bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Ultrasonic Technique for the Measurement of Residual Stress
Authors: Noronha PJ , Wert JJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An ultrasonic shear wave technique to measure stress in metals is described. The technique utilizes a pulse-echo system operating at 7 MHz to measure changes in the time of travel of the ultrasonic shear wave to 1 part per million. Linear changes in the velocity of a shear wave occur with stress and are dependent on the higher order elastic constants of the material. The linear change in velocity with stress allows the definition of a constant called the stress acoustic constant for the material. The amount of birefringence in a specimen is measured, and after accounting for the portion caused by anisotropy of the material, the remainder gives an accurate measure of the residual stress in the material. The amount of birefringence caused by anisotropy is a constant for specimens having the same nominal mechanical and thermal treatments. Measurements using the ultrasonic technique of simulated residual stress, introduced by bending of a 6-ft (1.8-m) section of A-36 steel I-beam, yielded values in the vicinity of those measured using strain gage and O-ring techniques. Application of this technique to the measurement of other simple states of stress is suggested, along with the precautions to be observed for measuring stress.
Interlaboratory Test for Wool Fineness Using the PiMc Particle Measurement Computer System
Authors: Pohle EM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The application of a particle measurement computer (PiMc) system for measuring average fiber diameter and variability of wool and other animal fibers has been demonstrated. Three lots of wool top and three lots of scoured wool cores representing fine (19 to 20 µm), medium (27 to 28 µm), and coarse (34 to 35 µm) grades were used. Preparation of slides of cut wool fibers and different mounting media were tested. Based on analyses from results of two laboratories, testing six lots of wool, only one had a difference in average fiber diameter between methods that was significant at the 0.05 probability level. This difference was 0.32 µm. Also, the analysis did not detect any bias or systematic error attributable to the PiMc system, nor was the difference between laboratories using different machines significant. The system reproduced its measurement results very closely. In this study, there were 24 comparisons and all differences were within theoretical differences due to chance.
The PiMc procedure of measuring fibers is over twice as fast as the microprojector and takes one less person. Alternative sampling procedures are presented showing how the sampling error can be reduced with a fixed number of fibers analysed. Based on these results, a standard computer program can be developed which generates summaries of the diameter and variability properties for wool and other animal fibers in a printout form suitable for a permanent record.
Note on Performance of Tapered Grip Tensile Loading Devices
Authors: Jones MH , Brown WF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Alignment results are presented in terms of percent bending for a quick release, tapered grip, tensile loading device that has been proposed for testing sharply notched specimens of aluminum and magnesium alloys by a Task Group of the ASTM Committee E-24 on Fracture Testing of Metals. The results show that the bending introduced by the fixtures is strongly dependent on their relative rotational positions in respect to the loading rods which adapt them to the tensile machine. For one set of tapered grips the highest bending was about 15%. Recommendations are made for improvement in the design of the tapered grips which should reduce the bending stresses substantially.
Determination of Low Levels of Chloride in Hardened Portland Cement Paste, Mortar, and Concrete
Authors: Berman HA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Errors occur in the analysis of cement and concrete samples containing less than 0.02% Cl when the potentiometric ion electrode titration method published earlier is used (Journal of Materials, JMLSA, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1972, pp. 330–335). Slow nucleation of AgCl and slow equilibration produce large initial voltage increments which may be mistaken for the end point. A preliminary addition of 1 or 2 ml of 0.01 N NaCl delays the end point and places it in a nonambiguous region of the titration. Examples are given of titrations with and without the NaCl addition and a technique for handling millivoltmeter needle instability is described.
Long-Term Dosimetry
Authors: Morgan WC 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
It should be assumed that the shape of the neutron energy spectrum and the neutron flux intensity will change during a long-term materials irradiation. The neutron dosimetry effort should have three primary goals: (1) dosimetry should be concentrated on the range of neutron energies of most importance for the radiation damage process; (2) the effective half-lives of the dosimeters should be less than the irradiation duration; and (3) appropriate corrections should be made for changes in the neutron spectrum and flux intensity during the irradiation.
Damage Function Analysis
Authors: McElroy WN , Simons RL , Doran DG , Odette GR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper reviews the current status and procedures associated with damage function analysis as it applies to the development, design, and operation of nuclear reactors. Damage function analysis provides a systematic applied engineering approach for estimating fluence limits and their uncertainties for neutron-induced property changes for reactor materials and components. A summary of derived, quasi-empirical damage functions is provided and emphasis is placed on the need for standardization in their definition and application. Included is a discussion of the calculation and use of displacement production as an energy-dependent measure of exposure and displacement cross sections for damage function analysis. A brief review is given of the current and projected status of the neutron flux-fluence spectra characterisation that is essential for damage function analysis.
