bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring the Returns to Networking and the Accumulation of Social Capital: Any Evidence of Bonding, Bridging, or Linking?
Authors: Urwin Peter , Di Pietro Giorgio , Sturgis Patrick , Jack Gregor 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis article presents analyses of individual investment in social capital using both the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) and the UK Time Use Survey (2000) (UKTUS). We suggest a general theoretical framework that could possibly explain individual investment in various forms of social networking. Measures of social capital are then constructed in an attempt to capture the extent of individual investment in bonding, bridging, and linking networks. These measures, together with other socioeconomic indicators, are used as explanatory factors in wage equations, estimated using ordered probit, OLS, and instrumental variable approaches. We are unable to identify any consistent returns from investment in bonding and bridging networks. In contrast, the evidence suggests that any returns to investment in the development of linking social capital simply derive from the positive signals that group membership may transmit to potential employers. Our results underline the contrast between studies that consider social capital as an attribute of communities, as opposed to individuals, in that we find a negative return to social activity at the level of the individual.
Emergency Medical Practice: Advancing Cultural Competence and Reducing Health Care Disparities
Authors: Padela Aasim I. , Punekar Imran R.A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn an increasingly diverse patient population, language differences, socioeconomic circumstances, religious values, and cultural practices may present barriers to the delivery of quality care. These obstacles contribute to the health care disparities observed in all areas of medical care. Increasing cultural competence has been cited as part of the solution to reduce disparities. The emergency department (ED) is an environment where cultural sensitivity is particularly needed, as it is often a primary source of health care for the underserved and ethnic and racial minorities and a place where high patient volume and acuity place the provider under demanding time pressures, yet the emergency medicine (EM) literature on health care disparities and cultural competence is limited.The authors present three clinical scenarios highlighting challenges in providing equitable emergency care to minority populations. Using these cases as illustrations, three processes are proposed that may improve the quality of care delivered to minority populations: 1) increase cultural awareness and reduce provider biases, enabling providers to interact more effectively with different patient populations; 2) accommodate patient preferences and needs in medical settings through practice adjustments and cultural modifications; and 3) increase provider diversity to raise levels of tolerance, awareness, and understanding for other cultures and create more racially and/or ethnically concordant patient–physician relationships.
The Effect of Buscopan®on the Development of the Blow FlyChrysomya megacephala(F.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Oliveira Helena G. , Gomes Guilherme , Morlin Jr José J. , Von Zuben Cláudio J. , Linhares Arício X. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract: This work investigated the effects of butylscopolamine bromide, a drug present in the pharmaceutical formulation Buscopan®, on the development ofChrysomya megacephala, a blow fly species of considerable forensic and medical importance in Brazil. Larvae exposed to the drug showed a decreased rate of development, with higher drug concentrations further retarding the development. Besides, larvae reared on the presence of the drug showed smaller body weight and body length when compared with larvae reared on the absence of Buscopan®. The drug also affected the mortality of the species.
The Sin of Ian McEwan's Fictive Atonement: Reading his Later Novels
Authors: Shah Bruno M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIan McEwan is arguably the best living British novelist. His most successful novel, Atonement, was recently made into an internationally successful film. And indeed, through analysis of his novels, it is clear that Ian McEwan believes literature—precisely as fictive—might very well bear the task of atonement for postmodernity. His novels, though, are patently hopeless, (even as they are truly well-written). Because McEwan doesn't accept or see the causes of sin as such—formally understood as rebellion against the Creator—his diagnostic aesthetic of our postmodern malaise is incomplete and ineffectual. The literary or fictive atonement that he would achieve through his novels does not satisfy. This article aims to lay bare the philosophico-literary characteristics of Ian McEwan's later novels. The ultimate goal of this critical reading, though—tending toward an “evangelical lection”—is to transfigure McEwan's imaginative and creative virtuosity for otherwise disappointed Christian readers, precisely by envisioning his novels in the dark light of their redemptive deficit. Thus, the literary or fictive atonement that Ian McEwan's atheism cannot achieve might be saved apropos the Judeo-Christian revelation of divine atonement.
Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder in 18 Dutch Women: Part I. MRI, EEG, and Transvaginal Ultrasonography Investigations
Authors: Waldinger Marcel D. , Van Gils Ad P.G. , Pauline Ottervanger H. , Vandenbroucke Waldina V.A. , Tavy Dénes L.J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Systematic blood analysis and electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study in women with persistent genital arousal disorder (PGAD) are needed to get more insight into the syndrome’s etiology and pathogenesis.

Aim
To investigate possible causes of PGAD.

