bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EQUINE HERPESVIRUSES: ON THE DIFFERENTIATION OF RESPIRATORY FROM FOETAL STRAINS OF TYPE 1
Authors: Studdert M.J. , Blackney M.H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Confirmation of the occurrence of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV1) abortion in both epizootic and sporadic form epizootic in Australia for the first time in 1977 against a background in which a reasonably diligent search for such viruses during the preceeding 11 years failed to associate EHV1 with abortion, provided a special opportunity to compare the properties of the newly isolated foetal (F) strains with a collection of endemic respiratory (R) strains that had been recovered at fairly regular intervals since 1967. Using plaque size and host cell range all of 7 R strains tested were clearly distinguishable from 7 of 11 F isolates. The remaining 4 F strains had plaque diameters of R strains but 3 of the 4 viruses conformed in their host cell range with F strains. Only one F isolate (from Tasmania) had both plaque morphology and host cell range of R strain viruses.The mean diameter of plaques produced by R strains in equine foetal kidney (EFK) cells after 4 days under a methyl cellulose overlay was 1.52 mm (range 1.30–1.84 mm) while the mean diameter of small plaques produced by F strains was 0.82 mm (range 0.68–0.91 mm).In addition to EFK cells all R and F strains grew in an equine dermal (EDerm) cell line and all but two of 19 isolates grew in a pig kidney (PK) cell line. None of the low passage R strains grew in bovine embryo tracheal (EBTr) or feline embryo (FEmb) cells whereas all but one of 11 F isolates grew in EBTr cells. 8/11F isolates also grew in FEmb cell line.Growth of viruses at 33° and 40.5°cf. a usual growth temperature of 37° was of no detectable value in differentiating R and F strains of EHV1.In a limited geographic and time frame the criteria of plaque size in EFK cells and growth in EBTr cells unambiguously distinguished between R and F isolates and represent simple markers worthy of additional study.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EQUINE STRONGYLOSIS IN SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND 1. The Bionomics of the Free‐Living Stages in Faeces and on Pasture
Authors: English A. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Development of the free‐living stages of strongylid nematodes of the horse to the infective stage occurred in faeces in all months of the year in southern Queensland, at a rate which depended on the season. Most rapid development to the infective stage occurred in the warmer months, with the hatching of strongyle eggs being completed in 2 days in summer. During the winter, egg hatching continued for over 2 weeks.Larval moults proceeded at a faster rate in summer—all larvae were infective in 7 days during the hottest months, but it was as long as 5 weeks before all were infective in winter. However, even though development was rapid in summer, survival rates varied from 1 to 10%, in contrast to the spring and autumn, when over 80% reached the infective stage. One percent of larvae in faeces survived for up to 20 weeks in autumn and winter, but for only 4 weeks in summer. These results highlight the inadequacy of short‐term pasture spelling for all but the hottest months. Infective larvae were found on herbage in all months of the year, but greatest numbers were recovered in spring and early summer, and in autumn and early winter. The relationship of pasture infestation to migration of larvae from Paecal reservoirs in response to rain was clearly shown. Most infective larvae were found within 30 cm of faecal masses, and in fact 89% of all larvae isolated from herbage in this study were found within 15 cm of faeces. Migration of larvae from faeces to herbage occurred with falls of rain as small as 25 mm.Horse faecal masses dried out completely in 6–8 days in summer and in 14–16 days in winter. Strongyle larvae developed to the infective stage in faeces in the absence of rain, although many remained in the pre‐infective stage and completed their development when rain fell.This study shows that massive contamination of pastures with the eggs of strongylid nematodes must be prevented in spring and autumn if susceptible young horses are not to be at serious risk.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF EQUINE STRONGYLOSIS IN SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND 2. The Survival and Migration of Infective Larvae on Herbage
Authors: English A. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The seasonal changes in longevity on herbage of the infective larvae of strongylid nematodes of the horse were studied. During the summer months, 1% of the larvae survived on herbage for 2–3 weeks, with 0.2% still viable for a further 2–3 weeks. Equivalent survival periods in winter were 7–11 weeks and over 11 weeks respectively. During spring and autumn, larvae survived for periods varying from 3–8 weeks.On Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) growing vigorously in the summer of 1976, the majority of larvae remained in the lowest layers of the pasture, within 10 cm of the soil surface. Very few reached the highest fraction of grass sampled, above 40 cm from the soil. More larvae were recovered higher on the pasture in a period when less torrential rain had occurred.It was concluded that the parasitological benefits to be gained from short‐term mixed grazing with horses and cattle may be minimal, in view of the tendency of cattle to eat only the upper layers of the pasture initially, with a consequent increase in the number of infective larvae per unit weight of herbage remaining.
A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY OF OSTEOMYELITIS IN DOGS AND CATS
Authors: Griffiths G. L. , Bellenger C. R. 
Published: March 2008

