bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of galacto‐oligosaccharides during lactose hydrolysis by a novel β‐galactosidase from the moderately thermophilic fungusTalaromyces thermophilus
Authors: Nakkharat Phimchanok , Kulbe Klaus D. , Yamabhai Montarop , Haltrich Dietmar 
Published: May 2006

AbstractDiscontinuous and continuous processes of lactose hydrolysis and concomitant galacto‐oligosaccharide (GalOS) formation were studied. To this end a wide experimental range of the main variables was evaluated, including the initial lactose concentration, the degree of lactose conversion, the pH value and the temperature for discontinuous transformations, while the initial lactose concentration and the feed rate were varied for the continuous process. For both processes a high‐initial lactose concentration proved to be advantageous for the formation of GalOS. The maximum amount of GalOS (100 g/L, corresponding to a yield of approximately 50% based on the initially employed lactose) was obtained after 8 h of incubation when using 200 g/L lactose as substrate and 90% lactose hydrolysis was observed. GalOS productivity in the continuous process (g/L·h) was enhanced by an increase of the flow rate. The maximum GalOS productivity of 70 g/L·h was obtained at a flow rate of 24 mL/h when using a reactor with a total working volume of 21 mL. As was evident from these experiments, this β‐galactosidase from a moderately thermophilic fungus showed a strong transgalactosylation activity and can be used for the formation of GalOS, sugars that are of considerable interest for functional food applications because of their presumed healthpromoting effects.
Study on the Photochromism of Ni–Al Layered Double Hydroxides Containing Nitrate Anions
Authors: Wei Min , Xu Xiangyu , Wang Xinrui , Li Feng , Zhang Hui , Lu Yanluo , Pu Min , Evans David G. , Duan Xue 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe photochromism of nitrate‐containing nickel–aluminum layered double hydroxides (NiAl‐NO3‐LDHs) has been studied. Powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), FTIR, UV/Vis, XPS, ESR, EXAFS, and elemental analysis were used to investigate the structure, composition, and photochromic behavior of NiAl‐NO3‐LDHs. A possible photochromic mechanism in NiAl‐NO3‐LDHs has been proposed.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector routing (AOMDV) over a distributed TDMA MAC protocol for QoS support in wireless ad hoc networks: integration issues and performance evaluation
Authors: Loscrì Valeria , De Rango Floriano , Marano Salvatore 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis paper focuses on the problem of QoS multi‐path in wireless ad hoc networks. An integration of a novel multi‐path routing protocol and a distributed time division multiple access (TDMA) MAC protocol is proposed. The MAC considered is called evolutionary TDMA (E‐TDMA) and the analysed multi‐path routing protocol is the ad hoc on demand multi‐path distance vector (AOMDV) protocol. The integrated approach multi‐path routing and TDMA MAC protocol offers advantages typical of multi‐path routing, in terms of reduced route discovery frequency and increased throughput. The advantage of the E‐TDMA MAC is a higher throughput in comparison with the standard IEEE 802.11 MAC and the reduction of the contention interference due to the slot reservation mechanism for high‐data traffic. Two schemes to build the multi‐route are exploited. The simulation results show the benefits of the integrated routing‐MAC protocol in terms of reduced overhead, higher throughput and reduced end‐to‐end delay for a scenario with very high mobility and heavy data traffic. Copyright © 2006 AEIT
Controlled Degradation of Poly(propylene) in Industrial Extruders
Authors: Oliveira Jackson A. , Biscaia Evaristo C. , Fadigas José C. S. , Pinto José C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSummary: The main objective of this work was to study the controlled degradation of PP in industrial extruders at different operating conditions. Firstly, the investigation of certain key polymer properties, such as the MI and the MWD, revealed that the changes undergone by the polymer resin during the reactive extrusion depend strongly on the operating conditions. In the absence of oxygen, the results indicated that spontaneous thermal and/or mechanical degradation were not very important. Therefore, resin properties were not expected to change during extrusion if no peroxide was fed into the extruder, in the absence of oxygen. On the other hand, in the presence of oxygen, MWD analysis showed that the MWD could be shifted towards higher or lower molecular weights, indicating that both chain growth and chain scission were possible during extrusion. Finally, simple expressions are presented here in order to allow for the monitoring and control of the important final properties of the extruded resin.The molecular weight distribution of polymer powder and polymer pellets during extrusion.imageThe molecular weight distribution of polymer powder and polymer pellets during extrusion.
Last glacial cycle hydrological change at Lake Tyrrell, southeast Australia
Authors: Stone Tim 
Published: May 2006

AbstractLake Tyrrell is the largest playa in the Murray Basin of southeast Australia. Optical dating of transverse dune (lunette) sediments extends the lake's radiocarbon chronology to the last interglacial period. The highest lake level was attained 131,000 ± 10,000 yr ago, forming Lake Chillingollah, a megalake that persisted until around 77,000 ± 4000 yr ago. Pedogenesis of its sandy lunette continued until buried by a silty clay lunette deflated from the lake floor 27,000 ± 2000 yr ago. The dated soil-stratigraphic units correlate with the upper Tyrrell Beds and contain evidence that humans visited the lakeshore before 27,000 yr ago. The Lake Chillingollah megalake was synchronous with very high lake levels in monsoon-dominated Australia, yet it was not influenced by tropical monsoon systems. It was filled instead by increased winter rainfall from westerly low-pressure fronts. Greater effective precipitation across Australia is evident, the result of a weakened subtropical high-pressure zone.
Cloning, expression and location of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene fromBombyx mori cypovirus 1
Authors: Jing-Chen Sun , Wei-Jun Dai , Yu-Rong Tan , Yi-Feng Yang , Qin-Fen Zhang , Xing-Yao Xu , Jing-Qiang Zhang 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene ofBombyx mori cypovirus 1(BmCPV-1) (China strain) was cloned in three fragments using step-by-step reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The wholeRdRpgene of 3691 bp was sequenced (GenBank accession number: AY496445). Vector pET-28b(+) was used to construct the expression vector pET28b–RdRpwhich was expressed inEscherichia coliBL21 (DE3) induced with isopropyl β-d-thiogalactoside (IPTG). The molecular weight of the expression product was about 138 Da. The primary antibody employed was rabbit antibody against BmCPV–RdRp recombinant protein and the secondary antibody was 15 nm immunogold-labelled goat anti-rabbit IgG. Immunogold was mostly bound to the virions which were dispersed in a virus generation matrix and polyhedron in the columnar cells of the midgut of the silkworms, and the average marking ratio was about 35%. This result demonstrated that BmCPV–RdRp complexes are indeed located at the BmCPV capsid.
PACK: Profile Analysis using Clustering and Kurtosis to find molecular classifiers in cancer
Authors: Teschendorff Andrew E. , Naderi Ali , Barbosa-Morais Nuno L. , Caldas Carlos 
Published: May 2006

AbstractMotivation: Elucidating the molecular taxonomy of cancers and finding biological and clinical markers from microarray experiments is problematic due to the large number of variables being measured. Feature selection methods that can identify relevant classifiers or that can remove likely false positives prior to supervised analysis are therefore desirable.Results: We present a novel feature selection procedure based on a mixture model and a non-gaussianity measure of a gene's expression profile. The method can be used to find genes that define either small outlier subgroups or major subdivisions, depending on the sign of kurtosis. The method can also be used as a filtering step, prior to supervised analysis, in order to reduce the false discovery rate. We validate our methodology using six independent datasets by rediscovering major classifiers in ER negative and ER positive breast cancer and in prostate cancer. Furthermore, our method finds two novel subtypes within the basal subgroup of ER negative breast tumours, associated with apoptotic and immune response functions respectively, and with statistically different clinical outcome.Availability: An R-function pack that implements the methods used here has been added to vabayelMix, available from ().Contact: aet21@cam.ac.ukSupplementary information: Supplementary information is available at Bioinformatics online.
Be in motion . . .
Authors: Mota Maria M. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryMost Apicomplexan are obligate intracellular parasites and at different steps of their life cycle they invade host cells. The invasive forms are generally called zoites and the majority of them largely depend on a unique form of gliding motility to invade cells. Although the parasite intracellular motor complex that drives gliding motility and/or invasion is shared across different parasite stages and species, the extracellular transmembrane adhesins required to recognize and bind host molecules are not only species‐ but also stage‐specific (even if homologues). This is not such a surprise as different parasite stages interact with different hosts or distinct host cells. In this issue, Siden‐Kiamos et al. shows that specificity extends into the parasite cell, affecting how motility is regulated. Why is specificity occurring at this level? And how important is it? These are critical issues that will be hopefully addressed in the near future.
Functional morphology of the postpharyngeal gland of queens and workers of the ant Monomorium pharaonis (L.)
Authors: Eelen Dieter , Børgesen Lisbeth , Billen Johan 
Published: May 2006

AbstractEelen D., Børgesen L.W. and Billen J. 2006. Functional morphology of the postpharyngeal gland of queens and workers of the ant Monomorium pharaonis (L.). —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 87: 101–111The postpharyngeal gland (PPG) is unique to ants and is the largest exocrine gland in their head. In queens of the pharaoh's ant, Monomorium pharaonis, the gland contains approximately 15 finger‐like epithelial extensions on each side and opens dorsolaterally in the posterior pharynx. In these ants the PPG morphology varies considerably according to age and mating status. The epithelial thickness increases with age and reaches a maximum at 3 weeks in both virgin and mated queens. A considerable expansion of the lumen diameter occurs in both groups between 4 and 7 days. Virgin queens release their secretion into the gland lumen from an age of 7 days, whereas mated queens accumulate large amounts of secretion in their epithelium. The increasing epithelial thickness, together with the increasing lumen diameter, the presence of numerous inclusions in the epithelium and the release of secretion, are indicative for increasing gland activity. The gland ultrastructure indicates involvement in lipid metabolism and de novo synthesis of lipids. The PPG of workers consists of 12 finger‐like tubes at each side. There is a significant difference in epithelial thickness between nurses and repletes and between nurses and foragers. We suggest the PPG serves different purposes in pharaoh's ants: it is likely that the PPG of workers and virgin queens is used to feed larvae. In mated queens the gland probably plays a role in providing the queen with nutritious oils for egg production. The PPG may also function in signalling species nestmate and caste identity, as well as in the reproductive capacity of the queens.
Deferred combined androgen blockade therapy using bicalutamide in patients with hormone‐refractory prostate cancer during androgen deprivation monotherapy
Authors: FUJII YASUHISA , KAWAKAMI SATORU , MASUDA HITOSHI , KOBAYASHI TSUYOSHI , HYOCHI NOBUHIKO , KAGEYAMA YUKIO , KIHARA KAZUNORI 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVETo assess the effect of adding bicalutamide on serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels in patients with hormone‐refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) during androgen deprivation monotherapy (ADMT).PATIENTS AND METHODSForty‐four patients with HRPC were treated with deferred combined androgen blockade (CAB) therapy, administering bicalutamide 80 mg once daily. HRPC was defined biochemically as three consecutive rises in PSA level during ADMT. The treatment response was defined as a ≥ 50% decline in PSA levels. Prognostic values of various pretreatment variables for responsiveness to deferred CAB were determined statistically. When the disease relapsed during deferred CAB, bicalutamide was discontinued and the patients were evaluated for the antiandrogen withdrawal syndrome (AWS).RESULTSOf the 44 patients, 29 (66%) had a PSA response; the median PSA failure‐free survival was 9.2+ months. Biopsy Gleason score was the only pretreatment variable predictive of a PSA response (mean Gleason score 7.9 in responders and 8.7 in nonresponders). The PSA doubling time (PSA‐DT) was the only statistically significant variable of PSA failure‐free survival in a multivariate analysis. The 1‐ and 2‐year PSA failure‐free survival rates were 43% and 31% in patients with a PSA‐DT of >4 months, while it was 21% and none, respectively, in those with a PSA‐DT of <4 months. Responders to deferred CAB had a statistically longer cancer‐specific survival than nonresponders. None of 20 patients who were evaluated for AWS had the condition.CONCLUSIONSDeferred CAB therapy using bicalutamide is effective in patients with progression during ADMT, particularly in those with lower Gleason score tumours or a longer PSA‐DT. AWS after deferred CAB is uncommon.
Telomerase activity in disseminated prostate cancer cells
Authors: PFITZENMAIER JESCO , ELLIS WILLIAM J. , ARFMAN EDWARD W. , HAWLEY SARAH , MCLAUGHLIN PATRICK O. , LANGE PAUL H. , VESSELLA ROBERT L. 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVETo analyse telomerase activity in disseminated prostate cancer cells isolated from bone marrow aspirates taken from men with localized prostate cancer before radical prostatectomy (RP).PATIENTS AND METHODSDisseminated epithelial prostate cancer cells were isolated from bone marrow aspirates from 69 men with localized prostate cancer before RP, by magnetic column‐chromatography enrichment, followed by isolation of fluorescently labelled epithelial cells by micropipetting. We used pools of 10 non‐epithelial bone marrow cells after tumour cell enrichment as control samples. These pure cell pools were tested for the presence of telomerase activity.RESULTSIn all, 49 of the patient samples contained disseminated prostate cancer cells. Homogeneous pools of 10 cells were obtained from 35 of these; 49% of the 35 specimens showed telomerase activity, whereas all five control samples did not. Telomerase activity in the 35 samples was not significantly associated with Gleason score, preoperative prostate‐specific antigen level, tumour stage, or surgical margin status. Follow‐up is continuing to assess an association with disease recurrence.CONCLUSIONThis work shows the feasibility of isolating disseminated cancer cells for analysing individual or pooled cells. Compared to tissue staining, where telomerase is detected in 80–90% of samples, we found lower rates of telomerase activity in the disseminated tumour cells (49%). Telomerase‐negative cells might provide information about cell dormancy, as telomerase is a marker of cell proliferation in immortal and cancer cells. Telomerase‐positive cells might predict early disease recurrence, but a longer follow‐up is needed to test this possibility.
Examination of attitudes towards teaching online courses based on theory of reasoned action of university faculty in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Tzy‐Ling , Chen Tzu‐Jung 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis study examined attitudes of university faculty specialising in the field of human resource (HR) in Taiwan towards participation in the teaching of online courses using the theory of reasoned action (TRA). The population targeted for investigation consisted of the full‐time university faculty in the HR field in Taiwan regardless of their experience in the teaching online courses of any kind. Survey development included a detailed literature review to identify beliefs that guided measurement construction and followed the guidelines recommended by Ajzen and Fishbein (1980) to ensure construct validity. Data were collected on TRA constructs and demographic variables using the questionnaire mailed to 278 faculty members targeted for the study. A 42% (n = 116) response rate was achieved after one round of the follow‐up through emailing. The significant predictor variables, attitude and subjective social norm were confirmed. In other words, results of analyses evidenced the contribution of TRA to explaining the underlying beliefs that enhance or thwart participation. Additionally, faculty in this study possessed positive attitudes towards the participation in online teaching, and further analyses supported the use of TRA in this research context.
Asdin Original Investigation: Complex Bypasses and Fistulas for Difficult Hemodialysis Access: A Prospective, Single‐Center Experience
Authors: Chemla Eric S. , Morsy Mohamed , Anderson Liz , Makanjuola David 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to describe several complex vascular access procedures and the outcomes achieved with them in 24 patients (mean age 60 years) undergoing hemodialysis in whom all other accesses had failed and neither peritoneal dialysis nor transplantation was possible. Patients underwent either a necklace bypass (n = 5), axillary loop (n = 1), contralateral internal jugular vein bypass (n = 6), femorofemoral crossover bypass (n = 1), superficial femoral vein transposition (n = 5), axillary artery to popliteal vein bypass (n = 5), or femoral artery to right atrium bypass (n = 1). All grafts implanted were 6 mm, internally reinforced prostheses made of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore‐Tex Intering Vascular Graft). Postoperatively patients had bimonthly clinical examinations in which the thrill, bruit, skin, cannulation sites, and adequacy of dialysis were reviewed. A bimonthly ultrasound dilution assessment that included estimation of the graft inflow rate, recirculation rate, and cardiac output was also performed. There was one serious postoperative complication: rapid‐onset severe steal syndrome that required immediate tie off of the fistula. During the median follow‐up time of 22 months, three patients died of causes unrelated to their vascular access. Nineteen dilatations and 10 surgical revisions were done. Primary patency rates were 83%, 63.5%, and 63.5%, respectively, at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years; secondary patency rates were 91%, 77%, and 77%. Complex vascular access procedures can provide patients some additional good‐quality time on hemodialysis.
MYSTERIES OF ADAPTATION TO HYPOXIA AND PRESSURE IN MARINE MAMMALS The Kenneth S. Norris Lifetime Achievement Award Lecture
Authors: Kooyman Gerald L. 
Published: May 2006

Presented on 12 December 2005 San Diego, CaliforniaAbstractThis paper reviews past and current work on diving behavior, effects of pressure, and the aerobic diving limit from the perspective of the Ken Norris Lifetime Achievement Award. Because of the influence of Norris to marine mammalogy in general, and to my career in particular, I want to emphasize the important tradition of mentors and colleagues as keystones to a successful career in science, and ultimately to the success of science itself. These two related activities are illustrated by studies on marine mammals that were conducted in an endeavor to understand: (1) the behavioral traits associated with deep diving, (2) the mechanical and physiological effects of pressure during routine dives to great depth, and (3) the degree of oxygen depletion that they routinely endure while diving. The search for answers has resulted in numerous physiological and ecological experiments, along with accompanying theoretical analyses. Currently it appears that some deep‐diving mammals may suffer from bends, and some may resort more often than what seems physiologically possible to anaerobic metabolism while diving. Above all, the way divers manage their nitrogen and oxygen stores remains a mystery.
"Eτερoς and "αλλoς in Luke
Authors: Sandiyagu Virginia 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn the New Testament the terms "ετερoς and "αλλoς are used interchangeably meaning 'other' or 'another'. Although this meaning is correct merely from the point of view of translation, there is a certain distinction between the 'other' of "ετερoς and the 'other' of "αλλoς, which is clearly brought to light in Luke-Acts. This article aims to establish that for Luke "ετερoς meant 'another of a different kind' and "αλλoς meant 'another of the same kind.' This conclusion is reached through a redaction-critical study which shows that Luke substitutes "αλλoς with "ετερoς and vice-versa when dealing with his sources.
The Mystery of the Missing Mantle: The Poet as Wittol? (Ibn Quzmān's Zajal 20)
Authors: Monroe James 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis article subjects Ibn Quzmān's Zajal 20 to a critical analysis, showing that, like other Quzmānī poems, its thematic structure is chiastic. Insofar as structure and meaning are two fundamental and interrelated components in any given literary work, the poem's structure further leads us from its surface buffoonery into its deeper levels of significance. Zajal 20, which purports to be a panegyric, actually subverts that genre by breaking several of the rules of poetic composition prescribed by Arabic rhetoricians. Through his violation of these rules, the poet offers an ironic critique of certain corrupt legal practices prevalent in his day.
Polysystems: A Theoretical Inquiry into Some General Concepts
Authors: Khoury Jeries 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe traditional bipolar approach to literature and to its consumers continues to dominate Arab thought and scholarship, as reflected, for example, by Arab views concerning the relationship between two of the most important poles of the literary system, canonical and non-canonical literatures. In fact, despite the rise of non-canonical literatures, in particular popular literature, after World War II, Arab scholarship has refused so far to give up its polarized view of the interrelation between the two. By polarized I mean the view that canonical and non-canonical literatures are conflicting and mutually incompatible, that they can be clearly and unequivocally distinguished and would never be confused with each other. In the present study, I wish to shed some light on the relations between various aspects of a single literary system, to demonstrate the importance of recognizing the existence of non-canonical literatures, and to inquire into the latter's function as contributing to the overall stability of a literary system. To do this, I will utilize Even-Zohar's theory of literary systems and their evolution, which I will apply to Arabic language and literature and use to develop a novel, more objective approach to non-canonical literature than the traditional view, a view that considers this kind of literature a threat to the very existence of fushā writing and canonical literature. I will follow this with a terminological analysis of two distinct branches of non-canonical literature, viz. vernacular literature and popular literature, each of which I will attempt to delineate and to distinguish from the other.