bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meeting Standards for Lead in Drinking Water
Authors: Hayes C. R. , Bates A. J. , Goodman A. H. , Vinson J. P. , Sadler T. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring the last twenty years, the UK has made steady progress in the understanding of the ‘lead in drinking water’issue and towards compliance with a lead standard which is more stringent than elsewhere in Europe.Evaluating the needs for corrective action has not been straightforward because of the difficulties in characterizing the pick‐up of lead from lead pipes throughout whole water supply zones. Survey methods have developed over the past twenty years as the behaviour of lead pipes has become better understood, but some ambiguities may still need to be addressed.Information from Bristol Water suggests that compliance with a new lead standard of 10 μg/1 may be feasible by corrective water treatment in some zones, based on the already accepted practice of dosing with phosphoric acid, depending on how this more stringent standard is implemented. This view is also held by Anglian Water, based on their extensive experience with phosphoric acid dosing (without any significant problems) since the mid‐1980s. Therefore total lead pipe replacement, at substantially higher cost, can likely be avoided in many zones.
Biofilm Development on 304 and 316 Stainless Steels in a Potable Water System
Authors: Percival S. L. , Beech I. B. , Edyvean R. G. J. , Knapp J. S. , Wales D. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractInstances of rapid failure of copper‐pipe plumbing in potable‐water systems installed in large municipal buildings have led to a review of the use of alternative materials including stainless steel. This paper reports the findings of an in‐situ study which investigated biofilm development on types 304 and 316 stainless‐steel piping in a filtered and unfiltered, hot and cold‐water supply system installed in a large public building in the west of Scotland. This building had experienced severe corrosion problems with copper pipework.
Surge Suppression: Care at all Stages
Authors: Devine J. G. , Creasey J. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA large twin sewage pumping main had experienced excessive surge pressures during commissioning, and staff of the Water Research Centre were retained by the contractor (responsible for constructing the pumping station) to determine the cause.This paper describes how the problem arose, even though a surge analysis had been carried out. The approach which was adopted for the re‐analysis is described, together with the results. Alternative surgesuppression measures were investigated and sized. The importance of air valves in this situation is discussed and an explanation is given on the reasons why the original analysis led to inadequate surge suppression and unacceptable pressures.
Tidal Exchanges Between Orplands Managed Retreat Site and the Blackwater Estuary, Essex
Authors: Emmerson R. H. C. , Manatunge J. M. A. , Macleod C. L. , Lester J. N. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract‘Managed retreat’ is a salt‐marsh restoration technique which is under experimental implementation in the UK. The technique involves the engineered tidal inundation of coastal land in front of re‐aligned flood defences. Salt marshes developed by this method are intended to act as hydraulic buffers in front of coastal defences and to provide zones of environmental enhancement. Two managed retreat trials were instigated in 1995 on the Blackwater Estuary, Essex, UK. In June 1995, two months after breaching the seawalls, the initial environmental impact and geochemical development of the Orplands managed retreat site were investigated by surveys of tidal exchanges. Tidal stage curves and quantities of exchange were determined by four hydrological surveys at the extremes of a neap‐spring tidal cycle, and the chemistry of exchanges was investigated by water sampling during these surveys.
The Optimization of an Epifluorescence Microscopy Technique for the Direct Counting of Clumped Bacteria
Authors: McMath S. M. , Delanove A. , Holt D. M. , Chamberlain A. H. L. , Lloyd B. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe enumeration of heterotrophic bacteria is an important measure of water quality in mains’distribution systems. Conventional methods of enumerating bacteria by plate counts do not distinguish between single bacteria and clumps of cells; however, various methods have been reported which use epifluorescence microscopy to give a direct count of bacteria. There appears to be no standard method for the preparation of samples, with the choice of fluorochrome and staining technique varying considerably – even between workers using similar environmental samples. A number of the reported methods were tested, and a technique was developed which enabled a consistent total count of bacterial cells (occurring both singularly and in clumps) to be obtained.
