bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Six months supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid induces regional-specific fat mass decreases in overweight and obese
Authors: Gaullier Jean-Michel , Halse Johan , Høivik Hans Olav , Høye Kjetil , Syvertsen Christian , Nurminiemi Minna , Hassfeld Cecilie , Einerhand Alexandra , O'Shea Marianne , Gudmundsen Ola 
Published: February 2007

Long-term supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces body fat mass (BFM) and increases or maintains lean body mass (LBM). However, the regional effect of CLA was not studied. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of CLA per region and safety in healthy, overweight and obese adults. A total of 118 subjects (BMI: 28–32 kg/m2) were included in a double blind, placebo-controlled trial. Subjects were randomised into two groups supplemented with either 3·4 g/d CLA or placebo for 6 months. CLA significantly decreased BFM at month 3 (Δ = − 0·9 %, P = 0·016) and at month 6 (Δ = − 3·4 %, P = 0·043) compared with placebo. The reduction in fat mass was located mostly in the legs (Δ = − 0·8 kg, P < 0·001), and in women (Δ = − 1·3 kg, P = 0·046) with BMI >30 kg/m2 (Δ = − 1·9 kg, P = 0·011), compared with placebo. The waist–hip ratio decreased significantly (P = 0·043) compared with placebo. LBM increased (Δ = +0·5 kg, P = 0·049) within the CLA group. Bone mineral content was not affected (P = 0·70). All changes were independent of diet and physical exercise. Safety parameters including blood lipids, inflammatory and diabetogenic markers remained within the normal range. Adverse events did not differ between the groups. It is concluded that supplementation with CLA in healthy, overweight and obese adults decreases BFM in specific regions and is well tolerated.
The desire to obtain money: A culturally ritualised expression of the aggressive instinct
Authors: Behrendt Ralf-Peter 
Published: February 2007

Social behaviour is but an expression of instinctive mechanisms whereby the aggressive instinct is of particular importance, having given rise to most of the complexity of social behaviour through processes of phylogenetic and cultural ritualisation. The role of the aggressive instinct is to dynamically maintain the ranking order in a group, and much of social interaction is concerned with this, including monetary exchange.What is certain, is that with the elimination of aggression, … the tackling of a task or problem, the self-respect [in] everything that a man does from morning till evening, from the morning shave to the sublimest artistic or scientific creation, would lose all impetus; everything associated with ambition, ranking order, and countless other equally indispensable behaviour patterns would probably also disappear from human life.— Konrad Lorenz (1963/2002, p. 269)
The Cech filtration and monodromy in log crystalline cohomology
Authors: Grosse-Klönne Elmar 
Published: February 2007

For a strictly semistable log scheme

Y
Y

over a perfect field

k
k

of characteristic

p
p

we investigate the canonical Čech spectral sequence

(
C

)
T

(C)_T

abutting the Hyodo-Kato (log crystalline) cohomology

H

c
r
y
s

∗

(
Y

/

T

)

Q

H_{crys}^*(Y/T)_{\mathbb {Q}}

of

Y
Y

and beginning with the log convergent cohomology of its various component intersections

Y
i

Y^i

. We compare the filtration on

H

c
r
y
s

∗

(
Y

/

T

)

Q

H_{crys}^*(Y/T)_{\mathbb {Q}}

arising from

(
C

)
T

(C)_T

with the monodromy operator

N
N

on

H

c
r
y
s

∗

(
Y

/

T

)

Q

H_{crys}^*(Y/T)_{\mathbb {Q}}

. We also express

N
N

through residue maps and study relations with singular cohomology. If

Y
Y

lifts to a proper strictly semistable (formal) scheme

X
X

over a finite totally ramified extension of

W
(
k
)

W(k)

, with generic fibre

X
K

X_K

, we obtain results on how the simplicial structure of

X
K

a
n

X_K^{an}

(as analytic space) is reflected in

H

d
R

∗

(

X
K

)
=

H

d
R

∗

(

X
K

a
n

)

H_{dR}^*(X_K)=H_{dR}^*(X_K^{an})

