bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retracted: Unsteady flow and heat transfer on a rotating disk in a porous medium
Authors: Attia Hazem Ali 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis article has been retracted. See retraction notice DOI:10.1002/mma.850. An unsteady flow and heat transfer in a porous medium of a viscous incompressible fluid over a rotating disk in an otherwise ambient fluid are studied. The unsteadiness in the flow field is caused by the angular velocity of the disk which varies with time. The new self‐similar solution of the Navier–Stokes and energy equations is obtained numerically. The solution obtained here is not only the solution of the Navier–Stokes equations, but also of the boundary layer equations. Also, for a simple scaling factor, it represents the solution of the flow and heat transfer in the forward stagnation‐point region of a rotating sphere or over a rotating cone. The asymptotic behaviour of the solution for a large porosity or for a large independent variable is also examined. The surface shear stresses in the radial and tangential directions and the surface heat transfer increase as the acceleration parameter increases. Also, the surface shear stress in the radial direction and the surface heat transfer decrease with increasing porosity, but the surface shear stress in the tangential direction increases. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic and generalized Wentzell node conditions for network equations
Authors: Mugnolo Delio , Romanelli Silvia 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMotivated by a neurobiological problem, we discuss a class of diffusion problems on a network. The celebrated Rall lumped soma model for the spread of electrical potential in a dendritical tree prescribes that the common cable equation must be coupled with particular dynamic conditions in some nodes (the cell bodies, or somata). We discuss the extension of this model to the case of a whole network of neurons, where the ramification nodes can be either active (with excitatory time‐dependent boundary conditions) or passive (where no dynamics take place, i.e. only Kirchhoff laws are imposed). While well‐posedness of the system has already been obtained in previous works, using abstract tools based on variational methods and semigroup theory we are able to prove several qualitative properties, including asymptotic behaviour, regularity of solutions, and monotonicity of the semigroups in dependence on the physical coefficients. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicity of the AGEs generated from the Maillard reaction: On the relationship of food‐AGEs and biological‐AGEs
Authors: Van Nguyen Chuyen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAdvanced glycation end products (AGEs) are generated in the late stages of Maillard reaction in foods and biological systems. These products are mostly formed by the reactions of reducing sugar or degradation products of carbohydrates, lipids, and ascorbic acid. AGEs exist in high concentration in foods, but in relatively low concentrations in most of the biological systems. Recently, some AGEs have been reported to be toxic, and were proposed to be causative factors for various kinds of diseases, especially diabetes and kidney disorder, through the association with receptor of AGE (RAGE). It has also been reported that food‐derived AGEs (food‐AGEs) may not be a causative factor for pro‐oxidation. However, the relationship of food‐AGEs and biological‐derived AGEs (biological‐AGEs) is not clear. In this review, the following issues are discussed: the formation of AGEs in foods and biological systems; identification of the main AGEs in foods and biological systems; absorption of food‐AGEs; the effects of AGEs in vivo; relationship between food‐AGEs and biological‐AGEs; possible defense mechanism against AGEs in vivo and finally, the problems to be solved concerning the toxicity of AGEs.
Quantitative protein analysis from formalin‐fixed tissues: implications for translational clinical research and nanoscale molecular diagnosis
Authors: Becker K‐F , Schott C , Hipp S , Metzger V , Porschewski P , Beck R , Nährig J , Becker I , Höfler H 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOwing to its cross‐linking effects, it is currently believed that formalin fixation of routinely processed tissues in the clinic prevents protein extraction and profiling. The aim of our study was to develop a robust, fast, standardized, and easy to use technique for the solubilization of non‐degraded, full length, and immunoreactive proteins from formalin‐fixed tissues for western blot and protein microarray analysis. Sections of routinely processed formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissues of various origin were analysed. After deparaffination, tissues were manually dissected from the slides and transferred into an optimized protein extraction buffer system. Proteins were solubilized and subsequently analysed by western blot and reverse phase protein microarrays. We succeeded in isolating non‐degraded, soluble, and immunoreactive proteins from routinely processed formalin‐fixed tissues. We were able to detect membrane, cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins at the expected molecular weight. No differences were found in the protein yield and protein abundances between fresh frozen and formalin‐fixed tissues. Using western blots and reverse phase protein microarrays, the receptor tyrosine kinase HER2, an important protein target for antibody based cancer treatment, was reliably measured in formalin‐fixed breast cancer biopsy samples when compared with measurement by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization; remarkably, immunohistochemically equivocal cases (score 2 + ) can be categorized according to HER2 protein abundance. Our new clinically orientated multiplexed protein measurement system may be generally applicable to determine the relative abundances of known disease‐related proteins in small amounts of routinely processed formalin‐fixed tissue samples for research and diagnosis. This technique may also be used to identify, characterize, and validate known and new protein markers in a variety of human diseases. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing interprofessional working in primary care
Authors: Fear Tina , de Renzie‐Brett Helen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInterprofessional working is a key feature of current UK health care policy. A primary care trust saw an opportunity to develop a new general practice service to meet the needs of an inner‐city population. Academics from the University of the West of England, Bristol, acted as facilitators, to assist the practice team.This paper discusses the development of an interprofessional team establishing new ways of working with a diverse practice population. It illustrates the challenges and achievements of the team as its members strived to attain interprofessional working. A project evaluation revealed the learning, challenges and changes in practice that were achieved. It also suggests a model of working that is transferable to other workplaces. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Son, Ltd.
