bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Military Forces within Foreign Territory under Peace Arrangements — Ramifications of 20th Century Historic Experience upon Possible Arrangements between Israel and Arab Countries
Authors: Bialer Uri 
Published: March 2007

The problem of the possible existence of Israeli military bases within Arab territories occupied in June 1967 following prospective peace arrangements between Israel and Arab states is examined from a 20th century historical perspective. The research specifies seven historic arrangements made subsequent to wars or conflicts under which one party was permitted military presence within the other's territory. It then suggests a typology and general characteristics of this group of peace treaties which has so far been ignored as a group in various studies dealing with resolution of conflicts, end of wars, and international law. It is claimed first that this researched element is an exception in our century's peace agreements; second, that there are some basic common conditions leading to such treaties; third, that the substantial difference among them as far as the degree of voluntarism connected with the consent to foreign presence is concerned, enables a useful division to be made into 'enforced agreements' on the one hand and 'common interest agreements' on the other; and fourth, that the extent of voluntarism crucially determined the success of the arrangements with regard to the parties' interests and the time within which they were effective. Although neither a Syrian—Israeli peace treaty under which some Israeli military presence is maintained on the Golan Heights nor a treaty with Jordan under which such presence is maintained on the West Bank directly fit the typology suggested, this typology may nevertheless be employed to illuminate various aspects of these possible agreements. It is suggested that the only peace treaty which would accurately be in accordance with the typology is a treaty between Israel and a Palestinian state. It would form part of the 'enforced agreements' category. Drawing on the analysis, the article proposes some policy implications for Israel in this issue.
The Illusion of State Power: Transnational Corporations and the Neutralization of Host-Country Legislation
Authors: Biersteker Thomas J. 
Published: March 2007

Ten years ago there was widespread agreement that transnational corporations constrained the exercise of state power in the Third World. During the 1970s, however, there have been increasing challenges to this idea. Neo-conservatives, neo-mercantilists, bargaining writers, and statists have all been struck by the growth of economic nationalism and the resurgence of the state. Thus, a new orthodoxy has emerged which suggests that the transnational corporation rather than national sovereignty is increasingly 'at bay'. The research described in this article examined the responses of transnational corporations to Nigeria's increasingly stringent indigenization policies during the 1970s. Transnational corporations have developed a range of defensive strategies which effectively neutralize the Nigerian policy. Thus it is clear first that an increase in the frequency of state actions is by no means equivalent to an increase in the effectiveness of state actions. Second, the sharing of equity is a long way from the sharing of control in joint ventures with transnational corporations. Third, any assessment of the balance of bargaining power between states and transnational corporations must take account of the dynamics of change within each of the major protagonists. Changes have taken place in the relationship between states and transnational corporations during the 1970s. However, most observers have ignored the defensive responses and capabilities of transnational corporations. The balance of bargaining power between host- countries and transnational corporations has not shifted either as far or as quickly as most of the advocates of the 'resurgence of the state' literature maintain.
Self-Activation of the World Nuclear Weapons System
Authors: Bereanu Bernard 
Published: March 2007

It is shown that two antagonistic global nuclear weapons systems engaged in the arms race evolve in time in to a single uncontrollable randomly self-activating stockpile. This is due to the essential dynamics of the de velopments in nuclear weapons and is a special feature of the race in this type of weaponry not revealed by traditional mathematical models of the arms race. A mathematical model, which takes into consideration the qualitative changes involved in the race in this type of weapons as well as the inherent random behaviour of complex computer software of Early Warning Systems (EWSs), provides a framework for computing the probability of self-activation of the world nuclear weapons system. Faster delivery to targets of nuclear wea pons through technological development and/or deployment of new nuclear weapons vehicles nearer to tar get can drastically increase this probability. Conditions under which the arms race leads to such self-activa tion with probability 1, are given. The dangers involved by the increased dependence of the nuclear weapons systems on computers, arising from the impossibility to avoid errors in the corresponding software, are discussed in some detail. Assuming certain conditions for reduction in the nuclear arsenals of the two op posing systems considered, an approach to minimizing the probability of self-activation is presented. The paper offers a technical proof that the adage 'we shall have to live with nuclear weapons' is contradic tory. The model used is validated by published information on the random behaviour of a real EWS and the present trends in the development of new nuclear weapon systems, details of which are given in the notes at the end of the paper.
The Militarization of Space and International Law
Authors: Rosas Allan 
Published: March 2007

