bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal integrated code generation for VLIW architectures
Authors: Kessler Christoph , Bednarski Andrzej 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe present a dynamic programming method for optimal integrated code generation for basic blocks that minimizes execution time. It can be applied to single‐issue pipelined processors, in‐order‐issue superscalar processors, VLIW architectures with a single homogeneous register set, and clustered VLIW architectures with multiple register sets. For the case of a single register set, our method simultaneously copes with instruction selection, instruction scheduling, and register allocation. For clustered VLIW architectures, we also integrate the optimal partitioning of instructions, allocation of registers for temporary variables, and scheduling of data transfer operations between clusters. Our method is implemented in the prototype of a retargetable code generation framework for digital signal processors (DSPs), called OPTIMIST. We present results for the processors ARM9E, TI C62x, and a single‐cluster variant of C62x. Our results show that the method can produce optimal solutions for small and (in the case of a single register set) medium‐sized problem instances with a reasonable amount of time and space. For larger problem instances, our method can be seamlessly changed into a heuristic. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parametric timing estimation with Newton–Gregory formulae
Authors: van Engelen Robert A. , Gallivan Kyle A. , Walsh Burt 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a novel method for parametric worst‐case execution time (WCET) estimation of loops. The method determines a parametric bound on the iteration space size of loops with both affine and non‐affine loop bounds in an efficient manner using a formulation based on Newton–Gregory interpolating polynomials. Parametric WCET formulae are used to support dynamic scheduling decisions at runtime, where the WCET of a scheduled task might not be known statically. To determine worst‐case execution time estimates of scientific and multimedia codes, which spent most of the execution time on executing loop iterations, efficient and accurate symbolic loop WCET estimation methods must be capable of analyzing loops with symbolic bounds, non‐rectangular loops, zero‐trip loops, loops with multiple critical paths, and loops with non‐unit strides. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Club theory of the Grid
Authors: Shi Yao , Lau Francis C. M. , Tse Savio S. H. , Du Zhi‐Hui , Tang Rui‐Chun , Li San‐Li 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe Grid is a new type of resource sharing infrastructure. Due to software and hardware limitations, the service that a certain Grid can offer is finite, and so is the number of users it can accommodate. If the number of users is too small, much of the planned resources would be wasted. On the other hand, excessive loading due to too many users could substantially reduce the benefit enjoyed by each user and also the efficiency of the Grid service. Therefore, there are two main problems for Grid design. (1) How many users should the Grid serve so that each user can receive the maximum benefit? (2) To a certain group of users, how much resources should be invested so that the construction and maintenance of the Grid become viable? Based on the economic theory of clubs, this paper gives a quantitative analysis of the quasi‐optimal number of users and amount of each resource by regarding Grid services and resources as club goods. Based on our assumptions on the system model, we deduce two preliminary results and verify them by experiments using GridFTP. These two results allow the users to run randomized algorithms to achieve better system performance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Membrane Calculus: a formal method for Grid transactions
Authors: Qi Zhengwei , Li Minglu , Fu Cheng , Shi Dongyu , You Jinyuan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe research of transaction processing in Web Services and Grid Services is active in academic and engineering areas. However, the formal method of transaction processing has not been fully investigated in the literature. This paper proposes a preliminary theoretical model called Membrane Calculus based on Membrane Computing and Petri nets to formalize Grid transactions. Five kinds of transition rules in Membrane Calculus (including object rules and membrane rules) are introduced and the operational semantics of transition rules are defined. Then, a typical long‐running transaction example is presented to demonstrate the use of Membrane Calculus. Finally, the rewriting logic tool Maude is adopted to specify and execute the specification of this example. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
