bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate change, plant migration, and range collapse in a global biodiversity hotspot: theBanksia(Proteaceae) of Western Australia
Authors: FITZPATRICK MATTHEW C. , GOVE AARON D. , SANDERS NATHAN J. , DUNN ROBERT R. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractClimate change has already altered global patterns of biodiversity by modifying the geographic distributions of species. Forecasts based on bioclimatic envelop modeling of distributions of species suggests greater impacts can be expected in the future, but such projections are contingent on assumptions regarding future climate and migration rates of species. Here, we present a first assessment of the potential impact of climate change on a global biodiversity hotspot in southwestern Western Australia. Across three representative scenarios of future climate change, we simulated migration of 100Banksia(Proteaceae) species at a rate of 5 km decade−1and compared projected impacts with those under the commonly applied, but acknowledged as inadequate, assumptions of ‘full‐’ and ‘no‐migration.’ Across all climate × migration scenarios, 66% of species were projected to decline, whereas only 6% were projected to expand or remain stable. Between 5% and 25% of species were projected to suffer range losses of 100% by 2080, depending mainly on climate scenario. Species losses were driven primarily by changes in current precipitation regimes, with the greatest losses of species projected to occur in a transition zone between wet coastal areas and interior arid regions and which is projected to become more arid in the future. Because the ranges of most species tended to collapse in all climate scenarios, we found that climate change impacts to flora of southwestern Western Australia may be large, even under optimistic assumptions regarding migration abilities. Taken together, our results suggest that the future of biodiversity in southwestern Western Australia may lie largely in the degree to which this hotspot experiences increased drought and in the ability of species to tolerate such decreases in precipitation. More broadly, our study is among a growing number of theoretical studies suggesting the impacts of future climate change on global biodiversity may be considerable.
Altered patterns of soil carbon substrate usage and heterotrophic respiration in a pine forest with elevated CO2and N fertilization
Authors: BILLINGS SHARON A. , ZIEGLER SUSAN E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTo assess how heterotrophic microorganisms may alter their activities and thus their CO2‐C return to the atmosphere with elevated CO2and changing N availability, we examined soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics at the Duke Free Air Carbon Enrichment (FACE) site, after N fertilizer was applied. We measured heterotrophic respiration during early and late stages of SOM mineralization in soil incubations to capture activity on relatively labile and refractory SOM pools. We also measuredδ13C of respired CO2‐C and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) during early mineralization stages to track the microbial groups involved in substrate use. We calculated, a measure ofδ13CPLFAnormalized by respiredδ13CO2, to assess microbial function with C substrates formed with elevated CO2and altered N availability, via the distinctδ13C of the supplemental CO2. We also quantified extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) during labile and recalcitrant SOM mineralization. Early in the incubations, increased N availability reduced heterotrophic CO2‐C release. By the later stages of SOM mineralization, elevated CO2soils with fertilization had respired 72% of the CO2‐C respired by all other soils.values suggest that fungi in elevated CO2plots took up C substrates possessing theδ13C signature of recently formed SOM, and added N promoted the activity of Gram‐negative bacteria and reduced that of Gram‐positive bacteria, particularly actinomycetes. Consistent with this, the enzyme responsible for the degradation of peptidoglycan and chitin, compounds produced by Gram‐positive bacteria and fungi, respectively, experienced a decline in activity with N fertilization. If patterns observed in this study with N additions are reversed with progressive N limitation at this site, actinomycetes and other Gram‐positive bacteria responsible for mineralizing relatively recalcitrant substrates may experience increases in their activity. Such shifts in microbial functioning may result in increased turnover of, and C release from, relatively decay‐resistant material.
Survey of the social networks of people with severe mental health problems
Authors: NOLAN P. , CLANCY A. 
Published: February 2008

