bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPARTMENTAL ARRANGEMENT OF STEROID PRECURSORS AND THE CONTROL OF STEROID HORMONE SECRETION IN RAT ADRENAL TISSUE IN VITRO
Authors: Whitehouse Barbara J. , Vinson G. P. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Using a technique of incubation with dialysis, capsules (zona glomerulosa) and inner zone preparations of adrenal tissue from control, cortisol treated and Frusemide treated rats have been studied. The formation of corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone and 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone from both endogenous precursors and from added [14C] progesterone was examined. In the inner zone incubations from control and cortisol treated rats, products from the two precursor types appeared to be quite miscible as judged by their dialysability. Cortisol treatment depressed the formation of all three products from endogenous precursors, while their formation from [14C] progesterone was unaffected. These findings are consistent with the conventional view of the major point of action of ACTH at a stage preceding pregnenolone formation.
In contrast, the formation of corticosterone from endogenous precursors in the capsule was specifically depressed by cortisol treatment. The formation of deoxycorticosterone and 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone was unaffected; the yields of all three compounds from [14C] progesterone was also unaffected. At the same time the dialysibility of the material formed from endogenous precursors was greatly reduced, while the dialysibility of the radioactive products was unchanged.
In the Frusemide treated animals, capsule incubations showed no changes in formation of steroids from either precursor type and the miscibility of the steroid from the two sources was unaffected. In the inner zone incubations the formation of deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone was increased from both precursors, while the formation of 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone was reduced from endogenous precursors and unchanged from [14C] progesterone. Dialysibility of the steroids was unaffected by these procedures.
The results suggest that various mechanisms may operate to allow independent variations in secretion rates of compounds occurring after the point of pregnenolone formation – normally held to be the major point of ACTH action. In particular it appears that, when ACTH secretion is suppressed, steroid formed from endogenous precursors may become attached to a non-dialysable component in the capsule of the gland. It is an attractive hypothesis that this renders the steroid less vulnerable to 11β-hydroxylation although it remains vulnerable to 21- and 18-hydroxylation. This mechanism is not observed if products from [14C] progesterone are studied alone. Treatment with Frusemide shows that other mechanisms may also allow differential changes in secretion rates of the three compounds. These mechanisms await elucidation.
THE GROWTH OF THE VENTRAL PROSTATE, THE DORSOLATERAL PROSTATE, THE COAGULATING GLANDS AND THE SEMINAL VESICLES IN CASTRATED ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS INJECTED WITH OESTRADIOL AND/OR CORTISONE
Authors: Tisell Lars-Eric 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The growth of the ventral and dorsolateral prostate, the coagulating glands and the seminal vesicles was studied morphologically in castrated adrenalectomized male rats following daily injections for sixteen days of oestradiol benzoate or cortisone acetate alone, or in combination. Oestradiol was given in daily doses of 0.001 mg or 0.010 mg. Cortisone was administered in daily doses of 1 mg or 3 mg.
After oestradiol alone the histological examination revealed an increase in the amount of fibromuscular tissue especially in the coagulating glands and the seminal vesicles but no signs of secretory activity in the epithelium. Cortisone alone induced a moderate stimulation of the epithelium in all the accessory reproductive organs but no signs of secretory activity were observed in the ventral prostate.
Oestradiol and cortisone given in combination induced pronounced proliferation of the epithelium in all the accessory reproductive organs. After this treatment the epithelium of the ventral prostate also showed signs of secretory activity. The response of the epithelium in all the accessory reproductive organs was dependent on the size of the dose of both oestradiol and cortisone. Cortisone counteracted the fibromuscular overgrowth especially observed in the coagulating glands and the seminal vesicles after oestradiol given alone. The individual smooth muscle cells, however, were better developed after the combined treatment.
The effects of the combined treatment are discussed in the light of the present knowledge of the individual effects of oestradiol and cortisone on the accessory reproductive organs. The importance of including a histological examination in experiments on hormonal dependent growth of the accessory reproductive organs of male rats is emphasized.
