bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Results of anterior transposition of the inferior oblique
Authors: Seawright Ashley A. , Gole Glen A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose:We present the results of anterior transposition of the inferior oblique in a series of patients with inferior oblique overaction and dissociated vertical deviation (DVD). Patients and methods:We performed a retrospective study of 37 procedures on 21 patients who had unilateral or bilateral inferior oblique anterior transpositions. Before surgery, patients had +1 to +3 inferior oblique overaction and +1 (< 10 PD) or +2 (10 PD‐20 PD) degree of DVD. The inferior oblique insertion was transposed to between 2 mm posterior to and 2 mm anterior to the temporal border of the inferior rectus insertion. Mean follow‐up period was 27 months. Results:Incidence of inferior oblique overaction of +2 or more was reduced from 84% before surgery to 16% at last postoperative assessments. Some 43% of eyes had no inferior oblique overaction and 86% had an improvement in the degree of inferior oblique overaction. At last assessments, 57% of eyes had no evidence of DVD and 68% of eyes had no evidence of DVD or an improvement in the degree of DVD. No patient who had unilateral anterior transposition developed hypotropia in primary position and there was no evidence of inferior oblique underaction in any patient at last assessment. Three patients requiring repeat inferior oblique surgery are discussed, including one patient who developed a large Y‐pattern exotropia after bilateral anterior transposition of the inferior obliques. Conclusions:Inferior oblique anterior transposition has a place in the treatment of coexistent inferior oblique overaction and dissociated vertical deviation.
Association of keratoconus with granular corneal dystrophy
Authors: Vajpayee Rasik B. , Snibson Grant R. , Taylor Hugh R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA 2‐year‐old woman presented with a history of reduced vision and foreign body sensation in both her eyes. Ocular examination revealed the simultaneous presence of bilateral keratoconus and granular corneal dystrophy. To our knowledge, bilateral concurrent occurrence of keratoconus and typical granular corneal dystrophy has not been reported previously. In such a case, penetrating keratoplasty performed for keratoconus may also carry the risk of recurrence of the granular dystrophy.
Embolization of carotid cavernous fistulas via the superior ophthalmic vein
Authors: Gioulekas J , Mitchell P , Tress B , McNab AA 
Published: November 2007

Background: Carotid cavernous fistulae are treatable by various means, one of which is embolization via the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV). The use of this technique over the past 12 years at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia, is reviewed. Methods: Five patients with carotid cavernous fistulas were treated with embolization of the fistula via the surgically isolated SOV. Results: Each patient had successful endovascular closure of the fistula using embolization via the SOV approach. Conclusions: Treatment of certain types of carotid cavernous fistulas that cannot be closed by the conventional endovascular (arterial and venous) approaches can be successfully closed by using a transvenous approach through the SOV
Orbital tuberculoma masquerading as an orbital malignancy
Authors: Chin PK , Jacobs MB , Hing SJ 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: Orbital tuberculosis is exceedingly rare in areas where tuberculosis is non‐endemic. A case of childhood orbital tuberculosis is reported, which the authors believe to be the first reported case of orbital tuberculosis in the Australasian region. Methods/Results: The patient, a 6‐year‐old boy, presented with proptosis and was initially mistaken to have an orbital malignancy. Treatment with antituberculous drugs resulted in resolution of the condition. Conclusion: This case served as a timely reminder of the need to keep awareness of the extrapulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis alive even in developed countries. A high index of suspicion for this eminently treatable disease in the appropriate clinical situation is particularly important when migrant communities from high‐prevalence areas are involved.
Cracked acrylic intraocular lens requiring explantation
Authors: Lee GA , Pra ML Dal 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: Intraoperative cracking of foldable acrylic posterior chamber intraocular lenses has previously been documented. However; most cracks have resulted in no significant visual impairment. Methods: A case report of an acrylic posterior chamber intraocular lens that cracked during folding. Results: The crack in the lens resulted in significant optical disturbance and required explantation and insertion of another lens. Conclusions: Acrylic intraocular lenses must be folded carefully with the appropriate forceps to prevent cracking of the optic.
