bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cluster analysis applied to self‐reported depressive symptomatology
Authors: Byrne D. G. 
Published: August 2007

The confusion surrounding the classification of the depressive states has been variously attributed to bias in methods of data collection and inappropriate means of data analysis. It has been argued that the application of corrective methods to these postulated sources of error, namely the use of self‐reported data to eliminate bias in data collection, and the analysis of this data by means of cluster analysis, should produce a more consistent outcome to studies of depressive classification.Self‐reported depressive symptomatology for 135 depressed in‐patients, obtained by means of the Zung Self‐Rating Depression Scale, was subjected to a divisive technique of cluster analysis, yielding four clusters of patients. These clusters were clinically interpreted as being composed (1) of severely depressed patients exhibiting a clinical picture resembling that of endogenous depression, (2) of a small number of older patients, severely depressed, whose clinical picture resembled involutional melancholia, (3) of less severely depressed patients having qualitative similarities to those patients composing the first cluster, and (4) of patients reporting depression as a symptom but failing to report substantial levels of further depressive symptomatology. No cluster with clinical features of neurotic depression emerged.In two respects, the emergence of a cluster clinically resembling endogenous depression, and the failure to demonstrate a cluster of neurotic depressives, the results of this study are similar to those reported by Pilowsky et al. (1969). Failure to obtain total agreement between the two studies may be attributed to differences in the nature of the sample, differences in the composition of the data collection instrument, and mathematical differences in the technique of cluster analysis employed. With this in mind, further studies of this nature should place some emphasis on consistent methodology across studies.
Children from unwanted pregnancies
Authors: MATĚJČEK Z. , DYTRYCH Z. , SCHÜLLER V. 
Published: August 2007

The health and development of 220 children born of unwanted pregnancies (UP) was investigated in a case‐control study 9 years after their births. The analysis was based partly on data from health records and school reports, and partly on direct examination of the child and parents by a team of professionals using psychological tests, sociograms, rating scales, questionnaires, structured interviews and medical examinations.Although differences between wanted and control children were not dramatic, they were consistent and multiple and tend to support the major hypothesis that the development of children born of unwanted pregnancies would be more problem prone. A child born from an unwanted pregnancy, especially a boy, is more likely to have deficiencies in psychosocial development and educational achievement than other children his own age, despite equivalent health status at birth.The mothers of unwanted children, compared with mothers who accepted their pregnancy (AP children), despite having the same level of education and socioeconomic background, show less stability in their marital lives, poorer interaction with their husbands, a higher abortion rate before and after the birth of the unwanted child, less involvement in the upbringing of the child, and somewhat poorer interaction with their social environments. Nevertheless the majority of the mothers studied seem to have gradually changed from an originally strongly negative attitude toward the pregnancy to an accepting attitude toward the child.A Maladaptation Score (MS) was developed as an overall measure of the social status of the child within the family and society. Differences between UP and AP children, which were not so definitive when viewed in terms of individual indicators, came into sharper focus when the cumulative effects of negative factors were noted. The MS findings confirmed more concretely that children born from unwanted pregnancies are more often in an unfavorable social situation and at greater future risk.
Assessment of difficulties encountered in psychiatric follow‐up studies
Authors: Davidian H. , Naraghi M. M. 
Published: August 2007

To assess some of the socio‐cultural reasons hindering psychiatric follow‐up studies in Iran, 107 depressed patients were followed up for a period of about 3 years. Home visits were made, following two successive letters to which only five patients replied. Forty‐five patients were interviewed, nine had moved, four refused interviewing, two were dead and the addresses or names of 47 were wrong. Wrong names and addresses, and behind them the illiteracy, change of address and the stigma of mental illness were the major causes of untraceability; the patients are inaccurate in giving their address and they may use one or another of their several names, surnames and nicknames.To make follow‐up studies feasible, and as the patients and their relatives are the main sources of information, a more efficient registration system should be developed, with due respect to the characteristics of the population, to ensure having complete and correct names and addresses and to ensure patients' continual contact with the office.
The scientific foundation of anti‐psychiatry
Authors: Praag H. M. van 
Published: August 2007

