bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biodegradation of nonionic ethoxylates
Authors: Kravetz L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe biodegradation of alcohol ethoxylates (AE) and alkylphenol ethoxylates (APE) is reviewed. Biodegradation test methods, ranging from laboratory tests to full‐scale waste treatment plant studies are described for these surfactants. A comparison is made between primary and ultimate biodegradability criteria and the limitations of the various analytical methods used in these determinations are discussed. The most recently published data suggest sewage bacteria degrade AE by a mechanism which is different from that by which APE degrades. The use of radiolabeled surfactants to elicit more detailed information about the biodegradation mechanisms of AE is described. The role of biodegradation on the impact of surfactants released to the environment is assessed, and future environmental concerns for nonionics are considered.
Gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis of mono‐and diglycerides
Authors: Sahasrabudhe M. R. , Legari J. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method is described for the quantitative analysis of mono‐ and diglycerides by GLC as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. Glyceryl mono and di‐esters of myristic, palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids are separated by GLC on stainless steel columns, packed with 3% JXR on Gas Chrom Q. Relative response factors for monoglycerides and diglycerides have been calculated. Analyses of control and commercial mixtures with recoveries of 96 to 101% are reported.
Glyceride isomerizations in lipid chemistry
Authors: Serdarevich B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIsomerization of isopropylidene glycerol ketals and benzylidene glycerol acetals was studied, and isoraerization equilibria were established. Reaction of benzaldehyde with glycerol gave four benzylidene glycerol isomers, which were separated by column chromatography and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and other methods.Isomerization of 1‐ and 2‐monoglycerides and of 1,2‐ and 1,3‐diglycerides, and their separation by column chromatography, are described. Mechanisms of isomerization in mono‐ and diglycerides and factors which affect them are discussed.Isomerization of 1‐ and 2‐glycerophosphates and of cyclic glycerophosphates by acid and base was also studied. Hydrolysis products of L‐3‐glycerylphosphorylcholine and 2‐glycerylphosphorylcholine were separated by column chromatography and characterized by periodic acid oxidation, optical rotation, and NMR spectroscopy. No isomerization of unhydrolyzed L‐3‐glycerylphosphorylcholine and 2‐glycerylphosphorylcholine was observed. Evidence indicated that acid‐catalyzed hydrolyses of phosphoglycerides are under thermodynamic control whereas most base‐catalyzed hydrolyses are under kinetic control.
Seed coat and fiber constituents of cotton seeds that may influence aflatoxin analysis
Authors: Ashworth L. J. , Mckinney John , Mcmeans J. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNormal constituents of seed coats and fibers of fuzzy cotton seeds were found which can interfere with aflatoxin analyses of embryos (meats). Aflatoxins were partially or totally obscured in chromatograms prepared with extracts containing these constituents. A blue fluorescing substance with an RF approximating that of aflatoxin B was found to be a normal constituent of seed coats and fibers. This substance differs from aflatoxins in several ways: it fades quickly from thin‐layer chromatograms exposed to ultraviolet light, disappearing within an hour; it does not form complexes with acetic acid‐ and formic acidthionyl chloride solutions or with trifluoroacetic acid; it does not have the characteristic ultraviolet absorption bands of aflatoxins.
Distribution of monoesters resulting from the esterification of a mixture of glycols and triols
Authors: Williams L. D. , Allen R. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe distribution of monoesters resulting from the esterification of mixtures of C3 to C6 glycols and triols with lauric acid is reported. Glycols with two primary, two secondary, and one primary and one secondary, both vicinal and isolated, as well as triols with both vicinal and isolated hydroxyls, were investigated for their relative esterifiability. Nonvicinal glycols with only primary hydroxyls were found to have equal reactivity. Glycols and triols that have one secondary hydroxyl show a lower relative esterifi‐ability than compounds with only primary hydroxyls. The reactivity is dependent on the position of the secondary hydroxyl in the mol‐ecule. Esterifiabilities relative to 1,4 butanediol ranged from 0.228 for the secondary hydroxyl of 1,2,6 hexanetriol up to 1.591 for the isolated primary hydroxyl of 1,2,4 butanetriol.
