bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lion (Panthera leo) home ranges and livestock conflicts in Waza National Park, Cameroon
Authors: Bauer H. , de Iongh H. H. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAn isolated population of approximately 50 lions (Panthera leo L.) in Waza National Park, Cameroon, caused considerable damage to livestock. Home range sizes of five collared lions were assessed, the mean was very large: 630 km2. The lions differed in their stock raiding behaviour, with two male habitual problem animals, one female nonproblem animal and two female seasonal problem animals that left the Park in the wet season. Together, they were inferred to kill over 100 heads of cattle annually.
Population structure and behaviour of crop‐raiding elephants in Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Chiyo Patrick I. , Cochrane Erica P. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractWe examined patterns of crop raiding by elephants across gender and age classes in relation to elephant life history and sociobiology and estimated the quantitative contribution of crops to elephant diet in Kibale National Park (KNP). Elephant dung‐boli sizes were used to estimate age and sex, while the presence of crop remains in the dung of crop‐raiding elephants was used as evidence of repeated raiding. To estimate the expected proportion of elephants raiding per age class, the age distribution of raiders was compared with the age distribution of all KNP elephants. Elephants raiding crops were predominantly males. They began raiding in expected proportions at 10–14 years while a higher than expected proportion raided crops at 20–24 years. These results suggest that crop raiding is initiated at an age when male elephants leave their families and a large proportion of elephants raid when they are approaching reproductive competition. Evidence from dung of crop raiders, suggests that repeated raiding increases with age. Crop raiders derived 38% of their daily forage from the short time spent raiding, consistent with expectations of foraging theory. Males may be more likely to learn crop raiding because they are socially more independent and experience intense mating competition than females.
Cellular immunity in healthy volunteers treated with an octavalent conjugatePseudomonas aeruginosavaccine
Authors: Zuercher A W , Imboden M A , Jampen S , Bosse D , Ulrich M , Chtioui H , Lauterburg B H , Lang A B 
Published: November 2005

SummaryHumoral immunity in response to an octavalent O-polysaccharide-toxin A conjugate Pseudomonas aeruginosa vaccine is well studied, and a phase III clinical study in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is currently ongoing. In contrast, little is known about cellular immunity induced by this vaccine. Fifteen healthy volunteers were immunized on days 1 and 60. Parameters of cellular immunity were studied before vaccination on day 1, and on day 74. Analyses included flow cytometry of whole blood and antigen-induced proliferation of and cytokine production by lymphocyte cultures. The effects of immunization on the composition of peripheral blood lymphocytes as determined by flow cytometry were minor. In contrast, after immunization a highly significant increase of proliferation in response to stimulation with detoxified toxin A was noted: the stimulation index rose from 1·4 on day 1 to 42·2 on day 74 (restimulation with 0·4 µg/ml; P = 0·003). Immunization led to significant production of interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α by antigen-stimulated lymphocytes. In contrast, no significant induction of interleukin (IL)-4 or IL-10 was observed. In conclusion, immunization of healthy volunteers led to activation of cellular immunity including strong antigen-specific proliferation and cytokine production. In CF patients priming of the cellular immune system towards a Th1-like pattern would be of potential advantage. Therefore, confirmatory analyses in immunized CF patients with and without chronic infection with P. aeruginosa are foreseen.
Metformin administration and laparoscopic ovarian drilling improve ovarian response to clomiphene citrate (CC) in oligo‐anovulatory CC‐resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Palomba Stefano , Orio Francesco , Falbo Angela , Russo Tiziana , Caterina Grande , Manguso Francesco , Tolino Achille , Colao Annamaria , Zullo Fulvio 
Published: November 2005

