bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Die Geschichte der Therapie von Fettstoffwechselstörungen. Verhältnismäßig kurz und spannend
Authors: Bernschneider‐Reif Sabine 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDie Geschichte der effektiven Therapie der Fettstoffwechselstörungen, wie sie hier am Beispiel wesentlicher Wirkstoffgruppen dargestellt wurde, ist kurz und aus pharmaziehistorischer Sicht bislang wenig untersucht. Viele Wirkstoffe wurden bis in die jüngere Zeit angewandt, ohne dass man den Wirkmechanismus kannte. Der Überblick zeigt, dass erst durch eine enge interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit bahnbrechende Fortschritte erreicht werden konnten – die Klärung der pathophysiologischen Grundlagen war dabei so wichtig, dass zwei Nobelpreise vergeben wurden. Die Komplexität des Stoffwechselgeschehens und die vielfältigen Möglichkeiten, in dieses Einzugreifen bieten bis heute Raum für Neuentwicklungen, oft auch – wie etwa bei der Nikotinsäure – auf der Basis lange bekannter Substanzen. Die kritischen Diskussionen, die sich zu einer Reihe von Substanzen über die Jahrzehnte ergaben, machen diese Therapeutika auch wissenschaftshistorisch zu einem sehr interessanten Gebiet.
Pflanzliche ω3‐ und ω6‐Fettsäuren: Wissenswertes zu Pflanzenölen
Authors: Metzner Christine , Lüder Wolfgang 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDie mehrfach ungesättigten Fettsäuren (PUFA) LA und ALA können vom menschlichen Organismus nicht synthetisiert werden und sind deshalb für ihn essenziell. Während der Schwangerschaft sind auch die ω6‐Polyalkenfettsäure AA und die ω3‐Polyalkenfettsäure DHA konditionell essenziell. Die längerkettigen PUFAs werden durch Elongation und Desaturation gebildet. Die Konversionsrate von ALA wird durch die Zufuhrmengen reguliert und liegt bei 5 bis 10 %. Dieser “Sicherheitsstoffwechsel” ermöglicht es, dass auch Menschen, die keinen Fisch essen, mit den längerkettigen Fischölfettsäuren EPA und DHA versorgt werden.AA und EPA sind Precursoren der Eicosanoide der 6‐er‐ bzw. der 3‐er‐Reihe. Da beide PUFAs um die gleichen Enzymsysteme konkurrieren, führt eine Erhöhung der ALA‐ und/oder eine reduzierte LA‐Zufuhr zu einer verminderten endogenen AA‐Bildung, wodurch das entzündliche und thrombotische Risiko und in Folge das kardiovaskuläre Risiko gesenkt wird.Entscheidend für die gesundheitsfördernden Effekte der pflanzlichen PUFAs ist das Verhältnis von ω6‐ zu ω3‐Polyalkenfettsäuren bzw. von LA zu ALA. Für gesunde Personen ist im Nahrungsfett ein LA‐/ALA‐Quotient = 5:1 und für Personen mit metabolischem Syndrom oder deren Einzelkomponenten sowie für Personen mit chronisch‐entzündlichen Erkrankungen von 4 bis 3:1 anzustreben. Pro Tag sollten ca. 2 g ALA (20 g Rapsöl) und 7 bis maximal 10 g LA mit der Nahrung zugeführt werden. Um diese Vorgaben zu erreichen, sind ALA‐reiche Pflanzenöle/Lebensmittel zu präferieren, beispielsweise Lein‐, Raps‐ und Walnussöl, Erdnüsse und Walnüsse. Aus ernährungsmedizinischer Sicht (Energieproblem durch Fettzufuhr) kann es erforderlich sein, ALA zu supplementieren. Den ALA‐Supplementen sollten antioxidative Substanzen (Vitamine E und C, Flavonoide) zur Verminderung der exogenen und endogenen Lipidperoxidation zugesetzt werden. Obwohl ALA in ca. 10 % zu länger kettigen Fettsäuren EPA konvertiert wird, ist trotzdem ein Verzehr von fetten Seefischen zweimal pro Woche oder ein Fischöl‐Supplement in Kapselform (maximal 1 g pro Tag) zu empfehlen; letzteres unter ärztlicher Kontrolle.
Grüner Tee gegen AIDS?
Authors: Schäfer Sandra , Golks Ilka , Müller Carolin , Hartung Andrea 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGrüner Tee ist weltweit eines der am meisten konsumierten Getränke. Und er soll eine wahre Wunderwaffe sein gegen verschiedenste Krankheiten, darunter so prominente wie Krebs und kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen. Kürzlich kam dann noch das Tüpfelchen auf dem “i” dazu: Er soll auch vor einer Infektion mit HIV schützen!
Attitudes to prenatal testing and termination of pregnancy for fetal abnormality: a comparison of white and Pakistani women in the UK
Authors: Hewison Jenny , Green Josephine M. , Ahmed Shenaz , Cuckle Howard S. , Hirst Janet , Hucknall Clare , Thornton Jim G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo compare the attitudes of women from two different ethnic backgrounds to prenatal testing for a range of conditions, and to see if “clusters” of attitudes to different conditions could be identified, for which prenatal testing might be offered as a package.MethodsFour hundred and twenty white and Pakistani women living in the UK were surveyed about their attitudes to prenatal testing and termination for 30 different fetal conditions. All participants had recently had a baby.ResultsPakistani women held more favourable attitudes to prenatal testing, but less favourable attitudes to termination than their white counterparts. Both groups were most in favour of termination for the same four conditions: anencephaly, trisomy 13 or 18, quadriplegia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The rank ordering of conditions was also similar. Only 4% of Pakistani and 2% of white women wanted no prenatal testing at all. Fewer than a quarter of participants would consider a termination of pregnancy for 85% of the conditions, but only 25% of Pakistani women and 6% of white women would consider termination for none of the conditions. More advanced statistical analyses were used to measure how closely associated the 30 conditions were in respondents' answers. These analyses identified a principal dimension, reflecting the overall perceived seriousness of the conditions, and a cluster of severely disabling conditions—anencephaly, trisomy 13 or 18, quadriplegia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and severe learning difficulties—which stood out from the rest. Even within this cluster there remained a considerable amount of individual variation.ConclusionWomen in the study wanted to make up their own minds about the conditions that to them merited testing or termination. These findings have implications for obtaining informed consent. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indomethacin decreases both prolactin binding and membrane fluidity of ventral and dorso‐lateral lobes of rat prostate gland
Authors: Dave Jitendra R. , Witorsch Raphael J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe objective of these studies was to examine the effects of in vivo treatment with indomethacin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, on prolactin binding activity and fluidity in membrane preparations of rat prostate gland. Adult male rats were treated with vehicle or either of two doses of indomethacin (3.8 μg/g body weight or 7.5 μg/g body weight) every 8 hr for 1, 2, and 3 days. Indomethacin treatment decreased prolactin binding in rat ventral and dorso‐lateral lobes of prostate gland in a time and dose‐dependent fashion. In ventral prostate membranes the higher dose of indomethacin decreased prolactin binding by approximately 80% after 3 days of treatment. Prolactin binding to membrane preparations from dorso‐lateral prostate gland of control animals was 10% of that observed for ventral prostate and decreased to undetectable levels within 24–48 hr after the start of indomethacin treatment. Scatchard analysis of the prolactin binding of ventral prostate indicated that indomethacin treatment decreased the number of prolactin binding sites rather than the apparent affinity constant. Prostatic membrane fluidity was measured by a fluorescence polarization technique. Dorso‐lateral prostate membrane preparations were found to have a higher membrane fluidity than those observed for ventral prostate membranes. The effects of indomethacin on membrane fluidity paralleled that of prolactin binding. Both ventral and dorso‐lateral prostatic membrane fluidity decreased after indomethacin treatment in a time and dose‐dependent manner. These simultaneous effects of indomethacin on prostatic prolactin binding and fluidity suggest that these phenomena are interrelated and that prostaglandins are involved in the maintenance of prolactin receptors in vivo.
