bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE OESTROUS CYCLE OF THE ADULT RAT AFTER X-RAY STERILIZATION
Authors: MANDL ANITA M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Oestrous cycles, as judged by vaginal smears, persist for a variable time after X-ray sterilization of the ovaries, but their phases do not synchronize with the growth and rupture of surviving Graafian follicles and the formation of corpora lutea. Cyclical fluctuations in the size of the uterus and the histological appearance of the vagina occur during but not after the first two oestrous periods following sterilization.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISCHARGE OF RADIO-IODINE FROM THE THYROID GLANDS OF MICE INJECTED WITH HUMAN SERA
Authors: MUNRO D. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Using McKenzie's [1958b] modification of Adams & Purves's [1955] method for bioassay of thyrotrophin, which depends on the release into the circulating blood of radio-iodine from thyroid glands of mice, an attempt was made to measure thyrotrophin in human serum. Two types of response were encountered. The first, characteristic of hypothyroidism, resulted in a peak increase in blood radioactivity 2 hr after injection and resembles the response to standard thyrotrophin preparations. The second response, characteristic of hyperthyroidism, was delayed and the blood radioactivity did not reach a peak until 12 hr after the serum injection. The incidence of the two types of response has been investigated and several additional differences between the delayed response and the response to thyrotrophin extracted from pituitary tissue have been established.
THE EFFECT OF GONADOTROPHINS AND OESTROGEN ON OVARIAN ATRESIA IN THE IMMATURE RAT
Authors: INGRAM D. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Immature female rats were treated with either gonadotrophin or oestrogen and an estimate was made of the number of medium-sized follicles in which the oocyte had begun its first maturation division. It was found that fewer follicles had become atretic after division of the oocyte in the experimental animals than in the controls.
ORTHOTOPIC OVARIAN GRAFTS IN THE GOLDEN HAMSTER
Authors: PARROTT DELPHINE M. V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Interstrain orthotopic ovarian homografts have been made between hamsters of two strains, golden and dark-eared albino, maintained at the National Institute for Medical Research.
2. The golden hamster recipients were sterilized with irradiation directed to the ovaries whilst the rest of the body was shielded with lead.
3. Ovaries from albino donors were grafted orthotopically into irradiated golden hamsters which were then paired with albino males. The genetic identification of young from the graft was possible; hybrid offspring between golden and albino hamsters are golden in colour so that any albino offspring must have been derived from the graft.
4. The homograft reaction between golden and albino hamsters was negligible; out of fifty grafted golden hamsters forty-five had established grafts and twenty-seven of them were fertile. Altogether forty litters, containing at least one offspring derived from a graft, were obtained.
5. The comparative importance of immunological and endocrine factors in the establishment of ovarian grafts and factors influencing the fertility of orthotopic ovarian grafts are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF INSULIN ANTISERUM ON THE INSULIN ACTIVITY OF SERUM AND PROTEIN FRACTIONS OF SERUM
Authors: TAYLOR K. W. , RANDLE P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The uptake of glucose by isolated rat diaphragm is increased in vitro by serum from normal oxen and diabetic patients treated with ox insulin; by slower moving albumin, β- and γ-globulin fractions of serum from normal oxen; by slower moving albumin, α2-, β- and γ-globulin fractions of serum from treated diabetics (prepared by zone electrophoresis on columns of treated cellulose). More rapidly moving albumins from both types of serum did not stimulate glucose uptake. The effect of serum or protein fractions of serum was absent or markedly reduced in the presence of antiserum to ox insulin prepared in guinea-pigs. It is concluded that the stimulating effect of serum and protein fractions of serum on uptake of glucose by diaphragm is due to circulating insulin.
The effect of insulin on uptake of glucose by diaphragm is shown to be potentiated by the presence of corticotrophin, prolactin, normal guinea-pig serum and an albumin preparation from the serum of hypophysectomized rats.
The significance of these results in relation to the detection and assay of insulin in blood with isolated diaphragm and to the transport of insulin in blood is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OVARIAN HORMONES AND UTERINE INFECTION
Authors: BROOME A. W. J. , LAMMING G. E. , SMITH WENDY 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Experiments to determine the role of the granulocyte system in uterine defence against bacterial infections have given the following results:
(1) There were significant differences in the bacterial content of the uteri of oestrous and pseudopregnant rabbits as little as 2 hr following experimental infections. The uterus of oestrous animals was almost sterile 24 hr after such infections but, at this time, the uterus of pseudopregnant animals still contained some residual infection.
(2) Ligation of the uterus in oestrous animals impeded drainage and prevented the escape of leucocytes and bacteria from the lumen. The leucocytes accumulated to form a sterile pyometritis similar to that observed in the non-ligated uterus of the pseudopregnant rabbit.
(3) Mobilization of leucocyte occurred more rapidly in the uterus of the oestrous animal, and t was also shown that a highly significant negative relationship existed in oestrous animals between bacterial numbers and leucocyte numbers within the uterus following experimental uterine infections. The slower rate of leucocyte mobilization in pseudopregnant animals is thought to be the main factor responsible for the different bactericidal activities of the uteri of oestrous and pseudopregnant rabbits.
MONOAMINE OXIDASE, THYROID ACTIVITY AND HYPERGLYCAEMIA IN THE FROG
Authors: SMITH C. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Estimations of monoamine oxidase (m.o.) activity in suspensions of frog liver taken at monthly intervals showed that activity was relatively constant during the greater part of the year (mean value 8·6 ± 0·332 μl. O2/15 min/mg colloid nitrogen), but it rose to a significantly higher level from August to November inclusive (mean 11·7 ± 0·513 μl. O2/15 min/mg colloid nitrogen).
2. The pattern of seasonal variation in enzyme activity showed no correspondence with the annual cycle of change in the thyroid gland, nor was there any correlation between m.o. activity of the liver and the histological appearance of the thyroid in individual frogs.
3. Inhibition of m.o. in vivo by iproniazid elicited a hyperglycaemic response to excitement in previously unresponsive frogs which was almost identical with that obtained after treatment with thyroxine and iproniazid.
4. There was no evidence that treatment with thyroxine led to any alteration in the activity of liver m.o.
5. It is concluded that m.o. is not an important factor in the inactivation of catechol amines in the strongly stimulated frog, but the possibility is discussed that under natural conditions of lower stress the high enzyme activity from August to November might be one factor tending to limit mobilization of liver glycogen.
THE ANTAGONISM BY DON OF GROWTH INDUCED BY STEROID HORMONES
Authors: POULSON E. , ROBSON J. M. , WANDER A. C. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Attempts were made to determine the interaction between DON, an antimetabolic cytotoxic drug which is known to interrupt pregnancy in rats, mice and rabbits, and the steroid hormones necessary for the maintenance of pregnancy.
The results show clearly that DON will inhibit epithelial and muscular growth of the vagina and uterus in mice in response to oestrogen. This inhibition was produced by a dose similar to that known to interrupt pregnancy (2 mg/kg), and therefore it seems possible that the antagonism of oestradiol may play a part in the interruption of pregnancy.
Similar antagonism to oestradiol and progesterone was demonstrated in the rabbit.
DON produced no inhibition of the action of androgen in rats in the doses used in these experiments.
METABOLIC CHANGES RESULTING FROM 90YT IRRADIATION OF THE PITUITARY IN A PATIENT WITH CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Authors: BROOKS R. V. , McSWINEY R. R. , MATTINGLY D. , PRUNTY F. T. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A detailed metabolic study has been made of a 48-year-old woman with Cushing's syndrome associated with presumed adrenocortical hyperplasia. The patient was shown to be secreting excessive amounts of cortisol. The urine contained low levels of aldosterone, but there was a hypokalaemic alkalosis. Plasma corticosterone was not raised.
Destruction of the pituitary by insertion of 90Yt seeds produced clinical improvement and amelioration of hypertension. The adrenocortical activity promptly subsided to below normal levels. Negative nitrogen and calcium balances became positive, urine calcium fell and hyperglycaemia disappeared. The condition of hypokalaemic alkalosis was restored to normal and aldosterone excretion increased. The decline in thyroid activity was slower than that of adrenocortical activity. Calculation of the distribution of muscular and fatty tissue in the body showed that treatment produced an improvement. The significance of some of these changes is discussed.
THE HOURLY EXCRETION OF STEROIDS AFTER A SHORT INTRAVENOUS INFUSION OF ACTH
Authors: FOTHERBY K. , STRONG J. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The hourly excretion of total 17-oxosteroids, total 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, dehydroepiandrosterone, pregnanetriol and pregnanediol by six normal males has been measured before and after a short intravenous infusion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH).
