bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trampoline injuries
Authors: Nysted M , Drogset J O 
Published: September 2006

Objective:To describe the mechanism, location and types of injury for all patients treated for trampoline-associated injuries at St Olav’s University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway, from March 2001to October 2004.Materials and methods:Patients were identified from a National Injury Surveillance System. All patients were asked to complete a standard questionnaire at their first visit at the hospital. Most data were recorded prospectively, but data on the mechanism of injury, the number of participants on the trampoline at the time of injury, adult supervision and whether the activity occurred at school or in another organised setting were collected retrospectively.Results:A total of 556 patients, 56% male and 44% female, were included. The mean age of patients was 11 (range 1–62) years. 77% of the injuries occurred on the body of the trampoline, including falls on to the mat, collisions with another jumper, falls on to the frame or the springs, and performing a somersault, whereas 22% of the people fell off the trampoline. In 74% of the cases, more than two people were on the trampoline, with as many as nine trampolinists noted at the time of injury. For children <11 years, 22% had adult supervision when the injury occurred. The most common types of injuries were fractures (36%) and injury to ligaments (36%). Injuries to the extremities predominated (79%), and the lower extremities were the most commonly injured part of the body (44%). A ligament injury in the ankle was the most often reported diagnosis (20%), followed by an overstretching of ligaments in the neck (8%) and a fracture of the elbow (7%). Regarding cervical injuries, two patients had cervical fractures and one patient had an atlantoaxial subluxation. Three patients with fractures in the elbow region reported an ulnar nerve neuropathy. 13% of the patients were hospitalised for a mean of 2.2 days.Conclusion:Trampolining can cause serious injuries, especially in the neck and elbow areas of young children. The use of a trampoline is a high-risk activity. However, a ban is not supported. The importance of having safety guidelines for the use of trampolines is emphasised.
CLUSTERING BIOLOGICAL ANNOTATIONS AND GENE EXPRESSION DATA TO IDENTIFY PUTATIVELY CO-REGULATED BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
Authors: HENEGAR CORNELIU , CANCELLO RAFFAELLA , ROME SOPHIE , VIDAL HUBERT , CLÉMENT KARINE , ZUCKER JEAN-DANIEL 
Published: September 2006

Motivation: Functional profiling is a key step of microarray gene expression data analysis. Identifying co-regulated biological processes could help for better understanding of underlying biological interactions within the studied biological frame. Results: We present herein an original approach designed to search for putatively co-regulated biological processes sharing a significant number of co-expressed genes. An R language implementation named "FunCluster" was built and tested on two gene expression data sets. A discriminatory functional analysis of the first data set, related to experiments performed on separated adipocytes and stroma vascular fraction cells of human white adipose tissue, highlighted the prevalent role of nonadipose cells in the synthesis of inflammatory and immunity molecules in human adiposity. On the second data set, resulting from a model investigating insulin coordinated regulation of gene expression in human skeletal muscle, FunCluster analysis spotlighted novel functional classes of putatively co-regulated biological processes related to protein metabolism and the regulation of muscular contraction. Availability: Supplementary information about the FunCluster tool is available on-line at .
COEXPRESSIONFINDER: A NEW ALGORITHM FOR FINDING GROUPS OF COEXPRESSED GENES
Authors: ROGOV SERGEY I. , MOMYNALIEV KUVAT T. , GOVORUN VADIM M. 
Published: September 2006

