bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
19 The World Distribution of Household Wealth
Authors: Davies James B. , Sandström Susanna , Shorrocks Anthony , Wolff Edward N. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThere has been much recent research on the world distribution of income, but also growing recognition of the importance of other contributions to well‐being, including those of household wealth. Wealth is important in providing security and opportunity, particularly in poorer countries that lack full social safety nets and adequate facilities for borrowing and lending. This chapter finds, however, that it is precisely in the latter countries that household wealth is the lowest, both in absolute and relative terms. Globally, wealth is more concentrated than income, on both an individual and a national basis. Roughly 30 per cent of world wealth is found in each of North America, Europe, and the rich Asian‐Pacific countries. These areas account for virtually all world's top 1% of wealth holders. On an official exchange‐rate basis, India accounts for about a quarter of the adults in the bottom three global wealth deciles, while China provides about a third of those in the fourth to eighth deciles. If current growth trends continue, India, China, and the transition countries will move up in the global distribution, and the lower deciles will be increasingly dominated by countries in Africa, Latin American, and poor parts of the Asian‐Pacific region. Thus wealth may continue to be lowest in areas where it is needed the most.
Regional Parties
Authors: Brancati Dawn 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter tests the generalizability of the book's argument regarding the effect of decentralization on the electoral strength of regional parties using statistical analysis. The analysis also draws on the CLE dataset. The analysis shows that political decentralization increases the strength of regional parties and that extensive forms of decentralization strengthen regional parties more than limited forms. The analysis also finds that specific features of decentralization strengthen regional parties more than others, such as large regions and nonconcurrent national and regional elections. Fiscal decentralization, in contrast, as well as having a large number of regions, has the opposite effect. The chapter controls for a number of factors typically associated with conflict and secessionism (e.g. ethnolinguistic heterogeneity, democracy, and the executive and electoral system). The chapter also uses instrumental variable regression in this chapter to disentangle the causal relationships between decentralization and regional parties.
Chapter 4 Net Worth and Housing Equity in Retirement
Authors: Sinai Todd , Souleles Nicholas 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter documents the trends in the life-cycle profiles of net worth and housing equity of older persons. During the 1993-2004 period, older households' net worth rose significantly, yet net worth grew by more than housing equity, in part because other assets also appreciated at the same time. Moreover, the younger elderly offset rising house prices by increasing their housing debt and used some of the proceeds to invest in other assets. The chapter considers how much of their housing equity older households could actually tap using reverse mortgages. It shows that this fraction is lower at younger ages, such that young retirees can consume less than half of their housing equity. Their results imply that consumable net worth is smaller than standard calculations of net worth.
Chapter 5 The Role of Individual Retirement Accounts in US Retirement Planning
Authors: Holden Sarah , Reid Brian 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWith the rising importance of individual retirement accounts (IRAs), which now total one-quarter of US retirement assets, public policy has sharpened its focus on how individuals manage those accumulations through work and retirement years. Individuals are required to take distributions from their IRAs after age seventy-and-a-half, while distributions taken prior to age fifty-nine-and-a-half generally incur a ten percent penalty. Previous research has found that IRA owners rarely tapped these assets prior to retirement. This chapter updates results and shows that these patterns continue. Several factors influence the probability of withdrawal (prior to sevent-and-a-half): being younger than sixty lowers the probability of a withdrawal, but being retired, in poor health, or having a home mortgage increases the likelihood of withdrawal.
Chapter 8 Regulating Markets for Retirement Payouts: Solvency, Supervision, and Credibility
Authors: Borzi Phyllis C. , Patterson Martha Priddy 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSoon the largest cohort of workers in history will be eligible to retire: and most will have only their personal saving and a lump-sum benefit from a 401(k) plan to supplement Social Security benefits during retirement. The proceeds of these 401(k) and IRA benefits represent the largest amount of money these individuals have ever managed, and the challenges and hazards they face are enormous. This chapter evaluates the regulatory and enforcement structures in place to protect individuals from financial loss through the insolvency, fiscal mismanagement, and/or malfeasance of those who help them manage and invest their retirement distributions.
