bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The control and supervision of groups of lifts using the blackboard architecture approach
Authors: Brandin B. , Chen T. , Derventzis C. , Pang G. 
Published: November 2007

An artificial-intelligence technique, namely blackboard architecture, is used to confront the problem of controlling and supervising groups of lifts. With the construction of high-rise buildings, transportation efficiency has become an important consideration in lift systems design. The variety of constraints, and especially the constraints related to traffic, make the design of lift systems and lift traffic supervision and control a complex task. The paper is divided into two main sections: the first considers the design and development of the shell of the blackboard system presented; the second describes the implementation of the problem solving framework. Simulation results follow as well as a discussion and conclusions.
Dynamic properties of a container vessel with low metacentric height
Authors: Blanke Mogens , Jensen Andreas G. 
Published: November 2007

Inaccuracy in prediction of manoeuvring and lack of robustness of closed-loop autopilot control have been a surprising experience for several ships with low metacentric height. Until now, effective investigations of these phenomena have been hindered by lack of knowledge on the precise interaction between roll and lateral motions. This was changed with the construction of a unique four-degrees-of-freedom roll planar motion mechanism (RPMM) at the Danish Maritime Institute. The paper presents complete nonlinear models for a container ship obtained with this facility. Model scale predictions are compared with full scale results and shown to give a good replication of the dynamic properties after tuning of a few parameters to account for model to full scale differences. Dynamic control properties are discussed, and the importance of roll couplings is investigated. Finally, response operators for waves are provided for a relevant range of metacentric heights, and wind data are included to make the characterisation of the vessel complete.
Accuracy of 133-xenon regional cerebral blood flow and quantitative electroencephalography in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Nobili F. , Rodriguez G. , Arrigo A. , Stubinski BM , Rossi E. , Cerri R. , Damasio E. , Rosadini G. , Marmont AA 
Published: November 2007

Objective: comparative assessment of sensitivity and specificity of regional Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF) by 133-Xenon inhalation and quantitative Electroencephalography (qEEG) in patients with Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (NP-SLE). Methods: Sixty-two combined rCBF and qEEG examinations were performed in fifty-two SLE patients. Group A: 27 SLE patients without NP-SLE; group B: 17 patients with florid (within 1 month) NP-SLE; group C: 12 patients with previous NP-SLE examined in the remission phase (four patients of which already considered in group B). The study also included data deriving from two sets of examinations in ten patients who were observed twice, in different phases of the clinical course of NP-SLE. Results: in comparison to healthy controls, rCBF was lower (p < .001) in group B only, whereas qEEG showed similar increases of both δ and 0 relative powers together with a reduction of α relative power in groups A-C. As compared to group A, sensitivity and specificity in detecting cerebral abnormalities in group B were 76% and 78% for rCBF, and 59% and 44% for qEEG, respectively. In the ten patients examined twice, rCBF was consis tent with clinical course in 90% of cases and qEEG in 60%. Conclusion: total accuracy in detecting cerebral functional abnormalities during florid NP-SLE is better by rCBF than by qEEG. rCBF and, in selected cases, qEEG examinations are reliable markers of NP-SLE.
Torture Survivors: a Challenge To Nursing Practice
Authors: Thomsen Karen Strandby 
Published: November 2007

Why should all nurses and student nurses receive instruction in the subject of torture, its purpose, methods and sequelae on body and soul? One reason is because torture is an atrocity, the most perverted and disgusting act that exists. Some nurses meet torture survivors and their families in their private lives and at work. Many countries have ratified codes and declarations in relation to torture, and are therefore obliged to educate some professional groups in the subject. This article describes how the subject 'Torture' is dealt with at the School of Nursing in Aalborg, Denmark. Aspects of how the course is planned, the placement of the subject, teaching objectives, content of the lessons, teaching methods and teaching materials are mentioned. This article also underlines why it is so important to educate student and qualified nurses about torture. The conclusion is that nurses can help to alleviate the effects of torture in a merciless and unfeeling world.
Ethical Aspects of Judging the Alternative Treatment of Children With Cancer
Authors: Enskär Karin 
Published: November 2007

