bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-Objective Design Problem of Tire Wear and Visualization of Its Pareto Solutions
Authors: Koishi M. , Shida Z. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Since tires carry out many functions and many of them have tradeoffs, it is important to find the combination of design variables that satisfy well-balanced performance in conceptual design stage. To find a good design of tires is to solve the multi-objective design problems, i.e., inverse problems. However, due to the lack of suitable solution techniques, such problems are converted into a single-objective optimization problem before being solved. Therefore, it is difficult to find the Pareto solutions of multi-objective design problems of tires. Recently, multi-objective evolutionary algorithms have become popular in many fields to find the Pareto solutions. In this paper, we propose a design procedure to solve multi-objective design problems as the comprehensive solver of inverse problems. At first, a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is employed to find the Pareto solutions of tire performance, which are in multi-dimensional space of objective functions. Response surface method is also used to evaluate objective functions in the optimization process and can reduce CPU time dramatically. In addition, a self-organizing map (SOM) proposed by Kohonen is used to map Pareto solutions from high-dimensional objective space onto two-dimensional space. Using SOM, design engineers see easily the Pareto solutions of tire performance and can find suitable design plans. The SOM can be considered as an inverse function that defines the relation between Pareto solutions and design variables. To demonstrate the procedure, tire tread design is conducted. The objective of design is to improve uneven wear and wear life for both the front tire and the rear tire of a passenger car. Wear performance is evaluated by finite element analysis (FEA). Response surface is obtained by the design of experiments and FEA. Using both MOGA and SOM, we obtain a map of Pareto solutions. We can find suitable design plans that satisfy well-balanced performance on the map called “multi-performance map.” It helps tire design engineers to make their decision in conceptual design stage.
Influence of biomass on hydrodynamics of an internal loop airlift reactor
Authors: Juraščík M. , Hucík M. , Sikula I. , Annus J. , Markoš J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of the biomass presence on the overall circulation velocity, the linear velocities both in the riser and the downcomer and the overall gas hold-up was studied in a three-phase internal loop airlift reactor (ILALR). The measured data were compared with those obtained using a two-phase system (air—water). All experiments were carried out in a 40 dm3 ILALR at six different biomass concentrations (ranging from 0 g dm−3 to 7.5 g dm−3), at a temperature of 30°C, under atmospheric pressure. Air and water were used as the gas and liquid model media, respectively. Pellets of Aspergillus niger produced during the fermentation of glucose to gluconic acid in the ILALR were considered solid phase. In addition, liquid velocities were measured during the fermentation of glucose to gluconic acid using Aspergillus niger. All measurements were performed in a bubble circulation regime. At given experimental conditions the effect of the biomass on the circulation velocities in the ILALR was negligible. However, increasing of the biomass concentration led to lower values of the total gas hold-up.
Selection of carrier for immobilization of fructosyltransferase from Aureobasidium pullulans
Authors: Platková Z. , Polakovič M. , Štefuca V. , Vandáková M. , Antošová M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe study deals with the development of an immobilized biocatalyst for the production of fructooligosaccharides. Several commercial anion-exchange resins and polymethacrylate carriers were tested for the immobilization either by the direct attachment of fructosyltransferase or by the attachment accompanied by simultaneous glutaraldehyde crosslinking in the pH range from 5.7 to 7.1. On the basis of the efficiency of immobilization and the storage stability, Amberlite IRA 900 and Dowex Marathon MSA were selected as the best carriers for fructosyltransferase immobilization by direct attachment at pH 5.7.
