bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between qualitative and quantitative research: Lessons from feminist psychology
Authors: Griffin Christine , Phoenix Ann 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe dominant methodological approach in psychological research has involved the use of quantitative methods within a positivist framework. In this article we argue that both qualitative and quantitative methods have their strengths and limitations, depending on the research question under investigation. We examine some of the advantages of qualitative methods, paying particular attention to the value of such methods for feminist researchers. We challenge the positivist assumption that all research should be apolitical and value‐free, arguing that the political context in which all research studies take place plays an important role in decisions about the appropriate research methods to use. Despite the value attached to qualitative methods by feminist researchers, there may be projects for which quantitative methods, or a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques, are more suitable. We draw on examples from our research on the transition from school to the job market for young people, and a study of 16‐ to 19‐year‐old first time mothers to illustrate these points, examining the practical implications of our arguments for applied social psychology research.
Intergroup contact between professional groups: Two evaluation studies
Authors: Hewstone Miles , Carpenter John , Routh David , Franklyn‐Stokes Arlene 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe report two studies which evaluate practically‐oriented programmes of interprofessional contact involving doctors and social workers. The evaluation is based on the ‘contact hypothesis’ in intergroup relations, and highlights four sets of dependent measures: background perceptions, ingroup and outgroup ratings, knowledge, and judgements about work with outgroup partners and experienced contact. Consistent with the contact hypothesis, both studies revealed an improvement in outgroup attitudes, evidence of mutual intergroup differentiation (acknowledged superiority of ingroup and outgroup on independent dimensions), and increased outgroup knowledge. Greater change in Study 2 is interpreted in terms of its longer duration, and the opportunity it provided for contact with multiple outgroup members, compared with a single outgroup partner in Study 1. These findings from field studies are consistent with results from published laboratory experiments.
Objective assessments of quality of life: How much do they agree with each other?
Authors: Perry Jonathan , Felce David 
Published: June 2007

AbstractInformation was collected on 14 objective measures of service quality in 15 staffed houses for people with learning disabilities. Measures or dimensions of the measures were grouped under six headings: (1) quality of housing; (2) social and community integration; (3) social interactions; (4) development; (5) activity; and (6) autonomy and choice. Rank order correlation coefficients were calculated to explore the extent to which different quality assessments within each category agreed. Overall, there was a reassuring level of agreement. Some of the lack of agreement found could be attributed to the fact that, even though addressing the same general area, measures were focused on subtly different facets of the phenomenon under study. Other disagreement seemed to stem from the interaction between the nature of the information and the process for obtaining it. Comparisons between measures which required staff to give an opinion about how the setting was organized, and those which either required staff to comment on resident activity or employed independent observation, tended to disagree. The study illustrates that the basis for translating a multidimensional definition of quality into measurable terms is developing. Further research to examine the interrelationship between measurement approaches is warranted.
Age variations in the suicide rates and self‐reported subjective well‐being of married and never married persons
Authors: Mastekaasa Arne 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPrevious research has established that people who never marry have higher suicide rates and lower self‐reported subjective well‐being than the married. The present study examines how the differences between: (1) never married persons who live alone, (2) never married cohabitees; and (3) currently married people, vary between age groups. The relevance of such age variations for status integration theory and theories of marital selection is discussed. Summing up results from previous studies of suicide rates, the relative position of the never married is found to be most unfavourable for people in their 30s and 40s; the differences are smaller among the young and the old. Data on self‐reported well‐being are taken from a large‐scale survey of the population of one of Norway's 19 counties (n = 51 000), and are analysed by means of ordinary multiple regression. With regard to single people who were married or who never married, the results are largely consistent with the suicide findings; the advantage of marriage increases until about 40 years of age, then declines. The survey data also provide information about unmarried cohabitation, which seems to be more or less equivalent to marriage in most age groups. Neither status integration theory nor any other single theory of marriage effects or marital selection seems to be able to account for these findings in a satisfactory way.
Why don't they stay at home? Prejudices against ethnic minorities in Italy
Authors: Kirchler Erich , Zani Bruna 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study was conducted in Bologna, Italy, to analyse attitudes concerning ethnic minorities and emotions experienced in intergroup relations. Stereotypes of North African immigrants were investigated as a function of 'geographical' proximity with black people (living in the neighbourhood of black immigrants versus living in districts without immigrants) and origin (natives of Bologna versus residents who moved from Southern Italy to Bologna). It was predicted that the most positive stereotypes would be found among natives of Bologna living in the same neighbourhoods as North Africans, while the most negative prejudices would occur among the South Italians who do not live in the same districts as black people. Results indicate that neighbourhood has a central importance but effects of respondents' origins are more mixed.
