bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating application mapping scenarios on the Cell/B.E.
Authors: Varbanescu Ana Lucia , Sips Henk , Ross Kenneth A. , Liu Qiang , (Paul) Natsev Apostol , Smith John R. , Liu Lurng‐Kuo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractApplications running on multicore platforms are difficult to program, and even more difficult to optimize, mainly due to (1) the several layers where the optimizations occur and (2) the multitude of available resources to be exploited in parallel. Although low‐level optimizations only target code running on individual cores, high‐level optimizations (e.g. data‐ and task‐parallelism) target the overall application performance. In this paper, we focus on the latter, by evaluating possible mapping scenarios of a real application on a heterogeneous multicore processor. Specifically, we focus on analyzing the impact of combining data‐ and task‐parallelism for a multimedia analysis application running on the Cell Broadband Engine (Cell/B.E.). We find that both low‐level and high‐level optimizations are important for the overall application speed‐up. However, we show that a speed‐up factor of over 20 for the application running on Cell/B.E. can only be obtained if core utilization is increased by combining data‐ and task‐parallelism. Thus, we consider this case study essential for building expertise in both application optimization and performance analysis for multicore platforms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interfacial Organization of Y‐Shaped Rod–Coil Molecules Packed into Cylindrical Nanoarchitectures
Authors: Liu Libin , Kim Jung‐Keun , Lee Myongsoo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe behavior at the air/water interface and the structures of Langmuir–Blodgett monolayers at different surface pressures of rod–coil molecules, which consist of a Y‐shaped rigid aromatic segment containing peripheral tetradecyloxy groups and a flexible poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) chain with 17, 21, 34, or 45 repeating ethylene oxide units (Y17, Y21, Y34, and Y45), were investigated. For the Y21 and Y34 molecules, AFM images revealed two kinds of cylindrical nanoarchitectures formed upon compression. The nanostructured films were further investigated by UV/Vis and FTIR spectroscopy. The formation of the cylindrical nanoarchitectures was due to different tilting angles offered by the mismatch of the cross‐sectional areas of the PEO chain and the benzene ring with attached alkyl chains, and the different PEO contents of the molecules. The multiple π–π stacking and hydrophobic interactions provide exceptional stability of the nanostructures and allow them to be preserved in the course of flipping. For the shortest PEO chain of the Y17 molecule, spontaneous aggregation occurred. The Y45 molecule revealed the formation of 2D circular domains caused by entanglement of the longest PEO chains and coiling at the air/water interface. In addition, an interesting vortical morphology was obtained for the Y21 molecule upon deposition of the film onto a mica substrate, which indicates that the substrate chemistry also has an effect on the morphologies during the film‐transfer process.
Why Are Selenouracils as Basic as but Stronger Acids than Uracil in the Gas Phase?
Authors: Trujillo Cristina , Mó Otilia , Yáñez Manuel 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe gas‐phase basicity and acidity of 2‐selenouracil (2SU), 4‐selenouracil (4SU), and 2,4‐diselenouracil (24SU) have been calculated at the B3LYP/6‐311+G(3df,2p) level of theory. Our results showed that all these compounds behave as bases of moderate strength in the gas phase. As was found for uracil and for the thiouracil analogues, the most basic site is the heteroatom at position 4, and only for2SUis there a certain ambiguity in assigning the basic site. More importantly, with the only exception of2SU, selenouracils are as basic as or slightly less basic than uracil, because the replacement of the oxygen atom at position 2 by a selenium atom leads to an increase of the electron delocalization inside the six‐membered ring, which decreases the intrinsic basicity of the heteroatom at position 4. As already reported for uracil and thiouracils, for selenouracils N1 is the most acidic site. However, selenouracils are predicted to be stronger acids than uracil. This acidity enhancement is essentially due to a specific stabilization of the anion when O is replaced by Se. Two factors are responsible for this stabilization: a significant aromatization of the ring upon deprotonation and a better dispersion of the excess electron density when the system contains third‐row atoms.
