bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and evaluation of a location‐specific wire code
Authors: Borghesi J. L. , Delpizzo V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe development of a wire code protocol based on a study of electrical installations in Melbourne, Australia, is described. Because of very significant differences between the Melbourne power distribution system and that used in Denver, Colorado, an approach different from that used by Wertheimer and Leeper was required. A combined practical and theoretical approach was used to determine a continuous exposure index, defined as a measure of the potential for exposure due to external electrical installations. The protocol was tested on a convenient sample of 41 homes in which the field was monitored over a 12 hour overnight period. A correlation of 0.85 (95% CI 0.74–0.92, P < .0001) was obtained between the measured time‐weighted average and the wire coding exposure index. To assess the efficacy of the wiring configuration index, a computer simulation of a case‐control study was then performed. It was concluded that, using the same basic reasoning of the Wertheimer and Leeper code, it is possible to develop a location‐specific code that provides a good correlation with the residential time‐weighted average and an acceptable degree of exposure misclassification. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of prenatal exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields on development in mice: I. Implantation rate and fetal development
Authors: Kowalczuk Christine I. , Robbins Lucy , Thomas Julia M. , Butland Barbara K. , Saunders Richard D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPregnant CD1 mice were exposed or sham‐exposed from day 0 to day 17 of gestation to a 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field at 20 mT (rms). Preimplantation and postimplantation survival were assessed and fetuses examined for the presence of gross external, internal, and skeletal abnormalities. There were no statistically significant field‐dependent effects on preimplantation or postimplantation survival, sex ratio, or the incidence of fetuses with internal or skeletal abnormalities. Magnetic field exposure was, however, associated with longer and heavier fetuses at term, with fewer external abnormalities. The results lend no support to suggestions of increased rates of spontaneous abortion or congenital malformation following prenatal exposure to power frequency magnetic fields. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of prenatal exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields on development in mice: II. Postnatal development and behavior
Authors: Sienkiewicz Zenon J. , Robbins Lucy , Haylock Richard G. E. , Saunders Richard D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTo investigate the potential of magnetic fields to act as a behavioral teratogen, pregnant CD1 mice were exposed or sham‐exposed for all of gestation to a 50 Hz/20 mT magnetic field. Maturation of offspring was assessed using a range of standard developmental indices (eye opening, pinna detachment, hair coat, tooth eruption, sexual maturity, and weight) and simple reflexive behaviors (air righting, surface righting, forepaw grasp, cliff avoidance, and negative geotaxis). Activity and coordination levels were explored in juvenile and adult mice using an open field arena, a head‐dip board, an accelerating Rotarod, and a residential activity wheel. All assessments were carried out without knowledge of exposure condition. Results from 168 sham‐exposed mice from 21 litters and from 184 exposed mice from 23 litters were compared using survival analysis techniques and multivariate regression methods. Three possible field‐dependent effects were found: Exposed animals performed the air righting reflex earlier (P< 0.01); exposed males (but not females) were significantly lighter in weight (P= 0.008) at 30 days of age; and exposed animals remained on a Rota‐rod for less time as juveniles (P= 0.03). Some of these results have not been reported in other studies and may reflect spurious statistical significance, although some effect of magnetic field exposure cannot be ruled out. Overall, these results suggest that prenatal exposure to a 50 Hz magnetic field does not engender any gross impairments in the postnatal development or behavior of mice. This does not preclude such exposure affecting more subtle aspects of behavior. Published 1994 by Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chick embryo development can be irreversibly altered by early exposure to weak extremely‐low‐frequency magnetic fields
