bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Graphical Method for Determining the Coefficient of Consolidation cv from a Flow-Pump Permeability Test
Authors: Morin RH , Olsen HW , Nelson KR , Gill JD 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A graphical method has been developed for determining the coefficient of consolidation from the transient phases of a flow-pump permeability test. The flow pump can be used to infuse fluid into or withdraw fluid from a laboratory sediment specimen at a constant volumetric rate in order to obtain data that can be used to calculate permeability using Darcy's law. When the initial transient-response curve (hydraulic head as a function of time) generated by this test is examined analytically in terms of a one-dimensional consolidation process, representative type-curve solutions to the associated forced-flow and pressure-decay models are derived. These curves provide the basis for graphically evaluating the permeability k, the coefficient of consolidation cv, and the coefficient of volume change mv. The curve-matching technique is easy and rapid, and it can be applied to results of forced-flow tests, both infusion and withdrawal, as well as to subsequent pressure-decay records. Values of k, cv, and mv for a laterally confined kaolinite specimen were determined by this graphical method and appear to be in reasonably good agreement with numerically derived estimates (within 20%). Discrepancies between the two sets of results seem to be largely a function of data quality rather than of method of analysis. Where responses of hydraulic head as a function of time are apparently unaffected by experimental sources of error, agreement is excellent (within 4%). Application of this graphical method to triaxial testing has inherent uncertainties, because the solution curves that describe one-dimensional deformation are used to analyze a three-dimensional process.
A Note on Falling Headwater and Rising Tailwater Permeability Tests
Authors: Daniel DE 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Falling-head permeability tests may be performed in two ways: (1) with a constant tailwater pressure and (2) with a rising tailwater pressure. Equations published in textbooks and manuals for calculating hydraulic conductivity from a falling-head test are for the first type of test only and are in error by a factor of 2 when applied to the second type of test. The correct equations for calculating hydraulic conductivity for both types of test are derived and confirmed.
Tearing Crack Growth and Fracture Micro-Mechanisms Under Micro Segregation in Zr-2.5%Nb Pressure Tube Material
Authors: Kapoor K. , Saibaba N. , Kashyap B. P. , Ramana Rao A. V. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
In the case of Zr-2.5%Nb pressure tube material, certain tramp elements (Cl, P, and C) have a deleterious effect on the fracture properties. In order to dramatically reduce the amount of these impurities, vacuum arc re-melting is adopted. The effect of the melting practice (double or quadruple) on the fracture properties of this material has been previously studied in detail. However, in these studies, the micro-mechanisms of fracture and the role of the trace impurities on crack initiation and propagation in the sub-critical regime were not investigated in detail. In the present study, the mechanisms operating during the three stages of crack growth, i.e., initiation, propagation and fracture, in the case of low toughness double melted material, are proposed based on a detailed study. In our observation, the tramp elements segregate in the form of fine stringers. In the regions away from the segregation, the material is found to be very ductile with the appearance of ligaments with high local plastic deformation before fracture. The presence of such ligaments on the fracture surface is an indication of fracture occurring in a transition zone (ductile to brittle). In the case of the failure in this transition region, both cleavage and ductile mechanisms can occur in the same specimen. In the transition region, near the upper shelf region, the initiation of the crack occurs by cleavage at a local discontinuity, but the toughness increases rapidly and crack propagation occurs in ductile manner by formation of microvoids. The crack front propagates finding the local discontinuities, leaving behind the unbroken regions with high toughness (ligaments). As the crack propagation continues and the crack face opens, the ligaments left well behind the crack tip rupture after the crack front moves further. The electron micro-beam analysis and X-ray mapping show a build-up of Cl concentration at the stringer sites. In the present analysis, the fracture behavior of double and quadruple melted Zr-2.5%Nb material is compared using a “tearing instability” criterion. Using this approach, an attempt is made to assess the enhanced safety margins, in terms of critical crack length, achieved by modification in the melting practice. First, an estimate from the small specimen J-R data was obtained. However, to obtain a realistic estimate for fracture under burst condition an appropriate scaling factor was applied.
Use of the Accelerated Mortar Bar Test to Evaluate the Effectiveness of LiNO3 Against Alkali-Silica Reaction—Part 1: Pore Solution Chemistry and Influence of Various Parameters
Authors: Tremblay C. , Bérubé M. A. , Fournier B. , Thomas M. D. A. , Folliard K. J. , Nkinamubanzi P. C. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