Anti‐psychiatry has exerted a substantial influence on the thoughts of workers in the field of mental hygiene; on those of the psychiatrically trained, but even much more on those without psychiatric training. Consequently it seemed important to me to investigate the strength of the foundation of this school of thought. This has been the objective of this study. The point of crystallization of anti‐psychiatry is the labelling theory on the origin of deviant behaviour. The scientific status of anti‐psychiatry stands or falls with that of the labelling theory. Since this theory has not been formulated in verifiable hypotheses, I ventured to formulate “theses”, and then tested these against empirical obtained data. The results of this study were largely negative. The empirical material does not support the labelling theory, and in many cases even contradicts it. Consequently anti‐psychiatry ‐ as a model to explain the development of psychological disorders ‐ has not a leg to stand on.The labelling theory has had great merits as a “sensitizing theory”. It has given momentum to innovative tendencies in psychiatry. Now that it has proved to be untenable in its principal points, however, it should be abandoned. It has become a rubber check, which has no scientific buying‐power.
Video‐analytic study of manual kinesics and its lateralization in the course of treatment of depressive syndromes
Authors: Ulrich G. , Harms K. 
Published: August 2007

Video‐taped interviews of 47, predominantly endogenous depressive in‐patients, recorded on days 0 and 21 of pharmacotherapy were analysed with respect to frequency, duration and side‐preference of denned hand movements. The data were related to clinical improvement or deterioration as assessed by judgement of the syndromal aspects: retardation and agitation.1. Above all, improvement is marked by a decrease of Continuous body‐focused movements (C) and an increase of Object‐focused movements (O) of the speech primacy type (OS) ‐ deterioration by an increase of C and decrease of OS.2. The degree of retardation corresponds to O, the degree of agitation, above all to C.3. O show no side‐preference with a higher degree of retardation or agitation respectively, but a marked right preference with a lower degree of retardation or agitation. Discrete body touching (D) shows a left preference only, with a higher degree of retardation. A comparison of sidedness of O between interviews 1 and 2 shows no lateralization trend, either in the improvement or the deterioration group. In contrast, D changed from left weightiness to symmetry, coinciding with improvement but not with deterioration. With reference to the latter findings we discuss the possibility of a particular mode of cerebral lateralization predisposing to endogenous depression.
Thyroid hormones and TSH, prolactin and LH responses to repeated TRH and LRH injections in depressed patients
Authors: Linnoila M. , Lamberg B.‐A. , Rosberg G. , Karonen S.‐L. , Welin M. G. 
Published: August 2007

Twelve patients with unipolar depressive disorders received 600 μg of synthetic TRH or LRH, in a random order, for 3 days each. Placebo injections were given as two 3‐day courses prior to and between the active treatments. Serum TSH, prolactin (Prl) and LH were measured by radioimmunoassays prior to the experiment as well as immediately before and 20 min after each injection. Serum T4 and T3 were determined by radioimmunoassays before the treatments and 24 h after the first two TRH injections.Serum T4 level in depressed patients did not differ from controls. Serum T3 level in depressed patients was significantly below, and the reverse T3 level was slightly above the normal mean. However, the latter difference was not statistically significant due to the large variation of rT3 levels among the depressed patients.The TSH responses did not differ from that of controls after the first injection but the responses after the second injection were lower than in a control study. The Prl responses to TRH were subnormal in seven out of eight patients. Blunted LH responses to LRH were seen in three patients.
Psychiatric illness in a neurological out‐patient department in North East England: USE OF THE GENERAL HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE IN THE PROSPECTIVE STUDY OF NEUROLOGICAL OUT‐PATIENTS
Authors: Kirk C. A. , Saunders M. 
Published: August 2007