Chapter 12 Asset Allocation within Variable Annuities: The Impact of Guarantees
Authors: Milevsky Moshe A. , Kyrychenko Vladyslav 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe latest generation of variable annuity contracts contains equity options plus longevity insurance, sometimes thought to be attractive to purchasers willing to take on financial risk. This chapter examines whether this is indeed the case. Using a unique database, it documents that policyholders do in fact adopt higher equity exposures when these riders are selected. It also examines the theoretical merits of the marketing advice, by deriving the optimal asset allocation in the presence of these guarantees. The chapter concludes that more aggressive equity allocations can indeed be justified in many, although not all, product structures.
The Concept of Fundamental Legal Rights
Authors: Zucca Lorenzo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter proposes a stipulative definition of fundamental legal rights that attempts to single out the most important features of those rights, which are discussed under four headings: the point, the structure, the content and the functions of rights. Mainstream theories of rights, such as the interest theory and the will theories are criticised and a status theory of fundamental legal rights is offered instead. More precisely, the chapter develops a theory that treats fundamental legal rights differently from ordinary legal and moral rights. Such a theory is centred on the idea of immunity given by fundamental legal rights which corresponds to the idea of disability on the part of the legislative power. In particular, fundamental legal rights give individuals a status of inviolability.
The Anatomy of Conflicts of Fundamental Legal Rights
Authors: Zucca Lorenzo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter attempts to grasp the central case of such conflicts, thereby coming up with a distinction between genuine and spurious conflicts. It is argued that legal systems, despite strong assumptions of coherence, display a number of normative inconsistencies which crop up when fundamental rights are instantiated in actual cases. The intensity of a conflict depends on the kind of incommensurability between opposite claims and on the moral residue left by the process of adjudication. Incommensurability may be weak, thereby leaving the door open to qualitative comparison, but it also may be radical, leaving no options to the adjudicator. A typology of genuine conflicts of fundamental rights is presented in order to illuminate their great variety.
The Fundamental Legal Right to Informational Privacy v The Fundamental Legal Right to Free Press
Authors: Zucca Lorenzo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the core case of the privacy-press conflict that can be summarized as follows: on one side the permission to disclose the truth, on the other the permission to conceal one's private life. The way in which this conflict is dealt with depends on local institutional arrangements as well as diverging interpretation of values. Personal honour is paramount in France and grounds a strong right to privacy, while in the USA free speech is sovereign and so is the protection of the press. In the UK, the right to privacy does not have much currency, but the over-expanding interpretation of the tort of breach of confidence largely fills the gap. It is concluded that some conflicting rights can be accommodated, even if conflicts cannot be solved without compromises.
Mortal Conflicts of Fundamental Legal Rights—The Fundamental Legal Right to Life v The Fundamental Legal Right to Decisional Privacy
Authors: Zucca Lorenzo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents the conflict between the fundamental right to decisional privacy and the fundamental right to life in the context of physician-assisted suicides. This conflict is a vertical one, between the obligation of the state not to intentionally kill and the permission of the individual to decide how to deal with one of the most intimate issues of his existence. Despite the strong pull on the side of the safeguard of life, it is argued that in some egregious cases where the individual can only chose between death with pain and death without pain, the state cannot impose on the individual the greater sacrifice and should let him die as he chooses. The presumption of priority in favour of the protection of life is, in this case, reversed in favour of decisional autonomy.
‘We are (afraid of) the people’: Constituent Power in German Constitutionalism
Authors: Möllers Christoph 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the special path of constitutional development in Germany. It shows how developments from the Kaiserreich, through Weimar to the Nazi regime has rendered any attempt to make a direct appeal to the people, or even to the authority of a representative parliament, problematic. It indicates how the highly legalistic constitutional culture that evolved in the post-war Federal Republic was a product of conscious efforts to eliminate any claim to populism in the constitutional settlement imposed by the Allies, and suggests that the appeal to an especially formal notion of ‘constitutional patriotism’ has its basis in that history.
Private and Public Autonomy Revisited: Habermas’ Concept of Co-originality in Times of Globalization and the Militant Security State
Authors: Nickel Rainer 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter develops a theoretical perspective in sympathy with the Habermasian idea of the symbiosis of the legal and the political, of (private) rights and (public) democracy, of the Rechtsstaat and popular sovereignty. It supplements this account by showing that the productiveness of the tension between the two remains no less precarious than it has ever been, always likely to become skewed in favour of the rigid priority of rights or of communitarian excess. The symbiosis of private and public autonomy — of constituted and constituent power — thus remains a fragile and in many contexts elusive achievement.
