bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yūsuf al-'Uyairī and the Making of a Revolutionary Salafi Praxis
Authors: Meijer Roel 
Published: December 2007

AbstractYūsuf al-'Uyairī was the first leader of al-Qaeda on the Arabian Peninsula. Besides being part of the al-Qaeda network he was also an important ideologue, whose ideas give a much more coherent view of Jihadism as it has developed during the past few years and as it has been adopted by a new generation. Al-'Uyairī, who was killed in June 2003, aged 29, was a prolific writer who wrote on a variety of topics, ranging from the clash of civilization with the West to economic and political relations between the United States and the Middle East, to jihadist movements in Chechnya, the Philippines, Afghanistan, and finally, just before he died, Iraq. Interestingly, his goal is not only geared to mobilizing the Muslim umma as a whole for the jihād against the West and its local allies, the rulers (tawāghīt), the 'establishment 'ulamā'', and the Westernized intellectuals, who undermine the umma with the discourse of cooperation, mutual understanding, rationalism and tolerance. In his modernist project, he also tries to show that the mujāhid has a superior knowledge and insight into reality and therefore deserves to be on the forefront of the permanent revolution to change reality in accordance with the will of God.
Between Ideology and Pragmatism: Fathī Yakan's Theory of Islamic Activism
Authors: Elsässer Sebastian 
Published: December 2007

AbstractFathi Yakan is the pre-eminent figure of the Sunni Islamist movement in Lebanon. His theory of Islamic activism provides an example of how Islamists try to reconcile radical ideological thought with a pragmatic approach to social and political activism. After tracing Yakan's theory of activism along the concepts of education, mission or da'wa, and community, the article points out some of the tensions inherent in Yakan's thought. It explores the problem of ideological and practical boundary-setting by analysing Yakan's use of the concepts of umma, jahiliyya, and community (jamī'a). Then it highlights Yakan's ambiguous attitude towards the Lebanese polity and his political record as a deputy in the Lebanese parliament between 1992 and 1996. The article concludes with the assessment that Yakan manages to integrate both radicalism and pragmatism into a single theory of activism by shifting between different levels of thought and discourse. The intellectual ambiguity that characterises this approach seems to be partly motivated by the need to preserve the largest possible measure of practical flexibility in a complex and shifting political environment.
Rethinking sharī'a: Javēd Ahmad Ghāmidī on hudūd
Authors: Masud Muhammad Khalid 
Published: December 2007

AbstractModern Muslim thought is usually studied in terms of a dichotomy between modernity and tradition; the former as Western impact, the latter as Muslim societies supposedly petrified in the past. These studies, however, have failed to appreciate the dynamics of Muslim intellectual movements. The west-centrism tends to overlook the local contexts. This paper is a study of a contemporary thought movement in Pakistan led by Javēd Ahmad Ghāmidī. In some ways this movement resembles the Wasatiyya of Egypt, especially in rethinking the application of sharīa in a modern state and the necessity of state in Islam. Ghāmidī's intellectual development took place in a traditional environment, and his movement grew with an analysis of the contemporary discourses on sharā'a in Pakistan. In his arguments on sharā'a, Ghāmidī is not apologetic; he rarely refers to Western criticism. He seldom differs with the Islamic modernists but he never leaves the traditional framework. Ghāmidī is not unaware of the modern context but since his discourse is primarily with the traditionalists on the one hand and Jamā' at Islāmī and its seceding groups on the other, he is more a critical traditionist than an Islamic modernist.
Erasmus, Willem Vorsterman, and the Printing of St Jerome's Letters
Authors: Pabel Hilmar 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWillem Vorsterman was a leading printer in Antwerp in the first half of the sixteenth century. He printed two anthologies of the letters of St. Jerome, one in 1515, the other in 1533. These deserve attention in connection with Erasmus of Rotterdam, the renowned humanist champion and editor of Jerome. In its preface, the first anthology takes up the cause of humanist theology and invokes Erasmus' authority on the eve of his celebrated edition of Jerome. His name adds value to the anthology. The second anthology does not refer to Erasmus at all; nevertheless it yields traces of his editorial influence.
