bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Relation of Attempting to Lose Weight, Restraint, and Binge Eating in Outpatients with Binge Eating Disorder
Authors: Masheb Robin M. , Grilo Carlos M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the relationship among attempts to lose weight, restraint, and eating behavior in outpatients with binge eating disorder (BED).Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 93 consecutive outpatients evaluated for a clinical trial who met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth edition criteria for BED. The Eating Disorder Examination Interview was administered to assess attempts at weight loss, restraint, different forms of overeating, and the attitudinal psychopathology of eating disorders (i.e., concerns regarding eating, shape, and weight). In addition, the Three‐Factor Eating Questionnaire was used to assess cognitive restraint, hunger, and disinhibition. Psychometrically established measures were given to assess body dissatisfaction, depression, and self‐esteem.Results: The majority of participants (75.3%; N = 70) reported attempting to lose weight, but only 37.6% (N = 35) reported dietary restraint on at least half the days of the month. Dietary restraint and cognitive restraint were not associated with any form of binge eating or overeating. Dietary restraint and cognitive restraint were positively correlated with weight concern, shape concern, and body dissatisfaction, and negatively correlated with body mass index. To further examine the interplay between attempting to lose weight and restraint, three study groups were created: unrestrained nonattempters (21.5%, N = 20), unrestrained attempters (40.9%; N = 38), and restrained attempters (34.4%; N = 32). The three groups did not differ significantly on binge eating or other eating behaviors; however, significant differences were observed for weight concern, shape concern, and body dissatisfaction.Discussion: Attempts to lose weight and restraint are not synonymous for patients with BED. Although 75.3% of BED patients reported that they were attempting to lose weight, only 37.6% reported dietary restraint on at least half the days of the previous month. While restraint was negatively associated with body mass index, it was not related to binge eating or overeating. Our findings raise questions about prevailing models that posit restraint as a predominant factor in the maintenance of binge eating in BED.
Bias, Discrimination, and Obesity
Authors: Puhl Rebecca , Brownell Kelly D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article reviews information on discriminatory attitudes and behaviors against obese individuals, integrates this to show whether systematic discrimination occurs and why, and discusses needed work in the field. Clear and consistent stigmatization, and in some cases discrimination, can be documented in three important areas of living: employment, education, and health care. Among the findings are that 28% of teachers in one study said that becoming obese is the worst thing that can happen to a person; 24% of nurses said that they are “repulsed” by obese persons; and, controlling for income and grades, parents provide less college support for their overweight than for their thin children. There are also suggestions but not yet documentation of discrimination occurring in adoption proceedings, jury selection, housing, and other areas. Given the vast numbers of people potentially affected, it is important to consider the research‐related, educational, and social policy implications of these findings.
The Effect of Low‐Intensity Exercise Training on Fat Metabolism of Obese Women
Authors: van Aggel‐Leijssen Dorien P. , Saris Wim H. , Wagenmakers Anton J. , Hul Gabby B. , van Baak Marleen A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Previous studies have shown that fat metabolism is different in upper body (UB) and lower body (LB) obese women. The present study investigated whether the effect of low‐intensity exercise training on fat metabolism is different in UB and LB obese premenopausal women.Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐one healthy, premenopausal women with either LB obesity (waist‐to‐hip ratio of ≤0.79; n = 8) or UB obesity (waist‐to‐hip ratio of ≥0.85; n = 13) participated in the present study. The UB obese women were matched and randomly divided in an exercise training group (UB) and a nonexercising control group (UB‐C). Subjects in the UB and LB groups participated in a low‐intensity exercise training program (40% Vo2max) three times per week for 12 weeks. Before and after the intervention, measurements of fat metabolism at rest and during exercise, body composition, and maximal aerobic capacity were performed.Results: Exercise training did not change the respiratory exchange ratio at rest in the UB and LB groups. During exercise, relative fat oxidation increased in the UB group by 19% (p < 0.05), whereas no change in the LB and UB‐C groups was found. Plasma free fatty acid oxidation did not change by exercise training, and nonplasma fatty acid oxidation tended to increase in the UB group compared with the UB‐C group (p = 0.08).Discussion: Low‐intensity exercise training increased the contribution of fat oxidation to total energy expenditure during exercise but not at rest in UB obese women. Exercise training had no significant effect on fat metabolism in the LB obese women.
