bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Angling on Chinook Salmon for the Nicola River, British Columbia, 1996–2002
Authors: Cowen Laura , Trouton Nicole , Bailey Richard E. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
To sustain viable fish populations, protect stocks of wild salmon Oncorhynchus spp., and successfully manage the Pacific salmon fishery, all sources of fishing mortality need to be understood. The fishery targeting Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha is an important component of the commercial, recreational, and First Nations fisheries in British Columbia. A mark–recovery study was used to investigate the effect of angling on both the immediate hooking mortality and subsequent spawning success of Chinook salmon in the Nicola River, British Columbia, from 1996 to 2002. The immediate hooking mortality rate was lower than mortality rates reported for marine and other freshwater fisheries. Higher hooking mortality rates were found for fish hooked in critical locations, which were associated with heavy bleeding. However, increased bleeding did not translate into reduced spawning success for those fish that survived. Conclusions regarding hook size and its association with hooking mortality rate and spawning success remain unclear. Using optimal techniques and under the right conditions, catch-and-release angling can be an effective conservation and management tool.
Successive Paleocene and Eocene infillings of polyphase paleokarsts within the Cretaceous limestones of the Empordà thrust sheets (Catalan Pyrenees, Spain) : relationships between tectonics and karstification
Authors: Peybernès Bernard , Fondecave-Wallez Marie-José , Combes Pierre-Jean , Seranne Michel 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The Mesozoic series of the southern units of the Pyrenean Empordà thrust sheets (Montgrí and Figueres nappes, Catalonia, Spain) were finally emplaced over the autochthonous basement and its Cenozoic cover during Eocene times. However, they have originally been folded by the “Laramian” compressional event (Late Cretaceous/Early Paleocene), while they were still in their root zone more than 50 km to the N-NE. Postdating the Santonian, the emersion of the Cretaceous tectorogen induced karst formation at the expense of Berriasian to Santonian limestone sequences. Karst cavities of this paleokarst 1 (lapiaz and canyons) were subsequently coated with a fine, red or black, Microcodium-bearing, continental silt, and infilled with marine chaotic breccias. Following a new episode of emersion then erosion, the original paleokarst 1 was cross-cut by newly formed cavities of the paleokarst 2, filled with Lutetian-Bartonian marine breccias. Both types of marine breccias (Paleocene then Eocene in age) are now relatively well dated by means of planktonic foraminifera (Globigerinacea) occurring within the argillaceous-sandy matrix, and for the older ones, within the argillaceous-sandy or carbonate, finely laminated, interbedded hemipelagites, that mark the top of marine sequences tens of centimetres thick. The relationships of the “Laramian” and “Pyrenean” compressional tectonic events, occurring from latest Cretaceous to Bartonian, with the development of paleokarsts 1 and 2 are analysed in the perspective of the progressive southwards emplacement of the Montgrí thrust sheet, during Eocene time.
Living beyond the Unanticipated Sudden Death of a Partner: A Phenomenological Study
Authors: Rodger Martin L. , Sherwood Patricia , O'Connor Moira , Leslie Gavin 
Published: February 2007

This research project explored grief and its impact upon men and women who have experienced the sudden and unanticipated death of his or her partner. It included what grief meant to them, how it was manifested in his or her everyday lives and how his or her partner's death had impacted upon his or her relationship with themselves, with others and the world. A Husserlian phenomenological approach was used to explore the experiences of the ten women and five men whose partner had died up to five years prior to being interviewed. The need for the surviving partner to continue to participate in everyday life placed great strain upon the internal resources of the surviving partner. The surviving partner needed to reinvent him or herself, in an attempt to become independent and regain functionality, whilst dealing with the sadness and loss that they had experienced. The surviving partner discovered that a new life order emerged that included hope, optimism, planning for the future and perhaps the prospect of a new relationship. The death of a partner left the surviving partner with a loss that would always be a part of them, with the memories of his or her relationship being maintained within them that will never be replaced by somebody else. The results of this research project reinforce the need for ongoing education of the community in grief and bereavement issues in order to increase the awareness of the support needs of the bereaved person. The length of time and amount of energy required to incorporate the experience into the survivor's life, is greatly underestimated by the community, and perhaps by some of the health and caring professionals. Colonial and hospital based bereavement support services need to be established and be proactive using outreach programs, actively offering the suddenly bereaved partner and family support and information.
