bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Associations of Adiponectin Levels With Incident Impaired Glucose Metabolism and Type 2 Diabetes in Older Men and Women
Authors: Snijder Marieke B. , Heine Robert J. , Seidell Jacob C. , Bouter Lex M. , Stehouwer Coen D.A. , Nijpels Giel , Funahashi Tohru , Matsuzawa Yuji , Shimomura Iichiro , Dekker Jacqueline M. 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE—Adiponectin is an adipose tissue–derived protein. Low levels are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes. Our objective was to investigate the prospective association between adiponectin levels and the 6.4-year risk of type 2 diabetes and of impaired glucose metabolism (IGM).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The Hoorn Study is a cohort study among Caucasians, aged 50–75 years. BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), fasting glucose, 2-h glucose, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, leptin, and adiponectin were measured at baseline. Lifestyle (alcohol intake, smoking, and physical activity) was assessed by questionnaires. After a mean follow-up of 6.4 years, glucose tolerance was assessed by a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Analyses were performed in 1,264 subjects (584 men and 680 women) without type 2 diabetes at baseline. For analyses of incident IGM, 239 subjects with IGM at baseline and/or type 2 diabetes at follow-up were excluded.
RESULTS—Age- and lifestyle-adjusted odds ratios and 95% CIs comparing highest with lowest adiponectin quartile were 0.52 (0.23–1.18) in men and 0.15 (0.06–0.39) in women for type 2 diabetes and 0.90 (0.51–1.61) and 0.28 (0.16–0.48) for IGM, respectively. The risks were only slightly reduced after adjustment for WHR and leptin as markers of (abdominal) adiposity. Adjustment for baseline fasting and postload glucose levels (potential mediators) substantially diminished these inverse associations with type 2 diabetes (0.79 [0.32–1.91] and 0.62 [0.21–1.81]) and with IGM (1.20 [0.61–2.35] and 0.48 [0.26–0.90]), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS—A high adiponectin level was strongly associated with a lower risk of IGM and type 2 diabetes, particularly in women. These results suggest that adiponectin is involved in the pathophysiology linking obesity to type 2 diabetes.
The Burden and Treatment of Diabetes in Elderly Individuals in the U.S.
Authors: Selvin Elizabeth , Coresh Josef , Brancati Frederick L. 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE—To assess the prevalence of diabetes, distinguishing between elderly individuals with diabetes diagnosed in middle age (“middle age–onset diabetes”) from elderly individuals with recently diagnosed diabetes (“elderly onset diabetes”) and to assess the burden of complications and control of cardiovascular risk factors in these groups.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We analyzed data from 2,809 elderly individuals from the 1999–2002 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross-sectional nationally representative survey of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the U.S.RESULTS—Among adults aged ≥65 years, the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes was 15.3%, representing 5.4 million individuals in the U.S. The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 6.9% or 2.4 million individuals. Elderly individuals with middle age–onset diabetes had a much greater burden of microvascular disease but have a similar burden of macrovascular disease compared with individuals with elderly onset diabetes. Elderly individuals with middle age–onset diabetes had substantially worse glycemic control (proportion of individuals with HbA1c &gt;7% = 59.9%) compared with either elderly onset (41.6%) or nonelderly individuals with diabetes (55.3%). Individuals with elderly onset diabetes were also less likely to be taking glucose-lowering medications.CONCLUSIONS—In this study, we documented a high prevalence of diabetes among elderly individuals and high rate of poor glycemic control in this population. Individuals with middle age–and elderly onset diabetes appear to represent distinct groups with differing burdens of disease and possibly differing treatment goals. Future studies of diabetes in elderly individuals may need to consider stratification based on age of diagnosis.
Does Coffee Consumption Reduce the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Individuals With Impaired Glucose?
Authors: Smith Besa , Wingard Deborah L. , Smith Tyler C. , Kritz-Silverstein Donna , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between coffee intake and incident diabetes based on an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and examine coffee habits in those with impaired glucose separately from those with normal glucose at baseline.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In this prospective study, 910 adults aged ≥50 years without diabetes at baseline in 1984–1987 were followed to 1992–1996, an average of 8 years after assessment of coffee intake. Logistic regression models were adjusted for sex, age, physical activity, BMI, smoking, alcohol, hypertension, and baseline fasting plasma glucose.
