bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stratégies de compréhension de phrases doublement enchâssées par relativisation
Authors: Amy G. , Noizet Georges 
Published: November 2007

Summary
For the study of the syntactic strategies involved in the processing of complex sentences, adults and 12 year old children are given a sentence comprehension task using doubly embedded relative clauses. In order to prevent the use of pragmatic or semantic strategies, ail sentences are reversible. They are divided into eight different types obtained from the crossing of 3 two-modality factors according to the function, in each kernel sentence, of coreferential noun phrases. Four embedding structures are thus defined.
The data show that while the NVN sequence strategy parallels the most obvious characteristics of speakers' performance, it provides only a gross description of these characteristics. The analysis of both main effects and interactions shows (a) that the parallel function strategy keeps playing an important part, (b) that the main difficulty with the processing resides in the double function status of the first subordinate clause. It looks as though the speaker, notwithstanding the possible impeding of an interruption, were trying first to recognize the main clause which constitutes the sentence pivot.
Validité attribuée aux réponses d'autrui et influence sociale
Authors: Rogard Vincent 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
Dans deux recherches sur l'influence sociale, on fait varier, d'une part, la difficulté de la tâche (estimer la surface d'un rectangle), d'autre part, la présence ou l'absence d'indices de validité qui s'attachent aux réponses communiquées (indices statistiques : groupement ou isolement; indices concernant la compétence des sources : la réponse isolée émane d'une source compétente ; les réponses groupées, de sources peu compétentes). Dans la seconde étude, des réponses émanant de sources peu compétentes sont unanimes. Les résultats montrent qu'après communication les changements sont toujours plus fréquents quand la tâche est difficile ; et que, pour un même niveau de difficulté, ils sont plus fréquents quand les sujets disposent d'informations sur la source des réponses communiquées. Les sujets se rapprochent plus souvent de la réponse isolée émanant d'une source compétente que des réponses groupées non compétentes (recherche 1) et à peu près également de la réponse isolée compétente ou des réponses unanimes (recherche 2).
Latence des réponses à une série de noms en mémoire immédiate
Authors: Fraisse Paul 
Published: November 2007

Summary
When several stimuli are presented tachistoscopically, the latency of the first response increases with the number of responses when the number of stimuli is smaller than or equal to the perceptual span. When the number of stimuli is larger than the perceptual span, the latency increases when the difference between the number of stimuli and the number of responses increases. The present experiments confirm this double effect when the presentation is successive (with 900 ms intervais) instead of simultaneous. The results are interpreted in terms of the hypothesis of a double process intervening at the level of response elaboration : checking responses before giving them when the S. is capable of giving an exhaustive answer ; sear-ching for missing responses when the S. perceives a difference between the number of perceived stimuli and the number of available responses.
Des modes de relation entre la durée de l'identification perceptive et le temps de réaction verbale
Authors: Fraisse Paul 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
Dans de précédentes recherches nous avons établi trois relations : 1) le seuil de reconnaissance (SR) des mots est plus élevé que celui de figures ou de dessins ; 2) le temps de réaction verbale (TRV) aux mots est plus court que celui des figures ; 3) l'existence de fortes corrélations (.70) entre SR et TRV pour un même matériel, ce qui est plus inattendu, compte tenu des deux premières relations. Dans la présente expérience nous avons mesuré le TRV à des figures géométriques et aux mots qui les désignent en faisant varier la durée de présentation.
On constate une interaction entre le TRV des figures et celui des mots quand la durée de présentation augmente.
A partir de ce résultat nous faisons l'hypothèse que le TRV dépend de la discriminabilité des stimulus, ce qui expliquerait les corrélations trouvées entre SR et TRV. Nous proposons d'autre part un modèle à base d'un double codage phonétique et sémantique qui serait sériel dans le cas des figures et en parallèle dans le cas des mots. Le codage en parallèle des mots serait ainsi plus rapide que le codage sériel des figures quand une durée de présentation suffisante ne rendrait pas le TRV dépendant du seul facteur de discriminabilité des stimulus.
Attention et traitement de l'information dans l'apprentissage instrumental humain
Authors: George C. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Two exploratory studies have been made in order to study the part played by attention in the discovery of the response-outcome contingency. The main hypothesis is that learning is easier when the instrumental response is more integrated to the goals and subgoals of the current activity, because the response will benefit front the allocation of attention to this activity; one consequence is that the difficulty of learning depends less upon the intrinsic characteristics of the instrumental response than upon the relation between the instrumental response and the other forms of current activity. In experiment I, three independent groups of subjects work in the same orienting task with a different instrumental motor response which products a same outcome, the ringing of a buzzer. The number of subjects aware of the contingency, and the precocity of the awareness, are greater when the instrumental response is more integrated in the orienting task. The second experiment, where ail subjects worked with the instrumental response which was found to be less effective in the first experiment (a contact between a hand and the head), and in which the intake of information about their own activity was varied, supports the hypothesis. The discussion of the results concerns also the part played by the representation of the situation by the subjects, and the conception of a learning process with at least one transit through the three stages : detection of a consecution between one activity and the outcome, causal imputation, and control.
