bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure within a population of an aromatic shrub,Lippia origanoides(Verbenaceae), in the Chicamocha Canyon, northeastern Colombia
Authors: SUÁREZ G. ADRIANA , CASTILLO GENIS , CHACÓN S. MARIA I. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThe geographical scale of genetic structure in a continuous population is highly dependent on its breeding system and dispersion capabilities, and this knowledge is important for the study of population dynamics as well as for conservation purposes. In the present study, spatial autocorrelation statistics and intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to describe the genetic structure of a natural population of a prominent aromatic plant,Lippia origanoides, native to the Chicamocha Canyon in northeastern Colombia. For this purpose, individuals were sampled from two localities within the Chicamocha Canyon, where the species is abundant and continuously distributed. Cluster (principal coordinate analysis (PCO) and unweighted pair group method using arithmetic averages (UPGMA)), analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and Bayesian analyses revealed a low level of genetic differentiation among the two localities, suggesting that they belong to a single population. Genetic diversity levels in this population, described as the percentage of polymorphic loci (P=86·21%) and quantified using Shannon's diversity index (I=0·453) and the average panmictic heterozygosity (HB=0·484), were shown to be comparable to or higher than that in other plant species with allogamous breeding systems and to other related Verbenaceae species. Fine-scale autocorrelation analyses showed a pattern consistent with the classical model of isolation by distance with moderate but significant levels of local spatial structure. Our results suggest that sampling individuals at distances greater than ~1·2 km may result in the collection of different genotypes, which could help preserve the levels of genetic diversity in a propagation programme. The causes of this spatial pattern are currently unknown and could be influenced by many contemporary factors such as restricted seed dispersal and/or short-distance pollen movement, among others.
Changes in the frequency of YMversus IIIMin the housefly,Musca domesticaL., under field and laboratory conditions
Authors: HAMM RONDA L. , SCOTT JEFFREY G. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryIn the housefly,Musca domesticaL., sex is usually determined by a dominant factor, M, located on the Y chromosome. However, there are ‘autosomal male’ (AM) populations in which the M factor is located on one or more of the five autosomes (I–V) or on X. We examined changes in the frequency of AMand YMmales in North Carolina populations of houseflies after 4 years in the laboratory (NC Lab 02:06) and after 4 or 5 years in the field (NC 2006 and NC 2007). In 2002, 77·7% of the male houseflies were III/III;XYM, 20% were IIIM/III;XX, and 2·3% were IIIM/III;XYM. After 4 years in the laboratory, IIIM/III males disappeared and 17·4% of the males were XMYM. Conversely, 4 years later, the field population was relatively unchanged from 2002. Thus, there was a strong selection against IIIM/III males in the laboratory, but not in the field. Field-collected flies from 2007 indicated a slight increase in the frequency of XYMmales and a slight decrease in the frequency of IIIM/III males (relative to 2002 and 2006), suggesting that the relative frequency of XYMand IIIM/III can vary slightly over time in field populations. The detection of XMYMmales in 2007 offered the opportunity to evaluate the frequency of the female-determiningFDfactor, which was found to be present in both the laboratory and field populations, but frequencies varied greatly. The present study represents the first report ofFDin houseflies from North America. The significance of these results, relative to observed clines in AMversus YMmales, is discussed.
Cost-effectiveness of magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound for the treatment of uterine fibroids
Authors: O'Sullivan Amy K. , Thompson David , Chu Paula , Lee David W. , Stewart Elizabeth A. , Weinstein Milton C. 
