bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacists' perspectives on the Pharmacy First Minor Ailments Scheme
Authors: Pumtong Somying , Boardman Helen F , Anderson Claire W 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Objective
To investigate pharmacists' perspectives about the acceptability of the Pharmacy First Minor Ailments Scheme and barriers to the use of the scheme as well as to determine potential improvements to the scheme.

Method
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 pharmacists between November 2004 and March 2005.

Setting
Community pharmacies within Nottingham City Primary Care Trust (PCT).

Key findings
The study has demonstrated that the Pharmacy First Minor Ailments Scheme was well received by the majority of pharmacists and they were positive about the benefits of the scheme to both patients and healthcare professionals, despite raising some problems. Our findings highlighted a number of important issues that might be barriers to running the minor ailments scheme, including the quantity of paperwork involved, the lack of privacy in a pharmacy, and the restrictive nature of the formulary and protocols of the scheme.

Conclusion
The Pharmacy First Minor Ailments Scheme has been developed and implemented as part of Nottingham City PCT's strategy to improve access to primary care. Findings show that the majority of the pharmacists were positive about the scheme. It can be seen as a way of improving patient access to medicines and advice as well as choice in primary care. In other countries, health policy makers may consider such a scheme if it would fit their healthcare system.
Exploring the patient perspective regarding community pharmacists' educational roles in diabetes medication and blood glucose management
Authors: Hermansen-Kobulnicky Carol J , Worley Marcia M 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Objective
Applying role theory, we studied patients' beliefs about community pharmacists' roles and corresponding unaddressed educational needs in the area of diabetes medication and blood glucose management.

Setting
United States, nationwide sample.

Method
Persons with diabetes were surveyed by mail. Inclusion criteria required individuals to be non-institutionalised adults (≥18 years old) with type 1 or type 2 diabetes and taking at least one prescription diabetes medication.

Key findings
The most-frequent role beliefs for pharmacists included teaching patients about how to reduce the cost of their medications and about side-effects and symptom management. The most common unaddressed need reported by patients was reducing their drug costs, and those who reported at least one unaddressed need were more likely to be younger, female and black. Ten per cent of patients believed that only a pharmacist is able to educate them about medication and blood glucose management. Compared with the remainder of the study sample, these patients were on average more-highly educated, more-recently diagnosed, and visited their pharmacy more often in the last 30 days seeking advice from a pharmacist and non-prescription medications. Notably, they also reported fewer unaddressed needs overall.

Conclusion
Knowing the beliefs of a person with diabetes regarding who is capable of educating them about medication and blood glucose management, and knowing their related unaddressed educational needs is useful to community pharmacists who serve these patients as well as to pharmacy management as the profession continues to move forward to provide advanced care to patients with diabetes.
The Women's Health Initiative Study: individualisation of hormone replacement therapy in a defined South African population
Authors: Hanly Teia , Bellingan Michelle , Truter Ilse , Venter Danie 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study on the prescribing of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in a defined South African population and to establish whether patient therapy was appropriately individualised as a result of the WHI study.

Setting
Claims data from a South African managed healthcare organisation.

Method
A retrospective drug utilisation review (DUR) was conducted to identify HRT-related prescribing patterns in the defined study groups. This analysis included determining discontinuation and initiation rates for HRT during selected 6-month periods. An investigation into patient demographics and prescribing patterns followed, whereby trends observed among patients either initiating or discontinuing HRT in the 6-month period post-WHI publication were contrasted with patients using HRT prior to publication of the WHI study. The prevalence of concomitant disease states among these subgroups was also assessed.

Key findings
The discontinuation rate for HRT following publication of the WHI study increased from 3.47% to 7.54%, while the initiation rate decreased from 15.34% to 9.10%. Patients initiating HRT post-WHI publication were generally found to be in the younger menopausal age categories (40 to 49 years). These patients were more likely to have been initiated on HRT types other than those investigated in the WHI study and were at a higher risk for disease states for which HRT use is beneficial, such as osteoporosis. Patients discontinuing HRT post-WHI publication were generally found to be in the older menopausal age categories (60 to 69 years), were more likely to have been combined HRT users (although not necessarily the type investigated in the WHI study), and were at a higher risk for disease states for which HRT use is considered harmful, such as diseases affecting the cardiovascular system.

