bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterozygosity and extra‐pair paternity: biased tests result from the use of shared markers
Authors: WETZEL DANIEL P. , WESTNEAT DAVID F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRecent studies of extra‐pair paternity have found support for the idea that heterozygous males have an advantage in siring offspring. Most studies use DNA microsatellite loci to determine paternity and then use the same loci to estimate individual heterozygosity. However, because the likelihood of detecting extra‐pair offspring depends on the combinations of parental alleles, it is possible that biases arise from particular allele combinations. This might produce false support for the influence of heterozygosity on mating behaviour. We used a simulation model to assess how large this bias might be. We found two sources of bias. First, we found a bias in the null hypothesis of a simple statistical test commonly used to test several predictions of the heterozygosity hypothesis. The use of randomization tests could eliminate this bias. Second, we found that using the same loci for both paternity and heterozygosity can cause an increase in results supporting the heterozygosity hypothesis when no effect of heterozygosity actually exists. This bias is reduced through the use of more markers with higher levels of polymorphism and heterozygosity, but can be eliminated entirely by using a separate set of markers to determine paternity and assess heterozygosity. The two sources of bias reduce evidence favouring the heterozygosity hypothesis, but do not negate all of the studies that support it. We suggest that further studies of heterozygosity and extra‐pair paternity are important and likely to be informative, but our recommendations should be incorporated by researchers to improve the reliability of their conclusions.
Population genomics of the inbred Scandinavian wolf
Authors: HAGENBLAD JENNY , OLSSON MARIA , PARKER HEIDI G. , OSTRANDER ELAINE A. , ELLEGREN HANS 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe Scandinavian wolf population represents one of the genetically most well‐characterized examples of a severely bottlenecked natural population (with only two founders), and of how the addition of new genetic material (one immigrant) can at least temporarily provide a ‘genetic rescue’. However, inbreeding depression has been observed in this population and in the absence of additional immigrants, its long‐term viability is questioned. To study the effects of inbreeding and selection on genomic diversity, we performed a genomic scan with approximately 250 microsatellite markers distributed across all autosomes and the X chromosome. We found linkage disequilibrium (LD) that extended up to distances of 50 Mb, exceeding that of most outbreeding species studied thus far. LD was particularly pronounced on the X chromosome. Overall levels of observed genomic heterozygosity did not deviate significantly from simulations based on known population history, giving no support for a general selection for heterozygotes. However, we found evidence supporting balancing selection at a number of loci and also evidence suggesting directional selection at other loci. For markers on chromosome 23, the signal of selection was particularly strong, indicating that purifying selection against deleterious alleles may have occurred even in this very small population. These data suggest that population genomics allows the exploration of the effects of neutral and non‐neutral evolution on a finer scale than what has previously been possible.
Multiple paternity and competition in sympatric congeneric reef fishes,Embiotoca jacksoniandE. lateralis
Authors: REISSER CÉLINE M. O. , BELDADE RICARDO , BERNARDI GIACOMO 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe black surfperchEmbiotoca jacksoniand the striped surfperchE. lateralis(Embiotocidae, Perciformes) are livebearing temperate reef fishes that live sympatrically over a large portion of their distribution range, where they exhibit strong ecological competition. In order to assess whether mating strategies reflect competition, we investigated multiple paternity in these two species in an area of sympatry. We sampled 24 pregnant females (12 for each species) in Monterey Bay, California, used microsatellite analysis and assessed paternity with the COLONY software. While broods are relatively small (12 to 36 offspring), they were always sired by multiple fathers (2 to 9), with no correlation between the size of a brood and the number of fathers. The number of sires for each brood was not significantly different between the two species (approximately 3.5 sires per brood). We tested the deviation from stochasticity of fathered offspring for each father in one brood. Results showed a significant deviation for bothE. jacksoniandE. lateralis. However, this deviation was not found to be significant between species. The striking similarity in the dynamics of multiple paternity in these species, when sampled in sympatry, may result from several alternative scenarios, including phylogenetic inertia, reproductive behaviour, and ecological competition.