RESULTS—Past and current coffee drinkers had a reduced risk of incident diabetes (odds ratio 0.38 [95% CI 0.17–0.87] and 0.36 [0.19–0.68], respectively) compared with those who never drank coffee. The 317 participants with baseline impaired glucose who were past or current coffee drinkers were also at reduced risk for incident diabetes (0.31 [0.11–0.87] and 0.36 [0.16–0.83], respectively).
CONCLUSIONS—This study confirms a striking protective effect of caffeinated coffee against incident diabetes and extends these findings to incident diabetes based on OGTT independent of multiple plausible confounders.
Oral Treatment With α-Lipoic Acid Improves Symptomatic Diabetic Polyneuropathy
Authors: Ziegler Dan , Ametov Alexander , Barinov Alexey , Dyck Peter J. , Gurieva Irina , Low Phillip A. , Munzel Ullrich , Yakhno Nikolai , Raz Itamar , Novosadova Maria , Maus Joachim , Samigullin Rustem 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE—The aim of this trial was to evaluate the effects of α-lipoic acid (ALA) on positive sensory symptoms and neuropathic deficits in diabetic patients with distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In this multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 181 diabetic patients in Russia and Israel received once-daily oral doses of 600 mg (n = 45) (ALA600), 1,200 mg (n = 47) (ALA1200), and 1,800 mg (ALA1800) of ALA (n = 46) or placebo (n = 43) for 5 weeks after a 1-week placebo run-in period. The primary outcome measure was the change from baseline of the Total Symptom Score (TSS), including stabbing pain, burning pain, paresthesia, and asleep numbness of the feet. Secondary end points included individual symptoms of TSS, Neuropathy Symptoms and Change (NSC) score, Neuropathy Impairment Score (NIS), and patients’ global assessment of efficacy.
RESULTS—Mean TSS did not differ significantly at baseline among the treatment groups and on average decreased by 4.9 points (51%) in ALA600, 4.5 (48%) in ALA1200, and 4.7 (52%) in ALA1800 compared with 2.9 points (32%) in the placebo group (all P &lt; 0.05 vs. placebo). The corresponding response rates (≥50% reduction in TSS) were 62, 50, 56, and 26%, respectively. Significant improvements favoring all three ALA groups were also noted for stabbing and burning pain, the NSC score, and the patients’ global assessment of efficacy. The NIS was numerically reduced. Safety analysis showed a dose-dependent increase in nausea, vomiting, and vertigo.
CONCLUSIONS—Oral treatment with ALA for 5 weeks improved neuropathic symptoms and deficits in patients with DSP. An oral dose of 600 mg once daily appears to provide the optimum risk-to-benefit ratio.
Obese Women and the Relation Between Cardiovascular Risk Profile and Hormone Therapy, Glucose Tolerance, and Psychosocial Conditions
Authors: Lidfeldt Jonas , Samsioe Göran , Agardh Carl-David 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE— To evaluate the relation between cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and hormone therapy, serum hormone levels, glucose tolerance, and psychosocial and psychological conditions in subjectively healthy obese female subjects.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— The study included 606 women, aged 50–64 years, with BMI 30–40 kg/m2 and no history of cardiovascular or other severe diseases. One group with a CVD risk profile (n = 473) (i.e., cholesterol &gt;7.0 mmol/l, HDL cholesterol &lt;1.2 mmol/l, triglycerides &gt;2.0 mmol/l, systolic or diastolic blood pressure &gt;140/90 mmHg, or waist-to-hip ratio &gt;0.85) was compared with women without such risk (n = 133). Steroid hormones, leptin, insulin, and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were analyzed. A subgroup of women with baseline impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) completed a 2.5-year follow-up OGTT.
RESULTS— Fewer obese postmenopausal women with CVD risk had ever used hormone therapy (odds ratio 0.24 [95% CI 0.07–0.75]), after multivariate adjustments. Furthermore, women with CVD risk had a higher testosterone index (1.07 [1.01–1.13]) and more had insulin resistance (1.04 [1.00–1.08]) and IGT (2.92 [1.50–5.69]), while OGTT was similar at follow-up. No differences were observed regarding family history or lifestyle, except that fewer women with CVD risk consumed fruits, boiled vegetables, or whole-grain cereals. More women with CVD risk lived alone (3.26 [1.28–8.31]) and had more mental problems (1.16 [1.05–1.28]).