An Assessment of the Cost of Recycling Household Waste in Britain and Ireland
Authors: Dennison G. J. , Dodd V. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA marginal cost model is developed based on published data relating to both bring‐ and collect‐based household waste‐recycling schemes. Both systems are judged to be capable of ensuring compliance for paper and glass with the EU packaging and packaging waste Directive's 15% recycling target. Only collect systems can ensure such compliance for metal and plastic packaging.
River Control Structures: Welmore Lake Sluice Reconstruction
Authors: Heald G. , Nunn R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Ouse Washes form a vital component of the flood defences of the Cambridgeshire fens, providing flood storage and conveyance when the normal channels are at full capacity. The flood defence and environmental value of the Ouse Washes depends upon the maintenance of an open grassland which is regularly flooded in winter, but dry enough in summer. A strategic study of the system was completed in 1995, which recommended that (a) summer flooding should be better controlled and (b) the structures contained within the Washes were improved.This paper considers some of the economic and environmental problems which were encountered during the development of the strategy and examines operational aspects of the design.
Performance of the Burwarton Estate Waste Stabilization Ponds
Authors: Mara D. D. , Cogman C. A. , Simkins P. , Schembri M. C. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Burwarton Estate waste stabilization ponds, near Bridgnorth, Shropshire, serve a population of 150. There are three ponds in series: a facultative pond, and two equal maturation ponds, followed by two parallel and alternately used constructed wetland ditches. This paper describes the design of the ponds and reports upon their performance during the first two years of operation.
A Regionally Applicable Model for Estimating Flow Velocity at Ungauged River Sites in the UK
Authors: Round C. E. , Young A. R. , Fox K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMeasurements of flow velocity are often required for a broad range of issues surrounding water‐resource management, and a velocity‐estimation method is therefore desirable where extensive field data are unavailable. This paper presents the development of a model for estimating flow velocity using readily available catchment characteristics, and flow and channel geometry data. The velocity equations were calibrated using UK data, so that their application at any river site in the UK is attainable. The calibrated equation uses the mean flow and the dimensionless magnitude of the flow on the day in question to estimate the mean reach velocity for flows at any river site in the UK.
Balancing the Aims of Geological Conservation with Coastal‐Defence Requirements
Authors: McCue J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThere are many examples, both nationally and internationally, where coastal‐defence structures have impeded the natural erosion of cliffs and have thereby reduced the geological importance of a particular site. These problems have arisen where piecemeal defence schemes have been adopted as remedial measures to protect property or infrastructure from erosion. The recent onset of ‘shore‐line management plans’ in the UK have attempted to redress this issue by reducing ‘myopic’ planning and, instead, seeking to promote more strategic thinking towards the impact of carrying out such work on the natural environment.This paper has been written to make coastal engineers aware of the importance of this topic within the ‘shoreline management plan’.
Environmental Mediation
Authors: Tromans S. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTEnvironmental protection is a subject which arouses deep feelings and inherently involves the reconciliation or balancing of competing principles and priorities. The disputes which it engenders can be complex, bitter and protracted, and they are the types of issue which could significantly benefit from the application of mediation techniques. In the UK, little progress seems to have been made in applying such techniques to the full range of environmental problems, in contrast to other areas.Mediation is growing in popularity and use in the context of family disputes, problems between neighbours, and commercial problems. With some exceptions, however, it has not been widely applied to environmental disputes, which appears to be an area where the full potential of mediation remains to be realized.
