bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Vinylphosphonic Acid Anhydrides and their Copolymerization with Vinylphosphonic Acid
Authors: Millaruelo Martha , Steinert Volker , Komber Hartmut , Klopsch Rainer , Voit Brigitte 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe present the synthesis and characterization of the compounds formed in a mixture of vinylphosphonic acid (VPA) and acetic anhydride used for the radical‐initiated VPA polymerization. High‐molecular‐weight PVPA with $\overline M _{\rm w}$ up to 109 000 g · mol−1 was obtained from the polymerization of a mixture containing VPA, VPAAnh, VPADiAnh and their acetylated derivatives. Relative reactivities of these compounds were estimated. The resulting polymers were characterized by viscosimetry, light scattering and NMR measurements. The complexity of the polymer structure increases with increasing anhydride content in the reaction feed as can be concluded from the 1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectra. This finding is in accordance with a cyclopolymerization mechanism resulting in five‐ and six‐membered anhydride rings within the polymer chain.magnified image
Morphology Development in Polymer Fibers undergoing Solvent/Non‐solvent Exchange
Authors: Dayal Pratyush , Kyu Thein 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSummary: The solvent/non‐solvent interchange across the fiber surface affects the morphology of the fiber in various ways. In this paper, simulations have been performed to elucidate the diverse morphologies obtained during spinning of polymer fibers under the presence of a non‐solvent. The proposed model deals with a ternary system derived from Cahn‐Hilliard equation, alternatively known as Time Dependent Ginzburg Landau‐TDGL model B equation, involving the spatio‐temporal evolution of concentration order parameter. Depending on the coexistence region of the ternary phase diagram, various fiber morphologies including concentric bands, internal microfibrillar structures, and porous structures were discerned. It may be inferred that the formation of the aforementioned diverse morphologies is a direct consequence of the initial conditions of the starting mixtures in a manner governed by the relative rates of solvent/non‐solvent exchange and the dynamics of phase separation.
From limestone caves to concrete graves: 3000 years of mortuary practice in the Palauan archipelago, Micronesia
Authors: Fitzpatrick S. M. , Nelson G. C. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHuman skeletal remains have been discovered from a variety of contexts in the Palauan archipelago of western Micronesia. These include caves, rockshelters, earthen mounds, stone platforms, midden burials, crypts, sarcophagi, and historic period gravesites. Recent excavation of a prehistoric cemetery in a rockshelter on Orrak Island dating from ca 1000 BC–AD 200, combined with nearly contemporaneous surface finds in caves on both Orrak and other nearby islands, shed light on the earliest known burial practices in Palau. Interment in limestone caves and rockshelters was then replaced in succession by burial in earthwork terraces, beneath stone platforms, in middens, within limestone slab crypts and at least one known stone sarcophagus, and finally in Western or Asian‐style gravesites with headstones. Here we present the first major synthesis of mortuary patterns in Palau from the earliest periods of known settlement (ca. 1000 BC) to modern times. Understanding how these burial practices change over time provides valuable insight into changing sociocultural practices within Palauan society, including how contact with outsiders during the historical period drastically altered traditional mortuary behaviours. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiovascular diseases attributable to hysterectomy: a population‐based study
Authors: KHARAZMI ELHAM , FALLAH MAHDI , LUOTO RIITTA 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackground. Previous studies have confirmed an association between hysterectomy and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), although some controversy remains. The aim of this study was to ascertain the attributable fraction (AF) of CVD due to hysterectomy. Study design. A cross‐sectional study based on a random sample of 2,514 Finnish women aged 30–99 was carried out. Associations between hysterectomy and CVD were analysed using multivariate analyses. By considering hysterectomy as an indicator for risk of CVD rather than the cause of CVD, based on our results the AF and population attributable fraction (PAF) were calculated for conditions associated with hysterectomy. Results. Some 33% of women aged 50 or older had undergone hysterectomy. In the univariate analyses, hysterectomy was significantly associated with hypertension, medication for hypertension, angina pectoris, stroke, age, education, oral contraceptive use, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), higher body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose and cholesterol. The fully‐adjusted ORs for association between CVD and hysterectomy were dramatically lower than the crude ORs, and remained significant only for medication for hypertension. The proportion of hypertension among hysterectomised women that would be prevented if none had been hysterectomised (AF) was 19.6%, while the preventable proportion of hypertension among the female population that would be prevented if none had been hysterectomised (PAF) was 3.4%. For current use of medication the AF was 51.9% and the PAF was 13.5%. The AF of hysterectomy for stroke was 43.8% and the PAF was 10.2%. Conclusion. After adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, we found no association between hysterectomy and ischemic heart diseases. The crude and age‐adjusted associations found for some CVDs are most probably due to the more adverse initial risk profile of women who had undergone hysterectomy. The presented AF and PAF are related to indications of hysterectomy (such as uterine fibroids) rather than to the operation itself. There is a need to evaluate the cardiovascular risk factors of women with indications for hysterectomy.
