bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymer ring formation by electron/hole injection from an STM tip into a C60 close‐packed layer
Authors: Nouchi Ryo , Masunari Kosuke , Ohta Toshio , Kubozono Yoshihiro , Iwasa Yoshihiro 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPolymerization and depolymerization of C60 molecules are induced by charge carrier injection from a scanning tunneling microscope tip into C60 close‐packed layers. These reactions are hard to be achieved at single molecular precision because of a spatial spread of injected carriers. We report that the carrier‐spreading effect produces a ring‐shaped distribution of C60 polymers around the carrier injection point. Formation of the polymer ring of C60 is explained by energy dissipation of spreading carriers. Therefore, the polymer ring can be recognized as a direct reflection of carrier propagation. Subsequent electron or hole injections enlarge the ring. This result shows that both electrons and holes can induce both polymerization and depolymerization of C60 molecules. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
PL, magneto‐PL and PLE of the trimetallic nitride template fullerene Er3N@C80
Authors: Jones Mark A. G. , Morton John J. L. , Taylor Robert A. , Ardavan Arzhang , Briggs G. Andrew D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractEr3N@C80 exhibits sharp optical emission lines in the near‐infrared attributed to fluorescence from the Er3+ ion. Here we demonstrate that high magnetic fields cause this spectrum to split, corresponding to transitions from the lowest field‐split Kramers doublet of the 4I13/2 manifold to the four lowest field‐split levels of the 4I15/2 manifold. The internal structure of these fullerenes can be spatially aligned with a preferred orientation under high magnetic field; the effect of alignment is to reduce the broadening associated with the isotropic spatial averaging characteristic of powder or frozen‐solution spectra. Using a tunable 1.5 μm laser, we directly observe non‐cage‐mediated optical interactions with the Er3+ ion. This spectroscopic method provides the opportunity to map the energy level structure of the incarcerated ion and to coherently control its quantum state. These qualities suggest that rare‐earth endohedral fullerenes have characteristics that could be employed as a readout pathway for fullerene‐based quantum information processing. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Li doped Mo6S6 nanowires: elastic and electronic properties
Authors: Gemming S. , Seifert G. , Vilfan I. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIsolated and crystalline Mo6S6 nanowires, doped with Li to form Li2Mo6S6, are investigated with the density‐functional techniques. We find that Li atoms “decorate” individual wires at the S‐coordinated sites and occupy the interstitial positions between 3 S atoms in crystalline nanowires. Doping with Li changes the lattice constants by less than 0.1 Å, but it decreases the modulus of elasticity along the wire axis in the crystalline form. Doping raises the Fermi energy but retains the strongly uniaxial metallic character of nanowires, attributed to the Mo(4d) electrons. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A method for enhanced analysis of specific as‐grown carbon nanotubes
Authors: Jungen Alain , Stampfer Christoph , Durrer Lukas , Helbling Thomas , Hierold Christofer 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe present the design of a microsystem along with a series of process steps to integrate carbon nanotubes in a scalable way that allows them for analysis in various experimental equipments. The microsystems consist of drilled thin silicon layers on top of a substrate which accommodate the nanostructures by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) directly within their drills. These layers can then be manipulated in a way that enables the usage of laboratory apparatus requiring substrate‐less samples like transmission electron microscopy. Scanning electron microscopy is used as an analysis tool to identify the presence and location relative to the microsystem structure. Raman microscopy is used subsequently to confirm the detection and location of the nanostructures and to gain insights into their structural properties. The suggested technique is compatible with various CVD'ed nanowires or nanofibers. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
N@C60 and N@C70 oriented in a single‐crystalline matrix
Authors: Naydenov B. , Spudat Ch. , Scheloske M. , Suess H. I. , Hulliger J. , Harneit W. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe report the encapsulation of N@C60 and N@C70 in a solid state matrix consisting of 2,4,6‐tris‐(4‐bromophenoxy)‐1,3,5‐triazine (BrPOT). Two different crystal structures were observed – hexagonal and rhombohedral. The carbon cage of the fullerenes is distorted, leading to zero field splitting (ZFS) of the quartet electronic ground state of the nitrogen atom, which depends on the crystal structure and on the solvent used in the crystallization process. N@C60 hexagonal crystals show no ZFS when they are obtained from toluene solution and a small ZFS in the case of CS2, while rhombohedral crystals show sizeable ZFS but they were found only in the toluene samples. N@C70 incorporates only in hexagonal crystals with small ZFS in the case of CS2. For toluene the ZFS is observed only at temperatures lower than 150 K. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Near‐field imaging and spectroscopy of electronic states in single‐walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Qian Huihong , Gokus Tobias , Anderson Neil , Novotny Lukas , Meixner Alfred J. , Hartschuh Achim 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNear‐field photoluminescence spectroscopy was used to study the electronic properties of semiconducting Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes in different environments. A sharp laser‐illuminated metal tip was raster scanned over the sample and served as a strongly confined excitation source. We observed localization of photoluminescence and variations of emission energies along nanotubes on a length scale of about 30 nm. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Agent‐based modeling for investigating adaptivity of misperception
Authors: Akaishi Jin , Arita Takaya 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMisperception is a term which is generally used in a negative sense. However, when information promoting a certain kind of behavior is obtained, it can happen that the diversity of the behavior is enhanced by the misperceptions of the individual in the population, resulting in a situation in which misperception works advantageously for the population. This paper presents this view in terms of four hypotheses, dealing with (1) the basic adaptivity of misperception, (2) basic properties of communication, (3) the adaptivity of misperception in communication, and (4) the behavioral specificity of information in the adaptivity of misperception. A simple agent model for the resource‐searching problem is constructed. Direct misperception, which is misperception in the direct acquisition of information from the surrounding environment, and indirect misperception, which occurs when information is obtained through communication, are considered. Their effects are investigated by simulation experiments. It is shown that misperception enhances the diversity of agent behavior and can contribute to adaptivity. It is also shown that exact communication may decrease the diversity of agent behavior, and that adaptivity is decreased when false information is shared. A tendency for the adaptivity of misperception to decrease when the behavioral specificity in information terms is low is demonstrated. We believe that study of the adaptivity of misperception as a factor generating diversity will lead to new findings in cognitive science, memetics, and fundamental aspects of engineering. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(12): 96–106, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20266
Human tracking using the temporally averaged silhouette with an active camera
Authors: Haga Tetsuji , Sumi Kazuhiko , Yagi Yasushi 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis research paper proposes an image processing algorithm for tracking nonrigid moving objects such as humans in outdoor locations. Since the camera itself moves, it is believed that an effective method extracts and tracks the movement object by using the differences in the flow against the background, rather than by using intensity‐based background subtraction. However, since nonrigid objects are tracked outdoors, the flow is partially lost due to variation in the shape and aspect, occlusion due to obstacles, passage through high‐contrast backgrounds, and other factors, so the tracking center of gravity is not stable, and tracking is often lost. In view of the above, tracking is carried out in the proposed method by using areas referred to as “temporally averaged silhouettes,” which are obtained by accumulating small areas extracted by the difference between the background and the flow while positioning the small areas in pixel units across a number of frames. Since the flow is observed over a long period of time instead of carrying out detailed spatial calculations, the area of the moving object can be stably calculated even if the flow partially disappears, so computational efficiency is good. The results of experiments using scenes with humans in motion confirm that stable tracking results that are equivalent to or better than cases in which the flow is calculated for the entire image (about 1200 points) are obtained by using a flow with a small number of points (average: 64 points) in the combined moving‐object and background areas. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(12): 69–81, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20490
Generating head–eye movement for virtual actor
Authors: Masuko Soh , Hoshino Junichi 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMultimedia content such as videos and games often includes animation, in which virtual actors engage in conversations. In constructing such an animation, there are many factors to be considered, such as the content of the utterance and the state of conversation, which necessitates a large amount of time and labor. To deal with this problem, this paper presents a method by which the head and eye movements of the virtual actor can be generated in a simple way, synchronized with the conversation. In this method, the view line angle is defined as the sum of the head and eye rotations. A shared motion mechanism is considered in which the ratio of the head and eye rotations is dynamically adjusted according to the view line direction, so that a composite movement of the head and eyes is generated. Letting the two modules generating the head and the eye movements share the same conversation state, head and eye movements synchronized with the conversation are generated. Finally, the proposed method is applied, and the animation of a virtual actor synchronized with the conversation is demonstrated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(12): 33–44, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20513
Recognizing article errors using prepositional information
Authors: Nagata Ryo , Iguchi Tatsuya , Wakidera Kenta , Masui Fumito , Kawai Atsuo , Isu Naoki 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a prepositional model that uses prepositional information to detect article errors often seen in English sentences written by Japanese learners of English. The conventional methods for detecting article errors include a statistical model that is based on statistics obtained from an electronic corpus created from documents such as English newspapers. However, the usage of the articles has many exceptions, and thus the performance of the statistical model is not yet sufficient. Hence, in the prepositional model, the performance of the statistical model is improved by using prepositional information, and errors are detected while also taking into account exceptional usages of the articles. In an experiment, it was verified that the performance of the prepositional model (F−measure = 0.72) is a huge improvement over the performance of the statistical model (F−measure = 0.53) in dealing with article errors in prepositional phrases. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(12): 17–26, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20527
