bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary sugars and micronutrient dilution in normal adults aged 65 years and over
Authors: Gibson Sigrid 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective:To examine the relationship between non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES) concentration and micronutrient intakes and status in free-living older people.Design:The National Diet and Nutrition Survey of people aged 65 years and over; a cross-sectional study in Britain in 1994/5.Subjects and methods:Eight hundred and six men and women living in private households who were not on medication for nutritional disorders. Subjects were classified into four groups (Q1 to Q4), using cut-off points corresponding to quartiles of energy from NMES. Relationships were examined between dietary NMES concentration and intakes of calcium, iron, riboflavin, folate, vitamin C and vitamin D. Status indices were also assessed in each group.Results:Overall, a small proportion of men and women had intakes below the Lower Reference Nutrient Intake (LRNI) for calcium, iron, folate, riboflavin or vitamin C, while vitamin D intakes were universally low. Intakes of micronutrients tended to be highest at moderate levels of NMES in the diet (Q2 and Q3, equivalent to 8–15% of energy from NMES). Micronutrient status was low for riboflavin in 38% of the sample, while 15% had low vitamin C status and more than 10% were anaemic. There was little evidence that poorer nutrient status was associated with higher levels of dietary NMES. Although some indices of folate status were lower in Q4, this is most likely to reflect confounding by smoking. Energy intake accounted for 20–40% of the variance in micronutrient intakes, compared with less than 5% for NMES concentration.Conclusions:A diet moderately high in NMES (up to around 15% of energy) is unlikely to have a detrimental impact on micronutrient intake or status in this age group. Energy intake is the major determinant of micronutrient adequacy.
Is TV viewing an index of physical activity and fitness in overweight and normal weight children?
Authors: Grund A , Krause H , Siewers M , Rieckert H , Müller MJ 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective:To assess relationships between TV viewing and body composition, energy expenditure, physical activity, fitness and nutrition habits in prepubertal children.Design:Cross-sectional study.Subjects:Sixty prepubertal children (mean body mass index: 20.8 kg m−2, age: 5–11 years, overweight:n=52, normal weight:n=8).Methods:TV consumption, socio-economic status (SES) and nutrition habits were estimated by questionnaires. Fat mass and fat-free mass were assessed by anthropometrics and bioelectrical impedance analysis, and resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry. Total energy expenditure was measured by a combination of indirect calorimetry and individually calibrated 24-hour heart rate (HR) monitoring. Activity-related energy expenditure and physical activity level were calculated. Aerobic fitness (VO2submax) was determined by ergometry, muscle strength (musculus quadriceps, musculus ischiocruralis) was measured by computer tensiometry. Children were stratified according to their daily TV consumption: <=1 h of TV per day (group I) and >1 h of TV per day (group II).Results:When compared with children of group I, children of group II had increased body weight, body mass index, skinfolds, fat mass and prevalence of overweight (P<0.05 and <0.01, respectively). By contrast, fat-free mass, energy expenditure, measures of physical activity and muscle strength were similar. Children of group II had normal absolute VO2submax but reduced adjusted VO2submax (P<0.05). They also had parents with a lower educational level (P<0.05). Similar nutritional habits were observed in both groups. There were no significant differences in the observed parameters between children with high (1–3 h day−1) and very high (>3 h day−1) TV viewing.Conclusions:There is a positive relationship between TV viewing and fatness. Increased TV viewing does not reflect reduced 24-hour energy expenditure as assessed by 24-hour HR monitoring, submaximal VO2, muscle strength or poor dietary intake. Increased TV consumption is associated with a low SES.
Validation of a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire for use in Western Mali
Authors: Torheim Liv E , Barikmo Ingrid , Hatløy Anne , Diakité Moro , Solvoll Kari , Diarra Modibo M , Oshaug Arne 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective:The purpose of this study was to validate a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (QFFQ) created for assessing the usual intake of foods and nutrients in the prevailing season in Western Mali.Design:Intake of foods and nutrients over the week preceding the interview was measured with a 69-item QFFQ. Intakes were compared with intakes as measured with 2-day combined weighed and recalled diet records.Setting:A rural village in Western Mali, West Africa.Subjects:Twenty-seven men and 48 women (15–59 years of age) representing 18 households.Results:Spearman rank correlations between intake of food groups from the QFFQ and the diet record ranged from 0.09 (meat/fish) to 0.58 (tea/coffee). Median coefficient was 0.37. Median Spearman correlation coefficient for nutrient intake was 0.40. Men had higher median correlation coefficients than did women. The proportion of subjects being classified into the same quartile of food intake was on median 33%, while a median of 7% was misclassified into extreme quartiles. Correct classification into the same quartile for intake of nutrients was on median 34% while a median of 4% was grossly misclassified. Intakes of most food groups and nutrients as measured by the QFFQ were higher than those measured by the diet records. However, while men had higher estimated intakes for foods eaten in-between meals, women in general had higher intake of foods eaten in the main meals.Conclusion:This QFFQ can be used for comparing the intake of foods and nutrients between groups within this study population. It therefore represents a useful tool in the surveillance of food intake in the population, both in identifying vulnerable groups and for tracking food intake over time. The differences between men and women in overestimating food intake need to be taken into account when using the method.
The Peterborough Schools Nutrition Project: a multiple intervention programme to improve school-based eating in secondary schools
Authors: Parker Linda , Fox Ann 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective:To evaluate over two years the effectiveness of multiple interventions targeted at lunches in secondary schools with the aim of increasing the consumption of healthier foods by children during the school day.Design:Controlled comparison study of two intervention schools targeted with multiple interventions to increase both the availability and the number of pupils consuming healthier foods, and one control school with no interventions but with the same observations over a two-year period.Setting:Three secondary schools in Peterborough, England.Subjects:Secondary school children in the three schools taking school lunches between 1996 and 1998.Results:School Food Groups (SFGs) were set up in both intervention schools. All catering interventions were actioned via the SFGs. Of the food availability targets, only the target to increase the availability of high-fibre bread in both intervention schools was met. The availability of food items at the control school remained stable. The proportion of pupils consuming fruit and vegetables/salad was very low in all schools at baseline. There were positive changes for consumption of fruit and nonfried potato in one intervention school, and for high-fibre bread and non-cream cakes at the other in the short term, but only that for high-fibre bread was close to being sustained at the end of the two years. The dietary consumption target for vegetables/salad was achieved by the final monitoring period in one school.Conclusion:Overall there were no significant changes in school-based eating at the end of the study. Some positive changes were made, with some of the dietary targets being achieved at an early stage but not sustained. Ultimately this study has shown how difficult it is to achieve sustained dietary changes in the eating habits of secondary school children, even with considerable input.
DINER (Data Into Nutrients for Epidemiological Research) – a new data-entry program for nutritional analysis in the EPIC–Norfolk cohort and the 7-day diary method
Authors: Welch AA , McTaggart A , Mulligan AA , Luben R , Walker N , Khaw KT , Day NE , Bingham SA 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackground and objective:A new data-entry system (DINER – Data Into Nutrients for Epidemiological Research) for food record methods has been devised for the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC) cohort study of 25 000 men and women in Norfolk. DINER has been developed to address the problems of efficiency and consistency of data entry, comparability of data, maximising information and future flexibility in large long-term population studies of diet and disease that use record methods to assess dietary intakes. DINER captures more detail than traditional systems and enables provision of new variables for specific food types or groups. The system has been designed to be fully flexible and easy to update. Analysis of consistency of data entry was tested in a group of 3525 participants entered by 25 coders.Results:A food list of 9000 food items and values for 24 000 portion sizes have been incorporated into the database, using information from the 5979 diaries coded since 1995. Analysis of consistency of entry indicated that this has largely been achieved. The effect of coders in a multivariate regression model was significant only if the three coders involved in early use of the program were included (P<0.013).Conclusions:The development of DINER has facilitated the use of more accurate record methods in large-scale epidemiological studies of diet and disease. Furthermore, the retention of original information as an extensive food list allows greater flexibility in later analyses of data of multiple dietary hypotheses.
The changing structure of diets in the European Union in relation to healthy eating guidelines
Authors: Schmidhuber Josef , Traill W Bruce 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveOur objective in this paper is to assess diets in the European Union (EU) in relation to the recommendations of the recent World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization expert consultation and to show how diets have changed between 1961 and 2001.Data and methodsComputations make use of FAOSTAT data on food availability at country level linked to a food composition database to convert foods to nutrients. We further explore the growing similarity of diets in the EU by making use of a consumption similarity index. The index provides a single number measure of dietary overlap between countries.ResultsThe data confirm the excessive consumption by almost all countries of saturated fats, cholesterol and sugars, and the convergence of nutrient intakes across the EU. Whereas in 1961 diets in several European countries were more similar to US diets than to those of other European countries, this is no longer the case; moreover, while EU diets have become more homogeneous, the EU as a whole and the USA have become less similar over time.ConclusionsAlthough the dominant cause of greater similarity in EU diets over the period studied is increased intakes in Mediterranean countries of saturated fats, cholesterol and sugar, also important are reductions in saturated fat and sugar in some Northern European countries. This suggests that healthy eating messages are finally having an impact on diets; a distinctly European diet may also be emerging.
Exploring changes in middle-school student lunch consumption after local school food service policy modifications
Authors: Cullen Karen Weber , Watson Kathy , Zakeri Issa , Ralston Katherine 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveThis study assessed the impact of changes in school food policy on student lunch consumption in middle schoolsMethodsTwo years of lunch food records were collected from students at three middle schools in the Houston, Texas area. During the first year, no changes occurred in the school food environment. After that school year was completed, chips and dessert foods were removed from the snack bars of all schools by the Food Service Director. Students recorded the amount and source of food and beverage items consumed. Point-of-service purchase machines provided a day-by-day electronic data file with food and beverage purchases from the snack bars during the 2-year period. Independent t-tests and time series analyses were used to document the impact of the policy change on consumption and sales data between the two yearsResultsIn general, student consumption of sweetened beverages declined and milk, calcium, vitamin A, saturated fat and sodium increased after the policy change. Snack chips consumption from the snack bar declined in year 2; however, consumption of snack chips and candy from vending increased and the number of vending machines in study schools doubled during the study period. Ice cream sales increased significantly in year 2ConclusionsPolicy changes on foods sold in schools can result in changes in student consumption from the targeted environments. However, if all environments do not make similar changes, compensation may occur
Intake and food sources of nitrites and N-nitrosodimethylamine in Spain
Authors: Jakszyn Paula , Agudo Antonio , Berenguer Antonio , Ibáñez Raquel , Amiano Pilar , Pera Guillem , Ardanaz Eva , Barricarte Aurelio , Chirlaque María Dolores , Dorronsoro Miren , Larrañaga Nerea , Martinez Carmen , Navarro Carmen , Quirós José R , Sanchéz María José , Tormo María José , González Carlos A 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo conduct a comprehensive assessment of dietary intakes of nitrites andN-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA).Subjects and settingA study was conducted within the Spanish cohort of the European Prospective Investigation in Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) to assess the intake and food sources of these compounds in Spanish adults. The study included 41 446 health volunteers, aged 29–69 years, from Northern and Southern regions. Usual food intake was estimated by in-person interviews using a computerised dietary questionnaire.ResultsThe estimated geometric mean was 0.994 mg day−1for nitrites and 0.114 μg day−1for NDMA. For both compounds a positive trend in consumption with increasing energy intake was observed. Dietary NDMA was related to age and sex after energy adjustment, while nitrite consumption increased with higher intakes of vitamin C (P< 0.001). The food groups that contributed most to intakes were meat products, cereals, vegetables and fruits for nitrites, and processed meat, beer, cheese and broiled fish for NDMA. Current and past smokers, who had high levels of NDMA from tobacco exposure, were also identified as the highest consumers of dietary NDMA. Furthermore, smokers had low intakes of vitamin C (an inhibitor of endogenous nitrosation).ConclusionsIntake levels of NDMA and nitrites in a Mediterranean cohort are currently relatively lower than those previously reported, although processed meat, beer and cured cheese still are the most important contributors to NDMA intake.
Breast-feeding in a UK urban context: who breast-feeds, for how long and does it matter?
Authors: Wright Charlotte M , Parkinson Kathryn , Scott Jane 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate what factors relate most strongly to breast-feeding duration in order to successfully support breast-feeding mothers.DesignProspective birth cohort study using questionnaires, routinely collected weights and health check at age 13 months.SettingGateshead, UK.SubjectsParents of 923 term infants born in a defined geographical area and recruited shortly after birth, 50% of whom were breast-feeding initially.ResultsOnly 225 (24%) infants were still breast-fed at 6 weeks, although 136 (15%) continued beyond 4 months. Infants in the most affluent quintile were three times more likely to be initially breast-fed (P< 0.001) and five times more likely to still be feeding at 4 months (P= 0.001) compared with infants in the most deprived quintile. A third of breast-fed infants were given supplementary feeds in the maternity unit and this was associated with a 10-fold increase in odds of giving up breast-feeding by discharge (P= 0.001). Frequent feeding was reported as a reason for giving up in 70% of mothers at 6 weeks and 55% at 4 months. Those infants who stopped breast-feeding earliest showed the most rapid weight gain and were tallest at age 13 months. Non-breast-fed infants had 50% more family doctor contacts up to age 4 months (P= 0.005).ConclusionsInitiation of breast-feeding in urban Britain remains strongly determined by socio-economic background and early cessation seems to be related to frequent feeding and rapid growth as well as a continuing failure to eradicate health practices that undermine breast-feeding. Those infants not receiving breast milk suffered increased morbidity, but the apparent association between breast-feeding duration and growth probably reflects reverse causation.
