bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postcranial myology of the California newt, Taricha torosa
Authors: Walthall Julia C. , Ashley‐Ross Miriam A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSalamanders are generally agreed to represent the primitive tetrapod body plan, as well as a postural analog for early tetrapods. Dissection and description of the muscles of the forelimb, trunk, and hindlimb of the California newt, Taricha torosa, were undertaken to provide baseline data on the locomotor structures in this species. Hypaxial trunk muscles are similar to those of other vertebrates. As in other salamanders, limb muscles show a simple parallel‐fibered architecture and often span multiple joints. Several differences in limb musculature were also noted. The extensor iliotibialis muscle possesses a single head in T. torosa, rather than the two heads common in larger salamander species. The ischioflexorius muscle, while divided into proximal and distal sections, is not distinct from the puboischiotibialis in its proximal portion. The femorofibularis is enlarged in this species; it is suggested that the femorofibularis and ischioflexorius muscles may be functionally analogous systems. Forelimb and hindlimb musculature show similar morphological patterns, particularly in distal limb segments, which may provide insight into the primitive arrangement of tetrapod limb muscles. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aortic counterpulsation: A review of the hemodynamic effects and indications for use
Authors: Santa‐Cruz Richard A. , Cohen Mauricio G. , Ohman E. Magnus 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn the ever evolving field of cardiovascular medicine and coronary intervention, the intra‐aortic balloon pump (IABP) is a mature technology, which still plays an important role. The balloon pump invasively supports patient hemodynamics by augmenting diastolic perfusion and increasing diastolic blood pressure, thereby increasing coronary perfusion and reducing afterload. Its efficacy has been demonstrated in a multitude of clinical situations, including acute coronary syndromes, high‐risk coronary interventions, cardiogenic shock, and cardiovascular surgery. The potential complications of aortic counterpulsation are serious, although much lower than once feared. With proper patient selection, insertion technique, and management, the IABP is a powerful tool to assist in the treatment of patients with cardiovascular disease. This article will review the hemodynamics, indications, and complications associated with its use.© 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sirolimus PK trial: A pharmacokinetic study of the sirolimus‐eluting Bx Velocity stent in patients with de novo coronary lesions
Authors: Vetrovec George W. , Rizik David , Williard Clark , Snead David , Piotrovski Vladimir , Kopia Gregory 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis study was conducted to assess the systemic drug release and distribution of sirolimus‐eluting stents. Early results with sirolimus‐eluting stents have demonstrated a favorable outcome for reducing restenosis post coronary intervention. However, the clinical systemic pharmacokinetics of sirolimus released from these stents has not been investigated. Sirolimus‐eluting stents (150–178 mcg/18 mm stent) were implanted in 19 patients with coronary artery disease using standard techniques. Blood samples were obtained at multiple times to determine the kinetics of sirolimus release and elimination. Non‐compartmental analysis showed that the maximum blood concentration of sirolimus occurred between 3 and 4 hr after implantation, with a peak concentration of 0.57 ± 0.12 ng/mL (mean ± SD) and 1.05 ± 0.39 ng/mL in patients receiving one or two stents, respectively. Terminal‐phase elimination half‐life was independent of the number of stents and averaged at 213 hr, a value longer than that seen in patients following oral dosing. The apparent clearance was 1.46 ± 0.45 L/hr with an apparent volume of distribution in the terminal phase of 407 ± 111 L (data for both stent doses pooled). Minimal measurable blood levels were detectable at 7 days. Peak whole blood level following sirolimus stent implantation in humans is proportional to the number of stents implanted. The prolonged terminal half‐life may reflect kinetics of blood clearance combined with continued drug elution and secondary local tissue release. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A New Efficient Route to Chiral 1,3‐Disubstituted Ferrocenes: Application to the Syntheses of (Rp)‐ and (Sp)‐17α‐[(3′‐formylferrocenyl)ethynyl]estradiol
Authors: Ferber Benoît , Top Siden , Welter Richard , Jaouen Gérard 
Published: December 2005

AbstractStarting from (2S,4S)‐2‐ferrocenyl‐4‐(methoxymethyl)‐1,3‐dioxane (4), use of the stereogenic ortho‐directing menthyl para‐tolyl sulfoxide group, which occupies the 2′ position in the ferrocenyl ring and redirects subsequent lithiation to the 3′ position, allowed the synthesis of optically pure (Sp)‐1‐formyl‐3‐iodoferrocene (8), that was characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Combination of this method with a protection–deprotection strategy, using trimethylsilyl as a temporary blocking group, yielded (Rp)‐1‐formyl‐3‐iodoferrocene (13). Separate Sonogashira coupling of each of the enantiomeric iodoformylferrocenes 8 and 13 with 17α‐ethynyl‐estradiol produced (Rp)‐17α‐[(3′‐formylferrocenyl)ethynyl]estradiol (14) and (Sp)‐17α‐[(3′‐formylferrocenyl)ethynyl]estradiol (15), respectively.
