bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short‐term etidronate treatment prevents glucocorticoid‐induced bone debility of the mandible in growing rats
Authors: Fujita Y , Konoo T , Maki K 
Published: October 2008

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Fujita Y, Konoo T, Maki KObjectives –  To analyse the effects of short‐term treatment with etidronate on the glucocorticoid‐induced retardation of bone growth and deterioration of bone structure in the prepubertal rat mandible.Materials and Methods –  Fifty 5‐week‐old male rats were divided into five groups. Etidronate or vehicle treatment (5 mg/kg/day, daily, subcutaneous injection) was initiated after glucocorticoid administration (30 mg/kg/day, on alternate days, orally) for 6 weeks and was continued for 3 weeks. Then, bone growth was measured using lateral cephalometric analysis. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography was used to determine bone density, bone cross‐sectional area and bone strength.Results –  Glucocorticoid‐treated rats had significantly lower body weight, mandibular length, cortical bone density, bone strength and cross‐sectional area in trabecular and cortical bone, but had significantly higher trabecular bone density than untreated rats. No significant difference in mandibular height was observed between the glucocorticoid‐treated group and the untreated control group. Etidronate treatment improved the glucocorticoid‐induced decrease in bone strength and increased density in trabecular and cortical bone above the untreated control level, but had no significant effects on the reduction in mandibular length.Conclusion –  These findings suggest that etidronate can potentially reverse the glucocorticoid‐induced deterioration of internal bone structure, but has no beneficial effects on the glucocorticoid‐induced retardation of bone growth in the growing rat mandible.
Treatment of actinic keratoses with a novel betulin‐based oleogel. A prospective, randomized, comparative pilot study
Authors: Huyke Constance , Reuter Juliane , Rodig Mirko , Kersten Astrid , Laszczyk Melanie , Scheffler Armin , Nashan Dorothee , Schempp Christoph 
Published: October 2008

Summary Background: Actinic keratoses (AK) are squamous cell carcinomas in situ and require treatment. Betulin‐based oleogel prepared from a standardized triter‐pene dry extract from birch bark represents a new topical agent with anti‐inflammatory and anti‐tumor potential. Patients and Methods: In the prospective, randomized, monocentric phase 2a study 45 patients with < 10 AK were included and randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups. Intervention consisted of topical betulin‐based oleogel twice daily versus cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen versus the combination of cryotherapy with topical betulin‐based oleogel.Treatment response was assessed clinically after three months. The clinical response was graded into complete clearing (100 %), therapy responders (> 75 % clearing of the lesions) and non‐responders (< 75 % clearing). Additionally, punch biopsies were obtained from some patients before and at the end of treatment. Results: Therapy with betulin‐based oleogel was well tolerated.Three patients discontinued therapy because of personal reasons. After three months, the 100% (and > 75%) clearing rates of the lesions were as follows: 64% (86%) with betulin‐based oleogel (n = 14),79% (93%) with cryotherapy (n = 14),and 71% (71%) with the combined therapy (n = 14). Histological analysis of biopsies taken before and after treatment (n = 8) showed a reduced degree of dys‐plasia in the epidermis in all study arms. Conclusions: Betulin‐based oleogel seems to be an effective novel approach in the topical treatment of actinic keratoses. However,the clinical and histological findings of the present pilot study have to be verified against placebo with larger case numbers.
Viral exanthems in childhood – infectious (direct) exanthems. Part 1: Classic exanthems
Authors: Fölster‐Holst Regina , Kreth Hans Wolfgang 
Published: October 2008

SummaryExanthems during childhood occur quite often and are mostly harmless in nature. Among different trigger factors, viruses are of prime importance. Viral exanthems may manifest as a macular, maculopapular, papular, urticarial or vesicular rash. Exanthems with other causes (bacterial toxins, drugs, autoimmune diseases) as well as those with unclear etiology such as unilateral lat‐erothoracic exanthem or Kawasaki disease must be differentiated from viral exanthems. This review focuses on the classic viral exanthems.
Viral exanthems in childhood – infectious (direct) exanthems. Part 2: Other viral exanthems
Authors: Fölster‐Holst Regina , Kreth Hans Wolfgang 
Published: October 2008

