bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Testing and the Future of Disability Insurance: Thinking about Discrimination in the Genetic Age
Authors: Miller Paul Steven 
Published: May 2007

As we enter the new century, humanity wields increasing power to understand, alter, and control the world in which we live. The mysteries of our genetic code provide remarkable new insights into our unique human characteristics. Rapid developments in information technology provide instant access to limitless data. The information age has taken hold, and the genetic revolution is in full swing. With apologies to Aldous Huxley, we stand at the precipice of a brave new world.It has been just 50 years since James Watson and Francis Crick's groundbreaking discovery of the double helix. Since then, profound developments in the science of genetics have been staggering. More staggering still are the potential benefits, the boundless horizons, the promised and unimagined applications of their work, and the work of the many scientists involved in the sequencing of the human genome. There can be no doubt that a firm and unwavering commitment to the betterment of humankind has fueled this tireless effort.
Predictive Genetic Testing: Congruence of Disability Insurers' Interests with the Public Interest
Authors: Silvers Anita 
Published: May 2007

The idea that disability insurers would benefit if the use of predictive genetic testing expands may seem little short of obvious. If individuals with higher than species-typical genetic propensities for illness or disease are identified, and barred or discouraged from participating in disability insurance programs, is it not obvious that the amount that disability insurers pay out will decrease? Is there any reason to doubt that insurers thus would gain advantage by promoting genetic testing? Writers on this subject typically have taken on faith that advantage goes to whoever knows most about the genetic characteristics of the individual seeking insurance. They therefore have assumed, without proving, that insurers’ interests lie with proliferating genetic information about insurance seekers.Consequently, from a perspective that gives priority to commercial interests, denying insurers the freedom to obtain genetic information about insurance seekers or holders appears obviously damaging and even unfair. On the other hand, from a perspective that gives priority to the interests of citizens who may use insurance, the greater use of and access to predictive genetic testing sets off ethical alarms.
Engineering of the Yeast
Yarrowia lipolytica
for the Production of Glycoproteins Lacking the Outer-Chain Mannose Residues of N-Glycans
Authors: Song Yunkyoung , Choi Min Hee , Park Jeong-Nam , Kim Moo Woong , Kim Eun Jung , Kang Hyun Ah , Kim Jeong-Yoon 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

In an attempt to engineer a
Yarrowia lipolytica
strain to produce glycoproteins lacking the outer-chain mannose residues of N-linked oligosaccharides, we investigated the functions of the
OCH1
gene encoding a putative α-1,6-mannosyltransferase in
Y. lipolytica
. The complementation of the
Saccharomyces cerevisiae och1
mutation by the expression of Yl
OCH1
and the lack of in vitro α-1,6-mannosyltransferase activity in the Yl
och1
null mutant indicated that Yl
OCH1
is a functional ortholog of
S. cerevisiae OCH1
. The oligosaccharides assembled on two secretory glycoproteins, the
Trichoderma reesei
endoglucanase I and the endogenous
Y. lipolytica
lipase, from the Yl
och1
null mutant contained a single predominant species, the core oligosaccharide Man
8
GlcNAc
2
, whereas those from the wild-type strain consisted of oligosaccharides with heterogeneous sizes, Man
8
GlcNAc
2
to Man
12
GlcNAc
2
. Digestion with α-1,2- and α-1,6-mannosidase of the oligosaccharides from the wild-type and Yl
och1
mutant strains strongly supported the possibility that the Yl
och1
mutant strain has a defect in adding the first α-1,6-linked mannose to the core oligosaccharide. Taken together, these results indicate that Yl
OCH1
plays a key role in the outer-chain mannosylation of N-linked oligosaccharides in
Y. lipolytica
. Therefore, the Yl
och1
mutant strain can be used as a host to produce glycoproteins lacking the outer-chain mannoses and further developed for the production of therapeutic glycoproteins containing human-compatible oligosaccharides.
PdhR (Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex Regulator) Controls the Respiratory Electron Transport System in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Ogasawara Hiroshi , Ishida Yuji , Yamada Kayoko , Yamamoto Kaneyoshi , Ishihama Akira 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

The pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) multienzyme complex plays a key role in the metabolic interconnection between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Transcription of the
Escherichia coli
genes for all three components of the PDH complex in the
pdhR-aceEF-lpdA
operon is repressed by the pyruvate-sensing PdhR, a GntR family transcription regulator, and derepressed by pyruvate. After a systematic search for the regulation targets of PdhR using genomic systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), we have identified two novel targets,
ndh
, encoding NADH dehydrogenase II, and
cyoABCDE
, encoding the cytochrome
bo
-type oxidase, both together forming the pathway of respiratory electron transport downstream from the PDH cycle. PDH generates NADH, while Ndh and CyoABCDE together transport electrons from NADH to oxygen. Using gel shift and DNase I footprinting assays, the PdhR-binding site (PdhR box) was defined, which includes a palindromic consensus sequence, ATTGGTNNNACCAAT. The binding in vitro of PdhR to the PdhR box decreased in the presence of pyruvate. Promoter assays in vivo using a two-fluorescent-protein vector also indicated that the newly identified operons are repressed by PdhR and derepressed by the addition of pyruvate. Taken together, we propose that PdhR is a master regulator for controlling the formation of not only the PDH complex but also the respiratory electron transport system.
Shoulder joint loading in the high performance flat and kick tennis serves
Authors: Reid Machar , Elliott Bruce , Alderson Jacque 
Published: May 2007

Objective:To quantify and compare the full body kinematics and shoulder joint kinetics during the high-performance tennis flat (FS) and kick serves (KS).Methods:A 12-camera 250 Hz, Vicon motion analysis system recorded the three-dimensional FS and KS of 12 high-performance male players. A total of 22 paired Student’s t tests, with an accompanying partial Bonferroni correction (p<0.01), determined statistically significant differences between the variables of interest in both serves.Results:Higher peak horizontal, vertical and absolute racquet velocities were developed during the FS, while higher lateral velocities characterised the KS. Similar shoulder joint kinematics and kinetics punctuated both serves, but with some variation in trunk and lower limb mechanics.Conclusions:Similar shoulder joint kinetics assisted the development of varying three-dimensional racquet velocities in the FS and KS. The comparable shoulder joint loading conditions point to the repetitive, long-term performance of either serve as relevant in shoulder joint injury pathologies.
Contact events in rugby union and their propensity to cause injury
Authors: Fuller Colin W , Brooks John H M , Cancea Rebecca J , Hall John , Kemp Simon P T 
Published: May 2007

Objective:The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of contact events in professional rugby union matches and to assess their propensity to cause injury.Design:The study was a two-season (2003/2004 and 2005/2006) prospective cohort design. It included 645 professional rugby union players from 13 English Premiership rugby union clubs. The main outcome measures were: incidence of match contact events (events per game); incidence (injuries per 1000 player-hours and per 1000 contact events), risk (days lost per 1000 player-hours and per 1000 contact events) and diagnosis of injury; referee’s decision. Risk factors were player–player contact, position on pitch and period of play.Results:Tackles (221.0 events/game) and rucks (142.5 events/game) were the most common events and mauls (13.6%) and scrums (12.6%) the most penalised. Tackles (701.6 days/1000 player-hours) were responsible for the greatest loss of time but scrums (213.2 days lost/1000 events) and collisions (199.8 days lost/1000 events) presented the highest risk per event.Conclusions:Tackles were the game event responsible for the highest number of injuries and the greatest loss of time in rugby union because they were by far the most common contact event. Collisions were 70% more likely to result in an injury than a tackle and scrums carried a 60% greater risk of injury than a tackle. The relative propensities for contact events to cause injury were rated as: lineout – very low; ruck – low; maul and tackle – average; collision and scrum – high.
The distribution and incidence of white pine blister rust in central and southeastern Wyoming and northern Colorado
Authors: Kearns Holly S.J. , Jacobi William R. 
Published: May 2007

