bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histologic differences in occupational risks of lung cancer incidence
Authors: Morton William E. , Treyve Edward L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA five‐year total community study of lung cancer incidence by occupation revealed that 1) virtually all the cases occurred in smokers; 2) all major histologic types of lung cancer were strongly associated with smoking behavior; 3) in most high‐risk occupations the significant elevations of risk were limited to one or two histologic types, a specificity suggestive of the importance of workplace carcinogen exposure; and 4) both sensitivity and specificity of the search for occupations with lung cancer hazards were greatly increased by use of histologic type rates rather than total lung cancer rates. The epidemiologic differences among histologic types suggest that the lung cancers might be a group of neoplastic diseases which share a major risk factor (smoking) in common but which differ in respect to exposure to other carcinogens. Eventual control of our lung cancer epidemic will require the allocation of much greater resources to documentation of the occupational risks.
Exposures and mortality among chrysotile asbestos workers. Part II: Mortality
Authors: Dement John M. , Harris Robert L. , Symons Michael J. , Shy Carl M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA retrospective cohort mortality study was conducted among a cohort of 1,261 white males employed one or more months in chrysotile asbestos textile operations and followed between 1940 and 1975. Statistically significant excess mortality was observed for all causes combined (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 150), lung cancer (SMR = 135), diseases of the circulatory system (SMR = 125), nonmalignant respiratory diseases (SMR = 294), and accidents (SMR = 134). Using estimated fiber exposure levels in conjunction with detailed worker job histories, exposure‐response relationships were investigated. Strong exposure‐response relationships for lung cancer and asbestos related non‐malignant respiratory diseases were observed. Compared with data for chrysotile miners and millers, chrysotile textile workers were found to experience significantly greater lung cancer mortality at lower lifetime cumulative exposure levels. Factors such as differences in airborne fiber characteristics may partially account for the large differences in exposure response between textile workers and miners and millers.
Exposure to asbestos: Psychological responses of mesothelioma patients
Authors: Lebovits Allen H. , Chahinian A. Philippe , Holland Jimmie C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThirty‐eight patients with a diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma participated in a semistructured interview to evaluate asbestos exposure, acquisition of increased risk information, and retrospective reporting of cognitive and behavioral reactions (particularly smoking behavior) to risk information. Twenty‐eight patients (74%) had direct occupational contact with asbestos, and six patients (16%) reported indirect nonoccupational exposure to asbestos. Only two (10%) of the directly exposed patients acquired risk in formation from professional sources prior to diagnosis of mesothelioma. The most frequently reported reaction to learning of increased risk of cancer was a denial of the risk by minimizing personal exposure. Few patients reported being concerned about the information of increased risk. Smoking behavior did not change as a result of risk information, nor was there any increase in visits to physicians. Guidelines for psychosocial management of at‐risk groups are recommended.
Some immunological studies on coalworkers with and without pneumoconiosis
Authors: Robertson Maura D. , Boyd Janice E. , Fernie June M. , Davis J. M. G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis work formed part of a series of studies devised to investigate immunological markers which it was considered might reflect individual susceptibility to the development of coalworkers' pneumoconiosis and especially progressive massive fibrosis.Estimations of T and B lymphocytes and white blood cell counts (WBCC) were performed on blood samples from 324 coalworkers grouped according to radiographic category of pneumoconiosis, age, and smoking habits. A subgroup of 43 men was further screened for both humoral anti‐lung antibodies (ALA) and direct lymphocyte‐mediated cellular cytotoxicity (LMCC) towards human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HEL). In addition 673 serum samples obtained during a previous study of autoimmune factors in coalworkers were screened for humoral antibodies to HEL cells.The only correlation found between category of pneumoconiosis and alterations in WBCC, percentage or absolute numbers of lymphocytes, or the presence of anti‐lung antibodies was a decrease in a subgroup of T lymphocytes with increasing severity of pneumoconiosis. The major factor influencing these parameters in this study was the smoking status of the man. Smokers showed increased WBCC and lymphocyte numbers and a higher frequency of ALA and LMCC when compared with nonsmokers.
Respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function in welders of mild steel: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Keimig Deborah Gellerman , Pomrehn Paul R. , Burmeister Leon F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPulmonary function measurements, respiratory symptoms, smoking history, and occupational history were obtained from 91 male welders of mild steel, with mean welding exposure of 108 months, and 80 male factory controls. Nonsmoking welders compared to nonsmoking controls reported higher frequencies of respiratory symptoms and the differences were statistically significant for two symptoms: phlegm, and episodes of cough and phlegm. In comparisons of smoking welders and smoking controls, no significant differences were found in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms. Nonsmoking welders and smoking welders, compared to respective controls, did not have significantly decreased mean values of forced vital capacity or forced expired volume in 1 sec. Mean mid‐expiratory flow rates and forced expiratory flow rates at 75% of forced vital capacity were lower, but not significantly different, for welders, compared to controls. These decrements in peripheral flow rates could be trivial or they could represent the initial stages of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Long‐term follow‐up, provided by a large prospective study, is needed to make this distinction.
Proportionate mortality among US shoeworkers, 1966–1977
Authors: Decouflé Pierre , Walrath Judy 
Published: April 2007

AbstractProportionate mortality for various causes was examined among 3,754 decedents (2,144 men, 1,610 women) who had worked in shoe manufacturing plants represented by either of two labor unions in the US. None of the shoeworker deaths were attributed to nasal cancer, whereas 2.2 were expected on the basis of general population data. Mortality from leukemia and cancer of the urinary bladder was not unusual in either sex or either union. However, deaths from cancers of the liver and gallbladder combined were significantly increased among male and female members of one union. Three deaths from mesothelioma were seen among members of this same union. Rectal cancer mortality was higher than expected among men and women in both unions. The findings are at variance with previous reports of high risks of certain cancer sites among shoeworkers. However, results for liver and gallbladder cancer and mesothelioma suggest the possibility that other previously unsuspected hazards may have been present in certain areas of the US shoe industry.
Cadmium induced metal fume fever: Results of inhalation challenge
Authors: Johnson J. Sue , Kilburn Kaye H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractInhalation challenges were performed on a patient who had developed symptoms of metal fume fever, after six years of welding. Vital signs, white blood cell count and differential, nasal smears, chest X‐ray, and pulmonary function tests were monitored during each inhalation challenge. There was no significant reaction to methylcholine, or to fumes of zinc, copper, and mild steel. Significant restrictive ventilatory impairment, leucocytosis, fever, and symptoms of metal fume fever were noticed after exposure to fumes of silver solder containing twenty four percent cadmium.
Occupational cadmium exposure and renal status
Authors: Falck Francis Y. , Fine Lawrence J. , Smith Ralph G. , McClatchey Kenneth D. , Annesley Thomas , England Barry , Schork Anthony M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWith chronic low‐level exposure to cadium (Cd) the kidney is considered to be the organ at risk. Thus, permissible exposure levels (PEL) should be established to protect against the risk of renal dysfunction for a working lifetime. In this study, the prevalence of renal dysfunction among 33 male subjects exposed to Cd fumes at and below the current PEL of 100 μgCd/m3 for at least 21 years, was 21 % (adjusted for confounding factors). The average cumulative time‐weighted exposure in subjects with abnormal renal function was 1137 μg/m3 years, which was significantly different (p = .02) from subjects with normal renal function. These findings are consistent with those of other investigators and suggest that the current PEL does not protect against the risk of renal dysfunction, secondary to Cd fume exposure, for a working lifetime (≅ 40 years).
