bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two-sided effect ofCordyceps sinensison dendritic cells in different physiological stages
Authors: Li Chia-Yang , Chiang Chi-Shiun , Tsai Min-Lung , Hseu Ruey-Shyang , Shu Wun-Yi , Chuang Chun-Yu , Sun Yuh-Chang , Chang Yuan-Shiun , Lin Jaung-Geng , Chen Chih-Sheng , Huang Ching-Lung , Hsu Ian C 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCordyceps sinensis (CS), a Chinese tonifying herb, has been widely used for centuries in Asian countries as a medicine and a health supplement. Although ample evidence indicates that CS can modulate immune responses, the functional effect of CS on dendritic cells (DCs) is still unclear. This study examines how CS affects human monocyte-derived DCs in two physiological states: naïve and LPS-induced inflammatory. Our experimental results demonstrate that CS acts as an activator and maturation inducer of immature DCs by stimulating the expression of costimulatory molecules and proinflammatory cytokines by DCs, enhancing the DC-induced, allogeneic T cell proliferation, and reducing the endocytic ability of DCs. In contrast, CS suppresses the LPS-induced, inflammatory response by decreasing the LPS-induced expression of costimulatory molecules and proinflammatory cytokines by DCs. CS also suppresses the LPS-induced, DC-elicited, allogeneic T cell proliferation and shifts the LPS-activated, DC-driven Th1 response toward a Th2 response. These results demonstrate that CS differentially regulates the DC activities according to the presence or absence of the inflammatory signs. Restated, with the lack of an ongoing inflammatory environment, CS primes DCs toward a Th1-type immunity, whereas in a potential inflammatory reaction, CS balances the over-reactivity of elicited Th1 immunity. This investigation illustrates the Yin-Yang balancing effects of CS as a medicine and a health supplement.
Complexant-assisted Fabrication of Football-like Nickel Architectures Covered by Hexagonal Nanoplatelets
Authors: Ni Xiaomin , Zheng Huagui , Cai Xin , Xiao Xiukun , Liao Guangxuan 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Novel football-like nanostructures of metallic nickel with surfaces covered by hexagonal nanoplatelets were fabricated through a simple chemical reduction route with 2-hydroxy-4-(1-methylheptyloxy)benzophenone oxime in anti form (N530) as complexing agent. Formation of the unique nanostructures was reasonably ascribed to the special complex precursor and variation of the reaction rate at different stages. Magnetic properties of the nickel nanostructures were compared with other shaped counterparts.
Predicting preparatory behaviours for condom use in female undergraduate students: a one-year follow-up study
Authors: Gebhardt W A , van Empelen P , van Beurden D 
Published: March 2009

Summary The objective of this study is to investigate whether the Theory of Planned Behaviour (i.e. attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control and intention), fluctuations in motivation over time, and variables from the Prototype-Willingness Model (i.e. behavioural expectation and behavioural willingness to have unprotected sex) predict preparatory behaviours for condom use. Sixty-two female undergraduates completed baseline and one-year follow-up questionnaires. Having condoms at home and carrying condoms were predicted by behavioural willingness to have unsafe sex at baseline. Having bought condoms was predicted by the behavioural expectation to use condoms with new partners at baseline. Intention and fluctuations in motivation did not emerge as significant predictors of preparatory actions. Female undergraduates, who are more willing to have unprotected sex under risk-conducive circumstances, are also less likely to prepare adequately for condom use, and thereby increase their chances of encountering such situations. Overall, the findings are in support of the Prototype-Willingness Model.
A case study of delayed HIV-1 seroconversion highlights the need for Combo assays
Authors: Skidmore S , Devendra S , Weaver J , Short J , Osman H , Smit E 
Published: March 2009

Summary This report describes a case in which a patient took at least four months to seroconvert to anti-HIV positivity. A concomitant CMV infection probably contributed to the profound immune suppression observed. It is essential that fourth generation HIV antigen/antibody combo assays be used to ensure that such cases are not missed.
Recent insights into the role of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV (DPIV) and aminopeptidase N (APN) families in immune functions
Authors: Ansorge Siegfried , Bank Ute , Heimburg Anke , Helmuth Martin , Koch Gudrun , Tadje Janine , Lendeckel Uwe , Wolke Carmen , Neubert Klaus , Faust Jürgen , Fuchs Petra , Reinhold Dirk , Thielitz Anja , Täger Michael 
Published: March 2009

