bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protective effect of cyanidin 3-O-β-d-glucoside on ochratoxin A-mediated damage in the rat
Authors: Giacomo Claudia Di , Acquaviva Rosaria , Piva Andrea , Sorrenti Valeria , Vanella Luca , Piva Gianfranco , Casadei Gabriele , Fauci Luca La , Ritieni Alberto , Bognanno Matteo , Renzo Laura Di , Barcellona Maria L. , Morlacchini Mauro , Galvano Fabio 
Published: June 2007

The aim of the present study was to verify whether the oral administration of cyanidin 3-O-β-d-glucoside (C3G) might counteract damage induced by chronic exposure (28 d) to ochratoxin A (OTA) in rats and if its effect may be mediated by haeme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Forty male Sprague–Dawley rats, individually caged, were divided into four groups of ten animals. A control group received a commercial diet, group C3G received the control diet supplemented with C3G (1 g/kg feed), group OTA received the control diet supplemented with 200 parts per billion of OTA, and group OTA+C3G received the OTA group diet supplemented with C3G (1 g/kg feed). After 4 weeks of treatment animals were killed and the liver, kidneys and brain of each rat were collected and homogenised to evaluate non-proteic thiol groups (RSH), lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) levels, HO-1 expression and DNA fragmentation. Rats of the OTA group showed a significant (P < 0·001) decrease in RSH content of kidney and liver and a significant (P < 0·001) increase of LOOH in all the examined tissues compared with the control group. In the OTA+C3G group both RSH content and LOOH levels were similar to those observed in the control group, demonstrating that C3G was able to counteract the effects of OTA. A significant (P < 0·001) induction of HO-1 was evident in kidney and liver of both OTA and C3G groups. DNA damage occurred in all the examined tissues of the OTA group, whereas C3G was able to prevent it. The present study confirmed that the effects of OTA are mediated by oxidative stress and demonstrated that C3G efficiently counteracted deleterious effects of OTA because of its antioxidant and HO-1-inducing properties.
Color mechanisms used in selecting stimuli for attention and making discriminations
Authors: NAGY ALLEN L. , NERIANI KELLY E. , YOUNG TRAVIS L. 
Published: June 2007

Previous work (Nagy & Thomas, 2003) showed that signals in different Cardinal color mechanisms could be combined to facilitate search for a color target. Further investigation (Nagy et al., 2003) suggested that signals in one Cardinal color mechanism were used to select a subset of stimuli to be attended, while signals in second Cardinal mechanism were used to discriminate the stimuli within the selected subset. In the studies described below, we asked if observers could use color mechanisms tuned to directions other than the Cardinal directions to select and discriminate stimuli. Observers searched for a single target stimulus that differed in chromaticity from nine distractor stimuli. A two-alternative forced-choice procedure was used to estimate thresholds. Results were consistent with the hypothesis that color mechanisms tuned to many different directions in color space mediate discrimination, but suggest that only signals in Cardinal mechanisms can be used to select stimuli for attention.Results imply that the selection of stimuli for attention on the basis of color may be mediated at the level of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN).
Righting the World Through Treaties: the Changing Nature and Role of International Agreements in the Global Order
Authors: Bowman Michael 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this paper presented at the Joint Study Institute in Oxford, Michael Bowman traces the history of international law, with its basis in custom, and identifies the late Nineteeth century as the period when multi-lateral treaties became commonplace. He considers whether such treaties, which were essentially static in nature, provide a suitable framework for the Twenty-first century global community. However, since the Vienna Convention, treaties have become dynamic as they now incorporate mechanisms for continuous monitoring and review of treaty obligations.
Abuse of dosulepin to induce mania
Authors: Lepping Peter , Menkes David B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTBackground  Tricyclic antidepressants sometimes trigger mania in bipolar patients, but little is known about their potential for abuse in this regard.Case description  We describe a man with bipolar disorder and alcohol dependency who abused dosulepin repeatedly in order to induce manic episodes. This caused serious problems for treatment and long‐term outcome. We mention two further cases in which dosulepin or clomipramine was used deliberately to induce bipolar mania.Conclusions  Tricyclic antidepressants can be abused to induce mood elevation in bipolar patients. This should be considered in cases of treatment‐resistant mania.
