bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is Heavy Alcohol Consumption an Attributable Factor for Cancer‐Related Deaths Among Japanese Men?
Authors: Makimoto Kiyoko , Oda Hatsue , Higuchi Susumu 
Published: May 2006

Background: Over the past four decades, per capita alcohol consumption in Japan has increased 4‐fold. Age‐adjusted cirrhosis mortality rates for men have also increased, whereas the rates for women have declined gradually. This widening difference in mortality could be due to a decreasing prevalence of viral hepatitis infection for both sexes and to differences in alcohol consumption between the sexes. Difficulties in estimating the impact of increased alcohol consumption on mortality rates in Japan also arise from changes in the prevalence of non‐alcohol‐related risk factors.Methods: To measure the relative contribution of alcohol to death from cirrhosis, liver cancer, esophageal cancer, and head and neck cancer among Japanese men, we used the mortality rate for Japanese women as the standard because alcohol consumption for women has been low. We used published vital statistics data from 1992 to 1996 to calculate the attributable risk percent (ARP) in 5‐year cohorts of Japanese men age 20 and older.Results: Among Japanese men, heavy alcohol consumption accounted for 70.7% of deaths due to cirrhosis, 76.8% of liver cancer deaths, 88.5% of esophageal cancer deaths, and 87.4% of head and neck cancer deaths. When we examined ARPs by age group, ARPs for these four diseases were approximately 80% in the middle age groups. However, for older groups, the ARPs for cirrhosis and liver cancer were much lower than those for esophageal cancer and head and neck cancer. The prevalence of previous hepatitis C virus infection, considered to be the major cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer, increased with age.Conclusions: The results support previous epidemiologic studies conducted in Japan. Heavy alcohol consumption is a major public health problem among younger Japanese men, accounting for approximately 80% of the deaths for the four diseases examined.
Efficacy of Nicotine Patch in Smokers With a History of Alcoholism
Authors: Hughes John R. , Novy Pamela , Hatsukami Dorothy K. , Jensen Joni , Callas Peter W. 
Published: May 2006

Background: Smokers with a history of alcohol dependence may have more difficulty quitting, might relapse to alcohol use, and might especially benefit from nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation.Methods: One hundred fifteen smokers with a history of alcohol dependence (median of 5 years previously) were randomly assigned to either a 21‐mg nicotine patch or placebo in a trial designed to be as similar as possible to a prior study that examined smokers with no history of alcoholism. Both studies were of heavy smokers with similar levels of nicotine dependence; thus, any differences in trials would be due to a history of alcohol problems per se.Results: In the current trial, adjusted prolonged smoking abstinence in those with a history of alcohol dependence was higher in the active than the placebo group at end‐of‐treatment (28% vs. 11%; odds ratio, 3.2;p= 0.04) and at 6‐month follow‐up (24% vs. 6%; odds ratio, 4.9;p= 0.02). Among subjects not lost to follow‐up, none reported drinking problems or increases in craving for alcohol. Smoking abstinence was not lower and the odds ratio for nicotine patch therapy was not greater in smokers with a history of alcohol dependence than in smokers with no such history.Conclusions: Heavy smokers with a history of alcoholism benefit from nicotine patch treatment. A history of alcohol problems after a period of stable sobriety does not appear to influence smoking outcomes or response to nicotine replacement. Although no smokers relapsed to alcohol use, a trial that follows up all subjects is needed to verify this.
A Health‐Based Approach for Evaluating Soil at Depth Contaminated by Hazardous Waste: Utilizing the AALsoil contact Criterion1
Authors: Reynolds Stephen D. , Hadley Paul W. , Sedman Richard M. 
