bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meta-Analysis of the Use of Rescue Antiemetics Following PONV Prophylactic Failure with 5-HT3 Antagonist/Dexamethasone Versus Single-Agent Therapies
Authors: Kovac Anthony L 
Published: May 2006

Objective: To assess the use of rescue antiemetic medication following 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (5-HT3RA) plus dexamethasone therapy versus monotherapy with a 5-HT3RA for prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Data Sources: Reports of randomized, controlled trials were identified via a MEDLINE search (1966–September 2005) using the key terms ondansetron, dolasetron, tropisetron, granisetron, 5-HT3, PONV, vomiting, emesis, and nausea. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Randomized, controlled trials of adult populations that had treatment arms comparing 5-HT3RA/dexamethasone combination therapy with 5-HT3RA or dexamethasone monotherapies versus placebo or 5-HT3RA versus dexamethasone or placebo were selected for analysis. Another criterion was that a proportion of patients required rescue medication 48 hours or less following surgery. Data Synthesis: Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval were calculated to determine incidence rates for use of rescue medications within early (0–6 h), late (6–24 h), and overall (0–24 or 48 h) postoperative periods. Overall effect sizes were calculated by pooling ORs within fixed and random effects models. Conclusions: Prophylaxis with 5-HT3RA/dexamethasone was associated with lower use of rescue antiemetics than 5-HT3RA (ORpooled = 0.48; 95% CI 0.29 to 0.77) or dexamethasone (ORpooled = 0.26; 95% CI 0.12–0.57) monotherapy during the overall postoperative period. Insufficient data were available to assess rescue use during early or late postoperative periods. It appears that patients at high risk of PONV who are treated prophylactically with combination 5-HT3RA/dexamethasone therapy are overall less likely to require rescue medication than if treated with 5-HT3RAs or dexamethasone alone. Additional large prospective studies are needed to determine the optimal regimen and timing of administration of prophylactic antiemetic therapy for different surgical populations.
Meta-Analysis of the Safety of 5-HT3 Antagonists with Dexamethasone or Droperidol for Prevention of PONV
Authors: Leslie John B , Gan Tong J 
Published: May 2006

