bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secretion of collagen I and tenascin is modulated by laminin‐111 in 3D culture of human adenoid cystic carcinoma cells
Authors: Jaeger Ruy G. , Scarabotto‐Neto Normando , Azambuja Nilton , Freitas Vanessa M. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryAdenoid cystic carcinoma is a frequent malignant salivary gland neoplasm with high levels of recurrence and metastasis. This neoplasm expresses prominent extracellular matrix (ECM). We are studying regulatory mechanisms underlying secretion of ECM molecules in adenoid cystic carcinoma. We have previously demonstrated that laminin modulates the phenotype of a human adenoid cystic carcinoma (CAC2) cell line. Thus, this molecule would be a good candidate to regulate secretion of ECM molecules in these cells. Here we analysed the role played by laminin‐111 [formerly laminin‐1; Aumailley et al. (2005). Matrix Biol. 24, 326] stimulating secretory activity of CAC2 cells. Three‐dimensional cultures of cells in laminin‐111 (treated) or agarose (controls) were studied by light and electron microscopy. Ultrastructural analysis of CAC2 cells grown within laminin‐111 showed pseudocysts filled with secretory‐like material. Cells exhibited prominent and dilated endoplasmic reticulum and coated and uncoated vesicles. Ultrastructural findings suggested that laminin‐111 induced secretory activity in CAC2 cells. We further investigated this point by light microscopy, immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Histochemistry showed periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS)‐positive diastase‐resistant material in CAC2 cells treated by laminin‐111. This material could represent laminin‐induced secretion of ECM molecules. We searched for collagen I and tenascin in CAC2 cells treated by laminin‐111. Confocal microscopy and immunoblot showed that laminin‐111 enhanced secretion of collagen I and tenascin in CAC2 cells. We suggest that laminin‐111 modulates secretion of collagen I and tenascin in cells derived from human adenoid cystic carcinoma.
PASTEURISED MILK. I. PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF A SURVEY OF PLANTS IN THE MIDLANDS
Authors: Provan A. L. , Rowlands A. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe results of the bacteriological examination of 500 samples of pasteurised milk taken by surprise at monthly intervals from 41 plants in the Midlands are reviewed. Of the samples examined 7·2% had a colony count at 37° C. in excess of 100,000 per ml. and did not comply with the official standard, 3% had a colony count at 63° C. in excess of 100,000 per ml., 26·4% contained coliform organisms in 1 ml. or less, and the phosphatase test gave evidence that 8·8% were inefficiently pasteurised.The investigation showed that the phosphatase test was reliable in detecting faults of pasteurisation and the coliform test provided evidence of plant contamination. The colony count at 37° C. was not as reliable as these two tests for detecting faults in plant management, the result being influenced by the number of heat‐resistant organisms in the raw milk.
A COMBINED SAMPLING AND PLATING METHOD FOR DIAGNOSING INTRA‐MAMMARY INFECTIONS
Authors: Neave F. K. , Taylor M. E. , Lawes L. F. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryFor the purpose of detecting organisms causing mastitis in distant herds farmers were supplied with rectangular bottles, one surface of which contained a layer of aesculin blood agar. Milk was drawn by the farmer direct from the teat on to the agar, the excess milk drained off and the bottle posted to the laboratory. The method has proved more reliable than the posting of milk samples ana compares favourably with the plating of fresh samples.
THE SPEED OF “BUILD‐UP” OF THERMODURIC ORGANISMS ON FARM EQUIPMENT
Authors: Murray J. G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. The history of the thermoduric problem in milk in the Belfast area has been given and an explanation of the cause offered.It has been shown that in Northern Ireland failure to cool the milk does not lead to any marked increase in the number of thermoduric bacteria. Provided there is no definite source of contamination, the build‐up of thermoduric organisms on farm equipment is slow even where production methods are poor and where suitable washing and sterilising of equipment is absent. Even under these conditions a serious build‐up takes longer than a month.
