bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification and Resolution of Water-Treatment Performance Issues on the 135 D Platform
Authors: Yang Chiffon , Galbrun Michel , Frankiewicz Ted 
Published: April 2006

Summary
The 135 D platform is located in the Campos basin off the coast of Brazil. The platform functions as a central processing facility, receiving degassed liquids for treatment from four remote production platforms. Dry oil is sent through pipelines to Cabiunas, while water with &lt;20 mg/L total oil and grease (TOG) is discharged overboard. Upon startup, the ability of the systems on 135 D to clean produced water to the required TOG of &lt;20 mg/L was limited. This paper describes the means by which the fundamental causes of the water-treatment performance problems were identified and resolved. Modifications to the original process design are discussed, and the impact of those modifications on the quality of discharged produced water is presented.
The root causes that limited water-treatment performance on 135 D were identified as a combination of very high variations in arriving-fluid flow rates, unexpected variations in solids concentration, process recycle streams, unexpectedly small oil droplets, and sludge generated by the mixing of excess chemicals with inlet fluids.
On-platform modifications to existing process vessels and to the process itself were required to successfully treat produced water whose character varied significantly from design specifications. Since completing modifications, the platform has routinely discharded produced water with &lt;20 mg/L TOG at or above plant-design capacity.
Integrating Completion and Drilling Knowledge Reduces Trouble Time and Costs on the Pinedale Anticline
Authors: Garcia Joe , Huckabee Paul , Hailey Byron , Foreman Jay 
Published: April 2006

Summary
The Pinedale anticline of southwest Wyoming has proved technically challenging to drill and cement. This tight gas reservoir has more than 5,000 ft of vertical-pay interval in stacked-lenticular sands. With pore pressures ranging from normal to more than 16.5 lbm/gal, unplanned circulation losses were negatively impacting drilling and cementing operations. In early 2002, desired top of cement (TOC) was being achieved on only 31% of the production casings. As a result, one of three things would occur:
Stimulation treatments would not go to the intended zones, resulting in no production for completion dollars spent. As a result, petrophysical evaluations of entire intervals were being questioned. Costly remediation treatments had to be conducted during completion operations to isolate zones before they could be completed. Production reserves were at risk or deferred because of inadequate annular isolation.
Completion engineers use fracturing applications to enhance well performance, while drilling with drilling-induced fracturing is difficult tomanage. In both disciplines, knowing fracture and pore pressures is critical. A process was developed to determine and calibrate pore pressures and minimum horizontal stresses for the design of hydraulic-fracturing treatments and production prediction. Fracture-extension-pressure variation with depth was measured on each well completion. Mechanical rock properties were measured in the laboratory to validate calculations from openhole logs that were used in the fracturing simulator. The data were validated further by post-matching the simulator with fracturing-treatment data. The question was asked: "Why not use these fracture data to prevent drilling-induced fracturing?"
Because of losses and wellbore-stability issues, completion data from offset wells were incorporated into casing and mud programs. Underbalanced drilling techniques were also introduced, which in turn, created obvious problems for the cement design. Best practices were incorporated, including foam cement, on a selective basis. As a result, cement tops are now reaching the desired heights 100% of the time. Even in cases in which there has been no circulation when the cement job is started, desired cement tops have been achieved. As a result, costly remediation efforts have been eliminated, saving an estimated U.S. $1.3 million/year. All the desired pay intervals are being isolated so that the decision to complete reservoir intervals is based on reservoir quality, rather than mechanical issues with the wellbore. Production can now be attributed to given pay intervals with confidence, aiding in proper evaluation of entire sections of the reservoir.
Avatar of power: Southern Kuba masquerade figures in a funerary context
Authors: Binkley David A. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe relationship of masquerade performance to social organization and to the differentiation of traditional power and authority in everyday life is scarcely noted in the literature on African ritual. And yet research among two Kuba-related groups (Northern Kete and Southern Bushoong) in south-central Zaire indicate an enduring relationship, such that we can better understand the one by examining the others. The appearance of masquerade figures during initiation rituals both reinforces and validates distinctions of power in Kuba culture. Furthermore, funerals for initiated men in conjunction with masquerade performance provide a setting in which some of the activities relating to these distinctions of power are acted out.
Dreams and purposes: an analysis of dream narratives in an independent African Church
Authors: Charsley Simon 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphSampling provided the rationale of my previous account of ‘Dreams in an Independent African Church’ (1973). I took a set of ninety-five dream reports, and a handful of visions, as individual events which could be summed and categorised in a variety of ways. I had been able to garner these over a period of five months' study, from the services of this ‘Independent African Church’ (IAC). Beyond considering in general terms the part played by dream-telling and its accompaniments in the services of the Church and in its life more generally, in that article I worked out patterns, categorising the individual dreams in relation to their tellers, to the way they might implicate other named people, to whether they depicted IAC activities, to their apparent location, and so on. I sought to explain the patterns in terms of leadership and its interests, and of the idea that dream-telling was a kind of ‘bidding’, ‘to contribute valuably to the life of the group, and through this for status within it’ (op. cit.: 256). This article moves on from that analysis.
«Les charmes du roi sont les esprits des morts»: les fondements religieux de la royauté sacrée chez les Luba du Zaïre
Authors: Petit Pierre 
Published: April 2006