During recent years it has become apparent that space is an important theater for the military activities and aspirations of the great powers. The scenarios of war in space have moved from the field of pure science fiction-oriented speculations to become part of arms race and arms control discussions. It has been estimated that some 75% of all satellites orbiting earth are performing mainly military tasks such as surveillance, early-warning, communications and navigation. The military importance of satellites has in turn inspired military planners to develop anti-satellite systems. And the feasibility of various space- based weapon systems to be used against targets on the ground or against attacking strategic missiles has from time to time been studied in defence departments. These developments have implications not only for the use of space as such but also for the strategic balance between the leading great powers.
KNOBSAR: A Knowledge Based System Prototype for Robot Assisted Urban Search and Rescue
Authors: Blitch John G. , Maurer Ruth 
Published: March 2007

Few disasters inspire more compassion for victims and families than those involving structural collapse situations. Media audiences also sympathize, however, with heroic rescue personnel who are faced with a tremendously complex, hazardous, and often frustrating task environment. Rescue activities in the aftermath of recent earthquakes and bombings indicate a tremendous need for greater access to denied areas within any crisis site involving collapsed structures. Recent developments in the remote inspection industry show great potential for employment of small robotic micro- rover systems in expanded roles for Urban Search and Rescue (USAR). Similar progress in computer science research indicates an increasing role for simulation oriented modeling and intelligent decision support tools in USAR resource management procedures. This paper discusses key issues in the application of robotic systems to Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) activities and discusses ongoing development of a knowledge based system for efficient management of automated search assets.
Application of Phase Microscopy to Textile Fiber Research
Authors: Reumuth H. 
Published: March 2007

Considerable attention is being given to applications of a comparatively recent develop ment in the field of microscopy known as "phase microscopy" ( also called "phase difference" and "phase contrast microscopy"). An ordinary light microscope is transformed into a phase microscope by placing light-controlling diffraction plates in the objective lens system. By the use of this device the full aperture of the objective lens may be used, thus eliminating the dis tortion which frequently occurs when the condenser is stopped down and revealing details which are not observable with the ordinary light microscope. In the United States the Research Department of the Scientific Instrument Division, Ameri can Optical Company, has independently developed a phase microscope which is being used by a number of organizations in a variety of fields including biology, medicine, mineralogy, and textiles. Bennett et al. [ 1] have described the phase microscope and have discussed the theoretical principles upon which it is based. These theoretical principles are also set forth in an excellent paper by Köhler and Loos, a translation of which appears on page 82 of this issue. This article, which illustrates typical applications of the phase microscope in the textile field, . is a translation of a manuscript obtained by Mr. Werner von Bergen, Technical Intelligence In vestigator in Germany, for the Office of The Quartermaster General, from Dr. H. Reumuth, formerly of the Microscopic Laboratory of I. G. Farbenindustrie at Höchst. The transla tion is by members of the staff of that laboratory.—Editor
The Use of Phototropic Camouflage Colorants in Combat Clothing to Protect Against Nuclear Flash Radiation
Authors: Weissbein Leonard 
Published: March 2007

A theoretical analysis was undertaken to explore the feasibility of using phototropic camouflage colorants in combat clothing for protection against the intense flash pulse emitted by a nuclear bomb detonation. Such colorants would undergo rearrangement to colorless forms in the initial stage of the nuclear flash pulse, thereby increasing the re flectivity of the fabric, and would revert to the colored form when the flash pulse sub sides. In this analysis, rate equations describing the behavior of a model phototropic color ant in bright sunlight and its response to a defined nuclear flash pulse were derived. These equations were used to explore feasibility on theoretical grounds in terms of kinetic considerations. Feasibility was indicated, theoretically at least, provided , certain requirements could be met. These requirements were expressed by the relative magnitudes of the rate constants of the photoinduced decoloration and the thermally induced color restoration processes, and the activation energy associated with the latter, process. There was also indication from the kinetic considerations, that in subsequent screening studies for suitable phototropic colorants provision must be made for detect ing transient decoloration cycles with duration times of less than one second.
A Study of Factors Influencing the Tensile Fatigue Behavior of Yarns
Authors: Frank F. , Singleton R.W. 
Published: March 2007

A new instrument capable of recording the load-extension behavior of a yarn in cyclic testing is described. The instrument is constructed in such a fashion that it is possible to vary both the humidity and the temperature of the air in which the yarn is tested. Frequency and amplitude are also variable over a limited range. It is shown that the range of fatigue lifetimes of yarns in cycling conforms to the Weibull distribution, which is based on the theory of extreme values. Experimental evidence indicates that increased "plasticization" brought about by heat and/or water tends to increase the fatigue life of fibers. The failure of twisted yarns in fatigue testing is different than that observed in un twisted structures This fact points out the difficulty in extrapolating the results pre sented here to actual tire cord failures.
Some Microbial-Resistant Compounds of Zirconium and Their Effect on Cotton
Authors: Conner C. James , Cooper A.S. , Reeves W.A. , Trask B.A. 
Published: March 2007

