bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The stress appraisal measure (SAM): A multidimensional approach to cognitive appraisal
Authors: Peacock Edward J. , Wong Paul T. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCognitive‐relational theory emphasizes the fundamental role of cognitive appraisal in the stress process. However, existing measures of stress appraisal suffer from conceptual and methodological problems. The present paper reports the development of a new stress appraisal scale that attempts to overcome some of these difficulties. Six dimensions of primary and secondary appraisal were identified: threat, challenge, centrality, controllable‐by‐self, controllable‐by‐others, uncontrollable‐by‐anyone. Items were generated for each of these dimensions, as well as for an overall perceived stressfulness scale. In three studies examining anticipatory stress experienced by undergraduates, these items were subjected to item‐selection, analysis and validation procedures. The findings provide strong support for the psychometric properties of the scales. Two factor analyses showed that the six appraisal dimensions were relatively independent. In multiple regression analyses, threat and centrality consistently emerged as significant predictors of overall stressfulness. The Stress Appraisal Measure (SAM) appears to be a promising instrument for use in future stress research.
Changes in biogenic amine neurotransmitters in panic disorder
Authors: Leonard B. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this short review, an attempt is made to assess the evidence implicating a disorder in central biogenic amine neurotransmission in panic disorder. Circumstantial evidence obtained from studying the efficacy of benzodiazepines and antidepressants in attenuating some of the key symptoms of panic disorders suggests that the GABAergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic systems may be causally involved in the pathology of this condition. The possible neuroanatomical substrates for the major symptoms of panic disorder are discussed. Finally, the direct evidence implicating abnormalities in the noradrenergic and serotonergic systems is considered as assessed by changes in peripheral markers of these neurotransmitters. So far, the results of such studies are equivocal and point to the need for more extensive longitudinal studies before any firm conclusion can be reached implicating abnormalities in the function of any specific neurotransmitters in the disorder.
The state of leucocyte adhesiveness/aggregation in the peripheral blood: A new and independent marker of mental stress
Authors: Arber Nadir , Berliner Shlomo , Tamir Arnon , Liberman Eliezer , Segal Gil , Pinkhas Jack , Aronson Moshe 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA direct slide test was used to detect the presence of aggregated white blood cells in the peripheral blood. By this means the state of leucocyte adhesiveness/aggregation (LAA) during acute mental stress was determined in 22 healthy volunteers and compared to the white blood cell count (WBCC). The LAA test proved to be more sensitive (73 per cent) as compared to the WBCC (40 per cent). This increased sensitivity is a result of a greater deviation of the LAA from normal values (obtained in 22 healthy controls) than the one obtained in the absolute cell number in the circulating pool. It is assumed that factors released during stress induce a state of increased LAA. Hence the determination of the adhesive state together with the absolute WBCC may yield a rapid, cheap and efficient laboratory criterion for the detection of mental stress.
Cognitive behavioural treatment for essential hypertension: A controlled study
Authors: Amigo Isaac , Buceta Jose M. , Becona Elisardo , Bueno Ana M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSixteen patients with essential hypertension from the northwest of Spain were exposed to a three—four week baseline period and later divided into two groups of eight patients each. One of these groups was treated with a six‐week cognitive behavioural programme based mainly on stress inoculation training and the other group was assigned to an attention—placebo condition based on individual regular contacts between the therapist and the patient, including discussions about the lifestyle of the latter but without any training on cognitive or behavioural strategies. After the six‐week intervention period, and at a six months' follow‐up, subjects treated with the cognitive behavioural programme showed a significantly higher reduction of diastolic blood pressure than patients exposed to the attention—placebo condition, considering measurements taken both at hospital and at patients' homes. Similarly, the group treated with cognitive behavioural therapy showed a significant within‐group reduction over the measurement taken at hospital.
Childhood predictors of later suicide: Follow‐up of a sample of gifted children
Authors: Lester David 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBy 1987, 8.7 per cent of the deaths of the men and 5.2 per cent of the deaths of the women in Terman's sample of gifted children were from suicide. Four variables distinguished those who killed themselves at a young age from those committing suicide later: the length of pregnancy, the length of breast feeding, loss of father by death or divorce, and a lower desire to excel.
Predictive validity of the strain components of the occupational stress indicator
Authors: Cooper Cary L. , Bramwell Rosalind S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study analysed the intercorrelations between questionnaire data on job satisfaction, mental and physical health and objective data on incidence of, and days lost due to, sickness absence for 236 managers and 377 shopfloor workers. Analysis of all respondents showed significant correlations between the strain scales and sickness absence data, confirming the predictive validity of the scales. For managers, the strain scales correlated well with incidence of sickness absence, but not with days lost. For shopfloor workers, the strain scales correlated well, but the relationship with sickness absence data was more complex. The results suggested important differences between managers and shopfloor workers in their experiences of stress.
