bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Writing applications for uniform operation on a mainframe or PC: a metric conversion program
Authors: Schulz Charles A. 
Published: January 2007

The metric system of measurement is the primary standard in all countries except the USA and two others. Use of the metric system is becoming more important to the USA for trade and commerce in the world economy. A metric conversion program was developed to convert 350 measurement units between inch-pound (or USA customary) and metric systems for engineering design and documentation. The program follows the primary national metric standard with its conversion factors and special rules for arithmetic, rounding, accuracy, formatting, and terminology. It was first developed in APL on a VM CMS mainframe system, but subsequent demand warranted a PC version. The program has been presented at national metric meetings and is briefly described here.
The portability of APL2 under VM CMS and PC DOS was exploited in moving the mainframe program to the PC, maintaining much of the code in identical form, thus giving advantages in testing, verification, and user experience. Differences between the environments fell mainly in the user and file interface areas, which led to a matched set of cover functions for system dependent operations. These functions and differences between the two systems are described for file operations, pop-up windows, printing, stack and host system commands.
The capability and portability of APL enabled this application to become the first internally written example at this company of IBM's new user interface guidelines working on both a central mainframe and a PC.
Ease: an environment for architecture study and experimentation
Authors: Davidson Jack W. , Whalley David B. 
Published: January 2007

Gathering detailed measurements of the execution behavior of an instruction set architecture is difficult. There are two major problems that must be solved. First, for meaningful measurements to be obtained, programs that represent typical work load and instruction mixes must be used. This means that high-level language compilers for the target architecture are required. This problem is further compounded as most architectures require an optimizing compiler to exploit their capabilities. Building such a compiler can be a formidable task.
The second problem is that gathering detailed dynamic measurements of an architecture using typical user programs reading typical data sets can consume significant computation resources. For example, a popular way to gather execution measurements is to simulate the architecture. This technique is often used when the architecture in question does not yet exist, or is not yet stable and available for production use. Depending on the level of the simulation, programs can run 100 to 500 times slower than directly-executed code [HUGU87]. Tracing is another alternative one can use if the architecture being measured exists, is accessible, and tracing is possible on that machine. Tracing can be even slower than simulation [HUGU87]. Because of the large performance penalties with these methods, the tendency is to use small programs with small data sets. The relevance of measures collected this way is always subject to question.

