bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of neuropeptide S receptor mRNA and neurochemical characteristics of neuropeptide S‐expressing neurons in the rat brain
Authors: Xu Yan‐Ling , Gall Christine M. , Jackson Valerie R. , Civelli Olivier , Reinscheid Rainer K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNeuropeptide S (NPS) and its receptor (NPSR) constitute a novel neuropeptide system that is involved in regulating arousal and anxiety. The NPS precursor mRNA is highly expressed in a previously undescribed group of neurons located between the locus coeruleus (LC) and Barrington's nucleus. We report here that the majority of NPS‐expressing neurons in the LC area and the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus are glutamatergic neurons, whereas many NPS‐positive neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus coexpress corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF). In addition, we describe a comprehensive map of NPSR mRNA expression in the rat brain. High levels of expression are found in areas involved in olfactory processing, including the anterior olfactory nucleus, the endopiriform nucleus, and the piriform cortex. NPSR mRNA is expressed in several regions mediating anxiety responses, including the amygdaloid complex and the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. NPSR mRNA is also found in multiple key regions of sleep neurocircuitries, such as the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the preoptic region. In addition, NPSR mRNA is strongly expressed in major output and input regions of hippocampus, including the parahippocampal regions, the lateral entorhinal cortex, and the retrosplenial agranular cortex. Multiple hypothalamic nuclei, including the dorsomedial and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the posterior arcuate nucleus, express high levels of NPSR mRNA, indicating that NPS may regulate energy homeostasis. These data suggest that the NPS system may play a key role in modulating a variety of physiological functions, especially arousal, anxiety, learning and memory, and energy balance. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:84–102, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amygdala interconnections with the cingulate motor cortex in the rhesus monkey
Authors: Morecraft Robert J. , McNeal David W. , Stilwell‐Morecraft Kimberly S. , Gedney Matthew , Ge Jizhi , Schroeder Clinton M. , van Hoesen Gary W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAmygdala interconnections with the cingulate motor cortices were investigated in the rhesus monkey. Using multiple tracing approaches, we found a robust projection from the lateral basal nucleus of the amygdala to Layers II, IIIa, and V of the rostral cingulate motor cortex (M3). A smaller source of amygdala input arose from the accessory basal, cortical, and lateral nuclei, which targeted only the rostral region of M3. We also found a light projection from the lateral basal nucleus to the same layers of the caudal cingulate motor cortex (M4). Experiments examining this projection to cingulate somatotopy using combined neural tracing strategies and stereology to estimate the total number of terminal‐like immunoreactive particles demonstrated that the amygdala projection terminates heavily in the face representation of M3 and moderately in its arm representation. Fewer terminal profiles were found in the leg representation of M3 and the face, arm, and leg representations of M4. Anterograde tracers placed directly into M3 and M4 revealed the amygdala connection to be reciprocal and documented corticofugal projections to the facial nucleus, surrounding pontine reticular formation, and spinal cord. Clinically, such pathways would be in a position to contribute to mediating movements in the face, neck, and upper extremity accompanying medial temporal lobe seizures that have historically characterized this syndrome. Alterations within or disruption of the amygdalo‐cingulate projection to the rostral part of M3 may also have an adverse effect on facial expression in patients presenting with neurological or neuropsychiatric abnormalities of medial temporal lobe involvement. Finally, the prominent amygdala projection to the face region of M3 may significantly influence the outcome of higher‐order facial expressions associated with social communication and emotional constructs such as fear, anger, happiness, and sadness. J. Comp. Neurol. 500:134–165, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histologic characteristics and tumor spread of recurrent glottic carcinoma: Analysis on whole‐organ sections and comparison with tumor spread of primary glottic carcinomas
