bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF RAPID COOLING ON THE GROWTH AND PENETRATION OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS INTO EGG CONTENTS
Authors: CHEN HAIQIANG , ANANTHESWARAN RAMASWAMY C. , KNABEL STEPHEN J. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT Shell eggs were inoculated internally with approximately 10 cells of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (S. enteritidis) and subjected to three different cooling treatments. Eggs were cooled from an initial temperature of 27C to approximately 7.2C. After cooling, eggs were stored at approximately 7.2C for 36 days, or stored at 5.7–9.5C for 30 days plus 6 days at 37C to simulate temperature abuse. Rapid cooling and subsequent storage of eggs at approximately 7.2C inhibited the growth of S. enteritidis in eggs. Slow cooling, and/or temperature abuse promoted growth of S. enteritidis in eggs. The penetration study indicated that rapid cooling and subsequent storage at 7.2C for 30 days did not affect the penetration of S. enteritidis into egg contents. The S. enteritidis isolated from the eggshell with shell membranes was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than from the internal egg contents, indicating that most of the S. enteritidis cells were trapped within the shell pores and/or shell membranes.
FORMULATION OF SOY‐BASED RTE FOODS INFLUENCES RADIATION SENSITIVITY OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES AND POSTIRRADIATION PRODUCT SENSORY PROPERTIES1
Authors: NIEMIRA BRENDAN A. , SOMMERS CHRISTOPHER H. , FAN XUETONG , SOKORAI KIMBERLY J. B. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTIonizing radiation can eliminate pathogenic bacteria from ready‐to‐eat (RTE) food products. An outbreak strain of L. monocytogenes was irradiated after inoculation onto (1) three meatless, soy‐based frankfurter products (“Soyl”, “Soy2”, “Soy3”), (2) soy‐based tofu (“Tofu”) and (3) a beef frankfurter product (“Beef”). The D10 was significantly influenced by the substrate: Beef (0.622kGy) = Tofu (0.622 kGy) < Soy2 (0.680 kGy) = Soy3 (0.695 kGy) <Soy1(0.761 kGy). The antioxidant strength of the products also varied significantly, but was not correlated with the D10 values obtained. To determine the sensory impact of irradiation, the products were treated with 1.5 kGy or 3.2 kGy, doses equivalent to 1.9–2.4 or 4.2–5.1 log10 reductions, respectively. These doses significantly decreased redness in Beef and Soy2, and significantly increased redness in Soy3. The maximum shear force of Beef and Soy1 was significantly decreased following irradiation. Product formulation was found to be key in determining the product response to irradiation.
POTENTIAL FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH ON THE FRESH CUT TROPICAL SQUASH, CALABAZA (CURCUBITA MOSCHATA), DURING STORAGE
Authors: MONTVILLE REBECCA , SMITH SARAH , PERDOMO PEDRO , NITZSCHE PETER J. , SCHAFFNER DONALD W. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTCalabaza (Curcubita moschata) is a tropical squash which is gaining popularity as a specialty crop for agricultural producers in the Northeast United States. It is commonly marketed by being cut in half, wrapped in plastic and may be held unrefrigerated until sold. This method of display is essential for consumer acceptance, yet unrefrigerated storage means that some potential for food safety problems exists. Experiments were conducted to determine the potential for bacterial growth during storage of cut calabaza. Freshly cut calabaza contained between 1.3 and 4.7 log10CFU/g aerobic mesophiles. By 10 h, duplicate counts from some samples exceeded 4 log10 CFU/g. After 24 h of room temperature storage, total aerobic plate counts ranged from 5.2 to 7.7 log10 CFU/g. Rapid bacterial growth on cut calabaza stored at room temperature indicates that these products are highly perishable, and may be able to support the growth of pathogenic bacteria, should they be introduced during the slicing process.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE GROWTH OF CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS IN COOKED BEEF UNDER ISOTHERMAL AND DYNAMIC CONDITIONS1
Authors: HUANG LIHAN 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT The main objective of this study was to develop a numerical technique to solve a set of biologically‐based differential equations used to describe the growth behaviors of bacteria under isothermal conditions in food systems. A 4th‐order Runge‐Kutta method was incorporated to a computer program to solve these equations covering the entire range of bacterial growth, including lag, exponential, and stationary phases. The differential growth models were tested using the spores of Clostridium perfringens inoculated to ground beef and incubated under various isothermal conditions between 17–50C. Results of numerical analysis showed that the differential equations could accurately describe the growth of C. perfringens in cooked ground beef under isothermal conditions. The differential equations were also used to estimate the growth of C. perfringens in cooked ground beef under four different dynamic temperature profiles: 2‐square waves, exponential and linear cooling. In combination with a secondary kinetic model, the growth of C. perfringens in cooked ground beef under dynamic conditions was accurately estimated. Results showed the differences between the estimated and experimentally observed growth curves under dynamic conditions were generally less than 0.5 log (CFU/g). The methodology developed in this study can be a new approach for the food industry, food retailers and consumers, and regulatory agencies to predict and estimate the bacterial growth in cooked meat products under dynamic temperature abuse and deviation conditions.
PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD TREATMENT OF LIQUID WHOLE EGG INOCULATED WITH SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS
Authors: HERMAWAN N. , EVRENDILEK G. AKDEMIR , DANTZER W.R. , ZHANG Q.H. , RICHTER E.R. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT The effects of pulsed electric fields (PEF) on the inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis inoculated into liquid whole egg (LWE) and on the physical properties and the shelf‐life of LWE were studied. PEF processing conditions were 1.2 mL/s flow rate, 200 pps frequency, 2.12 μs pulse duration, 25 kV/cm electric field strength, and 250 μs total treatment time. The PEF processing caused up to 1 log10 cfu/mL reduction in S. Enteritidis population in LWE. The PEF‐treated samples were subjected to heat at 55C for 3.5 min to inactivate the remaining bacteria without denaturing the LWE. The combination of PEF and heat treatments led to a 4.3 log10 cfu/mL reduction in S. Enteritidis population (P < 0.05) and caused no significant change in viscosity, electrical conductivity, color, pH, and Brix, relative to control samples (P > 0.05). The PEF+55C treated LWE samples presented significantly longer shelf‐life at 4C compared with the control and heat treated samples (P < 0.05).
Degradation of Trifluralin in Seawater When Used to Control Larval Mycosis in Penaeid Shrimp Culture
Authors: Williams Rodney R. , Bell Thomas A. , Lightner Donald v. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTreflan (trifluralin, Elanco) is among the compounds used in the treatment of larval mycosis in penaeid shrimp caused by the phycomycetous fungi hagenidium sp. and Sirolpidium sp. Some culturists have reported treatments for these fungi with trifluralin to be ineffective while others have found it to be quite efficacious.To study losses of trifluralin in seawater systems, experiments were conducted under varying conditions of aeration, lighting, and algal biomass using nominal concentrations of 19.3 to 65.5 ppb trifluralin. There was no detectable loss of trifluralin over a six hour period in seawater mechanically stirred and covered to prevent photodegradation. Under varying conditions of aeration and light, the estimated half‐life of trifluralin ranged from 30 to 138 min. When diatoms were added to the seawater, trifluralin levels dropped to 4% of theoretical within two to three min. These observations confirm the need for a continuous administration for trifluralin to be effective in treating larval mycoses in penaeid shrimp hatching facilities.
Effects of Stocking Density on Growth of Tilapia nilotica Cultured in Cages in Ponds
Authors: Carro‐Anzalotta Antonio E. , McGinty Andrew S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractReported maximum carrying capacities of Tilapia nilotica reared in cages are Iow ranging from 10 to 70 kg/m3. This may be related to total numbers of caged fish reared in a body of water and not simply density per cage volume. An experiment was conducted to demonstrate such effects.Sixteen cages in a 0.77 ha pond were stocked with T. nilotica at either 250, 500, 750, or 1,000 fish/cage for a total of 12,987 fish/ha. One cage in each of four 0.13 ha ponds was stocked with either 250 or 1,000 fish/cage for a total of 1,923 or 7,692 fish/hectare, respectively. Fish were fed a 32% protein diet at equal rates for 169 days. In the 0.77 ha pond, yield per cage was positively correlated with stocking density, while individual mean weights were negatively correlated with stocking density. However, among equal densities per cage between ponds, fish in the 0.13 ha ponds gained about 26% more than in the 0.77 ha pond. An interaction of the effects of density per cage volume and per pond area may have occurred.