Against Substitution: The Constitutional Thinking of Dissensus
Authors: Christodoulidis Emilios 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents an irresolution thesis: that constituent power cannot be absorbed into constituted authority and is to be treated as irreducible supplement which irritates and challenges rather than transcends the specific forms of constituted power. It argues that the radical openness of constituent power depends on its occupying a domain radically independent of constitutional form, and that it is possible to imagine and activate such a domain as something other than the ante-room of constitutional initiative and authority.
The Exercise of Constituent Power in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Preuss Ulrich K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter considers the ways in which constituent power performed a role in the reconstruction of post-communist states of Central and Eastern Europe. It argues that the peculiarity of constitutionalism in this region lies precisely in the fact that in such well embedded political communities its traditional constitutive role is unnecessary, but that it nonetheless remains vital as way of allocating and checking power. Paradoxically, such a one-sided constitutionalism may face significant opposition from those embedded forces of community which make its constitutive role redundant.
Post-Constituent Constitutionalism? The Case of the European Union
Authors: Walker Neil 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter considers the general question of the relationship between constituent power and constitutional form in the context of new or shifting non-state political configurations, and specifically in the case of the constitionalization of the European Union. It examines four hypotheses on the concept of a European constituent power: non-constituent constitutionalism, constitutional scepticism, constitutional vindication, and a post-constituent constitutionalism that, unlike the others, recognizes the initial absence of a supranational constituent power but insists upon both the value and the plausibility of its subsequent development. The chapter develops a position in defence of such a post-constituent constitutionalism — one that nurtures at least some ‘constituent’ qualities without undermining the continuing constituent authority of states.
Constituent Power and the Pluralist Ethic
Authors: Chalmers Damian 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter addresses the question of the relationship between constitutionalism and the alternative political imaginaries of post-national formations, and offers a reconstruction of the idea of constituent power in the face of the diversification of political authority. Drawing on a case study of land reform in rural Brazil, it argues that although constituent power at the level of the nation state may have its dark side, it also retains an unparalleled potential for emancipation and for the energization of the political as an area of free and open contestation between different world-views.
The Imperialism of Modern Constitutional Democracy
Authors: Tully James 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis chapter challenges the idea that constituent power is a necessary or neutral presupposition of politics. It argues that the concept of constituent power is a vital component of the deep and resilient global structure of imperial authority, one that denies and seeks to suppress the ‘always/already constituted’ way in which political community and authority is experienced and practised in other non-imperial contexts. It concludes by considering the conditions under which these alternative ways of constituting and doing politics might challenge or escape the dominant influence of the imperial authority structure.
Introduction
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis introductory chapter summarizes the themes of the book. It explains the general idea of self-constitution: that we constitute our agency by choosing our actions in accordance with the principles of practical reason. It sketches the main types of principles of practical reason, and raises some problems about the concept of rational prudence. It advances a theory of the normativity of rational principles based on the idea that they are constitutive standards of action. It discusses the role of the idea of virtue within ethical theory, and the possibility of conjoining an Aristotelian theory of virtue with Kant's ethics. It raises issues about the connection between individual agency and the agency of the state, explains the connection between Hume's conception of agency and Kant and Aristotle's, and discusses the methodological idea of constructivism.
The Myth of Egoism
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMany philosophers believe there is a principle of practical reason directing the individual to maximize the satisfaction of his own interests. This belief is supposedly compatible with the views that all practical reasons are instrumental and all motivation is grounded in desire. Against these claims, this chapter argues that the only possible normative foundation for the egoistic principle (or principle of prudence) would be a rational intuition that maximum satisfaction is the Good; that motivation to conform to the egoistic principle would have to rest in pure practical reason; and that the only coherent formulation of the egoistic principle depends on controversial psychological assumptions characteristic of 18th-century British empiricism.
