bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INTERACTIONS OF LANGUAGE‐DELAYED AND NORMAL PRESCHOOL BOYS WITH THEIR PEERS
Authors: Siegel Linda S. , Cunningham Charles E. , van der Spuy H. I. J. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThis study examined the impact of specific language delay (LD) on peer interactions in preschool children. Three groups of dyads were studied: normal children interacting with normal children, normals interacting with LD children and LD children with each other. The normal children were more likely to initiate interaction when the partner was non‐responsive and to attempt to dominate the interaction. The results of this study illustrate reciprocity in the social interactions of young children, the significant role of dominance and control in interaction and the sensitivity of preschool children to the characteristics of their peers.
MALTREATED INFANTS: VULNERABILITY AND RESILIENCE
Authors: Crittenden Patricia M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis study of maltreated infants offers evidence supporting a model of bidirectional effects in which the mother initiates the maltreatment but both mother and infant behave so as to maintain the situation. Maltreated infants were found not to differ from control infants in congenital characteristics. They did, however, display deviance in learned behavior patterns. After intervention with the mother the infants showed behavioral improvement. These results suggested that maltreated infants were not inherently different from other children and that they were resilient in response to environmental improvement. Their earlier behavior may, however, have functioned to maintain their mothers' maltreating responses.
TEMPERAMENT AND ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN'S ACTUAL AND RATED ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: A TEST OF A‘GOODNESS‐OF‐FIT’ MODEL
Authors: Lerner Jacqueline V. , Lerner Richard M. , Zabski Stacia 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYTo test a goodness‐of‐fit model of temperament, 194 Pennsylvania fourth‐grade students were studied. It was predicted that children whose temperament fitted or exceeded demands or expectations of their teachers would show more positive functioning than children whose temperament fell below expectations. Children responded to the Dimensions of Temperament Survey (DOTS), which assesses 5 temperamental attributes. Teachers specified demands/expectations for their students for each of the DOTS attributes and rated students' academic ability and adjustment. Objective measures of academic achievement were also obtained. Results indicated that for 2 of the 3 temperament attributes for which directional predictions were made some support was obtained for the model.
HYPNOTHERAPY AS A TREATMENT FOR ENURESIS
Authors: EDWARDS S. D. , SPUVY H. I. J. VANDER 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe main objective of this study was to provide an adequately controlled experimental and clinical study to assess the efficacy of hypnotherapy in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis. Subjects were 48 nocturnal enuretic boys, aged 8–13 yr. Treatment consisted of six standardized sessions, one hourly session per subject per week. Results indicated that hypnotherapy was significantly effective over 6 months in decreasing nocturnal enuresis, compared with both pretreatment baseline enuresis frequency and no‐treatment controls. It also suggested that trance induction was not a necessary prerequisite for success. Comparison with other methods of treatment provided evidence that hypnotherapy was an effective alternative or adjunctive form of treatment for enuresis.
JACK TIZARD MEMORIAL LECTURE DELINQUENCY, ENVIRONMENT AND INTERVENTION
Authors: Clarke R. V. G. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTwenty years of Home Office research into delinquency prevention support Jack Tizard's belief that greater improvements in performance and behaviour are likely to attend efforts to change environments rather than inner dispositions. Situational measures which reduce opportunities for crime seem more effective than attempts to reform delinquents. Moreover, given that most delinquents desist from crime in early adulthood, minimal interference in their lives may be the best policy. For those requiring institutional placement, humane care rather than reform should be the goal.
INFLUENCE OF YORUBA BELIEFS ABOUT ABNORMALITY ON THE SOCIALIZATION OF DEAF CHILDREN: A RESEARCH NOTE
Authors: Togonu‐Bickersteth Funmi , Odebiyi A. I. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe study examines patterns of communication modes of guidance and discipline and affectional bond between 176 Yoruba hearing mother and their deaf children. Results relating to communication support earlier findings about the frustrations inherent in such endeavour. Contrary to other published reports, the Yoruba mothers studied perceived expressive linguistic abilities of deaf children more negatively than receptive abilities. Communication difficulties affected mothers' guidance and discipline, particularly since the culturally preferred modes of discipline rely very heavily on children's age‐related language competence. Mothers' verbal claims of affectional bonds were not supported by evidence from other sources close to and including the deaf children.
