bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds with Hydrosilanes on Solid Acid and Solid Base
Authors: Onaka Makoto , Higuchi Katsumi , Nanami Hiroyuki , Izumi Yusuke 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Hydrosilylations of carbonyl compounds were performed on the surfaces of solid acids and bases. Strongly acidic clays efficiently catalyzed the reduction of aldehydes and ketones with trialkylsilanes (e.g. Et3SiH) to afford symmetrical ethers or hydrocarbons, depending upon the characters of substituents around carbonyl groups. Reduction-resistant ketone like 4,4′-dimethoxybenzophenone was found to be reduced with Et3SiH under the catalytic influence of the highly acidic clay. In contrast, trialkoxysilanes (e.g. (EtO)3SiH) became labile in contact with solid base like hydroxyapatite, reducing a variety of carbonyl compounds to yield alkoxy(triethoxy)silane in good yields. It was revealed that besides fluoride salts, solid bases bearing mild basicity and relatively large surface areas can activate the trialkoxysilane enough for reduction of carbonyl functions.
Preparation and Structure of a Tetrasubstituted Derivative of N″-Cyanoguanidine, N,N,N′,N′-Tetrabenzyl-N″-cyanoguanidine
Authors: Shiba Ryuichi , Takahashi Miyuki , Shinozaki Hiraku , Ebisuno Toichi , Takimoto Michiaki 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
A tetrasubstituted derivative of N″-cyanoguanidine (CG), N,N,N′,N′-tetrabenzyl-N″-cyanoguanidine (TBCG), was prepared by a phase-transfer reaction of CG with benzyl chloride in a 25% (w/w) NaOH aq soln–dichloromethane using tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate as a catalyst. TBCG was identified by means of an elemental analysis, 1H- and 13C NMR spectroscopy, FD mass spectrometry and an X-ray crystal analysis. The crystal is monoclinic, space group P21/n, a = 10.231 (2), b = 14.158 (4), c = 17.231 (4) Å, β = 95.27 (4)°, V = 2483 (1) Å3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.189 g cm−3, μ (Mo Kα) = 0.66 cm−1. The final R value was 0.069 for 1196 reflections.
Mechanistic Study of Base-Promoted Rearrangement of 1,5-Dibromopentacyclo[5.3.0.02,5.03,9.04,8]decane-6,10-dione to 10-Oxa-9-oxopentacyclo[5.3.0.02,4.03,6.05,8]decane-3-carboxylic Acid
Authors: Hasegawa Takeshi , Nigo Tomohiro , Kuwatani Yoshiyuki , Ueda Ikuo 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The conversion of 1,5-dibromopentacyclo[5.3.0.02,5.03,9.04,8]decane-6,10-dione (1) to 10-oxa-9-oxopentacyclo [5.3.0.02,4.03,6.05,8]decane-3-carboxylic acid (6) on treatment with 5% aqueous potassium hydroxide was shown to proceed through 1, exo-7-dibromo-9-oxotetracyclo[4.3.0.02,5.03,8]nonane-endo-4-carboxylic acid (2). Treatment of 1 with the base in heavy water gave rise to 2-d-6 deuterated at the 2-position, but 2 gave the protium analog 6 after the same treatment. These results are discussed in relation to reactions of similar compounds which have been previously described in the literature.
Lewis Acid Coordinated Nitrile Oxide and Nitrile Imine 1,3-Dipoles. syn-Selective Cycloadditions to 2-(1-Hydroxyalkyl)acrylates
Authors: Kanemasa Shuji , Kobayashi Shigeru 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Treatment of carbohydroximoyl chlorides with organometallics or carbohydrazonoyl chlorides with metal alkoxides or amides offers a new generation of Lewis acid-coordinated nitrile oxide and nitrile imine 1,3-dipoles, respectively. These 1,3-dipole/Lewis acid complexes undergo syn-selective cycloaddition reactions to 2-(1-hydroxyalkyl)acrylates through a chelated transition state, while free dipoles show anti-selectivities.