A survey of limber pine ( Pinus flexilis James) to determine the geographic distribution, incidence, and severity of white pine blister rust (WPBR) throughout 13 study areas in central and southeastern Wyoming and northern Colorado was conducted from 2002 to 2004. The majority (81.1%) of the 18 719 surveyed limber pines >1.37 m tall were classified as healthy, 13.5% were declining or dying from various causes, and 5.4% were dead. WPBR was present on 278 (55%) of the 504 survey plots. Incidence of the disease ranged from 0% to 100% and averaged 15.5% over all the plots and 28.0% on the infested plots. Likelihood of infection by WPBR was significantly greater for limber pines in larger diameter classes. Incidence was negatively correlated with elevation and positively correlated with geographic position, with more northerly and easterly plots having higher incidences of WPBR. Incidence varied by slope position and did not vary by aspect, slope configuration, or degree of canopy closure. The current level of infestation in central and southeastern Wyoming and northern Colorado has been attained within the past two to four decades. With time, the pathogen may spread to currently uninfested white pine populations and intensify throughout its current distribution impacting valuable ecosystems.
Effects of density control and fertilization on growth and yield of young Douglas-fir plantations in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Li Yuzhen , Turnblom Eric C. , Briggs David G. 
Published: May 2007

To examine the effects of density control and fertilization on stand growth and yield of young Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) plantations, seven treatment regimes were applied in sixty-three 9-year-old plots from nine installations across western Washington and Oregon. Fertilizer was applied at the rate of 220 kg N·ha–1 (as urea) at stand establishment and every 4 years thereafter. Results after 12 years showed that widely spaced stands exhibited significantly larger quadratic mean diameter than did narrowly spaced stands. The densest stands initially had the greatest overall stand basal area and volume, but accumulation rate in the dense stands had been declining with time. After 12 years, the less dense stands had met or exceeded the basal area periodic annual increment of dense stands. Across all densities, the periodic annual increments of quadratic mean diameter, basal area, and volume in fertilized plots were significantly greater than in unfertilized plots following the first and second urea applications. However, the first fertilization was insufficient to produce a significant increase in stand yield and the significant fertilization increases in yield were found following the second and the third urea applications. This study showed neither significant fertilization effect nor density effect on dominant height. In addition, no significant interactions were found for any stand growth and yield variables considered, but fertilization responses showed different trends among density treatments over time.
Field Results from a Second-Generation Ocean/Lake Surface Contact Heat Flux, Solar Irradiance, and Temperature Measurement Instrument—The Multisensor Float
Authors: Boyle J. P. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This paper describes results from two field programs that support development of a wave-following surface contact multisensor float (MSF) designed to simultaneously measure net surface heat flux, net solar irradiance, and water temperature. The results reported herein compare measurements from a second-generation design (circa 1998) against directly measured radiative fluxes as well as turbulent fluxes derived using both eddy correlation and bulk aerodynamic methods. The reference flux data are collected using instrumented towers, buoys, and research vessels. Comparisons show that MSF net surface fluxes and net solar irradiance are in generally good agreement with values that are measured or derived using standard instruments and methods, having root-mean-square differences less than approximately 15%. MSF near-surface bulk water temperature measurement shows good agreement with similar measurements from a drifting buoy. MSF measurement of water surface temperature is not definitively determined, although results suggest it may be a good measure of skin temperature at night.
MSF flux measurement occurs from within the aqueous conductive sublayer and so does not use turbulence models or parameterizations. At this time, results are most reliable in low wind conditions (2 m s−1 ≤ U10 ≤ 7 m s−1) and relatively calm seas. In higher winds and more active seas, the imperfect surface drifting and wave-following characteristics of the second-generation system limit its performance. More fundamentally, perturbation to the aqueous conductive sublayer and modification of near-surface turbulence structure by the MSF may also limit flux measurement accuracy under certain conditions.
Estimating Eddy Heat Flux from Float Data in the North Atlantic: The Impact of Temporal Sampling Interval
Authors: Chinn Brian S. , Gille Sarah T. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Acoustically tracked float data from 16 experiments carried out in the North Atlantic are used to evaluate the feasibility of estimating eddy heat fluxes from floats. Daily float observations were bin averaged in 2° by 2° by 200-db-deep geographic bins, and eddy heat fluxes were estimated for each bin. Results suggest that eddy heat fluxes can be highly variable, with substantial outliers that mean that fluxes do not converge quickly. If 100 statistically independent observations are available in each bin (corresponding to 500–1000 float days of data), then results predict that 80% of bins will have eddy heat fluxes that are statistically different from zero. Pop-up floats, such as Autonomous Lagrangian Circulation Explorer (ALACE) and Argo floats, do not provide daily sampling and therefore underestimate eddy heat flux. The fraction of eddy heat flux resolved using pop-up float sampling patterns decreases linearly with increasing intervals between float mapping and can be modeled analytically. This implies that flux estimates from pop-up floats may be correctable to represent true eddy heat flux.
Influences of different developmental periods of taurine supplements on synaptic plasticity in hippocampal CA1 area of rats following prenatal and perinatal lead exposure
Authors: Yu Shan-Shan , Wang Ming , Li Xin-Mei , Chen Wei-Heng , Chen Ju-Tao , Wang Hui-Li , Ruan Di-Yun 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

