bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pertussis IgE and atopic disease
Authors: Nilsson L. , Grüber C. , Granström M. , Björkstén B. , Kjellman N.‐I. M. 
Published: May 2007

Background Pertussis toxin (PT) stimulates IgE production in animals, and pertussis vaccination and whooping cough may have similar effects in man. Methods We analyzed IgE responses to PT (FT‐IgE) in sera from children primarily immunized with three doses of either an acellular 2‐ or 5‐component vaccine, or a whole‐cell (We) pertussis vaccine, and in children after whooping cough. The study comprised 50 children with both atopic disease and positive skin prick test, 99 nonatopic controls, and 40 children with verified pertussis. Results Immunoglobulin E antibodies against PT were demonstrated in 19% and 24% of sera from vaccinated children at 7 and 12 months, respectively, and in 9% at 2.5 years. At 7 months, PT‐IgE was more common after vaccination with acellular (24%) than with the We vaccine (3%, P = 0,02), PT‐IgE was also more common (P = 0.00l) after vaccination in children classified as atopic (36%) than in the control group (10%). Thirty percent of the children with pertussis had PT‐IgE, more often so in atopic than nonatopic children (P = 0.02), Conciusions Transient production of PT‐lgE seems to be common after primary pertussis immunization with acellular vaccines, and after whooping cough, particularly in atopic subjects.
The effect of dry heat on mite, cat, and dog allergens
Authors: Cain G. , Elderfield A. J. , Green R. , Smillie F. I. , Chapman M. D. , Custovic A. , Woodcock A. 
Published: May 2007

Background Various techniques have been tried in an attempt to reduce allergen levels in homes. This study investigated the effect of dry heat on mite, cat, and dog allergens. Methods Samples (50 mg) of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae cultures, and of house dust rich in the major cat and dog allergens Fel d 1 and Can f 1 were heated for 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min at 60°, 80°, 100M20°, and 140°C. Control samples remained at room temperature. Extracts were assayed with the appropriate two‐site mono‐ or mono/polyclonal sandwich ELISA, Results For Der p 1, the breakdown was proportional to temperature and heating time; after 30 min at 120°C, allergen levels were reduced to < 1 % of control. Der p 2 was more heat stable, requiring 140°C for 30‐60 min to achieve >99% reduction. D. farinae groups 1 and 2 allergens showed results similar to those obtained with D. pteronyssinus. In contrast. Can f 1 and Fel d 1 were considerably more thermostable, with 50% and 70%, respectively, of allergen remaining after 60 min at 140°C. Conciusions The effect of dry heat on allergens increased with increasing time and temperature, cat and dog allergens demonstrating greater heat resistance than mite allergens. Dry heating methods may represent an alternative technique for removal of mite allergens: however, the greater stability of Fel d 1 and Can f 1 suggests that this procedure may not be appropriate for pet allergens.
The potential role of interleukin‐13 in eosinophilic inflammation in nasal mucosa
Authors: Terada N. , Hamano N. , Hohki G. , Ikeda T. , Sai M. , Yamashita T. , Konno A. 
Published: May 2007

Background Recent studies have revealed that interleukin (IL)‐13, as well as IL‐4, causes de novo surface expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) on endothelial cells of the umbilical vein and accelerates selective eosinophil migration. However, its role in allergic rhinitis remains to be clarified. Of particular interest is whether IL‐13 upregulates VCAM‐1 expression in human mucosal microvascular endothelial cells (HMMECs), to which eosinophils adhere in nasal mucosa. Methods To understand the potential role of IL‐13 in eosinophilic inflammation in nasal mucosa, we examined the effects of IL‐13 on the adhesiveness between HMMECs and eosinophils. Results IL‐13 increased VCAM‐1 expression in HMMECs, the adhesiveness of endothelial cells to eosinophils, and the transendothelial migration. On the other hand, IL‐13 decreased the adhesiveness of eosinophils to HMMECs, and, as a result, accelerated eosinophil infiltration. Those effects are more potent than was those of IL‐4. In addition, we also report that the amount of IL‐13 in nasal mucosa was higher than that of IL‐4. Conclusions These results strongly indicate that IL‐13. as well as IL‐4, may be important in eosinophilic inflammation in the nasal mucosa.
