bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of AXAFS Spectroscopy to Transition‐Metal Oxides: Influence of the Nearest and Next Nearest Neighbour Shells in Vanadium Oxides
Authors: Keller Daphne E. , Weckhuysen Bert M. , Koningsberger Diek C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe influence of changes in coordination number, interatomic distances, and oxidation state on the intensity and centroid position of the Fourier transform (FT) of the atomic X‐ray absorption fine structure (AXAFS) peak of vanadium oxide bulk model compounds and alumina‐supported vanadium oxide clusters has been investigated. Using Na3VO4 and V2O5 as model compounds, it has been shown that the nearest neighbour shells have a pronounced influence on the AXAFS intensity; specifically, a 40 % decrease in intensity was observed between these two compounds. Secondly, the influence of partial reduction of the vanadium oxide species has been determined; this led to a 50 % decrease in the AXAFS intensity and to an increase in the centroid position. Furthermore, the influence of the vanadium oxide loading has been assessed. A non‐linear relationship between the vanadium oxide loading and the AXAFS intensity has been found, indicating that the AXAFS intensity is sensitive to the formation of VOV bridging bonds between the vanadium VO4 clusters. The results show that AXAFS can be used to probe the relative energy level of the vanadium valence orbitals.
Exhaustive Analysis of Frontal Copolymerization of Functionalized Monovinyl and Divinyl Monomers
Authors: Pujari Narahari S. , Inamdar Satish R. , Ambekar Jalindar D. , Kulkarni B. D. , Ponrathnam Surendra 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA series of copolymers of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)/glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EGDM) were synthesized by frontal polymerization (FP). This study was conducted to investigate the effect of crosslink density, type and concentration of initiator, the use of a complex initiator system, porogen, and diluent on the most relevant parameters of FP, such as sustainability of the front, temperature profile, front velocity, and yield. The products were also characterized for intruded pore volume, pore‐size distribution, epoxy‐functionality number, and surface morphology. Higher crosslink densities (CLDs) and initiator concentration produced higher front velocities, whereas no trend in front temperature was noted. A complex initiation system was effective in stabilizing and increasing the polymerization yield. Relative to suspension polymerization (SP), FP products synthesized without a solvent were microporous, whereas micro‐to‐macroporous products were obtained in the presence of a solvent (for HEMA–EGDM polymers). We also present, explain, and discuss the exotic patterns observed under a microscope. We observed two basic types of spatial patterns, namely, planar and nonplanar patterns. The type of planar pattern observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has a spatial impulse that appears as a loop followed by regular periodic motion in the radial and axial directions. This behavior gives rise to a repeating pattern that is a few microns thick. Also, nonplanar patterns, namely, layered concentric rings and winding staircase patterns, were observed under SEM.
De Novo Synthesis of Uronic Acid Building Blocks for Assembly of Heparin Oligosaccharides
Authors: Adibekian Alexander , Bindschädler Pascal , Timmer Mattie S. M. , Noti Christian , Schützenmeister Nina , Seeberger Peter H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn efficient de novo synthesis of uronic acid building blocks is described. The synthetic strategy relies on the stereoselective elongation of thioacetal protected dialdehydes 12 a and 17. The dialdehydes are prepared from D‐xylose, a cheap and commercially available source. A highly stereoselective MgBr2⋅OEt2‐mediated Mukaiyama aldol addition to C4‐aldehyde 12 a is performed to obtain D‐glucuronic acid building block 16, whereas L‐iduronic acid building block 22 is prepared by MgBr2⋅OEt2‐mediated cyanation of C5‐aldehyde 17. Synthesis of a heparin disaccharide demonstrates the utility of the de novo strategy for the assembly of glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides.
