bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Participation of cytoplasmic organelles in E‐rosette formation
Authors: ISHIJIMA SANAE A. , ASAKURA HIDEKI , SUZUTA TATSUO 
Published: July 2007

SummaryTo elucidate the mechanism of E‐rosctte formation between T cells and sheep red blood cells(SRBC), the effect of various agents affecting the function of cytoplasmic structures(microtubules and microfilaments) and organdies (mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum) was investigated. E‐rosette formation was greatly inhibited by agents that block cither the energy producing system (KCN and NaN3) or the integration of microfilaments (cytochalasin B. dihydrocytochalasin B and cytochalasin D). On the other hand, there was little or no suppression by either inhibitors of protein synthesis (cycloheximide and puromycin). agents that block the polymerization of microtubules (colchicine. podophyllotoxin and vinblastine), or chemicals disconnecting surface membrane proteins from the intracellular structural proteins (chlorpromazine, dibucaine. hydrocortisone. and propranolol). The calcium ionophore A23187, which transports Ca2 into the cytosol, inhibited the F‐rosette formation in the presence of Ca2+, but not in its absence. From these results, we concluded that new synthesis of ATP and the structural integration of microfilaments are indispensable for the E‐rosette formation, which is triggered by an interaction between the ligand (TIITS) and its corresponding receptor (CD2). A certain level of intracellular Ca2+ is also involved in the E‐rosette formation.
Preparation and characterization of a chimeric CD 19 monoclonal antibody
Authors: ZOLA H. , MACARDLE P. J. , BRADFORD T. , WEEDON H. , YASU H. , KUROSAWA Y. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryFMC63 is an IgG2a mouse monoclonal antibody belonging to the CD19 cluster, CD19 antibodies react with a 95kDa protein expressed by cells of the B lymphocyte lineage, from pre‐B cells to mature B lymphocytes. CD19 antibodies have been suggested as candidates for immunological attack on leukaemic and lymphoma cells of the B lineage because the antigen is restricted to the B lineage, With the potential use of FMC63 in immunotherapy in mind, we have produced a mouse‐human chimera in which the genes coding for the VDJ region of the heavy chain and the VJ region of the light chain derive from the FMC63 mouse hybridoma, while the C region genes code for human IgGl. The genes have been transfected back into a mouse myeloma line, which secretes low levels of immunoglobulin. (Ig). This Ig was purified and biotinylated in order to determine the specificity of the antibody. The chimeric antibody has a read ion profile concordant with the original FMC63 antibody, but has the properties of a human IgG1, including the ability to fix human complement. However, the antibody is not cytotoxic in vitro in the presence of complement or cells capable of mediating antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Possible reasons for this and ways of using the antibody are discussed.
Arachidonic acid metabolites in normal and autoimmune mice do not influence lymphocyte‐high endothelial venule interactions
Authors: MANOLIOS N. , BAKIERA B. , GECZY C. L. , SCHRIEBER L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryIn peripheral lymphoid organs the number of lymphocytes and the proportion of functional lymphocyte subsets are regulated by multiple factors including the control of lymphocyte migration by selective lymphocyte‐high endothelial venule (HEV) interactions. In this study, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels from normal and autoimmune mouse lymph node cells were measured. The contribution of eicosanoids to lymphocyte‐HEV interactions in normal (CBA/T6) and autoimmune (MRL/n) mice was examined. There was no association between PGE2 production in normal or autoimmune mice and the age of onset of disease activity in the latter strains. Arachidonic acid metabolites, in particular PGE2 and leukotriene B4 (LTB4), did not have any effects on lymphocyte‐HEV binding. Likewise, lymphocytes treated in vivo and/or in vitro with arachidonic acid metabolite inhibitors (acetyl salicylic acid, indomethacin, BW755C) did not alter lymphocyte‐HEV binding interactions in both normal and autoimmune mice. No clinical significance could be attributed to lymph node PGE2 production and the age of onset of autoimmune disease. In summary, these findings cast doubt on the role of arachidonic acid metabolites in lymphocyte‐HEV binding interactions.
Chronic osteomyelitis as a consequence of systemic Candida albicans infection
Authors: ASHMAN R. B. , PAPADIMITRIOU J. M. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe yeast Candida albicans is a recognized, though uncommon, cause of osteomyelitis in humans. In a mouse model of systemic candidiasis, osteomyelitis has been found to occur in the vicinity of the inner ear, and to persist for at least 6 months after the initial infection.
