bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Study of the Fundamentals of Lubrication with the Aid of Large Metal Crystals
Authors: Gwathmey Allan T. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryExperiments have been conducted with the aid of single crystals of copper which show that the chemical properties of the unit crystal and the processes of friction and wear depend on the crystal face exposed at the surface. The chemical reactions studied included oxidation, wetting, and corrosion. Static friction between bare copper crystals from which all oxide had been removed was found to vary by a factor of four, depending on the face exposed at the surface. When a single crystal was corroded by hot oils it was found that some faces became very rough while others remained very smooth, and this relative smoothness of the surface was shown to affect wear through a film of lead very greatly. The chemical attack of the metals by lubricants and the process of wear between metals was affected greatly by the presence of oxygen in the surrounding atmosphere.
QUANTITATION OF STARCH GEL ELECTROPHORESIS*
Authors: Pert James H. , Pinteric Les 
Published: December 2006

SummaryQuantitative high‐voltage starch gel electrophoresis has been found to be useful as an analytical tool in the study of purified proteins. Much new information can be obtained about complex solutions, such as human plasma, with this method. One of the objectives has been to develop a procedure for high‐speed scanning of large numbers of samples so that the results could be programmed for a digital computer and statistical evaluations could be made. The difficulties of achieving this objective have been discussed, and a new approach to instrumentation is presented that is designed to minimize these problems.
PREPARATIVE ELECTROPHORESIS OF PROTEINS IN ACRYLAMIDE GELS*
Authors: Maizel Jacob V. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARY(1) A simple apparatus is described for adaption of the “disc” electrophoresis techniques to a preparative procedure that permits analytic and radioactive monitoring of the effluent fractions automatically.(2) The efficiency of the procedure for separating a model system consisting of ribonuclease, trypsin, and chymotrypsin has been demonstrated. In addition, preliminary results concerning the separation of the unexpected multiple proteins of poliovirus are presented.
STARCH GEL IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS*
Authors: Poulik M. D. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe present status of the starch gel immunoelectrophoretic techniques was reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of the variety of techniques were demonstrated. New techniques employing electrophoresis in buffers containing urea and applicable to immunoanalytical studies of structural subunits, polypeptide chains, and large peptides of gamma globulins and other proteins were described and examples given. The importance of the resolving power of the media used for the electrophoretic separation prior to the immunoanalysis was discussed.
A COMPARISON OF AGAR AND ACRYLAMIDE GEL MICROIMMUNOELECTROPHORETIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE SEPARATION OF URINARY COLLOIDS*
Authors: Keutel H. J. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe differences in the immunoreaction in both gels are small, especially if one knows their origin. Polyacrylamide has the general advantage of being technically easier to handle and quicker than agar gel. The minor expenditure of working time, the shorter running time, the higher elasticity, especially preferable for solid samples, overcome the disadvantage of the longer time required for the immunoreaction. And it is especially important and useful that with pqlyacrylamide gel you can examine several protein solutions simultaneously on one plate under equivalent conditions. This is very convenient for investigation of optimal antigen‐antibody concentrations and for testing of unknown antisera.
STUDIES ON THE GUINEA PIG SERUM FACTOR THAT DETECTS NATURALLY OCCURRING DELAYED ISO‐HYPERSENSITIVITY*
Authors: Lieberman G. , Edelstein G. , Dannis I. M. , Datta S. P. , Battisto J. R. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe heritable serum factor that detects naturally occurring delayed‐type iso‐hypersensitivity in guinea pigs was found to be elutable from starch gels following electrophoresis of whole serum. About one‐third of the factor applied was recovered from an area of several bands, devoid of haptoglobins and transferrins, that lies ahead of the slow alpha globulins and behind the fast alpha globulins. The serum factor containing fraction had about 0.5 per cent of the protein content of whole serum. When electrophoresed on paper strips the starch‐gel‐eluted fraction traveled into the beta globulin zone.
BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE ISOZYMES: CERTAIN METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS*