Stereoselective Introduction of Fluorine Atom: Synthesis of Racemic Carbocyclic Analogues of 3′-Deoxy-3′-fluororibofuranosides and 3′-Deoxy-3′-fluoroarabinofuranosides
Authors: Morizawa Yoshitomi , Nakayama Toshiaki , Matsumura Yasushi , Uchida Keiichi , Yasuda Arata 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
New carbocyclic analogues of nucleoside analogues substituted at the 3′-position with fluorine atom have been synthesized. Racemic carbocyclic 3′-deoxy-3′-fluoroarabinofuranoside analogue (3) has been prepared in several steps beginning with the regio- and stereoselective ring opening of (1α,2α,3α,4α)-4-acetamido-2,3-epoxycyclopentylmethylacetate (1). On the other hand, the corresponding carbocyclic analogue of fluororibofuranosyl derivative (14) has been obtained by SN2 displacement of siloxy group at 3′-position with piperidinosulfur trifluoride followed by removal of benzyl protecting group. The obtained sugar moiety 3 and 14 were transformed into the nucleoside derivatives respectively.
Vinyl Anion Equivalents. Part IV. Efficient Synthesis of 2-(1-Hydroxyalkyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-ones
Authors: Kusuda Shinya , Ueno Yoshio , Toru Takeshi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Aldol reactions of lithium enolates resulted from conjugate additions of tributylstannyllithium to 2-(phenylseleno)-2-cyclopenten-1-one provides 2-(1-hydroxyalkyl)-2-cyclopenten-1-ones in high yields. Significantly good 1,4-asymmetric induction took place in analogous aldol reactions starting with chiral 4-[(t-butyldimethylsilyl)oxy]-2-(phenylseleno)-2-cyclopenten-1-one.
Interaction of Polyelectrolyte with a Cationic Surfactant with an ω-Hydroxyl Group
Authors: Hayakawa Katumitu , Fukuda Katsuki , Maeda Tamaki , Satake Iwao 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The sodium salt of poly(styrenesulfonate) interacts with the 12-hydroxydodecyltrimethylammonium cation anticooperatively. A data analysis of the dependence of the anticooperative binding constant on the NaCl concentration indicates an exchange reaction of the surfactant ion with the sodium ion.
Dependence of the Heat of Immersion of Maghemite on the pH of an Aqueous Solution
Authors: Watanabe Haruo , Seto Jun’etsu , Nishiyama Yoshiyuki 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
We examined the dependence on the pH value of the heat of immersion of maghemite in an aqueous system, and confirmed the peculiar finding that the pH value at the minimum heat occurs not at PZC, but at a higher pH. The reason for this is the existence of two types of surface hydroxyl groups (basic and acidic) which comprise all of the surface hydroxyl groups on maghemite. Moreover, the heat required for the adsorption of a proton on the surface hydroxyl group is higher than that for its desorption.
An Improved Synthesis of 4-Hydroxy-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one (4-Hydroxytropone)
Authors: Ikeda Yukari , Mori Akira , Takeshita Hitoshi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
4-Hydroxytropone was prepared in an overall yield of 61% from 5-hydroxytropolone via tosylation, LiAlH4-reduction, acetolysis with acetic trifluoroacetic anhydride in situ, and hydrolysis.
Temperature and Thermal Stress Distributions in a Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Authors: Kanamura Kiyoshi , Takehara Zen-ichiro 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The temperature and thermal stress distributions in two model cells for a tubular solid oxide fuel cell, which have a different thickness of the electrolyte, were calculated by the finite element method to demonstrate the effects of electrolyte thickness on the mechanical stability of fuel cells. When the cells were operated at a constant voltage, their energy conversion efficiency increased with decreasing thickness of the electrolyte. A larger amount of heat was generated in the cell having a thinner electrolyte, thus producing a larger thermal stress. These results indicates that an excellent preparation method for the highly ionic conductive electrolyte is essential to produce a fuel cell with high mechanical stability.