Monoclonal antibodies to Kunjin and Kokobera viruses
Authors: HALL ROY A. , BURGESS GRAHAM W. , KAY BRIAN H. , CLANCY PAULA 
Published: July 2007

SummaryFive monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) were produced to the envelope (E) protein of Kunjin (KUN) virus. Three of these were specific for the KUN/West Nile complex, and two reacted with epitopes that were common to the flavivirus family. These MoAb defined at least four distinct epitopes on the E protein of KUN virus. Eight MoAb were also produced to unidentified proteins of Kokobera (KOK) virus. Seven were specific for KOK, while the remaining antibody cross‐reacted with Stratford virus and an unregistered flavivirus CS946. The application of these MoAb to arboviral surveillance is discussed.
Pattern of the action of a suppressor factor produced by a human macrophage‐like cell line, U937
Authors: OHNISHI KAZUKO , FUJIWARA HIROSHI , TSUYUGUCHI IZUO , KISHIMOTO SUSUMU 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA U937 suppressor factor (U937SF) was purified from crude supernatant by sequential chromatography using fast protein liquid chromatography. The molecular weight and isoelectric point of U937SF were 69 kDa and 4.5, respectively. The U937SF preparation inhibited the proliferative response in human PBMC stimulated with an antigen tuberculin purified protein derivative, tetanus toxoid) or a mitogen (phytohaemagglutinin concanavalin‐A). U937SF depressed both interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) production and IL‐2 receptor (CD25) expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with an antigen but not with a mitogen. Anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibody‐induced responses including a proliferative response, IL‐2 production and CD25 expression were suppressed by U937SF. In contrast, U937SF did not affect monocyte functions such as antigen processing and IL‐1 production. Neither did it modulate the expression of T cell receptor (TCR) or CD3 molecules on the surface of lymphocytes. Moreover it did not inhibit CD25 expression in PBMC stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate plus A23187. These results suggest that U937SF prevents both IL‐2 production and CD25 expression in lymphocytes activated through the TCR/CD3, but not through the other receptors or molecules. In addition, U937SF does not block the early activation events following TCR‐mediated stimulation, nor affect the pre‐TCR activation steps.
A role for tumour necrosis factor‐α in the human mixed lymphocyte culture reaction
Authors: MATTHEWS S. J. , SULLIVAN J. S. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe possible role and influence of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) in the human mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction was investigated. Polyclonal rabbit sera to recombinant human‐TNF‐α (rhTNF‐α) consistently inhibited the MLC, and this could be reversed by simultaneous addition of rhTNF‐α to the culture medium. Under optimal cell culture conditions, the exogenous addition of 1000 U/mL of rhTNF‐α had a variable but generally small enhancing effect on the MLC reaction. Additional studies have clearly highlighted the importance of MLC assay conditions in influencing the effect of exogenous rbTNF‐α. Enhancement of the MLC reaction was only consistently observed under suboptimal cell culture conditions. While the present study clearly supports an important role for TNF in controlling the proliferative response in the human MLC reaction it also highlights the influence of in vitro tissue culture conditions in determining the effect of exogenous TNF‐α in this assay.
Western blot analysis of antibody responses to influenza virion proteins
Authors: QIU DIWEN , TANNOCK GREGORY A. , BARRY RICHARD D. , JACKSON DAVID C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAn immunoblotting procedure was developed to detect antibody responses in mice and humans to influenza virion proteins. The technique was capable of detecting 1.5 μg of haemagglutinin (HA) on nitrocellulose strips at a 1: 5000 dilution of a mouse serum with an initial haemagglutination inhibition titre of 20. The effects of the use of the blocking agent Tween‐20 on virion proteins were also studied. The commonly used concentration of 0.05% (v/v) Tween‐20, when included in blocking and incubation buffers, greatly reduced the amount of detectable matrix protein but caused no detectable loss of HA and neuraminidase/nucleoprotein proteins. If virion proteins were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions, antibody bound to HA2 more strongly than to HA1. Under non‐reducing conditions, more antibody bound to the uncleaved HA protein than to other proteins. IgG1 and IgG2a antibody responses in mice to each protein were stronger than IgG2b and IgG3 responses.
