bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconsidering the Gold Standard for the Assessment of Spastic Equinus Foot
Authors: Horsch Axel , Kleiber Saskia , Ghandour Maher , Deisenhofer Julian , Klotz Matthias , Putz Cornelia 
Published: March 2024

Introduction:
To determine whether differences exist in the measured range of motion (ROM) by the goniometer, equinometer, and 3-dimensional (3D) gait analysis in different settings (under general anesthesia (GA) or in the clinic) among patients with cerebral palsy.

Methods:
A prospective comparative cohort study was conducted at our orthopaedics center, where 15 patients with diplegic cerebral palsy (30 limbs) were evaluated, all of whom had Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level I and II. ROM was measured by (1) goniometer under GA (benchmark), (2) goniometer analysis during clinical examination, (3) equinometer under GA, (4) equinometer in the clinic, and (5) 3D gait analysis. ROM was measured during both knee flexion and extension. Subgroup analysis based on the GMFCS level was performed.

Results:
Nine patients were male with GMFCS level I and a mean age of 14.3 (SD=7.2) years. Statistically significant differences were noted between all studied measurement techniques in terms of ROM, dorsiflexion, and plantarflexion during both knee flexion and extension. The GMFCS level was an effect modifier of ROM measurements.

Discussion:
The ROM parameters during both knee flexion and extension differed from one measurement device/technique to another. The GMFCS level played a notable effect-modifying role on the ROM parameters.
Penguatan Karakter Kejujuran pada Mahasiswa Pendidikan Jasmani Kesehatan dan Rekreasi Sebagai Calon Guru
Authors: Nur Prayoga Sofwan Nugraha , Benthar Negara Satria , Ramadhan Gilang , Wiyahya Tanto , Mulyana Irgi Iksan , Mochamad Whilky Rizkyanfi  
Published: March 2024

Pendidikan karakter kejujuran pada mahasiswa Pendidikan Jasmani Kesehatan dan Rekreasi sebagai calon guru olahraga bertujuan untuk membentuk etika profesional dalam konteks pendidikan jasmani dan olahraga. Tujuan dari pendidikan karakter kejujuran ini adalah untuk mengembangkan sikap jujur, adil, dan bertanggung jawab pada mahasiswa, sehingga nantinya mereka dapat menjadi teladan yang baik bagi generasi muda. Melalui metode wawancara dan kuisioner pada mahasiswa Pendidikan Jasmani Kesehatan dan Rekreasi dengan jumlah responden 27 orang. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat dikatakan bahwa guru sebagai faktor utama keberhasilan pembentukan karakter pada siswa dituntut untuk memiliki karakter kejujuran yang memadai agar bisa menyampaikan bagaimana berperilaku jujur pada siswanya secara baik. Pendidikan karakter kejujuran pada mahasiswa Pendidikan Jasmani Kesehatan dan Rekreasi merupakan aspek penting dalam pembentukan calon guru olahraga yang berkualitas, beretika, dan dapat diandalkan dalam membimbing generasi muda.
Renoprotective interventions efficacy in the late stages of CKD
Authors: Sergeevna Sadovskaya Daria 
Published: March 2024

The efficacy of renoprotective interventions in the late stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) varies significantly from that in the early stages, with approaches in advanced CKD being insufficiently developed and sometimes conflicting. In a small prospective study, we evaluated the effectiveness of intensive follow-up protocol aimed at reducing CKD progression rates, cardiovascular complications, and improving outcomes among 100 patients with CKD3B-5 stages at a single center. This evaluation was compared with the outcomes of standard nephrology care. Positive changes in modifiable parameters resulting from interventions (such as serum albumin, hemoglobin, and standard bicarbonate) or reductions in negative parameters (like serum phosphate, plasma calcium deviation from target range, uric acid, and systolic blood pressure) were independently associated with a comparable reduction in the decrease of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). For the treatment group, the predicted time to reach the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) from a conditional GFR of 20 ml/min/1.73 m2 was 5 months longer than in the regular follow-up group. The distribution of average GFR at the start of dialysis suggested a late and possibly premature start in the control group, with less than 60% of cases being planned. In contrast, the treatment group always had a planned start.
Structural and Clinical Outcomes after Tenex Debridement for Rotator Cuff Tendinopathy
Authors: Trivedi Akash , Yian Edward , Cho Yung , Hwang James 
Published: March 2024

