bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The chromogen method for determining the digestibility of dried grass by sheep
Authors: Davidson J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe total collection method for determining digestibility has been compared with a ratio method that uses as a marker the absorption at wavelength 406 mμ of plant chromogens extracted from the food and faeces.Results showed that when dried grass was fed to sheep the chromogen method gave low results when extracts were read at 406 mμ, and substantially correct results when read at 416 mμ. However, owing to the instability of the plant pigments involved, the plant chromogen method should be applied extensively only after comparative trials have shown that results for digestibilities agree with those found by reliable collection methods.Estimates of the major fat‐soluble plant pigments entering and leaving the alimentary tract showed that there were losses in all pigments during passage down the tract, but whereas losses of up to only 18% occurred in the carotenoids, losses of up to 62% were noted in the total fat‐soluble tetrapyrroles and up to 87% in chlorophylls. The losses varied greatly from sheep to sheep.
Physicochemical studies on the application of insecticides to sheep fleece. V.—The influence of carbon‐chain length and halide ion of cationic wetting agents on their reaction with natural fleece
Authors: Addison C. C. , Furmidge C. G. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of variation in chain length on the reactions between fleece and cationic wetting agents has been studied, with particular reference to octadecyl‐, cetyl‐, tetradecyl‐and dodecyl‐pyridinium chlorides. Reactions with cetyltrimethylammonium chloride closely resemble those with cetylpyridinium chloride. The inactivation of the wetting agents, and change in weight of the fleece samples, have been determined over ranges of concentration, and the two properties correspond closely in all instances. With octadecyl and cetyl compounds considerable inactivation occurs, but with the tetradecyl and dodecyl compounds the interfacial activity of the wetting agent is enhanced; this is attributed to the increase in the solubility of the long‐chain cation‐suint anion complex with decrease in cation chain‐length. At C14 and below, the flocculation of suspended matter, which is typical of the longer chains, does not occur. All the curves may be interpreted on the basis of the α, β and γ mechanisms discussed in earlier Parts. The effect of addition of sodium chloride on reactions with cetylpyridinium chloride is considered. Dodecyl‐ and tetradecyl‐pyridinium compounds have been used to compare the properties of the various halides. The change in properties produced by one step in the series Cl‐→ Br‐→ I‐ is approximately equivalent to an increase of two carbon atoms in the cation chain‐length.
A 14C study of carbon dioxide fixation in the apple. I.—the distribution of incorporated 14C in the detached mcintosh apple
Authors: Allentoff N. , Phillips W. R. , Johnston F. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMature, stored McIntosh apples exposed for 18 hours in darkness to 14CO2 were found to incorporate 14C in the malic acid, and in the aspartic and glutamic acids, α‐alanine and serine of the nitrogenous fractions, indicating the operation of a system of the ‘malic enzyme’ type.
A 14C study of carbon dioxide fixation in the apple. II.—rates of carbon dioxide fixation in the detached McIntosh apple
Authors: Allentoff N. , Phillips W. R. , Johnston F. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe McIntosh apple in storage was found to produce malic acid by fixation of carbon dioxide at a rate of about half of the net daily acid loss. The contribution of this reaction to the production of amino‐acids and protein was also quantitatively significant. The fixation activity rose to a high level at the time of harvest and continued to be high throughout the storage period. The rate of uptake of carbon dioxide increased with rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the external atmosphere.
The isolation of an anthocyanin and chlorogenic acid from canned victoria plums
Authors: Parkinson T. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described by which chlorogenic acid and cyanidin‐3‐monoglucoside are isolated from the liquid portion of canned Victoria plums, so that they may be used in studies on the rate of corrosion of cans of fruit. In the first stage, these substances are separated from all other constituents by adsorption on activated alumina, followed by elution with malic acid solution. In the second stage they are isolated from each other by partition chromatography on a column of cellulose powder. Paper chromatography and absorption spectrophotometry were the main techniques used for the identification of these substances. It appears that the spectrophotometric characteristics of liquors from canned Victoria plums are due mainly to the anthocyanin in the visible region and to chlorogenic acid in the ultra‐violet region. The presence of quinic acid in canned plums has also been demonstrated.