SummaryThe group of the non‐classic infectious exanthems are mostly maculopapular or vesicular. The latter changes are typical for infections with varicella‐zoster virus and Coxsackie viruses. Congenital cytomegalovirus infections are characterized by petechiae and purpura, while the papular‐purpuric gloves and socks syndrome is usually associated with parvovirus B19. Aside from these, the non‐classic infectious exanthems diseases include nonspecific exanthems coupled with respiratory and enteric infections.
Viral exanthems in childhood. Part 3: Parainfectious exanthems and those associated with virus‐drug interactions
Authors: Fölster‐Holst Regina , Kreth Hans Wolfgang 
Published: October 2008

SummaryViruses cause not only direct infectious exanthems, but also parainfectious exanthems, which provoke skin alterations via interactions with the immune system. These distinct exanthems, for instance Gianotti‐Crosti syndrome and pityriasis lichenoides group, do not reflect a specific pathogen but can occur in the course of many viral infections. In addition, some exanthems result from the interaction between viruses and drugs.
Severe ROP in twins after blockage of the renin‐angiotensin system during gestation
Authors: Hård Anna‐Lena , Wennerholm Ulla‐Britt , Niklasson Aimon , Hellström Ann 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBlockage of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) during pregnancy is known to cause serious dysfunction of many organs of the foetus and newborn. Angiotensin II is an angiogenic factor and angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors prevent retinal neovascularisation and their use in preventing proliferative retinopathy of prematurity has been suggested.We report on twin girls born after 32 gestational weeks, who were exposed to blockage of the RAS during gestation, had severely reduced retinal vasculature and developed severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) despite receiving very little extra oxygen.Conclusion: It is likely that ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers not only reduce pathological neovascularisation but also normal vascularisation of the eyes and other organs.
Preterm birth and maternal smoking in pregnancy are strong risk factors for aortic narrowing in adolescence
Authors: Edstedt Bonamy Anna‐Karin , Bengtsson Johan , Nagy Zoltan , De Keyzer Hans , Norman Mikael 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAim: Preterm transition from foetal to neonatal circulation might permanently alter aortic growth and development. To test this hypothesis, we measured aortic dimensions in adolescents born very preterm.Methods: Eighty‐six healthy 15‐year‐old subjects were studied; 45 born very preterm at an average gestational age of 28 weeks (birth weight < 1500 g) and 41 controls born at term. Using a pulse‐gated Fiesta sequence on a 1.5T MR‐scanner, 25 images were collected within the heart cycle at several levels of the descending aorta. End‐diastolic cross‐sectional areas were semi‐automatically calculated using an active contour model.Results: Subjects born preterm had narrower aortic lumen. The difference was 16% in the thoracic and 19% in the abdominal aorta after adjustment for body surface area and gender (p < 0.001). Maternal smoking in pregnancy was also found to be an independent risk factor for aortic narrowing in the offspring (difference 10%–13% throughout the aorta vs. offspring to nonsmoking mothers). Adolescents born preterm had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures; however, blood pressures did not correlate with aortic size or maternal smoking during pregnancy.Conclusion: Very preterm birth and exposure to maternal smoking in foetal life are independent and strong risk factors for general aortic narrowing 15 years after birth.
An Evidence-Based Perspective to Commonly Performed Erectile Dysfunction Investigations
Authors: Ghanem Hussein , Shamloul Rany 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Currently there is no universally accepted gold standard diagnostic test to differentiate psychogenic from physical erectile dysfunction (ED). Instead, sexual health specialists rely on a detailed history, a focused physical examination, and specialized diagnostic tests, to decide if the etiology of the ED is mainly psychogenic or organically caused.

Aim
In this review we point out the status of evidence-based principles in the area of diagnosis in Sexual Medicine.

Methods
We review the concepts of evidence-based medicine (EBM) in the area of medical diagnostic tests. We highlight four of the well-known diagnostic tests (penile duplex, pharmacoarteriography, pharmacocavernosometry/cavernosography [PHCAS/PHCAG], and nocturnal penile tumescence [NPT monitoring]) for ED evaluation within an evidence-based perspective.

