bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ciliary muscles contraction leads to axial length extension——The possible initiating factor for myopia
Authors: Meng Zhao-Yang , Yang Lin , Zhou Peng 
Published: April 2024

Purpose
This study aimed to investigate the underlying factors driving the onset of myopia, specifically the role of the ciliary muscle’s contraction in the elongation of the axial length of the eye.

Methods
The retrospective study was conducted utilizing data from three ophthalmic centers in Shanghai and Beijing. Both Chinese and Caucasian children were involved. The axial length of the subjects’ eyes was measured in both relaxed and contracted state of the ciliary muscle. A comprehensive mechanical model was also developed to observe the influence of ciliary muscle contraction on the axial length.

Results
This study included a sample of 198 right eyes of 198 myopic children. Of these, 97 were male and 101 were female, 126 were of Chinese ethnicity and 72 were Caucasian. The age of onset for myopia ranged from 5.9 to 16.9 years old. The axial length of the eye decreased 0.028 ± 0.007mm following dilation, indicating relaxation of the ciliary muscle (t paired student = 15.16, p = 6.72 x 10−35). In contrast, ciliary muscle contraction resulted in an increase in axial length. Considering proportionality, a significant 90.4% (179 eyes) exhibited a reduced axial length, while a minor 9.6% (19 eyes) demonstrated an increase post-mydriasis. Finite element modeling demonstrated that muscle contraction caused a tension force that transmits towards the posterior pole of the eye, causing it to extend posteriorly.

Conclusion
The contraction of the ciliary muscle leads to an extension of the axial length. This could potentially be the initiating factor for myopia.
ChatGPT provides inconsistent risk-stratification of patients with atraumatic chest pain
Authors: Heston Thomas F. , Lewis Lawrence M. 
Published: April 2024

Background
ChatGPT-4 is a large language model with promising healthcare applications. However, its ability to analyze complex clinical data and provide consistent results is poorly known. Compared to validated tools, this study evaluated ChatGPT-4’s risk stratification of simulated patients with acute nontraumatic chest pain.

Methods
Three datasets of simulated case studies were created: one based on the TIMI score variables, another on HEART score variables, and a third comprising 44 randomized variables related to non-traumatic chest pain presentations. ChatGPT-4 independently scored each dataset five times. Its risk scores were compared to calculated TIMI and HEART scores. A model trained on 44 clinical variables was evaluated for consistency.

Results
ChatGPT-4 showed a high correlation with TIMI and HEART scores (r = 0.898 and 0.928, respectively), but the distribution of individual risk assessments was broad. ChatGPT-4 gave a different risk 45–48% of the time for a fixed TIMI or HEART score. On the 44-variable model, a majority of the five ChatGPT-4 models agreed on a diagnosis category only 56% of the time, and risk scores were poorly correlated (r = 0.605).

Conclusion
While ChatGPT-4 correlates closely with established risk stratification tools regarding mean scores, its inconsistency when presented with identical patient data on separate occasions raises concerns about its reliability. The findings suggest that while large language models like ChatGPT-4 hold promise for healthcare applications, further refinement and customization are necessary, particularly in the clinical risk assessment of atraumatic chest pain patients.
Vericiguat suppresses ventricular tachyarrhythmias inducibility in a rabbit myocardial infarction model
Authors: Chang Po-Cheng , Lee Hui-Ling , Wo Hung-Ta , Liu Hao-Tien , Wen Ming-Shien , Chou Chung-Chuan 
Published: April 2024

Background
The VICTORIA trial demonstrated a significant decrease in cardiovascular events through vericiguat therapy. This study aimed to assess the potential mechanisms responsible for the reduction of cardiovascular events with vericiguat therapy in a rabbit model of myocardial infarction (MI).

Methods
A chronic MI rabbit model was created through coronary artery ligation. Following 4 weeks, the hearts were harvested and Langendorff perfused. Subsequently, electrophysiological examinations and dual voltage-calcium optical mapping studies were conducted at baseline and after administration of vericiguat at a dose of 5 μmol/L.

