bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonrandomized Comparison of Primary Chemotherapy and Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection for Clinical Stage IIA and IIB Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Testicular Cancer
Authors: Stephenson Andrew J. , Bosl George J. , Motzer Robert J. , Bajorin Dean F. , Stasi Jason P. , Sheinfeld Joel 
Published: December 2007

Purpose Patients with clinical stage (CS) IIA and IIB nonseminomatous germ cell tumor (NSGCT) with adenopathy more than 2 cm, multiple masses, elevated serum tumor markers, or disease outside the primary landing zone have increasingly been recommended to receive primary chemotherapy over time at our institution. The impact of these selection factors on the outcome of patients managed primarily by retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) or chemotherapy was examined. Patients and Methods Between 1989 and 2002, 252 patients with CS IIA and IIB NSGCT were referred to our institution for initial management, of whom 136 underwent RPLND and 116 received chemotherapy and postchemotherapy RPLND. Patient information was obtained from a prospective RPLND database. Results Proportionately more patients received chemotherapy over time (22% in 1989 to 1993 v 68% in 1999 to 2002), and the relapse-free survival (RFS) subsequently improved from 84% (1989 to 1998) to 98% (1999 to 2002; P = .004) without increasing the proportion who received any chemotherapy (70% v 79%; P = .16). By increasingly selecting patients with adverse features for primary chemotherapy, the RFS after RPLND improved from 78% to 100% (P = .019), but rates of pathologic stage II and retroperitoneal teratoma were unaffected. Retroperitoneal histology and RFS did not change over time for chemotherapy patients. Primary chemotherapy was associated with improved RFS compared with RPLND (98% v 79%; P < .001), but disease-specific survival did not differ significantly (100% v 98%; P = .3). Conclusion Patient selection factors have significantly improved the outcome of patients with CS IIA and IIB NSGCT without substantially increasing the proportion of patients exposed to chemotherapy.
Meta-Analysis of Hepatic Arterial Infusion for Unresectable Liver Metastases From Colorectal Cancer: The End of an Era?
Authors: Mocellin Simone , Pilati Pierluigi , Lise Mario , Nitti Donato 
Published: December 2007

Purpose The treatment of unresectable liver-confined metastatic disease from colorectal cancer (CRC) is a challenging issue. Although locoregional treatments such as hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) claim the advantage of delivering higher doses of anticancer agents directly into the affected organ, the benefit in terms of overall survival (OS) is unclear. We quantitatively summarized the results of randomized controlled trials (RCT) comparing HAI with systemic chemotherapy (SCT). Methods To date, 10 RCTs have been published, for a total of 1,277 patients enrolled. For tumor response rates, relative risks (RR) and their 95% CIs were obtained from raw data; for OS, hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% CIs were extrapolated from the Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Results HAI regimens were based on floxuridine (FUDR) in nine of 10 RCTs, whereas in one RCT, fluorouracil (FU) + leucovorin was used. SCT consisted of FUDR, FU, FU + leucovorin, or a miscellany of FU and best supportive care in three, one, four, and two studies, respectively. Pooling the data, tumor response rate was 42.9% and 18.4% for HAI and SCT, respectively (RR = 2.26; 95% CI, 1.80 to 2.84; P < .0001). Mean weighted median OS times were 15.9 and 12.4 months for HAI and SCT, respectively; the meta-risk of death was not statistically different between the two study groups (HR = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.07; P = .24). Conclusion Currently available evidence does not support the clinical or investigational use of fluoropyrimidine-based HAI alone for the treatment of patients with unresectable CRC liver metastases, at least as a first-line therapy.
Lung Cancer in Elderly Patients: An Analysis of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database
Authors: Owonikoko Taofeek K. , Ragin Camille C. , Belani Chandra P. , Oton Ana B. , Gooding William E. , Taioli Emanuela , Ramalingam Suresh S. 
Published: December 2007

Purpose To study the burden and outcome of lung cancer in the elderly, particularly for patients aged 80 years and older. Patients and Methods The national Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was analyzed for lung cancer outcomes during the period 1988 to 2003. A comparison was carried out between patients with lung cancer 80 years and older, 70 to 79 years, and younger than 70 years for demographics; stage distribution; 5-year relative survival; and survival based on histology, sex, race, stage, and treatment. The temporal trends in survival during the years 1988 to 1997 and 1998 to 2003 were also analyzed. Results Of 316,682 patients eligible for the analysis, 45,912 (14%) were 80 years or older (ie, very elderly); 103,963 (33%) were 70 to 79 years; and 166,807 (53%) were younger than 70 years. The distribution by stage and histology was comparable for all the three groups. Overall survival rate at 5 years was lower in the very elderly (7.4% v 12.3% v 15.5%; P < .0001) across sex, histologic subtypes, stages, and racial categories. Patients aged 80 years or older were less likely to receive local therapy (no surgery or radiation) than younger patients (47% v 28% and 19% for the age subgroups ≥ 80 years, 70 to 79 years, and < 70 years, respectively). Overall outcomes for patients who underwent surgical therapy or radiation were comparable across the three age groups. In general, survival outcomes for the subgroup aged 70 to 79 years were similar to those of the subgroup aged 80 years and older who received single modality local therapy. Conclusion Patients 80 years or older account for 14% (70 years or older accounted for 47%) of all lung cancers, are less likely to be subjected to surgery or radiation, and have inferior outcomes when compared with younger patients.