Investigation of microstructure and thermophysical properties of Morasko iron meteorites
Authors: Szurgot M. , Rożniakowski K. , Wojtatowicz T. W. , Polański K. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractChemical etching and electron microscopy were used to reveal and characterize minerals and microstructure of four samples of Morasko iron meteorites. All important iron meteorite minerals such as: kamacite, taenite, schreibersite, rhabdite, troilite, and graphite, as well as typical of iron meteoritc structures: Widmanstätten patterns and Neumann bands have been revealed. This implies that all the samples represent the extraterrestrial materials. Apart from similarities, differences in microstructure of various samples have also been noted, and this nonuniformity is expected for this type of material. To characterize the physical properties of Morasko meteorites, density and thermophysical properties have been chosen to compare with the properties of terrestrial materials of similar composition. Thermal diffusivity and specific heat capacity were measured by the laser flash method. Thermal conductivity was calculated on the basis of measured parameters. For the Morasko meteorites, the thermal diffusivity of various samples is in the range (7–19)·10–6m2/s, and the thermal conductivity (25–67) W/m·K at room temperature. Specific heat capacity in the temperature range between 163 and 303 K increases from 50 to 590 J/kg·K, and is equal to 478 J/kg·K at 293 K, but various samples have their heat capacity in the range (440–596) J/kg·K at room temperature. Thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of Morasko meteorites are within the range of values attained in terrestrial metals: iron, nickel, steels and iron alloys. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The crystallization of lysozyme in the system of ionic liquid [BMIm][BF4]‐water
Authors: Li Xinxin , Xu Xiaodong , Dan Yuanyuan , Feng Jing , Ge Lan , Zhang Milin 
Published: July 2008

AbstractLysozyme crystallization was conducted in the ionic liquid (IL) 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidizolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIm][BF4]) with different buffer/IL proportions. It was found that the addition of [BMIm][BF4] could promote the crystallization process, during which more lager single crystals with controllable morphologies could be obtained due to the manageable crystal growth velocity. A probable explanation was proposed based on the influence of the ionic polarization and kinetics in the lysozyme crystallization. Moreover, the transform in coordination number and the relative growth rate of different crystal faces were discussed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hydrothermal growth of ZnS microspheres and their temperature‐dependent luminescence properties
Authors: Zhang Li , Yang Liangbao 
Published: July 2008

AbstractZnS microspheres have been synthesized in large scale by a hydrothermal route. The influence of reaction time on the phase constitution is studied. The evolution process from cubic phase to hexagonal phase is showed with prolonging reaction time. It is observed that the luminescence intensity of the same sample decreases dramatically with increasing the temperature. At the same time, the Luminescence intensity of ZnS particles increases with prolonging the reaction time. The luminescence intensity of the particles is affected by the reaction time and temperature. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Recent Developments in Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Yum Jun‐Ho , Chen Peter , Grätzel Michael , Nazeeruddin Mohammad K. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe dye‐sensitized solar cell, developed in the 1990s, is a non‐conventional solar technology that has attracted much attention owing to its stability, low cost, and device efficiency. Power‐conversion efficiencies of over 11 % have been achieved for devices that contain liquid electrolytes, whereas solid‐state devices that do not require a liquid electrolyte display an overall efficiency of 5 %. Improvement of the efficiency of solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells requires optimization of their various components, such as the hole‐transport material, sensitizer, mesoporous TiO2 film, and the blocking layer. This Minireview highlights the current state of the art and future directions of solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cell technology.
Catalytic Conversion of Biomass: Challenges and Issues
Authors: Gallezot Pierre 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThere are strong incentives to develop the production of fuels, chemicals and materials from biomass. However, the extensive use of biomass for industrial production, particularly for biofuels which involves high tonnages, raises environmental and ethical issues that may throw some doubts on the sustainability of these processes. The processing cost of biomass must be decreased by designing new processing routes and catalytic systems because those employed for hydrocarbons are not adapted to the molecular structure of biomolecules. To avoid competition with food supply, lignocellulosic feedstocks should be used rather than traditional agricultural crops particularly for biofuel production. Life‐cycle assessment, which takes into account all the inputs and outputs of a process/product, should be carried out to evaluate the environmental impact of processes and used as a decision‐making tool for product development.
Heterogeneous Multifunctional Catalysts for Tandem Processes: An Approach toward Sustainability
Authors: Felpin François‐Xavier , Fouquet Eric 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe development of sustainable organometallic chemistry is one of the many challenges that chemists must address to solve environmental issues. Until now, the classical approach was to develop highly selective homogeneous catalysts for a single transformation. However, a new area of research focuses on the execution of two or more reactions in the same vessel using heterogeneous multitask catalysts. This approach results in a reduced number of operations leading to time and cost benefits. Moreover, owing to the scarcity of natural resources and the recent dramatic cost increase of these resources and metals, the development of recyclable heterogeneous catalysts is urgent. This Minireview focuses on the latest developments in tandem reactions promoted by heterogeneous multitask catalysts.
Abnormal mitosis in hypertetraploid cells causes aberrant nuclear morphology in association with H2O2‐induced premature senescence
Authors: Ohshima Susumu 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAberrant nuclear morphology, such as nuclei with irregular shapes or fragmented nuclei, is often observed in senescent cells, but its biological significance is not fully understood. My previous study showed that aberrant nuclear morphology in senescent human fibroblasts is attributable to abnormal mitosis in later passages. In this study, the production of abnormal nuclei in association with premature senescence was investigated. Premature senescence was induced by brief exposure of human fibroblasts to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and mitosis was observed by time‐lapse microscopy. In addition, cell cycle and nuclear morphology after exposure to H2O2 were also analyzed using a laser scanning cytometer. Time‐lapse analysis revealed that the induction of premature senescence caused abnormal mitoses, such as mitotic slippage or incomplete mitosis, especially in later days after H2O2 exposure and often resulted in abnormal nuclear morphology. Analysis by laser scanning cytometer showed significantly higher frequency of abnormal cells with deformed nuclei and abnormal mitotic cells with misaligned chromosomes in a hypertetraploid subpopulation. These results suggest that unstable hypertetraploid cells, formed in association with H2O2‐induced premature senescence, cause abnormal mitosis that leads to aberrant nuclear morphology. © 2008 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Comparison of PAX‐2, RCC antigen, and antiphosphorylated H2AX antibody (γ‐H2AX) in diagnosing metastatic renal cell carcinoma by fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Wasco Matthew J. , Pu Robert T. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDiagnosing metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) can be challenging. Existing antibodies supporting a diagnosis of RCC, including CD10 and RCC‐Ma, have problems with specificity and interpretation. In this report, we evaluate the use of two newer immunostains, PAX‐2 and γ‐H2AX, which to our knowledge have not been studied in FNA material, in the diagnosis of metastatic RCC and in comparison with RCC‐Ma. 29 cases of metastatic RCC were identified as well as a TMA of an additional 30 RCC cases. In the case cohort, RCC‐Ma in a membranous pattern of staining identified 15/27 (56%) metastatic RCC, although interpretation was made difficult in many cases due to focality of staining and non‐specific cytoplasmic staining. PAX‐2 stained 23/29 (79%) of tumors in a nuclear stain, most strongly. Gamma‐H2AX stained 19/26 (73%) of metastatic RCC strongly in a nuclear stain. In the TMA, strong, diffuse nuclear staining with γ‐H2AX was present in 22/30 RCC (73%). If weak staining was also included as positive, 26/30 (87%) were positive. PAX‐2 stained RCC TMA with a lower percentage at 56%, including weaker staining intensity. Both PAX‐2 and γ‐H2AX demonstrated patchy staining of normal renal tubules, PAX‐2 to a greater extent. Both PAX‐2 and γ‐H2AX are sensitive markers for the diagnosis of metastatic RCC, with improved ease of interpretation when compared with RCC‐Ma. A combination of all 3 markers identified 87% of cases, and failure to stain for both PAX‐2 and γ‐H2AX suggests against, but does not disprove, a diagnosis of RCC. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008; 36: 568–573. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis in a liquid‐based Papanicolaou test from a pregnant woman: Report of a case
