bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Default Reasons
Authors: McKeever Sean , Ridge Michael 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBecause of its extremely ecumenical view of what considerations might count as reasons, particularism threatens to ‘flatten the moral landscape’ by making it seem that there is no deep difference between, for example pain and shoelace color. After all, particularists have claimed, either could provide a reason provided a suitable moral context. To avoid this result, particularists can try to draw a distinction between default and non-default reasons. This chapter argues that all but the most deflationary ways of drawing this distinction are either implausible or else insufficient to help the particularist avoid flattening the moral landscape. The difficulty can be avoided if the particularist’s extremely ecumenical view of reasons is rejected.
Constitutive Generalism
Authors: McKeever Sean , Ridge Michael 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAccording to one dimension of the generalist tradition, moral principles are built into the very meaning of moral predicates. They are analytic truths, and thus anyone who is in fact competent with a given moral concept is (perhaps implicitly) committed to the associated principle that spells out the object to which the concept applies. On this view, certain moral principles are constitutive of moral thought and judgment; this view is called ‘constitutive generalism’. This chapter defends a form of generalism and it argues against constitutive generalism by deploying a version of G. E. Moore’s Open Question Argument.
From Moral Knowledge to Default Principles
Authors: McKeever Sean , Ridge Michael 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter argues that the bare possibility of moral knowledge in particular cases is already enough to ensure the availability of a certain sort of ‘hedged’ moral principle called a ‘default principle’. Default principles are consistent with holism about reasons because they claim that a given action has a given moral property only if no further feature of the situation explains why it does not. One obvious worry about this proposal is that default principles are vacuous (trivially true). This worry bears interesting parallels to worries about ceteris paribus laws in science. It is argued that once default principles are properly understood, this worry is easily met. The key point is to distinguish there being an explanation for a moral property’s absence from its absence being explained by some feature of the situation.
Beyond Default Principles: Trimming the Hedges
Authors: McKeever Sean , Ridge Michael 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter argues against the hedged principles laid out in Chapter 6. It contends that the best explanation of the possibility of practical wisdom entails that morality can be codified. It gives three main arguments. The first argument contends that generalism as a regulative ideal better preserves a broad scope for practical wisdom than its particularist rivals. In pressing this argument, it is shown how generalism is better situated to accommodate an important role for certain kinds of fiction and narrative in moral thinking. The second argument contends that generalism as a regulative ideal is better situated to distinguish the a priori from the a posteriori elements of moral knowledge than its particularist rivals. The third argument simply appeals to pre-theoretical intuitions about the codifiability of morality.
1 Return to Europe
Authors: Zielonka Jan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter traces the initial gap between the current and the new member states. It tries to establish to what degree various domestic reforms undertaken by individual post-communist countries have succeeded in rendering them more compatible with the former EU-15. It argues that the overall success of the reform process is beyond doubt in all eight countries that joined the Union in 2004, and even in the so-called “pre-ins”: Romania and Bulgaria. However, although new members have made considerable progress in securing peace and building democracy and free markets, their progress is uneven across individual fields and countries, thus increasing diversity within the EU as a consequence of enlargement.
5 Democratic Governance
Authors: Zielonka Jan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines major challenges to democratic governance. It finds that the enlarged EU is more likely to opt for neo-medieval rather than neo-Westphalian solutions, and shows that the Union is likely to have a more multi-layered and multi-centered governance structure. Various non-majoritarian institutions are likely to dominate over a weak European parliament(s). Neither the assertion of a European demos nor consolidation of a European public space is expected.
Governance Beyond Borders
Authors: Zielonka Jan 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This chapter focuses on various aspects of “external” affairs in Europe. It first shows that the Union is not on its way to becoming a Westphalian type of international actor. Foreign and security policy is still largely in the hands of Member states and not the Union. Moreover, Member states are often hopelessly divided and eager to use various non-European institutional tools for their foreign and defense policies. The emerging international system in Europe also looks more medieval than Westphalian. The system is not anarchic, and collective bargaining over laws and procedures rather than balancing and ganging up over territorial gains is the essence of interstate politics at present.
Conclusions: Implications of Neo-medievalism
Authors: Zielonka Jan 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This concluding chapter tries to identify the implications of neo-medievalism for the Union’s geo-strategic position, its governance capacity, and its political legitimacy. It also tries to establish how to handle the emerging neo-medieval empire in Europe. Although a neo-medieval empire would cause many problems and difficulties, it would also have some important advantages. A flexible neo-medieval empire in concentric circles would be in a better position than a European state to cope with the pressures of modernization and globalization. It would also be in a better position to compete with other great powers by pulling together vast European resources, without eliminating Europe’s greatest strength: its pluralism and diversity. A neo-medieval empire would also be well suited to provide conflict prevention in its neighborhood by shaping countries’ behavior through the mechanism of EU membership conditionality. A neo-medieval empire might even be in a good position to be seen as democratically legitimate by bringing governance structures closer to the citizens, and making the system more transparent and open.