‘I wouldn't have married the guy if i'd have to do that’: Heterosexual adults' constructions of condom use and their implications for sexual practice
Authors: Willig C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe study reported in this paper uses discourse analysis to better understand heterosexual adults' accounts of condom use. It is suggested that discursive constructions of what it means to use a condom in a relationship may constrain or facilitate particular behaviours within particular contexts. Analysis of interview transcripts revealed that respondents framed their accounts of condom use almost exclusively within a marital discourse. This discourse constructs marriage as a condition incompatible with condom use and positions married respondents in such a way that they feel unable to request safer sex from their spouse. The concept of ‘trust’ was identified as a key component of the discourse. Respondents' constructions of ‘trust’ are fundamentally different from those found in AIDS education materials. The paper discusses the implications of these findings for AIDS education.
Macrosocial determinants of social integration: Social class and area effect
Authors: Gracia Enrique , García Fernando , Musitu Gonzalo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTheory and research on social support have paid little attention to the existence of important macrosocial variables determining level and content of social relationships. This study examines variations in social integration as a function of social class and residential area characteristics. Results for 234 subjects living in high and low risk neighbourhoods indicated that differences between higher and lower social class groups follow different patterns in different residential areas. Also, same social class position appeared to have different significance as a function of residential area characteristics. The levels of three social integration measures—community integration and satisfaction, community association and participation, and contribution in community organizations—were significantly higher for lower class in low risk neighbourhoods than in high risk ones. However, significant differences were found in only one measure for higher social class groups, with higher levels of community association and participation in high risk neighbourhoods than in low risk ones. The discussion examines a ‘social impoverishment’ hypothesis for high risk environments, and proposes possible protective factors for higher status residents. Relations between formal and informal sources of support, and implications for social intervention strategies are also considered.
Basic human values: The ethos for methodology
Authors: Kerruish Alison 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper draws on the personal experiences of part of a research project where the original methodology was flawed and needed to change to properly encompass the lives and experiences of the people who the research was for, namely users of mental health services living in supported housing. The change in methodology involved a recognition that the research could not be termed ‘value‐free’; that researchers are not objective. It is argued that it was important to demonstrate that the information obtained in the research was ‘valid’, and that despite the subjective nature of the research, there are steps that can be taken to convince others that the information received is ‘real’. It is further argued that the traditional approach to research of separating theory (or knowledge) from practice was not only inappropriate in this sort of research, but is a false notion in any sort of action research that aims to promote change. The importance of the influence and power of service providers in action research is recognised, as well as the constraints placed on short‐term funded projects. It was important for the methodology to be non‐oppressive so that researchers adopted an open and honest approach and for researchers to become involved with the research participants. The implications of this ‘involvement’ are discussed. There is a concluding discussion about whether non‐users of mental health services can be considered as allies in research. It is argued that all oppressed groups need their allies and if the research is led by basic human values, then working alongside people who depend on services can lead to emancipatory outcomes.
Police interviewing: The identification of vulnerabilities
Authors: Pearse John 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFailure to identify potential psychological vulnerabilities of people entering the Criminal Justice System continues to present a serious problem for the police and other agencies. This paper reviews some of the problems involved which include: the nature of the handicap itself, current guidelines and definitions, and somewhat arbitrary legal interpretations by the courts. An experiment is described in which police officers chose not to identify someone as vulnerable or ‘at risk’, despite information in all conditions having been biased towards eliciting a positive judgement.
A longitudinal study of job loss in relation to the grief process
Authors: Archer John , Rhodes Valerie 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study extended a previous assessment of the applicability of the grief process to job‐loss, using a longitudinal sample. A sample of 38 unemployed men were interviewed shortly after job loss (t1), and at four times over the following year (t2–t5), using a structured interview, a personal scaling technique [PQRST: Mulhall (1978), Manual for Personal Questionnaire Scaling Technique. NFER], and standard questionnaires of attachment to the former job, anxiety and depression. Of the sample, 24% fulfilled a criterion for a grief‐like response at t1. Factor analysis of the PQRST showed evidence for a general grief factor. A composite grief score from the interview was associated with two measures of job attachment (at t1), and with questionnaire measures of depression and anxiety at t1–t1. There was a gradual decline over time in the grief reaction.
