bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence and Diagnosis of Thrombosis in Children With Short-Term Central Venous Lines of the Upper Venous System
Authors: Hanslik Andreas , Thom Katharina , Haumer Markus , Kitzmüller Erwin , Albinni Suleima , Wolfsberger Margarita , Salzer-Muhar Ulrike , Male Christoph 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVES. Deep venous thrombosis in children is frequently related to central venous lines. Study objectives were to determine objectively the incidence of deep venous thrombosis in children with short-term central venous lines and to assess the diagnostic value of venography, venous ultrasonography, and echocardiography, in a prospective cohort study.METHODS. Consecutive children with congenital heart disease requiring short-term central venous lines in the upper venous system were screened systematically for deep venous thrombosis by using venography, venous ultrasonography, and echocardiography, according to standardized protocols.RESULTS. The study population consisted of 90 children (median age: 2.7 years; range: birth to 18 years). Most central venous lines (97%) were located in the jugular veins. The overall incidence of deep venous thrombosis was 25 cases (28%) among 90 children. Venography identified deep venous thrombosis located in the subclavian and central veins but missed most deep venous thrombosis in the jugular veins. Venous ultrasonography had good sensitivity in the jugular veins but did not detect deep venous thrombosis in central veins. Echocardiography detected only 1 case of central deep venous thrombosis.CONCLUSIONS. The incidence of central venous line-related deep venous thrombosis in children with short-term central venous lines is high and comparable to reports for children with long-term central venous lines. Sensitivities of venography, venous ultrasonography, and echocardiography in children vary depending on the affected venous segment. A combination of diagnostic tests is required for sensitive detection of central venous line-related deep venous thrombosis in the upper venous system.
Pseudoephedrine Use Among US Children, 1999–2006: Results From the Slone Survey
Authors: Vernacchio Louis , Kelly Judith P. , Kaufman David W. , Mitchell Allen A. 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE. Pseudoephedrine, a decongestant found in many cough-and-cold and allergy medications, has been associated with deaths and adverse events in young children; however, the absolute risks of pediatric pseudoephedrine use are difficult to assess because the number of children exposed on a population basis and typical patterns of use are unknown. In addition, use may be changing because of the Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005, which limited pseudoephedrine availability. We sought to describe the prevalence and patterns of pseudoephedrine use among US children and to assess any change since the 2005 law took effect.METHODS. We analyzed data on pseudoephedrine use among 4267 children who were aged 0 to 17 years and enrolled from 1999 to 2006 in the Slone Survey, a national random-digit-dial telephone survey of medication use in the US population.RESULTS. Overall, 214 children took pseudoephedrine in a given week. Use was highest for children who were younger than 2 years. Sixteen children (7.5% of users) took &gt;1 pseudoephedrine-containing product within the same week, including 6 children who were younger than 2 years. Of the pseudoephedrine products used, most were multiple-ingredient liquids (58.9%) and multiple-ingredient tablets (24.7%). Fifty-two children (25.0% of users) took pseudoephedrine for &gt;1 week, including 7 children who were younger than 2 years. Use in 2006 (2.9%) was significantly lower than in 1999–2005 (5.2%).CONCLUSIONS. Pseudoephedrine exposure, mostly in the form of multiple-ingredient products, is common among US children, especially children who are younger than 2 years, who are at the highest risk for toxicity and for whom safe dosing recommendations are lacking. Concerning patterns of use include taking &gt;1 pseudoephedrine-containing product concurrently and using pseudoephedrine for extended periods. Pediatric pseudoephedrine use seems to be declining since the institution of the 2005 Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act.
Genomic Imbalances in Neonates With Birth Defects: High Detection Rates by Using Chromosomal Microarray Analysis
Authors: Lu Xin-Yan , Phung Mai T. , Shaw Chad A. , Pham Kim , Neil Sarah E. , Patel Ankita , Sahoo Trilochan , Bacino Carlos A. , Stankiewicz Pawel , Kang Sung-Hae Lee , Lalani Seema , Chinault A. Craig , Lupski James R. , Cheung Sau W. , Beaudet Arthur L. 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVES. Our aim was to determine the frequency of genomic imbalances in neonates with birth defects by using targeted array-based comparative genomic hybridization, also known as chromosomal microarray analysis.
