bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims
Authors: Lisa McCann I. , Pearlman Laurie Anne 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWithin the context of their new constructivist self‐development theory, the authors discuss therapists' reactions to clients' traumatic material. The phenomenon they term “vicarious traumatization” can be understood as related both to the graphic and painful material trauma clients often present and to the therapist's unique cognitive schemas or beliefs, expectations, and assumptions about self and others. The authors suggest ways that therapists can transform and integrate clients' traumatic material in order to provide the best services to clients, as well as to protect themselves against serious harmful effects.
Traumatic stress disorder and violent behavior
Authors: Collins James J. , Bailey Susan L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSome previous research with Vietnam combat veterans has found a relationship to subsequent development of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and involvement in violent behavior. The relationship of PTSD and its symptoms to violence have not been studied in nonveteran samples. This article reports the relationship of PTSD and its symptoms to violence in a sample of 1140 incarcerated male felons, most of whom did not develop PTSD or its symptoms from a combat‐related traumatic stressor event. A relationship of PTSD and its symptoms to arrest and incarceration for expressive violence is found when demographic, antisocial personality, and problem drinking factors are controlled. For the large majority of those who experienced at least one PTSD symptom and had an arrest history for expressive violence, the PTSD symptom preceded or occurred in the same year as the violence arrest. This temporal ordering is consistent with viewing PTSD symptoms as etiologically relevant to the occurrence of violence.
The impact of providing help: Emergency workers and cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts
Authors: Genest Myles , Levine Janice , Ramsden Vivian , Swanson Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlthough anecdotes suggest that emergency medical technicians often themselves have to cope with severe trauma as a result of their work, almost all empirical work has been concerned with the aftermath of disaster. Fourteen volunteer ambulance attendants were asked about resuscitation attempts in which they had been involved. It was found that many of these evidenced a persistent psychological aftermath. Some of these individuals experienced vivid, involuntary, and uncontrollable thoughts, feelings, and/or mental images concerning their attempt. Perceived control and coping responses were examined, and found to be related to the impact of the resuscitation attempt upon the ambulance personnel. Data from this preliminary investigation indicate the need for further work in the area, and with related populations, such as nonprofessionals who attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
MMPI profiles and post‐traumatic symptomatology in former prisoners of war
Authors: Sperr Edwin V. , Sperr Shelby J. , Bruce Craft R. , Boudewyns Patrick A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractResults of this study found that prisoners of war (POWs) tend to produce a basic 1, 2, 3 (Hs, D, Hy) configuration on the MMPI which has also been found in other studies. Significant differences were found for different subgroupings on specific scales, but the same basic, 1, 2, 3 configuration was maintained for all groups. Subjects were found to display considerable PTSD symptomatology as depicted by independent psychiatric interviews and performance on an Impact of Events Scale (IES). Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms were also found to dissipate over time. Results are discussed in reference to the possible use of somatization as a means of handling stress and how the manifestation of PTSD in this population differ from that seen in Vietnam combat veterans suffering from PTSD.
Race differences in response to combat stress
Authors: Green Bonnie L. , Grace Mary C. , Lindy Jacob D. , Leonard Anthony C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA number of authors have written poignantly about the Black experience in the Vietnam war; however, very little research has addressed this topic. The present report studied race differences in preservice, stressor, and outcome variables in a community sample of 181 war veterans. Blacks reported higher levels of stressors and outcome, particularly for PTSD‐related symptoms. The results suggested that the relationship between stressors and outcome can be defined by a common regression line for Blacks and Whites, and that the high symptom levels observed for Blacks in the sample were accounted for by higher levels of stressors during their war experience. The cognitive coping mode of avoidance did not conform to this pattern and showed higher levels for Blacks even controlling for other factors. Potential cultural origins of this difference were noted.
Parental response to child sexual abuse trials involving day care settings
Authors: Burgess Ann W. , Hartman Carol R. , Kelley Susan J. , Grant Christine A. , Gray Ellen B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study examined the stress responses of parents to whether or not their child testified in a sexual abuse trial against defendants from a day care center. Parents completed a questionnaire and the SCL‐90‐R. Impact of Events scale, and Life Events Survey. Parents of 17 testifying children presented higher symptoms of psychological distress than parents of 50 nontestifying children sexually abused in day care centers. In addition, the reported stress was higher in fathers than mothers. Following disclosure of their child's sexual abuse, stressful life events of death in family, loss of income, and separation were associated with parents of testifying children.