Etude expérimentale de l'activité de recherche mnésique dans la reconnaissance à long terme
Authors: Tiberghien Guy 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The experiments reported investigate the influence of attention and short-term accessibility on context effects in long-term recognition memory. The results show that the detrimental effects of context alteration between the study and the test are a function of the amount of attention paid to context. Moreover, it is shown that using strongly associated contexts in the study and the test will improve performance in a recognition test when subfects pay a great deal of attention to the context. This interaction between the effects of attention and context is shown to be affected by the degree of short-term accessibility as measured by forward and backward recalls. However, the probability of recognition for forward recallable items was found to be the same as for/backward recallable items. This result differs from that reported by Rabinowitz, Mandler and Barsalou (1977). This divergence can probably be assigned to an order effect triggered by the sequence of retention tests. Consequently, backward retrieval cannot be considered to characterize recognition memory specifically. Results support the hypothesis that check retrieval in recognition starts from the context of the test, with subjects trying to retrieve the context likely to have been used with the target in the study. This hypothesis accounts for the effects of attention paid to context and those of associative strength between test context and study context.
L'étude expérimentale des métaphores
Authors: Bernicot Josie 
Published: November 2007

Summary
This review seeks to cover the main theoretical contributions and experimental researches dealing with the comprehension of metaphors by adults and children. Various linguistic works dealing with the definition of metaphors constitute the basis of psychological research.
Richard's definition (1936) is often used by psychologists : a metaphor is characterized by two terms and by the relationship which exists between them. The subject term is called « topic », the term used metaphorically is called « vehicle »; the relationship between « topic » and « vehicle » or what they have in common is the « ground ».
Studies with adult subjects suggest three kinds of metaphor corresponding to different psychological functionings.
1. Metaphors, in current use in our language, based upon concrete similarity relationships and working by verbal association (for example « this man is a lion », or « Juliet is the sun »).
2. Metaphors based upon similarity reationships more or less abstract but dealing only with one particularly dominant feature of the topic or the vehicle. Then the metaphor would work by a transfer of features between the topic and the vehicle (for example : « the pupil remained stony y>).
3. Metaphors based upon very abstract similarity relationships and dealing globally with the topic and the vehicle. The metaphor functions then via a new schematization of the topic induced by the vehicle (for example « Regardless of the danger the troops marched on » in a context relating that children persist on playing the fool although their babysitter threaten to punish them).
Studies with children indicate that metaphorical ability must be consi-dered as the resuit of a long development including several stages. Very young children's metaphors occur during symbolic play : they consist in renaming familiar objects present in the child's environment ; they are based on physical or functional similarities and in most cases on isolated properties of objects rather than on a convergent whole of dimensions. Very young childreh's metaphors are very different from the ones built from abstract, psychological similarities relative to time and space and tvhich are only understood from 10-11 years.
Déficits perceptifs chez le chat privé d'expérience visuelle : fonctions psycho­métriques établies par la méthode de la suppression conditionnée
Authors: Fregnac Yves , Grandjean Bernard , Gary-Bobo Elyane 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
Une méthode statistique originale est présentée pour déterminer un seuil sensoriel à niveau de confiance constant par la technique de la suppression conditionnée. Son application à l'étude du pouvoir de résolution spatiale chez des chats privés d'expérience visuelle depuis la naissance met en évidence des déficits significatifs de l'acuité et de la sensibilité au contraste après élevage de sept mois à l'obscurité totale.
Mots clefs : privation sensorielle, acuité, sensibilité au contraste.
Les effets spatiaux du mouvement : leur rôle et leur traitement
Authors: Pailhous Jean , Cavallo Viola 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Spatial effects of movement : their role and processing.
The movement, of a « mobile » (object in motion) for instance, is accompanied by spatial effects due to the mobile's change of position in the surrounding space of its displacement. This change of position leads to a modification of spatial relations maintained by the mobile with the elements of its ambient space. This theoretical note, after having clearly distinguished the perception of movement from spatial treatment of its consequences, identifies two tightly intricated problems : the first one concerns the conditions of the spatial treatment and the second problem has to do with the role of the spatial structure.
It is noted that researchs show numerous examples of classical confusions or non-explicit experimental presuppositions.
Key-words : perception of movement, spatial treatment.
Traitement perceptif des mots affixés : mise en évidence d'un contrôle cognitif
Authors: Pavard Bernard 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Depth of processing and lexical acces of polymorphemic words.
