bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dry Peas (Pisum sativum L.) Grown in Mixtures with Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.)—A Rewarding Cultivation Alternative
Authors: Stelling D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo semi‐leafless pea cultivars and two highly lodging‐resistant faba bean cultivars were grown in a series of replacement trials conducted on a highly fertile loam soil near Gottingen from 1992 to 1995. Cultivation as well as harvesting of mixed crops of both species proved possible. In spite of the delayed harvest of the mixed crop stands determined by the later pod ripening of the faba beans (varying between seasons from ‐f 5 to +21 days), noticeable seed losses due to pod shattering were not observed for the overripe peas. Standing ability of the peas was considerably improved by mixed cropping. Lodging began later and was less severe at harvest. Within mixtures with 50 % or more faba bean proportions at sowing (relative to the seeding rate of the pure stands) the peas, n i most cases, remained nearly upright until harvest and instead of the usual ‘Plattlager’, i.e., prostrate but upright top, frequently a more highly inserted ‘Hohllager’, i.e., upright but collapsed at higher nodes, was observed. In contrast to these remarkably synergistic effects for standing ability, such effects proved to be only small and nonsignificant for grain yield (−1.5–2.9%). Yield stability of the mixed crops was higher than that of the pure stands of both species. Estimates of the stability parameters, ecovalence, deviation from regression and environmental variance were at least halved. Yield proportions of peas and faba beans in the harvested seed of the mixtures did not correspond with the seed proportions at sowing. They differed considerably between seasons and cultivar combination. Higher yield proportions of faba beans were observed under wet and cold weather conditions and for the cultivar combination Victor/Disco, whereas higher yield proportions of peas were found under dry and warm weather conditions and for the cultivar combination Mythos/Baroness.
Field Observations on Interactions betweenOrobanche cernuaLoefl. and Bidi Tobacco in Nipani, India
Authors: Dhanapal G. N. , Struik P. C. , Ter Borg S. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractInteractions betweenOrobanche cernuaand bidi tobacco were recorded in naturally infested tobacco fields at Nipani, India. At harvest, most broomrapes occurred in clusters of 4–9 spikes per tobacco plant. The effects of broomrapes became visible at 50 days after transplanting tobacco and were mainly caused by a reduction of the growth rate of the tobacco plant and not by shortening the growth period. The tobacco crop grew exponentially until 60 days and thereafter linearly in the period 60–140 days after transplanting. From 140 days onwards the growth of the crop became truncated. The reduction in tobacco yields depended on the number of broomrapes per tobacco plant. Individual broomrape spikes were lower in dry weight when more spikes occurred per tobacco plant.
Investigations on Heat Tolerance of Spring Wheat Varieties of Different Origin Under Growth Chamber Conditions
Authors: Leithold B. , Müller G. , Weber W. E. , Westermann T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWinter wheat has replaced spring wheat to a large extent under the climatic conditions of Western and Central Europe. But spring wheat genotypes are still important under the warm climate in large parts of Africa and Central America, since spring wheat needs no vernalization. To reach optimal yield, genotypes must be well adapted to heat stress. In this study 11 spring wheat varieties of Egypt, Sudan, CIMMYT and Germany were exposed to high temperatures at ear emergence and beginning of anthesis. There were reductions in kernel yield and kernel number of the main ear for all genotypes, but the differences in reduction were remarkable. The German variety ‘Naxos’ was best adapted. Some varieties showed an increased number of florets per spikelet under heat treatment, but this does not prohibit a reduction in kernel number per spikelet.
Allelopathic Effect of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. on Cyperus rotundus L. and Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.
Authors: Babu R. Chandra , Kandasamy O. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe allelopathic potential of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (gum tree) fresh and dried leaf leachates was studied using two perennial weeds, viz. purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) and bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers) as test weeds. Aqueous leachate of fresh leaves of eucalyptus significantly suppressed the establishment of vegetative propagules and early seedling growth of the weeds. Leachate of fresh leaf cuttings had growth inhibitory effect on bermuda grass but showed growth promotion effect on purple nutsedge. Similarly the leachate of dried leaves of eucalyptus had differential influence on the growth of the two weeds. There is a possibility to harness the allelochemicals of eucalyptus leaves as herbicides for the management of these perennial weeds.