Local and systemic effects of two herbivores with different feeding mechanisms on primary metabolism of cotton leaves
Authors: SCHMIDT LILIAN , SCHURR ULRICH , RÖSE URSULA S. R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTCaterpillars and spider mites are herbivores with different feeding mechanisms. Spider mites feed on the cell content via stylets, while caterpillars, as chewing herbivores, remove larger amounts of photosynthetically active tissue. We investigated local and systemic effects of short‐term caterpillar and spider mite herbivory on cotton in terms of primary metabolism and growth processes. After short‐term caterpillar feeding, leaf growth and water content were decreased in damaged leaves. The glutamate/glutamine ratio increased and other free amino acids were also affected. In contrast, mild spider mite infestation did not affect leaf growth or amino acid composition, but led to an increase in total nitrogen and sucrose concentrations. Both herbivores induced locally increased dark respiration, suggesting an increased mobilization of storage compounds potentially available for synthesis of defensive substances, but did not affect assimilation and transpiration. Systemically induced leaves were not significantly affected by the treatments performed in this study. The results show that cotton plants do not compensate the loss of photosynthetic tissue with higher photosynthetic efficiency of the remaining tissue. However, early plant responses to different herbivores leave their signature in primary metabolism, affecting leaf growth. Changes in amino acid concentrations, total nitrogen and sucrose content may affect subsequent herbivore performance.
Hepatitis antibody profile of Royal Thai Army nursing students
Authors: Pilakasiri Chaiyaphruk , Gibbons Robert V. , Jarman Richard G. , Supyapoung Somjai , Myint Khin Saw Aye 
Published: March 2009

SummaryWe report on a viral hepatitis serosurvey done on 381 nursing students in Bangkok; 360 (94%) were female. The mean age was 20 (±3.6) years (range 16‐41 years); 143, 92, 86 and 59 students came from Thailand’s Central, North, Northeast and South provinces, respectively. The overall prevalence of hepatitis A, B, C and E antibody in the students was 8.9%, 10.8%, 0.5% and 11.5%, respectively. The highest seroprevalence to hepatitis A was observed in cadets from the southern region of Thailand. Seroprevalence rates to hepatitis A and B were less than in other reported studies in Thailand.
Temperature effect on the predation rate of Anthocoris nemorum (Het.: Anthocoridae) on cabbage aphids (Hom.: Aphididae)
Authors: Simonsen M.‐L. R. , Enkegaard A. , Bang C. N. , Sigsgaard L. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe temperature‐dependent predation by Anthocoris nemorum L. (Het.: Anthocoridae) on second instar Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hom.: Aphididae) at constant temperatures of 12, 15 and 20°C increased linearly with temperature with a mean (±SE) consumption of 6.9 (±0.8), 9.28 (±1) and 15.9 (±0.8) respectively. The estimated lower temperature threshold for predation (T0) was 6.4°C.
Measuring foraging activity in bumblebee nests: a simple nest‐entrance trip recorder
Authors: Kevan P. G. , Cooper E. , Morse A. , Kapongo J. P. , Shipp L. , Khosla S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe describe a new, electronic, apparatus for measuring the activity of bumblebees as they fly from and to their nests. The bee activity recorder (BAR) works on the principle that bees leaving and returning to their nest crawl through a tube equipped with infrared emitters and detectors so that when the beam is interrupted by the passage of a bee, the event is recorded as either an exit or an entry. Tests of BARs indicate that they are highly accurate, BAR counts and visual counts highly correlated with an almost one‐to‐one correspondence. We suggest that BARs can be used for recording the foraging activities of bumblebees through nest exit and entry counts in many practical and research applications.
Effect of radiation on fecundity and fertility of codling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) from South Africa
Authors: Blomefield T. L. , Bloem S. , Carpenter J. E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCodling moth Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is the key pest of pome fruit in South Africa, and it’s control in apple and pear orchards relies on the application of insecticides and pheromone‐mediated mating disruption. Development of resistance to insecticides and placement of restrictions on the use of certain insecticides has made control of codling moth in South Africa increasingly problematic. The use of the sterile insect technique (SIT) as a control tactic for codling moth is under investigation as a potential addition to the current control strategy. We investigated the radiosensitivity of a laboratory strain of codling moth that was established from moths collected from commercial and organic orchards in the Western Cape, South Africa. Fecundity and fertility of this strain following radiation were consistent with values for the codling moth strain in the Canadian rearing facility in British Columbia. For both strains, the female codling moth was considerably more radiosensitive than the male. At a radiation dose of 100 Gy or higher, treated females were 100% sterile. The fertility of the South African strain was higher (86.3%) than for the Canadian strain (71.9%). This difference in fertility between the two strains was maintained when the dose of radiation was 100 Gy. However, the level of fertility was very similar between the two strains for doses ≥150 Gy. Therefore, based upon previously published work and the data from this study, an operational dose of 150 Gy is recommended for future codling moth SIT programmes in South Africa.