342 patients referred to a neurological out‐patient department in North East England between November 1975 and November 1976 were studied prospectively using two methods of psychiatric case identification, by clinical interview and by use of the General Health Questionnaire. The population of psychiatric patients identified by clinical techniques is different from that identified by the GHQ and it is concluded that GHQ cannot be used for routine screening in the neurological clinic. Clinical data were compared with a previous retrospective study.Clinical assessment revealed 27 % with psychiatric disorders whilst GHQ showed a probable psychiatric morbidity of 48 % with a cut off score of 11/12 and 21 % with our best cut off score of 26/27. Statistical problems with this method are discussed and the results of this study compared with others using the same questionnaire.Aspects of organic and psychiatric disorder in a neurological clinic are discussed.
Mortality in psychiatric hospitals in Norway 1950–74
Authors: Fegersten Saustad L. , ØDegård Ø. 
Published: August 2007

The present investigation comprises all deaths in Norwegian psychiatric hospitals 1950–74: 10,413 deaths. Mortality in men declined from 361 per 10,000 before 1950 to 252 per 10,000 in 1969–74 and in women from 324 per 10,000 to 215 per 10,000 during the same periods. In the organic and symptomatic psychoses (mainly senile and arteriosclerotic) mortality ranged from six to ten times that of the general population, whereas in the non‐organic (functional) psychoses mortality was only twice as high as in the general population. This discrepancy in mortality between organic and non‐organic psychoses, which is caused by the somatic disorders with high lethality underlying the organic psychoses, suggests that mortality should be calculated separately for organic and non‐organic psychoses, which is sometimes neglected. An increasing number of hospital admissions with organic, mainly senile, psychoses is to be expected in the future, as well as an increasing proportion of non‐organic patients with slight psychotic symptoms and a low and possibly decreasing mortality.Between 1950 and 1974 radical changes took place in the psychiatric hospitals which could have influenced mortality. Age adjusted death rates from cardio‐vascular diseases were actually higher in 1963–68 than in 1950–62, possibly indicating that an adverse effect of drug therapy on physical activity and somatic fitness had outweighed the stress‐relieving effect. A significant rise in unnatural deaths (suicides and accidents) has been observed particularly since 1963. As in previous investigations from Norway 1926–41, cancer as cause of death was equal to or below the general population in the non‐organic psychoses and somewhat higher in the organic psychoses.
Evidence that depression rating scales primarily measure a social undesirability response set
Authors: Langevin R. , Stancer H. 
Published: August 2007

Many popular methods of measuring depression have not been adequately validated for discriminant validity from social desirability. In a study of 26 patients, 14 with secondary depression, and 12 nondepressives, it was shown that the commonly used Beck Depression Inventory and MMPI Depression scale and the Carroll self‐administering version of the Hamilton scales correlate as highly with social undesirability as with each other.Social desirability ratings of item alternatives on the Beck and Hamilton scales by 12 normal students showed the depth of depression to be significantly related to social undesirability response scores. The difficulty of distinguishing depression and social undesirability response set was discussed and it was suggested that “low self‐esteem” may be all that is measured by the rating scales used in this study.
Psychopharmacological treatment of psychotic children: A SURVEY
Authors: Jørgensen O. S. 
Published: August 2007

Controlled investigations on the psychopharmacological treatment of psychotic children are reviewed.Children with infantile autism might benefit from psychopharmacological medication when they grwo older, e.g. above the age of 7 years. Learning might be facilitated when the psychoactive medication is able to inhibit psychotic preoccupations and idiosyncratic reactions.Schizophrenic and manic‐depressive psychoses are rarely seen in childhood. A subgroup of the children with infantile autism might develop schizophrenic symptoms. Schizophrenia and manic‐depressive psychosis in children are treated as in adults. Special caution must be paid to the toxic effects of imipramine.
Barbital and diazepam plasma levels during treatment of delirium tremens
Authors: Kramp P. , Rønsted P. , Hansen T. 
Published: August 2007

