bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
State Probabilities in Congestion Problems Characterized by Constant Holding Times
Authors: Evekett John L. 
Published: November 2008

This paper presents an alternative method for determining the state probabilities in the multiple-channel case with fixed holding times and random arrivals. This method is considerably less mathematically sophisticated than that given in [Polleczek, F. 1934. Math. Zeits. 38 492–537.] and [Crommelin, C. D. 1932. P. O. E. E. J. 25 (1, April).], but it possesses practical advantages from the point of view of simplicity and convenience. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Combat Problems, Weapon Systems, and the Theory of Allocation
Authors: Karchere Alvin , Hoeber Francis P. 
Published: November 2008

In an earlier issue of this journal, Charles Hitch [Charles Hitch. 1953. J. Opns. Res. Soc. Am. 1 87.] discussed the problem of selecting criteria for evaluating the outcome of operations, saying, “The only discipline I know which has made any attempt to explore the characteristics of operations criteria and the intimately related question of the relation between lower and higher level sub-optimization is economic theory.” This paper, following Hitch, uses the standard tools of economic analysis to shed some light on the selection of criteria in operational problems. Some aspects of the military allocations problem are examined. For purposes of illustration the analysis deals with allocation in the army, but it applies equally well to all three armed services. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Letter to the Editor—New Operations-Research Curriculum at the University of Pennsylvania
Authors: McCloskey Joseph F. 
Published: November 2008

As Chairman of the Education Committee, I should like to correct misinformation appearing in the Report of the Education Committee in the last issue of JORSA, and extend the Committee's apologies to the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania for any embarrassment occasioned by the Report. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
A Program of Astronomy Research on the Moon and its Logistics Implications
Authors: Freeman Raoul J. , Moore Roger C. , Schilling Gerhard F. 
Published: November 2008

This study concerns itself with one aspect of possible post-Apollo space activity—a program of astronomical research on the moon that culminates in the establishment of a lunar observatory. A mathematical model is utilized to analyze the logistics implications of conducting such an astronomical research program. The nature of the research equipment needed for the accomplishment of the program is outlined. Superposition of this research program upon a basic, long-term, lunar-base operations plan tentatively indicates that it could be feasible to conduct such a program of research during the 1970's and 1980's well within the constraints imposed by the logistics of presently planned spacecraft, boosters, and launching facilities. In an earlier study, a mathematical model was described that can be used to evaluate various aspects of the logistics supply support of space operations. The present study utilizes this model to investigate the implications of superimposing a set of demanding scientific requirements on an existing space base support plan. First, a scenario is developed for a lunar astronomical research program in sufficient detail to fulfill the input requirements of the model. The resulting scientific requirements are described in terms of the equipment and instrumentation desired in a temporal sequence of gradually increasing demands that culminates in the establishment of an astronomical observatory on the moon. These requirements then are superimposed on a supply-support system that provides for the establishment and operation of a manned lunar base over an eight-year period. Detailed input parameters consider such aspects as capacities of launch vehicles and spacecraft, earliest and latest delivery times for various supply and scientific modules, etc. The numerical results from two computer runs determine the necessary delivery schedules and provide an indication of the logistic cost of the postulated mission. For the specific astronomical example investigated, the results indicate that a lunar astronomical research program that culminates in the construction of a lunar-based observatory is logistically feasible. Further, such an observatory with sizable equipment could be established—without any unrealistic logistic requirements—within the next decades rather than during the next century. However, these numerical results are of secondary significance at this time. The primary importance of the study is the demonstration of a technique that permits the quantitative comparison of the logistical aspects of alternative space missions where many interrelated input parameters can be examined in parametric fashion to determine the sensitivity of the system to each.
Utilization of Negro Manpower in the Army
Authors: Hausrath Alfred H. 
Published: November 2008

In connection with a basic policy decision by the Army in 1951 on the utilization of Negro manpower, a partly quantitative operations research study was made. Factors affecting the decision to integrate Negroes into previously all-white. Army units included statistics of scores on the Army's General Classification Test, Negro and white performance in combat, and interactions between Negro and white soldiers as determined from attitudes, opinions, critical incidents, and actual behavior. It is concluded that integrated (white and Negro) units can make more effective use of available manpower than segregated units, that resistance to integration is reduced as experience in integrated units is gained, and that levels of 20 per cent Negroes and more are acceptable. The time required to extend integration to the whole Army is discussed, and difficulties presented in such a manner that a sound program can be devised. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
The Experimental Determination of Guided Missile Reliability
Authors: Seldon M. R. , Pertschuk D. W. 
Published: November 2008

If the number of different environmental stresses to which guided missile components and systems are exposed were limited to one or two, suitable experimental design would make laboratory determination of their reliability feasible. In view of the fact, however, that a missile is exposed to a complex of different stresses, there is no practical way in which reliability evaluation can be accomplished through test procedures. On the other hand, it is quite possible to obtain useful estimates of the reliability of the whole missile from the results of a flight-test program. Since this technique will come close to duplicating the environmental stress encountered in tactical flight, a simple ratio of successful flights to total flights will itself yield considerable information. This figure can be refined through the use of moving averages, and reliability estimates can be further validated by presenting the results in terms of confidence belts instead of point estimates. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Letter to the Editor—Operations Research as Defined in this Journal
Authors: Page Thornton 
Published: November 2008

When a man sits down to write a letter to himself he is seldom troubled by semantics, but this letter is an exception, since the topic, in my opinion, is entirely semantic and hinges on what we mean by the word ‘definition.’ At the last two Society meetings there have been lengthy discussions aimed at a formal definition of operations research, and a number of potential authors threaten to submit long articles on this subject for publication. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Letter to the Editor—An Analytical Solution to a Problem in Balancing Opposing Loss Factors
Authors: Brigham G. , Stenoien J. O. 
Published: November 2008

An interesting example of a simple operations-research problem in which the object is to find the best balance between two opposing factors has been given by Sir Charles Goodeve.* The example was first described by Passano† in an address to the American Iron and Steel Institute and deals with minimizing the waste in the production of steel bars. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
The Influence of Servicing Times in Queuing Processes
Authors: Gaver Donald P. 
Published: November 2008

A relation between the distribution of customer-servicing times and that of customer-waiting times is derived for the case of a single-channel queue with random arrivals and the rule of “first come, first served” establishing the order of service. The queue is assumed to be in a state of statistical equilibrium. The relation holds for a large class of the servicing-time distributions that occur in practice, in particular the cases of constant, exponential, and Type III Pearson servicing times. The derivation takes into account changes in the magnitude of demand from customer to customer, changes that may exist in many of the situations in which the theory is likely to be applied. Using the theory, the characteristics of the waiting-time distributions associated with several specific types of servicing-time distributions are discussed. It is shown that if it is possible to make the right sort of alterations in servicing-time distributions considerable reduction in customer waiting times can be made. The analytical results are illustrated with graphs. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Letter to the Editor—Combat Problems, Weapons Systems, and the Theory of Allocation
Authors: Danskin J. M. 
Published: November 2008

I have read with considerable interest the paper by Karchere and Hoeber in the November 1953 issue of the Journal, and wish to make some comments. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
The Control of Inventories and Production Rates—A Survey
Authors: Simon Herbert A. , Holt Charles C. 
Published: November 2008

The inventory and production control problem encompasses purchasing and ordering decisions, production-rate decisions, and scheduling decisions. Over the past twenty-five years there has been considerable study of ordering decisions, under “static” assumptions, and workable decision rules are available. Work on “dynamic” rules is still in an early stage, but a general framework of analysis, and several methods of approach have been developed. Production rate decisions have been investigated from the standpoint of servomechanism “feedback” theory, the calculus of variations, and several forecasting techniques. A combination of these approaches promises to yield simple, practical decision rules. The most urgent current research problem is to devise workable decision-making procedures for complex interrelated industrial situations by finding methods for “coupling” the decision rules that apply to the individual parts of the system. Industry has made some use of the “static” decision rules now available in the literature; there has yet been little application of the dynamic ordering and production rate rules. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Feasibility Considerations in the Allocation of Resources to Military Programs
Authors: Hoeber Francis P. , Karchere Alvin 
Published: November 2008

In an earlier article (Kaechere, Alvin, Francis P. Hoeber. 1953. J. Opns. Res. Soc. Am. 1, 286), the authors suggested an adaptation of some elementary economic theory to the development of criteria for answering three questions: Given a combat situation, what weapon systems should be used? In what proportions? How many? The suggested criteria provided for equating the marginal cost-effect ratios of two or more weapon systems. Suboptimization criteria for approaching this ideal were suggested. In this first approximation, it was assumed that the alternative weapons systems could be delivered within the period under consideration. The present paper treats the case in which it is not possible, in the time specified by the program, to obtain the quantity of a weapon system required by the optimum solution given by the static equilibrium analysis. This situation arises when some resource cannot be made available in the stated time, regardless of cost. Criteria for allocating resources under this constraint are suggested, using a model based on experience in past periods of mobilization, and one believed to be consistent with what may be expected to occur in a future mobilization. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Letter to the Editor—The Application of Operations-Research Methods to Athletic Games
Authors: Mottley Charles M. 
Published: November 2008

The possibility of applying scientific method to athletic games does not appear to have received much attention by the operations research community. Certain sports, such as football, baseball, and basketball, simulate warfare, and would seem to provide an excellent opportunity for teaching operations-research methods in “live” situations that are readily available to military schools and universities. The resemblance of football to ground combat is well known; baseball is analogous to a battle between two naval task forces; and basketball can be considered as a simulation of aerial warfare. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Letter to the Editor—Waiting Line Subject to Priorities
Authors: Holley Julian L. 
Published: November 2008

In his article, “Priority Assignment In Waiting Line Problems,” (Cobham, J. Opns. Res. Soc. Am. 2, 70 (1954).) Alan Cobham obtained very interesting and valuable waiting-time formulas both for single- and multiple-channel systems. His reasoning is similar in the two cases, but it is given in detail for the single-channel case, and for definiteness the ensuing remarks will be directed exclusively to that case. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Training for Operations Research
Authors: McCloskey Joseph F. 
Published: November 2008

Training for operations research may be considered under three general headings: on-the-job training in existing groups, formal academic training in universities; and training of users of operations research, both actual and potential. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Industrial Economics and Operations Research at Stanford Research Institute
Authors: Platt William J. 
Published: November 2008

The dynamic and profitable nature of American industry is dependent upon sound applied research in industrial economics in the same way that it is dependent upon the more frequently recognized applied research in technical fields. As a matter of fact, it is the combination of technical and economic research that accounts for much of the economy's profit, expansion, and productivity. Call it techno-economic research, or operations research if you wish. The purpose of this paper is not to propose definitions, but rather to give some examples of how companies are conducting research to arrive at decisions that affect their growth and health and that of the total economy. Then the reader may label this kind of research by whatever brand name appeals to him. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Observation, Experiment, and Measurement in Operations Research
Authors: Solandt Omond 
Published: November 2008

Talk presented at the Informal Seminar in Operations Research, The Johns Hopkins University, April 6, 1954. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Letter to the Editor—A Note on Amusement Park Economics
Authors: Platt William J. 
Published: November 2008

The news in the amusement-park industry, and in Walt Disney's weekly ABC-TV series, is the building of Disneyland, described by the Disney studio as “a combination world's fair, playground, museum of living facts, and show-place of beauty and magic.” In helping Walt Disney select a site for Disneyland and plan its economics, we found that the amusement-park industry is not all fantasy: it offers some intriguing opportunities for quantitative research on operations. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Letter to the Editor—Comments on “Threats to the Growth of Operations Research”
Authors: Brigham Georges 
Published: November 2008

