bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of monodisperse nickel‐coated polymer particles by electroless plating method utilizing functional polymeric ligands
Authors: Jun Jung‐Bae , Seo Min‐Su , Cho Seong‐Heun , Park Jin‐Gyu , Ryu Jee‐Hyun , Suh Kyung‐Do 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn the electroless plating process, to omit a sensitizing process with SnCl2, we utilized amino‐functional groups on polymer particles. At first, highly monodisperse functional polymer particles could be prepared by a two‐step seeded polymerization of styrene, divinylbenzene, and glycidyl methacrylate. Then, surface epoxy‐functional groups were converted to amino‐functional groups by treating the particles with a diamine. By using these surface amino functionalities, we tried to prepare uniformly metal‐coated monodisperse polymer particles by electroless plating method. The constituents of an electroless nickel solution bath are nickel salt, a reducing agent, suitable complexing agents, and stabilizers. And the metal thickness was simply controlled by changing the loading amount of substrate polymer particles. Morphological observation of nickel‐plated polymer particles was conducted by using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The structural composition of plated nickel was also investigated. Most of all, the function and the efficiency of the amino‐functional group of polymer particles as a polymeric ligand for metal binding was elucidated. From all observations, it was evident that in the electroless metal plating process without any sensitization step, the deposition of metal clusters on substrate particles is largely dependent upon the particle surface functionality. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3801–3808, 2006
Thermooxidative degradation of natural rubber/clay composite
Authors: Chen Mei , Ao Ning‐Jian , Liao Yuan‐Yen , Chen Ying , Zhou Hui‐Ling 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe clay is treated with a reducing agent and an acid so as to obtain a clay containing various metal components with a variable‐valence state. Then, the clay is coprecipitated with natural rubber (NR) latex to prepare a vulcanized NR/clay composite. The degradation process of the NR/clay composite under hot air condition was studied dynamically by using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer attaching an in situ sample cell and was also investigated using the TGA method. The test result obtained from the infrared spectrometry indicated that under low decomposition temperature, the decomposition products of the test samples mainly are ethylene, low molecular olefinic hydrocarbon, and carbonyl compounds. As the decomposition temperature rises, the low molecular olefinic hydrocarbon content decreases, the olefine with longer chain is formed, and a lot of alkane decomposition products are formed at the same time. When the content of the metal components with a variable‐valence state in clay such as Cu, Mn, Co, and Fe increases, the oxidation products containing the carbonyl group, the olefinic hydrocarbon, and CO2 in the decomposition product of the test sample also increase. The TGA result clearly shows a shoulder peak that appears by the side of the main peak on the DTG curve of NR/clay composite. With the increase in the content of metal components with variable‐valence state in clay, the initial degradation temperature of the test sample (T0), the degradation peak temperature (Tp1), and the final degradation temperature (Tf1) in first‐stage reaction, as well as the degradation peak temperature (Tp2) and the last final degradation temperature (Tf) in second‐stage reaction of all the test samples more or less shift to the direction of low temperature; besides, the activation energy (E) of the reaction of the test samples more or less decreases. This means that the metal components with variable‐valence state promote the oxidative degradation of the clay–rubber masterbatch. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3809–3815, 2006
Evolutionary changes in the cochlea and labyrinth: Solving the problem of sound transmission to the balance organs of the inner ear
Authors: Carey John , Amin Nivee 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis review article examines the evolutionary adaptations in the vertebrate inner ear that allow selective activation of auditory or vestibular hair cells, although both are housed in the same bony capsule. The problem of separating acoustic stimuli from the vestibular end organs in the inner ear has recently reemerged with the recognition of clinical conditions such as superior canal dehiscence syndrome and enlarged vestibular aqueduct syndrome. In these syndromes, anatomical defects in the otic capsule alter the functional separation of auditory and vestibular stimuli and lead to pathological activation of vestibular reflexes in response to sound. This review demonstrates that while the pars superior of the labyrinth (utricle and semicircular canals) has remained fairly constant throughout evolution, the pars inferior (saccule and other otolith, macular, and auditory end organs) has seen considerable change as many adaptations were made for the development of auditory function. Among these were a relatively rigid membranous labyrinth wall, a variably rigid otic capsule, immersion of the membranous labyrinth in perilymph, a perilymphatic duct to channel acoustic pressure changes away from the vestibular organs, and different operating frequencies for vestibular versus auditory epithelia. Even in normal human ears, acoustic sensitivity of the labyrinth to loud clicks or tones is retained enough to be measured in a standard clinical test, the vestibular‐evoked myogenic potential test. Anat Rec Part A, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automatic generation of Japanese–English bilingual thesauri based on bilingual corpora