METHODS. Between March 2006 and September 2007, 638 neonates with various birth defects were referred for chromosomal microarray analysis. Three consecutive chromosomal microarray analysis versions were used: bacterial artificial chromosome–based versions V5 and V6 and bacterial artificial chromosome emulated oligonucleotide–based version V6 Oligo. Each version had targeted but increasingly extensive genomic coverage and interrogated &gt;150 disease loci with enhanced coverage in genomic rearrangement–prone pericentromeric and subtelomeric regions.
RESULTS. Overall, 109 (17.1%) patients were identified with clinically significant abnormalities with detection rates of 13.7%, 16.6%, and 19.9% on V5, V6, and V6 Oligo, respectively. The majority of these abnormalities would not be defined by using karyotype analysis. The clinically significant detection rates by use of chromosomal microarray analysis for various clinical indications were 66.7% for “possible chromosomal abnormality” ± “others” (other clinical indications), 33.3% for ambiguous genitalia ± others, 27.1% for dysmorphic features + multiple congenital anomalies ± others, 24.6% for dysmorphic features ± others, 21.8% for congenital heart disease ± others, 17.9% for multiple congenital anomalies ± others, and 9.5% for the patients referred for others that were different from the groups defined. In all, 16 (2.5%) patients had chromosomal aneuploidies, and 81 (12.7%) patients had segmental aneusomies including common microdeletion or microduplication syndromes and other genomic disorders. Chromosomal mosaicism was found in 12 (1.9%) neonates.
CONCLUSIONS. Chromosomal microarray analysis is a valuable clinical diagnostic tool that allows precise and rapid identification of genomic imbalances and mosaic abnormalities as the cause of birth defects in neonates. Chromosomal microarray analysis allows for timely molecular diagnoses and detects many more clinically relevant genomic abnormalities than conventional cytogenetic studies, enabling more informed decision-making and management and appropriate assessment of recurrence risk.
Hydroxyurea for Sickle Cell Disease: A Systematic Review for Efficacy and Toxicity in Children
Authors: Strouse John J. , Lanzkron Sophie , Beach Mary Catherine , Haywood Carlton , Park Haeseong , Witkop Catherine , Wilson Renee F. , Bass Eric B. , Segal Jodi B. 
Published: December 2008

CONTEXT. Hydroxyurea is the only approved medication for the treatment of sickle cell disease in adults; there are no approved drugs for children.
OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to synthesize the published literature on the efficacy, effectiveness, and toxicity of hydroxyurea in children with sickle cell disease.
METHODS. Medline, Embase, TOXLine, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature through June 2007 were used as data sources. We selected randomized trials, observational studies, and case reports (English language only) that evaluated the efficacy and toxicity of hydroxyurea in children with sickle cell disease. Two reviewers abstracted data sequentially on study design, patient characteristics, and outcomes and assessed study quality independently.
RESULTS. We included 26 articles describing 1 randomized, controlled trial, 22 observational studies (11 with overlapping participants), and 3 case reports. Almost all study participants had sickle cell anemia. Fetal hemoglobin levels increased from 5%–10% to 15%–20% on hydroxyurea. Hemoglobin concentration increased modestly (∼1 g/L) but significantly across studies. The rate of hospitalization decreased in the single randomized, controlled trial and 5 observational studies by 56% to 87%, whereas the frequency of pain crisis decreased in 3 of 4 pediatric studies. New and recurrent neurologic events were decreased in 3 observational studies of hydroxyurea compared with historical controls. Common adverse events were reversible mild-to-moderate neutropenia, mild thrombocytopenia, severe anemia, rash or nail changes (10%), and headache (5%). Severe adverse events were rare and not clearly attributable to hydroxyurea.
CONCLUSIONS. Hydroxyurea reduces hospitalization and increases total and fetal hemoglobin levels in children with severe sickle cell anemia. There was inadequate evidence to assess the efficacy of hydroxyurea in other groups. The small number of children in long-term studies limits conclusions about late toxicities.
Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Patterns During Sleep Are Altered in Preterm-Born Infants: Implications for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Authors: Witcombe Nicole B. , Yiallourou Stephanie R. , Walker Adrian M. , Horne Rosemary S.C. 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE. Preterm infants are at an increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome, which may result from immature autonomic control of heart rate and blood pressure. Previous studies have demonstrated that preterm infants have altered heart rate and blood pressure control at term-equivalent age; however, little information is available beyond this age. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of preterm birth on heart rate and blood pressure control over the first 6 months of life after reaching term-equivalent age, including the age at which sudden infant death syndrome risk is increased, to understand the pathogenesis of sudden infant death syndrome.METHODS. Preterm (n = 25) and term (n = 20) infants were studied longitudinally at 2 to 4 weeks', 2 to 3 months', and 5 to 6 months' term-corrected age by using daytime polysomnography. A photoplethysmographic cuff (Finometer) around the infant's wrist measured blood pressure during quiet and active sleep.RESULTS. Blood pressure was lower in the preterm group during both quiet and active sleep at all ages studied. In contrast, there were no differences between groups in heart rate. Within the infants in the preterm group, blood pressure averaged lower at 2 to 3 months' corrected age compared with both 2 to 4 weeks' and 5 to 6 months' corrected age and was lower in quiet sleep compared with active sleep at all ages studied. Heart rate decreased with increasing age and was lower in quiet sleep compared with active sleep at 5 to 6 months' corrected age.CONCLUSIONS. Sleep state and age affect heart rate and blood pressure patterns in prematurely born infants over the first 6 months of term-corrected age. It is notable that preterm infants had persistently lower blood pressure compared with age-matched term infants, signifying long-term alterations in cardiovascular control in infants born prematurely.
Child Care Is not a Substantial Risk Factor for Gastrointestinal Infection Hospitalization
Authors: Kamper-Jørgensen Mads , Andersen Lise Geisler , Simonsen Jacob , Sørup Signe 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE. The objective was to study the effect of age at first enrollment into child care and other child care–related factors on the risk for hospitalization from gastrointestinal infection.METHODS. This was a population-based prospective cohort study of 1110973 Danish children aged 0 to 5 years in the period 1989–2004. By means of Poisson regression, risk for gastrointestinal infection hospitalization was evaluated by incidence rate ratio and 95% confidence intervals.RESULTS. Overall, children who were attending child care had an IRR of gastrointestinal infection hospitalization of 1.02 compared with children in home care. When compared within the group of children who attended child care, those who were enrolled after 18 months of age had a slightly increased risk compared with those who were enrolled before 1 year of age. The first 5 months of enrollment were associated with an IRR of 1.18 compared with later periods, and similar risks were observed in different types of child care facilities. The effect of child care was similar in most strata of the studied child, family, and demographic variables; however, children younger than 1 year who attended child care had an IRR of 1.44 compared with children of the same age in home care. Well established risk factors for gastrointestinal infection such as young age and male gender were reproduced; compared with 5-year-olds, children younger than 1 year had an IRR of 7.37 and boys had an IRR of 1.18 compared with girls.CONCLUSIONS. The results of this study suggest that child care attendance is not a substantial risk factor for gastrointestinal infection hospitalization in most Danish children. Late enrollment and the first short period of enrollment were associated with a slightly increased risk for gastrointestinal infection hospitalization.
Visual Function at 35 and 40 Weeks' Postmenstrual Age in Low-Risk Preterm Infants
Authors: Ricci Daniela , Cesarini Laura , Romeo Domenico M.M. , Gallini Francesca , Serrao Francesca , Groppo Michela , De Carli Agnese , Cota Francesco , Lepore Domenico , Molle Fernando , Ratiglia Roberto , De Carolis Maria Pia , Mosca Fabio , Romagnoli Costantino , Guzzetta Francesco , Cowan Frances , Ramenghi Luca A. , Mercuri Eugenio 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVES. The objectives of this study were to (1) assess visual function in low-risk preterm infants at 35 and 40 weeks' postmenstrual age, (2) compare preterm visual abilities at term-equivalent age with term-born infants, and (3) evaluate effects of preterm extrauterine life on early visual function.