Growth of Tilapia aurea in Seawater Cages
Authors: McGeachin Robert B. , Wicklund Robert I. , Olla Bori L. , Winton James R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFingerling Tilapia aurea were reared for 90 days in three 1.0 m3 floating cages in seawater (36 ppt) at Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas. Fish stocking density (100, 200 and 400 fish/m3) apparently did not affect growth rate but it appears salinity inhibited growth. Daily weight gain and specific growth rate (G) averaged 0.34 g/day and l.08%/day, respectively, for Tilapia aurea fingerlings. Infection of the Tilapia aurea by Bacillus sp. was associated with a significant number of mortalities. The relatively low growth rate and the high incidence of disease and mortality of Tilapita aures in seawater indicate that it may not be a good candidate for cage culture in full‐strength seawater.
Effect of 17α‐Methyltestosterone Treatment and Withdrawal on Growth and Dietary Protein Utilization of Juvenile Rainbow Trout Fed Practical Diets Varying in Protein Level1,2
Authors: Ostrowski Anthony C. , Garling Donald L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effects of 17α ‐methyltestosterone (MT) treatment and withdrawal on relative daily gain (RDG), protein gain (PG), productive protein value (PPV), and maximum efficient protein gain (MEPG) of juvenile rainbow trout fed practical diets varying in protein to metabolizable energy (P:ME) ratio were examined over an 18 week period. Two commercially available practical feeds with additions of dextrin and codliver oil were used to formulate diets containing 48% and 32% protein at approximately 320 kcal ME/100 grams with and without 2.0 mg MT/kg of dry diet. MT treated fish were fed hormone supplemented diets for 10 weeks (Phase 1) and hormone free diets for the final eight weeks (Phase 2) of the experiment. Control fish were fed hormone free diets for 18 weeks.MT treatment increased all growth and efficiency factors of fish during Phase 1. The increase in MEPG values due to MT treatment was more pronounced for fish fed the diet containing 48% protein than for fish fed the diet containing 32% protein. Hormone withdrawal reduced growth and efficiency values of fish to below the level of controls during Phase 2. Greater declines occurred for MT treated fish fed the diet containing 32% protein. No difference was observed between final mean RDC, PG, and MEPG values of fish initially fed MT and control fish calculated for the entire 18 weeks. Hormone withdrawal negated MT stimulated increases in empty carcass (EC) fat and whole body (WB) protein and decreases in EC and WB water contents that occurred in Phase 1. EC ash content was increased due to MT treatment and remained high through the period of withdrawal.
Intensive Culture Potential of Penaeus vannamei
Authors: Sandifer Paul A. , Hopkins J. Stephen , Stokes Alvin D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTank and pond rearing studies were conducted to assess the potential for intensive culture of Penaeus vannamei in South Carolina. Postlarvae were stocked in intensive nursery tanks at 500/ m2. Growth and survival were compared for shrimp reared in control fiberglass tanks and in tanks with artificial substrates (fiberglass screen). Addition of substrate improved survival (82% versus 58%), but not growth. Juvenile shrimp (mean weight, 1.3 g) from the nursery trial were stocked into 6 m diameter tanks at densities of 10, 20 and 40/m2. Growth rate was inversely related to stocking density, with mean sizes of 33.9, 32.5, and 26.7 g attained at the low, medium, and high densities respectively after 168 days. At harvest, standing crop biomass averaged 225.6, 442.0, and 685.4 g/m2 for the three densities. To further test the intensive culture potential, two 0.1 ha ponds were stocked with hatchery‐reared postlarvae at densities of approximately 40 and 45/m2. The ponds were managed intensively using paddlewheel aerators and water exchange averaging 16–17%/day. The ponds were harvested after 138 and 169 days and yielded 6,010 kg/ha of 16.7 g (mean weight) shrimp and 7,503 kg/ha of 17.9 g shrimp, respectively. Average production was 6,757 kg/ha with a food conversion of 2.51. These data suggest good potential for intensive pond culture of P. vannamei in South Carolina and other areas of the continental United States.
