bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vivo secretome sampling technology for proteomics
Authors: Huang Chun‐Ming 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSecretome is a critical mediator for cell–cell and microbe–cell interaction. Identification of secretome will endow researchers with important biomarkers and therapeutic targets as well as reinforce the current methods used in the systems biology research of cell–cell interactions. Here, we introduce an in vivo sampling technique using capillary ultrafiltration (CUF) probes that are capable of continuously collecting pure in vivo secretome from tissue microenvironments. Great benefits of CUF probes when compared with other current sampling techniques have been acknowledged. CUF probes can be designed to fit various in vivo models and they are easily adapted to different protein‐detection systems including mass spectrometers. The future challenges and clinical advantages of CUF probe sampling are also highlighted in this review. Many prospective properties such as simple manipulation, dynamic sampling, pathogen clearance, online mass spectrometric coupling, and disease treatment and monitoring have made CUF probes attractive for clinical uses in the near future.
Proteomics in clinical prostate research
Authors: Hellström Magnus , Jonmarker Sara , Lehtiö Janne , Auer Gert , Egevad Lars 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe incidence of early prostate cancer (PCa) has increased rapidly in recent years. The majority of newly diagnosed PCa are in early tumor phase. Presently, we do not have adequate biomarkers to assess tumor aggressiveness in individual cases. Consequently, too many patients are given curatively intended treatment. An exploration of the human proteome may provide clinically useful markers. 2‐DE has been successfully used for analysis of the protein phenotype using clinical samples. Proteins are separated according to size and charge, gels are compared by image analysis, protein spots of interest are excised, and proteins identified by MS. This method is exploratory and allows protein identification. However, low‐abundance proteins are difficult to detect and 2‐DE is currently too labor‐intensive for routine use. In recent years, nongel based techniques, such as LC‐MS, SELDI‐MS, and protein arrays have emerged. They require smaller sample sizes and can be more automated than 2‐DE. In this review, we describe studies of the protein expression of benign prostatic tissue and PCa, which is likely to serve as the first step in prognostic biomarker discovery. The prostate proteome is still far from a complete mapping which would enhance our understanding of PCa biology.
Metrological sharp shooting for plasma proteins and peptides: The need for reference materials for accurate measurements in clinical proteomics and in vitro diagnostics to generate reliable results
Authors: Vitzthum Frank , Siest Gérard , Bunk David M. , Preckel Tobias , Wenz Christian , Hoerth Patric , Schulz‐Knappe Peter , Tammen Harald , Adamkiewicz Juergen , Merlini Giampaolo , Anderson N. Leigh 
Published: August 2007

AbstractReliable study results are necessary for the assessment of discoveries, including those from proteomics. Reliable study results are also crucial to increase the likelihood of making a successful choice of biomarker candidates for verification and subsequent validation studies, a current bottleneck for the transition to in vitro diagnostic (IVD). In this respect, a major need for improvement in proteomics appears to be accuracy of measurements, including both trueness and precision of measurement. Standardization and total quality management systems (TQMS) help to provide accurate measurements and reliable results. Reference materials are an essential part of standardization and TQMS in IVD and are crucial to provide metrological correct measurements and for the overall quality assurance process. In this article we give an overview on how reference materials are defined, prepared and what role they play in standardization and TQMS to support the generation of reliable results. We discuss how proteomics can support the establishment of reference materials and biomarker tests for IVD applications, how current reference materials used in IVD may be beneficially applied in proteomics, and we provide considerations on the establishment of reference materials specific for proteomics. For clarity, we solely focus on reference materials related to serum and plasma.
