bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Gyrodactylus ectoparasites in Polish salmonid farms by PCR-RFLP of the nuclear ITS segment of ribosomal DNA (Monogenea, Gyrodactylidae)
Authors: Rokicka Magdalena , Lumme Jaakko , Ziętara Marek 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe Gyrodactylus fauna of 274 fish taken from ten salmonid farms in Poland was sampled in 2006. Four fish species were investigated: rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, brown trout Salmo trutta (morphs fario, lacustris, and trutta), grayling Thymallus thymallus and huchen Hucho hucho. No parasites were observed on huchen. No indications of gyrodactylosis were observed, but an unexpected parasite species diversity was found. A molecular species identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of ITS1 + 5.8S + ITS2 was utilized, with addition of morphometric methods. The most frequent parasite was a new record in Poland, G. teuchis. It was present in two molecular forms on brown trout and rainbow trout, which also carried G. derjavinoides and G. truttae. Three molecular forms of G. salaris/G. thymalli were found, the standard type ITS only on grayling. A heterozygous (or heterogenic) G. salaris type described earlier in Denmark was found in seven farms on rainbow trout, and a complementary homozygous clone which differs from the standard by three nucleotides, in two farms. This homozygous form has not been recorded earlier. The PCR-RFLP results were confirmed by sequencing ITS segment from representative specimens of each type and comparing them with all available salmonid-specific Gyrodactylus sequences in GenBank. The Polish fauna with seven different Gyrodactylus clones separated by PCR-RFLP was the most diverse reported in fish farms in any country so far.
Redescription of Brasilochondria riograndensis (Copepoda, Chondracanthidae) parasitic on flounder, Paralichthys orbignyanus (Actinopterygii, Pleuronectiformes) from South American Atlantic waters
Authors: Braicovich Paola , Alarcos Ana 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBrasilochondria riograndensis Thatcher et Pereira, 2004 (Copepoda, Chondracanthidae) is redescribed based on newly collected material from the branchial cavity of flounder, Paralichthys orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1842), from the coasts of Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. A number of details were overlooked and some appendages were misidentified in original description and are included herein. These are: the distribution and the number of setae and spines in the antennule, the armature and segmentation of mandible, maxillule, maxilla, and maxilliped, pedigerous segments and genitoabdomen, in both, females and males. Moreover, the geographical distribution of this parasite species is broadened.
First record of Australapatemon burti and Paramonostomum pseudalveatum (Digenea) from Anas georgica (Aves, Anseriformes) in Chile
Authors: Drago Fabiana , Lunaschi Lía , Hinojosa-Saez Ana , González-Acuña Daniel 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAn examination of specimens of Anas georgica Gmelin (Anatidae) from Región del Bio-Bio and Región del Maule, Chile, revealed the presence of two digenean species reported for the Holartic Region: Australapatemon burti (Miller, 1923) Dubois, 1968 (Strigeidae) and Paramonostomum pseudalveatum Price, 1931 (Notocotylidae). A. burti parasitized ducks from both regions and P. pseudalveatum parasitized only ducks from Región del Bio-Bio. The digeneans were mounted in toto, described and illustrated. The morphology and dimensions of specimens studied correspond with their original descriptions and new morphometrical data and morphological characters are given. The reports of A. burti and P. pseudalveatum in A. georgica represent a new host record and the first record of the genera Australapatemon Sudarikov, 1959 and Paramonostomum Lühe, 1909 from Chile.
Unemployment and aggression: the moderating role of self‐awareness on the effect of unemployment on aggression
Authors: Fischer Peter , Greitemeyer Tobias , Frey Dieter 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn February 2005, the unemployment rate in Germany surpassed the 10% mark. Derived from the revised version of the frustration–aggression hypothesis [Berkowitz, 1989], the present studies investigated the association between unemployment and aggression, as well as the moderating role of the self in this context. Because previous research on unemployment and aggression has been plagued by the cause‐and‐effect issue, the present research employed both an experimental and a correlational field approach. Three studies revealed that participants who expected to be unemployed after their degree (Studies 1 and 3), or who were currently unemployed (Study 2), reported stronger aggressive inclinations than participants who expected not to be unemployed or who were not unemployed at the time of data collection. However, this aggression‐eliciting effect of expected or real unemployment only occurred for participants with low self‐awareness. Participants who could actualize their self prior to reporting on aggression were not differently affected by different expectations or states of unemployment. Aggr. Behav. 34:34–45, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Patterning of Prussian Blue Nanostructures on Silicon Wafer via Galvanic Displacement Reaction
Authors: Song Y. Y. , Jia W.‐Z. , Li Y. , Xia X.‐H. , Wang Q.‐J. , Zhao J.‐W. , Yan Y.‐D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractNanoscale materials directly interfacing semiconductors is a new area of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Tremendous attention has been paid to inorganic nano size crystals in recent years because of their significant properties. Prussian blue (PB) and its analogues could play important roles in the field of molecule‐based magnets, electrochromic materials, ion selectivity electrodes and biosensors. In this study, we report on fabricating Prussian blue patterns on silicon surface by combining the photolithographic techniques and galvanic displacement reaction, and the resulting patterns were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) on the basis of detection of catalytic current for the oxidation of H2O2.
In Situ Growth of Mesoporous SnO2 on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes: A Novel Composite with Porous‐Tube Structure as Anode for Lithium Batteries
Authors: Wen Z. , Wang Q. , Zhang Q. , Li J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA novel mesoporous‐nanotube hybrid composite, namely mesoporous tin dioxide (SnO2) overlaying on the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), was prepared by a simple method that included in situ growth of mesoporous SnO2 on the surface of MWCNTs through hydrothermal method utilizing Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as structure‐directing agents. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption, X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis techniques were used to characterize the samples. It was observed that a thin layer tetragonal SnO2 with a disordered porous was embedded on the surface of MWCNTs, which resulted in the formation of a novel mesoporous‐nanotube hybrid composite. On the base of TEM analysis of products from controlled experiment, a possible mechanism was proposed to explain the formation of the mesoporous‐nanotube structure. The electrochemical properties of the samples as anode materials for lithium batteries were studied by cyclic voltammograms and Galvanostatic method. Results showed that the mesoporous‐tube hybrid composites displayed higher capacity and better cycle performance in comparison with the mesoporous tin dioxide. It was concluded that such a large improvement of electrochemical performance within the hybrid composites may in general be related to mesoporous‐tube structure that possess properties such as one‐dimensional hollow structure, high‐strength with flexibility, excellent electric conductivity and large surface area.
Succinonitrile as a Versatile Additive for Polymer Electrolytes
Authors: Fan L.‐Z. , Hu Y.‐S. , Bhattacharyya A. J. , Maier J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSolid polymer electrolytes with high ionic conductivities are prepared by using poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF‐HFP)) as polymer matrixes, succinonitrile (SN) as an additive, and lithium bis‐trifluoromethanesulfonimide (LiTFSI) and lithium bisperfluoroethylsulfonylimide (LiBETI) as salts. In these systems, the introduction of succinonitrile into the polymer electrolytes increases the material's ionic conductivity and conveys excellent mechanical properties. The described composites, with their beneficial combination of mechanical and electric properties, are expected to have significant potential for lithium batteries.
One‐Pot Synthesis and Hierarchical Assembly of Hollow Cu2O Microspheres with Nanocrystals‐Composed Porous Multishell and Their Gas‐Sensing Properties
Authors: Zhang H. , Zhu Q. , Zhang Y. , Wang Y. , Zhao L. , Yu B. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractHierarchical assembly of hollow microstructures is of great scientific and practical value and remains a great challenge. This paper presents a facile and one‐pot synthesis of Cu2O microspheres with multilayered and porous shells, which were organized by nanocrystals. The time‐dependent experiments revealed a two‐step organization process, in which hollow microspheres of Cu2(OH)3NO3 were formed first due to the Ostwald ripening and then reduced by glutamic acid, the resultant Cu2O nanocrystals were deposited on the hollow intermediate microspheres and organized into finally multishell structures. The special microstructures actually recorded the evolution process of materials morphologies and microstructures in space and time scales, implying an intermediate‐templating route, which is important for understanding and fabricating complex architectures. The Cu2O microspheres obtained were used to fabricate a gas sensor, which showed much higher sensitivity than solid Cu2O microspheres.
Elasticity of Solids with a Large Concentration of Point Defects II. The Chemical Strain Effect in Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9
Authors: Kossoy A. , Feldman Y. , Wachtel E. , Lubomirsky I. , Maier J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe chemical strain effect describes a mechanism of stress relaxation in solids that can be attributed to the conversion of elastic energy into chemical energy of point defects. Experimental confirmation of this effect is presented here for the case of thin self‐supported films of the ionic conductor Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9. If heated slowly, (< 5 °C min–1) these films remain flat within the temperature range of 25–180 °C. If heated more rapidly than ∼ 20 °C min–1, the films buckle above 53 °C, but after ∼ 3–30 min at elevated temperatures, they become flat again, demonstrating that stress‐relaxation has taken place. The degree of stress reduction observed is consistent with the value calculated for this system using Boltzmann statistics in the case of small strain. These findings confirm the concept of stress adaptability in solids that we introduced in Part I and suggest that a large class of such materials, which exhibit the chemical strain effect, is likely to be found.
The origin of trisomy 22: Evidence for acrocentric chromosome‐specific patterns of nondisjunction
Authors: Hall Heather E. , Surti Urvashi , Hoffner Lori , Shirley Sofia , Feingold Eleanor , Hassold Terry 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTrisomy 22 is one of the most common trisomies in clinically recognized pregnancies, yet relatively little is known about the origin of nondisjunction for chromosome 22. Accordingly, we initiated studies to investigate the origin of the extra chromosome in 130 trisomy 22 cases. Our results indicate that the majority of trisomy 22 errors (>96%) arise during oogenesis with most of these errors (∼90%) occurring during the first meiotic division. As with other trisomies, failure to recombine contributed to nondisjunction of chromosome 22. Taken together with data available for other trisomies, our results suggest patterns of nondisjunction that are shared among the acrocentric, but not all nonacrocentric, chromosomes. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Operation of a municipal solid waste co‐combustion pilot plant
Authors: Lee V. K. C. , Kwok K. C. M. , Cheung W. H. , McKay G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe co‐combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a novel and highly integrated design combining cement manufacturing, thermal processing of MSW and energy/electricity production (termed the Co‐Co process). This novel design of the Co‐Co process was developed in 2003–2004 and a pilot plant with a capacity of 40 tonnes per day was constructed and commissioned in 2005. The pilot plant was operated for a period of 10 weeks during 2005. Various feed protocols, namely, MSW as received and after removal of recyclables, were tested. Stack emissions were monitored either continuously (gas emission) or periodically (dioxins and heavy metal emissions). Solid residues including bottom ash and fly ash were also sampled and analysed for heavy metals and dioxins periodically. It was found that the levels of dioxins in the stack emissions and fly ash were below normal MSW thermal treatment processes, and government environmental and international limits (more than 1000 times less). Other gases, such CO, NOx, SOx and HCl, were also well below government environmental licence limits as defined by a best practical means (BPM). In addition, the materials recovery and recycling facility (MRRF) was tested. It demonstrated that different fractions, including metals, plastics and glass, of the MSW could be separated and recovered. The Co‐Co process was successfully demonstrated and its emission levels were well below normal MSW thermal treatment processes. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol) films with various molecular parameters
Authors: Kim Eun Mi , Han Man Ho , Lee Young Jae , Song Du Hyun , Lee Hyun Kyu , Kwon Oh Wook , Shin Dong Soo , Han Sung Soo , Noh Seok Kyun , Shin Jae Kyun , Gal Yeong‐Soon , Lyoo Won Seok 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe effects of three major molecular parameters of poly(vinyl alcohol)—the number‐average degree of polymerization, degree of saponification, and syndiotactic dyad content—on the characteristics of poly(vinyl alcohol) films were investigated. Various poly(vinyl alcohol) films were prepared by a casting method. Then, the films were characterized with atomic force microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Instron instrumentation. On the basis of atomic force microscopy images and calculated average roughness values, it was determined that the surface roughness of poly(vinyl alcohol) films increased with increasing molecular parameters. The crystallinities obtained with differential scanning calorimetry and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction analyses were also enhanced with increasing molecular parameters, especially the degree of saponification. The tensile properties were improved with higher molecular parameters. This might be ascribed to the fact that the higher the molecular parameters were, the stronger the hydrogen bonding was. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Effect of the matrix crystallinity on the percolation threshold and dielectric behavior in percolative composites
Authors: Li Yun‐Jia , Xu Man , Feng Jun‐Qiang , Cao Xiao‐Long , Yu Yan‐Fei , Dang Zhi‐Min 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThrough the use of polyethylenes with different crystallinities as matrices, the effects of the matrix crystallinity on the percolation threshold and dielectric behavior of percolative composites have been investigated. The results suggest that the percolation threshold is negatively related to the matrix crystallinity, whereas the enhancement of the dielectric constant is positively related to the matrix crystallinity. A two‐dimensional diagram is proposed to illustrate such relationships. In addition, it has been found that the insulator–conductor transition is much flatter in low‐crystallinity‐matrix‐based composites, and this may be favorable for preparing threshold composites with a high dielectric constant and a low loss tangent. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of novel organic/inorganic epoxy hybrids containing nitrogen/silicon via the sol–gel method
Authors: Chang Ri‐Cheng , Chiang Chin‐Lung , Chiu Yie‐Chan 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOrganic–inorganic hybrids were prepared with a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) type epoxy and silane‐modified isocyanuric acid triglycidyl ester via the sol–gel process. The DGEBA‐type epoxy was modified by a coupling agent to improve the compatibility of the organic and inorganic phases. The sol–gel technique was used successfully to incorporate silicon and nitrogen into the network of hybrids, increasing the thermal stability. Fourier transform infrared and 29Si‐NMR were used to characterize the structures of the hybrids. The results revealed that trisubstituted siloxane bonds (T3) was the major environment forming a network structure. The morphology of the ceramer was examined with scanning electron microscopy, Si mapping, and transmission electron microscopy. The particle sizes were less than 100 nm. The hybrids were nanocomposites. The ultraviolet–visible spectra of the epoxy hybrid showed no obvious absorbance over a range of 400–800 nm. This phenomenon revealed that the hybrids were transparent. The thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the char yields of the hybrids increased with the contents of the inorganic components. The integral procedure decomposition temperatures of the hybrids were higher than that of the pure epoxy. The thermal stability of the hybrids increased with the contents of the inorganic components. The inorganic components could improve the thermal stability of the pure epoxy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Mechanical properties and gradient variations of polymers under ultraviolet radiation
Authors: Yao Xue Feng , Liu Dong Liang , Yeh Heisen Yang 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe photodegradable properties and characteristics of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymers were studied experimentally. Some important mechanical parameters under ultraviolet radiation were measured, such as the elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, fracture strength, and stress–strain relation. Microscopic structural characteristics of photodegradable PMMA were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy. Also, a functionally graded material of PMMA was fabricated with a photodegradable method and characterized. These results were found to have an important role in evaluating the photodegradable properties of PMMA materials and in developing their engineering applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
A framework for information quality assessment
Authors: Stvilia Besiki , Gasser Les , Twidale Michael B. , Smith Linda C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOne cannot manage information quality (IQ) without first being able to measure it meaningfully and establishing a causal connection between the source of IQ change, the IQ problem types, the types of activities affected, and their implications. In this article we propose a general IQ assessment framework. In contrast to context‐specific IQ assessment models, which usually focus on a few variables determined by local needs, our framework consists of comprehensive typologies of IQ problems, related activities, and a taxonomy of IQ dimensions organized in a systematic way based on sound theories and practices. The framework can be used as a knowledge resource and as a guide for developing IQ measurement models for many different settings. The framework was validated and refined by developing specific IQ measurement models for two large‐scale collections of two large classes of information objects: Simple Dublin Core records and online encyclopedia articles.
Assessing aesthetic relevance: Children's book selection in a digital library
Authors: Reuter Kara 
Published: August 2007

AbstractRecreational reading among young people is reportedly on the decline in the United States. Some researchers have suggested that supporting children's strategies for book selection is crucial to encouraging children to engage with books, indicating that improving these strategies might increase the amount of reading they do. In response, this study explores how elementary‐school children select books for recreational reading using a digital library. The work extends traditional models of relevance assessment with reader‐response theory, employing the concept of “aesthetic relevance”: the potential of a document to provide a suitable reading experience. Individuals define aesthetic relevance in personal terms and apply it as they assess documents, much as they do in traditional relevance assessment. This study identified a total of 46 factors organized along seven dimensions that influence children's assessment of the aesthetic relevance of books during selection. The analysis yielded differences in the prevalence of the aesthetic‐relevance factors that children mention at various stages of book selection. In addition, the children exhibited differences by age and subtle differences by gender in the frequency of mention of various aesthetic‐relevance factors. Recommendations drawn from the findings are offered to improve systems design and literacy education in order to enhance children's access to books and to promote recreational reading.
Options for a rational dialogue on the acceptance of biotechnology
Authors: von Grebmer Klaus , Omamo Steven Were 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis paper explores how framing discussions about biotechnology in different ways influences how scientists, policy makers, and members of the public communicate with each other, to either inhibit or promote acceptance. It argues for the use of new techniques to create a rational dialogue with the public, based on scientific knowledge, that allows them to fully participate as informed stakeholders in debates about new technologies. Several different outlooks on the role of science in society are presented. Effectively communicating these different positions to the public requires innovative approaches. Drawing on advances in scientific communication practices, we briefly describe four principles that consider not only the scientific content, but also its delivery. New views need to be delivered with confidence, to be sensible within existing frameworks of understanding and not overwhelming, to reveal both potentially positive and negative aspects, and to promote interactive discussion with stakeholders. The authors conclude using the regional initiative in Southern Africa the African Policy Dialogues on Biotechnology as an illustration of this approach, where discussions started by first seeking agreement about establishing a process for dialogue, rather than initially trying to achieve consensus on any substantive points.
Experiences from the implementation of a biosafety system in Slovenia
Authors: Milavec Mojca , Racman Darja Stanič 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe development and implementation of an effective national biosafety system is important for several key reasons: to ensure safe access to products of modern biotechnology, to build public confidence, to encourage the growth of domestic modern biotechnology, and to comply with international standards and agreements. There is no single best approach in the development and implementation of a national biosafety system and each country is faced with unique challenges. Slovenia is a small country and a new EU Member State. However, it has developed and implemented an efficient national biosafety system. The key elements of this system are administrative procedure, risk assessment, enforcement, and public participation and information.