bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHANGES IN THE SEBACEOUS GLANDS AND EPIDERMIS DURING THE OESTROUS CYCLE OF THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: EBLING F. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. In the dorsal skin of female albino rats, the sebaceous glands reached their maximum size, and the stratum germinativum its greatest thickness during prooestrus. At oestrus, and on the day following it, both these tissues were significantly reduced in size.
2. During the oestrous cycle, there appeared to be no significant changes in the incidence of mitoses in either tissue, as measured 5 hr after injection of colchicine.
3. An analysis of correlation showed that in neither tissue was size correlated with incidence of mitoses. Sebaceous gland size was very significantly correlated with epidermal thickness, and the two incidences of mitoses were themselves correlated.
4. In immature female rats, which had been implanted with oestradiol benzoate 3–4 weeks before death, both sebaceous gland size and epidermal thickness were greatly reduced, although the incidences of mitoses were significantly raised.
5. These results are interpreted as indicating that oestrogens affect both holocrine secretion of the sebaceous glands and epidermal keratinization, and that these actions are independent of any possible influence on the incidence of mitoses in these tissues.
17-KETOSTEROID FRACTIONATION STUDIES BY A MICRO-CHROMATOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE IN ENDOCRINE DISORDERS
Authors: POND M. HELEN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Urinary 17-ketosteroids have been fractionated by adsorption chromatography on alumina into eight fractions, the main constituents of which are described. The patterns of 17-ketosteroid excretion in patients with various forms of endocrine disorder have been compared with those from normal subjects. The value of this investigation in clinical medicine is discussed. Although not of diagnostic importance, it is of use in the assessment of two aspects of adrenocortical activity, the excretion of the β-hydroxy-17-ketosteroids and the 11-oxy-17-ketosteroids.
THE CHANGES WHICH OCCUR WITH AGEING IN THE VASCULAR PATTERN OF THE INFUNDIBULAR PROCESS OF THE HUMAN HYPOPHYSIS CEREBRI
Authors: XUEREB G. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A study of the smaller blood vessels has been carried out on 170 human pituitary bodies by means of red cell staining methods. It was found that the vascular pattern of the neural lobe undergoes alteration with advancing years, the changes being common to both the sexes.
In infancy and in childhood, a simple pattern of branching vessels is seen throughout the neural lobe.
In the adolescent, a change from one type of vascular pattern to another becomes apparent: first, the individual vessels become tortuous and, subsequently, the tortuous vessels tend to become arranged in groups.
In the adult, the pattern becomes increasingly complex, and tortuous vessels of large calibre are seen grouped in lobular units.
In old age, the degree of vascularity of the tissue is much reduced and the pattern of the blood vessels tends to revert gradually to the simple arrangement seen in childhood.
SOME ASPECTS OF ZONATION AND FUNCTION OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX
Authors: JONES I. CHESTER , SPALDING MARGARET H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Male adult rats whose adrenals were enucleated and allowed to regenerate showed in one group normal competence to handle administered water loads, and in another a slow diuresis after this functional test. In the latter case the predisposing factor is cortical insufficiency and not the absence of the medulla. Even those animals with regenerated enucleated adrenals, which gave a normal response to water loads, nevertheless still showed some differences from normal in regard to sodium and potassium metabolism. The histology of the adrenals in the different groups is described.
SOME ASPECTS OF ZONATION AND FUNCTION OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX
Authors: JONES I. CHESTER , WRIGHT A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Male adult rats, with established drinking patterns, were given the choice of saline or tap water to drink, immediately after adrenal enucleation. Both saline and water were taken, but by the 6th day after operation the rats had returned to drinking predominantly tap water. The adrenals at this stage showed a small compact cortex, no distinguishable zona glomerulosa, and they appeared to be composed for the most part of cells in 'fascicles'. Adrenalectomized animals chose saline, drinking more and more pari passu with time. Other short-term enucleated animals were injected with ACTH, and the tendency for the regenerating cortex to form in 'fascicles' was very pronounced.