An examination of main and interactive effects of substance abuse recovery housing on multiple indicators of adjustment
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Olson Bradley D. , Ferrari Joseph R. , Majer John M. , Alvarez Josefina , Stout Jane 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAims  To assess the effectiveness of community‐based supports in promoting abstinence from substance use and related problems.Design and participants  Individuals (n = 150) discharged from residential substance abuse treatment facilities were assigned randomly to either an Oxford House recovery home or usual after‐care condition and then interviewed every 6 months for a 24‐month period.Intervention  Oxford Houses are democratic, self‐run recovery homes.Measurements  Hierarchical linear modeling was used to examine the effect of predictive variables on wave trajectories of substance use, employment, self‐regulation and recent criminal charges. Regressions first examined whether predictor variables modeled wave trajectories by condition (Oxford House versus usual after‐care), psychiatric comorbidity, age and interactions.Findings  At the 24‐month follow‐up, there was less substance abuse for residents living in Oxford Houses for 6 or more months (15.6%), compared both to participants with less than 6 months (45.7%) or to participants assigned to the usual after‐care condition (64.8%). Results also indicated that older residents and younger members living in a house for 6 or more months experienced better outcomes in terms of substance use, employment and self‐regulation.Conclusions  Oxford Houses, a type of self‐governed recovery setting, appear to stabilize many individuals who have substance abuse histories.
Improving drug addiction treatment in China
Authors: Tang Yi‐Lang , Hao Wei 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAims  To illustrate the current situation and problems of drug addiction in treatment China and propose suggestions.Methods  A descriptive study based on literature searched from Medline and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure database (1996–2007) and hand‐picked references.Results  Since the re‐emergence of drug addiction in China in the early 1990s, there has been tremendous progress in drug addiction treatments in China, especially treatments for opiate addiction. However, many problems and challenges remain for improvement, including widespread negative attitudes towards drug abuse and drug‐dependent individuals, the lack of evidence‐based data on the efficacy of Chinese traditional medicine and the lack of a comprehensive and integrated system to organize all treatment resources and monitor treatment progress. The authors discuss the challenges that impede effective treatments of drug addiction and some suggestions are proposed. Implementing these suggestions can improve the outcome of treatment of drug‐dependent individuals and benefit the whole society.Conclusion  China faces substantial drug addiction problems that appear to be worsening with time. Although much progress in drug addiction treatment has been made, improvement in many aspects is needed urgently.
Brief alcohol intervention and alcohol assessment do not influence alcohol use in injured patients treated in the emergency department: a randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Daeppen Jean‐Bernard , Gaume Jacques , Bady Pierre , Yersin Bertrand , Calmes Jean‐Marie , Givel Jean‐Claude , Gmel Gerhard 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAims  To evaluate the effectiveness of brief alcohol intervention (BAI) in reducing alcohol use among hazardous drinkers treated in the emergency department (ED) after an injury; in addition it tests whether assessment of alcohol use without BAI is sufficient to reduce hazardous drinking.Design  Randomized controlled clinical trial with 12‐month follow‐up conducted between January 2003 and June 2005.Setting  Urban academic emergency department (ED) of the Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.Participants  A total of 5136 consecutive patients attending ED after an injury completed a seven‐item general and a three‐item alcohol screen and 1472 (28.7%) were positive for hazardous drinking according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Addiction definition; of these 987 (67.1%) were randomized into a BAI group (n = 310) or a control group with screening and assessment (n = 342) or a control group with screening only (n = 335) and then a total of 770 patients (78.0%) completed the 12‐month follow‐up procedures.Intervention  A single 10–15‐minute session of standardized BAI conducted by a trained research assistant.Measurements  Percentage of participants who have changed to low‐risk drinking at follow‐up.Findings  Data obtained at 12 months indicated that similar proportions were low‐risk drinkers in BAI versus control groups with and without assessment (35.6%, 34.0%, 37.0%, respectively, P = 0.71). Data also indicated similar reductions in drinking frequency, quantity, binge drinking frequency and Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) scores across groups. All groups reported similar numbers of days hospitalized and numbers of medical consults in the last 12 months. A model including age groups, gender, AUDIT and injury severity scores indicated that BAI had no influence on the main alcohol use outcome.Conclusions  This study provides the evidence that a 10–15‐minute BAI does not decrease alcohol use and health resource utilization in hazardous drinkers treated in the ED, and demonstrates that commonly found decreases in hazardous alcohol use in control groups cannot be attributed to the baseline alcohol assessment.