Lack of enhancement of susceptibility to mammary and thyroid carcinogenesis in rats exposed to DMBA and DHPN following prepubertal iodine deficiency
Authors: Cho Young‐Man , Imai Toshio , Hasumura Mai , Hirose Masao 
Published: September 2006

Epidemiologic and experimental studies suggest that iodine deficiency increases the risk of mammary as well as thyroid cancers, but susceptibility to tumor development when this occurs during the prepubertal stage is not completely understood. In the present study, we therefore evaluated this question in F344 rats. Dams during the lactation period and their weaned offspring until postnatal week 7 were fed an iodine‐free diet. Female offspring were then given 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA, 50 mg/kg body weight) by gavage for mammary tumor induction in week 7. Both the male and female rats were given free access to drinking water containing N‐bis(2‐hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN), (0.1 and 0.2% for male and female rats, respectively) for wide spectrum tumor induction in organs, including the thyroid gland, from weeks 7–11. All offspring were killed at week 50 for histopathological examination. The iodine deficiency had no significant influence on incidences and/or multiplicities of mammary and thyroid tumors. Furthermore, tumor induction in the liver, kidney, lung, esophagus and urinary bladder was not affected in either sex. The present results thus indicate a lack of influence of iodine deficiency condition early in life on subsequent carcinogenic susceptibility. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 1031–1036)
Different outcome of allogeneic transplantation in myelofibrosis using conventional or reduced‐intensity conditioning regimens
Authors: Merup Mats , Lazarevic Vladimir , Nahi Hareth , Andreasson Björn , Malm Claes , Nilsson Lars , Brune Mats , LeBlanc Katarina , Kutti Jack , Birgegård Gunnar ,   the Swedish Group for Myeloproliferative Disorders
Published: September 2006

SummaryAllogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation remains the only curative treatment of myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM). Previous reports have indicated significant treatment‐related mortality (TRM) for patients transplanted after myeloablative conditioning but superior survival has been reported after reduced‐intensity conditioning (RIC). We report the results of a survey of all allogeneic transplantations for MMM performed in Sweden at six transplant units between 1982 and 2004. Twenty‐seven patients were transplanted; 17 with a myeloablative conditioning regimen and 10 with RIC. The median age was 50 years (5–63 years) at transplantation. After a median follow up of 55 months, 20 patients are alive. TRM was 10% in the RIC group and 30% in the myeloablative group. There was no difference in survival for high or low‐risk patients according to Cervantes score or between sibling and unrelated donor transplantations.
Sons and daughters of foster carers and the impact of fostering on their everyday life
Authors: Höjer Ingrid 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTThe paper presents results from a study of sons and daughters of foster carers, and the impact of fostering on their lives. Children and young people participated in focus groups and discussion groups, and 684 answered a questionnaire. Eight were interviewed in‐depth. The results from the study showed that sons and daughters of foster carers were highly involved in the fostering assignment. Most children and young people valued their relationship with foster children, but even though relations to foster children were good, fostering could imply complicated changes of everyday life. Sons and daughters of foster carers may have to cope with conflicts connected to behavioural disorders of foster children, and they gained knowledge about foster children’s problematic lives. Fostering also implied contact with natural parents of foster children. Such contact could challenge children’s and young people’s’ perception of adequate parenthood. For some respondents it was hard to become aware of the dysfunctional parenting, abuse and/or neglect to which foster children might have been exposed. The results of the study provided evidence of the need to acknowledge the contribution to fostering made by sons and daughters of foster carers, and also to recognize the impact fostering may have on their lives.
A family affair? Kinship care and parental substance misuse: some dilemmas explored
Authors: Kroll Brynna 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTBoth the Children Act 1989 and the Human Rights Act 1998 support the principle that children should remain within their birth families wherever possible and that this option must be considered when children are unable to live with their parents. Where parental substance misuse is an issue, family placements, whether formally or informally arranged, are increasingly being used and the support of grandparents, in particular, has been identified as a significant protective factor for children. This paper examines some of the issues that can arise with such placements, particularly in view of the part that substance misuse may play within the wider family system, the impact of parental drug and alcohol use on attachment and child development, and the complex dynamics that can ensue. Drawing on themes emerging from parental substance misuse literature and kinship care research, some practice dilemmas will be explored. While acknowledging the complex aetiology of substance misuse and the dangers of pathologizing family systems in which it is found, some hypotheses about potential risks and challenges will be debated. It will be argued that, although such placements can often provide children with a safe haven, they may demand a specific type of support and monitoring, if children’s welfare is to be safeguarded.