Effect of electron–electron interaction and plasmon excitation on the density‐of‐states for a two‐dimensional electron liquid
Authors: Gumbs Godfrey , Kogan Eugene 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe calculate the Green's function for an interacting two‐dimensional electron liquid whose strength of interaction is characterized by the electron density parameter rs. The screened electron–electron interaction is expressed in terms of a frequency and wave vector‐dependent dielectric function ε (q, w). If this screening is neglected, the tunneling density of states (DOS) is strongly modified by the electron–electron interaction. This modification is seen as a dip near the Fermi energy. This dip becomes deeper and narrower as rs is increased. When screening is included, the DOS is considerably affected by the collective plasma excitations. In particular, the range of frequencies where the plasmon excitations contribute increases with rs. Also, the DOS near the Fermi energy for the screened electron liquid depends on the electron density. We treat ε (q, w) in the hydrodynamical approximation in order to investigate the way in which the tunneling DOS is modified at various electron densities. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Light–matter interaction in finite‐size plasma systems
Authors: Hoyer W. , Kira M. , Koch S. W. , Moloney J. V. , Wright E. M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIt is well known that electromagnetic waves with frequencies below the plasma frequency cannot propagate inside an electron plasma. For plasmas with infinite extensions, this property can be mathematically described by a Bogoliubov transformation of the photonic operators. More generally, the presence of finite‐size electron plasmas such as laser‐induced atmospheric light strings or metallic nano structures including metamaterials leads to a modification of the light–matter interaction. It is shown how this geometric property can be fully accounted for with the help of adapted mode functions used for the quantization of the electromagnetic field. In addition to the analytical derivations, numerical results for luminescence spectra out of quasi‐two‐dimensional, planar plasma sheets are presented. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Molecular piracy: manipulation of the ubiquitin system by Kaposi's sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus
Authors: Fujimuro Masahiro , Hayward S. Diane , Yokosawa Hideyoshi 
Published: August 2007

AbstractUbiquitination, one of several post‐translational protein modifications, plays a key role in the regulation of cellular events, including protein degradation, signal transduction, endocytosis, protein trafficking, apoptosis and immune responses. Ubiquitin attachment at the lysine residue of cellular factors acts as a signal for endocytosis and rapid degradation by the 26S proteasome. It has recently been observed that viruses, especially oncogenic herpesviruses, utilise molecular piracy by encoding their own proteins to interfere with regulation of cell signalling. Kaposi's sarcoma‐ associated herpesvirus (KSHV) manipulates the ubiquitin system to facilitate cell proliferation, anti‐apoptosis and evasion from immunity. In this review, we will describe the strategies used by KSHV at distinct stages of the viral life‐cycle to control the ubiquitin system and promote oncogenesis and viral persistence. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attributable fractions with survival data
Authors: Samuelsen Sven Ove , Eide Geir Egil 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAttributable fraction (AF) is an important concept in clinical and epidemiological studies. The concept has mainly been discussed in relation to case–control studies, cross‐sectional studies, and follow‐up studies of fixed length. Here, we propose and discuss several ways of defining and estimating AFs with right‐censored survival data, and thus with varying lengths of follow‐up. In particular, we define the attributable hazard fraction, the AF before timet, and the AF within study. These measures have different interpretations and may give different numerical values, as illustrated in an application to real data on time to the first receiving of cash benefits for hearing impairment in children. The results underline the need for careful selection of the type of measure and interpretation when reporting AFs for survival data. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of Methods for Colorimetric Amylose Determination in Cereal Grains
Authors: Mahmood Tariq , Turner Matthew A. , Stoddard Fred L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIodine‐based colorimetry remains the most widespread method for the determination of amylose content of starch. There are, however, many variants of this method, differing in solvent, temperature and method for converting absorbance to amylose content. Therefore, in thisstudy some of these methods were compared in order to identify which, if any, was most reliable. Australian commercial samples of wheat, rice, rye and oat were used. Flour was ground and starch was extracted. Half of the samples of flour and starch were defatted with n‐propanol. Defatted and full‐fat flours and starches were dissolved by six procedures: DMSO, urea‐DMSO, CaCl2‐DMSO, hot NaOH, cold NaOH and HCl. The solutions were diluted, coloured with iodine and the absorbances determined at 535 and 620 nm. Amylose content was determined by reference to standards using 620 nm as the single wavelength or by two calculations based on the ratio between the two absorbances. Reliability was tested by repeating all tests on three non‐consecutive days with three replicates on each day. Defatted starch provided more consistent results than flour or non‐defatted starch. The most reliable dissolution procedure, with both the lowest standard error and least day‐to‐day variation, was cold NaOH. One of the ratio‐based calculations provided adequate correction for the non‐starch content of flour of wheat and rice, but not of the other two cereals, and the other ratio‐based calculation seldom provided realistic results. It is concluded that a cold NaOH dissolution procedure is suitable for reliable amylose determination on defatted starch of a range of cereals from a single wavelength and that it is also suitable for use on defatted flour of some species.