Characteristics of Rice Cultivars with Implications for Crawfish Double Cropping1
Authors: Brunson Martin W. , Taylor Richard W. , Hoff Bert J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwenty‐five domestic rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars were evaluated in a simulated rice/crawfish double cropping system in southwest Louisiana during 1983 and 1984. Wide variation was observed among cultivars in parameters believed to be important for maximizing productivity in such a system. Mean maturity ranged from 99 (Labelle) to 118 days (Starbonnet), while height ranged from 76 (Bellemont) to 130 cm (Della, Nato). Significant differences in grain yield response were observed, with yields ranging from 4,101 (Bluebelle) to 6,665 kg/hectare (Newbonnet). Straw dry matter production varied greatly, from 3,831 (Bellemont) to 9,170 kg/hectare (Della), and was positively correlated with plant height (r = 0.64; P = 0.0001). Ratoon biomass production was negatively correlated with both grain yield (r = ‐0.39; P = 0.0001) and maturity group (r = ‐0.69; P = 0.0001). Plant senescence at grain maturity also varied greatly and appears to be a factor in post‐harvest ratoon capability. Early or very early maturing cultivars with both proven grain production and good ratooning capability appear best suited. Cultivar selection should be based upon individual farm situations and currently employed agronomic practices.
Successful Use of Soybean Meal with a Methionine Supplement to Replace Fish Meal in Diets Fed to Milkfish Chanos chanos Forskal
Authors: Shiau Shi‐Yen , Pan Bonnie Sun , Chen Steve , Yu Hao‐Ling , Lin Sheau‐Ling 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn experimental feeding trial was conducted to study the feasibility of using soybean meal (SBM) to replace fish meal as a protein source for milkfish feeds containing 30% and 40% dietary protein. The replacement levels were 0%, 33%, 67% and 100%. In each replacement level, methionine was supplemented to the amount that the fish meal control group contained. The experiment was conducted for eight weeks in aquaria that were part of a closed recirculated filtered rearing system. At both dietary protein levels, fish in the 100% replacement groups had significantly (P < 0.05) lower weight gain, feed conversion rate and protein efficiency ratio than that of the groups fed the control diets containing only fish meal. Growth in the 67% and 33% replacement groups did not differ significantly from that of the control groups. The apparent protein digestibility, dry matter digestibility and body composition of fish were similar in all the dietary groups. These data suggest that up to 67% of fish meal in milkfish feed could be replaced by commercial hexane‐extracted soybean meal and a methionine supplement without any adverse effect on milkfish growth and feed conversion rate.
Induced Ovarian Maturation of Penaeus vannamei by Implantation of Lobster Ganglion
Authors: Yano Isao , Tsukimura Brian , Sweeney James N. , Wyban James A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractInduction of ovarian maturation in Penaeus vannamei, by implantation of ganglion prepared from female lobster, Homarus americanus, with developing ovaries was investigated under tank culture conditions. Four of six females with thoracic ganglion implants were maturing while only two of thirteen females of the control groups with abdominal ganglion or no implant matured. Two ripe stage V were found 18 days after implantation of lobster's thoracic ganglion. This indicates that ovarian maturation of P. vannumei in tanks can be induced and accelerated by implantation of thoracic ganglion prepared from maturing females of another species. Ovarian maturation may be induced by a gonad‐stimulating hormone, secreted by the thoracic ganglion of maturing females. This gonnd‐stimdating hormone is not species specific in activity in the shrimp and lobster.