Survey of the social networks of people with severe mental health problems.The social functioning of people with severe mental health problems is an indicator of general physical and emotional well‐being. There exists a wealth of literature on the topic from the professional carer's perspective but relatively little from the perspective of the clients themselves. Thirty clients were interviewed in order to explore their understanding of the nature and value of the social networks in which they were currently involved. Despite having participated in a variety of rehabilitation interventions, these clients remained insecure and lacking in confidence. They had few friends beyond members of their immediate family and were generally leading lonely, friendless existences without the capacity to establish new relationships. Although this study suggests that clients often have grandiose plans for the future, mental health nurses may best meet their needs by helping to sustain existing relationships and using them at all levels of therapeutic intervention, rather than attempting to nurture new relationships for which clients are unready and the failure of which may result in a relapse in clients' mental health status.
Notes on narrative knowledge in psychiatric nursing
Authors: TILLEY S. 
Published: February 2008

Notes on narrative knowledge in psychiatric nursing.This paper reports briefly on one part of an empirical study of nurses' accounts of conversations with patients diagnosed as ‘neurotic’ and addresses issues related to narrative knowledge in psychiatric nursing. A rationale for analysing psychiatric nurses' narratives of practice is presented, and one framework for doing so is outlined. The form and grammar of nurses' narratives are sketched, and limitations of the present analysis are discussed. While the paper is based on research on practice in psychiatric hospital admission wards, the argument presented is relevant to psychiatric nursing practice generally.
The unconscious impact of caring for acutely disturbed patients: a perspective for supervision1
Authors: WINSHIP G. 
Published: February 2008

The unconscious impact of caring for acutely disturbed patients: a perspective for supervision.This paper is concerned with the emotional experience of working with acutely disturbed patients. It examines how the disturbance of the patient unconsciously impacts upon the nurse. Using a model of the unconscious, based upon classical psychoanalytic theory, a psychodynamic approach to clinical supervision in a group setting is described. This supervision process was found to be helpful in the therapeutic process, identifying unconscious dynamics as well as alleviating some of the distress of the clinical work. Vignettes illustrating this process of psychodynamic group supervision are presented.
The efficacy of a nursing challenge to patients: testing a new intervention to decrease self‐harm behaviour in severe personality disorder
Authors: CREMIN D. , LEMMER B. , DAVISON S. 
Published: February 2008

The efficacy of a nursing challenge to patients: testing a new intervention to decrease self‐harm behaviour in severe personality disorder.This paper describes the study of a new intervention, which was intended to increase therapeutic engagement with patients and to decrease self‐harm behaviour. As a result of nursing observations in a unit that specialized in severe personality disorders, a psychodynamic perspective to treatment was introduced in the form of a nursing challenge. The intervention was evaluated in a new service for young adults at a psychiatric hospital in the south of England, as part of a clinical research apprenticeship. The care and treatment of persons with severe personality disorders present a major challenge to coherent and cohesive teamwork. A test and retrospective comparison study is described and its findings reported. Data from the study point to the need for more than a single challenge, to achieve a sustained reduction in self‐harm, along with staff training to ensure working knowledge of a particular framework.
Staff perception of illicit drug use within a special hospital
Authors: McKEOWN M. , LIEBLING H. 
Published: February 2008

Staff perceptions of illicit drug use within a special hospitalThis paper presents the results of a survey of staff perceptions of issues related to illicit drug use amongst patients within a UK Special (forensic) Hospital. The issues examined were: the nature and extent of drug‐related problems; current management strategies and their perceived efficacy; suggestions for improved management strategy; and identification of staff training needs. Data were collected utilizing a questionnaire distributed to all patient‐care team members and representatives of disciplines working in off‐ward areas (n= 311). The response rate was approximately 40%. Analysis of the returns suggests that staff concerns are largely focused on issues around the supply of drugs. A significant level of ignorance regarding illicit drugs and their usage was revealed, indicating a need for coordinated training. A review of literature suggests that future management strategies should not be solely directed towards supply restriction. A discussion of the results highlights parallels between Ashworth Hospital staff perceptions of illicit drug problems, media coverage of the same, and the findings of earlier sociological studies of deviance, subculture and moral panic.
Formulation and testing of a nursing assessment form for mental patients as a basis for individualized nursing care
Authors: RAYA A. , MANTAS J. , PRIAMI M. , ANDREA S. , BROKALAKI H. , KYRITSI H. , ANDROULAKI O. 
Published: February 2008

