bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF HIGHLY PURIFIED POSTERIOR PITUITARY PRINCIPLES ON THE LACTATING MAMMARY GLAND OF THE RABBIT
Authors: CROSS B. A. , VAN DYKE H. B. 
Published: December 2008

1. The milk-ejection activity of highly purified oxytocic and vasopressor-antidiuretic (ADH) polypeptides was determined on the intact mammary gland of the lactating rabbit.
2. When assayed in this way, 100 units of vasopressin-ADH had an activity represented by 17 units of oxytocin.
3. The lactating rabbit mammary gland is more sensitive to oxytocin than the rat uterus, and appears to be the best means at present available for assessing milk-ejection activity.
THE FLUORESCENCE AND ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF OESTRONE, OESTRADIOL-17β, AND OESTRIOL COMPOUNDS
Authors: AITKEN E. H. , PREEDY J. R. K. 
Published: December 2008

1. Fluorescence and absorption spectra are given for oestrone, oestradiol-17β, and oestriol compounds, in response to exciting light of five different wavelengths.
2. An estimate has been made of the 'fluorescence efficiency' of each exciting wavelength.
3. On the basis of the above data, recommendations for sources of light and filters for the routine fluorimetric estimation of oestrogens are put forward.
THE FUNCTION OF ADRENALINE IN THE PRODUCTION OF PITUITARY ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC ACTIVITY
Authors: HODGES J. R. 
Published: December 2008

1. Subcutaneous injections of l-adrenaline caused adrenal ascorbic acid depletion in normal rats.
2. Previous treatment of rats with deoxycorticosterone acetate ('DCA') prevented the fall in adrenal ascorbic acid concentration caused by the administration of adrenaline. A quantitative relationship existed between the dose of adrenaline injected and the dose of DCA required to prevent its effect.
3. The application of stress stimuli resulted in a rapid fall in the ascorbic acid concentration in the demedullated adrenal glands of rats. Maximal effects were obtained as soon after the performance of the operations as in rats with normal adrenal glands.
4. Pre-treatment of adrenal-demedullated rats with DCA diminished the fall in adrenal ascorbic acid concentration caused by stress. The doses of DCA required to prevent completely the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion due to stress were of the same order as those required to produce the same effect in normal animals.
5. The possible significance of these findings is discussed.
THE ASSAY OF CORTICAL STEROIDS BY THE MOUSE EOSINOPHIL TEST
Authors: BIBILE S. W. 
Published: December 2008

1. A procedure for carrying out biological assays of adrenal cortical hormone by the mouse eosinophil method is described.
2. The test is sensitive to 1 μg of cortisone; there is a linear relationship between log dose and response with a stable variance; the slope and sensitivity of the test do not change significantly throughout the year. The test is, however, inaccurate (λ=0·56) in that a fourfold increase in dose is required for the mean responses of two groups of ten mice to differ significantly.
3. Five other biologically active steroids and two of their acetates have been compared. The 11-deoxysteroids were found to be inactive. The order of potencies were: cortisone (100), hydrocortisone (78), corticosterone (37), 11-dehydrocorticosterone (24).
4. There is no significant departure from parallelism between the curves for cortisone and cortical extract (Eucortone).
5. The test is not specific for adrenal steroids, as dog plasma protein gives a similar effect in adrenalectomized mice. Therefore, biological fluids containing protein must first be extracted with organic solvents before being tested for cortical hormone activity by this method.
6. No hormone was detected in the cells of adrenal venous blood. The hormone appeared to be in the plasma.
7. Hydrocortisone in small concentrations has no direct cytolytic action on eosinophils in vitro.
THE IN VITRO ACTION OF ACTH ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF SLICES OF CATTLE ADRENAL CORTEX
Authors: REISS M. , BRUMMEL EVA , HALKERSTON I. D. K. , BADRICK F. E. , FENWICK M. 
Published: December 2008

A technique for measuring the action of small doses of ACTH on the oxygen consumption of slices of cattle adrenal cortex is described.
The oxygen consumption rate of such slices in vitro is increased by ACTH.
A linear relationship between logarithm of the dose of ACTH and the percentage increase in the rate of oxygen uptake is obtained with this method, and its suitability for biological assay purposes has been investigated.
