bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corrosion Rate Measurements and Corrosion-Erosion Protection in Limestone Slurry Scrubbers
Authors: Burda PA 
Published: December 2008

Corrosion and erosion in the limestone slurry scrubber module is described. An electrochemical technique of the two-electrode system was used to determine the corrosion rates. The results were compared with the weight-loss method. The tendency of carbon and stainless steels to pit was also determined. Pitting was expressed as the “pitting factor.”
Materials and coating problems were found to vary considerably inside the module depending on location, amount of deposits on surfaces, type of protective coating, and care in surface preparation. Because of deposits formation, the application of the two-electrode polarization instrument method has to be carefully considered for continuous corrosion measurements in erosive-scaling liquids such as the scrubber spray slurry. Application of the “pitting factor” was useful to assess the penetration increase when erosion-corrosion took place. Monolithic linings, reinforced with glass mat, cloth, or flake showed the best erosion resistance. The quality of surface preparation was essential to lining life. It was found, however, that after ten years of scrubber, 25% of the original area of the scrubber coatings was replaced by clad Type 304 stainless steel.
Skiing Injuries in Alpine Recreational Skiers
Authors: Ekeland A , Holtmoen Å , Lystad H 
Published: December 2008

A total of 328 injured skiers were recorded in 4 Norwegian ski resorts during the winter of 1985/1986 and compared with a population of 316 uninjured skiers.
The most common injury sites were the knee (24%), shoulder (15%), and head (14%). Only 6% of the injured skiers suffered a lower leg fracture, but the frequency of this fracture was almost six times higher in children below age ten years than in adult skiers.
Beginners had an injury risk four times the average, whereas skiers taking formal skiing instruction during the current season were underrepresented among the injured skiers. Tested bindings were more common among uninjured skiers, and such bindings were also more apt to release during the accident than bindings not tested.
Nine percent of the injuries occurred during powder skiing, whereas 16% of the injured population and 30% of the uninjured population spent some time powder skiing the current day.
In conclusion, skiers ought to take instruction and self-release test their bindings for safer skiing.
An Investigation into Ski Injuries and Equipment in Switzerland: Objectives, Means, and Observations
Authors: Bally A , Bonjour F 
Published: December 2008

During the 1983–1984 season a large epidemiologic study was effected in three regions of Switzerland. This study was completed at the end of the 1985–1986 season by studies of cases relating to lesions of the knee. Specific studies on ski equipment were also conducted through the years.
The objectives of these studies are as follows: • identification of injury mechanisms, • to give prominence to situations where the equipment (boots and bindings) are contributing factors, and • on slope evaluations of the efficiency of currently used bindings. To achieve these objectives, the following means have been used: • enquiries into the accidents (questionnaires, interviews, diagnostics, and equipment checks), • enquiries into the uninjured population (questionnaires and equipment checks), and • lift-line survey (categorizing skiers by sex, age, and weight and categorizing bindings by model).
More then 2000 accidents have been investigated. The evaluation of these data provide a large quantity of information in several areas relating to the above objectives.
Snowboarding Injuries on Alpine Slopes
Authors: Shealy JE , Sundman PD 
Published: December 2008

This paper compares snowboarding injuries on alpine ski slopes with downhill skiing injuries. Such information is essential in determining the risks and injury patterns of the sport, the relative safety of the sport, what standards might be needed to regulate the equipment and the sport, the risk for insurance purposes, and so forth.
Information on snowboard-related injuries was gathered during the 1985/1986 season at three ski areas in the United States. The data were analyzed with respect to demographic variables (age, gender, weight, and so forth) as well as injury variables (part of body, type of injury, possible injury mechanisms, and so forth). Comparisons were made to alpine ski injury data, including the injury rate.
The results indicate that the overall rate for snowboarding is comparable to alpine skiing. Relatively speaking, snowboarding has more ankle, wrist, hand, and finger injuries, and fewer knee injuries than alpine skiing. The distributions for upper and lower extremity injuries is about the same. In snowboarding, almost twice as many lower extremity injuries are to the left leg as opposed to the right leg.
A Mechanical Alpine Ski Binding with Programmable Release
Authors: Wunderly GS , Hull ML 
Published: December 2008

