bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Practical Minimum Energy Requirements
Authors: Tanzil Dicksen , Schwarz Jeanette M. , Beaver Earl R. , Beloff Beth R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Growing concern regarding greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and a trend toward higher fuel prices have generated increasing attention on energy conservation in the industries, including the petroleum industry. However, there remains a need for a management tool that would allow industrial decision makers to assess current energy performance relative to recognized benchmarks and to judge the value of pursuing various energy-conservation strategies. This need is addressed in a pilot project on the determination of Practical Minimum Energy (PME), established through funding by U.S. Department of Energy.
A methodology was developed to identify successive levels of improvements in energy efficiency. The methodology was applied to evaluate the practical minimum energy requirements in several chemical manufacturing processes. Changes in energy consumption were also found to affect other environmental impacts, and they were studied using sustainability metrics. The combination of the PME tool with a complete suite of sustainability metrics allows managers to measure the added benefits of energy reduction and, in some cases, the trade-offs in impacts that may occur.
Remote Sensing for Environmental Baselining in the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Jackson L. A. , Rubin T. D. , Evans M. E. , Korenaga G. L. , Smart D. R. , Samuels P. A. , Hanrahan F. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the present "Age of Transparency" of satellites and the Internet, environmental remote sensing is a rapidly evolving technology with important business applications for the petroleum industry. Much of the current work with remote sensing for biological uses, focuses on agriculture or forest management. This paper specifically deals with hyperspectral and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR) sensors and their multiple applications for the petroleum industry where regional, detailed, and digital environmental information is needed for site and lease management. These technologies can be used to document environmental change, manage existing operations, and evaluate property prior to purchase or relinquishment. Current field applications will be discussed including examples of monitoring environmental change over time, identifying vegetation health, habitat mapping, water quality analysis, and location of hydrocarbon material. Applications still in the research and development stage will also be discussed as well as opportunities to join industry development via global partnerships.
Treatment of waste-water/oil emulsions using microwave radiation
Authors: Vega Camila , Delgado Mayolett , Vega Bolivia 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Venezuelan E & P industry carries out an important amount of waste-generating processes that make necessary to develop more appropriate methods for disposing of their waste. Some of these waste materials are emulsions formed by a mix of residues of crude oil, water, drilling muds and other agents.
Microwave methods are able to destabilize water/oil emulsions by two means. First by increasing temperature, which reduces the continuous phase viscosity and breaks the outer film of the drops, thus allowing for coalescence; and second by rearranging the electrical charge distribution of the water molecules while rotating them, and moving ions around the drops. These two actions combined result in the breaking of the emulsion without adding any chemical agent.
Aiming to mitigate the environmental hazard that these waste emulsions represent, a base study was carried in order to verify the phenomenon described above. The experimental work consisted on breaking the simplest of the emulsions in terms of content, in order to obtain preliminary data that can help to extend the method to manage actual waste material. The samples consisted in water/oil emulsions (with several W/O compositions) which have commercial lubricant basis as the oil phase. The results of the experimental work are temperature profiles and recovery factors of aqueous phase that describe the performance and efficiency of the method.
The sample emulsions underwent a domestic microwave radiating process at several exposure times. Certain factors, such as aromatic components and sodium hydroxide content, emulsion mixing method and total heat exposure time proved to be the factors that more strongly affect the results. By using the microwave radiation exposure, results showed an aqueous phase recovery that ranged from 60 to 80 %, which is a significant outcome that reveals the study of this technique needs to be taken further.
New Handbook for Guidance in Assessing Impacts of Decommissioning and Disposal of Redundant Offshore Installations
Authors: Nesse Steinar , Lind Even , Jarandsen Bente 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Decommissioning has really come on the agenda in Europe the last decade. In Norway, starting with the planning of decommissioning the North East Frigg in 1992/93, there were no standards established on issues and methodologies as a basis for impact assessment as part of the decision making. With the Brent Spar situation in 1995 the scope changed at the same time as methodologies were developed (e.g. [1]), improved and new issues were introduced. In 1995 the Norwegian Oil Operators Association (OLF) launched a methodology study to establish a standard set of methodologies to be used in the decision making process [2]. These methods have gradually been improved, as new issues have come on the agenda and as more complex decommissioning projects have been through the detailed planning process. As a consequence of this development OLF has updated the methodology descriptions and now issued a handbook containing descriptions, guidelines and standards for how to carry out Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA's) for offshore decommissioning projects [3]. The handbook contains several methodologies for numerous environmental and societal issues, dealing with installations, pipelines, drill cuttings piles, and the issue of possible reuse of installations.
