bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Control of Leatherjackets (Diptera: Tipulidae) in Grassland
Authors: RAYNER J. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe control of leatherjackets in grassland by insecticides which were potential alternatives to DDT was tested in four series of field trials between 1968/69 and 1975/76 at sites throughout England and Wales. Satisfactory control was obtained with sprays of chlorpyrifos or triazophos, both of which gave results similar to spraying with DDT. Fenitrothion sprays gave good control at sites in high rainfall areas. Gamma‐HCH as a spray was effective only at a high rate of application; in bran bait or bait pellets it did not give consistently good results. Parathion granules or methiocarb spray also failed to give good control.
Reactions of some Cultivars of Lucerne to various Isolates of Verticillium albo‐atrum
Authors: FLOOD JULIE , ISAAC I. , MILTON J. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Medicago sativa L. cvs. Dupuits, Maris Phoenix, Maris Kabul and Sabilt were used to compare the pathogenicity of two isolates of Verticillium albo‐atrum Reinke & Berth. from the USA with two of European origin. The American isolates were much more virulent than those from Europe, causing disease in cvs. Maris Kabul and Sabilt which were previously regarded as resistant to V. albo‐atrum.
Light‐trap Catches of Fruit Tortricid Moths in Kent, 1964–74, and Associated Temperature Sums
Authors: LOW L. R. WARD , BAKER C. R. B. , LUDLAM F. A. B. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYLight‐trap catches of five tortricid species were recorded at orchard sites in Kent over an 11‐year period. The dates on which moths of Hedya nubiferana (Haw.), Cydia pomonella (L.) and Archips podana (Scop.) were caught in light traps were strongly correlated with accumulated temperatures in day‐degrees above a base of 8°C. The correlation was less good for catches of Pandemis heparana (Denis & Schiff.) and it was slightly better for those of Cydia pomonella above 10°C than above 8°C. The data were insufficient to calculate temperature sums for catches of Adoxophyes orana (Fisch. v. Rösl.). Moth catches of all five species showed differences between years in the timing of first and second generations. The dates of first catches are compared with dates estimated from the following temperature sums: for H. nubiferana 226 day‐degrees above 8°C, for C. pomonella 268 day‐degrees above 8°C and 149 day‐degrees above 10°C, for Archips podana 326 day‐degrees above 8°C and for P. heparana 386 day‐degrees above 8°C. In the 11‐year period, estimated dates of first catch were within ± 5 days of first actual catch of moths in light traps in nine years for C. pomonella, eight years for H. nubiferana and A. podana, but only five years for P. heparana.
Further Experiments on the Control of Slugs in Potatoes by means of Molluscicidal Baits
Authors: RAYNER J. M. , BROCK ADELINE M. , FRENCH N. , GOULD H. J. , LEWIS SERFIAH 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThis further series of field trials in 1972–75 at sites in England and Wales confirmed that a useful, but not wholly adequate, degree of control of slugs in maincrop potatoes could be achieved with one application to the growing crop of 5–6 kg/ha of methiocarb pellets from mid‐July. Increasing the rate of application to 11–2 kg/ha improved control marginally, as did the addition of a second application of 5–6 kg/ha later in the season.Measurement of rainfall and slug activity did not provide a basis for improving control by more appropriate timing of applications, although bait‐trapping slugs gave some indication of the level of crop damage to be expected.
A Rapid Method of Extracting Sap from Grass Blades or other Fibrous Material
Authors: SEABY D. A. , SURGEONER R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYLarge yields of sap (40 per cent of fresh weight) were extracted from fibrous leaves, such as grass blades or conifer needles, using a modified pestle and mortar made from a short piece of polythene tubing, a nylon stopper and a modified stainless steel spatula.