New antimicrobial agents suitable for use on cotton fabrics have been made by reacting certain zirconium compounds with inorganic and organometallic compounds. Several zirconium compounds have been examined for this purpose, but most of the research has been done with zirconyl acetate and zirconyl ammonium carbonate. Both of these water-soluble zirconium compounds have been found to solubilize a number of antimicrobial agents. Although several agents have been studied, most emphasis has been placed upon inexpensive copper compounds and a lesser amount on phenylmercury salts. The antimicrobial agents are made water-soluble by reacting them with one of the zirconium compounds. When the aqueous solutions are heated to dryness the, active ions of the antimicrobial agents form insoluble products with zirconium. If zirconium acetate is used as the solubilizing agent, basic zirconyl acetate is a component of the insoluble deposit. However, when zirconyl ammonium carbonate is the solubilizing agent, zirconia is found combined with the antimicrobial agent. Structural formulae are given to illustrate some of the water-soluble products and also the insoluble products that are thought to result from heating the soluble materials. The results of water leaching and substantivity are given. Cotton fabrics are finished with the antimicrobial agents by padding them through stable solutions of the solubilized compounds, then drying at elevated temperatures. Treated fabrics have a high degree of resistance to degradation by micro-organisms when tested by soil burial and outdoor exposure methods. For example, 10-oz duck treated with copper borate solubilized with zirconyl ammonium carbonate to deposit copper bis(borato zirconic acid) retained 100% strength after five weeks in a rot bed and remained free of mildew and algae growth for many months on outdoor exposure. There appears to be a number of advantages of the new zirconium compounds over antimicrobial agents in current commercial use. The new agents have the advantage of: (i) good resistance to micro-organisms; (ii) good durability; (iii) lower cost than copper-8-quinolinolate; (iv) no odor; and (v) some resistance to action degradation.
The Rating of Yarns for Short-Term Unevenness
Authors: Bornet G.M. 
Published: March 2007

Two surveys for unevenness were conducted between 1956 and 1960. They covered yarns spun on the worsted and on the cotton systems. They provide a broad picture of the unevenness of yarns produced commercially in Canada and in some other coun tries. Because of the wide coverage, the yarns are considered to be representative of spinning on the worsted and cotton systems. A total of 438 yarns were included, 282 of them spun in 62 Canadian mills, and 156 yarns coming from 55 mills in ten other countries. Of the 438 yarns, 104 were worsted, 151 carded cotton, 69 combed cotton, and 114 man-made fibers. A large range of counts were covered, from 310 to 7.6 tex. Short-term unevenness was found to vary greatly from yarn to yarn. A major factor in this variation is the count of the yarn ; finer yarns tend to be more uneven. Both the unevenness as measured on the unevenness tester and a calculated "index of unev enness" (based on Martindale's "random" unevenness) depend on yarn count. A modified index, the Unevenness Level, was developed. It eliminates the influence of yarn "size" (that is, of yarn count and of fiber fineness) and can serve to rate the "spinner's per formance." It is a modification of the index of unevenness and is based on a Poisson model intermediate between Martindale's and Temmerman's. It is proposed for the rating of varns spun on the cotton and on the worsted systems.
The Mechanism of Setting and the Release of Set in Water
Authors: Caldwell J.B. , Leach S.J. , Mtlligan Brian 
Published: March 2007

The rates of release of wool yarns set under a variety of conditions have been measured. There is a rapid initial loss of set followed by a slower loss that is linear with the logarithm of time of release. Partial destruction of free thiol groups in the set yarns decreases the extent of the rapid phase, but has no effect on the rate of the slow phase. These effects are similar to those produced by prolonged setting. If free thiol groups are completely destroyed or if the set yarns are released in Acid. even the rate of the slow phase is decreased. In order to, explain these and other results, we have postulated that two different types of contractile structures arise during setting. These are disorganized (but extended) regions, and β-crystallites. Contraction of the former causes loss of set in the rapid phase, whereas collapse of β-crystallites is responsible for the slow logarithmic loss of set. The rapid phase may be divided into two stages, only one of which requires thiol/disulfide interchange. The slow phase also requires thiol disultide interchange, but in this case does not normally limit the rate of release.
Chemical Reactions Involved in the Shrinkproofing of Wool by Oxidation-Sulfite Processes
Authors: Sweetman B.J. , Maclaren J.A. 
Published: March 2007

