bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study on the causes for the elevated n−3 fatty acids in cows' milk of alpine origin
Authors: Leiber Florian , Kreuzer Michael , Nigg Daniel , Wettstein Hans‐Rudolf , Leo Scheeder Martin Richard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of grass‐only diets either from rye‐grass‐dominated lowland pastures (400 m above sea level) or botanically diverse alpine pastures (2000 m) on the FA profile of milk was investigated using three groups of six Brown Swiss cows each. Two groups were fed grass‐only on pasture (P) or freshly harvested in barn (B), both for two experimental periods in the lowlands and, consecutively, two periods on the alp. Group C served as the control, receiving a silage‐concentrate diet and permanently staying in the lowlands. Effects of vegetation stage or pasture vs. barn feeding on milk fat composition were negligible. Compared with the control, α‐linoleic acid (18∶3n−3) consumption was elevated in groups P and B (79%, P<0.001) during the lowland periods but decreased on the alp to the level of C owing to feed intake depression and lower 18∶3n−3 concentration in the alpine forage. Average 18∶3n−3 contents of milk fat were higher in groups, P and B than in C by 33% (P<0.01) at low and by 96% (P<0.001) at high altitude, indicating that 18∶3n−3 levels in milk were to some extent independent of 18∶3n−3 consumption. The cis‐9,trans‐11 CLA content in milk of grass‐fed cows was higher compared with C but lower for the alpine vs. lowland periods whereas the trans‐11, cis‐13 isomer further increased with altitude. Long‐chain n−3 FA and phytanic acid increased while arachidonic acid decreased with grass‐only feeding, but none of them responded to altitude. Grass‐only feeding increased milk α‐tocopherol concentration by 86 and 134% at low and high altitude (P<0.001), respectively. Changes in the ruminal ecosystem due to energy shortage or specific secondary plant metabolites are discussed as possible causes for the high 18∶3n−3 concentrations in alpine milk.
Changes in the milk and cheese fat composition of ewes fed commercial supplements containing linseed with special reference to the CLA content and isomer composition
Authors: Luna Pilar , Fontecha Javier , Juárez Manuela , de la Fuente Miguel Angel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study was carried out to increase the CLA contents in ewes’ milk fat under field conditions by dietary means and to investigate the extent of the changes and consequences for milk processing and cheese quality. During a 3‐mon period, ewes’ bulk milk samples were collected every week from two different herds. For the first 4 wk the ewes were fed a conventional diet. Then the following 6 wk a supplement enriched in α‐linolenate (whole linseed) was incorporated into the ovine diet. Finally, in the last 3 wk the feeding was the same as in the first 4 wk. The FA profile in milk fat was monitored by GC, and the distribution of CLA isomers was thoroughly tested by combining GC‐MS of 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives (DMOX) with silver ion‐HPLC (Ag+‐HPLC) of FAME. Reconstructed mass spectral profiles of CLA characteristic ions from DMOX were used to identify positional isomers, and Ag+‐HPLC was used to quantify them. An increase in total CLA in milk fat was observed, and total CLA remained elevated during the weeks of enriched α‐linolenate feeding. In our experimental conditions there was a linear relationship between trans‐vaccenic acid (trans‐11‐octadecenoic acid; trans‐11 18∶1) and 9‐cis, 11‐trans CLA in ewes’ milk fat. Concerning the CLA isomer profile, increases in the 11,13‐ and 12,14–18∶2 positional isomers were considerable when linseed was included in the diet. Organoleptic characteristics of cheeses made with CLA‐enriched milk did not substantially differ from those made with nonsupplemented ewes’ milk. CLA total content and isomer profile did not change during ripening.
Effect of 18∶1n−9, 20∶5n−3, and 22∶6n−3 on lipid accumulation and secretion by atlantic salmon hepatocytes
Authors: Vegusdal A. , Gjøen T. , Berge R. K. , Thomassen M. S. , Ruyter B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe have studied the effects of dietary FA on the accumulation and secretion of [3H]glycerolipids by salmon hepatocytes in culture. Atlantic salmon were fed diets supplemented with either 100% soybean oil (SO) or 100% fish oil (FO), and grew from an initial weight of 113±5 g to a final weight of 338 ±19 g. Hepatocytes were isolated from both dietary groups and incubated with [3H]glycerol in an FA‐free medium; a medium supplemented with 0.75 mM of one of three FA—18∶1n−9, 20∶5n−3, or 22∶6n−3—or a medium supplemented with 0.75 mM of the sulfur‐substituted FA analog tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA), which cannot undergo β‐oxidation. Incubations were allowed to proceed for 1,2,6, or 24 h. The rate of the secretion of radioactive glycerolipids with no FA added was 36% lower from hepatocytes isolated from fish fed the FO diet than it was from hepatocytes isolated from fish fed the SO diet. Hepatocytes incubated with 18∶1n−9 secreted more [3H]TAG than when incubated with no FA, whereas hepatocytes incubated with 20∶5n−3 or TTA secreted less labeled TAG than when incubated with no FA. This observation was independent of the feeding group. Hepatocytes incubated with 22∶6n−3 secreted the highest amounts of total [3H]glycerolipids compared with the other treatments, owing to increased secretion of phospholipids and mono‐ and diacylglycerols (MDG). In contrast, the same amounts of [3H]TAG were secreted from these cells as from cells incubated in an FA‐free medium. The lipid‐lowering effect of FO is thus independent of 22∶6n−3, showing that 20∶5n−3 is the FA that is responsible for the lipid‐lowering effect. The ratio of TAG to MDG in lipids secreted from hepatocytes to which 20∶5n−3 or TTA had been added was lower than that in lipids secreted from hepatocytes incubated with 18∶1n−9 or 22∶6n−3, suggesting that the last step in TAG synthesis was inhibited. Morphometric measurements revealed that hepatocytes incubated with 20∶5n−3 accumulated significantly more cellular lipid than cells treated with 18∶1n−9, 22∶6n−3, TTA, or no treatment. The area occupied by mitochondria was also greater in these cells. The present study shows that dietary FO reduces TAG secretion from salmon hepatocytes and that 20∶5n−3 mediates this effect.
Changes in phosphatidylcholine molecular species in the shrimp Macrobrachium borellii in response to a water‐soluble fraction of petroleum
Authors: Lavarías Sabrina , Dreon Marcos S. , Pollero Ricardo J. , Heras Horacio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of the water‐soluble fraction (WSF) of crude oil on lipid contents, lipid classes, FA, and PC molecular species was studied in high‐phospholipid (hepatopancreas) and low‐phospholipid (egg) tissues of a freshwater crustacean. After a 21‐d exposure to a sublethal concentration of WSF, a significant decrease in shrimp total lipids was observed, although no alterations could be detected in the hepatopancreas or egg lipid contents. TAG/phospholipid ratios increased in the hepatopancreas and decreased in the eggs, suggesting alterations either in the mobilization of TAG to phospholipid pools or in the energy balance. The FA composition of phosphoglycerides in the hepatopancreas and eggs was dominated by PUFA, whereas the n−3/n−6 ratio was not affected by WSF exposure, although there was a significant increase in hepatopancreas 18∶1n−9. Analysis of the PC molecular species by HPLC‐ELSD showed the presence of 15 species, with 16∶0/18∶1, 18∶1/18∶2, 16∶0/20∶5, and 16∶1/20∶5 being the major species in the hepatopancreas. The PC molecular species in the eggs showed a different pattern, dominated by 16∶0/18∶1 and 18∶1/18∶2. Of the PC molecular species, 10 contained 22∶6n−3, 20∶5n−3, and 20∶4n−6. Small amounts of di‐PUFA species were also found. Exposure to WSF altered the PC molecular species in both tissues. The four major hepatopancreas molecular species and most of the ones containing PUFA decreased. This was compensated for by an increase in 16∶1/18∶1 (152%) and 18∶1/18∶1 (50%). The two major egg PC molecular species decreased, whereas the PUFA‐containing ones increased. The contrasting responses of both tissues of WSF contamination suggests the presence of different homeostatic mechanisms.
Zerumbone, a bioactive sesquiterpene, induces G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in leukemia cells via a Fas‐ and mitochondria‐mediated pathway
Authors: Xian Mingji , Ito Keisuke , Nakazato Tomonori , Shimizu Takatsune , Chen Chien‐Kang , Yamato Kenji , Murakami Akira , Ohigashi Hajime , Ikeda Yasuo , Kizaki Masahiro 
Published: November 2006

We demonstrated here for the first time that zerumbone (ZER), a natural cyclic sesquiterpene, significantly suppressed the proliferation of promyelocytic leukemia NB4 cells among several leukemia cell lines, but not human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), by inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest followed by apoptosis with 10 µM of IC50. Treatment of NB4 cells with growth‐suppressive concentrations of ZER resulted in G2/M cell cycle arrest that was associated with a decline of Cyclin B1 protein, but with the phosphorylation of ATM/Chk1/Chk2. In addition, ZER induced the phosphorylation of Cdc25C at the Thr48 residue and Cdc2 at the Thr14/Tyr15 residues. Furthermore, ZER‐induced apoptosis in NB4 cells was initiated by the expression of Fas (CD95)/Fas Ligand (CD95L), concomitant with the activation of caspase‐8. ZER was also found to induce the cleavage of Bid, a mediator that is known to connect the Fas/CD95 cell death receptor to the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. ZER also induced the cleavage of Bax and Mcl‐1 proteins, but not Bcl‐2 or Bcl‐XL. ZER‐induced apoptosis took place in association with a loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential as well as the activation of caspase‐3 and ‐9, resulting in the degradation of the proteolytic poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP). ZER also triggered a release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm. Both antagonistic anti‐Fas antibody ZB4 and pan‐caspase inhibitor Z‐VAD inhibited ZER‐induced apoptosis in NB4 cells. Taken together, ZER is an inducer of apoptosis in leukemic cells that specifically triggers the Fas/CD95‐ and mitochondria‐mediated apoptotic signaling pathway. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 118–126)
Children with Down syndrome: oral development and morphology after use of palatal plates between 6 and 48 months of age
Authors: BÄCKMAN BIRGITTA , GREVÉR‐SJÖLANDER ANN‐CHRISTIN , BENGTSSON KARIN , PERSSON JENNY , JOHANSSON IRÉNE 
Published: November 2006

Objective.  The aim of this study was to describe the number of erupted teeth, sucking habits, tongue morphology, facial expression and speech in children with Down syndrome (DS) aged 48 ± 6 months and treated from 6 months of age with palatal plates in combination with speech and language therapy.Methods.  The research took the form of a multicentre, multidisciplinary, longitudinal study of children with DS followed from the age of 6 months. A total of 37 children with DS were included. One child could not cooperate at all and was excluded from the evaluations. In combination with speech and language intervention provided by speech and language therapists, the children used palatal plates provided by dentists from 6 months of age. In the evaluation, the children in the sample (n = 36) were compared with two similarly aged control groups: one group of children with DS who never had used palatal plates (n = 31) and one group of children with normal development (n = 36). The evaluation of oral parameters was performed by dentists after calibration. Registration of facial expression and speech was done by a speech and language therapist, and the evaluation was done by two speech and language therapists and one phonetician who were calibrated in joint discussions.Results.  In contrast to the children with DS in the control group, the subjects in the study were found to have as many erupted teeth as the children with normal development. The prevalence of sucking habits did not differ between the three groups. Only children with DS sucked their tongue, a toy or other things in addition to a thumb or dummy. The prevalence of tongue diastase in the study group with DS was of the same magnitude as in the evaluation at the age of 18 ± 3 months. The palatal plates were used by 57–65% of the children without any larger problems. In the study sample, the possible beneficial effects of palatal plate therapy were a lower prevalence of posterior cross‐bite, a higher prevalence of frontal cusp‐to‐cusp relation and a lower prevalence of frontal open bite. Evaluation of facial expression and speech showed a higher score for facial expression and a better communicative capacity in the children in the study group than in the control children with DS.Conclusions.  In children with DS, palatal plate therapy between 6 and 48 months of age in connection with speech and language intervention had a positive effect on occlusion, oral motor function, facial expression and speech. No harmful effects were observed. Although this is a valuable method, however, it must be emphasized that palatal plate therapy puts additional demands on already burdened children and their caretakers.
Murine Dendritic Cells Modified with CXCL10 Gene and Tumour Cell Lysate Mediate Potent Antitumour Immune Responses in Mice
Authors: Li B. , Li Q. , Zhao Q.‐L. , Wei X.‐B. , Zhang X.‐H. , Wu C.‐Q. , Zhong C.‐P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of our present study was to estimate the effect of a therapeutic vaccine against tumour based on dendritic cells (DC) vaccine modified with tumour cell lysate and chemokine CXCL10 gene. In this study, mouse bone marrow DC were pulsed with tumour cell (RM‐1) lysate and then transfected with a plasmid vector expressing CXCL10 cDNA by DOTAP liposome. The protective and therapeutic effects of the DC vaccine in RM‐1 tumour model were assessed (divided into CXCL10/Lysate‐DC, CXCL10/DC, pcDNA/Lysate‐DC, Lysate‐DC, pcDNA‐DC, DC and PBS). The DC transfected with CXCL10 gene were capable of synthesizing and secreting CXCL10 chemokine. The highest CTL activity against RM‐1 cells was induced in mice immunized with DC vaccine that was modified with RM‐1 lysate and CXCL10 gene (CXCL10/Lysate‐DC) when compared with its counterpart in mice. The CXCL10/Lysate‐DC immunized mice also exhibited resistance to tumour challenge most effectively. In the RM‐1 tumour model, immunization of CXCL10/Lysate‐DC inhibited the tumour growth most significantly when compared with other groups and the survival time of the mice treated with CXCL10/Lysate‐DC was greatly extended. These findings provide a potential strategy to improve the efficacy of DC‐based tumour vaccine.
Understanding the oestrogen action in experimental and clinical atherosclerosis
Authors: Arnal J.F. , Douin‐Echinard V. , Brouchet L. , Tremollières F. , Laurell H. , Lenfant F. , Gadeau A.P. , Guery J.C. , Gourdy P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhereas hormone replacement/menopause therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women increases the coronary artery risk, epidemiological studies (protection in premenopaused women) suggest and experimental studies (prevention of the development of fatty streaks in animals) demonstrate a major atheroprotective action of oestradiol (E2). The understanding of the deleterious and beneficial effects of oestrogens is thus required. The immuno‐inflammatory system plays a key role in the development of fatty streak deposit as well as in the rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque. Whereas E2 favours an anti‐inflammatory effect in vitro (cultured cells), it rather elicits in vivo a proinflammation at the level of several subpopulations of the immuno‐inflammatory system, which could contribute to plaque destabilization. Endothelium is another important target for E2, as it potentiates endothelial NO and prostacyclin production, thus promoting the beneficial effects as vasorelaxation and inhibition of platelet aggregation. Prostacyclin, but not NO, appears to be involved in the atheroprotective effect of E2. E2 also accelerates endothelial regrowth, thus favouring vascular healing. Finally, most of these effects of E2 are mediated by oestrogen receptor α, and are independent of oestrogen receptor β. In summary, a better understanding of the mechanisms of oestrogen action not only on the normal and atheromatous arteries, but also on innate and adaptive immune responses is required and should help to optimize the prevention of cardiovascular disease after menopause. These mouse models should help to screen existing and future selective oestrogen receptor modulators.
Domestic sacral space in the Florentine Renaissance palace*
Authors: Mattox Philip 
Published: November 2006

Among the many reasons that domestic sacral space in Florence invites scholarly attention is the existence in that city of the chapel in Palazzo Medici, one of the most famous of the Italian Renaissance. The fortuitous survival of this splendid chapel is due, in all likelihood, to its meeting the Council of Trent's requirement of 1562 that laymen's domestic chapels be closeable and in the form of a chapel, in forma oratorii.The successful enforcement of Tridentine regulations on domestic chapels and the rare survival of the one in Palazzo Medici have fostered misperceptions about the appearance, frequency and use of lay, or private, chapels. Chief among these is that sacral space in the Quattrocento and earlier resembled what later ensued in conformity with Tridentine guidelines, which were aimed at standardizing and controlling the renovation and construction of domestic chapels and the practices therein.This article employs archival and canon law sources to provide a glimpse of sacral space as it existed in quattrocento Florence. The chapels selected for this article belonged to individuals of different profiles but all were from the governing elite. Together, these chapels illustrate the remarkable flexibility and variety allowed in the creation, furnishing and use of domestic sacral space in the Florentine Renaissance palace prior to the religious upheavals of the sixteenth century.
Vimentin and laminin expression is associated with basal-like phenotype in both sporadic andBRCA1-associated breast carcinomas
Authors: Rodríguez-Pinilla Socorro María , Sarrió David , Honrado Emiliano , Moreno-Bueno Gema , Hardisson David , Calero Francisco , Benítez Javier , Palacios José 
Published: November 2006

Aims:To determine whether basal-like phenotype and vimentin and/or laminin are related in both sporadic/familial (BRCA1orBRCA2mutated) tumours.Methods:230 non-familial and 28 hereditary node-negative invasive breast carcinomas were immunohistochemically analysed for oestrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6), epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR), Ki67, p53, vimentin and laminin, using tissue microarrays. Tumours were considered to have basal-like phenotype if they were ER negative and HER2 negative, but positive for CK5/6 and/or EGFR.Results:In sporadic tumours, vimentin expression was found in 77.8% cases with basal-like phenotype and 15.5% of non-basal cases (p<0.001). In familial cases, vimentin was expressed in 83.3% basal-like cancers and 16.7% of non-basal tumours (p<0.001). Vimentin expression was more frequent inBRCA1thanBRCA2mutation carriers. Vimentin expressing tumours were associated with poor prognosis (p = 0.012) among patients not receiving adjuvant chemotherapy and showed a trend for local recurrence or visceral but not bone metastasis (p = 0.021). Laminin expression was also related to basal-like phenotype in both sporadic/familial cases (p<0.001 and p = 0.007, respectively), but neither with prognosis nor recurrence pattern in sporadic cancers.Conclusions:Vimentin and laminin expression is associated with basal-like phenotype in breast cancer. Expression of vimentin and laminin is characteristic ofBRCA1associated tumours. Since vimentin and laminin staining is widely used by pathologists for diagnostic purposes, thus demonstrating the robustness of their specific antibodies, the immunohistochemical evaluation of these two molecules could be used in identification of basal-like breast tumours in both sporadic/familial cases.
NORMAL AUTOMORPHISMS OF FREE BURNSIDE GROUPS OF LARGE ODD EXPONENTS
Authors: CHEREPANOV E. A. 
Published: November 2006

Let [Formula: see text] be a free Burnside group of a sufficiently large odd exponent n with a basis [Formula: see text] of cardinality at least 2. We prove that every normal automorphism of [Formula: see text] is inner. We also prove that a free Burnside group of large odd exponent n can be normally embedded into group of exponent n only as a direct factor.
Hannibal, the Rhone and the 'Island': Some Philological and Metrological Notes
Authors: Schrier Omert 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHannibal's march on Italy has been the subject of much discussion. This article focuses on two aspects: the localisation of the Rhone crossing, 'about four days marching for an army from the sea' (Polybius 3.42.1), and the identification of the river that, together with the Rhone and a mountain range, formed the sides of 'the so-called Island' (Polybius 3.49.5-6, Livy 21.31.4). The first subject entails an inquiry into the norms for days' marches and consequently into the length of Herodotus' and Polybius' stades and Roman miles. The second problem proves to have been solved already in the seventeenth century.
Social Narratives Surrounding Dolphins: Q Method Study
Authors: Sickler Jessica , Lemcke Katherine , Gruber Sarah , Fraser John , Webler Thomas , Reiss Diana , Lyn Heidi , Boyle Paul 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn preparation for development of an exhibit on the cognitive abilities of dolphins, the Wildlife Conservation Society sought to determine potential visitor's social perspectives about dolphin intelligence, and how these beliefs might influence acceptance of scientific information. The study reported here used Q methodology to identify these underlying social perspectives. The study of adults and the study of children each revealed three distinct perspectives. While consensus emerged among adults on points about dolphins' high intelligence and communication abilities, the three perspectives differed in their acceptance of the extent of self-awareness, learning capacity, and affinity for humans shown by dolphins. Among children, consensus emerged about dolphins' physical abilities, but analysis found differences in belief regarding instinctive versus intentional behavior, mystical connections, and dolphins' relationship to humans. Agreement among all of these perspectives, particularly on the topic of communication, suggests powerful common ways to begin thinking about dolphin cognition. Conversely, the unique attributes of each perspective, and the potential for interaction between individuals with differing perspectives in an exhibit setting, provide opportunities to engage visitors in discussion about animal intelligence.