bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of surfactants with Narrow‐range distribution of the polyoxyethylene chain
Authors: Hreczuch W. , Szymanowski J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEthoxylation of alcohols, alkylphenols, and alkylamines has been studied in the presence of a few catalytic systems. Distribution constants were computed. Broad‐range distributed ethoxylates are formed in the presence of NaOH, and the distribution constants increase up to the homologue containing six oxyethylene units. Narrow‐range distributed ethoxylates are formed in the presence of calcium‐based catalysts. It is reflected in the values of the distribution constants because an increase with the growing number of oxyethylene units in successive homologue is not observed.
Chemical and physical characteristics of soap made from distilled fatty acids of palm oil and palm kernel oil
Authors: Kuntom Ainie , Kifli Hamirin , Lim Peang‐Kean 
Published: November 2006

AbstractManufacture of soaps from distilled fatty acids of palm oil (PO) and palm kernel oil (PK) is a well‐established technology in Malaysia. Data on quality and characteristics of various blends of PO/PK fatty acid‐based (palm‐based) soaps made in Malaysia are not available, however. In view of this, the study described in this paper was undertaken. Eleven blends of palm‐based bar soaps were made, and their properties were evaluated. There was an increase in the acid value of blended raw materials with increasing amounts of PK fatty acids. The iodine value and titer (°C) of blended raw materials, however, bear an inverse relationship with the amount of PK fatty acids. As expected, the hardness of the soap bars from the various blends increased with increasing PK fatty acid. Total fatty matter ranged from 76–85%, free caustic content was 0.1%, and sodium chloride content was 0.3–0.4%. Characteristics of soap blends made for this study were comparable with those from other countries. Quality of the soap obtained was comparable to those produced commercially.
Characterization of enzymatically prepared biosurfactants
Authors: Ducret Amélie , Giroux André , Trani Michael , Lortie Robert 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVarious fatty monoesters of sugars and sugar alcohols were prepared enzymatically in organic solvent. Water produced during esterification was removed by refluxing through a dessicant under reduced pressure. Surface properties of these esters such as surface and interfacial tensions and their ability to stabilize emulsions at 30°C were evaluated: oleate esters of glucose, fructose, and sorbitol show similar behavior in reduction of surface and interfacial tensions, and values for the critical micelle concentration are about 8·10−5 M. It was also observed with sorbitol esters that the shorter the alkyl chain, the higher the critical micelle concentration. Generally, emulsions prepared with the emulsifier dissolved in the water or in the oil phase lead to oil‐in‐water or water‐in‐oil emulsions, respectively. Sorbitol monolaurate significantly increased the stability of oil‐in‐water emulsions, with only 5% separation of the phases after 48h at 30°C, compared to 10% for chemically prepared sorbitan monolaurate under the same conditions. Sorbitol monoerucate was very efficient in stabilizing water‐in‐oil emulsions, with only 1% separation of the phases.
Identification and quantitation of surfactants in consumer products by ion‐spray mass spectrometry
Authors: Ogura I. , DuVal D. L. , Kawakami S. , Miyajima K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCurrent approaches for identifying and quantitating surfactants in various product matrices require the use of wet chemical, chromatographic, and spectroscopic techniques. The primary objective of this work is to replace current multiple‐technique approaches for identifying surfactants and quantitating their homologue distribution with a single rapid technique. To meet this objective, a simple preparation procedure has been developed to prepare consumer product samples for subsequent analysis by ion‐spray mass spectrometry. Quantitation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in detergents with this technique is demonstrated.
Biocatalytic synthesis of some chiral pharmaceutical intermediates by lipases
Authors: Patel Ramesh N. , Banerjee Amit , Szarka Laszlo J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChiral intermediates were prepared by biocatalytic processes for the chemical synthesis of three pharmaceutical drug candidates. These include (i) the synthesis of [(3R‐cis)‐3‐(acetyloxy)‐4‐phenyl‐2‐azetidinone2for the semi‐synthesis of paclitaxel (taxol)5, an anticancer compound; (ii) synthesis of chiral (exo,exo)‐7‐oxabicyclo [2.2.1] heptane‐2,3‐dimenthanol monoacetate ester9for the chemoenzymatic preparation of a thromboxane A2antagonist; (iii) the enzymatic synthesis ofS‐(−) 3‐benzylthio‐2‐methylpropanoic acid, a key chiral intermediate for the synthesis of antihypertensive drugs captopril10or zofenopril13.
