bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Australia and New Zealand: Turning Shared Pasts into a Shared History
Authors: Smith Philippa Mein , Hempenstall Peter 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAustralia and New Zealand have a shared past, but not a shared history. A project at the University of Canterbury in New Zealand addresses this problem by exploring the relationship between the two countries on multiple levels – political, intellectual, cultural, social and economic – from the 1880s to 2000. It analyses the nature of Australia – New Zealand ties, where they are strongest and weakest, and how they have changed. The investigators are collaborating to address the deficits in knowledge about trans‐Tasman relations – beyond foreign affairs – since the 1880s. This missing knowledge of trans‐Tasman ties impoverishes both national stories and the quality of public commentary.
When Does World History Begin? (And Why Should We Care?)
Authors: Northrup David 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAdvances in evidence and understanding challenge the conventional view that history begins with written records. Nonliterate societies and unlettered social classes, not just the literate élite, are now standard subjects of historical inquiry. Moreover, advances in archaeology and other disciplines have made ‘prehistory’ knowable. Advocates of ‘Big History’ start history with the Big Bang, but a less radical beginning is the point at which humans first began to display modern esthetic and intellectual traits – a point that now seems to coincide with the evolution of biologically modern humans.
No One Said it was Quetzalcoatl: Listening to the Indians in the Conquest of Mexico*
Authors: Townsend Camilla 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article argues that, contrary to popular opinion, there is little evidence that the indigenous people of Mexico ever believed that Hernando Cortés and his men were gods, and that there is no meaningful evidence that any story about the god Quetzalcoatl's returning from the East in 1519 ever existed prior to the conquest. In order to dismantle the contruct, the origins and durability of the myth are explained, and then an alternate explanation is offered as to what the indigenous were in fact thinking at the point of contact.
Gender, women and the Occupation of France, 1940‐1944
Authors: Tumblety Joan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPerhaps the only acquaintance that a popular audience is likely to have with the women of wartime France is provided by Charlotte Gray, the eponymous fictional creation of novelist Sebastian Faulks, who, in the service of British intelligence, is parachuted into Occupied France during the Second World War to aid local resisters. Describing the film version of the novel as both ‘cinéma‐sucré’ and a ‘preposterous fable’ for its romantic and simplified view of the lives of such agents, one critic has been keen to emphasise that the reality of wartime resistance for women, and indeed for men, was very different, demanding highly developed skills of communication and evasion deployed in a state of constant fear.1 Historians now know much more about the role of women in the resistance and about their lives under the Occupation in general than was the case two decades ago, when histories of Occupied France were, for the most part, gender blind.
Ottoman History Writing and Changing Attitudes Towards the Notion of “Decline”
Authors: Quataert Donald 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe arguments presented below support, I hope, the following set of assertions. First, historical writing on the question of the “decline” of the Ottoman Empire presently is undergoing a sweeping, if incomplete, revision that vitally affects our perceptions not only of this now‐defunct imperial system but also of the contemporary Middle East. Secondly, the debate over Ottoman decline only now is escaping from its thorough enmeshment in European norms of what constitutes political and economic development and the very concept of progress itself. Thirdly, from the later 18th century until about twenty years ago, notions of Ottoman “decline” had been a popular and unquestioned item in the intellectual inventory of Western academics and politicians alike. Fourthly, the challenges mounted to the decline paradigm reflect, among Ottomanists, an increasingly sophisticated sense of the past that owes much to the growth of global and comparative history. The collapse of the Soviet empire reinforced, but did not give rise to, these challenges.
The Concept that Came Out of the Cold: the Progressive Historicization of Generic Fascism and its New Relevance to Teaching Twentieth‐century History
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article first surveys the confusion that prevailed in fascist studies for decades, and which makes it quite understandable if the term ‘fascism’ has been generally avoided both by historians and by lecturers and others teaching inter‐war European history to students in non‐specialist ‘survey’ courses. It then outlines the main features of the ‘new consensus’ that is emerging among scholars on the heuristic value of seeing fascism as a form of revolutionary ideology, bent on purging society of decadence and inaugurating the rebirth of the nation. Next, it focuses on how this approach enables Fascism and Nazism to be located within the supranational forces shaping modern history, and on the light it throws on their profound relationship to totalitarianism, political religion and modernity. It closes with brief examples of how this approach can be applied to structuring answers to essays and exam questions on inter‐war Europe, and welcomes the prospect opened up by the new consensus for greater collaboration between specialists in fascist studies, empirical historians, university lecturers, textbook writers and students – and even, one day, students in secondary education, and their teachers and examiners – in this fascinating, and rapidly evolving, field of teaching and research.
An Update on the Reign of Francis I
Authors: Knecht R. J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to draw attention to work on the reign of King Francis I of France (1515–47) produced since 1994, when my own Renaissance Warrior and Patron: the Reign of Francis I was published. Little that is new has been added to the political history of the reign, but fresh light has been shed on the court – following an exploration of hitherto neglected Italian archives – on the king's artistic patronage and also on his financiers. The significance of Francis’ patronage of humanism has been questioned. More attention is focusing on the last ten years of the reign. Once dismissed as a playboy, Francis I, whose 500th anniversary passed almost unnoticed in France, is now taken more seriously.
Consumer Culture and Political Transformations in Twentieth‐Century Germany
Authors: Ganaway Bryan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractGenerally, Frankfurt School theorists Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer's critique of mass culture as merely an instrument of totalitarianism dominates German historiography on consumption.1According to this view, elites use the media to control how people think. Another member of the school, Walter Benjamin, is famous for arguing that the industrial production of goods removed the “aura” from unique things (paintings, for example) and turned them into commodities, devoid of higher social value.2The widespread acceptance of their views meant German historians generally disdained consumer culture as a field of study.3Recently, however, some have discovered another and more accurate conceptualization of consumer culture from an often‐overlooked Frankfurt School scholar, Siegfried Krakauer. He agreed authoritarians could use consumer culture to control the polity, but “the mass ornament is [also] ambivalent.” Additionally, it offered the opportunity to think of things in new ways, to imagine oneself differently through film, for example. Krakauer's problem with consumer culture and capitalism in Weimar was that “it rationalizes not too much but rather too little.” The more people that could participate in capitalism through consumption, he reasoned, the more receptive the system could become to new voices.4Much of the best contemporary historiography on twentieth‐century Germany produced by scholars in the UK, USA and the Federal Republic is now premised on this insight.
‘Dead Meat’ Dramas: Diseased Meat and the Public's Health
Authors: Waddington Keir 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA series of ‘Dead Meat Drama[s]’ in the 1880s, which culminated in the 1889 Glasgow trial and the appointment of the first royal commission on tuberculosis in 1890, reflected growing contemporary anxiety about food safety.1 Underlying this anxiety was an ongoing concern about the adulteration of common foodstuffs and an emerging bacteriology of food that highlighted the role played by certain food items (mainly meat and milk), not only in cases of poisoning, but, more importantly, in the spread of disease at a time when standards of living and levels of meat consumption were rising. Despite claims by Burnett that by 1900 food no longer represented a significant threat to public health, debates about food safety and its role in the transmission of disease continued to worry the state, veterinarians and medical practitioners.2 Although the public were apathetic about food safety, by the Edwardian period the role food played in spreading certain bacteriological diseases had become an article of faith among public health officials, even if the science was not always with them.
The Reign of James VI and I: the Birth of Britain
Authors: Croft Pauline 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article considers recent work over the past twenty‐five years on the reign of James VI and I. The author argues that the multiple monarchy created by James VI of Scotland's accession to the English throne in 1603 was one of the greatest formative moments in the history of the British Isles, creating a political unit that endured until 1922, with the emergence of the Irish Free State. However, the structural problems of that multiple monarchy were also the major underlying cause of the ‘British’ civil war – fought out in Scotland and Ireland as well as England – that broke out in 1642.
What Can We Learn From the History of Homosexuality in Russia?
Authors: Healey Dan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSince the collapse of the Soviet regime in 1991, scholars have generated a wave of new studies on the political, social and cultural history of Russia, making enthusiastic use of sources that were once inaccessible. Topics long taboo under the pall of Cold War conservatism (in the West) and authoritarian censorship (in the East) are also increasingly open to researchers too.1 The history of homosexuality in Russia is one such topic.
A Means and Measure of Civilisation: Colonial Authorities and Indigenous Law in Australasia
Authors: Ward Damen 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBritish commentators on colonial policy in the early to mid‐nineteenth century often treated the existence of indigenous customary law and adjudicative forums as an indication of ‘civilisation’. However, not all customary laws were considered ‘civilised’ enough to be acknowledged by the British authorities. Furthermore, most British policy and debate was assimilationist. This article surveys two different assimilationist approaches. ‘Exceptionalist’ proposals favoured modifying the application of English law to indigenous peoples as a preliminary step towards assimilation. Such schemes can be contrasted with proposals for the ‘strict application’ of English law over indigenous peoples. In practice, however, the distinction between the two approaches was often blurred. Commentators and officials treated law as a means and measure of civilisation. The tension between these two roles often contributed to confused and ambiguous discussions of the application of English law to indigenous peoples. This article, therefore, suggests that Henry Reynolds’ views on British attitudes to indigenous customary law are overstated. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the distinction between legal and historical reasoning, and the limited implications of my historical arguments for the legal reasoning of cases such as Mabo and Wik.
Socialists in Nineteenth‐Century France
Authors: Pilbeam Pamela 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFrench socialism was unique. It had a dual origin, the 1789 Revolution and the response to economic change. The competing traditions of the 1789 Revolution were of fundamental, but very divisive, importance to French socialists. Some honoured Robespierre and the Jacobins for their contribution to the centralisation and modernisation of the state (Blanc), while others denigrated the Terror and the failure to improve the lives of ordinary people (Fourier, Cabet, Buchez). A tiny number, inspired by the mythology of the Conspiracy of the Equals (Babeuf) as recollected by one of the conspirators in 1828 (Buonarroti) revered revolution as the means to social change (Blanqui).
Taking Private Life Seriously: Marriage and Nationhood
Authors: Brookes Barbara 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn her path‐breaking book, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation, Nancy Cott notes how although marriage is commonly viewed as part of private life, assumptions about marriage have been an integral part of public policy and had implications for citizenship.1 A number of American colonies passed laws that aimed to prevent intermarriage between white and Negro or mulatto persons, in order to retain the dominance of the white race. Marriage and the nation are, therefore, intimately entwined, and histories which explore the intimate ties created by marriage are likely to throw new light on the evolution of nationhood.
Russia and the Origins of Twentieth‐century Antisemitism
Authors: Johnson Sam 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn seeking explanations for the origins of modern antisemitism, historians have often dwelt extensively on the developments in anti‐Jewish discourse in nineteenth‐century Imperial Germany and the Hapsburg Empire. The role played by the Tsarist Empire – darkest, backward Russia – has frequently been overlooked or underplayed. Until the past decade or so, antisemitism in the dying days of Tsarism was often characterised as little different from its medieval predecessor. Recent interpretations have shed new light on changes in antisemitism in Russia in the late nineteenth century. Much like the apparently unchangeable Tsarist state, a multitude of internal and external influences gradually altered the nature of Russian antisemitic discourse, which – in the years after the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution – would have profound consequences for the rest of Europe.
Locating Male Sexualities in Latin American History: Two Anthropological Models
Authors: Rubenstein Anne 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAnthropological models of how sexuality has worked in Latin America, especially in relation to masculinity and honor, have profoundly influenced studies of Latin American social history. New anthropological studies of male sexuality in Latin America, particularly Don Kulick's ethnography of cross‐dressing male sex workers in urban Brazil, offer new ways of thinking about gender, family, and power; historians of Latin America should consider Kulick's and related studies carefully.
The Islamic Origins Debate Goes Public
Authors: Von Sivers Peter 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA central part of modern secularization has been the de‐theologization of the stories of religious origins. Islam is no different, even though this de‐theologization tends to be obscured by contemporary fundamentalism. In Islam, the story of origins centers on Mecca, Medina, the prophet Muhammad, the early Muslim community, and the expansion out of Arabia. A few scholars at the end of the nineteenth century and many at the end of the twentieth century raised the question of whether this story should be considered a theology – that is, an apologia or justification – of origins rather than a history as traditionally understood. This article provides a survey of the Islamic origins literature produced by Middle East scholars in the last century.
Intercolonial and Interimperial Relations in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Hatfield April Lee 
Published: January 2006

AbstractEnglish, French, Dutch, and Spanish colonists and mariners in the seventeenth‐century understood their positions in the Atlantic world vis‐à‐vis one another. Colonies mirrored international rivalries and depended on their respective imperial countries. But they also depended on one another, cooperating across colonial and imperial borders to ensure their own survival or profit.
Atlantic Constraints and Global Opportunities
Authors: Games Alison 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWhat makes a geographic region a logical unit of historical analysis? Historians are products of disciplinary conventions that classify jobs and professional organizations first by place (generally a nation or a continental landmass) and then by historical period; thus place is often the starting point in historical research. For historians of the early modern period, anachronistic political boundaries can be confining because early borders (where they existed or were acknowledged) were porous, contested, and shifting; historians find themselves struggling to write non‐national histories within national paradigms. One strategy to escape this challenge can be seen in the growing field of Atlantic history, which takes as its unit of analysis not a single state but rather the four continents surrounding the Atlantic and the ocean itself. Atlantic approaches are greatly in vogue =among early modern historians. But might the Atlantic be too small a unit of analysis? To what extent should historians engage with questions about developments within the Atlantic by looking elsewhere around the globe and thereby integrating the Atlantic into a larger global history?
