bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Water Transport through the Gills of Bivalves.
Authors: JØRGENSEN C. C. BARKER 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The water transport through the gills of young mussels (Mytilus edulis) has been calculated by means of photometric determinations of the percentage amount removed in unit time of the unicellular alga Synechococcus from a known quantity of a suspension of the algæ.Having found in the literature a set of figures, from which the necessary calculations could be made, a comparison with pelagic larvæ (oyster) has been possible. It has been found that 1 g larvæ will transport 6.7 l water per hour, young bottom stages 0.19 l and adults 0.01‐0.04 l water per hour and per g.
A Centrifugation Method of Ultraflltration Using Cellophane Tubes
Authors: REHBERG P. BRANDT 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A centrifugation method for ultrafiltration is described. The essential point of this is the use of factory made cellophane tubes, which when wet become permeable for crystalloids. They are used in conjunction with a basket of metal wire netting. The filtration rate and permeability varies with the cellulose content of the membrane.
Sensory Impulses in the Cardiac Depressor Nerves in Experimental Hypertension. A Study of a Problem in Homeostasis.
Authors: BÁRÁNY ERNST 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Reflectory homeostasis can only be effected by means of nonadapting sensory endings reporting the controlled level to the centers.2. At the same blood pressure the large fibers of the cardioaortic nerves of rabbits with experimental renal hypertension of a few months standing carry a number of impulses that is not significantly less (6 % ± 9 %) than in normal controls. Thus, the baroceptor endings in the aorta connected with the large depressor fibers either lack progressive adaptation or adapt at an extremely slow rate.3. The aortic baroceptors are not involved in the production of renal hypertension of the Goldblatt type.4. There is no correlation between the impulse frequencies in the two cardio‐aortic nerves, besides that caused by common blood pressure.
A Note on the Enzymic Hydrolysis of Certain Cholin Derivatives.
Authors: STENSHOLT GUNNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.It is found that eserine retards the enzymic hydrolysis by serum cholin esterase of benzoyl cholin and acetyl‐β‐methyl cholin. The relation of this result to certain experiments of Kahane and Levy is briefly discussed.
Antagonism between Bile Acids and Substances Stimulating Smooth Muscle, Especially Histamine
Authors: EMMELIN NILS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In antagonizing the action of histamine and in surpressing anaphylactic symptoms the bile acids have properties similar to those previously described for the xanthines. The bile acids render smooth muscle insensitive to histamine; they also antagonize the motor action of a acetylcholine and of substance P on smooth muscle. The effect of histamine on blood‐pressure is only partially antagonized by bile acids.
Experimental Studies on Kidney Function during Sulphate Diuresis.: 1. Investigations on the Diuresis of Babbits during Infusion of a Hypertonic Sulphate Solution.
Authors: SCHOU PER. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

By intravenous infusion of large amounts of hypertonic sulphate solution the diuresis of rabbits is brought up from the normal order of magnitude of about 0.1 ml per min. to values ranging from 10–15 ml excreted fluid per minute, that is to say, an augmentation to about 100–150 times the normal diuresis.

The creatinine clearance is increased to about 2–3 times the normal, while the figures for the C. index of the urine drop from 100–200 to. about 2.

