bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Archaean crust in the Rayner Complex of east Antarctica: Oygarden Group of islands, Kemp Land
Authors: Kelly N. M. , Clarke G. L. , Fanning C. M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTArchaean zircon grains from the Oygarden Group of islands in Kemp Land, east Antarctica, record evidence for multiple episodes of recrystallisation, dissolution and growth from the Early to Middle Archaean to the Neoproterozoic. Zircon grains in layered felsic orthogneiss have an age of ∼3650 Ma, a minimum protolith age for this rock. These zircon grains were subsequently affected by a ∼3470 Ma Pb-loss event. Homogeneous felsic orthogneiss that cuts S1, but contains an intense S2 foliation, has disturbed ∼2780 Ma metamorphic zircon cores and rims that suggest a minimum age of ∼2780 Ma for the protolith to the orthogneiss. All zircon U-Pb data display considerable disturbance with further Pb-loss at ∼2400 Ma and ∼1600 Ma, and a major episode of isotopic resetting at ∼930 Ma. The highly disturbed data are related to complexly zoned zircon grains that developed through growth and modification during successive metamorphic events. Zircon cores with relic growth zoning patterns are inferred to have resulted from partial annealing or recrystallisation of older magmatic zircon. Highly luminescent zircon rims that embay cores along curved boundaries are interpreted to have formed through recrystallisation of zircon cores, and not new growth. The ages reported here confirm that central Kemp Land is composed of Archaean crust reworked during the Neoproterozoic Rayner Structural Episode.
The lowermost Silurian of Jämtland, central Sweden: conodont biostratigraphy, correlation and biofacies
Authors: Dahlqvist Peter , Bergström Stig M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe Late Ordovician–Early Silurian succession in Jämtland includes the marine Kogsta Siltstone, which is unconformably overlain by the shallow-water Ede Quartzite that grades into the open-marine Berge Limestone. A Hirnantia shelly fauna dates the uppermost Kogsta Siltstone as Hirnantian, and shelly fossils indicate an Aeronian age for the Berge Limestone. Biostratigraphically highly diagnostic conodonts of the early-middle Aeronian Pranognathus tenuis Zone provide the first firm date of the Upper Ede Quartzite and the lowermost Berge Limestone. The Lower Ede Quartzite has not yielded fossils, but sedimentological data suggest it to be of Hirnantian age and reflect the glacio-eustatic low-stand. The contact between the Lower and Upper Ede Quartzite, here taken to be the Ordovician–Silurian boundary, appears to be an unconformity associated with a stratigraphic gap that at least includes the Rhuddanian Stage. The biostratigraphically important conodonts Pranognathus tenuis, Kockelella? manitoulinensis, and Pranognathus siluricus are recorded from Sweden for the first time, and these and other conodonts are used for correlations with coeval units in Europe and North America. In a regional review of Aeronian conodont faunas, three intergrading, apparently depth-related, conodont biofacies are recognised, the Jämtland conodonts representing the one characteristic of the shallowest water.
An aglaspidid arthropod from the Upper Ordovician of Morocco with remarks on the affinities and limitations of Aglaspidida
Authors: Van Roy Peter 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTA new aglaspidid arthropod, Chlupacaris dubia gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Pusgillian (lower Ashgill, Upper Ordovician) Upper Tiouririne Formation near Erfoud, southeastern Morocco. Although disarticulated, careful documenting of the tergites allows a reconstruction of the exoskeleton to be made. Although somewhat trilobite-like in appearance, the lack of facial sutures, a well-defined axis with articulating half-rings and a pygidium clearly prove Chlupacaris gen. nov. is not a trilobite. An interesting feature is the presence of a hypostome in this non-trilobite arthropod. In contrast to other aglaspidids usually considered to be carnivorous, a filter-feeding mode of life is proposed for Chlupacaris gen. nov., based on the strongly vaulted cephalon, subvertical orientation of the hypostome and less strongly vaulted trunk. Chlupacaris gen. nov. is probably most closely related to the atypical aglaspidid Tremaglaspis unite from the Tremadoc (Lower Ordovician) of the U.K., but it can also be tentatively linked to the problematic Lower Cambrian arthropods Kodymirus vagans and Kockurus grandis from the Czech Republic. The relevance and validity of previous definitions and of possibly significant characters used for identifying aglaspidids are evaluated, and as a result, a new combination of characters diagnosing Aglaspidida is proposed. Contrary to previous reports, it is suggested that aglaspidids are probably more closely related to trilobites than they are to chelicerates. This notion may be supported by the shared possession of a mineralised cuticle, a possibly similar number of cephalic appendages, and the presence of a hypostome in some forms, although this last character may alternatively be homoplastic.
