bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depression of Taste Responses by Local or Intravascular Administration of Salicylates in the Rat
Authors: Hellekant G. , Gopal V. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effects of aspirin and sodium salicylate on the taste response in the chorda tympani proper nerve have been studied during stimulation of the taste receptors in rats with salty, sweet, sour and bitter‐tasting solutions. Three methods of administering the drugs were used: locally on the tongue, intravenously into one femoral vein and intraarterially close to the branching of the lingual artery. It was observed that salicylates, given in any of these three ways, depressed the response to taste stimuli. This is discussed in relation to present views on the action of salicylates.
Kinetics of the Glomerular Ultrafiltration in the Rat Kidney. An Experimental Study
Authors: Källskog Ö. , Lindbom L. O. , Ulfendahl H. R. , Wolgast M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe quantitative relation between the driving forces over the glomerular membrane and the glomerular plasma flow, on the one hand, and the single glomerular filtration rate (SNGFR), on the other, is still uncertain. Micropuncture measurements on Sprague‐Dawley rats made it possible to calculate the net driving force over the glomerular membrane. The single glomerular plasma flow was determined from SNGFR and the single nephron filtration fraction (SNFF). The effective plasma flow was measured with PAH for total kidney and for superficial nephrons. The mean glomerular capillary pressure was found to be 62.6 mm Hg. The results indicate a net driving force of about 13 mm Hg at the distal end of the glomerular capillary. SNGFR was found to be 14.1 nl/min.100 g. SNFF amounted to about 0.27. The filtration fractions determined with the PAH method were in the same range. The results indicate a filtration disequilibrium, in contrast to those of Brenner et al. from measurements on a mutant Wistar rat strain. The filtration fractions seemed to be the same in all glomerular populations. It is clear that the SNGFR is pressure dependent. Our earlier findings of a nonautoregulation of the blood flow through the outer glomeruli were also confirmed.
Effects of Histamine, Vasopressin, and Angiotensin II on Hepatosplanchnic Hemodynamics, Liver Function, and Hepatic Metabolism in Cats
Authors: Krarup N. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractContinuous i. v. infusions of histamine (5μg/kg·min), vasopressin (10 μ/kg·min), or angiotensin 11 (0.5,μg/kg·min) were given to fasting cats. Hepatic arterial flow was decreased 30% by histamine, increased 30% by vasopressin, and not significantly affected by angiotensin, whereas portal venous flow was increased 25% by histamine, decreased 40% by vasopressin, and not significantly affected by angiotensin. The hepatic arterial conductance was decreased about 25 % by histamine and angiotensin, and not significantly affected by vasopressin. The gastrointestinal conductance was decreased about 40 % by vasopressin and angiotensin, and increased 25 % by histamine. The conductance in the intrahepatic low pressure vessels was not affected by histamine and vasopressin, but decreased 25% during the infusion of angiotensin. These hemodynamic effects, however, were not accompanied by changes in the liver function or hepatic metabolism as judged from the splanchnic elimination of ethanol, the hepatic uptake and excretion of ICG, the hepatic oxygen consumption, and lactate and ketone production. This indicates that the functional capacity of the liver and thereby the number of sinusoids perfused is not markedly influenced by these drugs. Vasopressin caused a decrease in the oxygen consumption and an increase in the lactate production in the prehepatic splanchnic area, which may be due to a redistribution of the gastrointestinal blood flow.
Effect of Vasoactive Agents on the Distribution of Renal Cortical Blood Flow in Dogs
Authors: Tyssebotn I. , Kirkebø A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe distribution of renal cortical blood flow was studied in 6 Nembutal anesthetized dogs during control periods and during infusions of adrenaline, noradrenaline, angiotensin and vasopressin. Local cortical blood flow was measured as H2 gas desaturation rate recorded polarographically by platinum electrodes in outer and inner cortex. The total renal blood flow (RBF) was measured by an electromagnetic flow meter. In the control period the outer cortical blood flow (OCF) and inner cortical blood flow (ICF) averaged 3.59 (±S.D. 0.85) ml/min·g and 3.23 (±S.D. 0.64) ml/min·g, respectively. Infusions of the various vasoactive agents caused essentially equal vascular responses. All agents caused increased local renal resistance and reduction of RBF whether given intravenously or intraarterially. The RBF could be lowered to 20–50 % of initial control flow by increasing doses of vasoactive agents. OCF and ICF fell proportionately and almost to the same extent as RBF, or OCF fell slightly more than ICF. There was no evidence for patchy or zonal hypoperfusion in cortex caused by infusion of adrenaline, noradrenaline, angiotensin and vasopressin.
