bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
7 Final Reflections
Authors: Albert Jones David 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
An examination of the thought of Ambrose, Augustine, Thomas, and Rahner shows them to constitute a single extended argument on the theology of death. This can be set out in relation to the realities of grief, fear, and hope in the face of death; in relation to the practices of suicide and euthanasia; and in relation to the more complex issue of withdrawal of treatment. Christian hope affirms both the need and the difficulty of acknowledging one's own approaching death. Rahner is at his most profound in describing how the need to surrender oneself to God in death, the need to die like a martyr, is anticipated throughout life. If, by the grace of God, death can be freely endured — and this is no easy task — then the final surrender in death will be the end of death and the preamble to our true end: eternal happiness in which death will be no more.
Taiwanese Business Groups: Steady Growth in Institutional Transition
Authors: Chung Chi-Nien , Mahmood Ishtiaq P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter on Taiwanese business groups offers an interesting contrast to the Japanese and Korean cases. Taiwanese groups are loosely coupled networks of firms, positioned in between chaebols and keiretsu in terms of hierarchical control. Because the Taiwanese government uses tax incentives to favor new establishments, Taiwanese groups are more numerous and smaller than Korean chaebols. These groups have grown consistently, particularly since the country liberalized its economy in the 1980s. This liberalization opened key industries previously monopolized by state enterprises, such as banking, telecommunications, and electricity to the private sector, creating opportunities for business groups to expand. The Asian Crisis did not deter the growth of Taiwanese business groups. This chapter suggests that, at least in the short run, these groups will grow further and diversify more to exploit new business opportunities in the Taiwanese economy.
Singaporean Business Groups: The Role of the State and Capital in Singapore Inc.
Authors: Tsui-Auch Lai Si 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter on Singaporean business groups illustrates a fine example of a situation where business groups are run by the state. The government created large government-linked corporate groups to spearhead development in many sectors. Government-linked corporations have generally been managed effectively and run like private businesses, with a focus on financial performance. Private businesses run by the ethnic Chinese were left alone, and have competed with the government-linked corporations in many areas. When the Asian Crisis occurred, the government realized that it needed to restructure its financial sector and strengthen its corporate laws and accountancy practices. It pressured government-linked corporations and private banks to globalize, divest their non-core assets, and professionalize their governance. It also began monitoring banks’ performance more vigorously. Yet, the pace of divestment by both government-linked groups and banking groups has been thus far gradual.
Chinese Business Groups: Their Origins and Development
Authors: Hahn Donghoon , Lee Keun 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe Chinese government attempted to industrialize the country in a short time by transforming traditional state-owned enterprises (SOEs) into modern joint-stock companies in the form of business groups, modeled after Korean chaebols. The government initially formed loose informal arrangements among companies, but quickly realized that more formal, equity-based arrangements were necessary for sharing resources among various companies. Various measures such as spin-offs, mergers, and acquisitions of shares, were used to create business groups. The state-holding companies were supervised by the State Property Management Committee to maintain control of state property. Despite a series of reforms, many business groups in China have been losing money. Their viability in China is now being heatedly debated.
Psychology and the Mid-Century Crisis
Authors: Thomson Mathew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the way the world wars and the rise of political extremism, particularly Nazism, highlighted sadism and a potential for collective irrationality as inherent to human nature. In such a climate, psychology, particularly psychoanalysis, advanced itself as crucial to the health of the nation, attracting the attention of sociologists, politicians, and even government. The chapter explores this through case studies of the interest in psychology in relation to socialism and democracy of Labour’s Evan Durbin; the attempt to use psychology in the management of morale and the survey as a tool of democratic government in the Second World War; and its influence in the planning of domestic and international post-war reconstruction. Although the achievements of psychology in government were limited, the ideological crisis was significant in its accommodation with democratic values and its reorientation towards an interest in everyday life to connect with popular interests.
Towards the Permissive Society
Authors: Thomson Mathew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter considers the relationship between psychological thinking and the emergence of what has been called the ‘permissive society’ in the post-war era. It suggests that counter-cultural groups regularly associated with a permissive shift were in fact attracted to psychology because, like many earlier in the century, they recognized it as a potential source of values and a new politics. In fact, the psychology that rejected values was that represented by Hans Eysenck and behaviourism. Nevertheless, through case studies of anti-psychiatry, humanist psychology and the growth movement, and consciousness-raising within feminism, the chapter traces a crisis of confidence in the 1970s in a politics of the personal and in psychology as a source of social rather than merely individual well-being. The great advance of a ‘therapy culture’ in Britain has largely been a subsequent phenomenon — in the excitement of the 1960s and 1970s, this was still on a relatively small scale.
Against Metaphysical Naturalism
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter introduces, defends, and contrasts the meaning of methodological naturalism with the metaphysical naturalism (‘phyicalism’) that characterizes much contemporary philosophical thought, but perverts the early modern project of a natural philosophy. The essential continuity between Chomsky's contemporary rationalist project in the study of mind design and early modern ‘rationalism’ is analysed.
Phonological Approaches and Processes
Authors: Smith Jeremy J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter offers a categorization of sound-changes: splits, mergers, and shifts; combinations of these three categories; and realization and phonotactic developments with the potential for phonological ‘activation’. All of these developments are exemplified and discussed, and it is concluded that sound-change is an ‘emergent’, processual phenomenon. The chapter then discusses different approaches to phonology (taxonomic-phonemic, generative/lexical, and natural and evolutionary phonology), and shows how all these approaches can be harnessed for the purposes of this book. The chapter concludes with an extended illustrative example: Grimm's Law.
The Voice of the Dancer: A New Theory of the Greek Accent
Authors: David A. P. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
A fresh interpretation of ‘όξύς’ and ‘βαρύς’ underpins a new theory of the ancient Greek accent, applying W. Sidney Allen’s observation that there must have been in Greek a down-glide in pitch, cognate with the Vedic svarita, in addition to the rise whose vowel mora is marked by the received written system of signs devised by Aristophanes of Byzantium. The diachronic analysis is confirmed by Allen’s separate discovery of a pattern of stress in Greek, whose rules predict the same places of accentual prominence as the new theory; by modern synchronic descriptions of the Greek tonal phenomena; and by the fact that the contextual dominance of the svarita proposed for Greek also helps formulate a law that corresponds to the received rules for Latin prosody. Various loci antiqui, including disputed passages from Plato’s Timaeus, are seen in some cases to be inconsistent with received interpretations, but always consistent with the new theory.
‘A Taken Scandal not a Given’: Milton's Equitable Grounds of Toleration
Authors: Silver Victoria 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter looks at the conceptual bases of Milton's tolerationist views, drawing on his theology as well as early modern English law, especially the equity jurisprudence of Chancery. It explores Satan's insistence in Paradise Lost ‘on the principle of heavenly equality’ to justify the angelic apostasy and revolt consequent upon the Son's exaltation. The chapter thereupon compares Satan's argument, elevating the satanic values of sameness and conformity, to Abdiel's emphasis upon the differentiating principle of equity, whose interpretive and juridical procedures he grounds upon the theological distinction between creator and creature, which allows for the exceptional instance and thus for dissent. The discussion then turns to A Treatise of Civil Power, and Milton's argument for religious toleration, which begins with the equitable enfranchisement of ‘conscience’ and the separation of religious from civil jurisdictions on that account. Finally, it takes issue with the thesis that both Milton's politics and his exegesis are ‘libertine’ or expedient in the bad sense, demonstrating what Selden regarded as an impossibility — a principled application of equity's assumptions and procedures to the Erastian argument for civil jurisdiction and its scriptural proofs.
Milton and Catholicism
Authors: Hadfield Andrew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Milton defines Catholicism in a fluid manner, as a cluster of problems and errors. This chapter offers an overview of the central intolerance in Milton's writings from In Quintum Novembris to the antiprelatical tracts, Areopagitica, The Treatise of Civil Power, Paradise Lost, and Of True Religion, while not simply suggesting that Milton was fiercely anti-Catholic and keen to banish Catholicism from a godly realm. Rather, it is argued that Milton was also aware that the relationship between the faithful and the heretical was often problematic and difficult to police, and that there was an uncomfortably close link between good and evil, confirming that Catholicism and its attendant forms of religious worship were impossible to extinguish, as the failure of the good old cause indicated. When arguments came to nothing, the godly might have to resort to revolutionary violence, a practice that was the mirror image of the worst excesses of their enemies. Both sides agreed that toleration could only go so far.
Being Biblical: Interpretive Practices
Authors: McClintock Fulkerson Mary 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines three kinds of Bible study at the Good Samaritan church. All are concerned with the power of the text to shape faithful lives, but they are distinguished by different approaches to the text and ways of thinking about its authority. Evaluating these activities as practices in relation to the goods of the community requires consideration of their distinctive characteristics.
Flips and Flops
Authors: Huybrechts D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents a series of results that elucidate the relation between D-equivalence and K-equivalence. Derived categories are first studied. These results can then be used to show that the derived category does not change under the standard flop (Bondal and Orlov), one of the simplest birational correspondences. More recently, Bridgeland was able to show that the derived category is invariant under general three-dimensional flops. The situation is slightly more complicated for a Mukai flop, another classical birational correspondence. In this case, the birational correspondence itself does not define a derived equivalence, but Kawamata and Namikawa were able to prove that one can nevertheless find another Fourier-Mukai kernel that does.
Where to Go from Here
Authors: Huybrechts D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter gives pointers for more advanced topics, which require prerequisites that are beyond standard introductions to algebraic geometry. The Mckay correspondence relates the equivariant-derived category of a variety endowed with the action of a finite group and the derived category of a crepant resolution of the quotient. This chapter gives the results from Bridgeland, King, and Reid for a special crepant resolution provided by Hilbert schemes and of Bezrukavnikov and Kaledin for symplectic vector spaces. A brief discussion of Kontsevich's homological mirror symmetry is included, as well as a discussion of stability conditions on triangulated categories. Twisted sheaves and their derived categories can be dealt with in a similar way, and some of the results in particular for K3 surfaces are presented.
Modern Grammars of Case
Authors: Anderson John M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book is concerned with the treatment of case in modern linguistics, but from the perspective of the idea of case as it developed in preceding centuries. This idea was that case inflexions are only one means of expressing the semantic relations that arguments can bear to predicators; the latter can also be expressed analytically (by adpositions) or positionally. Such an idea was not adopted in most modern theorizing on case; case grammar has been an attempt to do so. The present book demonstrates the problems in not adopting this traditional view of case, particularly in the various developments of transformational grammar. It implements a localist case grammar, wherein semantic relations are differentiated in terms of spatial relationships and the different manifestations of semantic (or ‘case’) relations are associated with a single category. The latter part of the book shows that such a case grammar is part of a general notional grammar — a grammar whose categories and structures are notionally based, in the same way that phonology is phonically based (natural). Thus, distribution alone is not sufficient to establish syntactic categories: only the distribution of semantically prototypical members of a category (say, concrete nouns, dynamic verbs) is relevant. Various (interlocking) basic issues in modern linguistics are scrutinized from this viewpoint: autonomy, syntactic abstractness (including movement and category-change, empty categories, decomposition), universal grammar, innateness, and linguistic creativity.
The Identity of Semantic Relations
Authors: Anderson John M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter confronts what has been seen as the major problem with case grammars: the delimitation of the set of semantic relations. It argues that despite these, semantic relations cannot be eliminated from the syntax. It also looks at the extent to which Fillmore’s principles of contrast and complementary can be applied to semantic relations, concluding that a criterial approach is insufficient in the absence of a theory to explain why these criteria are criterial. It outlines one attempt dating from the 1970s to resolve these problems — the localist theory — propounded earlier in the 20th century by Hjelmslev. Localism assigns the domain of spatial relations to what is manifested by case: only distinctions that can be so interpreted are distinctions in semantic relation. An example is given of an ‘abstract’ semantic relation (‘experiencer’) that can and should be interpreted in spatial terms.
The Variety of Grammatical Relations
Authors: Anderson John M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on grammatical relations. The very doubtful status of various kinds of ‘objects’ is recognized. Moreover, subjecthood, as traditionally understood, is not universal. Subjecthood depends on a hierarchy manifested by the sharing of morphosyntax between non-locative sources (agents) on the one hand, and absolutives in non-locative-source sentences (Bill felled the tree/The tree fell) on the other. Some languages lack such a pairing. For instance, some (e.g., Tagalog) show a grammatical relation that is not selected on the basis of a hierarchy of semantic relations; in others (such as Dyirbal) the absolutive rather than the source tops the hierarchy. These grammatical relations are routinizations (‘grammaticalized’), with diminished basis in semantics/pragmatics. However, they have a functional role in the syntax, e.g., as a reconstructible ‘empty slot’. Languages are not restricted to one system of grammatical relation, one kind of principal.
Argument-Sharing II: Control
Authors: Anderson John M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter extends the free-absolutive (or argument-sharing) analysis of ‘raising’ to what are claimed to be ‘control’ structures of various kinds, including causatives, tough-movement structures (e.g., in The lock was easy to pick), passives, and modals (deontic may etc., which, when epistemic, also show ‘raising’). The discussion of syntactic, morphological, and lexical causatives involves a comparison of English, French, and Turkish. ‘Control’ involves the association of a free absolutive with other relations rather than, as in ‘raising’, its having an independent role. ‘Controllers’of different types are recognized: ‘agentive’, ‘experiencer’, and locative (in tough-movement structures), so that a free absolutive is associated with a source and so on. Various restrictions associated with the ‘controllers’ that contract these different semantic relations are also explored.
The telecommunication industry: A turnaround in Japan's global presence
Authors: Cole Robert E. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter shows how former strengths became debilitating weaknesses in the Japanese telecoms industry. NTT was the ‘locomotive’ which powered the industry with its ‘family’ of equipment suppliers in the 1980s. In the 1990s, however, it placed its bets on ‘competency enhancing’ ATM and ISDN, and fell victim to the ‘disruptive’ technology of TCP/IP. Strong relational ties with its suppliers led them as well to be weak competitors in the emergent Internet networking equipment industry, and a lack of new entrants forestalled alternatives from emerging within Japan. Japanese problems in international standard setting are identified, again betting on the established committee process and failing to engage in the fluid IETF process.
Technology management and competitiveness in the Japanese semiconductor industry1
Authors: Yunogami Takashi 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter argues that the quality regime ultimately deriving from NTT (and the Japanese government, as customer) may have been vital in the ascent of DRAMs in the 1980s, as in telecoms, but it created a path dependent approach to innovation which proved disastrous when the main use of DRAMs switched from mainframes to personal computers. As the market share plummeted, Japanese semiconductor engineers continued to take solace in the fact that they were ‘not beaten in technology’, an attitude which further condemned them to failure. They failed to develop cost-competitive technology and restructuring efforts proved ineffective.
Managing creativity and control of knowledge workers1
Authors: Brown Clair 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter looks at the HRM (human resource management) and knowledge system dimensions of open innovation, highlighting the rising importance of externally-derived knowledge. It establishes a link between the internal-external orientation of HRM systems and the type of external knowledge accessed. Internally/externally-oriented HRM systems are associated with public/private external knowledge, respectively. The latter type of knowledge tends to be closer to the cutting edge, as it takes time to codify knowledge. Once again, this analysis points to difficulties Japanese companies face in participating in global knowledge networks. However, it also points to tradeoffs between support for individual creativity on the one hand, and team work and control on the other.
Innovation policy for Japan in a new era
Authors: Arimoto Tateo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAmong the most prominent policy attempts to reshape Japan's innovation system has been moves to create an environment conducive to basic research and breakthrough innovations. This chapter reminds us that this is not simply a matter of strengthening university research and forging closer links between universities and industry, but requires universities to address a broad range of skill needs, particularly in professional fields like law and management, which individual companies can no longer address on their own. It is shown that social issues must also be addressed, including greater efforts to promote public understanding of and support for science and technology. This requires directing science and technology and innovation policies towards the needs of the many rather than the few. Ultimately, the necessary values and creativity have to reside in individuals.
AWTY (are we there yet?): a system for graphical exploration of MCMC convergence in Bayesian phylogenetics
Authors: Nylander Johan A.A. , Wilgenbusch James C. , Warren Dan L. , Swofford David L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSummary: A key element to a successful Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) inference is the programming and run performance of the Markov chain. However, the explicit use of quality assessments of the MCMC simulations—convergence diagnostics—in phylogenetics is still uncommon. Here, we present a simple tool that uses the output from MCMC simulations and visualizes a number of properties of primary interest in a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, such as convergence rates of posterior split probabilities and branch lengths. Graphical exploration of the output from phylogenetic MCMC simulations gives intuitive and often crucial information on the success and reliability of the analysis. The tool presented here complements convergence diagnostics already available in other software packages primarily designed for other applications of MCMC. Importantly, the common practice of using trace-plots of a single parameter or summary statistic, such as the likelihood score of sampled trees, can be misleading for assessing the success of a phylogenetic MCMC simulation.Availability: The program is available as source under the GNU General Public License and as a web application at http://ceb.scs.fsu.edu/awtyContact: jwilgenb@scs.fsu.edu