bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeting the Apoptotic Pathway with BCL-2 Inhibitors Sensitizes Primary Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells to Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Induced Oncolysis
Authors: Tumilasci Vanessa Fonseca , Olière Stephanie , Nguyên Thi Lien-Ahn , Shamy April , Bell John , Hiscott John 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by clonal accumulation of CD5
+
CD19
+
B lymphocytes that are arrested in the G
0
/G
1
phase of the cell cycle and fail to undergo apoptosis because of overexpression of the antiapoptotic B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) protein. Oncolytic viruses, such as vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), have emerged as potential anticancer agents that selectively target and kill malignant cells via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Although primary CLL cells are largely resistant to VSV oncolysis, we postulated that targeting the apoptotic pathway via inhibition of BCL-2 may sensitize CLL cells to VSV oncolysis. In the present study, we examined the capacity of EM20-25—a small-molecule antagonist of the BCL-2 protein—to overcome CLL resistance to VSV oncolysis. We demonstrate a synergistic effect of the two agents in primary ex vivo CLL cells (combination index of 0.5;
P
< 0.0001). In a direct comparison of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers with primary CLL, the two agents combined showed a therapeutic index of 19-fold; furthermore, the combination of VSV and EM20-25 increased apoptotic cell death in Karpas-422 and Granta-519 B-lymphoma cell lines (
P
< 0.005) via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Mechanistically, EM20-25 blocked the ability of the BCL-2 protein to dimerize with proapoptotic BAX protein, thus sensitizing CLL to VSV oncolytic stress. Together, these data indicate that the use of BCL-2 inhibitors may improve VSV oncolysis in treatment-resistant hematological malignancies, such as CLL, with characterized defects in the apoptotic response.
Experimental Optic Neuritis Induced by a Demyelinating Strain of Mouse Hepatitis Virus
Authors: Shindler Kenneth S. , Kenyon Lawrence C. , Dutt Mahasweta , Hingley Susan T. , Sarma Jayasri Das 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT
Optic neuritis (ON), an inflammatory demyelinating optic nerve disease, occurs in multiple sclerosis (MS). Pathological mechanisms and potential treatments for ON have been studied via experimental autoimmune MS models. However, evidence suggests that virus-induced inflammation is a likely etiology triggering MS and ON; experimental virus-induced ON models are therefore required. We demonstrate that MHV-A59, a mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) strain that causes brain and spinal cord inflammation and demyelination, induces ON by promoting mixed inflammatory cell infiltration. In contrast, MHV-2, a nondemyelinating MHV strain, does not induce ON. Results reveal a reproducible virus-induced ON model important for the evaluation of novel therapies.
Persistent Equine Arteritis Virus Infection in HeLa Cells
Authors: Zhang Jianqiang , Timoney Peter J. , MacLachlan N. James , McCollum William H. , Balasuriya Udeni B. R. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT
The horse-adapted virulent Bucyrus (VB) strain of equine arteritis virus (EAV) established persistent infection in high-passage-number human cervix cells (HeLa-H cells; passages 170 to 221) but not in low-passage-number human cervix cells (HeLa-L cells; passages 95 to 115) or in several other cell lines that were evaluated. However, virus recovered from the 80th passage of the persistently infected HeLa-H cells (HeLa-H-EAVP80) readily established persistent infection in HeLa-L cells. Comparative sequence analysis of the entire genomes of the VB and HeLa-H-EAVP80 viruses identified 16 amino acid substitutions, including 