bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical Endovascular Neuroradiology in the 21st Century: What Lies Ahead?
Authors: Prestigiacomo Charles J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
FEW COULD HAVE imagined the tremendous growth of endovascular surgery over the past 40 years. Endovascular therapy has greatly enhanced the care of the patient in neurosurgery, spine surgery, and head and neck surgery. Progress in technology and techniques continue to push forward the boundaries of what is deemed “treatable,” assuming acceptable risk. This article will briefly review the current state of endovascular surgery and speculate about what its role will be in the near and far future. Endovascular therapy provides a minimally invasive approach to the central nervous system and other systems via natural and, at times, highly selective pathways. Maximizing the accessibility of these routes to highly specific regions of the central nervous system provides an elegant and minimalist approach to treating diseases of the central nervous system with almost no “footprints” of ever having accessed the region. In the future, safe, efficient and intelligent delivery systems that may enhance or alter the tissue's response may result in successful treatment of cerebrovascular diseases, as well as other diseases of the craniospinal axis. The growth of nanotechnology, metallurgy, synthetic polymers, imaging, and training will all combine to help grow the technology and the science that is surgical endovascular neuroradiology.
Training Residents in Endovascular Neurosurgery
Authors: Harbaugh Robert E. , Agarwal Akash 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
NEUROSURGEONS HAVE A long history of treating cerebrovascular disease. Understanding the vascular anatomy and physiology of the nervous system and management of patients with abnormalities of theses vascular structures are vitally important aspects of neurosurgery resident training. Over the past decade, the treatment of cerebrovascular disease has been evolving toward endovascular strategies for many patients. Interventional neuroradiologists were the pioneers in developing this area of therapy, but the number of neurosurgical trainees in neuroendovascular treatment is increasing, and other specialties, including neurology, vascular surgery, and cardiology, are now entering the field of neuroendovascular treatment. The purpose of this article is to review the current credentialing guidelines for neurosurgeons to use endovascular techniques in the treatment of cerebrovascular disease and to consider options for resident training in the rapidly evolving field of endovascular neurosurgery.
The Role of Neuroendovascular Therapy for the Treatment of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations
Authors: Fiorella David , Albuquerque Felipe C. , Woo Henry H. , McDougall Cameron G. , Rasmussen Peter A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
NEUROENDOVASCULAR EMBOLIZATION REPRESENTS a critical component of the multidisciplinary management of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Safe and effective embolization may be performed only in the context of a well-designed, rational treatment plan that is fundamentally based on a clear understanding of the natural history of the lesion, as well as the cumulative risks of multimodality treatment. This article outlines the role of neuroendovascular embolization in arteriovenous malformation therapy with a specific emphasis on decision making in the context of formulating a treatment plan. The authors also provide a summary of the available embolic agents and their technical application, potential intraprocedural and periprocedural complications, and postprocedural management.
Challenges in the Endovascular Treatment of Giant Intracranial Aneurysms
Authors: Gonzalez Nestor R. , Duckwiler Gary , Jahan Reza , Murayama Yuichi , Viñuela Fernando 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:
Giant intracranial aneurysms present unique therapeutic intricacies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anatomic and hemodynamic characteristics of these lesions and the current endovascular and combined surgical and endovascular techniques available for their treatment.

METHODS:
A review of the literature and the personal experiences of the authors with endovascular treatment of giant aneurysms are presented. This review included anatomic and hemodynamic features and analysis of the diverse endovascular techniques that have been reported for the management of these aneurysms.

RESULTS:
Anatomic features that create particular challenges in the therapeutic approach of giant aneurysms include size, shape (saccular, fusiform, serpentine), neck dimensions, branch involvement, intraluminal thrombosis, and location. Hemodynamic characteristics that affect endovascular treatment are lateral or terminal aneurysm type of flow and embolic material placement (inflow versus outflow aneurysmal region). The current endovascular therapeutic approaches include parent artery occlusion, trapping, endosaccular embolization with or without adjunctive techniques such as balloon-assisted or stent placement, and combined surgical and endovascular approaches, mainly with surgical revascularization and endovascular occlusion.

CONCLUSION:
Although there are a wide variety of endovascular therapeutic options for the treatment of giant intracranial aneurysms, none of the current techniques is completely successful and free of complications in the management of these complex lesions. A detailed and individualized analysis of each case in conjunction with sufficient understanding of the anatomy and hemodynamics of a particular aneurysm should guide the therapeutic decision. Further research advances will assist in elucidating the factors predisposing to genesis, progression, and aggressive clinical manifestations of these giant lesions.