If the creatinine clearance is accepted as a measure for the ultrafiltration in the glomeruli, calculations of the movement of the fluid in the kidneys in accordance with the filtration—reabsorption theory show that the enormous diuresis must occur as an augmentation of the glomerular filtration combined with a very marked reduction of the reabsorption of the fluid in the tubules, half to two‐thirds of the glomerular filtrate leaving the kidneys as urine under these circumstances.
The histological picture of the kidney after sulphate diuresis shows an enormous dilatation of all the renal ducts, which explains how the immense amounts of fluid have been able to pass through these in the course of a very short time.
Some Inhibitory Phenomena in the Dorsal Root Reflex.
Authors: SKOGLUND C. R. , UVNÄS B. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The efferent “reflex” output in the dorsal root L 6 in response to afferent discharges from L 7 (the so‐called dorsal root reflex) has been studied in decerebrate cats with the aid of electrical stimuli of variable form. Special attention has been paid to the effect of temperature.Prolonged afferent discharges, set up by constant currents, cause prolonged dorsal root reflexes. Increased duration of the afferent discharge is accompanied by an inhibitory block, far more pronounced at normal temperature than at low temperature of the spinal cord.Intermittent afferent stimuli, set up by brief iterated shocks, elicit intermittent dorsal root “reflex” discharges which successively diminish in size. This depression increases with stimulus frequency and for any frequency is far more pronounced at normal temperature than at low temperature of the spinal cord.Afferent discharges set up by linearly rising currents of steep gradient, elicit well marked “reflex” discharges. But slowly rising currents, which still give well marked impulses in the input root, fail to cause the reflex response. For this to occur the linearly rising stimuli must be increased in strength so as to cause prolonged repetitive discharges. The necessary increase in current strength is greater at high than at low temperature of the spinal cord.
Disturbance of Circulation in Convulsions of the Epileptic Type: Animal Experiments
Authors: SCHMITERLÖW O. G. , SILFVERSKIÖLD B. P. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In electrically induced convulsions in the rabbit, initial cardiac inhibition and bradycardia occurs. This can be prevented by atropine and is attributed to vagus stimulation. The rise in arterial blood pressure starts in the later part of the tonic or on the onset of the clonic phase.Curare also prevents the cardiac inhibition, and the blood pressure rises at the beginning of the tonic phase. It is believed that the vagus stimulation is caused by a rise in intra‐cerebral pressure, induced by the rise of the intra‐abdominal and intrathoracic’ pressures during the convulsion, this action being prevented by curarisation.As the rise of blood pressure occurs even in curarized animals, it is not caused by the muscle convulsions.The disturbances of circulation in rabbits induced by electro‐shock differ in various respects from those found during electro‐shock convulsions in man.
On the Partition of Certain Amino Acids between Blood and Tissues
Authors: USSING HANS H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A micro method is worked out which allows the estimation of free leucine + valine in 1 g samples of tissue. The content of tyrosine and leucine + valine is determined in guinea‐pig blood, liver, kidney, muscle and brain. It is found that the amino acids in question are nearly equally distributed between blood and tissues.When leucine is injected into the blood, the concentration in the tissues is not increased over the level in the blood. Muscle and brain show a low permeability to leucine.From the above results and from the litterature it is concluded that the high content of amino N of the tissues comes only to a minor part from amino acids. The greater part originates from glutathione and possibly other low peptides. Glutamic acid is the only amino acid which is known to be highly concentrated in the tissues as compared with the blood plasma.
Inactivation of Substance P by Tissue extracts
Authors: GULLBRING BENGT 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The inactivating power of protein tissue extracts was studied on a purified preparation of substance P from horse's intestine.Extracts from the muscular coat of horse's intestine, corresponding to 0.1 g dry tissue pr ml, causes half inactivation of substance P in 5 units per ml in about 20 minutes at pH 6.5 and 38° C.Extracts from basal ganglia of brain from man and horse prepared in the same way have a still stronger inactivating power on substance P. These effects are abolished by boiling the extracts, indicating that the inactivation is of enzymatic nature. The pH‐optimum of this reaction is between pH 6–7.Extract from striated muscle proved to have comparatively feable inactivating action on substance P, whereas blood and extracts from spinal cord were without action at the concentrations studied.
N‐methylierte Skopolaminderivate1
Authors: NYMAN EBBE 
Published: December 2008

Zusammenfassung.Es wird über systematische Untersuchungen zweier neuer, N‐methylierter Skopolaminderivate, des Methylskopolaminnitrats und Methylskopolaminbromids, berichtet. Als die Speichelsekretion hemmendes Mittel ist das erstere stärker als Skopolamin‐hydrobromid und damit die in dieser Beziehung stärkste bisher bekannte Verbindung. Der mydriatische Effekt entspricht im grossen ganzen dem des Skopolaminhydrobromids. Im Gegensatz zur Stammverbindung haben die beiden neuen Derivate einen markanten Einfluss auf den Herzvagus beim Menschen. Es wird gezeigt, dass diejenige Eigenschaft des Skopolaminhydrobromids, welche der sedativen Wirkung desselben auf das Zentralnervensystem des Menschen zugrunde liegt, bei den neuen Derivaten eliminiert ist. Die Toxizität für Mäuse ist auf ca. das Dreifache gesteigert.
Phosphatides in Choline Deficiency and in Adrenal Insufficiency
Authors: BRANTE GUNNAR 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