The question of the specificity of this action of ACTH is discussed.
A CHROMATOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF Δ4-3-KETOSTEROIDS AND α-KETOLIC STEROIDS IN HUMAN URINE
Authors: de COURCY CONSTANCE , BUSH I. E. , GRAY C. H. , LUNNON J. BARBARA 
Published: December 2008

The Δ4-3-ketosteroids and α-ketolic steroids present in extracts prepared by five different procedures from urine have been examined by paper chromatography.
The first extract, which consisted of those steroids extractable with chloroform at neutral pH contained cortisone and cortisol* and one to four unknown Δ4-3-ketosteroids. The second extract, representing steroids extractable immediately after acidification to pH 1 contained very little additional material. The third fraction consisted of extra steroids liberated after standing for 24 hr with acid; this rarely contained any detectable steroid material. A fraction which contained chloroform-soluble conjugated steroids was found to include small quantities of cortisone and cortisol and the other Δ4-3-ketosteroids. The final fraction contained large quantities of steroids liberated by hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase; these were mainly α-ketolic steroids including pregnane-3α: 17α: 21-triol-11: 20-dione, together with other unknown Δ4-3-ketosteroids.
The distribution of the steroids in the various fractions is discussed and suggestions are made concerning the possible structure of some of the unknown steroids.
PRECOCIOUS PUBERTY AND CHORIOEPITHELIOMA OF THE PINEAL GLAND WITH REPORT OF A CASE
Authors: ZONDEK H. , KAATZ A. , UNGER H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The case of a 6 year-old boy with precocious puberty suffering from recurrent cerebral accidents suggestive of subarachnoid haemorrhages is reported. At operation a haemorrhagic tumour involving the region of the pineal gland was discovered. Histological examination showed the tumour to be a chorioepithelioma. The question as to whether precocious sexual development was the result of an inherent endocrine activity of the tumour cells or of mechanical involvement of the neighbouring diencephalic centres, is discussed.
A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF OESTROGEN IN MAMMARY DEVELOPMENT IN THE RAT
Authors: SILVER MARIAN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A quantitative analysis of mammary development in the gonadectomized Hooded Norway rat treated with various levels of oestradiol dipropionate (Oe. DP.) from the 20th to 80th day of life was carried out. The relative rate of mammary growth in the oestrogen-treated animals was compared with that found in intact and gonadectomized control rats. Over the dose range 0·05–1·0 μg Oe. DP./2 days a positively allometric mammary-growth phase was induced, but the equilibrium constants obtained for all groups, except the males receiving 1·0 μg Oe. DP., were significantly lower than the value of 3·40±0·17 for the intact female. In the majority of oestrogen-treated groups no statistically significant differences between the values of α were found, although the approximate time of onset of the artificially-induced allometric phase of growth appeared to be related to the dose of hormone given. When a dose of Oe. DP. increasing proportionately with the body weight was employed, the resultant rate of mammary growth relative to body growth (α=3·70±0·13) was similar to that found in the intact female.
An analysis of the number of ducts and side-buds present in the thoracic glands after various treatments at the end of the 60-day experimental period was made in the female groups. While duct development at all levels of oestrogen treatment was similar to that found in the intact female, the degree of side-bud proliferation appeared to be dependent on the dose of Oe. DP. administered.
THE ONSET OF ALLOMETRIC MAMMARY GROWTH IN THE FEMALE HOODED NORWAY RAT
Authors: SILVER MARIAN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In order to study the factors involved in the initiation of allometric mammary growth, which occurs at about 3 weeks of age in the intact female rat, an attempt to induce this phase prematurely in the suckling gonadectomized animal by means of oestrogen was made. It was found, however, that the mammary glands were practically insensitive to physiological doses of this hormone during the suckling period unless anterior pituitary (a.p.) extract was also given. The relative mammary growth rate in animals treated with a.p. plus oestrogen from the 10th to 27th day of life was similar to that found in control rats receiving oestrogen alone from the 20th to 36th day, but in the former groups allometry was initiated before the 20th day of life. It is suggested that both the level of endogenous oestrogen secretion and the functional activity of the anterior pituitary may be important in determining the time of onset of allometric mammary development in the intact animal.