Safer sex: Lessons from the male sex industry
Authors: Joffe Hélène , Dockrell Julie E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDiscerning the complex factors influencing male sex work is an important element of understanding HIV transmission. The present study examines a sample of London‐based masseurs and street workers' ideas concerning their sexual encounters, their partners and their role in society. Unsafe sex is associated with (1) a lack of perception of control in the sexual encounter, (2) attractive clients, and (3) loving relationships with non‐clients. The ways in which personal needs and stigma influence sexual practices and the men's sense of identity are considered. For some of the men, unsafe sex demarcates a sphere containing a type of intimacy that is absent from their working life. Since working life is associated with negative social judgements, the importance of this separate sphere is heightened. The findings call into question models of health behaviour that are built on individualist, reason‐based tenets and highlight the importance of social and emotional factors in safer sexual behaviour. The implications of the findings for prevention programmes and future research are discussed.
Power and the origins of unhappiness: Working with individuals
Authors: Smail David 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEvidence that the ‘ultimate repressed’ in our understanding of emotional distress is power can be gleaned even from Freud's writing. This is a form of repression which community psychology is well placed to lift. Impossible though it is to stand outside the ‘apparatus of power’ (and, therefore to give a complete analysis of it), we cannot achieve an accurate account of the causes of human unhappiness without taking its operations into account as fully as possible. The psychological therapies do have an implicit notion of will power, but this serves only to distract our attention from the external, material nature of power. We have to be careful, moreover, not to ‘psychologize’ power by trying to turn it into an internal attribute to be ‘switched on’ by an essentially mysterious process of ‘empowerment’. We need to specify empirically the types of power that contribute to ‘clinical’ distress and give an account of ‘therapy’ in terms of the powers to which it has access (recognizing also that these are limited).
Dimensions of community identity
Authors: Puddifoot John E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe important research area of community identity has failed to develop a practical means of measurement and comparative analysis. Scrutiny of the research literature suggests that this is in part due to the conceptual difficulties related to community in general, a restrictive emphasis on individual level psychological variables, and a reluctance or inability to proceed beyond exploratory methods of research to fuller field studies. Through a review of the related research in community identity in the UK, and from wider research in the areas of Psychological Sense of Community, Social Cohesion, and Community Satisfaction, a number of underlyin∼ dimensions of community identity are identified.
Hetarine, I. 3.4‐Dehydropyridin aus Pyridin‐diazonium‐(3)‐carboxylat‐(4)bzw. 4‐Chlor‐3‐brom‐pyridin
Authors: Kauffmann Thomas , Boettcher Fritz‐Peter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPyridin‐diazonium‐(3)‐carboxylat‐(4) geht beim Erwärmen in einem Furan/Dioxan‐Gemisch unter Abspaltung von Stickstoff und Kohlendioxyd in 5.8‐Dihydro‐isochinolin‐5.8‐endoxyd über, wobei intermediär 3.4‐Dehydropyridin auftreten dürfte. Das Endoxyd ließ sich durch Lithiumamalgam bei Raumtemperatur in Isochinolin überführen. Aus 4‐Chlor‐3‐brom‐pyridin und Furan entsteht bei der Einwirkung von Lithiumamalgam Isochinolin Über 3.4‐Dehydropyridin und 5.8‐Dihydro‐isochinolin‐5.8‐endoxyd als nicht faßbare Zwischenstufen.
Tetrahydro‐1.3‐thiazin‐Derivate von Monosacchariden
Authors: Mani R. , zu Reckendorf Wolfgang Meyer , Bonner William A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUmsetzung von D‐Glucose, D‐Galaktose, D‐Mannose und L‐Arabinose mit 3‐Mercapto‐propylamin ergab Substituierte Tetrahydro‐1.3‐thiazine. Die konstitution der Verbindung aus D‐Glucose wurde durch Raney‐Nickel‐Desulfurierung zu einem auf unabhängigem Wege erhaltenen D‐Sorbit‐Derivat bewiesen.
Zum Bildungsmechanismus des Piperidino‐hexose‐reduktons
Authors: Simon Helmut 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie Bildung des „Piperidino‐hexose‐reduktons”︁ wird mit Hilfe verschiedener 14C‐markierter Zucker‐ bzw. Zuckerderivate untersucht. Auf Grund der 14C‐Verteilung im Redukton wird ein Bildungsmechanismus vorgeschlagen.