Published: May 2006

Contaminated soil at depth can pose a threat to public health upon excavation. Following the excavation of contaminated soils, toxicants which once resided at depth become available for exposure due to direct contact. A scenario is developed that describes the excavation and redistribution of soil to the surface. Based on typical excavations occurring in a residential setting in California, soil to a depth of 10 feet is considered available for future exposure due to direct contact. The capabilities of various earthmoving equipment were employed to establish that the average toxicant level in 12 cubic yards of soil is the appropriate measure for evaluating contaminated soil at depth. This allows the evaluation of future risk to public health due to direct contact exposures following the excavation of contaminated soils at depth.SUMMARYDirect contact exposures can result if soil contamination initially at depth is excavated and distributed to the soil surface. The evaluation of future exposure to soil at depth due to direct contact should be a component of many hazardous waste site investigations.A scenario that accounts for the excavation and redistribution of soil at depth has been established. The manner in which soil would be handled by earthmoving equipment typically employed for residential construction activities, established 12 yd3 of soil as a reasonable and appropriately conservative minimum amount of soil to be placed uniformly over a 1000 ft2 area. In California, 10 ft is the maximum depth to which soil on a residential property is likely to be excavated.In the absence of overriding site‐specific considerations, the appropriate sampling objective for evaluating future direct contact exposures to soil contamination initially at depth is to determine average levels of toxicants in subsurface soils within 10 ft of the existing ground surface. Results of such sampling are amenable to interpretation as described in the California Site Mitigation Decision Tree(1) to determine if contamination initially at depth could present a future risk to public health.
Immunoprecipitation
Authors: Bonifacino Juan S. , Dell'Angelica Esteban C. , Springer Timothy A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractImmunoprecipitation is a technique in which an antigen is isolated by binding to a specific antibody attached to a sedimentable matrix. It is also used to analyze protein fractions separated by other biochemical techniques such as gel filtration or density gradient sedimentation. The source of antigen for immunoprecipitation can be unlabeled cells or tissues, metabolically or intrinsically labeled cells, or in vitro‐translated proteins. This unit describes a wide range of immunoprecipitation techniques, using either suspension or adherent cells lysed by various means (e.g., with and without detergent, using glass beads, etc.). Flow charts and figures give the user a clear‐cut explanation of the options for employing the technology.
Three‐Dimensional Reconstruction of Tissues
Authors: Cruz Francisco , Lee Richard T. , Huang Hayden 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCellular morphology is inherently three‐dimensional. However, most histological techniques for tissue analysis focus on extracting information from two‐dimensional slices of fixed samples or dissociated cells. These techniques result in a significant loss of the three‐dimensional information of the tissue, including true cell volume, orientation, and whole cell shape. This unit discusses various options for three‐dimensional imaging, provides a protocol for performing post‐processing reconstruction based on serial slicing, and discusses the current advantages and limitations of the three‐dimensional approach to quantitative tissue analysis. The focus of this protocol is on cardiac tissue, but the techniques can be applied to any solid tissue.
Mapping Chromatin Interactions by Chromosome Conformation Capture
Authors: Miele Adriana , Gheldof Nele , Tabuchi Tomoko M. , Dostie Josée , Dekker Job 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChromosome conformation capture (3C) is one of the only techniques that allows for analysis of an intermediate level of chromosome structure ranging from a few to hundreds of kilobases, a level most relevant for gene regulation. The 3C technique is used to detect physical interactions between sequence elements that are located on the same or on different chromosomes. For instance, physical interactions between distant enhancers and target genes can be measured. The 3C assay uses formaldehyde cross‐linking to trap connections between chromatin segments that can, after a number of manipulations, be detected by PCR. This unit describes detailed protocols for performing 3C with yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammalian cells.
