bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Urologists Manage Erectile Dysfunction after Radical Prostatectomy: A National Survey (REPAIR) by the French Urological Association
Authors: Giuliano François , Amar Edouard , Chevallier Daniel , Montaigne Olivier , Joubert Jean-Michel , Chartier-Kastler Emmanuel 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
There is little sound information on how urologists manage erectile dysfunction (ED) arising after radical prostatectomy (RP) in a real-world situation.

Aim
To perform a national survey of how French urologists manage ED after RP in routine practice.

Main Outcome Measures
Choice of first-line treatment, type of treatment (rehabilitation of erectile function vs. treatment on demand for intercourse), and timing and duration of treatment.

Methods
All French urologists were invited to take part in a survey; 59.7% accepted provisionally (760/1,272). They received the survey questionnaire and 10 patient data forms to be completed during the visits of the first 10 patients with fewer than 12 months follow-up post-RP. These were returned to an independent third party for analysis.

Results
The final response rate was 535/1,272 (42%). Before performing RP, 80% of the urologists assessed sexual activity and 76% erectile function; 9% did neither. Thirty-eight percent reported that they systematically proposed ED treatment to their patients post-RP (“routine prescribers”). The remainder was treated on occasion, either at the patients' request (49%) or at their own discretion (13%). Routine prescribers tended to be younger and had performed more RPs in the preceding year. Most urologists (88%) always used the same first-line treatment: regular intracavernosal injections (ICIs) for rehabilitation, 39%; ICI on demand for intercourse, 30%; phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors on demand, 16%, or regular PDE5 inhibitors for rehabilitation, 8%; alternating ICI and PDE5 inhibitors, 7%; vacuum device, &lt;1%. ED treatment was initiated within 3 months of RP by 72% of the urologists (92% of routine prescribers). The percentage of urologists recommending ED treatment for 6 months was 20%, 38% for 1 year, and 33% for 2 years.

Conclusion
ED was commonplace after RP. French urologists reported a proactive attitude to ED treatment, many favoring pharmacologic rehabilitation therapy. ICI was their first-line treatment of choice.
Validation of the Female Sexual Distress Scale-Revised for Assessing Distress in Women with Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Authors: DeRogatis Leonard , Clayton Anita , Lewis-D'Agostino Diane , Wunderlich Glen , Fu Yali 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The concept of sexually related personal distress is currently central to the diagnosis of all female sexual dysfunctions (FSD). In the current study, we have focused on validating a slightly revised version of the Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS), the FSDS-Revised (FSDS-R), to enhance the sensitivity of the instrument with patients suffering from hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). In addition, we have attempted to extend the validation generalizability of the scale by demonstrating that both instruments possess reliability and discriminative validity in premenopausal women with HSDD.

Aim
To assess the validity of the revised version of the FSDS, the FSDS-R, for measuring sexual distress in women with HSDD.

Methods
A prospective methodological study carried out at 27 centers in North America enrolled 296 women aged 18–50 years with HSDD, another female sexual dysfunction (FSD), or no FSD. The subjects completed the FSDS-R at baseline, day 7, and day 28, with a 30-day recall at baseline and with a 7-day recall on days 7 and 28.

Main Outcome Measures
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses of FSDS, FSDS-R, and FSDS-R item 13 were used for the differentiation of HSDD from no FSD, while intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to estimate test–retest reliability. Cronbach's coefficient alpha was used to measure the internal consistency of the FSDS-R and Pearson's correlation coefficient to assess FSDS, FSDS-R, and FSDS-R item 13 with different recall periods (7 and 30 days).

Results
Mean total FSDS, FSDS-R, and FSDS-R item 13 scores with either recall period were significantly higher (P &lt;0.0001) in women with FSD or HSDD than in women with no FSD, showing both tests had discriminant validity. ROC analysis confirmed these findings, while an ICC of &gt;0.74 showed the test–retest reliability of both scales, including FSDS-R item 13 alone, and Cronbach's coefficient alpha of &gt;0.86 confirmed the internal consistency of both tests.

