bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leisure‐time physical activity alone may not be a sufficient public health approach to prevent obesity – a focus on China
Authors: Bauman A. , Allman‐Farinelli M. , Huxley R. , James W. P. T. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryMuch small‐scale research has identified the role of physical activity in obesity prevention. This is the ‘energy expenditure’ side of the energy balance equation. Although around half an hour of daily moderate‐intensity physical activity is required for cardiovascular health and disease prevention, the quantum of physical activity required for obesity prevention and weight loss is around 60–90 minutes per day. This amount of physical activity is difficult to achieve through leisure time physical activity (LTPA) alone, and additional energy expenditure is needed in the domains of active transport, occupation activity and in domestic settings. Modeling of 24‐hour energy expenditures demonstrate the need for ‘active living’, namely energy expenditure over and above that due to LTPA, for weight loss and obesity prevention. The consequences of this for developing countries such as China are the need to focus on preventing the declines in energy expenditure attributable to urbanization, industrialization, and motor vehicle dependence. These will pose policy challenges in the developing world, if they are to be taken seriously as obesity prevention strategies.
Interventions in local communities and work sites through Physical Activity and Nutrition Programme
Authors: Togami T. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe altered Japanese lifestyle with inactivity and dietary fat increases, together with a rapidly ageing society, has led to obesity and chronic diseases, which present major challenges. Center of Health Promotion, International Life Sciences Institute Japan – ILSI Japan CHP – has therefore initiated Project PAN (Physical Activity and Nutrition) to develop and implement sustainable programmes for physical activity and dietary change. One programme, TAKE10!®, is for the elderly and the other is LiSM10!® (Lifestyle Modification 10), which develops and implements a comprehensive programme of physical exercise and diet/nutrition education in work sites for at‐risk adults over 40 years. The elderly intervention approach was evaluated over 1 year in 1400 elderly people 65 years old and over in a local community in 2002–2003. Behavioural changes were observed with more physical exercise and more meat, fish and shellfish, eggs and milk consumption. Maximum walking speed was maintained regardless of age, and several physiological parameters improved. The LiSM10!® involves screening at‐risk adults followed by their setting their own objectives with regular face‐to‐face counselling by experts and systems for family and work site support. An intervention study was conducted in five manufacturing plants during 2001–2003. Both of the programmes, TAKE10!® and LiSM10!®, have been shown to be an effective way of creating behavioural changes, and the LiSM10!® programme in particular can control obesity and lifestyle‐related disease. Therefore, ILSI Japan CHP is promoting, with business support, both programmes as a sustainable population intervention for adults.
Evaluation of a classroom‐based physical activity promoting programme
Authors: Liu A. , Hu X. , Ma G. , Cui Z. , Pan Y. , Chang S. , Zhao W. , Chen C. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the Happy 10 programme on the promotion of physical activity, physical growth and development of primary school students, and on obesity control and prevention. Two similar primary schools from one district of Beijing, China were selected, one as an intervention school and the other as a control school. A Happy 10 programme was implemented at least once every school day in the intervention school for two semesters, whereas no intervention was adopted in the control school. The information on energy expenditure and duration of physical activity was collected by a validated 7‐day physical activity questionnaire. Height and weight were measured by the trained investigators following standardized procedure. Energy expenditure and intensity of each Happy 10 session were measured by a physical activity monitor. The average energy expenditure and duration of total physical activity per day among students in the intervention school increased significantly from 15.0 to 18.2 kcal kg−1 and 2.8 to 3.3 h, respectively, whereas the figures significantly decreased in the control school. There was a significant difference in change of weight and body mass index between girls in the intervention and control school (2.4 kg vs. 4.6 kg; 0.47 kg m−2 vs. 0.66 kg m−2). The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the intervention school decreased by 0.4–5.6%, as compared with the increase by 0.6–4.5% in the control school. The average energy expenditure and intensity per 10‐min session ranged from 25.0 to 35.1 kcal and from 4.8 to 6.2 kcal kg−1 h−1, respectively, in grades 1–5. The Happy 10 programme provides a useful strategy to promote physical activity among school children, and also plays a positive role in building up physical growth and development of girls.
