bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reaction of Wool with Oxidizing Agents in Concentrated Salt Solutions
Authors: McPhee J.R. 
Published: March 2008

Concentrated salt solutions protect wool from oxidative degradation. Oxidizing agents produce a higher degree of shrink resistance in concentrated salt solutions than in the absence of salt. Many oxidations, followed by a reduction, shrinkproof wool when either treatment alone does not. Results support the idea [20, 46] that attack on disulfide bonds is the only primary reaction during chemical shrinkproofing and that attack at some other point of the protein structure need not occur. However, breaking of disulfide bonds is not sufficient in itself to produce shrinkproofing effects, and the exact nature of chemical changes leading to shrinkproofing is unknown. No conclusive evidence has been found to decide whether or not changes in frictional properties are the general cause of shrinkproofing. Evidence is given that, under conditions where swelling is less than in simple aqueous solutions, reaction still occurs throughout wool fibers rather than only at the surface. The results do not agree with theories which suggest that shrinkproofing is due in some way to formation of degraded layers of protein material in wool fibers.
Effect of Elongation and Temperature on the Recovery and Apparent Glass Transition Behavior of an Experimental Modacrylic Fiber
Authors: Bryant George M. 
Published: March 2008

The shape of the stress-strain curve of the modacrylic fiber is correlated in a definite manner with the stress-relaxation and recovery behavior. At the yield point, where the stress-strain curve has minimum slope, the tensile recovery decreases most rapidly with increasing elongation, and the rate of stress relaxation passes through a maximum. Above the normal (low-strain) glass transition temperature of the fiber (90° C.), the stress-strain curve no longer has a yield point, and the recovery and stress-relaxation behavior become relatively independent of elongation. The tensile- and work-recovery values show a definite minimum (permanent set shows a maximum), occurring at the glass transition temperature at low, 1%, strain, and shifting to lower temperatures with increasing elongation. This shifting of the minimum in the recovery-temperature curves is interpreted to indicate a lowering of the glass transition temperature with stretching. At temperatures of 25° and 60° C., the yield strain approximates that elongation required to reduce the minimum in the recovery-temperature curves to that temperature. These results lead to a fundamental definition of the yield point as the strain level at which the glass transition temperature is lowered to the experimental temperature. A free volume increase accompanying stretching is postulated as the underlying mechanism whereby the glass transition temperature is reduced. The equations of Ferry [13, 14] indicate that a quite reasonable value of 0.35 for Poisson's ratio could lead to an increase in free volume sufficient to speed up the molecular response by a factor of 105 at the yield strain.
Contribution of Swelling to Water-Resistant Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Goldthwait Charles F. , Sloan William G. 
Published: March 2008

A summary of a comprehensive study of the manufacture and finishing of swelling- type water-resistant cotton fabrics of medium weight is presented. These are fabrics which stop the passage of water by the swelling of their constituent fibers. Such stoppage depends upon a zone of very high density flatwise through the fabric. Of many fabrics produced, a few were of swelling type in the grey, but only one after finishing. Variables which are usually given less consideration, had most attention, viz., maturity, and use of very immature cottons; effects of processing the yarn before weaving; and effects of increasing the tightness of fabrics by adding picks up to 36% more than normal. The fabrics were finished in a pilot plant, and an unusual study was made of the effects of successive steps in finishing on air and water resistance. Unique fabrics produced showed unusual properties, especially strength and thickness. Fabrics were evaluated for closing by methods intended to exclude water resistance from other sources than swelling. Many special tests showed that swelling capacity was reduced by finishing, to a greater extent with immature than with mature cottons. The air spaces in dense, grey fabrics of very immature cotton constitute capillary sys tems of unusually fine pores, especially resistant to the passage of air or water. This advantage over mature cotton is largely offset, however, because the immature cotton loses 4-5% more noncellulosic material when scoured, which leaves more space to fill by swelling. Cottons of average maturity, and from fine to average in fineness, are preferable. Entrapped air in partially swollen fabrics contributed to water resistance beyond the effect of air in ordinary water-repellent goods. This was observed especially in samples swollen in water vapor and may add to the resistance of a fabric in service if exposed to a very humid atmosphere.
Dimensional Changes in Multicomponent Systems of Fabrics: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Lindberg Joel 
Published: March 2008

In a system of two fabrics attached to each other, dimensional changes may give rise to compression and extension stresses in the plane of the fabrics. High stresses may lead to buckling of the compressed fabric, which may impair the appearance of the system. The paper discusses three different types of dimensional change occurring in practice, namely changes due to external stresses, changes due to setting operations, and changes due to releasing frozen-in internal stresses or producing internal stresses by swelling. Each of these dimensional changes is defined. Equations are derived which, for a smooth system, give the relation between the initial difference in dimension between the fabrics, dimensional changes taking place after the fabrics are attached to each other, and certain mechanical properties of the fabrics. Three fundamental cloth parameters are shown to govern the results, namely formability, settability, and dimensional stability.
The Effect of pH and Detergents on the Felting of Shrink-Resistant Wool
Authors: McPhee J.R. , Feldtman H.D. 
Published: March 2008

The rate of felting of an untreated wool fabric increases with decreasing pH of the felting solution over the pH range 2-10. The felting rate is increased at all pH values by the addition of nonionic detergent to the solution. The felting, relative to untreated wool, of wool made shrink-resistant with perman ganate/salt, acid chlorine, permonosulfuric acid followed by sulfite, permanganate hypo chlorite, peracetic acid/hypochlorite, hypochlorite at pH 8, or gaseous chlorine increases with decreasing pH of the felting solution. The magnitude of this effect can he reduced by treatment with higher concentrations of reagents. After treatment with reagents of the concentrations used industrially, no change in felting rates with pH can be de tected at pH values above 5. The actual rate of felting of wool treated with reagents of these concentrations is low and is not significantly affected by the addition of soap or nonionic detergents to the solutions. The felting, relative to untreated wool, of wool treated with ethanolic thioglycolate, aqueous hisulfite (on extracted wool). hydrogen peroxide folluwed hy bisulfite, ethanolic sodium hydroxide, or sodium hydroxide saturated salt does not vary with pH in the absence of detergent. Felting is increased by the addition of detergent to the solutions. In detergent solutions, the relative felting of wool treated with ethanolic thioglycolate, aqueous bisulfite (on extracted wool), or hydrogen peroxide bisulfite does not change with pH. hut the relative felting of wool treated with sodium hydroxide in ethanol or saturated salt solution reaches a maximum at pH 7-9. Frictional properties of fibers treated with some of the reagents have been measured (by the capstan method using a keratin rod at different pH values in the presence and absence of detergent. Felting behavior does not appear to be explained by these fric tional properties alone. Some other property, or properties, of treated wool, which vary differently with pH than do similar properties of untreated wool, must play a part in felting.
Shrink-Resist Treatment and Laundering of Wool Fabrics
Authors: McPhee J.R. 
Published: March 2008

Commercial wool fabrics may shrink on wetting, due to the relaxation of strains imparted in processing, in washing, due to felting, an inherent property of wool fiber. and in the tumble drying- of wet fabrics, due to a reversible relaxation of structure. The common industrial methods for reducing felting by chemical reactions are described. Many factors affect the rates of these reactions, and it is essential to control the proc esses adequately if shrink resistance of the required level is to be consistently obtained. The types of machines used for treatment and the importance of efficient scouring and of obtaining level treatments are discussed. The properties of wool treated by the various methods are described. It is often better to dye or bleach after shrink-resist treatment, but it is shown that prolonged boiling must be avoided since shrink resistance and strength may be adversely affected and relatively high weight losses obtained. Machine laundering of woven and knitted fabrics is discussed in terms of type of machine action, load in the machine, fabric structure, and degree of shrink-resist treat ment. All these factors must be considered simultaneously in the commercial production and sale of washable wool goods.
Determination of Cellulose in Textile Fibers
Authors: Smith B.F. , Davison S. , Smith F. 
Published: March 2008

A quantitative colorimetric method has been developed for the determination of cotton (cellulose), viscose (regenerated cellulose), acetate (cellulose diacetate), and Arnel2 (cellulose triacetate) in binary textile fiber blends. The anthrone and the phenol—sulfuric acid colorimetric methods were found to be suitable for the determination of cellulose, regenerated cellulose, and certain cellulose esters after pretreatment with 70% sulfuric acid at room temperature. Standard curves for glucose prepared by each colorincetric method were the same as those obtained for cellulose and viscose when the difference in molecular weight between glucose (180) and a glucose residue (162) was taken into account. Both colorimetric methods can be used for the analysis of cellulose in standard binary blends containing no finishes or dyes. Commercially available cellulosic/non- cellulosic and cellulosic/cellulosic blends, some containing finishes and dyes, were also analyzed. The phenol—sulfuric acid method is preferred for textile analysis since better results were obtained with it. The accuracy of this colorimetric method was ±3.0% and, in many instances, blends were analyzed with an accuracy of ±1.0% or better.
Soil Burial of Fabrics Treated with Minimal Concentrations of Fungicides
Authors: Darby Richard T. , Kempton Alan G. 
Published: March 2008

