bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Awareness of the health needs of prisoners
Authors: Mead Donna , Moseley Laurence 
Published: March 2006

This study reports on a small scale survey among discipline officers in three prisons in Wales to try to estimate the extent of their knowledge about health problems among prisoners; how they glean information, and how they communicate with prison healthcare staff. The results indicate that these officers are concerned for inmates' welfare, are knowledgeable about, and are competent to identify and handle, problems of physical health. By contrast, they find mental health problems unpredictable and mystifying, and are not confident that in the prison context professionals can solve those problems. Discipline officers are well placed to act as front-line health surveillance staff and feel that they communicate well with healthcare staff. However, they feel that information does not flow freely in the opposite direction, and are concerned about the problems that arise from healthcare staff adhering to the 'medical in confidence' principle by which information on a prisoner's condition should not be shared outside strictly professional health-care groups, thus excluding discipline groups. In trying to elaborate on our results by looking at two recent review papers on mental health in prisons, we discovered that it is not clear exactly how prevalent such problems are: there is no evidence to contradict the views of the discipline officers, yet some to support them.
Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation in Clinical Practice and Application
Authors: Kawamura Diane M. , Boyce Kari E. , Shung Kirk K. , Calton Sharon S. 
Published: March 2006

The American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers administers certification examinations in various specialty areas. To ensure that these examinations reflect the application of these principles and instrumentation to clinical practice, the American Registry of Diagnostic Medical Sonographers regularly surveys sonographers to determine current practice. The Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation Examination Development Task Force conducted a task analysis survey of a random sample of 7,000 registered and unregistered sonographers. The ultrasound physics and instrumentation examination content outline was revised to reflect changes in practice as evident from the survey results. This revision was also reviewed by scientists, authors, lecturers, and sonography educators. Evaluation also included assessing the feasibility of the content outline for use as an educational curriculum outline for ultrasound physics and instrumentation courses and reviewing current textbooks and other resources to ensure availability of information in each outline content area. The most notable change is the broad use of electronic and Doppler instrumentation by sonographers. As a result, the transducer, instrumentation, and Doppler sections of the outline have been significantly revised, while reference to mechanical transducers have been reduced and static scanners eliminated. Increased use of digital and semidigital image archive systems provided the rationale to expand the image storage and display portion of the outline. The artifacts section has been reorganized to reflect the way each artifact appears within an image. Quality assurance has been expanded to include Doppler equipment and statistical indices. Lastly, the section on bioeffects and safety now includes the acoustic output labeling standards, thermal and mechanical indices.
Effectiveness of a Sonography Distance-Learning Event for Continuing Medical Education Credit
Authors: Evans Kevin D. , Sachs Larry 
Published: March 2006

Continuing education for sonographers is a requiremeint for them to maintain their national registry. Satellite teleconferences are an example of a distance-learning activity that provides access ad information to sonographers regardliess of the location of the participant. The difficulty with this type of continuing medical education activity is that it is unmeasured for satisfaction, relevance, and knowledge gain for sonographers. Using previous research into effective physician continuing medical education, a study was designed as an investigation of the effectiveness of a commercially sponsored distance-learning event. The results of this study suggest that a more structurd: study is necessary to validate satisfaction and relevance scores for this type of continuing medical education activity for all job titles. It is also important to begin to describe the efetiveness of continuing education distance-learning events for sonographers and other allied medical professionals.
The Role of Ultrasound in the Management of a Twin Gestation with One Fetus Affected with Anencephaly
Authors: Hubacz Deborah A. 
Published: March 2006

Anencephaly is the most common type of neural tube defect seen during prenatal development. This condition results from a failure of the neural tube to close at its cephalad end between the second and third weeks of embryonic development.1 Sonographically, anencephaly presents as the absence of the cranial vault and cerebral hemispheres. It is believed to be multifactorial in origin but usually not associated with chromosomal abnormalities.2 The condition is invariably lethal; 50% are stillborn, and the remainder die in the newborn period.3 We present a case of a twin gestation, with one fetus affected with anencephaly and the other with no apparent abnormalities.
