bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The chemistry of dibasic and polybasic fatty acids
Authors: Johnson R. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCurrent processes to produce dibasic and polybasic fatty acids including azelaic, sebacic, dodecanedioic, C21diacid, fatty dimer and trimer acids are discussed. A number of alternative routes to produce azelaic, sebacic and fatty dimers are also discussed, includeding the preparation of azelaic and sebacic acids from butadiene and sebacic acid from adipic acid. Physical properties of the various dibasic acids are compared. Preparation of important derivatives and their applications is discussed, including: (a) esters and polyesters as vinyl plasticizers and as base stocks for synthetic lubricants; (b) polyamide resins in coatings, fibres, inks and adhesives; (c) salts as surfactants; and (d) amido amines and imidazolines as corrosion inhibitors. Dimer acids have found application in the petroleum industry as drilling mud thickeners in oil recovery.
Fatty acid derivatives: Important surfactants for household, cosmetic and industrial purposes
Authors: Maag H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews selected surfactants obtained from fatty acids. Because of their indispensible properties, some of these surfactants have already been in use for a long time, whereas others, such as sucrose esters or ester sulfonates, are only beginning to be used. However, all these surfactants have in common the fact that they are highly acceptable to the environment, characterized by their skin tolerance, good biological degradability and low toxicity. With consumer awareness becoming more and more apparent, these are noteworthy properties from which we can expect that surfactants prepared from fats will increase in importance in the future.
Fats and oils as feedstocks for oleochemicals
Authors: Gander K. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe approximate quantity of 3 million tons estimated to be required at present for the production of oleochemicals is to be covered from a total production of more than 60 million tons of vegetable and animal fats. While the quantity of eleochemicals produced has nearly doubled in recent years, vegetable oil production alone has increased from 25 to 40 million tons in the same period. More than half the feedstocks required for oleochemicals are acid oils and other fats and oils which are unsuitable for human food. The demand for fats and oils for oleochemicals will certainly grow for price and technological reasons, but only the use of large quantities of oils and fats for diesel engines could shift this balance drastically and endanger the world supply of edible fats. A bottleneck may arise in the supply of fatty acids of medium chain length, although the use of coconut and palm kernel oil by the food industry in the highly developed countries has been on the decline. The green revolution goes on and the fat supply grows faster than the population. In addition, new approaches to plant breeding and agriculture, and biochemical processes as well, might help circumvent any conceivable shortage in the supply of oils and fats in general, and in the supply of special fatty acids in particular.
Future of petrochemical raw materials in oleochemical markets
Authors: Haupt D. E. , Drinkard G. , Pierce H. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe petrochemical industry (PCI) has undergone profound changes during the last decade and is continuing to adjust to changing world economic conditions. One of the most important of these is the price of crude oil. Although an equilibrated pricing structure remains to be demonstrated, anticipated adequacy of supply and versatile, innovative methods of converting crude and natural gas to high valued products assures it a vital and healthy future. The product areas in which the PCI and the oleochemical industry (OCI) overlap are actually quite small in terms of the total capacity. In those limited areas of overlap, we expect the role of the PCI during the next several years to continue to be cone of a complementary nature. By providing security of supply at competitive prices, it will create confidence and reliability which will benefit both the petrochemical and oleochemical industries. And most significantly, the resources of the petrochemical industry will also allow it to respond to new market conditions, particularly those of accelerated volume needs and specific performance, with the flexibility and creativity which have been its hallmarks.
Biotechnology and oleochemicals: Changing patterns
Authors: Neidleman S. L. , Geigert J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBiotechnology will have a broad impact on the oleochemicals industry. Only a narrow range of this interface is discussed: (a) the use of organic solvents in the enzymatic synthesis of lipid derivatives, (b) the effect of the chemical nature of the feedstock on the production of microbial monoesters, and (c) temperature as a determinant of the level of unsaturation in biosynthetic lipids. Interest in running enzymatic reactions in high concentrations of organic solvents is increasing. The implications of such processes for the oleochemical industry is illustrated by examples of ester synthesis and interesterification of oils and fats. The dramatic effect of feedstock chemistry on the final monoester product mix produced byAcinetobacter sp. HO1‐N is also discussed. Products resulting from usingn‐alkanes (C16−C20), acetic and propionic acids and, most recently, ethanol and propanol, are illustrated. They range from a monoester mix resembling sperm oil to one similar to jojoba oil. In general, temperature inversely affects biolipid unsaturation: the low the temperature, the greater the unsaturation. The major function of this response is to preserve fluidity and function in biological membranes. The effect is universal in nature, occurring in animals, plants and microorganisms. Controlled laboratory studies have supported these observations made in nature. We have investigated the effect of temperature on the unsaturation of monoesters produced by the bacterium,Acimetobacter sp. HO1‐N. The inverse relationship between temperature and unsaturation is clearly shown. The enzymatic basis for these results and the possibility of chemical or genetic modification of plants and microorganisms to produce more or less unsaturated lipids is briefly discussed. Organic solvents, feedstock chemistry and temperature stress in biocatalysis are but three of the variables at the interface of biotechnology and the oleochemicals industry that will cause changing patterns.