This paper describes an environment called
ease
(Environment for Architecture Study and Experimentation) that solves both these problems. It consists of a easily retargetable optimizing compiler that produces production-quality code. The compiler also supports the generation of instrumented code that gathers very fine-grained execution statistics with little overhead. Typically, instrumented code runs 10 to 15 percent slower than code that is not instrumented. Similarly, because information about instructions are collected as a side effect of the compiler generating code, compilation time is only increased by 15 to 20 percent. The combination of an easily retargetable compiler and an efficient method of observing the run-time behavior of real programs provides an environment that is useful in a number of contexts.
Deforestation Hotspots in the Brazilian Amazon: Evidence and Causes as Assessed from Remote Sensing and Census Data
Authors: Ferreira Nilson Clementino , Ferreira Laerte Guimarães , Miziara Fausto 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The main goal of this study, conducted in an area comprising 221 municipalities, in which 90% of the deforestation in the Legal Amazon takes place, was to understand the role of the agrarian structure in the conversion of forest into pasture and agriculture fields. Linear regression results indicate that 54%–62% of the variation in deforestation occurred between 1997 and 2004, respectively, and are explained as a function of changes in the amount of appropriated land in 1995. Likewise, up to 80% of the deforestation can be well explained by the variation in land concentration. In fact, strong spatial correlations were found between deforestation hotspots and land appropriation and land concentration. On the other hand, these critical areas have insufficient governance, particularly at the federal level. As the results of this study clearly demonstrate, strong governance and institutional integration, with emphasis on the territorial ordainment, are mandatory in order to reduce the rapid pace of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon.
Environmental Dynamical Control of Tropical Cyclone Intensity—An Observational Study
Authors: Zeng Zhihua , Wang Yuqing , Wu Chun-Chieh 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The effects of two environmental dynamical factors, namely, the transitional speed and vertical wind shear, on tropical cyclone (TC) intensification, intensity, and lifetime peak intensity were analyzed based on observations in the western North Pacific during 1981–2003. In general, both the fast translation and strong vertical shear are negative to both TC intensification and the lifetime peak intensity. Both the very intense TCs and the TCs with rapid intensification rate are found only to occur in a narrow range of translational speeds between 3 and 8 m s−1, and in relatively weak vertical shear. The overwhelming majority of western North Pacific TCs reach their lifetime peak intensity just prior to recurvature where their environmental steering flow and vertical shear are both weak. The results show that few TCs intensified when they moved faster than 15 m s−1, or when their large-scale environmental vertical shear is larger than 20 m s−1. The intensification rate of TCs is found to increase with decreasing vertical shear while the majority of the weakening storms experience relatively strong vertical shear. Overall, strong vertical shear prohibits rapid intensification and most likely results in the weakening of TCs, similar to the fast storm translation. Based on the statistical analysis, a new empirical maximum potential intensity (MPI) has been developed, which includes the combined negative effect of translational speed and vertical shear as the environmental dynamical control in addition to the positive contribution of SST and the outflow temperature as the thermodynamic control. The new empirical MPI can not only provide more accurate estimation of TC maximum intensity but also better explain the observed behavior of the TC maximum intensity and help explain the thermodynamic and environmental dynamical controls of TC intensity. Implications of the new empirical MPI are discussed.
The Discrete Brier and Ranked Probability Skill Scores
Authors: Weigel Andreas P. , Liniger Mark A. , Appenzeller Christof 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The Brier skill score (BSS) and the ranked probability skill score (RPSS) are widely used measures to describe the quality of categorical probabilistic forecasts. They quantify the extent to which a forecast strategy improves predictions with respect to a (usually climatological) reference forecast. The BSS can thereby be regarded as the special case of an RPSS with two forecast categories. From the work of Müller et al., it is known that the RPSS is negatively biased for ensemble prediction systems with small ensemble sizes, and that a debiased version, the RPSSD, can be obtained quasi empirically by random resampling from the reference forecast. In this paper, an analytical formula is derived to directly calculate the RPSS bias correction for any ensemble size and combination of probability categories, thus allowing an easy implementation of the RPSSD. The correction term itself is identified as the “intrinsic unreliability” of the ensemble prediction system. The performance of this new formulation of the RPSSD is illustrated in two examples. First, it is applied to a synthetic random white noise climate, and then, using the ECMWF Seasonal Forecast System 2, to seasonal predictions of near-surface temperature in several regions of different predictability. In both examples, the skill score is independent of ensemble size while the associated confidence thresholds decrease as the number of ensemble members and forecast/observation pairs increase.
Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL) - College Version: Validation and Application in a Greek Sample
Authors: Delistamati Evangelia , Samakouri Maria A. , Davis Elizabeth Anne , Vorvolakos Theofanis , Xenitidis Kiriakos , Livaditis Miltos 
Published: January 2007

