bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Documentation of Data Collected from Field Instrumentation for Spatial Applications
Authors: Hansen DT 
Published: March 2009

Data from field instruments are increasingly being incorporated into Geographic Information Systems (GIS). This adds a geospatial component to time series data and permits analysis and display with other geospatial data. From the perspective of GIS analysis, two issues are of importance. The first is the identification and description of the instrument location. The second is the description of the data stream from the sensor package and the access to that data for analysis and display. They are the basis for effective and proper use of the data from the instrumented site.
The spatial location of the sensor or sensor array in latitude and longitude or in a map projection system is a critical parameter for the use of the data in GIS. The accuracy of the spatial locations of sensors is important in identifying the spatial analysis that is appropriate for the data. Besides geographic coordinate information, local coordinate information available for the site is valuable information for locating the sites and instruments. Local coordinate information often is more accurately known than the geographic position. Local coordinate information can be used in computer modeling of the sensor data independently and can be used to refine the initial values of geographic coordinates.
To effectively use data captured from the instruments, information on the structure and contents of the data base is required. Sensor data may then be carried into the GIS data base management system (DBMS) or accessed from the DBMS set up for the time series data. For effective use and application of the data, all require information on the parameters being captured. For GIS data, this information is described as elements in ASTM D 5714-95 Content Specifications for Geospatial Metadata.
Some Observations on Mixed-Mode Fatigue Behavior of Polycrystalline Metals
Authors: Miller KJ , Brown MW , Yates JR 
Published: March 2009

Fatigue cracks are almost invariably one of two kinds, either Stage I (shear type) or Stage II (tensile type). The orientation, length, and lifetime duration of these cracks are dependent on: the loading system; the artefact geometry; and the material microstructure.
All of these factors are therefore important in the fatigue analysis of a component or a structure, but especially so when mixed-mode loading (such as tension plus torsion) and mixed-mode cracking occur. However, the prior loading history and/or the history of crack growth is frequently ignored in both theoretical and experimental studies in which a crack or defect of a given size is extended by a given loading system.
This paper records some results and some difficulties in our attempts to understand both mixed-mode loading and mixed-mode crack growth and their interactions in polycrystalline metals. In particular two regimes are considered in this study. Firstly, long crack growth thresholds under both mixed Mode (I and II) and (I and III) as well as fatigue crack propagation rates and branching criteria are discussed. Under such conditions, crack propagation behavior necessarily requires the problem of crack face interference to be addressed. Secondly, short crack behavior under multiaxial loading is studied and it is shown that multi-axial fatigue endurance can be predicted from Stage I and Stage II crack growth laws, which sometimes require crack coalescence to be taken into account.
Influence of Post Processing on the Mechanical Properties of Investment Cast and Wrought Co-Cr-Mo Alloys
Authors: Berlin RM , Gustavson LJ , Wang KK 
Published: March 2009

The mechanical properties of investment cast Co-Cr-Mo alloy (American Society for Testing and Materials F 75) can be affected to varying degrees by post cast processes such as solution treating (ST), hot isostatic pressing (HIP), sintering used to apply porous coatings, repair welding, abrasive blasting, and laser marking. The mechanical properties of the wrought version of the alloy (American Society for Testing and Materials F 1537) can be influenced by mill practices. Thermo-mechanical processing such as forging, will change the properties of mill products depending on forging practices. Post forging processes such as abrasive blasting and laser marking can affect the mechanical properties to varying degrees.
Testing has shown that abrasive blasting has no significant effect on either alloy. Laser marking can reduce the fatigue strength of both alloys. Sintering the cast alloy will reduce the fatigue strength and that HIP will improve the fatigue strength of the sintered cast alloy. Also, the cast alloy can be repair welded with no loss in tensile properties.
Spray Droplet Size and Concentration of Metsulfuron-methyl Affects Ethylene Production in Oranges
Authors: Salyani M , Burns JK , Kender WJ 
Published: March 2009

