bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Encephalitic sarcocystosis in a newborn calf
Authors: Jolley William R. , Jensen Rue , Hancock Heman A. , Swift Brinton L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sporozoan schizonts were seen in histologic sections of cerebrum from a Hereford calf that died immediately after birth. Schizonts appeared in endothelial cells of small vessels in the gray and white matter. Rosette and palisade configurations of merozoites in schizonts, as well as the size of schizonts (15 to 40 × 21 µm) and merozoites (8 µm), resembled Sarcocystis stages described in cattle, and differentiated the organisms from Toxoplasma that infects nerve cells and undergoes endodyogeny.
Specific identification of the infecting agent was not successful because tests of sera from the calf were not possible. Developmental, morphologic, and ultrastructural differences in schizogonic stages of the heteroxenous sporozoan species infecting cattle are poorly known and are presently unreliable criteria for species identification. Encephalitis, meningitis, and necrosis occurred in cerebral, cerebellar, and brain stem gray and white matter infiltrated with plasmacytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages. Microthrombi were often seen in small blood vessels within the reaction foci.
Herd-mate sera tested against S cruzi were negative. The herd from which the calf was born was exposed to a variety of free-ranging domestic, feral, and wild scavengers with free access to dead range animals. Consequently, the cattle were undoubtedly exposed to infective cysts in feed or water contaminated by feces from carnivores.
Rapid identification of Mycobacterium bovis by a thin-layer chromatographic technique
Authors: Jarnagin Jerald L. , Brennan Patrick J. , Harris S. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Lipid analyses were performed on 107 isolates of mycobacteria, using thin-layer chromatography. A distinctive blue-gray spot was observed after spraying and charring at an Rf of 0.75 for 35 of 38 Mycobacterium bovis isolates examined. The spot, designated M bovis identifying lipid, was observed only with M bovis and was not seen on any other of 9 mycobacterial species examined.
This procedure has a high rate of agreement (97.2%) with standard biochemical tests and can rapidly detect M bovis from naturally occurring infections. Although chemical and antigenic characteristics are not fully elucidated, the apparent specificity of this spot for M bovis represents a simple timesaving method for differentiating this species from other mycobacteria when compared with conventional methods presently used.
Effect of prednisone on thyroid gland morphology and plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations in the dog
Authors: Woltz H. H. , Thompson F. N. , Kemppainen R. J. , Munnell J. F. , Lorenz M. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of multiple im injections of prednisone (2.2 mg/kg) on thyroid morphology and on plasma thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations in dogs were determined, and the effects of a single prednisone injection on the same circulating iodothyronine concentrations were assessed. Plasma T4 and T3 concentrations decreased significantly after 3 injections of prednisone were made. However, with a single prednisone injection, there was no significant difference in plasma T4 values between control and treated animals. Starting at 8 hours after a single prednisone injection and continuing through day 2, plasma T3 values were significantly lowered. Prednisone treatment also resulted in significantly more thyroid cytoplasmic colloid droplets per follicular cell (3.19 vs 0.57 in treated and control dogs). Lysosomal hydrolysis of colloid appeared to be inhibited by glucocorticoids in dogs, resulting in an alteration of normal thyroid gland functioning.
Esophagotomy in the pony: Comparison of surgical techniques and form of feed
Authors: Stick John A. , Slocombe Ron F. , Derksen Frederik J. , Scott Edward A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Esophageal healing was studied in 12 ponies after cervical esophagotomy. The esophagus was sutured, feed and water were withheld for 48 hours, and then all ponies were permitted to eat.
In group I (n = 6), a longitudinal esophagotomy was made. In group II (n = 6), a rotational esophagotomy was made with the mucosal incision 180° away from the incision in the esophageal muscle. Three ponies in each group were fed a soft diet ad libitum for 9 days, and then were allowed access to hay and grain. The remaining ponies were fed hay and grain.
The esophagotomies of all hay-fed ponies dehisced and healed by second intention, whereas esophagotomies healed by first intention in the ponies given a soft diet. Endoscopic and radiographic examinations indicated that the progression of healing in the present study was a function of diet (form of food), rather than surgical technique. The cross-sectional width of the muscularis externa at the incision site was 39.6% greater in mash-fed ponies than in hay-fed ponies. Based on density-dependent image analysis, average elastin content and reticulin fiber of the submucosa and muscularis externa at the incision were not influenced by the form of feed or surgical technique, although elastin fiber regeneration did not occur at the site of the incision.
Mechanical properties of equine hoof wall tissue
Authors: Leach D. H. , Zoerb G. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The mechanical properties of pigmented equine hoof wall tissue were determined for samples taken from the inner and outer portions of the stratum medium of the toe. Two properties, the modulus of elasticity and proportional limit, which are measures of the rigidity and yield point, respectively, of the tissue, were studied for samples compressed in 3 orthogonal directions. All samples tested were anisotropic. Inner wall samples were less rigid and had a lower yield point than outer wall samples.
Isolation of bluetongue virus serotype 2 from cattle in Florida: Serotype of bluetongue virus hitherto unrecognized in the Western Hemisphere
Authors: Gibbs E. P. J. , Greiner E. C. , Taylor W. P. , Barber T. L. , House J. A. , Pearson J. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A serotype of bluetongue virus (btv) hitherto unrecognized in the Western Hemisphere was isolated from cattle in the United States. Clinical disease was not seen in the cattle which were part of a sentinel herd system in Florida designed for studying the epizootiology of btv. The isolation of serotype 2 was the first recovery of a different serotype of btv in the United States since 1967. At least 21 serotypes of btv have been reported worldwide; the 5 serotypes of btv now recognized in the United States are 2, 10, 11, 13, and 17.
Effects of toxic doses of phenylbutazone in ponies
Authors: MacAllister Charles G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Toxic doses of phenylbutazone (10 mg/kg of body weight) were administered to 10 ponies once daily for 14 days. Clinical signs of toxicosis similar to those seen in other species included cns depression, anorexia, oral ulcers, and soft feces. Six ponies died in 7 to 20 days; 1 pony was euthanatized during an acute abdominal crisis; and 3 ponies survived the study. At necropsy, the major lesions were oral and gastrointestinal ulcerations and renal changes.
Effects of giving ethionine on the parathion-metabolizing enzymes in the liver of fasted calves
Authors: Boermans Herman J. , Black William D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
dl-Ethionine (0.87 g/kg) or saline solution (equivalent volume) was administered iv to 4-month-old calves which had been fasted 60 hours before slaughter. The livers of the ethionine-treated calves were large, had a high lipid content, and were diffusely pale yellow on the cut surface. The livers of the saline-treated group were shrunken. In liver samples from calves of both groups, there was reduced parathion and paraoxon metabolism. In the ethionine-treated group, parathion desulfuration also was reduced. In all cases, the changes were greater in the ethionine-treated animals.
Fasting of calves with saline solution or ethionine treatment caused a lowering of the liver biotransformation of parathion and paraoxon.
Variation of virus replication in primary bovine kidney cell cultures derived from 68 three-day-old calves
Authors: Stauber Erik H. , Whitbeck Virginic , Bull Richard C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Primary kidney cell cultures were prepared from 68 three-day-old calves. Complete monolayers of these cultures were infected separately with viral diarrhea, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, parainfluenza, and adenovirus 7 viruses. The yield of virus from all infected cultures was calculated by plaque titer assay after 2 to 4 days' incubation. The variation of virus yield was substantial between individual cultures.
Isolation and partial characterization of equine alveolar macrophages
Authors: Dyer R. M. , Liggitt H. Denny , Leid R. Wes 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A device was constructed from an equine nasogastric tube, polyethylene tubing, and a 3-way stopcock and used to lavage the lungs of anesthetized ponies. The technique was safe and atraumatic in that 6.4 to 19.7 × 107 purified alveolar macrophages were removed from the lungs without harm to the ponies or contamination of the samples with blood. Studies of these highly purified cell suspensions revealed a mean viability of 85% as assessed by eosin dye exclusion with a mean recovery (± SD) of 12.5 ± 4.8 × 107 pulmonary alveolar macrophages/pony.
Blood acid-base curve nomogram for immature domestic pigs
Authors: Hannon John P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The purpose in this study was to characterize the acid-base status of arterial blood from healthy young domestic swine and to construct an acid-base curve nomogram appropriate to such animals. Accordingly, 40 immature, 20- to 31-kg domestic pigs were used to establish acid-base characteristics for arterial blood. Samples were collected from chronically implanted catheters while the animals were maintained under steady-state, near-basal conditions. At a measurement temperature of 38 C, pH averaged 7.496; PCO2, 40.6 mm Hg; [HCO3−], 31.6 mEq/L; PO2, 79.1 mm Hg; hemoglobin, 9.65 g/dl; hematocrit, 0.29; plasma albumin, 25.3 g/L; plasma globulin, 32.3 g/L; and plasma buffer base, 45.4 mEq/L. Hourly measurements over a 6-hour period in 6 of these pigs showed a small, but significant decrease in PO2 with time, but no significant change in acid-base status. The data showed that nomograms or other procedures based on blood characteristics of men were invalid when used to estimate base excess concentration of blood from young pigs. The normal pH of arterial blood was higher in immature pigs than in men; thus, reference values defining zero base excess were not equivalent in men and pigs. Constant PCO2 titrations were performed on arterial samples taken from 10 additional pigs, and the data were used to construct an acid-base curve nomogram in which zero base excess was defined for blood with a pH of 7.50 and a PCO2 of 40 mm Hg. This nomogram was compared with a nomogram for human blood based on constant PCO2 titrations of blood samples from 3 men of variable age with zero base excess defined for a pH of 7.40 and a PCO2 of 40 mm Hg. The porcine curve was displaced to the right of the human curve. The pH/log PCO2 coordinates defining base excess loci also differed in pigs and men. The higher plasma buffer base concentration of porcine blood, relative to that of human blood, conferred a greater capacity to compensate for acid loads.
Biliary excretion of infused conjugated sulfobromophthalein in sheep heterozygote for the transport defect present in mutant Corriedale sheep
Authors: Barnhart James L. , Gronwall Ronald R. , Combes Burton 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Biliary excretion of dye was measured in 2 clinically normal and 2 heterozygote Corriedale sheep (the mutant Corriedale is characterized by depressed biliary transport of conjugated sulfobromophthalein (sbp) compounds) during infusion of the preformed glutathione conjugate of sbp. Maximal rates of excretion of conjugated sbp compounds in bile were comparable in heterozygote Corriedale and clinically normal sheep. These 2 heterozygote sheep do not express the biliary transport defect observed in mutant Corriedale sheep during sbp-glutathione infusion.
Anthelmintic effect of febantel/praziquantel paste in dogs and cats
Authors: Corwin R. M. , Pratt S. E. , McCurdy H. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A paste formulation of 3.4% febantel and 0.34% praziquantel was given in soft food at a rate of 0.29 g/kg of body weight, once daily for 3 days to dogs and cats. Eleven of 12 dogs were naturally infected with Ancylostoma caninum, 10 with Trichuris vulpis, 2 with Toxocara canis, 5 with Taenia sp, and 3 with Dirofilaria immitis. Ten of 11 cats were naturally infected with Toxocara cati, 2 with Ancylostoma tubaeforme, 3 with Taenia sp, 5 with Capillaria aerophila, and 1 with Paragonimus kellicotti.
Efficacy was 100% for the removal of A caninum, T canis, and Taenia sp and 99.9% in clearance of T vulpis in dogs, and 100% in removal of A tubaeforme, T cati, and Taenia sp in cats. In dogs, Dirofilaria appeared unaffected, and in cats, there was no apparent effect on Capillaria or on Paragonimus.
The paste formulation given in soft food was well tolerated and without observable adverse effects.
Effects of selenium-vitamin Ε injection on bovine polymorphonucleated leukocytes phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Gyang E. O. , Stevens J. B. , Olson W. G. , Tsitsamis S. D. , Usenik E. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) from 8 selenium (Se)-deficient dairy cows from Wisconsin was compared with that in 5 Se-vitamin Ε injected dairy cows from the same herd.
There was no significant difference in the ability of the pmn to phagocytize bacteria. However, pmn of Se-vitamin Ε injected cows killed the phagocytized bacteria significantly (P < 0.025) better than did pmn from Se-deficient cows. The defect in the killing capability of pmn of Se-deficient cows might be due to reduced dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate concentration as a result of diminished glutathione peroxidase activity due to Se-deficiency.
Effects of Kilham rat virus on natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity in Brown Norway and Wistar Furth rats
Authors: Darrigrand Andre A. , Singh Suraj B. , Lang C. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of Kilham rat virus (krv) on selected aspects of the immune response of 2 strains of laboratory rats were studied. The Brown Norway rat and Wistar Furth rat were infected with krv and serum antibody and interferon values and cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells were determined to assess the virus' effect on the rat's immune systems.
Antibody values to the virus were increased in both strains after viral inoculation, and total antibody values were comparable in the 2 rat strains. Natural cytotoxicity was increased in Brown Norway rats 3 to 4 days after inoculation in contrast to a distinct depression for a period of 10 days in the Wistar Furth strain. Serum interferon was not measurable in either strain of rat. Seemingly, there is a distinct immune response to krv in each rat strain and the cytotoxic activity response differs in these 2 strains of rats.
Efficacy of albendazole against Fascioloides magna in sheep
Authors: Stromberg B. E. , Schlotthauer J. C. , Conboy G. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sheep experimentally infected with Fascioloides magna were used in a controlled study to determine the flukicide activity of different doses of albendazole (methyl [5(propylthio)-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl] carbamate). Sheep, about 4 months old, were inoculated with 100 metacercariae of F magna and treated with the various doses of albendazole 10 weeks later. At 6 weeks after treatment, the sheep were necropsied, flukes were recovered and measured, and the pathologic changes were recorded.
The sheep were given different doses of albendazole (5, 7.5 [single dose or double dose], 10, and 15 mg/kg) and were compared with both nontreated inoculated and nontreated noninoculated controls. There were up to 70% fewer worms recovered in the group given 2 doses of 7.5 mg/kg than there were in the nontreated controls. There was also a significant reduction in flukes recovered in the groups given the 7.5, 10, and 15 mg/kg doses. Because a single F magna fluke has the potential to kill a sheep, it is imperative to consider the number of sheep with no flukes after treatment. According to that criterion, 50% of the sheep were protected at dose rates of 7.5 (single dose, double dose), 10, and 15 mg/kg of body weight.
Analgesie effects of butorphanol in horses: Dose-response studies
Authors: Kalpravidh M. , Lumb W. V. , Wright M. , Heath R. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The analgesic effects of butorphanol (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg/kg), pentazocine (2.2 mg/kg), and butorphanol vehicle (0.04 ml/kg) were observed in 6 horses. These horses were instrumented to measure response objectively to painful superficial and visceral stimuli. The tested drugs were given iv according to a Latin square design. After preinjection base-line measurements were made, the analgesic effects were observed at 15 and 30 minutes and then at 30-minute intervals until postinjection minute 240. Analgesic effects of butorphanol were dose-related, with durations between 15 and 90 minutes. Duration of analgesia after pentazocine (2.2 mg/kg) was given was between 15 and 30 minutes. When compared with pentazocine, the 0.4 mg/kg dose of butorphanol provided a more intense and longer period of analgesia. A butorphanol dose of 0.2 mg/kg iv appears optimal. On a dose-body weight basis, the potency of butorphanol was 10 to 17 times that of pentazocine. Behavioral side effects were noted with both agents and were dose-related.
Oral intubation of dogs with combinations of fertilizer, herbicide, and insecticide chemicals commonly used on lawns
Authors: Yeary Roger A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six Beagle dogs were orally intubated with mixtures of a urea-based fertilizer, 2,4-d, mecoprop (mcpp), dicamba, and either bensulide or chlorpyrifos. The mixtures were formulated as they are used in liquid application to lawns. The dogs were given volumes of 10 ml/kg of body weight, delivering the following quantities of each ingredient: urea—623 mg/kg, inorganic phosphorus (P2O5)—24 mg/kg, potassium (K2O)—66 mg/kg, 2,4-d—6.5 mg/kg, mcpp—3.26 mg/kg, dicamba—0.55 mg/kg, and either bensulide—60.93 mg/kg or chlorpyrifos—6.77 mg/kg. The dogs were given 3 consecutive daily doses of the mixture containing bensulide (round 1) or the mixture containing chlorpyrifos (round 2). The dogs did not exhibit any clinical signs of illness associated with the treatments.
Effects on hematologic values or routine clinical chemical analyses did not occur with the round 2 mixture. Serum lactic dehydrogenase activity decreased by approximately 50% after a single dose of the round 1 mixture was given. Plasma Cholinesterase decreased to approximately 50% of control values following either the round 1 or the round 2 mixture; this decrease was not accompanied by cholinergic signs of intoxication.
Bovine anaplasmosis: In utero transmission and the immunologic significance of ingested colostral antibodies
Authors: Zaugg J. L. , Kuttler K. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Neonate progeny from 3 Anaplasma-free (clean) and 5 Anaplasma-carrier cows were splenectomized and each was challenge exposed with 5 ml of carrier blood. Prepatent times were between 18 and 25 days in calves born of clean cows and between 21 and 36 days in progeny from carrier dams. The lowest packed cell volume values in the clean group occurred at 25 to 39 days after the challenge inoculation and at 29 to 47 days in the carrier group. Highest parasitemias in the clean calves ranged between 13% and 51% in 25 to 35 days and between 35% to 64% in 38 to 43 days in the carrier calves.
Seven splenectomized calves were inoculated with 60 ml of whole blood from progeny of known Anaplasma-free or Anaplasma-carrier cows. After 183 days, all but 1 calf remained free of anaplasmosis. A 1% parasitemia was first observed in that calf 12 days after inoculation with blood from a calf which showed signs of acute anaplasmosis at birth. The infected neonate’s dam had recovered from acute anaplasmosis infection during the middle of the second trimester of the gestation.
Although not statistically significant, colostral antibodies and/or other maternal factors did not seem to completely protect progeny, but lengthened the prepatent period and delayed anemia and the climax of parasitemia. Further, it was determined that it was possible for an animal affected with acute anaplasmosis before the 190th day of the gestation to transmit anaplasmosis in utero.
Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease in Basenji dogs: Morphologic observations
Authors: Ochoa Ricardo , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Lincoln Kay L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eleven Basenjis with chronic diarrhea were evaluated for pathologic changes. Light microscopic and ultrastructural changes were characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the lamina propria of the intestine and stomach and by evidence of degranulation of mast cells in close association with immunocytes. Other changes included hyperplasia of the thyroid parafollicular cells, thyroid follicular atrophy, epidermal atrophy, and ulceration of the pinna. Similarities of the condition in Basenjis and immunoproliferative small intestinal disease and Menetrier’s disease in persons are presented.
Pathologic changes of experimental simian varicella (Delta herpesvirus) infection in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)
Authors: Roberts E. D. , Baskin G. B. , Soike K. , Gibson S. V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Gross and microscopic lesions of experimental simian varicella (Delta herpesvirus) infection in African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) are described. In stratified squamous epithelium, such as the epidermis, tongue, and esophagus, focal areas of epidermal hyperplasia, ballooning degeneration, and blood-filled vesicle formation with ulceration were apparent. Most visceral organs were involved, and the changes included necrosis, hemorrhage, and characteristic intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions in a variety of cells. A generalized vascular involvement was present with intranuclear inclusions in the endothelial and smooth muscle cells in various organs. The nervous system was normal on gross and microscopic examination. Virus titer and serum transferase values were correlated with the clinical signs of infection.
Dose-response anesthetic effects of ketamine in the chicken
Authors: McGrath C. J. , Lee J. C. , Campbell V. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Forty-six chickens were anesthetized with ketamine given iv at 12 dosages ranging from 1 to 160 mg/kg. The median effective dose (ed50) for ≥ 15 minutes’ anesthesia was 14 mg/kg. The median lethal dose (ld50) was 67.9 mg/kg. Analgesia adequate for doing major surgical operation was generally not apparent in chickens given doses < 60 mg/kg. Side effects included muscle tremors which were unrelated to painful stimulation and flapping of wings which was common during recovery from anesthesia.
Blast transformation of adherent macrophages infected in vitro with sporozoites of Theileria parva
Authors: Moulton Jack , Buscher Gottfried , Bovell Douglas , Doxsey Steven 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks were fed on cows with parasitemia from Theileria parva infection (East Coast fever). Homogenates of salivary glands with infective sporozoites were added to cultures of (i) monocyte-derived adherent macrophages from normal bovine peripheral blood and (ii) macrophages from spleen and bone marrow. It was shown by light, phase-contrast, and electron microscopies and by tests for lysosomal enzymes, phagocytosis of carbon particles, and cell markers (fibronectin and Fc receptors) that macrophages transformed in vitro to blast cells containing macroschizonts in 2 to 3 weeks. These blasts detached from the monolayer and grew indefinitely in suspension culture.