Givetian (Middle Devonian) cladoxylopsid ‘ferns’ from Orkney, northern Scotland
Authors: Berry Christopher M. , Hilton Jason 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTTwo large fossil plants are described from the Givetian (Middle Devonian) Eday Flags, South Ronaldsay, Orkney Isles, northern Scotland. Fossils with branches joined to stems of this age are rare. Each specimen comprises a robust and tapering main trunk from which numerous closely spaced branches arise distally. Although poorly preserved such that generic identifications are not possible, both specimens display the characteristic architecture of the plant order Pseudosporochnales (Cladoxylopsida). The newly discovered specimens demonstrate a variation in size and form that adds further data to the understanding of the ontogeny of these enigmatic plants, complementing recent morphological and anatomical findings. These specimens, in combination with many more fragmentary fossils of the same kind from the Orcadian sedimentary basin, add to our knowledge of the Givetian floras of Britain, and show that large plants with upright stems were present in the Middle Devonian landscape of Scotland.
Angustidontus, a Late Devonian pelagic predatory crustacean
Authors: Rolfe W. D. Ian , Dzik Jerzy 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTRestoration of the morphology of Angustidontus seriatus Cooper, 1936 based on complete specimens from the Famennian of Nevada and Poland, supports its affinity to the coeval alleged decapod Palaeopalaemon and suggests eocarid (possibly also peracarid) affinities. Predatory adaptation of the thoracopods and the relatively short pereion make this crustacean only superficially resemble the archaeostomatopod hoplocarids, because the large grasping appendages of Angustidontus represent the first, rather than second, maxillipeds and acted in the opposite direction: downward. Another similar adaptation of the antennae in the Viséan Palaemysis suggests a widespread adaptation to predation among early eumalacostracans. The large sample collected from the Woodruff Formation of Nevada permits biometric characterisation of the grasping maxillipeds of Angustidontus, showing that their highly variable morphology should not be used to define species. All previously described species are therefore here synonymised with A. seriatus. Differences in gnathobases of mandibles found in articulated specimens in Nevada, and associated with isolated maxillipeds and articulated specimens possibly representing another unnamed species in Poland, suggest that such mandibles may eventually prove to be taxonomically more significant.
Intestinal carriage of verocytotoxigenicEscherichia coliO157,Salmonella, thermophilicCampylobacterandYersinia enterocolitica, in cattle, sheep and pigs at slaughter in Great Britain during 2003
Authors: MILNES A. S. , STEWART I. , CLIFTON-HADLEY F. A. , DAVIES R. H. , NEWELL D. G. , SAYERS A. R. , CHEASTY T. , CASSAR C. , RIDLEY A. , COOK A. J. C. , EVANS S. J. , TEALE C. J. , SMITH R. P. , McNALLY A. , TOSZEGHY M. , FUTTER R. , KAY A. , PAIBA G. A. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYAn abattoir survey was undertaken to determine the prevalence of foodborne zoonotic organisms colonizing cattle, sheep and pigs at slaughter in Great Britain. The study ran for 12 months from January 2003, involved 93 abattoirs and collected 7703 intestinal samples. The design was similar to two previous abattoir surveys undertaken in 1999–2000 allowing comparisons. Samples were examined for VTEC O157,Salmonella, thermophilicCampylobacterandYersinia enterocolitica. The prevalence of VTEC O157 faecal carriage was 4·7% in cattle, 0·7% in sheep and 0·3% in pigs. A significant decrease in sheep was detected from the previous survey (1·7%).Salmonellacarriage was 1·4% in cattle, a significant increase from the previous survey of 0·2%. In sheep, faecal carriage was 1·1% a significant increase from the previous survey (0·1%). In pigs, carriage was 23·4%, consistent with the previous study. ThermophilicCampylobacterspp. were isolated from 54·6% of cattle, 43·8% of sheep and 69·3% of pigs.Y. enterocoliticawas isolated from 4·5% of cattle, 8·0% of sheep and 10·2% of pigs.
Deterministic SIR (Susceptible–Infected–Removed) models applied to varicella outbreaks
Authors: GIRALDO J. OSPINA , PALACIO D. HINCAPIÉ 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYDeterministic SIR models were applied to simulate Susceptible–Infected–Removed and to estimate the threshold condition for varicella outbreaks in children, reported in Medellín, Colombia. The expected numbers of susceptible, infected and removed individuals were compared with observed cases from notification of varicella outbreaks to the local Board of Health and from survey data. The threshold condition was estimated by the basic reproductive ratio and by the relative removal rate, through which measures for preventing and curtailing the outbreaks were identified. The model demonstrated a reasonable fit to the observations, except in two of the six outbreaks which probably reflected under-registration of cases. In order to have prevented these outbreaks, between 4·4% and 52·9% of the susceptible population should have been vaccinated assuming an 85% vaccine effectiveness. Similarly, isolation of affected children should have been increased to between 4·3% and 44·8% per week.