Results
Acute vericiguat therapy demonstrated a significant reduction in premature ventricular beat burden and effectively suppressed ventricular arrhythmic inducibility. The electrophysiological influences of vericiguat therapy included an increased ventricular effective refractory period, prolonged action potential duration, and accelerated intracellular calcium (Cai) homeostasis, leading to the suppression of action potential and Cai alternans. The pacing-induced ventricular arrhythmias exhibited a reentrant pattern, attributed to fixed or functional conduction block in the peri-infarct zone. Vericiguat therapy effectively mitigated the formation of cardiac alternans as well as the development of reentrant impulses, providing additional anti-arrhythmic benefits.

Conclusions
In the MI rabbit model, vericiguat therapy demonstrates anti-ventricular arrhythmia effects. The vericiguat therapy reduces ventricular ectopic beats, inhibiting the initiation of ventricular arrhythmias. Furthermore, the therapy successfully suppresses cardiac alternans, preventing conduction block and, consequently, the formation of reentry circuits.
Remission of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (arginine vasopressin resistance): description of a rare clinical case
Authors: Guseinova R. M. , Pigarova E. A. , Dzeranova L. K. 
Published: April 2024

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is a heterogeneous disease in the etiopathogenesis of which are involved acquired and congenital factors. In this case, the kidneys do not respond to vasopressin and continue to produce large concentrated volumes of urine. Distinctive features in the pathology of central genesis are the fact of trauma, brain tumor with involvement of pituitary gland, response to intranasal vasopressin in the form of decreased diuresis.For diagnosis it is important to perform a series of differential diagnostic tests.In this article we present a unique clinical case of a patient with a long-term course of diabetes insipidus with the development a spectrum of comorbid conditions, metabolic disorders, required kidney transplantation.
The effect of sweeteners on carbohydrate metabolism, metabolic parameters and intestinal microbiota
Authors: Silina N. V. , Mazurina N. V. , Ershova E. V. , Komshilova K. A. 
Published: April 2024

The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes continues to grow, which determines the need to develop new methods of prevention in order to reduce the population risks of developing these diseases. The current direction is to limit the consumption of easily digestible carbohydrates and use low-calorie or non-calorie sweeteners instead. Currently, there is an increase in the use of non-calorie sweeteners in the manufacture of food. In this regard, the study of their possible effects on metabolic processes is of great importance.This review presents studies that have shown different effects of non-calorie sweeteners on carbohydrate and fat metabolism, body weight, the composition of intestinal microbiota, as well as the regulation of eating behavior. Some studies show that low-calorie sugar substitutes can be used in obese people as part of a comprehensive weight loss program, as well as in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with the aim of reducing postprandial hyperglycemia. Other studies demonstrate the negative effect of a number of low-calorie sweeteners on carbohydrate metabolism.The main search for materials was carried out in Pubmed databases, eLIBRARY.ru, Google Scholar. Temporary search criteria 2012–2023 The relevant additional literature was included after a manual search in the literature lists of the included articles.
Epicardial fat and left atrial appendage thrombosis in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation
Authors: Mazur V. V. , Mazur E. S. , Bazhenov N. D. , Nilova O. V. , Nikolaeva T. O. 
Published: April 2024

