bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cheaper electronic journals for libraries
Authors: Tullis Terry E. , Holoviak Judy C. 
Published: October 2006

Production of the print version of journals adds substantially to the expense of publication. Since 2002 the institutional subscribers to AGU journals have shared equally these extra fixed costs no matter which format they purchased. Fixed costs are the expenses incurred regardless of number of copies produced. The fixed cost for print includes creating the printing plates from electronic files and setting up the presses and the bindery and mailing equipment.For equity among all subscribers, rates for 2006 have been set to better reflect the cost of the service being provided. Only the institutions subscribing to the print version will be charged for its printing, paper, and mailing.
Ecological modeling for applied science
Authors: Melton Forrest , Lobitz Brad , Turner Woody , Sheffner Edwin , Haynes John 
Published: October 2006

Ecological modeling is becoming an increasingly important tool for uniting biological observations with remote sensing and ground‐based data networks to develop predictive tools for resource management and human health.The availability of over three petabytes of data from the NASA Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) alone provides an unprecedented opportunity to develop Earth science applications for decision support. In combination with data networks such as the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Climate Data Center, the nonprofit NatureServe's network of biological inventories, the National Environmental Public Health Tracking Network of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and many others, there is a vast wealth of Earth observation data on parameters as diverse as land cover, sea surface temperature, precipitation, species distribution, and disease occurrence.
Ecohydrology of Water‐Controlled Ecosystems: Soil Moisture and Plant Dynamics
Authors: Williams David G. 
Published: October 2006

Ecohydrology is an emerging and synthetic discipline in the biogeosciences aimed at understanding connections between the ecological dynamics of vegetation and the hydrological cycle, and how vegetation‐water interactions influence elemental cycling and energy exchange. An ecohydrology perspective is especially relevant and important for understanding dynamics of arid and semiarid ecosystems and landscapes.In these water‐limited ecosystems, highly variable patterns of precipitation, geomorphology and soils strongly influence vegetation structure, dynamics, and function. These systems are “pulse‐driven”; bursts of biological activity commence with discreet inputs of precipitation. These short‐lived and highly active periods are separated by periods of extreme water limitation and vegetation stress. The duration and spatiotemporal dynamics of precipitation pulses and plant‐available soil moisture are key features in these ecosystems, controlling vegetation composition, nutrient biogeochemistry and energy exchange.
Congressional Science Fellow
Authors: O'Riordan Catherine 
Published: October 2006

Josh Trapani has been selected to serve as AGU's 2005–2006 Congressional Science Fellow. Trapani is a paleontologist who most recently studied the genetic basis of tooth development in fish as a postdoctoral fellow in the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department at the University of Colorado, in Boulder.“By studying the complexity of genetic differences between species of fish with different dentition patterns, we are able to begin to determine the evolutionary processes—chiefly selection and constraint—responsible for the evolution and maintenance of these differences over geologic time,” he noted.
Comment on “The need for better contacts between hydrologists in the two Americas”
Authors: Dias Nelson Luís 
Published: October 2006

Robin Clarke's article in Eos (“The Need for Better Contacts between Hydrologists in the Two Americas,” 86(23), 7 June 2005) touches on an important issue for the development of hydrology in South America. Having been authored by an eminent hydrologist from an important Brazilian hydrology research center only strengthens its significance.Clarke states a few reasons for weak South American participation in AGU's activities: the language barrier, scarce funds, and conditions for conducting research, plus a lack of a clear scientific agenda. In this comment, I argue that many mechanisms that would lead to more South American participation in AGU already exist, and only need to be improved.
[Reply to “Wasting public money?” by Judith Totman] Politically motivated request?
Authors: Bradley Raymond S. 
Published: October 2006