Determining Prognosis in Patients With Pancreatic Endocrine Neoplasms: Can the WHO Classification System Be Simplified?
Authors: Ferrone Cristina R. , Tang Laura H. , Tomlinson James , Gonen Mithat , Hochwald Steven N. , Brennan Murray F. , Klimstra David S. , Allen Peter J. 
Published: December 2007

Purpose The WHO classification for well-differentiated pancreatic endocrine neoplasms (PENs) incorporates both stage and grade. This study compares the prognostic value of a simplified staging and grading system with the WHO system in a large single-institution study. Patients and Methods A prospective database (1982 to 2005) identified 183 patients who underwent operative treatment for PENs. Tumors were staged (< 2 cm primary, ≥ 2 cm primary, or metastases) and graded (low grade: no necrosis and < two mitoses/50 high-powered fields [HPF]; or intermediate grade: necrosis and/or ≥ two mitoses/50 HPF) with a simplified schema. Influence of stage and grade on recurrence and disease-specific survival (DSS) was determined. Prognostic strength was assessed with the concordance index (CI). Results Median age of the 183 patients was 56 years, and 53% were women. Median follow-up time was 44 months (range, 1 to 226 months). Classification identified 28 patients (15%) with WHO 1.1 disease, 74 (41%) with 1.2 disease, and 81 (44%) with 2.0 disease. Classification by stage identified 35 patients (19%) with tumors less than 2 cm, 96 (52%) with tumors ≥ 2 cm, and 52 (29%) with nodal or distant metastases. Tumors were low grade in 102 patients (56%). Earlier stage tumors were more likely to be low grade (< 2 cm, 83%; ≥ 2 cm, 61%; metastases, 28%; P < .001). The WHO classification, tumor stage, and grade were associated with 5-year DSS (P < .001). Tumors ≥ 2 cm or metastases are stratified by grade (5-year DSS rate for low v intermediate grade: ≥ 2 cm, 97% v 80%, respectively; P < .001; metastases, 93% v 62%, respectively; P = .05). The CI was 0.72 for WHO, 0.71 for stage, 0.66 for grade, and 0.76 for stage combined with grade. Conclusion Accurate prognostic information can be obtained by combining tumor size and metastases with simple grading information based on necrosis and mitotic rate.
Differences between Suburban Republicans and Democrats
Authors: Lee Robert D. 
Published: December 2007

The main argument against partisan politics at the loca11evel has been that parties contribute little to sorting out issues and candidates. Since presumably there is no Democratic method of maintaining streets or Republican approach to collecting garbage, it has been contended that nonpartisanship would be preferable to any system which attempted to differentiate local political candidates on the basis of their national party labels. A related topic of debate has been the extent to which the suburbs–through some mysterious alchemy–convert Democrats into Republicans. This issue has tended to concentrate on suburban voting patterns in state and national elections. The question arises, then, as to whether suburban Republicans and Democrats do in fact subscribe to differing views related to local government. Are there real differences on local matters among partisan voters in suburban areas or are party labels more related to state and national issues? In the following article, we examine suburban Republicans and Democrats in terms of their socio-economic characteristics and then their attitudes toward various governmental concerns.
The area chosen for collection of data was the lower portion of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. The county is in the southeastern section of the state, bordering Philadelphia and Trenton, New Jersey.
Interpretation of the Change in Optimal Salinity With Overall Surfactant Concentration
Authors: Hirasaki George J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Background. For chemical flooding formulations, optimal salinity changes with overall surfactant concentration when the phase behavior is observed in test tubes. Applying these observations to the mathematical simulator is questionable because chromatographic mechanisms during displacement through porous media result in different compositions.
Purpose. This work sought the mechanism for the observed change so that calculated optimal salinity can be expressed through the appropriate intensive variable rather than overall surfactant concentration.
Method. Association of the alcohol has been described by partition coefficients for distribution of the alcohol among brine, oil, and surfactant. The alcohol was isopropanol (IPA), 1-butanol (NBA), or tertiary amyl alcohol (TAA) in the systems in which they were included and was used to represent a disulfonate in the system with Petrostep® petroleum sulfonate.
