bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Hydrophobicity in the Antimicrobial and Hemolytic Activities of Polymethacrylate Derivatives
Authors: Kuroda Kenichi , Caputo Gregory A. , DeGrado William F. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe synthesized cationic random amphiphilic copolymers by radical copolymerization of methacrylate monomers with cationic or hydrophobic groups and evaluated their antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. The nature of the hydrophobic groups, and polymer composition and length were systematically varied to investigate how structural parameters affect polymer activity. This allowed us to obtain the optimal composition of polymers suitable to act as non‐toxic antimicrobials as well as non‐selective polymeric biocides. The antimicrobial activity depends sigmoidally on the mole fraction of hydrophobic groups (fHB). The hemolytic activity increases as fHB increases and levels off at high values of fHB, especially for the high‐molecular‐weight polymers. Plots of HC50 values versus the number of hydrophobic side chains in a polymer chain for each polymer series showed a good correlation and linear relationship in the log–log plots. We also developed a theoretical model to analyze the hemolytic activity of polymers and demonstrated that the hemolytic activity can be described as a balance of membrane binding of polymers through partitioning of hydrophobic side chains into lipid layers and the hydrophobic collapsing of polymer chains. The study on the membrane binding of dye‐labeled polymers to large, unilamellar vesicles showed that the hydrophobicity of polymers enhances their binding to lipid bilayers and induces collapse of the polymer chain in solution, reducing the apparent affinity of polymers for the membranes.
Electrochemical Preparation and Delivery of Melanin–Iron Covered Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Grumelli Doris , Vericat Carolina , Benítez Guillermo , Ramallo‐López José M. , Giovanetti Lisandro , Requejo Félix , Moreno M. Sergio , Orive Alejandro González , Creus Alberto Hernández , Salvarezza Roberto C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAttractive combination: Biopolymer‐modified nanoparticles which combine magnetic properties with biocompatibility are prepared and delivered following a three‐step strategy (see figure): i) Adsorption of thiol‐capped metal nanoparticles on graphite, ii) electrochemical modification, iii) potential‐induced delivery of the modified nanoparticles to the electrolyte.magnified imageThiol‐capped gold nanoparticles modified with iron‐melanin are attractive because they combine magnetic properties and biocompatibility. The biopolymer modified nanoparticles are prepared and delivered following a three step strategy: i) adsorption of thiol‐capped metal nanoparticles on graphite, ii) electrochemical deposition of melanin‐iron, iii) potential‐induced delivery of the modified nanoparticles to the electrolyte.
Soil microbial activity and biomass is stimulated by leguminous cover crops
Authors: Dinesh R. , Ghoshal Chaudhuri S. , Sheeja T. E. , Shiva K. N. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe leguminous cover cropsAtylosia scarabaeoides(L.) Benth.,Centrosema pubescensBenth., andPueraria phaseoloides(Roxb.) Benth., were grown in the interspaces of a 19 y–old coconut plantation and incorporated into the soil at the end of the monsoon season every year. At the end of the 12th year, soils from different depths were collected and analyzed for various microbial indices and their interrelationships. The objectives were to assess the effects of long‐term cover cropping on microbial biomass and microbial‐community structure successively down the soil profile.In general, total N (TN), organic C (OC), inorganic N, extractable P, and the levels of biological substratesviz., dissolved organic C (DOC) and N (DON), labile organic N (LON), and light‐fraction organic matter (LFOM) C and N decreased with depth at all the sites. Among sites, the cover‐cropped (CC) sites possessed significantly greater levels of TN, OC, DOC, DON, and LON compared to the control. Consequently, microbial biomass C (MBC), N (MBN), and P (MBP), CO2evolution, and ATP levels, in general, decreased with depth at all sites and were also significantly higher in the CC sites. Among the ratios of various microbial indices, the ratio of MBC to OC and metabolic quotient (qCO2) declined with depth. Higher MBC‐to‐OC ratios and largeqCO2levels in the surface soils could be ascribed to greater levels of readily degradable C content and indicated short turnover times of the microbial biomass. In contrast, the ratios of MBC to MBN and MBC to MBP increased with depth due to low N/P availability and relatively higher C availability in the subsoils. Cover cropping tended to enhance the ratios of MBC to OC, MBC to MBN, MBC to MBP, and ergosterol to MBC and decreased the ATP‐to‐MBC ratio at all depths. The relatively lower ATP‐to‐MBC ratios in the CC site, especially in the subsoil indicated microbial‐community structure possibly dominated by fungi. By converting the ergosterol content to fungal biomass, it was observed that fungi constituted 52%–63% of total biomass C at the CC site, but only 33%–40% of total biomass C at the control site. Overall, the study indicated that leguminous cover crops likeP. phaseoloidesorA. scarabaeoidessignificantly enhanced the levels of OC, N and microbial activity in the soils, even down to 50 cm soil depth.
Successor levels of the Jensen hierarchy
Authors: Fuchs Gunter 
Published: December 2008

AbstractI prove that there is a recursive function T that does the following: Let X be transitive and rudimentarily closed, and let X ′ be the closure of X ∪ {X } under rudimentary functions. Given a Σ0‐formula φ (x) and a code c for a rudimentary function f, T (φ, c, $ \vec x $) is a Σω ‐formula such that for any $ \vec a $ ∈ X, X ′ ⊧ φ [f ($ \vec a $)] iff X ⊧ T (φ, c, $ \vec x $)[$ \vec a $]. I make this precise and show relativized versions of this. As an application, I prove that under certain conditions, if Y is the Σω extender ultrapower of X with respect to some extender F that also is an extender on X ′, then the closure of Y ∪ {Y } under rudimentary functions is the Σ0 extender ultrapower of X′ with respect to F, and the ultrapower embeddings agree on X. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Categorical Abstract Algebraic Logic: Structurality, protoalgebraicity, and correspondence
Authors: Voutsadakis George 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe notion of an ℐ ‐matrix as a model of a given π ‐institution ℐ is introduced. The main difference from the approach followed so far in Categorical Abstract Algebraic Logic (CAAL) and the one adopted here is that an ℐ ‐matrix is considered modulo the entire class of morphisms from the underlying N ‐algebraic system of ℐ into its own underlying algebraic system, rather than modulo a single fixed (N,N ′)‐logical morphism. The motivation for introducing ℐ ‐matrices comes from a desire to formulate a correspondence property for N ‐protoalgebraic π ‐institutions closer in spirit to the one for sentential logics than that considered in CAAL before. As a result, in the previously established hierarchy of syntactically protoalgebraic π ‐institutions, i. e., those with an implication system, and of protoalgebraic π ‐institutions, i. e., those with a monotone Leibniz operator, the present paper interjects the class of those π ‐institutions with the correspondence property, as applied to ℐ ‐matrices. Moreover, this work on ℐ ‐matrices enables us to prove many results pertaining to the local deduction‐detachment theorems, paralleling classical results in Abstract Algebraic Logic formulated, first, by Czelakowski and Blok and Pigozzi. Those results will appear in a sequel to this paper. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Chaos control of new Ikeda–Lorenz systems by GYC partial region stability theory
Authors: Ge Zheng‐Ming , Ho Chun‐Yen , Li Shih‐Yu , Chang Ching‐Ming 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA new strategy to achieve chaos control by GYC partial region stability theory is proposed. By using the GYC partial region stability theory, the Lyapunov function is a simple linear homogeneous function of error states, the controllers are more simple and have less simulation error because they are in lower degree than that of traditional controllers. Simulation results for a new Ikeda–Lorenz system show the effectiveness of this strategy. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On a doubly nonlinear diffusion model of chemotaxis with prevention of overcrowding
Authors: Bendahmane Mostafa , Bürger Raimund , Ruiz‐Baier Ricardo , Urbano José Miguel 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis paper addresses the existence and regularity of weak solutions for a fully parabolic model of chemotaxis, with prevention of overcrowding, that degenerates in a two‐sided fashion, including an extra nonlinearity represented by a p‐Laplacian diffusion term. To prove the existence of weak solutions, a Schauder fixed‐point argument is applied to a regularized problem and the compactness method is used to pass to the limit. The local Hölder regularity of weak solutions is established using the method of intrinsic scaling. The results are a contribution to showing, qualitatively, to what extent the properties of the classical Keller–Segel chemotaxis models are preserved in a more general setting. Some numerical examples illustrate the model. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inorganic arsenic as a developmental toxicant: In utero exposure and alterations in the developing rat lungs
