bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate Variability, Fish, and Fisheries
Authors: Lehodey P. , Alheit J. , Barange M. , Baumgartner T. , Beaugrand G. , Drinkwater K. , Fromentin J.-M. , Hare S. R. , Ottersen G. , Perry R. I. , Roy C. , van der Lingen C. D. , Werner F. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Fish population variability and fisheries activities are closely linked to weather and climate dynamics. While weather at sea directly affects fishing, environmental variability determines the distribution, migration, and abundance of fish. Fishery science grew up during the last century by integrating knowledge from oceanography, fish biology, marine ecology, and fish population dynamics, largely focused on the great Northern Hemisphere fisheries. During this period, understanding and explaining interannual fish recruitment variability became a major focus for fisheries oceanographers. Yet, the close link between climate and fisheries is best illustrated by the effect of “unexpected” events—that is, nonseasonal, and sometimes catastrophic—on fish exploitation, such as those associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The observation that fish populations fluctuate at decadal time scales and show patterns of synchrony while being geographically separated drew attention to oceanographic processes driven by low-frequency signals, as reflected by indices tracking large-scale climate patterns such as the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). This low-frequency variability was first observed in catch fluctuations of small pelagic fish (anchovies and sardines), but similar effects soon emerged for larger fish such as salmon, various groundfish species, and some tuna species. Today, the availability of long time series of observations combined with major scientific advances in sampling and modeling the oceans’ ecosystems allows fisheries science to investigate processes generating variability in abundance, distribution, and dynamics of fish species at daily, decadal, and even centennial scales. These studies are central to the research program of Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics (GLOBEC). This review presents examples of relationships between climate variability and fisheries at these different time scales for species covering various marine ecosystems ranging from equatorial to subarctic regions. Some of the known mechanisms linking climate variability and exploited fish populations are described, as well as some leading hypotheses, and their implications for their management and for the modeling of their dynamics. It is concluded with recommendations for collaborative work between climatologists, oceanographers, and fisheries scientists to resolve some of the outstanding problems in the development of sustainable fisheries.
Local Coupled Equatorial Variability versus Remote ENSO Forcing in an Intermediate Coupled Model of the Tropical Atlantic
Authors: Illig Serena , Dewitte Boris 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The relative roles played by the remote El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) forcing and the local air–sea interactions in the tropical Atlantic are investigated using an intermediate coupled model (ICM) of the tropical Atlantic. The oceanic component of the ICM consists of a six-baroclinic mode ocean model and a simple mixed layer model that has been validated from observations. The atmospheric component is a global atmospheric general circulation model developed at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). In a forced context, the ICM realistically simulates both the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) variability in the equatorial band, and the relaxation of the Atlantic northeast trade winds and the intensification of the equatorial westerlies in boreal spring that usually follows an El Niño event.
The results of coupled experiments with or without Pacific ENSO forcing and with or without explicit air–sea interactions in the equatorial Atlantic indicate that the background energy in the equatorial Atlantic is provided by ENSO. However, the time scale of the variability and the magnitude of some peculiar events cannot be explained solely by ENSO remote forcing. It is demonstrated that the peak of SSTA variability in the 1–3-yr band as observed in the equatorial Atlantic is due to the local air–sea interactions and is not a linear response to ENSO. Seasonal phase locking in boreal summer is also the result of the local coupling. The analysis of the intrinsic sustainable modes indicates that the Atlantic El Niño is qualitatively a noise-driven stable system. Such a system can produce coherent interdecadal variability that is not forced by the Pacific or extraequatorial variability. It is shown that when a simple slab mixed layer model is embedded into the system to simulate the northern tropical Atlantic (NTA) SST variability, the warming over NTA following El Niño events have characteristics (location and peak phase) that depend on air–sea interaction in the equatorial Atlantic. In the model, the interaction between the equatorial mode and NTA can produce a dipolelike structure of the SSTA variability that evolves at a decadal time scale. The results herein illustrate the complexity of the tropical Atlantic ocean–atmosphere system, whose predictability jointly depends on ENSO and the connections between the Atlantic modes of variability.
A humanized adaptive baseline information technology (HABIT) algorithm for a building management system
Authors: Wong L T , Mui K W , Fong N K 
Published: October 2006

