bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of euthanasia rates, euthanasia practices, and human resource practices on employee turnover in animal shelters
Authors: Rogelberg Steven G. , Reeve Charlie L. , Spitzmüller Christiane , DiGiacomo Natalie , Clark Olga L. , Teeter Lisa , Walker Alan G. , Starling Paula G. , Carter Nathan T. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Objective—To examine the effects of euthanasia rates, euthanasia practices, and human resource practices on the turnover rate among employees with euthanasia responsibilities at animal shelters.
Design—Cross-sectional original study.
Sample Population—36 shelters across the United States that employed at least 5 full-time employees and performed euthanasia on site.
Procedures—By mail, 1 survey was sent to each shelter. Surveys were completed by a senior member of management and were returned by mail. Questions assessed characteristics (eg, euthanasia rates) and practices of the animal shelter, along with employee turnover rates. By use of correlation coefficients and stepwise regression analyses, key predictors of turnover rates among employees with euthanasia responsibilities were investigated.
Results—Employee turnover rates were positively related to euthanasia rate. Practices that were associated with decreased turnover rates included provision of a designated euthanasia room, exclusion of other live animals from vicinity during euthanasia, and removal of euthanized animals from a room prior to entry of another animal to be euthanized. Making decisions regarding euthanasia of animals on the basis of factors other than behavior and health reasons was related to increased personnel turnover. With regard to human resources practices, shelters that used a systematic personnel selection procedure (eg, standardized testing) had comparatively lower employee turnover.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Data obtained may suggest several specific avenues that can be pursued to mitigate turnover among employees with euthanasia responsibilities at animal shelters and animal control or veterinary medical organizations.
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
Authors: Monn James A. , Johnson Michael P. , Schoepp Darryle D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSince the first suggestion of G‐protein coupled glutamate receptor(s) and the subsequent cloning of eight different subtypes within the past 2 decades, our understanding of the neurophysiologic role and importance of the metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors has greatly advanced, in large part owing to discovery and advancement of potent and selective pharmacological agents. These include orthosteric (i.e. N‐terminal glutamate‐site) agonists and antagonists possessing remarkable selectivity for one of the three mGlu receptor groups: Group I (mGlu1 and mGlu5), Group II (mGlu2 and mGlu3), or Group III (mGlu4, mGlu6, mGlu7 and mGlu8). More recently, subtype selective allosteric modulators that bind to the seven transmembrane (7‐TM) domain (potentiators, non‐competitive antagonists, and/or inverse agonists) for one or more of the eight mGlu receptor subtypes have been described. This chapter will focus on a brief description and summary of key findings for a number of these neuropharmacologic agents.
Pharmacology of the GABAAReceptor
Authors: Berezhnoy Dmytro , Gravielle Maria C. , Farb David H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGABA mediates most inhibitory synaptic transmission in the adult vertebrate CNS by activating type‐A GABA receptors that contain an integral ion channel and type‐B GABA receptors that are G‐protein coupled. GABAAreceptors have been a rich target for the development of therapeutics for treatment of anxiety disorders, convulsive disorders, sleep disturbances, and for the induction of anesthesia. GABAAreceptors are composed of five membrane‐spanning subunits, selected from eight subunit subtypes (α, β, γ, δ, η, ρ, π, and θ) many of which contain multiple isoforms yielding at least 21 distinct subunit variants. These variations in subunit composition can have profound effects upon the functionality, pharmacology, and subcellular distribution of receptor subtypes. This chapter focuses on the relationship between receptor architecture and pharmacology of a large number of clinically relevant compounds such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates, anesthetics, neurosteroids and alcohols.