The production of shrink resistance in wool by treatments which involve oxidation by peracetate on permonosulphate and subsequent treatment with sulphite is shown to be dependent on particular chemical reactions. These reactions have been followed by disulfide and thiol analyses on intact and hydrolyzed wool samples and also by measure ments of rate of uptake of35SO32-from solution by wool.Oxidation 'of wool with dilute peracetic acid converts the disulfide groups into di sulfide monoxide and dioxide, thus facilitating fission by nucleophilic reagents such as sulfite or cyanide. The results support the theory of Neish and Speakman that shrink resistance in wool is produced by fission of disulfide bonds.
Cotton Fiber Structure and Physical Properties Altered by Environment
Authors: Grant James N. , Orr Rollin S. , Powell Robert D. 
Published: March 2007

By varying light and temperature, differences in diurnal ring structure were produced in cotton fibers from inbred lines of Deltapine 14 and Rex 25C belonging to the species Gossypium hirsutum. The relationships of the secondary wall structure to physical and chemical properties were then investigated. When fibers were swollen with a mixture of cuprammonium and cupriethylene diamine hydroxides solutions, optical microscopic methods indicated that variations in the temperature had caused a diurnal ring structure. If the temperature was held constant, even though the light varied by alternating with dark periods, no diurnal rings were observed. When fibers were swollen with a methanol-water mixture and embedded in methyl methacrylate, the electron microscope method of layer expansion technique indicated no differences in the cell-wall structure related to the light and temperature fluctuations. Although segments of the secondary wall, with and' without rings ruptured tangential to the primary wall and followed the pattern of a ring structure, no evidence was found that the rupture planes were correlated with the ring structure when such existed. The period between flowering and boll opening varied with environmental conditions; the shortest period occurred when the temperature was constant at 85°F and the light was continuous. The gross properties of fibers, such as linear density. length, and maturity, differed with growth conditions. For cottons grown under controlled environments, the varia tions were small in cellulose density, percentage of crystalline cellulose, cellulose orienta tion, and moisture regain. At a constant angle of cellulose orientation, cottons with the diurnal rings were stronger and by bundle test methods, had slightly lower elongations at break. When the cottons of different ring structures were treated with a cross-linking agent, the cottons with no rings decreased in strength and elongation slightly more than the cottons with rings. The tensile properties showed the most consistent relations to the diurnal ring structure, but differences between cottons with and without rings were small.
Compounding Chlorinated Polyethylene Elastomers for High Temperature Service
Authors: Blanchard Robert R. 
Published: March 2007

The inherent chemical inertness of peroxide cured, chem ically saturated CPE elastomers provides an opportunity for the formula tion of compounds with excellent resistance to high temperature environ ments. Data contained in this paper demonstrate that, with the proper choice of compounding ingredients, elongation and tensile losses less than 25% after aging 7 days at 302° F (150°C) in air can be attained. In the same compounds compression set can be kept below 30% (70 hrs at 302° F). To take advantage of these desirable heat aging properties, low mole cular weight plasticizers or extender oils, the mineral fillers evaluated in this study, and high reactive lead stabilizers must be avoided. Polymers with lower chlorine content should be chosen when heat aging is im portant. The antioxidant level should be minimized because antioxidants usually interfere with peroxide cure systems Compound contaminants, such as zinc oxide, should be minimized in CPE elastomer compounds that are expected to heat age. It is hoped that the information contained in this paper will assist the rubber chemist in developing new or improved elastomeric compounds that meet many of the current and future requirements for high temperature service
Ozone Resistance of Highly Saturated Nitrile Rubber (HNBR)
Authors: Nakagawa T. , Toya T. , Oyama M. 
Published: March 2007

Ozone resistance of highly saturated nitrile rubber (HNBR) has been studied; the effect of hydrogenation progress of HNBR was evaluated at various ozone test conditions such as static, dynamic, and sequential condi tions. Dependence of its hydrogenation progress on ozone resistance is discussed by using parameters of Ii, Iodine value which enhanced ozone resistance of base NBR, Io, Iodine value which demonstrates no cracks for 1000 hours, and Δ, the slope of ozone crack initiation time against Iodine value. Ozone resistance of HNBR was compared with that of typical specialty elastomers. Fully saturated HNBR exhibits excellent ozone resistance.