Conclusion
It can be concluded that HRT was appropriately individualised according to recommendations based on the results of the WHI study in the defined populations of this study.
Serum α2-HS Glycoprotein Predicts Survival in Patients with Glioblastoma
Authors: Petrik Vladimir , Saadoun Samira , Loosemore Alison , Hobbs Josie , Opstad Kirstie S , Sheldon Joanna , Tarelli Edward , Howe Franklyn A , Bell B Anthony , Papadopoulos Marios C 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackground: Glioblastoma, the most common primary brain tumor, has variable prognosis. We aimed to identify serum biomarkers that predict survival of patients with glioblastoma.Methods: In phase 1 (biomarker discovery), SELDI-TOF mass spectra were studied in 200 serum samples from 58 control subjects and 36 patients with grade II astrocytoma, 15 with anaplastic astrocytoma, and 91 with glioblastoma. To identify potential biomarkers, we searched for peptide peaks that changed progressively in size with increasing malignancy. One peak, identified as the B-chain of α2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein (AHSG), was less prominent with increasing tumor grade. We therefore investigated AHSG as a survival predictor in glioblastoma. We measured serum AHSG by turbidimetry and determined indices of malignancy, including tumor proliferation (Ki67 immunolabel) and necrosis (tumor lipids on magnetic resonance spectroscopy). In phase 2 (biomarker validation), the prognostic power of AHSG was validated in an independent group of 72 glioblastoma patients.Results: Median survival was longer (51 vs 29 weeks) in glioblastoma patients with normal vs low serum AHSG concentrations (hazard ratio 2.7, 95% CI 1.5–5.0, P &lt;0.001), independent of age and Karnofsky score. Serum AHSG inversely correlated with Ki-67 immunolabeling and tumor lipids. A prognostic index combining serum AHSG with patient age and Karnofsky score separated glioblastoma patients with short (&lt;3 months) and long (&gt;2 years) median survival. The prognostic value of serum AHSG was validated in a different cohort of glioblastoma patients.Conclusions: We conclude that serum AHSG concentration, measured before starting treatment, predicts survival in patients with glioblastoma.
Identification of Loss of Heterozygosity on Circulating Free DNA in Peripheral Blood of Prostate Cancer Patients: Potential and Technical Improvements
Authors: Müller Imke , Beeger Cord , Alix-Panabières Catherine , Rebillard Xavier , Pantel Klaus , Schwarzenbach Heidi 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackground: Accurate identification of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on circulating free DNA is often restricted by technical limitations such as poor quality and quantity of tumor-specific DNA and contamination by normal DNA. However, plasma DNA may harbor tumor-specific genetic alterations and could therefore be an interesting target for noninvasive examinations of tumor DNA.Methods: By PCR-based fluorescence microsatellite analysis using 12 polymorphic markers, we investigated LOH on cell-free DNA in blood plasma from 59 patients with localized prostate cancer (PCa) and 12 with metastatic disease (MPCa). In addition, plasma DNA from 21 PCa patients was fractionated into high- and low-molecular-weight DNA by 2 different column systems. To avoid appearance of artificial allelic loss and stabilize the amplification, TMAC (tetramethylammonium chloride) was added to each PCR.Results: Overall incidences of LOH at all markers analyzed were 10% in PCa and 12% in MPCa samples. Highest frequencies were found at markers D11S898 (28%) in PCa and D6S1631 (27%) in MPCa. Statistical evaluation showed significant associations between LOH and increasing Gleason scores for the marker combinations D6S1631*D8S286*D9S171 (P = 0.03) and D8S286*D9S171 (P = 0.05). Fractionation of plasma DNA resulted in a higher overall LOH frequency in the low-molecular-weight DNA fraction (23%) compared with the high-molecular-weight DNA (7%).Conclusions: LOH analysis of circulating DNA can provide tumor-specific genetic information on PCa patients. Fractionation of plasma DNA and addition of TMAC improved LOH detection and general assay performance.
Disparities in Mistreatment During Childbirth
Authors: Liu Chen , Underhill Kristen , Aubey Janice J. , Samari Goleen , Allen Heidi L. , Daw Jamie R. 
Published: April 2024

