bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separate estimates of portion size were not essential for energy and nutrient estimation: results from the Southern Community Cohort food-frequency questionnaire pilot study
Authors: Schlundt David G , Buchowski Maciej S , Hargreaves Margaret K , Hankin Jean H , Signorello Lisa B , Blot William J 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectiveA food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was developed to assess habitual dietary intake in the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS), a prospective epidemiological study to analyse disparities in cancer and other chronic diseases between African-Americans and Whites.DesignFrequency and portion size estimates were obtained for each of 104 foods. Daily intakes of 13 food groups, energy and 18 nutrients were computed. Each participant's rank and quintile classification of nutrient intakes was determined with and without the use of the subject's reported portion size.SubjectsThe sample was obtained from the SCCS pilot study conducted in Tennessee, Mississippi and Florida, and consisted of 209 adults, 54% African-American, with a mean (standard deviation) age of 57.1 (12.5) years.ResultsCorrelations between the ranks from the two methods of estimation were high, ranging from 0.66 to 0.94 for food groups and 0.81 to 0.94 for nutrients. Pearson correlations were similarly high for food groups and nutrients. Concordance in exact quintile rank across the nutrient indices ranged from 52 to 70%, rising to 90–99% for concordance within adjacent quintiles.ConclusionsTo reduce the respondents' burden and to increase data completeness, the assignment of a uniform portion size when scoring the SCCS FFQ was considered acceptable.
Trends in fruit, vegetable and salad intakes in 9–10-year-old schoolchildren living in Liverpool, 2000–2005
Authors: Johnson B , Hackett AF 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo report on the fruit, vegetable and salad intakes of Liverpool schoolchildren aged 9–10 years over a 5-year period (2000–2005).DesignCross-sectional observational study.SettingBetween 75 and 100 Liverpool primary schools took part in each survey year.SubjectsSubjects consisted of five separate cohorts of 9–10-year-old children from all areas of the city.Main outcome measuresNumber and proportion of boys and girls who reported eating fruit, vegetables and salad on the previous day.ResultsThere was an upward trend in the reported intake of fruit between 2002 and 2005. Girls were more likely than boys to report eating fruit (P < 0.001). The trend in salad intake was positive. Between 2000 and 2005 there were significant increases in the number of boys (χ2 = 17.57, P = 0.001) and girls (χ2 = 80.56, P = 0.001) eating salad. Girls were significantly more likely to eat salad than boys in all years (χ2 = 58.75, P = 0.001). Trends in vegetable intake were similar to those for salad, with both sexes reporting yearly increases over the 5-year period. The increase in the number of boys who reported eating vegetables between 2000 and 2005 was 23.5% (χ2 = 32.9, P = 0.000). In girls there was a 44.8% increase over the same period (χ2 = 110.3, P < 0.000).ConclusionsThe data reveal positive trends in the fruit, vegetable and salad intakes of Liverpool schoolchildren between 2000 and 2005. Further research is needed to elucidate the specific factors that have enabled the changes to take place.
Utilization of Restaurant Waste Oil as a Precursor for Sophorolipid Production
Authors: Shah Vishal , Jurjevic Mia , Badia Daniel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractApproximately 100 billion liters of oil is generated per week as waste from restaurants around the country. Because of health, environmental, and economic factors, current methods of disposal are ineffective for disposal of the restaurant oil wastes. In this study we have investigated the ability of Candida bombicola to fermentatively transform the restaurant oil waste into glycolipids called sophorolipids. Batch and fed‐batch studies were carried out using oil waste as the lipid feedstock in Erlenmeyer flasks and in a fermentor. Batch fermentation in a fermentor gave the highest yield of sophorolipids of 34 g L−1. Fermentation using oleic acid as control feedstock were also carried out. Batch fermentation in the fermentor using this pure fatty acid gave a highest yield of 42 g L−1. The difference in the sophorolipid yield was attributed to the fatty acid composition of restaurant oil waste.