The Worldwide Obesity Epidemic
Authors: James Philip T. , Leach Rachel , Kalamara Eleni , Shayeghi Maryam 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe recent World Health Organization (WHO) agreement on the standardized classification of overweight and obese, based on body mass index (BMI), allows a comparable analysis of prevalence rates worldwide for the first time. In Asia, however, there is a demand for a more limited range for normal BMIs (i.e., 18.5 to 22.9 kg/m2 rather than 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2) because of the high prevalence of comorbidities, particularly diabetes and hypertension. In children, the International Obesity Task‐Force age‐, sex‐, and BMI‐specific cutoff points are increasingly being used. We are currently evaluating BMI data globally as part of a new millennium analysis of the Global Burden of Disease. WHO is analyzing data in terms of 20 or more principal risk factors contributing to the primary causes of disability and lost lives in the 191 countries within the WHO. The prevalence rates for overweight and obese people are different in each region, with the Middle East, Central and Eastern Europe, and North America having higher prevalence rates. In most countries, women show a greater BMI distribution with higher obesity rates than do men. Obesity is usually now associated with poverty, even in developing countries. Relatively new data suggest that abdominal obesity in adults, with its associated enhanced morbidity, occurs particularly in those who had lower birth weights and early childhood stunting. Waist measurements in nationally representative studies are scarce but will now be needed to estimate the full impact of the worldwide obesity epidemic.
Obesity in the Elderly
Authors: Elia Marinos 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn developed countries, there is a general increase in body weight and body mass index (BMI) with age, until ∼60 years of age, when body weight and BMI begin to decline. The proportion of intra‐abdominal fat, which is related to increased morbidity and mortality, progressively increases with age. There is also a progressive decline in energy intake and daily total energy expenditure (165 kcal/decade in men and 103 kcal/decade in women in developed countries), which is primarily due to a decrease in physical activity, and to a lesser extent, a decrease in basal metabolic rate. The decrease in physical activity is more pronounced in those with chronic disabilities and diseases. The BMI–mortality curves have been reported to move upward (greater overall mortality), become flatter (less effect of BMI on mortality), and in some cases shift to the right (minimum mortality occurs at a higher BMI), for a variety of possible reasons. Weight loss in the elderly has been reported to increase, decrease, or not alter mortality, but the studies are confounded by numerous methodological problems. It has been argued that there may be little benefit in encouraging weight loss in extreme old age (short life expectancy), especially when there are no obesity‐related complications or biochemical risk factors and when strong resistance and distress arise from changes in lifelong habits of eating and exercise. In contrast, weight loss in the elderly can reduce morbidity from arthritis, diabetes and other conditions, reduce cardiovascular risk factors, and improve well‐being. BMI also predicts morbidity in those without disease. Furthermore, increased physical activity in the elderly, which is an important component of weight management, can produce beneficial effects on muscle strength, endurance, and well‐being.
Determinants of Food Choice: Relationships with Obesity and Weight Control
Authors: Mela David J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe decision to eat, and to eat particular foods, varies for different individuals and situations. Individual differences in food likes and desires develop throughout life because of differing food experiences and attitudes. There are many internal and external cues, not just stimulation from foods or hunger, which can trigger the immediate desire to eat or orient eating toward certain foods. Food desires and intake are an outcome of interactions between these cues and more stable individual physiological and psychological characteristics. Overweight and obese individuals show a tendency toward greater liking and selection of energy‐dense foods, which may contribute to development and maintenance of these conditions. However, although liking (pleasure from eating) is an important part of food choice, it may make only a modest contribution to overall variation in food choice and eating behaviors. Indeed, difficulties of weight control may reflect problems with cues and motivations to eat, rather than with heightened pleasure derived from eating. Paradoxically, individuals highly concerned with food intake and weight control may be particularly susceptible to thoughts, emotions, and situational cues that can prompt overeating and undermine their attempts to restrain eating. Repeat dieting, high day‐to‐day fluctuations in intakes, and attempts to enforce highly rigid control over eating all seem to be counterproductive to weight control efforts and may disrupt more appropriate food choice behaviors. Longer‐term weight maintenance solutions and programs that offer a degree of structuring of the personal food environment, while retaining flexibility in choices, therefore, may be particularly beneficial in weight management.
Macronutrient Composition and Food Selection
Authors: Flatt Jean‐Pierre 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHumans can maintain health on diets differing widely in their macronutrient content, and numerous diet recommendations have been made to maintain health and to help weight control. Net adenosine triphosphate yields during the oxidation of carbohydrate, fat, and protein come to 75%, 90%, and 55%, respectively. However, macronutrient proportions can only be varied within limits, and differences in energy dissipation achievable by macronutrient exchanges are minor. In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III data, stature explains 10% to 16% of the variance in fat‐free mass in adults (the most significant predictor of resting energy expenditure), but <1% of the variance in the percentage of body fat. Thus, differences in resting energy expenditure cannot be expected to have much effect on adiposity. Recommendations designed to facilitate weight control, therefore, should be based on their potential impact on food consumption and energy intake. They should also reflect the fact that the logic for nutrient selection is not the same during weight maintenance and weight reduction. Glycogen levels, along with inherited traits and exercise habits, influence fat oxidation, and, hence, the size that the adipose tissue mass has to reach for fat oxidation to become commensurate with fat intake. Recent increases in the prevalence of obesity could have been brought about by the effect of changes in the food supply and by further declines in physical activity on habitual glycogen levels. Given that biological evolution led to food intake regulating mechanisms that are more powerful in promoting search for food than in seeking to restrain energy intake, it is not surprising that constant availability of desirable foods would lead to a high prevalence of obesity.
