bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IQ in early adulthood and later risk of death by homicide: cohort study of 1 million men
Authors: Batty G. David , Deary Ian J. , Tengstrom Anders , Rasmussen Finn 
Published: December 2008

BackgroundRisk factors for homicide are emerging; however, the predictive value of IQ, for which there is a strong prima facie case, has yet to be examined.AimsTo examine the association between IQ and risk of death by homicide.MethodA cohort of 968 846 men, aged 18–19 years, were administered an IQ test battery at military conscription and then followed for mortality experience over two decades.ResultsThere were 191 deaths due to homicide during follow-up. In age-adjusted analyses, a high total IQ test score was associated with a reduced rate of homicide (hazard ratio (HR) per standard deviation increase in IQ score=0.49, 95% CI 0.42–0.57). A step-wise gradient was apparent across the three IQ groups (P-value for trend 50.001). After adjustment for indicators of socio-economic position and illness at conscription, this gradient was marginally attenuated (HR=0.57, 95% CI 0.49–0.67).ConclusionsHigh IQ test scores in early adulthood were associated with a reduced risk of death by homicide.
Interventions for people bereaved through suicide: systematic review
Authors: McDaid Catriona , Trowman Rebecca , Golder Su , Hawton Keith , Sowden Amanda 
Published: December 2008

BackgroundPromoting the mental health of people bereaved through suicide is a key aim of the National Suicide Prevention Strategy.AimsTo evaluate the effects of interventions to support people bereaved through suicide.MethodWe conducted a systematic review of data from controlled studies of interventions for people bereaved through suicide. Studies were identified using systematic searches, the methodological quality of included studies was assessed and narrative synthesis conducted.ResultsEight studies were identified. None was UK-based and all but one study had substantial methodological limitations. When compared with no intervention, there was evidence of some benefit from single studies of a cognitive–behavioural family intervention of four sessions with a psychiatric nurse; a psychologist-led 10-week bereavement group intervention for children; and 8-week group therapy for adults delivered by a mental health professional and volunteer. The findings from studies comparing two or more active interventions were more equivocal.ConclusionsAlthough there is evidence of some benefit from interventions for people bereaved by suicide, this is not robust. Further methodologically sound evidence is required to confirm whether interventions are helpful and, if so, for whom.
Behavioural phenotype of Cornelia de Lange syndrome: case–control study
Authors: Oliver Chris , Arron Kate , Sloneem Jenny , Hall Scott 
Published: December 2008

BackgroundCornelia de Lange syndrome is associated with abnormalities on chromosomes 5, 10 and X.AimsTo delineate the behavioural phenotype of Cornelia de Lange syndrome with specific reference to autistic-spectrum disorder.MethodA total of 54 individuals with Cornelia de Lange syndrome (mean age 13.88 years; s.d.=8.58) and 46 comparable individuals with intellectual disability (mean age 13.74 years; s.d.=7.99) were assessed on measures of autistic-spectrum disorder, and adaptive, compulsive and disordered behaviour.ResultsThere was no difference between the groups in global behaviour disorder. Severe autism was significantly more prevalent in the syndrome group (32.1%) than the comparison group (7.1%). In addition, the syndrome group also evidenced significantly higher levels of compulsive behaviour.ConclusionsThese data suggest that autistic-spectrum disorder is part of the behavioural phenotype of Cornelia de Lange syndrome and that compulsive behaviours are evident. Future research should investigate this behavioural phenotype using contemporary diagnostic algorithms for autism with detailed examination of the phenomenology of compulsive behaviours.
Grief and acceptance as opposite sides of the same coin: setting a research agenda to study peaceful acceptance of loss
Authors: Prigerson Holly G. , Maciejewski Paul K. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryReflections on results of a recent study suggest that stages of grief might more accurately be described as states of grief. Resolution of grief coincides with increasing acceptance of loss. Research indicating how grief resolution promotes acceptance may prove clinically useful in easing emotional pain associated with loss.