MetabotropicGABAReceptors
Authors: Gassmann Martin , Bettler Bernhard 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe provide an overview on the current knowledge on protein interactions with GABABreceptors. Furthermore, we review recent studies that tried to establish a link between polymorphisms in GABABgenes and congenital human diseases. Taking recent developments in the field into account, we also touch on the most promising indications for GABABdrugs. Last but not least, the cloned receptors were used to establish high‐throughput compound screens based on functional assays, which yielded the first allosteric compounds acting at GABABreceptors. The features of these compounds will be discussed.
Voltage‐Gated Ion Channels
Authors: Fay Alex , Haddick Patrick C.G. , Jan Lily Yeh 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis review will give an overview of the current state of knowledge about the structures of ion channels; the mechanisms of selectivity and gating; the cell biology of ion channels, including coassembly of channel subunits with other proteins and trafficking of ion channels; the physiological functions of ion channels and their roles in disease; and pharmacological tools available for the manipulation of ion channels in vitro and in vivo. While a vast array of ion channels exist with different selectivities and mechanisms of activation, some of these channel classes are reviewed in other chapters of this edition, and this chapter will focus on voltage‐gated K+, Na+, and Ca2+channels.
Neurotrophic Factors in Etiology and Treatment of Mood Disorders
Authors: Duman Ronald S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBasic and clinical research has demonstrated a role for neurotrophic factors in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders, contributing to a neurotrophic hypothesis of depression. Animal studies report that stress decreases the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), as well as other trophic factors, in limbic brain structures, which could contribute to the atrophy and cell loss caused by stress and depression. In contrast, antidepressant treatment increases the expression of BDNF and increases the birth of newborn neurons in the adult hippocampus, effects that could block or even reverse the effects of stress. BDNF also produces antidepressant effects in behavioral models, further demonstrating the functional significance of this neurotrophic factor. The relevance of the basic research studies is supported by clinical studies demonstrating that levels of BDNF in brain and plasma of depressed patients is decreased relative to controls and that this effect is reversed by antidepressant treatments. Genetic studies are underway to identify polymorphisms of the BDNF gene that could directly contribute to depressive symptoms or increase vulnerability upon exposure to stress or other environmental factors. These findings further elucidate the cellular alterations underlying mood disorders and could lead to novel therapeutic interventions.
Benzodiazepines
Authors: Lüddens Hartmut , Korpi Esa R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractStarting with a short overview on the pharmacology of Benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor ligands that includes aspects of their therapeutic actions, development of tolerance and dependence to BZ and their metabolism this review pays special attention to the interaction and mode of action of BZ with the various γ‐aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors.We discuss the diversity of GABAAreceptors with respect to the subunits, receptor subtypes, brain distribution and function. The functional domains on GABAAreceptors needed for the recognition and action of GABA and BZ as well as those needed for assembly are described. The structure activity relations of benzodiazepines are discussed with an emphasis on GABAAreceptor subtypes.
Neuroactive Steroids in Anxiety and Stress
Authors: Finn Deborah A. , Purdy Robert H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNeuroactive steroids are endogenous and synthetic steroids which act on membrane receptors in the nervous system to excite or inhibit neuronal activity. Their effect on γ‐aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors and other ligand‐gated ion channels has been established, although the nature of the neuroactive steroid binding sites, which allosterically alter receptor function, remains obscure. A subgroup of this class of steroids is termedneurosteroids; these have been demonstrated to be biosynthesized from cholesterol in the nervous system. Neuroactive steroids also are biosynthesized by the adrenals and gonads before being secreted into the circulation. The role of neuroactive steroids in altering the function of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is only now emerging. Ten animal models of anxiety and stress are described that are significantly altered by one or more groups of neuroactive steroids. Finally, neuroactive steroid interactions with stress‐induced behaviors in experimental animals and humans are reviewed.
Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs: Mechanism of Action
Authors: Meltzer Herbert Y. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMost atypical antipsychotic drugs (including clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone) share in common more potent serotonin (5‐HT)2A than dopamine (DA) D2 receptor, antagonism/inverse agonism. They are also direct‐ or indirect‐acting 5‐HT1A receptor partial agonists. These features contribute to their low extrapyramidal adverse effects as well as their ability to improve cognition (perhaps via enhanced cortical and hippocampal DA release). Aripiprazole and bifeprunox are D2 partial agonists rather than D2 receptor antagonists. Some of these agents also act on multiple other receptors which may relate to efficacy (e.g., 5‐HT2C receptor inverse agonists, M1 muscarinic agonists, alpha2 adrenoceptor antagonists) or side effects (e.g., H1 receptor antagonism), or both. Thus, D2 receptor blockade is no longer the exclusive means to treat psychosis.
Dopaminergic and GABAergic Regulation of Alcohol‐Motivated Behaviors: Novel Neuroanatomical Substrates
Authors: June Harry L. , Eiler William J. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn understanding of the neuroanatomical substrates, neurocircuitry, and interaction of the neuronal systems which regulate alcohol drinking is key in the identification of novel targets for drugs to treat alcoholism in humans. In the present review novel substrates and circuitry within the dopaminergic and GABAergic systems which regulate alcohol motivated‐behaviors are discussed.
Vanilloid Receptor Pathways
Authors: Tominaga Makoto 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCapsaicin receptor, TRPV1, is a nociceptor‐specific ion channel that can be activated not only by capsaicin but also by noxious heat (with a thermal threshold >43°) or protons (acidification), all of which are known to cause pain in vivo. The studies using TRPV1‐deficient mice have shown that TRPV1 is essential for selective modalities of pain sensation and for thermal hyperalgesia induced by tissue injury. Sensitization of TRPV1 through its phosphorylation revealed the involvement of TRPV1 in inflammatory pain. Given the fact that TRPV1 is a key molecule in peripheral nociception, modulation of TRPV1 function will lead to the development of novel anti‐nociceptive or anti‐inflammatory agents.
Narcolepsy: Neuropharmacological Aspects
Authors: Nishino Seiji 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNarcolepsy (affects 1/2000 of the general population) is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, and other dissociated manifestations of rapid eye movement sleep (hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis). The disease is currently treated with amphetamine‐like compounds and modafinil for EDS and anticataplectics (antidepressants) for cataplexy. The major pathophysiology of human narcolepsy has recently been revealed by the extension of discoveries of narcolepsy genes in animal models: about 90% of human narcolepsy‐cataplexy has been found to be hypocretin/orexin ligand deficient. This directly led to the development of new diagnostic tests (i.e., CSF hypocretin measures). Hypocretin replacement is also likely to be a new therapeutic option for hypocretin deficient narcolepsy, but this is still not available in humans. Clinical and pharmacological aspects of narcolepsy as well as future directions are discussed.
Neurotrophic Factors
Authors: Hefti Franz F. , Walicke Patricia A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNeurotrophic factors, which include the neurotrophins, the proteins related to glial cell‐derived neurotrophic factor, and other secreted proteins, serve multiple roles in function and plasticity of the nervous system. Several therapeutic uses of the neurotrophic factors or agonistic and antagonistic derivatives are actively pursued for neurodegenerative diseases, depression and pain.
Dementia and Pharmacotherapy: Memory Drugs
Authors: Buccafusco Jerry J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCognition and memory‐enhancing agents are in use for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and related disorders. Presently the approved drugs belong to the pharmacological class of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. However, over the past decade numerous potential therapeutic targets have been identified and several novel drugs are in various stages of development, including subtype selective muscarinic and nicotinic cholinergic receptor agonists, and glutamic acid agonists. This review focuses on the drugs furthest along in drug‐development pipeline, but also discussed are new compounds and their targets with high potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Data are presented comparing novel potential cognition/memory‐enhancing drugs from different pharmacological classes in a non‐human primate model. The concept that drugs having multiple therapeutic targets will be necessary to obtain significant improvement in efficacy over the currently available agents also is discussed.
