bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Adsorption of β‐Carotene I. by bleaching earths
Authors: Khoo L. E. , Morsingh F. , Liew K. Y. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractActivities of various bleaching earths for removal of β‐carotene from acetone solution were found to be in the decreasing order tonsil, fuller's earth, silica, and kaolin. Experimental evidence indicated that except for silica, in addition to physical adsorption, processes involving chemisorption and subsequent chemical reaction proceeded on the surface of the clay minerals. An Arrhenius activation energy of the order of 10 kcal mol−1 was found for the adsorption of β‐carotene from a solution in acetone on tonsil. Metallic ions, such as Fe3+, are suggested to be the active sites for chemisorption and reaction. Oxygen was not essential for activity.
Effects of filtration through activated carbons on peroxide, thiobarbituric acid and carbonyl values of autoxidized soybean oil
Authors: Boki Keito , Wada Tetsuyuki , Ohno Shinsaku 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEffects of filtration bleaching on peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid value (TAV) and carbonyl value (CV) of autoxidized soybean oil were investigated by using twenty‐three kinds of activated carbon in order to improve oil quality. From the decreases in PV, TAV and CV and from the physical and chemical properties of activated carbons, it was suggested that hydroperoxides, aldehydes and ketones were adsorbed on the acid sites distributed over the surface or within the pores of the activated carbons while the autoxidized soybean oil flowed through the packed column. The residual tocopherols in autoxidized soybean oil and treated soybean oil were determined during storage. The decrease in oxidative stability of treated soybean oil seemed to be caused by elimination ofα‐,β‐andγ‐tocopherols.δ‐Tocopherol was chemically more stable thanα‐,β‐ andγ‐tocopherols in autoxidized soybean oil.
Effect of processing on the composition and oxidative stability of coconut oil
Authors: Gordon Michael H. , Rahman Ibrahim Abdul 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of various processing procedures on the composition and oxidative stability of coconut oil has been studied. The crude oil is relatively stable but major reductions in oxidative stability occur during the bleaching of oil degummed with phosphoric acid; during alkali refining; during the deodorization of oil degummed with citric acid and bleached; and during the deodorization of oil processed with a combined phosphoric acid degumming and bleaching operation. The reasons for the loss of oxidative stability during processing are discussed with reference to changes in the composition of the oil. Residual traces of citric acid or phosphoric acid play an important role in stabilizing processed oils. The tocopherol content is also important, although no additional stabilization of the oil occurs on adding levels of tocopherol above those present naturally in the crude oil. A combined phosphoric acid degumming and bleaching process leads to smaller losses of tocopherols than sequential treatments.
High active alkyldimethylamine oxides
Authors: Smith K. R. , Borland J. E. , Corona R. J. , Sauer J. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA recently developed, high active, alkyldimethylamine oxide powder now permits the use of this valuable surfactant in water‐sensitive formulations such as bar soaps. Study of the various amine oxide homologs in key performance properties of soap bars showed them to be effective foam modifiers, plasticizers, and synergistic lime soap dispersants. The solid amine oxides were found to be a versatile additive which could readily be formulated into a wide variety of personal care bars.
Effect of degumming reagents on the recovery and nature of lecithins from crude canola, soybean and sunflower oils
Authors: Smiles Aileen , Kakuda Yukio , MacDonald Bruce E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSix reagents (water, citric acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, acetic anhydride and maleic anhydride) were evaluated for their effectiveness in degumming three crude vegetable oils (canola, soybean and sunflower). All chemical reagents tested were found to be significantly more effective than water in removing lecithin material from all three oils except for acetic anhydride degumming of canola. Citric and phosphoric acids were found to be very effective in reducing phosphorus levels in canola oil (91 and 93% removal, respectively). For soybean oil, all reagents except water showed excellent degumming ability by removing 98% phosphorus, while in the case of sunflower oil, maleic anhydride and oxalic acid produced the highest level of phosphorus removal (95 and 90%, respectively). Both citric acid and acetic anhydride were effective in removing Fe from all three oils during degumming (84 to 94%), while phosphoric acid showed slightly lower values (73 to 87%).No significant changes in the phospholipid composition or fatty acid profiles of the phospholipid classes were observed as a result of degumming with the various chemical reagents. In general, canola phospholipids were lowest in palmitic, stearic and linoleic acid and contained the highest levels of oleic acid when compared to soybean and sunflower phospholipids. Both citric and acetic anhydride were found to influence the removal of an unknown glycolipid significantly. Canola lecithin was shown to contain a greater amount of glycolipids than sunflower and soybean lecithins.