Behavioural Change in a Oilfield Context and Some References to Grand Prix Motor Racing
Authors: Thonger Rod 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper looks at the application of behavioural change techniques in the context of developing HSE programmes in oil and gas exploration and draws some parallels with improvements in Grand Prix motor racing.
The key to implementing behavioural programmes lies in the culture of the company. It is the essential ingredient that must include everybody from the very top to the very bottom of the management and staff chain, and is something that will be the driver of, and developed in parallel with better engineering and procedural standards
While all companies have managements that have absorbed varying levels of HSE culture and thereby made commitments to their accident programmes, development of the culture within which the behavioural programmes can be applied faces widely differing challenges. Production platforms, drilling rigs, seismic ships and seismic land crews have very different risks arising in terms of a safe place to work, safe equipment to work with, safe procedures and a trained labour force.
Relating this to the motor racing world, the number of drivers and spectators killed during race meetings since the 1950s has been significantly reduced by the commitment of organisers, teams, circuit owners and sponsors in an industry where the objective is specifically and aggressively to be first.
This paper looks at different situations as behavioural programmes are used more extensively.
Predicting the Properties of Sour Gases and Condensates: Equations of State and Empirical Correlations
Authors: Elsharkawy Adel M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Compressibility, destiny and viscosity of natural gases are necessary in most petroleum engineering calculations. Some of these calculations are gas metering, gas compression, design of processing units, and design of pipeline and surface facilities. Properties of natural gases are also important in calculation of gas flow rate through reservoir rock, material balance calculations and evaluation of gas reserves. Usually the gas properties are measured in laboratory. Occasionally, experimental data become unavailable and estimated from equations of state or empirical correlations.
This paper presents the results of using various equations of state, corresponding state methods, and correlations to predict the volumetric and transport properties of sour gases and gas condensates. Capabilities of PR-EOS, SRK-EOS, and PT-EOS to predict gas compressibility and density of 2100 gas samples under various schemes of binary interaction number are thoroughly investigated. This study also reports a comparison between modified PR-EOS and other methods to estimate the viscosity of highly sour gases and rich gas condensates.
Image-Dip Calculation Using New-Generation LWD Density-Porosity Tools
Authors: Labat C. P. , Doghmi M. , Tomlinson J. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new generation of LWD density-porosity tools azimuthally measure bulk density (RHOB) and photoelectric effect (Pe) in 16 sectors around the borehole in holes from 5 ¾ to 10 5/8 inches. They can provide formation images with a pixel size of 1.2 inches. These tools can function in conductive water based or non-conductive, oil or synthetic-based drilling muds.
The density images could be used to identify lithology and allow computation of dips for structural analysis. This application is demonstrated in deviated and complex wells in near-shore Gulf of Mexico. Field examples will illustrate the successful application of the density images for structural analysis, basic dip computation, and identification of large stratigraphic features such as folds, unconformities, fractures, and nodules.
Although these tools do not have the same resolution as some wireline deployed imaging tools, they provide an alternative method particularly when operators rely only on LWD for formation evaluation. Thus, they can save rig time associated with wireline runs and their respective wiper trips. They also measure while drilling so that if hole conditions negate the use of wireline tools, the information is already collected. Additionally, these multi-sector tools can be run in highly deviated holes which so often require electric line tools be drill pipe conveyed reducing costs exponentially.
These new LWD tools have also proven that they can deliver image-based information on borehole conditions such as shear and/or tensile fracturing, stress direction, borehole breakout, and borehole shape greatly aiding wellbore stability studies. In brief, the services provided by these new-generation tools are applicable to drilling, geological, geophysical, and petrophysical departments for formation evaluation, borehole stability study, and geo-steering.
Natural Gas Network Optimization and Sensibility Analysis
Authors: Martínez-Romero Néstor , Osorio-Peralta Oscar , Santamaría-Vite Iván 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the past few years, the numerical solution of non-linear equations for natural gas network optimization has proven to be useful. This paper presents: (1) a sensibility analysis for the most important flow equations defining the key parameters in the optimization process, and (2) a software "GasNet" based in the Stoner method, improved with several techniques to solve the equations system, allowing until an error of 50% in the initial values which avoids the divergence and accelerates the convergence.
GasNet is a powerful tool for design and optimization because it has advantages such as many routines for handling the specific gravity of the natural gas mixture composition; in addition it includes correlations used to obtain other properties. It also has graphic utilities that make easier the detection and solution of problems.