Three experiments were conducted to investigate the reader's perceptive activity with mono and polymorphemic words. In the first experiment it is found that the perceptive activity at the end of monomorphemic words is in relation with the task (reading or correction task).
In the second experiment, it is found that, in the reading task, the depth of processing is negatively correlated with the perceptive activity in the end of monomorphemic words. This effect is not observed with suffixed words. It is also found in the third experiment that if suffixes are more processed ihan the end of monomorphemic words, it is because of structural reasons (because subject assigns linguistic status to roots) and not because it is easy to predict suffixes. A model of reading is discussed in the light of these results.
Key-words : Lexical access, polymorphemic words, depth of processing.
Elaboration de la notion de proportion inverse dans l'épreuve de l'équilibre de la balance
Authors: Ferrandez-Reinisch Anne-Marie 
Published: November 2007

Summary : The acquisition of the concept of inverse proportion in the task of balance equilibrium.
The aim of this work is the study of the acquisition of the concept of inverse proportion within a physical task : the equilibrium of the balance. We led a genetic study, examining two aspects of knowledge : the initial knowledge through anticipation questions, and the knowledge in active manipulating, through realisation questions. 144 subjects from 3 to 14 years old were examined, in a situation allowing the subject to act freely. The results were interpreted according to the task analysis (derived from a rules model proposed by Siegler). A five steps model was determined, from the mere knowledge of the action of the weight in the desequilibrium, to the equilibrium by compensation between weight and distance.
Key-words : Developmental psychology, concept of inverse proportion.
L'acquisition du langage repensée : les recherches inter-langues (II)
Authors: Kail M 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Recent work in two domains of language acquisition — the processing of simple sentences and lexical structuration — is discussed in the light of methodological problems encountered in cross-linguistic studies.
The main result of a large number of studies focusing on the development of comprehension strategies used by children of diverse native languages (English, Italian, French, Turkish, Hebrew, Chinese, etc.) has led to the refection of the notion of a universal of word order on which acquisition would be based. Children seem to be equally equipped to handle inflected languages as well as languages where word order plays an important role. While Slobin and Bever (1982) interpret these results by referring to the construction of a canonic structure sentence related to the notion of a prototype for a given language, Bates and MacWhinney (1982c) present a model based on eue validity : the order in which eues (order, case marking, inflections, semantic characteristics) useful for sentence comprehension appear in child language depends largely on the relative validity of these eues in a given language.
The lexico-syntactic structuration of certain domains that are parti-cularly interesting for studying form/function relations which are very varied is centered upon the acquisition of locative and temporal expressions and upon the psycholinguistic resuit of the lexical differentiation of certain connectives (contrastive and adversative).
Key-words : Developmental psycholinguistics, language acquisition, cross-linguistic studies.
Dépendance-indépendance à l'égard du champ, activités opératoires et sénescence
Authors: Marendaz Christian 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Field dependence-independence, cognitive operations and senescence.
In order to study the inter-individual and intra-individual variability of operatory activities in elderly subjects in relation to cognitive style, 120 intellectual men : 40 active young men and 80 retired, were tested with four Piagetian tasks and the Rod-and-Frame test. The experiment shows : 1) A wide intra-individual dispersion of operatory level especially because of certain cognitive attitudes proper to old age ; 2) Field dependence vs independence associated : a) to the inter-individual variability of senescents1 operatory level : field independency limits the lowering of efficiency in infralogical tasks; b) to the inter-tasks intra-individual variability : the dependent senescents are more dispersed than the independent ones and for certain pairs of tests show different patterns of variability.
Key-words : senescence, cognitive operations, field dependence-independence.
Niveau, importance relative et rappel des éléments d'un texte : résultats et interprétations
Authors: Passerault Jean-Michel 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Relative importance of text information and recall : results and interpretations.
Recent advances in prose research have underscored an increasing concern with the relationship between the relative importance of text information and its recall. This article examines the different results concerning this relationship. Several hypotheses have been made regarding the relation between importance and recall : recall of important information may be better because they are learned better than other elements, or because important elements are more stable in memory, or because they are more accessible during recall. These hypotheses and the results which support them are examined.
Key-words : structural importance, subjective importance, text representation.
Les analogies : modèles pour l'appréhension de nouvelles connaissances
Authors: Gineste Marie-Dominique 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
Dans cette note, l'accent est mis sur les questions que soulève l'utilisation des analogies comme modèles mentaux pour passer d'un domaine de connaissances familières à des domaines non connus. On opère, dans un premier temps, une description des analogies en termes de modèles ; puis on traite des conséquences positives ou néfastes de l'appel aux analogies dans l'explication de nouveaux domaines. En dernier lieu, on souligne l'intérêt de cette question et la nécessité de poursuivre les recherches malgré les incertitudes dépendant essentiellement du manque de données expérimentales.