4 in the replicase (nsp1, nsp2, nsp7, and nsp9) and 12 in the structural proteins (E, GP2, GP3, GP4, and GP5). Reverse genetic studies clearly showed that substitutions in the structural proteins but not the replicase were responsible for the establishment of persistent infection in HeLa-L cells by the HeLa-H-EAVP80 virus. It was further demonstrated that recombinant viruses with substitutions in the minor structural proteins E and GP2 or GP3 and GP4 were unable to establish persistent infection in HeLa-L cells but that recombinant viruses with combined substitutions in the E (Ser53→Cys and Val55→Ala), GP2 (Leu15→Ser, Trp31→Arg, Val87→Leu, and Ala112→Thr), GP3 (Ser115→Gly and Leu135→Pro), and GP4 (Tyr4→His and Ile109→Phe) proteins or with a single point mutation in the GP5 protein (Pro98→Leu) were able to establish persistent infection in HeLa-L cells. In summary, an in vitro model of EAV persistence in cell culture was established for the first time. This system can provide a valuable model for studying virus-host cell interactions, especially virus-receptor interactions.
Translation Termination Reinitiation between Open Reading Frame 1 (ORF1) and ORF2 Enables Capsid Expression in a Bovine Norovirus without the Need for Production of Viral Subgenomic RNA
Authors: McCormick Christopher J. , Salim Omar , Lambden Paul R. , Clarke Ian N. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT
A generally accepted view of norovirus replication is that capsid expression requires production of a subgenomic transcript, the presence of capsid often being used as a surrogate marker to indicate the occurrence of viral replication. Using a polymerase II-based baculovirus delivery system, we observed capsid expression following introduction of a full-length genogroup 3 norovirus genome into HepG2 cells. However, capsid expression occurred as a result of a novel translation termination/reinitiation event between the nonstructural-protein and capsid open reading frames, a feature that may be unique to genogroup 3 noroviruses.
Ras Modifies Proliferation and Invasiveness of Cells Expressing Human Papillomavirus Oncoproteins
Authors: Yoshida Satoshi , Kajitani Naoko , Satsuka Ayano , Nakamura Hiroyasu , Sakai Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT
Infection by human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major risk factor for human cervical carcinoma. However, the HPV infection alone is not sufficient for cancer formation. Cervical carcinogenesis is considered a multistep process accompanied by genetic alterations of the cell. Ras is activated in approximately 20% of human cancers, and it is related to the metastatic conversion of tumor cells. We investigated how Ras activation was involved in the malignant conversion of HPV-infected lesions. The active form of H-ras was introduced into human primary keratinocytes expressing the HPV type 18 (HPV18) oncoproteins E6 and/or E7. We analyzed the keratinocytes’ growth potentials and found that the activation of the Ras pathway induced senescence-like growth arrest. Senescence could be eliminated by high-risk E7 expression, suggesting that the pRb pathway was important for Ras-induced senescence. Then we analyzed the effect of Ras activation on epidermis development by using an organotypic “raft” culture and found that the E7 and H-ras coexpressions conferred invasive potential on the epidermis. This invasiveness resulted from the upregulation of MT1-MMP and MMP9 by H-ras and E7, respectively, in which the activation of the MEK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway was involved. These results indicated that the activation of Ras or the related signal pathways promoted the malignant conversion of HPV-infected cells.
Temporary Depletion of CD11c
+
Dendritic Cells Delays Lymphoinvasion after Intraperitonal Scrapie Infection
Authors: Cordier-Dirikoc Sevda , Chabry Joëlle 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT

The involvement of immune cells in prion capture and transport to lymphoid tissues still remains unclear. To investigate the role of dendritic cells (DC), we used DTR
+/+
mice, a transgenic model designed to trigger short-term ablation of DC. Transient depletion of DC around the time of intraperitoneal infection delayed prion replication in the spleen, as followed by PrPsc amount, a specific hallmark of prion diseases. Consequently, neuroinvasion and incubation time of prion disease were delayed. In contrast, no differences were observed after oral infection. These results suggest that DC act as vectors for prions from the peripheral entry site to the spleen.
Accounting for biological and physical sources of acoustic backscatter improves estimates of zooplankton biomass
Authors: Warren Joseph D. , Wiebe Peter H. 
Published: June 2008

To convert measurements of backscattered acoustic energy to estimates of abundance and taxonomic information about the zooplankton community, all of the scattering processes in the water column need to be identified and their scattering contributions quantified. Zooplankton populations in the eastern edge of Wilkinson Basin in the Gulf of Maine in the Northwest Atlantic were surveyed in October 1997. Net tow samples at different depths, temperature and salinity profiles, and multiple frequency acoustic backscatter measurements from the upper 200 m of the water column were collected. Zooplankton samples were identified, enumerated, and measured. Temperature and salinity profiles were used to estimate the amount of turbulent microstructure in the water column. These data sets were used with theoretical acoustic scattering models to calculate the contributions of both biological and physical scatterers to the overall measured scattering level. The output of these predictions shows that the dominant source of acoustic backscatter varies with depth and acoustic frequency in this region. By quantifying the contributions from multiple scattering sources, acoustic backscatter becomes a better measure of net-collected zooplankton biomass.
Long-term shifts in the species composition of a coastal fish community
Authors: Collie Jeremy S. , Wood Anthony D. , Jeffries H. Perry 
Published: June 2008

To study decadal shifts in a coastal nekton community, we analyzed data on 25 fish and invertebrate species collected from 1959 to 2005 by the University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography (Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA). This weekly trawl survey samples two locations: inside Narragansett Bay and in Rhode Island Sound. Over four decades, the community has shifted progressively from vertebrates to invertebrates and, especially since 1980, from benthic to pelagic species. Demersal species that declined include winter flounder ( Pseudopleuronectes americanus ), silver hake ( Merluccius bilinearis ), and red hake ( Urophycis chuss ); meanwhile warm-water fish (butterfish, Peprilus triacanthus ; scup, Stenotomus chrysops ) and invertebrates (lobster, crab, squid) increased with time. Total numbers reached a maximum in the 1990s, while mean body size decreased. Taxonomic diversity increased over time, as the community shifted from fish to invertebrates of several phyla. The shifts in species composition correlate most strongly with spring–summer sea surface temperature, which increased 1.6 °C over the 47-year time series. Species composition was also correlated with the winter North Atlantic Oscillation index and chlorophyll concentration, which has declined since the 1970s. Triggered primarily by rising temperatures, these decadal changes have altered the trophic structure of the nekton community, resulting in a shift from benthic to pelagic consumers.
Incorporating environmental variability in stock assessment: predicting recruitment, spawner biomass, and landings of sprat (Sprattus sprattus) in the Baltic Sea
Authors: MacKenzie Brian R. , Horbowy Jan , Köster Fritz W. 
Published: June 2008

Temperature has a significant positive impact on recruitment of sprat, Sprattus sprattus, in the Baltic Sea. Here we evaluate whether an existing recruitment model for the year classes 1973–1999 can forecast recruitment for five new year classes. The coefficient of variation (CV) of predictions was 5%, and four of five new year classes were within 95% confidence limits of predictions made by the earlier model. We then assimilated climatic, oceanographic, and recruitment linkages and their uncertainty into the standard International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) assessment procedure to predict key advisory-related variables such as spawning stock biomass (SSB) and landings. These linkages enable a forecast of recruitment earlier than the annual assessment meeting. Forecasts made using the North Atlantic Oscillation to predict the 2006 year class showed that spawner biomass would be 15% lower than spawner biomass calculated using the ICES standard methodology. The difference in perception of future biomass does not affect the advice for the stock because the spawning stock biomass is greater than the critical biomass limit (SSB > BPA). However, when this is not the case or when it is desirable to broaden the ecosystem basis for fisheries management, incorporation of knowledge of recruitment processes may be beneficial.
Quantifying invasion pathways: fish introductions from the aquarium trade
Authors: Gertzen Erin , Familiar Oriana , Leung Brian 
Published: June 2008

Introduced species can cause economic and environmental harm. Researchers have developed risk assessment models for exotic species based on biological characteristics. However, few have quantified propagule pressure despite its relevance for establishment. Both are needed to identify invasion risk. We focused on fishes introduced via the aquarium trade, because this pathway transports thousands of species throughout the world. We developed an approach to estimate propagule pressure by (i) identifying and quantifying aquarium fishes sold, (ii) determining fish owner behavior and disposal practices, and (iii) quantifying uncertainty. We used the St. Lawrence Seaway as our model system. Only one nonestablished species ( Tanichthys albonubes , 117 per year) had the propagule pressure and environmental tolerances to likely invade this region. However, overall, more than 10 000 fishes were released annually from Montréal (Quebec, Canada) alone. The implication of the observed propagule pressures is that the aquarium trade should be a very important pathway in other warmer habitats and should be explicitly assessed. Knowledge of the numbers introduced of each species will be useful for population models to estimate the probability of establishment.
Salmon carcasses as a marine-derived resource for benthic macroinvertebrates in a developing postglacial stream, Alaska
Authors: Monaghan Kieran A. , Milner Alexander M. 
Published: June 2008