Authors: Alsharif Mariam , Martin Andrea U. , Shelton Jack B. , Pambuccian Stefan E. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWith the exception of Candida species, fungal organisms are rarely encountered in the Papanicolaou test and, when encountered, usually represent contaminants rather then infections. We present the case of a healthy 29‐year‐old pregnant female, gravida 1, para 0, who presented for her first prenatal visit at 12‐week gestation and had many large fungal‐like elements with a distinct budding pattern of multiple narrow‐based buds resembling a “ship's‐wheel” identified in her routine liquid‐based Papanicolaou test. Based on its characteristic appearance in the Papanicolaou test and the hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid Schiff and Gomori's methenamine silver stains performed on the cell block made from the residual sample, the fungus was diagnosed as “consistent with Paracoccidioides.” This is the second reported case of Paracoccidioides presenting in a Papanicolaou test and shows that this organism may rarely involve the uterine cervix in the absence of clinical systemic disease. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008; 36: 557–560. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imprint cytology of high‐grade immature ovarian teratoma: A case report, literature review, and distinction from other ovarian small round cell tumors
Authors: Ramalingam Preetha , Teague Daniel , Reid‐Nicholson Michelle 
Published: July 2008

AbstractImmature ovarian teratoma (IOT) is a rare and aggressive malignant neoplasm characterized by immature neural tissue. The cytomorphologic features have only rarely been described. We herein describe an additional case and review the literature regarding this entity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case with imprint cytology. A 35‐year‐old woman presented with a pelvic mass which was resected and sent for frozen section evaluation. Imprint smears and frozen section of the mass were diagnostic of IOT. IOT has diagnostic cytologic features which show complete concordance with histology. Differential diagnoses include other small round cell neoplasms such as ovarian neuroblastoma, small cell carcinoma of hypercalcemic type, primitive neuroectodermal tumor, Wilm's tumor, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, and Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma. Distinguishing IOT from these tumors can be challenging however if diligent morphologic study and/or ancillary studies are performed accurate diagnosis is possible. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008; 36: 595–599. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytomorphology of lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma of the urinary bladder: Report of two cases
Authors: Cai Guoping , Parwani Anil V. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractLymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma (LELC) of the urinary bladder is a rare variant of high‐grade urothelial carcinoma. Here, we report urine cytologic findings in two cases of this rare entity, the diagnosis of which was confirmed by histopathological examination of the resected tumors. The cytomorphologic features included large tumor cells with high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratios, vesicular chromatin, and prominent nucleoli, presented as single cells or intermixed with inflammatory cells. The differential diagnosis included otherwise typical high‐grade urothelial carcinoma, reactive urothelial cells and rarely large cell lymphoma. The rarity of the tumor cells may impose a diagnostic challenge in urine specimen. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008; 36: 600–603. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytological features of myxoid adrenocortical adenoma with a pseudoglandular component: A case report with differential diagnostic considerations
Authors: Ishida Mitsuaki , Yoshida Keiko , Miyamoto Keiko , Iwai Muneo , Miyahira Yoshimitsu , Kushima Ryoji , Okabe Hidetoshi 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMyxoid adrenocortical tumors are extremely rare neoplasms with only nine adenomas and eleven carcinomas reported in the literature. They occasionally have a pseudoglandular component resembling metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma in the adrenal gland. However the cytological features of this unusual tumor have not been previously described. We report here the first cytopathological study of a myxoid adrenocortical adenoma with a pseudoglandular component, contributing especially to the differential diagnosis from metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma. Two major cytopathological features distinguishing myxoid adrenocortical adenoma from metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma in the adrenal gland are: (1) the myxoid material is found only in the extracellular space, and not in the cytoplasm; and (2) nuclei are usually located in the central portion of the cytoplasm, and not compressed to the periphery. Careful observation of these cytological features and positive immunoreactivity to Melan A, alpha‐inhibin and synaptophysin can lead to the correct diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008; 36: 576–580. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusion is a significant diagnostic feature for the differentiation of lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia from minimal deviation adenocarcinoma of the cervix