Strips of cotton duck were treated with low concentrations of fourteen commercial and experimental fungicides and subjected to a soil burial test. Comparative effective ness of the compounds was determined in terms of dosage required to yield 50% loss in breaking strength ( ED 50) at ten days burial. The effectiveness of the several compounds used ranged from 0.01% to 1.5% based on concentration of the treating solution. The most commonly used compounds were all effective at 0.5% or less. The effective soil burial life was found to be a function of the concentration within the limits of time and concentration studied. Several compounds were investigated in factorial combinations at concentrations known to result in partial effectiveness at ten days when used singly. No significant synergism was observed. The significance of minimal concentrations in relation to the breakdown process is discussed.
Fatigue in Textile Fibers
Authors: Lyons W. James 
Published: March 2008

The fatigue lifetime of an acrylic sample was found to be expressible by the equation: L = a v ", where v is frequency, a is a function of stroke, and n is 0.72. The parameter a was found to decrease with an increase in stroke. The results are interpretable in terms of an elementary, molecular fatigue process. It is postulated that fatigue rupture occurs when a critical level of extension is reached. A study of the residual mechanical properties of a viscose sample fatigued at various lengths was inconclusive with respect to whether fatigue failure results from the aggravation of weak spots or from over-all deterioration of the fiber substance. Fatiguing the acrylic sample at different frequencies and for various periods of time was found to produce only insignificant differences in residual rupture properties among the fatigued fibers. The properties of these as a group, however, were found to be appreciably different from those of unfatigued fibers. Microscopic examination of viscose fibers broken as a result of fatiguing showed the rupture surfaces to be essentially transverse planes, with no indication of fibrillation. X-ray diffraction data on fatigued nylon fibers revealed an axial lengthening of crystal lites of the material.
Methods for Measuring Static Strains in Automobile Tires
Authors: Weickert Bernhard 
Published: March 2008

Two methods for measuring strains in an automobile tire by means of x-rays are described and significant results are discussed. The first method was designed to measure tire cord strains resulting from tire ex pansion, inflation, and deflection hy studying the dimensional changes of metat-shadowed cord. The second method was developed to provide a measure of tire carcass strains by following the movement of steel balls located between fahric plies. These techniques provide means for studying cord and tire behavior during tire manufacture as well as during tire inflation and deflection. Both series of strain measurements (with shadowed cord and with steel balls) have shown quantitatively significant extensions and contractions in the cord and carcass of an automobile tire as a consequence of curing, expansion, inflation, and deflection. Specifically, it was found that after inflation nonuniform strains existed along the cords within the same ply from crown to head of a tire. Cord strains from ply to ply were also nonuniform. The cords in the crown were stretched during expansion and curing, while the cords in the sidewall were subjected to appreciable contraction ; dimen sional changes which reflected a characteristic strain pattern within the tire and which originated during expansion and curing were retained in the tire after inflation.
Oxidation of Partially Etherified Cottons with Nitrogen Dioxide
Authors: Reinhardt Robert M. , Fenner Terrence W. , Reid J. David 
Published: March 2008

Alkali-soluble, fibrous cellulosic textile materials may be prepared by the oxidation of partially etherified cottons with nitrogen dioxide. Modified cottons bearing ether substituents, such as aminoethyl, carboxymethyl, carboxyethyl, methyl, α-methylcarboxy methyl, or phosphonomethyl groups, were readily oxidized to yield products with high alkali solubility. Using milder oxidation conditions than are required with native or mercerized cottons, products were prepared that are almost completely soluble in dilute sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate solutions. The oxidation may be carried out with gaseous nitrogen dioxide or with organic solvent solutions of nitrogen dioxide. Variables of the process and properties of the products were investigated most ex tensively with partially carboxymethylated cotton.
Measurement of the Surface Friction of Fibers by an Electro-Mechanical Method
Authors: Scheier Stanley C. , Lyons W. James 
Published: March 2008

A torsion-wire instrument, built for the measurement of frictional force, is described. Its operation depends on the angular deflection of a beam when a slider on the beam passes axially along the test specimen. The frictional force involved is registered elec tronically through a capacitive transducer and a bridge circuit. Means have been taken to minimize the influence of noise-producing sources on the delicate transducer. Typical chart recordings obtained on the frictional-force system are presented, showing that, under the conditions of these experiments, the frictional passage of an edge along a textile fiber is an irregular succession of "stick-slip" cycles. Two param eters, taking into account this irregularity, are introduced to characterize the frictional behavior of a fiber. Results of measurements in these terms are given for two man- made fibers, with and without finish, and for a camel-hair sample. At the traversing speeds employed in the present experiments, finishes on man-made fibers appear to have little effect on frictional behavior. In general, no correlation was found between the geometric roughness and frictional parameters. However, in the case of the camel hair, which exhibits the differential frictional effect (D.F.E.), a cor relation was found, in that both the roughness and frictional parameters have higher values when measured in the "against-scale" direction. Measurements made on a nylon sample, with and without finish, at various normal forces, showed that one of the frictional parameters, average maximum force, is (quite strictly) proportional to the normal force, in agreement with Amonton's law.
Non-Woven Fabrics. Part VI
Authors: Thirlwell B.E. , Treloar L.R.G. 
Published: March 2008