Crystal Structure of Ni(dmit)2 Salts with Ammonium Ions Possessing Hydrogen-Bond Accepting Site
Authors: Miyazaki Akira , Izuoka Akira , Sugawara Tadashi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Crystal structures of three Ni(dmit)2 salts, whose counter cations ((2-methoxyethyl)ammonium, morpholinium, N-methylmorpholinium) consist of both hydrogen-bond donating and accepting sites, are reported. Within these salts, the Ni(dmit)2 columns are structurally modulated by intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the –NH+ group of the cation and the =S group of the dmit ligand. The alignment and the overlapping modes of Ni(dmit)2 molecules are found to be mainly governed by the hydrogen bonding pattern.
A 59Co NMR Study of the Interactions of Some Cobalt(III) Complexes in Nematic Lyomesophases
Authors: Iida Masayasu , Miyagawa Yasuko , Kohri Sachiko , Ikemoto Yuhko 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
59Co NMR spectroscopy was used to study the interactions of cationic or neutral octahedral cobalt(III) complexes such as [Co(NH3)6]3+, [Co(en)3]3+ (en = ethylenediamine), [Co(NO2)(NH3)5]2+, and [Co(acac)3] (acac = acetylacetonato) with surfactants in their nematic liquid crystalline solutions. The specific interactions of the complexes with the surfactants were studied in a replacement of one surfactant by another that had a different polar group. The extent of the binding of these complexes was monitored through the 59Co quadrupole splittings. The relationship between the extent of the binding and the magnitude of the quadrupole splitting did not hold when comparing the three cationic complexes. A comparison between the potassium dodecanoate (KDodec)/tetradecyl (or decyl)trimethylammonium bromide (TDTMABr or DTMABr) and the cesium N-dodecanoyl-L-alaninate (CsDDA)/tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TDTMABr) mixed surfactant systems in the interaction with [Co(NH3)6]3+ and [Co(en)3]3+ complexes showed that these complexes bind to the alaninate polar group through a weakly interacting site in the range of the intermediate composition of the mixed surfactants; such a kind of the binding was negligible or smaller in the dodecanoate system. [Co(acac)3] complex was solubilized to liquid crystals and the interactions with the surfactant depended on their polar groups in spite of the electric neutrality of the complex.
Adsorption of Metal Ions on Chitosan and Crosslinked Copper(II)-Complexed Chitosan
Authors: Inoue Katsutoshi , Baba Yoshinari , Yoshizuka Kazuharu 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
A fundamental investigation on the adsorption behavior of metal ions on chitosan from aqueous ammonium nitrate and hydrochloric acid solutions was conducted by batch-wise examining the effects by various factors: the pH, concentrations of ammonium nitrate and hydrochloric acid, and initial metal concentration on the amount of metals adsorbed. In order to prevent the dissolution loss of chitosan into an acidic aqueous solution, crosslinked copper(II)-complexed chitosan was prepared and its adsorption behavior was compared with that of the original chitosan. The amount of adsorption, not only of metal ions, but also of the hydrogen ion, was decreased by crosslinking in the adsorption from an ammonium nitrate solution. The decrease, however, was least for copper(II), compared with the other divalent metal ions examined: oxovanadium(II), zinc(II), nickel(II), and cobalt(II). It was considered that this result may be attributable to the “template” effect by the copper(II) ion, which was employed during crosslinking in order to protect the active adsorption site of chitosan from an attack by a crosslinking reagent. It was found that chitosan has an excellent loading capacity and a selectivity much greater than the commercial iminodiacetic acid type of chelating resin. A qualitative discussion is given concerning the excellent adsorption behavior. Contrary to the case of adsorption from an aqueous ammonium nitrate solution, no significant decreases in the distribution ratios were observed between the crosslinked copper(II)-complexed chitosan and the original chitosan regarding the adsorption of palladium(II) and platinum(IV) from hydrochloric acid.
A Novel Nucleophilic Substitution with Quinoline Derivatives. Synthesis of Quinolones and Pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinoline Derivatives
Authors: Mekheimer Ramadan , Ahmed Essam Kh , Khattab Ahmed F 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Novel nucleophilic substitution in quinoline system utilizing 2-chloro-4-piperidino-3-quinolinecarbonitrile (1) and 4-piperidino-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-3-quinolinecarbonitrile (2) was reported. Some new quinolinones and pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolines were synthesized.