Analytical studies on the carbohydrates of grasses and clovers. V.—Development of a method for the estimation of cell‐wall polysaccharides
Authors: Harwood V. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe cell‐wall polysaccharides, i.e. the carbohydrate fraction of herbage that is insoluble in alcohol and cold water, are determined by a two‐stage acid‐hydrolysis procedure. In the first stage, treatment with N‐sulphuric acid effects solution and hydrolysis of the greater part of the hemicellulose fraction, with a maximum variability in any one sugar of 7% of the total hydrolysed. The remaining ‘cellulose’ residue is saccharified with 72% sulphuric acid during the second stage, with agreement within 5%.
Analytical studies on the carbohydrates of grasses and clovers. VI.—Chanǵes in the cell‐wall polysaccharides durinǵ the ensilaǵe of perennial rye‐ǵrass with a hiǵh protein and low soluble‐carbohydrate content
Authors: Harwood V. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen high‐protein grass containing only small amounts of water‐soluble carbohydrates is ensiled a product with high pH is obtained. In this type of silage a decrease in pentosan carbohydrates is observed.
The seed oils of Clitoria ternatea AND OF Entada phaseoloides
Authors: Grindley D. N. , Burden E. H. W. J. , Akour A. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe seed oils of the species Clitoria ternatea and Entada phaseoloides have been examined in detail and their fatty acid composition determined. Like other species belonging to the Leguminosae group of families previously examined, they are characterized by the presence of higher saturated fatty acids.
Soil fumigation. II.—the stability of ethylene dibromide in soil
Authors: Wade Peter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLiquid ethylene dibromide introduced into soils has been shown to be stable at moisture contents in the field range for periods of up to one week. Some evidence was found for the decomposition of the fumigant by an oven‐dried clay. Attempts to induce soils to decompose ethylene dibromide by repeated fumigation of soil samples were unsuccessful.
The survival of Bacillus subtilis spores in the baking of bread
Authors: Farmiloe F. J. , Cornford S. J. , Coppock J. B. M. , Ingram M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe survival of Bacillus subtilis spores at temperatures near 100° was determined in buffered suspensions. Known numbers (about 105/g.) of these spores were mixed into dough which was baked normally into bread. Temperatures taken near the centre of the loaf, near the crust, and midway between the two showed that the temperature within the loaf was 100‐101° and this was only just attained at the centre. These temperatures were comparable with similar measurements in various baked products. Viable counts were made on the dough just before entering the oven and on baked samples taken at the thermocouple positions. Corresponding loaves were incubated at 37°.In buffer solutions vegetative cells were killed in about 2 min. at 75°. The thermal death/time curves for spores were not exponential, a small proportion of the spores surviving for relatively long periods. In dough, about half the spores germinated between mixing the dough and putting it into the oven. Comparison of the survival of spores in the bread with that expected from the temperature treatment and from the experiments in buffer solutions suggested that the heat resistance in bread is roughly the same as, certainly no less than, that in phosphate buffer of pH 6.5. Only a small proportion of the surviving spores generated ropy patches within a week, owing perhaps to peculiarities in water distribution within the loaf.
The lignin fraction of animal feeding‐stuffs. IV.—The preparation of ‘reference’liganin by extraction with ethyl acetoacetate
Authors: Moon F. E. , Abou‐Raya A. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEthyl acetoacetate was found to be a satisfactory solvent for lignin, but not highly selective. The purest'ester lignins' were obtained from the residues after alkali extraction, and when mature plant materials were used these lignins showed little variation in methoxyl content. It is suggested that the percentage of methoxyl in pure lignin is not affected by plant maturity and that the true lignin present in a crude preparation may be determined from the methoxyl content by the use of an appropriate conversion factor.
