bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THÉÂTRE ET RELIGION DANS LA SECONDE MOITIÉ DU XVI
E
SIÈCLE (1550–1610)
Authors: Mazouer Charles 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Cet article examine la question capitale, pour le théâtre français ancien, des rapports entre le théâtre et la religion, laquelle a favorisé et vu naître au sein de sa liturgie le théâtre occidental au Moyen Âge. Jusqu'en 1550, l'Église aide évidemment la représentation des mystères, théâtre religieux par excellence, et supporte plus ou moins bien le développement d'un théâtre profane. Les choses changent avec la Renaissance et l'apparition de genres nouveaux. Dans la comédie humaniste, la religion est fort présente parmi les autres réalités de la vie du temps portées sur la scène et les pièces sont loin d'être anticléricales; mais la conduite morale des personnages ne correspond guère aux commandements de l'Église, du moins jusqu'au dénouement qui fait triompher le conformisme moral plus que vraiment l'ordre religieux. Quant à la tragédie humaniste, avec ses sujets antiques (mythologiques ou historiques) et ses sujets bibliques, elle n'échappe pas toujours aux contradictions entre une pensée antique (la philosophie antique des tragédies grecques avec leur transcendance méchante), comme amenée par la forme imitée, et une théologie authentiquement chrétienne. Un Jean de La Taille ou un Monchrestien illustrent parfaitement cette difficulté, qui n'est autre que le grand problème culturel et philosophique de la Renaissance: comment faire cohabiter ensemble l'univers tragique des Anciens et les convictions chrétiennes des Modernes?
IMPROVISING VIRTUE: PERFORMATIVE MORALITY IN MOISSY'S
THÉÂTRE D'ÉDUCATION
Authors: Brown Penny 
Published: August 2006

Abstract

In
Les Jeux de la petite Thalie, ou petits drames, dialogués sur des proverbes
(1769), Alexandre-Guillaume Mouslier de Moissy appropriated the
proverbe dramatique
, a popular pastime in eighteenth-century drawing-rooms, for pedagogical use with the young. This was the first volume in an ambitious three-volume work offering short dramatic pieces for all the different stages in life. Far less well known than the later
théâtre d'éducation
of Mme de Genlis and Berquin, Moissy's project of moral instruction through performance in
Les Jeux de la petite Thalie
was typical of the genre in its portrayal of character flaws and transgressive behaviour, but it was also innovative in that it offered the participants opportunities for improvisation, albeit well-controlled, marked by ‘Impromptu’ passages in the text. Moissy's recommendation was that the young ‘actors’ should be chosen for their resemblance to the role, so that they were playing themselves in scenarios that ultimately forced them to recognize and acknowledge their faults. This paper draws on modern theories of improvisation in drama to assess Moissy's implementation of his didactic agenda and the implications of involvement for the young participants in performances that were, in effect, rehearsals for their future in society in which the correct fulfilment of their role and the ability to improvise in word and deed from a basic moral script would be essential skills.
FIRE, SACRIFICE,
IPHIGÉNIE
Authors: Wygant Amy 
Published: August 2006

Abstract

Gluck's
Iphigénie en Aulide
(1774), his first opera written for the French stage, never settled on an ending. In order to analyse the historical conditions of this musical reluctance, this argument reads the opera's literary source, Jean Racine's
Iphigénie
, developing a three-fold link: to the fireworks that followed the first performance of Racine's tragedy in 1674 in the garden of Versailles, to the discovery in 1774 by Joseph Priestley of oxygen and related developments in the poetics of fire, and to changes in the political culture of sacrifice and so necessarily in the ends of tragedy. Racine's cosmic storm around a sacrificial pyre that auto-ignites, the self-immolation of the monarch created by the garden festival, and this opera which now ends with a chorus of soldier-workers crowned as kings all point to music's fabled ability to predict and determine the political, a danger recognized by governments from the Greek city-state to the present. In the course of a revolution that had been precisely figured in Gluck's music, Iphigénie the victim becomes the young queen who had been Gluck's singing pupil in Vienna, Marie-Antoinette.
