bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organophosphate poisoning in Urban Zimbabwe
Authors: Kasilo O. J. , Hobane T. , Nhachi C. F. B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA total of 606 organophosphate poisoning admission incidents were recorded and analysed retrospectively at the six central hospitals of Zimbabwe. The incidents covered a period of 10 years, i.e. from 1980 to 1989, inclusively. This accounted for 12% of all poisoning admission cases recorded at these hospitals and 84% of all pesticide poisoning cases. Of these organophosphate poisoning cases, 75% (450) were suicides and or parasuicides, 21% (126) were accidental, 2% (12) were homicides and 5% (30) were cases of an undetermined nature. The mortality rate was established at 8% (48). The study revealed that the 21–30‐year‐old age group is significantly more prone to poisoning (42% of the total) than other age groups.The mean period of hospitalization of an organophosphate‐poisoned patient was found to be 8 days (the range was 1–29 days). The mean cost of keeping a poisoned patient in hospital during that period was calculated at Z$450.00 (i.e. US$225), excluding the cost of treatment. The total number of hospitalization days was 1599 and the total cost of keeping the patients in hospital was therefore Z$89,943,75, i.e. Z$11, 242,96 per year. The most popular (utilized) first‐line treatment (22% of all patients) was a combination of ipecacuanha syrup plus atropine, with atropine alone a poor second (10% of treated patients).
Interaction of ethanol and xylene in their effects on erythrocytes and other haematological parameters in the rat
Authors: Wrońska‐Noferδ Teresa , Rosin Janusz , Bartosz Grzegorz 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRats were given ethanol in drinking water for 8 months, followed by inhalation exposure (5 h daily) to 12.000 mg m−3 xylene for 9 days. Combined exposure to xylene and ethanol induced the same changes in the haematological, biochemical and biophysical parameters of the erythrocyte membrane as those found previously in our experiment with toluene–ethanol. Macrocytosis, a decrease in sedimentation rate and erthrocyte packing difference, as well as decreased fluidity of the erythrocytes membrane in the middle zone of the lipid bilayer, were the most significant changes of exposure to ethanol and xylene.
Effects of soman on calcium uptake in microsomes and mitochondria from rabbit aorta
Authors: Hu Chao‐Yu , Hsu Chia‐Hsuh , Robinson Casey P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDaily administration of soman for several days results in several alterations in the vascular neuroeffector system. To determine whether or not soman alters intracellular Ca2+ uptake, the effects of acute exposure to soman or 7‐day administration of 5μg kg−1 of soman on the capacity of microsomes and mitochondria from rabbit aortic vascular smooth muscle to take up 45Ca2+ were determined. Acute exposure to soman concentrations of 1–100 μM did not alter significantly (P>0.05) 45Ca2+ uptake by either microsomes or mitochondria. On the other hand, 7‐day soman administration markedly reduced (P<0.05) 45Ca2+ uptake by both microsomes and mitochondria. Thus, calcium uptake and intracellular calcium uptake‐dependent responses will be affected by repeated soman administration.
Biochemical assessment of the genotoxicity of the in vitro interaction between chlordecone and carbon tetrachloride in rat hepatocytes
Authors: Ikegwuonu Fidelis I. , Mehendale Harihara M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe genotoxic potential of the administration of carbon tetrachloride alone or carbon tetrachloride to chlordecone‐pretreated rats was investigated using an in vivo–in vitro animal model and a battery of biochemical assays to measure DNA repair in rat hepatocytes. Whereas carbon tetrachloride alone was not genotoxic, chlordecone or chlordecone in combination with carbon tetrachloride was genotoxic. The need for further investigation into the mechanism underlying the interaction between chlordecone and carbon tetrachloride is indicated strongly by the results of the present study.
Dithiocarbamate analog N‐(4‐methoxybenzyl)‐N‐dithiocarboxy‐D‐glucamine reduces the retention of ingested cadmium in rats
Authors: Kargačin B. , Kostial K. , Arežina R. , Singh P. K. , Jones M. M. , Cikrt M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study was performed to evaluate the effect of oral and intraperitoneal treatment with N‐(4‐methoxybenzyl) D‐glucamine dithiocarbamate monohydrate (MeOBDCG) after a single oral administration of 115mCd to 6‐week‐old rats. Oral treatment reduced the retention of 115mCd in the whole body, gut, liver and kidney by 5, 3, 4 and 3 times respectively, and intraperitoneal treatment reduced the retention by 7,2.5, 16 and 4.5 times, respectively. This finding is new, since it was believed that oral dithiocarbamate treatment would increase the toxicity and absorption of ingested cadmium.