Background Rotator cuff tendinopathy (RCT) is a frequently encountered condition by the orthopedic surgeon. Patients presenting with tendinopathy or partial thickness tear present a difficult challenge to treat. Treatments for rotator cuff tendinopathy include nonsurgical and surgical intervention. While surgical management can be effective in the treatment of RCT, patients must be willing to accept risks of anesthesia and surgery and be willing to potentially undergo a lengthy post-operative rehabilitation course. Our study evaluates the use of percutaneous ultrasonic debridement (percutaneous ultrasonic tenotomy (PUT)) of tendinopathy lesions for rotator cuff tendinopathy. Methods This study consisted of 15 patients with symptomatic rotator cuff pathology diagnosed by physical exam and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Operative and non-operative treatment options for RCT were discussed with the patients, including the Tenex procedure. The 15 patients who underwent the Tenex procedure were followed post-procedure for clinical improvement with Shoulder Pain and Distability Index (SPADI) scores and for structural improvement with MRI. Results The present study included 15 patients (16 shoulders) consisting of 8 women and 7 men. The average age of our cohort was 59.9. 14 of the patients achieved improvements in their SPADI (Shoulder Pain and Disability Index) scores and had similar or improved structural appearance on MRI after undergoing percutaneous ultrasonic debridement. Conclusion The results from this study show that patients with RCT who have tried conservative treatment but are not interested in surgical intervention can consider the Tenex procedure. The procedure carried a high safety profile with significant improvement in outcomes in the majority of patients.
scAnnoX: an R package integrating multiple public tools for single-cell annotation
Authors: Huang Xiaoqian , Liu Ruiqi , Yang Shiwei , Chen Xiaozhou , Li Huamei 
Published: March 2024

Background
Single-cell annotation plays a crucial role in the analysis of single-cell genomics data. Despite the existence of numerous single-cell annotation algorithms, a comprehensive tool for integrating and comparing these algorithms is also lacking.

Methods
This study meticulously investigated a plethora of widely adopted single-cell annotation algorithms. Ten single-cell annotation algorithms were selected based on the classification of either reference dataset-dependent or marker gene-dependent approaches. These algorithms included SingleR, Seurat, sciBet, scmap, CHETAH, scSorter, sc.type, cellID, scCATCH, and SCINA. Building upon these algorithms, we developed an R package named scAnnoX for the integration and comparative analysis of single-cell annotation algorithms.

Results
The development of the scAnnoX software package provides a cohesive framework for annotating cells in scRNA-seq data, enabling researchers to more efficiently perform comparative analyses among the cell type annotations contained in scRNA-seq datasets. The integrated environment of scAnnoX streamlines the testing, evaluation, and comparison processes among various algorithms. Among the ten annotation tools evaluated, SingleR, Seurat, sciBet, and scSorter emerged as top-performing algorithms in terms of prediction accuracy, with SingleR and sciBet demonstrating particularly superior performance, offering guidance for users. Interested parties can access the scAnnoX package at https://github.com/XQ-hub/scAnnoX.
Lasers, Industrial Use of
Authors: Roessler David M. , Steen Wiliam M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractLasers are capable of generating large and controllable quantities of optical energy and delivering it at intensities sufficient to produce permanent changes in materials. This new form of industrial energy has led to a wide range of laser‐based manufacturing processes, such as cutting, welding, surface treatment, bending, cleaning, rapid prototyping, direct casting, and so on. Although these form the focus of this section, it must be noted that there are many other industrial applications that are not covered here, ranging from communications and compact disc players to medicine and metrology. Although laser‐materials processing has developed and grown rapidly in the last few decades, it is still far from being a mature technology. New lasers continue to be developed as do new applications.
Atmospheric Optics
Authors: Bohren Craig F. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractColors of the sky and colored displays in the sky are mostly a consequence of selective scattering by molecules or particles, absorption usually being irrelevant. Molecular scattering selective by wavelength—incident sunlight of some wavelengths being scattered more than others—but the same in any direction at all wavelengths gives rise to the blue of the sky and the red of sunsets and sunrises. Scattering by particles selective by direction—different in different directions at a given wavelength—gives rise to rainbows, coronas, iridescent clouds, the glory, sun dogs, halos, and other ice‐crystal displays. The size distribution of these particles and their shapes determine what is observed, water droplets and ice crystals, for example, resulting in distinct displays.To understand the variation and color and brightness of the sky as well as the brightness of clouds requires coming to grips with multiple scattering: scatterers in an ensemble are illuminated by incident sunlight and by the scattered light from each other. The optical properties of an ensemble are not necessarily those of its individual members.Mirages are a consequence of the spatial variation of coherent scattering (refraction) by air molecules, whereas the green flash owes its existence to both coherent scattering by molecules and incoherent scattering by molecules and particles.
Charged‐particle Optics
Authors: Nolen Jerry A. , Portillo Mauricio 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The emphasis of this article is on the common fundamentals and techniques on which the wide variety of different beam‐optical devices are based. It should give the reader the necessary background to understand the principles of the actual devices described elsewhere in more advanced treatments. Along with the qualitative description of the basic building blocks of charged particle beam optics, enough selected references to monographs and research reports are given to guide the interested reader towards more in‐depth studies. Relatively few references to original research papers are given, but extensive bibliographies are included in the listed review articles and textbooks. Topics introduced include: single‐particle motion of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields, sources of charged particles, beam handling and transport, magnetic and electric deflection systems, aberrations of charged particle optical systems, and the mathematics of matrix methods for charged particle optical simulation.
Data Storage, Optical
Authors: Milster Tom D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn its most general definition, optical data storage is simply using light as a tool to store and retrieve data. Optical data storage is found in popular consumer products. Compact Discs (CDs), Digital Versatile Discs (DVDs), and MiniDiscs (MDs), are all forms of optical data storage. More advanced forms of optical data storage include high‐speed devices and library products. All optical data storage devices use optical principles to achieve high data density, rugged packaging, reliable information retrieval, and cost‐effective production. There are many forms of optical storage media and many types of optical systems used to scan data. This chapter discusses the basic principles of optical data storage, types of commercial optical media available in 2003, several performance parameters, and some interesting prospects for future systems.
Electromagnetic Radiation: Emission and Propagation
Authors: Ford George W. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The basic phenomena of classical electromagnetic radiation are described. After a brief introduction of the equations of Maxwell and Lorentz for electromagnetism in vacuum, the general theory of integration of these equations is discussed. Applications include the Larmor formula for radiation by a Hertzian dipole, radiation by a confined source, multipole radiation, radiation by an arbitrarily moving point charge, synchrotron radiation, and radiation reaction. The Maxwell equations of electromagnetism in the presence of matter are then introduced together with a brief discussion of their integration. Waves in isotropic and anisotropic material media are described together with their propagation in layered media and waveguides. Applications include radiation by a dipole above a half‐space, Cherenkov radiation, and energy loss by charged particles traversing matter.
Electro‐optic Imaging
Authors: Kürbitz Gunther 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
This article deals with electro‐optical means to see in nonvisible spectral regions and at very low light levels and to produce visible imagery. The wavelength regions covered range from UV (200 nm to 400 nm) to the thermal IR (8 µm to 14 µm). The visible spectrum band from 350 nm to 750 nm is covered only insofar, as very low light levels are concerned, that is, the use of image‐intensifier systems is required. For every waveband, the physical properties of the scene and the atmosphere as well as the corresponding technologies to transform the scene under consideration into a visible representation are described. That includes optics, detectors, and cooling systems (if required). Performance parameters for the systems are described as far as available.
Ellipsometry