Modern alpine ski bindings have evolved through a design approach that combined intuitive mechanics, traditional designs, and early concepts of the sport's injuries. Unfortunately for today's skier, this design approach has not yielded alpine ski bindings that protect effectively against lower limb injury.
A new approach to ski binding design is advanced. The new approach begins both with a release locus derived from injury mechanics research and knowledge of the expected loading and then incorporates these into the final binding design.
A mechanical ski binding designed by following this new approach is presented. This binding offers a number of performance features lacking in commercially available designs. One feature is the ability to eliminate the axial force supported by the tibial shaft from affecting release in forward bending. A second feature is the binding's ability to release according to virtually any preprogrammed locus of the combination of moments in both bending and torsion. A third feature is a release mechanism that is insensitive to the common frictional forces that affect the release consistency of conventional heel-toe type bindings. In addition to these features, the binding offers a variety of operational conveniences. The presentation of the binding not only describes the design details, but also evaluates the release performance (that is, locus and consistency) based on laboratory tests under quasi-static loading.
On the Skiability of Snow
Authors: Brown CA , Outwater JO 
Published: December 2008

Control during alpine skiing is achieved principally through the mechanical interaction between the ski and the snow. In that the nature of this interaction is basically a cutting or machining process, it is proposed that the complex physical and mechanical properties of the snow responsible for its skiability can be related to its machinability. A simple testing device is presented, which can machine the snow while keeping the ratio of the thrust (vertical) to cutting (horizontal) forces equal to the tangent of the edge angle. The edge angle is varied to find a critical angle such that skidding occurs at large angles and holding at smaller angles. Using traditional machining theory, it is shown that this critical angle should be a function of the shear-strength-to-hardness ratio of the snow. A plot of critical angles versus shear-strength-to-hardness ratios is presented, which divides the surface into carving or holding and skidding regions.
Critical angles have been measured between about 40 and 70°. These angles correspond to shear-strength-to-hardness ratios between 0.24 and 3.84. The difficulty of relating this critical angle to some function of maximum skiable slope steepness is discussed relative to ski technique and forces on the ski.
A Clothing Design Prototype to Meet Male Alpine Ski Instructors' Needs for Thermal Comfort
Authors: Laine DC , Hester SB 
Published: December 2008

The goal of this research was to identify the problem areas in present ski instructors' uniforms and to design a garment with the right combination of fabrics, insulation, and design features to meet the body's need for thermal comfort. Data were collected from managers at 111 randomly selected ski resorts in North America as well as from individual male instructors at 44 resorts in the United States and Canada.
The prototype design considered the combination of fabrics, insulation, and design features required by the ski instructor. The researcher used information on functions of the body, the basis for cold weather clothing, the structure and functions of textiles, and the questionnaire results. The middle shell was the critical factor in the uniform design. In it the concept of layering different materials in various parts of the garment to provide protection from varied weather conditions and to supplement the functions of the body was used. The prototype uses optimum design features and provides the instructor with a garment that can be worn in a range of weather conditions and at various exertion levels.
Remote Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry at the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant
Authors: Stone RW , Dykes FW 
Published: December 2008

A remote shielded inductively coupled plasma source is used for analysis of highly radioactive samples in the Remote Analytical Laboratory at the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant, in Idaho Falls, Idaho. The shielded plasma source is located in a lead-shielded cubicle adjacent to a concrete-shielded hot cell. A passageway is provided between the hot cell and the cubicle. The cubicle contains a removable module that holds all of the functional components of the system except the induction coil. The chief components of the module are a sampling system, three-way valve, peristaltic pump, torch holder and shield, and ignitor. The radio-frequency (RF) induction coil is suspended on the end wall of the cubicle by two 5-in.-long bus bars that pass through the wall of the cubicle and connect to an impedance-matching network. The network couples the coil to a 1.5-kW, 40.68-MHz radio-frequency generator. The emission from the plasma passes outside the cubicle through a quartz window, through a lead-shielded optical system, and into a very high resolution spectrometer. Samples are diluted in the main hot cell, placed on a movable sample cart and moved through the passageway into the cubicle for analysis.
Design criteria, safety considerations, maintenance, and the operation of the facility are discussed.
Hazardous Waste Minimization Audits: Strategy and Methodology
Authors: Resch ME 
Published: December 2008

Hazardous waste minimization audits have been performed at numerous industrialized facilities. The strategies and methodologies used in these minimization audits are detailed and thorough, and they efficiently utilize the manpower of the audit team. The auditing procedures presented in this paper can be used either by personnel contracted to perform minimization audits at client facilities, or by in-plant personnel performing minimization “self audits.”
The waste minimization audit consists of six principal phases: (1) preparations made before the site visit, (2) onsite information gathering, (3) identification of minimization opportunities for specific wastes, (4) prioritization of minimization opportunities for specific wastes, (5) development of plant-wide minimization recommendations, and (6) recommendations for management of wastes that cannot be further minimized.
Demetallation of Used Oil to Facilitate Its Utilization as a Fuel
Authors: Tarrer AR , Kaminski J , Kang JH , Parrish J , Bates ER , Dhuldhoya NP 
Published: December 2008