Fetal hydronephrosis; prevalence, natural history and postnatal consequences in an unselected population
Authors: EK SVERKER , LIDEFELDT KARL‐JOHAN , VARRICIO LENA 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackground. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of fetal hydronephrosis, the antenatal development and the postnatal findings in a low risk population. Methods. A 2‐year retrospective study included almost 9,000 patients, and all cases found to have antenatal hydronephrosis, defined as an AP diameter ≥5 mm, had a structuralised ante‐ and postnatal follow‐up. Results. Some 85 cases were found in the antenatal period, and 32 of these cases had a pathologic follow‐up. Of these, 13 had an increase in severity of dilatation during pregnancy, 10 had stable findings, but no case where the dilatation decreased had any postnatal pathology. Furthermore, half of the cases found in the third trimester (18 of 32) also had an abnormal follow‐up. Two cases of Down's syndrome were diagnosed after birth. Conclusion. Antenatal hydronephrosis was found in almost 1% (n = 85) of the study population. There was an almost 2% risk of Down's syndrome in this group. The majority of cases had an increase in severity and some were stable in the antenatal period, but it was not possible to predict the individual postnatal outcome. In the group where the finding diminished in the antenatal period, no patient had an abnormal postnatal follow‐up. Female fetuses with hydronephrosis seem to have an adverse postnatal outcome compared to male fetuses.
BiNoM: a Cytoscape plugin for manipulating and analyzing biological networks
Authors: Zinovyev Andrei , Viara Eric , Calzone Laurence , Barillot Emmanuel 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
BiNoM (Biological Network Manager) is a new bioinformatics software that significantly facilitates the usage and the analysis of biological networks in standard systems biology formats (SBML, SBGN, BioPAX). BiNoM implements a full-featured BioPAX editor and a method of ‘interfaces’ for accessing BioPAX content. BiNoM is able to work with huge BioPAX files such as whole pathway databases. In addition, BiNoM allows the analysis of networks created with CellDesigner software and their conversion into BioPAX format. BiNoM comes as a library and as a Cytoscape plugin which adds a rich set of operations to Cytoscape such as path and cycle analysis, clustering sub-networks, decomposition of network into modules, clipboard operations and others.
Availability: Last version of BiNoM distributed under the LGPL licence together with documentation, source code and API are available at http://bioinfo.curie.fr/projects/binom
Contact: andrei.zinovyev@curie.fr
Experimental study of the dependence of embryonic development of Trachurus trachurus eggs on temperature
Authors: Cunha M. Emília , Vendrell Catarina , Gonçalves Patrícia 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Cunha, M. E., Vendrell, C., and Gonçalves, P. 2008. Experimental study of the dependence of embryonic development of Trachurus trachurus eggs on temperature. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 17–24. To determine the effect of temperature on the development rates of artificially fertilized eggs of Trachurus trachurus, experiments were carried out at temperatures ranging from 10.5°C to 19°C. Egg development through to hatching only took place at 11.7–19°C. At lower temperature, eggs did not develop beyond the stage where the outline of the embryo was clearly discernible and a defined median line of the embryonic shield (stage 4 in this study) was apparent. Development time took from 46 h at 19°C to 126 h at 12°C. A generalized linear model of the stage-dependent development time (age) as a function of incubation temperature was developed. The data are also compared with those reported in the literature and related to sea temperature on the spawning grounds.