Homozygosity of the interleukin‐10 receptor 1 G330R allele is associated with schizophrenia
Authors: Schosser Alexandra , Aschauer Harald N. , Wildenauer Dieter B. , Schwab Sibylle G. , Albus Margot , Maier Wolfgang , Schloegelhofer Monika , Leisch Friedrich , Hornik Kurt , Murray Sarah S. , Gasche Christoph 
Published: October 2006

AbstractInfections of unknown origin and an altered immune response have been hypothesized to play a role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. We have previously identified two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the IL‐10 receptor 1 (IL‐10R1) causing a substitution of glycine 330 to arginine (G330R) and of serine 138 to glycine (S138G). A possible association between these IL‐10R1 variants and schizophrenia has been investigated in the present study. DNA of 101 unrelated Austrian patients with a DSM‐III‐R (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) consensus diagnosis of schizophrenia (n = 70) or schizoaffective disorder (n = 31) and DNA of 121 German schizophrenic patients (DSM‐III‐R) was analyzed for the presence of S138G and G330R by allele‐specific multiplex PCRs. Data from patients were compared with 250 unrelated, psychiatric healthy controls. No difference in allele frequency was detected between patients and controls (G330R: 34.0% vs. 30.0%, P = 0.208; S138G: 19.7% vs. 16.6%, P = 0.235; by Fisher's exact test). However, there was a significant difference in genotype distribution (wt/wt, wt/mut, mut/mut) for G330R between patients (46.8%, 38.3%, 14.9%) and controls (47.6%, 44.8%, 7.6%; Fisher's test P = 0.032). No such difference was seen for S138G. Our results suggest that homozygosity of the IL‐10R1 G330R allele is associated with schizophrenia and may contribute to the expression of disease phenotype in susceptible individuals. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Haplotype association study between DRD1 gene and bipolar type I affective disorder in two samples from Canada and Sardinia
Authors: Del Zompo Maria , De Luca Vincenzo , Severino Giovanni , Ni Xingqun , Mulas Stefania , Congiu Donatella , Piccardi Maria Paola , Kennedy James L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBased on the dopaminergic hypothesis, the dopamine D1 receptor gene (DRD1) is considered to be a good candidate gene involved in the susceptibility of bipolar disorder (BP). Genetic association between three DRD1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (−800T/C, −48A/G, and 1403T/C) and bipolar type I (BP I) disorder was performed in a case‐control sample of Sardinian origin (170 BP I and 209 controls) and in an enlarged sample (229 families) of BP I trios from Toronto. The haplotype analyses generated significant global chi‐square in both samples (P‐value 0.024 in Toronto and 0.00042 in Sardinian). The main representative haplotypes in both samples were the −800T/−48A/1403C and the −800C/−48G/1403T. Considering each group individually, the −800C/−48G/1403T was transmitted more frequently from parents to BP I probands in Toronto sample (nominally P‐value = 0.047) and was more frequent in cases than in control subjects in Sardinian sample although showing no significant evidence of association (nominally P‐value = 0.16) When the estimated haplotype counts of both samples were combined, the global χ2 was significant (P‐value = 0.00085) and the nominal P‐value for the haplotype −800C/−48G/1403T was 0.01. The fact that the same haplotype shows a similar trend for association in samples originating from different ethnic backgrounds seems to imply that the −800C/−48G/1403T haplotype may be considered as a risk factor for BP I disorder. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Backbone dynamics determined by electron paramagnetic resonance to optimize solid‐phase peptide synthesis of TOAC‐labeled phospholamban
Authors: Zhang Zhiwen , Remmer Henriette A. , Thomas David D. , Karim Christine B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractElectron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to optimize the solid‐phase peptide synthesis of a membrane‐bound peptide labeled with TOAC (2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐piperidine‐1‐oxyl‐4‐amino‐4‐carboxylic acid). The incorporation of this paramagnetic amino acid results in a nitroxide spin label coupled rigidly to the α‐carbon, providing direct detection of peptide backbone dynamics by EPR. We applied this approach to phospholamban, which regulates cardiac calcium transport. The synthesis of this amphipathic 52‐amino‐acid membrane peptide including TOAC is a challenge, especially in the addition of TOAC and the next several amino acids. Therefore, EPR of synthetic intermediates, reconstituted into lipid bilayers, was used to ensure complete coupling and 9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) deprotection. The attachment of Fmoc‐TOAC‐OH leads to strong immobilization of the spin label, whereas Fmoc deprotection dramatically mobilizes it, producing an EPR spectral peak that is completely resolved from that observed before deprotection. Similarly, coupling of the next amino acid (Ser) restores the spin label to strong immobilization, giving a peak that is completely resolved from that of the preceding step. For several subsequent steps, the effect of coupling and deprotection is similar but less dramatic. Thus, the sensitivity and resolution of EPR provides a quantitative monitor of completion at each of these critical steps in peptide synthesis. Mass spectrometry, circular dichroism, and Edman degradation were used in concert with EPR to verify the chemistry and characterize the secondary structure. In conclusion, the application of conventional analytical methods in combination with EPR offers an improved approach to optimize the accurate synthesis of TOAC spin‐labeled membrane peptides. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 88:29–35, 2007.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com.
