bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE SKMR‐I RESEARCH HYDROSKIMMER PROGRAM
Authors: STARK R. E. , GAUTHEY J. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe SKMR‐1 represents a significant achievement in the development of new types of military vehicles (Figure 15). Planning is already underway to determine the next step in the evolution of this type craft. The successful performance of SKMR‐1 in its R & D phases and its demonstration of operational roles will have a great influence on the future application of these vehicles.
AN ADVANCED AUTOMATIC PILOT AND ELECTRIC STEERING SYSTEM FOR MILITARY SHIPS
Authors: WYKE PETER R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe new transistorized Royal Naval automatic pilot is described and its integration as part of a steering system for ships is shown. The system has many refinements designed to eliminate the need for a multiplicity of manual controls previously required to optimize the system against changes in weather and sea conditions. This is a highly desirable feature in a warship which spends a high proportion of its life in maneuvering.Hand control of steering is by means of an aircraft type steering bar fitted both on the Bridge and in the Control Room. Provision is made to enable small changes of course to be made, and maintained by the autopilot, from hand held controls. This feature is incorporated to facilitate replenishment at sea operations.Attention is paid to the formulation of the logic control of automatic weather helm integration to provide the optimum computation of this quantity during course changes.A certain amount of duplication of function and of circuitry has been made to meet the military requirements that arise from possible battle damage in the various parts of the ship. All wires carrying signals have been provided with an independent line integrity circuit.A significant departure from previous autopilot practice is that of feeding an analogue rudder demand signal to the steering compartment instead of the normal switching demand signal. The whole system is engineered to fit into the versatile console system adopted by the Royal Navy.
PLANNED OCEAN LOGISTIC SYSTEM (POLS)
Authors: CULVER JOHN A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Problem of overseas military logistical support, concident with the enhancement of U. S. maritime capability, is examined and a solution is proposed. The Planned Ocean Logistic System (POLS) would utilize a standardized ship design. This design would consist of three sections, or pods, for each ship. A standard aft section would contain the bridge and engine spaces, and two interchangeable forward sections would incorporate military and merchant designs. Cost of such a ship would be split between the Department of Defense and commercial ship owners. This paper presents financial benefits, enhanced sea power and realistic utilization of the military reserve personnel as significant supporting arguments for the proposed plan.If the United States has any idea of being a strong maritime power, we had better get with it. If we have any ideas about supplying needed supplies to our friends over water in the future, we had better get with it. If we intend to strengthen our sea power posture, we had better start by combining and pulling together our Merchant Marine and Navy capabilities and start a long overdue partnership. If each sea service intends to have a premium ship with exactly what they want in it, such advocates had better step aside. If the Department of Defense (DOD) intends to rely on World War II tonnage for logistic support, DOD had better forget about logistic support. If our government intends to provide any logistics by sea, they had better come up with the money and go into partnership with Merchant Marine sailor men. One proposed partnership, designed to provide the overseas logistical capacity and related sea power, is the Planned Ocean Logistics System (POLS).
BRAKING AND REVERSING SHIP DYNAMICS
Authors: RUBIS C. JOSEPH 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTTHIS PAPER PRESENTS the results of a ship braking and reversing dynamics study for a COGAG, single screw, ship with a fixed pitch propeller, a reversing reduction gear, and a water brake for dynamic braking of the propeller. A digital computer simulation was used to calculate the major ship and propulsion plant parameters for various propulsion maneuvers including coast down, braking, and reversing.A computer technique for solving the ship propulsion dynamics equations is described, the equations for clutching and braking are derived, and the results of braking and reversing maneuvers for speeds greater than 30 knots are shown in detail for a hypothetical study ship.
WEIGHT ENGINEERING—AN ANCIENT ART, A MODERN SCIENCE
Authors: WEILER DANIEL J. , STRAUBINGER ERWIN K. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe discipline of weight engineering is traced through the history of man's development of water transportation. The awareness by early shipwrights of weight problems is presented by citing significant advances in the state of the art of shipbuilding. As counterpoint, the evolution of weight engineering is discussed from its beginnings as a subconscious consideration in early history through development of weight reporting as an engineering tool and ending as a relatively rigorous discipline involving the control of weight through the ability to make accurate and long range predictions of complex ships. Weight control is also identified with the role of the project manager of today by citing how it can be used as a management tool. The paper concludes that weight engineers are a dynamic part of the total engineering and management force collected in the shipbuilding effort. As such, they will be required to find new and better ways to maintain an effective program as traditional concepts of ship design and construction yield to new methods.