RAYA A., MANTAS J., PRIAMI, M., ANDREA S., BROKALAKI H., KYRITSIH. & ANDROULAKI O. (1995) Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing2, 23–32: Formulation and testing of a nursing assessment form for mental patients as a basis for individualized nursing care.: The study described here was designed to develop and test a form of nursing assessment of mental patients for use as a basis for individualized holistic nursing care in any setting.Nursing assessment was made of 581 mental patients receiving care in either mental hospitals, psychiatric departments of general hospitals or in mental health centres. Subjects were observed, interviewed and asked to complete a structured assessment form. Major variables studied were physical nursing problems/needs with nine categories, psychosocial nursing problems/needs with nine categories, sex, age, and physical and psychiatric disorders. Data were analysed with frequency distribution and comparative techniques, correlational procedures, and the multiple linear regression statistical procedure.The frequency distribution of psychiatric diagnoses showed that schizophrenic disorders were the most frequent in the total sample. However, there were more depressive patients in the general hospital group. Physical nursing problems/needs were significantly related with psychosocial nursing problems/needs, affective‐depressive disorders, sex and age as well as negatively related with psychotic and anxiety disorders. Psychosocial nursing problems/needs were significantly related with schizophrenic and psychotic disorders, physical disorders and with the younger age groups.It was concluded that the psychiatric nursing assessment should encompass the areas of personal characteristics, and physical and psychological problems of the patient, and thus lead to practicing psychiatric nursing, that is, holistic psychosomatic nursing.
Reconciling scientific and religious discourse about madness during the age of reason: lessons for today?
Authors: WEEKS N.P. 
Published: February 2008

Reconciling scientific and religious discourse about madness during the age of reason: lessons for today?This paper argues that the secularization of madness, during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, occurred as a consequence of cultural change that accompanied the social upheavals of the age. In examining the reconciliation of competing explanations for madness, from theological and empirical viewpoints, it is suggested that these paradigms were never totally separated and argued that developments during this period were a consequence of continual interaction and dialogue between these contrasting views. Furthermore, it is suggested that an understanding of these changing times can illuminate present debates surrounding mental illness.
A ‘domains of practice’ approach to the standards of psychiatric and mental health nursing
Authors: AUSTIN W. , GALLOP R. , HARRIS D. , SPENCER E. 
Published: February 2008

A‘domains’ of practice approach to the standards of psychiatric and mental health nursinaStandards have considerable influence on the practice of a discipline. As the written and explicit expectations of nurses held by their professional group, nursing practice standards serve as a basis for performance evaluation and as a clarification of the areas of nurses' accountability. Delineated here are the issues that the Canadian Federation of Mental Health Nurses faced as they attempted to identify and describe the nursing behaviours essential to this specialty area. A rationale for the ‘domains of practice’ approach is provided. The problems inherent in creating such a national document are addressed. Seven practice domains are described; the standards for two domains, the ‘Helping’ and the ‘Effective Management of Rapidly Changing Situations’, are outlined in detail.
Identification of a novel cis‐regulatory element for UV‐B‐induced transcription in Arabidopsis
Authors: Safrany Judit , Haasz Veronika , Mate Zoltan , Ciolfi Andrea , Feher Balazs , Oravecz Attila , Stec Agnieszka , Dallmann Geza , Morelli Giorgio , Ulm Roman , Nagy Ferenc 
Published: February 2008