Universality of J-Shaped and U-Shaped Dose-Response Relations as Emergent Properties of Stochastic Transition Systems
Authors: Cox Louis Anthony (Tony) 
Published: February 2007

Dose-response data for many chemical carcinogens exhibit multiple apparent concentration thresholds. A relatively small increase in exposure concentration near such a threshold disproportionately increases incidence of a specific tumor type. Yet, many common mathematical models of carcinogenesis do not predict such threshold-like behavior when model parameters (e.g., describing cell transition rates) increase smoothly with dose, as often seems biologically plausible. For example, commonly used forms of both the traditional Armitage-Doll and multistage (MS) models of carcinogenesis and the Moolgavkar-Venzon-Knudson (MVK) two-stage stochastic model of carcinogenesis typically yield smooth dose-response curves without sudden jumps or thresholds when exposure is assumed to increase cell transition rates in proportion to exposure concentration. This paper introduces a general mathematical modeling framework that includes the MVK and MS model families as special cases, but that shows how abrupt transitions in cancer hazard rates, considered as functions of exposure concentrations and durations, can emerge naturally in large cell populations even when the rates of cell-level events increase smoothly (e.g., proportionally) with concentration. In this framework, stochastic transitions of stem cells among successive events represent exposure-related damage. Cell proliferation, cell killing and apoptosis can occur at different stages. Key components include: An effective number of stem cells undergoing active cycling and hence vulnerable to stochastic transitions representing somatically heritable transformations. (These need not occur in any special linear order, as in the MS model.) A random time until the first malignant stem cell is formed. This is the first order-statistic, T = min{T1, T2, …, Tn} of n random variables, interpreted as the random times at which each of n initial stem cells or their progeny first become malignant. A random time for a normal stem cell to complete a full set of transformations converting it to a malignant one. This is interpreted very generally as the first passage time through a network of stochastic transitions, possibly with very many possible paths and unknown topology. In this very general family of models, threshold-like (J-shaped or multi-threshold) dose-response nonlinearities naturally emerge even without cytotoxicity, as consequences of stochastic phase transition laws for traversals of random transition networks. With cytotoxicity present, U-shaped as well as J-shaped dose-response curves can emerge. These results are universal, i.e., independent of specific biological details represented by the stochastic transition networks.
The NematodeC. elegansas an Animal Model to Explore Toxicology In Vivo: Solid and Axenic Growth Culture Conditions and Compound Exposure Parameters
Authors: Nass Richard , Hamza Iqbal 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSignificant limitations in vertebrate animal model systems include the time involved, the expense, the fact that in vitro results may not reflect live animal pathology, difficulties in transporting the toxin past the blood brain barrier, and the inability to identify the mechanism of action without some a priori knowledge of the toxin's target. The availability of the complete genome sequence of the nematodeC. elegans, coupled with the worm's size, growth rate, ease of culturing, and the realization that basic biological mechanisms and disease processes between worms and humans are highly conserved, makes this genetically tractable model a remarkable opportunity to dissect and identify in vivo the cellular processes involved in toxin‐induced cell dysregulation and death. This unit includes protocols for culturing worms on solid and axenic media and acute and chronic exposure parameters for Parkinson's disease–associated toxins and hemin chloride. These methods provide the groundwork for using this powerful model system to further elucidate and understand the molecular mechanisms involved in nutrition as well as toxicological responses relevant to human diseases.