The combined roles of ADAMTS13 and VWF in murine models of TTP, endotoxemia, and thrombosis
Authors: Chauhan Anil K. , Walsh Meghan T. , Zhu Guojing , Ginsburg David , Wagner Denisa D. , Motto David G. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractUltralarge von Willebrand factor (UL-VWF) multimers are thought to play a central role in pathogenesis of the disease thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP); however, experimental evidence in support of this hypothesis has been difficult to establish. Therefore, to examine directly the requirement for VWF in TTP pathogenesis, we generated ADAMTS13-deficient mice on a TTP-susceptible genetic background that were also either haploinsufficient (Vwf+/−) or completely deficient (Vwf−/−) in VWF. Absence of VWF resulted in complete protection from shigatoxin (Stx)–induced thrombocytopenia, demonstrating an absolute requirement for VWF in this model (Stx has been shown previously to trigger TTP in ADAMTS13-deficient mice). We next investigated the requirements for ADAMTS13 and VWF in a murine model of endotoxemia. Unlike Stx-induced TTP findings, LPS-induced thrombocytopenia and mortality were not affected by either VWF or ADAMTS13 deficiency, suggesting divergent mechanisms of thrombocytopenia between these 2 disorders. Finally, we show that VWF deficiency abrogates the ADAMTS13-deficient prothrombotic state, suggesting VWF as the only relevant ADAMTS13 substrate under these conditions. Together, these findings shed new light on the potential roles played by ADAMTS13 and VWF in TTP, endotoxemia, and normal hemostasis.
Role of Bcl2 in Osteoclastogenesis and PTH Anabolic Actions in Bone
Authors: Yamashita Junro , Datta Nabanita S , Chun Yong-Hee P , Yang Dong-Ye , Carey Allison A , Kreider Jaclynn M , Goldstein Steven A , McCauley Laurie K 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Introduction: B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) is a proto-oncogene best known for its ability to suppress cell death. However, the role of Bcl2 in the skeletal system is unknown. Bcl2 has been hypothesized to play an important anti-apoptotic role in osteoblasts during anabolic actions of PTH. Although rational, this has not been validated in vivo; hence, the impact of Bcl2 in bone remains unknown.
Materials and Methods: The bone phenotype of Bcl2 homozygous mutant (Bcl2−/−) mice was analyzed with histomorphometry and μCT. Calvarial osteoblasts were isolated and evaluated for their cellular activity. Osteoclastogenesis was induced from bone marrow cells using RANKL and macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), and their differentiation was analyzed. PTH(1–3;34) (50 μg/kg) or vehicle was administered daily to Bcl2+/+ and Bcl2−/− mice (4 days old) for 9 days to clarify the influence of Bcl2 ablation on PTH anabolic actions. Western blotting and real-time PCR were performed to detect Bcl2 expression in calvarial osteoblasts in response to PTH ex vivo.
Results: There were reduced numbers of osteoclasts in Bcl2−/− mice, with a resultant increase in bone mass. Bcl2−/− bone marrow–derived osteoclasts ex vivo were significantly larger in size and short-lived compared with wildtype, suggesting a pro-apoptotic nature of Bcl2−/− osteoclasts. In contrast, osteoblasts were entirely normal in their proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization. Intermittent administration of PTH increased bone mass similarly in Bcl2+/+ and Bcl2−/− mice. Finally, Western blotting and real-time PCR showed that Bcl2 levels were not induced in response to PTH in calvarial osteoblasts.
Conclusions: Bcl2 is critical in osteoclasts but not osteoblasts. Osteoclast suppression is at least in part responsible for increased bone mass of Bcl2−/− mice, and Bcl2 is dispensable in PTH anabolic actions during bone growth.
Modellierung komplexer Webanwendungen: eine praxisorientierte, durchgängige Methode und Notation (Modelling Complex Web Applications: A Continuous, Practical Modelling Method and Graphical Notation)
Authors: Wissen Michael , Hermann Fabian 
Published: December 2007

Zusammenfassung
Webanwendungen sind oft hochkomplexe, inhaltsreiche Systeme, die dennoch häufig unter großem Zeitdruck entworfen werden. Typische Probleme in der Konzeption solcher Systeme liegen darin, frühzeitig tragfähige Entwürfe zu entwickeln, Alternativen zu bewerten und auszuwählen, sie innerhalb des Projektteams oder mit dem Auftraggeber zu kommunizieren und abzustimmen. Wir stellen eine modellbasierte Entwurfsmethodik vor, die durch die Einteilung des Entwicklungsprozesses in einzelne Konzeptions- und Umsetzungsphasen eine praxisnahe und flexible Erstellung ermöglicht. Verwendete Entwurfsbereiche der Modellierung beziehen sich auf die Perspektiven „Information”, „Navigation” und „Präsentation” sowie „Aufgabe” und „Adaption”. Die Funktionsweise und das Zusammenspiel der verschiedenen Modelle werden vorgestellt und diskutiert. Vor allem bei der Navigationsmodellierung unterstützt eine grafische, durch die Ähnlichkeit zum Web-Layout nachvollziehbare Notation die Entwurfsarbeit, ohne dass, wie z. B. im Storyboarding, für jede Inhaltsvariante ein neuer grafischer Entwurf gezeichnet werden muss. Auf der Basis der Modelle können lauffähige Prototypen generiert werden, die – neben den grafischen Modellen selbst – die Kommunikation, Entscheidung und spätere Umsetzung unterstützen.
UWE – Ein Ansatz zur modellgetriebenen Entwicklung von Webanwendungen (UWE – An Approach for the Model-Driven Development of Web Applications)
Authors: Knapp Alexander , Koch Nora , Wirsing Martin , Zhang Gefei 
Published: December 2007

Zusammenfassung
UWE (UML-based Web Engineering) ist ein Ansatz zur modellgetriebenen Entwicklung von Websystemen. Die UWE-Notation ist speziell an die intuitive Modellierung von Webanwendungen angepasst; UWE umfasst einen werkzeugunterstützten Entwicklungsprozess für die semi-automatische Konstruktion von Webanwendungen; und UWE-Modelle ermöglichen eine frühzeitige Validierung. Eines der Hauptcharakteristika von UWE ist seine Verwendung von etablierten Standards: Die Modellierungssprache basiert auf UML und einer UML-Erweiterung, einem so genannten UML-Profil. Dieses Profil ist als eine konservative Erweiterung des UML-Metamodells definiert, wodurch die Verwendung bestehender Modellierungswerkzeuge und deren Erweiterungen ermöglicht wird. Der UWE-Prozess wendet die Model-Driven-Architecture (MDA)-Prinzipien auf die Entwicklung von Webanwendungen an, Modelle und Modelltransformationen bilden den primären Fokus.
Synthesis of Substituted 2,2′‐Bipyridines and 2,2′:6′,2′′‐Terpyridines by Cobalt‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition Reactions of Nitriles and α,ω‐Diynes with Exclusive Regioselectivity
Authors: Goswami Avijit , Ohtaki Kazuhiko , Kase Kouki , Ito Taichi , Okamoto Sentaro 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA variety of substituted 2,2′‐bipyridines were synthesized by a 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe)/cobalt chloride hexahydrate (CoCl2⋅6 H2O)/zinc‐catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction of diynes and nitriles, with all reactions exhibiting exclusive regioselectivity. Thus, symmetrical and unsymmetrical 1,6‐diynes and 2‐cyanopyridine reacted in the presence of 5 mol % of dppe, 5 mol % of CoCl2⋅6 H2O and 10 mol % of zinc powder to provide the corresponding 2,2′‐bipyridines. Under identical reaction conditions, 1‐(2‐pyridyl)‐1,6‐diynes and nitriles reacted smoothly with exclusive regioselectivity to produce 2,2′‐bipyridines in good yield. 2,2′‐Bipyridines were also obtained by the double [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction of 1,6,8,13‐tetraynes with nitriles. Similarly, 2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridines were synthesized from 1‐(2‐pyridyl)‐1,6‐diyne and 2‐cyanopyridine. The regiochemistry observed can be explained by considering the electronic nature of cobaltacyclopentadiene intermediates and nitriles. A survey of the exclusive regiochemical trend gives reasonable credence to the synthetic potential of the present method.