Pulsed Doppler Echoca rd iographic Measurement of Pulmonary Acceleration Time in Diagnosing Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Miller Sandra K. 
Published: March 2006

Doppler echocardiography offers a quick, non-invasive way to detect evidence of pulmonary hypertension. Most laboratories routinely measure the velocity of the jet of tricuspid regurgitation when present and use the modified Bernoulli equation to estimate pulmonary artery systolic pressure. Another echocardiographic method for detecting elevated pulmonary pressure is to measure the duration of the acceleration phase of pulmonary systolic flow. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of the pulmonary acceleration time and the correlation with the Bournoulli method in determining the severity of pulmonary hypertension and the reliability of pulmonary acceleration time to distinguish normal patients from those with pulmonary hypertension. We evaluated 56 patients with suitable Doppler tracings for pulmonary acceleration time and tricuspid regurgitation. Our results suggest that pulmonary acceleration time, when used correctly, is a useful tool in evaluating patients for pulmonary hypertension. Although pulmonary acceleration time cannot precisely estimate severity, it continues to have a valuable role in an echocardiographic examination to separate patients with and without pulmonary hypertension.
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 promotes neutrophil and T cell recruitment and migration in the postischemic liver
Authors: Khandoga Andrej , Kessler Julia S , Hanschen Marc , Khandoga Alexander G , Burggraf Dorothe , Reichel Christoph , Hamann Gerhard F , Enders Georg , Krombach Fritz 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 (MMP-2/9) are critically involved in degradation of extracellular matrix, and their inhibition is discussed as a promising strategy against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Here, we analyzed the role of MMP-2 and -9 for leukocyte migration and tissue injury in sham-operated mice and in mice after I/R, treated with a MMP-2/9 inhibitor or vehicle. Using zymography, we show that the MMP-2/9 inhibitor abolished I/R-induced MMP-9 activation, whereas MMP-2 activity was not detectable in all groups. As demonstrated by intravital microscopy, MMP-9 inhibition attenuated postischemic rolling and adherence of total leukocytes in hepatic postsinusoidal venules, CD4+ T cell accumulation in sinusoids, and neutrophil transmigration. These effects were associated with reduction of plasma tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) levels and endothelial expression of CD62P. Motility of interstitially migrating leukocytes was assessed by near-infrared reflected light oblique transillumination microscopy in the postischemic cremaster muscle. Upon MMP-9 blockade, leukocyte migration velocity and curve-line and straight-line migration distances were reduced significantly as compared with the vehicle-treated I/R group. Postischemic sinusoidal perfusion failure, hepatocellular apoptosis, and alanine aminotransferase activity were only slightly reduced after MMP-9 inhibition, whereas aspartate aminotransferase activity and mortality were significantly lower. In conclusion, MMP-9 is involved in the early recruitment cascades of neutrophils and CD4+ T cells, promotes neutrophil and T cell transmigration during hepatic I/R, and is required for motility of interstitially migrating leukocytes. MMP-9 blockade is associated with an attenuation of TNF-α release and endothelial CD62P expression, weakly protects from early microvascular/hepatocellular I/R damage, but improves postischemic survival.
LTA recognition by bovine γδ T cells involves CD36
Authors: Lubick Kirk , Jutila Mark A 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
CD36 has recently been shown to facilitate monocyte Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) recognition of lipoteichoic acid (LTA), much like CD14 in TLR4 recognition of lipopolysaccharide. We previously found that bovine γδ T cells express CD36 transcripts. Here, we tested whether bovine γδ T cells express CD36 protein and if so, whether it functions in a manner similar to the monocyte molecule. CD36 transcripts and internal and cell surface protein could be detected in resting, sorted γδ T cells. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)/ionomycin treatment increased CD36 transcript levels (detectable at 4 h) and protein expression (internal and cell surface). Increased surface antigen expression was detectable by 24 h and was maximal at 72 h following PMA/ionomycin stimulation. Anti-CD36 monoclonal antibody inhibited increased macrophage-inflammatory protein-1α gene expression in γδ T cells activated by LTA. In conclusion, γδ T cells express CD36, previously thought to be a myeloid and endothelial cell-restricted surface antigen, and it contributes to responses by these cells to microbial LTA.
