bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
34 Senso‐reflexory control of the gastric myoelectrical activity – effect of oral exposure to a sweet or a bitter taste on a multichannel electrogastrogram
Authors: DZIELICKI M , JONDERKO K , MATWIEJSZYN A , KASICKA‐JONDERKO A , WALUGA M , BLONSKA‐FAJFROWSKA B 
Published: May 2006

Aim:  To examine the effect of sensory stimulation with a sweet or a bitter taste on the interdigestive gastric myoelectrical activity (GMA) in humans.Methods:  Eighteen healthy subjects (10F, 8M) underwent on two separate days four‐channel electrogastrographic recordings comprising three consecutive 35 min periods: (i) basal fasted, (ii) a stimulation epoch while a subject was chewing an agar cube soaked with a taste‐delivering substance (saccharose for the sweet taste, quinine hydrochloride for the bitter taste), (iii) a post‐stimulatory (recovery) epoch. An electrocardiogram was simultaneously registered for the purpose of the heart rate variability (HRV) analysis.Results:  Exposure to the sweet taste brought about an increase in the power of the high frequency (HF: 0.15–0.4 Hz) band of the power spectrum‐analyzed HRV data. The bitter taste had no effect on the HRV. During the stimulation and the recovery epoch a statistically significant augmentation in the relative time share of tachy‐ and bradygastria within the multichannel electrogastrogram was found either with the sweet or the bitter taste. Whereas no any other modifications of the GMA were elicited by the sweet taste, the exposure to the bitter taste resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the relative time share of normogastria, a decline in the dominant frequency and the dominant power of the gastric slow waves, as well as a reduction in the percentage of the slow wave coupling.Conclusions:  (i) Exposure to the sweet taste elicits a vagal arousal expressed by an increase in the HF power, whereas the bitter taste does not affect the equilibrium between the parasympathetic and the sympathetic component of the autonomous nervous system; (ii) The increased relative time contribution of tachy‐ and bradygastria within the electrogastrogram during both the stimulation and the recovery epoch should be considered an unspecific phenomenon because it accompanied stimulation either with the sweet or the bitter taste; (iii) The inhibitory effect of the bitter taste on the GMA, reflected by a diminution in the dominant frequency and the dominant power of the gastric slow waves, as well as their reduced coupling, may be indicative of an evolutionary archetype of a warning reaction of the human (mammalian) organism towards this taste.
36 Comparison of electrogastrogram utilizing a solid meal vs. water loading in healthy children and adolescents
Authors: FRIESEN CA , LIN Z , SCHURMAN JV , ANDRE L , MCCALLUM RW 
Published: May 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate the differential effects of a solid meal and water loading (WL) on the electrogastrogram (EGG) in healthy children and adolescents.Methods:  Twenty‐six healthy participants (13 F; mean age 12.5 years, range: 8–17) underwent two separate EGG recordings performed in a standard fashion on two separate days. With the first session, EGG was recorded for 30 min in the fasting state and for 60 min following a solid test meal (2 eggs, toast, and water). The procedure for the second session was the same as for the first session except that the meal was replaced by WL. Spectral analysis was performed to compute EGG parameters and their postprandial changes. Data are presented as mean + SD.Results:  The solid meal was associated with an increase in the EGG dominant frequency (DF) (2.91 ± 0.45 cpm vs. 3.14 ± 0.37 cpm, p = 0.02), %normal slow waves (82.04 ± 11.31% vs. 89.85 ± 10.5%, p = 0.008), and the dominant power (DP) (47.40 ± 4.03 dB vs. 54.09 ± 8.07 dB, p < 0.001) from the pre‐ to the postprandial periods. With WL, only the DP significantly increased postprandially (45.71 ± 4.20 dB vs. 51.12 ± 6.78 dB, p < 0.001). WL was associated with a lower postprandial DF than the solid meal (2.80 ± 0.34 cpm vs. 3.14 ± 0.37 cpm, p = 0.001). The postprandial DP change following the meal was positively correlated with the change following WL (r = 0.523, p = 0.006).Conclusion:  The postprandial EGG differs depending on the nutritional constituency or consistency of the meal.
4 Gastric electrical stimulation for gastroparesis: experience with higher settings
Authors: SCHNELLDORFER T , ABELL TL , LIMEHOUSE VM , LAHR CJ 
Published: May 2006