BACKGROUND: Excessive deposition of the epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) plays a role in the development of a number of cardiovascular diseases, including ischemic stroke. As more than half of strokes in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) are cardioembolic, and the source of thromboembolic complications is the left atrial appendage (LAA), it can be assumed that excess EAT contributes to the development of LAA thrombus. The literature does not present the results of a study of the relationship between the amount of EAT and LAA thrombus in patients with AF, which makes it relevant to study this issue.AIM: to study the effect of EAТ on LAA thrombosis and the emptying flow velocity from the LAA in patients with persistent AF.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patients with persistent AF underwent transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography before the planned cardioversion. The transesophageal echocardiography measured the emptying flow velocity from the LAA, and the thickness of the interatrial septum and the left lateral ridge, the average value of which was used to estimate the amount of left atrial EAT. The thickness of the anterior wall of the right ventricular EAT was measured by transthoracic echocardiography.RESULTS: The LAA thrombus was detected in 42 (8.6%) patients of 486 patients with persistent AF (age 64.0 [59.0; 70.0] years, men 58.0%). Patients with thrombus had greater thickness of the left atrial EAT (9.30 [9.05; 9.55] vs. 7.70 [7.03; 8.28] mm, p<0.001) and of the right ventricular EAT (8.05 [7, 90; 8.90] versus 7.80 [7.20; 8.40] mm, p = 0.001), but the emptying flow velocity from the LAA is lower (20.0 [14.0; 26.0] versus 32.0 [26.0; 39.0] cm/s, p<0.001). Area under the receiver operator characteristic curve for the thickness of the left atrial EAT, as a predictor of the LAA thrombosis, was significantly larger than for the thickness of the right ventricular EAT: 0.947 (0.923–0.965) versus 0.661 (0.617–0.703), p<0.001. The thickness of the left atrial EAT more than 8.6 mm increases the chances of LAA thrombosis by 70.1 (24.1–204.2) times. Analysis of multiple linear regression did not reveal an independent effect of the thickness of the left atrial EAT (b = -0.0951±0.6163, p = 0.877) and of the right ventricular EAT (b = 0.6764±0.4383, p = 0.124) on the emptying flow velocity from the LAA.CONCLUSION: The increased of the thickness of EAT increases the chances of developing LAA thrombosis in patients with persistent AF, but does not affect on the emptying flow velocity from the LAA.
Perubahan Lingkungan Pengendapan Berdasarkan Asosiasi Fosil Moluska di Sungai Cilingga, Cekungan Bentarsari, Salem, Jawa Tengah
Authors: Jayanti Anita Galih Ringga , Djafar Agustina 
Published: April 2024

