bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acquisition of
Helicobacter pylori
Infection in Rhesus Macaques Is Most Consistent with Oral-Oral Transmission
Authors: Solnick Jay V. , Fong Julie , Hansen Lori M. , Chang Kikuko , Canfield Don R. , Parsonnet Julie 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT

Socially housed rhesus monkeys rapidly acquired
Helicobacter pylori
infection, although the organism was rarely cultivated from saliva, feces, or the environment. Since the concentrations of
H. pylori
in vomit were compatible with what is known about the infectious dose, our results are most consistent with an oral-oral means of transmission.
Cross-Sectional Comparison of an Automated Hybrid Capture 2 Assay and the Consensus GP5+/6+ PCR Method in a Population-Based Cervical Screening Program
Authors: Hesselink A. T. , Bulkmans N. W. J. , Berkhof J. , Lorincz A. T. , Meijer C. J. L. M. , Snijders P. J. F. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT

In this cross-sectional study, clinical performances of the hybrid capture 2 assay using an automated instrument (i.e., rapid capture system) (hc2-RCS) and the high-risk human papillomavirus GP5+/6+ PCR-enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test were compared using cervical scrape specimens from 8,132 women that participated in a population-based screening trial. The hc2-RCS test scored significantly more samples positive (6.8%) than the GP5+/6+ PCR-EIA (4.8%) (
P
< 0.0005). This could be attributed largely to a higher positivity rate by the hc2-RCS test for women with cytologically normal, borderline, or mild dyskaryosis. A receiver operator characteristics analysis of the semiquantitative hc2-RCS results in relation to different cytology categories revealed that these differences are owing to differences in assay thresholds. For women classified as having moderate dyskaryosis or worse who also had underlying histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or cervical cancer (≥CIN3), the hc2-RCS scored 97% (31/32) of samples positive, versus 91% (29/32) by GP5+/6+ PCR-EIA. However, this difference was not significant (
P
= 0.25). After increasing the hc2-RCS cutoff from 1.0 to 2.0 relative light units/cutoff value of the HPV16 calibrator (RLU/CO), no additional CIN3 lesions were missed by hc2-RCS, but the number of test-positive women with normal, borderline, or mild dyskaryosis was significantly decreased (
P
< 0.0005). However, at this RLU/CO, the difference in test positivity between hc2-RCS and the GP5+/6+ PCR-EIA was still significant (
P
= 0.02). The use of an RLU/CO value of 3.0 revealed no significant difference between hc2-RCS and GP5+/6+ PCR-EIA results, and equal numbers of smears classified as ≥CIN3 (i.e., 29/32) were detected by both methods. In summary, both assays perform very well for the detection of ≥CIN3 in a population-based cervical screening setting. However, adjustment of the hc2-RCS threshold to an RLU/CO value of 2.0 or 3.0 seems to produce an improved balance between the clinical sensitivity and specificity for ≥CIN3 in population-based cervical screening.
Vaccination with Viable Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Prevents Metastatic Tumors by Attack on Tumor Vasculature with Both Cellular and Humoral Immunity
Authors: Chen Xin-Yuan , Zhang Wei , Zhang Wang , Wu Sheng , Bi Feng , Su Yi-Jing , Tan Xiang-Yang , Liu Jian-Ning , Zhang Jing 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPurpose: Because tumor endothelium is rarely targeted by immunity but is critically important for tumor growth, the immunity against tumor endothelium is to be developed as a novel antitumor strategy.Experimental Design: First, viable human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were immunized to C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice to evoke specific CTLs as well as antibodies against tumor endothelium. Lewis lung carcinoma or myeloma cells were subsequently inoculated to evaluate the effect on tumor growth by vaccination. Second, the effect on tumor metastasis by vaccination was studied using tumor-resected mice receiving HUVEC immunization 3 days after excision. Third, the immune sera and T lymphocytes from HUVEC-immunized mice were transferred to tumor-bearing mice and added to cultured HUVECs to investigate their antiproliferative effect.Results: Viable HUVEC immunization showed potent antitumor effects in Lewis lung carcinoma and myeloma tumor models. Both immune sera and CTL inhibited tumor growth and specifically suppressed proliferation of HUVECs. Particularly, tumors entirely disappeared on day 90 after tumor inoculation in four of six tumor-bearing mice receiving CTL therapy. In a metastatic tumor model, we found that the HUVEC vaccination prolonged life span from 30.9 to 41.5 days after tumor resection compared with PBS-treated mice without apparent side effects.Conclusions: Vaccination with viable HUVECs evoked both humoral and cellular immunity against tumor microvasculature, and therefore significantly inhibited tumor growth and prolonged life span of tumor-resected mice. This may provide with a novel treatment for metastatic tumors. Moreover, we have established a convenient method to evoke specific CTL against tumor angiogenesis.
