bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D reconstruction of high‐resolution STED microscope images
Authors: Punge Annedore , Rizzoli Silvio O. , Jahn Reinhard , Wildanger Jan Dominik , Meyer Lars , Schönle Andreas , Kastrup Lars , Hell Stefan W. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTackling biological problems often involves the imaging and localization of cellular structures on the nanometer scale. Although optical super‐resolution below 100 nm can be readily attained with stimulated emission depletion (STED) and photoswitching microscopy methods, attaining an axial resolution <100 nm with focused light generally required the use of two lenses in a 4Pi configuration or exceptionally bright photochromic fluorophores. Here, we describe a simple technical solution for 3D nanoscopy of fixed samples: biological specimens are fluorescently labeled, embedded in a polymer resin, cut into thin sections, and then imaged via STED microscopy with nanoscale resolution. This approach allows a 3D image reconstruction with a resolution <80 nm in all directions using available state‐of‐the art STED microscopes. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low‐voltage transmission electron microscopy reveals SV40 viral particles within secretory granules in pancreatic cells
Authors: Bendayan Moise , Gingras Diane , Ziv Ehud , Haviv Yosef S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractNovel approach in low voltage transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has revealed the presence of SV40 viral like particles in the secretory zymogen granules and in spherical membrane‐bound dense bodies of SV40 infected pancreatic cells. The presence of SV40 antigen in these cellular compartments was confirmed by immunocytochemistry of the VP1 antigen. Visualization of the viral particles was only possible by examining ultrathin tissue sections with low‐voltage TEM that significantly enhances imaging contrast. Results indicate that following infection of the cell entry and trafficking of the viral particles are present in unique cellular compartments such as ER, dense bodies, and secretory granules. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glial architecture of the ghost shark (Callorhinchus milii, Holocephali, Chondrichthyes) as revealed by different immunohistochemical markers
Authors: Ari Csilla , Kálmán Mihály 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis article presents the first study on the glial architecture of a representative species of Holocephali, Callorhinchus milii (ghost shark). Holocephali are a small subclass of Chondrichthyes, with only a few extant genera, and those are considered to have a brain organization more similar to squalomorph sharks than to galeomorph sharks, skates, and rays. Three different astroglial markers—glial fibrillary acidic protein, S‐100 protein, and glutamine synthetase (GS)—were investigated by immunohistochemical methods, applying both diaminobenzidine (DAB) and fluorescent techniques. They revealed similar glial structures, although most of them were detected by immunohistochemical reaction against GS and visualized by DAB. The predominant elements were radial ependymoglia spanning the area between the ventricular and meningeal surfaces, as in squalomorph sharks. Other similar features were the light appearance of myelinated neural tracts devoid of immunoreactivity, and the glial architecture of the reticular formation of the brain stem, cerebellum, and tectum, the latter with recognizable layers. The immunoreactivity of the vascular walls was similar; however, it is believed that different cell types form the blood–brain barrier in chimeras and in elasmobranchs. Some glial structures, however, resembled those of skates, rays, and galeomorph sharks. In C. milii astrocyte‐like elements were observed in the telencephalon, using GS and S‐100, although typical astrocyte‐rich regions were not found. In some areas, especially the telencephalon, not only endfeet but also cell bodies were observed to be attached to the meningeal surface, with processes extending into the brain substance. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 310B:504–519, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
N‐acetylcysteine prevents β‐amyloid toxicity by a stimulatory effect on p35/cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 activity in cultured cortical neurons