Daerah Bentarsari, Salem memiliki morfologi berupa tinggian dan lembah yang berbentuk seperti kawah/kaldera. Daerah tinggian tersusun oleh breksi vulkanik Formasi Kumbang sedangkan bagian cekungan/lembah tersusun oleh batuan sedimen Tersier–Kuarter. Formasi batuan yang menyusun daerah cekungan adalah Formasi Kalibiuk dan Formasi Kaliglagah dengan kandungan fosil moluska sangat melimpah. Penelitian fosil moluska di daerah ini masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan catatan baru khususnya tentang fosil moluska berukuran makro. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan pengamatan singkapan batuan di Sungai Cilingga. Sampel diambil pada lapisan batuan sedimen yang mengandung fosil moluska. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan adanya sembilan spesies fosil moluska baik dalam kondisi cangkang yang utuh maupun berupa fragmen. Litologi di lokasi penelitian tersusun oleh perlapisan batupasir dan batulempung yang didominasi batupasir berukuran pasir sedang – halus. Empat asosiasi fosil moluska ditemukan dari lapisan batuan yang paling tua hingga muda, sebagai penentu lingkungan pengendapannya. Keempat asosiasi fosil moluska tersebut yaitu: asosiasi Nassarius, asosiasi Scapharca-Bicorbula, asosiasi Tarebia granifera, dan asosiasi Tarebia granifera. Berdasarkan asosiasi fosil moluskanya, diketahui perubahan lingkungan pengendapan dari lingkungan marin hingga lingkungan airtawar (freshwater). Hal tersebut mengindikasikan terjadinya pendangkalan (regresi) selama proses pengendapan di lokasi penelitian.
Sharing interview questions in advance: Methodological considerations in applied linguistics research
Authors: Haukås Åsta , Tishakov Therese 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Interviews serve as a prominent methodological tool in applied linguistics and beyond, allowing researchers to explore participants’ experiences, ideologies and beliefs. Yet, the extent to which interview questions are shared in advance with participants is often unclear, although this methodological decision can substantially shape responses and subsequent reflections. Some advantages of sharing interview questions in advance include enhanced participant engagement and reflexivity, reduced interview anxiety, and more thoughtful responses. Conversely, the practice may engender risks such as participant bias, and predetermined answers. This reflective piece addresses this underexplored aspect by first discussing methodological considerations of such a practice, including a brief review of existing practices in research on language teacher ideologies and beliefs. Second, it considers ethical dimensions entailed in such a practice. Additionally, this paper explores how six English teachers in Norway experienced having access to all interview questions in advance to prepare for interviews centred around their individual teaching beliefs about multilingualism and multilingual practices. The paper concludes by suggesting that sharing interview questions in advance can benefit both participants and enhance the quality of research.
JN.1 variant in enduring COVID-19 pandemic: is it a variety of interest (VoI) or variety of concern (VoC)?
Authors: Kamble Prafull , Daulatabad Vandana , Singhal Anish , Ahmed Zaki Syed , Choubey Abhishek , Bhargava Shruti , John Nitin Ashok 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, classified as a Variant of Concern (VoC) in November 2021, marked a significant shift in the COVID-19 landscape. This study investigates the subsequent development of a novel Omicron sublineage, JN.1, which displays distinctive mutations in the spike protein. The study delves into the phylogenetic differences between these variants and their potential implications. A comprehensive analysis of the genomic profiles and mutation patterns of JN.1 and BA.2.86 was conducted, utilizing SARS-CoV-2 database. The study explores the unique mutations, such as S:L455S in JN.1, associated with increased transmissibility and immune escape. Furthermore, a comparison with prevalent strains like XBB.1.5 and HV.1 highlights the substantial genetic divergence of JN.1. JN.1, first detected in August 2023, exhibits a notable spike protein mutation profile, including the reappearance of earlier variants’ mutations (E484K and P681R). The variant’s increased transmissibility and immune evasion potential are attributed to specific spike protein mutations like R21T, S50L, V127F, R158G, and others. The study also explores the distribution and prevalence of JN.1 globally, with a focus on the rising cases in India. JN.1 poses a unique challenge as one of the most immune-evading variants, with potential implications for COVID-19 transmission. The study emphasizes the importance of monitoring and understanding emerging variants, especially those with distinct spike protein mutations. The observed cases in India highlight the need for vigilance and prompt public health responses. As JN.1 continues to evolve, ongoing surveillance, vaccination strategies, and adherence to preventive measures are crucial to mitigating its potential impact on global public health.
Translanguaging and emotionality of English as a second language (ESL) teachers
Authors: Hopkyns Sarah , Dovchin Sender 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Teaching is by no means ‘an emotion-free zone’, and teachers are often emotionally challenged in front of their students. When teaching and learning takes place via a second language, the emotional landscape of the classroom becomes especially charged. Often there is a notable gap between expected emotions or ‘emotional rules’ in English as a Second Language (ESL) classrooms and genuine emotions which results in ‘emotional labour’ for ESL teachers. Especially, ‘English only’ language policies and monolingual ideologies can lead ESL teachers and students to experience a range of emotions around authentic language use in the form of translanguaging. While research on students’ attitudes toward translanguaging has mushroomed in recent years, fewer studies have concentrated on the emotions of teachers in relation to translanguaging in the ESL classroom. To bridge this research gap, this study investigates six university teachers’ emotions related to translanguaging via semi-structured interviews in ESL classroom settings across three Asian countries (Mongolia, Japan, and the United Arab Emirates). The study revealed complex and conflicting teacher emotions around translanguaging including pride, comfort (related to feelings of safety), shame (related to linguistic inferiority complexes), guilt, and frustration. Based on the findings, practical recommendations are provided on the need for greater awareness and open dialogue on emotions in ESL classrooms for improved teacher and student wellness.
Error analysis of inertial navigation based on quaternion approach
Authors: Cavacece Massimo 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis research aims to establish the properties of the directional cosines and quaternion parameters to examine the proper scale, inclination, and numerical drift errors in a four-dimensional space. The research uses transformation matrices in the four-dimensional space whose elements are the directional cosines or quaternions. The kinematic equations are derived in terms of both directional cosines and quaternions. Applying the Kalman filter allows us to minimize the measurement error and refine the numerical calculation. The observation of the Euler angle covariance matrix takes on a crucial feature in the design of inertial navigation systems vital for analyzing efficient attitude.
Every Countable Model of Arithmetic or Set Theory has a Pointwise-Definable End Extension
Authors: Hamkins Joel David 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
According to the math tea argument, there must be real numbers that we cannot describe or define, because there are uncountably many real numbers, but only countably many definitions. And yet, the existence of pointwise-definable models of set theory, in which every individual is definable without parameters, challenges this conclusion. In this article, I introduce a flexible new method for constructing pointwise-definable models of arithmetic and set theory, showing furthermore that every countable model of Zermelo-Fraenkel ZF set theory and of Peano arithmetic PA has a pointwise-definable end extension. In the arithmetic case, I use the universal algorithm and its Σ
n
generalizations to build a progressively elementary tower making any desired individual a