Cycle-Dependent Softening in Notched Steel Specimens
Authors: Czoboly E , Sandor BI 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The results of experiments on Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) 1043 steel show that the cyclic stress-strain response in small regions of a notched specimen is not necessarily the same as that obtained in tests on smooth specimens of the same metal. At the roots of notches (two different notch radii were used) plastic flow occurs at the same cyclic lives as in unnotched specimens, when the longitudinal total strains are similar. Cyclic plasticity develops in many fewer cycles near the notches than in smooth specimens under the same longitudinal total strains. The more sharply notched specimens soften more rapidly at locations near the notches than the less severely notched ones under identical longitudinal strains.
Evaluation of Deformation Phenomena of Metals for Fatigue Analysis
Authors: Jhansale HR 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSimple calculations for estimating extremes in fatigue life of metals, with or without accounting for cycle-dependent hardening, softening, and mean stress relaxation, are presented. These calculations aid in assessing the importance of cyclic deformation properties in cumulative damage procedures. An SAE 1045 quenched and tempered steel is considered for illustration. In general, cycle-dependent deformation phenomena may be important only in intermediate and long life situations. The sensitivity of predicted life to cyclic hardening or softening depends on the degree of hardening or softening a material exhibits, whereas in the case of mean stress relaxation it depends on the shape of the cyclic stress-strain curve or the strain hardening exponent. However, the need for a proper accounting of cyclic history, recognized as the “cycle counting problem” in fatigue literature, is the most important requisite of a cumulative damage analysis. Two alternative approaches of dealing with the cycle counting problem are discussed.
Polymeric Materials for Concrete
Authors: Idorn GM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Session III-9 of the VI International Congress of the Chemistry of Cement (held in September 1974 in Moscow) dealt with cement-polymer materials, or, as it appears from the papers presented, with various types of composites using ordinary cements and organic monomers together as binding materials.
Both the manufacture and the characteristics of these materials open up new potentials and problems to technology and construction development: potentials, because the excellent functional capabilities that can be attained with these composites will be much needed in further technical development; problems, because civil engineering has come to know ordinary cements and concrete quite well over a period of about 150 years' evolution, but is not as familiar as yet with these materials' development based upon modern scientific research.
This paper presents the “pros and cons” of this entirety, based upon the contents of the principal paper “Cement-Polymer Materials,” by G. M. Idorn and Z. Fördös, presented to the above session of the Cement Chemistry Congress.
Fatigue of Ferrocement
Authors: McKinnon EA , Simpson MG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Ferrocement is a composite of reinforcing wire and cement mortar that is used in thin shell construction. Several layers of wire are impregnated with the cement mortar, resulting in a material that behaves synergistically. Ferrocement is becoming widely used for private and commercial boat hulls because of its formability, economy, fire resistance, and low maintenance. In this study, several variations of ferrocement were fabricated and subjected to constant amplitude cyclic loads up to ten million cycles. Stress versus cycles-to-failure plots were developed and comparisons between the data for various ferrocement modifications were made.
Connected Air Voids Content in Permeable Friction Course Mixtures
Authors: Alvarez Allex E. , Epps Martin Amy , Estakhri Cindy 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCurrent hot mix asphalt (HMA) mix design procedures used to determine the optimum asphalt content for permeable or porous friction course (PFC) mixtures are based primarily on total air void (AV) content. Durability and functionality of PFC mixtures are also related to the total AV content. However, the connected AV content (defined as the proportion of AV that form connected pathways for air and water transport through PFC mixtures) may provide more insight into the mixture structure in terms of the AV content directly associated with functionality and durability properties and constitute an alternative parameter to conduct PFC mix design and evaluation. This study evaluated two laboratory methodologies (vacuum and dimensional analysis) for determining water-accessible AV content and two types of analysis to compute interconnected AV content based on X-ray Computed Tomography (X-ray CT) and image analysis techniques. Although both the interconnected AV content and water-accessible AV content constitute determinations of connected AV content, different nomenclature was used to differentiate the origin of the calculation. Dimensional analysis with application of vacuum and X-ray CT and image analysis with inclusion of surface AV are recommended for determining water-accessible AV content and interconnected AV content, respectively. Future work should focus on investigating the use of connected AV content as an alternative parameter to integrate in mix design and laboratory and computational evaluation of PFC mixtures.