A DOUBLE COMPETITIVE BINDING METHOD OF MEASURING OESTRADIOL FROM MENSTRUAL CYCLE PLASMA WITH AND WITHOUT THE PRIOR PURIFICATION OF OESTRADIOL
Authors: Robertson D. M. , Mešter J. , Kellie A. E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Oestradiol was determined in menstrual cycle plasma by a double competitive binding assay method applied with and without TLC purification of the steroid. The evaporated ether extract from plasma or from the oestradiol zone of a thin layer plate was incubated with a limited excess of rabbit uterine cytosol containing oestradiol receptor. The specificity and affinity of the receptor protein ensured the preferential binding of oestradiol to the virtual exclusion of other oestrogens and weak contaminating competitors introduced by the procedure. These unbound compounds were removed by charcoal incubation. The remaining supernatant was heat-treated to denature the receptor protein and the released oestradiol was determined by competitive binding with rabbit uterine oestradiol receptors. The methods have the advantage of high specificity; the direct assay which excludes the TLC step, is rapid, sensitive and suitable for the routine examination of normal menstrual cycles.
IN VIVO PERFUSION OF THE HUMAN LIVER WITH STEROIDS
Authors: Wortmann W. , Knapstein P. , Mappes G. , Dick G. , Oertel G. W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
[7α-3H] testosterone was injected into the portal vein of a 40-year-old man. In the following 40 min eight blood samples were withdrawn from one of the liver veins and analyzed for free and conjugated steroids. The data showed that free testosterone underwent rapid metabolism and conjugation. The metabolite pattern in plasma and urine is reported.
METHODS FOR THE EVALUATION OF THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF THYROXINE AND THYROGLOBULIN IN HUMAN THYROID SPECIMENS OBTAINED BY A SPECIAL NEEDLE BIOPSY TECHNIQUE
Authors: Ljunggren Jan-Gustaf , Radner Stig 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Methods for the biochemical determination of the biosynthesis of thyroxine and thyroglobulin in thyroid specimens, obtained as an outpatient procedure by a new needle biopsy technique, are described. Thyroglobulin and its subunits are analyzed after in vitro incubation of thyroid specimens with 3H-leucine, followed by salt extraction and separation by linear sucrose gradient centrifugation or after salt extraction of the specimen and separation by disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. The relative amount of thyroxine and its precursors is determined after in vivo administration of 125I or 131I, salt extraction of the thyroid specimen, digestion with pronase and separation by radiochromatography.
EFFECT OF PERCHLORATE AND METHIMAZOLE ON IODINE METABOLISM
Authors: DeGroot Leslie J. , Buhler Ulrich 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The increment in urinary iodide excretion was compared, in normal and thyrotoxic subjects, during the baseline state and after administration of potassium perchlorate or methimazole. In the normal subjects, perchlorate administration produced increments of urinary iodide that appear to be equivalent to hormonal iodine secretion per day. Urinary iodide excretion was increased to 2.2–2.8 fold this level by methimazole This result is interpreted as compatible with extensive intrathyroidal recirculation of iodotyrosine iodide and leakage of a small fraction of this iodide to the blood in normal subjects. In thyrotoxic subjects, the average increment in iodide excretion produced by perchlorate was 464 μg/day. Methimazole augmented urinary iodide excretion 2.2 fold the level found with perchlorate, indicating that there is extensive conservation of intrathyroidal iodide in thyrotoxicosis. The technique allows a qualitative estimation of efficiency of reutilization of intrathyroidal iodine.
BLOCKADE BY CHOLINERGIC AND ADRENERGIC BLOCKING AGENTS OF THE SUCKLING-INDUCED DEPLETION OF OXYTOCIN FROM THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS OF THE LACTATING RAT
Authors: Ôba Toshiharu 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Atropine and dibenamine were injected systemically in order to test whether they could suppress the release of oxytocin from the neurohypophysis in response to the suckling stimulus. The pups were isolated from their mothers for 8 h on the 9th or 10th day of lactation, and then allowed to suckle for 15 min. The lactating females were guillotined immediately after the end of the suckling period. The oxytocin content in the neurohypophysis was estimated by the method of van Dongen & Hays (1966). Atropine or dibenamine was injected 1 h before the onset of the suckling. In animals suckled by their pups for 15 min without drug treatment, the oxytocin content in the neurohypophysis was almost entirely depleted. Atropine injection only in non-suckled animals lowered the oxytocin content of the neurohypophysis. However, no further depletion of oxytocin could be elicited by the 15 min-suckling in atropinized animals. The content observed after the suckling period in the atropinized animals was significantly higher than that in rats receiving the suckling stimulus only. The oxytocin content in the neurohypophysis of non-suckling dibenamine-treated animals was similar to that in non-suckling controls. The suckling stimulus decreased the oxytocin content significantly in the dibenamine-treated animals. The effectiveness of atropine in blocking the suckling-inducedn depletion of oxytocin suggests that cholinergic pathways play a principal role in this type of oxytocin release.