Background
Previous study has demonstrated that dietary taurine supplement protected rats from impairments of synaptic plasticity induced by postnatal lead exposure. However, little is known about the role of taurine in the presence of prenatal and perinatal lead exposure. We investigated the possible effect of taurine supplement on prenatal and perinatal lead-induced synaptic plasticity deficit and determined developmental periods critical for the effect of taurine.

Results
In the present study, taurine was administrated to prenatal and perinatal lead-exposed rats in different developmental periods: from prenatal to weaning (Lead+PW-Tau), from weaning to life (Lead+WL-Tau), and from prenatal to life (Lead+PL-Tau). We examined the input-output (I/O) function, paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) and the long-term potentiation (LTP) of field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) in the hippocampal CA1 area of rats on postnatal days 18–25 (P18–25) or days 60–75 (P60–75). We found that (1) on P18–25, taurine had no evident effect on I/O functions and PPF ratios of lead-exposed rats but caused a 12.0% increase in the LTP amplitudes of these animals; (2) on P60–75, taurine significantly elevated lead depressed I/O functions and PPF ratios in Lead+PW-Tau and Lead+PL-Tau rats, but failed in Lead+WL-Tau rats. The amplitudes of LTP of lead-exposed rats were all significantly increased by additional taurine supplement in any developmental period compared with untreated rats. Thus, taurine appeared to have the most effect during the prenatal and lactation periods and its effects on younger rats would not be manifest until the adult life; and (3) the level of lead deposition in hippocampus was evidently reduced by additional treatment of taurine in lead-exposed rats, compared with untreated rats.

Conclusion
Taurine supplement can protect the adult rats from synaptic plasticity deficits following prenatal and perinatal lead exposure, and the protective effects are critical for the prenatal and lactation periods of lead-exposed rats.
The median non-prostate cancer survival is more than 10 years for men up to age 80 years who are selected and receive curative radiation treatment for prostate cancer
Authors: Blood Paul A , Pickles Tom 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTreatment guidelines recommend that curative radiation treatment of prostate cancer be offered only to men whose life expectancy is greater than 10 years. The average life expectancy of North American males is less than 10 years after age 75, yet many men older than 75 years receive curative radiation treatment for prostate cancer. This study used the provincial cancer registry in British Columbia, Canada, to determine median non-prostate cancer survival for men who were aged 75 to 82 years at start of radiation treatment. Median survival was found to be greater than 10 years in men aged up to 80 years at the start of their radiation treatment. This finding suggests that radiation oncologists are able to appropriately select elderly men with greater than average life expectancy to receive curative radiation treatment.
HER2gene status in primary breast cancers and matched distant metastases
Authors: Tapia Coya , Savic Spasenija , Wagner Urs , Schönegg René , Novotny Hedvika , Grilli Bruno , Herzog Michelle , Barascud Audrey DeVito , Zlobec Inti , Cathomas Gieri , Terracciano Luigi , Feichter Georg , Bubendorf Lukas 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Introduction
The status of the gene encoding human EGF-like receptor 2 (HER2) is an important prognostic and predictive marker in breast cancer. Only breast cancers with HER2 amplification respond to the targeted therapy with trastuzumab. It is controversial to what degree the primary tumour is representative of distant metastases in terms of HER2 status. Discrepancies in HER2 status between primary tumours and distant metastases have been described, but their reasons remain unclear. Here, we compared HER2 status on cytological specimens of distant metastases with the result from the primary carcinomas, and explored the prevalence of and the reasons for discrepant results.

