bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of the hinge in the podocopan ostracode Loxoconcha pulchra
Authors: Yamada Shinnosuke 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe hinge structure in the podocopan ostracode Loxconcha pulchra was examined throughout its molt cycle using ultrastructural and histological procedures. The structure consists of ligament and hingement, and develops along the attached margin of the right and left valves. In Stage C the hingement of both valves interdigitates beneath the ligament, and a series of outer epidermal cells (dorsal epidermal cells), exhibiting abundant granules, underlie the hinge structure. Apolysis occurs at Stage D1, and electron‐dense granular materials of variable diameter are seen within the ecdysial space. Epicuticle formation begins at Stage D2 and is complete before Stage D4. In Stage D2 the new epicuticle appears as a dotted line consisting of numerous grain‐like materials. The dorsal epidermal cells, which actively secrete the numerous granules during molting, increase their size and reveal the electron‐dense substances in the cytoplasm from Stage D2. At early Stage D3 the procuticle deposition of ligament commences inside the epicuticle, and is completed in Stage D4. In Stage D4 the uncalcified procuticle is secreted under the whole area of carapace, and the new carapace is then ready for ecdysis. After ecdysis, calcification of the carapace commences from the dorsal and ventral marginal areas towards the central area. During Stage A there is no further cuticle deposition in the ligament, although the dorsal epidermal cells secrete as actively in the postmolt stage as in premolt. The dorsal epidermal cells begin to form the hingement just after ecdysis. Cuticle deposition of the hingement proceeds asynchronously in the two valves: the hingement of the right valve is formed prior to that of left one in L. pulchra. The right hingement functions as a mold for the left hingement to form the precise interdigitated structure in L. pulchra. These observations suggest that the ostracode ligament is a unique cuticle, which should not be confused with the cuticles of other arthropods. The work establishes, for the first time, a description of the formation of the hingement in podocopan ostracodes. J. Morphol. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance characteristics of a new prototype for a portable GC using ambient air as carrier gas for on‐site analysis
Authors: Sanchez Juan M. , Sacks Richard D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe performance characteristics of a portable GC instrument requiring no compressed gas supplies and using relatively lightweight transportable components for the analysis of volatile organic components in large‐volume air samples are described. To avoid the need for compressed gas tanks, ambient air is used as the carrier gas, and a vacuum pump is used to pull the carrier gas and injected samples through the wall‐coated capillary column and a photoionization detector (PID). At‐column heating is used eliminating the need for a conventional oven. The fused silica column is wrapped with heater wire and sensor wire so that heating is provided directly at the column. A PID is used since it requires no external gas supplies and has high sensitivity for many compounds of interest in environmental air monitoring. In order to achieve detection limits in the ppb range, an online multibed preconcentrator containing beds of graphitized carbons and carbon molecular sieves is used. After sample collection, the flow direction through the preconcentrator is reversed, and the sample is thermally desorbed directly into the column. Decomposition of sensitive compounds during desorption is greater with air as the carrier gas than with hydrogen.
Superheated water as chromatographic eluent for parabens separation on octadecyl coated zirconia stationary phase
Authors: Dugo Paola , Buonasera Katia , Crupi Maria Lucia , Cacciola Francesco , Dugo Giovanni , Mondello Luigi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this study, the use of pure water at superheated temperatures, between 100 and 200°C, as a mobile phase for RP separation is explored. Instrumental parameters, such as temperature, flow rate, preheating and cooling, have shown significant effects on the quality of the chromatographic peaks. The properties of superheated water as an eluent were investigated by observing the chromatographic behaviour of four parabens on a carbon‐clad zirconia (ZR) phase with covalently bonded octadecyl groups. Results were compared with those obtained at 30°C on a silica‐based phase with octadecyl groups, using water and ACN as mobile phase. The optimized method was finally applied to analyse parabens in a commercial body cream.