Basement membrane thickening and clinical features of children with asthma
Authors: Kim E. S. , Kim S. H. , Kim K. W. , Park J. W. , Kim Y. S. , Sohn M. H. , Kim K.‐E. 
Published: May 2007

Background:  Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease, characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyper‐responsiveness, and airway obstruction. Although asthma induces partially reversible airway obstruction, obstruction can sometimes become irreversible. This may be a consequence of airway remodeling, which includes a number of structural changes, such as epithelial detachment, basement membrane (BM) thickening, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and new vessel formation. This study evaluated children with asthma for the presence of BM thickening.Methods:  Eighteen children with asthma and 24 control subjects underwent flexible bronchoscopy with endobronchial biopsy. Light microscopy was used to measure BM thickness in paraffin‐embedded biopsy sections. The association between BM thickening and age, sex, duration of asthma, asthma severity, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, FEF25–75%, methacholine PC20, eosinophil count, and presence of atopy was examined.Results:  Basement membrane thickness was greater in subjects with asthma (8.3 ± 1.4 μM) than in control subjects (6.8 ± 1.3 μM, P = 0.0008). Multiple regression analysis revealed that sex, FEV1/FVC, total IgE, and atopy (IgE for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus >0.34 kUA/l) were significant predictive factors for BM thickness. There was no significant association between BM thickness and age, duration of asthma, FEV1, FEF25–75%, methacholine PC20, eosinophil count, or asthma severity.Conclusions:  Basement membrane thickening has been known to be present in children with asthma. In addition, we report an association between BM thickness and sex, FEV1/FVC, total IgE, and the presence of IgE specific to D. pteronyssinus.
The Effects of Blastomere Biopsy and Oxygen Tension on Bovine Embryo Development, Rate of Apoptosis and Interferon‐τ Secretion
Authors: Kubisch HM , Johnson KM 
Published: May 2007

ContentsA series of experiments was performed to examine the effects of blastomere biopsies on subsequent development of IVF‐derived bovine embryos. The first experiment was designed to assess the optimal time for blastomere removal. One blastomere was removed either 48 or 72 h after IVF. Biopsy at 48 h resulted in 17.2% of embryos proceeding to the blastocyst stage, which was lower than when biopsies were performed at 72 h (37.5%, p < 0.05). In the second experiment, embryos were cultured either under atmospheric or 5% O2 following blastomere removal. Biopsies had no effect on rate of blastocyst formation with 36% of controls and 33.7% of biopsied embryos proceeding to that stage. However, culture under 5% O2 significantly increased the number of blastocysts from 29.9% to 40.3% (p < 0.05). This effect was significant in both biopsied and control embryos. In the final experiment, biopsied embryos were again cultured under different oxygen tension. Blastocysts were collected and cultured individually for 48 h in medium droplets in their respective O2 concentration after which time the medium was assayed for concentration of interferon‐tau (IFN‐τ). Reduced O2 concentration again significantly increased blastocyst formation from 24.9% to 41.9% (p < 0.05). IFN‐τ secretion was not affected by biopsies, but culture under atmospheric O2 resulted in significantly increased IFN‐τ concentration in medium droplets (12274.0 ± 2825.9 pM vs 5046.5 ± 2562.2 pM; p < 0.05).