.
Anaesthetists and the Common Market
Authors: ZORAB JOHNS M. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe Medical Directives of the E.E.C. are now in force. Those relating to basic registration and specialist registration in anaesthesia are considered. Problems arising from the implementation of these Directives are discussed together with their impact on British anaesthetists wishing to work in other E.E.C. States as well as on E.E.C. anaesthetists wishing to work here. Sources of further information are listed in the appendices.
Epidural morphine
Authors: JOHNSTON J.R. , McCAUGHEY W. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryEpidural injection of morphine 2 mg in 10 ml was used as a method of analgesia in treatment of fractured ribs in six patients. This method was effective and appears to have advantages over the use of bupivacaine, both in terms of duration of action and lack of side effects such as hypotension.
Minaxolone or Althesin supplemented by nitrous oxide
Authors: SEAR J.W. , COOPER G.M. , WILLIAMS N.B. , SIMPSON P.J. , PRYS‐ROBERTS C. 
Published: February 2007

Summary Minaxolone citrate, a new water‐soluble steroid intravenous anaesthetic, has been compared with Althesin as an induction agent and subsequently intermittently supplemented by nitrous oxide and oxygen alone for anaesthesia for short surgical procedures. Short term recovery following Minaxolone was significantly slower than after Althesin, but 1 h after the end of anaesthesia, no differences could be detected between the two groups of patients. Minaxolone, given by intravenous increments to supplement nitrous oxide following an induction dose of 0·5 mg/kg, appears to provide satisfactory anaesthesia for short surgical procedures.
Anaesthetic techniques for surgical correction of fractured neck of femur A comparative study of ketamine and relaxant anaesthesia in elderly women
Authors: FFARCS T.H. Spreadbury , Hospital Warwick 
Published: February 2007

SummaryKetamine has been compared with ‘relaxant’ anaesthesia in operations for fractured neck of femur in elderly women. Ketamine was found to reduce early mortality principally by a reduction in thromboembolic complications, but at the expense of more unsatisfactory surgical results. It is suggested that the mortality after relaxant anaesthesia for these operations is unacceptable.
Initial experience with Minaxolone
Authors: Punchihewa V. G. , Morgan M. , Lumley Jean , Whitwam J. G. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryMinaxolone has been used to induce anaesthesia, and in incremental doses to supplement nitrous oxide, in 100 patients undergoing minor surgical procedures. Half the patients received a small dose of fentanyl before induction. Minaxolone proved to be a satisfactory induction agent. The commonest complications were an increase in muscle tone and imoluntary muscle movements, which in some patients occurred in the recovery period: their incidence was reduced by fentanyl. There was a notably low incidence of nausea and romiting.
Anaesthetists and Dutch Elm Disease
Authors: SCOTT PETER V. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryUndiagnosed tetanus can be a rare cause of acute intestinal obstruction followed by respiratory failure after surgery and general anaesthesia.The anaesthetist should always read the general practitioner's referring letter (so should the surgeon). Equally, the general practitioner's letter should record normal physiological values for that patient, such as pulse rate and blood pressure.The current shortage of anaesthetists might partly be related to inadequate exposure of medical students to the specialty.The anaesthetist's prime task is the relief of pain during surgery: but his contract must allow sufficient time outside the operating theatre for the nurture of diagnostic skills basic to clinical competence and survival of the patient inside the operating theatre.
Epidural analgesia and cardiac output in severe pre‐eclamptics
Authors: Graham Charles , Goldstein Arthur 
Published: February 2007

SummaryLabour and delivery cardiac output was assessed by thermal dilution in ten severe pre‐eclamptics who received lumbar epidural analgesia. Control cardiac output was 8·8 litres/min which remained statistically unchanged following administration of lumbar epidural analgesia. At birth and delivery of the placenta, there was a moderate increase in cardiac output which increased significantly (28%) by 15 min after delivery of the placenta. Subsequently over the next hour, cardiac output returned toward baseline levels. Mother and fetus were stable throughout and infant Apgar scores were good. These results emphasise that lumbar epidural analgesia has little effect on cardiac output in severe pre‐eclamptics.
Temazepam as a premedicant in minor surgery
Authors: AMARASEKERA KANTHIE 
Published: February 2007

SummaryTemazepam, a benzodiazepine, hitherto used only as a hypnotic, was studied as a pre‐anaesthetic medication in adult women undergoing minor gynaecological surgery in a dose of 30 mg and compared to 10 mg of diazepam. The sedative effect of temazepam was found to be superior to that of diazepam, using both objective and subjective criteria for assessment. There was also a highly significant degree of patient acceptance of the drug. It is suggested that temazepam is a suitable drug for premedication for minor surgery.
Anaesthesia for transurethral prostatectomy
Authors: McGOWAN S.W. , SMITH GORDON F.N. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryOne hundred and fifty patients who presented for transurethral prostatectomy were randomly allocated to one of three groups for the purpose of anaesthesia. Group A received spinal intradural analgesia, Group B general anaesthesia with spontaneous ventilation and Group C general anaesthesia with controlled ventilation. The comparability of the three groups was established.There were no significant differences in the corrected blood loss, postoperative morbidity or mortality in the three groups. Dysrhythmias were significantly higher in Group B.The results support the conclusion that the methods of choice for anaesthesia for transurethral prostatectomy are spinal analgesia or general anaesthesia using muscle relaxants and controlled ventilation. The final decision is a matter of personal preference.
Metabolic indices of pulmonary damage
Authors: CLAREMONT D.J. , BRANTHWAITE M.A. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe activity of angiotensin‐converting enzyme was measured in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass and in a control group requiring thoracotomy for pulmonary surgery. The activity of the enzyme was higher in patients with cardiac disease, fell during operations involving cardiopulmonary bypass, but did not change during thoracotomy for pulmonary surgery. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. The activity of another enzyme, alpha1 anti‐trypsin, did not change during cardiopulmonary bypass and no arteriovenous difference could be detected during or after operation.
Hypotension and myocardial metabolism
Authors: CHAMBERLAIN J.H. , SWAN P.C. , WEDLEY J.R. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThis study investigated the effect of hypotension produced by nitroprusside or halothane on haemodynamics and myocardial metabolism. It is postulated that halothane might influence the balance of supply and demand of oxygen to the heart more favourably than nitroprusside. The results in six open‐chested dogs do not support this view. Despite the fact that the two drugs lowered the mean arterial pressure by radically different mechanisms, the reduction in demand for oxygen by the heart seemed to be matched by a similar reduction in supply with both drugs. No evidence of anaerobic metabolism or increased a‐v O2 content differences was found. It is concluded that the reduction in mean arterial pressure to these levels by either method is not likely to impair myocardial energetics in healthy hearts with normal coronary anatomy.
Ventilatory support for children with whooping cough
Authors: LEWIS MARGO , BUSH G.H. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryTwenty‐four patients with pertussis admitted to a paediatric Intensive Care Unit over a period of 42 months are reviewed. It is concluded that pertussis affects the young baby most severely, the majority of the children admitted were under the age of 3 months. Many required long term intubation and pulmonary supportive therapy and the percentage of those admitted to the Intensive Care Unit who have needed mechanical ventilation has steadily increased over the period reviewed from 25 to 71‰. The youngest infant died from overwhelming respiratory infection. The other 23 patients recovered but three children developed neurological complications and their recovery is still being assessed. The importance of maintenance of the immunisation programme is stressed in view of the evidence of the severity of the disease in the very young infant.
Sedation for ventilation
Authors: Miller‐Jones C.M.H. , Williams J.H. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryA retrospective survey of the sedation requirements of the last 50 patients needing ventilation in a provincial Intensive Therapy Unit (ITU) showed a wide variation in regimes used.The results were more random than expected: some patients were given six drugs for control of ventilation. There was greater reliance on pancuronium than anticipated.Patients' requirements varied greatly, as did each individual's daily requirements.The need to ensure adequate sedation is emphasised.
ICI 35868 (Diprivan): a new intravenous induction agent
Authors: RUTTER D.V. , MORGAN M. , LUMLEY JEAN , OWEN RUTH 
Published: February 2007

SummaryICI 35868 (Diprivan) has been used as an induction agent in patients undergoing minor gynaecological surgery and as the sole anaesthetic agent during bronchoscopy, and its effects were compared with those of methohexitone. The new agent proved to be satisfactory, although induction of anaesthesia was significantly longer than following methohexitone. Complications were similar with both drugs. ICI 35868 deserves full investigation as an intravenous anaesthetic agent.
Prolonged neuromuscular blockade following trimetaphan infusion
Authors: NAKAMURA KUMI , KOIDE MASAHARU , IMANAGA TERUAKI , OGASAWARA HIROKO , TAKAHASHI MAKIKO , YOSHIKAWA MASATO 
Published: February 2007

Summary This is a case report with postoperative prolonged neuromuscular blockade of 17 hours duration suspected to be caused by trimetaphan. Inhibitory action of trimetaphan to true cholinesterase (human red cell cholinesterase) was estimated in vitro, and it is concluded that this action is too weak to cause neuromuscular disturbances by acetylcholine excess in clinical doses. Trimetaphan is considered to have a neuromuscular blocking action of a non‐depolarising type.
End‐tidal carbon dioxide during thoracotomy
Authors: HENEGHAN C.P.H. , SCALLAN M.J.H. , BRANTHWAITE M.A. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe concentration of carbon dioxide in end‐tidal gas was compared with the tension in arterial or superior vena caval blood during thoracotomy in twelve patients. In six adults requiring pulmonary resection, one‐lung anaesthesia did not change the difference between the two measurements. In six children in whom a systemic to pulmonary arterial anastomosis was being created to improve pulmonary blood flow impaired by cyanotic congenital heart disease, occlusion of the pulmonary artery caused an increase in the blood‐end‐tidal carbon dioxide gradient. This change was particularly marked in two neonates and was of sufficient magnitude to render end‐tidal monitoring unreliable in these circumstances.
An evaluation of a pre‐operative anaesthetic assessment questionnaire
Authors: Pearson R.M.G. , Jago R.H. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryA total of 400 patients was invited to complete a pre‐operative anaesthetic assessment questionnaire. On analysis 74.3% had undergone a previous general anaesthetic, 60.8% had taken some form of medication in the preceding 6 months, and 53.8% gave a significant medical history. The questionnaire is designed to focus attention on those patients at risk, to allow more efficient use of the time available for the pre‐operative visit, and to provide a permanent record of the patient's medical history relevant to anaesthesia.
Pethidine, metoclopramide and the gastro‐oesophageal sphincter
Authors: HEY V.M.F. , OSTICK D.G. , MAZUMDER J.K. , LORD W.D. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe effects of intramuscular pethidine (1·0–3·0 mg/kg) followed by metoclopramide 10 mg intravenously, and those of a combination of pethidine 1·5 mg/kg and metoclopramide 10 mg given intramuscularly, on the lower oesophageal sphinct pressure have been studied manometrically in human volunteers. In the former group, the mean effect of all the doses of pethidine was a reduction of the lower oesophageal barrier pressure by 6·8 cm H2O from control values (p < 0·0002), while the intravenous administration of metoclopramide resulted in a mean increase in barrier pressure of 8·75 cmH2O above the depressed level (p < 0·0001). Following the combination of pethidine and metoclopramide given intramuscularly depression of the sphincter pressure was not totally prevented, but there was a reduction in its incidence and severity.It is suggested that pethidine is likely to increase the possibility of gastro‐oesophageal reflux, and that metoclopramide is a useful adjunct in the prevention of reflux in preparation for, and after, surgery in patients who have been given pethidine for pain relief.
Halothane uptake and nitrous oxide concentration
Authors: Tunstall M.E. , HAWKSWORTH GABRIELLE M. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe effect on halothane uptake of changing the nitrous oxide concentration during the first few minutes of a general anaesthetic for Caesarean section was investigated. In 10 mothers Anaesthesia was maintained with halothane 0·4%, nitrous oxide 33% and oxygen 66%. In 10 others the sole difference in onaesthetic technique was that the ratio of nitrous oxide to oxygen was reversed for the first 3 minutes only. Serial maternal arterial blood samples showed a significant increase in halothane levels in the group where the nitrous oxide was increased, with p < 0·02 at 1 and 2 minutes and p < 0·05 at 3, 4 and 5 minutes. After 5 minutes there was no significant difference between the two groups. Cord blood concentrations between the two groups were comparable. The difference in halothane levels is a demonstration of the influence of the concentration effect of nitrous oxide on the uptake of halothane, the second gas effect. The relevance of anaesthetic uptake to obstetric Anaesthesia and awareness is discussed.
Renal transplantation in diabetes mellitus
Authors: CHARTERS P. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryRenal failure is common in patients with diabetes mellitus, and renal transplantation has been used in its treatment. There are indications that the operation may be hazardous in these circumstances, and a report is presented in which careful biochemical monitoring of a diabetic patient undergoing transplantation revealed two episodes of hyperkalaemia which might go some way to explain the hazards of this operation.The relevance of the concept of glucose‐induced hyperkalaemia is discussed and it is suggested that intravenous infusion of insulin during and after operation might have decreased the rises in serum potassium. The report emphasises the need for careful biochemical monitoring of diabetics undergoing renal transplantation.
The prevention of pain on injection
Authors: MILLAR JEAN M. , BARR A. MARSHALL 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe effect ofpre‐injection of lignocaine 10 mg or physiological saline was assessed in a double blind trial on 100 unpremedicated day cases having a methohexitone induction. The incidence of pain was reduced from 64% to 22% using lignocaine.
Termination of cardiopulmonary bypass facilitated by insulin
Authors: JONES R.M. , KNIGHT PAUL R. , HILL ANNE B. , NAHRWOLD MICHAEL L. , KIRSH MARVIN M. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryA 61‐year old woman with severe coronary artery disease underwent three‐vessel coronary bypass surgery. Difficulty was encountered in terminating cardiopulmonary bypass, but there was dramatic improvement following the administration of intravenous insulin. The use of insulin to facilitate termination of cardiopulmonary bypass is discussed.
Teaching the uptake and distribution of halothane
Authors: HEFFERNAN P. B. , GIBBS J. M. , McKINNON A. E. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryA computer aided learning program for teaching the kinetics of uptake and distribution of the inhalational anaesthetic halothane is described. The program is based on a seven‐compartment model which simulates the action of halothane on ventilation and on the cardiovascular system. The program is available to the student in four forms: one with no changes in circulation or respiration, one with the cardiovascular effects of halothane included, one with respiratory effects only, and one with both of these effects combined. The student can study the importance of the influence of halothane on respiration and blood circulation by comparing results from simulations on different models. The simulation is presented as graphs which are continuously displayed on an alphanumeric visual display terminal. Interaction with the program is possible at all times to change the simulation speed, the variables being graphed, the inspired halothane fraction, and the fresh gas flow.
A pilot study of the changes of skin electrical conductance in patients undergoing general anaesthesia and surgery
Authors: GODDARD G. F. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryChanges of skin electrical conductance have been monitored from induction of anaesthesia to recovery in two groups of patients. The first group receiving inhalational anaesthesia with halothane and spontaneous respiration demonstrated no changes in response to surgical stimulus. Some patients from the second group receiving muscle relaxation and ventilation with nitrous oxide and oxygen without halothane demonstrated changes in response to surgery. The changes are mediated by the sympathetic nervous system and the technique forms a simple monitor of sympathetic activity during surgery.
Plasma noradrenaline levels during labour
Authors: FALCONER A. D. , POWLES A. B. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryPlasma noradrenaline was assayed during augmented labour in nine patients receiving elective lumbar epidural blockade and in 11 patients using other forms of pain relief. Similar noradrenaline levels were seen in each group before induction of labour (epidural subjects 1.28; SEM 0.45 nmol/litre and nonepidural subjects 1.53; SEM 0.44 nmol/litre). At the onset of the second stage of labour the non‐epidural patients showed a significant rise in plasma noradrenaline to 2.91; SEM 0.56 nmol/litre (p < 0.01). The rise to 1.88; SEM 0.55 nmol/litre in the epidural group was not significant. Elective lumbar epidural block may influence plasma noradrenaline during labour.
A laboratory investigation of a multigas monitor for anaesthesia (EMMA)
Authors: KAY B. , COHEN A. T. , WHEELER M. F. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryA new volatile anaesthetic gas analyser (EMMA) was tested in the laboratory, It was shown to have an accurate, linear response, with minimal zero drift and to be almost unaffected by carrier gases. It is a versatile and sensitive machine with a fast response time indicating that it might be used for breath‐by‐breath monitoring.The EMMA is a useful new anaesthetic gas analyser that should find widespread clinical usage.
A new anaesthetic record
Authors: LUNN J. N. , VICKERS M. D. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryRecord‐keeping is part of the proper practice of anaesthesia and a record should be able to be quickly and easily completed. Two types of information need to be recorded: clinical, for use both immediately or subsequently and epidemiological, for detailed study of a large number of anaesthetics. A design which answers both these aims is described.