A diffusion‐weighted template for gestational age‐related apparent diffusion coefficient values in the developing fetal brain
Authors: Cannie M. , De Keyzer F. , Meersschaert J. , Jani J. , Lewi L. , Deprest J. , Dymarkowski S. , Demaerel P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the pattern of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in the normal fetal brain obtained with diffusion‐weighted images (DWI) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a template for normal brain development throughout gestation.MethodsThis was a prospective study of 46 fetuses without suspicion of brain pathology undergoing a total of 66 ultrasound examinations between 17 and 37 weeks of gestation. At T2‐weighted MRI, four left and four right brain regions were delineated on transverse slices of the native DWI using a b‐value of 0 s/mm2 (b0 images). We examined native b‐value images and calculated ADCavg, ADClow and ADChigh in the basal ganglia, cerebellar hemisphere, frontal parenchyma and occipital parenchyma. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between gestational age and b0 values as well as the calculated ADC values.ResultsDelineations were successful in all fetuses for all regions except for the cerebellar hemispheres in four fetuses. There was a negative correlation between gestational age and b0 values in all examined anatomical regions (P<0.002). For ADCavg, there were no significant changes in the basal ganglia with increasing gestational age, a positive correlation in the frontal (P<0.0001) and occipital (P=0.03) parenchyma and a negative correlation in the cerebellar hemispheres (P=0.01). For ADClow, there was a negative correlation between gestational age and the cerebellum (P=0.0002) and basal ganglia (P=0.047), but no correlation for the frontal or occipital parenchyma. For ADChigh, there was a positive correlation with gestational age for the frontal parenchyma (P=0.004), occipital parenchyma (P=0.02) and basal ganglia (P=0.03) but there was no correlation for the cerebellum.ConclusionsDWI b0 values decreased in the left and right basal ganglia, cerebellar hemisphere, frontal parenchyma and occipital parenchyma between 17 and 37 weeks of gestation and ADCavg values increased in two out of four cerebral regions. It remains to be determined to what extent these observations differ in fetuses with suspicion of brain anomalies and whether such measurements will be useful and more predictive of outcome compared with standard MRI sequences. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychiatric manifestations revealing inborn errors of metabolism in adolescents and adults
Authors: Sedel F. , Baumann N. , Turpin J.‐C. , Lyon‐Caen O. , Saudubray J.‐M. , Cohen D. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryInborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) may present in adolescence or adulthood as a psychiatric disorder. In some instances, an IEM is suspected because of informative family history or because psychiatric symptoms form part of a more diffuse clinical picture with systemic, cognitive or motor neurological signs. However, in some cases, psychiatric signs may be apparently isolated. We propose a schematic classification of IEMs into three groups according to the type of psychiatric signs at onset. Group 1 represents emergencies, in which disorders can present with acute and recurrent attacks of confusion, sometimes misdiagnosed as acute psychosis. Diseases in this group include urea cycle defects, homocysteine remethylation defects and porphyrias. Group 2 includes diseases with chronic psychiatric symptoms arising in adolescence or adulthood. Catatonia, visual hallucinations, and aggravation with treatments are often observed. This group includes homocystinurias, Wilson disease, adrenoleukodystrophy and some lysosomal disorders. Group 3 is characterized by mild mental retardation and late‐onset behavioural or personality changes. This includes homocystinurias, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, nonketotic hyperglycinaemia, monoamine oxidase A deficiency, succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, creatine transporter deficiency, and α and β mannosidosis. Because specific treatments should be more effective at the ‘psychiatric stage’ before the occurrence of irreversible neurological lesions, clinicians should be aware of atypical psychiatric symptoms or subtle organic signs that are suggestive of an IEM. Here we present an overview of IEMs potentially revealed by psychiatric problems in adolescence or adulthood and provide a diagnostic strategy to guide metabolic investigations.
Consumption of c9,t11–18:2 or t10,c12–18:2 Enriched Dietary Supplements Does Not Influence Milk Macronutrients in Healthy, Lactating Women
Authors: Hasin Afroza , Griinari J. Mikko , Williams Janet E. , Shahin Alam M. , McGuire Mark A. , McGuire Michelle K. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSubstantial research suggests that the t10,c12–18:2, but not the c9,t11–18:2, isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces milk fat synthesis in lactating bovine and rodent species. Because fat is the major energy‐yielding component in human milk, we were interested in whether this is true for women as well. Thus, the effects of c9,t11–18:2 and t10,c12–18:2 on milk fat were examined in breast‐feeding women (n = 12) in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study with latin‐square design. The study was divided into six periods: baseline (3 days), three intervention periods (5 days each), and two washout periods (9 days each). During each intervention period, women consumed 750 mg/day of a supplement containing predominantly c9,t11–18:2, t10,c12–18:2, or 18:1 (olive oil placebo). Milk was collected by complete breast expression on the final day of each period. Infant milk consumption was estimated by 24 h weighing on the penultimate day of each intervention and washout period, and maternal adiposity (% body fat) was determined at baseline using dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Milk c9,t11–18:2 and t10,c12–18:2 concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) during the corresponding CLA treatment periods as compared to the placebo period, providing strong evidence of subject compliance. Both CLA isomers were transferred into milk fat at relatively high efficiency; average transfer efficiency was estimated to be 23.3%. Compared to the placebo treatment, milk fat content was not reduced during either CLA treatment. Data indicate that body fatness did not modify any putative effect of isomeric CLA consumption on milk fat concentration. The evidence from this study suggests that the sensitivity of lactating women's mammary tissue to an anti‐lipogenic effect of the t10,c12–18:2 isoform of CLA may be less than previously hypothesized.
The Diversity of Health Effects of Individual trans Fatty Acid Isomers
Authors: Gebauer Sarah K. , Psota Tricia L. , Kris‐Etherton Penny M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThere are multiple adverse effects of trans fatty acids (TFA) that are produced by partial hydrogenation (i.e., manufactured TFA), on CVD, blood lipids, inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial health, body weight, insulin sensitivity, and cancer. It is not yet clear how specific TFA isomers vary in their biological activity and mechanisms of action. There is evidence of health benefits on some of the endpoints that have been studied for some animal TFA isomers, such as conjugated linoleic acid; however, these are not a major TFA source in the diet. Future research will bring clarity to our understanding of the biological effects of the individual TFA isomers. At this point, it is not possible to plan diets that emphasize individual TFA from animal sources at levels that would be expected to have significant health effects. Due to the multiple adverse effects of manufactured TFA, numerous agencies and governing bodies recommend limiting TFA in the diet and reducing TFA in the food supply. These initiatives and regulations, along with potential TFA alternatives, are presented herein.