Thirty‐nine cases of osteomyelitis in dogs and cats were recorded at the Sydney University Veterinary Hospital and Clinic over a three and a half year period. In 36 cases osteomyelitis was established prior to admission. Three cases of osteomyelitis became established from a total of 502 orthopaedic surgery cases seen at the hospital in this period. In the dog the most common source of infection was open reduction of closed fractures, while in the cat, the most common source of infection was an extension from soft tissue infection. More males than females were affected.Ten cases of osteomyelitis were treated successfully, twelve cases required amputation, while euthanasia was performed on thirteen other cases. The problems and principles of treatment of active osteomyelitis as reflected in the treatment of this series of cases have been described.
LEPTOSPIRA INTERROGANS SEROVAR HARDJO INFECTION OF CATTLE
Authors: Gordon L. M. 
Published: March 2008

A survey of normal cattle in the Southern Victorian statistical divisions revealed that microscopic agglutination titres to L. hardjo occur at high frequency and are distributed throughout the cattle population. These titres are difficult to interpret as they may represent recent or old exposure, with or without disease. L. hardjo infection of dairy cattle was studied in 4 herds using the microscopic agglutination and complement‐fixation tests. Statistical comparisons of individual titres obtained indicated that the sensitivity of the complement‐fixation test was satisfactory for diagnostic purposes, but the test was unable to differentiate between current or past infections.
HAEMATOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF A MULTIPLE CASE LEUCOSIS HERD
Authors: Dimmock Corinne K. , Waugh P.D. , Rogers R.J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Adult cattle in a Queensland dairy herd with a history of deaths from lymphosarcoma were sampled regularly over a 4 year period for the identification of animals with persistent lymphocytosis (PL). Twenty‐one of 94 animals that were sampled at least 6 times had PL. At the initial sampling 27% of the animals had lymphocytosis. Culling of haematologically positive animals in the first 18 months of the investigation reduced this to 5.3%, but cessation of the culling programme resulted in a gradual increase in the percentage of animals with lymphocytosis.Four deaths from lymphosarcoma occurred in adult animals, but only in the first 18 months of the investigation. Two of these animals had lymphocytosis and two lymphoblastic leukaemia. The Calf of one of the latter cows developed lymphoblastic leukaemia and lymphosarcoma by the time it was 6 months of age. Although histological evidence of lymphosarcoma was lacking in a number of clinically normal animals with lymphocytosis, haematological investigation identified a group of animals within the herd that may develop lymphosarcoma.
THE EFFECT OF PRIOR INFECTION WITH FASCIOLA HEPATICA ON THE RESISTANCE OF SHEEP TO THE SAME PARASITE
Authors: Meek A.H. , Morris R.S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The development of flukes that resulted from a challenge dose of 175 F. hepatica metacercariae was compared in 4 groups of sheep that were maintained under grazing conditions on fluke‐free pasture. One group had been previously uninfected and all subgroups of each of the other 3 groups had been exposed to one of a range of previous doses of metacercariae. The preliminary infections of 2 of the 3 groups had been terminated respectively after 7 and 14 weeks. The third previously infected group had received its preliminary infection as 2 doses of metacercariae, 7 weeks apart. The latter infection had been terminated after 14 weeks.No appreciable differences in the mean numbers, length, prepatent period or fecundity of flukes, established as a result of the challenge dose of metacercariae, were detected between the control group and the 3 previously infected groups. It was concluded that under the conditions of the present experiment no evidence was detected that would suggest that previous infection with F. hepatica conferred any significant resistance to a future challenge.
DERMATOPHILOSIS OF SHEEP ASSOCIATION WITH DIPPING AND EFFECTS ON PRODUCTION
Authors: Wilkinson F. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: In a trial to ascertain the effect of dipping on dermatophilosis and production in Merino sheep it was found that sheep which had been dipped had more lesions and produced less wool than undipped sheep.Sheep dipped in water or water plus diazinon had more mortalities associated with dermatophilosis than sheep dipped in arsenic or not dipped. The arsenic appeared to aid healing. There were more mortalities in the sheep dipped in water or water plus diazinon one day after shearing than those dipped 10 days after shearing.
THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF A VETERINARY PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND MANAGEMENT PROGRAM IN VICTORIAN DAIRY HERDS
Authors: Williamson N. B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMERY: This paper reports the major results of a 4‐year controlled study of the impact of a dairy herd health and management program on dairy farms. The aim of the project was to conduct a practical preventive medicine program which could be operated by practising field veterinarians to assess the economic value of the program. The analysis of performance involved 59 program farms which received the program and 47 surveillance farms which did not receive the program. Each group commenced with 80 farms.A comparison of indices reflecting the efficiency of production showed relative gains for program herds when compared to surveillance herds and these differences were significant for the indices of butterfat per hectare (P=.001) and butter fat per man (P=.005) but not for butterfat per cow (P=.455). The indices of financial efficiency showed significant improvements in program farms when compared with surveillance farms in the standardised change in gross margin per hectare (P=.001), per man (P=.003) and per cow (P=.007). On a mean whole‐farm basis, the program gave an improvement in gross margin of 23.58, 65.56 and 90.30 per hectare in the second to fourth years respectively of the project when compared with performance in the first year.Mean intercalving intervals were significantly shorter in program than surveillance herds throughout the project (P=.013). The proportion of cows calving within 8 weeks of the start of the calving season increased from 68.5% to 74% in program herds and from 72% to 73% in surveillance herds, but there was no significant difference (P=.101) between groups in this change. The standardised change in bulk milk cell count was greater in program herds than surveillance herds, but the quarter infection prevalence of surveillance herds. which was only measured in the final year of the project, was significantly lower than the prevalence measured at the same time in program herds.It was concluded from this study that the dairy health and management program tested in this study represents a highly profitable investment for dairy farmers.
SMALL INTESTINAL CARCINOMA IN SHEEP
Authors: Ross A. D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY This communication reports a high prevalence of small intestinal carcinoma. Seventeen cases were detected during a survey of 6,248 sheep (0.272%) from 3 export abattoirs in southern New South Wales.The neoplasm appeared on the serosal surface of the jejeunum and ileum as a ring of dense white fibrous tissue which caused stenosis and cranial dilation of the intestine. The mucosa and muscularis were thickened and folded but otherwise grossly normal except for 3 cases where small polyps were present. Metastatic lesions occurred regularly in mesenteric lymph nodes and sclerotic deposits were often present on the surface of abdominal viscera. In one case metastatic nodules were found throughout the liver and lungs. Histologically, the glandular architecture of the mucosa and submucosa was disturbed and thickened with fibrous tissue. The muscularis was intact; however an intense desmoplastic reaction under the serosa contained scattered islands of PAS‐positive epithelial cells; distinct acini were uncommon and mitotic figures rare.
OVULATION RATE AT FIRST MATING AND REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF GILTS
Authors: Paterson A. M. , Barker I. , Lindsay D. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Laparoscopy was used to estimate ovulation rate at first mating in 460 Large White/Landrace gilts. For 385 gilts which farrowed litter size was recorded and the relationships between age and mating, maternal litter size, ovulation rate and reproductive performance were examined.The mean ovulation rate of the gilts which farrowed was 10.9 ± 0.14 corpora lutea and the mean first litter size was 8.0 ± 0.12 piglets born with 7.5 ≥.± 0.13 born alive. Ovulation rate was related to first litter size (r = 0.29, P < 0.001) but embryo loss was the major factor determining litter size, accounting for about 58% of the variation. None of the variable examined at the time of mating was sufficiently correlated with litter size to be useful as selection criteria for improving reproductive performance.
INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN FIELD STRAINS OF LUCILIA CUPRINA
Authors: O'Flynn M. , Green P. E. 
Published: March 2008