Control of Food Intake in the Obese
Authors: Blundell John E. , Gillett Angela 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFood intake (eating) is a form of behavior that is subject to conscious control. In practice, many obese and weight‐gaining individuals claim that their eating is out of (their) control. Mechanistic models describe the interplay of biological and environmental forces that control food intake. However, because human food intake is characterized by individuals intervening to adjust their own patterns of behavior, food intake should reflect interactions among biology, environment, and attempted self‐imposed control of behavior. In general, humans display a system of weight regulation that is asymmetrical—a reduction in body weight is strongly defended but weight gain is not. The body seems to tolerate a positive energy balance. There is no mechanism that can detect a positive energy balance per se or that can implement a sufficiently strong correction to behavior to maintain body weight in an environment that promotes consumption. The evolutionary process has favored biological traits associated with preferences for high energy density (sweet and/or fatty) energy‐yielding foods. The control of food intake in obese or weight‐gaining individuals may display various risk factors that favor an increase in energy. These include the preference for high energy‐dense over low energy‐dense foods, weak postprandial inhibitory signaling, strong hunger traits associated with low leptin levels after weight loss, and the consumption of fatty foods. In addition, many individuals (up to 47% of some samples) display binge eating patterns, whereas ∼16% show either night eating or nocturnal eating. Because energy expenditure is only loosely coupled to energy intake, sedentariness does not down‐regulate food intake.
Implementation of a Primary Care Physician Network Obesity Management Program
Authors: Bowerman Susan , Bellman Mindy , Saltsman Pamela , Garvey Denise , Pimstone Kevin , Skootsky Samuel , Wang He‐Jing , Elashoff Robert , Heber David 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMost primary care physicians do not treat obesity, citing lack of time, resources, insurance reimbursement, and knowledge of effective interventions as significant barriers. To address this need, a 10‐minute intervention delivered by the primary care physician was coupled with individual dietary counseling sessions delivered by a registered dietitian via telephone with an automated calling system (House‐Calls, Mobile, AL). Patients were seen for follow‐up by their physician at weeks 4, 12, 24, 36 and 52. A total of 252 patients (202 women and 50 men) were referred by 18 primary care physicians to the program. The comorbid conditions reported for all patients at baseline included low back pain, 29% (n = 72); hypertension, 45% (n = 113); hypercholesterolemia, 41% (n = 104); type 2 diabetes, 10% (n = 26); and sleep apnea, 5% (n = 12). When offered a choice of meal plans based on foods or meal replacements, two‐thirds of patients (n = 166) chose to use meal replacements (Ultra Slim‐Fast; Slim‐Fast Foods Co., West Palm Beach, FL) at least once daily. Baseline weights of subjects averaged 200 ± 46 lb for women (n = 202) and 237 ± 45 lb for men (n = 50). Patients completing 6 months in the program lost an average of 19.0 ± 4.0 lb for women (n = 94) and 15.5 ± 8.2 lb for men (n = 26). Physicians reported a high degree of satisfaction with the program, suggesting that a brief, effective physician‐directed program with nutritionist support by telephone can be implemented in a busy primary care office.
