bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automatic program debugging for intelligent tutoring systems
Authors: Murray William R. 
Published: April 2007

Program debugging is an important part of the domain expertise required for intelligent tutoring systems that teach programming languages. This article explores the process by which student programs can be automatically debugged in order to increase the instructional capabilities of these systems. The research presented provides a methodology and implementation for the diagnosis and correction of nontrivial recursive programs. In this approach, recursive programs are debugged by repairing induction proofs in the Boyer‐Moore logic. The induction proofs constructed and debugged assert the computational équivalence of student programs to correct exemplar solutions. Exemplar solutions not only specify correct implementations but also provide correct code to replace buggy student code. Bugs in student code are repaired with heuristics that attempt to minimize the scope of repair.The automated debugging of student code is greatly complicated by the tremendous variability that arises in student solutions to nontrivial tasks. This variability can be coped with, and debugging performance improved, by explicit reasoning about computational semantics during the debugging process. This article supports these claims by discussing the design, implementation, and evaluation ofTalus,an automatic debugger for LISP programs, and by examining related work in automated program debugging.Talus relies on its abilities to reason about computational semantics to perform algorithm recognition, infer code teleology, and to automatically detectandcorrect nonsyntactic errors in student programs written in a restricted, but nontrivial, subset of LISP. Solutions can vary significantly in algorithm, functional decomposition, role of variables, data flow, control flow, values returned by functions, LISP primitives used, and identifiers used. Solutions can consist of multiple functions, each containing multiple bugs. Empiricial evaluation demonstrates that Talus achieves high performance in debugging widely varying student solutions to challenging tasks.
An inquiry into computer understanding
Authors: Cheeseman Peter 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis essay addresses a number of issues centered around the question of what is the best method for representing and reasoning about common sense (sometimes called plausible inference). Drew McDermott has shown that a direct translation of commonsense reasoning into logical form leads to insurmountable difficulties, from which McDermott concluded that we must resort to procedural ad hocery. This paper shows that the difficulties McDermott described are a result of insisting on using logic as the language of commonsense reasoning. If, instead, (Bayesian) probability is used, none of the technical difficulties found in using logic arise. For example, in probability, the problem of referential opacity cannot occur and nonmonotonic logics (which McDermott showed don't work anyway) are not necessary. The difficulties in applying logic to the real world are shown to arise from the limitations of truth semantics built into logic–probability substitutes the more reasonable notion of belief. In Bayesian inference, many pieces of evidence are combined to get an overall measure of belief in a proposition. This is much closer to commonsense patterns of thought than long chains of logical inference to the true conclusions. Also it is shown that English expressions of the “IF A THEN B” form are best interpreted as conditional probabilities rather than universally quantified expressions. Bayesian inference is applied to a simple example of linguistic information to illustrate the potential of this type of inference for AI. This example also shows how to deal with vague information, which has so far been the province of fuzzy logic. It is further shown that Bayesian inference gives a theoretical basis for inductive inference that is borne out in practice. Instead of insisting that probability is the best language for commonsense reasoning, a major point of this essay is to show that real inference is a complex interaction between probability, logic, and other formal representation and reasoning systems.
What kind of thing is a concept?
Authors: Kayser Daniel 
Published: April 2007

We discuss several features of concepts used for common knowledge and argue that these features are not superficial, lexical level language‐dependent issues, but deep characteristics of the knowledge itself. It is thus necessary to build knowledge representation systems compatible with these characteristics.We show that the most common suggestions to cope with typicality (e.g., many‐valued and (or) nonmonotonic systems) fail to capture entirely this phenomenon. As for the other features, no serious attempt has been made yet, and we only propose tentative elements for a solution.The main idea is to decouple the notion of concept from the notion of basic element (predicate, node), and to represent a concept by an open‐ended family of entities of the system. Each entity conveys a possible interpretation of the concept, and interpretations are ordered, according to their “depth.” An example illustrating the main features of this scheme is provided.
Time revisited1
Authors: Miller Stephanie A. , Schubert Lenhart K. 