Used oil invariably contains soluble and insoluble metal-bearing compounds. The presence of these compounds complicates the recycling of used oil as a fuel, by causing boiler maintenance problems and by making it difficult to comply with paniculate emission standards and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. Demetallating a used oil before its burning minimizes maintenance problems and facilitates meeting the regulatory requirements controlling its burning. Different physical and chemical methods can be used to demetallate used oils. In this work, a chemical demetallation agent was used to convert entrained nonfilterable metals into a form that could be effectively removed by filtration. Two different types of chemical demetallation agents were used: metallic borohy-drides (NaBH4 and KBH4) and diammonium phosphate (DAP). The activity and selectivity of these demetallation agents under different reaction conditions in various types and sizes of reactors (thereby varying mass transfer rates) were compared. Several types of used oils having different metal contents were examined.
It was observed in this study that metallic borohydrides were highly selective with regard to the types of metals they removed. The accompanying sludge formed also made the separation operation inefficient. On the other hand, results obtained with DAP were extremely favorable. The presence of water during the reaction was found to play an important role as a carrier for the DAP, aiding in its dispersion and reducing the importance of mass transfer. This study, which also evaluated different separation techniques, found the use of both sedimentation and filtration to be practical, with filtration rates being significantly accelerated by the addition of low percentages of No. 2 fuel oil.
Elimination of Precoat Filter Sludge Hazardous Waste
Authors: Kieffer RJ 
Published: December 2008

Hazardous waste disposal regulations forced a reconsideration of process and product quality requirements to eliminate the need to treat and dispose of a hazardous sludge containing flammable solvents. This resulted in a new liquid cyclone process to replace the precoat filter system, which generated hazardous waste sludge. Besides eliminating a complex, labor-intensive, material-wasting process, replacement of the precoat filter prevented further generation of ignitable hazardous waste.
The new process, using liquid cyclones to make the required liquid-solids separation, must have a gas-free feed for efficient operation. Beneficial particle classification, a result of the cyclone process, improved material efficiencies and had no discernible negative effects on product quality.
The liquid cyclone system designed to separate suspended solids from a polymer solution, and its interrelation with the contiguous processes are described in this paper. Product and beneficial process changes resulting from the system change are also discussed.
Utilization of Ash Products from Combustion of Shredded Solid Waste
Authors: Mahoney PF , Mullen JF 
Published: December 2008

Two streams of ash result from the combustion of municipal solid waste: fly ash and bottom ash. Studies have consistently found fly ash to contain levels of heavy metals, dioxins, acid gas constituents and other pollutants in excess of regulatory standards, while the bottom ash stream is generally within acceptable limits for those same pollutants.
Research and development activities focused on the reuse of bottom ash as a lightweight aggregate have shown very promising opportunities for recycling a portion of this waste stream. The industry approach thus far has been to combine the two streams to assure that the fly ash is not classified as a hazardous or toxic material under present and proposed Federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards. However, with the increasing regulatory demand for the removal of hydrochloric acid (HC1) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), the technology for the removal of potentially harmful substances from waste conbustion fuel gases will improve, and more heavy metals, dioxins, and so forth will be concentrated in fly ash, rendering it less useful in recycling applications.
It is suggested that the two separate ash streams can no longer reasonably be considered one and should be analyzed and treated separately. This will increase and enhance the opportunity to recycle the bottom ash (75%) and to focus on a reduced quantity of fly ash material (25%) for fixation and disposal. Such action would conform to the principles of, and the present regulatory trend towards, waste minimization.
Implementation of both a processed refuse fuel (PRF) bottom ash reuse study being conducted by Energy Answers Corporation, and preliminary results of a fly ash fixation process will be discussed as a rationale for mandatory separation of fly ash and bottom ash streams.
Exercise and Regional Dosimetry: Factors Governing Gas Transport in the Lower Airways
Authors: Ultman JS 
Published: December 2008