In recent decades the improved treatment of childhood cancer has increased the proportion of children being cured. However, the intensive treatment required also implies a heavy burden for the children and their families. The purpose of this article is to judge the ethical aspects of different treatment regimens used for children with cancer by means of a case study. The analysis is based on the ethical model by Beauchamp and Childress. The assessment is based on every person, or group of persons, involved and is on the principles of autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence and justice. The analysis shows that intensification of treatment of children with cancer is ethically justified from a deontological point of view. The consequences are more difficult to anticipate from a utilitarian perspective. Au cours de plusiurs décennies les traitements plus efficaces des cancers des enfants ont augmentés la proportion des enfants guéris. Pourtant, le traitement intensif pose aussi un lourd fardeau aux enfants et leurs familles. Le but de cet article est d'évaluer les implications éthiques des différents traitements utilisés pour enfants souffrants de cancer, à l'aide d'une étude particulière. L'analyse éthique est basée sur le modèle de Beauchamp et Childress. L'évaluation est basée sur chaque personne ou sur les groupes de personnes impliqués, et sur les principes d'autonomie, nonmaléficence, bénéficence et justice. L'analyse montre que l'intensification du traitement des enfants souffrant de cancer est justifié éthiquement du point de vue déontologique. Les conséquences de ces actions sont plus difficiles à prévoir vue d'une perspective utilitaire. Die verbesserte Behandlung von Kinderkrebs in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten hat die Proportion der geheilten Kinder ansteigen lassen. Die intensive Behandlung bedeutet aber auch eine schwere Belastung für die Kinder und ihre Familien. Der Zweck dieses Artikels ist es, die ethischen Aspekte der verschiedenen Behandlungsmethoden bei Kinderkrebs durch eine Fallstudie abzuwägen. Die ethische Analyse basiert auf dem ethischen Modell von Beauchamp und Childress. Die Beurteilung berücksichtigt jede betroffene Person oder Personengruppe und beruht auf den Prinzipien der Selbstbestimmung, Schädlichkeit bzw. Unschädlichkeit, Nutzen und Verträglichkeit und Gerechtigkeit. Diese Analyse zeigt, dass die Intensivierung der Behandlung von krebskranken Kindem von einem deontologischen Standpunkt aus ethisch vertretbar ist. Die Folgen der Behandlung sind jedoch vom Nützlichkeitsgesichtspunkt her schwieriger vorauszusehen.
Differential expression of papillomavirus L1 proteins encoded by authentic and codon modified L1 genes in methylcellulose-treated mouse keratinocytes
Authors: Wang Xiao , Li Bo , Zhao Kong-Nan 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are double-stranded DNA viruses that infect keratinocytes in differentiating epithelia and induce hyperproliferative lesions. Here, we used methylcellulose to induce cell differentiation of primary mouse keratinocytes (KCs) in in vitro culture and assessed the expression of authentic and codon-modified version of L1 capsid genes from two PV types (HPV6b and BPV1). Based on the quantitative RT-PCR analysis, methylcellulose treatment did not influence the transcriptional expression of both authentic and codon-modified L1 genes in KCs. Western blot showed that methylcellulose significantly increased the levels of the L1 proteins expressed from two authentic L1 genes. Conversely, methylcellulose dramatically decreased L1 protein expression in KCs transfected with two codon-modified L1 expression constructs. These data suggest that L1 protein expression is associated with KC differentiation induced by methylcellulose treatment and regulated at the post-transcriptional level.
Base-promoted Condensation Polymerization of Aminoesters with Diphenylacetylene and trans-Stilbene Backbones
Authors: Yokoyama Akihiro , Shimizu Yuuki , Saito Jun-ichiro , Yokozawa Tsutomu 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Polymerization of diphenylacetylene and trans-stilbene monomers bearing 4-alkylamino and 4′-phenoxy- or 4′-alkoxycarbonyl groups was carried out with an initiator in the presence of lithium 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazide. Chain-growth polymerization afforded corresponding polyamides, whereas step-growth polymerization resulted in the formation of cyclic oligoamides.
Historians and the Great Crisis of 1903
Authors: Gollin Alfred 
Published: November 2007