Results: A new algorithm is developed which is intended to find groups of genes whose expression values change in a concordant manner in a series of experiments with DNA arrays. This algorithm is named as CoexpressionFinder. It can find more complete and internally coordinated groups of gene expression vectors than hierarchical clustering. Also, it finds more genes having coordinated expression. The algorithm's design allows parallel execution.Availability: The algorithm is implemented as a Java application which is freely available at: and .
Ekman Layer Rectification
Authors: McWilliams James C. , Huckle Edward 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The phenomenon of oceanic Ekman layer rectification refers to how the time-mean, Ekman layer velocity profile with depth differs as a consequence of variability in the surface wind in addition to the time-mean wind. This study investigates rectification using the K-Profile Parameterization (KPP) model for the turbulent surface boundary layer under simple conditions of uniform density and no surface buoyancy flux or surface wave influences. The rectification magnitude is found to be significant under typical conditions. Its primary effects are to extend the depth profile deeper into the interior, reduce the mean shear, increase the effective eddy viscosity due to turbulent momentum mixing, and rotate slightly the surface velocity farther away from the mean wind direction. These effects are partly due to the increase in mean stress because of its quadratic dependence on wind speed but also are due to the nonlinearity of the turbulent mixing efficiency. The strongest influence on the rectification magnitude is the ratio of transient wind amplitude to mean wind speed. It is found that an accurate estimate of the mean current usually can be obtained by using a quasi-stationary approximation that is a weighted integral of the steady Ekman layer response over the probability density function for the wind, independent of the detailed wind history. Rectification occurs even for very high frequency wind fluctuations, though the accuracy of the quasi-steady approximation degrades in this limit (as does the validity of the KPP model). This theory is extended to include the effects of the horizontal component of the Coriolis frequency, f y. Based on published computational turbulence solutions, a simple parameterization is proposed that amplifies the turbulent eddy diffusivity in KPP by a factor that decreases with latitude and depends on the wind orientation. The effect of f y ≠ 0 is to increase both the shear and the surface speed in the time-mean Ekman current for winds directed to the northeast and decrease both quantities for winds to the southwest, with weaker influences on these properties for the orthogonal directions of southeast and northwest. Furthermore, with transient winds there is significant coupling between f y ≠ 0 and the rectification effect; for example, the mean surface current direction, relative to the mean wind, is significantly changed for these orthogonal directions.
Oceanic Restratification Forced by Surface Frontogenesis
Authors: Lapeyre Guillaume , Klein Patrice , Hua Bach Lien 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Potential vorticity (PV) conservation implies a strong constraint on the time evolution of the mean density at a given depth. The authors show that, on an f plane and in the absence of sources and sinks of PV, it only depends on two terms, namely, the time evolution of the product between density anomaly and relative vorticity and the vertical PV flux. This primitive equation result, which applies at any depth, suggests that the ageostrophic dynamics induced by baroclinic eddies strongly affect the mean oceanic stratification profile. This result is illustrated for two simple initial-value simulations of a baroclinic, balanced jet. For initial situations propitious to surface frontogenesis, the simulations show a restratification over the whole water column characterized by the amplification in time of the Brunt–Väisälä frequency in the upper oceanic layers. In the absence of surface frontogenesis, such as when the jet is initialized at the middepth of the water column, the restratification is much weaker and slower. Because both simulations have similar kinetic energy and growth rate of baroclinic instability, the results clearly reveal that the restratification is driven by surface frontogenesis in the first case and by vertical PV flux in the interior in the second case. The authors also point out that the dynamics of the interior PV is tightly related to the surface dynamics because of total mass conservation.
Global Abyssal Mixing Inferred from Lowered ADCP Shear and CTD Strain Profiles
Authors: Kunze Eric , Firing Eric , Hummon Julia M. , Chereskin Teresa K. , Thurnherr Andreas M. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Internal wave–wave interaction theories and observations support a parameterization for the turbulent dissipation rate ɛ and eddy diffusivity K that depends on internal wave shear 〈Vz2〉 and strain 〈ξz2〉 variances. Its latest incarnation is applied to about 3500 lowered ADCP/CTD profiles from the Indian, Pacific, North Atlantic, and Southern Oceans. Inferred diffusivities K are functions of latitude and depth, ranging from 0.03 × 10−4 m2 s−1 within 2° of the equator to (0.4–0.5) × 10−4 m2 s−1 at 50°–70°. Diffusivities K also increase with depth in tropical and subtropical waters. Diffusivities below 4500-m depth exhibit a peak of 0.7 × 10−4 m2 s−1 between 20° and 30°, latitudes where semidiurnal parametric subharmonic instability is expected to be active. Turbulence is highly heterogeneous. Though the bulk of the vertically integrated dissipation ∫ɛ is contributed from the main pycnocline, hotspots in ∫ɛ show some correlation with small-scale bottom roughness and near-bottom flow at sites where strong surface tidal dissipation resulting from tide–topography interactions has been implicated. Average vertically integrated dissipation rates are 1.0 mW m−2, lying closer to the 0.8 mW m−2 expected for a canonical (Garrett and Munk) internal wave spectrum than the global-averaged deep-ocean surface tide loss of 3.3 mW m−2.
Response of the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary to External Forcing in Winter
Authors: Smith G. C. , Saucier F. J. , Straub D. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Mostly because of a lack of observations, fundamental aspects of the St. Lawrence Estuary’s wintertime response to forcing remain poorly understood. The results of a field campaign over the winter of 2002/03 in the estuary are presented. The response of the system to tidal forcing is assessed through the use of harmonic analyses of temperature, salinity, sea level, and current observations. The analyses confirm previous evidence for the presence of semidiurnal internal tides, albeit at greater depths than previously observed for ice-free months. The low-frequency tidal streams were found to be mostly baroclinic in character and to produce an important neap tide intensification of the estuarine circulation. Despite stronger atmospheric momentum forcing in winter, the response is found to be less coherent with the winds than seen in previous studies of ice-free months. The tidal residuals show the cold intermediate layer in the estuary is renewed rapidly (14 days) in late March by the advection of a wedge of near-freezing waters from the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In situ processes appeared to play a lesser role in the renewal of this layer. In particular, significant wintertime deepening of the estuarine surface mixed layer was prevented by surface stability, which remained high throughout the winter. The observations also suggest that the bottom circulation was intensified during winter, with the intrusion in the deep layer of relatively warm Atlantic waters, such that the 3°C isotherm rose from below 150 m to near 60 m.
