bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problems of Implementing Crime Prevention: The Experience of a Demonstration Project
Authors: Hope Tim , Murphy Daniel J. I. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLittle attention has been paid to the implementation of crime control measures, yet implementation failure may curtail the effectiveness of measures as much as failure to influence the activities of offenders. This paper reports the experience of a Home Office crime prevention demonstration project where implementation proved difficult. It seeks to explain these difficulties in terms of the literature on policy implementation and has a number of suggestions for more successful crime prevention implementation.
Persistent Petty Offenders: Problems and Patterns of Multiple Disadvantage
Authors: Corden John 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn recent years a category of offender has been described and identified by Home Office research workers and penal reform groups as one which should be kept out of prison wherever possible. In this paper, the author reviews the work which indicates how many offenders fall within this group, and summarises those characteristics they have in common. He then traces the interacting patterns of multiple disadvantage from which so many offenders in this category find it difficult to escape, before drawing some conclusions about the implications of this analysis for penal policy and sentencing practice.
Attendance Centres: Policy and Practice
Authors: Gelsthorpe Loraine , Morris Allison 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper contrasts the official policy underlying attendance centres with the practice of one such centre. Two issues in particular are discussed: the objectives of the centre (noting particularly the views of the staff and the boys) and the apparent place of attendance centres in the tariff. Certain divergences are highlighted and their implications discussed in the light of the recent Criminal Justice Act.
The Mission to the English Police Courts 1876–1936
Authors: McWilliams William 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis essay explores the efforts of the Police Court Mission in the courts of summary jurisdiction. For 60 years, in an age which accorded ever‐increasing importance to the methods of science, the missionaries held firmly to a religious philosophy, distinctively their own. This paper attempts to explain how it was possible for the missionaries to be absorbed into the probation system, and for their religious ideals to yield, eventually, to the radically different philosophy of the aspiring, “scientific” social work diagnosticians.
Self‐Reported Crime Studies and the British Crime Survey
Authors: Walker Monica A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractResearch studies and surveys which involve asking people what offences they have committed have many methodological problems. An examination of these problems shows that it is very doubtful whether valid conclusions can be drawn, either about the number of offences of different types which have been committed or about the characteristics of offenders. Besides this, there are ethical problems involved in persuading people to answer questions regarding their criminal behaviour. The contribution made by self‐reported crime studies to scientific research or to improving the accuracy of published criminal statistics is not sufficient to warrant their being continued.
Group Protests in Penal Institutions: The Polish Case
Authors: Moczydlowski Pawel , Rzeplinski Andrzej 
Published: January 2009

Abstract: In 1981 prisoners'protests occurred in 116 of Poland's 146 prisons, with almost half of the Country's total prison population taking part. The causes, course and consequences of these protests are examined in this article, which identifies four distinct phases, culminating in the riots of the (phase of hopelessness'. As a result of the protests a number of improvements were made to prisoners' living conditions and legal status, as well as some alleviation of prison discipline and the extension of conditional release. Many of these reforms were brought to an end when martial law was introduced in December 1981.The Polish prison system is in urgent need of further reform if it is to avoid another wave of protests and a deepening of the crisis in its penal institutions.
Foreign Nationals in English Prisons: I. Family Ties and their Maintenance
Authors: Richards Martin , McWilliams Brenda , Batten Nikki , Cameron Claire , CUTLER JENNY 
Published: January 2009

Abstract: Fifty male and 55 female prisoners who were normally resident outside the UK were interviewed in twelve English prisons. All were convicted with sentences of 18 months or more and had been in prison for at least two months. Twenty‐four nationalities were represented but prisoners resident in the Republic of Ireland were excluded from the study. All had been convicted for offences related to the import of illegal drugs though had not been selected for this reason. Compared with UK prisoners those from abroad were older, had wider family responsibilities and were on average serving much longer sentences.Non‐UK prisoners receive few visitors. Most of those they do see are relatives or friends who live in the UK or people from religious or other voluntary groups. Only two of the 42 mothers had seen their children. In both cases their children happened to be living in the UK. Most prisoners felt isolated and very cut off from their families. Letters were the main method prisoners used for keeping in touch with family and friends. There was wide variety in the number of free or subsidised letters available to prisoners. Though most, in theory, had access to card phones, the cost of these made them of little value to most prisoners.The difficulties in speaking English and lack of knowledge of English culture in general, and prison culture in particular (almost all claimed to be first offenders), coupled with factors such as lack of availability of familiar food, videos or reading material in their own language, contributed to the sense of social and cultural violation of most non‐UK prisoners. Recent initiatives to help support the family ties of prisoners have, in the main, had little relevance for this group of prisoners.