Objectives: a) To validate the Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL) - college version in a Greek population sample and b) To test the hypothesis that students scoring high on the ISEL present stronger resistance to stressful experiences and fewer psychological or physical problems. Design: Rating scale assessment and analytical cross-sectional study. Method: The ISEL was translated into Greek and then back-translated into English. A random sample of 145 students of the Faculty of Medicine completed: a) the translated version of the ISEL, b) the Symptom Check List 90-R (SCL-90-R), c) the Scale of Stressful Life Events (SSLE) and d) a questionnaire about physical health problems. Comparisons were conducted between the scores on the ISEL and the scores on the other measures. Correlations were also calculated between the scores on the Global Severity Index (GSI) of the SCL-90-R and SSLE, separately for students with high, fair and low social support, in order to assess the protective role of social support. The test-retest reliability and the internal consistency of the ISEL were also investigated. Results: The students with a lower score in social support reported more psychological and somatic symptoms. The students with a higher score in social support were protected against the harmful effect of stressful events. The ISEL presents good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha: 0.452-0.752) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC): 0.631-0.847). Conclusions: The ISEL is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring social support among Greek students. A higher score on the ISEL is correlated with a significant stress-buffering effect.
Activation of the Hedgehog signaling pathway in T-lineage cells inhibits TCR repertoire selection in the thymus and peripheral T-cell activation
Authors: Rowbotham Nicola J. , Hager-Theodorides Ariadne L. , Cebecauer Marek , Shah Divya K. , Drakopoulou Ekati , Dyson Julian , Outram Susan V. , Crompton Tessa 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTCR signal strength is involved in many cell fate decisions in the T-cell lineage. Here, we show that transcriptional events induced by Hedgehog (Hh) signaling reduced TCR signal strength in mice. Activation of Hh signaling in thymocytes in vivo by expression of a transgenic transcriptional-activator form of Gli2 (Gli2\#916;N2) changed the outcome of TCR ligation at many stages of thymocyte development, allowing self-reactive cells to escape clonal deletion; reducing transgenic TCR-mediated positive selection; reducing the ratio of CD4/CD8 single-positive (SP) cells; and reducing cell surface CD5 expression. In contrast, in the Shh\#8722;/\#8722; thymus the ratio of CD4/CD8 cells and both positive and negative selection of a transgenic TCR were increased, demonstrating that Shh does indeed influence TCR repertoire selection and the transition from double-positive (DP) to SP cell in a physiological situation. In peripheral T cells, Gli2\#916;N2 expression attenuated T-cell activation and proliferation, by a mechanism upstream of ERK phosphorylation.
Osteoblasts support B-lymphocyte commitment and differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Zhu Jiang , Garrett Russell , Jung Younghun , Zhang Yi , Kim Nacksung , Wang Jingcheng , Joe Gerard J. , Hexner Elizabeth , Choi Yongwon , Taichman Russell S. , Emerson Stephen G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEarly B lymphopoiesis in mammals is induced within the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, but which cells constitute this niche is not known. Previous studies had shown that osteoblasts (OBs) support hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) proliferation and myeloid differentiation. We now find that purified primary murine OBs also support the differentiation of primitive hematopoietic stem cells through lymphoid commitment and subsequent differentiation to all stages of B-cell precursors and mature B cells. Lin−Sca-1+Rag-2− BM cell differentiation to B cells requires their attachment to OBs in vitro, and this developmental process is mediated via VCAM-1, SDF-1, and IL-7 signaling induced by parathyroid hormone (PTH). Addition of cytokines produced by nonosteoblastic stromal cells (c-Kit ligand, IL-6, and IL-3) shifted the cultures toward myelopoiesis. Confirming the role of OBs in B lymphopoiesis, we found that selective elimination of osteoblasts in Col2.3Δ-TK transgenic mice severely depleted pre-pro-B and pro-B cells from BM, preceding any decline in HSCs. Taken together, these results demonstrate that osteoblasts are both necessary and sufficient for murine B-cell commitment and maturation, and thereby constitute the cellular homolog of the avian bursa of Fabricius.
Severe paraneoplastic hypoglycemia in a patient with a gastrointestinal stromal tumor with an exon 9 mutation: a case report
Authors: Escobar Guillermo A , Robinson William A , Nydam Trevor L , Heiple Drew C , Weiss Glen J , Buckley Linda , Gonzalez Rene , McCarter Martin D 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Background
Non-islet cell tumor induced hypoglycemia (NICTH) is a very rare phenomenon, but even more so in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. It tends to present in large or metastatic tumors, and can appear at any time in the progression of the disease. We present herein a case of NICTH in a GIST tumor and report an exon 9 mutation associated to it.

Case presentation
A thirty nine year-old man with a recurrent, metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor presented to the hospital with nausea, dizziness, loss of consciousness, and profound hypoglycemia (20 mg/dL). There was no evidence of factitious hypoglycemia. He was stabilized with a continuous glucose infusion and following selective vascular embolization, the patient underwent debulking of a multicentric 40 cm × 25 cm × 10 cm gastrointestinal stromal tumor. After resection, the patient became euglycemic and returned to his normal activities. Tumor analysis confirmed excessive production of insulin-like growth factor II m-RNA and the precursor protein, "big" insulin-like growth factor II. Mutational analysis also identified a rare, 6 bp tandem repeat insert (gcctat) at position 1530 in exon 9 of KIT.

Conclusion
Optimal management of gastrointestinal stromal tumor-induced hypoglycemia requires a multidisciplinary approach, and surgical debulking is the treatment of choice to obtain immediate symptom relief. Imatinib or combinations of glucocorticoids and growth hormone are alternative palliative strategies for symptomatic hypoglycemia. In addition, mutations in exon 9 of the tyrosine kinase receptor KIT occur in 11–20% of GIST and are often associated with poor patient outcomes. The association of this KIT mutation with non-islet cell tumor induced hypoglycemia has yet to be established.
Neglected isolated plantar dislocation of middle cuneiform : a case report
Authors: Verma Ashu , Sharma Vinod Kumar , Batra Sumit , Rohria Mahender Singh 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Background
Four cases of plantar dislocation of middle cuneiform have been reported in the english literature. All of them were fresh cases and treated with open reduction. We are reporting a case of neglected plantar dislocation of middle cuneiform which was treated with excision.

Case presentation
A farmer presented with a painful plantar dislocation of middle cuneiform bone after 9 months of injury. The bone was deformed and was excised by a plantar incision. It resulted in painless foot with no disability.