The Political Economy of the Japanese Financial Big Bang
Authors: Toya Tetsuro 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis book is a case study of structural reform in the Japanese financial sector. It adopts a novel approach, combining rational choice analysis from the field of political science with comparative institutional analysis from the field of economics. Its central hypothesis is that Japanese politics and policymaking have changed due to a combination of policy failures and scandals, as well as the emergence of the possibility of a change in government after 37 years of uninterrupted Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) rule. These factors are likely to affect other policy areas, meaning that decay in the financial policymaking process may lead to changes throughout the political economy. In making this argument, the book attempts to provide a realistic image of post-1995 financial politics by improving on existing behavioral assumptions of actors. It demonstrates that the Big Bang can be best understood as an outcome of the strategic interaction of state actors. More specifically, the Big Bang is the product of interaction between the LDP and Ministry of Finance, each pursuing organizational survival through cooperation, competition, and confrontation. The book is divided into three parts. Part I discusses the conceptual tools and background information in preparation for later analysis. Part II provides an empirical analysis of financial politics. Part III attempts to make sense of the developments analyzed in Part II by returning to the analytical frameworks developed in Part I.
Did Japanese Politics Change in the 1990s?
Authors: Toya Tetsuro , Amyx Jennifer 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines financial politics in the 1990s and the emergence of the Big Bang financial reforms in 1996. It discusses the main arguments of the book, namely that Japanese politics has changed since 1995; that the Big Bang resulted from strategic interaction between the Liberal Democratic Party and Ministry of Finance, and an increased role of the public in policymaking; and that there has been institutional change in financial politics since 1995 represented by the breakdown of the Convoy System and the decay of bureaupluralism. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is provided.
A Political Analysis of the Emergence of the Big Bang Initiative
Authors: Toya Tetsuro , Amyx Jennifer 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines the politics surrounding the emergence of the Big Bang Initiative, seeking to determine who brought it about and why. It focuses in particular on developments between the fall 1995 and November 1996, when then Prime Minister Hashimoto announced the initiative. It argues that the political economy of the Big Bang can be best explained according to the logic of actor behavior detailed in Chapter 3. This logic focuses on the maintenance of organization survival and holds across political parties, organizations, and firms.
Nasal Air Conditioning in Patients Before and After Septoplasty With Bilateral Turbinoplasty
Authors: Wiesmiller Kerstin , Keck Tilman , Rettinger Gerhard , Leiacker Richard , Dzida Rene , Lindemann Joerg 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjective: Septoplasty is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures by ear, nose, and throat surgeons. Yet the objective control of success concerning septal surgery still is very difficult and causes controversy. Data concerning one of the main functions of the nose, namely the heating and humidification of inspired air, before and after nasal surgery, are still missing. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare intranasal air temperature and humidity values before and after septoplasty with bilateral turbinoplasty.Methods: Sixteen patients were included in this prospective study. Intranasal temperature and humidity were measured in the anterior turbinate area close to the head of the middle turbinate. A miniaturized thermocouple and a humidity sensor were applied for continuous intranasal detection.Results: Significant differences between temperature and humidity values before and after septoplasty could be observed, including absolute temperature, increase in temperature, absolute humidity, and increase in humidity. The postoperative values were significantly higher than the preoperative ones (P < .05).Conclusions: According to the results of our study, patients seem to profit from septoplasty as heating and humidification as one of the most important nasal functions are restored and even improved after surgery. We therefore conclude that properly performed septoplasty is able to main its importance within the variety of nasal surgical procedures ensuring improved nasal function as well as patient contentment.
Thyroid Surgery: Changing Patterns of Practice
Authors: Terris David J. , Seybt Melanie W. , Siupsinskiene Nora , Gourin Christine G. , Chin Edward 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjective: The practice of thyroidectomy has evolved over the past 10 years with the introduction of minimally invasive surgery, laryngeal nerve monitoring, and outpatient surgery. We sought to investigate corresponding trends in the disciplines performing thyroid surgery.Methods and Materials: The authors conducted a nonrandomized, case‐controlled comparison of surgical volumes and systematic analysis of publication volumes. Two surrogates for the proportion of thyroidectomies being performed by otolaryngologists–head and neck surgeons (OHNS) and general surgeons (GS) were chosen: 1) the operative case logs of graduates from American training programs in OHNS and GS from 1995 through 2004 were compared; and 2) the number of scientific articles published relating to thyroid surgery were systematically queried for two timeframes (1990–1994 and 2000–2004).Results: There was a gradual increase in the mean number of thyroidectomies performed by GS residents from 13.2 in 1995 to 18.2 in 2004. During the same timeframe, the mean number of thyroidectomies performed by OHNS residents more than doubled from 15.0 to 33.5. The number of American GS thyroid publications from 1990 to 1994 was 79, compared with 98 in the period 2000 to 2004, representing a 24% increase. During the same timeframe, the number of American OHNS articles increased from 14 to 49 (a 250% increase). The relative proportion of thyroid publications authored by American otolaryngologists more than doubled from 15.1% to 33.3% (P = .0017).Conclusions: A clear trend is emerging in the pattern of thyroid surgery in that a growing proportion of publications are being authored by otolaryngologists compared with general surgeons, and the average number of procedures performed by graduating chief residents is now 84% higher in otolaryngology compared with general surgery.