Metsulfuron-methyl has been suggested as a new experimental abscission chemical for harvesting Florida citrus fruit. The objective of the research was to determine the effects of spray droplet size and active ingredient (a.i.) concentration on the efficacy of the product.
‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ orange explants (fruit with peduncle) were sprayed using different droplet sizes or dipped in metsulfuron-methyl solution at three concentrations. Treatment solutions also contained adjuvants Kinetic and Buffer Xtra. The treated explants were stored under constant temperature and humidity conditions and assayed at 3, 5, 7, 9 or 10 days. The metsulfuron-methyl induced internal ethylene was measured by gas chromatography and used as response variable.
Droplet size, a.i. concentration and measurement day had significant effects on ethylene production. Although the response was highly variable, ethylene production tended to increase with droplet size and metsulfuron-methyl concentration. Overall, the variability of response increased at the higher concentrations.
Modification of Release Rate of Encapsulated A.I. Through Fluid Selection
Authors: Verbelen RA , Lemoine S 
Published: March 2009

Microencapsulation is one of the most important ways to control the release rate of a pesticide. Such a technology provides many advantages, such as an adjustable release of the core active ingredient (a.i.), stabilization against degradation of the pesticide, reduced toxicological properties and environmental impact. The release rate of an encapsulated pesticide can be modified, according to the requirements of the application, through fluid selection. Some fluids contribute to accelerate the delivery of liquid or solid a.i., others slow it down.
Several microcapsule formulations have been prepared with a selection of fluids (solvents), while keeping the other capsule parameters constant. The results reported in this paper demonstrate that the fluid, chosen among dearomatized and isoparaffinic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, acetate derivatives and blends of these, significantly influences: - The residual efficacy of Chlorpyrifos on cockroaches — The extent of growth inhibition of fungi by Propiconazole — The diffusion of the a.i. through rat skin.
By matching the biological control patterns with the expected dermal toxicity of a formulation, the formulator can select the specific fluid that better suits his requirements.
A Discussion of the Dependence of Cuticular Mobility on Molecular Volume
Authors: Fowler JD 
Published: March 2009

The last few years have seen the publication of experimental cuticular mobilities for diverse chemicals in several plant species. The measurements are made in vitro using either cuticles isolated enzymatically, or using reconstituted wax extracts from the cuticles; it can be shown that these different methods are consistent with each other. Mobility parameters have been measured both in the presence and absence of uptake-enhancing adjuvants. After accounting for partitioning effects, cuticular diffusion coefficients can be calculated and these diffusivities are observed to have a simple dependence on the molar volume of the diffusing chemical.
This paper presents anecdotal evidence of several kinds to suggest that this dependence can be used to predict when an active ingredient will be sensitive to the use of mobility-enhancing adjuvants. Specifically, it is expected that foliar-active herbicides will be sensitive to such adjuvants if the logarithm of their cuticular mobility [m2/s] is between about -16 and -15. We show also that in the presence of an optimal adjuvant for the specific system, the movement of a chemical through the cuticle can conform to the familiar case of diffusion through a fluid, and is governed by the Stokes-Einstein relation when modified to account for the effect of hindered diffusion through the narrow transport paths within the cuticle. The observed dependence of diffusivity on molar volume then implies a very low value for the “free” volume (voidage) that is available for diffusion within the cuticle. In turn this low value implies the presence of structural features within the cuticle, and microscopic studies of the cuticle are consistent with this interpretation. Thus there appears to be a direct connection between in vitro measured cuticular mobilities, the need for adjuvants to promote uptake, and the structure of the plant cuticle.
Interaction Studies with Grafted Butene Vinyl Pyrrolidone Copolymer and Ligninsulfonates
Authors: Jon DI , Narayanan KS , Curry J 
Published: March 2009

