bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacterial Outer Membrane and Cell Wall Penetration and Cell Destruction by Polluting Chemical Agents and Physical Conditions
Authors: Russell A.D. 
Published: July 2008

In the environment, bacteria and other microorganisms are subjected to a variety of constantly changing chemical and physical agencies. Chemical ones include antimicrobial compounds (both biocides and antibiotics), pollutants, drugs, cosmetic and pharmaceutical ingredients and pesticides. The physical agents include desiccation and drying, osmotic pressure, hydrostatic pressure, temperature and pH changes and radiations (ultraviolet, sunlight, ionizing). Bacteria must thus adapt to survive these inimicable conditions. Organisms such as bacterial spores usually survive, whereas other types of microorganisms may be much more susceptible. Depending on the type of organism, the bacterial cell wall, outer membrane or the spore outer layers may act as permeability barriers to the intracellular uptake of antibiotics and biocides. Some antibacterial agents interact with, and damage or modify, the outer components. Physical agencies are known to damage the cytoplasmic membrane or to produce alterations in DNA or proteins or enzymes. Nevertheless, significant damage to the cell wall or outer membrane may also occur. Four types of organisms are considered: cocci, mycobactria, Gram-negative bacteria and bacterial spores. The nature of the damage inflicted on, or in some cases prevented by, their outer cell layers is discussed for each type of organism.
Materials in the design of Kettles
Authors: Meech Christina Goodrick 
Published: July 2008

This article reviews the materials used in the production of kettles since the Victorian times, why they have changed over time, and what material may be used in the future for kettle production, but first, to investigate what materials have been used in the production of kettles, the use of the item needs to be understood. The definition of a kettle is: “A covered metal or plastic container with handle and shaped opening for pouring used for boiling water.”
Rupture of the quadriceps tendon
Authors: Dembour T. , Gallois Bride H. , Chancrin J. L. , Arnault F. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA five-month-old, male, 16 kg, mixed breed dog was presented for an acute non-weight bearing lameness of the right hind limb. A subtotal avulsion of the quadriceps tendon at its patellar insertion was diagnosed through radiography and ultrasonography. Two nylon sutures secured with a stainless steel crimp were placed in a locking loop pattern in the quadriceps tendon and through a transverse 2.7 mm drill-hole in the patella. No external coaptation was used postoperatively. A full functional recovery was observed, and was followed for one year postoperatively. Quadriceps tendon rupture has not been described in the veterinary literature to our knowledge; in humans, quadriceps tendon rupture is a well known entity, often due to systemic disease resulting in weakening of the tendinous structures. In the case presented herein, the dog’s history, young age and location, without underlying biochemical abnormalities, led us to believe that the observed lesion was of traumatic origin. The surgical treatment performed was based on that performed in humans and also that which has been investigated experimentally in the dog.
Patellar instability following experimental medial patellar desmotomy in horses
Authors: Martins E. A. N. , Hagen S. C. F. , Silva L. C. L. C. , Baccarin R. Y. A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA controlled study was designed in order to evaluate the effects of medial patellar desmotomy (MPD), combined with exercise restriction, on clinically and radio-graphically normal femoropatellar joints, and to identify the patellar instability by radiographic examination. MPD was performed on the right hind limb and the horses were rested for 120 days. Both hind limbs were radiographed before surgery and at 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after MPD, obtaining lateromedial, flexed lateromedial, caudocranial and cranioproximal-craniodistal (skyline) views. The femorotibial and femoropatellar angles were assessed on the lateromedial views, and the distance between the medial and lateral cortex of the femur, and the distance between the medial cortex of the femur and the lateral border of the patella were evaluated in the caudocranial views. An increase in the angle between the proximal articular surface of the patella and the cranial distal surface of the femur along with enthesophyte formation and lateral deviation of the patella were found on the radio-graphs of the right stifles after MPD. Therefore, MPD leads to patellar instability, which can be demonstrated by the radiographic changes. The 120 days rest did not prevent the lesions caused by postsurgical patellar instability.
