bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate Model Forecast Experiments for TOGA COARE
Authors: Boyle J. , Klein S. , Zhang G. , Xie S. , Wei X. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Short-term (1–10 day) forecasts are made with climate models to assess the parameterizations of the physical processes. The time period for the integrations is that of the intensive observing period (IOP) of the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE). The models used are the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model, version 3.1 (CAM3.1); CAM3.1 with a modified deep convection parameterization; and the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Atmospheric Model, version 2 (AM2). The models were initialized using the state variables from the 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40).
The CAM deep convective parameterization fails to demonstrate the sensitivity to the imposed forcing to simulate precipitation patterns associated with the Madden–Julian oscillations (MJOs) present during the period. AM2 and modified CAM3.1 exhibit greater correspondence to the observations at the TOGA COARE site, suggesting that convective parameterizations that have some type of limiter (as do AM2 and the modified CAM3.1) simulate the MJO rainfall with more fidelity than those without. None of the models are able to fully capture the correct phasing of westerly wind bursts with respect to precipitation in the eastward-moving MJO disturbance. Better representation of the diabatic heating and effective static stability profiles is associated with a better MJO simulation.
Because the models’ errors in the forecast mode bear a resemblance to the errors in the climate mode in simulating the MJO, the forecasts may allow for a better way to dissect the reasons for model error.
Propagation and Diurnal Evolution of Warm Season Cloudiness in the Australian and Maritime Continent Region
Authors: Keenan T. D. , Carbone R. E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Warm season cold cloud-top climatology in the Austral–Indonesian region is examined for evidence of propagating modes of precipitation that originate from elevated heat sources and the diurnal heating cycle. Using satellite-inferred cloudiness from the period 1996–2001 as a proxy for rainfall, this coherent regeneration process and subsequent event propagation is found to consistently occur from the midlatitudes (30°–40°S) to the tropics (10°–20°S) in the Austral region.
Given favorable environmental shear at midlatitudes, long-lived eastward-propagating events are observed to occur regularly with a span and duration typically larger than observed by Carbone et al. The genesis of these events, while intermittent, is directly related to elevated heat sources and the diurnal cycle, similar to the United States. However, given the relatively flat terrain of Australia, an elevated heat source is often insufficient, thus increasing the relative influence of transient synoptic forcing.
In the tropics, the thermal forcing associated with elevated terrain found over the islands of the Maritime Continent and the land–sea interface is increasingly dominant on daily basis. While eastward- and westward-propagating events are found in the more varied environment of the monsoon regime, evidence for meridionally propagating modes is also found. In this manner, complex interactions occur that modify the location and timing of clouds that develop over neighboring oceanic and continental locations. The impact of convection initially linked to the New Guinea highlands and subsequently impacting the Java Sea region is particularly evident affecting the observed diurnal cycle.
The subtropics show characteristics intermediate between the above extremes. With the seasonal cycle, the spring environment favors eastward-propagating events but in summer there is an increasing frequency of diurnally forced quasi-stationary development over elevated terrain enhanced by favorable synoptic conditions. Overall the subtropical summer events have a shorter duration and span than their spring counterparts. The increased environmental steering winds and shear in spring are thought to be the primary reason.
Toward the Mitigation of Spurious Cloud-Edge Supersaturation in Cloud Models
Authors: Grabowski Wojciech W. , Morrison Hugh 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper presents a straightforward approach to mitigate the problem of spurious cloud-edge supersaturation in high-spatial-resolution cloud models (e.g., moist large-eddy simulation models). The central idea, following a 1989 J. Atmos. Sci. paper by Grabowski, is that supersaturation predicted by the supersaturation equation should be used to adjust the temperature and moisture solutions, rather than the other way around as in the standard approach in cloud modeling, where the temperature and moisture solutions are used to diagnose the supersaturation. Details of the adjustment scheme are discussed and illustrated through simple one-dimensional tests applying a two-moment warm-rain microphysics scheme that predicts the in-cloud supersaturation. Extension of this approach to bin microphysics models is also outlined.
Very mild disease phenotype of congenic Cftr
TgH(neoim)Hgu
cystic fibrosis mice
Authors: Tóth Balázs , Wilke Martina , Stanke Frauke , Dorsch Martina , Jansen Silke , Wedekind Dirk , Charizopoulou Nikoletta , Bot Alice , Burmester Marion , Leonhard-Marek Sabine , de Jonge Hugo R , Hedrich Hans-Jürgen , Breves Gerhard , Tümmler Burkhard 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Background
A major boost to cystic fibrosis disease research was given by the generation of various mouse models using gene targeting in embryonal stem cells. Moreover, the introduction of the same mutation on different inbred strains generating congenic strains facilitated the search for modifier genes. From the original Cftr