Interactions between a graft copolymer of polyvinylpyrrolidone and butene (AGRIMER™ AL10-LC)2 and ligninsulfonates were demonstrated by surface tension measurements. Two types of ligninsulfonates: LSA and LSB showed differences in their surface activities. A surface tension lowering effect was observed with the more surface-active ligninsulfonate (LSB) and graft copolymer. However, no such effect was found with the less surface-active ligninsulfonate (LSA). When the mixed system [graft copolymer + LSA] and [graft copolymer + LSB] were stored at 52°C for 4 months, the surface tension of water in the region below the surface saturation region was lowered for LSA and increased for LSB when compared with room temperature samples. There was no apparent change in storage under the above conditions in the macroscopic properties of the components. The change in the surface activity on accelerated storage at high temperature is hypothesized to arise from changes in the conformation of the components in the matrix.
Adsorption of the graft copolymer, LSA and LSB individually and in combination onto an active ingredient (chlorothalonil) was also studied via surface tension concentration profiles. The results are consistent with preferential adsorption of the graft copolymer in the presence of ligninsulfonate on chlorothalonil.
The Phytotoxicity of Solvents to Seeds
Authors: Frisch PD 
Published: March 2009

Seed treatment is a rapidly growing segment of the agricultural chemical industry. Two factors have contributed to this. First, the technology of building crop protection and/or specific attributes into the genetic makeup of the plant has led to a significant increase in the cost of the seed. Second, seed exposure has increased because it is being planted earlier into cold, often hostile, no-till soils that provide a refuge for soil borne diseases and insects. Seed treatments provide a way to protect the farmers' investment by controlling specific diseases that affect seeds prior to, during and after germination.
Historically, seed treatments are applied as water-based flowable formulations but these water-based systems have deficiencies. This study examines the use of hydrocarbon and oxygenated solvents as possible alternatives to water. Solvent-based systems offer added flexibility to the formulation of seed treatment products. If solvents are to be used in this application, a critical first question, which must be addressed, is their phytotoxic effect on the seed. Different types of hydrocarbon and oxygenated solvents of differing molecular weights have been screened with sensitive varieties of major crop seeds (corn, soybean, wheat, cotton). Rates of germination will be discussed as they are influenced by the type of solvent, its volatility and the treatment rate.
It will be shown that selected solvents can be safely used in a seed treatment program and that, within a given solvent type, the key to solvent selection is to minimize contact time with the seed by using a more volatile solvent or a lower treatment rate.
A New Methodology for Quality Control Testing of Biological and Recombinant Products
Authors: Zaslavsky BY , Chaiko DJ 
Published: March 2009

Manufacturing of biological therapeutic agents such as growth hormone, tissue plasminogen activator, alpha interferon, and PEGylated proteins requires new analytical methodologies for characterization and quality control of the products.
A new methodology based on the technique of partitioning in aqueous polymer two-phase systems is recommended for quality control testing. The advantages of the methodology are that it provides unique information that is related to the biological potency, and it is rugged and simple. Here we describe the basics of the technique and the quantitative information it provides and give examples of how the technique can be applied for characterization and quality control of biological and recombinant products.
Evaluation of Stress-Intensity Factors Using General Finite-Element Models
Authors: Smith SA , Raju IS 
Published: March 2009