The Fitting, the Deserving, and the Beautiful
Authors: Zaibert Leo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPunishment is punishment even if it is not (perceived by the punisher to be) deserved. But punishment which is not (perceived by the punisher to be) fitting is not punishment. This paper explores the differences between desert and fittingness, and argues that incorporating fittingness into thedefinition of punishment is not problematic, whereas incorporating desert in such definition is, in contrast, infamously problematic. The main difference between these two notions turns on the interesting differences between two types of normativity. Fittingness is exclusively concerned with aesthetic normativity, whereas desert is more directly concerned with moral normativity. When something is fitting, then it is, to an extent, intrinsically good, and, to an extent, it is also beautiful. The notion of fittingness has largely been ignored in discussions of punishment, yet it helps us better to understand the phenomenon of punishment, and in particular the thorny relationship between this phenomenon and desert.
Monitoring of the JAK2-V617F mutation by highly sensitive quantitative real-time PCR after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in patients with myelofibrosis
Authors: Kröger Nicolaus , Badbaran Anita , Holler Ernst , Hahn Joachim , Kobbe Guido , Bornhäuser Martin , Reiter Andreas , Zabelina Tatjana , Zander Axel R. , Fehse Boris 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe JAK2-V617F mutation occurs in about 50% of patients with myelofibrosis and might be a reliable marker to monitor residual disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. We describe a new, highly sensitive (≥ 0.01%) real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to monitor and quantify V617F-JAK2–positive cells after dose-reduced allogeneic stem cell transplantation. After 22 allogeneic stem cell transplantation procedures in 21 JAK2-positive patients with myelofibrosis, 78% became PCR negative. In 15 of 17 patients (88%), JAK2 remained negative after a median follow-up of 20 months. JAK2 negativity was achieved after a median of 89 days after allograft (range, 19-750 days). A significant inverse correlation was seen for JAK2 positivity and donor-cell chimerism (r: −0.91, P < .001). Four of 5 patients who never achieved JAK2 negativity fulfilled during the entire follow-up all criteria for complete remission recently proposed by the International Working Group, suggesting a major role for JAK2 measurement to determine depths of remission. In one case, residual JAK2-positive cells were successfully eliminated by donor lymphocyte infusion. In conclusion, allogeneic stem cell transplantation after dose-reduced conditioning induces high rates of molecular remission in JAK2-positive patients with myelofibrosis, and quantification of V617F-JAK2 mutation by real-time PCR allows the detection of minimal residual disease to guide adoptive immunotherapy.
Molecular phylogeny of the antiangiogenic and neurotrophic serpin, pigment epithelium derived factor in vertebrates
Authors: Xu Xuming , Zhang Samuel Shao-Min , Barnstable Colin J , Tombran-Tink Joyce 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
Pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF), a member of the serpin family, regulates cell proliferation, promotes survival of neurons, and blocks growth of new blood vessels in mammals. Defining the molecular phylogeny of PEDF by bioinformatic analysis is one approach to understanding the link between its gene structure and its function in these biological processes.

Results
From a comprehensive search of available DNA databases we identified a single PEDF gene in all vertebrate species examined. These included four mammalian and six non-mammalian vertebrate species in which PEDF had not previously been described. A five gene cluster around PEDF was found in an approximate 100 kb region in mammals, birds, and amphibians. In ray-finned fish these genes are scattered over three chromosomes although only one PEDF gene was consistently found. The PEDF gene is absent in invertebrates including Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster), Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), and sea squirt (C. intestinalis). The PEDF gene is transcribed in all vertebrate phyla, suggesting it is biologically active throughout vertebrate evolution. The multiple actions of PEDF are likely conserved in evolution since it has the same gene structure across phyla, although the size of the gene ranges from 48.3 kb in X. tropicalis to 2.9 kb in fugu, with human PEDF at a size of 15.6 kb. A strong similarity in the proximal 200 bp of the PEDF promoter in mammals suggests the existence of a possible regulatory region across phyla. Using a non-synonymous/synonymous substitution rate ratio we show that mammalian and fish PEDFs have similar ratios of <0.13, reflecting a strong purifying selection of PEDF gene. A large number of repetitive transposable elements of the SINE and LINE class were found with random distribution in both the promoter and introns of mammalian PEDF.