Miller and Modigliani, Predictive Return Regressions and Cointegration*
Authors: Alessandri Piergiorgio , Robertson Donald , Wright Stephen 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper investigates the use of alternative measures of dividend yields to predict US aggregate stock returns. Following Miller and Modigliani [Journal of Business (1961), Vol. 34, pp. 411–433] we construct a cashflow yield that includes both dividend and non‐dividend cashflows to shareholders. Using a data set covering the course of the 20th century, we show in a cointegrating vector autoregression framework that this measure has strong and stable predictive power for returns. The weak predictive power of standard measures of the dividend yield is explained by the strong rejection of the implied cointegrating and causality restrictions on the impact of non‐dividend cashflows.
Alban Berg’s Piano Sonata, Op. 1: a Landmark in Early Twentieth‐Century Music
Authors: Forte Allen 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTEventually published in 1926, the Piano Sonata, Op. 1, was completed in 1908, the year after Berg terminated his formal studies with Arnold Schoenberg, and first performed in Vienna in 1911. Berg's decision to assign the first opus number in his compositional canon to this piece was highly significant, since it clearly indicated the status that he accorded to such extraordinary music. The Sonata is one of the most expressive instrumental compositions of the early twentieth century – comparable, for example, to works by Debussy such as L’isle joyeuse (1904) and Bartók's Sonata for piano (1926). The present article situates the work in its contemporary context, illuminating points of theoretical significance as they relate to the composer's ongoing creative development and distinctive musical language.
Redox modulation of homomeric ρ1 GABAC receptors
Authors: Calero Cecilia I. , Calvo Daniel J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe activity of many receptors and ion channels in the nervous system can be regulated by redox‐dependent mechanisms. Native and recombinant GABAA receptors are modulated by endogenous and pharmacological redox agents. However, the sensitivity of GABAC receptors to redox modulation has not been demonstrated. We studied the actions of different reducing and oxidizing agents on human homomeric GABAρ1 receptors expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. The reducing agents dithiothreitol (2 mM) and N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine (1 mM) potentiated GABA‐evoked Cl− currents recorded by two‐electrode voltage‐clamp, while the oxidants 5‐5′‐dithiobis‐2‐nitrobenzoic acid (500 μM) and oxidized dithiothreitol (2 mM) caused inhibition. The endogenous antioxidant glutathione (5 mM) also enhanced GABAρ1 receptor‐mediated currents while its oxidized form GSSG (3 mM) had inhibitory effects. All the effects were rapid and easily reversible. Redox modulation of GABAρ1 receptors was strongly dependent on the GABA concentration; dose–response curves for GABA were shifted to the left in the presence of reducing agents, whereas oxidizing agents produced the opposite effect, without changes in the maximal response to GABA and in the Hill coefficient. Our results demonstrate that, similarly to GABAA receptors and other members of the cys‐loop receptor superfamily, GABAC receptors are subjected to redox modulation.
Light affects mitochondria to cause apoptosis to cultured cells: possible relevance to ganglion cell death in certain optic neuropathies
Authors: Osborne Neville N. , Li Guang‐Yu , Ji Dan , Mortiboys Heather J. , Jackson Sandra 
Published: February 2008

AbstractRetinal ganglion cell axons within the globe are laden with mitochondria that are unprotected from light (400–760 nm) impinging onto the retina. Light can be absorbed by mitochondrial enzymes such as cytochrome and flavin oxidases causing the generation of reactive oxygen species, and we have suggested this may pose a risk to ganglion cell survival if their energy state is compromised, as may be so in glaucoma or in Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy. Here, we demonstrate that light (400–760 nm) provokes apoptosis in cultured retinal ganglion‐5 cells, and that this effect is enhanced in low serum, and attenuated by various antioxidants. Apoptosis is shown to be caspase independent, involving reactive oxygen species generation and the activation of poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 and apoptosis‐inducing factor. We further show that light‐induced apoptosis requires the participation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. This was demonstrated by culturing fibroblasts (BJhTERT cells) in ethidium bromide for 40 days to deplete their mitochondrial DNA and perturb their mitochondrial respiratory chain function (BJhTERT rh0 cells). Only BJhTERT cells, with intact mitochondrial respiratory chain function were affected by light insult. Finally, we show that exposure of anaesthetized pigmented rat eye to white, but not red light, causes changes in the expression of certain retinal mRNAs (neurofilament light, Thy‐1 and melanopsin) and optic nerve proteins (neurofilament light and tubulin), suggesting that ganglion cell survival is affected. Our findings support the proposal that the interaction of light, particularly the blue component, with intra‐axonal ganglion cell mitochondria may be deleterious under certain circumstances, and suggest that reducing the light energy impinging upon the retina might benefit patients with certain optic neuropathies.