Authors: Hsiao Ya‐Hsin , Chen Po‐See , Yeh Shiu‐Hwa , Lin Chia‐Ho , Gean Po‐Wu 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAlthough previous studies have indicated that the neuroprotective effect of N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) required activation of the Ras‐extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, the detailed mechanisms and signal cascades leading to activation ERK are not clear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of NAC on Aβ25–35‐induced neuronal death. Pretreatment of neurons with NAC 1 hr before application of Aβ prevented Aβ‐mediated cell death. NAC increased cyclin‐dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) phosphorylation, an effect that was blocked by Cdk5 inhibitor. The neuroprotective effect of NAC was significantly attenuated by Cdk5 inhibitors or in neurons transfected with Cdk5 or p35 small interfering RNA (siRNA). Conversely, pretreatment of neurons with the calpain inhibitors calpeptin or MDL28170 enhanced the neuroprotective effect of NAC. Aβ25–35 caused a significant decrease in the level of p35, with a concomitant increase in p25, which was completely prevented by NAC. This effect of NAC was blocked by the Cdk5 inhibitors roscovitine and butyrolactone. In addition, NAC increased Cdk5/p35 kinase activity but reduced Cdk5 kinase activity. Aβ25–35 treatment decreased phosphorylated levels of ERK, which could be reversed by NAC. The effect of NAC was completely blocked by Cdk5 inhibitors. NAC reversed the Aβ25–35–induced decrease in the expression of Bcl‐2, which could be blocked by the MAPK kinase (MEK) inhibitor or Cdk5 inhibitors. These results suggest that NAC‐mediated neuroprotection against Aβ toxicity is likely mediated by the p35/Cdk5‐ERKs‐Bcl‐2 signal pathway. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hoxa1 is required for the retinoic acid–induced differentiation of embryonic stem cells into neurons
Authors: Martinez‐Ceballos Eduardo , Gudas Lorraine J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe ability of embryonic stem (ES) cells to differentiate into different cell fates has been extensively evaluated, and several protocols exist for the generation of various types of cells from mouse and human ES cells. We used a differentiation protocol that involves embryoid body formation and all‐trans‐retinoic acid (RA, 5 μM) treatment (EB/5 μM RA) to test the ability of Hoxa1 null ES cells to adopt a neuronal fate. Hoxa1−/− ES cells, when treated in this EB/5 μM RA protocol, failed to differentiate along a neural lineage; Hoxa1−/− ES cells express severalfold lower levels of many neuronal differentiation markers, including nestin, β‐tubulin III, and MAP2, and conversely, higher levels of endodermal differentiation markers (i.e., Sox17, Col4a1) than wild type (Wt) cells. Reintroduction of exogenous Hoxa1, under the control of the metallothionein I promoter, into Hoxa1−/− ES cells restored their capacity to generate neurons. Moreover, overexpression of Sox17, a gene that regulates endodermal differentiation, in Wt ES cells resulted in endodermal differentiation and in a complete abolition of β‐tubulin III expression. Thus, Hoxa1 activity is essential for the neuronal differentiation of ES cells in the presence of all‐trans‐RA, and Hoxa1 may promote neural differentiation by inhibiting Sox17 expression. Pharmacological manipulation of Hoxa1 levels may provide a method for promoting neuronal differentiation for therapeutic uses. Furthermore, because mutations in the Hoxa1 gene can cause autism spectrum disorder in humans, these data also provide important mechanistic insights into the early developmental processes that may result in this disorder. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protective effects of erythropoietin on tau phosphorylation induced by β‐amyloid
Authors: Sun Zhi‐kun , Yang Hong‐Qi , Pan Jing , Zhen Hong , Wang Zhi‐Quan , Chen Sheng‐Di , Ding Jian‐Qing 
Published: May 2008

AbstractNeuropathological studies have demonstrated that the presence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) is one of the most prominent pathologic characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The microtubule‐associated protein tau is the major component of NFTs, and its abnormal hyperphosphorylation leads to the destabilization of microtubules, impaired axonal transport, and eventual death of the neurons. The hematopoietic cytokine erythropoietin (Epo) is now considered as a viable agent with regard to central nervous system injury in a variety of cellular systems. Here we report that Epo prevented tau hyperphosphorylation in SH‐SY5Y cells exposed to the β‐amyloid peptide and that this effect may depend on the PI3K/Akt‐GSK‐3β pathway. This study provides new molecular insight into the neuroprotective effect of Epo and suggests its possible therapeutic role in the management of AD. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Promoter hypermethylation‐mediated down‐regulation of CXCL12 in human astrocytoma
