bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of thromboprophylaxis with enoxaparin vs. unfractionated heparin in medical inpatients
Authors: McGarry Lisa J , Stokes Michael E , Thompson David 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
Clinical trials have shown low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) to be at least as safe and efficacious as unfractionated heparin (UFH) for preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) in acutely-ill medical inpatients.

Objective
To compare clinical and economic outcomes among acutely-ill medical inpatients receiving the LMWH enoxaparin versus UFH prophylaxis in clinical practice.

Methods
Using a large, multi-hospital, US database, we identified persons aged ≥40 years hospitalized for ≥6 days for an acute medical condition (including circulatory disorders, respiratory disorders, infectious diseases, or neoplasms) from Q4 1999 to Q1 2002. From these patients, those who received thromboprophylaxis with either enoxaparin or UFH were identified. Surgical patients and those requiring or ineligible for anticoagulation were excluded. We compared the incidence of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE), and all VTE (i.e., DVT and/or PE). Secondary outcomes were occurrence of side-effects, length of hospital stay and total costs. RESULTS: 479 patients received enoxaparin prophylaxis and 2,837 received UFH. The incidence of VTE was 1.7% with enoxaparin prophylaxis versus 6.3% with UFH (RR = 0.26; p < 0.001). Occurrence of side effects, length of stay (10.00 days with enoxaparin vs. 10.26 days with UFH; p = 0.348) and total costs ($18,777 vs. $17,602; p = 0.463) were similar in the 2 groups.

Conclusion
We observed a 74% lower risk of VTE among patients receiving enoxaparin prophylaxis versus UFH prophylaxis. There was no significant difference in side effects or economic outcomes. These results provide evidence that the LMWH enoxaparin is more effective than UFH in reducing the risk of VTE in current clinical practice.
Patterns of expansion and expression divergence in the plant polygalacturonase gene family
Authors: Kim Joonyup , Shiu Shin-Han , Thoma Sharon , Li Wen-Hsiung , Patterson Sara E 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Background
Polygalacturonases (PGs) belong to a large gene family in plants and are believed to be responsible for various cell separation processes. PG activities have been shown to be associated with a wide range of plant developmental programs such as seed germination, organ abscission, pod and anther dehiscence, pollen grain maturation, fruit softening and decay, xylem cell formation, and pollen tube growth, thus illustrating divergent roles for members of this gene family. A close look at phylogenetic relationships among Arabidopsis and rice PGs accompanied by analysis of expression data provides an opportunity to address key questions on the evolution and functions of duplicate genes.

Results
We found that both tandem and whole-genome duplications contribute significantly to the expansion of this gene family but are associated with substantial gene losses. In addition, there are at least 21 PGs in the common ancestor of Arabidopsis and rice. We have also determined the relationships between Arabidopsis and rice PGs and their expression patterns in Arabidopsis to provide insights into the functional divergence between members of this gene family. By evaluating expression in five Arabidopsis tissues and during five stages of abscission, we found overlapping but distinct expression patterns for most of the different PGs.

Conclusion
Expression data suggest specialized roles or subfunctionalization for each PG gene member. PGs derived from whole genome duplication tend to have more similar expression patterns than those derived from tandem duplications. Our findings suggest that PG duplicates underwent rapid expression divergence and that the mechanisms of duplication affect the divergence rate.
High-resolution quantitative imaging of mammalian and bacterial cells using stable isotope mass spectrometry
Authors: Lechene Claude , Hillion Francois , McMahon Greg , Benson Douglas , Kleinfeld Alan M , Kampf J Patrick , Distel Daniel , Luyten Yvette , Bonventre Joseph , Hentschel Dirk , Park Kwon Moo , Ito Susumu , Schwartz Martin , Benichou Gilles , Slodzian Georges 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Background
Secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is an important tool for investigating isotopic composition in the chemical and materials sciences, but its use in biology has been limited by technical considerations. Multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry (MIMS), which combines a new generation of SIMS instrument with sophisticated ion optics, labeling with stable isotopes, and quantitative image-analysis software, was developed to study biological materials.

Results
The new instrument allows the production of mass images of high lateral resolution (down to 33 nm), as well as the counting or imaging of several isotopes simultaneously. As MIMS can distinguish between ions of very similar mass, such as 12C15N- and 13C14N-, it enables the precise and reproducible measurement of isotope ratios, and thus of the levels of enrichment in specific isotopic labels, within volumes of less than a cubic micrometer. The sensitivity of MIMS is at least 1,000 times that of 14C autoradiography. The depth resolution can be smaller than 1 nm because only a few atomic layers are needed to create an atomic mass image. We illustrate the use of MIMS to image unlabeled mammalian cultured cells and tissue sections; to analyze fatty-acid transport in adipocyte lipid droplets using 13C-oleic acid; to examine nitrogen fixation in bacteria using 15N gaseous nitrogen; to measure levels of protein renewal in the cochlea and in post-ischemic kidney cells using 15N-leucine; to study DNA and RNA co-distribution and uridine incorporation in the nucleolus using 15N-uridine and 81Br of bromodeoxyuridine or 14C-thymidine; to reveal domains in cultured endothelial cells using the native isotopes 12C, 16O, 14N and 31P; and to track a few 15N-labeled donor spleen cells in the lymph nodes of the host mouse.

