bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the lung sound frequency spectra of infants and adults
Authors: Kanga Jamshed F. , Kraman Steve S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAuscultation of the infant chest reveals lung sounds that seem different from those of adults. To characterize this subjective difference, we compared the phonopneumographic median frequencies of lung sounds of seven full‐term and six premature infants with those of seven adults free of cardiopulmonary disease. The median frequencies over the upper lobes for the adults, term infants, and premature infants were 282 ± 63(SD) Hz, 383 ± 80 Hz, and 483 ± 86 Hz, respectively. At this location the differences among the three groups were significant (p < 0.01), Over the lower lobes, the median frequencies for the adults, term infants, and premature infants were 243 ± 56 Hz, 386 ± 76 Hz, and 390 ± 63 Hz, respectively. Here the difference between the adults and both groups of infants was significant (p < 0.01), but that between the term and premature infants was not. We conclude that the normal lung sounds of newborn infants contain higher frequency components than those of adults. We postulate that this difference is the result of less filtering of the lung sound in infants. This difference should be considered when lung sounds of infants are described or assessed for the presence of abnormalities.
A comparison of pneumogram recordings in infants in the hospital and at home
Authors: Keens Thomas G. , Davidson Ward Sally L. , Gates Eileen P. , Hart Lynnie D. , Basile Anna , Tinajero Lydia A. , Lau Albert M. , Chan Caroline E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIt is not known how environment affects the ventilatory pattern of infants during sleep. Pneumogram recordings of ventilatory pattern and electrocardiograms are performed both in the hospital and at home. However, it is not known if the data obtained in these two settings are comparable. Therefore, 12‐hour overnight PNGs were recorded in the hospital and at home within 10 days on 64 infants in three diagnostic categories: apnea of infancy, apnea of prematurity, and siblings of victims of sudden infant death syndrome. Pneumograms were quantitated for total sleep time (TST in minutes), longest apnea (in seconds), periodic breathing, and the total duration of apneas lasting 6 seconds or longer. TST was longer at home for the total group (p < 0.001) and for the apnea of infancy group (p < 0.005). No other differences were found between hospital and home recordings for any parameter. There was no difference in the number of abnormal pneumograms recorded in the hospital and at home. Therefore, hospital and home pneumogram recordings are equally sensitive and accurate.
Ventilatory response to inspired carbon dioxide in premature infants recovering from intraventricular hemorrhage
Authors: Anwar Mujahid , Fort Maria , Marotta Fran , Mondestin Harry , Hiatt I. Mark , Hegyi Thomas 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe examined the ventilatory response to inhaled carbon dioxide with a computerized waveform analyzer in two groups of premature infants. Twenty‐seven infants suffered from periventricular‐intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) during the first week of life and comprised the study group (birth weight 1.2 ± 0.2 kg, gestational age 29 ± 2 weeks). The control group consisted of 15 infants without IVH (birth weight 1.4 ± 0.3 kg, gestational age 30 ± 2 weeks). Study infants were evaluated at a postnatal age of 9 ± 2 weeks and control infants at 7 ± 3 weeks. No differences were found in the slope or position of the ventilatory response curve, baseline PACO2, increase in minute ventilation, VT/Ttot, and Ti/Ttot between the two groups. Subgroups with unresolved apnea (10 IVH and eight control infants) demonstrated a rightward shift of the ventilatory response curve compared to those infants without apnea. A previous IVH did not reduce the ventilatory response to CO2 in this group of infants. Pediatr Pulmonol 1987; 3:13–18.
Human fetal lung changes associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy
Authors: Chen M. F. , Kimizuka G. , Wang N. S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPulmonary impairment in the offspring of smoking mothers is well documented by epidemiologic studies. The morphologic bases for the functional impairment are largely unexplored. We studied 17 infant lungs obtained at autopsy, ten from smoking (group 1) and seven from nonsmoking (group 2) mothers, by light (LM), transmission (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). By LM, the alveolar mean linear intercept was similar in both groups; the total lung volume and alveolar surface area increased with the increase in gestational age in all lungs studied. By SEM, the sizes of the neuroepithelial bodies (NEB) were larger in group 1 than in group 2. By SEM and TEM, ciliated cells were increased, but the amount of dense core granules was decreased, in the NEB of the smoking group. Maternal smoking during pregnancy appears to alter the size and cellular composition of fetal NEB. The detailed mechanisms of the alteration in NEB and their implications are unclear from this study and need further clarification. Pediatr Pulmonol 1987; 3:51–85.
Improved accuracy of the occlusion technique for assessing total respiratory compliance in infants
Authors: Stocks Janet , Nöthen Ursula , Sutherland Pat , Hatch David , Helms Peter 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe occlusion technique to measure total respiratory system compliance (Cocc) was used in 28 sedated infants with a variety of cardiopulmonary diseases and 14 anaesthetised infants during the first 2 years of life. In this report, we describe some of the potential problems in the technique and how to avoid them. Invalidation of the occlusion technique because of consistent failure to relax during brief airway occlusions occurred in only four of 42 infants despite the fact that only four infants were studied during the first month of life and 17 were between 12 and 26 months old. The technique was invalidated in two intubated infants because of persistent leaks around the endotracheal tube. In the remaining 36 infants, data sometimes had to be excluded as a result of instability of end‐expiratory volume, intermittent leaks, or failure to relax during occlusions performed at low lung volumes or during inspiration. However, by performing 15–25 occlusions per infant, it was possible to obtain sufficient reliable data for accurate analysis of Cocc in all these infants. Providing that the potential errors and limitations of the occlusion technique are recognized, it appears to be applicable to a wide range of healthy and sick infants. Pediatr Pulmonol 1987; 3:71–77.
Use of caffeine in infants unresponsive to theophylline in apnea of prematurity
Authors: Davis J. M. , Spitzer A. R. , Stefano J. L. , Bhutani V. , Fox W. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEleven premature infants with severe apnea unresponsive to therapeutic the ophylline levels were studied to determine if caffeine is an effective treatment in such cases. Apnea was documented and quantitated with thermistor‐pneumocardiograms measuring heartrate, thoracic impedance, and nasal air flow. Infants with prolonged central or mixed apnea were then treated with caffeine and restudied. Caffeine reduced the total number of apneic episodes of > 10 sec duration by 80% (P < 0.01) and prolonged episodes of apnea (> 20 sec) by 88% (P < 0.05). These data suggest that caffeine may be effective in the management of apnea of prematurity, particularly the prolonged type, unresponsive to theophylline. Pediatr Pulmonol 1987; 3:90–93.
Gastroesophageal reflux and unexplained chronic respiratory disease in infants and children
Authors: Malfroot A. , Vandenplas Y. , Verlinden M. , Piepsz A. , Dab I. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThirty‐eight children, aged from a few weeks to 7 years, with severe chronic pulmonary disease and without gastrointestinal symptoms, were investigated for gastroesophageal reflux (GER), using prolonged pH probe monitoring and gastroesophageal scintiscanning. All treatments were discontinued before testing. GER was found in 24 patients (63%) (group 1) and it was not observed in 14 patients (group II). All patients of group I received antireflux treatment, consisting of cisapride; in 22 of 24 patients, GER was controlled, as indicated by improvement of either pH monitoring or scintiscanning, or both. Eighteen of these 22 (82%) had remission of their pulmonary disease, and only two patients of group II (14%) had spontaneous remission of the respiratory symptoms. We concluded that GER was probably the cause of the respiratory disease in 63% of our patients, since treatment of GER was followed by disappearance of the respiratory complaints in most of them. The combination of gastroesophageal scintiscanning and pH probe study improved the diagnostic accuracy.