TgH(neoim)Hgu
mouse model with a divergent genetic background (129/Sv, C57BL/6, HsdOla:MF1) two inbred mutant mouse strains CF/1-Cftr

TgH(neoim)Hgu
and CF/3-Cftr

TgH(neoim)Hgu
had been generated using strict brother × sister mating. CF/1-Cftr

TgH(neoim)Hgu
and CF/3-Cftr

TgH(neoim)Hgu
mice were fertile and showed normal growth and lifespan. In this work the Cftr

TgH(neoim)Hgu
insertional mutation was backcrossed from CF/3-Cftr

TgH(neoim)Hgu
onto the inbred backgrounds C57BL/6J and DBA/2J generating congenic animals in order to clarify the differential impact of the Cftr mutation and the genetic background on the disease phenotype of the cystic fibrosis mutant mice. Clinical and electrophysiological features of the two congenic strains were compared with those of CF/1-Cftr

TgH(neoim)Hgu
and CF/3-Cftr

TgH(neoim)Hgu
and wild type controls.

Results
Under the standardized housing conditions of the animal facility, the four mouse strains CF/1-Cftr

TgH(neoim)Hgu
, CF/3-Cftr

TgH(neoim)Hgu
, D2.129P2(CF/3)-Cftr

TgH(neoim)Hgu
and B6.129P2(CF/3)-Cftr

TgH(neoim)Hgu
exhibited normal life expectancy. Growth of congenic cystic fibrosis mice was comparable with that of wild type controls. All mice but D2.129P2(CF/3)-Cftr

TgH(neoim)Hgu
females were fertile. Short circuit current measurements revealed characteristic response profiles of the HsdOla:MF1, DBA/2J and C57BL/6J backgrounds in nose, ileum and colon. All cystic fibrosis mouse lines showed the disease-typical hyperresponsiveness to amiloride in the respiratory epithelium. The mean chloride secretory responses to carbachol or forskolin were 15–100% of those of the cognate wild type control animals.

Conclusion
The amelioration of the clinical features and of the basic defect that had emerged during the generation of CF/3-Cftr

TgH(neoim)Hgu
mice was retained in the congenic mice indicating that the Cftr linkage group or other loci shared between the inbred strains contain(s) the major modifier(s) of attenuation of cystic fibrosis symptoms.
Protein fingerprints of cultured CA3-CA1 hippocampal neurons: comparative analysis of the distribution of synaptosomal and cytosolic proteins
Authors: Corti Valeria , Sanchez-Ruiz Yovan , Piccoli Giovanni , Bergamaschi Andrea , Cannistraci Carlo V , Pattini Linda , Cerutti Sergio , Bachi Angela , Alessio Massimo , Malgaroli Antonio 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Background
All studies aimed at understanding complex molecular changes occurring at synapses face the problem of how a complete view of the synaptic proteome and of its changes can be efficiently met. This is highly desirable when synaptic plasticity processes are analyzed since the structure and the biochemistry of neurons and synapses get completely reshaped. Because most molecular studies of synapses are nowadays mainly or at least in part based on protein extracts from neuronal cultures, this is not a feasible option: these simplified versions of the brain tissue on one hand provide an homogeneous pure population of neurons but on the other yield only tiny amounts of proteins, many orders of magnitude smaller than conventional brain tissue. As a way to overcome this limitation and to find a simple way to screen for protein changes at cultured synapses, we have produced and characterized two dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) maps of the synaptic proteome of CA3-CA1 hippocampal neurons in culture.

Results
To obtain 2D maps, hippocampal cultures were mass produced and after synaptic maturation, proteins were extracted following subfractionation procedures and separated by 2D gel electrophoresis. Similar maps were obtained for the crude cytosol of cultured neurons and for synaptosomes purified from CA3-CA1 hippocampal tissue. To efficiently compare these different maps some clearly identifiable reference points were molecularly identified by mass spectrometry and immunolabeling methods. This information was used to run a differential analysis and establish homologies and dissimilarities in these 2D protein profiles.