Chemoenzymatic epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acid esters and plant oils
Authors: Klaas M. Rüsch gen , Warwel S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the presence of an immobilized lipase fromCandida antacrtica (Novozym 435R) fatty acids are converted to peroxy acids by the reaction with hydrogen peroxide. In a similar reaction, fatty acid esters are perhydrolyzed to peroxy acids. Unsaturated fatty acid esters subsequently epoxidize themselves, and in this way epoxidized plant oils can be prepared with good yields (rapeseed oil 91%, sunflower oil 88%, linseed oil 80%). The hydrolysis of the plant oil to mono‐ and diglycerides can be suppressed by the addition of a small amount of free fatty acids. Rapeseed oil methyl ester can also be epoxidized; the conversion of C=C‐bonds is 95%, and the composition of the epoxy fatty acid methyl esters corresponds to the composition of the unsaturated methyl esters in the substrate.
Measurement of lipase activity in rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed
Authors: Njoku O. U. , Ononogbu I. C. , Eneh F. U. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLipase activity in para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed was measured by monitoring the release of free fatty acid by lipolysis of the endogenous lipid in a crushed sample of seed incubated at 37.5°C for 30 min. Free fatty acid was determined colorimetrically by a modified copper soap method. Fresh seeds showed the highest lipase activity. Drying the seeds at 60°C inactivated the enzyme. Drying of the seed at this temperature may be useful as a pretreatment for extraction of oil from the seed.
Oil bodies of transgenicBrassica napus as a source of immobilized β‐glucuronidase
Authors: Kühnel Blanka , Holbrook Larry A. , Moloney Maurice M. , van Rooijen Gijs J. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe process of immobilizing enzymes is a major cost factor in the utilization of heterogeneous catalysts on an industrial scale. We have developed a new strategy, based on plant genetic manipulation, for the production of foreign peptides associated with the oil body in plant seeds. Seeds of transgenic rapeseed can be produced on a large scale at relatively low cost. Furthermore, oil bodies are readily isolated from seeds by floatation centrifugation. In this paper, we describe some physical and operational properties of an oil body—fusion protein complex and its suitability as a heterogeneous catalyst. Oil bodies from rapeseed, corn, and flax aggregate at pH 5, which facilitates their recovery by floatation. Oil bodies from transgenic rapeseed, carrying the reporter gene β‐glucuronidase or the pharmaceutical peptide, hirudin, also aggregate in the same range. This aggregation is reversible. Oil bodies are resistant to a wide range of pH, with some lysis occurring (<10%) at the extremes. They are resistant to shearing forces, such as stirring. The thermal and pH stabilities, as well as the catalytic activity of β‐glucuronidase expressed on the oil body surface, are comparable to those of free β‐glucuronidase enzyme.
Separation and analysis of phospholipids in different foods with a light‐scattering detector
Authors: Caboni Maria Fiorenza , Menotta Simonetta , Lercker Giovanni 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method for the separation of phospholipids (PL) from total lipids by solid‐phase extraction (SPE) with reversephase C8 cartridges is described. The method was validated with a standard mixture of PL and applied to natural food matrixes, such as egg, chicken meat, salami, and ripened cheese. The recovery of PL ranged between 93 and 99.7% and was evaluated by an organic phosphorus spectrophotometric determination. The egg powder PL fraction obtained by SPE contained about 20% (w/w) nonpolar PL material when 100–150 mg of lipids were loaded onto the cartridge. Higher percentages of nonphospholipid components (30–43%) were obtained when the amount of lipids loaded was below or above the 100–150 mg range. The purified PL fractions were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an evaporative light‐scattering detector. Good HPLC performance was observed even with low‐purity SPE fractions (43% nonphospholipid material).