Authors: Vesell Elliot S. , Brody Irwin A. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryNumerous biological applications of multiple molecular forms of an enzyme are currently being employed. These applications frequently depend on comparisons of isozyme patterns observed on the starch gel. Some of the methodological factors that significantly affect the LDH isozyme pattern observed on the starch gel have been studied and include extraction procedures, storage of extracts, activity of material applied to the gel, conditions during electrophoresis, and concentration of reagents in the incubating medium. The results revealed LDH 5 to be more sensitive than the other isozymes to several of these factors. Conditions are described for visualization of a hitherto unobserved “y” band in human tissues.
ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION OF MULTIPLE FORMS OF PARTICLE ASSOCIATED ACID PHOSPHATASE
Authors: Allen John M. , Gockerman Jon 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe acid phosphatases of rat liver mitochondrial‐lysosomal fractions have been examined by quantitative and electrophoretic means. Disruption of mitochondrial‐lysosomal material by freeze‐thawing, sonication, or by blendor treatment released approximately 55.0 to 65.0 per cent of the total acid phosphatase activity of the fraction into the unsedimentable phase. Electrophoretic preparations of this material showed a single acid phosphatase‐active site. Treatment of mitochondrial‐lysosomal fractions with 5.0 per cent Triton X‐100 released 98.0 per cent of the total acid phosphatase activity of the fraction into the unsedimentable phase. Electrophoretic preparations of this material showed two major sites of acid phosphatase activity. One of these was identical to that resolved following physical disruption. The other site was characteristically seen only after treatment with Triton X‐100. This acid phosphatase was also released by treatment with digitonin but to a lesser extent. Quantitative and electrophoretic examination indicated that both components of acid phosphatase were concentrated in the mitochondrial‐lysosomal fraction. Physical separation of the acid phosphatase released by detergent treatment from the acid phosphatase released by physical disruption was achieved. It was concluded that two categories of acid phosphatase may reside in lysosomal particles. These phosphatases differ in the nature of their binding to lysosomal structure as well as in their electrophoretic properties.
DISC ELECTROPHORESIS ANALYSIS OF SIALIDASE FROM INFLUENZA VIRUS*
Authors: Seto J. T. , Hokama Y. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryDisc electrophoresis per se and in combination with immunodiffusion procedures facilitated the characterization of sialidase. Irrespective of the isolation procedures, sialidase of influenza virus (A2 Japan 305/57) appeared to be electrophoretically heterogeneous. This was indicated by disc electrophoresis and analysis of eluates in the “segmentation experiments” and by the “disc immunodiffusion” techniques. It was further noted that “purified” sialidase in phosphate buffer stored at 0 to 5°C. dissociated and simultaneously lost 90 per cent of its enzyme activity. The procedures described above proved valuable, particularly when analyzing limited quantities of material.
ALVEOLAR HYPOVENTILATION WITH NORMAL LUNGS: THE SYNDROME OF PRIMARY OR CENTRAL ALVEOLAR HYPOVENTILATION *
Authors: Seriff Nathan S. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThis paper describes the cases of primary or central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome that have been reported, as well as three previously unreported cases seen in our hospital. Although the presenting symptoms of the patients were quite different, physiologically they were quite similar. Significant neurological disease was noted to coexist in a majority of the patients. This fact, plus the physiological observations of essentially normal lung and chest bellows function, and a decreased to absent response to inhaled CO2, suggest that this disorder is the result of a disturbance in the medullary respiratory center. The mortality has been 20 per cent. Interesting neuropathological abnormalities have been noted in the area of the respiratory center and elsewhere, consisting of an increased number of capillaries. Whether this is a primary or secondary change is not clear. A variety of therapies has been used in an attempt to augment alveolar ventilation. These include pharmocological agents, hypnosis, implantation of pacemaker electrodes into the diaphragm and later the phrenic nerve, and the use of simulated breath sounds. The details and results of these modalities of therapy are described.
THE REACTION OF THE HUMAN LUNG TO ENRICHED OXYGEN ATMOSPHERE
Authors: Pratt Philip C. 
Published: December 2006

Summary1. By reviewing several consecutive series of autopsies, both in adults and children, it has been shown that a recognizable change in pulmonary morphology is present in most patients who have had oxygen therapy for one or more days immediately prior to death.2. The lesion includes congestion of capillaries and increased thickness of alveolar septa and is interpreted as resulting from pulmonary capillary proliferation.3. Reasons are presented for interpreting this morphological change as being the result of a physiological reaction to oxygen rather than a result of irritation or patchy atelectasis, or post‐mortem change.4. Care must be taken in experimental work, especially with mice, to eliminate the possibility that gross findings might be of the post‐mortem variety.
INDICATIONS FOR TRACHEOSTOMY
Authors: Dammann J. Francis 
Published: December 2006

