bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parasitism and Body Condition in Humpback Chub from the Colorado and Little Colorado Rivers, Grand Canyon, Arizona
Authors: Hoffnagle Timothy L. , Choudhury Anindo , Cole Rebecca A. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Glen Canyon Dam has greatly altered the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. The Little Colorado River (LCR) provides a small refuge of seasonally warm and turbid water that is thought to be more suitable than the Colorado River for endangered humpback chub Gila cypha. However, the LCR has low productivity and contains nonnative fishes and parasites, which pose a threat to humpback chub. The Colorado River hosts a different suite of nonnative fishes and is cold and clear but more productive. We compared condition factor (K), abdominal fat index (AFI), and presence and number of two introduced pathogenic parasites (Lernaea cyprinacea and Bothriocephalus acheilognathi) between juvenile (&lt;150 mm total length) humpback chub from the LCR and those from the Colorado River during 1996–1999. Both K and AFI were lower and L. cyprinacea prevalence and B. acheilognathi prevalence were higher in LCR fish than in Colorado River fish for all years. Mean K and AFI were 0.622 and 0.48, respectively, in the LCR and 0.735 and 2.02, respectively, in the Colorado River, indicating that fish in the Colorado River were more robust. Mean prevalence of L. cyprinacea was 23.9% and mean intensity was 1.73 L. cyprinacea/infected fish in the LCR, whereas prevalence was 3.2% and intensity was 1.0 L. cyprinacea/infected fish in the Colorado River. Mean prevalence of B. acheilognathi was 51.0% and mean intensity was 25.0 B. acheilognathi/infected fish in the LCR, whereas prevalence was 15.8% and intensity was 12.0 B. acheilognathi/infected fish in the Colorado River. Increased parasitism and poorer body condition in humpback chub from the LCR challenge the paradigm that warmer LCR waters are more suitable for humpback chub than the colder Colorado River and indicate the need to consider the importance and benefits of all available habitats, as well as biotic and abiotic factors, when managing endangered species and their environment.
If You Build It, Will They Come? Fish and Angler Use at a Freshwater Artificial Reef
Authors: Creque Sara M. , Raffenberg Matthew J. , Brofka Wayne A. , Dettmers John M. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
In November 1999, an artificial reef composed of granite rubble was built in southwestern Lake Michigan to attract smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu. Adult fish communities were sampled at the artificial reef site and a nearby reference site before (1999) and after reef construction (2000–2003) to determine whether the artificial reef attracted sport fishes. The total number of fish observed along scuba transects was higher at the artificial reef than at the reference site during 2000–2003. Smallmouth bass, rock bass Ambloplites rupestris, round goby Neogobius melanostomus, and yellow perch Perca flavescens were most commonly observed by divers at the artificial reef site, whereas the round goby was the most prevalent species observed at the reference site. Mean annual total gill-net catch per unit effort (CPUE) did not differ at the two sites after reef construction. Freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens, gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum, yellow perch, and salmonines were commonly caught at both locations. The presence of several of these taxa was related to water temperature but not location. Smallmouth bass presence was related to location; CPUE was greater at the artificial reef than at the reference site during 2000–2002. Rock bass CPUE also was greater at the artificial reef than at the reference site during 2002. Smallmouth bass association with the reef was seasonal and correlated with temperature. Although anglers were aware of the artificial reef, fishing effort and success were low, in part because few anglers targeted black bass Micropterus spp. Because water temperature strongly influences the use of structure by centrarchids in deep, cold lakes like Lake Michigan, care must be taken to site artificial reefs in zones of the most suitable water temperature for these species.
Parallel synthesis of novel benzimidazoles on a soluble polymer support
Authors: Chang Ling-Ju , Kulkarni Manohar , Sun Chung-Ming 
Published: August 2006

AbstractLiquid phase combinatorial synthesis using a soluble polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer support and commercially available 3-nitro-4-fluoro benzoic acid is carried out in order to create a molecular library of trisubstituted benzimidazoles. The PEG-ester conjugate of 3-nitro-4-fluoro benzoic acid is subjected to ipso-fluoro displacement by various primary amines. The nitro group is reduced under neutral conditions using excess zinc and ammonium chloride, producing the polymer-boundo-phenylene diamines. Reaction of the diamines with different aldehydes results in cyclisation to benzimidazoles. The polymer support is cleaved releasing the desired products in high yields and purity. All reactions are performed at room temperature.
