bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sediment Reference Materials and the Canadian Marine Analytical Chemistry Standards Program
Authors: Greig Sim P , David Jamieson W , Berman SS , Boyko VJ 
Published: December 2008

The Marine Analytical Chemistry Standards Program was established in 1976 by the National Research Council of Canada in support of analytical aspects of marine chemistry. Part of the mandate of the program has been the development of a series of reference materials for the determination of trace inorganic and organic constituents of marine samples. Among the samples prepared to date are a set of two sediment reference materials for the determination of trace elements and inorganic constituents and a set of three sediment reference materials for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB).
The inorganic sediment reference materials have been freeze-dried, screened, homogenized, bottled, and sterilized. Reliable values are given for 13 trace elements and 12 other constituents.
The PCB reference materials have been given the same treatment, except for the radiation sterilization. The levels of PCB in these sediments are expressed as parts per million (ppm) of Arochlor 1254. Values for selected congeners have also been determined.
The development of these materials, as well as work underway on the development of a set of five sediment reference materials for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) determination, is discussed.
Characterization of Trace Metal Associations with Polluted Marine Sediments by Selective Extractions
Authors: Boothman WS 
Published: December 2008

The biological availability and geochemical fate of toxic metals in materials disposed of in the marine environment are dependent in part on the chemical forms in which the metals are present. In order to characterize the associations of trace metals with particulate matter in polluted marine sediments, samples of dredged materials removed from Black Rock Harbor, CT and sediments from the disposal site in Long Island Sound collected subsequent to disposal have been sequentially extracted with a series of solutions. The solutions correspond to a range of conditions under which different sediment phases can be solubilized, and operationally define four sediment fractions: exchangeable, weak acid soluble, oxidizable, and strong acid soluble.
In the dredge material, cadmium, copper, and chromium are all predominantly associated with the oxidizable fraction, that is, with sulfides and organic matter, while lead is found primarily in the residual, strong acid soluble fraction. Data from sediment samples collected at the disposal site indicate oxidation of the surface sediments during the warmer months and result in the redistribution of cadmium and, to a lesser extent, copper to the more labile exchangeable and weak acid soluble fractions. Chromium and lead show little evidence of alterations in the binding of those metals to sediments.
Use of Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry to Monitor Selected Priority Pollutant Levels in Landfill Simulator Leachates
Authors: Stamm JW , Walsh JJ , Jess W , Rickabaugh JI 
Published: December 2008

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Wastewater Research Division, is desirous of determining the impacts of disposing municipal wastewater treatment sludge to landfills. To fulfill this research need, SCS Engineers is conducting a program to monitor environmental emissions from 28 landfill simulators located at the EPA Test and Evaluation (T&E) Facility in Cincinnati, OH. These landfill simulators contain mixtures of limes and anerobically digested sludges, and municipal solid waste. One of the major goals of the program is to document and examine the release of six priority pollutants, which have been spiked into selected test cells.
Leachate samples are analyzed by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Quantitation of the pollutants is accomplished using the isotope dilution technique. By adding a known amount of a labeled pollutant to a sample before extraction, correction for recovery of the pollutant can be made because the pollutant and its labeled analog exhibit the same effects from extraction, concentration, and gas chromatography. In addition, the method of gel permeation chromatography (GPC) is also employed for sample purification.
Preliminary findings indicate that pollutant release from codisposal test cells is not dissimilar from that seen in refuse-only cells. Use of the GPC technique has improved the percent recovery in the analysis of landfill simulator leachates. Obviously, further investigation is required, since true environmental impact can be seen only through long-term monitoring.
Total, Extractable, and Leachable Organic Halides in Soil and Sediments
Authors: Martin JT , Takahashi Y 
Published: December 2008

The presence of total organic halides (TOX) in soils and sediments is a good indicator that the soil, and possibly the underlying aquifiers, are contaminated. Since many halogenated organics are highly toxic to human health with some being carcinogenic, and naturally occurring organic halides are very limited, their occurrence strongly indicates manmade toxic contamination.
There are two approaches to TOX analysis of soil that will be discussed in this paper. The first approach investigates a set of soil samples for total halides (TX), inorganic halides (IX), and extractable organic halides (EOX). The TX are determined by direct combustion of the soil followed by microcoulometric titration of all the halides present in the soil. The IX are determined by water extraction of the soil followed by direct injection into the titration cell. The EOX are determined by using a modified version of the method developed by Riggin et al. at Battelle Laboratories (EP Document 600/4-84-008, Appendix D). The results are then compared to see if the mass balance is true: TX − IX = EOX. The second approach investigates the leachable organic halides (LOX). The LOX is determined by extracting the soil with water and then analyzing the water for TOX by the carbon adsorption method (EPA Method 9020 in SW846).
Together, these investigations demonstrate the utility and flexibility of TOX analysis of soils and sediments.
Round Robin Testing of Methods for the Recovery of Human Enteroviruses from Wastewater Sludges and Sewage Amended Soils—ASTM Consensus Standards Development
Authors: Schaub SA 
Published: December 2008

