bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Education and Young People with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Probert C.S.J. , Mayberry Margaret , Mayberry J.F. 
Published: September 2007

Children and their parents are often anxious that chronic disease may interfere with examination performance. The provision within schools for children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was investigated by a postal survey of headteachers of 98 schools with over 48,000 pupils in Leicestershire and Cardiff. Headteachers in Cardiff were more likely to have heard of ulcerative colitis (95 % ) than those in Leicestershire (70% ), (X2 =4. 5, p <0.05). They knew of 16 children with inflammatory bowel disease. The majority of heads provide easy access to lavatories during examinations and would tell the examining body of a child's medical problem. While most heads would like more information about inflammatory bowel disease, few have facilities to inform teachers about chronic illness in young people. Most think healthy young people should be provided with information about chronic diseases, which they would like provided by nurses. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects over 1200 children in the United Kingdom. Children and their parents are concerned that these conditions will interfere with schooling, taking examinations and their employment (Rees et al 1983, Wyke et al 1988). Provisions by schools for children with IBD were investigated.
Disability Abated: Audio-Cassettes for the Visually Impaired
Authors: Marsland David , Leoussi Athena S , Norcross Paul 
Published: September 2007

The paper reports on aspects of a nation-wide interview study of a sample of 320 visually impaired people. Visually impaired people are evidently keen to keep abreast of news and current affairs. They answer their needs in this respect to a modest extent through braille material, and on a large scale by means of television and especially radio. Audio- cassettes play a surprisingly important role, particularly record ings of newspapers and other periodicals. They are used regularly by a large majority of blind people. Reactions to audio-cassettes are enormously positive. They appear to provide not only information, but also companion ship, purpose and meaning. The survey suggests that need and demand for a nation-wide audio-cassette service is substantial.
A code of practice on dealing with infectious diseases on aircraft
Authors: Grainger C.R. , Young M J F , John H.H. 
Published: September 2007

Increasing numbers of people are travelling to and from more distant destina tions with the possibility of exposure to common as well as exotic disease. At the present time there are no readily accessible rules or guidance for dealing with possible cases of infectious disease occurring during international flights. A 'Code of Prac tice on dealing with infectious disease on aircraft' is proposed as a ready means of dealing with the problem without excessive action or expense.
Social marketing
Authors: Montazeri Ali 
Published: September 2007

There is a longstanding debate on the contribution of social marketing to public health in general, and to health education and health promotion in particular. This paper presents further discussion from a public health point of view and concludes that priority should be given to health-oriented approaches rather than market-oriented strategies. It is argued that, at best, social marketing is a tool not a solution for health education's and health promotion's problems. To communicate health education messages effectively and efficiently, health needs assessment is recommended as a way forward. It is a public health approach and contains a range of flexible methods in the implementation of health education/promotion programmes.
"An awful visitation of Providence": The Irish Famine of 1845-49
Authors: Jordan T.E. 
Published: September 2007

This essay examines the condition of Ireland before, during and after the famine which began in 1845 when the potato crop began to fail. A series of topics is presented: the quality of life, families, government aid, philanthropy, population changes, literacy, emigration, and public policy. The essay draws on the author's research quantifying the quality of life in Ireland, and on reasearch analysing the heights of a sample of Irish army recruits in the famine era.
Daily practices, study performance and health during the Ramadan fast
Authors: Afifi Z.E.M. 
Published: September 2007

A cross-sectional study was carried out to explore the effect of the Ramadan fast on daily practices (life events, diet and smoking), health and performance of 265 university students. Analysis showed that more people got involved in stress reducing (watching TV, listening to the radio and visiting) and spiritual activities (prayers and reading Koran) during this month. They drank less caffeine-containing beverages and smoked less. Food intake appeared to improve during Ramadan with higher proportions eating foods from all food groups. The amount of foods did not differ significantly except in the case of foods from the cereal, meat and vegetable groups. Even though less, cereal consumption was still in the adequate range. Change in weight was variable. Weight loss was significantly more among the sick. A large proportion of the latter improved during the month especially those with irritable bowel syndrome and constipation. Reduced activity, study desire and concentration ability were reported by more than 50% of subjects.
Rickets and deprivation: a Nigerian study
Authors: Akpede G.O. , Omotara B.A. , Ambe J.P. 
Published: September 2007