Mouse Models for Human Hemato‐Lymphopoiesis
Authors: Ziegler Patrick , Manz Markus G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBy transplanting human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in newborn immunodeficient mice, researchers have recently achieved development of a human adaptive immune system, consisting of B cells, T cells, dendritic cells, and some cells of the myeloid lineage, which together form respective structured lymphoid organs as thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes, and produce some functional immune responses. These will provide valuable models to analyze the impact of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, or species‐specific infections on human hematolymphoid cells in vivo. This unit describes methods for isolation of the progenitor human cells and their injection into mouse to constitute an adaptive immune system.
Automated Large‐Scale Purification of a Recombinant G‐Protein‐Coupled Neurotensin Receptor
Authors: White Jim F. , Grisshammer Reinhard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractStructure determination of G‐protein‐coupled receptors and other applications, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies, require milligram quantities of purified, functional receptor protein on a regular basis. This unit presents a step‐by‐step procedure for the automated two‐column purification at the 10‐milligram scale of a G protein‐coupled receptor for neurotensin, expressed in functional form in Escherichia coli.
Crystallization of Integral Membrane Proteins
Authors: Barnard Travis J. , Wally Jeremy L. , Buchanan Susan K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOver the last 20 years, the use of X‐ray crystallography has become a viable technique for the structure determination of integral membrane proteins. However, standard crystallizaton protocols must be modified to account for difficulties involved in handling membrane proteins, which arise primarily from having detergent present. This unit provides protocols that can be used to crystallize a purified membrane protein, including detergent exchange, sample concentration, initial screening using a crystallization robot, and finally, optimization of crystallization conditions to obtain diffraction‐quality crystals. These protocols were established for outer membrane proteins, but can be used for inner membrane proteins as well. Advice on alternative protocols, detergent selection, and optimization of crystallization conditions is provided.
Toxicity Testing in Chemical Safety Evaluation
Authors: Bus James S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe modern era of chemistry has resulted in dramatic improvements in the overall human condition. In addition to new pharmaceuticals, modern chemistry has brought with it enormous health and social benefits Introduction of chemistry‐based technologies, however, has also been clearly associated with potential human health risks. The dramatic increase in pharmaceutical and chemical technologies in the post World War II era, coupled with associated examples of demonstrated human toxicity, led to development and application of an expanded and standardized battery of animal and other toxicity tests designed to characterize the potential hazards and risks associated with chemical exposures. This unit discusses the current approach to industrial chemical and pesticide toxicity testing.
Detection of Protein‐Protein Interactions by Coprecipitation
Authors: Elion Elaine A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCoprecipitation of proteins from whole‐cell extracts is a valuable approach to test for physical interactions between proteins of interest. This unit describes basic approaches to immunoprecipitating tagged proteins from whole‐cell extracts. The approaches described can be adapted for other systems. In a typical experiment, as described here, cells are lysed and a whole‐cell extract is prepared under nondenaturing conditions. The protein is precipitated from the lysate with a solid‐phase affinity matrix, and the precipitate is tested for the presence of a second specifically associated protein. The approach can be used for native or epitope‐tagged proteins for which antibodies are available, or for recombinant proteins that have been engineered to bind with high affinity to a molecule that can be coupled to a solid‐phase matrix.
Preparation and Inoculation of Mesophyll Protoplasts from Monocotyledenous and Dicotyledenous Hosts
Authors: Rao A.L.N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis unit describes a simple and efficient protocol for inoculating mesophyll protoplasts of either monocotyledonous or dicotyledenous host plants using polyethylene glycol. The unit covers isolation of biologically active protoplasts, their transfection with viral RNA, and conditions for the maintenance of transfected protoplasts. It also highlights critical aspects of these steps and discusses common problems and their solutions.