SummaryObjective  To compare the efficacy of clomiphene citrate (CC) administration for ovulation induction in CC‐resistant oligo‐ovulatory women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) after metformin treatment or laparoscopic ovarian drilling (LOD).Design  Prospective controlled study.Patients  Twenty‐eight overweight oligo‐amenorrhoeic women with PCOS who were still anovulatory after metformin administration (group A, n = 8) or LOD (group B, n = 20).Methods  Treatment with CC 150 mg/day for 5 days from the third to the seventh day of a progesterone‐induced uterine bleeding for 6 months.Measurements  The ovulation, pregnancy, abortion and live‐birth rates were evaluated in each group.Results  The subjects of groups A and B were studied for a total of 36 and 74 cycles, respectively. At the end of the study, no differences in ovulation [11/36 (30·6%) vs. 23/74 (31·1%); P = 0·96], pregnancy [6/36 (16·7%) vs. 12/74 (16·2%); P = 0·95], abortion [2/6 (33·3%) vs. 5/12 (41·7%); P = 1·00] and the live‐birth [4/6 (66·7%) vs. 7/12 (58·3%); P = 1·00] rates were observed between groups A and B.Conclusion  Metformin administration as well as LOD improves the effectiveness of CC for ovulation induction in overweight infertile CC‐resistant women with PCOS.
Elevated late‐night salivary cortisol levels in elderly male type 2 diabetic veterans
Authors: Liu Hau , Bravata Dena M. , Cabaccan Josel , Raff Hershel , Ryzen Elisabeth 
Published: November 2005

SummaryObjective  Late‐night salivary cortisol (LNSC) is reportedly highly accurate for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome (CS). However, diagnostic thresholds for abnormal results are based on healthy, young populations and limited data are available on its use in elderly populations with chronic medical conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate LNSC levels in elderly male veterans with and without diabetes.Design  Prospective evaluation of LNSC levels in male veterans.Patients  One hundred and fifty‐four participants with type 2 diabetes and 52 participants without diabetes.Measurements  Participants underwent outpatient LNSC (2300 h) testing. Participants with elevated LNSC (≥ 4·3 nmol/l) underwent secondary testing, including 24‐h urine free cortisol (24UFC, > 60 µg/day) and dexamethasone suppression testing (DST, serum cortisol > 50 nmol/l). Participants with positive secondary testing had a morning ACTH level analysed and either pituitary or adrenal imaging performed.Results  One hundred and forty‐one diabetics and 46 controls (mean age 61 years) returned samples (91% overall). Average LNSC levels (nmol/l) in diabetics were significantly higher than in nondiabetics [median (interquartile range): 2·6 (1·8–4·1) vs. 1·6 (1·0–2·0)] and in those aged ≥ 60 compared to < 60 [2·7 (2·0–4·3) vs. 1·9 (1·4–2·9)] (P < 0·001 for both). Thirty‐one participants required secondary testing. Seventy‐nine per cent of participants who underwent secondary testing had normal 24UFC and DST. No cases of CS have been diagnosed to date. Increasing age [odds ratio (OR) 2·0 per decade], current diabetes mellitus (OR 4·4), and elevated blood pressure (OR 1·3 per 10 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure) were associated with abnormal LNSC results (P < 0·05 for each).Conclusions  LNSC has been shown to be sensitive and specific in diagnosing CS in certain high‐risk populations, primarily the young and middle‐aged. The development of age‐ and comorbidity‐adjusted thresholds may be warranted for LNSC testing in elderly subjects and in those with significant comorbidity.
Effects of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on macrophytes and invertebrate communities in a shallow lake
Authors: MILLER S. A. , CROWL T. A. 
Published: November 2005

Summary1. We performed two field experiments using different cage sizes to determine the direct and indirect effects of carp on macrophytes and invertebrate community composition in a shallow lake.2. The presence of carp produced a significant decrease in macrophyte abundance, changes in species composition and decreased abundance and diversity of invertebrates in small (2.5 × 2.5 × 2.0 m) cages. In large exclosures (15 × 5 m), only macrophyte stem length was significantly affected by carp.3. There was considerable variation in the macrophyte and invertebrate responses to carp on different sides of the lake in the large exclosures, suggesting that wind and wave action are also important variables affecting macrophyte growth and persistence.4. The data suggest that carp can significantly affect species abundance and diversity of macrophytes and some macroinvertebrates.
Experiments with duckweed–moth systems suggest that global warming may reduce rather than promote herbivory
Authors: VAN DER HEIDE TJISSE , ROIJACKERS RUDI M. M. , PEETERS EDWIN T. H. M. , VAN NES EGBERT H. 
Published: November 2005

Summary1. Wilf & Labandeira (1999) suggested that increased temperatures because of global warming will cause an increase in herbivory by insects. This conclusion was based on the supposed effect of temperature on herbivores but did not consider an effect of temperature on plant growth.2. We studied the effect of temperature on grazing pressure by the small China‐mark moth (Cataclysta lemnata L.) on Lemna minor L. in laboratory experiments.3. Between temperatures of 15 and 24 °C we found a sigmoidal increase in C. lemnata grazing rates, and an approximately linear increase in L. minor growth rates. Therefore, an increase in temperature did not always result in higher grazing pressure by this insect as the regrowth of Lemna changes also.4. At temperatures below 18.7 °C, Lemna benefited more than Cataclysta from an increase in temperature, causing a decrease in grazing pressure.5. In the context of global warming, we conclude that rising temperatures will not necessarily increase grazing pressure by herbivorous insects.
Structure, biomass, production and depth distribution of periphyton on artificial substratum in shallow lakes with contrasting nutrient concentrations
Authors: LIBORIUSSEN LONE , JEPPESEN ERIK 
Published: November 2005

Summary1. To examine how the vertical distribution of periphytic biomass and primary production in the upper 0–1 m of the water column changes along an inter‐lake eutrophication gradient, artificial substrata (plastic strips) were introduced into the littoral zones of 13 lakes covering a total phosphorus (TP) summer mean range from 11 to 536 μg L−1. Periphyton was measured in July (after 8 weeks) and September (after 15 weeks) at three water depths (0.1, 0.5 and 0.9 m).2. Periphyton chlorophyll a concentration and dry weight generally increased with time and the communities became more heterotrophic. Mean periphytic biomass was unimodally related to TP, reaching a peak between 60 and 200 μg L−1.3. The proportion of diatoms in the periphyton decreased from July to September. A taxonomic shift occurred from dominance (by biovolume) of diatoms and cyanobacteria at low TP to dominance of chlorophytes at intermediate TP and of diatoms (Epithemia sp.) in the two most TP‐rich lakes.4. The grazer community in most lakes was dominated by chironomid larvae and the total biomass of grazers increased with periphyton biomass.5. Community respiration (R), maximum light‐saturated photosynthetic rate (Pmax), primary production and the biomass of macrograzers associated with periphyton were more closely related to periphyton biomass than to TP. Biomass‐specific rates of R, Pmax and production declined with increasing biomass.6. Mean net periphyton production (24 h) was positive in most lakes in July and negative in all lakes in September. Net production was not related to the TP gradient in July, but decreased in September with increasing TP.7. The results indicate that nutrient concentrations alone are poor predictors of the standing biomass and production of periphyton in shallow lakes. However, because periphyton biomass reaches a peak in the range of phosphorus concentration in which alternative states occur in shallow lakes, recolonisation by submerged macrophytes after nutrient reduction may potentially be suppressed by periphyton growth.
Long‐term demography of a zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) population
Authors: STRAYER DAVID L. , MALCOM HEATHER M. 
Published: November 2005

Summary1. We used long‐term data and a simulation model to investigate temporal fluctuations in zebra mussel populations, which govern the ecological and economic impacts of this pest species.2. The size of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) population in the Hudson River estuary fluctuated approximately 11‐fold across a 13‐year period, following a cycle with a 2–4 year period.3. This cycling was caused by low recruitment during years of high adult population size, rapid somatic growth of settled animals, and adult survivorship of 50% per year.4. Adult growth and body condition were weakly correlated with phytoplankton biomass.5. The habitat distribution of the Hudson's population changed over the 13‐year period, with an increasing proportion of the population spreading onto soft sediments over time. The character of soft‐sediment habitats in the Hudson changed because of large amounts (mean = 34 g DM m−2) of empty zebra mussel shells now in the sediments.6. Simulation models show that zebra mussel populations can show a range of long‐term trajectories, depending on the balance between adult space limitation, larval food limitation, and disturbance.7. Effective understanding and management of the effects of zebra mussels and other alien species depend on understanding of their long‐term demography, which may vary across ecosystems.
Factors controlling planktonic size spectral responses to autumnal circulation in a Mediterranean lake
Authors: ALVAREZ‐COBELAS MIGUEL , ROJO CARMEN , VELASCO JOSÉ LUIS , BALTANÁS ANGEL 
Published: November 2005

Summary1. Studies of planktonic size spectra have been common in recent years, but few concerning the effects of autumnal lake processes on those distributions have been reported. We carried out such a study for 93 days during early circulation in a small, mesotrophic, seepage lake with only benthivorous fish. Two distinct mixing periods occurred before full circulation in Las Madres lake (Spain). As a proxy of overall planktonic‐ and phytoplanktonic size distributions, the shape of a Pareto I power function was traced over time. The phytoplanktonic size spectrum was also used to test the hypothesis that phytoplankton might show a trophic cascade during early circulation.2. Our results demonstrated that the overall size spectrum changed smoothly during the autumnal mixing, with sequential changes controlled by a combination of biotic and abiotic variables, albeit experiencing different temporal delays, always shorter than a week. A first combined, autogenic process, driven both by algal competition and a crustacean trophic effect, and a second physical‐forcing process, driven by the combined effect of convective cooling and decreasing irradiance on mixed layer dynamics, may be related to the overall planktonic spectrum in the first and second periods of mixing, respectively.3. The phytoplanktonic size spectrum did not appear to be dictated by a trophic cascade in Las Madres lake, their dynamics being mostly controlled by physical forcing, along with some effect of non‐edible primary producers and cladocerans in the first and second periods of mixing, respectively.4. Our results and others covering early circulation with longer sampling periods suggest that planktonic size spectral dynamics during lake circulation is context‐dependent (i.e. varying from one lake to another), thus preventing generalisation. However, when further studies with finer temporal resolution have been carried out, it is likely that clear‐cut patterns in the planktonic size spectrum will emerge, arising from the interplay of autogenic plankton dynamics, implying some resistance to community change because of external physical forcing, and the velocity of autumnal mixing.
Magnetic resonance imaging of experimental testicular torsion
Authors: KAIPIA A. , RYYMIN P. , MÄKELÄ E. , AALTONEN M. , KÄHÄRÄ V. , KANGASNIEMI M. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryWe investigated the feasibility of contrast enhanced (CE)‐dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the detection of testicular torsion induced hypoperfusion in an experimental rat model. Adult Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to unilateral testicular torsion of 360 or 720 degrees. After 1 h, the tail veins of the anaesthetized rats were cannulated and T2 ‐, diffusion‐weighted and T1‐weighted CE‐dynamic MRI were subsequently performed by a 1.5 T MRI scanner. On apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) images, the region of interest values of the ischaemic and control testes was compared. From CE‐dynamic MR images, the maximal slopes of contrast enhancement were calculated and compared. In testicular torsion of 360 degrees, the maximal slope of contrast enhancement was 0.072%/s vs. 0.47%/s in the contralateral control testis (p < 0.001). A torsion of 720 degrees diminished the slope of contrast enhancement to 0.046%/s vs. 0.37%/s in the contralateral testis (p < 0.001). Diminished blood flow during torsion also followed in decreased ADC values in both 360 degrees (12.4% decrease; p < 0.05) and 720 degrees (10.8% decrease; p < 0.001) of torsion. Torsion of the testis causes ipsilateral hypoperfusion and decreased gadolinium uptake in a rat model that can be easily detected and quantified by CE‐dynamic MRI. In diffusion‐weighted MRI images, acute hypoperfusion results in a slight decrease of ADC values. Our results suggest that CE‐dynamic MRI in combination with diffusion‐weighted MRI can be used to detect compromised blood flow due to acute testicular torsion.
Prostatectomy patients’ postoperative pain assessment in the recovery room
Authors: Heikkinen Katja , Salanterä Sanna , Kettu Marjaana , Taittonen Markku 
Published: November 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a study to assess the usability and use of different pain assessment tools and to compare patients’ and nurses’ pain assessments in the recovery room after prostatectomy.Background.  Pain assessment is the first step towards providing adequate pain relief but poses problems because of the subjective nature of the pain experience and the lack of quantifiable measurements. Pain tools have been tested in several clinical settings, but not in the recovery room.Methods.  Data were collected in the recovery room from 45 consecutive patients who had undergone prostatectomy by asking them to evaluate their pain intensity using visual analogue scale, numeric rating scale and verbal expressions. One of two research nurses measured patients’ pain at regular intervals and at the same time as the patients. Physiological parameters were also evaluated. Data were analysed as frequencies and percentages. Sum variables were formed and results were analysed using Spearman's rank correlation, Pearson's correlation and with multiple regression analysis.Results.  Patients varied in their ability to assess the intensity of their pain using different tools, but assessments were correlated with each other and with nurses’ estimations. Nurses and patients obtained similar assessments, but nurses both underestimated and overestimated patients’ pain. Patients’ verbal assessments varied widely. Patients’ and nurses’ pain assessments showed no association with patients’ pulse or mean arterial blood pressure.Conclusions.  According to our results, it is not totally clear whether pain tools are usable in the recovery room. This issue calls for further research.
Dimensions of quality in long‐term care facilities in Taiwan
Authors: Chao Shu‐Yuan , Roth Patricia 
Published: November 2005

Aim. This article presents the results of a qualitative study designed to explore the perceptions of Taiwanese elders about the quality of their care while in residence at a long‐term care facility.Background. As the population of elders in Taiwan is increasing rapidly, quality long‐term care has become both a necessity and social responsibility. Research related to quality of care has focused on structure, process and outcomes as well as perceptions of quality of care and life satisfaction. Few authors have considered residents’ perspectives within a cultural context.Method. A convenience sample of 22 residents, aged between 61 and 86 years and living in four Taiwanese care facilities, participated in semi‐structured interviews. The data were generated during 2001/2002 and were analysed using content analysis.Results. Six key dimensions of quality care were elicited. The dimensions were: a caring attitude, respect for individual differences, emotional support, social interaction, a supportive environment, and accessible care. These dimensions are discussed within a cultural context supportive of family connectedness and filial piety, values underpinning care expectations of elders.Conclusions. The findings provide a foundation for increased understanding of the perceived gaps between residents’ aspirations about quality care and priorities identified in other studies. Additional studies based on these data are planned in order to generate a culturally relevant, psychometrically sound resident assessment tool to evaluate the quality of care from a resident perspective in long‐term care facilities in Taiwan.
Dynamics of hope in adults living with HIV/AIDS: a substantive theory
Authors: Kylma Jari 
Published: November 2005

Aim. The aim of this paper was to discuss a substantive theory on the dynamics of hope in adults living with the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome.Background. Existing literature describes how the dynamics of hope have profound connections with human essence and life, wellbeing and health, suffering and illness, and nursing care, in general as well as in the context of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome.Method. The data consisted of five original articles describing the dynamics of hope in people living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome and their significant others in Finland. Meta‐synthesis was adapted to synthesize the original studies into a substantive theory.Findings. The core category that emerged was the dynamically alternating balance between interconnected hope, despair and hopelessness based on folding (closing down of) and unfolding (opening up of) possibilities with regard to the dynamics of hope in dealing with the changing self and life with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome. The dynamics of hope include the subprocesses of hope, despair and hopelessness.Conclusion. The dynamics of hope in adults living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome is an important phenomenon in nursing practice and nursing science. In taking care of people living with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, factors contributing to folding possibilities should be minimized, if possible, and factors contributing to unfolding possibilities should be nourished. The present study adds to the knowledge‐base of nursing science about the dynamics of hope in people living with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Future research should focus on testing this theory in people living with acquired immune deficiency syndrome.