ImportanceLack of respectful maternity care may be a key factor associated with disparities in maternal health. However, mistreatment during childbirth has not been widely documented in the US.ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of mistreatment by health care professionals during childbirth among a representative multistate sample and to identify patient characteristics associated with mistreatment experiences.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used representative survey data collected from respondents to the 2020 Pregnancy Risk and Monitoring System in 6 states and New York City who had a live birth in 2020 and participated in the Postpartum Assessment of Health Survey at 12 to 14 months’ post partum. Data were collected from January 1, 2021, to March 31, 2022.ExposuresDemographic, social, clinical, and birth characteristics that have been associated with patients’ health care experiences.Main Outcomes and MeasuresAny mistreatment during childbirth, as measured by the Mistreatment by Care Providers in Childbirth scale, a validated measure of self-reported experiences of 8 types of mistreatment. Survey-weighted rates of any mistreatment and each mistreatment indicator were estimated, and survey-weighted logistic regression models estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs.ResultsThe sample included 4458 postpartum individuals representative of 552 045 people who had live births in 2020 in 7 jurisdictions. The mean (SD) age was 29.9 (5.7) years, 2556 (54.4%) identified as White, and 2836 (58.8%) were commercially insured. More than 1 in 8 individuals (13.4% [95% CI, 11.8%-15.1%]) reported experiencing mistreatment during childbirth. The most common type of mistreatment was being “ignored, refused request for help, or failed to respond in a timely manner” (7.6%; 95% CI, 6.5%-8.9%). Factors associated with experiencing mistreatment included being lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer identifying (unadjusted OR [UOR], 2.3; 95% CI, 1.4-3.8), Medicaid insured (UOR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.8), unmarried (UOR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.6-1.0), or obese before pregnancy (UOR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0-1.7); having an unplanned cesarean birth (UOR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.2), a history of substance use disorder (UOR, 2.6; 95% CI, 1.3-5.1), experienced intimate partner or family violence (UOR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.3-4.2), mood disorder (UOR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.2), or giving birth during the COVID-19 public health emergency (UOR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1-2.0). Associations of mistreatment with race and ethnicity, age, educational level, rural or urban geography, immigration status, and household income were ambiguous.Conclusions and RelevanceThis cross-sectional study of individuals who had a live birth in 2020 in 6 states and New York City found that mistreatment during childbirth was common. There is a need for patient-centered, multifaceted interventions to address structural health system factors associated with negative childbirth experiences.
Differences by Race in Outcomes of an In-Person Training Intervention on Use of an Inpatient Portal
Authors: Walker Daniel M. , Hefner Jennifer L. , MacEwan Sarah R. , Di Tosto Gennaro , Sova Lindsey N. , Gaughan Alice A. , Huerta Timothy R. , McAlearney Ann Scheck 
Published: April 2024

ImportanceDifferences in patient use of health information technologies by race can adversely impact equitable access to health care services. While this digital divide is well documented, there is limited evidence of how health care systems have used interventions to narrow the gap.ObjectiveTo compare differences in the effectiveness of patient training and portal functionality interventions implemented to increase portal use among racial groups.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis secondary analysis used data from a randomized clinical trial conducted from December 15, 2016, to August 31, 2019. Data were from a single health care system and included 6 noncancer hospitals. Participants were patients who were at least 18 years of age, identified English as their preferred language, were not involuntarily confined or detained, and agreed to be provided a tablet to access the inpatient portal during their stay. Data were analyzed from September 1, 2022, to October 31, 2023.InterventionsA 2 × 2 factorial design was used to compare the inpatient portal training intervention (touch, in-person [high] vs built-in video tutorial [low]) and the portal functionality intervention (technology, full functionality [full] vs a limited subset of functions [lite]).Main Outcomes and MeasuresPrimary outcomes were inpatient portal use, measured by frequency and comprehensiveness of use, and use of specific portal functions. A logistic regression model was used to test the association of the estimators with the comprehensiveness use measure. Outcomes are reported as incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for the frequency outcomes or odds ratios (ORs) for the comprehensiveness outcomes with corresponding 95% CIs.ResultsOf 2892 participants, 550 (19.0%) were Black individuals, 2221 (76.8%) were White individuals, and 121 (4.2%) were categorized as other race (including African, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian or Asian American, multiple races or ethnicities, and unknown race or ethnicity). Black participants had a significantly lower frequency (IRR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.72-0.89]) of inpatient portal use compared with White participants. Interaction effects were not observed between technology, touch, and race. Among participants who received the full technology intervention, Black participants had lower odds of being comprehensive users (OR, 0.76 [95% CI, 0.62-0.91), but interaction effects were not observed between touch and race.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this study, providing in-person training or robust portal functionality did not narrow the divide between Black participants and White participants with respect to their inpatient portal use. Health systems looking to narrow the digital divide may need to consider intentional interventions that address underlying issues contributing to this inequity.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02943109
Rapid Prediction of Energy Level Alignment and Conductance of Single‐Molecule Junctions Through Intramolecular Dipole Moment
Authors: Zhang Yirong , Yang Sha , Yang Yang , Ren Ji‐Chang , Butch Christopher J. , Wang Lin , Liu Wei 
Published: April 2024