Authors: Ubeda Alejandro , Trillo María A. , Chacón Lucía , Blanco María J. , Leal Jocelyne 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSeveral reports have shown that weak, extremely‐low‐frequency (ELF), pulsed magnetic fields (PMFs) can adversely affect the early embryonic development of the chick. In this study, freshly fertilized chicken eggs were exposed during the first 48 h of postlaying incubation to PMFs with 100 Hz repetition rate, 1.0 μT peak‐to‐peak amplitude, and 500 μs pulse duration. Two different pulse waveforms were used, having rise and fall times of 85 μs (PMF‐A) or 2.1 μs (PMF‐B). It has been reported that, with 2 day exposure, these fields significantly increase the proportion of developmental abnormalities. In the present study, following exposure, the eggs were allowed to incubate for an additional 9 days in the absence of the PMFs. The embryos were taken out of the eggs and studied blind. Each of the two PMF‐exposed groups showed an excess in the percentage of developmental anomalies compared with the respective sham‐exposed samples. This excess of anomalies was not significant for the PMF‐A‐treated embryos (P = 0.173), whereas it was significant for the PMF‐B‐exposed group (P = 0.007), which showed a particularly high rate of early embryonic death. These results reveal that PMFs can induce irreversible developmental alterations and confirm that the pulse waveform can be a determinant factor in the embryonic response to ELF magnetic fields. The data also validate previous work based on the study of PMFs' effects at day 2 of embryonic development under field exposure. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temporally incoherent magnetic fields mitigate the response of biological systems to temporally coherent magnetic fields
Authors: Litovitz T. A. , Krause D. , Montrose C. J. , Mullins J. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe have previously demonstrated that a weak, extremely‐low‐frequency magnetic field must be coherent for some minimum length of time (≈︁ 10 s) in order to affect the specific activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in L929 mouse cells. In this study we explore whether or not the superposition of an incoherent (noise) magnetic field can block the bioeffect of a coherent 60 Hz magnetic field, since the sum of the two fields is incoherent. An experimental test of this idea was conducted using as a biological marker the twofold enhancement of ODC activity found in L929 murine cells after exposure to a 60 Hz, 10 μTrms magnetic field. We superimposed an incoherent magnetic noise field, containing frequencies from 30 to 90 Hz, whose rms amplitude was comparable to that of the 60 Hz field. Under these conditions the ODC activity observed after exposure was equal to control levels. It is concluded that the superposition of incoherent magnetic fields can block the enhancement of ODC activity by a coherent magnetic field if the strength of the incoherent field is equal to or greater than that of the coherent field. When the superimposed, incoherent noise field was reduced in strength, the enhancement of ODC activity by the coherent field increased. Full ODC enhancement was obtained when the rms value of the applied EM noise was less than one‐tenth that of the coherent field. These results are discussed in relation to the question of cellular detection of weak EM fields in the presence of endogenous thermal noise fields. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electric field exposure alters serum melatonin but not pineal melatonin synthesis in male rats
Authors: Grota L. J. , Reiter R. J. , Keng P. , Michaelson S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSprague‐Dawley male rats, maintained in a 14:10 h light:dark cycl were exposed for 30 days (starting at 56 days of age) to a 65 kV/m, 60 Hz electric field or to a sham field for 20 h/day beginning at dark onset. Pineal N‐acetyltransferase (NAT), hydroxy‐indole‐o‐methyl transferase (HIOMT), and melatonin as well as serum melatonin were assayed. Preliminary data on unexposed animals indicated that samples obtained 4 h into the dark period would reveal either a phase delay or depression in circadian melatonin synthesis and secretion. Exposure to electric fields for 30 days did not alter the expected nighttime increase in pineal NAT, HIOMT, or melatonin. Serum melatonin levels were also increased at night, but the electric field‐exposed animals had lower levels than the sham‐exposed animals. Concurrent exposure to red light and the electric field or exposure to the electric field at a different time of the day‐night period did not reduce melatonin synthesis. These data do not support the hypothesis that chronic electric field exposure reduces pineal melatonin synthesis in young adult male rats. However, serum melatonin levels were reduced by electric field exposure, suggesting the possibility that degradation or tissue uptake of melatonin is stimulated by exposure to electric fields. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic‐field flux density and spectral characteristics of motor‐driven personal appliances
