bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Newborn transport in metropolitan Sydney: experience with a newborn intensive care unit based regional transport service
Authors: BARR PETER A. , SUTHERS JENNIFER A. , LESLIE GARTH I. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The effect of skilled transport on the condition of 100 infants referred for intensive care and the factors affecting their survival were analysed. Infants with respiratory failure who were not moribund showed significant increases in pH (P < 0.01) and arterial/alveolar P02 ratio (P < 0.001) with assisted ventilation. Less severely ill infants were transported without significant change in pH and blood gas status. Hypoxaemia (17%), hyperoxaemia (24%) and hyperglycaemia (14%) were not uncommon on admission to the newborn intensive care unit.Survival rate did not decrease significantly with decreasing birth weight or gestation. Factors significantly more common in infants who died were one minute Apgar score 0–3 (P < 0.05), and pH < 7.25 (P < 0.05) and PaCO2 > 60 mmHg (P < 0.005) on admission to the NICU. Infants mechanically ventilated before transport did not have a significantly higher mortality rate than those ventilated after admission, though moribund infants and those with untreated early onset bacterial pneumonia had high mortality rates.Pre‐transfer events were responsible for the death of 8 (38%) of the 21 infants who died and perhaps contributed to the death from intraventricular haemorrhage of a further 5 infants (24%).
Playground equipment and accidents
Authors: OLIVER T. I. , McFARLANE J. P. , HAIGH J. C. , CANT G. M. , BODIE A. M. , LAWSON J. S. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Playground equipment accidents and the associated injuries are a significant cause of trauma among children. Surveys in Northern Sydney have shown that about 1% of all 2 to 12‐year‐old children are treated at hospitals each year for fractures and lacerations due to these accidents. Most injuries occurred following falls.Risk taking and play are an essential part of childhood development and therefore the approach is not to try and prevent all the accidents but to prevent or reduce the severity of any associated injuries. Experiences with an experimental playground indicate that this objective can be achieved inexpensively by avoiding exposed concrete foundations, using resilient ground covers such as fixed thick rubber sheets or open weave mats so as to reduce wear and injuries on hard surfaces, all swing seats should be made of resilient but non‐injurious materials, slide chute exits should be extended, and (to avoid injury to children running between playground equipment) swings should not be located in a direct path between other items of equipment.
Accidental poisoning in the first three years of life
Authors: BEAUTRAIS A.L. , FERGUSSON D. M. , SHANNON F. T. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The incidence of accidental poisoning was examined prospectively in a birth cohort of 1124 children.Nineteen percent of children had at least one incident of poisoning or suspected poisoning by the age of three years.No medical treatment was sought for 33.5% of poisoning incidents and of those poisonings for which treatment was sought, only two cases required management beyond observation, induced vomiting or gastric lavage.The most frequent sources of poisoning were medicines, household cleansers and petrochemicals.Poisoning occurred more frequently in children of young mothers; children who entered single parent families at birth; children whose mothers reported a large number of problems with the child; children from homes reporting a large number of life events and stresses; children from homes where parental separation had occurred; children from families who made multiple changes of residence and in children whose mothers had been prescribed tranquillisers and/or antidepressant medication. Logistic regression analysis showed that the strongest predictors of poisoning were the mother's reports of problems with her child and the mother's use of tranquillisers and/or antidepressant medication.
Long‐term follow‐up records
Authors: SOUTHBY ROBERT 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Having accumulated a very large series of patients’records over a period of 60 years, some involving three generations of a family, the author has selected cases that illustrate the opportunities to observe the progress of patients from infancy for more than half a century.This unique opportunity has included a variety of clinical conditions such as congenital syphilis, cretinism, acute osteomyelitis, and pink disease and represents a long term follow‐up of conditions which reflect both the paediatrics of the past and the changes in the pattern of disease which have occurred in the course of 60 years.