A NEW ECONOMIC HISTORY OF ENGLAND AND THE TASK OF THE ECONOMIC HISTORIAN*
Authors: Court W. H. B. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYFirst the article points out the excellence and the limitations of Professor Ashton's volume of a new economic history of England and gives his definition of its task: to find answers to the questions which economists ask or should ask of the past. What are these questions and can they be answered for England in the eighteenth century? The problems of economic growth: An adequate treatment of these would require a fuller picture and a more complete analysis of English society between 1700 and 1800 than Professor Ashton permits himself. The structure of the book tends to lean towards questions of economic organisation without much reference to long‐term change and recent controversies among economists. The social consequences of industrialization are of much interest to the general historian and the politician, but they are similarly handled with a marked economy of discussion. The old melodramatic history of the Industrial Revolution is discarded here, but the picture of a society in process of violent economic change remains undrawn; this is perhaps to be done in a later volume.Professor Ashton's book represents a reaction against old general views but avoids the substitution of new ones. The present position of economic history calls however not only for a critique of interpretations, but also for reinterpretation. The special difficulty of economic history lies in the need somehow to reconcile the economist's and sociologist's need to analyse in terms of general concepts with the historian's duty to recreate from original sources the unique historical situation which it is his wish to narrate and to explain.
MARKTSPALTUNGENa
Authors: Willgerodt Hans 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThe term “division of the market”, which frequently recurs in specialist literature, has as yet acquired no clear definition. It is suggested that it be used to cover those processes and situations which result in a diminution of the mutual substitution potential of goods in trade. This definition avoids the difficulties arising from the fact that the markets themselves, on account of the innumerable existing potentialities for substitution, exhibit no clearly marked boundaries. Divisions of the market can bring about the diversion of a demand from a quarter with high purchasing power into split‐off part‐markets (example: monopolistic price discrimination) or the withholding of such a demand from these split‐off part‐markets (example: rationing). Private enterprise and national‐political divisions of the market are distinguished and divided into numerous sub‐groups. A significant proportion of the division of markets in private enterprise is the expression of a legitimate competitive situation (considerable proportions of quality competition, numerous periodic divisions of the market such as long‐term supply contracts and trading in futures). It is nevertheless apparent that, contrary to a widespread assumption, trading in futures has a purely economic stabilising function, unless it is accompanied by speculation based on correct forecasts. Doubt is cast on the feasibility of damping the oscillations of a freely moving exchange rate by means of future exchange deals. Monopolistic divisions of the market are considered in most cases to involve hazard. National‐political divisions of the market (protection of demand by price ceilings and rationing; protection of supply by trade restrictions, restrictions of incoming stocks, minimum prices and minimum wages, prescription of admixture in certain products, state raw materials agreements) are adjudged critically. Attention is drawn above all to the increased crisis susceptibility of regionally isolated part‐markets.
DIE THEORETISCHE UND EMPIRISCHE BEDEUTUNG DER PATINKIN ‐ KONTROVERSE*
Authors: Heertje A. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThis article deals with the empirical and theoretical significance of the so called Patinkin‐debate. Some authors are inclined to disparage the contribution of Patinkin to economic theory, others consider his writings as a new starting point of monetary economics. It is attempted to reconcile both views in stressing the consequences of the fundamental hypothesis implied in Patinkins integration of monetory and value theory, the assumption that prices are flexible. The role of administered prices is confronted with the real balance effect.It is argued that the problem raised by Patinkin is still there as Patinkins solution applies only for perfect competition. It is a theoretical problem of major importance to integrate monetary and value theory in case of imperfect competition. In practice the whole discussion is less important as there exists always a price level determined by the amount of money and the demand for cash.
SOME BOUNDS UPON THE PARETO OPTIMALITY OF GROUP BEHAVIOR*
Authors: Tisdell Clem 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThis article places special, but not exclusive emphasis upon those obstacles to the Pareto optimality of group behavior which arise from the imperfection of man's knowledge. Bounds upon Pareto optimal behavior are first discussed for three limiting ‘societies’—(i) a society in which all members are independent, (ii) one in which only one‐way dependencies can arise and (iii) one in which all members are completely interdependent. These cases give insights into non‐limiting ones. Next, account is taken of the fact that few groups exist in isolation and some formal conditions, which make it impossible for a group to ensure itself of Pareto optimality, are stated. It is speculated that these conditions often arise. Further, it is shown that Pareto optimality of group behavior is, among other things, limited by factors such as individuals’ imperfect knowledge of their own preferences, barriers to discovering the preferences of others, limitations imposed by the good faith of parties to agreement, the intrusion of emotional factors, e.g., in bargaining, false notions by individuals of their own predictive powers and the willingness of others to make concessions, and by other uncertainties about possible acts and the relationship between acts and outcomes.