Complexing of toxic hydrolysable tannins of yellow‐wood (Terminalia oblongata) and harendong (Clidemia hirta) with reactive substances: An approach to preventing toxicity
Authors: Murdiati Tri Budhi , McSweeney Christopher S. , Lowry J. B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRuminants consuming either tannic acid or hydrolysable tannins from the Australian yellow‐wood tree (Terminalia oblongata) and the Indonesian shrub Clidemia hirta are intoxicated by simple phenolics liberated in the gut. The affinity of these tannins and of the simple phenolic gallic acid for the two proteins casein and pepsin, polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP), activated charcoal and Ca(OH)2 was examined in vitro. The studies were undertaken to predict the effect of these phenolics on digestion and to identify substances that would act as antidotes by precipitating phenolics. Tannins but not gallic acid were precipitated as stable complexes with both pepsin and casein at pH 3–5. Optimal complexing of tannin with protein occurred at a weight ratio of 1:1. Ionic strength and temperature did not affect the amount of tannin precipitated from solution with protein. The precipitation of tannins with PVP and Ca(OH)2 was unaffected by pH within the range 2–8 while maximum binding with activated charcoal occurred between pH 3 and 7. In contrast to protein, the other substances complexed with gallic acid; only gallic acid‐PVP complexess were affected by pH. Calcium hydroxide bound more tannin and gallic acid on a weight basis than PVP and charcoal. Both Ca(OH)2 and activated charcoal should complex with phenolics in the forestomach, abomasum and intestines.The reaction of hydrolysable tannins and proteins at the pH found in the abomasum suggests that hydrolysable tannins would interfere with enzyme function and protein digestion post‐ruminally rather than in the forestomach.
Toxicity of 1,4‐bis(aminocyclohexyl)methane
Authors: Kennedy G. L. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract1,4‐Bis(aminocyclohexyl)methane (PACM; CAS No. 1761‐71‐3) is a white solid considered for use in polymeric systems. PACM is moderately toxic systemically, with the acute oral lethal dose in rats between 670 and 1000 mg kg−1. PACM is a weak dermal sensitizer in the guinea pig. Instillation of as little as 10 mg of PACM to the rabbit eye produces severe injury. This damage could be permanent and was not reduced by rinsing the eye with water. Dogs given oral doses of 50 mg PACM kg−1 5 days per week for up to 18 months showed kidney and liver damage, along with local irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. The chemical is highly irritating and contact with it should be avoided.
Immunotoxicity of tri‐n‐butyltin oxide (TBTO) and tri‐n‐butyltin chloride (TBTC) in the rat
Authors: Bressa G. , Hinton R. H. , Price S. C. , Isbir M. , Ahmed R. S. , Grasso P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn a 1‐month feeding trial, pure and commercial tri‐n‐butyltin oxide (TBTO) and tri‐n‐butyltin chloride (TBTC) were fed to rats at concentrations of 5 ppm and 25 ppm. At all times, the mean body weight gain and the food consumption was significantly less in rats treated with 25 ppm pure TBTO or pure TBTC as compared to control rats or rats receiving commerical TBTO. Histological examination of the thymus of rats treated for 7 days with TBTO showed atrophy with severe lymphocytic depletion in the cortex. After 28 days of exposure, most of the lesions reversed and the thymus became markedly smaller than in control rats, both in absolute terms and in relation to body weight. Seven days of exposure to TBTO increased liver weight but this change was reversed during a further 3‐week exposure. Tin concentrations were the highest in livers and kidneys. Concentrations in the thymus were less than one‐fifth of hepatic values. Changes in the rats treated with the commercial TBTO were very similar. Rats treated with TBTC showed lower tin levels and less immunotoxicity as compared to those treated with TBTO.