Reflections on melatonin: focus on child mental health
Authors: Famuyiwa Oluwole , Adewuya Abiodun 
Published: December 2008

Aims and MethodTo examine the propriety of the use of melatonin in child and adolescent psychiatry based on findings retrieved from multiple electronic databases including the Cochrane Library resource, covering 1950–2007.ResultsThere is evidence for the effectiveness of melatonin in the initiation of sleep in children with a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders but its value in improving quality of sleep is doubtful. Like hormones in general, melatonin has multifarious action sites and hence potential for many side-effects. Posological issues and long-term side-effects are yet to be validly determined.Clinical ImplicationsSleep hygiene should be a major component of the routine intervention programme for insomnia and melatonin judiciously prescribed until the safety of long-term use is known.
Electrochemical Methyl-transfer Reaction to Alkylthiol Catalyzed by Hydrophobic Vitamin B12
Authors: Pan Ling , Shimakoshi Hisashi , Hisaeda Yoshio 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The catalytic methyl-transfer reaction from methyl tosylate to 1-octanethiol was carried out in the presence of heptamethyl cobyrinate perchlorate, hydrophobic vitamin B12, under electrochemical conditions at −1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl using a carbon-felt cathode and a zinc plate anode as the sacrificial electrode in an undivided cell. This catalytic reaction proceeded via the formation and dissociation of the cobalt–carbon bond in the hydrophobic vitamin B12.
Preparation of Carbon Nanoparticles from Candle Soot
Authors: Zhang Wei , Wang Guangfeng , Zhang Na , Zhang Cuihong , Fang Bin 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) were prepared by simply mixing candle soot into ethanolic Nafion solution under ultrasonic radiation for 90 min. Well-defined CNPs could be obtained after centrifugation and washing. The products were characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A possible formation mechanism is proposed. Electrochemical measurements show that they may be useful as biosensors.
Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Two Phases from Imidazolate-bridged Copper(II) 4,6-Nonanedionate Complexes
Authors: Watanabe Ryo , Koyama Nobumasa , Nogami Takashi , Ishida Takayuki , Kogane Tamizo 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
A helical chain [Cu(dnbm)(μ-im)]n and a tetrancuclear macrocycle [Cu(dnbm)(μ-im)]4 (Hdnbm = 4,6-nonanedione, Him = imidazole) were selectively prepared and structurally characterized. Their magnetic properties obeyed one-dimensional chain and square models, respectively.
One-pot Synthesis of Inorganic–Organic Hollow Microsphere Solid-Acid Catalysts in a W/O Microemulsion System
Authors: Okada Tomohiko , Mishima Shozi , Yoshihara Shingo 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Acid-supporting hollow microspheres were successfully prepared through a novel synthetic procedure on the introduction of a catalytic active species in the void space; one-pot synthesis was achieved by addition of 12-tungstophosphoric acid to the aqueous phase in a water-in-oil emulsion and simultaneous formation of a polyorganosiloxane shell (precursors are in oil phase) through sol–gel reactions. The resulting solid was porous and was active as solid-acid catalyst as shown by vapor-phase dehydration of ethanol.
Gene Transfer into Cells from Solid Surfaces and Its Application to In Vivo Systems
Authors: Niidome Takuro , Yakumaru Kosuke , Shiotani Atsushi , Yamashita Shuzo , Katayama Yoshiki 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Plasmid DNA adsorbed onto a glass surface could be transferred into cells by pressing the glass onto the cells, and the gene encoded in the DNA was expressed in the cells. This novel transfection technique will be applicable to the preparation of cell microarray systems and for gene delivery mediated by a solid medical device such as a stent.