Mechanism and exo‐Regioselectivity of Organolanthanide‐Mediated Intramolecular Hydroamination/Cyclization of 1,3‐Disubstituted Aminoallenes: A Computational Study
Authors: Tobisch Sven 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe complete catalytic reaction course for the organolanthanide‐assisted intramolecular hydroamination/cyclization (IHC) of 4,5‐heptadien‐1‐ylamine by a prototypical [(η5‐Me5C5)2LuCH(SiMe3)2] precatalyst has been critically scrutinized by employing a reliable DFT method. A computationally verified mechanistic scenario for the IHC of 1,3‐disubstituted aminoallene substrates has been proposed that is consistent with the empirical rate law determined by experiment and accounts for crucial experimental observations. It involves kinetically rapid substrate association and dissociation equilibria, facile and reversible intramolecular allenic CC insertion into the LnN bond, and turnover‐limiting protonation of the azacycle's tether functionality, with the amine‐amidoalleneLn adduct complex representing the catalyst's resting state. This mechanistic scenario bears resemblance to the mechanism that has been recently proposed in a computational exploration of aminodiene IHC. The unique features of the IHC of the two substrate classes are discussed. Furthermore, the thermodynamic and kinetic factors that control the regio‐ and stereoselectivity of aminoallene IHC have been elucidated. These achievements have provided a deeper insight into the catalytic structure–reactivity relationships in organolanthanide‐assisted cyclohydroamination of unsaturated CC functionalities.
Initial response to glucocorticoids
Authors: Mathew Beela S. , Carson Kathryn A. , Grossman Stuart A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDKnown prognostic variables in patients with primary central nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL) include age, Karnofsky performance status, involvement of deep regions of the brain, intensity of blood–brain barrier disruption, and treatment with radiation and chemotherapy. PCNSL often responds transiently to glucocorticoids administered to control neurologic symptoms before radiation or chemotherapy. This retrospective chart review was designed to estimate the prognostic significance of a clinical or radiologic response to initial glucocorticoid therapy.METHODSBy using data from The Johns Hopkins Cancer Registry from January 1980 to June 2001, a total of 76 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐negative adults with newly diagnosed PCNSL were identified. Nineteen patients with uninformative medical records were excluded from the study.RESULTSThe median survival of the remaining 57 patients was 11.8 months. The median survival for the 48 patients who had clinical response to initial steroid therapy was 17.9 months, and for nonresponders, it was 5.5 months (P= 0.05). The 16 patients with documented radiologic response had a median survival of 117.0 months compared with 5.5 months for nonresponders (P= 0.001). After adjusting for known prognostic factors (age and treatment), significant reduction in risk of death was noted in patients who had either clinical (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16–0.99}) or radiologic response (HR = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.04–0.46) to glucocorticoids given before radiation or chemotherapy.CONCLUSIONThis analysis suggests that initial response to treatment with glucocorticoids may be an important prognostic factor in patients with PCNSL. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Preferential production of the IL‐12(p40)/IL‐23(p19) heterodimer by dendritic cells from human newborns
Authors: Vanden Eijnden Serge , Goriely Stanislas , De Wit Dominique , Goldman Michel , Willems Fabienne 
Published: December 2005

AbstractHuman newborns present impaired T helper type 1 cell responses, associated with a defect in the synthesis of IL‐12 by dendritic cells (DC). IL‐23 is a heterodimeric cytokine structurally related to IL‐12, implicated in protective and autoimmune responses. We recently showed that upon activation neonatal T cells up‐regulate a functional IL‐23 receptor and that this cytokine polarizes the differentiation of naive T cells. We therefore investigated the capacity of neonatal DC to secrete IL‐23. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation induced the transcription of IL‐23(p19) mRNA in both adult and neonatal DC, in sharp contrast to the repressed IL‐12(p35) gene expression observed in neonatal cells. In comparison to adult DC, neonatal DC produced similar levels of IL‐23 protein, in reponse to Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐2‐ and TLR‐3 ligands, and higher levels in response to TLR‐4‐ or TLR‐8 ligands. The same profile was observed in neonatal mononuclear cells. The supernatant of LPS‐stimulated DC induced the secretion of IL‐17 by polyclonally activated neonatal CD8+ T cells, confirming the IL‐23 bioactivity. Altogether, these observations strongly suggest that IL‐23 could play a role in the immune system of human newborns. In particular, a functional IL‐23/IL‐17 axis might compensate a suboptimal IL‐12/IFN‐γ pathway in early life.