The effect of procaine penicillin on the growth of weaned pigs
Authors: Childs G. A. , Cuthbertson W. F. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn a series of practical tests on farms in the United Kingdom, procaine penicillin (procaine benzylpenicillin) was found to increase the growth rate of weaned pigs and to improve the efficiency of food utilization.Fortification of the diet with 10 g. or 15 g. of procaine penicillin per ton did not give significantly greater responses than did 5 g.; the economic level of addition may be less than 5 g. of procaine penicillin per ton under the conditions used.
Studies on egg shells. IV.—The site of deposition of radioactive calcium and phosphorus
Authors: Tyler C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEgg shells from birds fed with either radioactive calcium or phosphorus have been examined by taking autoradiographs of tangential sections. The autoradiographs for calcium show a distinctive form of layering, which can be correlated with time of laying. This is interpreted as indicating that the supply of calcium to the shell gland may be made up entirely of food calcium or entirely of bone calcium or of varying proportions of the two, depending upon the time of day that a particular layer of the shell was being deposited. The autoradiographs for phosphorus indicate that most of it is in the outermost layer of shell, with some of it actually on the surface.
Mycological formation of fat. I.—Media conducive to formation of fat from sucrose by Aspergillus nidulans, penicillium javanicum and penicillium spinulosum
Authors: Gad A. M. , Walker T. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFat production by the moulds Aspergillus nidulans, Penicillium javanicum and Penicillium spinulosum has been studied and media conducive to high productivity have been developed. The highest percentage yields of fat on sucrose utilized were 13.2 from A. nidulans, 7.9 from P. javanicum and 6.0 from P. spinulosum, the last‐mentioned mould requiring corn‐steep liquor (C.S.L.) (0.5% w/v) for this result. In general, the levels of concentration of sodium phosphate and of magnesium sulphate in the medium have been shown to be highly critical factors.
Connective tissue of meat. IV.—Comparison of methods for determining collagen in meat
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Baker L. C. , Brown K. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCollagen was determined in samples of fresh, frozen and freeze‐dried silverside by determining hydroxyproline in the acid hydrolysate of (i) the meat, (ii) the direct aqueous autoclave extract of the meat, and (iii) the aqueous autoclave extract of the residue left after preliminary extraction of the muscle tissue with dilute alkali or acid; collagen was also determined in (iii) as the loss of weight when the residue was autoclaved with water.
The utilization of carbohydrates of seaweed by rumen microflora in vitro
Authors: McNaught M. L. , Smith J. A. B. , Black W. A. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTests have been made to determine whether some of the carbohydrates of the brown algae and of dried milled samples of Laminaria cloustoni and Ascophyllum nodosum can be utilized by the mixed microflora of the bovine rumen when incubated in rumen liquid for 4 h. at 39°. The conversion of non‐protein nitrogen into protein and changes in pH were used as indications of utilization.Of the various products that were tested, only laminarin and the frond of L. cloustoni, which contains laminarin, promoted the type of vigorous activity obtained under the same conditions with maltose.
Fumigation of agricultural products. VIII.—Penetration and sorption of methyl bromide in wheat fumigated at reduced pressures
Authors: El Nahal A. K. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPenetration of a sack of wheat by methyl bromide occurs readily at atmospheric pressure. Sustained‐vacuum fumigation produced little improvement in penetration, but some increase in the residual fumigant was noted in this method. Vacuum fumigation with simultaneous admission of air and fumigant gave results in all material respects the same as were obtained by fumigation for the same period at atmospheric pressure. The‘air‐washing’procedure was found to be less effective than the low sorption of methyl bromide on wheat would suggest. Residual methyl bromide in vacuum‐fumigated wheat has been investigated. The enhanced interstitial concentrations found in sacks of wheat fumigated under sustained vacuum with ethylene oxide and methyl bromide may be associated with desorption from wheat drying out under reduced pressures.
