bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dye‐Surfactant interaction in the premicellar region
Authors: Gokturk Sinem , Tuncay Melda 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe interaction of safranin‐O (SO), a cationic dye, with anionic surfactants [sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecylsulfonate (SDSo]) having the same hydrophobic group but different polar groups was studied spectrophotometrically in the premicellar region far below the critical micelle concentration in aqueous media using the method of continuous variations, also called Job's Method. This method was applied to determine the equilibrium complex formation constant (K) as well as the molecular complex formation ratio. Both SDS and SDSo formed stable associations with SO, and the molecular complex formation ratio was determined as 1:1. The data obtained from Job's Method indicated that the equilibrium complex formation constant of SDS is higher than that of SDSo. We also studied the influence of cosolvents such as methanol, dimethylformamide (DMFA), and dioxan (DX) on molecular complex formation between SDS and SO, and observed that the presence of cosolvents inhibited molecular complex formation. This inhibitory effect of cosolvents on molecular complex formation followed the order of methanol>DMFA>DX.
Role of quaternary bromides in changing the solubilization site of n‐heptylamine in cationic micellar solutions
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Sharma Daksha , Kabir‐ud‐Din  
Published: November 2006

AbstractNewtonian flow conditions were adopted to take viscosity measurements at 30°C of solutions of cationic surfactants (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, C16TAB, and tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide, C14TAB) with the addition of n‐heptylamine (C7NH2) and quaternary salts (tetra‐n‐propylammonium bromide, Pr4NBr; tetra‐n‐butylammonium bromide, Bu4NBr; tetraamylammonium bromide, Am4NBr; tetra‐n‐octylammonium bromide, Oc4NBr; tetra‐n‐butylphosphonium bromide, Bu4PBr; tetraphenylphosphonium bromide, Φ4PBr; n‐propyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, PrΦ3PBr3) by having either a fixed C7NH2 or salt concentration and varying the other. Systems containing a comparatively higher Bu4NBr content showed a dramatic decrease in viscosity at higher C7NH2 concentration. Further, the viscosity‐salt concentration profiles of 0.1 M C16TAB solutions containing fixed C7NH2 concentrations showed a peaked behavior. The peak positions and salt contents at the peaks were dependent on the length of the alkyl part of the particular salt and the connecting atom (N or P) but independent of the nature of the surfactant and C7NH2 concentration. The behavior is discussed in the light of a change in the solubilization site of C7NH2 caused by the presence of quaternary salts. Cavities in the quaternary salts present in the bulk solvent are proposed to be the new sites of solubilization.
Treating emulsified waste containing mineral oils and alkylphenolethoxylate by membrane and acid‐heating processes
Authors: Miyagi Atsushi , Nakajima Mitsutoshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe applied a membrane process to treat emulsified industrial waste with mineral oils and alkylphenolethoxylate (APE). Besides the membrane process, we also investigated acid‐heating processes for easy introduction into small factories. The present studies were carried out using factory waste for a practical application. In the NTU‐2120 membrane process, 99.0 to 99.1% of total organic carbon (TOC) and 97.1 to 98.2% of chemical oxygen demand (COD) were removed from the waste, demonstrating the efficacy of the waste treatment. Permeate fluxes were reduced by 60 to 80% until the volume reduction factor reached 10. The permeate flux was governed by the gel polarization model, and the specific resistance of the gel layer became greater with pressure. Regeneration of the used membrane by the back‐pressure wash method completely restored the membrane capacities. The acid‐heating process (pH<3, temperature >70°C) reduced TOC by 96.0% and COD by 92.3%, demonstrating waste treatment efficacy similar to that of the membrane process.
Phase inversion temperatures of triton X‐100/1‐butanol/hydrocarbon/water systems
Authors: Bayrak Yuksel , Iscan Mehmet 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe formation of a water‐in‐oil (w/o) microemulsion in Triton X‐100/1‐butanol/alkane/water systems was investigated at 25.0±0.1°C. Phase inversion temperatures in hydrocarbon‐water microemulsions stabilized with Triton X‐100 were determined for different hydrocarbons. It was found that the more soluble the alkane (oil), functioning as a nonionic emulsifier, the lower was the phase inversion temperature, above which oil‐in‐water type microemulsions invert to w/o type. The effect of the presence of cosurfactant was studied. No phase inversion was observed in the absence of cosurfactant. The effect on phase inversion temperature of decreasing or increasing the temperature was evaluated. By definition, phase inversion was not affected by different temperatures.
Liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry of nonionic surfactants using electrospray ionization
Authors: Zhu JingKe 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe analysis of nonionic surfactants was investigated by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry detection. On a C18 column, separation was achieved on the basis of chain lengths of both alkyl and ethoxy groups in a CH3CN/CH3OH/H2O/HAc solvent system. Peaks were identified by electrospray mass spectrometry.
Enzyme‐based detergent formulas for fatty soils and hard surfaces in a continuous‐flow device
Authors: Jurado E. , Bravo V. , Núñez‐Olea J. , Bailón R. , Altmajer‐Vaz D. , Garíia‐Román M. , Fernández‐Arteaga A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe present work analyzes the effect of incorporating a lipolytic enzyme (Lipolase® 100L) into detergent formulas for washing fatty soils on hard surfaces. The experimental device, which is called a “bath‐substrate‐flow” device, uses a continuous flow on a substrate (glass spheres) soiled with triolein. Washing tests were done using only the enzyme and changing both its concentration and the temperature of the process. The results showed that, in the presence of lipase, soil removal was achieved through three consecutive mechanisms: (i) fundamental devoval of the soil by the bath flow through the experimental device; (ii) emulsion of the soil in the washing medium; and (iii) enzymatic hydrolysis of the dispersed soil. Different commercial surfactants were used, and detergency was evaluated in the absence and presence of lipase. The use of surfactant formulas with the lipolytic enzyme showed a positive effect of the enzyme on the detergency values registered with the fatty alcohol ethoxylate surfactants Findet® 10/15 and Findet 1214N/23, and with the anionic surfactant linear alkylbenzene sulfonate. The commercial surfactants Glucopon® 600, Glucopon 650, Findet 10/18, and Findet Q/21.5NF alone each presented high detergency values for fatty soils, and the effect of the incorporation of the lipase was not significant.
Synthesis, characterization, and surface properties of sulfoxylated methyl esters
Authors: Cohen L. , Trujillo F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSulfoxidation of fatty methyl esters with SO2, O2, and ultraviolet light of appropriate wavelength has led to a synthesis of sodium methyl ester sulfonates known as Φ‐MES. The designation of Φ refers to the random positioning of SO3 in the alkyl chain. This investigation describes for the first time the operating conditions necessary to produce these new anionic surfactants as well as the analytical methods used in their isolation, analysis, identification. Some surface properties are discussed as well.
Utilization of acid oils in making surface‐active compounds by lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis and esterification reactions
Authors: Basu S. , Bhattacharyya D. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNonionic surface‐active molecules were made from acid oils such as mustard, sunflower, rice bran, soybean, coconut, and polyethylene glycols (PEG) of varying molecular weights (200, 300, 400, 600), using processes based on lipasecatalyzed hydrolysis with Candida cylindracea lipase and esterification with Mucor miehei lipase. Both the PEG molecular weight and the acid oil influence the yield of ester. Molar concentration of reatants also influences the rate and yield of ester. Surface tension values of ester products reveal that maximal lowering of surface tension of water occurs in the case of PEG 600 and coconut acid oil ester. This work demonstrates an important technological advance in the synthesis of nonionic surfactants of the alkyl ethoxylate type from a variety of acid seed oils in high yields by using lipase technology involving first hydrolysis and then esterification with another lipase.
The application of surfactant deflocculants to superconceptrated household and industrial laundry liquids
Authors: Clapperton Richard M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA Structured Surfactant System comprises a readily pourable surfactant phase in aqueous solution which is capable of long‐term suspension of insoluble builder particles. First‐generation structured systems have been limited to soluble electrolyte concentrations that do not cause strong flocculation of the surfactant phase, typically a maximum of approximately 15% by weight electrolyte. As a direct consequence, the maximal surfactant content of structured systems has also been limited to about 30%. This paper reports the recent development of deflocculation technology, which has enabled the total active concentration in structured systems to be increased to as high as 70% by weight. Deflocculation of model structured surfactant systems by alkyl thiol polyacrylates and alkyl polyglucosides has been investigated by rheometry and optical microscopy. Viscosity changes in model detergent systems have been determined as a function of deflocculant headgroup size and concentration. These have been related to the process of deflocculation by a study of the microscopic appearance and storage stability of the same model systems. Interlamellar spacing of surfactant vesicles in a deflocculated model structured system has then been determined as a fenction of electrolyte concentration by the technique of small angle X‐ray scattering. It has been shown that surfactant vesicle shrinkage in the presence of high electrolyte concentration and a deflocculant can be used to formulate a superconcentrated liquid system.
