bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality in African‐Americans with Type 1 diabetes: The New Jersey 725
Authors: Roy M. , Rendas‐Baum R. , Skurnick J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAim  To determine rates and risk factors for all‐cause mortality in African‐Americans with Type 1 diabetes from a 3‐year observational follow‐up study of 725 African‐Americans with Type 1 diabetes conducted between 1 January 1999 and 31 December 2001.Methods  Date of death was ascertained either from telephone contact with the patient's family or from relatives or on line review of the US Social Security death index.Results  Since the initial examination, 131 (18.1%) patients, 60 (20%) men and 71 (17%) women, have died. At the time of death, the mean age of the men was 40.7 ± 10.6 years and that of the women 39.4 ± 10.5 years. The median duration of diabetes at the baseline examination was 8.04 years, interquartile range (IQR) 3.76–15.22 years for men and median 10.54, IQR 4.49–18.36 years for women. Three‐year mortality rates were 7.1% for women and 10.6% for men. Age‐adjusted mortality rates were not significantly different between men and women. Relative to the general US and the New Jersey African‐American population, standardized mortality ratios of African‐Americans with Type 1 diabetes were 12 and six times greater for women and men, respectively. Older age, low socio‐economic status, low body mass index, high diastolic blood pressure, macroangiopathy, proteinuria, severe diabetic retinopathy and heavy alcohol consumption were independent risk factors for all‐cause mortality. In patients with microproteinuria at initial examination, the mortality rate for men was twice that of women.Conclusion  Microproteinuria and other potentially modifiable factors, including hypertension, macroangiopathy and heavy alcohol consumption, are independent risk factors for mortality in this ethnic group.
Abundance, species richness and energy availability in the North American avifauna
Authors: Evans Karl L. , James Neil A. , Gaston Kevin J. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTAim  To determine how species richness, abundance, biomass, energy use and mean number of individuals per species scale with environmental energy availability in wintering and breeding avian assemblages, and to contrast assemblages of (i) common and rare species and (ii) breeding residents and migrants. To assess whether such patterns are compatible with the ‘more individuals hypothesis’ (MIH) that high‐energy areas are species‐rich because they support larger populations that are buffered against extinction.Location  The North American continent (latitudinal range 23.4 °−48.1 °N; longitudinal range 124.2°−68.7° W).Methods  Avian species richness, abundance, biomass and energy use were calculated for 295 Resident Bird Count plots. Environmental energy availability was measured using ambient temperature and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), a close correlate of plant productivity. Analyses took plot area into account, and were conducted (with and without taking habitat type into account) using general linear models and spatial mixed models.Results  Positive species–energy relationships were exhibited by both wintering and breeding assemblages, but were stronger in the former. The structure of winter assemblages responded more strongly to temperature than NDVI, while breeding assemblages tended to respond more strongly to NDVI. Breeding residents responded to annual measures of energy availability while breeding migrants and the winter assemblage responded more strongly to seasonal measures. In the winter assemblage, rare and common species exhibited species–energy relationships of a similar strength, but common breeding species exhibited a much stronger relationship than rare breeding species. In both breeding and wintering assemblages, abundance, biomass and energy use increased with energy availability and species richness. Energy availability was a poor predictor of the mean number of individuals per species.Main conclusions  The nature of the species–energy relationship varies seasonally and with the manner in which energy availability is measured. Our data suggest that residents are less able to respond to seasonal fluxes in resource availability than long‐distance migrants. Increasing species richness and energy availability is associated with increasing numbers of individuals, biomass and energy use. While these observations are compatible with the MIH our data provide only equivocal support for this hypothesis, as the rarest species do not exhibit the strongest species–energy relationships.
Toward a Transcendental Human Geography of Places*
Authors: Hufferd James 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe behaviorist research paradigm represented in human geography is anachronistic and manifestly inappropriate for explaining the results of human activities, such as distinctly constructed cultural landscapes. Phenomenological method is appropriate for explaining human actions on an individual scale, but is not applicable as it stands to the group or regional scale investigated by geography. The suggested technique adapts the fragmented reference plain featured by both phenomenology and relativity‐based explanation in physics, to afford justifiable explanations of cultural phenomena.