Main Outcome Measures
Assessment of diagnostic tests for ED using principles of EBM.

Results
Several good diagnostic tests are useful in the evaluation of men with ED. However, modern evidence-based concepts—mainly the likelihood ratio—have not yet been applied to these tests to obtain their maximum clinical benefits.

Conclusions
While penile duplex/color Doppler has good evidence of supporting its use in the diagnosis of arteriogenic ED, data supporting its diagnosis of a physical disorder associated with cavernous venous occlusion dysfunction are lacking. PHCAS/PHCAG's main drawback is an unknown positive predictive value and a possibility of frequent false-positive results. NPT has many advantages when differentiating psychogenic from organic ED, however, several questions related to its physiological mechanisms do exist.
[Correction added after online publication 14-Dec-2007: In the above reference for this article, the order of the author names has been updated.]
Profile of Serum Testosterone Levels after Application of Testosterone Ointment (Glowmin) and Its Clinical Efficacy in Late-Onset Hypogonadism Patients
Authors: Amano Toshiyasu , Imao Tetsuya , Takemae Katsurou , Iwamoto Teruaki , Yamakawa Katsunori , Baba Katsuyuki , Nakanome Mariko , Sugimori Hiroki , Tanaka Toshiaki , Yoshida Katsumi , Katabami Takuyuki , Tanaka Masami 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Testosterone replacement therapy has been applied to alleviate the various symptoms of late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) patients. Several routes are available for the administration of testosterone to LOH patients, and transdermal delivery is an attractive method above all.

Aim
The aim of this article was to clarify the profile of serum total testosterone (TT) and free testosterone (FT) levels after application of testosterone ointment (Glowmin [GL], Daito Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) and its clinical efficacy in LOH patients.

Methods
Serum TT and FT levels were examined in healthy male volunteers and LOH patients after application of 3 mg of GL. Then, 50 LOH patients received 3 mg of GL twice daily on scrotal skin (6 mg/day) for 12 weeks. Subsequently, TT and FT levels immediately prior to GL application were compared with those at 1 hour after GL treatment. Furthermore, the clinical effects of GL in the aforementioned 50 LOH patients were estimated after 12 weeks of GL treatment.

Main Outcome Measures
Hormonal effects of GL were evaluated by serum TT and FT levels. Aging males symptoms (AMS), international index of erectile function (IIEF-5), and MOS 36-item short form Healthy Survey (SF-36) questionnaire were used to assess the clinical efficacy of GL for LOH patients.

Results
Maximum TT and FT values, which were detected 1–2 hours after application of a 2-cm line of GL (3 mg of testosterone) to scrotal skin, were not elevated beyond physiological levels; subsequently, these levels returned to circadian rhythm after 4 hours in four healthy male volunteers. The highest TT and FT levels were also obtained after 1–2 hours in four LOH patients involving identical administration methods; moreover, these levels were maintained within a normal range for 6 hours. After 12 weeks of GL treatment in 50 LOH patients, TT and FT levels demonstrated the same satisfactory response as that of the initial GL administration without GL accumulation effects. GL accumulation after 1 week in healthy men and after 12 weeks in LOH patients was not observed. Furthermore, AMS score decreased markedly; IIEF-5 and four domains of the SF-36 score were elevated significantly following GL application. Severe adverse reactions were not observed.

Conclusions
Accordingly, GL, which is a short-acting testosterone ointment eliciting physiological elevation of TT and FT, appears to be suitable for LOH treatment.
A Brief Historical Survey of “Peyronie's Disease”
Authors: Musitelli Sergio , Bossi Maurizio , Jallous Hussein 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Historians of medicine and urology, sexology, and andrology in particular maintain that many other physicians, surgeons, anatomists, and pathologists have already described “Peyronie's disease” some centuries before the author after whom it has been called, François Gigot de La Peyronie (1678–1747).

Aim
To perform a brief historical survey of Peyronie's disease.

Methods
A literature review was performed.

