bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy expenditures & physical activity in rats with chronic suboptimal nutrition
Authors: Rising Russell , Lifshitz Fima 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackgroundSub-optimally nourished rats show reduced growth, biochemical and physiological changes. However, no one has assessed metabolic rate adaptations in rats subjected to chronic suboptimal nutrition (CSN). In this study energy expenditure (EE; kcal/100 g body weight) and physical activity (PA; oscillations in weight/min/kg body weight) were assessed in rats subjected to three levels of CSN.ResultsBody weight gain was diminished (76.7 ± 12.0 and 61.6 ± 11.0 g) in rats fed 70 and 60% of the ad-libitum fed controls which gained more weight (148.5 ± 32.3 g). The rats fed 80% gained weight similarly to controls (136.3 ± 10.5 g). Percent Fat-free body mass was reduced (143.8 ± 8.7 and 142.0 ± 7.6 g) in rats fed 70 and 60% of ad-libitum, but not in those fed 80% (200.8 ± 17.5 g) as compared with controls (201.6 ± 33.4 g). Body fat (g) decreased in rats fed 80% (19.7 ± 5.3), 70% (15.3 ± 3.5) and 60% (9.6 ± 2.7) of ad-libitum in comparison to controls (26.0 ± 6.7). EE and PA were also altered by CSN. The control rats increased their EE and PA during the dark periods by 1.4 ± 0.8 and 1.7 ± 1.1 respectively, as compared with light the period; whereas CSN rats fed 80 and 70% of ad-libitum energy intake had reduced EE and PA during the dark periods as compared with the light period EE(7.5 ± 1.4 and 7.8 ± 0.6 vs. 9.0 ± 1.2 and 9.7 ± 0.8; p < 0.05, respectively), PA(3.1 ± 0.8 and 1.6 ± 0.4 vs. 4.1 ± 0.9 and 2.4 ± 0.4; p < 0.05) and RQ (0.87 ± 0.04 and 0.85 ± 0.5; vs. 0.95 ± 0.03 and 0.91 ± 0.05 p < 0.05). In contrast, both light (7.1 ± 1.4) and dark period (6.2 ± 1.0) EE and PA (3.4 ± 0.9 and 2.5 ± 0.5 respectively) were reduced in rats fed 60% of ad-libitum energy intake.ConclusionCSN rats adapt to mild energy restriction by reducing body fat, EE and PA mainly during the dark period while growth proceeds and lean body mass is preserved. At higher levels of energy restrictions there is decreased growth, body fat and lean mass. Moreover EE and PA are also reduced during both light and dark periods.
Globalization, migration health, and educational preparation for transnational medical encounters
Authors: Koehn Peter H 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUnprecedented migration, a core dimension of contemporary globalization, challenges population health. In a world of increasing human mobility, many health outcomes are shaped by transnational interactions among care providers and care recipients who meet in settings where nationality/ethnic match is not an option. This review article explores the value of transnational competence (TC) education as preparation for ethnically and socially discordant clinical encounters. The relevance of TC's five core skill domains (analytic, emotional, creative, communicative, and functional) for migration health and the medical-school curriculum is elaborated. A pedagogical approach that prepares for the transnational health-care consultation is presented, with a focus on clinical-clerkship learning experiences. Educational preparation for contemporary medical encounters needs to include a comprehensive set of patient-focused interpersonal skills, be adaptable to a wide variety of service users and global practice sites, and possess utility in addressing both the quality of patient care and socio-political constraints on migration health.
Serum level of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase in children with ADHD
Authors: Roessner Veit , Uebel Henrik , Becker Andreas , Beck Georg , Bleich Stefan , Rothenberger Aribert 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of this study was to analyze the extracellularly acting semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) serum levels in children with ADHD for the first time. SSAO is known to show deviations from normal in various somatic disorders and to interplay with the intracellularly active MAO. In humans two forms of SSAO a circulating form in plasma and a membrane-bound form are involved in monoaminergic metabolism.MethodsWe analyzed serum levels of SSAO in 27 children meeting ICD-10 criteria of Hyperkinetic Disorder (F90) or DSM-IV criteria of ADHD combined type by HPLC method and fluorimetric detection. A group of 42 healthy volunteers within the same age range (7.0 – 14.0 years) served as controls.ResultsNo significant differences between children with ADHD (SSAO activity M = 773, SD = 217 mU/l) and healthy controls (SSAO activity M = 775, SD = 256 mU/l) in SSAO serum levels were found (F = 2.18; p > 0.14). Further, stimulant medication status had no influence on the result (F = 2.52; p > 0.11).ConclusionThere is no evidence for a deviation of SSAO serum activity in ADHD. Hence, extracellularly acting SSAO does not seem to be a promising factor for further research in ADHD. But progress in knowledge of its physiologic role and of the relationship between the membrane-bound and the circulating serum form may open new avenues for research on SSAO in ADHD.
Exploration of auditory P50 gating in schizophrenia by way of difference waves
Authors: Arnfred Sidse M 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Electroencephalographic measures of information processing encompass both mid-latency evoked potentials like the pre-attentive auditory P50 potential and a host of later more cognitive components like P300 and N400.
Difference waves have mostly been employed in studies of later event related potentials but here this method along with low frequency filtering is applied exploratory on auditory P50 gating data, previously analyzed in the standard format (reported in Am J Psychiatry 2003, 160:2236-8). The exploration was motivated by the observation during visual peak detection that the AEP waveform was different in the patient group, although this was not reflected by the peak measures. The sample included un-medicated schizophrenia spectrum patients (n = 17) and healthy controls (n = 24). The patients had an attenuated difference P50. This attenuation was primarily seen in the sub-sample of patients with severe negative symptoms. The difference attenuation was due to low amplitude at the first stimulus. This suggests an abnormality in readiness more than an abnormality in gating in the patient group.
Work life of persons with asthma, rhinitis, and COPD: A study using a national, population-based sample
Authors: Yelin Edward , Katz Patricia , Balmes John , Trupin Laura , Earnest Gillian , Eisner Mark , Blanc Paul 
Published: February 2006