The Cabinet crisis of 1903 was an event of major significance in recent British political history. The Annual Register declared of the 1903 crisis that it was “one of the most sensational political events recorded in the long series of volumes of the Annual Register.” Randolph Churchill, in his great biography of his father, referred to the crisis as a “remarkable and probably unique series of events.” Lord Blake, in The Observer, wrote that it was one of “the most drastic series of expulsions, resignations and reshuffles engineered by any Prime Minister in the twentieth century.” The present writer in a book entitled Balfour's Burden wrote of the 1903 crisis that “this Cabinet was a decisive moment in British history. Ministers had come together in order to decide upon the economic and Imperial future of their country.”Historians have always recognised the high importance of the 1903 crisis in British affairs. But they have been unable to agree upon the details of it, and they have differed regularly about the role in it played by Arthur Balfour, the Prime Minister of the day. Nevertheless, material in the Public Record Office in London, recently made available to scholars, now enables us to resolve the differences which have occupied the attention of scholars for a long time past. Nor is it simply a matter of detail. Significant conclusions about British political practice can be made when the crisis of 1903 is understood, in all its aspects. The crisis occurred as the result of British failures during the Boer War which revealed that Britain was either unable or unprepared to defend the distant reaches of her Empire. Joseph Chamberlain, the Colonial Secretary, resolved to restore the situation.
A World View of Robert Recorde: A Brief Study of Tudor Cosmology
Authors: Barr William 
Published: November 2007

In 1556, Robert Recorde (1510?-1558) provided the English reading public with the first significant reference to the heliocentric theories of Nicholas Copernicus. In a brief passage in his elementary text on astronomy,The Castle of Knowledge, Recorde introduced the fact that Copernicushathe renewed the opinion of Aristarchus Samius, andaffirmeth that the earthe not only moueth circularlyeabout his owne centre, but also may be, yea and is,continually out of the precise cētre of the world 38hundredth thousand miles:This statement, preceded by a review of other ancient astronomers who held similar views, and followed by a promise to the reader that the subject would be examined later in greater detail, constituted the complete reference to Copernicus and his theories. It was neither an endorsement nor a repudiation of the revolutionary theories advanced by Copernicus. Given his reputation as a competent and thorough scholar, one may legitimately ask, first, why did Recorde limit himself to such a short statement? and, second, how can his attitude toward the heliocentric theories be established with greater certainty? Because Recorde elected not to commit himself further inThe Castle of Knowledge, any discussion of his attitude toward the new theories must be based on indirect evidence. The point to be demonstrated is that Recorde was influenced by a particular philosophy that enabled him to view favorably the theories advanced in Copernicus's great work,De Revolutionibus Orbium Celestium. The first part of this study examines some probable causes for Recorde's reluctance to expand upon his reference to Copernicus, while the remainder examines his philosophical views.
The Historiography of the Activities of Francis Drake along the Pacific Coast of North America in 1579
Authors: Holmes Kenneth L. 
Published: November 2007