Discrete Developmental Roles for Temperate Cereal GrassVERNALIZATION1/FRUITFULL-Like Genes in Flowering Competency and the Transition to Flowering
Authors: Preston Jill C. , Kellogg Elizabeth A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMembers of the grass subfamily Pooideae are characterized by their adaptation to cool temperate climates. Vernalization is the process whereby flowering is accelerated in response to a prolonged period of cold. Winter cereals are tolerant of low temperatures and flower earlier with vernalization, whereas spring cultivars are intolerant of low temperatures and flower later with vernalization. In the pooid grasses wheat (Triticum monococcum, Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), vernalization responsiveness is determined by allelic variation at the VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) and/or VRN2 loci. To determine whether VRN1, and its paralog FRUITFULL2 (FUL2), are involved in vernalization requirement across Pooideae, we determined expression profiles for multiple cultivars of oat (Avena sativa) and wheat with and without cold treatment. Our results demonstrate significant up-regulation of VRN1 expression in leaves of winter oat and wheat in response to vernalization; no treatment effect was found for spring or facultative growth habit oat and wheat. Similar cold-dependent patterns of leaf expression were found for FUL2 in winter oat, but not winter wheat, suggesting a redundant qualitative role for these genes in the quantitative induction of flowering competency of oat. These and other data support the hypothesis that VRN1 is a common regulator of vernalization responsiveness within the crown pooids. Finally, we found that up-regulation of VRN1 in vegetative meristems of oat was significantly later than in leaves. This suggests distinct and conserved roles for temperate cereal grass VRN1/FUL-like genes, first, in systemic signaling to induce flowering competency, and second, in meristems to activate genes involved in the floral transition.
ECA3, a Golgi-Localized P2A-Type ATPase, Plays a Crucial Role in Manganese Nutrition in Arabidopsis
Authors: Mills Rebecca F. , Doherty Melissa Louise , López-Marqués Rosa L. , Weimar Thilo , Dupree Paul , Palmgren Michael G. , Pittman Jon K. , Williams Lorraine E. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn) are essential nutrients required for normal plant growth and development, and transport processes play a key role in regulating their cellular levels. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains four P2A-type ATPase genes, AtECA1 to AtECA4, which are expressed in all major organs of Arabidopsis. To elucidate the physiological role of AtECA2 and AtECA3 in Arabidopsis, several independent T-DNA insertion mutant alleles were isolated. When grown on medium lacking Mn, eca3 mutants, but not eca2 mutants, displayed a striking difference from wild-type plants. After approximately 8 to 9 d on this medium, eca3 mutants became chlorotic, and root and shoot growth were strongly inhibited compared to wild-type plants. These severe deficiency symptoms were suppressed by low levels of Mn, indicating a crucial role for ECA3 in Mn nutrition in Arabidopsis. eca3 mutants were also more sensitive than wild-type plants and eca2 mutants on medium lacking Ca; however, the differences were not so striking because in this case all plants were severely affected. ECA3 partially restored the growth defect on high Mn of the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) pmr1 mutant, which is defective in a Golgi Ca/Mn pump (PMR1), and the yeast K616 mutant (Δpmc1 Δpmr1 Δcnb1), defective in Golgi and vacuolar Ca/Mn pumps. ECA3 also rescued the growth defect of K616 on low Ca. Promoter:β-glucuronidase studies show that ECA3 is expressed in a range of tissues and cells, including primary root tips, root vascular tissue, hydathodes, and guard cells. When transiently expressed in Nicotiana tabacum, an ECA3-yellow fluorescent protein fusion protein showed overlapping expression with the Golgi protein GONST1. We propose that ECA3 is important for Mn and Ca homeostasis, possibly functioning in the transport of these ions into the Golgi. ECA3 is the first P-type ATPase to be identified in plants that is required under Mn-deficient conditions.
