bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant filamentous haemagglutinin from Bordetella pertussis
Authors: Knight J B , Huang Y Y , Halperin S A , Anderson R , Morris A , MacMillan A , Jones T , Burt D S , Van Nest G , Lee S F 
Published: April 2006

Summary
Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of whooping cough, a major childhood pathogen; acellular vaccines consisting of purified B. pertussis antigens such as filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA) are commonly used to prevent pertussis. Despite the importance of FHA in B. pertussis pathogenesis and its inclusion in most acellular vaccines, the functional importance of individual domains in the induction of protective immunity is largely unknown. In this study, we have purified a recombinant FHA protein from Escherichia coli consisting of a 42 kDa maltose binding domain of E. coli and the 43 kDa type I immunodominant domain of FHA. The fusion protein (Mal85) was purified from E. coli cell lysates via affinity chromatography with an amylose column. Mal85 was then delivered to BALB/c mice intranasally encapsulated in liposomes, formulated with ProtollinTM or in conjuction with an immunostimulatory CpG oligonucleotide. Mice were also vaccinated intraperitoneally with alum-adsorbed Mal85. Sera from all treatment groups showed strong IgG responses to Mal85 and recognized native FHA. Specific salivary IgA was induced in mice vaccinated with Mal85 in liposomes, ProtollinTM and delivered with CpG. Vaccination with Mal85 encapsulated in liposomes or formulated with ProtollinTM provided protection against aerosol challenge with B. pertussis in BALB/c mice. These data indicate that the type I domain of FHA is a protective antigen in mice and may serve as a candidate for inclusion in new acellular pertussis vaccines.
Multiple suppression by 2D filtering in the parabolic τ–p domain: a wave‐equation‐based method1
Authors: Zhou Binzhong , Greenhalgh Stewart 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe filter for wave‐equation‐based water‐layer multiple suppression, developed by the authors in the x‐t, the linear τ‐p, and the f‐k domains, is extended to the parabolic τ‐2 domain. The multiple reject areas are determined automatically by comparing the energy on traces of the multiple model (which are generated by a wave‐extrapolation method from the original data) and the original input data (multiples + primaries) in τ‐p space. The advantage of applying the data‐adaptive 2D demultiple filter in the parabolic τ‐p domain is that the waves are well separated in this domain. The numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of such a dereverberation procedure. Filtering of multiples in the parabolic τ‐p domain works on both the far‐offset and the near‐offset traces, while the filtering of multiples in the f‐k domain is effective only for the far‐offset traces.Tests on a synthetic common‐shot‐point (CSP) gather show that the demultiple filter is relatively immune to slight errors in the water velocity and water depth which cause arrival time errors of the multiples in the multiple model traces of less than the time dimension (about one quarter of the wavelet length) of the energy summation window of the filter. The multiples in the predicted multiple model traces do not have to be exact replicas of the multiples in the input data, in both a wavelet‐shape and traveltime sense. The demultiple filter also works reasonably well for input data contaminated by up to 25% of random noise. A shallow water CSP seismic gather, acquired on the North West Shelf of Australia, demonstrates the effectiveness of the technique on real data.
Linearized elastic parameter sections1
Authors: Ursin Bjørn , Ekren Bjørn Olav , Tjåland Egil 
Published: April 2006

AbstractContrasts in elastic parameters can be estimated directly from seismic data using offset‐dependent information in the PP reflection coefficient. A linear approximation to the PP reflection coefficient including three coefficients is fitted to the data, and relative contrasts in various elastic parameters are obtained from linear combinations of the estimated coefficients. Linearized elastic parameter sections for the contrasts in P‐wave impedance, P‐wave velocity, density, plane‐wave modulus, and the change in bulk modulus and shear modulus normalized with the plane‐wave modulus are estimated. If the average P‐ to S‐wave velocity ratio is known, linearized parameter sections including the contrast in the average P‐ to S‐wave velocity ratio and a fluid factor section can be computed. Applied to synthetic data, visual comparison of the estimated and true elastic parameter sections agree qualitatively, and the results are confirmed by an analysis of the standard deviation of the estimated parameters. The parameter sections obtained by inversion of a shallow seismic anomaly in the Barents Sea are promising, but the reliability is uncertain because neither well data nor regional trends are available.