A study of common crop pests in allotment gardens around Leeds
Authors: ATKINSON H. J. , GIBSON N. H. E. , EVANS H. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYQuestionnaires completed by 140 growers from 12 allotment sites around Leeds, West Yorkshire, listed a wide range of crop pests. Of the seven crops grown by over 50 per cent of the growers, brassicas, potatoes and carrots were damaged more frequently than expected from the average frequency for all 20 crops, peas and celery less often, and beans and onions at about the expected frequency. The main pests reported for brassicas and potatoes were slugs, and the most common pest of carrots was carrot fly. Further examination of 92 plots revealed a large number of pests; slugs, carrot fly (Psila rosae (F.)), aphids and cabbage root fly (Delia brassicae (Wiedemann)) were the most common. Results for soil samples showed pale potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida (Stone) Behrens) to be at potentially damaging population levels in 21 out of 33 plots sampled at 10 allotment sites established for more than five years and in one of six plots sampled at two newly formed allotment sites. Soil sampling for carrot fly at eight allotment sites revealed widespread overwintering populations of about 1·5 larvae and pupae/100 ml of soil. Baiting for slugs on one plot indicated that a large population of these animals was present.Pesticides were not used by 22 of the 140 growers in the survey. The most widely favoured chemicals with at least 20 users each were a disinfectant, slug pellets, organophosphates and calomel.
Combining methyl bromide fumigation with cold storage to eradicate Spodoptem littoralis on chrysanthemum cuttings
Authors: POWELL D. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYEggs of Spodoptem littoralis (Boisd.) in commercial boxes of chrysanthemum cuttings were treated with combinations of cold storage at 0–2°C for one, two or four days and fumigation using four dosages of methyl bromide each at a different temperature. After laboratory tests at Harpenden and commercial trials in the Canary Islands and the United Kingdom, cold storage at 0–2°C for four days followed by fumigation at 15°C with methyl bromide at a dosage (CTP) of 54 mg. h/1. for a period of four hours was employed as a routine measure to prevent the entry of S. littoralis and other cutworms into the United Kingdom.
Possibilities of forecasting potato storage diseases from tests on seed tuber and crop samples
Authors: LAPWOOD D. H. , BELL F. , HARRIS R. I. , HIDE G. A. , ADAMS M. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn 1975 and 1976 commercial potato crops, mainly cv. King Edward, grown on farms in Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire were sampled to investigate the possibilities of forecasting storage disease from assessment of actual disease or latent infection, both on the seed tubers used and on the growing crop. Crops were stored in various conditions on the farms where they were grown or in a common store at the Potato Marketing Board Experimental Station at Sutton Bridge, Lincolnshire, at 3°C in 1975 or at Rothamsted in 1976.Skin spot, silver scurf and black scurf showed the greatest range of disease incidence between crops and skin spot the closest relationship between latent infection in growth and disease in store. In general the closer to harvest that tests were done, the closer the relationship to subsequent disease in store.In each year potatoes from only one farm had much gangrene and this was related to the incidence on the seed used and to the large amount of damage done to these tubers at harvest. There was little bacterial soft rot in either year. The assessments of disease and inoculum potential did not produce results sufficiently closely related to the amount of subsequent storage rot or disease to be helpful in making decisions on storage strategy, although the potential benefits from accurate forecasting would be great.
Colorado beetles reported in England, Wales and Scotland, 1978
Authors: BARTLETT P. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn 1978, 37 adults of the Colorado beetle, Leptlnotarsa decemlineata (Say), were found in England and Wales, of which 13 were alive. This is the lowest annual total for six years. Details of these finds are presented. No beetles were found in Scotland. Live female beetles kept in the laboratory after capture laid an average of 717 eggs each (range 101–1738) and the average percentage hatch was 16 (range 0–35).
The value of soil sterilants for the control of clubroot on a field scale
Authors: BUCZACKI S. T. , WHITE J. G. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn field experiments in Kent and Warwickshire a 98 per cent dazomet prill applied at 200 or 400 kg/ha or Telone II (mainly 1, 3‐dichloropropene) applied at 450 or 900 l./ha reduced significantly the percentage of plants infected with clubroot and increased the mean head weight of cabbage. Dazomet prill at 400 kg/ha, incorporated to 24 cm depth, combined the best disease control (a reduction from 47 to 6 per cent plants affected) with substantial yield increase (from 781 to 949 g mean head weight).