Judith Totman Parrish (Forum,Eos, 86(32), 9 August 2005, p. 294) asks Thomas Crowley to provide evidence that the U.S. Rep. Joe Barton's (R.‐N.Y) request for information from me, and from my colleagues Michael Mann and Malcolm Hughes, was politically motivated.Among a host of items, here are some of the things Barton specifically asked for: “…all financial support you have received related to your research, including, but not limited to, all private, state, and federal assistance, grants, contracts (including subgrants or subcontracts), or other financial awards or honoraria…the location of all data archives relating to each published study for which you were an author or co‐author… [a list of all] requests…you or your co‐authors [have] received for data relating to the climate change studies, what was your response, and why?”
Major earthquake shakes northern Pakistan
Authors: Kumar Mohi 
Published: October 2006

A magnitude 7.6 earthquake that shook the western Himalayas on 8 October killed at least 23,000 in Pakistan and 1,400 in India, injured more than 50,000 people, and left more 2.5 million people homeless across the Kashmir region. The official death toll could exceed 30,000, placing this among most deadly earthquakes to have ever occurred on the Indian subcontinent.Scientists warn that, given the lack of development and poor construction in the area, future earthquakes in more densely populated areas could be devastating. David Simpson, president of the Incorporated Research Institutes for Seismology, said the 8 October quake ‘was a terrible disaster, but not to the level of what could happen in the future. This is yet again another warning message of things to come.”
A “river summer” on the Hudson
Authors: Pfirman Stephanie L. L. , Kenna Timohy , Cronin John , Son Lisa , Land Michelle 
Published: October 2006

Faculty from regional colleges, universities, and research institutes gathered this past summer to teach each other about the Hudson River in New York through a three‐and‐a‐half week field trip called “River Summer.”A pilot field course sponsored by the newly‐established Environmental Consortium of Hudson Valley Colleges and Universities, the program aims to help educators transform the Hudson watershed into an extended laboratory and classroom for multi‐institutional field programs, interdisciplinary research collaborations, and cooperative regional studies. Experiences from this excursion will be used as the foundation for a summer field course for undergraduates.
Radiated energy and the physics of earthquake faulting
Authors: McGarr A. , Abercrombie R. E. , Kanamori H. 
Published: October 2006

On the third day of a recent AGU Chapman Conference, held in Portland, Maine, near the Two Lights fault zones and the Fort Foster brittle zone, conference participants spent the gray June day scrambling over rocky ledges above the crashing surf along the coast of the Atlantic Ocean.With field trip leader Mark Swanson, who with his students has studied the area in detail over the past 20 years, participants examined evidence of ancient earthquakes from about 300 million years ago when these rocks were 8 to 10 kilometers deep. This evidence included pseudotachylytes—glass generated by heating during fault slip at midcrustal depths.
Meet the Editor: Tectonics
Authors: Kumar Mohi 
Published: October 2006

Kip Hodges was named the chief editor of AGU's journal, Tectonics, in 2004. He joined Onno Oncken,the European editor of the journal.Hodges, a professor of Earth, atmospheric, and planetary sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), in Cambridge, said he plans to expand the journal's focus to include the capacity to cover breaking research in the field of tectonics.
Celebrating the physics in geophysics
Authors: Davis Anthony B. , Sornette Didier 
Published: October 2006

The United Nations' Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) declared 2005 the “World Year of Physics” in celebration of the centennial of Einstein's annus mirabilis when, as junior clerk at the Swiss Patent Office in Berne, he published three papers that changed physics forever by (1) introducing Special Relativity and demonstrating the equivalence of mass and energy (E = mc2), (2) explaining the photoelectric effect with Planck's then‐still‐new‐and‐controversial concept of light quanta (E = hv), and (3) investigating the macroscopic phenomenon of Brownian motion using Boltzmann's molecular dynamics (E = kT), still far from fully accepted at the time.The celebration of Einstein's work in physics inspires the reflection on the status of geophysics and its relationship with physics, in particular with respect to great discoveries.
Meeting updates progress of U.S. Climate Change Program
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

