bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The socio-ecological determinants of help-seeking practices and healthcare access among young men: a systematic review
Authors: Palmer Robert , Smith Ben J , Kite James , Phongsavan Philayrath 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Delayed engagement with health services is a key contributor to poorer health outcomes experienced by men. Patterns of health service usage which reduce the opportunity for disease prevention and health promotion appear to be especially prominent amongst young men. To identify the multiple and intersecting determinants of young men’s help-seeking practices and health services usage, this review uses the social ecological model (SEM) to guide a critical synthesis of the literature on barriers and facilitators experienced by young men in accessing health services. A systematic review was conducted across five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsychINFO, CINAHL and Scopus). Included studies presented primary data regarding young men’s (12–24 years) barriers and/or facilitators to seeking and accessing health care. Thirty-one studies (24 qualitative and 7 quantitative) underwent data extraction, quality appraisal and thematic analysis under the guiding framework of the SEM. Seven key themes were constructed, encapsulating the perceived barriers and facilitators to help-seeking and accessing health care experienced by young men, including masculine attitudes, health literacy, social pressure, service accessibility, economic factors, service characteristics and cultural attitudes. These findings highlight the complex interplay between the individual, interpersonal, organizational and societal factors impacting young men’s healthcare engagement. They also illuminate avenues for multifaceted, context-specific interventions to enhance healthcare accessibility for this group, including addressing health literacy gaps, providing culturally sensitive care and reducing cost barriers.
Safety and Immunogenicity of the mRNA-1273 Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
Authors: Figueroa Amparo L , Azzi Jamil R , Eghtesad Bijan , Priddy Frances , Stolman Dina , Siangphoe Uma , Leony Lasso Iliana , de Windt Elizabeth , Girard Bethany , Zhou Honghong , Miller Jacqueline M , Das Rituparna 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
Solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) are at high risk for severe COVID-19.

Methods
This open-label, phase 3b trial evaluated mRNA-1273 in 137 kidney and 77 liver SOTRs and 20 immunocompetent participants. In part A, SOTRs received three 100-µg doses of mRNA-1273; immunocompetent participants received 2 doses. In part B, an additional 100-µg dose was offered ≥4 months after the primary series. Here, we report interim trial results.

Results
mRNA-1273 was well-tolerated in SOTRs. Four serious adverse events were considered vaccine related by the investigator in 3 SOTRs with preexisting comorbidities. No vaccine-related biopsy-proven organ rejection events or deaths were reported. mRNA-1273 elicited modest neutralizing antibody responses after dose 2 and improved responses after dose 3 in SOTRs. Post–dose 3 responses among liver SOTRs were comparable to post–dose 2 responses in immunocompetent participants. Post-additional dose responses were increased in SOTRs, regardless of primary series vaccination. In liver SOTRs, post-additional dose responses were ∼3-fold higher versus post-dose 2 but lower than immunocompetent participant responses. Most kidney SOTRs received multiple immunosuppressants and had reduced antibody responses versus liver SOTRs.

Conclusions
mRNA-1273 was well-tolerated, and dose 3 and the additional dose improved antibody responses among SOTRs.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT04860297.
Patch biogeography under intermittent barriers: macroevolutionary consequences of microevolutionary processes
Authors: Freitas Osmar , Campos Paulo R A , Araujo Sabrina B L 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The processes that generate biodiversity start on a microevolutionary scale, where each individual’s history can impact the species’ history. This manuscript presents a theoretical study that examines the macroevolutionary patterns that emerge from the microevolutionary dynamics of populations inhabiting two patches. The model is neutral, meaning that neither survival nor reproduction depends on a fixed genotype, yet individuals must have minimal genetic similarity to reproduce. We used historical sea level oscillation over the past 800 thousand years to hypothesize periods when individuals could migrate from one patch to another. In our study, we keep track of each speciation and extinction event, build the complete and extant phylogenies, and characterize the macroevolutionary patterns regarding phylogeny balance, acceleration of speciation, and crown age. We also evaluate ecological patterns: richness, beta diversity, and species distribution symmetry. The balance of the complete phylogeny can be a sign of the speciation mode, contrasting speciation induced by migration and isolation (vicariance). The acceleration of the speciation process is also affected by the geographical barriers and the duration of the isolation period, with high isolation times leading to accelerated speciation. We report the correlation between ecological and macroevolutionary patterns and show it decreases with the time spent in isolation. We discuss, in light of our results, the challenge of integrating present-time community ecology with macroevolutionary patterns.