THE PROGESTERONE CONTENT OF BODY FLUIDS AND TISSUES
Authors: EDGAR D. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
By means of a chemical assay method [Edgar, 1953], progesterone was found in blood from the vein draining an active ovary in the pregnant and non-pregnant ewe and in the non-pregnant sow. It was not found in blood from the ovarian vein of a ewe with inactive ovaries, nor in peripheral blood of the pregnant and non-pregnant ewe, mare, cow, sow, and female rabbit, nor of the castrated ram.
The hormone was present in fluid from the mature Graafian follicle of the cow and sow, and in fluid from pathological ovarian cysts in the sow.
The progesterone content of corpora lutea from the sheep, calf and elephant was also determined.
THE ANTI-THYROID ACTION OF PARA-AMINO-SALICYLIC ACID
Authors: BEATTIE J. , CHAMBERS R. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Para-amino-salicylic acid (PAS sodium salt) given to rats under the experimental conditions described produces a fall of radio-iodine uptake to 10% of the control value at the end of 16 days. After 30 days this low level is unchanged.
2. Oxygen consumption falls gradually to 12% below the control value at the end of 30 days' treatment with PAS.
3. Thyroxine with PAS abolishes the fall in oxygen consumption and raises the radio-iodine uptake slightly above that given with PAS alone.
4. Methyl thiouracil with PAS does not depress the oxygen consumption level below that obtained with PAS alone. The radio-iodine uptake is raised slightly above that found with PAS.
5. After 15 weeks' administration of PAS radio-iodine uptake is more than double that of the control value.
6. The rise in radio-iodine uptake when thyroxine and methyl thiouracil are given with PAS and when PAS treatment is prolonged, is accompanied by structural changes in the thyroid gland indicative of an increased output of thyrotrophic hormone.
7. After 29 weeks' treatment with PAS signs of exhaustion of the thyroid gland appear. Complete degeneration of the follicular epithelium was observed in some animals at this time.
8. The structural changes in the gland are reversible even after 25 weeks' treatment with PAS at a dose level of 1 mg/g body weight/day.
THE ROLE OF FOLIC ACID IN HORMONALLY-INDUCED TISSUE GROWTH
Authors: SILVER MARIAN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of the folic acid antagonist, aminopterin, on the response of the mammary gland and uterus to oestrogen in the rat, and the pigeon crop-gland to prolactin have been investigated. Using the paired-feeding technique, it was found that the growth of the mammary glands in the spayed female rat, in response to a maximal oestrogenic stimulus, was diminished during severe folic acid deficiency. The rate of increase of glandular area relative to body surface area in the animals treated with aminopterin was considerably lower than that of the pair-fed control rats. The type of glandular structure obtained after oestrogen treatment seemed to be independent of the presence of the vitamin.
The five-fold increase in uterine weight which occurred in response to a maximal oestrogenic stimulus 48 hr after the onset of treatment, was diminished after high doses of antagonist. Complete inhibition of the response was never obtained, however, even with lethal doses of antagonist begun 2 days before the oestrogen injections. The rapid increase in water uptake of the uterus and enlargement of its epithelial lining, which are characteristic of oestrogenic stimulation in this organ, were barely affected by the aminopterin treatment.
In the pigeon, although no typical folic acid deficiency symptoms developed, the growth of the crop-gland in response to prolactin was reduced by prior treatment with a high dose of aminopterin (1 mg/day). Since the normal response to prolactin was restored when either folic acid or citrovorum factor was given in conjunction with aminopterin, it was concluded that the latter was acting in the capacity of a folic acid antagonist.
The mechanism of action of folic acid in hormonally-induced growth is discussed in the light of these findings.
THE INFLUENCE OF STEROID HORMONES ON THE ENERGY METABOLISM OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN VITRO
Authors: BRUMMEL EVA , HALKERSTON I. D. K. , REISS M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The action of different steroid hormones on the oxygen consumption of adrenal cortex slices in vitro was investigated.
Deoxycorticosterone (DOC), testosterone and dehydroisoandrosterone, and 17-hydroxycorticosterone, were found to stimulate the oxygen uptake rate, while cortisone, progesterone, pregnenolone, androsterone and cholesterol were inactive.