Oxidative Generation of Thioalkyl Cations from 2-Tributylstannyl-1,3-dithianes and 1-(Tributylstannyl)alkyl Sulfides and Their Reactions with Olefinic Nucleophiles
Authors: Narasaka Koichi , Arai Noriyoshi , Okauchi Tatsuo 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
2-Tributylstannyl-1,3-dithianes and 1-(tributylstannyl)alkyl sulfides are oxidized with ammonium hexanitratocerate(IV) or ferrocenium hexafluorophosphate to generate their cation radicals, which dissociate into the carbocations and tributylstannyl radical. The carbocations thus generated react with olefinic nucleophiles to afford the corresponding addition products in good yield.
Wagner–Meerwein Rearrangement of 4-Hydroxymethylpentacyclo[4.3.0.02,5.03,8.04,7]nonane to Pentacyclo[5.3.0.02,6.03,9.04,8]decane in Formic Acid
Authors: Hasegawa Takeshi , Kuwatani Yoshiyuki , Higuchi Hiroyuki , Ueda Ikuo 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The cationic rearrangement of 1-bromo-4-[hydroxybis(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]pentacyclo[4.3.0.02,5.03,8.04,7]nonane-9-spiro-2′-[1,3]dioxolane (1) in formic acid gave 4-bromo-1-formyloxy-10,10-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)pentacyclo[5.3.0.02,6.03,9.04,8]decane-5-spiro-2′-[1,3]dioxolane in 27% yield along with 5-bromo-9-formyloxy-10,10-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)pentacyclo[5.3.0.02,5.03,9.04,8]decane-6-spiro-2′-[1,3]dioxolane in 55% yield. The reaction of 1 with p-toluenesulfonic acid or hydrochloric acid in methanol also afforded 4-bromo-1-methoxy-10,10-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)pentacyclo[5.3.0.02,6.03,9.04,8]decane-5-spiro-2′-[1,3]dioxolane together with 5-bromo-9-methoxy-10,10-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)pentacyclo[5.3.0.02,5.03,9.04,8]decane-6-spiro-2′-[1,3]dioxolane. With respect to migration of the C4–C5 bond in the pentacyclo[4.3.0.02,5.03,8.04,7]nonane (homocubane) skeleton to pentacyclo[5.3.0.02,6.03,9.04,8]decane (D2h-bishmocubane), a rearrangement into the bishomocubane system in driven by a concomitant release of strain; also, the stability of the 4-homocubanemethyl cation intermediate may play an important role in determining the course of the cage expansion into the D2h-bishomocubane system. This reaction provides an attractive route for the synthesis of bishomocubane bridgehead alcohols and related compounds which are not easily accessible by other routes.
Substituent Effect Studies of Aryl-Assisted Solvolyses. II. The Acetolysis of 2-Phenyl-2-(substituted phenyl)ethyl p-Toluenesulfonates
Authors: Fujio Mizue , Maeda Yasuyuki , Goto Mutsuo , Saeki Yoshihiro , Mishima Masaaki , Tsuno Yuho 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The substituent effect on the acetolysis of 2-phenyl-2-(substituted phenyl)ethyl p-toluenesulfonates had a nonlinear LArSR correlation and was explicable in terms of a competitive aryl-assisted mechanism involving the X-substituted phenyl-assisted () pathway and the unsubstituted phenyl-assisted () pathway. By the application of the iterative nonlinear least-squares method based on the LArSR Eq., the substituent effect on the overall kt was dissected into the best-fit kM correlation of ρM = −3.53 with rM = 0.60, and the kN correlation of ρN = −0.88 with σ0. The ρM and rM values for the effects of assisting aryl substituents are quite close to those of the 2-methyl-2-phenylpropyl system and the small ρN value with unexalted σ0 constant for the unassisting aryls is compatible to the remote β-aryl effect. The relative rates of competing pathways dissected based on the substituent effect analysis agreed completely with the ratio of respective aryl migration products determined by the 13C-tracer method. Exact rate-product correlation demonstrates that this system involves two discrete aryl-assisted pathways, and , which do not cross over.