Conclusions
Consistent with the FSDS, the FSDS-R demonstrated good discriminant validity, high test–retest reliability, and a high degree of internal consistency in measuring sexually related personal distress in women with HSDD. FSDS-R item 13 alone also demonstrated good discriminant validity and test–retest reliability.
Cyanide poisoning in cattle from Dysphania glomulifera (red crumbweed): using the internet for rapid plant identification and diagnostic advice
Authors: McKenzie RA , Burren BG , Noble JW , Thomas MB 
Published: December 2007

A 300‐strong Angus‐Brahman cattle herd near Springsure, central Queensland, was being fed Acacia shirleyi (lancewood) browse during drought and crossed a 5‐hectare, previously burnt area with an almost pure growth of Dysphania glomulifera subspecies glomulifera (red crumbweed) on their way to drinking water. Forty cows died of cyanide poisoning over 2 days before further access to the plant was prevented. A digital image of a plant specimen made on a flat‐bed scanner and transmitted by email was used to identify D glomulifera. Specific advice on the plant's poisonous properties and management of the case was then provided by email within 2 hours of an initial telephone call by the field veterinarian to the laboratory some 600 km away. The conventional method using physical transport of a pressed dried plant specimen to confirm the identification took 5 days. D glomulifera was identified in the rumen of one of two cows necropsied. The cyanogenic potential of D glomulifera measured 4 days after collection from the site of cattle deaths was 18,600 mg HCN/kg in dry matter. The lethal dose of D glomulifera for a 420 kg cow was estimated as 150 to 190 g wet weight. The plant also contained 4.8% KNO3 equivalent in dry matter, but nitrate‐nitrite poisoning was not involved in the deaths.
Comparison of radioimmunoassay and chemiluminescent assay methods to estimate canine blood cortisol concentrations
Authors: Russell NJ , Foster S , Clark P , Robertson ID , Lewis D , Irwin PJ 
Published: December 2007

Background  Non‐radioactive assay methods are widely used in commercial laboratories to measure canine blood cortisol concentrations, despite a paucity of published validity data of these tests compared with the traditional ‘gold standard’ radioimmunoassay.Objectives To compare a commercial chemiluminescence assay with radioimmunoassay for blood cortisol measurement, determine the effect of storage on the radioimmunoassay, and determine the impact of any differences on clinical decisions.Methods The study included 54 client owned dogs undergoing adrenal function testing. Fresh plasma or serum samples (n = 170) were assayed for cortisol using radioimmunoassay (RIA1). Samples (n = 196) were also frozen and stored in batches, and assayed by chemiluminescence and radioimmunoassay (RIA2).Results Overall, there was a strong correlation (r2 = 0.967, P < 0.001) between RIA2 and chemiluminescence concentrations without significant difference between means. Strong correlations were present for RIA2 and chemiluminescence at concentration subgroups of > 400 nmol/L (r2 = 0.869, P < 0.001), < 100 nmol/L (r2 = 0.790, P < 0.001), and < 40 nmol/L (r2 = 0.738, P < 0.001). Significant differences between means were present for RIA2 and chemiluminescence concentrations in the < 100 nmol/L, and < 40 nmol/L (P < 0.001) groups. Despite a significant difference in RIA1 and RIA2 results overall, there was no significant difference between RIA1 and RIA2 for any of the concentration groups. In seven cases, discrepant RIA2 and chemiluminescence results may have altered clinical decisions.Conclusions Although RIA and chemiluminescence cortisol concentrations appear highly correlated, a significant difference may exist for concentrations less than 100 nmol/L in stored canine sera. Results of chemiluminescence cortisol assays should be interpreted with caution unless the specific assay method in the laboratory has been adequately validated in dogs.
Economic geography: the rising star of the social sciences
Authors: Monk Ashby H. B. , Monk Courtney S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe study of economic geography is concerned with explaining the spatial configuration of economic activity; considering the extent of the world's economic growth over the last half century, the relevance of the discipline is clear. Economic geography is undeniably a ‘new star’ in the social sciences, a status confirmed by the success of the Journal of Economic Geography. Under the surface, however, economists and geographers disagree frequently about ontology and methodology. If used to enhance and improve ideas, these divisions will ultimately lead to better research and even greater success.
Modelling and forecasting football attendances
Authors: Reade J. James 
Published: December 2007