Francis Drake's circumnavigation of the world (1577-1581) marks the first certain approach of Europeans to what later became known as the Northwest Coast of America. Historical research on this voyage has stemmed from Great Britain and the United States. British scholars concerned with the subject as part of English maritime activity have included Richard Hakluyt, James Anthony Froude, E. G. R. Taylor, James A. Williamson and A. L. Rowse. The latest British scholar to inquire into the motives and events of the great voyage is Kenneth R. Andrews. These writers have generally given little space to Drake's experiences on the Northwest Coast. However, the late California scholar Henry Raup Wagner published a monumental study of the subject in 1926. This work and two volumes published by the Hakluyt Society provide most of the documents relating to the voyage.The pertinent passages describing Drake's activities in the North Pacific are as follows:
From Guatulco [a village near Acapulco on the Mexicanwest coast] we departed the day following, viz. April 16.setting our course directly into the sea: whereon we sayled500. leagues in longitude, to get a winde: and between thatand June 3. 1400. leagues in all, till we came into 42. deg.of North latitude. ….The land in that part of America, bearing farther out into the West, then we before imagined, we were neerer on it than wee were aware; and yet the neerer still wee came unto it, the more extremitie of cold did sease upon us. The 5. day of June, wee were forced by contrary windes, to run in with the shoare, which we then first descried; and cast anchor in a bad bay, the best roade we could for the present meete with: where wee were not without some danger, by reason of the many extreme gusts, and flawes that beate upon us; which if they ceased and were still at any time, immediately upon their intermission, there followed most vile, thicke, and stinking fogges; against which the sea prevailed nothing, till the gusts of wind were againe remowed them, which brought with them, such extremitity and violence when they came, that there was no dealing or resisting against them.
Delivering the Goods: Reappaising the Ministry of Munitions: 1915-1916
Authors: Adams R.J.Q. 
Published: November 2007

David Lloyd George's reputation and political position seemed unassailable in 1918. Lord Beaverbrook, perhaps somewhat extravagantly, wrote of that period:
The war was over. Lloyd George was now the most powerful man in Europe. His fame would endure forever. He was admired and praised in all countries.Not the least praised of all his works during the First World War was the formation between May 1915 and June 1916, of the Ministry of Munitions. In the eyes of many Britons, he had patriotically given up the prestigious and powerful Chancellorship of the Exchequer to take up the burden of munitions production when the shortage of shells and guns seemed to frustrate the British military effort. Some time thereafter the necessary armaments appeared, and the Minister and his associates shared in the popular acclaim. The apparent early success of the Ministry of Munitions helped to propel him from the Munitions Office in Whitehall Gardens to Number 10 Downing Street itself. Peter Lowe has written in his recent evaluation of this episode of Lloyd George's career:
The Ministry of Munitions was crucial to the rise of Lloyd George to supreme power. In a government grappling with stalemate on the western front, failure at Gallipoli and muddle at Salonica, the organization of munitions production on vastly improved lines was a dramatic success.The erosion of his political position after the war and the long period of his eclipse gave opportunity for critics to revise the popular view of the career which had received so much applause.
British Social Policy and the Second World War
Authors: Gilbert Bentley B. 
Published: November 2007

Writing just before the outbreak of the Second World War, Joseph Schumpeter remarked that English socialism, in contrast to European socialism, was at bottom an ethical creed. For socialist intellectuals, the Fabians for instance, there was no difference between slums and the House of Lords. Both were bad things and ought to be eliminated. I do not suggest that by the time Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy was published in 1942 this was by any means a new idea. The briefest survey of the speeches or writings of George Lansbury or James Keir Hardie, not to mention those of the Webbs and Bernard Shaw, would show the same attitude. They dwelt less in terms of the people's need than of the people's rights. By and large, they talked not of what could be done, but of what should be done. Accordingly, they sneered at the social legislation of the New Liberalism as a plaster bandage which did nothing to heal the working man's wounds, but made them hurt less. They saw clearly that national insurance and old age pensions were prompted less by recognition of the moral imperative behind the public welfare than by fear on the part of the nation's rulers of a politically aroused working class which might effect a parliamentary revolution through the agency of the Labour party, or, indeed, after the war, a violent revolutionThe only criticism that need be made of Schumpeter's analysis of the extent of the permeation of English socialism is that he did not see by the end of the 1930s how far it had gone. My own research suggests that by the time of the outbreak of the second World War, socialism — or social justice in the sense that the physical and economic welfare of the ordinary citizen was the unquestioned responsibility of the state — had become the creed of the ordinary English citizen. He took for granted that it was society's business to support him when unemployed and that in old age the state should provide him with a pension. Sidney Webb's national minimum had become part of the ethical furniture of the mind of the working man.
William Pitt and the Generals: Three Case Studies in the Seven Years‘ War
Authors: Hackmann W. Kent 
Published: November 2007