Shrimp Yields and Economic Potential of Intensive Round Pond Systems
Authors: Wyban James A. , Sweeney James N. , Kanna Robert A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThree intensive growout trials using Penaeus vunnumei were conducted in round ponds in Hawaii in 1987. A 337 m2 experimental pond was stocked at 100 shrimp/m2 for two trials; a 2,000 m2 commercial prototype pond was stocked at 75/m2 for one trial.In the experimental pond trials, shrimp survival averaged 88 ± 10% (SE) and feed conversion averaged 2.2 ± 0.2. Growth averaged 1.5 ± 0.3 g/week, yielding 18.2 ± 1.7 gram shrimp in 80 ± 5.5 days. Combined production in the experimental trials was 32,272 kg/ha in 174 days (from stocking of trial 1 to harvest of trial 2). Comparing these results to 1986 results (Wyban and Sweeney 1988), it was concluded that shrimp growth is not affected and production is doubled by increasing stocking density from 45/m2 to 100/m2.Pooling data from 1986 and 1987, a significant linear regression was obtained when weekly growth of shrimp above four grams individual size was regressed on mean weekly pond temperature: growth = 0.37 * temperature ‐ 8.44, (r2= 0.41; P < 0.01). Multiple regression to examine effects of shrimp size, pond biomass, and shrimp age on the temperature‐growth relationship was not significant.In the commercial prototype pond trial, survival was 67% and feed conversion was 2.0. Growth averaged 1.4 g/week, yielding 18.1 gram shrimp in 88 days. Production was 9,120 kg/ha. Individual shrimp size distribution at harvest in the commercial pond was similar to experimental pond results, indicating that shrimp growth in the two systems was comparable.Financial characteristics of a hypothetical 24 pond shrimp farm using these results were determined using an electronic spreadsheet model (hung and Rowland 1987). Feed costs were 40% of total operating costs while postlarvae and labor were 14% and 16% of total operating costs, respectively. Breakeven price (BEP) was far more sensitive to changes in revenuedetermining inputs such as survival and growth than to comparable changes in costdetermining inputs such as feed and postlarvae costs.Together these results suggest that commercial scale round pond production mimics experimental scale production and that round pond technology has commercial potential.
The Sheepshead Minnow Cyprinodon variegatus—A Major Pest in Experimental Mariculture of the Gulf Killifish Fundulus grandis
Authors: Perschbacher Peter W. , Straw Kirk 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn an experimental Fundulus grundis hatch and growout system at the Cedar Bayou Mariculture Laboratory, egg‐to‐harvested‐fry survival rate of F. grundis was inversely related to percentage of Cyprinodon variegatus fry present (P < 0.05). Competition for food and space was noted in growout ponds, and high mortalities of F. grundis fry and adults occurred in mixed holding containers as a result of the agonistic behavior of C. variegutus. The hardiness and aggressiveness of the sheepshead minnow, its ability to enter water supplies as small prolarvae, its early sexual maturity, and rapid increase in ponds make it a significant pest in mariculture.Control measures for C. variegutus include screening incoming water; hand‐sorting contaminated broodstock and fry; and draining, drying, and refilling infested ponds to allow drought‐resistant eggs to hatch, then draining and drying again.
The Economics Associated with Crawfish Production from Louisiana's Atchafalaya Basin 1
Authors: Dellenbarger Lynn E. , Luzar E. Jane 
Published: April 2007

AbstractUnpredictable water levels for the Atchafalaya River resulting from man's efforts to prevent flooding in South Louisiana lead to an unstable market for Louisiana's annual crawfish production. Empirical models presented show that yields from the basin can be estimated on a monthly basis using bimonthly changes in water level, unemployment rates, and crawfish harvests from ponds. The monthly demand model for basin crawfish yielded a price flexibility of –0.059 and a corresponding price elasticity of –16.94. These empirical results support hypotheses that substitutes for crawfish are available to consumers. Uncertain yields from the basin due to the sort of water level fluctuations documented in this study suggest that investment in this area of the Louisiana crawfish industry will continue to be hampered.
Economic Assessment of Alternative Aquaculture Aeration Strategies
Authors: Engle Carole R. , Hatch Upton 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOxygen depletion is a serious problem for the catfish industry, especially as producers attempt to increase their production intensity. Aeration, either emergency or continuous, is the most common method used to address oxygen depletion.A risk‐programming model using Target MOTAD methodology was developed to study the aquacultural producer's aeration decision‐making process. Effects of stocking rate, aeration yield response and availability of labor, capital and electricity on the selection of aeration strategy were analyzed.Continuous aeration with electric paddlewheels was most often selected as the best aeration strategy. However, as farmers become increasingly concerned with financial risk, they apply continuous aeration with pump sprayers first, then no aeration and lastly emergency aeration with tractor‐powered paddlewheels. Emergency aeration was only used when: 1) electricity was not available and the producer desired a highly conservative financial strategy, and 2) the relative efficiency of continuous aeration in the field was dramatically reduced from experimental results.