Abstract 6682: Bile acid profiles and racial disparities in colorectal cancer: Exploring the protective role of secondary bile acid derivatives
Authors: Dai Hanchu , Wolf Patricia G. , Tussing-Humphreys Lisa , Mutlu Ece , Ridlon Jason M. , Gaskins Rex 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer death in the United States, with diet and gut microbiota-derived bile acids implicated as long-term risk factors. The interplay between bile acids and immune cell differentiation, particularly of macrophages and T-cells, is a crucial aspect of the CRC microenvironment. Given the high-animal-fat diets' influence on the microbiome’s production of hydrophobic secondary bile acids such as deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA), this study investigates the potential immunomodulatory effects of their lower concentrations and their isomers in possibly fostering M2-like macrophage expansion.
Methods: Clinical samples were obtained during colonoscopies with no tumor findings at Rush University Medical Center, Chicago. RNA was extracted from colonoscopy biopsies for NanoString RNA expression analysis, while bile acids were isolated from both lyophilized stool and frozen serum samples. To explore the immunological effects of secondary bile acids, the macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line, alongside peritoneal macrophages and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from C57BL/6J mice, were treated with LCA and LCA isomers. Following the bile acid treatment, LPS (100 ng/mL) or IL-4 (40 ng/ml) was added to elicit pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory states, respectively. After 48 hours, conditioned media were collected for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and rt-qPCR.
Results: Contrary to initial hypotheses, the levels of DCA and LCA levels were not significantly different between African American and non-Hispanic White subjects. Notably, allo-isomers and oxo-derivatives of these bile acids, which may promote Treg and M2-like macrophage expansion, were substantially lower in African American subjects. Ex vivo treatments with isoalloLCA and IsoLCA led to notable changes in the M2 macrophage differentiation and shifts in PGE2 production upon exposure to inflammatory or anti-inflammatory stimuli, suggesting a nuanced alteration in the macrophage-mediated inflammatory response.
Conclusion: This study highlights a significant ethnic variation in bile acid profiles, with a potential impact on immune modulation and CRC risk. The reduced presence of certain bile acid isomers in African American subjects may influence the risk of CRC through altered macrophage differentiation and function. These findings emphasize the need for personalized dietary and therapeutic strategies to modulate the bile acid metabolome, potentially reducing CRC disparities.
Citation Format: Hanchu Dai, Patricia G. Wolf, Lisa Tussing-Humphreys, Ece Mutlu, Jason M. Ridlon, Rex Gaskins. Bile acid profiles and racial disparities in colorectal cancer: Exploring the protective role of secondary bile acid derivatives [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6682.