bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Tradition to Modernity?
Authors: Palti Elías J. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 is dedicated to the study of the recent narratives that, in the context of the celebration of the bicentennial of the revolutions of independence, which gave rise to the emergence of the “revisionist” historiography, whose main proponent was François-Xavier Guerra. This current is highly critical of the teleological assumptions behind both the liberal-nationalist historical narratives of the end of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, as well as the revisionist currents, of a Marxist matrix, that spread over the region in the 1960s and 1970s. As Chapter 6 shows, despite their crucial contributions to a better understanding of the period of the revolutions of independence, the most recent challengers of both traditional approaches fail to effectively break the teleological assumptions they intend to counter. As a matter of fact, they change their contents preserving the basic structures of the former perspectives molded on the basis of the scheme “from tradition to modernity.” Ultimately, the hesitant methodology of the recent revisionist currents is revealing of deeper theoretical problems to approach these kind of events of historical and political ruptures.
Maria W. Stewart
Authors: Jones Douglas A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Maria W. Stewart: Essential Writings of a 19th-Century Black Abolitionist offers the most comprehensive and contextually dynamic collection of Stewart’s incredible corpus to date. All of Stewart’s known essays, lectures, and fiction, including recently discovered texts, are in this volume. Its extended introduction and detailed notes situate Stewart’s political philosophy in the rich intellectual contexts within which she worked, including abolitionism, black nationalism, feminism, and sentimentalism. Key works by other thinkers that shaped or were shaped by Stewart’s writings are also included.
Mrs. Stewart’s Farewell Address to Her Friends in the City of Boston
Authors: Jones Douglas A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In her farewell address to the city of Boston, Stewart explains why she was so harsh in criticisms of African Americans. She would not change her approach, she says, because God called her to speak the way she did. Although she had no regrets for how she acted, Stewart admits she will miss her friends. Shortly after this speech, she left Boston for New York City.
Hosea Easton, A Treatise on the Intellectual Character, and Civil and Political Condition of the Colored People of the U. States; And the Prejudice Exercised Towards Them; With a Sermon on the Duty of the Church to Them (1837) (selections)
Authors: Jones Douglas A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Hosea Easton wrote his Treatise in response to the wave of antiblack violence that swept northern cities and towns in the 1830s. In these selections he attacks the race-based inconsistencies and hypocrisies of American democracy. He also rejects the idea that African-descended persons are inherently different from their white counterparts; it is the conditions of American chattel slavery and antiblack racism that produce differences between black and white, he argues.
Framing a Racialist Placeholder
Authors: McPherson Lionel K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The power of reason over ideology should not be overestimated. This section rejects the popular antiracist notion that false beliefs about race have been leaders in defense of color-conscious injustice—as if inherited slavery, settler colonialism, and enforced segregation could seek sober rationalization through racial stories. The “race” placeholder lent a guise of seriousness to reports about innate mental differences between Europeans vis-à-vis other (sub)continent-wide populations. This was amid Western commitments to acquiring natural resources, human labor, and larger markets, which called for extreme subjugation and exploitation of non-European peoples. From a deflationary critical perspective, the section shows there are no race concept puzzles that demand theoretical or empirical solutions. Any of the many impacts of race ideology-rhetoric can be studied without concern over a metaphysics or science of race.
Giving Up the “Race” Ghost
Authors: McPherson Lionel K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
No new natural or social facts about human beings will be discovered that could resolve controversy and deliver a master meaning for “race.” It has been argued that endless debate turns on which notion of race might ever gain title to the word—not on some prior facts that would settle disagreements over the metaphysics of race, the world of perceived racial being, or the politics of “race” usage. The geoancestry concept offers a straighter, cleaner path for understanding continental color consciousness in local or global contexts. There is nothing deeply mysterious about recognition of Africa-identified, Europe-identified, or Asia-identified peoples. Yet designation by social-political lineage will generally be more informative for reasonable purposes—which include demographically distinguishing (Africa-identified) descendants of American slavery from other Africa-identified national peoples.