Diesel fuel derived from vegetable oils, III. Emission tests using methyl esters of used frying oil
Authors: Mittelbach Martin , Tritthart Peter 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe preparation of methyl esters of used frying oil, available as waste from restaurants and households, is described. Fuel specifications of this fuel are given, and values for gaseous (HC, CO, NOx) and particulate emissions, measured with a vehicle powered by a turbocharged, direct injection diesel engine, are shown. The ester fuel shows slightly lower HC and CO emissions but increased NOx values compared with reference US‐2D fuel. The particulate emissions, however, are significantly lower with used frying oil. Preliminary results of an engine road test are described.
Crystalline fractionation of hydrogenated sunflowerseed oil. II. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
Authors: Herrera M. L. , Añón M. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study explored the thermal behavior of hydrogenated sunflowerseed oil sample used in margarine manufacture, which had been previously fractionated by crystallization at different temperatures. Calorimetric diagrams showed that areas per gram were larger when solid samples, rather than liquids, were considered. Samples of high crystallization temperatures were found to have components with high fusion points that were not present in fractions of lower crystallization temperatures. This means that more saturated triglycerides are present in solids as well as in fractions crystallizing at high temperatures (above 30°C).
Deacidification of sulfur olive oil. II. Multi‐stage liquid‐liquid extraction of miscella with ethyl alcohol
Authors: Türkay Selma , Civelekoğlu Halidun 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this study, laboratory‐scale multi‐stage cross‐ and counter‐current extractions of sulfur olive oil miscella with 70 and 80% ethanol saturated with hexane were investigated. For cross‐current extraction, the extraction factor for free fatty acids was constant in each extraction stage. Therefore, the extraction factors determined in single‐stage extractions were used to calculate the extracted free fatty acid percentages for cross‐current and counter‐current multi‐stage extractions and results were in close agreement with the experimental data. It was possible to determine the amount of solvent and the number of stages required for counter‐current extraction to remove the desired amount of free fatty acids from a given sulfur olive oil with 70 or 80% ethanol. Comparison of the results for these two solvents showed that 80% ethanol was more suitable.
Near infrared spectral patterns of fatty acid analysis from fats and oils
Authors: Sato Tetsuo , Kawano Sumio , Iwamoto Mutsuo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA near infrared (NIR) spectral pattern of oil contains information about fatty acid composition, because NIR absorption bands around 1600–1800 nm and 2100–2200 nm are due to the straight carbon chain andcis double bonds, respectively. This study was undertaken to build a foundation for the rapid determination of the fatty acid composition in oil by an NIR method. First, NIR spectra of pure triglycerides were measured and characterized. Fatty acid compositions could be estimated roughly by comparing the spectra of fats and oils (butter fat, pig milk fat, soybean oil and palm oil) with those of pure triglycerides. Secondly, the NIR spectra of these fats and oils were reconstructed by summation of the triglyceride spectra, which are multiplied by factors corresponding to the fatty acid composition of the sample determined by gas chromatography. The calculated spectra agree with the originals, especially for that of soybean oil. However, in order to reconstruct spectra precisely, it may be necessary to reevaluate the loading weight of each triglyceride, which was equal in this study.