De‐centralized job scheduling on computational Grids using distributed backfilling
Authors: Wang Qingjiang , Gui Xiaolin , Zheng Shouqi , Liu Yang 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTo dynamically improve system selections of the waiting jobs under de‐centralized scheduling frameworks, each computation system together with its neighbors is assumed to compose a subgrid, and distributed backfilling is proposed as the scheduling strategy in each subgrid. Whenever a job terminates, distributed backfilling is triggered to re‐backfill all waiting jobs on the corresponding subgrid in order of their submittal. Each subgrid is overlapped with another, so the waiting jobs may be migrated around the Grid. To evaluate distributed backfilling, Grid resources and scheduling framework are configured, the model of Grid workload is constructed by extending the workload models of parallel systems and the Job Scheduling Simulation System is designed to simulate the process of de‐centralized job scheduling. In addition, job speedup is presented as performance metrics of scheduling strategies. Results show the dynamic optimization of system selections brought by distributed backfilling is Grid‐wide, and can improve scheduling performance remarkably as long as Grid load is not too light and the job migration costs are not too high. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trust‐based probabilistic search with the view model of peer‐to‐peer networks
Authors: Zhuge Hai , Chen Xue , Sun Xiaoping 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe fundamental challenge confronting peer‐to‐peer (P2P) resource‐sharing networks is to provide efficient and scalable search services in a large‐scale, open and dynamic environment. However, current search mechanisms are not efficient or scalable enough with the expansion of the systems. To improve search efficiency, this paper proposes the trust‐based probabilistic search mechanism, called the Preferential Walk (P‐Walk). Every peer adjusts its neighbors' rank continuously according to their performance in previous searches. The basic principle of the P‐Walk is that neighbors with higher ranks in the question domain have higher probabilities of being queried. Extensive simulation results show that the P‐Walk can significantly improve the success rate of the query and the response time whilst also effectively reducing traffic volume and controlling malicious behavior. Furthermore, we measure the rank distributions of the peers and find their power‐law‐like trends based on a Gnutella‐like network. Implications are drawn from the analysis of the rank distributions. The P‐Walk mechanism works effectively in a P2P view model that provides appropriate views of the P2P network for queries of different types. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Components and workflow based Grid programming environment for integrated image‐processing applications
Authors: Jin Hai , Zheng Ran , Zhang Qin , Li Ying 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWith the development of high‐performance computing technologies, Grid computing has emerged as a new infrastructure for applications with resource integration. However, some obstacles for the prevalence of Grid and Grid application developments are still to be overcome, which is largely due to the immature Grid‐enabled computing environment and its geographically distributed and non‐centralized administrative nature. In order to improve the situation and support Grid applications, a powerful Grid system is proposed as an efficient solution, which enables components and workflow support for loosely coupled and geographically distributed components on a Grid. An image‐processing Grid is a project aiming at providing an efficient programming environment. In this paper, we discuss the infrastructure of the integrated environment, a flexible and useful workflow mechanism, a dynamic resource‐scheduling strategy to achieve multiple image‐processing operations, and an easy‐to‐use Web portal. In the system, components and workflow techniques provide the benefits of flexibility, reusability and scalability, so that even the unskilled user can easily specify the processing of complex, cooperative applications without knowledge of underlying Grid platform configuration details. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MOVPE growth of GaAs on Ge substrates by inserting a thin low temperature buffer layer