Aqueous acetone extraction of cottonseed
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Eaves Paul H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractExtraction of cottonseed flakes with acetone containing 25–30% water removes essentially all of the gossypol, most of the free fatty acids, about half the raffinose, and negligible quanti‐ties of neutral oil and protein. After drying and re‐flaking of the aqueous acetone extracted marc, the oil may be removed either by hexane extrac‐tion or pressing to produce light‐colored meals exceptionally low in gossypol pigments, high in protein and available lysine content. Crude oils are light‐colored, contain negligible amounts of gossypol, are high in neutral oil content, and re‐fine and bleach to a prime color value. The pro‐cess is effective for the removal of such toxic mold metabolites as aflatoxins from mold‐damaged seed.
Localization of unsaturation in fatty acids by identification of 2, 4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones derived from ozonides by thin‐layer chromatography
Authors: Edwards Hardy M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe ozonides of unsaturated fatty acids may be reduced with 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine and the resulting aldehydes reacted with an excess of this same reagent to give the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones of the aldehyde and aldoester fragments. The 2,4DNP of the aliphatic aldehydes can be separated by several thin‐layer chromatography systems and are identifiable on the basis of their behavior in these systems. The methods described can be utilized for both qualitative identification as to the location of the double bond and for quantitative measurements of various positional isomers in some instances. All of the reactions may be performed on the plate for qualitative application, and the method can be applied to fatty acids in various forms.
X‐ray diffraction powder studies of some dithiol diesters of long chain acids
Authors: Lutz D. A. , Witnauer L. P. , Sasin George S. , Sasin Richard 
Published: July 2007

AbstractX‐ray diffraction powder data are reported for 25 mono‐ and dithiol diesters of straight chain aliphatic acids where the acid portion of the molecule consists of one of the following acids: octanoic, decanoic, dodecanoic, tetradecanoic, hexadecanoic or octadecanoic acids, and where the thiol portion consists of one of the following: 2‐mercaptoethane, 1,2‐ethanedithiol, 1,3‐propanedithiol, 1,4‐butanedithiol or 1,5‐pentanedithiol. The individual compounds can be identified and distinguished by the long spacing data. The compounds crystallize in tilted monomolecular layers.
Synthesis oftrans‐3‐hexadecenoic acid and oftrans‐3‐hexadecenoic‐1‐C14 acid
Authors: Knipprath Werner G. , Stein Robert A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThetrans‐3‐hexadecenoic acid has been synthesized. Physical properties and chemical degradation prove its identity with the acid earlier isolated from several plant lipids. In the sequence of the synthesis, the introduction of a terminal triple bond into commercially available 1‐tetradecene was performed by bromination and debromination with KOH and NaNH2. Chain elongation by a Grignard reaction with CO2 gave a carboxylic acid with a triple bond in the 2‐position. Reduction with LiAlH4 yielded the corresponding alcohol, and reduction of the triple to thetrans double bond was accomplished with Na in ethanol. Bromination of the alcohol with PBr3 and conversion of the bromide to the nitrile with KCN or KC14N elongated the carbon chain to the desired length. Methanolysis with HCl in methanol and saponification with KOH formed the acid with acceptable yields, and in the case of the C14‐labeled carboxyl, group, with high specific activity.
Quantitative analysis of ethoxylated alcohols by supercritical fluid chromatography
Authors: Geissler Paul R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis work was undertaken to develop a relatively simple, rapid, reproducible and accurate method for measuring the ethylene oxide distribution, overall ethylene oxide ratio, and percent free alcohol in ethoxylated alcohols. Using single isomer ethoxylate standards comprised of from one to eight ethylene oxide units per alcohol, a response factor correlation for the flame ionization detector on a supercritical fluid Chromatograph was established. Response factors for ethoxylates with higher than eight ethylene oxide units were estimated by extrapolation of this correlation. Supercritical fluid Chromatographic separation of ethoxylates was accomplished using a density‐programmed carbon dioxide mobile phase and a poly (dimethylsiloxane) coated open tubular column. The validity and accuracy of this method was demonstrated by comparing its results for unreacted alcohol levels, ethylene oxide‐to‐alcohol average ratios, and weights of samples injected relative to internal standards with values measured independently by standard methods. In addition, supercritical fluid Chromatographic determinations of ethylene oxide molar distributions are in agreement with theoretical Weibull‐Nycander distributions.
