bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of azomethylene derivatives of 4‐chloro‐5H‐1,2,3‐dithiazole
Authors: Yarovenko Vladimir N. , Es'kov Andrey A. , Zatonsky George V. , Zavarzin Igor V. , Krayushkin Mikhail M. , Averkiev Boris B. , Antipin Mikhail yu. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPreviously unknown azomethylene derivatives of 4‐chloro‐5H‐1,2,3‐dithiazole 5–7 were synthesized by the reaction of the Appel salt 1 with N‐monosubstituted hydrazones 2–4. It was shown that they could be transformed into heterocyclic compounds 8–10.
Synthesis and stereochemistry of indano[1,2‐d][1,3]oxazines and thiazines, new ring systems
Authors: Palkó Märta , Hetényi Anasztäzia , Fülöp Ferenc 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA set of structurally varied indano[1,2‐d][1,3]oxazines and thiazines, which are new ring systems, were prepared by ring‐closure reactions of amino alcohols 4–6. The reactions of cis‐ and trans‐1‐amino‐ and cis‐ 1‐benzylamino‐2‐hydroxymethylindane (4–6) with 1 equivalent of an aromatic aldehyde in methanol at room temperature resulted in three‐component equilibria (15a‐g), or a Schiff base (16), or a ring‐closure product alone (17a‐c), respectively, depending on the substitution or configuration of the starting amino alcohol. The ring‐chain tautomeric equilibria can be described by an equation of Hammett type.
One‐pot synthesis of the indole derivative 4‐chloro‐3‐sulphamoyl‐N‐(2,3‐dihydro‐2‐methyl‐1H‐indol‐1‐yl)benzamide (indapamide)
Authors: Ziobro Barbara , Sienkiewicz Barbara , Kowalski Piotr 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNew methods for the synthesis the indole derivative, Indapamide (1), using mixed anhydrides of the general formula R1COOCOOR2 (2) or DCC (N,N'‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide) (3), are described.
β‐Carboline alkaloids 9 [1]. Total synthesis of the β‐carboline alkaloids arenarine A and (±)arenarine B
Authors: Bracher Franz , Puzik Andreas 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe first total synthesis of the β‐carboline alkaloids arenarine A (1) and arenarine B (2) is described. Methanolysis of the α‐bromoketone 9 gives 1 in good yield. Alternatively 1 can be obtained from the diazoketone 11 with boron trifluoride/methanol in poor yield. Reduction of 1 with sodium borohydride gives racemic arenarine B (2). Regioselective homolytic methylation of norharmane (4) with tert‐butyl hydroperoxide/ferrous sulfate gives the alkaloid harmane (6).
Efficient synthesis and spectral determination of 11‐[(o‐ m‐ and p‐substituted)‐phenyl]‐8‐chloro‐3,3‐dimethyl‐2,3,4,5,10,11‐hexahydro‐1H‐dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepin‐1‐ones
Authors: Cortéas Eduardo Cortés , Baños Miryan Adaya , De Cortés Olivia García‐Mellado 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA new synthesis to obtain eleven novel derivatives of 11‐[(o‐ m‐ and p‐substituted)‐phenyl]‐8‐chloro‐3,3‐dimethyl‐2,3,4,5,10,11‐hexahydro‐1H‐dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepin‐1‐ones with possible pharmacological activity in the central nervous system in two efficient steps has been developed. The final products were obtained by condensation and cyclization between 3‐[4‐chloro‐1,2‐phenylenediamine]‐5,5‐dimethyl‐2‐cyclohexenone with (o‐ m‐ and p‐substituted)benzaldehyde. The structure of all products was corroborated by ir, 1H‐nmr, 13C‐nmr and high resolution in ms.
An aminoisoflavone — salicyloylindole ring transformation
Authors: Löwe Werner , Witzel Sonja , Tappmeyer Silvia , Albuschat Rica 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA series of 2′‐nitroisoflavones 8–10, 15, 22, 27 and 28 was prepared via the (2‐nitro‐phenyl)‐acetic acids 1, 13, 19 and 25. In order to obtain the corresponding 2′‐aminoisoflavones the reduction of 8–10, 15, 22, 27 and 28 was undertaken. Surprisingly, new 3‐salicyloylindoles instead of the expected 2′‐aminoisoflavones were the main reduction products. In the following paper the preparation of the 2′‐nitroisoflavones 8–10, 15, 22, 27 and 28 as well as the reduction experiments obtaining the 2′‐aminoisoflavones 33 and 35 and the 3‐salicyloylindoles 29–32, 34 and 36 will be described. Furthermore, a possible mechanism responsible for the formation of the 3‐salicyloylindoles from 2′‐nitroisoflavones under reductive conditions will be discussed.
