bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Upper critical solution temperature type phase behavior of poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) blends with poly(styrene‐co‐n‐phenyl maleimide) and their interaction energies
Authors: Park I. K. , Chung Y. S. , Kim C. K. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTo enhance the heat resistance of poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile‐co‐butadiene), ABS, miscibility of poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile), SAN, with poly(styrene‐co‐n‐phenyl maleimide), SNPMI, having a higher glass transition temperature than SAN was explored. SAN/SNPMI blends casted from solvent were immiscible regardless of copolymer compositions. However, SNPMI copolymer forms homogeneous mixtures with SAN copolymer within specific ranges of copolymer composition upon heating caused by upper critical solution temperature, UCST, type phase behavior. Since immiscibility of solvent casting samples can be driven by solvent effects even though SAN/SNPMI blends are miscible, UCST‐type phase behavior was confirmed by exploring phase reversibility. When copolymer composition of SNPMI was fixed, the phase homogenization temperature of SAN/SNPMI blends was increased as AN content in SAN copolymer increased. To understand the observed phase behavior of SAN/SNPMI blend, interaction energies of blends were calculated from the UCST‐type phase boundaries by using the lattice‐fluid theory combined with a binary interaction model. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 1131–1139, 2008
Discrimination between worry and anxiety among cancer patients: development of a brief cancer‐related worry inventory
Authors: Hirai Kei , Shiozaki Mariko , Motooka Hiroko , Arai Hirokazu , Koyama Atsuko , Inui Hiroki , Uchitomi Yosuke 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjectives: A psychometric scale for assessing cancer‐related worry among cancer patients, called the Brief Cancer‐Related Worry Inventory (BCWI), was developed.Methods: A cross‐sectional questionnaire survey for item development was conducted of 112 Japanese patients diagnosed with breast cancer, and test–retest validation analysis was conducted using the data from another prospective study of 20 lung cancer patients. The questionnaire contained 15 newly developed items for cancer‐related worry, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, The Impact of Event Scale Revised, and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form‐8.Results: Exploratory factor analysis of the 15 items yielded a 3‐factor structure including (1) future prospects, (2) physical and symptomatic problems and (3) social and interpersonal problems. A second‐order confirmatory factor analysis identified a second‐order factor called cancer‐related worry and confirmed the factor structure with an acceptable fit (chi‐square (df=87)=160.16, P=0.001; GFI=0.83; CFI=0.92; RMSEA=0.09). The internal consistency and test–retest reliability were confirmed with the lung cancer sample. Multidimensional scaling found that cancer‐related worry is separate from anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms.Conclusion: Our study succeeded in developing and confirming the validity and reliability of a BCWI. The study also confirmed the discriminable aspects of cancer‐related worry from anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of aligned ZnO nanorods grown on stainless‐steel foil by successive chemical solution deposition
Authors: Rakhshani A. E. , Thomas S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWell‐aligned ZnO nanorods with a hexagonal cross section of size 200–300 nm and length 1000–1400 nm were grown along their c‐axis normal to the stainless steel substrate. The growth was performed for the first time by successive chemical solution deposition. Their structure, photoluminescence and electrical properties were characterized. Schottky diodes could be fabricated on nanorods which have a high optical transmittance and a band gap energy 3.25–3.28 eV. The Ag Schottky contacts have a large barrier height 0.99 eV and an ideality factor 2.35. The density of uncompensated donors in nanorods is 7 × 1014 cm–3. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dipolar interactions in multilayered Co0.96Cu0.04/Cu nanowire arrays
Authors: Medina J. De La Torre , Darques M. , Encinas A. , Piraux L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractArrays of electrodeposited Co0.96Cu0.04/Cu nanowires into porous polycarbonate membranes have been characterized by ferromagnetic resonance measurements in order to study the effect of the dipolar interactions on the effective anisotropy field as a function of the magnetic and non magnetic layer thickness. It is found that breaking the infinite cylinder geometry reduces their shape anisotropy field, which can be modified to a large extent from 6.5 kOe for non layered nanowires down to nearly zero for layered nanowires with the thinnest magnetic layers. An analytical model is proposed to describe the magnetostatic interactions between magnetic layers and their effect on the total anisotropy field which shows a good agreement with the experiment. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Acceptor state formation in arsenic‐doped ZnO films grown using ozone
Authors: Erie J. M. , Ivill M. , Kim H. S. , Pearton S. J. , Gila B. , Ren F. , Norton D. P. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe optical and transport properties of As‐doped ZnO films are examined. The films are grown by pulsed‐laser deposition using As2O3 as the source of As and O3/O2 as the oxidant. The films are epitaxial, single phase, and oriented in the ZnO [002] direction. Low temperature photoluminescence spectra at 20 K show for the formation of acceptor states associated with the As, although Hall measurements indicate that the films doped with 0.2 at% As are n‐type. From the photoluminescence spectra, the binding energy of the As‐related acceptor was estimated to be 155 meV. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Innovative process flow to achieve carbon nanotube based interconnects
Authors: Coiffic J. C. , Fayolle M. , Faucherand P. , Levis M. , Poche H. Le , Dijon J. , Maitrejean S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe have achieved down to 140 nm diameter carbon nanotube via interconnects with both new single and dual damascene processes on 200 mm silicon wafers. High density 5 × 1010nanotube/cm2is obtained. The validity of these two new processes has been checked by performing electrical measurements. At high bias, a low resistance of 20 Ω has been reached for a 300 nm diameter via interconnect. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Complex system reliability estimation methodology in the absence of failure data
Authors: Yadav Om Prakash , Choudhary Nipun , Bilen Canan 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a comprehensive system reliability estimation methodology for cases when failure data are unavailable, at least initially. In this methodology, the laws of physics and thermal fundamentals are used to establish a mathematical model that relates the influential input operating characteristics, such as material properties and geometry, to system performance measures. Probability distributions for each influential operating characteristic, identified from the available manufacturing data, information found in instruction manuals and related technical journals, and expert knowledge, are used to simulate the system behavior with Monte Carlo simulation. An initial reliability estimate is obtained by comparing the simulated system performance with the permissible system performance. Fuzzy logic is used to incorporate the impact of environmental factors on the performance of the simulated system performance and hence the system reliability. Finally, with the use of Bayesian analysis, initial system reliability is updated to take into account the effect of environmental factors. The proposed methodology is applied to estimate the reliability of the hazardous gas detection system used in aerospace shuttles for the timely detection of explosive gases. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metastable anion fragmentations after resonant attachment: Deoxyribosic structures from quantum electron dynamics
Authors: Baccarelli I. , Gianturco F. A. , Grandi A. , Sanna N. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis work is focussed on the theoretical investigation of the observed fragmentation after the resonant electron attachment to gas‐phase β‐D‐deoxyribose. The collision energy of the incident electron is kept below 20 eV and both the furanosic and the pyranosic forms of the gaseous target are analyzed. All the transient negative ions associated to shape resonances are characterized in their energetics and spatial features, all pointing to highly selective bond‐breaking resonant processes. The present results, when compared with the available experiments on gas‐phase β‐D‐deoxyribose and with the findings on the analogous conformers from the previously studied β‐D‐ribose, offer new insights into the manifold fragmentation pathways occurring in biomolecules after electron attachment. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Carbon nanotube superlattices in a magnetic field
Authors: Jaskólski W. , Pelc M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe influence of magnetic field on the band structure of carbon nanotube superlattices is investigated. In particular, we study superlattices built of finite sections of (6,6) and (12,0) tubes connected by pentagon/heptagon topological defects. Magnetic field is parallel to the axis of the superlattice. We demonstrate that the superlattice band structure does not show periodicity with the flux quantum, which is typical for pure carbon nanotubes. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Onboard ship evaluation of the effectiveness and the potential environmental effects of PERACLEAN® Ocean for ballast water treatment in very cold conditions
Authors: de Lafontaine Y. , Despatie S.‐P. , Veilleux É. , Wiley C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis study verified the effectiveness and the potential toxic impact of PERACLEAN® Ocean ballast water treatment for very cold freshwater (0.1–0.5°C) in real ballast tank (750 m3) conditions aboard a ship and in large‐volume (4.5 m3) polyethylene tanks. Concentrations of peracetic acid (PAA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) gradually dropped by 41–59% over 5 days. The treatment altered the quality of the treated waters by causing a pH drop of 0.9–1.3 units and a fourfold to sevenfold increase in dissolved organic carbon and organophosphates concentrations. More than 90% of the biomass of free‐floating micro‐organisms and viable phytoplankton were eliminated within 48 h after treatment. The treatment resulted in 100% mortality in caged fish exposed to treated waters but was totally ineffective against adult zebra mussels and some nematods living in tank sediments. Toxic response from ecotoxicological assays indicated that treated waters after 5 days should be diluted by a factor of 1:2 to 1:200 to reduce toxicity below selected endpoints of acute lethality tests. On the basis of PAA degradation rate, fresh waters treated with 100‐ppm PERACLEAN® Ocean should be kept in ballast tanks for 15–20 days after treatment to reduce toxicity. It is concluded that the treatment can be an effective biocide to rapidly eliminate organisms of the water column inside the ballast tanks over a wide range of environmental conditions, but that the discharge of the toxic treated waters should be properly managed to minimize potential environmental impact. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2009.
An infrared absorption study of autoxidized methyl linoleate
Authors: Dugan L. R. , Beadle B. W. , Henick A. S. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryA study has been made of the infrared absorption spectra of autoxidized methyl linoleate in samples ranging from PV 1 to PV 940 m.e./kg. Principal changes occur in the frequency range 3400–3550 cm−1 where bonded−OH groups absorb and at 1650–1775 cm−1 where >c=0 groups absorb.Two maxima were observed in oxidized samples in the −OH absorption range: one sharp and distinct at 3467–70 cm−1 which increased in intensity with increase in PV and a broad band which increased with increasing PV until it resolved into a true maximum at 3430 cm−1. Reduction of typical oxidized samples with KI reagent resulted in disappearance of the 3430 cm−1 band and appearance of a new band above 3500 cm−1. The band at 3430 cm−1 was attributed to −OOH groups associated by hydrogen bridging. The band at 3467 cm−1 and the band appearing above 3500 cm−1 were attributed to −OH groups, the band at the higher frequency resulting directly from reduction of a hydroperoxide.Absorption due to ketone and aldehyde carbonyl groups appeared only as an indefinite shoulder on the band due to the ester carbonyl. These were resolved by using the intensity of the sample with PV 1 as Io and that for the oxidized samples as I. A plot of Log Io/I then revealed three maxima. These indicate the presence of two and possibly three carbonyl containing substances other than the ester carbonyl in autoxidized methyl linoleate.Absorption in the two critical frequency ranges of fractions of autoxidized methyl linoleate eluted from an adsorption column correlate with interpretations made from ultraviolet absorption studies of the same substances.
Determination of bicarbonate in soap products
Authors: Kelley Robert M. , Blank Eugene W. 
Published: May 2008

SummarySodium bicarbonate can be determined directly in the presence of sodium carbonate and soap by heating the mixture under controlled conditions. The carbon dioxide liberated by heating is estimated gravimetrically and calculated to solium bicarbonate. The balance of the carbon dioxide content of the sample is liberated by acid, estimated gravimetrically, and calculated to sodium carbonate. The procedure is applicable in the presence of synthetic detergents. It is rapid and yields accurate results.
The use of antioxidants in potato chipping
Authors: Magoffin J. E. , Bentz R. W. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryLaboratory and commercial‐scale fryings of potato chips have been made with various vegetable oils, vegetable shortenings, lard, and combinations of these. Fryings have been made with and without the addition of butylated hydroxyanisole as an antioxidant. The data from both types of experiments indicates that butylated hydroxyanisole possesses “carrythrough” antioxidant properties not only in animal fats but in vegetable oils and vegetable shortenings also. Data also indicates that the addition of propyl gallate and citric acid as synergists to the butylated hydroxyanisole increases the “carry‐through” antioxidant properties.
The synthesis of 12‐ketostearic acid
Authors: Grummitt Oliver , Siedschlag K. G. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryA synthesis of 12‐ketostearic acid in 78% yield from castor oil by methanolysis to methyl ricinoleate, reduction to methyl‐12‐hydroxystearate, oxidation to methyl‐12‐ketostearate, followed by saponification has been described in detail.
Recovery of fats from press wastes
Authors: Jaynes V. H. , Osburn J. O. 
Published: May 2008

ConclusionsA method of recovering of the fatty material from oil‐impregnated filter aids and bleaches had been tested. it was shown to give a recovery of as much as 88% of the theoretical amount in the form of soap or fatty acids.Compared to solvent extraction, the method described gives a lower yield and a less valuable product. Its main advantage is that it may be used where the use of solvents or the investment in solvent extraction equipment is objectionable.Difficulties on account of the presence of carbon, protein material, and oxidation are described, and methods of overcoming them are suggested.
W. Artur Lewis Lecture: The Lewis Model of “Economic Growth with Unlimited Supplies of Labor”
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P. 
Published: May 2008

The National Economic Association introduced the W. Arthur Lewis Distinguished Lecture series in December 1985. The Lewis Lecture is named in honor of the 1979 Nobel Laureate in Economics, much of whose research has been devoted to the problem of Third World economic development. A native of St. Lucia, in the former British West Indies, Arthur Lewis has risen to fame as the preeminent development economist of his generation. He is most famous for his 1954 Manchester School paper on economic development with unlimited supplies of labor, but his contributions span the fields of industrial organization, public finance, and international trade. He was one of the first to explore in depth the evidence on movements on terms of trade between industrialized and developing countries and was the first to perform a regression analysis in empirical trade research. Lewis was an active advisor to various governments in West Africa, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia during the development decades. He says that he conceived of the idea of unlimited supplies of labor while on mission in Bangkok, Thailand in 1952. This third lecture in the series, by Professor Charles Kindleberger, examines the broad applicability of the Lewis model. Barbara A. P. Jones 1987 NEA President
Summary measures of number needed to treat: How much clinical guidance do they provide in neuropathic pain?
Authors: Edelsberg John , Oster Gerry 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTBackground: Several systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of drugs to treat neuropathic pain have reported summary estimates of efficacy – specifically, the number needed to treat (NNT).Aims: To examine whether summary NNTs for drugs to treat neuropathic pain provide useful guidance for clinical decision making.Methods: We examined the methods used to pool data across RCTs in systematic reviews – in particular, the extent of heterogeneity of agents (and dosages), neuropathic pain syndromes, and outcome measures.Results: Published summary estimates of NNTs of drugs to treat neuropathic pain embody substantial heterogeneity, in that they reflect a pooling of data across agents with different mechanisms of action, across patients with different neuropathic pain syndromes, and/or across different outcome measures.Conclusions: Summary NNT estimates may have limited clinical relevance, due to problems of heterogeneity. The most that can be extracted from systematic reviews published to date is the identity of drugs that have demonstrated efficacy for specific types of neuropathic pain, and the strength of such evidence.
The Younger Dryas and the Sea of Ancient Ice
Authors: Bradley Raymond S. , England John H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe propose that prior to the Younger Dryas period, the Arctic Ocean supported extremely thick multi-year fast ice overlain by superimposed ice and firn. We re-introduce the historical termpaleocrysticice to describe this. The ice was independent of continental (glacier) ice and formed a massive floating body trapped within the almost closed Arctic Basin, when sea-level was lower during the last glacial maximum. As sea-level rose and the Barents Sea Shelf became deglaciated, the volume of warm Atlantic water entering the Arctic Ocean increased, as did the corresponding egress, driving the paleocrystic ice towards Fram Strait. New evidence shows that Bering Strait was resubmerged around the same time, providing further dynamical forcing of the ice as the Transpolar Drift became established. Additional freshwater entered the Arctic Basin from Siberia and North America, from proglacial lakes and meltwater derived from the Laurentide Ice Sheet. Collectively, these forces drove large volumes of thick paleocrystic ice and relatively fresh water from the Arctic Ocean into the Greenland Sea, shutting down deepwater formation and creating conditions conducive for extensive sea-ice to form and persist as far south as 60°N. We propose that the forcing responsible for the Younger Dryas cold episode was thus the result of extremely thick sea-ice being driven from the Arctic Ocean, dampening or shutting off the thermohaline circulation, as sea-level rose and Atlantic and Pacific waters entered the Arctic Basin. This hypothesis focuses attention on the potential role of Arctic sea-ice in causing the Younger Dryas episode, but does not preclude other factors that may also have played a role.
Generation and confinement of high energy electrons generated by irradiation of ultra-intense short laser pulses onto cone targets
Authors: Nakamura T. , Mima K. , Sakagami H. , Johzaki T. , Nagatomo H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractInteractions of cone targets with different shapes with laser pulses are studied numerically. Two important parameters which characterize the laser-cone interaction in 2006 are introduced, which are cone angle and ratio of laser spot and cone tip. By changing these two parameters, energy coupling from laser to electrons is controlled. Some fraction of high energy electrons generated at side wall and cone tip are not freely propagating out from the target, but confined around the cone tip due to the disturbed electric field.
Hotter electrons and ions from nano-structured surfaces
Authors: Bagchi S. , Prem Kiran P. , Bhuyan M.K. , Bose S. , Ayyub P. , Krishnamurthy M. , Ravindra Kumar G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe impact of nano-structured surfaces on particle generation from ultrashort intense laser produced plasmas is presented over an intensity range of 1015–1017 Wcm−2. The nano-structured surface evidently produces hotter plasma but does not lead to the generation of hotter ions, a counterintuitive result based on present understanding of plasma expansion mechanism. Although the total ion flux and energy is more in the case of structured surfaces, the average energy of the projectiles is found to be lower than that from polished surfaces. The nano-structured surface shows preferential enhancement of lower energy ions and an intensity dependent divergence of the ejected particles.
PID control of robot manipulators equipped with brushless DC motors
Authors: Hernández-Guzmán V. M. , Santibáñez V. , Campa R. 
Published: May 2008

SUMMARYThis paper is concerned with PID control of rigid robots equipped with brushless DC (BLDC) motors when the electric dynamics of these actuators is taken into account. We show that an adaptive PID controller yields global stability and global convergence to the desired link positions. Moreover, we also show that virtually the PID part of the controller suffices to achieve the reported global results. We present a theoretical justification for the torque control strategy, commonly used in practice to control BLDC motors. Our controller does not require the exact knowledge of neither robot nor actuator parameters.
INTERRUPTED TIME SERIES DESIGNS IN HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT: LESSONS FROM TWO SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE STRATEGIES
Authors: Ramsay Craig R. , Matowe Lloyd , Grilli Roberto , Grimshaw Jeremy M. , Thomas Ruth E. 
Published: May 2008

Objectives:In an interrupted time series (ITS) design, data are collected at multiple instances over time before and after an intervention to detect whether the intervention has an effect significantly greater than the underlying secular trend. We critically reviewed the methodological quality of ITS designs using studies included in two systematic reviews (a review of mass media interventions and a review of guideline dissemination and implementation strategies).Methods:Quality criteria were developed, and data were abstracted from each study. If the primary study analyzed the ITS design inappropriately, we reanalyzed the results by using time series regression.Results:Twenty mass media studies and thirty-eight guideline studies were included. A total of 66% of ITS studies did not rule out the threat that another event could have occurred at the point of intervention. Thirty-three studies were reanalyzed, of which eight had significant preintervention trends. All of the studies were considered “effective” in the original report, but approximately half of the reanalyzed studies showed no statistically significant differences.Conclusions:We demonstrated that ITS designs are often analyzed inappropriately, underpowered, and poorly reported in implementation research. We have illustrated a framework for appraising ITS designs, and more widespread adoption of this framework would strengthen reviews that use ITS designs.