Osteomyelitis due to arsenic trioxide use for tooth devitalization
Authors: Dumlu A. , Yalcinkaya S. , Olgac V. , Güvercin M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAim:  To present a case of osteomyelitis that was caused by the use of arsenic trioxide during root canal treatment in a mandibular left first molar.Summary:  Arsenic was once in common use to devitalize inflammed pulp tissue before root canal treatment. Its prolonged application or leakage leads to toxic effects beyond the pulp tissue, and necrosis of periodontal tissues and supporting alveolar bone has been described. This report presents a case of osteomyelitis resulting from leakage of arsenic trioxide used in pulp devitalization. Sequestrectomy and excision of non‐vital alveolar bone was performed to treat the severe tissue necrosis.Key learning points• Agents containing arsenic are still employed by some clinicians and may be encountered when patients present with tissue destruction resulting from their use.• Dental practitioners should be aware that arsenic paste may diffuse into periodontal tissues through apical, lateral or accessory canals, through perforations and around leaking restorations.• Osteomyelitis caused by arsenic trioxide can be treated by a combination of pharmacotherapeutic and invasive surgical methods.• Arsenic pastes have no place in endodontic practice.
Congenital melanocytic nevi and nevus spilus have a tendency to follow the lines of Blaschko: An examination of 200 cases
Authors: HANAYAMA Hiromi , TERASHI Hiroto , HASHIKAWA Kazunobu , TAHARA Shinya 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThere have been few reports about the characteristics of the pigmentary arrangement of congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) and nevus spilus (NS). Though the lines of Blaschko, which don't correspond to other lines such as Langer's lines and skin dermatomes, are well known to be followed by some rare pigmentary disorders, the relationship between these two disorders and the lines of Blaschko has not been discussed. Therefore, through an examination of 200 cases, we investigated whether or not the arrangement of CMN and NS follow the lines of Blaschko. Thirty‐nine out of 92 cases (42.4%) of CMN and 67 out of 108 cases (62.0%) of NS were considered to follow the lines of Blaschko. Today, the idea is widely accepted that two functionally different cells proliferate during early embryogenesis of the skin which is caused from mosaicism and, as a result, the lines of Blaschko appear visually. In our results, we found that there were some cases of CMN and NS which showed a relationship with the lines of Blaschko, which is meaningful considering that the lesions and the lines are both related to pigmentary gene anomalies. The result was compared with CMN and NS by the χ2 test. NS showed a predominant tendency to follow the lines with a significant difference (P = 0.0055). This may indicate that the lines of Blaschko reflect more clearly the proliferation of the epidermal cells than other cells in growth of the skin of the embryo. Further studies are required to elucidate the reason why some cases follow these lines and others do not.
Development of atopic dermatitis‐specific communication tools: Interview form and question and answer brochure
Authors: OGAWA Sachiko , UCHI Hiroshi , FUKAGAWA Shuji , TAKEUCHI Satoshi , NAKAHARA Takeshi , KATO Mariko , KOKUBA Hisashi , FURUE Masutaka 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAt first consultation, it is sometimes difficult for patients to decide which questions they want to ask most. We investigated whether an improvement in interview forms would identify the questions that patients want to ask doctors and help patients express their needs. First, we developed a two‐part interview form specifically for atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. The first part was related to diagnosis. In the second part, we determined the most frequently asked questions by patients in daily AD clinics and included these in a prompt interview form, which we called “Questions You May Want to Ask”. We compared this new interview form with the standard interview one used in our hospital. Then we made a brochure with answers to those questions. Finally, we evaluated the usefulness of these communication tools. The usefulness of the AD‐specific interview form and the answer brochure was validated by patients and/or their surrogates. The majority of them recognized the necessity for and usefulness of these tools to communicate appropriately with their doctors. The answer brochure significantly increased their understanding of AD. The AD‐specific interview form and the answer brochure are useful communication tools to improve doctor–patient relationships.