Published: April 2007

Temporal reasoning is essential for many artificial intelligence applications. To date, most research has concentrated on temporal inference in isolation without considering the role it can play in a more general reasoning environment. This paper takes an efficient temporal reasoner and extends its inferential capabilities to handle both strict and nonstrict relations. The resulting temporal specialist is incorporated into a system intended for low‐level reasoning in natural language understanding. The specialist assists the resolution‐based theorem prover in function evaluation, literal evaluation, and generalized resolving and factoring. The combined system can do some proofs in just a few steps that would normally require many. An example from the fully operational hybrid system is included.Le raisonnement temporel est essentiel dans de nombreuses applications relatives àľ intelligence artificielle. Jusqu’à présent, la plupart des travaux de recherche ont porté sur ľ inférence temporelle dans ľ isolation sans tenir compte du r&#x006f;&#x030c;le qu'elle peut jouer dans un environnement de raisonnement plus général. Cet article traite ? un raisonneur temporel ef ficace dont les capacityés inférentielles ont été augmentée afin de pouvoir traiter les relations strides et non strides. Le spécialiste temporel qui en résulte est intégréà un système conçu pour le raisonnement bas‐niveau en langage naturel. Le spécialiste assiste le démonstratur de théorèmes basé sur la résolution dans ľévaluation des fonctions, ľévaluation littérale et la fonction fadorielle généralisée. Le système combine peut vérifier des preuves en quelques étapes seulement au lieu ? un grand nombre. Un exemple ? un système hybride entièrement opérationnel est fourni. Mots clés: raisonnement temporel, methodes ? inférence spéciales, résolution de théories, représentation des connaissances.
Learning in relational databases: an attribute‐oriented approach
Authors: CAI YANDONG , CERCONE NICK , HAN JIAWEI 
Published: April 2007

The development of efficient algorithms for learning from large relational databases is an important task in applicative machine learning. In this paper, we study knowledge discovery in relational databases and develop an attribute‐oriented learning method which extracts generalization rules from relational databases. The method adopts the artificial intelligence “learning‐from‐examples” paradigm and applies in the learning process an attribute‐oriented concept tree ascending technique which integrates database operations with the learning process and provides a simple and efficient way of learning from databases. The method learns both characteristic rules and classification rules of a learning concept, where a characteristic rule characterizes the properties shared by all the facts of the class being learned; while a classification rule characterizes the properties that distinguish the class being learned from other classes. The learning result could be a conjunctive rule or a rule with a small number of disjuncts. Moreover, learning can be performed with databases containing noisy data and exceptional cases using database statistics. Our analysis of the algorithms shows that attribute‐oriented induction substantially reduces the computational complexity of the database learning process.Le développement d'algorithmes efficaces permettant l'apprentissage à partir de bases de donnees relationnelles est une fonction importante de l'apprentissage automatique applicatif. Dans cet article, les auteurs examinent la découverte des connaissances dans les bases de données relationnelles et élaborent une méthode d'apprentissage orientée sur l'attribut qui extrait des bases de données relationnelles les règies de généralisation. La méthode adopte le paradigme d'apprentissage à partir d'exemples et applique au processus d'apprentissage la technique de l'arbre des concepts orientés sur l'attribut qui incorpore les opérations de base de données au processus d'apprentissage, ce qui permet d'obtenir une méthode simple et efficace d'apprentissage à partir des bases de données. La méthode fait l'apprentissage des règies caractéristiques et des règies de classification d'un concept d'apprentissage; la règie caractéristique qualifie les pro‐priétés communes à tous les faits d'une categorie faisant l'objet d'un apprentissage alors que la règie de classification caractérise les propriétés qui distinguent la catégorie faisant l'objet d'un apprentissage des autres catégories. Le résultat peut ětre une règie conjonctive ou une règie ayant un petit nombre de disjonctifs. Qui plus est, 1′apprentissage peut se faire avec des bases de données contenant des donnees bruitees et des cas exceptionnels utilisant des statistiques de bases de données. L'analyse des algorithmes démontre que l'induction orientée sur l'attribut réduit considérablement la complexité informàtique du processus d'apprentissage des bases de données.
Using meta‐comments to generate fluent text in a technical domain1
Authors: ZUKERMAN INGRID 
Published: April 2007

Naturally occurring discourse often contains expressions such as “however,”“as I have stated before,” and “next.” These expressions, denoted meta‐comments, carry important information which helps a hearer speed up the comprehension process. In this paper, we present a mechanism for the generation of meta‐comments and their incorporation into computer‐generated discourse. This mechanism is based on a simple model of the anticipated effect of the messages to be conveyed and of the meta‐comments on the hearer's comprehension. It was implemented in a system called FIGMENT, which generates commentaries on the solution of algebraic equations.Le discours naturel contient souvent des expressions comme 〈〈 cependant 〉〉 et 〈〈 comme je ľai dit auparavant 〉〉. Ces expressions, appelées méta‐commentaires, contiennent des informations importantes qui aident à accélérer le processus de compréhension de ľ auditeur. Dans cet article, ľ auteur présente un mécanisme de génération de métacommentaires et ? intégration de ceux‐ci au discours créé par ordinateur. Ce mécanisme est basé sur un modèle simple de ľeffet anticipé des messages devant ětre transmis et de ľ';effet des méta‐commentaires sur la compréhension de ľ auditeur. II a été mis en oeuvre dans un système appele FIGMENT, qui génère des commentaires sur la solution ?équations algébriques.
EXTENSION OF THE RELATIONAL DATABASE AND ITS ALGEBRA WITH ROUGH SET TECHNIQUES
Authors: Beaubouef Theresa , Petry Frederick E. , Buckles Bill P. 