Cochleosaccular Dysplasia Associated With a Connexin 26 Mutation in Keratitis–Ichthyosis–Deafness Syndrome
Authors: Griffith Andrew J. , Yang Yandan , Pryor Shannon P. , Park Hong‐Joon , Jabs Ethylin Wang , Nadol Joseph B. , Russell Laura J. , Wasserman Daniel I. , Richard Gabriele , Adams Joe C. , Merchant Saumil N. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to characterize the temporal bone phenotype associated with a mutation of GJB2 (encoding connexin 26).Study Design: The authors conducted correlative clinical, molecular genetic, and postmortem histopathologic analysis.Methods: The study subject was a male infant with keratitis–ichthyosis–deafness (KID) syndrome. We performed a nucleotide sequence analysis of GJB2 and a histopathologic analysis of the temporal bones.Results: The subject was heterozygous for G45E, a previously reported KID syndrome mutation of GJB2. The primary inner ear abnormality was dysplasia of the cochlear and saccular neuroepithelium.Conclusions: GJB2 mutations can cause deafness in KID syndrome, and possibly in other GJB2 mutant phenotypes, by disrupting cochlear differentiation.
STI‐571 (Gleevec) Potentiates the Effect of Cisplatin in Inhibiting the Proliferation of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Vitro
Authors: Wang‐Rodriguez Jessica , Lopez Jay Patrick , Altuna Xabier , Chu Theresa S. , Weisman Robert A. , Ongkeko Weg M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to determine whether STI‐571 (Gleevec; imatinib mesylate) could sensitize established head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines to the effects of cisplatin.Methods: Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence were used to examine the expression of the tyrosine kinases that are known targets of Gleevec, including c‐kit, c‐Abl, and platelet‐derived growth factor receptor, on the cell lines, and immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the expression of these kinases in human HNSCC tissue. Once these targets were confirmed, clonogenic cell survival assays were performed to determine the effect STI‐571 had on growth and proliferation when used in combination with cisplatin compared with STI‐571 alone or cisplatin alone. Cells were incubated with a range of doses of STI‐571 24 hours before the addition of cisplatin. Flow cytometry analysis was performed to determine cell‐cycle distribution and to measure apoptosis caused by the various treatments. An annexin V assay was also used to further measure apoptosis.Results: Our results indicate that STI‐571 potentiates the effect of cisplatin and leads to a significant decrease in cell proliferation and colony formation compared with cisplatin alone in a dose‐dependent fashion. Surprisingly, there was a slight decrease in the level of apoptosis when Gleevec was used in combination with cisplatin compared with cisplatin alone. Gleevec alone resulted in a slight increase in G1 phase of the cell cycle, whereas cisplatin alone resulted in a G2 arrest. The addition of Gleevec to cisplatin resulted in an enhanced S/G2 phase accumulation. Although we did not demonstrate an increase in cisplatin‐induced cell death, we postulate that the increased S/G2 arrest resulting from the DNA damage in the presence of Gleevec results in decreased proliferation of HNSCC, resulting in a net decrease in colony formation.Conclusions: The small molecule inhibitor Gleevec, which targets specific tyrosine kinases that are expressed in HNSCC, can significantly potentiate the antiproliferative effects of cisplatin. Because Gleevec alone has minimal side effects, treatment with the combination treatment of cisplatin and Gleevec may result in increased efficacy of cisplatin in treating this cancer. Additional studies are warranted, keeping in mind that drug combinations may result in unexpected toxicities that are not frequently seen with either drug alone.