Conclusion
The PEDF gene first appears in vertebrates and our studies suggest that the regulation and biological actions of this gene are preserved across vertebrates. This comprehensive analysis of the PEDF gene across phyla provides new information that will aid further characterization of common functional motifs of this serpin in biological processes.
Post-radiation sarcoma of the neck treated with re-irradiation followed by wide excision
Authors: Tan Alex , Ngan Samuel YK , Choong Peter FM 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
Post-radiation sarcoma (PRS) is an uncommon disease manifesting as sarcoma in a previously irradiated field, usually with a latent period of 5 years or more. Literature is limited to small series. Optimal management of this disease is unclear. Positive margins are common following attempted curative surgery and outcomes are poor. Radiotherapy is hardly used and its effect on PRS is not known. We described a case of PRS treated with preoperative radiotherapy followed by margin-negative wide excision.

Case presentation
The 59-year-old patient presented with a mass in the left supraclavicular fossa and numbness in the arm, six years following radical irradiation of the head and neck for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Open biopsy showed pleomorphic spindle cell sarcoma. She was treated with pre-operative hyperfractionated radiotherapy followed by margin-negative wide excision and nerve grafting. Cumulative radiation dose to the supraclavicular fossa was 98 Gy. Histological examination of the post-irradiation tumor specimens showed evidence of significant tumor response to re-irradiation. The patient remained free of disease five years after surgery with excellent functional outcome.

Conclusion
Role of radiotherapy in PRS is uncertain. We described a case that was successfully managed with preoperative radiotherapy and margin-negative wide excision in terms of tumor control and functional outcomes. The impact of radiotherapy was demonstrated in the post-irradiation resected specimen. Further investigation using re-irradiation and surgery in PRS is warranted.
Hearing preservation after removal of acoustic neurinoma
Authors: Harner Stephen G. , Laws Edward R. , Onofrio Burton M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBetween January 1, 1978, and July 1, 1983, 149 patients underwent acoustic ncurinoma rcmovnl (151 procedures). Of these, 119 ears (118 patients) had had some degree of hearing on the affected side preoperatively, and in all of them the tumors had been removed by a posterior cranial fossa approach. Fourteen (12%) had measurable hearing preserved postoperatively — serviceable in eight cars and poor in six. The patients with preserved hearing had had their hearing loss for a shorter period, slightly better preoperative hearing levels, and a smaller tumor. The complications, morbidity, and mortality in this group were comparable to those in other series. It is concluded that preservation of hearing is a worthwhile goal that can be achieved without increased risk.
Bilateral congenital middle ear cholesteatomas
Authors: Wang Robert , Zubick Howard H. , Vernick David M. , Strome Marshall 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCongenital middle ear choleslcatomas remain of interest because of their relative rarity and unknown origin. A 4‐month‐old child presenting with bilateral congenital middle ear cholestcatomas forms the basis for this report. The nature of the epithelial debris found suggests an external origin. An extended transcanal tympanotomy approach for removal, based upon an operative experience of 11 similar ears, will be discussed.
Microorganisms isolated from infected aural fistulas
Authors: Sugita Rinya , Kawamura Shozo , Ichikawa Ginichiro , Fujimaki Yutaka , Oguri Toyoko , Deguchi Koichi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAural fistula is a congenital deformity of the external ear relatively common in Orientals and rare in Caucasians. Suppuration tends to occur, and chemotherapy rather than surgical drainage should be attempted. However, the lack of information concerning infected aural fistulas has made appropriate chemotherapy difficult. Microorganisms isolated from 13 cases of infected aural fistulas were studied from January 1981 to December 1982. Six species and 22 strains were isolated; nonsporeforming faculative anaerobes were detected in 12 cases. The isolated pathogens included Peplococcun up (10 cases), Peplostreplococcus up (3), Bacteroides sp (3), and Funobacterium sp (2). One case exhibited only Staphylocoecus aureus. Our data also stresses the etiologic importance of anaerobic grampositive cocci in infected aural fistulas.
Fatal malformations of the larynx and upper trachea
Authors: Paes Bosco A. , De Sa D. J. , Hitch D. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFive infants with a spectrum of rare malformations of the larynx and trachea are presented. All infants died because of problems with intubation and ventilation. The scries reflects the wide variety and complexity of malformations that may co‐exist, and successful management may require open tracheotomy.
Investments in Cancer Genomics: Who Benefits and Who Decides
Authors: Foster Morris W. , Mulvihill John J. , Sharp Richard R. 
Published: October 2006