Authors: Zbären Peter , Nuyens Michel , Curschmann Jürgen , Stauffer Edouard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe assessment of the precise tumor extent of recurrent glottic carcinomas is a challenge.MethodsThe histologic characteristics of 29 recurrent glottic carcinomas after radiation failures, initially classified as T1 and T2, were analyzed on whole‐organ slices. The growth patterns of 21 recurrent prT3 and prT4 and 52 primary pT3 and pT4 carcinomas were compared.ResultsFifteen of 29 (52%) recurrent carcinomas were understaged by imaging studies and endoscopy. Most recurrent carcinomas presented with multicentric tumor foci, whereas most primary carcinomas with a concentric tumor growth pattern (p < .05). Undifferentiated dissociated tumor cells were observed more often in the vicinity of recurrent tumor foci than of the primary tumor mass (p < .05).ConclusionRecurrent glottic carcinomas are often understaged and present with multiple tumor foci dispersed in different regions of the larynx. If voice‐preserving salvage surgery is considered as a treatment option, these facts should be kept in mind. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2007
Synthesis of hydrophilic isotactic polypropylenes promoted by metallocene catalysts
Authors: Caporaso Lucia , Oliva Leone 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper, the synthesis of isotactic polypropylenes (i‐PP) modified with OH groups in sides (iPP‐OH), by combination of polyinsertion ansa‐metallocene catalysis and ring opening of propene oxide (PO), is described. i‐PP sequences interrupted by isolated ethylene/p‐methylstyrene units forms the backbone. This enchainment is obtained by controlled copolymerization of propene with ethylene and p‐methylstyrene comonomers in the presence of rac‐ethylenebis(1‐indenyl)zirconiumdichloride/methylalumoxane system. The metallation reaction of the p‐methyl group with sec‐BuLi generates an anionic center that can be reacted with PO. The iPP‐OH is the result of the monoaddition reaction of PO followed by hydrolysis with acidified methanol. By changing experimental conditions in the backbone synthesis, a tuned number of the functionalizable sites as well as polypropylene sequence lengths can be obtained. As a consequence, iPP samples with a different number of OH groups for the backbone can be synthesized after the PO monoaddition reaction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 7008–7013, 2006
Synthesis and optical and electrochemical properties of copolymers consisting of 9,9‐dihexylfluorene and aromatic triazole chromophores
Authors: Chen Shinn‐Horng , Chen Yun , Shiau Chuen‐Shiou , Tsai Cheng‐Jang 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAromatic triazole chromophores were incorporated into polyfluorene in an attempt to increase electron affinity, to promote emission efficiency, and to diminish excimer formation. Poly(9,9‐dihexylfluorene) (P1) and new copolymers with aromatic triazoles (P2–P4) were prepared by Suzuki coupling polymerization. In P2, the aromatic triazole (3.8 mol %) was attached exclusively as terminal groups, whereas P3 and P4 were main‐chain copolymers containing 3.9 and 10.3 mol % aromatic triazole chromophores, respectively. The copolymers were soluble in common organic solvents and showed high decomposition temperatures (437–458 °C). The twisted structure between the triazole and fluorene increased the emission efficiency and effectively prevented excimer formation in P2–P4. After the introduction of the triazole units, the absorption spectra showed a blueshift (from 388 to 381 nm in chloroform) due to confined conjugation, but the photoluminescence spectra remained almost the same (417–418 nm); this was attributed to oligofluorene segments. No emission of triazole fluorophores was observed because of efficient energy transfer from the triazole to oligofluorene segments. However, incomplete energy transfer was observed in CH3COOH. The optical stability upon thermal annealing was also improved by the incorporation of aromatic triazole segments. From cyclic voltammetry results, P2–P4, containing triazole groups, showed greater electron affinity (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level = −2.67 to −2.71 eV) than P1 (−2.52 eV). Electroluminescence devices of P1–P4 all exhibited excimer emissions (483–521 nm), which could also be diminished by the introduction of aromatic triazole chromophores. © 2006Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 136–146, 2007
Ethical Issues in Cancer Genetics: 1) Whose Information Is It?
Authors: Schneider Katherine A. , Chittenden Anu B. , Branda Kelly J. , Keenan Meredith A. , Joffe Steven , Patenaude Andrea Farkas , Reynolds Hazel , Dent Karin , Eubanks Sonja , Goldman Jill , Leroy Bonnie , Warren Nancy Steinberg , Taylor Kelly , Vockley Cate Walsh , Garber Judy E. 
Published: November 2006

This article presents and discusses four clinical cases that exemplify the complexity of ethical dilemmas concerning the provider's obligation to disclose or withhold genetic information from patients.Case 1: What is the responsibility of the cancer genetics provider to ensure that a positive test results is shared with distant relatives?Case 2: To ensure that results go to at‐risk relatives, do we have the right to ignore the wishes of the designated next‐of‐kin?Case 3: Do we have the right to reveal a familial BRCA1 mutation to a patient's relative, who is at 50% risk?Case 4: Do we have an obligation to reveal that a patient is not a blood relative and therefore, not at risk to have inherited a familial mutation?These cases form the basis for discussing the provider's dual obligations to keeping patient confidentiality and informing patients and families about risk (i.e. duty to warn). We also provide a summary of consensus points and additional discussion questions for each case.
