bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OPTIMAL INTERNATIONAL ASSET ALLOCATION WITH TIME‐VARYING RISK
Authors: Flavin Thomas J. , Wickens Michael R. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the optimal allocation each period of an internationally diversified portfolio from the different points of view of a UK and a US investor. We find that investor location affects optimal asset allocation. The presence of exchange rate risk causes the markets to appear not fully integrated and creates a preference for home assets. Domestic equity is the dominant asset in the optimal portfolio for both investors, but the US investor bears less risk than the UK investor, and holds less foreign equity – 20% compared with 25%. Survey evidence indicates actual shares are 6% and 18%, respectively, making the home‐bias puzzle more acute for US than UK investors. There would seem to be more potential gains from increased international diversification for the US than the UK investor.
Revisiting the Turkish Revolution, 1923–1938: Secular Reform and Religious “Reaction”1
Authors: Brockett Gavin D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis article explores the common notion that the secular reforms introduced by Turkey's founding President, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, met with constant opposition in the form of Islamic “reaction.” It explores the genealogy of this concept and its place in the historical literature concerning Turkey. The argument is that the idea of Islamic “reaction” results in the misrepresentation of Turkish history and is based on a fundamentally flawed view of religion and society.
Eccentric overload training in patients with chronic Achilles tendinopathy: a systematic review
Authors: Kingma J J , de Knikker R , Wittink H M , Takken T 
Published: October 2006

Background:Eccentric overload training seems to be a promising conservative intervention in patients with chronic Achilles tendinopathy. The efficacy of eccentric overload training on the outcome measures of pain and physical functioning are not exactly clear.Study design:Systematic review of the literature.Methods:Electronic databases were searched for randomised clinical trials concerning eccentric overload training in patients with chronic Achilles tendinopathy. The Delphi list was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies.Results:Nine clinical trials were included. Only one study had sufficient methodological quality. The included trials showed an improvement in pain after eccentric overload training. Because of the methodological shortcomings of the trials, no definite conclusion can be drawn concerning the effects of eccentric overload training in patients with chronic Achilles tendinopathy.Conclusion:The effects of eccentric exercise training in patients with chronic Achilles tendinopathy on pain are promising; however, the magnitude of the effects cannot be determined. Large, methodologically sound studies from multiple sites in which functional outcome measures are included are warranted.
CpGcluster: a distance-based algorithm for CpG-island detection
Authors: Hackenberg Michael , Previti Christopher , Luque-Escamilla Pedro Luis , Carpena Pedro , Martínez-Aroza José , Oliver José L 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
Despite their involvement in the regulation of gene expression and their importance as genomic markers for promoter prediction, no objective standard exists for defining CpG islands (CGIs), since all current approaches rely on a large parameter space formed by the thresholds of length, CpG fraction and G+C content.

Results
Given the higher frequency of CpG dinucleotides at CGIs, as compared to bulk DNA, the distance distributions between neighboring CpGs should differ for bulk and island CpGs. A new algorithm (CpGcluster) is presented, based on the physical distance between neighboring CpGs on the chromosome and able to predict directly clusters of CpGs, while not depending on the subjective criteria mentioned above. By assigning a p-value to each of these clusters, the most statistically significant ones can be predicted as CGIs. CpGcluster was benchmarked against five other CGI finders by using a test sequence set assembled from an experimental CGI library. CpGcluster reached the highest overall accuracy values, while showing the lowest rate of false-positive predictions. Since a minimum-length threshold is not required, CpGcluster can find short but fully functional CGIs usually missed by other algorithms. The CGIs predicted by CpGcluster present the lowest degree of overlap with Alu retrotransposons and, simultaneously, the highest overlap with vertebrate Phylogenetic Conserved Elements (PhastCons). CpGcluster's CGIs overlapping with the Transcription Start Site (TSS) show the highest statistical significance, as compared to the islands in other genome locations, thus qualifying CpGcluster as a valuable tool in discriminating functional CGIs from the remaining islands in the bulk genome.

