bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IPRs and Agriculture: South Asian Concerns
Authors: Ramanna Anitha 
Published: March 2007

Important concerns face South Asian countries in formulating their IPR policies in agriculture. The major issues include: the implications of IPRs on the price of seeds, the rise of bio-piracy; access of farmers to seeds and the impact of property rights on biodiversity. Various countries in the region are currently attempting to evolve a twin strategy of granting both plant breeders' rights (a form of IPR for plant varieties) with farmers' rights (rights of farmers to engage in and benefit from their agricultural practices). India is one of the first countries to have passed such a law, known as the Protec tion of Plant Varieties and Farmers' Rights Act, 2001. Pakistan has passed the Plant Breeders' Rights Ordinance, 2000. Bangladesh is proposing two legislations dealing with protection of plant varieties and community rights and Sri Lanka has proposed the Protection of New Plant Varieties (Breeders' Rights), 2001. Nepal, it is reported, is formulating a draft on Genetic Resource Access and Benefit Sharing. The twin strategy is a step towards trying to recognize farmers' rights, but its viability must also be closely evaluated. In framing their IPR legislations, South Asian countries must aim to grant rights tied to duties under the broader perspective of development. The South Asian countries, rather than focusing purely on inde pendent national legislations, could evolve a coordinated strategy that would pro vide greater benefits for the entire region.
Mechanochemical Doping of Tetracence into Anthracene Crystals by Milling Technique
Authors: Ichimura Kunihiro , Aoki Ken’ichi 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The wet bead milling of anthracence with tiny amounts of tetracene in water results in mechanochemical doping to exhibit solid-state singlet energy transfer. Changes of emission spectra are sensitive to milling conditions so that the couple can act as a fluorescent probe for milling. Perylene displays similar behavior, whereas pentacene and rubrene lead to insufficient fluorescence quenching due to their poor solubility in host crystals.
Fabrication of Copper Ferrite Thin Films from Aqueous Solution by the Liquid-phase Deposition Method
Authors: Deki Shigehito , Miki Hidenori , Sakamoto Mune-aki , Mizuhata Minoru 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Liquid-phase deposition, LPD, method was used for the fabrication of copper ferrite (CuFe2O4) thin film from aqueous solution system of FeOOH–NH4·HF (aq.) and Cu source (Cu(NO3)2 or CuCl2) with H3BO3. SEM observation revealed that highly homogeneous thin film was formed on a substrate. In X-ray diffraction measurements, major peaks assigned to CuFe2O4 was observed in heat-treated films. Quantitative analysis of elements in the deposited films indicated the deposition of CuFe2O4. The kinds of Cu-source did not affect on the deposition. Initial content of Cu2+ could alter the Fe/Cu atomic ratio in deposited film.
Book Reviews
Authors: Lev Benjamin 
Published: March 2007

The range of books reviewed is wide, covering theory and applications in operations research, statistics, management science, econometrics, mathematics, computers, and information systems (no software is reviewed). In addition, we include books in other fields that emphasize technical applications. Publishers who wish to have their books reviewed should send them to Professor Benjamin Lev. We list the books received; not all books received can be reviewed because space is limited. Those who would like to review books are urged to send me their names, addresses, and specific areas of expertise. We commission all reviews and do not accept unsolicited book reviews. Readers are encouraged to suggest books that might be reviewed or to ask publishers to send me copies of such books. The authors or editors of the books reviewed in this issue are Stephen Biddle, Michael J. Brusco, Stephanie Stahl, David G. Luenberger, Christoph Schwindt, and John Wang.
Ambulatory Glucose Profile: Representation of Verified Self-Monitored Blood Glucose Data
Authors: Mazze Roger S , Lucido David , Langer Oded , Hartmann Klaus , Rodbard David 
Published: March 2007

