bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV prevention: What have we learned from community experiences in concentrated epidemics?
Authors: Spire Bruno , de Zoysa Isabelle , Himmich Hakima 
Published: October 2008

Drawing on lessons learned from community experiences in concentrated epidemics, this paper explores three imperatives in the effort to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV: combat prevention fatigue, diversify HIV testing and combat stigma and discrimination. The paper argues for a non‐judgmental harm reduction approach to the prevention of sexual transmission of HIV that takes into account the interpretation of risk by diverse individuals and communities in the era of antiretroviral therapy. This approach requires greater attention to increasing access to opportunities to know one's serostatus, especially among key populations at greater risk. Novel approaches to diversifying HIV testing approaches at community level are needed. Finally, the paper makes a plea for bold measures to combat stigma and discrimination, which continues to represent a formidable barrier for access to services for affected populations and may contribute to HIV‐related risk behaviours. A “triple therapy” approach to address stigma and discrimination is discussed, which includes greater acceptance of people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA), improving relevant laws and policies, and involving prevention users‐ working with people rather than for people‐.Note: this paper corresponds to the plenary talk of Bruno Spire at the XVIIth World AIDS Conference, August 8th, Mexico city: http://www.kaisernetwork.org/health_cast/player.cfm?id=4383
Biomechanics of a convergently derived prey-processing mechanism in fishes: evidence from comparative tongue bite apparatus morphology and raking kinematics
Authors: Konow Nicolai , Sanford Christopher P. J. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYA tongue-bite apparatus (TBA) governs raking behaviors in two major and unrelated teleost lineages, the osteoglossomorph and salmoniform fishes. We present data on comparative morphology and kinematics from two representative species, the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the Australian arowana (Scleropages jardinii), which suggest that both the TBA and raking are convergently derived in these lineages. Similar TBA morphologies were present, except for differences in TBA dentition and shape of the novel cleithrobranchial ligament (CBL), which is arc-shaped in O. mykissand straight in S. jardinii. Eight kinematic variables were used to quantify motion magnitude and maximum-timing in the kinematic input mechanisms of the TBA. Five variables differed inter-specifically (pectoral girdle retraction magnitude and timing, cranial and hyoid elevation and gape-distance timing), yet an incomplete taxon separation across multivariate kinematic space demonstrated an overall similarity in raking behavior. An outgroup analysis using bowfin (Amia calva) and pickerel (Esox americanus) to compare kinematics of raking with chewing and prey-capture provided robust quantitative evidence of raking being a convergently derived behavior. Support was also found for the notion that raking more likely evolved from the strike, a functionally distinct behavior, than from chewing,an alternative prey-processing behavior. Based on raking kinematic and muscle-activity data, we propose biomechanical models of the three input mechanisms that govern kinematics of the basihyal output mechanism during the raking power stroke: (1) cranial elevation protracts the upper TBA jaw from the lower (basihyal) TBA jaw; (2) basihyal retraction is caused directly by contraction of the sternohyoideus (SH); (3) hypaxial shortening, relayed via the pectoral girdle and SH–CBL complex, is an indirect basihyal retraction mechanism modeled as a four-bar linkage. These models will aid future analyses mapping structural and functional traits to the evolution of behaviors.
A Batch-Type Testing Method for Determination of Adsorption of Gaseous Compounds on Partially Saturated Soils
Authors: Houston SL , Kreamer DK , Marwig R 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
As part of this study, a laboratory batch-type testing method has been developed for determination of the adsorptive characteristics and equilibrium adsorption coefficients for gaseous chemical species on partially saturated soils. The testing procedure was originally developed in support of in-situ tests at radioactive waste disposal sites in which relatively inert tracer gases are injected into the soil as a means of characterizing and monitoring the diffusive migration of gaseous species from a disposal site. The adsorptive capacity of various soils for the tracer gases has been determined at different water contents. Studies show that the testing procedure is practical for the determination of adsorptive capacity of partially saturated soils for volatile organic pollutants. Adsorption coefficients for trichloroethylene (TCE) have also been determined. A wide range of grain-size distribution was investigated. The available adsorption data indicate that soil surface area available for adsorption was of primary importance in the amount of adsorption that occurred for the different soil types. The available surface area for adsorption was decreased by increasing the water content of the soil. The laboratory testing procedure provides a simple and rapid method of assessing the adsorption coefficients, and the results are very reproducible. The testing method can be used to determine the relative adsorptive characteristics of various soil types for essentially any gaseous chemical species whose concentration can be accurately measured.