Published: April 2007

This paper describes a database model based on the original rough sets theory. Its rough relations permit the representation of a rough set of tuples not definable in terms of the elementary classes, except through use of lower and upper approximations. The rough relational database model also incorporates indiscernibility in the representation and in all the operators of the rough relational algebra. This indiscernibility is based strictly on equivalence classes which must be defined for every attribute domain.There are several obvious applications for which the rough relational database model can more accurately model an enterprise than does the standard relational model. These include systems involving ambiguous, imprecise, or uncertain data. Retrieval over mismatched domains caused by the merging of one or more applications can be facilitated by the use of indiscernibility, and naive system users can achieve greater recall with the rough relational database. In addition, applications inherently “rough” could be more easily implemented and maintained in the rough relational database.
Solubility of corundum + kyanite in H2O at 700°C and 10 kbar: evidence for Al‐Si complexing at high pressure and temperature
Authors: MANNING C. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe solubility of the assemblage corundum + kyanite in H2O was determined at 700°C and 10 kbar, using a piston‐cylinder apparatus and rapid‐quench/fluid‐extraction techniques. Weighted mean concentrations of total Al and Si were 5.80 ± 0.03 mmol kg−1 H2O and 0.308 ± 0.003 mol kg−1 H2O, respectively (1σ errors). The Al concentration is nearly five times higher than that of corundum solubility in pure H2O. This difference is interpreted to arise from complexing between Si and Al to form HAlSiO4,aq species. Charged or more polymerized species are also possible, but their abundance cannot be constrained based on these experiments. Assumption of a single aqueous aluminosilicate complex permits calculation of the thermodynamic consequences of Al‐Si interaction in high‐pressure fluids, as well as phase diagrams for the system Al‐Si‐O‐H. Formation of Al‐Si complexes leads to a large increase in dissolved Al with increasing Si in solution, such that Al concentration in equilibrium with kyanite + quartz is predicted to be 7.1 mmolal, higher than with kyanite + corundum. The elevated concentration of Si in deep‐crustal and mantle aqueous fluids suggests that Al must readily be dissolved and transported by Al‐Si complexing in high‐pressure metamorphic and metasomatic environments. The results provide a simple explanation for the common observation of kyanite + quartz segregations in eclogites and Barrovian metamorphic rocks.
Galectin‐4 is involved in p27‐mediated activation of the myelin basic protein promoter
Authors: Wei Qiou , Eviatar‐Ribak Tamar , Keith Miskimins W. , Miskimins Robin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOur previous studies have found that expression of p27 in oligodendrocytes enhances myelin basic protein (MBP) gene expression through a mechanism that involves the transcription factor Sp1. In this study we show that this activation only requires the N‐terminal 45 amino acids of p27 containing a functional cyclin‐binding motif. In an effort to identify other cofactors that are involved in the p27‐mediated activation of MBP gene expression, a yeast two‐hybrid assay was performed using an N‐terminal truncated p27 and a mouse embryo cDNA library. Galectin‐4 was found to interact with p27 in the yeast two‐hybrid assay. This novel interaction was also confirmed using a glutathione‐S‐transferase interaction assay and immunoprecipitation assays. Expression of galectin‐4 in primary oligodendrocytes was confirmed by western blot. Additionally, the MBP promoter could be activated by expression of galectin‐4 in CG4 oligodendrocytes, similar to the effects of increased p27 levels. We also show that Sp1 and galectin‐4 interact in cells, while a complex of all three proteins could not be found. We conclude that galectin‐4 is involved in the p27‐mediated activation of the MBP gene, possibly through modulation of the glycosylation status of the transcription factor Sp1.
Mitochondrial dysfunction early after traumatic brain injury in immature rats
Authors: Robertson Courtney L. , Saraswati Manda , Fiskum Gary 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMitochondria play central roles in acute brain injury; however, little is known about mitochondrial function following traumatic brain injury (TBI) to the immature brain. We hypothesized that TBI would cause mitochondrial dysfunction early (<4 h) after injury. Immature rats underwent controlled cortical impact (CCI) or sham injury to the left cortex, and mitochondria were isolated from both hemispheres at 1 and 4 h after TBI. Rates of phosphorylating (State 3) and resting (State 4) respiration were measured with and without bovine serum albumin. The respiratory control ratio was calculated (State 3/State 4). Rates of mitochondrial H2O2 production, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enzyme activity, and cytochrome c content were measured. Mitochondrial State 4 rates (ipsilateral/contralateral ratios) were higher after TBI at 1 h, which was reversed with bovine serum albumin. Four hours after TBI, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity and cytochrome c content (ipsilateral/contralateral ratios) were lower in TBI mitochondria. These data demonstrate abnormal mitochondrial function early (≤4 h) after TBI in the developing brain. Future studies directed at reversing mitochondrial abnormalities could guide neuroprotective interventions after pediatric TBI.