For the time being, the only reliable test method to evaluate the effectiveness of lithium nitrate against alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete is the concrete prism test (CPT) CSA A23.2-14A or ASTM C1293, extended to two years. In its actual form, the more commonly used accelerated mortar bar test (AMBT) CSA A23.2-25A or ASTM C1260 is not able to predict this effectiveness and needs to be modified to improve it’s reliability. Part I of this study, which involves a large variety of reactive aggregates from Canada and the United States, aims to evaluate the partition of various ions (OH−, Na+, K+, Li+, and silica species) between the mortar pore solution and the soak solution in the AMBT, and the effect of a number of experimental parameters on the expansion of mortar bars with/without lithium nitrate, e.g., the presence of lithium in the original mortar bars, the Li concentration in the soak solution, the concentration and the composition (NaOH versus KOH) of the soak solution, the cement alkali content, the water-to-cement ratio, and the initial 24-h soaking in pure water. The second part of this study (Part II) compares the above AMBT results with the CPT results for the same aggregates and aims to propose modifications to the AMBT when testing lithium nitrate against ASR to better correlate with the most realistic CPT results.
Use of the Accelerated Mortar Bar Test to Evaluate the Effectiveness of LiNO3 Against Alkali-Silica Reaction—Part 2: Comparison with Results from the Concrete Prism Test
Authors: Tremblay C. , Bérubé M. A. , Fournier B. , Thomas M. D. , Folliard K. J. , Nkinamubanzi P. C. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
For the time being, the concrete prism test (CPT) CSA A23.2-14A or ASTM C1293 remains the most reliable test method to evaluate the effectiveness of lithium nitrate against alkali-silica reaction (ASR) in concrete; however, the extended testing period of two years has often limited its acceptance by practitioners. In its actual form, the popular accelerated mortar bar test (AMBT) CSA A23.2-25A or ASTM C1260 cannot be used to predict this effectiveness, thus it needs to be modified accordingly. Part I of this study looked at the influence of a number of parameters on the effectiveness of lithium to control expansion of mortar bars incorporating a variety of reactive aggregates from Canada and the United States. The second part of this study (Part II) compares the results obtained in modified versions of the AMBT with those from the CPT performed on the same aggregates, with the objective of proposing the best accelerated test procedure for determining the minimum amount of lithium nitrate necessary to counteract ASR expansion in concrete. The results obtained in this study have shown that the effectiveness of lithium nitrate greatly varies from one reactive aggregate to another while not being correlated with the degree of reactivity or the petrographic nature of the reactive aggregates to counteract. A safe method of predicting the effective [Li]/[Na+K] to used in concrete is proposed which uses two AMBTs, one of which involves adding lithium to both the mortar bar and the soak solution. It allows the prediction of an effective [Li]/[Na+K] for aggregates that respond relatively well to lithium. The method allows the identification of aggregates that respond particularly badly to the lithium, for which the concrete prism test is recommended for evaluating the minimum lithium dosage to use for ASR control.
Evaluating Drainage Characteristics of Water Resistive Barriers as Part of an Overall Durable Wall Approach for the Building Enclosure
Authors: Williams Mark F. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The most recent model residential building code has been modified to require increased use of water/weather resistive barrier (WRB) materials in construction, and to require some means of draining water from the building enclosure. However, “drainage” performance is not defined, and the Code is unclear about which currently available WRB products and design approaches help provide a durable water-resistant exterior wall enclosure. The present work is a qualitative, “order of magnitude” study of the drainage characteristics of various types of WRB materials (felts, housewraps, drainage wraps, drainage boards, and furring strips), and is a “first step” toward developing an overall durable wall approach for the building enclosure. The ASTM E2273 drainage efficiency test was used in 40 wall assembly mockups to evaluate 11 WRB materials in 8 design configurations. Traditional WRBs and housewraps provided little or no drainage capability to the exterior wall designs tested. Drainage-enhanced housewraps provided an improved level of drainage, but they still retained water. The retained water can migrate through fastener holes to the underlying construction. Best drainage performance was obtained by using WRBs with furring, drainage mats, and profiled sheets (drainage boards). These overall results are in general agreement with similar research by others. These results can guide designers and builders in the proper selection and use of such materials, which should be used as part of an overall durable wall approach to protecting the building enclosure.
Compression Precracking to Generate Near Threshold Fatigue Crack Growth Rates in an Aluminum and Titanium Alloy
Authors: Ruschau John J. , Newman James C. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The scope of this paper is to determine the fatigue-crack growth rates in the near-threshold regime for both an aluminum and titanium alloy using the compression precracking constant-amplitude (CPCA) test method on compact specimens. Tests were conducted over a wide range of stress ratios (R=Pmin/Pmax=0.1 to 0.9). Results were compared with threshold and near-threshold data generated on the same materials using the ASTM E647, “Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth Rates,” load-shedding test procedure. On the 7075-T651 alloy, very little difference was observed in threshold values between the load-shedding and CPCA test methods. In contrast, the titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) showed very large differences between the CPCA and load-shedding test results in the near-threshold and threshold regimes for the low stress ratios. Results under high R conditions (R≥0.7) agreed well between the two-threshold test methods for both materials. On the titanium alloy, the load-shedding test method also produced a specimen width effect on near-threshold behavior, whereas the CPCA test method produced results that were independent of specimen width and produced “steady-state” constant-amplitude data in the near-threshold regime, after the crack had grown several compressive plastic-zone sizes.
Accelerated Cooling of Steel Plates: The Time Has Come
Authors: Gorni Antonio Augusto , Dolabela da Silveira José Herbert 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The accelerated cooling of steel plates is an already standard process that increases the competitiveness of this product and their users, as it allows the adoption of a leaner alloy design and the development of new mechanical property combinations with improved weldability. The maximum cooling rate achievable under industrial conditions depends on plate thickness, from 80°C/s (10 mm) to about 1°C/s (80 mm), in order to assure minimum temperature gradients along plate thickness and greater uniformity of mechanical properties. The main process variants of this process apply cooling over different temperature ranges: interrupted accelerated cooling, between 800 and 500°C, and direct quenching, between 900 and 200°C. In the first case it is aimed at a microstructural grain refining effect; in the latter one a fully martensitic microstructure is desired. The advantages promoted by these new process routes are already benefiting the main fields of application of heavy steel plates, like shipbuilding, civil construction, linepipes, penstocks, and so on. This paper is a brief status report about this technology and its future developments.
Isotope geochemistry and petrogenesis of peralkaline Middle Miocene ignimbrites from central Sonora: relationship with continental break-up and the birth of the Gulf of California
Authors: Vidal Solano Jesús R. , Lapierre Henriette , Stock Joann M. , Demant Alain , Paz Moreno Francisco A. , Bosch Delphine , Brunet Pierre , Amortegui Andrea 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Middle Miocene peralkaline ignimbrites constitute a specific geodynamic marker of the early stage of opening of the Gulf of California, preserved either in central Sonora or the Puertecitos area, in Baja California. Very uniform ages (12-12.5 Ma) obtained on these rocks show that this volcanic episode corresponds to a specific stage in the tectonic evolution of the proto-gulf area. Field observations and slightly different Sr and Nd isotopic signatures support eruptions from several small volume magma batches rather than from a large-volume caldera forming event. Isotopic ratios help to constrain the petrogenesis of the peralkaline liquids by fractional crystallization of transitional basalts in a shallow reservoir, with slight contamination by Precambrian upper crustal material. Less differentiated glomeroporphyritic icelandites erupted at about 11 Ma, mark an increase in the magma production rate and highlight an easier access to the surface, illustrating an advanced stage in the weakening of the continental crust. The tilting of the Middle Tertiary sequences results from a major change in the tectonic regime, from E-W extension giving rise to N-S grabens, to NNW-SSE strike-slip motion that can be related to the transfer of Baja California from North America to the Pacific plate. The location of peralkaline volcanism coincides with the southern edge of the Precambrian crust and the southernmost extension of the California slab window at 12.5 Ma.
Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the Yili Block, western Chinese Tianshan
Authors: Wang Bo , Faure Michel , Shu Liangshu , Cluzel Dominique , Charvet Jacques , De Jong Koen , Chen Yan 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The Yili block is a triangular area bordered by sutures and fault zones in the western Chinese Tianshan belt. It is often considered as a part of the Central Tianshan micro-continent with Proterozoic basement extending westward into Kazakhstan and Kirgizstan, but this interpretation is questionable. This paper aims to synthesize the available data, discusses the meaning of the tectonic boundaries and proposes a model for the Paleozoic evolution of the Yili block. Alike the entire Tianshan belt, the Yili block underwent a polyphase evolution including subduction of oceanic crust and collision with micro-continents and volcanic arcs. The southern boundary of the Yili block is formed of Proterozoic basement and Early Paleozoic platform sediments, tectonically overlain by oceanic high-pressure metamorphic rocks and ophiolite. It has been involved in a south-dipping subduction associated with the closure of the Tianshan Ocean and the subsequent collision with a micro-continent correlated with Central Tianshan. This tectonic event resulted in top-to-the-north ductile thrusting observed in oceanic HP metamorphic rocks and Proterozoic basement as well. During the Late Paleozoic, the northern boundary of the Yili block was an active continental margin related to the southward subduction of the North Tianshan oceanic basin, this boundary is represented by Late Carboniferous turbidite and ophiolitic mélange. The southern and northern boundaries have been both reworked by Permian strike-slip faults.
Predicting aneurysm rupture probabilities through the application of a computed tomography angiography–derived binary logistic regression model
Authors: Prestigiacomo Charles J. , He Wenzhuan , Catrambone Jeffrey , Chung Stephanie , Kasper Lydia , Pasupuleti Latha , Mittal Neelesh 
Published: October 2008

Object
The goal of this study was to establish a biomathematical model to accurately predict the probability of aneurysm rupture. Biomathematical models incorporate various physical and dynamic phenomena that provide insight into why certain aneurysms grow or rupture. Prior studies have demonstrated that regression models may determine which parameters of an aneurysm contribute to rupture. In this study, the authors derived a modified binary logistic regression model and then validated it in a distinct cohort of patients to assess the model's stability.

Methods
Patients were examined with CT angiography. Three-dimensional reconstructions were generated and aneurysm height, width, and neck size were obtained in 2 orthogonal planes. Forward stepwise binary logistic regression was performed and then applied to a prospective cohort of 49 aneurysms in 37 patients (not included in the original derivation of the equation) to determine the log-odds of rupture for this aneurysm.

Results
A total of 279 aneurysms (156 ruptured and 123 unruptured) were observed in 217 patients. Four of 6 linear dimensions and the aspect ratio were significantly larger (each with p < 0.01) in ruptured aneurysms than unruptured aneurysms. Calculated volume and aneurysm location were correlated with rupture risk. Binary logistic regression applied to an independent prospective cohort demonstrated the model's stability, showing 83% sensitivity and 80% accuracy.

Conclusions
This binary logistic regression model of aneurysm rupture identified the status of an aneurysm with good accuracy. The use of this technique and its validation suggests that biomorphometric data and their relationships may be valuable in determining the status of an aneurysm.
Sudden blindness as a complication of percutaneous trigeminal procedures: mechanism analysis and prevention
Authors: Agazzi Siviero , Chang Stanley , Drucker Mitchell D. , Youssef A. Samy , Van Loveren Harry R. 
Published: October 2008

The authors describe the case of a 76-year-old man in whom reversible sudden blindness developed after a percutaneous balloon compression rhizotomy for trigeminal neuralgia. His eye became tense and swollen with intraocular pressures of 66 mm Hg. Acetazolamide was administered, and visual acuity (20/50) returned within several months. Despite correct needle placement, the intraocular pressure rose acutely because of transient occlusion of the orbital venous drainage through the cavernous sinus; this was reversed with aggressive medical treatment.
In cadaveric studies (dried skull and formalin-fixed head), the authors studied the mechanism of optic nerve penetration. Their findings showed that excessive cranial angulation of the needle with penetration of the inferior orbital fissure can directly traumatize the optic nerve in the orbital apex. Direct trauma to the optic nerve can therefore be prevented by early and repeated confirmation of the needle trajectory with lateral fluoroscopy before penetration of the foramen ovale.
La tradition n'est plus ce qu'elle était... Deux cas d'héritage chez les Nzima Aduvle, Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Verdeaux François 
Published: October 2008

F. Verdeaux—Tradition is no longer what it Used to Be. Two Cases of Inheritance among the Nzima Aduvle (Ivory Coast).
Legal 'tradition' pertains more to practice than to theory, acted out rather than spoken out or explained in a coherent fashion. This allows for a wide margin of interpretation, and hence of variations, especially in a context of rapid social change. In the present economie situation of the Ivory Coast there is a contradiction between the traditional matrilineal inheritance System and the modem tendency to leave one's property to sons rather than to nephews (Sister's Sons). The analysis of two recent cases of family strife and confiicts of this type shows an interplay of social codes and actual practices in which the symbolic and ideological value of tradition remains predominant, [pp. 69-85]
Le double monstrueux. Les masques-hyène des Sénoufo.
Authors: Jamin Jean 
Published: October 2008

J. Jamin—The Monstrous Wraith: Senufo Hyena-Masks.
Rather than objets d'art Senufo masks are but a minor part of the routine production of Senufo craftsmen, not different from plain tools up to the time when they are integrated into a liturgy or a magical process. In other words the carving of a mask is completely dissociated from its religious use. Which explains how the industrial production of masks for the souvenir and 'antique' trade could develop without hurting Senufo opinion. This attitude might well be a reaction to the ideologie fetters of the poro cuit, as evidenced by the wholesale destruction or dere-liction of masks under the influence of recent messianistic cuits. More generally it can be related to a Senufo Weltanschauung based upon a quasi-manichean concept of duality, expressed in the stylistic variants of masks. [pp. 125-142]
Un jeune homme de bonne famille. Logique de l'accusation et de la confession en Côte d'Ivoire.
Authors: Augé Marc 
Published: October 2008

M. Auge—A Young Manfrom a Good Family: The Logic of Accusation and Confession in the Ivory Coast.
Analysis of the confession, made to 'prophet' Atcho, at Bregbo, by Biaise, a young Aladian. The examination of the facts disclosed, as well as the rather précise identification of both his victims and his associâtes, underlines how closely his confession fits with the intellectual schemata underlying pre-Christian witcheraft beliefs and practices. Unhappy events—especially sickness—are not interpreted in a random fashion: an attempt is made hère to reveal the logical dimensions of interprétation, which incorporate the unequal relationships stemming from the various actors' social position, [pp. 177-218]
Peau d'Ânesse.
Authors: Calame-Griaule Geneviève 
Published: October 2008

G. Calame-Griaule—Skinning the Donkey Mare.
Pretty girl takes off her donkey skin for bathing. Chief's son catches her unaware, marries her, and, by destroying the donkey skin, compels her to remain as a woman. This taie, widespread in the Niger Republic, has a frequent variant: the king falls in love with his daugter-in-law and, in order to marry her, has her husband thrown down a well; a palm-tree grows from the stone of a date she gave her husband, allowing him to escape from the well and avenge himself. These motifs are close to T 400 'The Swan Girl', T 465 'Husband Persecuted because of his Wife's Beauty', and also reminiscent of T 510 'Donkey Skin'. Yet the taie raises the question of the animal species used as a disguise, and the status of this species in the sub-Saharan Sahel. The dominant theme seems to be woman's ambiguous character —oscillating between human and natural nature—and her socialization through marriage. [pp. 501-515]