bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN EDP TECHNIQUE DESIGNED FOR THE STUDY OF A LOCAL FLORA
Authors: Sweet Haven C. , Poppleton James E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTechniques are presented which involve the utilization of a computer for assembling and manipulating floristic and ecological information concerning Florida's Central‐East coast vegetation. Information is included relating to the use of a computer to assist in establishing a herbarium representing a local flora. In addition, ecological, morphological and economic information concerning each taxon was stored in the computer, and programs were developed to sort, retrieve and present this information in a variety of formats. This system was designed around an adaptable and relatively inexpensive program (NLHE) which makes it feasible for small colleges and universities with computing facilities to accumulate, store and retrieve regional floristic and ecological data.
ARBERIA OU L'IMPORTANCE DE LA THEORIE EN BOTANIQUE STRUCTURALE
Authors: Barabé Denis 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis paper presents a point of view on the recent proposal, made by Schmid and Stevenson (1976), concerning the creation of a new journal of structural botany. For the author a discussion on this subject implies a more complex problem than just a creation of a new journal, it implies the role of theory in the progress of botany. After a brief survey of the importance of theory in plant morphology, it is concluded that ARBERIA is justified as a journal to research guide lines for botany. It is impossible to carry out morphological research without guide lines. “Hard cold facts” (Hirsch, 1975) do not exist totally independently of any theoretical assumptions.
TYPIFICATION OF THE GENERIC DESMID NAME MICRASTERIAS DESMIDIACEAE
Authors: de M. Bicudo Carlos E. , Sormus Laine 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHistorical analysis of the various generic concepts of Micrasterias (Desmidiaceae, Zygnemaphyceae) since its original description by C. Agardh in 1827 leads to the following conclusions: 1) the name Micrasterias of C. Agardh, 1827, is not valid since it was published before the starting point for nomenclature in the Desmidiaceae (Ralfs, 1848); 2) the valid generic name is Micrasterias C. Agardh ex Ralfs non Micrasterias Kützing; and 3) M. furcata C. Agardh ex Ralfs non M. furcata C. Agardh must be considered the type species for the genus.Without a doubt, typification is one of the most important problems to be settled in the study of the Desmidiaceae. Lack of nomenclatural types for genera and infrageneric taxa in this family is virtually absolute. Contributing to this lack, among others, are the following: 1) the existence of a late nomenclatural starting point for the family; 2) a frequent negligence of specialists in the family to designate types when describing new taxa; 3) the paucity of taxonomic and nomenclatural revisionary studies in the family; and 4) the relative difficulty of preservation of type specimens of unicellular microscopic freshwater algae.
MORE ON THE TYPIFICATION OF MALVASTRUM (DC.) A. GRAY (MALVACEAE)
Authors: Fryxell P. A. , Hill S. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPrevious lectotypifications (of which there have been five) have not taken into account (or in Rydberg's case have misinterpreted) the DeCandollean protologue. Schumann's (1890) choice of Malvastrum wrightii A. Gray as lectotype is inadmissible because this species was not included by DeCandolle. The choice of Malvastrum coccineum (Pursh) A. Gray made by Rydberg (1913) and by others is also unacceptable for the same reason (and for other reasons as well). The lectotypification proposed by Kearney (1947, 1955) is the earliest that is consistent with the DeCandollean protologue, although it did not take it into account and is therefore only accidentally consistent. The choice that we here propose is intended to preserve the sense and intent of Kearney's choice and to conform to Recommendation 7B (Stafleu et al., 1972) “to preserve current usage.”
STUDIES ON THE COTYLEDONARY LEAVES OF SOME CONVOLVULACEAE
Authors: Sampathkumar R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe usefulness of the cotyledonary leaf characteristics in the taxonomy of Convolvulaceae has been highlighted. Certain characters of the mature cotyledonary leaves of seedlings, such as the mean area, depth of lobing, depth of basal sinus, angle between the lobes, pattern of venation, stalk length and other features offer much scope for the taxonomists, in view of their high level of constancy. Furthermore, being quite conservative, these characters shed considerable light on the systematic relationship existing among the taxa. The cotyledonary leaves of Merremia tridentata are very similar to those of Ipomoea coptica, suggesting parallel evolution. Among the varieties of I. nil and I. batatas, there exist certain differences, while the two varieties of I. pes‐tigridis register greater similarity. Evolvulus alsinoides and E. nummularius show but a slight difference in size. Cressa cretica is unique in having linear cotyledons. Cuscuta chinensis stands apart from the rest of the family, being acotyledonous, thus affording yet another reason for its segregation from Convolvulaceae. Rivea hypocrateriformis and Argyreia cuneata show similar characteristics, giving additional support in favour of the generic merger of Rivea with Argyreia.