THE EFFECT OF NITRO‐COMPOUNDS AND SOME OTHER SUBSTANCES ON PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE BY SULPHATE‐REDUCING BACTERIA IN SEWAGE
Authors: Allen L. A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Development of hydrogen sulphidc in sewage, due to growth of sulphate‐reducing bacteria, is favoured by neutral or alkaline conditions and retarded by acidic conditions. Strains able to use lactate, formate, stearate, and cellulose as sources of carbon were detected by the use of appropriate media; no sulphate‐reducing bacteria capable of using tributyrin appeared to be present in the sample of sewage tested.Doses of chlorine much smaller than the chlorine demand delayed the formation of sulphide, sometimes for several days, but eventually the quantity formed was of the same order as that in untreated sewage.Addition to sewage of nitrobenzene, dinitrobenzene, picric acid, or T.N.T., in amounts ranging from 2 to 20 p.p.m. in different tests, delayed development of sulphide during subsequent incubation; sufficiently high concentrations prevented its formation for prolonged periods.Fumarate and nitrate also tended to inhibit formation of sulphide, but the concentrations required (100‐1,000 p.p.m. for nitrate and 1,000–10,000 p.p.m. for fumarate) were much higher than for the above nitro‐compounds.Neither T.N.T. nor picric acid had any marked bactericidal action. It is suggested that these nitro‐compounds retard the lowering of the oxidation‐reduction potential uf the sewage to the region favourable for development of the sulphate‐reducing anaerobes.
THE EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN FRESH WATER
Authors: Taylor C. B. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Experiments have been carried out to determine the activity of bacteria in water by measurements of the oxygen consumed. It has been found that the rate of decomposition of organic matter depends on the concentration of phosphorus present. Different inorganic phosphates were equally effective sources of phosphorus. When phosphorus was present in excess the amount of oxygen consumed was directly related to the amount of decomposable organic matter supplied. Fe+++ was found to restrict the rate of oxygen consumption.From the results obtained ir is concluded tentatively that in lake waters the phosphorus available for bacteria is more probably in combination with organic matter than with iron or manganese. Supply of readily‐available organic matter is the factor which controls primarily the activity of bacteria in lake waters.
BACTERIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE FLOUR MOTH, EPHESTIA KUEHNIELLA Z.
Authors: JACOBS S. E. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:A proprietary powder containing 10% by weight of spores of bacteria pathogenic for insects has been shown to kill the larvae of the flour moth. In wholemeal flour, between 0.1 and 0.3% by weight of the powder completely prevented the development of infestation by newly‐hatched larvae. Infestations of wholemeal flour in sheds were checked considerably by the application of surface deposits of the spores, established by dusting the dry powder or spraying a suspension in water.
POLLUTION IN WATER SUPPLIES FROM SHALLOW WELLS AND MEASURES FOR ITS PREVENTION
Authors: KNOWLES N. R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:In the course of field experiments designed to ascertain the main causes of pollution in shallow wells and the more important remedial measures which can be adopted, experimental renovations carried out on three shallow wells, all of poor hygienic quality, brought about a marked improvement in potability. The main items of renovation and construction concerned the use of correct waterproofing methods, and the sealing of the well orifice against surface seepage. Cemented concrete blocks and pre‐cast concrete cylinders provided adequate waterproofing for the first 10–14 ft. of the well shaft.Data obtained from a survey of 48 shallow wells in Northern Ireland sunk or renovated during the past two years, indicate the general ability of such wells to supply water of satisfactory quality, providing due care is taken in construction and siting to prevent the infiltration of surface water.
SEASONAL VARIATION IN CHEESE STARTER ACTIVITY
Authors: CZULAK J. , MEANWELL L. J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Depression of activity of certain single strain starter cultures in H.T.S.T. pasteurized milk during the October‐April season was observed, but the effect was removed by momentary boiling. The addition of a small percentage of such milk to autoclaved milk reduced the activity of these cultures. These ‘inhibited’cultures were unable to grow in modified Niven's medium even when additional known growth factors were added. Using a whey agar medium, active ‘uninhibited’colonies may be picked and a ‘failing culture’revived.An hypothesis postulating an inhibitor‐growth factor antagonism is advanced, to explain the findings.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF SOME SUGARS ON THE ASSAY OF PENICILLIN
Authors: SYKES G. , LEWIS D. G. , GOSHAWK BARBARA 
Published: March 2008

Summary:The addition of certain carbohydrates, notably glucose, lactose and sucrose, to penicillin gives rise to inhibition zones of increased size and, consequently, to apparently increased potencies, when assayed by the cylinder‐plate method. On the other hand, glucose in the assay medium leads to smaller zones. The accuracy of the assay is reduced in the former case, but not in the latter. Accuracy can be restored by using 0.2% glucose agar instead of nutrient agar in the assay.
