bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Different Therapeutic Strategies in ICD Lead Defects: Additional Combined LeadVersus Replacement of the Lead
Authors: WOLLMANN CHRISTIAN G. , BÖCKER DIRK , LÖHER ANDREAS , PAUL MATTHIAS , SCHELD HANS H. , BREITHARDT GÜNTER , GRADAUS RAINER 
Published: September 2007

Objectives: Implantation of an additional HV‐P/S lead versus extraction of the defective HV‐P/S lead and implantation of a new one is one possible therapeutic approach in cases of a defective high‐voltage pace/sense lead (HV‐P/S). No information is available on potential differences in clinical outcome in these different approaches. Methods: Between January 2000 and February 2006, 86 patients with HV‐P/S lead defect received either an additional transvenous HV‐P/S lead (n = 33, group 1) or the HV‐P/S lead was replaced (n = 53, group 2). The duration of the initially implanted leads was significantly different in the two groups (7.4 ± 2.9; group 1 and 4.1 ± 3.4 years; group 2).The outcome of these two groups of patients was retrospectively analyzed. Results: Seventy‐three patients [85%] survived until the end of follow‐up of 29 ± 15 (group 1) and 33 ± 21 (group 2) months (P = ns), respectively. Thirteen patients died: six in group 1 and seven in group 2 (P = ns). Fourteen patients experienced perioperative complications (group 1: six; group 2: eight; P = ns). ICD system‐related complications occurred in 22 patients (group 1: seven; group two: 15; P = ns). The event‐free cumulative survival of patients with additional and replaced HV‐P/S lead for postoperative events (including death) after 1, 2, and 3 years was 82%, 70%, 70%, and 86%, 81%, 66%, respectively (P = 0.93). Conclusions: Implantation of an additional HV‐P/S lead or replacement of the HV‐P/S lead in case of HV‐P/S lead failure is statistically not different concerning mortality and morbidity. There are no predictors for further lead defects. Implantation of an additional HV‐P/S lead should not be recommended in young patients or patients with greater likelihood of living many years. Predictors for death were an age over 70 years and renal insufficiency.
Reverse Polarity Pacing:The Hemodynamic Benefit of Anodal Currents at Lead Tips forCardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: LLOYD MICHAEL S. , HEEKE SHEILA , LERAKIS STAMATIOS , LANGBERG JONATHAN J. 
Published: September 2007

Background: Myocardial depolarization can be achieved with currents of either anodal or cathodal polarity. In contrast to conventional cathodal pacing, anodal pacing initially hyperpolarizes tissue and improves myocardial contractility in animal models. Methods and Results: In 13 patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) device implantation, we compared the mean left ventricular outflow velocity‐time integral (LV‐VTI) for anodal and cathodal polarities in three different pacing configurations. Intraoperative continuous‐wave Doppler measurements were taken at a fixed interrogation angle, while polarities were switched during unipolar left ventricular, unipolar biventricular, and shared‐coil biventricular pacing. Comparisons used identical pacing rates, intervals, and stimulus strengths. Patients had a mean ejection fraction of 0.18 ± 0.08 and a mean QRS duration of 140 ± 34 ms. All capture thresholds were less than 4.5 volts at a pulse width of 0.4 ms. Data were suitable for analysis in 37 of the 39 pairs of Doppler measurements. Anodal polarity significantly increased average LV‐VTI in 36 of these 37 comparisons. The mean increase in LV‐VTI for each configuration with anodal versus cathodal polarity was 2.8 ± 2.6 cm (P < 0.001). The combined mean LV‐VTI for all configurations was similarly higher for anodal polarity (24.4 ± 11.7 cm) versus cathodal polarity (21.7 ± 10.9 cm; P < 0.001). Conclusion: Anodal pacing polarity significantly improves a measure of LV function compared to traditional cathodal currents. Anodal pacing, which can be achieved by a simple reversal of pacing circuit polarity, may represent an important therapeutic addition to future resynchronization devices.
Efficacy of ALA‐PDT vs blue light in the treatment of acne
Authors: Akaraphanth R. , Kanjanawanitchkul W. , Gritiyarangsan P. 
Published: September 2007