n
definable at each stage n, while preserving these definitions through to the limit model, which can thus be arranged to be pointwise definable. A similar method works in set theory, and one can moreover achieve V = L in the extension or indeed any other suitable theory holding in an inner model of the original model, thereby fulfilling the resurrection phenomenon. For example, every countable model of ZF with an inner model with a measurable cardinal has an end extension to a pointwise-definable model of ZFC + V = L[μ].
Legitimacy Revisited: Moral Power and Civil Disobedience
Authors: Applbaum Arthur Isak 
Published: April 2024

AbstractInLegitimacy: The Right to Rule in a Wanton World, I offer both a conceptual analysis of legitimacy, the power-liability view, and a substantive moral theory, the free group agency view. Here, I defend my account against three challenges brought by Kjarsten Mikalsen. First, though I argue that conceptual analysis should not prematurely close open moral questions, it is not my view that conceptual analysis must have no substantive implications. Second, though I acknowledge that free group agencyordinarilysupports a moral duty to obey, it is a feature, not a bug, that my conceptual analysis is consistent with moral theories that disagree with my preferred moral theory. Third, I argue that Mikalsen’s proposed explanation of justified civil disobedience, which sees law in such cases as creating a moral claim-right that entails a merelypresumptiveduty, is less perspicuous than the explanation given by the power-liability view. Along the way, I emphasize that the distinction between felicitous moral power and justified causal power is as important as the distinction between moral liability and moral duty.
Extracting kinetic information from short-time trajectories: relaxation and disorder of lossy cavity polaritons
Authors: Wu Andrew , Cerrillo Javier , Cao Jianshu 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The emerging field of molecular cavity polaritons has stimulated a surge of experimental and theoretical activities and presents a unique opportunity to develop the many-body simulation methodology. This paper presents a numerical scheme for the extraction of key kinetic information of lossy cavity polaritons based on the transfer tensor method (TTM). Steady state, relaxation timescales, and oscillatory phenomena can all be deduced directly from a set of transfer tensors without the need for long-time simulation. Moreover, we generalize TTM to disordered systems by sampling dynamical maps and achieve fast convergence to disordered-averaged dynamics using a small set of realizations. Together, these techniques provide a toolbox for characterizing the interplay of cavity loss, disorder, and cooperativity in polariton relaxation and allow us to predict unusual dependences on the initial excitation state, photon decay rate, strength of disorder, and the type of cavity models. Thus, using the example of cavity polaritons, we have demonstrated significant potential in the use of the TTM toward both the efficient computation of long-time polariton dynamics and the extraction of crucial kinetic information about polariton relaxation from a small set of short-time trajectories.
Emission engineering in microdisk lasers via direct integration of meta-micromirrors
Authors: Yu Aran , Kim Moohyuk , Song Da In , Park Byoung Jun , Jeong Hae Rin , You Byeong Uk , Jeon Seung-Woo , Han Sang-Wook , Kim Myung-Ki 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDespite their excellent performance and versatility, the efficient integration of small lasers with other optical devices has long been hindered by their broad emission divergence. In this study, we introduce a novel approach for emission engineering in microdisk lasers, significantly enhancing their vertical emission output by directly integrating specially designed reflective metalenses, referred to as “meta-micromirrors”. A 5 μm-diameter microdisk laser is precisely positioned at an 8 μm focal distance on a 30 × 30 μm2meta-micromirror featuring a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.95, accomplished through micro-transfer printing techniques. Our experiments demonstrated a notable increase in the emission efficiency within an NA of 0.65. Specifically, we observed a 2.68-fold increase in the average emission from ten microdisk lasers. This integration not only enhances the emission efficiency of small lasers but also holds considerable implications for micro- and nano-photonic integrations. The results of this integration open up new possibilities in various fields, including photonic integrated circuits, bio-sensing technologies, and the development of quantum light sources.