The Cancer Genome Atlas—formerly the Human Cancer Genome Project—provides an opportunity for considering how social concerns about resource allocation are interrelated with practical decisions about specific research strategies—part of a continuing convergence between scientific and public evaluations of priorities for biomedical research funding. For example, the manner, order, and extent that The Cancer Genome Atlas selects tumor types and populations to be sampled will determine who benefits most from its findings. Those choices will be determined on the basis of both scientific and social values. By soliciting public involvement and conducting rigorous policy analysis in the design of large scientific projects such as The Cancer Genome Atlas, cancer researchers can help democratize the allocation of scientific resources and foster public confidence in biomedical research.
Maternal Upward Socioeconomic Mobility and Black–White Disparities in Infant Birthweight
Authors: Colen Cynthia G. , Geronimus Arline T. , Bound John , James Sherman A. 
Published: October 2006

Objectives. We estimate the extent to which upward socioeconomic mobility limits the probability that Black and White women who spent their childhoods in or near poverty will give birth to a low-birthweight baby. Methods. Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the 1970 US Census were used to complete a series of logistic regression models. We restricted multivariate analyses to female survey respondents who, at 14 years of age, were living in households in which the income-to-needs ratio did not exceed 200% of poverty. Results. For White women, the probability of giving birth to a low-birthweight baby decreases by 48% for every 1 unit increase in the natural logarithm of adult family income, once the effects of all other covariates are taken into account. For Black women, the relation between adult family income and the probability of low birthweight is also negative; however, this association fails to reach statistical significance. Conclusions. Upward socioeconomic mobility contributes to improved birth outcomes among infants born to White women who were poor as children, but the same does not hold true for their Black counterparts.
Bilder sagen mehr als tausend Worte: Visualisierungen für Lehre und Forschung
Authors: Welsch Norbert , Meyer Christoph , Albert Klaus 
Published: October 2006