Conclusion
MIMS makes it possible for the first time to both image and quantify molecules labeled with stable or radioactive isotopes within subcellular compartments.
Roentgenology as an aid in the practice of Otology and Rhinology.
Authors: Hasty Frederick E. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract1. Roentgenology can be so used as to lend great assistance to the otolaryngologist in the study of the anatomy of many of the structures with which he has to deal2. While not infallible, Roentgenology is an indispensable aid in the study of the diseases in the bony cavities of the structures about the head3. It is the duty of the otolaryngologist to interpret Roentgeno‐grams of his patients4. Radiopaque solutions are indispensable in the radiographic study of the paranasal sinuses5. In many instances disease in the paranasal sinuses is located beneath the lining membrane. Therefore, there is but little, if any, pus formation in the cavity6. Good Roentgenograms of the ethmoid and sphenoid cells will outline the anatomy, and in many instances will give valuable information of the pathological changes in these structures7. Roentgenology is indispensable in the practice of otolaryngology, but it should not be expected to prevail over the indications of a good examination and a carefully taken and dependable history.
Petrositis, meningitis (streptococcus beta); sulfanilamide, drainage, recovery; Report of case
Authors: Jackson C. C. Roe 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAlready, the number of cases of hemolytic streptococcic meningitis responding favorably to the therapeutic effect of sulfanilamide or its compounds and assisting factors is increasing daily. No attempt is herein made to review the literature, to group the cases collectively according to the mode of entry, or to embark upon any lengthy discussion. Suffice it to say, that there arises in each case, no matter how closely it may resemble some other reported one, an entirely different picture; and, again, we realize that every case is a law unto itself. Everyone is cognizant of the fact that the features bearing on this variability are involved with anatomical background and influenced by developmental and intercurrent phenomena, such as infection and immunity.
Recent experiences with closed wound suction in surgery of the head and neck.
Authors: von Leden Hans 
Published: September 2006