The Garland Thesis and the Origins of Modern English Prison Discipline: 1835 to 1939
Authors: Forsythe Bill 
Published: January 2009

Abstract: In this article David Garland's (1985) seminal work Punishment and Welfare is discussed in relation to English prisons between the above dates. I suggest a rebuttal of Garland's critique of Michel Foucault's (1979) earlier work on 19th century penal developments because this critique is a foundation stone of Garland's general thesis about the origins of modern penality. Secondly it is argued that Garland took insufficient account of the influence of positivist evolutionist theory on penal thought in the mid‐ Victorian era and that his assumptions about the classical foundations of the totality of Victorian penality are oversimplified. Lastly, I argue that, notwithstanding, Garland was wrong to emphasise eugenic and neo‐Darwinian theory as a dominant intellectual and operational foundation of penality between 1895 and 1914.In fact the empirical case of prisons shows that traditional moral reformatory methods and classicism were the major theoretical foundations of prisons and borstals between 1895 and 1914 although significant projects based on the new mental science and neo‐Darwinian positivism were cautiously and experimentally tried.
A cluster randomized controlled trial of child‐focused psychiatric consultation and a school systems‐focused intervention to reduce aggression
Authors: Fonagy Peter , Twemlow Stuart W. , Vernberg Eric M. , Nelson Jennifer Mize , Dill Edward J. , Little Todd D. , Sargent John A. 
Published: January 2009

Background:  While school‐based anti‐bullying programs are widely used, there have been few controlled trials of effectiveness. This study compared the effect of manualized School Psychiatric Consultation (SPC), CAPSLE (a systems and mentalization focused whole school intervention), and treatment‐as‐usual (TAU) in reducing aggression and victimization among elementary school children.Method:  Participants were 1,345 third to fifth graders in nine elementary schools in a medium‐sized Midwestern city who took part in a cluster‐level randomized controlled trial with stratified restricted allocation, to assess efficacy after two years of active intervention and effectiveness after one year of minimal input maintenance intervention. Outcome measures included peer and self‐reports of bullying, bystanding, and mentalizing behavior and classroom behavioral observations of disruptive and off‐task behavior.Results:  CAPSLE moderated the developmental trend of increasing peer‐reported victimization (p < .01), aggression (p < .05), self‐reported aggression (p < .05) and aggressive bystanding (p < .05), compared to TAU schools. CAPSLE also moderated a decline in empathy and an increase in the percent of children victimized compared to SPC (p < .01) and TAU conditions (p < .01). Results for self‐reported victimization, helpful bystanding, and beliefs in the legitimacy of aggression did not suggest significantly different changes among the study conditions over time. CAPSLE produced a significant decrease in off‐task (p < .001) and disruptive classroom behaviors (p < .01), while behavioral change was not observed in SPC and TAU schools. Superiority with respect to TAU for victimization (p < .05), aggression (p < .01), and helpful (p < .05) and aggressive bystanding (p < .01) were maintained in the follow‐up year.Conclusions:  A teacher‐implemented school‐wide intervention that does not focus on disturbed children substantially reduced aggression and improved classroom behavior.
