bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asparagin‐ und Glutaminsäure als Liganden für Alkali‐ und Erdalkalimetalle: Strukturchemische Beiträge zum Fragenkomplex der Magnesiumtherapie
Authors: Schmidbaur Hubert , Classen Hans Georg , Helbig Joachim 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMagnesium und andere Erdalkali‐ und Alkalimetalle spielen in der Biochemie praktisch aller lebenden Organismen eine bedeutende Rolle. Im Gegensatz zu den „Spurenelementen”︁ sind diese „Mengenmetalle”︁ in fast allen Zellen und Geweben (teilweise in erheblichen Konzentrationen) verbreitet, so daß eine regelmäßige Zufuhr unerläßlich ist, wenn biologische Funktionen uneingeschränkt gewährleistet sein sollen. In der modernen Medizin werden verschiedene Formen der Magnesiumtherapie empfohlen, um Magnesiummangel sowie erhöhten Verlust rechtzeitig zu kompensieren, der entweder durch krankhafte Fehlfunktionen oder aber z. B. durch Transpiration auftreten kann. Dazu kommen zahlreiche Formen der Prophylaxe. Derzeit wird Magnesium oral in Form von „Komplexen”︁ mit unbedenklichen (weil „natürlichen”︁) Liganden wie L‐Aspartat, L‐Glutamat, L‐Pyroglutamat (Pidolat), Citrat und Orotat verabreicht. Analytische, elektrochemische und spektroskopische Untersuchungen wäßriger Lösungen dieser Präparate sowie Röntgenbeugungsuntersuchungen an kristallinen Proben ver‐schafften eine detailliertere Kenntnis von der Natur dieser Koordinationsverbindungen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß nur bestimmte Kombinationen wirklich Magnesiumkomplexe sind, während andere sowohl in Lösung als auch im festen Zustand lediglich als Aquokomplexe vorliegen. Offenbar besteht in den jeweiligen Systemen (Metall, Anion, Wasser) eine empfindliche Balance zwischen den Energien aus Metallkomplexierung und Wasserstoffbrücken‐bindungen, die gerade auch für die Carrier‐Funktion des Liganden entscheidend ist. Im Vergleich mit Ca, Sr, Ba, MnII, Zn, Li, Na, und K, für die Koordinationszahlen zwischen 4 und 9 gefunden werden, erweist sich Mg als stereoselektives Metall, bei dem die oktaedrische Hexakoordination strikt eingehalten wird.
2,3,4,5‐Tetramethyl‐1‐natriopyrrol — ein Azacyclopentadienyl‐Ligand in neuartiger Brückenfunktion
Authors: Kuhn Norbert , Henkel Gerald , Kreutzberg Jörg 
Published: July 2007

Aus einer Kombination von Amid‐Brücken und π‐gebundenen Dienyl‐Liganden resultiert die vernetzte, doppelkettige Struktur von 2,3,4,5‐Tetramethyl‐1‐natriopyrrol im Kristall. Die Überbrückung von je drei Na‐Atomen durch einen Pyrrolyl‐Liganden ergibt für das N‐Atom die Koordinationszahl fünf. Das Metallatom ist siebenfach koordiniert.magnified image
Synthese zweier Diacetonyl‐TlIII‐Verbindungen und Röntgenstrukturanalyse von [Tl{CH2C(O)Me}2(μ‐CF3SO3)(bpy)]2
Authors: Vicente José , Abad José‐Antonio , Cara Gabriel , Jones Peter G. 