The peak, in the amounts of the various steroids excreted, occurred 3–4 hr after the commencement of the infusion, and within 6 hr the steroids, produced as a result of the ACTH stimulation, were completely excreted.
On most days the subjects excreted quite large amounts of steroids during the period 6·30 a.m. to 10 a.m. The diurnal variation, however, was often obscured by sudden changes in the amounts of steroids excreted.
EFFECT OF PROGESTERONE AND OESTROGEN ON PREGNANCY AND EMBRYONIC MORTALITY IN ADULT MICE FOLLOWING SUPEROVULATION TREATMENT
Authors: FOWLER RUTH E. , EDWARDS R. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of exogenous oestrogen and progesterone on implantation and foetal mortality were studied in mice following induced superovulation with gonadotrophins.
Short-term treatment with progesterone during early pregnancy did not influence implantation or foetal mortality, but 2 mg daily from days 2 to 12 reduced the number of embryos that implanted and increased foetal mortality after implantation. These effects of progesterone were more severe when few embryos were implanted.
Oestradiol benzoate (OB), given after mating, reduced fertility by decreasing the proportion of mice with implanted embryos, causing cornification of the vagina in many mice during pregnancy. Administration of progesterone with OB did not alleviate these effects.
Administration of OB before superovulation, or lengthening the interval between the injections of PMS and HCG in order to extend the period of uterine stimulation by endogenous oestrogen, interfered with ovulation in some mice. Approx. one-quarter of the mice given oestrogen had cornified vaginal smears during early pregnancy. Both treatments decreased the numbers of mice with implanted embryos.
THE PITUITARY GLAND OF THE FEMALE FERRET
Authors: HOLMES R. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Six distinct types of cell can be distinguished in the pars distalis of the pituitary gland of the female ferret after staining by performic acid-Alcian blue followed by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-orange G. The first of these types contains coarsely granular PAS-positive material; the second contains granules which stain with Alcian blue, with or without PAS-positive material; while the third contains finely granular or diffuse PAS-positive material. The fourth type of cell, apparently equivalent to the 'carminophil' of other species, stains deep orange due to a combination of staining with orange G and a weakly positive PAS reaction. The fifth type is the ordinary acidophil, and the sixth the chromophobe.
The pars tuberalis is extensive, and may be compact or lobulated. The pars intermedia contains two types of cell, but shows no obvious secretory characteristics. The neural process consists of a central zone which resembles the stalk in structure, and a peripheral, more vascular zone which contains the bulk of the neurosecretory material. A nucleus of small nerve cells lies in the junctional region where the stalk joins the main neural process.
SOME BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF IODO-l-THYRONINES
Authors: TOMICH E. G. , WOOLLETT E. A. , PRATT M. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Six iodo-l-thyronines, viz. 3:3′:5′-triiodo-, 3:5-diiodo-, 3:3′-diiodo-, 3′:5′-diiodo-, 3-monoiodo-, and 3′-monoiodo-l-thyronine, have been compared with 3:5:3′-triiodo-l-thyronine, in mice by an anoxia method and in rats for antigoitrogenic activities and effects on rate of oxygen consumption. The only compound with any significant activity was 3:5-diiodo-l-thyronine. In the goitre prevention assay it had 3% (on a weight basis) of the activity of 3:5:3′-triiodo-l-thyronine.
STEROIDS PRESENT IN THE FOLLICULAR FLUID OF THE MARE
Authors: SHORT R. V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Using paper chromatographic techniques, it has been possible to identify the following steroids in the follicular fluid of the mare (results expressed as μg/1.): oestradiol-17β, 460 μg; oestrone, 34 μg; cortisol, 12 μg; progesterone, 124 μg; 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, 66 μg; epitestosterone, 24 μg; androstenedione, 136 μg. In addition to these seven compounds, 136 μg of an unidentified oestrogen-like substance and 52 μg of an unidentified 17-ketosteroid were also present.
This is the first time that epitestosterone has been identified as a natural product, and the possible significance of this compound is discussed. 19-Hydroxyandrostenedione, the postulated intermediate in the formation of oestrone from androstenedione, was not detected in this study, and some doubt is therefore cast on the theory that it is an essential intermediate in the biosynthesis of the ovarian oestrogens.