SummaryRespiratory insufficiency is a frequent complication of major abdominal and thoracic surgery, although it is difficult to recognize. Its presence can only be established by an analysis of the arterial oxygen and carbon dioxide tensions. After open‐heart surgery, the patient's demands are usually increased significantly. This occurs at a time when pulmonary function is usually impaired and the energy necessary to breathe is significantly increased. Our studies in postoperative patients after open‐heart surgery indicate that the work of breathing in most patients is increased many fold and in some patients may be sufficient to produce acute congestive failure. Therefore, we advocate the use of controlled ventilation leaving an oral endotracheal tube in place, to treat respiratory insufficiency or excessive and compromising work of breathing. Occasionally, such therapy must be instituted prior to definitive surgery in order to rest the patient and give the patient enough reserve to withstand a major surgical procedure. If respiratory insufficiency has not been abolished within 72 hours after surgery, we advocate that a tracheostomy be performed and that respirator treatment be continued until respiratory insufficiency is eliminated and the work of breathing no longer places an intolerable work load on the cardiovascular system.
Distribution and Ecology of Campylobacters in Coastal Plain Streams (Georgia, United States of America)
Authors: Vereen Ethell , Lowrance R. Richard , Cole Dana J. , Lipp Erin K. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Campylobacter
is the leading cause of bacterium-associated diarrhea in the United States and most developed countries. While this disease is considered a food-borne disease, many clinical cases cannot be linked to a food source. In rural and agrarian areas environmental transmission may be an important factor contributing to case loads. Here we investigated the waterborne prevalence of campylobacters in a mixed-use rural watershed in the coastal plain of southern Georgia (United States). Six sites representing various degrees of agricultural and human influence were surveyed biweekly to monthly for 1 year for the presence of culturable thermophilic campylobacters and other measures of water quality. Campylobacters were frequently present in agriculture- and sewage-impacted stretches of streams. The mean campylobacter counts and overall prevalence were highest downstream from a wastewater treatment plant that handled both human and poultry slaughterhouse waste (≤595 CFU ml
−1
; 100% positive); the concentrations were significantly higher than those for the four upstream sites (
P
< 0.05). The counts were significantly correlated with the number of fecal coliform bacteria, conductivity, pH, and concentrations of nutrients (NO
3
−
, PO
4
3−
, and NH
3
). Campylobacters were isolated more frequently and larger numbers were present during the summer months, similar to the occurrence of clinical cases of campylobacteriosis in this region. A multivariate model showed that the levels were significantly influenced by increasing precipitation, which also peaked in the summer. The results indicate that loading from both human and domestic animal waste may be high in the watershed studied during the summer months. Mixed-use watersheds supporting agriculture production, human populations, and wildlife may be at risk for contamination by campylobacters and may be an important route for human exposure.
Effectiveness of Disinfectants in Killing
Enterobacter sakazakii
in Suspension, Dried on the Surface of Stainless Steel, and in a Biofilm
Authors: Kim Hoikyung , Ryu Jee-Hoon , Beuchat Larry R. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

The effectiveness of 13 disinfectants used in hospitals, day-care centers, and food service kitchens in killing
Enterobacter sakazakii
in suspension, dried on the surface of stainless steel, and in biofilm was determined.
E. sakazakii
exhibited various levels of resistance to the disinfectants, depending on the composition of the disinfectants, amount and type of organic matrix surrounding cells, and exposure time. Populations of planktonic cells suspended in water (7.22 to 7.40 log CFU/ml) decreased to undetectable levels (<0.30 log CFU/ml) within 1 to 5 min upon treatment with disinfectants, while numbers of cells in reconstituted infant formula were reduced by only 0.02 to 3.69 log CFU/ml after the treatment for 10 min. The presence of infant formula also enhanced the resistance to the disinfectants of cells dried on the surface of stainless steel. The resistance of cells to disinfectants in 6-day-old and 12-day-old biofilms on the surface of stainless steel was not significantly different. The overall order of efficacy of disinfectants in killing
E. sakazakii
was planktonic cells > cells inoculated and dried on stainless steel > cells in biofilms on stainless steel. Findings show that disinfectants routinely used in hospital, day-care, and food service kitchen settings are ineffective in killing some cells of
E. sakazakii
embedded in organic matrices.
Gateway-Based Destination Vectors for Functional Analyses of Bacterial ORFeomes: Application to the Min System inBrucella abortus
Authors: Hallez Régis , Letesson Jean-Jacques , Vandenhaute Jean , De Bolle Xavier 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTTwenty Gateway-compatible destination vectors were constructed. The vectors comprise fluorescent and epitope fusion tags, various drug markers, and replication origins that should make them useful for exploring existing microbial ORFeomes. In an attempt to validate several of these vectors, we observed polar and oscillating localization of MinD inBrucella abortus.
Isolation of a Multiheme Protein with Features of a Hydrazine-Oxidizing Enzyme from an Anaerobic Ammonium-Oxidizing Enrichment Culture
Authors: Shimamura Munetaka , Nishiyama Takashi , Shigetomo Hiroyuki , Toyomoto Takeshi , Kawahara Yuka , Furukawa Kenji , Fujii Takao 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

A multiheme protein having hydrazine-oxidizing activity was purified from enriched culture from a reactor in which an anammox bacterium, strain KSU-1, was dominant. The enzyme has oxidizing activity toward hydrazine but not hydroxylamine and is a 130-kDa homodimer composed of a 62-kDa polypeptide containing eight hemes. It was therefore named hydrazine-oxidizing enzyme (HZO). With cytochrome
c
as an electron acceptor, the

V
max

and

K
m

for hydrazine are 6.2 ± 0.3 μmol/min · mg and 5.5 ± 0.6 μM, respectively. Hydrazine (25 μM) induced an increase in the proportion of reduced form in the spectrum, whereas hydroxylamine (500 μM) did not. Two genes coding for HZO,
hzoA
and
hzoB
, were identified within the metagenomic DNA from the culture. The genes encode the same amino acid sequence except for two residues. The sequences deduced from these genes showed low-level identities (<30%) to those of all of the hydroxylamine oxidoreductases reported but are highly homologous to two
hao
genes found by sequencing the genome of “
Candidatus
Kuenenia stuttgartiensis” (88% and 89% identities). The purified enzyme might therefore be a novel hydrazine-oxidizing enzyme having a critical role in anaerobic ammonium oxidation.
Mpt5p, a Stress Tolerance- and Lifespan-Promoting PUF Protein in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, Acts Upstream of the Cell Wall Integrity Pathway
Authors: Stewart Mark S. , Krause Sue Ann , McGhie Josephine , Gray Joseph V. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Pumilio family (PUF) proteins affect specific genes by binding to, and inhibiting the translation or stability of, their transcripts. The PUF domain is required and sufficient for this function. One
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
PUF protein, Mpt5p (also called Puf5p or Uth4p), promotes stress tolerance and replicative life span (the maximum number of doublings a mother cell can undergo before entering into senescence) by an unknown mechanism thought to partly overlap with, but to be independent of, the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway. Here, we found that
mpt5Δ
mutants also display a short chronological life span (the time cells stay alive in saturated cultures in synthetic medium), a defect that is suppressed by activation of CWI signaling. We found that Mpt5p is an upstream activator of the CWI pathway:
mpt5Δ
mutants display the appropriate phenotypes and genetic interactions, display low basal activity of the pathway, and are defective in activation of the pathway upon thermal stress. A set of mRNAs that specifically bind to Mpt5p was recently reported. One such putative target,
LRG1
, encodes a GTPase-activating protein for Rho1p that directly links Mpt5p to CWI signaling: Lrg1p inhibits CWI signaling,
LRG1
mRNA contains a consensus Mpt5p-binding site in its putative 3′ untranslated region, loss of Lrg1p suppresses the temperature sensitivity and CWI signaling defects of
mpt5Δ
mutants, and
LRG1
mRNA abundance is inhibited by Mpt5p. We conclude that Mpt5p is required for normal replicative and chronological life spans and that the CWI pathway is a key and direct downstream target of this PUF protein.
Temporal and Spatial Control of
HGC1
Expression Results in Hgc1 Localization to the Apical Cells of Hyphae in
Candida albicans
Authors: Wang Allen , Lane Shelley , Tian Zhen , Sharon Amir , Hazan Idit , Liu Haoping 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