AbstractContinuous closed wound suction provides an effective method for the postoperative drainage of major surgical procedures about the head and neck. This technique encourages primary approximation and early revascularization of large skin flaps, and eliminates the need for bulky pressure dressings.A self‐contained portable kit for closed wound suction assures continuous even negative pressure, and permits early ambulation. A clinical review indicates a marked diminution in the incidence of wound infections and necrosis, and a corresponding decrease in the morbidity.(A motion picture accompanied this presentation.)
Experiences with interposition during partial stapedectomy.
Authors: Ruggles Richard L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractEighty‐one cases of otosclerosis were operated upon, using the interposition of the posterior crus upon Gelfoam (R) from October 1960 to October 1961. The technique is described briefly and the results tabulated. Twenty‐four and eight‐tenths per cent of these had closure of the air‐bone gap, 54.4 per cent reached 10 db gap (total of 79.2 per cent); 7.2 per cent reached 15 db gap; 8.6 per cent reached 35 db gap; 3.7 per cent showed no gain; one case had a further conductive loss and one had a minimal cochlear loss. These last two had obliteration of the footplate by severe otosclerosis. One‐half of the 14.8 per cent revised were done with good improvement.The advantages of the operation are several: Good hearing can be obtained, no permanent foreign substance is used, the stapedial tendon is still functional in preventing acoustic trauma and displacement of crus into the vestibule; there is no evidence of cochlear damage due to surgery.
Mediastinal dissection for recurrent cancer after laryngectomy
Authors: Sisson George A. , Straehley Clifford J. , Johnson Norman E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA technique for radical dissection of the superior mediastinum which includes the repositioning of the trachea has been described with emphasis upon the importance of protecting the trachea from the great vessels. This procedure, as used upon six cases of recurrent stomal cancer after laryngectomy, is described in detail. The feasibility of adapting this technique to control and cure advanced subglottic lesions is suggested.
Tumors of the major salivary glands
Authors: Skolnik Emanuel M. , Friedman Michael , Becker Stephen , Sisson George A. , Keyes Geoffrey R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTumors of the major salivary glands are reviewed according to classification, location, surgical procedure and end results. Our data of the incidence of benign and malignant tumors show that the most commonly involved area is the parotid gland and the most frequent is of the mixed variety.In the parotid region 80 percent are benign and 20 percent are malignant; whereas, in the submandibular gland, the malignant and benign tumors are equally distributed. The need for an extensive surgical attack and inclusion of contiguous structure is dictated by the nature of the malignant disease. The role of postoperative irradiation is discussed as is the indication for neck dissection.Management of the facial nerve, relative to malignant tumors of the parotid gland, is considered in detail.
Oral manifestations of herpes simplex virus infections
Authors: Birt Derek , From Lynn , Main James 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMost individuals are infected with Herpes Simplex in childhood usually suffering a mild febrile illness of no consequence. Later some individuals suffer recurrent infections which appear as cold sores on the lip while others intermittently shed virus in the oro‐pharygeal secretions. Adults uninfected in childhood may be exposed to viruses for example by kissing and develop an acute primary herpes with fever and gingivo‐stomatitis occasionally requiring hospital admission.Awareness of this condition is required for diagnosis after which the majority of patients seen in otolaryngological practice need only supportive therapy, explanation and reassurance. Recurrent cold sores are no more than a nuisance in most patients, but occasionally they are severe and in others the cold sore may precipitate oral erythema multiforme. Unfortunately the treatments available for recurrent cold sores are rather unsatisfactory.
Facial injuries in hockey players
Authors: Rontal Eugene , Rontal Michael , Wilson Kent , Cram Barclay 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAs otolaryngologists become more involved with maxillofacial trauma, we are encountering an increasing number of athletic injuries. Ice hockey accounts for a large number of these facial injuries. The fast moving and random nature of the game, frequent body and equipment contact and lack of protective devices, predisposes the hockey player to facial injury. Because of the roughly tenfold increase in hockey participation over the last decade, the problem of facial injury prevention has become a significant public health problem in North America.Review of the medical literature shows a paucity of interest in the subject of facial injury prevention in hockey. Several articles have dealt with ocular injury, while other articles have dealt with the general subject of hockey injury with only scant attention paid to the facial area.A retrospective study was carried out to more clearly define the scope of the facial injury problem. Four levels of hockey play were examined. Individuals from the youngest and most inexperienced to seasoned professionals were studied. An individually completed questionnaire was received from players in each group. It is the purpose of this paper to indicate the rates of injury for the various types of facial trauma, present their mechanisms of occurrence and discuss means of preventing facial injury in hockey players.
Fractures of the orbital floor
Authors: Crumley Roger L. , Leibsohn Joel , Krause Charles J. , Burton Thomas C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe charts of 324 patients treated for 363 orbital floor fractures between 1965 and 1973 were reviewed retrospectively. Of these, 38 (11 percent) were isolated floor fractures, 27 (8 percent) were rim and floor fractures, 168 (46 percent) were trimalar fractures and 130 (35 percent) were associated with complex facial fractures.On initial examination, 31 percent of the patients were found to have diplopia and 4 percent enophthalmos. Orbital prolapse was suspected in 31 percent of the patients. Thirty‐seven percent of the patients had demonstrable ocular injury at the time of initial examination.Treatment was surgical in 336 of the fractures and non‐surgical in 29. Of the surgical patients 140 had no support placed, 120 had antral support only, 51 had both antral support and orbital implant, and 20 had an orbital implant only.Postpperatively the incidence of diplopia was 8 percent in all patients, and 7 percent had enophthalmos. A smaller group followed for more than five months were found to have diplopia in 17 percent and enophthalmos in 11 percent. Of the 29 patients treated non‐surgically, none had persistent diplopia.
Mucous glands in the developing human rhinopharynx
Authors: Tos Mirko 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn 42 fetuses and prematures, the entire mucosa from the rhinopharynx was stained by various whole‐mount methods. The development, growth, spread, distribution, situation, and size of the glands were determined. The development starts in the 11th week below the tubal orifice, whence the glands spread to the entire rhinopharynx. The number increases gradually by about 60‐70 glands a week. By the 23rd week, there are 1,100‐1,200 glands in the rhinopharynx. After that juncture, there is presumably no further new formation. The density and size of the glands were at a maximum in Rosenmiiller's recess, below the tubal orifice, and in the salpingo‐pharyngeal fold, least anterior to the tubal orifice and at the junction to the pharynx. The role of the sero‐mucous glands in the rhinopharynx under normal and abnormal conditions is discussed.
Malignant melanoma of conjunctiva metastatic to parotid gland. reports of cases and discussion of surgical management
Authors: Travis Lawrence W. , Rice Dale H. , Mcclatchey Kenneth D. , Wallace S. Willard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractInvasive malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva is a rare neoplasm fatal in 40% of cases. Accepted techniques of surgical management include wide local excision, conjunctivectomy, and exenteration. Recently lymphatic dissections have been proposed, but not described, for invasive conjunctival melanoma. We present five cases of invasive conjunctival melanoma, including two with intraglandular parotid metastases. The surgical management of these patients is presented, and a proposal is made for radical bloc dissection of the orbital contents and regional lymphatics. The histology of conjunctival melanoma is discussed, and a classification proposed to assist the head and neck surgical team in the management of this disease.
Comparison of caloric and sinusoidal tests in the vestibulotoxic cat
Authors: Reder Michael S. , Mathog Robert H. , Capps Mary Jayne 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn order to evaluate the relative sensitivity of caloric and sinusoidal angular acceleration tests, thermal and rotational stimuli were administered to cats rendered vestibulotoxic with streptomycin sulfate. Three groups of six cats each, receiving daily subcutaneous injections of saline, 100 mg/kg streptomycin or 200 mg/kg streptomycin, were administered optokinetic, caloric and sinusoidal stimuli. Vestibular responses were evaluated by changes in the total slow phase displacement of the eyes and frequency of nystagmic beats.The results demonstrated that the saline treated animals had a decrease in response consistent with habituation; whereas, experimental animals showed a marked, rapid abolition of eye movement. The decrease in response was greater for the larger dose of streptomycin. Caloric or sinusoidal acceleration tests were equally sensitive in monitoring the degree of nystagmic depression. The data suggested that sinusoidal acceleration tests could be easily applied to the clinical vestibular assessment of ototoxicity.
Audiograms derived from the brain stem response
Authors: Mitchell Curt , Clemis Jack D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNineteen normal and 22 hearing impaired subjects were used in this study. Thresholds were determined by the following methods: 1. behavioral continuous tone, 2. behavioral tone burst, and 3. the brain stem electric response (BER) with tone bursts. A comparison of the BER thresholds with the behavioral thresholds are made for each subject. The difference between these three measures of threshold suggests that audiograms can be derived from the brain stem response threshold. The derived audiogram compares favorably with conventional audiograms. However, it must be remembered that the brain stem response is not hearing.
Postinflammatory osteogenic fixation of the stapes
Authors: Shea M. Coyle 
Published: September 2006