Treatment of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Retromolar Trigone
Authors: Hao Sheng‐Po , Tsang Ngan‐Ming , Chang Kai‐Ping , Chen Chin‐Kuo , Huang Shan‐Sting 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectives: Retromolar trigone (RMT) squamous cell carcinoma is uncommon but notorious for poor prognosis. We reviewed our experience in the management of RMT cancer to determine survival rates and to identify prognostic factors.Methods: Fifty patients with RMT squamous cell carcinoma were treated with surgery and/or radiation or chemoradiation therapy between July 1993 and June 2004 at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan. Patients were followed up for 3 to 106 months (mean, 36 months). There were 6 stage I, 13 stage II, 4 stage II, and 27 stage N patients.Results: The 5‐year actuarial survival rate for stage I to N and all stages were 100%, 74.1%, 75%, 43.6%, and 60.6%, respectively. Seventeen (34%) patients had maxilla bone (11 [22%]) or mandible bone (9 [18%]) invasion. Eleven (22%) patients had masticator space involvement. Cervical metastasis rate was 26%. Multivariate analysis revealed that masticator space involvement, neck recurrence, and cervical metastasis were poor prognosticators of survival by order. The maxilla bone was more apt to be involved by RMT cancer than the mandible. Patients with masticator space involvement had a 5‐year actuarial survival rate of 22.5% and the mean survival time was only 37.8 months.Conclusions: RMT squamous cell carcinomas are aggressive tumors. The maxilla is more apt to be involved than the mandible. Deep infiltration of the masticator space and invasion of the maxilla and mandible worsen the prognosis.
Treatment of Ranula in Pediatric Patients with Intralesional Injection of OK‐432
Authors: Lee Heung‐Man , Lim Hyun‐Woo , Kang Hee Joon , Chae Sung‐Won , Hwang Soon‐Jae , Jung Kwang‐Yoon , Woo Jeong‐Soo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjective: To assess the efficacy of treatment of a ranula in children by intralesional injection of OK‐432.Study Design: Retrospective analysis of 13 cases.Methods: Review of medical records of pediatric patients with ranula treated by OK‐432 sclerotherapy from 2002 through 2005.Results: Among 13 cases, 9 were completely regressed by injection therapy alone. Three cases were incompletely regressed. One case was cured by surgical excision. The follow‐up duration was 6 to 46 (mean 24.3) months. Adverse effects of OK‐432 injection were tolerable, and no complication was observed.Conclusions: On the basis of our experience, sclerotherapy with OK‐432 was a safe and effective primary treatment for a ranula in children. Further study will be needed to conclude its long‐term effectiveness.
Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials (VEMP) Can Detect Asymptomatic Saccular Hydrops
Authors: Lin Ming‐Yee , Timmer Ferdinand C. A. , Oriel Brad S. , Zhou Guangwei , Guinan John J. , Kujawa Sharon G. , Herrmann Barbara S. , Merchant Saumil N. , Rauch Steven D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to explore the useful of vestibular evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) testing for detecting endolymphatic hydrops, especially in the second ear of patients with unilateral Ménière disease (MD).Methods: This study was performed at a tertiary care academic medical center. Part I consisted of postmortem temporal bone specimens from the temporal bone collection of the Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary; part II consisted of consecutive consenting adult patients (n = 82) with unilateral MD by American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery criteria case histories. Outcome measures consisted of VEMP thresholds in patients and histologic saccular endolymphatic hydrops in postmortem temporal bones.Results: Saccular hydrops was observed in the asymptomatic ear in six of 17 (35%) of temporal bones from donors with unilateral MD. Clinic patients with unilateral MD showed elevated mean VEMP thresholds and altered VEMP tuning in their symptomatic ears and, to a lesser degree, in their asymptomatic ears. Specific VEMP frequency and tuning criteria were used to define a “Ménière‐like” response. This “Ménière‐like” response was seen in 27% of asymptomatic ears of our patients with unilateral MD.Conclusions: Bilateral involvement is seen in approximately one third of MD cases. Saccular hydrops appears to precede symptoms in bilateral MD. Changes in VEMP threshold and tuning appear to be sensitive to these structural changes in the saccule. If so, then VEMP may be useful as a detector of asymptomatic saccular hydrops and as a predictor of evolving bilateral MD.