Rateau'S Impact on Modern Engineering—I
Authors: POTTER JAMES H. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryMost people associate Rateau with the pressure‐staged steam turbine, and this method of expansion is widely identified as “Rateau staging.'' While this was a significant achievement, it was only one of a vast number of contributions which he made across the whole spectrum of fluid mechanics. In this paper consideration will be focused on Rateau's work on the steam turbine and on steam auxiliaries. A subsequent paper will deal with his contributions to aviation.
MARINE MANGANESE NODULES STUDIED USING NUCLEAR REACTOR
Authors: WIGGINS PETER F. , DUFFY DICK , KADY AHMED EL 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAs ore deposits of important elements become depleated on land masses, man will look to the ocean floor for metals of economic interest. Manganese nodules, which can be pumped from the ocean floor, contain valuable elements. The prompt photon emission which follow neutron capture can be used for location and analysis of these elements. A 10 KW pool‐type research reactor thermal column supplied the neutrons for this application of nuclear spectroscopy.
FERROCEMENT FOR BOATS AND CRAFT
Authors: BRAUER FRANK E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTFerrocement is a composite material consisting of wire mesh or expanded metal, with or without reinforcing rods, in a matrix of cement mortar. This material has gained popularity as a boatbuilding material throughout the world because of its low cost, low maintenance, fire resistance, immunity to worm attack, ease of repair, and ease of fabrication. Because of ferrocement's low strength to weight ratio, however, application has been limited to low performance displacement craft over 30‐feet.The Materials Department has been able to increase the strength‐to‐weight ratio of ferrocement by a factor of 2 compared to the best commercial ferrocement. This improvement has lead to the construction of a high‐speed planing hull boat made of this laboratory developed ferrocement composition. The boat has performed well in testing and has revealed a much greater range of applications for ferrocement in the U. S. Navy.Parametric studies of ferrocement as a materials system reveal that even more significant increases in engineering properties can be anticipated with further research and development work. This would provide the Navy with an alternate material with high performance capability whose cost and quick‐response characteristics are superior to other competitive materials. This technology can also be easily exported to friendly Foreign Navies giving them the ability to develop their own military assets.
TRENDS IN ILS: THE ROLE OF ILS IN SHIP SYSTEM DESIGN
Authors: LIGHT STEPHEN P. , DARBY ROBERT M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe new “design to price” approach to ship acquisition programs levies manning, cost, and displacement constraints on the ship design. It has had a significant impact on both designing a ship and planning its integrated logistic support (ILS). Heretofore, the investment of dollars in design to improve maintenance and logistic support could be justified by its effect on a ship's life cycle cost. In new ship acquisition programs, however, any investment, either to reduce maintenance or increase performance capability must be under the ceiling placed over acquisition costs. Compounding the problem for ILS is the trend toward a reduced allowance of shipboard personnel in the new acquisition programs. It means that there are fewer crew members available for either operational or maintenance functions.These cost and manning constraints pose a problem in logistic support planning, and has prompted consideration of logistic support early in design. ILS must become involved early if it is (1) to affect the design process to the end that a ship lends itself well to the new trend in maintenance, (2) to provide other support that will increase a ship's period of operational readiness, and (3) to accomplish both (1) and (2) without pushing through the ceiling on acquisition costs.New maintenance concepts being proposed deviate from the conventional. They provide for minimum shipboard maintenance by deferring scheduled maintenance to Fleet and Shore Maintenance Activities. The trend in ILS is the shift of the maintenance burden from the organizational level (ship) to the intermediate (tender) and depot (shipyard) level of maintenance.This paper examines this new trend in ILS, particularly its impact on the design of a major ship, the Patrol Frigate. It also contemplates the effect of the trend on future Fleet and Shore Activities.
Modern Testing and Production Techniques for Large Cylinder Gears
Authors: UFERT OTTO 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIn recent years it has been possible to increase the precision of large gear wheels appreciably. This has been attained, e.g., by the development of modern testing methods for the gear teeth and for the kinematic accuracy of the gear‐hobbing machines. In this connection, special recognition should be given to feed error measurement in hobbing machines by means of a laser interferometer. A further prerequisite for the production of precise large gear wheels is the airconditioning of the production areas.Cutting of large gears must also be economically justifiable; thus a two‐stage production is often desirable: the teeth gaps are pre‐machined with side‐milling cutters having cutting alloy tips, and are finished by hobbing.
THE ENERGY CRISIS AND NAVAL SHIP RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: GAUTHEY J. RICHARD , DeTOLLA JOSEPH P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTEnergy used by U.S. Navy ships is viewed in the context of the national situation. Shipboard usage and the controlling variables are summarized. Research and development being planned by the Navy is described. Efforts relate to conservation of energy as well as consideration of new fuels including hydrogen and liquid hydro‐carbon fuels derived from coal, oil shale, and tar sands. A brief account is given of work sponsored by the Department of Interior to produce hydrocarbon fuels, and initial Navy efforts to characterize and evaluate one such fuel is reported. This fuel has been burned at sea in the USS Johnston (DD 821).Development of conservation measures encompasses the utilization of waste heat from gas turbine and diesel engine exhausts and diesel water jackets; more efficient machinery; and reduction of energy requirements. Specific developments discussed include a design methodology to optimize waste heat utilization and higher efficiency gas turbine systems.