Experience matters: genetic variation affects male reproductive success across sequential mating events in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Fiumera Anthony C 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The cost of reproduction is well studied in females but only recently have the costs of mating been investigated in males. Research suggests that males allocate resources between subsequent mating events, resulting in differential success across mating bouts. Selection should favor allocation strategies that match the likelihood of successive matings. The complexity of the system, however, suggests that one fixed strategy is unlikely to be universally favored and thus I predict that genetic variation for different allocation strategies will be segregating in natural populations. To test this, I measured several components of reproductive performance in eight inbred genotypes of Drosophila melanogaster across three sequential mating events. As predicted, there was genetic variation for how previous experience affected a male’s reproductive performance for both the proportion of matings that produced offspring and the proportion of offspring sired (P1). Some genotypes had the highest success in their first matings and declined in successive matings while other genotypes did best in later matings. Mating experience had consistent effects across genotypes on fertility and induced refractoriness to remating. On average, virgin matings produced the highest fertility and third matings most effectively induced refractoriness. Genotype also had a significant effect on fertility. These results have important implications for understanding how selection may be acting on males when there is variation in the likelihood of multiple mating events and could affect the evolution of male allocation strategies in the face of perceived competitors.
Integrated characterization of deep karsted carbonates in the Tahe Oilfield, Tarim Basin
Authors: Lv Bingnan , Chen Xuehua , Qie Cuncai , Jiang Wei 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
As transport channels of oil and gas, fracture networks can greatly improve reservoir seepage, which is of great significance to the hydraulic fracturing and hydrocarbon deposit exploitation in petroleum science and engineering. In this paper, our target reservoirs are deep karsted carbonates at depths of &gt;6000 m and highly heterogeneous, leading to complex seismic responses with weak energy and low resolution. Therefore, it is challenging to predict the spatial distribution of a carbonate fracture-cavern reservoir and to characterize its delicate structure. We present a characterization method for an excellent fracture description by integrating several attribute results on 3D seismic field data. First, we use a noise elimination method to remove the noise interference in seismic data without damaging the fault structure characteristics. Next, we propose a novel spatially windowed 2D Hilbert transform-based operator to perform volumetric edge detection on 3D seismic field data. Then, the volumetric edge results are co-rendered with other seismic geometric attributes to generate multi-attribute fusion results for a comprehensive prediction that can excellently delineate geologic anomalies at different scales in deep carbonates. The results indicate that integrating several scale attributes can obtain more rich geological discontinuity and reveal more subtle fractures than using single attribute. The multi-attribute fusion results can effectively delineate some small-medium-sized faults, and they provide practical support for the exploration and production of Tahe carbonate fracture-cavern reservoirs.
Regulation of m6Am RNA modification and its implications in human diseases
Authors: Jin Hao , Shi Zhouyuanjing , Zhou Tianhua , Xie Shanshan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
N 6,2′-O-dimethyladenosine (m6Am) is a prevalent modification frequently found at the 5′ cap-adjacent adenosine of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) and the internal adenosine of snRNAs. This dynamic and reversible modification is under the regulation of methyltransferases phosphorylated CTD interacting factor 1 and methyltransferase-like protein 4, along with the demethylase fat mass and obesity-associated protein. m6Am RNA modification plays a crucial role in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA stability, and translation, thereby influencing gene expression. In recent years, there has been growing interest in exploring the functions of m6Am and its relevance to human diseases. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge concerning m6Am, with a focus on m6Am-modifying enzymes, sequencing approaches for its detection, and its impacts on pre-mRNA splicing, mRNA stability, and translation regulation. Furthermore, we highlight the roles of m6Am in the context of obesity, viral infections, and cancers, unravelling its underlying regulatory mechanisms.
