bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dielectric properties of LC mixture with induced antiferroelectric phase
Authors: Wojciechowski M. , Bąk G. , Tykarska M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMixture of two liquid crystalline components exhibits the antiferroelectric phase in a broad temperature range at room temperatures, though the two components separately do not show an antiferroelectric phase in a temperature range applied. The dielectric spectroscopy technique combined with measurements of the selective light reflection was used for identification and characterization of the phases and subphases existing in the mixture. In the SmC*A phase, the low frequency mode characteristic of antiferroelectric phase has been detected. In the broad temperature range between SmC*A and SmA* phases, no relaxation mode has been detected. The soft mode registered near the phase transition to SmA* phase follows the Curie-Weiss law.
Clinical and neuroimaging outcome of cerebral arteriovenous malformations after Gamma Knife surgery: analysis of the radiation injury rate depending on the arteriovenous malformation volume
Authors: Han Jung Ho , Kim Dong Gyu , Chung Hyun-Tai , Park Chul-Kee , Paek Sun Ha , Kim Jeong Eun , Jung Hee-Won , Han Dae Hee 
Published: July 2008

Object
In this paper the authors analyzed the clinical and neuroimaging outcomes of patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) after Gamma Knife surgery (GKS), focusing on the analysis of the radiation injury rate depending on the AVM volume.

Methods
Between 1997 and 2004, 277 consecutive patients with cerebral AVMs were treated with GKS. Of these patients, 218 were followed up for ≥ 2 years. The mean age was 31 ± 15 years, the median AVM volume was 3.4 cm3 (range 0.17–35.2 cm3), the median marginal dose was 18.0 Gy (range 10.0–25.0 Gy), and the mean follow-up duration was 44 ± 20 months. The authors reduced the prescription dose by various amounts, depending on the AVM volume and location as prescribed in the classic guideline to avoid irreversible radiation injuries.

Results
The angiographic obliteration rate was 66.4% overall, and it was 81.7, 53.1, and 12.5% for small, medium, and large AVMs, respectively. The overall annual bleeding rate was 1.9%. The annual bleeding rate was 0.44 and 4.64% for small and large AVMs, respectively. Approximately 20% of the patients showed severe postradiosurgery imaging (PRI) changes. The rate of PRI change was 11.4, 33.3, and 9.5% for small, medium, and large AVM volume groups, respectively, and a permanent radiation injury developed in 5.1% of patients.

Conclusions
By using the reduced dose from what is usually prescribed, the authors were able to obtain outcomes in small AVMs that were comparable to the outcomes described in previous reports. However, medium AVMs appear to still be at risk for adverse radiation effects. Last, in large AVMs, the authors were able to attain a tolerable rate of radiation injury; however, the clinical outcomes were quite disappointing following administration of a reduced dose of GKS for large AVMs.
Effect of intracranial pressure on the diameter of the optic nerve sheath
Authors: Watanabe Arata , Kinouchi Hiroyuki , Horikoshi Toru , Uchida Mikito , Ishigame Keiichi 
Published: July 2008

Object
The subarachnoid space around the optic nerve in the orbit can be visualized using T2-weighted MR imaging with the fat-saturation pulse sequence. The optic nerve sheath (ONS) diameter can be estimated by measuring the outer diameter of the subarachnoid space. Dilated ONS is associated with idiopathic intracranial hypertension and hydrocephalus, and is believed to reflect increased intracranial pressure (ICP). The relationship between dilated ONS and ICP is unclear because of the difficulty in obtaining noninvasive measurements of ICP. The authors investigated the relationship between subdural pressure measured at the time of surgery and ONS diameter measured on MR images in patients with chronic subdural fluid collection.

Methods
Twelve patients underwent bur-hole craniostomy with continuous drainage for chronic subdural hematoma or hygroma in 2006. Orbital thin-slice fat-saturated MR images were obtained before and after surgery, and the ONS diameters were measured just behind the optic globe. Subdural pressure was measured using a manometer before opening of the dura mater.

