bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protein kinase C beta inhibitors: a new therapeutic target for diabetic nephropathy and vascular complications
Authors: Budhiraja S , Singh J 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDiabetic nephropathy (DN) has emerged as the major causative pathology in patients entering end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide and it is responsible for 30–40% of all ESRD cases. Treatments for DN are centered on control of hyperglycemia and blood pressure control. However, current therapeutic regimens have not yet provided satisfactory prevention from the onset of DN. Protein kinase C (PKC) is an intracellular signaling molecule and activation of it plays an important role in the development of diabetic complications. In numerous experimental and clinical studies, inhibition of PKC (LY333531) has been shown to delay/halt the progression of diabetic complications. Presently, the drug is submitted in USA‐FDA for new drug application in moderate to severe diabetic retinopathy. This review selectively discusses the role of PKC in DN and therapeutic effects produced by PKC inhibitors in DN. The role of PKC inhibitor in other diabetic complications is also discussed.
Importance of arterial stiffness as cardiovascular risk factor for future development of new type of drugs
Authors: Boutouyrie Pierre , Laurent Stéphane , Briet Marie 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCardiovascular risk prediction relies on classical risk factors such as age, gender, lipids, hypertension, smoking and diabetes. Although the value of such scales of risk is high for populations, its value for individual is reduced and too much influenced by non‐modifiable risk factors (age and gender). Biomarkers of risk have been deceiving and genome wide scan approach is too recent. Target organ damage may help in selecting patients at high risk and in determining intervention. Aortic pulse wave velocity, an index of aortic stiffness, has been widely validated as providing additional risk predictions beyond and above classical risk factors, and has now entered into official guidelines. Many interventions (dietary, behaviour, drug treatment) were shown to influence arterial stiffness positively, but little evidence of a direct effect of intervention on arterial stiffness independent of blood pressure is available. New pharmacological targets and new drugs need to be identified. To become a surrogate endpoint for drug development, there is a need to demonstrate that regression arterial stiffness is associated with improved outcome. In parallel to this demonstration, points to be improved are the homogenization and spreading of the technique of measurement, the establishment of a reference value database.
Lymantria disparherbivory induces rapid changes in carbon transport and partitioning inPopulus nigra
Authors: Babst Benjamin A. , Ferrieri Richard A. , Thorpe Michael R. , Orians Colin M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe tested for rapid changes in photosynthate transport and partitioning in response toLymantria dispar(L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) (gypsy moth) herbivory inPopulus nigraL. (Salicaceae). Transport and partitioning of [11C]‐photosynthate from young mature leaves were measured in vivo before and 18 h after leaf chewing by gypsy moth larvae, which were caged on three older leaves. Following herbivory, there was an increase in export speed of recently fixed carbon from younger mature leaves. The increased export speed was due to a quicker transit time of11C through the leaf, rather than a change in transport speed through the phloem. Additionally, basipetal partitioning of [11C]‐photosynthate was increased following herbivory. Neither of these changes was observed in control plants. This enhancement of export occurs even though herbivores are well known to induce increases in carbon allocation to secondary metabolites within leaves. Our results demonstrate that the use of non‐destructive imaging of11C tracer is a powerful tool for examining plant responses to herbivory. Although the mechanisms underlying the rapid increase in carbon flux to stems and roots remain to be elucidated, our results raise the possibility of a coordinated whole plant response to herbivory. Thus, even when the herbivore specializes on only one plant tissue type, a whole plant approach may be key to understanding how plants respond to herbivory.
European yellow lupine, Lupinus luteus, and narrow‐leaf lupine, Lupinus angustifolius, as hosts for the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum
Authors: Kordan Bożena , Gabryś Beata , Dancewicz Katarzyna , Lahuta Leśław B. , Piotrowicz‐Cieślak Agnieszka , Rowińska Ewa 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris (Homoptera: Aphididae), fed, developed, and reproduced on yellow lupine, Lupinus luteus L. (Fabaceae: Genisteae). No clear preferences for any variety within L. luteus were found. Acyrthosiphon pisum showed negative values of relative growth rate and no aphid completed development on any variety of narrow‐leaf lupine Lupinus angustifolius L. Aphids did not ingest phloem sap while probing on L. angustifolius and the probes were very short. All varieties of L. angustifolius were rejected by aphids during an early stage of probing in peripheral tissues, that is, epidermis or mesophyll. There were qualitative and quantitative differences in alkaloid and soluble sugar content between the two lupine species. Within species, the relative content of individual compounds differed among the varieties. Lupinus angustifolius contained four quinolizidine alkaloids (13‐hydroxylupanine, dehydrolupanine, lupanine, and angustifoline), while L. luteus contained two (lupanine and sparteine). Lupanine occurred in all varieties of both lupine species. The total content of soluble carbohydrates was similar in L. luteus and L. angustifolius. The following cyclitols were found in both lupine species: myo‐inositol, D‐ononitol, and D‐pinitol. Lupinus angustifolius also contained D‐chiro‐inositol. The study of aphid probing behaviour, development, and reproduction demonstrated that L. luteus is a suitable host plant for A. pisum while L. angustifolius is not. It is likely that the rejection of L. angustifolius by A. pisum was caused by chemical factors detected by aphids at the epidermis and mesophyll level.
Herbivore‐induced indirect interaction webs on terrestrial plants: the importance of non‐trophic, indirect, and facilitative interactions
Authors: Ohgushi Takayuki 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOne of the most important issues in ecology is understanding the causal mechanisms that shape the structure of ecological communities through trophic interactions. The focus on direct, trophic interactions in much of the research to date means that the potential significance of non‐trophic, indirect, and facilitative interactions has been largely ignored in traditional food webs. There is a growing appreciation of the community consequences of such non‐trophic effects, and the need to start including them in food web research. This review highlights how non‐trophic, indirect, and facilitative interactions play an important role in organizing the structure of plant‐centered arthropod communities. I argue that herbivore‐induced plant responses, insect ecosystem engineers, and mutualisms involving ant–honeydew‐producing insects all generate interaction linkages among insect herbivores, thereby producing complex indirect interaction webs on terrestrial plants. These interactions are all very common and widespread on terrestrial plants, in fact they are almost ubiquitous, but these interactions have rarely been included in traditional food webs. Finally, I will emphasize that because the important community consequences of these non‐trophic and indirect interactions have been largely unexplored, it is critical that indirect interaction webs should be the focus of future research.
Caries clinical trial of a remineralising toothpaste in radiation patients
Authors: Papas Athena , Russell David , Singh Mabi , Kent Ralph , Triol Cal , Winston Anthony 
Published: May 2008

Objectives:  The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of a specially formulated remineralising toothpaste in controlling caries in a high‐risk population: head and neck radiation patients.Design:  The study compared the performance of the remineralising toothpaste with a conventional fluoride dentifrice using double‐blind randomisation.Materials and methods:  Test products: The products compared contained equivalent quantities of fluoride (1100 p.p.m.). The dual‐phase remineralising toothpaste, Enamelon®, also delivered soluble calcium and phosphate ions, essential components of teeth, from separate phases. Both groups had all caries restored at baseline and used a fluoride rinse daily. Subjects: Fifty‐seven subjects who received radiation to the head and neck causing saliva hypofunction, entered the study, while 44 completed the 10–12 month visit. Measurements: Examinations included coronal and root caries using the Pitts Diagnostic Criteria, salivary flow rate, plaque and gingival indices and microbiological counts over a 1‐year period.Results:  The average net increment per year for root caries per subject was 0.04 (±.052) in subjects completing the study using the remineralising toothpaste and 1.65 (±0.51) for root caries in subjects completing the study using the conventional fluoride dentifrice. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.03), suggesting lower net root surface increment/year for the remineralising toothpaste relative to the conventional toothpaste. No significant differences were noted on coronal surfaces.Conclusion:  The results indicate that the remineralising toothpaste provides a significant benefit in preventing and remineralising root caries in high‐risk patients.