Conclusion
Because reproducible fingerprints of cultured synapses were clearly obtained, we believe that our mapping effort could represent a simple tool to screen for protein expression and/or protein localization changes in CA3-CA1 hippocampal neurons following plasticity.
Facile whole mitochondrial genome resequencing from nipple aspirate fluid using MitoChip v2.0
Authors: Jakupciak John P , Maggrah Andrea , Maragh Samantha , Maki Jennifer , Reguly Brian , Maki Katrina , Wittock Roy , Robinson Kerry , Wagner Paul D , Thayer Robert E , Gehman Ken , Gehman Teresa , Srivastava Sudhir , Ngom Alioune , Dakubo Gabriel D , Parr Ryan L 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Background
Mutations in the mitochondrial genome (mtgenome) have been associated with many disorders, including breast cancer. Nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) from symptomatic women could potentially serve as a minimally invasive sample for breast cancer screening by detecting somatic mutations in this biofluid. This study is aimed at 1) demonstrating the feasibility of NAF recovery from symptomatic women, 2) examining the feasibility of sequencing the entire mitochondrial genome from NAF samples, 3) cross validation of the Human mitochondrial resequencing array 2.0 (MCv2), and 4) assessing the somatic mtDNA mutation rate in benign breast diseases as a potential tool for monitoring early somatic mutations associated with breast cancer.

Methods
NAF and blood were obtained from women with symptomatic benign breast conditions, and we successfully assessed the mutation load in the entire mitochondrial genome of 19 of these women. DNA extracts from NAF were sequenced using the mitochondrial resequencing array MCv2 and by capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods as a quality comparison. Sequencing was performed independently at two institutions and the results compared. The germline mtDNA sequence determined using DNA isolated from the patient's blood (control) was compared to the mutations present in cellular mtDNA recovered from patient's NAF.

Results
From the cohort of 28 women recruited for this study, NAF was successfully recovered from 23 participants (82%). Twenty two (96%) of the women produced fluids from both breasts. Twenty NAF samples and corresponding blood were chosen for this study. Except for one NAF sample, the whole mtgenome was successfully amplified using a single primer pair, or three pairs of overlapping primers. Comparison of MCv2 data from the two institutions demonstrates 99.200% concordance. Moreover, MCv2 data was 99.999% identical to CE sequencing, indicating that MCv2 is a reliable method to rapidly sequence the entire mtgenome. Four NAF samples contained somatic mutations.

Conclusion
We have demonstrated that NAF is a suitable material for mtDNA sequence analysis using the rapid and reliable MCv2. Somatic mtDNA mutations present in NAF of women with benign breast diseases could potentially be used as risk factors for progression to breast cancer, but this will require a much larger study with clinical follow up.
Steroid hormone regulation of EMP2 expression and localization in the endometrium
Authors: Wadehra Madhuri , Mainigi Monica , Morales Shawn A , Rao Rajiv G , Gordon Lynn K , Williams Carmen J , Braun Jonathan 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Background
The tetraspan protein epithelial membrane protein-2 (EMP2), which mediates surface display of diverse proteins, is required for endometrial competence in blastocyst implantation, and is uniquely correlated with poor survival from endometrial adenocarcinoma tumors. Because EMP2 is differentially expressed in the various stages of the murine and human estrous cycle, we tested the hypothesis that the steroid hormones progesterone and estrogen influence EMP2 expression and localization.

Methods
Frozen human proliferative and secretory endometrium were collected and analyzed for EMP2 expression using SDS-PAGE/Western blot analysis. The response of EMP2 to progesterone and estradiol was determined using a combination of real-time PCR, SDS-PAGE/Western blot analysis, and confocal immunofluorescence in the human endometrial carcinoma cell line RL95-2. To confirm the in vitro results, ovariectomized mice were treated with progesterone or estradiol, and EMP2 expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry.