Apparatus for the determination of high concentrations of methyl bromide in fumigation
Authors: Loveday D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn apparatus is described for the determination of the concentration of methyl bromide in air over the range of 0‐35 mg./1. The apparatus is based on the method of determination previously described by Call,1 which uses the length of coloured stain, produced by interaction of bromine, as a combustion product of methyl bromide, with paper impregnated with fluorescein. In the apparatus described here, however, a swept‐sample technique is used to obtain a representative sample, and buffered phenol red is employed as indicator.
Vegetable oils. III.—Mallotus philippinensis muell. arǵa. seed oil
Authors: Calderwood R. C. , Gunstone F. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractKamlolenic acid is shown to be 18‐hydroxyelaeostearic acid and the configuration of the α‐ and β‐isomers is almost completely established. The component acids of Mallotus philippinensis seed oil are reported and the potential use of this material as a drying oil is discussed.
Chemical weed‐control and pasture productivity
Authors: Templeman W. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe principal weeds of grassland are unwanted grass species, and, although some possibilities are indicated, no chemical method for their removal in farming practice is yet available. The hormone weedkillers may be used for the control of a number of broadleaved weeds. Figures are presented from the available information to show the increased herbage production that has resulted from chemical weed‐control in grassland, and the need for good management is stressed.
The control of weeds in turf
Authors: Dawson R. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn Great Britain the turf grass crop accounts for about one million acres and is of considerable value. Much of it requires to be in good order throughout the year but surface quality, as distinct from grass quality, varies with the sport or game for which the turf is to be used.Of all the problems associated with turf management, weed control is pre‐eminent, since certain weeds are universal where grass is cut short. Short mowing determines the weed species that are able to persist, and by reducing ground‐floor competition permits their increase. By good management a weed‐free sward can be kept in this state for a long period, but the production of a weed‐free turf is a problem facing most turf users. Methods of control involve mechanical operations, such as raking, and the use of chemicals, varying from the sulphates of ammonia and iron to the plant poisons and then to the growth‐regulating substances or‘hormone’weedkillers. Methods of using all these are described, with data on the effects of repeated applications of the selective weedkillers for resistant weeds. The best conditions for use are also described.Reference is made to 2,4,5‐T (2 : 4 : 5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) for weed control in turf and also to growth‐stunting chemicals such as maleic hydrazide. There is a possibility of controlling growth of long grass (on verges or in cemeteries, for example), but for fine turf there seems to be little likelihood of future application of such materials.
The control of mosses in lawns and sports turf
Authors: Blandy R. V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMosses are one of the commonest weeds in lawns and sports turf. The study of individual species, their methods of multiplication, and the situations in which they are found, is necessary before satisfactory control methods can be devised. Some moss species can be controlled by cultural means but, where this is not practicable, chemical methods have to be employed. The chemicals in the past acted only as a temporary palliative, but with the introduction of lawn sands containing calomel (mercurous chloride) a more permanent control is possible. The results of a trial with one lawn sand containing calomel is recorded.
The rheology of fats: A review
Authors: Scott Blair G. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRemarkably little work has been published on the rheology of fats. Most of what is on record concerns the spreading properties of butter and margarine and the firmness of lard. Correlations with chemical constitution are especially difficult because most fats change their rheological properties with working or ageing, without the occurrence of corresponding chemical changes. The flow properties are also changed by the processes of testing. Moreover, surprisingly little quantitative information is yet available on relationships between the rheological properties and chemical constitution of fats, on the one hand, and the shortness or texture of baked products containing them, on the other.In view of the experience of other industries, however, there is no reason to doubt that rheological analysis will some day play an important part in the classification of oils and fats.It is suggested that tables of correlations between empirical tests may sometimes be usefully clarified and simplified by a process of multiple factor analysis.