Liquid chromatography of urinary porphyrins for the biological monitoring of occupational exposure to porphyrinogenic substances
Authors: Colombi Antonio , Maroni Marco , Ferioli Adalberto , Valla Carla , Coletti Giuseppina , Foà Vito 
Published: April 2007

AbstractVery sensitive and precise analytical methods for measuring total porphyrin excretion and the relative amounts of different porphyrins in urine are required in order to monitor the biological effects of porphyrinogenic substances in workers and the general population. Many analytical steps of a HPLC method for measuring porphyrins as methyl esters in urine have been perfected. Sensitivity is 0.1 μg/1 for each type of porphyrin, and average recovery is 92% in the range of 50–450 μg/liter porphyrins. The coefficient of variation is 3.4% within a series and 12.5% between series. Chemical oxidation before analysis and appropriate storing of the samples are the key points in achieving high quality results. The urinary excretion of porphyrins in healthy male workers varies within the range 21 to 161 μg/liter (95% limits of a group of 78 subjects). Concomitant factors, like drug use or liver disorders, were found to alter urinary porphyrin excretion. The proposed method permits the detection of extremely small alterations in porphyrin excretion resulting from occupational exposure to industrial chemicals such as, for example, mild coproporphyrinuria or early stages of chemical porphyria induced by polyhalogenated arylhydrocarbons.
Organic chemicals and malignant melanoma
Authors: Wright William E. , Peters John M. , Mack Thomas M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChemists with cancer were interviewed to generate hypotheses that might explain an apparent excess of malignant melanoma in chemists in Los Angeles County (LAC). The chemists were identified by the LAC Cancer Surveillance Program, a population‐based cancer registry. Interviews that included information on work history and exposure to specific chemicals were conducted by telephone. Chemists with melanoma were found to be better educated than chemists with other cancers and they reported more work with organic chemicals. They also cited more exposure to multiple chemicals, solvents, plastics, pesticides, benzoyl peroxide, and ionizing radiation. Although differences in educational level may account for the differences in exposure reported by cases and controls, the hypotheses that specific chemical exposures are related to melanoma occurrence are plausible and deserve further study. We also suggest that this method of generating hypotheses about cancer causes using cases identified from registries could be used more extensively.
An historical prospective study of mortality within a cohort of gas distribution workers
Authors: Liveright Timothy , Stanbury Martha 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn historical prospective study of mortality within a cohort of 1,410 gas distribution workers was conducted. This cohort was followed for ten years (1971–1980) and data on 118 deaths were obtained. Five‐year (1973–1977) averages of both St. Louis and United States age‐specific mortality figures were used to create “expected” mortality rates for comparison with the observed deaths in the cohort. Analyses of the cohort were done according to: 1) person‐years contributed during the study period (the “age‐attained” method) and 2) the number of years from commencement of work in the company until the end of the study period (1980) or death (the “latency” method). Using both the “age‐attained” and “latency” methods of analysis, Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMRs) were calculated for all causes of death, all malignant neoplasms, and for cardiovascular disease and malignant neoplasms of the respiratory and digestive systems. In no case was the SMR found to be beyond the range of what would be expected in the “standard” populations. While the present study does not contradict the negative findings of the one previous investigation of mortality of gas distribution workers, the limitations of small cohort size, reliance on death certificates and non‐industrial comparison populations make any conclusions at best provisional.
Musculoskeletal diseases in lumber and wood products workers as identified through hospital records surveillance
Authors: Burkart John A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCurrently available computerized hospital records from four hospitals in Southwest Oregon were utilized for occupational health surveillance by administering brief occupational questionnaires to hospitalized male patients. Patients with occupational exposure to the lumber and wood products industries showed statistically significant increased risks of hospitalization for diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue. The technique of using routine hospital records for occupational health surveillance has utility as a simple, inexpensive, but systematic tool for monitoring occupational populations.