Pulmonary function following varicella‐zoster pneumonia in children with leukemia
Authors: Stokes Dennis C. , Feldman Sandor , Sanyal Shyamal K. , Mackert Paul W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractVaricella‐zoster virus (VZV) is a cause of serious pneumonias in immunosuppressed patients. Although there are reports of residual lung changes in adults following VZV pneumonia, no previous studies of lung function in children following this infection have been done. We studied 11 patients (median age 11 years) who had had VZV pneumonia 1 to 16 years previously. All patients had a primary diagnosis of acute lymphocytic leukemia. Pneumonia was mild in most of the patients: Three had only radiographic evidence of pneumonia and required no supplemental oxygen, and seven required an Fio2 ≤ 0.4 for intervals for up to 11 days. One patient had severe pneumonia and required major ventilatory support. Three patients (27%) had significant restrictive defects on follow‐up, with total lung capacity 62–69% predicted; and a fourth was abnormal at 1 month follow‐up but normal at 16 months. No obstructive defects were noted, although RV/TLC ratios were elevated in three patients and volume of isoflow increased in three. Single breath diffusing capacity was reduced in two patients, but gas exchange was normal in all. No residual radiographic changes were present except in the patient who had severe pneumonia and increased lung markings at 2 months follow‐up. All three patients with restrictive changes had other infections before or following VZV, including Pneumocystis carinil pneumonia in two and recurrent, nonspecific pneumonias in the third. We conclude that VZV pneumonia had minimal residual effects on lung function in children with leukemia.
Use of nebulized bronchodilators in infants under 1 year of age: Analysis of four forms of therapy
Authors: Mallol Javier , Barrueto Luis , Girardi Guido , Muñoz Ricardo , Puppo Homero , Ulloa Victor , Toro Olivia , Quevedo Fernando 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe main purpose of this study was to evaluate four different forms of treatment in young infants admitted for acute wheezing (AW). Seventy‐nine infants less than one year of age were randomly assigned to one of five groups. Group 1 received nebulized fenoterol plus ipratropium bromide, group 2 fenoterol, group 3 fenoterol plus steroids, and group 4 aminophylline, IV, plus steroids and oral fenoterol; the control group, or group 5, received nebulized normal saline solution. Clinical evaluation was done by means of a scoring system. The effectiveness of treatments was estimated by a score decrease in the first 24 hours, by the percentage of patients whose scores did not decrease during the same period, and by the number of days in the hospital.All infants had significantly decreased scores, except those in the control group; the aminophylline group included a greater percentage of patients who did not abate their scores, and they stayed in the hospital for more days than those in the other groups. The fenoterol group had the shortest hospital stay.All four treatments produced objective clinical improvement in bronchial obstruction. However, the nebulized bronchodilator treatments were more effective than aminophylline IV in decreasing scores on the first day, and they resulted in shorter hospitalization. Pediatr Pulmonol 1987; 3:298–303.
Bronchodilator effect of fenoterol and ipratropium bromide in infants with acute wheezing: Use of MDI with a spacer device
Authors: Mallol Javier , Barrueto Luis , Girardi Guido , Toro Olivia 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwenty‐eight infants admitted to Exequiel Gonzalez Cortes Children's Hospital because of acute wheezing (AW) were randomly assigned to three study groups. Fenoterol (FNT), ipratropium bromide (IB), and placebo were administered respectively to children in the different groups by means of metered dose inhalers (MDI) with spacers, using doses of 3 puffs every hour, for 4 hours. The degree of bronchial obstruction was assessed clinically and scored with the single‐blind method every hour prior to each treatment. The criterion of a bronchodilator effect was a significant decrease in the degree of bronchial obstruction at subsequent scorings. The scores of the three groups were compared using the Student's t test for matched samples. The same test was also applied to the independent samples for determining the superiority of one treatment, FNT or IB, over the other.The results indicated a significant decrease in the scores of the groups receiving FNT and IB (P < 0.05); this did not occur in the group in which placebo was used. FNT produced a more rapid and sustained effect than IB (P < 0.05). Significant bronchodilator effect was obtained in infants with AW when repeated doses of FNT or IB were administered with MDI and spacers. This effect was significantly greater in the group treated with FNT. Pediatr Pulmonol 1987; 3:352–356.
Stridor and gastroesophageal reflux: Diagnostic use of intraluminal esophageal acid perfusion (Bernstein Test)
Authors: Orenstein Susan R. , Kocoshis Samuel A. , Orenstein David M. , Proujansky Roy 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFive pediatric patients with stridor were evaluated to determine whether gastroesophageal reflux (GER) contributed to their stridor. Intraluminal esophageal acid perfusion (Bernstein test), pH probe, radiographic studies, laryngobronchoscopy, and esophageal histology were utilized. Thereafter, three of the five patients responded to therapy for GER; two did not. The Bernstein test proved to have greater diagnostic reliability than any other test employed, using response to antireflux therapy as the “gold standard” for diagnosing reflux‐provoked stridor.
