bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of a second maxillary molar with six canals
Authors: Júnior Braulio Pasternak , Teixeira Cleonice da Silveira , Silva Ricardo Gariba , Vansan Luíz Pascoal , Neto Manoel D. Sousa 
Published: March 2007

AbstractVariations in the dental anatomy are found in all teeth. Knowledge of these variations, particularly concerning the location and treatment of all canals, is very important for the success of the endodontic therapy. The purpose of this study is to present a clinical case of a maxillary second molar with three palatal canals, two mesio‐buccal and one disto‐buccal canal. This report serves to remind clinicians that such anatomical variations should be taken into account during endodontic treatment of the maxillary molars.
Evaluation of the thermoplasticity of different gutta‐percha cones and Resilon®
Authors: Tanomaru‐Filho Mário , Silveira Geraldine Faccio , Tanomaru Juliane Maria Guerreiro , Bier Carlos Alexandre Souza 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe goal of this study was to evaluate the thermoplasticity of conventional and thermoplastic gutta‐percha and Resilon®, a polyester polymer‐based material. Specimens with standardised dimensions were made from the following materials: conventional and thermoplastic gutta‐percha (Dentsply), conventional and thermoplastic gutta‐percha (Endopoints) and Resilon®. After 24 h, the specimens were placed in water at 70°C for 60 s, and thereafter positioned between two glass slabs. Each set was compressed by a 5‐kg weight. Digital images of the specimens before and after compression were obtained and analysed. The thermoplasticity of each material was confirmed by the difference between final and initial areas of each sample. The data were analysed statistically by anova and Tukey’s test at a 5% significance level. Resilon® had the highest thermoplasticity means (P < 0.05). Among the gutta‐percha cones, Endopoints TP (thermoplastic) presented the highest thermoplasticity means and differed significantly from the other commercial brands (P < 0.05). Resilon® had good thermoplasticity, endorsing its use as a thermoplastic root canal filling material.
Cortical and spinal adaptations induced by balance training: correlation between stance stability and corticospinal activation
Authors: Taube W. , Gruber M. , Beck S. , Faist M. , Gollhofer A. , Schubert M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAim:  To determine the sites of adaptation responsible for improved stance stability after balance (=sensorimotor) training, changes in corticospinal and spinal excitability were investigated in 23 healthy subjects.Methods:  Neural adaptations were assessed by means of H‐reflex stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and conditioning of the H‐reflex by TMS (Hcond) before and after 4 weeks of balance training. All measurements were performed during stance perturbation on a treadmill. Fast posterior translations induced short‐ (SLR), medium‐ and long‐latency responses (LLR) in the soleus muscle. Motor‐evoked potential‐ (MEP) and Hcond‐amplitudes as well as Hmax/Mmax ratios were determined at SLR and LLR. Postural stability was measured during perturbation on the treadmill.Results:  Balance training improved postural stability. Hmax/Mmax ratios were significantly decreased at LLR. MEPs and Hcond revealed significantly reduced facilitation at LLR following training. A negative correlation between adaptations of Hcond and changes in stance stability was observed (r = −0.87; P < 0.01) while no correlation was found between stance stability and changes in Hmax/Mmax ratio. No changes in any parameter occurred at the spinally organized SLR and in the control group.Conclusion:  The decrease in MEP‐ and Hcond‐facilitation implies reduced corticospinal and cortical excitability at the transcortically mediated LLR. Changes in cortical excitability were directly related to improvements in stance stability as shown by correlation of these parameters. The absence of such a correlation between Hmax/Mmax ratios and stance stability suggests that mainly supraspinal adaptations contributed to improved balance performance following training.
Regulatory regimes and accountability
Authors: May Peter J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis research considers accountability issues for new forms of regulation that shift the emphasis from prescribing actions to regulating systems or regulating for results. Shortfalls at various levels of accountability are identified from experiences with these regimes in the regulation of building and fire safety, food safety and nuclear power plant safety. These experiences illustrate how accountability shortfalls can undermine regulatory performance and introduce a potential for subtle forms of regulatory capture. These concerns underscore the importance of finding the right fit between regulatory circumstances and the design of regulatory regimes.
Prevalence of hepatitis E virus among wild boar in the Ehime area of western Japan
Authors: Michitaka Kojiro , Takahashi Kazuaki , Furukawa Shinya , Inoue Gaku , Hiasa Yoichi , Horiike Norio , Onji Morikazu , Abe Natsumi , Mishiro Shunji 
Published: March 2007

