bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
6 The Last Years of the Republic
Authors: Clark Anna J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter looks again at the range of resources introduced in previous chapters and introduces some new ones, all in the context of the late Republic. It focuses in particular on the competition between Cicero and Clodius over libertas, and especially that of Caesar and Pompey, explored through passwords, oratory, drama, colonies, building‐work, horti, speeches, and commentaries. The chapter argues that in the last decades of the Republic, as famous commanders gained ever‐increasing power to mobilize and control resources, their competition over divine qualities, especially fortuna, felicitas, and virtus, was played out in a number of fields which are most fruitfully considered together. Alternative meanings and associations could still be found by others, viewing Pompey's theatre complex for example, but this required a greater effort on the part of a viewer.
7 Conclusions
Authors: Clark Anna J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter first draws together conclusions about the range of claims and counter‐claims made about divine qualities during the Republican period by individuals and groups from a range of social strata. It highlights the importance both of physical resources and of oral culture in the ways the cognitive vocabulary of divine qualities was used in Republican society. It then explores engagements with such qualities in the early empire. The capacity to restrict meanings and associations increased with the existence of an imperial family, but divine qualities also continued to be important in this period because alternative readings and associations could still be made, and such qualities were useful to senators and other people as well as to emperors. Imperial case studies include episodes found in Suetonius, Tacitus, and Dio, acclamations, Pompeian graffiti, ships, slave names, and the tomb of Claudia Semne.
Preliminary Studies: The Supernatural and Causation in Herodotus
Authors: Sewell‐Rutter N. J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter considers some aspects of Herodotus. It examines instances in this contemporary author of supernatural causation, moral inheritance within the family, and decision making. It argues that Herodotus exhibits fruitful points of comparison and contrast with the tragedians.
Skills and Wages in European Labour Markets: Structure and Change
Authors: Tåhlin Michael 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents an empirical analysis of structure and change in skills and wages in five European countries: Germany, Spain, France, Great Britain, and Sweden. The discussion begins with an overview of previous research in three interrelated fields of relevance for the empirical analyses: (a) the structure and change of skill demand in Western Europe and the United States; (b) the connections between social class and skills; and (c) international variations in educational systems and school-to-work linkages. It then looks at a number of outstanding issues in need of further empirical analysis. Among the main findings are that firm-based skill formation seems to be more widespread and more important in Britain than in several other European countries considered here, including Germany and Sweden; also that in line with the production regime perspective, women are disadvantaged in firm-based skill formation; and finally that there is no strong indication of an interaction effect between class and gender, such that women's disadvantage relative to men is larger in the service class than in the working class.
6 Job Insecurity
Authors: Paugam Serge , Zhou Ying 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines country differences and trends in job insecurity. It is shown that the countries where job security is strongest are also those whose class differentials are the lowest. This supports the view that an ‘inclusive’ employment regime allows for a higher level of integration in the labour market than either a ‘dualist’ or ‘market’ regime does with respect to this particular type of employee division. Although there is a correlation in every country between job insecurity and poor quality of work, the statistical relationship between these two dimensions of employment is notably weaker in Denmark and in Sweden than in the other countries.
Perspectival Thought
Authors: Recanati François 
Published: January 2008

AbstractOur thought and talk are situated: they do not take place in a vacuum but always in a context, and they always concern an external situation relative to which they are to be evaluated. Since that is so, this book argues, our linguistic and mental representations alike must be assigned two layers of content: the explicit content, or lekton, is relative and perspectival, while the complete content, which is absolute, involves contextual factors in addition to what is explicitly represented. Far from reducing to the context-independent meaning of the sentence-type or, in the psychological realm, to the ‘narrow’ content of mental representations, the lekton is a level intermediate between context-invariant meaning and full propositional content. Recognition of that intermediate level is the key to a proper understanding of context-dependence in language and thought. Going beyond the usual discussions of indexicality and unarticulated constituents in the philosophy of language, this book turns to the philosophy of mind for decisive arguments in favour of this approach. The book shows, first, that the lekton is the notion of content we need if we are to understand properly the relations between perception, memory, and the imagination, and second, that the psychological ‘mode’ is what determines the situation the lekton is relative to. In this framework the book provides a detailed account of de se thought and the first person point of view. The last part of the book discusses the special freedom we have, in discourse and thought, to shift the situation of evaluation. It traces that freedom to a special mode — the anaphoric mode — which enables us to go beyond the egocentric stage of pre-human thought.