POLYPLOIDY IN MONTANOA CERV. (COMPOSITAE, HELIANTHEAE)
Authors: Funk V. A. , Raven P. H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPolyploidy is reported for the first time for Montanoa Cerv., in which x = 19; we here report speciesat the 6x, 8x, and 12x levels. The 12x count (n = 110‐120) was originally reported, owing to a printing error, as Melanthera aspera (Jacq.) Rendl., and is significant as it is the highest reported number in Compositae.
AUTONYMS AND NEW CONFUSION IN THE INTERNATIONAL CODE
Authors: Reveal James L. , Broome C. Rose 
Published: April 2006

SummaryUnder the present provision of Article 33 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, automatic autonyms, for taxonomic ranks of certain categories mandated by past editions of the Code, can be considered as validly published and must be taken into consideration for nomenclatural purposes in some specific instances. As the Codes under which this provision was allowed implied that such autonyms were to be automatically established and were not to be taken into consideration for purposes of priority, nor were authorships assigned to such autonyms, it is suggested that the present Code be modified so as to exclude previously mandated autonyms from considerations of priority.
WOOD ANATOMY OF DIPSACACEAE
Authors: Carlquist Sherwin 
Published: April 2006

SummaryStudy of two species of Pterocephalus and three of Scabiosa shows that wood of Dipsacaceae is unusual, compared with families claimed to be allied to it, in having several primitive features. All species of the present study have tracheids, rather than libriform fibers, as the imperforate tracheary element type. Vestigial perforation plates are common in Pterocephalus dumetorum secondary xylem and occur in primary xylem of all species. Wood anatomy (especially that of rays) shows that the family is probably primitively woody, perhaps shrubby. Wood features are related to the dry mediterranean‐type climates in which the species studied occur.
A POSTERIORI WEIGHTING OF DESCRIPTORS
Authors: Legendre Pierre 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe Adansonian and the more traditional taxonomic principles may be combined in an iterative information‐seeking strategy of classification. Uniqueness is not a property of biological classifications, and even the wishfully fundamental principle of parsimony has not brought to taxonomy the strong basis on which uniqueness could rest. On the other hand, it can be shown that descriptors have different values along the scale of taxonomic categories, and that different descriptors have different values for the same partition. It is then suggested that an ideal taxonomic treatment should begin with a large body of equally weighted descriptors, and lead to deletion, re‐structuring and a posteriori weighting of the descriptors, through recognition of the main clusters and a measure of the contribution of each descriptor to each partition of the objects. The analysis could then continue, for each partition independently, by an iteration between clustering, discrimination and weighting, until stability is reached.RésuméIl est possible de combiner les principes d'Adanson avec ceux de la taxonomie classique, en une stratégie itérative qui améliore à chaque cycle la classification produite. Les classifications biologiques n'ont pas la propriété d'unicité; même le principe de parcimonie, que l'on a voulu fondamental, n'a pas apporté à la taxonomie cette base sur laquelle on aurait pu rechercher des classifications uniques. D'autre part, on peut démontrer que les descripteurs n'ont pas la même valeur tout au long de l'échelle des catégories taxonomiques, et que différents descripteurs ont aussi des valeurs différentes pour une même partition. Un traitement taxonomique idéal devrait donc débuter avec un grand nombre de descripteurs à poids égaux, mais permettre par la suite de laisser tomber, de re‐structurer ou d'attribuer a posteriori des poids aux descripteurs, après que l'on ait reconnu les principaux groupes d'objets et que l'on ait mesuré la contribution de chaque descripteur à chacune des partitions des objets. L'analyse pourrait alors se poursuivre de façon indépendante pour chaque partition, par un cycle: groupement des objets, discrimination, et modification du poids attribué à chaque descripteur, jusqu'à ce que l'on en arrive à une solution de stabilité.
DIPHELYPAEA (OROBANCHACEAE), NOM. NOV. AND OTHER CAUTERIZATIONS ON A NOMENCLATURAL HYDRA
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPhaelypea Browne (1756) is proposed as a nom. rej. under Stemodia L. (1759), nom. cons. in Scrophulariaceae. Diphelypaea is a nom. nov. for Phelypaea L. (1758), non Phaelypea Browne (1756) with new combinations. Typification and other nomenclatural problems are discussed for various genera and their homonyms.