Liver Transplantation in Children with Sickle-Cell Disease†
Authors: Mekeel Kristin L. , Langham Max R. , Gonzalez-Peralta Regino , Fujita Shiro , Hemming Alan W. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Severe liver disease is an unusual but potentially fatal complication of sickle-cell disease (SCD). Liver transplantation has been complicated by ongoing SCD and thrombosis. We reviewed 214 pediatric transplants done at our institution from 1990 to 2005. Three patients were transplanted for complications of SCD, including intrahepatic cholestasis and viral hepatitis. Overall patient and graft survival was 66%. One patient died after 6 years from a subdural hematoma. There were not any incidences of graft loss, primary nonfunction, or thrombosis. All 3 patients required between 1 and 4 postoperative transfusions to keep hemoglobin (Hgb) >9 g/dL with an S fraction of less than 25%. One patient required a preoperative transfusion for a hemoglobin S (HbS) fraction of 30%. Mean follow-up has been 4.2 years (range, 2.6–5.4 years). All 3 children continued to suffer sequelae from their SCD. One child suffered from recurrent sickle-cell hepatopathy and chronic graft failure. In conclusion, children with SCD can in rare instances develop acute and chronic liver failure. These children can be successfully transplanted with good outcomes. Careful attention must be paid to HbS fraction and hemoglobin level to prevent sickling and vascular thrombosis. Unfortunately, liver transplant cannot alter the natural course of the disease. Liver Transpl 13:505–508, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Working Up Donors for High-Urgency and Elective Adult-To-Adult Live Donor Liver Transplantation†
Authors: Chan See Ching , Fan Sheung Tat , Liu Chi Leung , Lo Chung Mau , Lam Banny K. , Lee Evelyn W. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Donor workup for adult-to-adult live donor liver transplantation is done to ensure that the donor remains physically and psychologically healthy after saving or improving the life of the recipient. Even though two-thirds of the liver transplants in our center were from live donors, this life-saving procedure remains a mere treatment option, given the magnitude of the donor operation with the associated donor risks. Live donor liver transplantation was also adopted for high-urgency situations provided that the donor was suitable and the recipient considered salvageable. Donor workup in this setting had not been reported in the literature. In this cohort of 399 potential donors, 128 (32.1%) ultimately underwent donor surgery. Donors in the high-urgency situation had a lower operation rate of 28.4% (64/225) compared with that of 36.8% (64/174) of donors in the elective situation (P = 0.049). Dropouts from step 1 mainly because of ABO incompatibility, positive hepatitis serology, comorbidities, and voluntary donor withdrawal were 52.6% (210/399). Only 11.6% (22/189) of the potential donors who proceeded to subsequent steps of the workup dropped out (2 were psychologically unsuitable, 10 were anatomically prohibitive). The transplantation rate of potential recipients with 1 or more potential donors was also high. The rates were similar for the high-urgency (55%, 64/116) and the elective (51%, 64/125) situations. In a region with scarcity of deceased donor liver grafts, careful and expeditious initial donor workup minimizes dropouts from subsequent steps and allows timely transplantation in high-urgency situations. Liver Transpl 13:509–515, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Preservation of Steatotic Livers
Authors: Bessems Maud , Doorschodt Benedict M. , Kolkert Joe L.P. , Vetelainen Reeta L. , van Vliet Arlene K. , Vreeling Heleen , van Marle Jan , van Gulik Thomas M. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Liver grafts are frequently discarded due to steatosis. Steatotic livers can be classified as suboptimal and deteriorate rapidly during hypothermic static preservation, often resulting in graft nonfunction. Hypothermic machine perfusion (MP) has been introduced for preservation of donor livers instead of cold storage (CS), resulting in superior preservation outcomes. The aim of this study was to compare CS and MP for preservation of the steatotic donor rat liver. Liver steatosis was induced in male Wistar rats by a choline-methionine-deficient diet. After 24 hours hypothermic CS using the University of Wisconsin solution (UW) or MP using UW-Gluconate (UW-G), liver damage (liver enzymes, perfusate flow, and hyaluronic acid clearance) and liver function (bile production, ammonia clearance, urea production, oxygen consumption, adenosine triphosphate [ATP] levels) were assessed in an isolated perfused rat liver model. Furthermore, liver biopsies were visualized by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Animals