Abstract: In the past, different research groups could show that treatment of immune cells with inhibitors of post-proline splitting dipeptidyl aminopeptidases leads to functional changes in the immune system consistent with immunosuppression. This is due to the inhibition of proliferation of lymphocytes and the production of inflammatory cytokines of the TH: Summarizing data obtained from the usage of different non-selective and selective inhibitors of DPIV, DP8/9, FAP, and DPII, this review provides evidence that in addition to DPIV, DP8/9 also regulate the immune response via modulation of cell cycle progression and cytokine production. The strongest and most consistent effects in vitro were, however, observed with non-selective inhibitors for the suppression of DNA synthesis and cytokine production. Similar effects were provoked by APN inhibitors, which were also found to suppress DNA synthesis and the production of inflammatory cytokines in vitro. However, different mechanisms and signaling pathways appear to mediate the cellular effects resulting from the inhibition of either APN or DPIV family members. In particular, members of the APN family uniquely influence the function of CD4Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:253–61.
Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Third Volume
Authors: Hughes JS , Biddinger GR , Mones E 
Published: March 2009

Description
Features the latest advances in determining the impact of chemicals on the environment.
A comprehensive overview of the current status of ecological risk assessment and suggested advances for the discipline is the cornerstone of this publication. Twenty-two additional papers are presented in five categories, including, for the first time ever, the subject of Models in Ecological Risk Assessment.
Other categories include:
Ecotoxicology: Prediction and Assessment -- The estimation and measurement of ecological effects at various sites.
Sediment Toxicology -- Varied procedures to identify and assess contaminated sediments.
Fate and Effects of Chemicals -- How specific chemicals impact laboratory microcosm systems, fresh and saltwater flora and fauna, and general molecular structural parameters.
Methods Development -- The development and refinement of new methods to evaluate exposure and toxicity in the field of risk assessment.
Bioremediation of Pollutants in Soil and Water
Authors: Schepart BS 
Published: March 2009

Description
A detailed overview of innovative ways to combat the pollution of the environment.
17 peer-reviewed papers have been divided into five primary categories:
Bioremediation Feasibility and Applicability--Four papers address a number of issues including how bioremediation technology compares favorably with other technologies from a cost standpoint, and the role of screening strategies in the decision making process to use bioremediation.
Bioremediation of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons--Three papers tackle the problems associated with chemical pollutants that contain carcinogens and are particularly difficult to degrade.
In Situ Bioremediation--Case studies are presented, including a demonstration of how plants and microbes act symbiotically in the treatment of agrochemicals.
Bioremediation of Hazardous Chemicals--Three papers address the biological treatment of contaminated soils and the mechanisms in a mixed microbial ecosystem.
Enhancement of Bioremediation--Among the four papers presented is the application of bioremediation in the 1989 Alaskan Exxon-Valdez oil spill beach cleanup.
Fracture Mechanics: 26th Volume
Authors: Reuter W , Underwood JH , Newman JC 
Published: March 2009

Description
Compiles the latest information in fracture mechanics research from the world's leading scientists and engineers in the field. In addition to an extensive overview of applied fracture mechanics as it pertains to pressure vessels safety, STP 1256 features 42 peer-reviewed papers that cover: Constraint Crack Initiation; • Constraint Crack Growth; • Weldments; • Engineered Materials; • Subcritical Crack Growth; • Dynamic Loading; • and Applications.
Engineering Properties of Asphalt Mixtures and the Relationship to their Performance
Authors: Huber GA , Decker DS 
Published: March 2009

