bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluidized‐Bed Reactors
Authors: Werther Joachim 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.The Fluidization Principle1.2.Forms of Fluidized Beds1.3.Advantages and Disadvantages of the Fluidized‐Bed Reactor2.Fluid‐Mechanical Principles2.1.Minimum Fluidization Velocity2.2.Expansion of Liquid–Solid Fluidized Beds2.3.Fluidization Properties of Typical Bed Solids2.4.State Diagram of Fluidized Bed2.5.Gas Distribution2.6.Gas Jets in Fluidized Beds2.7.Bubble Development2.8.Elutriation2.9.Circulating Fluidized Beds2.9.1.Hydrodynamic Principles2.9.2.Local Flow Structure in Circulating Fluidized Beds2.9.3.Design of Solids Recycle System2.10.Cocurrent Downflow Circulating Fluidized Beds (Downers)2.11.Attrition of Solids3.Solids Mixing in Fluidized‐Bed Reactors3.1.Mechanisms of Solids Mixing3.2.Vertical Mixing of Solids3.3.Horizontal Mixing of Solids3.4.Solids Residence‐Time Properties3.5.Solids Mixing in Circulating Fluidized Beds4.Gas Mixing in Fluidized‐Bed Reactors4.1.Gas Mixing in Bubbling Fluidized Beds4.2.Gas Mixing in Circulating Fluidized Beds5.Heat and Mass Transfer in Fluidized‐Bed Reactors6.Gas–Solid Separation7.Injection of Liquid Reactants into Fluidized Beds8.Industrial Applications8.1.Heterogeneous Catalytic Gas‐Phase Reactions8.2.Polymerization of Olefins8.3.Homogeneous Gas‐Phase Reactions8.4.Gas–Solid Reactions8.5.Applications in Biotechnology9.Modeling of Fluidized‐Bed Reactors9.1.Modeling of Liquid–Solid Fluidized‐Bed Reactors9.2.Modeling of Gas–Solid Fluidized‐Bed Reactors9.2.1.Bubbling Fluidized‐Bed Reactors9.2.2.Circulating Fluidized‐Bed Reactors9.3.Newer Developments in Modeling Fluidized‐Bed Reactors9.3.1Computational Fluid Dynamics9.3.2Modeling of Fluidized‐Bed Systems10.Scale‐upThe article gives an overview on fundamentals and applications of fluidized‐bed technology. Some basic fluid‐mechanical principles—minimum fluidization velocity, status diagram, gas distribution, bubble development, and solids entrainment and elutriation—are presented at the beginning, followed by a detailed discussion of circulating fluidized beds, downers, and attrition effects in fluidized‐bed systems. Sections on solids mixing, gas mixing, and heat and mass transfer in fluidized beds complete the fundamentals section, which is followed by an overview on industrial applications. Fluidized‐bed processes for heterogeneous catalytic gas‐phase reactions, for the polymerization of olefins, for homogenous gas‐phase reactions, gas–solid reactions and applications in biotechnology are described in detail. A final chapter is devoted to the modeling of fluidized‐bed reactors.
AgI/Ag Heterojunction Nanowires: Facile Electrochemical Synthesis, Photoluminescence, and Enhanced Ionic Conductivity
Authors: Liang C. , Terabe K. , Tsuruoka T. , Osada M. , Hasegawa T. , Aono M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe construction of an electronic‐conductor/ionic‐conductor heterojunction in a well‐defined nanostructure is the basis of studying interfacial and bulk transport and the reactions of ions and electrons at the nanoscale level. An ionic‐conductor/metal (AgI/Ag) heterostructured nanowire array is easily fabricated by a template‐confined, step‐electrochemical technique. The structural and morphological evolution of the AgI/Ag heterostructure before and after its release from the anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membrane is characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and optical spectroscopy. The structural disordering of released AgI is suggested by the appearance of a broad photoluminescence emission band at longer wavelengths and a short‐range‐order‐like Raman peak. The ionic conductivity of the AgI nanowire embedded inside the insulating AAO membrane is measured as being on the order of 10–3 S cm–1, which is an enhancement by two to three orders of magnitude compared with that of bulk polycrystalline AgI at room temperature. This electrochemical method could be useful in fabricating other pure and mixed ionic conductors in heterojunction nanostructures.