The development of advanced practice roles in ophthalmic nursing
Authors: Marsden Janet , Shaw Mary E 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAdvanced practice roles in ophthalmic settings have enabled the delivery of the policy agenda with high quality outcomes. This paper reports on a study undertaken to provide a ‘snapshot’ of such roles. It was found that while roles are diverse and continue to respond to service need, ophthalmologists, rather than nurses, control many of the parameters of the role and undertake much of the training and assessment. All nurses in this study undertook in‐house training rather than education for their roles and none was able to be supernumerary which, in some cases, delayed service development. It is suggested that nursing administration must recognise the need for education as well as training and advocate for it in order that roles may be developed effectively and systematically. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changing trends in sex specific prevalence rates for childhood asthma, eczema, and hay fever
Authors: Osman Mustafa , Tagiyeva Nara , Wassall Heather J. , Ninan Titus K. , Devenny Anne M. , McNeill Geraldine , Helms Peter J. , Russell George 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNumerous surveys of school‐aged children have shown increasing asthma prevalence with a less publicized but noticeable change in the male to female ratio. We sought to confirm this change in the sex ratio in four questionnaire‐based surveys and investigate possible explanations. Identical questionnaire surveys were performed in 1989 (n = 3,390), 1994 (n = 4,047), 1999 (n = 3,540) and 2004 (n = 1,920) in school‐children aged 9–11 years. Over these 15 years the male to female ratio (M:F) significantly narrowed for wheeze (1.34 to 0.98:1 P < 0.0002), for asthma (1.74 to 1.02:1 P < 0.0001), for eczema (1.42:1 to 0.81:1 P < 0.0001) and for hay fever (1.46 to 0.93:1 P < 0.0001). The diagnosis of asthma in children with wheeze was more commonly made in boys in 1989 relative risk RR 1.32 (1.12, 1.56), even in those with accompanying eczema and/or hay fever RR 1.20 (0.99, 1.45). By 2004 this sex bias in diagnosis was no longer present, RR 1.01 (0.91, 1.12) for wheeze and 1.02 (0.85, 1.21) for those with wheeze and eczema and/or hay fever. From 1989 to 2004 no significant difference in sex distribution changes between older and younger children occurred, making secular trends in the onset of puberty in females an unlikely contributory factor. The disappearance of the bias to diagnose asthma in symptomatic males but not in females may be partly responsible for the narrowing of the sex ratio, but other factors such as those enhancing the expression of asthma and atopy in females may also be implicated. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:60–65. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interplay of electrostatic and van der Waals forces in coronene dimer
Authors: Obolensky O. I. , Semenikhina V. V. , Solov'yov A. V. , Greiner W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInterplay of electrostatic and van der Waals forces in the coronene dimer is studied. Our results show that the lowest‐energy configuration of the dimer is not necessarily a stack, as it might had been expected a priori. This is a surprising result for the dimer of such a large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) as coronene (C24H12). The energy of the T‐shaped configuration at all highest feasible levels of density functional theory (DFT) (B3LYP, PBE/6‐31+G(d), D95, cc‐pVDZ, cc‐pVTZ) is lower than the energies of the three plausible stack configurations. To get a better description of the van der Waals interaction, the DFT results were corrected by a phenomenological van der Waals‐type term. This correction gives a slight edge to the parallel‐displaced stack configuration. However, the magnitude of the correction is somewhat arbitrary, depending on the set of parameters used. This makes the definitive conclusion impossible at the currently achievable level of theory. A simple model is proposed that is useful for the qualitative understanding of possible geometries of the coronene dimer and larger coronene clusters. The model represents the coronene dimer as two sets of charged rings interacting via Coulomb and Lennard‐Jones potentials. The model provides an intuitively clear explanation as to why the T‐shaped dimers can be of importance even for some of moderately large PAHs such as coronene, and perhaps for circumcoronene as well. The unexpectedly strong competitiveness of the T‐shaped configuration is connected to the round shape of the coronene molecules. Indeed, rotation or parallel displacement of the non‐round monomers result in significantly smaller Coulomb repulsion as compared with the “face‐to‐face” sandwich configurations. In contrast, for the stacked round molecules rotation and/or displacement are much less effective. Therefore, the round shape of the coronenes leads to an increased role of the electrostatic repulsion in the stack configurations. The proposed model can easily be generalized to other PAH, DNA bases, etc. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Double hexagonal chains with maximal energy
Authors: Ren Haizhen , Zhang Fuji 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe ground state electron energy of neutral alternant conjugated hydrocarbons has an absolute value that may be identified as the sum of the absolute values of all the electron eigenvalues of its corresponding graph. The “double hexagonal chains” can be considered as benzenoids constructed by successive fusions of naphthalenes along a zig‐zag sequence of triples of edges as appear on opposite sides of each naphthalene unit. We show that if the fusions give an all‐kink structure (e.g., polybiphenanthrene), then the total π‐electron energy is the maximum from among all the double hexagonal chains with the same number of naphthalene units. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Calculation of iodine value from measurements of fatty acid methyl esters of some oils: Comparison with the relevant American Oil Chemists Society method