A building management system (BMS) established to control the system of building services would not incorporate records of occupants’ views nor integrate real-time occupants’ response for any system fine tuning to satisfy individual demands in a dynamic manner. This study proposes a humanized adaptive baseline information technology (HABIT) algorithm to enable such fine tuning according to the occupants’ feedback to optimize the acceptance of the indoor environment. Apart from solving the complaints from occupants, the proposed algorithm also integrates the collective real-time feedback from end-users with a balance of the imposed design conditions to determine the optimum operation condition of the system. In the study, the temperature set point of an air-conditioning system in certain Hong Kong offices was used as an illustrative example to demonstrate the operation of the algorithm. Survey results on occupants’ views and indoor environmental conditions of the offices were used to determine the input parameters of the algorithm. With the proposed algorithm, HABIT could be used for updating the design set point of the existing BMS. Practical application: This study provides a new notion of humanized adaptive baseline information technology (HABIT) for air-conditioned spaces of a single temperature set point. The occupants’ views and indoor environmental conditions of the offices are used as input parameters of the algorithm in determining the optimum temperature set point for maximizing the occupants’ satisfaction. The algorithm could be built into existing building management systems (BMS) for determining the air temperature set point of a centralized air conditioning system.
The application of particle tracking velocimetry as a velocity measurement technique
Authors: Campbell D P 
Published: October 2006

Within building drainage, waste and ventilation (DWV) systems, airflow measurement within and across the cross-section of the stack is problematic due to the multiphase and unsteady nature of the flow. This paper investigates the suitability for measurement of mixed-phase fluid flow in building (DWV) systems utilizing a particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) flow measurement technique. PTV is a non-intrusive optical flow measurement technique that supplies an instantaneous sample of velocity throughout a 2D plane in the flow field. The results of the PTV investigation can then be utilized for comparison with the results of previous investigations. Practical application: Development of a remote sensing technique capable of discriminating between phases in DWV stack systems would benefit researchers and code bodies by allowing more robust and comprehensive models to be developed. These models could be used in sensitivity tests for code changes.
Relevance of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled corticosteroids to asthma
Authors: Derendorf H. , Nave R. , Drollmann A. , Cerasoli F. , Wurst W. 
Published: October 2006

The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) have shaped the efficacy and safety of these agents in the treatment of asthma.Important pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics that can enhance the efficacy of ICS include small particle size, high glucocorticoid-receptor-binding affinity, long pulmonary residence time and lipid conjugation. These characteristics can increase or prolong the anti-inflammatory effects of an ICS. Important pharmacokinetic characteristics that can enhance the safety of ICS include on-site activation in the lung, low oropharyngeal exposure, negligible oral bioavailability, high protein-binding and rapid systemic clearance.The degree of oropharyngeal exposure is relevant to local side-effects, such as oropharyngeal candidiasis, dysphonia and coughing. Pharmacokinetic properties that influence the degree of systemic exposure are relevant to the pharmacodynamic effect of ICS-induced hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis suppression and cortisol suppression, an indicator of potential long-term systemic side-effects, such as reduced growth velocity and bone density, fractures, and skin bruising and thinning.Therefore, significant differences in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of the currently available inhaled corticosteroids warrant careful consideration when used in clinical practice as they may result in differences in efficacy and local and systemic safety profiles.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: The Roles of HIV, Hepatitis C Infection, and Alcohol Abuse
Authors: McGinnis Kathleen A. , Fultz Shawn L. , Skanderson Melissa , Conigliaro Joseph , Bryant Kendall , Justice Amy C. 
Published: October 2006