Published: January 2009

Objectives:The aim of this study is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of Magnetic Resonance Guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS) compared with alternative treatments for uterine fibroids in the United States.Methods:We used techniques of decision analysis and data from secondary sources to develop and estimate an economic model of the management of uterine fibroids among premenopausal women. Patients in the model receive treatment with MRgFUS, uterine artery embolization (UAE), abdominal myomectomy, hysterectomy, or pharmacotherapy. The model predicts total costs (including subsequent procedures) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) for each treatment strategy over a lifetime horizon, discounted at 3 percent, from a societal perspective. Data on treatment efficacy and safety were obtained from published and unpublished studies. Costs (2005 US$) were obtained from an analysis of a large administrative database and other secondary sources. Lost productivity costs were included in the base-case analysis, but excluded in a sensitivity analysis.Results:UAE was associated with the most QALYs (17.39), followed by MRgFUS (17.36), myomectomy (17.31), hysterectomy (17.18), and pharmacotherapy (16.70). Pharmacotherapy was the least costly strategy ($9,200 per patient), followed by hysterectomy ($19,800), MRgFUS ($27,300), UAE ($28,900), and myomectomy ($35,100). Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (cost per QALY gained) were $21,800 for hysterectomy, $41,400 for MRgFUS, and $54,200 for UAE; myomectomy was more costly and less effective than both MRgFUS and UAE. Results were sensitive to MRgFUS recurrence rates, MRgFUS procedure costs, and assumptions about quality of life following hysterectomy.Conclusions:Our findings suggest that MRgFUS is in the range of currently accepted criteria for cost-effectiveness, along with hysterectomy and UAE.
Assessment of the quality of mini-HTA
Authors: Kidholm Kristian , Ehlers Lars , Korsbek Lisa , Kjærby Rolf , Beck Mickael 
Published: January 2009

Objectives:Mini-HTA (health technology assessment) is increasingly being applied in Denmark as an input for decisions on the use of health technologies. Mini-HTA is a form or check list with questions concerning the prerequisites for and consequences of health technologies. At the national level, the National Board of Health uses mini-HTA when hospitals apply for permission to introduce new treatments. Mini-HTA is also compulsory in Danish Regions' annual collection of early warnings. At the local level some hospitals have made mini-HTA compulsory when clinical departments apply for funding for new technologies. The objective of this study is to assess the quality of the information included in mini-HTA used at Danish hospitals and to discuss the consequences of this to decision making.Methods:The quality of mini-HTA is assessed by use of an INATHA checklist for HTA reports. Data consists of reviews of the quality in fifty-two mini-HTAs produced by Danish hospitals in 2008.Results:The mini-HTAs generally include descriptions of the assessed technology and the comparator, but information about the selection and interpretation of the clinical literature and other data is often missing. The level of evidence for the clinical effects and the main references are generally included. Only 25 percent of the mini-HTAs include a quantitative estimate of the size of the clinical effects. Organizational consequences inside the clinical department is described in 81percent of the cases and 92 percent includes a cost estimate.Conclusions:The results show that the quality of the information in many cases is insufficient. There is a strong need for quality assurance of mini-HTAs to improve the accuracy of the information, however, without harming the timeliness and the limited use of resources in producing the reports.
‘Motz el Son’: Pound’s musical modernism and the interpretation of medieval song
Authors: MUNDYE CHARLES 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThe article explores an interdisciplinary conjunction of music, literature and modernism. I examine the relationship between aspects of early music scholarship and modernism, with specific reference to Ezra Pound’s critical and editorial work on medieval song, and to the composition, in the 1920s, of his modernist opera Le Testament. This analysis places Pound’s work as editor and composer not only in the context of recent critical reflections on the idea of authenticity, but also in relation to the histories and methodologies of medieval music interpretation. First, in drawing attention to Pound’s much–neglected collaborative edition of medieval songs entitled Hesternae Rosae, I contextualise his experiments in rhythmic reconstruction with reference to early and late twentieth-century musicologists working in this field. I make particular reference to the work of Pierre Aubry and rhythmic mode theory, and the later perspectives of Hendrik van der Werf. Secondly, I proceed to analyse Pound’s monophonic and dance song compositions in Le Testament, exploring the way in which serious medieval musicological scholarship prepared for, and is allied to, the development of a rhythmically and dramatically complex musical style.
Encoreun: variation dans la prononciation deundans le sud-est de la France
Authors: VIOLIN-WIGENT ANNE 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTDans le sud-est de la France, la voyelle de l'article indéfini masculin singulier [] coexiste avec une variante réduite []. Après une brève recherche de justification de la variabilité de cette voyelle dans son évolution historique et ses caractéristiques articulatoires et acoustiques, l'analyse statistique d'un corpus de 12 informateurs montre que deux facteurs linguistiques semblent influencer le choix de la voyelle de l'article indéfini: le nombre de syllabes entre l'article et l'accent tonique et le type de syntagme dontunfait partie. En outre, l'âge et le sexe des informateurs indiquent une forte tendance à favoriser la voyelle réduite parmi les hommes entre 25 et 55 ans et les femmes de moins de 20 ans mais une tendance à la rétention de [] pour les autres groupes.