developed 30 to 60% steatosis. Livers preserved by CS sustained significantly more damage as compared to MP. Bile production, ammonia clearance, urea production, oxygen consumption, and ATP levels were significantly higher after MP as compared to CS. These results were confirmed by histology. In conclusion, MP improves preservation results of the steatotic rat liver, as compared to CS. Liver Transpl 13:497–504, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Combined HLA-DR and -DQ Disparity is Associated with a Stable Course of Ulcerative Colitis After Liver Transplantation for Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Authors: Cholongitas Evangelos , Papatheodoridis George V. , Zappoli Paola , Giannakopoulos Athanasios , Patch David , Marelli Laura , Shusang Vibhakorn , Kalambokis George , Shirling Graham , Rolando Nancy , Burroughs A. K. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Combined disparity of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR and -DQ between mother and fetus is associated with less severe ulcerative colitis (UC) during pregnancy. We evaluated whether donor-recipient HLA disparity after liver transplantation (LT) affects UC in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Sixty-nine consecutive patients with PSC underwent LT; all underwent colonoscopy before LT; 48 had UC before and 3 had de novo UC after LT. Clinical and laboratory data, activity and treatment of UC, post-LT cytomegalovirus infection, and disparity of HLA-A, -B, -DR, and -DQ for each donor-recipient pair were evaluated. Pre-LT quiescent UC was present in 26 patients. Post-LT UC activity was evaluated in 36 of 51 patients with UC who had not undergone pre-LT colectomy and who had >12 months' post-LT survival. Of these, 16 were stable, 17 had worsened, and 3 had de novo UC. Seven required colectomy (4 for dysplasia or cancer) after LT. Post-LT cytomegalovirus viremia was neither associated with worse UC activity (P = 0.58) nor de novo UC. Disparity with respect to HLA-A, -B, -DR, and -DQ was found in 58%, 27%, 44%, and 39% donor-recipient pairs, respectively. Post-LT UC course was similar with respect to single HLA disparity. However, disparity in none or only one HLA-DR or -DQ was significantly associated with worse activity compared with patients with disparity at both (65% vs. 0%, P = 0.009). Logistic regression found that the disparity for both -DR and -DQ was the only factor statistically significantly associated with post-LT UC activity. We conclude that disparity in both HLA-DR and -DQ between donor and recipient is associated with stable UC activity after LT. Liver Transpl 13:552–557, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma After Transplantation
Authors: Parfitt Jeremy R. , Marotta Paul , AlGhamdi Mohammed , Wall William , Khakhar Anand , Suskin Neville G. , Quan Douglas , McAllister Vivian , Ghent Cam , Levstik Mark , McLean Carolyn , Chakrabarti Subrata , Garcia Bertha , Driman David K. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Milan and University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) criteria are used to select patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) for liver transplantation (LT). Recurrent HCC is a significant cause of death. There is no widely accepted pathological assessment strategy to predict recurrent HCC after transplantation. This study compares the pathology of patients meeting Milan and UCSF criteria and develops a pathological score and nomogram to assess the risk of recurrent HCC after transplantation. All explanted livers with HCC from our center over the 18-yr period 1985 to 2003 were assessed for multiple pathological features and relevant clinical data were recorded; multivariate analysis was performed to determine features associated with recurrent HCC. Using pathological variables that independently predicted recurrent HCC, a pathological score and nomogram were developed to determine the probability of recurrent HCC. Of 75 cases analyzed, 50 (67%) met Milan criteria, 9 (12%) met only UCSF criteria and 16 (21%) met neither criteria based on explant pathology. There were 20 cases of recurrent HCC and the mean follow-up was 8 yr. Recurrent HCC was more common (67 vs. 12%; P < 0.001) and survival was lower (15 vs. 83% at 5 yr; 15 vs. 55% at 8 yr; P < 0.001) with those who met only UCSF criteria, compared to those who met Milan criteria. Cryptogenic cirrhosis (25 vs. 5%; P = 0.015), preoperative AFP >1,000 ng/mL (20 vs. 0%; P < 0.001) and postoperative OKT3 use (40 vs. 15%; P = 0.017) were more common among patients with recurrent HCC. While microvascular invasion was the strongest pathological predictor of recurrent HCC, tumor size ≥3 cm (P = 0.004; odds ratio [OR] = 7.42), nuclear grade (P = 0.044; OR = 3.25), microsatellitosis (P = 0.020; OR = 4.82), and