Results
A significant correlation was found between the ONS diameter and the subdural pressure (correlation coefficient 0.879, p = 0.0036). The ONS diameter before surgery (6.1 ± 0.7 mm) was significantly reduced after surgery (4.8 ± 0.9 mm, p = 0.003; measurements are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation).

Conclusions
Increased ONS diameter measured on coronal orbital thin-slice fat-saturated T2-weighted MR images is a strong indicator of increased ICP, and helps to differentiate between passive subdural fluid collection due to brain atrophy and subdural hygroma with increased ICP.
Aggravation of infarct formation by brain swelling in a large territorial stroke: a target for neuroprotection?
Authors: Walberer Maureen , Ritschel Nouha , Nedelmann Max , Volk Kai , Mueller Clemens , Tschernatsch Marlene , Stolz Erwin , Blaes Franz , Bachmann Georg , Gerriets Tibo 
Published: July 2008

Object
In territorial stroke vasogenic edema formation leads to elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) and can cause herniation and death. Brain swelling further impairs collateral blood flow to the ischemic penumbra and causes mechanical damage to adjacent brain structures. In the present study the authors sought to quantify the impact of this space-occupying effect on ischemic lesion formation.

Methods
Wistar rats were assigned to undergo bilateral craniectomy or a sham operation and then were subjected to temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 90 minutes. A clinical evaluation and 7-T MR imaging studies were performed 5 and 24 hours after MCAO. The absolute brain water content was determined at 24 hours by using the wet/dry method.

Results
Bilateral craniectomy before MCAO led to a drastic reduction in lesion volume at both imaging time points (p < 0.0001). Ischemic lesion volume was 2.7- and 2.3-fold larger in sham-operated animals after 5 and 24 hours, respectively. Clinical scores were likewise better in rats that had undergone craniectomy (p < 0.05). After 24 hours the midline shift differed significantly between the 2 groups (p < 0.001), but not after 5 hours. The relation between brain water content and ischemic lesion volume as well as the T2 relaxation time within the infarcted area was not different between the groups (p > 0.05).

Conclusions
The data indicated that collateral damage caused by the space-occupying effect of a large MCA territory stroke contributes seriously to ischemic lesion formation. The elimination of increased ICP thus must be regarded as a highly neuroprotective measure, rather than only a life-saving procedure to prevent cerebral herniation. Further clinical trials should reveal the neuroprotective potential of surgical and pharmacological ICP-lowering therapeutic approaches.
Antimicrobial suture wound closure for cerebrospinal fluid shunt surgery: a prospective, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial
Authors: Rozzelle Curtis J. , Leonardo Jody , Li Veetai 
Published: July 2008

Object
Implantation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunting devices is associated with a 5–15% risk of infection as cited in contemporary pediatric neurosurgical literature. Shunt infections typically require complete removal of the device and prolonged antibiotic treatment followed by shunt replacement. Moreover, shunt infections are commonly associated with prolonged hospital stays, potential comorbidity, and the increased risk of neurological compromise due to ventriculitis or surgical complications. The authors prospectively evaluated the incidence of CSF shunt infection following shunt procedures performed using either antimicrobial suture (AMS) or conventional suture.

Methods
In a single-center, prospective, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial, the authors enrolled 61 patients, among whom 84 CSF shunt procedures were performed over 21 months. Randomization to the study (AMS) or control (placebo) group was stratified to minimize the effect of known shunt infection risk factors on the findings. Antibacterial shunt components were not used. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of shunt infection within 6 months of surgery.

Results
The shunt infection rate in the study group was 2 (4.3%) of 46 procedures and 8 (21%) of 38 procedures in the control group (p = 0.038). There were no statistically significant differences in shunt infection risk factors between the groups (procedure type and time, age < 6 months, weight < 4 kg, recent history of shunt infection). No suture-related adverse events were reported in either group.