Interpreting results from co‐operative trials of insecticide treatments against cabbage root fly on summer cauliflowers
Authors: GRAHAM C. W. , WHEATLEY G. A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe parameters used to assess the performances of soil surface and sub‐surface bands of chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, diazinon, and fonofos granules against the cabbage root fly (Delia brassicae (Wiedemann)) in field trials at five sites in different parts of England in 1971 were: the root damage indices (RDIs) 4–5 weeks after transplanting and at harvest, the numbers of eggs, larvae and pupae per plant, the marketable yield and the percentage of plants with marketable curds. When the treatments were ranked for each parameter, the numbers of eggs or of larvae and pupae were no more informative than the RDIs 4–5 weeks after treatment or at harvest. Ranking also indicated that the percentages of plants yielding marketable curds, which could be determined without harvesting, revealed the relative effects of the treatments on yield as satisfactorily as the weights of the curds or the calculated numbers of crates per hectare.When the data for all parameters were summarised by ranking, the sub‐surface applications of chlormephos, chlorfenvinphos and fonofos were consistently the most effective treatments. Surface bands of chlormephos or diazinon granules were ineffective or, at some sites, enhanced root damage.
The persistence of benomyl tolerance in Botrytis cinerea in glasshouse tomato crops
Authors: MILLER M. W. , JEVES T. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYBenomyl‐tolerant strains of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Pers. were obtained from all of the 17 commercial glasshouse tomato crops sampled in Lancashire in 1977, although benzimidazole fungicides had not been used on some nurseries for up to three years. Tolerant strains were found in 64.3 per cent of lesions sampled, although in some lesions sensitive strains were also present. In a detailed study of crops growing in the same glasshouses at two sites in 1976, 1977 and 1978, there was only a small change in the number of tolerant isolates collected, although benzimidazole fungicides had not been applied since 1974.
Effect of the cereal cyst nematode, Heterodera avenae, on the early growth of oats, wheat and barley
Authors: SPAULL ALISON M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe effect of Heterodera avenae Woll. upon the early growth of cultivars of oats, wheat and barley was measured. During the first two weeks the rate of root growth was retarded in some barley cultivars although shoot growth was stimulated in all the oats and in two cultivars each of barley and wheat. Later, infestation slowed growth of all the cultivars grown, except Drost barley. When uninfested, some cultivars resistant to H. avenae grew more slowly than did susceptible ones.
Crop loss assessment on winter wheat attacked by the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.), 1974–77
Authors: GEORGE K. S. , GAIR R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYForty‐nine experiments were done during 1974–77 on commercially grown winter wheat crops in England and Wales to investigate the effects on grain yield of feeding on the ear by the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae. The results show that one spray of pirimicarb applied at the beginning of flowering when there were five or more aphids per ear and the number was rising gave an increase in grain yield of approximately 12.5 per cent. Much lower increases were recorded when sprays were applied later than this growth stage or when the number of aphids did not reach the specified level.
Meteorological aspects of the numbers and distribution of the rose‐grain aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.), over south‐east England in July 1979
Authors: COCHRANE J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYExceptionally large numbers (Metopolophium dirhodum were observed i n the air over south‐east England, and caught in suction traps, during July 1979. Meteorological data show that these aphids were probably derived from a native population, increasing exponentially at a time when weather, predators and disease did not impose any significant limitation on the rate of increase, and that few, if any, of these aphids were of continental origin.
Forecasting Septoria nodorum on winter wheat in England and Wales
Authors: TYLDESLEY J. B. , THOMPSON N. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe regional incidence of septoria (Septoria nodorum Berk), on winter wheat, as found in the National Winter Wheat Leaf Disease Survey for 1970–75, was related to weather variables and amounts of inoculum. The relation between disease shortly before harvest and days with rain through the growing season was explored by a correlation method and it was found that the closest association was with days with 1 mm or more of rain (wet days) in the period mid‐May to mid‐June, When explored in detail, the relation between infection and wet days showed both non‐linearity and asymmetrical scatter, A graphical technique was therefore used to develop simple forecast rules. These performed well when tested against data for 1976–78, although these years did not include a septoria epidemic.In addition to wet days, the influence of other weather variables was investigated by a multiple regression technique. Sunshine in May and June and temperatures in July were found to have a slight effect on septoria incidence, as did the previous year's infection (taken as a measure of inoculum) but the overall reduction of variance was slight. It is suggested that these additional variables, together with others not treatecl quantitatively, may best be used to decide the regional forecast in marginal cases, and to make it applicable to individual crops.Attempts to relate septoria at individual sites in northern England to wet days at nearby rainfall stations were not successful; nor did rainfall data from all these stations contribute to a better regional forecast of septoria than did a few stations chosen at random.
Effects of late‐season fungicide sprays on yield of winter wheat
Authors: COOK R. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSprays of broad spectrum fungicides were applied to winter wheat between the start of flag leaf emergence and the milky ripe stage of grain development in 118 experiments between 1970 and 1978. Although diseases were generally sHght, an average yield response of 0·185 t/ha (3·31 per cent) was recorded. Sprays apphed before the start of flowering gave the largest responses of up to 0·218 t/ha. Only those sprays applied between flag leaf emergence and the in‐boot stage showed evidence of an increasing yield response as the yield of untreated plots increased. The 1000‐grain weight of treated plots showed an increase of 1·9 per cent over untreated plots.
Ascochyta fabae on winter beans (Vicia faba): pathogen spread and variation in host resistance
Authors: BOND D. A. , POPE M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn two crops of winter beans (Vicia faba L.) grown in Cambridgeshire, one in 1975 and the other in 1976, a decreasing frequency of Ascochyta‐infected winter bean plants from the border to the centre suggested that spread from volunteer plants in adjacent fields was a much more important source of infection than infected seed. From February to May in both years the disease spread into the field for a distance of at least 120 m.Within a trial situated in a heavily infected area in 1975, differences in degrees of infection between genotypes were recorded. On 21 May 1975 the trial entries IB19, Bulldog, Banner, Buccaneer, IB7CS, IB18 and Maris Beagle had significantly fewer lesions than Throws MS, HYBSYN, WHT, IB15, IB17 or IB14.
Ohservations on the incidence of Botrytis pod rot on Vicia faba
Authors: JELLIS G. J. , BOND D. A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYPod rotting caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Pers. occurred in breeding material of spring‐sown field beans (Vicia faba L.) at Cambridge in July and August 1979. Tick beans (V. faba var. minor) were less susceptible to infection than types with longer, ffeshier pods. The incidence of aggressive lesions was less under irrigated than un‐irrigated conditions. Most lesions originated at the end of the pod distal to the stem, possibly as a result of earlier infection of fioral parts.
Factors influencing the development of potato pink rot (Phytophthora erythroseptica)
Authors: LENNARD J. H. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn affected crops sampled in the Lothian Region of Scotland during 1973–74, the incidence of pink rot (Phytophthora erythroseptica Pethybr.) increased during the latter part of the growing season. The number of plants with tuber symptoms increased but the number of rotted tubers per plant usually remained small. Earlier lifting usually resulted in the development of more pink rot in storage because tubers carrying inoculum or latent infection could not be detected or discarded. Application of fertiliser to the drill tended to give slightly more pink rot than broadcast application, perhaps because chemical damage to roots and stolons facilitated entry of the pathogen. Dry seasons may aggravate this effect. Disinfection of seed tubers, or selection of seed from healthy plants instead of from plants showing diseased tubers, did not significantly influence infection in the subsequent crop. Tests on varietal susceptibility showed differences, some inconsistent, among cultivars, but all those investigated were susceptible to infection by P. erythroseptica. Arran Pilot and Home Guard seemed the most susceptible; Record and Stormont Enterprise the least susceptible.
Aerial migrations of the rose‐grain aphid, Metopolophium dirhodum(Wlk.), over Europe in 1979
Authors: DEWAR A. M. , WOIWOD I. , DE JANVRY E. CHOPPIN 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYAerial migrations of Metopolophium dirhodum over Europe in 1979 measured by suction traps at a height of 12.2 m indicated that alates flew first in the south of France where the warm climate probably encouraged early population increase. Subsequent spread across Europe was gradual and northerly, with the largest populations occurring in East Anglia in late July. The date of the population peak at each site was correlated with latitude, being later at northerly sites, and probably also with crop development.