SummaryUltraviolet‐B light (UV‐B) regulates the expression of genes in a wavelength‐ and fluence rate‐dependent fashion. A signaling pathway consisting of CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS 1 (COP1) and UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR 8) mediates responsiveness to longer wavelength, low intensity UV‐B light‐activating, for example, HY5 gene expression. By contrast, transcription of another group of genes, including ANAC13, modulated by shorter wavelength, higher intensity UV‐B is controlled by a yet unknown and largely COP1‐independent signaling cascade. Here we provide evidence by promoter deletion analysis, and characterization of genetic mutants displaying aberrant expression patterns, that two cis‐regulatory elements, designated MREANAC13 and UVBoxANAC13, are required for maximal UV‐B induction of the ANAC13 gene in transgenic plants. These elements are located in the proximal 150‐bp region of the ANAC13 promoter. They show no significant similarity to each other; the putative MREANAC13 (‐AACCTT‐) is closely related to MRECHS (‐AACCTA‐) found in the CHALCONE SYNTHASE (CHS) gene, whereas UVBoxANAC13 (with core sequence CAAG) represents a novel cis‐regulatory element. The novel UVBoxANAC13 sequence is significantly enriched in the promoter region of a subset of UV‐B‐induced genes with similar activation properties as ANAC13. In addition, we demonstrate that expression of a chimeric gene containing only the dimerized 12‐mer containing UVBoxANAC13 fused to a minimal CaMV35S promoter/luciferase reporter is (i) efficiently induced by shorter wavelength, higher intensity UV‐B, but (ii) does not respond either to longer wavelength UV‐B and red light or (iii) to abscisic acid treatment and osmotic, salt, heat and cold stresses.
The tryptophan pathway is involved in the defense responses of rice against pathogenic infection via serotonin production
Authors: Ishihara Atsushi , Hashimoto Yumi , Tanaka Chihiro , Dubouzet Joseph G. , Nakao Takahito , Matsuda Fumio , Nishioka Takaaki , Miyagawa Hisashi , Wakasa Kyo 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe upregulation of the tryptophan (Trp) pathway in rice leaves infected by Bipolaris oryzae was indicated by: (i) enhanced enzyme activity of anthranilate synthase (AS), which regulates metabolic flux in the Trp pathway; (ii) elevated levels of the AS (OASA2, OASB1, and OASB2) transcripts; and (iii) increases in the contents of anthranilate, indole, and Trp. The measurement of the contents of Trp‐derived metabolites by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry revealed that serotonin and its hydroxycinnamic acid amides were accumulated in infected leaves. Serotonin accumulation was preceded by a transient increase in the tryptamine content and by marked activation of Trp decarboxylase, indicating that enhanced Trp production is linked to the formation of serotonin from Trp via tryptamine. Feeding of radiolabeled serotonin to inoculated leaves demonstrated that serotonin is incorporated into the cell walls of lesion tissue. The leaves of a propagating‐type lesion mimic mutant (sl, Sekiguchi lesion) lacked both serotonin production and deposition of unextractable brown material at the infection sites, and showed increased susceptibility to B. oryzae infection. Treating the mutant with serotonin restored deposition of brown material at the lesion site. In addition, the serotonin treatment suppressed the growth of fungal hyphae in the leaf tissues of the sl mutant. These findings indicated that the activation of the Trp pathway is involved in the establishment of effective physical defenses by producing serotonin in rice leaves.
Microscale investigations of microbial communities in coastal surficial sediments
Authors: Köster Marion , Wardenga Rainer , Blume Maja 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe upper millimeters of sediments are considered major locations of microbial colonization and activity. The goal of our study was to investigate variations of microbial communities in the uppermost sediment layers of the coastal Baltic Sea with emphasis on the complex interplay between microbiology and physico‐chemical sediment properties. We selected a high‐resolution methodological approach that combined the cryolanding sampling technique (spatial resolution of 250 μm) with microsensor‐, spectrophotometric and microscopic analyses. While the oxygen penetration depths in dark conditions ranged from 1.4 mm to 2.6 mm during the study period, this zone expanded by about 1 mm in light and could be divided into three micro‐horizons: (i) an upper zone with a high net O2production, (ii) an intermediate zone with increased O2consumption on account of light‐stimulated respiration and (iii) a lower zone with lower O2consumption. Time‐series experiments revealed a rapid