Mobilizing for a New Life: “Canico” Settlement Rehabilitation in the Bairro of Maxaquene, Mozambique*
Authors: Pinsky Barry 
Published: May 2006

AbstractLocated on the east coast of Africa, Mozambique won its independence from Portugal in 1975 following a protracted 10‐year guerilla war led by FRELIMO—the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique. The experience of collective participation which was necessary for rural peasants to win the war against a much better equipped Portuguese army is now being carried over to all aspects of life including the rehabilitation of the shanty settlements which surround the larger cities and towns.In 1977 the newly created National Housing Directorate launched the first rehabilitation pilot project in part of the bairro of Maxaquene, in the capital, Maputo. After two years of intensive work, the original project area has quadrupled in size and an urban plan has been put in place encompassing 300 hectares and a population of 36,000.New water and electricity projects already serve 10,000 people. Infrastructure works and community facilities are being completed as rapidly as limited material and technical resources permit, and a self‐help housing assistance program is underway.The rapid progress has only been possible because of the community's extraordinary efforts in putting into practice the philosophy of “counting on our own forces”. Hundreds of meetings of planning committees have been held and over 100 new block committees are active in the bairro. The people of Maxaquene are mobilized for a new life and they are succeeding in creating it.
SPACE, SCALE AND LOCALITY*
Authors: DUNCAN SIMON , SAVAGE MIKE 
Published: May 2006

AbstractsThe importance of spatial variations for social behaviour has recently been re‐established in social theory. But, paradoxically, space does not exist in the sense of being an object that can have properties and effects. How, then, are these two axioms to be reconciled? Recent attempts to solve this question have been centred around the concept of ‘locality’. In this paper we subject this concept to critical evaluation. First, we consider in abstract terms the way in which spatial variation affects social phenomena. Subsequently, we discuss the implications of this, focusing around the use of ‘locale’ and ‘local labour market’ as operationalisations of ‘locality’. Next, we review and comment on the debate on locality in the light of this discussion. The upshot is that locality is shown to provide an inadequate conceptual scheme for dealing with spatial patterning.
URBAN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT: AN ANALYSIS OF HOUSING PROVISION IN NORTH AUSTRALIA*
Authors: DRAKAKIS‐SMITH DAVID 
Published: May 2006

AbstractsThis paper examines the role of urban social movements in shaping the built environment. It is based on empirical work undertaken in two relatively small towns, Darwin and Alice Springs, located in the Northern Territory of Australia. This approach has furnished the opportunity to undertake a true comparative study of the role of social movements in what ostensibly appear to be relatively simple urban locations situated in similar local, national and global circumstances, across the same time‐period. In particular, the investigation sets out to examine the contrasting success/failure of social movements to coalesce around the problem of housing provision.The early sections of the paper review various conceptual issues related to the empirical investigation and try to arrive at a usable definition of ‘urban social movement’.
NEW PATRIARCHAL ECONOMIES IN THE AUSTRALIAN TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Authors: JOHNSON LOUISE C. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSAnalyses seriously considering the importance of gender in the process of restructuring have been scarce, yet altered gender relations have been integral to these changes at all geographical scales. Vital interconnections exist between a restructuring capitalism and a reconstituting patriarchy. Initially, I clarify the concepts and the feminist politics which inform the analysis, and then I situate the Australian textile industry in a global context of new divisions of labour and capital. Connecting these global changes to a particular national economy provides the necessary background to understanding the transformations which have occurred in one textile plant in Geelong, Victoria over the last twenty years. At all scales, patriarchy and capitalism have interconnected in such a way as to ensure that renewed profitability and reasserted male authority are linked during restructuring. Restoration of capital accumulation in the Australian textile industry has thus been built on a redefined but also reaffirmed patriarchal economy.
STATE, CLASS AND INTERNATIONAL CAPITAL 1: BACKGROUND TO THE BRASILIAN STEEL INDUSTRY
Authors: FOOT S.P.H. , WEBBER MICHAEL 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTBy 1980, the Brasilian steel industry had grown to be the eighth largest among the market economies. It is a largely state‐owned industry, much of the expansion of which has been funded by international capital. The pattern of development has not been externally imposed, however, but rather reflects the changing balance of class forces within Brasil as policies oscillate between nationalist, populist limits on foreign investment and open, pro‐development strategies that rely on foreign investment. Both policies develop their own contradictions, that are reflected in frequent military interventions.
THE EFFACEMENT OF PLACE? US FOREIGN POLICY AND THE SPATIALITY OF THE GULF CRISIS
Authors: Tuathail Gearóid Ó 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSThe production of a “Gulf Crisis” out of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, and the subsequent inscription and mediation of the conflict, created a spatiality that facilitated the pulverization of peoples and places in Iraq and Kuwait in early 1991. This paper attempts to open up this spatiality to empirical investigation and theoretical reflection. It addresses four issues: firstly, how the crisis came to be narrated as the “Gulf Crisis,” secondly, the official geographing of the crisis with particular sets of meanings and imaginary geographies by the Bush administration, thirdly, the role speed played in the crisis, and finally, the electronic, televisual spatiality of the conflict. How one describes the spatiality of the Gulf conflict poses a difficult theoretical question. One possibility is to geographicalize Levinas and Bauman's arguments concerning “the effacement of the face.” However, narratives of “the effacement of place” ultimately rest on an innocenting of place.