Mots clés : analogies, acquisition de connaissances, modèles.
La préférence pour les renforcements signalés aversifs ; une interprétation par les effets de contexte
Authors: Launay Michel 
Published: November 2007

Summary : The preference for signaled shock phenomenon : a context effects interpretation.
The preference for signaled shock phenomenon (PSS) has long been considered by many theorists as a paradox for the classical theories of aversive conditioning (Biederman & Furedy, 1979). A recent reinterpre-tation of the PSS phenomenon was proposed by Fanselow (1980) following the theoretical assumptions of the Wagner-Rescorla model (Wagner & Rescorla, 1972). Thus, Fanselow's Contextual Fear Hypothesis challenges previous interpretations such as the Information Hypothesis (Lockard, 1963), the Preparatory Response Hypothesis (Perkins, Seymans, Lewis & Spencer, 1966) and the Safety Signal Hypothesis (Seligman, 1968 ; Badia et al, 1972). The experimental results obtained by Fanselow are presented and their theoretical implications discussed.
Keywords : conditioning, signaled shock phenomenon.
Contribution à l'étude de la dimensionalité du concept de « locus of control » (LOC)
Authors: Dubois Nicole 
Published: November 2007

Summary : A study of locus control dimensionality.
In order to learn more about the dimensionality of the locus of control construct, a new I-E scale for french students was built. Besides the tradi-tional principal component analysis, a non-metric multidimensional scaling was used (MDSCAL 3).
Results obtained from 200 male and female students show an entropic distribution of factors as far as the factor analysis is concerned. On the contrary, multidimensional scaling provides a good configuration of ail the items on one dimension. On this dimension, externality isn't opposed to internality but unforseeable reinforcements are opposed to forseeable re inforcements.
Key-words : dimensionality of locus of control, I-E scale, Multidimensional analysis.
La compréhension initiale des énoncés comparatifs chez l'enfant est-elle relationnelle ?
Authors: Corcia Michel 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Is a child's initial comprehension of comparative sentences relational ?
The question asked in the title is approached in consideration of the studies dealing with the child's comprehension of quantitative or dimensional comparative sentences in English. Different dues (non linguistic strategies, extensive responses) and different criteria (comparative clause, recipro-cation with antonyms or negation, comparative or equative nature of relations and their extension) are examined. The analysis shows the incertain-ties that remain about the comparative comprehension of sentences and several steps corresponding to their relational comprehension. In conclusion, several suggestions are presented in order to study the precomparative step of comprehension and its progression towards comparative comprehension ; they are based upon (a) the assessment of « figurai responses » (together with spatial extension of the elements of the arrays) and of « lexical responses » (together with the polarity of adjectives, in the case of dimensional sentences) (b) the hypothesis of a relationship between dichotomie (e.g. : lotsfnot a lot) and comparative (e.g. : more/less) forms of expression of quantitative or dimensional differences or similarities.
Key-words : comparative sentences, comprehension, child psychology.
Le contrôle cognitif des mouvements des yeux par le traitement de l'information périphérique
Authors: Kapoula Zoi 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
Pour mieux comprendre l'activité visuelle exercée dans la lecture, une étude de l'organisation des mouvements oculaires est réalisée lors d'une tâche d'exploration de stimulus non linguistiques, qui implique, comme la lecture, à chaque station du regard une décision instantanée sur l'emplacement de la fixation suivante.
La tâche du sujet consiste à dénombrer des stimulus cibles disposés parmi des non-cibles sur une ligne. On fait varier la discriminabilité des stimulus en vision périphérique ainsi que la dimension des espacements entre les éléments successifs de la ligne.
Lorsque les stimulus sont non discriminables en périphérie on observe que : 1) le regard s'ajuste systématiquement sur chacun des éléments ; 2) la durée des fixations dure davantage que lorsque les stimulus sont discriminables en périphérie ; 3) les fixations sur les cibles sont plus longues que celles sur les non-cibles. Contrairement à une étude antérieure où les stimulus étaient discrimi-nables en périphérie (Kapoula, 1984 a.), on observe que la durée des fixations augmente avec la précision d'ajustement du regard. L'effet de l'amplitude de la saccade sur la durée de la fixation suivante apparaît de nouveau mais seulement pour les fixations appartenant à des séquences de fixations exactement ajustées sur les éléments.
Il apparaît qu'une régulation immédiate est possible dans ces conditions, et par conséquent également dans la lecture. En outre, il semble que le système oculomoteur soit capable de fonctionner sous des modes différents, selon les possibilités d'analyse en périphérie : un mode « contrôlé » où la visée spatiale est très précise, et un mode « automatique » où les contraintes spatiales sont moins strictes.
Mots clefs : mouvements des yeux, contrôle cognitif, prétraitement périphérique.