Solubilization of phosphatidylcholine unilamellar liposomes caused by alkyl glucosides
Authors: de la Maza A. , Lopez O. , Baucells J. , Gonzalez P. , Parra J. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSolubilizing alterations caused by a series of alkyl glucosides (alkyl chain lengths ranging from C8 to C12) in phosphatidylcholine (PC) unilamellar liposomes were investigated. Surfactant‐to‐phospholipid molar ratios (Re) and bilayer/aqueous phase partition coefficients (K) were determined by monitoring changes in static light scattering (SLS) of the system during solubilization. At the two interaction levels investigated (surfactant concentrations producing SLS values of 100 and 0% for each surfactant/PC system studied) the free surfactant concentration for each surfactant was always comparable to its critical micelle concentration (CMC). This indicates that liposome solubilization was mainly ruled by mixed micelle formation. A rise in CMC (or decrease in the surfactant alkyl chain length) resulted in an increase in the ability of these surfactants to saturate or solubilize PC liposomes and, inversely, in an abrupt decrease in their affinity with these bilayer structures. The overall balance of these opposite tendencies shows that the octyl glucoside had the highest ability to saturate and solubilize liposomes (lowest Re values), whereas the dodecyl glucoside exhibited the highest degree of partitioning into liposomes or affinity with bilayer structures (highest K values). From a practical viewpoint, the use of nonyl glucoside reduced approximately 2.5 times the concentration needed to saturate and solubilize 1.0 mM PC liposomes with respect to that needed using the conventional octyl glucoside.
Long‐term feeding of dietary oils alters lipid metabolism, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme activities in a teleost (Anabas testudineus bloch)
Authors: Varghese Sheelu , Oommen Oommen V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAnabas testudineus (climbing perch), average body weight 21±1 g, were maintained in culture tanks and fed a 35% protein feed plus an additional supplementation of three dietary oils (20% each of coconut oil, palm oil, or cod liver oil). Body weight gain was similar among all groups. However, several hepatic lipogenic enzymes such as malic enzyme (ME), NADP‐isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) and β‐hydroxy‐β‐methyl glutaryl CoA reductase (HMG CoA reductase) were assayed, and they responded differently. Hepatic ME and G6PDH activities showed a significant decrease in the coconut oil and palm oil groups, but there was no significant change in ICDH activity. The 6PGDH activities were reduced, whereas HMG CoA reductase activity was increased in the palm oil‐treated group. Cholesterol synthesis in the liver and muscle increased in the palm oil‐treated group, but liver phospholipids did not show any significant change in fish supplemented with oils rich in saturated fatty acids. Triacyl‐glycerol and free fatty acid concentrations were high in the coconut oil‐ and palm oil‐supplemented groups. Lipid peroxidation products such as thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances and conjugated dienes decreased in the same two groups. Antioxidant potential was high in all groups as evidenced by increased activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione content. The results of this study indicate that in fish, dietary lipids depress hepatic lipogenic activity as well as lipid peroxidation products by maintaining high levels of antioxidant enzymes.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and infant growth
Authors: Lapillonne Alexandre , Carlson Susan E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBecause of the rapid rate of growth during infancy, and the potentially deleterious effect of differences in the availability of dietary essential nutrients, growth is an important outcome variable in any study assessing a diet designed for infants. Nearly 10 yr after the first demonstration of reduced growth in preterm infants fed a fish oil‐enriched formula, there is very little additional information to confirm or refute the finding that long‐chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC‐PUFA) intake can modulate growth in infants. To evaluate the issue of a possible relationship between PUFA intake and growth of infants, we reviewed a total of 32 randomized studies, 13 in preterm infants and 19 in term infants. From the data published to date, it seems clear that long‐chain n−3 fatty acids can reduce growth achievement in preterm and term infants under some experimental conditions. However, the effect of n−3 PUFA supplementation on the growth of preterm and term infants appears to be minimal and of questionable clinical and/or physiologic relevance. Nonetheless, n−3 fatty acids have an effect on gene transcription, at least in some species, and this finding may provide important clues to the mechanism by which n−3 and n−6 fatty acids regulate growth.
