bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resources and coping with stressful events
Authors: Luria Gil , Torjman Amram 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis longitudinal, quasi‐field experiment tested whether perceived stress and increase in perceived stress are related to the resources of the individual, namely, personality (core self evaluation scale (CSES)), physical fitness, social support (acceptance and/or rejection by peers), and cognitive abilities. Perceived stress scale (PSS) was administered at two points in time to participants in a two‐day selection process for a military unit, whose stressful environment formed the manipulation in this study. Baseline PSS was obtained from soldiers before the selection activity, when threatened with resource loss. PSS was next administered during the selection activity, when individuals had to cope with actual loss of resources and difficulty in regaining them. As expected, participants perceived more stress during the selection activity. Participants with higher CSES, higher cognitive abilities and higher levels of social support perceived lower stress levels prior to the activity. The increase in stress level was lower for participants with better fitness levels, but greater for participants rejected by their peers. Exploratory analysis of resource overlap was conducted and revealed a contribution of few key resources to coping, even in the presence of other resources. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of corrosion products formed on the surface of carbon steel by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Nie Xianghui , Li Xiaogang , Du Cuiwei , Huang Yizhong , Du He 
Published: September 2008

AbstractCorrosion of carbon steel in seashore salty soils containing 10, 20, and 34 wt% (saturated) water was investigated. The corrosion rate was measured and corrosion products were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy. It was found that carbon steel in the soil with 10 wt% water content had the largest corrosion rate and the corrosion was dominated by localized corrosion. The corrosion rate drops dramatically and turns to be general corrosion with increase of water content. The corrosion products in the soil with 20 and 34 wt% water content are mainly composed of α‐FeOOH, while in the soil with 10 wt% water content, the products show a delaminated structure of two layers with the inner layer mainly consisting of α‐FeOOH and the outer layer composed of Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Confocal Raman imaging and atomic force microscopy of the surface reaction of NO2 and NaCl(100) under humidity
Authors: Scolaro S. , Sobanska S. , Barbillat J. , Laureyns J. , Louis F. , Petitprez D. , Brémard C. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPolarized confocal Raman imaging combined with non‐contact atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to study the three‐dimensional evolution of the NaCl(100) surface during its reaction with NO2 at low pressure as a function of relative humidity (RH) from 0% to nearly 80%. Sea salt particles containing NaCl as the main constituent are believed to be the major source of reactive tropospheric chlorine and nitrate fallouts. At an RH of 0%, the reaction of dry NO2 generates surface conversion to NaNO3 monolayer capping the NaCl(100) surface and releases NOCl. The subsequent exposure of this NaNO3 layer to RH below ∼45% induces the formation of rare NaNO3 tetrahedral crystals less than 0.5 µm in size. The crystallization occurs through two‐dimensional NO3− migration under the H2O monolayer regime. After another subsequent exposure to RH above 45% and below 75%, supermicrometric NaNO3 rhombohedral plates were obtained under the H2O multilayer regime. On the other hand, the simultaneous exposure of NaCl(100) to NO2 and H2O below ∼45% RH rapidly generates numerous submicrometric NaNO3 tetrahedra on the NaCl(100) surface. The dramatic increase of NaNO3 production in the presence of water vapour is explained by the formation of HNO3 and its easy reaction with the NaCl(100) surface. For RH above 45% and below 75%, the tetrahedra evolve to rhombohedral plates of supermicrometric size. The exposure of NaCl(100) to NO2/H2O mixtures under RH above 75% induces the coexistence of both solid‐state NaNO3 and dissolved NO3− in droplets. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deposition of Ag nanoparticles on porous anodic alumina for surface enhanced Raman scattering substrate
Authors: Lu Zhicheng , Ruan Weidong , Yang Jingxiu , Xu Weiqing , Zhao Chun , Zhao Bing 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAg nanoparticles were exclusively deposited inside the pores of the porous anodic alumina (PAA) template through the deposition cycle including the incubation and the subsequent reduction of Ag(NH3)$_{2}^{+}$. Both the density and size of the produced Ag nanoparticles increased as the deposition cycle number increased. A field‐emission scanning electron microscopeand an ultraviolet‐visible spectrometer were applied, respectively, to study the morphology and the extinction spectra of the Ag nanoparticles. The optimum deposition number was found from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of p‐aminothiophenol recorded on the Ag–PAA substrates prepared under increasing number of deposition cycles, manifested an enlarging trend of peak intensity. A point‐by‐point SERS mapping of p‐aminothiophenol on the Ag–PAA substrate was acquired to characterise the homogeneity of the substrate. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental study of the vibrational spectra of (CH3)3GeBr supported by DFT calculations