EFFECT OF INTENSIVE NERVOUS STIMULATION ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS AND ITS TARGET ORGANS
Authors: Árvay A. , Balogh Á. , Ladányi P. , Takács I. , Benkö K. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Female white rats were exposed to periodic, complex and intensive nervous stimulation for 9 months. The electron microscopic examination of the adenohypophysis, adrenal cortex, thyroid gland and ovaries provided ultrastructural evidences of markedly increased hormone producing activity as compared with the controls. These findings confirm the previous results of the authors regarding the effect of their specially designed intensive periodic stressful stimulation on the function of the endocrine system, i. e. an increase in the activity of all the endocrine glands examined (Árvay 1964, 1970).
IN VIVO CONVERSION OF RADIOACTIVE PROGESTERONE AND CORTICOSTERONE TO ADRENAL CORTICAL HORMONES IN NORMAL AND ACTH-TREATED RATS
Authors: Vecsei P. , Kessler H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
For the study of biosynthetic pathways and their alterations under various experimental conditions, the method of in vivo conversion is more suitable than in vitro incubation experiments. In rats, in vivo conversion of radioactive progesterone to corticosterone and aldosterone and of corticosterone to aldosterone was demonstrated. The conversion of progesterone and corticosterone to aldosterone occurred only in the presence of the adrenals, while a minimum extra-adrenal conversion of progesterone to corticosterone was observed.
After the administration of ACTH for 9 to 25 days, the adrenals became hypertrophied, and an increased conversion rate from progesterone to corticosterone was demonstrated. Simultaneously, the conversion rate of corticosterone to aldosterone was decreased. Such a change in the biosynthetic pathway of aldosterone may at least in part be responsible for the reduced production of aldosterone from endogenous precursors, observed after repeated administration of ACTH.
LATE THYROTOXICOSIS COMPLICATING AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS
Authors: Gavras Irene , Thomson John A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The cases of 2 women who had clinical and biochemical evidence of autoimmune thyroiditis, who progressed to develop hypothyroidism and who then, some years later, developed thyrotoxicosis are described. Possible mechanisms for the production of this unusual clinical course are discussed.
CONTRACEPTION BY AN INJECTABLE LONG-ACTING OESTROGEN-PROGESTOGEN AGENT. III
Authors: Plesner Rolf 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Twenty-two fertile women were treated cyclically in from 4–30 cycles (mean 15.5) with a total of 341 injections of Deladroxate®, an injectable, long-acting oestrogen-progestogen. The injections were administered on the 8th (7th–9th) day of each cycle. Before treatment, the last pre-treatment cycle was controlled by means of daily recordings of the basal body temperature (BBT), urinary excretion of pregnanediol and total pituitary gonadotrophins at certain intervals, and by endometrial biopsies obtained late in the cycle. The effects of Deladroxate® on ovulation, on pituitary gonadotrophic function, and on the endometrium were controlled by the above mentioned parameters during cycles 1, 3, and 6, and all assessments were repeated after discontinuation of treatment.
During treatment, there was a statistically significant fall in gonadotrophin excretion values (as compared with the pre-treatment values), and the fall was found to be gradually progressive during treatment. After discontinuation of treatment, there seemed to be a tendency towards an increase in the excretion values. Suppression of ovulation as determined by means of the pregnanediol excretion during treatment, was effective in nearly all of the treatment cycles checked. The fall in pregnanediol excretion was also gradually progressive during treatment, while there was a slight increase in excretion values in the post-treatment period. During treatment, 79 BBT curves were recorded. Nearly 50 % were monophasic, indicating anovulatory cycles, 17 curves were biphasic, but with the rise in temperature occurring at non-characteristic times in the cycles, 18 curves were classified as thermogenic because of a rise in temperature occurring within 24 hours after the injection, and 5 curves were not assessable.