Background: Antiemetic guidelines recommend a combination of serotonin (5-HT3) with a second agent such as droperidol or dexamethasone. Physicians have been reluctant to employ these guidelines due to concerns over the black-box warning of droperidol and safety concerns with a steroid. Objective: To assess the safety profiles of 5-HT3 receptor antagonist (5-HT3RA) monotherapy and combination therapy with a steroid or droperidol for prophylaxis of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). Methods: A MEDLINE search of English-language reports of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted (1966–September 2005) using the key terms 5-HT3, granisetron, ondansetron, dolasetron, tropisetron, PONV, postoperative, vomiting, emesis, and nausea. RCTs with treatment arms comparing 5-HT3RA monotherapy (granisetron, ondansetron, dolasetron, or tropisetron) with dexamethasone or droperidol or 5-HT3RA combinations and providing incidence data on adverse events were identified and reviewed. Within-study odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine the incidence rates of all adverse events in RCTs using 5-HT3RA monotherapy and combination therapies. Overall effect sizes for frequently reported adverse events were estimated by pooling ORs using fixed- and random-effect models. Results: Pooled ORs (ORpooled) for adverse events with 5-HT3RA/dexamethasone versus 5-HT3RA for PONV prophylaxis were not significant for any reported adverse events or the overall incidence of adverse events; 5-HT3RA/droperidol versus 5-HT3RA was significant only for decreased headache incidence (fixed model: ORpooled 0.35; 95% CI 0.18 to 0.69). The ORpooled for 5-HT3RA/dexamethasone versus dexamethasone was not significant for any reported adverse events except headaches (fixed model ORpooled 1.75; 95% CI 1.01 to 3.03), none of which was serious. ORpooled for 5-HT3RA/droperidol versus droperidol was not significant for any reported adverse events. Avascular necrosis, occult infection, and delayed wound healing were not observed with either combination therapy. Cardiac abnormalities were observed with 5-HT3RA/droperidol therapy. Conclusions: This meta-analysis indicates that either therapy has a safety profile similar to that of dexamethasone, droperidol, or 5-HT3RA.
Humor appreciation as an adaptive esthetic emotion
Authors: Weisfeld Glenn E 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis article describes ethological analyses of the arts, and notes parallels between the arts and humor. Artists create novel, mentally challenging, informative stimulus arrays that exploit our evolved stimulus preferences. We appreciate these artistic offerings, and reward the artist. Similarly, jokes are informative, elegant, and appreciated. As in the arts and in primate social play, the humorist signals an intention to entertain and then provides the enriching experience. The recipient acknowledges this benefit, and returns the favor somehow; both parties gain in fitness. This explanation, that humor is edifying and mutually beneficial, is consistent with various features of humor and with evolutionary theory. For example, jokes often have a butt, from whom we can learn to avoid missteps. Similarly, jokes often pertain to fitness-salient topics such as sex. This theory is contrasted with other functional explanations. Research findings in neuroscience, genetics, and animal behavior are integrated with the theory.
Comedy theory and the postmodern
Authors: Pye Gillian 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe “comic” and the “ironic” have been embraced by certain strands of contemporary literary theory as ambiguous, self-reflexive modes of expression that are particularly appropriate to the crisis of representation which characterizes the postmodern mood. This approach is implicitly based on an understanding of the comic as incongruity strategy and, following Freud, on the assumption that humor has important psychological functions. However, literary theory has been slow to integrate these two assumptions in an explicit manner and has not done enough to assimilate humor research in other areas of scholarship. Although the role of humor in interpersonal relationships is well documented in research in anthropology, linguistics or psychology, it is rarely applied systematically in analyses of the structural role of the comic in literary texts. At the same time, an over-reliance on the psychological dimensions of humor may produce a generalized approach that fails to take into account the specific nature of the comic as distinct from other modes of textual creativity. This can lead to a situation, typified by some postmodern criticism, in which the boundaries of the comic become undermined. This article critically examines theories by Susan Purdie, Jerry Flieger, and Jerry Palmer that exemplify some of these difficulties, but may also offer a means of conceiving of the comic in a more holistic manner.
Efficacy of an HIV Prevention Program Among Female Adolescents Experiencing Gender-Based Violence
Authors: Wingood Gina M. , DiClemente Ralph J. , Harrington Kathy F. , Lang Delia L. , Davies Susan L. , Hook Edward W. , Oh M. Kim , Hardin James W. 
Published: May 2006

Objectives. We examined the efficacy of an HIV prevention intervention among African American female adolescents reporting a history of gender-based violence. Methods. In this analysis of a subgroup of participants involved in a randomized controlled trial, consistent condom use, psychosocial mediators associated with HIV-preventive behaviors, and presence of sexually transmitted diseases were assessed at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. The intervention emphasized ethnic and gender pride, HIV knowledge, condom attitudes, healthy relationships, communication, and condom use skills. Results. Relative to the comparison condition, participants randomized to the intervention reported using condoms more consistently, had fewer episodes of unprotected vaginal sex, engaged in a greater proportion of protected intercourse acts, were more likely to have used a condom during their most recent intercourse, were less likely to have a new sexual partner, were less likely to have a sexually transmitted disease, and demonstrated more proficient condom skills. Conclusions. Given the substantial prevalence of gender-based violence among female adolescents and the associations observed between gender-based violence, HIV risk, and HIV infection, it is essential that HIV interventions involving young women address partner violence.
Sexual Orientation and Mental and Physical Health Status: Findings From a Dutch Population Survey
Authors: Sandfort Theo G.M. , Bakker Floor , Schellevis François G. , Vanwesenbeeck Ine 
Published: May 2006

Objectives. We sought to determine whether sexual orientation is related to mental and physical health and health behaviors in the general population. Methods. Data was derived from a health interview survey that was part of the second Dutch National Survey of General Practice, carried out in 2001 among an all-age random sample of the population. Of the 19685 persons invited to participate, 65% took part in the survey. Sexual orientation was assessed in persons aged 18 years and older and reported by 98.2% of 9684 participants. The respondents’ characteristics are comparable with those of the Dutch general population. Results. Gay/lesbian participants reported more acute mental health symptoms than heterosexual people and their general mental health also was poorer. Gay/lesbian people more frequently reported acute physical symptoms and chronic conditions than heterosexual people. Differences in smoking, alcohol use, and drug use were less prominent. Conclusions. We found that sexual orientation was associated with mental as well as physical health. The causal processes responsible for these differences by sexual orientation need further exploration.
Sexual and Drug Risk Behaviors Among Women Who Have Sex With Women
Authors: Bell Ann V. , Ompad Danielle , Sherman Susan G. 
Published: May 2006