Reviews
Authors: John Peter , Gray Anne , Hirmis Amer , Cochrane Allan , Lawton Smith Helen , Detter Barry , Jones Andrew , Craig Gary , Pike Andy 
Published: July 2007

Regions in Europe P. Le Galès and C. Lequesne (eds) 1998: REGIONS IN EUROPE London: Routledge, £15.99 paper Exclusion from workLEPU INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE REPORT, NOV. 1996: EXCLUSION FROM WORK; WHO? WHY? AND WHAT CAN WE DO ABOUT IT? London: LEPU, South Bank University, £10.00 paper Prioritising Regeneration Funds Turok, I. and Hopkins, N. 1997: PICKING WINNERS OR PASSING THE BUCK? COMPETITION AND AREA SELECTION IN SCOTLAND'S NEW URBAN POLICY Glasgow: Department of Urban Studies, University of Glasgow, £10.00 paper Competitiveness through localised learning Maskell, P., Eskelinen, H., Hannibalsson, I., Malmberg, A. and Vatne, E. 1998: COMPETITIVENESS, LOCALISED LEARNING AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT. SPECIALISATION AND PROSPERITY IN SMALL OPEN ECONOMIES London: Routledge, £50.00 cased Research and technology development Howells, J. 1997: RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN SOUTH EAST BRITAIN Harlow: South East Economic Development Strategy, £29.00 + £3.50 p&p, paper SEEDS 10th anniversary report Newman, I., Geddes, M. and Atkinson, A. 1997: REMAKING THE REGIONAL ECONOMY: CELEBRATING ACHIEVEMENT, SHAPING NEW POLICIES FOR THE SOUTH EAST Harlow: SEEDS, £35.00 + £3.50 p&p, paper Labour market policy and evaluation O'Reilly, J., Schmid, G. and Schömann, K. (eds) cased 1996, paper 1997: INTERNATIONAL HANDBOOK OF LABOUR MARKET POLICY AND EVALUATION Abingdon: Edward Elgar, £160 cased, £35 paper The competitive city Oatley, N. (ed) 1998: CITIES, ECONOMIC COMPETITION AND URBAN POLICY London: Paul Chapman Publishing, £15.95 paper
Reviews
Authors: Jones Jerry , Williams Gavin 
Published: July 2007

Michaela von Freyhold, Ujamaa Villages in Tanzania: Analysis of a Social Experiment, (Heinemann Educational Books, 1979), 201 pp. £3.95 (paper).
Colin Bundy, The Rise and Fall of the South African Peasantry, (London: Heinemann 1979, 276pp.)
Eddie Webster, Ed. Essays in Southern African Labour History, (Ravan Labour Studies, 1 Ravan Press, Johannesburg 1978, 248pp.)
Robert J. Gordon, Mines, Masters and Migrants. Life in a Namibian Compound, (Ravan Press 1977, 276pp. Preface Photographs Bibliography, Noindex.)
Labour, Townships and Protest. Studies in the Social History of the Witwaters‐rand. Compiled and introduced by Belinda Bozzoli, (Ravan Press, Johannesburg 1979, 342pp. Noindex.)
Reviews
Authors: Cooksey Brian , Munslow Barry , Munslow Barry 
Published: July 2007

Goran Hyden Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry(Heinemann Educational Books, 1980).
E. Ray, W. Schaap, K. Van Meter, L. Wolf (eds.), Dirty Work 2. The CIA in Africa, (Zed Press, London, 1980), £7.95 p.b., £18.95 h.b.
Maurice Nyagumbo With the People(Allison & Busby, London, 1980), 248pp, £3.95.
THE LANGTON CLINIC CLIENTELE: CHARACTERISTICS OF OUTPATIENTS
Authors: STANHOPE JOHN M. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYOne year's experience of patients seeking treatment for the first time at the Langton Clinic, but not admitted, in 1980‐81, is reviewed. The majority (did%) 64 not require admission, while 30% needed admission but declined the offer. Of all patients attending however, those who declined were only 11% of those who needed admission.Alcohol‐related problems accounted for 75% of the outpatients, including some nondependent abusers, abstinent alcoholics and social drinkers with transitory disturbances. Of the 18% who were abusing some other drug with or without alcohol abuse, 10% were opiate dependent.Outpatient alcohol dependents tended to be younger and to have suffered less social damage than inpatients.