On the Influence of Buoyancy Fluxes on Wind Drift Currents
Authors: Nerheim Signild , Stigebrandt Anders 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Data from a moored buoy in the Baltic proper have been analyzed to study the ageostrophic wind-driven (Ekman) transport accounting for buoyancy fluxes in a stratified ocean. A model considering different dynamical regimes governed by wind stress τ, buoyancy fluxes, stratification, and rotation is used to determine the thickness of the mixed layer. For shallow layers in the regime of positive buoyancy fluxes (35% of the time) a transport of about 0.77τ/ρf directed about 30° to the right of the wind is observed. This is far from 1.0τ/ρf and 90°, given by the classical Ekman solution for homogeneous water. The result can be understood qualitatively as caused by drag between the well-mixed surface layer and the underlying layer if the time scale of decay is about 2 h−1. For negative buoyancy fluxes through the sea surface (53% of the time) the mean observed transport was 1.69τ/ρf directed about 60° to the right of the wind. Finite-depth equations for homogeneous water cannot explain this result. No simple explanation of this observational result is offered, but it should be connected to the simultaneously occurring thermohaline convection, which efficiently transmits momentum vertically to the whole mixed layer. The computed mean energy transfer to the wind current is about 12 mW m−2.
A Kuroshio Extension System Model Study: Decadal Chaotic Self-Sustained Oscillations
Authors: Pierini Stefano 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA model study of the Kuroshio Extension system, in which forcing is provided by a time-independent climatological wind, yields a mean meandering path and a decadal variability of the jet in significant agreement with in situ and altimetric measurements. A reduced-gravity primitive equation ocean model is implemented in a box spanning the whole North Pacific, including a schematic coastline at the western side, and an analytical wind forcing is determined according to the ECMWF and Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) climatologies. The modeled time-averaged Kuroshio Extension shows meanders, northern and southern recirculation regions, and a jet penetration that are in good agreement with the corresponding observed climatological features. This result suggests that intrinsic nonlinear mechanisms are likely to play a major role in determining the meander pattern of the mean flow. The internal low-frequency variability is found to be a chaotic bimodal self-sustained oscillation between an energetic meandering state and a much weaker state with a reduced zonal penetration of the jet. These high and low energy states are found to be very similar to the “elongated” and “contracted” modes of the Kuroshio Extension detected through altimetric measurements; moreover, the characteristic period (of around 10 yr), flow patterns, and transition details of a typical bimodal cycle are found to be in significant agreement with altimeter observations for the period 1992–2004. A complex dynamical mechanism supporting this internal oscillation, and involving the bimodal behavior of the Kuroshio south of Japan, is proposed and discussed. On the basis of these modeling results and of their validation with altimeter data, it is hypothesized that the observed bimodal decadal variability of the Kuroshio Extension is basically due to a self-sustained internal oscillation related to the instability of the Kuroshio south of Japan without any crucial intervention of wind-driven Sverdrup transport fluctuations and of topographic interactions, although such effects certainly play an important role in shaping the finer structure of Kuroshio Extension changes. Finally, in a preliminary analysis of the variability in the framework of nonlinear dynamical systems theory it is suggested that the strange attractor corresponding to the modeled low-frequency variability is associated with a homoclinic orbit produced by a global bifurcation; moreover, transitions between oscillations of different character found for slightly different values of the lateral eddy viscosity and forcing amplitude are conjectured to be due to heteroclinic connections.
Results of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ALL Consortium Protocol 95-01 for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Moghrabi Albert , Levy Donna E. , Asselin Barbara , Barr Ronald , Clavell Luis , Hurwitz Craig , Samson Yvan , Schorin Marshall , Dalton Virginia K. , Lipshultz Steven E. , Neuberg Donna S. , Gelber Richard D. , Cohen Harvey J. , Sallan Stephen E. , Silverman Lewis B. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) Childhood ALL Consortium Protocol 95-01 was designed to minimize therapy-related morbidity for children with newly diagnosed ALL without compromising efficacy. Patients participated in randomized comparisons of (1) doxorubicin given with or without dexrazoxane, a cardioprotectant (high-risk patients), (2) intensive intrathecal chemotherapy and cranial radiation (standard-risk patients), and (3) Erwinia and Escherichia coli asparaginase (all patients). Between 1996 and 2000, 491 patients (aged 0-18 years) were enrolled (272 standard risk and 219 high risk). With a median of 5.7 years of follow-up, the estimated 5-year event-free survival (EFS) for all patients was 82% ± 2%. Dexrazoxane did not have a significant impact on the 5-year EFS of high-risk patients (P = .99), and there was no significant difference in outcome of standard-risk patients based on type of central nervous system (CNS) treatment (P = .26). Compared with E coli asparaginase, Erwinia asparaginase was associated with a lower incidence of toxicity (10% versus 24%), but also an inferior 5-year EFS (78% ± 4% versus 89% ± 3%, P = .01). We conclude that (1) dexrazoxane does not interfere with the antileukemic effect of doxorubicin, (2) intensive intrathecal chemotherapy is as effective as cranial radiation in preventing CNS relapse in standard-risk patients, and (3) once-weekly Erwinia is less toxic than E coli asparaginase, but also less efficacious.
A machine learning strategy to identify candidate binding sites in human protein-coding sequence
Authors: Down Thomas , Leong Bernard , Hubbard Tim JP 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
The splicing of RNA transcripts is thought to be partly promoted and regulated by sequences embedded within exons. Known sequences include binding sites for SR proteins, which are thought to mediate interactions between splicing factors bound to the 5' and 3' splice sites. It would be useful to identify further candidate sequences, however identifying them computationally is hard since exon sequences are also constrained by their functional role in coding for proteins.