A survey was conducted in 1977–78 to determine the level of insecticide resistance in field strains of Lucilia cuprina from a wide area of Queensland. Discriminating dose data showed that all 19 strains tested were resistant to diazinon, dichlofenthion, fenthion‐ethyl and chlorfenvinphos, but resistance factors in all strains were low, the highest being 18.9 for diazinon. Six strains showed no resistance to butacarb.A strain collected in 1967 and selected with diazinon for 117 generations, attained resistance factors for organophosphorus compounds far higher than those of the present field strains.
LEPTOSPIRA SEROGROUP HEBDOMADIS INFECTION AS AN AUSTRALIAN ZOONOSIS
Authors: Milner A. R. , Wilks C. R. , Morgan I. R. , Rosen N. E. 
Published: March 2008

Two cases of leptospirosis due to infection with a member of the Hebdomadis serogroup are described in farm workers on a Victorian dairy farm. The source of infection appeared to be the milking herd which had elevated serum antibody titres against a member of the Hebdomadis serogroup. Agglutinin‐absorption testing of one patient's serum indicated that the infecting serovar was hardjo.A survey of 1,144 cattle entering abattoirs throughout the State indicated that 44.3% of these animals showed serological evidence of past or present infection with leptospira of the Hebdomadis serogroup and the potential risk for people with occupational contact with cattle is emphasised. The importance of considering leptospirosis in the differential diagnosis of all patients with influenza‐like symptoms or pyrexia of unknown origin and having occupational contact with animals, especially cattle, is discussed.
SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF NEMATODE POPULATIONS OF CATTLE IN NEW SOUTH WALES IN RELATION TO INHIBITED LARVAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Smeal M. G. , Fraser G. C. , Robinson G. G. 
Published: March 2008

Pasture plots in 3 climatic regions were contaminated with worm eggs of Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostrongylus axel, Haemonchus spp and Cooperia spp in the autumn, winter and spring. Successive pairs of parasite‐free calves were grazed on the plots for 7 to 10 days at 4‐week intervals and then killed for worm counts 14 days after their removal from pasture.On the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, irrespective of the season of pasture contamination, the degree of inhibition of O. ostertagi was low in winter and highest in spring. T. axei showed similar trends while Cooperia spp showed negligible inhibition.On the North Coast of New South Wales, inhibited larvae accounted for a very small proportion of the O. ostertagi burdens, while in comparison T. axei showed a much greater degree of inhibition. Larval inhibition of Haemonchus spp occurred in autumn and early winter after which it did not occur. There was negligible inhibition in Cooperia spp.On the Central Coast of New South Wales, there was little inhibition of O. ostertagi and none in T. axel. For Haemonchus spp, inhibited larvae were found mainly in autumn and winter. The numbers of inhibited Cooperia larvae were also highest in autumn and winter and were associated with large worm burdens.The marked difference between the tablelands and coastal regions in the seasonal trends of inhibition of O. ostertagi was considered to be due to a difference in strains between the geographical regions. The possible effect of climatic factors on the inhibition‐proneness of infective larvae on pasture is discussed for Ostertagia and other nematodes. The roles of host resistance and density‐dependence are also discussed.
COMBINED ACTIVE‐PASSIVE IMMUNISATION OF HORSES AGAINST TETANUS
Authors: Liefman C. E. 
Published: March 2008

