bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral health counselling in changing schoolchildren's oral hygiene habits: a qualitative study
Authors: Kasila Kirsti , Poskiparta Marita , Kettunen Tarja , Pietilä Ilpo 
Published: November 2006

Abstract –  Objective:  This study explored oral health counselling concerning changes of oral hygiene habits in 11‐ to 13‐year‐old schoolchildren within a theoretical framework of the transtheoretical model and the motivational interview.Methods:  The follow‐up data (2002–2003) formed two sequential parts: the first part comprised 66 counselling sessions in 2002; the second part included 31 counselling sessions in 2003. Thirty‐one (n = 31) schoolchildren were included in the counselling sessions that were conducted by four dental hygienists. The audiotaped and transcribed data were analysed qualitatively by using content analysis.Results:  In 2002, nearly every schoolchild needed to establish changes in oral hygiene habits but the assessment of schoolchildren's readiness for change often remained unclear. In 2002, giving normative advice was the most commonly used counselling strategy when addressing the need for change, but dental hygienist‐centred change discussion and goal setting were also apparent and were related to the schoolchildren's rarely manifested changes of oral hygiene habits after a follow‐up year.Conclusions:  Our results suggest that the theoretical framework might be useful in constructing and focusing on oral hygiene counselling for schoolchildren that concentrates on the personal dynamics of change. Further qualitative research is called for.
Risk indicators for early childhood caries in Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Aileen I. , Chen Chien‐Yuan , Li Lung‐An , Hsiang Chia‐Lan , Hsu Kuang‐Hung 
Published: November 2006

Abstract –  Objectives:  The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence, patterns, and etiological factors for caries in children.Methods:  A total of 981 children less than 6 years of age were examined using a dental mirror and explorer. A parent or a caregiver was asked to complete a questionnaire regarding information about the child, the household, and oral hygiene. The prevalence and patterns of dental caries including pit and fissure caries, facial/lingual caries, molar proximal caries, and facial/lingual molar proximal lesions, were analyzed. Each child was classified as caries free or as having one of these four caries patterns.Results:  Weighted mean deft was 0.14 at age 2, 2.58 at age 3, 4.41 at age 4, 6.94 at age 5, and 7.31 at age 6. Weighted mean defs was 4.71, 8.44, 16.45 and 18.64 at ages 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. By age 2, 5.09% of children had caries. By age 6, 89.38% of children had caries. By age 3, 30.02% of children fitted the facial and lingual pattern of caries and by age 6, 52.90% of children fit the ‘facial‐lingual and molar‐proximal’ pattern, indicating extensive smooth surface decay. The total prevalence of early childhood caries was 56%. Multivariate‐adjusted odds ratios identified factors associated with the high caries experience of the young children and found caries was strongly associated with the lack of proper tooth brushing and high consumption of sweets. Higher caries scores were also associated with areas of low urbanization.Conclusions:  The findings of this survey indicated a high level of untreated caries among children in Taiwan.
Factors related to job satisfaction among South Korean dentists
Authors: Jeong Seong‐Hwa , Chung Jae‐Kyun , Choi Youn‐Hee , Sohn Woosung , Song Keun‐Bae 
Published: November 2006