The primary responses of the lung to exercise are an increase in and a redistribution of ventilation and perfusion. In the presence of environmental pollutant gases, these changes will have a direct effect on the internal distribution of pollutant concentration and absorption in the lower airways. In the conducting airways, higher ventilation rates promote turbulence and increase gas phase mass transfer coefficients, and this can accelerate the absorption of pollutant by bronchial tissue. Also, the larger tidal volumes associated with exercise increase alveolar ventilation, resulting in higher pollutant exposure levels in the respiratory air spaces.
Uptake of sparingly soluble, slowly reacting pollutants into the pulmonary circulation depends on the relationship between ventilation and perfusion. Moreover, the spatial distribution of the ventilation/perfusion ratio VA/Q, has an influence on pollutant concentration in the intervening parenchymal tissue. During exercise, regional distributions of VA/Q become more uniform, implying a more homogeneous distribution of pollutant exposure between different lung regions. On the other hand, intraregional VAQ distributions become less uniform, so that pollutant exposure within a lung segment is expected to be more heterogeneous.
Surface Encapsulation Process for Stabilizing Intractable Contaminants
Authors: Unger SL , Telles RW , Lubowitz HR 
Published: December 2008

This paper reports advanced technology for stabilization/solidification of pollutants for their final disposal in the earth. Pollutants are secured in modules fabricated with organic resins. The modules exhibit high-performance pollutant stability versus stresses of handling, transportation, and final disposal. They are set forth for managing pollutants because present stabilization/solidification products do not satisfactorily address such stresses.
Organic resins are materials of choice for module fabrication because of their excellent chemical stability. But cost-effective, high-performance pollutant stabilization/solidification by resin modules requires judicious resin selection and module design. Polybutadiene resin was identified as an excellent material for binding pollutant particles and forming aggomerates. Agglomerates holding more than 90% by weight pollutants were readily prepared. They were reinforced by fusing polyethylene resin pellets onto their surfaces, thereby encapsulating aggomerates by seamless resin jackets.
Testing of laboratory-scale modules holding toxic wastes demonstrated their outstanding stability under harsh physical, chemical, and mechanical stresses. Based on successful stabilization/solidification of many types of pollutants on a laboratory-scale, the process was scaled up under Department of Energy sponsorship. The work included design and construction of a prototype apparatus for fabricating commercial-size modules. A moldule is cylindrical in shape, has a capacity of 182 L, and is 61 cm high and 61 cm in diameter. In securing sodium sulfate, a pollutant formed in nuclear plants, the module weighs 325 kg, holds 87% by weight salt in a thermoset polybutadiene matrix, and is reinforced by seamless, 0.95-cm-thick, high-density polyethylene jackets.
Field Experience with Type Certificated Civil Aircraft Operated on Motor Gasolines and Worldwide Survey of Motor Gasoline Characteristics
Authors: Pendleton PO 
Published: December 2008

The primary purpose of this paper is to describe the results obtained from operating civil type certificated aircraft on automotive (motor) gasoline. The operational information was obtained by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the course of reviewing aircraft and engine maintenance reports, malfunction and defect reports, and accident and incident reports. Automotive fuel consumption is compared with aviation gasoline in the aircraft operating environment. Proven and perceived factors that may have contributed to the positive and negative results obtained, include the influence of different aircraft fuel systems, the effects of ambient temperature, altitudes, and fuel additives and blends previously, presently, and anticipated to be available. Currently proposed changes in motor gasoline blending and performance characteristics and the impact of the anticipated changes on intermittent combustion powered aircraft engines and aircraft fuel systems are reviewed.
The secondary purpose of this paper is to assess the dispensing procedures for motor gasolines that have resulted as the aviation usage of this product has increased for all general aviation airfields and major airports in the United States. These dispensing procedures are reviewed to establish trends anticipated for their effect on the motor gasoline retailer and the airport fueling services presently and perceived to be available.
This paper presents a comparison of domestic motor gasolines with those of other countries as an appendix.
The Performance of Alternate Fuels in General Aviation Aircraft
Authors: Wares R , Ferrara AM 
Published: December 2008

This report describes the results of a study that measured the effects of pressure altitude on fuel weathering. In this study, samples of unleaded automobile gasoline were exposed to varying pressure altitudes, and the effects of this exposure on aircraft performance and volatility were measured. The composition of the fuel, aircraft configuration, and the initial temperature of the fuel when transferred to the tank were varied to determine the extent these variables affect aircraft performance.
The experiments that were conducted demonstrated that the use of 43°C (110°F) automobile gasoline for aircraft certification procedures is a severe test that ensures the greatest margin of safety. In addition, it was shown that methyl-tertiary-butyl ether is an acceptable fuel for use in general aviation aircraft.
Several different oxygenated fuels (including gasolines containing alcohols) were weathered in ground-based tests, and the results are presented here.