Plasma concentrations of barbital and diazepam were measured daily during a double‐blind study of the efficacy of the two drugs in the treatment of delirium tremens and less severe clinical states. Treatment was estimated as satisfactory in the majority of cases; the present study deals with the satisfactory groups only.Both in the barbital group and in the diazepam group the same plasma level was seen in different clinical states. This result is discussed in relation to the theories about the aetiology of delirium tremens, and it is concluded that the data fits best with the assumption that delirium tremens is released from a withdrawal state, but once established, the delirious state is not interrupted by the drugs.The barbital concentrations were rather high, many at a level where non‐alcoholics would show pronounced intoxication symptoms not seen in the present material. The diazepam concentrations on the other hand were low, often below a level where a cerebral effect is measurable in normal subjects. On this basis it is concluded, that the two drugs have different modes of action. Barbital may act by its cross‐dependence properties with alcohol and thus diminish the withdrawal reaction, whereas diazepam may act by its anti‐anxiety effect, but not in the doses here applied, by cross‐dependence properties with alcohol. Finally, this hypothesis is discussed in relation to clinical experience in the treatment of delirium tremens.
The course of narcomania in adolescence – A COMPARISON OF YOUNG PSYCHIATRIC IN‐PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT DRUG ABUSE
Authors: Bratfos O. 
Published: August 2007

Eighty‐four young drug abusers and 84 non‐abusers admitted to a psychiatric ward were followed over a period averaging 3 years after discharge. According to information from the patients and their families, about one third of the abusers had stopped taking drugs and appeared to be well adjusted socially. The remainder had continued their abuse, periodically or continuously. Many of them had a large alcohol consumption. The incidence of delinquency was high, also for those who claimed to have ceased their abuse. Therefore, it seems doubtful that the course is as favourable as stated in the literature.The non‐abusers had fared much better, two thirds of them showing satisfactory adjustment.As to prognostic factors, intravenous administration proved to represent a particularly bad sign among the drug abusers, whilst a high alcohol intake was of special significance among the non‐abusers.
An attempt at an empirical delimitation of neurasthenic neurosis and its relation with some character traits
Authors: Verhaest S. , Pierloot R. 
Published: August 2007

This research examines empirically: 1) The existence and delimitation of a clinical neurasthenic neurotic syndrome as defined by van Dantzig & Waage (1962), consisting of feelings of impotence, fatigue, exhaustion and accompanying functional complaints, by means of a hierarchical cluster analysis of the rating answers to a questionnaire. 2) The relation between neurasthenic neurosis and character traits relating to different neurotic personality types and a psychopathic personality type.The results do not confirm the existence of this theoretically defined neurasthenic neurosis, but we find a cluster of somatic complaints which can easily be identified with what most authors consider as a neurasthenic syndrome.This empirically found neurasthenic syndrome has a significant positive relation with an anal‐obsessive character trait “over‐tidiness and over‐cleanliness” and not with a neurotic‐inhibited obsessoid character in general, other specific neurotic character traits, or a psychopathic character.On differentiating between patients presenting the syndrome for more or less than 6 months, it is seen that in the category of more than 6 months there is a tendency to an increase of a neurotic‐inhibited obsessoid character in general, an anal‐obsessive character trait “over‐tidiness and over‐cleanliness” and a so‐called psychasthenic character relating to an intense ego‐ideal and narcissistic tendencies.
Initial, clinical trial of a new, specific 5‐HT reuptake inhibitor, citalopram (Lu 10–171)
Authors: Gottlieb P. , Wandall T. , Fredricson K. 
Published: August 2007

Ten endogenously depressed inpatients were treated once daily for at least 4 weeks with 40–50 mg citalopram (Lu 10–171) – a specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor.The Hamilton rating scale for depression and global assessment indicated pronounced or moderate response in seven patients and slight or no response in three. Side effects were few, mild and transient and neither anticholinergic nor cardiotoxic effects were observed. No difference was observed between responders and non‐responders as regards psychopathology, plasma levels or uptake inhibition.It is concluded, that citalopram seems to possess antidepressant properties and that controlled trials are wanted to evaluate its therapeutic value as well as the underlying hypothesis of serotonin – deficient depressions.
Influence of maternal distress during pregnancy on fetal malformations
Authors: Blomberg S. 
Published: August 2007