Authors: Petrick Jay S. , Blachere Francoise M. , Selmin Ornella , Lantz Robert Clark 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn the present study, we characterize the toxic effects of in utero arsenic exposure on the developing lung. We hypothesize that in utero exposure to inorganic arsenic through maternal drinking water causes altered gene and protein expression in the developing lung, indicative of downstream molecular and functional changes. From conception to embryonic day 18, we exposed pregnant Sprague‐Dawley rats to 500 ppb arsenic (as arsenite) via the drinking water. Subtracted cDNA libraries comparing control to arsenic exposed embryonic lungs were generated. In addition, a broad Western blot analysis was performed to identify altered protein expression. A total of 59 genes and 34 proteins were identified as being altered. Pathway mapping and analysis showed that cell motility was the process most affected. The most likely affected pathway was alteration in integrin signaling through the β‐catenin pathway, altering c‐myc. The present study shows that arsenic induces alterations in the developing lung. These data may be useful in the elucidation of molecular targets and biomarkers of arsenic exposure during lung development and may aid in understanding the etiology of arsenic induced adult respiratory disease and lung cancers.
The mechanism of alkaline hydrolysis of amides: a comparative computational and experimental study of the hydrolysis of N‐methylacetamide, N‐methylbenzamide, and acetanilide
Authors: Cheshmedzhieva Diana , Ilieva Sonia , Hadjieva Boriana , Galabov Boris 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTheoretical computations and experimental kinetic measurements were applied in studying the mechanistic pathways for the alkaline hydrolysis of three secondary amides: N‐methylbenzamide, N‐methylacetamide, and acetanilide. Electronic structure methods at the HF/6‐31+G(d,p) and B3LYP/6‐31+G(d,p) levels of theory are employed. The energies of the stationary points along the reaction coordinate were further refined via single point computations at the MP2/6‐31+G(d,p) and MP2/6‐311++G(2d,2p) levels of theory. The role of water in the reaction mechanisms is examined. The theoretical results show that in the cases of N‐methylbenzamide and N‐methylacetamide the process is catalyzed by an ancillary water molecule. The influence of water is further assessed by predicting its role as bulk solvent. The alkaline hydrolysis process in aqueous solution is characterized by two distinct free energy barriers: the formation of a tetrahedral adduct and its breaking to products. The results show that the rate‐determining stage of the process is associated with the second transition state. The entropy terms evaluated from theoretical computations referring to gas‐phase processes are significantly overestimated. The activation barriers for the alkaline hydrolysis of N‐methylbenzamide and acetanilide were experimentally determined. Quite satisfactory agreement between experimental values and computed activation enthalpies was obtained. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mean field statistical mechanics of model Hamiltonian for hydrogen bonded phase transitions
Authors: Rosli Mohd Mustaqim , Lee Beck Sim , Fun Hoong Kun 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRecently, a new prototype model has been proposed to explain structural phase transitions in single crystals of organic hydrogen bonded phenol–amine adducts. A variational calculation of the thermodynamic properties was able to explain the main features of the phase transition. We report an alternative statistical mechanical calculation which confirms the results of the earlier calculation even though self‐energy terms appear in the present calculation. The interpretation of the results within the pseudo spin representation is clarified further. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A hybrid approach towards nanophotonic devices with enhanced functionality
Authors: Barth Michael , Stingl Johannes , Kouba Josef , Nüsse Nils , Löchel Bernd , Benson Oliver 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe introduce a hybrid approach for the realization of nanophotonic devices with enhanced functionality by combining lithographic fabrication techniques with a nanomanipulation method. In particular, we report on the fabrication of photonic crystal cavities as a platform to which arbitrary emitters or other nanoscopic objects can be coupled in a deterministic way by exploiting the manipulation capabilities of an atomic force microscope. This approach is well suited to create, e.g., improved single photon sources and also complex photonic devices with several emitters coupled coherently via shared cavity modes. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
About deep impurity centers in InAs