Electronic Structure of Binary Phosphoric and Arsenic Triazides
Authors: Xiaoqing Zeng , Weigang Wang , Fengyi Liu , Maofa Ge , Zheng Sun , Dianxun Wang 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTwo highly explosive binary triazides of the group 15 elements P(N3)3 and As(N3)3 have been obtained in the gas phase through the heterogeneous reaction of PCl3 and AsCl3, respectively with AgN3 at room temperature. The electronic structures of both triazides have been characterized by photoelectron spectroscopy, combined with quantum chemical calculations. This represents the first electronic study of covalent triazides. The first experimental vertical ionization potentials for P(N3)3 and As(N3)3 are 9.74 and 9.98 eV, with the contribution primarily from the lone pairs of the azido moiety and the arsenic atom, respectively. The results indicate the relative “isolation” of azido moieties in triazides and less stability of these highly explosive compounds in comparison to monoazides and diazides. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Properties of Novel Transition Metal–Fullerene Complexes Containing Di‐ and Tetraphosphane Ligands
Authors: Song Li‐Cheng , Su Fu‐Hai , Hu Qing‐Mei , Grigiotti Emanuela , Zanello Piero 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis paper reports the synthesis, characterization, and some properties of transition metal–fullerene complexes containing trans‐1,1′‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethylene (dppet, trans‐Ph2PCH=CHPPh2) and N,N,N′,N′‐tetra(diphenylphosphanylmethyl)ethylene diamine (dppeda, [(Ph2PCH2)2NCH2]2), including [(η2‐C60M)(dppet)2] (M = Pt 1, Pd 2), [(η2‐C60M)(dppet)]2 (M = Pt 3, Pd 4), [(η2‐C60Pd)(η2‐C60Pt)(dppet)2](5), [(η2‐C60Pd)(η2‐C70Pd)(dppet)2] (6), [(η2‐C70Pd)(dppet)]2 (7), [(η2‐C60M)(dppeda)] (M = Pt 8, Pd 9), and [(η2‐C60M)2(dppeda)] (M = Pt 10, Pd 11). Interestingly, while complexes 1, 2, 8, and 9 are the first examples of metallacyclopropafullerene diphosphane ligands containing fullerene cores, complexes 3–7, 10, and 11 are the first group 10 metal‐containing, dumbbell‐shaped bisfullerenes. All the complexes 1–11 were characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopy, and, particularly for 4 and 5, by X‐ray crystallography and cyclic voltammetry. Pathways for the formation of 1–11 are suggested. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Defining the moment of erosion: the principle of thermal consonance timing
Authors: Lawler D. M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractGeomorphological process research demands quantitative information on erosion and deposition event timing and magnitude, in relation to fluctuations in the suspected driving forces. This paper establishes a new measurement principle – thermal consonance timing (TCT) – which delivers clearer, more continuous and quantitative information on erosion and deposition event magnitude, timing and frequency, to assist understanding of the controlling mechanisms. TCT is based on monitoring the switch from characteristically strong temperature gradients in sediment, to weaker gradients in air or water, which reveals the moment of erosion. The paper (1) derives the TCT principle from soil micrometeorological theory; (2) illustrates initial concept operationalization for field and laboratory use; (3) presents experimental data for simple soil erosion simulations; and (4) discusses initial application of TCT and perifluvial micrometeorology principles in the delivery of timing solutions for two bank erosion events on the River Wharfe, UK, in relation to the hydrograph.River bank thermal regimes respond, as soil temperature and energy balance theory predicts, with strong horizontal thermal gradients (often >1 K cm−1 over 6·8 cm). TCT fixed the timing of two erosion events, the first during inundation, the second 19 h after the discharge peak and 13 h after re‐emergence from the flow. This provides