Targeted disruption of peroxisomal proliferator‐activated receptor β (δ) results in distinct gender differences in mouse brain phospholipid and esterified FA levels
Authors: Rosenberger Thad A. , Hovda Jonathan T. , Peters Jeffrey M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe peroxisomal proliferator‐activated receptor β (δ) (PPARβ) is a nuclear hormone receptor that is ubiquitously expressed and that regulates the transcription of genes involved in lipid metabolism. A homozygous PPARβ‐null mouse has been developed in which the ligand‐binding domain of the PPARβ receptor is disrupted. Analysis of brains from these animals shows that female null mice have 24 and 17% increases in plasmenylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine and a 9% decrease in the level of phosphatidylinositol when compared to controls. The phospholipid changes found in female null mice were associated with increased levels of esterified 18∶1n−9, 20∶1n−9, 20∶4n−6, and 22∶5n−3 FA in plasmenylethanolamine, 20∶1n−9 in phosphatidylinositol, and 18∶0, 18∶1n−9, 18∶3n−6, 20∶1n−9, and 20∶4n−6 in phosphatidylserine. Increased levels of esterified 18∶1n−9, 18∶2n−6, 18∶3n−6, and 20∶1n−9 were also found in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction despite its cellular content remaining unchanged. Brain phospholipid content in male PPARβ‐null mice did not differ from controls, but increased levels of 20∶1n−9 in the phosphatidylinositol and 18∶1n−9 in the phosphatidylserine fractions were observed. No changes were found in the content of brain cholesterol, TAG, and FFA in either female or male PPARβ‐null mice. These data suggest that PPARβ is involved in maintaining FA and phospholipid levels in adult female mouse brain and provide strong evidence that suggests a role for PPARβ in brain peroxisomal acyl‐CoA utilization.
A convenient method for determination of the C20–22 PUFA composition of glycerolipids in blood and breast milk
Authors: Ichihara Ken'ichi , Waku Kanako , Yamaguchi Chiaki , Saito Kazumi , Shibahara Akira , Miyatani Shuichi , Yamamoto Kohei 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA convenient method was developed for preparation of FAME in small amounts from glycerolipids of blood or breast milk. Initially, 0.04–0.06 mL blood or breast milk was spotted onto a small piece of filter paper (1.5×1.5 cm) that had been washed with acetone containing 0.05% 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐p‐cresol (BHT). Fach piece, once it had dried, was put in a small test tube, to which 2 mL hexane and 0.2 mL 2 M KOH/methanol were added. After vigorous mixing or sonication for 2 min at room temperature, the solution was neutralized or acidified by the addition of a few drops of acetic acid. To the solution was added 2 mL H2O, and then the hexane layer that separated was concentrated to dryness in vacuo. The FAME obtained were analyzed by GC. The method was applicable to the analysis of a large number of blood and breast milk samples, and the arachidonate/(eicosapentaenoate +docosahexaenoate) ratios could be determined rapidly.
Nonpolar lipid composition ofChenopodium albumgrown in continuously cultivated and nondisturbed soils
Authors: Leicach S. R. , Grass M. A. Yaber , Corbino G. B. , Pomilio A. B. , Vitale A. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChenopodium albumL. plants grown in continuously cultivated and in nondisturbed soils were compared in terms of the compositions of nonpolar extracts of the corresponding aerial parts. Both light petroleum ether extracts ofC. albumL. were analyzed by high‐performance thin‐layer LC, capillary GC, and capillary GC‐El‐MS. Further percolation and medium‐pressure LC, along with EI‐MS analysis, permitted the separation and identification of the chemical constituents. Differences were observed between mean contents of the chemical constituents ofC. albumL., with respect to nonpolar extracts, obtained from continuously cultivated and from nondisturbed soils, in particular in linear and branched long‐chain hydrocarbons, FA and their esters, and long‐chain linear alcohols and aldehydes. The most remarkable features of the disturbed soils were a pronounced increase in the amounts of linear hydrocarbons and a decrease in the relative proportions of FA.