Take‐all severity and yield in winter wheat: relationship established using a single plant assessment method
Authors: POLLEY R. W. , CLARKSON J. D. S. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYRandom samples of 500–600 single plants were taken from four winter wheat crops in eastern England during 1977–79 to establish the relationship between grain yield and severity of take‐all (Gaeuman‐ nomyces graminis(Sacc.) Arx & Olivier var. tritici J. Walker) on the roots at harvest. In each crop separate samples were taken from areas of stunted plants with much take‐all infection and from areas with apparently normal growth.The root system of each plant was assessed for take‐all severity using four infection categories: healthy, slight (less than 25 per cent of the root system infected), moderate (25–75 per cent) and severe (more than 75 per cent). The assessment figures were compared with ear number, grain number and grain dry weight, which were also recorded for each plant individually.Shght take‐all had no effect on yield. Moderate take‐all had no effect on the number of ears per plant but significantly reduced grain number per plant, 1000‐grain weight and grain dry weight per plant by 6–9, 10–6 and 15–6 per cent respectively. The reduction in grain dry weight per plant associated with severe take‐all was between 53.1 and 61.6 per cent.Estimates of minimum national loss caused by take‐all in winter wheat in the years 1977–79 were 0‐9, 2–6 and 2–8 per cent respectively.
Bacterial disease of coriander
Authors: Taylor J. D. , Dudley C. L. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA Pseudomonas sp., which on serological and biochemical characters falls in Pseudomonas Group IA (similar to P. syringae van Hall), infected the inflorescences and caused seed decay of coriander in Britain. The pathogen was seed transmitted. Seed infection was reduced by slurry treatments with the antibiotics streptomycin at 2–5 g/kg seed or kasugamycin at 0–25 g/kg seed.
The efficacy of fumigation of nematode‐infested soil following different methods of soil sealing
Authors: ALPHEY T. J. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn a pot experiment and field tests in eastern Scotland during 1978, soils infested with Pratylenchus spp., Rotylenchus robustus(de Man) Filipjev, Trichodorus primitivus(de Man) Micoletzky, T. velatus Hooper and Paratrichodorus pachydermus(Seinhorst) Siddiqi were treated with a liquid fumigant, either 1, 3 dichloropropene or metham sodium. A resin spray, Concure or Vinamul, was then used to seal the surface of the treated soil or granules of the sterilant dazomet were incorporated in the soil. The addition of resin sprays failed to improve nematode mortahty in the pot test but enhanced control in several field tests. Addition of dazomet, even at a low rate, increased nematode mortality when incorporated in the soil efliciently.
Surveys of apple‐grass aphid on apple in southern England, 1965–76
Authors: LIGHT W. I. ST. G. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSurveys of oviparae of the apple‐grass aphid, Rhopalosiphum insertum(Wlk.), were made in southern England in each autumn from 1965 to 1976 inclusive. Resuhs varied considerably between years; greatest numbers were recorded in 1966 and 1969 and smallest numbers in 1972. The numbers of oviparae were compared with the numbers of gynoparae caught from mid‐September to the end of October in the traps operated by the Rothamsted Insect Survey. The correlation was sufficiently good for the latter to be used to forecast the hkely abundance of these aphids on fruit trusses in the following spring. The autumn surveys of oviparae were, therefore, discontinued. In Kent the numbers of oviparae were positively correlated with rainfall in the previous July and August.
The effect of iprodione in granule or combined granule and stem‐base applications on white rot disease (Sclerotium cepivorum) of spring‐sown salad onions
Authors: ENTWISTLE A. R. , MUNASINGHE H. L. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIprodione, formulated as granules and placed in the seed furrow, was tested in field plots in Warwickshire for control of white rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk.) of spring‐sown salad onions. At 0.25 g iprodione/m row the granules were nearly as effective as seed treatment at 125 g iprodione/kg seed, which reduced infection in 1978 from 88 per cent plants infected to 13 per cent. At 0.063 or 0.125 g iprodione/m row, granules were less effective but gave control similar to that with calomel seed treatment at 500 g/kg, which reduced infection to 46 per cent.In 1979, excellent control was achieved by combining the pre‐planting granule treatment with a later application of iprodione to stem bases. Granules applied at 0.063 g iprodione/m row combined with a single post‐emergence stem‐base application of iprodione at 0.031 g/m row (equivalent to a total rate of 2.8 kg iprodione/ha) gave complete control of the disease.