Results
The main surgeons and anatomists who previously observed and described penile curvature prior to François Gigot de La Peyronie are Theodoricus Borgognoni (1205–1298), Guilielmus of Saliceto (circa 1210–1276), Gabriele Falloppio (or Falloppia) (1523–1562), Andreas Vesalius (1514–1564), Giulio Cesare Aranzi (or Aranzio) (1530–1589), Claas Pieterzoon Tulp (Nicholaus Tulpius) (1593–1674), and Anton Frederik Ruysch (1638–1731), who was said to have left the first “postmortem” illustration of the disease in a copperplate engraving in 1691.

Conclusion
The original texts could easily prove that none of the alleged “precursors” of La Peyronie did ever describe, treat, and cure real cases of Peyronie's disease, and that to award them this merit was somewhat far-fetched, with only Guilielmus of Saliceto and Falloppio possibly excepted.
The Role of BPH, Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms, and PSA Levels on Erectile Function of Brazilian Men Who Undergo Prostate Cancer Screening
Authors: Antunes Alberto A. , Srougi Miguel , Dall'Oglio Marcos F. , Vicentini Fabio , Paranhos Mario , Freire Geraldo C. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and erectile dysfunction (ED) are common problems in middle-aged and older men. Recently, epidemiologic studies have shown significant associations between severity of LUTS and male sexual dysfunction.

Aim
We analyzed the role of prostate enlargement, LUTS, and prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels in the erectile function of Brazilian men who underwent prostate cancer (PCa) screening.

Method
We analyzed data from 1,008 consecutive patients enrolled in a PCa screening program. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) was defined as a prostate weight greater than 30 g as defined by digital rectal examination. For statistical analysis, we used the chi-squared and analysis of variance tests. The odds ratios (OR) for correlation of ED with prostate volume LUTS and PSA were estimated using logistic regression models.

Main Outcome Measure
The American Urological Association (AUA) symptom score for LUTS and the International Index of Erectile Function.

Results
Mean patient age was 61.2 years (45–87) and median PSA value was 1.9 ng/mL. BPH was identified in 48.5% of patients. Mild, moderate, and severe LUTS were found in 52.3%, 30.9%, and 16.8% of cases, respectively. ED was classified as absent, mild, mild to moderate, moderate, and severe in 18.6%, 23.1%, 18.6%, 15.2%, and 24.5%, respectively. While only 5.4% of the patients with no ED presented severe LUTS, this finding was observed in 27.1% of patients with severe ED (P &lt; 0.001). Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that age, prostate volume, AUA symptom score, and PSA levels were significant predictors of ED. However, when controlled for patient age, only LUTS remained as an independent predictor of ED.

Conclusions
Controlling for patient age, LUTS are independent risk factors for the development of ED among Brazilian men who undergo PCa screening.
The Role of PDE5 Inhibitors in Heme Oxygenase–cGMP Relationship in Rat Cavernous Tissues
Authors: Aziz M. Talaat Abdel , Mostafa Taymour , Atta Hazem , Rashed Laila , Marzouk Samar A. , Obaia Eman M. , Sabry Dina , Hassouna Amira A. , El-Shehaby Amal M. , Aziz Ahmed T. Abdel 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTIntroductionHeme oxygenase (HO) enzyme catalyzes oxidative degradation of heme to biliverdin and carbon monoxide (CO). CO shares many properties with nitric oxide (NO) including the activation of soluble guanyl cyclase.AimTo assess cavernous tissue HO activity and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels in response to oral phosphodiesterse type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors.MethodsSeven hundred twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats, divided into six groups, were investigated. Group 1, controls; group 2 received sildenafil citrate orally; group 3 received vardenafil hydrochloride; and group 4 received tadalafil. Group 5 was subdivided into three equal subgroups, received the same dose of each drug added to the HO inhibitor, Zn protoporphyrin. Group 6 was subdivided into three equal subgroups, received the same dose of each drug added to the NO inhibitor, L-nitroarginine methylester. Eight rats from each group/subgroup were sacrificed at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 18, 24, and 36 hours, respectively.Main Outcome MeasuresHO enzyme activity assay and cGMP tissue levels in dissected rat cavernous tissues.ResultsBoth cavernous tissue HO enzyme activity and cGMP levels were increased significantly in sildenafil-, vardenafil-, and tadalafil-treated rats compared with the controls, with significant decreases after either HO or NO inhibition. Cavernous tissue HO enzyme activity and cGMP showed a positive significant correlation (r = 0.854, P &lt; 0.001).ConclusionThe effects of PDE5 inhibitors in cavernous tissue are partly mediated through HO enzyme activity.
Are Premature Ejaculation Symptoms Curable?
Authors: Vardi Yoram , McMahon Chris G. , Waldinger Marcel D. , Rubio-Aurioles Eusebio , Rabinowitz David 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Introduction
While premature ejaculation (PE) is the most common sexual dysfunction in men under 40, there is currently no government-approved therapy for its treatment. Is a cure possible?