Synthesis of new isoxazoles derivatives attached to sugar moieties
Authors: Pinheiro Jorge M. , Ismael M. Isabel , Figueiredo J. Albertino , Silva Artur M. S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis work reports the synthesis of isoxazoles linked to sugar derivatives in different positions of furanosidic rings, by intramolecular oxidative cyclization of α,β‐unsaturated oximes with iodine, potassium iodide and sodium hydrogen carbonate. These oximes were obtained from aldehyde‐sugar derivatives.
2,4,6‐Trifluoropyrimidine. Reactions with nitrogen nucleophiles
Authors: Delia Thomas J. , Anderson Dennis P. , Schomaker Jennifer M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn a continuation of our studies involving the nucleophilic displacement of one of the chlorines from 2,4,6‐trichloropyrimidine, we now report the initial displacement of one of the fluorine atoms from 2,4,6‐trifluoropyrimidine using both aliphatic and aromatic amines. The monosubstitution products favor 2‐substitution with ammonia and ethanolamine while aniline gave the 4‐substituted derivative as the preferred product.
Fast extraction of resonant vibrational response from CARS spectra with arbitrary nonresonant background
Authors: Liu Yuexin , Lee Young Jong , Cicerone Marcus T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe describe a new, robust method of numerically extracting equivalent Raman spectra from coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectra. The extraction procedure requires no a priori information regarding the vibrational resonances or the shape of the nonresonant background (NRB). The method we present here is robust to situations where the NRB is not spectrally flat, and is accurate over a wide range of signal‐to‐background ratios. This simple and quick computation method, which relies primarily on a small number of fast Fourier transforms, could reasonably be used in conjunction with spectral imaging, where millions of spectra must be analyzed. Published 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of temperature and concentration in H2N2 dual‐pump CARS spectra using the Keilson and Storer three‐dimensional model for H2 Q‐branch
Authors: Gao Yi , Weikl Markus C. , Seeger Thomas , Leipertz Alfred , Joubert Pierre , Bonamy Jeanine 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCoherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is a widely accepted standard for thermometry in combustion environments. Accurate lineshape models are of crucial importance for the computation of CARS spectra used for temperature and concentration evaluations. Therefore, a new lineshape model for the H2 molecule is developed and tested for ambient pressure applications. Measurements were taken in a heated cell and in a partially premixed flame with dual‐pump CARS techniques, respectively. Line broadening coefficients for H2N2 mixture are calculated using the new speed memory effects model. The experimental vibrational‐CARS (VCARS) spectra were evaluated with this new lineshape model and the temperature and relative H2 concentration results were compared with an already existing model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of bovine colostrum on the growth inhibition and differentiation of human leukemic U937 cells
Authors: Ma Chia‐Yu , Kung Hua‐Ting , Chen Jian‐Nan , Chang Chi‐Yue , Chang Huang‐Min , Wu James Swi‐Bea 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Colostrum is the breast milk of female mammals produced within in a short time after giving birth. It is thought to protect neonates from infection as well as to facilitate immune system maturation. In this study the effect of bovine colostrum on the proliferation and differentiation of human leukemic U937 cells was investigated to understand more about its immunomodulatory activity.RESULTS: Human mononuclear cells (MNCs) were stimulated with bovine colostrum (CS) and then filtered to obtain a conditioned medium (CM) (CS‐MNC‐CM). CS‐MNC‐CMs prepared with day 1 to day 4 colostrums inhibited U937 cells by 39.4–64.4%. The expressions of surface markers CD11b and CD14 on U937 cells in the treated groups were 30.6–33.5% and 40.0–42.6% respectively. High levels of cytokines IL‐1β, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α were detected in CS‐MNC‐CMs.CONCLUSION: Evidence indicates that colostrums stimulate human MNCs to secrete cytokines IL‐1β, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α which subsequently inhibit the growth of U937 cells and induce their differentiation into mature monocytes and macrophages. There is a possibility for bovine colostrum to be processed into an anti‐leukemia ingredient for use in health foods. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
New piperazine‐based polymerizable monoquaternary cationic surfactants: Synthesis, polymerization, and swelling characteristics of gels