Development and evaluation of two root caries controlling programmes for home‐based frail people older than 75 years
Authors: Ekstrand Kim , Martignon Stefania , Holm‐Pedersen Poul 
Published: May 2008

Objectives:  (i) Initially, to devise and examine the validity of a system for determining lesion activity on root surfaces, and (ii) compare the effectiveness of two preventive programmes in controlling root caries in elderly people using the devised system.Materials and methods:  (i) Four clinical variables: texture, contour, location and colour of root caries lesions were selected to evaluate lesion activity. The intraexaminer reproducibility of the scoring system was assessed on 28 elderly patients. The accuracy was assessed on 10 of these persons using an impression material (Clinpro, 3M ESPE). (ii) Of total, 215 homebound 75+ year olds were randomly assigned to one of three groups: group 1, once a month a dental hygienist brushed the teeth of the participants and applied Duraphat vanish to active root caries lesions. The participants in groups 2 and 3 received 5000 and 1450 ppm F‐toothpaste, respectively, to use twice a day. This study included an interview, a baseline examination and a final follow‐up examination after 8 months.Results:  (i) Intraexaminer reproducibility of the root caries scoring system was 0.86 (Kappa). The sensitivity and specificity was 0.86 and 0.81. (ii) Data from those 189 (88%) who completed the study disclosed that there were no inter‐group differences at the baseline examination concerning relevant conditions. At the end of the study, the root caries status of participants in groups 1 and 2 had improved significantly when compared with group 3 (p < 0.02). No significant difference was observed between groups 1 and 2 (p = 0.14).Conclusion:  The data suggest that the root caries scoring system is reliable. Both the intervention programmes controlled root caries development; the hygienist in eight of 10 persons, the 5000 ppm F‐toothpaste in seven of 10. In contrast, five of 10 participants who only brushed with 1450 ppm F‐toothpaste had root caries progression.
The radio expansion and brightening of the very young supernova remnant G1.9+0.3
Authors: Green D. A. , Reynolds S. P. , Borkowski K. J. , Hwang U. , Harrus I. , Petre R. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Recent radio observations of the small Galactic supernova remnant G1.9+0.3 made at 4.86 GHz with the Very Large Array are presented, and compared with earlier observations at 1.49 GHz which have a comparable resolution (10 × 4 arcsec2). These show that the radio emission from this remnant has expanded significantly, by about 15 per cent over 23 yr, with a current outer diameter of ≈92 arcsec. This expansion confirms that G1.9+0.3 is the youngest Galactic remnant yet identified, only about 150 yr old at most. Recent, lower resolution, 1.43-GHz observations are also discussed, and the integrated flux densities from these and the 4.86-GHz observations are compared with earlier results. This shows that the integrated flux density of G1.9+0.3 has been increasing recently.
I. In New Zealand Journals …: Otago Farmlands and the Future
Authors: Cochrane G. R. 
Published: May 2008

HISTORY OF FRUIT GROWING IN CENTRAL OTAGO: W. S. Kemp, N.Z. Journal of Agriculture, Vol. 90, No. 2, February 1955, pp. 169–185.FARM MANAGEMENT SURVEY IN THE SOUTHERN MANIATOTO PLAIN: R. C. Stuart, H. Tocker and A. H. Mouat, ibid., Vol. 91, No.1 July 1955, pp. 54–64, and No. 2, August 1955, pp. 143–150.