Food supplementation, nutritional intake of recipients and operational aspects: an integrated pilot nutrition initiative of BRAC
Authors: Novak Masuma 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo explore the nutritional quality of supplementary foods and additional energy consumption by the recipients in a pilot nutrition initiative of BRAC.DesignIn-depth interviews, observations during feeding at feeding centres, and laboratory analyses of supplementary foods for nutrient contents performed at the Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.SettingMuktagacha thana (sub-district) in Mymensingh district, a rural area of Bangladesh.SubjectsPregnant and lactating mothers and children below 2 years of age.ResultsAnalysis revealed that supplementary food, if taken completely, could provide daily energy equivalent to 752 kcal to a mother and 212 kcal to a child below 2 years of age. Mothers consumed about 75% of the food provided (∼ 564 kcal day−1). The food was shared mostly with young children and husbands. In-depth interview with mothers also suggested that they usually skipped breakfast if the food was given in the morning. The children liked the taste of food, and unless the child was sick or had some food before coming to the centre, she/he ate all the food provided. Although the main purpose of the project was to provide nutrition education, it was observed that activities at feeding centres were limited to food distribution with little time devoted to the communication of nutritional messages.ConclusionsTraining should be given to service providers to communicate nutritional messages effectively as part of understanding the goal of the initiative. It is important to explore whether the regular diets of the recipients are replaced by the food supplementation or not.
The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ): a study of concurrent and construct validity
Authors: Hagströmer Maria , Oja Pekka , Sjöström Michael 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIntroductionThe International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was developed to measure health-related physical activity (PA) in populations. The short version of the IPAQ has been tested extensively and is now used in many international studies. The present study aimed to explore the validity characteristics of the long-version IPAQ.Subjects and methodsForty-six voluntary healthy male and female subjects (age, mean±standard deviation: 40.7±10.3 years) participated in the study. PA indicators derived from the long, self-administered IPAQ were compared with data from an activity monitor and a PA log book for concurrent validity, and with aerobic fitness, body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat for construct validity.ResultsStrong positive relationships were observed between the activity monitor data and the IPAQ data for total PA (ρ = 0.55, P < 0.001) and vigorous PA (ρ = 0.71, P < 0.001), but a weaker relationship for moderate PA (ρ = 0.21, P = 0.051). Calculated MET-h day−1 from the PA log book was significantly correlated with MET-h day−1 from the IPAQ (ρ = 0.67, P < 0.001). A weak correlation was observed between IPAQ data for total PA and both aerobic fitness (ρ = 0.21, P = 0.051) and BMI (ρ = 0.25, P = 0.009). No significant correlation was observed between percentage body fat and IPAQ variables. Bland–Altman analysis suggested that the inability of activity monitors to detect certain types of activities might introduce a source of error in criterion validation studies.ConclusionsThe long, self-administered IPAQ questionnaire has acceptable validity when assessing levels and patterns of PA in healthy adults.
Impact of promotion of mango and liver as sources of vitamin A for young children: a pilot study in Burkina Faso
Authors: Nana CP , Brouwer ID , Zagré NM , Kok FJ , Traoré AS 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of a behaviour change approach, with or without financial support, in improving vitamin A (VA) intake and serum retinol concentration through mango and liver consumption by children.DesignA parallel design (no control area) was used to assess changes in VA intake and serum retinol over a 15-week period.Setting and subjectsA pilot study was implemented in the Department of Kokologho, a rural area in central west Burkina Faso. One hundred and fifty children aged 2–3 years were randomly selected and assigned to two treatment groups: PA$$ (promotional activities and financial support) and PA (promotional activities).ResultsThe intervention significantly increased (P<0.001) total VA intake by 56% in PA$$ and by 50% in PA. VA intake from liver increased significantly (P<0.001) from 12.7±23.5 to 155.3±56.3 μg retinol activity equivalents (RAE) in PA$$ and from 21.6±29.7 to 135.3±44.9 μg RAE in PA. Changes in VA intake from liver were significantly higher (P=0.004) in PA$$ compared with PA. Mean serum retinol concentration increased significantly by 26% (P<0.001) in PA$$ and 30% (P<0.001) in PA. Changes in serum retinol concentration (0.13 μmol l−1in PA$$ vs. 0.17 μmol l−1and in PA) did not differ significantly (P=0.455) between groups over the intervention.ConclusionPromotional activities on mango and liver intake effectively increased VA intake and serum retinol concentrations. Although an additional beneficial effect of financial support on liver intake was observed, this did not translate into a further increase in serum retinol concentration.