Modification of Diet in Renal Disease and Modified Cockcroft-Gault Formulas in Predicting Aminoglycoside Elimination
Authors: Bookstaver P Brandon , Johnson James W , McCoy Thomas P , Stewart David , Williamson John C 
Published: December 2008

Background: The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) formula and a modified version of the Cockcroft-Gault (CGm) formula adjusting for body surface area have been found to moro accurately estimate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) compared with the original CG equation in specific patient populations. To date, the use of these formulas in determining drug dosage and estimating drug elimination has not been thoroughly investigated. Objective: To evaluate the ability of the MDRD and CGm formulas to predict aminoglycoside elimination rate and clearance. Methods: A 6-month prospective, noninterventional, pharmacokinetic study was conducted at a university teaching hospital. Patients receiving aminoglycoside antibiotics (amikacin, gentamicin, or tobramycin) were eligible for study inclusion. Predicted elimination rate and aminoglycoside clearance were calculated for each patient using the MDRD and CGm formulas. Actual (patient-specific) elimination rate and aminoglycoside clearance were calculated for each patient using measured aminoglycoside serum concentrations. Predictive ability of the formulas was compared through Spearman correlations and Student's t-tests. Accuracy of formula estimates was also evaluated. Results: Seventy-one patients met study inclusion criteria; the majority (82%) were in an intensive care unit. The 6-variable MDRD formula was found to be a significantly better predictor of aminoglycoside clearance (p = 0.035) compared with CGm. There was no statistically significant difference between the 2 methods in predicting patient-specific elimination rates (p = 0.167). Among subgroups, the MDRD formula was a significantly better predictor of aminoglycoside clearance for patients with an estimated GFR less than 60 mL/min (p = 0.027). Conclusions: The 6-variable MDRD performs better than the CGm formula in predicting aminoglycoside clearance and may be considered as a tool in aminoglycoside dosing recommendations.
Patterns of diversity in rocky subtidal macroalgal assemblages in relation to depth
Authors: Balata David , Piazzi Luigi 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
One of the peculiarities of subtidal rocky assemblages of the Mediterranean Sea in comparison to other geographical regions is the development of important biogenic structures in deeper habitat that can influence coastal diversity. We compared species composition, alpha diversity, functional diversity and patterns of spatial variability between shallow and deep subtidal macroalgal assemblages of the Mediterranean Sea. Shallow and deep assemblages differed greatly both in species composition and abundance of morphological groups, leading to high between-habitat (beta) diversity related to a depth gradient. Moreover, patterns of spatial variability changed between habitats, resulting in greater large-scale variability in shallow habitat and greater small-scale variability in deep habitat. Finally, deep assemblages had a greater number of species than shallow assemblages. These findings have important implications for the management of Mediterranean coastal systems.
Intellectual Property Right Protection for Biomedicines in China
Authors: Chun Tang , Xuezhong Zhu 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIntellectual property right (IPR) protection for biomedicines is vitally important in China as China is now one of the largest biomedicine manufacturing countries in the world. This paper discusses the main IPR protection system of biomedicines in China which is composed of a patent system, a new medicine monitor system and a new medicine administrative protection system. We also point out that the trend of the development of the IPR system in China is to gradually reduce the administrative protection of biomedicines and to enhance reforms of international patent protection.
Paremic verses: Proverbial meanings in Salman Rushdie's novels
Authors: Szpila Grzegorz 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The article examines the use of proverbs in nine novels by Salman Rushdie. The author discusses the reasons for the incorporation of literary works in proverb study, thus covering one of the aspects of proverb use. The paper talks about the paremic character of Rushdie's novels and offers a description of forms and functions of the paremias. In the analysis the semantics of proverbs is considered: both the changes within the contexts of the novels as well as the main communicative functions that the paremias serve. The paper shows the multifaceted nature of proverbs and demonstrates how the polysemanticity and polyfunctionality of proverbs is deployed by the writer.