Under-fives in 461 households were assessed clinically to determine the prevalence of rickets in sub-urban and rural communities in the Sahel savanna. Overt rickets was found in 11 (2.4%) of households and abnormalities suggestive of rickets in 69 (14.9%). There were significant variations (p<0.05) in the prevalence of rickets in association with ethnic grouping (higher in southerners and non-Kanuri, non-Hausa-Fulani northerners), religion (more prevalent among Christians), and mother's occupation and educational status (higher with working class mothers and mothers with at least a primary education). A significantly higher prevalence was also associated with late introduction (at more than seven months of age) of cereals to the infant's diet, more than one under-five in a household and presence of under-fives aged 13-48 months. In contrast, no significant variations in prevalence were observed in association with duration of breast feeding, use of multivitamins or cod liver oil, history of convulsions in under-fives, sex, nutritional status, or history of diarrhoea within a recall period of six months. Thus, rickets is common in under-fives in rural and sub-urban communities in the Sahel savanna and may be related more to enviromental and dietary factors than to culture and religion. Further studies are required to determine the relative roles of vitamin D or calcium deficiency to facilitate the planning and execution of a community-based intervendon programme in the area.
Loss of spermatogonia and wide-spread DNA methylation defects in newborn male mice deficient in DNMT3L
Authors: La Salle Sophie , Oakes Christopher C , Neaga Oana R , Bourc'his Déborah , Bestor Timothy H , Trasler Jacquetta M 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Background
Formation of haploid spermatozoa capable of fertilization requires proper programming of epigenetic information. Exactly how DNMT3L (DNA methyltransferase 3-Like), a postulated regulator of DNA methyltransferase activity, contributes to DNA methylation pattern acquisition during gametogenesis remains unclear. Here we report on the role of DNMT3L in male germ cell development.

Results
A developmental study covering the first 12 days following birth was conducted on a Dnmt3L mutant mouse model; lower germ cell numbers and delayed entry into meiosis were observed in Dnmt3L
-/- males, pointing to a mitotic defect. A temporal expression study showed that expression of Dnmt3L is highest in prenatal gonocytes but is also detected and developmentally regulated during spermatogenesis. Using a restriction enzyme qPCR assay (qAMP), DNA methylation analyses were conducted on postnatal primitive type A spermatogonia lacking DNMT3L. Methylation levels along 61 sites across chromosomes 4 and X decreased significantly by approximately 50% compared to the levels observed in Dnmt3L
+/+ germ cells, suggesting that many loci throughout the genome are marked for methylation by DNMT3L. More so, hypomethylation was more pronounced in regions of lower GC content than in regions of higher GC content.

Conclusion
Taken together, these data suggest that DNMT3L plays a more global role in genomic methylation patterning than previously believed.
Calcium-sensitive regulation of monoamine oxidase-A contributes to the production of peroxyradicals in hippocampal cultures: implications for Alzheimer disease-related pathology
Authors: Cao Xia , Wei Zelan , Gabriel Geraldine G , Li XinMin , Mousseau Darrell D 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Background
Calcium (Ca2+) has recently been shown to selectively increase the activity of monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A), a mitochondria-bound enzyme that generates peroxyradicals as a natural by-product of the deamination of neurotransmitters such as serotonin. It has also been suggested that increased intracellular free Ca2+ levels as well as MAO-A may be contributing to the oxidative stress associated with Alzheimer disease (AD).

Results
Incubation with Ca2+ selectively increases MAO-A enzymatic activity in protein extracts from mouse hippocampal HT-22 cell cultures. Treatment of HT-22 cultures with the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 also increases MAO-A activity, whereas overexpression of calbindin-D28K (CB-28K), a Ca2+-binding protein in brain that is greatly reduced in AD, decreases MAO-A activity. The effects of A23187 and CB-28K are both independent of any change in MAO-A protein or gene expression. The toxicity (via production of peroxyradicals and/or chromatin condensation) associated with either A23187 or the AD-related β-amyloid peptide, which also increases free intracellular Ca2+, is attenuated by MAO-A inhibition in HT-22 cells as well as in primary hippocampal cultures.

Conclusion
These data suggest that increases in intracellular Ca2+ availability could contribute to a MAO-A-mediated mechanism with a role in AD-related oxidative stress.
Genetic variants of Complement factor H gene are not associated with premature coronary heart disease: a family-based study in the Irish population
Authors: Meng Weihua , Hughes Anne , Patterson Chris C , Belton Christine , Kamaruddin Muhammad S , Horan Paul G , Kee Frank , McKeown Pascal P 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Background
The complement factor H (CFH) gene has been recently confirmed to play an essential role in the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). There are conflicting reports of its role in coronary heart disease. This study was designed to investigate if, using a family-based approach, there was an association between genetic variants of the CFH gene and risk of early-onset coronary heart disease.