The Arabidopsis Histone Deacetylases HDA6 and HDA19 Contribute to the Repression of Embryonic Properties after Germination
Authors: Tanaka Motoki , Kikuchi Akira , Kamada Hiroshi 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHistone deacetylase (HDAC) is a chromatin-remodeling factor that contributes to transcriptional repression in eukaryotes. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the transcription factors LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1), FUSCA3 (FUS3), and ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3) play key roles in embryogenesis. Although the repression of embryogenesis-related genes during germination has been proposed to occur, the role of HDAC in this process has not been elucidated. To address this question, the effects of an HDAC inhibitor and suppression of the Arabidopsis HDAC genes on this process were investigated. Here, we show that treatment of an HDA6 repression line with the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A resulted in growth arrest and elevated transcription of LEC1, FUS3, and ABI3 during germination. The growth-arrest phenotype of the repression line was suppressed by lec1, fus3, and abi3. An HDA6/HDA19 double-repression line displayed arrested growth after germination and the formation of embryo-like structures on the true leaves of 6-week-old plants even without trichostatin A. The growth-arrest phenotype of this line was rescued by lec1. These results suggest that during germination in Arabidopsis, HDA6 and HDA19 redundantly regulate the repression of embryonic properties directly or indirectly via repression of embryo-specific gene function.
Nitrate Signaling by the Regulatory GeneNIT2inChlamydomonas
Authors: Camargo Antonio , Llamas Ángel , Schnell Rogene A. , Higuera José J. , González-Ballester David , Lefebvre Paul A. , Fernández Emilio , Galván Aurora 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPositive signaling by nitrate in its assimilation pathway has been studied in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Among &gt;34,000 lines generated by plasmid insertion, 10 mutants were unable to activate nitrate reductase (NIA1) gene expression and had a Nit− (no growth in nitrate) phenotype. Each of these 10 lines was mutated in the nitrate assimilation–specific regulatory gene NIT2. The complete NIT2 cDNA sequence was obtained, and its deduced amino acid sequence revealed GAF, Gln-rich, Leu zipper, and RWP-RK domains typical of transcription factors and transcriptional coactivators associated with signaling pathways. The predicted Nit2 protein sequence is structurally related to the Nin (for nodule inception) proteins from plants but not to NirA/Nit4/Yna proteins from fungi and yeast. NIT2 expression is negatively regulated by ammonium and is optimal in N-free medium with no need for the presence of nitrate. However, intracellular nitrate is required to allow Nit2 to activate the NIA1 promoter activity. Nit2 protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and shown to bind to specific sequences at the NIA1 gene promoter. Our data indicate that NIT2 is a central regulatory gene required for nitrate signaling on the Chlamydomonas NIA1 gene promoter and that intracellular nitrate is needed for NIT2 function and to modulate NIA1 transcript levels.
Dothideomycete–Plant Interactions Illuminated by Genome Sequencing and EST Analysis of the Wheat Pathogen Stagonospora nodorum
Authors: Hane James K. , Lowe Rohan G.T. , Solomon Peter S. , Tan Kar-Chun , Schoch Conrad L. , Spatafora Joseph W. , Crous Pedro W. , Kodira Chinappa , Birren Bruce W. , Galagan James E. , Torriani Stefano F.F. , McDonald Bruce A. , Oliver Richard P. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Stagonospora nodorum is a major necrotrophic fungal pathogen of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and a member of the Dothideomycetes, a large fungal taxon that includes many important plant pathogens affecting all major crop plant families. Here, we report the acquisition and initial analysis of a draft genome sequence for this fungus. The assembly comprises 37,164,227 bp of nuclear DNA contained in 107 scaffolds. The circular mitochondrial genome comprises 49,761 bp encoding 46 genes, including four that are intron encoded. The nuclear genome assembly contains 26 classes of repetitive DNA, comprising 4.5% of the genome. Some of the repeats show evidence of repeat-induced point mutations consistent with a frequent sexual cycle. ESTs and gene prediction models support a minimum of 10,762 nuclear genes. Extensive orthology was found between the polyketide synthase family in S. nodorum and Cochliobolus heterostrophus, suggesting an ancient origin and conserved functions for these genes. A striking feature of the gene catalog was the large number of genes predicted to encode secreted proteins; the majority has no meaningful similarity to any other known genes. It is likely that genes for host-specific toxins, in addition to ToxA, will be found among this group. ESTs obtained from axenic mycelium grown on oleate (chosen to mimic early infection) and late-stage lesions sporulating on wheat leaves were obtained. Statistical analysis shows that transcripts encoding proteins involved in protein synthesis and in the production of extracellular proteases, cellulases, and xylanases predominate in the infection library. This suggests that the fungus is dependant on the degradation of wheat macromolecular constituents to provide the carbon skeletons and energy for the synthesis of proteins and other components destined for the developing pycnidiospores.