Authors: Zhou Wei , Jiang Zheng , Song Xianrang , Liu Yonglei , Wen Peie , Guo Yuan , Xu Fenghua , Kong Li , Zhang Pinliang , Han Anqin , Yu Jinming 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIt has recently been demonstrated that CXCL12 is absent in colonic carcinoma, and hypermethylation of CXCL12 contributes to CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling in carcinoma metastasis. However, the role of CXCL12/CXCR4 axis, especially CXCL12, in the regulation of tumor invasiveness is largely still unknown. Using real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR assays, we observed that CXCR4 expression increased with increasing WHO grade in astrocytoma, suggesting that CXCR4 may be a marker of aggressive biological behavior of astrocytoma. Methylation of CXCL12 was detected in 34.2% (26/76) of astrocytomas by methylation‐specific PCR. Epigenetic inactivation of CXCL12 was implicated mainly in low‐grade astrocytomas, via DNA hypermethylation by DNMT1, ‐3A, and ‐3B; 21.1% (16/76) of the astrocytomas showed reduced or lack of CXCL12 expression, in line with epigenetic silencing of gene transcripts. However, it is interesting to note that 61.8% (47/76) of tumors, mainly high‐grade astrocytomas, displayed elevated transcription of CXCL12. The expression levels of CXCL12 mRNA in glioblastomas (WHO grade IV) were significantly higher than in normal brain tissues. In summary, our data show that CXCL12 promoter hypermethylation is an early event in astrocytoma development. However, the high expressions of CXCR4 and CXCL12 in glioblastomas, the more invasive astrocytomas, suggest a different role of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling axis in astrocytoma progression. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GPi‐DBS in Huntington's disease: Results on motor function and cognition in a 72‐year‐old case
Authors: Fasano Alfonso , Mazzone Paolo , Piano Carla , Quaranta Davide , Soleti Francesco , Bentivoglio Anna Rita 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHuntington's disease (HD) produces debilitating motor abnormalities that are poorly responsive to medical therapy. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the posteroventral globus pallidus internus (GPi) may offer a treatment option for patients with diskinetic phenotype and minimal cognitive impairment, but its role in the management of HD remains unclear and to date only two cases have been reported. We report the outcome of GPi‐DBS in a 72‐year‐old man with HD. Stimulation at 130 Hz caused a rapid amelioration of chorea producing the worsening of bradykinesia, whereas 40 Hz stimulation (maintaining constant the total electrical energy delivered) improved chorea while preserving the ability to walk. At 1‐year follow‐up, chorea has completely disappeared; however, the patient was unable to stand and walk. The cognitive profile showed a progressive deterioration, with an extension of deficit from the mainly dysexecutive alterations at baseline to a more diffused cognitive deterioration. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Predictors and course of health‐related quality of life in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Forsaa Elin Bjelland , Larsen Jan Petter , Wentzel‐Larsen Tore , Herlofson Karen , Alves Guido 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe investigated how health related quality of life (HRQL) changes over time in a population‐based cohort of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), and which factors predict a lower level of HRQL in these patients. Of 227 patients with PD assessed at baseline and followed prospectively, information on HRQL‐status was obtained in 111 subjects 4 years and 82 patients 8 years after inclusion. HRQL was measured by the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP). Analyses were conducted using generalized estimating equation models. The NHP total score (P < 0.001) and scores in all NHP dimensions except for sleep worsened significantly during follow‐up. Steepest slope was found for the domain physical mobility (3.16, 95% CI 2.39–3.92), followed by the domains social isolation (2.22, 95% CI 1.52–2.93) and emotional reactions (1.36, 95% CI 0.74–1.97). In addition to follow‐up time, higher Hoehn and Yahr staging, higher Montgomery and Aasberg Depression Rating Scale scores, and presence of insomnia at baseline were associated with lower levels of overall HRQL during follow‐up. We conclude that PD has an increasing impact on HRQL as the disease progresses. During long‐term follow‐up, deterioration in physical mobility was the most important single factor contributing to decline in HRQL in our cohort, although distress of nonmotor character as a whole outweighed the impact of distress in physical mobility on overall HRQL. More advanced disease, higher severity of depressive symptoms, and presence of insomnia were found to be important and independent predictors of poor HRQL. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Privacy‐preserving secure relative localization in vehicular networks