Risk Factors Associated With Surgical Site Infection After Pediatric Posterior Spinal Fusion Procedure
Authors: Linam W. Matthew , Margolis Peter A. , Staat Mary Allen , Britto Maria T. , Hornung Richard , Cassedy Amy , Connelly Beverly L. 
Published: January 2009

Objective.To identify risk factors associated with surgical site infection (SSI) after pediatric posterior spinal fusion procedure by examining characteristics related to the patient, the surgical procedure, and tissue hypoxia.Design.Retrospective case-control study nested in a hospital cohort study.Setting.A 475-bed, tertiary care children's hospital.Methods.All patients who underwent a spinal fusion procedure during the period from January 1995 through December 2006 were included. SSI cases were identified by means of prospective surveillance using National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance system definitions. Forty-four case patients who underwent a posterior spinal fusion procedure and developed an SSI were identified and evaluated. Each case patient was matched (on the basis of date of surgery, ± 3 months) to 3 control patients who underwent a posterior spinal fusion procedure but did not develop an SSI. Risk factors for SSI were evaluated by univariate analysis and multivariable conditional logistic regression. Odds ratios (ORs), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) andPvalues, were calculated.Results.From 1995 to 2006, the mean annual rate of SSI after posterior spinal fusion procedure was 4.4% (range, 1.1%—6.7%). Significant risk factors associated with SSI in the univariate analysis included the following: a body mass index (BMI) greater than the 95th percentile (OR, 3.5 [95% CI, 1.5–8.3]); antibiotic prophylaxis with clindamycin, compared with other antibiotics (OR, 3.5 [95% CI, 1.2 10.0]); inappropriately low dose of antibiotic (OR, 2.6 [95% CI, 1.0–6.6]); and a longer duration of hypothermia (ie, a core body temperature of less than 35.5°C) during surgery (OR, 0.4 [95% CI, 0.2–0.9]). An American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score of greater than 2, obesity (ie, a BMI greater than the 95th percentile), antibiotic prophylaxis with clindamycin, and hypothermia were statistically significant in the multivariable model.Conclusion.An ASA score greater than 2, obesity, and antibiotic prophylaxis with clindamycin were independent risk factors for SSI. Hypothermia during surgery appears to provide protection against SSI in this patient population.
Increased production of cysteinyl leukotrienes and prostaglandin D2 during human anaphylaxis
Authors: Ono E. , Taniguchi M. , Mita H. , Fukutomi Y. , Higashi N. , Miyazaki E. , Kumamoto T. , Akiyama K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackground
Anaphylaxis is a life‐threatening syndrome resulting from the sudden release of mast cell‐ and basophil‐derived mediators into the circulation. However, pathological evidence of the association between inflammatory mediators and human anaphylaxis is insufficient.Objective
The aim of this study was to better understand the relationship between in vivo production of inflammatory mediators and the pathogenesis of anaphylaxis. We also sought to evaluate mast cell activation in anaphylaxis.Methods
We measured the concentrations of various inflammatory mediators in urine samples, which were collected from 32 anaphylactic patients during the onset of anaphlaxis and during clinical remission, 21 patients with asthma on acute exacerbation and 15 healthy control subjects. Blood and urine specimens were collected from the patients after provocation test. Urinary leukotriene E4 (LTE4), 9α, 11β‐prostaglandin F2 (9α, 11β‐PGF2), eosinophil‐derived neurotoxin (EDN) and leukotriene B4 glucuronide (LTBG) concentrations were determined by enzyme immunoassay, and the activity of plasma platelet‐activating factor acetylhydrolase and serum tryptase concentration were measured using commercially available kits.Results
Significantly higher concentrations of urinary LTE4 and 9α, 11β‐PGF2, which immediately decreased during clinical remission, were observed in the anaphylactic patients than in asthmatic patients on acute exacerbation and healthy control subjects. Concentrations of EDN and LTBG were not significantly different among the anaphylactic patients, asthmatic patients on acute exacerbation and healthy subjects. There was a significant correlation between urinary LTE4 and 9α, 11β‐PGF2 concentrations in the anaphylactic patients (r=0.672, P=0.005, n=32). In addition, LTE4 concentration in patients with anaphylactic shock is significantly elevated compared with that in patients without anaphylactic shock.Conclusions
This is a report on the significant increase in urinary LTE4 and 9α, 11β‐PGF2 concentrations during anaphylaxis. Urinary LTE4 and 9α, 11β‐PGF2 concentrations may be a reliable marker of endogenous production of inflammatory mediators associated with anaphylaxis.