Aims:  Transmission of hepatitis E virus (HEV) from wild boar to humans has been reported, particularly from Japan. We attempted to clarify this issue.Methods:  We assessed the IgG class antibodies against HEV (anti‐HEV) in serum samples taken from 406 boar living in the Ehime area of western Japan from 2001 to 2004, of which 392 were captured in the wild (wild‐caught boar) and 14 had been kept in a breeding farm (bred boar).Results:  Anti‐HEV positive rate in the bred boar (10/14, 71.4%) was significantly higher than in the wild‐caught boar (100/392, 25.5%) (P < 0.001). Of the 392 wild‐caught boar, 12 (3.1%) were positive for HEV‐RNA, 10 of which were then subjected to phylogenetic analyses by sequencing an 821‐nt fragment within ORF1. All the 10 isolates segregated to genotype 3, and eight of them were mutually related to form a cluster. All the eight HEV isolates in this cluster were from the wild‐caught boar living in one and the same habitat within the studied area, while the other two independent isolates were from different regions.Conclusion:  HEV infection is endemic in wild boar in the Ehime area, and we should regard the wild boar as an important reservoir of HEV.
Accidental exposure to HCV antibody‐positive blood in hospital and pre‐emptive one‐shot interferon alpha‐2b treatment
Authors: Nukaya Haruhiko , Ohno Tomoyoshi , Sakakibara Kenji , Kato Atunaga , Hasegawa Izumi , Matunaga Seijiro , Endo Masayuki , Tanaka Yoshito , Hirashima Noboru , Tanaka Yasuhito , Orito Etsuro , Joh Takashi , Mizokami Masashi 
Published: March 2007

Aims:  Infection with hepatitis viruses following blood exposure accidents, such as needle stick injuries, is a serious issue for medical staff. In particular, although accidental exposure to hepatitis C virus (HCV) occurs frequently, postexposure prophylactic measures have not been established yet. In this study we investigate the efficacy of recombinant α‐2b interferon (IFN) as a single, 10 MU intramuscular injection for preventing transmission.Methods:  264 incidents of accidental blood to HCV antibody‐positive blood, occurring between 1993 and 2003 in the Social Insurance Chukyo Hospital, were surveyed. Accident reports, which described in detail the circumstances and the presence or absence of infectious disease in the blood, and accidental exposure to HCV antibody‐positive blood was investigated.Results:  Pre‐emptive IFN treatment was given in 115 out of 157 cases occurring between 1993 and 1998. One case developed acute HCV. Phylogenetic analysis provided evidence that the accident caused the infection and the patient was cured by immediate IFN therapy. Between 1999 and 2003, the exposed were in principle followed‐up without IFN treatment; IFN treatment was only given when requested. As a result, IFN was given in 14 of 107 cases. During this period, no transmission was observed.Conclusion:  Taken together, the benefits of pre‐emptive IFN treatment were considered unremarkable and a follow‐up without treatment, or immediate IFN therapy after confirmation of the onset, was recommended.
Design of Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Region Controller Based on Rule Reduction, Robust Control, and Switching Concept
Authors: Sun Chein-Chung , Wu Sheng-Ming , Chung Hung-Yuan , Chang Wen-Jer 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a new structure of Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy controllers, which is called T-S fuzzy region controller or TSFRC for short. The fuzzy region concept is used to partition the plant rules into several fuzzy regions so that only one region is fired at the instant of each input vector being coming. Because each fuzzy region contains several plant rules, the fuzzy region can be regarded as a polytopic uncertain model. Therefore, robust control techniques would be essential for designing the feedback gains of each fuzzy region. To improve the speed of response, the decay rate constraint is imposed when deriving the stability conditions with Lyapunov stability criterion. To design TSFRC with the linear matrix inequality (LMI) solver, all stability conditions are represented in terms of LMIs. Finally, a two-link robot system is used to prove the feasibility and validity of the proposed method.
Characterization of Laser-Generated Microparticles by Means of a Dust Monitor and SEM Imaging
Authors: Wurster Roland , Pentzien Simone , Conradi Andrea , Krüger Jörg 
Published: March 2007

