bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Good Dog: Aspects of Humans' Causal Attributions for a Companion Animal's Social Behavior
Authors: Sanders Clinton R. , Lee Rasmussen Jeffrey , Modlin Susan J. , Holder Angela M. , Rajecki D.W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLay theories or assumptions about nonhuman animal mentality undoubtedly influence relations between people and companion animals. In two experiments respondents gave their impressions of the mental and motivational bases of companion animal social behavior through measures of causal attribution. When gauged against the matched actions of a boy, as in the first experiment, respondents attributed a dog's playing (good behavior) to internal, dispositional factors buta dog's biting (bad behavior) to external, situational factors. A second experiment that focused on a dog's bite revealed clear attributional process on the part of observers. Higher ratings of a dog as the cause of a victim's distress predicted higher ratings of a dog's guilt. Higher ratings that a dog had an excuse predicted stronger recommendations for forgiveness. Individual differences in seeing the actor as a "good dog" systematically predicted judgments of severity of the outcome and recommendations for punishment. Discussion of these attributional findings referred to tolerance for companion animal misbehavior and relinquishment decisions. This article illustrates the utility of causal attribution as a tool for the study of popular conceptions of nonhuman animal mind and behavior.
Notes On the Analects
Authors: Leslie D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWhether or not they are to be looked on as of Taoist origin, Analects XIV 39-42 and XVIII 5-8 are clearly associated and need to be read in conjunction. In particular, XIV 39, 40 and XVIII 8 are intimately connected. Of the various suggestions for the "seven who did this" (i.e., withdrew) of XIV 40, only Wang Pi's suggestion, expanded by Leslie-Porat, that the seven names of XVIII 8 are intended, merits serious consideration. A careful examination of the two passages, together with parallels and early commentators, suggests that (XIV 39) and (XVIII 8) both mean "avoid speech", "banish speech" (or at least "refrain from speech"), a far more radical interpretation than orthodox Confucianism allows. Analysis of the seven names favours the view that Chu Chang, I-i, and perhaps Shao-lien and (less likely) Yü-chung, never existed ; they were invented to find seven names to fit XIV 40. The close parallels in Mencius suggest that XVIII 8 originally mentioned merely Po-i (and Shu-ch'i ?) and possibly Liu-hsia Hui, the remainder of the text being made up of later accretions, approximately as reconstructed by Leslie-Porat.
A Consideration of Hebrew 1)
Authors: Macintosh A.A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBy way of summary, we may state that denotes in origin an aspect of the physical expression of anger; it is used to denote angry protest: when God is the subject its connotation is both his anger and the effective working out of his anger. An extension of such meaning, which is consistent with later Jewish understanding of God, is that of authoritative moral reprimand 4), and in this way the word was mostly interpreted and understood in ancient times.
The Dream of the Biocentric Community and the Structure of Utopias1
Authors: Anker Peder , Witoszek Nina 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper examines the ideal of community as imagined by Arne Naess and the Deep Ecology Movement. In particular the authors address such questions as: Is pluralism of lifestyles reconcilable with the main ideas of the biocentric community? Is liberal justice possible within it? And how realistic is the proposal of education towards a 'biocentric identity'? The analysis shows that, while the deep ecological vision is by no means 'fascist' as some of its critics insist, its inconsistencies, silences and omissions point to an incomplete project which has a dystopian conclusion written into its scenario.
Some Thoughts about the Philosophical Underpinnings of Aboriginal Worldviews
Authors: Graham Mary 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIndigenous Australian philosophy is more than just a survivalist kit to understanding nature, human or environmental, but is also a system for realising the fullest potential of human emotion and experience. This paper explores elements of indigenous philosophy, focusing on indigenous views that maintain human-ness is a skill, not developed in order to become a better human being, but to become more and more human. In this context, the paper considers indigenous understandings of the land as a spiritual entity and human societies as dependent upon the land.