Genetic analyses of dopamine related genes in adult ADHD patients suggest an association with the DRD5‐microsatellite repeat, but not with DRD4 or SLC6A3 VNTRs
Authors: Johansson S. , Halleland H. , Halmøy A. , Jacobsen K.K. , Landaas E.T. , Dramsdahl M. , Fasmer O.B. , Bergsholm P. , Lundervold A.J. , Gillberg C. , Hugdahl K. , Knappskog P.M. , Haavik J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common and highly heritable psychiatric disorder in children and adults. Recent meta‐analyses have indicated an association between genes involved in dopaminergic signaling and childhood ADHD, but little is known about their possible role in adult ADHD. In this study of adults with ADHD, we evaluated the three most commonly studied ADHD candidate genetic polymorphisms; the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) exon 3 VNTR repeat, a microsatellite repeat 18.5 kb upstream of the DRD5 locus and the 3′UTR dopamine transporter SLC6A3 (DAT 1) VNTR. We examined 358 clinically diagnosed adult Norwegian ADHD patients (51% males) and 340 ethnically matched controls. We found a nominally significant overall association with adult ADHD for the DRD5 microsatellite marker (P = 0.04), and a trend toward increased risk associated with the 148‐bp allele consistent with recent meta‐analyses. The strongest overall association (P = 0.02) and increased risk for the 148‐bp allele [odds ratio (OR) = 1.27 (95% CI: 1.00–1.61)] were seen in the inattentive and combined inattentive/hyperactive group as previously reported for childhood ADHD. No association was found for the DRD4 or SLC6A3 polymorphisms in this patient sample. In conclusion, our results among adults with a clinical diagnosis of ADHD support an association between ADHD and the DRD5 locus, but not the DRD4 or SLC6A3 loci. It is possible that the latter polymorphisms are associated with a transient form of ADHD with better long‐term clinical outcome. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computer simulations of the energy dissipation rate in a fluorescence‐activated cell sorter: Implications to cells
Authors: Mollet Mike , Godoy‐Silva Ruben , Berdugo Claudia , Chalmers Jeffrey J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractFluorescence activated cell sorting, FACS, is a widely used method to sort subpopulations of cells to high purities. To achieve relatively high sorting speeds, FACS instruments operate by forcing suspended cells to flow in a single file line through a laser(s) beam(s). Subsequently, this flow stream breaks up into individual drops which can be charged and deflected into multiple collection streams. Previous work by Ma et al. (2002) and Mollet et al. (2007; Biotechnol Bioeng 98:772–788) indicates that subjecting cells to hydrodynamic forces consisting of both high extensional and shear components in micro‐channels results in significant cell damage. Using the fluid dynamics software FLUENT®, computer simulations of typical fluid flow through the nozzle of a BD FACSVantage indicate that hydrodynamic forces, quantified using the scalar parameter energy dissipation rate, are similar in the FACS nozzle to levels reported to create significant cell damage in micro‐channels. Experimental studies in the FACSVantage, operated under the same conditions as the simulations confirmed significant cell damage in two cell lines, Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (CHO) and THP1, a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 260–272. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hoogsteen vs. Watson–Crick Base Pairing: Incorporation of 2‐Substituted Adenine‐ and 7‐Deazaadenine 2′‐Deoxy‐β‐D‐ribonucleosides into Oligonucleotides
Authors: Ramzaeva Natalya , Michalek Elisabeth , Kazimierczuk Zygmunt , Seela Frank , Rosemeyer Helmut 
Published: December 2007

