bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Galactosamine and mannosamine are integral parts of bacterial and fungal extracellular polymeric substances
Authors: Oliva Rebeca Leme , Vogt Carla , Bublitz Tábata Aline , Camenzind Tessa , Dyckmans Jens , Joergensen Rainer Georg 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are produced by microorganisms and interact to form a complex matrix called biofilm. In soils, EPS are important contributors to the microbial necromass and, thus, to soil organic carbon (SOC). Amino sugars (AS) are used as indicators for microbial necromass in soil, although the origin of galactosamine and mannosamine is largely unknown. However, indications exist that they are part of EPS. In this study, two bacteria and two fungi were grown in starch medium either with or without a quartz matrix to induce EPS production. Each culture was separated in two fractions: one that directly underwent AS extraction (containing AS from both biomass and EPS), and another that first had EPS extracted, followed then by AS determination (exclusively containing AS from EPS). We did not observe a general effect of the quartz matrix neither of microbial type on AS production. The quantified amounts of galactosamine and mannosamine in the EPS fraction represented on average 100% of the total amounts of these two AS quantified in cell cultures, revealing they are integral parts of the biofilm. In contrast, muramic acid and glucosamine were also quantified in the EPS, but with much lower contribution rates to total AS production, of 18% and 33%, respectively, indicating they are not necessarily part of EPS. Our results allow a meaningful ecological interpretation of mannosamine and galactosamine data in the future as indicators of microbial EPS, and also attract interest of future studies to investigate the role of EPS to SOC and its dynamics.
Phage-driven coevolution reveals trade-off between antibiotic and phage resistance in Salmonella anatum
Authors: Zhao Yuanyang , Shu Mei , Zhang Ling , Zhong Chan , Liao Ningbo , Wu Guoping 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Phage therapy faces challenges against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella due to rapid phage-resistant mutant emergence. Understanding the intricate interplay between antibiotics and phages is essential for shaping Salmonella evolution and advancing phage therapy. In this study, MDR Salmonella anatum (S. anatum) 2089b coevolved with phage JNwz02 for 30 passages (60 days), then the effect of coevolution on the trade-off between phage and antibiotic resistance in bacteria was investigated. Our results demonstrated antagonistic coevolution between bacteria and phages, transitioning from arms race dynamics (ARD) to fluctuating selection dynamics (FSD). The fitness cost of phage resistance, manifested as reduced competitiveness, was observed. Bacteria evolved phage resistance while simultaneously regaining sensitivity to amoxicillin, ampicillin, and gentamicin, influenced by phage selection pressure and bacterial competitiveness. Moreover, the impact of phage selection pressure on the trade-off between antibiotic and phage resistance was more pronounced in the ARD stage than in the FSD stage. Whole genome analysis revealed mutations in the btuB gene in evolved S. anatum strains, with a notably higher mutation frequency in the ARD stage compared to the FSD stage. Subsequent knockout experiments confirmed BtuB as a receptor for phage JNwz02, and the deletion of btuB resulted in reduced bacterial competitiveness. Additionally, the mutations identified in the phage-resistant strains were linked to multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with membrane components. This correlation implies a potential role of these SNPs in reinstating antibiotic susceptibility. These findings significantly advance our understanding of phage-host interactions and the impact of bacterial adaptations on antibiotic resistance.
Rebel Institutionalization, Religious Holidays, and Political Violence
Authors: Nong Xin , Wu Chun-Ying 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Identifying a clear relationship between rebel group structures and the use of violence faces the challenge that group structures rarely change over time. We exploit the analytical advantage provided by long religious holidays to address this issue using the principal-agent framework. Religious holidays serve as a focal point and reduce group coordination costs, but also raise the societal costs of violence. We argue the principal of rebel groups is more sensitive to the increased societal costs than the agents and thereby attempts to restrain the agents from attacking during religious holidays. However, the success of these attempts depends on the group’s institutionalization level. Long religious holidays exacerbate the principal-agent problem due to the high costs of restraining agents from attacking for an extended period, making them the most likely case for our analysis. We test the theory by first conducting microlevel analysis of Islamic separatist groups in three Southeast Asian countries and then analyzing a cross-sectional sample of Islamic rebel groups. Results show that highly institutionalized groups that have a central command system and control over constituent groups are less likely to attack during long religious holidays than on other days, and vice versa for weakly institutionalized groups.
