bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the ribonuclease activity on the skin surface
Authors: Probst Jochen , Brechtel Sonja , Scheel Birgit , Hoerr Ingmar , Jung Günther , Rammensee Hans-Georg , Pascolo Steve 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The rapid degradation of ribonucleic acids (RNA) by ubiquitous ribonucleases limits the efficacy of new therapies based on RNA molecules. Therefore, our aim was to characterize the natural ribonuclease activities on the skin and in blood plasma i.e. at sites where many drugs in development are applied. On the skin surfaces of Homo sapiens and Mus musculus we observed dominant pyrimidine-specific ribonuclease activity. This activity is not prevented by a cap structure at the 5'-end of messenger RNA (mRNA) and is not primarily of a 5'- or 3'-exonuclease type. Moreover, the ribonuclease activity on the skin or in blood plasma is not inhibited by chemical modifications introduced at the 2'OH group of cytidine or uridine residues. It is, however, inhibited by the ribonuclease inhibitor RNasin® although not by the ribonuclease inhibitor SUPERase· In™. The application of our findings in the field of medical science may result in an improved efficiency of RNA-based therapies that are currently in development.
Expression of bioactive bone morphogenetic proteins in the subacromial bursa of patients with chronic degeneration of the rotator cuff
Authors: Neuwirth Jana , Fuhrmann Renée AE , Veit Amanda , Aurich Matthias , Stonâns Ilmars , Trommer Tilo , Hortschansky Peter , Chubinskaya Susanna , Mollenhauer Juergen A 
Published: May 2006

AbstractDegeneration of the rotator cuff is often associated with inflammation of the subacromial bursa and focal mineralization of the supraspinatus tendon. Portions of the supraspinatus tendon distant from the insertion site could transform into fibrous cartilage, causing rotator-cuff tears owing to mechanical instability. Indirect evidence is presented to link this pathology to ectopic production and secretion of bioactive bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) from sites within the subacromial bursa. Surgically removed specimens of subacromial bursa tissue from patients with chronic tears of the rotator cuff were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-PCR. Bioactive BMP was detected in bursa extracts by a bioassay based on induction of alkaline phosphatase in the osteogenic/myogenic cell line C2C12. Topical and differential expression of BMP-2/4 and BMP-7 mRNA and protein was found in bursa tissue. The bioassay of C2C12 cells revealed amounts of active BMP high enough to induce osteogenic cell types, and blocking BMP with specific antibodies or soluble BMP receptors Alk-3 and Alk-6 abolished the inductive properties of the extract. Sufficient information was gathered to explain how ectopic expression of BMP might induce tissue transformation into ectopic bone/cartilage and, therefore, promote structural degeneration of the rotator cuff. Early surgical removal of the subacromial bursa might present an option to interrupt disease progression.
γ-Selective Cross-coupling of Potassium Allyltrifluoroborates with Aryl and 1-Alkenyl Bromides Catalyzed by a Pd(OAc)2/D-t-BPF Complex
Authors: Yamamoto Yasunori , Takada Shingo , Miyaura Norio 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Cross-coupling reactions of [RCH=CHCH2BF3]K with aryl or 1-alkenyl bromides occurred at the γ-carbon of an allylborane moiety with perfect regioselectivities (&gt;99%) in the presence of a palladium/D-t-BPF complex and K2CO3 in refluxing THF.
Reconstruction of femoral defects in revision hip surgery
Authors: Barker R. , Takahashi T. , Toms A. , Gregson P. , Kuiper J. H. 
Published: May 2006

The use of impaction bone grafting during revision arthroplasty of the hip in the presence of cortical defects has a high risk of post-operative fracture. Our laboratory study addressed the effect of extramedullary augmentation and length of femoral stem on the initial stability of the prosthesis and the risk of fracture. Cortical defects in plastic femora were repaired using either surgical mesh without extramedullary augmentation, mesh with a strut graft or mesh with a plate. After bone impaction, standard or long-stem Exeter prostheses were inserted, which were tested by cyclical loading while measuring defect strain and migration of the stem. Compared with standard stems without extramedullary augmentation, defect strains were 31% lower with longer stems, 43% lower with a plate and 50% lower with a strut graft. Combining extramedullary augmentation with a long stem showed little additional benefit (p = 0.67). The type of repair did not affect the initial stability. Our results support the use of impaction bone grafting and extramedullary augmentation of diaphyseal defects after mesh containment.
Comminuted fractures of the radial head treated by the Judet floating radial head prosthesis
Authors: Dotzis A. , Cochu G. , Mabit C. , Charissoux J. L. , Arnaud J. P. 