Correlations between perceived stress and depressive symptoms among depressive outpatients
Authors: Fava Maurizio , Rosenbaum Jerrold F. , McCarthy Mary , Pava Joel A. , Steingard Ronald , Fox Rachel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCognitive distortions associated with depression may amplify the sense of strain and pressure derived from everyday stressors. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), designed to assess the degree to which situations are perceived as stressful, was administered before and after open treatment with fluoxetine 20 mg/day for eight weeks to 60 consecutive outpatients with major depression (15 men and 45 women; mean age: 36.9 ± 10.6 years) and to 22 normal controls (11 mean and 11 women; mean age: 34.6 ± 10.1 years). Pretreatment, the mean PSS score among the depressed patients was 38.8 ± 6.4, which was significantly higher (z score: 6.33; p < 0.0001) than that (22.4 ± 7.0) of the group of normal controls. After treatment with fluoxetine, the mean PSS score was 25.1 ± 8.9, not different from controls but significantly different from baseline (paired t‐test = 10.8; p < 0.0001). The correlation between PSS and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM‐D‐17) scores was significant both before (r = 0.33; p < 0.02) and after (r = 0.62; p < 0.0001) treatment with fluoxetine. An even greater correlation was found between differences in pre‐ and post‐treatment PSS scores and differences in pre‐ and posttreatment HAM‐D‐17 scores (r = 0.65; p < 0.0001).
Occupational stress in health service workers in the UK
Authors: Rees David , Cooper Cary L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLevels of occupational stress were examined in 1176 employees of all occupational groups within one large UK health authority. In comparison with the most recently established normative group of workers from non‐health care sectors, health workers reported significantly greater pressure at work but scored lower on measures of Type A behaviour pattern and employed coping strategies more frequently. The health care workers reported, in contrast with previous studies, fewer symptoms of mental ill‐health and similar levels of job satisfaction. Job satisfaction and psychosomatic ill‐health were related to sickness absence among health workers. Approximately one in 12 health workers had stress symptoms of equal magnitude to patients attending clinical psychology outpatient clinics. The major occupational groups within the health worker sample were compared on stress measures. General managers were found to report the lowest levels of pressure, were high on Type A (nearly as high as doctors), were found to be the most ‘internal’ in their perceived locus of control, had the lowest levels of ill‐health symptoms, the highest levels of job satisfaction and the lowest sickness absence rate. Nurses reported the highest levels of pressure. Ancillary staff and scientists and technicians, on the other hand, had very low levels of job satisfaction and high sickness absence.
Stress, coping and mental well‐being in hospital nurses
Authors: Tyler Patrick , Cushway Delia 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPrevious studies on stress in nurses have demonstrated positive but low correlations between stress measures and indicators of mental distress. The present study was designed to investigate further this relationship and the extent to which it is attenuated by coping strategies. Questionnaires on sources of stress, coping strategies and health outcomes were administered to 72 nurses in one large general hospital. The results indicated that staff conflicts and workload stress increased with grade of nurse and that workload stress and organizational support and involvement differed between wards, whereas there were no differences between groups in coping strategies or mental health outcomes. Negative mental health outcomes were mainly predicted by nurses' perceptions of excessive workload and their adoption of avoidance coping strategies. The main recommendations arising from the study, therefore, were that stress‐related disorders in nurses could be alleviated if sufficient resources were allocated so that excessive workloads were reduced, and if stress management programmes could be initiated so that appropriate coping strategies would be adopted.
Psychological determinants of occupational burnout
Authors: Thompson M. S. , Page S. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA representative sample of 74 nurses working in a comparatively large Australian psychiatric hospital completed a questionnaire which contained scales that reflected the elements of the self‐control model of human stress proposed by Carver and Scheier. Canonical correlation analysis was used to statistically relate proposed elements of the self‐control model to both intensity and frequency subscale scores of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Interpretation of the complicated array of structure coefficients derived for four significant canonical variates provided support for the basic tenets of the self‐control model. Notably, those participants who reported higher intensities of emotional exhaustion–depersonalization also reported higher scores on operational measures of self‐focus and negative affect, a greater range of discrepant aspects of their job, and more pessimism regarding improvement in those same aspects. A framework for elaboration of the model through future research is proposed.