Aquaculture, non‐native salmonid invasions and associated declines of native fishes in Northern Patagonian lakes
Authors: ARISMENDI IVÁN , SOTO DORIS , PENALUNA BROOKE , JARA CARLOS , LEAL CARLOS , LEÓN‐MUÑOZ JORGE 
Published: January 2009

Summary1. Even though intensive aquaculture production of salmonids in lakes occurs in many locations around the world published studies on the survival and reproductive success of escaped cultured salmonids in freshwater ecosystems are not common. A recent expansion of aquaculture in Chile has led it to become the world’s second largest producer of cultured salmonids.2. We document the recent history of escaped and self‐sustaining salmonid populations over a wide spatial scale and a long temporal scale in Chilean Patagonian lakes. Our hypotheses are that salmonid density in lakes will be higher where there is intensive aquaculture, due to greater numbers of potential escapees. Secondly, if non‐native salmonids have adverse impacts on native fishes, increases in the abundance of non‐native species should be associated with decreases in relative abundance of native species. Finally, if the first two hypotheses are correct we anticipate that diets of salmonids may show evidence of predation on native fishes, diet overlap with native species, and evidence of the influence of feed from aquaculture operations in the diets of salmonids and native fishes.3. We sampled six lakes with gill nets from 1992 to 2001. Our results show that the relative abundance of free‐living salmonids is closely related to the level of fish farming production. Salmonids are the top predators and in lakes with fish farming the main prey item is native fishes. The relative abundance of native fishes has decreased, most likely due to predation by salmonids.4. Our study contributes to the understanding of the effects of non‐native salmonids in oligotrophic lakes, and it provides a starting point to judge the establishment of new fish farming sites in lakes around the world.
Root canal morphology of the mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molars: a micro‐computed tomographic analysis
Authors: Somma F. , Leoni D. , Plotino G. , Grande N. M. , Plasschaert A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAim  To investigate ex vivo, the root canal morphology of the MB root of maxillary first molar teeth by means of micro‐computed tomography.Methodology  Thirty extracted intact human maxillary first molar teeth were selected for micro‐tomographic analysis (SkyScan 1072, Aartselaar, Belgium) with a slice thickness of 38.0 μm. The following data regarding the MB root were analysed and recorded: number and type of root canals, prevalence of isthmuses, prevalence of intercanal connections, presence of accessory canals, presence of loops and number of apical foramina.Results  The MB2 canal was present in 80% of specimens and was independent in 42% of these cases. When present, the MB2 canal merged with the MB1 canal in 58% of cases. Communications between the two canals were found in all specimens, with isthmuses in 71% of the cases. These communications and isthmuses were respectively in 42% and 54% of the cases in the coronal third, in 59% and 79% of the cases in the middle third and in 24% and 50% of the cases in the apical third. A single apical foramen was found in 37% of specimens, two apical foramina were present in 23% of the cases, with three or more separate apical foramina occurring in 40% of the specimens.Conclusions  The MB root canal anatomy was complex: a high incidence of MB2 root canals, isthmuses, accessory canals, apical delta and loops was found.