Published: May 2006

Excision is not a suitable treatment for all comminuted fractures of the radial head. In elbows where instability can be predicted, a replacement arthroplasty of the radial head is more effective. The aim of this paper was to present the medium-term results of the Judet floating radial head prosthesis. This operation was performed on 14 patients between 1992 and 2003, of whom 12 were reviewed at a mean follow-up of five years and three months (1 to 12 years). The outcome was assessed using the Mayo elbow performance score and a modified Disability of Arm Shoulder Hand (DASH) questionnaire. There were six excellent results, four good, one fair and one poor, as graded by the Mayo score. The mean DASH score was 23.9/100 (0 to 65.8/100). The only significant complication occurred in one patient who developed a severe complex regional pain syndrome. There were no patients with secondary instability of the elbow, implant loosening, cubitus valgus, osteoporosis of the capitellum, or pain in the forearm and wrist. Our experience, combined with that of other authors using this device, has encouraged us to continue using the Judet prosthesis in comminuted fractures of the elbow where instability is a potential problem.
Single-stage bilateral total shoulder arthroplasty
Authors: Gerber C. , Lingenfelter E. J. , Reischl N. , Sukthankar A. 
Published: May 2006

We compared six patients with a mean age of 70 years (49 to 80) with severe bilateral, painful glenohumeral joint destruction who underwent a single-stage bilateral total shoulder replacement, with eight patients of mean age 61 years (22 to 89) who underwent bilateral total shoulder replacement in two stages, at a mean interval of 18 months (6 to 43). The overall function, pain and strength improved significantly in both groups. The subjective shoulder value, relative Constant score, active external rotation and the strength were improved significantly more in the single-stage group. Active elevation, abduction and overall function improved, significantly more in the single-stage group. Both the total duration of hospitalisation and the time off work per shoulder were substantially shorter in the single-stage group. The overall rate of complication was lower in the single-stage group. Our findings indicated that single-stage bilateral total shoulder replacement yielded significantly better clinical results with shorter hospitalisation and rehabilitation than staged replacement, and was not associated with any increase in complications.
Effect of Exercise on Extraskeletal Risk Factors for Hip Fractures in Elderly Women With Low BMD: A Population-Based Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Korpelainen Raija , Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi Sirkka , Heikkinen Jorma , Väänänen Kalervo , Korpelainen Juha 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
We conducted a 30-month population-based, randomized, controlled trial in 160 elderly women at risk for fractures on the basis of a low baseline BMD. Mainly home-based weight-bearing exercise was effective in improving strength, balance, and gait.
Introduction: Evidence on the effect of exercise on extraskeletal risk factors for hip fractures comes mainly from studies in voluntary low-risk women, and no population-based, long-term interventions have been performed in elderly women with low bone mass. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of long-term weight-bearing exercise on balance, muscle strength, and gait in elderly women at risk for fractures on the basis of a low baseline BMD.
Materials and Methods: A birth cohort of 1690 women 70–73 years of age were invited to the radius and hip BMD measurements; 96 women were excluded because of medical reasons; 160 women with radius and hip BMD values of &gt;2 SD below the reference value were included in the trial. The participants were randomly assigned to 30 months of impact, balancing, and strengthening exercises or to no intervention. Main outcome measures were body sway length and leg strength at month 30. Secondary endpoints included gait speed, endurance, and grip strength. Outcomes were assessed at 0, 12, 24, and 30 months using blinded operators. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to determine statistical significance. The analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis.
Results: Body sway increased more in the control group than in the exercise group over time (time–group interaction, p &lt; 0.001). Leg strength improved in the exercise group and decreased in the control group (interaction, p &lt; 0.001). A significant time–group interaction (p &lt; 0.001) in favor of the exercise group was found on the following secondary endpoints: the timed up and go test score, walking speed, and distance walked in 2 minutes.
Conclusions: Weight-bearing exercise is an effective way of modifying extraskeletal risk factors for fractures in elderly women.
Effect of the Women's Health Initiative on Osteoporosis Therapy and Expenditure in Medicaid
Authors: Udell Jacob A , Fischer Michael A , Brookhart M Alan , Solomon Daniel H , Choudhry Niteesh K 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Decreasing HRT use among postmenopausal women may have a reciprocal impact on other osteoporosis therapy. Time series analysis of prescribing trends for millions of Medicaid beneficiaries revealed a 57% decline in HRT without augmenting the pace of bisphosphonate use. Prescribing changes dramatically increased Medicaid spending on osteoporosis therapy over the last decade and requires further evaluation of cost effectiveness.
Introduction: Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been commonly prescribed to postmenopausal women, but its use is decreasing because adverse cardiac outcomes were reported by the Womeńs Health Initiative (WHI) in July 2002. The reciprocal impact of the WHI on other osteoporosis medications use and expenditure is unknown.
