bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jaw1/LRMP, a germinal centre‐associated marker for the immunohistological study of B‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Tedoldi S , Paterson JC , Cordell J , Tan S‐Y , Jones M , Manek S , Dei Tos AP , Roberton H , Masir N , Natkunam Y , Pileri SA , Facchetti F , Hansmann M‐L , Mason DY , Marafioti T 
Published: May 2006

AbstractJaw1, also known as lymphoid‐restricted membrane protein (LRMP), is an endoplasmic reticulum‐associated protein. High levels of Jaw1/LRMP mRNA have been found in germinal centre B‐cells and in diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas of ‘germinal centre’ subtype. This paper documents Jaw1/LRMP expression at the protein level in human tissues by immunohistochemical and western blotting analysis using an antibody reactive with paraffin‐embedded tissues. Jaw1/LRMP was highly expressed in germinal centre B‐cells (in keeping with gene expression data), in ‘monocytoid B‐cells’, and in splenic marginal zone B‐cells. It was absent, or present at only low levels, in mature T‐cells, although cortical thymocytes were weakly positive. Among lymphoid neoplasms, Jaw1/LRMP was found in germinal centre‐derived lymphomas (follicle centre lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma, lymphocyte‐predominant Hodgkin's disease) but not in T‐cell neoplasms (with the exception of a single T lymphoblastic lymphoma). Classical Hodgkin's disease and myeloma lacked Jaw1/LRMP but many cases of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (but not mantle zone lymphoma) were Jaw1/LRMP‐positive. Approximately half of the marginal zone lymphomas were Jaw1/LRMP‐positive. In diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas, Jaw1/LRMP was found in three‐quarters (24/32) of the cases classified phenotypically as being of ‘germinal centre’ type, but it was also expressed in almost half (13/28) of the ‘non‐germinal centre’ cases. A similar proportion of ‘non‐germinal centre’ cases were positive for the protein products of two other genes expressed highly in germinal centre cells (HGAL/GCET2 and PAG). The fact that all three of these proteins are expressed in a significant proportion of diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas assigned to the ‘non‐germinal centre’ category indicates that the immunophenotypic categorization of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma according to cellular origin may be more complicated than currently understood. Finally, the expression of Jaw1/LRMP in other types of lymphoma and in non‐lymphoid tissues/tumours may be of interest in differential diagnosis and research. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oligonucleotide microarrays for studying the effects of Ras signal transduction on the genetic program
Authors: Tchernitsa Oleg I. , Sers Christine , Geflitter Anita , Schäfer Reinhold 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCytoplasmic signal transduction processes are tightly coupled with the transcriptional regulation of genes executing cellular phenotypes in normal conditions and in disease. A major challenge in signal transduction research is to understand how the specificity of the transcriptional response is determined by complex networks of signaling effectors and transcription factors. The Ras signal transduction pathway belongs to the few characterized pathways triggering malignant phenotypes both in experimental and human cancer. We have developed an array‐based tool which permits analysis of Ras signaling on transcription under various experimental conditions as well as in tumor specimens. The composition of targets represented on the Ras signaling target array (RASTA) is based on previously validated gene expression profiles and published functional studies. The Ras signaling target array was used to compare the transcriptional response toward oncogenic Ras in fibroblasts and epithelial cells and to assess the time‐dependent deregulation of target genes.
INTERRELATION BETWEEN ACTIVATION AND POLYMERIZATION IN GRAMICIDIN S BIOSYNTHESIS
Authors: Kleinkauf Horst , Gevers Wieland , Lipmann Fritz 
Published: May 2006

The nucleic acid-independent biosynthesis of the peptide antibiotic gramicidin S results from the interaction of an enzyme bearing phenylalanine in activated form with a polyenzyme system charged with the other four component amino acids.
After reaction with ATP, magnesium, and any or all of its amino acid substrates, the polyenzyme system (mol wt 280,000) yields complexes containing AMP and the respective amino acids in the proportion of 1 to 2. Similar complexes are formed by another enzyme (mol wt 100,000) on incubation with ATP, magnesium, and L- or D-phenylalanine. The amino acids are probably bound as aminoacyl adenylates and then transferred to another function on the enzyme. Initiation of polymerization is achieved by combination of the two complexes. No ATP is needed for completion of synthesis, and free intermediates are not released. Enzyme organization and specificity are responsible for the ordering of the amino acid sequence.
THE PROTEINS OF BACTERIOPHAGE M13
Authors: Henry Timothy J. , Pratt David 
Published: May 2006