Whole‐Mount Immunohistochemistry of the Brain
Authors: Kim Se‐Hoon , Che Priscilla , Chung Seung‐Hyuk , Doorn Debora , Hoy Monica , Larouche Matt , Marzban Hassan , Sarna Justyna , Zahedi Sepehr , Hawkes Richard 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe gross anatomical distribution of an antigen is typically mapped using a combination of serial sectioning, immunocytochemistry, and three‐dimensional reconstruction. This is a tedious and time‐consuming procedure, which introduces an array of potential alignment and differential shrinkage errors and requires considerable experience and specialized equipment. In particular, it is unsuited for routine screening applications. To circumvent these problems, this unit presents a routine whole‐mount immunocytochemistry protocol that can be used to map many antigenic distributions in the developing and adult brain. The technique can also be easily adapted to detect anterograde and retrograde transport tracers.
Rodent Sensory Neuron Culture and Analysis
Authors: Hall Alison K. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSensory neurons have proven very useful for analysis of neuronal differentiation in vivo and in vitro. Their utility for in vitro work is based on the fact that sensory neurons are relatively easy to isolate in large numbers and are amenable to manipulations in culture. Lumbar ganglia are usually used because their location in the caudal nervous system means they are the least differentiated at any developmental stage, allowing the analysis of relatively undifferentiated cells. Rodent sensory ganglia from embryonic to adult stages can be dissected effectively and maintained in serum‐free medium or in coculture with other cells or factors. This unit describes generation of embryonic rat lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cultures, which form an important model system for investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate neuronal differentiation. Adult DRG can also be successfully cultured, with a few modifications of the general protocol.
Binge Eating in Rats Produced by Combining Dieting with Stress
Authors: Boggiano Mary M. , Chandler Paula C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis unit describes a rodent model of binge eating based on cyclic restriction, refeeding, footshock, and intermittent access to palatable food. These conditions mimic dieting, stress, and “junk” food indulgence, respectively, all common etiological and maintenance factors in human binge eating. Four groups of rats are used: one subjected to cyclic food restriction, another to acute footshock stress, another to both of these (R + S), and a control. Neither cyclic restriction nor stress alone produces binge eating, but the R + S rats, despite satiety, double their intake of palatable food in a discrete period of time (i.e., binge) when stressed. This protocol recapitulates critical properties of human binge eating, namely preference for palatable food, dieting‐ and stress‐induced vulnerability to binging, and eating for reward versus metabolic need. This protocol permits study of the psychobiological underpinnings of binge eating and possibly also of addiction, impulsivity, and depression, which are co‐morbid with binge eating.
Binge Eating in Rats with Limited Access to Vegetable Shortening
Authors: Corwin Rebecca L. , Wojnicki Francis H.E. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn this protocol, binge‐type eating is induced in non‐food‐deprived rats by providing limited access to an optional source of dietary fat: vegetable shortening. The protocol is simple and inexpensive, and the binge behavior is robust, reliable, and maintainable across extended periods of time. Two peptides that normally affect fat intake in rats have no effect on fat intake under limited‐access conditions. However, recent results with a GABAB receptor agonist and with progressive‐ratio responding suggest that the behavior induced by the limited‐access binge protocol may share similarities with substance abuse. This protocol is designed to model the kind of excessive behavior that characterizes bingeing‐related eating disorders and certain addictions.
Characterization of Energy Expenditure in Rodents by Indirect Calorimetry
Authors: Alberts Pēteris , Johansson Bo G. , McArthur Robert A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe need for treatment of obesity and obesity‐related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, has been intensified by the epidemic rise of obesity. Recent advances make possible continuous monitoring of metabolically relevant functions in animals to identify novel thermogenic and anorectic compounds. This unit describes non‐invasive in vivo calorimetric assessment of energy expenditure using measurements of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, complemented by telemetric monitoring of body core temperature and locomotor activity in mice and rats. Reference compounds are used to illustrate the determination of substance‐specific parameters, such as the dose that produces the half‐maximal effect (ED50), the maximal effect, as well as the time of onset and duration of compound action. Indirect calorimetry performed at different temperatures provides information on several other well‐defined parameters, including resting metabolic rate, basal metabolic rate, lower critical temperature, temperature sensitivity, defended body temperature, and respiratory quotient.
Preparation of Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extracts from Mammalian Cells
Authors: Abmayr Susan M. , Yao Tingting , Parmely Tari , Workman Jerry L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractExtracts prepared from the isolated nuclei of cultured cells have been instrumental in dissecting the mechanisms by which transcription and mRNA processing occur. These extracts are able to recapitulate accurate transcription initiation and splicing in vitro, which has been useful in direct functional studies. They also serve as the starting material for purification of proteins that can then be reassembled in functional studies or examined in more detail biochemically. This unit describes the preparation of nuclear extracts from cultured cells and optimized production of transcriptionally active extracts from HeLa cells. Additional protocols describe optimization of the method to increase the yield of specific proteins, adaptation of the method for downstream applications such as affinity purification, and preparation of the cytoplasmic (S‐100) fraction.
Lipid and Bile Acid Analysis
Authors: Argmann Carmen A. , Houten Sander M. , Champy Marie‐France , Auwerx Johan 
Published: August 2006

AbstractLipids are important body constituents that are vital for cellular, tissue, and whole‐body homeostasis. Lipids serve as crucial membrane components, constitute the body's main energy reservoir, and are important signaling molecules. As a consequence of these pleiotropic functions, many common diseases, including atherosclerosis, chronic inflammatory disorders, and obesity, have been associated with altered lipid homeostasis. Lipid abnormalities are hence increasingly analyzed in mouse models. This unit describes commonly used methods to analyze mouse lipid metabolism, with techniques that evaluate lipids both in blood and in tissues. Despite the similarities between men and mice in many aspects of metabolism, important differences also exist in the area of lipid homeostasis. These differences are discussed and should be taken into account when extrapolating lipid data from mouse to men.
Intensity Calibration and Shading Correction for Fluorescence Microscopes
Authors: Model Michael A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractStandardization in image cytometry involves intensity calibration and shading correction. This unit presents a method using concentrated solutions of fluorophores. A drop of highly concentrated dye solution placed between a slide and a coverslip produces a spatially uniform fluorescent sample with reproducible quantum yield and resistance to photobleaching. The technique has a number of practical features that make it inexpensive, reproducible, and straightforward. Descriptions are given for both wide‐field and confocal scanning fluorescence microscopy.
Enzymatic Amplification of DNA by PCR: Standard Procedures and Optimization
Authors: Kramer Martha F. , Coen Donald M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis unit describes a method for amplifying DNA enzymatically by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), including procedures to quickly determine conditions for successful amplification of the sequence and primer sets of interest, and to optimize for specificity, sensitivity, and yield. The first step of PCR simply entails mixing template DNA, two appropriate oligonucleotide primers, Taq or other thermostable DNA polymerases, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), and a buffer. Once assembled, the mixture is cycled many times (usually 30) through temperatures that permit denaturation, annealing, and synthesis to exponentially amplify a product of specific size and sequence. The PCR products are then displayed on an appropriate gel and examined for yield and specificity. Recommended optimization conditions are included.
Modeling of CO2 absorber using an AMP solution
Authors: Gabrielsen Jostein , Michelsen Michael L. , Stenby Erling H. , Kontogeorgis Georgios M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAn explicit model for carbon dioxide (CO2) solubility in an aqueous solution of 2‐amino‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanol (AMP) has been proposed and an expression for the heat of absorption of CO2 has been developed as a function of loading and temperature. A rate‐based steady‐state model for CO2 absorption into an AMP solution has been proposed, using both the proposed expression for the CO2 solubility and the expression for the heat of absorption along with an expression for the enhancement factor and physicochemical data from the literature. The proposed model has successfully been applied to absorption of CO2 into an AMP solution in a packed tower and validated against pilot‐plant data from the literature. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Reconsidering water scaling tendency assessment
Authors: Elfil Hamza , Hannachi Ahmed 
Published: August 2006

AbstractEvaluation methods of the CaCO3 scaling risk are still far from being well understood and in many cases lack accuracy. Most of the saturation indices and models used so far for predicting scaling are based on the thermodynamic data of calcite, which is considered to be the most stable form of the different calcium carbonate varieties. However, surpassing the solubility product of anhydrous calcium carbonate forms (calcite, aragonite, and vaterite) is not sufficient to induce spontaneous precipitation. The solubility product of the CaCO3·H2O constitutes a lower limit for spontaneous germination. Based on the thermodynamic data of the monohydrate form, a novel scaling index is established and referred to as the Monohydrated form of the Langelier Scaling Index (MLSI). The ability of the MLSI to correctly predict the scaling phenomenon was verified and compared to that of the well‐known Langelier Scaling Index (LSI) for several experimental results gathered from the available literature in the scaling field. Unlike the LSI, the MLSI was able to predict the instantaneous CaCO3 precipitation in scaling water. For water in the temperature range between 25 and 60°C, a classification of scaling/equilibrium state according to MLSI values is presented. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Genomic ancestry of a sample population from the state of São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Ferreira Luzitano Brandão , Mendes Celso Teixeira , Wiezel Cláudia Emília Vieira , Luizon Marcelo Rizzatti , Simões Aguinaldo Luiz 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAllelic frequencies of eight autosomal short‐tandem repeat (STR) loci (TH01, TPOx, CSF1PO, vWA, FES/FPS, F13A1, F13B, and CD4) were determined in 400 individuals born in the State of São Paulo. No significant deviations from Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium were found in any loci analyzed. The Unweighted Pair‐Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) tree constructed based on genetic distances revealed that the present population was grouped with Europeans, and separated from African and Amerindian populations. Estimates of admixture components based on the gene identity method revealed 79% European, 14% African, and 7% Amerindian contributions to this Brazilian population sample. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:702–705, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adrenarche and the evolution of human life history