The use of a limited personal morality to rationalize horrendous evil: Interviews with an auschwitz doctor and his son
Authors: Bar‐On Dan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPerpetrators and witnesses of the extermination process during the Third Reich use normalization strategies to relate to their atrocious experiences: complete silencing, emotionless descriptions of details, selective descriptions of emotional reactions, etc. The need for normalization is transmitted to off‐spring by means of a “double‐wall,” an emotional phenomenon brought on by both parents and children (Bar‐On and Charny, 1988). In the present study, an interview with a German physician from Auschwitz who deliberately did not take part in the massive selection process, and an interview with his son are analyzed. The father‐physician creates an effect of normalization by a careful selective description of his moral and emotional reactions to what he experienced in Auschwitz and since then. It is proposed that the selecting is motivated by the father's covert quest for mastery together with an overt perception of himself as, paradoxically, ‚moral.’︁ An analysis of the son's report suggests that the father's strategy has been transmitted unwittingly to the son. The son's interview is interpreted as a limited vehicle for going beyond what the parent transmitted and for partially confronting and working through the parent's role during the Nazi era.
Sleep disturbance in post‐traumatic stress disorder: A comparison with non‐PTSD insomnia
Authors: Inman David J. , Silver Steven M. , Doghramji Karl 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSleep disturbances, including repetitive nightmares and insomnia, are central and long‐lasting aspects of Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). This study utilized a questionnaire to compare sleep disturbance in Vietnam War combat veterans having PTSD with non‐PTSD patients having insomnia without other PTSD symptoms. The PTSD group reported symptoms of anxiety, agitation and concurrent body movement which were associated with insomnia. Nightmares of this group were more repetitive and more disruptive of a return to sleep than the non‐PTSD insomnia group. The PTSD group also reported more fatigue during daytime functioning and more anxiety during waking hours than the non‐PTSD insomnia group.
Crisis intervention after an armed hold‐up: Guidelines for counsellors
Authors: Manton Monica , Talbot Alison 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe article gives a detailed description of the debriefing process evolved by two counselling psychologists who work with victims of armed hold‐ups. The process is seen in the contxt of literature relating to post‐trauma reactions and the type of interventions that are effective. The authors give details of their procedures and interventions, their reasons for using them, as well as considering broader issues of working within an organizational context.
Grief and group recovery following a military air disaster
Authors: Bartone Paul T. , Wright Kathleen M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOf the 248 soldiers killed in the 1985 crash of a chartered Army jetliner at Gander, Newfoundland, most (189) came from a single Army battalion. In order to gain a better understanding of psychological aspects of group adjustment to collective traumatic loss, a naturalistic case study was made of this battalion over the 6‐month period following the crash. Of special interest was the problem of integrating new replacements, and the role of these replacements in helping or impeding group recovery. Extensive interview and observational data were collected at approximately monthly intervals. Results suggest four relatively distinct psycho‐social phases of unit recovery, each lasting about 4–6 weeks: (1) Numb Dedication; (2) Anger‐Betrayal; (3) Stoic Resolve; and (4) Integration. A reconstitution plan that intermixed replacements with veterans facilitated integration and unit recovery; veterans quickly accepted newcomers as allies in adversity. Despite some individual differences, the general response pattern indicates a group‐level phenomenon of adaptation to collective trauma that includes both intrusion and denial. This model of group recovery from trauma calls attention to social aspects of the grief process, and suggests interactions between individual and social factors that may influence adjustment to traumatic loss.
Social support and psychological symptomatology following a natural disaster
Authors: Cook Jerome D. , Bickman Leonard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effects of perceived availability of social support on psychological symptomatology following a natural disaster were studied in a sample of victims of a major flood in Roanoke, Virginia. Ninety‐six subjects were administered questionnaires that measured self‐reported levels of depression, anxiety, and somatization 1 week after the disaster and four additional times within 6 months after the disaster. A questionnaire mailed 3 months after the disaster assessed perceived availability of social support. Results indicated that subjects experienced severe distress immediately following the disaster, that this distress decreased sharply 6 weeks after the flood, and decreased more gradually in the following months. Perceived availability of social support was not related to distress immediately following the disaster nor 5 months afterwards. Social support and symptomatology were significantly correlated during the intermediate period.
The trauma constellation identification scale: A measure of the psychological impact of a stressful life event
Authors: Dansky Bonnie S. , Roth Susan , Kronenberger William G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis investigation reports the development of a self‐report instrument designed to assess maladaptive cognitive schemata and negative affects associated with a stressful or traumatic life event. Participants included undergraduate university students ( N = 228) who completed a questionnaire packet including the Approach‐Avoidance Scale (AAS), the Trauma Constellation Identification Scale (TCIS), the Impact of Event Scale (IES), and the SCL‐90‐R. The data were analyzed to determine the psychometric properties of the TCIS. The TCIS has high internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.94), and its 15 subscales load on two higher‐order factors. TCIS scores were significantly related to intrusions, denial, avoidance coping, and all SCL‐90‐R psychological outcome variables. There was also evidence for the subscales to have differential relationships with coping and outcome variables as well as type of stressor. The TCIS may be utilized for research or in a clinical setting to document an individual's affective and cognitive response profile.