METHODS. Visual function was assessed by using a validated test battery at 35 and 40 weeks' postmenstrual age in 109 low-risk preterm infants who were born at &lt;31 weeks' gestation. The preterm findings were compared with data from term-born infants collected by using the same test protocol.
RESULTS. All preterm infants completed both assessments. The 35-week responses were generally less mature than those at 40 weeks. Preterm infants at both ages were significantly more mature than term-born infants for ocular movements and vertical and arc tracking and at 40 weeks for stripe discrimination. In contrast, tracking a colored stimulus, attention at distance, and stripe discrimination were more mature at term age (in both term-born and preterm infants) than at 35 weeks.
CONCLUSIONS. Our findings provide data for visual function at 35 and 40 weeks' postmenstrual age in low-risk preterm infants. The results suggest that early extrauterine experience may accelerate the maturation of aspects of visual function related to ocular stability and tracking but does not seem to affect other aspects that may be more cortically mediated.
Effects of perfluorooctane sulfonate on rat thyroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism
Authors: Yu Wen-Guang , Liu Wei , Jin Yi-He 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The potential toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), an environmentally persistent organic pollutant, is of great concern. The present study examines the ability of PFOS to disturb thyroid function and the possible mechanisms involved in PFOS-induced thyroid hormone alteration. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 1.7, 5.0, and 15.0 mg/L of PFOS in drinking water for 91 consecutive days. Serum was collected for analysis of total and free thyroxine (T4), total triiodothyronine (T3), and thyrotrophin (TSH). Thyroid and liver were removed for the measurement of endpoints closely related to thyroid hormone biosynthesis and metabolism following PFOS exposure. Determined endpoints were the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels for two isoforms of uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferases (UGT1A6 and UGT1A1) and type 1 deiodinase (DIO1) in liver, sodium iodide symporter (NIS), TSH receptor (TSHR), and DIO1 in thyroid as well as the activity of thyroid peroxidase (TPO). Serum total T4 level decreased significantly at all applied dosages, whereas total T3 level increased markedly only at 1.7 mg/L of PFOS. No statistically significant toxic effects of PFOS on serum TSH were observed. Hepatic UGT1A1, but not UGT1A6, mRNA was up-regulated at 5.0 and 15.0 mg/L of PFOS. Treatment with PFOS lowered hepatic DIO1 mRNA at 15.0 mg/L but increased thyroidal DIO1 mRNA dose dependently. The activity of TPO, NIS, and TSHR mRNA in thyroid were unaffected by PFOS treatment. These results indicate that increased hepatic T4 glucuronidation via UGT1A1 and increased thyroidal conversion of T4 to T3 via DIO1 were responsible in part for PFOS-induced hypothyroxinemia in rats.
Relating biomarkers to whole-organism effects using species sensitivity distributions: A pilot study for marine species exposed to oil
Authors: Smit Mathijs G. D. , Bechmann Renee K. , Hendriks A. Jan , Skadsheim Arnfinn , Larsen Bodil K. , Baussant Thierry , Bamber Shaw , Sanni Steinar 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Biomarkers are widely used to measure environmental impacts on marine species. For many biomarkers, it is not clear how the signal levels relate to effects on the whole organism. This paper shows how species sensitivity distributions (SSDs) can be applied to evaluate multiple biomarker responses in species assemblages. To our knowledge, the present study compared for the first time SSDs based on biomarker response levels for marine species to a SSD for whole-organism responses. The comparison indicates that for exposure to dispersed oil in the marine environment, the selected biomarkers were, on average, 35- to 50-fold more sensitive than the whole-organism effect. At the 5% hazardous concentration derived from the SSD for whole-organism effects, which is a conservative threshold level, the potentially affected fraction of species showing biomarker response corresponds to approximately 80%. Variation in species sensitivity, expressed either as biomarker or as whole-organism response levels, were similar. Although uncertainties exist, the link between biomarkers and risk assessment presented here provides a preliminary guideline for deciding when biomarker responses likely are hazardous and, therefore, require further investigation.