Parting Political Thoughts
Authors: McPherson Lionel K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The challenge for any progressive American politics is how to support transformative progress toward Black social equality in the wake of majoritarian non-Black resistance. This will require rejecting incrementalist approaches tacitly premised on leaving Black America in a better bottom caste place. Part III has argued that there can be no way around directly addressing Black America’s intergenerational social disadvantage and disrepair rooted in inherited slavery and enforced segregation. American “racial” caste hierarchy will not dissipate through passage of time, kinder attitudes, “rising tide” neoliberalism, “diversity” evasions, “intersectional” identity politics, or “people of color” sloganeering. Non-exclusionary Black political solidarity means a post-partisan, de-raced commitment to Black politics that calls all Americans who care about the profound historical circumstances and corrective justice claims of Black Americans as descendants of American slavery.
“Representation with Real Force”
Authors: Englert Gianna 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter delves into the liberal pluralism of Benjamin Constant, who has recently been called the first French liberal democrat. Against this characterization, however, it argues that Constant spoke the language of political representation rather than liberal democracy. It excavates Constant’s novel electoral theory, through which he hoped to represent a pluralistic society in all of its complexity. It situates Constant in two contexts: first, in the post-Revolutionary contests over the meaning of representation and second, in the deliberations over a free press and a limited franchise that took place during the Bourbon Restoration. This chapter argues that, despite rarely engaging with the subject of democracy for himself, Constant’s electoral arguments cannot help but implicate those heated disputes over the definition of modern democracy that are featured throughout the remaining chapters.
Édouard Laboulaye’s Enlightened Democracy
Authors: Englert Gianna 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapters 4 and 5 excavate the contributions of two of the forgotten liberals who began their careers under the illiberal phase of the Napoleonic Second Empire. This chapter reconstructs the constitutional scholar Édouard Laboulaye’s recommendations to enlighten democracy even under universal suffrage, which had been introduced in the republican Constitution of 1848. Drawing on Tocqueville’s new political science, Constant’s pluralist and religious liberalism, and even Guizot’s conception of the new democracy, Laboulaye updated the meaning of democracy once again. Yet he did so to embrace rather than to reject universal suffrage. By highlighting Laboulaye’s educational and political vision for the new liberal party under the Second Empire, this chapter shows how the more progressive liberals after 1848 co-opted what were originally antidemocratic strategies to unify liberal principles with democratic procedures, and thus to support liberal democracy itself.
Secular Sacredness: Rudolf Otto
Authors: Joas Hans 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Rudolf Otto’s The Idea of the Holy (1917) plays a crucial role in the understanding of religion in German-speaking countries, similar to the role of William James’s The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902) in the English-speaking world. This chapter first analyzes the background to a deeper grasp of sacredness as crucial to an understanding of religion in the early twentieth century. It then demonstrates how Otto’s conception of the “numinous” and its rationalization differs from an understanding according to which rationalization leads to the disappearance of the “numinous.” Otto’s theory is compared to Durkheim’s with regard to the question of whether specific material qualities play a role in processes of sacralization. The chapter ends with a plea for the timeliness of Otto’s work under the conditions of secularization, namely with regard to “secular sacredness.”
A German Idea of Freedom?
Authors: Joas Hans 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
While considerable attention has been paid to the dispute between Martin Heidegger and Ernst Cassirer in Davos in 1929, an event that has been interpreted as a watershed in European intellectual history, the interaction between Cassirer and Ernst Troeltsch has been widely ignored. This chapter attempts to remedy this situation by focusing on two interrelated learning processes, one—in the case of Troeltsch—leading from historicism to a positive evaluation of Western ideas about political freedom, the other—in the case of Cassirer—leading from a Kantian pro-Enlightenment to an increasingly hermeneutical approach without giving up the normative implications of the Enlightenment. The remaining differences in the understanding of religion are shown to shed much light on contemporary debates.
Religion and Globalization: José Casanova
Authors: Joas Hans 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a portrait of the work of Spanish-American sociologist José Casanova. It starts with his early writings before turning to his world-famous 1994 book Public Religions in the Modern World, which marks a true paradigm shift in the sociology of religion, putting paid to the notion of the advancing privatization of religion. In his later studies, Casanova not only extended the investigation of the public role of religion to other societies, but also examined the development of transnational religious relationships under the conditions of globalization. Taking up ideas from H. Richard Niebuhr, he refers to the present as a time in which territorial religious monopolies have become impossible and a “global denominationalism” is emerging.
Environmental, Energy, and Sustainability Issues
Authors: Bicalho Tereza , Bellezoni Rodrigo A. , Puppim de Oliveira Jose A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the potential for environmental and sustainable technological transitions in Latin America. It draws particular lessons from the successful case of the policies related to the biofuel transition in Brazil, in view of that country’s long-term energy security and climate change mitigation strategies. The key elements in the approach identified are the transition from state-led to market-led innovation, the alignment between governance at global and national levels, and the importance of the connection between sectors to reinforce the innovation processes in each. These can help us to understand how to best promote future ecological innovation in the sustainability transitions in a Latin America context. The discussion indicates the extent to which imperatives around energy security and environmental sustainability can be effective prime movers for innovation, the building up of new capabilities, and, ultimately, the creation of new sources of competitive advantage in global markets.
Energy Transition in Brazil
Authors: Figueiredo Paulo N. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the process of technological leapfrogging—measured in terms of innovation capability accumulation—and the underlying learning strategies in the Brazilian bioethanol industry, and its consequent contribution to the country’s energy transition. Through an effective technological leapfrogging process, Brazil was propelled towards being the world leader in production, technological innovation, and large-scale use of low-carbon biofuel, based on sugarcane bioethanol. The chapter analyses the deliberate qualitative changes in the different learning processes and mechanisms needed to support effective technological leapfrogging. These learning efforts involved a combination of initiatives from different components of the sectoral system, such as producing firms, suppliers, lead users, universities, and research institutes. There was also a convergence of the private sector and government efforts around a common objective.
Argentina
Authors: Kosacoff Bernardo , Fuchs Mariana 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to analyse the main characteristics of Argentina’s economic development and the way in which the country has attempted—sometimes successfully and sometimes not—to confront structural constraints preventing sustained and inclusive growth. The central focus is on the role of the public policy and its influence on the productive environment, especially in terms of firm capability-building. The chapter establishes that despite Argentina’s much-publicized economic problems, significant strengths have been built up in knowledge-intensive services, industry, and natural-resource-intensive activities. The chapter suggests that, with an appropriate policy framework (both sector-specific and macroeconomic), these advantages can be leveraged, re-igniting growth that is more inclusive, sustainable, and dynamic. To this end, it is argued that the key challenge facing Argentina centres on constructing a shared public-private vision of economic development which makes use of the enormous productive assets that have been built up.
Peru and the Search for a Development Model That Works
Authors: Crabtree John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Peru has been in constant search of a formula capable of delivering sustained and inclusive growth. Charting the recent history of economic management in Peru, this chapter aims to elucidate some of the unresolved problems afflicting Peru’s development model. In so doing, the discussion hints at fruitful ways in which the county may need to proceed if it is to overcome its growth and development impasse. While some productive diversification has been achieved, and commodity cycle-related growth surges experienced, Peru’s economy remains characterized by low productivity, lack of innovation, and a failure to close the gap with richer countries. The chapter argues that these problems stem from limited incentives to broaden the country’s economic base. These in turn arise from a failure to build political and societal consensus around an economic development model capable of producing better results. For Peru to advance, institutional and political change will prove indispensable.
The Early Christian Displacement of Animal Sacrifice (c. 50–c. 150 CE)
Authors: Rives J. B. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter examines sacrifice in early Christian tradition. The first section surveys the relationship of the earliest Christians with existing sacrificial traditions. Although there is little evidence that they rejected animal sacrifice, it had a limited place in their cultic life for practical reasons. The second section traces the application of sacrificial imagery to Christ, which occurs in the letters of Paul and became widespread in the early second century CE. Although this imagery could have provided a framework for commemorating Christ’s death with actual animal sacrifices, Christian leaders instead came to reject the practice altogether. The third section analyzes the factors that contributed to this development: the exclusion of meat from Christian communal meals and the tendency of early Christian thinkers, especially after the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple, to argue that Judaean sacrificial cult was a prefiguration of Christ’s life and death and either had been superseded or was a misinterpretation. This allowed people to theorize the end of Judaean sacrificial cult as proof of God’s hostility to animal sacrifice. These factors redefined the terminology and conceptual framework of sacrifice: what began as a set of metaphors came to displace ritual practice as the real meaning of “sacrifice.”
The End of Animal Sacrifice?