‘Heavy Hands and Light Touches’: Approaches to the Study of Cinematic Culture in the Third Reich
Authors: Fox Jo 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn 1996, Eric Rentschler claimed that ‘cinema in the Third Reich involved a division of labour between heavy hands and light touches’. Such a description is a fitting comment on both the organisational processes of the propaganda machine under the Nazis and the sometimes inconsistent messages of their feature film productions. Issues surrounding the nature of cinematic culture in the Third Reich have prompted intense debates among film scholars. This article seeks to outline the key debates and issues, concluding with an analysis of Veit Harlan's Der große König, with reference to the diverse methodological approaches employed to study film under National Socialism. It argues that one needs to understand both the ‘heavy hands’ and the ‘light touches’ of NS film policy and production to enable a deeper understanding of feature films produced in the Third Reich.
Time, Space, and the History of Early Modern North America1
Authors: Mancke Elizabeth 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article analyzes some of the temporal and spatial categories we use to conceptualize and describe early modern North America. Some of our most significant spatial and temporal categories – in particular, “colonies” and “colonial”– are products of the historiography of the rise of the nation‐state and reflect those concerns and assumptions. The shift to Atlantic history, trans‐imperial histories, and the ethnic histories of non‐European peoples in the Americas, both indigenous and Africans, obliges us to scrutinize these categories, recognize their specificity and descriptive power, and use spatial and temporal descriptors that reflect the continent's historical complexity and the historiographic achievements of the past thirty years.
Linking physiological processes with mangrove forest structure: phosphorus deficiency limits canopy development, hydraulic conductivity and photosynthetic carbon gain in dwarf Rhizophora mangle
Authors: LOVELOCK CATHERINE E. , BALL MARILYN C. , CHOAT BRENDAN , ENGELBRECHT BETTINA M. J. , HOLBROOK N. MICHELLE , FELLER ILKA C. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTSpatial gradients in mangrove tree height in barrier islands of Belize are associated with nutrient deficiency and sustained flooding in the absence of a salinity gradient. While nutrient deficiency is likely to affect many parameters, here we show that addition of phosphorus (P) to dwarf mangroves stimulated increases in diameters of xylem vessels, area of conductive xylem tissue and leaf area index (LAI) of the canopy. These changes in structure were consistent with related changes in function, as addition of P also increased hydraulic conductivity (Ks), stomatal conductance and photosynthetic assimilation rates to the same levels measured in taller trees fringing the seaward margin of the mangrove. Increased xylem vessel size and corresponding enhancements in stem hydraulic conductivity in P fertilized dwarf trees came at the cost of enhanced midday loss of hydraulic conductivity and was associated with decreased assimilation rates in the afternoon. Analysis of trait plasticity identifies hydraulic properties of trees as more plastic than those of leaf structural and physiological characteristics, implying that hydraulic properties are key in controlling growth in mangroves. Alleviation of P deficiency, which released trees from hydraulic limitations, reduced the structural and functional distinctions between dwarf and taller fringing tree forms of Rhizophora mangle.
Water relations of baobab trees (Adansonia spp. L.) during the rainy season: does stem water buffer daily water deficits?
Authors: CHAPOTIN SAHARAH MOON , RAZANAMEHARIZAKA JUVET H. , HOLBROOK N. MICHELE 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTBaobab trees are often cited in the literature as water‐storing trees, yet few studies have examined this assumption. We assessed the role of stored water in buffering daily water deficits in two species of baobabs (Adansonia rubrostipa Jum. and H. Perrier and Adansonia za Baill.) in a tropical dry forest in Madagascar. We found no lag in the daily onset of sap flow between the base and the crown of the tree. Some night‐time sap flow occurred, but this was more consistent with a pattern of seasonal stem water replenishment than with diurnal usage. Intrinsic capacitance of both leaf and stem tissue (0.07–0.08 and 1.1–1.43 MPa−1, respectively) was high, yet the amount of water that could be withdrawn before turgor loss was small because midday leaf and stem water potentials (WPs) were near the turgor‐loss points. Stomatal conductance was high in the daytime but then declined rapidly, suggesting an embolism‐avoidance strategy. Although the xylem of distal branches was relatively vulnerable to cavitation (P50: 1.1–1.7 MPa), tight stomatal control and minimum WPs near −1.0 MPa maintained native embolism levels at 30–65%. Stem morphology and anatomy restrict water movement between storage tissues and the conductive pathway, making stored‐water usage more appropriate to longer‐term water deficits than as a buffer against daily water deficits.