Results
Within normal human endometrium, EMP2 expression is upregulated in the secretory phase relative to the proliferative phase. To understand the role of steroid hormones on EMP2 expression, we utilized RL95-2 cells, which express both estrogen and progesterone receptors. In RL95-2 cells, both estradiol and progesterone induced EMP2 mRNA expression, but only progesterone induced EMP2 protein expression. To compare steroid hormone regulation of EMP2 between humans and mice, we analyzed EMP2 expression in ovarectomized mice. Similar to results observed in humans, progesterone upregulated endometrial EMP2 expression and induced EMP2 translocation to the plasma membrane. Estradiol did not promote translocation to the cell surface, but moderately induced EMP2 expression in cytoplasmic compartments in vivo.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that targeting of EMP2 to specific locations under the influence of these steroid hormones may be important for integrating the molecular responses required for implantation competence.
Three-Dimensional Micro- and Nano-Structuring of Materials by Tightly Focused Laser Radiation
Authors: Juodkazis Saulius , Mizeikis Vygantas , Matsuo Shigeki , Ueno Kosei , Misawa Hiroaki 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Three-dimensional laser microfabrication blends microscopy, optical nonlinear phenomena, photomodification, laser trapping, and creates novel possibilities for fabrication of micro- and nano-structures in a wide range of materials. This work reviews various implementations of laser photo-structuring and micromanipulation applied to photo-modification of various materials: glasses, crystals, polymers, gels, and liquid crystals.
Resonant Microwave Irradiation Effect on the Emission Process of an Organic Electroluminescent Material
Authors: Okimi Hiroshi , Sakaguchi Yoshio , Asada Kohei , Hara Masahiko 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Microwave irradiation to energized electroluminescent cells made of a copolymer of p-phenylenevinylene (PPV) derivatives under a resonant magnetic field resulted in a decrease in emission intensity. This is due to a reduction of singlet radical ion pairs by forced spin conversion into the triplet manifold. This microwave effect became 1.6±0.1 and 2.3±0.1 times larger after the “turn-off,” the removal of the driving voltage of 8 and 10 V, respectively. Since the formation of radical ions terminates at turn-off, this increase cannot be attributed to the increase of radical ion pairs. The magnetic field effect on the emission intensity also increased from 1.09±0.01 to 1.12±0.03 after turn-off. These phenomena are ascribed to the decrease of the exchange interaction between radical ions in a pair by the removal of the electric field.
Bis(1-methylimidazolyl)diselenide and 1-Methylimidazole-2-selenolate Complexes of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury: Synthesis, Characterization, and Their Conversion to Metal Selenide Quantum Dots
Authors: Kedarnath Gotluru , Kumbhare Liladhar Baburao , Jain Vimal Kumar , Wadawale Amey , Dey Gautam Kumar , Thinaharan Chidamabaranathan , Naveen Shivalingegowda , Sridhar Mandayam Anandalwar , Prasad Javaregowda Shashidhara 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Treatment of a methanolic solution of metal acetate with bis(1-methylimidazolyl)diselenide, [(MeImSe)2], yields complexes of composition [M(OAc)2{(MeImSe)2}] (M = Zn, Cd, or Hg) whereas reactions of [MX2(Me2NCH2CH2NMe2)] (X = Cl or OAc) with sodium 1-methylimidazole-2-selenolate gave selenolate complexes of the general formula [M(MeImSe)2] (M = Zn or Cd). The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV–vis, NMR (1H, 13C, and 77Se) data. The crystal structure of [Cd(OAc)2{(MeImSe)2}] was established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The cadmium atom adopts a distorted octahedral configuration defined by asymmetrically chelated acetate groups and chelating diselenide ligand. Thermal behavior of adducts was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. Pyrolysis in hexadecylamine/tri-n-octylphosphine oxide gave MSe quantum dots, which were characterized by UV–vis, photoluminescence, XRD, EDAX, SAED, and TEM.
Total Syntheses of Bistratamides J, E, and H from Two Types of ΔAla-Containing Oligopeptides