Published: July 2007

Durch einfache Umsetzung von Tl(CF3SO3)3 mit Trifluorsulfonsäure in Aceton ist der Diacetonylkomplex 1 in 76% Ausbeute zugänglich. 1 reagiert mit 2,2′‐Bipyridin zu 2 (81%). Im zentrosymmetrischen Dimer 2 sind die Tl‐Atome verzerrt sechsfach koordiniert; die Triflat‐Liganden dienen als Brücken. Bemerkenswert an der Struktur von 2 im Kristall und von 1 und 2 in Lösung ist, daß das Metallatom C‐ und nicht O‐koordiniert ist.magnified image
Ein N‐Phosphino‐C‐thiophosphinoylnitrilimin als formaler 1,4‐Dipol: Synthese von 1,2,3λ5‐Diaza‐ und 1,2,4,3λ5‐Triazaphosphininen
Authors: Granier Michel , Baceiredo Antoine , Nieger Martin , Bertrand Guy 
Published: July 2007

Schneller als die Nitrilimin‐Einheit reagiert der Phosphino‐Substituent im Nitrilimin 1, R = NiPr2, mit Dipolarophilen. Mit MeO2C  C  C  CO2Me entsteht so in 90% Ausbeute das Diazaphosphinin 2 in Form orangeroter Kristalle. Einleitender Schritt dieser Reaktion dürfte ein elektrophiler Angriff am freien Elektronenpaar des λ3‐Phosphoratoms sein.magnified image
Epoxidation der P‐C‐Doppelbindung von Phosphaalken‐Komplexen: Röntgenstrukturanalyse eines stabilen Oxaphosphiran‐Komplexes
Authors: Bauer Siegfried , Marinetti Angela , Ricard Louis , Mathey François 
Published: July 2007

P‐komplexierte Phosphaalkene werden nicht am Phosphor oxidiert, so das Ergebnis der Umsetzung des W(CO)5‐Komplexes 1 mit meta‐Chlorperbenzoesäure. Das stabile Oxaphosphiran 2 entsteht unter Retention der trans‐Konfiguration der P‐C‐Doppelbindung. Die P‐C‐Bindung im Ring ist mit 1.778 Å erstaunlich kurz. Mes = 2,4,6‐Me3C6H2.magnified image
Leichte Hydrierung des zentralen Cyclohexatriens von Tris(benzocyclobutadieno)benzol: Synthese und Struktur sowie thermische und photochemische Isomerisierung von all‐cis‐Tris(benzocyclobuta)cyclohexan
Authors: Mohler Debra L. , Vollhardt K. Peter C. , Wolff Stefan 
Published: July 2007

Ein bindungsfixiertes, planares Cyclohexangerüst charakterisiert das Tribenzo‐anellierte cis‐Tris[2.2.2]‐σ‐homobenzol 1 (R = H), das aus dem Cyclohexatrien‐Vorläufer durch Hydrierung unter außergewöhnlich milden Bedingungen entsteht. Oberhalb 125°C bildet sich durch eine konzertierte Retro‐[2+2+2]‐Cycloaddition ein Tribenzocyclododecahexaen. Photochemisch wandelt sich 1 hingegen in einen neuartigen Polycyclus um.magnified image
Effects of aquatic weed removal on freshwater pearl mussels and juvenile salmonids in the River Spey, Scotland
Authors: Laughton R. , Cosgrove P.J. , Hastie L.C. , Sime I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractExperiments were carried out in the River Spey, Scotland to determine the effects of aquatic weed (Ranunculusspp.) removal on populations of freshwater pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera) and juvenile salmonids (Salmo salar, Salmo trutta) and their river‐bed habitats.Physical removal ofRanunculushad no significant impact either on pearl mussels or on salmon and trout fry.Regrowth ofRanunculuspost‐removal was negligible for one year, indicating that hand‐removal may be an effective control measure.Ranunculusroots appear to facilitate substantial depositions of fine sand that are detrimental both to pearl mussels and salmonid fry.The rapid spread of invasiveRanunculusis a potential threat to the conservation status ofM. margaritiferain the River Spey.Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Superelectrophilicity of the Nitroolefinic Fragment of 4‐Nitrobenzodifuroxan in Michael‐Type Reactions with Indoles: A Kinetic Study in Acetonitrile
Authors: Lakhdar Sami , Goumont Régis , Berionni Guillaume , Boubaker Taoufik , Kurbatov Sergey , Terrier François 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe kinetics of the coupling of 4‐nitrobenzodifuroxan (NBDF) with a series of indoles 8 a–e to give the expected Michael‐type adducts 9 a–e have been investigated in acetonitrile solution. No significant influence of the nature of the isotopic substitution at C‐3 of the indole ring has been found, indicating that the NBDF addition step is the rate limiting step of the SEAr substitution of the indole moiety. This implies that the measured second‐order rate constants (k) for the reactions are identical to the second order rate constants (k1NBDF) associated to the CC coupling step. By using the known N and s parameters characterizing the nucleophilicity of indoles, the k1NBDF rate constants are found to fit nicely to the three parameters equation logk1=s (N+E) introduced by Mayr to describe the feasibility of nucleophilic–electrophilic combinations. Based on this, the electrophilicity parameter E of NBDF could be determined as E=−6.15. This corresponds to a positioning of the reactivity of the nitroactivated double bond of NBDF in the domain of superelectrophilicity previously defined for nitrobenzofuroxans, in accord with the finding that the rates of coupling of 8 a–e with NBDF are only one order of magnitude lower than those for the coupling of these indoles with 4,6‐dinitrobenzofuroxan (DNBF). The theoretical scale of electrophilicity introduced by Domingo et al. on the basis of the global electrophilicity index ω defined by Parr is also a very useful tool to discuss the relative reactivities of NBDF, DNBF, and a number of differently activated CC double bonds.
Antitrust and ethical CI gathering
Authors: Blatt Morris 
Published: July 2007

Abstract(Editors note: This article is a recap of the Legal and Ethics Panel held at the SCIP 1990 Annual conference in San Francisco. The moderator was Morris Blatt, district manager of AT&T and Chairman of SCIP's ethics committee. Panelists were Gary Spratling, Chief of the San Francisco Office, US Department of Justice Antitrust Division, and Gary Edwards, director of the Ethics Resource center.)
Taking the competitive intelligence effort overseas: Four special challenges
Authors: Hoetker Glenn 
Published: July 2007

AbstractResearching a foreign market can flummox even experienced competitive intelligence professionals. Identifying proper questions to ask is difficult when you do not know the critical elements of a foreign business environment. Acquiring the necessary raw data is harder when you are ignorant of sources, and even the native language. In the interpretation phase, the chance for inaccuracies increases without an understanding of a country's norms. The same problems will confront managers in applying the intelligence. To meet these challenges, obtain the services of personnel with experience working in your industry in the target country. Build a collection of key factual resources. Take simple steps to increase your own expertise. And apply analytical techniques that make explicit the implicit relationships within the target market. Using consultants in a global setting has advantages—and disadvantages to watch out for. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
“Hypercompetition” and the strategic reorientation of asea brown boveri
Authors: Rühli Edwin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe strategic reorientation of Asea Brown Boveri—a product of a 1988 merger of two European electrotechnical firms—can be understood by applying the concept D'Aveni terms ‘Hypercompetition.’ Today, in its industry, the globally operating ABB is second in many countries—right after the dominant home player. This case study shows how D'Aveni's models can be used to analyze competitor strategies and to develop strategic moves in hypercompetitive environments, including assessing your own firm's ability to induce market disruptions and to deliver competitive advantages, however temporary. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cooperation in a competitive world: A framework of global strategic alliances
Authors: Joshi Maheshkumar P. , Inkpen Andrew C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGlobal strategic alliances (GSAs)—interfirm cooperative arrangements spanning industries and countries—are superseding traditional multinational corporations, a consequence of increasingly advanced technology and complex markets and the need for greater flexibility and constant innovation. GSAs often join together traditional competitors that share strategic objectives, which provides an opportunity to gain access to another firm's knowledge. On the other hand, this also can involve transferring your firm's proprietary expertise and market access to competitors. Corporations can use different alliance forms to exploit specific sources of competitive advantages in pursuing global goals. A framework for selecting alliance strategies includes evaluating whether the GSA would help exploit national differences, scale economies, and scope economies. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
A review of ethics for competitive intelligence activities
Authors: Collins Allison , Schultz Norm 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn examination of the professional literature reveals a wide a variety of competitive intelligence (CI) practices, including those which might be considered unethical. Some CI reference books label unconsented‐to surveillance as a questionable activity. But others argue CI professionals should be able to engage in certain forms of misrepresentation in order to gain information about a competitor, as long as the misrepresentation does not harm others by forcing them to participate in activities that violate their ethical duty. Because of competing viewpoints, it is imperative that the profession develop its own sense of ethics. Moreover, CI professionals can find guidance in corporate codes of conduct—and make significant contributions to the ongoing development of corporate codes. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Your competitors: Who will they be?
Authors: Francis David B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEven the best companies can fall victim to new competition, as recent history makes all too clear. In many of these cases, real surprise was not a factor, but denial and delay were. Often advancing rivals were not taken seriously, and no effective action was taken until too late. Sometimes “obsessive concentration” on traditional competitors was to blame or an emergent competitor was discounted because it was initially in a peripheral segment of the market. The author puts forth a four‐step program to keep companies off the list of future victims: First, stay alert to change, both rapid and evolutionary, with a team of intelligence professions who can “institutionalize watchfulness” through systematic monitoring. The team should regularly meet with a formal competitive working group chosen from across the company's staff functions and line units, and with top management. Second, understand an advancing competitor's strategy by constructing an in‐depth assessment of the company and inferring its future direction. Third, make a compelling case for action to rally management and the entire company to meet the challenge. Fourth, enable action by supporting the strategy staff and management to form and evaluate effective responses to the new competitive threat. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reflection and transmission of millimeter‐waves from a plasma‐induced semiconductor slab
Authors: Sugiyama Shigeru , Tsutsumi Makoto 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe problems of reflection and transmission of a plane wave incident at an arbitrary angle on a silicon slab containing optically induced plasma are analyzed by a step‐approximation method under the assumption that the plasma is distributed inhomogeneously in the direction of the slab thickness. It is found that the TM incidence is influenced more than the TE incidence by the plasma in the reflection coefficient vs. the incident angle. Especially, the effect near the Brewster angle is significant. On the other hand, a plasma is generated in a high‐resistivity silicon slab by means of light‐emitting diodes. A millimeter‐wave at 35 GHz is incident at an arbitrary angle on the slab. The experiments on the reflection and transmission are carried out and the results are compared with the theoretical results. It is found that the reflection characteristics of the millimeter‐wave can be controlled at a modulation rate of about 1 percent and the response speed of the plasma is 20 μs.
Wavelength tunable semiconductor lasers
Authors: Kotaki Yuji , Ogita Shouichi , Ishikawa Hiroshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWavelength tunable lasers are considered to be used for a wide range of applications such as local oscillator lasers for coherent communication, lasers for wavelength multiplexed communication, and improvement is expected by wavelength matching. So far, various wavelength tunable lasers have been reported. In particular, since diffraction grating integrated lasers such as DBR and DFB lasers can provide wavelength tuning operation by current injection, they have actively been researched and developed. This paper discusses the wavelength tuning principle, structures, and characteristics for these monolithic wavelength tunable lasers.The widest range of wavelength tuning, approximately 10 nm of tunable range, has been obtained by a three‐region DBR laser with a phase control region, but it has a complex structure and there are problems of low light output power and linewidth broadening associated with wavelength tuning. Although any DFB type tunable laser exhibits a small continuous tunable range of at most 2 to 3 nm compared to DBR type, it can provide a narrow linewidth and has an advantage of simple structure. Here, we show that these tuning ranges are theoretical limits, and further improvement in the wavelength tuning range requires the development of new technology.
Optical isolator using magneto‐optical transparent plastics
Authors: Muto Shinzo , Ichikawa Shin‐Ichiro , Seki Nobuo , Ito Hiroshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe magneto‐optical properties of various transparent plastic materials have been measured. It has been clarified that the Verdet constants of polystyrene derivatives are larger than those of NaCl crystal and the light flint glass, and that the value of the figure of merit reaches a maximum at the short wavelength region below 500 nm.An optical isolator using poly‐α‐methylstyrene gives an isolation ratio of 20 dB at 488 nm, showing, for the first time, a possibility of a low‐cost plastic optical isolator. The magneto‐optical properties of these plastics also enable the optical measurement of high magnetic field or high current.
Analysis of asymmetric discontinuities in an open dielectric waveguide by combination of finite and boundary elements
Authors: Hirayama Koichi , Miyamoto Nakaba , Koshiba Masanori 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAlthough actual optical integrated circuits have three‐dimensional (3‐D) structures, almost all the existing theoretical studies for the optical integrated circuits replace them by the corresponding 2‐D structures via the effective‐index method. Their 2‐D structures often become asymmetric discontinuities in a symmetric dielectric slab waveguide.A method has already been proposed which makes it possible to analyze discontinuities in an open dielectric waveguide by combining the finite‐element and boundary‐element methods. The applicability of this new method was restricted to symmetric discontinuities. In this paper, by considering the anti‐symmetric modes of the waveguide, the combined method of finite and boundary elements is extended to asymmetric discontinuities.The present method is applied to a transverse displacement and the convergence of the solution is examined numerically. Also, for a transverse displacement and a waveguide bend, the scattering characteristics including the radiation patterns are calculated. The computed results are compared with those obtained by other methods and the validity and effectiveness of the method herein are compared.
Mode‐conversion type optical Y‐branching waveguides fabricated on glass substrate
Authors: Sawa Shinnosuke , Ono Kazuo , Hotta Masashi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractY‐branching waveguides for optical splitting and mixing have been proposed and a low loss structure of these devices have been also proposed. We have also proposed a mode conversion type Y‐branching waveguide and the low loss characteristic of this device has been demonstrated by using numerical simulation based on the model of the step‐index type slab optical waveguide. The device structure is based on the structural condition for the multi‐mode coupling system derived from the mode coupling theory. It can be applied to waveguides other than the slab optical waveguide.In this study, it was experimentally investigated whether this method is applicable to the diffused type Y‐branching optical waveguide. In the Y‐branching mode converter formed on a soda‐lime glass, the loss characteristic can be estimated by the mode coupling theory. The loss in this type of device is lower than that in the conventional linear Y‐branching waveguide. It was also confirmed that the low loss structure used in the mode conversion type Y‐branching waveguide is applicable to the diffused channel optical waveguide.
Effect of curing temperature on carbon black‐resin thick‐film resistors
Authors: Nakamura Shuhei , Ito Atushi , Sawa Goro , Tsubota Kazunari , Ikeda Masayuki , Kubo Teiji 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) and the humidity coefficient of resistance (HCR) of carbon black (CB) resin thick‐film resistors are influenced by the properties of the CB and resin.This study showed that the curing temperature changes the cohesive state of CB and influences TCR and HCR of the resistor. To confirm the foregoing observation, only one kind of carbon black (CB) and two kinds of glycidylether epoxy resins were used herein.When the resistor was cured at high temperature, TCR changes from positive to negative value. As the curing temperature increased, HCR was improved. It was proved experimentally that the cause of the improvement in HCR is due to the higher cohesion force between CB particles with an increase of the curing temperature.It is shown that CB‐resin type resistors with excellent TCR and HCR can easily be formed by selecting a proper curing condition.
Finite‐element analysis of ultrasonic waveguides with solid‐liquid interface
Authors: Koshiba Masanori , Yanagawa Takashi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA formulation is presented for the finite‐element analysis of ultrasonic waveguides with a solid‐liquid interface. Although it is convenient to use a variational expression based on three components of the particle displacement for the finite‐element analysis of these waveguides, nonphysical solutions called spurious solutions are generated in the finite‐element analysis based on such a variational expression. In this paper, the nature of these spurious solutions is studied. In addition, to eliminate these spurious solutions, the penalty method, longitudinal particle displacement method, and the reduction method are introduced. It is shown that these methods are effective in eliminating the spurious solutions.
A study on the delay time of a BiCMOS basic gate
Authors: Sugimoto Yasuhiro , Hara Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTheoretical analysis and circuit simulation in regard to delay time for a BiCMOS basic gate have been accomplished. First, a basic gate is expressed in the form of an equivalent circuit for clarifying the influence of each device parameter for a bipolar transistor on delay time. Then analytical equations are obtained which are used to analyze the rising edge delay time. In these equations, conditions such as current dependency of fT in all current regions and the change in junction capacitances due to bias change are taken into consideration.Confirming the consistency between analytical and simulation results for the rising edge delay time, the analysis for the falling edge delay time was newly developed. This has been done considering a phenomenon wherein the driving capability for the MOS transistor in a BiCMOS basic gate decreases due to the voltage drop across a base resistor in a bipolar transistor. As a result, good consistency between analytical and simulation results has been achieved and a new analytical method for the falling edge delay time has been established. The base resistor influence on the falling edge delay time has also been clarified by a circuit simulation.