Electronic Fetal Monitoring: Is It of Benefit?
Authors: Banta David , Thacker Stephen 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Electronic fetal monitoring (EFM) of the fetal heart rate during labor and delivery has become a cornerstone of the new technology of obstetrics. Its routine use has been advocated, and the majority of labors in the U.S. are now monitored electronically. Recently, questions have been raised about the benefits of EFM. Review of the literature shows that only 4 randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) of EFM have been carried out. These show little if any benefit from the use of EFM in comparison to monitoring by stethoscope (fetoscope). The lack of diagnostic precision of EFM is reflected in high false positive and false negative rates of identification of fetuses in distress. Although many retrospective studies of EFM attempt to correlate use of EFM with declines in perinatal mortality in specific hospitals, the 4 RCTs showed no difference in mortality between babies monitored by auscultation and those who were electronically monitored. No differences have been found in morbidity, including neurologic status, between infants in the two groups. Electronic fetal monitoring has been associated with a significant increase in the cesarean section rate in most retrospective studies and all the RCTs.
Nutrition, Family Planning, and Health Promotion: The Guatemalan Program of Primary Health Care
Authors: Lechtig Aarón , Townsend John W. , Pineda Francisco , Arroyo Juan Jose , Klein Robert E. , de Leon Romeo 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper describes SINAPS, a program of primary health care in Guatemala, planned by the Ministry of Public Health (MOH), Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP). The objective was to design, implement, and evaluate a program of primary health care in Guatemala based on service delivery by non‐professional personnel. These personnel consist of Auxiliary Nurses (AN), Rural Health Technicians (RHT), Rural Health Promoters (RHP), and Traditional Birth Attendants (TBA).SINAPS activities are focused on immunizations, food supplementation, oral rehydration of children suffering from dehydration, family planning, perinatal surveillance, and promotion of health and environmental sanitation, with the participation of the community. This limited set of interventions is aimed at controlling the most important causes of death and disability in mothers and children in a cost‐effective way.
Outcomes of Father Involvement in Pregnancy and Birth
Authors: Nicholson Joanne , Gist Nancy Fohrell , Klein Robert P. , Standley Kay 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: To test the assumption that father involvement in pregnancy and childbirth results in more positive birth and fathering experiences, 40 primiparous couples recruited from childbirth education classes and obstetricians were studied. About two weeks before their due dates each mother was asked to rate her marital closeness and her husband's interest in children. These couples were observed for one hour in mid‐labor. Then mothers and fathers were interviewed about one week after the birth. Fathers who were more involved in terms of their wives’ reports of prenatal marital closeness gave generally more positive reports of the delivery and the new baby. Fathers who were involved in terms of their wives’ estimates of their interest in children were rated by observers as interacting with their wives less during labor. (BIRTH 10:1, Spring 1983)
Perinatal Death: Grief Support for Families
Authors: Estok Patricia , Lehman Ann 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT:Adequate support for parents whose baby dies requires close listening to the parents themselves, and familiarity with other successful programs of helping parents with grief. Interviews with 24 parents who lost their babies revealed what they found to be supportive or damaging behavior on the part of caregivers. Parents wanted doctors and nurses to acknowledge their feelings of shock, guilt, and grief, to recognize the importance of parents’ memories of the birth and the baby, and to help parents sharpen the reality of the death. Parents’ and hospital staff views of several types of grief support through the postpartum period, during and after hospital discharge, and throughout a subsequent pregnancy and birth, are discussed. (BIRTH 10:1, Spring 1983)
A Survey of Parents’ Attitudes Toward Their Cesarean Births In Manitoba Hospitals
Authors: Erb Lois , Hill Gail , Houston Doreen 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: After announcements were made in the public media, 316 couples who had had cesarean births asked to be sent questionnaires about their births. Of these, 228 couples (72%) returned completed questionnaires. The questionnaire covered the reasons for the cesarean, obstetric history, educational level, prenatal and cesarean education, attendance by partner at surgery, anesthesia used, postpartum contact with the baby, and many specific postpartum feelings on the part of father and mother about the birth, baby, themselves, and their care. Six per cent of the women who had had a first cesarean reported that in‐depth information had been provided by physicians, 12 per cent in prenatal classes, 13 per cent by friends and relatives, and 27 per cent by books and magazines. Sixty per cent of women said they got no cesarean information from their doctors and 22 per cent reported getting no cesarean information in their prenatal classes. Disappointment in the birth was felt by 68 per cent and joy by 93 per cent. The majority of respondents found their birth experiences satisfying, but would have liked more information, earlier and more prolonged contact with their infants, and more family‐centered births. (BIR TH10:2, Summer 1983)