bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Traction-Abrasion Relationships of Tread Compounds Containing New Reinforcing Blacks
Authors: Boonstra B. B. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Abradibility and braking force coefficient (BFC) were determined on compounds of various elastomers and fillers, using a modified Lambourn abrader. Butyl rubber showed the highest BFC and butadiene rubber the lowest, with SBR intermediate. While the effect of carbon black type is not as large certain types of carbon black imparted not only improved traction (“wet” BFC) to tread compounds but also increased wear resistance, in contrast to other methods of improving traction which invariably lead to lower abrasion resistance. The laboratory relationship was confirmed on actual tires on a special trailer and on a test fleet car.
A Model Analysis of the Structural and Pneumatic Contributions to Tire Behavior Under Vertical Loads
Authors: Nicholson D. W. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
An inflated ring under compression between rigid, flat, parallel plates is used to provide a simple analysis for the structural and pneumatic contributions to the behavior of tires under vertical loading. The fundamental assumption is the additivity of the solutions for the limiting cases of pure bending and of pure membrane behavior, for which exact solutions in simple form are given. Bounding curves for contact width and pressure changes are given as functions of deflection. The computed force-deflection relations exhibit linearity up to a high deflection.
Effects of Tire Rolling Resistance on Vehicle Fuel Consumption
Authors: Crum W. B. , McNall R. G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Variation in the effects of tire rolling resistance on passenger car fuel consumption seldom exceeds ten percent. The definition of these effects is therefore a problem in experimental design and control, measurement precision, and careful accounting for uncontrolled variables.
A rolling resistance test conducted on a road surface with a fully instrumented tire test trailer is described and the test results presented. Fuel “economy” test techniques are discussed with emphasis on precautions and recommendations for reliable testing and test results presented. When aerodynamic drag is taken into account with wind tunnel measurements, the results are suggestive of engine characteristic curves.
Contact of an Inflated Toroidal Membrane with a Flat Surface as an Approach to the Tire Deflection Problem
Authors: DeEskinazi J. , Soedel W. , Yang T. Y. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A finite element procedure has been developed for the displacement and stress analysis of a homogeneous and isotropic inner tube mounted on a rim and in contact with a flat surface. The geometric nonlinear effect is accounted for by including the quadratic terms in the strain-displacement equations. The nonlinear load-displacement path is predicted by a linear incremental procedure. The procedure is first demonstrated by a large deflection analysis of a strip of a tire (a cable). The results are in good agreement with a known alternative solution. A homogeneous and isotropic inner tube is then pressurized and the displacements and stresses are found. The displacements are also found experimentally. Both results are in good agreement. Finally, the inner tube is mounted on a rim and pressed against a rigid flat surface. The resulting displacements and footprints are also measured experimentally. The computer results are shown to be in reasonable agreement with the experiment.
Measurement of Steady State and Transient Aircraft Tire Forces
Authors: Brewer H. K. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Studies of aircraft directional control during takeoff and landing are best carried out with programmed simulators in which the pilot interacts directly with the aircraft systems. A vital input to such simulations is accurate tire force data, which at the present time are difficult to obtain because of lack of experimental facilities. This paper describes new test equipment for measuring aircraft tire forces which is now available at the Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. Sample data are presented and discussed which pertain to conventional and experimental radial ply aircraft tires.
Infrared Inspection of Nonpneumatic Rubber Road Wheels
Authors: Wilburn D. K. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The examination of twelve used solid rubber road wheels by an infrared (IR) temperature profiling technique during drum test experiments is described. The IR method was evaluated as a noncontact means of predicting road wheel integrity by analysis of the circumferential temperature profile. The effectiveness of the temperature profiling method was determined by stripping the rubber from each wheel and visually evaluating the bond interface and rubber tread. Known defects in the used wheels were used to evaluate the IR examination method. Left and right sidewall and tread area were examined simultaneously by use of three sensor heads which were mounted in a test rig positioned around the test wheel. Results indicate that the IR test technique has a capability of detecting cracks and chunking in the rubber tread, gross unbonded areas and interface delamination, and large-area entrapped foreign objects at the rubber-to-metal interface. Low bond strength and small unbonded areas less than one square inch were not detected. Defects located along the left sidewall area were more difficult to sense because of the wear flange and high thermal coupling with the metal sidewall, which dissipated tread-developed heat.
