bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflammatory markers in COPD
Authors: Larsson K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is identified as an inflammatory disorder characterised by airway and lung inflammation and destruction with systemic involvement of multiple organ systems. The inflammatory reaction could be monitored not only in the airways by the use of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), sputum, exhaled air, and exhaled breath condensate but also in blood and urine as well as in tissue obtained at surgery or autopsy. There is a large number of cytokines, chemoattractants and other mediators that are of importance for the interplay of inflammatory mechanisms in COPD. Neutrophilic granulocytes are key players in the inflammatory reaction and the most important chemoattractants for these cells seem to be IL‐8 (CXCL8) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4). Also, the macrophages and chemoattractants for mononuclear cells (CCL2, CCL3) are of importance as are T‐lymphocytes, predominantly of the cytotoxic subtype (CD8+). Analyses in exhaled breath condensates and exhaled air have not been tremendously encouraging but there is a clear space for further development in this field within the near future. Blood markers, such as IL‐6, CRP, and fibrinogen, have attracted interest during recent years, and further studies in this area will probably increase the understanding of systemic manifestations in COPD, in particular, regarding co‐morbidity with cardiovascular disease.Please cite this paper as: Larsson K. Inflammatory markers in COPD. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2: 84–87.
Attributable fractions for partitioning risk and evaluating disease prevention: a practical guide
Authors: Eide Geir E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIntroduction: The attributable fraction (AF) is used for quantifying the fraction of diseased ascribable to one or more exposures. The methodology and software for its estimation has undergone a considerable development during the last decades.Objectives: To introduce methods for: (i) apportioning excess risk to multiple exposures, groups of exposures and subpopulations; (ii) graphical description; and (iii) survival data.Results: Adjusted, sequential and average AFs are reasonable measures obtainable with standard software. The latter two both sum up to the combined AF for a set of exposures. The average AFs are independent of the exposures' ordering. For an ordered, preventive strategy, scaled sample space cubes illustrate the effects on the risk of disease from stepwise exposure removal. Pie charts illustrate the portions of the total risk ascribed to different exposures or risk‐profiles. Attributable hazard fraction, AF before time t, and AF within study incorporate time to disease and interventions.Conclusions: The practice of crude calculations of AFs in epidemiology should be abandoned. Further development of methods for AFs with survival data and possibly linking it to causal modelling is of interest.Please cite this paper as: Eide GE. Attributable fractions for partitioning risk and evaluating disease prevention: a practical guide.The Clinical Respiratory Journal2008; 2: 92–103.
Hormonal factors and respiratory health in women – a review
Authors: Real F. G. , Svanes C. , Macsali F. , Omenaas E. R. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSex hormones appear to play an important role in the lung health of women. This is, however, poorly understood and, in most aspects, poorly investigated; and the literature has been contradictory and confusing. This review presents recent research concerning the involvement of sex hormones in respiratory health of adult women, using the population surveys European Community Respiratory Health Survey and Respiratory Health in Northern Europe.Respiratory health varied substantially according to hormonal and metabolic conditions. First, menopause was associated with lower lung function and more respiratory symptoms, especially among lean women. Second, hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) was associated with increased risk for asthma and wheeze; also, this association was particularly strong among lean women. Third, women with irregular menstruations in fertile age had more asthma, particularly allergic asthma, and reduced lung function, independently of body mass index (BMI) and physical activity. The findings were consistent across cultural and geographical borders. Our studies revealed that considering interplay between hormonal and metabolic factors is a clue to understand the effects of female sex hormones on the airways. A BMI of around 24–25 kg/m2 appeared to be optimal; women with this BMI had no increase in respiratory health problems when reaching menopause or using HRT, and women in fertile age with this BMI had optimal lung function independently of menstrual status.In conclusion, female sex hormones appear to play a most important role for lung health in women. Further research on effects of sex hormones on the airways should take into account potential interplay with metabolic factors.Please cite this paper as: Real FG, Svanes C, Macsali F and Omenaas ER. Hormonal factors and respiratory health in women – a review. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2: 111–119.