Association of sodium and divalent ions with surfactant has been described by the Donnan equilibrium model, which experimental observations show can be applied to microemulsions as well as to micelles.
Conclusions. For the seven systems investigated, the change in optimal salinity is a function of (1) the alcohol associated with the surfactant and (2) the divalent ion fraction of the associated counterions.
An Analytical Model for One-Dimensional, Three-Component Condensing and Vaporizing Gas Drives
Authors: Dumoré J. M. , Hagoort J. , Risseeuw A. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An analytical model based on the method of characteristics is presented for the calculation of onedimensional (1D), three-component condensing and vaporizing gas drives. The model describes (1) mass transfer between oil and gas, (2) swelling and shrinkage, (3) viscosity and density changes, (4) gravity stabilization, and (5) rock/fluid interaction. The main assumptions of the model are local thermodynamic equilibrium and the absence of dispersion, diffusion, and capillarity.
Example calculations are presented that bring out the main features of both condensing and vaporizing gas drives and also indicate the importance of mass transfer between the phases. In the special case of "developed miscibility," the model predicts a piston-like displacement having a complete recovery at gas breakthrough.
The main applications of the model are in (1) conceptual studies of gas drives in which mass transfer plays an important role and (2) the calibration and checking of numerical reservoir simulators for multicomponent, multiphase flow.
Petrophysical Parameters Estimated From Visual Descriptions of Carbonate Rocks: A Field Classification of Carbonate Pore Space
Authors: Lucia F.J. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
The permeability, capillary properties. and m values of carbonate rocks are related to the particle size, amount of interparticle porosity, amount of separate vug porosity, and the presence or absence of touching vugs. Particle size. percent separate vug porosity, and the presence or absence of touching vugs usually can be determined visually. The amount of interparticle porosity is more difficult to determine visually and is done best by subtracting the visual estimate of separate vug porosity from the measure of total porosity obtained from wireline porosity logs or laboratory measurements. In the absence of touching vugs, the permeability, in values, and capillary properties can be estimated if the particle size, percent separate vug porosity, and total porosity are known. No acceptable method has been developed to estimate visually the permeability of touching vugs. A classification of carbonate porosity is proposed based on the data presented. This classification is intended to be used in the field or for routine laboratory description. Interparticle porosity is classified according to particle size and the dense or porous appearance of the interparticle area. Vuggy porosity is classified according to type of interconnection. Separate vugs are connected through the interparticle pore space and classified by percent porosity. Touching vugs are connected to each other and classified by presence or absence.

Introduction
The role played by the visual description of pore space in carbonate rocks in the field evaluation of a well has changed dramatically over the past 25 to 30 years. The change has been brought about by the development of new and improved logging techniques. The Archie classification, developed in 1952, was the only method at that time to estimate the amount of porosity in uncored wells. The development of porosity wireline tools (neutron, sonic, and density) has provided us with effective ways to measure wellbore porosity. The permeability of a carbonate rock, however, can not be measured directly by wireline tools and it is not directly related to total porosity. Visual descriptions of the pore geometry, therefore, still are needed to estimate permeability. While the Archie classification provides some insight into permeability relationships, new data presented here allow more accurate estimates. In addition, the relationship between pore types and Archie's m value and capillarity can be described. The role that the visual description of pore space can play in the evaluation is to describe factors that cannot be obtained from logging techniques but that are needed together with the logs to calculate saturations and productive capacities of the reservoir rock. This paper describes the basic geologic parameters that control the petrophysical parameters and shows how they are related.
JPT
P. 629^
Type-Curve Matching Techniques With Error Sensitivity Numbers
Authors: Morita Nobuo , Gray K. E. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper presents several error sensitivity numbers suitable to general type-matching curves given as log-log graphs with dimensionless parameters. Also, the utility and application of type curves with tables of error sensitivity numbers are illustrated with an example type curve proposed by Wattenbarger and Ramey.1,2 The reliability of each parameter obtained by this type curve is discussed, as well as its appropriate use in terms of proper number of cycles to be used and proper data points.
A Simple Approach to Pressure Distributions in Geometric Shapes
Authors: Larsen Leif 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
General and simple algorithms are presented to determine the coordinates of sufficient numbers of image wells to compute pressure distributions and Matthews-Brons-Hazebroek (MBH) functions for rectangles of any shape, triangles with internal angles (30,60,90), (45,45,90), (60,60,60), and (30,30,120)°, rhombi with acute angle 60°, and hexagons. A simple extension to compute their slopes also is included. The well must be located at the center of the hexagon, on the short diagonal of the rhombus, and on the corresponding height of the last triangle. For the other shapes there are no restrictions on well location. Any combination of no-flow and constant-pressure outer boundaries can be handled for pressure distributions in rectangles and (45,45,90)° triangles, but only special cases are possible for the other shapes.
A Study of Plane, Radial Miscible Displacement in a Consolidated Porous Medium
Authors: Bentsen R.G. , Nielsen R.F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper reports an experimental study of the transition zone in plane, radial, miscible, liquid displacement in a homogeneous porous medium. The viscosity of the displacing liquid is greater than that of the displaced liquid in most of the runs, to avoid viscous fingers. A consolidated natural medium was chosen so dispersion would be high enough for measurement. Porosity was 19.5 per cent and permeability was 310 md. The material was Berea sandstone in a circular sector 1.9 cm thick and 91.4 cm in radius. Compositions of produced fluids were determined with a chemical oscillometer in a manner similar to that described by Peffer. Fluid distribution in the plane, radial miscible displacements agreed with the mathematical theory of Raimondi, et al for favorable mobility ratios.
Introduction
Numerous papers have been published on theory and experiments relating to miscible fluid displacement in porous media. Some excellent reviews have appeared in the petroleum production literature, and it is not necessary to repeat the references listed in these reviews. Most previous experimental work has involved unidirectional flow, although the theory has been extended to radial and multi-directional flow. The experimental work involving multi-directional flow generally has been related to problems other than the extent of the transition zone and the fluid distribution therein, except for some cases where viscous fingering or heterogeneity of the porous media were predominant factors. This paper reports an experimental study of the transition zone in plane, radial, miscible, liquid displacement in a homogeneous porous medium. The viscosity of the displacing liquid is greater than that of the displaced liquid in most of the runs, to avoid viscous fingers. A consolidated natural medium was chosen so that the dispersion would be high enough for measurement.
THEORY
A solution of the plane, radial dispersion equation for the injection of a finite slug of a second fluid is
(1)
If injection of the second fluid is continued indefinitely (infinite slug) the second error function becomes unity, and the equation can be written
(2)
In the experiments to be described, the molecular diffusion constant D can be neglected in the theory. Then differentiation of Eq. 2 gives, for C= 0.5,
(3)
If it is assumed that, in a finite slug, the maximum concentration of slug material occurs at a time half way between the times at which the head and tail pass a given point, then Eq. l gives
(4)
where R is the radius of the undiluted slug just after injection.
EXPERIMENTAL
All runs were carried out on a slab of Berea sandstone in the shape of a circular sector, 1.9 cm thick and 91.4 cm in radius.
SPEJ
P. 1ˆ
Water Sensitivity of Sandstones
Authors: Khilar Kartic C. , Fogler H. Scott 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Experimental and theoretical studies have been carried out to elucidate the mechanism of water sensitivity of Berea sandstone and to quantify a number of important parameters. Based on the results of a number of novel experiments, a physical model has been developed. In this model, clay particles are released only when the salt concentration falls below a critical salt concentration. These colloidal clay particles remain dispersed in fresh water and are carried with the flowing fluid until they are captured at a local pore constriction, thereby decreasing the permeability. A mathematical model based on this mechanism has been developed. This model contains two parameters stemming from the rate equations of the release and capture of clay particles. Correlations of these parameters with flow rate and temperature are presented.
Correlation of Capillary Number Relationships for Sandstone
Authors: Chatzis Ioannis , Morrow Norman R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Capillary number relationships are presented for displacement of both residual and initially continuous oil from water-wet consolidated sandstones having permeabilities that varied over about two orders of magnitude. It was found that the critical displacement ratio, (ΔP/Lσ)cr, for the onset of mobilization could be correlated with sample permeability. Relationships between normalized reduced residual oil saturation and capillary number (taken as kwΔP/Lσ) also were correlated satisfactorily. For sandstones, capillary numbers for displacement of continuous oil were lower than values for mobilization of discontinuous oil for down to 50% of normal waterflood residual. Thereafter, capillary number relationships for the two types of displacement were indistinguishable. Conditions for complete recovery of residual oil correspond to values of (kwΔP/Lσ) of about 1.5 × 10−3 as compared with about 2 × 10−5 for onset of mobilization.
Mathematical Model of the Diamond-Bit Drilling Process and Its Practical Application
Authors: Ziaja Malgorzata B. , Miska Stefan 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
With several limiting assumptions, a mathematical model of the diamond-bit drilling process has been developed. The model represented by an instantaneous rate-of-penetration equation takes into account the reduction in penetration rate during drilling resulting from bit wear. The model has been tested both under laboratory and under field conditions. The comparison of the theoretical and experimental results has shown reasonable agreement. A method for estimating rock properties also has been established. Using this method, we can find the so-called index of rock strength and the index of rock abrasiveness.