bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Companion participation in cancer consultations
Authors: Street Richard L. , Gordon Howard S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective: Companions play an important role in cancer care. This investigation compared the communication of unaccompanied patients, accompanied patients, and companions during lung cancer consultations. Factors affecting the active participation of companions were analyzed.Methods: Participants included unaccompanied patients (N=48), accompanied patients (N=84), and companions (N=84) of newly diagnosed lung cancer patients seen at a large southern VA medical center. The consultations were audiotaped, then transcribed. Coded utterances included patients' and companions' active participation (asking questions, expressing concerns, and making assertions) and physicians' use of facilitative communication. Mixed linear regression was used for comparisons of accompanied patients' participation to that of their companions and to determine the independent predictors of companion participation and patient satisfaction.Results: The combined companion plus patient participation did not differ from the participation of unaccompanied patients. Patterns of companion participation varied greatly as almost half the interactions had a relatively passive companion (contributed to less than 40% of the patient plus companion active participation) but 33% of the consultations had an active companion and passive patient. Companions with less active participation accompanied black patients and received proportionally less facilitative communication from physicians. Patient satisfaction was lower when companion and patient had similar levels of participation.Conclusion: Companions vary greatly in their participation in lung cancer visits. Physicians facilitate companion participation through the use of partnership‐building and supportive communication. The companions of black patients were less active than their white counterparts which parallels other research indicating that black patients are often less active than white patients. Such communicative discrepancies could contribute to racial disparities in cancer care. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Consequences of Non‐First‐Order Breakage Kinetics in Comminution Processes: Absence of Self‐Similar Size Spectra
Authors: Bilgili Ecevit 
Published: May 2007

AbstractComminution or size reduction is a commonly used unit operation in a variety of industries including pharmaceuticals. In quantitative analysis of comminution at the process length scale, population balance modeling has been used with an assumption that the breakage rate of particles is first‐order and that the population balance model is linear. For certain forms of the specific breakage rate and breakage distribution functions, a similarity solution to the linear population balance exists, and self‐similarity plots have been used to show its validity in batch comminution processes. On the other hand, ample experimental batch milling data in the literature indicate the inadequacy of the linear theory. In this study, a theoretical investigation has been conducted within the framework of a recently proposed non‐linear theory. The non‐linear theory takes into account phenomenologically the non‐first‐order effects resulting from mechanical multi‐particle interactions. Specifically, the cushioning action of small particles on the coarser ones is considered. It is found that self‐similarity does not exist in the presence of the non‐first‐order breakage kinetics. The present study suggests the use of self‐similarity plots for an approximate assessment of the impact of non‐first‐order kinetics on the shape of the cumulative particle size distribution.
The Effect of Ultrasound on Crystallisation‐Precipitation Processes: Some Examples and a New Segregation Model
Authors: Dodds John , Espitalier Fabienne , Louisnard Olivier , Grossier Romain , David René , Hassoun Myriam , Baillon Fabien , Gatumel Cendrine , Lyczko Nathalie 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses the effects of ultrasound on the production of particles by precipitation and crystallization. Examples are given from the formation of crystals of BaSO4, K2SO4, TiO2 and sucrose. It is shown that ultrasound reduces the induction time, narrows the width of the metastable zone and leads to the production of more, finer, and more uniform crystals in some cases. The reasons for these effects of ultrasound on the nucleation of crystals are discussed and a possible mechanism is presented.
Powder Flow Testing with 2D and 3D Biaxial and Triaxial Simulations
Authors: David Ciprian T. , García‐Rojo Ramon , Herrmann Hans J. , Luding Stefan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe mechanical response of frictional powders under quasi‐static loading is studied by means of two‐ and three‐dimensional discrete element methods, compared directly with each other. The response of the system is characterized by elastic behavior for very small deformations, softening, plastic yield and critical state flow at large strain. The maximal yield stress is reached for some finite deformation of a few percent, but the decay to the critical steady state flow regime is much slower in the 3D situation than in the 2D systems examined here. The critical state regime is thus reached much later and at considerably higher dilation level in 3D. Possible reasons for this qualitative difference are discussed but more studies are needed to identify them properly.
Brian Scarlett – Myth, Motivator, Mentor, and Man
Authors: Davies Reg 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFew think of Particle Science and Engineering without thinking of Brian Scarlett. His career spanned over 40 years. From his early days in Nottingham to his final days in Florida, Particle Science and Engineering were not only his passion but his life. He was a complex man. Not all found him easy. However, he left an abiding legacy in the many students that he loved and mentored. He believed in providing opportunity for his students in travel, and sometimes accomplished this while stretching budgets. He motivated many into new arenas of technology, and had just begun to fulfil his technical dreams when cancer claimed him. His final years exposed the man; one who was single‐minded, driven, and very brave. He did not complete the work he wanted to finish, but still left an indelible mark on the field of Particle Science and Technology for generations to come. In this paper, the life and accomplishments of this complex man are put into perspective; and, in so doing, we honor him in this special edition of the journal.
A comparative evaluation of Origanum onites essential oil and its four major components as larvicides against the pine processionary moth, Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams.
Authors: Cetin Huseyin , Erler Fedai , Yanikoglu Atila 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe pine processionary moth (PPM), Thaumetopoea wilkinsoni Tams. (Lepidoptera: Thaumatopoeidae), is an important forest pest in the Mediterranean area, and urticating hairs of the caterpillars of this species cause allergic reactions on skin of humans and animals. In the present study, the larvicidal activities of Turkish oregano (Origanum onites L.) essential oil and its four major components, carvacrol, gamma‐terpinene, terpinen‐4‐ol and thymol, were evaluated against fourth/fifth‐instar larvae of PPM under laboratory conditions. The essential oil was larvicidal to PPM with an LD50 value of 3800 µL L−1 when 0.1 mL was applied per larva. Carvacrol was the most toxic component found in the essential oil (LD50 = 3100 µL L−1), followed by thymol (LD50 = 5500 µL L−1). The other two components, gamma‐terpinene and terpinen‐4‐ol, were less effective. The results showed that Turkish oregano essential oil and its two components, carvacrol and thymol, could be potential alternatives to synthetic insecticides for the control of PPM. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and magnetism of MnPd1–xSbx alloys
Authors: Pacurariu R. , Coldea M. , Neumann M. , Pop V. , Isnard O. , Räkers M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractX‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, magnetization and magnetic susceptibility of MnPd1–x Sbx are reported. The substitution of Pd by Sb leads to drastic changes both in the crystallographic and electronic structure, with remarkably modifications in the magnetic properties of the investigated systems. The most important feature of the XPS spectra is the well‐defined magnetic exchange splitting of the Mn 3s core levels of all investigated alloys, giving a direct evidence of the existence of local magnetic moments in the Anderson's sense confined on Mn sites. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evaluation of dislocation‐related defects in GaN using deep‐level transient spectroscopy
Authors: Tokuda Yutaka , Matuoka Youichi , Yoshida Kazuhiro , Ueda Hiroyuki , Ishiguro Osamu , Soejima Narimasa , Kachi Tetsu 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA method to extract the carrier capture kinetics of traps in the neutral region by isothermal deep‐level transient spectroscopy using two sets of bias pulses was applied to the traps with similar energy levels around Ec–0.6 eV in GaN grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on GaN and sapphire substrates. The Ec–0.6 eV trap in GaN on GaN is found to be the isolated point defects. The Ec–0.6 eV trap in GaN on sapphire shows the logarithmic capture kinetics, expected for dislocation‐related defects. This is ascribed to the difference in dislocation density between GaN on GaN and sapphire substrates. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fully unstrained GaN on sacrificial AlN layers by nano‐heteroepitaxy
Authors: Tonisch K. , Cimalla V. , Niebelschütz F. , Romanus H. , Eickhoff M. , Ambacher O. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUsually, the fabrication of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) requires unstrained or tensile strained active layers on a selectively removable sacrificial layer, since compressive strain causes instabilities due to buckling effects. For group III‐nitride based MEMS, AlN is a promising material for sacrificial layers since it can be epitaxially overgrown and etched selectively to GaN. However, due to the larger lattice constants GaN is growing compressively strained on AlN. Nanoheteroepitaxy opens a way to yield fully unstrained, high quality epitaxial GaN layers on nanocrystalline AlN thin film by means of a 3D strain relaxation mechanism. For this purpose sputtered nanocrystalline AlN films were overgrown with single crystalline GaN and AlGaN/GaN layers by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The high quality of the layers is proven by an atomically flat surface and a 2D electron gas at the interface of the AlGaN/GaN heterostructure (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Micro‐analysis of light emission properties of GaN‐based laser diodes
Authors: Godlewski M. , Bożek R. , Miasojedovas S. , Juršėnas S. , Kazlauskas K. , Žukauskas A. , Phillips M. R. , Czernecki R. , Targowski G. , Perlin P. , Leszczyński M. , Böttcher T. , Figge S. , Hommel D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn‐depth and in‐plane changes of emission intensity from GaN‐based laser diode structures were studied using cathodoluminescence, photoluminescence (PL), micro‐PL and a Kelvin probe (potential fluctuations). We show that even at high excitation density potential fluctuations are not screened in active layers of laser diode structures. Potential fluctuations are enhanced in p‐type doped layers. We also found that dislocations are formed there, which can penetrate to active region of LD devices. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quasi‐normally‐off AlGaN/GaN HEMTs fabricated by fluoride‐based plasma treatment
Authors: Mizuno Hiroaki , Kishimoto Shigeru , Maezawa Koichi , Mizutani Takashi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractQuasi‐normally‐off AlGaN/GaN HEMTs have been fabricated by fluoride‐based plasma treatment. SIMS measurement showed an incorporation of fluorine atoms in the AlGaN barrier layer. In the capacitance DLTS measurements of the n‐AlGaN, a new peak with an activation energy of 1.51 eV appeared for the sample with fluoride‐plasma treatment. The threshold voltage did not change for the thermal stability test at 200 °C for more than 80 days. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Novel concept for THz signals generation in heterostructures