AN OPERATIONAL COMPARISON OF TWO COLONY COUNTING CHAMBERS
Authors: CLARKE PAMELA M. , COX C. P. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:In an experiment to compare the performance of a modification of the Mattick‐Hiscox colony counting chamber with that of the original chamber, nine observers counted a set of five plates inoculated with raw milk, using both chambers in the light and in the dark. No decisive differences were found between the mean counts or between the counting error variances obtained with the two boxes.Differences in the performances under different lighting conditions were not significant with either chamber; in particular, counts made with the original chamber in the light were of the same order of accuracy as those made in the dark. The differences between counts made by different observers gave coefficients of variation ranging from 2.1% to 6.4%; the coefficients of variation for within‐observer differences varied between 1.5% and 10.2%. However, the variance between observers was usually greater than the corresponding variance within observers.
A PRELIMINARY BACTERIOLOGICAL SCREENING TEST FOR QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS AND FORMULATIONS
Authors: COUSINS CHRISTINA M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The test is based on a colony count method to determine the survival of a given test organism, Bacterium coli, in the presence of sterile homogenized whole milk added with the bacterial suspension to the quaternary ammonium compound dilutions, for an exposure time of two min.Attention is drawn to the special cleaning of the glassware used. The preparation and use of the Q.A.C. inhibitor, lecithin in ‘Lissapol N’, is described, with details of the testing procedure.Inconsistencies in survivor counts occurring when Q.A.C. solutions were tested against saline suspensions of Bact. coli were reduced by carrying out the test in the presence of whole milk solids.Examples quoted show how this test indicated a difference in bactericidal efficiency between (a) two different Q.A.C. solutions, and (b) the same Q.A.C. included in two powder formulations of differing pH value.
THE NUTRITIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL BACTERIA
Authors: LOCHHEAD A. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Certain aspects of the procedure for the nutritional classification of soil bacteria developed in this laboratory are discussed, particularly in the light of the criticism by Taylor (1951a). Though any system of nutritional grouping is admittedly susceptible to modifications as advances are made in our knowledge of bacterial nutrition, Taylor's criticism reveals, in part, a lack of understanding of the principles underlying various procedures; consequently certain objections are pointless. Possible merit in other points of objection is obscured by a lack of experimental data.Taylor's proposed scheme of classification indicates a different approach, based as it is on a study of cultures isolated from a more selective medium than ours, which latter was designed as being the least selective and one most favouring the ‘autochthonous’ soil bacteria. Furthermore, his method for assessing growth response in the differential liquid media appears to differ radically from ours. For the purpose for which our system of nutritional grouping was designed such changes are considered disadvantageous.Though Taylor is in agreement as to the need of certain strains of bacteria for some factor or factors present in soil extract, his attributing of a growth factor effect to the presence of calcium is open to objection in the absence of this element in the basal medium; the significance of the interaction between calcium and various peptones must now be interpreted in the light of the discovery of the role of vitamin B12 in the nutrition of many soil bacteria.
