bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Politische Konsequenzen aus dem Unwetterereignis von 1868 – Anfänge des eidgenössischen Hochwasserschutzes | Political consequences of the floods of autumn 1868 – the inception of a national flood management system
Authors: Schmid Franziska S. 
Published: April 2007

The severe floods in the Swiss Alps in 1868 triggered nationwide discussions on the principles of protection measures against natural disasters. Based on the event analysis, representatives of all cantons decided to establish a fund, fed by donations, to help finance protection structures. This fund,administrated by the Federal Council, was the basis of the future subsidy policy regarding the mitigation of natural disasters.
The article focuses on the influence of the Schweizerischer Forstverein (Swiss Forestry Society) in bringing the new philosophy of flood management into the debate. In order to achieve high response in the public, its representatives suppressed the scientific complexity of the disaster and simply linked the floods to the deforestation of mountainous areas. They were aware that the momentum created by public concern following the floods would prevail for only a short time, therefore they decided to present their intentions of a forest legislation rather than scientific results. The use of this political strategy accelerated the process of political decision making.
Following the implementation of the forest police law of 1876 many structural measures were undertaken at various rivers and torrents and many hectares afforested, in the hope of controlling future risks. The notion of absolute security was proved illusory after the severe floods of 1987 – finding new approaches of risk management came to dominate public discussion.
Waldpolitik des Bundes – Ein neuer Prozess ist gestartet | Federal forest policy – the start of a new process
Authors: Schärer Werner 
Published: April 2007

Modern forest policy must take the following two conditions into account:1. Forest policy is an intersectoral policy involving elements of regional policy, nature conservation and landscape protection policy, as well as agricultural, clean-air, climate and economic policies.2. It is the joint task of the federal authorities, cantons, municipalities,relevant organisations and forest owners.
Over the next few years, Buwal will develop a forestry programme for Switzerland together with all the relevant actors,which will fulfil both current and forthcoming forest policy requirements at both national and international levels.
Delay Discounting and Impulsive Choice in the Rat
Authors: Mar Adam C. , Robbins Trevor W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDelay discounting refers to the degree to which immediate outcomes exhibit more influence over behavior than outcomes which are delayed. Impulsive choice, in the context of delay discounting, is generally considered as an increased preference for immediate over delayed outcomes, even where the delayed outcomes are more advantageous. In the past decade, there has been increasing use of delay‐discounting paradigms to elucidate the physiological, pharmacological, and behavioral aspects of the putative neural circuitry underlying impulsive choice. This unit describes the assessment of impulsive choice in the rat using a delay‐discounting procedure involving an operant response choice between a small reinforcer delivered immediately and a larger reinforcer delivered after a delay, which is progressively increased within a session. Variations of some of the main task parameters are also discussed, as well as their significance and interpretation.
Robust control of delayed Cohen–Grossberg neural networks
Authors: Yu Wenwu 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this paper, robust control of Cohen–Grossberg neural networks with time delays is considered based on Lyapunov functional method and matrix inequality technique. Several new controllers with time delays and without time delays are designed to ensure the global asymptotic stability of equilibrium point, respectively. Finally, simulation examples are constructed to justify the proposed theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiation‐induced graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate onto PE/PP nonwoven fabric and its modification toward enhanced amidoximation
Authors: Kavaklı Pınar Akkaş , Seko Noriaki , Tamada Masao , Güven Olgun 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA nonwoven fabric made of polypropylene coated by polyethylene was used as the trunk polymer in the preparation of a highly efficient new adsorbent. Metal ion uptake capacity has been aimed to be increased by introducing double amidoxime groups per repeating unit of the chains grafted to trunk polymer. The base polymer was irradiated by electron beams with a dose of 200 kGy under N2 atmosphere and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was grafted onto irradiated nonwoven fabric. Grafting conditions were optimized, and GMA‐grafted polymer was modified with 3,3′‐iminodipropionitrile in ethanol at 80°C. GMA grafting (150%) was determined to be the optimum degree given that higher extent of grafting rendered the materials brittle. Pendant nitrile groups were then amidoximated by using 6% hydroxylamine in methanol–water mixture (1 : 1). The all‐polymeric structures were characterized by using FTIR, SEM, and thermal analysis methods, confirming the grafting, modification, and amidoximation stages gravimetrically, spectroscopically, and visually. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Novel antibacterial composite of coal/LLDPE loaded with silver ions