Particles of the small filamentous coliphage M13 contain not only the major coat protein, which is the product of phage gene 8, but also a minor coat protein, the A protein, which is the product of gene 3. The A protein has a molecular weight of approximately 70,000 daltons, is present in one copy per virion, and is responsible for phage attachment to host cells. Also associated with purified M13 particles is a minor quantity of very small proteinaceous material, but its origin as a phage-coded product has not been demonstrated.
At least five phage-specific proteins, including the two coat proteins, are present in appreciable quantities in M13-infected cells. The principal phage protein synthesized is the product of gene 5, which is responsible for phage single-stranded DNA synthesis. This protein has a molecular weight of about 8,000 daltons. Its precise function in DNA synthesis is not yet known.
Phage proteins are synthesized at nearly normal rates in cells in which replication of phage double-stranded DNA is blocked by gene 2 mutations. This result suggests that the initial double-stranded DNA molecule serves as the principal template, perhaps the only template, for phage messenger RNA synthesis.
GENETICS OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN κ-CHAINS: CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF NORMAL HUMAN LIGHT CHAINS OF DIFFERING INV TYPES
Authors: Terry William D. , Hood Leroy E. , Steinberg Arthur G. 
Published: May 2006

The relationship between Inv phenotype and the amino acid residue at position 191 in κ-type light polypeptide chains derived from the immunoglobulins of ten normal human sera was investigated. In each case, the amino acid present at position 191 correlated with the Inv phenotype of the individual. Kappa chains of seven Inv (—1,3) homozygotes had valine, while those of three Inv (1,3) heterozygotes had some chains with leucine and some with valine at this position. Genes encoding the Inv (1) and Inv (3) variants appear to be expressed equally in the heterozygous state, since approximately equal amounts of each gene product was recovered from heterozygotes.
The correlation between Inv phenotype and the amino acid residue present at position 191 is identical to that previously established for κ-type Bence-Jones proteins and myeloma protein light chains. These observations support the hypothesis that the valine-leucine interchange is encoded by two allelic forms of a single κ-chain common region gene.
FUNCTIONAL INTERDEPENDENCE OF RIBOSOMAL COMPONENTS OF
Escherichia coli
Authors: Apirion David , Schlessinger David 
Published: May 2006

Ribosomes are made up of parts that interact so strongly that a mutation in one of them can mask the effect of mutation in another. For example, when a mutation to neomycin resistance, which is a ribosome mutation, is introduced into cells carrying a ribosome mutation to spectinomycin resistance, some of the doubly mutant strains were phenotypically sensitive to spectinomycin, even though the mutation to spectinomycin resistance is still intact and recoverable in appropriate crosses. The neomycin mutant alleles that cause masking were shown by genetic tests to be in an identified locus that affects ribosomes. Protein synthesis in cell-free extracts of a double mutant strain was as sensitive to the action of spectinomycin as was the extract of the doubly sensitive parental strain. Thus, the masking effect of neomycin mutations on the spectinomycin mutation is exerted at the level of the ribosomes.
We conclude that the genetic analysis of an organelle like the ribosome is likely to be severely complicated by pleiotropic effects and by interactions among its component parts and that the ribosomal binding sites for spectinomycin and neomycin are partially interdependent. These results suggest that the function of the ribosome requires a very precise conformation of all its elements, some of which are interdependent. Modification in one element can thus alter the function of another or even render the entire structure nonfunctional.
CONTROL OF SPECIFIC GENE EXPRESSION EXAMINED IN SYNCHRONIZED MAMMALIAN CELLS
Authors: Martin David W. , Tomkins Gordon M. , Bresler Michael A. 
Published: May 2006