Fractionation of oligomeric triacylglycerides and the relation to rejection limits for used frying oils
Authors: Tasioula‐Margari M. , Márquez‐Ruíz G. , Dobarganes M. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPrecipitates enriched in oligomeric triacylglycerides were separated from thermally oxidized olive residue oil, conventional and high‐oleic sunflower oils, and soybean oil by solvent fractionation in methanol/acetone at 4–5°C for 16 h. Different fractionation conditions were evaluated in an effort to isolate the oligomeric triacylglycerides (OTG). OTG, formed in frying oils upon heating at low concentations, were not detectable with conventional methods to determine polymeric compounds. The best conditions found from the different assays were the following: (i) weight of oil sample‐to‐solvent volume ratio of 1∶20; and (ii) solvent system methanol/acetone 10∶90 (vol/vol) for monounsaturated oils and 15∶85 (vol/vol) for polyunsaturated oils. Precipitates, enriched in oligomers, were formed when heated oils and used frying oils contained more than 27% polar compounds, a value which is widely accepted as the upper limit for use of frying oils.
Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds in macadamia nuts
Authors: Quinn L. A. , Tang H. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhenolic compounds in macadamia nuts and shells were identified, and their antioxidant activities were evaluated in refined macadamia nut oil. Thin‐layer chromatography of oil extracted from macadamia nut kernels and shells indicated the possible presence of catechol, phrogallol, and 3,4,5‐trihydroxy phenolic compounds. Four phenolic compounds were tentatively identified as 2,6‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2′‐hydroxy‐4′‐methoxyacetophenone, 3′,5′‐dimethoxy‐4′‐hydroxyacetophenone, and 3,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐hydroxycinnamic acid. Adding 0.01% of 2′‐hydroxy‐4′‐methoxyacetophenone, 3′,5′‐dimethoxy‐4′‐hydroxyacetophenone, or 3,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐hydroxycinnamic acid to the oil significantly increased the Rancimat induction time against the control (P<0.0001). At this concentration, 3′,5′‐dimethoxy‐4′‐hydroxyacetophenone was the most effective compound added. Although induction times of oils with 0.01%, 2,6‐dihydroxybenzoic acid were not significantly different from the control, at 0.1% there was a significant difference from the control (P<0.0001). The activity was the same as that of 2′‐hydroxy‐4′‐methoxyacetophenone at 0.1%.
The effect of burning on soil enzyme activities in natural grasslands in southern India
Authors: Senthilkumar Kurunthachalam , Manian Sellamuthu , Udaiyan Karuthamuthu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSoil amylase, cellulase, invertase and phosphatase activities were determined following wildfire in a savanna type grassland in southern India. Activities of these enzymes increased substanially in burned soils compared to those in adjacent unburned soils. Surface soil (0–10 cm) exhibited a greater increase in enzyme activities than subsurface soil (10–20 cm). Amylase activity was more pronounced following fire than the other enzyme activities.
Comparative study of the mass loss rate of moss litter in boreal and subalpine forests in relation to temperature
Authors: Nakatsubo Takayuki , Uchina Masaki , Horikoshi Takao , Nakane Kaneyuki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe moss Hylocomium splendens shows a very wide distribution in the Northern Hemisphere and may be useful as an indicator of climatic change on a global scale. We aimed to establish a convenient method to estimate the annual rate of litter mass loss of this species. The rate was calculated from the annual litter production rate and the amount of litter accumulated in the field. The litter production rate was estimated by analysis of the moss shoot growth. The rates calculated by this method tended to be larger than estimates obtained by the litter bag method. Using this method, we examined the difference in the litter mass loss rate along the altitudinal and latitudinal temperature gradients. The moss samples were collected from three boreal forests in Canada and four subalpine forests in Japan. At the subalpine sites, the annual rate of litter mass loss was within the range of 10–24% and tended to be smaller with increasing altitude. The rates in the boreal sites were similar to those in the subalpine sites despite lower mean annual temperatures. A significant log‐linear relationship was observed between the annual mass loss rate and the cumulative value of monthly mean air temperatures higher than 0°C (CMT). Nitrogen concentration of the litter was positively correlated with mean annual air temperature. Site to site variation in the annual mass loss rate was largely explained by CMT and nitrogen concentration of the litter.
Fruiting phenology of animal‐dispersed plants in response to winter migration of frugivores in a warm temperate forest on Yakushima Island, Japan
Authors: Noma Naohiko , Yumoto Takakazu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fruiting phenology of animal‐dispersed plants was observed in a warm temperate, evergreen forest on Yakushima Island. The number of ripe fruits was counted for 22 trees, four lianas and one parasitic epiphyte species with sapfruit. These fruits were consumed by birds and Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui). Birds with small gapes (e.g. Japanese white‐eye [Zosterops japonica]) consumed only small fruit less than 6 mm in diameter, while birds with large gapes (e.g. red‐capped green pigeon [Sphenurus formosae]) and Japanese macaques consumed a wide range of fruits from 4 to 16 mm in diameter. The larger animals did not ignore the smaller fruits. Brown‐eared bulbul (Hypsipetes amaurotis) and Japanese white‐eye were the main consumers of sapfruit in terms of frequency in winter. Some of the observed consumers were year‐round residents, but most of the consumers migrated to Yakushima Island from the main islands of Japan to overwinter (from November to March), and their abundance in winter was four times as high as during the rest of the year (from May to October). In 23 of the 27 plant species investigated, sapfruit production coincided with their immigration season, whereas tree species bear capsules and nuts during autumn from September to November. We suggest that sapfruit species set their ripe period to the season when frugivorous birds are most abundant.
Germination responses of Rubus palmatus var. coptophyllus and Rubus parvifolius seeds with different burial durations to a variable light and temperature regime
Authors: Suzuki Wajirou 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo clarify the adaptive significance of seed dormancy, the effects of burial duration were examined for two deciduous Rubus species:Rubus palmatus var. coptophyllus and Rubus parvifolius, which are found mainly in relatively stable, shaded sites and disturbed sites, respectively. In early summer, newly ripened seeds were buried under litter on the soil surface in a pine forest, and germination tests were carried out for the seeds retrieved from the soil litter after 0 (not buried), 1, 2, 3, 5 and 8 or 9 months of burial. In general, the germination percentages increased and light requirements for germination decreased with increased burial duration. The percentage of seeds germinated with alternating temperatures in darkness also increased with increasing burial duration for both species. After 8 or 9 months of burial (corresponding to the next germination season in the field), the percentage of non‐dormant seeds (including germination under alternating temperatures in the dark) was about 80% and 40% for R. palmatus var. coptophyllus and R. parvifolius, respectively. These seed dormancy traits of the two Rubus species may explain the differences in germination strategy in their habitats:R. palmatus var. coptophyllus seems to have adapted to the seasonal occurrence of favorable growing conditions after the dormancy breakage, while R. parvifolius seems to have adapted to favorable conditions created by temporally unpredictable disturbances.
δ8 desaturationin vivo of deuterated eicosatrienoic acid by mouse liver
Authors: Schenck Patricia A. , Rakoff Henry , Emken Edward A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn vitro evidence has been reported for an alternate pathway that involves δ8 desaturation of n‐6 and n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The present study was designed to allow detection of δ8 desaturationin vivo and to provide an estimation of the relative contribution of δ8 desaturation to thein vivo synthesis of n‐3 fatty acids. Male adult ICR mice were fed a semisynthetic fat‐free diet for eight days, and then the diets were supplemented for three days with deuterated 11,14,17‐eicosatrienoic acid (20:3‐d8) labeled at the 3,3,4,4,8,8,9,9 carbon positions. Analysis of liver total lipid by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy indicates that the total deuterated fatty acids contained 22.3% 20:3n‐3‐d8 and 28.9% of metabolites formed by elongation and δ5 desaturation of 20:3n‐3‐d8. Deuterated metabolites resulting from retroconversion to 18:3‐d6 and subsequent metabolism by classical pathways represented 35.3% of the total deuterated fatty acids. The retroconversion product (18:4n‐3‐d6) of 20:4n‐3‐d6 and/or‐d8 was 9.0% of the total. A minor percentage (4.4%) of the products identified (20:4n‐3‐d6, 20:5n‐3‐d6, 22:5n‐3‐d6, 22:6n‐3‐d5 and 24:6n‐3‐d5) were formed by δ8 desaturation. This study provides the first clear evidence of δ8 desaturationin vivo in the mouse liver. Whether δ8 desaturation would have a greater importancein vivo when the δ6 desaturase pathway is disrupted remains to be determined.