The importance of addressing the unfolding TB‐HIV stigma in high HIV prevalence settings
Authors: Bond Virginia , Nyblade Laura 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the context of high HIV prevalence, tuberculosis is proving hard to control, becoming an increasingly prevalent disease and forcing a more integrated public health approach to the dual epidemics. Yet this integrated approach often overlooks the implications of how intertwined TB and HIV have become in the social reality of people living in high HIV prevalence settings. In this context, TB, the most common and serious of HIV's opportunistic infections in Sub‐Saharan Africa, has become progressively more stigmatised, and this paper argues, a new disease stigma has unfolded—namely TB‐HIV stigma. Rooted partly in judgement, blame and shame; fears of TB transmission; and public health practice and policy, TB‐HIV stigma has serious implications for TB outcomes and for management of HIV. The paper demonstrates the strength of the association between TB and HIV in urban and rural Zambia, how visible signs of TB become a trigger for TB‐HIV stigma, and explores three key causes of this stigma that could be addressed by integrated TB‐HIV services. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pollution, peril and poverty: a British study of the stigmatization of smokers
Authors: Farrimond Hannah R. , Joffe Helene 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper considers the symbolic, experiential and institutional basis of the stigmatization of British smokers, particularly in the context of the higher rates of smoking in lower socio‐economic status (SES) groups. Interviews based on a free association task were conducted with 40 smokers and non‐smokers from higher and lower SES groups. Thematic analysis identified several areas of stigmatization of British smokers by non‐smokers: identification of negative aesthetic ‘marks’ of smoking and of smokers as ‘polluters’ who harm others; the display of direct and indirect social disapproval; and the association of smokers with out‐groups such as single mothers. Higher SES smokers tend to challenge the ‘facts’ on which this stigmatization is based, whereas lower SES smokers internalize the stigmatized aspersions. Recent British Tobacco Control campaigns, which play on the negative aesthetic of the smoker and the ‘peril’ which they represent, may exacerbate stigmatization. This may have de‐motivating effects on lower SES smokers for reasons explored in the paper. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unravelling the contexts of stigma: from internalisation to resistance to change
Authors: Campbell Catherine , Deacon Harriet 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis special edition on ‘Understanding and Challenging Stigma’ seeks to further our understandings of the types of representations and practices through which stigma is perpetuated, the social contexts within which they are produced and reproduced, and the possibilities for agency, resistance and intervention. In this introductory piece, we outline three broad approaches to stigma in the existing literature—individual, macro‐social and multi‐level. Aligning ourselves with the latter, we discuss how social effects become sedimented in the individual psyche in ways that often make it difficult for stigmatised group members to resist their devalued social status. This insight frames our discussion of the papers in this volume—which cover various types of stigma, drawing on research in six countries. We focus on the ways in which the papers contribute to our understandings of (i) the material, political, institutional and symbolic contexts of stigma; (ii) the possibility of resistance to stigma; and (iii) the types of interventions most likely to facilitate such resistance. We conclude that the fields of social and community psychology have a central role to play in advancing the types of understandings that are so urgently needed to inform effective multi‐level stigma‐reduction interventions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermotropic Lipid Phase Transition and the Behavior of Hydrolytic Enzymes in the Kidney Cortex Brush Border Membrane
Authors: Sanyal Sankar N. , Singh Gurdeep , Kanwar Shailender S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFunctional interactions of lipids and proteins were examined in brush‐border membranes isolated from the kidney cortex by studying the temperature dependence of the hydrolytic enzyme activities. A close relationship was observed for the membrane proteins and the thermotropic lipid phase transitions. Three lines of evidences were provided for such dependence: a) Arrhenius relationship of the membrane‐bound enzyme activities, and the effect of temperature in native and partially delipidated membranes, b) differential scanning calorimetric study of the membrane lipid phase transitions in the native and delipidated membranes, multilamellar vesicles prepared from the membrane extracted lipids, and in vesicles from dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine, and c) the excimer (dimer)‐formation studies of the membrane extrinsic fluorescent probe, pyrene, and the resultant membrane microviscosity. The brush‐border membranes were partially delipidated with BuOH and 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol. The functional interactions of the delipidated membranes, which were greatly lost on lipid removal, were largely restored by the addition of exogenous lipids in the reconstitution process, which indicate the critical dependence of the membrane integral proteins on the neighboring lipid molecules in the bulk lipid phase.