Subclinical Inflammation in Asymptomatic Schoolchildren With Plasmodium falciparum Parasitemia Correlates With Impaired Cognition
Authors: Johnson Alexander E , Upadhye Aditi , Knight Veronicah , Gaskin Erik L , Turnbull Lindsey B , Ayuku David , Nyalumbe Mark , Abuonji Emily , John Chandy C , McHenry Megan S , Tran Tuan M , Ayodo George 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
Subclinical inflammation and cognitive deficits have been separately associated with asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in schoolchildren. However, whether parasite-induced inflammation is associated with worse cognition has not been addressed. We conducted a cross-sectional pilot study to better assess the effect of asymptomatic P. falciparum parasitemia and inflammation on cognition in Kenyan schoolchildren.

Methods
We enrolled 240 children aged 7–14 years residing in high malaria transmission in Western Kenya. Children performed five fluid cognition tests from a culturally adapted NIH toolbox and provided blood samples for blood smears and laboratory testing. Parasite densities and plasma concentrations of 14 cytokines were determined by quantitative PCR and multiplex immunoassay, respectively. Linear regression models were used to determine the effects of parasitemia and plasma cytokine concentrations on each of the cognitive scores as well as a composite cognitive score while controlling for age, gender, maternal education, and an interaction between age and P. falciparum infection status.

Results
Plasma concentrations of TNF, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 negatively correlated with the composite score and at least one of the individual cognitive tests. Parasite density in parasitemic children negatively correlated with the composite score and measures of cognitive flexibility and attention. In the adjusted model, parasite density and TNF, but not P. falciparum infection status, independently predicted lower cognitive composite scores. By mediation analysis, TNF significantly mediated ~29% of the negative effect of parasitemia on cognition.

Conclusions
Among schoolchildren with PCR-confirmed asymptomatic P. falciparum infections, the negative effect of parasitemia on cognition could be mediated, in part, by subclinical inflammation. Additional studies are needed to validate our findings in settings of lower malaria transmission and address potential confounders that could affect both inflammation and cognitive performance.
More than the Sum of Its Parts
Authors: Goldberg Jaime , Galchutt Paul 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the history, composition, functioning, and impact of the interprofessional palliative care consultation team in the hospital setting. Core and larger team member roles, responsibilities, approaches to care, and contributions are discussed. Individual, team, and system-level strengths and challenges of interprofessional collaboration in the hospital are highlighted. Evidence-based best practices, such as the importance of impeccable communication, building trust and respect among team members, and diverse staffing and leadership models are stressed to ensure team cohesion and wellness. The need for interprofessional collaboration in initial and follow-up visits, pain and symptom management, and family meeting facilitation is emphasized to ensure optimal patient and family care along with team cohesion and wellness.
Home-Based Palliative Care
Authors: van Meines Niamh , Enguídanos Susan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Home-based palliative care (HBPC) programs, initially modeled on the hospice care benefit, address the needs of people with serious illness pursuing disease-directed therapies and who have an extended prognosis beyond 6-months life expectancy. Similar to hospice care, HBPC is provided by an interprofessional team focused on improving quality of life of people with serious illness, and their caregivers and families in their home or place of residence. However, unlike hospice care, HBPC does not require a 6-month or less prognosis, and those enrolling in HBPC may continue disease-directed treatment efforts while receiving HBPC. There is a lack of standardized payment systems for HBPC programs and the service is not paid for by Medicare, which results in a myriad of challenges. This chapter describes best practices in interprofessional HBPC, along with challenges in the provision of and access to HBPC.