Time Courses of Pulmonary Gas Exchange and Heart Rate Changes in Supine Exercise
Authors: Karlsson Hans , Lindborg Bertil , Linnarsson Dag 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe time courses of ventilation (VE), 02 uptake (V̇O2), CO2 elimination (V̇co2), respiratory exchange ratio (R), end‐tidal Po2 and Pco2 and heart rate (HR) were studied in seven subjects performing light dynamic leg exercise in the supine position. Individual and group mean time courses in response to step changes in work load were computed and displayed graphically. A computer‐based method was also used to fit mono or bi‐exponential mathematical functions to the recorded responses. The over‐all rate of HR change in response to the transition from 0‐load pedalling to exercise (on‐response) was faster (mean response time, MRT = 31 s) than the corresponding V̇o2 response (MRT = 45 s) while V̇E responded considerably slower (MRT = 86 s). During the reverse transition (off‐response), V̇o2 and V̇E changed with the same rate as in the on‐response, while the HR‐change was slower than during the on‐response (MRT = 50 s). During the initial 15‐sec period, V̇O2, changed only slightly, which contrasts to previous results in the sitting position, where 50% of the final change in V̇o2, has been reported to occur within the first 15‐sec period, and where changes in blood distribution and stroke volume are known to be more pronounced than in the supine position. Our results emphasize the importance of central circulatory changes for the time course of V̇o2, at the start and end of exercise.
On the Possible Involvement of Sulphomucopolysaccharides in the Storage of Catecholamines within the Central Nervous System
Authors: Pycock Chris , Blaschke Eleonora , Bergqvist Ulla , Uvnäs Börje 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRats treated at birth with 6–OH DA were sacrificed in adult age 24 h after an injection of3H‐NA. Synap‐tosomes were isolated from the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus, the pons‐medulla region and the cerebellum. The similar distribution pattern of3H‐NA and36S on gradient centrifugation of the synapto‐some preparations, the similar effect of 6–OH DA on the uptake of3H‐NA into slices of brain tissuein citroand on their35S content as well as the identification of chondroitin and heparan sulphate in the synapto‐some fractions are observations which indicate a possible function of SMPSs in the storage of NA in adrenergic terminals.
The Interstitial Space of Adipose Tissue as Determined by Single Injection and Equilibration Techniques
Authors: Linde Birgitta , Chisolm Guy 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe interstitial 14C‐sucrose space was determined in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of the dog using both a single injection‐indicator dilution technique and an equilibration‐tissue sampling method. 131I‐albumin and 51Cr‐labelled erythrocytes served as intravascular indicators. The conventional extrapolation method for single injection curves yielded space values several times lower than those measured by the equilibration technique, although sampling was continued until the venous outflow samples contained less than 1 % of the peak 14C‐sucrose activity. This discrepancy may be due to long transit times, for which the conventional extrapolation procedure does not account. An extrapolation procedure is proposed based on the assumption that the area under the normalized extra‐ and intravascular curves should be equal. By this procedure as well as by the equilibration technique the interstitial 14C‐sucrose space in adipose tissue measures approximately 10 ml × 100 g‐1. The single injection technique does not appear applicable for space determinations in adipose tissue during sympathetic nerve stimulation (3–7 Hz), possibly due to “trapping” of the tracers within the tissue.