The American Society for Testing and Materials Task Group on Standards Development for Virus-in-Solids (ASTM D19:24:04) has been engaged in the selection of enterovirus recovery methods for sewage sludges and sewage amended soils. Preliminary laboratory screening studies and specific selection criteria were used to identify methods to undergo extensive roundrobin comparative methods testing and subsequent standards selection.
Virus-in-sludge recovery methods were evaluated first. The sonication-extraction and the low-in-pH-aluminum chloride (AlCl3) methods were selected for round-robin testing. Eight laboratories participated in this evaluation by using five typical sludges and their indigenous enterovirus populations. Although the low pH-AlCl3 method provided a somewhat higher ratio of recovery efficiency in individual tests, there was no statistically significant difference between the methods, and their precisions were essentially identical. Therefore, both were recommended as ASTM standard methods.
Virus-in-soil recovery methods are currently being evaluated in round-robin tests by nine laboratories using four typical soil types seeded with enterovirus concentrates from raw sewage. The selection criteria and round-robin test protocols are very similar to those used in the sludge methods evaluation procedure.
Toxicity Testing of Dredged Materials Using Multiple-Species Microcosms
Authors: Alden RW , Butt AJ 
Published: December 2008

Microcosm experiments were conducted to evaluate the relative toxicity of sediments taken from dredge sites in the Port of Hampton Roads, VA. The multiple species microcosm were designed to allow natural assemblages of zooplankton and benthos to be exposed to dredged materials under more realistic conditions than achieved in bioassays. Changes in community structure and body burdens of contaminants were monitored in the microcosms following “dumps” of the sediments.
The biological effects of exposure to dredged materials under the microcosm conditions were subtle. Zooplankton community structure was only affected by treatments involving sediments known to be most contaminated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and metals. Likewise, statistically significant changes were observed in the composition of benthic communities exposed to the most contaminated sediments. Motile forms appeared to have migrated from the contaminated sediments in various degrees while more sedentary species displayed mortalities relative to the controls.
Body burden studies indicated that experimental animals did not accumulate significant concentrations of metals or chlorinated hydrocarbons in any of the treatments. However, biota exposed to the contaminated sediments did accumulate certain of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons known to be major pollutants in the port.
Iodine levels and thyroid hormones in healthy pregnant women and birth weight of their offspring
Authors: Alvarez-Pedrerol M , Guxens M , Mendez M , Canet Y , Martorell R , Espada M , Plana E , Rebagliato M , Sunyer J 
Published: December 2008

IntroductionThe fetus is most vulnerable to severe iodine deficiency and hypothyroidism during pregnancy. The effects of mild iodine deficiency and subclinical hypothyroidism are poorly known. The present study assesses the association between thyroid hormones (TH)s and urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in healthy pregnant women and the birth weight of their children.MethodsAbout 657 pregnant women were recruited in Sabadell and followed until delivery. The association between THs during the first trimester, UIC during the first and third trimesters, and birth weight was studied in 557, 251, and 528 mother–newborn pairs respectively, using linear and logistic regression models adjusted for potential confounders. Only 239 women had all the data available (thyroid function and UIC at the first and third trimesters). Six percent of newborns were classified as small for gestational age (SGA).ResultsThe median UIC was 95 and 104 μg/l during the first and third trimesters respectively. Women with the third trimester UICs between 100 and 149 μg/l had lower risk of having an SGA newborn than women with UICs below 50 μg/l (adjusted OR (95%CI): 0.15 (0.03–0.76). There was no significant reduction in SGA among mothers with higher UICs. Lower free thyroxine and higher TSH levels during the first trimester were not associated with birth weight or SGA. Nevertheless, the analyses were repeated including only those women with all the data available, and high TSH levels became statistically significantly associated with lower birth weight and higher risk of SGA.ConclusionsThe present study suggests that iodine status during pregnancy may be related to prenatal growth in healthy women.
Patterns of fish community structure in a long-term watershed-scale study to address the aquatic ecosystem effects of pulp and paper mill discharges in four us receiving streams
Authors: Flinders Camille A , Ragsdale Renee L , Hall Timothy J 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Physiological changes have been seen in individual fish exposed to pulp and paper mill effluent (PPME), but it is unclear whether community-level changes are seen in fish in PPME receiving waters. We conducted a study of 4 PPME receiving streams (Codorus Creek, PA, USA), the Leaf River (Forrest and Perry Counties, MS, USA), and the McKenzie and Willamette rivers (Lane County, OR, USA) over 9 y to assess temporal patterns in the type and relative abundance of fish species and measures of community structure and function related to PPME discharge. We used boat and backpack electrofishing to sample large- and small-bodied fish from the McKenzie and Willamette rivers, boat electrofishing to sample large-bodied fish from the Leaf River, and backpack electrofishing to sample the entire fish community from Codorus Creek. Study streams represented different ecoregions, warm- and coldwater systems, gradients of PPME concentration (&lt;1%-33%), and mill process types. Bray-Curtis similarity and nonmetric multidimensional scaling showed high variation in fish communities across sites, seasons, and years. Significant site differences in fish communities were seen in most streams and community types, but distinct separation of sites was seen only in Codorus Creek and unrelated to PPME discharge. No seasonal differences were seen in fish community structure in any stream, with only weak annual patterns in large-bodied fish in the Leaf River and small-bodied fish in the McKenzie River. General linear models were used to examine spatial and temporal variation in fish metric response (abundance, species richness, Simpson's diversity, % dominant species, standing crop, % DELT, % intolerant, % omnivore, % piscivore). Significant site differences in metric response were largely limited to Codorus Creek and unrelated to PPME. Significant reductions of % dominant taxa of small-bodied fish and % large-bodied piscivores were also observed downstream of the PPME discharge on the McKenzie River relative to upstream sites. Seasonal changes in fish metric response were rare, and changes with year were variable. The relationship between fish community structure and water quality variables (pH, color, conductivity, total phosphorus, total nitrogen) was weak in all streams for all community types. The results of this study show that PPME exposure has little effect on fish communities in these streams and aid in addressing management strategies. The high spatial and temporal variability reiterate the importance of long-term studies to elucidate patterns in receiving waters.
Lead in sarbaz river basin sediments, sistan and baluchestan, iran
Authors: Varkouhi Shahab 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Streambed-sediment samples were collected in the Sarbaz River Basin in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, east of Iran, to characterize the occurrence and distribution of lead in natural and anthropogenic sites of the basin. During June and July 2008, stream sediment was collected at 30 sites, and the samples were analyzed for lead. Sites sampled represented agricultural, mining, mixed, rangeland, recreation, and residential land uses and background conditions. Lead was detected in all collected stream-sediment samples of the basin. Most of the lead concentration was associated with the smaller part of the 2 grain-size fractions: 2000 to 43 μm and &lt;43 μm. The range in concentrations of lead at urban/rural sites generally was higher than the range of concentrations at nonurban/rural sites. Sediment from 2 distinctly different rock types in urban/rural areas were not significantly different (t = 0.1330, p = 0.8955) for concentrations of lead. Concentrations of lead were not significantly different (t = 0.0845, p = 0.6865) between main-stem sites and tributary sites. Concentrations of lead exceeded established sediment-quality guidelines for adverse effects on aquatic biota at most of the urban/rural sites in the study area.
Comparison of Clinical, Periapical Radiograph, and Cone‐Beam Volume Tomography Measurement Techniques for Assessing Bone Level Changes Following Regenerative Periodontal Therapy
Authors: Grimard Brently A. , Hoidal Matt J. , Mills Michael P. , Mellonig James T. , Nummikoski Pirkka V. , Mealey Brian L. 
Published: December 2008

Background: Intraoral radiographs (IRs) provide a two‐dimensional view of osseous structures, whereas cone‐beam volumetric tomography (CBVT) images are viewable in three dimensions. The aim of this investigation was to compare the measurements from digital IR and CBVT images to direct surgical measurements for the evaluation of regenerative treatment outcomes.Methods: Digital IR and CBVT images were taken prior to initial bone grafting and at the 6‐month reentry surgery for 35 intrabony defects. After defect debridement, direct bony defect measurements were made with a periodontal probe. These same measurements were made on the IR and CBVT images and then compared to the direct surgical values.Results: CBVT correlated strongly with surgical measurements (r = 0.89 to 0.95), whereas IRs correlated less favorably (r = 0.53 to 0.67). IR measurements were significantly less accurate compared to CBVT for all parameters investigated and underestimated surgical measurements from 0.6 ± 2.3 mm to 1.5 ± 2.3 mm. No significant difference for the distance from the cemento‐enamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar crest (P = 0.66 for initial measurement and P = 0.92 for reentry), defect fill (P = 0.14), or defect resolution (P = 0.09) was seen between CBVT and surgical measurements; however, there was a significant difference for the distance from the CEJ to the base of the defect, with CBVT measurements underestimating the surgical measurements by 0.5 ± 1.1 mm for reentry (P <0.01) and 0.9 ± 0.8 mm for the initial measurement (P <0.01).Conclusions: Overall, compared to direct surgical measurements, CBVT was significantly more precise and accurate than IRs. If supported by further research, CBVT may obviate surgical reentry as a technique for assessing regenerative therapy outcomes.
Macrophage Inflammatory Protein‐1α: A Salivary Biomarker of Bone Loss in a Longitudinal Cohort Study of Children at Risk for Aggressive Periodontal Disease?
Authors: Fine Daniel H. , Markowitz Kenneth , Furgang David , Fairlie Karen , Ferrandiz Javier , Nasri Cebile , McKiernan Marie , Donnelly Robert , Gunsolley John 
Published: December 2008

Background: Periodontitis develops in a time‐dependent manner. Cross‐sectional studies document one moment in time but fail to capture the progressive nature of disease. Radiographic measures of bone loss are relatively insensitive but are reliable markers of irreversible disease. Longitudinal studies are needed to identify biomarkers that can precede radiographic evidence of bone loss and, thus, mark the period prior to clinical evidence of irreversible disease. A longitudinal study of students susceptible to localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP) was conducted to evaluate chemokines/cytokines found in saliva derived from periodontally healthy children who subsequently developed alveolar bone loss.Methods: Students were screened, sampled for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans [Aa]), and divided into a cohort of Aa+ and Aa− students. Ninety‐six periodontally healthy Aa+ and Aa− students were recalled every 6 to 9 months following screening. Examinations, saliva collections, and radiographs were performed. After seven students developed bone loss, the levels of 21 cytokines were assessed and matched to saliva from seven Aa+ and seven Aa− students who remained healthy for ≥1 year. Subsequently, saliva from an additional 27 students who remained healthy was analyzed.Results: Nineteen cytokines were not detected or were detected at low levels. Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1α was elevated 50‐fold in seven Aa+ students who developed disease 6 to 9 months prior to radiographic detection of bone loss compared to levels in 21 Aa+ and 20 Aa− students who remained healthy (P <0.001). Interleukin (IL)‐1β was also elevated (P = 0.01). MIP‐1α had a specificity of 96.8% and a sensitivity of 100%, whereas IL‐1β showed 90.3% specificity and 85.7% sensitivity relative to bone loss. MIP‐1α levels were also related to increasing probing depth and the number of pockets >6 mm.Conclusion: The superior sensitivity and specificity of MIP‐1α, which correlated well with probing depths and the onset of bone loss, suggested that it could be used as an early biomarker for LAgP.
Indoleamine 2,3‐Dioxygenase Expression and Regulation in Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Nisapakultorn Kanokwan , Makrudthong Jittima , Sa‐Ard‐Iam Noppadol , Rerkyen Pimprapa , Mahanonda Rangsini , Takikawa Osamu 
Published: December 2008

Background: Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) is an intracellular tryptophan‐oxidizing enzyme with immunosuppressive characteristics. Its expression and regulation in periodontal tissues are unknown. The aim of this study was to determine IDO expression in healthy gingiva and chronic periodontitis lesions. In addition, the effect of inflammatory cytokines and bacterial products on the expression and activity of DOI in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) was assessed.Methods: Human gingival tissue samples were obtained from patients who underwent periodontal surgery. IDO expression in healthy gingiva and periodontitis lesions was determined by immunohistochemistry. HGF cells were treated with interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), interleukin (IL)‐1β, tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), and lipopolysaccharides from Porphyromonas gingivalis (PgLPS). IDO mRNA expression was determined by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. The IDO enzymatic activity was determined by measuring the kynurenine level using a colorimetric method.Results: In gingival tissues, IDO expression was detected in epithelial cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and inflammatory mononuclear cells. IDO expression was higher in periodontitis lesions than in healthy gingiva. HGFs did not constitutively express IDO. IFN‐γ strongly induced IDO expression and activity in HGFs, in a dose‐dependent manner. IL‐1β, TNF‐α, and PgLPS were also able to induce IDO expression in HGF cells. IFN‐γ in combination with IL‐1β, TNF‐α, or PgLPS showed enhanced IDO expression.Conclusions: IDO was expressed in human gingiva, and the expression was upregulated in chronic periodontitis. The increased IDO expression in periodontitis lesions may be due, in part, to the activation of HGFs by inflammatory cytokines and bacterial products.