Fatty Acid Composition of Selected Fresh Water Gammarids (Amphipoda, Crustacea): A Potentially Innovative Source of Omega‐3 LC PUFA
Authors: Kolanowski Wojciech , Stolyhwo Andrzej , Grabowski Michal 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe aim of this work was to estimate the content and composition of n‐3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in selected gammarid species commonly occurring in fresh waters of Central and Western Europe. Five gammarid species were investigated, two native, one old invader consider as semi‐native and two Ponto‐Caspian species invading the area in the last decade. Lipid content of evaluated species ranged from 75 to 130 g kg−1 of dry weight. Significant amounts of n‐3 LC PUFA were found in the lipid fraction of analyzed gammarids 11–23% of total fatty acids, especially in the Ponto‐Caspian species. The main n‐3 fatty acid was EPA—up to 16% of total fatty acids. The ratio of n‐6 to n‐3 was nutritionally desirable, especially in the case of the Ponto‐Caspian species. The results obtained and growing biomass of gammarids observed in fresh waters of Central and Western Europe, as well as the rapid depletion of sea fish communities leads us to the idea that these gammarids might be considered as a innovative source of n‐3 LC PUFA for nutritional, pharmaceutical and animal feeding purposes.
Synergistic Induction of NR4A Orphan Nuclear Receptors by LPS and cAMP in Murine Macrophage Cells
Authors: Shandilya Harish , Morris Sidney 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAlthough NR4A orphan nuclear receptors have been implicated in inflammatory gene expression and atherosclerosis, there is little information regarding their regulation by combinations of stimuli likely to be found in vivo, such as LPS and inducers of cAMP. LPS rapidly induced Nur77 and NOR1 mRNAs but had little effect on expression of Nurr1 mRNA. All three NR4As were rapidly induced by 8-bromo-cAMP and remained elevated for at least 8 h. Maximum induction of NOR1 by 8-bromo-cAMP was much greater than with LPS, but maximum induction of Nur77 was similar with both agents. Whereas Nurr1 mRNA had very little response to LPS, it was strongly induced by 8-bromo-cAMP, and Nurr1 mRNA levels remained elevated for at least 20 h. The combination of 8-bromo-cAMP and LPS acted synergistically to strongly induce NOR1 and Nur77, whereas LPS partially inhibited the induction of Nurr1 by 8-bromo-cAMP. Nurr1 protein levels correlated with Nurr1 mRNA levels but exhibited slower response kinetics. In summary, the NR4A receptors did not respond identically to individual stimuli or to combinations of stimuli. In particular, the magnitude of the responses to combinations of stimuli was quite different than to individual stimuli. Thus, NR4A receptor expression and the resulting functional consequences are more complex than appreciated from previous studies that evaluated regulation of NR4A expression by single stimuli.
Ketamine for emergency anaesthesia at very high altitude (4243 m above sea‐level)*
Authors: Grocott M. P. W. , Johannson L. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA 22‐year‐old woman presenting with postpartum haemorrhagic shock at 4243 m altitude required anaesthesia to identify and treat the source of bleeding. Slow intravenous administration of ketamine (0.5 mg.kg−1) resulted in deep anaesthesia and apnoea requiring hand ventilation for 5 min. Haemodynamic stability was maintained throughout the procedure. Haemostasis was achieved following uterine packing and suture of a second‐degree vaginal tear and small cervical tear. Confusion and visual hallucinations occurred upon awakening but recovery was otherwise uneventful. Ketamine can be used for emergency anaesthesia in a wilderness environment over 4000 m but it is probable that the benefits outweigh the risks only where life or limb are acutely threatened. Careful titration of the administered dose is strongly advised, particularly in patients where hypovolaemia and/or hypoxaemia are present. The availability of airway management equipment and the skills to use them may significantly reduce the risks associated with anaesthetic administration at very high altitude.
Torsades de pointes and self‐terminating ventricular fibrillation in a prescription methadone user
Authors: Atkinson D. , Dunne A. , Parker M. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryMethadone is known to prolong the QT interval and precipitate torsades de pointes. A 54‐year‐old prescription methadone user with hypokalaemia was referred to Critical Care with acute confusion and respiratory distress. Alcohol withdrawal was the presumed precipitant. The real precipitant only became evident on analysis of a 24‐h ECG (Holter monitor) attached to the patient at the time. The patient had suffered prolonged (10 min) ventricular arrhythmias including torsades de pointes and self‐terminating ventricular fibrillation. The patient made a full recovery. Risk factors for acquired long QT syndrome and the treatment of torsades de pointes are discussed.