Conclusions
These results support the suggestion that the use of AMS for CSF shunt surgery wound closure is safe, effective, and may be associated with a reduced risk of postoperative shunt infection. A larger randomized controlled trial is needed to confirm this association.
Thoracolumbar spine subdural hematoma as a result of nonaccidental trauma in a 4-month-old infant
Authors: Gruber Thomas J. , Rozzelle Curtis J. 
Published: July 2008

The authors describe the previously unreported occurrence of thoracolumbar subdural hematoma (SDH) resulting from nonaccidental trauma and emphasize the need for a complete and thorough neurological, physical, and radiological examination in all cases of suspected nonaccidental trauma.
A 4-month-old male infant presented to the authors' Level 1 pediatric trauma center in respiratory arrest. According to the family, he had been previously healthy with a 1-day history of fussiness and irritability. While with one of the parents, the patient was noted to be apneic and had been shaken in 2 separate episodes in an attempt to stimulate respiration. Emergency services personnel intubated the child's trachea and transported him to the hospital. On arrival in the emergency department, the child was unresponsive and exhibited signs of myelopathy. A CT scan of his head demonstrated SDH and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Magnetic resonance imaging of the spine demonstrated an SDH dorsal to the spinal cord with some mass effect on the conus medullaris and descending nerve roots. The patient underwent emergency T-12 to L-3 laminotomies, evacuation of the hematoma, and laminoplasty.
The rigid nature of the rib cage provides a point of fixation around which the thoracolumbar spine can hyperflex and hyperextend when shaken, resulting in severe injury to the bony, vascular, and neural elements of the spine.
Breakpoint localization using array‐CGH in three siblings with an unbalanced 4q;16q translocation and childhood apraxia of speech (CAS)
Authors: Shriberg Lawrence D. , Jakielski Kathy J. , El‐Shanti Hatem 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe report clinical, cytogenetic, and comparative genomic hybridization findings for three siblings with an unbalanced 4q;16q translocation, minor malformations, and cognitive abnormalities, including childhood apraxia of speech, a rare, severe motor speech disorder. Breakpoint findings indicate that in addition to possible contributions from duplicated genes on chromosome 16, haploinsufficiency of one or more of 11 genes deleted in the telomeric region of the long arm of chromosome 4 is the likely cause of the speech disorder, the associated impairments in cognition and language, and the dysmorphic features. The present findings are the first to document childhood apraxia of speech in a multiplex family using contemporary speech measures. We suggest that genotype‐phenotype studies of childhood apraxia of speech occurring in complex neurodevelopmental disorders can elucidate the pathophysiology of this disorder. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular study of 33 families with Fraser syndrome new data and mutation review
Authors: van Haelst M.M. , Maiburg M. , Baujat G. , Jadeja S. , Monti E. , Bland E. , Pearce K. ,   Fraser Syndrome Collaboration Group, Hennekam R.C. , Scambler P.J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractFraser syndrome (FS) is an autosomal recessive malformation disorder characterized by cryptophthalmos, syndactyly, and abnormalities of the respiratory and urogenital tract. FS is considered to be the human equivalent of the murine blebbing mutants: in the mouse mutations at five loci cause a phenotype that is comparable to FS in humans, and thus far mutations in two syntenic human genes, FRAS1 and FREM2, have been identified to cause FS. Here we present the molecular analysis of 48 FS patients from 18 consanguineous and 15 nonconsanguineous families. Linkage analysis in consanguineous families indicated possible linkage to FRAS1 and FREM2 in 60% of the cases. Mutation analysis identified 11 new mutations in FRAS1 and one FREM2 mutation. Manifestations of these patients and previously reported cases with an FRAS1 mutation were compared to cases without detectable FRAS1 mutations to study genotype–phenotype correlations. Although our data suggest that patients with an FRAS1 mutation have more frequently skull ossification defects and low insertion of the umbilical cord, these differences are not statistically significant. Mutations were identified in only 43% of the cases suggesting that other genes syntenic to murine genes causing blebbing may be responsible for FS as well. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A newly designed and constructed 20 kHz magnetic field exposure facility for in vivo study
Authors: Shigemitsu Tsukasa , Negishi Tadashi , Yamazaki Keita , Kawahara Yoshinobu , Haga Akira , Kobayashi Koichiro , Muramatsu Kazuhiro 
Published: July 2008