Authors: Tsuji Keita , Kageura Kyo 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe authors propose a method for automatically generating Japanese–English bilingual thesauri based on bilingual corpora. The term bilingual thesaurus refers to a set of bilingual equivalent words and their synonyms. Most of the methods proposed so far for extracting bilingual equivalent word clusters from bilingual corpora depend heavily on word frequency and are not effective for dealing with low‐frequency clusters. These low‐frequency bilingual clusters are worth extracting because they contain many newly coined terms that are in demand but are not listed in existing bilingual thesauri. Assuming that single language‐pair‐independent methods such as frequency‐based ones have reached their limitations and that a language‐pair‐dependent method used in combination with other methods shows promise, the authors propose the following approach: (a) Extract translation pairs based on transliteration patterns; (b) remove the pairs from among the candidate words; (c) extract translation pairs based on word frequency from the remaining candidate words; and (d) generate bilingual clusters based on the extracted pairs using a graph‐theoretic method. The proposed method has been found to be significantly more effective than other methods.
Alginate–chitosan complex coacervation for cell encapsulation: Effect on mechanical properties and on long‐term viability
Authors: Baruch Limor , Machluf Marcelle 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe use of chitosan in complexation with alginate appears to be a promising strategy for cell microencapsulation, due to the biocompatibility of both polymers and the high mechanical properties attributed by the use of chitosan. The present work focuses on the optimization and characterization of the alginate–chitosan system to achieve long‐term cell encapsulation. Microcapsules were prepared from four types of chitosan using one‐ and two‐stage encapsulation procedures. The effect of reaction time and pH on long‐term cell viability and mechanical properties of the microcapsules was evaluated. Using the single‐stage encapsulation procedure led to increase of at least fourfold in viability compared with the two‐stage procedure. Among the four types of chitosan, the use of high molecular weight (MW) chitosan glutamate and low MW chitosan chloride provided high viability levels as well as good mechanical properties, i.e., more than 93% intact capsules. The high viability levels were found to be independent of the reaction conditions when using high MW chitosan. However, when using low MW chitosan, better viability levels (195%) were obtained when using a pH of 6 and a reaction time of 30 min. An alginate–chitosan cell encapsulation system was devised to achieve high cell viability levels as well as to improve mechanical properties, thus holding great potential for future clinical application. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82:570–579, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Intraoperative touch imprint cytology for the diagnosis of sentinel lymph node metastases in breast cancer
Authors: Chicken D W , Kocjan G , Falzon M , Lee A C , Douek M , Sainsbury R , Keshtgar M R S 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackgroundIntraoperative detection of sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastases enables the surgeon to take an immediate decision to proceed to completion axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of touch imprint cytology (TIC) for the diagnosis of SLN metastases in sentinel nodes from women with breast cancer.MethodsTouch imprints from 235 sentinel nodes in 133 women with breast cancer were diagnosed by cytopathology and compared with definitive histopathology results. After a feasibility study, a real-time study was performed with the surgeon proceeding to ALND based on the TIC diagnosis. The clinical opinion of the operating surgeon as to whether the SLN appeared to contain metastases was recorded, as was the time taken for the result to be available.ResultsTIC detected metastases with a sensitivity of 81·1 per cent and a specificity of 100 per cent. False-negative TIC diagnoses were associated with micrometastases and lobular carcinoma. The majority of false-negative diagnoses were due to sampling rather than interpretation errors. Clinical assessment of sentinel nodes had a sensitivity of 64·3 per cent and a specificity of 87·6 per cent.ConclusionTIC is feasible and enables the rapid diagnosis of SLN metastases with an acceptable accuracy for clinical use in ductal carcinoma of the breast.
