bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐fatal heroin overdose, treatment exposure and client characteristics: Findings from the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS)
Authors: DARKE SHANE , WILLIAMSON ANNA , ROSS JOANNE , TEESSON MAREE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe relationship between treatment exposure, drug use, psychosocial variables and non‐fatal heroin overdose was examined among a cohort of 495 heroin users, re‐interviewed at 12 months. The 12‐month overdose rate declined from 24% to 12%, and the proportion administered naloxone declined from 15% to 7%. There were significant reductions in overdose among those who entered maintenance therapies (22% to 4%) and residential rehabilitation (33% vs. 19%) at baseline, but not among those who entered detoxification or were not entering treatment. The total number of treatment days received over the follow‐up period was associated independently with a reduced risk of overdose. Each extra treatment day was associated with a 1% reduction in risk of overdose over the follow‐up period. By contrast, more treatment episodes were associated with an increased risk of overdose (OR 1.62). Other independent predictors of overdose over follow‐up were more extensive polydrug use (OR 1.40), and having overdosed in the year preceding the study (OR 7.87).
The definition of opioid‐related deaths in Australia: implications for surveillance and policy
Authors: JAUNCEY MARIANNE E. , TAYLOR LEE K. , DEGENHARDT LOUISA J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe reported number of deaths caused by opioid use depends on the definition of an opioid‐related death. In this study, we used Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) mortality data to illustrate how choice of classification codes used to record cause of death can impact on the statistics reported for national surveillance of opioid deaths. Using International Classification of Diseases version 10 (ICD‐10) codes from ABS mortality data 1997–2002, we examined all deaths where opioids were reported as a contributing or underlying cause. For the 6‐year period there was a total of 5839 deaths where opioids were reported. Three possible surveillance definitions of accidental opioid‐related deaths were examined, and compared to the total number of deaths where opioids were reported for each year. Age restrictions, often placed on surveillance definitions, were also examined. As expected, the number of deaths was higher with the more inclusive definitions. Trends in deaths were found to be similar regardless of the definition used; however, a comparison between Australian states revealed up to a twofold difference in the absolute numbers of accidental opioid‐related deaths, depending on the definition. Any interpretation of reported numbers of opioid deaths should specify any restrictions placed on the data, and describe the implications of definitions used.
Characteristics of treatment provided for amphetamine use in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: McKETIN REBECCA , KELLY ERIN , INDIG DEVON 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the types of treatment services provided for amphetamine use, the characteristics of amphetamine treatment clients and the geographic areas most affected by amphetamine treatment provision within New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Data on completed amphetamine treatment episodes were extracted from the NSW Minimum Data Set for Alcohol and Other Drug Treatment Services for the year 2002/03 (n = 4337). The geographic area of treatment presentations was based on the location of the treatment service, and was categorized as metropolitan, regional or rural. Treatment disproportionately affected regional and rural NSW, and treatment clients often presented with concurrent cannabis and/or alcohol problems. Clients were overwhelmingly injecting drug users with poor socio‐demographic characteristics. Counselling was the most common treatment service provided, followed by detoxification and residential rehabilitation. Detoxification was usually provided in an in‐patient setting, particularly within metropolitan NSW. Compliance with residential rehabilitation was notably poor. In conclusion, the development of appropriate interventions for amphetamine use needs to consider that the majority of treatment recipients will be based in a regional or rural setting, and treating amphetamine users will often involve treatment of concurrent cannabis and alcohol problems. The nature and appropriateness of treatment services provided for amphetamine use needs to be reviewed in detail, and further research is needed into the nature of problematic amphetamine use and factors affecting treatment demand in regional and rural NSW.
The scientific library of the earls of Macclesfield
Authors: Quarrie Paul 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe dispersal at auction of the renowned scientific library of the earls of Macclesfield from Shirburn Castle has been held at Sotheby's, London, in the period March 2004 to November 2005 in six sales following upon the sale to the Cambridge University Library of the Macclesfield scientific papers. This paper discusses aspects of the history of the library, its genesis and composition, the personal history of those who created it, and certain individual volumes.
Gnathostomulid phylogeny inferred from a combined approach of four molecular loci and morphology
Authors: Sørensen Martin V. , Sterrer Wolfgang , Giribet Gonzalo 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe phylogeny of the obscure metazoan phylum Gnathostomulida has previously only been addressed with cladistic analyses of morphological data. In the present study DNA sequence data from four molecular loci, including 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, histone H3 and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, are added to a revised morphological data matrix. The data set represents 23 gnathostomulid species that are analyzed under direct optimization using parsimony as the optimality criterion. The results obtained from analyzing the four molecular loci and combined morphological and molecular data under different parameter sets are generally very congruent, and differ only on minor points. The results clearly support gnathostomulid monophyly, as well as the basal division of Gnathostomulida into Filospermoidea and Bursovaginoidea. Filospermoidea were represented by species of Haplognathia and Cosmognathia, and generic monophyly is supported for both groups. Within Bursovaginoidea, Conophoralia (= Austrognathiidae) and Scleroperalia appear as sister groups. Monophyly of Mesognathariidae was confirmed as well, whereas the relationships between species of Gnathostomulidae and Onychognathiidae were contradicted by the molecular data when compared to morphological observations.©The Willi Hennig Society 2006.
Relapse in common lymphoma subtypes: salvage treatment options for follicular lymphoma, diffuse large cell lymphoma and Hodgkin disease
Authors: Seyfarth Bärbel , Josting Andreas , Dreyling Martin , Schmitz Norbert 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOver the last decade diagnostic techniques such as immunophenotyping as well as cytogenetic and molecular profiling gave new insights into the pathogenesis of malignant lymphoma and helped to establish the WHO classification. The recognition of well‐defined biological entities with distinct response and relapse patterns led to the development of more specific treatment strategies for individual lymphoma subtypes. New treatment modalities such as the monoclonal antibody rituximab have improved the results of first‐line treatment of patients with certain B‐cell lymphoma subtypes substantially. Furthermore, new prognostic factors were described for different lymphoma entities leading to further differentiation of treatment. As a consequence, the quality of relapse after first‐line therapy has changed and treatment strategies for relapsed disease need to be redefined. This review summarises current salvage treatment options for common lymphoma subtypes taking into account variables which should be considered before an individual patient is treated. We focus on follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma and Hodgkin disease since these are most frequent and evidence‐based salvage strategies are beginning to emerge.
Genetic polymorphisms at FCER1B and PAI‐1 and asthma susceptibility
Authors: Hizawa N. , Maeda Y. , Konno S. , Fukui Y. , Takahashi D. , Nishimura M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryBackground
We previously detected a promoter polymorphism (−109C/T) in the gene for the β‐chain of the high‐affinity receptor for IgE (FCER1B), which was associated with total serum IgE levels but not with asthma in a Japanese population. A genetic interaction is biologically plausible between FcεRI‐β and the plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI‐1), which is highly expressed in mast cells in asthmatics and plays an essential role in airway remodelling. We hypothesized that FCER1B promoter polymorphisms, by modifying the intensity of mast cell activation signals, modulate the genetic effects of a functional 4G/5G polymorphism in the PAI‐1 gene on asthma.Objective
To examine whether FCER1B promoter polymorphisms (−109C/T and −654C/T) influence the genetic effects of the functional polymorphism (4G/5G) at the PAI‐1 promoter region on asthma susceptibility using a case–control analysis.Methods
Subjects (374 asthmatic patients and 374 non‐asthmatic controls) were divided into combined genotype groups based on the presence of FCER1B−109TT and −654CC genotypes and the PAI‐1 4G allele. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios for asthma associated with the different genotype groups.Results
Individuals homozygous for the FCER1B−109T/−654C haplotype and the PAI‐1 5G allele had a reduced susceptibility to asthma; the odds ratio for the development of asthma was 0.20 (95% confidence interval, 0.084–0.46; P=0.00015) for them, compared with individuals also homozygous for the −109T/−654C haplotype at FCER1B but carrying the 4G allele at PAI‐1. The regression model also showed an interaction of the PAI‐1 4G/5G genotype with the FCER1B−109C/T (P for interaction=0.0017) or FCER1B−654C/T (P for interaction=0.031) on asthma.Conclusion
The present findings suggest a synergistic interaction between FCER1B and PAI‐1 genes in asthma susceptibility.
Nursing attitudes and beliefs in pain assessment and management
Authors: Layman Young Jennifer , Horton Faith M. , Davidhizar Ruth 
Published: January 2006

Aims.  This paper reports a study to determine nurses’ attitudes towards pain assessment tools and the relationship of these attitudes to education and experience.Background.  The issue of pain management is of interest to caregivers nationally and internationally. For example, in the United States of America, the National Health and Medical Research Council set guidelines to assist clinicians in pain management. Research on whether healthcare teams use pain assessment tools has yielded contradictory findings.Methods.  Using an open‐ended questionnaire developed for this study, which was based on Fishbein and Ajzen expectancy‐value model, a convenience sample of 52 nurses on an acute care unit were asked: (1) What do you believe about the assessment of pain? (2) What do you believe about the use of pain assessment tools? and (3) What do you believe about the use of pain assessment tools in improving the patient's outcome? The nurses then rated their attitudes about each belief and how each belief made them feel. The data were collected in 2003.Results.  When Fishbein and Ajzen's formula for calculating attitude was used, attitude scores ranged from −6 to 28 with an overall mean score of +8·3. The amount of education and experience of each nurse and the attitude measure in regard to the use of pain assessment tools were compared.Conclusions.  The Fishbein and Ajzen model provides a useful way to obtain information on the attitude of nurses towards the use of pain assessment instruments. To provide further information, this study with an open‐ended instrument should be followed with a fixed‐response survey with a larger sample size and in various settings.
The impact of a gluten‐free diet on adults with coeliac disease: results of a national survey
Authors: Zarkadas M. , Cranney A. , Case S. , Molloy M. , Switzer C. , Graham I. D. , Butzner J. D. , Rashid M. , Warren R. E. , Burrows V. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective We sought to evaluate the impact of the gluten‐free diet on the 5,240 members of the Canadian Celiac Association (CCA). Data are presented on 2,681 adults (≥16 years) with biopsy‐proven celiac disease (CD).Methods A mail‐out survey was used. Quality of life was evaluated using the ‘SF12’, and celiac‐specific questions.Results Mean age was 56 years, mean age at diagnosis was 45 years, and 75% were female. The ‘SF12’ summary scores were similar to normative Canadian data, but were significantly lower for females and newly diagnosed patients.Respondents reported: following a gluten‐free (GF) diet (90%), improvement on the diet (83%), and difficulties following the diet (44%), which included: determining if foods were GF (85%), finding GF foods in stores (83%), avoiding restaurants (79%), and avoiding travel (38%). Most common reactions to consumed gluten (among 73%) included pain, diarrhea, bloating, fatigue, nausea, and headache.Excellent information on CD and its treatment was provided by the CCA (64%), gastroenterologists (28%), dietitians (26%) and family doctor (12%).Conclusions Quality of life in those with CD could be increased with early diagnosis, increased availability of gluten‐free foods, improved food labelling, and better dietary instruction. Education of physicians and dietitians about CD and its treatment is essential.
Trends in energy and macronutrient intakes in non‐under‐reporters vary with the method used to identify under‐reporters
Authors: Warwick P. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective  To investigate effects of using different methods to identify under‐reporters on trends in dietary intake and physical activity level (PAL) in non‐under‐reporters.Design  Dietary intake and activity pattern were recorded by 887 female university students from 1988 to 2003. Energy expenditure (EE) and PAL were measured using a factorial method. Nine methods were used to identify under‐reporters. Trends between 1988 and 2003 were determined from linear regression of median data for each year.Results  Prevalence of under‐reporting varied with the method used, ranging from 22.2% to 66.7%. Trends that were consistent using all methods were a decrease in per cent of energy from fat and no change in alcohol intake or PAL (P < 0.05). Trends in energy and macronutrient intakes varied with the method used. Using the four methods that excluded the most under‐reporters there were increases in energy and gram carbohydrate (CHO) intakes (P < 0.05), but no change in gram fat intake. Using the four methods that excluded the fewest under‐reporters there was no change in energy or gram CHO intake, but a decrease in gram fat intake (P < 0.05).Conclusion  Trends in energy, fat and CHO intakes in non‐under‐reporters varied with the method used to identify under‐reporters.
Gains and losses of warfarin therapy as performed in an anticoagulation clinic
Authors: NJAASTAD A. M. , ABILDGAARD U. , LASSEN J. F. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract.Background.  Knowledge of the net benefit of warfarin therapy in routine care is needed to define realistic management recommendations, but lack of randomized controls precludes conventional risk–benefit analysis.Objective.  Assess risk and benefit of routine warfarin therapy in an anticoagulation clinic.Design.  Retrospective observational analysis.Patients.  A total of 1435 outpatients on warfarin for a total of 1613 patient years, treated to prevent the target events recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) or myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) or mechanical heart valves.Measurements.  Major bleeding and thromboembolic (TE) events and all deaths.Calculations.  Expected annual target event rates without warfarin were from published data. Differences between combined major events observed with warfarin, and expected without warfarin were calculated.Results.  In the total material, annual rates were 3.0% major TE events, 1.1% major bleeding events, 0.12% fatal bleeding, and a benefit/risk ratio of 3.8. The net gain, expressed in reduced combined bleeding and target TE annual event rate, was 9.9% in secondary prophylaxis in AF, 4.4% in VTE patients, 2.7% in post‐MI patients, 2.4% in primary prophylaxis in AF and 0.6 in patients with mechanical heart valves. The apparent benefit/risk ratio was 3.9 in VTE patients, 5.8 in AF patients and 1.1 in patients with mechanical heart valves.Conclusion.  Net effects of prolonged warfarin therapy in patients with VTE and AF performed in an anticoagulation clinic have an acceptable risk/benefit ratio, comparable with what has been obtained in elective clinical trials.
Eukaryotic ribosomal proteins lacking a eubacterial counterpart: important players in ribosomal function
Authors: Dresios John , Panopoulos Panagiotis , Synetos Dennis 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe ribosome is a macromolecular machine responsible for protein synthesis in all organisms. Despite the enormous progress in studies on the structure and function of prokaryotic ribosomes, the respective molecular details of the mechanism by which the eukaryotic ribosome and associated factors construct a polypeptide accurately and rapidly still remain largely unexplored. Eukaryotic ribosomes possess more RNA and a higher number of proteins than eubacterial ribosomes. As the tertiary structure and basic function of the ribosomes are conserved, what is the contribution of these additional elements? Elucidation of the role of these components should provide clues to the mechanisms of translation in eukaryotes and help unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying the differences between eukaryotic and eubacterial ribosomes. This article focuses on a class of eukaryotic ribosomal proteins that do not have a eubacterial homologue. These proteins play substantial roles in ribosomal structure and function, and in mRNA binding and nascent peptide folding. The role of these proteins in human diseases and viral expression, as well as their potential use as targets for antiviral agents is discussed.
A pathway branching in transcription initiation in Escherichia coli
Authors: Susa Motoki , Kubori Tomoko , Shimamoto Nobuo 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn transcription initiation, all RNA polymerase molecules bound to a promoter have been conventionally supposed to proceed into elongation of transcript. However, for Escherichia coli RNA polymerase, evidence has been accumulated for a view that only its fraction can proceed into elongation and the rest is retained at a promoter in non‐productive form: a pathway branching in transcription initiation. Proteins such as GreA and GreB affect these fractions at several promoters in vitro. To reveal the ubiquitous existence of the branched mechanism in E. coli, we searched for candidate genes whose transcription decreased by disruption of greA and greB using a DNA array. Among the arbitrarily selected 11 genes from over 100, the atpC, cspA and rpsA passed the test by Northern blotting. The Gre factors activated transcription initiation from their promoters in vitro, and the results demonstrated that the branched mechanism is exploited in vivo regulation. Consistently, decrease in the level of the GreA in an anaerobic stationary condition accompanied a decrease in the levels of transcripts of these genes.
Arabidopsis CDKA;1, a cdc2 homologue, controls proliferation of generative cells in male gametogenesis
Authors: Iwakawa Hidekazu , Shinmyo Atsuhiko , Sekine Masami 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe protein kinase cdc2 is conserved throughout eukaryotes and acts as a key regulator of the cell cycle. In plants, A‐type cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDKA), a homologue of cdc2, has a role throughout the cell cycle. Here we show that a loss‐of‐function mutation in CDKA;1, encoding the only Arabidopsis CDKA, results in lethality of the male gametophyte. Heterozygous plants produced mature siliques containing about 50% aborted seeds, and segregation distortion was observed in paternal inheritance. Microspores normally undergo an asymmetric cell division, pollen mitosis I (PMI), to produce bicellular pollen grains. The larger vegetative cell does not divide, but the smaller generative cell undergoes mitosis, PMII, to form the two sperm cells, thereby generating tricellular pollen grains. The cdka‐1 mutant, however, produces mature bicellular pollen grains, consisting of a single sperm‐like cell and a vegetative cell, due to failure of PMII. The mutant sperm‐like cell is fertile, and preferentially fuses with the egg cell to initiate embryogenesis. As the central cell nucleus remains unfertilized, however, double fertilization does not occur. In heterozygous plants, the embryo is arrested at the globular stage, most likely because of loss of endosperm development, whereas it is arrested at the one‐ or two‐cell stage in presumptive homozygous plants. Thus, CDKA;1 is essential for cell division of the generative cell in male gametogenesis.
Validation of RNAi silencing specificity using synthetic genes: salicylic acid‐binding protein 2 is required for innate immunity in plants
Authors: Kumar Dhirendra , Gustafsson Claes , Klessig Daniel F. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryRNA interference (RNAi) is widely used to specifically silence the expression of any gene to study its function and to identify and validate therapeutic targets. Despite the popularity of this technology, recent studies have shown that RNAi may also silence non‐targeted genes. Here we demonstrate the utility of a quick, efficient and robust approach to directly validate the specificity of RNAi as an alternative to indirect validation of RNAi through gene expression profiling. Our approach involves reversing (complementing) the RNAi‐induced phenotype by introducing a synthetic version of the target gene that is designed to escape silencing. This synthetic gene complementation approach can also be used for mutational analysis of the target gene, or to provide a functional version of a defective protein after silencing the defective gene by RNAi. Using this approach we demonstrate that the loss of systemic acquired resistance, a form of innate immunity in plants, is indeed due to the silencing of salicylic acid‐binding protein 2 rather than to off‐target effects.
Communal Relationships in a Social Spider Mite,Stigmaeopsis longus(Acari: Tetranychidae): An Equal Share of Labor and Reproduction between Nest Mates
Authors: Mori Kotaro , Saito Yutaka 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe social spider mite,Stigmaeopsis longus(Saito), builds web‐nests and shares resources with fellow nest members. It does not show any distinct morphological castes. In this study, we observed whether there is any division of labor in reproductive and non‐reproductive tasks. Under experimental conditions, female density per nest did not affect per capita fecundity, even though the nest area allocated to an individual female, in which it feeds and oviposits, decreased with increased female density. Video observations on the behavior of either one or two females showed that there were no differences between these situations in the time budgets of all behaviors, nor in the nest‐weaving behavior of females. Furthermore, detailed behavioral analyses between the two situations suggested thatS. longusfemales share reproduction and labor evenly with their nest mates, probably mediated through physical or chemical communication. Therefore, we concluded that the sociality of this mite species should be categorized as communal.