Starvation drives a threshold triggering communication
Authors: Mailleux Anne-Catherine , Detrain Claire , Deneubourg Jean-Louis 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYThe decision for an ant forager to launch recruitment is governed by an internal response threshold. Here, we demonstrate that this threshold (the desired volume) triggering trail-laying increases under starvation. As a consequence, highly starved foragers lay a recruitment trail and bring back to the nest higher quantities of food from large unlimited resources. In contrast, when the volume of the food source is under their crop capacity, the percentage of trail-communicating foragers is lower following a prolonged period of starvation. Such starvation-dependent changes in the `desired volume' threshold explain how ants optimize recruitment and select liquid food resources in order to prevent collective exploitation of low profitability.
Anatomical and functional recovery of the goldfish (Carassius auratus) ear following noise exposure
Authors: Smith Michael E. , Coffin Allison B. , Miller Diane L. , Popper Arthur N. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYFishes can regenerate lateral line and inner ear sensory hair cells that have been lost following exposure to ototoxic antibiotics. However,regenerative capabilities following noise exposure have not been explored in fish. Moreover, nothing is known about the functional relationship between hair cell damage and hearing loss, or the time course of morphological versus functional recovery in fishes. This study examines the relationship between hair cell damage and physiological changes in auditory responses following noise exposure in the goldfish (Carassius auratus). Goldfish were exposed to white noise (170 dB re. 1 μPa RMS)for 48 h and monitored for 8 days after exposure. Auditory thresholds were determined using the auditory evoked potential technique, and morphological hair cell damage was analyzed using phalloidin and DAPI labeling to visualize hair cell bundles and nuclei. A TUNEL assay was used to identify apoptotic cells. Following noise exposure, goldfish exhibited a significant temporary threshold shift (TTS; ranging from 13 to 20 dB) at all frequencies tested(from 0.2-2 kHz). By 7 days post-exposure, goldfish hearing recovered significantly (mean TTS&lt;4 dB). Increased apoptotic activity was observed in the saccules and lagenae between 0 and 2 days post-exposure. Immediately after noise exposure, the central and caudal regions of saccules exhibited significant loss of hair bundles. Hair bundle density in the central saccule recovered by the end of the experiment (8 days post-exposure) while bundle density in the caudal saccule did not return to control levels in this time frame. These data demonstrate that goldfish inner ear epithelia show damage following noise exposure and that they are capable of significant regenerative responses similar to those seen following ototoxic drug treatment. Interestingly, functional recovery preceded morphological recovery in the goldfish saccule, suggesting that only a subset of hair cells are necessary for normal auditory responses, at least to the extent that hearing was measured in this study.
Ex vivo rheology of spider silk
Authors: Kojic N. , Bico J. , Clasen C. , McKinley G. H. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARY
We investigate the rheological properties of microliter quantities of the spinning material extracted ex vivo from the major ampullate gland of a Nephila clavipes spider using two new micro-rheometric devices. A sliding plate micro-rheometer is employed to measure the steady-state shear viscosity of ∼1 μl samples of silk dope from individual biological specimens. The steady shear viscosity of the spinning solution is found to be highly shear-thinning, with a power-law index consistent with values expected for liquid crystalline solutions. Calculations show that the viscosity of the fluid decreases 10-fold as it flows through the narrow spinning canals of the spider. By contrast, measurements in a microcapillary extensional rheometer show that the transient extensional viscosity (i.e. the viscoelastic resistance to stretching) of the spinning fluid increases more than 100-fold during the spinning process. Quantifying the properties of native spinning solutions provides new guidance for adjusting the spinning processes of synthetic or genetically engineered silks to match those of the spider.
PKCγ knockout mouse lenses are more susceptible to oxidative stress damage
Authors: Lin Dingbo , Barnett Micheal , Lobell Samuel , Madgwick Daniel , Shanks Denton , Willard Lloyd , Zampighi Guido A. , Takemoto Dolores J. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYCataracts, or lens opacities, are the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Cataracts increase with age and environmental insults, e.g. oxidative stress. Lens homeostasis depends on functional gap junctions. Knockout or missense mutations of lens gap junction proteins, Cx46 or Cx50, result in cataractogenesis in mice. We have previously demonstrated that protein kinase Cγ (PKCγ) regulates gap junctions in the lens epithelium and cortex. In the current study, we further determined whether PKCγ control of gap junctions protects the lens from cataractogenesis induced by oxidative stress in vitro, using PKCγ knockout and control mice as our models. The results demonstrate that PKCγ knockout lenses are normal at 2 days post-natal when compared to control. However, cell damage, but not obvious cataract, was observed in the lenses of 6-week-old PKCγ knockout mice,suggesting that the deletion of PKCγ causes lenses to be more susceptible to damage. Furthermore, in vitro incubation or lens oxidative stress treatment by H2O2 significantly induced lens opacification (cataract) in the PKCγ knockout mice when compared to controls. Biochemical and structural results also demonstrated that H2O2 activation of endogenous PKCγ resulted in phosphorylation of Cx50 and subsequent inhibition of gap junctions in the lenses of control mice, but not in the knockout. Deletion of PKCγaltered the arrangement of gap junctions on the cortical fiber cell surface,and completely abolished the inhibitory effect of H2O2on lens gap junctions. Data suggest that activation of PKCγ is an important mechanism regulating the closure of the communicating pathway mediated by gap junction channels in lens fiber cells. The absence of this regulatory mechanism in the PKCγ knockout mice may cause those lenses to have increased susceptibility to oxidative damage.