Surgical removal of a microchip from a puppy’s spinal canal
Authors: Smith T. J. , Fitzpatrick N. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA 1.6 kg, six-week-old Tibetan Terrier was admitted with a 12-hours history of acute onset of progressive tetraparesis following insertion of a microchip to the dorsal cervical region. Neurological examination indicated a lesion to the Ce1 to Ce5 spinal cord segments. Radiographic examination confirmed the intra-spinal location of a microchip foreign body at the level of the second cervical vertebra. Microchip removal was achieved following dorsal hemi-laminectomy; significant intra-operative haemorrhage was encountered. The puppy was ambulatory at day seven. Follow-up telephone interview 18 months postoperatively confirmed that the patient had made a good recovery although it had a mild residual right- sided torticollis.
The prevalence of canine patellar luxation in three centres
Authors: Zakai D , Butterworth S. J. , Pead M. , Bound N. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe medical records of 155 dogs with patellar luxation (PL) from three different centres were analysed. Each case was classified according to the nature of its luxation and any concurrent orthopaedic conditions plus the age at diagnosis were also noted. Measurements relating to angle of inclination (AOI) of the femoral neck and medio-lateral bowing of the femur and tibia at the stifle were also recorded. The femoral and tibial data were compared to dogs with another orthopaedic condition in a case-control assessment. Labradors were most commonly affected (21%). Most luxations were medial (92%) and 54% of affected dogs were female. The mean AOI of the hip was 148.95°. There was a statistically significant difference between the stifles of dogs with PL compared to a control population. This study concluded that PL in large breeds is increasing. Lateral luxation was uncommon and was not associated exclusively with large breeds. Females were more likely to have PL than males and being female was a risk factor associated with coxa valga. There are significant differences in medio-lateral stifle conformation between dogs with PL and control dogs.
Surgical management of traumatic elbow luxation in two cats using circumferential suture prostheses
Authors: Thomson D. G. , Carmichael S. , Farrell M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryTwo Domestic Shorthaired cats were admitted after sustaining a traumatic lateral elbow luxation. Non-surgical management with reduction and external coaptation was unsuccessful at maintaining reduction. At surgery, the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) was intact but grossly elongated in one case, and ruptured in the other. Trans-condylar, trans-radial and trans-ulnar tunnels were drilled from lateral to medial and a suture prosthesis was used in order to augment a suture imbrication of the LCL in the fist cat. The prosthesis was used as a stand-alone procedure in the second case. No postoperative complications occurred and both patients regained excellent elbow range of motion without any observable lameness.
Improvement of Photoaffinity SPR Imaging Platform and Determination of the Binding Site of p62/SQSTM1 to p38 MAP Kinase
Authors: Saito Akiko , Kawai Kayoko , Takayama Hiroshi , Sudo Tatsuhiko , Osada Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2008

Abstractp38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a member of the serine/threonine kinases and is activated in response to stress stimuli, such as cytokines, ultraviolet irradiation, heat shock, and osmotic shock. We revealed in a previous report that p62/SQSTM1, known to participate in proteasomal or autophagosomal protein degradation and cytokine receptor signal transduction pathways, binds to p38 to regulate specifically. Herein, we describe the improvement of the photoaffinity‐thiol linker of our SPR imaging platform, which enabled us to determine the binding site of p62 to p38. SPR imaging experiments using a new photoaffinity linker 2 to immobilize the peptides derived from p62 on gold substrate indicate that the domain comprising amino acids 164–190 of p62 binds to p38 directly. These SPR analysis data and empirical biologic data reveal that the binding site of p62 to p38 is the domain corresponding to 173–182.