Pretreatment of soybean oil for physical refining: Evaluation of efficiency of various adsorbents in removing phospholipids and pigments
Authors: Gutfinger T. , Letan A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA study was conducted on the efficiency of several adsorbents (Tonsil L80, Tonsil ACC, Fuller's earth, Celite, Kaoline, silicic acid, and Florosil) in removing phospholipids and color bodies from phosphoric acid degummed soybean oil. Best results under the condi‐tions of the experiments were obtained with Tonsil L80 at a 2% concentration and 100 C (reduction in phosphorus content from 17.3 to 3.1 μ/g oil, and in photometric color from 21.6 to 2.4). Removal of phospholipids from the oil by Tonsil L80 and Tonsil ACC follows the Freundlich equation. A colorimetric method for determination of microamounts of phos‐pholipids and a spot test for their quantitative evalua‐tion were also developed.
The behavior of resin acids during tall oil distillation
Authors: Holmbom Bjarne 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe behavior of resin acids during tall oil distillation was studied by analyzing samples from six industrial‐scale processes. The same artifact resin acids were formed in all processes. However, the proportion of artifact resin acids in tall oil rosins varied from 8.3 to 18.3% of the resin acids. The lowest values were found for two processes utilizing thin‐film evaporators. The yield of resin acids in the tall oil rosin fraction varied from 62 to 80% of the resin acids in the crude tall oil feeds. Dehydroabietic acid was formed in all processes, the amount in rosin being 14‐44% more than in the crude tall oil feed. Of the abietic acid, only 45‐82% was recovered in the tall oil rosin fraction. The distribution of various resin acids and their reaction products during distillation was determined. Major resin acid impurities in tall oil fatty acids were 8,15‐pimaradien‐18‐oic acid and 8,15‐isoprimaradien‐18‐oic acid, both formed chiefly during distillation, and two secodehydroabietic acid isomers common in crude tall oils. The reactions of resin acids leading to new isomers or non‐acidic products are discussed.
Continuous hydrogenation of fats and fatty acids at short contact times1
Authors: Ilsemann Karsten , Mukherjee Kumar D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractContinuous hydrogenation of fats and fatty acids using suspended catalysts was studied in a vertical flow reactor packed with Raschig rings. A short time of reactive contact of the fat or the fatty acid with the catalyst and hydrogen is the unique feature of this system. A nickel catalyst used in the hydrogenation of soybean oil gave a reduction of 40‐50 iodine value units per min, small amounts oftrans‐isorners (10‐20%), large proportions of linoleate in unreduced octadecadienoyl moieties (70‐80%), and nonselective reduction of polyunsaturated acyl moieties (linoleate selectivity ratio 1‐3). Another nickel catalyst, used in the hydrogenation of tallow fatty acids, also gave a reduction of 40‐50 iodine value units per min and nonselective reduction of polyunsaturated fatty acids. A copper chromite catalyst used in the hydrogenation of soybean oil gave a reduction of 10‐15 iodine value units per min, low levels oftrans‐ isomers (10‐15%), and selective reduction of linolenoyl moieties (linolenate selectivity ratio 4‐6). Composition of positional isomers of cis‐ andtrans‐octadecenoyl moieties in partially hydrogenated products obtained both with nickel and copper chromite catalysts reveals that essentially the same mechanisms of isomerization are involved in continuous hydrogenation at short time of reactive contact as in batch hydrogenation.
The Effect of reaction by‐products on the viscosities of sodium lauryl sulfate solutions
Authors: Putnik C. F. , McGuire S. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe fact that free oil and inorganic salts have pronounced influence on lauryl sulfate solution viscosity is a widely recognized but little studied phenomenon. This investigation of the effects of these materials has resulted in the derivation of a correlation function which relates the concentrations of the by‐products to the solution viscosity. The contributions of the reaction by‐products are found to be independent additive effects which contribute exponentially to solution viscosity. The results can be explained mechanistically in terms of the micellar model for surfactant solutions.