STUDIES IN THE BACTERIAL DIE‐BACK AND CANKER DISEASE OF POPULAR. II. THE RELATION BETWEEN THE BACTERIAL SLIME AND THE CAUSAL ORGANISM
Authors: SABET K. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The bacteria in the slime are capsulated and withstand drying longer than the non‐capsulated from derived from cultures. The natural slime is either neutral or slightly alkaline in reaction but turns acid when kept under humid conditions; it contains available nutrients, a toxic substance and two pectic enzymes.Certain substances belonging to the classes of compound detected in natural slime were tested to see whether they would increase the infectivity of the bacteria, and it was found that glutamine and asparagine caused a considerable increase. Cultures of the pathogen 10 weeks old contained a wilt producing toxin which also apparently increased the infectivity. Inoculation of acidified suspensions reduced infectivity. Typical cankers were not produced by adding nutrients to bacteria inoculated into popular twigs. The slime provides a particularly suitable substrate possessing the optimum requirements for infection.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE MICROBIOLOGY OF RAW AND HEAT‐TREATED LIQUID EGG
Authors: KNOWLES N. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Factors influencing the hygienic quality of raw liquid egg have been inverstigated and bacterial counts obtained during the period January–October, 1952, have been summarized. As a commercial standard of quality, it is suggested that raw liquid egg with a total bacterial count in the region of 5 × 106/g. at 22°, might be regarded as reasonably satisfactory, having regard to the quality of the raw material now permitted to be used.A study of heat‐treatment of Liquid egg has shown that a time‐temperature combination slightly in excess of 2 min. at 146°F. may be regarded as satisfactory, as it gives a 99·99% kill of the initial flora without significantly imparing the functional properties of the final product. The residual flora in herat‐treated egg has been found to be relatively inactive.Salmonella organisms were found in 4·2% of raw hen egg and in 67·4% of raw duck egg. Under controlled conditions of heat‐treatment, destruction of Salmonella species can be accomplished.
A NOTE ON THE SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF THE KEEPING QUALITY OF COMMERCIAL STERILIZED MILK
Authors: Ridgway J. D. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:During a period of four years the keeping quality of milk commercially sterilized by a continuous automatic process has been recorded. The results indicate a marked seasonal variation, suggesting a relatively high incidence of aerobic spore‐formers in winter milk and a relatively low incidence in summer milk. Aerial contamination from dusty fodders is tentatively suggested as the dominant factor controlling this phenomenon.
THE USE OF 2,3,5, TRIPHENYLTETRAZOLIUM BROMIDE IN DETERMINING THE DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY OF BACT. COLI
Authors: HUGO W. B. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:A study has been made of the use of triphenyltetrazolium bromide as an indicator of bacterial dehydrogenase activity. It has been shown that for practical purposes the determination may be carried out in the presence of air, thus obviating the use of oxygen‐freed Thunberg tubes. The method has been placed on a quantitative basis by determining, colorimetrically, the formazan produced on reduction. The limitations of the method are discussed.
THE LETHAL ACTION OF ULTRASONIC WAVES ON BACTERIA SUSPENDED IN MILK AND OTHER LIQUIDS
Authors: JACOBS S. E. , THORNLEY MARGARET J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Seven species of bacteria, including both rods and cocci, were exposed in dilute suspension in solutions of dried skim milk and in nutrient broth to ultrasonic vibrations of 1 Mc./s. frequency. Bacterium coli, Lactobacillus casei and a Microbacterium species were killed fairly rapidly, Bact. coli being the most sensitive. Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus lactis, Strep, faecalis and Strep, pyogenes showed at first a rise in the viable count, followed by a decline in numbers. The cocci were all more resistant than the rod‐shaped species tested. Similar tests at 20.5 Kc./s., but with much less power absorbed, showed a slower decline in numbers with Bact. coli than at 1 Mc./s. There was no decrease with Staph, aureus, but there was more rapid death of Strep, lactis during the second half of the treatment period. In relation to power absorbed, the lower frequency was the more effective.Under conditions which caused rapid death of Bact. coli suspended in broth, complete protection was afforded to that organism by fresh whole milk: smaller degrees of protection were seen in both homogenized and separated milk. Protection was also conferred by dried skim milk, casein, gelatine and peptone in solution, the effect increasing with concentration. High concentrations of lactose and gum tragacanth also had some effect.When Bact. coli was treated at 1 Mc./s. in broth, there was no lethal action unless the power absorbed exceeded a quite large threshold value: no threshold was detected at the lower frequency.The death rate of Bact. coli treated at 1 Mc./s. in various liquids was as a rule not constant: it usually diminished with time. The shape of the survivor curve was greatly altered when the volume (depth) of suspension treated was increased.