Methamphetamine and cardiovascular pathology: a review of the evidence
Authors: Kaye Sharlene , McKetin Rebecca , Duflou Johan , Darke Shane 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAims  To examine the literature pertaining to the cardiovascular effects of methamphetamine and discuss the implications for methamphetamine users.Methods  Relevant literature was identified through comprehensive MEDLINE and EMBASE searches.Findings and conclusions  There is sufficient clinical and experimental evidence to suggest that methamphetamine can have adverse and potentially fatal effects on the cardiovascular system. The existing literature suggests that: (1) methamphetamine users are at elevated risk of cardiac pathology; (2) risk is not likely to be limited to the duration of their methamphetamine use, because of the chronic pathology associated with methamphetamine use; (3) the risk of cardiac pathology is greatest among chronic methamphetamine users; (4) pre‐existing cardiac pathology, due to methamphetamine use or other factors, increases the risk of an acute cardiac event; and (5) methamphetamine use is likely to exacerbate the risk of cardiac pathology from other causes, and may therefore lead to premature mortality.
Motivational interviewing versus feedback only in emergency care for young adult problem drinking
Authors: Monti Peter M. , Barnett Nancy P. , Colby Suzanne M. , Gwaltney Chad J. , Spirito Anthony , Rohsenow Damaris J. , Woolard Robert 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAim  To establish the efficacy of a brief motivational intervention compared to feedback only when delivered in an emergency department for reducing alcohol use and problems among young adults.Design  Two‐group randomized controlled trial with follow‐up assessments at 6 and 12 months.Setting  Level I Trauma Center.Participants  A total of 198 18–24‐year‐old patients who were either alcohol positive upon hospital admission or met screening criteria for alcohol problems.Intervention  Participants were assigned randomly to receive a one‐session motivational intervention (MI) that included personalized feedback, or the personalized feedback report only (FO). All participants received additional telephone contact 1 month and 3 months after baseline.Measurements  Demographic information, alcohol use, alcohol problems and treatment seeking.Findings  Six months after the intervention MI participants drank on fewer days, had fewer heavy drinking days and drank fewer drinks per week in the past month than did FO patients. These effects were maintained at 12 months. Clinical significance evaluation indicated that twice as many MI participants as FO participants reliably reduced their volume of alcohol consumption from baseline to 12 months. Reductions in alcohol‐related injuries and moving violations, and increases in alcohol treatment‐seeking were observed across both conditions at both follow‐ups with no differences between conditions.Conclusions  This study provides new data supporting the potential of the motivational intervention tested to reduce alcohol consumption among high‐risk youth.
Drug‐induced methaemoglobinaemia following elective coronary artery bypass grafting
Authors: Choi A. , Sarang A. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryDapsone can alter the oxygen carrying capacity of haemoglobin. Some patients are more susceptible to these effects because of genetic factors, comorbidities or peri‐operative factors such as anaemia. We present a 57‐year‐old lady who underwent elective coronary artery bypass grafting. Deterioration in neurological and respiratory condition prompted a review of her drug treatment. A combination of long‐term dapsone therapy, co‐existing cardiac and respiratory disease, postoperative anaemia and renal impairment contributed to her decompensation, despite a relatively low level of methaemoglobin. Successful management included stopping dapsone therapy, supportive care and administration of ascorbic acid.