Inhaled Fenoterol powder in asthma: a long term study
Authors: DAWSON K.P. , FERGUSSON D.M. , ALLAN J. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. A study was designed to assess the long term efficacy of Fenoterol powder in asthmatic children. The design included an initial assessment period and a further evaluation after six months, in which Fenoterol or placebo treatments were administered on consecutive days. Objective measurements were obtained from PEFR and FEV. A diary record was kept to monitor compliance and side effects. A minimum dose of 200 mcg Fenoterol powder was prescribed three times per day.The bronchodilator action of Fenoterol was sustained after a period of six months, in the absence of significant side effects.
Evaluation of bubble clicking in gastric aspirate in the newborn
Authors: TODD DAVID , JOHN ELIZABETH 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Bubble clicking, foam stability tests, L/S ratio and two dimensional thin layer chromatography were done in 26 gastric aspirates obtained from 22 babies with mature lungs and 4 babies with with hyaline membrane disease.Phosphatidyl glycerol was present in 21 of the 22 babies with mature lungs. Bubble clicking demonstrated a 95% accuracy and foam stability test 100% accuracy in predicting the presence of phosphatidyl glycerol.Bubble clicking is a useful and easily preformed test in the clinical assessment of a preterm baby.
The needs of the abused child in the community
Authors: CARMICHAEL ALLAN 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The development of community awareness of child abuse has followed medical awareness and is specifically concerned with prevention and early intervention. Contact between community services and 304 infants from a birth cohort in a poor socio‐economic status, multi‐ethnic urban municipality was documented to investigate how these services could provide effective community approaches to the problem. While perinatal and medical services provided fragmented care, the Maternal and Child Health Service was the only agency to contact all families, including those of the 21 abused or “at risk'’infants.It is suggested that such local universal services should form the basis of a community approach to the needs of the abused or “at risk'’child.
Clinical spectrum of neonatal apnoea in very low birthweight infants
Authors: TUDEHOPE DAVID I. , ROGERS YVONNE 
Published: March 2008

Abstract This study quantifies apnoea and assesses the response to xanthine derivatives amongst 172 consecutively born, surviving very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, 136 appropriate weight for gestational age (AGA), 36 small for gestatfonal age (SGA). All babies had electronic monitoring of heart and respiratory rates and nursing staff recorded episodes of apnoea (> 10 s), bradycardia (<100) and cyanosis. Only 42 (24.2%) babies had no episodes recorded. (25 AGA, 17 SGA). Sixty‐four (37.2%) received active resuscitation on at least one occasion with six babies ventilated by bag and mask on more than 10 occasions. Apnoea had commenced by day 10 of life in all the babies who had apnoea and persisted beyond day 50 in only six; however four of these infants were still requiring active resuscitation. Apnoea had ceased by 37 weeks post‐conceptual age in 88% and by 40 weeks in all but three babies.Risk factor analysis revealed a strong correlation (P<0.005) with lower gestational ages and birth weights, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and the problems associated with it, such as mechanical ventilation, patency of the ductus arteriosus (PDA) and chronic neonatal lung disease. A single, reversible cause for apnoea was rarely demonstrated. Care must be exercised with feeding, physiotherapy and suctioning the pharynx and trachea of ‘at risk’ infants. Xanthine derivatives were highly effective in decreasing the frequency of recurrent apnoea from a mean of 10.08 episodes one day before, to 1.83 two days after commencement of treatment.
Home monitoring for infants at risk of the sudden infant death syndrome
Authors: TUDEHOPE DAVID I. , CLEGHORN GEOFFREY 
Published: March 2008

Abstract This study evaluates the effectiveness and social implications of home monitoring of 31 infants at risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Thirteen siblings of children dying of SIDS, nine near miss SIDS infants and nine preterm infants with apnoea persisting beyond 40 weeks post conceptual age were monitored from a mean age of 15 days to a mean of 10 months. Chest movement detection monitors were used in 27 and thoracic impedance monitors in four. Genuine apnoeic episodes were reported by 21 families, and 13 infants required resuscitation. Apnoeic episodes occurred in all nine preterm infants but in only five (38%) of the siblings of SIDS (P<0.05). Troublesome false alarms were a major problem occurring with 61% of the infants and were more common with the preterm infants than the siblings of SIDS. All but two couples stated that the monitor decreased anxiety and improved their quality of life. Most parents accepted that the social restrictions imposed by the monitor were part of the caring process but four couples were highly resentful of the changes imposed on their lifestyle.The monitors used were far from ideal with malfunction occurring in 17, necessitating replacement in six, repair in six and cessation of monitoring in three. The parents became ingenious in modifying the monitors to their own individual requirementsAlthough none of these 31 ‘at risk’ infants died the study sample was far too small to conclude whether home monitoring prevented any cases of SIDS.