Conclusion
The neglected plantar dislocated middle cuneiform bone becomes deformed due to repeated weight bearing. The gap gets filled with Fibrous tissue. Excision of the cuneiform gives good results.
Breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1) inhibits osteopontin transcription by abrogating NF-κB activation
Authors: Samant Rajeev S , Clark David W , Fillmore Rebecca A , Cicek Muzaffer , Metge Brandon J , Chandramouli Kondethimmana H , Chambers Ann F , Casey Graham , Welch Danny R , Shevde Lalita A 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackgroundOsteopontin (OPN), a secreted phosphoglycoprotein, has been strongly associated with tumor progression and aggressive cancers. MDA-MB-435 cells secrete very high levels of OPN. However metastasis-suppressed MDA-MB-435 cells, which were transfected with breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1), expressed significantly less OPN. BRMS1 is a member of mSin3-HDAC transcription co-repressor complex and has been shown to suppress the metastasis of breast cancer and melanoma cells in animal models. Hence we hypothesized that BRMS1 regulates OPN expression.ResultsThe search for a BRMS1-regulated site on the OPN promoter, using luciferase reporter assays of the promoter deletions, identified a novel NF-κB site (OPN/NF-κB). Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and chromatin immunoprecipitations (ChIP) confirmed this site to be an NF-κB-binding site. We also show a role of HDAC3 in suppression of OPNviaOPN/NF-κB.ConclusionOur results show that BRMS1 regulates OPN transcription by abrogating NF-κB activation. Thus, we identify OPN, a tumor-metastasis activator, as a crucial downstream target of BRMS1. Suppression of OPN may be one of the possible underlying mechanisms of BRMS1-dependent suppression of tumor metastasis.
Spot the match – wildlife photo-identification using information theory
Authors: Speed Conrad W , Meekan Mark G , Bradshaw Corey JA 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackgroundEffective approaches for the management and conservation of wildlife populations require a sound knowledge of population demographics, and this is often only possible through mark-recapture studies. We applied an automated spot-recognition program (I3S) for matching natural markings of wildlife that is based on a novel information-theoretic approach to incorporate matching uncertainty. Using a photo-identification database of whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) as an example case, the information criterion (IC) algorithm we developed resulted in a parsimonious ranking of potential matches of individuals in an image library. Automated matches were compared to manual-matching results to test the performance of the software and algorithm.ResultsValidation of matched and non-matched images provided a threshold IC weight (approximately 0.2) below which match certainty was not assured. Most images tested were assigned correctly; however, scores for the by-eye comparison were lower than expected, possibly due to the low sample size. The effect of increasing horizontal angle of sharks in images reduced matching likelihood considerably. There was a negative linear relationship between the number of matching spot pairs and matching score, but this relationship disappeared when using the IC algorithm.ConclusionThe software and use of easily applied information-theoretic scores of match parsimony provide a reliable and freely available method for individual identification of wildlife, with wide applications and the potential to improve mark-recapture studies without resorting to invasive marking techniques.
Fluorine-18-l-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (18F-DOPA) Positron Emission Tomography as a Tool to Localize an Insulinoma or β-Cell Hyperplasia in Adult Patients
Authors: Kauhanen Saila , Seppänen Marko , Minn Heikki , Gullichsen Risto , Salonen Anna , Alanen Kalle , Parkkola Riitta , Solin Olof , Bergman Jörgen , Sane Timo , Salmi Jorma , Välimäki Matti , Nuutila Pirjo 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Context and Objective: Fluorine-18-l-dihydroxyphenylalanine (18F-DOPA) positron emission tomography (PET) is a promising method in localizing neuroendocrine tumors. Recently, it has been shown to differentiate focal forms of congenital hyperinsulinism of infancy. The current study was set up to determine the potential of 18F-DOPA PET in identifying the insulin-secreting tumors or β-cell hyperplasia of the pancreas in adults.
Patients and Methods: We prospectively studied 10 patients with confirmed hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia and presumed insulin-secreting tumor using 18F-DOPA PET. Anatomical imaging was performed with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All patients were operated on, and histological verification was available in each case. Semiquantitative PET findings in the pancreas using standardized uptake values were compared to standardized uptake values of seven consecutive patients with nonpancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
Results: By visual inspection of 18F-DOPA PET images, it was possible in nine of 10 patients to localize the pancreatic lesion, subsequently confirmed by histological analysis. 18F-DOPA uptake was enhanced in six of seven solid insulinomas and in the malignant insulinoma and its hepatic metastasis. Two patients with β-cell hyperplasia showed increased focal uptake of 18F-DOPA in the affected areas. As compared to CT or MRI, 18F-DOPA PET was more sensitive in localizing diseased pancreatic tissue.
Conclusion: 18F-DOPA PET was useful in most patients with insulinoma and negative CT, MRI, and ultrasound results. In agreement with previous findings in infants, preoperative 18F-DOPA imaging seems to be a method of choice for the detection of β-cell hyperplasia in adults. It should be considered for the detection of insulinoma or β-cell hyperplasia in patients with confirmed hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemias when other diagnostic work-up is negative.