Abstract –  Objectives:  The purposes of this study were to investigate the level and distribution of job satisfaction and to explore work environment factors associated with job satisfaction of South Korean dentists.Methods:  A stratified systematic random sample of 1029 dentists was selected from the 10 357 registered dentists in the Korean Dental Association. They were surveyed via a self‐administered mail questionnaire. Job satisfaction was measured by a modified version of the Dentist Satisfaction Survey.Results:  The response rate was 62.2%. The mean score of overall job satisfaction among South Korean dentists was 3.2 out of 5. In terms of work environment factors, the most satisfying aspect was patient relations (3.7) and the least satisfying aspect was personal time (2.8). Multiple regression analysis identified a model including patient relations, perception of income, personal time, staff, and specialty training that accounted for 35% of variation in overall job satisfaction. The majority of the variance was explained by patient relations.Conclusions:  This study suggests that patient relations, perception of income, personal time, staff, and specialty training are important work environment factors for job satisfaction among South Korean dentists. The findings of this study will be helpful to policy makers to design plans to increase the level of job satisfaction among South Korean dentists.
A controlled trial of the impact of exposure to positive images of dentistry on anticipatory dental fear in children
Authors: Fox C. , Newton J. T. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract –  Objectives:  Dental anxiety is common in children. This study sought to determine the impact of viewing positive images of dentistry prior to a dental appointment on the anticipatory dental anxiety levels of children attending for dental treatment.Methods:  Controlled trial. Assessment of anxiety and analysis of data were conducted blind to experimental condition. Assessment of anxiety was carried out in the waiting room postintervention but before the patient entered the dental surgery for treatment.Participants:  Thirty‐eight children and young adults attending a dental clinic in South West England.Intervention:  Participants were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. In both conditions the participant was asked to look at photographs for 2 min in the waiting area prior to their appointment. The intervention consisted of viewing positive images of dentistry and dental treatment, the control condition consisted of dentally neutral images. Positive and neutral images were validated independently by four paediatric dentists. The assessment of anticipatory dental anxiety was made blind to experimental condition and statistical analysis was conducted blind to group membership.Outcome measure:  Anticipatory anxiety assessed by the Venham Picture Test.Findings:  A significant difference in anticipatory dental anxiety was found between the two groups (median‐positive images = 0, median‐neutral images = 3; P < 0.001). Anticipatory anxiety was not correlated to age (rho = 0.04 P > 0.05), there was no difference between male and female participants in their level of anticipatory anxiety (median‐males = 0.5, median‐females = 1 P > 0.05).Conclusions:  Viewing positive images of dentistry and dentists results in short‐term reductions in anticipatory anxiety in children.
Neurochemical aftermath of amateur boxing
Authors: Zetterberg H. , Hietala M. A. , Jonsson M. , Andreasen N. , Styrud E. , Karlsson I. , Edman A. , Popa C. , Rasulzada A. , Wahlund L. O. , Mehta P. D. , Rosengren L. , Blennow K. , Wallin A. 
Published: November 2006

BACKGROUND: Little solid information is available on the possible risks for neuronal injury in amateur boxing.OBJECTIVE: To determine whether amateur boxing and severity of hits are associated with elevated levels of biochemical markers for neuronal injury in cerebrospinal fluid.DESIGN: Longitudinal study.SETTING: Referral center specializing in evaluation of neurodegenerative disorders.PARTICIPANTS: Fourteen amateur boxers (11 men and three women) and 10 healthy male nonathletic control subjects.INTERVENTIONS: The boxers underwent lumbar puncture 7–10 days and 3 months after a bout. The control subjects underwent LP once.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Neurofilament light protein, total tau, glial fibrillary acidic protein, phosphorylated tau, and beta‐amyloid protein 1–40 (Abeta([1–40])) and 1–42 (Abeta([1–42])) concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid were measured.RESULTS: Increased levels after a bout compared with after 3 months of rest from boxing were found for two markers for neuronal and axonal injury, neurofilament light protein (mean±SD, 845±1140 vs 208±108 ng/L; P=0.008) and total tau (mean±SD, 449±176 vs 306±78 ng/L; P=0.006), and for the astroglial injury marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (mean±SD, 541±199 vs 405±138 ng/L; P=0.003). The increase was significantly higher among boxers who had received many hits (>15) or high‐impact hits to the head compared with boxers who reported few hits. In the boxers, concentrations of neurofilament light protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein, but not total tau, were significantly elevated after a bout compared with the nonathletic control subjects. With the exception of neurofilament light protein, there were no significant differences between boxers after 3 months of rest from boxing and the nonathletic control subjects.CONCLUSIONS: Amateur boxing is associated with acute neuronal and astroglial injury. If verified in longitudinal studies with extensive follow‐up regarding the clinical outcome, analyses of cerebrospinal fluid may provide a scientific basis for medical counseling of athletes after boxing or head injury.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence and Production in T-Cell Development
Authors: Gurney Kevin B. , Uittenbogaart Christel H. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication depends on CD4 and coreceptor expression as well as host factors associated with the activation state of the cell. To determine the impact of the activation stage of thymocytes on the HIV-1 life cycle, we investigated R5 and X4 HIV-1 entry, reverse transcription, and expression in discrete thymocyte subsets at different stages of T-cell development. Early after infection, preferential entry and replication of R5 HIV-1 were predominantly detected in mature CD3+/hiCD27+thymocytes. Thus, R5 HIV-1 targets the stage of development where thymocytes acquire functional responsiveness, which has important implications for HIV pathogenesis. In contrast, X4 HIV-1 expression and replication were primarily found in immature CD3−/+/lowCD27−CD69−thymocytes. HIV-1 proviral burden and virus expression in thymocyte subsets correlated with the expression of the highest levels of the respective coreceptor. R5 and X4 HIV-1 entered and completed reverse transcription in all subsets tested, indicating that the activation state of thymocytes and coreceptor expression are sufficient to support full reverse transcription throughout development. Although R5 HIV-1 is expressed mainly in mature CD3+/hiCD27+thymocytes, 5.3% of HIV-1-infected immature thymocytes express R5 HIV-1, indicating that potentially latent viral DNA can be established early in T-cell development.
Generation of Mucosal Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 T-Cell Responses by Recombinant
Mycobacterium smegmatis
▿
Authors: Yu Jae-Sung , Peacock James W. , Vanleeuwen Stacie , Hsu Tsungda , Jacobs William R. , Cayabyab Mark J. , Letvin Norman L. , Frothingham Richard , Staats Herman F. , Liao Hua-Xin , Haynes Barton F. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT

A successful vaccine vector for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) should induce anti-HIV-1 immune responses at mucosal sites. We have generated recombinant
Mycobacterium smegmatis
vectors that express the HIV-1 group M consensus envelope protein (Env) as a surface, intracellular, or secreted protein and have tested them in animals for induction of both anti-HIV-1 T-cell and antibody responses. Recombinant
M. smegmatis
engineered for expression of secreted protein induced optimal T-cell gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assay responses to HIV-1 envelope in the spleen, female reproductive tract, and lungs. Unlike with the induction of T-cell responses, priming and boosting with recombinant
M. smegmatis
did not induce anti-HIV-1 envelope antibody responses, due primarily to insufficient protein expression of the insert. However, immunization with recombinant
M. smegmatis
expressing HIV-1 Env was able to prime for an HIV-1 Env protein boost for the induction of anti-HIV-1 antibody responses.
National Serosurvey of Cytomegalovirus in Australia
Authors: Seale Holly , MacIntyre C. Raina , Gidding Heather F. , Backhouse J. L. , Dwyer Dominic E. , Gilbert Lyn 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
In anticipation of the development of a vaccine against cytomegalovirus (CMV), we conducted a large, nationally representative serosurvey to examine the seroprevalence of CMV in Australia. Sera were collected opportunistically from laboratories around Australia. Age- and gender-representative samples were tested for CMV antibody. The population-weighted rate of CMV seropositivity in subjects between 1 and 59 years of age was 57% (95% confidence interval, 55.2 to 58.6%). An association between CMV seroprevalence and increasing age was recognized; however, little overall difference in seroprevalence between the sexes was found. The finding that high levels of CMV exposure occur in the first few years of life suggests that for a universal vaccination program to have maximal impact, the vaccine would need to be delivered to infants and have a long duration of protective efficacy. This is the first national serosurvey looking at cytomegalovirus in the Australian community. This study provides valuable information that can be used to examine the incidence of infection in the community and help focus the administration of a future CMV vaccine to appropriate target populations.
Dark Immunofluorescence: Correlation with Serum Immunoglobulin Abnormalities
Authors: List J. , Buckland M. S. , Thobhani B. , Sheed C. J. , Mann J. C. , Claxton M. , Heelan B. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT
Occasional serum samples (<0.5%) tested by indirect immunofluorescence showed less fluorescence than did negative-control serum. A retrospective review of these patients' serum immunoglobulins revealed a high percentage of abnormalities (71%, versus 22% of controls). We suggest that this observation should be reported when seen and that the clinician should be alerted to an association with immunoglobulin abnormalities.
Walking by Thinking: The Brainwaves Are Crucial, Not the Muscles!
Authors: Leeb Robert , Keinrath Claudia , Friedman Doron , Guger Christoph , Scherer Reinhold , Neuper Christa , Garau Maia , Antley Angus , Steed Anthony , Slater Mel , Pfurtscheller Gert 
Published: November 2006