Synthesis and isolation of trans‐7, cis‐9 octadecadienoic acid and other CLA isomers by base conjugation of partially hydrogenated γ‐linolenic acid
Authors: Delmonte Pierluigi , Roach John A. G. , Mossoba Magdi M. , Morehouse K. M. , Lehmann Lutz , Yurawecz Martin P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCLA is of considerable interest because of reported potentially beneficial effects in animal studies. CLA, while not yet unambiguously defined, is a mixture of octadecadienoic acids with conjugated double bonds. The major isomer in natural products is generally considered to be cis‐9,trans‐11‐octadecadienoic acid (c9, t11), which represents >75% of the total CLA in most cases. Other isomers are drawing increased attention. The t7,c9 isomer, which is often the second‐most prevalent CLA in natural products, has been reported to represent as much as 40% of total CLA in milk from cows fed a high‐fat diet. The need for a reference material became apparent in a recent study directed specifically at measuring t7,c9‐CLA in milk, plasma, and rumen. A suitable standard mixture was produced by stirring 0.5 g of γ‐linolenic acid (all cis‐6,9, 12‐C18∶3) with 100 mL of 10% hydrazine hydrate in methanol for 2.5 h at 45°C. The solution was diluted with H2O and acidified with HCl. The resulting partially hydrogenated FA were extracted with ether/petroleum ether, dried with Na2SO4, and conjugated by adding of 6.6% KOH in ethlylene glycol and heating for 1.5 h at 150–160°C. Approximately 20 mg each of cis‐6, trans‐8; trans‐7, cis‐9; cis‐9, trans‐11; and rans‐10, cis‐12 were obtained along with other FA. Methyl esters (FAME) of these four cis/trans isomers were resolved by Ag+HPLC (UV 233) and partially resolved by GC/(MS or FID) (CP‐Sil 88). Treatment of these FAME with I2 yielded all possible cis/trans (geometric) isomers for the four positions 6,8; 7,9; 9,11; and 10,12.
Effects of specific CLA isomers on plasma fatty acid profile and expression of desaturases in humans
Authors: Thijssen Myriam A. M. A. , Malpuech‐Brugère Corinne , Gregoire Stéphane , Chardigny Jean Michel , Sébédio Jean Louis , Mensink Ronald P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHuman studies suggest that CLA changes metabolism, possibly through effects on mRNA expression of desaturase and elongase enzymes. In this respect, differential effects of the two most common dietary CLA isomers, cis‐9, trans‐11 (c9,t11) and trans‐10,cis‐12 (t10,c12) CLA, have hardly been studied. We therefore gave 25 healthy, overweight men and women daily for 6 wk a drinkable dairy product containing 3 g of oil that was rich in oleic acid. For the next 18 wk, the control group (n=7) continued to use this product, whereas the second (n=9) and third groups (n=9) received products with 3 g of purified c9,t11 CLA or t10,c12 CLA. For each gram of c9,t11 CLA consumed, the proportion in plasma phospholipids increased by 0.26%. For t10,c12 CLA, this value was 0.20%. The t10,c12 CLA isomer increased plasma TAG levels of conjugated 18∶3, whereas c9,t11 CLA increased those of both conjugated 18∶3 and 20∶3. In plasma phospholipids, the α9 desaturation index of 18∶0 (18∶1n−9/18∶0) was decreased by t10,c12 CLA (P=0.03 for diet effects), and the Δ6 desaturation index [(18∶3n−6+20∶3n−6)/18∶2n−6] was decreased by both CLA isomers (P<0.01 for diet effects). The Δ5 desaturation index (20∶4n−6/20∶3n−6) and Δ9 desaturation index of 16∶0 (16∶1n−7/16∶0) were not affected. No effects were seen on mRNA expression of desaturases and elongase in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We therefore conclude that incorporation of c9,t11 and t10,c12 CLA into plasma lipids reflects dietary intakes. Compared with oleic acid, Δ9 and Δ6 desaturation indices in plasma phospholipids are decreased after consumption of c9,t11 or t10,c12 CLA. Effects on desaturation indices were, however, not reflected by changes at the transcriptional level for the various desaturases and elongase enzymes in PBMC.