Cosmology, Worldview and Gender-based Knowledge Systems among the Tanimuka and Yukuna (Northwest Amazon)
Authors: Reichel Elizabeth 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this article gender-based knowledge systems are related to the cosmology and worldview held by hunter-gatherer men and by female swidden cultivators among the Tanimuka and Yukuna Indians of the Northwest Amazon in Colombia. The terms 'cosmology' and 'worldview' are differentiated conceptually, to distinguish the scales of cosmoview and worldview as Amerindians contrast these. The positions of each gender in knowledge politics, property rights, environmental management strategies and in chiefdom polities are analysed to inquire why the cosmology and worldview asymmetrically empower the men and women to recreate social and environmental sustainability, endorse consciousness of ethno-eco-cosmic linkages and foster respect for life-enhancing dynamics. An analysis of the concepts of Thought or of Knowledge as the basis of existence itself across society, nature and cosmos is made to inquire why this Amerindian theory of knowledge and its application by gender-based agency consolidates ethnic alterity and a wise use of resources. The Tanimuka and Yukuna rejection of alien or unwanted Thought-Knowledge of other cultures and of rainforest forces is interpreted as a politics of distantiation. This affirms notions of a negotiatory universe with long term communitarian and environmental well-being, as the knowledge claims of the cosmology and worldview resist hegemonic ecocidal and ethnocidal dynamics.
The Northernmost Population of Podarcis muralis (Lacertilia, Lacertidae)
Authors: Strijbosch H. , Bonnemayer J.J.A.M. , Dietvorst P.J.M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In a one year study we collected ecological data of the northernmost population of P. muralis in Maastricht (50° 51' N. Lat. in the Netherlands). This population consisted of about 100 adult lizards. It was probably definitely divided in two subpopulations situated close to each other which were subdivided into 5 and 2 colonies respectively, between which there was no or hardly any exchange. Sex ratio did not significantly differ from 1.0. Compared with the wall lizards of more southern populations they were found to be rather small and to grow more slowly. The age structure of the population was out of balance on account of the small numbers of some younger year classes. Only good, i.e. warmer years are likely to enable a reasonable reproduction success. The total period of activity does not differ from that in more southern regions but the reproduction period is clearly retarded and the incubation period of eggs is distinctly longer. The frequent partial reproduction failure is probably compensated by a rather high longevity, which, however, renders the population very sensitive to each factor that increases mortality. The animals have home ranges of 15-25 m2 (no significant differences between sexes) and they have a considerable home range overlap. These home range sizes do not differ from those in more southern regions but the overlaps are much more frequent and therefore it can be concluded that there is a strong concentration on ecologically suitable and spatially very restricted spots. From a list of prey species based on faeces analysis P. muralis appears to be a non-selective feeder. On two adult specimens we found the acarine ectoparasite Ophionyssus lacertinus.
C-Banded Karyotype and Cytotaxonomy of Mertensiella caucasica (WAGA, 1876) (Caudata: Salamandridae)
Authors: Ragghianti Matilde , Bucci-Innocenti Stefania , Mancino Giorgio 
Published: April 2008

AbstractChromosome number, karyotype and chromosomal banding pattern of Mertensiella caucasica were studied in differentially stained mitotic preparations. The main feature of the C-banded appearance concerns the centromere regions, which are heavily stained by the Giemsa and are outlined by proximal C-bands. This morpho-structural character seems to be peculiar of the genome of M. caucasica, when compared with the C-banding pattern shown by the chromosomes of Salamandra, considered the most closely related form. Therefore, a preliminary cytotaxonomic survey seems to support the opinion that the Caucasian salamander can be referred to a well defined genus Mertensiella rather than a subgenus of Salamandra.
The snapping response of the toad, Bufo bufo, towards prey dummies at very low light intensities
Authors: Larsen Lis Olesen , Pedersen Jan Nyholm 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Field studies showed that toads may snap at prey at light intensities at which human beings can no longer see. Experiments in the laboratory showed that snapping towards black mealworm dummies moved on a white background was independent of light intensities, from 1000 mlux to about 30-280 μlux. At lower intensities light seemed to be a limiting factor in the response. The level at which no response could be elicited was below 10 μlux. The day before and during a moult the snapping intensity was often low. It is concluded that toads can use visual cues for feeding at very low light intensities.
Thermal Relations of Testudo hermanni robertmertensi WERMUTH in S. France
Authors: Pulford Elizabeth , Hailey Adrian , Stubbs David 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The mean body temperature of T. hermanni in woodland in France was 28.5 °C (August 1981). Body temperatures were elevated above air temperature and indirect evidence for basking and selection of an optimal microenvironment is discussed.
Evolutionary Origins of Viviparity in the Reptilia. II. Serpentes, Amphisbaenia, and Ichthyosauria
Authors: Blackburn Daniel G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSuperimposition of reproductive mode data from the literature over phylogenetic classification systems reveals that viviparity (live-bearing reproduction) has evolved on at least 35 independent occasions among the Serpentes, once in the Amphisbaenia, and once in the Ichthyosauria. Of the ophidian origins of the live-bearing mode, at least fourteen have occurred in the Colubridae, twelve in the Viperidae, three in the Hydrophiidae (used in the sense of Smith et al., 1977), and one in each of the following groups: Boidae, Acrochordidae, Tropidophiidae, Uropeltidae, Typhlopidae, and Elapidae. Previous analysis has distinguished and defined 45 origins of viviparity among the lizards. Here, ten additional saurian origins are recognized on the basis of unpublished and recently published evidence, three in the Iguanidae, two in the Scincidae, and one in each of the following groups: Agamidae, Chamaeleontidae, Anguidae, Xenosauridae, and Anniellidae. As phylogenetic relationships are clarified, further origins seem likely to be detected, particularly in the Colubridae, Hydrophiidae, Scincidae, and Iguanidae. At present, however, at least 92 origins of viviparity can be recognized within the class Reptilia. Reptilian viviparity has arisen on multiple occasions in each of the six major biogeographic regions, with a majority of the origins having occurred in the Old World. Nearly 19% of the extant reptile species are probably live-bearers, including more than 20% of the snakes and over 19% of the lizards. About 71 % of the viviparous species belong to either the Scincidae, Colubridae, Viperidae, or Iguanidae. The discontinuous distribution of the origins of viviparity among the reptilian families supports the hypothesis that selective pressures, preadaptations, and constraints vary at high taxonomic levels.
Courtship, mating and agonistic behaviour in a free-living population of adders, Vipera berus (L.)
Authors: Andrén Claes 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCourtship, mating and agonistic behaviour in free living adders, Vipera berus, are described. Temporal associations between behaviour patterns within and between individuals are analyzed to test motivation and signal functions. Differences in combat behaviour in males meeting for the first time and later are examined. The function of combats and territorial defence is discussed.
Croissance et cycle des voies génitales femelles de Typhlonectes compressicaudus (Duméril et Bibron, 1841), amphibien apode vivipare
Authors: Exbrayat J.M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn Typhlonectes compressicaudus the female genital ducts consist of an oviduct and a uterus. A longitudinal groove runs parallel to the oviduct, instead of a funnel. It's only during the second year after birth that modifications in genital ducts prepare the reproductive cycle. In female adults, funnel and oviduct are provided with cilia as early as October. Glands are developing at the level of the oviduct in which we observe 3 types of cells. After the ovulation (at the end of April), these structures set in rest again. From October to December we observe the development of the uterine wall in which are found also three types of cells, provided with cilia or glandular secretions. In pregnant females, this uterine wall undergoes modifications which are linked to the stages of the embryo's development. From July to October (after parturition) the uterus set in rest again; it's the same for the females without ovulation. Structural modifications of the female genital ducts are linked to the evolution and biennial cycle of the ovary at the level of which we detect steroidogenic activity.
The annual cycle of oviduct in Tarentola m. mauritanica L. (Reptilia, Gekkonidae)
Authors: Picariello O. , Ciarcia G. , Angelini F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe oviduct of Tarentola mauritanica from southern Italy can be divided cranio-caudally into 5 regions: infundibulum that opens into the coelomic cavity, tuba, isthmus, uterus and vagina which opens into the cloaca. The changing morphology of these regions during the reproductive cycle is described. Unlike the male, the genital duct (epididymis) which is fully developed and secretory throughout the year, the oviduct shows a marked annual cycle with maximum activity in May-July. Seasonality would allow optimization of the reproductive effort. This gecko shows three ovulatory waves, namely in late May, June and July; at each time one calcareous cgg is produced per ovary. There is a short period of egg retention in the oviduct. The main breeding period takes place in spring; sometimes a second optional breeding may occur in autumn. Sperm is preserved inside the crypts of the tuba until the next spring.