Social support and psychological trauma: A methodological review
Authors: Flannery Raymond B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a methodological review of the associative relationship between social support and psychological trauma. Because of the paucity of such studies, this review begins with the findings on the nature of social support, and then the general outcomes of this association. Next, the relationship between support and human physiology is presented. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the research specific to psychological trauma and social support in the areas of combat, sexual abuse, and battering. Methodological issues and limitations are discussed in each section.
Coping with the trauma of divorce
Authors: Dreman Solly 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper presents research and clinical findings regarding how people cope with traumatic events. In the short run people may cope with trauma by trying to maintain the status quo via utilization of familiar behavioral repertoires and defensive behaviors like denial. While this strategy may control initial stress and anxiety, it could eventually lead to long‐term maladjustment since it does not take account of altered post‐traumatic realities requiring attitudinal and behavioral change. A review of clinical observations and research findings on divorce suggests that it is also a traumatic event, with divorcing parents resembling other post‐traumatic victims in their initial utilization of defensive behaviors. It was suggested that cognitive‐emotional integration of post‐traumatic realities becomes possible when the initially high levels of stress and anxiety associated with the traumatic events subsides. Clinical and research implication of these coping processes and their relationship to adjustment are discussed.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in battered women: A shelter sample
Authors: Kemp Anita , Rawlings Edna I. , Green Bonnie L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA sample of 77 battered women in shelters was examined for the presence or absence of a post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis. Self‐report data were obtained on battery characteristics, extent of intrusion and avoidance, depression, anxiety, and general psychopathology. Eight‐four percent of the sample met the DSM‐III‐R criteria for PTSD according to self‐report. The reported subjective distress regarding the battery experience was positively correlated with presence and degree of PTSD, intrusion, depression, anxiety, and general psychopathology. Extent of abuse was positively related to presence and degree of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and overall symptom distress. Length of the abusive relationship was least related to the outcome variables. The results of this study indicated that the shelter population of battered women is at high risk for post‐traumatic stress disorder and this is linked with characteristics of the battery experience. The usefulness of these findings with regards to diagnosis and treatment is discussed.
An adaptational view of trauma response as illustrated by the prisoner of war experience
Authors: Eberly Raina E. , Engdahl Brian E. , Harkness Allan R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe propose a model of Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms in which they have positive evolutionary adaptational value in traumatic environments. The persistence of PTSD symptoms following return to more benign environments may result from biological changes within the organism, reflected by a primary response of increased levels of underlying traits such as Negative Affectivity. Secondary symptoms such as social withdrawal and substance abuse are conceptualized as subsequent coping with the primary trauma response. This model was tested using data on 413 former World War II Prisoners of War (POWs). The results were consistent with the model, indicating an enduring high level of Negative Affectivity as measured by scales on the MMPI. Captivity severity scores, developed using a factor analysis of POW experience variables, were related to lifetime and current diagnoses of PTSD, generalized anxiety disorder, and major or minor depression. They were not related to schizophrenia, alcohol abuse/dependence, bipolar I and II disorders, or organic mental disorders. Elevated Negative Affectivity indicators were proportional to the captivity severity scores.
The psychological processing of traumatic experience: Reply to Cohen and de Ruiter
Authors: Ducey Charles P. , van der Kolk Bessel A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA critique of our Rorschach research on the experience, symbolization, and psychological processing of trauma makes some valid points, but overlooks both the study's exploratory, hypothesis‐generating nature and our integration of historical, clinical, psychotherapeutic, and empirical perspectives. Our examination of the relationship of trauma to inner symbolization and to emotional responsiveness to the environment reveals the critics' narrow understanding of the Rorschach and misconceptions regarding trauma. Further research cited replicates but also challenges our initial findings.
Keane PTSD scale: MMPI and MMPI‐2 update
Authors: Lyons Judith A. , Keane Terence M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper addresses questions regarding the use and interpretation of the Keane MMPI PTSD scale. Particular focus is placed on issues to consider when using various versions of the MMPI including Form R, the group form, and the new MMPI‐2.