rare confirmation of delayed bank retreat, quantifies the time‐lag involved, and suggests mass failure processes rather than fluid entrainment. Erosion events can be virtually instantaneous, implying ‘catastrophic retreat’ rather than ‘progressive entrainment’. Considerable potential exists to employ TCT approaches for: validating process models in several geomorphological contexts; assisting process identification and improving discrimination of competing hypotheses of process dominance through high‐resolution, simultaneous analysis of erosion and deposition events and driving forces; defining shifting erodibility and erosion thresholds; refining dynamic linkages in event‐based sediment budget investigations; and deriving closer approximations to ‘true’ erosion and deposition rates, especially in self‐concealing scour‐and‐fill systems. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The significance of vivianite in archaeological settings
Authors: McGowan1 Glenys , Prangnell Jonathan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Vivianite is a bluish mineral sometimes encountered in archaeological deposits. It is notable for its tendency to change color from white or grayish to blue on exposure to air. Vivianite requires specific conditions for its formation—sources of iron, phosphate, and water, as well as low levels of oxygen and sulfide. Microbial activity is also thought to play a part in vivianite formation. The majority of archaeological texts do not discuss vivianite to any great degree, preventing a more detailed interpretation of site conditions and features. Vivianite was found in 25 exhumed burials from the North Brisbane Burial Ground, Queensland, Australia. Research indicated that bone or tissue samples for DNA analysis are best taken from areas distant from vivianite encrustations and that presence of vivianite has implications for artifact conservation. Vivianite at the North Brisbane Burial Grounds helped protect some skeletal and dental elements, preserved the impressions of metal coffin lacing, and also corroborated the oral history of temporary waterlogging and acted as a measure of pollution levels across the site. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Short contribution: Mapping quaternary deposits as a method for explaining the distribution of mesolithic sites in reclaimed landscapes: An example from Vålse Vig, southeast Denmark
Authors: Rømer Shaun , Breuning‐Madsen Henrik , Balstrøm Thomas , Jensen Anna‐Elisabeth 
Published: December 2005

AbstractArchaeological sites dating to the Ertebolle period of the Mesolithic have been recorded below a thin layer of marine sands in a reclaimed bay on northern Falster Island in Denmark. The finds seemed randomly distributed throughout the bay; there was no obvious pattern related to the modern landscape. However, by coring through the veneer of marine sands and mapping the pattern of the underlying Late Quaternary deposits, the authors were able to reconstruct the Mesolithic landscape and thereby explain the distribution of archaeological sites. This approach allows archaeologists to focus subsurface exploration in geomorphic settings, such as former fjords and coastlines that have a high potential for yielding prehistoric sites. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Temporally specific proliferation events are induced in the hippocampus following acute focal injury
Authors: Ernst Carl , Christie Brian R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn models of global brain injury, such as stroke or epilepsy, a large increase in neurogenesis occurs in the dentate gyrus (DG) days after the damage is induced. In contrast, more focal damage in the DG produces an increase in neurogenesis within 24 hr. To determine how cell proliferation and differentiation differs in the DG after acute injury in the DG, focal electrolytic lesions were made and mitotic activity was assessed at early (1 day) and late (5 day) time points. At the early time point, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)‐positive cells were diffusely spread throughout the extent of the hippocampus that was ipsilateral to the lesion. No significant increase in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the DG was observed. When BrdU was administered at the later time point, the number of BrdU+ cells in the SGZ of the DG was significantly increased. This fourfold increase in BrdU+ cells also resulted in a significant increase in neurogenesis, as measured 6 weeks following BrdU administration. This increase in neurogenesis was not observed when BrdU was administered at the early time point. These results indicate that focal injury in the DG activates two temporally specific proliferation events and that enhanced neurogenesis is observed only following a latent period after the lesion is made. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polyadipates used as plasticizers in food contact: Fraction below 1000 Da determined by size exclusion chromatography with evaporative light scattering detection and segmental response linearization or UV detection