Conclusion

CpGcluster uses only integer arithmetic, thus being a fast and computationally efficient algorithm able to predict statistically significant clusters of CpG dinucleotides. Another outstanding feature is that all predicted CGIs start and end with a CpG dinucleotide, which should be appropriate for a genomic feature whose functionality is based precisely on CpG dinucleotides. The only search parameter in CpGcluster is the distance between two consecutive CpGs, in contrast to previous algorithms. Therefore, none of the main statistical properties of CpG islands (neither G+C content, CpG fraction nor length threshold) are needed as search parameters, which may lead to the high specificity and low overlap with spurious Alu elements observed for CpGcluster predictions.
Statistical inference of chromosomal homology based on gene colinearity and applications to Arabidopsis and rice
Authors: Wang Xiyin , Shi Xiaoli , Li Zhe , Zhu Qihui , Kong Lei , Tang Wen , Ge Song , Luo Jingchu 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
The identification of chromosomal homology will shed light on such mysteries of genome evolution as DNA duplication, rearrangement and loss. Several approaches have been developed to detect chromosomal homology based on gene synteny or colinearity. However, the previously reported implementations lack statistical inferences which are essential to reveal actual homologies.

Results
In this study, we present a statistical approach to detect homologous chromosomal segments based on gene colinearity. We implement this approach in a software package ColinearScan to detect putative colinear regions using a dynamic programming algorithm. Statistical models are proposed to estimate proper parameter values and evaluate the significance of putative homologous regions. Statistical inference, high computational efficiency and flexibility of input data type are three key features of our approach.

Conclusion
We apply ColinearScan to the Arabidopsis and rice genomes to detect duplicated regions within each species and homologous fragments between these two species. We find many more homologous chromosomal segments in the rice genome than previously reported. We also find many small colinear segments between rice and Arabidopsis genomes.
The Council on Chiropractic Education's New Wellness Standard: A call to action for the chiropractic profession
Authors: Evans Jr Marion W , Rupert Ronald 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background

The chiropractic profession has long considered itself to be a preventive science. Recently the Council on Chiropractic Education (CCE) has defined a set of standards that must be implemented at all US chiropractic colleges as of January of 2007. These are specific to wellness measures and health promoting efforts that should be performed by chiropractors. This will mandate traditional health promotion and prevention methods be taught to students at accredited colleges and to practicing chiropractors.

Objective

To present the idea of performing traditional health promotion and wellness-concepts in chiropractic practice as a call to action for clinicians and generate discussion on the topic.

Discussion

This manuscript discusses relevant topics of health promotion and prevention for chiropractors and other practicing clinicians that should be made priorities with patients in order to enhance both patient health and community and population health.

Conclusion

All practicing chiropractors, as well as other clinicians should take these new standards from the CCE as a call to action to begin helping patients address the removable causes of morbidity, disability and premature mortality where they exist, in addition to treating their painful spinal conditions.
Requirement of tumor necrosis factor α and nuclear factor-κB in the induction by IFN-γ of inducible nitric oxide synthase in macrophages
Authors: Vila-del Sol Virginia , Díaz-Muñoz Manuel D , Fresno Manuel 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIFN-γ induces NO production, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) protein, and promoter expression in mouse macrophage cells. Mutation of IFN regulatory factor 1 responsive element, γ-activated site, as well as NF-κB elements in the murine iNOS promoter strongly reduced IFN-γ-induced iNOS transcriptional activity. The role of NF-κB activation in iNOS induction by IFN-γ was corroborated by overexpression of the NF-κB inhibitory protein IκBα, which inhibited iNOS promoter activity induced by IFN-γ. In addition, IFN-γ treatment induced p65 binding to the iNOS promoter by chromatin immunoprecipitation asay and NF-κB binding to DNA by EMSA, although with a delayed kinetics, suggesting an indirect autocrine role for another cytokine produced in response to IFN-γ. It is interesting that we found that IFN-γ induced TNF-α secretion, and the induction of iNOS expression by IFN-γ was abolished in primary peritoneal macrophages from TNF-α-deficient (TNF-α−/−) mice or in RAW 264.7 cells treated with anti-TNF-α neutralizing antibodies. Moreover, exogenous addition of recombinant mouse TNF-α restored iNOS expression induced by IFN-γ in TNF-α−/− mice. It is intriguing that NF-κB binding to DNA in response to IFN-γ treatment was absent in TNF-α−/− mice. Taken together, our data suggest that the TNF-α produced in response to IFN-γ is required for iNOS induction by activating NF-κB transcription factor.
The structure of a break-up zone in the transient diesel spray of a valve-covered orifice nozzle
Authors: Bae Choongsik , Kang Jinsuk 
Published: October 2006

A break-up zone in the diesel spray of a valve-covered orifice nozzle was investigated to observe the effect of the injection rate on the spray structure and to obtain physical insight into the development of a transient diesel spray. The surface shape and internal structure of the diesel spray from a common-rail injection system were visualized with high spatial and temporal resolution under atmospheric ambient conditions. During the injection period, common-rail pressures of 39.5 MPa and 112 MPa were used to obtain highly magnified spray images from the nozzle exit to about 260 nozzle diameters downstream. Before the atomization break-up regime appeared, a short transition period was observed, while ligaments were formed on the disturbed liquid column surface. During atomization, the spray was surrounded by these short fine ligaments, which were arranged and bent towards the direction of the spray penetration. The internal structure of the break-up zone consisted of complex entangled ligaments and dispersed liquid drops. The break-up process occurred simultaneously at the spray surface and the core. The entrained ambient air that penetrated through the crevices of the densely packed ligaments seemed to stretch the coherent structure and to carry the small droplets from the surface of the spray. The collapse of a cavitation bubble might have caused the ligaments to form near the nozzle exit at the core of the spray, although details of the process remain to be identified. Using image-processing techniques, the sizes of the liquid drops downstream from the spray were measured. The average size of the drops decreased as the injection rate decreased and, as expected, a higher common-rail pressure produced smaller droplets.
A General and Convenient Method for the Rhodium‐Catalyzed Decarbonylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Kreis Michael , Palmelund Anders , Bunch Lennart , Madsen Robert 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA practical protocol for the decarbonylation of a wide range of aldehydes has been developed by using commercially available RhCl3⋅3 H2O and dppp in a diglyme solution. This method gives rise to decarbonylated products in good to high yield and is particularly useful because of its experimental simplicity, high generality and excellent level of functional group tolerance. The reaction has been applied in a tandem Oppenauer oxidation‐decarbonylation sequence, which removes a hydroxymethyl group in one operation.
The First Fluoride‐Free Hiyama Reaction of Vinylsiloxanes Promoted by Sodium Hydroxide in Water
Authors: Alacid Emilio , Nájera Carmen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe first cross‐coupling reaction between vinylalkoxysilanes and aryl bromides or chlorides promoted by aqueous sodium hydroxide under fluoride‐free conditions to provide styrenes is reported. The reaction is catalyzed by palladium(II) acetate or a 4‐hydroxyacetophenone oxime‐derived palladacycle either under thermal or microwave heating at 120 °C with low catalyst loading (0.01–1 mol % of palladium) in the presence of tetra‐n‐butylammonium bromide (TBAB) as additive in air. In the case of styryltriethoxysilane, the coupling with aryl or vinyl bromides takes place stereospecifically to give the corresponding stilbenes or dienes, respectively. These mild and simple reaction conditions prevent undesirable polymerization of the products.
Diruthenium(I,I) Catalysts for the Formation of β‐ and γ‐Lactams via Carbenoid CH Insertion of α‐Diazoacetamides
Authors: Grohmann Markus , Buck Stefan , Schäffler Lutz , Maas Gerhard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIntramolecular carbenoid CH insertion of five α‐diazoacetamides [N2CHCONR2, NR2=NEt2 (3a), NBu2 (3b), N(i‐Pr)2 (3c), N(CH2Ph)2 (3d), N(i‐Pr)(CH2Ph) (3e)], was investigated using as catalysts dinuclear Ru(I,I) complexes of the type [Ru2(μ‐L1)2(CO)4L22], where L1 is a bidentate bridging acetate, calix[4]arenedicarboxylate, saccharinate, pyridin‐2‐olate, or triazenide ligand, as well as [RuCl2(p‐cymene)]2. The Ru(I,I) complexes were found to be suitable catalysts for the carbenoid cyclization reactions, except in the case of 3a. With diazoamides 3b–e, [Ru2(μ‐sac)2(CO)5]2 (sac=saccharinate) and [Ru2(μ‐6‐chloropyridin‐2‐olate)2(CH3CN)2(CO)4] are as effective as Rh2(OAc)4 under the same conditions, although some differences in the regioselectivity and chemoselectivity of the cyclization are observed. The carbenoid cyclization reactions yield γ‐lactams from diazoamides 3a and 3b, both a β‐ and a γ‐lactam from 3c, and a β‐lactam as well as a 3‐azabicyclo[5.3.0]deca‐5,7,9‐trien‐2‐one from 3d. With 3e, formation of γ‐lactam 21 and of bicyclic lactam 23 prevails.
An Inexpensive and Efficient Copper Catalyst for N‐Arylation of Amines, Amides and Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles
Authors: Guo Xun , Rao Honghua , Fu Hua , Jiang Yuyang , Zhao Yufen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn inexpensive and efficient catalyst system has been developed for the N‐arylation of nitrogen‐containing compounds including a variety of amines, amides, indole and imidazole. This simple protocol uses CuI as the catalyst, commercial available pipecolinic acid as the new ligand, K2CO3 as the base and DMF as the solvent.
Solvent‐Free Solid Acid‐Catalyzed Electrophilic Annelations: A New Green Approach for the Synthesis of Substituted Five‐Membered N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Abid Mohammed , Spaeth Andrew , Török Béla 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn effective microwave‐induced, solid acid‐catalyzed, environmentally benign synthesis of substituted pyrroles, indoles and carbazoles under solvent‐free conditions is described. The new synthetic methodology is based on the use of a considerably strong solid acid, K‐10 montmorillonite. Both the cyclialkylation of amines and annelation of pyrroles and indoles have been completed within minutes and provided excellent (75–98 %) yields with practically 100 % selectivity.
Biocatalyzed Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Monoglucuronides of Hydroxytyrosol, Tyrosol, Homovanillic Alcohol, and 3‐(4′‐Hydroxyphenyl)propanol
Authors: Khymenets Olha , Joglar Jesús , Clapés Pere , Parella Teodor , Covas María‐Isabel , de la Torre Rafael 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe biocatalytic synthesis and purification of O‐β‐D‐monoglucuronide conjugates of hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, homovanillic alcohol, and 3‐(4′‐hydroxyphenyl)propanol, using porcine liver microsomes, are described here. The glucuronides were synthesized, analyzed and separated by HPLC‐UV, identified by HPLC‐MS, and their structures unequivocally established by NMR techniques. The outcome of the glucuronidation reaction depends on the structure of the phenolic compounds. Thus, the glucuronidation of hydroxytyrosol, biocatalyzed with porcine liver microsomes, proceeded exclusively on the phenolic hydroxy groups. The regioselectivity was similar to that observed for human and rat liver microsomes, the 4′‐hydroxy position being more favorable than the 3′‐hydroxy one. In the case of tyrosol, homovanillic alcohol, and hydroxyphenylpropanol, two products were formed during microsomal glucuronidation: a major one, the phenolic O‐β‐D‐glucuronidated derivative and, a minor one, the O‐β‐D‐glucuronidated aliphatic alcohol.
Immunotoxic effects of chemicals: A matrix for occupational and environmental epidemiological studies