The diversity of retroviral diseases of the immune system
Authors: O'NEILL HELEN C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryRetroviruses have been implicated as causative agents for a range of diseases including neoplasia, autoimmunity and immunosuppression. No two retroviruses carry the same complement of genes and for this reason it is not surprising that they induce a variety of different disease states. One common element in retroviral evolution has been the need to avoid immune recognition in order to persist within the host. A comparative approach, looking at various persistent retroviruses, has been used to pin‐point the types of genetic adaptations adopted by retroviruses to remain hidden, often within the T cell compartment. Most of these retroviruses are T‐cell‐tropic and the diseases which they induce usually reflect the effect of the retrovirus on normal lymphocyte function.
Restimulated memory Tc cells have a higher apparent avidity of interaction with targets than primary virusimmune Tc cells as indicated by anti‐CD 8 blocking
Authors: HILL ANN B. , BLANDEN ROBERT V. , PARRISH COLIN R. , MÜLLBACHER ARNO 
Published: July 2007

SummaryPrevious experiments have shown that whereas a secondary in vitro Kunjin‐immune cytotoxic T (Tc) cell population lysed equally well targets infected with either native flavivirus or a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the immunodominant determinant, primary in vivo Kunjinimmune Tc cells were able to lyse only the recombinant vaccinia virus‐infected targets. Using CD8 blockade to assess the avidity of T cell‐target interaction, recombinant‐infected targets express antigen more efficiently than native flavivirus infected targets and secondary in vitro Kunjin‐immune Tc cells have a higher avidity for targets than do primary in vivo Kunjin‐immune Tc cells. Secondary in vivo influenza‐immune Tc cells are also of higher avidity than primary in vivo influenza‐immune Tc cells. Thus, a restimulated memory Tc cell population interacts with targets with greater avidity than does a recently activated naive population.
Effect of sodium stibogluconate and pentamidine on in vitro multiplication of Leishmania donovani in peritoneal macrophages from infected and drug‐treated BALB/c mice
Authors: SODHI S. , KAUR S. , MAHAJAN R. C. , GANGULY N. K. , MALLA N. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe in vitro antileishmanial activity of sodium stibogluconate (SSG) and pentamidine in peritoneal macrophages from three different groups of animals (i.e. normal, Leishmania donovani infected and drug‐treated BALB/c mice) is reported. Peritoneal macrophages were extracted from all these animals and infected in vitro with L. donovani promastigotes. After 24 h, the infected macrophages (with amastigotes) were exposed to various concentrations of SSG (10–90 μg/mL) and pentamidine (0.1–5.0 μg/mL). The in vitro infection could he cured readily with 80 μg/mL of SSG and 4 μg/mL of pentamidine in macrophages from normal animals. But even higher dosages of these drugs added in vitro could not reduce the amastigote loads in macrophages from infected animals. In contrast, incubation in vitro of infected macrophages with very low dosages of these drugs (40 μg/mL of SSG and 1.0μ/mL of pentamidine) could eliminate the parasites present within macrophages obtained from drug‐treated animals. This was probably because the macrophages from drug‐treated animals tackled the parasites themselves by their microbicidal mechanisms and the in vitro infection was tackled by the drug in vitro. This implies that a well‐developed specific immunity in leishmaniasis helps in the antileishmanial activity of these drugs.
Proliferation of the BCL1 B cell lymphoma induced by IL‐4 and IL‐5 is dependent on IL‐6 and GM‐CSF
Authors: NI KEPING , O'NEILL HELEN C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryLymphokine requirements for the in vitro proliferation of the spleen‐dependent B cell lymphoma BCL1 have been analysed. Cells were found to respond by proliferation to added recombinant (r) interleukin‐4 (IL‐4), r‐IL‐5 and recombinant granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (r‐GM‐CSF). Inhibition by antibodies specific for each of these lymphokines has confirmed growth factor‐dependent growth. Anti‐GM‐CSF has, however, been found to inhibit the proliferation of BCL1 cells induced by r‐IL‐4 and r‐IL‐5, as well as r‐GM‐CSF, suggesting that BCLI cells may express receptors for GM‐CSF and that GM‐CSF may be able to act synergistically with IL‐4 and IL‐5 in promoting cell proliferation. Anti‐IL‐6 antibody was also found to be a very effective inhibitor of BCL1 proliferation induced by either IL‐4 or IL‐5 but not by GM‐CSF. Added IL‐6 did not stimulate BCL1 proliferation, suggesting that endogenous IL‐6 may regulate the autocrine growth of BCL1 cells. BCL1 cell proliferation in vitro appears to be regulated by interactions between multiple growth factors.