Authors: Wilson Bary W. , Hansen Norman H. , Davis Karl C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFlux density and spectral measurements were carried out on magnetic fields generated by several types of motor‐driven personal appliances used near the body. Among the units tested were several for which the average flux densities, as determined at the surfaces of the appliance, exceeded 0.4 mT. Time‐rates‐of‐change (dB/dt) for several units exceeded 1000 T/s, and several units exhibited high‐frequency components in the low‐MHz range. Use of such appliances, although normally of short duration, can represent exposure to magnetic fields of relatively high flux density, which may also have high‐frequency components. Compared to other household and commercial sources of magnetic fields, those generated by certain motor‐driven personal appliances may represent a significant contribution to time‐weighted average exposure and may represent an important source of local induced currents in the body. Furthermore, high‐frequency transients that represent only a minor contribution to time‐weighted average exposure may generate significant instantaneous induced currents. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Dose response study of human exposure to 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields
Authors: Graham Charles , Cook Mary R. , Cohen Harvey D. , Gerkovich Mary M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis human exposure study examined the relationship between field strength and biological response and tested whether the exposure levels at which the greatest effects occur differ for different endpoints. Three matched groups of 18 men each participated in two 6 h exposure test sessions. All subjects were sham exposed in one session. In the other session, each group of subjects was exposed at a different level of combined electric and magnetic field strength (low group: 6 kV/m, 10 μT; medium group: 9 kV/m, 20 μT; and high group: 12 kV/m, 30 μT). The study was performed double blind, with exposure order counterbalanced. Significant slowing of heart rate, as well as alterations in the latency and amplitude of event‐related brain potential measures derived from the electro encephalogram (EEG), occurred in the group exposed to the 9 kV/m, 20 μT combined field (medium group). Exposure at the other field strength levels had no influence on cardiac measures and differential effects on EEG activity. Significant decrements in reaction time and in performance accuracy on a time estimation task were observed only in the low group. These results provide support for the hypothesis that humans may be more responsive to some combinations or levels of field strength than to others and that such differences in responsivity may depend, in part, on the endpoint of interest. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recovery of nocturnal melatonin concentration takes place within one week following cessation of 50 Hz circularly polarized magnetic field exposure for six weeks
Authors: Kato Masamichi , Honma Ken‐Ichi , Shigemitsu Tsukasa , Shiga Yoichi 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn our earlier paper [Kato et al. (1993): Bioelectromagnetics 14:97–106], melatonin concentration in pineal gland and blood was reported to be suppressed after exposure to a circularly polarized 50 Hz magnetic field for 6 weeks. In the present series of experiments, we investigated the time course of recovery after cessation of the exposure. Rats were exposed to a circularly polarized 50 Hz magnetic field at 1 μT for 6 weeks, and the melatonin concentration of blood of separate groups was determined at the end of the exposure and at 1 week and 4 weeks following cessation of exposure. Nocturnal melatonin concentration was reduced (P < 0.05) after 6 weeks of exposure. Melatonin concentration at 1 week following cessation of exposure was normal, and no further change was observed 4 weeks later. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Search for influence of 1.5 Tesla magnetic field on growth of yeast cells
Authors: Malko J. A. , Constantinidis I. , Dillehay D. , Fajman W. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe have used a clinical magnetic resonance imager to search for the possible effects of a 1.5 T magnetic fields on the growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast samples were grown in nutrient broth contained in constant‐temperature boxes, both in and out of the magnetic field of the imager. Growth was measured by using a hemocytometer and light microscope to calculate cell densities. Over the time span corresponding to approximately seven cell divisions, we find no convincing statistical evidence for an effect of magnetic field on cell density. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Circularly polarized, sinusoidal, 50 Hz magnetic field exposure does not influence plasma testosterone levels of rats