Ground radar simulation for archaeological applications1
Authors: Carcione José M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis work presents a new modelling scheme for the simulation of electromagnetic radio waves, based on a full‐field simulator. Maxwell's equations are modified in order to include dielectric attenuation processes, such as bound‐ and free‐water relaxation, ice relaxation and the Maxwell–Wagner effect. The new equations are obtained by assuming a permittivity relaxation function represented by a generalized Zener model. The convolution integral introduced by the relaxation formulation is circumvented by defining new hidden field variables, each corresponding to a different dielectric relaxation. The equations are solved numerically by using the Fourier pseudospectral operator for computing the spatial derivatives and a new time‐splitting integration algorithm that circumvents the stiffness of the differential equations. The program is used to evaluate the georadar electromagnetic response of a Japanese burial site, in particular, a stone coffin‐like structure.
Papua New Guinea MT: looking where seismic is blind1
Authors: Hoversten G. Michael 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHydrocarbon exploration in the Papuan fold belt is made extremely difficult by mountainous terrain, equatorial jungle and thick karstified Miocene limestones at the surface. The high‐velocity karstified limestones at or near the surface often render the seismic technique useless for imaging the subsurface. In such areas magnetotellurics (MT) provides a valuable capability for mapping subsurface structure. The main structural interface which can be mapped with MT, due to the large electrical contrast, is the contact between the resistive Darai limestone and the underlying conductive sediments of the Ieru Formation. In some areas the base of the Darai can be mapped with reasonable accuracy by fitting 1D models to the observed MT data. However, in many cases where 2D and 3D effects are severe, 1D interpretations can yield dramatically incorrect results. Numerical and field data examples are presented which demonstrate the severity of the 1D errors and the improvements in accuracy which can be achieved using a 2D inverse solution.Two MT lines over adjacent anticlines, both with well control and seismic data, are used to demonstrate the application of 1D and 2D inversions for structural models. In both cases the seismic data provide no aid in the interpretations. The example over the Hides anticline illustrates a situation where 1D inversion of either TE or TM mode provides essentially the same depth to base of Darai as 2D inversion of both TE and TM. Both models provide base Darai depth estimates which are within 10% of that measured in the well. The example over the Angore anticline illustrates the inadequacy of 1D inversion in structurally complex geology complicated by electrical statics. The TE mode fits a 1D Darai thickness of 800 metres while the TM mode fits a 1D Darai thickness of 3500 metres, bracketing the thickness of 2450 metres observed in the well. The final 2D inversion model provides a depth estimate of 2250 metres. Four MT lines along the Angore anticline have been interpreted using 2D inversion. A high degree of correlation exists between lineaments observed on an airborne radar image and zones of low resistivity within the high‐resistivity material interpreted as Darai limestone. These low‐resistivity zones are interpreted as fault zones.Three‐dimensional modelling has been used to simulate 3D statics in an otherwise 2D earth. These data were used to test the Groom‐Bailey (GB) decomposition for possible benefits in reducing static effects and estimating geoelectric strike in the Papua New Guinea (PNG) field data. It has been found that the GB decomposition can provide improved regional 2D strike estimates in 3D contaminated data. However, in situations such as PNG, where the regional 2D strike is well established and hence can be fixed, the GB decomposition provides apparent resistivities identical to those simply rotated to strike.