Concomitant obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: study design – the OLIN OSAS‐COPD study
Authors: Larsson L.‐G. , Lindberg A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackground:  Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are both common disorders. Concomitant disease, overlap syndrome, is reported to cause a more severe condition.Aim:  To describe a study designed to evaluate the prevalence of overlap syndrome in the general population, and further, to assess the impact of overlap syndrome on cardiovascular morbidity and health‐related quality of life. A secondary aim is to evaluate screening oxygen saturation (Sa02) by pulse oxymetry.Material and Method:  From the last examination of the OLIN‐studies (Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden), cohorts I‐IV all subjects with FEV1 ≤ 50 percent predicted or Sa02 ≤ 93 percent predicted were identified (Phase 1). They are invited to a program including lab tests, spirometry, arterial blood gases, chest x‐ray, echocardiography, sleep studies and health‐related quality of life (HRQL) questionnaires. In Phase 2, a random sample of subjects reporting snoring as a problem (n = 100) will be invited to a limited program above all including sleep studies and HRQL questionnaires; and in Phase 3, a random sample (n = 100) will be invited to a similar program.Summary:  The collection of data in Phase 1 is in progress and will be completed by the end of year 2007. Phase 2 will start year 2008.Please cite this paper as: Larsson L‐G and Lindberg A. Concomitant obstructive sleep apnea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: study design – the OLIN OSAS‐COPD study. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2: 120–122.
Genetics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a case–control study in Bergen, Norway
Authors: Sørheim I.‐C. , Gulsvik A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAims:  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex disease influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors. This short communication gives a description of the preliminary genetic results from a case‐control study in Bergen, Norway.Methods:  A large case‐control study in Bergen in 2003–2005 with 6365 invited subjects generated 1954 cases or controls. The overall attendance of invited subjects was 60%, but causes of non‐attendance varied considerably among different sources of recruitment.Results:  In this case‐control study, the candidate gene SERPINE2 on chromosome 2q has demonstrated significant association to COPD. However, only weak or lacking associations have so far been observed for the other candidate genes examined.Conclusion:  These findings provide support for SERPINE2 as a COPD susceptibility gene in the Norwegian population.Please cite this paper as: Sørheim I‐C and Gulsvik A. Genetics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Bergen, Norway: a case–control study. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2: 129–131.
Providing a Dental Home for Pregnant Women: A Community Program to Address Dental Care Access – A Brief Communication
Authors: Milgrom Peter , Ludwig Sharity , Shirtcliff R. Mike , Smolen Darlene , Sutherland Marilynn , Gates Patricia A. , Weinstein Philip 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: This paper describes a community‐based intervention to provide a dental home for women covered by Medicaid in Klamath County, Oregon. In 2001, 8.8 percent of pregnant women served by Medicaid in Oregon received care. The long‐term goal of the program is to promote preventive oral care for both mothers and their new infants. Methods: Pregnant women received home/Women, Infant and Children visits and were assigned a dental home under a dental managed care program [Dental Care Organization (DCO)]. All initial care was provided at the Oregon Institute of Technology Dental Hygiene Clinic under the contract with the DCO. Emergency, preventive, and restorative care was provided. Results: Between February 2004 and January 2006, 503 pregnant women were identified; 421 women were contactable. Of these, 339 received home visits (339/421, 80.5 percent) and 235 received care (235/339, 69.3 percent). Overall, 55.8 percent of eligible women received care (235/421). Most who did not have a visit either moved or were not the caretaker of the baby. The missed appointment rate was 9 percent. Conclusion: A community health partnership led to a successful and sustainable model extending care to pregnant women and is being extended to promote preventive care for both new mothers and their offspring.