PurposeTo explore the relationship of HIV, hepatitis C (HCV), and alcohol abuse/dependence to risk for hepatocellular carcinoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL).Patients and MethodsMale veterans (n = 14,018) with a first HIV diagnosis in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System from October 1997 to September 2004; and 28,036 age-, race-, sex-, and location-matched HIV-negative veterans were identified. We examined the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and NHL and presence of HCV and alcohol abuse/dependence using International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision (ICD-9-CM) codes. HIV-positive to HIV-negative incident rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% CIs for the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma and NHL were calculated using Poisson regression models.ResultsHIV-positive veterans were at greater risk for hepatocellular carcinoma than HIV-negative veterans (IRR = 1.68; 95% CI, 1.02 to 2.77). After adjusting for HCV infection and alcohol abuse/dependence, HIV status was not independently associated with hepatocellular cancer (IRR = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.56 to 1.63). HIV-positive veterans had 9.71 times (95% CI, 6.99 to 13.49) greater risk of NHL than HIV-negative veterans. After adjusting for HCV and alcohol abuse/dependence, the IRR for NHL comparing HIV-positive with HIV-negative veterans is similar (IRR = 10.03, 95% CI, 7.19 to 13.97).ConclusionHIV-positive veterans have a higher relative incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and NHL than HIV-negative veterans. For hepatocellular carcinoma, this association appears to be largely explained by the higher prevalence of HCV and alcohol abuse/dependence. Efforts to decrease hepatocellular carcinoma among persons with HIV should focus primarily on detecting and treating HCV and reducing heavy alcohol use.
Liver Histology and Surgical Outcomes After Preoperative Chemotherapy With Fluorouracil Plus Oxaliplatin in Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases
Authors: Aloia Thomas , Sebagh Mylène , Plasse Marylène , Karam Vincent , Lévi Francis , Giacchetti Sylvie , Azoulay Daniel , Bismuth Henri , Castaing Denis , Adam René 
Published: October 2006

Purpose Preoperative chemotherapy for colorectal liver metastases (CLM) can produce histologic changes in the nontumor-bearing liver (NTBL) that may impact on surgical outcomes. Patients and Methods From a cohort of 303 patients treated for CLM with liver resection, 92 patients (75 received preoperative chemotherapy: group C+; and 17 were chemotherapy naïve: group C−) were randomly selected for detailed pathologic analysis. Preoperative chemotherapy consisted of fluorouracil (FU)/leucovorin alone (23 patients, the majority chronomodulated) or in combination with oxaliplatin (52 patients, all chronomodulated). To determine associations between study factors, clinical and operative variables were compared with pathology data and surgical outcomes. Results Although clinical and operative factors were similarly distributed, C+ patients, compared with C− patients, were more likely to receive intraoperative RBC transfusions (mean units: 1.9 v 0.5, respectively; P = .03) and to have vascular abnormalities in the NTBL (52% v 18%, respectively; P = .01). Presence of the most severe forms of vascular alterations was closely associated with RBC transfusion requirements (P = .04). In contrast, moderate to severe steatosis was similarly distributed (C− group, 12%; C+ group, 13%). Although perioperative mortality and morbidity rates were similar in all groups, more than 12 courses of chemotherapy, compared with ≤ 12 courses, predisposed patients to reoperation (11% v 0%, respectively; P = .04) and to longer hospitalization (15 v 11 days, respectively; P = .02). Conclusion The main hepatic lesion induced by preoperative FU/oxaliplatin chemotherapy in patients with CLM is vascular and not steatosis. Detailed pathologic analysis determined that the most severe vascular lesions are associated with increased intraoperative transfusions. The risk for other postoperative complications is related to the duration of preoperative chemotherapy administration.
Randomized Phase II Study of Bortezomib Alone and Bortezomib in Combination With Docetaxel in Previously Treated Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Fanucchi Michael P. , Fossella Frank V. , Belt Robert , Natale Ronald , Fidias Panos , Carbone David P. , Govindan Ramaswamy , Raez Luis E. , Robert Francisco , Ribeiro Maria , Akerley Wallace , Kelly Karen , Limentani Steven A. , Crawford Jeffrey , Reimers Hans-Joachim , Axelrod Rita , Kashala Oscar , Sheng Shihong , Schiller Joan H. 
Published: October 2006