Authors: Campbell Benjamin 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAdrenarche, the prepubertal onset of adrenal production of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), is a distinctive aspect of the human life course. Yet its evolutionary origins remain unexplained. Production of DHEAS is associated with the development of the zona reticularis, a novel histological layer within the adrenal gland, derived from the fetal adrenal gland, and associated with primates more generally. Evidence that DHEAS is a neurosteroid, together with the fact that increases in DHEAS parallel patterns of cortical maturation from approximately age 6 years to the mid‐20s, suggests that DHEAS may play an important role in extended brain maturation among humans. DHEAS has demonstrated effects on mood in humans, and acts at neuron receptor sites. I suggest three ways in which DHEAS may play a role in human brain maturation: 1) increasing activity of the amgydala; 2) increasing activity of the hippocampus; and 3) promoting synaptogenesis within the cortex. I propose that associated changes in fearfulness and anxiety, and memory, could act to increase social interaction with nonfamiliar individuals and shape cognitive development. Comparison with the African apes suggests that the timing of adrenarche in chimpanzees may be similar to that in humans, though the full course of age‐related changes in DHEAS and their relationship to reproductive and brain maturation are not clear. The role of DHEAS as a physiological mechanism supporting increased brain development, extended life span, and decreased sexual dimorphism is most compatible with Kaplan et al.'s(2000)theory of the evolution of human life history and intergenerational transfers. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:569–589, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noninvasive assessment of energy expenditure in children
Authors: Sarton‐Miller Isabelle 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis study establishes an affordable, simple, and noninvasive method to assess energy expenditure (EE) in children, an underrepresented group. The method is based on regression modeling, where prediction of oxygen consumption (VO2), a proxy of EE, was deduced from heart rate (HR) and several variables that adjusted for interindividual variability. Limb activities (arms vs. legs) and posture (sitting vs. standing) were represented in the regression as dichotomous covariates. The order of activities and intensities was randomized. Seventy‐four children (aged 7–10 years), raised at sea‐level (Seattle, WA), comprised the sample. Anthropometric measures were taken, and VO2 and HR were measured for activities using the arms in sitting and standing positions (mixing and punching), as well as walking at different velocities on a treadmill. Repeated measures and least square regression estimation were used. HR, body mass, number of hours of physical activity per week (HPA), an interaction term between sitting and standing resting HR, and the two dichotomous variables, sex and limbs, were significant covariates; posture was not. Several equations were developed for various field uses. The equations were built from sea‐level data, but ultimately this method could serve as a baseline for developing a similar approach in other populations, where noninvasive estimation of EE is imperative in order to gain a better understanding of children's energetic issues. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:600–609, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lasker's coefficient of isonymy between and within 16 Sardinian villages in the periods 1825–1849, 1875–1899, and 1925–1949
Authors: Sanna Emanuele , Iovine Maria Chiara , Melis Marco , Floris Giovanni 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCoefficients of relationship by isonymy, based on the frequency of common surnames, were used to estimate the biological affinity between (Rib) and within (Riw) 16 Sardinian villages in the periods 1825–1849, 1875–1899, and 1925–1949. The database for the surname analysis consisted of 13,515 marriages registered in the parishes of villages, all belonging to the Sardinian linguistic area. The values of Rib and Riw tend to decrease in time. In all three periods, the Rib values generally decrease as the geographical distance between villages increases. The negative values of the Bravais‐Pearson coefficient of correlation between the matrix of Rib values and the matrices of geographical distances (calculated both in a straight line and from road distances) are significant for each period (modified Mantel test), with slightly higher correlation coefficients for road distances. Moreover, the plots of isonymic relationships obtained by nonmetric multidimensional scaling for 1825–1849 and 1925–1949 show that the biological relationships between neighboring villages increase in the latter period. The positive values of the Bravais‐Pearson coefficients of correlation between Riw and altitude are significant in all three periods, while the correlation between Riw and population size is not significant, even when altitude is controlled for. Since altitude is considered an indicator of isolation, the results obtained with the coefficient of relationship by isonymy within villages also support the isolation‐by‐distance model. Rib values provided a reliable picture of the biological relationships between 16 Sardinian villages, while Riw values illustrated the biological affinity within the communities for a period of 100 years, from 1825–1849 to 1925–1949. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:621–629, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.