bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vaccination against cestode parasites
Authors: LIGHTOWLERS MARSHALL W. , RICKARD MICHAEL D. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryCestodes are tapeworm parasites. Infection in the intermediate host with larval (metacestode) parasites causes medically and economically important diseases known as hydatidosis and cysticercosis. Immunization against experimental infection with metacestode parasites has been highly successful, in marked contrast with the relative ineffectiveness of vaccines against infection with most parasitic organisms. High levels of immunity against a challenge infection with taeniid cestode eggs can be stimulated by immunization with extracts of the parasites, particularly with extracts of the oncosphere life‐cycle stage. This led to the production of a recombinant antigen vaccine against infection in sheep with the parasite Taenia ovis, the first highly effective, non‐living vaccine against a parasitic infection in animals or humans. This paper reviews immunity to the adult and metacestode life‐cycle stages of cestode parasites, development and application of the T. ovis vaccine, and prospects for vaccines against other cestode infections.
The migration of Langerhans’ cells into and out of lymph nodes draining normal, carcinogen and antigen‐treated sheep skin
Authors: DANDIE GEOFFREY W. , WATKINS FRANCES Y. , RAGG SCOTT J. , HOLLOWAY PAUL E. , MULLER H. KONRAD 
Published: July 2007

SummaryEpidermal Langerhans’ cell (LC) migration to the regional lymph node and beyond into central lymph was examined in sheep following topical application of the complete chemical carcinogen 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene(DMBA)or the contact sensitizing antigen 2,4,6‐trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB). This was facilitated by cannulating previously constructed pseudoafferent lymphatic vessels draining the skin treated with these agents or alternatively, the efferent lymphatic vessel of the regional lymph node.Application of DMBA resulted in a biphasic increase in LC migration. There was an initial increase in LC migration at 25 h with the maximum response (3.6 × 107 LC/h) occurring approximately 5 days after DMBA treatment. In contrast, the contact sensitizing antigen TNCB caused enhanced LC migration within mitiutes of the application of antigen (3.3 × 106 LC/h) and peak migration at 8–12 h.Examination of efferent lymph cells from the regional lymph node after DMBA treatment showed uncharacteristically large numbers of LC traversing the lymph node. These LC migration patterns suggest different mechanisms may trigger the migration of LC from skin after the application of DMBA to those associated with the normal processes of antigen presentation.
Development of T cell immune responsiveness in the chicken
Authors: LOWENTHAL JOHN W. , CONNICK TERRIE. , McWATERS PETER G. , YORK JENNIFER J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryChickens are highly susceptible to infection by opportunistic pathogens during the first few days after hatching. This observation has generally been attributed to an immaturity of the immune system; however, the mechanisms responsible are not known.This study investigated the ability of T cells from chickens of various ages to respond to immune stimulation. Splenic T cells were cultured in vitro and stimulated with various mitogens including Con A, PHA and monoclonal anti‐CD3 antibody. T cells obtained from adult chickens proliferated extensively and produced high levels of IL‐2, haemopoietic growth factors and IFN following stimulation. In contrast, it was found that T cells from I day old chickens failed to proliferate and secrete cytokines when similarly cultured. Reactivity to mitogens gradually developed between days 2 and 4, and by 1 week of age the level of responsiveness was equivalent to that observed with T cells obtained from adult chickens.Whereas T cells from 1 day old chicks were found to be phenotypically mature and capable of binding mitogens as effectively as T cells from adult birds, they were functionally immature as assessed by their inability to proliferate or produce cytokines following immune stimulation. In addition, cells present in the spleen of 1 day old chicks constitutively produced a soluble inhibitor that prevented the proliferation of stimulated adult T cells. The production of inhibitor decreased dramatically by the second day post‐hatching which coincided with an enhanced ability of T cells to respond to immune stimulation. These findings suggest that the period of transient T cell unresponsiveness to immune stimulation is mediated by a functional immaturity of T cells and the production of a soluble inhibitor(s).