THE IMPACT OF SUBSYSTEMS ON NAVAL SHIP DESIGN
Authors: GRAHAM CLARK 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTShip subsystems and components most be designed in a system environment if the Navy is to produce balanced and efficient naval ship designs. At present this is not being done primarily because subsystem designers are not completely aware how their designs impact the overall ship systems design. In addition, ship designers have not provided them with the analytical tools to carry out the calculations required to determine the “true cost” of subsystems. Marginal Cost Factors represent such a tool. The Navy in the past has not insisted on the design of “low ship‐impact” subsystems and components. This is one reason why the Navy cant afford to buy the ships it needs today.
Development of Initial Program Cost Estimates—A Work Breakdown Structure Approach
Authors: GROSSON JOSEPH F. , RAKOW WILLIAM O. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the determination of initial program cost estimates through use of a generalized but detailed generic work breakdown structure (WBS).The WBS serves as a check‐off list to insure that no cost elements have been omitted and that the total program spectrum, from inception through deployment, has been rationally considered.Techniques are discussed for translating between WBS estimates and contracting plans.Further, several methods are presented for development of certain specific costs which are low‐level WBS elements.
THE MARINE GAS TURBINE RELIABILITY DATA PROGRAM
Authors: CONWAY DANIEL H. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA realistic approach to the problem of measuring the reliability of a long‐life mechanical system is addressed by describing the procedures used and the results achieved in the Gas Turbine Reliability Program at the Naval Ship Engineering Center, Philadelphia Division. Failure criteria and classification, data collection and computer processing, and the statistical analysis of data are presented. The problems, benefits, and some of the common misconceptions regarding reliability and availability testing of developmental equipment and the use of early test data for Reliability, Maintainability and Availability (RMA) assessments are considered.
INTEGRATED REFRACTION EFFECTS PREDICTION SYSTEM (IREPS)
Authors: HITNEY HERBERT V. , RICHTER JUERGEN H. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTMicrowave radio propagation in a marine environment frequently exhibits unexpected behavior. These propagation anomalies are usually caused by non‐standard distributions in vertical refractivity. Even though the potentially serious effect of propagation anomalies on tactical warfare is generally acknowledged, very little is presently being done in the operational Fleet to solve the problem. One of the reasons responsible for the lack of effort in this area is that the acquisition, conversion, and interpretation of refractivity data usually involves cumbersome computations and some background in atmospheric physics. This problem can be overcome by the proper use of automatic data processing techniques. Following similar efforts in underwater acoustic propagation, an “Integrated Refractive Effects Prediction System” (IREPS) is being developed at the Naval Electronics Laboratory Center (NELC). The purpose of IREPS is to provide an “onboard” capability to assess the effect of atmospheric refractive anomalies on sensor performance. The effort involves the development of models which express the effects of refractive anomalies in terms of equipment performance, the verification of these models, the software development of the models for shipboard implementation, and the inclusion of meteorological statistical data to estimate the probability of encountering refractive anomalies as a function of geographic area and season. A preliminary shipboard demonstration is planned for spring 1976. The hardware used for this demonstration consists of a mini‐computer with an interactive graphic display terminal on which the operator is queried by the program for required inputs and on which results are presented in easy‐to‐understand graphic displays.
A.S.N.E. DAY 1976 TECHNICAL PAPER: COMMENT AND DISCUSSION‐SESSION NO. 7, PAPER #2
Authors: LEOPOLD REUVEN , OTTH E.J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe “Design to Cost”concept is investigated from a practical viewpoint by analyzing the impact this design philosophy has had on recent Navy ships. The Guided Missile Frigate design is used as a case study to determine the differences between naval ships “Designed to Cost” and those conventionally designed. The case study includes an investigation of naval architectural features, performance, cost, and an analysis of the design “trade‐off” decisions.The analysis of the FFG‐7 “Design to Cost” pointed out a number of significant differences compared to conventional ship design. A substantial weight and cost savings was realized due to the highly constrained design environment. It is estimated that the FFG‐7 would have displaced about 1500 tons (40 percent) more if it had not been for the “Design to Cost” procedure. This savings was achieved primarily as a result of a reduction in performance requirements.The future oP“Design to Cost” as a viable design philosophy for naval ships is discussed. It is concluded that the Navy must follow this concept in order to hold down the cost of combatant ships but that a decrease in overall ship performance must be expected.
SHIPS OF THE U. S. MERCHANT MARINE
Authors: KISS RONALD K. , COFFMAN EUGENE L. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper provides a survey of the United States Merchant Marine. It describes the overall content of the American Flag Fleet, discusses the importance and the impact of the Construction Differential Subsidy Program on shipbuilding and assesses ship construction standards such as fire protection, subdivision and automation. Detailed descriptions of typical ships with high utility in national defense roles are provided. Finally, the paper discusses ongoing research and provides some insight into future ships of the U.S. Merchant Marine.
THE WARTIME REQUIREMENT FOR MERCHANT SHIPPING
Authors: STRYKER RUSSELL F. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews future war requirements for Merchant Ships in terms of the composition of the cargo to be moved and the ability of modern Merchant Ships to move it, the availability of suitable port facilities, and concepts of modern convoy operations. A major NATO—Warsaw Pact War would impose the greatest demand on shipping. U.S. reinforcement strategy demands very rapid reaction of sealift forces which would carry over ninety percent of all military support tonnage. Modem ship types can be expected to serve effectively in such a situation, but convoy delays would limit the effective use of high—productivity ship types.
MERCHANT SHIP UNLOADING IN CONTINGENCY LOGISTICS
Authors: ESSOGLOU MILON E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the problem and solutions to the unloading of modern merchant ships in a contingency environment such as support of amphibious operations. These ships are primarily non—self—sustaining Containerships with some Bargeships and a small but growing number of Roll—on/ Roll—off (RO/RO) ships. Such ships are highly port facility dependent and would present problems in a contingency environment lacking intact port facilities. The conceptual approaches, development and conclusions are presented. It appears that the advantages of logistics efficiency made possible by these intermodal ships outweigh the problems of providing deployable unloading systems where there are no port facilities.
MERCHANT MARINE/NA VY COMMUNICA TIONS
Authors: McCOY JAMES C. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA growing gap exists between U.S. Navy communications and Merchant Marine communications. As naval communications becomes more sophisticated, the capability of communications between U.S. Navy ships and U.S. Merchant Ships becomes reduced. Two systems have been developed to improve Merchant Ship communications. an imporved High Frequency System using digital selective calling and a Satellite Communication System. Brief technical descriptions of these systems are given to acquaint the “non—communicator” with these communications improvements.
SOME ASPECTS OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND SAFETY DESIGN FOR THE OPERA TIONAL NEEDS OF NUCLEAR PROPELLED SHIPS
Authors: ALESSO HARRY P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe paper briefly discusses some of the safety design aspects of nuclear propelled ships. Design considerations, including unclear physics and engineering, reactor protection, and radioactive hazards are reviewed, a simple explanation of how the reactor operates in a power transient is discussed, and the environment, political, and military considerations impacting on ship safety are presented. The paper concludes that in the final analysis the interrelationship between ship safety and reactor safety is the direct result of human decision, that of the Commanding Officer or of the operating personnel.
WHAT EVERY SUBSYSTEM ENGINEER SHOULD KNOW ABOUT SHIP DESIGN–BUT DOES NOT ASK
Authors: GRAHAM CLARK 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTComponents of a naval ship should be designed and developed in a ship system environment. However, due to the requirement for developing subsystem components well before an actual ship design project is begun, because of the sheer size and complexity of the Navy's technical community, and due to certain budgetary and political pressures, components of ship subsystems are often designed in isolation from the design of the overall ship.Design tools are currently available to enable the Ship Design Community to work with ship subsystem engineers in establishing realistic physical constraints and for determining the impact of design alternatives. The paper describes how these design tools should be used to ensure components are designed in a systems environment.The principal conclusion of the article is that the Navy should establish a recognized policy that all ship component development be carried out with the objective of optimizing the ship system. One means of implementing such a policy is to form a team of ship designers that would provide the information which every ship subsystem engineer should know about ship design but does not ask.
DESIGN AND SERVICE OF A MARINE WASTE HEAT BOILER
Authors: BREAUX D. K. , DAVIES K. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the design and operation of a compact Waste Heat Boiler developed as part of the main generator package for the DDH 280 Class Royal Canadian Nary (RCN) Destroyer. The Waste Heat Boiler operates in a controlled system that converts exhaust heat from the generating sets into steam that is used for hotel services onboard the vessel. Daring the generally successful sea trials of the DDH—280, Waste Heat Boiler in—service problems developed over one year of operation in varying climatic conditions while being subjected to different input operating parameters. These problems included gas and liquid leaks, high—spot temperatures, boiler plugging, and inadequate cleaning techniques. Redesign activities were initiated to substantially Improve system reliability and effectiveness.