bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age Dimorphism in the Association between Growth‐Hormone Status and the Respiratory Quotient
Authors: Christiansen Jens J. , Vahl Nina , Fisker Sanne , Møller Niels , Christiansen Jens S. , Jørgensen Jens O.L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the impact of age on the association between the respiratory quotient (RQ) and growth‐hormone (GH) secretion and to investigate the acute lipolytic response to an exogenous GH bolus.Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional study of 36 non‐obese healthy subjects (18 women and 18 men) from two age groups was used: “younger” (mean age, 29.5 years; range, 27 to 34 years) and “older” (mean age, 50.8 years; range, 47 to 59 years). Endogenous GH secretion by means of deconvolution analysis of 24‐hour serum GH concentrations was measured every 20 minutes. Resting RQ was measured after a 12‐hour overnight fast. The lipolytic response to an intravenous exogenous GH bolus (200 μg) was assessed by measuring serum levels of free fatty acids as well as changes in RQ. Additional measurements included body composition (regional computed tomography scan and DXA) and physical fitness (Vo2max).Results: Resting RQ did not differ between the two age groups: 0.81 ± 0.01 (young) vs. 0.82 ± 0.01 (older; not significant). Several estimates of GH release correlated positively with RQ in the younger group, whereas a negative correlation was detected in the older subjects [GH production rate (μg/liter × kg) vs. RQ: r = 0.62, p < 0.01 (younger); r = −0.53; p = 0.02 (older)]. By regression analysis, 52% to 58% of the variation in RQ could be explained by GH status. After an exogenous GH bolus, the incremental response in nonesterified fatty acid was slightly higher in younger individuals (p = 0.09).Discussion: Resting RQ is significantly correlated with GH status. This association is positive in younger individuals and negative in older individuals. The lipolytic response to exogenous GH is moderately higher in younger compared with older individuals. GH status should be taken into account when investigating the residual variation in RQ.
Weight Loss Expectations in Patients with Binge‐Eating Disorder
Authors: Masheb Robin M. , Grilo Carlos M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To study weight loss expectations in patients with binge‐eating disorder and to examine whether expectations differed by sex and motivation for treatment.Research Methods and Procedures: One hundred and thirty patients (104 women and 26 men), aged 23 to 61 (mean age, 43.0 years), with BED completed a measure of desired weights that included their dream weight, happy weight, acceptable weight, and disappointed weight. In a structured interview, participants were asked their primary motivation for seeking treatment (appearance or health) and their lowest adult weight (LAW).Results: The BED participants reported weight loss expectations that far exceeded expert and governmental guidelines. In this sample, desired dream body mass index (BMI), happy BMI, and acceptable BMI averaged reductions in current weight of 36%, 29%, and 23%, respectively. Even the “disappointed” BMI was an average 14% reduction in current weight, and was 1.5 to 3 times greater than the expert recommendation (5% to 10%). Comparisons of desired weights were significantly different for women and men, whereas percent reductions from current weight were not. Although weight goal expectations were significantly lower for those motivated by appearance, compared with those motivated by health, percent reductions for current weight were not. Desired dream weight correlated with reported LAW, and the mean difference between these weights was not significant.Discussion: These findings suggest that patients with BED have weight loss expectations that far exceed expert and governmental guidelines and that these expectations do not differ by sex or motivation for seeking treatment. One possible explanation for these unrealistic desired weights may be the patients’ recollections of their LAWs.