Authors: Kato M. , Honma K. , Shigemitsu T. , Shiga Y. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe exposed rats to circularly polarized 50 Hz magnetic fields to determine if plasma testosterone concentration was affected. Previous experiments indicate that magnetic fields suppress the nighttime rise in melatonin, suggesting that other neuroendocrine changes might occur as well. Male Wistar‐King rats were exposed almost continuously for 6 weeks to magnetic flux densities of 1,5, or 50 μT. Blood samples were obtained by decapitation at 12:00 h and 24:00 h. Plasma testosterone concentration showed a significant day‐night difference, with a higher level at 12:00 h when studied in July and December, but the day‐night difference disappeared when concentrations were studied in April. In three experiments, magnetic field exposure had no statistically significant effect on plasma testosterone levels compared with the sham‐exposed groups. These findings indicate that 6 weeks of nearly continuous exposure to circularly polarized, 50 Hz magnetic fields did not change plasma testosterone concentration in rats. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Power frequency magnetic field exposures among nurses in a neonatal intensive care unit and a normal newborn nursery
Authors: Paul Maureen , Hammond S. Katharine , Abdollahzadeh Sassan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGiven the current interest in potential carcinogenic and developmental effects of exposure to extremely‐low‐frequency electromagnetic fields, there is a need to identify cohorts of exposed female workers for future epidemiologic investigations. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that nurses working in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) may be significantly exposed to power‐frequency magnetic fields. An electromagnetic field monitor was used to measure magnetic fields at distances of 5, 15, 30, and 60 cm from the surfaces of each device used in the NICU. Six female nurses assigned to the NICU (the “exposed” group) and six female nurses working in the normal newborn nursery (the “referent” group) wore EMDEX dosimeters for the entire duration of their 12 h shifts. An investigator kept a detailed log of each NICU subject's whereabouts for the first one‐third of her shift. Magnetic fields at 5 cm from the front (defined by the nurses' usual work area) of the NICU devices ranged from less than 0.1 to 114 μT and in all cases decreased considerably with increasing distance. The geometric mean of the shift‐time‐weighted average exposure of the NICU nurses was 0.17 μT compared with 0.11 μT for the normal newborn nurses. The percentage of time when subjects were exposed to magnetic fields of 0.4 μT or greater ranged from 5.8% to 15.6% for the NICU nurses, 0.4% to 2.9% for five of the comparison group nurses, and was 9.4% for one of the normal newborn nurses with unidentified aberrantly high exposures. Log data revealed that the vast majority of observed peaks among NICU nurses occurred while subjects were in close proximity to infant bed units. We conclude that NICU nurses represent one female‐intensive job sector with intermittent high exposures to ELF magnetic fields and encourage larger exposure studies of nurses in a variety of medical settings. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of 2.45‐GHz microwave radiation and phorbol ester 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate on dimethylhydrazine‐induced colon cancer in mice
Authors: Wu R. Y. , Chiang H. , Shao B. J. , Li N. G. , Fu Y. D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 2.45 GHz microwave (MW) radiation on dimethylhydrazine (DMH)‐induced colon cancer in mice. The subjects were 115 Balb/c mice 4 weeks of age. The animals were divided into group A (control), group B (DMH), group C (DMH + MW), and group D [DMH + 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA)]. Radiation (10 mW/cm2) was delivered dorsally with the E field parallel to the mouse's long body axis in an anechoic chamber. Radiations were administered 3 hr daily, 6 days per week, over a period of 5 months. The average SAR was estimated to be 10–12 W/kg. During the course of radiation treatments, DMH was injected once per week. The tumor promoter TPA was administered once per week for 10 weeks, from the third week on, after the initial treatment. The incidence of tumors did not significantly differ between the three test groups (groups B, C, and D; P > 0.25). However, the number of tumors, the size of the tumors, and the incidence of protuberant and infiltrative types in tumor‐bearing animals were higher in group D compared to groups B and C (P < 0.05). No difference was found between groups B and C (P > 0.25). The study indicates that 2.45 GHz microwave radiation at 10 mW/cm2 power density did not promote DMH‐induced colon cancers in young mice. The study also showed that TPA could accelerate colon tumor production if a tumor was initiated. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Character of the effect of microwave on conduction velocity of frog ventricular muscle