Pharmacotherapy and Treatment of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Lok Au Wing , Calne Donald B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe management of Parkinson's disease has evolved substantially in recent years. This chapter reviews the current practice of treatment for Parkinson's disease, with special emphasis on the management of treatment complications and non‐motor manifestations of the disease. The challenge of neuroprotective therapy in Parkinson's disease is also discussed.
Mechanisms Controlling Adipose Tissue Metabolism by the Sympathetic Nervous System: Anatomical and Molecular Aspects
Authors: Collins Sheila , Migliorini Renato H. , Bartness Timothy J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe relative degree of adipose tissue responsiveness to catecholamines reflects the balance of multiple forces, each of which are shaped by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. On the genetic side are the developmentally programmed patterns and density of innervation into various adipose depots, and the amounts and types of the specific adrenergic receptors (ARs) and their metabolic targets that are expressed on the adipocytes within different depots. Within the latter aspect is whether the receptors are stimulatory (βARs) or inhibitory (αARs) for lipolysis, their coupling efficiency to the downstream signaling molecules, and the relative kinetic activity of those regulated enzymes, scaffolding proteins and transcription factors. Finally, there is the genetic profile that predisposes preadipocytes toward the progression of the brown versus white adipocyte phenotype. On the environmental side, diet contributes to the relative degree of adipose tissue response to catecholamines by altering the hormonal and metabolic signals that control important adipocyte genes. These include the ARs themselves, the kinase pathways ARs regulate, and hence also the ability to determine decisions about fat storage versus thermogenesis.With our increased understanding of the SNS circuitry from the CNS to adipose tissue and the newer appreciation of signaling pathways that are activated in adipocytes by catecholamines, science is positioned in the future to better define the molecular and genetic regulatory points that determine adipose tissue sensitivity to dietary and other environmental forces, and to establish the underlying basis for the molecular decisions that drive a cell to become a white or brown fat cell. Such new insights that will be gained as a result will hopefully generate new therapeutic targets and approaches against the obesity epidemic in our midst.
The energetics of i‐DNA tetraplex structures formed intermolecularly by d(TC5) and intramolecularly by d[(C5T3)3C5]
Authors: Völker Jens , Klump Horst H. , Breslauer Kenneth J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCytosine‐rich DNA at low pH adopts an antiparallel tetraplex structure via the intercalation of two partially protonated, parallel stranded duplexes. This intriguing structural motif has been named i‐DNA. We have used a combination of spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques to characterize the properties of an intermolecular i‐DNA formed by d(TC5) and an intramolecular i‐DNA formed by d[(C5T3)3C5]. Our measurements reveal that both i‐DNA complexes are enthalpically stabilized by 6.5–7.0 kcal/molbase and entropically destabilized by 20 cal/molbase/K. These values are about 50% larger than the corresponding enthalpy and entropy values per base for Watson and Crick duplexes and for Hoogsteen triplexes, while being similar to per base enthalpy and entropy values reported for G‐quadruplexes. Our data also reveal a positive heat capacity change between 20 and 30 cal/molbase/K, values similar to that reported for polymeric Watson & Crick DNA duplexes. Solution‐dependent studies reveal the overall thermal and thermodynamic stability of i‐DNA complexes to be dictated by an interplay between pH and ionic strength. Based on the thermodynamic data measured, we discuss the feasibility of i‐DNA formation in the context of conventional DNA sequences, while commenting on potential roles for this structural motif in biological regulatory mechanisms. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 86: 136–147, 2007.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Squamous carcinoma of the anus—a review of 96 cases
Authors: McConnell E M 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Ninety-six cases of squamous carcinoma of the anal canal are described; 55 had arisen within the canal and 41 from the margin. The methods of treatment included abdominoperineal resection, local resection, and radiotherapy. The uncorrected 5-year survival time was 42 per cent; the prognosis was better if the tumour arose from the margin than within the canal.