CHILDREN WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN PRIMARY CARE
Authors: Garralda M. E. , Bailey D. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract A substantial minority (23%) of children between 7 and 12 years of age attending general practice were found to have psychiatric disorders. Disturbance was slightly more frequent in girls than in boys, and emotional disorder was the most common diagnosis.Psychiatric disorder was associated with psychological disadvantage (broken homes, the child had lived away from the family, family history of psychiatric disorder) and with current high levels of parental stress in relation to their children. Disturbed children tended to present with symptoms of anxiety, bed‐wetting, hayfever, nosebleeds or scabies. Amongst a subsample of children consulting in general practice, psychiatric disorder may be a relevant factor contributing to somatic consultation.
FAMILY LIFE AND DIABETIC CONTROL
Authors: Marteau Theresa M. , Bloch Sidney , Baum J. David 
Published: December 2006

Abstract Seventy two children with diabetes and their parents were studied to examine the relationship between family functioning and diabetic control.Children in families characterised by cohesion, emotional expressiveness, lack of conflict and a mother Satisfied with her marriage, had better diabetic control than children living in families with opposing characteristics. Children living with both biological parents or with a single parent had significantly better diabetic control than thaw living with a step‐parent or adoptive parents. There was no relationship between social class, family income, employment status or educational attainment of either parent, and diabetic control.
Social and Family Relationships of Ex‐Institutional Adolescents
Authors: Hodges Jill , Tizard Barbara 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe adolescents described in the preceding companion articles (J. Child Psychol. Psychiat.30, 33–75, (1989) had experienced multiple changing caregivers until at least 2 years old. Such maternal deprivation did not necessarily prevent them forming strong and lasting attachments to parents once placed in families, but whether such attachments developed depended on the family environment, being much more common in adopted children than in those restored to a biological parent. Both these groups alike, however, were more oriented towards adult attention, and had more difficulties with peers and fewer dose relationships than matched comparison adolescents, indicating some long term effects of their early institutional experience,
An Epidemiological Study of Infantile Autism in a French Department (Rhône): Research Note
Authors: Cialdella Ph. , Mamelle N. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn a French Department (Rhône), the prevalence of infantile autism was found to be 10.8 per 10,000 in the 5–9 age group, using broad operational criteria. The prevalence decreases to 5.1 per 10,000 when another set of criteria, similar to DSM‐III, is used. The boy/girl sex ratios for these two sets of criteria were 2.1:1 and 2.3:1 respectively. The use of DSM‐III turned out to be problematic for taking into account a broad spectrum of early psychotic disorders, autistic‐like, yet more polymorphous. A subdivision concerning the existence of associated major neurological anomalies has appeared promising but requires finer validation.
Family Factors Associated with Aggressive Symptomatology in Boys with Attention Deficit Hyper activity Disorder: A Research Note
Authors: Marshall Valerie G. , Longwell Linda , Goldstein Michael J. , Swanson James M. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract This study tested whether parent and child affective attitudes and interactional behavior co‐varied with the presence or absence of associated aggressive symptomatology in families with an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) child. Affective attitudes of both parents and their ADHD sons were studied using a modified measure of expressed emotion, the five minute speech sample (FMSS‐EE), in 29 families. A direct interaction task was also used to measure verbal and non‐verbal communication.FMSS‐EE status predicted parental interactional behavior, but the degree of child aggressiveness did not. The child's behavior towards parents, however, was highly correlated with their aggressiveness but not their EE status regarding their parents, despite the fact that child and parent EE were highly correlated.The study supports the notion that aggressiveness and a negative family climate may be independent factors in determining the long‐term course of ADHD children.