A generalization of the weighted Strichartz estimates for wave equations and an application to self‐similar solutions
Authors: Kato Jun , Nakamura Makoto , Ozawa Tohru 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWeighted Strichartz estimates with homogeneous weights with critical exponents are proved for the wave equation without a support restriction on the forcing term. The method of proof is based on expansion by spherical harmonics and on the Sobolev space over the unit sphere, by which the required estimates are reduced to the radial case. As an application of the weighted Strichartz estimates, the existence and uniqueness of self‐similar solutions to nonlinear wave equations are proved on up to five space dimensions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term persistence of hepatitis B surface antigenand antibody induced by DNA‐mediated immunization results in liver and kidney lesions in mice
Authors: Zi Xiao‐Yuan , Yao Yu‐Cheng , Zhu Hai‐Ying , Xiong Jun , Wu Xiu‐Ju , Zhang Nan , Ba Yue , Li Wen‐Lin , Wang Xin‐Ming , Li Jian‐Xiu , Yu Hong‐Yu , Ye Xu‐Ting , Lau Joseph T. Y. , Hu Yi‐Ping 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDNA‐mediated immunization has been recognized as a new approach for prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, the side effects of this approach have not been well described. Here we report that DNA‐mediated immunization by intramuscular injection of plasmid DNA encoding HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) induced long‐term persistence of HBsAg and HBsAg‐specific antibody (anti‐HBs) in the sera of the immunized BALB/c mice and resulted in liver and kidney lesions. The lesions persisted for 6 months after injection. Lesions were also found in normal mice injected with the sera from immunized mice, and in HBV‐transgenic mice injected with anti‐HBs antibody, or sera from immunized mice. Furthermore, lesions were accompanied by deposition of circulating immune complex (CIC) of HBsAg and anti‐HBs antibody in the damaged organs. These results indicate that long‐term persistence of HBsAg and anti‐HBs in the immunized mice can result in deposited CIC in liver and kidney, and in development of lesions. The use of DNA containing mammalian replication origins, such as the plasmids used in this study, is not appropriate for human vaccines due to safety concerns relating to persistence of DNA; nevertheless, the safety of DNA‐mediated immunization protocols still needs to be carefully evaluated before practical application.See accompanying commentary: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200635986
NK cells contribute to the early clearance of HSV‐1 from the lung but cannot control replication in the central nervous system following intranasal infection
Authors: Reading Patrick C. , Whitney Paul G. , Barr Daniel P. , Smyth Mark J. , Brooks Andrew G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWhile infection of the respiratory tract with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) can have severe clinical complications, little is known of the immune mechanisms that control both the replication and spread of HSV‐1 in this site. To better understand the contribution of innate immunity and in particular natural killer (NK) cells to the control of infection at this site, we have utilized a mouse model of intranasal HSV‐1 infection. NK cell numbers increased in the lung following intranasal infection and they produced IFN‐γ and acquired an enhanced cytotoxic capacity. While depletion of NK cells resulted in increased HSV‐1 titres in the lung, the time taken to clear the virus was unaffected. Interestingly, HSV‐1 was also effectively cleared from the lungs of RAG‐1–/– mice that lack both B and T cells. However, RAG‐1–/– mice could not control the spread of virus to the central nervous system and its subsequent replication in the brain. Together, these data demonstrate that NK cells are recruited, activated and contribute to early protection of the lung during acute HSV‐1 infection of the respiratory tract, but in the absence of adaptive immunity are unable to control the replication and spread of virus in the nervous system.