Über Komplexe des Vanadin(V)‐oxychlorids
Authors: Krauss Hans‐Ludwig , Gnatz Gerhard 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDas hellgelbe VOCl3 gibt mit unsubstituierten und substituierten Aromaten lichtempfindliche, tiefrote bis blaue Lösungen mit konzentrationsabhängigen Extinktionskoeffizienten. hνmax ist eine lineare Funktion des Ionisierungspotentials der betreffenden Kohlenwasserstoffe; das IR‐Spektrum zeigt die unveränderte Absorption der Ausgangsstoffe. Dies Verhalten entspricht der Bildung von „charge‐transfer”︁ ‐Komplexen. — Die in Substanz isolierbaren Additions‐verbindungen von VOCI3 mit organischen Donatoren, die ein elektronegatives Schlüsselatom besitzen ‐ eine Reihe dieser Vebindungen konnte erstmals dargestellt werden‐, zeigen ein analoges optisches Verhalten; das IR‐Spektrum entspricht einer schwachen Bindung der Liganden. Für VOCl3·2 Campher wurde kryoskopisch eine Dissoziationskonstante von etwa 2.10−4 (Mol/l)2 ermittelt.
Beitrag zur Reaktionsweise von Carbobenzoxy‐aminosäuren mit Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid
Authors: Schüssler Helga , Zahn Helmut 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSymm. Acyl‐aminosäureanhydride wurden als Intermediärprodukte bei der Peptidsynthese mittels Dicyclohexylcarbodiimids isoliert und anschließend mit Aminosäureestern zu Peptiden umgesetzt. Ein schon von Khorana diskutierter Reaktionsmechanismus wird damit wahrscheinlich gemacht.
Actinomycine, XXIV; Antibiotica aus Actinomyceten, XLVIII. Actinomycin X1a und X0α
Authors: Brockmann Hans , Manegold Jost Henrich 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAus Actinomycingemischen vom Typ X wurden Actinomycin X1a, X0γ und X0δ abgetrennt. — Actinomycin X1a ist das zweite Actinomycin, das γ‐Oxoprolin enthält. — Durch Reduktion mit Aluminiumisopropylat wurde aus Actinomycin X1a das bisher unbekannte Actinomycin X0α gewonnen. — Vergleichende Teste Zeigten, wieweit die antibiotisch wirksame Grenzkonzentration der X‐Actinomycine von der Struktur ihres Peptidteils abhängt.
Ein neuer Weg zur Herstellung der Androgen‐Hormone, ausgehend vom pregnandiol‐(3α.6α)‐on‐(20)
Authors: Hodoşan Francisc , Jude Ioan , Şerban Nicolae , Balogh Árpád 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie Anwendung der Baeyer‐Villiger‐Reaktion auf Pregnandiol‐(3α.6α)‐on‐(20) nach vorheriger Veresterung der Hydroxylgruppen mit Salpetersäure weist einen neuen Weg zum 17α‐Methyl‐testosteron.
Die Darstellung des 4‐Nitro‐pyridins und seine Molekülverbin‐dungen mit Phenolen
Authors: Kröhnke Fritz , Schäfer Hermann 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMan kann 4‐Nitro‐pyridin unmittelbar aus Pyridin über dessen N‐Oxyd in einer Ausbeute von 71% d. Th. gewinnen, wenn man den N‐Oxyd‐Sauerstoff mit Stickstoffmonoxyd in Nitriersäure bei 200° entfernt. — 4‐Nitro‐Pyridin und sein N‐Oxyd geben mit Naphtholen, Polyphenolen und aromatischen Aminen tieffarbige Molekülverbindungen des Acceptor‐Donator‐Typus.
Pyridinium‐Derivate der Dithioessigsäure, II. Alkylierungen und Acylierungen
Authors: Kröhnke Fritz , Gerlach Klaus , Schnalke Karl‐Erwin 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie zweifache Alkylierung des Dithioessigsäure‐pyridiniumbetains (IV) führt zu keten‐mercaptalen (VII, VIII), die cis‐trans‐isomer sind, wenn man für die beiden Schritte zwei verschiedene Alkyljodide in wechselnder Folge heranzieht. — Das Pyridiniumbetain des Dithioessigsäure‐methylesters (I) reagiert bei 20° mit Acetanhydrid zu einem C‐Acetyl‐, mit Acetylchlorid dagegen zu einem S‐Acetylderivat; Benzoesäure‐anhydrid und Benzoylchlorid zeigen den gleichen Unterschied. — Das Jodid aus I gibt mit Acetanhydrid bei 100° ein Thiopyran‐ α‐thion.