Methods
Eighteen women fulfilling all five criteria of PGAD were included in the study. In-depth interviews and routine blood and hormonal investigations, together with EEG and MRI scans of the brain and pelvis, were performed in all women. Transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS) and MRI scans with contrast were performed in subjects who had indications of abnormalities on MRI scans.

Main Outcome Measures
Detailed descriptions of blood, neurophysiological, and (neuro)anatomical findings.

Results
The majority of women experienced PGAD symptoms during early menopause without existing laboratory abnormalities, besides those belonging to menopause. The EEG studies showed no severe diffuse or focal abnormalities. The MRI scans of the brain did not show any specific abnormalities, apart from an already known pericallosal aneurysm in one patient and postoperative findings of meningioma surgery in another patient. MRI scans of the pelvis showed clear to moderate-clear indications of pelvic varices in 55% of the women. TVUS confirmed the existence of pelvic varices in nine women; these had a mild, moderate, and severe extent in two, three, and four women. In three of the latter four patients, an additional MRI with gadolinium contrast disclosed mild to moderate dilation of ovarian veins; 39% of the women were known with varices of one or both legs.

Conclusions
The current study did not show overt pathology that could causally explain PGAD sensations. As pelvic varices are a common finding in adult women, the current findings do not allow the conclusion that PGAD is causally related to pelvic varices. However, the high prevalence of pelvic and lower limb varices in the current group of women warrants further research of their role in PGAD.
Development of a Theoretical Screening Tool to Assess Caries Risk in Nevada Youth
Authors: Ditmyer Marcia M. , Mobley Connie , Draper Quinn , Demopoulos Christina , Smith E. Steven 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Objectives: One objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and severity of caries among Nevada youth, subsequently comparing these data with national statistics. A second objective was to identify the risk factors associated with caries prevalence and severity in order to develop and tailor a theoretical screening tool for this cohort for future validation. Methods: Researchers computed the prevalence rates of dental caries (D‐score) and severity rates of decayed, missing, and filled teeth indices in a cohort of 9,202 students, 13 to 18 years of age, attending public/private schools in the 2005/2006 academic year. Multiple regression established which of the 13 variables significantly contributed to caries risk, subsequently using logistic regression to ascertain the weight of contribution and odds ratios of significant variables. Results: Living in counties with no municipal water fluoridation, increased exposure to environmental smoke, minority race, living in rural communities, and increasing age were the largest significant contributors (respectively). Exposure to tobacco, being female, lack of dental insurance, increased body mass index risk, and lack of dental sealants were also significant, but to a lesser extent. Nonsignificant factors included socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and family history of diabetes. Conclusions: This study confirmed high caries prevalence and severity and identified significant risk factors for inclusion in a theoretical risk screening tool for future validation and translation for use in the early detection of caries risk in Nevada youth.
Association ofEscherichia coliJ5-Specific Serum Antibody Responses with Clinical Mastitis Outcome for J5 Vaccinate and Control Dairy Cattle
Authors: Wilson David J. , Mallard Bonnie A. , Burton Jeanne L. , Schukken Ynte H. , Grohn Yrjo T. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTDairy cattle in two commercial Holstein herds were randomly selected to be vaccinated twice with J5, at approximately 60 days and 28 days before the expected calving date, or to be untreated controls. Based on whether milk production changed following clinical mastitis or whether cows were culled or died within 30 days after onset, 51 mastitis cases were classified as severe or mild. J5-specific antibody responses were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of all 32 severe and 19 mild cases. The amounts of J5-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG1, and IgG2 antibodies in sera from the 27 J5 vaccinates were compared with those of the 24 controls. At drying off (before J5 vaccination), all cows had similar amounts of J5-specific antibody. Immediately after calving (approximately 28 days after the second vaccination), J5 vaccinates had significantly higher production of J5-specific IgG1 and IgG2 than controls. When cows were tested following clinical mastitis, none of the three antibody classes differed significantly between the controls and the vaccinates. Vaccinates that contractedEscherichia colimastitis had 75% less milk loss than controls. The cows that contracted clinical mastitis later in lactation, the unvaccinated controls, and those infected withE. colihad more milk loss following mastitis. The hazards of being culled for all reasons and of being culled for mastitis were significantly lower for J5 vaccinates. Vaccination with J5 was associated with protection against milk production loss and culling following clinical mastitis, and it was also significantly associated with changes in J5-specific IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 antibodies in sera of vaccinated cows.
Transmission of Coccidioidomycosis to a Human via a Cat Bite
Authors: Gaidici Adriana , Saubolle Michael A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
We report an unusual case of coccidioidomycosis in the arm of a veterinary assistant without pulmonary symptoms. The patient had been bitten on the hand by a cat which was later diagnosed with disseminated disease. The patient responded to fluconazole therapy and remained asymptomatic at 2 months after cessation of therapy.
Vaccinia Virus Protein F12 Associates with Intracellular Enveloped Virions through an Interaction with A36
Authors: Johnston Sara C. , Ward Brian M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