Mechanical Properties of an Off-the-Road Tire
Authors: Skele P. , Brookman B. J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Four 20.5-25/16 PR off-the-road tires have been tested in order to obtain their static and dynamic properties. Quasi-static tests were performed to obtain static spring rates and loss energies. Drop tests were conducted with various weights and tire inflation pressures to obtain dynamic spring rates and damping coefficients. Dynamometer tests were performed at various loads, speeds, and inflation pressures in order to determine temperature buildup. Yawed roll tests are reported that provide carpet plots of cornering force and aligning torque versus slip angle and normal load.
Tire Cornering Properties
Authors: Bergman W. , Clemett H. R. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This paper provides a critical review of tire test techniques, test equipment, data processing methods, and mathematical models for obtaining data and describing tire cornering properties. It examines applicability of this data for evaluation of vehicle directional response properties and shows how test and data processing methods influence tire parameters used in simulations with models. Mathematical relationships between tire parameters and vehicle directional response parameters such as steering sensitivity are shown. Fundamental differences between conditions prevailing in testing, hypothetical assumptions used in mathematical models, and actual tire operating conditions on a vehicle are discussed. The need for transient tire measurements and modeling for transient conditions is also shown.
The Significance of Tread Element Flexibility to Thin Film Wet Traction
Authors: Browne A. L. , Whicker D. , Rohde S. M. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
An analysis is presented for the action of individual tire tread elements on polished sections of pavement covered by thin fluid films. Tread element flexibility, wheel slip, and time-dependent loading are incorporated. The effect of the lateral expansion of tread elements on groove closure is also studied.
Effect of Tire Wear on Wear Rate
Authors: Brenner F. C. , Scheiner S. R. , Kondo A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A question arises as to whether the wear rate of tires is constant under constant conditions and whether the tread life of tires may therefore be projected by linear extrapolation from low mileage tests. A second question arises as to whether commercially produced tires are uniform enough to serve as monitors of environmental change. A third question concerns the specific method of estimating the wear rate. This paper reports the results of experiments conducted on the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration test course designed to supply data relating to these questions. Regression of average groove depth against mileage for each of 27 tires gave a straight line which accounted for over 99% of the variability with a standard deviation of about 2 mils. Tread life projected from a 6400-mile (10 300-km) test gave on the average the same tread life as projected at higher mileages. A bias tire built under stringent quality control specifications and the radial tire selected for monitoring environmental effects were very homogeneous. The bias and belted bias course-monitoring tires were more variable.
Various methods of estimating the wear rate and use of the multiplicative model (requiring geometric means) for analysis for factor effects are discussed. The regression line method is chosen for tire rating.
A Note on Skid Resistance and the Road Profile
Authors: Williams H. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This report summarizes skid resistance information from many sources throughout the United States in an effort to determine whether surfaces with skid numbers below 35 should be used in traction grading. The author recommends that a constant inventory of pavement skid resistance be maintained to determine repair priorities and that a slippery surface (skid number in the range 20–25) be included in a test procedure for tire traction grading.
Energy Loss of Pneumatic Tires Under Freely Rolling, Braking, and Driving Conditions
Authors: Schuring D. J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The concept of rolling resistance force is replaced by that of energy dissipated in unit distance traveled. The energy loss per unit distance, which is a function of slip angle, inclination angle, wheel torque, and other variables, is shown to reach a minimum under driving conditions. The new formula is compared with those given by Gough and by the Society of Automotive Engineers.
Interlaboratory Groove Depth Measurements and Wear Estimation
Authors: Kondo A. , Brenner F. C. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A tire was measured to determine its average groove depth by each of several operators in each of seven laboratories in the morning and afternoon for two consecutive days. The results show that the operators repeat their measurements within acceptable variation. On averages of six measurements by a single operator, a difference of 0.002 in. (0.05 mm) was significant. The variability of operators' averages around their laboratory average was the same for all laboratories except one. However, averages among laboratories were different, which is attributed to small differences in the measuring practice. The precision of wear rate estimates based on the difference of average groove depths before and after a period of wear is estimated and ways in which the precision of estimates of wear rates can be optimized are suggested.
On the Inflated Tire Profile: Inflation and Axial Compression of a Composite, Initially Cylindrical Membrane
Authors: Nicholson D. W. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The analysis for the inflation of bias tires, based on the model of the net of inextensible cords, is reformulated in terms of bead point coordinates and the cross angle of cords in the initially cylindrical membrane. A simple numerical method of solution is described. An exact solution in a special case is given. Computations are presented for maximum cord tension, maximum cord-rubber shear stress, and bead tension.