The aim of the study was to investigate whether emotional stress in a pregnant woman might have an adverse effect in the form of malformations on fetal development. The children of 1,263 women whose applications for legal abortion in 1960 had been refused were compared with the next children born in the same delivery wards and paired matched controls were thereby obtained. Results. 1) The incidence of malformations according to the criteria established by the Swedish Register of Malformations was 1.8 % in the proband series as against 1.1 % in the control series. 2) The incidence of malformation increased with higher age and lower social class in the proband series, whereas no such connection was found in the control series. 3) The incidence of malformations for children of abortion applicants 25 years of age and above from social class III was 3 % in the proband series as against 0.6 % in the control series (P= 0.017). 4) One malformation, cleft palate, occurred at a significantly (P < 0.01) higher incidence than in the country as a whole, four cases against the expected value of 0.69. 5) Etiological analysis showed that three of the cases were chromosomal aberrations, all of them Down's syndrome, in two cases there was a genetic background and two cases were thalidomide‐induced phocomelia. In three proband children there may have been a connection with the abuse of alcohol by the mother. 6) When the chromosomal, genetic and thalidomide cases are excluded, the preponderance of malformations in the proband children of mothers 25 years of age and above belonging to social class III still remains (2.2 % vs. 0.3 %, P= 0.017). Conclusion. The results may be seen as support for the hypothesis that emotional stress in a pregnant woman, operationally defined by the factor unwanted pregnancy, may interfere with fetal development and result in a higher incidence of malformations.The interference may occur directly via psycho‐endocrinal or autonomous mechanisms or indirectly by the way in which the woman might act in this situation of stress, e.g. attempts to provoke abortion, neglect of proper food intake, excessive smoking, or the abuse of alcohol or drugs.
Psychogenic psychoses A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CLINICAL COURSE AND PROGNOSIS
Authors: Andersen J. , Laerum H. 
Published: August 2007

The study comprises a retrospective evaluation of case records of 220 patients admitted for the first time with psychogenic psychosis with special reference to clinical course and prognosis within a period of 13–14 years.The reliability of the diagnosis at the time of the first admission is about 60% when the evaluation is based on positive criteria for psychosis. If the psychogenic psychoses are divided into subgroups, the reliability of the diagnosis of psychogenic affective psychoses is about 30%, whereas it is over 90% for psychogenic confusional psychoses and psychogenic paranoid psychoses. If subsequent cases of other functional psychoses (manic‐depressive psychosis and schizophrenia) are subtracted, the diagnostic reliability is 50% (111 of 220 cases), which represents the number of retrospectively verified psychogenic psychoses.The frequency of recurrence of psychogenic psychosis was 18% (40), corresponding to 36% of psychogenic psychoses verified by retrospective evaluation (111 of 220 cases). The recurrences were mainly homologous, as heterologous recurrences developed only among the psychogenic affective psychoses (slightly less than half of the recurrences in question).Schizophrenia developed in only 10% (23), and subsequent episodes of manic‐depressive psychosis occurred in 8% (18).The stability of psychogenic psychosis on recurrence of functional psychosis was 49% expressed in relation to all subsequent cases of functional psychosis.The over‐all prognosis for the psychogenic/reactive psychosis is thus good as regards subsequent mental disease. Chronic functional psychosis (schizophrenia) developed in only 10% (and in less than 20% if the prognosis is assessed on the basis of the reliability of the diagnosis at the time of the first admission (about 60%)). However, in the group of psychogenic/reactive psychoses as a whole an overmortality of 100% was observed in the course of the 14 years, highest in the younger age groups.