Authors: Tang Lei , Hong Xiaoyan , Bradford Phillip G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractRelative location information helps build vehicle topology maps. Such maps provide location information of nearby vehicles to drivers. In building a vehicle topology, one must consider various attacks on vehicular networks. Also the localization system should protect the drivers' identity and make it difficult for the adversary to track vehicles. Many techniques have been proposed for relative positioning and location verification. Due to the high speed and the strict security requirements, the existing relative positioning and location verification techniques are not directly applicable to vehicular networks. Hence, we present a scheme called Privacy‐preserving Secure Relative Location Determination (P‐SRLD), which securely determines the relative locations of a set of wirelessly connected vehicles based on the relative locations of each vehicle's surrounding vehicles. P‐SRLD uses cryptographic keys to authenticate location messages and vehicle's cryptographic pseudonym to identify the vehicle to protect vehicle's driver's privacy. To defend against Sybil attacks, P‐SRLD employs registration and relative location message verification mechanisms. It defends wormhole and blackhole attacks by probabilistically monitoring losses of relative location messages. Analysis and simulation results show that P‐SRLD is lightweight and is resilient to Sybil, wormhole and some other attacks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coping strategies in chronic fatigue syndrome: outcomes over time
Authors: Johnson Susan K. , Gil‐Rivas Virginia , Schmaling Karen B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis paper examined the contribution of coping strategies and neuroticism to longitudinal outcomes in a tertiary care sample of participants with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Coping strategies and neuroticism were assessed among 93 participants with CFS, and used to predict participants' illness‐related outcomes. Coping by instrumental support was the only strategy associated with clinical outcomes over time: more reliance on instrumental support predicted less vitality over time after accounting for the level of vitality at the index visit. Neuroticism and coping strategies were not associated with fatigue symptoms, physical functioning or role functioning over time. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moderating effects of coping on the relationship between test anxiety and negative mood
Authors: Stowell Jeffrey R. , Tumminaro Tiffany , Attarwala Muffadal 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe explored the moderating effect of exam‐related coping strategies on the relationships between test anxiety, negative mood and salivary cortisol. Fifty undergraduate students participated, with 29 in the academic examination group and 21 in the comparison group. Across groups, worry was associated with higher levels of negative mood before, during and after the exam or homework period. However, avoidance coping moderated this effect such that there was a strong positive relationship between worry and negative mood when avoidance coping was low, but not when avoidance coping has high. Negative mood on the day of the study correlated positively with the number of illness symptoms reported 3 days later. Our results suggest that coping strategies used to deal with academic examination stress dynamically moderate the effects of test anxiety on negative mood. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing Conditions for the Purification of Linoleic Acid from Sunflower Oil by Urea Complex Fractionation
Authors: Wu Mingyi , Ding Hui , Wang Song , Xu Shimin 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe separation and purification of linoleic acid (LA) from sunflower seed oil by urea complex fractionation was studied. Crystallization reaction conditions of urea inclusion were optimized using the response surface method, and the optimal model was developed. Using the linear weighting method of the fitting model for optimization, the optimal balance between the purity and the recovery of LA was obtained. Under optimal conditions, the purity of LA was 87.8%, and the recovery was 83.4% at a urea‐to‐fatty acids ratio (w/w) of 0.94, 95% ethanol‐to‐urea (v/w) of 5.00, a crystallization temperature of 18.0 °C, and a crystallization time of 5.0 h. Verification results revealed that the predicted values from these models were reasonably close to the experimentally observed values.