Results
This strategy identified a collection of motifs including several previously reported splice enhancer elements. Although only trained on coding exons, the model discriminates both coding and non-coding exons from intragenic sequence.

Conclusion
We have trained a computational model able to detect signals in coding exons which seem to be orthogonal to the sequences' primary function of coding for proteins. We believe that many of the motifs detected here represent binding sites for both previously unrecognized proteins which influence RNA splicing as well as other regulatory elements.
Role of the unique N-terminal domain of CtBP2 in determining the subcellular localisation of CtBP family proteins
Authors: Bergman Lee M , Morris Laila , Darley Matthew , Mirnezami Alexander H , Gunatilake Samal C , Blaydes Jeremy P 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
CtBP1 and CtBP2 are transcriptional co-repressors that modulate the activity of a large number of transcriptional repressors via the recruitment of chromatin modifiers. Many CtBP-regulated proteins are involved in pathways associated with tumorigenesis, including TGF-β and Wnt signalling pathways and cell cycle regulators such as RB/p130 and HDM2, as well as adenovirus E1A. CtBP1 and CtBP2 are highly similar proteins, although evidence is emerging that their activity can be differentially regulated, particularly through the control of their subcellular localisation. CtBP2s from diverse species contain a unique N-terminus, absent in CtBP1 that plays a key role in controlling the nuclear-cytoplasmic distribution of the protein.