I should like to comment on the points mentioned by Dr. Rinehart at the May meeting and in his article in the August issue of the Journal, in the same order which he followed. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Simulation as an Aid in Model Building
Authors: Rich R. P. 
Published: November 2008

An example drawn from fleet air defense illustrates the use of a very simple device which simulates the physical situation to be analyzed in the task of constructing a mathematical model of the situation. Such a simulator is also helpful in explaining the results of the analysis to the people for whom they are intended and in estimating the errors introduced by various computational approximations. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Financial Analysis in Johns-Manville
Authors: Green Stanley 
Published: November 2008

This is a condensed version of the paper presented to the session on Accomplishments of Industrial Operations Research at the Washington meeting of the Society on November 19, 1954. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
A Statistical Guide for Accident Research, Illustrated by Application to Non-Air-Carrier Flying, 1949–51
Authors: Duncan Acheson J. 
Published: November 2008

Because of lack of information on flying time it is difficult to appraise the statistics published by the C.A.B. on frequencies of accidents of aircraft used in non-air-carrier flying. Comparison of relative frequencies, however, may still be a useful guide in accident research. This paper develops a rating index for this purpose, illustrates its application to six important single-engine aircraft used in non-air-carrier flying in 1949-51, and discusses the difficulties and dangers in the use of the index when applied to aircraft accidents. The technique may be found equally useful in other fields of accident research. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Mathematical Models for Freely-Flowing Highway Traffic
Authors: Newell G. F. 
Published: November 2008

An attempt is made to construct models for the motion of cars on a highway in a manner analogous to the way one treats the motion of molecules in a gas as described by the kinetic theory of gases. In particular the comparison is made between a traffic flow at very low volumes and the motion in a rarefied gas. From this, we are led to expect that even a very crude model of the interaction between individual cars will give a quite reasonable description of the collective behavior of large groups of cars. Some simple estimates of the dependence of average velocity on density and distribution of cars in various lanes of a multilane highway based upon very crude models seem to confirm this expectation. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Stochastic Properties of Waiting Lines
Authors: Morse Philip M. 
Published: November 2008

The stochastic properties of waiting lines may be analyzed by a two-stage process: first solving the time-dependent equations for the state probabilities and then utilising these transient solutions to obtain the auto-correlation function for queue length and the root-mean-square frequency spectrum of its fluctuations from mean length. The procedure is worked out in detail for the one-channel, exponential service facility with Poisson arrivals, and the basic solutions for the m-channel exponential service case are given. The analysis indicates that the transient behavior of the queue length n(t) may be measured by a “relaxation time,” the mean time any deviation of n(t) away from its mean value L takes to return (1/e) of the way back to L. This relaxation time increases as (1 − ρ)−2 as the utilization factor ρ approaches unity, whereas the mean length L increases as (1 − ρ)−1. In other words, as saturation of the facility is approached, the mean length of line increases; but, what is often more detrimental, the length of time for the line to return to average, once it diverges from average, increases even more markedly. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.
Production Scheduling for an Arbitrary Number of Periods Given the Sales Forecast in the form of a Probability Distribution
Authors: Dannerstedt Gunnar 
Published: November 2008

In this paper a mathematical model is presented for solving an optimum production scheduling problem. The optimum program is not dependent on the sale price as long as the production is forced to fulfill all the sales orders. The sales forecast is given in the form of a probability distribution for a number of periods. The costs consist of ordinary production costs, overtime production costs, and costs for carrying inventory. The importance of a unique policy for the calculation of the program is pointed out. Three different policies have been treated (1) scheduling for one period each time, (2) scheduling over two periods every second period, and (3) scheduling over as many periods as the enterprise is expected to last. The three different policies give different optimal programs. A numerical example has been carried out analytically where the differences are shown. Policy (1) above gives the lowest cost because all information about the inventories is known at the beginning of each of the periods. Operations Research, ISSN 0030-364X, was published as Journal of the Operations Research Society of America from 1952 to 1955 under ISSN 0096-3984.