Endothelially Derived Nitric Oxide Affects the Severity of Early Acetaminophen‐induced Hepatic Injury in Mice
Authors: Salhanick Steven D. , Orlow Daniel , Holt Doug E. , Pavlides Stavros , Reenstra Wende , Buras Jon A. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Objectives:
The precise mechanism of hepatocellular toxicity following acetaminophen (APAP) poisoning remains unclear. Nitric oxide is implicated in APAP toxicity as an inflammatory signaling molecule and as a precursor to the free radical peroxynitrate. The effects of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)‐derived NO in APAP toxicity are known; however, the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)‐derived NO is unknown. The authors sought to evaluate the effect of eNOS‐derived NO during APAP toxicity.
Methods:
C57BL6/J mice deficient in eNOS (eNOS KO) or iNOS (iNOS KO) and wild‐type mice (WT) were treated with 300 mg/kg APAP. Alanine aminotransferase levels and plasma nitrate and nitrite levels were measured. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)‐1α and Glucose Transporter 1 (Glut‐1) levels were determined by Western blot.
Results:
Alanine aminotransferase levels were significantly elevated in all treated animals. Alanine aminotransferase levels were significantly lower in eNOS KO and iNOS KO than in treated WT animals. Plasma nitrate/nitrite levels were significantly higher in WT animals than in iNOS KO and eNOS KO animals. HIF‐1α expression was increased in WT mice and decreased in iNOS KO mice. Glut‐1 is a downstream, indirect marker of HIF function. Glut‐1 expression was increased in WT and eNOS KO mice.
Conclusions:
Deficiency of either iNOS or eNOS results in decreased NO production and is associated with reduced hepatocellular injury following APAP poisoning. HIF‐1α and Glut‐1 levels are increased following APAP poisoning, implying that HIF‐1α is functional during the pathogenic response to APAP poisoning.
The Behavioral Consequences of Terrorism: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: DiMaggio Charles , Galea Sandro 
Published: March 2006

AbstractEffective postterrorism public health interventions require the recognition that behavioral consequences are, in fact, the intent of terrorists. The authors searched published and unpublished post‐1980 studies that documented population‐level behavioral and psychological consequences of terrorist incidents, focusing on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results were tabulated, and random effects models were used to calculate overall effect sizes. The analysis indicates that in the year following terrorist incidents, the prevalence of PTSD in directly affected populations varies between 12% and 16%. The review also shows that this prevalence can be expected to decline 25% over the course of that year. These prevalence estimates mask great variability, depending on who is being studied, who is conducting the study, and where the event occurred. Higher rates of disease are reported for survivors and rescue workers, and higher overall rates are also reported from studies conducted in Western Europe compared with studies conducted in North America. Prior psychiatric diagnoses are strongly associated with subsequent PTSD and may be a useful triage factor, particularly when considered together with factors such as female gender and direct exposure to events as either a survivor or rescuer. The review indicates that these associations are consistent across study types and environments and represent important variables to consider when developing triage, outreach, and treatment programs.
A Highly Sensitive ELISA D‐Dimer Increases Testing but Not Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Kabrhel Christopher , Matts Christina , McNamara Mariah , Katz Jeremy , Ptak Thomas 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Objectives:
To determine the effect of introducing a rapid enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) D‐dimer on the percentage of emergency department (ED) patients evaluated for pulmonary embolism (PE), the use of associated laboratory testing, pulmonary vascular imaging, and the diagnoses of PE.
Methods:
Patients evaluated for PE during three 120‐day periods were enrolled: immediately before (period 1), immediately after (period 2), and one year after the introduction of a rapid ELISA D‐dimer in the hospital. The frequency of ED patients evaluated for PE with any test, with D‐dimer testing, and with pulmonary vascular imaging and the frequency of PE diagnosis during each time period were determined.