T lymphocyte responses of sheep to bovine leukaemia virus infection
Authors: WARD W. H. , DIMMOCK C. K. , EAVES F. W. 
Published: July 2007

SummarySheep were experimentally infected with bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) by inoculation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from BLV infected sheep. Monoclonal antibodies were used to monitor changes in lymphocyte subpopulations in the first few weeks after inoculation. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected BLV DNA in PBL of infected sheep 11‐15 days after inoculation, that is, before antibodies to viral structural proteins were detected at 15‐39 days post‐inoculation. A rise in the number of both B and T lymphocytes coincided with detection of infection by PCR. At this time, an increase in the number of circulation CD8+ lymphocytes resulted in a low CD4: CD8 ratio. It appears that in BLV infection there is a host specific cell‐mediated immune response to infected lymphocytes rather than a general immune response to foreign antigens. This response, which is characterized by an increase in the number of circulating CD8+ lymphocytes, precedes seroconversion. There is considerable variation between animals in this cytotoxic T lymphocyte response.
Inhibition of adjuvant arthritis in the rat by phosphosugars and the α‐glucosidase inhibitor castanospermine
Authors: WILLENBORG DAVID O. , PARISH CHRISTOPHER R. , COWDEN WILLIAM B. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe development of joint inflammation of adoptively transferred arthritis in rats was inhibited by treatment with the simple sugar mannose‐6‐phosphate or the alkaloid inhibitor of α‐glucosidase, castanospermine. Mannose‐6‐phosphate was effective at a dose of 25 mg/kg per day delivered via mini‐osmotic pumps implanted either subcutaneously or intraperitoncally. Castanospermine was given orally in the drinking water and rats ingested on average 60‐65 mg/kg per day. Histological examination of tissue from treated rats revealed greatly reduced inflammatory infiltrates into the synovium and surrounding tissue. Castanospermine not only inhibited the development of arthritis but also inhibited the progression of the disease when treatment was commenced after the onset of symptoms. Possible mechanism(s) of action of these compounds could be their ability to inhibit the passage of leucocytes through vascular subendothelial basement membranes by inhibiting the function or expression of leucocyte cell surface‐bound enzymes that are essential for such migration. Castanospermine could also inhibit inflammation through its ability to prevent the expression of adhesion molecules, which may be necessary for the capture and retention of leucocytes in the inflamed tissue.
Generation and cytotoxic profile of human peripheral blood CD4 + T lymphocytes
Authors: SMYTH MARK J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe effects of a variety of metabolic and anti‐tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antibodies were utilized to distinguish several different mechanisms of cytotoxicity employed by CD4+ effectors isolated from human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). PBL, unseparated high buoyant density T cells and their CD4+ T cell subsets were activated with anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) and interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) for 1‐5 days. CD4+ T cells activated with IL‐2/anti‐CD3 MoAb were cytotoxic when directed by a bispecific anti‐nitrophenyl (NP)‐anti‐CD3 MoAb heteroconjugate against both NP‐modified nucleated target cells (TC) and non‐nucleated sheep red blood cells (SPLBC). This CD4+ T population also lysed L929 in a TNF‐a dependent manner. Interestingly, different mechanisms of nucleated and non‐nucleated TC directed lysis by CD4+ effectors were implied by distinct patterns of sensitivity to cholera toxin (CT) and cyclosporin A (CsA). Cyclosporin A and CT inhibited CD4+ T cell directed lysis of SRBC, but not EL4. Cholera toxin, CsA or EGTA pretreatment also significantly inhibited the release of α‐N‐benzyloxycarbonyl‐l‐lysinethiobenzylester (BLT)‐esterase activity suggesting that degranulation of CD4+ effectors may be a critical step in their redirected lysis of SRBC. Overall, these findings suggested that activated human peripheral blood (PB) CD4+ effectors can lyse TC by at least three distinct mechanisms: (i) a CsA‐sensitive directed lysis of SRBC which correlates with exocytosis and presumably occurs via membrane lesions; (ii) a CsA‐insensitive directed lysis of NP‐modified nucleated TC that does not appear to involve exocytosis and is metabolically distinct; and (iii) a direct TNF‐dependent lysis of TNF‐sensitive TC. The highly prolifetative CD4+ T cell population could be propagated for at least 35 days while retaining cytotoxicity and secreting up to 80 U/mL of IL‐2. These data raise the possibility that anti‐CD3 MoAb plus IL‐2 activated CD4+ T cells may prove effective in adoptive tumour immunotherapy.
Development of human ABO blood group A antigen on Escherichia coli Y1089 and Y1090
Authors: YANG NAN , BOETTCHER BARRY 
Published: July 2007

SummaryStudies by other workers have shown that some strains of Escherichia coli have surface antigens analogous to the human blood group ABH antigens, and that these are carbohydrates associated with membrane lipopolysaccharides. This study has demonstrated that E. coli strains Y1089 and Y1090 possess the H antigen, which can be converted to the A antigen by incubation with A‐transferase (N‐acetyl‐galactosaminyl transferase) and A‐sugar (UDP‐N‐acetyl‐galactosamine). Such cells will then form mixed agglutinates with human A red cells and human polyclonal (but not mouse monoclonal) anti‐A antibodies. E. coli Y1089 and Y1090 have endogenous enzymes that use the A‐sugar (in the absence of A‐ transferase) to produce a variant A antigen. Cells expressing this variant antigen adsorb anti‐A antibodies but do not participate in mixed agglutination with human group A red cells. It is estimated that E. coli Y1089 and Y1090 possess approximately 5000 H epitopes per cell that can be converted to A epitopes.
Enhanced H2O2 release from immune chicken leucocytes following infection with Eimeria tenella
Authors: PROWSE S.J. , MICHALSKI W. P. , FAHEY K. J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryCell‐mediated immunity is thought to be important in the resistance of chickens to infection by coccidia, and it has been demonstrated that sporozoites of Eimeria tenella are very sensitive to superoxide ions. Therefore an investigation into the cellular responses in naive specific pathogenfree and hyperimmune birds was carried out with particular attention to their ability to produce reactive derivatives of oxygen. Leucocytes were isolated from the blood, spleen and caecal mucosa of chickens infected with E. tenella and assessed for their ability to release H2O2‐ Leucocytes obtained from the blood and spleen of hyperimmune birds 1 day after challenge showed an elevated ability to produce reactive oxygen intermediates. In contrast, the ability of leucocytes from naive chickens to produce these molecules was transiently depressed after challenge. Prior to challenge, mucosal leucocytes from immune chickens were also able to release heightened levels of H2O2 when compared with cells from naive chickens.
Viral escape from immune recognition: Multiple strategies of adenoviruses
Authors: MÜLLBACHER ARNO 
Published: July 2007

SummaryHuman adenovirases can cause persistent infections in man. The strategies of C type adenoviruses (types Ad2 and Ad5) to evade immune recognition are many, but all involve single early genetic regions (E3). Gene(s) within E3 have been shown to allow the adenovirus to avert cytokine‐mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, the E3 region controls the cytotoxic T cell epitope (a major histocompatibility complex [MHC] class I molecule with an adenovirus‐derived peptide) on the cell surface of infected cells. On the one hand the E3 gene product 19 kDa can bind to nascent class I MHC in the endoplasmic reticulum and thus prevent its transport to the cell surface, and on the other hand the E3 region down‐regulates the Ela gene product, the immunodominant cytotoxic T cell determinant.
Addiction sciences and its psychometrics: the measurement of alcohol‐related problems
Authors: Midanik Lorraine T. , Greenfield Thomas K. , Bond Jason 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTAims  The focus of this paper is on psychometric issues related to the measurement of alcohol problems.Methods  Taking a broad perspective, this paper first examines several issues around the use of instruments to provide diagnostic categories in surveys, including dimensionality, severity and alcohol consumption. Secondly, a discussion of some of the political issues surrounding measurement of alcohol problems is presented, including some of the conflicts that arise when the psychometric properties of commonly used instruments are questioned. Finally, newer statistical techniques that can be applied to scale development in the alcohol field are examined, including non‐linear multivariate analyses and confirmatory/hypothesis‐based methods.Results and conclusions  Continued scholarly discussion needs to be encouraged around these psychometric issues so that instrument development and maintenance in the addiction sciences becomes an ongoing academic pursuit as we strive to measure alcohol problems in the best way possible.