The control of synthesis of the steroid-inducible enzyme, tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), has been studied in synchronized cultures of HTC cells, an established line of rat hepatoma cells. During the mitotic and early G1 periods of the generation cycle of cells previously exposed to inducer, TAT synthesis is maximal in the absence of inducer, i.e., synthesis is constitutive. (By contrast, in random cells maximal TAT synthesis is always dependent upon the presence of the inducer.) After the third hour of G1 “G1[3]”), TAT synthesis is inhibited by a specific posttranscriptional repressor, the formation of which requires RNA synthesis. We speculate that this repressor is antagonized by the steroid inducer.
The degradation of TAT during mitosis and G1 is constant and not affected by cycloheximide or actinomycin D in our experiments.
THE MECHANISM OF VIRAL CARCINOGENESIS BY DNA MAMMALIAN VIRUSES, VI. A NEW CLASS OF VIRUS-SPECIFIC RNA MOLECULES IN CELLS TRANSFORMED BY GROUP C HUMAN ADENOVIRUSES
Authors: Fujinaga Kei , Piña Magdalena , Green Maurice 
Published: May 2006

A new class of virus-specific RNA molecules was found in cells transformed by group C human adenovirus types 2, 5, and 6. RNA isolated from virus-free rat embryo cells transformed by adenovirus 2, 5, and 6 hybridized with all group C adenovirus DNA's (adenovirus 1, 2, 5, and 6) equally well, but not appreciably with group A and B adenovirus DNA's. Most likely no viral genes common to group A, B, and C adenoviruses are transcribed in adenovirus-transformed cells.
Group C adenoviruses are closely related since they share 83 to 93 per cent of their base sequences as shown by DNA-DNA homology measurements. Group C DNA's share only 10 to 26 per cent of their base sequences with group A and B DNA's. Moreover, the shared sequences are not transcribed detectably in adenovirus transformed cells.
Virus-specific RNA isolated from group C transformed cells contains 49 to 51 per cent G + C, but viral DNA's possess a 7 to 9 per cent higher G + C content. These differences suggest that only a portion of the viral genome with an average G + C content of 49 to 51 per cent is transcribed in group C adenovirus transformed cells.
ESTABLISHMENT OF FUNCTIONAL CLONAL LINES OF NEURONS FROM MOUSE NEUROBLASTOMA
Authors: Augusti-Tocco Gabriella , Sato Gordon 
Published: May 2006

Clonal lines of neurons were obtained in culture from a mouse neuroblastoma. The neuroblastoma cells were adapted to culture growth by the animal-culture alternate passage technique and cloned after single-cell plating. The clonal lines retained the ability to form tumors when injected back into mice. A striking morphological change was observed in the cells adapted to culture growth; they appeared as mature neurons, while the cells of the tumor appeared as immature neuroblasts.
Acetylcholinesterase and the enzymes for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, cholineacetylase and tyrosine hydroxylase were assayed in the tumor and compared with brain levels; tyrosine hydroxylase was found to be particularly high, as described previously in human neuroblastomas. The three enzymes were found in the clonal cultures at levels comparable to those found in the tumors. Similarly, there were no remarkable differences between the three clones examined.
Glucose Transfer from Dolichol Monophosphate Glucose: The Product Formed with Endogenous Microsomal Acceptor
Authors: Behrens Nicolas H. , Parodi Armando J. , Leloir Luis F. 
Published: May 2006

The product formed by incubation of dolichol monophosphate glucose with liver microsomes was studied. It is insoluble in most solvents, but is soluble in a chloroform-methanol mixture with a high content of water. Treatment with ammonia gave rise to the formation of a water soluble, negatively charged compound of molecular weight 3550. The negative charge could be removed by treatment with phosphatase.
Acid hydrolysis of the original compound led to the liberation of an uncharged, water-soluble compound (molecular weight 3550). Acetolysis of the latter gave rise to the formation of a series of products, which appeared to be oligosaccharides when chromatographed on paper or silica plates. The original substance behaved like a polyprenol pyrophosphate when chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose.
Molecular weight measurements of the deoxycholate inclusion compound gave a value of 14,300, while dolichol monophosphate glucose under the same conditions gave 11,300.
It is tentatively suggested that the compound is dolichol joined through a phosphate or pyrophosphate bridge to an oligosaccharide containing about 20 monosaccharide residues.
Separate Transport Systems for Sugars and Amino Acids in Developing Rat Kidney Cortex
Authors: Segal Stanton , Rea Claire , Smith Inez 
Published: May 2006