Handling and transporation of hazardous materials and hazardous wastes: A practical and legal perspective
Authors: Bierlein Lawrence W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn often unavoidable consequence of the manufacture, of valuable products is the creation of hazardous materials and hazardous wastes. By “hazardous material’ is meant the commercial product—a commodity of value which has hazardous properties that may be essential to its effectiveness. “Hazardous wastes’ are byproducts that usually have little or no value to the company that generates them, but that usually result from manufacturing processes and must be managed to prevent injury to the public and the environment. (Of course, through the establishment of waste exchanges, one company's waste may become another company's feedstock, thereby eliminating or at least postponing the disposal problem.) The more stringent individual countries or regional groups of countries become in their regulation of hazardous wastes, the greater the incentive there is in those, countries to export wastes to nations where requirements are less rigorous. Thus, the development of a world policy on hazardous waste appears to be worthwhile, but in considering such a policy, it is essential to learn from the mistakes others have made.
Oleochemicals as a fuel: Mechanical and economic feasibility
Authors: Harwood Henrick J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe status of vegetable oils as diesel fuel substitutes is currently dubious. Although it is fair to consider them as short‐term emergency fuels (or, more desirably, low proportion supplements to diesel fuels), they present mechanical problems in long‐term use that have not yet been solved. It is preferable to use these oils blended in small proportions with diesel fuels. Indirect‐injection diesel engines have had fewer problems than direct‐injection engines, whether the tests were performed with pure vegetable oil fuel or with vegetable oil/diesel fuel blends. The economic prospect for these fuels is not promising. In general, they are not and have not been economical alternatives to diesel fuel. Exceptions appear to have occurred recently in Brazil and the Philippines where low local prices for vegetable oils combined with high petroleum prices encouraged officials to use low proportion vegetable oil/diesel fuel blends. Nonetheless, current and long‐term trends in petroleum and oilseed prices indicate that these fuels will probably not be price competitive within the near future. Emergency disruption of petroleum supplies completely changes the economic situation. Vegetable oils would be worth much more as a fuel during disruptions than otherwise; thus incentives could be strong to include these oils in the fuel supply, diverting them from the food supply.
Worldwide studies of mixed active laundry detergency
Authors: Cox Michael F. , Matson Ted P. , Berna Jose Louis , Moreno Alfonso , Kawakami Shigeru , Suzuki Michio 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA cooperative study involving laboratories in the United States, Europe and Japan was conducted to investigate the detergency performance of mixed active detergents. Each location tested mixtures commonly manufactured in their region using wash conditions typical of their area. The utility of the data in selecting optimum cost/performance formulations is discussed. Under typical wash conditions found in the United States and Japan, a mixed‐active formulation is not required. In most cases, optimum detergency is obtained by a linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) based formulation. In Europe, a mixed active detergent is required. Although LAS provides optimum performance, some soap (or soap plus nonionic |NI|) must be added to control foam.
Production of fatty alcohols from fatty acids
Authors: Voeste Theodor , Buchold Henning 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDetergent‐range alcohols from natural feedstock can be produced by high pressure hydrogenation of either methyl esters or fatty acids. The increasing quantities of fats and oils on the world market secure a reliable and economically priced material. Although fatty acid is an abundant worldwide commodity, most alcohol producers hydrogenate methyl esters, because direct hydrogenation of fatty acids is difficult as the catalyst is sensitive to acid attack. The process described here makes it possible to hydrogenate fatty acids directly to alcohols of high quality without prior esterification. The reaction takes place in the liquid phase over a fine‐grained copper chromite slurry in a single reactor vessel. A special reactor design with an optimum arragement of the feeding nozzles causing an appropriate circulation of the reacting components inside the reactor facilitates the rapid “in situ” esterification reaction. This minimizes the free fatty acid concentration in the reactor to nearly zero. This results in a low consumption of catalyst. The most important advantages of the process are: direct feed of fatty acids of various origins, use of reasonably priced raw materials such as soapstock fatty acids and lower grade tallow acids, no process steps with methanol, and excellent economics. The process is industrially proven.