Authors: Ong Duu Sheng , Hartnagel Hans L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe demonstrate by a Monte Carlo simulation that the reflection of quasi‐ballistically accelerated electrons at the interfaces of an In0.52Al0.48As/In0.53Ga0.47As/In0.52Al0.48As double‐heterojunction structure is able to generate current oscillations at frequencies in the THz range. The possibility of taking advantage of this mechanism to generate THz signals has been demonstrated in structures with well dimension close to the electron ballistic transport length in In0.53Ga0.47As.magnified imageA schematic illustration of quasi‐ballistic electrons undergoing multiple reflections from the heterojunction interface.(© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inhibition of α‐glucosidase and amylase by bartogenic acid isolated from Barringtonia racemosa Roxb. seeds
Authors: Gowri P. Mangala , Tiwari Ashok K. , Ali A. Zehra , Rao J. Madhusudana 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBarringtonia racemosa presents a wide range of therapeutic applications. In the course of identifying bioactives from Indian medicinal plants it was observed that the hexane, ethanol and methanol extracts of B. racemosa seeds displayed potent yeast and intestinal α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities. The methanol extract was found to be superior among them. However, none of the extracts exhibited pancreatic α‐amylase inhibitory activity, rather the ethanol and methanol extracts accelerated the α‐amylase enzyme activity. Interestingly, however, bartogenic acid isolated from the methanol extract inhibited α‐amylase also. This is the first report identifying α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity in B. racemosa seed extracts and assigning to bartogenic acid an α‐glucosidase and amylase inhibitory property. The presence of bartogenic acid in B. racemosa seeds as a major compound is also reported for the first time in this communication. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dicationic states of benzene dimer: Benzene dimer cation and benzene dication parenthood patterns
Authors: Kryachko Eugene S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHigh density functional computational levels, B3LYP/cc‐pVDZ and B3LYP/cc‐pVTZ, are invoked to study the structural patterns exhibiting between a variety of the lower‐energy conformers of the benzene dimer cation and benzene dication, on one hand, and the obtuse and acute ground‐state conformers of the benzene cation radical, on the other. In particular, these “obtuse versus acute” patterns for the lowest‐energy stable sandwich structures of the benzene dimer cation, formed due to a strong charge‐transfer resonance interaction between the benzene cation radical as a hole donor and the ground‐state benzene molecule as a hole acceptor benzene dimer cation, are examined using the molecular orbital analysis and a two‐state model. It is shown the existence of homodimers of the benzene dimer cation composed of equivalent benzene rings, mimicking either the obtuse or acute conformers of the benzene radical cation, and representing saddle points on the potential energy surface. The computed potential energy surface of ionization of the benzene radical cation demonstrates a slight preference of the triplet state of the benzene dication originated from the obtuse benzene cation over the singlet which, in contrast, arises from the acute one. The parenthood features of the benzene dimer cation and benzene dication that appear in the dicationic states of benzene dimer are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Determination of the cation‐chelating potential of C‐methylthiolated β‐lactams and their sulfones by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Konaklieva Monika I. , Suwandi Lita S. , Kostova Maya B. , Gu Jianghong 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe chelation potential of highly lipophilic C‐dimethylthiolated monocyclic β‐lactams was examined using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). The metal salts NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, ZnCl2, Cu(NO3)2, CdSO4, MnCl2, and Mg(NO3)2 were used for the analysis. The K+ adducts of the compounds studied were more responsive in ESI analysis, compared to their Na+ adducts, regardless of the oxidation state of the sulfur (in the methylthio or the sulfone groups) and the type of the group adjacent to the lactam carbonyl. Opening of the β‐lactam ring, leading to formation of a chargeable N‐atom, had little to no effect on the K+ adduct formation. Interactions of the methylthio group with the divalent zinc ion were also observed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fragmentation study on the phenolic alkaloid neferine and its analogues with anti‐HIV activities by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with hydrogen/deuterium exchange and its application for rapid identification of in vitro microsomal metabolites of neferine