Determination of airway hyper‐reactivity in asthmatic children: A comparison among exercise, nebulized water, and histamine challenge
Authors: Fourie Pieter R. , Joubert James R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn easy and accurate method of assessing bronchial hyper‐reactivity could be of great value in identifying and classifying the degree of severity of asthma in children. The sensitivity and specificity of three methods of provocation, ie, histamine, nebulized water, and exercise, were compared in 20 asthmatic and 20 control children between ages 5 and 13 years. Three clinical categories of severity ranging from slight (Group 1) through moderate (Group 2) to severe asthma (Group 3) were identified. The three methods were compared in each subgroup for detecting a tendency to bronchospasm. An inverse correlation (— 0.57) was found between the histamine dose and clinical degree of severity, whereas distilled water and exercise proved to be too insensitive for identifying Group 1 asthmatics. Histamine challenge in children is a safe and sensitive technique for identifying asthma and for monitoring the severity of the disease during follow‐up.
Ventricular dysfunction in children with obstructive sleep apnea: Radionuclide assessment
Authors: Tal Asher , Leiberman Alberto , Margulis Giora , Sofer Shaul 
Published: March 2007

AbstractVentricular function was evaluated using radionuclide ventriculography in 27 children with oropharyngeal obstruction and clinical features of obstructive sleep apnea. Their mean age was 3.5 years (9 months to 7.5 years). Conventional clinical assessment did not detect cardiac involvement in 25 of 27 children; however, reduced right ventricular ejection fraction (less than 35%) was found in 10 (37%) patients (mean: 19.5 ± 2.3% SE, range: 8–28%). In 18 patients wall motion abnormality was detected. In 11 children in whom radionuclide ventriculography was performed before and after adenotonsillectomy, right ventricular ejection fraction rose from 24.4 ± 3.4% to 46.7 ± 3.4% (P < 0.005), and in all cases wall motion showed a definite improvement. In five children, left ventricular ejection fraction rose > 10% after removal of oropharyngeal obstruction. It is concluded that right ventricular function may be compromised in children with obstructive sleep apnea secondary to adenotonsillar hypertrophy, even before clinical signs of cardiac involvement are present.
Alveolar brush cells in an infant with desquamative interstitial pneumonitis
Authors: Dimaio Mary F. , Dische Renate , Gordon Ronald E. , Kattan Meyer 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA full‐term infant developed bilateral pneumothoraces and respiratory distress shortly after birth, despite initially good Apgar scores. Persistent tachypnea, hypoxemia, and a chest X‐ray remarkable for diffuse alveolar and interstitial infiltrates prompted a lung biopsy at 4 months of age. The biopsy revealed desquamative interstitial pneumonitis with the unique demonstration by electron microscopy of numerous alveolar brush cells. Respiratory brush cells occur normally in the trachea and bronchi of humans and mammals. Although identical cells have been noted in the alveoli of rats, they have never been reported in the alveoli of humans. We present the first electron microscopical demonstration of the alveolar brush cell in humans.
Comparison of the protective effect and duration of action of orally administered clenbuterol and salbutamol on exercise‐induced asthma in children
Authors: Boner A. L. , Vallone G. , Brighenti C. , Schiassi M. , Miglioranzi P. , Richelli C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractClenbuterol (C), a long‐acting β2‐selective bronchodilator was compared with salbutamol (S) in exercise‐induced asthma (EIA) at two premedication time levels. Sixteen asthmatic children with EIA living at an altitude of 1,750 m were treated with C (0.001 mg/kg) and S (0.12 mg/kg), administered randomly in a doubleblind cross‐over study 90 and 300 minutes before exercise tests of running on a treadmill for 6 minutes. Pulmonary functions were evaluted prior to the administration of the drugs and immediately before, at the end of, and 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 minutes after exercise tests. In the preliminary screening exercise test the mean fall of FEV1 was 41.1%, but it was 21.0% and 27.1% after S and 21.9% and 19.9% after C administered 90 and 300 min prior to the test, respectively. Salbutamol administered 300 minutes before the test was statistically less effective than the same drug administered 90 minutes before the test or C administered 300 minutes before the test. Therefore, we can conclude that clenbuterol provides a more lasting protection than salbutamol in EIA. Pediatr Pulmonol 1988; 4:197–200.