Authors: Veraldi Angela , Costantini Adele Seniori , Bolejack Vanessa , Miligi Lucia , Vineis Paolo , van Loveren Henk 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackgroundMany biological and chemical agents have the capacity to alter the way the immune system functions in human and animals. This study evaluates the immunotoxicity of 20 substances used widely in work environments.MethodsA systematic literature search on the immunotoxicity of 20 chemicals was performed. The first step was to review literature on immunotoxicity testing and testing schemes adopted for establishing immunotoxicity in humans. The second step consisted of providing a documentation on immunotoxicity of substances that are widely used in work environment, by building tables for each chemical of interest (benzene, trichloroethylene, PAHs, crystalline silica, diesel exhausts, welding fumes, asbestos, styrene, formaldehyde, toluene, vinyl chloride monomer, tetrachloroethylene, chlorophenols, 1,3‐butadiene, mineral oils, P‐dichlorobenzene, dichloromethane, xylene, 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, ethylene oxide). The third step was the classification of substances; an index (strong, intermediate, weak, nil) was assigned on the basis of the evidence of toxicity and type of immunotoxic effects (immunosuppression, autoimmunity, hypersensitivity) on the basis of the immune responses. Finally substances were assigned a score of immunotoxic power.ResultsTables have been produced that include information for the 20 substances of interest, based on 227 animal studies and 94 human studies. Each substance was assigned an index of immunotoxic evidence, a score of immunotoxic power and type of immunotoxic effect.ConclusionsThis matrix can represent a tool to identify chemicals with similar properties concerning the toxicity for the immune system, and to interpret epidemiological studies on immune‐related diseases. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Heterocyclic Analogues of Lignans (Heterolignans)
Authors: Medarde Manuel , De Clairac Rafael Peláez Lamamié , Tomé Fernando , López Jose Luis , Feliciano Arturo San 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA new class of lignan analogues has been synthesized by means of tandem conjugate addition‐alkylation of butenolides. Furan and thiophene derivatives have been obtained by this method. This type of compounds has been called heterolignanolides and the generic name heterolignans is proposed for this class of lignan analogues.
Lipoxygenase‐Inhibitoren, 3. Mitt.: Synthese von Tetrahydrobenzazepinon‐phenylhydrazonen
Authors: Büge Axel , Locke Christian , Köhler Thomas , Nuhn Peter 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie als Ausgangsprodukte benötigten Tetrahydro‐2H‐benz[b]azepin‐2‐one wurden durch Beckmann‐Umlagerung oder Schmidt‐Reaktion erhalten. Die Phenylhydrazone wurden über die Thione und Thiolactimether synthetisiert. Es wurde die Hemmung der Sojabohnen‐Lipoxygenase ermittelt.
Antimykobakteriell wirksame Indolderivate
Authors: Mahboobi Siavosh , Grothus Götz , Meindl Wolfgang 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMichael‐Addition von Nitromethan an die Indolylnitroethene 2 führt zu 1,3‐Dinitro‐2‐(indol‐3′‐yl)‐propanen 3. ‐ Umsetzungen der Aldehyde 4 bzw. 10 mit den Benzylaminen 12 sowie der Indolylalkylamine 6a bzw. 9a mit den Benzaldehyden 11 und Reduktionen der Schiffbasen führen zu N‐Benzyl‐(indol‐3‐ylmethyl)‐aminen 13 und N‐Benzyl‐(indol‐3‐ylethyl)‐aminen 14. ‐ Die tert Amine 16 werden über die Formamide 15, Amine 18 nach Mannich synthetisiert. ‐ Alle Verbindungen werden auf wachstumshemmende Wirkung von Mycobacterium tuberculosis H 37 Ra untersucht. Die antimykobakterielle Aktivität wird in Abhängigkeit von der Struktur diskutiert.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Nitroaryl Thiadiazole‐Levofloxacin Hybrids
Authors: Foroumadi Alireza , Mansouri Shahla , Emami Saeed , Mirzaei Javad , Sorkhi Maedeh , Saeid‐Adeli Nosratollah , Shafiee Abbas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNovel levofloxacin‐containing hybrids carrying a 5‐(nitroaryl)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl group were synthesized and evaluated in vitro against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. Preliminary data indicated that levofloxacin‐nitrofuran and levofloxacin‐nitroimidazole hybrids have a potent activity against Gram‐positive organisms with enhanced anti‐staphylococcal activity compared with the parent quinolone (N‐desmethyl levofloxacin).