Authors: Kamilov I. K. , Daunov M. I. , Bashirov R. R. , Mollaev A. Yu. , Arslanov R. K. , Gabibov S. F. , Arslanov T. R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSome characteristic parameters of charge carriers have been calculated for n‐InAs with a surplus donor concentration ∼1016 cm–3 and for p‐InAs with a surplus donor concentration ∼1016 cm–3 according to experimental data on hydrostatic pressure dependences of Hall coefficient RH and resistivity ρ at 300 K. It has been found that the pressure coefficients of energy gaps between the conduction‐band bottom and deep acceptor and resonance donor levels, located at a distance of ϵa = –0.13 eV below and at a distance of ϵd = 0.35 eV above the bottom of conduction band, respectively, are defined by a ‘motion’ of conduction band with the pressure. The energy of deep levels relative to absolute vacuum does not depend on pressure: pressure coefficients dϵa/dP ≈ dϵd/dP ≈ –95 meV/GPa. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phonons and their pressure dependence of MnAs and MnN by ab initio calculations
Authors: Alves H. W. Leite 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn this work, theoretical results for the equation of state, the phonon dispersions and their pressure dependence of MnAs and MnN are presented. The results show that the inclusion of spin‐polarization effects in the calculations is important in order to give the correct energy ordering of the possible structures, and are in good agreement with the experimental results whenever this comparison is possible. Based on the obtained results, it is found that the phonon frequencies of these materials are very sensitive to the applied pressure. Moreover, the pressure dependence of the vibrational modes of both MnAs and MnN show a negative bowing which has its value increased when we go from a structure with lower symmetry to a high symmetric one. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Qualitative confirmation procedure for ephedrines as acetonide derivatives in doping urine samples by gas chromatography/electron ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Porto Rodny Montes de Oca , Pérez Arístides Rosado , Vidal Margarita Teresa Correa , Fraga Mario Granda 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEphedrines are sympathomimetic amines which have central nervous system stimulating properties and, for this reason, some of them are forbidden in sport by the World Antidoping Agency (WADA). They are screened and quantitated in urine by several published techniques and confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). In this paper, a simple and easy confirmation procedure for norpseudoephedrine, norephedrine, ephedrine and pseudoephedrine in human urine by GC/electron ionization (EI)‐MS is described. After the addition of diphenylamine as internal standard, a liquid‐liquid extraction procedure under alkaline conditions with tert‐butyl methyl ether was applied to the samples. The analytes were derivatized with acetone and pyridine to form the correspondent oxazolidine derivatives (acetonide). The EI mass spectra of all the studied substances have many diagnostic ions with relative abundance in accordance with WADA requirements and show great structural information content. The fragmentation of theses derivatives is discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnesium Ferrite (MgFe2O4) Nanostructures Fabricated by Electrospinning
Authors: Maensiri Santi , Sangmanee Montana , Wiengmoon Amporn 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4) nanostructures were successfully fabricated by electrospinning method. X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy revealed that calcination of the as-spun MgFe2O4/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) composite nanofibers at 500–800 °C in air for 2 h resulted in well-developed spinel MgFe2O4nanostuctures. The crystal structure and morphology of the nanofibers were influenced by the calcination temperature. Crystallite size of the nanoparticles contained in nanofibers increased from 15 ± 4 to 24 ± 3 nm when calcination temperature was increased from 500 to 800 °C. Room temperature magnetization results showed a ferromagnetic behavior of the calcined MgFe2O4/PVP composite nanofibers, having their specific saturation magnetization (M
s) values of 17.0, 20.7, 25.7, and 31.1 emu/g at 10 Oe for the samples calcined at 500, 600, 700, and 800 °C, respectively. It is found that the increase in the tendency ofM
sis consistent with the enhancement of crystallinity, and the values ofM
sfor the MgFe2O4samples were observed to increase with increasing crystallite size.