Observations on mating, oviposition, egg sac formation and development in the egg-brooding frog, Fritziana goeldii
Authors: Weygoldt Peter , de Carvalho e Silva Sergio Potsch 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe oviposition behaviour of the egg brooding hylid frog, Fritziana goeldii, is essentially similar to that seen in the genera Gastrotheca and Flectonotus. At the beginning of oviposition, the female extrudes a mucous secretion which is beaten into a foam surrounding all eggs. This later hardens and forms an egg sac which is firmly glued onto the female's back. If it is removed, the lateral partitions which form between embryos disappear immediately. Intracapsular development on the female's back takes 17 days, larval development takes 21 to 24 days. The larvae hatch at stages 30 to 33 and feed on dead conspecific larvae and undeveloped eggs. The observations are discussed with regard to the hypothesis that direct development is the plesiomorphic reproductive mode in hemiphractine frogs and that development through free living larvae is derived. It is our opinion that, as far as Fritziana and Flectonotus are concerend, the evidence in favour of the above hypothesis is not sufficient.
A field study of survival, growth, biomass and temperature dependence of Rana dalmatina and Rana temporaria larvae
Authors: Riis Niels 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe ecology of eggs and tadpoles of the European brown frogs Rana dalmatina and Rana temporaria was investigated in six Danish ponds. Developmental time of eggs was a logarithmic function of temperature with the same exponents for both species. However the time constant was double in the early breeding R. dalmatina so hatching appears contemporarily at the actual temperatures. Tadpole growth was fitted better by the logistic than the Gompertz function. Transformation size diverged by a factor of 2 among populations intraspecifically; this is explained by food limitation. It is suggested that interspecific competition might have contributed to present distribution. Population sizes declined exponentially. Overall survival from eggs to froglets ranged from 1.8 to 6.7 % with the highest survival in the fast-growing R. temporaria. Interspecific differences in mortality rates remained inappreciable. Since mortality does not seem to be size-limited, factors influencing developmental time might affect populations appreciably. The importance of the tadpole phase in population regulation is stressed, especially in R. dalmatina, in which survival during the first 3 month nearly equalled survival during next 33 months from froglets to adults in females.
Phylogeny and systematics of viperine snakes. III: resurrection of the genus Macrovipera (Reuss, 1927) as suggested by biochemical evidence
Authors: Herrmann Hans-Werner , Joger Ulrich , Nilson Göran 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships of the large Palaearctic vipers (Daboia sensu Obst, 1983) and Eristicophis were investigated using immunological comparisons of blood serum albumin and blood serum electrophoresis. The genus Echis was used for outgroup comparisons. Daboia was found to be polyphyletic. The name Daboia should be restricted to the type species russelli which was found to have the same immunological distance to the lebetina group as the monophyletic Pseudocerastes-Eristicophis group. The lebetina group was found to consist of the four species lebetina, schweizeri, mauritanica and deserti. For this group the generic name Macrovipera is revalidated. The taxa schweizeri and deserti are treated as full species. Vipera palaestinae was found to be the closest relative of the V. xanthina group. Nomenclatural history and distribution of the involved taxa is reviewed. Descriptions and diagnoses for the genus Macrovipera and the included species are given.
Studies on the growth and longevity of the yellow-bellied toad, Bombina variegata, in natural environments
Authors: Plytycz Barbara , Bigaj Janusz 
Published: April 2008

AbstractYellow-bellied toads were studied in their natural environment in a mountain locality in southeastern Poland. 608 specimens were captured, marked by yellow skin autografts placed in different parts of their dorsal surface according to body length, and released. Some of them were recaptured and measured from one to nine years later to estimate their growth and longevity. Yellow-bellied toads grew rapidly in early life; thereafter their growth was very limited. Body size was not an accurate age indicator of an individual of this species. The body length 51-55 mm was maximal in this locality. Yellow-bellied toads were long-lived in nature, some individuals surviving for much more than ten years, and perhaps even more than 20 years. The skeletochronological technique (counting the growth lines in phalangeal cross-sections of the clipped toes of some marked individuals) underestimated the actual age of these animals.