Unmasking bias in artificial intelligence: a systematic review of bias detection and mitigation strategies in electronic health record-based models
Authors: Chen Feng , Wang Liqin , Hong Julie , Jiang Jiaqi , Zhou Li 
Published: March 2024

AbstractObjectivesLeveraging artificial intelligence (AI) in conjunction with electronic health records (EHRs) holds transformative potential to improve healthcare. However, addressing bias in AI, which risks worsening healthcare disparities, cannot be overlooked. This study reviews methods to handle various biases in AI models developed using EHR data.Materials and MethodsWe conducted a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines, analyzing articles from PubMed, Web of Science, and IEEE published between January 01, 2010 and December 17, 2023. The review identified key biases, outlined strategies for detecting and mitigating bias throughout the AI model development, and analyzed metrics for bias assessment.ResultsOf the 450 articles retrieved, 20 met our criteria, revealing 6 major bias types: algorithmic, confounding, implicit, measurement, selection, and temporal. The AI models were primarily developed for predictive tasks, yet none have been deployed in real-world healthcare settings. Five studies concentrated on the detection of implicit and algorithmic biases employing fairness metrics like statistical parity, equal opportunity, and predictive equity. Fifteen studies proposed strategies for mitigating biases, especially targeting implicit and selection biases. These strategies, evaluated through both performance and fairness metrics, predominantly involved data collection and preprocessing techniques like resampling and reweighting.DiscussionThis review highlights evolving strategies to mitigate bias in EHR-based AI models, emphasizing the urgent need for both standardized and detailed reporting of the methodologies and systematic real-world testing and evaluation. Such measures are essential for gauging models’ practical impact and fostering ethical AI that ensures fairness and equity in healthcare.
Trajectory optimization for automated tape placement on triangular mesh surfaces considering gap requirements
Authors: Zhang Peng , Li Yuyu , Tang Kejun , Yin Lairong , Huang Long , Wang Hongbing 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Automated tape placement (ATP) is an important automated process adopted for the fabrication of large composite components. Trajectory planning is the key link of ATP, which directly affects the precision and efficiency of the layup process and the quality of final products. Presently, most existing trajectory optimization methods for ATP focus on smooth surfaces. Nevertheless, as commercial CAD/CAM software generally uses NURBS (Non-uniform Rational B-Splines) for modelling, the difficulty of finding the solution and the low efficiency associated with the calculation process are inevitable. The discrete methods provide alternatives for designing layup trajectories, whereas their accuracy is seldom analysed. Furthermore, a path optimization algorithm for eliminating gap problems while preventing wrinkles on discrete models is rarely reported. In this paper, the adjustment of layup trajectories for ATP is considered on triangular meshes. First, the triangular mesh is reconstructed as a Nagata patch to recover the original geometry with good accuracy. Then, a numerical method for tracing desired paths on the Nagata patch set is provided and the computation efficiency is validated. Next, two optimization methodologies are proposed to improve the layup of composite tapes while avoiding wrinkles. Finally, the presented two strategies are examined on a discrete hyperbolic surface and a discrete freeform surface and some of the results are delivered.
Multi-institutional study of osimertinib dose-optimization in non-small cell lung cancer patients with EGFR activating mutation aged 70 years or older (‘MONEY’ trial)
Authors: Tsukita Yoko , Taguri Masataka , Goto Yasushi , Hosomi Yukio , Mizutani Tomonori , Watanabe Kageaki , Yoh Kiyotaka , Takahashi Satoshi , Kubota Kaoru , Kunitoh Hideo 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Osimertinib is the standard of care for patients with epidermal growth factor receptor-activating mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer. Dose-toxicity has been previously reported, but no dose–response data within the range of 20–240 mg daily (mg/d). Thus, the current 80 mg/d dosing might be too high for elderly Japanese patients with an average body weight of only 50 kg, resulting in excessive toxicity and cost. We therefore initiated a study to investigate whether osimertinib at 40 mg/d is non-inferior to 80 mg/d in patients with advanced or recurrent epidermal growth factor receptor-activating mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer aged ≥70 years, using a regression discontinuity design. Osimertinib is administered at 40 mg/d for body weight ≤50 kg, and 80 mg/d for body weight &gt;50 kg. The primary endpoint is progression-free survival. Sample size is 550 patients, based on a non-inferiority margin of the progression-free survival hazard ratio 1.333, 0.10 one-sided type I error and 80% power.