Psychophysiological outcomes of health qigong for chronic conditions: A systematic review
Authors: Ng Bobby H.P. , Tsang Hector W.H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe aimed to unravel the clinical benefits and the plausible underlying psychophysiological mechanism based on available randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Meta‐analysis of 26 RCTs shortlisted from electronic databases from 1997 to 2006 shows that qigong had some effects on increasing the numbers of white blood cells and lymphocytes, stroke volume, peak early transmitral filling velocity, peak late transmitral filling velocity, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume, and, conversely, lowering of total cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and depressive mood scores. Explanatory pathways may pertain to stress reduction via nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Limitations on methodology are discussed and directions for further studies are suggested. Because of its safety, minimal cost, and clinical benefit, health qigong can be advocated as an adjunctive exercise therapy for older people with chronic conditions.
Improving the performance of physiologic hot flash measures with support vector machines
Authors: Thurston Rebecca C. , Matthews Karen A. , Hernandez Javier , De La Torre Fernando 
Published: January 2009

AbstractHot flashes are experienced by over 70% of menopausal women. Criteria to classify hot flashes from physiologic signals show variable performance. The primary aim was to compare conventional criteria to Support Vector Machines (SVMs), an advanced machine learning method, to classify hot flashes from sternal skin conductance. Thirty women with ≥4 hot flashes/day underwent laboratory hot flash testing with skin conductance measurement. Hot flashes were quantified with conventional (≥2 μmho, 30 s) and SVM methods. Conventional methods had poor sensitivity (sensitivity=0.41, specificity=1, positive predictive value (PPV)=0.94, negative predictive value (NPV)=0.85) in classifying hot flashes, with poorest performance among women with high body mass index or anxiety. SVM models showed improved performance (sensitivity=0.89, specificity=0.96, PPV=0.85, NPV=0.96). SVM may improve the performance of skin conductance measures of hot flashes.
Phenotypic and genetic correlations between evoked EEG/ERP measures during the response anticipation period of a delayed response task
Authors: Smit Dirk J. A. , Posthuma Danielle , Boomsma Dorret I. , De Geus Eco J. C. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe investigated the relationship between three electrophysiological indices of response anticipation in a spatial delayed response task with a low and high memory load manipulation: a slow cortical potential (SCP), theta desynchronization, and upper alpha synchronization. Individual differences in these three measures were examined in 531 adult twins and siblings. Heritability of the SCP at occipital‐parietal leads varied from 30% to 43%. Heritability of upper alpha synchronization (35% to 65%) and theta desynchronization (31% to 50%) was significant at all leads. Theta desynchronization and upper alpha synchronization were significantly correlated (r∼43%), but SCP was not correlated with either. The effect of working memory load on all three measures was not heritable. Response anticipation reliably evokes an SCP, upper alpha synchronization and theta desynchronization, but variation in these measures reflects different (genetic) sources.
Tracking the voluntary control of auditory spatial attention with event‐related brain potentials
Authors: Störmer Viola S. , Green Jessica J. , McDonald John J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA lateralized event‐related potential (ERP) component elicited by attention‐directing cues (ADAN) has been linked to frontal‐lobe control but is often absent when spatial attention is deployed in the auditory modality. Here, we tested the hypothesis that ERP activity associated with frontal‐lobe control of auditory spatial attention is distributed bilaterally by comparing ERPs elicited by attention‐directing cues and neutral cues in a unimodal auditory task. This revealed an initial ERP positivity over the anterior scalp and a later ERP negativity over the parietal scalp. Distributed source analysis indicated that the anterior positivity was generated primarily in bilateral prefrontal cortices, whereas the more posterior negativity was generated in parietal and temporal cortices. The anterior ERP positivity likely reflects frontal‐lobe attentional control, whereas the subsequent ERP negativity likely reflects anticipatory biasing of activity in auditory cortex.