Orbital squamous cell carcinoma following retinal detachment surgery
Authors: Lee LR , Sullivan TJ , Vandeleur K 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: Orbital squamous cell carcinoma following retinal detachment surgery is a rare condition. A proposed pathogenesis involves implantation of conjunctival squamous epithelium at the time of surgery, with subsequent malignant transformation. Methods/Results: An 81 ‐year‐old Caucasian man presented with a six‐month history of a discharging painful red right eye. Ten years earlier a right scleral buckling with an encircling sponge exoplant had been performed. Examination revealed exposure of the sponge, and a large mass in the superomedial conjunctival fornix. Computed tomography revealed a mass invading around the globe in the region of the exoplant. Biopsy revealed squamous cell carcinoma. Orbital exenteration was performed. Conclusion: Orbital squamous cell carcinoma may arise following retinal detachment surgery presumably due to iatrogenic conjunctival implantation deep in the orbit.
Intravitreal cilia in phakic penetrating eye injury
Authors: Seawright AA , Bourke RD , Gray PJ , Cooling RJ 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: Intraocular cilia present clinical perplexity due to their radiolucency, the extremely variable ocular response to such cilia, and the inadvisability of using MRI in cases of suspected metallic intraocular foreign bodies (IOFB). Methods: Two cases of intravitreal cilia associated with phakic penetrating eye injury are described where preoperative CT scan revealed no retained IOFB. Results: B‐scan ultrasonography detected intravitreal cilia in one patient and raised this suspicion in the other. One patient presented with endophthalmitis unresponsive to intravitreal antibiotics, the other with culture‐negative anterior uveitis. Both underwent vitrectomy and removal of cilia. Conclusions: Intravitreal cilia should be considered in penetrating eye injuries even in phakic eyes with no radiological evidence of IOFB, especially if associated with endophthalmitis. B‐scan ultrasonography may aid detection of intravitreal cilia and thus alter clinical management.
Optic disc haemorrhages and vascular abnormalities in a glaucoma population
Authors: Barry CJ , Cooper RL , Eikelboom RH 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose: To retrospectively examine the optic disc photographs of a glaucoma population for optic disc haemorrhages, vascular occlusions and vascular abnormalities. Methods: The optic disc photographs of 906 eyes of glaucoma and suspect glaucoma patients were examined. Optic disc photographs were taken annually, where possible, with the follow‐up period varying between 1 and 14 years duration (mean, 2.89). Glaucoma patients are regularly reviewed every 4–6 months and glaucoma suspects every 1–2 years, depending on the ophthalmologist. Low‐tension glaucoma patients were reviewed more frequently (mean, every 2.6 months). The results of the findings were compared to a control group of 39 subjects with a mean follow‐up period of 7 years, using Fisher's exact test. Results: It was found that during the period under review, 7.4% (n= 67) of eyes had optic disc haemorrhages. The highest frequency of optic disc haemorrhages (37.5%) was found in the low tension glaucoma group (P= 0.0001) followed by 11.4% of primary open‐angle glaucoma eyes (P= 0.03). In the normal group there were three eyes with optic disc haemorrhages and one with a disc collateral, which constitutes 5.1% vascular changes in this sub‐group.Of the study eyes 2.8% had central retinal vein occlusions, 1.3% branch vein occlusion, 1.2% disc vessel abnormalities (loops) and 1.1% disc collaterals. Discrete nerve fibre layer haemorrhages and microaneurysms were found in 0.8% and 1.8% of eyes, respectively. Conclusions: A total of 16.8% of the eyes observed in this study had either disc haemorrhages or vascular changes. The underlying trend of vascular and haemorrhagic changes in glaucoma are demonstrated in this sample, which is in general agreement with previous studies. The high percentage of optic disc haemorrhages in low tension glaucoma is highlighted. The presence of microaneurysms and nerve fibre layer haemorrhages is interesting but of unknown significance.