Interprofessional Palliative Care Philosophy as Standard Care across Settings
Authors: Kirkpatrick Amanda J. , Chow Stephanie W. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter includes an original report of a conceptual analysis of interprofessional palliative care. A theoretical model is included as a visual framework for implementing interprofessional palliative care as standard care across settings. It proposes a vision of primary palliative care as a lifestyle, incorporating societal change, community involvement, and integrative therapies to achieve an aspirational model of relationship-centered care delivery for community members and families living with multiple sources of suffering related to chronic or serious illness. In this model, individuals receive care congruent with their values, where symptoms are managed, humanity is recognized, and all team members are mutually committed to optimal health and quality of life for the patient. The model describes 5 key skills of all team members (to be competent, cognizant, communicative, collaborative, and compassionate) and 5 team attributes (to be personalized, holistic, harmonious, reciprocal, and versatile), which are necessary to achieve optimal well-being for persons living with chronic or serious illness, their families, and the community and healthcare workers who surround them. The chapter concludes with 2 contrasting examples of how such a theoretical model would work and a case study with discussion questions for learners.
Neurology
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores neurology, including lesion location, drugs and the nervous system, cerebral blood supply, testing peripheral nerves, dermatomes and peripheral nerves, headache, migraine, blackouts, vertigo and dizziness, hearing loss and tinnitus, acute bilateral leg weakness, abnormal involuntary movements (dyskinesia), stroke, transient ischaemic attack (TIA), subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), subdural haematoma, extradural (epidural) haematoma, delirium (acute confusional state), dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), epilepsy, Parkinsonism, multiple sclerosis (MS), space-occupying lesions (SOL), idiopathic intracranial hypertension, Bell’s palsy, mononeuropathies, polyneuropathies, autonomic neuropathy, motor neuron disease (MND), bulbar palsy, cervical spondylosis, myopathy, myasthenia gravis (MG), Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS), neurofibromatosis, syringomyelia, and retroviruses and neurology.
Surgery
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses surgery, including the language of surgery, pre-operative care, consent, prophylactic antibiotics in surgery, sutures, anaesthesia, post-op complications, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), swollen legs, stoma care, nutritional support in surgical patients, patients on steroids, minimally invasive and day case surgery, lumps in head, neck and skin, breast surgery, abdominal masses, acute abdomen, acute appendicitis, obstruction of the bowel, hernias, colorectal carcinoma, gastro-oesophageal carcinomas, bowel ischaemia, gastric surgery and its aftermath, fundoplication for GORD, oesophageal rupture, surgical management of obesity, diverticular disease, perianal problems, haemorrhoids, hepatobiliary surgery, renal stones, urinary tract obstruction, benign prostatic hyperplasia, retroperitoneal fibrosis, urinary tract malignancies, bladder tumours, urinary incontinence, lumps in the groin and scrotum, testes, aneurysms of arteries, thoracic aortic dissection, peripheral arterial disease, varicose veins (VVS), gangrene and necrotizing fasciitis, and skin ulcers.