Psychological processing of criticism: Reaction to ducey and van der kolk
Authors: de Ruiter Corine , Cohen Leo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOur critique of van der Kolk and Ducey's (1989) article pointed out a number of errors and shortcomings (Cohen and de Ruiter, 1991). The authors have responded to our critique (Ducey and van der Kolk, 1991). Our reply consists of three sections. First we will review Ducey and van der Kolk's response and focus on the validity of our original criticisms. Second we will review some of the new points raised in their response. Third we will show where Ducey and van der Kolk have distorted our critique.
The use of individual goal‐setting and ongoing evaluation in the treatment of combat‐related chronic PTSD
Authors: Avraham Yair , Mikulincer Mario , Nardi Chen , Shoham Shlomo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Koach project included not only assessments before and after the residential phase, but also an ongoing evaluation of the therapeutic process. A systematic self‐evaluation of achievement by the Koach trainees, and a concurrent evaluation by the commander/therapists was built into the Koach project as one of its key elements. Each trainee formulated with his commander/therapist a broad outcome area in which he wished to gain therapeutic improvement, and then broke it down into specific target behaviors which they contracted to work on during the project. Progress on each target behavior was monitored every two days. Results indicate a linear pattern of improvement and a high degree of agreement between the ratings of the trainees and those of the therapists/commanders. These findings are congruent with the subsequent impressions of both the participants and the therapists regarding the overall effects of the project.
Positive clinical impressions: I. Therapists' evaluations
Authors: Shalev Arik , Spiro Shimon E. , Solomon Zahava , Bleich Avi , Cooper Samuel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this study, the therapists who participated in the Koach project were interviewed regarding their assessment of the project. The therapists expressed a high degree of overall satisfaction with Koach. The significance of one group of combat veterans (the therapists) treating another group of veterans (the PTSD casualties) is discussed.
PTSD: Theoretical and practical considerations as reflected through Koach—an innovative treatment project
Authors: Bleich Avi , Shalev Arik , Shoham Shlomo , Solomon Zahava , Kotler Moshe 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article summarizes the achievements of the Koach project and attempts to draw conclusions regarding the treatment of chronic PTSD. It also attempts to reconcile the apparent contradictions between the participants' and therapists' positive impressions of the project and the less encouraging findings of the systematic assessment of its effectiveness.
The impact of combat trauma across the family life cycle: Clinical considerations
Authors: Scaturo Douglas J. , Hayman Peter M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractClinical experience and research with veterans of the Second World War and subsequent military conflicts have demonstrated the longstanding nature of combat‐related post‐traumatic stress disorder and the reverberating effects upon the families of traumatized individuals. The consequences of combat trauma during various stages of family life are discussed. Specifically, the impact upon (a) courtship and mate selection, (b) marriage, (c) childbirth and childrearing, (d) marriage in mid‐life, (e) children leaving home, and (f) retirement in late life are reviewed. Finally, clinical considerations for the practice of family psychotherapy in this area are presented.
A study of attitudes of viewers of the film „shoah”︁ towards an incident of mass murder by israeli soldiers (kfar kassem, 1956)
Authors: Charny Israel W. , Fromer Daphna 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this study (which took place before the intifada), 107 viewers in Tel Aviv purchasing tickets to see the monumental movie „Shoah”︁ were asked about an event of mass murder by Israelis of innocent, civilian Arab men, women and children at the village of Kfar Kassem in 1956. Sixty two percent opposed the massacre while 38% either accepted or „explained”︁ it. Significant differences were found between Israelis in the mid‐range of their lives (30–59), more of whom opposed the massacre (76%) than the very young and older (54%); and between non‐Holocaust survivors, more of whom opposed the massacre (74%) than a combined group of Holocaust survivors, children of survivors and others who expressed a closeness to the Holocaust (54%). Nonsignificant trends for more frequent opposition to the massacre were seen among males than females, university educated than less than university educated, Israeli born than non‐Israeli in country of origin, and younger age (up to 30) at time of immigration than older. Taken together, there emerges a suggestive picture of identification with use of power on the part of segments of the population traditionally understood to be weaker or lesser in status: the youngest and oldest, females, the less educated, immigrants to Israel—especially the older and those who suffer the Holocaust more deeply.
The current status of post‐traumatic stress disorder as a diagnostic category: Problems and proposals
Authors: O'Donohue William , Elliott Ann 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the taxonomic adequacy of the DSMIII‐R category of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). After reviewing the functions of classification and the current description of PTSD the following questions are raised: Is PTSD a mental disorder? Is PTSD an anxiety disorder? Do the current diagnostic criteria best characterize the sequelae typically induced by trauma? Is the current category sufficiently homogeneous or should subclassifications be made on the basis of precipitating trauma? Several suggestions for improving the taxonomic adequacy of this category are advanced.