Identification, seasonality, and body attachment location and nomenclature of parasitic water mites (Trombidiformes: Arrenuridae) on Anopheles crucians sensu lato, Anopheles quadrimaculatus sensu lato, and Culex erraticus (Diptera: Culicidae) from a North Florida botanical garden
Authors: Piwowarek William J , McDuffie Decyo , Burgess Edwin R 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Water mites (Hydrachnidia) commonly parasitize mosquitoes; however, the nature of these parasitic interactions remains poorly understood. We sampled mites collected from mosquitoes taken from CDC light traps placed in a botanical garden in Northern Florida from April to November 2022. Mites were found almost exclusively parasitizing the mosquitoes, Anopheles crucians sensu lato (Wiedemann, 1828), Anopheles quadrimaculatus sensu lato (Say, 1824), and Culex erraticus (Dyar and Knab, 1906). All sampled mites were of the genus Arrenurus. Further identification proved to be impossible given the available resources. Seasonality of the mites corresponded with the seasonality of their hosts, with the highest numbers being recorded in May and September. Nomenclature for mite attachment sites on mosquitoes was developed and provided. Mites most commonly attached to the second abdominal segments of all sampled mosquitoes with varied positions around the segment depending on mosquito species. We found significance for the relationship between the abdominal segment mites attached to and what position on the segment mites would take for Cx. erraticus, which indicates a preference of attaching directly underneath the second and fourth abdominal segments. Such a relationship was not found for either Anopheles species.
Wetland conservation legislations: global processes and China’s practices
Authors: Mo Lichun , Pandit Ram 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Natural wetland areas in China have experienced a continuous decline over the past two decades, which is partly due to the lack of comprehensive wetland protection laws and regulations. Despite investing over 4.24 billion USD in wetland conservation and restoration since 2000, the deterioration of wetlands persists. This study reviews the development of global wetland protection laws and regulations, analyzes the progress of wetland legislation in China and explores the impact of economic development levels on wetland protection legislation, while also providing an in-depth interpretation of the core elements of the ‘Wetland Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China’. The results indicate that since the late 1940s, wetland protection laws and regulations have begun to emerge, with most developed countries gradually implementing related policies between the 1980s and 1990s; about 71% of wetland protection laws are concentrated in 29 countries, while 69 countries still lack specific wetland protection laws. An analysis of 962 global documents reveals that wetland protection legislation mainly focuses on the protection of water resources, species and ecosystems. China’s wetland legislation started late, with the ‘Wetland Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China’ being officially implemented only in June 2022. Furthermore, the study points out that economic development plays a crucial role in wetland legislation worldwide. Lastly, the article summarizes the key features of the ‘Wetland Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China’, including the improvement of the environmental protection legislative system, increased penalties for illegal occupation of wetlands, clearer protection goals and the assurance of the integrity and connectivity of wetland ecosystems through stringent policies.
Commonly prescribed medicines, core prescribing indicators, and prescription errors in a tertiary healthcare setting in Sri Lanka: a descriptive cross-sectional study
Authors: Ranasinghe Priyanga , Sri Ranganathan Shalini 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To describe the commonly prescribed medicines, WHO/INRUD core prescribing indicators, and prescription errors from a tertiary healthcare setting in Sri Lanka.

Methods
This study was conducted at clinics and wards in a group of tertiary hospitals from Colombo, Sri Lanka. A total of 1600 prescriptions (800 in-ward [IW] and 800 out-patient clinic [OP]) were analysed and evaluated against WHO/INRUD core prescribing indicators. Prescription errors and medication interactions were also analysed.

Key findings
Number of medicines per encounter on average was 4.2 ± 2.9 (median: 4.0; range: 1–18) (IW vs. OP: 5.0 ± 3.1 vs. 3.4 ± 2.1; P &lt; 0.001). Overall, the percentage of prescriptions with an antibiotic was 25.9% (n = 415) (IW vs. OP: 45.0% vs. 6.9%, P &lt; 0.001). Percentage of encounters with an injection was 20.4% (n = 326) (IW vs. OP: 36.9% vs. 3.9%, P &lt; 0.001) and percentage of medicine prescribed by generic name was 90.7% (IW 92.9% vs. OP 87.3%, P &lt; 0.001). Prescribing from the essential medicines list (EML) was 76.9% (IW 77.7% vs. OP 75.7%, P-NS). Among IW prescriptions details regarding allergies were not mentioned in 643 (80.4%), while in paediatric prescriptions weight was not specified in 242 (75.6%). At least a single abbreviation was used in 638 prescriptions (39.9%). One or more medication interactions were identified in 744 (46.5%) prescriptions (major: 86 [5.4%]).

Conclusions
We identified a relatively high number of average medicines per encounter, indicating a degree of polypharmacy. In addition, generic prescribing and usage of EML medicines are areas recommended for further improvement. Prescription errors were common, and several commission/omission errors had potential for preventable patient harm.