Description
13 peer-reviewed papers feature the most current information onmeasuring fundamental asphalt mixture engineering properties and relating these properties to pavement performance. This publication explores innovative asphalt pavement performance methods, and includes five papers that deal specifically with the latest results from the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP). Other topics explore:
• Engineering properties with a long history in performance prediction
• Techniques for Predicting Pavement Performance using Existing Pavements
• and Tensile Strength in Relation to Low Temperature Cracking.
Measured Airflows in a Multifamily Building
Authors: Palmiter L , Heller J , Sherman M 
Published: March 2009

A method has been developed to measure real-time airflow in multifamily buildings. This method uses a multi-tracer measurement system (MTMS) and simultaneous measurements of pressure, temperature, and environmental conditions. These measurements are evaluated along with the results of blower door and flowhood fan tests to develop a complete picture of the airflow patterns in multifamily buildings due to temperature differences, wind, and mechanical ventilation.
Six units in an unoccupied three-story multifamily building in Portland, Oregon were tested for a period of eight days during February and March 1992 using this method. The apartments were equipped with timer-controlled ventilation fans that were set to come on at regular two-hour intervals throughout the test period, enabling a thorough evaluation of the effect of various fan conditions on the flow of air from the outside as well as between units.
The average ventilation rate from natural driving forces alone (wind and stack effects) was about 40 m3/h per unit, or 0.22 air changes per hour (ACH). The average ventilation rate during the periods with all ventilation fans running was 75 m3/h (0.41 ACH). There was also a significant amount of inter-apartment airflow, which was dominated by flow from lower units to the unit directly above from temperature-driven stack effects. Operating all exhaust fans together had little effect on the interzone flows; however, operation of a single exhaust fan significantly increased the interzone flow to that apartment from all adjacent units. The percentage of total airflow that was outdoor air was found to be lower for higher units than for lower units.
An Analysis of Moisture Accumulation in the Roof Cavities of Manufactured Housing
Authors: Burch D 
Published: March 2009

A detailed computer analysis is conducted to investigate whether moisture problems occur in the roof cavity of manufactured homes constructed in compliance with the current Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Standards for manufactured housing. The current HUD Standards require a ceiling vapor retarder, but do not require outdoor ventilation of the roof cavity. In cold climates, the analysis revealed that moisture accumulates at lower roof surface and poses a risk of material degradation.
The analysis found the following combination of passive measures to be effective in preventing detrimental winter moisture accumulation at lower surface of the roof: 1) providing a ceiling vapor retarder, 2) sealing penetrations and openings in the ceiling construction, and 3) providing natural ventilation openings in the roof cavity.
In addition, the performance of a roof cavity exposed to a hot and humid climate is investigated. The analysis revealed that outdoor ventilation of the roof cavity causes the monthly mean relative humidity at the upper surface of the vapor retarder to exceed 80%. This condition is conducive to mold and mildew growth.
Reaction Sequences in Atmospheric Corrosion of Zinc
Authors: Odnevall I , Leygraf C 
Published: March 2009

Frequent phase identifications of a large number of zinc panels exposed to different atmospheric conditions, both in national an international exposure programs, have revealed a variety of corrosion products. In order to extract basic information about the atmospheric corrosion processes involved, emphasis has been placed on more precise characterization of corrosion products, from the initial stages to full developed end products. Extensive field exposures under rain sheltered conditions have been performed in rural, urban, industrial and marine atmospheres. These programs have included different methods for surface and bulk analysis of corrosion products, as well as measurements of deposition rates for gases and aerosols, and measurements of climatic parameters. Depending on atmospheric conditions, the complex growth of corrosion products seems to result in end products containing at least one of the structurally related phases: Zn5(CO3) 2(OH)6, Zn5(OH)8Cl2 ∙H2O, Zn4SO4(OH)6 ∙ 4H2O, Zn4Cl2(OH)4SO4 ∙ 5H2O and NaZn4Cl(OH)6SO4∙6H2O.
This presentation discusses actual reaction sequences in the formation of the above-mentioned corrosion products in terms of structural chemistry and deposition rates for atmospheric constituents. Several of the reaction sequences seem to depend on actual deposition rates for sulfur dioxide (SO2) and chloride (Cl-) in the atmosphere.
The Relationship Between Constraint and Ductile Fracture Initiation as Defined by Micromechanical Analyses
Authors: Panontin TL , Sheppard SD 
Published: March 2009