Results
Here we show that amino acids (a.a.) 4–14 of CtBP2 direct CtBP2 into an almost exclusively nuclear distribution in cell lines of diverse origins. Whilst this sequence contains similarity to known nuclear localisation motifs, it cannot drive nuclear localisation of a heterologous protein, but rather has been shown to function as a p300 acetyltransferase-dependent nuclear retention sequence. Here we define the region of CtBP2 required to co-operate with a.a. 4–14 to promote CtBP2 nuclear accumulation as being within a.a. 1–119. In addition, we show that a.a. 120–445 of CtBP2 can also promote CtBP2 nuclear accumulation, independently of a.a. 4–14. Finally, CtBP1 and CtBP2 can form heterodimers, and we show that the interaction with CtBP2 is one mechanism whereby CtBP1 can be recruited to the nucleus.

Conclusion
Together, these findings represent key distinctions in the regulation of the functions of CtBP family members that may have important implications as to their roles in development, and cell differentiation and survival.
Deep penetrating nevus: a case report and brief literature review
Authors: Flauta Victor S , Lingamfelter Daniel C , Dang Linh M , Lankachandra Kamani M 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background -
Deep penetrating nevus (DPN) is a distinct variant of melanocytic nevus and remains a histopathologic challenge to pathologists because of its resemblance to blue nevus, malignant melanoma, pigmented Spitz nevus, and congenital melanocytic nevus. It often goes unrecognized due to its relative rarity.

Case presentation -
Here we report a case of DPN of the left anterior leg in a 51-year old female. A brief review of the literature shows that these lesions have a distinct growth pattern and cellular morphology that can differentiate these lesions from other entities including malignant melanoma.

Conclusion -
It is important to recognize these features because DPN carries a better prognosis than malignant melanoma.
Knowledge, attitude and practice of breastfeeding in the north of Jordan: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Khassawneh Mohammad , Khader Yousef , Amarin Zouhair , Alkafajei Ahmad 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundIn Jordan, as in neighboring countries in the Middle East, higher education and higher employment rates in recent years among women have had an impact on traditionally based infant feeding. The objective of this study was to evaluate practice, knowledge and attitude to breastfeeding and to assess factors associated with breastfeeding among women in the north of Jordan.MethodsA cross sectional study was carried out between 15 July 2003 and 15 August 2003. A total of 344 women with children aged between 6 months and 3 years from five different villages in the north of Jordan were randomly selected and interviewed. Information regarding participants' demographics, infant feeding in first six months of life, knowledge and attitude towards breastfeeding was collected.ResultsFull breastfeeding was reported by 58.3%, mixed feeding was reported by 30.3% and infant formula feeding was reported by 11.4%. Almost one third of the full breastfeeding group did so for 6–12 months, and almost two thirds did continue breastfeeding for more than one year. Employed women were more likely not to practice full breastfeeding compared to unemployed women (odds ratio 3.34, 95% CI 1.60, 6.98), and women who had caesarian delivery were more likely not to practice full breastfeeding compared to those who had vaginal delivery (odds ratio 2.36, 95% CI 1.17, 4.78). Jordanian women had a positive attitude but work place and short maternity leaves had a negative impact on breastfeeding.ConclusionThis study showed that a high proportion of Jordanian women did breastfeed for more than one year. However, working women and those who deliver by caesarean section were less likely to breastfeed. It is speculated that adopting facilitatory measures at hospitals and work place could increase the rate of full breastfeeding.