PUTTING WOMEN IN THEIR PLACE: THE CARNIVAL AT GREENHAM COMMON*
Authors: Cresswell Tim 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSIn this paper I examine reactions to the Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp. I argue that the media, local and government responses to the Greenham women reveal geographical assumptions about “normality.” The peace women, by living away from home, on the edge of a military (and therefore masculine) establishment challenged accepted patriarchal understandings of “women's place” and were thus described as “out of place.” More specifically, the women were referred to in terms of hygiene, inadequate culinary ability, sexuality and hysteria. Each of these implies a gendered form of disorder in which social, cultural and geographical boundaries have been transgressed. These reactions are placed within the context of Bakhtin's formulations of the carnivalesque and grotesque realism. I suggest that the women, through their highly visible opposition to a patriarchal military establishment, represent a threat to neatly bounded official culture which finds its geographical expression in the formal territories of the courtroom and the air base. In conclusion this illustration is placed in the wider context of cultural/political protest. I argue that transgression, while serving to reveal normally assumed hegemonic landscapes, is restrained by already existing boundaries.
CONSTRUCTIONS OF CRIMINALITY: POLICE‐COMMUNITY RELATIONS IN TORONTO
Authors: Jackson Peter 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSLong considered a safe and tolerant city, Toronto has been shaken during the last ten years by a series of incidents involving the police and black people which has led to a serious deterioration in police‐community relations. Drawing on evidence submitted to the 1989 Ontario Task Force on Race Relations and Policing, on newspaper reports and local interviews, this paper criticizes some commonsense constructions of the relationship between “race”, crime and policing. Rejecting conventional explanations of “ethnic criminality” and personal prejudice, the paper focuses on the question of institutional racism within the police force.
SPATIAL METAPHOR AND THE POLITICS OF EMPOWERMENT: MAPPING A PLACE FOR FEMINISM AND POSTMODERNISM IN GEOGRAPHY?*
Authors: Price‐Chalita Patricia 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSSpatial language and constructs are deployed systematically in the writing of many contemporary feminists. Disempowerment is couched in negative spatial terms: as “displacement,” having space denied, or as a negative or non‐space. Empowerment, on the other hand, is written as an appropriation of the spatial: creating new spaces, occupying existing spaces, or revalorizing negatively labeled spaces. Furthermore, the map emerges as a common trope in this writing. Rather than transparently communicating the totality of what exists, however, their maps become rhetorical guides to possible worlds. The spatial provides a textual tool with which many contemporary feminists contest existing power relations. Space is viewed as liberating, empowering, and political. Their use of the spatial contrasts with the apolitical (and, not inconsequentially, gendered) conceptualization of space in some postmodern writing. This divergent deployment of spatial textual devices in the writing of some contemporary feminists and that of some postmodernists opens up another window on the knotty nexus of feminist and postmodern thought in geography.
CONTRADICTIONS ALONG THE COMMODITY ROAD TO ENVIRONMENTAL STABILIZATION: FORESTING GAMBIAN GARDENS
Authors: Schroeder Richard A. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSIn the past decade a shift in ecological politics has set off a scramble to “protect” and “defend” putatively pristine ecosystems in Africa, Amazonia and Southeast Asia. This aggressive program bespeaks a new sense of manifest ecological destiny among environmental organizations and donors and has given rise to a “politics of stabilization” characterized by new forms of property and labor relationships. This paper traces the impact of ecological policies on commodity production in Gambia where communal market gardens run by women's groups are being converted into privatized orchards managed by male landholders in a state‐directed, donor‐funded initiative designed to meet stabilization goals. The zealous pursuit of commercial objectives has come at the expense of critical food entitlement and livelihood strategies which currently form the basis of the rural Gambian political economy. The paper uses this evidence to urge reconsidering the politics of environmental intervention.
TREES AS TOOLS, TREES AS TEXT: STRUGGLES OVER RESOURCES IN ZAMBRANA‐CHACUEY, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
Authors: Rocheleau Dianne , Ross Laurie 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSThe people of the Rural Federation of Zambrana‐Chacuey, in the Dominican Republic, are engaged in complex and multivalent struggles over resources in a forest and farm landscape subject to rapid land use change. Acacia mangium, a fast growing tree recently introduced as a timber cash crop, has become an object, a site and a tool of struggle in conflicts between local and state interests, and between women and men. Until recently, tree cutting has been illegal, so the government‐approved acacia has reversed the role of trees from liabilities to assets in land tenure. The acacia has also begun to alter the pattern of land use, land cover, and the species composition of the region's forests, gardens, and fields, and could replace women's diverse gardens with single species blocks of timber.