Sixty-nine individuals with diabetes (23 with type I, 15 with pregestational, and 31 with gestational) used specially modified reflectance meters containing memory chips enabling the instruments to store 440 individual blood glucose values with corresponding time and date. These data were organized into 14-day periods and then collapsed into a graphic depiction, the Ambulatory Glucose Profile (AGP), which was represented as the pattern of the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles of blood glucose values. These three curves illustrate the median level of control and provide an index of variability in control at each hour of a “typical day.”
We observed distinctive AGPs related to the variability in metabolic control and the type of diabetes. Comparisons between diagnostic groups showed consistent differences between groups, independent of level of glycemic control. Review of serial AGPs obtained for sequential 2-wk periods for 23 non-pregnant individuals with type I diabetes and 10 women with gestational diabetes revealed changes in AGP corresponding to alterations in regimen.
The AGP provides a new approach to the evaluation of glycemic control, with applications to patient and physician education, clinical investigation, and individual patient care.
Medical Expenditures and Insurance Coverage for People With Diabetes: Estimates From the National Medical Care Expenditure Survey
Authors: Taylor Amy K 
Published: March 2007

Access to health insurance and protection against expenditures for medical care are of special concern to diabetic patients in the United States. This study examines some information on the extent and breadth of public and private health insurance for individuals with diabetes, as well as some estimates of their use of health-care services and their mean expenses for this care.
About 12% of all diabetic patients &lt; 65 yr old (∼311,000 individuals) were uninsured throughout 1977, a rate not much different from that for the rest of the United States population. Those with diabetes who are uninsured tend to be younger, Black or Hispanic, in excellent or good health, and live outside of metropolitan areas and in the South or West.
As expected, diabetic patients use more medical care than others of their age and sex, and their medical expenses are also much higher, particularly in younger age groups. In 1977, average total medical-care expenses for people with diabetes were $1514 compared with $548 for the rest of the population. They and their families paid ∼ 20% out of pocket (∼ $355). Their health insurance premiums were not much different from those without diabetes, averaging ∼ $1000 in 1977 for those under age 65. The private insurance coverage for diabetic patients was similar to that for others, although slightly fewer had major medical coverage than the general population.
Reduced Albuminuria After Dietary Protein Restriction in Insulin-Dependent Diabetic Patients With Clinical Nephropathy
Authors: Ciavarella Adolfo , Di Mizio Gianfranco , Stefoni Sergio , Borgnino Luigi C , Vannini Pietro 
Published: March 2007

Recent clinical investigations have demonstrated that an early restriction of dietary protein intake may reduce the rate of progression of chronic renal failure in humans. In this study the effects of a restricted-protein diet on kidney function in type I diabetic patients with clinical nephropathy were evaluated. Sixteen patients (9 men, 7 women) with mean age 37.1 ± 9.8 yr, mean duration of diabetes 17.7 ± 6.6 yr, proteinuria &gt; 0.5 g/24 h, and serum creatinine concentration of 0.7−1.9 mg/dl were studied. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. The low-protein diet (LPD) group comprised seven patients who were kept for 4.5 ± 1 mo on a diet containing 0.71 ± 0.12 g × kg−1 × day−1 protein. The normal-protein diet (NPD) group comprised nine patients as controls maintained for 11.7 ± 7 mo on their usual diabetic diet containing 1.44 ± 0.12 g × kg−1 × day−1 protein.
All patients were studied every 1–2 mo. Metabolic control was assessed by evaluation of 5–8 blood glucose determinations/day and by glycosylated hemoglobin, whereas renal function was evaluated by albumin, IgG and β2-microglobulin urinary excretion rates, serum creatinine concentration, and creatinine clearance. At each visit, serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, phosphate, calcium, and electrolytes and weight and blood pressure were also measured.
A significant reduction (434 ± 244 to 205 ± 212 μg/min, mean ± SD) in albumin excretion rate was found in all LPD patients after dietary protein restriction, with a significant reincrease (689 ± 201 μg/min) in the same patients several months after interruption of diet. In contrast, a significant increase in albumin (452 ± 200 to 850 ± 288 μg/min) and IgG (82 ± 63 to 129 ± 79 μg/min) urinary excretion rates was found in NPD patients. No significant variations were noticed during the study regarding creatinine clearance, serum creatinine, urinary β2-microglobulin, arterial blood pressure, and other parameters. Mean daily insulin requirements remained unchanged in all patients.
We conclude that our study supports the hypothesis that diabetic nephropathy, like other forms of chronic renal disease, might benefit from an early restriction of dietary protein intake.
Care of Diabetic Patients by Optometrists in New York State
Authors: Olsen Carolyn L , Gerber Todd M , Kassoff Aaron 
Published: March 2007

Objective
This study was undertaken to learn about the involvement of optometrists in the eye care of diabetic patients in New York and to collect baseline data for planning intervention programs in diabetic eye disease.