Water and energy balance of the thorny devil Moloch horridus: is the devil a sloth?
Authors: Withers P.C. , Bradshaw S.D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Rates of turnover of water, energy and sodium were measured for free-ranging thorny devils (Moloch horridus), which are myrmecophagous agamid lizards, in a semi-arid Western Australian habitat. There were significant differences in body water content and water turnover rate (WTR) measurements for cool, wet, average and hot periods, although the field metabolic rate (FMR) and sodium turnover (NaTR) rate did not differ significantly between weather conditions. The thorny devil had a substantially lower field WTR during dry periods (10-15 ml kg-1 d-1) than expected for semi-arid and arid lizards, although the WTR was higher in wet conditions (30-35 ml kg-1 d-1). The field metabolic rate of thorny devils (0.134 ml CO2 g-1 h-1) was only slightly less than that expected for a semi-arid/lizard (0.178 ml CO2 g-1 h-1), despite the apparently slothful nature of the thorny devil. The sodium turnover rate of the thorny devil (1.5-2.5 mmol kg-1 d-1) was within the range reported for other semi-arid/arid lizards. The field metabolic rate of the thorny devils suggests that they consume about 750 ants per day. The ratio of water to energy turnover measured for thorny devils in the field (0.11 ml H2O kj-1) was the same as that predicted from the composition of ants and their digestibility by thorny devils (0.11 ml H2O kj-1). However, the ratios of sodium-to-energy turnover (30 μmol Na+ kj-1) and sodium-to-water turnover (277 μmol ml H2O-1) were substantially higher than expected ratios (10 and 89 respectively).
Preliminary reconstructions of nasal chemosensory evolution in Squamata
Authors: Cooper William E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSquamate reptiles are known for using vomerolfaction, the sense associated with the vomeronasal organs, to detect prey, predators, and conspecifies. By comparison, olfaction has been relatively neglected, yet many squamates have highly developed olfactory systems. Data from the literature were used to make preliminary reconstructions of the evolution of the vomeronasal and olfactory systems in Squamata. Vomerolfaction is highly developed in nearly all squamates, and was enhanced progressively in the common ancestors of Scleroglossa, Autarchoglossa, and Anguimorpha, reaching peaks in two autarchoglossan clades, Varanoidea, and Lacertiformes. Olfaction also improved in the common ancestor of Scleroglossa. Olfactory receptor abundance peaked in Gekkota and Lacertoidea, but declined in Anguimorpha, with some increase in snakes. Five major clades of lizards differ in development of chemical senses. Iguanians have the least developed vomerolfaction and olfaction. Gekkotans and lacertoideans have the greatest olfactory development, with greater vomerolfactory development in Lacertoidea. Scincoideans have intermediate olfaction and vomerolfaction. Anguimorphans have the most specialized vomerolfaction coupled in snakes with apparently greater olfactory powers than in varanids.
Escalated aggressive behaviour and facultative parental care in the nest building gladiator frog, Hyla faber
Authors: Martins Marcio , Pombal José P. , Haddad Célio F.B. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Agonistic encounters and facultative parental care in Hyla faber were observed in two localities in southeastern Brazil. Maximum male density was 0.9 and 3.3 males/m2 in Campinas and Ribeirão Branco, respectively. Aggression was escalated and the highly variable aggressive calls were specific to each phase of the encounter. The last, more aggressive phases rarely occurred in Campinas; in Ribeirao Branco they occurred frequently. Male parental care (egg attendance) was common in Ribeirao Branco while it was never observed in Campinas. Egg attendance lasted one to two nights and was observed only during high male density. The main benefit of egg attendance seemed to be avoiding nest intrusion by other males (sunken eggs and/or embryos invariably die). Males may build additional nests during egg attendance, but attending males did not attract females (they did not call).