Methods
We evaluated 6 SNPs and 5 common haplotypes in the CFH gene amongst 1494 individuals in 580 Irish families with at least one member prematurely affected with coronary heart disease. Genotypes were determined by multiplex SNaPshot technology.

Results
Using the TDT/S-TDT test, we did not find an association between any of the individual SNPs or any of the 5 haplotypes and early-onset coronary heart disease.

Conclusion
In this family-based study, we found no association between the CFH gene and early-onset coronary heart disease.
Clinical utility of the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ) in a sample of young help-seekers
Authors: Buckby Joe A , Yung Alison R , Cosgrave Elizabeth M , Killackey Eoin J 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

Background
The overlap between Depression and Anxiety has led some researchers to conclude that they are manifestations of a broad, non-specific neurotic disorder. However, others believe that they can be distinguished despite sharing symptoms of general distress. The Tripartite Model of Affect proposes an anxiety-specific, a depression-specific and a shared symptoms factor. Watson and Clark developed the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire (MASQ) to specifically measure these Tripartite constructs. Early research showed that the MASQ distinguished between dimensions of Depression and Anxiety in non-clinical samples. However, two recent studies have cautioned that the MASQ may show limited validity in clinical populations. The present study investigated the clinical utility of the MASQ in a clinical sample of adolescents and young adults.

Methods
A total of 204 Young people consecutively referred to a specialist public mental health service in Melbourne, Australia were approached and 150 consented to participate. From this, 136 participants completed both a diagnostic interview and the MASQ.

Results
The majority of the sample rated for an Axis-I disorder, with Mood and Anxiety disorders most prevalent. The disorder-specific scales of the MASQ significantly discriminated Anxiety (61.0%) and Mood Disorders (72.8%), however, the predictive accuracy for presence of Anxiety Disorders was very low (29.8%). From ROC analyses, a proposed cut-off of 76 was proposed for the depression scale to indicate 'caseness' for Mood Disorders. The resulting sensitivity/specificity was superior to that of the CES-D.

Conclusion
It was concluded that the depression-specific scale of the MASQ showed good clinical utility, but that the anxiety-specific scale showed poor discriminant validity.
Functional analysis of cancer-associated EGFR mutants using a cellular assay with YFP-tagged EGFR intracellular domain
Authors: de Gunst Matheus M , Gallegos-Ruiz Marielle I , Giaccone Giuseppe , Rodriguez Jose Antonio 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe presence of EGFR kinase domain mutations in a subset of NSCLC patients correlates with the response to treatment with the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib. Although most EGFR mutations detected are short deletions in exon 19 or the L858R point mutation in exon 21, more than 75 different EGFR kinase domain residues have been reported to be altered in NSCLC patients. The phenotypical consequences of different EGFR mutations may vary dramatically, but the majority of uncommon EGFR mutations have never been functionally evaluated.ResultsWe demonstrate that the relative kinase activity and erlotinib sensitivity of different EGFR mutants can be readily evaluated using transfection of an YFP-tagged fragment of the EGFR intracellular domain (YFP-EGFR-ICD), followed by immunofluorescence microscopy analysis. Using this assay, we show that the exon 20 insertions Ins770SVD and Ins774HV confer increased kinase activity, but no erlotinib sensitivity. We also show that, in contrast to the common L858R mutation, the uncommon exon 21 point mutations P848L and A859T appear to behave like functionally silent polymorphisms.ConclusionThe ability to rapidly obtain functional information on EGFR variants of unknown relevance using the YFP-EGFR-ICD assay might prove important in the future for the management of NSCLC patients bearing uncommon EGFR mutations. In addition, our assay may be used to determine the response of resistant EGFR mutants to novel second-generation TKIs.
Extensive psoriasis induced by pegylated interferon: a case report
Authors: Citro Vincenzo , Fristachi Raffaele , Tarantino Giovanni 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the clinical course of a patient with chronic hepatitis C, genotype 2a/2c, previously treated with Interferon α2b and subsequently with Lymphoblastoid Interferon without any response, and also without any cutaneous side effects. The patient, a 50 year-old woman, was re-treated with Pegylated α2b Interferon plus Ribavirin for 24 weeks, at standard doses; during the third month of therapy she developed a mild form of psoriasis. However, encouraged by the progressive improvement of her transaminase levels and viral load decrease, the patient asked to continue the treatment; she normalized the transaminase levels during the fourth month and showed HCV-RNA negativity during the fifth month of therapy. Nevertheless, the psoriasis become worse, extending to over 75% of her body. Therapy was completed after sixth months. A month after the therapy was ceased, the patient's psoriasis receded spontaneously and completely. During the subsequent four years the patient did not experience any recurrence of either the hepatic disease or the psoriasis.
Learning from adverse events
Authors: Zigmond A. S. 
Published: September 2007