Mental health of Dutch Peacekeeping Veterans 10-25 years after deployment
Authors: Klaassens Ellen R. , van Veen Tineke , Weerts Jos M.P. , Zitman Frans G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjectiveThis report describes the mental health of Dutch peacekeeping veterans, 10--25 years after deployment, and its association with deployment-related traumatic events.MethodWe randomly selected a group of 1046 peacekeeping veterans, who participated in military missions in Lebanon, former Yugoslavia, and various other missions between 1979 and 1997. We sent a questionnaire assessing current levels of psychological distress (Brief Symptom Inventory -- BSI), and a questionnaire assessing trauma related to deployment.ResultsPsychological data were available for 729 veterans. In 83% of the veterans, no significant psychological distress was found, whereas 17% scored above the BSI cut-off for psychopathology. Interestingly, this percentage was equal to that in a non-patient norm group.ConclusionFrom this finding we concluded that 10--25 years post-deployment, Dutch peacekeeping veterans do not show more psychological distress than the general Dutch population. In addition, we did not find a significant association between trauma exposure 10--25 years ago and current BSI scores. Moreover, trauma-exposure explained only 9% of the variance in psychological distress. Thus, although military peacekeeping operations may have a strong impact on the lives of soldiers, in this group of veterans they do not seem to have caused severe psychological distress10--25 years after deployment.
Neoclassical thermal conductivity in ICP plasma at low pressure
Authors: SMIRNOV A.P. , PARK W. , ISTOMIN YA.N. , KOSTOMAROV D.P. , SHEINA E.A. , SHMLEV A. B. , VOLYNETS V. N. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe plasma temperature in a new plasma source shows unusual behaviour at low pressures (about 1 mTorr) and high absorbed powers. In Ar plasma at pressures of about 1 mTorr, the electron temperature shows a pronounced maximum inside an electromagnetic accelerator, which is followed by a rapid drop at the boundary between the accelerator region and the main chamber. In this paper a neoclassical thermo-conductivity model based on the analysis of the electron trajectories is proposed to describe the sharp electron temperature profile. Quantitative agreement of the calculated temperature profile with the experiment is observed.
‘Our passion for legality’: international law and imperialism in late nineteenth-century Britain
Authors: SYLVEST CASPER 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis article deploys a historical analysis of the relationship between law and imperialism to highlight questions about the character and role of international law in global politics. The involvement of two British international lawyers in practices of imperialism in Africa during the late nineteenth century is critically examined: the role of Travers Twiss (1809–1897) in the creation of the Congo Free State and John Westlake’s (1828–1913) support for the South African War. The analysis demonstrates the inescapably political character of international law and the dangers that follow from fusing a particular form of liberal moralism with notions of legal hierarchy. The historical cases raise ethico-political questions, the importance of which is only heightened by the character of contemporary world politics and the attention accorded to international law in recent years.
Leaving Nuremberg: America’s love/hate relationship with international law
Authors: BISHAI LINDA S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe official US attitude towards the prosecution of crimes against humanity and war crimes changed dramatically from the universality of Nuremberg to the exceptionalism of the Rome Treaty negotiation. This article argues that the history of US legal thinking indicates that both stances are the result of a conceptual battle between legal realism and legal idealism – strains of international legal thought that pose a battle of opposites which is never fully resolved into a coherent approach. Although Nuremberg would seem to illustrate the idealist extreme and the abstention from Rome the realist one, in fact both stances were the culmination of intense negotiation and argumentation between the two strains of thought.
The state of rock: a history of Finland’s cultural policy and music export
Authors: Mäkelä Janne 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe Finnish government has historically been active in regulating the practices of popular music. At the same time, the music industry, rock media and musicians have traditionally insisted on markets free from state intervention. This article focuses on the history of the interrelationship between cultural policy and popular music, especially rock exports, in Finland. It argues that the high level of organised forms of culture and the lure of internationalism form the historical basis for the nation-state–popular music relationship in Finland. Following the demands for ‘competitive society’ in the 1990s and the international breakthroughs of Finnish pop and rock music performers after 2000, this relationship has intensified. Contemporary policy is in many ways healthier than in the past, yet it also raises crucial questions about hierarchies and identity relationships in popular music and society.