Congenital Hypothyroidism: Physiological and Psychological Factors in Early Development
Authors: Murphy G. H. , Hulse J. A. , Smith I. , Grant D. B. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract Children diagnosed as congenitally hypothyroid and treated from a very early age were followed up at 1 and 3 years. At 1 year they seemed to be developing normally, unless they were undertreated or had an additional disorder. There were no significant correlations between biochemical or social factors and psychological outcome at 1 year. At 3 years, however, those children whose T4 and/or T3 had been very low initially had significantly lower IQ scores than both other hypothyroid children and matched controls. Children with only moderately low initial T4 and/or T3, however, were doing just as well as their matched controls. Initial levels of TSH, the number of symptoms at first clinical interview and the age at the start of treatment were not good indicators of ability at 3 years. Undertreatment was rare but did appear to affect ability.Psychological outcome at 3 years was also correlated with social class (for both cases and controls). Multiple regression analyses indicated that both low initial T4 (< 20 nmol/1) and social class contributed significantly to outcome.
The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture 1990 Cooperative Learning in Classrooms: Processes and Outcomes
Authors: Bennett Neville 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis article focuses on the description and analysis of our research on cooperative grouping over the last 8 years. This research effort has moved through three interconnected phases–from description of classroom practice, to experimentation, to implementation.Descriptions of typical classroom practice have established the paucity of cooperation. Groups tend to be no more than collections of children sitting together but engaged on individual work. In such groups the level of cooperation, frequency of explanations and knowledge exchange is low.Thus, in order to gain an understanding of the nature and process of cooperation in groups on normal curriculum tasks required the setting up of within‐classroom experiments. These revealed, among others, that group composition is important to learning outcomes, and that pupil involvement substantially improves in cooperative group endeavours.Missing, however, were data on the successful implementation of cooperative groups. Yet successful implementation has great contemporary relevance because of the demand for assessed skills in collaboration in the national curriculum. Our current work therefore addresses the impact of changing grouping practices on group processes, classroom management, the teacher's role and children's learning.Preliminary findings from this study are presented together with a wider analysis of the state of the research field and possible ways forward.
Social‐Emotional Predictors of Preschoolers' Responses to Adult Negative Emotion
Authors: Denham Susanne A. , Couchoud Elizabeth A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe study examined predictors of children's prosocial responses to adult negative emotions. An adult displayed anger, sadness and pain during play sessions with 39 preschoolers (mean age = 43 months). Older children responded more prosocially to all three emotions, whereas children with greater emotion knowledge responded more prosocially to the adult's sadness. Children who behaved prosocially in response to peers' negative emotions also were prosocial after the adult's negative emotions, even with effects of age and emotion knowledge held constant. Assertive children responded more prosocially to the adult's anger, even with effects of other variables held constant. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Child and Parent Perceptions of the Upsettingness of Major Life Events
Authors: Rende Richard D. , Plomin Robert 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAn adaptation of the Coddington Social Readjustment Rating Scale for use with first‐grade children was administered to 164 first‐graders and their parents. Parents indicated whether each event occurred and both parents and their children rated the upsettingness to the child. Parent ratings of stress are significantly higher than child ratings for specific events and a composite stress measure. Parent and child composite scores correlated 0.21 when the number of events was controlled. Implications for research on life events and childhood stress are discussed.
The Development of Psychological Well‐Being in Late Adolescence
Authors: Cairns Ed , McWhirter Liz , Barry Robert , Duffy Ursulla 
Published: December 2006

AbstractStudies following adolescents from school to work indicate a sharp decrease in psychological symptoms over the 16–17‐year period compared to a more gentle decrease subsequently. This could be a genuine developmental phenomenon, related to school leaving, or because anxiety levels are higher at age 16 years due to approaching examinations. The present study examined these hypotheses. GHQ scores for those at school were related to examination candidacy. Eighteen months later such differences had disappeared among those young people now in full‐time employment. Similarly, a group who remained in full‐time education also showed a significant decline in GHQ scores.
