bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular phylogenetics of Vespoidea indicate paraphyly of the superfamily and novel relationships of its component families and subfamilies
Authors: Pilgrim Erik M. , Von Dohlen Carol D. , Pitts James P. 
Published: July 2008

The 24 000+ described species of Vespoidea include many well‐known stinging wasps, such as paper wasps and hornets (Vespidae), velvet ants (Mutillidae), spider wasps (Pompilidae) and ants (Formicidae). The compelling behaviours of vespoids have been instrumental in developing theories of stepwise evolutionary transitions, which necessarily depend on an understanding of phylogeny, yet, existing morphological phylogenies for Vespoidea conflict. We collected molecular data from four nuclear genes (elongation factor‐1α F2 copy, long‐wavelength rhodopsin, wingless and the D2–D3 regions of 28S ribosomal RNA (2700 bp in total)) to produce the first molecular phylogeny of Vespoidea. We analysed molecular data alone and in combination with published morphological data from Brothers and Carpenter. Parsimony analyses left many deeper nodes unsupported, but suggested paraphyly of three families. Total‐evidence Bayesian inference produced a more resolved tree, in which the monophyly of Vespoidea was nevertheless ambiguous. Bayesian inference of molecular data alone returned a well‐resolved consensus with posterior probabilities of over 95% for most nodes. We used this topology as the best estimate of phylogeny at the family and subfamily levels. Notable departures from previous estimates include: (i) paraphyly of Vespoidea resulting from the nesting of Apoidea within a lineage comprising Formicidae, Scoliidae and two subfamilies of Bradynobaenidae; (ii) paraphyly of Bradynobaenidae, Mutillidae and Tiphiidae; (iii) a sister relationship between Rhopalosomatidae and Vespidae; and (iv) Rhopalosomatidae + Vespidae as sister to all other vespoids/apoids. We discuss character evidence in light of the new phylogeny, and propose a new classification of Aculeata that recognizes eight superfamilies: Apoidea, Chrysidoidea, Formicoidea, Pompiloidea, Scolioidea, Tiphioidea, Thynnoidea and Vespoidea.
Molecular phylogenetics of large‐bodied tamarins,Saguinusspp. (Primates, Platyrrhini)
Authors: Araripe Juliana , Tagliaro Claudia H , Rêgo Péricles S , Sampaio Iracilda , Ferrari Stephen F , Schneider Horacio 
Published: July 2008

