bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The metabolism of the herbicide flamprop‐methyl in rats and some comparative data for dogs, mice and rabbits
Authors: Crayford John V. , Hutson David H. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract[14C]Flamprop‐methyl administered orally to rats (3‐4 mg kg−1 body weight) was excreted mostly via the faeces (78.7 and 61.6% in males and females, respectively). Elimination was rapid and 90% of the dose of 14C was excreted in faeces and urine 0‐48 h after dosing. The distribution of 14C between faeces and urine was different in males and females. No expired [14C]carbon dioxide was detected and less than 2% of the dose remained in the animals 4 days after dosing. The predominant metabolic pathway was hydrolysis of the ester bond to afford the carboxylic acid which was excreted unchanged and as its glucuronide conjugate. Aromatic hydroxylation occurred at the para‐ and meta‐positions of the N‐benzoyl ring. N‐(3)‐Chloro‐ 4‐fluorophenyl‐N‐(3,4‐dihydroxybenzoyl)‐DL‐alaninate was also formed. This hydroxylated form of flamprop‐methyl was partially O‐methylated at the 3‐hydroxy group. Flamprop‐methyl was also metabolised and eliminated rapidly by dogs, mice and rabbits. The last of these three species afforded very little aromatic hydroxylation and also differed from the others in that the metabolites were eliminated mostly in the urine. Aromatic hydroxylation lay in the order: male rat = female rat > dog= mouse>rabbit (female).
The toxicity of mixtures of a pyrethroid with organophosphorus insecticides to Tetranychus urticae Koch
Authors: Bruce Chapman R. , Penman David R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLaboratory studies of the cotoxicity of a pyrethroid insecticide, fenvalerate, and several organophosphorus insecticides against the two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, showed that a useful degree of potientation of toxicity occurred. The most effective combination of fenvalerate and azinphos‐methyl was found to be a 1:1 ratio. Phosphates and phosphorodithioates in combination with fenvalerate were more toxic than phosphoromonothioates. The results suggest a practical method of improving the acaricidal activity of pyrethroid insecticides.
Foliar pesticide residues in relation to worker re‐entry
Authors: McEwen Freeman L. , Ritcey Gwen , Braun Heinz , Frank Richard , Ripley Brian D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResidues were determined at 8‐h intervals during the 48 h after application of endosulfan, leptophos, methamidophos, methomyl and mevinphos to head lettuce; of endosulfan, methamidophos and methomyl to cauliflower; and of parathion to onions and carrots. Residues of phosalone and parathion were measured on apple leaves 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 days after application. In addition, the portion of the residue on apple leaves that could be dislodged was measured, as well as the residues on gloves used to handle the apple foliage. There were large differences in the rates of disappearance of the insecticides, differences that must be known in determining safe re‐entry periods for workers.
The activity of amitraz against infestations of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
Authors: Barry Haigh A. J. , Gichang Moses M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTick‐infested adult cattle were hand sprayed with solutions containing 178 or 250 mg amitraz litre−1, prepared from a miscible oil concentrate formulation. Both concentrations achieved clearance of infestation within 7 h of spraying. All stages of tick, collected from both sprayings, subsequently died with the exception of two engorged nymphs, which moulted successfully, and six half‐fully engorged females, which all laid small batches of eggs. The eggs from the ticks treated at the higher rate failed to hatch. Expulsion of adult Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, applied daily to a single bovine which had been sprayed once at the higher rate, ceased on the 11th day after spraying. All ticks expelled from the animal died within 24 h. First feeding on the animal was visible on day‐13 and fully engorged females were first observed 18 days after spraying.
Fungicidal activity and chemical constitution. Part XXI: The activity of substituted 1, 4‐naphthoquinones and quinoline‐5, 8‐diones against apple powdery mildew
Authors: James Carolyn S. , Loeffler R. S. Thomas , Woodcock David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral series of alkyl‐substituted amino‐, bromo‐, chloro‐, fluoro‐ and hydroxy‐1, 4‐naphthoquinones, as well as some 6‐alkylaminoquinoline‐5, 8‐diones and 7‐alkyl‐6‐hydroxyquinoline‐5, 8‐diones were prepared and tested as protectant fungicides against apple powdery mildew (caused by Podosphaera leucotricha). While most of the compounds did not reduce infection when applied at 10−3M, several 3‐alkyl‐2‐bromo‐and 3‐alkyl‐2‐chloro‐1, naphthoquinones were found to have ED50 values below 50 × 10−5M.
Rate of volatilisation of pesticides from soil surfaces; comparison of calculated results with those determined in a laboratory model system
Authors: Burkhard Niklaus , Guth Johann A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA laboratory model system for the determination of the volatility of non‐ionic pesticides from soil surfaces is presented. The pesticides examined were the insecticides methidathion, diazinon, and isazophos, the herbicide metolachlor, and the fungicide metalaxyl. The rates of volatilisation of these compounds from soil increased with increasing pesticide concentration, temperature and air flow rate and with decreasing soil organic matter content. The volatilities of the same pesticides were also calculated by using their vapour pressure, water solubility and soil adsorption data. The excellent correlation between calculated and experimental results showed that information on the volatility of a chemical can be obtained simply by calculation. Such calculations allow the classification of each pesticide according to its volatility, and therefore represent a useful alternative for volatility studies in laboratory model systems.
Identification and determination of mecarbam and its major degradation products in water and crops
Authors: Lynch Vincent P. , Hudson Harry R. , Pianka Max 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMethods have been developed for the analysis by gas‐liquid chromatography and thin‐layer chromatography of mecarbam and a number of its degradation products which result from oxidation and/or partial hydrolysis. In acid solution, mecarbam was found to be relatively stable but it decomposed more readily under alkaline conditions to give O, O‐diethylhydrogen phosphorodithioate by fission of thesulphur‐carbon bond. At pH 9.2, the half‐life at room temperature was about 44 h. For residue analysis, a clean‐up procedure with Florisil was found to be preferable to one which employed alumina, as the latter caused cleavage of the ethoxycarbonyl group under certain conditions. Field trials with olives, oranges and pears showed that the parent pesticide, mecarbam, was the only significant detectable residue at any stage from treatment to harvesting, and that it tended to concentrate in the oil‐containing portion of the crop. Low levels of O, O‐diethyl S‐methylcarbamoylmethyl phosphorodithioate were also detected in residues from lucerne and from bean plants, and it was shown that this samemetabolite could be formed photolytically on filter paper or (morerapidly) on dock leaves. S‐(N‐Ethoxycarbonyl‐N‐methylcarbamoylmethyl) O, O‐diethyl phosphorothioate was detected only in bean plants and then, at a level of less than 0.1 mg kg−1.
Inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis in Ustilago maydis by the fungicide 1‐[2‐(2, 4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐ethyl‐1, 3‐dioxolan‐2‐ylmethyl]‐1H‐1, 2, 4‐triazole
Authors: Henry Matthew J. , Sisler Hugh D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInhibition of sporidial multiplication in cultures of Ustilago maydis by 1‐[2‐(2, 4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐ethyl‐1, 3‐dioxolan‐2‐ylmethyl]‐1H‐1, 2, 4‐triazolea (CGA‐64251), at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0 and 5.0 μg ml−1, increased from about 15% during the first 4 h, to 58–70% during the subsequent 4 to 12‐h period. Sporidia became swollen and highly branched in the presence of the fungicide. Total lipid content as a percentage of the dry weight was not affected after exposure of the sporidia to the fungicide at 0.1 or 5 μg ml−1 for 4 h, but synthesis of ergosterol and other demethyl‐sterols was inhibited by 87–92%. Large quantities of methyl‐sterol precursors of ergosterol and of free fatty acids accumulated in the treated sporidia. Fungitoxicity of CGA‐64251 is attributed to inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis at the stage of sterol C‐14 demethylation.
Response of five species of stored‐product insects to phosphine in oxygen‐deficient atmospheres
Authors: Kashi Kattera P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFive species of stored‐product insects, [Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), T. confusum (DuVal), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and S. granarius (L.)], exposed to phosphine in nitrogen and various oxygen‐deficient atmospheres, showed reduced susceptibility to three concentrations of phosphine (0.02, 0.04 and 0.2 mg litre−1). The last two species also showed reduced susceptibility to phosphine at 2.0 mg litre−1. Generally mortality increased progressively as the level of oxygen was raised. There was a close relationship between the ability of insects to withstand anoxia and survival from phosphine treatment.
Toxicity of phosphine to five species of stored‐product insects in atmospheres of air and nitrogen
Authors: Kashi Kattera P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe responses of five species of adult stored‐product insects [Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), T. confusum (DuVal), Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) and S. granarius (L.)] to various doses of phosphine in atmospheres of air or nitrogen were determined. A few S. oryzae and S. granarius survived phosphine concentrations up to 80 mg litre−1 for 24 h in normal (air) or nitrogen atmospheres. By contrast, T. castaneum, T. confusum and R. dominica could not tolerate more than 0.2 mg phosphine litre−1 in air for 12 h. However, they could tolerate up to 10 mg phosphine litre−1 in nitrogen for that period. Increasing the phosphine concentration resulted in increased mortalities of the last three species. The possible mechanism underlying this response is discussed. The reproductive potential of insects surviving phosphine exposure in a nitrogen atmosphere was unaffected.
Metabolism of diflubenzuron by spider mites and bean plantsa
Authors: Franklin Erasmo J. , Knowles Charles O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDiflubenzuron was absorbed and metabolised relatively slowly by the two‐spotted spider mite Tetrunychus urticae Koch. Diflubenzuron metabolites, tentatively identified by coincident chromatography with reference standards, included 4‐ chlorophenylurea, 2, 6‐difluorobenzoic acid, 4‐chloroformanilide, 2, 6‐difluoro‐benzamide, and two compounds monohydroxylated in the chloroaniline moiety. There was little absorption of diflubenzuron when applied topically to leaves of bean plants. However, there was translocation of radioactive material when diflubenzuron was injected into the stern. In this case, the radioactivity, which was confined largely to vascular tissue, apparently moved acropetally but exhibited very little or no basipetal movement. Bean plants metabolised injected diflubenzuron, and certain of the metabolites were similar to those isolated from mites.
Toxicity of 1,2‐dibromoethane and 1,3‐dichloropropene to microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae
Authors: Ben‐Yephet Yephet , Letham David , Evans Graeme 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe toxicity of two fumigants to microsclerotia (MS) of Verticillium dahliae in air and in soil was determined in sealed containers. 1, 2‐Dibromoethane (DBE, ethylene dibromide) at 470 μ ml−1 of air, or at 12.5 μ g−1 of soil, killed 97% of the MS, both after incubation for 16 days. 1, 3‐Dichloropropene (1, 3‐D) at 20 μ ml−1 of air, however, killed 100% of the MS after incubation for 30 h, and at 100 μ g−1 of soil after incubation for 3 days. Higher temperatures increased the toxicity of both DBE and 1, 3‐D to the MS. The toxicity of DBE increased with increase in soil moisture between 0–80% of field capacity while the toxicity of 1, 3‐D increased between 0–20% of field capacity and was constant between 20–80% of field capacity.
Uptake of benodanil by tobacco seedlings and its relation to the rate of application and control of Rhizoctonia solani
Authors: Cole James S. , Zvenyika Zvenyika 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDamage to the underground part of the stems of tobacco seedlings, drenched with benodanil in the seedbeds and transplanted into field soil containing Rhizoctonia solani Kühn, was negatively correlated with log(amount of benodanil applied). During the first 3 weeks of growth, the dry mass per seedling was positively correlated with the rate of benodanil applied and negatively correlated with stem damage. Concentrations of the fungicide extractable from roots, stems and leaves at transplanting and after 21 days were positively correlated with the rates of application; in 21 days they decreased by 94% in stems and roots. Stem damage at 21 days after planting was negatively correlated with log(benodanil concentration) at planting and 21 days later.
Further studies of the degradation of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin in soils
Authors: Roberts Terry R. , Standen Mervyn E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStudies of the degradation of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin (NRDC 149) and its cis‐ and trans‐isomers (NRDC 160 and NRDC 159, respectively), have been extended. In soils stored in the laboratory for up to 52 weeks, cypermethrin continued to be degraded by hydrolysis and oxidation. A previously unidentified product has now been identified as the dicarboxylic acid 3‐(2, 2‐dichlorovinyl)‐1‐methylcyclopropane‐1, 2‐dicarboxylic acid. Comparative experiments carried out under indoor and outdoor conditions showed that essentially the same products were formed under these different conditions. However, α‐carboxy‐3‐phenoxybenzyl 3‐(2, 2‐dichlorovinyl)‐2, 2‐dimethyl‐cyclopropanecarboxylate was one minor product detected only under outdoor conditions. Evidence is presented for the further degradation of bound residues arising in soil from cypermethrin treatments. There was limited uptake of the radiolabel into wheat grown in soil containing radiolabelled bound residues.
Variations among field isolates of Botrytis cinerea in their sensitivity to antifungal compounds
Authors: Grindle Morris 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeventeen field isolates of Botrytis cinerea were compared by determining their radial growth on synthetic media containing various amounts of 21 antifungal compounds. Twelve of these compounds were fungicides that are recommended for the control of Botrytis infections. There were marked differences between the isolates in their sensitivity to the compounds. Individual isolates displayed high levels of resistance to some of the fungicides, including benomyl, carbendazim, iprodione, thiabendazole, thiophanate‐methyl, vinclozolin and zineb. The most potent growth inhibitors were benomyl and carbendazim (ED95 values for most isolates <0.1 μg fungicide ml−1 media), dichlofluanid, iprodione, nystatin, thiabendazole, thiophanatemethyl and vinclozolin (ED95 values for most isolates < 1.0 μg ml−1), and captan, chlorothalonil, dicloran and thiram (ED95 values for most isolates < 6.0 μg ml−1). Zineb was much less potent than the other recommended anti‐Botrytis fungicides; it was no more effective than carboxin, dinocap and mancozeb (ED95 values for most isolates > 25 μg ml−1).
High‐pressure liquid chromatographic determination of sec‐butylamine residues in potatoes
Authors: Hunter Kenneth , Lindsay David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFluorescamine, 4‐phenylspiro[furan‐2(3H), 1′(3′H)‐isobenzofuran]‐3,3′‐dione, derivatives of primary aliphatic amines were separated by high‐pressure liquid chromatography using a reverse‐phase system with fluorescence detection. This technique was applied to the determination of residues of the fungicide sec‐butylamine in potato tubers; the limit of detection was 0.36 pmol, equivalent to a residue of 0.1 mg kg−1 in potato samples. A second amine, phenethylamine, was identified in extracts from artificially rotted potato flesh but this did not interfere with the analysis of sec‐butylamine residues.
Metabolism of the cis‐ and trans‐isomers of cypermethrin in mice
Authors: Hutson David H. , Gaughan Loretta C. , Casida John E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMetabolism in mice of the separated cis‐ and trans‐isomers of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin (NRDC 149), (RS)‐α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl (1RS)‐cis, trans‐3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate, was investigated in each case with preparations that were 14C‐labelled in the benzyl and cyclopropyl moieties. Radioactivity from the trans‐isomer was mainly excreted in the urine and that from the cis‐isomer in the faeces. Elimination of both isomers was rapid except for a small portion (approximately 2%) of the cis‐isomer which was released from the fat with a half‐life of approximately 13 days. Metabolism of cypermethrin occurred mainly by ester cleavage and elimination of the cis‐ and trans‐3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐ cyclopropanecarboxylic acid moieties as glucuronide conjugates. The α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl alcohol released by ester cleavage was mainly converted to 3‐phenoxy‐benzoic acid which was partly eliminated unchanged, partly conjugated with aminoacids (mainly taurine) and glucuronic acid, and partly oxidised to 3‐(4‐hydroxyphenoxy) benzoic acid which was excreted as the sulphate conjugate. Metabolites retaining the ester linkage were formed by hydroxylation at various sites in the molecule with more hydroxylation of the cis‐ than of the trans‐isomer occurring.
The metabolism of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin in rats; excreted metabolites
Authors: Crawford Maureen J. , Croucher Andrew , Hutson David H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe metabolism of the pyrethroid insecticide cypermethrin has been studied in rats using three forms of 14C‐labelling (benzyl‐, cyclopropyl‐ and cyano‐) and separate cis‐ and trans‐ isomers. The proportion of the dose absorbed from the intestines (50–70% at 2–3 mg kg−1) is rapidly metabolised and eliminated. The major reaction is cleavage of the ester bond to afford the constituent cis‐ and trans‐ acids which are conjugated with glucuronic acid and eliminated in the urine. The 3‐phenoxybenzyl portion of the molecule is probably released as the α‐hydroxynitrile, which is converted via the aldehyde into 3‐phenoxybenzoic acid. This compound is then largely hydroxylated and eliminated as a sulphate conjugate. The cyanide ion is metabolised via predictable routes, for instance, as thiocyanate. Cypermethrin is hydroxylated to some extent before hydrolysis. Most of this hydroxylation occurs at the methyl group trans to the cyclopropane carboxyl group, and at the 4‐position of the phenoxy group. cis‐ Cypermethrin is slightly more stable than the trans‐isomer.
Repellent action of permethrin, cypermethrin and resmethrin against black flies (Simulium spp.) attacking cattle
Authors: Shemanchuk Joseph A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPermethrin, cypermethrin, and resmethrin were tested under field conditions as repellents to protect cattle from black flies (Simulium spp.). The chemicals were applied topically to the entire body surface of steers. Ethanolic solutions of technical permethrin, at doses of 1, 2, 4 and 6 mg a. i. kg−1 of body weight, effectively repelled black flies by preventing at least 70% of the flies present from taking a blood meal for up to 8 days, and for at least 11 days at a dose of 12 mg a. i. kg−1. Aqueous mixtures of a 20% permethrin emulsifiable concentrate (e. c.), at doses of 1, 2 and 6 mg a. i. kg−1, effectivelyrepelled black flies for 2, 10 and 11 days, respectively. Aready‐to‐use 5% permethrin dust, at doses of 1, 2, and 4 mg a. i. kg−1, effectively repelled black flies for 4, 5 and 8 days, respectively. Ethanolic solutions of technical cypermethrin, at doses of 1 and 2 mg a. i. kg−1, repelled black flies for 3 and 4 days, respectively. Aqueous mixtures of a 40% cypermethrin e. c., at doses of 2 and 4 mg a. i. kg−1, repelled black flies for at least 5 days. Ethanolic solutions of technical resmethrin, at doses of 2 and 6 mg a. i. kg−1, repelled black flies for 1 and 2 days, respectively.
A method of analysis for the determination of binapacryl, bupirimate and diflubenzuron on apple foliage and fruit, and its application to persistence studies
Authors: Austin Douglas J. , Hall Kathleen J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA rapid, sensitive and specific high‐pressure liquid chromatographic method was developed to analyse residues of binapacryl, bupirimate and diflubenzuron on mature foliage and fruit at intervals after application of the compounds to Worcester and Cox apple trees. The three compounds were applied as commercial formulations in trials to compare integrated pest management with routine farm spray‐programmes. The identities of the residues were confirmed by a combination of thin‐layer chromatography, ultraviolet spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Only diflubenzuron persisted on foliage until leaf‐fall. None of the applied compounds was detectable on harvested fruit, the minimum quantifiable residue levels being 1, 5 and 2.5 μg kg−1 fresh weight for binapacryl, bupirimate and diflubenzuron, respectively.
Factors affecting the sequential acquisition by Danish houseflies (musca domestica L.) of resistance to organophosphorus insecticides
Authors: Sawicki Roman M. , Keiding Johannes 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe prolonged use of dimethoate, introduced into Denmark to control houseflies (Musca domestica L.) that had become resistant to parathion and diazinon, resulted ultimately in dimethoate resistance. Selection with dimethoate led to the disappearance of the hydrolytic phosphatase, a major mechanism of resistance to parathion and diazinon, and its replacement by the acetylcholinesterase AChER with somewhat decreased sensitivity to inhibition by organophosphorus (OP) insecticides. The hydrolytic phosphatase probably disappeared because low substrate turn‐over made it ineffective against dimethoxon (O, O‐dimethyl S‐methylcarbamoylmethyl phosphorothioate, also known as omethoate). which accumulates at higher concentrations than paraoxon (diethyl4‐nitrophenyl phosphate) in the haemolymph. Dimethoate selected AChER preferentially because it improved the chances of houseflies surviving against the relatively poor AChE inhibitor dimethoxon, whereas its relatively small insensitivity to OP insecticides, unimportant against good inhibitors such as paraoxon, prevented its selection by parathion.