Objectives. We examined risk behaviors of female drug users, comparing those who reported recently having had sex with women (recent WSW), those who reported previously having had sex with women (former WSW), and those who reported never having had sex with women (never WSW). Methods. We used data from the Risk Evaluation and Assessment of Community Health III Study. Adjusted odds for predictors of WSW status were determined via multinomial logistic regression analyses. Results. Of the participants, 75% were never WSW, 12% were former WSW, and 13% were recent WSW. In comparison with never WSW status, significant predictors of recent WSW status were living away from one’s parents as a child (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=3.05; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.07, 8.67) and recently having been paid for sex by men (adjusted OR=4.02; 95% CI=1.67, 9.68). Also, recently having been paid for sex by men was a significant predictor of former WSW status as opposed to never WSW status (adjusted OR=3.97; 95% CI=1.65, 9.59). Conclusions. The recency with which they had sex with women is one of the facets influencing the risk profile of WSW. The diverse characteristics of the WSW population need to be incorporated into future studies and risk interventions targeting this group.
HIV Infection and AIDS in the Deep South
Authors: Reif Susan , Geonnotti Kristin Lowe , Whetten Kathryn 
Published: May 2006

We examine epidemiological and demographic data documenting the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the Deep South region of the United States. These data document substantial increases in AIDS cases in the Deep South from 2000 to 2003. In contrast, other US regions are experiencing stable rates or small increases in new AIDS cases. Furthermore, the AIDS epidemic in the Deep South is more concentrated than in other regions among African Americans, women, and rural residents. The Deep South also has some of the highest levels of poverty and uninsured individuals, factors that complicate the prevention and treatment of HIV infection. Further research is needed to determine the cause of the disproportionate rise in AIDS incidence and to develop effective means of preventing HIV infection and providing care of those infected in this region.
Greater Risk for HIV Infection of Black Men Who Have Sex With Men: A Critical Literature Review
Authors: Millett Gregorio A. , Peterson John L. , Wolitski Richard J. , Stall Ron 
Published: May 2006

HIV rates are disproportionately higher for Black men who have sex with men (MSM) than for other MSM. We reviewed the literature to examine 12 hypotheses that might explain this disparity. We found that high rates of HIV infection for Black MSM were partly attributable to a high prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases that facilitate HIV transmission and to undetected or late diagnosis of HIV infection; they were not attributable to a higher frequency of risky sexual behavior, nongay identity, or sexual nondisclosure, or to reported use of alcohol or illicit substances. Evidence was insufficient to evaluate the remaining hypotheses. Future studies must address these hypotheses to provide additional explanations for the greater prevalence of HIV infection among Black MSM.
Using a Multisectoral Approach to Assess HIV/AIDS Services in the Western Region of Puerto Rico
Authors: Asencio Toro Gloria , Burns Patricia , Pimentel Daniel , Sánchez Peraza Luis Raúl , Rivera Lugo Carmen 
Published: May 2006

The Enhancing Care Initiative of Puerto Rico assessed services available to people living with HIV/AIDS in the western region of Puerto Rico. Participants were 212 people living with HIV/AIDS and 116 employees from 6 agencies providing HIV/AIDS services in the region. Two main findings were that depression symptoms were present in 98.1% of people living with HIV/AIDS, and 7 of the 15 municipalities in the region did not provide any specific services to this population. Most urgent needs identified by people living with HIV/AIDS were economic support, housing, mental and psychological services, medicines, medical treatment, and transportation. The Enhancing Care Initiative provides an example of a successful multisectoral, multidimensional volunteer team effectively overcoming challenges while translating research into interventions to enhance HIV/AIDS care.
Carbon xerogels as catalyst supports: Study of mass transfer
Authors: Job Nathalie , Heinrichs Benoît , Lambert Stéphanie , Pirard Jean‐Paul , Colomer Jean‐François , Vertruyen Bénédicte , Marien José 
Published: May 2006