Authors: Kyriakidis Nikolaos B. , Katsiloulis Theophanis 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new calculation method for the determination of iodine value (IV) from measurements of fatty acid methyl esters is proposed. The method is based on the quantitative determination of fatty acid methyl esters of vegetable oils by capillary gas chromatography. IV is a measure of the number of double bonds in the unsaturated fatty acids in one gram of oil. The analytical methodology of its evaluation includes the use of rather health dangerous reagents, and for that reason is mostly avoided by laboratory analysts. A calculation procedure to determine the IV of oils from their fatty acid methyl ester composition is in use based on the American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) method Cd 1c‐85. A new calculation procedure for IV, based also on the evaluation of the fatty acid methyl esters of oils, was developed. The application of the proposed calculation methodology was checked with olive oil, corn oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, and sunflower seed oil. The proposed calculation gave results in better agreement with the Wijs method than with the relevant AOCS method.
Continuous production of palm methyl esters
Authors: Darnoko D. , Cheryan Munir 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA system for continuous transesterification of palm oil was developed using a continuous stirred‐tank reactor (CSTR) and pumps for continuous delivery of oil and catalyst and for continuous removal of product. Potassium hydroxide was used as the catalyst, the methanol‐to‐oil molar ratio was 6∶1, and reaction temperature was 60°C. The yield of methyl esters increased from 58.8% of theoretical yield at a residence time of 40 min to 97.3% at a residence time of 60 min. However, higher residence times decreased the production rate. During long‐term continuous operation, the CSTR displayed steady state conditions in terms of product profile and methyl ester concentration. This process has good potential in the manufacture of biodiesel.
Evaluation of different types of synthetic adsorbents for carotene extraction from crude palm oil
Authors: Latip R. A. , Baharin B. S. , Che Man Y. B. , Abdul Rahman R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPalm carotene was successfully concentrated from crude palm oil (CPO) by an adsorption process using synthetic adsorbents followed by solvent extraction. This process was a modified process for separation of palm carotene from CPO by adsorption chromatography with a synthetic polymer adsorbent. Carotene was concentrated to about 15,000 ppm, which is about 25 times the original concentration in CPO. Carotene recovery varied from 30 to 62% depending on the process conditions. Different types of adsorbents, combinations of adsorbents, and adsorbent/CPO ratios were evaluated to determine the effect on the percentage of carotene extracted. Commercial synthetic adsorbents HP 20 (styrene‐divinyl copolymer); synthetic aromatic porous resin SP 850, SP 825; and synthetic adsorbents Relite Exa 32 and Relite Exa 50 were capable of adsorbing substantial amounts of carotene from CPO. Combinations of adsorbents types HP 20 and SP 850 slightly increased the percentage of carotene extracted. An adsorbent/CPO ratio of 4 was most suitable for this process for optimal recovery and concentration of carotene.
A new method for determining aflatoxins in groundnut and groundnut cake using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance
Authors: Mirghani M. E. S. , Che Man Y. B. , Jinap S. , Baharin B. S. , Bakar J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new analytical method was developed for the determination of aflatoxins in groundnut and groundnut cakes by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy using horizontal attenuated total reflectance technique. Groundnut and groundnut cake samples were used in this study. The wave‐lengths were selected for the four types of aflatoxins—B1, B2, G1, and G2—and the standards prepared for earch by spiking some clean sample with the aflatoxins in concentrations of 0–1200 parts per billion. A partial least square regression was used to derive the calibration models for each toxin. The coefficients of determination (R2) of the calibration model were computed for the FTIR spectroscopy predicted values vs. actual values of aflatoxins in parts per billion. The R2 was found to be 0.9911, 0.9859, 0.9986, and 0.9789 for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, respectively. Standard errors of calibration for groundnut samples were found to be 1.80, 2.03, 1.42, and 2.05 for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2, respectively. Calibration models were validated with an independent set of samples. The R2 of validation models were computed. The SD of the difference for repeatability of the FTIR method was found to be better than that of the chemical method. Based on the results obtained, FTIR spectroscopy can be a useful instrumental method for determining aflatoxins in oilseeds and oilseed cakes. With its speed and ease of data manipulation by computer software, it is a possible alternative to the standard wet chemical methods for a rapid and accurate routine determination of aflatoxin levels in food and feed.