Effects of Gas Composition on Highly Efficient Surface Modification of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Cation Treatment
Authors: Tseng Wen-Shou , Tseng Chyuan-Yow , Kuo Cheng-Tzu 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
High incident energy hydrogen and/or oxygen cations are generated by electron cyclotron resonance system, and then used to highly efficiently modify multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The effects of various H2/O2 gas compositions on the modification process are studied. A systematic characterization method utilizing a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is used to evaluate the effects of various H2/O2gas compositions on MWCNT functionalization. The Raman results show that the I
D/I
G ratio is directly affected by H2 concentration in gas mixture, and the treatment applying a H2/O2 gas mixture with ratio of 40/10 (sccm/sccm) can yield the nanotubes with the highest I
D/I
G ratio (1.27). The XPS results suggest that the gas mixture with ratio of 25/25 (sccm/sccm) is most effective in introducing oxygen-containing functional groups and reducing amorphous carbon. The TGA suggests that the structural change of the treated nanotubes is marginal by this method with any gas condition.
Pomegranate seed oil consumption during a period of high-fat feeding reduces weight gain and reduces type 2 diabetes risk in CD-1 mice
Authors: McFarlin Brian K. , Strohacker Kelley A. , Kueht Michael L. 
Published: December 2008

The health benefits of pomegranate consumption have recently received considerable scientific focus, with most studies examining fruit and/or juice consumption. Pomegranate seed oil (POMo) is a rich source of 9-cis, 11-trans conjugate linolenic acid (CLA), which may offset the side-effects associated with weight gain. Male, wild-type CD-1 mice were divided into one of three groups (twenty per group): high-fat (HF), HF+seed oil (HF+POMo) or lean control (LN). In HF and HF+POMo, mice were provided access ad libitum to a high-fat chow (60 % of energy from fat). HF+POMo was supplemented with 61·79 mg POMo/d. LN consumed a restricted low-fat (10 % of energy from fat) chow to maintain body weight within 5 % of initial weight. Plasma was analysed for biomarkers associated with cholesterol profile (total cholesterol, HDL and TAG), glucose sensitivity (glucose and insulin), adipose tissue accumulation (leptin and adiponectin) and systemic low-grade inflammation (C-reactive protein and haptoglobin). The key findings of this study were that weight gain was associated with an increase in biomarkers of cholesterol profile, glucose sensitivity, adipose tissue accumulation and systemic low-grade inflammation (P < 0·05). POMo only altered body weight accumulation, final body weight, leptin, adiponectin and insulin (P < 0·05). We found that despite a similar level of energy intake, HF mice had a greater concentration of leptin and a lower concentration of adiponectin compared to HF+POMo mice. POMo intake was associated with an improvement in insulin sensitivity, suggesting that risk of developing type 2 diabetes may have been reduced; however, CVD risk did not change.
The September Program: Reflections on the Evidence
Authors: Thompson Wayne C. 
Published: December 2008

In August 1914 Kurt Riezler accompanied Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg to the Supreme Headquarters in Koblenz and Luxembourg. His duties were not clearly defined and included a variety of things: He worked on war aims, parliamentary speeches, revolutionary movements, and domestic political questions. He helped interpret the chancellor's policies to the press, establish guidelines for censorship, and write anonymous articles supporting Bethmann Hollweg's policies. He could be called Bethmann Hollweg's assistant for political warfare.Unlike most Germans Riezler sensed from the beginning that a German victory was not assured. On August 14, 1914, in his first diary entry after the outbreak of war, he noted that although “everybody was apparently happy to be able for once to dedicate himself unreservedly to a great cause, … no one doubts or appears to consider even for an instant what a gamble war is, especially this war.” Riezler also realized that the “ideas of 1914” would not retain their strength forever. “Just as the storm frightens the vermin out of the air—when it becomes quieter again, everything crawls out of its refuge—and emerges again in the state as well as in individual human beings.” This realization protected Riezler from the naive belief that Germany could bear a long war without an obvious effort to achieve a negotiated peace, without a new European order which at most allowed Germany indirect control, and without domestic political concessions to the German masses.
ON AN INTEGRAL OPERATOR FROM THE ZYGMUND SPACE TO THE BLOCH-TYPE SPACE ON THE UNIT BALL
Authors: STEVIĆ STEVO 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce an integral operator on the unit ball$\BB\subset\CC^n$. The boundedness and compactness of the operator from the Zygmund space to the Bloch-type space${\mathcal B}_\mu(\BB)$or the little Bloch-type space${\mathcal B}_{\mu,0}(\BB)$are investigated.