Joint toxic action of binary mixtures of osteolathyrogens at malformation‐inducing concentrations forXenopusEmbryos
Authors: Dawson Douglas A. , Wilke Teresa S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe joint action of binary mixtures of the osteolathyrogens semicarbazide (SC), β‐aminopropionitrile (βAPN) and penicillamine (PNC) were determined at malformation‐inducing concentrations forXenopusembryos. Tests were static with renewal every 24 h for the 96‐h test period. Simultaneous tests on each individual component of the binary mixtures alone gave baseline malformation data (EC50) for joint action analyses. Toxic unit analysis and isobole diagrams were used to determine the type of joint action for 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3 mixtures of each combination. The joint action was concentration additive (strictly additive) for SC with βAPN and response additive (less‐than‐additive) for SC with PNC and βAPN with PNC. The joint actions were not changed when only osteolathyrogenic lesions, rather than all types of malformations, were considered. The different specific location and character of PNC lesions, as opposed to those for SC and βAPN, may signify a different type of osteolathyrogenic effect for PNC. The mixture testing approach has potential value in determining compounds that act similarly.
Difference in liver and serum malathion carboxylesterase and glucose‐6‐phosphatase in detecting carbon tetrachloride‐induced liver damage in rats
Authors: Brondeau M. T. , Coulais C. , de Ceaurriz J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMicrosome, cytosol and serum malathion carboxylesterase (MaCEst) activity was assessed in rats after single i.p. administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in doses ranging from 0.05 to 1 ml kg−1. MaCEst activities were compared with those of glucose‐6‐phosphatase (G6‐Pase) as an indicator of endoplasmic reticulum damage and serum glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SHD) as indicators of liver cytolysis. The data showed a dose‐dependent increase in GLDH and SDH serum activities (175% and 68%) from 0.05 ml kg−1; an increase in serum G6‐Pase (31%) and a decrease in microsomal G6‐Pase (38%) was apparent only after 0.5 or 1.0 ml kg−1 doses. MaCEst activity was unaffected. The results demonstrate that, under these experimental conditions, serum and subcellular measurements of MaCEst activity failed to reveal the liver toxicity of CCl4.
Biliary excretion of hexachloro‐1,3‐butadiene and its relevance to tissue uptake and renal excretion in male rats
Authors: Payan J. P. , Fabry J. P. , Beydon D. , de Ceaurriz J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRenal, biliary, pulmonary and faecal excretion experiments were carried out with labelled hexachloro‐1,3‐butadiene ([14C]HCBD) in male Sprague‐Dawley rats, given orally (p.o.) and intravenously (i.v.) in doses of 1 and 100 mg kg−1 as a solution in polyethylene glycol. The radioactivity excreted over 72 h was determined in rats fitted with exteriorized biliary cannulae and in rats whose bile ducts remained fully functional, respectively. In addition, bile duct–duodenum cannula‐linked rats, of which the donor was given 100 mg kg−1 [14C]HCBD orally and the recipient had also a bile fistula, were examined within 30 h for radioactivity in the excreta, the kidney, the liver and the plasma. In non‐cannulated rats, fractional urinary excretion decreased when the dosage increased and amounted to 23% and 8.6% after i.v. injection or 18.5% and 8.9% after p.o. administration of 1 and 100 mg kg−1, respectively. Pulmonary excretion of radioactivity was<9% and was not affected by the increase in dosage. In bile duct‐cannulated rats, fractional urinary excretions were similar irrespective of the dose and the route of administration and amounted to ca. 7.5% of the dose. Decrease in fractional biliary excretion occurred with increase in dosage (88.7% vs 72%) after i.v. injection and (66.8% vs 58%) after gavage. In cannulated rats, faecal excretion was<0.5% after i.v. injection and accounted for 3% and 16% of the dose after p.o. administration of 1 and 100 mg kg−1, respectively. In rats linked in a cascade fashion, the donors excreted 3%, 45% and 19.5% of the dose in the urine, the bile and the faeces versus 2%, 16.8% and 8.4% for the recipients, respectively. Renal, hepatic and plasma radioactivity concentrations represented 0.26, 0.11 and 0.013% g−1 of the dose in the donors versus 0.15, 0.07 and 0.009% g−1 of the dose in the recipients. Biliary decline may result from a saturation of the hepatobiliary mechanism after i.v. injection and/or a saturation of gastrointestinal HCBD absorption after p.o. administration. The results indicate that at least 80% of the biliary metabolites of HCBD undergo biliary recycling and constitutes about 40% of renal excretion and tissue uptake of [14C]HCBD at the high dose level. They also support the assumption that decline in fractional urinary excretion with increase in HCBD dosage was unlikely to be due to renal saturation but was probably the result of hepatobiliary saturation and/or defective enterohepatic circulation of HCBD metabolites.