Opinions of Early Head Start Staff about the Provision of Preventive Dental Services by Primary Medical Care Providers
Authors: Mathu‐Muju Kavita R. , Lee Jessica Y. , Zeldin Leslie P. , Rozier R. Gary 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: This study investigates the opinions of the Early Head Start (EHS) staff about physicians and nurses providing preventive dental services for children in EHS. Methods: A cross‐sectional survey was undertaken of the EHS staff having contact with families in EHS programs in North Carolina (NC). A self‐completed questionnaire solicited their opinions (agree, disagree, don't know) about whether physicians and nurses can “provide preventive dental care” and “identify dental problems” in infants and toddlers. Staff knowledge (four items) and attitudes (five items) were tested for their association with whether staff had an opinion (agree/disagree versus don't know) and if so, what that opinion was (agree versus disagree) using the generalized estimating equation method. Results: Questionnaires were completed by 476 staff (98 percent response) in 18 programs (100 percent response). The majority of staff believed that physicians and nurses can provide preventive dental services (66 percent) and identify dental problems (52 percent). Staff placing importance on ensuring access to dental care and who were knowledgeable about fluoride uses were more likely to have an opinion. Among staff with an opinion, those familiar with the NC program where these services are provided in medical offices were more likely to agree that physicians and nurses can provide preventive services and identify problems. Conclusions: Although the opinions of the majority of the EHS staff are not a barrier to using primary medical care providers to deliver preventive dental care, education is needed for staff who are unfamiliar with this approach.
Follow‐Up Preventive Dental Visits for Medicaid‐Enrolled Children in the Medical Office
Authors: Quiñonez Rocio Beatriz , Pahel Bhavna T. , Rozier R. Gary , Stearns Sally C. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractObjective: To describe the frequency and determinants of follow‐up preventive oral health visits at medical offices among children screened for dental disease, receiving fluoride varnish and counseling.Methods: Parents of Medicaid children enrolled in a clinical trial completed a baseline questionnaire before their child's medical visit. The providers completed patient dental encounter forms at each visit, documenting dental services, caries risk, and dental disease. Questionnaires, encounter forms, and Medicaid claims were linked to create a database with information on visits, child and caregiver characteristics, and oral health practices. Descriptive and multivariate analyses assessed associations of variables with likelihood of follow‐up visits.Results: A total of 744 children with mean age of 15 months at enrollment had 1,415 oral health visits. Children averaged 0.9 follow‐up oral health visits and 1.3 follow‐up well‐child visits. Fewer children had follow‐up oral health visits (55 percent) than well‐child visits (70 percent), but children with a baseline preventive dental visit at a younger age had more visits with shorter intervals. Caregivers reporting greater numbers of children and putting the child to bed with the bottle had more subsequent visits. Older age of child, male child, and caregiver education ≤12 years were associated with fewer follow‐up visits.Conclusions: Children with preventive dental services in medical offices have similar numbers of oral health and well‐child visits, with both below recommended numbers. Strategies to increase these services may need to be tied to those aimed at increasing compliance with well‐child visits, taking advantage of nonwell‐child visits, and implementing Medicaid policies that allow for optimal timing of visits.
Dental Fluorosis in 12‐ and 15‐Year‐Olds at High Altitudes in Above‐Optimal Fluoridated Communities in Mexico
Authors: Pontigo‐Loyola América P. , Islas‐Márquez Arturo , Loyola‐Rodríguez Juan P. , Maupome Gerardo , Marquez‐Corona M. Lourdes , Medina‐Solis Carlo E. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in Mexican adolescents. Materials and Methods: A cross‐sectional epidemiological study was carried out in 1,024 adolescents 12 and 15 years old residing in three naturally fluoridated locales at high altitudes above sea level (>2,000 m or >6,560 ft) in Tula de Allende, Hidalgo, Mexico. Participants had lived in those communities from birth to their sixth birthday. Both the Modified Dean Index and the Community Fluorosis Index were calculated. Results: The overall fluorosis prevalence was 83.8 percent. Fluorosis prevalence in El Llano (3.07 ppmF), San Marcos (1.38 ppmF), and Tula Centro (1.42 ppmF) was 94.7, 89.8, and 81.9 percent, respectively. Overall, the Community Fluorosis Index was 1.85. We observed a high prevalence of dental fluorosis – mostly very mild (35.9 percent), but also uncommonly severe (20.6 percent). Conclusions: At least 8 out of 10 adolescents had some level of fluorosis, and such prevalence is considered to be a dental public health problem. A relationship between fluoride concentration in water in each community and fluorosis was observed. The high fluorosis prevalence and severity might possibly be associated with the high altitude of the communities.
