bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic value of urinary dialkyl phosphate measurement in goats exposed to diazinon
Authors: Mount Michael E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Recognition of exposure to diazinon, an organophosphate insecticide, was studied in goats. Urine and milk dialkyl phosphate concentrations (detp; O,O-diethyl phosphorothionate) and blood cholinesterase activity (ChE) and diazinon concentrations were measured. Groups (n = 3 each) given (orally) diazinon at doses of 0.5 mg/kg for 7 days (small dose) or 5 mg/kg for 7 days (large dose) were compared with goats acutely exposed to single doses of 150 mg/kg (n = 1) or 700 mg/kg (n = 1). Clinical signs of intoxication occurred only in the goat given the 700 mg/kg dose. Urinary detp concentrations were sensitive indicators of diazinon exposure and provided quantitative differences between small, large, and acute dosage exposures. Milk detp concentrations were not detected. Cholinesterase measurement was useful only in the acute exposure studies. Whole blood diazinon concentrations were detected only in goats given the large dose for 7 days and acutely exposed. Measurement of urinary detp was a sensitive aid for recognition of diazinon exposure.
Pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin in the horse after intravenous and intramuscular administration
Authors: Sweeney C. Raphel , Soma L. R. , Beech J. , Reef V. , Simmons R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations of ticarcillin were measured in 10 healthy adult horses from 0.5 to 8 hours after iv or im administration of 44 mg/kg of body weight. After iv injection, the serum concentration at 30 minutes was 104.3 ± 6.1 mg/L and the mean peak peritoneal fluid concentration (61.4 ± 29.0 mg/L) occurred 2 hours after injection. The peak serum (28.3 ± 5.5 mg/L) and the peak peritoneal fluid concentrations (19.2 ± 6.0 mg/L) occurred 2 hours after the im injection. Ticarcillin (≥ 2 mg/L) persisted in serum and peritoneal fluid for 6 hours after iv injection and 8 hours after im injection. The half-life of ticarcillin was 0.94 hour after iv injection and the bioavailability of ticarcillin administered im was 64.9%.
Use of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in experimental production of bovine respiratory tract disease
Authors: Potgieter L. N. D. , McCracken M. D. , Hopkins F. M. , Walker R. D. , Guy J. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fourteen 6-month-old calves were infected with Pasteurella haemolytica or infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus. Four calves were inoculated sequentially with ibr virus followed by Ρ haemolytica at a 5-day interval. Calves were inoculated by allowing them to inhale an aerosol of the organism or by placing an inoculum in the right lung, using fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Clinical signs of infection were recorded, and the calves, if they survived, were killed and necropsied 3 days after inoculation with Ρ haemolytica (or 8 days after inoculation with ibr virus). The extent of pulmonary lesions was determined, and the lower respiratory tract (lungs and lower trachea) was examined for both organisms.
Inoculation of the calves by aerosolization with ibr virus alone resulted in mild respiratory tract disease. Mild-to-moderately severe respiratory tract disease developed as a result of sequential inoculations by aerosolization with ibr virus and P haemolytica. However, respiratory tract disease did not develop in calves exposed by aerosol to Ρ haemolytica alone. Large numbers of these organisms were recovered from the lower respiratory tract of the dually inoculated calves, only indicating delayed pulmonary clearance.
Mild clinical signs of disease but substantial, though localized, pneumonic lesions developed in calves inoculated with Ρ haemolytica by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Calves inoculated with ibr virus by the latter procedure developed moderately severe respiratory tract disease involving 25% to 30% of the total lung volume. Lesions occurred mainly in the right lung, but the left lung also had marked lesions in these calves. A severe fibrinous bronchopneumonia and pleuritis involving > 50% of the volume of both lungs resulted when the calves were inoculated sequentially with ibr virus and Ρ haemolytica by the endobronchial route. Delayed pulmonary clearance of these organisms occurred in all calves after endobronchial inoculation. The value of using fiberoptic bronchoscopy for endobronchial inoculation in experimental production of bovine respiratory tract disease is discussed.
Counterimmunoelectrophoresis for the diagnosis of bovine mycoplasmosis
Authors: Bois J. M. , Roy R. S. , Guay P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (cie) procedure has been established for mycoplasma identification from cultures, and the specificity and the sensitivity of this technique were evaluated. Preparations of milk samples and clinical and necropsy specimens were used for the technique. From 171 milk samples, 80 (46.8%) were positive by cie (73 samples with Mycoplasma bovis and 7 with Mycoplasma arginini) and 77 (45%) were positive by biochemical and growth inhibition tests (70 samples with Mycoplasma bovis and 7 with Mycoplasma arginini). From 36 mycoplasma culture-positive clinical and necropsy specimens, cie identified 5 different mycoplasma species and from 3 mycoplasma culture-positive specimens, the technique identified coinfection by 2 mycoplasma species. The cie is a reliable, specific, sensitive, and rapid technique for the diagnosis of mycoplasmosis in the bovine.
Long-term study on the effects of electroejaculation on seminal characteristics of the domestic cat
Authors: Pineda M. H. , Dooley M. P. , Martin P. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Semen was collected by electroejaculation from 9 random-source cats. There were 22 seminal collections over 32 weeks. An electroejaculate was defined as the seminal fluid and spermatozoa collected during the application of 60 electrical stimuli—the 1st 40 stimuli at 2.0 V, and immediately afterward, 20 stimuli at 3.0 V. Four sequential electroejaculates were obtained from each cat at each seminal collection. The volume and number of spermatozoa for each electroejaculate were determined. There was a significant (P < 0.005) effect of cat and sequence of electroejaculate for both the volume and number of spermatozoa in the electroejaculate. There was no effect of week of collection; however, there was a trend (P < 0.1) for the volume of electroejaculate to increase with time. The interactions of cat × week of collection and electroejaculate sequence × week of collection for the volume and for the number of spermatozoa per electroejaculate were not significant (P > 0.05).
The volume of the 1st electroejaculate of the sequence was lower (P < 0.01) and the number of spermatozoa in the 2nd of the sequential electroejaculates was higher (P < 0.05). There was considerable variation within and between cats in the volume and number of spermatozoa. Repeated anesthesia and electrical stimulation did not appear to alter the ejaculatory capacity of the cat.
Morphology of bovine viral diarrhea virus
Authors: Chu Hsien-Jue , Zee Yuan Chung 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The morphology of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) was studied by electron microscopy. The NADL strain of bvdv was plaque purified 3 times, concentrated by polyethylene glycol precipitation, and purified by centrifugation to equilibrium in continuous potassium tartrate density-gradients. The virus was examined by negative-stain electron microscopy in the presence or absence of specific antiserum. The density of bvdv was between 1.101 g/cm3 and 1.174 g/cm3, with the peak at maximum infectivity at 1.122 g/cm3. Oval to pleomorphic viral particles, 120 (± 30) nm in diameter, were enriched in the peak of maximum infectivity. The detailed structure of virions was revealed: a 5- to 7-μm thick unit membrane-like envelope layer with numerous projecting knobs, 4 to 5 nm in diameter, surrounding an interior core-like structure. Viral particles measuring 120 (± 30) nm were found in large aggregates in the presence of specific antiserum.
Effects of dopamine and serotonin on eructation rate and ruminal motility in sheep
Authors: Sorraing Jean-Marc , Fioramonti Jean , Bueno Lionel 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The relationships between forestomach motility and eructation rate were studied during dopamine infusion (2 sheep) and serotonin infusion (2 sheep). The sheep were chronically fitted with strain gauges on the reticulorumen and with a cannula in the dorsal sac of the rumen. A tracheotomy was performed to intercept the eructated gases and to permit measurement of their volume. To maintain a regular rate of eructation during the control periods, experiments were performed with a moderately increased intraruminal pressure obtained by continuous ruminal insufflation of nitrogen. Dopamine and serotonin were infused (iv for 10 minutes) at rates of 25, 50, and 100 μg/kg/min and 4, 8, and 16 μg/kg/min, respectively.
Dopamine and serotonin both decreased the frequency of primary contractions. Dopamine reduced the amplitude of secondary contractions, whereas serotonin increased the forestomach tone and suppressed secondary contractions which were replaced by unpropagated eructative contractions. These motility changes were associated with a decrease in eructation rate during dopamine infusion and an increase in the eructation rate during serotonin infusion. After dopamine infusion was stopped, rebounds of eructation rate and rumen motility were observed which disappeared when a constant intraruminal pressure was maintained, indicating that the rumen reacts to its own distention.
Sulpiride, but not phentolamine or propranolol, blocked the effects of dopamine. The effects of serotonin were abolished by methysergide, but were unaffected by imipramine. Therefore, seemingly dopamine acts through specific dopaminergic receptors and serotonin impinges on smooth muscle serotoninergic receptors.
Finally, the use of dopamine and serotonin revealed that close relationships exist between the eructation rate and the pattern of ruminoreticular motility which may be preponderant against the cardia tone in the elimination of ruminai gases.
Determination of the oral toxicity of Sesbania drummondii seeds in chickens
Authors: Flory Wayne , Hebert Charles D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Extracts of Sesbania drummondii administered to chickens by oral intubation are lethal within several days. Effects are dose-dependent; a dose of 1% of body weight is uniformly lethal in 5 days. Signs of poisoning include weakness, depression (cns), anorexia, diarrhea, ruffled feathers, cold feet, and rapid loss of body weight. Microscopic examination indicates damage to kidney glomeruli and leakage of protein into the kidney tubules. Packed cell volume and plasma glucose concentrations show no difference between controls and treated chickens; however, creatine kinase is increased and plasma cholinesterase and total plasma protein values are severely depressed in poisoned birds. Neither a specific toxin nor a mechanism of action for toxicity has yet been identified.
Combined effects of deoxycorticosterone and furaltadone on Escherichia coli infection in chickens
Authors: Gross W. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
After low antibody-response line chickens were challenge exposed with Escherichia coli, 10% of the controls, 35% of those fed furaltadone, 37% of those fed deoxycorticosterone (doc), and 92% of those fed furaltadone and doc gained weight. Concentrations of doc above or below the optimal concentration (40 mg/kg of feed) were less effective, eg, when 100 mg of doc/kg of feed was fed with furaltadone, 45% of low antibody-response line birds gained weight as compared with 85% of the birds when furaltadone was fed alone. However, the optimal amount of doc did vary among genetic stocks and with environment. Stocks of birds also differed in their response to the concentration of furaltadone and doc. Socialization increased the effectiveness of furaltadone.
Monoclonal antibodies to Brucella surface antigens associated with the smooth lipopolysaccharide complex
Authors: Schurig Gerhardt G. , Hammerberg Craig , Finkler Beth R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hybridomas producing antibodies to determinants associated with the lipopolysaccharide (lps) of Brucella abortus and B melitensis were obtained by polyethylene glycol fusion of the SP2/0 myeloma cell line with B lymphocytes harvested from a Sprague-Dawley-derived rat previously immunized with whole B abortus strain 1119 organisms. Two clones, BRU38 and BRU28, were selected for their ability to react with whole B abortus organisms and purified smooth-lps (f5p). The BRU38 monoclonal antibodies were absorbed with live, rough strain 45/20 and smooth strains of B abortus and B melitensis organisms, whereas only smooth strains absorbed the antibody activity from BRU28. Complete inhibition of the monoclonal's activity could be achieved with crude smooth-lps, purified f5p fraction, and a water-soluble acid degraded polysaccharide. Absorption of BRU38 and BRU28 with rough Brucella lps, polysaccharide-B antigen, keto-deoxyoctanoic acid, or with several sugars and fatty acids known to be components of the Brucella lps complex had no effect on the monoclonals. The data indicate that antigenic determinants are associated with the smooth lps complex, probably with the O-side chain, and are expressed patchwise and in different quantities on several strains of B abortus and B melitensis. The B abortus rough strain 45/20 contains surface determinants which lead to the agglutination of smooth strain 1119 organisms, The potential use of monoclonals in competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for diagnostic purposes is discussed.
Efficacy of fenbendazole against migrating Ascaris suum larvae in pigs
Authors: Stewart T. B. , Bidner T. D. , Southern L. L. , Simmons L. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-four weanling crossbred pigs were inoculated with 10,000 embryonated Ascaris suum eggs. The infection was aborted in 1 group (n = 8 pigs) with fenbendazole (3 mg/kg of body weight) given on postinfection days 2, 3, and 4 and in a 2nd group (n = 8 pigs) given fenbendazole at the same rate on postinfection days 6, 7, and 8; a 3rd group (n = 8 pigs) was not treated with fenbendazole. All pigs were necropsied at 24 days after they were inoculated. Fenbendazole was 99% effective against A suum larvae in the 2 treated groups. Early treated pigs had significantly higher daily weight gains (P < 0.05) and were 22% more efficient in feed conversion than were nontreated pigs. Lung weights increased linearly with length of exposure to migrating A suum larvae (P < 0.10). Liver weights were greater in treated pigs than in non-treated pigs (P < 0.01). A negative correlation existed between number of liver lesions and liver weights of all pigs (P < 0.05).
Reproduction in feral horses: An eight-year study
Authors: Keiper Ronald , Houpt Katherine 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The reproductive rate and foal survival of the free-ranging ponies on Assateague Island National Seashore were studied for 8 years, 1975 to 1982. Most (52%) of the 86 foals were born in May, 13% were born in April, 22.6% in June, 10.4% in July, and < 1% in August and September. The mean foaling rate was 57.1 ± 3.9% and the survival rate was 88.3 ± 3.6%. Forty-eight colts and 55 fillies were born (sex ratio 53% female). Mares < 3 years old did not foal and the foaling rate of 3-year-old mares was only 23%, that of 4-year-old mares was 46%, that of 5-year-old mares was 53%, and 6-year-old mares was 69%. The relatively poor reproduction rate was believed to be a consequence of the stress of lactating while carrying a foal when forage quality on the island was low. The hypothesis was supported by the higher reproductive rate (74.4 ± 24%) of the ponies in the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge on the southern part of the island. Their foals are weaned and sold in July each year. Despite the low reproductive rate on Assateague Island National Seashore, the number of ponies increased from 43 to 80, a 90% increase in the 8-year period or > 10%/yr. There were 24 deaths and 8 dispersals from the study area.
Prevalence of Anoplocephala perfoliata and lesions of Draschia megastoma in Thoroughbreds in Kentucky at necropsy
Authors: Lyons Ε. T. , Drudge J. H. , Tolliver S. C. , Swerczek T. W. , Crowe M. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A total of 396 Thoroughbreds (86 males, 293 females, and 17 geldings) in Kentucky, 1 to 30 years of age, were examined at necropsy for presence of Anoplocephala perfoliata (2 female horses were not examined) in the cecum and for lesions of Draschia megastoma in the stomach, during the 1-year period of Mar 1,1982 through Feb 28,1983. Prevalence of A perfoliata was 53% and of lesions of D megastoma was 63%.
All lesions of D megastoma were partially or entirely in the glandular region of the stomach. Distances of the midpoint of these lesions from the margo plicatus varied from 0 to 290 mm. The center of about 88% of the lesions was within 50 mm of the margo plicatus. Measurements of the size of the lesions, exclusive of masses, indicated that about 95% were ≤ 50 mm in diameter. There appeared to be a higher infection rate of lesions of D megastoma in younger horses (81% in 1 to 7 year olds) than in older horses (41% in 8 to 30 year olds) with a few exceptions.
Characterization of bovine herpesvirus-1 isolated from trigeminal ganglia of clinically healthy cattle
Authors: Rodriguez Luis L. , Homan E. Jane , Easterday Bernard C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Isolates of bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) recovered from tissue explants of trigeminal ganglia of clinically healthy cattle were studied in vitro and in an animal model, and their characteristics were compared with those of vaccine and field strains of bhv-1. The isolates could be distinguished by their plaque size on cell monolayers, but were not significantly different in their thermal inactivation profiles at 48 C. Temperature-sensitive mutants were not found among the isolates when they were grown at 41 C. Selected isolates had different pathogenicity when inoculated in young rabbits.
Leukokinesis in bovine ostertagiasis: Stimulation of leukocyte migration by Ostertagia
Authors: Washburn S. Michelle , Klesius Phillip H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A blind-well chemotaxis chamber method was used to indicate migration stimulation of bovine neutrophil and eosinophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages as related to ostertagiasis. Live exsheathed Ostertagia ostertagi 3rd-stage larvae (L3) and soluble L3 antigen (sla), prepared by freeze thawing and sonic disruption of L3, enhanced cellular migration for eosinophils, but not for neutrophils and macrophages. Products of Lymphocytes cultured with sla for 3 to 6 hours were also examined, using lymphocytes from peripheral blood of helminth-free cattle and cattle infected with O ostertagi or Trichostrongylus axei. Lymphokines that enhanced cellular migration of neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages were present in culture supernatants of sla-stimulated lymphocytes from O ostertagi-infected cattle, but not from cattle infected with T axei or helminth-free cattle. Seemingly, L3 and sla were stimulants of eosinophil migration. Further, neutrophil, eosinophil, and macrophage migration was modulated by lymphokines produced by sla-stimulated lymphocytes from cattle with ostertagiasis.
Canine inherited hypertrophic neuropathy: Clinical and electrodiagnostic studies
Authors: Cooper Barry J. , deLahunta Alexander , Cummings John F. , Lein Donald H. , Karrema Grace 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Clinical and electrodiagnostic features of acute and chronic canine-inherited hypertrophic neuropathy were studied in 20 affected dogs. The age of onset was consistently between 7.5 and 10 weeks of age. Affected pups had rapidly developing limb weakness accompanied by muscle hypotonia and hyporeflexia. There was no clinical evidence of cranial nerve dysfunction. Pups that did not develop limb contractures later regained some strength and became clinically stable for long periods, although they always remained weak.
Progressive slowing of nerve conduction velocities occurred during the development of clinical signs of limb weakness. Temporal dispersion of evoked muscle action potentials was present in more chronically affected dogs. Transient spontaneous activity was present in muscles of affected dogs examined by electromyography.
An autosomal recessive mode of inheritance was supported by the results of breeding studies.
Serologic pattern of canine heartworm (Dirofilaria immitis) infection
Authors: Glickman Lawrence T. , Grieve Robert B. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Mika-Grieve Marcia , Patronek Gary J. , Domanski Linda M. , Root Charles R. , Malone John B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A total of 602 dogs at the Louisiana State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital were tested for antibodies to Dirofilaria immitis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), using a purified adult dirofilaria-derived antigen. Most dogs also were evaluated for heartworm infection by a complete wbc count and a Knott test for circulating microfilariae. The serologic prevalence of heartworm infection was 34.7%; prevalence increased significantly (P = 0.0003) with age up to 8 years and then decreased. Dogs usually kept indoors were significantly (P = 0.005) less likely to be infected, as were dogs given diethylcarbamazine therapy (P = 0.0004). Coat length, sex, breed, and presence of intestinal parasites were not associated (P > 0.05) with a positive heartworm elisa result. The elisa titers showed a positive relationship with both eosinophil and basophil counts.
A total of 99 dogs evaluated radiographically were grouped according to results of the Knott test and radiographic examination as follows: (i) negative Knott test and negative radiographic examination (14 dogs), (ii) negative Knott test and positive radiographic examination (57 dogs), and (iii) positive Knott test and positive radiographic examination (28 dogs). The serologic prevalences of D immitis infection in each of these groups were 35.7%, 56.1%, and 85.7% for groups (i), (ii), and (iii), respectively. The elisa, when used in conjunction with the Knott test results, record of exposure, clinical signs, laboratory results, and radiographic changes, was found to be useful for studying serologic patterns and identifying risk factors for canine heartworm infection.
Chemotactic properties and protein of equine uterine fluid
Authors: Blue H. B. , Blue M. G. , Kenney R. M. , Merritt T. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Forty uterine fluid samples were obtained from 4 mares classified as resistant to uterine bacterial infection. The uterus of each mare was flushed with 50 ml of saline solution during estrus and diestrus of successive estrous cycles. Bacteria or fungi were isolated from 4 samples, and 7 additional samples were obtained from a mare with active intrauterine infection.
Fluid volumes obtained during estrus (X = 40.3 ± 11 ml) tended to be greater than those recovered during diestrus (X = 36.8 ± 7.9 ml), but the difference was not significant. Concentrations and yields of protein in recovered fluid did not vary significantly with the day of the estrous cycle. Protein concentration was significantly increased in samples from the infected uterus (P = < 0.001).
The ability of uterine fluid samples to attract neutrophils was measured using chemotactic chambers. There was no significant difference between distances migrated by neutrophils toward fluids obtained during estrus or diestrus. Chemotaxis scores tended to be higher with samples from the infected uterus, and the difference was significant for samples from 2 mares. Chemotaxis was neither significantly correlated with protein concentration of uterine fluid, nor with serum estrogens or progesterone.