Quantitative Change of Carbohydrate Content of Two Varieties of Jerusalem Artichoke Tubers (Helianthus tuberosus L.) During Cold Storage Conditions (4°C)
Authors: Ben Chekroun M. , Amzile J. , Mokhtari A. , El Haloui N. E. , Prevost J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) represents an interesting source of carbohydrate because of its high fructose content (75% of total carbohydrates). An experiment on storage of two varieties of the Jerusalem artichoke tubers (‘Kharkov’ and ‘Violet de Rennes’) showed that the quality of tubers was preserved during the first 7 weeks of cold storage. Beyond this period, the loss in total carbohydrate content was evaluated at 0.19% for the ‘Kharkov’ and 0.26% for the ‘Violet de Rennes’ variety of the fresh matter/week. Between the seventh and the thirteenth week of cold storage the tubers lost about 16.7% and 19.1%, respectively, of their initial carbohydrates. From this study we came to the conclusion that storage at 4°C for the two varieties (‘Kharkov’ and ‘Violet de Rennes’) beyond 7 weeks would cause a decrease of general reserves in tubers.
Nitrogen Mineralization Pattern of Agroforestry Tree Leaves under Tropical Highland Conditions
Authors: Anthofer J. , Hanson J. , Jutzi S. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLeaves of nine agroforestry tree species (Grevillea robusta, Erythrina abyssinica, Gliricidia sepium, Albizia schimperiana. Acacia nilotica. Acacia polyacantha, Leu‐caena leucocephala, Leucaena pallida and Entada abys‐sinica) were compared in a glasshouse incubation experiment under natural temperature conditions to relate the observed nitrogen mineralization pattern to quality factors of the mulch material such as N, lignin, phenolic and tannin content and C/N ratio, lignin/N ratio, phenolic/N ratio and (lignin ‐I‐ phenolics)/N ratio. Separation of the plant material into leaflets and petioles/rachis or into leaves and petioles with subsequent chemical analyses revealed large differences in the quality of the material not only between species but also amongst plant parts within the same species. Erythrina abyssinica, G. sepium, L. leucocephala and L. pallida had a rapid nitrogen release especially during the early sampling dates and were superior compared with mulch treatments of G. robusta, A. polyacantha, and Entada abyssinica. Immobilization processes started around 5 weeks after incubation and continued up to the end of the experiment, 9 weeks after incubation. N and lignin content, C/N ratio, lignin/N ratio, phenolics/N ratio and (phenolics + lignin)/N ratio were all significantly correlated with mineralized nitrogen after 3 weeks but their influence in driving the mineralization pattern decreased with incubation time.
Effect of Sodium Chloride on Growth, Photosynthesis and Mineral Ions Accumulation of Different Types of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Khan M. S. A. , Hamid A. , Salahuddin A. B. M. , Quasem A. , Karim M. A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractGrowth, photosynthesis and mineral ions accumulation of aromatic small grain, local coarse grain and HYV types of rice were evaluated under saline conditions. Three cultivars from each type were subjected to 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mvi NaCl concentrations. After three weeks of 200 mvi NaCl application only Pokkali and Kalobail, both belonging to the local coarse grain type and IPK 37011 of the HYV type were able to survive. Plant height, green leaf area, leaf weight, shoot and root growth were seriously decreased by salinity. However, leaf area was decreased more than other growth parameters. In general aromatic small grain type showed higher salt‐sensitiveness in relation to growth than other types of rice. Photosynthesis (Pn) was decreased by salinity and apparently stomatal resistance was partially responsible for the decreased Pn. Kalijira, an aromatic small grain eultivar, showed serious reduction in Pn, especially at the 150mM NaCl level. Na accumulation was increased while K accumulation was decreased by salinity in all types. Salt tolerant eultivars in all types of rice accumulated less Na and more K than susceptible ones. The K/Na ratio was also higher in tolerant eulti‐vars. Ca and Mg eoncentrations were decreased by salinity although not all the eultivars showed clear accumulation patterns as observed for Na and K. As HYV and local coarse grain types of rice in general showed high salt tolerance, a comprehensive breeding programme should be of value for the improvement of salt tolerance of aromatic small grain rice which has a high demand in rice importing countries.