Leptin Levels, Leptin Receptor Gene Polymorphisms, and Energy Metabolism in Women
Authors: Wauters Machteld , Considine Robert V. , Chagnon Monique , Mertens Ilse , Rankinen Tuomo , Bouchard Claude , van Gaal Luc F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is mainly determined by fat‐free mass and additionally by age, sex, hormones, and possibly genetic differences. We evaluated whether leptin levels and polymorphisms in the leptin receptor (LEPR) gene were associated with energy expenditure phenotypes.Methods: RMR, body composition, and leptin levels were measured in 125 overweight and obese women. Three LEPR polymorphisms, Lys109Arg, Gln223Arg, and Lys656Asn, were typed on genomic DNA of another group of 192 women in whom RMR was measured. Fat, protein, and carbohydrate oxidation were calculated for 103 of these subjects. In 38 subjects, glucose‐induced thermogenesis was measured over 3 hours.Results: In the first study group, a negative correlation between RMR and leptin levels was found after controlling for fat and fat‐free mass. In multiple regression analysis, leptin contributed significantly to RMR, independent of body composition. In the second study group, RMR was not associated with LEPR polymorphisms. Differences in substrate oxidation rates were found among genotypes at the Lys656Asn site. In fasting conditions, Lys656Lys showed a trend to oxidize more carbohydrates and less fat than Asn656 carriers, a trend which became significant after the glucose load when carbohydrate oxidation rate in Lys656Lys was 15% higher than in Asn656 carriers (p = 0.04), and fat oxidation rate was 44% lower (p = 0.02).Discussion: These results suggest that DNA sequence variations in the LEPR gene could affect substrate oxidation. We hypothesize that this might be caused by differences in glucose levels, leading to differences in glucose oxidation rates.
Evidence That Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake Causes Endogenous Opioid Dependence
Authors: Colantuoni Carlo , Rada Pedro , McCarthy Joseph , Patten Caroline , Avena Nicole M. , Chadeayne Andrew , Hoebel Bartley G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The goal was to determine whether withdrawal from sugar can cause signs of opioid dependence. Because palatable food stimulates neural systems that are implicated in drug addiction, it was hypothesized that intermittent, excessive sugar intake might create dependency, as indicated by withdrawal signs.Research Methods and Procedures: Male rats were food‐deprived for 12 hours daily, including 4 hours in the early dark, and then offered highly palatable 25% glucose in addition to chow for the next 12 hours. Withdrawal was induced by naloxone or food deprivation. Withdrawal signs were measured by observation, ultrasonic recordings, elevated plus maze tests, and in vivo microdialysis.Results: Naloxone (20 mg/kg intraperitoneally) caused somatic signs, such as teeth chattering, forepaw tremor, and head shakes. Food deprivation for 24 hours caused spontaneous withdrawal signs, such as teeth chattering. Naloxone (3 mg/kg subcutaneously) caused reduced time on the exposed arm of an elevated plus maze, where again significant teeth chattering was recorded. The plus maze anxiety effect was replicated with four control groups for comparison. Accumbens microdialysis revealed that naloxone (10 and 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally) decreased extracellular dopamine (DA), while dose‐dependently increasing acetylcholine (ACh). The naloxone‐induced DA/ACh imbalance was replicated with 10% sucrose and 3 mg/kg naloxone subcutaneously.Discussion: Repeated, excessive intake of sugar created a state in which an opioid antagonist caused behavioral and neurochemical signs of opioid withdrawal. The indices of anxiety and DA/ACh imbalance were qualitatively similar to withdrawal from morphine or nicotine, suggesting that the rats had become sugar‐dependent.
Eicosapentaenoic Acid Induces mRNA Expression of Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor γ
Authors: Chambrier Cécile , Bastard Jean‐Philippe , Rieusset Jennifer , Chevillotte Emmanuel , Bonnefont‐Rousselot Dominique , Therond Patrice , Hainque Bernard , Riou Jean‐Paul , Laville Martine , Vidal Hubert 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To verify whether polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can regulate the expression of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in human adipose tissue.Research Methods and Procedures: The effect of various PUFAS on PPARγ1 and ‐γ2 mRNA expression was investigated in freshly isolated adipocytes prepared from fat samples obtained during surgery. PPARγ mRNA levels were also determined in subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies of 11 obese women, in the fasting state, to search for in vivo associations between PPARγ expression and plasma PUFA concentrations. PPARγ mRNA levels were determined by reverse‐transcription competitive polymerase chain reaction.Results: Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) significantly increased PPARγ1 mRNA levels in isolated adipocytes, without affecting the expression of PPARγ2. The other tested fatty acids (linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and ω‐6 PUFAs) had no effect. The effect of EPA was dependent on the concentration (maximal effect after 6 hours with 50 μM) and was not reproduced by activators of the different members of the PPAR family. In addition, a strong positive correlation was found between plasma EPA concentrations and PPARγ mRNA levels in adipose tissue of obese subjects.Discussion: Our results demonstrate that adipose tissue PPARγ1 mRNA concentration is positively regulated by EPA, suggesting that the composition of dietary lipids may affect PPARγ gene expression in vivo in humans. These data also suggest that an induction of the expression of this nuclear receptor isoform might be involved in the mechanism of action of EPA and in some of its beneficial effects.
Relationship between Body Mass Index and the Use of Healthcare Services in Australia
Authors: Reidpath Daniel D. , Crawford David , Tilgner Linda , Gibbons Carl 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and the use of medical and preventive health services.Research Methods and Procedures: This study involved secondary analysis of weighted data from the Australian 1995 National Health Survey. The study was a population survey designed to obtain national benchmark information about a range of health‐related issues. Data were available from 17,033 men and 17,174 women, ≥20 years or age. BMI, based on self‐reported weight and height, was analyzed in relation to the use of medical services and preventive health services.Results: A positive relationship was found between BMI and medical service use, such as medication use, visits to hospital accident and emergency departments (for women only); doctor visits, visits to a hospital outpatient clinics; and visits to other health professionals (for women only). A negative relationship was found in women between BMI and preventive health services. Underweight women were found to be significantly less likely to have Papanicolaou smear tests, breast examinations, and mammograms.Discussion: This research shows that people who fall outside the healthy weight range are more likely to use a range of medical services. Given that the BMI of industrialized populations appears to be increasing, this has important ramifications for health service planning and reinforces the need for obesity prevention strategies at a population level.
Obesity Increases the Risk of Spontaneous Abortion during Infertility Treatment
Authors: Wang Jim X. , Davies Michael J. , Norman Robert J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study examines the relationship between body mass and the risk of spontaneous abortion in a large cohort of patients who received infertility treatment.Research Methods and Procedures: This is a retrospective study using data on pregnancies (n = 2349) achieved after treatment in a tertiary medical center from 1987 to 1999. One pregnancy per subject was included, and the subjects were stratified into five body mass groups based on body mass index (BMI): underweight, <18.5 kg/m2; normal, 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2; overweight, 25 to 29.9 kg/m2; obese, 30 to 34.9 kg/m2; and very obese, ≥35 kg/m2. Logistical regression analysis was used.Results: The overall incidence of spontaneous abortion was 20% (476 of 2349). The effect of BMI on the risk of spontaneous abortion was significant after adjusting for several independent risk factors. Compared with the reference group (BMI 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2), underweight women had a similar risk of spontaneous abortion, whereas there was progressive increase of risk in overweight, obese, and very obese groups (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively).Discussion: Of all known risk factors for spontaneous abortion, the control of obesity has great significance because it is noninvasive, potentially modifiable, possibly amenable to low cost, and self‐manageable by patients. This study established a positive relationship between BMI and the risk of spontaneous abortion in women who became pregnant after assisted reproductive technology treatment.
In Vivo Response to α1‐Adrenoreceptor Stimulation in Human White Adipose Tissue
Authors: Boschmann Michael , Krupp Götz , Luft Friedrich C. , Klaus Susanne , Jordan Jens 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective:Recent studies in rats suggest an important effect of α1‐adrenoreceptor stimulation on glucose uptake in white adipocytes. It is not known if α1‐adrenoreceptor stimulation elicits similar metabolic effects in humans.Research Methods and Procedures:Three microdialysis catheters in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue were perfused with 0.00, 0.01, 0.10, 1.00, and 10.00 μM isoproterenol, phenylephrine, or phenylephrine plus 100 μM propranolol. Dialysate concentrations of ethanol, glycerol, glucose, and lactate were measured for estimating blood flow (ethanol‐dilution technique), lipolysis, and glycolysis, respectively.Results:Phenylephrine, with or without propranolol, did not elicit a change in ethanol ratio. In contrast, the ethanol ratio decreased markedly with isoproterenol. Dialysate glucose concentration decreased with phenylephrine with and without propranolol and increased with isoproterenol. Phenylephrine caused a dose‐dependent increase in dialysate glycerol concentration, with a maximal effect similar to that of isoproterenol. The effect was attenuated with propranolol.Discussion:Our findings suggest that α1‐adrenoreceptor stimulation by phenylephrine increases glucose uptake and metabolism in human abdominal adipose tissue. Furthermore, phenylephrine elicits a marked increase in lipolytic activity in white adipose tissue through β‐adrenoreceptor activation.
5‐HT2A Receptor Gene Promoter Polymorphism in Relation to Abdominal Obesity and Cortisol
Authors: Rosmond Roland , Bouchard Claude , Björntorp Per 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: There is considerable evidence that cortisol secretion is associated with obesity. The regulation of the 5‐hydroxytryptamine receptor 2A (5‐HT2A) gene might play an essential role because it is involved in the control of cortisol secretion. Therefore, we examined the potential impact of the 5‐HT2A −1438G/A promoter polymorphism on obesity and estimates of insulin, glucose, and lipid metabolism as well as circulating hormones, including salivary cortisol, in 284 unrelated Swedish men born in 1944.Research Methods and Procedures: The subjects were genotyped by using polymerase chain reaction amplification of the promoter region of the gene for 5‐HT2A followed by digestion of the reaction product with the restriction enzyme MspI.Results: The frequencies were 0.39 for allele −1438A and 0.61 for allele −1438G. Homozygotes for the −1438G allele had, in comparison with −1438A/A subjects, higher body mass index, waist‐to‐hip ratio, and abdominal sagittal diameter. Moreover, cortisol escape from 0.25‐mg dexamethasone suppression was found in subjects with the −1438A/G genotype. Serum leptin, fasting insulin, and glucose, as well as serum lipids, were not different across the −1438G/A genotype groups.Discussion: From these results, we suggest the possibility that an abnormal production rate of the 5‐HT2A gene product might lead to the development of abdominal obesity. The pathophysiology could involve stress factors that destabilize the serotonin‐hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal system in those with genetic vulnerability in the serotonin receptor gene.
A Quantitative Trait Locus on Chromosome 22 for Serum Leptin Levels Adjusted for Serum Testosterone
Authors: Martin Lisa J. , Mahaney Michael C. , Almasy Laura , Hixson James E. , Cole Shelley A. , MacCluer Jean W. , Jaquish Cashell E. , Blangero John , Comuzzie Anthony G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Studies have reported the existence of marked sexual dimorphism in serum leptin levels in humans with women having approximately two to three times the levels of men. We have shown that this sexual dimorphism has a strong genetic component arising from a genotype by sex interaction, but adjusting leptin levels for testosterone eliminates this interaction. Because interactions such as genotype × sex can confound the detection of quantitative trait loci (QTLs), we wanted to determine if there are QTLs associated with the expression of leptin adjusted for testosterone.Research Methods and Procedures: We performed a genome‐wide scan using multipoint linkage analysis and implemented a general pedigree‐based variance‐component approach to identify genes with measurable effects on variation in leptin levels independent of testosterone in 318 Mexican Americans from the San Antonio Family Heart Study.Results: We detected significant evidence of linkage (log of the odds ratio = 3.44) for a QTL on chromosome 22.Discussion: Given these results, we hypothesize that a QTL on chromosome 22 may influence the level of leptin adjusted for testosterone.