Research Design and Methods
This study was conducted by a mail survey being sent to all optometrists in New York whom we could identify through state sources (n = 2270). Three follow-up mailings were conducted.

Results
Eighty-six percent who received our mailing responded, 87%of whom reported that they see diabetic patients. Analysis was confined to this 87%. Routine retinal examinations were provided by 68% of the respondents who see diabetic patients, 62% of whom dilate the pupils. Sixty-eight percent who see diabetic patients diagnose retinopathy solely by their own examination, and 60% of these dilate. Follow-up of retinopathy was provided by 15% of optometrists who see diabetic patients, 90% of whom dilate the pupils of their diabetic patients. Twenty-five percent of respondents who see diabetic patients refer them to an ophthalmologist for diagnosis of retinopathy, and 67% refer all retinopathy patients to an ophthalmologist for follow-up. Although 91% of respondents recommended eye examinations at least annually for diabetic patients, only 68% specifically recommended annual examinations through dilated pupils. Those who dilate were significantly more likely to recommend annual dilated examinations than those who do not dilate, regardless of practice setting.

Conclusions
These findings indicate that optometrists as a group see many diabetic patients. Intervention strategies should include increased emphasis on the use of dilation when examining diabetic patients and annual dilated retinal examinations.
Major Cross-Country Differences in Risk of Dying for People With IDDM
Authors:   Diabetes Epidemiology Research International Mortality Study Group
Published: March 2007

Objective
Little is known concerning global differences in the risk of premature death for individuals developing youth-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). The Diabetes Epidemiology Research International Study was developed to examine the mortality patterns of four population-based cohorts of IDDM cases from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania (n = 1000), Finland (n = 5146), Israel (n = 681), and Japan (n = 1428).

Research Design and Methods
All subjects were diagnosed as having diabetes, were &lt;18 yr old at onset, were taking insulin at the time of hospital discharge, and were diagnosed between 1 January 1965 and 31 December 1979. The living status as of 1 January 1985 was determined.

Results
Overall, there were 182 deaths. Life-table analysis revealed that at 20-yr duration of diabetes, 5.5% of the cohort had died in Allegheny County in contrast to only 3.1% in Finland and 4.6% in Israel (P &lt; 0.01). Follow-up for an additional 3 yr in the United States and Finland revealed major differences in the 30- to 39-yr age-group, with 3.9 times greater premature mortality in the U.S. cohort compared with the Finnish group (overall mortality 2.3 vs. 0.6%, respectively). The Japanese cohort was developed in a somewhat different manner than the other three; therefore, the populations of the U.S., Finland, and Israel were reconfigured to make them directly comparable to that of Japan. The Japanese cohort exhibited markedly higher age-adjusted mortality rates (n/100,000 person-yr of diabetes) than the other three (Japan 681, U.S. 230, Finland 171, and Israel 131).

Conclusions
These data indicate that young adult IDDM subjects are at an increased risk of premature death, there are differences in the mortality risk across countries, and both the U.S. and Japan have the major problem of an apparently excessive premature death rate among young people who have diabetes.
Effect of Motilin on Gastric Emptying in Patients With Diabetic Gastroparesis
Authors: Schmid Roland , Schusdziarra Volker , Allescher Hans-Dieter , Bofilias Ioannes , Buttermann Gerhard , Classen Meinhard 
Published: March 2007

Oobjectives
Because disturbances of gastric emptying are a serious complication in insulin-dependent diabetic subjects with regard to the maintenance of good metabolic control, we wanted to assess the effectiveness of motilin as a potential treatment for gastric emptying disturbances.

Research Design and Methods
The intestinal hormone motilin has been shown to accelerate gastric emptying in healthy subjects. Therefore, we examined the effect of intravenous motilin on gastric emptying of a 99mTc colloid-labeled semisolid test meal in 9 insulin-dependent diabetic patients with diabetic gastroparesis. All patients had a significantly delayed gastric emptying rate compared with a group of 11 healthy control subjects.

Results
During the infusion of motilin, gastric emptying was accelerated, and it was no longer significantly different from control values.

