bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Singing in Relation To Social Dominance and Testosterone in White-Throated Sparrows
Authors: HAVEN WILEY R. , Piper W.H. , Archawaranon Manee , Thompson Elizabeth Wyrick 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Singing by white-throated sparrows Zonotrichia albicollis during the winter
in natural situations occurred most frequently among birds with high rank in
a dominance hierarchy. Genetic morph, age and sex had no significant
influence on singing during winter. Among testosterone-implanted birds in
small groups in large aviaries, dominance rank strongly influenced singing.
Testosterone-treated birds with top rank sang most frequently, those with
second rank less, and those with lower rank never. As a testosterone-treated
bird's rank changed in the course of regroupings with new opponents, its
frequency of singing also changed. Dominance in a group thus interacted with
testosterone to promote singing. In addition, grouped birds in May before
treatment with testosterone did not sing. As a consequence, it seems likely
that the normal seasonal development of territorial behavior and singing
involves cascading interactions of endocrine states and social
circumstances.
A Formal Notation To Aid Analysis of Complex Behaviour: Understanding the Tactical Deception of Primates
Authors: Byrne R.W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA formal notation is argued to be useful in representing theories of complex animal behaviour. This "production system" approach, originally derived from artificial intelligence, is explained with a series of examples of tactical deception in primates. These examples are controversial, since they might suggest intentionality and thinking in non-humans, and their interpretation is not straightforward. The ease of representing competing explanations of sophisticated behaviour (for instance those used in behaviourist psychology, animal ethology, and cognitive science) in the single formalism of production systems, may eventually aid a rapprochement between disciplines with interests in the evolution of intelligence.
Startle and Habituation Responses of Blue Jays (Cyanocitta Cristata) in a Laboratory Simulation of Anti-Predator Defenses of Catocala Moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Ingalls Victoria 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBlue jays were used in laboratory experiments to determine what visual characteristics of Catocala hindwings are important in eliciting and maintaining startle reactions in avian predators. Hand-reared blue jays, inexperienced with warningly coloured, inedible prey, took significantly longer to touch novel colours that possessed bold, black bands than to touch novel, unbanded colours when these discs covered a food reward. Thus, being conspicuous (as opposed to simply being novel) appears to enhance startle reactions. Bold patterns are commonly found on aposematic prey and Catocala hindwings. These same hand-reared birds also tended to take longer to touch novel coloured discs of yellow and red hues as opposed to discs of blue, green, or purple hues. The colours that produced the greatest hesitation are similar to the colours found on Catocala hindwings. Red-yellow colours are also characteristic of aposematic prey. Wild-caught birds took longer to habituate to startling stimuli when presented with several different startling disc types during the habituation process. Thus, predator pressure may explain why several different Catocala species with different hindwing colours occur sympatrically.
The Role of Dispersal in Structuring the Chitwan Tiger Population
Authors: Smith JAMES L. DAVID 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDispersal in tigers was studied in Royal Chitwan National Park, Nepal. Thirty six adult and young were studied to monitor movements and social interactions relative to dispersal. Fourteen subadults were followed from before their dispersal until they died or established post-dispersal territories. Subadult tigers became semi-independent of their mother when her next litter was born. They usually remained within her natal area until the subsequent litter began to move with her at about 2 mos of age. Animals dispersed between 19 and 28 mos. Males dispersed farther than females and settled in poorer habitat. Three of 4 females settled adjacent to their mothers; in two cases the mother shifted her territory allowing the daughter to take over a large portion of the mother's former territory. Wounds on young prior to dispersal indicated that aggression prompted dispersal. Fjghts were observed between dispersers and residents. After fights, dispersers always left the resident's area. All 4 dispersing females established breeding territories. Females settled next to their mothers tending to reduce the genetic variance of a male's offspring. Eight of 10 males became localized in temporary, post-dispersal territories; 4 of the 8 survived. Two males died of poisoning and 2 from intrasexual aggression. Surviving males either expanded temporary territories or shifted to new areas to establish breeding territories. The Chitwan tigers are an isolated remnant of a population once continuous across the lowlands of Nepal. Effective population size was estimated to be <30 animals. Tigers did not disperse across cultivated areas but did travel through degraded forest habitat. No animal dispersed outside the Chitwan region and there appear to be effective barriers separating Chitwan from the two nearest populations 150 and 250 kms distant. The Chitwan population is probably one of the largest tiger populations remaining in the world. Isolation and small size threaten these populations with stochastic events that may lead to further reduction in population size.
