bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vocal fold augmentation with calcium hydroxylapatite (CaHA)
Authors: Rosen Clark A. , Gartner‐Schmidt Jackie , Casiano Roy , Anderson Timothy D. , Johnson Felicia , Reussner Lee , Remacle Marc , Sataloff Robert T. , Abitbol Jean , Shaw Gary , Archer Sanford , McWhorter Andrew 
Published: February 2007

ObjectivesEvaluate the effectiveness of CaHA injection for patients with glottal incompetence.MethodsMulti‐center, open‐label, prospective clinical study with each patient serving as his/her own control. Voice‐related outcome measures were collected for pre‐injection and 1, 3, and 6 months.ResultsSixty‐eight patients were available for evaluation. Fifty percent of the injection procedures were done in office. Fifty‐seven percent were diagnosed with unilateral paralysis and 42% with glottal incompetence with mobile vocal folds. Patient satisfaction 6 months post showed 56% had significantly improved voice and 38% reported moderately improved voice. Paired t tests from baseline to 6 months showed significant improvements on the VHI and VAS (vocal effort), CAPE‐V judgments of voice severity and videoendostroboscopy ratings of glottal closure, and objective voice measures of glottal closure (MPT and S:Z ratio).ConclusionsPreliminary results in this large cohort of patients demonstrate excellent clinical results.
A mandibular advancement device for the ENT office to treat obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Maurer Joachim T. , Huber Kerstin , Verse Thomas , Hörmann Karl , Stuck Boris 
Published: February 2007

ObjectiveTo prospectively evaluate the efficacy of the mandibular advancement device (MAD) Somnoguard in the treatment of OSA patients.Study Design and SettingForty‐four patients with OSA and noncompliant to continuous positive airway pressure were enrolled in this case series. Somnoguard is made of thermoplastic material. Direct intraoral fitting was done by an otorhinolaryngologist. Polysomnographic data concerning sleep and respiration were assessed at baseline and after familiarization with the MAD.ResultsSleep efficiency and sleep stages distribution did not change significantly. The RDI could be reduced from 31.5 ± 17.6 to 18.2 ± 17.0 (P < 0.05), the minimal oxygen saturation increased from 78 ± 12.9 to 82 ± 12.5% (P < 0.05). According to standard criteria, 18 patients were cured, 12 were improved, 8 remained unchanged, and 6 worsened. Snoring time decreased from 223 ± 132 to 183 ± 134 minutes (P < 0.05).Conclusion and SignificanceWith Somnoguard 68% of the enrolled OSA patients could be cured or substantially improved. It is a simple MAD for the otolaryngologist.
Radical surgery: Effect on quality of life and pain in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Videler Ward J.M. , van Drunen Cornelis M. , van der Meulen Freerk W. , Fokkens Wytske J. 
Published: February 2007

ObjectivesDespite effective medical therapy and repetitive endoscopic sinus surgery in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis, there still remains a small group of patients without improvement of symptoms. This study evaluates the effect of radical surgery on quality of life and pain in these patients with recalcitrant disease.Study DesignA prospective, questionnaire‐based study was conducted in 23 patients who underwent Denker's procedure for refractory chronic rhinosinusitis. Quality of life and pain were evaluated before surgery and 12 months and 2 years after surgery with the SF‐36 and McGill Pain Questionnaire.ResultsSeven of the eight mean scores of the SF‐36 postoperatively improved after surgery, with statistical significance for Role Physical (RP) P = 0.048. Bodily pain showed a strong tendency to significance. Results of the McGill Pain Questionnaire show a significant improvement in most of the subscores after surgery implying less pain.ConclusionRadical surgery improves the physical burden of chronic rhinosinusitis and pain experience in patients with therapy resistant chronic rhinosinusitis.
A clinico‐pathological study of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma: Correlation of cord‐arytenoid mobility with histopathologic involvement
Authors: Katιlmιş Hüseyin , Öztürkcan Sedat , Özdemir İsmail , Adadan Işιl , Tunç Aziz , Akder Ayşegül , Başoğlu Sinan 
Published: February 2007

ObjectiveThis study evaluates the vocal cord and arytenoid mobility in relation to the tumoral involvement of the cricoarytenoid joint (CAJ), thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle, and posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle in whole‐organ sections of total laryngectomy specimens.Study Design and SettingThe study was prospectively carried out between 1998 and 2003 and involved 133 primary squamous cell carcinoma cases of larynx or pyriform sinus that were treated with total laryngectomy. Preoperative mobility of vocal cords and arytenoids were evaluated seperately and correlated with histopathologic findings.ResultsIn cases with fixed vocal cord CAJ, TA muscle, and PCA muscle were involved in 42.4%, 72.9%, and 27.1% of the cases, respectively, while in cases with fixed arytenoid these structures were affected in 40%, 66.3%, and 25.3% of the cases. Weight effect seemed to play a role in 60% and 50% of the cases of supraglottic and pyriform sinus carcinoma, respectively.ConclusionCareful evaluation of the mobility of the cord arytenoid unit separately helps the surgeon to better understand the patterns of tumoral extension guiding for the appropriate surgery which should be undertaken.
Lacustrine evidence for moisture changes in the Nebraska Sand Hills during Marine Isotope Stage 3
Authors: Jacobs Kimberly C. , Fritz Sherilyn C. , Swinehart James B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn the central Great Plains of North America, loess stratigraphy suggests that climate during the late Pleistocene was cold and dry. However, this record is discontinuous, and there are few other records of late-Pleistocene conditions. Cobb Basin, located on the northern edge of the Nebraska Sand Hills, contains lacustrine sediments deposited during Marine Isotope Stage 3, beginning approximately 45,000 cal yr BP and continuing for at least 10,000 yr. The lake was formed by a dune dam blockage on the ancient Niobrara River, and its deposits contain a diatom record that indicates changes through time in lake depth driven by changes in effective moisture. During the earliest stages of lake formation, the climate was arid enough to mobilize dunes and emplace dune sand into a blocking position within the Niobrara streambed. Diatom assemblages suggest that lake-level was shallow at formation, increased substantially during a wet interval, and then became shallow again, as arid conditions resumed. By about 27,000 cal yr BP the lake was filled, and a shallow ephemeral river occupied the basin.
Liver fibrosis: cellular mechanisms of progression and resolution
Authors: Henderson Neil C. , Iredale John P. 
Published: February 2007

Liver fibrosis represents a major worldwide health care burden. The last 15 years have seen a rapid growth in our understanding of the pathogenesis of this clinically relevant model of inflammation and repair. This work is likely to inform the design of effective antifibrotic therapies in the near future. In this review, we examine how the innate and adaptive immune response interacts with other key cell types in the liver, such as the myofibroblast, regulating the process of hepatic fibrosis and, where relevant, resolution of fibrosis with remodelling. Emphasis is placed on the increasing knowledge that has been generated by the use of transgenic animals and animals in which specific cell lines have been deleted. Additionally, we review the increasing evidence that, although significant numbers of wound-healing myofibroblasts are derived from the hepatic stellate cell, significant contributions may occur from other cell lineages, including those from distant sites such as bone marrow stem cells.
Exponential growth of Lie algebras of finite global dimension
Authors: Felix Yves , Halperin Steve , Thomas Jean-Claude 
Published: February 2007

Let

L
L

be a connected finite type graded Lie algebra. If dim

L
=
∞

L = \infty

and gldim

L
>
∞

\, L>\infty

, then log index

L
=
α
>
0

\, L=\alpha >0

. If, moreover,

α
>
∞

\alpha >\infty

, then for some

d
d

,

∑

i
=
1

d
−
1

\textrm {dim}

L

k
+
i

=

e

k

α
k

,

\sum _{i=1}^{d-1} \mbox {\textrm {dim}}\, L_{k+i} = e^{k\alpha _k}\,,\,\,

where

α
k

→

\alpha _k \to

log index

L
L

as

k
→
∞

.