Nanosecond laser (1064 nm wavelength) cleaning of artificially soiled paper as a model sample simulating a real-world artwork was performed. During the cleaning process, the ejection of particles was monitored in situ by means of a dust monitor (8 size classes, ranging from 0.3μm to>2 μm) and ex situ using a mini-cascade impactor (MKI, 5 stages). The cleaning result was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) considering possible laser-induced damages to the substrate. Size distributions of emitted particles were measured depending on the processing parameters: laser fluence,F, and pulse number per spot,N. High numbers of large (>2 μm) particles were collected by the mini-cascade impactor indicating a gas dynamical liftoff process. Obviously, these particles were not affected by the laser-matter interaction. The different methods (SEM, MKI, and dust monitor) are compared with respect to their usefulness for a proper interpretation of the cleaning results.
Picosecond Time Resolved Absorption Experiments of Iodine in Complexing Solvents
Authors: Besnard Marcel , Del Campo Nathalie , De Violet Philippe Fornier , Rulliere Claude 
Published: March 2007

Transient absorption spectra of I2 diluted in “inert” (CCl4, n‐heptane) solvents and electron donor
solvents of increasing complexing strength (CS2, benzene, dioxane, pyridine) have been measured (in the
spectral range 400–800 nm) at different times (from 20 ps to 1 ns) after excitation using 25 ps pulses at λ = 532 nm. In inert solvents, the time evolution of the transient spectra are consistent with the model
recently proposed by Harris et al.1Such a behaviour is in marked contrast with the experimental observation in strongly complexing
solvents (pyridine). This is interpreted as resulting from a competition between geminate recombination
and formation of a complex between the solvent and atomic iodine (I•) formed by the photodissociation
process. In intermediate complexing solvents these two processes seem to coexist.
Cars Diagnostic on a PhotochemicalReactor for IR Laser Induced Production of Si and Si3N4 Powders
Authors: Fantoni R. , Bijnen F. , Djurić N. , Piccirillo S. 
Published: March 2007

In a flow reactor a low power (up to 50 W) CW CO2 laser tuned at 944,19 cm−1 has been focussed in order
to produce Si and Si3N4 ultrafine powders from SiH4 and SiH4/NH3 mixtures.Among possible on‐line optical diagnostics, two different CARS techniques have been used to monitor
the excitation process and to measure average reaction temperatures in collinear geometry. In broad‐band
CARS at low resolution (≈6.0 cm−1) the reactant temperature is measured from the attenuation of the
corresponding integrated peak intensity below and at the dissociation threshold. In narrow‐band
experiments the temperature reached by the dissociating reactants below and above the threshold is
inferred from the spectral shape (measured with 0.2 cm−1 resolution) of the envelope of rovibrational
CARS transitions involved.Results obtained at the threshold for SiH4 dissociation are in agreement with previous data on gas‐phase
pyrolysis in a thermal process. For the SiH4/NH3 reaction the difficulty in obtaining stoichiometric Si3N4
has been related to the cooling effect of large NH3 addition to the SiH4 warmed up in the laser absorption.
Vector Correlations in Molecular Photofragmentations
Authors: Comes F. J. 
Published: March 2007

Photofragmentation spectroscopy—the study of “half collisions” with polarized light of subdoppler line
width—opens a window to look into the structure of molecules. The energy partitioning among the
particular degrees of freedom of the products of the fragmentation reaction is described by the scalar
properties, the direction and magnitude of a particular type of motion is described by the vector
properties. The measurement of the scalar and vector properties allows a pictorial view of the intermediate
state. The forces which make the fragments fly apart or rotate and vibrate can be “seen” from the line
shapes. Information on the unstable intermediate state is gained from the stable fragments long after the
dissociation of the parent molecule. In particular, information on the “lifetime” of the intermediate on a
femtosecond time scale can be obtained.A number of molecules, mainly three and four atomic, have been studied by this technique. Hydrogen
peroxide has shown up as a textbook example. A complete analysis was possible including not only
correlation of different types of fragment motion but also a correlation of the two coincident particles
formed from the same parent molecule. The experimental results are in full agreement with recent
calculations of the dynamics of the fragmentation on newly obtained potential energy surfaces. Hydrogen
peroxide shows a strong dependence of its potential energy on the dihedral angle in the two electronic
states amenable to laser excitation. This experiment further demonstrates that an analysis is also possible
if two states are excited simultaneously.Another good example is the fragmentation of hydrazoic acid for which also coincident pair correlation
has been treated. Here again the results agree excellently with a qualitative picture which can be drawn
from recently calculated ab initio potential energy surfaces. The HN3 example is much more complicated
than the former one due to its higher structured upper potential energy surface. Strong rotational
excitation is observed in the N2 fragment leaving the NH fragment rotationally cold.The treatment of vector correlations in molecular photofragmentation is a powerful tool for the study of
the dynamics of molecular dissociation reactions.
Kinetic and Spectroscopic Studies of Transient Species Prepared byIrmpd
Authors: Castaño F. , De Zárate A. Ortiz , Fernández J. A. , Sánchez Rayo M. N. 
Published: March 2007

Infrared multiple photon absorption is known to be observed in some triatomic and most polyatomic
molecules. When the number of absorbed photons is high enough the process leads to photodissociation
and excess energy is released as vibrational, rotational and translational energy in the electronic ground
state of the fragments. The contribution of these energies is determined by standard methods, that include
laser induced fluorescence, LIF, and time‐resolved Fourier transform spectroscopy, TR‐FTS. Examples
of selected determinations are shown.Once produced, identified and characterized, the kinetic behaviour of the transients with selected
reactants can be studied. In particular, removal rate constants of substituted carbenes, in specific
vibrational and electronic states, by atoms, olefins and simple molecules are mentioned.
The Pulsed Homogeneous Laser Pyrolysis: Determination of ArrheniusParameters of CHClF2 Destruction Basing on the Model of Physical andChemical Processes
Authors: Zhitnev Yu. N. , Zakharchenko A. V. , Mordkovich N. Yu. , Nugaev T.-B. H. , Tveritinova E. A. , Timofeev V. V. 
Published: March 2007

The Pulsed Homogeneous Laser Pyrolysis (PHLP) of CHClF2 initiated by IOP(20) radiation of TEA‐CO2
laser was carried out in the presence of SF6 sensitizer with the mixture components ratio 1:1 under partial
pressure of the reactant equal to 1 Torr and 2 Torr.To describe PHLP process in the afterpulse period we suggested a kinetic model of CHClF2 thermal
destruction accounting for the inhomogeneity of laser heating of the reaction mixture and its further
cooling by the heat conduction mechanism. Applying the standard mathematical procedure for matching
the experimental results of the degree of reactant destruction, and the numeric computations of this value
made according to the suggested model, the Arrhenius parameters of the reaction of CHClF2 monomolecular
conversion in the temperature range of 1000–1200 K were unambiguously determined.
The values were obtained for the activation energy Eα = 52.8 ± 0.3 kcal/mol, and the pre‐exponential
factor A = (2.5 ± 1) · 1012 s−1.
Theoretical Approaches to Study the Vibrational Predissociation of Van Der Waals Molecules
Authors: Delgado-Barrio G. , Serna S. , Miret-Artés S. , Roncero O. , Campos-Martínez J. , Villarreal P. 
Published: March 2007

Different approaches are presented for the study of vibrational predissociation of triatomic van der Waals molecules. These methods are applied to the study of the He-I2 when I2 is excited to the B electronic state.The applicability of these methods is discussed in detail by comparing with “exact” quantum results.
Reaction Dynamics of Electronically Excited Calcium Atom
Authors: Verdasco E. , Menéndez M. , Garay M. , Ureña A. González , D′azy O. Benoist , Poblete F. J. , Taïeb G. 
Published: March 2007

Absolute values of the total chemiluminescence cross‐section for the beam‐gas Ca(3P, 1D) + Cl4C → CaCl(A, B) + Cl3C and Ca(3P, 1D) + SF6 → CaF(A, B) + SF5 reactions have been measured at low collision energy, ET = 0.15 and 0.14eV, respectively. Both metastable atomic calcium states Ca(3P, 1D) were produced under low voltage dc‐discharge conditions. By changing the discharge conditions, different metastable concentrations were produced to measure the state‐to‐state cross‐section for both 3P and 1D reactions. The following values for the total chemiluminescence cross‐sections were obtained:σ = 1.77 Å and σ = 0.25 Å for the Ca(3P, 1D) + Cl4C → CaCl(A, B) + Cl3C reaction.σ = 0.59 Å2 and σ = 0.56 Å2 for the Ca(3P, 1D) + SF6 → CaF(A) + SF5 reaction.σ = 0.04 Å2 and σ = 0.12 Å for the Ca(3P, 1D) + SF6 → CaF(B) + SF5 reaction.In addition, beam‐beam experiments were carried out at the same average low collision energy that of the beam‐gas, and therefore, normalization between both experiments was possible. This procedure allowed us to obtain the excitation function of the Ca(1D) + SF6 reaction in absolute values over the 0.15–0.60eV collision energy range.On the other hand, by simulation, the ratio of CaCl(B‐X/A‐X) emissions intensities was found to be of 0.15. The variation of this ratio with the relative concentration of 1D/3P in a Broida oven leads to the conclusion that this state favours the formation of the B state in the chemiluminescent Ca(3P, 1D) + CH3CHCl2 → CaCl(A, B) + CH3CHCl reaction.
Chemical Lasers From the Photodissociation of Nitrosyl Halides
Authors: Barrero J. I. Del Barrio , G.-Tablas F. M. 
Published: March 2007