Coproducing a film resource for asylum seekers in the UK—A field reflection
Authors: Mäkelä Petra , Given-Wilson Zoe , Al Berkdar Kenan , Aljumma Zaina , Mostafanejad Rahman 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this field reflection, we critically explore our experiences of coproduction, as a group comprising people with lived experience of seeking asylum in the UK, and clinical academics. We collaboratively developed a film resource for people facing the challenges of the asylum system and for professionals who support them. We aim to (1) reflect on how this collaboration came about and how it led to both planned outputs and unanticipated outcomes, (2) identify a range of personal, organizational, and system factors that enabled or constrained our collaborations as researchers and asylum seekers or refugees in the UK, and (3) explore our own assumptions about ways of working together to enable partnership and equality of engagement. We reflect on our experiences in relation to four conditions of coproduction: combining knowledge and experience, commitment to the project and each other, flexibility in our ways of working together, and our valued achievements.
TWAIL, archives, and refugee law
Authors: Ramasubramanyam Jay 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Critical scholars of refugee law and refugee studies have demonstrated the entrenched Eurocentricity and the ingrained hegemony that dominate the fields of study. Therefore, this article embarks on a methodological inquiry that intersperses Third-World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) and archival research to the study of international refugee law, with specific focus on India. I base this article on the preconceived notion that TWAIL cannot be divorced from the inquiry into understanding alternate non-European notions of refugee protection. This article emphasizes TWAIL’s significance as a methodological tool, and explores India’s refugee hosting practices and resistance to Eurocentric international refugee law through archives. The article also contends that TWAIL and archival research in this context, are not just methodological innovations, but constitute deliberate disruptions in the field.
Comparative transcriptomics elucidates the cellular responses of an aeroterrestrial zygnematophyte to UV radiation
Authors: Busch Anna , Gerbracht Jennifer V , Davies Kevin , Hoecker Ute , Hess Sebastian 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The zygnematophytes are the closest relatives of land plants and comprise several lineages that adapted to a life on land. Species of the genus Serritaenia form colorful, mucilaginous capsules, which surround the cells and block harmful solar radiation, one of the major terrestrial stressors. In eukaryotic algae, this ‘sunscreen mucilage’ represents a unique photoprotective strategy, whose induction and chemical background are unknown. We generated a de novo transcriptome of Serritaenia testaceovaginata and studied its gene regulation under moderate UV radiation (UVR) that triggers sunscreen mucilage under experimental conditions. UVR induced the repair of DNA and the photosynthetic apparatus as well as the synthesis of aromatic specialized metabolites. Specifically, we observed pronounced expressional changes in the production of aromatic amino acids, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes, potential cross-membrane transporters of phenolics, and extracellular, oxidative enzymes. Interestingly, the most up-regulated enzyme was a secreted class III peroxidase, whose embryophyte homologs are involved in apoplastic lignin formation. Overall, our findings reveal a conserved, plant-like UVR perception system (UVR8 and downstream factors) in zygnematophyte algae and point to a polyphenolic origin of the sunscreen pigment of Serritaenia, whose synthesis might be extracellular and oxidative, resembling that of plant lignins.
Asymmetry of the spectral lines of the coronal hole and quiet Sun in the transition region
Authors: Hosseini Razieh , Kayshap Pradeep , Alipour Nasibe , Safari Hossein 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
The asymmetry of line profiles, i.e. the secondary component, is crucial to understanding the energy release of coronal holes (CH), quiet Sun (QS), and bright points (BPs). We investigate the asymmetry of Si iv 1393.75 Å of the transition-region (TR) line recorded by Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) and co-spatial-temporal Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) and Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) data onboard Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) for three time series on 2015 April 26, 2014 July 24, and 2014 July 26. Most asymmetric profiles are in the complex magnetic field regions of the networks. The asymmetric profiles are fitted with both single and double Gaussian models. The mean value of Doppler velocity of the second component is almost zero (with a significant standard deviation) in QS/CH, which may indicate that the physical process to trigger the secondary Gaussian originates at the formation height of Si iv. While the mean Doppler velocity from secondary Gaussian in BPs is around +4.0 km s−1 (redshifted). The non-thermal velocities of the secondary Gaussian in all three regions are slightly higher than the single Gaussian. The statistical investigation leads to the prevalence of blueshifted secondary components in QS/CH. However, secondary Gaussian in the BPs redshifted, i.e. the BPs redshift behaviour could be interpreted due to the site of reconnection located above the formation height of the Si iv line. The peak intensity of the second component for all three regions is likely to follow a power law that is a signature of the small-scale flaring-like trigger mechanism.