bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Sino-Indonesian Rupture
Authors: Van Der Kroef Justus M. 
Published: March 2009

On October 7, 1967, Indonesia's Foreign Minister, Adam Malik, told anti-communist student demonstrators in Jakarta that Indonesia was moving in the direction of a complete break in diplomatic relations with China. On October 9, after a special cabinet meeting, the Indonesian government announced that it was “suspending” relations with the Peking government, thus effecting a kind of de facto diplomatic break. On October 29, Peking followed suit ordering the “temporary closing” of its embassy in Jakarta. On October 31, a Chinese plane flew the eight remaining Indonesian diplomats in Peking home to Jakarta and picked up the 20 or so remaining Chinese diplomatic staff in the Indonesian capital. These developments climaxed a two-year period of declining Sino-Indonesian relations which began with the abortive communist coup of September 30, 1965. During this time, the erstwhile Sino-Indonesian partnership, once conceived by its creators as the nucleus of a world movement against “neo-colonialism, colonialism and imperialism” deteriorated into bitterness. Three factors in this rapid deterioration deserve particular attention:Peking's alleged involvement in the September 30 coup (usually called Gestapu—from Gerakan tigah puluh September—by acronymminded Indonesians) and her reportedly subsequent subversive burrowing in Indonesia, the anti-communist momentum of Indonesian politics since the coup and its impact on the three million Chinese minority in Indonesia, and the pattern of steadily escalating tensions between the two countries following their respective diplomatic ploys and counterploys.
Sneevliet and the Early Years of the CCP
Authors: Bing Dov 
Published: March 2009

The formative years of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) have long remained one of the most obscure periods in the recent past of China. There remain many puzzles about why and how the alliances, between the CCP and the Kuomintang (KMT) on the one hand and Soviet Russia on the other, came about in the early 1920s.For the last four years I have been studying the establishment and first years of the CCP, at the same time paying attention to the foundation and first years of the Indische Sociaal Democratische Vereniging (ISDV), which was later to become the Partai Kommunis Indonesia (PKI). In this connexion I have been specially interested in outlining the origins of that strategy whereby Communist Party members entered a nationalist mass movement and tried to capture it from within.
The Sino-Soviet Split: Borkenau's Predictive Analysis of 1952
Authors: Tashjean John E. 
Published: March 2009

At a meeting of the Association for Asian Studies in March 1961, Professor Bernard Morris read a paper on Sino-Soviet relations which began as follows:Almost a decade ago, the late Franz Borkenau wrote that a profound conflict between the communist regimes of Russia and China is in the long run as certain as anything in politics. He based his prediction on the strength of two arguments. First, it is in the very nature of totalitarian regimes to establish their absolute control as far as they can; they therefore cannot have genuine allies but must seek to dominate. Secondly, the unity of the communist world movement is axiomatic for every Leninist. Hence it follows that the Kremlin must exert control over all communist parties. This thrust of Soviet totalitarianism, Borkenau argued, is therefore incompatible with Mao Tse-tung's clear desire to be a leader in his own right and to preserve Chinese national independence.
The Foreign Trade of China
Authors: Boone A. 
Published: March 2009

The trading potential of China, with its population of some 650 million people, has for long been a subject of absorbing interest, and never more so than in recent years, with the rapid expansion of economic growth which has been brought about since the establishment of the People's Republic.The policies of the Chinese Government have led to drastic changes in the orientation of its international trade, in its administration and to notable modifications in the nature of both imports and exports. These have all derived primarily from the change to a Communist Government and to its implementation of the corresponding political and economic systems.
Chinese Grain Production: An Interpretation of the Data
Authors: Michael Field Robert , Kilpatrick James A. 