Heterogeneity of human anti‐Golgi auto‐antibodies: Reactivity with components from 35 to 260 kDa
Authors: KOOY JACOBA , TOH BAN‐HOCK , GLEESON PAUL A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe Golgi auto‐antigens recognized by five human autoimmune sera were characterized with anti‐Golgi auto‐antibodies. The five sera showed strong anti‐Golgi reactivity, together with weak anti‐nuclear reactivity, as assessed by indirect immunofluorescence using the human HEp2 epithelial cell line. The Golgi auto‐antigens recognized by the autoimmune sera were identified by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting of post‐nuclear supernatants. These sera reacted with at least 14 components of molecular mass (Mr) 35–260 kDa; three components were detected only by immunoprecipitation, six components detected only by immunoblotting and five components appear to be detected by both techniques. We have previously shown that a patient with Sjögren's syndrome has auto‐antibodies specific for a 230 kDa Golgi auto‐antigens; a bacterial fusion protein containing auto‐epitope(s) of this Golgi auto‐antigen is not recognized by the other four autoimmune sera. Taken together, this study shows that the five anti‐Golgi autoimmune sera recognize distinct sets of auto‐antigens which include both conformational and/or sequential epitopes.
Transcription of individual genes in eukaryotic cells occurs randomly and infrequently
Authors: ROSS IAN L. , BROWNE CATHERINE M. , HUME DAVID A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryExperimental evidence is presented indicating that the expression of a lacZ reporter gene driven by the HIV‐1 long terminal repeat in a series of stably transfected. cloned macrophage cell lines occurs in a very small proportion of cells. The proportion of cells expressing lacZ, rather than the level of expression in each cell, is regulated by external stimuli such as LPS and phorbol ester. Based upon these and published data we propose that transcription in eukaryotic cells occurs in short pulses interspersed by long periods of inactivity of indeterminate duration. Transcriptional regulation is envisaged as involving changes in the probability rather than the rate of transcription. A probabilistic model of transcription may explain many biological phenomena, such as stem cell division and clonogenic activity, heterogeneous gene expression among clonal cell populations, retroviral latency and cell cycle progression, which appear to involve stochastic decisions.
Characterization of a novel leucocyte activation antigen recognized by the antibody CMRF‐37
Authors: DAISH A. , HOCK B. D. , HART D. N. J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryWe describe a novel activation antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody CMRF‐37, which is absent or only weakly expressed on resting cells but is rapidly induced on T cells, B cells and monocytes following stimulation. Its kinetics of expression (12–24 h after the addition of the inductive signal) indicate that it is an early activation antigen. The cellular distribution and expression kinetics of the CMRF‐37 antigen differ from other known activation antigens and as such should be a useful marker of human leucocyte activation.
Studies on the lymphocytosis induced by pertussis toxin
Authors: MU HONG‐HUA , COOLEY MARGARET A. , SEWELL WILLIAM A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryPertussis toxin (PT), from Bordetella pertussis, causes lymphocytosis and increased IL‐4 and IgE secretion. The lymphocytosis is associated with impaired entry of lymphocytes into lymph nodes. The dose response of PT on IL‐4 secretion was found to be similar to those for lymphocytosis and IgE production. These findings are consistent with the possibility that increased IL‐4 production by PT may be related to its effect on lymphocyte circulation. The possibility that PT may selectively influence the entry into lymph nodes of subsets identified with CD45RB, CD4 or CD8 was tested by assessing the phenotype of lymph node cells. PT had no significant effect on the proportion of cells with these markers, either in unimmunized or in immunized mice. These findings indicate that PT does not selectively impair entry of these lymphocyte subsets into lymph nodes.
Twenty years into the saga of MHC‐restriction
Authors: ADA GORDON 
Published: July 2007

SummaryTwenty years ago, the terms ‘altered self and ‘H‐2 restriction’, later modified to ‘MHC‐restriction’, were coined to describe the finding by Peter Doherty and Rolf Zinkernagel that murine cytotoxic T cells (CTL) would lyse virus‐infected target cells only if effector and target cells were H‐2 compatible. This short review recalls those heady days and briefly recounts some of the later findings in three aspects of particular interest raised by the original finding: the nature of the T cell receptor, the composition and structure of the ligand on the target cell recognized by the TCR, and the importance of CTL in the control and clearance of infections in general.