With 33 recognized taxa, the tamarins,Saguinusspp., constitute the most diverse genus of New World monkeys (Platyrrhini), and are found almost exclusively within the Amazon basin. This diversity can be subdivided into three main morphological groups, based primarily on pelage characteristics, although there is also an ecologically important division between the small‐ and large‐bodied forms (adult body weight ± 300 g vs. > 450 g, respectively). In the present study, the phylogenetic relationships among the large‐bodied forms were analysed using the sequences of a fragment of the mitochondrial rRNA16S gene, from which 58 informative sites were identified. The analysis revealed the existence of four main lineages, three of which coincided with geographical and/or morphological patterns. However,Saguinus leucopusformed a highly distinct clade, contradicting expectations based on its morphology and distribution, but corroborating a previous study of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit I (ND1) gene. Whereas genetic differences between some closely related species were relatively small (< 1%), that observed between the two specimens ofS. imperatorwas twice higher (± 2%), indicating the possible presence of distinct species within this taxon. Previous molecular clock analysis suggested that the earliest radiation event of the large‐bodied tamarins occurred sometime in the lower Miocene, whereas the most recent events, such as the division of the closely relatedS. midasandS. nigerwould have occurred during the Pleistocene. Most of these events would thus have taken place before the formation of the present‐day river system, which now constitutes a considerable barrier to gene flow among many populations.
Ejaculatory profiles and fertility in men after posterior urethroplasty for pelvic fracture‐urethral distraction defect injuries
Authors: Anger Jennifer T. , Sherman Neil D. , Webster George D. 
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVEIn men who sustain a pelvic fracture‐urethral distraction defect (PFUDD) injury, repairing the urethra involves a complicated urethral anastomosis located posteriorly at the junction of the membranous and prostatic urethra. In this study we performed a post‐ operative semen analysis and questionnaire study to determine the effect of PFUDD injuries and PFUDD repair on ejaculatory function and fertility in these men.PATIENTS AND METHODSWith institutional review board approval, patients who had PFUDD repairs by one surgeon from 1990 to 2004 were identified from a database. Patients were contacted and given a questionnaire eliciting details about their ejaculatory function and history of fertility. Those interested in future paternity were asked to provide semen for analysis.RESULTSIn all, 32 men were contacted; all claimed to have antegrade ejaculation, although five reported having a lower ejaculatory volume than before their injury, and one claimed that his ejaculate was delayed. We assessed fertility in 19 men, six of whom had either infertility or abnormal semen analyses.CONCLUSIONSAll men in the present series who had PFUDD injuries repaired had antegrade ejaculation. Although six of 19 had either infertility or an abnormal semen analysis, it appears that the risk of damage to the ejaculatory ducts from either a PFUDD or the subsequent urethral reconstruction is low. However, other associated injuries at the time of the pelvic fracture might place these men at greater risk of infertility.
The clinical utility of atypical cytology is significantly increased in both screening and monitoring for bladder cancer when indexed with nuclear matrix protein‐22
Authors: Raina Rupesh , Pahlajani Geetu , Ponsky Lee E. , Agarwal Ashok , Zippe Craig D. 
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVESTo assess atypical cytology as a positive bladder tumour marker and to determine if indexing atypical cytology to nuclear matrix protein‐22 (NMP22) can decrease the false‐positive results or increase the positive predictive value (PPV).PATIENTS AND METHODSIn all, 197 patients at risk of bladder cancer were identified as having atypical urine cytology; 126 were incident (screening) cases and 71 were prevalent (monitoring) cases of bladder cancer. All patients with atypical cytology were evaluated using office cystoscopy. All cancers were confirmed histologically and patients had a negative upper tract study within a 1‐year interval. The atypical cytology was then indexed with NMP22 values in an effort to decrease the false‐positive results.RESULTSAtypical cytology detected 17 cancers in the 126 patients who were screened, giving a PPV of 13% (17/126). When stratified by NMP22, using a threshold of >10 U/mL, the PPV increased to 71% (15/21). In the 71 patients who were being monitored, atypical cytology detected 43 cancers, for a PPV of 61% (43/71). When stratified by NMP22 using a threshold of >6 U/mL, the PPV increased to 92% (35/38).CONCLUSIONSThe clinical utility of atypical cytology was significantly increased in both screening and monitoring for bladder cancer when indexed with NMP22 levels.
Will Women Be Women? Analyzing the Gender Difference among Financial Experts
Authors: Beckmann Daniela , Menkhoff Lukas 
Published: July 2008

SUMMARYThere are robust gender differences in the domains of risk taking, overconfidence and competition behavior. However, as expertise tends to level these differences, we ask whether financial experts still show gender dissimilarities in their domains of decision making? We analyze survey responses of 649 fund managers in the U.S., Germany, Italy and Thailand, and find that female fund managers tend to behave as expected from gender studies: they are more risk averse and shy away from competition in the tournament scenario. The expected lower degree of overconfidence by women is yet so small that it becomes insignificant in fund management.
Growth Consequences of Terrorism in Western Europe
Authors: Gaibulloev Khusrav , Sandler Todd 
Published: July 2008