Published: March 2009

By 1975, after a period of widely divergent estimates for Chinese grain production, a consensus appeared to be emerging. Consider, for example, the estimates that were published at the time (in million tons):Not only was there a consensus, but it was widely assumed that the figures were consistent with those published in the late 1950s. Since then, evidence has been accumulating that the definition of grain has changed and that not all of the figures released in any given year conform to the definition commonly used at the time. We will review the changes in the definition of grain and present our interpretation of the data that have been released in the past 20 years.
The National People's Congress
Authors: Bridgham Philip L. 
Published: March 2009

The task of readjusting the national economy has been basically accomplished; there has been an all-round upsurge in agricultural and industrial production; and the entire economy has taken a turn for the better and is entering a new period of development.Chou En-lai, “Report on the Work of the Government,” December, 21–22, 1964.
Estimating hepatitis C infection acquired in England, 1986–2000
Authors: BALOGUN M. A. , VYSE A. J. , HESKETH L. M. , KAFATOS G. , PARRY J. V. , RAMSAY M. E. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYHepatitis C is a global health problem and in the UK seroprevalence studies have mainly concentrated on specific high-risk groups. The aim of this study was to determine changes in the prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus in England using residual specimens collected between 1986 and 2000 reflecting the general population. A cross-sectional study design using a convenience collection of serum specimens from adult patients submitted to laboratories in the years 1986, 1991, 1996 and 2000 from a total of 19 laboratories around England were investigated. The main outcome was to determine anti-HCV prevalence and the average incidence occurring between 1986 and 2000 and factors associated with infection. Multivariable analysis of results from all years showed there was a significant difference in prevalence between males and females (P<0·001), birth cohort (P<0·001) and by health region (P<0·001). An average of 0·72% (95% CI 0–1·65%) of those susceptible to HCV born between 1950 and 1970 were estimated to have acquired the infection between 1986 and 2000. Analysis of this convenience serum collection suggests that HCV prevalence is low in the general population, and is associated with period of birth, gender and health region. There was evidence to support a low incidence of HCV infection in those born between 1950 and 1970 over the period 1986–2000 which, at the population level, equated to a substantial burden of infection (~106 000 persons). Continued surveillance and prevention targeted at injecting drug users are essential for the control of hepatitis C in the UK.
Report of a hospital neonatal unit outbreak of community-associated methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: GOULD I. M. , GIRVAN E. K. , BROWNING R. A. , MACKENZIE F. M. , EDWARDS G. F. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYCommunity-associated methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(CA-MRSA) with the type IV staphylococcal chromosomal cassettemec(SCCmec) is rarely reported as being acquired in hospital. We report a hospital outbreak, in Grampian, Scotland, of eight cases of skin and soft-tissue infections due to such a strain. All patients had been in the labour, delivery and maternity units of a small community hospital during a 7-month period. Typing by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed the isolates to be a single strain closely related to the USA800 lineage (paediatric clone) and additional typing confirmed it as ST5-MRSA-IV. Genes for exfoliative toxin A (ETA) and enterotoxin D were detected by PCR in all the isolates although none carried the Panton–Valentine leukocidin gene. Region-wide surveillance of over 6000 MRSA isolates collected from 1998 to 2004 showed that 95 (1·6%) were closely related to the outbreak strain although only 60 carried the ETA gene. The strain has not been seen elsewhere in Scotland.
Population-based contact investigation of a cluster of tuberculosis cases in a small village
Authors: CASTILLA J. , PALMERA R. , NAVASCUÉS A. , ABETI M. , GUILLERMO A. , IRISARRI F. , JIMÉNEZ M. S. , GARCÍA CENOZ M. , BARRICARTE A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA cluster of five cases of tuberculosis (TB) in persons aged 19–23 years who were not close contacts was detected in a small village in Spain in 2006. All culture isolates had the same chromosomal-DNA restriction pattern. Contact investigations of family members, friends, workmates and schoolmates were complemented with tuberculin screening offered to the resident population born between 1976 and 1995. Expanded contact tracing detected two new cases of TB, 27 tuberculin conversions and an excess of latent tuberculosis infections (LTI) in persons born between 1978 and 1990. The contacts of two cases had a significantly elevated prevalence of LTI. Two secondary cases of TB, 33·3% of those diagnosed with LTI and 47·8% of the converters were unaware of any contact with the TB cases, but had frequented some of the same bars. This study suggests that a considerable percentage of the episodes of TB transmission in young people may escape detection in conventional contact studies.