The effect of processing operations on the total sulphur content in rapeseed oil
Authors: Ahmad I. , Ali A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe technological difficulties due to the presence of sulphur‐containing compounds in rapeseed oil lead to the problem of proper hydrogenation under commercial conditions. The effect of refining operations on the total sulphur content of rapeseed oil was studied. Degumming (phosphoric acid treatment) had an insignificant effect on the sulphur content while deacidification (alkali refining) removed about 30% and bleaching with Fuller's earth removed about 50% of the total sulphur in commercial crude oil. Deodorization affected nearly the complete removal of residual sulphur left after the application of treatments mentioned above.
A pulsed low resolution NMR study on crystallization and melting processes of cocoa butter
Authors: Brosio E. , Conti F. , Di Nola A. , Sykora S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPulsed low resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was employed to measure the «melting» curves of different series of cocoa butter samples. The samples were prepared from completely liquid phase by cooling and tempering them at different temperatures Tc for varying time Δt. The «melting» curves were measured while keeping the sample at a fixed temperature Tm. The complex shape of each curve was interpreted in terms of cocoa butter polymorphism, and the results were compared with data obtained by other techniques available in the literature. Using just two tempering temperatures (+7 C and −18C), we were able to distinguish four solid phases and identify them with the phases II, III, IV, and V described in literature. Our data are in full agreement with literature. Several novel results have been also found. These include the kinetic constants of the melting processes of phases II and III, the rate constants of solidification of phase V, the conversion of phase III into phase IV before melting at temperatures ≥30 C, and the growth of phase V out of phase II at −18 C (including the rate constant of this process). We are convinced that NMR may serve as a principal tool in fat polymorphism investigations, especially if it is combined with other techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry. Its advantage, apart from rapidity of measurement, is the fact that the measurement itself does not interfere with the melting or solidification process studied. On the other hand, it does not distinguish in a direct way between different solid phases present in the sample; this can be done only in inference from the behavior upon melting.
Neonatal screening in Europe; the situation in 2004
Authors: Loeber J. Gerard 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThis report outlines the status of neonatal screening in Europe in 2004. Out of the 45 member states of the Council of Europe plus the regions Scotland and Wales (in total 47 ‘countries’), no data at all were available from 3 (Albania, Azerbaijan and Georgia). From the other 44, varying amounts of data were received. Apart from Armenia, Finland and Malta, all countries have a national programme for phenylketonuria (PKU), although in some countries those programmes do not yet have 100% coverage. Moldova and Ukraine have no national programme for congenital hypothyroidism (CH), the other countries do. Twelve countries screen for congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), 6 for cystic fibrosis (CF) and 7 for galactosaemia (GAL), 6 for biotinidase deficiency (BD) and 4 for medium‐chain acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD). Some countries have pilot programmes for certain conditions or different programmes per screening laboratory. The prevalences for PKU vary from 1:3000 to 1:30 000, and for CH from 1:1300 to 1:13 000. Methodologies vary within and between countries. There appears to be no relationship between the cut‐off limits and the recall rate. A first priority is to help those countries where the basic screening programmes have less than 100% coverage. In addition, continuous monitoring of the European programmes will help to decrease the variation in design and methodology by making use of the knowledge and expertise available from the global membership of the International Society for Neonatal Screening (ISNS). The huge difference of recall rates illustrate one obvious and important area for improvement of programme performances that could be aided by strengthened European cooperation.
Does individual variation in fruit profitability override color differences in avian choice of red or white Ilex serrata fruits?