A Phase 3, Randomized, Placebo‐controlled Trial of Filgrastim in Patients with Haematological Malignancies Undergoing Matched‐related Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Ernst Peter , Bacigalupo Andrea , Ringdén Olle , Ruutu Tapani , Kolb Hans J. , Lawrinson Susan , Skacel Tomas 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTIntroduction.  Recombinant granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) may aid engraftment post high‐dose chemo‐/radiotherapy in patients with haematological malignancies undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT); however, the effects of G‐CSF on graft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD), relapse, and survival are not well defined.Methods.  In this double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, multicentre, phase 3 study, the effects of the G‐CSF Filgrastim on neutrophil and platelet recovery, and on clinical outcomes were evaluated. Patients (12–55 years) receiving an allogeneic BMT for a haematological malignancy were randomized to receive Filgrastim 5 µg/kg or placebo. Study treatment was continued until patients achieved an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥0.5 × 109/L, or until day 42.Results.  Fifty‐one patients (Filgrastim, N = 25; placebo, N = 26) were evaluable. Patients treated with Filgrastim had significantly faster engraftment with ANC ≥0.5 × 109/L being achieved after a median (range) of 15.0 (1.0–22.0) days vs. 19.0 (15.0–28.0) days for placebo (P < 0.0001). The incidence of GvHD was comparable for both groups. During the limited follow‐up (2 years), Filgrastim had no adverse effect on mortality and possibly reduced the rate of relapse.
Microsatellite markers for eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis)
Authors: SHAMBLIN BRIAN M. , FAIRCLOTH BRANT C. , JOSSERAND SEDLEY A. , NELSON C. DANA , NAIRN CAMPBELL J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe describe polymerase chain reaction primer pairs and reaction conditions for amplification of 15 microsatellite loci from eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). The primers were tested on 23 individuals from a natural population in southwestern North Carolina, USA. These primers yielded an average of 5.9 alleles per locus (range of 2–14), an average observed heterozygosity of 0.45 (range 0.14–0.73), and an average polymorphic information content of 0.54 (range 0.28–0.86). In addition, eight of the primer pairs were found to amplify microsatellite loci in one or more additional species of Tsuga.
Development of microsatellite markers inAnnona crassifloraMart., a Brazilian Cerrado fruit tree species
Authors: PEREIRA M. F. , BANDEIRA L. F. , BLANCO A. J. V. , CIAMPI A. Y. , COELHO A. S. G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAnnona crassifloraMart. (Annonaceae) is a native fruit species of the region of Brazilian Cerrado with a high agronomic potential, although without any traces of domestication. A set of 10 microsatellite primer pairs was developed from an enriched genome library (TC13). An average of 19.3 alleles per locus was detected. Observed heterozygosity estimates were consistently lower than those obtained for gene diversity, evidencing a departure from Hardy–Weinberg expected proportions. The reported set of markers showed to be highly informative and constitutes a powerful tool for the development of genetic characterization studies inA. crassiflora.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers for Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana)
Authors: JOSSERAND S. A. , POTTER K. M. , ECHT C. S. , NELSON C. D. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe describe the isolation and characterization of 31 polymorphic di‐ and trinucleotide microsatellite marker loci for Carolina hemlock (Tsuga caroliniana Englem.). In addition, primer pairs for 16 loci amplified scoreable alleles in six other Tsuga species. In eastern North America, both Carolina hemlock and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis [L.] Carr.) populations are declining due to infestation by hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae. The markers described here should enhance population genetic studies of hemlocks, providing valuable information for conserving and restoring these important forest tree species.
Twenty‐three microsatellite DNA loci for population genetic studies and parentage assignment in orangethroat darter, Etheostoma spectabile
Authors: HUDMAN S. P. , GROSE M. J. , LANDIS J. B. , SKALSKI G. T. , WILEY E. O. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe genus Etheostoma is a species‐rich and ecologically important group of fishes in North America. The orangethroat darter (Etheostoma spectabile) is widely distributed and abundant in headwater streams throughout the central Midwest, and is an excellent model for ecological and mating system studies. We developed 23 novel, polymorphic, and independent microsatellite loci for E. spectabile. We found from two to 14 alleles per locus, and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.39 to 1.0. These markers, in combination with others isolated from Etheostoma taxa, will be useful for ecological and evolutionary studies in the genus.
Characterization of new microsatellite markers derived from sequence databases for the emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)
Authors: YÁÑEZ JOSÉ M. , GONZÁLEZ RUTH , ANGULO JENNIFFER , VIDAL RODRIGO , SANTOS JOSÉ L. , MARTÍNEZ VICTOR 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), a member of ratite family, is native to Australia and has been introduced to other countries worldwide. In this work, 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized for emu from public sequences. Polymorphism was surveyed in 22 individuals from two different populations kept in captivity. Between two and 11 alleles were found per locus, and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.05 to 0.85, in accordance with expectations. These markers will be useful as tools for detecting levels of genetic variation, reconstructing pedigrees (for quantitative genetic analysis) and identifying markers associated to fitness traits in emu populations.
Increased anterior chamber penetration of topical levofloxacin 0.5% after pulsed dosing in cataract patients
Authors: Sundelin Karin , Seal David , Gardner Susanne , Ropo Auli , Geldsetzer Klaus , Lokkila Jukka , Stenevi Ulf 
Published: September 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  This study aimed to investigate the rise in aqueous humour (AH) levels of levofloxacin after a specific perioperative pulsed topical drop regimen.Methods:  Thirty patients undergoing phacoemulsification surgery were administered two preoperative drops of levofloxacin 0.5%, 30 mins apart, and three pulsed drops postoperatively, 5 mins apart. Aqueous humour levels of levofloxacin were measured at the start of surgery and from 5 mins to 90 mins after the last postoperative drop. Samples from individual patients were collected at the time of surgery and at one additional sampling interval by aqueous tap, and analysed using a high‐performance liquid chromatography assay.Results:  Aqueous humour levels of levofloxacin continued to rise gradually, reaching a mean peak level (Cmax) of 4.4 μg/ml (± 2.5) at 60 mins after the last postoperative drop was administered. This level exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration of common ocular pathogens at least fourfold. At 90 mins after the last drop, mean AH levels remained > 3 μg/ml.Conclusions:  This is the first study to measure AH levels of levofloxacin after postoperative pulsed dosing in humans. Higher AH levels were found than in previously reported studies in which only preoperative drops were given and levels were measured at the time of surgery. Levels of levofloxacin continued to rise for 60 mins after administration of the last postoperative drop, demonstrating that delivery and maintenance of effective antibiotic levels may be achievable with alternative dosing schedules.
Chances, Counterfactuals, and Similarity
Authors: WILLIAMS J. ROBERT G. 
Published: September 2008

John Hawthorne in a recent paper takes issue with Lewisian accounts of counterfactuals, when relevant laws of nature are chancy. I respond to his arguments on behalf of the Lewisian, and conclude that while some can be rebutted, the case against the original Lewisian account is strong.I develop a neo‐Lewisian account of what makes for closeness of worlds. I argue that my revised version avoids Hawthorne's challenges. I argue that this is closer to the spirit of Lewis's first (non‐chancy) proposal than is Lewis's own suggested modification.