RésuméBasé sur des faits observés chez les Luba du Shaba (Zaïre) et leurs voisins, cet article analyse le rapport entre le roi sacré et les esprits. Le lien puissant qui les unit apparaît comme une source importante de l'efficacité symbolique de la royauté, trop souvent réduite au seul thème de la monstruosité ou de l'ambivalence du souverain. L'épopée du royaume sert de fil conducteur, car elle évoque de façon subtile trois institutions au coeur de cette problématique : le culte des ancêtres royaux, l'épreuve d'intronisation qui marque l'accord des esprits pour un candidat, l'emploi de reliques pour transmettre un principe spirituel. Ces rites royaux apparaissent en situation de continuité avec les rites du commun dont ils constituent des formes complexes. La spécificité du roi apparaît plus nettement dans l'usage des reliques qui font de lui le prolongement vivant de ses prédécesseurs.
Agrarian change and agrarian crisis: state and peasantry in post-revolution Ethiopia
Authors: Rahmato Dessalegn 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article reviews the agrarian policies of post-revolution Ethiopia and discusses the evolution of relations between the peasantry and the military state in the period 1975-90. In broad terms, state policy changed rapidly from simple, home-flavoured populism in the latter part of the 1970s to hard-line Stalinism in the 1980s. The various rural policies that followed, such as collectivisation, villagisation and resettlement, and their effect on the peasantry are briefly assessed. The central point is that these policies impeded the institutionalisation of the populist land reform, politicised agricultural programmes to the detriment of rural production, and embittered relations between state and peasantry. The article also deals with the structure of power in rural Ethiopia as it was beginning to emerge out of the radical reforms of the period in question. The newly evolving rural elite, peasants active in rural mass organisations, is shown to be closely linked with the state apparatus. The hardening of state policy on the one hand, and peasant resentment on the other, soon led to a sort of unholy alliance between the forces of the state at the local level and the rural elite, giving rise to corruption on a large scale. The rapid escalation of rural insurgency, while not directly addressed, is shown to have been a consequence of the deterioration of relations between peasants and the state. The reform of agrarian Stalinism hurriedly launched in 1990 - discussed at some length in the last section of the article - came much too late to rally the peasantry to the side of the state.
Sticks and stones: colonialism and Zanzibari housing
Authors: Myers Garth Andrew 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt has become commonplace for scholars to speak of cities, especially colonial cities, as texts in which power relations are embedded. This article presents the findings of six years' research, including archival research, interviewing and fieldwork on the planning and development of Zanzibar. I concentrate on house-building and domestic environments in the city's historic African neighbourhoods, known as Ngʼambo, or the ‘Other Side’. Struggles for cultural hegemony are evident in struggles over Zanzibar's built environment during the twentieth century. The focus is on how the legal language defining house types and establishing building codes, developed under colonialism, became a tactical instrument of the powerful in asserting spatial dominance. Yet the enforcement of the building code often showed the limits of colonial and local elite attempts at hegemony, especially at the end of the colonial era. Throughout the century, the words for African traditional housing and neighbourhood types in Zanzibar have betrayed the disdain with which the powerful have viewed them. There is, however, an order and plan to the ‘unplanned building’ which still dominates the city.
Certain Environmental Considerations in West Indian Archaeology
Authors: Sleight Frederick W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMajor migrations into the West Indies emanated out of South America. For the most part, tropical forest traditions were transplanted, but it is obvious that these traditions were influenced by a markedly different environment. People who had previously known a river-tropical forest habitat now encountered the sea with its currents, winds, swells, and expansive transportation potential. Islands, sometimes with limited fresh-water conditions, also presented new problems as well as new opportunities for settlement. Recent work in the Virgin Islands points to the strong influence of environment on the settlement patterns of pre-Columbian peoples. With the advent of extensive archaeological research in the Antillean area, new and valued interpretations must be sought in the cultural-environmental complex.
Southwestern Social Units and Archaeology
Authors: Dozier Edward P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractInterest in the nature of the socio-political and ceremonial life of prehistoric inhabitants in recent years has resulted in an exchange of information between archaeologists and ethnologists. This paper is an initial effort to furnish a list of the kinds of social units to be found among Southwestern groups in the ethnographic present. It is hoped that this list will stimulate further discussion, bring about greater exchange of information, and result in a better understanding of the nature of prehistoric and ethnographic socio-political and ceremonial units in the American Southwest.
A Summary Prehistory and History of the Sierra Pinacate, Sonora
Authors: Hayden Julian D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe 600-sq.-mi. volcanic area of the Sierra Pinacate, in the desert of far northwestern Sonora, Mexico, comprises a geologic and ecologic enclave in which archaeological remains have been undisturbed by erosion. Following a late pluvial occupation by people of the San Dieguito complex, Phase I, the area was abandoned during the Altithermal and later reoccupied by the Amargosans, whose culture pattern, diverging from that of adjacent regions, developed several unique traits through the Amargosa Phase I and Phase II periods. Ceramics were never made by the Amargosan Pinacateños, who traded for pottery almost exclusively with the Yumans of the Lower Colorado River, and later of the Gila River, from about A.D. 700 until early in the 20th century. In historic times, the occupants of the Pinacate spoke a Papago dialect but were hostile to other Papagos and associated almost exclusively with the Yumans. Survivors of the isolated Pinacate band, nearly wiped out in 1851 by yellow fever, joined their relatives and neighbors, the Areneños or Sand Papagos, who also used Yuman pottery. It is proposed that the Amargosan Pinacateños were Uto-Aztecan speakers, and that, therefore, the Papago proper are descendants of the early Amargosan occupants of Papagueria.
Problems in Radiocarbon Dating at Teotihuacan
Authors: Kovar Anton J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRadiocarbon dating is a useful tool in archaeological research, but the precision hoped for by some is not attainable because of the nature of the radiocarbon assay itself, possible contaminations, the Suess effect, and especially the peculiar nature of wood structure and growth. Wood and charcoal, unlike animal remnants, will not necessarily give the age corresponding to the time when the tree died or was cut; they will give only the age of the particular fragment used in the radiocarbon assay. If wood comes from the central portion of a large tree stem, there may even be several hundred years difference between its radiocarbon date and the date of the corresponding archaeological level. Such discrepancies are common in the recent finds at Teotihuacάn. Even the apparently erroneous date of 1474 ± 230 B.C. for Teotihuacάn can thus be explained. Other radiocarbon dates should also be evaluated with this in mind.
Gazing upon the Invisible: Women and Children at the Old Baton Rouge Penitentiary
Authors: Nobles Connie H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis research involves analysis of two works related to the same archaeological site. The archaeologists’ unconscious exclusion of information found in their scholarly report resulted in a public booklet that tells only part of the history of this site. A third historic document supplements this comparison and provides detailed information relevant to this analysis. Professional archaeologists interact with the public on multiple levels and their connections with education and curricula are established through their writings as well as more deliberate and obvious choices. Increasing levels of consciousness and recognition of responsibility to public education could result in more careful analysis of material culture, interpretation, and choices for all works involving archaeological sites. Foucault (in Gordon 1980) discussed the inclusion of hidden ruses and discourses about decisions, regulations, and strategies pertaining to particular institutions. Using the work of critical theorists, these issues are interwoven to examine this archaeological investigation with connections to the past through patterns that still pervade today.
Dated Eskimo Ruins of an Inland Zone
Authors: Giddings J. L. 
Published: April 2006