Authors: Tsujita Kaori , Sakai Shinjiro , Kikuzawa Kihachiro 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAlthough avian color preferences have been studied and documented in controlled experiments, they have not been demonstrated under natural conditions in most cases. We hypothesized that avian fruit choice reflects intraspecific variation in fruit characteristics other than color, rather than fruit color differences. By planting one Ilex serrata Thunb. (red form) and one I. serrata forma leucocarpa Beissner (white form), which produce red and white fruits, respectively, at each of five points, we examined the proportion of fruits removed per tree and fruit choice by three avian species based on fruit color and other fruit characteristics. The proportion of fruits removed increased with pulpy sugar concentration and fruit diameter, but it did not differ between fruit colors. The main foragers, resident brown‐eared bulbuls Hypsypetes amaurotis, consumed fruits regardless of color, but correspondingly to fruit removal, and appeared to base their fruit choice on pulpy sugar concentration and fruit diameter rather than on color. In contrast, the minor foragers, migrant Daurian redstarts Phoenicurus auroreus (Pallas) and Siberian bluechats Tarsiger cyanurus (Pallas), tended to choose red fruits and were possibly attracted by them. In conclusion, fruit removal per tree reflected individual variation in fruit profitability more strongly than differences in fruit color, even though the individual variation was not remarkable. The importance of color in fruit choice differed based on species, residency status, and major/minor foragers.
Chromatographic Analysis of the Reaction of Soy Flour with Formaldehyde and Phenol for Wood Adhesives
Authors: Lorenz Linda , Frihart Charles R. , Wescott James M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe desire to make more biobased and lower‐cost bonded wood products has led to an interest in replacing some phenol and formaldehyde in wood adhesives with soybean flour. Improved knowledge of the soy protein properties is needed to relate resin chemistry to resin performance before and after wood bonding. To expose the soy protein's functional groups, it needs to be disrupted, with minimal hydrolysis, to maximize its incorporation into the final polymerized adhesive lattice. The best conditions for alkali soy protein disruption were to maintain the temperature below 100 °C and react the soy flour with sodium hydroxide at pH 9–12 for about 1 hour. A gel permeation chromatography procedure was optimized to determine conditions for selectively breaking down the high molecular weight soy protein fragments that contribute to high adhesive viscosity. This method and extraction data were used to evaluate the reaction of the disrupted soy flour protein with formaldehyde and phenol to provide a stable adhesive. The results were used to develop more economical adhesives that are ideally suited for the face section of oriented strandboard.
Liquid‐phase catalytic oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Noureddini H. , Kanabur M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLiquid‐phase catalytic oxidation of oleic acid with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of various transition metal/metal oxide catalysts was studied in a batch autoclave reactor. Azelaic and pelargonic acids are the major reaction products. Tungsten and tantalum and their oxides in supported and unsupported forms were used as catalysts. Alumina pellets and Kieselguhr powder were used as supports for the catalysts. Tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, zirconium, and niobium were also examined as catalysts. Tertiary butanol was used as solvent. Experimental results concluded that tungsten and tungstic oxide are more suitable catalysts in terms of their activity and selectivity. The rate of reaction observed in the case of supported catalysts appears to be comparable or superior to that of unsupported catalysts. In pure form, tungsten, tantalum, and molybdenum showed strong catalytic activity in the oxidation reaction; however, except for tantalum the other two were determined to be economically unfeasible. Zirconium and niobium showed very little catalytic activity. Based on the experimental observations, tungstic oxide supported on silica is the most suitable catalyst for the oxidation of oleic acid with 85% of the starting oleic acid converted to the oxidation products in 60 min of reaction with high selectivity for azelaic acid.
Stable isotope characterization of olive oils. I—Compositional and carbon‐13 profiles of fatty acids
Authors: Royer A. , Gerard C. , Naulet N. , Lees M. , Martin G. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNearly 200 olive oils produced in the Mediterranean basin, mainly in Greece, during 4 yr from 1993 to 1996, were studied by gas chromatography (GC) and on‐line GC‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC‐C‐IRMS). The composition of the oils in the more abundant fatty acids (C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3) was obtained by GC after transesterification of the triglycerides into methyl esters. Using the hyphenated GC‐C‐IRMS technique, the 13C contents of the three most abundant acids, C16:0, C18:1, and C18:2, were measured with satisfactory accuracy. The results, analyzed in terms of geographical, temporal, and botanical factors, provide new criteria for the authentication of olive oils.