Healthy participants are able to move forward within a virtual environment (VE) by the imagination of foot movement. This is achieved by using a brain-computer interface (BCI) that transforms thought-modulated electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings into a control signal. A BCI establishes a communication channel between the human brain and the computer. The basic principle of the Graz-BCI is the detection and classification of motor-imagery-related EEG patterns, whereby the dynamics of sensorimotor rhythms are analyzed. A BCI is a closed-loop system and information is visually fed back to the user about the success or failure of an intended movement imagination. Feedback can be realized in different ways, from a simple moving bar graph to navigation in VEs. The goals of this work are twofold: first, to show the influence of different feedback types on the same task, and second, to demonstrate that it is possible to move through a VE (e.g., a virtual street) without any muscular activity, using only the imagination of foot movement. In the presented work, data from BCI feedback displayed on a conventional monitor are compared with data from BCI feedback in VE experiments with a head-mounted display (HMD) and in a high immersive projection environment (Cave). Results of three participants are reported to demonstrate the proof-of-concept. The data indicate that the type of feedback has an influence on the task performance, but not on the BCI classification accuracy. The participants achieved their best performances viewing feedback in the Cave. Furthermore the VE feedback provided motivation for the subjects.
Physical Interaction with a Virtual Knee Joint—The 9 DOF Haptic Display of the Munich Knee Joint Simulator
Authors: Frey Martin , Hoogen Jens , Burgkart Rainer , Riener Robert 
Published: November 2006

In specific fields, medical education at many universities is rather theoretical and the amount of practical training is limited. A significant improvement can be achieved using virtual reality training stations with lifelike visual, acoustic, tactile, and kinesthetic feedback. Particularly, when simulating procedures that require direct contact with the patient body, a realistic haptic simulation addressing tactile and kinesthetic senses can be essential for the acceptance of virtual simulation stations. A purely passive phantom may provide realistic haptic feedback, but its properties cannot be changed over time. This paper presents the haptic display of the Munich Knee Joint Simulator, which was developed to improve training and education of physical knee joint examinations. The haptic interface comprises a combination of passive phantom segments providing realistic tactile sensations, and strong actuators generating highly dynamic kinesthetic force feedback. A 3 degree of freedom (DOF) manipulator was developed in this study to drive the thigh prosthesis and one 6 DOF industrial robot was used to actuate the shank prosthesis. Both manipulators are driven by hybrid admittance-impedance controllers capable of simulating the complex dynamics of the thigh and the shank. Both actuators are equipped with a 6 DOF force torque sensor and they are virtually coupled by an analytical knee joint model. The proposed setup is capable of simulating a mechanical stiffness as high as 80 kN/m in the translatory DOF and simultaneously allows free motion in the rotatory DOF. Experimental tests of the simulator with orthopedic physicians proved the usability of the proposed concept.
Women Physicians’ Narratives About Being in Ethically Difficult Care Situations in Paediatrics
Authors: Sørlie Venke , Lindseth Anders , Udén Gigi , Norberg Astrid 
Published: November 2006

This study is part of a comprehensive investigation of ethical thinking among male and female physicians and nurses. Nine women physicians with different levels of expertise, working in various wards in paediatric clinics at two of the university hospitals in Norway, narrated 37 stories about their experience of being in ethically difficult care situations. All of the interviewees’ narrations were concerned with problems relating to both action ethics and relation ethics. The main focus was on problems in a relation ethics perspective. The most common themes in an action ethics perspective were overtreatment and withholding treatment. The more experienced physicians reasoned differently from the group of less experienced physicians and they coped with pressure in different ways. The less experienced physicians disclosed their professional experience yet seemed uncertain, while putting on an air of certainty, but the more experienced physicians disclosed both their professional and personal experience of caregiving and they seemed to allow themselves to feel uncertain in their certainty. Both groups emphasized a need for deep discussion between colleagues about their being in ethically difficult care situations.
An African Ethic for Nursing?
Authors: Haegert Sandy 
Published: November 2006

This article derives from a doctoral thesis in which a particular discourse was used as a ‘paradigm case’. From this discourse an ethic set within a South African culture arose. Using many cultural ‘voices’ to aid the understanding of this narrative, the ethic shows that one can build on both a ‘justice’ and a ‘care’ ethic. With further development based on African culture one can take the ethic of care deeper and reveal ‘layers of understanding’. Care, together with compassion, forms the foundation of morality. Nursing ethics has followed particular western moral philosophers. Often nursing ethics has been taught along the lines of Kohlberg’s theory of morality, with its emphasis on rules, rights, duties and general obligations. These principles were universalistic, masculine and noncontextual. However, there is a new ethical movement among Thomist philosophers along the lines to be expounded in this article. Nurses such as Benner, Bevis, Dunlop, Fry and Gadow - to name but a few - have welcomed the concept of an ‘ethic of care’. Gilligan’s work gave a feminist view and situated ethics in the everyday aspects of responsiveness, responsibility, context and concern. Shutte’s search for a ‘philosophy for Africa’ has resulted in finding similarities in Setiloane and in Senghor with those of Thomist philosophers. Using this African philosophy and a research participant’s narrative, an African ethic evolves out of the African proverb: ‘A person is a person through other persons’, or its alternative rendering: ‘I am because we are: we are because I am.’ This hermeneutic narrative reveals ‘the way affect imbues activity with ethical meaning’ within the context of a black nursing sister in a rural South African hospital. It expands upon the above proverb and incorporates the South African constitutional idea of ‘Ubuntu’ (compassion and justice or humanness).
Are Nursing Codes of Practice Ethical?
Authors: Pattison Stephen 
Published: November 2006

This article provides a theoretical critique from a particular ‘ideal type’ ethical perspective of professional codes in general and the United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing, Midwifery and Health Visiting (UKCC) Code of professional conduct (reprinted on pp. 77-78) in particular. Having outlined a specific ‘ideal type’ of what ethically informed and aware practice may be, the article examines the extent to which professional codes may be likely to elicit and engender such practice. Because of their terminological inexactitudes and confusions, their arbitrary values and principles, their lack of helpful ethical guidance, and their exclusion of ordinary moral experience, a number of contemporary professional codes in health and social care can be arraigned as ethically inadequate. The UKCC Code of professional conduct embodies many of these flaws, and others besides. Some of its weaknesses in this respect are anatomized before some tentative suggestions are offered for the reform of codes and the engendering of greater ethical awareness among professionals in the light of greater public ethical concerns and values.
Cancer Patients’ Views and Experiences of Participation in Care and Decision Making
Authors: Sainio Carita , Lauri Sirkka , Eriksson Elina 
Published: November 2006

The purpose of this study was to explore the views and experiences of adult cancer patients about patient participation in care and decision making and the preconditions for this participation. The data were collected by means of focused interviews; in addition the patients completed depression and problem-solving instruments. The sample comprised 34 cancer patients from the haematological and oncological wards of one university hospital in Finland. The results revealed considerable variation in the patients’ views on their participation in care and decision making. Some of the patients understood participation either in terms of contributing to the decision making or in terms of expressing their views on treatment options. Some considered that their participation in care was impossible. Patient participation in care and decision making was promoted by good health, access to information, assertiveness, good interactive relationships with nurses and physicians, and encouragement by nurses and physicians to participate. Factors restricting such patient participation were poor health, ignorance, anxiety, age, time pressures of staff, lack of time, high staff turnover and poor interactive relationships. With regard to participation in medical decision making, the patients were divided into three groups: (1) active participants ( n = 7), (2) patients giving active consent ( n = 9), and (3) patients giving passive consent to medical decisions ( n = 18).