Vaccinia virus is the prototypical member of the family
Poxviridae
. Three morphologically distinct forms are produced during infection: intracellular mature virions (IMV), intracellular enveloped virions (IEV), and extracellular enveloped virions (EEV). Two viral proteins, F12 and A36, are found exclusively on IEV but not on IMV and EEV. Analysis of membranes from infected cells showed that F12 was only associated with membranes and is not an integral membrane protein. A yeast two-hybrid assay revealed an interaction between amino acids 351 to 458 of F12 and amino acids 91 to 111 of A36. We generated a recombinant vaccinia virus that expresses an F12, which lacks residues 351 to 458. Characterization of this recombinant revealed a small-plaque phenotype and a subsequent defect in virus release similar to a recombinant virus that had F12L deleted. In addition, F12 lacking residues 351 to 458 was unable to associate with membranes in infected cells. These results suggest that F12 associates with IEV through an interaction with A36 and that this interaction is critical for the function of F12 during viral egress.
Exercising with reserve: evidence that the central nervous system regulates prolonged exercise performance
Authors: Swart J , Lamberts R P , Lambert M I , St Clair Gibson A , Lambert E V , Skowno J , Noakes T D 
Published: December 2008

Objective:The purpose of this study was to measure the effects of an amphetamine (methylphenidate) on exercise performance at a fixed rating of perceived exertion of 16.Methods:Eight elite cyclists ingested 10 mg methylphenidate in a randomised, placebo-controlled crossover trial.Results:Compared with placebo, subjects receiving methylphenidate cycled for approximately 32% longer before power output fell to 70% of the starting value. At the equivalent time at which the placebo trial terminated, subjects receiving methylphenidate had significantly higher power outputs, oxygen consumptions, heart rates, ventilatory volumes and blood lactate concentrations although electromyographic activity remained unchanged. The ingestion of a centrally acting stimulant thus allowed subjects to exercise for longer at higher cardiorespiratory and metabolic stress indicating the presence of a muscular reserve in the natural state.Conclusions:This suggests that endurance performance is not only “limited” by mechanical failure of the exercising muscles (“peripheral fatigue”). Rather performance during prolonged endurance exercise under normal conditions is highly regulated by the central nervous system to ensure that whole-body homeostasis is protected and an emergency reserve is always present.
Public attitudes to laws for smoke-free private vehicles: a brief review
Authors: Thomson G , Wilson N 
Published: December 2008