Northern Analysis of Viral Plus‐ and Minus‐Strand RNAs
Authors: Palani Paramasivan Vijaya , Lin Na‐Sheng 
Published: February 2007

AbstractReplication is a fundamental activity of viruses. Replication of positive‐sense RNA viruses involves the synthesis of complementary minus‐strand intermediates from the parental RNA template followed by synthesis of nascent plus strands. Negative‐sense RNA genome and double‐stranded RNA are copied into positive‐sense mRNA before translation. To detect and estimate the abundance of plus‐ and minus‐strand viral transcripts in the infected samples, northern analysis is the most commonly used method.
Cover Picture: Mechanical Properties and Impact Resistance of a New Transparent Glass‐Ceramic (Adv. Eng. Mater. 3/2007)
Authors: Berthier da Cunha T. , Wu J. P. , Peitl O. , Fokin V. M. , Zanotto E. D. , Iannucci L. , Boccaccini A. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDigital camera images showing macroscopic damage induced on transparent glass or glass‐ceramic discs after ballistic test at low impact energy. Glass beads were used as projectiles in a gas gun. More details can be found in the article of A. R. Boccaccini et al. on page 191.
Rectification of multiscale data with application to life cycle inventories
Authors: Yi Heui‐Seok , Bakshi Bhavik R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe quality of life cycle inventory (LCI) data is crucial to the reliability of decisions made via life cycle analysis (LCA). However, many LCI data, be they from commercial software or public domain databases, violate the laws of thermodynamics due to errors, missing data, and other inconsistencies. The process engineering method of data rectification is appealing for improving the quality of LCI data, but applying this approach poses many new challenges that are not addressed in traditional rectification. One such challenge is due to the availability of life cycle data at multiple overlapping scales. This includes engineering data at the equipment and process scales, process LCA data at the value chain scale, and economic input–output and toxic release inventory data at the economy scale. This article develops a method for rectification of such multiscale data. Rectification is accomplished via a mixed integer optimization‐based approach, and it is integrated with the existing computational methods for different types of traditional and hybrid LCA. The developed method may also be used for multiscale data from process engineering. It is applied to data for a caustic soda process from a public domain LCI database to illustrate the benefits of the proposed approach and identify further challenges. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Flammability properties and mechanical performance of epoxy modified phenolic foams
Authors: Auad Maria L. , Zhao Lihua , Shen Hongbin , Nutt Steven R. , Sorathia Usman 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis work has been mainly focused on the development and optimization of the processing methodology to produce epoxy modified phenolic foams. This study analyzes the relation between the composition and the structure as well as the mechanical and flammability performance of epoxy‐phenolic (E‐P)‐based foams. Phenolic foams modified with different types and compositions of epoxy resin were successfully synthesized and characterized, showing uniform pore structure. Two epoxy resins were used for this approach. One is regular diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (Epon 826) type and the other is a brominated bisphenol A (DER 542), which has halogen groups in the structure to improve the flammability properties of the resulting foams. Cone calorimeter (ASTM E 1354) was used to measure the heat release rate, the time to ignition, and other flammability properties of the E‐P foams with different types of epoxy resins, under well‐controlled combustion conditions. The mechanical performance of the system was studied and compared with competing foams, such us phenolic, epoxy, and polyurethanes, in aspects of compression, friability, and shear performances. Compared with conventional phenolic foams, E‐P foams exhibit significant improvement in mechanical performance, lower friability and similar resistance to flame. These results demonstrate the potential of the E‐P foam as a flame resistant and high performance core material for sandwich structure. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 1399–1407, 2007
Radiation synthesis of interpenetrating polymer networks based on N‐vinyl pyrrolidone – acrylic acid copolymer and gelatin. I. Swelling, morphology, and thermal characterization for biomedical applications
Authors: Singh Dipti , Choudhary Veena , Koul Veena 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInterpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) based on N‐vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) : gelatin (Ge), and a copolymer of NVP – acrylic acid (AA) : gelatin (Ge) were prepared using N‐N′methylenebisacrylamide (BIS) (0.5, 1% w/w) and glutaraldehyde (GLU) (0.5% v/v) as crosslinkers, respectively, by gamma irradiation technique. GLU was incorporated after irradiation to crosslink the gelatin chains, whereas BIS was placed in the respective solutions before irradiation. Several samples were prepared by varying the composition of gelatin to NVP or by changing the ratio of NVP : AA in preparing IPNs. The swelling behavior of the hydrogels was investigated as a function of variable doses, crosslinker (BIS) concentration, copolymer composition (NVP : AA ratio) or Ge : NVP ratio and pH of the immersion medium (3, 7.4, and 11). As expected, the swelling ratio increased with increasing acrylic acid content and decreased with increasing BIS content. No definite trend in the swelling behavior was observed as a function of dose. The interpenetration of the polymeric chains was established by morphological and thermal characterization. Scanning electron microscopy of IPNs showed a hybrid of coral and honeycomb structures as compared with the crosslinked polymers based on Ge and NVP (Gx and PVPx). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 1456–1463, 2007
Efficiency of Egyptian drilling muds in the presence of cationic polyethylene imine and anionic polyacrylamide
Authors: Mostafa Bassem A. , Assaad Faiz F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe flow properties of Egyptian bentonite were studied using a combination of anionic polyacrylamide (MW = 1,000,000 g mol−1) and cationic polyethylene imine (MW = 700,000 g mol−1). This combination gave a significant effect on the clay suspensions to be qualified in the field of drilling mud depending on the sequence their addition. It was found that, by adding 50 mg/L cationic polyethylene imine followed by 10 mg/L anionic polyacrylamide, the rheological properties were improved using 6% Egyptian bentonite suspension, especially at 20°C. But, by reversing this addition sequence, the rheological properties of bentonite suspension were declined. The zeta‐potential value of bentonite suspension in the presence of 50 mg/L polyethylene imine was −47 mV, while at 10 mg/L polyacrylamide was −55 mV. But, on addition of 10 mg/L polyacrylamide to bentonite suspension followed by 50 mg/L polyethylene imine induced a reduction of the zeta‐potential value to −51 mV when compared with that of polyacrylamide alone. By reversing the addition sequence, a very high stable suspension having zeta‐potential values of −82 mV was obtained. Potential energy profiles were constructed to investigate the relation between rheological and electrical properties. Potential energy profile at 50 mg/L polyethylene imine followed by 10 mg/L polyacrylamide to bentonite suspension produced a high repulsion potential energy between clay surfaces, i.e. the suspension stability improved. By reversing that sequence, a significant decrease in the energy barrier was observed. The most reliable clay suspension as a drilling mud could be obtained by using 6% clay suspension concentration, with 50 mg/L polyethylene imine followed by 10 mg/L polyacrylamide, at 20°C up to 24 h aging time. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 1487–1495, 2007
Investigation of electrical and dielectric properties of prelocalized graphite/poly(vinyl chloride) composites near the percolation threshold
Authors: Srivastava N. K. , Sachdev V. K. , Mehra R. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPresent article reports the effect of percolation threshold on the electrical and dielectric properties of prelocalized graphite‐filled poly(vinyl chloride) composite. The variation of room temperature electrical conductivity, D‐shore hardness, and relative permittivity as a function of graphite concentration has been studied below and above percolation concentration of the filler. The percolation threshold at which insulator to conductor transition takes place is estimated to be 0.0026 volume fraction of graphite. The current density‐electric field characteristics of the composites having different filler concentrations are also studied. It has been observed that the nonlinear electrical characteristics become linear when the composite undergoes insulator to conductor transition. The dielectric constant and dissipation factor are found to increase slowly up to the percolation concentration and beyond it, a sudden increase in its value is observed. The D‐shore hardness is found to decrease by nearly 10% at the point of percolation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 2027–2033, 2007