CONCLUSIONS— Previously healthy obese women with a CVD risk profile seemed to have a high risk of diabetes, as well as psychosocial or psychological problems. Hormone therapy was associated with reduced CVD risk. Obesity’s growing burden on society makes it more important to further target individuals that are at greatest risk of future health hazards.
Treatment of Onychomycosis in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Winston Jason A. , Miller Jami L. 
Published: October 2006

IN BRIEFOnychomycosis is more common in diabetic than nondiabetic patients. It is more than a cosmetic problem, and diabetic patients have a greater risk of serious complications from the disease, including limb amputations. This article reviews the various diagnostic and therapeutic options available for onychomycosis with an emphasis on their roles in diabetic patients.
Imputation
Authors: Cook Samantha R. , Rubin Donald B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMissing data are a common problem with datasets in clinical trials. Imputation, or filling in the missing values, is an intuitive and flexible way to handle incomplete data. Here the authors present several imputation strategies and their theoretical background, as well as some current examples and advice on computation. Multiple imputation is a statistically valid strategy for handling missing data.
Allocation Concealment
Authors: Schulz Kenneth F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAllocation concealment, as an integral part of randomization, implements an allocation sequence. Inadequate allocation concealment can lead to exaggerated estimates of treatment effect, but with scope for bias in both directions. Without adequate allocation concealment, even proper random assignment sequences can be subverted. Investigators must recognize the inquisitiveness and ingeniousness of human nature and “immunize” trials against selection and confounding biases with proper allocation concealment.
Combination Therapy
Authors: Darbyshire Janet 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Combination therapy regimens most commonly combine two or more drugs which have additive or synergistic action to treat a disease more effectively, frequently infections or cancer, with the aim of producing more effective regimens and preventing the emergence of resistance of the micro‐organism or the tumour to the drugs. However combinations of drugs are widely used to treat many other diseases such as hypertension, asthma, diabetes and arthritis. Combinations of drugs and other modalities, such as surgery or radiotherapy, are also used in certain disease areas, such as cancer.
Obsessive‐compulsive disorder is not a clinical manifestation of the DYT1 dystonia gene
Authors: Heiman Gary A. , Ottman Ruth , Saunders‐Pullman Rachel J. , Ozelius Laurie J. , Risch Neil J. , Bressman Susan B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPrior studies suggest that obsessive‐compulsive symptoms (OCS) and disorder (OCD) are co‐morbid with dystonia. We tested if OCS/OCD is a clinical manifestation of the DYT1 dystonia mutation by interviewing members of families with an identified DYT1 mutation, and classifying by manifesting carriers (MC), non‐manifesting carriers (NMC), and non‐carriers (NC). We found that OCD/OCS are not increased in DYT1 mutation carriers compared with NC, nor is OCD associated with manifesting DYT1 dystonia. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uncertainty inBRCA1cancer susceptibility testing
Authors: Baty Bonnie J. , Dudley William N. , Musters Adrian , Kinney Anita Y. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study investigated uncertainty in individuals undergoing genetic counseling/testing for breast/ovarian cancer susceptibility. Sixty‐three individuals from a single kindred with a knownBRCA1mutation rated uncertainty about 12 items on a five‐point Likert scale before and 1 month after genetic counseling/testing. Factor analysis identified a five‐item total uncertainty scale that was sensitive to changes before and after testing. The items in the scale were related to uncertainty about obtaining health care, positive changes after testing, and coping well with results. The majority of participants (76%) rated reducing uncertainty as an important reason for genetic testing. The importance of reducing uncertainty was stable across time and unrelated to anxiety or demographics. Yet, at baseline, total uncertainty was low and decreased after genetic counseling/testing (P = 0.004). Analysis of individual items showed that after genetic counseling/testing, there waslessuncertainty about the participant detecting cancer early (P = 0.005) and coping well with their result (P < 0.001). Our findings support the importance to clients of genetic counseling/testing as a means of reducing uncertainty. Testing may help clients to reduce the uncertainty about items they can control, and it may be important to differentiate the sources of uncertainty that are more or less controllable. Genetic counselors can help clients by providing anticipatory guidance about the role of uncertainty in genetic testing. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic resonance imaging profiles predict clinical response to early reperfusion: The diffusion and perfusion imaging evaluation for understanding stroke evolution (DEFUSE) study