Phytoplankton communities and antecedent conditions: high resolution sampling in Esthwaite Water
Authors: MADGWICK G. , JONES I. D. , THACKERAY S. J. , ELLIOTT J. A. , MILLER H. J. 
Published: September 2006

Summary1. The succession of a phytoplankton community was investigated through an intensive period of sampling and related to physical, chemical and biological conditions sampled at an equal, or higher, temporal resolution.2. Phytoplankton samples were taken on a weekly basis from June to September 2004 and analysed for diversity, species composition, and contribution of different functional groups to total biomass. Physical and chemical data were collected on the sampling days, and physical environmental factors were also logged continuously throughout the period by automatic measuring stations. This continuous logging allowed community structure to be compared with physical data averaged over periods from a day to a week before each sampling date.3. The Schmidt stability of the lake, a measure of the strength of stratification calculated from thermal data, showed a negative correlation with phytoplankton species diversity. This is consistent with the hypothesis that mixing was preventing exclusion by species that would otherwise dominate in stratified conditions.4. At a functional level, stress tolerant (S‐type) species dominated during the stratified summer conditions, with small, colonising species (C types) and ruderal, disturbance tolerant species (R types) contributing little to the overall biomass. Of the stress tolerant species, the faster growing (SC) phytoplankters were significantly favoured by more stable, stratified conditions and higher solar radiation. Increased abundance of this group resulted in decreased species diversity. Correlations were generally strongest when using the 6‐ to 7‐day averaged physical data, stressing the importance of continuous measurements of these drivers in phytoplankton studies.
Invasive grass reduces aboveground carbon stocks in shrublands of the Western US
Authors: BRADLEY BETHANY A. , HOUGHTON R. A. , MUSTARD JOHN F. , HAMBURG STEVEN P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractUnderstanding the terrestrial carbon budget, in particular the strength of the terrestrial carbon sink, is important in the context of global climate change. Considerable attention has been given to woody encroachment in the western US and the role it might play as a carbon sink; however, in many parts of the western US the reverse process is also occurring. The conversion of woody shrublands to annual grasslands involves the invasion of non‐native cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) which in turn leads to increased frequency and extent of fires. We compared carbon storage in adjacent plots of invasive grassland and native shrubland. We scaled‐up the impact of this ecosystem shift using regional maps of the current invasion and of the risk of future invasion. The expansion of cheatgrass within the Great Basin has released an estimated 8±3 Tg C to the atmosphere, and will likely release another 50±20 Tg C in the coming decades. This ecosystem conversion has changed portions of the western US from a carbon sink to a source, making previous estimates of a western carbon sink almost certainly spurious. The growing importance of invasive species in driving land cover changes may substantially change future estimates of US terrestrial carbon storage.
The influence of predation on the chronic response of Artemia sp. populations to a toxicant
Authors: BEKETOV MIKHAIL A. , LIESS MATTHIAS 
Published: September 2006

Summary

Environmental risk assessment of contaminants is conventionally based on toxic effects assessed in organism‐level test systems. We suggest that, for the prediction of toxicant effects, population‐ and community‐level effects should be considered. The aim of this study was to investigate how predation could alter a prey population's response to a toxicant to reveal effects at population and community levels.
Populations of the brine shrimp Artemia sp. were maintained in the laboratory with and without simulated predation. Individuals were exposed for 1 h to the pyrethroid insecticide esfenvalerate (0, 0·01, 0·04 and 0·08 µg L−1) and subsequently observed for 6 weeks.
Unpredated exposed populations showed a reduced population density compared with the control. However, even at the highest concentration of insecticide, populations were sustained until the end of the experiment. The lower density in the exposed populations led to reduced competition and subsequently to enhanced development of surviving individuals and an increased proportion of young individuals. In contrast, the combination of predation and short‐term toxicant exposure at concentrations of 0·04 and 0·08 µg L−1 produced extinction of the populations after 39 and 32 days of exposure, respectively.
Synthesis and applications. The response of populations of brine shrimp to toxicants at the community level may be stronger when predation is present than the response of populations without predation pressure, as the regulation capacity of the population (measured as an increased production of offspring at reduced population densities) is exhausted when predation is present. Future ecotoxicological risk assessment schemes should consider relevant community characteristics such as predation as part of an environmental risk assessment.