British historians agree that from 1756 to 1761 William Pitt was the driving force behind England's victories in the Seven Years' War. Historians are divided, however, in their assessment of Pitt's relations with his generals. Basil Williams concisely stated one position when he linked success with Pitt's “wise choice of commanders on land and sea.” Julian S. Corbett best represents the opposite opinion. “It is commonplace,” he observed, “to credit him [Pitt] with a remarkable talent for choosing commanders. Yet surely no great War Minister ever appointed so many bad ones.”The lines for debate are clear, and the question is vital for a general interpretation of Pitt's career and England's role in the war. Surprisingly, modern students of the elder Pitt have uncritically followed the opinion represented by Williams, and they have disregarded Eric McDermott's call in 1955 for a fresh examination of the “Great Commoner” and civil-military relations during the war. This essay deals with the question by telling the story of three English military operations on the French coast in 1757 and 1758. They are important in themselves for what they reveal about military planning and execution. More important, the story supports Corbett's conclusion by shedding light on the relationship between Pitt in London and the commanders in the field.Pitt came to power when the country's military fortunes were at their lowest point. General Braddock's defeat in western Pennsylvania and the loss of Minorca, the Royal Navy's best base in the Mediterranean, punctuated the pre-war hostilities with France. At home, the armed services were undermanned, and abroad the search for allies left England with Prussia to face the combined forces of France, Austria and Russia.
L. T. Hobhouse as a Theoretical Sociologist
Authors: Mariz George 
Published: November 2007

A glance at recent publications on the history of theoretical sociology in Europe would reveal that no one has yet attempted to write a full scale history of the early phases of that movement in Britain. There is certainly nothing that compares with Raymond Aron'sMain Currents in Sociological Thoughtfor British sociology. Aron's study, in fact, contains only scattered references to British thinkers and attaches little significance to them. Nor does this absence of Britishers result from some slight on Aron's part. While British sociology during the formative years of the discipline, roughly 1850-1930, did make some notable advances in its empirical branches, it produced no individual worthy to stand with theorists like Max Weber, Vilfredo Pareto or Emil Durkheim.The reasons for this shortcoming on the British part are numerous and diverse. First, British thinking generally was concerned with more practical problems and not with theoretical matters and thus, automatically favored less abstract forms of social science. Additionally, those few British thinkers interested in problems of theory generally failed to recognize the significance of the advances of Continental mental philosophers and psychologists whose work has done so much to enrich twentieth century social theory. Yet there is a deeper and more subtle set of reasons interconnected with those aforementioned for the relative stasis of British social thought in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Recent Historical Writings on Restoration England
Authors: Sachse William L. 
Published: November 2007

In setting forth these impressions of what has been done in recent years by historians of Restoration England (a period I take to cover the years 1660-1689), it seems convenient to review activity since 1960. Robert Walcott, some ten years ago, covered the period 1939-1959 (presumably using the publication date of Grose's bibliography as his starting point). The past few years have seen the publication of two bibliographies relating to the period: the revised Davies, by Mary Keeler, covering the entire Stuart era, and my own bibliographical handbook, dealing only with the reigns of Charles II and James II. Keeler's revision includes very little published after 1961. My own compilation involved a systematic appraisal to 1969, and therefore serves as the principal basis for the following remarks. The period 1660-1689 is a relatively short one, as bibliographies go; a good many of the works touched upon here have a somewhat wider scope, but in all cases they seem to make important contributions to Restoration history.In 1960 Cecily Wedgwood could still note that the Restoration era was a much emptier field, at least as far as political history is concerned, than the early Stuart period. But that is by no means so true today. Taking up various categories in myRestoration England, I find that in the fields of political and constitutional history just over half the entries refer to works published since 1960. Next in popularity come Science and Technology, and Intellectual History, each with about a quarter of the entries.