Studies on the structural basis of the heterogeneity of human prostatic and seminal acid phosphatases
Authors: Taga Eulazio M. , Moore D. Lane , Van Etten Robert L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe studied possible causes of the electrophoretic heterogcncity of the acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) purified by affinity chromatography from human prostate and human seminal fluid. The isoelectric focusing pattern in polyacrylamide gel shows numerous bands in the pH range 4.0–5.2 and 5.5–5.9. Treatment with neuraminidaae under conditions shown to cause complete removal of sialic acid does not abolish the observed heterogeneity. Although there is a change of the more acidic forms to ones having more basic pI values, at least 4 distinct bands remain. Structural differences at thr amino terminal end can be ruled out as the cause of the remaining electrophoretic heterogeneity. Lysine is shown to be the amino terminal amino acid for both the prostatic and seminal fluid enzymes. The bequences of the first 23 amino acids are shown to be identical for the prostatic and seminal fluid acid phosphatases. The functional enzyme contains no metal ion but it can be stoichiometrically inactivated by cupric ion.
Evidence against a zinc binding peptide in pilocarpine‐stimulated canine prostatic secretions
Authors: Parrish Richard F. , Perinetti Enrique P. , Fair William R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPilocarpine‐stimulated canine prostatic secretions were subjected to gel filtration chromatography over Sephadex G‐100 and Bio Gel P‐4. Free zinc and the zinc in pilocarpine‐stimulated canine prostatic secretions were observed to elute in the same fractions from the Sephadex G‐100 column. In addition, Sephadex G‐100 chromatography could not resolve free zinc from the small peptide bacitracin. However, a column packed with Bio Gel P‐4 could resolve free zinc and bacitracin. When pilocarpine‐stimulated canine prostatic secretions were chromatographed over the Bio Gel P‐4 column, the major portion of the zinc eluted in the same fractions as did free zinc. No zinc was observed in the fractions where the small peptide bacitracin was found to elute. These results indicate that contrary to a previous report, zinc in pilocarpine‐stimualted canine prostatic secretions was not bound to an eight amino acid peptide, but, rather, behaved chromatographically like free zinc.
Epidemiologic observations from the American College of Surgeons' survey on prostate cancer
Authors: Mettlin Curtis , Natarajan Nachimuthu 
Published: February 2007

AbstractData on the incidence and mortality from prostate cancer are available in this country and others, but there are few sources of information relating to widely prevalent clinical practices. The long‐ and short‐term prostate cancer surveys conducted by the Commission on Cancer of the American College of Surgeons offer a system of assessing patterns of cancer patient care in a large number of hospitals in the United States. Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) System indicate that at every age blacks experience greater rates of incidence and mortality than whites. Comparisons of modes of diagnosis reported for black and white patients for 1974 and 1979 from the American College of Surgeons surveys show little difference between these groups, indicating that the excess in incidence among blacks is not attributable to differential patterns of diagnosis. The survey results also indicate that white patients appear to have a slight survival advantage in stages B, C, and D. The lower survival appears to be the product of relatively advanced stage of the disease rather than the result of biologically more malignant nature of prostate cancer in the blacks.
Use of urinary hydroxyproline excretion as a tumor marker in diagnosis and follow‐up of prostatic carcinoma
Authors: Mooppan M. M. Unni , Kim Hong , Wang Jen C. , Tobin Mark S. , Wax Sandor H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUrinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio was measured in 49 patients of prostatic carcinoma and 13 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy, the latter group serving as controls. The results show that it is a very sensitive indicator of osseous metastases in prostatic carcinoma. The ratio was also measured in 18 patients of prostatic carcinoma with bony metastases before commencement of treatment and during treatment. The results show that the elevated pretreatment values were significantly reduced in those who responded to therapy whereas in nonresponders, the values remained high. Changes in urinary hydroxyproline appeared to reflect the nature of response to treatment better than other parameters.
Distribution of quinoline carboxylic acid derivatives in the dog prostate
Authors: Jensen Klaus M.‐E. , Madsen Paul O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe distribution in the prostate of norfloxacin and rosoxacin, both quinoline carboxylic acid derivatives, was investigated in an experimental dog model. The concentrations in prostatic interstitial fluid (PIF) and prostatic secretion (PS) of both antimicrobials were lower than the corresponding plasma (P) concentrations, as might be expected for acidic compounds. Norfloxacin achieved significantly higher PS/P and PIF/P ratios than rosoxacin following intravenous infusion; there were no differences between the two drugs in the various tissue/plasma ratios. The concentrations of both norfloxacin and rosoxacin in PIF, PS, and urine were in the minimal inhibitory range for most gram‐negative pathogens causing bacterial prostatitis and urinary tract infections. Clinical trials may be warranted for both drugs.
Carcinoma of the prostate: Clinical and pathological staging and prognosis
Authors: Gibbons Robert P. , Elder Jack S. , Wheelis Roger F. , Correa Roy J. , Brannen George E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractClinical and pathological staging furnishes valuable information upon which the clinician can base his treatment and compare results. Staging refinements occur as we learn inore about the natural history of the disease and thc efficacy of our treatment. We observed that clinical stage B patients with minimal (less than twice normal) elevation of the serum acid phosphatase have similar pathologic stage B (75%) and disease‐free survival rates following total prostatectomy as stage B patients with normal acid phosphatases.Intraglandular crystalloids were found in 26% of clinical stage 8 patients treated by total prostatectomy, and none of this subgroup of patients has had a recurrence of disease.Pathologic staging frequently confirms the presence of a greater extent of tumor than was clinically anticipated. In general, prognosis for patients with a small tumor mass will be more favorable than that for patients with a large tumor mass. Staging permits the estimation of prognosis of groups of patients with similar tumor burdens; however, the survival of an individual within any such group is unpredictable.
Radical prostatectomy with preservation of sexual function: Anatomical and pathological considerations
Authors: Walsh Patrick C. , Lepor Herbert , Eggleston Joseph C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe technique for radical retropubic prostatectomy has been modified to avoid injury to the branches of the pelvic plexus that innervate the corpora cavernosa. The surgical procedure is based on an understanding of the anatomical relationships between the branches of the pelvic plexus that innervate the corpora cavernosa, the capsular branches of the prostatic vessels that provide the scaffolding for these nerves, and the lateral pelvic fascia. The modifications involve two steps in the procedure: 1) the incision in the lateral pelvic fascia is placed anterior to the neurovascular bundle, which is located dorsolateral to the prostate along the pelvic sidewall; 2) the lateral pedicle is divided close to the prostate to avoid injury to the branches of the pelvic plexus that accompany the capsular vessels of the prostate. Pathologic evaluation of 16 prostatic specimens removed by this modified procedure demonstrated no compromise in the adequacy of the surgical margins. Postoperative sexual function was evaluated in 12 men who underwent the procedure 2‐10 months previously. All have experienced erections and six have achieved successful vaginal penetration and orgasm. Of the six patients with sexual partners who have been followed 6 months or longer, five (83%) are fully potent. These data indicate that it is possible to cure localized prostatic cancer with surgery and maintain postoperative sexual function.
Prostate cancer and impotence
Authors: Zorgniotti Adrian W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractImpotence in patients is most probably age‐related in the untreated case. The therapy of prostate cancer presents many hazards to the retention of sexual function which should be obvious to most urologists. What is now apparent is that surgical treatment of the disease does not necessarily cause impotence in all who were potent before the start of treatment. Documentation during history taking is essential. Increased awareness of the increased chances of retaining potency by physicians and patients will lead to improved results.