Prolonged platelet activation in individuals with elevated blood pressure in response to a moderate exercise challenge
Authors: Hong Suzi , Adler Karen A. , Von Känel Roland , Nordberg Judy , Ziegler Michael G. , Mills Paul J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe examined the magnitude of 20‐min moderate exercise‐induced platelet activation in 50 volunteers with normal (n=31) or elevated blood pressure (EBP; n=19). Blood was drawn before, immediately after, and 25 min after exercise. Antibody‐staining for platelet activation markers, P‐selectin, and fibrinogen receptors was done with and without adenosine diphosphate (ADP) stimulation in whole blood for flow cytometric analyses. Exercise led to increases in percent aggregated platelets and percent platelets expressing P‐selectin or PAC‐1 binding (ps≤.001). This increase in percent platelets expressing P‐selectin continued even after a 25‐min rest only in the EBP group (p≤.01) accompanied by an increase in percent of aggregated platelets (p≤.05). Although ADP stimulation led to increased platelet activation at rest, it was attenuated following exercise, even among EBP individuals. A moderate exercise challenge induced prolonged platelet activation in individuals with EBP but attenuation in activation to further stimulation by an agonist. Findings suggest that a recovery period after physical stress appears critical in individuals with high BP regarding platelet activation and aggregation, which can lead to an acute coronary syndrome in vulnerable individuals.
An auditory oddball (P300) spelling system for brain‐computer interfaces
Authors: Furdea A. , Halder S. , Krusienski D.J. , Bross D. , Nijboer F. , Birbaumer N. , Kübler A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study was designed to develop and test an auditory event‐related potential (ERP) based spelling system for a brain‐computer interface (BCI) and to compare user's performance between the auditory and visual modality. The spelling system, where letters in a matrix were coded with acoustically presented numbers, was tested on a group of healthy volunteers. The results were compared with a visual spelling system. Nine of the 13 participants presented with the auditory ERP spelling system scored above a predefined criterion level control for communication. Compared to the visual spelling system, users' performance was lower and the peak latencies of the auditorily evoked ERPs were delayed. It was concluded that auditorily evoked ERPs from the majority of the users could be reliably classified. High accuracies were achieved in these users, rendering item selection with a BCI based on auditory stimulation feasible for communication.
Susceptibility weighted imaging in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with intractable epilepsy
Authors: Saini Jitender , Kesavadas Chandrasekhran , Thomas Bejoy , Kapilamoorthy Tirur Raman , Gupta Arun Kumar , Radhakrishnan Ashalatha , Radhakrishnan Kurupath 
Published: January 2009

SummaryAim:  Dedicated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol can diagnose epileptogenic abnormalities in patients with intractable epilepsy. However, it is not sufficiently sensitive to detect small calcified lesions that may result from infections, tumors, or vascular malformations. This study aims to study the impact of the addition of T2*gradient echo/susceptibility weighted imaging (T2*GRE/SWI) sequence to a dedicated MRI protocol.Method:  One hundred thirty‐seven patients with intractable epilepsy underwent MRI using conventional epilepsy protocol with addition of T2*GRE/SWI sequence. Comparison of the images with and without these sequences was done for detection of calcified abnormalities/vascular abnormalities. In patients with calcified lesions, MRI findings were correlated either with histopathology or computerized tomography (CT) to confirm the presence of calcification.Results:  In 16 patients the sequence gave additional information compared to conventional imaging protocol. The sequence helped in better characterization of lesions in all patients. In three patients it helped in detecting the lesion and in another three it appeared useful as it best characterized the lesions. Additional lesions were detected in two patients with old calcified granulomas. Important additional information was supplied in four patients, whereas in the remaining patients lesion conspicuity was increased.Conclusion:  T2*GRE/SWI sequence should form part of routine epilepsy protocol as it increases sensitivity by detecting occult calcified lesions or vascular malformations that may be responsible for the patient’s seizures. This is especially important in patients from developing countries who have post‐infective calcified lesions responsible for seizures and who undergo only MRI as the imaging modality for intractable seizures.
