bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eddy Advective and Diffusive Transports of Heat and Salt in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Lee Mei-Man , Nurser A. J. George , Coward A. C. , de Cuevas B. A. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
There are two distinct mechanisms by which eddies provide systematic transport of tracer on isopycnals: the advective transport, associated with the slumping of isopycnals, and the diffusive transport, associated with down-gradient diffusion. Depending on the large-scale tracer distribution, eddy advective transport has either the same direction as or opposite direction to eddy diffusive transport. As a consequence, eddy advection and eddy diffusion can reinforce each other for some tracers but oppose each other for other tracers. Using scaling analysis, it is argued that the relative directions of eddy advective and diffusive transports can be determined simply from the relative slopes of tracers and isopycnals. An eddy-resolving (1/12°) global ocean model is used to illustrate the two eddy transport mechanisms for temperature and salinity in the Southern Ocean. Applications to other tracers, such as oxygen, are discussed. The diagnosed eddy diffusivity for temperature (and salinity) is found to be considerably different from the eddy diffusivity for eddy advective transport velocity.
Gene expression variation in Down's syndrome mice allows prioritization of candidate genes
Authors: Sultan Marc , Piccini Ilaria , Balzereit Daniela , Herwig Ralf , Saran Nidhi G , Lehrach Hans , Reeves Roger H , Yaspo Marie-Laure 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Background
Down's syndrome (DS), or trisomy 21, is a complex developmental disorder that exhibits many clinical signs that vary in occurrence and severity among patients. The molecular mechanisms responsible for DS have thus far remained elusive. We argue here that normal variation in gene expression in the population contributes to the heterogeneous clinical picture of DS, and we estimated the amplitude of this variation in 50 mouse orthologs of chromosome 21 genes in brain regions of Ts65Dn (a mouse model of DS). We analyzed the RNAs of eight Ts65Dn and eight euploid mice by real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results
In pooled RNAs, we confirmed that trisomic/euploid gene expression ratios were close to 1.5. However, we observed that inter-individual gene expression levels spanned a broad range of values. We identified three categories of genes: genes with expression levels consistently higher in Ts65Dn than in euploids (9, 17, and 7 genes in cerebellum, cortex, and midbrain, respectively); genes whose expression levels partially overlap between the two groups (10, 9, and 14 genes); and genes with intermingled expression, which cannot be used to differentiate trisomics from euploids (12, 5 and 9 genes). Of the genes in the first category, App, Cbr1, and Mrps6 exhibited tight regulation in the three tissues and are therefore attractive candidates for further research.

Conclusion
This is the first analysis addressing inter-individual gene expression levels as a function of trisomy. We propose a strategy allowing discrimination between candidates for the constant features of DS and those genes that may contribute to the partially penetrant signs of DS.
The simian-type M and the human-type ABO blood groups in the African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops): their inheritance, distribution and significance for the management of a breeding colony
Authors: Terao K. , Hiyaoka A. , Cho F. , Honjo S. 
Published: May 2007

We have established a new simian-type blood group system (M blood groups) in the African green monkey ( Cercopithecus aethiops), using a haemagglutinating antibody which was developed by alloimmunization. The M blood groups consisted of two phenotypes, type-M and type-m. We have also determined the mode of inheritance as well as the distribution of both simian-type M and human-type ABO blood groups, employing 113 families including 160 animals. The family analysis revealed that (1) the simian-type M blood groups were governed by the two alleles, dominant M and recessive m, and (2) the humantype ABO blood groups were governed by 3 alleles, codominant A and B and silent O, although no monkey of phenotype-O was found in our breeding colony. Differences in the phenotypic distribution and gene frequency of respective M and ABO blood groups were observed among 3 populations imported at different times. The genetic management of the African green monkey breeding colony was discussed in relation to the difference in distribution of phenotypes of M and ABO blood groups between the parental (wild-originated) and the first filial (colony-born) populations.
Four methods for general anaesthesia in the rabbit: a comparative study
Authors: Peeters M. E. , Gil D. , Teske E. , Eyzenbach V. , Brom W. E. v. d. , Lumeij J. T. , de Vries H. W. 
Published: May 2007

The efficacy and safety of pentobarbitone, ketamine/xylazine, fentanyl/fluanisone/diazepam, and halothane/nitrous oxide anaesthesia were compared in 4 groups of six New Zealand White rabbits. Heart and respiratory rates, body temperature, reflexes, blood pressure and blood gases were measured. Pentobarbitone appeared to be unsuitable for anaesthesia in rabbits, as 5 of the 6 rabbits to whom it was administered, required artificial respiration or died. The combinations of ketamine/xylazine and fentanyl-f1uanisone/diazepam both produced unpredictable levels of anaesthesia together with a substantial decline in arterial blood pressure and Po2. Despite a severe drop in blood pressure (up to 37·5%), anaesthesia with halothane and nitrous oxide was found to be superior to the other anaesthetic agents.
The extent of coprophagy in rats with differing iron status and its effect on iron absorption
Authors: Tidehag P. , Hallmans G. , Sjöström R. , Sunzel B. , Wetter L. , Wing K. 
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of coprophagy in rats with differing iron status and its effect on the measurement of iron absorption from test meals with and without bran. Two experiments were performed using radioisotope-labelled microspheres added as a non-digestible marker for the ingested faeces and the diet and 59Fe added as a marker for the non-haem iron in the test meal. In this study, coprophagy occurred at group mean rates of between 5 and 22% and was independent of the iron status of the rats or the presence or absence of bran in the diet. The relative absorption of iron, measured as the retention of 59Fe from a single meal, was affected to the same extent in groups with the same iron status, if it was affected at all. Thus comparisons of iron absorption from diets with and without bran should not be affected by coprophagy.
Alloxan-induced diabetes mellitus in pregnant sheep and chronic fetal catheterization
Authors: Lips J. P. , Jongsma H. W. , Eskes T. K. A. B. 
Published: May 2007

25 female sheep of the Texel breed were made hyperglycaemic by administration of alloxan monohydrate (ALX) in early pregnancy and 15 ewes served as controls. Average venous glucose levels (mean ± standard deviation) increased from 3·5 ± 0·2 to 14·0 ± 1·8 mmol/l. All hyperglycaemic sheep were treated with long-acting insulin in doses adjusted individually (0·2-1·0 U/kg per day) to keep glucose levels above 8 mmol/l. After a temporary significant increase, maternal venous concentrations of urea and creatinine returned to normal levels. One sheep died on day 6 after administration of ALX. Another hyperglycaemic sheep died at induction of anaesthesia. Eight hyperglycaemic ewes aborted between days 90 and 128 of gestation. Between days 103 and 135 of gestation the remaining hyperglycaemic ( n = 15) and control ( n = 15) ewes were operated upon and the fetuses were provided with EEG, nuchal EMG and ECG electrodes and catheters in the trachea, amniotic fluid, jugular vein and carotid artery. Use of the chronic sheep preparation for the study of diabetes mellitus and fetal reactions was successful in 10 out of 25 cases, as in the diabetic group postoperative intra-uterine fetal survival varied between 2 and 19 days and in 10 cases was at least 5 days. Postoperative intra-uterine fetal survival in the controls was significantly longer and varied between 4 and 28 days, and in 13 cases was at least 5 days. A highly significant correlation ( P < 10-6) between maternal and fetal blood glucose levels was seen. After 5 days of postoperative recovery fetal blood glucose levels were 3·8 ± 1·3 mmol/l in the hyperglycaemic group compared with 0·5 ± 0·2 mmol/l in the control group. The fetal clinical condition as measured by fetal arterial blood gases did not differ significantly between the hyperglycaemic and control groups. Fetal plasma insulin levels in the hyperglycaemic group did not differ significantly from the control group levels. The birth-weights of the fetuses of the ALX-treated sheep were significantly lower compared with control fetuses.
Systems for collection of urine in the captive common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus
Authors: Lunn S. F. 
Published: May 2007

Two systems are described for the collection of 24 h urine samples from the common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus). Using 84 adult animals, 1210 24-h samples were collected. Mean urinary excretion was 14·4±7·5 ml/24h ( n=1210, mean±SD). No differences were observed between sexes (for 52 females, 24 h volume=15·1±8·0 ml; for 32 males, 24 h volume=12·5±6·0 ml). No significant differences were observed between pregnant and non-pregnant females with respect to 24 h urine volume, and bilateral gonadectomy did not influence subsequent urinary excretion in either sex. For 161 pairs of observations, the intake of drinking water (11·7±10·2 ml/24 h) and the volume of urine excreted (12·6±7·1 ml/24 h) showed a positive correlation r=0·406 d.f. 159, P<0·001: y=0·558 x+4·247).
Difference in reproductivity and offspring growth between litter numbers in four strains of mice
Authors: Nagasawa H. , Koshimizu U. 
Published: May 2007

As a means to improve mouse production, the differences among litter numbers in reproductivity, post-weaned growth and puberty of offspring were examined in 4 strains of mice, SHN/Mei, SLN/Mei, C3H/HeMei and GRS/AMei. Females were mated to be concurrently pregnant and lactating and reproductivity was recorded from the 1st to the 3rd litters. Some offspring of both sexes were weighed at 30, 40 and 50 days of age and vaginal opening was also checked in females. Pre-weaned growth of offspring differed little between litter numbers in all strains except GRS/A. Meanwhile, post-weaned growth of offspring was higher in the 2nd and 3rd litters than in the 1st litter of SHN and SLN, associated with a decreased rate of still-born pups. In C3H/He, post-weaned growth of offspring was higher in the 1st and 2nd litters and rearing rate decreased for the 3rd litter. In GRS/A, the 1st litter showed the greatest pre- and post-weaning growth rate of offspring. All findings indicate that in SHN and SLN strains the later litters are better for offspring production, while in C3H/He and GRS/A strains it is the earlier litters. The results stress the value of having information on reproductive characteristics of mouse strains for efficient offspring production.
The effects of buprenorphine, nalbuphine and butorphanol alone or following halothane anaesthesia on food and water consumption and locomotor movement in rats
Authors: Liles Jane H. , Flecknell P. A. 
Published: May 2007

Locomotor activity and food and water consumption are potentially indices of post-operative pain in laboratory rodents, but it is important to establish whether these variables are directly affected by opioid analgesics or by halothane anaesthesia in normal rats. The effects of three opioids, buprenorphine, nalbuphine and butorphanol administered alone or following halothane anaesthesia, were studied in groups of normal non-operated adult Wistar rats. All 3 analgesics affected food intake and activity levels, but had little or no effect on water intake. Buprenorphine caused a significant elevation of activity levels and a reduction in food intake at clinical doses (0·01 and 0·05 mg/kg s/c). Nalbuphine (0·5, 1 and 2 mg/kg s/c) caused a reduction in food intake but had a smaller stimulatory effect on locomotion. Butorphanol (0·4 mg/kg s/c) caused a reduction in food intake and elevation in activity. These results suggest that water consumption is likely to be a more reliable variable to use when assessing post-operative pain and the efficacy of analgesics in rats.
The scope for improving the design of laboratory animal experiments
Authors: Festing Michael F. W. 
Published: May 2007