Authors: Scholz S. , Bauer J. , Leibiger G. , Herrnberger H. , Hirsch D. , Gottschalch V. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractHigh quality GaAs layers have been grown by low pressure MOVPE on Ge(001) and Ge(001) 9° off oriented in [110] direction by using a thin low temperature (LT) GaAs layer. Investigations of the initial growth step were performed at different V/III ratios and temperatures. To show the good buffer layer quality solar cell structures were grown on off oriented n‐Ge(001) and n‐GaAs(001) substrates. The surface morphology was studied by atomic force microscopy which showed the step‐flow growth mode on 1.2 µm thick GaAs/Ge structures. The crystalline qualities of this structures and the smooth surface morphology were investigated by double crystal X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of big single crystals of a new magnetic superconducting double perovskite Ba2PrRu1–xCuxO6
Authors: Rao S. M. , Wu M. K. , Srivastava J. K. , Mok B. H. , Chou T. W. , Lu C. Y. , Ling M. C. , Liu H. L. , Liao Y. C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSingle crystals of Ba2PrRu1–xCuxO6 with x = 0 to 0.2, have been grown from high temperature solutions of a mixture of PbO‐PbF2 in the temperature range 1100–1200 °C. Thin crystals with mostly a hexagonal and triangular plate like habit measuring up to 1–2 mm across and 0.1–0.2 mm thick were obtained. The size, quality and morphology of the crystals were improved by varying the solution volume as well as additives like B2O3. Large crystals measuring up to 3 mm across and 0.3 to 0.5 mm thick were obtained with 5–7 wt% solute concentration and 0.51 wt% of B2O3. The ZFC curves exhibit a spin glass like behavior with x = 0 and a superconducting transition at 8 to 11 K depending on x = 0.05 to 0.1. The transition was also influenced by the growth temperature and post growth annealing. Powder x‐ray diffraction, EDS and Raman spectroscopic measurements confirm the presence of Cu in the crystals. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis of nanosized ZSM‐5 using different alumina sources
Authors: Ismail A. A. , Mohamed R. M. , Fouad O. A. , Ibrahim I. A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAlumina sources can influence different aspects of ZSM‐5 crystallization and it leads to change in the properties of the final product. The crystallinity of nanosized ZSM‐5 zeolite from precursors mixtures containing different alumina sources, e.g. sodium aluminate, aluminum sulphate, aluminum hydroxide and alumina has been studied. The produced samples were investigated using XRD, SEM, FT‐ IR and BET surface area. The product obtained by sodium aluminate and aluminum sulphate was ZSM‐5 phase. Whereas, the product obtained by aluminum hydroxide and alumina was the albit phase. As‐synthesized ZSM‐5 was prepared by sodium aluminate, as alumina source was the highest crystallinity. It was found that the average crystallite size increased in the following order; alumina <aluminum hydroxide < aluminum sulphate < sodium aluminate. The surface area increased in the following order; aluminum sulphate < sodium aluminate < aluminum hydroxide < alumina due to increasing in crystallinity percentage of ZSM‐5. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural and optical properties of vapour‐etching based porous silicon
Authors: Kaabi H. , Mliki N. , Cheynet M. , Saikaly W. , Gilbert O. , Bessaïs B. , Yangui B. , Charaï A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe structural and optical properties of porous silicon (PS) layers prepared by Vapour‐Etching (VE) of moderately and heavily boron‐doped Si substrates are investigated. The VE technique produces rough PS layers that are essentially formed of interconnected cluster‐like structures. Optical investigations indicate that this surface roughness enables the PS layers to be used as antireflection coatings in silicon based devices. These optical characteristics are investigated by optical reflectivity and light scattering. The local chemical state and the microstructure of the PS layers are studied by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and are correlated to the red photoluminescence (PL). TEM studies point out that the cluster‐like interconnected structures are composed of luminescent nanocrystallites. PL measurements display that both quantum confinement and surface passivation determine the electronic states of the silicon nanocrystallites. The complex dielectric function is calculated from the experimental single‐scattering distribution spectrum using a Kramers Kronig analysis. The first resonance peak in the imaginary part is observed at 2.3 eV; two other broadened features appear at 4.7 and 8.8 eV. The latter is generally related to an interface plasmon resulting from the silicon‐silicon oxide interface. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Application of chemical‐mechanical polishing for planarizing of silicon nitride passivation layers used in high power III‐V laser devices