Beneficial effect of atorvastatin on erythropoietin responsiveness in maintenance haemodialysis patients
Authors: TSOUCHNIKAS IOANNIS , DOUNOUSI EVANGELIA , PAPAKONSTANTINOU STAMATINA , IOANNOU KYRIAKOS , KELESIDIS APOSTOLOS , KOTZADAMIS NIKOLAOS , XANTHOPOULOU KYRIAKI , TSAKIRIS DIMITRIOS 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARY:Aim:  To evaluate the effect of atorvastatin on erythropoietin responsiveness and whether this effect is mediated by C‐reactive protein (CRP) reduction in prevalent dyslipidemic, haemodialysis patients.Methods:  We studied prospectively 33 stable, iron‐repleted haemodialysis patients with low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) ≥2.58 mmol/L, who received 20 mg atorvastatin aiming to achieve the target of LDL <2.58 mmol/L, over a period of 9 months. Twenty‐five patients completed the study, 15 men, with mean age 66.1 ± 8.2 years. The duration of haemodialysis was 56.6 ± 63.1 months and 5/25 patients were diabetics. Total serum cholesterol, triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL, haemoglobin, albumin, intact parathyroid hormone, serum iron, ferritin, total iron binding capacity, CRP and weekly dose of erythropoietin/body weight/haemoglobin were analysed.Results:  Twenty of the 25 patients (80%) achieved the goal of LDL <2.58 mmol/L. There was a significant decrease in total cholesterol (5.77 ± 0.88 to 4.16 ± 0.96 mmol/L, P < 0.001) and LDL (3.59 ± 0.77 to 1.94 ± 0.77 mmol/L, P < 0.001). Haemoglobin increased from 121 ± 11 to 126 ± 7 g/L (P < 0.05), while weekly dose of erythropoietin/body weight/haemoglobin decreased significantly from 8.34 ± 3.70 to 7.87 ± 3.11 IU/kg per haemoglobin (P < 0.05). CRP decreased not significantly from 7.0 ± 6.1 to 4.5 ± 2.2 mg/L.Conclusion:  Dyslipidemia of haemodialysis patients was treated safely and effectively with atorvastatin, but a fifth of the patients failed to achieve the therapeutic target. Statin therapy resulted in a significant increase of haemoglobin levels and improvement of erythropoietin responsiveness without a significant reduction in CRP levels, suggesting that the beneficial effect of statins on erythropoietin responsiveness may be driven by a mechanism other than CRP reduction.
Cross‐sectional audit of blood lead levels in regular outpatient haemodialysis patients dialysing in north London
Authors: DAVENPORT ANDREW , MURCUTT GARETH , WHITING STEPHEN 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAim:  Blood lead was measured and found to be high in one haemodialysis patient with atypical abdominal pain and peripheral neuropathy. This prompted an audit of blood lead concentrations in prevalent haemodialysis patients under the care of a University Teaching hospital.Methods:  Blood lead was determined in 271 prevalent adult haemodialysis patients regularly dialysing three times a week, in five dialysis centres and/or on the home dialysis programme. All samples were carefully collected into lead‐free plastic containers, and measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry.Results:  25.5% of haemodialysis patients had abnormal blood lead concentrations (>200 µg/L), compared with 59% with high‐normal values of 100–200 µg/L, and only 15.5% with normal values (<100 µg/L). Blood lead increased with haemodialysis vintage (r = 0.38, P < 0.001), the use of a single carbon filter and reverse osmosis water purification device unit (r = 0.29, P < 0.001), but reduced by urine output (r = −0.44, P < 0.001).Conclusion:  Despite UK government legislation to reduce permissible lead contamination of drinking water, blood lead was increased in 84.5% of prevalent haemodialysis patients. Single reverse osmosis machines and carbon filters may not be as effective at filtering out possible lead contamination compared with large industrial reverse osmosis devices and carbon filters, and thus blood lead testing should be considered for home haemodialysis patients, particularly in those areas where monochloramines are used to sterilize domestic water supplies.
Review article: Importance of the kidney proximal tubular cells in thiazolidinedione‐mediated sodium and water uptake
Authors: PANCHAPAKESAN USHA , POLLOCK CAROL , SAAD SONIA 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThiazolidinediones (TZD) such as pioglitazone and rosiglitazone are proxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists and are widely used clinically to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Fluid retention still poses a significant limitation to its use. The primary renal process underlying TZD‐associated oedema is reduced urinary sodium and water excretion. Experimental evidence suggests that this is mainly related to the effects of PPARγ agonists on the distal nephron and collecting duct. We have recently shown that PPARγ agonists upregulate sodium and water transport channels in human proximal tubule cells and that Sgk‐1 is involved. In this review, we focus on the importance of the proximal tubular cells in TZD‐mediated sodium and water uptake.
Suspected sphenoid bone osteomyelitis causing visual impairment in two dogs and one cat
Authors: Busse Claudia , Dennis Ruth , Platt Simon R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjective To present the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of sphenoid bone osteomyelitis.Procedures Two dogs (English Springer Spaniel – ESS, Golden Retriever – GR) and one cat (Domestic Long Haired) were presented with a 2–14‐day history of visual deficits and reduced pupillary light reflexes. Investigations included physical, ophthalmologic and neurological examination as well as hematology, serum biochemistry, MRI of the head and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis.Results MRI changes included thickening of the sphenoid bone and a loss of normal bone marrow signal on T1W MRI. Enhancement of the sphenoid bones, ventral meninges and ventral surface of the brain was present using paramagnetic contrast medium. CSF analysis was abnormal in the two dogs with increased cellularity, neutrophilic pleocytosis, intracellular bacteria and increased total protein in one, and with lymphocytic pleocytosis in another. CSF analysis was normal in the cat.An underlying cause for the osteomyelitis could not be identified. The use of broad‐spectrum antibiotics for 3–6 weeks combined with anti‐inflammatory medications proved effective. Full clinical recovery occurred with no relapse during the follow up time of 7 (ESS) and 4 (Domestic Long Haired) years. The GR relapsed 10 months after treatment and recovered following a second 3‐week course of broad‐spectrum antibiotics with no relapse during the following 3 years.Conclusion Visual pathway deficits in dogs and cats may be due to sphenoid bone osteomyelitis. MRI and CSF analysis can assist diagnosing this potentially treatable condition. To the authors’ knowledge this is the first report of sphenoid bone osteomyelitis in these species.
Histological differences in full‐thickness vs. lamellar corneal pig‐to‐rabbit xenotransplantation
Authors: Oh Joo Youn , Kim Mee Kum , Ko Jung Hwa , Lee Hyun Ju , Park Chung‐gyu , Kim Sang Joon , Wee Won Ryang , Lee Jin Hak 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTo evaluate the differences in graft survival and histopathological characteristics between full‐thickness and lamellar orthotopic corneal xenotransplantation in a pig‐to‐rabbit model, we orthotopically transplanted a full‐thickness or the anterior half of a pig's cornea onto the OD of 16 rabbits. As a result, the median survival were 16.83 and 29.07 days for the full‐thickness and lamellar xenografts, respectively (P = 0.0005). Histologically, the full‐thickness corneal xenografts had massive infiltration by eosinophils, whereas the lamellar xenografts showed predominantly mononuclear infiltrates (P < 0.05). Given these preliminary findings, lamellar corneal xenografts in rabbits survived longer than the full‐thickness xenografts and each type of graft demonstrated different rejection mechanisms.
Bilateral intraocular glandular choristomas in a Thoroughbred foal
Authors: Baumgartner Wes A. , Storey Eric S. , Paulsen Daniel B. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIntraocular choristomas are rare anomalies in domestic animals and are often associated with multiple ocular malformations. A Thoroughbred foal presented for ocular abnormalities and was diagnosed with microphthalmia, corneal dermoids, severe anterior segment dysgenesis (including glandular choristomas), aphakia, retinal dysplasia, and optic nerve hypoplasia. Morphological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical comparisons were made between ocular choristomatous tissues from this foal and lacrimal gland, third eyelid gland, nasopharynx, trachea, and lacrimal sac/nasolacrimal duct from normal horses. Morphologically the choristomatous tissues (glands and epithelium lining the anterior segment) were most similar to the lacrimal sac. Histochemistry of glandular components found the glands associated with the lacrimal sac/nasolacrimal duct to be serous, as was the glandular intraocular choristomas. Our findings suggest that the origin of intraocular glandular choristomas in this case is from the lacrimal sac.
Surgical correction of periocular fat pads and entropion in a potbellied pig (Sus scrofa)
Authors: Allbaugh Rachel A. , Davidson Harriet J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA 16‐year‐old Vietnamese potbellied pig was examined because of recurrent ocular discharge and reduced visual ability. Bilateral upper eyelid entropion and impaired vision secondary to periocular fat deposition were diagnosed. Surgical correction with excision of subdermal fat and redundant skin was performed to address both issues. Surgery restored vision and resolved ocular irritation. More than 1 year following surgical therapy the pig is visual and comfortable with no evidence of recurrent fat deposition or entropion.
Orbital abscess bacterial isolates andin vitroantimicrobial susceptibility patterns in dogs and cats
Authors: Wang Annie L. , Ledbetter Eric C. , Kern Thomas J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjective To determine bacterial populations,in vitroantimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and sources of microorganisms for dogs and cats with orbital abscess.Animals studied In total, 34 dogs and 7 cats with orbital abscess participated in the study.Procedure Medical records of dogs and cats with a clinical diagnosis of orbital abscess, confirmed by cytologic or histopathologic evaluation of orbital specimens, were reviewed from the years 1990 to 2007. Animal signalment, presumptive source of microorganisms and mechanism of orbital introduction, bacterial isolates, and aerobic bacterialin vitroantimicrobial susceptibility test results were recorded. Percentages of susceptible aerobic bacterial isolates were compared among antimicrobials.Results Twenty dogs and five cats had positive culture results. The most frequent bacterial genera isolated from dogs wereStaphylococcus,Escherichia,Bacteroides,ClostridiumandPasteurella. The most frequent bacterial genera isolated from cats werePasteurellaandBacteroides. Aerobic bacterial isolates from dogs had the highest percentage of susceptibility to amikacin, ceftiofur, gentamicin, imipenem, ticarcillin and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole. Aerobic bacterial isolates from dogs had the lowest percentage of susceptibility to ampicillin, clindamycin, erythromycin and penicillin. Antimicrobial resistance was uncommon among feline aerobic bacterial isolates. The most commonly identified routes of orbital bacteria introduction were extension from adjacent anatomical structures, penetrating exogenous trauma, and foreign bodies.Conclusions Mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacterial infections of the orbit occur commonly in dogs and cats. On the basis of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates andin vitrosusceptibility testing of aerobic bacterial isolates, cephalosporins, extended‐spectrum penicillins, potentiated‐penicillins and carbapenems are recommended for initial antimicrobial therapy of orbital abscess in dogs and cats.
Infrared digital imaging of the equine anterior segment
Authors: McMullen Jr. Richard J. , Clode Alison B. , Gilger Brian C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractOcular photographs are an increasingly important method of documenting lesions for inclusion in medical records, teaching purposes, and research. Availability of affordable high‐quality digital imaging equipment has allowed for enhanced capture of desired images because of immediate on‐camera viewing and editing. Conversion of the standard digital camera sensor to one that is sensitive to infrared light (i.e. > 760 nm < 1 mm wavelength) can be done inexpensively. In the equine eye, advantages of infrared digital photography include increased contrast of anterior segment images, identification and monitoring of pigmentary changes, and increased visualization of the anterior segment through a cloudy or edematous cornea.