Administration of High Doses of Caffeine Increases Alveolar Bone Loss in Ligature‐Induced Periodontitis in Rats
Authors: Bezerra Joyce Pinho , da Silva Luiz Ricardo Ferreira , de Alvarenga Lemos Vanessa Adélia , Duarte Poliana Mendes , Bastos Marta Ferreira 
Published: December 2008

Background: Although some studies have reported a negative influence of caffeine on bone metabolism, there is no information about its effect on the progression of periodontitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of high doses of caffeine on ligature‐induced periodontitis in rats.Methods: Twenty‐two Wistar rats were assigned to one of the following groups: non‐caffeine group (n = 12) = animals without caffeine ingestion; caffeine group (n = 10) = animals ingesting 10 mg/100 g body weight/day of caffeine via drinking water for 56 days. Two weeks after the beginning of caffeine intake, one of the mandibular molar was randomly assigned to receive a ligature, whereas the contralateral molar was left unligated. Forty‐two days later, the animals were sacrificed, and the specimens were processed to obtain decalcified sections. The area of periodontal ligament and/or bone loss in the furcation region of the first molars was histometrically determined.Results: Caffeine intake did not have a direct effect on the alveolar bone loss in unligated teeth. But on the ligated tooth, a greater area of bone loss was observed in the animals that ingested caffeine compared to those that did not (P <0.05).Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that daily intake of high doses of caffeine may enhance ligature‐induced periodontitis progression.
High-Risk Behaviors Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in 6 US Cities: Baseline Data From the EXPLORE Study
Authors: Koblin Beryl A. , Chesney Margaret A. , Husnik Marla J. , Bozeman Sam , Celum Connie L. , Buchbinder Susan , Mayer Kenneth , McKirnan David , Judson Franklyn N. , Huang Yijian , Coates Thomas J. ,   the EXPLORE Study Team
Published: December 2008

Objectives. We describe the prevalence of risk behaviors at baseline among men who have sex with men (MSM) who were enrolled in a randomized behavioral intervention trial conducted in 6 US cities. Methods. Data analyses involved MSM who were negative for HIV antibodies and who reported having engaged in anal sex with 1 or more partners in the previous year. Results. Among 4295 men, 48.0% and 54.9%, respectively, reported unprotected receptive and insertive anal sex in the previous 6 months. Unprotected sex was significantly more likely with 1 primary partner or multiple partners than with 1 nonprimary partner. Drug and alcohol use were significantly associated with unprotected anal sex. Conclusions. Our findings support the continued need for effective intervention strategies for MSM that address relationship status, serostatus of partners, and drug and alcohol use.
Prediction of Tire Profile Wear by Steady-State FEM
Authors: Smith K. R. , Kennedy R. H. , Knisley S. B. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Much research is being done in the tire industry in order to reduce tire development time as well as cost. One such field of particular importance is that of tread wear, where testing time for indoor tests is measured in days, compared to weeks for outdoor tests. Development time could be further reduced if a “virtual wear test” could be performed using a finite element approach to predict friction energy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the link between indoor tread wear profile and steady-state finite element prediction of friction energy. Blank grooved tires of a common construction with three different tread compounds are run through indoor wear tests of different severities to study severity versus compound interaction. The drive files provide a mix of low-speed cornering maneuvers that simulate city driving as well as highway speed steady-state rolling with acceleration and braking events. One drive file places more emphasis on the city maneuvers while the other places emphasis on the highway driving. Using the steady-state finite element model, a composite friction energy is calculated from friction energy predictions at selected loading conditions taken from the drive file events. The composite friction energy profile is finally compared to laser measurements of the worn tire profile to examine the feasibility of a “virtual wear test.”