Characterization of a novel leucocyte surface membrane antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody WM65
Authors: WARD R. L. , HENNIKER A. J. , SMITH G. , BRADSTOCK K. F. , ATKINSON K. , BIGGS J. C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryWM65 is a murine mAb whieh recognizes a novel surface membrane antigen present on leukaemic and normal leucocytes. The present study further investigates the nature of this antigen, especially those features which relate to the possible therapeutic applications of the WM65 antibody. There are 1–3 × 104 molecules of this antigen present on normal leucocytes, and the same or greater numbers of antigen molecules are present on a variety of leukaemic cells. In vitro data showed that the WM65 antibody is internalized following interaction with its antigen on normal leucocytes. The affinity of this antibody was calculated using an FLISA method which required neither labelling of the antibody nor purification of the antigen and the affinity constant was found to be 3 × 107±2 × 107 (mol/L)−1. Further data are presented which suggest that this antigen is a differentiation antigen and an integral membrane protein. Despite the relatively low affinity of the WM65 antibody, a number of characteristics of the antigen suggest the antibody may possibly have therapeutic applications. These characteristics include its cellular distribution, the number of antigen molecules expressed on the cell surface and its ability to internalize in vitro.
Humoral immune responses to systemic Candida albicans infection in inbred mouse strains
Authors: COSTANTINO PAUL J. , GARE NORMAN F. , WARMINGTON JOHN R. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe protective role of humoral antibodies in the resolution of systemic candidiasis remains controversial. Investigation of the humoral immune responses in mouse strains of varying susceptibility to infection may demonstrate a link between mouse strain susceptibility, antibody production and specificity, and the ability to resolve an infection. The antibody response in five different strains of mice during a primary imune response to systemic infection with Candida albicans was investigated. Immune sera were fractionated by protein A affinity chromatography to yield fractions containing IgG l, IgG2a and IgG2b immunoglobulins. BALB/c mice of low susceptibility to the infection and DBA/2J mice of high susceptibility produced increased levels of the IgGl isotype and decreased levels of the IgG2a isotype. AKR, CBA/H and C57B1/6J mice of moderate susceptibility produced antibodies predominantly of the IgG2a isotype. The patterns of antigen recognition by antibodies in immune sera and in fractions obtained after protein A chromatography of immune sera were investigated by western blotting and immunostaining. Antibodies from AKR(H‐2K) and CBA/H (H‐2k) mice reacted strongly after immunoblotting with antigens of 87 and 96 kDa. In contrast, immune sera from both the highly susceptible DBA/2J (H‐2d) mice and the resistant BALB/c (H‐2d) mice reacted strongly with an antigen of 48 kDa. C57BI/6J (H‐2b) mice produced variable antibody reactivity to antigens of 48, 65, 66 and 79 kDa depending on the IgG subclass tested. The IgG subclass responses and the patterns of antigen recognition in these mice suggest that humoral responses to C albicans may be restricted by H‐2 haplotype. There was no clear correlation between humoral immunity and resistance or susceptibility to infection with C. albicans.
Ultraviolet B irradiation of skin induces mast cell degranulation and release of tumour necrosis factor‐α
Authors: WALSH LAURENCE J 
Published: July 2007

SummaryIn the ‘sunburn’ response in skin, dermal blood vessels are activated and traffic of dendritic Langerhans' cells altered. While these changes have been attributed to the cytokine TNF‐α, the source of this acutely released TNF has not been identified. This report demonstrates that the ‘sunburn’ response, both in vivo and in vitro, is accompanied by rapid degranulation of cutaneous mast cells, with consequential release of intracellular stores of TNF. Epidermal keratinocytes were only minor contributors to local TNF production. Expression of the TNF‐inducible CD62E (E‐selectin/ELAM‐1) and CD54 adhesion molecules on cutaneous endothelium occurred 2 h following mast cell degranulation, and this event was sensitive to blockade of mast cells with disodium cromoglycate. These results indicate that TNF release in skin in the acute sunburn response can largely be attributed to mast cells.