Methods
Four experts in the area of PE and its treatment were asked to contribute their opinions.

Main Outcome Measure
To provide food for thought, discussion, and possible further research in a poorly understood area of sexual medicine.

Results
Differences among the different types of PE, and the ability to cure them are discussed. One expert examines the possible differences in lifelong and acquired PE as an explanation as to why treatment for the former does not carry over after termination of treatment whereas the latter can be treated successfully. The second and third experts break PE into four categories, explaining that those forms that are curable at present are not true PE or are based on anxiety. The last expert discusses the potential of a combined clinical and research platform to better understand the relative contributions of biological, behavioral, and couple factors to the disorder for potential curability.

Conclusion
Improved understanding of the types of PE and their various etiologies and pathophysiologies would improve the potential for cure.
Sexual Orientation Matters in Sexual Medicine (CME)
Authors: Rubio-Aurioles Eusebio , Wylie Kevan 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTIntroductionHomosexuality is a topic that needs to be integrated into the knowledge base of the practitioner of sexual medicine.AimTo present to the reader a summary of the current literature on homosexuality and sexual orientation and address specifically issues that pertain to the relationship sexual orientation and sexual medicine practice.Main Outcome MeasuresThe information is presented in a continued medical education format, with a series of evaluation questions at the end of the activity.MethodsA review of the literature is presented and organized according to the authors' judgment of the value of the information as to provide the reader with an inclusive panorama of the issues covered.ResultsCurrent concepts, debates, and need for further research are presented.ConclusionsThe professional of sexual medicine needs to be aware of the various topics reviewed in this article as his or her involvement in the area of sexuality can create the expectation on the part of the patients of knowingness of all aspects of human sexuality. Sexual orientation is a complex area but considerable understanding has fortunately been achieved in many issues in reference to homosexuality and heterosexuality.
Tolterodine Immediate Release Improves Sexual Function in Women with Overactive Bladder
Authors: Hajebrahimi Sakineh , Azaripour Arash , Sadeghi-Bazargani Homayoun 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Quality of life studies indicate that overactive bladder (OAB) has a greater negative impact on everyday life than other serious conditions such as diabetes. The detrimental effect of OAB on female sexual health is more prominent than urinary incontinence. We know that tolterodine immediate release (IR) has a beneficial effect on urinary symptoms in OAB.

Aim
To evaluate the impact of tolterodine IR on sexual function in patients with OAB.

Methods
A total of 30 sexually active women with OAB from 20 to 52 years were included. All patients filled out the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ) and the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX) before treatment with tolterodine IR and at the end of each month of treatment until 3 months.

Main Outcome Measures
Expected outcomes were improvements in the ICIQ and ASEX total score. All ASEX items were expected to improve individually. These improvements indicate better sexual function after treatment.

Results
The mean of the total ASEX score improved relative to baseline in the first (P &lt; 0.01), second (P &lt; 0.01), and third (P &lt; 0.01) follow-up. The mean of scores for sexual desire, arousal, vaginal lubrication, orgasm, and orgasm satisfaction improved significantly (P &lt; 0.01) with each follow-up.

Conclusion
Tolterodine IR significantly improves sexual function of women with OAB. Improvement is seen in all domains of sexual function.