The U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) has released its first, and overdue, assessment product—on temperature trends in the lower atmosphere—for public comment. A recent workshop called for greater involvement from a wider range of scientists and more support at the regional level to improve the effectiveness of the CCSPThe workshop “Climate Science in Support of Decision Making”, held in Arlington, Va., 14–16 November, brought together scientists, policymakers, government workers, and educators to provide an update on the assessment process and develop future priorities for the program. CCSP is a collaboration of 13 government agencies and departments that coordinates and directs federal research on climate and global change.
Global impacts of Arctic climate processes
Authors: Dethloff Klaus , Rinke Annette , Morrison Hugh , Dorn Wolfgang , Gerdes Ruediger , Maslowski Wieslaw , Kattsov Vladimir , Lange Manfred A. , Görgen Klaus , Lynch Amanda 
Published: October 2006

The polar regions are experiencing major climate and environmental changes due to the combined effects of natural variability and global warming. To address regional Arctic climate processes and their global feedbacks, 53 experts from the United States, Canada, Europe, and Russia gathered for a recent workshop at the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, in Potsdam, Germany.The workshop, which was organized by Klaus Dethloff and Annette Rinke, focused on the use of regional models of the Arctic, global coupled climate models, and Arctic impact studies. This article summarizes the main advances and outstanding issues in Arctic modeling that were presented and discussed during the workshop.
Sea salt shifts the range sizes of Asian dust
Authors: Zhang Daizhou , Iwasaka Yasunobu , Shi Guangyu 
Published: October 2006

A noticeable phenomenon of Asian dust particles during their trans‐Pacific transport is that in cases where there is no precipitation, the mode diameters at different surface sites are approximately the same, about 3–4 microns for number distributions (particle number via particle size in per cubic unit of air) or a little larger for mass and volume distributions. This can be confirmed by comparing published data obtained in coastal areas of China, the Korean peninsula, Japanese islands, and the west coast of the United States.While significant progress in the study of mineral dust particles in the atmosphere has been made, this phenomenon is not yet understood. Recent studies [e.g.,Zhang and Iwasaka, 2004] suggest that the interaction between dust particles and sea salt is a significant process involved in the changes of dust particles in size and composition in the marine boundary layer. This process can lead to the growth of dust particles and is likely responsible for the consistency of the mode diameters at different sites.
Icebreaker expedition collects key Arctic seafloor and ice data
Authors: Darby Dennis A. , Jakobsson Martin , Polyak Leonid 
Published: October 2006

The recently completed Healy‐Oden Trans‐Arctic Expedition 2005 (HOTRAX′05) retrieved 29 piston cores averaging nearly 12 meters in length from a complete transect across the central Arctic Ocean (Figure 1). These cores provide a critically‐needed sample cache for both a pan‐Arctic stratigraphy and a long‐awaited paleoclimate record that it is hoped will greatly improve the understanding of how deepwater is exchanged between Arctic basins, how the climate system in the Arctic works over longer time intervals, and how the Arctic system interacts with global systems. The coring was done from the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter (USCGC) Healy, while oceanographic measurements were made from the Swedish icebreaker Oden.In addition to coring and oceanography, HOTRAX mapped the seafloor with multibeam bathymetry and collected chirp sonar profiles that not only mapped the strata to a sub‐bottom depth of 50–100 meters, but also provided detailed information on the geologic context of the core sites.
The Holocene CO2 rise: Anthropogenic or natural?
Authors: Broecker Wallace S. , Stocker Thomas F. 
Published: October 2006

In view of the wide attention received by the suggestion that the rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) over the last 8000 years is anthropogenic rather than natural in origin [Ruddiman, 2003], this claim should be carefully examined.The basis for the claim is that following each of the three preceding glacial terminations, the CO2 content of the atmosphere peaked early on and then underwent a steady decline. By contrast, following the end of the last glacial period, while it also peaked early the decline bottomed out around 8000 years ago, and since then the atmospheric CO2 content has steadily risen.By analogy with previous interglaciations, Ruddiman estimates that in the absence of human activity, the CO2 content of the atmosphere would have dropped to 240 ppm. Instead it has risen to 280 ppm. In a recent article, Ruddiman [2005] proposes that this 40 ppm human‐induced rise prevented the onset of another ice age.
Studies examine Bangladesh arsenic contamination problem
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

Between 35 and 77 million Bangladeshis (out of a population of 125 million) are at risk of drinking water contaminated with arsenic levels above the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 0.01 milligrams per liter (mg/1), according to the WHO. A British Geological Survey study in 1998 found that 35 percent of shallow tubewells sampled had arsenic levels above 0.05 mg/1 (the maximum concentration allowed in Bangladesh) and 8.4 percent had levels above 0.3 mg/1.Some recent research focusing on this problem could help Bangladesh provide clean water to these people.
The future of ice core science
Authors: Brook Edward , Wolff Eric 
Published: October 2006

Cores drilled through the polar ice sheets provide information about past climate and environmental conditions on timescales from decades to hundreds of millennia, and direct records of changes in the composition of the atmosphere. As such, they are cornerstones of global change research.In the past 15 years, several major projects have increased our understanding of past climate change on a variety of timescales. These include the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2),the Greenland Ice Core Project (GRIP),and North GRIP deep ice cores in Greenland.They also include the Taylor Dome, Siple Dome, Law Dome,Vostok, and European Programme for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) Dome C ice cores in Antarctica, the latter of which has pushed the record for the oldest ice core back to 720,000 years.
Practical Magnetotellurics
Authors: Constable Steven 
Published: October 2006

Practical Magnetotellurics lives up to its title and nicely fills a big hole in the literature on the subject of the magnetotelluric (MT) method, a means by which the geological and physical properties of the crust and mantle may be studied using electrical conductivity images.In an MT sounding passive time series, measurements of the Earth's naturally occurring magnetic and electric fields are used to generate an electromagnetic impedance of the subsurface as a function of frequency, which may in turn be interpreted in terms of Earth electrical conductivity. Because short‐period (higher frequency) energy is absorbed more rapidly in conductive rocks than longer‐period MT fields, the method has an intrinsic depth resolution, which for appropriate frequencies can span the range from a few meters at the surface all the way to the lower mantle. Electrical conductivity is a strong function of porosity, mineralogy, and temperature, so applications of the MT method include petroleum and mineral exploration, groundwater and environmental studies, structural geology and understanding the geodynamical state of the planet.
Adam Paulsen, A pioneer in auroral research
Authors: Jørgensen Torben S. , Rasmussen Ole 
Published: October 2006

The 20 to 30 years following the first International Polar Year in 1882–1883 was a period of quickly advancing knowledge and understanding of auroral phenomena. This was the time when hypotheses of aurora being due to, for example, reflections of fires from the interior of the Earth or sunlight from ice particles were abandoned and replaced by the mechanism of precipitating electrons.One of the auroral researchers at that time was the Dane Adam Frederik Wivet Paulsen (1833–1907). However, when reading literature about auroral history, his ideas and work do not seem to have attracted much interest outside his own and neighboring countries. For example, in his sweeping historical account Majestic Lights: The Aurora in Science, History, and the Arts [1980], author Robert Eather only referred to Paulsen in a couple of lines
Bush pledges increased science research and education funding
Authors: Kumar Mohi 
Published: October 2006

In his 31 January State of the Union address, U.S. President George W. Bush announced two new initiatives aimed at galvanizing scientific research and education.For the American Competitiveness Initiative, Bush proposes to “double the federal commitment to the most critical basic research programs in the physical sciences in the next 10 years…[and to] make permanent the research and development tax credit to encourage bolder private‐sector initiative in technology”
Keep religion out of national space policy
Authors: Carter William E. 
Published: October 2006

In an Eos forum last spring, Robert Frodeman (University of Texas, Denton) suggested that “it is time that we draw more consciously upon the expertise of scholars trained in the areas of art, philosophy, and religion in the design of our space policy” [2005]. I would agree that artists and philosophers may help the public to appreciate the true grandeur of the universe and thus increase popular support for the exploration of space, but I cannot think of a potentially more disastrous step than to bring “scholars trained in… religion” into the development of our national space policy, as Frodeman advocates.My concerns have nothing to do with the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution—I simply think that the potential negatives far outweigh the potential benefits.
U.S. budget requests more for some science
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