Propofol infusion syndrome
Authors: Kam P. C. A. , Cardone D. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe clinical features of propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) are acute refractory bradycardia leading to asystole, in the presence of one or more of the following: metabolic acidosis (base deficit > 10 mmol.l−1), rhabdomyolysis, hyperlipidaemia, and enlarged or fatty liver. There is an association between PRIS and propofol infusions at doses higher than 4 mg.kg−1.h−1 for greater than 48 h duration. Sixty‐one patients with PRIS have been recorded in the literature, with deaths in 20 paediatric and 18 adult patients. Seven of these patients (four paediatric and three adult patients) developed PRIS during anaesthesia. It is proposed that the syndrome may be caused by either a direct mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition or impaired mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism mediated by propofol. An early sign of cardiac instability associated with the syndrome is the development of right bundle branch block with convex‐curved (‘coved type’) ST elevation in the right praecordial leads (V1 to V3) of the electrocardiogram. Predisposing factors include young age, severe critical illness of central nervous system or respiratory origin, exogenous catecholamine or glucocorticoid administration, inadequate carbohydrate intake and subclinical mitochondrial disease. Treatment options are limited. Haemodialysis or haemoperfusion with cardiorespiratory support has been the most successful treatment.
The effect of local cooling on pain perception during infiltration of local anaesthetic agents, a prospective randomised controlled trial*
Authors: Leff D. R. , Nortley M. , Dang Van , Bhutiani R. P. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe effect of pre‐infiltration local cooling of the site of inguinal herniorrhaphy on pain perception during infiltration of local anaesthetic was studied in a prospective randomised controlled trial. One hundred patients were randomly allocated to receive topical application of either a cooled saline bag (study group) or a saline bag at room temperature (control group) prior to injection of local anaesthetic. Pain scores were recorded using a visual analogue scale following application of the saline bags and again on completion of infiltration with local anaesthetic. There was no significant difference in pain scores following topical saline bag application. However, a highly significant difference (p = 0.0001, Mann–Whitney U) was observed between post‐infiltration pain scores of the study group (median = 2) and the control group (median = 6).
Fentanyl dose–response curves when inserting the LMA Classic™ laryngeal mask airway*
Authors: Wong C. M. , Critchley L. A. , Lee A. , Khaw K. S. , Kee W. D. Ngan 
Published: June 2007

SummaryProbit analysis was used to predict an optimal dose of fentanyl, co‐administered with propofol 2.5 mg.kg−1, when inserting the laryngeal mask airway. In all, 21 male and 54 female healthy Chinese patients, aged 18–63 years, requiring anaesthesia for minor surgery were recruited. They were assigned to one of five groups: placebo, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 μg.kg−1. Insertion was performed 90 s after administration and insertion conditions assessed using a six‐category score. Dose–response curves could only be drawn for swallowing and movement categories, and only the ED50 could be predicted with certainty. To provide optimal conditions in over 95% of patients, fentanyl doses well above the clinical range were required. A standard fentanyl dose of 1 μg.kg−1, co‐administered with propofol 2.5 mg.kg−1, provided optimal conditions in 65% of cases. Ninety seconds may have been insufficient time for fentanyl to reach its peak effect.