Increased level of activated γδ lymphocytes correlates with disease severity in HIV infection
Authors: NORAZMI MOHD‐NOR , ARIFIN HARUN , JAMARUDDIN MAT ASAN 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe lymphocyte subset expressing the γδ T cell receptor is increased in several infectious diseases including HIV infection. In this study the expression on γδ lymphoctyes of the T cell activation markers CD25, HLA‐DR and CD38, as well as the two isoforms of CD45, namely CD45RA and CD45RO, was determined in the peripheral blood of 56 HIV‐infected intravenous drug users and 34 HIV‐seronegative blood donors by two‐colour flow cytometry. The percentage of γδ lymphocytes expressing HLA‐DR and CD38 was higher than those in HIV‐seronegative controls (P < 0.001 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Furthermore the HLA‐DR+γδ+ lymphocytes correlated inversely with CD4+ T lymphocyte absolute count (P < 0.02 for both). The levels of γδ lymphocytes expressing CD25, CD45RA and CD45RO were similar to those in HIV‐seronegative controls. Activated γδ lymphocytes may play a role in the HIV disease process and could provide a useful marker for disease progression.
T cell receptor usage in autoimmune disease
Authors: OLIVE COLLEEN 
Published: July 2007

SummaryActivated T‐cells are believed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. In experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model resembling human multiple sclerosis (MS), there is evidence that T cells reactive to myelin basic protein mediate an inflammatory response within the central nervous system leading to demyelination. Furthermore, encephalitogenic T cells express TCR with highly restricted V gene usage and consequently specific forms of immunotherapy directed against V gene products have been successful in preventing and treating EAE. These findings prompted studies into the analysis of TCR repertoire expression in human autoimmune diseases in an attempt to identify the TCR usage of autoreactive and potentially pathogenic T cells. However, this has proved difficult as the autoantigens that drive the T cell response in most human autoimmune disorders are unknown. This review examines the data that have accumulated over the past few years on TCR usage in human autoimmune diseases and is focused largely on rheumatoid arthritis and MS.
Assessment of the therapeutic potential of cytokines, cytotoxic drugs and effector cell populations for the treatment of multiple myeloma using the 5T33 murine myeloma model
Authors: MANNING LINDA S , CHAMBERLAIN NARELLE L , LEAHY MICHAEL F , CORDINGLEY FRANK T 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe therapeutic potential of six cytokines, eight cytotoxic drugs and two effector cell populations for the treatment of multiple myeloma was assessed in vitro using the 5T33 murine myeloma model. The efficacy of combination IFN‐α and melphalan therapy was also evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Of the cytokines tested in vitro using the MTT assay, only IFN‐α demonstrated significant inhibition of myeloma cell growth at non‐toxic concentrations (ED50= 1508.3 ± 181.3 U/mL and 2617.9 ± 334.0 U/mL for murine IFN‐α [mIFN‐α] and human IFN‐α hybrid B/D [hlFN‐α B/D], respectively). The ED50 for the eight cytotoxic drugs tested ranged from 2.3 × 10−9 to 4.3 × 10−13 mol/L and all were within the therapeutic range for humans. Combination hIFN‐α B/D and melphalan were found to be additive in their inhibitory effects on myeloma cell growth in vitro and this finding was confirmed in vivo in C57BL/KaLwRij mice bearing disseminated 5T33 myeloma. Control animals demonstrated a median survival duration of 25.3 days whereas hIFN‐α B/D or melphalan treatment alone increased survival to 30.5 and 33.3 days, respectively (P < 0.001). Combination IFN‐α/melphalan therapy increased median survival duration to 38.5 days (P < 0.001) which was also significantly greater than that obtained with single agent therapy (P < 0.01). The murine myeloma cells were found to be resistant to NK cell lysis but susceptible to lysis by LAK cells (49.3 ± 6.3% lysis at an effector to target ratio of 100:1). LAK cell precursors were demonstrable in the bone marrow and spleen of tumour‐bearing animals throughout tumour progression. The results of this study suggest that the use of combination immunotherapy/chemotherapy may be more effective than standard chemotherapy alone for the treatment of multiple myeloma.