response of the benthic microbial community to altered light intensities. In May and July, the net O2budget in the porewater of sediments was positive within 35 and 22 min after illumination, respectively, whereas in June O2production exceeded O2consumption after 112 min. The thickness of the O2production and O2consumption micro‐zones decreased from May to July coinciding with an increase in temperature. In May, sites of enhanced O2consumption were closely associated with subsurface maxima of microbial numbers and enzymatic activities indicating a tight coupling between photoautotrophic and heterotrophic processes between  1‐ and 2‐mm depth. In June and July, the microbial abundance and enzymatic activity hardly varied with depth. Spatial and temporal microheterogeneity of microbial distribution and activity in O2gradients was seen as a reflection of the complex interplay between microbiology and physico‐chemical sediment properties.
Different pattern of fluid loss from the lower extremities in normohydrated and overhydrated stage 5 chronic‐kidney‐disease patients after haemodialysis
Authors: LEE SEOUNG WOO , PARK GEUN HO , LEE SEUNG WON , UM WOOK HYUN , KWON SU HYUN , SONG JOON HO , KIM MOON‐JAE 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY:Aim:  It is unclear whether fluid is lost from each body segment in a similar manner during haemodialysis (HD) in normohydrated (NH) and overhydrated (OH) patients.Methods:  The authors measured changes in regional‐body fluid compartments using segmental multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis before and after HD in 26 stage 5 chronic‐kidney‐disease patients. Patients were divided into NH and OH groups. Correlation between ultrafiltration (UF) amount and per cent changes in extracellular fluid (ECF)/total body water (TBW) ratios measured in five body segments were analysed in NH and OH groups.Results:  No differences were found between the two groups with respect to per cent decreases in body weight, TBW, or intracellular fluid levels. Correlation coefficients between UF amounts and per cent decreases in TBW, intracellular fluid and ECF were higher in the NH group than in the OH group. UF amounts were found to be correlated with per cent ECF/TBW decreases in all body segments in the NH group but, to be only correlated with per cent decreases in ECF/TBWLeft arm and ECF/TBWTrunk in the OH group. Positive correlations were found between UF amounts and per cent ECF/TBWRight leg decreases (r = 0.66, P = 0.01), regardless of age in the NH group only.Conclusion:  NH and OH patients show different patterns of fluid loss from regional‐body fluid compartments. This may be useful for determining patient hydration status.
Serum neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin as a marker of renal function in hypertensive and normotensive patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: MALYSZKO JOLANTA , BACHORZEWSKA‐GAJEWSKA HANNA , MALYSZKO JACEK S , PAWLAK KRYSTYNA , DOBRZYCKI SLAWOMIR 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY:Aim:  Hypertension is one of the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The kidneys could be a victim and/or culprit of hypertension. Recently, the value of neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) was highlighted as a novel marker for early detection of acute renal damage. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess whether hypertension could affect NGAL and cystatin C levels in patients with normal serum creatinine (lower than 1.5 mg/dL in males and 1.2 mg/dL in females) and stable coronary artery disease.Methods:  Serum, urinary NGAL, cystatin C and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study (MDRD) and Cockcroft–Gault formulas) were evaluated in hypertensive, normotensive patients with stable coronary heart disease and healthy volunteers.Results:  Normotensives had significantly lower NGAL than hypertensives. Serum cystatin C was significantly lower in normotensives than in hypertensives. Urinary NGAL did not differ significantly between these groups. Despite similar serum creatinine levels, eGFR (MDRD and Cockcroft–Gault formulas) was significantly higher in normotensives than in hypertensives. Serum NGAL was related, in univariate analysis, to serum creatinine, urea, urinary NGAL, haemoglobin, haematocrit, duration of hypertension, age, eGFR by MDRD and Cockcroft–Gault, and cystatin C.Conclusion:  Hypertension is associated with kidney injury as reflected by elevated serum NGAL and cystatin C. It is noteworthy that despite normal serum creatinine, eGFR is relatively low suggesting impaired renal function. Therefore, NGAL needs to be investigated as a potential early marker for impaired kidney function/kidney injury, especially in patients with another risk factor for kidney damage, namely coronary artery disease.