The presence of relatively large amounts of an unidentified polar oestrogen in follicular fluid suggests that it may be of some physiological significance, although at the present time no information is available on the biological activity of this compound.
A MODIFIED METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF PREGNANETRIOL IN URINE
Authors: FOTHERBY K. , LOVE D. N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A simple method modified from those developed by Stern [1957] and Bongiovanni & Eberlein [1958] for the estimation of pregnanetriol in urine is described.
The accuracy, sensitivity, precision and specificity of the method are discussed.
COMPARISON OF BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL ESTIMATIONS OF URINARY OESTROGENS
Authors: BULBROOK R. D. , GREENWOOD F. C. , WILLIAMS P. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Brown's original method [1955] for the chemical determination of oestrone, oestradiol-17β and oestriol in human urine gives inaccurate results when applied to the urine from patients with breast cancer being treated with cortisone after oophorectomy-adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy. This is demonstrated by comparing chemical results with biological assays of the activity in the phenolic fraction of the urine. There is no evidence of any material in the phenolic fraction interfering with the biological assay.
Results with the modified chemical method [Brown, Bulbrook & Greenwood, 1957a], which obviates the chemical interference caused by cortisone metabolites in the urine, may still disagree with the biological results. There are two main reasons for this. The modified chemical method is still subject to error if the patients are taking laxatives, though the biological assay is unaffected. Furthermore, most of the patients are excreting amounts of oestrogen at or below the limits of accuracy of the chemical method. In the absence of interference by laxatives, biological and chemical results usually agree when the calculated errors of the chemical method at these low levels of oestrogen excretion are taken into account.
Biologically detectable oestrogen was present in the phenolic fraction of the urine from eleven out of fifteen oophorectomized-adrenalectomized or hypophysectomized women.
EARLY VAGINAL RESPONSES IN TWO LINES OF MICE SELECTED, ON THE BASIS OF VAGINAL CORNIFICATION, FOR HIGH AND LOW SENSITIVITY TO THE INTRAVAGINAL APPLICATION OF OESTROGENS
Authors: MARTIN L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The differing sensitivities of two lines of mice, selected on the basis of vaginal cornification for high and low sensitivity to oestrogens, were not reflected in early responses to oestrogen, nor in differential rates of loss of oestrogen from the vagina.
The relation of vaginal cornification to the initial action of oestrogens is discussed.
A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF VERY SMALL AMOUNTS OF OESTRONE IN HUMAN URINE
Authors: BROWN J. B. , BLAIR H. A. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A purification step involving separation of the ketonic fraction through the Girard complex has been incorporated in an earlier method for estimating urinary oestrogens. The new method, which measures oestrone only, involves acid or enzymic hydrolysis of the urine, extraction with ether, removal of the acidic fraction with alkaline carbonate solution, evaporation of the ether, separation of the ketonic fraction through the Girard complex, saponification, methylation, and chromatography on alumina columns. The oestrone methyl ether present in the final extract is measured by a semi-micro modification of the Kober reaction, which, with the larger volume of urine processed, increases the sensitivity of the estimation ninefold. This increase in sensitivity is made possible by the purification achieved in the new method, and fractions of 1 μg oestrone/24 hr urine can be measured. The reliability of the new method has been investigated and data concerning its accuracy, precision, sensitivity and specificity are presented. By comparison with the new method, the earlier method gives overestimates of approx. 0.9 μg oestrone/24 hr urine.
THE ORIENTATION OF THE C-17 —OH GROUP OF OESTRADIOL IN RELATION TO ITS ANTI-ATHEROGENIC ACTIVITY
Authors: MALINOW M. R. , GIMENO A. L. , PELLEGRINO-IRALDI AMANDA A. , FERNANDEZ-GIMENO MARTHA A. , BUR G. E. , LACUARA J. L. , MOGUILEVSKY J. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Pellets of 17α- and 17β-oestradiol were implanted into cholesterol-fed chickens. The 17α-isomer caused an increase in body weight, accompanied by testicular atrophy, and also caused an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity in the aorta and in the plasma. The β-isomer, besides the above effects, also enhanced hypercholesterolaemia and prevented coronary atherosclerosis. It is concluded that these last-named actions are related to the β-orientation of the —OH group at C-17 in the steroid nucleus.