Authors: Collins Robert W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractEllipsometry is an optical measurement technique that involves generating a monochromatic or quasimonochromatic light beam in a known polarization state and reflecting it from a sample having a planar, specularly reflecting surface. By measuring the polarization state of the reflected beam, the ellipsometric angles (ψ, Δ) can be determined, and upon detailed analysis, these angles yield information about the sample. Such information includes the optical properties, that is, the index of refraction and extinction coefficient, for a bulk sample or the thickness and optical properties for one or more thin films on the sample surface having plane‐parallel interfaces. For an isotropic sample, the angles (ψ, Δ) are defined by tanψexp(iΔ) = rp/rs, whererpandrsare the complex amplitude reflection coefficients for linear p and s polarization states, for which the electric field vibrates parallel and perpendicular to the plane of incidence, respectively. Several variations of the ellipsometry experiment have been developed. In spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), (ψ, Δ) are measured continuously versus the wavelength of the light beam, and in real‐time ellipsometry (RT‐E), (ψ, Δ) are measured continuously versus time at fixed wavelength. The latter two modes can be combined to yield real‐time SE (RT‐SE), utilizing an instrument with a linear photodiode array for parallel detection at many wavelengths simultaneously. In imaging ellipsometry (IE), (ψ, Δ) are measured over a two‐dimensional (2‐D) area of a nonuniform sample surface using an instrument with a 2‐D charge‐coupled device (CCD) as the detection system. The most widely used instruments for SE and RT‐SE span the spectral range from the ultraviolet (200–300 nm) to the near infrared (800 nm). Over this spectral range, the optical properties deduced from SE provide information on the processes of absorption and dispersion originating from the valence electrons in semiconductors and dielectrics and from the conduction electrons in metals. Specialized SE equipment designed for the infrared range can be more effective for chemical identification of thin films, based on the absorption processes originating from the vibrational modes of chemical bonds.
Filters, Optical
Authors: Dobrowolski J.A. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
This article reviews the performance of optical filters for the 0.005 to 1000 µm spectral region. The filters described operate in transmitted or reflected light and are intended for use in free‐space optics. The theory of two or more filters placed in series or in parallel is presented. The effect of surface reflections on the performance of the filters is discussed. Optical filters can be based on many different physical principles. Brief explanations are given of the modes of operation of filters based on absorption, reflection, interference in thin films, holography, scattering, diffraction, and interference of polarized light. The principal advantages and disadvantages of filters based on these phenomena are discussed. Filters can also be classified according to the functions that they are intended to perform. In this article the following generic filter types are considered: antireflection coatings, neutral attenuators, narrow band, medium‐band and wideband reflectors, short‐ and long‐wavelength cutoff filters, narrowband transmission filters, rejection filters, neutral‐ and color‐selective beam splitters and correction or gain flattening filters. For each of the above filter types, spectral transmittance or reflectance curves are presented that correspond to representative filters based on a number of the above‐mentioned physical principles. Information is provided on how to specify the performance of the various filter types.
Holography
Authors: Leith Emmett N. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Holography, a method of photography that produces highly realistic images, fully three‐dimensional, with the normal parallax relations of the actual object, is described. Basics of the theory are presented from both a mathematical and a physical viewpoint. Various areas of application are given, including three‐dimensional displays, complex spatial filtering, hologram interferometry for nondestructive testing and metrology, product authentication and counterfeiting security, holographic optical elements, and imaging through inhomogeneities using holographic phase conjugation. The various forms of white light viewable holograms are described, including the Denisyuk or volume type, the Benton or rainbow type, and the integral type. The diffractive properties of holograms are analyzed, including Bragg diffraction, i.e., diffraction from a volume hologram. The construction of commercial display holograms is discussed. The present state of commercial and artistic holography is discussed, along with expected future developments.
Information Processing, Optical
Authors: Javidi Bahram , Horner Joseph L. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
This article presents a brief review of the fundamentals of optical information processing. We discuss optical information processing techniques, materials and devices for optical processing, optical pattern recognition, optical security, optical neural computing, and optical memory. Optical image processing algorithms and architectures as well as basic hardware concepts such as the fundamentals of optical spatial light modulators are reviewed.
Interconnections, Optical
Authors: Matsumoto Takao , Trewhella Jean 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Although progress has been made in optical interconnections, electrical interconnections continue to dominate most of the hierarchical interconnect layers that comprise computer systems. (The delay in the industry's move to optics is largely due to the continued improvements in electrical links, most notably the addition of equalization schemes [1].) The challenges faced by electrical interconnections [2] are described along with a presentation of the potential benefits optical interconnections afford. Commercial success for optical interconnections has largely been in rack‐to‐rack links, where the distances are great enough to require the low loss advantages of optical transmission. Further work on optical schemes for each layer of interconnection hierarchy, rack to rack, board to board, and intraboard is presented. These schemes can be broken into two general types of guided wave solutions that use fibers or waveguides as transmission media and free‐space solutions, which require only the optical elements. Advantages and examples of links using each type are described. It is shown that free‐space optical interconnections board to board can reduce wiring congestion dramatically over electrical or guided wave approaches, which force all interconnections to pass between the boards through the backplane. The density achievable can be further improved by employing 3D interconnection arrangements which are discussed in the intraboard examples. Optical interconnection will gradually penetrate from the outer levels of the systems to the inner as the technology matures, but all of these interesting possibilities will remain possibilities unless future areas of study include focus on low cost, small size for high density and high reliability of optical interconnections and devices.
Lasers, Semiconductor
Authors: Ogasawara Nagaatsu , Ito Ryoichi 
Published: August 2007

AbstractFollowing a brief history of semiconductor lasers, this article describes their operation principles in relation to their device structures and materials. Their fundamental operation characteristics, including the static, spectral, and dynamic aspects, are then presented. Finally, the current state of the art in semiconductor laser technology is described by reviewing up‐to‐date devices incorporating new structures and new functions.
Light and Lighting Systems
Authors: Bullough John D. , Rea Mark S. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract

Lighting is the application of visually effective optical radiation. This chapter provides the reader with some basic information about lighting terminology and technologies (lamps, ballasts, luminaires, and controls), and the results of recent research on the effective use of lighting. This article supplements the articles on
COLOR VISION
;
COLORIMETRY
;
OPTICAL RADIATION SOURCES AND STANDARDS
; and
PHYSIOLOGICAL OPTICS
.
Monochromators
Authors: Margaritondo Giorgio , Staehli Jean‐Louis 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
An overview on monochromators for electromagnetic radiation is presented. Instruments working in the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet spectral regions and for soft and hard X rays are briefly described, starting from the fundamental concepts and definitions. The major advantages, difficulties, and limits of the different designs are mentioned. An important part of the article is devoted to the very widely used grating monochromators.
Motion Picture and Video Lenses
Authors: Hope Thomas W. , Laikin Milton 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The origin of the motion picture lens is traced to the modern state of the art. Motion picture camera lenses of all types are detailed with schematics. Image formation, effective focal length, photometry, depth of field, image aberrations, antireflection, stray‐light reduction, and camera formats are explained. Projection lenses are examined by prime and anamorphic lenses with details of wide‐screen systems. Video camera lenses and types are studied by the following, commercial and consumer plus projectors from consumer to high‐end. The article concludes with video conferencing and security/surveillance camera lenses.