The analysis of cationic surfactants
Authors: Metcalfe L. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLong‐chain cationic surfactants have become a very important class of industrial chemicals. These useful oleochemicals are usually based on vegetable oils and animal fats. They have many applications which include fabric softeners, antistatic agents, organo clays, emulsifiers, germicides, flotation, chemicals, corrosion inhibitors and foam depresents. The fatty quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) are by far the most important of this group of the commerical compounds. However, the fatty amine salts and amine oxides must also be classified as cationic surfactants. Although not as widely used as quats, they have special properties and uses which are often unique and useful. The various analytical methods used for these chemicals serves several objectives, including routine quality control, identification and characterization, determination in mixtures and formulations, determination at use level, and determination in the environment. In general, the objective of the analysis will determine what method will be used. Routine quality control procedures will most often use wet methods or some simple instrumental techniques. Identification and characterization of unknown cationic samples often require the most sophisticated of instrumental and chromatographic methods. Use level and environmental samples usually must be analyzed using the most sensitive methods. Often, colorimetric analysis is adequate. These samples often must undergo rigorous separation and celan‐up techniques before the method of choice can be used. The methodology for the analysis of fatty amines, amine oxides and quaternary ammonium compounds is reviewed with the various analytical objectives in mind. However, the main emphasis is placed on the quats.
Ecological behavior of cationic surfactants from fabric softeners in the aquatic environment
Authors: Huber L. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe use of cationic surfactants in fabric softeners has reached considerable proportions in the Western industrialized nations during the last 10 years. In the Federal Republic of Germany alone, some 22,000 ton of cationic surfactants were marketed in 1981 for this specific purpose. The considerable share (12%) of total consumption which this class of surfactants accounts for is equivalent to a theoretical wastewater concentration of ca. 5 mg/L. Consequently, it raises questions concerning environmental behavior of this class of substances. The following factors are of substantial importance in this regard: acute and chronic toxicity in the aquatic environment; biodegradability under aerobic and anaerobic conditions; and the possibility of bioaccumulation in the aquatic organisms, particularly in fish. Basically, the ecological behavior of cationic surfactants, like that of distearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DSDMAC) and dialkyl imidazolinium salts (DAIC) which are mostly used, is determined markedly by their physicochemical properties, above all their strong adsorption on surfaces, e.g., on clay minerals or on activated sludge, thus leading to their elimination in water treatment plants and water courses. Of far‐reaching consequence from the toxicological aspect is the fact that they form neutral salts with the anionic surfactants present in excess in domestic wastewater, thus leading to a considerable decrease in toxicity. Although adsorption and ion‐exchange processes are primarily effective in climination of cationic surfactants of the DSDMAC and DAIC types in wastewater treatment, there are significant indications on the basis of experiments that these substances are subject to extensive aerobic biochemical degradation. However, it appears that anaerobic degradation does not take place. Tests conducted so far on the bioaccumulation behavior, particularly on a laboratory scale, indicate that these substances practically do not accumulate in the edible parts of fish and thus no risks are being discerned at present as regards the residue situation.
Organoclay rheological additives: Past, present and future
Authors: Mardis Wilbur S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRheological or flow properties have important implications in many and diverse applications. Often, an additive is used to impart the desired flow behavior. Among these, organoclay products, formed by the reaction of organic cations with smectite clays, are the most widely used additives for solvent‐based coatings. The cation— usually a quaternary ammonium salt—used will influence the performance of the resultant organoclay. Criteria to consider in the choice of a cation are molecular size, compatibility with the fluid in which the organoclay is to be used, stability and reactivity. To form a stable organoclay product, the organic cation must contain at least one long‐chain alkyl group. Othr groups attached to the cation may be divided into two categories: “filler” groups serve to complete the tetrahedron around the nitrogen, whereas “active” groups contribute beneficially to the performance of the organoclay. Our study of the structure/property relationships has led to the development of new additives described here. These are superior, particularly in terms of use, while providing the same excellent rheological control offered by earlier additives.
Advances in quaternary ammonium biocides
Authors: Schaeufele Peter J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeveral generations of structurally variable quaternary ammonium biocides were developed from approximately 1935 until the present. Demand for products with improved microbiological performance guided each successive step of development. Commercial availability of dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chlorides in 1965 set the stage for significant advances in quaternary biocide practices in the USA and Europe. This trend is continuing today with development of new, fourth‐generation quaternary biocides. Regulatory requirements by the US Environmental Protection Agency (organic soil tolerance) and specific consumer/marketing demands (hard water tolerance) provided a renewed challenge for quaternaries meeting those requirements. Development and properties of new, fourth‐generation quaternary biocides meeting those challenges are discussed. Some of the functional advantages of quaternaries are outlined. Development of the fourth‐generation quaternary biocides has led to products demonstrating significantly superior broad spectrum biocidal activity, specifically designed to meet the new challenges of organic soil and hard water contamination. Strong market gains, made by quaternary biocides over the recent past, have been primarily as a result of the type of work described herein, but some of the gains in quaternary usage can be ascribed to concern over adverse toxicological and environmental impact of other traditional biocides such as phenolics and aldehydes. The outlook for a continued increase in the use of modern‐day quaternary biocides is encouraging.
Oleochemical base fluid development
Authors: Struyck W. J. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFor over a decade, synthetic lubricants have been identified as a true field of growth and opportunities. An attempt will be made to demonstrate to what extent the actual developments followed market‐research predictions. The path to a commercially successful base fluid is lengthy, risky and costly. A summary is given on the business environment in which developments take place as well as internal and external pressures on such development activities. Although the oleochemical industry provides essential “chemical backbones” for lubricant base esters, compounds of petrochemical origin are needed to design the proper molecule. Moreover, the petrochemical industry provides its own versions of synthetic base fluids. A picture is drawn on the relative position of oleochemical‐versus petrochemical‐derived base fluids.
Utilization of Malaysian palm oil and palm kernel oil for fatty acids and derivatives
Authors: de Vries Roy J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMalaysia produces ca. 65% of the world's palm oil, or (in 1982) ca. 3,500,000 metric tons. By 1985, this will increase to 80% of world production, or ca. 4,800,000 metric tons. Palm oil products are refined, bleached and deodorized oil for edible purposes, palm olein for edible use, palm stearin for edible or industrial use, and the acid oil or fatty acid distillate for industrial uses. The Malaysian processors naturally want to upgrade the products as much as possible.
Structural determination and uses of jojoba oil
Authors: Miwa Thomas K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe predominating molecular species in jojoba oil iscis‐13‐docosenylcis‐11‐eicosenoate (erucyl jojobenoate), ranging from 31% to 45% of the extracted seed oil. Other alcohol/acid combinations contribute to the C42 molecular chain length so that this fraction constitutes a low of 41% to a high of 57% of the total wax esters. The positions of the exclusivelycis ethylenic bonds in the alcohol and acid moieties of the wax esters are 99% ω‐9 and 1% ω‐7. Only 2% of the alcohol and acid moieties were saturated when analyzed after saponification of the oil. Triglycerides were detected by gas chromatography in all of the more than 200 natural jojoba oil samples tested, a few of which had substantially more than the normal 1%. Among the many uses of jojoba oil cited here, the two most promising are the sulfurized oil as extreme‐pressure/extreme‐temperature lubricant additive and the natural or refined oil formulated into cosmetic products.
Fatty oxazolines and imidazolines
Authors: Linfield Warner M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFatty acids are converted, almost quantitatively, into oxazolines by reaction with 2‐methyl‐2‐aminopropanol. These oxazolines are of high purity. They can be reacted further with paraformaldehyde to yield a mixture of mono‐ andbis‐methylol derivatives in the α‐position. Heating causes dehydration to form α‐methylene oxazolines, which on hydrolysis provide good overall yields of α‐alkylacrylic acids. Substituted anilides of the acrylic acids possess substantial antibacterial properties against Gram‐positive microorganisms. The reaction of two moles of fatty acid with one of diethylenetriamine yields a primary amine with the structure of RCON(CH2CH2NH2)CH2CH2NHCOR, instead of a secondary amine as reported in the literature. Imidazoline is also formed. Removal of water by vacuum results in almost quantitative ring closure. The unquaternized imidazolines are highly unstable to hydrolysis and will revert to the above diamido amine at room temperature. Open‐chain compounds are more water repellent than the imidazolines. Repellency of the saturated fatty acid derivatives increases with increasing molecular weight. Unsaturation decreases repellency, particularly for thecis derivative, whereas thetrans derivative (from elaidic acid) possesses better repellent properties. Branching of the alkyl chains is also detrimental to water repellency. Application of repellents to soil dramatically reduces water absorption and seed germination.