Abstract

Objective
To estimate the duration of work life among persons reporting a physician's diagnosis of COPD, asthma, or rhinitis compared to those with select non-respiratory conditions or none and to delineate the factors associated with continuance of employment.

Methods
Persons ages 55 to 75 reporting a physician's diagnosis of COPD, asthma, or rhinitis as well as those without any of these conditions were identified by random-digit dialing (RDD) in the continental U.S and administered a structured survey. We used Kaplan-Meier life table analysis to estimate the duration of work life among persons with and without the three conditions and Cox proportional hazard regression to examine the role of demographic and work characteristics in the proportion leaving employment in each time interval.

Results
Persons with COPD, asthma, and rhinitis were no less likely than the remainder of the population to have ever worked, but those with COPD were less likely to be working when interviewed or as of age 65, whichever came first. As of age 55, only 62 percent of persons with COPD continued to work versus 72 and 78 percent of persons with asthma and rhinitis, respectively. Persons with COPD, asthma, and rhinitis all had an elevated risk of leaving work prior to age 65 relative to those without chronic conditions, with and without adjustment for demographic and work characteristics.

Conclusion
COPD and to a lesser extent asthma and rhinitis were associated with a substantially shortened work life, an effect not due to demographic and work characteristics.
Identification of major cell types in paraffin sections of bovine tissues
Authors: Niku Mikael , Ekman Anna , Pessa-Morikawa Tiina , Iivanainen Antti 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackgroundIdentification of cell types in bovine tissue sections is complicated by the limited availability of anti-bovine antibodies, and by antigen retrieval treatments required for formalin-fixed tissue samples. We have evaluated an antibody and lectin panel for identifying major cell types in paraffin-embedded bovine tissue sections, and report optimized pretreatments for these markers.ResultsWe selected 31 useful antibodies and lectins which can be used to identify cell types of epithelia, connective tissue, muscle, and nervous tissue, as well as cell proliferation and apoptosis.ConclusionThe panel of markers allows the identification of all major cell types in paraffin-embedded cattle tissue sections by immunohistochemistry or lectin histochemistry. Heat-induced epitope retrieval methods are required for most antibodies.
Correlation between the presence of neutralizing antibodies against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and protection against replication of the virus and development of PCV2-associated disease
Authors: Meerts Peter , Misinzo Gerald , Lefebvre David , Nielsen Jens , Bøtner Anette , Kristensen Charlotte S , Nauwynck Hans J 
Published: February 2006

Abstract

Background
In a previous study, it was demonstrated that high replication of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in a gnotobiotic pig was correlated with the absence of PCV2-neutralizing antibodies. The aim of the present study was to investigate if this correlation could also be found in SPF pigs in which PMWS was experimentally reproduced and in naturally PMWS-affected pigs.