AbstractProfessionell gestaltete statische, animierte oder interaktive Visualisierungen tragen wesentlich dazu bei, Lehrinhalte leichter zu transportieren und Forschungsergebnisse darzustellen. Auch für Wissenschaftler und Lehrer stehen heute zahlreiche Anwenderprogramme zur Verfügung, mit deren Hilfe sich die Kommunikation chemischen Wissens wesentlich verbessern lässt.
Gerinnungshemmende Wirkung von Schlangengiften: Freie Fahrt für flüssiges Blut
Authors: Eble Johannes A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractUm den geschlossenen Blutkreislauf dicht zu halten, verläuft die Blutstillung auf drei Wegen, durch Gefäßverengung, durch Aktivierung und Aggregation der Thrombozyten und durch Bildung des Fibrinnetzwerks. Alle drei bestehen aus gegenseitig sich beeinflussenden Schritten. Jede Störung dieses empfindlichen Netzwerks führt zu bedrohlichen Blutungen oder Thrombosen. Im Laufe der Evolution haben Schlangen Giftkomponenten entwickelt, die spezifisch gegen jeden Schritt der Blutstillung gerichtet sind. Nach ihrer Isolierung, der Bestimmung ihrer Proteinstruktur und ihres Wirkmechanismus können diese natürlichen Giftkomponenten Leitstrukturen zur Herstellung neuer pharmazeutischer Wirkstoffe liefern, die die Blutgerinnung und die Thrombozytenaktivierung hemmen.
Die Oktoberfest‐Umlagerung: Hopfen und Malz ...
Authors: Roth Klaus 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNach dem Deutschen Reinheitsgebot gebrautes Bier gilt als Inbegriff des naturbelassenen, unverfälschten Lebensmittels, bei dessen Herstellung “die Chemie” auf keinen Fall beteiligt war. Welch ein Irrtum! Schon beim Befeuchten des Gerstenkorns beginnt die Chemie des Bierbrauens, große Mengen an Enzymen zur Spaltung von Zellwandmaterial, Proteinen und Stärke werden synthetisiert. Beim Rösten des gekeimten Korns (= Malz) bilden sich durch komplexe Reaktionskaskaden die wunderbaren Aroma‐ und Farbstoffe. Chemischer Höhepunkt dürfte aber die Umwandlung einiger Hopfeninhaltsstoffe in Bitterstoffe sein. Für ein einziges Münchner Oktoberfest werden aus über 10000 kg Hopfen in einer atemberaubenden α‐Ketol‐Umlagerung einige 100 kg der von uns so geschätzten edlen Bitterstoffe hergestellt. Das beweist wieder einmal, Chemie kann nicht nur spannend sein, sondern kann auch richtig gut schmecken. Na dann, Prost!
Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Jaenicke Lothar 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie Industriegesellschaften sind auf der Suche nach “Ersatz”, besonders die, die sich der “globalen” Forderung nach bedachtem Gebrauch der Ressourcen nicht anschließen. Da sind die “erneuerbaren” ins Blickfeld geraten. Ersatz für den Energiespender Erdöl und Erdgas durch reine oder gemischte Katalyse/Biochemie (Stichwort “Bio”‐Diesel, “Bio”‐Alkohol‐Zumischung) ist naheliegend und hier früher in Beispielen beschrieben, nicht aber für funktionalisierte Synthesezwischenprodukte aus dem Bioladen an Stelle von Petrochemikalien.
Farmen für Fische
Authors: Borchard‐Tuch Claudia 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWeltweit wird Fisch zur immer beliebteren Speise. Um die Meere vor einer noch stärkeren Überfischung zu bewahren, wächst die Zahl der Zuchtanlagen. Bereits heute stammt etwa ein Viertel aller Fische, die verzehrt werden, aus Zuchtbetrieben.
Bonn
Authors: Schwedt Georg 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVor dem alten Chemischen Institut der Universität Bonn in der Meckenheimer Allee, gegenüber dem Poppelsdorfer Schloss und dem Botanischen Garten, befindet sich das Denkmal des Chemikers August Kekulé von Stradonitz (1829‐1896). Auf der Refliefplatte halten allegorische Gestalten seine Benzolformel in den Händen. Kekulés Grab auf dem Poppelsdorfer Friedhof, an dessen Haupteingang ein Übersichtsplan den Platz mit der Nr. 10 kennzeichnet, weist ein lorbeergesäumtes Medaillon auf.
Role of substrate material in failure of crown‐like layer structures
Authors: Kim Jae‐Won , Bhowmick Sanjit , Chai Herzl , Lawn Brian R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe role of substrate modulus on critical loads to initiate and propagate radial cracks to failure in curved brittle glass shells on compliant polymeric substrates is investigated. Flat glass disks are used to drive the crack system. This configuration is representative of dental crown structures on dentin support in occlusal contact. Specimens are fabricated by truncating glass tubes and filling with epoxy‐based substrate materials, with or without alumina filler for modulus control. Moduli ranging from 3 to 15 GPa are produced in this way. Critical loads for both initiation and propagation to failure increase monotonically with substrate modulus, by a factor of two over the data range. Fracture mechanics relations provide a fit to the data, within the scatter bands. Finite element analysis is used to determine stress distributions pertinent to the observed fracture modes. It is suggested that stiffer substrate materials offer potential for improved crown lifetime in dental practice. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Polymer scaffolds with interconnected spherical pores and controlled architecture for tissue engineering: Fabrication, mechanical properties, and finite element modeling
Authors: Diego Raúl Brígido , Estellés Jorge Más , Sanz José Antonio , García‐Aznar José Manuel , Sánchez Manuel Salmerón 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method is proposed in which the geometric properties of 3D scaffolds with application in tissue engineering can be tailored: porosity, pore size, and interconnection throat size. The architecture of the fabricated scaffolds is analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties of these structures are discussed on the basis of compression stress–strain measurements. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the scaffolds are estimated by means of finite element modeling (FEM) in which the compression stress–strain test is simulated on an ideal structure based on the crystalline face centered cubic system. The elastic properties of the constructs are explained on the basis of the FEM model that supports the main mechanical conclusion of the experimental results: the compressive modulus in the first linear region does not depend on the geometric characteristics of the pore (pore size, interconnection throat size) but only on the total porosity of the scaffold. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006