Role of renin and aldosterone in establishment of electrolyte balance in very low birthweight neonates
Authors: LESLIE GARTH I. , BARR PETER A. , GALLERY EILEEN D. M. , GYORY AKOS Z. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractUrine sodium, potassium and chloride excretion, plasma renin activity (PRA) and urine aldosterone excretion (UAE) were measured in seven very low birthweight (VLBW) infants during the first 6 weeks after birth. Hyponatraemia was most common, and major changes in urine electrolyte excretion occurred, during the first 2 weeks. These changes in urine electrolyte excretion appeared to relate to improvement in distal tubular function. PRA did not correlate with urine excretion of either aldosterone or electrolytes. However, UAE correlated significantly with fractional sodium‐potassium exchange in the distal tubule in a non‐linear fashion (P<0.001) which suggested a threshold of aldosterone responsiveness between 70 and 100 nmol/24 h per 1.73 m2 UAE. We conclude that in VLBW infants the distal tubule can respond to aldosterone during the first 2–3 weeks, but that the threshold for responsiveness appears to be higher than it is in fullterm infants
Jaundice in full term healthy neonates — a population study
Authors: CLARKSON J. E. , CCWAN J. O. , HERBISON G. P. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract A geographically based population of 498 full term, appropriate for gestational age, healthy, singleton neonates was used to study the effect of obstetric and nursery practices on the occurrence of neonatal jaundice. At 3–4 days 56% of babies became visibly jaundiced (plasma bilrubin (PB)> 100 μmol/l) and 10% were hyperbilirubinaemic (PB > 200 μmol/I). Less mature babies, those slow to pass meconium and those who had lost weight at 4 and 7 days were more likely to be jaundiced. Obstetric practices, drugs given during labour, mother's or baby's blood group, natural illumination, plethora, extravasated blood or mode of feeding were found to have no effect. No benefit from giving supplementary milk or dextrose to breast fed babies was discovered.At 6–7 days at least 9% of babies, all bout one of whom were breast fed, were visibly jaundiced. The frequency of prolonged jaundice (breast milk jaundice) was 3′.8% of breast fed babies at 3 weeks and zero by 7 weeks. The proportion of babies receiving phototherapy was 2.2%.
Cord blood G‐6‐PD activity by quantitative enzyme assay and fluorescent spot test in Chinese neonates
Authors: FOK TAI‐FAI , LAU SUM‐PING , FUNG KAM‐PUI 
Published: March 2008

AbstractGlucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PD) deficiency is a common X‐linked recessive disorder among the Chinese population. Neonatal screening for this condition is important and with necessary precaution, enzyme deficient infants are less likely to develop severe haemolysis and subsequent kernicterus. Screening of G‐6‐PD deficiency by fluorescent spot test on cord blood samples of 1228 Chinese neonates revealed an incidence of 4.4% in males and 0.35% in females. Simultaneous direct enzyme assay confirmed the sensitivity and specificity of the spot test in the identification of male hemizygotes and female homozygotes. However, the spot test was unsatisfactory in detecting heterozygotes. Even quantitative enzyme assay could detect only 70% of the partially deficient subjects.