Finite-element methods are commonly used to evaluate cracked solids. Post-processing methods are used to extract Mode I stress-intensity factor values from finite-element analyses. These methods include the Crack-Opening-Displacement (COD) method, the Force method, the Virtual Crack Closure Technique (VCCT) and the Equivalent Domain Integral (EDI) method. The COD method, Force method and the VCCT appear to require that the finite-element mesh intersect the crack front in an orthogonal manner in order to obtain accurate stress-intensity factor values. The EDI does not appear to require this orthogonality with the crack front to obtain accurate stress intensity factor values. The objectives of this study are to determine if accurate stress intensity factor values can be obtained from finite-element models that lack orthogonality with the crack front and, if accurate values cannot be obtained, to modify the extraction methods so that accurate stress-intensity factor values can be obtained from models without orthogonality at the crack front.
Models of a through-the-thickness crack in plane strain, an embedded elliptic crack, and a semi-elliptic surface crack were created with and without orthogonality at the crack front. The models with orthogonality at the crack front were termed orthogonal models while the models without orthogonality the crack front were termed general models. Stress-intensity factors were evaluated for both the orthogonal and general models using the COD method, Force method, VCCT, and EDI method. The stress-intensity factor values obtained from these models were compared to accepted reference solutions to determine their accuracy. The COD method, Force method, and VCCT were not able to extract accurate stress-intensity factor values from general models. The EDI method was not affected by the lack of orthogonality at the crack front.
The COD method, Force method, and VCCT were modified for application to general models. These new formulations do not require the finite-element mesh to be orthogonal to the crack front. The values of the stress-intensity factors obtained from the general models using the new formulations of the extraction methods are of the same accuracy as those obtained from the models with orthogonality at the crack front.
Stress Ratio Effects on Crack Opening Loads and Crack Growth Rates in Aluminum Alloy 2024
Authors: Riddell WT , Piascik RS 
Published: March 2009

The effects of stress ratio (R) and crack-opening behavior on fatigue crack growth rates (da/dN) for Aluminum Alloy (AA) 2024-T3 were investigated using constant-ΔK testing, closure measurements, and fractography. Fatigue crack growth rates were obtained for a range of ΔK and stress ratios. Results show that constant ΔK fatigue crack growth for R ranging from near 0 to near 1 is divided into three regions. In Region I, at low R, da/dN increases with increasing R. In Region II, at intermediate R, fatigue crack growth rates are relatively independent of R. In Region III, at high R, further increases in da/dN are observed with increasing R.
Near-crack-tip surface closure measurements, using a new noncontact displacement method, show that Region I transient crack growth rates are a result of crack closure. Increasing fatigue surface microvoid density, coinciding with increasing da/dN for Region III fatigue crack growth, suggests that a Kmax-dependent damage mechanism is responsible for the transient fatigue crack growth rates characteristic of Region III. For AA 2024-T3, the onset of Region III correlates with a critical value of Kmax (13 MPa m1/2). Region II fatigue crack growth is unaffected by both closure and Kmax effects. In this intrinsic region, ΔK = ΔKeff Rates from this region are used to test the validity of closure measurements for Region I fatigue crack growth. Poor correlation of da/dN and ΔKeff occurs when ΔKeff are calculated from the fully open load obtained by the reduced strain technique. Good correlation of da/dN and ΔKeff are found when ΔKeff is calculated from local opening loads approximately 0.1 mm behind the crack-tip.
Ductile Crack Growth from Simulated Defects in Strength Overmatched Butt Welds
Authors: Nishioka OS , Panontin TL 
Published: March 2009

Defects that develop in welds during the fabrication process are frequently manifested as embedded flaws from lack of fusion or lack of penetration. Fracture analyses of welded structures must be able to assess the effect of such defects on the structural integrity of weldments; however, the transferability of R-curves measured in laboratory specimens to defective structural welds has not been fully examined.
In the current study, the fracture behavior of an overmatched butt weld containing a simulated buried, lack-of-penetration defect is studied. A specimen designed to simulate pressure vessel butt welds is considered; namely, a center crack panel specimen, of 1.25 inch by 1.25 inch cross section, loaded in tension. The stress-relieved double-V weld has a yield strength 50% higher than that of the plate material, and displays upper shelf fracture behavior at room temperature. Specimens are precracked or notched, loaded monotonically while load-CMOD measurements are made, then stopped and heat tinted to mark the extent of ductile crack growth.
These measurements are compared to predictions made using finite element analysis of the specimens using the fracture mechanics code Warp3D, which models void growth using the Gurson-Tvergaard dilitant plasticity formulation within fixed sized computational cells ahead of the crack front. Calibration data for the finite element analyses, namely cell size and initial material porosities, are obtained by matching computational predictions to experimental results from tests of welded compact tension specimens. The calibrated methodology is then used to predict ductile crack growth in defective welds in a structural crack geometry. The R-curves measured in compact tension specimens are compared to those obtained in multi-specimen weld tests, and conclusions as to the transferability of R-curves are discussed.
Taking Inventory on VOC Releases from Amoco's Yorktown Refinery
Authors: Klee HH , Schmitt RE , Podar MK , Harrass MC 
Published: March 2009