AbstractEstimating demand functions for football match attendance is increasingly popular, with focus usually on top divisions of national leagues and on groups of teams. Here, demand for one lower division team, Oldham Athletic, is analyzed. General‐to‐specific model selection is employed to find a model to explain attendances, which is then used to forecast attendances. The model explains and predicts attendances well, and additionally designed forecast combinations provide competitive forecasts due to the possibility of structural breaks.
Multidrug Transporters CaCdr1p and CaMdr1p of
Candida albicans
Display Different Lipid Specificities: both Ergosterol and Sphingolipids Are Essential for Targeting of CaCdr1p to Membrane Rafts
Authors: Pasrija Ritu , Panwar Sneh Lata , Prasad Rajendra 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT

In this study, we compared the effects of altered membrane lipid composition on the localization of two membrane drug transporters from different superfamilies of the pathogenic yeast
Candida albicans
. We demonstrated that in comparison to the major facilitator superfamily multidrug transporter CaMdr1p, ATP-binding cassette transporter CaCdr1p of
C. albicans
is preferentially localized within detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) microdomains called ‘rafts.’ Both CaCdr1p and CaMdr1p were overexpressed as green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged proteins in a heterologous host
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, wherein either sphingolipid (Δ
sur4
or Δ
fen1
or Δ
ipt1
) or ergosterol (Δ
erg24
or Δ
erg6
or Δ
erg4
) biosynthesis was compromised. CaCdr1p-GFP, when expressed in the above mutant backgrounds, was not correctly targeted to plasma membranes (PM), which also resulted in severely impaired drug resistance. In contrast, CaMdr1p-GFP displayed no sorting defect in the mutant background and remained properly surface localized and displayed no change in drug resistance. Our data clearly show that CaCdr1p is selectively recruited, over CaMdr1p, to the DRM microdomains of the yeast PM and that any imbalance in the raft lipid constituents results in missorting of CaCdr1p.
Analysis of the β-Tubulin Gene from
Vittaforma corneae
Suggests Benzimidazole Resistance
Authors: Franzen Caspar , Salzberger Bernd 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT

We amplified, cloned, and sequenced the β-tubulin gene of
Vittaforma corneae
, a microsporidium causing human infections. The β-tubulin gene sequence has a substitution at Glu
198
(with glutamine), which is one of six amino acids reported to be associated with benzimidazole sensitivity. Benzimidazoles were assayed for antimicrosporidial activity and showed poor parasite inhibition.
Entecavir for Treatment of Hepatitis B Virus Displays No In Vitro Mitochondrial Toxicity or DNA Polymerase Gamma Inhibition
Authors: Mazzucco Charles E. , Hamatake Robert K. , Colonno Richard J. , Tenney Daniel J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTTherapy with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) can be associated with mitochondrial toxicity. In vitro studies have been used to predict the predisposition for and characterize the mechanisms causing mitochondrial toxicity. Entecavir (ETV) is an approved deoxyguanosine nucleoside for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection that exhibits potent activity against viral reverse transcriptase. We assessed the potential for mitochondrial toxicity of ETV in long-term cultures of HepG2 hepatoma cells by measuring mitochondrial function (through lactate secretion), levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and levels of mitochondrial proteins COX II and COX IV. Furthermore, we tested the activity of ETV-triphosphate (ETV-TP) against mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ (Pol γ) in vitro. ETV concentrations as high as 100 times the maximal clinical exposure (Cmax) did not affect cell proliferation, levels of lactate, mitochondrial DNA, or mitochondrial proteins throughout the 15-day culture. The lack of mitochondrial toxicity was consistent with the finding that ETV-TP was not recognized by mitochondrial DNA Pol γ and failed to be incorporated into DNA or inhibit the polymerase assay at the highest levels tested, 300 μM. Combinations of ETV with each of the other HBV NRTI antivirals, adefovir, tenofovir, and lamivudine at 10 times their respectiveCmaxlevels also failed to result in cellular or mitochondrial toxicity. In summary, cell culture and enzymatic studies yielded no evidence that would predict mitochondrial toxicity of ETV at exposure levels in excess of those expected to be achieved clinically.
Intracellular Metabolism of the Nucleotide Prodrug GS-9131, a Potent Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Agent
Authors: Ray Adrian S. , Vela Jennifer E. , Boojamra Constantine G. , Zhang Lijun , Hui Hon , Callebaut Christian , Stray Kirsten , Lin Kuei-Ying , Gao Ying , Mackman Richard L. , Cihlar Tomas 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTGS-9131 is a phosphonoamidate prodrug of the novel ribose-modified phosphonate nucleotide analog GS-9148 that demonstrates potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) activity and an excellent resistance profile in vitro. Prodrug moieties were optimized for the efficient delivery of GS-9148 and its active diphosphate (DP) metabolite to lymphoid cells following oral administration. To understand the intracellular pharmacology of GS-9131, incubations were performed with various types of lymphoid cells in vitro. The intracellular accumulation and antiviral activity levels of GS-9148 were limited by its lack of cellular permeation, and GS-9131 increased the delivery of GS-9148-DP by 76- to 290-fold relative to that of GS-9148. GS-9131 activation was saturable at high extracellular concentrations, potentially due to a high-affinity promoiety cleavage step. Once inside the cells, GS-9148 was efficiently phosphorylated, forming similar amounts of anabolites in primary lymphoid cells. The levels of GS-9148-DP formed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with HIV-1 were similar to that in uninfected PBMCs, and approximately equivalent intracellular concentrations of GS-9148-DP and tenofovir (TVF)-DP were required to inhibit viral replication by 90%. Once it was formed, GS-9148-DP was efficiently retained in activated CD4+cells, with a half-life of 19 h. In addition, GS-9131 showed a low potential for drug interactions with other adenine nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, based on the lack of competition for anabolism between suprapharmacologic concentrations of GS-9148 and TVF and the lack of activity of GS-9131 metabolites against purine nucleoside phosphorylase, an enzyme involved in the clearance of 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine. Together, these observations elucidate the cellular pharmacology of GS-9131 and illustrate its efficient loading of lymphoid cells, resulting in a prolonged intracellular exposure to the active metabolite GS-9148-DP.
Design and Profiling of GS-9148, a Novel Nucleotide Analog Active against Nucleoside-Resistant Variants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1, and Its Orally Bioavailable Phosphonoamidate Prodrug, GS-9131
Authors: Cihlar Tomas , Ray Adrian S. , Boojamra Constantine G. , Zhang Lijun , Hui Hon , Laflamme Genevieve , Vela Jennifer E. , Grant Deborah , Chen James , Myrick Florence , White Kirsten L. , Gao Ying , Lin Kuei-Ying , Douglas Janet L. , Parkin Neil T. , Carey Anne , Pakdaman Rowchanak , Mackman Richard L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTGS-9148 [(5-(6-amino-purin-9-yl)-4-fluoro-2,5-dihydro-furan-2-yloxymethyl)phosphonic acid] is a novel ribose-modified human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleotide reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor (NRTI) selected from a series of nucleoside phosphonate analogs for its favorable in vitro biological properties including (i) a low potential for mitochondrial toxicity, (ii) a minimal cytotoxicity in renal proximal tubule cells and other cell types, (iii) synergy in combination with other antiretrovirals, and (iv) a unique resistance profile against multiple NRTI-resistant HIV-1 strains. Notably, antiviral resistance analysis indicated that neither the K65R, L74V, or M184V RT mutation nor their combinations had any effect on the antiretroviral activity of GS-9148. Viruses carrying four or more thymidine analog mutations showed a substantially smaller change in GS-9148 activity relative to that observed with most marketed NRTIs. GS-9131, an ethylalaninyl phosphonoamidate prodrug designed to maximize the intracellular delivery of GS-9148, is a potent inhibitor of multiple subtypes of HIV-1 clinical isolates, with a mean 50% effective concentration of 37 nM. Inside cells, GS-9131 is readily hydrolyzed to GS-9148, which is further phosphorylated to its active diphosphate metabolite (A. S. Ray, J. E. Vela, C. G. Boojamra, L. Zhang, H. Hui, C. Callebaut, K. Stray, K.