Aristotle's Function Argument
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn Nicomachean Ethics 1.7, Aristotle claims that to discover the human good we must identify the function of a human being. He argues that the human function is rational activity. Our good is therefore rational activity performed well, which Aristotle takes to mean in accordance with virtue. This argument has been criticized at almost every point. This chapter defends Aristotle's argument from these criticisms. Drawing on the account of form and matter in Aristotle's Metaphysics, it argues that “function” does not mean purpose but rather a way of functioning — how a thing does what it does. The way human beings do things is by making rational choices. The human good or happiness is not merely a result of rational choice, but consists in it, because a rational action or activity is one whose principle expresses the agent's conception of what is worth doing for the sake of what.
Aristotle on Function and Virtue
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAccording to Plato and Aristotle, a virtue is a quality that makes you good at performing your function. Aristotle thinks that the human function is rational activity. This chapter asks how the moral virtues could contribute to rational activity. It distinguishes five different answers suggested by the text of the Nicomachean Ethics, and examines their merits and demerits. Combining the most promising of them, it argues that in Aristotle's theory, rationality is a potential that is actualized by the acquisition of the virtues. By providing correct evaluative perceptions, the moral virtues bring the soul into a transformed condition in which appetites and passions are caused by rational considerations.
Acting for a Reason
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractStarting from the debate over whether practical reasons are mental states or the facts to which those mental states are a response, this chapter argues that being motivated by a practical reason must be a reflexive form of motivation, that is, a response to a certain content that at the same time involves consciousness of the appropriateness of responding to that content in just that way. This feature of practical reasons is captured only by Kant and Aristotle's accounts of action. For both, the object of choice and the locus of moral value is an act done for the sake of an end. The adoption of a Kantian maxim or an Aristotelian logos is a form of motivation that expresses the agent's endorsement of doing a certain act for a certain end, and so expresses her endorsement of the appropriateness of her own motivation.
BioCichlid: central dogma-based 3D visualization system of time-course microarray data on a hierarchical biological network
Authors: Ishiwata Ryosuke R. , Morioka Masaki S. , Ogishima Soichi , Tanaka Hiroshi 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Summary: BioCichlid is a 3D visualization system of time-course microarray data on molecular networks, aiming at interpretation of gene expression data by transcriptional relationships based on the central dogma with physical and genetic interactions. BioCichlid visualizes both physical (protein) and genetic (regulatory) network layers, and provides animation of time-course gene expression data on the genetic network layer. Transcriptional regulations are represented to bridge the physical network (transcription factors) and genetic network (regulated genes) layers, thus integrating promoter analysis into the pathway mapping. BioCichlid enhances the interpretation of microarray data and allows for revealing the underlying mechanisms causing differential gene expressions.
Availability: BioCichlid is freely available and can be accessed at http://newton.tmd.ac.jp/. Source codes for both biocichlid server and client are also available.
Contact: ogishima@bioinfo.tmd.ac.jp
The Flannotator—a gene and protein expression annotation tool for Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Ryder E. , Spriggs H. , Drummond E. , St Johnston D. , Russell S. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Summary: Understanding developmental processes and building towards integrative systems biology require detailed knowledge of the spatio-temporal expression of genes and proteins. We have developed a software package for collecting, storing and searching the annotation of protein or gene expression patterns in Drosophila melanogaster. Using standard Drosophila anatomy and Gene Ontologies, the system can readily capture expression patterns at any stage of development and in all recognized tissue types as well as details of sub-cellular localization. The web-based system allows multiple groups to work in collaboration and share images and annotation.
Availability: http://www.flannotator.org.uk/
Contact: e.ryder@gen.cam.ac.uk
‘Mingling together’: promoting the social inclusion of disabled children and young people during the school holidays
Authors: Knight Abigail , Petrie Pat , Zuurmond Maria , Potts Patricia 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThe promotion of social inclusion of disabled children and their families is currently high on the UK political agenda. Research shows that disabled children and their families are highly disadvantaged, both economically and socially. This paper reports some of the findings of a qualitative study, entitled On Holiday!, which involved analysing the views of 297 people across six local authority research sites in England including 86 disabled children and young people. The study showed that many disabled children and their families experienced high levels of social isolation and exclusion during out‐of‐school periods and during the school holidays in particular. The paper recounts some of the experiences of disabled young people and their families and ways in which local authorities can promote their social inclusion. We argue that disabled young people and their families can only be truly socially included and empowered when all levels of the local authority (managers, officers and elected members) recognize the rights and entitlements of disabled children and have the political will and commitment to implement them.