SUPRAGENERIC NAMES ATTRIBUTABLE TO ARACEAE
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryKnown validly published suprageneric names attributable to Araceae, including family names, are accounted for. Comments are made on nomenclatural problems in these ranks with particular reference to parenthetic author citation (sparingly accepted) and the apparently continuing illegitimate status (not accepted) of suprageneric names based on formerly illegitimate names that have been conserved. Table 1 lists the names alphabetically by the type generic name. Appendix 1 evaluates the status of each name in terms of the recent updating of Engler's system of the family; seven names must be changed. Appendix 2 and 3 add Anadendreae Bogner et French, trib. nov. and Bognereae Mayo et Nicolson, trib. nov., the latter based on Bognera Mayo et Nicolson, gen. nov.
DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF A MICROCOMPUTER SPECIMEN‐ORIENTED DATABASE FOR THE FLORA OF MOUNT KINABALU
Authors: Beaman John H. , Regalado Jacinto C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA computerized database is being developed for the flora of Mount Kinabalu (northern Borneo). The methodology for its development and management is described. The data can be manipulated to produce enumerations (checklists), determination lists, itineraries, specimen citations, exsiccatae lists, annotation labels, type specimen registers, distribution maps, and otherwise queried on‐line at independent work stations or through a network. With minor modifications the system could be adapted for other floristic projects and for general computerization of herbarium specimens.
SCHIZYMENIA DAWSONII AND ITS RELATION TO THE GENUS SEBDENIA (SEBDENIACEAE, RHODOPHYTA)
Authors: Hansen Gayle I. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe red alga Schizymenia dawsonii Abbott has been found to have both vegetative and reproductive features that link it closely with the widespread tropical/subtropical genus Sebdenia Berthold. The new binomial Sebdenia dawsonii (Abbott) comb. nov. is proposed.
CULTIVAR GROUPING IN RELATION TO THE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF NOMENCLATURE FOR CULTIVATED PLANTS
Authors: Brandenburg W. A. , Schneider F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTwo important problems hamper progress towards an unambiguous classification of cultivated plants.The first problem arises from the incompatibility between the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) and the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). The ICBN is restricted to nomenclature, the ICNCP treats nomenclature, classification and registration. Each code has different rules for the naming of hybrids causing ambiguity in the naming of cultivated hybrid plants. The second problem is the insufficient way in which the ICNCP defines the cultivar group, its relation to botanical classification and its nomenclature.This article presents these problems in a general way with the intention to stimulate further discussion, thereby helping to bring into line both Codes with respect to the classification of cultivated plants.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF LEPIANTHES RAF. (PIPERACEAE)—A DIFFERENT VIEWPOINT
Authors: Jones Almut G. , Lamboy Warren F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe lectotypification of Lepianthes Raf. with L. granulatum Raf. by Wilbur [Taxon 34(2): 287. 1985] is superfluous because this generic name has been previously and effectively lectotypified by Howard (J. Arnold Arb. 54: 380. 1973) with his choice of Piper umbellatum L. as the “TYPE SPECIES.”
LINDERNIA CAESPITOSA, COMB. NOV. PROPOSED TO REPLACE LINDERNIA PUSILLA AUCT. NON BOLDINGH (SCROPHULARIACEAE)
Authors: Panigrahi G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryLindernia pusilla Boldingh (Oct. 1916) is recognized as a validly described ‘new’ species with its own (unspecified) type. L. caespitosa (Bl.), comb. nov. (≡Diceros caespitosa Blume 1826) is proposed to replace L. pusilla (Thunb.) Merrill (Nov. 1916), L. pusilla (Willd.) Schlechter (1924) and L. pusilla sensu Philcox (1968), non Boldingh (1916).
FRAGARIASTRUM (SER. EX DC.) SCHUR (1853)‐AN ISONYM OF FRAGARIASTRUM HEIST. EX FABR. (1759) (ROSACEAE)
Authors: Panigrahi G. , Diskhit B. K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFragariastrum (Ser. ex DC.) Schur (1853) is established as an isonym of Fragariastrum Heist. ex Fabr. (1759).