The Structures of Bioactive Cyclodepsipeptides, Beauveriolides I and II, Metabolites of Entomopathogenic Fungi Beauveria sp.
Authors: Mochizuki Keiko , Ohmori Ken , Tamura Harumi , Shizuri Yoshikazu , Nishiyama Shigeru , Miyoshi Eiichi , Yamamura Shosuke 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Among the cyclodepsipeptides, beauveriolides I (1) and II (2) have been isolated from the mycelium of Beauveria sp., and their stereostructures were elucidated by spectral analyses coupled with syntheses of the corresponding 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid derivatives. Beauveriolide I (1) exhibited moderate insecticidal activities against Spodoptera litura and Callosobruchus chinensis.
Footprint Catalysis. VIII. Molecular Imprinting for Footprint Cavities on an Active Clay Surface
Authors: Morihara Kensaku , Iijima Tomoko , Usui Hiromi , Shimada Toyoshi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Our molecular imprinting procedures were used for molecular footprint cavities formation on the surface of an amorphous clay mineral. The imprinting with a template, N-benzoylsulfonamide, generated footprint cavities on the surface of Japanese Active Clay (sulfuric acid-treated Japanese Acid Clay). The cavities showed specific catalysis toward transacylation of benzoic anhydride that served as a corresponding substrate. This finding provided an experimental clue to study the adsorption mechanism of the Active Clay surface that has hardly been defined so far. Additionally, our comments on the significance of footprint imprinting in chemical evolution are described briefly.
Palladium-Catalyzed Consecutive One-Pot Reaction of Acetylenes with Allyl Bromide and Organotin Compounds
Authors: Kosugi Masanori , Sakaya Takashi , Ogawa Shinji , Migita Toshihiko 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Allyl bromide adds to a terminal acetylene under the palladium complex to give 1-bromo-1,4-pentadiene which can further react with organotin compounds without further addition of palladium complex to give 1-substituted 1,4-pentadiene. These two reactions involving different catalytic species can be composed into the consecutive one-pot process.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Vanadium as V(III) with Dibenzoylmethane
Authors: Chauhan Rakam Singh , Kakkar Lajpat Rai 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
A highly sensitive and selective method for the determination of trace amounts of vanadium is developed by effecting complexation of V(III), obtained on reduction of V(V) by dithionite, with dibenzoylmethane in neutral medium. The colored complex is extractable into chloroform, absorption maxima lying at 386 nm. The interfering effect of a large number of elements is eliminated completely, which leads directly to the determination of the metal ion present in traces in samples. The method obeys Beer’s law in the range 0—2.4 μg-V cm−3 with Sandell’s sensitivity of 2.46 × 10−3 μg-V cm−2. Metal to ligand ratio in the extracted species is determined as 1 : 3.
Polarographic Determination of In(III) and Cd(II) by pH Adjustment of a Potassium Chloride Medium
Authors: Kurotu Takuzo 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
A polarographic determination of In(III) and Cd(II), the reduction potentials of which are very close to each other, was investigated by a pH adjustment of a potassium chloride medium. The reduction wave of In(III) decreased linearly with the pH. At pH 7.0, the reduction wave of In(III) completely disappeared, while that of Cd(II) remained unchanged. This fact enables us to determine In(III) and Cd (II) separately; In(III) can be determined from the merged-wave height of In(III) plus Cd(II) by subtracting that of Cd(II), which can be directly determined.
Preparation and Properties of (η5-Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)iron Cationic Complexes with Long-Chain Alkyl Groups
Authors: Hasegawa Yasuchika , Fujinami Tatsuo , Sakai Shizuyoshi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Organo-transition metal surfactants, (η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)iron cationic complexes with long-chain alkyl groups were prepared and their characteristics such as surface tension, redox, and photo-decomposition are discussed.