Long‐lived memory CD8+ T cells are programmed by prolonged antigen exposure and low levels of cellular activation
Authors: Bachmann Martin F. , Beerli Roger R. , Agnellini Paola , Wolint Petra , Schwarz Katrin , Oxenius Annette 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCD8+ T cells play a crucial role in controlling intracellular pathogens. The level of memory CD8+ T cells developing after vaccination or infection influences the degree of T cell‐mediated protection after secondary infection. We used defined animal models and infections/immunizations by replicating or non‐replicating antigens to define on a molecular and cellular level in vivo the parameters that identify and shape long‐lived CD8+ T cell memory. We show that the timing of antigen exposure during vaccination is key for the induction of long‐lived T cell memory. Brief antigen exposure induced high numbers of effector cells but limited development of long‐lived CD8+ memory T cells. In contrast, prolonged antigen exposure for up to 9 days induced similar numbers of effector T cells but additionally resulted in high levels of memory CD8+ T cells. Unexpectedly CD127 (IL‐7Rα) expression on CD8+ T cells during the acute priming phase was a necessary but not sufficient requirement for entering the pool of long‐lived antigen‐independent memory CD8+ T cells. However, we provide strong evidence for the interpretation that programming of long‐lived memory T cells was driven by low levels of transcription factor eomesodermin and protease inhibitor Spi2A as well as reduced phosphorylation of c‐JUN.
Changes in nutraceutical lipid components of rice at different degrees of milling
Authors: Ha Tae‐Yeoul , Ko Soon‐Nam , Lee Sun‐Mi , Kim Hak‐Ryul , Chung Soo‐Hyun , Kim Sung‐Ran , Yoon Hye‐Hyun , Kim In‐Hwan 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe concentrations of several nutraceutical lipid components [tocol (i.e. tocopherol + tocotrienol) phytosterol, γ‐oryzanol, octacosanol, and squalene] in milled rice and brown rice were determined. The lipid content decreased significantly (p <0.05) as the degree of milling increased, as did the total tocol content. Significant differences (p <0.05) were observed in the relative percentages of α‐tocopherol, α‐tocotrienol, and γ‐tocotrienol in brown rice and milled rice. β‐Sitosterol was the most abundant sterol, representing 50–56% of the total sterol content of all samples analyzed. There were no significant differences in the relative percentages of the sterol isomers as the degree of milling increased. The concentrations of γ‐oryzanol, squalene, and octacosanol in rice decreased significantly (p <0.05) as the degree of milling increased.
Pro‐oxidant activity of Fe2+ in oxidation of cod phospholipids in liposomes
Authors: Mozuraityte Revilija , Rustad Turid , Storrø Ivar 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis work examines how different factors such as temperature, amount of injected Fe2+, lipid concentration, pH, concentration of NaCl and concentration of dissolved oxygen influenced the lipid oxidation rate of liposomes made from cod phospholipids. The rate of lipid oxidation was measured by consumption of dissolved oxygen by liposomes in a closed vessel. The rate of oxygen consumption in liposomes was proportional to the concentration of iron and the lipid concentration in the assay mixture. The oxygen consumption rate was dependent on pH, with a maximum observed between pH 4 and 5. The addition of salt (final concentration 0.04–0.8 M) decreased the rate of oxygen consumption. The rate of oxidation was independent of the concentration of dissolved oxygen (in the range of 230–5 μM). The oxygen consumption rate followed Arrhenius kinetics, and the variation in activation energy found (60–87 kJ/moles×K) might be due to variations in the composition of raw materials used in the experiments and different susceptibility to oxidation.