Phenological Growth Stages of the Soybean Plant (Glycine max L. MERR.): Codification and Description According to the BBCH Scale*
Authors: Munger P. , Bleiholder H. , Hack H. , Hess M. , Stauss R. , van den Boom T. , Weber E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFollowing the introduction of the general BBCH scale, the specific BBCH scale for the soybean plant is presented, with crop‐specific descriptions and detailed assessment instructions.The phenological development process of the plant is described in terms of periods (principal growth stages) and steps (secondary growth stages). A two‐digit and a three‐digit decimal code suitable for data processing in crop production experiments is assigned to each developmental step.
Smut Disease and Yield Performance in Corn (Zea mays L.) as Influenced by Nitrapyrin, Urea and Zinc Applications in Coarse‐textured Soils
Authors: Kostandi S. F. , Soliman M. F. , Ghaly A. A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effects of nitrapyrin (NI), urea (U) and Zn rates on rhizosphere pH, smut incidence (S.I.), dry matter (D.M.), grain yield (G.Y.) and ear leaf N and Zn contents were studied in cemented plots, containing calcareous and non‐calcareous soils. Treatments were comprised of 3 U applications (46, 92 and 138 kg N acre−1), combined with 2 NI rates (0 and 0.22 kg acre‐1) and 2 levels of Zn (0 and 8 kg acre‐1). Corn seeds, cv ‘Amoun’ were planted in 1993 and 1994 and the seedlings were artificially infected with U. maydis‐spores at the 6 and 10 leaf growth stages. Results have shown that corn plants grown in calcareous soil imposed greater advantage in D.M. and G.Y., accompanied by a relatively low smut infection than those grown in non‐calcareous soil. Unlike the diversion effects of NI on soil pH and plant Zn content, its application was beneficial for improving yield and plant Zn content. Urea applications decreased the soil pH by 0.6 unit at the highest N rate and exerted stimulatory effects on ear leaf N and Zn contents. By increasing U rate to 138 kg N acre‐1, smut severity was increased by 6%. In contrast, by Zn fertilization, smut severity was decreased by 10.3%, accompanied by marked increases in G.Y. and leaf Zn content. Mixed results were detected on S.I. data, when NI was combined with U rates. In the presence of Zn, smut severity was dropped to 20.1% at 138 kg N acre‐1. The results also showed that in the absence of Zn supply, S.I. was dominated in NI‐treated plants and the reverse was true when Zn was included. Satisfactory results were achieved when 92 kg N acre‐1 were combined with 0.22 and 8 kg acre‐1 of NI and Zn, respectively.
Effect of Sowing Date and Cutting Stage on Yield and Quality of Irrigated Barley and Triticale Used for Forage and Grain
Authors: Royo C. , López A. , Serra J. , Tribó F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe influence of cutting stage on forage and grain yield and quality has been studied in three barley and one triticale varieties, using two sowing dates in each of two sites. When cut at the first detectable node stage (C.31), forage yield was almost double the yield at the pseudo‐stem erect stage (C.30). Barley yielded more forage than triticale at both cutting stages. Both species had similar forage protein content, but forage fibre content was greater in barley than in triticale. Cutting at stage 30 reduced grain yield by about 11 % and at stage 31 by nearly 35 %. Barley and triticale had similar grain yield. Grain protein content was not affected by forage removal, but was significantly greater in triticale than in barley. The later the stage of cutting, the greater was the delay in heading date. Triticale was more responsive to environmental conditions than barley.
Effect of the Herbicide Paraquat on the Decomposition of Wheat Straw
Authors: Hunter W. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect 1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipridinium dichloride (paraquat) has on wheat residue decomposition was investigated in laboratory studies. Field dried straw containing 0.30% nitrogen and 42.9% C was incubated in laboratory bioreactors for 8 weeks. Treatment combinations per gram of straw were control (no paraquat or spreader), 0.26, 2.6, and 26 ng paraquat, 0.7 nl Valent X‐77,0.26 ng paraquat plus spreader and 2.6 ng paraquat plus spreader. Decomposition was monitored by CO, production and dry weight changes. Neither paraquat nor its spreader, alone or in combination, were found to effect CO2 production or dry weight Ioss. Paraquat should not increase the rate of wheat straw decomposition at field application rates.