Authors: Hashi Akihiko , Yuminamochi Tsutomu , Xu Jia‐Ying , Kondo Tetsuo , Katoh Ryohei , Hoshi Kazuhiko 
Published: July 2008

AbstractLobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (LEGH) is a cervical lesion with pyloric gland metaplasia. Minimal deviation adenocarcinoma (MDA) is an extremely well differentiated form of endocervical adenocarcinoma (AC). To date, it is difficult to differentiate LEGH from MDA because they share similar clinical, radiological, and immunohistochemical features. Furthermore, the cytological features of LEGH and MDA have not been well defined. In the present study, we describe the cytological features of LEGH and MDA. We reviewed 24 cases of LEGH (18 pure and six mixed forms) and four MDA cases of the cervix. A total of 40 cytologic smears from 28 patients were reviewed. Abundant yellow mucin was frequently present in both LEGH and MDA; however, an INCI was found in 22 of the 24 LEGH cases and it was not found in either MDA or adenocarcinoma cells associated with LEGH. Neither cell atypia nor architectural distortion was observed in LEGH. In MDA, slight cellular atypia, three dimensional, irregular cell clustering, and prominent nucleoli were observed. The presence of an INCI is a good parameter for the diagnosis of LEGH. Cytology is an effective aid in the differentiation of LEGH from MDA. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008; 36: 535–544. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diabetes classification: grey zones, sound and smoke: Action LADA 1
Authors: Leslie R. D. G. , Kolb H. , Schloot N. C. , Buzzetti R. , Mauricio D. , De Leiva A. , Yderstraede K. , Sarti C. , Thivolet C. , Hadden D. , Hunter S. , Schernthaner G. , Scherbaum W. , Williams R. , Pozzilli P. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDiseases gain identity from clinical phenotype as well as genetic and environmental aetiology. The definition of type 1 diabetes is clinically exclusive, comprising patients who are considered insulin dependent at diagnosis, whilst the definition of type 2 diabetes is inclusive, only excluding those who are initially insulin dependent. Ketosis‐prone diabetes (KPD) and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) are each exclusive forms of diabetes which are, at least initially, clinically distinct from type 2 diabetes and type 1 diabetes, and each have a different natural history from these major types of diabetes.KPD can be diagnosed unequivocally as diabetes presenting with the categorical clinical feature, ketoacidosis. In contrast, LADA can be diagnosed by the co‐occurrence of three traits, not one of which is categorical or exclusive to the condition: adult‐onset non‐insulin‐requiring diabetes, an islet autoantibody such as glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA) orcytoplasmicislet cell autoantibodies (ICA), and no need for insulin treatment for several months post‐diagnosis. But while some would split diabetes into distinct subtypes, there is a strong case that these subtypes form a continuum of varying severity of immune and metabolic dysfunction modified by genetic and non‐genetic factors. This article discusses the nature of disease classification in general, and KPD and LADA in particular, emphasizing the potential value and pitfalls in classifying diabetes and suggesting a need for more research in this area. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
InN@SiO2 Nanomaterials as New Blue Light Emitters
Authors: Munusamy Prabhakaran , Mahalingam Venkataramanan , van Veggel Frank C. J. M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn this article we report blue photoluminescence (≈ 450 nm) from InN@SiO2 nanomaterials. The InN@SiO2 nanomaterials were prepared by a simple precipitation reaction followed by a solid‐state reaction. Various control experiments demonstrate that the interface between the InN and SiO2 seems to play a crucial role in the origin of the blue emission from the InN@SiO2 nanomaterial. The InN@SiO2 nanomaterial was characterized by using analytical methods such as TEM, XRD, Raman, XPS, and photoluminescence spectroscopy, which confirmed the existence of InN on SiO2 with a small excess of nitrogen relative to indium.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)