VARIOUS EFFECTS OF THYROXINE ANALOGUES ON THE HEART AND SERUM CHOLESTEROL IN THE RAT
Authors: BOYD G. S. , OLIVER M. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A series of twelve iodinated thyroxine analogues was studied for thyro-activity in the rat. Each analogue produced antigoitrogenic activity, increased oxygen consumption, heart rate and heart weight, and decreased serum and liver cholesterol levels.
A 'serum cholesterol/heart rate ratio' may be computed for these analogues under fixed experimental conditions. While the dose-response curves for different analogues in any of these assays are rarely parallel, it is, nevertheless, clear that under certain experimental conditions some iodothyronines cause a relatively greater depression of cholesterol levels and less stimulation of heart rate than others. Some of the most active in this respect are DT4, DT3, DT2 and T4F.
EFFECTS OF SALICYLATE ON PLASMA PROTEIN-BOUND IODINE IN THYROXINE-MAINTAINED THYROIDECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: GOOD B. F. , HETZEL B. S. , OPIT L. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The peripheral effect of salicylate on the plasma protein-bound iodine (PBI) has been studied using thyroidectomized rats. Thyroidectomized rats maintained on adequate thyroxine replacement (6 μg l-thyroxine/100 g body weight) showed striking falls in plasma PBI level following daily administration of salicylate (30 mg/100 g body weight).
EFFECT OF ALKALI ON URINARY OESTROGENS
Authors: KUSHINSKY S. , WU JANE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The effect of reflux with 1 n sodium hydroxide on mixtures of 14C urinary oestrogens has been studied.
2. Many significant transformations have been found to occur during this treatment.
3. While oestrone and oestriol seemed to remain unaltered by this treatment, oestradiol was affected in a variable way.
4. The most extensive changes were observed with compounds which, according to paper chromatography, are more polar than oestradiol and less polar than oestriol.
ENDOCRINE FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE FAILURE OF PINTAIL DUCKS ANAS ACUTA TO REPRODUCE IN CAPTIVITY
Authors: PHILLIPS R. E. , VAN TIENHOVEN A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Pintail ducks captured from migrating flocks and held in captivity fail to show ovarian development. Bioassay of their pituitary glands revealed a lack of gonadotrophin secretion. In the closely related Mallards, which also fail to reproduce in captivity, avian gonadotrophin injections, either 15–30 mg/day alone or 10–12 mg/day in combination with diethylstilboestrol, caused nearly normal ovarian follicular development. Oestrogen and gonadotrophins acted synergistically to produce a series of follicles with normal gradations in size. Oestrogen alone stimulated ovarian weight of ducks and immature chickens, but in immature chickens it did not synergize with exogenous gonadotrophins.
A COMPARISON OF TWO GONADOTROPHIC EXTRACTS, PMS AND HCG, WITH A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF ASSAY PROCEDURE
Authors: DONNELLY R. B. , STONE G. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The method of assay for gonadotrophin developed by Claringbold & Lamond (1957) has been found satisfactory and suitable for a wide range of management conditions and strains of mice.
It has been confirmed that this method gives similar slopes for human chorionic gonadotrophin and pregnant mares' serum and it has been found, in addition, that these slopes do not differ from strain to strain. An explanation is offered of the contrary results of Brown, Cunningham & Finegan (1959) and some comments are made on the design and analysis of assays, particularly the selection of dose ranges.
It is considered that the uterine weight assay offers no evidence for the existence of two separate gonadotrophic principles.
CHROMAFFIN CELLS, MAST CELLS AND MELANIN
Authors: COUPLAND R. E. , HEATH I. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Polymorphic cells whose granules give a positive chromaffin reaction have been identified in the liver capsule and gut of the ox, cow and sheep. These cells give a positive argentaffin and Schmorl's reaction in dichromate-fixed material, and fail to couple with alkaline diazonium compounds. These reactions are consistent with the presence of a catechol, and from the work of Bertler, Falck, Hillarp, Rosengren & Torp (1959) it would appear that they contain dopamine.
These chromaffin, dopamine-containing cells are, however, not a special type of cell but are tissue mast cells. Nuclear fast red (Herzberg) is not, as suggested by Falck, Hillarp & Torp (1959a, b), a specific stain for dopamine, but, when prepared with aluminium sulphate, it is specific for sulphated mucopolysaccharides.