Intraspecific genetic diversity of the endemic freshwater crab Candidiopotamon rathbunae (Decapoda, Brachyura, Potamidae) reflects five million years of the geological history of Taiwan
Authors: Shih Hsi‐Te , Hung Huei‐Chuan , Schubart Christoph D. , Chen Chaolun Allen , Chang Hsueh‐Wen 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAim  Candidiopotamon rathbunae (Crustacea: Brachyura: Potamidae) is a freshwater crab endemic to Taiwan, with a distribution covering almost the entire island. Crab populations from different river systems cannot be distinguished morphologically. In this study, we investigate the phylogeography of C. rathbunae from 18 of the main river systems of Taiwan, in order to reveal geographical differentiation and cryptic endemism. We used specimens of two congeners (C. okinawense and C. kumejimense) and the closely related Amamiku amamensis from the Ryukyu Islands as outgroups.Location  Taiwan, with the Ryukyu Islands (Japan) as the outgroup locality.Methods  Mitochondrial DNA sequences encoding 553 basepairs of the large subunit rRNA (16S rRNA) gene were obtained from 96 specimens throughout Taiwan and the Ryukyus. We compared these sequences by means of phylogenetic analyses (minimum evolution, maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, and a genealogical parsimony network) and molecular‐clock time estimates.Results  The estimated timing of the corresponding separations clearly correlates with geological events during the Penglai Orogeny of Taiwan (c. 5 Ma) following the collision of the Philippine Sea plate with the Eurasian continental plate. A deep split of 6.29% sequence divergence was found between the eastern clade (S, SE, and E groups) and the western clade (NW, W, and SW groups) of C. rathbunae. Separation of these groups reflects the isolating effect of the uplift of the Taiwan Central Range (c. 5 Ma). The separation of the SW group from the W group, and of the E group from the SE group can also be explained by geological events during the Taiwanese orogeny, the estimated geological timing being in close accordance with our molecular dating.Main conclusions  According to the molecular results, the ancestral Candidiopotamon was among the earliest non‐marine colonizers of Taiwan, settling on this island no later than the early Pliocene. Our molecular data reveal that C. rathbunae can be subdivided into six groups in accordance with geography.
A new FtsZ‐interacting protein, YlmF, complements the activity of FtsA during progression of cell division in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Ishikawa Shu , Kawai Yoshikazu , Hiramatsu Konosuke , Kuwano Masayoshi , Ogasawara Naotake 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe assembly of ring‐like structures, composed of FtsZ proteins (i.e. the Z ring), is the earliest and most essential process in bacterial cytokinesis. It has been shown that this process is directly regulated by the FtsZ‐binding proteins, FtsA, ZapA, and EzrA, in Bacillus subtilis. In this study, protein complexes that are involved in Z‐ring formation were chemically cross‐linked in vivo, purified by affinity chromatography, and analysed by mass spectrometry. Analysis of the results identified YlmF as a new component of the FtsZ complex. Yeast two‐hybrid analysis and fluorescence microscopy of YFP–YlmF in B. subtilis cells indicated YlmF localizes to the division site in an FtsZ‐dependent manner. A single disruption of YlmF resulted in a slight elongation of cells; however, simultaneous inactivation of both YlmF and FtsA showed synthetic lethality caused by complete blockage of cell division due to the defect in Z‐ring formation. In contrast, the ftsA‐null mutant phenotype, caused by inefficient Z‐ring formation, could be complemented by overexpression of YlmF. These results suggest that YlmF has an overlapping function with FtsA in stimulating the formation of Z rings in B. subtilis.
Biometrical studies of plant growth
Authors: CAUSTON D. R. , ELIAS C. O. , HADLEY P. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract Relevant mathematical properties of the Richards function are described, along with references to its employment in previous work, and a brief description is given of some of the difficulties encountered in its use. Two introductory experiments were undertaken: firstly, applying the Richards function to leaf growth of Impatiens parviflora DC; and secondly, applying the function to artificial sets of data of differing variability and differing spreads of observation‐values along the growth curve. The purpose of the latter analysis was an attempt to elucidate some problems of fitting and interpretation arising in the first experiment. It was concluded that the prime aim in experimental work generally is the acquisition of data covering as large a range of sizes as possible; low variability of the replicate observations, while desirable, is not so important. In another series of experiments, plants of Impatiens parviflora were grown at four different temperatures in the range 13–23°C inclusive. In terms of leaf dry weight, increase in temperature decreased the final size attained and increased the mean relative growth rate; the curvature of the growth curve and the mean absolute growth rate were, however, temperature independent. These results are brought together in a simple model which shows clearly how temperature affects the course of leaf dry weight increase in these plants. The results for leaf area are less clear, but both the mean absolute and relative growth rates increased with rise in temperature. The final area of a leaf and the curvature of the growth curve seemed to be little affected by temperatures in the range 16–23°C, but there was some evidence of differences in these features in leaves growing at 13°C. No model summary was attempted for leaf area increase.