Cationic Scandium Allyl Complexes Bearing Mono(cyclopentadienyl) Ligands: Synthesis, Novel Structural Variety, and Olefin‐Polymerization Catalysis
Authors: Yu Nan , Nishiura Masayoshi , Li Xiaofang , Xi Zhenfeng , Hou Zhaomin 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe one‐pot salt‐metathesis reaction of ScCl3, cyclopentadienyl lithium salts, and allylmagnesium chlorides afforded with ease the corresponding base‐free half‐sandwich scandium di(η3‐allyl) complexes [(C5Me4SiMe3)Sc(C3H5)2] (1 a), [(C5Me5)Sc(C3H5)2] (1 b), and [(C5Me5)Sc(2‐MeC3H4)2] (1 c) in high yields. Reaction of 1 a with 1 equivalent of [PhNMe2H][B(C6F5)4] in toluene gave rapidly the N,N‐dimethylaniline‐coordinated cationic mono(η3‐allyl) complex [(C5Me4SiMe3)Sc(η3‐C3H5)(η6‐PhNMe2)][B(C6F5)4] (2). The similar reaction of 1 a with [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] yielded the analogous toluene‐separated ion pair [(C5Me4SiMe3)Sc(η3‐C3H5)(η6‐PhMe)][B(C6F5)4] (3). When [PhNMe2H][BPh4] was treated with 1 a, the contact ion pair [(C5Me4SiMe3)Sc(η3‐C3H5)( μ,η6‐Ph)BPh3] (4) was obtained. Recrystallization of 2, 3, and 4 in THF yielded the corresponding thf‐separated ion pair complexes [(C5Me4SiMe3)Sc(η3‐C3H5)(thf)2][B(C6F5)4] (5) and [(C5Me4SiMe3)Sc(η3‐C3H5)(thf)2][BPh4] (6). The N,N‐dimethylaniline‐coordinated cationic scandium allyl complex 2 and the toluene‐coordinated analogue 3 showed high activity (activity: 3>2) toward the polymerization and copolymerization of isoprene and norbornene to afford random copolymers with a broad range of isoprene content (33–86 mol %). The tight ion pair 4 and the thf‐coordinated complexes 5 and 6 showed no activity under the same conditions. These results offer unprecedented insight into the structure–activity relationship of a cationic metal polymerization‐catalyst system.
One‐Electron‐Reduced and ‐Oxidized Stages of Donor‐Substituted 1,1,4,4‐Tetracyanobuta‐1,3‐dienes of Different Molecular Architectures
Authors: Kivala Milan , Stanoeva Tsvetanka , Michinobu Tsuyoshi , Frank Brian , Gescheidt Georg , Diederich François 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA series of monomeric and oligomeric donor‐substituted 1,1,4,4‐tetracyanobuta‐1,3‐dienes (TCBDs) with various topologies have been synthesized by means of thermal [2+2] cycloaddition between tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and donor‐substituted alkynes, followed by retro‐electrocyclization. One‐electron‐reduced and ‐oxidized stages of the donor‐substituted TCBDs were generated by chemical methods. The obtained radical anions and radical cations were studied by using electron paramagnetic resonance/electron nuclear double resonance (EPR/ENDOR) spectroscopy, supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The extent of π‐electron delocalization in the paramagnetic species was investigated in terms of the EPR parameters. Despite favorable molecular orbital (MO) coefficients, the EPR results suggest that in radical anions the spin and charge are confined to the electron‐withdrawing TCBD moieties on the hyperfine EPR timescale. The observed spin localization is presumably caused by an interplay between the nonplanarity of the studied π systems, limited π‐electron conjugation, and very likely counterion effects. In radical cations, an analogous spin and charge localization confined to the electron‐donating N,N‐dialkylaniline moieties was found. In this case, an efficient electron delocalization is disabled by small MO coefficients at the joints between the donor and acceptor portions of the studied TCBDs.
BINOL‐3,3′‐Triflone N,N‐Dimethyl Phosphoramidites: Through‐Space 19F,31P Spin–Spin Coupling with a Remarkable Dependency on Temperature and Solvent Internal Pressure
Authors: Kruck Matthias , Munoz M. Paz , Bishop Hannah L. , Frost Christopher G. , Chapman Christopher J. , Kociok‐Köhn Gabriele , Butts Craig P. , Lloyd‐Jones Guy C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA combined computational and experimental study of the effects of solvent, temperature and stereochemistry on the magnitude of the through‐space spin–spin coupling between 31P and 19F nuclei which are six‐bonds apart is described. The reaction of 3‐trifluoromethylsulfonyl‐2,′2‐dihydroxy‐1,1′‐binaphthalene (3‐SO2CF3‐BINOL) with hexamethylphosphorous triamide (P(NMe2)3) generates a pair of N,N‐dimethylphosphoramidites which are diastereomeric due to their differing relative configurations at the stereogenic phosphorous centre and the axially chiral (atropisomeric) BINOL unit. Through‐space NMR coupling of the 31P and 19F nuclei of the phosphoramidite and sulfone is detected in one diastereomer only. In the analogous N,N‐dimethylphosphoramidite generated from 3,3′‐(SO2CF3)2‐BINOL only one of the diastereotopic trifluoromethylsulfone moieties couples with the 31P of the phosphoramidite. In both cases, the magnitude of the coupling is strongly modulated (up to 400 %) by solvent and temperature. A detailed DFT analysis of the response of the coupling to the orientation of the CF3 moiety with respect to the P‐lone pair facilitates a confident assignment of the stereochemical identity of the pair of diastereomers. The analysis shows that the intriguing effects of environment on the magnitude of the coupling can be rationalised by a complex interplay of solvent internal pressure, molecular volume and thermal access to a wider conformational space. These phenomena suggest the possibility for the design of sensitive molecular probes for local environment that can be addressed via through‐space NMR coupling.
