bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in automated lipid analysis
Authors: Levine Jacob B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews some of the recent developments in automated instrumentation which apply to the determination of chemically significant blood lipids such as cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids. Many complex lipid determinations can be performed on the continuous flow system of Skeggs following simple preliminary extraction.This system, commercially available as the AutoAnalyzer is composed of modules which are capable of extraction, digestion and hydrolysis. Analytical endpoints can be determined by colorimetry or fluorometry with automatic recording of results.
Oxazoline polyester coating resins
Authors: deJarlais W. J. , Gast L. E. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOxazoline polyester resins were prepared by reaction of oxazoline diols from linseed acids and tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane with each of five dibasic acids (adipic, dimer, fumaric, itaconic and maleic). Certain resins were dissolved in isopropyl alcohol to give solutions infinitely water dilutable when the free carboxyl was neutralized with an amine. Film properties of resins cast on steel plates were investigated. Drying characteristics, hardness, color stability and solvent resistance of some of these films equaled or excelled those of a commercial soy alkyd resin, although their initial color was darker. The resins prepared from itaconic and maleic acids have potential value as water‐solubilizable coating vehicles.
Volatile compounds produced by irradiation of butterfat
Authors: Merritt Charles , Forss D. A. , Angelini Pio , Bazinet M. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAnhydrous butterfat was irradiated at 6 megarads in a special glass reaction flask, and the headspace and total condensate samples were examined by wide‐range (‐180C to 125C) gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The nature and amounts of volatile compounds were not greatly influenced by whether the butterfat was irradiated under oxygen or under vacuum, nor (apart fromn‐alkanoic acids) by storage for 1 and 9 weeks.Carbon dioxide was produced in greatest amount. Of the remaining compounds, aliphatic hydrocarbons predominated both in number and amount. Aliphatic oxygenated compounds including carbonyl compounds were isolated in relatively small amounts. The following compounds were identified positively: C1‐13n‐alkanes; C4‐9 2‐methylalkanes; C2‐14 alk‐l‐enes; C2‐9 alk‐l‐ynes; C2‐5n‐alkanoic acids; C1‐5n‐alkan‐l‐ols and propan‐2‐ol; C2‐8n‐alkanals and 2‐methylbut‐2‐enal; C3‐5,7 alkan‐2‐ones; C1‐4n‐alkyl formates, vinyl and isoamyl formate, methyl acetate and methyln‐hexanoate; and carbon dioxide.
The geometric isomers of conjugated octadecadienoates from dehydrated methyl ricinoleate
Authors: Body D. R. , Shorland F. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe dehydration of methyl ricinoleate by heatingin vacuo in the presence of KHSO4 resulted in the formation of the following conjugated octadecadienoates expressed as a percentage of the final product:cis, trans (trans, cis), 14.3;cis, cis, 11.2;trans, trans, 7.3. The isomers contained the double bonds predominantly in the 9,11 position but the possible presence of traces of 8,10 and other conjugated isomers is not excluded. Using urea 舠inclusion舡 fractionation and low temp crystallization from acetone methyl,cis‐9,cis‐11‐octadecadienoate was isolated.The methyl esters of commercially dehydrated castor oil fatty acids on the other hand, contained the following percentages of conjugated octadecadienoate isomers:cis, trans (trans, cis), 20.3;cis, cis, 8.0;trans, trans, 5.4. From these mixtures conc ofcis, trans (trans, cis)‐ andtrans, trans‐octadecadienoates were prepared by fractional distillation and low temp crystallization. It was found that the conjugated octadecadienoates consisted of mixtures of positional isomers with double bonds mainly in the 8,10 and 9,11 positions with lesser amounts in the 7,9 and 10,12 positions.