Effect of Presprouting on Yield of Maincrop Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Organic Farming
Authors: Karalus W. , Rauber R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFrom 1991 to 1993 field trials at two sites (Bruchkobel and Gladbacherhof) were carried out to study the coti‐tribtition of presprouting in securing the yield of main‐crop potatoes (cvs. Agria. Granola. Linda and Nicola) in organic farming. In several cases presprouting diminished significantly the number of stems and tubers per plant. While in July (sample harvest) presprouting resulted in significant higher total yields with nearly all cultivars, in September (main harvest) the presprouting effect on total yield differed from year to year and partially from site to site, Presprouting reduced the percentage of undersized tubers, especially in 1992. Significant increases of the percentage of oversized tubers caused by presprouting were found especially with cv. Agria. The presprouted potatoes showed significantly higher marketable yields in 1991 at Bruchkobel (+28%), in 1992 at Bruchkobel (+ 14%) and Gladbacherhof (+ 18%) and in 1993 at Bruchkobel (+ 3%), Considerable yield increases caused by presprouting were observed when the foliage was destroyed early in the growing season by the Colorado beetle (Bruchkobel 1991) or by late blight (both sites 1992). Presprouting proved to be an important method to ensure yields in a farming system using no chemical pesticides.
Canopy Development and Light Absorption of Grain Legume Species in a Short Season Mediterranean‐type Environment
Authors: Mwanamwenge J. , Siddique K. H. M. , Sedgley R. H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe adaptation of a number of grain legume species is being investigated for fine‐textured, neutral to alkaline soils that are unsuitable for narrow‐leafed lupin production. Canopy development and light absorption are important characteristics influencing crop adaptation. In short season, Mediterranean‐type environments, crops with rapid early canopy development minimize evaporation from the bare soil and maximize transpiration and light absorption, leading to rapid dry matter accumulation. In this study, the canopy development and light absorption of faba bean, field pea, narbon bean and chickpea were compared on a fine‐textured, neutral to alkaline soil in a dryland Mediterranean‐type environment at Merredin, Western Australia. The principle factors determining early canopy development of the above grain legumes were investigated.Among the species studied, high rates of leaf expansion and large leaves resulted in a high percentage of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and rapid ground cover as measured by the sunfleck. Faba bean had high leaf expansion rates (mean of 1.33 cm2 d−1) and a large maximum leaf size (59.4cm2), and hence, absorbed a large percentage of PAR (77% at 74 DAS). In contrast to faba bean, the mean leaf expansion rate of chickpea was only 0.11 cm2 d−1, its maximum leaf size was 6.9 cm2 and it absorbed 43% of the PAR by 74 DAS. The rates of leaf expansion for narbon bean and field pea were similar to that of faba bean, but their leaves were significantly smaller than faba bean and greater than chickpea. Both field pea and narbon bean absorbed 58% of the PAR at 74 DAS.Rates of leaf appearance did not seem to have a large influence on rate of canopy development due to compensation between the number of branches and leaf size. In general, species with few branches developed their canopy faster than species such as chickpea, which had many branches.
Effects of Population Density and Planting Pattern on the Yield and Yield Components of Leafy Reduced‐Stature Maize in a Short‐Season Area
Authors: Begna S. H. , Hamilton R. I. , Dwyer L. M. , Stewart D. W. , Smith D. L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMaize hybrids that yield well, mature earlier with low grain moisture contents, tolerate higher population densities and take advantage of narrow row spacings better than the currently available hybrids would be more suitable for production in short‐season areas. Leafy reduced‐stature maize hybrids, which have only recently been developed, have traits which address these criteria. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different population densities (65 000 and 130000 plants ha−1) and planting patterns (single rows 76 cm apart and paired rows with 20 cm between rows within a pair of 56 cm between rows of adjacent pairs) on the yield and yield components of two leafy reduced‐stature (LRS1 and LRS2), one non‐leafy reduced‐stature (NLRS), and two conventional corn hybrids (Pioneer 3979, < 2500 CHU; and Pioneer 3902, 2600‐2700 CHU) at two locations. All hybrids had higher kernel numbers per row and single plant grain yields at the lower population densities when in paired rows. However, as plant density increased, these variables decreased more in the conventional hybrids than the LRS and NLRS hybrids, which demonstrates the greater tolerance of the latter to the stresses associated with higher plant densities. Grain yield was higher for the two LRS hybrids and the NLRS hybrid at 130000 plants ha−1 than 65 000 plants ha−1 Grain yield of conventional hybrids was reduced at the higher population density. The LRS hybrids matured before both conventional hybrids and out yielded Pioneer 3979 at the higher plant population density in both row spacings at both sites. Harvest index was not affected by population density and this value was not different among the NLRS and conventional hybrids. However, the harvest index of the LRS hybrids was greater than the others. LRS and NLRS hybrids had lower moisture contents and earlier maturities than conventional hybrids. Rapid growth of the first ear and higher harvest index values might are indications that LRS hybrids are more tolerant of higher population densities than the conventional hybrids.
