bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multivariate analysis of retention and distribution of aroma compounds in barrier dispersion coatings
Authors: Nestorson A. , Forsgren G. , Leufvén A. , Järnström L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe influence of drying conditions, latex type, talc content and amount of added aroma compounds on the retention and distribution of aroma compounds in barrier dispersion coatings was explored using static headspace gas chromatography combined with multivariate data analysis. The model aroma system consisted of an alcohol, an ester, an aldehyde, a ketone and two terpenes. Four latex grades based on styrene‐acrylate and styrene‐butadiene were studied. It was found that non‐polar aroma compounds were retained best in styrene‐butadiene latex, while polar ones were retained more in the styrene‐acrylate latex. Talc increased the retention of all the aroma compounds. The retention of polar compounds was higher with shorter drying times, which is probably due to greater losses during the later steps of the film formation process when internal water was evaporated. Polarity and talc also affected the partition of the aroma compounds between air and film. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Congenital myotonic dystrophy: prenatal ultrasound findings and pregnancy outcome
Authors: Zaki M. , Boyd P. A. , Impey L. , Roberts A. , Chamberlain P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the maternal and prenatal ultrasound findings and outcome in pregnancies complicated by congenital myotonic dystrophy Type 1 (DM1).MethodsA retrospective chart review of all patients with a diagnosis of DM1 and pregnancy presenting to the Oxford Radcliffe Hospital between 1990 and 2004 was undertaken. Obstetric case notes were reviewed and details of all pregnancies obtained. This included data on prenatal diagnostic tests and obstetric ultrasound scans performed as well as pregnancy complications and pregnancy outcome. Maternal and fetal CTG expansion size was also recorded where available. Maternal genetic case notes were reviewed for details of maternal grip myotonia.ResultsSixty pregnancies among 26 couples in which one of the parents was a carrier of DM1 were identified during the study period. These resulted in 36 (60%) pregnancies affected by congenital DM1 and 19 (31.7%) unaffected pregnancies. There were four miscarriages and one termination of pregnancy for non‐medical reasons.Nineteen of the 36 affected pregnancies ended in termination following the antenatal diagnosis of congenital DM1 by either chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis. In the remaining 17 affected pregnancies (16 singleton and one twin) there was one miscarriage of an affected fetus with co‐existing Down syndrome and eight perinatal deaths. The principal cause of perinatal death was respiratory failure in the early neonatal period. Antenatally noted clinical/sonographic abnormalities in these pregnancies included polyhydramnios (100%), talipes (26.6%) and borderline ventriculomegaly (13.3%). Uni‐ or bilateral talipes was noted at delivery in 10 of 16 (62.5%) neonates. Maternal grip myotonia was present in all but one of these cases.ConclusionThe antenatal findings of polyhydramnios and talipes should prompt a search for maternal grip myotonia. If present, definitive testing for congenital DM1 should be considered. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of Liver X Receptor, Insulin and Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor α on in Vivo Desaturase Modulation of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
Authors: Montanaro Mauro A. , González María S. , Bernasconi Ana M. , Brenner Rodolfo R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe examined the in vivo contribution of insulin, T090137 (T09), agonist of liver X receptor (LXR), fenofibrate, agonist of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR‐α) and sterol regulatory element binding protein‐1c (SREBP‐1c) on the unsaturated fatty acid synthesis controlled by Δ6 and Δ5 desaturases, compared with the effects on stearoylcoenzyme A desaturase‐1. When possible they were checked at three levels: messenger RNA (mRNA), desaturase protein and enzymatic activity. In control rats, only fenofibrate increased the insulinemia that was maintained by the simultaneous administration of T09, but this increase has no specific effect on desaturase activity. T09 enhanced SREBP‐1 in control animals and the mRNAs and activity of the three desaturases in control and type‐1 diabetic rats, demonstrating a LXR/SREBP‐1‐mediated activation independent of insulin. However, simultaneous administration of insulin and T09 to diabetic rats led to a several‐fold increase of the mRNAs of the desaturases, suggesting a strong synergic effect between insulin and LXR/retinoic X receptor (RXR). Moreover, this demonstrates the existence of an interaction between unsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol metabolism performed by the insulin/SREBP‐1c system and LXR/RXR. PPAR‐α also increased the expression and activity of the three desaturases independently of the insulinemia since it was equivalently evoked in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Besides, PPAR‐α increased the palmitoylcoenzyme A elongase, evidencing a dual regulation in the fatty acid biosynthesis at the level of desaturases and elongases. The simultaneous administration of fenofibrate and T09 did not show additive effects on the mRNA expression and activity of the desaturases. Therefore, the results indicate a necessary sophisticated interaction of all these factors to produce the physiological effects.
Adolescent age trends in primary personality factors measured in T‐data: a contribution to use of standardized measures in practice
Authors: Cattell Raymond B. 
Published: January 2007