Estimation of pulmonary oxygen consumption in the early postoperative period after thoracic surgery
Authors: Saito H. , Minamiya Y. , Kawai H. , Motoyama S. , Katayose Y. , Kimura K. , Saito R. , Ogawa J.‐I. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryLung injury, including pneumonia, can occur in the early postoperative period following thoracic surgery. Pulmonary oxygen consumption is thought to increase in patients with pulmonary infection. This study measured oxygen consumption in relationship to lung injury in the early postoperative period after thoracic surgery. Thirty‐five patients who underwent thoraco‐abdominal oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer were studied. Measured oxygen‐consumption was obtained by indirect calorimetry and calculated oxygen‐consumption was simultaneously determined by the reverse Fick method. The difference in oxygen consumption was attributed to pulmonary oxygen consumption. The difference in oxygen consumption increased to 23.1 ml.min−1.m−2 on postoperative day 2. In patients with pneumonia the difference in oxygen consumption increased significantly to 39.0 ml.min−1.m−2 the day before clinical onset of pneumonia, and it increased further to 65.7 ml.min−1.m−2 on the day that pneumonia became clinically apparent. These findings suggest that the difference in oxygen consumption may be useful for estimating the extent of lung injury and for predicting pulmonary complications in the postoperative period.
Effect site concentration during propofol TCI sedation: a comparison of sedation score with two pharmacokinetic models
Authors: Barakat A. R. , Sutcliffe N. , Schwab M. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryTarget controlled infusion (TCI) pumps function using a programme based on a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. We compared the Marsh and Schnider models to find out which better correlates with the clinically observed effect of propofol as assessed by the Observer Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (OAAS) score and the Bispectral index. We assessed the sedation score and Bispectral index score in 40 un‐premedicated patients undergoing surgical procedures under spinal anaesthesia with propofol sedation to a target concentration of 2 μg.ml−1. Half of the patients received TCI propofol driven by the Schnider model in effect site control, the other half were sedated with TCI propofol driven by the Marsh model in plasma control. We calculated the effect site concentration predicted by both models for all the patients. Changes in the sedation score and Bispectral index correlated better with the Marsh than with the Schnider effect site prediction in both study groups.
Evaluation of four airway training manikins as patient simulators for the insertion of single use laryngeal mask airways*
Authors: Cook T. M. , Green C. , McGrath J. , Srivastava R. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryWe evaluated the performance of four manikins: Airsim™, Bill 1™, Airway Management TrainerTM and Airway TrainerTM, as simulators for insertion of single‐use laryngeal mask airways and the reusable LMA Classic™. Sixteen volunteer anaesthetists inserted each laryngeal mask airway into each manikin twice. Insertions were scored for ease of insertion, clinical and fibreoptic position, and lung ventilation (maximum score 10). Scores < 7 were classified ‘poor’ and < 5 ‘failure’. We analysed manikin and laryngeal mask airway performance. Poor insertion rate was 15% (range 9–21%) and was lowest for the VBM manikin (p = 0.02). Insertion failure rate was 2.6% and did not differ significantly between manikins (p = 0.2). Overall manikin performance was significantly different (p < 0.0001). The VBM manikin scored best, with all other manikins equivalent. The VBM manikin performed significantly better for three individual laryngeal mask airways. Overall performance differences of laryngeal mask airways were statistically significant (p < 0.001) but individual comparisons were not. Silicone devices performed better than PVC devices (p < 0.05) Devices with and without grilles performed similarly. All manikins were adequate. The VBM manikin performed best overall and for several individual laryngeal mask airways. The methodology is useful for future evaluations of devices, both manikins and supraglottic airways. Further human clinical research is required.
Successful use of pharyngeal pulse oximetry with the oropharyngeal airway in severely shocked patients
Authors: Yu H. , Liu B. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryWe describe the successful use of pharyngeal oximetry with the oropharyngeal airway in two patients with severe shock in whom finger pulse oximetry failed. One patient was a 50‐year‐old man with septic shock and the other a 32‐year‐old woman with haemorrhagic shock. In both patients, an oropharyngeal airway with a paediatric pulse oximeter probe was inserted adjacent to the tracheal tube. A good waveform was obtained and oxygen saturation was 0–2% lower than arterial samples whereas finger pulse oximetry saturation was unobtainable or much lower than arterial oxygen saturation. Pharyngeal oxygen saturation with the oropharyngeal airway is feasible and more accurate than finger oximetry in low perfusion states.