Acute ocular methanol toxicity: Clinical and electrophysiological features
Authors: McKellar Malcolm J. , Hidajat Rudy R. , Elder Mark J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose: The present report describes previously undocumented changes in the electroretinogram (ERG) and visualevoked response (VER) following acute methanol ingestion and highlights the ocular effects of methanol poisoning. Methods: Two cases of acute ocular damage following methanol ingestion are presented. One patient underwent extensive electrophysiological and psychophysical testing. Results: Both patients reported transient visual disturbances. In each patient vision was 6/6 in both eyes at presentation but subsequently improved to 6/4. Colour vision (Ishihara plates) and pupiliary reactions were normal. The optic discs were hyperaemic and swollen and retinal oedema extended along the major vascular arcades. There was cystoid macular oedema and ‘pseudo cherry red spots’ were observed. Automated field analysis revealed a generalized depression of retinal sensitivity, an enlargement of one blind spot and paracentral scotomas. The scotopic ERG was subnormal with diminished a‐ and b‐waveforms and the cone response to flicker was reduced. The pattern VER P2 waveform was normal in latency but decreased in amplitude. Conclusions: Acute methanol ingestion can cause characteristic ocular damage, together with widespread electrophysiological dysfunction. The data presented suggest that methanol affects the photoreceptors, Muller cells and the retrolaminar portion of the optic nerve.
Retrospective study of ocular surface squamous neoplasia
Authors: Lee Graham A , Hirst Lawrence W 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) encompasses the conditions of simple dysplasia to carcinoma in situ to invasive squamous cell carcinoma. It has a high rate of recurrence after treatment and the potential to metastasize. The present retrospective study was aimed at further defining the characteristics and clinical course of OSSN. Methods: With ethical approval, the records of all major pathology laboratories in Queensland were surveyed. Two hundred and eighty‐eight cases were identified: 155 dysplasia, 71 carcinomas in situ and 62 invasive squamous cell carcinoma. The records were analysed and an attempt was made to contact and re‐examine the patients. Results: Ocular surface squamous neoplasia occurs mainly in males (78.5%) with a mean age of 60.1 years (range 20–88 years). They present as irritation (40.1%) and are located usually at the limbus (87.8%). The majority of OSSN are treated by simple excision (87.5%), after which there is a high rate of recurrence (23.3%). The main predictors for recurrence include histological grade of the lesion, corneal location and larger size (> 2 mm). Conclusions: Management of OSSN requires adequate excision and careful follow up to monitor any recurrence. As with other ultraviolet light‐related conditions, preventative measures must remain the key to disease control.
Cast‐forming Actinomyces israelii canaliculitis
Authors: BOptom Malcolm J McKellar , FRACO Neil S Aburn 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: Primary chronic canaliculitis is an uncommon disease usually caused by Actinomyces israelii (streptothrix). Actinomyces israelii is a cast‐forming Gram‐positive anaerobe that is difficult to isolate and identify. We present a case that demonstrates the typical clinicopathological presentation of this unusual condition and discuss management options. Methods and Results: A 10‐year‐old girl presented with a 6 month history of intermittent ‘conjunctivitis’ and discharge from her ‘pouted’ left lower punctum. Microbiology confirmed probable A. israelii infection, but topical treatment failed. Exploration under anaesthesia revealed a canalicular diverticulum and three canaliculiths. Histological examination of the canaliculiths demonstrated that they consisted of solid casts of Actinomyces. Punctoplasty, removal of the casts, and adjunct antibiotic therapy resulted in resolution of the canaliculitis. Conclusions: Primary chronic canaliculitis should be considered in any patient who presents with chronic or recurrent conjunctivitis and the eyelid should be inspected for a discharging and ‘pouting’ punctum. Failure of the condition to resolve on topical treatment requires surgical exploration of the canalicular system and removal of any casts. Extensive surgery is not always required.
Effects of biologically modified surfaces of synthetic lenticules on corneal epithelialization in vivo
Authors: Xie RZ , Sweeney DF , Beumer GJ , Johnson G , Griesser HJ , Steele JG 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTPurpose:The present study investigated the association of extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein coatings with initial epithelialization of artificial lenticules in vivo.Methods:Collagen I, collagen IV, ECM and fibronectin were individually coated onto the surface of polycarbonate membranes. The membranes were then implanted in the anterior stroma of adult cats and were clinically assessed for rapidity and extent of epithelialization and the persistence of epithelial attachment.Results/Conclusions:It was demonstrated that membrane surfaces modified by collagen I, collagen IV and ECM consistently supported initial migration and attachment of corneal epithelial cells and that the surface modified with collagen I performed best.
The bionic eye (electronic visual prosthesis): A review
Authors: Suaning Gregg J , Lovell Nigel H , Schindhelm Klaus , Coroneo Minas T 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe concept of a visual prosthesis for the blind or partially sighted is not a new one. Indeed, for more than three decades this technology based treatment for blindness has appeared imminent. Despite the concerted efforts of numerous physicians, scientists and engineers, the successful application of a useful visual prosthesis remains elusive. The present review will endeavour to describe past efforts, investigate the present state of the art and indicate the obstacles that must be overcome in order to bring an electronic visual prosthesis to fruition.
The Heimann‐Bielscholwsky phenomenon: Dissociated vertical nystagmus
Authors: Davey Keith , Kowal Lionel , Friling Ronit , Georgievski Zoran , Sandbach Jen 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: The Heimann‐Bielschowsky phenomenon (HBP) is a unilateral vertical nystagmus with coarse, slow pendular movements that typically occurs in an eye with profound visual loss. There are no sinister neurological implications. Methods: Symptoms and signs on presentation and the subsequent course are described in detail in 10 patients. Eye movements were recorded for one patient. Results: Three patients had corrected vision of 6/24 or better. Strabismus was seen in eight patients. Symptoms of diplopia and oscillopsia were infrequent. Conclusions: We believe that the HBP may be a reasonably common condition, although very under diagnosed. This condition may be similar to Central Fusion Disruption. Patients with HBP appear to have lost the potential for fusion.
Optic nerve breast metastasis mimicking meningioma
Authors: Backhouse O , Simmons I , BVSc A Frank , BSc A Cassels‐Brown 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose: We report on an optic nerve breast metastasis masquerading initially as a central retinal vein occlusion and later as an optic nerve meningioma. Methods: A 60‐year‐old female presented with a left central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). She represented 7 months later with left upper ptosis, proptosis and painful rubeotic glaucoma. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging suggested an optic nerve meningioma. On referral to the regional orbital unit, a mild left external ophthalmoplegia was noted and, in view of previous right mastectomy and chemotherapy 3 years earlier, the left optic nerve was biopsied simultaneously with left enucleation of her painful eye. Results: Histopathology showed infiltration of the optic nerve and meningeal sheath spreading into the subretinal space and vitreous by malignant epithelial cells, consistent with breast origin. Further CT imaging and bone scans revealed no other metastases. Single field left orbit radiotherapy of 20 Gy was given in five fractions and Arimidex (Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Cheshire, England) was commenced with the cessation of tamoxifen. The patient was also given an ocular prosthesis. Sadly, she lost vision in her other eye due to retrograde malignant invasion of her optic chiasm and died 6 weeks later. Conclusions: Orbital and choroidal metastases are relatively common but isolated optic nerve metastases are extremely rare. Progressive infiltration of the nerve is likely to enhance CRVO ischaemia and resultant rubeotic glaucoma. In the diagnosis of CRVO, proptosis or external ophthalmoplegia, the presence of pre‐existing malignant disease should raise concerns, as delay in diagnosis may affect outcome, particularly if the metastases are sensitive to pharmacological therapy.
Exudative macular degeneration and intravitreal triamcinolone: 18 month follow up
Authors: Challa Jagannadh K , Gillies Mark C , Penfold Philip L , Gyory Joseph F , Hunyor Alexander BL , Billson Francis A 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone after 18 months of follow up in patients with age‐related macular degeneration and subfoveal or juxtafoveal choroidal neovascularization considered unsuitable for laser photocoagulation. Methods: Thirty eyes of 28 patients, referred from general eye clinics as well as the private clinic of one of the authors to a hospital‐based retinal out‐patient clinic, were treated with an intravitreal injection of triamcinolone (4mg). The primary outcome measure was the proportion of eyes with loss of six or more lines on a Bailey‐Lovie Chart. The incidence of adverse events associated with treatment was also observed. Results: Of the 20 eyes with initial visual acuity (VA) of 6/60 or better, the vision was maintained (± 1 Bailey‐Lovie lines) in 11 eyes (55%), while six eyes (30%) suffered severe visual loss (six or more lines). The VA improved by five to six lines in three of 10 eyes with initial vision of 3/60 or worse. Three of four eyes receiving a second injection suffered either progressive cataract or elevated intra‐ocular pressure (IOP) requiring cataract surgery and/or filtering surgery. One of 26 eyes (3%) receiving a single injection showed progression of cataract and elevation of IOP within 6 weeks of treatment and required anti‐glaucoma medication for 6 weeks. Progression of nuclear sclerosis 8–12 months after treatment was observed in six of 26 eyes (23%) receiving a single injection. Conclusions: The results of the present study suggest that a single intravitreal injection of 4 mg triamcinolone is reasonably well tolerated by the human eye. The rate of development of severe visual loss was less than reported for historical controls. Because the results are preliminary and uncontrolled, the treatment should not be used routinely until its benefit to patients is established by a prospective, randomized controlled study.
Use of silicone oil in the treatment of complicated retinal detachment: Results from 1981 to 1994
Authors: Han Lirong , Cairns James D , Campbell William G , McCombe Mark F , Heriot Wilson J , Heinze Julian B 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of the retention and removal of silicone oil in the treatment of complicated retinal detachments. Methods: The records of 344 patients (348 eyes) that underwent vitrectomy and silicone oil injection for complicated retinal detachments were abstracted and analysed. The anatomical and functional results, complications and influencing factors are discussed. The outcome in eyes after removal of the silicone oil was compared with the outcome in a comparable group of eyes in which the silicone oil was retained. Results: The overall retinal reattachment rate was 63% (220/348). The final vision of 5/300 or better was 52% (115/220) in those eyes with totally attached retinas. The silicone oil‐related complications included keratopathy (23%) and secondary glaucoma (11%). Comparing removal of silicone oil with retention of silicone oil, we found: (i) there was no statistical difference in the redetachment rate (19 vs 17%); (ii) Oil‐removed eyes had a better final vision (P < 0.05); and (iii) keratopathy (13 vs 23%), secondary glaucoma (11 vs 25%) and optic nerve atrophy (4 vs 18%) were significantly lower in oil‐removed eyes. Conclusion: Silicone oil injection is useful in the treatment of complicated retinal detachments. For reducing the incidence of complications, early removal of silicone oil is recommended in those cases in which the retina is attached, all breaks adequately closed and traction relieved.
Developing a clinical probability density function for automated perimetry
Authors: Vingrys Algis J , Pianta Michael J 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: Automated perimetry is associated with lengthy test times, but Baysean pred ctions can be applied to speed up testing. A critical component of such methods is the starting probability density function (PDF). Methods/Results: In the present study we show that a unimodal PDF, suggested in the literature as adequate for clinical data, fails to describe the thresholds of diseased eyes and we develop a bi‐modal PDF representative of a clinical population. Conclusion: We suggest that the implementation of a bi‐modal PDF will save test time and retain test accuracy.
Prevalence of pterygium and pinguecula: The Blue Mountains Eye Study
Authors: Panchapakesan Jai , Hourihan Fleur , Mitchell Paul 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose: The present study aimed to describe the prevalence of pterygium and pinguecula in an older population and to examine associations with skin, hair and eye colour, skin sun sensitivity, sun‐related skin damage and skin cancer. Methods: The Blue Mountains Eye Study examined 3564 people aged 49 years or older Slit‐lamp examination recorded pterygium and pinguecula and a questionnaire was used to collect information on physical variables. Results: Two hundred and sixty‐six subjects (7.3%) had pterygium (or had a history of pterygium surgery) and 2521 (69.5%) had pinguecula present in either eye. Significantly more men (11%) than women (4.5%) had pterygium (odds ratio (OR) 2.63; 95% confidence interval (Cl) 2.03‐3.42). This sex difference was also found for pinguecula, present in 73.6 and 66.3% of men and women, respectively (OR 1.5; 95% Cl 1.3‐1.7). A slight age‐related increase in prevalence was found for both pterygium and pinguecula. Conclusions: The study found significant associations between pterygium and increased pigmentation (skin and hair colour), decreased skin sun sensitivity and sun‐related skin damage. The age and sex‐specific pterygium prevalence rates in the present study are similar to rates found in non‐Aboriginals examined in the 1980 Australian Trachoma Programme.