Contribution of perospirone and risperidone to reduce delirium in senile patients
Authors: USHIJIMA Michikazu , YOKOYAMA Shin , SUGIYAMA Eiko , AMANO Naoji 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackground:  Serotonin–dopamine antagonists (SDAs) inhibit dopaminergic transmission in the mesolimbic system less than in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway, which relates to the extrapyramidal side‐effects of these drugs. The SDAs seem to have an adequate receptor binding profile for the management of the behavioral and psychiatric symptoms of dementia. However, clinicians are discouraged from prescribing SDAs for elderly patients because of an advisory statement from the US Food and Drug Administration that warns about an increased mortality rate among elderly patients treated with atypical antipsychotics.Methods:  We conducted a retrospective study involving 16 elderly patients (mean age 84.9 years; range 67–94 years) with delirium who were treated with one of two SDAs, namely perospirone (4–12 mg/day) or risperidone (1–2 mg/day). The time‐course of their psychiatric symptoms was assessed using subcategories of the Delirium Rating Scale (DRS) before treatment and on Days 10 and 24 of treatment.Results:  Total DRS scores were significantly decreased from baseline in both treatment groups. Both agents led to significant improvements from baseline in psychomotor behavior and lability of mood. Of interest, perospirone decreased hallucinations and delusions and improved sleep–awake cycle disturbances compared with baseline. No serious side‐effects were seen with either drug.Conclusions:  Both perospirone and risperidone are effective in the management of delirium in elderly patients. The improvement in the sleep–awake cycle with perospirone may be derived from its short pharmacological half‐life.
Conversion pseudodementia in the elderly: A review of the literature with case presentation
Authors: PERITOGIANNIS Vaios , ZAFIRIS Spiros , PAPPAS Dimitrios , MAVREAS Venetsanos 
Published: February 2008

AbstractFew data exist in the literature regarding conversion pseudodementia. The knowledge results from case reports and case series that describe a syndrome characterized by cognitive impairment, regression and physical dependency. In elderly patients, this condition can cause serious diagnostic problems and, occasionally, discrimination from dementia is awkward. The reported case assembles all the characteristic traits of conversion pseudodementia. The development of the symptomatology, the diagnostic approach and the difficulties of management and treatment of conversion pseudodementia are discussed. The authors also provide a review of the international literature; certain conclusions and proposals are presented.