The human fungal pathogen
Candida albicans
can undergo a morphological transition from a unicellular yeast growth form to a multicellular hyphal growth form. During hyphal growth, cell division is asymmetric. Only the apical cell divides, whereas subapical cells remain in G
1
, and cell surface growth is highly restricted to the tip of the apical cell. Hgc1, a hypha-specific, G
1
cyclin-like protein, is essential for hyphal development. Here, we report, using indirect immunofluorescence, that Hgc1 is preferentially localized to the dividing apical cells of hyphae. Hgc1 protein is rapidly degraded in a cell cycle-independent manner, and the protein turnover likely occurs in both the apical and the subapical cells of hyphae. In addition to rapid protein turnover, the
HGC1
transcript is also dynamically regulated during cell cycle progression in hyphal growth. It is induced upon germ tube formation in early G
1
; the transcript level is reduced during the G
1
/S transition and peaks again around the G
2
/M phase in the subsequent cell cycles. Transcription from the
HGC1
promoter is essential for its apical cell localization, as Hgc1 no longer exhibits preferential apical localization when expressed under the
MAL2
promoter. Using fluorescence in situ hybridization, the
HGC1
transcript is detected only in the apical cells of hyphae, suggesting that
HGC1
is transcribed in the apical cell. Therefore, the preferential localization of Hgc1 to the apical cells of hyphae results from the dynamic temporal and spatial control of
HGC1
expression.
FtcR Is a New Master Regulator of the Flagellar System ofBrucella melitensis16M with Homologs inRhizobiaceae
Authors: Léonard S. , Ferooz J. , Haine V. , Danese I. , Fretin D. , Tibor A. , de Walque S. , De Bolle X. , Letesson J.-J. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThe flagellar regulon ofBrucella melitensis16M contains 31 genes clustered in three loci on the small chromosome. These genes encode a polar sheathed flagellum that is transiently expressed during vegetative growth and required for persistent infection in a mouse model. By following the expression of three flagellar genes (fliF,flgE, andfliC, corresponding to the MS ring, hook, and filament monomer, respectively), we identified a new regulator gene,ftcR(flagellartwo-componentregulator). Inactivation offtcRled to a decrease in flagellar gene expression and to impairedBrucellavirulence. FtcR has a two-component response regulator domain as well a DNA binding domain and is encoded in the first flagellar locus ofB. melitensis. Both theftcRsequence and its genomic context are conserved in other related α-proteobacteria. During vegetative growth in rich medium,ftcRexpression showed a peak during the early exponential phase that paralleledfliFgene expression. VjbR, a quorum-sensing regulator of the LuxR family, was previously found to controlfliFandflgEgene expression. Here, we provide some new elements suggesting that the effect of VjbR on these flagellar genes is mediated by FtcR. We found thatftcRexpression is partially under the control of VjbR and that the expression intransofftcRin avjbRmutant restored the production of the hook protein (FlgE). Finally, FtcR binds directly to the upstream region of thefliFgene. Therefore, our data support the role of FtcR as a flagellar master regulator inB. melitensisand perhaps in other related α-proteobacteria.
Characterization of the
Moraxella catarrhalis
Opa-Like Protein, OlpA, Reveals a Phylogenetically Conserved Family of Outer Membrane Proteins
Authors: Brooks Michael J. , Laurence Cassie A. , Hansen Eric J. , Gray-Owen Scott D. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Moraxella catarrhalis
is a human-restricted pathogen that can cause respiratory tract infections. In this study, we identified a previously uncharacterized 24-kDa outer membrane protein with a high degree of similarity to
Neisseria
Opa protein adhesins, with a predicted β-barrel structure consisting of eight antiparallel β-sheets with four surface-exposed loops. In striking contrast to the antigenically variable Opa proteins, the
M. catarrhalis
Opa-like protein (OlpA) is highly conserved and constitutively expressed, with 25 of 27 strains corresponding to a single variant. Protease treatment of intact bacteria and isolation of outer membrane vesicles confirm that the protein is surface exposed yet does not bind host cellular receptors recognized by neisserial Opa proteins. Genome-based analyses indicate that OlpA and Opa derive from a conserved family of proteins shared by a broad array of gram-negative bacteria.