AbstractVarious 2‐substituted 2′‐deoxyadenosines and 7‐deazaadenosines have been synthesized. The phosphonate building block 9 of 2‐chloro‐7‐deaza‐2′‐deoxyadenosine (7‐deazacladribine; 2) was prepared by 4,4′‐dimethoxytritylation of the parent nucleoside (→7), followed by protection of the amino function with a formamidine residue (→8). The latter was reacted with PCl3/N‐methylmorpholine/1,2,4‐triazole to give compound 9. Moreover, 2‐methoxy‐2′‐deoxyadenosine (2′‐deoxyspongosine; 1b) was converted into the fully protected derivative 12, which was then transformed into the 2‐cyanoethyl phosphoramidite 14. Also the 2‐(trifluoromethyl)‐substituted 2′‐deoxyadenosines 19–21 were prepared by glycosylation of the chromophore 16 with the halogenose 17, followed by one‐pot deprotection and nucleophilic displacement of the 6‐Cl substituent. The new DNA building blocks 9 and 14 were used – together with formerly prepared cladribine derivative 4 – for solid‐phase synthesis of a series of oligodeoxyribonucleotides. These were studied with respect to their thermal stability as well as of the base pairing mode (Watson–Crick vs. Hoogsteen) of modified bases.
Spectroscopic Analysis of the Binding Interaction Between Tinidazole and Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)
Authors: Shi Xin Yu , Cao Hui , Ren Feng Lian , Xu Ming 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe interaction between bovine serum albumin (BSA) and tinidazole (Tindamax®; 1) in aqueous solution was investigated in detail by means of UV/VIS and fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as through resonance light‐scattering (RLS) spectroscopy. The apparent binding constant and number of binding sites were determined at three different temperatures, as well as the average binding distances between 1 and the nearest amino acid residue(s) of BSA, as analyzed by means of Förster's theory of non‐radiation energy transfer. Compound 1 was found to quench the inner fluorescence of BSA by forming a tight 1 : 1 aggregate, based on both static quenching and non‐radiation energy transfer. The entropy change upon complexation was positive, and the enthalpy change was negative, indicating that the observed spontaneous binding is mainly driven by electrostatic interactions.
Effect of Substitution Pattern of Ancillary Ligands on the DNA‐Binding Behavior of Two New RuII–Polypyridyl Complexes
Authors: Tan Li‐Feng , Liu Jian‐Hua , Wang Fang , Zhang Sheng 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe new ligand 2‐(4‐phenoxyphenyl)‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐f][1,10]phenanthroline (ppip) and its RuII complexes [Ru(2,9‐dmp)2(ppip)]2+ (1) and [Ru(4,7‐dmp)2(ppip)]2+ (2; 2,9‐ and 4,7‐dmp=2,9‐ and 4,7‐dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline, resp.) were synthesized and characterized. The binding properties of the two complexes towards calf‐thymus DNA (CT‐DNA) in buffered H2O (pH 7.2) were investigated by different spectrophotometric methods and viscosity measurements. Both 1 and 2 strongly bind to CT‐DNA by means of intercalation, but with different binding strengths. In contrast to the more tightly bound complex 2, the sterically more‐demanding complex 1 showed no fluorescence emission, neither alone nor in the presence of CT‐DNA. Our results demonstrate that the position of Me groups on phenanthroline (phen) ancillary ligands significantly affects the overall DNA‐recognition propensities of RuII–polypyridyl complexes. Further, the partly resolved complex 2 was shown by circular dichroism (CD) to stereoselectively recognize CT‐DNA, in contrast to 1.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Biological Activities of O,O‐Dialkyl α‐[1‐(2‐Chlorothiazol‐5‐ylmethyl)‐5‐methyl‐ 1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐ylcarbonyloxy]alkylphosphonates
Authors: CHEN Xiao‐Bao , SHI De‐Qing , ZHU Xiao‐Fei 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn order to search for novel agrochemicals with high activity and low toxicity, a series of phosphonate derivatives containing 1,2,3‐triazole and thiazole rings were designed and synthesized using 2‐chloro‐5‐(chloromethyl)‐ thiazole as the starting material. Their structures were confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, 31P NMR, EI‐MS or ESI‐MS and elemental analyses. The crystal structure of 7a was determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Preliminary bioassays indicated that most of the target compounds did not display insecticidal activities, but a fraction of them possessed herbicidal and fungicidal activities to some extent.