MARINE BACTERIA OF CARDIGAN BAY. I. BACTERIA OF AN OFF‐SHORE AREA
Authors: HUDLESTON MABYN 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A study of marine bacteria from a fixed off‐shore area in Cardigan Bay showed there was little significance in the variation between numbers from different levels within 8 fathoms deep. There was a suggestion of seasonal variation in surface water in colony counts at 15–18°. In general, the bacterial content was highest over the summer months, but showed little direct correlation with temperature, pH or light.Strains were mainly obligate halophytes and small Gram‐negative rods predominated (96%). Nearly 50% of strains isolated liquefied gelatin; otherwise, biochemical reactions were weak. The proportion of pigmented strains was low.Alien bacteria were present in irregularly varying numbers in all samples and showed no seasonal variation. Coli‐aerogenes strains were recorded in small numbers, at all depths and in all seasons, but Bact. coli type I only rarely occurred.
A NEPHELOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE EVALUATION OF BACTERIOSTATIC ACTIVITY
Authors: BERRY H. , PARKINSON J. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Different suspensions of Bacterium coli in distilled water, prepared by a routine technique and adjusted nephelometrically with reference to a ground glass screen, showed no significant difference in their viable counts at the 5% level.In a study of the inhibition by phenol of cultures grown in peptone water from inocula of such suspensions the regression line obtained by plotting the probit of the percentage inhibition against the logarithm of the concentration was rectilinear. From this the concentration needed for 95% inhibition was calculated.
THE DISINFECTANT PROPERTIES OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS AND SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE: A COMPARISON OF RESULTS USING DIFFERENT TEST METHODS
Authors: GARVIE ELLEN I. , CLARKE PAMELA M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: On exposing a strain of Bacterium coli 28.D.10 in a surface film at atmospheric temperature to atmospheres of different moisture contents, it was found that for relative humidities between 100 and 66% the numbers of survivors decreased with decreasing humidity. There was also some evidence of a slight increase in survivors for a decrease in relative humidity from 43 to 0%.The percentage of survivors of Bact. coli after exposure to quaternary ammonium disinfectants also decreased with relative humidity between 100 and 66% but no significant differences were found for changes in relative humidity below 66%. The numbers of survivors of a culture of Staphylococcus aureus were the same after storage at a relative humidity of 43% as at 100%; drying did not appear to affect the sensitivity of Staph. aureus to quaternary ammonium compounds. Tests of the effect of storage time in a saturated atmosphere gave results which were not entirely consistent, but where differences were observed, there was a lower percentage of survivors for freshly inoculated films than for films which had been stored for 3 hr, presumably because a fresh film was more easily removed to the disinfectant.When either Bact. coli or Staph. aureus was exposed to a disinfectant, the percentage of survivors was higher when the organisms were in a surface film than when they were inoculated directly into the disinfectant. Agitation during exposure reduced the numbers of survivors from a surface film. Neither the glass nor the metal coming in contact with the disinfectants affected the level of survivors.Under the conditions of testing, sodium hypochlorite was a more effective disinfectant than the quaternary ammonium compounds used.
IMPROVED TECHNIQUES FOR THE BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF MOLLUSCAN SHELLFISH
Authors: REYNOLDS N. , WOOD P. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The main obstacles to the general acceptance of the Clegg & Sherwood (1947) method for the examination of molluscan shellfish are thought to be the difficulties of preparing the medium and of rolling the tubes satisfactorily. The use of Astell or McCartney bottles, or sealed plates, in place of the conventional 6x1 in. test tubes, is described.The following simplified MacConkey medium is recommended in place of that of Clegg & Sherwood (all quantities % w/v): agar, 3·5; peptone, 1·5; lactose, 1·0; NaCl, 0·5; bile salt (Difco No. 3), 0·15 or Oxoid, qs.; neutral red, 0·003; distilled water to 100 ml, pH 7·2–7·4. With 5 ml of this medium inocula of 2 ml may be used. Oxoid MacConkey agar No. 3 (CM. 115a) is equally suitable.A brief account is given of the use of this method and examples of the better performance of the new medium for the examination of molluscan shellfish.