Arsenic Removal from Water Supplies in Northern Chile Using Ferric Chloride Coagulation
Authors: Karcher S. , Cáceres L. , Jekel M. , Contreras R. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTMany raw waters in the arid North of Chile contain high concentrations of arsenic (0.1–1.0 mg/l) and, during the 1970s, drinking‐water treatment using coagulation was introduced in an attempt to comply with the Chilean standard of 0.05 mg/l. The new World Health Organization recommendation of 0.01 mg/1 for drinking water has led to efforts to enhance arsenic removal.This paper describes pilot‐plant experiments which were carried out to optimize removal by varying the ferric chloride coagulant dose (3–9 mg/1 Fe) and pH value (pH 5.5–8.0) in a raw water which contained an average arsenic concentration of 0.44 mg/l. At pH 5.5, arsenic adsorption was best; however, a pH of 6.5 was considered to be the most suitable for treatment when considering floc elimination. An empirical formula to predict residual arsenic under different operational conditions was obtained and this was confirmed by data collected at a full‐scale water‐treatment plant.
Constructed Wetlands: A Strategy for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment at Small Treatment Works
Authors: Griffin P. , Upton J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe use of sub‐surface flow constructed wetlands planted with Phragmites australis (the common reed) for the treatment of sewage is now widespread in the UK. The strategy for the use of reed‐beds by a major UK water utility is reviewed in terms of whether the process (a) is appropriate within the rural environment, (b) offers satisfactory performance, and (c) meets criteria for sustainability. Its use for secondary, tertiary and storm‐water treatment is considered. Odour generation has been a concern for secondary treatment reed‐beds and has been measured and modelled to identify the required minimum distance to properties to eliminate any possibility of odour nuisance.
A ‘Standard Industrial Classification’Coded Strategic Planning Model of Industrial and Commercial Water Demand for UK Regions
Authors: Mitchell G. , McDonald A. T. , Wattage P. , Williamson P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractKnowledge of future demand is essential for promoting sustainability in water resources, informing decisions over the allocation of water between people and the environment. Improved econometric models of non‐household water demand are presented, which have been developed for the Yorkshire Water region, providing annual demand forecasts to the year 2010 disaggregated with reference to the Standard Industrial Classification. Increases of 0.44–1.0% per annum are forecast, mainly driven by service sector demand. Water companies and regulators cannot influence economic activity, but have the ability to manage demand using price controls. Waste minimisation also offers the potential to offset forecast increases, if widely adopted. Current application of price controls act to increase demand, counter to the goal of environmental sustainability; therefore it is concluded that, within the UK water industry, competition should be focused on levels of service and environmental‐impact measures, rather than on price.
Discharge Measurement Using Portable Dilution Gauging Flowmeters
Authors: Butterworth J. A. , Hewitt E. J. , McCartney M. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper suggests that the relative salt (sodium chloride) dilution method should be more widely used for the routine measurement of stream discharge, and has been written to increase awareness of the technique among flow‐gauging practitioners. Recent improvements in instrumentation have increased accuracy and simplified practical application, making the method better suited (in many circumstances) than the more widely used alternatives. The paper (a) reports on a field study to evaluate the performance of a portable dilution‐gauging flowmeter, and (b) considers the environmental issues which are associated with the method. The review reveals that the use of salt (in the quantities typically required) is unlikely to have any significant ecological impact, and argues that environmental concerns are founded upon little scientific basis.
Entropy and Water Management
Authors: Thomas D. N. , Fawcett N. , Judd S. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWater management can be set within a conceptual framework which emphasises the importance of maximising the usefulness of water as it moves through a catchment area. The framework is based upon a consideration of the thermodynamic property of entropy, i.e. a measure of a system's increasing inability to do work. It is concluded that a consideration of water utility as a determinant is more appropriate than the conventional volume‐paradigm applied to water resourcing.
The Impact of Measurement Uncertainty on the Water Balance
Authors: Sattary J. , Boam D. , Judeh W. A. , Warren S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe ‘water‐balance calculation’is a valuable method of assessing the integrity of many components of a company's distribution system and is used in (a) evaluating the overall performance of the system and (b) assessing, for example, leakage within distribution zones or district metered areas. However, the quality of data which are derived from balance calculations reflects the quality of the input data, and each input source (whether metered or estimated) is subject to uncertainty.This paper explores the impact of input uncertainty on the water‐balance calculation, and uses Anglian Water's annual balance as an example. The principal contributors to overall uncertainty are identified, and these show that the overall uncertainty depends upon only a few of the many inputs. Identifying these critical inputs has enabled Anglian Water staff to target the areas of their auditing chains that will yield greatest benefit to the reporting process.
ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW SETTING IN ENGLAND AND WALES: STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING ABSTRACTION IN CATCHMENTS
Authors: Dunbar M. J. , Acreman M. , Kirk S. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the evolution of methods to set environmental flows in England and Wales. Problems and challenges are reviewed in the context of recent legislative developments, and examples are given of different conceptual approaches. Scenario‐based approaches have evolved as a pragmatic means to resolve competing uses of water; in contrast, approaches based on ecological objectives aim to meet more consistent goals. Where rivers or associated wetlands have been designated under national or European conservation legislation, broad ecological objectives are already under discussion. Furthermore, the European Water Framework Directive now requires good ecological status, or its equivalent, to be reached in all waters. Recently, the Environment Agency has developed a new process for managing abstractions in England and Wales; this includes a common methodology for the setting of environmental flows using objective methods.
Chemoimmunotherapy of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the Woodchuck Model Overcomes Immunologic Tolerance and Restores T-Cell Responses to Pre-S and S Regions of the Viral Envelope Protein
Authors: Menne Stephan , Tennant Bud C. , Gerin John L. , Cote Paul J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTTreatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection could combine potent antiviral drugs and therapeutic vaccines to overcome immunological tolerance and induce the recovery phenotype to protect against disease progression. Conventional vaccination of woodchucks chronically infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) elicited differential T-cell response profiles depending on whether or not carriers were treated with the potent antiviral drug clevudine (CLV), which significantly reduces viral and antigen loads. The differential T-cell responses defined both CLV-dependent and CLV-independent epitopes of the pre-S and S regions of the WHV envelope protein. Only combined treatment involving CLV and conventional vaccine therapeutically restored the T-cell response profile of chronic WHV carrier woodchucks to that seen in prophylactic vaccination and in recovery from acute WHV infection. The results have implications for mechanisms of immunological tolerance operating in chronic HBV infection and suggest that such combined chemoimmunotherapy may be useful for treatment of humans with chronic HBV infection.
Establishment of Influenza A Virus (H6N1) in Minor Poultry Species in Southern China
Authors: Cheung C. L. , Vijaykrishna D. , Smith G. J. D. , Fan X. H. , Zhang J. X. , Bahl J. , Duan L. , Huang K. , Tai H. , Wang J. , Poon L. L. M. , Peiris J. S. M. , Chen H. , Guan Y. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT
An H6N1 virus, A/teal/Hong Kong/W312/97 (W312), was isolated during the “bird flu” incident in Hong Kong in 1997. Genetic analysis suggested that this virus might be the progenitor of the A/Hong Kong/156/97 (HK/97) H5N1 virus, as seven of eight gene segments of those viruses had a common source. Continuing surveillance in Hong Kong showed that a W312-like virus was prevalent in quail and pheasants in 1999; however, the further development of H6N1 viruses has not been investigated since 2001. Here we report influenza virus surveillance data collected in southern China from 2000 to 2005 that show that H6N1 viruses have become established and endemic in minor poultry species and replicate mainly in the respiratory tract. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all H6N1 isolates had W312-like hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes. However, reassortment of internal genes between different subtype virus lineages, including H5N1, H9N2, and other avian viruses, generated multiple novel H6N1 genotypes in different types of poultry. These novel H6N1/N2 viruses are double, triple, or even quadruple reassortants. Reassortment between a W312-like H6N1 virus and an A/quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (HK/97)-like H9N2 virus simultaneously generated novel H6N2 subtype viruses that were persistent in poultry. Molecular analyses suggest that W312-like viruses may not be the precursors of HK/97 virus but reassortants from an HK/97-like virus and another unidentified H6 subtype virus. These results provide further evidence of the pivotal role of the live poultry market system of southern China in generating increased genetic diversity in influenza viruses in this region.