New NO laser emission from the photodissociation of BrNO has been observed between vib‐rotational levels of the ground state of NO, using He and Br2 as buffer gases. Also, from the ClNO photodissociation several new NO vibro‐rotational lines have been observed.The presence of a buffer gas was necessary to observe laser emission from BrNO and ClNO.The temporal behavior of the NO laser emission from the photodissociation of both nitrosyl halides has been studied.
Picosecond Processes in Chemical Systems: Vibrational Relaxation
Authors: Heilweil E. J. , Moore R. , Rothenberger G. , Velsko S. , Hochstrasser R. M. 
Published: March 2007

A review is presented of our recent studies of vibrational energy relaxation of moderately
sized molecules in a variety of media and of the effect of vibrational relaxation on
processes such as molecular rearrangements.Data are presented on intramolecular dynamical processes involving p‐difluorobenzene
and an experiment is described which allows the study of spectral evolution on the
picosecond timescale under collision‐free conditions.The vibrational (T1) relaxation of the apparently simple system consisting of a
diatomic CN− ion in aqueous solution was studied and found to be in the range of a few
picoseconds and to be concentration dependent. These results, and the effects of
counterions, are suggested to be the result of aggregation of the ions. A discussion of
the Raman lineshapes is given in relation to the measured T1 times.
Intermolecular and Intramolecular Excited State Charge Transfer
Authors: Eisenthal Kenneth B. 
Published: March 2007

A primary mechanism of energy relaxation and chemical change in
organic molecules in excited electronic states is charge transfer. 1 The
charge transfer process can be intermolecular, involving an excited
molecule and a neighboring molecule, one serving as an acceptor and
the other as a donor molecule, or intramolecular, involving a charge
redistribution in the excited molecule which produces a very large
excited state dipole moment.In our investigations of the dynamics of these various charge transfer
processes, a picosecond laser pulse was used to excite the molecules
of interest. The charge transfer dynamics were monitored by a variety
of techniques, including transient absorption of the excited charge
transfer complex (exciplex) or ion radicals by a time delayed
picosecond pulse, and fluorescence from the exciplex and from the
initially excited molecule using a picosecond streak camera for
detection.
1,4‐Bis (β‐Pyridyl‐2‐Vinyl)Benzene (P2VB) and2,5‐Distyryl‐pyrazine (DSP) asBlue Laser Dyes
Authors: Ebeid E. M. , Sabry M. M. F. , El-Daly S. A. 
Published: March 2007

Solutions of P2VB and DSP in dimethyl‐sulphoxide (DMSO) of concentration ca. 10–3 M/l act as laser dyes on pumping with nitrogen laser. P2VB and DSP are lasing
in the ranges 390–440 nm (λmax = 416 nm) and 435–465 nm (λmax = 447 nm) respectively.
An equimolar mixture of P2VB and DSP behaves as an energy transfer dye laser (ETDL)
and is lasing in the range 429–455 nm (λmax = 438 nm). Such ETDL system obeys a
long range coulombic energy transfer mechanism with a critical transfer distance
R0 = 7.5 nm.The fluorescence quantum yields of both dyes have been measured, and in DMSO
φf = 0.46 and 0.35 for P2VB and DSP respectively.Both dyes show a remarkable photostability upon nitrogen laser excitation. This has
been attributed to the role of the 337 nm light in inducing a back photo‐chemical
reaction of the initially formed photoproducts consisting mainly of photo‐oligomers
and cis‐photoisomers.
Study of Photoionization ofSolids—Resonance Ionization
Authors: Verdun F. , Muller J. F. , Krier G. 
Published: March 2007

Multiphoton ionization (MPI) mechanism in the solid state being still controversial we
coupled a tunable laser to the LAMMA 500 microprobe to reinvestigate, using different
UV irradiations, the ionization of some organic and organometallic solid compounds.
Two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) anthracene and pyrene and metallic
derivatives of copper and cadmium were tested. Preliminary results are consistent with
thermal desorption of neutral molecules as the first step followed by photoionization
in the vapor phase.Thus the ionization mechanisms described for gases or vapors, and in particular some
REMPI or RIS processes appear to apply to our experimental conditions.