AbstractHow substituents affect the conductance of single‐molecule junctions has been a subject of ongoing debate. Here, a comparative study on the transport properties across a broader range of experimentally proposed and representative π‐conjugated molecular systems, each characterized by prototypical backbone motifs with distinct terminal groups and featuring a range of substituents is conducted. Employing the non‐equilibrium Green's function method within density functional theory, this investigation reveals a significant impact on junction conductance due to asymmetric characteristics arising from both electronic and spatial effects induced by the di‐substituents of phenanthrene analogs with C═C or B─N motifs. Remarkably, a linear correlation is uncovered, either negative or positive, between the dipole moment of the molecules and the junction conductance, contingent upon whether the transport is governed by the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) or lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) states. Furthermore, the validity of this proposed dipole moment descriptor is substantiated across various substituted series, including 2,7‐dipyridylfluorene, oligo(phenylene ethynylene), and 1,4‐diaminobenzene. These findings underscore the pivotal role of individual molecular dipole moment, easily determinable, in offering precise predictive insight into the conductance of intricate molecular junctions.
Self‐Powered System for H2 Production and Biomass Upgrading
Authors: Liu Shao‐Qing , Xie Shiyan , Wu Shuwen , Yang Yang , Lei Peng‐Xia , Luo Shuiping , Feng Renfei , Fu Xian‐Zhu , Luo Jing‐Li 
Published: April 2024

AbstractHydrazine‐oxidation‐assisted self‐powered H2 generation system greatly expands the applicability of hydrogen production technology. However, the high cost of hydrazine greatly impedes the widespread adoption of hydrazine‐contained energy systems for large‐scale H2 production. Besides, the gaseous products of hydrazine splitting, comprising a mixture of H2 and N2, necessitate energy‐intensive downstream separation. Here, taking advantage of a low‐potential furfural oxidation reaction (FOR) on the Cu electrode, a self‐powered H2 production system by integrating a direct furfural fuel cell (DFFC) and a bipolar H2 production electrolyser is reported. Ru‐dispersed Cu nanowire with remarkable catalytic activity is developed as a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst to couple with the FOR. The HER‐FOR electrolyzer achieves bipolar H2 production with an apparent 200% Faradaic efficiency, attaining a current density of 100 mA cm−2 with a low cell voltage of 0.43 V. The DFFC displays an open circuit potential of 0.969 V and a peak power density up to 193 mW cm−2. Inspired by the bipolar H2 production that eliminates the gas separation, a self‐powered system utilizing furfural as the sole consumable, which yields a pure H2 production rate of 6 mmol h−1 m−2 is demonstrated. This work provides a new avenue for constructing self‐powered H2 production systems.
Nondestructive Single‐Atom‐Thick Crystallographic Scanner via Sticky‐Note‐Like van der Waals Assembling–Disassembling
Authors: Moon Ji‐Yun , Kim Seung‐Il , Ghods Soheil , Park Seungil , Kim Seunghan , Chang SooHyun , Jang Ho‐Chan , Choi Jun‐Hui , Kim Justin S. , Bae Sang‐Hoon , Whang Dongmok , Kim Tae‐Hoon , Lee Jae‐Hyun 
Published: April 2024