Authors: Wei Jiang 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemical‐mechanical polishing (CMP) allows the planarization of wafers with thin layer at its surface. Subject of this investigation was to apply CMP for planarizing silicon nitride (Si3N4) passivation layer in high power III‐V laser devices, which remained in the structure as the insulation and planarization layer. For planarizing a nitride layer, oxide CMP slurry was used in conjunction with standard CMP polishing pads. Since III‐V materials, such as GaAs and InP, are very soft and fragile, the CMP process must be well controlled to avoid the ridge crack. The optimum CMP conditions have been presented in the paper, which gave the desirable surface quality. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crystal structure analysis of {[μ‐N,N′‐Bis(salicylidene)‐1,3‐propanediaminato]nickel(II)}dichloromercury(II)
Authors: Arįcį C. , Ülkü D. , Atakol O. , Tahir M. N. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe title compound, a hetero‐dinuclear complex with Ni(II) and Hg(II) ions, forms crystals which belong to the triclinic system, space group P1, with unit cell dimensions a = 8.9620(12), b = 9.2370(11), c = 12.0810(13) Å, α = 92.100(3)° , β = 105.317(5)°, γ = 110.502(3)°, V = 894.2(2) Å3. The cell contains two molecules. The Ni…Hg distance is 3.4859(7) Å. The distance Hg...Hga (symmetry code: ‐x,‐y,‐z) between the neighbouring molecules is 4.7514(7) Å. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ultrasonic particle‐concentration for sheathless focusing of particles for analysis in a flow cytometer
Authors: Goddard Gregory , Martin John C. , Graves Steven W. , Kaduchak Gregory 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackground:The development of inexpensive small flow cytometers is recognized as an important goal for many applications ranging from medical uses in developing countries for disease diagnosis to use as an analytical platform in support of homeland defense. Although hydrodynamic focusing is highly effective at particle positioning, the use of sheath fluid increases assay cost and reduces instrument utility for field and autonomous remote operations.Methods:This work presents the creation of a novel flow cell that uses ultrasonic acoustic energy to focus small particles to the center of a flowing stream for analysis by flow cytometry. Experiments using this flow cell are described wherein its efficacy is evaluated under flow cytometric conditions with fluorescent microspheres.Results:Preliminary laboratory experiments demonstrate acoustic focusing of flowing 10‐μm latex particles into a tight sample stream that is ∼40 μm in diameter. Prototype flow cytometer measurements using an acoustic‐focusing flow chamber demonstrated focusing of a microsphere sample to a central stream ∼40 μm in diameter, yielding a definite fluorescence peak for the microspheres as compared with a broad distribution for unfocused microspheres.Conclusions:The flow cell developed here uses acoustic focusing, which inherently concentrates the sample particles to the center of the sample stream. This method could eliminate the need for sheath fluid, and will enable increased interrogation times for enhanced sensitivity, while maintaining high particle‐analysis rates. The concentration effect will also enable the analysis of extremely dilute samples on the order of several particles per liter, at analysis rates of a few particles per second. Such features offer the possibility of a truly versatile low‐cost portable flow cytometer for field applications. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Static magnetic fields affect cell size, shape, orientation, and membrane surface of human glioblastoma cells, as demonstrated by electron, optic, and atomic force microscopy
Authors: Teodori Laura , Albertini Maria C. , Uguccioni Francesco , Falcieri Elisabetta , Rocchi Marco B. L. , Battistelli Michela , Coluzza Carlo , Piantanida Giovanna , Bergamaschi Antonio , Magrini Andrea , Mucciato Raffaele , Accorsi Augusto 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackground:It is common knowledge that static magnetic fields (SMF) do not interact with living cells; thus, fewer studies of SMF compared with variable magnetic fields are carried out. However, evidence demonstrated that SMF affect cellular structures. To investigate the effect of exposure to increasing doses of SMF on cell morphology, human glioblastoma cells were exposed to SMF ranging between 80 and 3,000 G (8 and 300 mT).Methods:Cell morphology of human glioblastoma cells, derived from a primary culture, was studied by electron and optic microscopy. FITC‐phalloidin staining of actin filaments was also