Amoco's Yorktown, Virginia, refinery is a 35-year-old, 53 000 bbl/day facility that manufactures gasoline, heating oil, liquid petroleum gas, sulfur, and coke. In a cooperative and voluntary effort, Amoco Corporation and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency conducted a joint project to study polluation prevention opportunities at an operating industrial facility.
Source reduction efforts—key to pollution prevention strategies—require knowledge of specific sources of releases. However, data on releases from individual process units are limited in favor of data to monitor existing end-of-pipe pollution control requirements. The study's sampling program sought to portray the distribution of releases within the refinery, their management within the refinery, and ultimate releases leaving the refinery. Subsequent tests of blowdown stack and fugitive emissions further improved total release estimates.
The initial study estimated that the refinery generates about 25 000 metric tons (t)/year of potential pollutants. Of these, about half are released from the refinery as airborne, waterborne, or land-disposed releases. Airborne releases comprise the majority of releases by mass, about 12 000 t/year. Most of the airborne releases are volatile organic compound hydrocarbons. The inventory sampling project and subsequent work identified differences with Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) values and standard emission factors (AP-42). The inventory and other data provided an opportunity to consider options for, and limitations of, specific pollution prevention or source reduction strategies.
Characterizing a VOC Site Through On-Site Analysis of Soil Gas
Authors: Ardito CP , Duval TA , Reaber DW 
Published: March 2009

An alternative approach for characterization of sites contaminated by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been employed at Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico (SNL/NM), in order to characterize a plume from a chemical waste landfill (CWL). The characterization approach is designed to maximize the use of soil gas analysis for definition of the nature and extent of contamination and for validation of the conceptual model of contaminant transport. Comparison of the soil gas data analyzed at an on-site laboratory with those data generated by an EPA-approved analytical laboratory indicates that soil gas data provide a much more representative picture of site conditions. To assist in the validation of our conceptual model of contaminant transport for the CWL, we employed an approach developed at SNL/NM that allows for assessment of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) through equilibrium testing of the soil gas data.
Ground water beneath the CWL, approximately 146 m below ground surface (BGS), has been impacted by low levels of VOCs. Laboratory data from soil samples collected through split-spoon sampling techniques revealed detectable contaminants to a maximum depth of approximately 6 m BGS. However, soil gas concentrations revealed a contaminant plume at concentrations in the range of 100 ppmv at depths greater than 60 m BGS. We demonstrate in this paper that soil gas data can provide a much more accurate picture of site conditions.
The Development of Generic Industrial Cleanup Criteria in the State of Michigan
Authors: Berger RS , Barkach JH , Kuhn WF 
Published: March 2009

On July 11, 1990, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) promulgated administrative rules to implement a uniform hazardous waste site cleanup program in Michigan. These MDNR Administrative Rules (Act 307) establish a process for calculating risk-based cleanup levels for soil and groundwater affected by carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic hazardous chemicals which pose a threat to human health and the environment.
The MDNR periodically publishes guidance documents that provide interpretation and procedures for implementation of the Act 307 Rules. The MDNR recently published a guidance document which presents generic risk-based cleanup criteria for industrial sites. The purpose of this paper is to provide background on the Act 307 rules, and to describe the algorithms used to calculate this cleanup criteria. In addition, this paper provides background on the MDNR's selection of standardized exposure variables for industrial land use.