SUMMARYThis paper presents panel estimates for 18 Western Europe countries to ascertain the separate impacts of domestic and transnational terrorism on income per capita growth for 1971–2004. The paper merges domestic and transnational terrorist events in order to attribute growth impacts to the two broad categories of terrorism. Each additional transnational terrorist incident per million persons reduces economic growth by about 0.4 percentage points. Domestic terrorism has a much smaller effect on growth that is about half this size. Terrorism's negative impact on growth is related to the scale of terrorism in the sample countries in order to give a better idea of what is the average consequence in most sample countries. These negative impacts are shown to stem from domestic and transnational terrorism's adverse influence on investment shares. Counterterrorism efforts also augment government spending, which crowds out growth‐promoting investment. We show that the pathway by which domestic and transnational terrorism influences growth differs. For example, transnational terrorism works more through the crowding out of investment, while domestic terrorism works more through the increase in government expenditure increases. A host of sensitivity tests are performed to support our empirical model. Policy recommendations conclude the paper – e.g., measures to curb transnational terrorist attacks have a higher economic payoff than similar measures to reduce domestic terrorist events. Since transnational terrorism has a larger impact on income per capita growth than does domestic terrorism, West European efforts to curb transnational terrorism will have a greater economic dividend than efforts to limit domestic terrorism.
Moral Hazard and Bail‐Out in Fiscal Federations: Evidence for the German Länder
Authors: Heppke‐Falk Kirsten H. , Wolff Guntram B. 
Published: July 2008

SUMMARYWe identify investor moral hazard in the German fiscal federation. Our identification strategy is based on a variable, which was used by the German Federal Constitutional Court as an indicator to determine eligibility of two German states (Länder) to a bail‐out, the interest payments‐to‐revenue ratio. While risk premia measured in the German sub‐national bond market react significantly to the relative debt level of a state (Land), we also find that a larger interest payments‐to‐revenue ratio counter‐intuitively lowers risk premia significantly. Furthermore, with increasing values the risk premia decrease more strongly. This is evidence of investor moral hazard, because a larger indicator value increases the likelihood of receiving a bail‐out payment. Our findings are robust to a variety of sample changes. In addition, we provide a case study of the recent Federal Constitutional Court ruling on the Land Berlin, which had filed for additional federal funds. The negative response of the court did not lead to a change in financial markets' bail‐out expectations. In sum, our results indicate significant investor moral hazard in the sub‐national German bond market.
Social Capital and the Quality of Economic Development
Authors: Sabatini Fabio 
Published: July 2008

SUMMARYThere is a surprising gap in the economic literature on social capital. First, we lack studies addressing the effects of social capital on those facets of development that can contribute in making growth more sustainable in the long run, like, for example, human development and social cohesion. Second, it is still unclear what type of networks may exert a positive effect on the different dimensions of development. In particular, the literature has not yet provided a rigorous assessment of the role of strong family ties, that are generally referred to as a form of bonding social capital causing backwardness. This paper investigates the relationship between the three types of social capital so far identified by the literature (i.e. bonding, bridging and linking), and the “quality” of economic development, as expressed by human development and an index of social well‐being summarizing the state of health of urban ecosystems, public services, gender equality, and labour markets.The empirical analysis is articulated in two stages carried out by means of a multivariate analysis and of a structural equations models analysis.The results suggest that the linking social capital shaped by voluntary organizations has significantly positive effect on human development, but is irrelevant for social well‐being. The bonding social capital shaped by strong family ties negatively affects human development, but significantly fosters the quality of life, mainly through a reduction of workers' precariousness. The bridging social capital of weak ties connecting friends and acquaintances follows the pattern of bonding social capital: it is reinforced by strong family ties and has significantly negative effect on human development.
HEALTH DISPARITIES AND AUTONOMY
Authors: COURTWRIGHT ANDREW 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTDisparities in socioeconomic status correlate closely with health, so that the lower a person's social position, the worse his health, an effect that the epidemiologist Michael Marmot has labeled the status syndrome. Marmot has argued that differences in autonomy, understood in terms of control, underlie the status syndrome. He has, therefore, recommended that the American medical profession champion policies that improve patient autonomy. In this paper, I clarify the kind of control Marmot sees as connecting differences in socioeconomic status to health disparities. I then discuss his use of Amartya Sen's capabilities approach to justice, arguing that he is unsuccessful in relating autonomy as a descriptive property with a normative framework that can adequately explain why and to what extent we should reduce health disparities.
Cost of medical care for HIV‐infected patients within a regional population from 1997 to 2006
Authors: Krentz HB , Gill MJ 
Published: July 2008