TYPIFICATION OF MIMOSA NATANS LINN. F. (MIMOSACEAE)
Authors: Panigrahi G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMimosa nutans Linn. f. (1782) typified by ‘Hab. in Tranquebar (1777), Koenig’ s.n. (1228.4–LINN) is established as a validly described legitimate name, with its own type, not a nomen confusum. Since Neptunia natans (Linn. f.) Druce (1917) is a later heterotypic homonym of N. natans Theob. (1883) [as ‘(Willd.) Theob.’], N. triquetra (Willd.) Benth. is the correct name for the terrestrial taxon, M. natans Linn. f., the former based on Desmanthus triquetrus Willd. (1806) [Mimosa triquetra Vahl (1794), nom. illeg.; M. natans Linn. f.].
TWO NOMENCLATURAL NOVELTIES BASED ON RHEEDE'S “HORTUS MALABARICUS”
Authors: Suresh C. R. , Nicolson Dan H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryEllertonia Wight (1848, Apocynaceae) is an illegitimate renaming of Kamettia Kostel. (1834). Kamettia caryophyllata is a new combination for the taxon previously known as Ellertonia rheedei Wight, nom. illeg. pro Echites caryophyllata Roxb. (1814). Phrynium rheedei (Marantaceae) is a new name for Phrynium capitatum Willd., nom. illeg. pro Pontederia ovata L., non Phrynium ovatum Nees et Mart. (1823).
RAFINESQUE'S VALENTIANA VOLUBILIS AND THE EARLY BOTANICAL COLLECTIONS FROM ETHIOPIA
Authors: Friis Ib 
Published: April 2006

SummaryOn circumstantial evidence it is suggested that the hitherto unidentified name Valentiana volubilis Raf., based on a description of a plant grown from seeds collected in Ethiopia, is a synonym of Thunbergia alata Sims (Acanthaceae). No nomenclatural changes are necessary if this identification is accepted.
TRITICALE: A CASE OF NOMENCLATURAL MISTREATMENT
Authors: Stace C. A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA brief history of the wheat‐rye hybrid triticale is provided, and an as complete as possible list of published names referring to this taxon is annotated with nomenclatural details. Only 2 of 6 generic names and 2 of 33 specific names appear to be valid and legitimate. The correct nothogeneric name for plants derived fromTriticum×Secalecrosses is ×TriticosecaleWittmack ex A. Camus. No correct name at species level is available for the commonest crop triticales. It is recommended that crop triticales be named by appending the cultivar name to the nothogeneric name, e.g. ×Triticosecale‘Newton‘.
AN ILLEGITIMATE PERGULARIA AND THE TRIBAL NAMES CEROPEGIEAE, MARSDENIEAE AND STAPELIEAE (ASCLEPIADACEAE)
Authors: Swarupanandan K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryApparently unaware of Pergularia R. Br. (1811a), a later homonym of Pergularia L. (1767a, and b), Sundell (1980) retained the names for the tribes typified by the genera Ceropegia L., Marsdenia R. Br. and Stapelia L. respectively as Ceropegieae Benth. (1876), Marsdenieae N. E. Br. (1907) and Stapelieae Benth. (1868). However all the available suprageneric names based on Pergularia are truly based on Pergularia R. Br. non L. and are illegitimate. Accordingly Ceropegieae Dcne. (1842), Marsdenieae Benth. (1868) and Stapelieae Dcne. (1844) are the correct names for the tribes.
REVISED SECTIONAL NOMENCLATURE IN PAPAVER L.
Authors: Kiger Robert W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn an earlier article (Kiger, 1973) I reviewed the sectional nomenclature of Papaver, as governed by the then‐current Seattle Code. Subsequent revision of Article 35 at the Leningrad Congress has altered the status of several names relating to sections commonly recognized in the genus, four of which now have different correct names. Here I present a revised synopsis of all names proposed in Papaver at the sectional level, arranged according to Fedde's (1936) taxonomy, and I lectotypify Lasiotrachyphylla Bernh.
RE‐LECTOTYPIFICATION OF CUCUMIS SATIVUS L.
Authors: Pas H. N. ten , Schoenaker J. W. P. , Oost E. H. , Jarvis C. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe existing lectotypification of C. sativus L. has been examined. The choice of lectotype, based on the phrase name of C. sativus, is questioned. It is proposed that this lectotype is rejected and superseded by the designation of a new lectotype, based on a specimen of C. sativus L. from the Burser Herbarium (UPS).