Detection of Osteoprotegerin and TNF‐alpha mRNA in Ankylotic Stapes Footplates in Connection With Measles Virus Positivity
Authors: Karosi Tamás , Jókay István , Kónya József , Szabó László Z. , Pytel József , Jóri József , Szalmás Anita , Sziklai István 
Published: August 2006

AbstractHypothesis: Otosclerosis is a bone remodeling disorder of the otic capsule causing conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Persistent measles virus infection of the temporal bone with increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐alpha and decreased osteoprotegerin mRNA expression is supposed to be the main etiologic factor in otosclerosis.Background: Determinants of measles virus infection and reactive inflammation were studied in otosclerosis. The presence of measles virus was shown in otosclerotic patients by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) amplification of the viral RNA. No report is available, however, about the role and interactions of bone‐specific cytokines in otosclerosis.Methods: Nucleic acid was extracted from stapes footplates of clinically otosclerotic patients. Measles virus nucleoprotein RNA was amplified by seminested RT‐PCR. TNF‐alpha and osteoprotegerin mRNA coexpression was detected by RT‐PCR in otosclerotic bone and was correlated to measles virus positivity.Results: Among 154 clinically stapes fixation otosclerotic patients, 99 stapedes contained measles virus RNA. TNF‐alpha mRNA was detectable in 88 virus‐positive and in 6 virus‐negative stapes footplates. Osteoprotegerin mRNA expression was significantly lower in the TNF‐alpha‐positive specimens (P < .0001) that was independent from virus positivity.Conclusion: Detection of TNF‐alpha mRNA demonstrates activated osteoclast functions and inflammatory pathways in otosclerotic stapes footplates associated with measles virus presence. Increased expression of TNF‐alpha and its action on RANK production inhibits the protective functions of osteoprotegerin on normal bone turnover in the otic capsule.
Massive Enlargement of the Nasolacrimal Canal Causing Epiphora and Chronic Maxillary Sinusitis
Authors: Schloegel Luke , Sindwani Raj 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjectives: Enlargement of the nasolacrimal canal (NLC) is a rare anatomic variant. We present the first report of a massively dilated NLC causing epiphora and chronic sinusitis.Methods: The authors conducted a literature review and case report.Results: A 65‐year‐old man with refractory sinonasal symptoms and a remote history of a dacryocystorhinostomy was found to have a massively dilated, air‐filled NLC. Using a combined endoscopic transnasal and endoscope‐assisted Caldwell‐Luc approach, the posterolateral wall of the NLC was removed. The patient's symptoms were improved 10 months postoperatively.Conclusions: Symptoms suggestive of nasolacrimal dysfunction should prompt a search for potential sinonasal pathology.
Coblation versus Unipolar Electrocautery Tonsillectomy: A Prospective, Randomized, Single‐Blind Study in Adult Patients
Authors: Noordzij J Pieter , Affleck Brian D. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjectives: To determine if the coblation tonsillectomy (subcapsular dissection) results in less postoperative pain, equivalent intraoperative blood loss, equivalent postoperative hemorrhage rates, and faster healing compared with tonsillectomy was performed using unipolar electrocautery in adult patients.Study Design: The authors conducted a prospective clinical trial.Methods: Forty‐eight patients underwent tonsillectomy and were randomly assigned to have one tonsil removed with coblation and the other with unipolar electrocautery. Outcome measures included time to remove each tonsil, intraoperative blood loss, patient‐reported pain, postoperative hemorrhage, and amount of healing 2 weeks after surgery.Results: Mean time to remove a single tonsil with coblation and electrocautery was 8.22 minutes and 6.33 minutes, respectively (P = .011). Mean intraoperative blood loss for each technique was less than 10 mL. Postoperative pain was significantly less with coblation as compared with electrocautery: 18.6% less painful during the first week of recovery. Seventy percent of blinded patients identified the coblation side as less painful during the overall 14‐day convalescent period. Postoperative hemorrhage rates (2.1% for coblation and 6.2% for electrocautery) were not significantly different. No difference in tonsillar fossa healing was observed between the two techniques 2 weeks after surgery. During nine of the 48 surgeries, wires on the tip of the coblation handpiece experienced thinning to the point of discontinuity while removing a single tonsil.Conclusions: Coblation subcapsular tonsillectomy was less painful than electrocautery tonsillectomy in this 48‐patient group. On average, intraoperative blood loss was less than 10 mL for both techniques. Postoperative hemorrhage rates and the degree of tonsillar fossa healing were similar between the two techniques. The coblation handpiece experienced degradation of vital wires in 18% of cases necessitating the use of a second, new handpiece.
In Vivo and In Vitro Characterization of Bone Marrow‐Derived Stem Cells in the Cochlea
Authors: Matsuoka Akihiro J. , Kondo Takako , Miyamoto Richard T. , Hashino Eri 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Stem cell replacement therapy has the potential to treat or cure an array of degenerative neurologic disorders, including sensorineural deafness. However, little is known about the potential for marrow‐derived stem cells (MSCs) to take on properties of spiral ganglion neurons. The main purpose of this prospective animal study was to evaluate the survival of MSCs transplanted into the gerbil cochlea.Methods: Eight 3‐ to 4‐month‐old Mongolian gerbils were used as recipients. The animals received an intraperilymphatic transplantation of 100,000 green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐positive MSCs with scala tympani injection and modiolar injection. Seven days after transplantation, MSC survival was evaluated by microscopic examination of frozen sections cut through the cochleae of the recipient animals.Results: MSCs isolated from the TgN (ACTbEGFP) mouse line used in this study exhibited bright green florescence after five to seven passages in vitro. Seven days after postoperatively, most transplanted MSCs were found in the scala tympani and scala vestibule and only a small number located in the scala media in animals that received both forms of injection. There were no GFP‐positive MSCs in the modiolus in animals with scala tympani injection. In contrast, the mean profile count in animals with modiolar injection was 28, which was the highest in all regions. Although MSCs have the potential to migrate, the anatomic barrier between the perilymphatic space and the modiolus might account for the absence of GFP‐positive MSCs in this region.Conclusion: These findings may have important clinical implications as a means of delivering MSCs in the cochlea for cell replacement therapy.
Transoral Robotic Surgery (TORS) for Base of Tongue Neoplasms
Authors: O'Malley Bert W. , Weinstein Gregory S. , Snyder Wendy , Hockstein Neil G. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjective: To develop a minimally invasive surgical technique for the treatment of base of tongue neoplasms using the optical and technical advantages of robotic surgical instrumentation.Study Design: Ten experimental procedures including tongue base exposure and dissections were performed on three cadavers and two mongrel dogs. Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) was then performed on three human patients with tongue base cancers in a prospective human trial.Methods: Using the da Vinci Surgical Robot (Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA), we performed a total of 10 base of tongue resections on edentulous and dentate cadavers as well as live mongrel dogs. In the cadaver models, exposure was evaluated using three different retractors, the Dingman, Crowe Davis, and FK retractors. The three human patients underwent TORS surgery of their tongue base cancers under an institutional review board approved prospective clinical trial. The ability to identify and preserve or resect key anatomic structures such as the glossopharyngeal, hypoglossal, and lingual nerves as well as techniques for identifying the lingual artery and achieving hemostasis were developed.Results: The da Vinci Surgical Robot provided excellent visualization and enabled removal of the posterior one third to one half of the oral tongue in cadavers, dogs, and human patients. Among the three retractors evaluated, the FK retractor offered the greatest versatility and overall exposure for robotic instrument maneuverability. Complete resection to negative surgical margins with excellent hemostasis and no complications was achieved in the live patient surgeries.Conclusions: TORS provided excellent three‐dimensional visualization and instrument access that allowed successful surgical resections from cadaver models to human patients. TORS is a novel and minimally invasive approach to tongue neoplasms that has significant advantages over classic open surgery or endoscopic transoral laser surgery.