Fluid‐fluid level in a giant epidermal cyst of the buttock
Authors: TAKEMURA Noriko , FUJII Norikazu , SHIBATA Chikako , KAWANO Akiko , FUJIMOTO Noriki , UENISHI Toshiaki , TANAKA Toshihiro 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWe describe a case of a giant epidermal cyst of the buttock that demonstrated a fluid‐fluid level on imaging. There have been no previously reported cases of epidermal cysts containing a fluid‐fluid level, so our case was considered to be very exceptional. A 39‐year‐old man had had a slowly enlarging giant subcutaneous mass in the left buttock for more than 10 years. It was elastic‐soft, well‐circumscribed and smooth‐surfaced. Ultrasonography showed a well‐circumscribed hypoechoic mass with a fluid‐fluid level in the subcutis of the left buttock. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a well‐circumscribed cystic mass measuring 8 cm × 5.5 cm × 5.5 cm in the same place that the ultrasonography indicated. It was hypointense on the T1‐weighted image, hyperintense on the T2‐weighted image, and contained a fluid‐fluid level on both the T1‐ and T2‐weighted images. It bordered on the anus, but neither adhered nor formed a fistula with it. A surgical excision was performed. The mass was diagnosed histopathologically as an epidermal cyst. The occurrence of fluid‐fluid levels in epidermal cysts should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of subcutaneous soft tissue tumors.
Late‐onset self‐healing reticulohistiocytosis: Pediatric case of Hashimoto–Pritzker type Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: NAKAHIGASHI Kyoko , OHTA Miyuki , SAKAI Rie , SUGIMOTO Yasushi , IKOMA Yukiko , HORIGUCHI Yuji 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn 8‐year‐old otherwise healthy girl presented with a 3‐month history of multiple asymptomatic, reddish‐brown papules over the face and upper limbs. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations demonstrated an infiltrate of mononuclear cells containing abundant histiocytic cells in the dermis, and microabscess‐like accumulation of the histiocytic cells in the epidermis. The histiocytic cells were positive for antibodies against S‐100 protein and CD1a, but negative for anti‐CD68. Lag and anti‐langerin monoclonal antibodies reacted more weakly with these histiocytic cells than with Langerhans cells in the surrounding epidermis. The skin lesions spontaneously regressed within the following 3 months, and neither systemic involvement nor local recurrence was observed during the next 10 months. This case should be categorized as congenital self‐healing reticulohistiocytosis (Hashimoto–Pritzker), although the onset was not early in life.
Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita and chronic autoimmune urticaria in a young man
Authors: MELANI Lucilla , ANTIGA Emiliano , TORCHIA Daniele , GIOMI Barbara , MASSI Daniela , CAPRONI Marzia , EMMI Lorenzo , FABBRI Paolo 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA 20‐year‐old man with mental impairment, was referred to us for evaluation of recurring idiopathic urticaria episodes, characterized by a diffuse spreading of wheals and severe itching lacking response to traditional antihistamines. Upon physical examination, he showed a persistent, generalized, reticular, red‐bluish vascular skin pattern in association with diffuse arborizing telangiectasias. Such lesions were present from an early age. Laboratory and instrumental tests, performed in order to exclude any condition associated with livedo did not evidence pathological results. He was found to be positive for antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA; 1:640). Histopathologically, numerous dilated capillary vessels associated with sparse extravasated erythrocytes were observed in the upper dermis. We performed an autologous serum skin test (ASST), which resulted in a positive, suggesting an autoimmune basis of the condition. On the basis of clinical and histopathological findings, and in the absence of other clinical and laboratory data suggesting other neoplastic, immunological or systemic diseases, the diagnosis of cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (CMTC) associated with chronic autoimmune urticaria (CAIU) was made. CMTC is a rare congenital vascular disorder, consisting in an anomalous, persistent, red‐bluish marbling of the skin, that can be associated with a wide spectrum of cutaneous and extracutaneous anomalies. In our case, neither physical examination nor instrumental investigation demonstrated any of these anomalies, with the exception of cognitive impairment. We report this case because of the rarity of a diagnosis of CMTC in an adult patient, because this condition has almost always previously been diagnosed in infancy, or it comes to observation because of the presence of associated disorders, as in our case for chronic urticaria.