Comparison of abilities of preterm and maturely born children at 5 years of age
Authors: BURNS YVONNE R. , BULLOCK MARGARET I. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis study investigated whether the development of 5 year old preterm born children was appropriate for age and equivalent to or different from their peers who were full term at birth.At the adjusted age of 5 years, the development of 106 children born 5 or more weeks before term was compared with the development of 103 children who were born at term. This latter group of children were matched to the preterm group in sex, year of birth, birthplace, race and residential location. No cerebral palsy children were included in either subject group.The results indicated a significant difference between the two groups. Factors distinguishing the preterm children from their full term peers included small involuntary hand movements, less competent gross motor ability, poorer verbal performance and more variability in behaviour, postural response and balance. A higher than average incidence of minor motor, speech, behaviour and learning problems in early school years is probable.
Perinatal factors, periventricular haemorrhage and mortality in very low birthweight infants
Authors: MURTON L. J. , BUTT W. W. , MACKAY R. J. , ROY R. N. D. , De CRESPIGNY L. Ch. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn a population of 225 very low birthweight infants born over a 21 month period the cerebroventricular system was scanned by ultrasound. One third of the infants developed a periventricular haemorrhage; in 41% of infants the haemorrhage was detected before an hour of age and 66% of all haemorrhages occurred within the first 24 hours.Statistically significant associations with periventricular haemorrhage included vaginal delivery, endotracheal intubation and intravenous sodium bicarbonate when this was administered in the first 24 hours. In a stepwise regression analysis, however, these and other potentially significant variables added little to the total accountable variance. A similar analysis of perinatal factors and mortality revealed that decreasing gestation was the major association with death.
Outcome of intrauterine periventricular haemorrhage and leukomalacia
Authors: SZYMONOWICZ W. , YU V. Y. H. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThis case study reports five very low birthweight infants with ultrasound evidence of intrauterine insult to the brain. Intrauterine periventricular haemorrhage (PVH) accompanied by ventricular dilatation occurred in two preterm infants both of whom survived and were severely handicapped at follow‐up. Three preterm infants had intrauterine periventricular leukomalacia (PVL); one survived and is severely handicapped at one year of age. Our experience and rare case reports in the literature indicate that intrauterine PVH and PVL carry a high risk of death in the neonatal period and severe neurological sequelae in survivors.
Cutis laxa with delayed development
Authors: ROGERS JOHN G. , DANKS DAVID M. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTTwo forms of cutis laxa are well delineated. One is a dominant benign disorder in which the greatest impact is on the skin, and the second is an autosomal recessive variety with serious lung involvement and early death. A third form of cutis laxa of intermediate severity, associated with mental and growth retardation, has been described. We report seven patients with this intermediate form. All patients showed marked skin changes early in life and had some degree of mental retardation which ultimately proved less severe than it appeared at presentation.Previous reports have suggested that this disorder occurs in females and may be an X‐linked dominant condition which is lethal in males. The finding of four affected males in this series makes this explanation unlikely. As consanguinity and affected sibs have been reported previously it is probably an autosomal recessive disorder.
At comparative study of the bronchodilating effect of oral fenoterol and salbutamol in children with asthma
Authors: VAN ASPEREN PETER P. , MANGLICK PATRICIA 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTTwelve children with asthma and persistent airflow obstruction were studied to determine the degree and duration of bronchodilation achieved following oral fenoterol compared to oral salbutamol. Each child received oral fenoterol, oral salbutamol or placebo in a randomized double‐blind manner and pulmonary function was recorded up to 6 h after the dose. The baseline FEV1, did not differ between the three groups. The responses to oral fenoterol and salbutamol, measured as the percentage change from the baseline FEV1, were significantly greater from 1 to 6 h after treatment compared with responses to placebo but there were no significant differences in the responses to the two active medications. It is concluded that, using the manufacturers' recommended doses, there is no difference between oral fenoterol and oral salbutamol in term of their bronchodilator effectiveness and duration of action.
