine except for environmental hypersensitivity, which contained significantly elevated levels compared to normal tear types. Interestingly tears from asymptomatic contact lens wearers had significant levels of histamine whereas tears from contact lens adverse events had lower levels, possibly reflecting a change in histamine metabolism.
Modulation of cytokine production from an EpiOcular corneal cell culture model in response to Staphylococcus aureus superantigen
Authors: Thakur A , Clegg A , Chauhan A , Willcox MDP 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study investigated the hypothesis that Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEE) produces epithelial cell death and releases inflammatory cytokines that produce stromal infiltration during contact lens induced peripheral ulceration. Epithelial cells were incubated with different doses of SEB for various time periods. Culture supernatants were assayed for cytokines IL‐ lo, IL‐6 and chemotactic agents IL‐8 and LTB,. SEE induced the production of IL‐ I p and IL‐8. Epithelial cells exposed for longer periods (48 h) with low concentrations of SEB produced significantly higher levels (N0.02) of IL‐Ip and IL‐8 (P<0.05) compared t o a 24 h exposure. SEB did not induce the production o f IL‐6 and
Fourier transformation of corneal topography data
Authors: Keller P , van Saarloos P 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTBackground:The clinical interpretation of corneal topography power maps has progressed through the development of both qualitative pattern classification systems and a range of quantitative descriptors. Although a number of different indices have been described, they do not all possess obvious clinical utility.Methods/Results:Fourier series analysis decomposes any circumferential fluctuations in corneal power into various components that have direct clinical correlates. The zero frequency and two‐cycle components, which represent spherical equivalent and regular astigmatism, respectively, are analogous to keratometric spherical (equivalent) and astigmatic powers. The other Fourier components have no keratometric equivalent but have distinct clinical value. Decentration is a tilt of the cornea with respect to the videokeratoscope axis and irregular astigmatism is the sinusoidal variation in power that cannot be corrected with conventional lenses.Conclusion:The present paper demonstrates the application of Fourier series analysis to corneal topography data.
Dopaminergic behaviour in chicken retina and the effect of form deprivation
Authors: Megaw PL , Morgan IG , Boelen MK 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTPurpose:Dopamine (DA)is cinsidered to be a neurotransmitter involved in light‐adaptive responses in the retina and has been implicated in the control of the eye growth include by form deprivation vitreal DOPAC was shown to be a good indicator of retinal dopaminergic activity.Methods/Results:Dopaminergic activity was highest during the light, with vitreal DOPAC levels rising within in 3 hof light exposure. Form deperivation attenuated dopaminergic activity, as the rise in vitreal DOPAC levels on light exposure was rediced in form‐depeived eyes, compared with control eyes.Conclusion:The lack sustained activation of DA release may explain the role of DA in the control of eye‐growth.
Deprivation of form vision suppresses diurnal cycling of retinal levels of leu‐enkephalin
Authors: McKenzie C , Megaw P , Morgan I , Boelen MK 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTDeprivation of form vision by the fitting of translucent occluders suppressed the diurnal cycling of enkephalinergic amacrine cells (the ENSLI amacrine cells), in the chicken. Daily periods of normal vision or enforcing temporal contrast using strobe lighting appeared to restore normal functioning of the ENSLI cells. These results suggest that the ENSLI cells are involved in retinal circuits that assess the quality of the visual image and control eye growth.
Absence of ganglion cell subcomponents in multifocal luminance electroretinograms
Authors: Vaegan PhD  , Sanderson G 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTMultifocal flash electroretinograms (ERG) were recorded binocularly (n= 18). Areas were equal or scaled with excentricity. The latter were expected to increase the total amplitude if ganglion cell subcomponents were involved. Amplitudes were intercorrelated and the factor structure was established. Scaling had no influence on amplitudes or on factors. Reliability and sensitivity were high. The second kernel first slice from the nine hexagons across the midline showed differences near the macula but no component increasing in latency with distance from the disc. Thus, multifocal flash ERG have linear spatial summation and no ganglion cell subcomponents.