Lipidic characterization of full‐grown amphibian oocytes and their plasma membrane‐enriched fractions
Authors: Caldironi Hugo A. , Alonso Telma S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe content and composition of neutral lipids and phosphoglycerides from full‐grown prophase‐arrestedBufo arenarum Hensel oocytes and from their ghost preparations were studied. The ghosts obtained are highly enriched in plasma membrane as suggested by the activity of 5′‐nucleotidase, a marker enzyme, and the level of typical membrane components such as sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidic acid. In whole oocytes, triacylglyceride (TAG) comprises about 60% of the total lipids followed by phosphatidylcholine (PC), cholesterol, and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). TAG and diacylglycerides have a similar unsaturation index. PC and PE account for about 80% of the phosphoglycerides in the whole oocyte and in their plasma membrane‐enriched fractions. Arachidonic acid (20∶4n−6), 18∶0, and 16∶0 make up about 80 mol% of the total fatty acids in Pl in whole oocytes and ghost fractions. The unsaturation index in PS is higher in intact oocytes than in ghost preparations, probably owing to the significant amount of 20∶4n−6 which comprises 23 mol% of the total fatty acids in whole oocytes. The fatty acid profile in phosphatidic acid from whole oocytes is rather different from that in ghosts. Sphingomyelin contains mainly saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, 24∶1 being the principal very long chain unsaturated fatty acid in both oocytes and ghosts.
Fatty acid composition of lipids from the contents of rock lobster (Panulirus cygnus) cephalothorax
Authors: Tsvetnenko E. , Kailis S. , Evans L. , Longmore R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe contents of rock lobster cephalothorax were analyzed for lipid content and fatty acid composition. They contain a diversity of saturated (35.5±0.5%), monounsaturated (26.3±1.7%), and polyunsaturated fatty acids, n‐3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (11.5±0.5%) among them. The possibility of using these products as a supplement to fish and food animals’ diets is discussed.
Chinese melon (Momordica charantia L.) seed: Composition and potential use
Authors: Chang M. ‐K. , Conkerton E. J. , Chapital D. C. , Wan P. J. , Vadhwa O. P. , Spiers J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChinese melon (Momordica charantia L.), also known as bitter gourd, is a tropical crop, grown throughout Asian countries for use as food and medicinals. In 1993, four cultivars of Chinese melon were grown in Mississippi and the seeds were collected. Oil contents of the seeds ranged from 41 to 45% and the oils contained 63–68% eleostearic acid and 22–27% stearic acid. Industrially important tung oil, a “fast‐drying oil” used in paints and varnishes, contains 90% eleostearic and 2–3% stearic acid. The ratio of stearic to eleostearic in Chinese melon seed oil is ten times greater than that in tung oil. The higher ratio should reduce the rate of drying and crosslinking and could be advantageous in the paint industry. The defatted meals contained 52–61% protein and would be a good source of methionine.
Differential scanning calorimetry index for estimating level of saturation in transesterified wax esters
Authors: Sessa David J. , Nelsen Terry C. , Kleiman Robert , Arquette James D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms of fatty esters can give valuable information on melting characteristics and heats‐of‐fusion enthalpy (ΔH). A series of jojoba liquid wax esters was constructed by transesterifying native jojoba oil with 5–50% completely hydrogenated jojoba wax esters. This series, when subjected to a standardized DSC tempering method with heating/cooling cycles, exhibited an excellent correlation for level of saturation based on area changes in endothermic ΔH. Endothermic events were recorded for native (ΔHA) and completely hydrogenated (ΔHC) jojoba wax esters. A third endotherm, ΔHB, was observed when they were transesterified. Based on a multiple regression program, the best fit (R2=0.98) using ΔH data was: % saturation=16.847–0.162 (ΔHA)+0.209 (ΔHB)+0.600 (ΔHC). Standard errors for predictions were approximately 1.045 at 0% saturation, 0.770 at 25% saturation, and 1.158 at 50% saturation. Endothermic events A, B, and C each represent the respective diunsaturated, mounounsaturated, and saturated contents of wax esters in the transesterified blends. This was verified by measuring the dropping points for both the native and completely hydrogenated wax esters. These findings provide an index which can predict the degree of saturation in transesterified wax ester blends and serves as a research tool in process and product developments.