Dual Reactivity Pattern of Allenolates “On Water”: The Chemical Basis for Efficient Allenolate‐Driven Organocatalytic Systems
Authors: González‐Cruz David , Tejedor David , de Armas Pedro , García‐Tellado Fernando 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA study of the reactivity pattern associated with zwitterionic allenolates “on water” is reported. This study establishes the chemical basis for two organocatalyzed allenolate‐driven reaction networks operating “on water”. The first one is a chemodifferentiating three building block (ABB′) three‐component reaction (ABB′ 3CR) manifold comprising terminal alkynoates and aldehydes. The manifold produces propargylic enol ethers 3 with higher average efficiency than their homologues in organic solvents. The second one is a novel organocatalytic system elicited by the reaction of alkynoates and nitrones in the presence of tertiary amines or phosphines. While terminal alkynoates afford 2,3,5‐trisubstituted 2,3‐dihydroisoxazoles 5 and propargylic N‐hydroxylamines 6, internal alkynoates selectively afford the 2,3,4,5‐tetrasusbstituted 2,3‐dihydroisoxazaole 10. Importantly, in both cases, the 2,3‐dihydroisoxazole ring is obtained as a sole regioisomer.
In‐vivo high‐resolution X‐ray microtomography for liver and spleen tumor assessment in mice
Authors: Almajdub M. , Nejjari M. , Poncet G. , Magnier L. , Chereul E. , Roche C. , Janier M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe present study sought to validate the use of glycery1‐2‐oley‐1,3‐bis‐[7‐(3‐amino‐2,4,6‐triiodophenyl)‐ heptanoate] (DHOG) contrast agent for mouse spleen tumor and liver metastasis imaging by high‐resolution X‐ray microtomography. Three groups of female nude mice were compared: controls (n = 5), and mice injected with 2.5 × 106 STC1 tumor cells in the spleen, imaged at 15 days (group G15, n = 5) and at 30 days (group G30, n = 5, of which one died before imaging). Micro‐CT scans (X‐ray voltage, 50 kVp; anode current, 200 µA; exposure time, 632 ms; 180 rotational steps resulting in 35 µm isotropic spatial resolution) were acquired at 0, 0.75, 2 and 4 h after i.v. injection of DHOG. CT number (Hounsfield units: HU) and contrast‐to‐noise ratios (CNR) were determined in three organs. Statistical analysis was performed by Mann–Whitney U‐test. Contrast enhancement in normal spleen and liver increased, respectively to 1020 ± 159 and 351 ± 27 HU over baseline at 4 h, and 482 ± 3 and 203 ± 14 HU on day 6 after a single contrast injection. Automated three‐dimensional reconstruction and modeling of the spleen provided accurate and quantifiable images. Spleen tumor and liver metastases did not take up DHOG, making them detectable in contrast to the increased signal in normal tissue. The smallest liver metastasis detected measured 0.3 mm in diameter. High‐resolution X‐ray micro‐CT in living mice using DHOG contrast agent allowed visualization and volume quantification of normal spleen and of spleen tumor and its liver metastases. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Economic burden of metastatic bone disease in the U.S.