Regiospecific enzymatic oxygenation of cis‐vaccenic acid during aerobic senescence of the halophilic purple sulfur bacterium Thiohalocapsa halophila
Authors: Marchand Daphné , Grossi Vincent , Hirschler‐Rea Agnès , Rontani Jean‐François 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA regiospecific oxygenation of the allylic carbon 10 of cis‐vaccenic acid has been observed in senescent cells of the halophilic purple sulfur bacterium Thiohalocapsa halophila incubated under aerobic conditions in darkness. The results obtained strongly suggest that these enzymatic processes involve the initial dioxygenase‐mediated formation of 10‐hydroperoxyoctadec‐cis‐11‐enoic acid, which is not accumulated in the cells of T. halophila owing to its high cytotoxic properties. Deuterium labeling and GC‐MS analyses enabled us to demonstrate that subsequent enzymatic conversions of this allylic hydroperoxide involved reduction, cleavage, isomerization, and saturation reactions. Some of the specific oxidation products thus formed could constitute potential T. halophila biomarkers.
Two novel glucosylceramides from gonads and body walls of the patagonian starfish Allostichaster inaequalis
Authors: Díaz de Vivar María E. , Seldes Alicia M. , Maier Marta S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFrom the water‐insoluble lipid fraction of the chloroform/methanol/water extract of the gonads and body walls of the Patagonian starfish Allostichaster inaequalis, two new glucosylceramides (4 and 7) were isolated together with the known phalluside‐1 (1) and two glucosylceramides (2 and 3) previously isolated from the starfish Cosmasterias lurida. The new compounds were characterized as (2S,3R,4E,8E,10E)‐1‐(β‐d‐glucopyranosyloxy)‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐[(R)‐2‐hydroxy‐15‐tetracosenoyl] amino‐4,8,10‐octadecatriene (4) and (2S,3R,4E,15Z)‐1‐(β‐d‐glucopyranosyloxy)‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐[(R)‐2‐hydroxyhexadecanoyl] amino‐4,15‐docosadiene (7) by means of spectroscopic and chemical methods.
Analysis of diastereomeric DAG naphthylethylurethanes by normal‐phase HPLC with on‐line electrospray MS
Authors: Ågren J. J. , Kuksis A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNormal‐phase HPLC resolution of sn‐1,2(2,3)‐ and x‐1,3‐DAG generated by partial Grignard degradation from natural TAG was carried out with both (R)‐(−) and (S)‐(+)‐1‐(1‐naphthyl)ethylurethane derivatives. The diastereomeric sn‐1,2‐ and sn‐2,3‐DAG derivatives were resolved using two Supelcosil LC‐Si (5 μm, 25 cm × 4.6 mm i.d.) columns in series and an isocratic elution with 0.37% isopropanol in hexane at a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min. The DAG were detected by UV absorption at 280 nm and were identified by electrospray ionization MS in the positive ion mode following postcolumn addition of chloroform/methanol/30% ammonium hydroxide (75∶24.5∶0.5, by vol) at 0.6 mL/min. Application of the method to a stereospecific analysis of the molecular species of TAG of rat VLDL showed that the TAG composition of VLDL circulating under basal conditions differs markedly from that of VLDL secreted by the liver during inhibition of serum lipases. The inhibition of serum lipases resulted in a significant proportional decrease in 16∶0 and PUFA and an increase in 18∶0 and oligoenoic FA in the sn‐1‐position, whereas the FA compositions in the sn‐2‐ and sn‐3‐positions were much less affected.
