bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cost-Effectiveness of Routine Childhood Vaccination for Hepatitis A in the United States
Authors: Rein David B. , Hicks Katherine A. , Wirth Kathleen E. , Billah Kaafee , Finelli Lyn , Fiore Anthony E. , Hoerger Thomas J. , Bell Beth P. , Armstrong Gregory L. 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVES. Economic analysis is an important component in formulating national policy. We evaluated the economic impact of hepatitis A vaccination of all US children ages 12 to 23 months as compared with no vaccination and with current implementation of the preexisting (issued in 1999), regional policy.METHODS. We developed a Markov model of hepatitis A that followed a single cohort from birth in 2005 through death or age 95 years. From the societal perspective, the model compared the outcomes that resulted from routine vaccination at age 1 year to 2 scenarios: no hepatitis A vaccination and hepatitis A vaccination at levels observed in 2003 under the preexisting policy. We evaluated the economic impact of vaccination nationwide, in areas where vaccination was already recommended, and in areas where no previous recommendation existed.RESULTS. Without childhood vaccination, the ∼4 million children in the 2005 birth cohort would be expected over their lifetimes to have 199000 hepatitis A virus infections, including 74000 cases of acute hepatitis A and 82 deaths, resulting in $134 million in hepatitis A–related medical costs and productivity losses. Compared with no vaccination, routine vaccination at age 1 year would prevent 172000 infections, at a cost of $28000 per quality-adjusted life year saved. Compared with maintaining the levels of hepatitis A vaccination under the preexisting regional policy, routine vaccination at age 1 year would prevent an additional 112000 infections, at a cost of $45000 per quality-adjusted life year saved.CONCLUSIONS. The cost-effectiveness of nationwide hepatitis A vaccination compared with no vaccination, and the incremental cost-effectiveness of this recommendation compared with preexisting recommendations, is similar to that of other accepted public health interventions. In October 2005, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended extending hepatitis A immunization to all US children ages 12 to 23 months.
Synthesis and characterization of novel polyurethanes based on 2,6‐bis(4‐hydroxybenzylidene) cyclohexanone hard segments
Authors: Raghu A. V. , Anita G. , Barigaddi Y. M. , Gadaginamath G. S. , Aminabhavi T. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFour novel polyurethanes (PUs) containing 2,6‐bis(4‐hydroxybenzylidene) cyclohexanone hard segments with four diisocyanate, namely, 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate, toluene 2,4‐diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, and hexamethylene diisocyanate, were prepared. Structural elucidation and thermal characterization of these PUs were done by Fourier transform infrared, UV, and fluorescence spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetric analysis. All of the PUs contained domains of semicrystalline and amorphous structures as indicated by X‐ray diffraction. PUs were soluble in polar aprotic solvents such as N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide. Acoustic properties were calculated from the group contribution method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Effect of flow history on poly(vinylidine fluoride) crystalline phase transformation
Authors: Sobhani Hadi , Razavi‐Nouri Mohammad , Yousefi Ali Akbar 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis study was devoted to the effect of extensional flow during film extrusion on the formation of the β‐crystalline phase and on the piezoelectric properties of the extruded poly(vinylidine fluoride) (PVDF) films after cold drawing. The PVDF films were extruded at different draw ratios with two different dies, a conventional slit die and a two‐channel die, of which the latter was capable of applying high extensional flow to the PVDF melt. The PVDF films prepared with the two‐channel die were drawn at different temperatures, strain rates, and strains. The optimum stretching conditions for the achievement of the maximum β‐phase content were determined as follows: temperature = 90°C, strain = 500%, and strain rate = 0.083 s−1. The samples prepared from the dies were then drawn under optimum stretching conditions, and their β‐phase content and piezoelectric strain coefficient (d33) values were compared at equal draw ratios. Measured by the Fourier transform infrared technique, a maximum of 82% β‐phase content was obtained for the samples prepared with the two‐channel die, which was 7% higher than that of the samples prepared by the slit die. The d33 value of the two‐channel die was 35 pC/N, which was also 5 pC/N higher than that of the samples prepared with the slit die. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Solution Structure of Domain 6 from a Self‐Splicing Group II Intron Ribozyme: A Mg2+ Binding Site is Located Close to the Stacked Branch Adenosine