Determination of glyceride composition of several solid and liquid fats
Authors: Jurriens G. , Kroesen A. C. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCocoabutter, Sumatra palm oil, lard, groundnut oil, soybean oil and cottonseed oil have been analyzed by separating the triglycerides according to their degree of unsaturation by means of thin‐layer chromatography on silica impregnated with silver nitrate. Of each triglyceride fraction obtained in this way, the fatty acid composition舒overall and at the 2‐position舒has been determined. Moreover, the triglyceride composition of the fractions of cocoabutter, Sumatra palm oil and lard has been determined by means of gasliquid chromatography. The results confirm the correctness of Vander Wal舗s theory on the distribution of fatty acids in the triglycerides of vegetable natural fats.
Lipid metabolism in germinating flaxseed
Authors: Zimmerman D. C. , Klosterman H. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFlaxseed was germinated in the dark at 25C for 90 hr and the amt of triglycerides, free fatty acids (FFA) and phospholipids, as well as the fatty acid composition of each, were determined at 18‐hr intervals. The amt of FFA increased greatly during germination. There was no preferential metabolism of any particular fatty acid in either the triglyceride or FFA fractions. The percentage of linolenic acid in the phospholipids increased as germination progressed. Behenic, lignoceric and cerotic acids were observed in the FFA fraction after 54 hr of germination. Odd‐numbered saturated and unsaturated acids, indicative of ana‐oxidation mechanism, were observed in the FFA fraction at 54 hr and in the triglyceride fraction at 72 hr.
Identification of the less common isologous short‐chain triacylglycerols in the most volatile 2.5% molecular distillate of butter oil
Authors: Myher J. J. , Kuksis A. , Marai L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe isologous short‐chain triacylglycerols of the most volatile 2.5% distillate of butter oil were resolved by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with mass spectrometry. The molecular species were identified by means of the [MH]+ and the [MH‐RCOOH]+ ions in positive chemical ionization mode. A set of empirically determined incremental elution factors was found that could be used to calculate the accurate elution order of natural butterfat triacylglycerols when analyzed by reversed‐phase HPLC. The triacylglycerols were also resolved by temperature‐programmed gas‐liquid chromatography on capillary columns coated with polar liquid phases. The high polarity of the columns provided separation of triacylglycerols on the basis of the degree of unsaturation, as well as on the nature of the shortest acyl chain, with the isologous species having the shortest chainlength eluting last. Both saturated and unsaturated triacylglycerols containing normal and branched‐chain odd‐carbon fatty acids in combination with short‐chain acids were identified, and over 150 molecular species were quantitated.
Milk fat fractionation today: A review
Authors: Deffense E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlthough anhydrous milk fat (AMF) has excellent properties, its variable physicochemical properties and its lack of functionality restrict its uses in the food industry. A technology involving dry fractionation of AMF has been developed, and its attributes include selectivity, reliability and general application. Combining two simple and reliable technologies,i.e., multi‐step fractionation and blending, it is possible to overcome functionality problems and the seasonal variations of AMF.
Quantitative determination of castor oil in edible and heat‐abused oils by13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Husain Sajid , Kifayatullah M. , Sastry G. S. R. , Raju N. Prasada 
Published: February 2007

AbstractApplication of13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for detection of castor oil (CO) in various edible oils, such as coconut oil, palm oil, groundnut oil and mustard oil, is described. Characteristic signals observed at δ 132.4, δ 125.6, δ 71.3, δ 36.8 and δ 35.4 ppm, due to C10, C9, C12, C13 and C11 carbons of ricinoleic acid (RA) in CO, were selected for distinguishing it from edible oils. Quantitative13C NMR spectra of oils were recorded in CDCl3 with a gated decoupling technique. The minimum detection limits for qualitative and quantitative analyses were 2.0 and 3.0%, respectively. The proposed method is simple, nondestructive and requires no sample pretreatment. Its application to heat‐abused oils has also been demonstrated successfully without any of the interferences observed in most other methods.