Streams formed in Glacier Bay, southeast Alaska, following glacial recession rapidly support populations of spawning salmon. Using both observational and experimental approaches, we examined the importance of pink salmon ( Oncorhynchus gorbuscha ) carcasses for benthic macroinvertebrate communities, approximately 10 years after salmon first colonized Wolf Point Creek, a first-order, lake-fed stream. Macroinvertebrate abundance on carcasses naturally accumulating in the stream channel was low, dominated by chironomids ( Eukiefferiella spp.). Macroinvertebrate drift was significantly lower from artificial experimental channels containing salmon flesh (P < 0.001) compared with channels without. However, the density and community structure of macroinvertebrates colonizing rock baskets in channels was not significantly different between treatments. In a separate experiment, colonization of substrate trays with salmon and control (inert) fillets were associated with differences in community structure; simuliids dominated control fillets, and chironomids dominated fish fillets, while underlying stone substrate was colonized by a more diverse community including Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa (EPT). Excluding simuliids, abundance was significantly higher on fish compared with control fillets (P < 0.001). These data suggest that scales and mucus prevent the direct consumption of flesh from whole carcasses, highlighting the role predators–scavengers in facilitating flesh consumption by benthic macroinvertebrates.
Evaluation of the human health threat associated with the hepatotoxin microcystin in the muscle and liver tissues of yellow perch (Perca flavescens)
Authors: Wilson Alan E. , Gossiaux Duane C. , Höök Tomas O. , Berry John P. , Landrum Peter F. , Dyble Julianne , Guildford Stephanie J. 
Published: June 2008

During the summer of 2006, the western basin of Lake Erie experienced a bloom of the toxigenic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa . Across 11 sites, intracellular, particulate-bound microcystin levels in the seston increased to levels that exceeded World Health Organization guidelines for drinking water exposure (1 µg toxin·L–1). In contrast, toxin concentrations in yellow perch ( Perca flavescens ) muscle tissue (n = 68) declined from June to August, were negatively related to algal toxin levels, and never exceeded a conservative chronic exposure concentration estimated using proposed United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) guidelines. Microcystin concentrations in yellow perch liver exceeded US EPA chronic exposure guidelines, were on average 125 times higher than muscle toxin concentrations per unit dry weight, and varied little throughout the summer. With current guidelines, humans do not appear to be at risk when consuming the muscle tissue of Lake Erie yellow perch collected during large-scale cyanobacterial blooms. However, this study highlights the need for a better understanding of the trophic transfer of cyanobacterial toxins through aquatic food webs in diverse ecosystems with an emphasis on understanding if these compounds could accumulate sufficiently to affect human health.
The effects of barotrauma on the catch-and-release survival of southern California nearshore and shelf rockfish (Scorpaenidae, Sebastes spp.)
Authors: Jarvis Erica T. , Lowe Christopher G. 
Published: June 2008