Authors: Zhou Anning , Yu Zhanjiang 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA novel antibacterial composite of coal/LLDPE (linear low density polyethylene) loaded with silver ions (ACCPE) was prepared by means of solid–liquid phase adsorption and extrusion. The composite was characterized by IR, XRD and SEM, and the mechanical, rheological, and Ag+‐releasing, and antibacterial properties of the composite were investigated. We discover that the ACCPE shows favorable mechanical properties, features a higher processability and antibacterial activity, and the coal and silver ion possess superimposed effect on antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Pervaporation separation of water/ethanol mixture by poly(phenylene oxide) and sulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) membranes
Authors: Shih Chi‐Yu , Chen Shih‐Hsiung , Liou Ray‐May , Lai Juin‐Yih , Chang Jang‐Song 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSulfonated poly(phenylene oxide) (SPPO) membranes were prepared for dehydrating water/ethanol mixtures. The effects of hydration of sulfonated membranes on pervaporation (PV) performance were discussed by comparing the characteristics of pure PPO and SPPO membranes. The differences in microstructural and hydrophilic properties of membranes were characterized by means of atomic force microscopy and swelling test. The degree of sulfonation of PPO dominates the hydrophilicity of sulfonated membranes and it plays an important role to determine the dehydration performance of PV membranes. The sulfonated membranes present excellent water permeation rate of about 300 g m−2 h−1 with good selectivity up to 700. The experimental results also show that SPPO membranes exhibit better PV performance than pure PPO membranes due to the improvement in hydrophilicity of modified membranes with sulfonation method. The hydrophilic sulfonated membranes enhance the permeate hydration process in membrane matrix and increase the separation performance. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Effects of impregnation materials on combustion properties of laminated veneer lumber obtained from European oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.) and lombardy poplar (Populus nigra L.)
Authors: Keskin Hakan 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the impact of impregnation with boron compounds borax (Bx), boric acid (Bx), Bx + Ba (wt : wt 50 : 50%), Imersol‐aqua (Ia) and Timbercare‐aqua (Ta) on combustion properties of the laminated veneer lumber (LVL) obtained from European oak (Quercus petraea Liebl.) and Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra L.) woods, impregnated with boron compounds, Imersol‐Aqua, and Timbercare‐Aqua according to ASTM D 1413‐76‐99 and directions of the manufacturer. The LVL samples were prepared in the form of five layers, of 3‐mm thickness from the oak and poplar veneers according to TS EN 386. Combustion properties of the LVL test samples were determined according to ASTM D 160‐50. Considering the interaction of combustion type and impregnation materials, the highest flame source combustion (FSC) and without flame source combustion (WFSC) temperatures were found in control test samples, but the lowest values in samples impregnated with Bx and Ia solutions. Consequently, borax in FSC and Imersol‐Aqua in WFSC showed a decreasing impact on combustion properties of the LVL, produced combination of European oak and Lombardy poplar veneers, and bonded with Desmodur‐VTKA. In consequence, the LVL impregnated with borax and Imersol‐Aqua could be recommended as a flame retardance construction material where required. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Soy protein plastics reinforced and toughened by SiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Ai Fujin , Zheng Hua , Wei Ming , Huang Jin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe nano‐SiO2 particles were compounded into soy protein isolated (SPI) matrix to produce a series of reinforcing nanocomposite sheets by compression‐molding. Except for the expected increase of strength and modulus, the elongation was also enhanced when the nano‐SiO2 content was lower than 8 wt %. Moreover, two nanocomposite materials were recommended: the one is a nanocomposite containing 4 wt % nano‐SiO2 with the highest strength and enhanced elongation, the other is a reinforced material with the best elongation filled by 8 wt % nano‐SiO2. The increase of nano‐SiO2 content produced many kinds of distributions in SPI matrix, such as single nanosphere, ∼ 100 nm nanocluster, interconnected network structure and great domain. Such structures strongly affected the mechanical performances of nanocomposite materials. The simultaneous enhancement of strength and elongation was related to homogeneous dispersion of nanoclusters while aggregated great domains severely decreased elongation in spite of obvious reinforcing effect. However, the reinforced materials with high loading of inorganic filler should be paid attention and have economic value to some extent in practical application. With the changes of nano‐SiO2 distribution, the structures of SPI matrix changed as well. After adding a mall amount of nano‐SiO2, the damage of glycerol plasticization to ordered structure of SPI was reduced. But as nano‐SiO2 content increased, the SPI microphase was separated from nano‐SiO2 domains. Furthermore, the condition of simultaneous reinforcing and toughening was put forward: the moderate aggregation of nano‐SiO2 as well as all kinds of strong interfacial interactions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Polymeric carbon nanocomposites from multiwalled carbon nanotubes functionalized with segmented polyurethane
Authors: Wang Tzong‐Liu , Tseng Ching‐Guey 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMultiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were functionalized with segmented polyurethanes (PU) by the “grafting to” approach. Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra show that the sidewalls of MWNTs have been functionalized with acid treatment, and the amount of COOH increases with increasing acid treatment time. FTIR and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectra confirm that PU is covalently attached to the sidewalls of MWNTs by esterification reaction. Similar to the parent PU, the functionalized carbon nanotube samples are soluble in highly polar solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF). The functionalized acid amount and the grafted PU amount were determined by thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). Comparative studies, based on SEM images between the PU‐functionalized and chemically defunctionalized MWNT samples, also reveal the covalent coating character. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of nanocomposite films prepared from PU and PU‐functionalized MWNTs show enhanced mechanical properties and increased soft segment Tg. Tensile properties indicate that PU‐functionalized MWNTs are effective reinforcing fillers for the polyurethane matrix. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Potential wound dressing with improved antimicrobial property
Authors: Man Guan , Lei Ren , Ting Wu , Li‐Ping Sun , Ling‐Rong Li , Qi‐Qing Zhang 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCultured skin substitutes have provided a new approach for the closure of wounds, but these avascular grafts are subject to microbial destruction that may lead to tissue infection. To minimize wound infection, HN‐300 (a new inorganic antimicrobial particle) was incorporated into the collagen–chitosan wound dressing. Antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, release rate, swelling, and mechanical properties of this material were assessed. The antimicrobial property was enhanced with the increasing dosage of HN‐300. When the concentration of HN‐300 was more than 5%, the films showed sustained and stable antimicrobial property within 144 h. When the concentration of HN‐300 was less than 7.5%, the wound dressings were noncytotoxic and compatible for L929 fibroblasts. So 5% HN‐300 in antimicrobial films was suitable and the concentration also could improve the mechanical properties of the collagen–chitosan wound dressings. After treatment with 5% glycerol, the film's stability was enhanced and silver ions were protected at the same time. Hence, collagen/chitosan/HN‐300 films are of great potential in application as wound dressing in future, because of their good biosafety and physical properties. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Effect of casting solvent on characteristics of hexanoyl chitosan/polylactide blend films
Authors: Peesan Manisara , Supaphol Pitt , Rujiravanit Ratana 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBlend films of hexanoyl chitosan (H‐chitosan) and polylactide (PLA) were cast from corresponding blend solutions in chloroform, dichloromethane, or tetrahydrofuran. Thermal degradation behavior of the as‐prepared blend films was intermediate to those of the pure components and no significant effect from the type of the casting solvent was observed. All of the blend films exhibited one composition‐dependent glass transition temperature, but the results only suggested partial miscibility of the components in the amorphous phase at “low” contents of H‐chitosan. As revealed by solvent etching technique, the as‐prepared blend films prepared from the blend solutions in chloroform and dichloromethane showed extensive phase separation of the two components, with the minor phase forming into discrete domains throughout the matrix. Both thermal and X‐ray analyses showed that the apparent degree of crystallinity of the PLA component in the blends decreased monotonically with increasing H‐chitosan content and the choice of the casting solvent did not have an effect on the structure of PLA crystals. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Synthesis and characterization of a liquid crystalline epoxy containing azomethine mesogen for modification of epoxy resin
Authors: Gao Zongyong , Yu Yingfeng , Xu Yuanze , Li Shanjun 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA novel liquid crystalline epoxy monomer, 1,1′‐bis [4‐(2,3‐epoxypropoxyphenyleneininomethyl)]‐2,2′‐dimethylbiphenylene (BMPE) was synthesized and characterized by infrared (IR) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The effect of BMPE content on mechanical and thermal properties of its blends with Diglycidyl Ether of Biphenol A (DGEBA) was investigated. BMPE presented a Schlieren texture in the range of 150 to 215°C as observed by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and polarizing optical microscope (POM). The improvement of mechanical properties of DGEBA modified with BMPE was achieved without sacrificing thermal resistance. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) graphs of fracture surfaces of the cured blends showed that microfiber‐like structure formed in the cured blends, which would be a result of self‐oriented alignment of azomethine mesogen component. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Continuous phenol biodegradation at high concentrations in an immobilized‐cell hollow fiber membrane bioreactor