ObjectivesTo report on the cost of medical care for HIV‐infected patients stratified by CD4 cell count for a regional population over a 9‐year period, and to examine the effect of reporting costs of HIV care only or only in antiretroviral therapy (ART)‐experienced patients.MethodsRetrospective costing analysis on all HIV‐infected patients within the Southern Alberta Cohort from April 1997 to April 2006. Costs for all drugs (ART/non‐ART), in‐patient (HIV/non‐HIV) and out‐patient care were obtained from primary sources. Costs were aggregated by patient's CD4 cell count and ART exposure and presented as mean cost per patient per month (PPPM) in 2006 Canadian dollars.ResultsThe number of patients and annual costs increased by 74% and 69%, respectively. Overall mean PPPM costs increased slightly from $1082 in 1997/1998 to $1159 in 2005/2006. PPPM costs for patients with CD4 counts ≤75 cells/μL increased from $1595 to $2687 while costs for CD4 counts >500, 201–500 and 76–200 cells/μL remained relatively stable at $979, $1057 and $1294, respectively. In‐patient hospitalization costs account for most of the cost increases. Reporting costs using only ART‐experienced patients would overestimate total costs by 2–9%. Costs for only HIV care were 10–24% lower than total care costs.ConclusionsCare costs have remained relatively stable for most HIV patients except those with CD4 counts ≤75 cells/μL. Expensive new antiretroviral drugs have had, at present, a minimal cost impact. Enhanced testing to achieve earlier diagnosis and initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy could potentially reduce costs of late presentation and in‐patient care.
A gene‐specific cerebral types 1, 2, and 3 RyR protein knockdown induces an antidepressant‐like effect in mice
Authors: Galeotti Nicoletta , Vivoli Elisa , Bartolini Alessandro , Ghelardini Carla 
Published: July 2008

AbstractElevation of baseline intracellular calcium levels was observed in platelets or lymphoblasts of patients with bipolar affective disorders suggesting an altered intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. The role of supraspinal endoplasmic ryanodine receptors (RyRs), which allow mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores, in the modulation of depressive states was, then, investigated. Ryanodine and FK506 reduced the immobility time in the mouse forced swimming test showing an antidepressant‐like profile comparable with that produced by amitriptyline and clomipramine. We generated types 1, 2, and 3 RyR knockdown mice by using selective antisense oligonucleotides (aODN) to investigate the role of each RyR isoform. A gene‐specific cerebral RyR protein level reduction in knockdown animals was demonstrated by immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and immunohistochemical experiments. Repeated intracerebroventricular administration of aODNs complementary to the sequence of the types 1, 2, or 3 RyR produced an antidepressant‐like response in the forced swimming test. The aODN‐induced reduction of immobility time was temporary and reversible and did not impair motor coordination, spontaneous mobility, and exploratory activity. These findings identify cerebral RyRs as critical targets underlying depressive states and should facilitate the comprehension of the pathophysiology of mood disorders and help developing of new therapeutical strategies.
Role of lactadherin in the clearance of phosphatidylserine‐expressing red blood cells
Authors: Dasgupta Swapan K. , Abdel‐Monem Hanan , Guchhait Prasenjit , Nagata Shigekazu , Thiagarajan Perumal 
Published: July 2008

BACKGROUND: In red blood cells (RBCs) anionic phospholipids, such as phosphatidylserine, are present in the inner leaflet of the membrane bilayer. Exposure of phosphatidylserine occurs during senescence and during long‐term storage of RBCs and is considered as the tag for removal from the circulation by macrophages. Lactadherin is a phosphatidylserine‐binding glycoprotein secreted by macrophages that promotes the engulfment of phosphatidylserine‐expressing apoptotic lymphocytes. This study investigates the role of lactadherin in the phagocytosis of phosphatidylserine‐expressing RBCs.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Transbilayer movement of phosphatidylserine was induced in RBCs either by storage beyond 30 days or by treatment with calcium ionophore A23187 and N‐ethylmaleimide. Phosphatidylserine‐expressing RBCs were incubated with phorbol ester–stimulated THP‐1, and phagocytosis was determined by measuring the pseudoperoxidase activity of hemoglobin. The in vivo clearance of phosphatidylserine‐enriched RBCs was measured in lactadherin‐deficient mice and in their littermate controls.RESULTS: Lactadherin promoted phagocytosis of phosphatidylserine‐expressing RBCs by macrophages in a concentration‐dependent manner. Splenic macrophages from lactadherin‐deficient mice had diminished capacity to phagocytose phosphatidylserine‐expressing RBCs. The life span of RBCs in lactadherin‐deficient mice was similar to wild‐type littermate controls in vivo. However, when an excess of phosphatidylserine‐expressing RBCs were infused, there was only a mild impairment in the clearance in lactadherin‐deficient mice compared to wild‐type littermate controls.CONCLUSION: These results show that clearance of phosphatidylserine‐expressing RBCs is not diminished in a significant way in lactadherin‐deficient mice under physiologic conditions and suggest the presence of redundant pathways.
The Coming Battle of the Atlantic: Euro vs. the Dollar
Authors: OHMAE KENICHI 
Published: July 2008