Startle epilepsy associated with gait‐induced seizures: Pathomechanism analysis using EEG, MEG, and PET studies
Authors: Saeki Keisuke , Saito Yoshiaki , Sugai Kenji , Nakagawa Eiji , Komaki Hirofumi , Sakuma Hiroshi , Sasaki Masayuki , Kaneko Yuu 
Published: January 2009

SummaryWe describe herein a girl who has had startle‐induced seizures since she was 3 years old. These seizures were refractory to antiepileptic medications and worsened when the patient was 9 years old, following termination of phenytoin administration because of adverse effects. During this period she could walk only a few steps with support, and sudden drop attacks inevitably occurred. Interictal electroencephalography (EEG) revealed abundant spike–wave activity at the centroparietal midline areas, and ictal EEG of poststartle and gait‐induced seizures revealed initial voltage attenuation followed by recruitment of vertex activity, which preceded a tonic or myoclonic–atonic phase. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results were unremarkable, but magnetoencephalography (MEG) and positron emission tomography (PET) suggested the presence of an extensive epileptogenic zone in the bilateral pericentral gyri, and the bilateral paracentral and left precuneus lobules, including the primary motor, supplementary motor, and supplementary sensory areas. The pathophysiologic significance of these structures is discussed.
Hippocampal zinc infusion delays the development of afterdischarges and seizures in a kindling model of epilepsy
Authors: Elsas Siegward‐M. , Hazany Saman , Gregory William L. , Mody Istvan 
Published: January 2009

SummaryPurpose:  Zinc occurs in high concentration in synaptic vesicles of glutamatergic terminals including hippocampal mossy fibers. This vesicular zinc can be synaptically released during neuronal activity, including seizures. Zinc inhibits certain subtypes of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors. By blocking NMDA excitation or GABA inhibition, an excess of zinc may alter the excitability of hippocampal circuits, which contribute to the development of seizures.Methods:  Twenty‐one adult Wistar rats were implanted under anesthesia with Alzet pumps releasing vehicle, 10 μm ZnCl2 or 1,000 μm ZnCl2, at a rate of 0.25 μl/h continuously into the hippocampal hilus for 4 weeks. Kindling was performed by daily awake commissural stimulation at 60 Hz and afterdischarges were recorded from a dentate gyrus electrode. Development of behavioral Racine seizure stages was recorded by a blinded investigator.Results:  The development of behavioral Racine seizure stages was delayed only in rats infused with 1,000 μm ZnCl2 (p < 0.02). With completion of kindling at stimulation number 20, all groups had reached the same maximum level of behavioral seizures. The expected increased progression of afterdischarge duration was inhibited by both 10 μm ZnCl2 and 1,000 μm ZnCl2 infusion compared to control animals (p < 0.01). At stimulation number 18, all groups had reached the same maximum duration of afterdischarges.Discussion:  We conclude that excess infused zinc delayed the development of behavioral seizures in a kindling model of epilepsy. These data support the hypothesis that zinc synaptically released during seizures may alter hippocampal excitability similar to zinc infused in our experiment.
New onset seizures in HIV—Seizure semiology, CD4 counts, and viral loads
Authors: Modi Mala , Mochan Andre , Modi Girish 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThirty‐seven HIV‐positive patients with new‐onset seizures (NOS) were prospectively identified during a 1‐year study period. The patients were categorized according to the different mechanisms causing NOS in HIV, namely focal brain lesion (FBL) in 21 patients (57%), meningitis in 6 patients (16%), metabolic derangement (no patient), and no identified cause (NIC) other than HIV itself (10 patients, 27%). Seizure semiology, CD4 counts, and blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) viral loads were studied to identify any special characteristics of the different categories. With respect to seizure semiology, all NIC patients had generalized seizures. Two‐thirds of the meningitis patients had generalized seizures with one‐third having focal seizures. Half of the patients with FBL had generalized seizures and one‐third had focal seizures. Status epilepticus was strongly associated with FBL. No significant difference could be detected between the subgroups with respect to CD4 counts and serum and CSF viral loads. The median CD4 count in all patients was 108 cells/ml, indicating advanced immunosuppression. In the FBL group this was 104 cells/ml. In the meningitis group the median CD4 count was 298 cells/ml, and in the NIC group this was 213 cells/ml. Similarly, no differences were noted in the NOS categories with respect to serum and CSF viral loads. Seizures in HIV are a nonspecific manifestation of the seizure mechanism.