The protection afforded by active, passive and combined active‐passive methods of immunisation against tetanus was examined in previously unimmunised horses. Three groups of horses were injected; one with tetanus toxoid alone, one with tetanus antitoxin alone and one in which the tetanus toxoid and tetanus antitoxin were injected simultaneously. The protection afforded was determined by monitoring the levels of antitoxin achieved in the horses by each of these methods.The results obtained demonstrated the effectiveness of the combined active‐passive method in affording rapid and prolonged protection and enabled the examination of some of the factors involved in active and in passive immunisation when used alone. The advantages obtained by the use of the combined active‐passive method in protecting unimmunised horses suddenly placed at risk to infection are outlined.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE SELENIUM NUTRITION OF SHEEP IN VICTORIA
Authors: Caple I. W. , Andrewartha K. A. , Edwards S. J. A. , Halpin C. G. 
Published: March 2008

The selenium nutrition of sheep throughout Victoria was assessed by a survey of the blood glutathione peroxidase activity in 708 flocks. It was shown that the blood glutathione peroxidase activity in sheep had a seasonal variation with lowest levels in the spring. The enzyme activity was correlated with the blood selenium concentration. Areas where blood selenium was less than 0.03 μg/ml in spring were defined. Sheep with low selenium nutrition were grazing pastures in the high rainfall areas on acid soils, particularly those derived from granite.Selenium concentrations in pasture samples examined were greater than 0.02 mg/kg, and it was found that superphosphate application had no significant effect on the selenium content of pasture. However, management practices such as high stocking rates and rates of application of superphosphate to pasture were associated with low blood glutathione peroxidase activities in sheep.It was concluded that the selenium nutrition of most of the sheep flocks in Victoria is adequate, and that the deficient areas are localised. There seems little requirement for supplementation of adult sheep. As the delayed type of white muscle disease in spring lambs appears to be the main selenium‐responsive disorder, direct supplementation of lambs in the low selenium areas would be the most effective method of ensuring adequate selenium nutrition.
PREVENTION OF OVINE LUPINOSIS BY THE ORAL ADMINISTRATION OF ZINC SULPHATE AND THE EFFECT OF SUCH THERAPY ON LIVER AND PANCREAS ZINC AND LIVER COPPER
Authors: Allen J. G. , Masters H. G. 
Published: March 2008

Three experiments were carried out using Merino wethers to investigate if oral administration of zinc sulphate would provide protection against the liver damage that occurs in lupinosis. At the same time, the effect of this zinc therapy on liver and pancreas zinc, and liver copper concentrations, was studied.The zinc therapy caused increases in liver and pancreas zinc concentrations, and a drop in the liver copper concentration. Adminstration of the toxins of Phomopsis leptostromiformis with the zinc increased the magnitude of these changes.Administration of 0.5 g zinc or greater per day, as zinc sulphate, reduced the liver damage caused by the toxins of P. leptostromiformis. The degree of liver protection provided by the zinc therapy varied both between animals within treatments and between treatments in different experiments. Zinc toxicity was encountered.
SALMONELLAE ON POSTS, HAND‐RAILS AND HANDS IN A BEEF ABATTOIR
Authors: Smeltzer T. , Thomas R. , Collins G. 
Published: March 2008

Counts of salmonellae were done by the most probable number technique on samples collected from the hands of abattoir workers as well as on samples from hand‐rails and posts regularly touched by the workers.Salmonellae were isolated from the hands of 52% of the workers who handled the hide. They had the highest average counts with counts ranging from 0 to greater than 3663 salmonellae. The remaining workers on the slaughter floor and those in the boning room had generally lower counts with contamination rates of 28% and 45% respectively.Only 3 of the 100 samples collected from the hand‐rails and posts contained salmonellae. The average count was 0.11 per 100 cm2.