During the first month after discontinuation of treatment, 8 out of 10 recorded curves were monophasic. Out of 53 endometrial biopsies obtained around the 23rd day of the cycle, 31 were of the mixed phase type, but showing a predominance of proliferative patterns, 15 were of the secretory type, and 7 were purely proliferative. Out of 15 biopsies obtained in the post-treatment period, only two were of the mixed phase type, 12 were proliferative and one was purely secretory.
MAST CELLS AND EOSINOPHIL GRANULOCYTES IN THE OESTROGEN-STIMULATED MOUSE UTERUS
Authors: Bergman F. , Damber M. G. , Lindén U. , Paul K. G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The numbers of mast cells and of eosinophil granulocytes in the mouse uterus have been counted under various conditions.
The mast cells increased in number during pregnancy and the elevated level persisted for at least three months. They also increased, though less, during the aging of the virgin animal. In unilateral pregnancy, mast cells of the non-pregnant side increased in number as compared to a virgin uterus. In four-parous, spayed mice 17β-oestradiol brought about no change in the number of granulated or degranulated mast cells. Eosinophil granulocytes began to increase in number only when the uterus had become fully oedematous. It is concluded that the eosinophilotaxy of the uterus is brought about by the oestrogen although not via a degranulation of the uterine mast cells.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF A NEW ACETALIC ETHER OF OESTRADIOL: 17β-(1′,4′-DIOXAN-2′-YLOXY)-OESTRA-1,3,5(10)-TRIEN-3-OL (17-DIOXANYLOESTRADIOL)
Authors: Agresta G. , Gandolfi C. , Guidobono F. , Mandelli V. , Montesanti L. , Pecile A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A compound representative of a new series of oestradiol ether derivatives (dioxanylethers and oxathianylethers) corresponding to 17β-(1′,4′-dioxan-2′-yloxy)-oestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol (DE) was studied in various biological tests for the evaluation of its oestrogenic and antifertility activities. Ethinyloestradiol (EE) was used as reference standard. The potency ratio between DE and EE in the uterotrophic response was 0.170 in the rat and 0.0195 in the mouse showing a clearcut decrease in oestrogenic activity which was also confirmed by the findings of vaginal cornification (ED50 for EE 0.32 and for DE 9.4) and dehydrogenase activity of the vaginal epithelium in the mouse (DE/EE 0.014).
A complete antifertility effect was obtained in the rats with DE in a dose of 10 μg daily though this was still not definite with EE in a dose of 30 μg. In tests on the gonadotrophin inhibiting activity the DE/EE ratio was 0.500 in parabiotic couples, 0.695 in the test on the inhibition of the weight increase of the testes in immature rats and 2.1007 in the test on the prevention of compensatory ovarian hypertrophy.
While the significant dissociation between the oestrogenic and antifertility action of DE appears of particular interest, its marked antifertility effect seems to be due to mechanism(s) other than gonadotrophin blockade.
STEROID BIOSYNTHESIS IN VITRO BY GONADAL TISSUES IN TRUE HERMAPHRODITISM
Authors: Mizutani Shutaro , Sonoda Takao , Furuyama Jun-ichi , Takemura Michio , Matsumoto Keishi 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Gonadal tissues from a patient with true hermaphroditism were homogenized and incubated both separately and in combination with [4-14C] progesterone and [7α-3H] pregnenolone as substrates.
The following metabolites were isolated and identified in the testicular portion from progesterone: 17-hydroxyprogesterone, 16α-hydroxyprogesterone, 20α-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one, androst-4-ene-3,17-dione and testosterone. In addition, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone and androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol were isolated from pregnenolone as substrate. Incubation of the ovarian portion with progesterone gave 17-hydroxyprogesterone and 16α-hydroxyprogesterone. In addition, 17-hydroxypregnenolone and small amounts of dehydroepiandrosterone were isolated from pregnenolone. In these respects, the testicular portion resembled testicular tissue and the ovarian portion resembled the ovarian tissue of normal adults.
Analysis of the products obtained suggest that this testicular tissue preferentially uses the Δ5-pregnenolone pathway rather than the Δ4-pro-gesterone pathway in its metabolic conversion to testosterone.
OESTROGEN BIOSYNTHESIS BY THE RAT OVARY IN EARLY PREGNANCY
Authors: Zmigrod A. , Lindner H. R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Ovarian homogenates or microsomes from pregnant rats were capable of aromatizing C19-steroids (testosterone or androstenedione) in the presence of NADPH to form oestrone and 17β-oestradiol; the microsomal preparation was also capable of forming these oestrogens from progesterone. The rate of oestrogen formation from either type of substrate increased during the first week of pregnancy. Aromatizing activity reached a plateau by about the fifth to sixth day after mating, at a level similar to that found in the ovaries of pro-oestrous rats. Side-chain cleaving activity continued to rise until the seventh day of pregnancy, yet remained far below that in pro-oestrous animals. Hence side-chain cleavage, rather than aromatizing activity, must limit oestrogen formation during early pregnancy. Isolated corpora lutea of pregnancy and the remainder of the ovary, consisting of involuting corpora lutea, small follicles and interstitial tissue, contributed about equally to ovarian oestrogen production from progesterone under the in vitro conditions.
Neither aromatizing nor side-chain splitting activity showed a distinct peak on the fourth day of pregnancy, the time of the putative prenidatory oestrogen surge.
REDUCTIVE PATHWAYS OF PROGESTERONE METABOLISM IN THE RAT OVARY
Authors: Zmigrod A. , Lindner H. R. , Lamprecht S. A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Progesterone underwent extensive reductive metabolism when incubated with a microsomal preparation from rat ovaries in the presence of NADPH. The major products formed were 3β-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one, 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione and 5α-pregnane-3β,20α-diol.
Newly formed corpora lutea of pregnancy were almost devoid of any microsomal A-ring reducing activity (5α-reductase and a 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) and of soluble 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. The behaviour of the A-ring reducing enzymes paralleled that of 20α-ol dehydrogenase in that their activity (i) was high during the oestrous cycle; (ii) declined between the third and seventh day of pregnancy; and (iii) increased sharply in corpora lutea of pregnancy when ergocornine – a drug blocking pituitary prolactin secretion – was given to the rats, yet remained low when prolactin and ergocornine were administered concurrently. However, the A-ring reducing activity did not show the sharp pre-partum rise exhibited by 20α-ol dehydrogenase, thus deviating from a pattern compatible with a co-ordinate control of the three enzymes involved in the metabolic inactivation of progesterone.
Contrary to a report in the literature, 5α-pregnane-3,20-dione (20 mg/rat/day) was found to be ineffective when tested for pregnancy or deciduoma supporting activity in ovariectomized rats. The microsomal reductases, if indeed operative in vivo, may restrict the availability of progesterone as an oestrogen precursor.
ASPECTS OF CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN NEWBORN INFANTS OF DIABETIC MOTHERS. I
Authors: Mølsted-Pedersen Lars 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Glucose tolerance, in terms of the K value (disappearance rate of glucose) during intravenous glucose tolerance tests, was determined in 50 infants of diabetic and 60 infants of non-diabetic mothers 1–6 hours after birth. Newborn infants of insulin-treated diabetic women had a mean K value of 2.18, infants of non-insulin-treated diabetics 1.20, and infants of non-diabetic mothers 0.99. The mean K value in infants of insulin-treated diabetic mothers was significantly higher than in the other two groups. In infants of non-insulin-treated diabetic mothers the mean K value tends to be higher than in the normal group, but the difference was not significant.
In infants of insulin-treated diabetic mothers there was a negative correlation between the K value and fasting plasma level of glucose 3 hours after birth.
Linear regression analysis of the birth weight against the K value showed a positive correlation between these quantities in the infants of normal and of non-insulin-treated diabetic mothers. In the infants of insulin-treated diabetic mothers the significant positive correlation between K value and birth weight was less marked.
The positive correlation between K value and birth weight might indicate that a growth impulse acts through the foetal glucose-insulin system. This growth impulse, present in all infants, might be caused by the maternal blood sugar level during pregnancy.