Dietary Treatment and Long‐Term Weight Loss and Maintenance in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Hensrud Donald D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIncreasing body weight, particularly abdominal weight, is associated with increasing risk for type 2 diabetes, and 80% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight or obese. Weight loss and maintenance are challenging in the obese population without diabetes, and data suggest that this may be more difficult in obese people with diabetes. Various weight‐loss strategies with follow‐up for at least 1 year have been evaluated in people with diabetes with mixed results. Diet is most effective in promoting initial weight loss. Energy restriction will improve glycemic control within days of initiation, independent of weight loss. There is deterioration of the effects of dietary therapy on glycemic control over time, even with partial weight maintenance, because of the relaxation of energy restriction. Diet composition has little effect on glycemic control independent of total calories. Very‐low‐calorie diets lead to better initial weight loss and glycemic control but yield no better long‐term results than more moderate treatment. The initial results from studies using prepared meals and liquid meal replacements show that weight loss and glycemic control are comparable with conventional dietary treatment. Comprehensive lifestyle therapies, involving diet, exercise, and behavioral modification, can lead to weight losses of ∼2 to 10 kg over 10 to 20 weeks, with regain over 1 year of one‐third to one‐half of weight initially lost. The net improvement on glycemic control is usually small 1 year after weight loss. Creative strategies using these and other modalities are needed to improve long‐term weight loss, weight maintenance, and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Greater efforts in primary prevention are also needed because of the increasing prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Outcome Success in Obesity
Authors: Klein Samuel 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIntentional weight loss improves many of the medical complications associated with obesity. Moreover, many of these beneficial effects have a dose‐dependent relationship with the amount of weight lost and begin after only modest weight losses of 5% to 10% of initial body weight. There is no conclusive evidence that weight loss decreases mortality in obese people. The therapeutic effect of weight loss on risk factors for cardiovascular disease (insulin resistance and diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension) has received the most attention in clinical trials. The hazard of developing coronary heart disease is directly related to the concomitant burden of risk factors. Modest weight loss can affect the entire cluster of risk factors simultaneously. Both negative energy balance and weight loss improve insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Most studies have found that weight loss decreases serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and increases serum high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration. Regain of weight leads to relapse in triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations. Weight loss, independent of sodium restriction, decreases systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Dietary intervention is the cornerstone of weight‐loss therapy. Most diets proposed for losing weight vary in two principal dimensions: energy content and macronutrient composition. Manipulation of food acronutrient content, energy density, and portion size can help decrease energy intake and facilitate weight loss.
Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Decreasing Fat and Sugar Intake in Families at Risk for Childhood Obesity
Authors: Epstein Leonard H. , Gordy Constance C. , Raynor Hollie A. , Beddome Marlene , Kilanowski Colleen K. , Paluch Rocco 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of a parent‐focused behavioral intervention on parent and child eating changes and on percentage of overweight changes in families that contain at least one obese parent and a non‐obese child.Research Methods and Procedures: Families with obese parents and non‐obese children were randomized to groups in which parents were provided a comprehensive behavioral weight‐control program and were encouraged to increase fruit and vegetable intake or decrease intake of high‐fat/high‐sugar foods. Child materials targeted the same dietary changes as their parents without caloric restriction.Results: Changes over 1 year showed that treatment influenced targeted parent and child fruit and vegetable intake and high‐fat/high‐sugar intake, with the Increase Fruit and Vegetable group also decreasing their consumption of high‐fat/high‐sugar foods. Parents in the increased fruit and vegetable group showed significantly greater decreases in percentage of overweight than parents in the decreased high‐fat/high‐sugar group.Discussion: These results suggest that focusing on increasing intake of healthy foods may be a useful approach for nutritional change in obese parents and their children.
Comparison of Two Software Versions for Assessment of Body‐Composition Analysis by DXA
Authors: Vozarova Barbora , Wang Jack , Weyer Christian , Tataranni P. Antonio 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To compare two software versions provided by Lunar Co. for assessment of body composition analysis by DXA.Research Methods and Procedures: Soft‐tissue phantoms for lean tissue (water) and fat tissue (methanol) were repeatedly scanned using DXA machines (DPX‐L; Lunar Co., Madison, WI) and analyzed using software version 1.33 and the updated year 2000‐compatible version 1.35. For the intersoftware comparison, the phantoms were scanned 10 times (each scan was analyzed once) with both software versions using all three scanning modes (slow, medium, and fast) for a total of 60 scans and analyses. For the intermachine comparison, the same phantoms were scanned three times (each scan was analyzed once) with a second machine from the same manufacturer using all three scanning modes and version 1.35 only. Percentage of fat was the variable of interest.Results: For version 1.33, fat was 9.9 ± 0.4%, 10.0 ± 0.5%, and 11.0 ± 0.5% (mean ± SD) for the lean‐tissue phantom and 50.8 ± 0.3%, 50.9 ± 0.5%, and 51.1 ± 0.6% for the fat‐tissue phantom using the slow, medium, and fast scanning modes, respectively. For version 1.35, the respective fat values were 9.8 ± 0.7%, 9.9 ± 0.4%, and 10.3 ± 0.7%, and 50.6 ± 0.5%, 50.9 ± 0.6%, and 50.8 ± 0.8%, respectively. For the lean‐tissue phantom, the estimation of percentage of fat was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by scanning mode but not by software version. For the fat‐tissue phantom, the estimation of percentage of fat was not affected by either scanning mode or software version. The use of version 1.35 did not effect intermachine variability.Discussion: Versions 1.33 and 1.35 of the Lunar body composition software appear to be comparable. Soft‐tissue phantoms, such as the ones described in this paper, may be useful in monitoring the reproducibility of body composition analyses within and between DXA machines, particularly in longitudinal studies.