The Essential Oil of Lippia alba: Analysis of Samples from French Overseas Departments and Review of Previous Works
Authors: Hennebelle Thierry , Sahpaz Sevser , Dermont Charles , Joseph Henry , Bailleul François 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper contains new data on the chemical composition of the essential oil of Lippia alba (Mill.) N. E. Brown, as well as an overview of the available literature. Although the composition of the essential oil of this species is well‐documented, discrepancies between the reported results suggest that many chemotypes and morphotypes exist. The analysis of essential oils obtained from the leaves of samples from three different locations in the French Overseas Departments (French Guiana, Martinique, and two different places in Guadeloupe) have shown that the composition of each one is quite different. This new data, along with a review and discussion of published studies, enabled us to establish seven distinct chemotypes (Tables 2 and 3). Possible connections between these chemotypes and morphotypes already described were also investigated.
Two New Taxanes from the Needles and Branches Bark of Taxus cuspidata
Authors: Cao Cong‐Mei , Zhang Man‐Li , Wang Yu‐Fang , Shi Qing‐Wen , Yamada Teiko , Kiyota Hiromasa 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo new taxanes were isolated from the MeOH extract of the needles and branches bark of the Japanese yew, Taxus cuspidata. The structures were established as (2α,5α,7β,9α,10β,13α)‐5,10,13,20‐tetraacetoxytax‐11‐ene‐2,7,9‐triol (1) and (2α,5α,9α,10β)‐2,9,10‐triacetoxy‐5‐[(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)oxy]‐3,11‐cyclotax‐11‐en‐13‐one (2) on the basis of in‐depth 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR analyses (Tables 1–3, Fig. 1). Compound 2 is the first example of a transannular taxane glycoside isolated from a natural source.
An Efficient Hybrid, Nanostructured, Epoxidation Catalyst: Titanium Silsesquioxane–Polystyrene Copolymer Supported on SBA‐15
Authors: Zhang Lei , Abbenhuis Hendrikus C. L. , Gerritsen Gijsbert , Bhriain Nollaig Ní , Magusin Pieter C. M. M. , Mezari Brahim , Han Wei , van Santen Rutger A. , Yang Qihua , Li Can 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA novel interfacial hybrid epoxidation catalyst was designed with a new immobilization method for homogeneous catalysts by coating an inorganic support with an organic polymer film containing active sites. The titanium silsesquioxane (TiPOSS) complex, which contains a single‐site titanium active center, was immobilized successfully by in‐situ copolymerization on a mesoporous SBA‐15‐supported polystyrene polymer. The resulting hybrid materials exhibit attractive textural properties (highly ordered mesostructure, large specific surface area (>380 m2 g−1) and pore volume (≧0.46 cm3 g−1)), and high activity in the epoxidation of alkenes. In the epoxidation of cyclooctene with tert‐butyl hydrogen peroxide (TBHP), the hybrid catalysts have rate constants comparable with that of their homogeneous counterpart, and can be recycled at least seven times. They can also catalyze the epoxidation of cyclooctene with aqueous H2O2 as the oxidant. In two‐phase reaction media, the catalysts show much higher activity than their homogeneous counterpart due to the hydrophobic environment around the active centers. They behave as interfacial catalysts due to their multifunctionality, that is, the hydrophobicity of polystyrene and the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), and the hydrophilicity of the silica and the mesoporous structure. Combination of the immobilization of homogeneous catalysts on two conventional supports, inorganic solid and organic polymer, is demonstrated to achieve novel heterogeneous catalytic ensembles with the merits of attractive textural properties, tunable surface properties, and optimized environments around the active sites.