Use of Mercurochrome in the management of the large exomphalos
Authors: BEASLEY SPENCER W. , JONES PETER G. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe topical application of solutions containing mercury has remained popular in the conservative management of the large exomphalos, despite recent reports of high organ mercury levels occurring in neonates who have died following this type of treatment. There are few reports of mercury poisoning being recognized in survivors. This report records blood and urine mercury levels in four patients with no apparent sequelae after treatment with Mercurochrome and provides guidelines for the safer use of mercurial solutions in the conservative management of exomphalos: one thin application of 1% Mercurochrome be applied to the intact sac; thereafter, Mercurochrome be applied sparingly only to areas that remain moist; blood and urine levels of mercury be monitored routinely; and applications ceased whenever mercury levels exceed the minimum toxic level. Only with this paring and judicious use of mercurial solutions is the hazard to the infant kept to a minimum.
Biotin‐reversible neurodegenerative disease in infancy
Authors: LOW L. C. K. , STEPHENSON J. B. P. , BARTLETT K. , SEAKINS J. W. T. , SHAIKH S. A. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTTwo siblings with consanguineous parents began having myoclonic jerks at age 5 months after introduction of mixed feeding. There was later developmental regression. The elder girl died without diagnosis aged 1 year, after prolonged continuous hyperventilation. The younger sibling did not have metabolic acidosis when first investigated for myoclonus and hypotonia aged 5 months. At 9.5 months, when intermittently decerebrate and hyperventilating, she had a metabolic acidosis with elevated blood lactic, pyruvic and β‐hydroxybutyric acids, and β‐hydroxyisovaleric aciduria. On the assumption that she had β‐methylcrotonyl‐CoA carboxylase deficiency she was started on biotin, 10 mg daily. Within 36 h there was dramatic clinical and biochemical improvement. Previously defective eye movement control and gaze became normal, hyperventilation ceased, and excessive organic acid excretion in urine was abolished. She remains on long‐term biotin and at age 2 years her development appears normal in all respects. Fibroblast culture however revealed normal quantities of the enzymes β‐methyl‐crotonyl‐CoA carboxylase, propionyl‐CoA carboxylase and pyruvate carboxylase. Irrespective of the niceties of enzyme and organic acid biochemistry, the clinician must be aware of biotin‐reversible regressive brain disease which may present before manifest metabolic acidosis.
A survey of paediatric management practices in Down's syndrome
Authors: FOREMAN P. J. , WARD J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPaediatricians throughout Australia and New Zealand completed a questionnaire in which they indicated the type of advice the normally give to parents of children with Down's syndrome. Results indicated strong support for early intervention, discussion with other parents of children with Down's syndrome, and conventional therapy services. Cosmetic surgery appears to be receiving increasing support. Megavitamin therapy, cell therapy and the Doman programme are unsupported. A tendency was noted for paediatricians to underestimate the developmental potential of children with Down's syndrome.
The development of Australian normative data for infant temperament
Authors: OBERKLAID F. , SANSON A. V. , PRIOR M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractUtilizing the revised Infant Temperament Questionnaire previously validated for use with Australian populations, a cohort of 2443 infants aged 4‐8 months was studied. This sample was recruited in such a manner as to be representatives of all infants of this age group in the State of Victoria. Temperament values obtained differed significantly from American norms on four of the nine temperament dimensions, providing further evidence for the importance of using culturally appropriate norms. There were associations between temperament and problem behaviours and some parent characteristics. The normative values for temperament presented are recommended for use in Australian settings.
Pulmonary interstitial emphysema in infants less than 1000 g at birth
Authors: YU V. Y. H. , WONG P. Y. , BAJUK B. , SZYMONOWICZ W. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractEighty (32%) of 249 infants weighing less than 1000 g at birth developed pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE); its incidence was 42% in infants at 500‐799 g, 29% at 800‐899 g and 20% at 900‐999 g. Fifty‐five per cent occurred in the first 24 h and 43% were associated with other forms of air leak. The incidence and mortality of PIE did not improve between 1977 and 1984. The mortality rates in infants with or without PIE were not significantly different in the first 4 years of the study period (53% vs 45%). As the mortality improved in infants without PIE during the second 4 years, the difference in mortality rates in infants with or without PIE became significant (68% vs 29%). PIE continues to be associated with serious mortality and morbidity in extremely low birthweight infants. Effective measures to prevent PIE are required before further improvement in their outcome can be achieved.