AbstractExposure to man‐made electromagnetic fields has increased over the past century. As a result of exposure to these fields, concerns have been raised regarding the relationship between electromagnetic fields and human health. Interest in the biological and health effects of intermediate frequency (IF) magnetic fields has grown recently because of the increase in public concern. In order to investigate whether IF magnetic fields have biological effects, we have developed a 20 kHz (IF) magnetic field exposure system for in vivo studies. The exposure facility was designed to study the biological effects of IF magnetic field on laboratory animals. The facility consists of a 9 m × 9 m × 5 m high room containing seven separate rooms including a 5.3 m × 4.5 m × 3 m high specific‐pathogen free exposure room. The dimensions of the exposure system are 1.6 m × 1.6 m × 1.616 m high located inside this exposure room. The system is designed to provide magnetic fields up to 200 µT at 20 kHz with the uniformity within ±5% over the space occupied by animals. After constructing the facility, performance tests were carried out. As a result, it was confirmed that our facility met requirements for evaluation of the biological effects of IF magnetic field on small animal experiments. In this paper, the design, construction, and results of evaluation of an animal exposure facility for the in vivo biological effects of an IF magnetic field are described. Bioelectromagnetics 30:36–44, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The proactive brain: using rudimentary information to make predictive judgments
Authors: Bar Moshe , Neta Maital 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

In a recent cognitive neuroscience framework we proposed to consider the human brain as proactive, in that it continuously generates predictions about what to expect in the environment. These continuous predictions are extremely rapid, and depend on similarities between novel inputs and the closest familiar representations stored in memory. For example, if you see a chair that you have never seen before, you can still determine what it is, its function, approximate weight, approximate price, and other such characteristics. To derive these analogies rapidly we rely on surprisingly little information. This paper provides a theoretical expansion of our work by describing studies and ideas that collectively synthesize to illustrate this unifying principle of the human brain. We specify the nature of the information used to form impressions, preferences, judgments and predictions, propose neural circuits that mediate these vital mental skills, and derive novel hypotheses that can be tested in the future. This proposal implies that mental life and behavior are guided by “scripts,” which are developed with experience and stored in memory. This framework has broad ramifications, ranging from clinical psychology and mental illness, to the study of consumer behavior.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examining the influence of fame in the presence of beauty: an electrodermal ‘neuromarketing’ study
Authors: Gakhal Baldeesh , Senior Carl 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

The use of famous and/or attractive models in brand marketing is ubiquitous yet little work, if any, has been carried out examining differences in their efficiency in driving subsequent consumer behaviour. Such brand platforms have an emotional selling proposition (ESP) that refers to the unique personality and image attributes that a particular endorsement generates. However, celebrity endorsers are also more than likely to be considered attractive and thus differences in the ESP (if any) would be very small. Such differences in an emotional response could be measured by a participant's electrodermal activity (EDA). This is a psychophysiological response, measurement of which is sensitive enough to detect differences engendered by a particular brand platform's ESP. In the present study, EDA measurements were recorded from participants who were shown advertisements containing a target product within four different types of endorsement platforms depicting models who were either famous/non‐famous or attractive/average looking. The results showed that average looking celebrity endorsers produced a greater EDA response than any of the other conditions including the attractive looking celebrity endorsers. Furthermore, this effect was only revealed from recordings taken from the left hand side of the participants. Given that the right side of the brain would orchestrate any EDA responses recorded from the subjects' left side, the current results suggest a dedicated neural response for celebrity endorsed brand platforms. Future work examining the relationship between the specific EDA signature and consumer preferences is discussed.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How choice ambiguity modulates activity in brain areas representing brand preference: evidence from consumer neuroscience
Authors: Plassmann Hilke , Kenning Peter , Deppe Michael , Kugel Harald , Schwindt Wolfram 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