Bioassay of organophosphate nerve agents in soil using neuronal tissue cultures
Authors: Sawyer Thomas W. , Weiss M. Tracy , D'Agostino Paul A. , Provost Lionel R. , Hancock James R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA soil sample originating from an area of suspected chemical warfare activity was subjected to chemical analysis and bioassay. Sarin and several related compounds were confirmed in the soil by capillary column gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS); however, the binding of these compounds to the soil hindered quantitation. The chemical results were then compared to those obtained by bioassay in primary cultures of chick embryo forebrain neurons. By comparing the sample's anticholinesterase activity against those of purified standards in chick embryo neuron cultures, a reasonable agreement was found between the chemical and bioassay semi‐quantitative estimates of sarin content in the soil extract. Furthermore, the in vitro system appears to offer a sensitive technique for the estimation of sarin remaining bound to the soil following solvent extraction as well as for an assessment of the potential toxicity of the contaminated soil in vivo.
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) suppresses circulating progesterone concentrations during the luteal phase in the cynomolgus monkey
Authors: Foster Warren G. , McMahon Avril , Villeneuve David C. , Jarrell John F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a known reproductive toxin. However, the full spectrum of its reproductive toxicity is unknown. Consequently, the effect of HCB on serum oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) concentrations during the follicular (days 1–9), periovulatory (days 10–14) and luteal (days 15 to beginning of next menses) phases was investigated in the spontaneously cycling cynomolgus monkey. Adult female cynomolgus monkeys (n = 16) were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups and orally dosed with gelatin capsules containing HCB (0.0, 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mg kg−1 body wt. day−1) mixed with glucose. A 10‐week acclimitization phase was followed by 13 weeks of dosing. HCB induced a dose‐dependent suppression of serum P4 concentrations during the luteal phase. However, circulating levels of P4 were unaffected during the follicular and periovulatory phases of the menstrual cycle. Serum E2 concentrations, body weight, menstrual cycle length and duration of menses were not affected by HCB treatment. The range of menstrual cycle length and duration range of menses, however, were broader in the highest dose group. We conclude that HCB interfers with mechanisms regulating ovarian steroidogenesis and suppresses P4 levels during the luteal phase in the cynomolgus monkey.
Oral administration of d‐penicillamine causes neonatal mortality without morphological defects in cd‐1 mice
Authors: Rousseaux C. G. , Macnabb L. G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractD‐Penicillamine (DPA) causes axial skeletal defects in rats and fetal lethality when given as 0.83% and 1.6% of the diet, but its mechanism of action on the axial skeleton is unknown. We have been using submerged fetal CD‐1 mouse limb‐bud organ cultures to evaluate the mechanisms of teratogenesis in the developing murine limb. Before attempting to evaluate the in vitro effects of DPA, a dose response morphological teratology study was undertaken using CD‐1 mice to determine the effects of DPA on the mouse and determine the potential of using the mouse limb‐bud assay to investigate the terata produced by DPA. Groups (n = 8) of nulliparous pregnant mice (vaginal plug = day 0 of gestation) were dosed, via oral gavage, with 0, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg kg−1 DPA for the first 12 days of gestation. Body weights and food consumption were measured daily. On day 18, fetuses were removed by Caesarian section. Two‐thirds of the fetal skeletons were stained with alcian blue and alizarin red and then cleared and examined for defects. Soft‐tissue defects were examined in the remaining one‐third using a modification of the Wilson freehand technique. Maternal body weight gains were not different before day 12 of the experiment, but differed in the interval of day 13–18 (P = 0.004). No group differences were noted in male/female ratios, site of implantation, implantation numbers and number of fetuses. Decreased survivability was seen in the 2000 mg kg−1 group. No treatment‐related defects were seen. As the main purpose of this experiment was to determine a dose at which limb defects occurred, the results indicate that the CD‐1 mouse does not appear to be a good model for DPA‐induced skeletal defects.