Authors: Roldán M. L. , Brandán S. A. , Ben Altabef A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe infrared and Raman spectra of bromotrimethylgermane (BTMG) were recorded afresh to complete the assignment of its vibrational spectra. The vibrational spectrum of BTMG has been predicted from hybrid density functional theory calculations (B3LYP) with several basis sets. The resulting harmonic wavenumbers were scaled by Pulay's scaled quantum mechanical (SQM) and the wavenumber‐linear scaling (WLS) methods to obtain accurate force fields which could aid in the vibrational assignment. Low‐temperature infrared techniques together with Fourier self‐deconvolution (FSD) on the Raman spectrum were used to improve the resolution of the spectra for the modes that could not be observed before. An SQM analysis was carried out to obtain the valence force constants and a set of scale factors that best reproduced the experimental data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid determination of the fat content in packaged dairy products by unilateral NMR
Authors: Veliyulin Emil , Mastikhin Igor V , Marble Andrew E , Balcom Bruce J 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND:Knowledge of the fat content in dairy products is important for both industry and consumers. A new procedure for rapid and non‐destructive determination of the fat content in dairy products using unilateral nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is proposed. The sample magnetisation is prepared using either T1suppression or diffusion editing, and read out via a Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill (CPMG) pulse sequence.RESULTS:A linear correlation between the measured NMR signal from the fat component and the declared fat content in the tested products validated both approaches as viable instrumental methods. The shortest measurement time was about 7 s.CONCLUSION:Advantages of the unilateral NMR method, including hardware simplicity and accommodation of commercially packaged products, make it attractive for routine use in industry. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Coupled HM analysis using zero‐thickness interface elements with double nodes—Part II: Verification and application
Authors: Segura J. M. , Carol I. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn a companion Part I of this paper (Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. 2008; DOI: 10.1002/nag.735), a coupled hydro‐mechanical (HM) formulation for geomaterials with discontinuities based on the finite element method (FEM) with double‐node, zero‐thickness interface elements was developed and presented. This Part II paper includes the numerical solution of basic practical problems using both the staggered and the fully coupled approaches. A first group of simulations, based on the classical consolidation problem with an added vertical discontinuity, is used to compare both the approaches in terms of accuracy and convergence. The monolithic or fully coupled scheme is also used in an application example studying the influence of a horizontal joint in the performance of a reservoir subject to fluid extraction. Results include a comparison with other numerical solutions from the literature and a sensitivity analysis of the mechanical parameters of the discontinuity. Some simulations are also run using both a full non‐symmetric and a simplified symmetric Jacobian matrix. On top of verifying the model developed and its capability to reflect the conductivity changes of the interface with aperture changes, the results presented also lead to interesting observations of the numerical performance of the methods implemented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limitations of current Ethernet switch architectures for enhanced flow control and service differentiation
Authors: Aweya James , Montuno Delfin Y. , Ouellette Michel 
Published: September 2008

AbstractOne of the new challenges associated with full‐duplex Ethernet is that of providing for network congestion control. The IEEE 802.3x Standard does not specify the switch architecture for implementing PAUSE flow control or at what point a MAC Control entity actually generates a PAUSE frame. This is an implementation issue that is product specific and as a result many different switch architectures are possible. There are also a number of limitations of the PAUSE flow control mechanism when implemented in Ethernet switches. These issues have not been adequately addressed in the literature. In addition, multimedia traffic such as real‐time voice and streaming video are now being deployed over switched Ethernet networks, thus calling for congestion control with service differentiation for the various classes of traffic. Here we examine current Ethernet switch architectures and show that the PAUSE flow control when implemented in these architectures does not provide service selectivity and differentiation, making it unsuitable for real‐time traffic. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recycling of polypropylene‐based eco‐composites
Authors: Srebrenkoska Vineta , Gaceva Gordana Bogoeva , Avella Maurizio , Errico Maria Emanuela , Gentile Gennaro 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Renewable resources and recyclable thermoplastic polymers provide an attractive eco‐friendly quality as well as environmental sustainability to the resulting natural fibre‐reinforced composites. The properties of polypropylene (PP)‐based composites reinforced with rice hulls or kenaf fibres were investigated with respect to their recyclability. Rice hulls from rice processing plants and natural lignocellulosic kenaf fibres from the bast of the plant Hibiscus cannabinus represent renewable sources that could be utilized for composites. Maleic anhydride‐grafted PP was used as a coupling agent to improve the interfacial adhesion between fillers and matrix. Composites containing 30 wt% reinforcement were manufactured by melt mixing and their mechanical and thermal properties were determined. The composites were then pelletized and reprocessed by melt mixing. Finally, structure/properties relationships were investigated as a function of the number of reprocessing cycles.RESULTS: It is found that the recycling processes do not induce very significant changes in flexural strength and thermal stability of the composites. In particular PP‐based composites reinforced with kenaf fibres are less sensitive to reprocessing cycles with respect to PP‐based composites reinforced with rice hulls.CONCLUSION: The response of PP‐based composites reinforced with rice hulls or kenaf fibres is promising since their properties remain almost unchanged after recycling processes. Moreover, the recycled composites are suitable for applications as construction materials for indoor applications. In fact, the flexural strength and modulus of these materials are comparable to those of conventional formaldehyde wood medium‐density fibreboards. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Correlated responses to neonicotinoid insecticides in clones of the peach‐potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Foster Stephen P , Cox Diana , Oliphant Linda , Mitchinson Samantha , Denholm Ian 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Although there are still no confirmed reports of strong resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides in aphids, the peach‐potato aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) shows variation in response, with some clones exhibiting up to tenfold resistance to imidacloprid. Five clones varying in response to imidacloprid were tested with four other neonicotinoid molecules to investigate the extent of cross‐resistance.RESULTS: All four compounds—thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, clothianidin and dinotefuran—were cross‐resisted, with ED50 values ranked in the same order as for imidacloprid. Resistance factors ranged up to 11 for imidacloprid, 18 for thiamethoxam, 13 for thiacloprid, 100 for clothianidin and 6 for dinotefuran.CONCLUSION: This variation in response does not appear to be sufficient to compromise the field performance of neonicotinoids aimed at controlling aphids. However, it highlights the need for careful vigilance and stewardship in all M. persicae populations, and a need to consider neonicotinoids as a single cross‐resisted group for management purposes. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
A comparative analysis of population ageing in urban and rural areas of England and Wales, and Poland over the last three census intervals
Authors: Walford N. S. , Kurek S. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPopulation ageing has become a feature of many European and other Western countries over the last two decades as older people become more dominant in their demographic structures. This trend has the potential for important economic and social impacts, which are likely to be played out in both national and local contexts. This paper demonstrates the feasibility of comparing regional‐level population data over a historical period, and of tracking changes in the age structures of two countries, one from Western Europe (England and Wales in the UK) and the other from Eastern‐Central Europe (Poland). The comparisons are based on analysis of statistics from the last four population censuses in these countries, and in each case results are presented at both a national scale and for a consistent set of small spatial units divided into urban and rural categories. The results confirm previously identified population growth in rural areas in England and Wales, and in urban communes (gminy) in Poland. Population ageing occurred earlier in the English and Welsh areas, although growth in the number of elderly people in the Polish gminy accelerated during the most recent intercensal period. Recent population trends in both countries at the national and small‐area scales not only reflect contemporary socio‐economic adjustments, but also past demographic and political events. The former rejuvenation of the northern and western parts of Poland by a young mobile population after the Second World War, following their transfer from Germany, is contemporarily reflected in population ageing in these areas as the early incomers reach older age groups. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examining cross‐border marriages in Hong Kong since its return to China in 1997
Authors: Lin Ge , Ma Zhongdong 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWith increasing economic integration and social interactions between Hong Kong and Mainland China, cross‐border marriages between the two have increased substantially, while the sex ratio of the 25–44 age group has decreased to less than one. The influx of Mainland brides, together with ever‐increasing unmarried women in Hong Kong, have put increased pressure on its social and welfare services, and reducing barriers for Hong Kong men seeking Hong Kong women has a significant bearing on social policies. Based on a theoretical perspective that combines assortative mating and societal disparity, the current study examined cross‐border marriages in Hong Kong between 1998 and 2005. It was found that Hong Kong grooms with Mainland brides were less likely than Hong Kong grooms with Hong Kong brides to be assortative in terms of education, occupation and natal community. It was also found that Hong Kong grooms often married much younger brides due to their own delayed marriages and second plus marriages. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Labour migration and change in older people's living arrangements: the case of Kanchanaburi Demographic Surveillance System (KDSS), Thailand
Authors: Qin Min , Punpuing Sureeporn , Guest Philip , Prasartkul Pramote 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis study involves an investigation of changes in older people's living arrangements in the context of a 4‐round panel design from the Kanchanaburi Demographic Surveillance System (KDSS), Thailand. The respondents were 2320 persons aged 60 and above, who were co‐residing with family members in addition to, or other than, their spouse at the time of the first round of the census. Survival analysis is used to interpret the data. Results indicate that labour migration plays an important role in changes in the living arrangements of older people. Migration increases the risk of living alone. Other demographic and socio‐economic factors of importance include the marital status of older people, economic security, household assets, household size, and household members living nearby. The paper concludes by discussing policy implications of the findings. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The lure of the capital city: an anthro‐geographical analysis of recent African immigration to Washington, DC