External inspiratory resistance of protective respiratory devices: Effects on physical performance and respiratory function
Authors: Lerman Y. , Shefer A. , Epstein Y. , Keren G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwenty subjects wearing protective respirators were studied during submaximal exercise (80% of Vo2max) on a treadmill. The protective devices were fitted with canister filters of low expiratory resistance and different inspiratory resistances: (0.3, 1.8, 2.8, 3.4, 3.9, and 4.6 cm H2O x sec/liter). The effect of inspiratory resistance on physical endurance, various physiological parameters, and subjective sensations was examined. With the increase in inspiratory resistance, a significant decrease in physical performance, decrease in tidal volume, increased ratio of inspiratory to expiratory time, increased peak inspiratory pressure, and increased CO2 retention were observed. The difficulty in inspiration correlated significantly to inspiratory resistance and seems to be the main reason for cessation of the effort. No acceptable upper limit for the inspiratory resistance of the canister filters was found. Any decrease in the inspiratory resistance of the mask's filter enhanced endurance and performance.
Occupational styrene exposure: Environmental and biological monitoring
Authors: Apostoli P. , Brugnone F. , Perbellini L. , Cocheo V. , Bellomo M. L. , Silvestri R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOccupational exposure to styrene was studied by environmental and biological monitoring in 22 workers employed in a fiberglass reinforced plastic factory. The mean environmental styrene concentration in individual workplaces ranged from 120 to 684 μl/l. Blood styrene, which was tested at the end of the work shift, ranged from 450 to 3700 μg/l. Urinary mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acid, which were determined at the end of the work shift, ranged from 133 to 2100 and from 107 to 685 mg/l, respectively. Environmental styrene exposure was better correlated with styrenemia than with mandelicuria and phenylglyoxylicuria considered either individually or together. The ratio between environmental and blood styrene showed that styrenemia was, on average, 3.3–4.9 times higher than environmental styrene concentration.
Asbestosis and tuberculosis
Authors: Segarra‐Obiol Francis , Lopez‐lbañez Pedro , Nicolas Joaquin Perez 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe frequent association between silicosis and tuberculosis has been known for a long time. However, the possible interrelationship between asbestosis and tuberculosis is not entirely clear, and some reports on the subject are contradictory. The incidence of tuberculosis was determined in three groups of people: 1) those with asbestosis, 2) those exposed to asbestos dust but without asbestosis, and 3) healthy people without pneumo‐coniotic exposure. Chest X‐rays of 2,846 workers surveyed in this department between 1976 and 1980 were reviewed. Since only one case of active tuberculosis was detected, residual tuberculosis was the type encountered and this was diagnosed solely on its radiological signs. The incidence of tuberculosis was: 3.87% (N = 257) for group 1; 3.45% (N = 1,215) in group 2; and 3.93% (N = 1,374) for group 3. Statistical analysis confirms the lack of significant differences in the incidence of tuberculosis in the three groups. From these findings, it is concluded that asbestosis is not an influential factor in the appearance and development of tuberculosis.
Health status of workers with past exposure to 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin in the manufacture of 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid: Comparison of findings with and without chloracne
Authors: Moses Marion , Lilis Ruth , Crow K. D. , Thornton John , Fischbein Alf , Anderson Henry A. , Selikoff Irving J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChloracne was found in 52% of 226 workers in a 1979 cross‐sectional survey at a plant where 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5‐T) had been manufactured from 1948 to 1969. Mean duration of residual chloracne was 26 years, and in 29 subjects, it had been present for 30 years. A significant increased prevalence of abnormal gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and higher mean GGT were found in those with chloracne, compared to those without. Although mean triglyceride values were higher in those with chloracne, the difference was not statistically significant. Neurological examination showed a statistically significant higher prevalence of abnormal sensory findings in those with chloracne. Increased prevalence of angina and reported myocardial infarction in those with chloracne was not significant when age‐adjusted. Increased prevalence of reported sexual dysfunction and decreased libido in those with chloracne compared to those without was statistically significant after age adjustment. No differences were found between those with and without chloracne in serum cholesterol, total urinary porphyrins, or in reproductive outcome.