Induction and Measurement of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Activity
Authors: Wonderlich John , Shearer Gene , Livingstone Alexandra , Brooks Andrew 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) kill target cells on the basis of cell‐surface antigen recognition and are important in the host response to tumors, transplants, and viruses. This unit presents several protocols for generating and measuring CTL activity. The first describes generating CTL against some of the most commonly used target antigens. Two methods for the quantitation of CTL activity are described based on the two pathways used bt CTL to kill target cells. In one pathway, they release lytic granules containing perforin and granzymes, leading to apoptosis and target cell lysis. In a second pathway, they trigger apoptosis via Fas/Fas ligand interactions. In the chromium‐release assay provided here, labeled antigenic targets are recognized and lysed, releasing radioactivity into the supernatant. In the JAM test protocol, CTL activity is determined by measuring degradation of radioactively labeled DNA in target cells that have undergone apoptotic cell death. Rather than measuring release of radioactivity, the JAM test measures the amount of DNA retained in target cells that are not killed by CTL. Two support protocols detail the generation of CTL precursors (CTLp) against antigens that require priming in vivo. A second set of support protocols describe the preparation of both stimulator and target cells for these responses using two representative antigens, trinitrophenyl and viruses. Finally, two alternate protocols illustrate how to determine total CTLp activity in a population that might express cytolytic activity. These protocols bypass MHC restriction and the original antigen specificity of CTLp by polyclonal stimulation of CTLp with mitogens followed by attachment of CTL to target cells and subsequent cytolysis.
The Purification and Functional Analysis of Human CD4+CD25high Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Baecher‐Allan Clare M. , Hafler David A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractRegulatory T cells were initially identified and isolated in the mouse, by virtue of their endogenous expression of CD25 (IL‐2R αchain) and shown to inhibit both the in vivo development of autoimmunity and the in vitro proliferation of nonregulatory, CD4+CD25− T cells. In contrast to mouse cells, human regulatory T cells are not purified by isolating all CD25‐expressing CD4 T cells ex vivo. Such cells can be isolated by targeting only the small percentage of human CD4 T cells that express high levels of CD25. This is best achieved by FACS sorting using the level of CD25 expressed on CD4− T cells to place the gate for discriminating high expression of CD25. This unit provides two widely used methods to isolate (FACS) or to enrich (magnetic beads) human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells from blood, along with an in vitro coculture assay to measure the anergic and suppressive features of human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells.
Safe Use of Hazardous Chemicals
Authors: Lunn George , Lawler Gretchen 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis appendix provides protocols for some commonly used disposal and decontamination procedures along with analytical techniques that are used to verify that reagents have been decontaminated. Some of the specific reagents covered are diaminobenzidine, ethidium bromide, cyanogen bromide and chloromethylsilane. With modification, these assays may also be used to determine the concentration of a particular chemical. Precautions are also detailed for routine handling of viable pathogenic microorganisms, as well as all human‐derived materials, because they may harbor dangerous pathogens such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), and a host of bacterial pathogens.
Modelling transport dynamics of contaminated sediments in the headwater of a hydropower plant at the Upper Rhine River
Authors: Jacoub George , Westrich Bernhard 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSediments are an essential habitat compartment in rivers, which is a subject to dynamic transport processes. In many rivers, the fine deposited sediments are contaminated with heavy metals and organic compounds. Contaminated deposits are considered as potential hot spots because of the risk of the mobilization under erosive hydraulic conditions. Numerical models for particulate contaminant transport are then necessary and can be applied to estimate and predict the potential impact of mobilized contaminants as an important contribution to sediment management. This paper focuses on the quantification of the amount of contaminated sediments resuspended during the extreme flood event in 1999 and the prediction of deposition one year after the flood event. To assess such erosive flood event, a 2D numerical transport model was developed to analyse the dynamics of erosion and sedimentation processes in the headwater of a cross dam at the Upper Rhine River. The dam consists of a weir, a hydropower plant, and a navigation lock. As the weir is operating only for flood management, a huge amount of sediment highly contaminated with the hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was deposited in the weir zone. Therefore, numerical simulations were performed to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of deposited contaminated sediments as depending on the river discharge and its distribution to the hydraulic structures. The numerical investigation presented here is taken as a retrospective analysis of the contaminated sediment dynamics in the headwater to improve future sediment management.
Numerical modelling of floodplain hydraulics and suspended sediment transport and deposition at the event scale in the middle river Elbe, Germany
Authors: Büttner Olaf , Otte‐Witte Kai , Krüger Frank , Meon Günther , Rode Michael 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe objective of this case study was to calibrate and verify detailed transport model of sediment in a 4‐kilometre stretch of the middle Elbe floodplains in Germany. The hydraulic RMA‐2 model and the SED2d‐WES sediment transport model were used. These models were calibrated and validated by detailed measurement of the surface water elevations, the velocities at six profiles, and the suspended sediment concentration and deposition (by means of 10 sediment traps). The flow was modelled for three steady‐state discharges. The surface water elevations were calculated to an accuracy of less than 5 cm compared to measurements. The differences between the calculated and measured velocities were with one exception smaller than 0.2 m/s (measured range 0.1…︁1.0 m/s). An average sediment input of 35 g/(m2 d) was calculated for the flood event studied. The highest calculated sedimentation rates of 700 g/(m2 d) (dry density 90 kg/m3) occurred in quiescent zones and abandoned channels. Twenty‐five percent of the deposited sediment settled in the quiescent zones (which only account for 13% of the area). The most sensitive parameters of the sediment transport model were the settling velocity and critical shear stress. The modelling techniques used allowed sediment deposition on the floodplains of the Elbe to be realistically depicted.
Tragwiderstand von Betonbauteilen nach dem Brand
Authors: Frangi Andrea , Tesar Can , Fontana Mario 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAufgrund der geringen Wärmeleitfähigkeit erwärmen sich Betonbauteile unter Temperatureinwirkung langsam und nur ein geringer oberflächennaher Bereich des Betonquerschnittes ist von der Temperatureinwirkung (Festigkeits‐ und Steifigkeitsverlust) betroffen. Aus diesen Gründen weisen Betonkonstruktionen oftmals ein günstiges Tragverhalten im Brandfall auf. Während der Abkühlungsphase kühlen sich die heißen oberflächennahen Bereiche des Betonquerschnittes ab, der innere Teil des Betonbauteils erwärmt sich hingegen weiter. Zudem ist zu beachten, daß während der Abkühlungsphase und in den ersten Tagen nach dem Brand die Betonstruktur infolge Rißbildung und der Wiederbildung von Calciumhydroxiden noch weiter geschädigt werden kann und diese Phänomene zu einer weiteren markanten Reduktion der Betonfestigkeit führen können. Der vorliegende Artikel analysiert die grundsätzliche Frage, ob es nach dem Abkühlen zu einem Traglastverlust von Betonkonstruktionen kommen kann. Die durchgeführten rechnerischen Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, daß das Bauteil nach der Abkühlung eine geringere Tragfähigkeit aufweisen kann als im Heißzustand. Die Bemessung des Bauteils nach einem äquivalenten ISO‐Normbrand ohne Beachtung der Abkühlphase kann somit auf der unsicheren Seite liegen. Aus diesem Grund wird empfohlen, daß der Nachweis der Tragfähigkeit von Betonkonstruktionen nicht nur während des Brandes, sondern auch für einen Zeitpunkt mehrere Tage nach dem Brand durchgeführt werden sollte. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Verhalten von EPS‐Hartschaumstoffen unter langzeitiger Druckbeanspruchung
Authors: Krollmann Norbert 
Published: May 2006

AbstractErhöhte Anforderungen an den baulichen Wärmeschutz führen dazu, daß auch in dauerdruckbeanspruchten Bereichen gedämmt werden muß. In diesem Zusammenhang ergab sich die Notwendigkeit, auch für EPS‐Hartschaumstoffe (Expandierbares Polystyrol) abgesicherte Langzeitkennwerte über das Kriechverhalten unter Dauerlast zu ermitteln. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen zeigen, daß das Kriechen von EPS‐Hartschaumstoffen mit dem in EN 1606 beschriebenen Findley ‐Ansatz sehr gut beschrieben und auf weit über 50 Jahre hinaus extrapoliert werden kann. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Invitrodrug interaction between diflunisal and indomethacin via glucuronidation in humans
Authors: Mano Yuji , Usui Takashi , Kamimura Hidetaka 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIt was reported that the plasma concentration of indomethacin was increased with concomitant oral dosages of diflunisal in humans. Both indomethacin and diflunisal are glucuronidated in humans. The effects of diflunisal on the indomethacin glucuronidation were thus investigatedin vitrousing human liver microsomes (HLM) and human intestine microsomes (HIM) in order to assess the drug–drug interaction. The glucuronidation of indomethacin in HLM showed atypical kinetics withKmandKsivalues of 210 and 89.5 µM, respectively, while HIM exhibited Michaelis–Menten kinetics with aKmvalue of 17.4 µM. Diflunisal inhibited the indomethacin glucuronidation in HLM with IC50values ranging from 100 to 231 µM. In HIM, inhibition of the indomethacin glucuronidation by diflunisal was more potent with IC50values of 15.2–48.7 µM. When the clinical dose of diflunisal (250 mg b.i.d.) is taken into consideration, it is expected that the diflunisal concentration in the intestine would be higher than the IC50values for indomethacin glucuronidation in the intestine. These findings suggest that the clinical drug–drug interaction between diflunisal and indomethacin may be at least partly attributable to the inhibition of indomethacin glucuronidation by diflunisal in the intestine. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Charge Ordering in Ag2BiO3.
Authors: Oberndorfer Christian P. M. , Dinnebier Robert E. , Ibberson Richard M. , Jansen Martin 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structural Chemistry of Ln2BaLiRuO7 (Ln: La, Pr).
Authors: Battle Peter D. , Grey Clare P. , Rodgers Jennifer A. , Sloan Jeremy 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Nd6Pt13In22, Sm6Pt12.30In22.7, and Gd6Pt12.48In22.52.
Authors: Zaremba Vasyl I. , Dubenskiy Vitaliy P. , Rodewald Ute Ch. , Heying Birgit , Poettgen Rainer 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Jahn—Teller Ordering in pipzH2[Mn2F8], a Fluoromanganate(III) with a New Layer Structure.
Authors: Stief Ronald , Massa Werner 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of a Room Temperature Stable 12CaO×7Al2O3 Electride from the Melt and Its Application as an Electron Field Emitter.
Authors: Kim Sung Wng , Toda Yoshitake , Hayashi Katsuro , Hirano Masahiro , Hosono Hideo 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Calcium Tetraboride—Does It Exist? Synthesis and Properties of a Carbon‐Doped Calcium Tetraboride that Is Isotypic with the Known Rare Earth Tetraborides.
Authors: Schmitt Ruth , Blaschkowski Bjoern , Eichele Klaus , Meyer H.‐Juergen 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Influence of the Counterions on the Structures of Ternary Zn/Sn/Se Anions: Synthesis and Properties of [Rb10(H2O)14.5] [Zn4(μ4—Se)2 (SnSe4)4] and [Ba5(H2O)32] [Zn5Sn(μ3—Se)4 (SnSe4)4].
Authors: Ruzin Eugen , Dehnen Stefanie 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation and Crystal Structure of a New Bismuth Chromate: Bi8(CrO4)O11.
Authors: Kumada N. , Takei T. , Kinomura N. , Wallez G. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Pure α‐Phase Manganese(II) Sulfide Without the Use of Organic Reagents.
Authors: Michel F. M. , Schoonen M. A. A. , Zhang X. V. , Martin S. T. , Parise J. B. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Novel Layered Bimetallic Phosphite Intercalating with Organic Amines: Synthesis and Characterization of Co(H2O)4Zn4 (HPO3) 6×C2N2H10.
Authors: Lin Zhi‐En , Fan Wei , Gao Feifei , Chino Naotaka , Yokoi Toshiyuki , Okubo Tatsuya 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Axially Chiral Guanidine as Enantioselective Base Catalyst for 1,4‐Addition Reaction of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds with Conjugated Nitroalkenes.
Authors: Terada Masahiro , Ube Hitoshi , Yaguchi Yusuke 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.