American‐led globalization has enabled the third great powershift of the last five hundred years—the “rise of the rest” following on the rise of the West and then the rise of the US as the dominant power in the West.When China, India, Brazil, Turkey and the rest sit at the table of global power with the West what will the world order look like? Will it be post‐American? Will it be culturally non‐Western, but play by the same rules of an open international order laid down by the American's after World War II?In the following pages, leading American and Asian intellectuals ponder these questions.
Is Japan Closer to the West Than Turkey?
Authors: OE KENZABURO , PAMUK ORHAN 
Published: July 2008

American‐led globalization has enabled the third great powershift of the last five hundred years—the “rise of the rest” following on the rise of the West and then the rise of the US as the dominant power in the West.When China, India, Brazil, Turkey and the rest sit at the table of global power with the West what will the world order look like? Will it be post‐American? Will it be culturally non‐Western, but play by the same rules of an open international order laid down by the American's after World War II?In the following pages, leading American and Asian intellectuals ponder these questions.
Rebuild China With an Olympic Amnesty
Authors: DAN WANG 
Published: July 2008

Will China's authoritarian leaders succeed in building a future by erasing the past? Can the ideology of “nationalist consumerism” obliterate memory altogether? Will the Olympic applause drown out the weak and exiled witnesses of the Tiananmen crackdown?In this section we listen to a key Tiananmen student leader two decades on as well as check in with today's young elites in Beijing. A political leader from the reformist regime in 1989 calls for justice from house arrest and a young Chinese novelist wonders what kind of identity is possible without memory.
Tibetans Are Looking to the Post‐Olympic Era
Authors: RINPOCHE SAMDHONG 
Published: July 2008

Will China's authoritarian leaders succeed in building a future by erasing the past? Can the ideology of “nationalist consumerism” obliterate memory altogether? Will the Olympic applause drown out the weak and exiled witnesses of the Tiananmen crackdown?In this section we listen to a key Tiananmen student leader two decades on as well as check in with today's young elites in Beijing. A political leader from the reformist regime in 1989 calls for justice from house arrest and a young Chinese novelist wonders what kind of identity is possible without memory.
China's Youth: Ravenous for the West, With No Memory of the Past
Authors: GUO XIAOLU 
Published: July 2008

Will China's authoritarian leaders succeed in building a future by erasing the past? Can the ideology of “nationalist consumerism” obliterate memory altogether? Will the Olympic applause drown out the weak and exiled witnesses of the Tiananmen crackdown?In this section we listen to a key Tiananmen student leader two decades on as well as check in with today's young elites in Beijing. A political leader from the reformist regime in 1989 calls for justice from house arrest and a young Chinese novelist wonders what kind of identity is possible without memory.
China's High Schoolers: Pro‐American Consumers or Nationalists?
Authors: KING AVENTURINA 
Published: July 2008

Will China's authoritarian leaders succeed in building a future by erasing the past? Can the ideology of “nationalist consumerism” obliterate memory altogether? Will the Olympic applause drown out the weak and exiled witnesses of the Tiananmen crackdown?In this section we listen to a key Tiananmen student leader two decades on as well as check in with today's young elites in Beijing. A political leader from the reformist regime in 1989 calls for justice from house arrest and a young Chinese novelist wonders what kind of identity is possible without memory.