AbstractStapes fixation existing with chronic otitis media has been attributed usually to either tympanosclerosis or concomitant otosclerosis. A different type of stapes fixation has been encountered which the author has termed “post‐inflammatory osteogenic stapes fixation.” One thousand five hundred and two surgical procedures for chronic otitis media were reviewed with 112 rigid stapes fixations found of which 19 were classified as postinflammatory osteogenic stapes fixation. Surgical techniques were discussed, case histories were presented, and photomicrographs were shown illustrating two varieties of post‐inflammatory osteogenic stapes fixations classified according to the side of the fixing lesion. The etiology and pathogenesis of this condition were felt to have a direct relationship to infection and prior surgery. Post‐inflammatory osteogenic stapes fixation probably occurs more frequently than realized. Further research is needed to evaluate this type of stapes fixation.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF OTITIS MEDIA—AN INTERRACIAL STUDY
Authors: Griffith Thomas E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAn epidemiologic study was done comparing blacks versus whites with regard to the incidence of altered middle ear function or otitis media. Three separate groups were evaluated. All variables were controlled except for race. There appears to be statistically significant less otitis media or altered middle ear function in the black race than the white race.
Brain stem electric response audiometry in the differential diagnosis of acoustic tumors
Authors: Clemis Jack D. , Gee Therese Mc 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA brief history of the advances made in acoustic tumor diagnosis and treatment is presented indicating the benefits derived therefrom over the past 15 years. The recent application of brain stem electric response audiometry (BERA) as related to tumors affecting the auditory nerve is reviewed. Patients were considered to have a positive test result for tumor detection (abnormal BER) when their responses showed one of three characteristics: 1. wave V latencies were significantly different from the normal mean, 2. the interaural latency difference (ILD) was greater than .3 msec. (.4 msecs when the hearing loss was greater than 65 db HL), or 3. no response could be recognized at suprathreshold levels. An abnormal BER result was observed in 92.6% of 27 surgically proven tumors in this study. Two patients with surgically proven tumors had a false‐negative test. In a series of 115 nontumor patients with asymmetric sensorineural hearing losses of multiple etiology, one in three had an abnormal BER result. All conductive losses increased wave V latency values. The authors have concluded that an abnormal ILD is far from pathogmonic for a tumor affecting the auditory nerve; interpretive caution is recommended with even small conductive hearing losses. False‐negative responses are few, false‐positive responses are common (relative to tumor diagnosis). BERA is the most efficient audiometric test available today in our search for tumors affecting the auditory nerve. As such, this test probably heralds a new era in diagnostic audiology.