Introduction:  Gastric electrical stimulation is a safe and efficient treatment option in medically refractory gastroparesis. Several controlled and open label trials have shown the effectiveness of gastric electrical stimulation in symptom palliation for patients with gastroparesis. Initial settings were established based on experiences in the animal model. We reviewed our experience using higher stimulator settings on symptom reduction after implantation of gastric electrical stimulators.Methods:  42 consecutive patients (38 females and 4 males, mean age 43 ± 1.8 years) with medically refractory gastroparesis were followed after implantation of gastric electrical stimulator between 1999 and 2005. The 42 patients included 29 patients with idiopathic gastroparesis and 13 patients with diabetic gastroparesis Baseline stimulation settings were 14 Hz, 5 mAmps, 330 micro‐sec pulse width, 0.1 sec on, and 5 sec off. At each follow‐up gastrointestinal symptom scores were assessed. If symptoms were unsatisfactory, stimulator settings were increased according to a standardized protocol. Dose response relationships were evaluated.Results:  After a mean follow‐up of 19 ± 2.6 months, 83% of patients had higher settings (p < 0.001, Fisher's exact test). Solid gastric emptying time during this period decreased from 195 ± 45 to 106 ± 38 minutes (T1/2 value, p < 0.05, paired t‐test) along with an average weight change from 64 ± 5.3 to 62 ± 5.6 kg (p > 0.05, paired t‐test). There were 258 stimulator interrogations with a stepwise improvement in total symptom score (R2 = 0.08, p < 0.001). Multivariate regression analysis showed that frequency of electric stimulation was independently associated with improvement of total symptom score (R2 = 0.06, p < 0.02). A prolonged cycle on time correlated with worsening of nausea score (R2 = 0.09, p < 0.02) and vomiting score (R2 = 0.13, p < 0.001). A measurement of high impedance independently correlated with a low vomiting score (R2 = 0.19, p < 0.0001). Though not statistically significant, most patients’ symptoms were optimized at mean current of 10 mAmps, frequency of 55 Hz, pulse width of 330 micro‐sec, cycle on time of 0.1 sec, and cycle off time of 1 sec.Conclusion:  The majority of patients seem to benefit from higher than baseline settings. Optimal settings of the implanted device must be determined on an individual basis, but based upon experience in humans seem to be 10 mAmps, 55 Hz, 0.1 sec on, 0.4 to 1 sec off.
47 Effects of retrograde gastric electrical stimulation on gastric motility and plasma hormones in dogs
Authors: SONG G , SUN Y , HOU XH , YANG B , QIAN W , CHEN JDZ 
Published: May 2006

Aims:  The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different parameters of RGES with trains of long pulses in turning gastric slow waves into tachygastria, and evaluate the effects of RGES with the efficient trains of pulses on gastric slow waves, gastric emptying of solids and plasma concentrations of satiety‐related peptides and glucose.Methods:  Seven female dogs implanted with four pairs of gastric electrodes were studied in two experiments. The first experiment included a series of sessions with different pacing parameters in the fasting state, each lasting 10 min. The second experiment included two randomized sessions (control and RGES). Gastric emptying of solid was measured by scintigraphy for a period of 4 h. Blood samples were collected at 45 and 15 min before, 30, 60 and 120 min after the meal. Plasma leptin, insulin and glucagon were measured using radioimmunoassay method. Plasma glucose was assessed with a commercially available glucometer. RGES was applied via the distal pair of electrodes (2 cm above the pylorus) with trains of pulses. RGES was initiated 30 min before the first blood sample and maintained for a period of 2.5 h. Gastric slow waves and symptomatic response were also recorded in each session.Results:  (1) RGES with pulse trains (12 trains/min) was able to turn regular gastric slow waves into tachygastria. (2) RGES with the efficient parameters (frequency: 40 Hz; pulse width: 2 ms; amplitude: 5 mA; train on‐time, 2 s; off‐time, 3 s) was capable of delaying gastric emptying of solids (P < 0.05). (3) Compared with the control session without RGES, the total AUC's of plasma insulin with RGES was significantly decreased in the fasting and postprandial periods (p < 0.05). However, the total area under curves (AUC's) of plasma leptin, glucagon, and glucose were not significantly affected by RGES (p > 0.05). (4) This method of GES induced no noticeable symptoms.Conclusion:  RGES with at a tachygastrial frequency decreases gastric emptying of solids and plasma insulin, but has no effects on plasma leptin, glucagons, and glucose.
48 The effect of electrical acupuncture points on fasting and postprandial gastroduodenal myoelectric activities and brain gut peptide release in rats
Authors: ZHOU L , WANG L , YUAN B , ZHANG C 
Published: May 2006

Fasting interdigestive myoelectric complex (IMC) and postprandial gastroduodenal myoelectric activities are regulated by motilin and leptin, respectively (L. Zhou 2005). This study is to observe whether electrical acupuncture points could increase fasting gastroduodenal IMC and postprandial activities, as well as increase the release of motilin and leptin.Methods:  Bipolar platinum electrodes were implanted on the serosa of antrum and duodenum in 10 conscious Wistar rats to record IMC and postprandial digestive myoelectric activities. We acupunctured Points Zusanli (S‐36), Tianshu (S‐25), and Liangmen (S‐21) during phase I of IMC (Frequency 20~100 Hz, Strengthen 12~16 mA, period 90 min) and compared with non‐specific electric stimulation (sham acupuncture) group. Serum motilin and leptin level was measured by RIA.Results:  (1) Acupuncture points could shorten markedly phase I of antroduodenal IMC and increase the period of phase III (P < 0.01). Acupuncture points also increased the number of spike burst of antral and duodenal slow wave by (121.24 ± 20.0)% and (97.34 ± 15.20)% (compared with control group, P < 0.01). In postprandial period, acupuncture points could increase the number of spike burst of antral and duodenal slow wave by (142.52 ± 23.50)% and (102.48 ± 13.25)% (compared with control group, P < 0.01). (2) When acupuncture points increased the number of spike burst of IMC in fasting state, serum motilin concentration also increased, which was (74.56 ± 8.20)% more than control group (P < 0.01). When acupuncture points with meal, serum leptin concentration increased with myoelectric activity, which was (139.84 ± 20.25)% more than control group (P < 0.01). There was no change of motilin and leptin concentration in non‐specific electric stimulation group. (3) Cutting off subphrenic vagus nerves could totally block the effect of acupuncture points on antroduodenal myoelectric activities and release of motilin and leptin.Conclusions:  Acupuncture points could effectively increase fasting and postprandial antroduodenal myoelectric activities. This effect is mediated by motilin and leptin, respectively.
49 Sibutramine accelerates gastric emptying, inhibits intestinal motility in conscious dogs
Authors: XU J , CHEN J 
Published: May 2006

Background and Aims:  Sibutramine is a serotonin ‐ norepinephrine uptake inhibitor, used in the treatment of obesity. It has never been reported whether sibutramine has any effects on GI motility and GI myoelectrical activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sibutramine on gastric emptying, small bowel contractions, rectal tone and compliance and gastric/intestinal myoelectrical activity.Methods:  The study was performed in fourteen healthy female dogs (18–27 kg); seven of fourteen dogs were surgically prepared for duodenal cannula and pacing wires implanted in gastric and small bowel serosa. It was composed of 3 separate experiments: gastric emptying of liquids and gastrointestinal slow waves; small bowel contractions; and rectal tone and rectal compliance. Each experiment included two sessions: a control session and a treatment session with sibutramine (5 mg kg­1 p.o, Generic Meridia, United Pharmacies) administrated 2 h before the recording. 7 cannula dogs underwent gastric emptying study with liquid meal and small bowel contractions study in the fed state. 7 dogs underwent a rectal barostat study.Results:  (1) Sibutramine significantly accelerated liquid gastric emptying at 75 min and 90 min after the meal but did not alter gastric or intestinal slow waves. Gastric emptying was 61.42 ± 19.34% at 75 min and 66.32 ± 19.38% at 90 min in the control session, and increased to 71.27 ± 13.5% at 75 min (p = 0.046, vs. control) and 75.93 ± 15.05% at 90 min (p = 0.036, vs. control) in the session with sibutramine. (2) Sibutramine significantly inhibited postprandial small bowel contractions. The area under the curve (AUC) was 14.57 ± 4.11 in the control session and decreased to 10.64 ± 4.18 (p = 0.014, vs. control) in the session with sibutramine. The contractile frequency was 12.49 ± 0.88 cycles min­1 in the control session and reduced to 8.8 ± 1.08 cycles min­1 (p = 0.0004, vs. control) with sibutramine. (3) Sibutramine did not alter the rectal tone, but significantly increased rectal compliance. The rectal compliance expressed as the slope of the pressure‐volume curve was significant increased from 7.59 ± 2.05 ml mmHg at baseline to 9.97 ± 3.25 ml mmHg­1 after sibutramine administration(p = 0.003).Conclusions:  Sibutramine accelerates gastric emptying of liquids but inhibits small bowel contractions. These findings suggest the peripheral mechanisms of sibutramine in reducing food intake and causing weight loss in obesity patients.
5 Effect of gastric electrical stimulation on cerebral blood flow in patients with gastroparesis
Authors: NOWAK T , HUTCHINS G , HAMMOND J , WANG Y , RING L , LEAL K 
Published: May 2006

Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) of the stomach is an effective treatment of nausea and vomiting in patients with gastroparesis (Gastroenterology 125: 421–28, 2003). However, the mechanism is unclear, as many patients show resolution of nausea and vomiting yet continue to exhibit delayed gastric emptying. This suggests GES may relieve symptoms by activation of a mechanism involving the central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to determine whether GES produces changes in the brain evidenced by alterations in cerebral blood flow on positron emission tomography (PET). Eight patients (6 females, 2 males) ranging in age from 27 to 68 yr were studied. Each patient had profound gastroparesis and had undergone implantation of a GES device from 6 to 57 mo (mean 25) prior. All patients studied had significant improvement in symptoms of nausea, vomiting, and early satiety after implantation of the GES device. PET scans were performed after an overnight fast and with the GES device in the ON mode. Each patient was then given an IV injection 30–40 mCi O15‐water. After PET image data were obtained the GES device was then turned to the OFF mode for 30 min. The O15‐water injection and PET image scanning was then repeated. Respective PET images obtained with the GES device in the ON and OFF modes were then analyzed and compared. PET images were analyzed using SPM2 (Statistical Parametric Mapping), implemented using Matlab 6.5 Prior to statistical analysis all images were realigned to correct motion movements and spatially normalized into the MNI standard template to remove inter‐subject anatomical variability. Spatially normalized images were smoothed using an isotropic Gaussian kernel with 16 mm FWHM to increase the signal‐to‐noise ratio. Statistical comparisons between ON and OFF scans were performed on a voxel‐by‐voxel basis using paired t statistics. Significant voxels were superimposed on a high resolution MRI template provided by SPM2, thus allowing anatomical identification. Significant increases in blood flow during GES were noted in the middle, superior, and inferior gyri, in the middle occipital and middle temporal gyri, and in the amygdala and parahippocampal gyri (P < 0.05 for each locus, respectively). Likewise, significant decreases in blood flow during GES were noted in the pre and post central gyri, in the anterior cingulate gyri, and in the caudate head and putamen (p < 0.05 for each locus, respectively).Conclusions:  1) GES produces significant alterations in cerebral blood flow in gastroparetic patients; 2) central nervous system mechanisms during GES may be responsible for the relief of nausea and vomiting in these patients.
8 The effect of food on electrical and mechanical activity of the canine antrum
Authors: SANMIGUEL CP , HAGIIKE M , DELA CRUZ R , PHILLIPS E , CUNNEEN SA , CONKLIN JL , SOFFER EE 
Published: May 2006

Background:  Gastric electrical and mechanical activities are modulated by food, however, the pattern of food‐induced changes and the mechanisms governing them are not well defined.Aim:  To characterize food–induced changes in gastric antral activity and to explore underlying mechanisms for such changes.Methods:  Experiment 1‐ intended to test the effect of food on gastric signals. Two bipolar electrodes were implanted in the antrum of 7 mongrel dogs for simultaneous recording of slow wave rate, in events /min (SWR), and contractions assessed by electrical impedance (AI) in ohms. A strain‐gauge transducer was implanted in 3 dogs to correlate changes in AI with contractions. The meal consisted of a preload of 100 g of dry food followed in 10 min, by 900 g of the same food, to lengthen meal duration. SWR and AI were determined during 4 periods of 5 min/each (baseline, end of preload, satiety, 10 min after satiety). Experiment was repeated 5 times/dog. Experiment 2‐acute study, under anesthesia with 3 tests: 1) esophageal balloon distension 2) fundic balloon distension at volumes of 50–400 ml, using a balloon of 800 ml, and 3) nitroglycerin infusion, 0.5 (g kg­1 min­1 for 10 min. results as Mean ± SD.Results:  Experiment 1‐ frequency of antral contractions by strain‐gauge correlated well with frequency of contractions as measured by AI, R = 0.76. SWRs at baseline, preload, satiety and post satiety were: 5.0 ± 0.3, 4.9 ± 0.4, 3.8 ± 0.65, and 4.4 ± 0.47 respectively. SW amplitudes (ohms) at the same periods were: 5.3 ± 1.4, 8.5 ± 2.1, 12.2 ± 4.3 and 12.0 ± 5.3 respectively; p < 0.05 for satiety and post satiety vs. baseline for both measurements. Both changes peaked around the time of satiety. Mean time interval between satiety and slowest SWR was 80 ± 40 sec. Amplitude of contractions remained elevated for 212 ± 110 min after the meal. Experiment 2‐ fundic distension caused a transient decrease in SWR at lower volumes, but the decrease was sustained at the 400 ml volume, 3.9 ± 0.2 vs. 3 ± 0.8, baseline vs. distension, respectively, p = 0.002. NTG significantly reduced SWR: 4.0 ± 0.7 vs. 3.5 + 0.8, baseline vs. infusion, p = 0.007. Esophageal distension did not affect SWR.Conclusions:  Food ingestion causes a significant decrease in SWR and significant enhancement of antral contractions that peak at satiety. This suggests a possible causal relationship that can be potentially useful when considering gastric electrical stimulation for modulation of satiety signals. Both gastric distension and nitrergic pathways affect SWR.
9 The TANTALUSTM System for obesity: effect on gastric emptying of solids
Authors: SANMIGUEL CP , CUNNEEN SA , PHILLIPS E , SOFFER EE 
Published: May 2006

Background:  Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) is currently investigated for the treatment of obesity. The TANTALUS System delivers gastric contractility modulation (GCM) signals in synchrony with gastric slow waves, resulting in significant augmentation of gastric contractions during food intake. We hypothesized that such modulation of contractile activity may affect gastric emptying and plasma ghrelin levels.Aim:  To test the effect of GCM of the gastric antrum on gastric emptying of solids and ghrelin levels.Methods:  12 obese subjects were implanted with 2 pairs of antral electrodes and an implantable pulse generator (IPG, TANTALUS TM) Gastric emptying test (GE) for solids was performed twice, on separate days, in each subject, starting few weeks after implantation: 1) control, before the start of stimulation, and 2) with stimulation, after device was turned on. Blood samples for ghrelin, were taken at baseline, and at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min after the test meal. Results as mean + SD, analysis by t‐test and p < 0.05.Results:  11 females, 1 male, age: 39.1 ± 8.9 years, BMI: 41.6 ± 3.4, 3 subjects with type 2 diabetes. One diabetic patient did not complete GE test because of technical issues. GCM significantly accelerated gastric emptying: retention at 2 hours 18.7 ± 12.2% vs. 31.9 ± 16.4%, stimulation vs. control respectively, p = 0.008. T 1/2 78.3 ± 23.5 vs. 95 ± 31.7 min, stimulation vs. control respectively, p = 0.04. Mean results for gastric emptying were within normal at both baseline and stimulation. Meal ingestion induced only minimal, insignificant reduction in ghrelin levels. There was no significant difference in AUC of ghrelin between control and stimulation.Conclusions:  After GCM stimulation, there is significant acceleration of gastric emptying of solids in obese patients, without affect on ghrelin levels. The obese subjects did not exhibit the significant, meal‐induced reduction in ghrelin.
Symptomatic and functional outcome 12 months after a first episode of psychotic mania: barriers to recovery in a catchment area sample
Authors: Conus Philippe , Cotton Sue , Abdel‐Baki Amal , Lambert Martin , Berk Michael , McGorry Patrick D 
Published: May 2006

Objective:  Recent studies have shown that outcome in mania is worse than previously thought. Such studies have been conducted in selected samples with restrictive measures of outcome. We aimed to explore outcome and its predictors in a catchment area sample of first‐episode psychotic mania of DSM‐III‐R bipolar I disorder.Methods:  Prospective 6 and 12 months follow‐up was conducted with 87 DSM‐III‐R first‐episode psychotic mania patients admitted to Early Psychosis Prevention and Intervention Centre between 1989 and 1997. Syndromic and symptomatic outcome were determined with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; functional outcome with the Quality of Life Scale and Premorbid Adjustment Scale subitems.Results:  Symptomatic outcome was assessed in 67 patients at 6 months and 61 patients at 12 months, and functional outcome in 56 patients at 6 months and 49 patients at 12 months. Logistic regressions were conducted on 46 and 43 patients, respectively, to explore predictors of outcome. While 90% of patients achieved syndromic recovery at 6 and 12 months, 40% had not recovered symptomatically at 6 and 12 months, still presenting with anxiety or depression. A total of 66% of patients at 6 months and 61% of patients at 12 months failed to return to previous level of functioning. Age at intake, family history of affective disorder, illicit drug use and functional recovery at 6 months predicted functional outcome at 12 months.Conclusions:  This study confirms poor symptomatic and functional outcome after first‐episode psychotic mania. It suggests possible usefulness of early intervention strategies in bipolar disorders and need for developing specific interventions addressing anxiety, depression and substance abuse comorbidity.