Cohesive Soil Behavior Under Random Excitation Conditions
Authors: Aggour MS , Taha MR , Tawfiq KS , Amini F 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A testing program was undertaken in which cohesive soil at different confining pressures was tested in a resonant column device using random torsional excitation in addition to conventional sinusoidal excitation. The damping and shear modulus from random loading testing were determined by both the power spectral density function and the transfer function method. Evaluation of the dynamic soil properties for sinusoidal vibration followed conventional procedures. The results indicated that during random loading, the damping values were higher and the shear moduli lower than the values obtained from sinusoidal loading at the same root mean square strain. For the cohesive soil tested, formulas were developed to correct the damping and shear moduli obtained from routine sinusoidal testing so that the values are more representative of actual field conditions during random dynamic loading.
Pore Size Distribution of Nonwoven Geotextiles
Authors: Prapaharan S , Holtz RD , Luna JD 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The applicability of the mercury intrusion technique to determine the pore size distribution (PSD) of geotextiles was evaluated. The method was found to be simple and rapid, and an ASTM standard for soils and rocks already exists (ASTM Test Method for Determination of the Pore Volume and Pore Volume Distribution of Soil and Rock by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry [D 4404]). The PSD determined from the mercury intrusion technique on nonwoven geotextiles was compared to that obtained from the Image Analyser, and the results are in good agreement. It was also found that the PSD of compressed fabrics, the case in most field installations, can be obtained by testing the specimen compressed to a known thickness between two perforated plates. Finally, the permeability of the fabric was predicted from PSD data, and the values agreed very well with those obtained experimentally.
Centrifuge Modeling for Projectile Penetration Studies
Authors: Fragaszy RJ , Taylor T 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This paper describes the rationale for using centrifuge modeling for projectile penetration studies in granular soils and presents details of a projectile delivery system that has been used to conduct centrifuge penetration tests. Included in the rationale is a dimensional analysis that indicates that self-weight induced stresses in the prototype soil mass should be duplicated in the model. Details of the design and construction of a projectile delivery system using a modified pistol with interchangeable barrels are presented. Comparisons between 1 g and centrifuge tests and the results of modeling-of-models centrifuge tests are also presented. These tests confirm the hypothesis that centrifuge modeling is a valid experimental technique for this phenomenon. It is also shown that 1 g and centrifuge data both fit on a single power curve relating prototype penetration to prototype mass to area ratio of the projectile.
Measurements of Normal Deformations in Joints During Shear Using Inductance Devices
Authors: Fishman KL , Desai CS 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The use of inductance coils for measuring normal deformations involving dilation or compression across a discontinuity is described. Discontinuities may be in the form of interfaces between dissimilar materials or rock joints. In contrast to the conventional schemes for measuring normal deformation that involve installation of measuring devices (linear variable differential transformers, LVDTs) away from the discontinuity, the proposed procedure allows measurements close to the discontinuity. Application is discussed with respect to a test program performed on idealized (rock) joints; the test program consists of slow and fast cyclic, large-scale direct shear tests.
The installation of the coils within specimens and special calibration procedures unique to the direct shear test configuration are described. Measurements obtained with inductance coils are verified by comparison with measurements taken by using other instruments, and by comparison with anticipated experimental results.
This study has shown that inductance coils are useful for improved and reliable measurements of normal deformations across a discontinuity.
Application of Subsize Specimens for Re-Irradiation Embrittlement Monitoring of the First Generation of VVER-440 RPV Steels
Authors: Shtrombakh Ya. I. , Nikolaev Yu. A. , Nikolaeva A. V. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The first generation of VVER-440 Units were not supplied with RPV steel surveillance programs. Therefore, cutting out of samples (templetes) from the inner side of RPV wall is the only possibility for re-irradiation embrittlement monitoring of the first generation of VVER-440 RPV steels. Calculations showed that it is possible to cut out a sample of 7×60×95 mm (with consequent repair) from a RPV core weld. Thus, it is impossible to machine the standard 10×10×55 mm Charpy V-notch specimens to determine RPV steel radiation embrittlement. Therefore it is necessary to use subsize specimens (5×5×27.5 mm and 3×4×27 mm) for ductile-to-brittle transition temperature evaluation of templet material. The small samples were cut out from the inner surface of the all old Russian VVER-440 RPVs to assess the actual condition of the RPV material before and after post-irradiation annealing and after re-irradiation. Special monitoring programs of periodic sampling of RPVs and re-irradiation of the templet material in surveillance channels of VVER-440/213 RPVs were developed. The state of the art of application of subsize specimens for re-irradiation embrittlement monitoring of the first generation of VVER-440 RPV steels is discussed.