Measurements of lateral contraction in the plane of the sheet and of changes in thickness were made on cross-laid and random-laid bonded-nber fabrics subjected to a tensile stress either parallel or at right angles to the machine direction. From these measurements, the corresponding changes in volume were derived. The results show a large lateral contraction accompanied by an even larger percentage increase in thick ness, giving a resultant increase in volume on extension. All these changes were non-linear functions of the tensile strain. For the study of the mechanical anisotropy of cross-laid fabrics, composite fabrics were prepared by bonding together two sheets of random-laid web, with varying angles between the machine directions of the components. From tensile tests on samples cut from the composite sheet, polar diagrams representing the variation of Young's modulus and rupture strength with direction were obtained. The results were in close agreement with theoretical values calculated on th assuption that the properties of the composite sheet in a given direction are the average of the properties of the two constituents in the corresponding direction.
Behavior of Notched Fibers in Longitudinal Tension
Authors: Prevorsek Dusan C. , Coe Arthur B. , Lyons W. James 
Published: March 2008

Devices for cutting notches of controlled depth in monofils and for manipulating notched specimens under the microscope are described. Chordal and circumferential notches have been cut in nylon moriofils, and the deformation of specimens in the neighborhood of the cracks, when tension (to rupture) is applied, has been examined microscopically. The behavior of the fiber material at the roots of notches is discussed and interpreted in terms of molecular structure and orientation. Breaks observed in flattened monofils that had been notched on an edge, in one case, and centrally punctured, in another, have been interpreted to be of near-brittle character. Analysis of the char acter of a fracture su: face at a notch suggests that two mechanisms are operative in the propagation of a notch or crack to rupture. Tensile tests made on monofils of various diameters, as well as on circumferentially notched specimens, reveal that breaking strength decreases as the diameter becomes larger. This is taken to imply that the inherent flaw size usually increases with an in crease in specimen volume. From a plot of the breaking loads of monofils having Chordal notches of varying depth, an estimate of the equivalent depth of the inherent flaws is obtained.
Newer Insecticides as Insectproofing Agents for Wool
Authors: Williams V.A. 
Published: March 2008

Carbamates, organic phosphorus compounds, and organic chlorine compounds of low toxicity have been evaluated as proofing agents for wool against larvae of clothes moths and carpet beetles. Carbamates are unsatisfactory because they cannot withstand the hydrotytic conditions encountered during application and use. Several organic phosphorus compounds are effective at economic levels, and, of these, the most durable effect is obtained by treatment with Ethyl Guthion. Organic chlorine compounds related to DDT represent the closest approach to a group of compounds that are selectively toxic to wool eating insects, since they are effective proofing agents but have relatively little effect on mammals. The choice of a suitable compound is largely dependent on durability and economic considerations. The application of Dilene (DDD or TDE) at the boil is effective and durable at levels costing a penny per pound of wool.
Removal of Sodium Montmorillonite from Cotton1
Authors: Schott Hans 
Published: March 2008

Cotton fabric treated with aqueous sodium montmorillonite dispersions retains 0.12 ± 0.02% clay after three to at least ten washes with fresh portions of water. When fabric containing this tenaciously held clay is washed with solutions of deter gents and other chemicals, any reduction in the amount of retained clay must be due to the action of these chemicals. Polyoxyethylated nonionic detergents and polyethylene glycol were active, removing up to 70% of the clay. Cationic detergents were ineffective owing to their strong interaction with montmorillonite, which flocculates the clay and renders it hydro phobic; they also prevented or strongly reduced clay removal by nonionic detergents. Anionic detergents were ineffective because they are sorbed neither by montmorillonite nor by cotton: they did not interfere with clay removal by nonionic detergents. The irremovable sodium montmorillonite (approximately 0.04% ) is equal to the amount needed to completely cover the cotton surface with a clay layer consisting of elemental laniellae 9.4 A thick lying flat against the fibrils. Therefore, even non ionic detergents, which readily penetrate adjacent clay lamellae and separate them from each other, cannot detach the bottom lamellae of clay from the cotton substrate.