Citrus leaf abscission. Regulatory role of exogenous auxin and ethylene on peroxidases and endogenous growth substances
Authors: GASPAR T. , GOREN R. , HUBERMAN M. , DUBUCQ M. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract The abscission of citrus leaf explants demonstrates the well‐known enhancing effect of ethylene and the delaying one of auxin when treatment is started at excision time. Total peroxidase activity increases differently in tissues of the blade, abscission zone, and petiole. The highest activity at zero time is recovered in abscission zone in which also the response to the abscission regulators is the most visible. Isoperoxidase profiles are modified in opposite directions by ethylene and auxin respectively. Both regulators affect the activity of the same cathodic and anodic isoperoxidases without any qualitative changes. By the same time, auxin‐like compounds increase in isolated abscission zones at 24 h from excision and decrease at 48 h. The level of one inhibitor complex undergoes an inverse variation.It is suggested that the increase in auxin during the first stage of abscission is necessary for influencing the growth of cells which is required to cause abscission.
Cd uptake by intact wheat plants
Authors: SMEYERS‐VERBEKE J. , DE GRAEVE M. , FRANCOIS M. , DE JAEGEREf R. , MASSART D. L. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. An investigation of the uptake of Cd by intact wheat plants has been carried out. The accumulation of Cd in the roots as a function of time and external Cd concentration was determined. Since the transport of Cd to the grains and shoots was found to be small, only uptake into the root was examined further. An appreciable fraction of the Cd absorbed by the roots can be desorbed and consequently constitutes the freely diffusible and exchangeable fraction.The effect of temperature and of metabolic inhibitors on the absorption provides evidence that another Cd fraction is taken up by metabolically mediated processes. The absorption of this Cd fraction was found to be inhibited by Cu and Zn. The inhibitory effect of Cu and Zn on Cd absorption was comparable.
A light and electron microscopy study of the epidermis of Paphiopedilum spp. with emphasis on stomatal ultrastructure
Authors: RUTTER J. C. , WILLMER C. M. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract Light and fluorescence microscopy studies indicated that chlorophyll was absent from the guard cells of the lady slipper orchids, Paphiopedilum insigne (Wall.) Pfitz, P. insigne (hybrid), P. venustum (Wall.) Pfitz and P. harrisseanum Hort. In the guard cells of P. aureum hyeanum Hort., however, very slight red fluorescence suggested that chlorophyll and hence chloroplasts were present.Ultrastructural studies of the lower epidermis of P. insigne (hybrid) confirmed the absence of chloroplasts in guard and epidermal cells although plastids of an unusual structure were found in these cells. In fully developed epidermal cells the plastids contained large amounts of a fibrous, possibly proteinaceous substance, spherical, lightly staining vesicles and an electron‐dense material located in reticulate and non‐reticulate regions. Additionally, latticed crystalline inclusions and plasto‐globuli were occasionally observed in the epidermal cell plastids. In plastids of fully developed guard cells the fibrous material, starch and plastoglobuli were present.From the earliest stages of development of the epidermal tissue starch was present in both epidermal cell and guard cell plastids. At maturity, however, starch had accumulated to greater levels in the guard cell plastids and had entirely disappeared in the epidermal cell plastids. In differentiating epidermal tissue, plasmodesmata were found between neighbouring epidermal cells and between guard and epidermal cells. At maturity, plasmodesmata between guard and epidermal cells were not observed. Mitochondria were particularly abundant in guard cells. Large oil drops developed in guard and epidermal cells, being especially abundant in the former at maturity.Our results confirm the observations of Nelson & Mayo (1975) that certain lady slipper orchids possess functional stomata the guard cells of which do not contain chloroplasts.
An enzymic microassay for starch
Authors: JONES M. G. K. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract Conditions are described for measuring the starch content of plant tissues or extracts as glucose over the range from 10−7 mol to 10−14 mol. The method is based on the hydrolysis of gelatinized starch by amyloglucosidase; the glucose released is measured by reduction of NADP+ by coupled enzymic reactions.The NADPH is determined directly either spectrophotometrically or fluorimetrically, or after enzymic amplification. Amyloglucosidases were tested for contaminating enzymes which might degrade glucans other than starch, and a commercial preparation from Rhizopus niveus was found to be suitable for use without pretreatments. Glucose present in tissues and extracts may be measured and subtracted from starch values using appropriate blanks, or first destroyed by dilute alkali and heat. Addition of α‐amylase to amyloglucosidase during starch hydrolysis was not found to increase percentage hydrolysis from the normal range of 86–99% from starches of different sources.The procedures described are rapid and several orders of magnitude more sensitive than current methods, and can be used to measure the starch content of single cells.
Genetic variability and heritability of drought‐induced abscisic acid accumulation in spring wheat
Authors: QUARRIE S. A. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Twenty cultivars of spring wheat were examined for variation in abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation following partial dehydration of excised leaves. A 3‐fold range of ABA concentration was obtained.A cross between two cultivars which differed in drought‐induced ABA accumulation was used to study the heritability of ABA accumulation and to develop lines differing in their capacity to accumulate ABA. Broad sense heritability was 0–32 between the F2 and F3 generations and 0–70 between the F3 and F4 generations. Apparent homozygosity for ABA accumulation was achieved in several selections at the F4. The possible significance for drought resistance of differences in capacity to accumulate ABA is discussed.
Interactions between growth, Cl− and Na+ uptake, and water relations of plants in saline environments. I. Slightly vacuolated cells
Authors: GREENWAY H , MUNNS RANA , WOLFE JOE 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Slightly vacuolated cells, i.e. microalgae and meristematic cells of vascular plants, maintain low Cl− and Na+ concentrations even when exposed to a highly saline environment. The factors regulating the internal ion concentration are the relative rate of volume expansion, the membrane permeability to ions, the electrical potential, and the active ion fluxes.For ion species which are not actively transported, a formula is developed which relates the internal concentration to the rate of expansion of cell volume, the permeability of membranes to that ion, and the electrical potential. For example, when the external concentration of Cl− is high, and Cl− influx is probably mainly passive, the formula predicts that rapid growth keeps the internal Cl− concentration lower than that in a non‐growing cell with the same electrical potential; this effect is substantial if the plasmalemma has a low permeability to Cl−.For ion species which are actively transported, the rate of pumping must be considered. For instance Na+ concentrations are kept low mainly by an efficient Na+ extrusion pump which works against the electric field across the membrane. The requirement for Na+ extrusion is related to the external Na+ concentration, the rate of expansion of cell volume, the membrane permeability, and the electrical potential. It is possible that microalgae have a more positive electrical potential than many other plant cells; if so, requirements for high rates of active Na+ extrusion will be lower. The required rates of Na+ extrusion are lower during rapid growth, provided that the permeability of the plasmalemma to Na+ is low.The energy required for the regulation of Cl− and Na+ concentrations is low, especially in rapidly expanding cells where Na+ extrusion requires only 1–2% of the energy normally produced in respiration. The exclusion of these ions, however, must be accompanied by the synthesis of enough organic compounds to provide adequate osmotic solutes for the increases in volume accompanying growth. This process reduces the substrates available for respiration and synthesis of cell constituents, but the reduction is not prohibitively large—even for cells growing in 750 mol m−3 NaCl, the carbohydrate accumulated as osmotic solute is only 10% of that consumed in respiration.