On Viscoelasticity and Standing Waves in Tires
Authors: Padovan J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Based on the classical ring on foundation model for the tire, the effect which structural damping has on the development of the standing wave phenomenon is investigated. In particular, the model employed consists of a rotating ring on foundation where, in addition to including Coriolis effects, Kelvin-Voigt-type viscoelasticity is admitted in both the ring and foundation. Enforcing strict periodicity in space and time, the exact solution is obtained to the stated problem. Several parametric numerical experiments employing this solution are reported. These demonstrate that the standing wave phenomenon in tires is essentially a viscoelastic-type resonance response.
A Note on Repeatability of a Fifth Wheel
Authors: Williams H. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This report describes an experiment to determine the length of a tread wear course and the repeatability of two fifth wheels used to make the measurement. The position of the fifth wheel in the convoy of four vehicles does not contribute significantly at the 95% level of confidence, nor does the difference in wheels. The course measured 397.749 miles (640.115 km) with a standard deviation of 0.115 miles (0.185 km).
A Note on Tire Rolling Resistance Due to Test Wheel Curvature
Authors: Bekker M. G. , Semonin E. V. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Tire rolling resistance is affected by laboratory drum diameter. Such tests produce higher rolling resistance values than road testing. Semi-empirical formulae were developed to correlate tire behavior on a test drum with wheel-road systems analysis, and the geometry of the tire and test drum were analyzed.
Lateral Tire Forces on Wet Roads
Authors: Schallamach A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Expressions are derived for side force and self-aligning torque of a simple tire model on wet roads with velocity-dependent friction. The results agree qualitatively with experimental results at moderate speeds. In particular, the theory correctly predicts that the self-aligning torque can become negative under easily realizable circumstances. The slip angle at which the torque reverses sign should increase with the normal load.
Tread Life of Original Equipment Radial Tires
Authors: Root B. W. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
In 1976 tread wear was surveyed in 24 cities within the contiguous 48 states and in Fairbanks, Alaska. Each tire, exclusive of spares, was gaged for tread depth at two circumferential locations in three grooves: inner shoulder, center, and outer shoulder. The corresponding odometer reading was recorded. A national pattern of variation in tread life expectancy was revealed. Variation attributable to brand, size, vehicle, and wheel position was also found.
Energy Loss in an Analytical Membrane Tire Model
Authors: Tielking J. T. , Schapery R. A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Energy dissipation is calculated from the contact deformation of a rolling toroidal membrane tire model. The method of dissipation analysis developed here can be used with other structural representations, including those based on the finite element method. The membrane tire model is inflated, loaded, and rolling on a frictionless, flat surface. The membrane material is assumed to be isotropic and neohookean under static loads and to exhibit a low loss tangent. The assumption of a low loss material permits viscoelastic power loss to be calculated from load transfer functions derived from the elastic response of the tire model. The power loss calculation is used to predict rolling resistance and contact patch shift.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis secreted protein ESAT-6 interacts with the human protein syntenin-1
Authors: Schumann Gisbert , Schleier Susanne , Rosenkrands Ida , Nehmann Nina , Hälbich Steffi , Zipfel Peter , Jonge Marien , Cole Stewart , Munder Thomas , Möllmann Ute 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
In order to study the function of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein ESAT-6 in the infection process, we searched for host proteins that interact with this secreted mycobacterial protein. Using a yeast two-hybrid system we identified the rat syntenin-1 protein as a candidate to interact with ESAT-6. This interaction was confirmed in vitro by protein overlay and by surface plasmon resonance using recombinant ESAT-6 and human syntenin-1, and by co-purification analysis of the mycobacterial expressed ESAT-6 and macrophage derived syntenin-1. The interaction domains were localized by two-hybrid studies using truncated derivatives of both proteins and by peptide spot analysis. Two domains of each protein mediate the ESAT-6/syntenin-1 interaction. The C-terminus of ESAT-6 binds to the PDZ-domains of syntenin-1 and the N-terminus of ESAT-6 binds to the N-terminus of syntenin-1. Thus, the host protein syntenin-1 represents a possible cellular receptor for the mycobacterial protein ESAT-6.
