bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE FVNGAL INVASION OF APPLES IN STORAGE WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO INVASION THROUGH THE LENTICELS
Authors: KIDD M. N. , BEAUMONT A. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.The spores of rot forming fungi on the surface of the apple and in the lenticel cavities have been studied as regards their distribution and number.The natural modes of entry of apple rot fungi have been described and the relative frequency of their occurrence assessed.The factors controlling lenticel invasion in storage have been analysed by a new experimental technique.The literature dealing with lenticel spotting of apples has been reviewed; the cause of spotting has been distinguished as functional rather than fungal and the general name “Lenticel Spot” has been proposed for the disease.
SOME INFECTION EXPERIMENTS WITH LOOSE AND COVERED SMUTS OF OATS WHICH INDICATE THE EXISTENCE IN THEM OF BIOLOGICAL SPECIES
Authors: SAMPSON KATHLEEN 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.1. Infection experiments are described with two spore collections of U. avenae (Pers.) Jens. and U. levis (K. and S.) Magn. obtained from Missouri and from Wales.2. The results with U. levis indicate that the spore collections under test represent two distinct biological species, thus confirming the conclusion arrived at by Dr Reed(4), working with the same material at Missouri.3. Forms highly susceptible and resistant to U. levis appear to exist in the sub‐species glabrescens of A. strigosa.
ON THE STRUCTURE, LIFE‐HISTORY, ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE COCKSFOOT MOTH, GLYPHIPTERYX FISCHERIELLA, ZELL.
Authors: CHOPRA ROSHAN LAL 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY.The Cocksfoot Moth (G. fischeriella, Zell.) is a small moth (wing expansion 71/2‐‐– 81/2 mm., body dark fuscous, front wings coppery brown, with five silvery streaks along the costal margin.The moth is diurnal in habits, bright warm weather greatly favoun its activities, and on such days from the last week in May till the third week in June it is very common in the field on the nettle and gorse bushes and on flowering stalks of cocksfoot.The eggs are deposited as a rule singly at the base of a seed in the second and third weeks of June, and hatch in from ten to fifteen days' time.The larva which does the sole damage is small glassy white when newly hatched, but assumes more and more of green colour as it feeds and grows. When full grown it measures about 6 mm. in length. There are four larval instars altogether.Immediately after hatching the larva begins to bore into the seed on which it was hatched. The injury takes the form of a small circular bole through which it enters and feeds on the kernel. There is always one entrance hole and only one in each seed which also serves as the exit.After about four weeks' feeding, when the larva is full grown, it either leaves the food plant and crawls away in search of winter quarters, or remains inside the hollow husk of the seed which previously served 86 its food. In the former case, it spins a small, oval elongate, dirty white, silken cocoon in which it hibernates during the next nine months prior to actual pupation, while in the latter, instead of constructing a cocoon, it simply seals the entrance hole with a thick silken web.In captivity, under laboratory conditions, a large number of larvae, by cutting small holes, entered the dry hollow stalks of the cocksfoot plants and constructed cocoons therein.Pupation takes place in April or early in May, the pupal period extending over three or four weeks.There is only one generation in a year.As regards the food plants it was found that indigenous plants of cocksfoot were attacked much more heavily than the foreign “nationalities,” as is shown in the following table:A suggestion is made that the moth selects the panicle on which it lays its eggs, finding the indigenous plants more attractive than those of the foreign nationalities. It appears that the selection is made by the moth rather than by the larva.Samples of seeds obtained from different places in England, Scotland and Wales showed that the pest was generally distributed all over the island; almost all samples examined were found to have been attacked. The larva is so effectively protected within the seed that no internal parasite was found to attack it.An effective method of obtaining seeds free from this pest is to place them in an airtight chamber, heat up to 60°C., and leave there for twenty‐four hours. This temperature kills all the larvae, and, on the other hand, does no harm to the germinating power of the seed.
STUDIES ON OSCINELLA FRIT LINN. TBE CORRELATION BETWEEN STAGE OF GROWTH OF STEM AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFESTATION
Authors: CUNLIFFE NORMAN , FRYER J. C. F. , GIBSON GORDON W. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYOat plants, of known stage of growth, were exposed to Frit Fly attack at different growth periods, with the result that the susceptibility of the main stem to attack was found to be most marked during the two‐ and three‐leaf stages of growth. In the four‐leaf stage susceptibility decreased and beyond this stage the shoot seemed to be immune relatively. Plants in the early one‐leaf stage showed a certain degree of immunity, due probably to size non‐attractiveness rather than to specific morphological characters.Considered in conjunction with the constancy of the prevalence periods of the fly, these observations have a certain importance. Thus a practical solution of the Frit Fly problem may be found either by early sowing (as is already well known) or by the selection of a variety which passes rapidly through all stages of growth preceding that described as the “four‐leaved.” The next step in the investigation would appear to be an examination of the different races or varieties of oat, in order to compare their rates of growth up to and including this stage.
NETTLEHEAD IN HOPS
Authors: DUFFIELD C. A. W. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY

Under the name “Nettlehead” two quite distinct diseases, “true” and “false,” have been noticed.
In the case of “False” Nettlehead the bine usually dies away in August and the root system is in a state of decay; in the “True” form the bine remains green though growth is retarded, at the same time the root system remains in an apparently healthy state.
The “True” form is usually to be found starting from the edge of a garden especially where the garden slopes down to a deep ditch or high hedge. “Fahe” Nettlehead, on the other hand, may be found distributed throughout the garden.
The Beet eelworm, Heterodera Schachtii, may be found in all hop gardens, but its presence is not correlated with “Nettlehead.”
“True” Nettlehead has been in greater evidence the year following a bad attack of aphis.
MOISTURE MOVEMENT IN WOOD
Authors: MARTLEY J. F. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY

A number of experiments were carried out on the exchange of moisture between discs of 1/8th inch and 1/16th inch Birch veneer below the fibre saturation point.
It appears from these experiments that the rate of moisture movement in wood below the fibre saturation point is dependent, not only upon the moisture gradient, but also upon the moisture content. But for this limitation, fair agreement was obtained with the law of diffusion. The values obtained for the coefficient of conductivity have no definite significance as they represent mean values over a period.
The rate of moisture exchange between the discs was found to be approximately proportional to the square of their combined thickness and was within 15 per cent, of the demands of the law of diffusion for these particular experiments.
From the few experiments carried out at a higher temperature it would appear probable that the change in the rate of moisture movement with rise in temperature is proportional to the change in the vapour pressure of water.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF TYLENCHUS DIPSACI (KUHN) BASTIAN, AND ON THE OCCURRENCE OF BIOLOGIC STRAINS OF THE NEMATODE
Authors: HODSON W. E. H. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY

The stem eelworm, Tylenchus dipsaci (Kuhn) Bastian, is a severe pest on a variety of crops.
Usual symptoms of attack constitute dwarfing, distortion and frequently chlorosis of the host plant.
The biology of the eelworm is essentially the same in nearly all host plants.
Infection may take place immediately after leaving the previous host, or after a period of enforced quiescence.
Examination of available data indicates that, while biologic strains or races of the eelworm do exist, these strains show varying powers of adaptation to other host plants.
STUDIES ON CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION IN SOIL AND SOLUTION1
Authors: BAL D V. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY

The rate of carbon dioxide production by B. prodigiosus from various sugars has been studied and an account of experiments conducted with a view to finding out the factor or factors responsible in lowering the carbon dioxide production in soil and solution is given.
It is found that B. prodigiosus can decompose glucose and laevulose most readily while sucrose comes next in order. Lactose and maltose are very slightly decomposed.
The amount of carbon dioxide produced is not equivalent to the amount of sugar used up. Other organic products like alcohol, acetone and organic acids are produced.
Carbon dioxide production always attains its highest limit within the first three or four days and then declines rapidly in spite of the presence of sugar and active organisms.
Successive additions of fresh quantities of sugar to solution cultures when the carbon dioxide production has reached its minimum rapidly increase the carbon dioxide formation to a value practically identical with that previously attained.
It appears that exhaustion of total or readily available carbon, formation of an unattackable film on the surface of particles of organic matter, or exhaustion of available mineral constituents is not responsible for lowering the carbon dioxide production in soil.
Additions of organic matter such as glucose' or oil cake to soil after the carbon dioxide production has declined, restores the process practically to the same level as at the start.
NOTES ON THE CONSTITUTION OF AN UNIMPROVED COTTON CROP
Authors: BOLLAND B. G. C. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThis paper gives an account of the formation of the Cotton Service in Ceara, one of the north‐east states of Brazil, the lines on which the work of improving the cotton crop is to be conducted and some figures showing the composition of the crop prior to any selection.Owing to the large number of types represented and the long period of time during which cross‐fertilisation has taken place, several years must necessarily elapse before any pure selected strains can be put on the market.
CONCERNING “FAIRY RINGS” IN PASTURES
Authors: ELLIOTT JESSIE S. BAYLISS 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY

Observations are made on the growth of three types of fairy rings found in pastures and elsewhere.
Marasmius oreades belongs to a type which causes the death of rings of grass. It behaves as a parasite, destroying grass by means of a toxin.
Comments are made on the views of Shanz and Piemeisel, who consider the death of the grass in certain fairy rings is merely due to a drought produced by the presence of mycelium in soil.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON WHITE CLOVER, AND A METHOD OF DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN THE SEEDS OF WILD WHITE AND DUTCH CLOVER1
Authors: ADAMS F. M. J. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY

Diagnostic characters which have been found of use in distinguishing samples of wild white from Dutch clover seed:

(a) Frequency with which certain shape types of seed occur in each sample.(b) Average ratio of long diameter of seed to short diameter.(c) Area of cotyledon.(d) Length of petiole of first foliage leaf.

All samples, all individuals of one sample, or of one head of wild white clover, do not give a positive reaction for the cyanophoric test.
Further diagnostic characters at a later stage of growth, (a) prostrate habit, (b) formation of axillary shoots, are characteristic of wild white clover.
Permanence in wild white clover is due to a strongly developed power of vegetative propagation. Dutch clovers are not permanent as they lack this power to different extents.
Loss of permanence in cultivated white clover is due to unintentional selection of the non‐permanent type (by the grower), and to cross‐fertilisation by the non‐permanent or Dutch plants growing in the neighbourhood.
BIO‐CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION OF CELLULOSIC MATERIALS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ACTION OF FUNGI1
Authors: REGE R. D. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.In mature plant materials pentosans form the most important food for micro‐organisms.The Klober and Tollens method for the determination of pentosans is not specific for these compounds.While pentosans are easily attacked by micro‐organisms, the other furfurol‐yielding compounds are found to be resistant, and it is therefore essential to get a correct figure for pentosans. A possible method is suggested: to determine the furfuroids in the cellulose obtained by the chlorination method and to deduct this amount from the total furfuroids.Two factors appear to control the decomposition of ripe cellulosic materials in the presence of assimilable nitrogen. The one is the food, or, better termed, energy factor which is the pentosans, the other is the physical or inhibitory factor which is the lignin. It is found that if the ratio of energy factor to inhibitory factor is above 1, the material is easily decomposed; but if it is below 0.5, the material is very resistant to microbial attack. The prediction of the “decomposability” of a material is thus possible.Attempts to increase this ratio in resistant materials by the addition of carbohydrates proved unsuccessful. It was concluded that since micro‐organisms obtained their food materials outside the tissues, they did not attack the tissues until the more easily available food‐stuffs were exhausted. Thus the decomposition of the material was actually less than was possible under natural conditions.Mannose and galactose do not appear to form suitable food for the micro‐organisms concerned in these processes and it is concluded that the pentosan part of the hemi‐celluloses is most important as microbial food.The study of the relative importance of bacteria and fungi proves that under the conditions of these experiments, fungi play a more prominent part especially during the early stages of such decomposition.The study on the availability of the nitrogen of the fungal bodies proves it to be of the resistant type. It seems that at later stages of decomposition under natural conditions fungi are decomposed by other organisms.The ability of certain fungi isolated from such decomposing heaps, to grow at high temperature as well as on purified carbon constituents of plants, and also the presence of almost all the enzymes necessary to hydrolyse the complex carbon constituents, further confirm their importance. The possibility of their activity under natural conditions in manure heaps is strongly suggested.
THE INTER‐RELATION BETWEEN SILICON AND OTHER ELEMENTS IN PLANT NUTRITION
Authors: BRENCHLEY WINIFRED E. , MASKELL E. J. , WARINGTON KATHERINE 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

Under controlled conditions in water cultures soluble silicate was found to have little effect upon the growth of barley if phosphorus were also present, but if the latter were absent a significant increase in dry weight was induced by the silicate.
The addition of silicate caused an appreciable increase in the height of the main shoot, which was most marked in phosphate‐free solutions, becoming less evident as the quantity of phosphate present was increased.
Leaf development was retarded by phosphate deficiency and hastened by the addition of silicate.
A close association exists between the amount of phosphate present, and the effect of silicate upon the rate of tillering and the number of tillers developed.
Soil cultures with barley and mustard in pots with various forms of silicate showed that soluble silicates are more active than glass silicates, tending to cause increase in dry weight with deficient mineral manuring, and in some cases also with complete manuring.
Further soil experiments revealed variations in the response of barley and mustard to silicate on different types of soil. A general improvement occurred with increasing doses of silicate together with various combinations of manures, notably when phosphorus or potash was deficient.
The significance of the results obtained has been examined statistically, and an attempt made to formulate the effect of added silicate in terms of an increase in the efficiency of the superphosphate present.
COMPARISON BETWEEN KAURI PINE AND SWAMP KAURI (AGATHIS AUSTRALIS)
Authors: MARTLEY J. F. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Swamp kauri was compared with normal kauri pine wood but no very decided differences between them were discoverable.No definite structural differences were noted in the microscopic examination.The shrinkage in swamp kauri was found to be less than in normal kauri when losing moisture under the same conditions.No differences in hygroscopicity were noted.The density of the wood substance of swamp kauri is the same or slightly less than that of normal kauri pine.No mechanical tests were made.
YIELD STUDIES IN OATS
Authors: TINCKER M. A. H. , JONES MARTIN G. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.A series of correlation studies has been carried out between the seed characteristics and early growth data of a number of Record oats samples; many coefficients of correlation obtained gave values of no biological significance. The influence of “outlying” readings had to be carefully considered as the number of readings was limited. For this purpose dot charts were employed as well as mathematical coefficients.The results can be summarised as follows:

Generally the total germination figures in a sand test were correlated with field establishment, but within the narrow germination range 85–100 per cent. no correlation with establishment was found.
The amount of available food in the seed as measured by the average dry weight of the caryopses influenced the size and weight of the seedlings produced.
The moisture content of the grain was negatively correlated with the rate of germination, indicating that samples stored with a high water content did not germinate well.
The percentage husk bore no relation to germination.
Ten weeks after sowing the mass of the plants obtained from a given sowing depended primarily upon the number of plants established. Although tillering was well advanced plants possessing additional space did not compensate for low establishment figures at this stage by increased growth.
When the grain was heated for 15 minutes at 75°C. those samples containing a high moisture content suffered more than well dried samples. Indications were also obtained that the following type of sample was particularly susceptible to such injury—artificial heating—(a) a rapidly germinating sample,(b) a thin‐husked sample,(c) a sample with heavy grain.
NOTE ON THE ACTIVITIES OF HUMBLE BEES (BOMBUS) IN NORTH WALES
Authors: WALTON C. L. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

A short account is given of the species of Humble Bees (Bombi) observed by the writer in North Wales and adjacent districts during the period 1919–27, with notes on their relative abundance and seasonal activities.
The chief economic plants visited by each species are Wed, together with brief mention of those cultivated and wild flowers most favoured.
ON THE PAIR OF SO‐CALLED SENSORY PITS OF THE NINTH ABDOMINAL SEGMENT OF THE WIREWORM (AGRIOTES OBSCURUS LIN.) WITH ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE INTERNAL ANATOMY
Authors: JAMES H. C. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.The structural evidence obtained from the study of the pits on the ninth abdominal segment of Agriotes obscurus favours the view that they are a pair of muscular impressions. The hairs lining the pit walls do not possess a nervous supply nor was any special nervous supply traceable to the pits as a whole. No structures which have been associated with sense reception in insects were found in the neighbourhood of the pits. There wm no evidence that the pits are a modified pair of spiracles as was suggested by one miter (6).With regard to the alimentary canal there are no salivary glands. The oesophagus possesses four ridges which project into its lumen and their muscular nature suggests that they are capable of independent movement.The mesenteron is devoid of gastric coeca and does not contain a peritrophic membrane of any type.The digestive fluid is secreted in vesicles which are budded off from the epithelial cells lining the midgut. The contents of the mesenteron has a pH of between seven and eight which is similar to the reaction of its cell walls. The hindgut is a straight tube without clearly marked intestinal and rectal regions and there are no glands of any kind in this part of the gut.The malpighian tubes are four in number and are generally of a yellow colour, but it is not unusual to find blackened patches in the tubes which are due to dark masses of excretory matter blocking the tube.The dorsal vessel is non‐septate.Besides the supra‐ and sub‐oesophageal ganglia there axe 11 nerve massea in the central nerve chain—three thoracic and eight abdominal.The masses of fat body are characterised by their leaf‐like shape and great length.
THE BIOLOGY OF THYSANOPTERA WITH REFERENCE TO THE COTTON PLANT: 2. THE RELATION BETWEEN TEMPERATURE AND LIFE CYCLE IN A SATURATED ATMOSPHERE
Authors: MacGill ELSIE I. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.

The life‐cycle of Thrips tabaci from oviposition to imaginal emergence, on cotton plants, under conditions of temperature varying between a mean maximum of 26.7°C. and a mean minimum of 11.25°C., and of relative humidity varying between a mean maximum of 92–4 per cent. and a mean minimum of 74–7 per cent., has a duration of 23–31 days, comprising an egg stage of 8 days, two larval stages with a combined duration of 10 to 14 days, a prepupal stage of 1 to 2 days and a pupal stage of 4 to 7 days.
Under laboratory conditions, in a constant saturated atmosphere, the percentage of larvae which transform into prepupae is not high at any temperature but reaches a maximum of 33.4 per cent. at temperatures near 21°C. The minimum effective temperature is below 7° and the maximum effective temperature is above 38°.
The high larval mortality is not wholly due to faulty technique, nor to the saturated atmosphere, nor to the artificial conditions. A similar high rate of mortality is believed to occur under field conditions.
The percentages of prepupae and pupae which transform are high at all temperatures between the minimum and maximum effective points, and would probably be absolute under conditions of perfect technique.
The length of the life‐cycle is decreased by increase of temperature. The average times of development plotted against temperature give, with minor corrections, an hyperbola similar to the developmental curves given by Krogh.