What is a “difficult poem”? Towards a definition
Authors: Yaron Iris 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Modern poetry developed and transformed difficulty into a prominent aesthetic norm of poetry. The abundance of difficult poetic texts necessitates a study of the corpus. After differentiating between the way difficulty is perceived in poetry and in other communicative acts, I present the approach that I have adopted for the purpose of studying difficult poetry. In contrast to other studies which have examined difficulty from the author's perspective and, as a consequence, described factors that cause textual difficulty, I propose to examine the subject from the reader's point of view. The reader, after all, is the one who feels or does not feel the difficulty. The concept ‘difficult poem’ is necessarily interdisciplinary and the question of what is “difficult” involves cognitive psychology and its models of text comprehension. Following a discussion of these domains, I present the “definition” that I propose for the ‘difficult poem’.
‘You must have a wealth of stories’: Cross-linguistic differences between addressee support behaviour in Australian and Japanese
Authors: Fujii Yasunari 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
This article investigates the various types of support that addressees provide to a speaker who is telling a story. It compares addressee support behaviour in two societies, Japan and Australia, exploring how disparities between the two might relate to differences in the social regimentation of polite and friendly conversation in these cultures. At the level of politeness and friendliness, addressee support behaviour includes three types of listener responses: (1) minimal responses, which consist of continuers and acknowledgements, (2) assessments and (3) questions. These three categories are chosen for analysis as they define most clearly the differences between participants on the listening end of narration in each language. The topic of this article is highly relevant to current issues in conversation analysis and cross-cultural communication, and the corpus of stories recorded for this study as well as the study's methodological approaches have the potential to empirically support or challenge current views on the effects of culture on language use.
How do preschool children engage each other in dialogue in Finland, Estonia and Sweden?
Authors: Tryggvason Marja-Terttu , Tulviste Tiia , De Geer Boel 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The present study compares preschool children in Finland, Estonia and Sweden regarding linguistic structures with which children in dyads elicited talk from each other in a naturalistic play activity. Nineteen Finnish (mean age 5.1), 19 Estonian (mean age 5.4) and 17 Swedish (mean age 5.1) same-sex pairs were video-recorded by a native researcher. Analyses of the results showed that children in different groups produced quite a similar number of utterances and eliciting talk structures. The Swedish and Finnish children used most yes-no questions, whereas the Estonian children had the highest occurrence of open questions. Imperative as well as elliptic structures were used by the Finnish children to a significantly higher extent than by the Swedish children. In summary, the groups differed less from each than was predicted on the basis of adult–child interaction. The results suggested that the symmetrical child–child free play context affected the choice of eliciting talk structures.
Writer construction in English and German popularized academic discourse: The uses ofweandwir
Authors: Baumgarten Nicole 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe present article investigates writer–reader interaction through the construction of writer and reader personae in English and German popular scientific writing by means of first person plural pronouns in subject position. Popular scientific writing only became firmly established as a German-language genre in the last quarter of the 20thcentury when the high-profile publicationScientific Americanentered the German news magazine market with a German-language sister issue, featuring German translations of articles from the English magazine and original text production in German. We assume that language contact in the process of translation from English to German influenced both the German translations and original text production in German and helped to shape genre-specific communicative styles in the then emerging genre of popular scientific writing in German. Writer–reader interaction is considered as one aspect of communicative style. Focusing on the contribution of first person plural pronouns to the realization of writer–reader interaction through specific writer and reader personae, it will be shown that, over time, patterns of use surface in both the translated and non-translated German texts that can – at least in part – be traced back to the English communicative style in popular scientific writing.
Radon: Prevalence, Measurements, Health Risks and Control
Authors: Nagda NL 
Published: December 2008

Description
Radon was recognized as a potential public health threat in the United States more than 30 years ago. To understand and effectively deal with radon, one needs to understand the physics of radon, its health effects, measurement techniques and protocols, the extent of its occurrence in the United States, mitigation principles and practices, and legislative and regulatory actions.