Under the Bush Administration's budget request for Fiscal Year 2007, which was announced on 6 February, some agencies would receive deep cuts, while science funding at three others would see significant increases if Congress approves. Those agencies, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF),the Department of Energy's (DOE) Office of Science, and the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) also would see their science budgets doubled within 10 years as part of the president's new American Competitiveness Initiative (ACI; see Eos 87(6}, 2006).However, continuing a trend of flat funding for science, U.S. federal non‐defense research and development (R&D) would receive only a 1.9 percent increase under the budget request.
The late Paleozoic ice age revisited
Authors: Fielding Christopher R. , Frank Tracy D. , Isbell John L. 
Published: October 2006

The late Paleozoic Gondwanan ice age (LPGIA), which spans the late Carboniferous through early Permian, marks Earth's last complete transition into, and out of,‘icehouse’ conditions, and corresponds to peaks in the diversity and extent of paleotropical ‘wet’ forests [Gastaldo et al., 1996]. Studying the LPGIA therefore has the potential to provide valuable information for understanding the Earth's transition out of the current Cenozoic ice age.A recent two‐day workshop brought together about 40 researchers from the various subdisciplines of the geosciences to (1) assess the current understanding of the timing, duration, and character of the LPGIA and how it influenced Earth's climate, sea level, depositional systems, and biota; (2) begin integrating the growing body of knowledge into a holistic framework that includes all aspects of studies of the LPGIA, including sedimentological, paleontological, and geochemical data; and (3) devise plans for future integrated research.
Observations of the inter‐ocean exchange around South Africa
Authors: de Ruijter W. P. M> , Brummer G.‐J. A. , Drijfhout S. S. , Lutjeharms J. R. E. , Peters F. , Ridderinkhof H. , van Aken H. , van Leeuwen P. J. 
Published: October 2006

There is growing evidence that the interocean exchange south of Africa is an important link in the global overturning circulation of the ocean, the so‐called ocean conveyer belt. At this location, warm and salty Indian Ocean waters enter the South Atlantic and are pulled by currents that eventually reach the North Atlantic, where water cools and sinks.A major contributor to the exchange is the frequent shedding of ring eddies from the termination of the Agulhas Current south of the tip of Africa.This shedding is controlled by developments far upstream in the Indian Ocean, and variations in this ‘Agulhas Leakage’ can lead to changes in the rate and stability of the Atlantic overturning, with possible associated global climate variations [Weijer et al., 1999]. Regional climate variations in the tropical and subtropical Indian Ocean are known to affect the whole system of the Agulhas Current, including the interocean exchanges. This article reports on some of the seminal results of ongoing multinational, multidisciplinary projects that explore these issues.
Ice core could be oldest ever recovered
Authors: Kumar Mohi 
Published: October 2006

The Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition on 23 January drilled to a depth of 3029 meters at Japan's Dome Fuji Station in east Antarctica and recovered ice estimated to be one million years old.If the age is verified, the ice core will be the oldest ice ever retrieved, 20,000 years older than the one from East Antarctica's Dome C.The core will be dated using ice flow law models, cosmic ray analysis, geomagnetic time markers, and comparisons to ocean sediment cores.
Board calls for improving science education
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

The ability of the United States to retain its position at the forefront of global science and engineering may be threatened by the inconsistency of precollege student performance in science and mathematics, the U.S. National Science Board (NSB) concluded in a companion to its latest edition of Science and Engineering Indicators, released on 23 February.The latest Indicators reported that although math scores rose between 1990 and 2003 for many demographic groups, science scores have not similarly improved. In a 2003 international exam that measures students' ability to apply math and science skills and knowledge, U.S. 15‐year‐olds scored below the international average.