k\to \infty \,.
Natural Philosophy
Authors: Cullen Christopher M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
According to Bonaventure, metaphysics, as a branch of natural philosophy, is concerned with the truth of “things”. But unlike physics, which investigates things insofar as they change, metaphysics goes beyond motion and quantity to investigate things simply insofar as they exist or are “beings”. This investigation involves reducing things back to the most fundamental concept, namely, being. It has three main parts: (1) how things came to be from the First Principle, that is, why there is something rather than nothing; (2) how things reflect ideas or “exemplars” in the divine mind, in other words, how things are what they are and are intelligible; and finally, (3) how things “return” to their source, or, the ultimate meaning of things. These three aspects constitute the three parts of metaphysics: emanation, exemplarism, and consummation.
The Creation of the World
Authors: Cullen Christopher M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores why Bonaventure explicitly includes creation as a distinct subject area in his division of theology and what theology adds to the understanding of creation. Bonaventure believes that theology reinforces our awareness of the nothingness of creation. Recalling this means that Bonaventure's doctrine of creation can be understood. In considering this doctrine, however, it is also important to keep in mind that Bonaventure believes creation ex nihilo (from nothing) can be known by reason alone.
Grace
Authors: Cullen Christopher M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Bonaventure distinguishes three meanings for grace. First, in a general sense, it is the assistance freely and liberally granted by God to creatures performing any of their acts. Second, in a more proper sense, grace (gratia) is a term usually reserved for the gift from God by which the human soul is perfected and transformed. Third, is the concept of created sense as the means of justification and of this justification involving a change in being.
The Sacramental Cure
Authors: Cullen Christopher M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Bonaventure uses “sacrament” to refer to all signs of faith in the Redeemer, even those that are not explicitly focused on Jesus of Nazareth. He refers to this as the “diversity” of the sacraments. “Sacraments” in this sense were instituted from the very beginning, but they have enjoyed diversity through three different ages and their concomitant laws: the law of nature, the law of scripture, and the law of grace.
Introduction
Authors: Waghorne Joanne Punzo 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Tourists rarely consider Chennai a “temple city”, yet this major commercial center is experiencing a temple building boom. As active in building the economy as in constructing temple, new donors and devotees, who openly describe themselves as “middle class”, hold responsible positions in Chennai's modern technological, scientific, governmental, and business establishments. This chapter introduces the array of temples surveyed in Chennai and the many rituals of consecration (mahakumbhabhisheka) observed. Highlighting three new temples and their urban donors in detail, the chapter reconsiders “religion in the city”/urban religion (post Max Weber); the interplay of “tradition” and “modernity” (post Milton Singer); and old issues of economic development and Hindu religiosity. The chapter argues that significant cultural-religious changes occur in these temples, where donors and devotees reconstruct “tradition” and establish innovations in the context of space not ideology, thus creating an emerging reconfiguration of Hinduism that both rivals and parallels the much-discussed Hindu nationalism.
The Gentrification of the Goddess
Authors: Waghorne Joanne Punzo 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Encircled by ever-expanding suburbs of Chennai, many old village “seats” of feminine divine power (shakti pitha) are attracting ardent new middle-class devotees. Called Amman (mother) in Tamil, these Goddesses (Mariyamman, Mundakakkanni Amman, Kolavizhi Amman) reign alone, usually without a male consort. Middle-class neighborhood groups, often led by women, are taming the powers of such “village” goddesses long associated with blood sacrifices and wild ecstasy by giving these Goddesses inviting faces and literally “domesticating” their sites into proper new temples. This process of gentrification or “bourgeoisification” of the Goddess reveals evolving middle-class religious sensibilities. Goddess temples become the sites for a new bourgeois public sphere (Habermas), where the middle classes enact and construct a common identity. This gentrification reaches out into the surrounding streets as well, where new groups lobby for public cleanliness. A sign on the wall of an old temple reads “Please help us keep the street clean”.
The Architecture of Reason