The protective effects of selenoorganic compounds against peroxynitrite-induced changes in plasma proteins and lipids
Authors: Nowak Paweł , Saluk-Juszczak Joanna , Olas Beata , Kołodziejczyk Joanna , Wachowicz Barbara 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMany selenoorganic compounds play an important role in biochemical processes and act as antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors or drugs. The effects of a new selenocompound — bis(2-aminophenyl)-diselenide on oxidative/nitrative changes in human plasma proteins induced by peroxynitrite (ONOO−) were studied in vitro and compared with the those of ebselen, a well-known antioxidant. We also studied the role of the tested selenocompounds in peroxynitrite-induced plasma lipid peroxidation. Exposure of the plasma to peroxynitrite (0.1 mM) resulted in an increase in the level of carbonyl groups and nitrotyrosine residues in plasma proteins (estimated using the ELISA method and Western blot analysis). In the presence of different concentrations (0.025–0.1 mM) of the tested selenocompounds, 0.1 mM peroxynitrite caused a distinct decrease in the level of carbonyl group formation and tyrosine nitration in plasma proteins. Moreover, these selenocompounds also inhibited plasma lipid peroxidation induced by ONOO−1 (0.1 mM). The obtained results indicate that in vitro bis(2-aminophenyl)-diselenide and ebselen have very similar protective effects against peroxynitrite-induced oxidative/nitrative damage to human plasma proteins and lipids.
Identification of microsatellite markers in the rye genome
Authors: Bolibok Hanna , Rakoczy-Trojanowska Monika , Wyrzykowska Małgorzata , Radecka Magdalena , Orczyk Wacław 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe rye genomic library, which consists of DNA fragments in the range of 0.5–1.1 kb, was screened for the presence of tri-and tetranucleotide and compound microsatellites. Of the 1,600,000 clones analysed, 102 clones were positive and 41 were suitable for SSR primer pair design. Twenty-six primer pairs amplified specific products, and six of them were capable of detecting polymorphism among 30 rye accessions of different genetic backgrounds. Using a set of Chinese Spring-Imperial wheat-rye addition lines, it was possible to locate 3 newly identified microsatellites on chromosomes 3R, 4R and 7R.
Non‐random associations and vascular fields in neurofibromatosis 1: A pathogenetic hypothesis
Authors: Lubinsky Mark S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNeurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal dominant disorder with highly variable expression generally ascribed to random factors. However, evidence is presented for patterns suggesting non‐stochastic processes as follows: (1) We have seen a MZ twin pair concordant for renal vascular hypertension, and another for unilateral ptosis. Other concordances have been reported, including both malformations and tumors, and combinations as well. (2) Four children were seen with a distinct ipsilateral association of glaucoma or iris anomaly, optic glioma, plexiform neurofibromas arising from the trigeminal nerve and its branches, and sphenoid dysplasia. Other cases in the literature support milder forms of this association. (3) We saw six children with apparent gynecomastia or premature thelarche without endocrine abnormalities. Tissue samples from four of these showed an unusual fibrous plexiform neurofibroma. Interestingly, five of the six cases were African Americans, and constitutional factors affecting fibrous reactions may also be involved here.A tentative hypothesis is presented suggesting vascular fields involving defined areas that can: (1) Support tumor growth. They would be the “soil” determining the ability and the extent of growth. There would, however, still be a need for a “second hit” tumor transformation. (2) Affect blood supply to organs, creating structural anomalies. NF1 involves a vasculopathy, and would predispose to vulnerabilities of such fields. Genetic factors could induce superimposed susceptibilities of specific fields, leading to twin concordances. “Hits” affecting specific fields would increase the likelihood of multiple abnormalities that could include both tumors and structural findings. Finally, tumors may follow the contours of existing fields. The breast is an area normally primed for growth, and the observation of clitoromegally secondary to tumor involvement suggests that such fields exist elsewhere. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel mutations in dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency in two cousins with borderline‐normal PDH complex activity
Authors: Cameron Jessie M. , Levandovskiy Valeriy , MacKay Neviana , Raiman Julian , Renaud Deborah L. , Clarke Joe T.R. , Feigenbaum Annette , Elpeleg Orly , Robinson Brian H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe have diagnosed dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) deficiency in two male second cousins, who presented with markedly different clinical phenotypes. Patient 1 had a recurrent encephalopathy, and patient 2 had microcephaly and lactic acidosis. Their presentation is unusual, in that the DLD subunit deficiency had little effect on pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity, but caused a severe reduction in the activities of other enzymes that utilize this subunit. We have identified two mutations in the DLD gene in each patient. The second cousins have one novel mutation in common resulting in a substitution of isoleucine for threonine (I47T), which has not been previously reported in the literature. Patient 1 has a second mutation that has been reported to be common in the Ashkenazi Jewish population, G229C. Patient 2 has a second mutation, E375K, which has also been previously reported in the literature. Enzyme kinetic measurements on patient fibroblasts show that under certain conditions, one heteroallelic mutation may have a higher Km. This may account for the differing clinical phenotypes. These findings have important repercussions for other patients with similar clinical phenotypes, as DLD activity is not normally measured in cases with normal PDHc activity. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.