Zur Konstitution der Betaine aus Phenacyl‐cyclimmoniumsalzen, I. Phenacyl‐isochinolinium‐ und ‐chinoliniumbetaine
Authors: Kröhnke Fritz , Zecher Wilfried 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPhenacyl‐isochinoliniumbetain existiert in einer dunkelgelben From mit sehr reaktivem Carbanion und in einer beständigen, inaktiven, die hellgelb ist. Beide Formen lassen sich ineinander umlagern. Die Existenz des inaktiven Betains hängt mit der im Vergleich zum Pyridinium‐Kation stärkeren Positivierung der α‐Stellung zusammen. In ihr ist ein Oxazolin‐Ring vorgebildet, der mit Am‐moniak ein Imidazolin entstehen läßt, das zum kleineren Teil zu einem auch auf unabhängigem Wege synthetisierten Imidazo‐isochinolin dehydriert, zum größeren Teil aber spontan zu einem 2.3‐Dihydro‐imidazo‐isochinolin umgelagert wird. Mit dem Phenacyul‐chinoliniumbetain lassen sich analoge Reaktionen durchführen. — Während die Einwirkung von Hydroxylamin‐hydrochlorid auf Phenacyl‐pyridiniumbromid beim Oxim stehen bleibt, schreitet sie bei Phenacyl (iso)‐chinoliniumsalzen zu den Phenyl‐imidazo‐(iso)‐chinolinen fort, die auf diese Weise einfach und gut zu erhalten sind.
Über Organometall‐Komplexe, IX. Über die Reaktion von Eisencarbonylen mit Acetylen unter Druck
Authors: Weiss Erwin , Hübel Walter , Merényi Robert 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie Umsetzung von Eisencarbonylen mit Acetylen unter Druck ergibt eine Reihe von Stabilen Organo‐eisencarbonylen mit ungesättigten Kohlenwasserstoffen bzw. Ketonen als organische Liganden. Daneben entstehen hauptsächlich schwerlösliche, wenig definierte Verbindungen, die zum Teil Hydrochinon und Cyclopentadienon in From von Komplexen enthalten. Die Strukturen von (C2H2)2Fe2(CO)6 und der zwei isomeren Verbindungen (C2H2)3Fe2(CO)6 werden diskutiert. Der thermische Abbau der beiden Komplexe führt zu substituierten Cyclopentadienyl‐eisencarbonylen vom Typ (C5H5)2Fe2(CO)4. (C5H5)2Fe2(CO)4 und sein Methylderivat weisen nach Dipolmomentsbestimmungen in Benzol eine gefaltete Struktur auf.
Über Organometall‐Komplexe, X. Zur Kenntnis von Cyclopentadienon‐eisencarbonylen
Authors: Weiss Erwin , Merényi Robert , Hübel Walter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCyclopentadienon‐eisentricarbonyl und Cyclopentadienon‐eisendicarbonyl ergeben mit Halogenwasserstoffen Additionsverbindungen, deren Strukturen diskutiert werden. Auch Hydroxybenzole, insbesondere Hydrochinon, lagern sich an die polarisierte Ketogruppe des Cyclopentadienon‐Liganden zu stabilen Addukten an. Ein früher als „FeC11H7O5”︁ formulierter Komplex ist eine derartige Molekülverbindung von Cyclopentadienon‐eisentricarbonyl mit Hydrochinon im Verhältnis 2:1.
Radikalumlagerungen, III. Über das Auftreten von Radikalen bei der Bildung von Grignard‐Verbindungen
Authors: Rüchardt Christoph , Trautwein Helmut 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBei der Darstellung von Neophylmagnesiumchlorid bilden sich 1–6% Isobutylbenzol (II), 3‐Phenyl‐isobuten‐(1) (III) und β.β‐Dimethyl‐styrol (IV). Es wird gezeigt, daß diese Kohlenwasserstoffe durch Umlagerung der intermediär auftretenden β‐Phenyl‐isobutyl‐Radikale (V) in Phenyl‐tert. – butyl‐Radikale (VI) und deren Disproportionierung entstehen. Die umgelagerten Radikale nehmen auch an der Dimerenbildung teil. Das normale Grignard‐Produkt wird nicht oder nur unwesentlich durch Isomere verunreinigt.