Thin‐layer chromatographic separations of seed oil unsaponifiables from fourSesamum species
Authors: Kamal‐Eldin A. , Yousif G. , Appelqvist L. Å. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new, two‐dimensional thin‐layer chromatographic system was established to provide good separation of the unsaponifiable fractions from the seed oils of three wildSesamum species, [S. alatum, Thonn.;S. radiatum, Schum and Thonn.; andS. angustifolium, (Oliv.) Engl.] and of the cultivatedS. indicum, L. The system utilizes silica gel plates and n‐hexane/diethyl ether (7:3, v/v) and chloroform/diethyl ether (9:1, v/v) as mobile phases in the first and second directions, respectively. The system could be used for qualitative studies and as a preparative technique for subsequent quantitative gas chromatographic separations in chemotaxonomic and related studies onSesamum spp.
Kinetics of inhibited oxidation of lipids in the presence of 1‐octadecanol and 1‐palmitoylglycerol
Authors: Kortenska Vessela D. , Yanishlieva Nedjalka Vl. , Roginskii Vitalii A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe kinetics of initiated oxidation of sunflower oil methyl esters at 50°C in the presence of the phenolic inhibitorp‐methoxyphenol are investigated. It is established that addition of 0.1 M 1‐octadecanol and of 0.1 M 1‐palmitoylglycerol leads to a 1.5‐ or 2.3‐fold decrease of the rate constant of chain termination on the inhibitor, which proves the blocking of its effect due to the formation of a complex based on a hydrogen bond. The stronger effect of 1‐palmitoylglycerol is explained by the presence of two hydroxyl groups in its molecule.
Extraction of phospholipids from canola with supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol
Authors: Dunford Nurhan Turgut , Temelli Feral 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe potential use of supercritical (SC)‐CO2/ethanol mixture for the extraction and fractionation of phospholipids (PL) from flaked canola seeds, canola meal, and acetone insolubles (AI) was investigated. PL extraction was possible when ethanol was used as a cosolvent in SC‐CO2. PL recovery of 20.8% was achieved when canola flakes were extracted at 70°C and 55.2 MPa with SC‐CO2/10%EtOH after iol removal with neat SC‐CO2. Soaking of canola meal with ethanol prior to SC‐CO2/EtOH extraction increased PL recovery to 30.4%. PL content of the extracts increased with decreasing triglyceride concentration in the feed material and increasing amounts of ethanol added to SC‐CO2 or used for soaking. Fractionation of Al gums resulted in extracts containing 50% PL, of which 90% was phosphatidylcholine (PC); but yields were low, even after soaking treatment, due to caking. SC‐CO2/EtOH mixture may be used to extract PC‐enriched PL from flaked canola seeds, canola meal, and AI. However, further research is needed to improve extraction efficiency.
Water‐resistant, oil‐based, intumescing fire‐retardant coatings. I. Developmental formulations
Authors: Verburg G. B. , Rayner E. T. , Yeadon D. A. , Hopper L. L. , Goldblatt L. A. , Dollear F. G. , Dupuy H. P. , York Emil 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWater‐resistant, in tumescing fire‐retardant paints have been formulated from different types of chemically modified oil‐based vehicles, carbonific polyurethanes, spumific melamine phosphates, spumific organohalophosphorus compounds, additives, pigments, driers and solvent. The synthesis of their three major components舒the vehicle itself, the spumific melamine phosphates and the carbonific polyurethanes舒is described. As a result of evaluation in the standard fire‐test cabinet and in the Underwriters' Laboratories' 25‐ft tunnel furnace, the formulation whose vehicle has a higher content of tung oil and whose carbonific components are less thermoplastic appear to be most promising. However, these research results have again manifested the importance of the contribution ofeach component in achieving effective fire retardance.