Formation of a Hydrogen Atom from the Photodissociation of Hydrogen Peroxide at 193 nm
Authors: Inagaki Yousuke , Matsumi Yutaka , Kawasaki Masahiro 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Doppler profiles of H atoms from the photodissociation of H2O2 at 193 nm were measured by a laser-induced fluorescence method at 121.6 nm. On the average, 149 kJ mol−1 of energy is released as translational energy, which corresponds to about to 60% of the available energy. Doppler width anisotropy data show that the anisotropy parameter, β, for the photofragment angular distribution is −0.26 ± 0.11. This result implies that the H2O2 Ã1A state is responsible for H atom formation.
The kth Radius of Gyration of Aa1, Aa2–BbCc Type Polymerization
Authors: Chia-chung Sun , Xing-cai Xiao , Xu-ri Huang , Ze-sheng Li 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
By means of polymer chemical kinetics and statistics, the combinatorial coefficient of the Aa1, Aa2–BbCc type distribution is factorized to approach the explicit expression of the mean square radius of gyration. Furthermore, a recursion formula for the evaluation of the kth radius of gyration is obtained.
Spectra Analysis of the XPS Core and Valence Energy Levels of Polyvinyl Alcohol by an ab initio MO Method Using the 1,3,5-Hexanetriol Molecule
Authors: Endo Kazunaka , Inoue Chiaki , Kobayashi Naoya , Higashioji Takuji , Nakatsuji Hiroshi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The X-ray photoelectron spectra of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were analyzed by an ab initio MO method using the 1,3,5-hexanetriol (HTO) molecule. The theoretical spectral patterns derived from the Gelius–Siegbahn model showed good agreement with the spectra observed between 0—30 eV. The present results suggest several new assignments for the XPS spectra. The core-level C1s peaks at 285.0 and 286.5 eV correspond to the C1s electron levels arising from the CH2 and CH(OH) groups, respectively.
Chemomechanical Transduction in an Oil–Water System. Regulation of the Macroscopic Mechanical Motion
Authors: Yoshikawa Kenichi , Magome Nobuyuki 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Self-movement of an oil–water system induced by chemically-driven Marangoni instability was studied. Depending on the shape of the vessel and the amount of oil and water solutions, various modes of movement were generated, such as random, rotational, and ameba-like. The most significant finding is the realization of a spatially directed mechanical movement. The mechanism of such chemomechanical transduction is discussed in relation to an imbalance of the interfacial tension due to a nonlinear oscillation at the interface.
Ab Initio Study of Neutral and Cationic B12 and B13 Clusters
Authors: Kato Hiroshi , Yamashita Koichi , Morokuma Keiji 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The geometries, electronic structures, and energies of the neutral and cationic B12 and B13 clusters were investigated by the ab initio molecular orbital method. Several planar and non-planar stationary structures were optimized for neutrals and cations of each cluster size. A characteristic C2v cyclic form with one atom in the middle was found to be stable for each cluster. While the D5d icosahedral B12+ was found to be the most stable, the triplet D5d icosahedral B12 was stable but energetically unfavorable than the C2v cyclic B12. All the three-dimensional structures considered for B13 and B13+ clusters were unstable.
Reduction of Benzaldehydes with Raney Alloys in an Alkaline Solution
Authors: Tsukinoki Takehito , Ishimoto Keiko , Tsuzuki Hirohisa , Mataka Shuntaro , Tashiro Masashi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The reduction of benzaldehyde (1a) with Raney alloys in a 10% aq NaOH solution afforded benzyl alcohol (2a) in various yields (17—81%). In this reaction benzoic acid was also obtained as a by-product at the same time. This suggests that a Cannizzaro reaction competes with the reduction. In a 10% aq Na2CO3 solution the reduction of 1a with Raney alloys proceeded under ultrasonic irradiation to give almost exclusively 2a. In addition, we almost could not observe a Cannizzaro reaction in these experiments based on a comparison with a reduction in a 10% aq NaOH solution. A crossed Cannizzaro reaction between formaldehyde and benzaldehyde did not occur in a 10% aq NaOH solution/THF/MeOH, but afforded the reductive coupling compound hydrobenzoin.