Conclusions
These data demonstrate that motilin and related compounds such as erythromycin derivatives could be useful for the treatment of disturbed gastric emptying in diabetic subjects.
Clinical Evaluation of Decision Support System for Insulin-Dose Adjustment in IDDM
Authors: Peters Achim , Rübsamen Markus , Jacob Ulrich , Look Dieter , Scriba Peter C 
Published: March 2007

Objective
We developed a wallet-sized learning memory decision support system that helps patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus adjust their insulin dosages.

Research Design and Methods
To determine the efficacy of the support system, we designed a randomized clinical trial with patients participating in a program in a diabetes education center. Patients were assigned to two groups of 21 patients each. All patients performed self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and were treated with multiple daily injections of insulin. Each of the patients was examined over a 32-day period. The basic educational program, i.e., practical advice in SMBG, diet, and exercise under homelike conditions, was identical in both groups. The only difference was that the first group used the computer for adjusting the insulin dose, whereas the second group received recommendations from the education team.

Results
The baseline HbA1 levels (9.8 ± 1.6 vs. 9.9 ± 1.6%) of both groups did not differ significantly. Mean blood glucose over the last 2 wk of the study was higher (P &lt; 0.01) in the second group (8.4 ± 1.4 vs. 9.2 ± 2.0 mM); the frequencies of hypoglycemic episodes were not different (1.7 vs. 2.3%).

Conclusions
Metabolic control and safety were comparable in both groups. Thus, patients may benefit from such a system at home where no support by diabetes educators is available.
Insulin Sensitivity, Glucose Effectiveness, and Body Fat Distribution Pattern in Nondiabetic Offspring of Patients With NIDDM
Authors: Osei Kwame , Cottrell Daryl A , Orabella Martha M 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To determine the relationship of insulin sensitivity (SI), glucose effectiveness (glucose-dependent glucose transport [SG]), and body fat distribution patterns in glucose-tolerant offspring of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM).

Research Design and Methods
Ten glucose-tolerant offspring of patients with NIDDM and 10 age-, sex-, and weight-matched healthy control subjects without family history of diabetes were studied with the minimal model method of Bergman et al. Body fat composition and distribution pattern were assessed by the bioelectrical impedance analyzer and waist-hip circumference ratios (WHR), respectively, in each subject.

Results
Mean fasting serum glucose (4.39 ± 0.17 vs. 3.94 ± 0.17 mM) and postglucose peak (18.50 ± 1.50 vs. 13.20 ± 1.06 mM) levels were significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) in the offspring than in the control subjects. Mean fasting serum insulin levels were slightly greater but not significantly different in the offspring versus control subjects (64 ± 14 vs. 29 ± 7 pM). After intravenous stimulation with glucose and tolbutamide, the mean serum insulin rose to significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) levels at t = 5 and 25 min in the offspring compared with the control subjects. Mean SI was significantly reduced by 45% in the offspring compared with the control subjects (4.77 ± 0.67 vs. 8.37 ± 1.24 × 10-4 min−1 · mU-1 · L-1;). However, SG was not different in the offspring versus control subjects (1.92 ± 0.12 vs. 2.10 ± 0.17 × 10-2 min−1). SI correlated significantly and inversely with the percentage of body fat mass (r = −0.580, P &lt; 0.05) but not with the WHR (r = −0.019) in the offspring. We found a negative association between SI and basal serum insulin (r = −0.798, P &lt; 0.01) but not with the poststimulation incremental insulin responses in the offspring. Family history of diabetes independently accounted for at least 27% of variance in the SI in our subjects.

Conclusions
Our study confirmed that insulin insensitivity but not a reduced glucose effectiveness exists in young glucose-tolerant offspring of patients with NIDDM. The reduced SI appears to be causally related to the total body fat content and may be a familial and/or genetic trait in the offspring.
Insulin Absorption, Glucose Homeostasis, and Lipolysis in IDDM During Mental Stress
Authors: Fernqvist-Forbes Eva , Linde Birgitta 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To study the effects of mental stress on the absorption kinetics of insulin and on glucose homeostasis and lipolysis in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).

