bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of admixtures on the course of hydrolysis of titanyl sulfate
Authors: Grzmil Barbara , Grela Daniel , Kic Bogumił , Podsiadły Marcin 
Published: October 2008

The influence of admixtures on the course of hydrolysis of titanyl sulfate
The study focused on the question how admixtures, such as iron(II), iron(III), magnesium and aluminium salts influence the degree of TiOSO4 conversion to hydrated titanium dioxide (HTD). Titanyl sulfate solution, an intermediate product in the industrial preparation of titanium dioxide pigments by sulfate route was used. The admixtures were added to the solution and their concentration was gradually changed. It was found that hydrolysis clearly depended on Fe(II) and Fe(III) concentrations. The higher the concentration of iron(II) (up to 5 wt %) in the solution was, the higher conversion degree was achieved. A reverse relationship was observed concerning the influence of iron(III) introduced up to 1.5 wt %. The constant rates of both phases of titanyl sulfate hydrolysis (including the formation of an intermediate colloidal TiO2 and final products) depended on iron(II) and iron(III) content in the solution. The concentration of other constituents did not influence hydrolysis in the investigated part of the process (up to 2.6 wt % of Mg and up to 0.3 wt % of Al). However, the size of primary particles of the obtained TiO2·nH2O did not depend on the content of the above-mentioned constituents in the solution.
Manufacturing of phosphoric acid from hydroxyapatite, contained in the ashes of the incinerated meat-bone wastes
Authors: Krupa-Żuczek Kinga , Kowalski Zygmunt , Wzorek Zbigniew 
Published: October 2008

Manufacturing of phosphoric acid from hydroxyapatite, contained in the ashes of the incinerated meat-bone wastes
The results of the investigations concerning phosphoric acid manufacturing, by the extraction method, from the ashes containing hydroxyapatite, obtained through the thermal treatment of bone sludge have been presented. The incinerated bone sludge with ~ 16% P content and the minimal amount of impurities can be an alternative source for phosphoric acid production. The process consists in two stages. In the 1st stage, reaction of hydroxyapatite with phosphoric acid resulting in monocalcium phosphate formation in the solution obtained is carried out. The tests revealed that overall hydroxyapatite dissolution in phosphoric acid takes place when the concentration is 37% H3PO4. In the 2nd stage monocalcium phosphate is converted into calcium sulphate using concentrated sulphuric acid at the recommended temperature of 95°C. The principles of the technological idea of the process of phosphoric acid manufacturing from HA-containing ashes, obtained by bone wastes incineration, as well as a preliminary economic analysis for the production of 10 000 t/year of food-grade phosphoric acid have been developed.
Sedimentation of water dispersed systems of acrylate copolymers in xylene
Authors: Makarewicz Edwin , Zalewska Anna 
Published: October 2008

Sedimentation of water dispersed systems of acrylate copolymers in xylene
Methyl methacrylate - butyl acrylate - methacrylic acid copolymer and butyl methacrylate - methacrylic acid amide copolymer of a different segmental structure were stabilised with non-ionic and anionic surfactants. Gel chromatography, viscosimetry, tensiometry, conductometry and sedimentation methods were applied to define the properties of the synthesized copolymers, surfactants in water solutions and water dispersions. The types and the properties of the phases being in a state of sedimentation balance were also determined. The obtained experimental data were interpreted and justified by using the copolymer and surfactants properties. The existing correlations were pointed out. The obtained results show that the stability of a disperse system considerably depends on the structure of the copolymer. The MMA/BA/MAA copolymer has monomeric units of elastic butyl acrylate. Segments containing these monomeric units adsorb surfactants much better and form more stable water disperse systems. However, the MBA/AMAA copolymer with the polarity of amide group of methacrylamide makes disperse systems less stable.
Atomization performance of effervescent atomizers with gas-liquid internal mixing
Authors: Ochowiak Marek , Broniarz-Press Lubomira 
Published: October 2008