Identification and expression of mammalian long‐chain PUFA elongation enzymes
Authors: Leonard Amanda E. , Kelder Bruce , Bobik Emil G. , Chuang Lu‐Te , Lewis Christopher J. , Kopchick John J. , Mukerji Pradip , Huang Yung‐Sheng 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn mammalian cells, Sprecher has proposed that the synthesis of long‐chain PUFA from the 20‐carbon substrates involves two consecutive elongation steps, a Δ6‐desaturation step followed by retroconversion (Sprecher, H., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1486, 219–231, 2000). We searched the database using the translated sequence of human elongase ELOVL5, whose encoded enzyme elongates monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FA, as a query to identify the enzyme(s) involved in elongation of very long chain PUFA. The database search led to the isolation of two cDNA clones from human and mouse. These clones displayed deduced amino acid sequences that had 56.4 and 58% identity, respectively, to that of ELOVL5. The open reading frame of the human clone (ELOVL2) encodes a 296‐amino acid peptide, whereas the mouse clone (Elovl2) encodes a 292‐amino acid peptide. Expression of these open reading frames in baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, demonstrated that the encoded proteins were involved in the elongation of both 20‐and 22‐carbon long‐chain PUFA, as determined by the conversion of 20∶4n−6 to 22∶4n−6, 22∶4n−6 to 24∶4n−6, 20∶5n−3 to 22∶5n−3, and 22∶5n−3 to 24∶5n−3. The elongation activity of the mouse Elovl2 was further demonstrated in the transformed mouse L cells incubated with long‐chain (C20‐and C22‐carbon) n−6 and n−3 PUFA substrates by the significant increase in the levels of 24∶4n−6 and 24∶5n−3, respectively. This report demonstrates the isolation and identification of two mammalian genes that encode very long chain PUFA specific elongation enzymes in the Sprecher pathway for DHA synthesis.
Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on metabolism of isotope‐labeled oleic, linoleic, and CLA isomers in women
Authors: Emken E. A. , Adlof R. O. , Duval S. , Nelson G. , Benito P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary CLA on accretion of 9c‐18∶1, 9c, 12c‐18∶2, 10t, 12c‐18∶2, and 9c, 11t‐18∶2 and conversion of these FA to their desaturated, elongated, and chain‐shortened metabolites. The subjects were six healthy adult women who had consumed normal diets supplemented with 6 g/d of sunflower oil or 3.9 g/d of CLA for 63 d. A mixture of 10t, 12c‐18∶2‐d4, 9c, 11t‐18∶2‐d6, 9c‐18∶1‐d8, and 9c, 12c‐18∶2‐d2, as their ethyl esters, was fed to each subject, and nine blood samples were drawn over a 48‐h period. The results show that dietary CLA supplementation had no effect on the metabolism of the deuterium‐labeled FA. These metabolic results were consistent with the general lack of a CLA diet effect on a variety of physiological responses previously reported for these women. The 2H‐CLA isomers were metabolically different. The relative percent differences between the accumulation of 9c, 11t‐18∶2‐d6 and 10t, 12c‐18∶2‐d4 in plasma lipid classes ranged from 9 to 73%. The largest differences were a fourfold higher incorporation of 10t, 12c‐18∶2‐d4 than 9c, 11t‐18∶2‐d6 in 1‐acyl PC and a two‐ to threefold higher incorporation of 9c, 11t‐18∶2‐d6 than 10t, 12c‐18∶2‐d4 in cholesterol esters. Compared to 9c‐18∶1‐d8 and 9c, 12c‐18∶2‐d2, the 10t, 12c‐18∶2‐d4 and 9c, 11t‐18∶2‐d6 isomers were 20–25% less well absorbed. Relative to 9c‐18∶1, incorporation of the CLA isomers into 2‐acyl PC and cholesterol ester was 39–84% lower and incorporation of 10t, 12c‐18∶2 was 50% higher in 1‐acyl PC. This pattern of selective incorporation and discrimination is similar to the pattern generally observed for trans and cis 18∶1 positional isomers. Elongated and desaturated CLA metabolites were detected. The concentration of 6c, 10t, 12c‐18∶3‐d4 in plasma TG was equal to 6.8% of the 10t, 12c‐18∶2‐d4 present, and TG was the only lipid fraction that contained a CLA metabolite present at concentrations sufficient for reliable quantification. In conclusion, no effect of dietary CLA was observed, absorption of CLA was less than that of 9c‐18∶1, CLA positional isomers were metabolically different, and conversion of CLA isomers to desaturated and elongated metabolites was low.