Materials and Methods: We conducted a time series analysis on prescription data from 50 state Medicaid programs between 1995 and 2004. Five medication categories were used: HRT, bisphosphonates, calcium, calcitonin, and raloxifene.
Results: HRT was increasing before publication of the WHI, reaching 5 million prescriptions per year by mid-2002 (136 prescriptions per 1000 beneficiaries). Bisphosphonate prescribing rose in parallel until mid-2002. WHI publication was associated with a rapid reduction in HRT use, declining 57% by mid-2004 to an average of 59 prescriptions per 1000 beneficiaries (p = 0.01). WHI publication did not augment bisphosphonates' nearly linear rate of rise (p = 0.43) as their prescribing pace continued, whereas HRT declined. Medicaid spending on osteoporosis therapy also changed dramatically during the last decade, as yearly expenditure increased 664% from $1465 to $9742 per 1000 beneficiaries. Over this period, a significant shift from daily to weekly bisphosphonates also occurred.
Conclusions: A dramatic decline in HRT and continued rise in bisphosphonate prescribing has occurred since the publication of the WHI. During this time, there have also been substantial increases in osteoporosis medication spending within Medicaid. Determining whether these trends are clinically appropriate and cost effective for osteoporosis therapy will have important implications for the development of future drug reimbursement programs, especially for elderly patients.
Fertility Preservation in Young Women Undergoing Breast Cancer Therapy
Authors: Sonmezer Murat , Oktay Kutluk 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Explain how chemotherapy for breast cancer impacts ovarian function.Discuss the incidence of ovarian failure after chemotherapy and list the chemotherapeutic agents most likely to cause loss of fertility in breast cancer patients.Describe options for fertility preservation in women undergoing breast cancer therapy.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Breast cancer accounts for one third of all neoplasms seen in reproductive-age women and affects tens of thousands of women each year in that age group. The adjuvant chemotherapy regimens used for the treatment commonly affect fertility and cause premature ovarian failure. There have been recent advances in the field of fertility preservation, which can allow many of these breast cancer survivors to have children in the future. The most established option is embryo cryopreservation; oocyte cryopreservation can be considered in single women. Both of these approaches require approximately 2 weeks of ovarian stimulation beginning with the onset of the patient's menstrual cycle. Thus, it is crucial that these patients are referred to appropriate assisted reproduction centers as soon as they are diagnosed with breast cancer. Recently developed ovarian stimulation protocols using tamoxifen and letrozole can be used to increase the margin of safety in these patients. When and if a breast cancer patient does not have time to undergo ovarian stimulation prior to chemotherapy, ovarian cryopreservation for future autotransplantation can be offered as the last resort. The benefit of ovarian protection by gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues is unproven and unlikely, and thus this treatment should not be offered as the sole method of fertility preservation.
Preventing Chemotherapy Errors
Authors: Schulmeister Lisa 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Define the extent and scope of chemotherapy errors and their impact on patient care.Describe common types of prescribing errors.Recommend procedures to prevent errors in drug orders, preparation, and identification of patients.Identify reporting and monitoring systems both within your institution and at the government levels.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
A large amount of information on chemotherapy error prevention is available to the practicing oncologist. However, few oncologists have the time and resources to obtain the information and evaluate the evidence. Further, much of the information is generic and does not provide specific direction on how the information can be applied in clinical practice. This manuscript reviews principles of safe chemotherapy administration, identifies key actions to prevent chemotherapy errors, and provides suggestions on how the information can be incorporated into daily practice.
Teams: Communication in Multidisciplinary Care
Authors: Penson Richard T. , Kyriakou Helena , Zuckerman Dan , Chabner Bruce A. , Lynch Thomas J. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the roles of teams in multidisciplinary cancer care.Discuss the strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities of team-based care.Describe the historical and cultural context of modern medical team-based care.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Shortly before his death in 1995, Kenneth B. Schwartz, a cancer patient at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), founded The Kenneth B. Schwartz Center at MGH. The Schwartz Center is a nonprofit organization dedicated to supporting and advancing compassionate health care delivery that provides hope to the patient and support to caregivers, and encourages the healing process. The Center sponsors the Schwartz Center Rounds, a monthly multidisciplinary forum where caregivers reflect on important psychosocial issues faced by patients, their families, and their caregivers, and gain insight and support from fellow staff members.