In adult rats fed for three to five months on a high fat diet practically free from choline, the fat content of the livers rose to about 25% of the weight of fresh tissue. At the same time the content of choline phospholipids of the liver remained quantitatively unchanged as compared with rats given 5 mg choline per gm basic diet. The cephalins of the liver, on the other hand, showed a significant increase.
The red blood corpuscles of the same choline‐deficient rats showed an increased resistance towards hypotonic NaCl and KCl solutions.
The neutral fat accumulated during the choline deficiency period disappeared in fasting. At the same time the phospholipid content of the liver markedly decreased, while the same choline phospholipid/cephalin ratio was maintained as existed before the beginning of the fast.
Adrenalectomy accelerated the disappearance of the accumulated neutral fat but did not produce any significant changes in the phospholipids in the liver.
In the kidneys, the spleen and the muscles neither choline deficiency, adrenalectomy nor fasting brought about any appreciable changes in the phospholipids.
Possible explanations for the results are discussed, especially the rôle of the different phospholipids in the transfer of neutral fat by the liver.
The Rôle of the Chemoreceptors of the Sinus Region for the Occlusion Test in the Cat
Authors: EULER U. S. v. , LILJESTRAND G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The effects of occlusion of the common carotids on the general blood pressure in anesthetized cats is decreased when oxygen is substituted for air, but increased if the arterial oxygen tension is decreased by ventilating with 7–10% oxygen in nitrogen instead of air. The blood pressure before occlusion is more or less influenced in the same direction.
The Mechanism of Renal Excretion of Fructose and Galactose in Rabbit, Cat, Dog and Man: (with Special Reference to the Phosphorylation Theory)
Authors: GAMMELTOFT A. , KJERULF‐JENSEN K. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Fructose and galactose were demonstrated to be threshold substances, by which is meant that they are both reabsorbed actively by the renal tubular cells.A kidney threshold for fructose and galactose was demonstrated for man only (U/P ratio below 1).The U/P ratio for fructose and galactose, which at plasma concentrations between 15 and 20 mgm. per cent, did not exceed 1, rose very steeply at plasma concentrations above these values.In rabbits, cats and dogs the active reabsorption of fructose and galactose was demonstrated by:the indepence of fructose reabsorption of variations in the excretion of water.the sensitivity of the mechanism of reabsorption to poisoning of the tubular cells with phlorizin.experiments in saturating the mechanism of reabsorption for glucose (hyperglycaemia), which reduced the reabsorption of simultaneously filtered fructose and galactose (cat, man).The reabsorption of fructose and galactose was found to increase in proportion to increasing amounts filtered. In the experiments on the cat creatinine was employed for filtration determinations after the identity between creatinine and inulin clearances in this animal had been established.The results obtained appear to agree with the theory of an intermediate phosphorylation and dephosphorylation during the reabsorption of glucose, fructose and galactose in the kidneys. In regarding the adenylic acid system as a common phosphate donator to these three hexoses, the specific kidney threshold for each of the three hexoses is explained by the assumption of specific phosphorylating and dephosphorylating enzymic systems for each hexose in the cells of the tubules.
Changes in the Respiratory Quotient after Administration of Insulin and Glucose to Human Subjects on a High and on a Low Carbohydrate Diet.
Authors: LUNDBÆK KNUD 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A series of investigations has been made on the respiratory quotient after administration of large and small doses of insulin and after administration of glucose on diets rich and poor in carbohydrates.The RQ curve after administration of insulin is diphasic. During the fall in the blood sugar the RQ rises, when the fall in blood sugar ceases the RQ as a rule goes back to the initial value. It would seem, therefore, that the changes in the RQ should be viewed in relation to the blood sugar fall itself.The rise in the RQ was greater after large than after small doses of insulin. The maximum RQ is attained more rapidly after large than after small doses. These two factors are unaffected by the carbohydrate content of the diet.In the glucose experiments it is shown that the excess combustion of sugar after administration of glucose is greater the higher is the glucose tolerance curve. It appears from this that a slight reduction of the carbohydrate content of the diet does not reduce the rate of combustion of carbohydrate. The characteristic high and long glucose tolerance curve on a diet poor in carbohydrates must therefore be due to a liver effect.In the calculation of “excess amount of glucose consumed minus lost glucose” in the insulin experiments it is seen that a not inconsiderable amount of glucose not seen to be oxydized disappears from the blood. The significance of this discrepancy is discussed and the conclusion is drawn that it must at any rate in part he supposed to be due to a reduced output of glucose from the liver during the insulin effect, even though it is not at present possible to account in detail for the mechanism of this process
On the Effect of Insulin on the Sensitivity of the Respiratory Centre.
Authors: LUNDBÆK KNUD 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Following the administration of insulin in experiments on animals and human subjects a rise has most frequently been found in the ventilation. In animal experiments and in some few on human subjects a reduction was found in the CO2 content of the blood.Determinations of the sensitivity of the respiratory centre during insulin action do not seem to be available.The results are reported of a series of investigations on the alveolar CO2 tension in man following administration of large and small doses of insulin on a high and on a low carbohydrate diet. The average rise in the ventilation in these experiments was 1.09–1.35 1 per min. after large doses, 0.57–0.32 1 per min. after small doses. At the same time the alveolar CO2 tension rose on the average 1.45–2.15 mm, the rise being the same after large and small doses.By a graphic representation of the ventilation and the alveolar CO2 tension and on the basis of previous investigations by Marius Nielsen it can be shown that in nearly all cases there is a reduction in the sensitivity of the respiratory centre after small as well as after large doses of insulin. The preceding diet is of no significance for this change in sensitivity.
The pH of the Blood during the Action of large Doses of Insulin.
Authors: LUNDBÆK KNUD 
Published: December 2008

Summary.An investigation (with glass electrodes) on the effect of large doses of insulin on the pH of the blood snows that quiet insulin action causes no change. or rarely unsignificant changes, in the pH of the blood. With great muscle unrest or hyperventilation there may, as in subjects not affected by insulin, occur a fall or a rise in the pH. The results obtained decidedly militate against Beiglböck's contention that there is a regular occurrence of extreme alkalosis after administration of insulin. The most reasonable explanation of his results is that in his experiments there must have been a massive hyperventilation.
Experimental Studies on Kidney Function during Sulphate Diuresis.
Authors: SCHOU PER 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In continuation of previous investigations, in which it was shown that the excessive increase in diuresis after intravenous infusion of a hypertonic sulphate solution in the blood stream of the rabbit can be explained by a combination of an increased filtration of fluid in the renal glomeruli and a reduced reabsorp‐tion of fluid in the tubules, the glomerular function has been investigated in the present paper.

In flow meter experiments it has been possible to demonstrate, siniulianeously with the greatly increased excretion of fluid, a distinct increase in the renal blood flow. The figures for the renal blood flow were found to lie between 30 and 130 ml per min. for both kidneys, so that the margin of variation is wide.
The arterial blood pressure, too, showed a transient rise of 35–55 mm Hg. The rise was fairly quickly superseded by a fall to values lying below the normal blood pressure of the animal.
The calculated approximate values for the colloid‐osmotic pressure of the plasma colloids at first showed a falling tendency as a consequence of the large infusion of fluid, later again a rising tendency owing to the loss of fluid by diuresis.
A final calculation shows that the physical factors which condition the glomerular filtration are of such an order that the increase in the ultrafiltration calculated on the basis of the creatinine clearance determinations becomes possible.
Glycerol Oxydation in the Animal Orgmism.
Authors: HOLST ERIK J. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.There is a distinct similarity between the metabolisni of glycerol and that of ethylalcohol. This similarity is recognizable by the fact that:

The elimination curve is rectilinear, i. c. the rate of gly‐cerol metabolism is constaiit, and independent of the blood concentration.
The glycerol metabolism is localized exclusively, or almost exclusively in the liver.
At most a fraction of the glycerol can he completely oxy‐dized in the liver, while at least the larger fraction must be incompletely oxydized.
Über die Einwirkung der Entfernung der Nebennieren auf die Phosphorylierung im Muskel.
Authors: HELVE Von O. 
Published: December 2008

Zusammenfassung.Vergleichende Phosphorylierungsversuche zwischen normalen und nebennierenlosen Ratten werden beschrieben. Die Phosphory‐lierung im Muskel erreicht bei Gegenwart von Glykogen und Natriumfluorid in beiden Versuchstiergruppen das Maximum verhältnismässig schnell. Irgendwelche wesentlichen Unterschiede zwischen normalen und nebennierenlosen Tieren konnten weder bei kurzer noch bei langer Phosphorylierungszeit festgestellt werden.
The Exchange of Ions between Cells and Extracellular Fluid
Authors: KROGH AUGUST , LINDBERG ANNA‐LOUISE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In a frog heart working on a solution in which 88 mM of Na and Cl are replaced with 175 mM glucose the sodium in the heart muscle cells is largely replaced by glucose. This replacement is reversible when the heart is put back into normal Ringer.Even saccharose can penetrate slowly into the muscle cells and replace the sodium.Inconclusive evidence (a single experiment) is presented indicating that the sodium within the cells can be reduced below the outside concentration.
Further Studies on the Gastric Secretory Excitant from the Pyloric Mucosa.
Authors: MUNCH‐PETERSEN JON , RÖNNOW GRETE , UVNÄS BÖRJE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A gastric secretory excitant is isolated from the pyloric mu‐cosa of cat and pig. The agent is of protein nature.Two reliable methods for the preparation of the active principle in a relatively pure state are described. The methods involve the precipitation of HCl‐mucosall extracts with NaCl and further precipitation with tannic acid or trichloracetic acid. Inert material is removed by washing with 80 % acid alcohol and iso‐electrical precipitation at pH 8.0. Finally the active material is precipitated with trichloracetic acid.The active agent selectively activates the gastric glands, the gastric juice obtained being strongly acid but poor in pepsin. Salivary, pancreatic or bile secretion are not influenced by the agent.The gastric secretagogue shows physiological as well as chemical similarities to secretin. Identity with the supposed gastric hormone, gastrin, is probable.
Wirkung von Arsen auf den respiratorischen Gaswechsel beim Meerschweinchen.
Authors: HENRIKSON. ASTRID 
Published: December 2008

Zasammenfassung.Der Ruhegaswechsel des Meerschweinchens wurde von Natrium‐arsenat, einer Zufuhr von 1–4 mg Arsen pro kg Körpergewicht alle zwei Tage wahrend 12–14 Tage entsprechend, nicht beein‐flusst. Nach 8 mg Arsen pro kg trat dagegen eine deutliche Er‐höhung des Sauerstoffverbrauchs ein.
Energy Production, Pulmonary Ventilatioa, and Length of Steps in Well‐trained Runners Working on a Treadmill.1
Authors: BØJE OVE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The aminopolypeptidase from the cattle diaphragm muscle has been obtained in a state of high purity. The enzyme is a carbohydrate‐frec protein with an isolelectric point close to pH 4.6.The writer is indebted to the Johan and Therese Andersson. Minne foundation for grants which supported the present investigation. He further acknowledges the valuable assistance of Mrs Agren throughout the investigation.
Studies of the Dlutual Effect of Vitamin K and 3,3‘‐Methylene‐bis (4‐Hydroxycoumarin) on Prothrombin Formation.
Authors: GLAVIND JOHS. , JANSEN. KNUD F. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In experiments on K‐avitaminotic chickens with simultaneous administration of vitamin K and dicoumarin a mutual antagonism is shown to exist between the two substances in the prothrombin formation, and in a certain quantitative proportion this antagonism may eliminate the influence of both substances on the prothrombin formation.It is further shown that this quantitative relation is not constant, so that a simple stoichionietric relation is out of the question. From this, the conclusion is drawn that the effect of dicoumarin can hardly be a direct inhibition of vitamin K, but is more probably a specific toxic effect which can be compensated in part by the stimulating effect of vitamin K on the prothrombin formation in the liver.