PurposeTo evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of bortezomib ± docetaxel as second-line therapy in patients with relapsed or refractory advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Patients and MethodsPatients were randomly assigned to bortezomib 1.5 mg/m2(arm A) or bortezomib 1.3 mg/m2plus docetaxel 75 mg/m2(arm B). A treatment cycle of 21 days comprised four bortezomib doses on days 1, 4, 8, and 11, plus, in arm B, docetaxel on day 1. Patients could receive unlimited cycles. The primary end point was response rate.ResultsA total of 155 patients were treated, 75 in arm A and 80 in arm B. Baseline characteristics were comparable. Investigator-assessed response rates were 8% in arm A and 9% in arm B. Disease control rates were 29% in arm A and 54% in arm B. Median time to progression was 1.5 months in arm A and 4.0 months in arm B. One-year survival was 39% and 33%, and median survival was 7.4 and 7.8 months in arms A and B, respectively. Adverse effect profiles were as expected in both arms, with no significant additivity. The most common grade ≥ 3 adverse events were neutropenia, fatigue, and dyspnea (4% and 53%, 19% and 26%, and 17% and 14% of patients in arms A and B, respectively).ConclusionBortezomib has modest single-agent activity in patients with relapsed or refractory advanced NSCLC using this schedule, with minor enhancement in combination with docetaxel. Additional investigation of bortezomib in NSCLC is warranted in combination with other drugs known to be active, or using different schedules.
Customized Oligonucleotide Microarray Gene Expression–Based Classification of Neuroblastoma Patients Outperforms Current Clinical Risk Stratification
Authors: Oberthuer André , Berthold Frank , Warnat Patrick , Hero Barbara , Kahlert Yvonne , Spitz Rüdiger , Ernestus Karen , König Rainer , Haas Stefan , Eils Roland , Schwab Manfred , Brors Benedikt , Westermann Frank , Fischer Matthias 
Published: October 2006

Purpose To develop a gene expression–based classifier for neuroblastoma patients that reliably predicts courses of the disease. Patients and Methods Two hundred fifty-one neuroblastoma specimens were analyzed using a customized oligonucleotide microarray comprising 10,163 probes for transcripts with differential expression in clinical subgroups of the disease. Subsequently, the prediction analysis for microarrays (PAM) was applied to a first set of patients with maximally divergent clinical courses (n = 77). The classification accuracy was estimated by a complete 10-times-repeated 10-fold cross validation, and a 144-gene predictor was constructed from this set. This classifier's predictive power was evaluated in an independent second set (n = 174) by comparing results of the gene expression–based classification with those of risk stratification systems of current trials from Germany, Japan, and the United States. Results The first set of patients was accurately predicted by PAM (cross-validated accuracy, 99%). Within the second set, the PAM classifier significantly separated cohorts with distinct courses (3-year event-free survival [EFS] 0.86 ± 0.03 [favorable; n = 115] v 0.52 ± 0.07 [unfavorable; n = 59] and 3-year overall survival 0.99 ± 0.01 v 0.84 ± 0.05; both P < .0001) and separated risk groups of current neuroblastoma trials into subgroups with divergent outcome (NB2004: low-risk 3-year EFS 0.86 ± 0.04 v 0.25 ± 0.15, P < .0001; intermediate-risk 1.00 v 0.57 ± 0.19, P = .018; high-risk 0.81 ± 0.10 v 0.56 ± 0.08, P = .06). In a multivariate Cox regression model, the PAM predictor classified patients of the second set more accurately than risk stratification of current trials from Germany, Japan, and the United States (P < .001; hazard ratio, 4.756 [95% CI, 2.544 to 8.893]). Conclusion Integration of gene expression–based class prediction of neuroblastoma patients may improve risk estimation of current neuroblastoma trials.
Prognostic Significance of Tumor Necrosis Factor–Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand and Its Receptors in Adjuvantly Treated Stage III Colon Cancer Patients
Authors: van Geelen Caroline M. , Westra Jantine L. , de Vries Elisabeth G. , Boersma-van Ek Wytske , Zwart Nynke , Hollema Harry , Boezen H. Marike , Mulder Nanno H. , Plukker John T. , de Jong Steven , Kleibeuker Jan H. , Koornstra Jan J. 
Published: October 2006