Background: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is based on the principle of using light excitation of a wavelength‐specific endogenous or exogenous photosensitizer to destroy the target tissue, and has shown efficacy in the treatment of certain non‐melanoma skin cancers. PDT using aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA) has attracted attention in the treatment of acne vulgaris.Method: Twenty patients with moderate to severe acne vulgaris on the face were treated with four sessions of topical ALA‐PDT with blue light (415 nm) on the right side of the face compared with blue light alone on the left side of the face, each treatment being 1 week apart. Ten percent of topical ALA was applied to acne spots on the right side of the face with a 1‐h incubation period and the entire face was treated with 48 J/cm2 of 415±5 nm light from an articulated LED planar array. Evaluation was performed by counting acne lesions at baseline, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after the beginning of the treatment. Biophysical measurements included sebum levels and the erythema, and melanin indices.Result: At the given assessment times 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after the beginning of the treatment, the mean percent reduction in inflamed lesions counts tended to be higher in the ALA‐PDT areas; it was 32%, 50.9%, 65.9% and 71.1%, respectively, compared with the blue‐light‐alone treatment, which was 20.7%, 27%, 57.7% and 56.7%, respectively, but without any statistical significance (P=0.092). There was no demonstrable significant change in sebum excretion, erythema or the melanin index after treatment. The side effects were pain, stinging, peeling, erythema, pruritus, oozing and pustules. These side effects were stronger on the ALA‐PDT‐treated side.Conclusion: From this study, the trend for ALA‐PDT with blue light to be superior to blue light alone was observed, but it did not reach statistical significance. ALA‐PDT had more side effects.
The Birthday Problem
Authors: Borja Mario Cortina , Haigh John 
Published: September 2007

AbstractHappy Birthday! If it is not your birthday today, it may well be the birthday of someone in your office, or in your class at school. Possibly, it is the birthday of two people in your office or your class. Just how big does a group have to be before its members are likely to share a birthday? Mario Cortina Borja and John Haigh explain the birthday problem.
The Statistics Bill: The Treasury's View
Authors: Eagle Angela 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The bill for the independence of the official statistical system received its final reading in the House of Lords on 20th July, just as this edition of Significance went to press. In this article, Angela Eagle, the new Exchequer Secretary to the Treasury, sets out the official view of what this legislation, and associated developments, should mean for statisticians and users of statistics. She looks in particular at how the reforms could raise statistical quality. (An article setting out the Royal Statistical Society's view of the legislation will appear in the next issue.)
RESONANCES OF PERIODIC ORBITS IN RÖSSLER SYSTEM IN PRESENCE OF A TRIPLE-ZERO BIFURCATION
Authors: ALGABA ANTONIO , FREIRE EMILIO , GAMERO ESTANISLAO , RODRÍGUEZ-LUIS ALEJANDRO J. 
Published: September 2007

This paper focuses on resonance phenomena that occur in a vicinity of a linear degeneracy corresponding to a triple-zero eigenvalue of an equilibrium point in an autonomous tridimensional system. Namely, by means of blow-up techniques that relate the triple-zero bifurcation to the Kuramoto–Sivashinsky system, we characterize the resonances that appear near the triple-zero bifurcation. Using numerical tools, the results are applied to the Rössler equation, showing a number of interesting bifurcation behaviors associated to these resonance phenomena. In particular, the merging of the periodic orbits appeared in resonances, the existence of two types of Takens–Bogdanov bifurcations of periodic orbits and the presence of Feigenbaum cascades of these bifurcations, joined by invariant tori curves, are pointed out.
DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS ON THREE MANIFOLDS PART II: THREE-MANIFOLDS, HEEGAARD SPLITTINGS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS
Authors: SONG YI , BANKS STEPHEN P. 
Published: September 2007

The global behavior of nonlinear systems is extremely important in control and systems theory since the usual local theories will only provide information about a system in some neighborhood of an operating point. Away from that point, the system may have totally different behavior and so the theory developed for the local system will be useless for the global one. In this paper we shall consider the analytical and topological structure of systems on two- and three-manifolds and show that it is possible to obtain systems with "arbitrarily strange" behavior, i.e. arbitrary numbers of chaotic regimes which are knotted and linked in arbitrary ways. We shall do this by considering Heegaard Splittings of these manifolds and the resulting systems defined on the boundaries.
THEORETICAL VIBRATIONAL SPECTRA STUDIES: THE EFFECT OF RING SIZE ON THE CARBONYL VIBRATIONAL FREQUENCIES
Authors: HOOSHYAR H. , RAHEMI H. , DILMAGANI K. A. , TAYYARI S. F. 
Published: September 2007

In this paper, molecular structures and vibrational frequencies of cycloketone, cyclopropanone, cyclobutanone, cyclopentanone, and cyclohexanone have been investigated by density functional theory (DFT) and the second order Møller and Plesset (MP2) levels of theory, using 6-311G, 6-311G**, 6-311++G, and 6-311++G** basis sets. The calculations predict a planar structure for cyclopropanone. The cyclobutanone ring is puckered and according to the calculations at B3LYP/6-311++G** and MP2/6-311++G** levels of theory, it deviates from planarity by 5.0° and 15.7°, respectively. The calculated barrier height between puckered and planar conformer, at MP2/6-311G** level of theory, is 196.7 cm-1. The puckering frequency at B3LYP/6-311G** and MP2/6-311G** levels are 47.5 cm-1 and 121.2 cm-1. Cyclopentanone has twisted conformations ( C 2 symmetry) in which carbons C1 and C2 are out-of-plane with a torsional angle of 11.5° (MP2/6-311G**) and the molecule goes from one conformation to the other via an envelope transition conformation ( C s symmetry). or planar hilltop conformation ( C 2v symmetry). The most stable conformation of the cyclohexanone is C s chair, which has no ring strain, is used as land mark.
The geology and slopes of the Bristol region
Authors: Hawkins Alfred Brian 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The geology of the Bristol region and its influence on slope development is described. Emphasis is placed on the main lithological variations and their importance to the engineering geologist. Movements in the Carboniferous Limestone, Quartzitic Sandstone Group, Coal Measures, Keuper Marl and Lias Clay Formations are described.
Non-diastrophic structures at Bredon Hill, Worcestershire
Authors: Whittaker A. 
Published: September 2007

B
redon
H
ill
is an outlier of the Cotswold Hills situated in the southern part of the Vale of Evesham. Essentially the hill is composed of argillaceous Lias sediments capped by Inferior Oolite limestones. A detailed six-inch geological survey in 1966–7, aided by the sinking of two cored boreholes and by photogeological studies, has enabled the effects of superficial mass movements to be assessed.

Erosion of a thick, incompetent sequence of mudstones overlain by massive, competent limestones has led to the development of landslips, cambers and gulls. Several types of mass movement can be recognized, including slumping, mudflow and composite slip. Cambering is virtually restricted to the Inferior Oolite limestones which cap the hill and includes down-dip extension of the competent beds over the underlying mudstones. A type of hinged camber is also present. Gulls are well developed on the limestone dip-slope surface and have contributed considerably towards the down-dip extension of the beds. Wherever observed, the Inferior Oolite limestones are in a disturbed state, a feature which is attributed to the development of superficial structures under periglacial conditions.
The Inferior Oolite surface presents a large catchment area for meteoric waters, and copious springs and water seepages break out at the limestone-mudstone junction in the south part of the hill. There is evidence for considerable sub-Inferior Oolite erosion, a process which would facilitate superficial mass movements. Evidence from gravels, which flank the hill, strongly suggests that many of the non-diastrophic structures were well developed by River Avon No. 2 Terrace times (38 000 ± 700), although later phases of instability are indicated by clayflow features which in places obscure older landslip and solifluxion deposits. There is much evidence that landslip movements have also taken place throughout historic times; eyewitness accounts are available over the last one hundred years or so.
Soil and rock slope instrumentation
Authors: Savage R. J. 
Published: September 2007

1. Introduction

T
he purpose of this paper
is to describe two out of several unconventional instrumentation schemes which are useful for detecting the onset and monitoring the progression of slope instabilities. The devices concerned are the strip gauge and the long span displacement gauge and both were originally conceived for use in nuclear weapons testing programmes, to measure the gross dynamic soil and rock motions associated with such tests.

Both gauges are equally suitable for measuring the quasi-static creep motion of slopes which characteristically precede soil and rock slides, the initial parts of the actual slide motion itself and, if subsequently arrested, the time history of slope settlement and stabilisation.
Both gauges can be made to substantial lengths so that it becomes feasible to monitor the displacement trends of any medium along a line of expected motion in three mutually orthogonal axes. By arranging the gauges in a matrix, the motion of a large surface or plane can be monitored and, although not yet attempted, it is now possible to monitor the strains and motions of large volumes of suspect soil and rock. By comparison it would be prohibitively expensive to attempt the same measurement with individual, or discrete transducers.
The strip gauge was first used to measure the horizontal displacement occurring at various depths in a soil mass due to a large magnitude surface detonation. The blast effect produced a crater and several unexpected subterranean motions during its formation. These were recorded via the strain gauges on the strip
Two simple devices for monitoring movements in rock slopes
Authors: Boyd J. M. , Hinds D. V. , Moy D. , Rogers C. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Experience in monitoring movement across tension cracks in a slate quarry in Cornwall suggested a need for two types of instrument. One would be sufficiently sensitive for the measurement of daily variations used to predict failure on the basis of acceleration. The other would provide enough detail for the calculation of the direction and magnitude of movements across the crack.
The two instruments are an Invar bar extensometer developed by the Cement and Concrete Association and a large vernier caliper fitted with a clinometer and modified for measurements between steel pegs topped with phosphor bronze balls.
Performance figures are given along with some of the design considerations. A statistical evaluation of precision and an analysis of the errors inherent in ball-in-cone measurements form appendices to the paper.
Design considerations for excavated mine slopes in hard rock
Authors: Ross-Brown Dermot Macaragh 
Published: September 2007

Summary
There are important differences in the approach to the design of rock slopes in Mining and in Civil Engineering due to different economic, operational and political factors. These factors have to be considered in a discussion of mining slope failures and the geotechnical approach to the design of pit slopes. Emphasis, in the paper, is also placed upon the importance of geological structure and the influence of the excavation technique.
The stability of tips and spoil heaps
Authors: Bishop Alan W. 
Published: September 2007

1. Introduction

The problem of the stability of tips and spoil heaps was brought to public attention with dramatic force in 1966 by the disaster at Aberfan, when a slide involving only some 140 000 yd
3
of colliery rubbish resulted in the loss of 144 lives, 116 those of children mostly between the ages of 7 and 10. Not only to the public, but also to most professional engineers and geologists—even to those concerned with mining—it came as a problem to which they had given little, if any, serious attention; though the discussion on Knox's 1927 paper to the South Wales Institute of Engineers suggests that there was local awareness of the problem of tip stability.

This lack of attention is perhaps surprising when we look at the scale of the problem of the disposal of waste from mining, from industrial processes and power generation, and from domestic sources (Table 1). The total quantity is about 120 million tons per annum within the United Kingdom, of which the largest contribution, nearly 60 million tons, comes from the mining of coal. It is of interest to note that the quantity of colliery waste has risen from 7 million tons in 1930 to 60 million tons in 1970 as a result of mechanization, although the overall quantity of coal produced has decreased.† It is also very significant that of the 60 million tons, about 5 million tons are in the form of slurry or tailings.
If tipped in the form of a
A landslide in periglacially disturbed Etruria Marl at Bury Hill, Staffordshire
Authors: Hutchinson John Neville , Somerville Stanley Herbert , Petley Derek Joseph 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The investigation of a landslide on a slope of Etruria Marl at a site just south of the Weichselian limit in Staffordshire is described and discussed. Carefully logged trial trenches and shafts show that the stability of the slope is controlled by a 6 to 10 m thick mantle of periglacially disturbed and soliflucted Etruria Marl, and descriptions of the lithology, mineralogy and structure of this mantle are given. The landslide is shown to have involved the renewal of movement on a pre-existing slip surface. Ground water conditions at failure are reconstructed and two and three-dimensional back analyses made. At the appropriate level of normal effective stress, the estimate of residual shear strength from back analysis is shown to be lower than indicated by conventional direct shear and triaxial tests and probably higher than the value given by ring shear tests.
The degradation of the Barton Clay Cliffs of Hampshire
Authors: Barton Max Edrich 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The Barton Clay crops out along a 4·8 km stretch of the Hampshire coast and together with its capping of Plateau Gravels forms a cliff profile averaging around 30 to 37 m high. The original classic work on the geology of the Barton Clay had suggested a total thickness of only 34·5 m; more recent work involving boring and levelling on the cliff face has shown the formation to be 46·4 m thick. Active degradation of the outcrop creates a markedly stepped profile, relatively flat bench levels being separated from one another by steeper scarp slopes. The benches are underlain by up to 6 m of slipped debris or bench rubble. The scarps are formed by exposures of the solid Barton Clay and Plateau Gravel in the case of the top scarp. The interface between the bench rubble and Barton Clay is formed by a shear surface, an underground continuation of the scarp surfaces, which has been polished and grooved as a result of the seaward movement of the bench rubble. These shear surfaces are developed along particular, identifiable stratigraphic horizons within the Barton Clay and tend to develop along these horizons irrespective of the height of the latter within the cliff profile. Variations in the morphology occur laterally along the outcrop and can be related to the erosional history and partly to the geology.
Five individual processes of degradation are particularly active on the undercliffs; these comprise bench sliding which is sliding of the bench rubble over the shear surfaces, collapse of the scarp slopes or scarp slumping, wearing down of the scarp slope by weathering or scarp spalling, and erosion by mud-flows and running water. Both mud-flows and streams when well developed cut through bench rubble and into the scarp slope and locally destroy the stepped profile. The current activity of these processes is due to marine erosion of the toe, the net result of the processes being a progressive retreat of the cliff top averaging over one metre per year in some places.
Age-Related EBV-Associated B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders Constitute a Distinct Clinicopathologic Group: A Study of 96 Patients
Authors: Oyama Takashi , Yamamoto Kazuhito , Asano Naoko , Oshiro Aya , Suzuki Ritsuro , Kagami Yoshitoyo , Morishima Yasuo , Takeuchi Kengo , Izumo Toshiyuki , Mori Shigeo , Ohshima Koichi , Suzumiya Junji , Nakamura Naoya , Abe Masafumi , Ichimura Koichi , Sato Yumiko , Yoshino Tadashi , Naoe Tomoki , Shimoyama Yoshie , Kamiya Yoshikazu , Kinoshita Tomohiro , Nakamura Shigeo 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Purpose: We have recently reported EBV+ B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) occurring predominantly in elderly patients, which shared features of EBV+ B-cell neoplasms arising in the immunologically deteriorated patients despite no predisposing immunodeficiency and were named as senile or age-related EBV+ B-cell LPDs. To further characterize this disease, age-related EBV+ B-cell LPDs were compared with EBV-negative diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL).
Experimental Design: Among 1,792 large B-cell LPD cases, 96 EBV+ cases with available clinical data set were enrolled for the present study. For the control group, 107 patients aged over 40 years with EBV-negative DLBCL were selected. We compared clinicopathologic data between two groups and determined prognostic factors by univariate and multivariate analysis.
Results: Patients with age-related EBV+ B-cell LPDs showed a higher age distribution and aggressive clinical features or parameters than EBV-negative DLBCLs: 44% with performance status &gt;1, 58% with serum lactate dehydrogenase level higher than normal, 49% with B symptoms, and higher involvement of skin and lung. Overall survival was thus significantly inferior in age-related EBV+ group than in DLBCLs. Univariate and multivariate analyses further identified two factors, B symptoms and age older than 70 years, independently predictive for survival. A prognostic model using these two variables well defined three risk groups: low risk (no adverse factors), intermediate risk (one factor), and high risk (two factors).
Conclusions: These findings suggest that age-related EBV+ B-cell LPDs constitute a distinct group, and innovative therapeutic strategies such as EBV-targeted T-cell therapy should be developed for this uncommon disease.