THE IDENTITIES AND SYSTEMATIC RELATIONSHIPS OF MATHIEUA KLOTZSCH AND PLAGIOLIRION BAKER (AMARYLLIDACEAE)
Authors: Meerow Alan W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMathieua and Plagiolirion are two poorly known, monotypic genera of petiolate‐leaved neotropical Amaryllidaceae that have been variously treated as synonyms for Eucharis, Urceolina or Hymenocallis subg. Elisena. Taxonomic history, morphological characters, phytogeography, and ecology of both genera are reviewed. From the available data, Mathieua appears most closely related to Stenomesson. Plagiolirion shows greatest relationship to Hymenocallis subg. Elisena. The supposition that Linden's combination of Eucharis galanthoides was based on Mathieua galanthoides is shown to be false, and E. galanthoides is declared a nomen nudum. The significance of a number of rare and small or monotypic genera of Amaryllidaceae in the northern Andes, with characters intermediate between various larger genera, is discussed.
TYPIFICATION OF PONTEDERIA AND ITS LINNAEAN SPECIES NAMES (PONTEDERIACEAE)
Authors: Horn Charles N. , Haynes Robert R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTypification is established or reviewed for the names of Pontederia (Pontederiaceae) published by Carl Linnaeus. It is concluded that the lectotype of Pontederia is P. cordata. The correct name for Pontederia ovata L. is Phrynium rheedei Suresh & Nicolson (Marantaceae) and for P. hastata L. Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms‐Laubach (Pontederiaceae). Pontederia rotundifolia L. is correct.
LINNAEAN NAMES IN THE GENUS GLOBULARIA L. (GLOBULARIACEAE) AND THEIR TYPIFICATION
Authors: Milletti N. , Jarvis C. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe typification of the seven species names published in the genus Globularia by Linnaeus has been studied. One of these, G. orienlalis, has already been typified by a specimen in LINN. The remaining six names are typified. Three are lectotypified by specimens in LINN, one by a specimen in the Burser herbarium (UPS), and another by a Plukenet illustration. A neotype is proposed for G. spinosa.
REINSTATEMENT OF THE GENUSMASTOCARPUSKÜTZING (RHODOPHYTA)
Authors: Guiry M. D. , West J. A. , Kim D.‐H. , Masuda M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMorphological, life history and biochemical characters are used to show why the genusMastocarpusshould be reinstated for four widely distributed species ofGigartina(Gigartinaceae).Mastocarpusspecies have channelled thalli on which the female reproductive structures and carposporophytes are formed on specially formed papillate structures, have heteromorphic‐type (and associated direct‐type) life histories involving an alternation with tetrasporophytes previously referred to the genusPetrocelis, and tetrasporangia are formed singly.Gigartinaspecies do not have specially formed papillae, have isomorphic gametophytes and sporophytes, and tetrasporangia are produced in branched or unbranched chains.Mastocarpusspecies share many features in common with the Phyllophoraceae and Gigartinaceae but it is proposed that the Petrocelidaceae Denizot be adopted for this genus on the basis of the character of the formation of tetrasporangia singly rather than in chains.
PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE OCCURRENCE OF ABIETANE‐TYPE DITERPENOIDS IN SALVIA SECT. ERYTHROSTACHYS (LAMIACEAE)
Authors: Ramamoorthy T. P. , Esquivel Baldomero , Sánchez Ana Adela , Rodríguez‐Hahn Lydia 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe presence of abietane derived diterpenoids in a few members of the large American Salvia subgenus Calosphace suggests that it may have differentiated from groups ancestral to the Old World salvias or even prior to the differentiation of the groups in Salvia.
REDUCTION OF MEDICAGO MAKRANICA (LEGUMINOSAE TRIBE TRIFOLIEAE) TO INDIGOFERA NEPHROCARPA (TRIBE INDIGOFERAE)
Authors: Small Ernest , Jomphe Marcel , Heyn Clara C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMedicago makranica Heyn (Leguminosae tribe Trifolieae) is based on a misidentification of Indigofera nephrocarpa Balf. f. (tribe Indigoferae).
GERARD AND JAUME: TWO NEGLECTED FIGURES IN THE HISTORY OF JUSSIAEAN CLASSIFICATION (PART THREE)
Authors: Williams Roger L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPart I: Louis Gérard (1733–1819); his development of a system of natural classification; the Flora Gallo‐Provincialis (1761) and its fate. Part II: The progress of the idea of natural classification in the later eighteenth century; the cult of sensibility vs. the cult of reason; and the academic politics of the French Revolution. Part III: Jean‐Henri Jaume Saint‐Hilaire (1772–1845) and his Exposition des families naturelles (1805); the task of popularizing natural classification; and a new role for botany in the democratization of society in the nineteenth century.