The monoamine oxidase A (MAO‐A) gene, family function and maltreatment as predictors of destructive behaviour during male adolescent alcohol consumption
Authors: Nilsson Kent W. , Sjöberg Rickard L. , Wargelius Hanna‐Linn , Leppert Jerzy , Lindström Leif , Oreland Lars 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAim  To investigate possible interactions between a polymorphism in the monoamine oxidase A (MAO‐A) gene promoter, family relations and maltreatment/sexual abuse on adolescent alcohol‐related problem behaviour among male adolescents.Design, setting and participants  A cross‐sectional study of a randomized sample of 66 male individuals from a total population of 16‐ and 19‐year adolescents from a Swedish county. Boys, who volunteered to participate answering an alcohol‐related problem/behaviour questionnaire, were investigated with regard to interactions between such problems, family function, maltreatment and MAO‐A genotype.Measurements  MAO‐A genotype, family relations history, history of being maltreated or abused and alcohol‐related problem behaviour.Findings  Boys with the short (three‐repeat) variant of the MAO‐A gene, who had been maltreated/abused or came from families with poor relations, showed significantly higher scores of alcohol‐related problems. We also found that maltreatment/abuse independently showed the strongest relation to alcohol‐related problems among boys in our model.Conclusions  The results suggest that both maltreatment and MAO‐A genotype may be useful for the understanding of male adolescent alcohol‐related problem behaviour.
The impact of post‐traumatic stress disorder on treatment outcomes for heroin dependence
Authors: Mills Katherine L. , Teesson Maree , Ross Joanne , Darke Shane 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAims To examine the impact of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on 2‐year treatment outcomes for heroin dependence.Design Prospective longitudinal study.Participants Data were obtained from a predominantly treatment seeking sample of 615 dependent heroin users who were followed‐up at 3, 12 and 24 months (follow‐up rates: 89%, 81% and 76%, respectively).Measurements Outcomes examined include treatment retention and exposure, substance use, general physical and mental health and employment.Findings Despite improvements in substance use, PTSD was associated with continued physical (β− 1.69, SE 0.61,P < 0.01) and mental disability (β− 2.07, SE 0.66,P < 0.01), and reduced occupational functioning (OR 0.67, 95% CI: 0.48–0.93) throughout the 2‐year follow‐up.Conclusions Although conventional treatment services are successful in producing improvements in substance use and associated disability, the disability associated with PTSD remains. An intervention targeting both heroin dependence and PTSD may help to improve the outcomes of those with PTSD.
Methadone maintenance treatment: the balance between life‐saving treatment and fatal poisonings
Authors: Fugelstad A. , Stenbacka M. , Leifman A. , Nylander M. , Thiblin I. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAim  To determine the total mortality related to the Stockholm methadone programme during the period 1988–2000, both the mortality related to the treatment and fatal methadone intoxications in the Stockholm area during the same period.Methods  The study comprised all individuals (n = 848) who had been in contact with the methadone programme in Stockholm during the study period, including those patients who had been discharged from treatment and those opiate users who had applied for but not received methadone treatment. All deaths that had been the subject of medico‐legal examination at the Department of Forensic Medicine in Stockholm where methadone was found in blood or urine were also analysed during the same period.Results  The mortality was lower among those opiate users who remained in maintenance treatment and 91% of the deceased individuals had died due to natural causes, in most cases related to HIV or hepatitis C, acquired before admission to the programme. Those who had been discharged from methadone treatment had a 20 times higher risk of dying from unnatural causes compared to the patients who remained in treatment. The majority died due to heroin injections (‘overdoses’). Eighty‐nine cases of fatal methadone intoxication were found, but in only two of these cases was there evidence of leakage from maintenance treatment.Conclusion  The ‘high threshold programme’ is safe as long as the patients remain in treatment and there are very few deaths due to leakage from the programme. However, there is a high mortality among those discharged from the programme and only a minority of the heroin users in Stockholm had applied for treatment.