Chromosomes in Anorexia Nervosa. A Study of 47 Cases Including a Population‐Based Group: A Research Note
Authors: Råstam Maria , Gillberg Christopher , Wahlström† Jan 
Published: December 2006

AbstractForty‐seven cases with anorexia nervosa (including a total population group) and 47 sex‐, age‐, and school‐matched comparison cases were subjected to chromosome analyses in a blind fashion. No major abnormalities were found in any of the cases. Sex chromatin was analysed in buccal smears from the girls. No differences between the anorexia nervosa and the comparison cases were found. It seems that chromosomal/sex chromatin analyses in anorexia nervosa are not warranted.
ONTOGENETIC DEVELOPMENT OF ADENYL CYCLASE AND PHOSPHODIESTERASE IN RAT BRAIN
Authors: Weiss B. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The activities of adenyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase were determined in homogenates of cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem of rats of 1 day to 9 weeks of postnatal age. The activity of cerebral and brain stem adenyl cyclase measured either in the absence or presence of sodium fluoride increased rapidly for 2 weeks, reached at 20 days a maximum about three times (brain stem) or six times (cerebrum) that seen on day 1 and then declined slightly during the next several weeks. In contrast, activity of cerebrellar adenyl cyclase increased more slowly and reached a maximum at about 32 days. Activity of phosphodiesterase in cerebrum and brain stem increased several‐fold during brain maturation; however, enzymic activity in the cerebellum decreased during the entire 9 week period.In the pineal gland, adenyl cyclase activity measured in the absence of norepinephrine or sodium fluoride did not change significantly with age. However, enzymic activity measured in the presence of these agents increased with the age of the rat. Bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglia at 1 day of age is known to arrest the sympathetic innervation of the pineal gland but did not prevent the development of this adenyl cyclase system activated by catecholamines or fluoride.
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF AMINO ACIDS IN HUMAN BRAIN OBTAINED AT AUTOPSY
Authors: Perry T. L. , Berry K. , Hansen S. , Diamond S. , Mok C. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Contents (μmol/g wet wt.) of 35 free amino acids and related compounds were measured in 12 different regions of each of five human brains. Specimens were obtained at autopsy from patients who died suddenly without previous brain disease. These data may serve for later comparison with contents of amino compounds in similar regions of the brains of patients dying with various neurological or psychiatric disorders.There were marked and consistent differences in the regional distribution of the following eight compounds: γ‐aminobutyric acid, homocarnosine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, taurine, cystathionine, glycerophosphoethanolamine, and phosphoethanolamine. These differences suggest that some of these compounds may have special physiological roles, including the possible mediation of synaptic transmission.Human brain contains two previously unreported compounds, the mixed disulphide of cysteine and glutathione and α‐(γ‐aminobutyryl)‐lysine. The latter dipeptide occurs in much higher concentrations in human brain than in the brains of lower mammals.
PROTEIN METABOLISM AND AMINO ACID ACCUMULATION IN THE RAT SUBMAXILLARY GLAND DURING REDUCED SYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY
Authors: Kidman A. D. , Weiss B. , Costa E. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Unilateral sympathetic decentralization of the superior cervical ganglion of rats was performed 3 days prior to the experiments. A two‐compartment kinetic model was proposed to describe the effect of decentralization on (1) the uptake of a nonphysiological amino acid from plasma to the submaxillary gland and (2) the incorporation of a physiological amino acid from precursor pool into protein. The calculations based on the model showed that the fractional rate constant for efflux of the nonphysiological amino acid, α‐[3‐14C] aminoisobutyric acid, was greater in the decentralized than in the normal gland. However, efflux rate was equal in the two glands because the extrapolated zero time value of the initial concentration was greater in the normal gland.The labelled physiological amino acid, [14C]leucine, was used in initial experiments to assess turnover rate of the gland proteins but it was rapidly metabolized to many other radioactive compounds. Therefore, arginine[14C]guanido was employed‐arginine being the only labelled amino acid found after injection. Since the steady state content of submaxillary gland proteins was not changed but the fractional rate constant of conversion of free arginine into protein (kp) was greater in the decentralized gland (kp= 0‐40 h_l) than in the normal (kp= 0‐27 h−1), we can conclude that decentralization increases protein turnover rate; thus, assuming that arginine[14C]guanido is homogeneously distributed in the tissue pools of free arginine, the rate of protein turnover is greater in the sympathetically decentralized gland than in the normal.