AbstractHydrodechlorination of 1,2‐dichloroethane on Pd‐Ag alloys was used as a test reaction in order to study mass transfer in carbon xerogel supports. The selected supports were obtained from evaporative drying and pyrolysis of resorcinol‐formaldehyde aqueous gels. Since the pore texture of these materials can be tailored through the adequate choice of the gel synthesis conditions, the maximum pore size of the supports was fixed at 10 × 10−9 m, 30 × 10−9 m (mesoporous supports), or 70 × 10−9 m (macroporous support). One Pd‐Ag/activated carbon catalyst was also prepared for comparison. Diffusional limitations in mesoporous xerogels and in the active charcoal were highlighted by catalytic measurements with pellets of increasing size (≤ 1.125 × 10−3 m); the effectiveness factor of the catalyst decreases when the pellet size increases. On the contrary, it remains equal to 1 for the macroporous support, whatever the pellet size, which shows that diffusional limitations can be completely avoided by choosing an appropriate pore size range. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChEJ, 2006
Covalent linkages between cellulose and lignin in cell walls of coniferous and nonconiferous woods
Authors: Jin Zhenfu , Katsumata Kyoko S. , Lam Thi Bach Tuyet , Iiyama Kenji 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCovalent linkages between wall polysaccharides and lignin, especially linkage between cellulose and lignin were discussed by carboxymethylation technique of whole cell walls of coniferous and nonconiferous woods. Hydroxyl groups of plant cell walls polysaccharides were highly substituted, but not those of lignin by carboxymethyl groups under the used conditions, and separated into water‐soluble and insoluble fractions by water extraction. Carboxymethylated wall polysaccharides linked covalently with lignin were distributed into the water‐insoluble fractions. Composition of carboxymethylated sugar residues in the both fractions was analyzed quantitatively by 1H NMR spectroscopy after hydrolyzation with D2SO4 in D2O. More than half of cellulose linked covalently with lignin in coniferous wood, but only one‐sixth of cellulose was involved in the linkage in nonconiferous wood. The major noncellulosic wall polysaccharides of coniferous wood also linked significantly with lignin. On the other hand, noncellulosic wall polysaccharides of nonconiferous wood were involved slightly in the covalent linkage with lignin. The situation of linkage between wall polysaccharides containing cellulose and lignin was visualized by scanning electron micrographs. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 83: 103–110, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging is a poor measure of rectal cancer angiogenesis
Authors: Atkin G , Taylor N J , Daley F M , Stirling J J , Richman P , Glynne-Jones R , d'Arcy J A , Collins D J , Padhani A R 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to investigate the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for non-invasive measurement of rectal cancer angiogenesis and hypoxia.

Methods
Fifteen patients with rectal adenocarcinoma underwent preoperative dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) MRI. Microvessel density (CD31 level), and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) 9 were measured immunohistochemically in histological tumour sections from 12 patients. Serum VEGF levels were also measured in 14 patients. Correlations between quantitative imaging indices and immunohistochemical variables were examined.

Results
There was good correlation between circulating VEGF and CD31 expression (rs = 0·88, P &lt; 0·001). CD31 expression did not correlate with any dynamic MRI parameter, except transfer constant, with which it correlated inversely (rs = −0·65, P = 0·022). Tissue and circulating VEGF levels did not correlate, and neither correlated with any tumour DCE MRI parameter. No relationship was seen between BOLD MRI and CA-9 expression.