Sound Transmission: a Basis for Dialects in Birdsong?
Authors: Date E.M. , Lemon R.E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The environmental adaptation hypothesis (EAH) regarding birdsong dialects or ncighbourhoods states that song similarities between neighbouring individuals arise because of common influences on their songs exerted by the acoustic environment of their habitat. An assumption of the hypothesis is that sounds are distorted differently by different types of habitat. A prediction of the hypothesis is that some songs or parts of songs transmit better than others, depending on the habitat of their origin. We tested the assumption and prediction by comparing the attenuation and differential attenuation of pure tones, decreases in modal frequencies of computer simulated songs of American redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla), and the decay of redstart songs and white noise at deciduous, coniferous and open forest sites. The songs were representative of those used by redstarts living in thc three habitats. Results supported the assumption of acoustic differences between habitats but did not support the prediction that some songtypes transmit with less distortion in specific habitats than in others. The EAH also predicts that individuals which inhabit similar vegetation should share more song features than individuals which inhabitat dissimilar vegetation. To test this prediciton samples of songs were taken from the three habitats in different years. There were significant associations by habitat in both samples, but only one of several variables measured was significant and the discriminating variable was not the same for the two periods. Considering together the tests of the assumption and the two predictions, we conclude that for American redstarts evidence of the influence of the acoustic features of habitat on the formation of song dialects is mixed and not convincing.
Timing and Use of Paternity Guards By Male Chaffinches
Authors: Sheldon B.C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractI studied the relative timing and extent to which male chaffinches used two alternative paternity guards, frequent copulation and mate guarding by close following. Males guarded their mates strongly, and guarding peaked in intensity on day -2 relative to laying. Male mate guarding intensity varied predictably with the value of the female to the male in three ways: (a) guarding intensity increased from day to day as laying approached, as does the risk of a single EPC fertilizing an egg. (b) Males reduced their level of guarding when their females laid the penultimate egg of the clutch and were therefore no longer fertile. (c) The diurnal pattern of guarding varied with respect to whether laying had begun, which might represent a male response to an 'insemination window', when sperm would be less likely to fertilize an egg. Males also copulated frequently with their mates, with a peak rate of 4.4 copulation attempts per hour on day -3 relative to laying, with an estimated total of 207 copulation attempts (83 successful) per clutch. The peak in copulation frequency occurred earlier than the peak in mate guarding intensity. Males did not show any behavioural response to an increased risk of extra-pair copulations, assessed by the proportion of neighbouring males that were free to seek extra-pair copulations. I propose that in chaffinches frequent copulation is a relatively 'low-cost, high-risk' paternity assurance mechanism compared to mate guarding, and that the mechanism males employ depends upon the amount of information that males have about whether the female is going to lay, which represents the value of the female to the male. Fine-tuning of male behavioural mechanisms with the female value as a resource provides good evidence that the mechanisms are adaptations to sperm competition.
Variation in Male Relationships in Bonobos and Chimpanzees
Authors: Furuichi Takeshi , Ihobe Hiroshi 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
1. Inter-male relationships were compared between two groups of bonobos at Wamba, Zaire, and a group of chimpanzees at the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. 2. Although distribution of females is much different between the two species, frequencies of affinitive interactions between males (inter-individual proximity and grooming) were similar between the species. 3. By contrast, marked inter-species differences were found in agonistic aspects of male relationships. Such differences could be related to the different estrus patterns of females. 4. Male relationships of both species may have been reflecting the male-bonded strategy which was taken by a common ancestor. Within this framework, males of each species seem to have developed differentiated social tactics for the access to females showing different patterns of distribution and estrus.
Patterns of Paternity in Relation To Male Social Rank in the Stumptailed Macaque, Macaca Arctoides
Authors: Bauers K.A. , Hearn J.P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The macaques have been a central focus of research designed to illuminate the interrelationship of behaviour and patterns of genetic transmission in non-human primates. Due to unique aspects of the socio-sexual behaviour and reproductive biology of stumptailed macaques (Macaca arctoides), we hypothesized a stronger relationship between male status and reproductive success than has been documented in other macaque species. The relationship between male social rank and success in siring offspring was examined for a sequence of 27 infants born over an 8-year period (1984-1992) in a large captive social group. Paternity of 25 of the 27 infants (all those still living at the time of testing) was confirmed with the use of "DNA profile tests" using mini-satellite, multi-locus probes in collaboration with Drs. CASNA and GERGITS of Therion Corp. Results showed that each of three consecutive alpha males was effective in achieving a virtual monopoly in siring offspring during his tenure, with one exception possibly related to inbreeding avoidance. Although patterns of sexual behaviour are not emphasized in this report, behavioural observations over the past six years support the findings of other researchers regarding the
Male Dominance and Reproductive Success in a Captive Group of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta)
Authors: Smith David Glenn 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPaternity exclusion analysis was employed to estimate the reproductive success (RS) of 32 males who experienced at least one breeding season over the age of four years between 1977 and 1991 in a captive group of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Although three different males held alpha rank during the period, the male dominance hierarchy remained relatively stable even when the number of males was high. Average dominance rank and overall RS of males while in the group were strongly correlated. However, during most years the correlation between male dominance rank and RS was not statistically significant because males who achieved high rank 1)were those who experienced relatively high RS as lower ranking subadults and 2) maintained high dominance rank after experiencing a sustained decline in RS. Correlations between male dominance rank and RS were highest when the number of subadult males entering the dominance hierarchy was increasing and one or a very few males were least effective in monopolizing females. These results are not consistent with expectations based solely on the priority of access model of intrasexual selection. Female choice, as exemplified by the preference of females for mating with young males that are rising in rank, might also influence the evolution of social dominance in rhesus macaques.
Interspecific Social Relationships in Three Murid Rodent Species of Central Argentina, After Fasting and Unlimited Food
Authors: Cueto Gerardo R. , Bilenca David N. , Kravetz Fernando O. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
We studied the social interactions between Akodon azarae and Calomys laucha, and between A. azarae and Oligoryzomys flavescens, by means of experimental confrontations under laboratory conditions. Trials were carried out after two treatments: in the first one ('food' treatment), the animals were offered food ad libitum permanently, whereas in the other ('fast' treatment), the animals were previously submitted to fasting for 30 hours. The largest species- A. azarae - dominated the other two species, being dominant in 69.6% of the aggressive interactions in which a clear dominant/subordinate relationship was detected (N = 79). During the 'fast' treatment, A. azarae fed longer than C. laucha and O. flavescens, and it was the only species which significantly increased its feeding time with respect to 'food' treatment. There were higher frequencies of aggressive interactions in A. azarae - C. laucha trials than in A. azarae - O. flavescens trials. Comparisons of the behavioural variables between C. laucha and O. flavescens during their respective confrontations with A. azarae showed that C. laucha had significantly higher median values of freezing and walking behaviours, whereas O. flavescens showed a higher frequency of alertness. Species differences found in the laboratory support the interpretation that A. azarae is usually dominant over C. laucha and O. flavescens, and that A. azarae has the priority of access to food sources in situations of food shortage (winter) by means of its social dominance over the other two species. We suggest that the differences in the behavioural reactions of the subordinate species when meeting the dominant one may help to explain the different scales of spatial segregation that C. laucha and O. flavescens maintain with A. azarae in the field.
Lateral Plate Morph Genetics Revisited: Evidence for a Fourth Morph in Three-Spined Sticklebacks
Authors: Banbura Jerzy , Bakker Theo C.M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. The view that four (not three) lateral plate morphs exist in the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus is supported in this paper. The morphs are: trachura (= completely plated), semiarmata (= partially plated), leiura (= low plated), and leiura-with-keel (= low-plated-with-keel). 2. Two one-locus and four two-locus models of lateral plate morph inheritance are identified and reviewed. A new genetic model for a two-locus system comprising one major gene with three alleles and one dominance modifier gene with two alleles is advocated. 3. Predictions of different models are explicitly examined using the existent data. 4. Results of 10 new crosses that distinguished the form leiura-with-keel are presented. The segregation ratios obtained are best explained by the new model. 5. Adaptive value of plate morph differentiation is not clear. Different aspects of selection on the morphs are discussed.
Social Communication in the Madagascar Hissing Cockroach: Features of Male Courtship Hisses and a Comparison of Courtship and Agonistic Hisses
Authors: Clark Deborah C. , Moore Allen J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMale Madagascar hissing cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) produce acoustic sounds or 'hisses' during courtship interactions with females. G. portentosa males also hiss during agonistic interactions with other males. In this study we documented intra- and inter- individual variation in male courtship hisses, addressed the possible role of hissing as an indicator of male rank, size or mating success, and determined if individual males produce different hisses during courtship and agonistic interactions. We found inter-individual variation in courtship hisses in dominant frequency and duration. Within males, these characteristics of the courtship hiss were repeatable within a day. Characteristics of courtship hisses and mating success were not related to male rank. However, courtship hisses may convey information about the size of the male: larger males had longer, lower frequency hisses than smaller males. There was a trend for males that mated to be larger than males that did not mate. However, characteristics of the' courtship hiss were not significantly related to mating success after controlling for differences in male weight. Finally, we found that the dominant frequency and duration of courtship and agonistic hisses of males did not differ suggesting that males are using similar signals during both courtship and agonistic interactions. We interpret these results in light of the possible functions of hissing, male-male competition, and female discrimination during courtship interactions.
Wanderers Between Harems and Bachelor Bands: Male Hanuman Langurs (Presbytis Entellus) At Jodhpur in Rajasthan
Authors: Rajpurohit Lal Singh , Sommer Volker , Mohnot S.M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
1. Life-histories of individually identified males of an Asian colobine monkey, the Hanuman langur, were followed in order to understand mechanisms and functions of social processes associated with the formation of male bands, especially the degree of cooperation and competition among males. 2. The monkeys belonged to a geographically isolated population which is subject of a field-study in Rajasthan, India, spanning more than 15 years. The population consists of 27-29 one-male / multi-female troops ('harems'; average 39 members, home ranges up to 1.3 km2) and 12-14 all-male bands (average 12 members, moving ranges up to 20 km2). Females are highly philopatric, whereas males transfer from bisexual troops into male bands. Harem holder residencies average 27 months (range 3 days to more than 74 months). No male achieved residency in more than one troop, suggesting that residency is associated with a distinct peak in a given male's resource holding potential. The proportion of infants sired by extra-troop males is minimal. The dispersal pattern of langur males seem to reflect a long-lasting effort to achieve reproduction. This goal is tied to the necessity to rise through the ranks of a male band to the top of its dominance hierarchy, because only the highest ranking males can replace current harem holders during male band invasions into the home range of bisexual troops. 3. The age-class composition of seven male bands with a mean membership of 3-25 individuals was studied in detail. The longitudinal fluctuation in membership was less pronounced than the differences between bands. This reflects ecological conditions in the moving range of a given band which determine a ceiling in the number of members. The bands contained 27% juveniles, 23% subadults, 13% young adults, 30% prime adults and 9% old males. At any given time, in each band lived at least one individual who was of at least young adult age. Immatures often followed elder males during daily travels, but not
Models of Affiliative Relationships Among Free-Ranging Rhesus Monkeys (Macaca Mulatta)
Authors: Kapsalis Ellen , Berman Carol M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractUnderstanding the relative importance of various hypothesized organizing principles of affiliative relationships among female macaques has been problematic at least partly because researchers have lacked adequate statistical techniques for teasing apart the roles of maternal kinship and rank distance, and because criteria for kinship have varied across studies. We examined the extent to which maternal kinship and rank distance are independently associated with levels of affiliative interaction among free-ranging adult females rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico. We used a multiple regression extension of the Mantel test to evaluate three models, each using different criteria for kinship. In all three models, kinship emerged as a strong correlate of affiliative interaction. However, the degree to which rank distance correlated with affiliative interaction varied across models. Hence, the choice of criteria for kinship affected the apparent importance of rank distance in multi-generational groups. A model using graded rather than discrete criteria of kinship (i.e. degrees of relatedness instead of kin vs non-kin) but differentiating only close kin relationships (r 0.125) rather than all kin relationships (r 0.0005) accounted for the largest proportion of the total variance. These results support suggestions that adult female relationships are organized around several levels of kinship through maternal lines, and not simply by crude distinctions of kin vs non-kin. However, when kin are separated from common ancestors by more than a few links, females appear to behave towards related individuals much as they do toward non-kin.