bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of the prevalence and covariates of dementia or relative cognitive impairment in the older African‐Caribbean population in Britain
Authors: Adelman Simon , Blanchard Martin , Livingston Gill 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo collate evidence regarding the prevalence and predictors of dementia or relative cognitive impairment in older, African‐Caribbean people in Britain, as compared to their white, British peers.DesignWe conducted a systematic literature review by searching electronic databases, contacting experts in the field and searching the references of identified papers for studies fulfilling our predefined inclusion criteria. They were divided into those measuring the prevalence or incidence of dementia or cognitive impairment, and those investigating risk factors. Each study selected for inclusion, was evaluated by two of the three authors using a standardised checklist and assigned a numerical score for quality.ResultsEleven papers fulfilled the selection criteria. Two cross‐sectional surveys had calculated prevalence of dementia in a sample of British African‐Caribbean people. A further prevalence study had estimated dementia prevalence in a mixed sample of African and African‐Caribbean participants. All the comparative studies found an excess of dementia in African‐Caribbean people when compared to the indigenous, white population but in one study, this was not statistically significant. Seven studies investigated potential predictive factors for cognitive impairment or cognitive decline. One study investigated the association between hypertension, dementia and country of birth.ConclusionsThe published research in this area is limited. The available studies consistently indicate an excess of dementia in older African‐Caribbean people when compared to the indigenous white population. However, the magnitude of this difference and the associated risk factors are not clear, and warrant further investigation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When all hypotheses are right: A multifocal account of dyslexia
Authors: Pernet Cyril , Andersson Jesper , Paulesu Eraldo , Demonet Jean Francois 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMany hypotheses have been proposed about the brain underpinnings of developmental dyslexia, but none of them accommodates the variable deficits observed. To address the issue of anatomical deficits in dyslexia; total and partial volumes, lateralization indices (LI), and local gray matter volumes (LGMV) were measured. Analyses were performed in large samples of control and dyslexic subjects, and in correlation with their performance on phonological, reading, and spelling tests. Results indicate an absence of net differences in terms of volumes but significant continuities and discontinuities between groups in their correlations between LI, LGMV, and performances. Structural connectivity also highlighted correlations between areas showing (dis)continuities between control and dyslexic subjects. Overall, our data put forward the idea of a multifocal brain abnormalities in dyslexia with a major implication of the left superior temporal gyrus, occipital‐temporal cortices, and lateral/medial cerebellum, which could account for the diverse deficits predicted by the different theories. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A method to fuse fMRI tasks through spatial correlations: Applied to schizophrenia
Authors: Michael Andrew M. , Baum Stefi A. , Fries Jill F. , Ho Beng‐Choon , Pierson Ronald K. , Andreasen Nancy C. , Calhoun Vince D. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSingle task analysis methods of functional MRI brain data, though useful, are not able to evaluate the joint information between tasks. Data fusion of multiple tasks that probe different cognitive processes provides knowledge of the joint information and may be important in order to better understand complex disorders such as schizophrenia. In this article, we introduce a simple but effective technique to fuse two tasks by computing the histogram of correlations for all possible combinations of whole brain voxels. The approach was applied to data derived from healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia from four different tasks, auditory oddball (target), auditory oddball (novel), Sternberg working memory, and sensorimotor. It was found that in four out of six task combinations patients' intertask correlations were more positively correlated than controls', in one combination the controls showed more positive correlations and in another there was no significant difference. The robustness of this result was checked with several testing techniques. The four task combinations for which patients had more positive correlation occurred at different scanning sessions and the task combination that showed the opposite result occurred within the same scanning session. Brain regions that showed high intertask correlations were found for both groups and regions that correlated differently between the two groups were identified. The approach introduced finds interesting results and new differential features that cannot be achieved through traditional methods. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pheromone signal transduction in humans: What can be learned from olfactory loss
Authors: Savic Ivanka , Hedén‐Blomqvist Ebba , Berglund Hans 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBecause humans seem to lack neuronal elements in the vomeronasal organ (VNO), many scientists believe that humans are unable to detect pheromones. This view is challenged by the observations that pheromone‐like compounds, 4,16‐androstadien‐3‐one (AND) and oestra‐1,3,5(10),16‐tetraen‐3‐ol (EST), activate the human hypothalamus. Whether these activations are mediated via VNO, venous blood or olfactory mucosa is presently unknown. To disentangle between the three alternatives, we conducted activation studies in 12 heterosexual males with chronic anosmia because of nasal polyps. Polyposis hampers signal transduction via the olfactory mucosa without interfering with the VNO or the pheromone transport via venous blood. Twelve healthy men served as controls. Subjects were investigated with 15OH2O PET during smelling of odorless air (base line), AND, EST, vanillin, and acetone. Smelling of EST activated the anterior hypothalamus in controls, but not anosmics. Neither did the anosmics display cerebral activations with AND or vanillin. Clusters were detected only with the trigeminal odorant acetone, and only in the thalamus, brainstem, the anterior cingulate, and parts of the sensorimotor cortex. Direct comparisons with controls (controls–anosmics) showed clusters in the olfactory cortex (amygdala and piriform cortex) with AND, vanillin, and acetone, and in the anterior hypothalamus with EST. The observed absence of olfactory and presence of trigeminal activations in anosmics indicates that polyposis primarily affected signal processing via the olfactory mucosa. The anosmics inability to activate the hypothalamus with EST, therefore, suggests that in healthy men EST signals were primarily transmitted via the olfactory system. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Handedness, motor skills and maturation of the corticospinal tract in the adolescent brain
Authors: Hervé Pierre‐Yves , Leonard Gabriel , Perron Michel , Pike Bruce , Pitiot Alain , Richer Louis , Veillette Suzanne , Pausova Zdenka , Paus Tomáš 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWith anatomical magnetic resonance imaging, the signal intensity of the corticospinal tract (CST) at the level of the internal capsule is often paradoxically similar to that of grey matter. As shown previously in histological studies, this is likely due to the presence of very large axons. We measured the apparent grey‐matter density (aGMd) of the putative CST (pCST) in a large cohort of adolescents (n = 409, aged 12–18 years). We tested the following hypotheses: (1) The aGMd in the pCST shows a hemispheric asymmetry that is, in turn, related to hand preference; (2) the maturation of the CST during adolescence differs between both sexes, due to the influence of testosterone; (3) variations in aGMd in the pCST reflect inter‐individual differences in manual skills. We confirmed the first two predictions. Thus, we found a strong left > right hemispheric asymmetry in aGMd that was, on average, less marked in the 40 left‐handed subjects. Apparent GMd in the pCST increased with age in adolescent males but not females, and this was particularly related to rising plasma levels of testosterone in male adolescents. This finding is compatible with the idea that testosterone influences axonal calibre rather than myelination. The third prediction, namely that of a relationship between age‐related changes in manual skills and maturation of the pCST, was not confirmed. We conclude that the leftward asymmetry of the pCST may reflect an early established asymmetry in the number of large corticomotoneuronal fibres in the pCST. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Salivary acetaldehyde increase due to alcohol‐containing mouthwash use: A risk factor for oral cancer
Authors: Lachenmeier Dirk W. , Gumbel‐Mako Szidönia , Sohnius Eva‐Maria , Keck‐Wilhelm Andrea , Kratz Evamaria , Mildau Gerd 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests that acetaldehyde, the first and genotoxic metabolite of ethanol, mediates the carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages. Ethanol is also contained in a number of ready‐to‐use mouthwashes typically between 5 and 27% vol. An increased risk of oral cancer has been discussed for users of such mouthwashes; however, epidemiological evidence had remained inconclusive. This study is the first to investigate acetaldehyde levels in saliva after use of alcohol‐containing mouthwashes. Ready‐to‐use mouthwashes and mouthrinses (n = 13) were rinsed in the mouth by healthy, nonsmoking volunteers (n = 4) as intended by the manufacturers (20 ml for 30 sec). Saliva was collected at 0.5, 2, 5 and 10 min after mouthwash use and analyzed using headspace gas chromatography. The acetaldehyde content in the saliva was 41 ± 15 μM, range 9–85 μM (0.5 min), 52 ± 14 μM, range 11–105 μM (2 min), 32 ± 7 μM, range 9–67 μM (5 min) and 15 ± 7 μM, range 0–37 μM (10 min). The contents were significantly above endogenous levels and corresponding to concentrations normally found after alcoholic beverage consumption. A twice‐daily use of alcohol‐containing mouthwashes leads to a systemic acetaldehyde exposure of 0.26 μg/kg bodyweight/day on average, which corresponds to a lifetime cancer risk of 3E−6. The margin of exposure was calculated to be 217,604, which would be seen as a low public health concern. However, the local acetaldehyde contents in the saliva are reaching concentrations associated with DNA adduct formation and sister chromatid exchange in vitro, so that concerns for local carcinogenic effects in the oral cavity remain. © 2009 UICC
CXC‐chemokine/CXCR2 biological axis promotes angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Matsuo Yoichi , Raimondo Massimo , Woodward Timothy A. , Wallace Michael B. , Gill Kanwar R. , Tong Zhimin , Burdick Marie D. , Yang Zhijian , Strieter Robert M. , Hoffman Robert M. , Guha Sushovan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAngiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastasis. Although ELR+‐CXC‐chemokines and their corresponding receptor, CXC‐receptor 2 (CXCR2), are known mediators of angiogenesis, little is known about their role in pancreatic cancer (PaCa). The aim of our study was to determine the role of ELR+‐CXC‐chemokine/CXCR2 biological axis in promoting PaCa angiogenesis. We prospectively collected secretin‐stimulated exocrine pancreatic secretions (SSEPS) from normal individuals (NP) and PaCa patients. We showed that summed concentrations of ELR+‐CXC‐chemokines in SSEPS from PaCa patients were significantly higher than in those from NP (p = 0.002). We measured ELR+‐CXC‐chemokine levels in supernatants from multiple PaCa cell lines and confirmed that BxPC‐3, Colo‐357 and Panc‐28 had significantly higher expression compared with an immortalized human pancreatic ductal epithelial (HPDE) cell line. After confirming lack of autocrine effects of ELR+‐CXC‐chemokines on PaCa cells (due to absence of CXCR2 expression), we investigated paracrine effects of these chemokines on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Both recombinant ELR+‐CXC‐chemokines and co‐culturing with BxPC‐3 significantly enhanced proliferation, invasion, and tube formation of HUVEC (p < 0.05). These biological effects were significantly inhibited by treatment with a neutralizing antibody against CXCR2 (anti‐CXCR2 Ab) (p < 0.05). Finally, anti‐CXCR2 Ab significantly reduced tumor volume (p < 0.05), Ki‐67 proliferation index (p = 0.043) and Factor VIII+ microvessel density (p = 0.004) in an orthotopic nude mouse PaCa model. Our results show that ELR+‐CXC‐chemokines promote PaCa tumor‐associated angiogenesis through CXCR2, suggesting that CXCR2 is an anti‐angiogenic target in PaCa. © 2009 UICC
Changes in DNA methylation of tandem DNA repeats are different from interspersed repeats in cancer
Authors: Choi Si Ho , Worswick Scott , Byun Hyang‐Min , Shear Talia , Soussa John C. , Wolff Erika M. , Douer Dan , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Liang Gangning , Yang Allen S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHypomethylation of DNA repetitive elements is a common finding in cancer, but very little is known about the DNA methylation changes of different types of DNA repetitive elements, such as interspersed repeats (LINE1 and Alu Yb8) and tandem repeats (Sat‐α, NBL‐2 and D4Z4). We used bisulfite‐PCR Pyrosequencing to quantitatively measure the DNA methylation of five different DNA repetitive elements in normal tissue and cancer. In all we studied 10 different tissues from four individuals undergoing autopsy, 34 paired normal and tumor tissues from patients with bladder cancer, 58 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia and 23 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. We found that the DNA methylation of interspersed repeats (LINE1 and Alu Yb8) was very consistent from person to person and tissue to tissue while tandem DNA repeats appeared more variable in normal tissues. In bladder cancer we found clear hypomethylation of LINE1, Alu Yb8, Sat‐α and NBL‐2. Conversely, we found an increase in the DNA methylation levels of D4Z4 from normal to cancer. In contrast leukemia showed no significant changes in the DNA methylation of LINE1 and Alu Yb8, but DNA methylation increases in NBL‐2 and D4Z4 tandem repeats. Our findings show that the changes in DNA methylation levels of individual DNA repetitive elements are unique for each repetitive element, which may reflect distinct epigenetic factors and may have important implications in the use of DNA methylation of repetitive elements as global DNA methylation biomarkers. © 2009 UICC.
Lifetime and baseline alcohol intake and risk of cancer of the upper aero‐digestive tract in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study
Authors: Weikert Cornelia , Dietrich Thomas , Boeing Heiner , Bergmann Manuela M. , Boutron‐Ruault Marie Christine , Clavel‐Chapelon Francoise , Allen Naomi , Key Tim , Lund Eiliv , Olsen Anja , Tjønneland Anne , Overvad Kim , Rohrmann Sabine , Linseisen Jakob , Pischon Tobias , Trichopoulou Antonia , Weinehall Lars , Johansson Ingegerd , Sánchez Maria‐José , Agudo Antonio , Barricarte Aurelio , Amiano Pilar , Chirlaque Maria‐Dolores , Quirós J. Ramón , Wirfalt Elisabet , Peeters Petra H. , Bueno‐de‐Mesquita H. Bas , Vrieling Alina , Pala Valeria , Palli Domenico , Vineis Paolo , Tumino Rosario , Panico Salvatore , Bingham Sheila , Khaw Kay‐Tee , Norat Teresa , Jenab Mazda , Ferrari Pietro , Slimani Nadia , Riboli Elio 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRecent alcohol consumption is an established risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the upper aero‐digestive tract. In contrast, the role of lifetime exposure to alcohol with regard to risk of SCC is not well established. Historical data on alcohol use are available in 271,253 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). During 2,330,381 person years, 392 incident SCC cases (279 men and 113 women) were identified. Cox regression was applied to model sex‐specific associations between lifetime alcohol intake and SCC risk adjusting for potential confounders including smoking. Compared to men who drank 0.1–6.0 g/day alcohol at lifetime, the relative risks (RR) for developing SCC were significantly increased for men who drank 30.1–60.0 g/day (RR 1.65, 95% confidence interval:1.00–2.71), 60.1–96.0 g/day (RR 2.20, 95%CI 1.23–3.95), and >96.0 g/day, (RR 4.63, 95% CI 2.52–8.48), and for former drinkers (RR 4.14, 95%CI 2.38–7.19). These risk estimates did not considerably change when baseline alcohol intake was analyzed. Compared to women who drank 0.1–6.0 g/day alcohol intake at lifetime, the RR were significantly increased for women who drank >30 g/d (RR 6.05, 95%CI 2.98–12.3). Applying similar categories, the relative risk for baseline alcohol intake was 3.26 (95%CI 1.82–5.87). We observed a stronger association between alcohol intake at lifetime and risk of SCC in women compared to men (p for interaction = 0.045). The strong dose‐response relation for lifetime alcohol use underscores that alcohol is an important risk factor of SCC of the upper aero‐digestive tract throughout life. © 2009 UICC
In vitro reactivity to implant metals demonstrates a person‐dependent association with both T‐cell and B‐cell activation
Authors: Hallab Nadim James , Caicedo Marco , Epstein Rachel , McAllister Kyron , Jacobs Joshua J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHypersensitivity to metallic implants remains relatively unpredictable and poorly understood. We initially hypothesized that metal‐induced lymphocyte proliferation responses to soluble metal challenge (ions) are mediated exclusively by early T‐cell activation (not B‐cells), typical of a delayed‐type‐hypersensitivity response. We tested this by comparing proliferation (6 days) of primary lymphocytes with early T‐cell and B‐cell activation (48 h) in three groups of subjects likely to demonstrate elevated metal reactivity: group 1 (n = 12) history of metal sensitivity with no implant; group 2a (n = 6) well performing metal‐on‐metal THRs, and group 2b (n = 20) subjects with poorly performing metal‐on‐polymer total joint arthroplasties (TJA). Group 1 showed 100% (12/12) metal reactivity (stimulation index > 2) to Ni. Groups 2a and 2b were 83% (5/6) and 75% (15/22) metal reactive (to Co, Cr, or Ni), respectively. Of the n = 32 metal‐reactive subjects to Co, Cr, or Ni (SI > 2), n = 22/32 demonstrated >2‐fold elevations in % of T‐cell or B‐cell activation (CD25+, CD69+) to metal challenge when compared with untreated control. 18/22 metal‐activated subjects demonstrated an exclusively T‐cell or B‐cell activation response to metal challenge, where 6/18 demonstrated exclusively B‐cell activation and 12/18 demonstrated a T‐cell only response, as measured by surface activation markers CD25+ and CD69+. However, there was no direct correlation (R2 < 0.1) between lymphocyte proliferation and % T‐cell or B‐cell activation (CD25+:CD69+). Proliferation assays (LTT) showed greater ability to detect metal reactivity than did subject‐dependent results of flow‐cytometry analysis of T‐cell or B‐cell activation. The high incidence of lymphocyte reactivity and activation indicate that more complex than initially hypothesized immune responses may contribute to the etiology of debris‐induced osteolysis in metal‐sensitive individuals. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
On the amicability of orthogonal designs
Authors: Holzmann W. H. , Kharaghani H. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAlthough it is known that the maximum number of variables in two amicable orthogonal designs of order 2np, where p is an odd integer, never exceeds 2n+2, not much is known about the existence of amicable orthogonal designs lacking zero entries that have 2n+2 variables in total. In this paper we develop two methods to construct amicable orthogonal designs of order 2np where p odd, with no zero entries and with the total number of variables equal or nearly equal to 2n+2. In doing so, we make a surprising connection between the two concepts of amicable sets of matrices and an amicable pair of matrices. With the recent discovery of a link between the theory of amicable orthogonal designs and space‐time codes, this paper may have applications in space‐time codes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 17: 240‐252, 2009
Cyclotomic constructions of external difference families and disjoint difference families
Authors: Huang B. , Wu D. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractExternal difference families (EDFs) are a type of new combinatorial designs originated from cryptography. Some results had been obtained by Chang and Ding, the connection between EDFs and disjoint difference families (DDFs) was also established. In this paper, further cyclotomic constructions of EDFs and DDFs are presented, and several classes of EDFs and DDFs are obtained. Answers to problems 1 and 4 by Chang and Ding are also given. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 17: 333–341, 2009
Epigenetic control
Authors: Delcuve Geneviève P. , Rastegar Mojgan , Davie James R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEpigenetics refers to mitotically and/or meiotically heritable variations in gene expression that are not caused by changes in DNA sequence. Epigenetic mechanisms regulate all biological processes from conception to death, including genome reprogramming during early embryogenesis and gametogenesis, cell differentiation and maintenance of a committed lineage. Key epigenetic players are DNA methylation and histone post‐translational modifications, which interplay with each other, with regulatory proteins and with non‐coding RNAs, to remodel chromatin into domains such as euchromatin, constitutive or facultative heterochromatin and to achieve nuclear compartmentalization. Besides epigenetic mechanisms such as imprinting, chromosome X inactivation or mitotic bookmarking which establish heritable states, other rapid and transient mechanisms, such as histone H3 phosphorylation, allow cells to respond and adapt to environmental stimuli. However, these epigenetic marks can also have long‐term effects, for example in learning and memory formation or in cancer. Erroneous epigenetic marks are responsible for a whole gamut of diseases including diseases evident at birth or infancy or diseases becoming symptomatic later in life. Moreover, although epigenetic marks are deposited early in development, adaptations occurring through life can lead to diseases and cancer. With epigenetic marks being reversible, research has started to focus on epigenetic therapy which has had encouraging success. As we witness an explosion of knowledge in the field of epigenetics, we are forced to revisit our dogma. For example, recent studies challenge the idea that DNA methylation is irreversible. Further, research on Rett syndrome has revealed an unforeseen role for methyl‐CpG‐binding protein 2 (MeCP2) in neurons. J. Cell. Physiol. 219: 243–250, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.