THE NEW PRIMITIVES: IDENTITY, LANDSCAPE AND CULTURAL APPROPRIATION IN THE MYTHOPOETIC MEN'S MOVEMENT
Authors: Bonnett Alastair 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the beliefs and practices of the mythopoetic men's movement. More specifically, it focuses on the movement's adherents' representations of “racial” identity and wilderness. After introducing the movement, I argue that, a) the mythopoetic men's movement creatively reworks colonialist fantasies of non‐Western societies and landscapes, and b) that this process acts to naturalize the movement's adherents' contradictory experiences of power. The paper concludes with some observations on primitivist cultural appropriation.
Über den Niedergang der Kompositionskunst: eine Technisch‐Kritische Untersuchung
Authors: SCHENKER HEINRICH , DRABKIN WILLIAM 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTTowards the end of 1905, while putting the finishing touches to his Harmonielehre, Schenker conceived an essay that would show how the course of music after Beethoven moved essentially in two directions: the first in which the ‘aristocratic’ genius of the classical masters (Schubert, Chopin, Schumann and – in the realm of cyclic composition – Mendelssohn and Brahms) continued to develop according to autonomous musical principles, and a second whereby the emphasis on external associations, or the primacy of the word, gave rise to programmatic music (Berlioz, Liszt) and music drama (Wagner), genres that aimed at a lower musical level and thus appealed more to the uninitiated listener.Originally entitled Beethoven or Wagner?, and planned as an ‘afterword’ to Harmonielehre, the study eventually took shape as an independent piece; it was typed out in 1906 and revised over the next couple of years. Although it never appeared in print in Schenker's lifetime, the fact that it is referred to periodically throughout his published writings is a sign that it remained dear to his heart, and an important expression of the cause he espoused as a theorist. While the definitive title suggests a pessimistic attitude to the music of his own time (in the critiques of Bruckner, Wolf and Strauss, specific passages from well‐known works are discussed), many valuable insights are also offered into a range of compositions from the Classical‐Romantic era. A large section of the essay is dedicated to close readings of three numbers from Mozart's Don Giovanni; these present a dimension of Schenker's activity ‐ opera criticism ‐not found elsewhere in the published canon.
British sociology and public intellectuals: consumer society and imperial decline
Authors: Turner Bryan S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe following is the lecture given for the BJS 2005 Public Sociology Debate given at the London School of Economics and Political Science on ll October 2005This lecture on the character of British sociology provides a pretext for a more general inquiry into public intellectual life in postwar Britain. The argument put forward falls into several distinctive sections. First, British social science has depended heavily on the migration of intellectuals, especially Jewish intellectuals who were refugees from fascism. Second, intellectual innovation requires massive, disruptive, violent change. Third, British sociology did nevertheless give rise to a distinctive tradition of social criticism in which one can argue there were (typically home‐grown) public intellectuals. The main theme of their social criticism was to consider the constraining and divisive impact of social class, race and gender on the enjoyment of expanding social citizenship. Fourth, postwar British sociology came to be dominated by the analysis of an affluent consumer society. Finally, the main failure of British sociology in this postwar period was the absence of any sustained, macro‐sociological analysis of the historical decline of Britain as a world power in the twentieth century.
Re‐counting ‘illiteracy’: literacy skills in the sociology of social inequality
Authors: Payne Geoff 
Published: May 2006

AbstractRecent media reports have repeated claims that there are very large numbers of illiterate people in Britain, seven million adults being the most common figure. The moral panic this engendered has helped to justify educational initiatives and greater public spending on basic skills. However, a closer investigation of definitions and measurements of illiteracy in major national studies reveals the peculiarity of this social construction of illiteracy. Not least, it is argued that the numbers actually suffering significant literacy deficits are much lower than reported. Partly because British sociology has given literacy little attention (despite the advent of the ‘New Literacy Studies’), official accounts of illiteracy remain unduly ‘normative’, seriously under‐estimating cultural differences like gender, ethnicity and class. A new classification of low literacy skills is proposed, with the intention of demonstrating connections with structural accounts of social inequality and sociological theory. Low levels of literacy skill remain important because they are related to other forms of social inequality, even when the number of people disadvantaged in this way is much smaller than previously claimed.