Physicochemical characterization of the androgen receptor from hyperplastic human prostate
Authors: Murthy L. R. , Chang C. H. , Rowley D. R. , Scardino P. T. , Tindall D. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this manuscript we have characterized the androgen receptor from human benign prostatic hypertrophied (BPH) tissue. BPH tissue was obtained fresh from surgery, ground, and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Tissue was homogenized in 10 mM Tes buffer (pH 7.4 at 25°C) containing 0.25 M sucrose, 20 mM Na2MoO4, 12 mM monothioglycerol, and 1.5 mM EDTA. Cytosol was labeled with (3H)‐R1881 (0.5–10 nM) ± a 100‐fold excess of R1881 and a 500‐fold excess of triamcinolone acetonide to identify specific androgen receptor sites. An exchange assay was developed, whereby maximum binding was achieved by raising the temperature to 30°C for 15 min. A high‐affinity binding protein was detected (Kd = 1.3 ± 0.8 nM) which had a binding capacity of 15 ± 7 fmol/mg protein. Binding was specific for androgens with the following Ki (nM) values: R1881 (0.09), dihydrotestosterone (6), testosterone (50), progesterone (92), estradiol (100), epitestosterone (860), and cortisol (> 1,000). Under high ionic conditions the sedimentation coefficient of the receptor was 4.1 S. Higher S values were not observed in the presence of the following protein inhibitors: leupeptin (20 or 150 μM), iodoacetamide (10 mM), DFP (5 mM), PMSF (1 mM), bacitracin (0.1 mM), antipain (0.1 mM), aprotinin (1 TIU/ml). Gel filtration analysis revealed a Stokes radius of 6.5 nm. These data indicate a Mr of 120,000 and a f/fo of 2.01. The receptor eluted from a chromatofocusing column at a pH of 6.8. The receptor bound to phosphocellulose and DNA cellulose after being heat‐treated for 15 min at 30°C. These results suggest that BPH tissue contains an androgen receptor which is similar to receptors in other androgen‐responsive tissues.
Heterogeneity of steroid binding sites in prostatic carcinoma: Morphological demonstration and clinical implications
Authors: Pertschuk Louis P. , Eisenberg Karen B. , Macchia Richard J. , Feldman Joseph G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractProstatic neoplasms were studied for estrogen binding using four methods. Two employed fluorescent estrogen histochemical ligands, one was a new immunocytochemical technique using specific monoclonal antibodies to human estrophilin, and the last procedure was conventional biochemical dextran‐coated charcoal assay. Results indicated that the fluorescent ligands recognized closely associated but separate estrogen‐binding sites (putative type II sites) which in turn differed from the binding site measured biochemically. Studies with the monoclonal antibodies were nearly always negative, suggesting that prostatic estrogen receptor might vary antigenically from that present in breast and endometrium. Histochemical and biochemical androgen‐binding studies were also compared and showed a close association. In the prediction of hormonal response in advanced prostate cancer both showed high sensitivity and low specificity. The addition of estrogen‐binding data did not improve the predictive value of the androgen‐binding histochemical assay. However, combining results of the biochemical and histochemical androgen‐binding assays resulted in significant improvement of the specificity without loss of sensitivity, suggesting that there is a degree of positive interaction between the binding sites assayed by the two methods.
Effect of long‐term hyperprolactinemia on the prolactin receptor content of the rat ventral prostate
Authors: Blankenstein M. A. , Bolt Vries J. ‐De , Coert A. , Nievelstein H. , Schröder F. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe rat ventral prostate contains prolactin receptors, and during sexual maturation prolactin stimulates the growth of this gland. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate whether prolactin is involved in the regulation of the number of its own receptor sites in the rat ventral prostate. To this end, the content of prolactin receptors was estimated in prostate membranes of control and chronically hyperprolactinemic rats both before and after in vitro desaturation with 4 M MgCI2. Hyperprolactinemia resulted in a 40% increase in the number of available prolactin receptors (P < 0.05). In vitro desaturation of receptors resulted in loss of 84% of protein and 36 ± 6% and 52 ± 6% of prolactin receptors from ventral prostate membranes of control and hyperprolactinemic rats respectively (P < 0.05). We have concluded that the rat ventral prostate membranes are not suited to in vitro desaturation of prolactin receptors with MgCI2. From the increase in the number of available prolactin receptors after hyperprolactinemia we have concluded that prolactin is involved in the regulation of the number of its own receptors in the rat ventral prostate.
Methods for monitoring canine prostate size: Internal and external caliper measurements
Authors: Berry Stephen J. , Sterner Raymond , Coffey Donald S. , Ewing Larry L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA method has been developed that allows the generation of a three‐dimensional representation of the canine prostate from a pair of orthogonal radiographs. This information can be used to externally measure the length, width, and height of the prostate and from these results to calculate prostate weight. This externally estimated prostate weight is correlated closely (r = 0.90) with the actual prostate weight. The ability to generate an external caliper measurement of prostate weight will facilitate future studies of the effect of aging and hormonal manipulation on the canine prostate.