Authors: Deen G. Roshan , Gan L. H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMonoquaternary cationic polymerizable surfactants of type N‐acryloyl‐N′‐methyl‐N′‐alkyl piperazinium bromide based on piperazine heterocycle was synthesized by reacting N‐acryloyl‐N′methyl piperazine with the corresponding n‐alkyl bromide (decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, and hexadecyl) in anhydrous acetone at room temperature. The resulting surfactants were deliquescent to display any sharp melting points. The surface activity was studied by surface tension measurements. Due to the complex head group geometry of these surfactants, the critical micelle concentration value was high in comparison to the analogous alkyltrimethyl ammonium bromides of similar alkyl chain length. The surfactants were polymerized by micellar (in water) and isotropic (in benzene) conditions and the resulting polymers were characterized by solubility and viscosity studies. The polymers prepared in water showed higher viscosity than the ones prepared in benzene as a result of micellar aggregation in water. The reduced viscosity of the polymers in polar solvents such as methanol and dimethyl formamide (DMF) showed polyelectrolyte‐like behavior, whereas nonelectrolyte behavior was observed in chloroform. pH‐responsive hydrogels were prepared by polymerizing the surfactants in the bicontinuous phase of a microemulsion. The resulting polymers did not exhibit any definite micro/nanostructure due to cross‐polymerization of the hydrophilic oil in the bicontinuous network structure. The gels were highly responsive to changes in pH of the medium and showed high‐swelling degree in acidic media owing to the protonation of the tertiary nitrogen of the piperazine ring. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2059–2072, 2009
Poly(styrene‐b‐tetrahydrofuran)/clay nanocomposites by mechanistic transformation
Authors: Yenice Zuleyha , Tasdelen M. Atilla , Oral Ayhan , Guler Cetin , Yagci Yusuf 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSynthesis of poly(styrene‐block‐tetrahydrofuran) (PSt‐b‐PTHF) block copolymer on the surfaces of intercalated and exfoliated silicate (clay) layers by mechanistic transformation was described. First, the polystyrene/montmorillonite (PSt/MMT) nanocomposite was synthesized by in situ atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) from initiator moieties immobilized within the silicate galleries of the clay particles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed the existence of both intercalated and exfoliated structures in the nanocomposite. Then, the PSt‐b‐PTHF/MMT nanocomposite was prepared by mechanistic transformation from ATRP to cationic ring opening polymerization (CROP). The TGA thermogram of the PSt‐b‐PTHF/MMT nanocomposite has two decomposition stages corresponding to PTHF and PSt segments. All nanocomposites exhibit enhanced thermal stabilities compared with the virgin polymer segments. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2190–2197, 2009
Becoming a member of a school community while working toward science education reform: Teacher induction from a cultural historical activity theory (CHAT) perspective
Authors: Saka Yavuz , Southerland Sherry A. , Brooks Jeffrey S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe first years of teaching can be demanding, as the novice works to gain familiarity with many aspects of professional work. Often, what they have been prepared to do in teacher education programs is not aligned with what is expected at them in schools. As a consequence, many teachers leave the profession or move away from the reform‐minded practice emphasized in their preparation as they accept the norms of their new community of practice. Using cultural historical activity theory, this comparative case study explored two beginning science teachers' transition into the teaching profession and the roles a community of practice played in this transition. Findings suggest that these science teachers were influenced by the social and professional structures at their schools and by the level of institutional and interpersonal support they received from peer teachers and administrators. The extent to which these teachers became involved in the community of practices at their schools greatly influenced their instructional practice. Implications suggest that science teacher preparation and induction programs must go beyond simply emphasizing teaching and learning—they must also address strategies young teachers can use to access the support they need to be able to consistently enact reform‐based practices. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 93:996–1025, 2009
Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Chicken Fat in Emulsion by Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Teng Dike , Le Rensi , Yuan Fang , Yang Jia , He Li , Gao Yanxiang 
Published: March 2009

AbstractChicken fat in an emulsion prepared with mechanical shearing and high pressure homogenization (HPH) was hydrolyzed using Candida cylindracea lipase. A homogenization pressure of 50 MPa, which can generate smaller droplets and higher hydrolysis efficiency than mechanical shearing, was fixed to prepare the emulsion for hydrolysis optimization. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to study the effect of temperature, enzyme loading, shaking rate and reaction time on the hydrolysis process. The results showed that all three‐second‐order polynomial models adequately fitted the experimental data. Additionally, hydrolysis parameters for the optimal yields of free oleic and linoleic acids were also obtained using the desirability function: a temperature of 38 °C, an enzyme loading of 0.48% (g/g fat basis), a shaking rate of 100 rpm and a reaction time of 80 min. Under the optimal conditions, the yields of free oleic and linoleic acids were predicted as being 0.470 and 0.118 g/g fat with recoveries of 94.6 and 93.7%, respectively. During the hydrolysis process, the particle size increased with concomitant boosting of the degree of hydrolysis and the stability of the emulsion system was gradually undermined by this reaction process.