Results:
The percentage of patients evaluated for PE nearly doubled; from 1.36% (328/24,101) in period 1 to 2.58% (654/25,318) in period 2 and 2.42% (583/24,093) in period 3. The percentage of patients who underwent D‐dimer testing increased more than fourfold; from 0.39% (93/24,101) in period 1 to 1.83% (464/25,318) in period 2 and 1.77% (427/24,093) in period 3. The percentage of patients who underwent pulmonary vascular imaging increased from 1.02% (247/24,101) in period 1 to 1.36% (344/25,318) in period 2 and to 1.39% (334/24,093) in period 3. There was no difference in the percentage of patients diagnosed as having PE in period 1 (0.20% [47/24,101]), period 2 (0.27% [69/25,318]), and period 3 (0.24% [58/24,093]).
Conclusions:
In the study's academic ED, introduction of ELISA D‐dimer testing was accompanied by an increase in PE evaluations, D‐dimer testing, and pulmonary vascular imaging; there was no observed change in the rate of PE diagnosis.
Cardiovascular and Physiologic Effects of Conducted Electrical Weapon Discharge in Resting Adults
Authors: Ho Jeffrey D. , Miner James R. , Lakireddy Dhanunjaya R. , Bultman Laura L. , Heegaard William G. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Objectives:
The TASER is a conducted electrical weapon (CEW) that has been used on people in custody. Individuals occasionally die unexpectedly while in custody, proximal to the application of a CEW. In this study, the authors sought to examine the effects of CEW application in resting adult volunteers to determine if there was evidence of induced electrical dysrhythmia or direct cellular damage that would indicate a causal relationship between application of the device and in‐custody death.
Methods:
Human subjects (N= 66) underwent 24‐hour monitoring after a standard CEW application. Blood samples were collected before and after exposure and again at 16 and 24 hours after exposure. A subpopulation (n= 32) had 12‐lead electrocardiography performed at similar time intervals. Blood samples were analyzed for markers of skeletal and cardiac muscle injury and renal impairment. The electrocardiograms were read by a cardiologist blinded to the study. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Results:
There was no significant change from baseline at any of the four time points for serum electrolyte levels and the blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio. An increase in serum bicarbonate and creatine kinase levels was noted at 16 and 24 hours. An increase in serum lactate level was noted immediately after exposure that decreased at 16 and 24 hours. Serum myoglobin level was increased from baseline at all three time points. All troponin levels measured were < 0.3 ng/mL, except for a single value of 0.6 ng/mL in a single subject. This subject was evaluated, and no evidence of acute myocardial infarction or disability was identified. At baseline, 30 of 32 electrocardiograms were interpreted as normal. The two abnormal electrocardiograms were abnormal at baseline and remained the same at all four time points.
Conclusions:
In this resting adult population, the TASER X26 CEW did not affect the recordable cardiac electrical activity within a 24‐hour period following a standard five‐second application. The authors were unable to detect any induced electrical dysrhythmias or significant direct cardiac cellular damage that may be related to sudden and unexpected death proximal to CEW exposure. Additionally, no evidence of dangerous hyperkalemia or induced acidosis was found. Further study in the area of the in‐custody death phenomenon to better understand its causes is recommended.
Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Clinical Update
Authors: Allolio Bruno , Fassnacht Martin 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Context: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and heterogeneous malignancy with incompletely understood pathogenesis and poor prognosis. Patients present with hormone excess (e.g. virilization, Cushing’s syndrome) or a local mass effect (median tumor size at diagnosis &gt; 10 cm). This paper reviews current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in ACC.
Evidence Acquisition: Original articles and reviews were identified using a PubMed search strategy (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi) covering the time period up until November 2005. The following search terms were used in varying combinations: adrenal, adrenocortical, cancer, carcinoma, tumor, diagnosis, imaging, treatment, radiotherapy, mitotane, cytotoxic, surgery.