Atomization performance of effervescent atomizers with gas-liquid internal mixing
The paper contains the results of experimental studies on water atomization process in effervescent nozzle in one-phase and two-phase systems. The gas phase flow rate causes the changes in characteristic parameters of atomization. The gas flow rate has certain effect on the Sauter Mean Diameter SMD values. SMD for airliquid systems investigated is decreasing with increase of gas volume rate. It is observed that SMD values are increasing with increase of liquid volume rate. The larger SMD values for one-phase flow in comparison with two-phase flow have also been observed. The increase of SMD value has been observed with a decrease of an outlet diameter of an effervescent nozzle.
Effect of calcination temperature on photocatalytic activity of TiO2. Photodecomposition of mono- and polyazo dyes in water
Authors: Mozia Sylwia 
Published: October 2008

Effect of calcination temperature on photocatalytic activity of TiO2. Photodecomposition of mono- and polyazo dyes in water
The presented studies have focused on the influence of TiO2 properties, such as crystalline phase, crystallite size and surface area, on the effectiveness of degradation of azo dyes in water under UV irradiation. Two monoazo dyes: Acid Red 18 (AR18, C20H11N2Na3O10S3) and Acid Yellow 36 (AY36, C18H14N3NaO3S), and one polyazo dye Direct Green 99 (DG99, C44H28N12Na4O14S4) were applied as model compounds. The photocatalysts were prepared from a crude titanium dioxide obtained directly from the production line (sulfate technology) at the Chemical Factory "Police" (Poland). The crude TiO2 was calcinated in air for 1-4h at the temperatures ranging from 600 to 800°C. The BET specific surface area of TiO2 decreased gradually with increasing the calcination temperature. The crude TiO2 exhibited specific surface area of 277 m2/g. In case of the catalysts heated at 600, 700 and 800°C the BET surface area amounted to 62.3-53.3, 33.4-26.8 and 8.9-8.3 m2/g, for the calcination time of 1-4h, respectively. The crystallite size of anatase increased with increasing heat treatment temperature and ranged from 19 to 53 nm, for the temperatures of 600-800°C, respectively. The catalysts annealed at 600 and 700°C contained primarily anatase phase (94-97%), whereas the photocatalysts heated at 800°C were composed mainly of rutile (97-99%). The highest effectiveness of azo dyes degradation was obtained in case of the photocatalyst calcinated for 1h at 700°C. The photocatalyst was composed mainly of anatase (97%) with crystallite size of 27 nm. The most effectively photodegraded was AR18, having the molecular weight of 640.4 g/mol. The most difficult to degrade was AY36 exhibiting the lowest molecular weight from all the dyes used (375.4 g/mol).
Phosphorus sorption capacity of different types of opoka
Authors: Cucarella Victor , Zaleski Tomasz , Mazurek Ryszard 
Published: October 2008

Phosphorus sorption capacity of different types of opoka
The bedrock opoka has been lately reported as an appropriate reactive media for onsite wastewater treatment systems due to its high phosphorus (P) sorption capacity. However, variations on its chemical composition may affect its reactivity with P, therefore leading to a variable P removal efficiency. In this paper, the P-sorption capacity of three different types of opoka from the region of Miechów, Poland, is reported. According to the silica and carbonate content, opoka samples were classified as light-weight and heavy-weight opoka. When heated over 900°C, opoka showed a very high P-sorption capacity that was well correlated to its Ca content. P-sorption isotherms from batch experiments with an artificial P solution were plotted and fitted to the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. The Freundlich isotherm appeared to model better the P-sorption of light opoka and the Langmuir isotherm of heavy opoka, suggesting different dominating mechanisms of P-sorption by light and heavy opoka.
Load of heavy metals in drainage waters in the Middle Sudety Mountains
Authors: Pulikowski Krzysztof , Kostrzewa Stanisław , Paluch Julian , Szewrański Szymon 
Published: October 2008

Load of heavy metals in drainage waters in the Middle Sudety Mountains
Research were carried out in study site located in Stare Bogaczowice near Wałbrzych. The daily drainage runoff measurements and periodical chemical analyses of water samples from selected drainage plots had been made. Concentrations of heavy metals: Cu, Zn, Zn, Pb, Cr i Cd had been measured. Drainage waters do not include significant amounts of heavy metals. Concentration of zinc, which is very common in nature, ranged from 0.018 to 0.675 mg Zn·dm-3, cadmium concentrations was somewhat larger then 0.001 mg Cd · dm-3. In spite of precipitations higher then in the other sites and because of low concentrations, the heavy metal loads had been very small. Regarding lead and nickel load did not exceed 70 g·ha-1·yr-1, and concerning copper, chromium and cadmium it was below 5.0 g·ha-1·yr-1. Heavy metals in drainage waters do not make serious threat on surface water body receivers.
Changes in the reserves of soil retention of arable lands in Central Sudety
Authors: Pęczkowski Grzegorz , Kostrzewa Stanisław , Orzepowski Wojciech 
Published: October 2008