Acute-phase responsiveness of mannose-binding lectin in community-acquired pneumonia is highly dependent uponMBL2genotypes
Authors: Herpers B L , Endeman H , De Jong B A W , De Jongh B M , Grutters J C , Biesma D H , Van Velzen-Blad H 
Published: March 2009

SummaryMannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a pattern recognition receptor of the complement system and plays an important role in innate immunity. Whether or not MBL acts as an acute-phase response protein in infection has been an issue of extensive debate, because MBL responses have shown a high degree of heterogeneity. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter (wild-type Y versus X) and exon 1 (A versus 0) of the MBL2 gene can lead to MBL deficiency. This study investigated the influence of SNPs in the promoter and exon 1 of the MBL2 gene on the acute-phase responsiveness of MBL in 143 patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Acute-phase reactivity was observed only in MBL-sufficient genotypes (YA/YA, XA/YA, XA/XA and YA/0). In patients with wild-type exon 1 genotype A/A, positive acute-phase responses were associated with the presence of the YA haplotype and negative responses with its absence. Genotypes YA/0 and XA/XA produced equal levels of MBL in convalescence. In the acute phase, however, patients with genotype XA/XA displayed negative acute-phase responses more often than those with genotype YA/0. Correlation of MBL and C-reactive protein levels in the acute phase of pneumonia also depended upon the MBL2 genotype. In conclusion, acute-phase responsiveness of MBL was highly dependent upon the MBL2 genotype. These data suggest that heterogeneity in protein responses in the acute phase of disease should always be viewed in the light of possible influences of genetic differences in both structural and regulatory parts of the gene.
Tryptophan aspartate-containing coat protein (CORO1A) suppresses Toll-like receptor signalling in Mycobacterium leprae infection
Authors: Tanigawa K , Suzuki K , Kimura H , Takeshita F , Wu H , Akama T , Kawashima A , Ishii N 
Published: March 2009

Summary
Mycobacterium leprae is an intracellular pathogen that survives within the phagosome of host macrophages. Several host factors are involved in producing tolerance, while others are responsible for killing the mycobacterium. Tryptophan aspartate-containing coat protein (TACO; also known as CORO1A or coronin-1) inhibits the phagosome maturation that allows intracellular parasitization. In addition, the Toll-like receptor (TLR) activates the innate immune response. Both CORO1A and TLR-2 co-localize on the phagosomal membrane in the dermal lesions of patients with lepromatous leprosy. Therefore, we hypothesized that CORO1A and TLR-2 might interact functionally. This hypothesis was tested by investigating the effect of CORO1A in TLR-2-mediated signalling and, inversely, the effect of TLR-2-mediated signalling on CORO1A expression. We found that CORO1A suppresses TLR-mediated signal activation in human macrophages, and that TLR2-mediated activation of the innate immune response resulted in suppression of CORO1A expression. However, M. leprae infection inhibited the TLR-2-mediated CORO1A suppression and nuclear factor-κB activation. These results suggest that the balance between TLR-2-mediated signalling and CORO1A expression will be key in determining the fate of M. leprae following infection.