Evaluation of two mineral trioxide aggregate compounds as pulp‐capping agents in human teeth
Authors: Accorinte M. L. R. , Loguercio A. D. , Reis A. , Bauer J. R. O. , Grande R. H. M. , Murata S. S. , Souza V. , Holland R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAim  The present randomized, controlled prospective study evaluated the histomorphological response of human dental pulps capped with two grey mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) compounds.Methodology  Pulp exposures were performed on the occlusal floor of 40 human permanent pre‐molars. The pulp was capped either with ProRoot (Dentsply) or MTA‐Angelus (Angelus) and restored with zinc oxide eugenol cement. After 30 and 60 days, teeth were extracted and processed for histological examination and the effects on the pulp were scored. The data were subjected to Kruskal–Wallis and Conover tests (α = 0.05).Results  In five out of the 40 teeth bacteria were present in pulp tissue. No significant difference was observed between the two materials (P > 0.05) in terms of overall histological features (hard tissue bridge, inflammatory response, giant cells and particles of capping materials). Overall, 94% and 88% of the specimens capped with MTA‐Angelus and ProRoot, respectively, showed either total or partial hard tissue bridge formation (P > 0.05).Conclusions  Both commercial materials ProRoot (Dentsply) and MTA‐Angelus (Angelus) produced similar responses in the pulp when used for pulp capping in intact, caries‐free teeth.
Accidental injection with sodium hypochlorite: report of a case
Authors: Motta M. V. , Chaves‐Mendonca M. A. L. , Stirton C. G. , Cardozo H. F. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAim  A case is reported in which sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) was mistaken for anaesthetic solution and infiltrated into the buccal mucosa during routine root canal treatment.Summary  A 1.5% sodium hypochlorite solution, kept in an anaesthetic cartridge, was inadvertently injected in the buccal mucosa of a 56‐year‐old female during routine root canal treatment. Soft tissue necrosis, labial ptosis and paraesthesia occurred shortly after the injection. Tissues healed with scarring and lip paraesthesia persisted for 3 years.Key learning points  • NaOCl is highly irritant when introduced into oral tissues.• NaOCl solutions should not be kept in anaesthetic cartridges.• Accidents with NaOCl should be carefully assessed and when appropriate active  hospital treatment should be sought.• Early recognition of NaOCl accidents may avert potentially more serious outcomes.
Which function describes the species–area relationship best? A review and empirical evaluation
Authors: Dengler Jürgen 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAim  The aims of this study are to resolve terminological confusion around different types of species–area relationships (SARs) and their delimitation from species sampling relationships (SSRs), to provide a comprehensive overview of models and analytical methods for SARs, to evaluate these theoretically and empirically, and to suggest a more consistent approach for the treatment of species–area data.Location  Curonian Spit in north‐west Russia and archipelagos world‐wide.Methods  First, I review various typologies for SARs and SSRs as well as mathematical models, fitting procedures and goodness‐of‐fit measures applied to SARs. This results in a list of 23 function types, which are applicable both for untransformed (S) and for log‐transformed (log S) species richness. Then, example data sets for nested plots in continuous vegetation (n = 14) and islands (n = 6) are fitted to a selection of 12 function types (linear, power, logarithmic, saturation, sigmoid) both for S and for log S. The suitability of these models is assessed with Akaike’s information criterion for S and log S, and with a newly proposed metric that addresses extrapolation capability.Results  SARs, which provide species numbers for different areas and have no upper asymptote, must be distinguished from SSRs, which approach the species richness of one single area asymptotically. Among SARs, nested plots in continuous ecosystems, non‐nested plots in continuous ecosystems, and isolates can be distinguished. For the SARs of the empirical data sets, the normal and quadratic power functions as well as two of the sigmoid functions (Lomolino, cumulative beta‐P) generally performed well. The normal power function (fitted for S) was particularly suitable for predicting richness values over ten‐fold increases in area. Linear, logarithmic, convex saturation and logistic functions generally were inappropriate. However, the two sigmoid models produced unstable results with arbitrary parameter estimates, and the quadratic power function resulted in decreasing richness values for large areas.Main conclusions  Based on theoretical considerations and empirical results, I suggest that the power law should be used to describe and compare any type of SAR while at the same time testing whether the exponent z changes with spatial scale. In addition, one should be aware that power‐law parameters are significantly influenced by methodology.