Relationships of neurogenic and psychological factors to the regulation and variability of serum lipids
Authors: Rosenman Ray H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThere is consistent evidence that self‐perceived stress can cause significant short‐term increases of plasma total and LDL cholesterol that vary in different individuals and are occasionally of large magnitude. This may be due to a stimulation of sympathetic nervous system activity that suppresses LDL cholesterol receptors. Behavioral ‘activation’ appears to be associated with higher cholesterol levels, reduced participation in life activities with lower levels, and transient increases during emotional arousal with anxiety.
The effect of life‐threatening war stress on an acute psychiatric ward
Authors: Grisaru Nimrod , Paronsky Alla , Zabow Aubrey , Belmaker R. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Gulf War led to an anticipated missile attack on the Israeli civilian population. Psychotic inpatients in a locked ward repeatedly had to enter a sealed room and put on gas masks, after air raid sirens were sounded. Despite absence of psychological preparation, the patients cooperated well and no exacerbations of psychosis were noted.
Work‐family stress, conflict, coping, and burnout in police officers
Authors: Burke Ronald J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study examined a research model developed to understand work satisfactions and emotional and physical well‐being among police officers. Data were collected from 828 men and women in police work using questionnaires completed anonymously. Although considerable diversity was present in the sample, a majority were male constables in their early careers. Five groups of predictor variables identified in previous research were considered: individual demographic and situational variables, work stressors, work‐family conflict, coping responses, and psychological burnout components. Work stressors and psychological burnout were fairly consistently and significantly related to levels of self‐reported work attitudes and emotional and physical well‐being. Somewhat surprisingly, work‐family conflict and individual coping responses were generally unrelated to measures of work attitudes and self‐reported emotional and physical well‐being.
A test of carver and scheier's self‐control model of stress in exploring burnout among mental health nurses
Authors: Thompson Murray S. , Page Sandra L. , Cooper Cary L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA sample of Australian psychiatric nurses completed a questionnaire which included operational measures of elements of Carver and Scheier's self‐control model of stress including the frequency dimension of the subscales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory — emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and diminished accomplishment. Other scales completed by participants included independent subscales contained in the Positive and Negative Affectivity Scale and the private and public self‐focus and social anxiety subscales of the Self‐Consciousness Scale (Revised). Two interpretable canonical variates labelled emotional exhaustion–depersonalization and diminished accomplishment were derived from analysis of the date. Each element of the self‐control model showed an expected contribution to an emotional exhaustion–depersonalization canonical variate, whereas reported levels of only positive affectivity and private self‐focus made a notable contribution to explanation of variance on the diminished accomplishment canonical variate.
Subjective and objective relaxation effects of low energy emission therapy
Authors: Higgs Lisa , Reite Martin , Barbault Alexandre , Lebet Jean‐Pierre , Rossel Claude , Amato David , Dafni Urania , Pasche Boris 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA device has been designed that allows the safe and homogeneous delivery of very low levels of amplitude‐modulated electromagnetic fields to human beings by placing a spoon‐shaped antenna in the mouth of subjects. This new method has been termed low energy emission therapy (LEET). In two separate double‐blind crossover studies performed on a total of 104 healthy volunteers, the potential relaxation effects of a 15‐minute treatment with either an active or an inactive LEET device were investigated. All subjects were exposed to both active and inactive LEET treatment sessions, with an interval of at least 1 week between the two sessions. Blood pressure and pulse were recorded before and after treatment sessions and a subjective questionnaire was completed by the patient at the end of each treatment session. A decrease in systolic blood pressure (p= 0.016, two‐tailedt‐test) as well as a subjective feeling of warmth (p= 0.012, two‐tailed McNemar test) and muscular relaxation (p= 0.005, two‐tailed McNemar test) was noted following active treatment sessions. It is concluded that LEET induces relaxation in healthy volunteers which is associated with a decrease in systolic blood pressure, no change in pulse, and a subjective feeling of warmth probably due to peripheral vasodilation. The data suggest that LEET may become a new therapeutic modality in the field of stress medicine.
Stress and coping in clinical psychologists
Authors: Cushway Delia , Tyler Patrick A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLevels and sources of stress, as well as coping strategies, were assessed in 101 West Midlands clinical psychologists by means of a postal survey. As expected, GHQ caseness levels for qualified psychologists were lower than for those in training, although qualified psychologists reported that they felt as stressed as trainees. As hypothesized, women and those with less experience reported higher stress levels. Junior men reported higher stress levels than more senior men; however, no such differences were found for women. Those psychologists who were ‘cases’ were also less likely to live with a partner. As expected, the most frequently reported coping strategies were behavioural, which mostly involved talking to others, and avoidance coping was associated with a poorer mental health outcome. Factor analysis of a self‐report stress survey identified seven factors; being responsible for supervising trainees accounted for the greatest variance in stress ratings. Psychologists indicated that better support from colleagues and better NHS management were the factors most likely to alleviate stress.
Reliability of lymphocyte proliferation assays
Authors: Fillion Lise , Belles‐Isles Marthe , Lemyre Louise , Roy Raynald 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAccording to the psychoneuroimmunology literature, stressful experiences and psychological stress can alter various immunological parameters. The lymphocyte proliferation response of T cells is known to be variable but no data can be found on the reliability of blastogenesis retesting. To address this problem, 10 healthy volunteer men were tested on four occasions in longitudinal repeated measures design. Immunological parameters were measured from blood samples testing date. Using a doubly multivariate repeated measures design, significant time and concentration effects were observed for both parameters: concanavalin A induced blastogenesis (ConA) and phytohemagglutinin induced response (PHA). An interaction effect between time and mitogen dose was observed. Satisfactory reliability for ConA could not be achieved even in controlling for mitogen dose. Better results were obtained for PHA, but only at dilution 1:100. These data highlight the need for caution in interpreting fluctuations associated with lymphocyte proliferation responses in psychoneuroimmunology.
Psychoendocrinologic mechanisms of life stress
Authors: De La Torre B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPsychological coping with daily life stressors induces endocrine responses by the central and autonomic nervous systems (CNS, ANS) as well as steroid hormone secretion by the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis. The adrenocortical hormones together with the catecholamines maintain peripheral homeostasis and regulate cardiovascular, metabolic and immune functions during stress reactions. Active coping with intermittent stressors is related to sympathetic nervous system (SNS)–adrenomedullary arousal and to adrenocortical hormone suppression. This is presumed to result in a strong, positive response, emotional stability and enhancement of the immune system, so‐called ‘positive stress reaction’. During passive, long‐term coping, SNS arousal is assumed to be associated with adrenocortical (cortisol) stimulation and immune suppression, so‐called ‘negative stress reaction’. The consequences include psychosomatic disorders and cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and/or immune diseases. Clinical data on adrenocortical hormone measurements in patients with immune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ulcerative colitis (UC), indicate, however, that the levels of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) are reduced or normal, compared to those of other categories of patients and healthy subjects. Furthermore, the basal cortisol levels have also been found to be reduced in children with recurrent psychosomatic abdominal pain (RAP). These data seem to be in contraposition to the generally assumed role of the adrenocortical pathway in the evolution of stress‐induced diseases. Studies to assess whether there is a relationship between long‐term ‘negative’ stress reactions and the low adrenocortical hormone levels are lacking, but are needed.
Occupational stress profiles of senior police managers: Cross‐cultural study of officers from Berlin and northern Ireland
Authors: Kirkcaldy Bruce D. , Brown Jennifer , Cooper Cary L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSenior police officers from Berlin and Northern Ireland have in common the task of policing divided communities and cohabiting with a military presence, and as such were expected to share similar profiles of job‐related stressors and exhibit equivalent coping strategies. While some similarities were found, the study reports some interesting differences, with German officers emerging as more stressed and using a greater variety of coping strategies than those from Northern Ireland. Differences are discussed in terms of dimensions of duration and expectedness of threat.
Predictors of symptom increase among managers: The role of environmental, personal and situational characteristics
Authors: Lindorff Margaret 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study examines the personal and situational characteristics associated with health status change in a sample of 572 managers. Organizational, social and demographic characteristics, environmental perceptions, coping resources and constraints, self‐focused beliefs, characteristics of recent stressful events, appraisals of the event and coping strategies all make an independent contribution to symptom increases. When relatively stable background characteristics are held constant, the greatest associations with symptom increases are for trait anxiety, comforting physically coping, the nature of the most recent stressful event, environmental uncontrollability and organizational instability through mergers and acquisitions.
Pain, stress and depression: Psychoneurophysiology and therapy
Authors: Shealy C. Norman , Cady Roger K. , Cox Richard H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDepression is probably the most common illness in the world, and it is much maligned by patients and physicians as well as the insurance industry. We have found that all patients with depression have one or more chemical and neurochemical abnormalities. More importantly, we have found that 85 per cent of patients can be brought out of depression within 2 weeks without drug therapy. The therapy program consists of education, cranial electrical stimulation, music, photostimulation, insight meditation and magnesium supplments. Interestingly, videotaped education is more effective than live lectures.