Cadmium Alters Phosphate Level and Suppresses Activity of Phosphorolytic Enzymes in Germinating Rice Seeds
Authors: Shah K. , Dubey R. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of increasing concentration of Cd on the metabolic status of phosphate and the activity of its metabolizing enzymes acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and inorganic pyrophosphatase were examined in germinating rice (Oryza sativa) seeds. During a 0‐120 h germination period in the two rice cvs., Ratna and Jaya, 500 μM Cd caused a 2‐3‐times increase in phosphate level in embryo axes compared to controls. Cadmium concentration of 500 μM in situ caused about 12‐14% and 20‐30 % decline in acid phosphatase activity in endosperms and embryo axes respectively during 72‐96 h of germination. With 500 μM Cd treatment in situ about 27‐43 % inhibition in alkaline phosphatase activity was noticed in endosperms and 40‐70 % in embryo axes. With 2 mM Cd salt in vitro about 60‐92 % inhibition in the activity of acid phosphatase and 80‐95 % inhibition of alkaline phosphatases was observed in enzyme preparations from embryo axes. However, a Cd level of 50‐100 μM caused stimulation in the activity of inorganic pyrophosphatase. Isoenzymic studies revealed four acid phosphatase isoenzymes in embryo axes with Rf values 0.15, 0.24, 0.36 and 0.49 and three isoenzymes in endosperms with Rf values 0.18, 0.24 and 0.40. The band intensities decreased under Cd treatment. Results indicate possible suppression of the phosphorolytic activities in germinating rice seeds under Cd stress.
Effect of High Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) Sowing Rates on Establishment Year Yield, Stand Persistence and Forage Quality
Authors: Stout D. G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of very high sowing rates on establishment year dry matter (DM) yield and stand persistence of irrigated lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) was studied. Two cultivars (‘Peace’ and ‘Apollo II’) were sown in 1986 at two row spacings and six sowing rates from 5.6 to 50.4 kg ha−1. Established seedling density (Sd) increased linearly with sowing rate (R):Sd= 24.1R. Establishment year DM yield increased at sowing rates from 5.6 to 16.8 kg ha−1, levelled off as sowing rate increased to 33.6 ka ha−1, and then decreased as sowing rate increased further. Thus, there was a broad optimum sowing rate that gave a maximum sowing year DM yield. Percent plant survival to the third year (1988) decreased with increasing sowing rate so that plant densities became similar for sowing rates greater than 16.8 kg ha−1. Within the range 5.6 to 16.8 kg ha−1, increasing sowing rate increased stand persistence measured as 1988 plant density; however, a corresponding increase in DM yield was not obtained. For all full‐production years, DM yield was independent of sowing rate. Sowing rate did not affect three chemical measures of forage quality.
Behaviour of Sugar‐beet Plants (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris var. altissima [Doell]) under Conditions of Changing Water Supply: Abscisic Acid as Indicator
Authors: Wittenmayer L. , Schilling G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractModerate drought stress increases the root‐to‐shoot ratio in sugar‐beet plants. The question arises whether abscisic acid occurs in these plants and whether it plays a role in their adaptation to limited water supply. Thus, after identification by GC/MS, the content of free ABA and its alkaline hydrolysable conjugates was determined by capillary GLC in sugar‐beet plants of pot and field experiments with differentiated water supply. It was shown that leaves had a higher content of free ABA than tap roots. Within the leaf apparatus the young organs contained more ABA than the fully developed leaves. Moderate drought stress increased both free and alkaline hydrolysable ABA contents in leaves of intact plants, whereas the ABA content of tap roots was not demonstrably influenced. In contrast, severe and rapid osmotic stress treatment of detached leaves by dipping the petioles in mannitol solutions increased the free ABA content at the expense of the hydrolysable conjugates. This suggests an ABA release by the latter. Therefore, sugar‐beet plants seem to have two mechanisms for increasing the free ABA content under drought stress conditions: the gradual synthesis of ABA including its conjugates and the release of free ABA from ABA conjugates.