bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A phase‐sensitive method of flip angle mapping
Authors: Morrell Glen R. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA radiofrequency (RF) excitation scheme is presented in which flip angle is encoded in the phase of the resulting excitation. This excitation is implemented with nonselective hard pulses, and is used to give flip angle maps over three‐dimensional volumes. This phase‐sensitive B1 mapping excitation can be combined with various acquisition methods such as gradient recalled echo (GRE) and echo‐planar (EP) readouts. Imaging time depends primarily on the readout method, and is roughly equivalent to the imaging time of conventional double‐angle techniques for three‐dimensional acquisition. The phase‐sensitive method allows imaging over a much wider range of flip angles than double‐angle methods. Phantom and in vivo results are presented comparing the phase‐sensitive method with the conventional double‐angle method, demonstrating the ability of the phase‐sensitive method to measure a wider range of flip angles than double‐angle methods. Magn Reson Med 60:889–894, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Single‐shot 3D GRASE with cylindrical k‐space trajectories
Authors: Ramanna S. , Feinberg D.A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDevelopment of GRASE (gradient‐ and spin‐echo) pulse sequences for single‐shot 3D imaging has been motivated by physiologic studies of the brain. The duration of echo‐planar imaging (EPI) subsequences between RF refocusing pulses in the GRASE sequence is determinant of image distortions and susceptibility artifacts. To reduce these artifacts the regular Cartesian trajectory is modified to a circular trajectory in 2D and a cylindrical trajectory in 3D for reduced echo train time. Incorporation of “fly‐back” trajectories lengthened the time of the subsequences and proportionally increased susceptibility artifact but the unipolar readout gradients eliminate all ghost artifacts. The modified cylindrical trajectory reduced susceptibility artifact and distortion artifact while raising the signal‐to‐noise ratio in both phantom and human brain images. Magn Reson Med 60:976–980, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of peritoneal mesothelioma in pediatric patients
Authors: Cioffredi Leigh‐Anne , Jänne Pasi A. , Jackman David M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPeritoneal mesothelioma is a rare and often aggressive malignancy, mostly affecting asbestos exposed adults. We present four pediatric peritoneal cases treated with a cisplatin‐based doublet regimen, the standard of care in the systemic therapy of adult mesothelioma. Treatment was well tolerated, and three of these patients have achieved long‐term survival. The fathers of three of the patients worked in the construction industry and may have been the source of indirect asbestos exposure. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:127–129. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intermittent oral trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole on two non‐consecutive days per week is effective as Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis in pediatric patients receiving chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Ohata Yasuhisa , Ohta Hideaki , Hashii Yoshiko , Tokimasa Sadao , Ozono Keiichi , Hara Junichi 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) is a serious complication in patients receiving chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Current recommendations for trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMP‐SMZ) dosing as PCP prophylaxis in immunocompromised patients are based on either daily dosing or dosing three consecutive days per week. We report our experience of prophylaxis with TMP‐SMZ twice daily on two non‐consecutive days per week in 145 immunocompromised children with hematologic disorders, cancer, or metabolic disorders following chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. There were no breakthrough cases of PCP. We therefore conclude our prophylaxis regimen is effective against PCP in immunocompromised children. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:142–144. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sentinel node biopsy in pediatric soft tissue sarcomas of extremities