The overall objective of this study is to provide a proven methodology to allow the transfer of ductile fracture initiation properties measured in standard labora tory specimens to large, complex, flawed structures. A significant part of this work involved specifically addressing effects of constraint on transferability under large scale yielding conditions. The approach taken was to quantify constraint effects through micro-mechanical fracture models coupled with finite element generated crack tip stress-strain fields to identify the local condition corresponding to fracture initiation. Detailed finite element models predicted the influence of specimen geometry, loading mode, and material flow properties on the crack tip fields.
The ability of two local, ductile fracture models (the Rice and Tracey void growth model [1] (VGM) and the stress-modified, critical strain (SMCS) criterion of Mackenzie et al. and Hancock and Cowling [2,3]) to predict fracture initiation were investigated. Predictions were made using experimentally verified, two- and three-dimensional, finite strain, large deformation, finite element analyses. Two, high toughness pressure vessel steels were investigated: A516 Gr70, a ferritic, carbon-manganese mild steel demonstrating high hardening behavior, and HY-80, a martensitic, high strength low alloy (HSLA) steel possessing medium hardening ability. Experimental verification of the ductile frac ture initiation predictions was performed in a variety of crack geometries possessing a range of a/w ratios from 0.15 to 0.70 and experiencing a range of load conditions from three point bending to nearly pure tension. The predicted constraint dependence of global ductile fracture parameters in the two materials is shown.
Introduction, Overview, Issues
Authors: Wells PG , Butler JN , Hughes JS 
Published: March 2009

The Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, in March 1989, was the largest crude spill to date in US waters. It prompted many studies on the fate, transport and effects of the oil on biota in Alaskan waters, as well as on archaeological sites. This book consists of 25 research papers presented at an ASTM Symposium in April 1993. This introductory chapter summarizes topics and highlights of those papers, covering chemistry and fate, shoreline impacts, effects on fish, fisheries and wildlife, and impacts on archaeological sites, and discusses some of the issues arisiing from the study of this spill. Some lessons learned from this research included: • The need for accurate identification of the spilled oil-derived hydrocarbons in all samples, • The extensive movement of the oil down the Alaskan coast, with its unique fate characteristics, • The strong chemical basis required for interpreting the biological significance of sedimented hydrocarbons, • The difficulty of separating oil effects on biological populations from changes due to other variables (biotic and abiotic), • The need for sensitive hydrocarbon biomarkers, and • The need to have established definitions and criteria to determine whether biological recovery had occurred.
To provide a context for the papers in this volume, other published literature and symposia on this spill are discussed. Some of the more important remaining issues include: • The duration of effects of the residual oil, • The extent of intertidal impact and recovery, • The extent and duration of impacts of the spill on fisheries and wildlife populations, including seabirds and sea otters.
Additional issues, of considerable importance, but not concerned primarily with the fate and effects of the spilled oil, include: • The need for the oil spill community as a whole to agree ahead of time on how to study such accidental spills, and select appropriate monitoring tools. • The effect of impending litigation on the type and extent of the research conducted,
This volume provides the reader with detailed insights into the ecological impacts of such accidents in cold sub-arctic waters, and some of the outstanding scientific issues on the effects and recovery patterns after such spill events.
Shoreline Ecology Program for Prince William Sound, Alaska, Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Part 3—Biology
Authors: Gilfillan ES , Page DS , Harner EJ , Boehm PD 
Published: March 2009