PurposeIn preclinical models, there is synergism between chemotherapy and recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) –related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) on apoptosis induction in tumor cells. Therefore, the prognostic relevance was analyzed of the expression of TRAIL and its death receptors DR4 and DR5 on disease-free survival and overall survival in stage III colon cancer patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy.MethodsTissue microarrays were constructed of primary tumor tissue from 376 stage III colon cancer patients treated in a randomized adjuvant chemotherapy study (fluorouracil/levamisole v fluorouracil/levamisole/leucovorin) and stained immunohistochemically for TRAIL, DR4, and DR5. Log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazard analysis, with adjustment for treatment arm, sex, age, N stage, microsatellite instability status, and p53 mutation status, were performed.ResultsThe majority of tumors showed high expression of TRAIL (83%), DR4 (92%), and DR5 (87%). Median follow-up was 43 months. High DR4 expression was associated with worse disease-free survival (odds ratio [OR] = 2.19; 95% CI, 1.06 to 4.53; P = .03), worse overall survival (OR = 2.22; 95% CI,1.03 to 4.81; P = .04) and shorter time to recurrence (P = .02) compared with those with low DR4 expression. TRAIL or DR5 expression had no prognostic value.ConclusionHigh DR4 expression is associated with worse disease-free and overall survival in stage III adjuvant-treated colon cancer patients. Evaluation of DR4 expression in stage III colon cancer patients may identify a subset requiring more aggressive adjuvant treatment.
Phase I Study of Adoptive T-Cell Therapy Using Antigen-Specific CD8+ T Cells for the Treatment of Patients With Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: Mackensen Andreas , Meidenbauer Norbert , Vogl Sandra , Laumer Monika , Berger Jana , Andreesen Reinhard 
Published: October 2006

Purpose The adoptive transfer of in vitro generated tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) provides a promising approach to the immunotherapy of cancer. A phase I study was conducted to test the feasibility, safety, and survival of adoptively transferred Melan-A–specific CTL lines in melanoma patients. Patients and Methods Eleven HLA-A2+ patients with metastatic melanoma received at least three intravenous infusions of Melan-A–specific CTL at 2-week intervals. CTL were generated by four rounds of in vitro stimulation of purified CD8+ peripheral blood lymphocytes with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with an HLA-A2 binding Melan-A peptide. Each T-cell infusion was accompanied by a 6-day course of low-dose interleukin-2. Results A total of 52 T-cell infusions were administered, averaging 2.1 × 108 Melan-A–specific CTL per infusion. Clinical adverse effects were mild and consisted of chills and low-grade fever in seven of 11 patients. Clinical and immunologic responses revealed an antitumor response in three of 11 patients (one complete regression, one partial regression, one mixed response), an elevated frequency of circulating Melan-A tetramer+ T cells up to 2 weeks in all the patients with a maximal frequency of 2% of total CD8+ T cells, an increase in eosinophils to up to 50% in seven of 11 patients, and a selective loss of Melan-A expression in lymph node metastases in two evaluated patients after T-cell transfer. Conclusion Our data indicate that the adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T cells in melanoma patients can induce clinical tumor-specific immune responses without major adverse effects.