The 65 kDa protein of Mycobacterium habana and its putative role in immunity against experimental tuberculosis
Authors: SINGH NB , SRIVASTAVA KANCHAN , MALAVIYA B , KANDPAL HEMA , SRIVASTAVA ANIL , GUPTA HP 
Published: July 2007

SummaryMycobacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae possess multiple antigens some of which inhibit other anti‐mycobacterial immune responses. Whole cell vaccines are not free from these suppressive molecules and may adversely affect the immunogenic response(s). Purified protein components having only immunogenic properties should prove to be superior vaccine(s). Mycobacterium habana, a candidate vaccine for mycobacterial infections has been dissected for analysing its antigenic myriad. A 65 kDa protein of this mycobacterium has been isolated and characterized for its protective and cell mediated immune responses. The protein was isolated in pure form using an isotachophoresis (SDS–PAGE filtration) technique and identified with low molecular weight markers along with mAb using the immunoblot technique. Mab IIH9 has identified a 65 kDa protein in M. habana. This protein has been found to be immunoprotective in mice against M. tuberculosis H37Rv infection. It generates high levels of DTH responses in mice against M. tuberculosis and M. leprae antigens and inhibits migration of sensitized cells under the antigenic influence of homologous and heterologous origin. Possibilities of developing this protein as a subunit vaccine are discussed in this report.
The biology of airway dendritic cells
Authors: McWILLIAM ANDREW S , NELSON DELIA J , HOLT PATRICK G 
Published: July 2007

SummaryRecent work from our laboratory has identified a network of constitutively class II MHC (Ia) bearing dendritic cells (DC) within the epithelium of the conducting airways of laboratory animal species and in humans. The density of DC within the respiratory tract is highest in those areas exposed to greater amounts of inhaled antigen and further work has identified these DC as being critically important in controlling the induction of immune responses within the airways. The DC population in the airway epithelium is renewed every 48–72 h; this represents a more rapid turnover than DC in other tissues which are exposed to a smaller antigenic load. In addition to these results we will discuss other work which shows that airway DC are a very reactive population, comparable with neutrophils in their response to acute inflammatory stimuli and that their numbers and Ia content can be modulated following exposure to topical and systemic steroids. Finally we will discuss the development of these cells after birth and how this may influence the pathogenesis of immune regulated diseases such as asthma and allergic rhinitis.
Lack of serological specificity of recombinant heat shock protein of Leishmania donovani
Authors: ARORA SUNIL K , MELBY PETER C , SEHGAL SHOBHA 
Published: July 2007

SummaryIn order to identify a specific recombinant antigen of Leishmania donovani with potential use for diagnosis, a cDNA library was constructed in lambda ZAP II expression vector. On screening the cDNA library using pooled sera from Indian patients with kala azar, 20 antibody reactive clones were identified. These were subcloned into pBluescript phagemid by an in vivo excision procedure. The molecular weights of the expressed recombinant proteins varied from 15 to 70 kDa and the cDNA insert sizes varied from 0.5 kb to the largest size of approximately 2.0 kb which was designated as the E2b clone. The nucleotide sequencing revealed that 50% of the clones had sequence homology to the heat shock protein gene of L. donovani. The serological studies conducted with the kala azar positive sera and sera from healthy laboratory workers using the recombinant protein from the E2b clone and having sequence homology to Ldhsp 70, indicated that although all the kala azar sera were positive, 12 of 20 healthy individuals also showed antibodies against the recombinant hsp70, indicating that this antigen is not suitable for serological diagnosis of kala azar.
Interleukin‐4 inhibits the expression of tumour necrosis factors α and β, interleukins‐1 β and ‐6 and interferon‐γ
Authors: LEE JEFFREY D. , RHOADES KRISTINA , ECONOMOU JAMES S. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryT cell‐derived IL‐4 inhibits the expression of several inflammatory cytokine genes. In this study, IL‐4 downregulated TNF‐α and ‐β. IL‐1 β IL‐6 and IFN‐γ steady‐state mRNA and protein production by blood leucocytes. In a detailed kinetic analysis, cytokine mRNA levels were significantly decreased in the presence of IL‐4, suggesting an early and prolonged down regulatory effect. These findings support the general thesis that IL‐4 is an important regulator of the inflammatory immune response.
Data integration in myGrid with Taverna
Authors: Hull Duncan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMany areas of life sciences research involve integrating terabytes of heterogeneous, distributed and autonomous data available on the Web. The myGrid project has addressed these challenging problems by developing and applying novel grid and semantic web services technology to life science data integration, particularly genome annotation and microarray analysis. This presentation outlines the past, present and future of the Taverna workflow system.