A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE STOCK MARKET
Authors: Rose Arnold M. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYSocial psychological factors affecting prices on markets are of two orders: The non‐economic but objective influences, such as propaganda, rumors, incorrect news, etc. which affect the individual buyer or seller; the ‘subjective’ definition of the situation with which the individual integrates all the relevant ‘information’ and which provides him motivation for his actions. These are analyzed and exemplified in this paper, based on informal interviews with persons participating in two American exchanges and on the published literature. The setting of the brokers’ offices and of the ‘floor’ of the exchange is also considered as a source of social psychological influences on the market participants. Special consideration is given to booms and panics.
DIE KRISIS DER EWG (Ein neues Kapitel der Politischen Ökonomie)
Authors: Salin Edgar 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYIs the sentence by Friedrich List that economic and political unions are twins still valid, has it ever been? Starting with this question the author analyses the history and present state of the European Economic Community. Its development hitherto appears to have refuted List's words. A political union evolves from an economic union only if unity is secured by political and military forces. These forces and the necessary renouncement of sovereign rights could not be established by the European states.The author stresses particularly the problems of international finance and monetary reform. On their solution may depend the future of the European and even world economy. One important element of a new monetary system would be an European monetary union. As a condition, however, not only a common monetary policy but also common economic, transport, social and educational policies are required. Offences against these conditions are numerous. The author condemns above all independent actions by single member countries in matters of revaluation and floating of their currencies. He demands a fixed European monetary unit and the foundation of an European central bank on the basis of gold.
ERGEBNISSE EINER STATISTISGHEN ANALYSE DER ZEITLICHEN ENTWICKLUNG VON AKTIENKURSEN
Authors: Schips Bernd , Stier Winfried 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYIn addition to the papers of Granger and Morgenstern concerning the development of stock prices at the New York and London stock market, German stock prices were analyzed by means of the method of spectral analysis using both direct and indirect estimation procedures. It is shown that short‐run movements can suitably be described by the well‐known random‐walk model. In contrast, the long‐run movements show cycles corresponding to the business cycles in the Western German economy. One of the results of the phase analysis is the lead of the stock market against the general business activity.
THE FRUSTRATION AND ENHANCEMENT OF INCOME REDISTRIBUTION
Authors: Kleiman Ephraim 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYWhen factor intensities differ among products, and factor supplies are constant, factor shares vary with the composition of output. But if the proportions in which factors are owned vary from one consumer group to another, the economy's product‐mix itself may be a function of factor shares.A simple geometric model is developed to demonstrate the simultaneous determination of income distribution and output structure. It is then shown that transfers of income, by changing the product‐mix, may cause a further change in income distribution. With consumers preferring goods intensive in the factor they own, an income transfer's redistribution effects are enhanced; with them preferring goods intensive in factors owned by others, income transfers are partially frustrated.
EINE THEORIE DEMOKRATISCHER WIRTSCHAFTSPOLITIK
Authors: Frey Bruno S. 
Published: May 2007

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie gegenseitige Beeinflussung von Wirtschaft and Politik wird durch politisch‐ökonomische Modelle empirisch erfasst. Es fragt sich, welche wirtschaftspolitischen Möglichkeiten bestehen, wenn die Regierung einen endogenen Bestandteil des politisch‐ökonomischen Systems bildet. Als Ansatzpunkte bieten sich die Information and Beeinflussung der Präferenzen der Wähler und der Regierung, die Veränderung der wirtschaftlichen Einschränkungen des Handlungsspielraumes der Regierung and der Verfassungsvertrag an. Die Ratschläge werden grundsätzlich im Interesse der wirtschaftspolitischen Entscheidungsträger gegeben – und nicht unabhängig oder gegen sie. Diese neue Sicht wird der herrschenden Lehre der (quantitativen) Theorie der Wirtschaftspolitik (insbesondere der Theorie optimaler Steuern) sowie der Theorie rationaler Erwartungen gegenübergestellt.
INTERACTION BETWEEN FOREIGN ASSISTANCE PERSONNEL AND LOCAL COUNTERPARTS
Authors: Globerson Arye 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThe paper is a result of a research conducted in six African French speaking countries in the years 1962–1975. The objective of the study was to learn about the attitudes of foreign assistance personnel, national counterparts their interaction as agents of development. The major findings obtained were: (a) Foreign experts, particularly of multilateral assistance, experience anxiety concerning their professional and occupational career. They are very critical to the qualities of their counterparts, the envisaged pace of development and their own institutional headquarters. Senior experts are less inclined to invest in counterpart training than are their young colleagues. A high negative correlation exists between seniority of experts and the rate of progress they envisage. (b) Scarcity of capable national counterparts is still an obstacle to many projects. Their major weakness is lack of motivation rather than formal education or vocational training. Preference for multilateral assistance indicates a desire for cooperation with donor which is politically neutral. (c) Most experts (58%) envisaged a meaningful breakthrough of the developing countries in more than 50 years, while majority (79%) of the counterparts foresaw substantial progress within 20 years. Most experts (79%) pointed to human and administrative drawbacks as major obstacles to development, as compared with only 15% of the local counterparts. The majority (76%) of the latter believe that the major obstacles are due to lack of capital and equipment. Nevertheless the vast majority (87%) of local counterparts were of the opinion that the contribution of foreign assistance personnel development is necessary or rather essential, compared within only 34% among experts of a similar opinion.
The Effect of Confidence on Income Velocity in a Politically Unstable Environment: Wartime South Vietnam
Authors: Dacy Douglas C. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYAt the turn of this century WESLEY C. MITCHELL argued that the velocity of money could be influenced by a noneconomic variable that he called ‘confidence’; but the idea has received little attention since then. This study uses events in the long Vietnam war for statistically demonstrating the MITCHELL hypothesis. U. S. troop presence in South Vietnam boosted the peoples' confidence in their country's future thereby stabilizing the demand for fiat money and income velocity. Only two variables ‐ the previous year's rate of inflation and U. S. troop strength, which serves as a proxy for battlefield victories ‐ are needed to explain movements in velocity.
The Recovery of World Labor Markets and the U. S. Monetary Stance: Rationale and Evidence
Authors: Felmingham B. S. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYU. S. monetary impulses may be transmitted to foreign unemployment through two channels: in the first (Keynesian) channel U. S. monetary expansion boosts the U. S. demand for domestic and foreign production. This leads to an export led recovery in foreign countries. The second (monetarist) channel depends on the usual balance of payments adjustment: U. S. monetary expansion which increases foreign money supplies initiates real recovery provided foreign business cycles respond to the monetary adjustment. The spectral analysis of individual time series for U. S. and foreign unemployment over the period 1960(2) to 1980(2) reveal dominant cycles in each series coinciding with the periodicity of the business cycle. The main arguments of the study are tested in ten separate cross spectral studies of the U. S. money stock and foreign unemployment. The following general conclusion emerges: U. S. monetary expansion promises to reduce unemployment in some foreign states, but has no effect in others. This conclusion does not support the case for U. S. monetary expansion, as the effect on world unemployment is not universal, but the potential costs in the form of higher inflation remain.
‘Dynamic Equilibrium’ with Constant Wages: J. S. Mill's Malthusian Analysis of the Secular Wage Path
Authors: Hollander Samuel 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYAccording to Malthusian growth theory the wage rate may be maintained constant on the path to the stationary state, at a level above ‘subsistence’ by appropriate reductions in the population growth rate. In this paper we document J. S. MILL'S version of the Malthusian model and various applications thereof.
Terms of Trade and Welfare: Estimates
Authors: Kohli Ulrich 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYIn this paper we evaluate the welfare effects of changes in a country's terms of trade and in its import tariff. Imports are treated as intermediate goods, and the welfare measures which we use are based on production theory and on duality theory with special attention devoted to the setting of international trade theory. Empirical estimates are reported for the United States, Canada, Australia, and Switzerland.