MEASUREMENTS OF ABSOLUTE RADIOIODINE UPTAKE IN THE ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN THYROID ACTIVITY
Authors: HAIGH C. P. , REISS M. , REISS JEAN M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The uptake of radioiodine by the human thyroid 24 hr after a tracer dose of 25 μc. has been measured by means of a toroidal counter with a high sensitivity not critically dependent on the relative position of the source. The distribution of the 24 hr uptake values for males and females is given. Values of the sum of the 24 hr uptake and the 24 or 48 hr urinary excretion of radioiodine have been determined, and are shown to be distributed about a mean of 91% of the dose. With this information it has been possible to replace excretion measurements by uptake measurements in the computation of the thyroid index It described previously [Haigh & Reiss, 1950; Reiss, Haigh, Hemphill, Maggs, Reiss & Smith, 1952]. The new index I′t has the same dimensions as It, but the respective scales of thyroid activity, although similar, are not interchangeable. The I′t values appear less susceptible to accidental errors.
In some cases a discrepancy has been found between the rate of uptake of radioiodine during the 1st hr following the injection and the 24 hr uptake value, a low rate of uptake being accompanied by a 24 hr absolute uptake which was at least normal. This may be due to the mobilization of vaso-constrictor substances in the patient during the 1st hr. These anomalies occurred chiefly in patients suffering from some kind of anxiety neurosis.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON OOCYTE NUMBERS IN MATURE RHESUS MONKEYS (MACACA MULATTA)
Authors: GREEN S. H. , ZUCKERMAN S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
An analysis of oocyte numbers in forty-two rhesus monkeys whose ovaries were removed on different days of the menstrual cycle showed (1) that the right and left ovaries usually contain about the same number of oocytes; (2) that oocyte numbers vary inversely with body weight; (3) that there are no significant differences in the total number of oocytes in the early, middle and last thirds of the cycle; and (4) that no constant relation exists between the proportion of follicles in different stages of development.
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING BRAIN GLYCOGEN OF THE MOUSE
Authors: CHANCE M. R. A. , WALKER A. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Following the demonstration [Chance & Yaxley, 1950] that the brain glycogen of the mouse rises during a convulsion, an attempt has been made to study the effect of various substances on the level of brain glycogen in the mouse both when resting and after a convulsion induced by metrazol. The substances used were glucose, adrenaline, insulin, deoxycorticosterone glucoside, cortisone acetate and the anti-insulin principle of the anterior pituitary. The effect of fasting on the brain glycogen of the resting mouse was also examined.
2. The level of glycogen in the brain rose in the presence of a raised blood sugar or following injection of the anti-insulin principle. Insulin antagonized the effect of the latter without altering the level of the blood sugar.
3. During convulsions induced by metrazol after the administration of insulin, the level of the blood-sugar was reduced, and the usual increment in brain glycogen was suppressed. It reappeared when sufficient glucose was injected to restore the blood-sugar level to normal. None of the other substances tested affected the rise in glycogen level of the brain induced by a convulsion.
4. During certain types of normal behaviour [Chance, 1953 a] the levels of the blood sugar and brain glycogen generally change independently of each other, but on occasion both rise simultaneously. It is concluded that they represent independent responses resulting from central nervous activity.
THE EFFECTS OF GLUCOSE AND INSULIN ON THE DIABETOGENIC ACTION OF ALLOXAN
Authors: ARTETA J. L. , KÖNIG C. , CARBALLIDO A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The injection of 2–3 g/kg body weight of glucose inhibits the diabetogenic action of subsequently injected alloxan (65 mg/kg) and protects against the lethal effect of 100–120 mg alloxan/kg in the dog. Protection is less marked when glucose and alloxan are administered together.
Insulin injections in doses sufficient to induce severe hypoglycaemia sensitize the dogs in such a manner as to convert non-diabetogenic doses of alloxan (30 mg/kg body weight) into diabetogenic ones.
Female dogs are less sensitive to the action of insulin than males. Of a total of seven males and five females, all the males, but only one female, became diabetic.
It is suggested that the concentration of glucose within and surrounding the β-cells of the pancreas regulates the degree of sensitivity of these cells to alloxan.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE AND THYROTROPHIN ON THYROID TRANSPLANTS IN THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: WOODRUFF M. F. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Administration of cortisone in large dosage (20 mg daily) decreases the chances of survival of thyroid autotransplants in guinea-pigs. Despite this, cortisone may facilitate the survival of thyroid homotransplants, apparently by inhibiting the development of resistance in the host. The effect is a slight one, however, and is not apparent when transplants are made from stock donors to members of a highly inbred strain.
Administration of thyrotrophin does not abolish the deleterious effect of cortisone on autotransplants, nor does it appear to facilitate the survival of homotransplants.
STUDIES ON THE PITUITARY MELANOPHORE-EXPANDING HORMONE WITH REFERENCE TO ITS IDENTITY WITH ACTH
Authors: KETTERER B. , REMILTON ELIZABETH 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Three different melanophore-expanding extracts were subjected to two methods of heating in alkali and assayed, using intact Xenopus. The results for treated and untreated material were statistically analysed.
1. Heating a simple ox posterior pituitary extract (OxPLP) in alkali by either method increased its melanophore-expanding ('B') activity, but the slope of the dose-response curve did not differ significantly from that for the untreated extract.
2. The dose-response curve for an acetone precipitated extract (APP) of OxPLP differed significantly in slope from that of the OxPLP extract itself. The APP powder did not change its activity when boiled at pH 13·0 for 3 min.
3. Heating in alkali of a commercial ACTH preparation destroyed approximately 90% of its B activity.
4. The increase in activity of alkali heat-treated extracts can be reliably determined by Xenopus white adapted for long periods of time, provided they receive frequent injections of B-active material.
THE EFFECT OF INSULIN AND PHLORIDZIN ON THE INTRAVAGINAL ACTION OF OESTRONE
Authors: CLARINGBOLD P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Insulin, administered by either the subcutaneous or intravaginal route, significantly increases the response of ovariectomized mice to oestrone.
2. Phloridzin, administered similarly, significantly decreases the vaginal response to oestrone.
3. None of the treatments adopted produced any significant change in variability of response.
4. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the local action of oestrogens on the vaginal epithelium.
THE INFLUENCE OF SEX HORMONES ON THE BONY CHANGES OCCURRING IN PARALYSED LIMBS
Authors: GILLESPIE J. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Paralysis, produced in young male rats by avulsion of peripheral nerves, resulted in a highly significant reduction in the total weight, ash weight, ash percentage, X-ray density and bending moment at the breaking point, of the bones of the affected limb. The breaking stress was significantly reduced, but Young's modulus of elasticity was unaltered.
2. Certain of these changes were modified by treatment with sex hormones. Both oestradiol and testosterone significantly reduced the difference between the bones of the normal and paralysed limbs in respect of total weight, ash weight and bending moment at the breaking point.
3. Treatment with oestradiol significantly increased both the ash percentage and Young's modulus of elasticity, the increase affecting equally the bones of the normal and paralysed limbs. Testosterone treatment did not significantly affect either of these properties, and neither hormone affected the breaking stress.
INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL SIZE AND PARITY ON ONSET OF LABOUR IN MULTIPLE PREGNANCY IN MAN
Authors: McKEOWN T. , RECORD R. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The association between duration of gestation and (a) parental height, and (b) mother's parity is examined in 1028 single and 375 twin maternities. With increasing height of mother, duration of gestation increases in multiple pregnancy; the two variables are unrelated in single pregnancy. With increasing parity, duration of gestation increases in multiple pregnancy and decreases slightly in single pregnancy. It is suggested that these observations provide support for the view that the early onset of labour in multiple pregnancy may be due to the size of the foetuses.
THE INFLUENCE OF STRESS CONDITIONS ON THE UPTAKE OF 131I BY THE RAT THYROID
Authors: BADRICK F. E. , BRIMBLECOMBE R. W. , REISS JEAN M. , REISS M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The uptake of 131I by the thyroid of the rat has been investigated under various conditions of stress.
The acute change always consists in a considerable reduction of the rate of uptake of 131I irrespective of the nature of the stress.
This acute inhibition in the uptake of 131I is independent of the anterior pituitary lobe, since it occurs in the normal and hypophysectomized animal alike. It is also independent of the presence of the adrenals. The inhibition of the uptake of 131I by the thyroids occurs in vivo only; their ability to take up 131I in vitro is not impaired.
All the acute changes seen under stress conditions can be readily reproduced by treatment with adrenaline, which shows the same inhibitory effect on normal and hypophysectomized animals, the action being equally transitory.
It is suggested that the acute changes in thyroid function seen under stress conditions are entirely independent of the anterior pituitary and are caused by increased release of vasoconstrictor substances.
An increased uptake rate of 131I by the thyroid was seen 24 hr after the acute stress. This was thought to be caused by a compensatory increase in the secretion of thyrotrophic hormone by the anterior pituitary.
CONCENTRATION OF PROGESTIN IN THE SERUM OF THE NON-PREGNANT, PREGNANT AND POST-PARTUM EWE
Authors: NEHER G. M. , ZARROW M. X. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The Hooker-Forbes assay was employed to determine the concentration of free progestin in the serum of ewes during various stages of the reproductive cycle.
During the oestrous cycle, the concentration varied from 0\m=.\3 to 2μg/ml. at oestrus to 6μg in the luteal phase. During pregnancy, the level of progestin rose from 1 to 2 μg/ml. at mating to a peak of 8–12 μg/ml. at parturition. The concentration of progestin showed a plateau at a level of 6–8 μg from the 40th to the 100th day of pregnancy. A second rise occurred at about the 120th day of pregnancy.
In all sheep parturition took place prior to the drop in serum progestin. By the 10th day post-partum, however, the concentration of the hormone declined to 1 or 2 μg/ml. and remained at this level throughout lactation. Removal of the ovaries between the 66th and 114th day of gestation had no effect on the level of progestin in the blood of five ewes. The pregnancies remained unaffected, and the concentration of progestin increased in a manner comparable to that seen in pregnant sheep with intact ovaries. It is suggested that the placenta is the major source of progestin during the last two trimesters of pregnancy in the sheep.
THE RESPONSE OF INBRED MICE TO OESTROGENS
Authors: CLARINGBOLD P. J. , BIGGERS J. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The vaginal response of two inbred lines of mice (C57 and CBA), and their reciprocal crosses, to oestrone and oestradiol-3:17β has been studied, with the subcutaneous and intravaginal routes of administration.
In all cases the variability of the response of F1 hybrids was approximately 25% of the variability of the inbred lines. In the intravaginal tests the median effective dose (m.e.d.) was the same for both inbred lines, while the m.e.d. for the F1 hybrids was less. In the subcutaneous tests the C57 line has a lower m.e.d. than the CBA line, while the m.e.d. of the F1 hybrids was lower than both the inbred lines.
This phenomenon is an example of heterosis, and the findings have been discussed in relation to bioassay and experimental study of oestrogens, and to mammary carcinoma in the mouse.
THE INDUCTION OF CYCLIC UTERINE BLEEDING IN NORMAL AND SPAYED RHESUS MONKEYS BY PROGESTERONE
Authors: KROHN P. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Short periods of treatment with progesterone precipitate uterine bleeding in a spayed monkey which is receiving constant daily doses of oestrogen. The amount of progesterone required is proportional to the dose of oestrogen given.
Treatment with progesterone (5 mg daily for 5 days) also precipitates uterine bleeding in untreated spayed monkeys at regular intervals of about 8 days. The first course of injections must be started immediately a menstrual bleeding has been induced, either by the surgical removal of the ovaries or by the withdrawal of an adequate oestrogenic stimulus. Treatment is usually ineffective if it is delayed for as little as 6 days.
The number of cycles obtained in spayed animals, pretreated with oestrogen, seems to be related to the size of the initial dose of oestrogen used to induce withdrawal bleeding.
Such cycles can be obtained not only after an oestrogen-withdrawal bleeding but also after a progesterone-withdrawal bleeding has occurred in monkeys which have neither received oestrogen nor menstruated for several months before treatment with progesterone was begun. Conditioning of the subsequent responses of the uterus for many months to come depends, therefore, on the occurrence of a single menstrual bleeding but not on the particular hormone used to obtain the bleeding.
These effects of progesterone in spayed monkeys cannot be simulated by injections of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA).
The intermenstrual bleeding that can be induced in normal female rhesus monkeys by injecting 5 mg progesterone daily for 5 days does not occur if the injections are continued at a constant lower threshold dose, which varies for different monkeys between 0·25 and 1·0 mg daily.