Computer Simulation of the Tension Test: Effect of Testing Conditions
Authors: Baptista AA , Fortes MA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Tension tests performed at constant crosshead speed have been simulated in a computer, and stress-strain, load-displacement, and strain rate-strain curves in uniform deformation under various testing conditions were obtained. Hart's phenomenological description of the plastic deformation was used together with a simple form for the stress and strain rate dependence of the material parameters that appear in this description. Various materials were simulated and the effects of crosshead speed, initial “hardness” state, specimen dimensions, and machine stiffness were studied in each case. The implications of these results in the specification and interpretation of tension tests are discussed. Particular attention is given to the relation between the onset of plastic instability and the point of maximum load in the tension test.
Relationships Between Low-Cycle Fatigue and Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Properties
Authors: Kaisand LR , Mowbray DF 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA fracture mechanics model is developed to describe crack growth in a low cycle fatigue test specimen. The model involves a J integral analysis and a growth rate hypothesis in terms of ΔJ. A relationship for low cycle fatigue is derived that has strain energy density as the controlling variable. This relationship reduces to well-known low cycle fatigue equations in terms of elastic and plastic strains for the limiting conditions of fully elastic and fully plastic strain fields. These equations in turn define relationships between the material properties commonly employed to describe low cycle fatigue and fatigue crack growth rate data. The latter are used to demonstrate the facility of predicting fatigue crack growth rate curves from standard low cycle fatigue properties.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Hygrothermal Effects on Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Laminates
Authors: Bar Cohen Y , Meron M , Ishai O 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Ultrasonic tests were performed on glass-, carbon-, and Kevlar®-fiber-reinforced plastic laminates that had been exposed to varying hygrothermal ambient conditions. Results reveal similar trends between ultrasonic attenuation measurements and the degree of material degradation as reflected by laminate strength characteristics. A slow decrease in attenuation with almost no degradation was found to be common in all laminates exposed to cold water immersion. Hot water immersion seems to affect significantly glass-fiber-reinforced and Kevlar-fiber-reinforced plastic laminates, which exhibited an increase in attenuation with exposure time. Such a trend is attributable to the degradation process found to be significant in glass-fiber-reinforced plastics and almost nonexistent in the carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic systems.
A Rapid Technique for Estimating Fiber Lengths of Mineral Wools and Other Staples
Authors: Atkinson AW , Lancaster JM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A rapid and reproducible technique is described for estimating the mean length of staple fiber. A pad or felt prepared from the fiber is separated into two parts giving a torn edge, the diffuseness of which is proportional to the mean fiber length. This diffuseness may be quantified by illuminating the torn edge and measuring the changing light attenuation in a direction perpendicular to the line of separation. Absolute estimates of length are made by reference to calibration standards. The method is of particular value with brittle fibers such as mineral wools, for which it can otherwise be difficult to obtain reliable length data.
The techniques described in this paper form the basis of patent applications in several countries.
The Effect of Varying Mean Stress on the Dimpled Loaded-Hole Fatigue Strength of 2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Kuc AP , Shewchuk J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The effect of mean stress on the fatigue strength of notched and unnotched metal components is well known. Recently, a residual stress technique known as dimpling has been developed and used for improving the zero-to-tension fatigue strength of loaded holes in thin sheet material. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of varying stress ratio on the dimpled loaded-hole fatigue strength.
In tension-tension fatigue tests on nominally 1.6-mm thick 2024-T3 (Unified Numbering System [UNS] A92024) aluminum alloy specimens, dimpling gave fatigue strength improvement factors of 3.67, 2.78, and 1.5 at ratios of minimum to maximum stress of 0.0, 0.5, and 0.9, respectively, all at 107 cycles to failure. The strengthening effect of dimpling is found to decrease with decreasing life (higher maximum stress) and tends to become independent of stress ratio at low values of life.
Rate Sensitive Tensile Impact Properties of Fully and Partially Loaded Unidirectional Composites
Authors: Hayes SV , Adams DF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An instrumented tensile impact test system with partial loading capabilities has been developed and tested. Hardware development included a low mass gripping system for tensile impact and a vibration-damped base and load cell. A standard pendulum type impact testing machine was modified for use. The rate sensitive material properties of unidirectional glass/epoxy and graphite/epoxy composite materials were investigated. The micromechanics of fracture within the composite caused by impact were studied, using partially loaded impact test specimens and scanning electron microscopy.
Explanation of the Empirical Factor Recommended in the Permanganate Titration of High Chromium Stainless Steel from Tristumulus Chromaticity
Authors: Bhuchar VM , Majumdar AK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Excess results of 0.6% are obtained for chromium in high chromium steels when analyzed according to the ASTM Chemical Analysis of Steel, Cast Iron, Open-Hearth Iron, and Wrought Iron (E 30). The excess results have been explained on the basis on the tristimulus chromaticity of the human photocell, that is, the eye. It is concluded that the 0.6% excess results are necessary because: (1) 6% of the excess is for the permanganate pink to show itself in colorless solution, (2) 30% of the excess is for the permanganate pink to overcome the green hue of the chromium and nickel sulfates present in the solution, and (3) the balance 64% of the excess is needed because of the oxidation of trivalent chromium by permanganate. The trichromatic coordinates of nickel sulfate and chromium sulfate solutions have been calculated both according to Commission Intérnationale d' Eclairage (CIE) 1931 recommendations, namely, x,y coordinates and also according to a perceptually more uniform chromatic system of color matching, that is, u,v coordinates.
A Dispersant Effectiveness Test Based on the Drop-Weight Interfacial Tension Test Method
Authors: Rewick RT , Sabo KA , Smith JH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A simple apparatus has been developed for evaluating the effectiveness of surfactants in dispersing No. 6 fuel oil. The measurement, obtained by the drop-weight method and expressed in terms of the critical micelle concentration, is based on reduction of the interfacial tension between oil and water. The procedure described here is faster and less costly than other dispersant test methods.
Effect of Temperature on Brick Suction
Authors: Davison JI 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A brief study has been carried out on the effect of temperature on brick suction or initial rate of absorption (IRA), which is a factor in determining the amount of water extracted from mortar placed between bricks. This is important during cold weather construction when the amount of water extracted determines the pore space available for expansive forces if the remaining water freezes at an early age.
The study included extruded clay and shale, dry-press clay, sandlime, and concrete bricks selected to include a range of control IRA (suction) values. Values were determined at 20, 10, −1.5, and −10°C with water at 20°C and at 20°C with water at 10°C.
Results indicate a small reduction in suction with dropping temperature for low absorption bricks and a substantial drop for high absorption extruded and dry-press clay bricks at temperatures below 0°C. It is concluded that bricks should be at temperatures above 0°C to ensure maximum potential for reducing the moisture content of mortar during winter construction.
Measuring the Abrasion of Transparent Materials with Hazemeters
Authors: Ladson JA , Evans RE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Assessments of the amount of light scattering or haze caused by the abrasion of transparent plastics when measured with a collimated beam hazemeter at reduced beam diameter are shown to be affected by differences in amount of beam reduction. The data presented illustrate that most of the light scattered from a sample abraded with a Taber Abraser® is found in the angular cone between 0 and 2.5°. This is also the region subtended by the 1.3° annulus between the lightbeam and the exit port of a hazemeter conforming to ASTM Test for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics (D 1003). For this reason, measurement of abraded specimens is very sensitive to the beam geometry of the hazemeter.
Since conventional (nonabraded) specimens produce very diffuse scattering patterns, changes in beam diameter and thus the size of the annulus do not significantly affect haze readings. However, to obtain reproducible results on abraded specimens, modification is required to the geometry of the hazemeter so that the image of the entrance window is focused at the exit port of the sphere. Good interlaboratory agreement was obtained when suitably modified hazemeters were used to measure a set of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) specimens. Modifications that have been made to ASTM Test for Resistance of Transparent Plastics to Abrasion (D 1044) are discussed.
Development of a Scratch-Test Instrument for Thick Wall Coverings
Authors: Jaegermann C , Becker R , Relis M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
While establishing performance specifications for building elements, the authors have recognized the fact that there is no available test method for the direct investigation of scratch resistance of thick wall coverings. This has led to the development and manufacture of a prototype scratch-test instrument. Verification tests have been carried out on 18 types of laboratory samples and three existing walls. The research included investigation of repeatability of results, influence of speed of operation, influence of operator, performance fitness, and accuracy of results. Finally grading of the “degree of damage,” according to the depth of scratch has been deduced. Acceptance criteria for different functional uses are suggested.
A Microcomputer-Based System for Instrumented Impact Testing
Authors: Crawford RJ , McFerran NV , Ali A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
As part of a program of research to study the influence of processing conditions on the impact strength of injection moldings, a relatively inexpensive modification has been made to an Izod type impact test machine so that fully instrumented tension impact tests may be carried out. The principle of operation of the system is described in detail. Basically a quartz load cell in the base of the test machine sends the impact signal through a charge amplifier to a transient recorder. Having thus stored the signal, the data is passed to a microcomputer where it is transformed from force-time to force-deformation. The trace is integrated to provide the impact strength of the test sample. This value is then printed out along with characteristic details of the sample, including a graph showing the shape of the force-deformation relationship.
The main improvement this type of system offers over conventional single value impact testing lies in the convenience of use and increased amount of information available on the type of fracture that has occurred. This is supported by typical system printouts and photographs of fractured samples.