In the present paper we investigate whether choice ambiguity modulates activity in brain areas that represent brand preference and decision utility, as identified in previous studies. Our findings reveal that brain areas involved in the interaction of brand information and ambiguity information are the (predominantly left) ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and the anterior cingulate (AC). These activation patterns have earlier been found to correlate with brand preference. Thus, our findings show that the reduction of perceived ambiguity and information costs by brand information drives neural representations of brand preference as promoted by signaling theory in information economics.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reward, emotion and consumer choice: from neuroeconomics to neurophilosophy
Authors: Foxall Gordon R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractNeuroeconomics has found no definitive role in the explanation of consumer choice and its undeveloped philosophical basis limits its attempt to explain economic behaviour. The nature of neuroeconomics is explored, especially with respect to what it reveals about the valuation of alternatives, choice and emotion. The tendency of human consumers to discount future rewards illustrates how behavioural and neuroscientific accounts of choice contribute to psychological explanations of choice and the issues this raises for both routine everyday choices and more extreme compulsions. Central to this is the phenomenon of matching in which consumers tend to select the immediately larger or largest reward and the neurophysiological and behavioural bases of this choice. Recognition that rewards are evoked by reinforcement contingencies and that the rewards themselves engender emotional responses via classical conditioning enhances understanding the contribution of neurological activity to the explanation of consumer behaviour. It is argued that neuroeconomics can play a vital explanatory role by providing an evolutionarily consistent warrant for the ascription of intentionality. The Behavioural Perspective Model is used as a template for investigations of consumer choice that lead to iterative theoretical development, forming the basis of a neurophilosophy in which neuroeconomics can find a decisive role.Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolutionary neuromarketing: darwinizing the neuroimaging paradigm for consumer behavior
Authors: Garcia Justin R. , Saad Gad 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe current paper serves two purposes. First, it reviews the neuroimaging literature most relevant to the field of marketing (e.g., neuroeconomics, decision neuroscience, and neuromarketing). Second, it posits that evolutionary theory is a consilient and organizing meta‐theoretical framework for neuromarketing research. The great majority of neuroimaging studies suffer from the illusion of explanatory depth namely the sophistication of the neuroimaging technologies provides a semblance of profundity to the reaped knowledge, which is otherwise largely disjointed and atheoretical. Evolutionary theory resolves this conundrum by recognizing that the human mind has evolved via the processes of natural and sexual selection. Hence, in order to provide a complete understanding of any given neuromarketing phenomenon requires that it be tackled at both the proximate level (as is currently the case) and the ultimate level (i.e., understanding the adaptive reason that would generate a particular neural activation pattern). Evolutionary psychology posits that the human mind consists of a set of domain‐specific computational systems that have evolved to solve recurring adaptive problems. Accordingly, rather than viewing the human mind as a general‐purpose domain‐independent organ, evolutionary cognitive neuroscientists recognize that many neural activation patterns are instantiations of evolved computational systems in evolutionarily relevant domains such as survival, mating, kin selection, and reciprocity. As such, an evolutionary neuromarketing approach recognizes that the neural activation patterns associated with numerous marketing‐related phenomena can be mapped onto the latter Darwinian modules thus providing a unifying meta‐theory for this budding discipline.Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuromarketing and the perception of knowledge
Authors: Butler Michael J.R. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

The emerging field of neuromarketing reveals that knowledge has plasticity. In other words, different stakeholders, marketing researchers and practitioners, perceive the development and application of neuromarketing knowledge in different ways. Having different perceptions of knowledge is not a new issue, but finding new interconnections between those perceptions is beneficial to knowledge creation and diffusion. The research–practice gap in neuromarketing is briefly discussed and then resolved through the contribution of this commentary, the proposal of a novel Neuromarketing Research Model. The Model interconnects basic research reporting, applied research reporting, media reporting and power processes.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.