Secretion of Anterior Pituitary Hormones in Man: Effects of Ethyl Alcohol
Authors: Leppäluoto J. , Rapeli M. , Varis R. , Ranta T. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe possibility that previously described effects of ethyl alcohol on peripheral endocrine glands might be mediated via pituitary prompted this investigation on the effects of ethanol on anterior pituitary secretion. Nine healthy male subjects were given beverage containing ethanol (1.5g/kg) or beverage alone per os in a randomized cross‐over study and plasma ACTH, FSH, GH, LH and TSH were measured by specific radio‐immunoassays up to 15 h and the urinary levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline by fluorometry. A combined LRF and TRF test was also carried out in similar series of experiments. During the whole experiment there were no significant differences in the plasma levels of ACTH, FSH and TSH or in the urinary levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline between ethanol treated and control subjects. Plasma FSH, LH and TSH responses to LRF and TRF stimulation were also similar in alcohol treated and control subjects. Plasma ACTH values were high (113–270 pg/ml) both in control and ethanol experiment suggesting that the subjects experienced apprehension toward the experiment. Plasma GH level exhibited a non‐sleep related burst in the late evening (from 0.4 ng/ml at 6 p.m. to 3.1 ng/ml at 10 pm., p < 0.01). This increase was not seen after alcohol ingestion (p < 0.01). Plasma LH levels were significantly lower after 6 and 13 h in alcohol treated subjects than in controls (65 us, 106 ng/5ml, p < 0.01 and 74 us, 121 ng/ml, p < 0.05 respectively). Because ethanol had no effect on the resting level of plasma GH or on the LH response to LRF, we suggest that ethanol exerts these effects on a suprapituitary site.
Studies on the Renal Uptake of Vitamin D3 in the Mouse and the Quail
Authors: Dencker Lennart , Tjälve Hans 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe renal uptake of labelled vitamin D3 was studied in the mouse and the quail. Upon the administration of labelled vitamin D3 autoradiographic experiments showed a specific accumulation of radioactivity in the proximal tubuli of the mouse kidney. This was still obvious 18 days after the administration. In the quail, on the other hand, the uptake in the kidney did not exceed the level of the blood. In the mouse there was a slow increase in the amount of steroid in the kidney after the injection of vitamin D3, a maximum being reached 24 hours after the administration. The amount of steroid which accumulated in the kidney was largely proportional to the injected dose of the vitamin—from doses at 4.8 ng to 4.8 μg. Column chromatography showed that most of the renal vitamin D3 was present in a non‐metabolized form. Cellular fractionation showed that most radioactivity in the kidney was present in the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions. Upon sonication of the fractions most radioactivity was still bound to these particles.
A Method for the Continuous Study of Net Water Transport in the Feline Small Bowel
Authors: Jodal Mats , Hallbäck Dan‐Axel , Svanvik Joar , Lundgren Ove 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA new perfusion technique has been developed for the study of net water transport across the intestinal epithelium in vivo. The lumen of an isolated intestinal segment is steadily perfused with a solution of known composition in a closed perfusion system with a reservoir large enough to prevent recirculation. The intestinal segment may be enclosed in a plethysmograph. Changes in the perfused volume is recorded by a volume transducer coupled to the recirculating system via a T‐tube. If no motility occurs, the changes of the perfusion volume reflects net water transport across the intestinal epithelium. A quantitative comparison of this technique with the convention polyethylene glycol method revealed no significant difference. The plethysmographic method also makes it possible to quantify the net water absorption via lymph and blood.
Acylation of Carnitine and Glycerophosphate in Suspensions of Rat Liver Mitochondria at Varying Levels of Palmitate and Coenzyme A
Authors: Borrebæk B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRates of acylation of carnitine and glycerophosphate in suspensions of isolated rat liver mitochondria were measured at varying levels of palmitate and coenzyme A in the presence of ATP. Addition of glycerophosphate caused considerable reduction in carnitine acylation at low, but not at high palmitate levels. Glycerophosphate acylation was less reduced by added carnitine. These results can be explained by a lower Km(acyl‐CoA) in glycerophosphate acylation than in carnitine acylation. High levels of free coenzyme A caused inhibition of carnitine acylation, while the inhibitory effect of glycerophosphate acylation was small. Competition between palmitate and acyl‐CoA for binding sites on protein (e.g., albumine added to the mitochondrial suspensions) was indicated by stimulation of carnitine acylation by palmitate with palmityl‐CoA added as substrate in the absence of ATP. Refeeding a carbohydrate‐rich diet to previously fasted rats resulted in increased glycerophosphate acylation and decreased carnitine acylation in isolated liver mitochondria.
Vascular Resistance in Peripheral Blood Vessels at Normotension and at Local Orthostatic Hypertension in Healthy Humans
Authors: Paaske William P. , Henriksen Ole 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effect of changes in orthostatic pressure on vascular resistance in subcutaneous adipose tissue was examined in the forearm at normal tension and in the leg at local orthostatic hypertension in three normal subjects. Blood flow in subcutaneous tissue was measured by the local xenon‐133 washout technique. Changes in orthostatic pressure were achieved by postural changes of the extremity. At levels above the heart where venous pressure is constant, there was autoregulation of blood flow over a wider arterial blood pressure range in leg than in forearm. When transmural pressure increased 25 mm Hg or more vascular resistance increased about 50 per cent in the dependent forearm and 300 per cent in the dependent leg. The effect of ischemia on vascular resistance was investigated in cutaneous tissue of hand and foot by means of the131I‐Antipyrine initial slope technique. Vascular resistance after maximum dilatation achieved after20, 30, and 35 min of ischemia was less in vessels of the hand than in vessels of the foot. Thus, adaptive structural changes of vessels subjected to increased blood pressure are present in cutaneous and subcutaneous adipose tissues in normal subjects.
Effect of Bulbar Acidification on Basal Secretion of Acid and Gastrin in Dog
Authors: Nilsson Goran 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDogs were provided with mucosal septal pouches of the stomach and of the duodenal bulb. In some dogs a drainage gastric cannula was inserted into the most dependent portion of the stomach. In dogs which were found to secrete acid spontaneously during a control period at the start of each experiment, the bulbar pouches were perfused with 0.1 M HCl for 5–120 min. Bulbar acidification rapidly and profoundly reduced the basal acid output. In dogs which did not secrete acid spontaneously during the control period bulbar pouches were perfused with 0.1 M HCl for 1 h. Bulbar acidification did not significantly influence the plasma gastrin concentration and no acid was secreted from the Pavlov pouches following such acidification. The present results support the hypothesis that reduction of the intrabulbar pH may contribute to the reduction of acid secretion during interdigestive periods. The physiological significance of mechanisms in the upper intestine which induce acid secretion following a reduction of the intraluminal pH is questioned.
Evidence for a Glucocorticoid Receptor in Human Leukocytes
Authors: Simonesson B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe glucocorticoid uptake in vitro by human periferal leukocytes was studied. The uptake showed 2 main components, one saturable and one non‐saturable. The saturable component was compared with the uptake by the specific glucocorticoid receptor in rabbit granulocytes. The similarities with the rabbit receptor in structural specificity, time course of uptake at 37° C, sensitivity to metabolic inhibition by PCMS and the physiological concentration for half saturation indicate that the saturable component corresponds to a specific glucocorticoid receptor. Cells from chronic lymphatic leukemia and chronic myeloic leukemia were also studied. Only the former had a saturable glucocorticoid uptake.
In VitroUptake of 5‐Hydroxytryptamine and Dopamine by Rat Mast Cells after Exocytosis Induced by Antigen or Compound 48/80
Authors: Guschin Igor S. , Uvnas Börje 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMast cells from the peritoneal and pleural cavities of actively sensitized rats were isolated and incubated with biogenic amines (5‐hydroxytryptamine and dopamine) with or without pretreatment with specific antigen. An anaphylactic reaction resulting in the release of 20–25% of the histamine in the cells led to a slightly reduced amine uptake. At concentrations which induced histamine release comparable to that during the anaphylactic reaction compound 48/80 had a similar effect on the uptake of the two amines. Histamine release induced by higher concentrations of compound 48/80 led to a more pronounced reduction in the uptake of the amines, the reduction being roughly proportional to the extent of the histamine release. It is concluded that the reduction in thein vitroamine uptake after anaphylactic and compound 48/80‐induced histamine release is due to the fact that there are a fewer intact granules capable of storing histamine and not primarily due to a damage to the mechanisms by which mast cells take up biogenic aminesin vitro. The observations further strengthen the view that anaphylactic and compound 48/80‐induced histamine release are non‐cytolytic processes.
Effect of Strength Training on EMG of Human Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Thorstensson A. , Karlsson J. , Viitasalo J. H. T. , Luhtanen P. , Komi P. V. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effects of an 8 weeks period of systematic progressive strength training on the EMG activity of the leg extensor muscles (vastus lateralis and rectus fernoris) were investigated in 8 healthy male subjects (22–31 yrs). After training there were indications (n.s.) of a decline in integrated EMG (IEMG) during maximal isometric knee extension as well as in the IEMG vs isometric force relationship. The averaged motor unit potential (AMUP) did not demonstrate any significant changes due to the strength training regimen. In conformity with earlier findings no or only minor alterations were observed in anthropometrics, muscle enzyme activities and fibre composition. The fibre area ratio indicated a specific effect of the training stimuli on the fast twitch muscle fibres. Thus, EMG‐analyses, as employed in the present study, did not provide any conclusive additional explanation as to the mechanisms behind the well established gains in niuscle strength performance induced by the applied strength training program.
Cerebral Utilization of Glucose, Ketone Bodies and Oxygen in Starving Infant Rats and the Effect of Intrauterine Growth Retardation
Authors: Dahlquist Gisela 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCerebral arteriovenous differences of acetoacetate, D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate, glucose, lactate and oxygen and brain DNA content was measured at 20 days of age in intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) rats and normal littermates after 48 and 72 h of starvation. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured with labeled micro‐spheres in other comparable groups of IUGR and control rats. CBF was similar in IUGR and normal littermates (0.57±0.09 and 0.58±0.10 ml/min respectively). After 48 h of starvation, arterial glucose was significantly lower in IUGR than control animals but the arterial concentrations of ketone bodies were similar. After 48 h of starvation, cerebral arteriovenous difference of β‐hydroxybutyrate was significantly higher in control than IUGR rats also when expressed per mg brain DNA as was the fractional uptake of D‐p‐hydroxybutyrate. After 72 h of starvation, arterial concentrations of ketone bodies were significantly lower in IUGR rats than controls but the fractional uptake of D‐β‐hydroxybutyrate was increased compared to IUGR rats starved for 48 h. The average percentage of calculated total substrate uptake (μmol/min) accounted for by ketone bodies increased in control animals from 31.1 % after 48 h of starvation to 41.0% after 72 h of starvation. In IUGR rats these percentage values were 26.5 and 25.7 respectively. After 72 h of starvation the fraction of total cerebral uptake of substrates accounted for by ketone bodies was significantly higher in control than IUGR rats. As total cerebral uptake of substrates was similar between IUGR and control animals it is concluded that IUGR rats are more dependent on glucose as a substrate for the brain during starvation.
Cerebral Metabolic State after Discontinuation of Nitrous Oxide Supply in Artificially Ventilated Rats
Authors: Berntman Leif , Carlsson Christer , Hägerdal Macnus , Siesjö Bo K. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPrevious results from this laboratory have shown that when administration of 70% nitrous oxide is discontinued in artificially ventilated rats, cerebral oxygen uptake increases by about 40 % at 5 min and by about 80–905; at 30 min, and that this increase is blocked by previous adrenalectomy. In the present experiments, nitrous oxide was withdrawn for 45 s, 2 min 45 s, or 15 min, in non‐adrenalectomized animals. and for 5 min in adrenalectomized animals, and the tissue was frozen in situ for subsequent measurements of labile phosphates, glycolytic metabolites, citric acid cycle intermediates and associated amino acids, and ammonia. The results allow the conclusion that upon withdrawal of nitrous oxide in non‐adrenalectomized animals, there is an increase in metabolic rate at an essentially unchanged metabolic state. In adrenalectornized animals, discontinuation of nitrous oxide supply did not induce changes in any of the tissue metabolites measured. We conclude that 70% N2O neither influences the metabolic rate of the tissue, nor its metabolic state.