Investigation of Structural and Chemical Uniformity of Zr2.5% Nb and E635 Alloy by Radioactive Indicators
Authors: Arzhakova Valentine , Shikov Alexander , Kabanov Alexander , Belov Vladimir , Shtutsa Mikhail , Ziganshin Alexander , Kurapov Valeriy , Kurapova Liya 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The performance and structure of final nuclear zirconium alloy components is formed at all processing steps, from ingot melting and subsequent forging, quenching, pilgering, and heat treatment. The subject of this investigation was the structure of zirconium alloy ingots made by double melting in a vacuum arc furnace, and investigated by the use of radioactive indicators (RAIs). The isotopes that were used were W185 and C14, which were added in very small quantities to the charge before melting the ingot. The RAI isotopes decorate the ingot structure, and provide an opportunity to investigate the behavior of impurity levels during solidification of the molten pool, and the structure in the various types of solidification zones within the ingot. The forged material and other products were investigated using the C14 isotope. Carbon distribution data were obtained for both Zr2.5Nb and for E635 structures on both macroscopic and microscopic levels. The structures and phases in which the carbon isotope was concentrated were discovered.
Influence of Structure Changes in E110 Alloy Claddings on Ductility Loss Under LOCA Conditions
Authors: Nikulin S. A. , Rozhnov A. B. , Belov V. A. , Lyaschenko N. V. , Nikulina A. V. , Mal‘gin A. G. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Microstructural changes are analyzed in specimens of E110 cladding tubes that have varying total impurity contents and differing residual ductility after interaction with steam at 1100 and 1200°C to 10–18 % ECR. It is shown that characteristics of the microstructure and the fracture behavior of tube specimens substantially depend on attendant impurities (C, Si, Ni, P, Cl, etc.). The total content of impurities available in the E110 alloy tubes varied from 35 to 140 ppm. With an increase in steam temperature from 1100 to 1200°C the influence of impurities on ductility of the tubes becomes weaker. The results of X-ray spectral examinations of niobium and oxygen distributions and microhardness measurements within the cladding wall after high temperature oxidation are presented. Methods of optical and electron microscopy were used to quantitatively analyze the interrelation between microstructural changes and fractures characteristics as a result of interaction with the high temperature steam environment. This work has suggested the likely reason for the losses of ductility in the studied specimens is the different contents of impurities that govern the types of microstructures formed as a result of the β →α transformation in the prior-β region of the specimens. The primary microstructural characteristics that govern the residual ductility of the E110 specimens is the morphology of the α phase platelets in the prior-β region (parallel plate or basket weave), and the quantity and brittleness of a second “dark” phase precipitate in the prior-β region.
Determination of Transferable Lower-Bound Fracture Toughness from Small Specimens
Authors: Schindler Hans-Jakob , Kalkhof Dietmar , Tipping Philip 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The master-curve (MC) enables fracture toughness to be measured in the ductile-to-brittle temperature (DBT) regime of ferritic steels using small specimens. However, MC application to structural components remains unclear in some areas. Vital issues of regulatory concern are the differences in the reference temperature T0 obtained from specimens of different sizes and shapes, the extension of the MC into the upper transition range, and the acceptability, or not, of a given level of failure probability to be used in the analysis of safety-relevant components [e.g., nuclear power reactor pressure vessel (RPV)]. Based on general theoretical considerations, the existence of a deterministic temperature-dependent lower bound of KIc or KJc is postulated. It can serve to provide conservative fracture toughness values as required in a screening analysis, which is usually the first step of a fracture mechanics analysis of a structural component. A simple method to determine this lower bound from the reference temperature T0 is presented. Furthermore, since testing of small specimens, like in precracked Charpy (PCC) tests, often leads to E1921-invalid data, an alternative procedure to estimate the MC is suggested that can use the invalid data. The practicability of the method is shown by a few examples. Based on the same method, a lower-bound of dynamic fracture toughness can be estimated from Charpy data sets. Combined with an empirical temperature shift, the lower bound of static fracture toughness can be estimated as well.
Determination of the Water Diffusivity of Concrete Using Drying/Absorption Test Results
Authors: Samson Eric , Maleki Keyvan , Marchand Jacques , Zhang Tiewei 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Experimental procedures such as ASTM C1585, “Standard Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorption of Water by Hydraulic-Cement Concretes,” and ISO12572 have been recently developed to determine the rate of moisture transmission through hydrated cement systems. However, these methods do not provide an actual transport parameter that can be used in chloride ingress models to predict the service-life of concrete structures. This study focused on the development a reliable method to measure the nonlinear moisture diffusivity of concrete. The approach is based on the analysis of drying and wetting experiments performed with concrete samples of different thicknesses. The transport parameter is obtained by using Richards’ water transport model to analyze the mass variations measured during the tests. The method was tested over a wide range of different concrete mixtures produced with different water/cement ratios. Results indicate that the nonlinear function used to reproduce the mass variation curves must exhibit a strong increase for high water content values. The water diffusivity equation derived from this analysis allows reproducing the behavior of concrete during both the drying and absorption experiments using the same water transport model.