Seed weevils living on the edge: pressures and conflicts over body size in the endoparasitic Curculio larvae
Authors: BONAL RAÚL , MUÑOZ ALBERTO 
Published: March 2009

Abstract 1. Body size in parasitic insects can be subjected to contrasting selective pressures, especially if they complete their development within a single host. On the one hand, a larger body size is associated with a higher fitness. On the other hand, the host offers a discrete amount of resources, thus constraining the evolution of a disproportionate body size.2. The present study used the weevil Curculio elephas as a study model. Larvae develop within a single acorn, feeding on its cotyledons, and larval body size is strongly related to individual fitness.3. The relationship between larval and acorn size was negatively exponential. Larval growth was constrained in small acorns, which did not provide enough food for the weevils to attain their potential size. Larval size increased and levelled off in acorns over a certain size (inflexion point), in which cotyledons were rarely depleted. When there were more than one larva per acorn, a larger acorn was necessary to avoid food depletion.4. The results show that C. elephas larvae are sometimes endoparasitic, living on the edge of host holding capacity. If they were smaller they could avoid food depletion more easily, but the fitness benefits linked to a larger size have probably promoted body size increase. The strong negative effects of conspecific competition may have possibly influenced female strategy of laying a single egg per seed.5. Being larger and fitter, but always within the limits of the available host sizes, may be one main evolutionary dilemma in endoparasites.
Morphological correlates of bite force and diet in the skull and mandible of phyllostomid bats
Authors: Nogueira Marcelo R. , Peracchi Adriano L. , Monteiro Leandro R. 
Published: March 2009

Summary

Bite force is an important performance measure for vertebrate and is related to a variety of ecological challenges. Phyllostomid bats present highly diversified feeding habits associated with extensive cranial shape divergence. Biomechanical models predict that the cranial shape changes are linked to dietary variation through bite force. However, the relationship of cranial shape, diet and bite force had not been explicitly tested before.
Here we use a combination of geometric morphometric techniques and comparative methods to test for morphological correlates of bite force and diet in 14 phyllostomid bat species. Skull and mandible shape variation were assessed by vectors, derived from a two‐block partial least squares analysis of geometric shape and size‐independent bite forces. The relationship between bite force, skull shape and diet was assessed by phylogenetic generalized least square regressions.
Most variation in the bite force data examined here (approximately 74%) was explained by size variation alone, but the shape vectors for both skull and mandible explained a significant part of the residual variation in bite force (83% and 56%, respectively), as did the dietary differences (56%). Although the first principal component of diet variation is associated with a negative correlation between insectivory and frugivory, residual bite force and cranial shape are not associated with this diet contrast. Shape and residual bite force variation in the sample were strongly associated with the second diet component, depicting an increase in nectarivory.
Species with stronger bites (insectivorous and frugivorous) than expected for their sizes presented a shorter rostrum and mandible, higher skulls, and more developed muscle attachment areas. On the other hand, the characteristic cranial elongation of nectarivorous species (supporting the long tongue) is a trade‐off with bite force. These morphological correlates of bite force are similar to those observed in carnivores and non‐herbivorous marsupials, and can be related to morphological characters used in biomechanical models for bite force prediction.
Our results reinforce the effectiveness of statistically integrating geometric shape variables to bite force and diet information in the investigation of patterns of cranial shape change and trophic radiation in ecologically diverse vertebrate groups.
Methylene blue‐assisted lymph node dissection in combination with ex vivo sentinel lymph node mapping in gastric cancer
Authors: Märkl Bruno , Wünsch Katharina , Hebick Kai‐Uwe , Anthuber Matthias , Probst Andreas , Arnholdt Hans Martin , Spatz Hanno 
Published: March 2009

Aims:  Lymph node (LN) stage is still the strongest prognostic marker in potentially curable gastric cancer. Accuracy of histopathological lymph node assessment depends on the number of investigated LNs and detection rate of metastases and micrometastases. The aim was to perform a feasibility study employing intra‐arterial methylene blue injection – a novel method to improve LN harvest – and ex vivo sentinel LN mapping.Methods and results:  A total of 33 cases were enrolled, including 14 retrospective cases that served as a control group. The methylene group showed a highly significant improved mean LN harvest compared with unstained cases, with 38 ± 14 versus 21 ± 10 LNs (P < 0.001), respectively. The detection rate of ex vivo sentinel mapping was 88%. No skip metastases occurred.Conclusion:  Both techniques have the potential to improve the accuracy of histopathological LN staging and can be combined successfully.