Authors: Zhou Hui , Jiang Huidi , Yao Tongwei , Zeng Su 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe application of mass spectrometry in drug discovery, especially in drug metabolites, is very important. This present paper is at first focused on the elucidation of fragmentation patterns of the phenolic bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid, neferine, together with its analogues isoliensinine and liensinine with anti‐HIV activities using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) and hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange. All title compounds displayed major diagnostic fragments that formed by the cleavage of the C1′C9′ bond resulting in positive group CD, and the loss of 4‐ethyl‐1‐phenol or 4‐ethyl‐1‐methoxybenzene following rearrangements. Their ESI‐MS/MS spectra also showed the relatively stable fragment ions formed by the elimination of H2O, CH3NH2, CH3OH, and CH3‐NCH2. Secondly, the metabolites of neferine from dog hepatic microsomal incubations were analyzed and characterized by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and data‐dependent ESI‐MS/MS. Based on fragmentation patterns and compared with their retention times in LC, molecular weights and ultraviolet (UV) absorbances with standard compounds, six metabolites were identified as isoliensinine, liensinine and four novel bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids named as 6‐O‐desmethylneferine, 2′‐N‐desmethylneferine, 2′‐N‐6‐O‐didesmethylneferine, and 6,13‐O‐didesmethylneferine. All metabolites were desmethyl or didesmethyl products of neferine. The possible metabolic pathways for neferine have been proposed. The results suggest that N‐demethylation and O‐demethylation are two important metabolic pathways of neferine in dog hepatic microsomal incubations. This is critical for screening and development of phenolic bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloids with anti‐HIV activities such as neferine and its analogues isoliensinine and liensinine. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biological mechanisms of vertical human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) transmission
Authors: Lehman Dara A. , Farquhar Carey 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn the absence of interventions, 30–45% of exposed infants acquire human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) through mother‐to‐child transmission. It remains unclear why some infants become infected while others do not, despite significant exposure to HIV‐1 in utero, during delivery and while breastfeeding. Here we discuss the correlates of vertical transmission with an emphasis on factors that increase maternal HIV‐1 levels, either systemically or locally in genital secretions and breast milk. Immune responses may influence maternal viral load, and data suggest that maternal neutralising antibodies reduce infection rates. In addition, infants may be capable of mounting HIV‐specific cellular immune responses. We propose that both humoral and cellular responses are necessary to reduce infection because cell‐free as well as cell‐associated virus appears to play a role in vertical transmission. These distinct forms of the virus may be targeted most effectively by different components of the immune system. We also discuss the use of antiretrovirals to reduce transmission, focusing on the mechanisms of action of regimens currently used in developing country settings. We conclude that prevention relies not only on reducing maternal HIV‐1 levels within blood, genital tract and breast milk, but also on pre‐ and/or post‐exposure prophylaxis to the infant. However, HIV‐1 has the capacity to mutate under drug pressure and rapidly acquires mutations conferring antiretroviral resistance. This review concludes with data on persistence of low‐level resistance after delivery as well as recent guidelines for maternal and infant regimens designed to limit resistance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The birth of the giant component
Authors: Janson Svante , Knuth Donald E. , Łuczak Tomasz , Pittel Boris 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLimiting distributions are derived for the sparse connected components that are present when a random graph on n vertices has approximately 1/2n edges. In particular, we show that such a graph consists entirely of trees, unicyclic components, and bicyclic components with probability approaching √2/3 cosh √5/18 ≈ 0.9325 as n→∞. The limiting probability that it is consists of trees, unicyclic components, and at most one another component is approximately 0.9957; the limiting probability that it is planar lies between 0.987 and 0.9998. When a random graph evolves and the number of edges passes 1/2n, its components grow in cyclic complexity according to an interesting Markov process whose asymptotic structure is derived. The probability that there never is more than a single component with more edges than vertices, throughout the veolution, approaches 5 π/18 ≈ 0.8727. A “uniform” model of random graphs, which allows self‐loops and multiple edges, is shown to lead to formulas that are substanitially simpler than the analogous formulas for the classical random graphs of Erdõs and Rényi. The notions of “excess” and “deficiency,” which are significant characteristics of the generating function as well as of the graphs themselves, lead to a mathematically attractive structural theory for the uniform model. A general approach to the study of stopping configurations makes it possible to sharpen previously obtained estimates in a uniform manner and often to obtain closed forms for the constants of interest. Empirical results are presented to complement the analysis, indicating the typical behavior when n is near 2oooO. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
On random cartesian trees
Authors: Devroye Luc 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCartesian trees are binary search trees in which the nodes exhibit the heap property according to a second (priority) key. If the search key and the priority key are independent, and the trees is built based on n independent copies, Cartesian trees basically behave like ordinary random binary search trees. In this article, we analyze the expected behavior when the keys are dependent: in most cases, the expected search, insertion, and deletion times are Φ(√n). We indicate how these results can be used in the analysis of divide‐and‐conguer algorithms for maximal vectors and convex hulls. Finally, we look at distributions for which the expected time per operation grows like na for a ϵ[1/2, 1]. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.