Eponymous syndromes
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses eponymous syndromes, including Alice in Wonderland syndrome, Baker’s cyst, Bazin’s disease, Bickerstaff’s brainstem encephalitis, Brugada syndrome, Budd–Chiari syndrome, Buerger’s disease, Caplan’s syndrome, Churg–Strauss syndrome, Devic’s syndrome, Dubin–Johnson syndrome, Ekbom’s syndrome, Felty’s syndrome, Foster Kennedy syndrome, Friedreich’s ataxia, Froin’s syndrome, Gardner’s syndrome, Gélineau’s syndrome, Gerstmann’s syndrome, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome, Korsakoff’s syndrome, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Leriche’s syndrome, Löffler’s eosinophilic endocarditis, Löffler’s syndrome, Lown–Ganong–McArdle’s glycogen storage disease (type V), Marchiafava–Bignami syndrome, Meckel’s diverticulum, Meigs’ syndrome, Ménétrier’s disease, Meyer–Betz syndrome, Mikulicz’s syndrome, Milroy disease, Münchausen’s syndrome, Ogilvie’s syndrome, Ortner’s cardiovocal syndrome, Osler–Weber–Rendu syndrome, Paget’s disease of the breast (PDB), Pancoast’s syndrome, Parinaud’s syndrome, Peutz–Jeghers’ syndrome, Peyronie’s disease, Pott’s syndrome, Prinzmetal (variant) angina, Refsum disease, Romano–Ward syndrome, Rotor syndrome, Sister Mary Joseph nodule, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, Sturge–Weber syndrome (SWS), Tietze’s syndrome, Todd’s palsy, Vincent’s angina, Von Hippel–Lindau syndrome, Von Willebrand’s disease (VWD), Wallenberg’s lateral medullary syndrome, Waterhouse–Friderichsen’s (WhF) syndrome, Weber’s syndrome, Wegener’s granulomatosis, Wernicke’s encephalopathy, Whipple’s disease, Zellweger syndrome.
Radiology
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores radiology, including typical effective doses, justifying exposure to ionizing radiation, the art of the request, interpreting an image, presenting an image, chest X-ray (CXR), plain abdominal X-ray, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US), nuclear medicine, cardiovascular imaging, gastrointestinal imaging, genitourinary imaging, neuroimaging, contrast media in imaging, and imaging the acutely unwell patient.
Emergencies
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological, and endocrinological emergencies, including headache, breathlessness, chest pain, coma, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), shock, sepsis, anaphylactic shock, hypertensive emergencies, acute coronary syndrome with ST-elevation, acute coronary syndrome without ST-elevation, severe pulmonary oedema, cardiogenic shock, broad complex tachycardia, narrow complex tachycardia, bradycardia, acute severe asthma, acute exacerbations of COPD, pneumothorax, tension pneumothorax, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism (PE), acute upper GI bleeding, meningitis, encephalitis, cerebral abscess, status epilepticus, head injury, raised intracranial pressure (ICP), diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), diabetic emergencies, thyroid emergencies, Addisonian crisis, hypopituitary coma, phaeochromocytoma emergencies, acute poisoning, poisons and their antidotes, paracetamol poisoning, salicylate poisoning, burns, and hypothermia
Genomic Diversity in the Endosymbiotic Bacteria of Human Head Lice
Authors: Boyd Bret M , House Niyomi , Carduck Christopher W , Reed David L 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Insects have repeatedly forged symbioses with heritable microbes, gaining novel traits. For the microbe, the transition to symbioses can lead to the degeneration of the symbiont's genome through transmission bottlenecks, isolation, and the loss of DNA repair enzymes. However, some insect-microbial symbioses have persisted for millions of years, suggesting that natural selection slows genetic drift and maintains functional consistency between symbiont populations. By sampling in multiple countries, we examine genomic diversity within a symbiont species, a heritable symbiotic bacterium found only in human head lice. We find that human head louse symbionts contain genetic diversity that appears to have arisen contemporaneously with the appearance of anatomically modern humans within Africa and/or during the colonization of Eurasia by humans. We predict that the observed genetic diversity underlies functional differences in extant symbiont lineages, through the inactivation of genes involved in symbiont membrane construction. Furthermore, we find evidence of additional gene losses prior to the appearance of modern humans, also impacting the symbiont membrane. From this, we conclude that symbiont genome degeneration is proceeding, via gene inactivation and subsequent loss, in human head louse symbionts, while genomic diversity is maintained. Collectively, our results provide a look into the genomic diversity within a single symbiont species and highlight the shared evolutionary history of humans, lice, and bacteria.