Chemistry of aqueous mineral carbonation for carbon sequestration and explanation of experimental results
Authors: Chen Zhong‐Ying , O'Connor William K. , Gerdemann S.J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn aqueous mineral carbonation for carbon sequestration, high‐pressure CO2 is injected into water or sodium bicarbonate solution mixed with olivine or serpentine to produce magnesium carbonate. Thus, CO2 gas is fixed in a solid carbonate for sequestration. Such reactions are generally slow, and a significant amount of research was conducted to increase the reaction rate. This article is an initial effort using basic thermodynamic analysis to understand this complicated heterogeneous chemical process, and to explain some experimental results. The approach started with decomposing the process into two basic steps: magnesium ion dissolution from the olivine or serpentine, and magnesite precipitation. Thermodynamic calculation then is used to assess two important parameters for each of these two steps: the pH and carbonic ion concentration. The calculations explain the roles of increased CO2 pressure, elevated temperature, and adding sodium bicarbonate for enhancing the carbonation reaction, and these results agreed well with the experimental data. The analysis also indicates that for reaction routes in which leaching magnesium silicate and forming magnesium carbonate occur in the same reactor, lowering the pH helps dissolve magnesium ions from silicate, but it lowers carbonic ion concentration and limits precipitation of magnesite; careful balance of these two steps is critical. Further improvement may be built upon this model. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2006
New aldehydes and related alcohols in fresh lemon peel extract (Citrus limon L.)
Authors: Naef Regula , Jaquier Alain 
Published: March 2006

AbstractNew branched unsaturated and saturated aldehydes and related alcohols were identified in a solvent extract of freshly grated lemon peel by GC/MS‐analysis: (E)‐2‐methyl‐2‐heptenal, (E)‐2‐methyl‐2‐nonenal, (E)‐2‐methyl‐2‐undecenal, 4‐methyl‐nonanal, 4‐methyl‐undecanal, 4‐methyl‐nonanol and 4‐methyl‐undecanol. Their structures, established from their mass spectra, were confirmed by synthesis and the organoleptic descriptors are given. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic background of different cancer cell lines influences the gene set involved in chromosome 8 mediated breast tumor suppression
Authors: Seitz Susanne , Korsching Eberhard , Weimer Jörg , Jacobsen Anja , Arnold Norbert , Meindl Alfons , Arnold Wolfgang , Gustavus Dirk , Klebig Christiane , Petersen Iver , Scherneck Siegfried 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSeveral lines of evidence suggest that chromosome 8 is likely to harbor tumor‐suppressor genes involved in breast cancer. We showed previously that microcell‐mediated transfer of human chromosome 8 into breast cancer cell line MDA‐MB‐231 resulted in reversion of these cells to tumorigenicity and was accompanied by changes in the expression of a breast cancer–relevant gene set. In the present study, we demonstrated that transfer of human chromosome 8 into another breast cancer cell line, CAL51, strongly reduced the tumorigenic potential of these cells. Loss of the transferred chromosome 8 resulted in reappearance of the CAL51 phenotype. Microarray analysis identified 78 probe sets differentially expressed in the hybrids compared with in the CAL51 and the rerevertant cells. This signature was also reflected in a panel of breast tumors, lymph nodes, and distant metastases and was correlated with several prognostic markers including tumor size, grading, metastatic behavior, and estrogen receptor status. The expression patterns of seven genes highly expressed in the hybrids but down‐regulated in the tumors and metastases (MYH11, CRYAB, C11ORF8, PDGFRL, PLAGL1, SH3BP5, and KIAA1026) were confirmed by RT‐PCR and tissue microarray analyses. Unlike with the corresponding nontumorigenic phenotypes demonstrated for the MDA‐MB‐231‐ and CAL51‐derived microcell hybrids, the respective differentially expressed genes strongly differed. However, the majority of genes in both gene sets could be integrated into a similar spectrum of biological processes and pathways, suggesting that alterations in gene expression are manifested at the level of functions and pathways rather than in individual genes. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The physician–patient relationship: the impact of patient‐obtained medical information
Authors: Xie Bin , Dilts David M. , Shor Mikhael 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe investigate the impact of patient‐obtained medical information (POMI) on the physician–patient relationship when patients, as a group, are heterogeneously informed and a physician's interests do not coincide with those of her patients. Introducing additional well‐informed patients to the population discontinuously affects the physician's strategy, having no effect unless a sufficient quantity is added. When few patients are well informed, increasing the precision of their information level has no effect on the physician's strategy. Alternately, when a sufficient number of well‐informed patients exists, increasing the precision of their information allows all patients to free‐ride by receiving more appropriate treatment recommendations.Counterintuitively, we also identify circumstances under which increasing the general level of information may potentially harm patients. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.