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Sinonasal Tract: Treatment Results
Authors: Rhee Chae‐Seo , Won Tae‐Bin , Lee Chul Hee , Min Yang‐Gi , Sung Myung‐Whun , Kim Kwang‐Hyun , Shim Woo Sub , Kim Yong Min , Kim Jeong‐Whun 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectives: Malignancies arising from the sinonasal tract, which includes the nose, paranasal sinuses, and nasopharynx, are uncommon. Although adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is the second most common cancer occurring in the sinonasal tract, only few studies have been reported. This retrospective review was performed to identify the clinical features and treatment outcomes of sinonasal ACC.Methods: Thirty‐five patients diagnosed and treated for ACC of the sinonasal tract were included in this study. Medical records, radiographs, and pathologic slides were retrospectively reviewed.Results: In two thirds of the patients, the maxillary sinus was the site of origin and cribriform was the most common histologic subtype (61%). Seventy‐one percent of the patients had advanced disease (T3, T4) at the time of diagnosis. Five‐year overall survival rate was 86% and treatment failure occurred in 18 patients (51%). Five‐year local recurrence rate and distant metastasis rate were 30% and 25%, respectively. Adjunctive radiotherapy appeared to reduce local recurrence. Presence of distant metastasis correlated with decreased 5‐year survival (P = .001). Five‐year survival rate after development of distant metastasis or local recurrence were 17% and 58%, respectively.Conclusions: Based on our findings, we suggest that sinonasal ACC be treated by a combined modality of radical surgery followed by postoperative radiation. The prognosis of sinonasal ACC seems to be determined by the presence of distant metastasis.
Monitoring of Cochlear Function During Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Adunka Oliver , Roush Patricia , Grose John , Macpherson Corinne , Buchman Craig A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjective: To report the feasibility of monitoring cochlear function during cochlear implantation.Study Design: Case report.Setting: Tertiary care referral center.Methods: A child with audiologic features typical of bilateral auditory neuropathy underwent cochlear implantation. The scala tympani was entered inferior and slightly anterior to the round window membrane margin and smooth electrode insertion was achieved. Using single polarity click stimuli, the cochlear microphonic was measured at several steps during surgery.Results: Cochlear microphonics were present at all stages during the implantation process and were clearly distinguished from neural responses by stimulus polarity inversion and constant latencies, despite changes in stimulus level. With the electrode in situ, amplitudes were smaller but persisted until the final measurement at 10 minutes after insertion. At follow‐up 2 weeks after surgery, behavioral audiometry results indicated profound hearing loss in the operated ear.Conclusions: This paper demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring cochlear function during cochlear implantation. The routine surgical approach did not appear to adversely affect the functional measurements. Standard size, full electrode insertion did diminish the amplitude of the cochlear microphonics, possibly as a result of intracochlear mechanical impairment. Ultimately, profound hearing loss was documented, indicating that factors other than immediate changes induced by electrode insertion were likely responsible for the loss of cochlear function.
Primary Mucosal Melanoma of Head and Neck: Prognostic Value of Clear Margins
Authors: Penel Nicolas , Mallet Yann , Mirabel Xavier , Van Jean Ton , Lefebvre Jean‐Louis 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground: Primary mucosal melanomas of the head and neck (MMHN) are rare and carry a poor outcome. The impact of different treatments on survival is not yet clearly established.Methods: Twenty patients treated from 1991 to 2004 at a single referral center were retrospectively reviewed.Results: Primary sites were oral mucosa in 14 cases, paranasal sinuses in three cases, and nasal cavities in three cases. The sex ratio was equal to 1, and the median age at diagnosis was 63 years (range, 17–77 y). At presentation, one patient had lymph node metastases, one patient had distant metastases, and one patient had both. Surgery was performed with curative intent in 19 cases (and achieved clear margins in 14 cases). Postoperative radiation therapy was delivered in four cases. The actuarial 2‐year and 5‐year survival rates were 13/19 and 7/16. The risk factors for death were male gender (RR = 9.3 [1.2–72], P = .024) and positive margins (RR = 21 [1.9–47], P = .013). In addition, we observed three metachromous cancers (one breast cancer, one kidney cancer and one lymphoma) during the follow‐up period.Conclusion: The present study suggests that obtaining clear margins must be the goal in the treatment of MMNH.