Authors: Erat Michèle C. , Zerbe Oliver , Fox Thomas , Sigel Roland K. O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractGroup II intron self‐splicing is essential for the correct expression of organellar genes in plants, fungi, and yeast, as well as of bacterial genes. Self‐excision of these autocatalytic introns from the primary RNA transcript is achieved in a two‐step mechanism that is apparently analogous to that of the eukaryotic spliceosome. The 2′‐OH of a conserved adenosine (the branch point) located within domain 6 (D6) acts as the nucleophile in the first step of splicing. Despite the biological importance of group II introns, little is known about their structural organization and usage of metal ions in catalysis. Here we report the first solution structure of a catalytically active D6 construct encompassing the branch point and the neighboring helical regions from the mitochondrial yeast intron ai5γ. The branch adenosine is the single unpaired nucleotide, and, in contrast to the spliceosomal branch site, resides within the helix, being partially stacked between two flanking GU wobble pairs. We identified a novel prominent Mg2+ binding site in the major groove of the branch site. Importantly, Mg2+ addition does not impair the stacking of the branch adenosine, rather it strengthens the interaction with the flanking uridines, as shown by NMR and fluorescence studies. This means that domain 6 presents the branch adenosine in a stacked fashion to the core of group II introns upon folding to the active conformation.
A Valuable, Inexpensive CuI/N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyst for the Selective Diboration of Styrene
Authors: Lillo Vanesa , Fructos Manuel R. , Ramírez Jesús , Braga Ataualpa A. C. , Maseras Feliu , Díaz‐Requejo M. Mar , Pérez Pedro J. , Fernández Elena 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe complexes [Cu(NHC)(NCMe)]BF4 (NHC=N‐heterocyclic ligand), with bis(catecholato)diboron (B2(cat)2) as the boron source, efficiently catalyze the diboration of styrene with very high degrees of conversion. With the appropriate NHC ligand, the reaction proceeds quantitatively toward the diborated derivative PhCH(Bcat)CH2(Bcat). The [styrene]/[B2(cat)2] ratio also has a strong effect on the selectivity: the use of an excess of styrene allows modification of the selectivity toward the formation solely of the monoborated derivative, PhCH2CH2(Bcat). DFT calculations suggest that no oxidative addition processes take place at copper, but that intermediates containing coordinated σ‐bonds are involved in the catalytic cycle.
Is there a role for platinum chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with hormone‐refractory prostate cancer?
Authors: Oh William K. , Tay Miah‐Hiang , Huang Jiaoti 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDocetaxel chemotherapy is the current standard of care for metastatic hormone‐refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). Platinum chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin and carboplatin, have moderate single‐agent activity in HRPC. Next‐generation platinum drugs, including satraplatin and oxaliplatin, may have additional activity in the management of HRPC. Furthermore, neuroendocrine differentiation may play a role in disease progression, providing a rationale for platinum‐based chemotherapy in the management of HRPC. The authors reviewed the MEDLINE database for reports related to platinum‐based chemotherapy in patients with advanced prostate cancer and evaluated studies that reviewed the role of neuroendocrine differentiation in the progression of HRPC. Older studies from the 1970s and 1980s suggested a lack of activity of cisplatin and carboplatin; however, those studies were flawed at least in part by their methods of response assessment. More recent Phase II studies of carboplatin suggested a moderate level of clinical and palliative activity when it was used as a single agent. However, when carboplatin was combined with a taxane and estramustine, high response rates were observed in several recent clinical trials. In addition, a randomized trial suggested that satraplatin plus prednisone improved progression‐free survival compared with prednisone alone. For patients who progressed after docetaxel, no standard options existed in the literature that was reviewed. Several preliminary reports suggested that carboplatin and oxaliplatin may have activity as second‐line chemotherapy. Platinum chemotherapy drugs historically have been considered inactive in HRPC, although a review of the data suggested otherwise. Carboplatin, in particular, induced very high response rates when it was combined with estramustine and a taxane, but it also appeared to have activity in patients who progressed after docetaxel. Satraplatin plus prednisone is being investigated in a large Phase III trial as second‐line chemotherapy for HRPC. Targeting neuroendocrine cells may provide a new therapeutic approach to HRPC. Cancer 2007;109:477–486. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Influence of plasma volume status on blood pressure in patients on maintenance hemodialysis
Authors: Ibrahim Salwa , Taweel Ahmed 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground.Hypervolemia is considered a major pathogenic factor for hypertension in patients receiving hemodialysis (HD). We examined the effect of intradialytic changes in body weight and plasma volume on blood pressure (BP) in a cohort of chronic HD patients.Patients and Methods.One hundred chronic, stable HD patients were the subjects of the present study. They were divided into 2 groups according to their pre‐dialysis BP. Each group was examined for potential significant correlations of intradialytic changes in body weight and plasma volume with pre‐ and post‐dialysis blood pressure values. The intradialytic decrease in plasma volume was calculated from pre‐dialysis and post‐dialysis total plasma protein concentrations and was expressed as a percentage of the plasma volume at the beginning of the hemodialysis session.Results.In group A (hypertensive group, n=43), post‐dialysis systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) were significantly lower than pre‐dialysis values (p < 0.05). The mean intradialytic reduction in body weight was 2.97±1.33 kg, and the mean intradialytic decrease in plasma volume was 13.6%±8.23%. There was no significant correlation between intradialytic change in either SBP or DBP and intradialytic change in body weight or plasma volume. In group B (normotensive group, n=57), post‐dialysis SBP and DBP were significantly lower than pre‐dialysis levels (p < 0.05). The mean intradialytic reduction in body weight was 2.64±1.07 kg, and the mean intradialytic decrease in plasma volume was 13.4%±7.73%. A positive significant correlation was recorded between intradialytic change in SBP and change in body weight in normotensive group. Multiple regression analysis revealed that for the study patients as a whole, pre‐dialysis SBP, intradialytic change in SBP, pre‐dialysis DBP, and post‐dialysis SBP were not significantly correlated with intradialytic changes in plasma volume and body weight.Conclusions.Our findings clearly indicate that intradialytic change in plasma volume does not influence either pre‐dialysis or post‐dialysis blood pressure. From our results, we conclude that assessment of intradialytic change in plasma volume is not useful for evaluating the hydration status of HD patients in clinical practice.
Can knowledge of developmental processes illuminate the evolution of parental care?
Authors: Michel George F. , Tyler Amber N. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThere are two levels of investigation for elucidating the evolution of parental behavior. The macro level focuses on how parental behavior can evolve as an aspect of reproduction. The micro level focuses on how species variations in parental behavior evolve. Recently, modern evolutionary biology has turned to developmental biology as a source for information about how trait variability (the substrate upon which natural selection and other evolutionary mechanisms can operate) can emerge during development (called “evo‐devo”). Application of this evo‐devo approach to the phenomenon of parental behavior requires identification of those mechanisms that produce variations in developmental pathways leading to parental behavior. It is these variations that provide the phenotypes for the potential evolution of different parental behavior systems. Variations in rodent maternal behavior affect the development of the HPA and HPG axes in their offspring. These mechanisms are examined to reveal how such developmental variations could underlie the evolution of biparental behavior. Knowledge of the developmental mechanisms responsible for species variations in mammalian parental behavior systems may provide insight into those mechanisms that may have been involved in the evolution of parental behavior itself. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 33–44, 2007.
Reprogramming of genetic networks during initiation of the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Authors: Green Maia L. , Singh Amar V. , Zhang Yihzi , Nemeth Kimberly A. , Sulik Kathleen K. , Knudsen Thomas B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are birth defects that result from maternal alcohol use. We used a non a priori approach to prioritize candidate pathways during alcohol‐induced teratogenicity in early mouse embryos. Two C57BL/6 substrains (B6J, B6N) served as the basis for study. Dosing pregnant dams with alcohol (2× 2.9 g/kg ethanol spaced 4 hr on day 8) induced FASD in B6J at a higher incidence than B6N embryos. Counter‐exposure to PK11195 (4 mg/kg) significantly protected B6J embryos but slightly promoted FASD in B6N embryos. Microarray transcript profiling was performed on the embryonic headfold 3 hr after the first maternal alcohol injection (GEO data series accession GSE1074). This analysis revealed metabolic and cellular reprogramming that was substrain‐specific and/or PK11195‐dependent. Mapping ethanol‐responsive KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways revealed down‐regulation of ribosomal proteins and proteasome, and up‐regulation of glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway in B6N embryos; and significant up‐regulation of tight junction, focal adhesion, adherens junction, and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton (and near‐significant up‐regulation of Wnt signaling and apoptosis) pathways in both substrains. Expression networks constructed computationally from these altered genes identified entry points for EtOH at several hubs (MAPK1, ALDH3A2, CD14, PFKM, TNFRSF1A, RPS6, IGF1, EGFR, PTEN) and for PK11195 at AKT1. Our findings are consistent with the growing view that developmental exposure to alcohol alters common signaling pathways linking receptor activation to cytoskeletal reorganization. The programmatic shift in cell motility and metabolic capacity further implies cell signals and responses that are integrated by the mitochondrial recognition site for PK11195. Developmental Dynamics 236:613–631, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FOXP3: Not just for regulatory T cells anymore
Authors: Ziegler Steven F. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe forkhead family transcription factor FOXP3 has been shown to be critical for the development and function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. Recently, FOXP3 expression has been shown to be induced upon activation of human CD4+ T cells. A new report in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology shows that expression of FOXP3 in activated T cell leads to hyporesponsiveness, but not necessarily to acquisition of suppressor function. This finding suggests a new role for FOXP3 in human CD4+ T cells: down‐modulating responses to TCR‐mediated stimulation.See accompanying article http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636435
A Novel Direct Conversion of Primary Amides to Their Corresponding Methyl Esters
Authors: Li Liang‐Chun , Ren Jie , Liao Tou‐Gen , Jiang Ju‐Xing , Zhu Hua‐Jie 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA novel method was used to directly convert aliphatic and aromatic primary amides into their corresponding methyl esters in high yields (up to 99 %) under mild reaction conditions. Possible mechanisms were studied at the B3LYP/6‐31++G(d,p) level of theory. Formation of the ester proceeded through a rearrangement of the –OMe and –NH2 groups in the RC(O)NHS(O)OMe intermediate in a H+‐catalyzed six‐membered ring transition state structure. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Evaluation of the SEDD model for predicting sediment yield at the Sicilian experimental SPA2 basin
Authors: Stefano Costanza Di , Ferro Vito 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn this paper a spatially distributed model of the hillslope sediment delivery processes, named the sediment delivery distributed (SEDD) model, is initially reviewed; the model takes into account the sediment delivery processes due to both the hillslope sediment transport and the effects of slope curvature.Then the rainfall and sediment yield events measured at the experimental SPA2 basin, in Sicily, are used both to calibrate the SEDD model and to verify the predictive capability of the distributed sediment delivery approach at event scale.For the SPA2 basin discretized into morphological units and stream tubes, the SEDD model is calibrated at event scale using the measurements carried out at the outlet of the experimental basin in the period December 2000–January 2001. The model calibration is used to determine a relationship useful for estimating the unique coefficient βe of the model by rainfall erosivity factor Re at event scale.To test the predictive capability of the βe = f(Re) relationship, 20 events measured in the period September 2002–December 2005 are used; the comparison between measured sediment yield values and calculated ones for all monitored events shows that the sediment delivery distributed approach has a good predictive ability at event scale.The analysis also shows that estimating βe by the relationship βe = f(Re) gives a better agreement between measured and calculated sediment yields than obtained with the median value βe,m of all 27 calculated βe values.Finally the analysis at annual scale, for the period 2000–2005, allows the estimation of the median value βa,m representative of the annual behaviour. This analysis shows that the sediment delivery distributed approach also has a good predictive ability at annual scale. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of a novel series of metallothiocarbohydrazone polymers and their adducts
Authors: Seleem H. S. , El‐Shetary B. A. , Shebl M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA novel linear polymeric pentadentate (O2N2S‐sites) ligand (H3L) bearing both soft and hard donors was prepared by the reaction of a bifunctional carbonyl compound, 4,6‐diacetylresorcinol, with a bifunctional hydrazide compound, thiocarbohydrazide. Mono‐ and binuclear CuII and NiII complexes/each monomeric unit of the polymeric ligand were obtained depending on the pH of the reaction medium and the metal ion. Adducts with 1,10‐phenanthroline (Phen) and 2,2′‐bipyridyl (Bpy) were obtained. Anomalous dimeric CoII/CoIII complexes of the polymeric ligand were obtained in which two molecules of the linear polymeric ligand trapped two cobalt ions (CoII and CoIII) in each monomeric unit. These structures are very interesting in that they contain CoII/CoIII, side by side, as high‐spin square planar coordinated CoII ions and low‐spin (diamagnetic) octahedral coordinated CoIII ions. The suggested structures of the complexes have been elucidated on the basis of elemental and thermal analyses, conductance, and magnetic susceptibility measurements as well as spectral studies (electronic, IR, and ESR spectra). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 18:100–107, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20239
Roscovitine‐activated HIP2 kinase induces phosphorylation of wt p53 at Ser‐46 in human MCF‐7 breast cancer cells
Authors: Węsierska‐Gądek Józefa , Schmitz M. Lienhard , Ranftler Carmen 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHuman MCF‐7 breast cancer cells are relatively resistant to conventional chemotherapy due to the lack of caspase‐3 activity. We reported recently that roscovitine (ROSC), a potent cyclin‐dependent kinase 2 inhibitor, arrests human MCF‐7 breast cancer cells in the G2phase of the cell cycle and concomitantly induces apoptosis. Exposure of MCF‐7 cells to ROSC also strongly activates the wt p53 tumor suppressor protein in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. The p53 level increased despite upregulation of Hdm‐2 protein and was attributable to the site‐specific phosphorylation at Ser‐46. The p53 protein phosphorylated at serine 46 causes the up‐regulation of the p53AIP1 protein, a component of mitochondria. In the present study we identified the pathway mediating ROSC‐induced p53 activation. Exposure of MCF‐7 cells to ROSC activated homeodomain‐intereacting protein kinase‐2 (HIPK2). The overexpression of wild‐type but not kinase inactive HIPK2 increased the basal and ROSC‐induced level of p53 phosphorylation at Ser‐46 and strongly enhanced the rate of apoptosis in cells exposed to ROSC. We show that HIPK2 is activated by ROSC and mediates ROSC‐induced P‐Ser‐46‐p53, thereby stabilizing wt p53 and increasing the efficacy of drug‐induced apoptosis in MCF‐7 cells. These results identify HIPK2 as a component of the ROSC‐induced signaling pathway leading to the stabilization and activation of wt p53 protein. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 865–874, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct evaluation via forced oscillation method of the electronic state density of sizable clusters
Authors: Conte R. , Arrighini G. P. , Guidotti C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMetal clusters described in the framework of a simple tight binding model have been studied. Application of a dynamical approach (FOM), jointly with efficient storage of the sparse Hamiltonian matrix involved, is shown to allow direct evaluation of the electronic state density of sizable cubic‐symmetry aggregates. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 28: 584–593, 2007