Hot bumble bees at good food: thoracic temperature of feedingBombus wilmattaeforagers is tuned to sugar concentration
Authors: Nieh James C. , León Adolfo , Cameron Sydney , Vandame Rémy 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYThe ability of bees to generate metabolic heat plays an important role in their ability to forage and pollinate because they must achieve a minimum temperature to activate their flight muscles. In honey bees and stingless bees, the thoracic temperature of feeding foragers is correlated with the caloric value of sucrose solution provided at feeders outside the nest. We provide the first detailed data showing that this phenomenon also occurs in the closely related bumble bee and thus may be homologous in all social bees of the Apidae. Using infrared thermography, we measured Tth for Bombus wilmattae foragers (mass 0.17±0.11 g, length 15.0±1.5 mm) from six wild colonies,foraging on a range of sucrose concentrations (0.5-2.5 mol l-1,16-65% by mass) in foraging arenas. For all colonies, we measured significant increases in ΔTth (P&lt;0.0001) with increasing sucrose concentration, with significant differences(P&lt;0.0001) between colonies due to different linear regression slopes (0.28-2.4) and y-intercepts (2.7-5.5). We suggest that this modulation of pitching Tth to sucrose concentration is a general phenomenon in all social bees and may be a widespread adaptation facilitating rapid food collection in flying Hymenoptera.
The inverted schneiderian papilloma: A clinical and pathological study.
Authors: Vrabec Donald P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractInverted papillomas which arise from the lining membranes of the nose and paranasal sinuses are relatively unfamiliar lesions which have been reported in the literature under a variety of titles. The uncertainty surrounding their etiology, their relationship to nasal polyps and their malignant potential have resulted in an ill‐defined clinical approach to their management.The designation Inverted Schneiderian Papilloma is suggested as an appropriate title that best conveys the qualities of inversion, location and distinctiveness of character.The characteristic microscopic feature is the increase in thickness of the covering epithelium with extensive invasion of this hyperplastic epithelium into the underlying stroma. In the absence of a better explanation of the origin, the tumor should be considered a true epithelial neoplasm.The clinical features in 24 previously unreported cases are presented. The most common presenting complaints are nasal obstruction and epistaxis. The common site of origin is the lateral nasal wall in the region of the middle meatus and ethmoid cells. In no instance was an isolated lesion of the maxillary, frontal or sphenoid sinus present. The most characteristic attributes of the tumor were its tendency to recur, its destructive capacity and its propensity to be associated with malignancy. The common radiographic abnormality on routine sinus films was unilateral opacification of the sinuses and nasal airway. Tomography is helpful in defining the extent of the lesion and in selecting an appropriate surgical approach.A philosophy of management has evolved based on the experiences gained from these 24 patients, combined with a review of the experience of others and a study of the regional anatomy. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice. A bold surgical approach has been used for tumors involving the lateral nasal wall and paranasal sinuses. A lateral rhinotomy incision is employed and when necessary, this exposure is increased by extending the incision to split the upper lip and reflect the cheek flap as is customarily done with the Weber‐Fergusson incision. Fifteen patients have been followed for more than two years and the results have been excellent with the exception of one patient who later developed an invasive squamous carcinoma.An associated malignancy was found in 12.5 percent of the cases.A uniform system of classification is proposed in which the tumors are placed into one of three categories: 1. those which appear typical; 2. those which contain atypical features; and 3. those which contain an associated malignancy. With the uniform system of classification, reliable data may be compiled and factual correlations established between the clinical and pathologic features of the inverted Schneiderian papilloma.
The investigation of horace green
Authors: Snyder Charles 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHorace Green is often regarded as the “Father of American Laryngology.” Original in his thinking, innovative in his methods, outspoken in support of his views, Green was often violently criticized by his contemporaries. One medical society attempted to force his resignation as a member. In 1855, the New York Academy of Medicine ordered an investigation of Green and his methods. Honest to the core of his being, Green welcomed the investigation and cooperated in every way possible. Although the investigators' findings were inconclusive, time did bring vindication to Green and to some of his views.