Research Design and Methods
Nine IDDM patients were exposed to the Stroop color word conflict test (CWT) during 40 min after injection of 125I-labeled soluble human insulin (10 U) into the abdomen. Adipose tissue blood flow (133Xe-clearance) was determined concomitantly to elucidate the importance of blood flow for insulin absorption during CWT. The effect of the CWT was followed by measurement of arterial levels of catecholamines and as blood pressure and heart-rate responses. Lipolysis was measured as arterial glycerol levels, and ketone body levels were monitored by determination by β-hydroxybutyrate.

Results
Although insulin absorption (residual 125I-radioactivity and plasma free insulin levels) and the arterial levels of glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate were not significantly changed by the CWT, arterial glycerol and norepinephrine levels and adipose tissue blood flow were ~ doubled, and epinephrine levels increased fourfold. Heart rate increased ~ 35 beats/min and mean blood pressure ~ 25 mmHg.

Conclusions
The results suggest that intense mental stress of 40 min duration does not alter the absorption of subcutaneously injected insulin, glucose homeostasis, or ketone body levels in patients with IDDM, despite a considerable increase in blood flow and lipolysis.
Absorption Kinetics and Action Profiles of Subcutaneously Administered Insulin Analogues (AspB9GluB27, AspB10, AspB28) in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Kang Steven , Brange Jens , Burch Anna , Vølund Aage , Owens David R 
Published: March 2007

Objective
The subcutaneous absorption and resulting changes in plasma insulin or analogue, glucose, C-peptide, and blood intermediary metabolite concentrations after subcutaneous bolus injection of three soluble human insulin analogues (AspB9GluB27, monomeric; AspB28, mixture of monomers and dimers; and AspB10, dimeric) and soluble human insulin were evaluated.

Research Design and Methods
Fasting healthy male volunteers (n = 7) were studied on five occasions 1 wk apart randomly receiving 0.6 nmol·kg−1 s.c. 125I-labeled AspB10 or soluble human insulin (Novolin R, Novo, Copenhagen); 1st study and 0.6 nmol·kg−1 s.c. 125I-labeled AspB28, AspB9GluB27 or soluble human insulin (2nd study). Residual radioactivity at the injection site was measured over 8 h with frequent venous sampling for plasma immunoreactive insulin or analogue, glucose, C-peptide, and blood intermediary metabolite concentrations.

Results
The three analogues were absorbed 2–3 times faster than human insulin. The mean ± SE time to 50% residual radioactivity was 94 ± 6 min for AspB10 compared with 184 ± 10 min for human insulin (P &lt; 0.001), 83 ± 8 min for AspB28 (P &lt; 0.005), and 63 ± 9 min for AspB9GluB27 (P &lt; 0.001) compared with 182 ± 21 min for human insulin. delta Peak plasma insulin analogue levels were significantly higher after each analogue than after human insulin (P &lt; 0.005). With all three analogues, the mean hypoglycemic nadir occurred earlier at 61–65 min postinjection compared with 201–210 min for the reference human insulins (P &lt; 0.005). The magnitude of the hypoglycemic nadir was greater after AspB9GluB27 (P &lt; 0.05) and AspB28 (P &lt; 0.001) compared with human insulin. There was a significantly faster onset and offset of responses in C-peptide and intermediary metabolite levels after the analogues than after human insulin (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions
The rapid absorption and biological actions of these analogues offer potential therapeutic advantages over the current short-acting neutral soluble insulins.
Relationship Between Cows' Milk Consumption and Incidence of IDDM in Childhood
Authors: Dahl-Jørgensen Knut , Joner Geir , Hanssen Kristian F 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To compare age-standardized incidence rates of diabetes in children 0–14 yr of age and cows' milk consumption in various countries.

Research Design and Methods
Ecological correlation study. Only incidence rates from diabetes registries carefully validated by the Diabetes Epidemiology Research International Study Group were used-Finland, Sweden, Norway, Great Britain, Denmark, United States, New Zealand, Netherlands, Canada, France, Israel, and Japan. Data on fluid cows' milk consumption in corresponding countries were obtained from the International Dairy Federation.

Results
Correlation between milk consumption and incidence of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) was 0.96. The data fit a linear regression model, and analysis showed that 94% of the geographic variation in incidence might be explained by differences in milk consumption.

Conclusions
The results support the hypothesis that cows' milk may contain a triggering factor for the development of IDDM.