With information from the network as: flow rate, input and/or output pressures, features of the pipelines, compressors, valves and regulators, etc., we perform a sensibility analysis in order to get which flow equation: Weymouth, Panhandle, AGA, etc., is best at predicting the natural gas flow behavior in the pipeline (also this adjustment is applied to the PVT correlations and the equations of state by determining the Z-factor). The variation between the predicted and measured values with two parameters was estimated using the coefficient of multiple correlation and the X2-distribution.
The optimization process is performed with two criteria: the maximum operational permissible pressure and the gas flow velocity. These criteria allow for security in the facilities and suppress the harmful bottle-neck.
Two field examples are considered to illustrate the applicability of the proposed algorithms: distribution of a high pressure natural gas network in the Mexico Valley, Mexico and a network in Michigan State, USA.
Producing Sand for Sand Control: A Novel Approach
Authors: Underdown David R. , Sanclemente John 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Boscan Field, Maracaibo, Venezuela is using a unique approach to sand control. The completions use a combination of premium sand control screens and artificial lift that are designed to have a controlled level of sand production.
The Boscan formation is considered unconsolidated due to the lack of cementing agents, and the nature of the mineralogy. Lab studies have shown that low drawdowns will initiate sand production, and field experience shows that the drawdown caused by the artificial lift techniques used does induce sand production. Several other factors such as the crude which has a 10 API gravity and a viscosity that ranges from 300 to 2000 cps also affect the completions in the Boscan Field. In addition, the productive intervals range from 300 to 600 ft in length with large shale breaks between zones in many cases.
There have been several types of sand control implemented in the Boscan Field. The major methods of sand control prior to 1996 were stand-alone and gravel packed slotted liners. Since 1996 the completions have included open hole and cased hole completions using a variety of sand retention methods that include 12 & 16 gauge all weld and pre-packed screen, stand alone low profile screens, and premium all metal screens.
This paper discusses a lab study that evaluated several types of sand control screens for stand-alone and gravel packed completions using a technique developed by ChevronTexaco Exploration & Production Technology Company (EPTC) (8). The mineralogical characteristics of the formation that contribute to the sanding potential of the field are described. The rational for using a sand control technique that allows a certain amount of sand production is discussed in detail. In addition, production data including sand production for several types of completions are compared.
Collaboration between Corporations, Non-Governmental Organizations, and Indigenous Communities: The Bridge Strategy to Pursue Sustainable Development in the Oil & Gas Industry in Latin America
Authors: Garcia Percy , Vredenburg Harrie 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Corporations investing in Latin America are facing problems including opposition from indigenous communities and environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs)1, and the activities of guerrillas and drug cartels2 that are making it difficult for them to operate. Collaborative alliances are seen as a strategy that organizations can use to deal with the turbulence and complexity of their environments3. Strategic bridging has proved to be effective to approach collaboration in sensitive areas of operation. The main conclusions are: (a) the complex environment in which corporations operates in Latin America requires collaboration among all stakeholders to achieve common goals of sustainable development; (b) indigenous communities have the potential to collaborate with MNCs; however, they need certain level of education and training; and (c) NGOs possess the necessary expertise to act as a bridge, their participation is essential to explore opportunities of collaboration between indigenous communities and MNCs.
Self-Sufficient System For Continuous Gas Lift In A Very Harmful Sour Gas Environment
Authors: Lozada Aguilar Miguel A. , Ramos Hipólito Peregrino , Inestrosa Ariel Ramos , Hernández Ramiro Acero 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Mora Field is located 60 kilometers from Villahermosa Tabasco in the southern region of Mexico. A project of self-sufficient system for continuous gas lift in a very harmful sour gas environment was performed. The gas lift infrastructure is not going to be installed in a short time due to many problems such as logistic issues.
The self-sufficient system separates the gas from the liquid. Then, it is compressed and injected into the well, similar to an artificial gas lift. This system uses special coiled tubing for sour gas handling. In addition, a continuous chemical inhibitor is injected to protect both the tubing and the coiled tubing from either cracking failure or corrosion, (because the H2S and CO2 content in the mixture is too high).
The goal of this work is twofold: (1) present a facility design and (2) present a process to choose the equipment for this particular application based on the well productivity. Because the probability of both cracking and corrosion is high, sizing the equipment and selecting the appropriate material are special issues for the success of this application.
Based on this pilot test, a major project is being implemented to install this system in those fields with high content of sour gas and without gas lift infrastructure.
Coiled-Tubing-Conveyed Perforating for Maximizing Underbalanced in Hard Rock
Authors: Gorian S. , Rodriquez J. , Loboguerrero S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes a variety of Coiled Tubing perforating approaches and techniques which have been evaluated, planned and implemented during the development of the Cusiana and Cupiagua Fields. A synopsis has also been prepared which outlines the advantages/disadvantages of each of these approaches. In addition, several detailed case-histories are included which provide the actual Operating characteristics of each approach.