Depot‐Specific Expression of Fibroblast Growth Factors in Human Adipose Tissue
Authors: Gabrielsson Britt G. , Johansson Jenny M. , Jennische Eva , Jernås Margareta , Itoh Yoshiaki , Peltonen Markku , Olbers Torsten , Lönn Lars , Lönroth Hans , Sjöström Lars , Carlsson Björn , Carlsson Lena M.S. , Lönn Malin 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: We have investigated the expression of several fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and FGF‐receptors (FGFRs) in human adipose tissue and adipose‐tissue cell fractions obtained from both subcutaneous (sc) and omental (om) depots.Research Methods and Procedures: Adipose tissue (sc and om) was obtained from obese men. Gene expression was analyzed by DNA microarrays in triplicate (n = 6) or by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (n = 9).Results: FGF‐1, FGF‐2, FGF‐7, FGF‐9, FGF‐10, and FGF‐18 transcripts were detected in human adipose tissue. The expression of FGF‐2, FGF‐7, and FGF‐10 was similar in sc and om adipose tissue, whereas FGF‐1 and FGF‐9 were expressed at higher levels in the om adipose tissue. Expression of FGF‐18 was only detected in om adipose tissue in two of the subjects. Analysis of cell fractions revealed that FGF‐2 was only expressed in adipocytes; FGF‐7, FGF‐9, and FGF‐18 were expressed in the stroma‐vascular fraction; and FGF‐1 and FGF‐10 were expressed in both adipocytes and in the stroma‐vascular fraction. FGFR‐1 was expressed in both depots in all subjects and in both cell fractions, whereas FGFR‐2 expression was undetectable in whole adipose tissue but detectable in the adipocyte fractions from both sc and om depots.Discussion: We show that several members of the FGF family are expressed in human adipose tissue, and that the expression for some of the FGFs differs between sc and om adipose tissue. Taken together with previously published reports on the biological effects of FGFs on adipose cells, our results suggest that locally expressed FGFs could play role in the regulation of regional adipose tissue mass.
The Canadian Obesity Epidemic: An Historical Perspective
Authors: Katzmarzyk Peter T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine temporal trends in stature, body mass, body mass index (BMI), and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Canada.Research Methods and Procedures: Data for adults 20 to 64 years of age were compared across eight Canadian surveys conducted between 1953 and 1998. Temporal trends in stature and body mass were examined using regression, and changes in weight‐for‐height were expressed as changes from 1953. BMI data were available from 1970 to 1972 to examine changes in overweight and obesity. Qualitative changes in the BMI distribution were examined using Tukey mean‐difference plots.Results: Significant temporal trends in stature and body mass have occurred since 1953 in Canada. Median stature increased 1.4 cm/decade in men and 1.1 cm/decade in women, whereas median body mass increased 1.9 kg/decade in men and 0.8 kg/decade in women. Increases in the 75th percentile of body mass were larger than the median. The average weight‐for‐height increased 5.1% in men and 4.9% in women from 1953. Furthermore, the prevalences of overweight and obesity have increased from 40.0% and 9.7% in 1970–1972 to 50.7% and 14.9% in 1998, respectively. The entire BMI distribution has shifted to the right since 1970–1972 and has become more skewed to the right for men than for women.Discussion: There have been significant increases in stature and body mass in Canada over the last 45 years. Body mass has increased more than stature, particularly in the upper percentiles, which has resulted in the currently observed high prevalences of overweight and obesity.
An Aminophospholipid Translocase Associated with Body Fat and Type 2 Diabetes Phenotypes
Authors: Dhar Madhu , Hauser Loren , Johnson Dabney 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: We have shown that a region on proximal mouse chromosome 7, near the pink‐eyed (p) dilution locus, contains an ATPase (pfatp), a putative aminophospholipid translocase. Studies have suggested that this gene is a prime candidate for modulating body fat or involved in lipid metabolism in mouse and humans. Toward further analyses, our objective was to generate the complete genomic structures of mouse and human genes.Research Methods and Procedures: The genomic structure of mouse pfatp was deduced by comparing the full‐length cDNA sequence with the genomic sequence derived from a mouse BAC. The human ortholog was identified from the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. Full‐length cDNA was generated, and the corresponding genomic structure was deduced from the Human Genome Database.Results: Murine pfatp, and its human ortholog, PFATP, belong to class V of the third subfamily of P‐type ATPases. The gene organization is strikingly similar in both organisms and all exon‐intron junctions are conserved. A putative promoter region of PFATP contains a strong CpG island. The 5′ untranslated regions of the two cDNAs have potential binding sites for multiple transcription factors, including Sp1, USF, AP1, and AP2, involved in adipogenesis and adipocyte metabolism.Discussion: We report the generation of the complete genomic structure of a novel aminophospholipid translocase in mice and humans. Because the exact biological role and the subsequent relevance of these ATPases to obesity and diabetes are unknown, these data help to delineate the role of these genes in lipid/adipocyte metabolism.