The ability of renal cortical slices of newborn and young rats to accumulate a nonmetabolizable sugar, α-methylglucoside, is slight and does not reach adult capacity until 25 days of age. However, a rudimentary sugar transport system is present, as indicated by a further decrease in accumulation in the presence of phlorizin or absence of sodium ion.
Amino acid uptake in immature kidney tissue is not deficient; on the contrary, the tissue took up and concentrated more glycine and lysine than adult tissue. Decreased amino acid efflux from the immature cells appears to be the explanation. Concentration dependence of amino acid uptake was the same in 5-day-old and adult tissue.
These differences between the transport characteristics of a model sugar and representative amino acids during development indicate separate transport systems for the two types of substrate.
Properties of Adenylate Cyclase of Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Makman Maynard H. 
Published: May 2006

Adenylate cyclase of homogenates or lysates of mouse and rat lymphoid tissues was activated by the addition of fluoride ion, epinephrine, or norepinephrine, but not by any of several other hormones. The catecholamine stimulation was characterized as β-adrenergic. This activity was localized in the small lymphoid cells, was greater in thymic than in splenic or mesenteric node cells, and also was greater in mouse than in rat cells. Catecholamine-stimulated activity of mouse thymocytes remained constant from the 17-19th day of fetal development to 5 weeks after birth; it subsequently decreased to about one-half of the activity by 7-8 weeks. Similar decreases with age occurred in mouse spleen and rat thymus. In contrast, the glucagon-stimulated activity of rat liver increased during a similar period. Hypophysectomy of rats at 3 weeks did not influence the amount of cyclase activity of thymocytes assayed at 7 weeks.
When intact mouse thymocytes were first incubated in a culture medium at 37°C with epinephrine or norepinephrine, a second addition of catecholamine after cell lysis no longer stimulated the enzymes. This loss of stimulation was selective, since basal activity and stimulation by fluoride ion were not affected. Incubation of intact cells with phytohemagglutinin markedly decreased the activity of lysates, whether assayed in the presence or absence of catecholamine or fluoride. In contrast, phytohemagglutinin added directly to the assay had no effect. No alternations occurred in adenylate cyclase activity as a result of the incubation of a 1:1 mixture of thymocytes from two strains of mice selected for the capacity of the cells to produce a mixed lymphocyte response.
Suggestive Evidence That the “Blocking Antibodies” of Tumor-Bearing Individuals May Be Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Sjögren H. O. , Hellström I. , Bansal S. C. , Hellström K. E. 
Published: May 2006

Sera from mice carrying progressively growing sarcomas induced by Moloney virus or methylcholanthrene can block the cytotoxic effect of lymphocytes immune to the tumor-specific antigens of the respective neoplasms. The blocking effect can be specifically removed by absorbing sera with the respective types of tumor cells, and it can be recovered from these cells by elution at low pH. If the low pH is maintained, it is possible to separate out a low and a high molecular weight fraction from the eluates. If the fractions are added to the target cells for 45 minutes and then removed, neither of these fractions can block lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity, while a 1:1 mixture of them has a specific blocking effect. If they are admixed with the lymphocytes, incubated for 1 hr, and then allowed to incubate with the target cells and lymphocytes during the entire 2 days of the test, the low molecular weight fraction, as well as the mixture, but not the high molecular weight fraction, has a blocking activity.
It is suggested that the blocking factor in sera from tumor-bearing animals, as regularly tested, is an antigen-antibody complex, capable of binding to the target cells and/or reacting with lymphocytes immune to their antigens, thus blocking the lymphocytes' reactivity; the latter reaction is postulated to be of a temporary nature.
Microbial Metabolism of the Isoprenoid Alkane Pristane
Authors: McKenna E. J. , Kallio R. E. 
Published: May 2006

The “inert” hydrocarbon pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane) can be utilized as the sole source of carbon and energy for growth of a coryneform soil isolate. Identification of the metabolites 4,8,12-trimethyltridecanoic acid and α-methylglutaric acid indicates that two pathways of fatty acid metabolism operate in this bacterial strain.
The widespread use of pristane as a biological marker appears to be predicated on its structural similarity to phytol and its apparent stability, which may be only a reflection of the inability of microorganisms to carry out its anaerobic destruction.
Regulation of Herpesvirus Macromolecular Synthesis: Nuclear Retention of Nontranslated Viral RNA Sequences
Authors: Kozak M. , Roizman B. 
Published: May 2006