investigated. Finally, cell surface structure changes were detected by atomic force microscopy.Results:Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated a dose‐dependent cell shape modification, progressive cell detachment, loss of the long villi, and appearance of membrane roughness and blebs. FITC‐phalloidin staining confirmed the villi retention and cell dimension decrease. At 3,000 G, the appearance of apoptotic morphology was also observed by transmission electron microscopy. Cell exposed to SMF showed different orientation and alignment when compared with nonexposed cells. The atomic force microscopy of the exposed cells' membrane surfaces demonstrated the disappearance of the ordered surface ripples and furrows typical of the unexposed cells, and the occurrence of surface membrane corrugation at increasing dose exposureConclusions:Our experimental procedures demonstrated that exposure to SMF affects not only cell size, shape, and orientation but also human glioblastoma cells' membrane surfaces. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Pulvinic Acid and Norbadione A Analogues by Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling of Benzylated Intermediates
Authors: Desage‐El Murr Marine , Nowaczyk Stéphanie , Le Gall Thierry , Mioskowski Charles 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPulvinic acid and norbadione A analogues can be prepared by Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling of functionalized arylboronic esters with appropriate vinyl triflates, in which the hydroxy functions are protected either with methyl or benzyl groups, the latter being cleaved in a more reliable fashion at the end of the synthetic sequence. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Voltammetry of Metallic Powder Suspensions on Mercury Electrodes
Authors: Korshunov Andrey V. , Heyrovský Michael 
Published: January 2006

AbstractUltrafine powder samples of Cu, Fe, Ni, Mo and W were examined voltammetrically in aqueous suspensions with hanging mercury drop electrode. According to chemical interaction of the metallic powder particles with the dispersing medium the voltammetric curves either consist of a set of individual current peaks given by particulate reduction of surface oxides on impingements of particles from their suspension upon the electrode, or correspond to electroactivity of dissolved products of chemical reaction between particles and the medium.
Development of an Amperometric Enzymatic Biosensor Based on Gold Modified Magnetic Nanoporous Microparticles
Authors: Elyacoubi Abdeslam , Zayed Sayed I. M. , Blankert Bertrand , Kauffmann Jean‐Michel 
Published: January 2006

AbstractGold modified nanoporous silica based magnetic microparticles have been prepared as support for the immobilization of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The enzyme modified gold microparticles were retained onto the surface of a solid carbon paste electrode with the help of a permanent magnet. The analytical performances of the resulting biosensor were characterized by studying hydroquinone (HQ) and hydrogen peroxide. The former was monitored by the direct electroreduction of the biocatalytically generated quinone. Several experimental parameters influencing the biosensor response were investigated. A linear response to HQ was obtained in the concentration range comprised between 5×10−7 and 4.5×10−6 M with a detection limit of 4×10−7 M. The enzyme electrode provided a linear response to hydrogen peroxide over a concentration range comprised between 5×10−7−1.3×10−4 M with a detection limit of 4×10−7 M. The inhibition of the biosensor response in the presence of thiols e.g. cysteine, captopril, glutathione and Nacystelyn (NAL) has been pointed out.
Double‐Layer Correction for Electron‐Transfer Kinetics at Glassy Carbon and Mercury Electrodes in N,N‐Dimethylformamide
Authors: Belèn Meneses Ana , Antonello Sabrina , Arévalo Maria Carmen , Maran Flavio 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe double‐layer properties of the glassy carbon electrode in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) containing tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) at different concentrations have been studied by cyclic voltammetry and impedance. The results were compared with analogous results obtained for the mercury/DMF interface. For both electrodes, the double‐layer data were treated to obtain useful equations describing the dependence of the outer Helmholtz plane potential on the applied potential. The kinetics of the dissociative reduction of a sulfide in DMF/0.1 M TBAP was studied by convolution analysis on both glassy carbon and mercury and used as an example to test the double‐layer results and compare the behavior of the two electrodes.