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The literature on theoretical reason has been dominated by epistemological concerns, treatments of practical reason by ethical concerns. This book overcomes the limitations of dealing with each separately. It sets out a comprehensive theory of rationality applicable to both practical and theoretical reason. In both domains, the book explains how experience grounds rationality, delineates the structure of central elements, and attacks the egocentric conception of rationality. It establishes the rationality of altruism and thereby supports major moral principles. The concluding part describes the pluralism and relativity the book's conception of rationality accommodates and, taking the unified account of theoretical and practical rationality in that light, constructs a theory of global rationality — the overall rationality of persons.
Saadiah Gaon
Authors: Eisen Robert 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This analysis of Saadiah’s reading of Job begins with a brief summary of his discussion of the suffering of the righteous in Beliefs and Opinions, where he lays out the philosophical ideas that are critical for his interpretation of Job. This is followed by a summary of the contents of his commentary on Job. The discussion then proceeds in the order of the three interfaces outlined in the introduction: a discussion of the sources and antecedents of Saadiah’s reading of the Book of Job; an analysis of Saadiah’s reading as an exegetical exercise grappling with the biblical text; and finally revisiting Saadiah’s discussion of the suffering of the righteous in Beliefs and Opinions to determine precisely how his systematic thinking on theodicy relates to his exegesis on Job.
So This Is What It's Like
Authors: Nemirow Laurence 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the objective grounds for and against the ability hypothesis (AH), which was developed as a response to the Knowledge Argument (KA) — a purported proof of the existence of “phenomenal information”. It argues that while KA capitalizes on the mysticism inspired by “So this is what it's like” and embraces the existence of propositional knowledge that cannot be put into words, AH provides a more worldly account that explains both the cognitive role of knowing what it's like and its essential connection with firsthand experience. This approach engenders almost religious objection. But the test of a philosophical theory is not the fervor of the criticism it engenders, but the strength of the available rejoinders; and AH proves to be reasonably resilient to assault.
What Is This Thing You Call Color
Authors: Nordby Knut 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The late Knut Nordby was a real-life counterpart of Mary: a color-blind expert in the science of color vision. This chapter describes the results of empirical research on color vision and other sense modalities. Based on these results and his own experience, he argues that Mary will be able to sense and discriminate color hues, but will not be able to name them on the basis of her knowledge. He does not take a definite stand on the epistemic and metaphysical gaps. But his reflections should help inform views on these matters.
What Is a Phenomenal Concept?
Authors: Levin Janet 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents a version of the phenomenal concept strategy based on a limited defense of the “demonstrative account” of phenomenal concepts. In this account, phenomenal concepts pick out their referents directly, much like demonstratives, without mediation by any mode of presentation. It is argued that this shows that many type-B materialists appeal to this account to help explain why there is an epistemic gap but no metaphysical gap, and that the account can meet objections present elsewhere. It is further argued that recent emendations to the account, including those by Katalin Balog, Block, Papineau, and Levine, concede too much to the antiphysicalists while accomplishing too little. Demonstrative theorists are urged to return to their roots.
Direct Reference and Dancing Qualia
Authors: Hawthorne John 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that there is a tension in the semantic views held by certain antiphysicalists. These philosophers accept Fregean arguments against direct-reference theories of ordinary proper names but maintain that phenomenal concepts refer directly. Against this semantic package, it is argued that the thought experiments that motivate a sense-reference distinction for ordinary proper names — roughly, Hesperus-Phosphorus stories — can be replicated at the level of direct phenomenal concepts. (A Hesperus-Phosphorus story is one in which one rationally believes both that object a has a property P and that object b lacks P, even though a = b.)
Equilibrium
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
After demolishing metaphysical notions of moral behavior, John Mackie's Inventing Right and Wrong argues that the way forward is through the study of anthropology and game theory. This chapter begins a review of the basic ideas of game theory by explaining both the rational and the evolutionary interpretation of Nash equilibria in various games, including the Prisoners' Dilemma, the Stag Hunt Game, the Ultimatum Game, the Centipede Game, and the Nash Demand Game.