The evolving field of oncology increasingly requires a team of medical specialists working in unison to deliver optimal medical care. While this coordination may maximize the technical synergy of care, it can challenge interprofessional and interdisciplinary connections. Poor and miscommunication and conflicts between staff and between the family and providers adversely affect patient care and quality of life. Furthermore, lack of communication leaves a vacuum that sucks in fear. A recent Newsweek article highlighted the challenges of practicing in the age of high-tech medicine. The author had to beg for a prognosis for her critically ill and dying husband, with unhelpful subspecialists failing to communicate the bigger picture. This article explores the tough issue of how teams handle uncertainty and bad news and how patients and families can be better supported in the multifaceted paradigm of modern care.
Overview of Pharmacogenetics
Authors: Katz David A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPharmacogenetics is the study of relationships between genetic variation and inter‐individual differences with respect to drug response. As the field has matured over the past 15 years, a remarkable diversity of pathways, variation types, and mechanisms have been found to be relevant pharmacogenetic factors. Today, pharmacogenetics is becoming more important in pharmacology for target validation, lead optimization, and understanding of idiosyncratic toxicity. This unit provides an overview of the history of pharmacogenetics and current research applications in drug discovery, as well as a discussion of research quality issues relevant for human subjects research in the pharmacogenetics laboratory.
Techniques for Mammalian Cell Tissue Culture
Authors: Phelan Mary C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis unit opens with detailed discussions on the latest principles of sterile technique and preparation of culture media. Step‐by‐step protocols describe trypsinizing and subculturing monolayer cultures, passaging suspension cultures, freezing and thawing cells, counting cells using a hemacytometer, and preparing cells for transport.
Diastereoselective Ethynylation of Chiral α‐(Dibenzylamino) Aldehydes: Synthesis of meso‐ and Homochiral C2‐Symmetrical 1,6‐Diamino‐2,5‐diols
Authors: Andrés José M. , Pedrosa Rafael , Pérez‐Encabo Alfonso 
Published: May 2006

AbstractHomochiral α‐(dibenzylamino) aldehydes, prepared from the corresponding α‐amino acids, react with ethynylmagnesium bromide in THF/Et2O at 0 °C to afford, in good yields and dr, propargylic 1,2‐amino alcohols; anti diastereomers were always formed as the major products in this reaction. These compounds are versatile intermediates in the synthesis of meso‐ and enantiopure 1,6‐diamino‐2,5‐diols with C2 symmetry. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Development of a capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry method for the determination of formaldehyde releasers as their hydrolysis products and amino alcohols from metal working fluids
Authors: Fekete Agnes , Hertkorn Norbert , Frommberger Moritz , Lahaniatis Majlinda R. , Kettrup Antonius , Schmitt‐Kopplin Philippe 
Published: May 2006

AbstractMetal working fluids (MWFs) are widely used as lubricants and coolants for different industrial operations. Biocides are ingredients of MWFs to control the microbial growth; derivatives of hexahydrotriazines and oxazolidines are generally used. Because of the lack of appropriate characterization, an existing capillary electrophoretic method for their quantification was improved. During the process of optimization, it became clear that hydrolysis products, derivatives of amino alcohols, severely interfere with the separation procedure. Since indirect‐UV detection lacked the required selectivity, mass‐selective detection was employed. NMR and MS established the absence of amino alcohols in the original educts. The aqueous solutions of the biocides stored for extended time remained amino alcohol‐free, suggesting that these amino alcohols are formed from the biocides during the capillary electrophoretic separation. The observation of narrow and symmetric peaks indicated hydrolysis, and the polarity of the products implied favorable conditions for capillary electrophoretic separation. Methods were optimized for the analysis of the amino alcohols, the hydrolytic products of the formaldehyde releasers, using indirect‐UV and MS detection. This method was extended to other likely solutes used as alkaline‐reserve ingredients. The analytes were separated within 9 min with a high precision of migration times (the RSDs were below 1.5%). When quantifying from mobility scale, the calibration curves produced linearity with regression coefficients in the range of 0.990–0.999. The detection limit was lower than 1 mg/L in the case of MS detection. The influence of water‐based MWF was also investigated, and no matrix effect on the migration of the analytes and on the peak areas was observed.
The long‐run impact of coups on Fiji's economy: evidence from a computable general equilibrium model
Authors: Narayan Paresh Kumar , Prasad Biman Chand 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCoups have been used as a weapon to overthrow democratic governments in Fiji since 1987. The post‐1987 period has been one of the most volatile ones in Fiji's history, in that it has undergone 15 changes in government. In this paper, we analyse the long run economy‐wide impact of the May 2000 coup on Fiji's economy. This goal is achieved by using the computable general equilibrium model, which is at the forefront of ‘impact studies’. We find that coups will have an adverse impact on the Fijian economy: real GDP will fall by around 8 per cent, real national welfare will fall by around 7 per cent and real consumption will fall by around 2 per cent in the long‐run. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.