SUBLIMINAL ADVERTISING OF ALCOHOL ON TELEVISION
Authors: GROVE J.C. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTControversy has existed for many years over the effects of alcohol beverage advertising on alcohol consumption. Little research has been carried out on the effects of subliminal advertising and consumer behaviour. It may be possible that some of the messages presented in televised alcohol advertisements could act as subliminal stimuli. The positioning of alcohol beverage advertisements during or after alcohol incidences in televised programmes may have an interactive effect. The young because of the time spent watching television are a particularly vulnerable group.
The Legal Status of Cannabis
Authors: Chesher G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe legal status of cannabis is considered. Currently in Australia its possession, use or sale is completely prohibited. The adverse health effects of cannabis, alcohol and tobacco are compared, and it is concluded that while cannabis is not a“safe” drug, it does not produce an equivalent threat to community health as do alcohol and tobacco. The effectiveness of present laws is questioned and the consequences of legalization outlined. It is recommended that a rationalisation of the laws relating to alcohol, tobacco and cannabis be commenced.
Book Review
Authors: Mackintosh N. J. , Ross Helen , Longuet-Higgins Christopher , Booth D. A. , Booth D. A. , Ross Helen , Mayo P. R. , Smith Philip , Smith Philip 
Published: July 2007

GRAY, J. A. Elements of a Two-Process Theory of Learning. London: Academic Press. 1975. Pp. 423. £6.60. STOCKBRIDGE, H. C. W. Behaviour and the Physical Environment: Case Studies in Psychology and Ergonomics. London: Batsford. 1975. Pp. 191. £7.50. CRYSTAL, D. The English Tone of Voice-Essays in Intonation, Prosody and Paralanguage. London: Edward Arnold. 1975. Pp. 198. £3.75. MCFARLAND, D. J. (Ed.). Motivational Control Systems Analysis. London and New York: Academic Press. 1974. Pp. xii + 523. £11.00. IVERSEN, S. D. and IVERSEN, L. L. Behavioral Pharmacology. New York and London: Oxford University Press. 1975. Pp. xiv + 310. £2.75. LEVITT, R. A. Psychopharmacology. A Biological Approach. New York: Wiley. 1975. Pp. x + 502. £9.45. DOWNS, R. M. and STEA, D. (Eds). Image and Environment. Chicago: Aldine. 1973. (London: Arnold). Pp. xxii + 439. £6.75. MACCOBY, E. E. and JACKLIN, C. N. The Psychology of Sex Differences. London: Oxford University Press. 1975. Pp. 634. £7.00. MASSARO, D. W. (Ed.). Understanding Language. New York: Academic Press. 1975. PP. 438. £7.90. HILGARD, E. R., ATKINSON, R. C., and ATKINSON, R. L. Introduction to Psychology. Sixth Edition. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1975. Pp. 658. £8.10.
Simulation study on the disordered state of an Alzheimer's β amyloid peptide Aβ(12–36) in water consisting of random‐structural, β‐structural, and helical clusters
Authors: Ikebe Jinzen , Kamiya Narutoshi , Ito Jun‐Ichi , Shindo Heisaburo , Higo Junichi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe monomeric Alzheimer's β amyloid peptide, Aβ, is known to adopt a disordered state in water at room temperature, and a circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy experiment has provided the secondary‐structure contents for the disordered state: 70% random, 25% β‐structural, and 5% helical. We performed an enhanced conformational sampling (multicanonical molecular dynamics simulation) of a 25‐residue segment (residues 12–36) of Aβ in explicit water and obtained the conformational ensemble over a wide temperature range. The secondary‐structure contents calculated from the conformational ensemble at 300°K reproduced the experimental secondary‐structure contents. The constructed free‐energy landscape at 300°K was not plain but rugged with five clearly distinguishable clusters, and each cluster had its own characteristic tertiary structure: a helix‐structural cluster, two β‐structural clusters, and two random‐structural clusters. This indicates that the contribution from the five individual clusters determines the secondary‐structure contents experimentally measured. The helical cluster had a similarity with a stable helical structure for monomeric Aβ in 2,2,2‐trifluoroethanol (TFE)/water determined by an NMR experiment: The positions of helices in the helical cluster were the same as those in the NMR structure, and the residue–residue contact patterns were also similar with those of the NMR structure. The cluster–cluster separation in the conformational space indicates that free‐energy barriers separate the clusters at 300°K. The two β‐structural clusters were characterized by different strand–strand hydrogen‐bond (H‐bond) patterns, suggesting that the free‐energy barrier between the two clusters is due to the H‐bond rearrangements.