Long‐term effect of donepezil for Alzheimer's disease: Retrospective clinical evaluation of drug efficacy in Japanese patients
Authors: KUMAGAI Ryo , MATSUMIYA Michiko , TADA Yuko , MIYAKAWA Koichi , ICHIMIYA Yosuke , ARAI Heii 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackground:  Alzheimer's disease (AD) is common in the Japanese population. In 1999, donepezil was authorized in Japan for the treatment of AD. However, because the time since donepezil was authorized is relatively short, there are few reports regarding the long‐term effects of donepezil in Japanese AD patients.Methods:  In the present study, the clinical features of 72 AD patients treated at Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital were examined retrospectively in order to examine the long‐term effects of donepezil. Sixty‐two AD patients had been administrated donepezil. The effect of donepezil was evaluated using the Revised Hasegawa Dementia Scale (HDS‐R). In patients with increased points on the HDS‐R after 6 months, treatment was regarded as effective, whereas patients in whom there was no change in points on the HDS‐R were classified as ‘no change’; finally, in patients with decreased points on the HDS‐R after 6 months, treatment was regarded as non‐effective.Results:  The duration of medication was divided into four groups: (i) 6 months (16 cases; 26%); (ii) 1 year (16 cases; 26%); (iii) 2 years (13 cases; 21%); and (iv) more than 3 years (11 cases; 18%). Donepezil treatment was stopped in six patients (10%) because of adverse effects. Thus, the 56 patients who continued with donepezil treatment were categorized as follows: treatment was effective in 27 cases (48%), no change was found in five cases (9%) and, in 24 cases (43%), donepezil treatment was found to be non‐effective. Differences in treatment efficacy were not related to sex, apolipoprotein E genotype or medical history. Comparative studies for the age of onset of AD and points of the HDS‐R before administration of donepezil suggest that donepezil tended to be effective in patients in whom AD developed at 71–80 years of age and with 16–20 points of the HDS‐R. In patients in whom donepezil was effective, cognition returned to the state before treatment 2 years later. However, the marked degradation of points on the HDS‐R was not seen in these cases. Conversely, the long‐term consequences for patients in whom donepezil was not effective after 6 months were similar to those for patients not treated with donepezil.Conclusion:  Donepezil improved the dementia symptoms in patients in whom it was effective over the long term. We suggest that the presence of drug efficacy after 6 months is an indicator that long‐term treatment with donepezil is warranted. In particular, donepezil was effective in cases with mild to moderate AD.
Safety in paediatric clinical trials – a 7‐year review
Authors: Sammons HM , Gray C , Hudson H , Cherrill J , Choonara I 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAim: The safety of clinical trials in children has not been previously studied. We aimed to identify how safety is monitored and the extent of adverse drug reactions (ADRs).Methods: A literature review of the Medline Database for therapeutic clinical trials involving oral and intravenous medicines in children from 1996 to 2002. Papers were read to determine the safety monitoring and the presence of adverse events (AEs) or ADRs.Results: Seven hundred thirty‐nine trials were identified. Thirteen (2%) had safety monitoring committees (SMCs). Five hundred twenty‐three (71%) trials reported AEs and 151 (20%) of these trials reported a serious AE. ADRs were present in 270 (36.5%) trials, with 80 (11%) of trials having a moderate or severe ADR. Six clinical trials were terminated early because of significant drug toxicity. All of these had SMCs. There were deaths in 83 (11%) trials. In the majority of trials, mortality was thought to be unrelated to the investigational drug; however, in two trials mortality was higher in the treatment group.Conclusions: About 11% of trials have a moderate or severe ADR. All paediatric clinical trials should have a SMC.
Behaviour is not really at risk after surviving meningitis in childhood
Authors: Ritchi Lieneke , Jennekens‐Schinkel Aag , Van Schooneveld Monique , Koomen Irene , Geenen Rinie 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAim: To examine behaviour problems, personality, self‐perceived competence and academic deficits in children who had recovered from non‐Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) bacterial meningitis (BM) without obvious medical sequelae.Methods: Assessments in 182 children, mean age 10 (range 5–14) years, 4–10 years after surviving meningitis, were compared to scores of norm reference groups.Results: More children were estimated to have academic deficits (27%) than behaviour problems as perceived by the parents (9%). The mean deviation from normal was absent to moderate on behaviour problems, personality variables and self‐perceived competence.Conclusion: Children who survived non‐Hib BM without severe medical sequelae hardly differ from normal children with respect to personality and self‐perceived competence. A small proportion deviates from normal in behaviour problems.