The particular operational advantages, of Coiled Tubing Perforating, for Cusiana and Cupiagua have also been summarized. These include, the long intervals, deep wells, complex well trajectories, large gun-size, pre-frac requirements and poorly understood pore-pressures. An assessment has also been made of the additional benefits, IOR, cost savings, etc. that these techniques have potentially provided.
Finally, there is some discussion as to the future direction of Coiled Tubing perforating for the Cusiana and Cupiagua Fields. Issues include a clearer definition of the Opportunities/Requirements and the additional Techniques/Systems which will be necessary to allow these to be realized.
Stratigraphic Architecture and Sedimentology of the Main Oil-Producing Stratigraphic Interval at the Cantarell Oil Field: the K/T Boundary Sedimentary Succession
Authors: Murillo-Muñetón G. , Grajales-Nishimura J. M. , Cedillo-Pardo E. , García-Hernández J. , Hernández-García S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Detailed stratigraphic and sedimentologic analysis of the main oil-producing stratigraphic interval at the Cantarell Oil Field suggests a general graded stratigraphic architecture for the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary carbonate sedimentary succession. Extensive well log data, core description and petrographic analysis, as well as comparison with contemporaneous outcrop analogs, indicate that this interval is dominated by a thick carbonate breccia genetically related to the Chicxulub meteorite-impact event occurred in northern Yucatan. The carbonate breccia deposit is consisting with a base-of-slope apron.
Thin Laminated Gas Bearing Sequences, Gas Finder A New Approach Of Petrophysical Evaluation, In México
Authors: Frass Manfred , Saldungaray Pablo , Jimenez Ricardo 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Traditional petrophysical well evaluation, is able to show an integrated analysis where the log information is transformed into a lithology, water, oil, gas saturation curves, along a specific interval of a well. This method, is not able to predict how much the production of those intervals could be, when completed.
With this new methodology the same approach is used, but magnetic resonance and pressure data, is integrated.
As magnetic resonance, allows the discrimination among irreducible and moveable fluid saturation and also indicating the better permeability zones, it is used as a guide for the point selection for the modular dynamic formation tester. Based on this data set, the pressure, a skin factor is determined and the relative permeability to the reservoir fluid, is defined.
In low resistivity reservoirs, were the traditional calculation could show high water saturation, the new technology will allow the engineer to discriminate if the water is going to flow or not, maximizing the reservoir potential.
Having defined the lithology, pressure, permeability, fluids distribution and fluids saturation a synthetic production flow profile log, can be generated for each selected interval, allowing an optimized selection of the best possible intervals or overlooked zones, maximizing the final production of the well.
In conclusion, new technology and power full computer calculation have a big impact in the well completion and production maximization of reservoirs.
Underbalanced-Undervalued? Direct Qualitative Comparison Proves The Technique!
Authors: Pia Giancarlo , Fuller Tom , Haselton Thomas , Kirvelis Ringys 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Underbalanced Drilling (UBD) techniques have been evolving since 1989 and have been justified and documented, mostly from a drilling engineering point of view, on the basis of improvements in drilling performance. Enhancements such as increased rate of penetration, reductions in lost circulation and virtual elimination of differential sticking have all been shown to have a significant impact on the associated costs. However, to date, there has been a comparative lack of documentation of the improvements attainable from a production optimisation and reservoir engineering aspect. Very little material has been published on well data enhancement, such as productive capacity, reservoir life and net present value, which proponents of UBD maintain should be major drivers towards its consideration in the early phases of the analysis of reservoir economics and modeling of well construction.
This operator has committed to a campaign of drilling onshore wells, using UBD techniques for both drilling and completion, in a well-cemented, abrasive Cambrian sandstone reservoir. This formation is characterized by relatively poor porosity and horizontal permeability and a comparative lack of fracturing that would normally preclude it from consideration as a good candidate for UBD, though it does have a depleted reservoir pressure.
The results obtained, in a safe and economic manner, have far exceeded operator expectations. By comparing two wells, one drilled using standard overbalanced drilling methods, the other, a very close offset well, drilled with UBD techniques, this paper will document an increase in well productivity in the order of twenty-five fold. It will go on to discuss the production increases obtained over multiple wells, 6 in total at the time of this publication, which have been limited only by the surface handling capabilities, highlighting the changes in field development planning that have resulted from the successful application of UBD techniques.