Pretreatment of the slices with DOC, testosterone or ACTH inhibited the action of ACTH or DOC added subsequently.
The significance of the direct action of different steroid hormones on the energy metabolism of the adrenal cortex is discussed.
THE PRODUCTION OF COINCIDENT OESTRUS AND OVULATION IN THE ANOESTROUS EWE WITH PROGESTERONE AND PREGNANT MARE SERUM
Authors: ROBINSON T. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Sixty crossbred maiden ewes, twelve of which were hysterectomized, and eighteen mature ewes were used during the non-breeding season in two experiments involving injection with 75 mg of progesterone intramuscularly and 1000 i.u. of pregnant mare serum (PMS) subcutaneously, either alone or in combination.
2. Progesterone given as two daily injections of 12·5 mg each for 3 days, followed 2 days later by 1000 i.u. of PMS resulted in oestrus with ovulation in sixteen out of eighteen ewes treated. The two remaining ewes failed to ovulate owing to the presence of active corpora lutea.
3. Three injections of 25 mg progesterone/day, or a single injection of 75 mg progesterone followed by PMS, were decreasingly less effective in inducing oestrus.
4. Progesterone alone in the form of two daily injections of 12·5 mg for 3 days without subsequent PMS, was followed by ovulation in five out of six mature ewes, three of them exhibiting oestrus and producing lambs subsequently.
5. Time relationships were physiologically normal, oestrus commencing 24 to 36 hr after PMS and preceding ovulation by 10–20 hr. The ovaries showed no histological abnormalities.
6. Hysterectomized and intact ewes responded alike, suggesting that the conditioning effect of progesterone is a central phenomenon.
THE INFLUENCE OF GROWTH HORMONE ON THE PROTEIN COMPOSITION OF RAT MUSCLE
Authors: GRAY BARBARA J. , YOUNG F. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The effect of 15 days' treatment with purified pituitary growth hormone (GH) on the composition of the protein of the quadriceps muscle was studied in adult female rats.
2. The muscle protein was divided into three fractions, the sarcoplasmic protein, the myofibrillar protein, and collagen and elastin. No differences were found in the proportions of the three fractions in normal and in GH-treated rats.
3. There are two components of muscle with adenosine triphosphatase (ATP-ase) activity: the myofibrils and the sarcoplasmic granules. These two activities and the total ATP-ase activity were assayed in homogenates from GH-treated and control rats. The only alteration observed in the rats receiving GH treatment was a diminution in the amount of myofibrillar ATP-ase per gram of fresh tissue.
DIRECT HORMONE INACTIVATION BY EXTRACTS OF LITHOSPERMUM RUDERALE
Authors: NOBLE R. L. , PLUNKETT E. R. , GRAHAM R. C. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The inhibiting action of extracts of Lithospermum ruderale (lithosperm) when mixed with various hormones has been described.
2. Pituitary gonadotrophin, prolactin (luteotrophin), thyrotrophin and pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (PMS) are readily inactivated. Chorionic gonadotrophin is less readily affected, and pituitary growth hormone and ACTH are unaffected by the concentration of lithosperm which inactivates the other hormones. Insulin and posterior pituitary hormones are equally unaffected.
3. PMS 'inactivated' by lithosperm is still capable of causing marked interstitial cell stimulation of the ovary of the intact rat with resulting oestrogen production. Hypophysectomy abolishes this reaction.
4. Various factors influencing the in vitro inactivation have been described, so that a standard method could be developed for testing fractions obtained in purifying lithosperm extracts.
5. Some preliminary extraction methods are discussed.
SOME ASPECTS OF ZONATION AND FUNCTION OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX
Authors: JONES I. CHESTER , WRIGHT A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The adrenal of male and female rats with persistent diabetes insipidus showed a prominent zona fasciculata and zona reticularis. The zona glomerulosa was narrow or absent.
The results from this and the preceding three papers are here reviewed together. It is concluded that control of salt-electrolyte metabolism cannot be ascribed to the zona glomerulosa. It is probable that the zona fasciculata is reponsible for most of the adrenocortical secretions. The zona glomerulosa is a vegetative back-water of cells, which is able to produce minimal amounts of adrenocortical secretions without stimulation by pituitary hormones, but is only of significance when the latter are absent. Rising amounts of circulating adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) can transform the zona glomerulosa into actively secreting cells of the zona fasciculata type. After cessation of such activity the zona glomerulosa re-forms, as the amount of ACTH will maintain only a certain volume of zona fasciculata (and zona reticularis) against the rigid limiting inner circumference formed by the medulla; some of the cells derived from the chief area of cell division in the outer part of the zona fasciculata do not mature to cells of the zona fasciculata type, but form zona glomerulosa cells. It is thought that cell migration occurs from the cells of the outer region of the zona fasciculata to the zona reticularis and that this is, normally, a slow process.
DIRECT PROGESTATIONAL ACTION OF PROGESTERONE AND CERTAIN RELATED STEROIDS ON THE ENDOMETRIUM OF THE RHESUS MONKEY
Authors: HÖHN E. O. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Solid intrauterine implants of certain steroids were made in prepubertal and adolescent ovariectomized and oestrone-primed rhesus monkeys. Implants of the following steroids produced localized progestational changes in the endometrial glands: progesterone, deoxycortone, ethisterone, testosterone, methyl testosterone and methyl dihydrotestosterone. Pregnenolone produced only minimal progestational effects. Pregnanediol showed no progestational effect and failed to maintain the endometrium.
A comparison of the direct progestational action of a number of steroids on the endometrium has been made in the four species so far investigated (mouse, rabbit, cat and monkey, each of which represents a different mammalian order). Direct progestational action requires a fairly close structural similarity to progesterone in all cases, but the degree of similarity required shows a marked species difference.
STUDIES ON THE PITUITARY MELANOPHORE-EXPANDING HORMONE WITH REFERENCE TO ITS IDENTITY WITH ACTH
Authors: KETTERER B. , REMILTON ELIZABETH 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The standard Xenopus method for the assay of pituitary melanophore-expanding hormone has been critically examined, and the results from various assay procedures are statistically analysed.
2. Log dose-response data are well fitted by a linear regression curve. Responses at 3 hr give a steeper curve than those at 1½ hr.
3. Results collected 6 months apart show that the mean and slope of dose-response curves remain constant when Xenopus are given regular dosage; there is, however, a progressive increase of variance with time shown by the colony under these experimental conditions.
4. Evidence is presented to show that Xenopus must be minimally disturbed during assay, and that assay doses must be given not less than 1 day apart.
THE PRESENCE OF A FUNCTIONAL CORPUS LUTEUM DURING DELAYED IMPLANTATION IN THE ARMADILLO
Authors: TALMAGE R. V. , BUCHANAN G. D. , KRAINTZ F. W. , LAZO-WASEM E. A. , ZARROW M. X. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The reproductive physiology of the armadillo has been studied with special emphasis on the hormonal problems related to the phenomenon of delayed implantation which occurs in this species.
Ovulation occurs spontaneously in the unmated animal, and a corpus luteum is formed which is grossly indistinguishable from, and histologically similar to, the corpus luteum of pregnancy. Both this and the corpus luteum normally present during the period of delayed implantation are functional, as indicated by the increased respiratory quotient of the luteal tissue and the high progestin activity of the serum.
It is tentatively suggested that the failure of the blastocyst to implant is due to lack of a proper ratio of oestrogen and progestin and not to an insufficiency of progestin alone.
BILATERAL ADRENALECTOMY IN THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: MORRISON A. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A technique for bilateral adrenalectomy in the guinea-pig is described in detail.
The right adrenal is removed first through a dorsal incision involving removal of the penultimate rib. The removal of the right gland from the inferior vena cava, to which it is adherent, is accomplished by using a loop of thread both for the ligation of the pedicle and to effect a line of cleavage between the gland and the vein. The left adrenal is similarly removed 2 weeks later.
Adrenalectomized animals have been kept alive for 14–28 days, without any hormonal substitution therapy, on a suitable post-operative diet containing added salt and ascorbic acid. The efficacy of the procedure was tested by removal of the added salt, which led to death of the animals in a few days.