Molecular Determinants of Antiviral Potency of Paramyxovirus Entry Inhibitors
Authors: Porotto M. , Carta P. , Deng Y. , Kellogg G. E. , Whitt M. , Lu M. , Mungall B. A. , Moscona A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) constitute the
Henipavirus
genus of paramyxoviruses, both fatal in humans and with the potential for subversion as agents of bioterrorism. Binding of the HeV/NiV attachment protein (G) to its receptor triggers a series of conformational changes in the fusion protein (F), ultimately leading to formation of a postfusion six-helix bundle (6HB) structure and fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. The ectodomain of paramyxovirus F proteins contains two conserved heptad repeat regions, the first (the N-terminal heptad repeat [HRN]) adjacent to the fusion peptide and the second (the C-terminal heptad repeat [HRC]) immediately preceding the transmembrane domain. Peptides derived from the HRN and HRC regions of F are proposed to inhibit fusion by preventing activated F molecules from forming the 6HB structure that is required for fusion. We previously reported that a human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3) F peptide effectively inhibits infection mediated by the HeV glycoproteins in pseudotyped-HeV entry assays more effectively than the comparable HeV-derived peptide, and we now show that this peptide inhibits live-HeV and -NiV infection. HPIV3 F peptides were also effective in inhibiting HeV pseudotype virus entry in a new assay that mimics multicycle replication. This anti-HeV/NiV efficacy can be correlated with the greater potential of the HPIV3 C peptide to interact with the HeV F N peptide coiled-coil trimer, as evaluated by thermal unfolding experiments. Furthermore, replacement of a buried glutamic acid (glutamic acid 459) in the C peptide with valine enhances antiviral potency and stabilizes the 6HB conformation. Our results strongly suggest that conserved interhelical packing interactions in the F protein fusion core are important determinants of C peptide inhibitory activity and offer a strategy for the development of more-potent analogs of F peptide inhibitors.
The role of vegetation in microhabitat selection of syntopic lizards, Phrynocephalus persicus, Eremias pleskei, and Eremias strauchi from Armenia
Authors: Tadevosyan Tigran 
Published: July 2007

AbstractComposition and density of vegetation are important habitat quality indicators for reptiles. The goal of this note was to determine dominant plant species, optimal size and density in habitats of syntopic lizards in the Goravan Sands Sanctuary. The role of vegetation variables was considered in relation to differences in thermoregulation of syntopic Phrynocephalus persicus, Eremias pleskei, and Eremias strauchi. Microhabitats of P. persicus differed from that of E. pleskei and of E. strauchi by a relatively frequent encounter of the plant Achillea tenuifolia, which is considered as potential habitat quality indicator. Phrynocephalus persicus generally used microhabitats with sparser vegetation. It is supposed that the excessive growth of shading vegetation can have a more negative impact on P. persicus than on E. pleskei.
Advances in methodologies of sexing and marking less dimorphic gekkonid lizards: the study case of the Moorish gecko, Tarentola mauritanica
Authors: Atzori Antonio , Berti Federica , Cencetti Tommaso , Fornasiero Sara , Tamburini Matteo , Zuffi Marco 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Novelties in systems of sexing and marking less dimorphic species of gekkonid
lizards are described and first results are presented on the Moorish gecko,
Tarentola mauritanica, used as target and model species. Inspection of
cloacal opening and tail basis to detect hemipenes has been done with a
small probe and with laser light. Behavioural response to tail basis touch
was typical of adult males. Permanent marking has been performed along with
the removal of some subdigital scales. Sexing was suitable and feasible on
all individuals larger than 45 mm snout to vent length.