Secondary intention healing as an adjunct to the reconstruction of mid‐facial defects
Authors: Panje William R. , Bumsted Robert M. , Ceilley Roger I. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFacial skin cancer has a high incidence during later life. The majority of our patients had been previously treated by a number of different modalities. The recurrence or persistance of their cutaneous neoplasm was often quite extensive and thus required a rather large excision to eradicate the disease. Employment of a number of small operations under local anesthesia in which the patients could return to their home environment provided for a potential reduction in psychological and physical morbidity. The use of delayed healing often allowed reconstruction with a local flap or skin graft that if reconstructed primarily would have necessitated a more extensive operative procedure. Use of local flaps and/or skin grafts avoided excessive blood loss and long periods of immobilization associated with larger regional and distant flaps. Finally the denial of reconstructive surgery because of age should be condemned since fairly small operations in conjunction with delayed wound healing can provide acceptable cosmetic and functional results.
Stapedectomy in children
Authors: House John W. , Sheehy James L. , Antunez Juan Carlos 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe records of 34 children and teenagers with a conductive hearing impairment and an intact and mobile tympanic membrane have been reviewed; 20 patients had a congenital hearing impairment. Stapedectomy was performed on 13 patients with satisfactory results in 12. In 3 cases the operation was terminated because of oval window or facial nerve abnormalities. In 4 cases there was no evidence of an ossicular problem, a so‐called inner ear conductive hearing loss.Fourteen patients had otosclerosis, the youngest being 9 years old. Twenty‐four stape‐dectomies were performed on this group with satisfactory results in 22.We conclude that the results of stapedectomy in children appear to be as satisfactory as results in adults.
Schwannomas of the head and neck in children
Authors: Hawkins Donald B. , Luxford William M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSchwannomas are relatively rare tumors that arise from Schwann cells of the sheaths of peripheral nerves. They may be found in any portion of the body. In reported series of schwannomas, the percentage of tumors in the head and neck varies from 16% to 45%. Usually demonstrating slow growth, they often have a history of long duration, and are most often diagnosed in adults. Approximately 10% of schwannomas are diagnosed in patients under 21 years of age.In this paper two children with large schwannomas of the head and neck are reported. In both, the symptoms were of relatively short duration, but physical findings suggested that the tumors had been present much longer. One patient was a 10‐year‐old female with a schwannoma filling the anterior and posterior triangles of the left side of her neck and extending superiorly to the base of the skull. The tumor intimately involved the vagus, spinal accessory, and hypoglossal nerves. The other patient was a 12‐year‐old female with a nasal tumor filling the right naris and nasopharynx. Our management of these patients is discussed.
Anti‐EBV serologic tests for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Neel H. Bryan , Pearson Gary R. , Weiland Louis H. , Taylor William F. , Lanier Anne P. , Huang Andrew T. , Goeppert Helmut H. , Hyams Vincent J. , Pilch Ben Z. , Levine Paul H. , Henle Gertrude , Henle Werner 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSixty‐three serum specimens from American patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma were examined for antibodies to antigens associated with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) and compared with 98 specimens from patients with other head and neck cancers, 133 from patients with benign head and neck diseases, and 96 from healthy donors. The level of antibody titers to EBV‐associated antigens was correlated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The anti‐EBV profile of elevated antibody titers directed against viral capsid antigen and early antigen was seen in undifferentiated and nonkeratinizing tumors but usually not in squamous cell tumors. Titers tended to rise with large increases in total tumor burden caused by distant metastases, often before clinical evidence of metastases. At the time of diagnosis, antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity testing was performed on serum samples from 46 of the patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Pretreatment titers were usually low in patients in whom recurrence developed and were high in most of the patients who had a good response to treatment and have remained free of recurrence.
Traumatic facial arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Holt G. Richard , Holt Jean Edwards , Cortez Edwin A. , Thornton William R. , Young William C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTraumatic arteriovenous malformations (AVM) represent an abnormal communication between arteries and veins and are usually complex. They occur most commonly in the extremities and are noted most often in military casualties. In the literature there are approximately 25 cases of traumatic AVM of the facial region which are angiographically documented. To these are added five documented cases from this paper, one which was proven at surgery, and one which was suspected from classical signs and symptoms but not diagnosed.The trauma leading to the AVM may be: penetrating, blunt, postsurgical, or inflammatory. A swelling of the face, pulsatile tinnitus, throbbing headache and bleeding comprise the main presenting symptoms. A bruit and thrill are usually present. Doppler ultrasonography and selective arteriography will provide the essential diagnostic information. Embolization therapy may be a helpful preoperative adjunct or may be the total therapy if surgery cannot be performed. Proper identification of the feeder vessels, surgical control of these vessels, total excision of the AVM with functional and cosmetic reconstruction of the tissue defect remain the basic principles of therapy.