Evolutionary change in a pine wilt system following the invasion of Japan by the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchusxylophilus
Authors: Togashi Katsumi , Jikumaru Shota 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causative agent of pine wilt disease (PWD) of pine trees and is transmitted by cerambycid beetles belonging to the genus Monochamus. PWN is believed to have been introduced into Japan from North America at the beginning of the 20th century. In this article, we first provide an outline of the PWD system and the range expansion of PWN in Japan and then review the literature, focusing on the virulence of PWN. Virulence is a heritable trait in PWN, with high virulence being closely related to a high rate of reproduction and within‐tree dispersal. When two PWN isolates with different virulence levels are inoculated into pine seedlings, the more virulent nematodes always dominate in dead seedlings. In a laboratory setting, many more virulent nematodes board the insect vectors than avirulent ones. The age at which vectors transmit the most abundant PWNs to pine twigs changes during the course of a PWD epidemic. However, the relation between virulence and transmission of PWN remains as yet relatively unknown. Such information would enable ecologists to predict the evolution of the PWD system. In this review we also compare ecological traits between the PWN and the avirulent congener, B. mucronatus.
Self-assembled InAs quantum dot formation on GaAs ring-like nanostructure templates
Authors: Strom N. W. , Wang Zh M. , Lee J. H. , AbuWaar Z. Y. , Mazur Yu I. , Salamo G. J. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The evolution of InAs quantum dot (QD) formation is studied on GaAs ring-like nanostructures fabricated by droplet homo-epitaxy. This growth mode, exclusively performed by a hybrid approach of droplet homo-epitaxy and Stransky-Krastanor (S-K) based QD self-assembly, enables one to form new QD morphologies that may find use in optoelectronic applications. Increased deposition of InAs on the GaAs ring first produced a QD in the hole followed by QDs around the GaAs ring and on the GaAs (100) surface. This behavior indicates that the QDs prefer to nucleate at locations of high monolayer (ML) step density.
Hypertension and the Cardiometabolic Syndrome—Is It the Blood Pressure Lowering or the Blood Pressure Medication That Is Important?
Authors: Ferdinand Keith C. 
Published: February 2007

Perspectives of Hypertension in CMS focuses on the role hypertension plays in the metabolic syndrome. Keith C. Ferdinand, MD, Section Editor, welcomes submissions from clinicians and researchers of clinical commentaries, case studies, and medical images specifically related to hypertension and diabetes. For information on submissions for the column, see Information for Authors at www.lejacq.com. Elevated blood pressure and the cardiometabolic syndrome are often difficult clinical challenges specifically related to fusing appropriate lifestyle modifications and antihypertensive agents. This case illustrates some of the factors clinicians have utilized in approaching patients with this common but challenging clinical situation.
The acute effects of exercise on cigarette cravings, withdrawal symptoms, affect and smoking behaviour: a systematic review
Authors: Taylor Adrian H. , Ussher Michael H. , Faulkner Guy 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAim  To review the effects of a single session of exercise on cigarette cravings, withdrawal symptoms and smoking behaviour.Methods  A systematic search and critical appraisal of all 14 relevant studies.Results  All 12 studies that compared a bout of exercise with a passive condition reported a positive effect on cigarette cravings, withdrawal symptoms and smoking behaviour. Two other studies that compared two intensities of exercise revealed no differences in outcomes. Single and multi‐item measures of cigarette cravings, withdrawal symptoms and negative affect decreased rapidly during exercise and remained reduced for up to 50 minutes after exercise. Effect sizes for seven studies that assessed ‘strength of desire to smoke’ showed a mean reduction, 10 minutes after exercise, of 1.1 (SD 0.9). Four studies reported a two‐ to threefold longer time to the next cigarette following exercise. Cravings and withdrawal symptoms were reduced with an exercise intensity from as high as 60–85% heart rate reserve (HRR) (lasting 30–40 minutes) to as low as 24% HRR (lasting 15 minutes), and also with isometric exercise (for 5 minutes). All but one study involved participants temporarily abstaining for the purposes of the experiment. Distraction was probably not the primary reason for the effects.Conclusions  Relatively small doses of exercise should be recommended as an aid to managing cigarette cravings and withdrawal symptoms. Further research to understand the mechanisms involved, such as stress reduction or neurobiological mechanisms, could lead to development of more effective and practical methods to reduce withdrawal phenomena.