Two experiments were used to assess the effects of barotrauma on initial capture survival and short-term postrecompression survival of line-caught (range 18–225 m) southern California rockfish ( Sebastes spp.). Occurrence of external and internal signs of barotrauma was characterized across all species. Despite species-specific differences in the extent of barotrauma observed, initial capture survival of rockfish held in a live well for a 10-min period following capture was 68% overall (19 species, n = 168). Overall 2-day survival of rockfish following recompression in cages was also 68% (17 species, n = 257). Short-term survival varied across species (range 36% to 82%), as did the occurrence of external signs of barotrauma. The degree of external signs of barotrauma was not a significant predictor of initial capture survival or short-term survival. The most significant predictor of short-term survival was surface holding time, with short-term survival increasing with decreasing surface holding time. These results suggest that rapid recompression of rockfish can significantly decrease discard mortality and could potentially enhance rockfish conservation.
'Lost in Translation': la désignation des chefs dans le Dodekapropheton
Authors: Dogniez Cécile 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn this paper, an attempt is made to examine the process of deformation of the Hebrew original in the Greek version—by loss or by gain of meaning. The corpus is limited to the Twelve Prophets and the semantic field concerns the designation of chiefs or elites in the biblical world. The loss of some references to the political, military or religious authorities in the Dodekapropheton is not always due to the incompetence of the translators and may throw light on their creativity to restore a clear meaning of the biblical text to the Greek reader.
The Dictation of the Septuagint Version
Authors: van der Louw Theo 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn Antiquity, original writing, copying and translating took place through dictation. It is likely that (parts of) the Septuagint was (were) committed to writing in that way. Traditions concerning the translation of Buddhist Sutras into Chinese help us to picture that process. The hypothesis that someone recited the Hebrew text, one translated orally and one or more scribes wrote the translation down contributes to LXX research. It explains (1) characteristic features of the Septuagint noted by Soisalon-Soininen, and (2) phonetic errors on both the Hebrew and the Greek sides. (3) It is compatible with the notion that learned scribes were involved but it lends no support to the "targumic origin" theory.
Sculpture, Space and the Poetics of Idolatry in Josephus' Bellum Judaicum
Authors: von Ehrenkrook Jason 
Published: June 2008

AbstractJosephus' writings depict a rather tumultuous relationship between Jews and figurative art, especially sculpture. When taken at face value, this material seems to indicate that Jews during the Second Temple period interpreted the second commandment as a prohibition against any form of figural representation, regardless of context or function. Using his Bellum Judaicum as a test case, I aim to complicate this picture by shifting attention away from the referential value of these so-called iconoclastic narratives to their rhetorical function, i.e. to the way in which these narratives are uniquely shaped to contribute to larger rhetorical themes in Bellum.
Einige Beobachtungen zum Juda der Perserzeit in der Darstellung des Josephus, Antiquitates Buch 11
Authors: Höffken Peter 
Published: June 2008

AbstractFor Josephus 3 Ezra, Nehemiah and Esther are the main sources for the history of the Persian era. His description of the final phase of the Persian domination focuses on three major incidents: the fratricide in the temple and the intervention of Bagoses; the foundation of the Gerizim Temple, which originated in an inner-Judean conflict and Alexander's visit of Jerusalem. This material, as well as the account of the transition of the empire to the Macedonians, is structured on the basis of historical knowledge of the Persian period derived from Greek sources. The major themes of Josephus' account are: (1) a close political and religious relationship with the Persian kings; (2) conflicts with the surrounding nations (most prominently with the Samaritans), while maintaining a strong loyalty to the Persians; and (3) united political actions of the Judeans under the leadership of figures like Zerubbabel, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Mordecai. Only in the last phase of Persian rule does this unity break down. In many respects the epoch is a prototype of the behavior of Judeans and Jews in relation to the dominant world power in later periods.
Philosophies of Difference and Religious Diversity
Authors: Hofmeyr H. Murray 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe so-called postmodern era is charactherised by attempts to formulate a new concept of difference. These attempts belong within the discourse of Nihilism. Nothingness is usually see as the negation of the one and only. But it can also refer to the one's transformation into many others. The way into nothingness then no longer falls into an abyss, but becomes the way into multiplicity without unity. Preliminary meaning replaces ultimate meaning. Difference is the many without unity. But the many are also one, many times one. Multiplicity does not equal chaos, the fertile mythological chaos that cannot be repeated. But the between-us can become a creative space in which we weave Lyotard's patchwork of minorities. This in-betweenity is the precondition for respect for the other, which is more than tolerance. Against this theoretical background, and in view of some insights from intercultural plailosophy, the following issues are investigated: the equality of religions, universalism and relativism, and inter-religious dialogues.