The role of candidal histolytic enzymes on denture‐induced stomatitis in patients living in retirement homes
Authors: Thiele Magna Carvalho de Menezes , Carvalho Alessandra de Paula e , Gursky Lauren Christine , Rosa Rosimeire Takaki , Samaranayake Lakshman Perera , Rosa Edvaldo Antonio Ribeiro 
Published: February 2008

Material and methods:  Fifty nine elders wearing complete dentures and living in retirement homes in Curitiba (southern Brazil), were divided into two groups: group #1, 26 patients with denture‐induced stomatitis and group #2, 33 patients without denture‐induced stomatitis. The two groups were evaluated in relation to the degree of denture‐induced stomatitis, salivary fungal loads, and secretion of some histolytic enzymes.Results:  Patients from group #1 showed higher degrees of colonisation by Candida albicans (p = 0.031). Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, and Candida parapsilosis were also isolated, but there were no differences between the groups (p > 0.05). Secretory aspartyl protease (Sap) and chondroitinase did not show significant differences among the isolated Candida spp. in the two groups. Phospholipase secretion rates were higher among the strains of C. albicans from group #2 (p = 0.036). The same behaviour was not detected for non‐albicans Candida species.Conclusions:  The results could infer that differences in the secretion rates of candidal histolytic enzymes should not be imputed as imperative for the progress of denture‐induced stomatitis.
Pollen Morphology of Pedicularis sect. Cyathophora, a Group Endemic to the Eastern Himalaya‐Hengduan Mountains Region
Authors: Yu Wen‐Bin , Wang Hong 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Pedicularis sect. Cyathophora is a distinctive group endemic to the eastern Himalaya‐Hengduan Mountains region. It was regarded as a ‘grex’ or section and included all four general corolla types of Pedicularis. A unique feature of it is that the leaf and bract bases are fused together to form a cup‐like structure around the stem at each node. Pollen morphology of seven species in sect. Cyathophora was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). Two different pollen apertures could be distinguished (i.e. trisyncolpate and bisyncolpate) using LM, while examination with SEM made it possible to recognize three types of exine ornamentation (i.e. microscabrate, microfoveolate and microreticulate). The microfoveolate exine ornamentation was found in trisyncolpate pollen grains for the first time. Possible relationships between pollen data and the corolla types were discussed. Comparisons of floral and phyllotaxy characters of the genus Pedicularis, together with the pollen characters of sect. Cyathophora, could help us to better understand the evolutionary trends in Pedicularis.
Characters of DNA Constitution in the Rye B Chromosome
Authors: Long Hong , Qi Zhong‐Xia , Sun Xiao‐Ming , Chen Cheng‐Bin , Li Xiu‐Lan , Song Wen‐Qin , Chen Rui‐Yang 
Published: February 2008

Abstract We have
used chromosome microdissection and microcloning to construct a DNA library of the entire B chromosome (B) of rye. New rye B‐specific sequences have been screened from this pool, blasted with other sequences and analyzed to elucidate the characters of DNA constitution and the possible pathway of the origin of the rye B chromosome. We report the discovery of a new sequence that is specific to the rye B centromere.
Mapping and Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis of Verticillium Wilt Resistance Genes in Cotton
Authors: Wang Hong‐Mei , Lin Zhong‐Xu , Zhang Xian‐Long , Chen Wei , Guo Xiao‐Ping , Nie Yi‐Chun , Li Yun‐Hai 
Published: February 2008

Abstract Verticillium wilt is one of the most serious constraints to cotton production in almost all of the cotton‐growing countries. In this study, “XinLuZao1” (XLZ1), a susceptible cultivar Gossypium hirsutum L. and “Hai7124” (H7124), a resistant line G. barbadense, and their F2:3 families were used to map and study the disease index induced by verticillium wilt. A total of 430 SSR loci were mapped into 41 linkage groups; the map spanned 3 745.9 cM and the average distance between adjacent loci was 8.71 cM. Four and five quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected based on the disease index investigated on July 22 and August 24 in 2004, respectively. These nine QTLs explained 10.63−28.83% of the phenotypic variance, six of them were located on the D sub‐genome. Two QTLs located in the same marker intervals may partly explain the significant correlation of the two traits. QTLs explaining large phenotypic variation were identified in this study, which may be quite useful in cotton anti‐disease breeding.