Toxicological characteristics of refinery streams used to manufacture lubricating oils
Authors: Kane Meryl L. , Ladov Edwin N. , Holdsworth Charles E. , Weaver Neill K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn the past, reports on the tumorigenic potential of lubricating oils in experimental animals have poorly defined the materials under study. In this paper the results of mouse skin painting studies with 46 clearly defined samples of refinery streams associated with lubricating oil processing show that modern conventional solvent refining of distillates removes tumorigenic potential while conventional acid refining may not. Furthermore, dewaxing, hydrofinishing, and clay treatments do not appear to mitigate the tumorigenicity of the lubricant distillates. Lubricant processing has changed over the years and assessments of the carcinogenicity of present‐day lubricating materials must be based on knowledge of modern processing.
The origin and basis of threshold limit values
Authors: Paull Jeffrey M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe concept of establishing a “threshold limit” for contaminants of industrial air is based on the principles of establishing: (1) quantitative relationships between the magnitude and duration of exposure to an industrial substance and the nature and magnitude of the response of the worker, and (2) a limiting level of exposure to potentially hazardous agents, when there exists no significant threat to health. This paper focuses on the origin of this concept, and traces the history and development of thought concerning the founding principles upon which it is based. The TLVs have undergone a remarkable evolution, from values denoting concentrations of contaminant producing overt signs of acute toxicity, to those concentrations to which nearly all workers may be exposed for their working lifetime without experiencing adverse health effects.
Exposure‐effect and exposure‐response relationships between occupational exposure to styrene and neuropsychological functions
Authors: Mutti Antonio , Mazzucchi Anna , Rustichelli Paolo , Frigeri Graziano , Arfini Giuseppe , Franchini Innocente 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA neuropsychological test battery was administered to 50 workers exposed to styrene and to 50 sex‐, intelligence‐, and age‐matched controls. The main styrene metabolites, ie, mandelic acid (MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA), were measured as exposure indices in the urine collected on Saturday mornings, just before neuropsychological testing. Exposure‐response and exposure‐effect relationships were found between the intensity of the exposure (as reflected by the sum of MA and PGA) and the scores of the neuropsychological tests. Verbal learning skills were significantly impaired in workers with a sum of MA and PGA higher than 150 mmole/mole creatinine, corresponding to styrene airborne concentrations higher than 25 ppm (mean daily exposure). Logical memory and visuo‐constructive abilities were shown to be significantly affected in workers with MA and PGA higher than 300 mmole/mole creatinine, corresponding to exposure levels of more than 50 ppm of styrene in air.
Two cases of liver angiosarcoma among polyvinyl chloride (PVC) extruders of an italian factory producing PVC bags and other containers
Authors: Maltoni Cesare , Clini Corrado , Vicini Ferruccio , Masina Alceste 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo cases are reported of liver angiosarcoma occurring among polyvinyl chloride (PVC) extruders from a small Italian factory producing PVC bags and other containers. The possibility that PVC extrusion carries a risk of liver angiosarcoma is important because of the very large number of people working with extruding, manufacturing and handling PVC, as compared with the number of people working in PVC polymerization and/or VC production. In the past, the level of vinyl chloride (VC) concentration in PVC extrusion workplaces has been thought to be “safe”.
Cancer mortality among shoe and leather workers in Massachusetts
Authors: Garabrant David H. , Wegman David H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA proportional mortality analysis of death certificates of 2,798 shoe and leather workers demonstrated a statistically significant excess of bladder cancer among female shoe workers (PMR + 2.51, 95% confidence interval 1.23 to 5.12). A case‐referent analysis of 289 leather workers, on whom detailed occupational information was available, demonstrated an association of lung cancer with work in leather‐tanning jobs (odds ratio + 4.2, 95% confidence interval 1.09 to 16.2).