Methods
HER2 status was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. HER2 gene amplification was defined as a HER2/chromosome 17 signal ratio of 2 or more. HER2 results from cytological specimens of matched distant metastases were compared with the results from the corresponding primary tumours (n = 105 patients). In addition, lymph node metastases were analysed in 31 of these patients.

Results
HER2 amplification was found in 20% of distant metastases. HER2 status was discordant between the primary tumour and distant metastasis in 7.6% of the 105 patients. Re-evaluation revealed that in five patients (4.7%), discrepancies were due to interpretational difficulties. In two of these patients, focal amplification had initially been overlooked as a result of heterogeneity in the primary tumours or in the metastases, respectively. A further three patients had borderline amplification with a ratio close to 2. Discrepancy remained unexplained in three patients (2.9%).

Conclusion
HER2 gene status remains highly conserved as breast cancers metastasise. However, discrepant results do occur because of interpretational difficulties and heterogeneity of HER2 amplification. Cytological specimens from distant metastases are well suited for HER2 fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis.
Microsatellite Instability and Epigenetic Inactivation of MLH1 and Outcome of Patients With Endometrial Carcinomas of the Endometrioid Type
Authors: Zighelboim Israel , Goodfellow Paul J. , Gao Feng , Gibb Randall K. , Powell Matthew A. , Rader Janet S. , Mutch David G. 
Published: May 2007

Purpose Most studies of microsatellite instability (MSI) and outcomes in endometrial cancer patients have included varied histologic subtypes. Nonetheless, MSI occurs almost exclusively in endometrioid tumors. The impact of MSI on outcomes in patients with endometrial cancer is controversial. We sought to determine whether MSI and MLH1 methylation are associated with clinicopathologic variables and survival outcomes in a large series of patients with endometrial carcinomas of the endometrioid type. Patients and Methods Tumor samples, blood, and clinicopathologic data were prospectively collected and analyzed for 446 patients with endometrioid carcinomas. MSI was determined using five National Cancer Institute (NCI) consensus panel markers, and the methylation status of the MLH1 promoter was determined by combined bisulfite restriction analysis (COBRA). Associations with clinicopathologic variables and survival outcomes were evaluated. Results MSI was identified in 147 cases (33%). MSI was associated with higher International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) grade (P < .0001). MSI+ tumors without MLH1 methylation were associated with younger age (P < .001). MSI was not associated with overall survival (OS; hazard ratio [HR], 1.011; 95% CI, 0.688 to 1.484; P = .96) or disease-free survival (DFS; HR 0.951; 95% CI, 0.554 to 1.635; P = .86). The combined MSI/MLH1 methylation status (treating MSI− as the reference) did not predict OS (MSI+/MLH1-U: HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.27 to 1.44; P = .26; MSI+/MLH1-M: HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.62 to 1.46; P = .82) or DFS (MSI+/MLH1-U: HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.22 to 1.19; P = .12; MSI+/MLH1-M: HR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.62 to 1.40; P = .72). Conclusion MSI is not associated with survival in patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer.