bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards a history of choice in UK health policy
Authors: Greener Ian 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis paper examines health policy documents from the period in which the NHS was planned through to New Labour's reforms, to examine how the terms ‘choice’ and ‘responsiveness’ are used to position both users and the public in particular roles. It suggests that health consumerism is a process that has gradually appeared in the NHS through an extension of the choices offered to patients and the terms on which they were offered. Utilising Hirschman's classic framework of exit, voice and loyalty, we suggest that although there appears to be a strong relationship between the introduction of choice with the aim of securing greater responsiveness, that does not necessarily work in the opposite direction because the analysis of responsiveness suggests that there are other means of achieving this goal other than increasing choice through consumerist approaches to organisation. The implications of this analysis are explored for contemporary health service reform.
‘Doing’ chronic illness? Complementary medicine use among people living with HIV/AIDS in Australia
Authors: Thorpe Rachel D. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis article takes the use of complementary medicine by a group of people living with HIV/AIDS as the starting point for exploring the options for living with chronic illness in contemporary western societies. Some authors have suggested that the situation of living with chronic illness may not be a significant departure from the process of negotiating choice that is theorised to be a defining feature of late‐modern society and that there are now many ways of living with or ‘doing’ chronic illness. This article uses these theoretical concepts to explore the experiences of people who have lived with HIV/AIDS for a number of years. It is argued that while different options for managing chronic illness may exist, it is not always possible or desirable for individuals to put these choices into practice. The article is based on 18 qualitative interviews with people living with HIV/AIDS who were using complementary medicine.
Rural young people and physical activity: understanding participation through social theory
Authors: Lee Jessica , Macdonald Doune 
Published: December 2008

AbstractStudies from around the world point to the inadequate participation of young people in physical activity and sport, and the consequences of this on their health. However, very few interventions to increase the levels of physical activity amongst young people have been sustainable. The aim of this paper is to use Bourdieu's notions of the logic of practice along with habitus and capital to theorise young people's participation in physical activities to add to the wealth of empirical material. Data are drawn from a cohort of rural participants in an Australian longitudinal, qualitative research project with young people from diverse social, cultural and geographical backgrounds. It was found that traditional rural gender roles impact on young women's perceptions of legitimate physical activity options and practices. The role of the family in the reproduction of the social order which sustains gendered understandings of physical activity is also explored. This paper demonstrates how Bourdieu's theories can be applied to explain gender distinctions in health behaviours. It is proposed that building bridges between epidemiological and sociological understandings of participation in physical activities will lead to the generation of more equitable and sustainable physical activity and health promotion initiatives.
The changing nature of prescribing: pharmacists as prescribers and challenges to medical dominance
Authors: Weiss Marjorie C. , Sutton Jane 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis paper investigates the potential threat to medical dominance posed by the addition of pharmacists as prescribers in the UK. It explores the role of prescribing as an indicator of professional power, the legitimacy and status of new pharmacist prescribers and the forces influencing professional jurisdictional claims over the task of prescribing. It draws upon 23 interviews with pharmacist supplementary prescribers. Data suggest that the legitimacy of pharmacists as prescribers, as experienced in the workplace, has been aided by: (1) blurred definitions of prescribing; (2) the emphasis on new prescribers’ competence urging pharmacist prescribers to limit their areas of clinical practice; and (3) a team approach to patient management. Competence, self‐limitation on practice and the benefits of team working as part of the ideology of patient safety were thus an important influence on pharmacists’ jurisdictional claim over prescribing. While pharmacists have successfully negotiated a role for themselves as prescribers, medicine has retained its high status, relative to other health professionals and with patients; it controls the knowledge base relevant for prescribing practice and has managed to develop an ‘overseer’ role over the process of prescribing. Prescribing, as an indicator of medicine's autonomy of control over their work and professional status, has changed. Yet the extent to which new prescribers have been able to threaten the professional dominance of medicine is debatable.
The Urban Question Revisited: The Importance of Cities for Social Movements
Authors: NICHOLLS WALTER J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWhat roles do cities play in fostering general social movements? This article maintains that cities facilitate particular types of relations that are good at making high‐quality resources available to mobilizations operating at a variety of spatial scales. However, while large and complex urban systems may be well suited for these types of relations, whether they actually develop depends on the nature of local power relations between political authorities and civic organizations. In certain cities local configurations of political power may favor the growth of these relations, with these cities becoming important nodal points in geographically extended social movement networks. In other cities, by contrast, local configurations of political power may hamper the formation of these relations. This is a theoretical article that draws on network theory to inform the conceptual framework and a variety of empirical cases for illustrative purposes.Résumé Quels rôles les villes jouent‐elles dans l’alimentation des mouvements sociaux généraux? Elles facilitent des types particuliers de relations qui réussissent à rendre des ressources de qualité accessibles à des mobilisations opérant à divers échelons spatiaux. Pourtant, si les grands réseaux urbains complexes sont sans doute bien adaptés à ces types de relations, leur développement effectif dépend de la nature des relations de pouvoir locales entre les autorités politiques et les organisations de citoyens. Dans certaines villes, les configurations locales du pouvoir politique peuvent favoriser l’intensification de ces relations, ces villes devenant d’importants points nodaux au sein de réseaux de mouvements sociaux de grande ampleur géographique. Dans d’autres, en revanche, les configurations locales du pouvoir politique peuvent gêner la constitution de ces relations. Cet article théorique utilise la théorie des réseaux pour éclairer le cadre conceptuel et plusieurs cas empiriques à titre indicatif.
The Relationship Between Childhood Abuse, Psychological Symptoms and Subsequent Sex Offending
Authors: Hayes Susan 
Published: December 2008

Background  Childhood sexual and physical abuse has been related to subsequent offending behaviour in non‐disabled individuals as well as people with intellectual disabilities, but there is a dearth of research examining the link between these two characteristics and psychological, behavioural and psychiatric symptoms amongst sex offenders with intellectual disabilities. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between childhood abuse, history of psychological and psychiatric symptoms, and patterns of violence in later offending.Methods  Twenty sex offenders with intellectual disabilities were compared with 20 non‐disabled sex offenders. The Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, and a structured clinical interview were administered to participants.Results  Offenders with ID were more likely to report that they had been the victim of physical abuse during childhood; aggressive behaviour during adulthood was related to a history of having been the victim of childhood physical abuse, or exposure to family violence. Participants in the ID group were more likely to be diagnosed with depression, post‐traumatic stress disorder and aggressive behaviour. A history of childhood exposure to violence was related to the development of later symptoms, for both ID and non‐disabled offenders. Perpetrators with ID who had been physically abused during their developmental years were significantly more likely to threaten or use violence during the offence.Conclusions  The study suggests that childhood abuse may be related to severity of the crime, and to the development of later psychological and psychiatric symptoms. Longitudinal research in this area and a larger sample size are needed to clarify and extend the present findings.
The Complex and Diversified Mitochondrial Gene Pool of Berber Populations
Authors: Coudray C. , Olivieri A. , Achilli A. , Pala M. , Melhaoui M. , Cherkaoui M. , El‐Chennawi F. , Kossmann M. , Torroni A. , Dugoujon J. M. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe mitochondrial DNA variation of 295 Berber‐speakers from Morocco (Asni, Bouhria and Figuig) and the Egyptian oasis of Siwa was evaluated by sequencing a portion of the control region (including HVS‐I and part of HVS‐II) and surveying haplogroup‐specific coding region markers. Our findings show that the Berber mitochondrial pool is characterized by an overall high frequency of Western Eurasian haplogroups, a somehow lower frequency of sub‐Saharan L lineages, and a significant (but differential) presence of North African haplogroups U6 and M1, thus occupying an intermediate position between European and sub‐Saharan populations in PCA analysis. A clear and significant genetic differentiation between the Berbers from Maghreb and Egyptian Berbers was also observed. The first are related to European populations as shown by haplogroup H1 and V frequencies, whereas the latter share more affinities with East African and Nile Valley populations as indicated by the high frequency of M1 and the presence of L0a1, L3i, L4*, and L4b2 lineages. Moreover, haplogroup U6 was not observed in Siwa. We conclude that the origins and maternal diversity of Berber populations are old and complex, and these communities bear genetic characteristics resulting from various events of gene flow with surrounding and migrating populations.
Fear of childbirth according to parity, gestational age, and obstetric history
Authors: Rouhe H , Salmela‐Aro K , Halmesmäki E , Saisto T 
Published: December 2008

Objective  To examine fear of childbirth according to parity, gestational age, and obstetric history.Design  A questionnaire study.Population and setting  1400 unselected pregnant women in outpatient maternity clinics of a university central hospital.Methods  Visual analogue scale (VAS) and Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W‐DEQ) and preferred mode of delivery.Main outcome measures  W‐DEQ and VAS scores according to parity, gestational age, obstetric history, and preferred mode of delivery.Results  The W‐DEQ and VAS scores were higher in nulliparous (W‐DEQ 72.0 ± 20.0 [mean ± SD] and VAS 4.7 [median]) than parous women (65.4 ± 21.9; 3.2, P < 0.001 for both W‐DEQ and VAS). Higher W‐DEQ and VAS scores were found for those beyond 21 weeks of gestation compared with those before (W‐DEQ 71.6 ± 23.0 versus 66.6 ± 20.0, P < 0.001; VAS 4.7 versus 3.2, P < 0.001). Caesarean section was preferred mode of delivery for 8.1% and these women scored higher on fear (W‐DEQ 87.6 ± 26.5, VAS median 7.0) than those who preferred vaginal delivery (W‐DEQ 61.8 ± 18.7, VAS 2.7, P < 0.001, respectively). Those with a previous caesarean scored higher on fear (W‐DEQ 73.2 ± 23.5, VAS 5.1) than parous women without previous caesarean (W‐DEQ 63.3 ± 20.8, VAS 2.9, P < 0.001, respectively). Those with a history of a vacuum extraction (VE) (W‐DEQ 70.6 ± 19.7, VAS 5.0) had higher fear scores than those without (W‐DEQ 64.8 ± 22.0, P < 0.05 and VAS 3.0, P < 0.001).Conclusion  Severe fear of childbirth was more common in nulliparous women, in later pregnancy, and in women with previous caesarean section or VE. Caesarean section as a preferred mode of childbirth was strongly associated with high score in both W‐DEQ and VAS.
Prices, Rents and Rational Speculative Bubbles in the Sydney Housing Market*
Authors: HATZVI EDEN , OTTO GLENN 
Published: December 2008

We examine whether asset pricing theory can explain residential property prices. Using quarterly data for Local Government Areas in Sydney from 1991 to 2006, we find little evidence that variations in price : rent ratios anticipate future real rent growth. Instead changes in price : rent ratios apparently reflect changing expectations about future discount factors. Some important geographical differences in the behaviour of property prices across metropolitan Sydney are identified. A significant proportion of the variation in property prices in outer western regions of Sydney is not explained by either rents or discount factors; pointing to a possible role for a speculative bubble.
Am “I” more important than “we”? Couples’ word use in instant messages
Authors: SLATCHER RICHARD B. , VAZIRE SIMINE , PENNEBAKER JAMES W. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRecent studies have identified robust associations between the types of words that people use and their psychological health. This study investigated whether couples’ word use in their daily instant messages (IMs) is linked to the quality and stability of their relationships. Sixty‐eight dating couples in the United States submitted 10 days of IM conversations with each other, which were analyzed with a linguistic word count program. Six months later, couples indicated whether they were still dating. Pronoun use and emotion word use both were associated with relationship satisfaction and stability. These findings extend previous research showing that the frequencies of certain words that people use are associated with the quality of their social relationships.
The dominance dilemma: Do women really prefer dominant mates?
Authors: SNYDER JEFFREY K. , KIRKPATRICK LEE A. , BARRETT H. CLARK 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPrevious research has led to a widely accepted conclusion that heterosexual women prefer mates who are high indominance. Three experiments designed to distinguish dominance fromprestigeand examine moderating contextual factors challenge this conclusion. College women at 2 U.S. universities evaluated hypothetical, potential mates described in written vignettes. Participants in Study 1 preferred a high‐prestige to a high‐dominance target. With dominance and prestige manipulated independently in Study 2, participants preferred high to low prestige but also preferred low to high dominance. Participants in Study 3 preferred high to low dominance, but only (a) when displayed in the context of an athletic competition and (b) in ratings of attractiveness and desirability as a short‐term (vs. long‐term) mate.
Women’s weekly relationship functioning and depressive symptoms
Authors: WHITTON SARAH W. , STANLEY SCOTT M. , MARKMAN HOWARD J , BAUCOM BRIAN R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn an exploration of the links between relationship quality and depression, the extent to which women’s weekly reports of depressive symptoms vary as a function of same‐week relationship functioning was tested. A sample of 161 married or cohabiting U.S. women completed measures of relationship functioning, mood, and depressive symptoms weekly for 12 weeks. In a series of hierarchical linear models, results of within‐subject analyses indicated that depressive symptoms were negatively associated with same‐week relationship functioning. Weekly fluctuations in mood did not account for these associations. Results of between‐subjects analyses suggested that women low in stereotypical masculinity and in relationships of shorter duration are particularly likely to show increased depressive symptoms during weeks when they experience poorer relationship functioning than usual.
Arthroscopic Removal of Palmar/Plantar Osteochondral Fragments from the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint in Four Horses
Authors: RADCLIFFE ROLFE M. , CHEETHAM JON , BEZUIDENHOUT ABRAHAM J. , DUCHARME NORM G. , NIXON ALAN J. 
Published: December 2008

Objective—To describe anatomic considerations and arthroscopic technique in horses for arthroscopic removal of palmar/plantar osteochondral fragments from the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint.Study Design—Retrospective study.Animals—Adult horses (n=4) with osteochondral fragments of the palmar/plantar PIP joint.Methods—Arthroscopic removal of palmar/plantar osteochondral fragments within the PIP joint was performed with horses in dorsal recumbency under general anesthesia. Medical records of affected horses were reviewed to determine history; physical, lameness, and radiological findings; surgical technique; complications and outcome.Results—Two horses had lameness localized to the PIP joint. Two other horses had lameness suspected, but not confirmed to the pastern region. One of these horses had a history of intermittent lameness, but was not lame on admission. All horses had radiographic evidence of palmar/plantar osteochondral fragmentation within the PIP joint. Fragmentation was located abaxially in 2 horses in the hind limb and axially in 2 horses in the left forelimb. Osteochondral fragments were successfully removed via a palmar/plantar arthroscopic approach in all horses. Three horses returned to previous levels of athletic performance; 1 horse was used for trail riding instead of reining.Conclusions—Arthroscopy of the palmar/plantar pouch of the PIP joint allowed limited assessment of the joint and removal of osteochondral fragments.Clinical Relevance—Arthroscopy of the palmar/plantar PIP joint pouch for assessment and removal of osteochondral fragments is possible and should be considered when lameness is localized to this joint.
Ex Vivo Biomechanical Comparison of the 2.4 mm UniLOCK® Reconstruction Plate Using 2.4 mm Locking Versus Standard Screws for Fixation of Acetabular Osteotomy in Dogs
Authors: AMATO NICOLE S. , RICHARDS ANDREW , KNIGHT TREVOR A. , SPECTOR DANIEL , BOUDRIEAU RANDY J. , BELKOFF STEPHEN 
Published: December 2008

Objective— To compare the accuracy of reduction and the biomechanical characteristics of canine acetabular osteotomies stabilized with locking versus standard screws in a locking plate.Study Design— Ex vivo biomechanical study.Sample Population— Cadaveric canine hemipelves and corresponding femurs (n=10 paired).Methods— Transverse acetabular osteotomies stabilized with 5‐hole 2.4 mm uniLOCK® reconstruction plates using either 2.4 mm locking monocortical or standard bicortical screw fixation (Synthes® Maxillofacial). Fracture reduction was assessed directly (craniocaudal acetabular width measurements and gross observation) and indirectly (impression casts). All constructs were fatigue‐tested, followed by acute destructive testing. All outcome measures (mean±SD) were evaluated for significance (P<.05) using paired t‐tests.Results— Craniocaudal acetabular diameters before and after fixation were not significantly different (21.9±1.2 and 21.5±1.2 mm; P=.45). No significant differences were observed in acetabular width differences between pre‐ and postoperative fixation between groups (locking −0.4±0.4 mm; standard −0.4±0.3 mm; P=.76). Grossly, there was no significant difference in the repairs and impression casts did not reveal a significant (P=.75) difference in congruency between the groups. No significant differences were found in fracture gap between groups either dorsally (locking 0.38±0.23 mm versus standard 0.22±0.05 mm; P=.30) or ventrally (locking 0.80±0.79 mm versus standard 0.35±0.13 mm; P=.23), and maximum change in amplitude dorsally (locking 0.96±2.15 mm versus standard 0.92±0.89 mm; P=.96) or ventrally (locking 2.02±2.93 mm versus standard 0.15±0.81 mm; P=.25). There were no significant differences in stiffness (locking 241±46 N/mm versus standard 283±209 N/mm; P=.64) or load to failure (locking 1077±950 N versus standard 811±248 N; P=.49).Conclusion— No significant differences were found between pelves stabilized with locking monocortical screw fixation or standard bicortical screw fixation with respect to joint congruity, displacement of fracture gap after cyclic loading, construct stiffness, or ultimate load to failure.Clinical Relevance— There is no apparent advantage of locking plate fixation over standard plate fixation of 2‐piece ex vivo acetabular fractures using the 2.4 mm uniLOCK® reconstruction plate.
Comparison of Arthroscopy and Arthrotomy for Diagnosis of Medial Meniscal Pathology: An Ex Vivo Study
Authors: POZZI ANTONIO , HILDRETH BLAKE EASON , RAJALA‐SCHULTZ PAIVI J. 
Published: December 2008

Objective— To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of arthroscopy and arthrotomy for diagnosis of medial meniscal pathology and to evaluate the diagnostic value of medial meniscal probing.Study Design— Ex vivo study.Animals— Cadaveric canine stifle joints (n=30).Methods— Stifle joints were assigned to either a cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) deficient or intact group. Within each stifle joint, no medial meniscal tear, a peripheral detachment, or 1 of 3 variants of vertical longitudinal tears of the medial meniscus were created. Each stifle joint had arthroscopy, craniomedial (CrMed), and caudomedial (CdMed) arthrotomy. Diagnoses were made by both observation and probing. Sensitivity, specificity, and correct classification rate (CCR) for diagnosing the state of the medial meniscus using both observation and probing with all diagnostic methods were calculated. Odds ratios were calculated to determine if probing increased diagnostic accuracy.Results— Arthroscopy with probing was the most sensitive and specific diagnostic method and had the highest CCR. For arthrotomy, CrMed was the most sensitive in CrCL‐deficient and CdMed the most sensitive in stable, CrCL‐intact stifle joints. For all methods, probing increased their diagnostic accuracy.Conclusions— Arthroscopy is the most accurate diagnostic method; however, probing the medial meniscus enhances the diagnostic accuracy of all methods.Clinical Relevance— Accurate diagnosis of medial meniscal pathology is ideally achieved by means of arthroscopy; however, if arthrotomy is chosen, CrMed should be selected in unstable and CdMed in stable stifle joints. Regardless, medial meniscal probing should be performed to increase diagnostic accuracy.