Changes in the reserves of soil retention of arable lands in Central Sudety
The project presents research involving an analysis and evaluation of water supply of poorly permeable soils in drained arable lands. The analysis dealt with research conducted in 2003-2005 at similar meteorological conditions in an agricultural submountain catchment area situated in Central Sudety. In particular, the analysis concerned water and air properties of examined deposits with regard to their water-retention. The measurements of moisture density of soil profiles and calculated water supplies in layers 1-100 cm showed a cross-section of reserves of soil retention. This depended on the depth and lay of the land as well as drainage conditions. In the lower drainage area at the foot of the slope there was a notably higher level of groundwater than in other places on the slope. In areas where rainfall was the exclusive source of groundwater the measured water-supplies were lower than in multi-sourced drainage areas. The amount of measured supplies for the vegetation period spanning the whole research time was not lower than 70% of the field-water capacity.
Some maintenance problems of the drip irrigation in Poland
Authors: Jeznach Jerzy 
Published: October 2008

Some maintenance problems of the drip irrigation in Poland
Drip irrigation system will play in the future a significant role in fulfilling the requirements of intensive, energysaving agricultural production. Total area under microirrigation in Poland can be now estimated as about 10 000 hectares. Drip irrigation is applied mainly in orchards, vegetable farms and greenhouses. The investigations on drip irrigation have shown a high infl uence of the agricultural conditions on the operation and reliability and productivity effects of the irrigation system. Paper present the investigation of the operation of drip irrigation systems in various regions of Poland. The analysis is based on the results of the manufacture coefficient of variation Cv, emitter exponent n, uniformity coefficient and detailed observation of the work time, breaks, failures and any other damages to the system.
Usage of the graph clustering algorithm to the recognition of geotechnical layers
Authors: Rabarijoely Simon , Bilski Piotr , Falkowski Tomasz 
Published: October 2008

Usage of the graph clustering algorithm to the recognition of geotechnical layers
The aim of the paper is to present the approach to the application of the graph clustering algorithm to the recognition of geotechnical layers from the dilatometer tests. Results of the measurements obtained from the DMT test in the test site (subsoil of one of the buildings in the Warsaw University of Life Sciences campus) were analyzed by the clustering algorithm which was able to extract the separate groups of the measurements, representing identical soil type. This method is parameterized, so its verification by the geotechnical experts was necessary to determine the optimal parameter values. They lead to the determination of the soil types as close to the actual situation, as possible. Also, the output of the algorithm was analyzed by the geotechnical experts to identify and label the extracted soil types.
Modelling in support of an interdisciplinary approach to ecosystem restitution
Authors: Rubarenzya Mark , Staes Jan , Willems Patrick , Berlamont Jean , Meire Patrick 
Published: October 2008

Modelling in support of an interdisciplinary approach to ecosystem restitution
This paper reports on a study being undertaken to analyze the potential effects of rewetting when undertaken for the restitution of the catchment ecosystem of the Grote Nete catchment. In bringing together the expertise of both ecological and hydrological modelers, this study aims at ensuring that the science being performed is immediately relevant from both the environmental management and the socio-political perspectives. Like many European catchments, Grote Nete has been experiencing an increase in extreme hydrological events. In addition, there has been a decline in the ecological value of the catchment ecosystem. The problem is considered to be a conflict of interests arising between urban/agricultural and nature conservation needs. Rewetting has been considered as a possible intervention to reverse these trends. However, a shortcoming with rewetting is that the hydrological consequences remain largely unknown. A numerical model has been developed to study these potential effects. A land use model, SPAN was developed and coupled to a physically-based, fully distributed model (MIKE SHE) to complete an ecohydrological model. The paper describes the development of the model.
A comparison of Energy Provision by Diet Order in a Long-Term Care Facility
Authors: Durant Matthew 
Published: October 2008

RÉSUMÉLa perte de poids involontaire est courante chez les personnes âgées en Amérique du Nord et touche jusqu’à 60 pour cent des résidents des centres d’accueil, ce qui représente une menace pour la santé et l'équilibre fonctionnel. Une enquête portant sur la fourniture d’éléments nutritifs dans un centre de soins de longue durée (SLD) a indiqué que l'exposition moyenne à l'énergie totale au cours d’un cycle de menus couvrant cinq semaines présentait une différence importante entre le régime régulier et le régime d’aliments en purées, et que le niveau moyen d’exposition aux trois macronutriments était inférieur dans un régime d’aliments en purée. Ce qui prouve que les menus actuels des SLD fournissent moins d’aliments nutritifs à ceux qui reçoivent des d’aliments en purée et qu’il faudrait une enquête plus poussée dans ce domaine.
Francine Ducharme. Famille et soins aux personnes âgées : enjeux, défis et stratégies. Montréal: Beauchemin Chenelière éducation, 2006.
Authors: Phaneuf Margot 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTFamille et soins aux personnes âgées: enjeux, défis et stratégies [Families and care for the elderly: challenges and strategies] provides an overview of ageing in various societies and particularly in this country, and of the repercussions of this phenomenon in terms of the steadily increasing responsibilities of families one of whose members has become vulnerable as the result of ageing or illness. The author describes the difficulties encountered by natural caregivers and explicates both their needs and the inadequacy of the services made available to them. This fully documented portrait of the situation is accompanied by suggestions for relevant action.
When Less is More: Law and Commandment in Sūrat al-Anʿām
Authors: Lowry Joseph E. 
Published: October 2008

In this article I argue that the passage at Q. 6:136–53 exhibits a minimalist attitude towards law. This passage offers extensive criticisms of norms, rites and practices that are in force in another community (or communities), and then concludes with a list of commandments that are portrayed as a simpler alternative to the matters described and denounced in the preceding ayas. The ‘minimalist attitude’ towards law in this passage expresses itself as an ambivalence towards norms as such and as a suggestion that the Qur'anic dispensation seeks to unburden the Qur'anic community from needless legislative restrictions. The phenomenon of legislative minimalism in the Qur'an is of interest for two reasons. First, it has the potential to provide a perspective on the subsequent rise of Islamic law, which could fairly be described as a legislatively ‘maximalist’ enterprise. Second, the identification of tendencies in the Qur'an – in this case its attitudes towards law and its means of expressing those attitudes – can help to illuminate the theological inclinations that conditioned the composition, shaping and reception of the Qur'an in its original environment.
Étrangers, logeurs et patrons. L'improvisation sociale chez les commerçants soudanais de Lomé.
Authors: Agier Michel 
Published: October 2008

M. Agier—Foreigners, Landlords and Patrons : Social Improvisation among the Sudanic Traders in Lome.
A description of social relationships among the inhabitants of the Lome's zongo, i.e. the urban ward populated with Muslims from the Sudanic hinterland. The 'make do' economy is dominated by the wealthier traders, mai gida, under a kind of patronage, derivated from traditional hospitality duties and a network of face-to-face links designated by Hausa kinship and amnity terms, which take up a special meaning in this context.
Les recherches en histoire orale menées par un autochtone, ou L'inconvénient d'être du cru.
Authors: Diawara Mamadou 
Published: October 2008

M. Diawara—Aboriginal Research in Oral History: The Plight of the Native Son.
Social sciences research in Africa, especially in history, has long been dominated by non-Africans—military officers, political administrators and, later on, scholars. In the last decades Western-trained African specialists have entered the field. While the former put forth their otherness as a proof of the scientific validity of their work, the latter use the opposite argument and point to belonging as a criterion of objectivity. Both arguments appear somewhat obsolete insofar as a confrontation of views is a necessity for ail research in the social sciences. The native scholar working on the history of his own country is bound to observe the rules and customs of his group: even more so as his experience of another (i.e. Western) way of life exposes him to the suspicion of the keepers of tradition. He must solve a contradiction between his own scientific ambitions and the local System of know-ledge transmission (which also is or has been his).
Les mooryaan de Mogadiscio. Formes de la violence dans un espace urbain en guerre.
Authors: Marchal Roland 
Published: October 2008

Roland Marchal — The mooryaan of Mogadiscio: Forms of Violence in a War-Torn Urban Area.
From December 1990 till December 1992, the Somalian capital was the scene of fighting and violence that had less and less to do with political strategies. Using data from the field, the author has investigated the actors in this fighting and inquired into their social trajectories so as to shed light on some issues in this cri-sis, at least in the urban setting. There, a 'culture of pillage' provides the roles that overarmed adolescents may demonstratively play out. A society in war is being restructured by warfare. Social relations and politics, as practised by com-peting factions, are becoming criminal. Brief comparisons show that the mooryaan cannot be reduced to forms of social violence such as the warenleh, shifta, or Becker's 'outsiders'. Questions are raised about the future of this social group, which, following the December 1992 military intervention, is rapidly evolving toward a more classical form of delinquent violence.
Trajectories of a Mask Performance : the Case of the Senegalese Kumpo
Authors: De Jong Ferdinand 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This article examines the divergent trajectories of the Kumpo rnask performance in Casamance (Senegal). Several modes of performance are related to various historical contexts of capitalist encroachment. It is shown that the mask-audience relationship expresses particular articulations between modes of performance and the social structure as determined by the global capitalist economy. The performances analysed involve divergent audiences of young women, officiais, and foreign tourists. The Kumpo performance has very diverse meanings in the various contexts, ail of them contemporaneous. The mask is used in various ways to manage the impact of the market economy. Commoditisation of the mask performance has resulted in a radical transformation of the mask-audience relationship.
Classes et relations
Authors: Sørensen Holger Steen 
Published: October 2008

1. II y a deux sortes de classes fondamentales : les classes coordonnées et les classes dérivées.
2. Il y a deux sortes de relations fondamentales : les relations unilatérales et les relations bilatérales.
3. La distinction entre les classes coordonnées et les classes dérivées répond à la distinction entre relations unilatérales et relations bilatérales, en ce sens que seules des relations unilatérales peuvent être utilisées pour l'établissement de classes coordonnées, tandis que des relations bilatérales (et en pratique, elles seules) peuvent être employées pour l'établissement de classes dérivées.
4. A rencontre des relations unilatérales (relations des classes coordonnées), les relations bilatérales (relations des classes dérivées) doivent nécessairement être particulières, puisque l'établissement des classes dérivées repose sur une opération particulière. (Les relations unilatérales peuvent être aussi bien générales que particulières, puisque Ton peut aussi utiliser des relations particulières pour l'établissement des classes coordonnées. Je renvoie à Word-Classes in Modem English, p. 65, s.) 5. Les relations classiques — hypotaxe, parataxe et catataxe — ont toujours été employées bilatéralement. Elles ne peuvent en conséquence être employées pour établir des classes coordonnées, à moins qu'elles ne soient rendues unilatérales. Elles peuvent être employées à l'établissement de classes dérivées, mais seulement si elles sont rendues particulières.
6. Les notions d'amovibilité et de présupposition et leurs contraires ont toujours été implicitement présentes en linguistique, et ont servi de fondement à l'emploi des relations classiques. Mais les deux notions ont été rarement distinguées clairement, et à ma connaissance, l'on ne s'est pas aperçu que, bien qu'elles soient alliées, elles sont d'un caractère fondamentalement différent : la notion d'amovibilité est une notion de relation particulière tandis que la notion de présupposition est une notion de relation générale.
Les exilés tchécoslovaques de 1948 : un exil politique au service de la politique étrangère américaine
Authors: Faure Justine 
Published: October 2008

Justine Faure
Les exilés tchécoslovaques de 1948 : un exil politique au service de la politique étrangère américaine.
Les exilés politiques tchécoslovaques de 1948 firent massivement le choix des États-Unis comme pays d'exil. Très rapidement, la coopération avec les autorités américaines fut étroite et les exilés devinrent des auxiliaires efficaces de la stratégie de déstabilisation de la puissance soviétique en Europe de l'Est. Au milieu des années cinquante, avec la coexistence pacifique, le soutien américain aux exilés devint anachronique et l'Administration Eisenhower coupa les ponts avec cette communauté.