Alcohol tax cuts and increase in alcohol‐positive sudden deaths—a time‐series intervention analysis
Authors: Koski Anna , Sirén Reino , Vuori Erkki , Poikolainen Kari 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAims  The impact of alcohol regulation changes in Finland during 2004 on alcohol‐positive sudden deaths was analysed, focusing on: (1) removal of traveller's allowance quotas on alcohol imports from other European Union (EU) countries, (2) lowering of Finnish alcohol excise duty rates and (3) Estonia joining the EU.Design  The impact of these changes was estimated using an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) analytical technique. Post‐mortem forensic toxicology data were analysed over a 15‐year period to account for seasonal and long‐term variation. In all, the data comprised a weekly series of 33 782 alcohol‐positive cases (at least 0.20 mg/g alcohol in blood) and a control series of 37 617 alcohol‐negative cases.Setting  Finland in 1990–2004.Findings  The liberation of traveller's allowances had no material impact on alcohol‐positive sudden deaths, but the impact of alcohol tax cuts in March 2004 was significant, resulting in an estimated eight additional alcohol‐positive deaths per week, which is a 17% increase compared with the weekly average of 2003. The impact associated with Estonia joining the EU was not statistically significant. In the models applied to the control series of alcohol‐negative deaths, none of the impact coefficients was statistically significant.Conclusions  Alcohol tax cuts were associated with an increase in the number of sudden deaths involving alcohol. This parallels the reported increases in alcohol consumption and alcohol‐related causes of death in 2004 in Finland.
Attentional re‐training decreases attentional bias in heavy drinkers without generalization
Authors: Schoenmakers Tim , Wiers Reinout W. , Jones Barry T. , Bruce Gillian , Jansen Anita T. M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAims  To examine whether alcohol‐related attentional bias (AB) can be reduced by training heavy drinkers to attend to soft drinks as an alternative to alcohol. Diminishing AB is important because AB has been suggested to be a significant factor in the development, maintenance and relapse of addictive behaviours. AB was trained in a clinically relevant design, and we studied the generalization of this training.Design, participants and intervention  We assigned randomly 106 heavy drinking male college and university students to the attentional re‐training (AR; modified visual‐probe task) or control condition (standard visual‐probe task).Setting  Laboratory at Maastricht University.Measurements  We measured the effects of AR on the visual‐probe task with stimuli that were presented in the AR and with new stimuli, and on an alternative measure of AB, the flicker paradigm. We further measured effects on craving and preference for either an alcohol beverage or a soft drink.Findings  After AR, participants had learned to avoid alcohol stimuli and had developed an AB for soft drinks. This effect was restricted to stimuli used in the AR. The flicker task, where AB for alcohol was found in both the AR and control groups, was not affected by the AR. No effect was found on craving and the preference task.Conclusions  Although heavy drinkers can learn to attend selectively to an alternative category for alcohol, a single AR is not sufficient to decrease symptoms of problem drinking.
Childhood social disadvantage and smoking in adulthood: results of a 25‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Fergusson David M. , Horwood L. John , Boden Joseph M. , Jenkin Gabrielle 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAim  To examine the associations between exposure to socio‐economic disadvantage in childhood and smoking in adulthood.Design  A 25‐year longitudinal study of the health, development and adjustment of a birth cohort of 1265 New Zealand children.Measurements  Assessments of childhood socio‐economic disadvantage, smoking in adulthood and potential mediating pathways, including: parental education, family socio‐economic status, family living standards and family income; smoking frequency and nicotine dependence at age 25 years; child IQ, educational achievement by age 18 years, conduct problems ages 14–16 years, parental smoking 0–16 years and peer smoking at 16 years.Findings  Smoking at age 25 was correlated significantly (P < 0.0001) with increasing childhood socio‐economic disadvantage. Further, indicators of childhood socio‐economic disadvantage were correlated significantly (P < 0.0001) with the intervening variables of childhood intelligence, school achievement, conduct problems and exposure to parental and peer smoking; which in turn were correlated significantly (P < 0.0001) with measures of smoking at age 25. Structural equation modelling suggested that the linkages between the latent factor of childhood disadvantage and later smoking were explained largely by a series of pathways involving cognitive/educational factors, adolescent behavioural adjustment and exposure to parental and peer smoking.Conclusions  The current study suggested that smoking in adulthood is influenced by childhood socio‐economic disadvantage via the mediating pathways of cognitive/educational factors, adolescent behaviour and parental and peer smoking.