giant/bizarre cells (P = 0.028; OR = 4.78) also predicted recurrent HCC independently from vascular invasion. The score and nomogram stratified the risk of recurrent HCC into 3 tiers: low (<5%), intermediate (40–65%), and high (>95%). In conclusion, compared to patients meeting Milan criteria, patients who meet only UCSF criteria have a worse survival and an increased rate of recurrent HCC with long-term follow-up, as well as more frequent occurrence of adverse histopathological features, such as microvascular invasion. Application of a pathological score and nomogram could help identify patients at increased risk for tumor recurrence, who may benefit from increased surveillance or adjuvant therapy. Liver Transpl, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Induction of Long-Term Liver Allograft Survival by Delayed Immunosuppression is Dependent on Interleukin-10
Authors: Yang Zhen Fan , Ngai Patricia , Lau Chi Keung , Ho David W. , Tam Ka Ho , Lam Chi Tat , Poon Ronnie T. , Fan Sheung Tat 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
This study aims to investigate the potential role of endogenous interleukin (IL)-10 in long-term liver allograft survival induced by delayed immunosuppression (FK506 days 2-7). Liver transplantation was performed by using Dark Agouti and Lewis rats as donors and recipients, respectively. The delayed immunosuppression protocol induced indefinite allograft survival. A transient upregulation of plasma IL-10 levels was detected in the nontreatment and FK506 treatment groups. Macrophages were found to be one of the major sources of IL-10 produced from the liver allografts. Administration of IL-10–neutralizing antibody shortened the long-term isograft survival and FK506-induced indefinite allograft survival, particularly in the FK506 group. Damaged liver graft histology and increase of plasma alanine aminotransferase levels were detected in the groups with IL-10 antibody treatment. In an ex vivo setting, IL-10 recombinant protein augmented the expression of Foxp3, downregulated the expression of IL-2 and interferon gamma, and induced the generation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ and CD8+CD25+Foxp3+ cells, but this effect was blocked by the administration of IL-10 antibody. Finally, administration of IL-10 recombinant protein after the decline of endogenous IL-10 levels improved allograft survival, and a 100% long-term allograft survival was achieved by the combination of IL-10 with low-dose FK506. In conclusion, the delayed immunosuppression could induce long-term liver allograft survival in the presence of endogenous IL-10 produced by the tissue macrophages. Supplementary exogenous IL-10 administration combined with low-dose immunosuppressive drug may be a useful strategy to induce long-term liver allograft survival. Liver Transpl 13:571–578, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Antiinflammatory Properties of IL-10 Rescue Small-for-Size Liver Grafts
Authors: Yang Zhen Fan , Ho David Wing Yuen , Ngai Patricia , Lau Chi Keung , Zhao Yi , Poon Ronnie Tung Ping , Fan Sheung Tat 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the potential therapeutic role of interleukin-10 (IL-10) in small-for-size liver transplantation. A syngenic rat orthotopic liver transplantation model was performed using either whole or 40% liver volume of Lewis rats as grafts according to the experimental design. IL-10 was given to the 40% grafts right after reperfusion, and also at 24 and 48 hours after transplantation. When no treatment was given, less than 40% of the small-for-size grafts survived indefinitely, whereas IL-10 treatment could increase the long-term survival rate of the small-for-size grafts to 80%. The 40% grafts presented with extensive areas of necrosis and increased number of apoptotic cells at the early phases after reperfusion. In addition, upregulation of plasma protein carbonyl content (PCC) levels was also detected in the 40% graft group. IL-10 treatment suppressed the upregulation of allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) on macrophages in the 40% grafts, and at the same time, decreased the levels of plasma PCC, and improved the histology and function of the 40% grafts. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and caspase 9 in the 40% grafts were upregulated after reperfusion, whereas the augmentation could be suppressed by the administration of IL-10. Finally, IL-10 culture could block AIF-1-mediated NO production and downregulate the expression of iNOS and TNF-α in a macrophage cell line. In conclusion, IL-10 rescued the small-for-size liver grafts by its antiinflammatory properties, through inhibition of AIF-1 mediated proinflammatory and proapoptotic activities of the macrophages during the early period after ischemia/reperfusion. Liver Transpl 13:558–565, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Risk Factors for Invasive Aspergillosis in Living Donor Liver Transplant Recipients