Results
When looking at the total anti-PCV2 antibody titres, PMWS-affected and healthy animals seroconverted at the same time point, and titres in PMWS-affected animals were only slightly lower compared to those in healthy animals. In healthy animals, the evolution of PCV2-neutralizing antibodies coincided with that of total antibodies. In PMWS-affected animals, neutralizing antibodies could either not be found (sera from field studies) or were detected in low titres between 7 and 14 DPI only (sera from experimentally inoculated SPF pigs). Differences were also found in the evolution of specific antibody isotypes titres against PCV2. In healthy pigs, IgM antibodies persisted until the end of the study, whereas in PMWS-affected pigs they quickly decreased or remained present at low titres. The mean titres of other antibody isotypes (IgG1, IgG2 and IgA), were slightly lower in PMWS-affected pigs compared to their healthy group mates at the end of each study.

Conclusion
This study describes important differences in the development of the humoral immune response between pigs that get subclinically infected with PCV2 and pigs that experience a high level of PCV2-replication which in 3 of 4 experiments led to the development of PMWS. These observations may contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of a PCV2-infection.
Identifying repeat domains in large genomes
Authors: Zhi Degui , Raphael Benjamin J , Price Alkes L , Tang Haixu , Pevzner Pavel A 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
We present a graph-based method for the analysis of repeat families in a repeat library. We build a repeat domain graph that decomposes a repeat library into repeat domains, short subsequences shared by multiple repeat families, and reveals the mosaic structure of repeat families. Our method recovers documented mosaic repeat structures and suggests additional putative ones. Our method is useful for elucidating the evolutionary history of repeats and annotating de novo generated repeat libraries.
Differential expression of leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 during neutrophil differentiation and activation
Authors: Verbrugge Annelies , de Ruiter Talitha , Geest Christian , Coffer Paul J , Meyaard Linde 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Inhibitory receptors containing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs play an important regulatory role in immune cell activation. In addition, several studies suggest that these receptors are involved in the regulation of hematopoietic cell differentiation. Here, we have investigated the expression of leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1), an inhibitory receptor expressed on most peripheral blood leukocytes and on CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells, in neutrophil differentiation and activation. We found that although LAIR-1 was expressed on peripheral blood eosinophils, cell-surface expression on mature neutrophils was low, suggesting that LAIR-1 expression is regulated during granulocyte differentiation. Indeed, the promyeloid cell line HL-60 expressed LAIR-1, but the expression decreased during chemical-induced differentiation toward neutrophils. Similarly, in bone marrow-derived neutrophil precursors, the most immature cells expressed LAIR-1, and loss of LAIR-1 expression was associated with neutrophil maturation. LAIR-1 was re-expressed rapidly on the membrane of mature neutrophils upon stimulation with tumor necrosis factor α, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, indicating that LAIR-1 may also regulate neutrophil effector function. Our studies suggest that LAIR-1 may play a regulatory role in differentiation and function of human granulocytes.
Regulation of PTX3, a key component of humoral innate immunity in human dendritic cells: stimulation by IL-10 and inhibition by IFN-γ
Authors: Doni Andrea , Michela Mosca , Bottazzi Barbara , Peri Giuseppe , Valentino Sonia , Polentarutti Nadia , Garlanda Cecilia , Mantovani Alberto 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The protopypic long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is a unique, humoral pattern-recognition receptor, which plays a nonredundant function in innate resistance to pathogens. Dendritic cells (DC) of myelomonocytic origin, but not plasmacytoid DC, are a major source of PTX3 in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) engagment. The present study was designed to explore the regulation of PTX3 production in DC. PTX3 production was induced by TLR ligands, CD40 ligand, and interleukin (IL)-1β and was suppressed by dexamethasone, 1α, 25-dihydroxivitamin D3, and prostaglandin E2. It was unexpected that lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated PTX3 production was enhanced by IL-10 and inhibited by IL-4 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Enhancement of PTX3 production by IL-10 was also evident when Pam3 Cys-Ser-(Lys)4.3HCl, a TLR2-TLR1 agonist, polyionisicpolycytidylic acid, a TLR3 agonist, and IL-1β were used as stimuli. The effect of IL-10 was blocked by an anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody (mAb) or an anti-IL-10 receptor α mAb, which also reduced the LPS-induced production. Thus, production of PTX3 in DC is subjected to a distinct regulatory network, with inhibition by IFN-γ and enhancement by IL-10. The amplification by IL-10 of production of a nonredundant component of fluid-phase innate immunity mirrors the IL-10 stimulatory function on B cells in adaptive immunity. As PTX3 is also an extracellular matrix component, IL-10-enhanced PTX3 production may play a role in orchestration of tissue remodeling in chronic inflammation.
Bacterial lipoprotein-induced self-tolerance and cross-tolerance to LPS are associated with reduced IRAK-1 expression and MyD88-IRAK complex formation
Authors: Li Chong Hui , Wang Jiang Huai , Redmond H Paul 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Tolerance to bacterial cell-wall components may represent an essential regulatory mechanism during bacterial infection. We have demonstrated previously that the inhibition of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation was present in bacterial lipoprotein (BLP) self-tolerance and its cross-tolerance to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, the effect of BLP-induced tolerance on the myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent upstream signaling pathway for NF-κB activation in vitro was examined further. When compared with nontolerant human monocytic THP-1 cells, BLP-tolerant cells had a significant reduction in tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) production in response to a high-dose BLP (86±12 vs. 6042±245 ng/ml, P&lt;0.01) or LPS (341±36 vs. 7882±318 ng/ml, P&lt;0.01) stimulation. The expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) protein was down-regulated in BLP-tolerant cells, whereas no significant differences in TLR4, MyD88, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 4 (IRAK-4), and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 expression were observed between nontolerant and BLP-tolerant cells, as confirmed by Western blot analysis. The IRAK-1 protein was reduced markedly in BLP-tolerant cells, although IRAK-1 mRNA expression remained unchanged as revealed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis. Furthermore, decreased MyD88-IRAK immunocomplex formation, as demonstrated by immunoprecipitation, was observed in BLP-tolerant cells following a second BLP or LPS stimulation. BLP pretreatment also resulted in a marked inhibition in total and phosphorylated inhibitor of κB-α (IκB-α) expression, which was not up-regulated by subsequent BLP or LPS stimulation. These results demonstrate that in addition to the down-regulation of TLR2 expression, BLP tolerance is associated with a reduction in IRAK-1 expression, MyD88-IRAK association, and IκB-α phosphorylation. These findings further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying bacterial peptide tolerance.
A Novel Cytochrome P450, Zebrafish Cyp26D1, Is Involved in Metabolism of All-trans Retinoic Acid
Authors: Gu Xingxing , Xu Fang , Song Wei , Wang Xiaolin , Hu Ping , Yang Yumin , Gao Xiang , Zhao Qingshun 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRetinoid signaling is essential for development of vertebrate embryos, and its action is mainly through retinoic acid (RA) binding to its RA receptors and retinoid-X receptors, while the critical concentration and localization of RA in embryos are determined by the presence and activity of retinal dehydrogenases (for RA synthesis) and cytochrome P450 RAs (Cyp26s) (for degradation of RA). Previously, we identified a novel cyp26 gene (cyp26d1) in zebrafish that is expressed in hindbrain during early development. Using reverse-phase HPLC analyses, we show here that zebrafish Cyp26D1 expressed in 293T cells could metabolize all-trans RA, 9-cis RA, and 13-cis RA, but could not metabolize retinol or retinal. The metabolites of all-trans RA produced by Cyp26D1 were the same as that produced by Cyp26A1, which are mainly 4-hydroxy-all-trans-RA and 4-oxo-all-trans-RA. Performing mRNA microinjection into zebrafish embryos, we demonstrated that overexpression of Cyp26D1 in embryos not only caused the distance between rhombomere 5 and the first somite of the injected embryos to be shorter than control embryos but also resulted in left-right asymmetry of somitogenesis in the injected embryos. These alterations were similar to those caused by the overexpression of cyp26a1 in zebrafish embryos and to that which resulted from treating embryos with 1 μm 4-diethylamino-benzaldehyde (retinal dehydrogenase inhibitor), implying that cyp26d1 can antagonize RA activity in vivo. Together, our in vitro and in vivo results provided direct evidence that zebrafish Cyp26D1 is involved in RA metabolism.
Differentiation of Amphetamine/Methamphetamine and Other Cross-Immunoreactive Sympathomimetic Amines in Urine Samples by Serial Dilution Testing
Authors: Woodworth Alison , Saunders Al N , Koenig John W , Moyer Thomas P , Turk John , Dietzen Dennis J 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Background: Immunoassay-based screening for amphetamines has a variable positive predictive value (PPV) for detecting amphetamine abuse. The lack of immunoassay specificity necessitates confirmatory testing by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS), but the technical complexity and expense of GC/MS limit its availability. Physicians may make decisions regarding patient disposition based on unverified results. In this study we assessed the utility of using dose–response properties to distinguish urine samples containing amphetamines from samples containing cross-immunoreactive species.
Methods: Urine was supplemented with known concentrations of amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), or pseudoephedrine. Using a series of dilutions, we determined the maximum change in rate over the fractional change in concentration for each compound in the Emit® II amphetamine/methamphetamine immunoassay. Patient urine samples that screened positive for amphetamines were diluted 1:1, 1:10, and 1:20, and maximum slope estimates within the dynamic assay range were determined. An optimal slope cutoff that differentiated samples containing (meth)amphetamine from those containing cross-reacting species was determined by ROC analysis.
Results: The slope of the dose response was largest for amphetamine and methamphetamine, followed by MDMA and pseudoephedrine. The optimum slope cutoff for identifying patient specimens containing (meth)amphetamine was 320 (sensitivity, 96%; specificity, 90%; PPV, 92%). High concentrations of less reactive compounds may mask low concentrations of amphetamines.
Conclusions: Use of the slope of the dose–response relationship in patient urine specimens can enhance the PPV of presumptive positive immunoassay results but does not exclude the presence of low amphetamine concentrations in samples containing high concentrations of cross-reactive species.
Transparenz haptischer Telepräsenzsysteme mit konstanter Zeitverzögerung (Transparency of Haptic Telepresence Systems with Constant Time Delay)
Authors: Hirche Sandra , Buss Martin 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
In diesem Artikel wird untersucht, wie sich Kommunikationslatenzen zusammen mit einer passivitätsbasierten Regelungsstrategie auf die Performanz, gemessen als Transparenz, eines haptischen Telepräsenzsystems auswirken. Die gefühlte mechanische Impedanz, im Speziellen deren physikalische Parameter Masse, Steifigkeit und Dämpfung, werden als Funktion der Kommunikationslatenz und der Regelungsparameter hergeleitet und mit der Umgebungs-Impedanz verglichen. Die Ergebnisse werden unter Aspekten der menschlichen Wahrnehmung diskutiert. Darauf basierend wird eine transparente Auslegung der Regelungsstrategie vorgeschlagen, wobei die Eigenschaften von realen Telepräsenzsystemen berücksichtigt werden. Abschließend erfolgt die Validierung der Resulate in einem Telepräsenz-Experiment mit einem Freiheitsgrad.
Quellenlokalisierung auf der Basis räumlich verteilter Konzentrationsmessungen (Source Localization based on Spatially Distributed Concentration Measurements)
Authors: Matthes Jörg 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
In diesem Beitrag wird ein neues, zweistufiges Verfahren zur Lokalisierung von Emissionsquellen vorgestellt. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass der Stofftransport durch turbulente Diffusion und Advektion hervorgerufen wird. Im ersten Schritt des zweistufigen Verfahrens wird zunächst für jeden Sensor i die Menge von Punkten P
i ermittelt, auf denen sich aus Sicht von Sensor i die Quelle befinden kann. Im zweiten Schritt wird dann ein Schätzwert für den Quellort durch Bilden der Schnittmenge aller P
i bestimmt. Das neue Verfahren umgeht das Problem schlechter Konvergenz iterativer Verfahren, die versuchen den Quellort durch Minimieren des quadratischen Ausgangsfehlers zu ermitteln. Abschließend werden experimentelle Ergebnisse vorgestellt.