Sesquiterpenoids from Chloranthus spicatus (Thunb.) Makino
Authors: YANG Sheng‐Ping , ZHANG Chuan‐Rui , CHEN Hua‐Dong , LIAO Shang‐Gao , YUE Jian‐Min 
Published: December 2007

AbstractTwo new sesquiterpenoids, namely 1β,4β‐dihydroxy‐5α,8β(H)‐eudesm‐7(11)Z‐en‐8,12‐olide (1) and 1β,4α‐dihydroxy‐5α,8β(H)‐eudesm‐7(11)Z‐en‐8,12‐olide (2), along with six known ones, homalomenol A (3), oplodiol (4), 5α,7α(H)‐6,8‐cycloeudesma‐1(,4β‐diol (5), oplopanone (6), 4β,10α‐dihydroxyaromadendrane (7) and spathulenol (8), were isolated from the aerial part of Chloranthus spicatus (Thunb.) Makino, and their structures were established by spectroscopic methods.
Synthesis and Study of Antidiabetic Properties of the Neodymium Complexes with N5‐[o‐(un)Substituted Benzoyl]‐N1,N1‐ dimethylbiguanide
Authors: DUAN Zong‐Lian , ZENG Zheng‐Zhi 
Published: December 2007

AbstractN1,N1‐Dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride (HDMBG·HCl) was introduced as an oral glucose‐lowering agent to treat non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. In this paper, two solid complexes–trichlorotris(N5‐benzoyl‐N1,N1‐dimethylbiguanidato)neodymium, [Nd(BDMBG)3Cl3), and chlorobis‐[N5‐(o‐carboxybenzoyl)‐N1,N1‐ dimethylbiguanidato]neodymium, [Nd(CDMBG)2Cl], were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, fluorescence spectra, IR, UV, DG, DTA etc. Biological testings were conducted by diabetic rats and ESR The results showed that both the antidiabetic activity and the inhibition rates (Ih) to superoxide anion free radical O2− on lipid are in the order as follows: Nd(SDMBG)3 [tris(N5‐salicyloyl‐N1,N1‐dimethylbiguanidato)neodymium]>Nd(CDMBG)2Cl≈HDMBG·HCl>Nd(BDMBG)3Cl3. It was concluded that different substituents at the o‐position of the benzoyl group may affect these two kinds of behaviour to a great extent.
Chromatic induction: Opponent color or complementary color process?
Authors: Pridmore Ralph W. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn present convention, chromatic induction (simultaneous and successive contrast) is usually held to be an opponent color process. Fifty years ago, it was an accepted complementary color process. The latter was never disputed yet apparently overlooked, and is here shown to be the more accurate account by inspecting afterimages and published data on simultaneous and successive hue induction. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 77–81, 2008
Color appearance of a large homogenous visual field
Authors: Kutas G. , Bodrogi P. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn this article, the color appearance of a large (85°) homogeneous self‐luminous visual stimulus was studied in a psychophysical experiment. Large stimuli were displayed on a plasma display panal (PDP) monitor. The large stimuli were viewed with a fixed viewing time (2 s). They were compared with 2° and 10° stimuli presented on a grey background on a CRT monitor. The so‐called “color size effect” was found to be significant. The color stimulus was perceived to be lighter when it was large compared with the 2° and 10° situation. But we did not find the general increase of chroma claimed in previous literature. We found only small hue changes. A model of the color appearance of large‐field stimuli is presented in terms of the CIELAB L*, a*, and b* values of the corresponding 2° and 10° stimuli. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 45–54, 2008