-Y. Lin, Y. Gao, R. L. Mackman, and T. Cihlar, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52:648-654, 2008). GS-9148 diphosphate acts as a competitive inhibitor of RT with respect to dATP (Ki= 0.8 μM) and exhibits low inhibitory potency against host polymerases including DNA polymerase γ. Oral administration of GS-9131 to beagle dogs at a dose of 3 mg/kg of body weight resulted in high and persistent levels of GS-9148 diphosphate in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (with a maximum intracellular concentration of >9 μM and a half-life of >24 h). This favorable preclinical profile makes GS-9131 an attractive clinical development candidate for the treatment of patients infected with NRTI-resistant HIV.
Processing Nouns and Verbs in the Left Frontal Cortex: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study
Authors: Cappelletti Marinella , Fregni Felipe , Shapiro Kevin , Pascual-Leone Alvaro , Caramazza Alfonso 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Neuropsychological and neurophysiological studies suggest that the production of verbs in speech depends on cortical regions in the left frontal lobe. However, the precise topography of these regions, and their functional roles in verb production, remains matters of debate. In an earlier study with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), we showed that stimulation to the left anterior midfrontal gyrus disrupted verb production, but not noun production, in a task that required subjects to perform simple morphological alternations. This result raises a number of questions: for example, is the effect of stimulation focal and specific to that brain region? Is the behavioral effect limited to rule-based, regular transformations, or can it be generalized over the grammatical category? In the present study, we used rTMS to suppress the excitability of distinct parts of the left prefrontal cortex to assess their role in producing regular and irregular verbs compared to nouns. We compared rTMS to sham stimulation and to stimulation of homologous areas in the right hemisphere. Response latencies increased for verbs, but were unaffected for nouns, following stimulation to the left anterior midfrontal gyrus. No significant interference specific for verbs resulted after stimulation to two other areas in the left frontal lobe, the posterior midfrontal gyrus and Broca's area. These results therefore reinforce the idea that the left anterior midfrontal cortex is critical for processing verbs. Moreover, none of the regions stimulated was preferentially engaged in the production of regular or irregular inflection, raising questions about the role of the frontal lobes in processing inflectional morphology.
Activity of Primate Orbitofrontal and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Neurons: Effect of Reward Schedule on Task-related Activity
Authors: Ichihara-Takeda Satoe , Funahashi Shintaro 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Recent studies show that task-related activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is modulated by the quality and quantity of the reward, suggesting that the subject's motivational state affects cognitive operations in the DLPFC. The orbito-frontal cortex (OFC) is a possible source of motivational inputs to the DLPFC. However, it is not well known whether these two areas exhibit similar motivational effects on task-related activity. We compared motivational effects on task-related activity in these areas while a monkey performed an oculomotor delayed-response (ODR) task under two reward schedules. In the ODR-1 schedule, reward was given only after the successful completion of four consecutive trials, whereas in the ODR-2 schedule, reward was given after every correct trial. Task-related activities in both areas showed spatial selectivity. The spatial characteristics of task-related activity remained constant in both schedules. Task-related activity in both areas, especially delay-period activity, was also affected by the reward schedule and the magnitude of the activity gradually increased depending on the proximity of the reward trial in the ODR-1 schedule. More task-related OFC activities were affected by reward schedules, whereas more task-related DLPFC activities were affected by spatial factors and reward schedules. These results indicate that the OFC plays a role in monitoring the proximity of the reward trial and detecting reward delivery, whereas the DLPFC plays a role in performing cognitive operations and integrating cognitive and motivational information. These results also indicate that spatial information and the animal's motivational state independently affect neuronal activity in both areas.
Ventromedial Frontal Lobe Plays a Critical Role in Facial Emotion Recognition
Authors: Heberlein Andrea S. , Padon Alisa A. , Gillihan Seth J. , Farah Martha J. , Fellows Lesley K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex has been implicated in a variety of emotion processes. However, findings regarding the role of this region specifically in emotion recognition have been mixed. We used a sensitive facial emotion recognition task to compare the emotion recognition performance of 7 subjects with lesions confined to ventromedial prefrontal regions, 8 subjects with lesions elsewhere in prefrontal cortex, and 16 healthy control subjects. We found that emotion recognition was impaired following ventromedial, but not dorsal or lateral, prefrontal damage. This impairment appeared to be quite general, with lower overall ratings or more confusion between all six emotions examined. We also explored the relationship between emotion recognition performance and the ability of the same patients to experience transient happiness and sadness during a laboratory mood induction. We found some support for a relationship between sadness recognition and experience. Taken together, our results indicate that the ventromedial frontal lobe plays a crucial role in facial emotion recognition, and suggest that this deficit may be related to the subjective experience of emotion.