Evidence synthesis: Tumors typically appear inhomogeneous in both computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging with necroses and irregular borders and differ from benign adenomas by their low fat content. Hormonal analysis reveals evidence of steroid hormone secretion by the tumor in the majority of cases, even in seemingly hormonally inactive lesions. Histopathology is crucial for the diagnosis of malignancy and may also provide important prognostic information. In stages I–III open surgery by an expert surgeon aiming at an R0 resection is the treatment of choice. Local recurrence is frequent, particularly after violation of the tumor capsule. Surgery also plays a role in local tumor recurrence and metastatic disease. In patients not amenable to surgery, mitotane (alone or in combination with cytotoxic drugs) remains the treatment of choice. Monitoring of drug levels (therapeutic range 14–20 mg/liter) is mandatory for optimum results. In advanced disease, the most promising therapeutic options (etoposide, doxorubicin, cisplatin plus mitotane, and streptozotocin plus mitotane) are currently being compared in an international phase III trial (www.firm-act.org). Adjuvant treatment options after complete tumor removal (e.g. mitotane, radiotherapy) are urgently needed because postoperative disease-free survival at 5 yr is only around 30%, but options have still not been convincingly established. National registries, international cooperations, and trials provide important new structures for patients but also for researchers aiming at systematic and continuous progress in ACC. However, future advances in the management of ACC will mainly depend on a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis facilitating the use of modern cancer treatments (e.g. tyrosine kinase inhibitors).
Semi-analytical process modelling and simulation of air bending
Authors: Heller B , Kleiner M 
Published: March 2006

Mathematical models for a fast semi-analytica simulation of the air bending process of thin as well as of thick sheets have been developed, implemented, and successfully been tested. In contrast to a large number of available approaches in this field that – for reasons of assuming the neutral fibre to coincide with the central fibre and the sheet thickness to remain constant – are limited to thin sheets, in the present work special attention has been paid to the mathematical description of the shift of individual fibres and the changes of thickness. The adequate modelling of these two effects is essential to ensure that the resulting simulation procedure is applicable in the same way to the bending of thin and, in particular, of thick sheets. The realistic mathematical modelling of the forming process, the accuracy of the results, and the very short computation times permission the simulation system to be used in production-related applications, such as CAPP systems, virtual prototyping environments, and machine control systems, in which commercial finite element analysis software can be utilized either not all or only in a limited way.
A Novel Synthesis of 1,3,5-Triazine Derivative under High Pressure
Authors: Taguchi Yoichi , Yasumoto Masahiko , Tsuchiya Tohru , Oishi Akihiro , Shibuya Isao 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
5,6-Dihydro- 1,3,5-trimethyl-6-methylimino-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-(1H,3H)-dithione (1) was synthesized by the reaction of methyl isothiocyanate under high pressure in the presence of Et3N and H2O. The yield and selectivity of 1 were seriously effected by pressure, reaction temperature, solvent, and the amount of H2O.
Novel Dimerization of 3-(2-Nitroethenyl)guaiazulene. A Convenient Route to Cyclopenta[ef]heptalene
Authors: Kurokawa Shinji 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Dimerization of 3-(2-nitroethenyl)guaiazulene with sodium methylate gave 5-(1-guaiazulenyl)-5,6-dihydro-9-isopropyl-1-methyl-4-nitrocyclopenta[ef]heptalene (3). On treatment with formic acid, 3 was converted into 9-isopropyl-1-methyl-4-nitrocyclopenta[ef]heptalene quantitatively. A combination of the reactions provides a convenient route to the cyclopenta[ef]heptalene derivatives.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of cis-4,5-Substituted δ-Lactones by the Reaction of 2-Methoxy-2-(trimethylsiloxy)cyclobutanecarboxylic Esters with Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Shimada Shigeru , Tohno Ichiro , Hashimoto Yukihiko , Saigo Kazuhiko 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The ring-opening aldol-type reaction of 2-methoxy-2-(trimethylsiloxy)cyclobutanecarboxylic esters with aldehydes smoothly proceeded in the presence of a Lewis acid. Subsequent treatment of the crude products with a catalytic amount of p-TsOH gave cis-4,5-substituted δ-lactones in good yields with high diastereoselectivity. Similar reactions with unsymmetrical ketones also gave δ-lactones in good yields with moderate diastereoselectivity.