AbstractCrystallographic characteristics, including grain boundaries and crystallographic orientation of each grain, are crucial in defining the properties of two‐dimensional materials (2DMs). To date, local microstructure analysis of 2DMs, which requires destructive and complex processes, is primarily used to identify unknown 2DM specimens, hindering the subsequent use of characterized samples. Here, a nondestructive large‐area 2D crystallographic analytical method through sticky‐note‐like van der Waals (vdW) assembling–disassembling is presented. By the vdW assembling of veiled polycrystalline graphene (PCG) with a single‐atom‐thick single‐crystalline graphene filter (SCG‐filter), detailed crystallographic information of each grain in PCGs is visualized through a 2D Raman signal scan, which relies on the interlayer twist angle. The scanned PCGs are seamlessly separated from the SCG‐filter using vdW disassembling, preserving their original condition. The remaining SCG‐filter is then reused for additional crystallographic scans of other PCGs. It is believed that the methods can pave the way for advances in the crystallographic analysis of single‐atom‐thick materials, offering huge implications for the applications of 2DMs.
Overcoming Moisture‐Induced Charge Decay in Tribo‐Materials
Authors: Kim Jin‐Kyeom , Jung Sungwoo , Kim Do‐Heon , Gao Jian , Lee Yun Sik , Park Hyesung , Song Hyun‐Cheol , Baik Jeong Min 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe paper extensively explores moisture‐induced charge decay in tribo‐materials, addressing charge generation fundamentals and overcoming strategies. Triboelectric effect and contact electrification models are discussed, with corona charging and hydro‐charging as effective charge generation methods. Moisture‐induced adverse effects, such as swelling and charge dissipation, are outlined. Electronegativity and dangling bonds' roles in charge traps are explored, along with the impact of functionalities on materials. Various strategies, including hydrophobic surfaces, crystalline phases, and water‐reactive materials, are proposed to counter moisture effects. Tribo‐materials are currently applied in energy, sensors, environment, and healthcare, with potential in smart skin sensors and implantable devices. Overcoming challenges, including high charge density and durability, can lead to breakthroughs, expanding applications to harsh environments like underwater and high temperatures.
Engineering 2D Photocatalysts for Solar Hydrogen Peroxide Production
Authors: Yang Jindi , Zeng Xiangkang , Tebyetekerwa Mike , Wang Zhuyuan , Bie Chuanbiao , Sun Xin , Marriam Ifra , Zhang Xiwang 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSolar energy can be utilized in photocatalysis technology to realize light‐driven hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, a green chemical synthesis route. Designing high‐performance photocatalysts is critical to achieving practical solar H2O2 production. During the past decade, significant research progress is made in photocatalytic materials for H2O2 production. Particularly 2D materials‐based photocatalysts stand out due to their unique physical and chemical properties. This review highlights the intricate relationship between 2D material innovation and photochemical H2O2 production. It starts with the fundamental principles of photochemical H2O2 generation, focusing on crucial steps such as photon absorption, carrier dynamics, surface reactions, and the challenges that 2D materials can solve at each step. Then, various 2D materials‐based photocatalysts for solar H2O2 production are introduced in detail. Engineering strategies to optimize the photocatalytic performance are discussed afterward. Finally, the challenges and future opportunities for designing 2D materials‐based photocatalysts for solar H2O2 production are outlined. This review is expected to inspire the engineering of 2D materials‐based photocatalysts for the green synthesis of H2O2 and the conversion of solar energy to other chemicals.
Photoinduced Remote C(sp3)−H Phosphonylation of Amides
Authors: Wang Jian , Zhang Yuchen , Zhu Lin , Xue Xiao‐Song , Li Chaozhong 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe present study reports an unprecedented protocol for the phosphonylation of unactivated C(sp3)−H bonds. By utilizing 1 mol % 4DPAIPN (1,2,3,5‐tetrakis(diphenylamino)‐4,6‐dicyanobenzene) as the catalyst, satisfactory yields of γ‐phosphonylated amides are obtained through a visible‐light‐induced reaction between N‐((4‐cyanobenzoyl)oxy)alkanamides and 9‐fluorenyl o‐phenylene phosphite at room temperature. This protocol demonstrates broad substrate scope and wide functional group compatibility.