Drugs and Lipid transport
Authors: Horning Marjorie G. , Knox Kay L. , Mani Lynda 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDrugs such as ethanol, carbon tetrachloride, ethionine or ACTH have a profound influence on lipid metabolism. The enzymatic synthesis of triglycerides and phospholipids by the liver, the release of triglycerides from liver to plasma and the transport of free fatty acids from adipose tissue are affected. These changes in lipid metabolism may be considered as resulting from chemically induced stress. In order to study the transport of lipids during a stress not induced by drugs, cold stress was also investigated. The changes in lipid transport following ethanol or ACTH administration were quite different from those observed during cold stress where body temp must be maintained by mobilization of energy producing substrates. However, the alterations in lipid transport during both cold and drug induced stress are dependent on the sex of the rat. The observed effects apparently involve a sexdependent transport of triglycerides from liver to plasma and also a sex‐dependent mobilization of energy‐producing substrates.
Gas chromatography in lipid investigations
Authors: Horning E. C. , Vandenheuvel W. J. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBiological problems involving long chain compounds and steroids can now be studied more effectively than ever before through use of GLC techniques. When combined with TLC methods for the separation of classes of compounds, these procedures are the most valuable analytical methods now known for lipid investigations. The fact that both qualitative and quantitative data may be obtained at the same time, and that the methods may be used to study complex mixtures at the microgram and sub‐microgram level, suggests that many new applications will be found in the fields of chemistry, biology and medicine.The procedures described in this paper are chiefly those developed over the last few years in the laboratories of the authors. Thin‐film columns prepared with diatomaceous earth supports have been used since 1960 in many studies. A new procedure, utilizing a thin‐film column, was developed for the separation and estimation of long chain fatty acid methyl esters. The method has been used in conjuction with TLC separations using silica gel and silica gel‐silver nitrate plates. The relationship between retention time behavior and the structure of steroids has been studied, and the 舠steroid number舡 concept has been used to described GLC properties of steroids. Procedures have been found for the inactivation of supports, for the modification of liquid phase properties, for the preparation of a variety of special derivatives useful in GLC work and for the study of several groups of steroids important in human metabolism. A number of quantitative analytical separations were also developed.
Triglyceride gas chromatography as a means of detecting butterfat adulteration
Authors: Kuksis A. , McCarthy M. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGas chromatography was used for the separation and quantitative estimation of triglycerides by carbon number from native and adulterated butterfats. When the triglyceride type composition of the native butter was known, adulteration with vegetable fat could be detected at the 1% level, and with lard at the 3% level, as these adulterants added significantly to only a few of the butterfat triglyceride peaks resulting in a noticeable distortion of the chromatographic elution pattern of this fat. Due to considerable variations observed in the elution patterns with butterfats of different origin, the lower limit for the detectio of adulteration of an unknown butter sample with lard or vegetable fat was of the order of 5舑10%. The ease of detection and identification of the adulterant varied with the type of fat added. It was demonstrated that mixtures of coconut oil and lard could be made which matched the gas chromatograms of butterfat closely and remained undetected even when added in relatively large amounts. Despite this, the simplicity of the technique and its rapid and relatively reliable applicability to the widest variety of problems of natural fat characterization recommends it as one of the methods in any fat test or control laboratory.
Effect of seed preparation on efficiency and oil quality in filtration extraction of rapeseed
Authors: Reynolds J. R. , Youngs C. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe application of filtration extraction to rapeseed is discussed with particular emphasis on the effect of seed preparation on the hydrogenation characteristics of the oil. It was found that cooking the crushed seed without the addition of water, and at temperatures not exceeding 220F, produced a satisfactory oil. Under these conditions extraction efficiency was good and the resulting meal showed no harmful effects in feeding trials with mice.