The Importance of an Objective Assessment to Identify Functional Constraints of Young Skier Athletes
Authors: Stradijot Fulvio , Vieira Taian de Mello Martins 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
In general, athletes and trainers overlook the need for periodical monitoring of functional abilities. Altered abilities may lead to the development of acute and chronic injuries. This study provides evidence supporting the inclusion of functional assessment as an essential branch of a training program applied to young skiers. Healthy and recently injured athletes engaged in a ski team were functionally evaluated prior to start of the next winter season. Force production and balance abilities were measured, respectively, by means of isokinetic contractions at three speeds (240°s−1, 120°s−1, and 60°s−1) of knee joint movement and of forceplate sway frequency on the frontal plane. In addition, muscle power was indirectly assessed by measuring jump height with an optic device. Subjects were compared according to their right and left leg performance. Although no sign of physical disability was reported by subjects within the injured group, the functional assessment revealed a diminished ability to produce force and to balance similarly with both legs, exhibiting a statistically significant increase in sway frequency (p&lt;0.05) and decrease in jump height (p&lt;0.05) when performing the task with the injured leg. An interesting outcome of this survey was the identification of two distinct groups by using an objective assessment of functional abilities. The applied quantitative approaches are preferred to be unaffected by potentially misleading subjective interpretations of the experimenter and to provide reliable and useful information to monitor injured and healthy people.
Novel Delivery Systems for Integrated Pest Management
Authors: Hutchins Scott H. , Swayze Karen M. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has long been a concept embraced by biologists in academia and government, but often the theory of IPM has outpaced the reality of private-sector technology development. Times have now changed and the private sector has developed the vision and products to enable IPM using biological, chemical, and cultural practices. In this paper, we explore the success and continued challenges of developing delivery systems (including formulations) that improve the regulatory profile, expand the performance, minimize off-target effects, and create positive supply-side economics for the manufacturer. Indeed, the changing face of agricultural production, regulation, and competition has created the perfect opportunity—right now—to reinvent our product profiles and raise the bar. The regulatory paradigm that only actives will be of concern has changed in most parts of the world and now must be a consideration with the composition of most products. Precision delivery of actives, irrespective of their formulation, also may enable the utility of older molecules to be rejuvenated and expanded. All of these uncertainties provide risks, but for the wise, also present opportunities to extend the value of older technology with proprietary approaches and to ensure newer technologies see a long life in IPM systems.
Investigating the Use of Hydrocarbon Fluids in Seed Treatment Formulations
Authors: Krevalis Martin A. , Beestman George B. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Currently, available seed treatments are most often applied as aqueous dispersions or water-based flowable formulations of the active ingredients. Historically, alternatives to aqueous-based treatment methods have been disfavored because alternative solvents, mainly organic solvents, were believed to be toxic toward seeds (phytotoxic). Prior work has shown that seeds such as corn, cotton, wheat, and soybean may be treated with certain nonaqueous solvents, such as hydrocarbon fluids (e.g., normal paraffinic, isoparaffinic, dearomatized mixed aliphatics, and aromatics), with little or no negative effects observed to the seed. In the study reported here, further investigation into the use of fluids for seed treatments has been carried out, and more intensive testing of the phytotoxicity of fluids to seeds, utilizing harsher conditions over longer periods of time (cold germination, saturated cold germination, accelerated aging tests), has been completed. Results have confirmed the importance of fluid volatility (higher volatility fluids result in less phytotoxic response by seeds) and of treatment rates (lower treatment rates minimize negative effects). Seed sensitivity is also important. Cotton and soybean seeds are essentially unaffected by fluids, while wheat and corn seeds show relatively large effects, mitigated to some extent by high volatility and low treatment rates. Although the underlying reasons are not known, fluid treatment of seeds resulted in improvements in germination rates in the saturated cold test, to a small extent for cotton, and to a much greater extent for wheat. Overall, these results indicate that fluids can play a role in seed treatments. The use of fluids requires a balance of factors around fluid structure, volatility, treatment rate, and seed sensitivity. The goal of this work is to take the learnings from these studies, apply them to a full seed treatment formulation, and identify advantages of a fluid-based seed treatment formulation over an aqueous-based formulation.