Authors: Albers Gregory W. , Thijs Vincent N. , Wechsler Lawrence , Kemp Stephanie , Schlaug Gottfried , Skalabrin Elaine , Bammer Roland , Kakuda Wataru , Lansberg Maarten G. , Shuaib Ashfaq , Coplin William , Hamilton Scott , Moseley Michael , Marks Michael P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether prespecified baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) profiles can identify stroke patients who have a robust clinical response after early reperfusion when treated 3 to 6 hours after symptom onset.MethodsWe conducted a prospective, multicenter study of 74 consecutive stroke patients admitted to academic stroke centers in North America and Europe. An MRI scan was obtained immediately before and 3 to 6 hours after treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator 3 to 6 hours after symptom onset. Baseline MRI profiles were used to categorize patients into subgroups, and clinical responses were compared based on whether early reperfusion was achieved.ResultsEarly reperfusion was associated with significantly increased odds of achieving a favorable clinical response in patients with a perfusion/diffusion mismatch (odds ratio, 5.4; p = 0.039) and an even more favorable response in patients with the Target Mismatch profile (odds ratio, 8.7; p = 0.011). Patients with the No Mismatch profile did not appear to benefit from early reperfusion. Early reperfusion was associated with fatal intracranial hemorrhage in patients with the Malignant profile.InterpretationFor stroke patients treated 3 to 6 hours after onset, baseline MRI findings can identify subgroups that are likely to benefit from reperfusion therapies and can potentially identify subgroups that are unlikely to benefit or may be harmed. Ann Neurol 2006
Regio‐ and stereo‐selectivity in the silylation of 2,6‐diethyl‐3,4,7,8‐tetramethyl‐1,5‐dihydro‐s‐indacene
Authors: Dahrouch M. , Burgos F. , Castel A. , Chavez I. , Gornitzka H. , Manriquez J. M. , Rivière P. , Rivière‐Baudet M. , Alvarez J. , Onyszchuk M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDisilylation of 2,6‐diethyl‐3,4,7,8‐tetramethyl‐1,5‐dihydro‐s‐indacene is regioselective and stereoselective. The stereoselectivity was modified by changing the experimental conditions, allowing an understanding of the reaction mechanism. The structure of the ‘meso’ diastereoisomer was established by X‐ray diffraction. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boryl‐substituted 1‐silacyclobutenes. Formation and molecular structure
Authors: Wrackmeyer Bernd , Khan Ezzat , Kempe Rhett 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe 1,2‐hydroboration of the chloro(hexyn‐1‐yl)‐ (1a) and chloro(phenylethyn‐1‐yl)diphenylsilanes (1b) with 9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane afforded selectively the alkenylsilanes 2a, b, in which the boryl and the silyl groups are linked to the same olefinic carbon atom. In case of 2a, treatment with phenylethynyl lithium gave a mixture of the alkyn‐1‐ylborate 3a and the alkenyl(phenylethynyl)diphenylsilanes 4a. In the case of 2b, only the alkyn‐1‐ylsilane 4b was identified as an intermediate. Both 4a, b slowly rearranged by intramolecular 1,1‐vinylboration into the silacyclobutenes 5a, b. The intermediates were characterized by 1H, 11B, 13C and 29Si NMR spectroscopy in solution, and the molecular structure of the 1‐silacyclobutene 5a was determined by X‐ray analysis. The gas phase geometries of model molecules corresponding to 5a were optimized by MO calculations using DFT methods [B3LYP/6‐311 + G(d,p) level of theory], found to be in reasonable agreement with the results of the crystal structure determination, and NMR parameters were calculated at the same level of theory. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and morphology study of microporous poly(HEMA–MMA) particles
Authors: Fang Dongyu , Pan Qinmin , Rempel Garry L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPorous poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐methyl methacrylate) particles crosslinked with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were synthesized by free‐radical suspension copolymerization in an aqueous phase initiated by an oil‐soluble initiator, 2,2‐azobisisobutyronitrile. 1‐octanol was used as a pore forming agent (porogen). The porous structures, the particle morphology, and the swelling capacity of the resultant polymer in water at room temperature were studied at different crosslink densities and under various porogen concentrations. The analysis via Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) indicated that permanent pores remained in the dried polymeric particles prepared in the presence of the porogen at certain crosslink densities. According to the studies via the SEM pictures and the pore size distributions, higher porogen concentration promotes the formation of more pores, and higher crosslink density results in narrower pore size distribution. The swelling capacity of the particles in water at room temperature decreases with an increase in the crosslink density, and the existence of the highly porous structures enhances the swelling capacity of the porous particles of poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐methyl methacrylate). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 707–715, 2007
Microbial synthesis of ethyl (R)‐4,4,4‐trifluoro‐3‐hydroxybutanoate by asymmetric reduction of ethyl 4,4,4‐trifluoroacetoacetate in an aqueous‐organic solvent biphasic system
Authors: He Junyao , Mao Xudong , Sun Zhihao , Zheng Pu , Ni Ye , Xu Yan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this study, whole cells of Saccharomyces uvarum SW‐58 were applied in an aqueous‐organic solvent biphasic system for the asymmetric reduction of ethyl 4,4,4‐trifluoroacetoacetate to ethyl (R)‐4,4,4‐trifluoro‐3‐hydroxybutanoate [(R)‐2]. The results of reduction in different aqueous‐organic solvent biphasic systems showed that dibutylphthalate provided the best compromise between the biocompatibility and the partition of substrate and product among the solvents tested. To optimize the reaction, several factors such as reaction pH, temperature, shaking speed, volume ratio of the aqueous phase to the organic phase and ratio of biomass/substrate were investigated. It was found that the change of these factors obviously influenced the conversion and initial reaction rate, and had a minor effect on the enatiomeric excess of the product. Under the optimal conditions, 85.0% of conversion and 85.2% of enatiomeric excess were achieved. The bioconversion in the biphasic system was more efficient compared with that in the monophasic aqueous system, and product concentration as high as 54.6 g/L was reached in the organic phase without addition of co‐enzyme.
Challenging the stigma of sex work in India: material context and symbolic change
Authors: Cornish Flora 
Published: October 2006

AbstractStigmatization and discrimination against social groups raise obstacles to the participation of their members in community interventions. Internalized stigma and a lack of empowering experiences promote fatalistic expectations that little can be achieved. This paper discusses how the Sonagachi Project in Kolkata, India, challenges stigma as part of its community development and health promotion efforts with sex workers, drawing on interviews with 19 sex workers involved in the Project and one group discussion among the Project's leaders. The internalized stigma of prostitution is challenged (1) by asserting that sex workers have rights which should be respected, (2) by claiming equivalence to other oppressed but politically successful groups and (3) by providing evidence of sex workers' positive achievements. These arguments are made plausible to sex workers by a material context that provides evidence and experience of the possibility of change. I conclude that interventions designed to problematize stigma and discrimination should back up the conceptual alternatives that they present by producing concrete changes to a community's living conditions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a sustainable theory of health‐related stigma: lessons from the HIV/AIDS literature
Authors: Deacon Harriet 
Published: October 2006

AbstractStigma has been identified as a major barrier to health care and quality of life in illness management. But unfortunately there is no common theoretical perspective on stigma. We need a sustainable theory of health‐related stigma. This would start with a coherent definition of stigma that brings together both individual and social dimensions of this complex phenomenon. It would reassesses the existence of ‘types’ of stigma and explain how stigma relates to disadvantage. A sustainable theory would help researchers to move from theory into practice: to develop a comprehensive measurement tool for stigma and related disadvantage, and inform design, monitoring and evaluation of anti‐stigma interventions. This paper draws on two recent literature reviews on HIV/AIDS stigma to introduce several key issues in developing a sustainable theory of stigma. We suggest limiting the definition of stigma to the process of othering, blaming and shaming (often called symbolic stigma). We argue that there is value in analytically separating stigma from discrimination in order to better understand the relationship between them. We also suggest the need to understand discrimination caused by stigma as only one element of stigma‐related disadvantage. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.