Retinal sensitivity loss in third‐generation n‐3 PUFA‐deficient rats
Authors: Weisinger Harrison S. , Armitage James A. , Jeffrey Brett G. , Mitchell Drake C. , Moriguchi Toru , Sinclair Andrew J. , Weisinger Richard S. , Salem Norman 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA previous study conducted in guinea pigs suggested that ingestion of diets high in EPA and DHA may result in suboptimal retinal function. The aim of the present study was to evaluate retinal function in pigmented (Long‐Evans) rats, raised to a third generation on diets that were either deficient in n‐3 PUFA or adequate (with the addition of DHA). Electroretinographic assessment employed full‐field white flash stimulation. Photoreceptor responses were evaluated in terms of peak amplitudes and implicit times (a‐wave, b‐wave), intensity‐response functions (Naka‐Rushton), and the parameters of a model of transduction (P3). Retinal phospholipid FA composition was measured by capillary GLC. DHA levels were reduced by 55% in n‐3‐deficient animals compared with the n‐3‐adequate group, whereas the levels of docosapentaenoic acid n‐6 were 44 times higher in n‐3‐deficient animals. The level of arachidonic acid was marginally higher (12.8%) in n‐6‐adequate animals. The n‐3‐deficient animals exhibited significantly reduced retinal sensitivity (σ and S values were both affected by 0.29 log units) and increased b‐wave implicit times compared with those fed the n‐3‐adequate diet. These data suggest that n‐3 PUFA are required for development of retinal sensitivity, more so than other indices of retinal function assessed by current methods, such as maximal response amplitude. However, the benefit for retinal function of adding preformed DHA to diets already replete in n‐3 PUFA remains unclear.
n‐3 FA increase liver uptake of HDL‐cholesterol in mice
Authors: Morvan Valérie le , Dumon Marie‐France , Palos‐Pinto Antonio , Bérard Annie M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn humans, diets rich in fish oil (containing n‐3 FA) decrease the incidence of coronary artery diseases. This is thought to be caused by the induction in liver and skeletal muscle of genes involved in lipid oxidation, and to the repression in liver and adipose tissue of genes responsible for lipogenesis. n‐3 FA are known to reduce the synthesis of FA and TG in the liver, resulting in a decrease of plasma concentrations of TG‐rich lipoproteins. On the other hand, little is known of a possible effect of n‐3 FA on HDL metabolism. To investigate this question, female C57BI/6J mice were fed an n‐3 FA‐enriched diet for 16 wk. As expected from previous studies, we found that total cholesterol, TG, and phospholipids were reduced in the plasma of treated mice. We also found that HDL‐cholesterol decreased after this treated and that the in vivo fractional catabolic rate of HDL‐cholesteryl ester was significantly higher in treated mice than in control mice fed a standard diet. Consistent with these results, treated mice exhibited increased uptake of HDL‐cholesteryl ester in the liver. Moreover, quantitative reverse transcriptase‐PCR analysis showed a two‐to threefold increase in scavenger receptor B‐1 gene expression. Taken together, these results suggest that an n‐3 FA‐enriched diet stimulates one step in the reverse cholesterol transport in mice, probably by increasing the amount of the scavenger receptor class B‐1. These effects of n‐3 FA on HDL metabolism may contribute to their beneficial effects on the vasculature.
Eicosapentaenoic acid promotes apoptosis in Ramos cells via activation of caspase‐3 and ‐9
Authors: Heimli Hilde , Giske Camilla , Naderi Soheil , Drevon Christian A. , Hollung Kristin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20∶5n−3) may reduce the cell number in cultured leukemia/lymphoma cells owing to reduced cell proliferation, induction of cell death, or a combination of these processes. EPA has been shown to promote apoptosis in Ramos cells, and our present study was focused on a possible cell cycle arrest and the pathways by which the apoptotic process is induced. Apoptosis may proceed along the intrinsic (mitochondrial) or the extrinsic (death receptor) pathway, which are mediated via different caspases. Caspases are a class of homologous cysteine proteases recognized as pivotal mediators of apoptosis. We investigated whether EPA affects progression of the cell cycle or promotes apoptosis directly. By incorporation of [3H]thymidine and [3H]valine, we showed that DNA, as well as protein synthesis, was reduced after incubation of Ramos cells with EPA for 6h. We monitored cell cycle distribution by 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine staining and observed no cell cycle arrest in the EPA‐incubated cells. Incubation of cells with EPA caused PS‐flipping, as demonstrated by annexin V‐binding (flow cytometry), and cleavage of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase measured by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, we observed increased activity of caspase‐3 and‐9, but not of caspase‐8. Whereas inhibitors of caspase‐3 and‐9 reduced EPA‐induced apoptosis, inhibition of caspase‐8 did not. This suggests that EPA may promote apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway in Ramos cells. Thus, the reduction in cell number can be explained by a direct apoptotic effect of EPA rather than via cell cycle arrest.