Structural and functional analysis of the ligand specificity of the HtrA2/Omi PDZ domain
Authors: Zhang Yingnan , Appleton Brent A. , Wu Ping , Wiesmann Christian , Sidhu Sachdev S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe mitochondrial serine protease HtrA2/Omi helps to maintain mitochondrial function by handling misfolded proteins in the intermembrane space. In addition, HtrA2/Omi has been implicated as a proapoptotic factor upon release into the cytoplasm during the cell death cascade. The protein contains a C‐terminal PDZ domain that packs against the protease active site and inhibits proteolytic activity. Engagement of the PDZ domain by peptide ligands has been shown to activate the protease and also has been proposed to mediate substrate recognition. We report a detailed structural and functional analysis of the human HtrA2/Omi PDZ domain using peptide libraries and affinity assays to define specificity, X‐ray crystallography to view molecular details of PDZ–ligand interactions, and alanine‐scanning mutagenesis to probe the peptide‐binding groove. We show that the HtrA2/Omi PDZ domain recognizes both C‐terminal and internal stretches of extended, hydrophobic polypeptides. High‐affinity ligand recognition requires contacts with up to five hydrophobic side chains by distinct sites on the PDZ domain. However, no particular residue type is absolutely required at any position, and thus, the HtrA2/Omi PDZ domain appears to be a promiscuous module adapted to recognize unstructured, hydrophobic polypeptides. This type of specificity is consistent with the biological role of HtrA2/Omi in mitochondria, which requires the recognition of diverse, exposed stretches of hydrophobic sequences in misfolded proteins. The findings are less consistent with, but do not exclude, a role for the PDZ domain in targeting the protease to specific substrates during apoptosis.
The structure of receptor‐associated protein (RAP)
Authors: Lee Donghan , Walsh Joseph D. , Migliorini Molly , Yu Ping , Cai Tao , Schwieters Charles D. , Krueger Susan , Strickland Dudley K. , Wang Yun‐Xing 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe receptor‐associated protein (RAP) is a molecular chaperone that binds tightly to certain newly synthesized LDL receptor family members in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and facilitates their delivery to the Golgi. We have adopted a divide‐and‐conquer strategy to solve the structures of the individual domains of RAP using NMR spectroscopy. We present here the newly determined structure of domain 2. Based on this structure and the structures of domains 1 and 3, which were solved previously, we utilized experimental small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) data and a novel simulated annealing protocol to characterize the overall structure of RAP. The results reveal that RAP adopts a unique structural architecture consisting of three independent three‐helix bundles that are connected by long and flexible linkers. The flexible linkers and the quasi‐repetitive structural architecture may allow RAP to adopt various possible conformations when interacting with the LDL receptors, which are also made of repetitive substructure units.
Toward rational protein crystallization: A Web server for the design of crystallizable protein variants
Authors: Goldschmidt Lukasz , Cooper David R. , Derewenda Zygmunt S. , Eisenberg David 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGrowing well‐diffracting crystals constitutes a serious bottleneck in structural biology. A recently proposed crystallization methodology for “stubborn crystallizers” is to engineer surface sequence variants designed to form intermolecular contacts that could support a crystal lattice. This approach relies on the concept of surface entropy reduction (SER), i.e., the replacement of clusters of flexible, solvent‐exposed residues with residues with lower conformational entropy. This strategy minimizes the loss of conformational entropy upon crystallization and renders crystallization thermodynamically favorable. The method has been successfully used to crystallize more than 15 novel proteins, all stubborn crystallizers. But the choice of suitable sites for mutagenesis is not trivial. Herein, we announce a Web server, the surface entropy reduction prediction server (SERp server), designed to identify mutations that may facilitate crystallization. Suggested mutations are predicted based on an algorithm incorporating a conformational entropy profile, a secondary structure prediction, and sequence conservation. Minor considerations include the nature of flanking residues and gaps between mutation candidates. While designed to be used with default values, the server has many user‐controlled parameters allowing for considerable flexibility. Within, we discuss (1) the methodology of the server, (2) how to interpret the results, and (3) factors that must be considered when selecting mutations. We also attempt to benchmark the server by comparing the server's predictions with successful SER structures. In most cases, the structure yielding mutations were easily identified by the SERp server. The server can be accessed at http://www.doe‐mbi.ucla.edu/Services/SER.