Authors: Yee Kuo Chiang , Chou Chung‐Kwang , Guy Arthur W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThirty‐two frog hearts were divided into four groups and placed individually in temperature‐controlled waveguides filled with Ringer's solution. The pacemaker was removed, and stimulation was provided at 0.3 Hz by three carbon‐loaded Teflon electrodes located on the aorta and the ventricular muscle. Conduction velocity was measured from the difference between two action potentials. One group served as control; the three other groups were exposed for 2 h to pulsed 2,450 MHz microwave fields (10 μs, 0.001 duty cycle, 16 Hz modulation) at specific absorption rates (SARs) of 0.003, 2, and 6 W/kg, respectively. No significant difference in conduction velocity was found between the control and the exposed groups. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dielectric properties of human red blood cells in suspension at radio frequencies
Authors: Lu Yongjun , Yu Jue , Ren Yanhua 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDielectric properties of human red blood cells (RBCs) in suspension (hematocrit 50%) from 243 healthy persons (120 males, 123 females) were measured at 25 °C in a frequency range of 1–500 MHz, with a coaxial transmission line reflection method (one‐side measurement). The measuring system, controlled by an IBM‐PC computer, was composed of a network analyzer (HP4195A), an impedance test adapter (HP41951‐61001), a coaxial line sensor, and a temperature‐controlling set. The data measured revealed a statistically significant age dependence, with a critical age of about 49 years, above which permittivity and conductivity of human RBCs in suspension decreased significantly. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human exposure to magnetic fields: A comparative assessment of two dosimeters
Authors: Dlugosz Larry , Belanger Kathleen , Johnson Pamela , Bracken Michael B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTwo types of dosimeters for measuring human exposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields were compared. Fifty adults wore the single‐axis, wrist model AMEX (average magnetic field exposure system) and the triple axis, hip‐pocket or pouch model AMEX‐3D meters for 2 days. Ninety‐six percent of the tests were accomplished without apparent dosimeter failure. The average root mean square magnetic flux density measurements with the AMEX3D (mean = 0.10 μT, S.D. = 0.07, range = 0.03 − 0.31) were significantly higher than with the AMEX meter (mean = 0.07 μT, S.D. 0.05, range = 0.02 − 0.27 μT) (t test, P < 0.01). There was substantial correlation between the AMEX and the AMEX‐3D measurements (Pearson's correlation coefficient = 0.65, P < 0.01) but poor concordance (Intraclass correlation coefficient = − 0.25). These results suggest that there is a wide variation in exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields in the population. Magnetic field measurements with the AMEX‐3D are nearly always higher than with the AMEX dosimeters. Caution is advised when comparing magnetic field measurements made with different types of dosimeters. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comments on “trivial influences: A doubly stochastic poisson process model permits the detection of arbitrarily small electromagnetic signals”
Authors: Adair Robert K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractI show that Pickard's mathematics cannot properly describe the effects of time‐correlated signals in the presence of incoherent noise and cannot, therefore, properly address most signal‐to‐noise questions. Aside from this objection, I show that Pickard's conclusions follow from an ingenuous definition of “small signals” and do not hold for realistic models of biological processes and more conventional descriptions of “small signals.” © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ca2+ion transport through patch‐clamped cells exposed to magnetic fields
Authors: Höjevik Per , Sandblom John , Galt Sheila , Hamnerius Yngve 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe total current of Ca2+ions through patch‐clamped cell membranes was measured while exposing clonal insulin‐producing β‐cells (RINm5F) to a combination of DC and AC magnetic fields at so‐called cyclotron resonance conditions. Previous experimental evidence supports the theory that a resonant interaction between magnetic fields and organisms can exist. This experiment was designed to test one possible site of interaction: channels in the cell membrane. The transport of Ca2+ions through the protein channels of the plasma membrane did not show any resonant behavior in the frequency range studied. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.