Controlling the Growth and Assembly of Silver Nanoprisms
Authors: Zhang J. H. , Liu H. Y. , Zhan P. , Wang Z. L. , Ming N. B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA novel water/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)/n‐pentanol ternary system is successfully developed to realize the controlled growth and assembly of silver nanoprisms using a one‐step synthesis for the first time. The highly shape‐selective growth and assembly of nanoprisms is based on the unique water/PVP/n‐pentanol interface. It is seen that the cooperative assembly of nanoprisms with PVP greatly affects the size‐dependent nanoprism plasmon bands. The plasmon bands of the assemblies are closer to those of bulk silver than to those of nanoprisms. The method is simple and versatile, and is successfully extended to prepare Au and Pd nanoprisms, lamellar ZnO particles, and layered ZnO assemblies with high purity. The method may provide powerful technology for shape‐selective synthesis and assembly of lamellar nanoparticles with novel structures and functions in nanotechnology.
Organic Light‐Emitting Transistors Containing a Laterally Arranged Heterojunction
Authors: Di C. A. , Yu G. , Liu Y. Q. , Xu X. J. , Wei D. C. , Song Y. B. , Sun Y. M. , Wang Y. , Zhu D. B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn approach to produce organic light‐emitting transistors (OLETs) containing a laterally arranged heterojunction structure, which minimizes exciton quenching at the metal electrodes, is described. This device configuration provides an organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) structure where the anode (source) electrode, hole‐transport material (field‐effect material), light‐emitting material, and cathode (drain) electrode are laterally arranged, thus offering a chance to control the electroluminescent intensity by changing the gate bias. Pentacene and tris(8‐quinolinolato)aluminum (Alq3) are employed as the field‐effect and light‐emitting materials, respectively. The laterally arranged heterojunction structures are achieved by successively inclined deposition of the field‐effect and light‐emitting materials. After deposition of pentacene, a narrow gap of about 10–20 nm between the drain electrode and pentacene was obtained, thereby creating an opportunity to fabricate a laterally arranged heterojunction. In the OLETs, unsymmetrical source and drain electrodes, that is, Au and LiF/Al ones, are used to ensure efficient injection of holes and electrons. Visible‐light emission from OLETs is observed under ambient atmosphere. This result is ascribed to efficient carrier injection and transport, formation of a heterojunction, as well as good luminescence from the organic emissive layer. The device structure serves as an excellent model system for OLETs and demonstrates a general concept of adjusting the charge‐carrier injection and transport, as well as the electroluminescent properties, by forming laterally arranged heterojunctions.
Bionanocomposites: A New Concept of Ecological, Bioinspired, and Functional Hybrid Materials
Authors: Darder M. , Aranda P. , Ruiz‐Hitzky E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBionanocomposites represent an emerging group of nanostructured hybrid materials. They are formed by the combination of natural polymers and inorganic solids and show at least one dimension on the nanometer scale. Similar to conventional nanocomposites, which involve synthetic polymers, these biohybrid materials also exhibit improved structural and functional properties of great interest for different applications. The properties inherent to the biopolymers, that is, biocompatibility and biodegradability, open new prospects for these hybrid materials with special incidence in regenerative medicine and in environmentally friendly materials (green nanocomposites). Research on bionanocomposites can be regarded as a new interdisciplinary field closely related to significant topics such as biomineralization processes, bioinspired materials, and biomimetic systems. The upcoming development of novel bionanocomposites introducing multifunctionality represents a promising research topic that takes advantage of the synergistic assembling of biopolymers with inorganic nanometer‐sized solids.
Experimental determination of solid‐liquid‐liquid equilibrium phase diagrams
Authors: Lai Sau M. , Yuen Mai Y. , Siu Leo K. S. , Ng Ka M. , Wibowo Christianto 
Published: April 2007

AbstractLiquid–liquid phase separation is undesirable in crystallization as it leads to slow crystal growth and uncontrollable crystal morphology. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the conditions under which liquid–liquid phase split occurs, so as to avoid crystallization process taking place at such conditions. In this study, an experimental approach is developed to systematically construct the solid‐liquid‐liquid equilibrium (SLLE) phase diagram. A four‐component system is used to demonstrate the experimental technique and the overall workflow in developing an SLLE phase diagram. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Daily computer usage correlated with undergraduate students' musculoskeletal symptoms
Authors: Chang Che‐hsu (Joe) , Amick Benjamin C. , Menendez Cammie Chaumont , Katz Jeffrey N. , Johnson Peter W. , Robertson Michelle , Dennerlein Jack Tigh 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackgroundA pilot prospective study was performed to examine the relationships between daily computer usage time and musculoskeletal symptoms on undergraduate students.MethodsFor three separate 1‐week study periods distributed over a semester, 27 students reported body part‐specific musculoskeletal symptoms three to five times daily. Daily computer usage time for the 24‐hr period preceding each symptom report was calculated from computer input device activities measured directly by software loaded on each participant's primary computer. General Estimating Equation models tested the relationships between daily computer usage and symptom reporting.ResultsDaily computer usage longer than 3 hr was significantly associated with an odds ratio 1.50 (1.01–2.25) of reporting symptoms. Odds of reporting symptoms also increased with quartiles of daily exposure.ConclusionsThese data suggest a potential dose–response relationship between daily computer usage time and musculoskeletal symptoms. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:481–488, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Job categories and acute ischemic heart disease: a hospital‐based, case‐control study in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Jong‐Dar , Cheng Tsun‐Jen , Lin Yu‐Cheng , Hsiao Shu‐Tin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackgroundMost studies of the relationship between work and acute ischemic heart disease (IHD) were performed in western populations, and the extent to which their findings hold in Asian populations is largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between job categories and non‐fatal, first episodes of acute IHD in Taipei, Taiwan.MethodsA hospital‐based, case‐control design was used. Cases were patients with a first episode of non‐fatal acute IHD who were admitted to the department of cardiology. Two controls without known cardiovascular disease were matched to each case for age, gender, and date of admission. A total of 119 cases and 238 controls were enrolled between April and September 2004.ResultsCompared with white‐collar workers, blue‐collar workers had a 5.3‐fold (95% CI: 1.5, 18.5) increased risk of a first episode of non‐fatal acute IHD, while self‐employed workers and managers/professionals had a slightly lower odds ratio of 0.6 (95% CI: 0.1, 2.4) and 0.5 (95% CI: 0.1, 2.2), respectively. Hypertension, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and sleep disturbance were significant risk factors for acute IHD. A clustering of the cardiovascular risk factors was found in blue‐collar workers.ConclusionsBlue‐collar workers had a 5.3‐fold increased risk of a first event of non‐fatal acute IHD compared with white‐collar workers, and this increased risk was associated with a clustering of cardiovascular risk factors. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:409–414, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bladder cancer and occupation: a report from the belgian case‐control study on bladder cancer risk
Authors: Reulen Raoul C. , Kellen Eliane , Buntinx Frank , Zeegers Maurice P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to add to the data on associations between occupation and bladder cancer thereby strengthening the case for focused research on specific occupational categories.MethodsTwo hundred two cases and 390 controls participated in this population‐based case‐control study. Age, sex, smoking, and education adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for each occupation by unconditional logistic regression.ResultsThe occupational group of domestic helpers, cleaners, and launderers exhibited a significantly elevated risk of bladder cancer. Elevated non‐significant risks (OR > 1.5) were observed for painters and varnishers, electronic equipment assemblers, general laborers, building finishers, carpenters and joiners, architects and engineers, and textile and garment workers.ConclusionsThis study suggests that domestic helpers, cleaners, and launderers probably experience an increased risk of bladder cancer. Although no other occupations showed significantly increased risks, the non‐significantly elevated risks for painters, carpenters, and textile workers could be confirmed by results from earlier studies. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:449–454, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methodologic issues in risk communications to workers
Authors: Schulte P. A. , Boal W. L. , Friedland J. M. , Walker J. T. , Connally L. B. , Mazzuckelli L. F. , Fine L. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractUntil the late 1980s, epidemiologists in general did not individually notify subjects of the results of epidemiological studies. Now that they are beginning to do so, the question arises of how best to notify those involved. In general, the methods, the processes and the policies related to effectively communicating risks to workers have not been thoroughly examined in the scientific literature. This is especially true in situations where workers have already experienced the exposures that led to increased risks for disease.The recent increasing numbers of notifications have raised several methodologic issues, which are examined in terms of: (1) the content of notification, (2) the process of notification, and (3) the evaluation of the impact and effectiveness of notification. Too often in the discussions concerning notification, attention is paid to the content but the process and evaluation are rarely considered. The potential impact and effectiveness of notification have been raised as reasons for or against notification, but rarely has there been a concerted effort to evaluate a notification in this regard. This workshop was designed to address all these issues. The ultimate goal is to improve communications for workers. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Issues in notification: Reflections of a public health worker
Authors: Rudolph Linda 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe objectives of notification are to inform individuals of research results so that they can make informed choices regarding health care and risk reduction behaviors, and to inform workers and employers of results and recommendations in order to take actions to improve workplace health and safety. Many questions confront researchers or public health workers engaged in notification efforts. Who should be notified? What information should be included in notification materials? When should notification occur? How and where should notification take place? What is the socioeconomic context in which notification is occurring? This article presents a public health worker's perspective on these issues. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐risk notification of chromate and bichromate production workers
Authors: Rosenman K. D. , Stanbury M. , Lemon A. , Solice‐Sample G. , Kalush A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA high‐risk notification program is in progress for 4,862 former chromate and bichromate production workers. A previous mortality study of this cohort found a 29‐fold increase in mortality for respiratory cancer. The increase was greater in black than white workers (80‐fold vs. 15‐fold). The cohort was compiled from Social Security Administration records. Notification was performed mainly using addresses on file with the Internal Revenue Service.At this time, 68% of the cohort has either been determined to have died or has been contacted. A description of the various steps of notification is included. This project has demonstrated that it is possible to perform high‐risk notification in an economical manner even in the absence of employer personnel records or current addresses. The methodology used in this project is generalizable to other cohorts. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Beyond notification: A case study from Cloquet, Minnesota