Downregulation of Cinnamoyl-Coenzyme A Reductase in Poplar: Multiple-Level Phenotyping Reveals Effects on Cell Wall Polymer Metabolism and Structure
Authors: Leplé Jean-Charles , Dauwe Rebecca , Morreel Kris , Storme Véronique , Lapierre Catherine , Pollet Brigitte , Naumann Annette , Kang Kyu-Young , Kim Hoon , Ruel Katia , Lefèbvre Andrée , Joseleau Jean-Paul , Grima-Pettenati Jacqueline , De Rycke Riet , Andersson-Gunnerås Sara , Erban Alexander , Fehrle Ines , Petit-Conil Michel , Kopka Joachim , Polle Andrea , Messens Eric , Sundberg Björn , Mansfield Shawn D. , Ralph John , Pilate Gilles , Boerjan Wout 
Published: November 2007

AbstractCinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR) catalyzes the penultimate step in monolignol biosynthesis. We show that downregulation of CCR in transgenic poplar (Populus tremula × Populus alba) was associated with up to 50% reduced lignin content and an orange-brown, often patchy, coloration of the outer xylem. Thioacidolysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), immunocytochemistry of lignin epitopes, and oligolignol profiling indicated that lignin was relatively more reduced in syringyl than in guaiacyl units. The cohesion of the walls was affected, particularly at sites that are generally richer in syringyl units in wild-type poplar. Ferulic acid was incorporated into the lignin via ether bonds, as evidenced independently by thioacidolysis and by NMR. A synthetic lignin incorporating ferulic acid had a red-brown coloration, suggesting that the xylem coloration was due to the presence of ferulic acid during lignification. Elevated ferulic acid levels were also observed in the form of esters. Transcript and metabolite profiling were used as comprehensive phenotyping tools to investigate how CCR downregulation impacted metabolism and the biosynthesis of other cell wall polymers. Both methods suggested reduced biosynthesis and increased breakdown or remodeling of noncellulosic cell wall polymers, which was further supported by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and wet chemistry analysis. The reduced levels of lignin and hemicellulose were associated with an increased proportion of cellulose. Furthermore, the transcript and metabolite profiling data pointed toward a stress response induced by the altered cell wall structure. Finally, chemical pulping of wood derived from 5-year-old, field-grown transgenic lines revealed improved pulping characteristics, but growth was affected in all transgenic lines tested.
International strategies and ethics
Authors: Fisher Josie , Bonn Ingrid 
Published: November 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the complexities and tensions that international organisations face in managing ethics.Design/methodology/approachThree levels of ethics are identified and discussed in the paper in the context of three international strategies.FindingsThe study finds that an organisation's approach to ethics depends on its level of ethics and the type of international strategy adopted. These two dimensions have the potential to create identifiable tensions between head office and subsidiaries that will need to be understood and managed.Practical implicationsThe paper offers practical guidance to managers by providing a framework for better understanding the tensions and challenges faced by head office and subsidiaries when operating in international markets. Hence, it makes explicit an aspect of strategic management that may not be obvious, but that could influence the organisation's ability to achieve its strategic goals.Originality/valueThis paper extends previous research on ethics and international business by proposing that an organisation's approach to ethics depends on the level of ethics at which it operates and the type of strategy it has adopted.