Authors: De Corti Federica , Dall'Igna Patrizia , Bisogno Gianni , Casara Dario , Rossi Carlo Riccardo , Foletto Mirto , Alaggio Rita , Carli Modesto , Cecchetto Giovanni 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackgroundSentinel Node Biopsy is an established staging technique in many adult malignancies. However, only few reports describe this procedure for the evaluation of regional lymph nodes in childhood and adolescents. Our experience with sentinel node biopsy in soft tissue sarcomas of extremities in children is reported.MethodsSeventeen children were evaluated with sentinel node biopsy between 2002 and 2007: 11 at initial surgery, 5 at primary re‐excision, 1 at local relapse. The diagnosis was rhabdomyosarcoma in 5 and other soft tissue sarcomas in 12: Ewing/PNET sarcoma 6, epithelioid sarcoma 1, malignant peripheral‐nerve‐sheath tumor 1, undifferentiated sarcoma 1, myxoid liposarcoma 2, adult‐type fibrosarcoma 1. Primary sites included lower limbs (8), upper limbs (9). Mapping of nodes was performed with lymphoscintigraphy plus intra‐operative injections with blue‐dye in 14 cases, with lymphoscintigraphy and intra‐operative injections alone in 2 and 1, respectively.ResultsOf the 17 lymphatic regions (9 axilla, 8 inguinal), 16 were identified with lymphoscintigraphy, 15 by intra‐operative injections. Thirty‐five lymph nodes were removed. Nodes were positive for metastasis in two patients with alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma and undifferentiated sarcoma. There were no complications. No further lymph node metastases were recognized either at diagnosis or during the follow‐up (6–78 months).ConclusionsSentinel node biopsy was technically feasible, reliable, and free of complications. It could be an alternative to aggressive or random biopsies for extremity rhabdomyosarcoma and it can contribute to define those non‐rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas that spread to regional nodes. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:51–54. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of childhood cancer treatment on fertility markers in adult male long‐term survivors
Authors: van Casteren Niels J. , van der Linden Geert H.M. , Hakvoort‐Cammel Friederike G.A.J. , Hählen Karel , Dohle Gert R. , van den Heuvel‐Eibrink Marry M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackgroundAlthough it is accepted that pediatric cancer treatment harbors a risk of gonadal damage, large cohort studies using up‐to‐date fertility markers are lacking.ProcedureThe aim of our study was to evaluate the gonadal toxicity of childhood cancer treatment using fertility markers. We included 248 adult male long‐term survivors of childhood cancer. Median age at diagnosis: 5 years, median age at follow‐up: 24 years, median follow‐up time 18 years. We evaluated patient characteristics, treatment modalities, testicular size, and endocrinological parameters including Inhibin B, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone.ResultsThe median value of Inhibin B in the cancer survivor group was 126 ng/L versus 177 ng/L in the control group (P < 0.001). In the survivors, 67% had Inhibin B levels below the normal reference value of 150 ng/L compared with 26% in the control group (P < 0.05). Inhibin B was the most sensitive discriminator between survivors and controls. Significantly decreased Inhibin B levels and increased FSH levels were found in men treated for Hodgkin and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, acute‐myeloid leukemia, neuroblastoma, and sarcoma as compared to other malignancies. Cumulative dosages of procarbazine and cyclophosphamide were the only independent chemotherapy‐related predictors for decrease of Inhibin B levels and increase of FSH. Age at time of treatment did not influence post‐treatment Inhibin B or FSH levels.ConclusionsSevere gonadal impairment is a risk in a considerable subgroup of childhood cancer survivors based on current fertility markers like Inhibin B. Males receiving gonadotoxic treatment before puberty are not protected from post treatment gonadal dysfunction. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:108–112. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of zeolite 5A on the crystalline behavior of polypropylene (PP) in PP/β‐nucleating agent system
Authors: Lv Zhiping , Hu Caixia , Xue Jianwei , Dou Tao 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe effect of zeolite 5A on the crystalline behavior of polypropylene (PP) in PP/β‐nucleating agent system was investigated with X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and polarized light microscope (PLM) in this study. Zeolite 5A has less effect on crystalline phase of PP/β‐nucleating agent than does n‐CaCO3, which is ascribed to the stronger surficial polarity and better dispersibility of zeolite 5A. The data of DSC indicated that the crystallization peak temperature of PP increases by 8.3°C in the presence of zeolite 5A, and n‐CaCO3 increases 5.7°C in PP/TMB‐5 system, relative to pure PP. And the initial crystallization temperature (Tc0) and the relative crystallinity (Xc) of PP is much more dramatically raised in the presence of zeolite 5A than CaCO3. The efficiency of zeolite 5A in reducing the spherulites size of PP was seen clearly from the PLM photographs. The mechanical testing results showed that the flexural strength and impact strength of PP/β‐nucleating agent system increased in the presence of zeolite 5A. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © Society of Plastics Engineers
A population survey on the use of 24 common medicinal herbs in Australia
Authors: Zhang Anthony Lin , Story David Frederick , Lin Vivian , Vitetta Luis , Xue Charlie Changli 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackgroundHerbal medicine use is common in Australia but little is known about the use of individual herbs.MethodsA cross‐sectional population survey conducted in 2007 with a sample of 2526, in the Australian state of Victoria.ResultsAlmost a quarter (22.6%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 20.9–24.2%) of survey participants had used at least one medicinal herb in the preceding 12 months. Aloe vera, garlic and green tea were the most popular, each used by about 10% of participants. Health enhancement was the most common reason for herbal medicine use (69.6% of users) but relatively high proportions of users sought relief of specific medical conditions. Over 90% considered their herbal medicine to be very or somewhat helpful. Less than half (46.6%) the users were aware that there were potential risks associated with herbal medicine. Relatively high proportions of female users had taken herbal medicine whilst pregnant (14.4%) and/or whilst breast feeding (10.0%). Over half (50.9%) of herbal medicine users had also used Western medicine for the same medical condition in the 12‐month period. Almost the same proportion (49.9%) had used both forms of medication on the same day. In deciding whether or not to use herbal medicine, the vast majority of survey participants indicated that they would accept the advice of their medical practitioner.ConclusionsIn addition to health enhancement, specific herbs are commonly used to treat a range of medical conditions, without clear evidence of efficacy. Concurrent use of herbal and conventional medicine is relatively common and the majority of herbal medicine users are not aware of potential adverse effects. It appears that medical practitioners could exert significant influence on their patients' decisions about herbal medicine use. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlation of the melt rheological properties with the foaming behavior of immiscible blends of poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene ether) and poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile)
Authors: Ruckdäschel Holger , Rausch Julius , Sandler Jan K.W. , Altstädt Volker , Schmalz Holger , Müller Axel H.E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractImmiscible blends of poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene ether)/poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) (PPE/SAN) were batch‐foamed using CO2as a blowing agent as a function of foaming temperature, foaming time, and blend composition. Evaluation of the resulting cellular morphology revealed an enhanced foamability of SAN with PPE contents up to 20 wt% as indicated by a similar volume expansion but a significantly reduced mean cell size. This behavior is related to a heterogeneous nucleation activity by the dispersed PPE phase. A further increasing PPE content, however, leads to increasing foam densities as well as nonuniform foam morphologies. The changes in the foaming behavior can be correlated with the melt rheological properties and the corresponding blend morphology. Shear‐rheological investigations revealed an onset of percolation of the dispersed PPE phase between 20 and 40 wt%, and a transition towards cocontinuity at 60 wt%. The materials response under uniaxial elongational flow, as assessed by Rheotens measurements, revealed an increase in elongational viscosity scaling with the PPE content, similar to the shear data. However, the strain hardening behavior was reduced by increasing PPE contents and, at 20 wt%, the drawability revealed a significant drop‐both phenomena limiting the foamability of polymers. In summary, the present study discusses fundamental aspects of foaming immiscible PPE/SAN blends. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 48:2111–2125, 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
The development and characterization of polymer microinjection molded gratings
Authors: Angelov A.K. , Coulter J.P. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractRuled diffraction gratings were fabricated via injection micromolding and characterized via atomic force and scanning‐electron microscopy. A unique aspect of this study was the utilization of commercially available optical grating as the injection molding tooling. After depositing a reflective aluminum (Al) coating with 150 and 250 nm thickness onto the untreated polymer replicas, diffracted power profiles of the polymer gratings were compared with that of the mold. It was found that both the mold and nozzle temperatures, Tmold and Tnoz, respectively, are important parameters influencing the fidelity of replication. Statistical analysis, however, revealed that the cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) replicated well the microtopography of the mold but did not replicate properly (within ∼20 nm) the nanotopography formed by the Al grains. Grain size quantification revealed that the Al coating with 150‐nm thickness had smaller grains than that with the 250‐nm coating. Furthermore, testing of delamination of the reflective coatings revealed good adhesion between the COC and Al interface. Lastly, photoelasticity measurements showed stress levels only around the gate of the molded components, suggesting that COCs are excellent materials for optical applications. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Polydomain model predictions of molecular orientation in isothermal channel flows of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers
Authors: Fang Jun , Burghardt Wesley R. , Bubeck Robert A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe report process simulations of molecular orientation of liquid crystalline polymers for isothermal channel flows in extrusion. The simulations use a “polydomain” model due to Larson and Doi (Larson and Doi, J. Rheol., 35, 539 (1991)), which is implemented by exploiting a nearly exact analogy with a fiber orientation model that is widely used for analysis of composites processing. Simulation results are compared to experimental data previously obtained using a customized X‐ray capable extrusion die that allows a wide range of channel flow geometries to be explored. Competition between inhomogeneous shear and extension in these kinematically complex flows has a profound effect on the resulting molecular orientation distributions. We find that the Larson–Doi model successfully predicts most aspects of the experimental observations, demonstrating its utility for process modeling. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Spatial heterogeneity of photo‐oxidation and its relation with crack propagation in polyethylene composites
Authors: Yang Rui , Liu Ying , Yu Jian , Zhang Dongqing 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe evolution of oxidation‐depth profiles and section morphologies of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) composites during natural weathering have been investigated. Crack formation was found to be in good accordance with the development of the oxidation‐depth profile. For stable composites such as HDPE/talc and HDPE/wollastonite, there was no obvious evidence of oxidation and no cracks appeared in the sections. For easily oxidizable composites such as HDPE filled with sericite, mica, kaolin, or diatomite, the oxidation depth profile increased with increasing exposure time, and cracks in the sections developed accordingly. Furthermore, determination of the molecular weight of the surface layer demonstrated that oxidation of the polyethylene chains caused significant chain scission. Recrystallization of the small molecules thus formed resulted in contraction of the surface layer, and the consequent tension led to the appearance of cracks. The transition region closely linked to the injection‐molding process determined the thickness of the surface‐oxidation layer, and hence the average length of the cracks. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Fine line printed silicon solar cells exceeding 20% efficiency
Authors: Hörteis M. , Glunz S.W. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSilicon solar cells with passivated rear side and laser‐fired contacts were produced on float zone material. The front side contacts are built up in two steps, seed and plate. The seed layer is printed using an aerosol jet printer and a silver ink. After firing this seed layer through the silicon nitride layer, the conductive layer is grown by light induced plating. The contact formation is studied on different emitter sheet resistances, 55 Ω/sq, 70 Ω/sq, and on 110 Ω/sq. These emitters are passivated with a PECVD silicon nitride layer which also acts as an anti‐reflection coating. Even on the 110 Ω/sq emitters it was possible to reach a fill factor of 80·1%. The electrical properties i.e., the contact resistance of the front side contacts are studied by transfer length model (TLM) measurements. On a cell area of 4 cm2 and emitter sheet resistance of 110 Ω/sq, a record efficiency of 20·3% was achieved. Excellent open‐circuit voltage (Voc) and short‐circuit current (jsc) values of 661 mV and 38·4 mA/cm2 were obtained due to the low recombination in the 110 Ω/sq emitter and at the passivated rear surface. These results show impressively that it is possible to contact emitter profiles with a very high efficiency potential using optimized printing technologies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and electroluminescent properties of fluorene‐based copolymers containing electron‐withdrawing thiazole derivatives
Authors: Jung In Hwan , Jung Young Kwan , Lee Jonghee , Park Jong‐Hwa , Woo Han Young , Lee Jeong‐Ik , Chu Hye Yong , Shim Hong‐Ku 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWe synthesized two fluorene‐based copolymers poly[(2,5‐bis(4‐hexylthiophen‐2‐yl)thiazolo[5,4‐day]thiazole‐5,5′‐diyl)‐alt‐(9,9′‐dioctylfluorene‐2,7‐diyl)] (PF‐TTZT), and poly[(5,5′‐bis(4‐hexylthiophen‐2‐yl)‐2,2′‐bithiazole‐5,5′‐diyl)‐alt‐(9,9′‐dioctylfluorene‐2,7‐diyl)] (PF‐TBTT), which contain the electron‐withdrawing moieties, thiazolothiazole, and bithiazole, respectively. Through electrochemical studies, we found that these two polymers exhibit stable reversible oxidation and reduction behaviors. Moreover, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels of PF‐TBTT are lower than those of PF‐TTZT, and the bandgap of PF‐TBTT is smaller than that of PF‐TTZT. Thus the bithiazole moiety in PF‐TBTT is more electron‐withdrawing than the thiazolothiazole moiety in PF‐TTZT. Light‐emitting devices with indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT)/polymer/bis(2‐methyl‐8‐quinolinato)‐4‐phenylphenolate aluminum (BAlq)/LiF/Al configurations were fabricated. The performance of the PF‐TBTT device was found to be almost three times better than that of the PF‐TTZT device, which is because electron injection from the cathode to PF‐TBTT is much easier than for PF‐TTZT. We also investigated the planarity and frontier orbitals of the electron donor‐acceptor (D‐A) moieties with computational calculations using ab initio Hartree–Fock with the split‐valence 6‐31G* basis set. These calculations show that TBTT has a more nonplanar structure than TTZT and that the bithiazole moiety is more electron‐withdrawing than thiazolothiazole. These calculations are in good agreement with the experimental results. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7148–7161, 2008
Synthesis and study of the thermal crosslinking of bis(m‐aminophenyl) methylphosphine oxide based benzoxazine
Authors: Spontón M. , Larrechi M. S. , Ronda J. C. , Galià M. , Cádiz V. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBis(m‐aminophenyl)methylphosphine oxide based benzoxazine (Bz‐BAMPO) was obtained using a three‐step synthetic method from the aromatic diamine and 2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde as starting materials. The structure and purity of the monomer was confirmed by elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 31P NMR spectra. The curing kinetics of Bz‐BAMPO was investigated by nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at different heating rates and by FTIR spectroscopy. The isoconversional method was used to evaluate the dependence of the effective activation energy on the extent of conversion. The evolving factor analysis (EFA) method was applied to the spectroscopic FTIR data obtained in monitoring benzoxazine homopolymerizations. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7162–7172, 2008
Synthesis of poly(tert‐butyl acrylate‐block‐vinyl acetate) copolymers by combining ATRP and RAFT polymerizations
Authors: Petruczok Christy D. , Barlow Richard F. , Shipp Devon A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe synthesis of poly(tert‐butyl acrylate‐block‐vinyl acetate) copolymers using a combination of two living radical polymerization techniques, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, is reported. The use of two methods is due to the disparity in reactivity of the two monomers, viz. vinyl acetate is difficult to polymerize via ATRP, and a suitable RAFT agent that can control the polymerization of vinyl acetate is typically unable to control the polymerization of tert‐butyl acrylate. Thus, ATRP was performed to make poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) containing a bromine end group. This end group was subsequently substituted with a xanthate moiety. Various spectroscopic methods were used to confirm the substitution. The poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) macro‐RAFT agent was then used to produce (tert‐butyl acrylate‐block‐vinyl acetate). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7200–7206, 2008
Glycopolymers resulting from ethylene–vinyl alcohol copolymers: Synthetic approach, characterization, and interactions with lectins
Authors: Ruiz C. , Sánchez‐Chaves M. , Cerrada M. L. , Fernández‐García M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractEthylene–vinyl alcohol copolymers, EVOH, with two different vinyl alcohol compositions have been functionalized with carboxylic acid groups by reaction with phthalic anhydride. Later on, the coupling reaction of three aminosaccharides (D‐(+)‐glucosamine, D‐(+)‐galactosamine, and D‐(+)‐mannosamine) to functionalized EVOH copolymers has been carried out in dimethyl sulfoxide at 70 °C to achieve water soluble glycopolymers. The structure of the resulting functionalized copolymers and the new glycopolymers was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR. Likewise, the thermal behavior of glycopolymers has been performed by differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis. In addition, their affinity to lectins, specifically to Concanavalin A and Ricinus Communis Agglutinin, has been evaluated. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7238–7248, 2008