Escherichia colishedding patterns in humans and dogs: insights into within-household transmission of phylotypes associated with urinary tract infections
Authors: DAMBORG P. , NIELSEN S. S. , GUARDABASSI L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYWithin-household transmission ofEscherichia colimay contribute to the pathogenesis of urinary tract infection but understanding of transmission is limited by the lack of longitudinal data on individual shedding patterns. In this study, faecalE. coliwas isolated over 6 months from 18 humans and 13 dogs in eight households. Typing 322E. coliisolates by amplified fragment length polymorphism showed high overall diversity as indicated by the average diversity index (0·66). However, individual shedding patterns varied considerably: two persons carried a single residentE. coliclone throughout the study whereas distinct clones were isolated from other individuals on each sampling time. Nineteen clones were shared within six of the eight households and seven of these clones were shared between humans and dogs. The frequent sharing of clones belonging to phylotypes B2 (n=7) or D (n=4) supports the hypothesis that urovirulentE. coliare transmitted between household members, including dogs, or may be acquired by a common source such as food.
Bistratified ganglion cells of rabbit retina: Neural architecture for contrast-independent visual responses
Authors: FAMIGLIETTI EDWARD V. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBistratified (BS) ganglion cells have long been recognized in vertebrate retina. Thirty years ago, it became clear that bistratification allows the integration of ON and OFF retinal pathways to produce contrast-independent responses in ganglion cells. Best studied is the type 1 bistratified (BS1) ganglion cell of rabbit retina, the physiologically well-characterized ON-OFF directionally selective (DS) ganglion cell, which is co-stratified with the two types of starburst amacrine (SA) cells in sublaminae a and b of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). DS responses have recently been documented in the latter. In this report, BS1 cells are further studied and are used as “fiducials” to characterize a second type of BS ganglion cell. An example of a possible third type is shown to be distinct from examples of BS1 and BS2 cells. All three have two distinct, narrowly stratified arborizations, one in sublamina a and one in sublamina b. All have similar dimensions, except for their dendritic trees, differing also in branching pattern. BS1 cells have compact, regular, highly branched trees; BS2 cells have significantly larger, more sparsely branched, irregular, radiate trees; the proposed BS3 type is intermediate in field size, and its branching pattern is different from the first two. BS2 and BS3 cells are co-stratified, branching nearer to the margins of the IPL, out of range of SA cells. In a previous report by others, illustrating the morphology of intracellularly stained ganglion cells, one example each of both “orientation-selective” ganglion cells and “uniformity detectors” resembles the BS2 cell. A rationale is presented for correlating BS2 cells with uniformity detectors.
Is there an omitted stimulus response in the human cone flicker electroretinogram?
Authors: McANANY J. JASON , ALEXANDER KENNETH R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractOmitting a stimulus from a train of repetitive stimuli, by either interrupting or terminating the train, can elicit an electrophysiological response that occurs at the time appropriate for the omitted stimulus. This study investigated whether such an omitted stimulus response (OSR) is present in the flicker electroretinogram (ERG) of the human cone system. ERGs were recorded from 11 visually normal subjects in response to full-field sinusoidal flicker trains presented against a rod-desensitizing adapting field at frequencies ranging from 12.5 to 100 Hz. Recordings were synchronized with the onset of the stimulus trains, and the amplitude and relative delay of any additional ERG responses following the offset of the flicker train were analyzed. At stimulus frequencies below 35 Hz, the number of ERG responses always equaled the number of stimulus cycles. However, over the frequency range of 38.5 to 100 Hz, the ERG contained an extra response following flicker train offset. At stimulus frequencies from 38.5 to 62.5 Hz, there was a constant delay between the peak of the extra ERG response and the time at which the next stimulus would have occurred had the flicker train continued. This constant delay is characteristic of an OSR. In addition, an extra ERG response was apparent at these same stimulus frequencies if the flicker train was interrupted by omitting stimulus cycles from the middle of the train. The pattern of ERG findings is consistent with a recently proposed model of the OSR that attributes the phenomenon to a resonant oscillation in retinal bipolar cells.
Tipping back the balance: recolonization of the Macquarie Island isthmus by king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) following extermination for human gain
Authors: van den Hoff John , McMahon Clive R. , Field Iain 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDuring the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when blubber oil fuelled house lamps, the king penguin population at Macquarie Island was reduced from two very large (perhaps hundreds of thousands of birds) colonies to about 3000 birds. One colony, located on the isthmus when the island was discovered in 1810, was extinct by 1894 and it took about 100 years for king penguins to re-establish a viable breeding population there. Here we document this recovery. The first eggs laid at Gadget Gully on the isthmus were recorded in late February 1995 but in subsequent years egg laying took place earlier between November and February (this temporal discontinuity is a consequence of king penguin breeding behaviour). The first chick was hatched in April 1995 but the first fledging was not raised until the following breeding season in October 1996. The colony increased on average 66% per annum in the five years between 1995 and 2000. King penguins appear resilient to catastrophic population reductions, and as the island's population increases, it is likely that other previously abandoned breeding sites will be reoccupied.
Are improvements needed in the management of severe acute skin reactions following completion of breast radiotherapy? A discussion of some possible service options
Authors: Cumming J. , Routsis D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractRadiotherapy is a critical component for many patients undergoing treatment for breast cancer. Most patients develop some degree of acute radiation skin reaction as a result of the treatment. Acute skin reactions range from faint erythema to moist desquamation and often peak within 1 month after completion of treatment.The emphasis of radiotherapy skincare advice is often during treatment with less attention paid to post-radiotherapy skincare. This article highlights this gap in service provision at one radiotherapy centre and demonstrates the difficulties encountered when there is an inadequate support system. Possible options are discussed for the management of skin reactions after radiotherapy and the potential implications of adopting these strategies. The pragmatic solution introduced to Addenbrookes’ Hospital was to amend patient information providing a supplementary section for health-care professionals overseeing patient care after completion of treatment. This has gone some way to addressing this issue but still has limitations.Provision of timely and consistent skincare advice and support is vital to provide high-quality patient care. This article emphasises the importance of standardisation of radiotherapy skincare and providing an effective support network for patients after completion of radiotherapy.
Clinical dosimetry optimization in spinal metastases
Authors: Pedrosa P. , Lucena C. , Sainz I.J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIntroduction: Radiotherapy is commonly used to treat spinal metastases. The aim of this study was to compare conventional dosimetry (posterior–anterior fields) with an optimized three-dimensional conformal plan (using oblique fields).Material and Methods: Fifteen patients were selected, and split into three groups of five based on tumour localization: cervical, dorsal and lumbar. Reference planning comprised of two fields: anterior–posterior. The planning target volume (PTV) was covered with 90% of the prescribed doses, minimizing anterior field weight and not exceeding 120%. The alternative consisted of three fields: two oblique posterior fields with wedge and anterior field. The PTV was covered with 95% of the prescription dose, minimizing the anterior field weight with 107% of overdose as a limit. The patient received 8 Gy in one fraction; retreatment with an additional fraction was feasible, safe and effective if persistent or recurrent bone pain was present. Five fractions of 4 Gy were used for cervical cases. To consider the future patients toxicity we evaluated the mean dose, V90 and V70 parameters in each plan.Results: Dosimetric parameters of organs at risk were not significantly different from one trial to another. The optimized plan followed ICRU criteria, reaching PTV coverage of 95–107% range of the prescription dose. In the conventional plan, high dose had to be accepted to obtain 90% of coverage in the target.Conclusions: In contrast with the anterior–posterior configuration, oblique fields improve dose conformity and limit high dose all of the body except the spinal cord.
Multidetector computed tomography for characterization of calcium deposits in reperfused myocardial infarction
Authors: Carlsson M. , Ursell P. C. , Saloner D. , Saeed M. 
Published: March 2009

Background: Calcium overload is a major cause of reperfusion myocardial injury. Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) has been previously used in visualizing coronary artery calcium, but not calcium deposits in reperfused infarction. Purpose: To assess the ability of MDCT to 1) noninvasively visualize and characterize calcium deposits in reperfused infarcts, and 2) monitor regional wall swelling, regional systolic wall thickening, and infarct resorption. Material and Methods: Reperfused myocardial infarcts were created in seven pigs by 2-hour occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) after coronary catheterization. A 64-slice MDCT scanner was used for non-contrast images to depict calcium deposits. Furthermore, cine and delayed contrast-enhanced (DE) MDCT imaging were acquired to assess the chronological changes (2–4 hours, 1 week, and 8 weeks) in regional wall swelling, systolic wall thickening, and infarct size. Results: Non-contrast MDCT images depicted calcium deposits as “hot-spots.” Attenuation of calcium deposits was greater (89±6 Hounsfield units [HU]) than remote myocardium (36±3 HU; P<0.05). Calcium deposits were not evident at 2–4 hours and were substantially smaller at 8 weeks compared to 1 week. Correlations were found between the extent of calcium deposits, ejection fraction ( R=0.81), and infarction size ( R=0.70). Cine MCDT images demonstrated transient wall swelling (edema formation and resorption) at 2–4 hours and differences in regional systolic wall thickening among infarcted, peri-infarcted, and remote myocardium. Calcium-specific von Kossa stain confirmed the presence of calcium deposits in infarcted myocardium. Conclusion: 64-slice MDCT has the potential to demonstrate the progression and regression of calcium deposits, interstitial edema, and infarction. The presence of calcium deposits was transient and associated with reperfused recent infarction. The extent of calcium deposits was positively correlated with infarction size and negatively with global left-ventricular function.
Chest abnormalities in juvenile-onset mixed connective tissue disease: Assessment with high-resolution computed tomography and pulmonary function tests
Authors: Aaløkken T. M. , Lilleby V. , Søyseth V. , Mynarek G. , Pripp A. H. , Johansen B. , Førre Ø. , Kolbenstvedt A. 
Published: March 2009

Background: Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is associated with several chest manifestations. Only a few studies have focused on chest manifestations in juvenile-onset MCTD (jMCTD), and the true prevalence of pulmonary abnormalities on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in these patients is unknown. Purpose: To investigate the occurrence of pulmonary abnormalities in jMCTD with particular reference to interstitial lung disease (ILD), and to evaluate a possible association between pulmonary findings and disease-related variables. Material and Methods: Twenty-four childhood-onset MCTD patients with median disease duration of 10.5 years (range 1–21 years) were investigated in a cross-sectional study by means of HRCT, pulmonary function tests (PFT), and clinical assessment. Results: Discrete ILD was identified in six patients (25%). Median extent of ILD was 2.0%, and all except one of the patients had very mild disease in which 5% or less of the parenchyma was affected. The CT features of fibrosis were mainly microcystic and fine intralobular. The most frequently abnormal PFT was carbon monoxide uptake from the lung, which was abnormal in 33% of the patients. PFT and disease duration were not significantly associated with HRCT findings of ILD. Conclusion: The prevalence of ILD in childhood-onset MCTD patients was lower than previously believed. In most of the patients with ILD, the findings were subtle and without clinical correlation. The results suggest a low extent of ILD in childhood-onset MCTD, even after long-term disease duration.