Authors: Finendale Marvin J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAll members of Local 158 of the United Paperworkers International Union in Cloquet. Minnesota, were invited to attend a meeting to notify them about the outcome of the Union's study concerning exposure to asbestos fiber. Union members and their families were contacted by letter, radio and television announcements, area newspapers, and word of mouth. They were informed about the medical screening that was being planned and about other information on asbestos‐related diseases. During the meeting, they were asked to attend one of the educational sessions, to schedule an appointment for the screening, and to fill out a medical history. It was determined that paperworkers with asbestos‐related disease might have rights to at least two types of compensation: worker's compensation from their employers and/or court‐ or jury‐awarded compensation from asbestos manufacturers. Other sources of compensation such as social security of disability pensions might also be available to eligible individuals. The Union did not have a complete listing of all the individuals who worked at plants or in operations where asbestos exposure may have occurred. The Union solicited the aid of the Minnesota Department of Health to help identify former asbestos‐exposed workers and to develop an ongoing screening and medical program for workers who were exposed but did not develop symptoms of asbestos‐related disease; these illnesses usually take 20 years or more to develop. However, the Union was able to follow‐up the notification and subsequent screening by sending members and their families the results of the initial screenings and other information concerning the status of any legal actions taken on behalf of the exposed. The Minnesota Department of Health provided information about that Department intentions and goals for the future. In addition, the Union asked members and families who participated in the education and screening activities for feedback about the program. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experiences of a state‐sponsored notification and screening program for asbestos workers
Authors: Bender Alan P. , Williams Allan N. , Parker David L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWorker notification can involve a broad range of activities including medical screening, personal and mass communications, cohort identification and tracing, and even litigation. The inclusion or exclusion of various supporting activities in a worker notification program may pose significant medical, public health, financial, logistical, and even legal implications for targeted individuals as well as for the agencies involved. This report describes some experiences in a state‐sponsored notification and screening program of approximately 4,500 asbestos workers in Minnesota. In this program, a variety of factors led to the decision to provide medical screening to 1,101 workers and 451 spouses. It is anticipated that another 3,400 workers will be notified but not screened. A follow‐up survey of notified workers showed overwhelming support for this program. It is estimated that this program will cost more than $650,000 by its completion. The decision to institute medical screening and other support activities should be made with careful consideration of the diverse implications of these activities to the individuals, communities, and agencies involved. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dioxin: A case study
Authors: Bond Gregory G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe need to notify individuals of a possible health risk from their past exposure to potentially hazardous agents frequently extends beyond workers to include community groups. The issues to consider in community notification are frequently similar to those that are important for worker notification but may include some that are unique. This case study traces the evolution of one company's strategy for communicating with the public about possible dioxin contamination associated with its operations. Early communications tended to emphasize the technical aspects of the issues in the fashion of scientists talking to other scientists. This was interpreted by some to be symptomatic of an arrogant and uncaring attitude. Beginning in the early 1980s, the company's management recognized the need to reach out to a variety of audiences on multiple levels, and shifted to a more comprehensive communications strategy. A similar shift is now occurring throughout the chemical manufacturing industry as top managers realize that, if they expect to continue to operate, they must become more accountable and responsive to the public. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Superfund and one community program
Authors: Pavlova Maria T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency—Region II conducted a pilot program in risk communication and notification of hazardous waste information at a Superfund site in Toms River, New Jersey. The program was designed to assess the levels of awareness and concern among local citizens and to provide accurate information about health risks associated with potential exposure to environmental contaminants. The purpose of this program was to develop linkages among the community; local, state, and federal governments; industry; health professionals; and educators in dealing with environmental problems. A Community Leaders Network was formed and became actively involved in the program. Following a community needs assessment for risk information, a series of fact sheets was developed, pretested, disseminated, and evaluated. The analysis of the program highlights the important lesson of being able to respond to the specific changing dynamics of the community and offers guidelines useful for risk communication in many communities. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.