Authors: Schulman Kathy L. , Kohles Joseph 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDPrevious research has documented the prevalence of primary bone cancer; however, there are few data available regarding the impact of metastatic bone disease (MBD) on national expenditure. In this study, the authors quantified the prevalence and direct medical care costs of patients with MBD and the resulting cost impact on U.S. oncology expenditure.METHODSAnonymous, patient‐level data on health care utilization and cost were obtained from the Thomson Medstat MarketScan research databases. In total, 396,200 patients who were diagnosed with cancer between 2000 and 2004 were selected for the study. Patients with MBD were matched subsequently to non‐MBD controls. A 2‐part linear regression model was used to compare cases with controls to quantify the incremental cost associated with the disease.RESULTSCancer prevalence in the U.S. during the study period was estimated at 4,861,987 cases annually, and 5.3% (n = 256,137) of those patients had MBD. Rates of MBD were highest in patients with multiple myeloma (28.8%) and lung cancer (15.6%). The mean direct medical cost for all cancers combined was $75,329 for patients with MBD and $31,382 for controls. Regression‐adjusted, incremental costs were $44,442 (P < .001) across all cancer types. The incremental cost was highest for patients with multiple myeloma ($63,455) and lowest for patients with lung cancer ($24,946).CONCLUSIONSThe national cost burden for patients with MBD was estimated at $12.6 billion, which is 17% of the $74 billion in total direct medical cost estimated by the National Institutes of Health, suggesting that MBD is a significant driver of overall oncology cost. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Role of diagnostic and ablative minimally invasive surgery for pediatric malignancies
Authors: Metzelder Martin L. , Kuebler Joachim F. , Shimotakahara Akihiro , Glueer Sylvia , Grigull Lorenz , Ure Benno M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe use of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in pediatric cancer is a matter of debate. The diagnostic and ablative roles of MIS were evaluated in a consecutive series of children with malignancies.METHODSA prospective study, including all patients, who underwent abdominal and thoracic surgery for confirmed or highly suspected pediatric cancer was performed from September, 2000, to December, 2005. An interdisciplinary panel approved the indication for minimally invasive or conventional surgery.RESULTSAt a single institution, 301 operations were performed on 276 children with cancer. A minimally invasive approach was attempted in 90 of these patients (30%) and successfully employed in 69 (77%) of the operations. However, 21 operations (23%) were converted to an open approach. Regarding the abdominal operations attempted laparoscopically, 41 abdominal operations for biopsy or staging purposes were attempted laparoscopically (53%), but 6 were converted. In all, 139 abdominal resections were performed and 24 were attempted laparoscopically. Ten of these (42%) were converted. In 34 thoracic operations requiring biopsy, thoracoscopy was attempted in 14 (41%) and was successful in all but 1 (93%). Fifty‐one thoracic tumors were resected and the thoracoscopic approach was attempted in 11 (22%) and successful in 7 (14%). Conversions from a minimally invasive operation to an open procedure occurred mainly due to limited visibility. Three bleeding complications occurred with 1 patient requiring a blood transfusion. In addition, 1 small bowel injury occurred with immediate laparoscopic closure. There were no port site recurrences after a median of 39 months.CONCLUSIONSMIS is a reliable diagnostic tool for pediatric abdominal and thoracic malignancy. The role of ablative MIS in pediatric cancer remains limited. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
A magnetoelectronic register file cell for a self‐checkpointing microprocessor
Authors: Navale Nitin , Lundgren Erica , Carter Nicholas P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA self‐checkpointing microprocessor periodically copies the state of the currently executing program to on‐chip non‐volatile storage, allowing it to resume execution of the program at the last checkpoint after a power supply interruption or shutdown. In this paper, we present a register file cell for a self‐checkpointing microprocessor that integrates a magnetoelectronic non‐volatile memory cell into a register cell similar to the one used in the Itanium 2 microprocessor. Our design allows the contents of each bit in the register file to be checkpointed simultaneously, reducing the time required to take a checkpoint to a few clock cycles, without compromising the performance of the register file during normal read and write operations. Because the area of the base register file cell is determined by the wiring tracks it requires, adding self‐checkpointing to the cell only increases its area by 6%. Similarly, adding self‐checkpointing has effectively no impact on the cell's performance, only increasing read and write times from 299 to 300 ps, even when the additional load on the bit lines from the larger cells is considered. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a circuit theory for metallic single‐electron tunnelling devices
Authors: Hoekstra J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA circuit theory for metallic single‐electron tunnelling (SET) junctions is presented. In detail circuits with a single SET junction in arbitrary environments are described. Based on the conservation of energy in the circuits—a fundamental circuit theorem—equivalent circuit elements are proposed and possible physical justifications are presented. The resulting model represents the tunnel event by an impulse current source, the junction by a charged capacitor, and the tunnelling condition as a discrete process based on local circuit parameters—and may include a tunnelling time. Simple examples illustrate Coulomb blockade, Coulomb oscillations, and continuous direct tunnelling. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Octreotide for relapsing sulfonylurea‐induced hypoglycemia in a dialysis patient
Authors: Yavari Arash , Ostermann Marlies , MacLean Douglas , Scoble John 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDHypoglycemia is the principle adverse effect of sulfonylurea, especially in patients with renal failure. Conventional treatment consists of hypertonic dextrose, sometimes combined with glucagon. However, paradoxically both agents can stimulate insulin secretion and induce rebound hypoglycemia.PATIENTWe present the case of a hemodialysis patient with relapsing gliclazide‐induced hypoglycemia in the context of sepsis.RESULTSOur patient failed to respond to regular infusions of hypertonic dextrose and oral carbohydrates. His hypoglycemia only resolved after a single dose of octreotide. The pathophysiology of recurrent sulfonylurea‐induced hypoglycemia and the challenges of current therapies are discussed. The somatostatin analogue octreotide inhibits insulin release and has been proposed as an antidote for sulfonylurea overdose.CONCLUSIONSWe propose that octreotide has a clinical role in the treatment of patients with renal failure and sulfonylurea‐ induced hypoglycemia.
Multilevel coding for low‐density parity‐check codes
Authors: Matsumoto Wataru , Xu Weigang , Imai Hideki 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn recent years attention has turned to LDPC codes, which show performance approaching communication path capacity. In the past, application of LDPC codes has mainly been BPSK‐based proposals. In this paper, we propose a new design method for multilevel coding that uses LDPC codes as element codes. First, we focus on the possibility of freedom of design for LDPC codes in regards to any desired encoding rate, optimize a degree profile using Gaussian Approximation, and use the actual BER characteristics shown in LDPC codes of finite length formed by this degree file to find the differential SNRnorm up to the Shannon limit of SNR values at the time of some specific BER. With the SNRnorm for the encoding rate at several points, we calculate an SNRnorm approximation formula for a continuous, wide‐range encoding rate, and use this approximation formula to propose a method for designing multivalue coded modulation based on multilevel coding. In addition, we demonstrate the results of a simulation of this proposed method using irregular EG‐LDPC codes, and demonstrate that this method is effective for restricting deterioration of performance in actual usage. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(8): 57–68, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20173 Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fair bandwidth allocation method for broadband packet network
Authors: Yoshida Yukihiro , Kasahara Yasunobu , Maeda Yoichi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAs broadband Internet access channels such as ADSL and FTTH become more widely used, network compression by power users becomes a problem. In order to deal with this problem, bandwidth control that assigns bandwidth among users in a fair manner is needed. In this paper, we studied the DRR method, which is known to allow fair bandwidth allocation and to be highly realizable. A new method that resolves the problem of realizability at high speeds in the range of gigabits and tens of gigabits typical of the DRR method is proposed. By this method, it is possible to realize fair allocation of bandwidth even if the channel speed is increased to several gigabits or several tens of gigabits. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(8): 50–56, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20266 Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optical burst switched ring network with upstream prioritized switching and distributed fairness control
Authors: Arakawa Yutaka , Yamanaka Naoaki , Sasase Iwao 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWith a view to constructing a metropolitan network that can flexibly handle highly bursty traffic, an optical burst switched ring network with upstream prioritized switching and distributed fairness control is proposed. In optical burst switching, high burst drop rates at intermediate nodes constitute a problem. In the proposed system, burst signal dropping at the relay nodes is eliminated by means of upstream prioritized switching. At the same time, by using distributed fairness control, the problem of upstream prioritized switching‐related unfairness, in which positional priority provides higher priority to more distant transmission nodes, is resolved. Further, by modifying the reservation of downstream nodes by using the trailer packet after disconnection of the transmission, unnecessary bandwidth is eliminated and the throughput is improved. By computer simulation, the throughput and the fairness with regard to the throughput are evaluated. It is shown that the proposed architecture exhibits excellent characteristics even in cases of hot‐spot traffic, in which concentrated traffic occurs at a particular destination. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(8): 30–39, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20338 Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rheometry experiment for a wire antenna aboard spacecraft at low frequencies