Acute non-tuberculous psoas abscess, report of 10 cases and review of the literature
Authors: Hardcastle J D 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Ten cases of acute psoas abscess arising outside the spine are described, all of which presented as an emergency. In 8 the underlying disease was either in the large or small bowel; the abscess grew mixed faecal organisms which were gas-producing in 3 cases. Two cases of staphylococcal abscess are described, one of which was associated with a perinephric abscess. The problems encountered in diagnosis are described and the literature reviewed.
Corpus saphenous by-pass in the treatment of priapism
Authors: Eadie Douglas G A , Brock Terence P 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Two cases treated by corpus saphenous by-pass for priapism have been reported. It is suggested that this method of treatment should be considered soon after the condition is established and when sensible local measures fail. Although in these cases no further erections have followed this treatment we believe that prolonged priapism prior to surgical intervention may be partly responsible.
Diffuse cavernous haemangioma of the rectum and sigmoid colon
Authors: Stening S G , Heptinstall U P 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A case of diffuse cavernous haemangioma of the rectum and sigmoid colon is presented and previous literature on the subject reviewed.
Intestinal haemangiomas present difficulties with diagnosis mainly due to lack of familiarity consequent upon their rarity, but they present an important cause of intestinal haemorrhage.
Diagnostically, the triad of bleeding per rectum, cutaneous haemangiomas, and phleboliths on radiography provide enough evidence to indicate an intestinal haemangioma.
Bleeding often occurs in, or dates from, an early period of life; barium contrast radiography should provide adequate confirmatory evidence as changes are characteristic of the cavernous type. The prospects for operative cure are good following resection of the diseased intestine.
Solitary cyst in the head of the pancreas
Authors: Desmond A M , Robinson M R G 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A case of solitary cyst of the pancreas is described, and the management of such cysts discussed. The diagnosis of pancreatic cysts is not difficult using routine plain radiographs and barium and cholangiographic studies. More complex arteriographic and isotopic studies are not essential.
The treatment of solitary cysts is surgical excision, because of the possibility of malignancy, remembering that cystadenocarcinomas may be unilocular or multilocular. Malignant cysts are more common in females of a younger age-group.
Heterologous extracorporeal hepatic support: Haemodynamic, biochemical, and immunological observations
Authors: Abouna G M , Ashcroft T , Muckle T J , Skillen A W , Hull C J , Kirkley J R , Hodson A W 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
IN an attempt to provide an experimental appraisal of the value and limitations of extracorporeal heterologous liver perfusion as a method of temporary hepatic support, each of 4 normal calves was connected to a pig liver on two separate occasions at an interval of 1–3 weeks. With the technique employed these perfusions were tolerated for 6–7 hours. Acute liver failure was induced in another group of 5 calves by carrying out a portacaval anastomosis followed by ligation of the hepatic artery. Three of these animals were treated by repeated pig-liver perfusions. Survival was prolonged in 2 as compared with untreated controls, and the third made a complete recovery. Porcine protein was detected in all the calves after perfusion but antibody to this protein was only detected in 2 calves. Skin-grafts taken from the liver-donor pig during the second or third perfusion were accepted by the recipient calves for much longer periods than did unperfused animals. When 3 long-term surviving calves were challenged with intravenous porcine plasma only mild and transient reactions were seen.
It is suggested that extracorporeal liver perfusion is beneficial, it is relatively free from immunological reactions, and that this procedure appears to confer on the recipients some degree of immunological tolerance.
Acute chylous peritonitis: A case report
Authors: Weichert R F , Jamieson C W 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Acute chylous peritonitis is a rare occurrence and like chylous ascites may be a manifestation of an underlying disease process. In over 50 per cent of reported cases the underlying cause has never been determined. A case is reported which for the first time gives lymphangiographic evidence that thoracic duct obstruction may be an aetiological factor in the previously reported idiopathic cases and a second case is reported which demonstrated normal abdominal lymphatics.