Computer analysis of physical factors affecting the use of the interrupter technique in infants
Authors: Sly Peter D. , Bates Jason H. T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe interrupter technique involves measuring pressure changes at the airway opening following abrupt interruption of airflow, and relies on rapid equilibration of alveolar and airway opening pressures. Following airway occlusion one generally sees a rapid change in airway opening pressure, Pinit, which reflects the resistive pressure drop across the system, followed by a secondary, slower pressure change, Pdif, which reflects the tissue visco‐elastic properties together with any redistribution of gases occurring between lung units at different pressure at the time of interruption. Physical factors in the measuring equipment, i.e., the time taken for valve closure and the presence of a proximal compliant compartment, can cause errors in the calculation of resistance and elastance using the interrupter technique. A computer model was used to determine the effects of these factors on the calculation of resistance and elastance in normal infants, premature infants, and infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The elastance from 25 ml of dead space gas did not introduce significant errors into the measurements in any group of infants, but the presence of an unsupported upper airway caused errors of up to 245%. Increasing valve closure time introduced progressively larger errors into the calculation of resistance and elastance. To keep these errors acceptably small, an occlusion valve should close in 20 ms or less.
Effect of terfenadine on the response to exercise and cold air in asthma
Authors: Wiebicke Wolfram , Poynter Aven , Montgomery Mark , Chernick Victor , Pasterkamp Hans 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo assess the role of histamine as a mediator in the response to exercise and isocapnic hyperventilation of cold air (IHCA) in asthma, we studied nine asthmatic subjects, age 13 to 25 years. All had exercise induced asthma (EIA) and positive responses to IHCA. Baseline lung function was measured before standardized challenges with histamine, exercise and IHCA. On separate days, these tests were repeated 3 h after a single oral dose of 120 mg terfenadine (TF). Histamine responsiveness decreased significantly, with a provocative concentration, producing a ± 20% fall in FEV1 (PC20), of 1.1 ± 0.8 mg/ml (mean ± SEM) before and 12.0 ± mg/ml after the antihistamine. EIA was significantly less after TF, with 53 ± 5% mean maximal falls in FEV1 from baseline before, and 29 ± 9% after treatment (P < 0.01, paired t‐test). In contrast, the effect of TF on the response to IHCA was insignificant, with mean maximal falls of 45 ± 7% in FEV1 before, and 41 ± 7% after treatment. There was a correlation between PC20 and lowest FEV1 (% predicted) for EIA (r = 0.56, P < 0.05), but not for IHCA (r = 0.34, NS). This study indicates a role of histamine as a mediator in EIA but not in IHCA, supporting different mechanisms for both stimuli.
Short‐Term variability of pulmonary function tests in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Nickerson Bruce G. , Durand David J. , Kao Lily C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe determined the short‐term variability of pulmonary function in infants recovering from bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Sixteen infants with birth weight of 1,231 ± 929 grams (mean ± SD) and gestational age of 29 ± 4 weeks were studied twice at 17 ± 8 weeks postnatally at intervals of 4 to 8 days during a period of clinical stability. The infants were still on supplemental oxygen but were off diuretics and bronchodilators.We used a modification of the rapid thoracic compression method to measure forced expiratory flow (Vmax FRC) and the time constant (τ) of expiratory flow at functional residual capacity. Thoracic gas volume (TGV), mean and total airway resistance (RawM and RawT), and mean and total specific airway conductance (SGawM and SGawT) were measured in a whole body pressure plethysmograph. An esophageal balloon was used to measure dynamic pulmonary compliance (Cdyn). Variabilities were defined as the standard deviation of percent changes between the first and second tests. They were 30% for VmaxFRC, 23% for τ, 12% for TGV, 20% for RawM, 35% for RawT, 25% for SGawM, 72% for SGawT, and 23% for Cdyn. All these tests are useful in assessing pulmonary function of infants with BPD; however, their variability must be taken into account when interpreting short‐term changes.