Language Turned on Itself
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Lepore Ernest 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis book examines what happens when language becomes self-reflexive; when language is used to talk about language. Those who think, talk, and write about language are habitual users of various meta-linguistic devices, but reliance on these devices begins early — kids are told, “That's called a rabbit”. It's not implausible that a primitive capacity for the meta-linguistic kicks in at the beginning stages of language acquisition. But no matter when or how frequently these devices are invoked, one thing is clear: they present theorists of language with a complex data pattern. This book shows that the study of these devices and patterns not only represents an interesting and neglected project in the philosophy of language, but also carries important consequences for other parts of philosophy. Part I is devoted to presenting data about various aspects of our meta-linguistic practices. In Part II, the book examines and rejects the four leading meta-linguistic theories, and offers a new account of our use of quotation in a variety of different contexts. But the primary goal of this book is not to promote one theory over another. Rather, it is to present a deeply puzzling set of problems and explain their significance.
Overview
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Lepore Ernie 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents the central data, (D1)-(D12), on the theory of quotation. It argues that an adequate theory of quotation should say something about how to accommodate the data surrounding (D1)-(D12). The following are discussed: D1 - opacity; D2 - quantifying in; D3 - infinitude; D4 - extant lexicon; D5 - the proximity constraint and the disquotational scheme; D6 - syntactic chameleonism; D7 - simultaneous use and mention in mixed quotation; D8 - indexicals inside mixed quotation; D9 - context sensitivity in mixed quotation; D10 - iterability in quotation; D11 - quotation without quotation marks; ad D12 - “impure” direct quotes.
Mixed Quotation—Semantically Redundant?
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Lepore Ernie 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines one small aspect of mixed quotation, namely, whether it is a genuinely semantic phenomenon. It argues that the Redundancy View (RV) of mixed quotation and its corollary CRV are both false. According to RV the quotation marks in mixed quotations are semantically superfluous; and to CRV the semantic content of a mixed report is identical to the semantic content of the corresponding direct report (i.e., one in which its complement clause has no quotation marks).
Quotation and Context Sensitivity
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Lepore Ernie 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe thesis of Quotation Context Sensitivity (QCS) states that: let S be a sentence with a quotation Q. Two utterances, u and u', of S can express different propositions because Q in u and in u' quotes different items. This chapter refutes any semantic interpretation of QCS and shows that even a pragmatic construal of the data encounters problems. The first section presents four arguments against a semantic construal of QCS. These arguments are not intended to deny data that support QCS, but only to deny that they should be explained by a semantic theory. The next section presents some pragmatic options for explaining these data in support of QCS, and then argues that some of these variability data resist even pragmatic explanation. That result leaves an explanatory gap that is addressed in Chapter 12.
Use Theories
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Lepore Ernie 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of the two most serious versions of the Use Theory, namely Saka's and Recanati's Use Theories respectively. It then covers the history of Use Theories and the evaluation of Use Theories. It argues that the practice of quotation incorporates a wide array of exceedingly confusing and complex data. It is doubtful that any theory will be able to account for all of this in anything remotely like an elegant and simple manner.
Ugly and Wasted
Authors: Brown David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores the aspects of Christian attitudes toward the body that non-believers usually find most difficult — the exaltation of the body as ‘ugly and wasted’. Most of the chapter is concerned with a selective historical survey that seeks to interpret sympathetically some of the stranger aspects of Christian history, beginning with an examination of the types of changes that were made to the telling of the crucifixion story in order to make affective appropriation easier. A comparison is then made between one of the Gospels and the response of the 15th-century English mystic Margery Kempe in her own distinctive gift of tears. Thereafter, two more extreme types of reaction are explored: the asceticism of those, such as Catherine of Siena, who sought to live on virtually nothing; and the way in which the classical legend of the flaying of Marsyas was adapted to Christian ideals in normally quite restrained artists such as Michelangelo and Titian. In pursuing this more sympathetic analysis, the intention is not to declare right and proper such extremes. Rather, it is to call into question blanket condemnations and to raise the question of whether the modern world is really necessarily any better in its approach.
2 Validating Concepts and Principles
Authors: Echevarria II Antulio J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the method Clausewitz used in writing On War. Scholars have paid too little attention to his method in the past, and this oversight has contributed to the many misunderstandings of his work. Clausewitz first tested a concept from a purely logical standpoint, then from a material or practical perspective, and then evaluated or assessed the concept, placing it within an accepted hierarchy of other known concepts if it passed the first two tests.
13 Conservatism
Authors: Foley Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines conservatism in American society. It argues that conservatives have become the most conspicuous feature of American politics in terms of intellectual engagement and ideological conviction. In effect, they have set out to redefine the moral and historical basis of the liberal mainstream. Organic conservatism, individualist conservatism, the conservative matrix, the religious right, neoconservatism are discussed.
14 Populism
Authors: Foley Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines populism in the United States. It argues that despite some of the historical and social ambiguities that surround American populism, the contribution of populism remains a valuable component of America's democratic culture. The populist impulse can act as a potent corrective to the self-absorption of political elites and a necessary antidote to the habitual co-option of the people's name by office-holders and decision-makers. At its worst, populism can become embroiled in existential speculations over the identity of the people, which can lead not so much to the moralization of politics but to the moral rejection of politics in favour of a simplified and more ominous alternative. At its best, populism offers a critical awareness of the anomalies and imbalances within a mass democracy, as well as a reformist impulse that finds expression either through a renovation of established institutions or through the provision of alternative public spheres. Soft populism, hard populism, and populist paradoxes are discussed.
15 Nationalism
Authors: Foley Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines American nationalism. American nationalism is widely reputed not only to be based upon values but to be primarily understood and expressed in terms of these characterizing principles. The ideas in questions are those core values associated with the United States — liberty, democracy, rule of law, individual rights, progress, equality, and property. In one respect, America's tradition of ‘open nationalism’ provides a satisfactory account of the country's social cohesion and ideological unity. Under these ecumenical auspices, nationalism can offer a plausible explanation of how America's disparate values have been reconciled into an amalgam capable of providing both the focal point and the unifying medium for a vast immigrant culture.
Dealing with Ideas
Authors: Foley Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the ecology of ideas in American politics. It discusses the various means by which political participants engage with a multiple constituency of core values in the competitive struggle for advantage and legitimacy. It also reviews how analysts have sought to come to terms with the dual existence of a fixed set of central principles within society, and the fluid and innovative style by which these core values are articulated and aggregated for political effect.
On Global Order
Authors: Hurrell Andrew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis book provides an introduction to the analysis of global political order — how patterns of governance and institutionalization in world politics have already changed; what the most important challenges are; and what the way forward might look like. The first section develops three analytical frameworks: a world of sovereign states capable of only limited cooperation; a world of ever-denser international institutions embodying the idea of an international community; and a world in which global governance moves beyond the state and into the realms of markets, civil society, and networks. Part II examines five of the most important issues facing contemporary international society: nationalism and the politics of identity; human rights and democracy; war, violence, and collective security; the ecological challenge; and the management of economic globalization in a highly unequal world. Part III considers the idea of an emerging multi-regional system; and the picture of global order built around US empire. The conclusion looks at the normative implications. If international society has indeed been changing in the ways discussed in this book, what ought we to do? And, still more crucially, who is the ‘we’ that is to be at the centre of this drive to create a morally better world? This book is concerned with the fate of international society in an era of globalization and the ability of the inherited society of sovereign states to provide a practically viable and normatively acceptable framework for global political order. It lays particular emphasis on the different forms of global inequality and the problems of legitimacy that these create, and on the challenges posed by cultural diversity and value conflict.
One world? Many worlds?
Authors: Hurrell Andrew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter considers the place of regions within our understanding of global international society. It focuses on the relationship between the one world and the many worlds — on the one side, the one world of globalizing capitalism, of global security dynamics, of a global political system that, for many, revolves around a single hegemonic power, of global institutions and global governance, and of the drive to develop and embed a global cosmopolitan ethic; and, on the other side, the extent to which regions and the regional level of practice and of analysis have become more firmly established as important elements of the architecture of global political order; and the extent to which we are witnessing an emerging multi-regional system of international relations.
The state of international society and the pursuit of justice
Authors: Hurrell Andrew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter draws together the picture of international society that has been painted and then looks more directly at the normative implications. It argues that far greater attention must be given to the links between political and moral cosmopolitanism and to the possible principles of global political justice that might inform those links. A revalidation of processes of legitimacy and procedural justice is crucial for the development of a stable, effective, and legitimate international society and for the nurturing of meaningfully shared foundations for the discussion of global justice. The ethical claims of international society rest on the contention that such a society continues to be the most stable set of globally institutionalized political processes by which norms and rules can be negotiated on the basis of dialogue and consent, rather than simply being imposed by the most powerful.
Preventive War and US Foreign Policy
Authors: Trachtenberg Marc 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses US policy on preventive war. Following September 11, 2001, the Bush Administration established a new national security policy that was no longer based on the principle of deterrence, but based on pre-emption. It is shown that the Bush strategy is anomalous and has really broken with American tradition. This is done by considering the policies pursued by other American governments, and in particular by looking at how the Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and even Clinton administrations dealt with this sort of problem in earlier phases of the atomic age, but also by looking with some care at the policy the Roosevelt administration pursued in the period before Pearl Harbor.
6 The Problem with Prevention
Authors: Rodin David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter argues that there are profound moral problems with the doctrine of preventive war. The consequentialist approaches to preventive war are first examined. The chapter then examines whether preventive action can be viewed as a legitimate component of the right of self-defence, and argues that it cannot. The right of self-defence has historically been grounded in a number of different theoretical justifications, including those that invoke a conception of psychological necessity and those that invoke human rights. On neither of these theories, however, can preventive self-defence be justified.
1 Introduction: Can Latin American Firms Compete?
Authors: Grosse Robert 
Published: January 2008

AbstractLatin American companies have not fared well in international competition in recent years, compared with North American, European, and Japanese firms. A greater concern is that competitors from India, Eastern Europe, and China are gaining more rapid entrance into the ‘grandes ligas’ of global business. This introductory chapter compares Latin American companies with their rivals from elsewhere in terms of size, global reach, innovation, and other issues, identifying the weaknesses that exist in the Latin American context. It argues that Latin American firms do have a number of international competitive strengths, many based on the institutional structure of the region's economies, which must be further developed to produce a broad level of competitiveness. The remainder of the chapter briefly summarizes the findings of each of the empirical studies that make up the book, focusing on individual countries, specific companies, industry sectors, and sources of competitiveness.
8 Can Argentinian Companies Survive? A Study of the Determinants of Organizational Flexibility
Authors: Hatum Andrés , Pettigrew Andrew 
Published: January 2008

AbstractConventional economic and management theories explain that business groups facing market-liberalization policy reforms (i.e., competitive shocks) would have incentives to reduce corporate portfolios and increase internationalization. This chapter empirically examines the strategic responses of Argentine Business Groups and, through an inductive theory building process, proposes refinements to this theory. It argues that such strategy process is moderated by not only differences in market forces set out by policy reforms across different economic segments, but also by the path dependency of resources and capabilities as well as management decision making style of individual business groups. The implications for theory and practice are discussed.
10 Brazilian Firms and the Challenge of Competitiveness
Authors: Wood Jr Thomaz , Caldas Miguel P. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSince the late 1980s, Mexican firms have faced a variety of environmental changes including the privatization of state-owned firms, opening of markets to foreign trade and investment, increased domestic and foreign competition, political change, and economic crises. Mexican firms have increasingly undertaken new strategies: many have expanded into foreign markets while others have ‘restructured’ their portfolios of diversified subsidiaries. This chapter examines the degree to which increasing international and sector diversification is related to improved firm performance. Interviews were conducted with executives from over a dozen of the largest firms in Mexico to obtain answers to the research question. The results indicate that, in general, expanding businesses across sectors and outside of Mexico led to more stable and sustainable performance.