Duty
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Metaphysical moral theories can be loosely be divided into theories of the Good or Right. Naturalistic theories can be said to be theories of the seemly — what is appropriate in a particular place and time. This chapter explains how rights and duties can fit within a theory of the seemly. You have a right to do something if you do not have a duty not to do it. You have a duty to do something if you would otherwise diverge from equilibrium play in the social contract currently operated by your society.
Innateness and (Bayesian) Visual Perception
Authors: Scholl Brian J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores a way in which visual processing may involve innate constraints and attempts to show how such processing overcomes one enduring challenge to nativism. In particular, many challenges to nativist theories in other areas of cognitive psychology (e.g., ‘theory of mind’, infant cognition) have focused on the later development of such abilities, and have argued that such development is in conflict with innate origins (since those origins would have to be somehow changed or overwritten). Innateness, in these contexts, is seen as antidevelopmental, associated instead with static processes and principles. In contrast, certain perceptual models demonstrate how the very same mental processes can both be innately specified and yet develop richly in response to experience with the environment. This process is entirely unmysterious, as shown in certain formal theories of visual perception, including those that appeal to spontaneous endogenous stimulation and those based on Bayesian inference.
Language and the Development of Spatial Reasoning
Authors: Shusterman Anna , Spelke Elizabeth 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter argues that human and animal minds indeed depend on a collection of domain-specific, task-specific, and encapsulated cognitive systems: on a set of cognitive ‘modules’ in Fodor's sense. It also argues that human and animal minds are endowed with domain-general, central systems that orchestrate the information delivered by core knowledge systems. The chapter begins by reviewing the literature on spatial reorientation in animals and in young children, arguing that spatial reorientation bears the hallmarks of core knowledge and of modularity. It then considers studies of older children and adults, arguing that human spatial representations change qualitatively over development and show capacities not found in any other species. Finally, it presents two new experiments that investigate the role of emerging spatial language in uniquely human navigation performance.
The Complexity of Cognition
Authors: Samuels Richard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the scope and limits of the tractability argument. It argues for two claims. First, that when explored with appropriate care and attention, it becomes clear that the argument provides no good reason to prefer massive modularity to the more traditional rationalist alternative. Second, while it is denied that tractability considerations support massive modularity per se, this does not mean that they show nothing whatsoever. Careful analysis of tractability considerations suggests a range of characteristics that any plausible version of psychological rationalism is likely to possess. The chapter proceeds as follows: Section 1 outlines and clarifies the general form of the tractability argument. Section 2 explains how massive modularity is supposed to resolve intractability worries. Sections 3 to 7 highlight the deficiencies of the main extant arguments for claiming that nonmodular mechanisms are intractable. Section 8 concludes by sketching some of the general characteristics that a plausible rationalist alternative to massive modularity — one capable of subserving tractable cognitive processes — is likely to possess.
Resolving the Debate on Innate Ideas
Authors: Tooby John , Barrett H. Clark 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter addresses the question of why many cognitive and behavioural scientists still fail to recognize the truth of nativism despite the power of poverty of stimulus arguments. It argues that this is primarily because the domains in which these arguments have hitherto been applied, for example, language or naive physics, are all ones in which the knowledge that children acquire is objectively present in their environment. Thus, the possibility always remains open that children could somehow be acquiring this knowledge from the environment through general learning. In the case of motivation, however, this last bastion of resistance is unavailable, since desires do not serve to represent information that is already present in the environment. The closest thing to a knockdown argument for nativism can therefore be developed in respect of innate motivational systems.