Simple method for estimation of volatile carbonyl compounds in edible oils and fried potato chips
Authors: Przybylski Roman , Hougen F. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA simple and sensitive method has been devised to determine the amounts of volatile carbonyl compounds in vegetable oils and fried potato chips, using a chemical reaction trap and absorption spectrophotometry. A sample of oil or fried potato chips is heated and simultaneously purged with a flow of nitrogen gas which further bubbles through a tube (trap) containing a hydroxylamine hydrochloride solution. The volatile carbonyl compounds are removed from the sample with the purge gas and retained in the trapping solution as they react to form the less volatile oxime derivatives. These are subsequently estimated by ultraviolet absorption, at wavelength 212 nm for the total oximes and at 272 nm specifically for conjugated diene carbonyl oximes, including furfural if present. Volatile carbonyls can be determined by this method at levels as low as 0.1–0.5 ppm of the sample. The method has been applied to the analysis of samples of canola (low erucic acid rapeseed) oil, cottonseed oil, and potato chips, all before and after storage. The method should be suitable also for other types of fried food.
High performance liquid chromatography of phospholipids with flame ionization detection
Authors: Grieser Merlin D. , Geske Jerome N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe three major soy phospholipids were determined by normal phase high performance liquid chromatography with flame ionization detection. A Beckman Ultrasphere silica column was utilized with a solvent gradient composed of chloroform and premixed methanol/ ammonium hydroxide. This chromatographic system produced excellent resolution of the three major phospholipids and triglyceride component as well as some of the minor constituents in soy oil lecithin. Ammonium hydroxide improved peak shape and resolution but caused the peaks for the phospholipids to appear as doublets. Quantitative analysis was accomplished by the external standard method.
Quality of sunflower oil bleached during deodorization
Authors: Ostrić‐Matijasević B. , Turkulov J. , Karlović D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractExperiments with sunflower oil show that it is possible under certain conditions to bleach the oil during deodorization. The color of the oil bleached by deodorization is the same as that obtained with bleaching earth. Deodorization at 200 C yielded an oil with transparency at 455 nm of 78~84%. However, to obtain this degree of transparency, processing steps prior to deodorization must be efficient and not yield an oil with high levels of soaps and trace metals. Bleaching during deodorization also has an economic advantage over clay bleaching and deodorization. Data are presented that show the combined process yields an oil with better stability, higher tocopherol content and lower conjugated diene content. Oil processed in this manner has acceptable levels of soap, copper and iron. Sunflower oil with different degrees of oxidation levels has been processed to yield a satisfactory finished product.
Rapid instrumental technique for the analysis of volatiles in salad dressing
Authors: Legendre M. G. , Dupuy H. P. , Rayner E. T. , Schuller W. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA simple, rapid, efficient procedure for analyzing the volatile components in salad dressings is described. A unique inlet system, used in conjunction with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, provides an objective, tangible profile of volatiles characteristic of the product. The individual components may be identified to qualify more effectively the odor and flavor quality of the specimen.
Antioxidizing component, musizin, inrumex japonicus houtt
Authors: Nishina Atsuyoshi , Kubota Kohji , Kameoka Hiromu , Osawa Toshihiko 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA substance with antioxidant properties was obtained from the hexane extract of roots ofRumex japonicus Houtt. The active component of the hexane extract was isolated and characterized as 2‐acetyl‐1,8‐dihydroxy‐3‐methyl naphthalene, trivially named musizin (MUS). The antioxidant activities of MUS in six types of fats and oils were higher than that of butyl hydroxyanisole (BHA) and δ‐tocopherol (δ‐TOC). Together, TOC and MUS have a synergistic effect, because comparable amounts of either had lower antioxidant activity than various combinations of the two antioxidants. When we studied the antioxidant properties of a mixture of MUS and δ‐TOC with methyl linoleate (MeLH), we found that the rates of destruction of the two antioxidants were comparable, but that their destruction occurred sequentially, with MUS first followed by δ‐TOC, after which the oxidation of MeLH quickly occurred. Comparison of the antioxidant activity of MUS and its analogs suggests that only one of the two hydroxyl groups in MUS is involved in its antioxidant activit. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding may be involved.