Ishihara plates on your handheld computer
Authors: Awad Z. , Natt R.S. , Pothier D.D. 
Published: February 2007

Keypoints• Testing for colour vision is important in assessing periorbital cellulitis and its complications.• Electronic Ishihara colour plates are used effectively for this purpose.• Portable LCD devices are widely available and most of us already have one.• We use hand‐held computers to store and present the plates to the patient as a quick and readily available method of testing colour vision.
Therapeutic effect of nimesulide on colorectal carcinogenesis in experimental murine ulcerative colitis
Authors: Inoue Takuya , Murano Mitsuyuki , Abe Yosuke , Morita Eijiro , Murano Naoko , Yasumoto Shingo , Toshina Ken , Nishikawa Takashi , Maemura Kentaro , Hirata Ichiro , Katsu Ken‐ichi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground:  Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) exhibit an increased risk for the development of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 inhibitors are known to suppress sporadic colorectal cancer, but it is unknown whether selective COX‐2 inhibitors exhibit a preventive effect in UC‐associated neoplasia. This study investigated the preventive effect of nimesulide, a selective COX‐2 inhibitor, on colorectal carcinogenesis in an experimental model of murine UC.Methods:  Chronic colitis was induced in mice by administration of four cycles of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) (each cycle: 5% DSS for 7 days and then distilled water for 14 days). The mice were killed 120 days after the completion of the fourth cycle. The mice were divided into the following five groups: group A served as a disease control; group B received a diet mixed with 400 p.p.m. of nimesulide during the whole period; group C received nimesulide during the four cycles of DSS administration (active phase); group D received nimesulide for 120 days from the end of the fourth cycle (remission phase); group E received no agents including DSS and served as a normal control.Results:  The incidence of dysplasia and/or cancer was 28%, 15%, 11.8%, 6.7% and 0% in groups A–E, respectively. In group D, nimesulide significantly suppressed the occurrence of dysplasia and/or cancer (P < 0.05). Strong COX‐2 expression was detected by immunohistochemistry in cancer and dysplastic lesions while diffusely weak COX‐2 expression was also found in the residual colon (i.e. lesion‐free colon). The mucosal concentration of prostaglandin E2 was significantly lower in groups B and D than in group A.Conclusions:  The administration of the selective COX‐2 inhibitor nimesulide (especially during the remission phase) exerts a suppressive effect on the development of dysplasia and/or cancer in a murine model of DSS‐induced colitis. These findings may have relevance to long‐standing UC in humans.
Risk factors for peritoneal dialysis‐related peritonitis: Can we reduce the incidence and improve patient selection?
Authors: KOTSANAS DESPINA , POLKINGHORNE KEVAN R , KORMAN TONY M , ATKINS ROBERT C , BROWN FIONA 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARY:Background:  Peritonitis is a serious complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD) and a major cause of hospitalization, catheter loss, transfer to haemodialysis and death. Thus, it is important to identify risk factors for PD‐related peritonitis in order to reduce the incidence and improve patient selection.Methods:  This study is a prospective cohort review (1992–2003) with data consisting of 12 844 patient months, 506 PD patients and 623 episodes of peritonitis. Comorbidities and patient demographics were provided by the Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry and these were merged with the hospital combined clinical and microbiology laboratory peritonitis database.Results:  Variables identified to be associated with an increased likelihood of peritonitis were: age (every 10 years; OR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.07–1.48), gender (female; OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.2–3.01), current smoker at entry to dialysis (OR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.04–2.82) and the pre twin bag connection system (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.22–3.52).Conclusion:  Increasing age, female gender and smoking increased the risk of peritonitis. Identifying these risk factors will assist in the selection, training and monitoring of our PD population.