Manual 15 addresses these areas and provides a well-rounded look at the radon issue. Ten peer-reviewed chapters include:
• Radon -- A Multifaceted Environmental Problem: An Overview
• Radon and the Natural Environment
• Health Effects of Radon
• Measurement Methods and Instrumentation
• Radon Measurement Protocols
• Geology and Occurrence
• Concentration Patterns
• Radon Control Strategies
• EPA's Strategy to Reduce Risk of Radon
• Current and Future Perspectives.
Manual on Flash Point Standards and Their Use: Methods and Regulations
Authors: Wray HA 
Published: December 2008

Description
Features: Information on the relationship between various national and international regulations using flash point to define flammable liquids. 8 full ASTM flash point tests and excerpts of all other ASTM flash points test and specs. A list of all ASTM flash point standard tests and specifications with their Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume number. Selected excerpts of regulations for control of flammable liquids as they apply to definitions, classification of, and exceptions of hazardous materials. Those quoted are from the regulations of all U.S. Regulatory Agencies as a specified in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations and in the publications of the International regulatory bodies (such as the International Civil Aviation Organizations and the International Maritime Organization).
Frequency, Predictors, and Neurologic Outcomes of Vaso-occlusive Strokes Associated With Cardiac Surgery in Children
Authors: Domi Trish , Edgell David S. , McCrindle Brian W. , Williams William G. , Chan Anthony K. , MacGregor Daune L. , Kirton Adam , deVeber Gabrielle A. 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE. Our aim was to define the frequency, predictors, and outcomes of stroke associated with cardiac surgery in children with congenital heart disease.
METHODS. We performed a case-control study of children (term birth to 18 years) with congenital heart disease who underwent cardiac surgery at the Hospital for Sick Children between January 1, 1992, and March 1, 2001. Case subjects experienced stroke within 72 hours after cardiac surgery, and control subjects (2 for each case subjects) had cardiac surgery and no stroke. The frequency of arterial ischemic stroke/cerebral sinovenous thrombosis was calculated among children who underwent cardiac surgery during the study period. Predictors for stroke, including age, gender, simple versus complex procedure, reoperation, bypass duration, circulatory arrest, postoperative hematocrit level, and intraoperative activated clotting time, were tested. The presence of clinical and radiologically defined stroke was the main outcome. Neurologic outcomes were assessed in case subjects with the Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure.
RESULTS. During the study period, 30 children with stroke (28 with arterial ischemic stroke and 2 with cerebral sinovenous thrombosis) were identified among 5526 children undergoing cardiac surgery. This yielded a risk for arterial ischemic stroke/cerebral sinovenous thrombosis of 5.4 strokes per 1000 children undergoing a cardiac operation. Univariate analysis revealed that older age at the time of the procedure, longer duration of cardiopulmonary bypass, number of days in the hospital postoperatively, and reoperation were associated with stroke. In multivariate analyses, only reoperation was associated with stroke.
CONCLUSIONS. The frequency of vaso-occlusive stroke in children with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiac surgery was 5.4 cases per 1000 children. Age, duration of bypass, and reoperation may be associated with stroke risk.
Hepatitis B Virus Screening for Internationally Adopted Children
Authors: Stadler Laura Patricia , Mezoff Adam G. , Staat Mary Allen 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVES. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus protection, infection, and recovery among internationally adopted children and to examine the need for repeat testing 6 months after arrival in the United States.
METHODS. From November 1999 through October 2006, 1282 international adoptees were screened for hepatitis B virus, and results were examined with regard to age, gender, and birth country. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus protection, infection, and recovery was determined.
RESULTS. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus in internationally adopted children at our large international adoption center was 4%, including 1.1% with acute or chronic infection and 2.9% with resolved infection. Overall, 64% of internationally adopted children had evidence of hepatitis B virus immunization, with protective antibodies. We also report a case that highlights the need for repeat serological testing to detect hepatitis B virus infection or immunization in internationally adopted children who might have been infected or vaccinated just before adoption and thus not have serological evidence in initial testing.
CONCLUSIONS. These data reinforce the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations regarding hepatitis B virus screening and infection control measures for international adoptees.