By measuring 1763 boys and girls from 11 to 20 years on 82 objective personality subtests in the OA (Objective Analytic) Battery, scores were assigned to each on 12 source traits. The source traits, from an oblique maximum simple structure factor analysis, were checked and identified as having significant congruence coefficients with patterns previously documented.The batteries were found to have a mean concept validity (against each factor concerned) of 0·81. The standard deviation calculated for single year age groups, (averaged by pooling scores for all years after bringing to the same mean) was used as a unit for plotting change in the yearly means. All 12 factors show steady trends with age, but of diverse and characteristic natures. With one possible exception these age trends agree with findings in the only previous research on T‐data, as well as with secondary factors in Q‐data that have matched with the T‐data factors. The importance of age trend information in deciding among contending hypotheses as to the natures of the primary T‐data personality source traits is briefly illustrated, and the utility of the norms in educational counselling is indicated.
Towards a fairer and more realistic grading of adolescents
Authors: Sharman Ivan M. 
Published: January 2007

Chronological age is an irrational criterion for dividing adolescents into groups both for teaching purposes and sports participation. Because of the irregular onset of the adolescent growth spurt wide variations in body size and development occur within any one particular age group. In the field of sport especially the anomalous character of using chronological age as a basis for classifying competitors becomes apparent since it is possible to have athletes with very wide differences of physique competing against one another.Physiological age, a criterion based on physical development, may well provide a more equitable basis for grading. Methods for the assessment of developmental age are described and some suggestions for instigating fairer criteria are considered. It is to be hoped that the avenues suggested for producing fairer competition will be further explored by those engaged in the organization of sporting activities for adolescents.
Notes on the linkage between the sexually abused child and the suicidal adolescent
Authors: Anderson Luleen S. 
Published: January 2007

Suicide now ranks second as the leading cause of death of adolescents between the ages of 15 and 19 in the U.S.A. While 70 per cent of the actual suicides occur among boys, an estimated 90 per cent of all those who attempt suicide are girlsThis article focuses on one particular set of experiences which we are coming to understand can lead teenagers to attempt suicide, namely sexual abuse inflicted upon them at an carly ageThe sexual molestation of children has been described as the “last frontier” in child abuse. Using case illustrations and theoretical underpinnings, this article examines one of the consequences of such abuse: self‐destructiveness in adolescence. The focus is on motivating factors in suicidal attempts, treatment approaches and the goals of therapy for these adolescents. The occurrence of sexual abuse is documented and ways of recognizing symptoms of sexual abuse are discussed.
Patterns of relatedness in the Kudoidae with descriptions of Kudoa chaetodoni n. sp. and K. lethrini n. sp. (Myxosporea: Multivalvulida)
Authors: BURGER M. A. A. , CRIBB T. H. , ADLARD R. D. 
Published: January 2007

SUMMARYTwo morphologically novel Kudoa species are characterized from brain tissue of fish, Kudoa chaetodoni n. sp. from Chaetodon unimaculatus (Chaetodontidae) and Kudoa lethrini n. sp. from Gymnocranius audleyi and Lethrinus harak (Lethrinidae). Additionally we characterized a 5-spore valve (SV) Kudoa species from the brain of Sillago ciliata (Sillaginidae). Intriguingly, its 18S rDNA sequence was identical to that of the 7 SV Kudoa yasunagai extracted from the brain of a paralichthyid halibut in Japan. These 2 species may either prove to be con-specific, even though morphology and distribution differ, or demonstrate the limit of specific resolution in the small subunit rDNA gene region. Small subunit rDNA sequences from these new species were used in molecular phylogenetic analyses of kudoids to examine congruence of phylogeny with tissue tropism, geographical distribution, and host specificity. There was significant correlation between tissue tropism in the form of well-supported brain and heart-infecting clades. Host specificity and geographical distribution showed some correlations with genotype.
Are there general laws in parasite ecology?
Authors: POULIN R. 
Published: January 2007

SUMMARYAs a scientific discipline matures, its theoretical underpinnings tend to consolidate around a few general laws that explain a wide range of phenomena, and from which can be derived further testable predictions. It is one of the goals of science to uncover the general principles that produce recurring patterns in nature. Although this has happened in many areas of physics and chemistry, ecology is yet to take this important step. Ecological systems are intrinsically complex, but this does not necessarily mean that everything about them is unpredictable or chaotic. Ecologists, whose grand aim is to understand the interactions that govern the distribution, abundance and diversity of living organisms at different scales, have uncovered several regular patterns, i.e. widely observable statistical tendencies, in the abundance or diversity of organisms in natural ecosystems. Some of these patterns, however, are contingent, i.e. they are only true under particular circumstances; nevertheless, the broad generality of many patterns hints at the existence of universal principles. What about parasite ecology: is it also characterized by recurring patterns and general principles? Evidence for repeatable empirical patterns in parasite ecology is reviewed here, in search of patterns that are consistently detectable across taxa or geographical areas. The coverage ranges from the population level all the way to large-scale patterns of parasite diversity and abundance (or biomass) and patterns in the structure of host-parasite interaction networks. Although general laws seem to apply to these extreme scales of studies, most patterns observed at the intermediate scale, i.e. the parasite community level, appear highly contingent and far from universal. The general laws uncovered to date are proving valuable, as they offer glimpses of the underlying processes shaping parasite ecology and diversity.
Stabilities and Conformational Transitions of Various Proteases in the Presence of an Organic Solvent
Authors: Ogino Hiroyasu , Gemba Yuichi , Yutori Yoshikazu , Doukyu Noriyuki , Ishimi Kosaku , Ishikawa Haruo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe half‐life of the activity of the PST‐01 protease that was secreted by organic solvent‐tolerant Pseudomonas aeruginosa PST‐01 was very long in the presence of methanol as compared to that in the absence of methanol. The conformational transitions of the PST‐01 protease, α‐chymotrypsin, thermolysin, and subtilisin in the presence and absence of methanol were monitored by measuring the CD spectra. The conformational stabilities of the PST‐01 protease and subtilisin in the presence of methanol were higher than those in the absence of methanol. This resulted in high stability of these proteases in the presence of methanol. Furthermore, it was suggested that the organic solvent stabilities of enzymes were closely related to the secondary structure by monitoring the conformational transitions of polyamino acids, which form the particular conformations, in the presence and absence of methanol.
Morphology and ultrastructure of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) spermatozoa using scanning and transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Psenicka Martin , Alavi S.M. Hadi , Rodina Marek , Gela David , Nebesarova Jana , Linhart Otomar 
Published: January 2007

Background information. Available data concerning the sperm morphology of teleost fishes demonstrate wide variation. In the present study, the spermatozoa of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii Brandt, 1869), a chondrostean fish, was investigated. In contrast with teleost fish, chondrostean spermatozoa have a head with a distinct acrosome, whereas other structures, such as a midpiece and a single flagellum, are present in spermatozoa of most species.Results. The average length of the head including the acrosome and the midpiece was 7.01±0.83 μm. Ten posterolateral projections derived from the acrosome were present on a subacrosomal region, with mean lengths of 0.94±0.15 μm and widths of 0.93±0.11 μm. The nucleus consisted of electrodense homogeneous nuclear chromatin. Three intertwining endonuclear canals, bound by membranes, traversed the nucleus longitudinally from the acrosomal end to the basal nuclear fossa region. There were between three and six mitochondria, two types of centrioles (proximal and distal) in the midpiece and two vacuoles composed of lipid droplets. The flagellum (44.75±4.93 μm in length), originating from the centriolar apparatus, had a typical 9+2 eukaryotic flagellar organization. In addition, there was an extracellular cytoplasm canal between the cytoplasmic sheath and the flagellum.Conclusions. A principal components analysis explained the individual morphological variation fairly well. Of the total accumulated variance, 41.45% was accounted for by parameters related to the head and midpiece of the sperm and the length of the flagellum. Comparing the present study with previous studies of morphology of sturgeon spermatozoa, there were large inter‐ or intra‐specific differences that could be valuable taxonomically.
Phagocytosis by Trichomonas vaginalis: new insights
Authors: Pereira‐Neves Antonio , Benchimol Marlene 
Published: January 2007

Background information. The parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted disease. The phagocytic activity of this parasite has not been completely elucidated. In order to better understand the mechanisms of trichomonal phagocytosis, we have studied the in vitro capacity of T. vaginalis to phagocytose and degrade Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells.Results and conclusions. To analyse the phagocytic ability and capacity, two isolates of T. vaginalis presenting different virulence grades were used. Complementary techniques, such as fluorescence microscopy, computer‐based fluorescence analysis, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and the use of drugs that interfere with the actin microfilaments, were used in order to follow the behaviour of the actin cytoskeleton during phagocytosis of yeast cells by T. vaginalis. It was concluded that: (1) T. vaginalis changes its shape rapidly and engulfs the yeast cells, which are almost as large as the parasite; (2) long‐term and fresh cultures are able to phagocytose, although the low‐virulence strain JT demonstrated a lower activity when compared with the highly virulent T016 isolate; (3) the T016 strain exhibited an amoeboid morphology during the internalization of yeast cells in contrast with the JT strain; (4) attachment of yeast cells to the parasite occurs via the whole cell surface, including both anterior and recurrent flagella; (5) two forms of phagocytosis were observed: a ‘sinking’ process without any apparent participation of plasma membrane extensions and the classical phagocytosis where pseudopodia are extended toward the target cell; (6) the internalized S. cerevisiae are digested in lysosomes; (7) competitor sugars D‐mannose or L‐fucose inhibit the phagocytosis, and inhibition was 1.67 times higher in long‐term cultured JT than that of the parasites from fresh isolate T016; (8) a thick layer of actin microfilaments was present underlying the plasma membrane, and especially in the pseudopodia and around the phagocytosed particles; (9) a dramatic change in the distribution pattern of fibrillar actin occurred during phagocytosis; (10) cytochalasin D depressed the phagocytosis; (11) a non‐specific recognition and phagocytosis of yeast cells by T. vaginalis is mediated by a mannose receptor present on the parasite surface; (12) the phagocytic process may occur simultaneously during mitosis of the parasite.
Myotrophin is a more powerful predictor of major adverse cardiac events following acute coronary syndrome than N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide
Authors: Khan Sohail Q. , Kelly Dominic , Quinn Paulene , Davies Joan E. , Ng Leong L. 
Published: January 2007

Myotrophin is a 12 kDa protein initially isolated from hypertrophied hearts of spontaneously hypertensive rats and acts by modulating NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) activity. We have reported previously the presence of myotrophin in patients with human systolic heart failure; however, its role as a predictor of MACE (major adverse cardiac events) in patients with ACS (acute coronary syndrome) is unclear. In the present study, we sought to investigate this and compared myotrophin with NTproBNP (N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide), a marker of MACE. We studied 356 patients with ACS {276 men; mean age, 63.0±12.8 years; 80.6% STEMI [ST segment elevation MI (myocardial infarction)]; and 19.4% NSTEMI (non-STEMI)}. Blood measurement was made at 25–48 h after the onset of chest pain. The plasma concentration of myotrophin and NTproBNP was determined using in-house non-competitive immunoassays. Patients were followed-up for the combined end point of death, MI or need for urgent revascularization. Over the median follow-up period of 355 (range 0–645) days, there were 28 deaths, 27 non-fatal MIs and 73 patients required urgent revascularization. Myotrophin was raised in patients with MACE compared with survivors [510.7 (116.0–7445.6) fmol/ml compared with 371.5 (51.8–6990.4) fmol/ml respectively; P=0.001; values are medians (range)]. Using a Cox proportional hazards model, myotrophin {HR (hazard ratio), 1.64 [95% CI (confidence interval), 0.97–2.76]; P=0.05} and Killip class above 1 [HR, 1.52 (95% CI, 0.93–2.42); P=0.10] were the only independent predictors of MACE. A Kaplan–Meier survival curve revealed a significantly better clinical outcome in patients with myotrophin below the median compared with those with myotrophin above the median (log rank, 7.63; P=0.006). In conclusion, after an ACS, levels of myotrophin are more informative at predicting MACE than NTproBNP and may be useful to risk stratify patients.
From the Psi to Charm: The Experiments of 1975 and 1976
Authors: Burton Richter  
Published: January 2007

Exactly 25 months ago the announcement of the ψ/J particle by Professor Ting's and my groups [1,2] burst on the community of particle physicists. Nothing so strange and completely unexpected had happened in particle physics for many years. Ten days later my group found the second of the ψ's, [3] and the sense of excitement in the community intensified. The long awaited discovery of anything which would give a clue to the proper direction in which to move in understanding the elementary particles loosed a flood of theoretical papers that washed over the journals in the next year.
The experiments that I and my colleagues carried through in the two years after the discovery of ψ the have, I believe, selected from all the competing explanations the one that is probably correct. It is these experiments that I wish to describe. The rapid progress is a consequence of the power of the electron-positron colliding-beam technique, and so I also want to describe this technique and tell something of my involvement in it.
Inferring phylogeny from whole genomes
Authors: Górecki Paweł , Tiuryn Jerzy 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMotivation: Inferring species phylogenies with a history of gene losses and duplications is a challenging and an important task in computational biology. This problem can be solved by duplication-loss models in which the primary step is to reconcile a rooted gene tree with a rooted species tree. Most modern methods of phylogenetic reconstruction (from sequences) produce unrooted gene trees. This limitation leads to the problem of transforming unrooted gene tree into a rooted tree, and then reconciling rooted trees. The main questions are ‘What about biological interpretation of choosing rooting?’, ‘Can we find efficiently the optimal rootings?’, ‘Is the optimal rooting unique?’.Results: In this paper we present a model of reconciling unrooted gene tree with a rooted species tree, which is based on a concept of choosing rooting which has minimal reconciliation cost. Our analysis leads to the surprising property that all the minimal rootings have identical distributions of gene duplications and gene losses in the species tree. It implies, in our opinion, that the concept of an optimal rooting is very robust, and thus biologically meaningful. Also, it has nice computational properties. We present a linear time and space algorithm for computing optimal rooting(s). This algorithm was used in two different ways to reconstruct the optimal species phylogeny of five known yeast genomes from approximately 4700 gene trees. Moreover, we determined locations (history) of all gene duplications and gene losses in the final species tree. It is interesting to notice that the top five species trees are the same for both methods.Availability: Software and documentation are freely available fromContact: gorecki@mimuw.edu.pl