New Zealand Economic Geography
Authors: STOKES EVELYN 
Published: May 2008

SUMMARYThe most striking feature of the progress of New Zealand economic geography is the participation by members of government departments, notably DSIR (especially the Soil Bureau and Grasslands Division), Agriculture and various agricultural research stations, Lands and Survey, Forest Service, Industries and Commerce, Ministry of Works, as well as individuals representing various regional planning authorities and catchment boards and the like. Economic geography has been the richer for their contribution. On the other hand, perhaps the more pragmatic turn of mind of these members has unduly flavoured the field in geography for there has been very little in the way of theoretical ideas produced. Many of the papers reviewed here consist of descriptive, factual reporting. After a brief history of the industry, landuse or whatever, the writer has proceeded to describe the situation at the time of writing. Some have attempted classifications. Few models, or theoretical ‘ideal’ patterns have been established from which deviations could be measured at that time, or at some future time. Many of these static descriptions have become historical documents which have added little to our comprehension of the processes involved in producing the regional variations in economic activity with which the economic geographer is concerned. Although lack of education in the correct use of quantitative techniques has been a drawback for many New Zealand geographers, experimentation has already begun in analysing a variety of topics. A basis is being laid for a far more thoughtful analysis of processes in New Zealand that are both economic and geographic.
Reviews
Authors: Gorrie A. M. 
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE CHINESE EARTH. PERSPECTIVES ON MODERN CHINA. By Keith BuchananCHINA. By Yi‐Fu Tuan. The World's Landscapes, ed. J. M. Houston, London: Longman, 1970, pp. 225, 33 illustrations, no price given.
A Decade of Experience Using a New Zealand Geographic Information System
Authors: EYLES G. O. , NEWSOME P. F. 
Published: May 2008

SUMMARYThe experience of converting the NZLRI, a national physical land resource data base at the 1:63,360 scale comprising 320 maps, to a GIS has illustrated many of the problems and advantages associated with the use of this software system. Experience has shown that commercial (rather than custom built software), is the most effective and that a close physical relationship between the mappers and the interpreters of large data sets provides the most effective interpretive system.
Miners and Irrigators
Authors: HEARN T. J. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThe spread of European settlement into the arid regions of the New World during the nineteenth century was accompanied by protracted and contentious debate over the allocation and use of water, interest group competition and conflict, and conflicting pressures for legal change. This paper describes the origins and course of changes in the legal and institutional arrangements governing the distribution and use of water in Central Otago in the context of the transfer of the resource from gold mining to irrigation farming during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
The Australian Wool Crisis: Farm Adjustment Pressures and Strategies
Authors: WAITT GORDON , DEANE WILLIAM 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTFarm adjustment has resulted from the present crisis of production within the Australian agricultural sector. Farm adjustment pressures of the wool growers of the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales are outlined. The primary management strategies adopted by the wool producers are identified. Three farm adjustment strategies were noted; extensification, diversification and expansion. Choice of farm strategy was dependent on the characteristics of both the individual farm and farmer.
Post Fordism Just‐In‐Time
Authors: PERRY MARTIN 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTIndustrial geographers working from a labour process and organisation of production perspective argue that the production process is being transformed by post Fordism and flexible specialisation. An alternative interpretation is that a shift from just‐in‐case to Just‐in‐time systems is taking place. A review of these ideas and case studies of two New Zealand‐based manufacturing companies concludes that the shift to just‐in‐time is the more useful conceptualisation of changing workplace relations. Some directions for geographical research interested in the diffusion and impact of just‐in‐time methods are outlined.
Would the Hand that Rocks the Cradle Dare to Rock the Boat?
Authors: SCHEYVENS REGINA 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTIn the Solomon Islands it has been assumed that the educated, urban‐based minority of women will push for change for women. In fact, these women's voices have been quietened and it is to rural areas that we must turn if we wish to witness a movement for change amongst women. There is a new form of feminism stirring in the villages.
The Commodification of Resource Consent in New Zealand1
Authors: GLEESON BRENDAN J. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTOne outcome of the Resource Management Act 1991, especially the provisions of s.94, is liberalised public notification of resource consent applications. A market for consent has emerged, in which applicants financially compensate local communities as a way of securing public support for development proposals. Consent purchasing, however, raises diliemnas for regulatory planners and social equity concerns for local communities.
Contemporary Biometeorology and Geographioal Studies
Authors: AULICIEMS ANDRIS 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThe interdisciplinary nature of Biometeorology is illustratedandsystematisedwith reference to several levels of impact on humans. Recent advances in medical‐meteorological forecasting are discussed and some potentials for geographical research suggested. The relevance of Biometeorology to the global concern about Greenhouse warming is explored.
Updating the Vegetation Layer of the NZLRI National Database Using Satellite Imagery
Authors: WILDE R H 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper describes four methods of rapidly mapping vegetation using satellite imagery, for use in updating the vegetation layer of the New Zealand Land Resource Inventory (NZLRI). The visual interpretation method was tested in a 500 km2 study area on the North Island west coast where 3 6 NZLRI vegetation classes occurred. Sixteen distinct groups of NZLRI vegetation classes were identified on Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery, and named “image classes”. Classes were identified by correlating ground data with image colour and texture and by using recognisable landform and cultural features. A limited number of vegetation changes have occurred since NZLRI mapping was first carried out. Updating the vegetation layer of the NZLRI requires recognising and mapping changes and modifying the database. Identifying distinctive groups of NZLRI vegetation classes on satellite imagery will facilitate this.
Reading Agricultural Power
Authors: LIEPINS RUTH 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTMany forms of rural geography include investigations of power. Lately some researchers have achieved this through studies of discourse. This paper presents a reading of agricultural power as it occurs in several examples of Australian and New Zealand print‐media. Initially, I review the importance of discourse in the study of power ‐ arguing that a ‘geography of discourse’ enables key questions and objects of analysis (spaces and processes) to be investigated. I then analyse coverage of agriculture in selected rural print‐media forms. I argue that hegemonic discourses of masculinity and agriculture are used in the construction of reports, reinforcing the power of certain knowledges and truths. Finally, I propose more study is needed of the sites and processes through which meaning is constructed. Using the case of a farm women's conference I argue that the media involves a number of sites and processes which must be negotiated if discursive change is to occur in our understanding of agricuture.
Regulation, Land Development and the Contested Countryside
Authors: GREIVE SHANE , TONTS MATTHEW 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper attempts to reorientate locality specific studies of counterurbanisation within the wider processes of global and national socio‐economic change. It draws on concepts of Regulation Theory and begins with an explanation of the global and national influences associated with rural restructuring. These influences, together with the emergence of a reconstituted rurality, are traced through to the local level using Bridgetown in the south‐west of Western Australia as a vehicle for conceptual analysis.
Recent Changes in the Tasmanian Dairy Industry1
Authors: GROSVENOR S. , WOOD L.J. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTRecent theorisation in rural studies provides insights that assist interpretation of change in the Tasmanian dairy industry. Coincident with deregulation are fewer dairy farms but increases in production. Factors contributing to change include growth of foreign ownership of dairy properties and manufacturing plant. In particular, New Zealand corporations and private individuals are bringing in different management practices and the Asian market is becoming increasingly important. Government provision of regular, comparative productivity data specific to each dairy operation is an important spur for productivity improvements. The changes have underlying social causes and consequences and reflect complicated connections which produce alterations in many aspects of rural life.
Peri‐Urbanisation and Rural Roads
Authors: ELSON ANTHONY , CHALMERS LEX , MORAD MUNRO 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the impact of periurban development on the physical capacity of the roading network in an area to the north west of Tauranga, exploring the potential impact of subdivision, population growth and building of new residences in rural areas with respect to pressures on rural roads. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used to integrate large volumes of complex road and other data, model traffic flow generated from these data, display the outcomes effectively and test the effect of different development scenarios in a particular peri‐urban environment.