Preparation and Use of Microarrays Containing Synthetic Heparin Oligosaccharides for the Rapid Analysis of Heparin–Protein Interactions
Authors: Noti Christian , de Paz Jose L. , Polito Laura , Seeberger Peter H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHeparin is a highly sulfated, linear polymer that participates in a plethora of biological processes by interaction with many proteins. The chemical complexity and heterogeneity of this polysaccharide can explain the fact that, despite its widespread medical use as an anticoagulant drug, the structure–function relationship of defined heparin sequences is still poorly understood. Here, we present the chemical synthesis of a library containing heparin oligosaccharides ranging from di‐ to hexamers of different sequences and sulfation patterns. An amine‐terminated linker was placed at the reducing end of the synthetic structures to allow for immobilization onto N‐hydroxysuccinimide activated glass slides and creation of heparin microarrays. Key features of this modular synthesis, such as the influence of the amine linker on the glycosidation efficiency, the use of 2‐azidoglucose as glycosylating agents for oligosaccharide assembly, and the compatibility of the protecting group strategy with the sulfation‐deprotection steps, are discussed. Heparin microarrays containing this oligosaccharide library were constructed using a robotic printer and employed to characterize the carbohydrate binding affinities of three heparin‐binding growth factors. FGF‐1, FGF‐2 and FGF‐4 that are implicated in angiogenesis, cell growth and differentiation were studied. These heparin chips aided in the discovery of novel, sulfated sequences that bind FGF, and in the determination of the structural requirements needed for recognition by using picomoles of protein on a single slide. The results presented here highlight the potential of combining oligosaccharide synthesis and carbohydrate microarray technology to establish a structure–activity relationship in biological processes.
The role of FDG‐PET/CT in suspected recurrence of breast cancer
Authors: Radan Lea , Ben‐Haim Simona , Bar‐Shalom Rachel , Guralnik Luda , Israel Ora 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Early diagnosis of recurrent breast cancer is crucial to selection of the most appropriate therapy. The current study evaluated the role of FDG‐PET/CT in the assessment of suspected recurrent breast cancer in patients who presented with elevated serum tumor markers.METHODS.Forty‐seven consecutive FDG‐PET/CT studies of 46 women (aged 32–79 years; mean, 59.9 years) with a history of breast cancer presented with elevated serum tumor markers 1–21 years (mean = 6.2 years) after their initial diagnosis and were retrospectively evaluated. PET/CT results were confirmed by pathology (n = 11), further imaging, and follow‐up (mean = 17.2 months; n = 36). Changes in further management based on PET/CT were recorded.RESULTS.Thirty (65%) patients had tumor recurrence, and 16 (35%) patients showed no further evidence of disease. Thirty‐one patients had 32 abnormal PET/CT studies, and 15 patients had normal studies with an overall sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 90%, 71%, and 83%, respectively. In 37 patients, PET/CT was compared with contrast‐enhanced CT and had a higher sensitivity (85% vs 70%), specificity (76% vs 47%), and accuracy (81% vs 59%). PET/CT had an impact on the management of 24 (5l%) patients. Of these, chemotherapy or radiotherapy was started in 16 patients, treatment was modified in 2 patients, and 6 patients were referred to biopsy, followed by referral to surgery for 2 patients.CONCLUSIONS.In patients with breast cancer and rising tumor markers, FDG‐PET/CT had high performance indices and was superior to CT for diagnosis of tumor recurrence, which led to changes in the subsequent clinical management of 51% of these patients. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.