Authors: Suzuki Hiroyuki , Andoh Masanori , Yonezawa Yasuchika , Akai Shoji , Shin Chung-gi , Sato Ken-ichi 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The total syntheses of naturally occurring bis- and tris(heterocyclic)cyclopeptide bistratamides J (1), H (2), and E (3) from two types of dehydropeptides are described. The strategy involves the preparation of the promising building blocks: N-{2-[(S)-1-(N-benzyloxycarbonyl)amino-2-methylpropyl]thiazol-4-ylcarbonyl}-l-Val-(S)NH2 (4) as the left-half component, and methyl N-(3-bromo-2-oxopropanoyl)-l-Val-O-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)-l-threonate (5) as the right-half. The subsequent Hantzsch thiazole synthesis between 4 and 5 afforded a linear N,O-protected bis(heterocyclic)peptide as the precursor of 1. Upon deprotection, the precursor was converted to 1 via macrocyclization under high-dilution condition, using BOP [benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate] as the condensing agent. Furthermore, 1 was converted to 2, which was transformed into 3 via ring-opening and re-oxazolination.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Reaction of 1-Alkynylphosphines with Water Yielding (E)-1-Alkenylphosphine Oxides
Authors: Kondoh Azusa , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Treatment of 1-alkynylphosphines with a rhodium catalyst in 1,4-dioxane/H2O at reflux provides (E)-1-alkenylphosphine oxides in good yields with perfect stereoselectivity. The reaction proceeds as follows. Oxidative addition of 1-alkynylphosphine to rhodium followed by hydrolysis yields the corresponding terminal alkyne and diphenylphosphine oxide. Rhodium-catalyzed hydrophosphinylation of the terminal alkyne then proceeds to afford (E)-1-alkenylphosphine oxide.
Regio- and Stereoselective Additions of Diphenyldithiophosphinic Acid to N-(1-Alkynyl)amides and 1-Alkynyl Sulfides
Authors: Kanemura Shigenari , Kondoh Azusa , Yasui Hiroto , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Treatment of N-(1-alkynyl)amides and 1-alkynyl sulfides with diphenyldithiophosphinic acid affords (E)-ketene N,S-acetals and S,S-acetals, respectively. The addition reactions proceed in syn fashions, which consist of protonation of the electron-rich alkynes and the following nucleophilic addition of diphenyldithiophosphinate anion to the resulting cationic intermediates.
Copper(I) Thiophene-2-carboxylate (CuTC): A Versatile Non-Nitrogen Ligand-Based Catalyst for Direct N-Arylation of Imidazole and Pyrazole Using Aryl Iodides, Aryl Bromides, and Aryl Chlorides
Authors: Maheswaran Hariharasarma , Krishna Gaddamanugu Gopi , Srinivas Vandanapu , Prasanth Kurushunkal Leon , Rajasekhar Chinamukthevi Venkata 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A new protocol to prepare N-aryl heterocyclic adducts in excellent yields via cross-coupling of HN-heterocycles with aryl halides is reported using commercially available and easy-to-prepare copper(I) thiophene-2-carboxylate (CuTC) as catalyst.
Synthesis and Characterization of 2,9-Bis(perfluorobutyl)pentacene as an n-Type Organic Field-Effect Transistor
Authors: Okamoto Kazuo , Ogino Kenji , Ikari Mitsuaki , Kunugi Yoshihito 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A novel organic semiconductor, 2,9-bis(perfluorobutyl)pentacene, was synthesized in seven steps, and was characterized by NMR, IR, and UV spectroscopy. From differential scanning calorimetry analyses, no liquid crystalline phase was observed, unlike 2,9-dibutylpentacene. The morphology of thin films formed at different substrate temperatures was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction analysis. Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) fabricated with this compound showed electron mobility of 1.7×10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 using Ag source–drain electrodes.
Electrochemical and Chemical Doping Behavior of Bithiophene–Bithiazole Copolymer
Authors: Otsuka Syun-ichi , Fukumoto Hiroki , Yamamoto Takakazu 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
An alternating copolymer of 4,4′-dialkyl-2,2′-bithiazole (alkyl = tridecyl) and 2,2′-bithiophene receives electrochemical p-doping and n-doping with a peak current anode potential (Epa) and a peak current cathode potential (Epc) of 0.69 and −2.13 V vs. Ag+/Ag, respectively. The copolymer undergoes chemical p-doping with NOBF4. X-ray diffraction (XRD) data of the p-doped copolymer indicate that the π-stacking distance of the copolymer is shortened from 3.62 to 3.52 Å after the p-doping. Location of the BF4− dopant in the p-doped copolymer is discussed.