The Eskimo culture is divided ecologically, Froelich Rainey says in a review of published accounts, into “the Arctic coastal zone in the area of sea ice” and “the sub-Arctic zone south of the maximum extension of heavy sea ice, in Southern Alaska and Greenland… . A third ecologic zone is that region occupied by Eskimo people with an inland form of culture which has been most clearly defined by Kaj Birket-Smith in his description of the Caribou Eskimo of the Barren Grounds northwest of Hudson Bay; but a similar type of inland Arctic culture occurs also in north Alaska. The prehistory of the inland zone is unknown, since no archaeological research has been carried on in that region.”The italicized lines point to a vast gap in knowledge of the Eskimo past. The inland zone remains largely unknown because of two handicaps to archaeological exploration: the nomadic nature of any far-inland hunting culture about the Arctic Circle precludes the possibility of large and permanent villages, and.organic materials disintegrate rapidly under the climatic contrasts of the interior.
Yuma Point from Western Idaho
Authors: Caywood Louis R. 
Published: April 2006

On May 23,1947, Messrs. Olcott, Augden, and Caywood of the Columbia River Basin Recreational Survey, National Park Service, were making a survey of the proposed Johnson Park Reservoir site in western Idaho. The site is about 18 miles east of Brownlee on the Snake River at an elevation of 5,900 feet. In the course of the survey a projectile point was found by Mr. Caywood in the immediate vicinity of the reservoir area. This point undoubtedly belongs to the Yuma category.The geological associations of the point, as well as its characteristics of oblique flaking, shape, and size, are consistent with its identification as Yuma. Johnson Park was apparently a normal erosional canyon which has been partially filled with glacial detritus. The point was found in one of the small stream beds above what is thought to be the shoreline of an old lake.
The Chronological Position and Ethnological Relationships of the Fort Ancient Aspect
Authors: Griffin James B. 
Published: April 2006