As smoke-free car policy is a frontier domain for tobacco control, attitudes to smoke-free private car laws are briefly reviewed. Medline and Google Scholar searches for the period up to mid-November 2008, from English language sources, were undertaken. Studies were included that contained data from national and subnational populations (eg, in states and provinces), but not for smaller administrative units, eg, cities or councils. Jurisdiction, sample size and survey questions were assessed. One reviewer conducted the data extraction and both authors conducted assessments.A total of 15 relevant studies (from 1988) were identified, set in North America, the UK and Australasia. The available data indicates that, for the jurisdictions with data, there is majority public support for laws requiring cars that contain children to be smoke free. There appears to be an increase over time in this support. In five surveys in 2005 or since (in California, New Zealand and Australia), the support from smokers was 77% or more.The high levels of public (and smoker) support for smoke-free car laws found in the studies to date suggest that this can be a relatively non-controversial tobacco control intervention. Survey series on attitudes to such laws are needed, and surveys in jurisdictions where the issue has not been investigated to date.
BCR-ABLalternative splicing as a common mechanism for imatinib resistance: evidence from molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Lee Tai-Sung , Ma Wanlong , Zhang Xi , Giles Francis , Cortes Jorge , Kantarjian Hagop , Albitar Maher 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRare cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) express high levels of alternatively spliced BCR-ABL mRNA with a 35-bp insertion (35INS) between ABL kinase domain exons 8 and 9. This insertion results in a frameshift leading to the addition of 10 residues and truncation of 653 residues due to early termination. Sensitive PCR-based testing showed that 32 of 52 (62%) imatinib-resistant CML patients in chronic phase and 8 of 38 (21%) in accelerated or blast crisis expressed varying levels of the alternatively spliced BCR-ABL mRNA. A three-dimensional structural model of the 35INS ABL kinase domain complexed with imatinib was built using homology modeling, followed by molecular dynamics simulations. Simulation results showed that the new residues cause a significant global conformational change, altering imatinib binding in a way similar to that of the T315I mutation and, therefore, providing resistance to imatinib that depends on the level of expression. [Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7(12):3834–41]
Ablation of SP-A has a negative impact on the susceptibility of mice to Klebsiella pneumoniae infection after ozone exposure: sex differences
Authors: Mikerov Anatoly N , Haque Rizwanul , Gan Xiaozhuang , Guo Xiaoxuan , Phelps David S , Floros Joanna 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBackgroundSurfactant protein A (SP-A) enhances phagocytosis of bacteria, includingKlebsiella pneumoniae, by alveolar macrophages. Ozone, a major air pollutant, can cause oxidation of surfactant and may influence lung immune function. Immune function may also be affected by sex-specific mechanisms. We hypothesized that ablation of SP-A has a negative impact on the susceptibility of mice toKlebsiella pneumoniaeinfection after ozone exposure, and that sex differences in the effect of ozone do exist.MethodsMale and female SP-A (-/-) mice on the C57BL/6J background were exposed to ozone or to filtered air (FA) used as a control and then infected intratracheally withK. pneumoniaebacteria. Survival rate was monitored during a 14-day period. In addition, protein oxidation levels andin vivophagocytosis were checked 1 h after inoculation of PBS used as a sham control and after inoculation ofK. pneumoniaebacteria in PBS, respectively.ResultsWe found: 1) ozone exposure followed byK. pneumoniaeinfection decreases survival and alveolar macrophage phagocytic function of SP-A (-/-) mice compared to filtered air exposure (p< 0.05), and females are more affected than males; 2) SP-A (-/-) mice (exposed either to ozone or FA) are more susceptible to infection withK. pneumoniaethan wild type (WT) mice regarding their survival rate and macrophage phagocytic function; the phagocytic function of FA SP-A(-/-) is similar to that of ozone exposed WT. 3) ozone exposure appears to increase infiltration of PMNs, total protein, and SP-A oxidation in WT mice; infiltration of PMNs and total protein oxidation appears to be more pronounced in female mice in response to ozone; 4) ozone exposure increases SP-A oxidation in WT females significantly more than in males.ConclusionAbsence (i.e. ablation of SP-A in SP-A (-/-) mice) or reduction of functional activity of SP-A (i.e. oxidation of SP-A in WT mice) increases the susceptibility of mice to experimental pneumonia after ozone exposure, and in both cases females are more affected by ozone exposure than males.
Wnt-reporter expression pattern in the mouse intestine during homeostasis
Authors: Davies Paige S , Dismuke Adria D , Powell Anne E , Carroll Kevin H , Wong Melissa H 
Published: December 2008

Abstract

Background
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway is a known regulator of cell proliferation during development and maintenance of the intestinal epithelium. Perturbations in this pathway lead to aberrant epithelial proliferation and intestinal cancer. In the mature intestine, proliferation is confined to the relatively quiescent stem cells and the rapidly cycling transient-amplifying cells in the intestinal crypts. Although the Wnt signal is believed to regulate all proliferating intestinal cells, surprisingly, this has not been thoroughly demonstrated. This important determination has implications on intestinal function, especially during epithelial expansion and regeneration, and warrants an extensive characterization of Wnt-activated cells.

Methods
To identify intestinal epithelial cells that actively receive a Wnt signal, we analyzed intestinal Wnt-reporter expression patterns in two different mouse lines using immunohistochemistry, enzymatic activity, in situ hybridization and qRT-PCR, then corroborated results with reporter-independent analyses. Wnt-receiving cells were further characterized for co-expression of proliferation markers, putative stem cell markers and cellular differentiation markers using an immunohistochemical approach. Finally, to demonstrate that Wnt-reporter mice have utility in detecting perturbations in intestinal Wnt signaling, the reporter response to gamma-irradiation was examined.

Results
Wnt-activated cells were primarily restricted to the base of the small intestinal and colonic crypts, and were highest in numbers in the proximal small intestine, decreasing in frequency in a gradient toward the large intestine. Interestingly, the majority of the Wnt-reporter-expressing cells did not overlap with the transient-amplifying cell population. Further, while Wnt-activated cells expressed the putative stem cell marker Musashi-1, they did not co-express DCAMKL-1 or cell differentiation markers. Finally, gamma-irradiation stimulated an increase in Wnt-activated intestinal crypt cells.

Conclusion
We show, for the first time, detailed characterization of the intestine from Wnt-reporter mice. Further, our data show that the majority of Wnt-receiving cells reside in the stem cell niche of the crypt base and do not extend into the proliferative transient-amplifying cell population. We also show that the Wnt-reporter mice can be used to detect changes in intestinal epithelial Wnt signaling upon physiologic injury. Our findings have an important impact on understanding the regulation of the intestinal stem cell hierarchy during homeostasis and in disease states.