Authors: Wilson Jill H. , Habecker Shelly 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAlthough not a historical immigrant destination, the Washington, DC, metropolitan area has one of the highest concentrations of African immigrants in the United States. African migration to the US has increased in recent decades due to changes in US immigration policy and the global economy, as well as an increased focus on Africa in the US refugee resettlement programme, but this does not explain why Washington in particular is so attractive to African immigrants. Framed by the growing body of literature on the multiple meanings of place in population geography and anthropology, the authors draw upon biographical interviews and ethnographic fieldwork to investigate the details of African immigrants' life histories and the transnational social networks that influence their migration decisions and their perceptions of Washington as a place. They investigate how African immigrants are adding new layers of meaning to spaces within Washington, in a dynamic and complex process that requires them to navigate local power relations and reinterpret their identities in a racialised environment. The authors' anthro‐geographical approach provides a wider lens through which to analyse the ways in which African immigrants imagine Washington, and make this particular space meaningful in the context of local and global structures. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
General theoretical considerations on nanowire solar cell designs
Authors: Kandala A. , Betti T. , Fontcuberta i Morral A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe propose two novel solar cell designs, tapping the advantages of semiconductor nanowires. A silicon (Si) tandem cell can be achieved by growing sub‐5 nm p–n junction in the radial direction of the Si nanowires on a planar crystalline Si cell. For series connected sub‐cells, based on a size‐band gap dependence obtained from Quantum Monte Carlo calculations, we obtained the maximum detailed balance limit of efficiency to be 48% and 37% for concentrated and unconcentrated sunlight, respectively, for a nanowire diameter of 3.6 nm. The same efficiency would be obtained if the top tandem cell would be composed of AlGaAs nanowires, with an Al content of 19%. Ultra‐high efficiencies could be achieved by a radial p–n junction nanowire tandem cell, since it could enable growth of lattice mismatched sub‐cells whose band gap energies can be optimized and secondly, due to decoupling of carrier collection and light absorption. However, for a parallel connection of the sub cells, we show that the detailed balance limit of efficiency for the tandem cell will always be lower than an optimized single junction. Finally, we discuss future challenges and directions in realizing the designs. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Columnar growth of ultra‐thin nanocrystalline Si films on quartz by Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition: accurate control of vertical size
Authors: Lioutas Ch. B. , Vouroutzis N. , Tsiaoussis I. , Frangis N. , Gardelis S. , Nassiopoulou A. G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractUltra‐thin nanocrystalline silicon films with varying thickness from 5 to 30 nm were grown on quartz by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) of Si. Observations on cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimens revealed that the films had a columnar growth, i.e. the third dimension of the nanocrystals, perpendicular to the Si/SiO2interface, was approximately equal to the film thickness, while the lateral size of nanocrystals was defined during the initial stage of growth and was not very much affected by the film thickness. The observed columnar growth gives the possibility to obtain two‐dimensional nanocrystal arrays on quartz with well defined size in the z‐direction. Plane view images showed that the lateral distribution of nanocrystal size presents a well‐defined maximum in all the films. The mean lateral size of the nanocrystals did not change very much with the film thickness, being in the range of 11‐13 nm. The number of grains with size larger than the mean one tended to increase with the thickness of the film. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electron retention in InAs‐nanocrystals embedded in SiO2/Si for non‐volatile memories
Authors: Hocevar M. , Regreny P. , Poncet A. , Gendry M. , Souifi A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn this paper we present the electrical characterization of an InAs nanocrystal based metal‐oxide‐semiconductor structure. The fabricated device behaves as a memory since the charges injected in the InAs through the SiO2 tunnel layer (holes or electrons) have a long retention time in or by the nanocrystals. A discharging model based on direct tunnelling through a dielectric barrier has been used in order to calculate electron discharging kinetics. The results show that InAs‐nanocrystals are of real interest for electron storage in non‐volatile memories with an improvement of data retention for electron. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study of the influence of α‐particles irradiation on AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction structures
Authors: Georgakakos P. , Papaioannou G. , Konstantinides G. , Hatzopoulos Z. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAim of the present work is to study the influence of the radiation of α‐particles (5 MeV) in Schottky diodes on CaAs/AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction structures. The investigation was performed by means of current‐voltage and capacitance‐voltage characteristics in 300 K temperature. The dependence of ideality factor, barrier height, carrier concentration and series resistance as a function of radiation fluence was determined. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)