Authors: Imachi Tomohiko , Yagitani Satoshi , Higashi Ryoichi , Nagano Isamu 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFor satellite observation of the electric fields of waves, a dipole antenna using a wire (wire antenna) is often used. An antenna with probes on both ends (probe antenna) is used for observation of the static electric field. For calibration of these antennas, the effective length of the antenna is a problem. In general, in AC wave observation, the effective length of the wire antenna is half the total length L and hence L/2. It has been verified that this is correct at frequencies of several hundred hertz or higher. However, in the GEOTAIL antenna, the same antenna is co‐used for wave observation and the static field observation. Calibration is performed with an effective length of L/2 for wave observation with an effective length of L for static electric field measurement. Reliable data are obtained in both cases. This paper reports a rheometry experiment in which the output voltage of a small antenna is measured in water for the wire antenna, obtaining the frequency dependence of the effective length in the low‐frequency region. It is found that the frequency dependence of the effective length depends on the antenna configuration. When a wire antenna with only its side surfaces insulation coated is placed in a conductive medium such as water or plasma, it is found that the effective length approaches L at low frequencies and L/2 at higher frequencies. This result is theoretically analyzed by means of an equivalent circuit and it is found that the phenomenon depends on the balance among surrounding medium, the insulation coating of the wire, and the input impedance of the receiver. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(9): 45–53, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20353
Investigation of radiated field analysis model for moment method from microstrip line on PCB
Authors: Koyama Hiroaki , Kawabata Masato , Ishida Yasuhiro , Kuwabara Nobuo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe method of moments and the FDTD method have been widely used for the analysis of radiated electromagnetic fields. In comparison with the FDTD method, the method of moments calculates the electromagnetic field by a light computational load and analyzes the far field accurately. A wire grid model of the printed circuit board placed on the upper plane of the imitated equipment has been reported and it can calculate the electromagnetic field below 1 GHz. However, the wire grid model using the calculation above 1 GHz has not been reported. This paper proposes the analytical model that can analyze the radiated electromagnetic fields with horizontal polarization at frequencies above 1 GHz. Since the contribution of the current on a microstrip line (MSL) is significant in the case of horizontal polarization, the proposed method attempts to simulate the current distribution by inserting impedances and admittances into the wire grid model of MSL. As a result of the studies, it is found that an analysis is possible with an accuracy within ±5 dB of the measured results in the frequency range of 1 to 3 GHz when the current distribution, calculated by the FDTD method, is simulated by inserting inductance and capacitance into the wire grid model. It is also found that the result of calculation by the model is similar to that by the FDTD method, which requires a computation time about 4 times longer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(8): 20–29, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20354 Copyright © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New antenna weighting method for adaptable beamwidth with zero sidelobe constraints
Authors: Suzuki Junichiro , Masuda Yasuharu , Shinonaga Mitsuyoshi , Nishimoto Shinkichi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFor sidelobe suppression design of antennas, weighting with window functions has been traditionally used. The antenna gain is degraded if a low sidelobe level is sought, so that expansion of the antenna beamwidth is inevitable. Also, there have been discussions of using the convergent calculation in the derivation of a window function that realizes desired characteristics such as sidelobe‐free conditions, but it has not been clear whether the theoretically maximum antenna gain is realized. This paper presents a method of analytical derivation of a weight vector satisfying the maximum achievable antenna gain while the desired beamwidth is obtained under the null sidelobe constraint for the sidelobe region output. In addition, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the method by simulation examples. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 90(9): 35–44, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20370