The Sites of the Fort Ancient aspect of the Upper Mississippi Phase are located in southern and southwestern Ohio, northern and northeastern Kentucky and southeastern Indiana. It is the purpose of this paper to present the grouping of the individual components within the larger cultural unit; to state briefly the chronological position of the Fort Ancient aspect; and to discuss the possible ethnological connections.The existence of many of these sites has been known for years, and their cultural similarity has been recognized since the beginning of the twentieth century.
The Moses Coulee Pipe
Authors: May Alan G. 
Published: April 2006

Many unusual and decorative pipes of the early Indians have been discovered in the Northwest, but, as far as it is ascertainable, only one pipe of considerable antiquity has ever been found enclosed in a wooden case especially designed to fit the pipe. Such a pipe and case, which the writer fortunately was able to acquire at a later date, were found in 1934. Considering the exceptional rarity of such a “find” it would seem that these specimens are worthy of some consideration.Moses Coulee is a great chasm formed by the ice and waters of bygone ages; it is about forty miles in length, approximately one mile wide, and from six hundred to one thousand feet deep, entering the Columbia River valley about twenty miles below the city of Wenatchee, Washington. This district is well known for the abundance of the archaeological material and particularly for the fine craftsmanship of the majority of artifacts.
Prayer Sticks in Walls of Mummy Cave Tower, Canyon del Muerto
Authors: Morris Earl H. 
Published: April 2006

Repair of Mummy Cave Tower, Canyon del Muerto, was begun by the Bureau of American Ethnology and the American Museum of Natural History in 1924 and completed by the National Park Service and Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1932. The final stage consisted of the replacement of the southeast corner, the lower part of which had fallen previous to Mindeleff's study of the structure in 1882, and the rest of it, between that time and my first visit in 1922. As the work of rebuilding neared the top, where less of the masonry had fallen, there was found an alignment of prayer sticks, set vertically in the hearting between the face courses.The lowest remaining member of the series was a peeled twig, a,2 placed slender end upward and bent into a crook at the tip. Beside the butt of it, 1.5 m. from the top of the wall was the cast of a well-finished stick of larger size, perhaps b, which came from the debris cleared away to provide a new foundation for the corner.
Some Notes on Hand Choppers in New Mexico
Authors: Toulouse Joseph H. 
Published: April 2006

In the Fall of 1939, the writer picked up a number of stone tools which have been called hand-axes, choppers, etc., around the ruin of Kuaua, in the Coronado State Monument, New Mexico. These tools are varied in type and workmanship. They were shaped from river boulders, apparently gathered from the gravel terrace upon which the ruin is situated. On all specimens found, one face of the tool was the original surface, and often the nodular surface is to be found on both sides, with the butt also left smooth (Plate XXI).Further occurrence of these tools was noted by the writer at the former Indian and Mission ruin of Abo, where the tools recovered were similar in every aspect to the above illustrated specimens. Of particular note is the similarity of these tools with those recovered by Sayles in Texas and the Campbells in the Southern California Desert.
The Pottery of the Gallina Complex
Authors: Hibben Frank C. 
Published: April 2006

Several problems arising from the very interesting ceramic wares of the Gallina area have already appeared in print. H. P. Mera has admirably described the various potteries of this region and made certain suggestions concerning their origin. The utility vessels of the Gallina have attracted special comment and have figured more than any other one feature in discussions of the cultural origin of the whole complex. Several additional seasons of field work in this area have, however, added a number of new items to the picture sufficient, perhaps, to color final conclusions.The pottery of the Gallina quite naturally divides itself into two major varieties. These are the utility wares and the decorated wares. The dichotomy between the two transcends the ordinary division of usage. The decorated ware and the utility pottery of this complex seem to derive from two separate origins and traditions.
An Approach to the Maya Correlation Problem Through Guatemala Highland Archaeology and Native Annals
Authors: Wauchope Robert 
Published: April 2006

The historic and proto-historic archaeological sites of the Guatemala highland provide another approach to the problem of correlating the ancient Maya calendar with the European. For native annals of the highland tribes list the generations of Indian rulers from the time of the Spanish Conquest back into prehistoric phases, which one may expect the archaeologist will eventually link to remains that are associated elsewhere with dates in the Long Count.If, for example, we can identify a certain trait complex as one brought to Guatemala by the Quiches and other tribes entering this country from the north, and if we can calculate the approximate date of their arrival by counting generations listed in the native annals, we can then assign this date to the same complex in an area where it is dated in the Maya Long Count.