Use of magnetic resonance imaging to assess renal structure and function in reflux nephropathy
Authors: MCMAHON LAWRENCE P , KATSOULIS JOHN , TROUPIS JOHN M , BARIT DAVID , DELECHENEAU PHILIPPE 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARY:Aim:  Despite numerous potential advantages, the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in depicting structural and functional abnormalities in kidney disease has not been well addressed. In reflux nephropathy in particular, nuclear scintigraphy (NS) has become the diagnostic gold standard, however, other imaging modalities may be required for adequate clinical appraisal. We therefore assessed the use of MRI in reflux nephropathy, comparing findings with those obtained using conventional imaging techniques.Methods:  Eight women with likely or proven reflux nephropathy underwent MRI scanning with structural and split functional appraisal. Results were compared with those obtained with ultrasound and NS.Results:  As expected, structural abnormalities were better defined with MRI than with ultrasound. NS findings were confirmed in most, but not all, MRI scans: NS and ultrasound had failed to identify scarring and cyst development in one patient. A close correlation was observed between MRI and NS renal functional estimates, regardless of whether whole kidney (r2 = 0.87, P = 0001) or region of interest (r2 = 0.99, P < 0001) techniques were used. Bland Altman plot analysis suggested methods were interchangeable.Conclusion:  MRI provided more accurate diagnostic information structurally than ultrasound and MRI and split renal functional estimates correlated well with NS. It achieved in one study what otherwise required additional scans and without the need for ionizing radiation. These results suggest it should be considered as a diagnostic tool for reflux nephropathy.
Small renal masses: the value of contrast‐enhanced colour Doppler imaging
Authors: Pallwein Leo , Mitterberger Michael , Aigner Friedrick , Pinggera Germar M. , Gradl Johann , Klauser Andrea , Halpern Ethan J. , Strasser Hannes , Bartsch Georg , Frauscher Ferdinand 
Published: February 2007

OBJECTIVETo assess the value of a microbubble‐based ultrasonographic contrast agent for enhancing blood vessels in colour Doppler imaging (CDI) of small renal masses.PATIENTS AND METHODSFifty‐one patients with small renal masses (<3 cm in diameter) had prospective CDI before and after intravenous administration of the contrast agent Levovist® (Schering, Berlin, Germany). The degree of tumour vascularity was subjectively graded from 0 to IV (indicating an increasing vessel count). Furthermore, peak systolic velocity (PSV), resistive index, and pulsatility index were measured. The CDI findings were then compared with those obtained at histopathological examination.RESULTSIntra‐ and/or peritumoral vessels were detected in 26 lesions (51%) by unenhanced CDI and in 48 by enhanced CDI (94%; P = 0.006, McNemar test). Higher grades of tumour vascularity (grade III and IV) were more common in malignant renal masses (P < 0.01). There were PSVs of >80 cm/s only in malignant lesions. Based on receiver operating characteristic analysis, enhanced CDI (area under the curve 0.789) was more accurate than unenhanced CDI (0.576) for differentiating benign from malignant renal masses (P < 0.004).CONCLUSIONEnhanced CDI is better than unenhanced CDI for detecting tumour vascularity, and for discriminating between benign and malignant small renal masses.
Political Influence and the Banking Sector: Evidence from Korea*
Authors: An Jaewook , Bae Sang‐Kun , Ratti Ronald A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper uses panel data to compare the performance of Korean banks with and without effective government control of the appointment of chief operating officers. A privatization programme succeeded in spreading ownership of banks widely among the public, but government retention of an ownership stake in an institution meant de facto control by government. Despite charging lower loan rates, banks controlled by government experience higher bad loans ratios. This is in line with expectations of regulatory forbearance and government protection for recipients of political loans. Banks controlled by government are less efficient than privately controlled banks and bad loan variables are higher at banks with lower efficiency scores.