Effect of storage on the chemical composition of husked, undermilled and milled rice
Authors: Rao M. Narayana , Viswanatha T. , Mathur P. B. , Swaminathan M. , Subrahmanyan V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRaw husked rice, raw undermilled rice containing I‐8 μg. of thiamine/g., parboiled rice and raw milled rice were stored in gunny bags for a period of one year. The samples were kept free from infestation. The changes in the grain during storage have been studied. The amylase activity in freshly harvested rice decreased rapidly; there was an improvement in the cooking quality, and in all the samples, except parboiled undermilled rice, a loss of thiamine of about 20‐30% was observed. A decrease in nitrogen soluble in 3% sodium chloride solution was observed, and this may be due to denaturation of protein during storage. There was an increase in the acidity and the peroxide value of the fat present in the different samples of rice, the increase being at a maximum for husked rice. The storage lives for the various samples, as estimated by plotting the peroxide values of the fat against the storage period for all the samples in conjunction with organoleptic tests at the end of one year, are approximately as follows: raw husked rice, 7 months; raw undermilled rice, 12 months; parboiled undermilled rice, II months; and raw milled rice 13 months.
Recent advances in fertilizer placement. II.—Fertilizer placement in england
Authors: Cooke G. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhosphorus and potassium fertilizers used for cereals should be drilled with the seed; half‐dressings applied in this way have produced as much grain as full‐dressings broadcast.Where potatoes are hand‐planted in furrows, fertilizer may be concentrated near the seed satisfactorily by broadcasting it over the furrows before planting. When a mechanical potato planter was used on flat land, fertilizer dressings applied in bands beside the seed produced higher yields and more profit than broadcast dressings.Fertilizer placed near the seed produced higher yields of beans and peas and several kinds of horticultural crops than the same quantities of broadcast fertilizer. For high‐value cash crops, placement may be very profitable. Absence of crop responses in field experiments may be due to fertilizers' having been applied in the wrong place.Some crops, e.g. sugar beet, mangolds and kale, made better early growth when complete NPK fertilizer was placed beside the seed than when fertilizer was broadcast, but at harvest the two methods of application gave similar yields.PK fertilizers broadcast over established temporary and permanent herbage crops gave higher yields than dressings placed in bands below the surface. Placing PK fertilizers in bands at the side of lucerne seed was not superior to broadcasting. When light dressings of superphosphate were placed directly below the seed as a‘starter’, lucerne grew more rapidly and produced higher yields than when superphosphate was broadcast.Fertilizers broadcast and incorporated deeply with the soil have advantages over dressings worked‐in shallowly in dry seasons and for deep‐rooting crops.Root growth of most crops was stimulated by dressings of mixed fertilizers placed near the seed. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers placed near the seed of peas each stimulated extra root growth. The factors that affect the value of fertilizer dressings are discussed, with particular reference to the kinds of root systems developed by crops.
An investigation into the caking of granular fertilizers
Authors: Mitchell W. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCompound granular fertilizers frequently cake during storage, making even distribution difficult. An investigation into this problem by X‐ray crystallographic and optical methods showed that interaction occurred between the ingredients during manufacture, with the formation of ammonium chloride from ammonium sulphate and potassium chloride. During drying the ammonium chloride is concentrated at the surface of the granules by sublimation. Small needle‐shaped crystals of ammonium chloride grow outwards from the granules in the presence of moisture, and this recrystallization is the cause of caking. To prevent caking, thorough drying is necessary, but high temperatures should be avoided as they would increase the surface concentration of ammonium chloride by sublimation.
The smell problem in herring‐meal factories
Authors: Lovern J. A. , Olley June 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHerring press‐cake was dried under both laboratory and commercial conditions and effluent air from the drier passed through acid or permanganate solutions. Production of volatile base per unit of water evaporated varied with the drying rate, but production of total volatile reducing substances, probably a truer index of smell production, was apparently independent of rate and method of drying.