We report two instances of selective accumulation of herpes simplex 1 RNA transcripts in different compartments of infected HEp-2 cells. In the first, transcripts derived from about 50% of the viral DNA accumulated in the nuclei of cells 8 hr after infection. However, only 40-42% of the DNA was represented in transcripts accumulating in both cytoplasm and polyribosomes. A more striking disparity in the distribution of transcripts between nuclei and cytoplasm occurred when viral infection was initiated and maintained for several hours in the absence of protein synthesis. RNA complementary to about 50% of the viral DNA accumulated in the nuclei, while transcripts derived from only about 10% of the DNA were detectable in the cytoplasm. The transcripts that were selectively transported in the presence of cycloheximide seem to be functional messenger RNA molecules, since they were found on polysomes immediately after cycloheximide reversal. In contrast, RNA retained in the nuclei during the period of cycloheximide treatment was not mobilized when protein synthesis subsequently resumed.
The two instances of selective RNA transport observed during herpesvirus infection suggest that only viral transcripts competent to function in translation are exported from the nucleus.
Biliproteins of cyanobacteria and Rhodophyta: Homologous family of photosynthetic accessory pigments
Authors: Glazer Alexander N. , Apell Gerald S. , Hixson Craig S. , Bryant Donald A. , Rimon Sara , Brown Douglas M. 
Published: May 2006

Amino-terminal sequence determinations are reported of the subunits of biliproteins of prokaryotic unicellular and filamentous cyanobacteria and of eukaryotic unicellular red algae. The biliproteins examined, allophycocyanin, C-phycocyanin, R-phycocyanin, b-phycoerythrin, and phycoerythrocyanin, vary with respect to the chemical nature and the number and distribution of the bilin chromophores between the two dissimilar subunits. The amino-terminal sequences fall into two classes, “α-type” and “β-type”, with a high degree of homology within each class.
In those biliproteins where the number of bilin chromophores on the two subunits is unequal, the subunit with the greater number of chromophores has the β-type amino-acid sequence.
Extensive homology also exists between α- and β-type sequences, strongly supporting the view that these arose by gene duplication to give rise to the ancestral α- and β-type genes early in the evolution of the biliproteins. The subsequent generation of the various classes of biliproteins appears to be the result of further gene duplication of the α- and β-type genes, ultimately to give rise to families of polypeptide chains of similar sequence, but varying in the number of chromophore attachment sites and the structure of the chromophores.
Developmental control of messenger RNA for hepatic tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
Authors: Killewich Lois A. , Feigelson Philip 
Published: May 2006

The enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase [EC 1.13.11.11; L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)] first appears in the livers of young rats around the 15th postnatal day, and increases to the adult level by the 22nd day. Studies have shown that the appearance and subsequent development of the enzyme activity result from an increase in the rate of its synthesis and thus in the amount present in the liver. In this study, we have attempted to ascertain whether the appearance and development of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA coincided with, and thus led to, the development of enzyme activity, or whether the biosynthesis of this enzyme was due to a developmental event enabling translation of a preexisting, sequestered, reservoir of its mRNA. Using a cell-free protein-synthesizing system based on a wheat germ S30 supernatant, we measured the level of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA in the livers of rats between 0 and 22 days of age. We found that functional tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA is not detectable in rat liver until the 15th postnatal day. It increases to the adult level by the 22nd postnatal day, in parallel with the enzyme. The appearance and development of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase are the direct consequence of the parallel appearance and development of its mRNA.
It has been shown that glucocorticoids, which induce tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activity in adult rats, are capable of inducing the appearance of this enzyme precociously in 8- and 10-day-old rats. We have found that it is also possible to induce tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase catalytic activity with hydrocortisone precociously in 4-day-old rats. Moreover, precocious induction of enzyme activity and the induction that occurs during the enzyme's normal developmental rise to the adult level between 15 and 22 days, are mediated through parallel increases in the level of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA.
The present findings indicate that glucocorticoids are developmental hormones that act upon the postnatal hepatocyte to evoke elevated levels of the mRNA species coding for tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase; the findings are compatible with the hypothesis that such hormones act by initiating and accelerating transcription of the structural genes coding for the α and β protomers of this enzyme.