The factors which need to be taken into account in designing a 'good' experiment are reviewed. Such an experiment should be unbiased, have high precision, a wide range of applicability, it should be simple, and there should be a means of quantifying uncertainty (Cox 1958). The relative precision due to the use of randomized block designs was found to range from 96% to 543% in 5 experiments involving 30 variables. However, a survey of 78 papers published in two toxicology journals showed that such designs were hardly used. Similarly, designs in which more than one factor was varied simultaneously ('factorial designs') were only used in 9% of studies, though interactions between variables such as dose and strain of animal may be common, so that single factor experiments could be misleading. The consequences of increased within-group variability due to infection and genetic segregation were quantified using data published by Gärtner (1990). Both substantially reduced precision, but toxicologists continue to use non-isogenic laboratory animals, leading to experiments with a lower level of precision than is necessary. It is concluded that there is scope for improving the design of animal experiments, which could lead to a reduction in animal use. People using animals should be required to take formal training courses which include sessions on experimental design in order to minimize animal use and to increase experimental efficiency.
The lipid composition of milk from mice fed high or low fat diets
Authors: Silverman Jerald , Stone Douglas W. , Powers Jean D. 
Published: May 2007

Total fatty acids and the proportions of methyl esters of individual fatty acids were measured in mouse milk. Pregnant mice were fed either a high fat (OF) diet or a low fat (LF) diet from 14 days of gestation. After parturition, each dam was milked once a day for a period of 18 days. The mean total fatty acid concentration over the entire study period was 110 mg/g of milk (approximately 11·7% fat as triglyceride) for both dietary treatment groups. During days 2 to 6 postpartum, the mean total fatty acid concentration for dams fed OF diet was lower than for the LF group. Although the concentration of total fatty acids of mouse milk was not affected by the level of dietary fat fed to the dam, several variations in the proportions of individual fatty acids were observed.
Handling and diet-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits
Authors: Jezierski T. , Mekking P. , Wiepkema P. R. 
Published: May 2007

Atherosclerosis was induced in rabbits by feeding them a 2% cholesterol diet (CHOL) during a 5-week period. Twelve rabbits were fed with increasing amounts of CHOL food until the ad libitum level was reached, whereas in 24 other rabbits the food was limited to the amount eaten by the lowest consumer of the group to reduce individual variability in total amount of food consumed. Twice a day, half of the rabbits were handled carefully, the other half had normal laboratory practice contact with their caretaker. Feed intake and amount of atherosclerosis were determined for all experimental animals, while for the handled animals behavioural parameters and changes were recorded daily and per animal. On average the handled and non-handled rabbits took the same amount of food per week, although there were large individual differences. The handled animals showed some behavioural adaptation to being handled. Handling had no influence on atherosclerosis size; this latter measure was only roughly determined by the amount of CHOL food eaten.
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for monitoring rodent colonies for Streptobacillus moniliformis antibodies
Authors: Boot R. , Bakker R. H. G. , Thuis H. , Veenema J. L. , De Hoog H. 
Published: May 2007

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure Streptobacillus moniliformis antibodies in mice and rats was developed. Twelve S. moniliformis strains originating from cases of rat-bite fever and Haverhill fever in man and from various rodent species, showed considerable serological relationship. The ELISA appeared specific since antibodies to S. moniliformis were absorbed by autologous and homologous antigen, but not by heterologous bacterial antigens. Acholeplasma laidlawii showed partial serological relationship with S. moniliformis. The ELISA was validated using experimental infections in mice and rats. These studies and observations in naturally infected feral rats, confirmed that S. moniliformis is difficult to grow on primary isolation, and that the ELISA for S. moniliformis antibodies revealed more contaminated animals than culture.
Passage pressure across the uterotubal junction during the 4 phases of the oestrous cycle in the rat
Authors: Ortega-Moreno J. , Caballero-Gómez J. M. 
Published: May 2007

The closure strength of the uterotubal junction (UTJ) was measured in 90 2.5 month old cycling female Wistar rats, assigned to 9 groups of 10 each. The passage pressure in both left and right UTJ were registered in pro-oestrus, oestrus, metoestrus and dioestrus phases. Five other groups were formed with rats which had been treated for 3 weeks with oestradiol (group E) or medroxiprogesterone acetate (group P), and with animals which had been ovariectomized 75 days prior to registering the pressure (ovariectomized group) or ovariectomized and treated with oestradiol (group Ov-E) or medroxiprogesterone acetate (group Ov-P). The passage pressure of the right and left UTJ in each animal was similar in each of the groups. The pressures obtained in the oestrus phase or in the E and Ov-E groups were significantly smaller than those registered in dioestrus or in the P and Ov-P groups, and only slightly smaller than that obtained in the pro-oestrus and metoestrus phases. The results indicate that the swelling of the mucosa mediated by oestrogens is not the cause of the tubal locking in the rat.
Assessment of immunotoxicity of buprenorphine
Authors: Van Loveren H. , Gianotten N. , Hendriksen C. F. M. , Schuurman H. J. , Van Der Laan J. W. 
Published: May 2007

In order to use buprenorphine as an analgesic in immunological experiments, we have studied the potential immunotoxicity of buprenorphine. Three-week-old male Wistar Riv: TOX rats were subcutaneously treated with buprenorphine by injection of 0.1, 0.4, or 1.6 mg/kg body weight per day over a period of 4 weeks. Concentrations used were within the range for analgesia in rats. A slight decrease of body weight gain was observed at the highest dose in one but not in a duplicate study. Decreased liver weights were observed in all dose groups. Histopathologically glycogen storage was decreased and fatty vacuolation was found to be increased starting from the lowest dose group. The relative but not absolute weight of the lungs was slightly increased at the lowest dose, this phenomenon was therefore not dose-dependent. Histopathologically, a dose-dependent increase in interstitial pneumonia in the lung was found. At the 2 higher dose levels the weight of the adrenal glands was increased. No haematological changes were found, nor were there effects on bone marrow. In one of 2 studies indications of potential immunotoxicity noted were: an increased weight of the thymus, as well as an increased weight of popliteal and mesenteric lymph nodes. No effects on the weight of the spleen were found. Histologically, there were no changes in the lymphoid organs tested. Total immunoglobulin A concentrations in serum were significantly decreased in the highest dose group, whereas IgG concentrations were increased, albeit not statistically significantly. IgM and IgE concentrations showed no alterations. Two types of immune function assays were carried out: determination of natural killer cell activity and of mitogen responsiveness of spleen cells. Whereas natural killer activity was unaffected, increased responses to concanavalin-A, phytohaemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen as well as lipopolysaccharide were found, although never statistically significant. The results indicate that buprenorphine may have a slight stimulatory influence on the immune system at dose levels that are used for analgesia. The effects on the immune system that were noted were modest. Moreover, they were observed in conjunction with other toxicological effects, and can therefore either be direct or indirect.
Medetomidine, an α2-agonist, alleviates post-thoracotomy pain in dogs
Authors: Vainio Outi , Ojala Merja 
Published: May 2007

Twelve laboratory beagles underwent a routine left thoracotomy to insert permanent instrumentation. Every second dog was given 10 μg/kg of medetomidine, an α2-agonist sedative. The rest of the animals were treated with 20 μg/kg of buprenorphine, an opioid agonist-antagonist, which is regularly used to treat postoperative pain in laboratory animals. The drugs were given at the end of operation (0) and 4, 8, 20, and 24 h postoperatively. Blood samples for catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) and blood gases (pCO2 and pO2) and pH were drawn immediately before any drug administration, and 30 min later. At the same time points, the pain level was subjectively evaluated using a pain score, and heart rate and rectal temperature were measured. Adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations were lower in the medetomidine group than in the buprenorphine group. Accordingly, it was concluded that medetomidine had better analgesic effect than buprenorphine in the treated animals. This result was supported by subjective evaluation of the severity of pain, even though subjective evaluation is not considered very reliable in the present kind of open studies. pO2 was lower in the buprenorphine group than in the medetomidine group after the first injection of the analgesics. pCO2 and pH were similar in both of the groups. Medetomidine decreased heart rate after every injection, this fall and subsequent rise might be avoided by a lower dose regime. Buprenorphine did not effect heart rate. Rectal temperature did not differ in either group. It was concluded that medetomidine, and other α2-agonists, possess some potential in postoperative pain alleviation.