STUDIES ON S‐ADENOSYLHOMOCYSTEINE INHIBITION OF HISTAMINE TRANSMETHYLATION IN BRAIN
Authors: Baudry M. , Chast F. , Schwartz J.‐C. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The mechanism of histamine methyltransferase (HMT) inhibition by S‐adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) has been investigated on a partially purified enzyme from guinea‐pig brain. The kinetic data indicated that this inhibition was competitive with respect to S‐adenosylmethionine (SAMe) and noncompetitive with respect to histamine. The Kt, values (about 5 ± 10−6 M in both cases) indicated that SAH had a higher affinity than SAHe or histamine for the enzyme.In rats, after administration of a small dose of SAH, methylation of intracisternally injected [3H]histamine was not modified.However, treatment with l‐DOPA or pyrogallol induced a decrease in [3H]histamine methylation, presumably due to a modification in the SAMe/SAH ratio in the brain. Hence, histamine methylation in brain could be regulated according to the value of this ratio and thus related to methylation of other biogenic amines.
THE ACTIVITIES OF BUTYRYLCHOLINESTERASE AND CARBONIC ANHYDRASE, THE RATE OF ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSTS, AND THE QUESTION OF A CONSTANT DENSITY OF GLIAL CELLS IN CEREBRAL CORTICES OF VARIOUS MAMMALIAN SPECIES FROM MOUSE TO WHALE
Authors: Tower D. B. , Young O. M. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The question of a constant density of glial cells in mammalian cerebral cortex regardless of species was examined by surveying the cortical activities of two enzymes primarily localized to dial cells. The cortical activity of butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8) was essentially constant at a rate of approx. 0.1 μmol of butyrylthiocholine hydrolysed min‐1 g‐1 over the range of species from rat (brain wt., 1.6 g) to fin whale and sperm whale (brain wt., 6800 and 7800 g, respectively). Over the same range the activity of cortical acetylcholinesterase, a neuronal enzyme, decreases by a factor of 7. Thus, butyrylcholinesterase ranged from < 2 per cent (in small rodent brains) to approximately 10 per cent (in whale brain) of the cortical acetylcholinesterase activity. The cortical activity of carbonic anhydrase (EC 4.2.1.1) was constant at a rate of 6.2 (± 0.25) μmol of CO2 evolved min‐1 g‐1 over the range of species from guinea‐pig (brain wt., 4.75 g) to fin whale (brain wt., 6800 g). These data obtained by assaying the dehydration reaction were confirmed by limited assays of the esterase activity of the enzyme (with p‐nitrophenylacetate as substrate) and agreed with limited, previously reported data for the hydration reaction. Thus, the circumstantial evidence strongly favoured a relative constancy of cortical glial cell density regardless of species.The rates of anaerobic glycolysis in the cerebral cortex of various species were also investigated. For six species from mouse (brain wt., 0.4 g) to beef (brain wt., 380 g) cortical anaerobic glycolysis varied only slightly in the range of 50–62 μmol of CO2 evolved h‐1 g‐l, whereas cortical oxygen consumption for the same range of species decreased by a factor of 3. Previously frozen samples of beef cortex glycolysed at 35 per Cent of the rate of fresh (unfrozen) samples. Since identical rates were obtained for previously frozen samples of fin whale cerebral cortex, we concluded that the relative constancy of cortical anaerobic glycolysis could be extended to the range from mouse to whale and that this aspect of cortical metabolism is probably primarily glial in localization. Some implications of the latter conclusion for the proposed role of astrocytes as modulators of neuronal activity have been discussed.