VARIATION IN PLACENTAL WEIGHT ACCORDING TO LITTER SIZE IN THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: ECKSTEIN P. , McKEOWN THOMAS , RECORD R. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Observations are recorded on the placenta of the guinea-pig at the 65th day of pregnancy.
Placental weight is inversely related (a) to number of foetuses in the same horn of the uterus, and (b) to number of foetuses in the other horn. In litters with unequal numbers of foetuses in the two horns, placental weight is greater on the side with the smaller number. These observations are consistent with those previously recorded on foetal weight [Eckstein & McKeown, 1955]. Nevertheless, the variation in placental weight does not wholly account for the variation in foetal weight. Even when attention is restricted to foetuses with placentae of the same weight, foetal weight appears to reflect both a general effect, due to litter size and independent of distribution between the horns, and (less certainly, because of small numbers), a local effect, determined by contiguity of foetuses within the same horn. The possible significance of the last two observations is discussed.
A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF URINARY PREGNANEDIOL
Authors: KLOPPER A. , MICHIE EILEEN A. , BROWN J. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A new chromatographic procedure for determining small amounts of pregnanediol in urine is described. The method involves (1) acid hydrolysis, (2) toluene extraction, (3) a new permanganate oxidation step, (4) chromatography on alumina columns, (5) acetylation, (6) further chromatography on alumina, and (7) colorimetry after developing a colour with sulphuric acid. The method is considered under the headings of specificity, sensitivity, accuracy and convenience. The significance of results obtained from male, proliferative phase female, and post-menopausal urine is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE ON ORGAN CULTURES OF THE MOUSE PROSTATE
Authors: LASNITZKI ILSE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Ventral prostate glands from C3H mice of 4–6 weeks and 6 months age were grown in vitro by the watch-glass technique in the presence of testosterone propionate (t.p.) for periods of 10 and 21 days.
Young glands grown in normal control medium show regression of the alveolar epithelium, but essentially retain their original histological structure if t.p. (50 μg/ml.) is added to the culture medium. Prolonged treatment is followed by hyperplasia of the alveolar epithelium.
In older glands differentiation is maintained in normal control medium. Administration of t.p. induces hyperplasia of the alveolar epithelium with cytological and mitotic abnormalities shortly after treatment has begun, while prolonged exposure leads to degeneration of the alveolar epithelium.
It is concluded that young glands need a higher level of androgens to preserve differentiation than older glands which may have acquired a greater degree of sensitivity to the hormones.
The direct effects of t.p. are compared with those produced by oestrone and 20-methylcholanthrene and similarities observed in the action of the carcinogen and testosterone are discussed briefly.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF PROGESTERONE AND OESTROGEN ON THE SYMPHYSIS PUBIS OF OVARIECTOMIZED MICE
Authors: HALL KATHLEEN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of various combinations of oestrogen and progesterone, injected for periods of 23, 28 and 36 days, on the symphysis pubis of 127 ovariectomized, virgin mice is described. The work is an extension of earlier work in which other combinations of the same hormones were used. The results of both sets of experiments, present and past, show that, when injected into ovariectomized mice for periods at least as long as that of normal pregnancy, (1) 25, 100, 250, 1000 and 1500μg/day progesterone do not potentiate the action on the symphysis pubis of 1·5–25μg/day oestrogen, and that (2) these combinations of the two hormones do not produce changes in the pelvis similar to those which occur at the end of normal pregnancy, or (3) which can be produced in ovariectomized mice by injecting oestrogen and relaxin. The results confirm that there is apparently a species difference between the mouse and the guinea-pig in this respect.
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN PLANT PREPARATIONS ON THE FERTILITY OF LABORATORY MAMMALS
Authors: EAST JUNE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Mice and guinea-pigs were fed diets containing 20 and 30% whole Sanguisorba officinalis, dried and ground.
In immature female mice, premature vaginal opening and constant dioestrus were produced. Adult animals showed oestrous cycles of abnormal length, owing to a prolongation of the dioestrous phase, but mated and became pregnant readily during treatment. Lactation appeared to be affected adversely.
Male fertility was not impaired.
The plant material showed no oestrogenic activity when fed to spayed mice, and did not produce vaginal opening in spayed guinea-pigs.