Authors: Biedermann Maurus , Grob Koni 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPolyadipates might be a suitable replacement for conventional plasticizers in plastisols to produce lids for glass jars complying with legal limits for oily foods. For the characterization of polyadipates, the proportion of the material with a molecular mass below 1000 Da is important. Determination of the material <1000 Da is also important for checking compliance with the specific legal limit. The analytical problems and the sources of uncertainty are investigated. Even when calibrated with constituents of polyadipates, preseparation at 1000 Da is of limited accuracy, since stretched and cyclic components of the same molecular mass have different retention times; a compromise must be found. UV detection leaves substantial uncertainty as the response particularly of the <1000 Da components varies and tends to be below that of the higher molecular mass polyadipates. Evaporative light scattering detection has a nonlinear response for which a segmental correction (linearization of the integration raw data) is suggested: The raw data of the integration is linearized by an exponential function before the chromatogram is reconstructed.
Strategic managerial incentives under adverse selection
Authors: Cavagnac Michel 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe extend the strategic contract model where the owner designs incentive schemes for her manager before the latter takes output decisions. Firstly, we introduce private knowledge regarding costs within each owner–manager pair. Under adverse selection, we show that delegation involves a trade‐off between strategic commitment and the cost of an extra informational rent linked to decentralization. Which policies will arise in equilibrium? We introduce in the game an initial stage where owners can simultaneously choose between control and delegation. We show that if decision variables are strategic substitutes, choosing output control through a quantity‐lump sum transfer contract is a dominating strategy. If decision variables are strategic complements, this policy is a dominated strategy. Further, two types of dominant‐strategies equilibrium may arise: in the first type, both principals use delegation; in the second one, both principals implement delegation for a low‐cost manager and output control for a high‐cost one. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orthogonal tensor invariants and the analysis of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance images
Authors: Ennis Daniel B. , Kindlmann Gordon 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis paper outlines the mathematical development and application of two analytically orthogonal tensor invariants sets. Diffusion tensors can be mathematically decomposed into shape and orientation information, determined by the eigenvalues and eigenvectors, respectively. The developments herein orthogonally decompose the tensor shape using a set of three orthogonal invariants that characterize the magnitude of isotropy, the magnitude of anisotropy, and the mode of anisotropy. The mode of anisotropy is useful for resolving whether a region of anisotropy is linear anisotropic, orthotropic, or planar anisotropic. Both tensor trace and fractional anisotropy are members of an orthogonal invariant set, but they do not belong to the same set. It is proven that tensor trace and fractional anisotropy are not mutually orthogonal measures of the diffusive process. The results are applied to the analysis and visualization of diffusion tensor magnetic resonance images of the brain in a healthy volunteer. The theoretical developments provide a method for generating scalar maps of the diffusion tensor data, including novel fractional anisotropy maps that are color encoded for the mode of anisotropy and directionally encoded colormaps of only linearly anisotropic structures, rather than of high fractional anisotropy structures. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.