This study describes the biological results of a comprehensive shoreline ecology program designed to assess ecological recovery in Prince William Sound following the Exxon Valdez oil spill on March 24, 1989. The program is an application of the “Sediment Quality Triad” approach, combining chemical, toxicological, and biological measurements. The study was designed so that results could be extrapolated to the entire spill zone in Prince William Sound.
The spill affected four major shoreline habitat types in Prince William Sound: pebble/gravel, boulder/cobble, sheltered bedrock, and exposed bedrock. The study design had two components: (1) one-time stratified random sampling at 64 sites representing four habitats and four oiling levels (including unoiled reference sites) and (2) periodic sampling at 12 nonrandomly chosen sites that included some of the most heavily oiled locations in the sound. Biological communities on rock surfaces and in intertidal and shallow subtidal sediments were analyzed for differences resulting from to oiling in each of 16 habitat/tide zone combinations. Statistical methods included univariate analyses of individual species abundances and community parameter variables (total abundance, species richness, and Shannon diversity), and multivariate correspondence analysis of community structure.
The communities of animals and plants inhabiting the bedrock and coarse sediments on Prince William Sound's shorelines responded much differently to oiling than communities in soft-sediment environments that were the subject of a majority of shoreline studies conducted after other oil spills.
Sedimentary environments in Prince William Sound did not become anaerobic but showed evidence of increased biological activity as the oil residue became a source of organic carbon—without the usual succession of opportunistic invaders. Similarly, some bedrock sites showed increases in abundance, species richness, and diversity, as the spaces created by oiling were recolonized. This was to be expected in a high-energy environment dominated by “patch dynamics”; the rock surfaces and sediments support a mosaic of species that are adapted to rapidly colonize new spaces created by wave action and other physical factors.
Two measures of ecological shoreline recovery are reported: an upper-limit estimate based on univariate analysis of community parameters and a lower-limit estimate based on multivariate correspondence analysis of community structure. Overall, the results indicate that between 73% and 91% of the oiled shoreline in Prince William Sound was ecologically recovered (i.e., it was indistinguishable from reference) in the summer of 1990. These results reflect rapid recovery of the biological communities and are consistent with chemical and toxicological studies (this volume), which found that hydrocarbon-related toxicity was virtually absent in the shoreline sediments by 1990–1991.
Shoreline Impacts in the Gulf of Alaska Region Following the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Authors: Gilfillan ES , Suchanek TH , Boehm PD , Harner EJ , Page DS , Sloan NA 
Published: March 2009

Forty-eight sites in the Gulf of Alaska region (GOA-Kodiak Island, Kenai Peninsula, and Alaska Peninsula) were sampled in July/August 1989 to assess the impact of the March 24, 1989, Exxon Valdez oil spill on shoreline chemistry and biological communities hundreds of miles from the spill origin. In a 1990 companion study, 5 of the Kenai sites and 13 of the Kodiak and Alaska Peninsula sites were sampled 16 months after the spill.
Oiling levels at each site were estimated visually and/or quantified by chemical analysis. The chemical analyses were performed on sediment and/or rock wipe samples collected with the biological samples. Additional sediment samples were collected for laboratory amphipod toxicity tests. Mussels were also collected and analyzed for hydrocarbon content to assess hydrocarbon bioavailability.
Biological investigations at these GOA sites focused on intertidal infauna, epifauna, and macroalgae by means of a variety of common ecological techniques. For rocky sites the percentage of hard substratum covered by biota was quantified. At each site, up to 5 biological samples (scrapes of rock surfaces or sediment cores) were collected intertidally along each of 3 transects, spanning tide levels from the high intertidal to mean-lowest-low-water (zero tidal datum). Organisms (down to 1.0 mm in size) from these samples were sorted and identified. Community parameters including organism abundance, species richness, and Shannon diversity were calculated for each sample.
As expected for shores so far from the spill origin, oiling levels were substantially lower, and beached oil was more highly weathered than in Prince William Sound (PWS). Samples of oiled GOA shoreline sediment were not statistically more toxic in bioassay tests than sediment from unoiled reference sites.
As a consequence of the lower oil impact, the biological communities were not as affected as those in the sound. Biological impacts, although present in 1989 in the GOA, were localized, which is consistent with the patchy and discontinuous nature of much of the oiling in GOA. Some organisms were locally reduced or eliminated in oiled patches but survived in unoiled patches nearby. In areas where oiling occurred, impacts were generally limited to middle and upper intertidal zones.
Analyses of mussel samples indicate that by 1990 little of the shoreline oil remained bioavailable to epifauna. Quantifiable measures of the overall health and vitality of shoreline biological communities, such as organism abundance, species richness, and Shannon diversity for sediment infauna, show few significant differences between oiled and reference sites in 1990.