bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catalytic dehydrogenation of methyl 12‐hydroxystearate to methyl 12‐ketostearate
Authors: Freedman Bernard , Applewhite T. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEconomically attractive catalytic methods for the conversion of methyl 12‐hydroxystearate to methyl 12‐ketostearate have been developed on a laboratory scale. With 1.0 wt% copper chromite catalyst, pure methyl 12‐hydroxystearate is dehydrogenated at 180舑263C to methyl 12‐ketostearate in 99% yield and 97% purity. Commercial methyl 12‐hydroxystearate required 3% catalyst but gave a 98% conversion to product and 100% crude yield.
Identification of 2, 4, 6‐trialkyl‐1, 3, 5‐trioxanes from autoxidized methyl linoleate by mass spectrometry
Authors: Horvat Robert J. , McFadden W. H. , Ng H. , Lane W. G. , Shepherd A. D. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract2,4‐Dibutyl‐6‐pentyl‐1,3,5‐trioxane, 2‐butyl‐4,6‐dipentyl‐1,3,5‐trioxane, and 2,4,6‐tripentyl‐1,3,5‐trioxane have been identified in the volatile products from autoxidizing methyl linoleate by mass spectrometry. The principal component is 2,4,6‐tripentyl‐1,3,5‐trioxane. These compounds appear to be formed from condensation of hexanal and pentanal, the two major aldehydes in the volatiles from autoxidizing methyl linoleate (5).
The preparation of alkyl esters from highly unsaturated triglycerides. II
Authors: Lehman L. W. , Gauglitz E. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA previously described procedure for the basecatalyzed alcoholysis of fish‐oil triglycerides with alcohols of low molecular weight has been applied to the preparation of alkyl esters using high molecular weight, aromatic, and terminally unsaturated alcohols. Some monoethers of ethylene‐and diethylene glycol have also been used in this work. Thin‐layer chromatography was used to follow the course of the reaction and determine optimum reaction times and yields of products.
Kamlolenic acid and other conjugated fatty acids in certain seed oils
Authors: Chisholm M. J. , Hopkins C. Y. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe major fatty acid of the seed oil ofTrewia nudiflora is shown to be ॅ‐kamlolenic acid, not ॅ‐eleostearic acid as believed earlier. Other conjugated acids were found and identified in seed oils not previously studied, viz., ॅ‐eleostearic acid inParinari insularum andRicinodendron rautanenii; trans,8‐trans,10‐cis,12‐octadecatrienoic acid inCalendula stellata.The identity of the conjugated acids in four other seed oils was established, viz., ॅ‐eleostearic acid inPrunus yedoensis andValeriana officinalis; punicic acid inCucurbita digitata andC. palmata.
The composition of safflower seed
Authors: Applewhite T. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSafflower has some interesting variations in composition. Current commercial seed types have about 40% hull, 37% oil, and 23% meal. Varities also exist with from 59–18% hull and inversely varying oil and meal percentages. The fatty acid composition of the linoleic acid type oils is quite constant at about 78% linoleic, 11% oleic, 3% stearic, 6% palmitic. Experimental types have been described with about 45% oleic: 45% linoleic, 80% oleic: 10% linoleic, and with 10% stearic. Compositional data are reviewed with particular attention to major and minor constituents (especially linolenic acid) that influence safflower use.
Safflower oil utilization in surface coatings
Authors: Rheineck A. E. , Cummings L. O. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe unique high linoleic acid content of 78% in safflower oil makes it especially suitable to the coatings industry. The high content of linoleic acid, low amount of saturated acids, and absence of linolenic acid constitutes an oil which forms fast‐drying, nonyellowing films that have an excellent through dry and low wrinkling characteristics.More safflower oil is utilized in the manufacture of alkyd resins than any other single nonedible use. The oil alcoholizes rapidly with polyols and heat‐bleaches to very ligh colors in cooking the alkyd resins. These alkyds have the best combination of fast‐drying and nonyellowing properties of any drying oil alkyd of equal oil content.Heat‐bodies safflower oil has uniform polymer structure as shown by its viscosity reduction curves. Heat‐bodied and low viscosity safflower oils are used in exterior house paints. These paints show good through dry, low wrinkling and resistance to dew flatting.Specialty uses for safflower oil include urethane resins, caulks and putties, linoleum and oil emulsion exterior house paints.
An Odyssey of Islet Transplantation for Therapy of Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Warnock Garth L. , Liao Yu Huan Theresa , Wang Xiaojie , Ou Dawei , Ao Ziliang , Johnson James D. , Verchere C. B. , Thompson David 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCanadian surgical contributions to the field of islet transplantation have a rich heritage and a promising future. In this article, some seminal Canadian contributions to this field are reviewed, including contributions at the basic research laboratory and translational applications to bedside therapy of type 1 diabetes.
Objective Assessment of Technical Performance
Authors: Fried Gerald M. , Feldman Liane S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTechnical skills are essential to the practice of surgery. They can be taught in the operating room and in the surgical skills laboratory. The use of simulators allows the development of reproducible curricula with measurement of performance using objective metrics. The goal of those designing metrics for the simulation laboratory should be to establish measures that are consistent with those of high quality surgery in the operating room. Once these metrics have been shown to be reliable, valid, practical to use, and meaningful to the learner, they can form the basis of a learning program based on the acquisition of proficiency. Performance in the skills laboratory should ultimately be predictive of performance in the clinical setting.
Over‐connected? A qualitative exploration of the relationship between Australian youth and their mobile phones
Authors: Walsh Shari P. , White Katherine M. , Young Ross M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTIn Australia, youth are the most prolific users of mobile phones, however, there is little research investigating this phenomenon. This paper reports a qualitative exploration of psychological factors relating to mobile phone use amongst Australian youth. 32 participants, aged between 16 and 24 years, took part in focus group discussions. Thematic data analysis focussed on identifying the psychological benefits arising from mobile phone use and whether mobile phone addiction was occurring amongst this group. Mobile phone use was believed to provide numerous benefits to users and is an intrinsic part of most young people's lives. It emerged that some young people are extremely attached to their mobile phone with symptoms of behavioural addiction revealed in participants’ descriptions of their mobile phone use. The study provides a solid foundation for further work investigating addictive patterns of mobile phone use amongst youth.
Paleoenvironmental proxy records from Lake Hovsgol, Mongolia, and a synthesis of Holocene climate change in the Lake Baikal watershed
Authors: Prokopenko Alexander A. , Khursevich Galina K. , Bezrukova Elena V. , Kuzmin Mikhail I. , Boes Xavier , Williams Douglas F. , Fedenya Svetlana A. , Kulagina Nataliya V. , Letunova Polina P. , Abzaeva Anna A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHere we discuss paleoenvironmental evolution in the Baikal region during the Holocene using new records of aquatic (diatom) and terrestrial vegetation changes from Hovsgol, Mongolia's largest and deepest lake. We reconcile previous contradictory Baikal timescales by constraining reservoir corrections of AMS dates on bulk sedimentary organic carbon. Synthesis of the Holocene records in the Baikal watershed reveals a northward progression in landscape/vegetation changes and an anti-phase behavior of diatom and biogenic silica proxies in neighboring rift lakes. In Lake Baikal, these proxies appear to be responsive to annual temperature increases after 6 ka, whereas in Lake Hovsgol they respond to higher precipitation/runoff from 11 to 7 ka. Unlike around Lake Baikal, warmer summers between 6 and 3.5 ka resulted in the decline, not expansion, of forest vegetation around Lake Hovsgol, apparently as a result of higher soil temperatures and lower moisture availability. The regional climatic proxy data are consistent with a series of 500-yr time slice Holocene GCM simulations for continental Eurasia. Our results allow reevaluation of the concepts of ‘the Holocene optimum’ and a ‘maximum of the Asian summer monsoon’, as applied to paleoclimate records from continental Asia.
Hepatic structural alteration in adult programmed offspring (severe maternal protein restriction) is aggravated by post-weaning high-fat diet
Authors: Souza-Mello Vanessa , Mandarim-de-Lacerda Carlos A. , Aguila Márcia B. 
Published: June 2007

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a post-weaning high-fat (HF) diet upon hepatic morphology in rats subjected to perinatal protein restriction. Pregnant Wistar rats were assigned to a normal-protein diet (NP; with 19 % of protein) or a low-protein (LP) diet (with 5 % of protein). At weaning, the following groups were formed: NP and NP-HF, males and females, which were fed standard chow and an HF diet, respectively. Likewise, LP rat dams originated LP and LP-HF offspring, both sexes. Euthanasia was performed at 6 months of age. Three-way ANOVA disclosed a three-factor interaction among sex, perinatal diet and HF diet in relation to body mass, retroperitoneal fat pad, liver mass:tibia length ratio, binucleation rate and hepatocyte area at 6 months old (P < 0·05). The high-fat diet intensified the effects of perinatal protein restriction concerning systolic blood pressure, genital fat pad and hepatocyte number (P < 0·05; two-way ANOVA). Furthermore, higher steatosis rates and insulin and leptin concentrations were found in males fed on the HF diet, indicating a sex–post-weaning diet interaction (P < 0·05; two-way ANOVA). Fetal programming and HF diet as a single stimulus caused mild hypertension at 3 months, an important reduction in hepatocyte number as well as stage 1 steatosis at 6 months. However, hypertension and hepatocyte number deficit were worsened and grade 2 steatosis occurred after exposure to the HF diet. All of these serve to highlight the paramount importance of intra-uterine conditions and postnatal diet quality when it comes to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases.
A survey of annual pesticide usage during the control of sheep ectoparasites in Northern Ireland, 2005
Authors: JESS S. , KEARNS C. , MATTHEWS D. I. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYThe current paper presents information from a survey of the practices associated with the control of ectoparasites on sheep in Northern Ireland in 2005, including the estimated total quantities of pesticide active ingredients used. It also provides comparative data to that obtained from previous surveys in 1981 (Jess & Marks 1986), 1988 (Foy et al.1995) and 1997 (Jess et al.2000). The total number of sheep farms in Northern Ireland decreased by 25% to 8822 farms with a consequent 26% reduction in total sheep population to 2·1 million sheep compared with the previous survey in 1997. During this period, the number of sheep treated for ectoparasites decreased by 40%. The total quantity of organophosphorus (OP) compounds used for ectoparasite control decreased by approximately 67%, from 7·8 tonnes in 1997 to 2·6 tonnes in 2005, during which an estimated 0·38 of all sheep treated for ectoparasites received the OP active ingredient diazinon. The survey results indicate a decline in the practice of plunge-dipping sheep for ectoparasite control with the proportion of farms using this treatment method decreasing from 0·58 to 0·16 between 1997 and 2005. In 1997, an estimated 0·8 of all sheep treated for ectoparasites in Northern Ireland were plunge-dipped, which reduced significantly to 0·28 during 2005. Conversely, the use of alternative methods has increased with pour-on formulations of insecticides, macrocyclic lactones and growth regulators being applied to 0·33 of all sheep treated in 2005 compared with 0·09 in 1997. Use of intramuscular or subcutaneous injections of macrocyclic lactones for ectoparasite control has also increased to 0·24 of all sheep treated in 2005 compared with 0·1 in 1997. The proportion of sheep treated in communal spray showers also increased from 0·01 in 1997 to 0·14 in 2005. Control of blowfly maggots (Lucilia spp.) and prevention of sheep scab (Psoroptes ovis) were the main reasons given by farmers for sheep treatments. On the farms that plunge-dipped, an estimated 0·68 of surplus dip wash was disposed of immediately after dipping took place, with 0·8 of farms emptying the dipping tanks using a vacuum tanker and 0·54 spreading the surplus dip wash directly onto land. An estimated 0·35 of these farmers mixed the dip wash with slurry pre-disposal. The survey suggests that the products used for spray showers are those recommended for plunge-dipping as there are no contemporary products recommended for use in spray showers. Macrocyclic lactone injections recorded in the survey had the dual function of controlling both endo- and ectoparasites.
Intercropping with pulses to concentrate nitrogen and sulphur in wheat
Authors: GOODING M. J. , KASYANOVA E. , RUSKE R. , HAUGGAARD-NIELSEN H. , JENSEN E. S. , DAHLMANN C. , VON FRAGSTEIN P. , DIBET A. , CORRE-HELLOU G. , CROZAT Y. , PRISTERI A. , ROMEO M. , MONTI M. , LAUNAY M. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYThe effects of intercropping wheat with faba bean (Denmark, Germany, Italy and UK) and wheat with pea (France), in additive and replacement designs on grain nitrogen and sulphur concentrations were studied in field experiments in the 2002/03, 2003/04 and 2004/05 growing seasons. Intercropping wheat with grain legumes regularly increased the nitrogen concentration of the cereal grain, irrespective of design or location. Sulphur concentration of the cereal was also increased by intercropping, but less regularly and to a lesser extent compared with effects on nitrogen concentration. Nitrogen concentration (g/kg) in wheat additively intercropped with faba bean was increased by 8% across all sites (weighted for inverse of variance), but sulphur concentration was only increased by 4%, so N:S ratio was also increased by 4%. Intercropping wheat with grain legumes increased sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS)-sedimentation volume. The effect of intercropping on wheat nitrogen concentration was greatest when intercropping had the most deleterious effect on wheat yield and the least deleterious effect on pulse yield. Over all sites and seasons, and irrespective of whether the design was additive or replacement, increases in crude protein concentration in the wheat of 10 g/kg by intercropping with faba bean were associated with 25–30% yield reduction of the wheat, compared with sole-cropped wheat. It was concluded that the increase in protein concentration of wheat grain in intercrops could be of economic benefit when selling wheat for breadmaking, but only if the bean crop was also marketed effectively.
Evidence for sex ratio distortion by a new microsporidian parasite of a Corophiid amphipod
Authors: MAUTNER S. I. , COOK K. A. , FORBES M. R. , McCURDY D. G. , DUNN A. M. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYIn this paper, we describe the occurrence of a microsporidian parasite in female-biased populations of an intertidal amphipod,Corophium volutator(Pallas), at mudflat sites in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Sequence data for the parasite's 16S rDNA indicate that it is a novel microsporidian species. This parasite was found principally in female host gonads, indicating that it might be a vertically transmitted, sex-distorting microparasite. At 4 sites each sampled in early and mid-summer, parasite prevalence varied from 0 to 21%. In the lab, infected mothers gave rise to more female-biased broods, than did uninfected mothers. Infection was not associated with size of females or with lowered survivorship of their young. Surprisingly, infected mothers actually had higher fertility controlling for body length than did uninfected mothers. Taken together, our results suggest that this novel microsporidian is likely a feminizing microparasite and is a contributing factor to local and widespread sex ratio distortion inC. volutator.
Biased emotional attention in post-traumatic stress disorder: a help as well as a hindrance?
Authors: VYTHILINGAM M. , BLAIR K. S. , McCAFFREY D. , SCARAMOZZA M. , JONES M. , NAKIC M. , MONDILLO K. , HADD K. , BONNE O. , MITCHELL D. G. V. , PINE D. S. , CHARNEY D. S. , BLAIR R. J. R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTBackgroundFrom a cognitive neuroscience perspective, the emotional attentional bias in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) could be conceptualized either as emotional hyper-responsiveness or as reduced priming of task-relevant representations due to dysfunction in ‘top-down’ regulatory systems. We investigated these possibilities both with respect to threatening and positive stimuli among traumatized individuals with and without PTSD.MethodTwenty-two patients with PTSD, 21 trauma controls and 20 non-traumatized healthy participants were evaluated on two tasks. For one of these tasks, the affective Stroop task (aST), the emotional stimuli act as distracters and interfere with task performance. For the other, the emotional lexical decision task (eLDT), emotional information facilitates task performance.ResultsCompared to trauma controls and healthy participants, patients with PTSD showed increased interference for negative but not positive distracters on the aST and increased emotional facilitation for negative words on the eLDT.ConclusionsThese findings document that hyper-responsiveness to threat but not to positive stimuli is specific for patients with PTSD.
Attitudes to depression and its treatment in primary care
Authors: WEICH SCOTT , MORGAN LOUISE , KING MICHAEL , NAZARETH IRWIN 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTBackgroundUndertreatment of depression in primary care is common. Efforts to address this tend to overlook the role of patient attitudes. Our aim was to validate and describe responses to a questionnaire about attitudes to depression and its treatment in a sample with experience of moderate and severe depressive episodes.MethodCross-sectional survey of 866 individuals with a confirmed history of an ICD-10 depressive episode in the 12 months preceding interview, recruited from 7271 consecutive general practitioner (GP) attendees in 36 general practices in England and Wales. Attitudes to and beliefs about depression were assessed using a 19-item self-report questionnaire.ResultsFactor analysis resulted in a three-factor solution: factor 1, depression as a disabling, permanent state; factor 2, depression as a medical condition responsive to support; and factor 3, antidepressants are addictive and ineffective. Participants who received and adhered to antidepressant medication and disclosed their depression to family and friends had significantly lower scores on factors 1 and 3 but higher scores on factor 2.ConclusionsPeople with moderate or severe depressive episodes have subtle and divergent views about this condition, its outcome, and appropriate help. Such beliefs should be considered in primary care as they may significantly impact on help seeking and adherence to treatment.
A nationwide US study of post-traumatic stress after hospitalization for physical injury
Authors: ZATZICK DOUGLAS F. , RIVARA FREDERICK P. , NATHENS AVERY B. , JURKOVICH GREGORY J. , WANG JIN , FAN MING-YU , RUSSO JOAN , SALKEVER DAVID S. , MACKENZIE ELLEN J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTBackgroundInjured survivors of individual and mass trauma are at risk for developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Few investigations have assessed PTSD after injury in large samples across diverse acute care hospital settings.MethodA total of 2931 injured trauma survivors aged 18–84 who were representative of 9983 in-patients were recruited from 69 hospitals across the USA. In-patient medical records were abstracted, and hospitalized patients were interviewed at 3 and 12 months after injury. Symptoms consistent with a DSM-IV diagnosis of PTSD were assessed with the PTSD Checklist (PCL) 12 months after injury.ResultsApproximately 23% of injury survivors had symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of PTSD 12 months after their hospitalization. Greater levels of early post-injury emotional distress and physical pain were associated with an increased risk of symptoms consistent with a PTSD diagnosis. Pre-injury, intensive care unit (ICU) admission [relative risk (RR) 1·17, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·02–1·34], pre-injury depression (RR 1·33, 95% CI 1·15–1·54), benzodiazepine prescription (RR 1·46, 95% CI 1·17–1·84) and intentional injury (RR 1·32, 95% CI 1·04–1·67) were independently associated with an increased risk of symptoms consistent with a PTSD diagnosis. White injury survivors without insurance demonstrated approximately twice the rate of symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of PTSD when compared to white individuals with private insurance. By contrast, for Hispanic injury survivors PTSD rates were approximately equal between uninsured and privately insured individuals.ConclusionsNationwide in the USA, more than 20% of injured trauma survivors have symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of PTSD 12 months after acute care in-patient hospitalization. Coordinated investigative and policy efforts could target mandates for high-quality PTSD screening and intervention in acute care medical settings.
An outbreak of psittacosis in a bird park in Japan
Authors: MATSUI T. , NAKASHIMA K. , OHYAMA T. , KOBAYASHI J. , ARIMA Y. , KISHIMOTO T. , OGAWA M. , CAI Y. , SHIGA S. , ANDO S. , KURANE I. , TABARA K. , ITAGAKI A. , NITTA N. , FUKUSHI H. , MATSUMOTO A. , OKABE N. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYAn outbreak of psittacosis related to a bird park occurred in Matsue City, Shimane Prefecture, Japan, during winter 2001. Seventeen cases of psittacosis (12 visitors, three staff, and two student interns) were confirmed. A cohort study was conducted among the park staff and students to determine the risk factors for the development of acute serologically confirmed psittacosis (SCP) infection. Being ‘bird staff’ had an increased risk of SCP infection (RR 3·96, 95% CI 1·48–10·58). Entering the staff building, where ill birds were maintained without proper isolation, was also associated with an increased risk of SCP infection (RR 3·61, 95% CI 1·03–12·6). Isolation of ill birds and quarantine measures were found to be insufficient. Dehumidifiers and a high-pressure water spray under a closed ventilation environment may have raised the concentration of Chlamydophila psittaci in the hothouses. Bird park staff and visitors should be educated about psittacosis.
An outbreak of pig rabies in Hunan province, China
Authors: JIANG Y. , YU X. , WANG L. , LU Z. , LIU H. , XUAN H. , HU Z. , TU C. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYThe first dog-associated outbreak of rabies in swine in China (Hunan province) has been diagnosed and the related virus isolated. Sequence analysis showed that the pig isolate was a genotype 1 rabies virus with a very high nucleotide identity to local dog isolates.