Authors: Li Yi , Loh Kai‐Chee 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPhenol degradation at high concentrations was investigated under continuous operation in an immobilized‐cell hollow fiber membrane bioreactor. Pseudomonas putida ATCC49451 was immobilized in asymmetric polysulfone hollow fiber membranes through entrapment within the porous regions and through attachment on the membrane surfaces. Bioreactor performance was assessed based on the startup period, the effect of feed rate (ranging from 21 to 120 mL/h), the relative contribution of the lumen and the shell sides to phenol degradation, the effect of feed phenol concentration (1000–2000 mg/L) and the long‐term operation of the bioreactor. The bioreactor startup was very short, and steady state was accomplished within 160 h. An optimum degradation capacity with respect to phenol loading rate was observed because of the tradeoff in the amount of phenol degraded against the increase in feed rate. It was also found that at higher feed rate, the shell side contributed to a larger proportion of the total phenol degraded compared with the lumen. On the basis of these results, it was found that options abound for the operating conditions of the bioreactor. These can be chosen depending on whether complete phenol degradation or high degradation capacity is desirable. Finally, long‐term sustainable continuous operation of the bioreactor was demonstrated without significant biofilm fouling on the membranes. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Keywords given by authors of scientific articles in database descriptors
Authors: Gil‐Leiva Isidoro , Alonso‐Arroyo Adolfo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this article, the authors analyze the keywords given by authors of scientific articles and the descriptors assigned to the articles to ascertain the presence of the keywords in the descriptors. Six‐hundred forty INSPEC (Information Service for Physics, Engineering, and Computing), CAB (Current Agriculture Bibliography) abstracts, ISTA (Information Science and Technology Abstracts), and LISA (Library and Information Science Abstracts) database records were consulted. After detailed comparisons, it was found that keywords provided by authors have an important presence in the database descriptors studied; nearly 25% of all the keywords appeared in exactly the same form as descriptors, with another 21% though normalized, still detected in the descriptors. This means that almost 46% of keywords appear in the descriptors, either as such or after normalization. Elsewhere, three distinct indexing policies appear, one represented by INSPEC and LISA (indexers seem to have freedom to assign the descriptors they deem necessary); another is represented by CAB (no record has fewer than four descriptors and, in general, a large number of descriptors is employed). In contrast, in ISTA, a certain institutional code exists towards economy in indexing because 84% of records contain only four descriptors.
Y. Xu, C.Y. Tan and L. Yang, ‘Who will you ask? An empirical study of interpersonal task information seeking’. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology57(12) 2006, 1666–1677
Authors: Tan Bernard C.Y. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 57(12) 2006, 1666–1677.
The road to cooperative supply‐chain environmental management: trust and uncertainty among pro‐active firms
Authors: Sharfman Mark P. , Shaft Teresa M. , Anex Robert P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe pressures on firms to improve their environmental performance have caused them to look outside their boundaries towards their supply chains. In such approaches, firms work with vendors to develop the environmental profile of supplied materials (for example) by reducing materials' toxicity or the amount of packaging used. While large firms can mandate that their suppliers comply with such initiatives, more cooperative approaches are generally likely to be more fruitful. This article presents the results from an exploratory, two phase study of the conditions under which firms engage in cooperative supply‐chain environmental management. First, the authors conducted interviews with 14 leading‐edge firms. In the second phase, the authors conducted a theoretical‐sample survey to examine a model of the antecedents of cooperative supply‐chain environmental management. The results suggest that inter‐firm trust, uncertainty and pro‐active environmental management most directly affect the extent to which firms engage in cooperative supply‐chain environmental management. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Charge Decomposition Analysis of the Electron Localizability Indicator: A Bridge between the Orbital and Direct Space Representation of the Chemical Bond
Authors: Wagner Frank R. , Bezugly Viktor , Kohout Miroslav , Grin Yuri 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe novel functional electron localizability indicator is a useful tool for investigating chemical bonding in molecules and solids. In contrast to the traditional electron localization function (ELF), the electron localizability indicator is shown to be exactly decomposable into partial orbital contributions even though it displays at the single‐determinantal level of theory the same topology as the ELF. This approach is generally valid for molecules and crystals at either the single‐determinantal or the explicitly correlated level of theory. The advantages of the new approach are illustrated for the argon atom, homonuclear dimers N2 and F2, unsaturated hydrocarbons C2H4 and C6H6, and the transition‐metal‐containing molecules Sc22+ and TiF4.
V2O5 Phase Diagram Revisited at High Pressures and High Temperatures.
Authors: Balog P. , Orosel D. , Cancarevic Z. , Schoen C. , Jansen M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Product Evolution in the Np(IV) Fluorophosphate System.
Authors: Bray Travis H. , Sullens Tyler A. , Shvareva Tatiana Y. , Sykora Richard E. , Haire Richard G. , Albrecht‐Schmitt Thomas E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Polymer‐Supported Chiral Lithium Amide Bases and Application in Asymmetric Deprotonation of Prochiral Cyclic Ketones.
Authors: Ma Lili , Williard Paul G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of β‐Dimethylaminoacrolein Aminal and 3‐Dimethylamino‐1,1,3‐trimethoxypropane with Alkylidenemalononitriles.
Authors: Krasnaya Zhanna A. , Tret'yakova Evgeniya O. , Zlotin Sergei G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.