GOLD infrastructure for virtual organizations
Authors: Periorellis P. , Cook N. , Hiden H. , Conlin A. , Hamilton M. D. , Wu J. , Bryans J. , Gong X. , Zhu F. , Smith R. , Watson P. , Wright A. R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe paper discusses the GOLD project (Grid‐based Information Models to Support the Rapid Innovation of New High Value‐Added Chemicals) whose principal aim is to carry out research and development into enabling technologies to support the formation, operation and termination of virtual organizations. The paper discusses the outcome of this research, which is the GOLD Middleware infrastructure. The infrastructure has been implemented in the form of a set of Middleware components, which address issues such as trust, security, contract monitoring and enforcement, information management and coordination. We discuss all these issues in turn and more importantly we demonstrate how current WS standards can be used to implement these issues. In addition, the paper follows a top down approach starting with a brief outline on the architectural elements derived during the requirements engineering phase and demonstrates how these elements were mapped onto actual services that were implemented according to service‐oriented architecture principles and related technologies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pure mucinous carcinomas of the breast: Prognostic study including DNA flow cytometry
Authors: Morand C. , Verrièle V. , Valo I. , Remoue P. , Paillocher N. , Chassevent A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackgroundPrognostic factors for pure mucinous carcinomas of the breast are controversial; data on DNA ploidy and S‐phase fraction (SPF) are lacking. We examined the relation of these parameters with histological features and patient survival.MethodsDNA flow cytometry was performed on 69 fresh or frozen pure mucinous carcinomas samples. Results were interpreted according to patient survival.ResultsTumor size exceeded 2 cm in 40.5% of cases. Lymph nodes were involved in 11.5% of cases and never when tumor size was less than 2 cm. Aneuploidy was only observed in one‐quarter of the tumors. Very few tumors had a high‐SPF or a high histological grade (7.2% of all cases). These two parameters were of prognostic value respectively for disease‐free (P = 0.035) and overall survival (0.050). Patients with tumors >2 cm had shorter overall survival than patients with tumors ≤2 cm (P = 0.028). Disease‐free and overall survivals were not influenced by nodal status and hormone receptors (HRs) status. Patients with aneuploid tumors had shorter disease‐free survival than patients with diploid tumors (P = 0.031). The combination of tumor size and DNA ploidy was strongly predictive of survival (P < 10−3): six patients with large aneuploid tumors had a poor outcome (1‐year overall survival 16.7%).ConclusionWe identified a subset of patients with a poor prognosis, namely those with large aneuploid tumors. This study confirms the good prognosis of pure mucinous carcinomas, particularly when tumor is less than 2 cm (corresponding to cases without lymph nodes involvement), thus challenging the need for axillary nodal examination. © 2008 Clinical Cytometry Society
The piloted transition to flaming in smoldering fire retarded and non‐fire retarded polyurethane foam
Authors: Putzeys Olivier M. , Fernandez‐Pello A. Carlos , Rein Guillermo , Urban David L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe piloted transition from smoldering to flaming, though a significant fire safety concern, has not been previously extensively studied. Experimental results are presented on the piloted transition from smoldering to flaming in non‐fire retarded (NFR) polyurethane foam and the fire retarded polyurethane foam Pyrell®. The samples are small blocks, vertically placed in the wall of an upward wind tunnel. The free surface is exposed to an oxidizer flow and a radiant heat flux. The smolder product gases pass upwards through a pilot. The experiments on NFR foam show that the smolder velocity and peak smolder temperature, which increase with the oxygen concentration and heat flux, are strongly correlated to the transition to flaming event, in that there are minimum values of these parameters for transition to occur. The existence of a minimum smolder velocity for ignition supports the concept of a gaseous mixture reaching a lean flammability limit as the criterion for the transition to flaming. To compensate for the solid‐ and gas‐phase effects of the fire retardants on the piloted transition in Pyrell, it was necessary to increase the oxygen concentration and the power supplied to the smolder igniter and the pilot. The piloted transition is observed in oxygen concentrations above 17% in NFR foam and above 23% in Pyrell. The results show that although Pyrell is less flammable than NFR foam, it is still susceptible to smoldering and the piloted transition to flaming in oxygen‐enriched environments, which is of interest for special applications such as future space missions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dairy products, leanness, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Peters Edward S. , Luckett Brian G. , Applebaum Katie M. , Marsit Carmen J. , McClean Michael D. , Kelsey Karl T. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackground.As part of a population‐based case–control study, we investigated the association of food groups and micronutrients estimated from a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with the risk of development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).Methods.Incident cases were accrued through Boston area hospitals from 1999 to 2003, and neighborhood controls were selected and matched by location, age, and sex. There were 504 cases and 717 controls enrolled, who completed the FFQ.Results.We observed a positive association between the consumption of dairy products and HNSCC. The odds of HNSCC in the highest quintile of dairy intake was 1.64 (95% CI: 1.09–2.46), compared with subjects in the lowest quintile. There was a significant association between leanness with HNSCC. The odds of cancer among the leanest subjects was 5.8 (95%CI: 3.2–10.6) compared with a healthy BMI. Finally, intake of animal fat was positively associated with an elevation in cancer risk. The odds of HNSCC for high animal fat intake were 1.50 (0.99–2.27).Conclusions.Our data suggest that consumption of fruits and vegetables is not universally protective for HNSCC and that other food groups and nutrients may influence the risk for developing this disease. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2008
MMPs, TIMP‐2, and TGF‐β1 in the cancerization of oral lichen planus
Authors: Chen Yu , Zhang Weiping , Geng Ning , Tian Kun , Jack Windsor Lester 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackground.Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) are important in many physiological and pathological processes.Methods.Immunohistochemistry for MMP‐2, MMP‐9, membrane‐type 1 MMP (MT1‐MMP, MMP‐14), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)‐2, and TGF‐β were performed on normal mucosa, nonatrophic oral lichen planus, atrophic oral lichen planus, and oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) resulting from lichen planus.Results.Expression of MMPs progressively increased from normal mucosa to nonatrophic oral lichen planus, atrophic oral lichen planus, and OSCCs. Immunoscores of MMPs in atrophic oral lichen planus was significantly greater than nonatrophic oral lichen planus. Moreover, immunoscore of MMP‐9 of OSCCs was significantly greater than both atrophic and nonatrophic lichen planus. Furthermore, expression of TIMP‐2 and TGF‐β1 paralleled increases seen with MMPs.Conclusions.Imbalance between MMPs and TIMPs may be involved in cancerization of oral lichen planus. MMP‐2, MT1‐MMP, and especially MMP‐9 may be useful markers for judging potency of malignant transformation from oral lichen planus. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2008
Factors associated with fatigue, sleep, and cognitive function among patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Rogers Laura Q. , Courneya Kerry S. , Robbins K. Thomas , Rao Krishna , Malone James , Seiz Alison , Reminger Sheryl , Markwell Stephen J. , Burra Vishal 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackground.Fatigue, sleep disturbances, and cognitive impairment are prevalent and clinically important problems among head and neck cancer patients. Our study aim was to determine the most important correlates of these problems among patients with head and neck cancer.Methods.A cross‐sectional, self‐administered survey was completed by 58 (response rate 79%) patients with head and neck cancer in an academic oncology clinic.Results.Multiple linear‐regression analyses demonstrated that fatigue was associated with younger age (β = −0.22), previous radiation therapy (β = 0.23), fewer months since cancer diagnosis (β = −0.25), and depression (β = 0.40). Sleep dysfunction was associated with younger age (β = −0.31) and higher symptom index (β = 0.39). Cognitive dysfunction was associated with higher symptom index only (β = −0.49).Conclusions.Younger age, previous radiation, more recent cancer diagnosis, depression, and more severe symptoms may be associated with fatigue, sleep, and/or cognitive dysfunction. These results suggest at‐risk subgroups warranting more aggressive screening and potentially supportive care interventions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2008