Advanced Stage of Head and Neck Cancer at a Tertiary‐Care County Hospital
Authors: Patel Urjeet A. , Lynn‐Macrae Alastair , Rosen Fred , Holloway Nathaniel , Kern Robert 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackground: Public hospitals provide health care for uninsured and medically underserved patients in large metropolitan areas. Outcomes for head and neck cancer patients within this population are perceived as being worse than outcomes for the general population, perhaps because of advanced stage at presentation.Objective: This study assesses the initial cancer stage in patients with head and neck carcinoma presenting to an urban tertiary‐care county hospital compared with data for the general population.Study Design: Prospective study of 209 consecutive patients newly diagnosed with head and neck cancer by the Division of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery from October 2003 to April 2005.Methods: Clinical and pathologic data were obtained as patients presented and underwent treatment. Demographic data were obtained retrospectively. Staging analysis was performed on 186 patients with squamous cell carcinoma. Normative data were obtained from the National Cancer Database.Results: The mean age was 55, with a 4:1 male to female ratio. Over 95% of patients reported being unemployed. The racial composition was white 27%, African American 52%, Hispanic 11%, Asian 7%, and 3% “other.” Staging revealed that 68% of patients were stage IV, and 85% would be considered “advanced” disease (stage III/IV). This is significantly worse than what national data demonstrates, where only 39% are stage IV, and 55% have advanced stage of disease at presentation.Conclusion: Although the perceived poor outcome of uninsured and underserved cancer patients is multifactorial, advanced stage at presentation is a critical factor. These statistics demonstrate the need for increased patient education and screening for this underserved population as an initial step to improve outcome.
Sphenopalatine Endoscopic Ganglion Block: A Revision of a Traditional Technique for Cluster Headache
Authors: Felisati Giovanni , Arnone Flavio , Lozza Paolo , Leone Massimo , Curone Marcella , Bussone Gennaro 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe diagnosis of chronic cluster headache (CH), the most painful form of headache, is based on typical clinical features characterized by strictly unilateral pain with no side shift and ipsilateral oculofacial autonomic phenomena. The attacks occur several times a day for periods of 1 to 2 months in the episodic form of the disease or less frequently on a daily basis in the chronic form. The pathogenesis of CH involves the activation of parasympathetic nerve structures located within the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG), which explains many of the associated symptoms, whereas the activation of the ipsilateral hypothalamic gray matter may explain its typical circadian and circannual periodicity. A number of surgical approaches have been tried in cases of chronic CH resistant to pharmacologic therapy, of which SPG blockade has been shown to have certain efficacy. We have adopted a new technique based on endoscopic ganglion blockade that approaches the pterigo‐palatine fossa by way of the lateral nasal wall and consists of the injection of a mixture of local anesthetics and corticosteroids, which was performed in 20 selected patients with chronic CH, according to the International Headache Society criteria (18 male, 2 female; mean age 40 yr), who were selected for SPG blockade because they were totally drug resistant. The symptoms improved significantly, but always only temporarily, in 11 cases. These results should be considered rather good because, unlike other frequently used techniques, SPG blockade is not invasive and should therefore always be attempted before submitting patients to more invasive surgical approaches.
Three‐Dimensional Fluid‐Attenuated Inversion Recovery Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Patients with Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Sugiura Makoto , Naganawa Shinji , Teranishi Masaaki , Nakashima Tsutomu 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the inner ear in sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) using three‐dimensional fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (3D‐FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3 Tesla (T).Background:3D‐FLAIR MRI has recently been developed to detect high concentrations of protein or hemorrhage. Application of this method to sudden SNHL has not been described.Methods:We used 3D‐FLAIR at 3 T with and without gadolinium enhancement to evaluate eight patients with sudden SNHL.Results:In four of eight ears with idiopathic sudden SNHL, high precontrast signals were observed within the inner ear on 3D‐FLAIR. The high‐signal areas observed on 3D‐FLAIR were not detected by T1‐ or T2‐weighted MRI in any of these patients. In one of these four ears, significant gadolinium enhancement was observed on 3D‐FLAIR.Conclusion:Half the patients with sudden SNHL examined had high signals in the SNHL‐affected ear on 3D‐FLAIR at 3 T. High precontrast signals in the inner‐ear fluid space may reflect minor hemorrhage, or an increased concentration of protein that had passed through blood vessels with increased permeability, or had originated from disrupted cells in the inner ear. Gadolinium enhancement in one ear suggested the breakdown of the blood–labyrinth barrier. 3D‐FLAIR MRI should contribute markedly to the elucidation of pathologic conditions in the inner ears of patients with idiopathic sudden SNHL.