A modified method for the estimation of total carbonyl compounds in heated and frying oils using 2‐propanol as a solvent
Authors: Endo Yasushi , Li Chang Mo , Tagiri‐Endo Misako , Fujimoto Kenshiro 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA modified method without using benzene for quantitative determination of total carbonyl compounds in heated and frying fats and oils has been developed. The analysis is done by the reaction of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4‐DNP) with aldehydes and ketones in 2‐propanol. The optimal wavelength to determine the total carbonyl compounds is 420 nm where the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4‐DNPH) derivatives from saturated and unsaturated aldehydes and ketones had the same molar absorption coefficient. The modified method for the estimation of total carbonyl compounds in heated and frying oils using 2‐propanol instead of benzene as a solvent had a good correlation with the conventional method.
Deterpenation of Brazilian orange peel oil by vacuum distillation
Authors: Stuart Giane R. , Lopes Daíse , Oliveira J. Vladimir 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe deterpenation of orange peel oil in most industries is accomplished by vacuum distillation, but surprisingly little information on this matter can be found in the open literature. This work reports recent results on orange peel oil deterpenation carried out in an automatic vacuum distillation column operated in the semibatch mode at the temperatures of 50, 65, and 80°C, at 10, 20, and 30 mbar, and with reflux ratios of 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75. The concentrates were analyzed with regard to the oxygenate compound content by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC‐MS) and evaluated by sensory analysis, and also with regard to the aldehyde content. As one could expect, there is a strong relationship between oil quality, as revealed by the sensory analysis, and chemical composition, as determined by GC‐MS. The concentration factor and process yield, as expressed by “fold,” together with the analysis results show that it is possible to obtain high quality concentrates simply by manipulating the operating variables in the vacuum fractionation process.
Classification of vegetable oils by high‐resolution 13C NMR spectroscopy using chromatographically obtained oil fractions
Authors: Zamora Rosario , Gómez Gemma , Hidalgo Francisco J. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract13C NMR spectra of oil fractions obtained chromatographically from 109 vegetable oils were obtained and analyzed to evaluate the potential use of those fractions in the classification of vegetable oils and to compare the results with the NMR analysis of complete oils. The oils included the following: virgin olive oils from different cultivars and regions of Europe and north Africa; “lampante” olive, refined olive, refined olive pomace, hazelnut, rapeseed, high‐oleic sunflower, corn, grapeseed, soybean, and sunflower oils; and mixtures of virgin olive oils from different geographical origins. Oils were divided into two sets of samples. The training set (98 samples) was employed to select the variables that resulted in significant discrimination among the different oil classes. By using stepwise discriminant analysis, more than 98% of correct validated assignments were obtained; these results were confirmed when applied to the test set (11 blind samples). Results suggest that the use of oil fractions considerably increases the discriminating power of NMR in the analysis of vegetable oils.
Effect of female and male genotypes and environment on wax composition in jojoba
Authors: Benzioni Aliza , Vaknin Yiftach 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the effects of genotype and environment on wax composition in jojoba seed, and thus be able to control it. Production of waxes with different compositions—and hence changed wax properties such as viscosity, boiling point, and thermal stability—may be of importance for future requirements of the jojoba industry. Wax composition of 23 female clones was determined for two growing seasons. The ratio of FA elongated to the sum of those reduced and esterified differed among genotypes, resulting in differences in the percentage of wax esters longer than 40 or 42 carbons. The clones ‘Yarden,’ ‘Gvati’, ‘Hazerim,’ ‘BGU,’ and ‘Negev’ had higher percentages of long‐chain wax moieties than the clones ‘879–154’, ‘MS 55–4’, and ‘Forti.’ The contribution of the male genotype to wax composition was tested by pollinating bagged female flowers of four female clones with pollen from three male plants. Both male and female genotypes additively influenced the composition of the wax esters. Wax composition varied between growing seasons and locations, but differences between genotypes were consistent. Salinity of the irrigation water did affect wax composition in some clones. Under high salinity, the salt‐sensitive clone ‘64’ produced a smaller percentage of long‐chain wax esters, whereas in clone ‘Q‐106’ wax composition did not change. In clone ‘874–154’ the chain lengths of the wax moieties in the seeds increased under medium salinity. We conclude that jojoba wax composition is influenced by both female and male genotypes and by environmental factors such as climate and salinity.