Authors: Rives J. B. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter surveys the place of animal sacrifice in later Christian and European culture. The first section concerns the scholarly tendency to treat animal sacrifice as a marker of primitive culture, starting with E. B. Tylor and William Robertson Smith and extending down to Walter Burkert and René Girard. The second section examines animal offerings within the Christian tradition, from late antiquity down to the present day, which are understood by those who make them as acts of charity rather than animal sacrifices. The third section analyzes some Christian transformations of sacrifice, including the ritual of the Eucharist, the conduct of a virtuous life, and the martyr’s death. These reconceptualizations completely remove the idea of sacrifice from the sphere of ritual and instead redefine it in relation to a person’s actions more generally. In recent centuries, they have become increasingly independent of a specifically Christian worldview, so that for many people in the contemporary world, the term “sacrifice” refers primarily to self-sacrifice, the action of a person who voluntarily gives up something of value for the sake of something else, whether an individual, a group, or a cause.
Conclusion
Authors: Michaels Axel 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Despite its many structural problems and challenges, Nepal is not a failed state where state power has eroded, public services and infrastructure no longer function, and state-to-state relations are no longer possible or have been frozen. It is a state with a unique cultural, religious, and social diversity, transcultural histories of the regions, different political claims and forms of organization, multiple and fluid identities, and economic entanglements. If Nepal succeeds in continuing down this road, preserving its ethnic and cultural diversity, then the country might become a model for a transcultural state and for unity in diversity, even in the age of leveling globalization.
Introduction
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this introduction, the authors begin by mentioning several examples of references to free will and moral responsibility from day-to-day conversations. They then briefly mention some of the philosophical questions surrounding free will and moral responsibility, and then they explain what philosophy is and how questions surrounding free will cut across the various sub-disciplines of philosophy, including metaphysics, value theory, and epistemology. The authors then recount how they came to create a podcast called The Free Will Show and how some of the early interviews from the podcast were transformed into this book. They conclude by describing the structure of this book.
Alfred Mele on the Problem of Luck
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer speak with Alfred Mele about the problem of luck for libertarianism. Libertarianism is the conjunction of the thesis that we have free will and the thesis that free will is incompatible with determinism. The most widely discussed challenge to libertarianism is the problem of luck, which arises from the view’s requirement of indeterminism for free will. According to Mele, luck refers to events that are not under our control and that affect our lives positively or negatively. After discussing apparent problems for each version of libertarianism—non-causal, event-causal, and agent-causal—Mele presents his own solution to the problem.
Gregg Caruso on Free Will Skepticism
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer talk with Gregg Caruso about free will skepticism, the view that no one is ever morally responsible in the basic desert sense (i.e., no one ever deserves praise or blame just because they knowingly performed some action). They go on to discuss motivations for free will skepticism, which include the manipulation argument and the disappearing agent argument. Next, they discuss implications of the view, including why Caruso favors what he calls optimistic skepticism concerning free will. They conclude by discussing how the view demands changes in our thinking about the treatment of criminals.
Kadri Vihvelin on Dispositional Compatibilism
Authors: Cyr Taylor W. , Flummer Matthew T. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, Taylor Cyr and Matthew Flummer talk with Kadri Vihvelin about dispositional compatibilism, the view that free will is compatible with determinism and may be understood in terms of agents’ dispositions. They first discuss the nature of dispositions, such as a cube of sugar’s disposition to dissolve in water. They then introduce Vihvelin’s view, which is that our abilities to choose are active dispositions. Next, they clarify the view and talk about the motivations for it. Finally, they go on to discuss various common objections to dispositional compatibilism. For instance, free will cannot be a disposition because it is not up to the sugar whether it dissolves.
Islam, Fiqh, the Ḥukm Shar‘ī, and the Differentiated Realm
Authors: Jackson Sherman A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter establishes that the bounded nature of sharī‘ah is neither a modern innovation nor a restriction imposed upon Islam-cum-sharī‘ah from without. Rather, Muslim jurists have recognized that sharī‘ah’s scope is limited for at least a thousand years. This is through their restricted understanding of the ḥukm shar‘ī (legal ruling) and it differs from assessments that are not based on the sources of sharī‘ah. As sharī‘ah is the sum-total of ḥukm shar‘īs, it can ultimately go no further than the latter will take it. Thus, any restrictions on the ḥukm shar‘ī are restrictions on sharī‘ah. This establishes that sharī‘ah and Islam are not coterminous and that there is “space” between them. This space is that of the realm of the Islamic Secular. The chapter also deals with two potential challenges to my thesis. The first is the “sharī‘ah-minimalism” in the form of the Ẓāhirī movement. The second is the “sharī‘ah-maximalism” of the likes of such influential jurists as Ibn Taymīyah and Ibn al-Qayyim.