Authors: Osawa Makoto , Ito Yutaka , Hirai Toyohiro , Isozumi Rie , Takakura Shunji , Fujimoto Yasuhiro , Iinuma Yoshitsugu , Ichiyama Satoshi , Tanaka Koichi , Mishima Michiaki 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a severe complication of liver transplantation. Risk factors for IA after deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT) have been presented in several reports, but are not well established for living donor liver transplant recipients. Here, a retrospective case-control study was performed. Five cases with IA were investigated after living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) between January 1999 and December 2002 at Kyoto University Hospital. For comparison, living donor liver transplant recipients without IA were taken as controls. These patients had undergone LDLT 1 month before or after each IA case and had the same survival times as the latter. We evaluated the clinical and laboratory findings for both groups up until their demise. Patients with IA after LDLT had a very poor prognosis. By univariate analysis, risk factors for IA were preoperative intensive care unit stay (P = 0.02) and preoperative steroid administration (P = 0.02). Preoperative steroid administration for fulminant hepatitis possibly predisposed to the development of IA after LDLT. Liver Transpl 13:566–570, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
Tissue Factor-Dependent Procoagulant Activity of Isolated Human Hepatocytes
Authors: Stéphenne Xavier , Vosters Olivier , Najimi Mustapha , Beuneu Claire , Ngoc Dung Khuu , Wijns Walter , Goldman Michel , Sokal Etienne M. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Liver cell transplantation (LCT) aims to correct inborn liver function defects by infusing metabolically active cells into the diseased liver. Further improvement in LCT might depend on the prevention of early loss of transplanted cells. As tissue factor (TF)-dependent activation of coagulation was found to contribute to a low rate of beta cell engraftment in islet transplantation, we investigated the potential procoagulant activity (PCA) of hepatocyte preparations. TF expression on hepatocyte preparations was assessed by flow cytometry, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence. PCA depending on TF was evaluated in human plasma and in whole blood systems. Coagulation parameters were followed by routine techniques in a LCT recipient Crigler-Najjar patient. We determined that hepatocytes express soluble and membrane-bound forms of TF. We showed that hepatocytes exert a TF-dependent PCA. In parallel, delayed increase in D-dimer levels was observed following the hepatocyte infusions in the Crigler-Najjar patient. Furthermore, in vitro experiments demonstrated that TF-dependent PCA of hepatocytes is inhibited by N-acetyl-L-cysteine. In conclusion, hepatocytes exert TF-dependent PCA, which may contribute to early loss of infused cells. Addition of N-acetyl-L-cysteine to the suspensions of hepatocytes might be beneficial in LCT by inhibiting activation of coagulation. Liver Transpl 13:599–606, 2007. © 2007 AASLD.
The Continuing Controversy Regarding the Antiviral Effect of Mycophenolate Mofetil on Hepatitis C†
Authors: Perkins James D. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract

End-stage liver disease caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major indication for liver transplantation. HCV re-infection after LT is constant, and it significantly impairs patient and graft survival. Factors that may influence histological recurrence in the graft remain unclear. The aim of our study is to analyse the factors that influence the histological recurrence of HCV in a series of 142 patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. In this series, donors age until 1995 were mostly younger than 30 years, however, from 2000 onwards most of the cases had graft implants from elderly donors. Histological recurrence was 92% after a mean follow-up of 60 months (12-120 months), 17% of which had poor prognostic recurrence. Half of the patients presenting with recurrence did so in the first six months and more than two thirds developing hepatitis in the graft did so in the first year. The accumulated probability of histological recurrence is 40.1%, 51.5%, 70.3%, 83.5% and 92% at 6, 12, 24, 36 and 60 months respectively. In our experience, the variables associated with the development of histological recurrence in the graft, in the multivariate analysis, are donors age ≥31 years and immunosuppressive treatment without mycophenolate mophetil (MMF). Treatment with MMF still acts as a protection factor and is associated with histological non-recurrence. (Transpl Immunol 2006;17:47-50.)