Effect of chloroquine on oestrus cycle and ovulation in cyclic rats
Authors: Okanlawon Abayomi O. , Ashiru Oladapo A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe conducted experiments to determine the effects of chloroquine (CQ) on the oestrus cycle and ovulation in 4‐day cyclic rats. There were two treatment groups. Group I animals had chloroquine phosphate (40 mg kg−1 body wt.) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) starting from dioestrus day 1, once a day, 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Oestrus smear was monitored by daily saline vaginal lavage. Control rats received an equal volume of physiological saline. All animals were sacrificed at the end of the 4th week of treatment.Group II animals also received chloroquine phosphate (40 mg kg−1 body wt.) administered in a single dose at either 0900 h or 1800 h pro‐oestrus, and on the morning of oestrus the rats were killed. Trunk blood was collected in each group at the time of sacrifice, centrifuged and the serum stored for subsequent radioimmunoassay of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and oestrogen. The fallopian tube was dissected out and a search made for the ova.Results showed that administration of chloroquine altered the oestrus cycle (i.e. the rats showed a persistent dioestrus smear), lowered serum oestrogen and luteinizing hormone levels while serum FSH was unaltered, prevented the expected ovulation when injected at 0900 h pro‐oestrus and did not affect ovulation in rats injected at 1800 h pro‐oestrus. This study supports the notion that chloroquine has an adverse effect on hypothalamo‐pituitary ovarian systems.
Teratogenic assessment of four solvents using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay—xenopus (FETAX)
Authors: Dresser Todd H. , Rivera Edna R. , Hoffmann Florence J. , Finch Robert A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay—Xenopus (FETAX) was used to assess the teratogenic potential of four solvents. Embryos of the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, were exposed for 96 h to ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), formamide or glycerol formal. Exposure groups were maintained using a static renewal system in which the exposure media were changed at 24‐h intervals. Survival was monitored at 24‐h intervals. Length, as an indicator of growth effects, and developmental malformations were determined at the end of the assay (96 h). Using this information, the 96‐h LC50, the 96‐h EC50 (Malformation), and the no observable effect levels (NOELs) for mortality, malformation and length were determined for each solvent. The teratogenic index [TI = 96‐h LC50/96‐h EC50 (Malformation)] also was calculated for each of the solvents. DMSO apeared to be the least toxic or teratogenic solvent examined, with a pooled LC50 of 1.92%, a pooled EC50 (Malformation) of 1.57% and TI values of 1.20 and 1.24 in replicate trials. Formamide appeared to be the most toxic solvent, with a pooled LC50 of 1.04%. Data trends suggested that ethanol was the most teratogenic solvent tested, with a pooled EC50 (Malformation) of 1.04% and TI values of 1.42 and 1.50. The results obtained in the present work for ethanol and DMSO were compared to previously published FETAX results for these two solvents. The present results are in close agreement with these results from other laboratories, thus providing further evidence supporting the interlaboratory reproducibility of FETAX results.
Effect of period of exposure on the developmental toxicity of butyl benzyl phthalate in rats
Authors: Ema Makoto , Itami Takafumi , Kawasaki Hironoshin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to determine if periods of exposure would modify the developmental toxicity of butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP). Pregnant Wistar rats were given BBP at a dose of 2.0% in the diet on days 0–20, days 0–7, days 7–16 or days 16–20 of pregnancy. Food consumption and body weight gain were decreased in the pregnant rats given BBP. All dams given BBP on days 0–20 exhibited complete resorption of all the implanted embryos. Post‐implantation loss in the pregnant rats given BBP on days 0–7 or 7–16 was higher than that in the control and pair‐fed pregnant rats. No increase in post‐implantation loss was found in the pregnant rats given BBP on days 16–20. Pre‐implantation loss in the BBP‐treated groups was comparable to the control and pair‐fed groups. Striking teratogenicity was detected in fetuses of the dams given BBP on days 7–16. Cleft palate and fusion of the sternebrae were predominantly observed. About 95% of the fetuses in this group had cleft palate. The incidence of malformations in this group was significantly and markedly higher than that in the control and pair‐fed groups.
Inhalation exposure of rats to metal aerosol. I. Effects on pulmonary surfactant and ascorbic acid
Authors: Kováčiková Zuzana , Chorvatovičová Darina 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFemale albino Wistar rats were exposed to <5 μm particles separated from nickel refinery waste. The generated aerosol of 50 mg m−3 mainly consisted of metal oxides, the most toxic being NiO and Cr2O3. The exposure of 5 h per day, 5 days per week, lasted for 4 weeks or 4 months. At the end of the exposure period the amounts of pulmonary surfactant and ascorbic acid were estimated in both exposed and control rats. The amount of pulmonary surfactant was elevated after both exposure times, while ascorbic acid increased significantly (P < 0.02) only after 4 weeks of exposure.