Conclusion
The negative correlation between transfer constant (reflecting tumour blood flow and microvessel permeability) with CD31 expression is paradoxical. DCE MRI methods for assessing tissue vascularity correlate poorly with histological markers of angiogenesis and hypoxia, suggesting that DCE MRI does not simply reflect static histological vascular properties in patients with rectal cancer.
Novel stent system for bifurcation lesions: Examination by intravascular ultrasound
Authors: Miyazawa Akiyoshi , Webster Mark W.I. , Fitzgerald Peter J. , Ormiston John A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBifurcation disease represents a mechanical and biological challenge for definitive interventional treatment. This case report discusses an experience with a novel stent system designed for the treatment of bifurcation lesions. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Halide‐Free Rhombohedral Silver‐Alkynyl Cage Complex [Ag14(C2tBu)12][BF4]2
Authors: Abu‐Salah Omar M. , Ja’far Mohammed H. , Al‐Ohaly Abdel Razzak , Al‐Farhan Khalid A. , Al‐Enzi Hamda S. , Dolomanov Oleg V. , Howard Judith A. K. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe novel cationic complex [Ag14(C2tBu)12]2+ has been synthesized by four reactions: reaction of [Ag(C2tBu)]n and AgBF4 in acetone in a 6:1 mole ratio, that of HC≡CtBu and AgBF4 in water in the absence of a base, treatment of [AgC2tBu]n with HBF4 in acetone or that of {[Ag3(C2tBu)2][BF4]}n with [Ag(C2tBu)]n in a 1:4 mole ratio. Single‐crystal X‐ray studies showed it to be a hexacapped cube of silver(I) atoms, with twelve η1, μ3‐C2tBu ligands. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Solvothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Properties of New Selenidoantimonates [Ln(en)4(SbSe4)] (Ln = La, Nd) and [Sm(en)4]SbSe4·0.5en: The First Example of an SbSe43– Anion Acting as a Ligand to a Lanthanide Complex
Authors: Jia Ding‐Xian , Zhao Qian‐Xin , Zhang Yong , Dai Jie , Zhou Jian 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThree new lanthanide selenidoantimonates [Ln(en)4(SbSe4)] [Ln = La (1), Nd (2)] and [Sm(en)4]SbSe4·0.5en (3) (en = ethylenediamine) were first synthesized by treating LnCl3, Sb, and Se in a stoichiometric ratio with en under mild solvothermal conditions. Compounds 1 and 2 are isostructural. The Ln3+ ion has a nine‐coordinate environment involving eight N atoms from four en ligands and one Se atom from the SbSe43– anion forming a distorted bicapped pentagonal bipyramid. [La(en)4(SbSe4)] and [Nd(en)4(SbSe4)] are the first examples of solvothermally synthesized selenidoantimonates with an SbSe43– anion acting as a ligand in a lanthanide complex. The crystal structure of 3 contains an isolated bicapped trigonal‐prismatic coordinated [Sm(en)4]3+ cation, a tetrahedral SbSe43– anion, and half a free en molecule in its asymmetric unit. The bandgaps of 2.22 eV for 1, 2.33 eV for 2, and 2.54 eV for 3 have been derived from optical absorption spectra. Compound 1 loses the en ligands in one step, whereas compound 2 loses them in two steps. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Continuous removal of ammonium ion by ion exchange in the presence of organic compounds in packed columns
Authors: Jorgensen Tony C , Weatherley Laurence R 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe removal of ammonia from wastewaters after secondary biological treatment can successfully be achieved by ion exchange. However, the presence of residual organic compounds can impart significant influence on the uptake and their presence may need to be considered during the design of a treatment system. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of the presence of certain organic compounds upon the uptake of ammonium ion and column breakthrough. Two organic contaminants were considered, including citric acid and protein (as whey protein isolate). Three cationic exchangers were used and included the natural zeolite clinoptilolite, the gel resin Dowex 50w‐x8, and a macronet resin, Purolite MN‐500. The influence of regeneration upon column breakthrough behaviour was also determined. The results showed that the presence of organic compounds had variable effects on ammonium ion uptake. In the case of clinoptilolite the presence of protein appeared to have very little effect upon breakthrough capacity. In the case of the clinoptilolite and the MN500 a substantial reduction of breakthrough capacity was observed in the presence of citric acid. In the case of clinoptilolite a very significant increase in column breakthrough performance was observed after cycles of exhaustion and regeneration. This was not observed in the case of the synthetic resins, which showed a more consistent performance from run to run. Overall the Dowex50w‐x8 gave the highest breakthrough capacity for ammonium ion removal of 700 bed volumes. Regenerated clinoptilolite showed a maximum breakthrough capacity of 450 bed volumes, and MN‐500 a consistent breakthrough capacity of 300 bed volumes. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry