bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Hierarchically Structured Ni(OH)2 Monolayer Hollow‐Sphere Array and Its Tunable Optical Properties over a Large Region
Authors: Duan G. , Cai W. , Luo Y. , Sun F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe fabrication of a hierarchically structured Ni(OH)2 monolayer hollow‐sphere array with the shell composed of building blocks of nanoflakelets is demonstrated based on a colloidal monolayer and electrochemical deposition. The morphology can be easily controlled by the colloidal monolayer and deposition parameters. Importantly, such monolayer hollow‐sphere array shows a morphology‐ and size‐dependent tunable optical transmission stop band. This stop band can be easily tuned from 455–1855 nm by changing the size of the hollow spheres between 1000 and 4500 nm, and also fine‐adjusted by changing the deposition time. The array exhibits a nearly incident‐angle‐independent position of the stop band that 3D photonic crystals do not possess. This structure may have potential applications in optical devices, photonic crystals, and sensors for gas detection.
Nanoimprint Lithography: Methods and Material Requirements
Authors: Guo L. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractNanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a nonconventional lithographic technique for high‐throughput patterning of polymer nanostructures at great precision and at low costs. Unlike traditional lithographic approaches, which achieve pattern definition through the use of photons or electrons to modify the chemical and physical properties of the resist, NIL relies on direct mechanical deformation of the resist material and can therefore achieve resolutions beyond the limitations set by light diffraction or beam scattering that are encountered in conventional techniques. This Review covers the basic principles of nanoimprinting, with an emphasis on the requirements on materials for the imprinting mold, surface properties, and resist materials for successful and reliable nanostructure replication.
Preparative isolation and characterization of heavy metal complexes from acid mine drainage and surface wastewater
Authors: Wengel Marcus , Gleixner Gerd 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA preparative method was developed to sample dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and heavy metals (Ni, Mn) from polluted surface waters. Main focus was set on the preparative production of freeze‐dried samples mainly composed of organic ligands from heavy metal complexes. First characterizations were done in the aqueous phase. Finally, freeze‐dried samples provide stable organic matter for multiple characterizations. Acid mine drainage of the former mining area of Ronneburg (Germany) hold elevated concentrations of heavy metals and low concentrations of DOC. Municipal wastewater, passing the spoil pile, held elevated concentrations of DOC and low concentrations of heavy metals. Dissolved components smaller than 0.45 μm and larger than 1 nm were concentrated by nanofiltration. Organic heavy metal complexes were isolated from this solution by size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC). Different size classes of molecules were collected from the column effluent, depending on their elution time, and were characterized by UV spectroscopy, ICP‐OES, and DOC measurements. All samples held organic heavy metal compounds with different retention times. The organic heavy metal complexes in acid mine drainage had higher retention times than complexes from municipal wastewater. Most interestingly, we found different affinities of heavy metals to different size classes of DOC. This affinity of the heavy metals differs with size and origin of the DOC.
Local use of antibiotics and their input and fate in a small sewage treatment plant – significance of balancing and analysis on a local scale vs. nationwide scale
Authors: Alexy Radka , Sommer Alexander , Lange Frank T. , Kümmerer Klaus 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMost antibiotics are only partially metabolised by patients before being discharged into the municipal sewage system along with patient excreta. Studies have shown that the majority of antibiotics pass through sewage treatment and are then released into the environment. Accordingly, investigations conducted in various countries have detected a number of antibiotics in the low μg or ng per litre range in different environmental compartments. Studies connecting mass balances of use on a local scale and of input and analysis of the antibiotic concentrations present in municipal sewage treatment plants are scarce. Data on local use of antibiotics and their relation to nationwide consumption are not available. This study investigated the use, input, and fate of antibiotics on a local scale and this data were compared with the German nationwide consumption. 42 antibiotics and 15 antimycotics were used in the mass balance consideration over a period of one year. It was found that the local pattern of usage differed only little from that found nationwide. Seasonal changes were minor and the concentrations actually measured were found to be in the expected range. Differences in both the identified occurrence and the concentrations of the target compounds were observed within and between the three sampling periods.
Bioassay‐directed fractionation for analyzing estrogens in surface waters of the German Baltic Sea
Authors: Beck Iris‐Constanze , Bruhn Regina , Gandrass Juergen 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA reversed‐phase fractionation method with subsequent biological and chemical analysis has been developed to estimate the contributions of the most potent estrogens to observed estrogenic effect potentials. Surface water samples were taken in the German Baltic Sea (Inner Wismar Bay and Darss Peninsula, sampling campaign July 2003) and were separated into seven individual fractions. Three fractions showed significant estrogenic activities and clear dose‐dependant responses were obtained in the yeast estrogen screen (YES). In the 2nd fractions liquid chromatographic‐electrospray‐tandem mass spectrometric (LC‐ESI‐MS‐MS) analyses showed the presence of bisphenol A (Inner Wismar Bay: 4.8 ng L–1 and 6 ng L–1; Darss Peninsula: 0.91 ng L–1 and 1.7 ng L–1) and ethinylestradiol (Inner Wismar Bay: 2.0 ng L–1 and 6.0 ng L–1; Darss Peninsula: < MDL and 1.7 ng L–1), whereas estrogenic activities in the YES were only around 10% of the positive control E2. Although not identified prior in the total extract the natural hormones estradiol (Inner Wismar Bay: 0.13 ng L–1 and 0.19 ng L–1; Darss Peninsula: 0.12 ng L–1 and 0.16 ng L–1) and estriol (Inner Wismar Bay: < MDL and 0.33 ng L–1; Darss Peninsula: < MDL) could be detected in the 3rd fractions, where high estrogenic potentials could be observed. The 4th fractions showed high responses as well and estrone were herein quantified with concentrations of 0.16 ng L–1 and 0.18 ng L–1 (Darss Peninsula) up to 0.37 ng L–1 (Inner Wismar Bay). Measured and calculated estradiol equivalents for individual fractions correlated very well (R2 = 0.78), when disregarding results of the 2nd fraction, where high deviations occurred.
The relationship between locomotor behavior and limb morphology in brown (Cebus apella) and weeper (Cebus olivaceus) capuchins
Authors: Wright Kristin A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis study is a comparison of locomotor behavior and postcranial form in two species of capuchin monkey, the brown capuchin (Cebus apella), and the weeper capuchin (Cebus olivaceus). Behavioral data from groups of wild C. apella and C. olivaceus in Guyana were collected during the period of December 1999 through November 2000. Postcranial variables including 40 measurements and three indices were taken from 43 adult and subadult specimens of C. apella and 14 adult and subadult specimens of C. olivaceus housed in American museums, as well as two wild‐caught adult specimens of C. olivaceus from the Georgetown Zoo in Guyana. The results of this study indicate that these two capuchins exhibit similar patterns of locomotor behavior, but that there are important differences in how they move through their homerange, particularly with respect to quadrupedalism. These differences in behavior are reflected in their postcranial morphology and can be related to differences in foraging strategies. This study provides an example of the importance of using more exclusive categories of quadrupedal behaviors when comparing closely related arboreal quadrupeds, as well as an alternative explanation for some of the postcranial features of C. apella that may relate to foraging postures and foraging strategy rather than traditionally categorized patterns of locomotor behavior. Am. J. Primatol. 69:736–756. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coprophagy by wild ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) in human‐disturbed locations adjacent to the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar
Authors: Fish Krista D. , Sauther Michelle L. , Loudon James E. , Cuozzo Frank P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCoprophagy occurs in a number of animal species, including nonhuman primates. During the 2003–2004 dry seasons at the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, Madagascar, we observed wild ring‐tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) consuming dried fecal matter from three different species. Ring‐tailed lemurs consumed human feces on 12 occasions, cattle feces twice, and feral dog feces once. Coprophagy in this population may be a behavioral adaptation that provides animals access to energy and nutrients and may be an important nutritional source for older, and/or dentally impaired individuals during the dry season. Am. J. Primatol. 69:713–718, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Who cares who calls? Selective responses to the lost calls of socially dominant group members in the white‐faced capuchin (Cebus Capucinus)
Authors: Digweed Shannon M. , Fedigan Linda M. , Rendall Drew 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn many social mammals and birds, soft vocalizations are habitually produced during dispersed moving and foraging, the function being to maintain contact and regulate spacing between group members. In some species, much louder calls are given sporadically by specific individuals when they become separated from the group, or ‘lost’. The function of these calls has seldom been specifically tested, particularly among social primates, but is often assumed to involve regaining contact with the group based on a combination of individually distinctive calls and antiphonal responses to them from within the group. To test these assumptions, we conducted research on two groups of white‐faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) in Costa Rica. We analyzed 82 bouts of ‘lost’ calls given by 13 different adult individuals when separated from the group and the antiphonal responses they elicited. Lost calls were individually distinctive and were answered in 35% of calling episodes. Answers were selective: dominant males and females were answered more than were subordinate callers of either sex. As a result, dominant callers relocated and returned to the group more quickly than did subordinate callers. We discuss the potential proximate motivations for, and ultimate benefits of, such selective answering of dominant group members. Am. J. Primatol. 69:829–835, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new case of fish‐eating in Japanese macaques: implications for social constraints on the diffusion of feeding innovation
Authors: Leca Jean‐Baptiste , Gunst Noëlle , Watanabe Kunio , Huffman Michael A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis is the first detailed report of social factors affecting fish‐eating in Japanese macaques under natural circumstances. We video‐recorded a complete event of fish eating, involving a new fish food species for the monkeys on Koshima island. Following the discovery of a large beached sea bass by a peripheral male, we observed a total of 16 individuals feeding on the fish in turns, and interacting around it. The rank order of access to the fish was mainly explained by the spatial position of group members, whereas dominance determined how long the fish was monopolized. Although limited, the tolerated presence of close‐bystanders while feeding was affected by kinship and affiliation. Genealogic data suggested that fish‐eating behavior was well maintained in terms of maternal lineages. This report should contribute to a better understanding of how social features may constrain the long‐term diffusion of feeding innovations in free‐ranging primate groups. Am. J. Primatol. 69:821–828, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐tailed macaques use human hair as dental floss
Authors: Watanabe Kunio , Urasopon Nontakorn , Malaivijitnond Suchinda 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLong‐tailed macaques in Lopburi, Thailand, use human hair as if it were dental floss. This eccentric behavior is seen mainly in a large group of macaques that live at the old Buddhist shrine of Prang Sam Yot. Many monkeys of this group take hair and sort a few pieces to make a string and then brush their teeth by pulling it tightly with right and left hands alternatively between their teeth. This habit is not seen in the other localities near Lopburi and is rare even in the surrounding groups. Monkeys in the Prang Sam Yot shrine are worshipped as servants of God and people respect them, even when they ride on their heads. This behavior could be considered a newly occurring cultural behavior, which has become established under very specialized circumstances. Am. J. Primatol. 69:940–944, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A second major histocompatibility complex susceptibility locus for multiple sclerosis
Authors: Yeo Tai Wai , De Jager Philip L. , Gregory Simon G. , Barcellos Lisa F. , Walton Amie , Goris An , Fenoglio Chiara , Ban Maria , Taylor Craig J. , Goodman Reyna S. , Walsh Emily , Wolfish Cara S. , Horton Roger , Traherne James , Beck Stephan , Trowsdale John , Caillier Stacy J. , Ivinson Adrian J. , Green Todd , Pobywajlo Susan , Lander Eric S. , Pericak‐Vance Margaret A. , Haines Jonathan L. , Daly Mark J. , Oksenberg Jorge R. , Hauser Stephen L. , Compston Alastair , Hafler David A. , Rioux John D. , Sawcer Stephen 
Published: January 2007

AbstractObjectiveVariation in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6p21 is known to influence susceptibility to multiple sclerosis with the strongest effect originating from the HLA‐DRB1 gene in the class II region. The possibility that other genes in the MHC independently influence susceptibility to multiple sclerosis has been suggested but remains unconfirmed.MethodsUsing a combination of microsatellite, single nucleotide polymorphism, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing, we screened the MHC in trio families looking for evidence of residual association above and beyond that attributable to the established DRB1*1501 risk haplotype. We then refined this analysis by extending the genotyping of classical HLA loci into independent cases and control subjects.ResultsScreening confirmed the presence of residual association and suggested that this was maximal in the region of the HLA‐C gene. Extending analysis of the classical loci confirmed that this residual association is partly due to allelic heterogeneity at the HLA‐DRB1 locus, but also reflects an independent effect from the HLA‐C gene. Specifically, the HLA‐C*05 allele, or a variant in tight linkage disequilibrium with it, appears to exert a protective effect (p = 3.3 × 10−5).InterpretationVariation in the HLA‐C gene influences susceptibility to multiple sclerosis independently of any effect attributable to the nearby HLA‐DRB1 gene. Ann Neurol 2007
Results of treatment changes in patients with apparently drug‐resistant chronic epilepsy
Authors: Luciano Anna L. , Shorvon Simon D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractObjectiveIt has long been known that the response to treatment in newly diagnosed epilepsy is better than in chronic epilepsy. However, in the past 15 years, 8 major new antiepileptic drugs have been licensed, and the effect of this wider range of treatment options on prognosis has not been fully assessed. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of adding a previously unused antiepileptic drug to the treatment regimen in adults with uncontrolled chronic epilepsy that had been resistant to previous antiepileptic drug treatment.MethodsA total of 265 drug additions were studied in 155 adult patients with chronic epilepsy (defined as epilepsy active at least 5 years after and initiation of therapy).ResultsAbout 16% of all drug introductions resulted in seizure freedom (defined as seizure freedom at last follow‐up for 12 months or longer), and a 50 to 99% seizure reduction occurred in a further 21%. Of the 155 patients, 28% were rendered seizure free by a drug introduction. Clinical factors associated with a better effect were fewer previously used antiepileptic drugs, shorter duration epilepsy, and idiopathic epilepsy.InterpretationThis study provides a quantitative estimate of the value of changing drug therapy in patients in whom seizures were previously uncontrolled by previous therapy. The application of a systematic protocol to the treatment of chronic epilepsy will improve seizure control in a substantial proportion of cases. The rather nihilistic view that intractability is inevitable if seizure control is not obtained within a few years of the onset of therapy is incorrect. Ann Neurol 2007
Fluorescence excitation spectroscopy of polystyrene near the critical concentration c*
Authors: Healy M. Sean , Hanson James E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe critical concentration c* was measured using both fluorescence excitation spectroscopy and light scattering for four narrow molecular weight distribution samples of polystyrene (MW = 225,000–1,500,000) in bicyclo[4.4.0]decane (decahydronaphthalene, decalin) at 20 and 30°C. A discontinuity in the corrected intensity of a band in the excitation spectrum (assigned to the dimmer complex) as a function of concentration allowed determination of the critical concentration, c*, from the excitation spectra. The c* resulting from fluorescence and light scattering were identical within experimental error and were comparable to c* values calculated from literature methods. Fluorescence excitation spectroscopy should be a convenient method for determining c* for aromatic polymers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 360–364, 2007
Characterization of surface‐modified hollow fiber polyethersulfone membranes prepared at different air gaps
Authors: Khulbe K. C. , Feng C. Y. , Matsuura T. , Mosqueada‐Jimenaez D. C. , Rafat M. , Kingston D. , Narbaitz R. M. , Khayet M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHollow fibers were spun from a solution of surface‐modifying macromolecule blended polyethersulfone in dimethyl acetamide by using dry‐wet spinning method at different air gaps and at room temperature. The air gap was varied from 10 to 90 cm. The ultrafiltration performance of hollow fibers was studied by using aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycols and polyethylene oxides of different molecular weights. Significant difference in surface morphology between the inner and outer surface of the hollow fibers was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Similar results were obtained by contact angle measurement and XPS. Mean pore sizes of the inner surface and outer surface were calculated from AFM images and compared with the pore sizes obtained from mass transport data. Pore size distribution curves were drawn from both data, i.e., from AFM images and mass‐transport data, both methods gave similar results. Roughness parameters of the inner and outer surfaces and the sizes of nodular aggregates on both surfaces were measured. An attempt was made to correlate the above parameters with the performance of the membranes. Unexpected values of contact angles of both inner surface and outer surface were obtained. It was observed that the studied membranes could be put into two groups: (i) the membranes fabricated between 10 and 50 cm air gap and (ii) fabricated at higher than 50 cm air gap. A plausible mechanism for the unexpected results was discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 710–721, 2007
Migration of substituted aromatic solvents into polyurethane/polystyrene semi‐interpenetrating polymer network
Authors: Kumar H. , Siddaramaiah  
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe molecular transport of substituted aromatic solvents through polyurethane/polystyrene (PU/PS, 50/50) semi interpenetrating polymer network has been investigated at 20, 40, and 60°C. Sorption–desorption–resorption–redesorption (S‐D‐RS‐RD) experiments were performed to determine the true value of transport coefficients. Sorption results are obtained by a gravimetric method and diffusion coefficients have been calculated using Fick's equation for the linear data points of time dependent sorption/resorption curves. It was observed that most of the systems follow the Fickian mode of transport. The first order kinetic equation was used to estimate the kinetic rate constant of sorption. Activation parameters for different transport processes were evaluated and the results were used to discuss the polymer–solvent interactions. The concentration profiles at different depths along the thickness of membranes and at different time intervals were computed using Fick's equation under appropriate boundary conditions. The rate of evaporation of liquids has been calculated for desorption and redesorption processes, and these results depend on the volatility of aromatic solvents. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 378–390, 2007
Cellulose fibers modified by hydrophobic‐type polymer
Authors: Kulpinski Piotr 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn the present research, we discuss the influence of a hydrophobic modifier on the properties of cellulose fibers. The commercially available fluorocarbon polymer water dispersion was introduced in different concentration ratios to the spinning dope to change the physical properties of cellulose fibers. Cellulose fibers from N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide were prepared as a direct solvent. The fibers obtained contained up to 15% w/w of fluorocarbon polymer. To observe how the modifier influences the fibers' mechanical and thermal properties, fibrillation tendency and moisture absorption were examined. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 398–409, 2007
Mechanical, flow, and morphological properties of talc‐ and kaolin‐filled polypropylene hybrid composites
Authors: Bakar M. B. Abu , Leong Y. W. , Ariffin A. , Ishak Z. A. Mohd. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPolypropylene (PP) hybrid composites have been produced by compounding two types of mineral fillers, viz., talc and kaolin with PP copolymer using a twin screw extruder. The PP hybrid composite was injection‐molded into dumbbell specimen for tensile, flexural, and impact properties characterizations. MFI and SEM studies were used to characterize the flow and morphological properties of the PP hybrid composites. The result shows that most of the hybrid composites showed a significant decrease in flow, tensile, flexural, and impact properties compared with the single filler‐filled PP composites. However, a hybridization effect was seen for the PPT20K10 hybrid composites, through the synergistic coalescence of positive characteristics from 20 wt % of talc and 10 wt % of kaolin. This hybrid formulation have given an economically advantageous material with the mechanical properties (tensile, flexural, and impact) comparable to those of the talc‐filled PP composites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 434–441, 2007