“Experience is of no ethical value. It is merely the name men give to their mistakes” Oscar Wilde (The Picture of Dorian Grey).Whenever colleagues meet it seems there is discussion about the latest inquiry into suicides or homicides. One cannot turn on the television without the news or a documentary referring to the latest tragedy. Risk assessment and defensible documentation are commonly the subjects of lectures and symposia. Lessons are learned, or not, from published inquiries and associated media attention. The attribution of blame is always high on the agenda. Yet when visiting psychiatric services and talking to staff I am usually impressed by their professionalism and staggered by their workload.
Learning objectives for teaching and training
Authors: Hughes Patricia 
Published: September 2007

“Everywhere increased complexity and mind-burdening terminology. What is the teacher to do? And more important, what can the poor student do, confronted with so much new knowledge and a Rabelaisian onomatomania?” (Osier, 1913).The publication of Tomorrow's Doctors(General Medical Council, 1993) opened our minds to the need for a more thoughtful and evaluated approach to education in medicine. The expansion of medical knowledge has shown no sign of slowing, which makes it imperative that we find ways to prioritise and organise what we teach so that students are given a clear structure. Learning objectives are one of the building blocks that give order to what we do with and for our students.
Biologic and Clinical Characteristics of Breast Cancer With Single Hormone Receptor–Positive Phenotype
Authors: Rakha Emad A. , El-Sayed Maysa E. , Green Andrew R. , Paish E. Claire , Powe Desmond G. , Gee Julia , Nicholson Robert I. , Lee Andrew H.S. , Robertson John F.R. , Ellis Ian O. 
Published: September 2007

Purpose Response to endocrine therapy in breast cancer correlates with estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) status. It is usually easier to decide treatment strategies in cases of double-positive/-negative phenotypes than in single-positive tumors. Patients and Methods We have examined a large and well-characterized series of primary invasive breast carcinoma (1,944 cases) with long-term clinical follow-up and hormone therapy data. Patients were stratified according to ER and PgR expression and the study was focused on the single-positive groups (ER–/PgR+ and ER+/PgR–), to assess their main features and evaluate any prognostic and predictive difference between them and compare them with the double-positive/-negative tumors. Results ER+/PgR–tumors were found more frequently in elderly, postmenopausal women. The majority were grade 2 ductal/no specific type carcinomas. There was no difference between the two groups with regard to lymph node stage. Survival analyses showed no difference between the two groups in terms of disease-free interval and overall survival. However, when compared with the double-negative phenotype, ER+/PgR–showed an association with better outcome but no such survival advantage was detected in case of ER–/PgR+ tumors. In the group of patients with ER+ tumors who received adjuvant hormonal therapy, absence of PgR (ER+/PgR–) was an independent predictor of development of recurrence and shorter survival and, hence, poorer response to hormonal therapy. Conclusion ER+/PgR–and ER–/PgR+ tumors are biologically and clinically distinct groups of breast cancer that may require different treatment strategies with ER–/PgR+ exhibiting more aggressive behavioral characteristics.
Motets, French Tenors, and the Polyphonic Chanson ca. 1300
Authors: EVERIST MARK 
Published: September 2007

Despite frequent attempts to explain the emergence of a coherent type of polyphonic song in the early 14th century, our understanding is dominated by views drawn from lyric poetry, romance, criticism of musical and literary register, traditions of performance, and other abstract conceptualizations of this remarkable moment in the history of music. But there exists an extensive body of musical evidence that points to an energetic and sophisticated experimentation with musical and poetic elements that anticipated the style of polyphonic song cultivated by Machaut and his contemporaries. One such experimental repertory consists of the 22 motets based on vernacular tenors copied into the seventh and eighth fascicles of the Montpellier Codex (F-MOf H 196) and in the Turin motet book (I-Tr vari 42) ca.1300.
The vernacular tenors that underpin these motets exhibit the types of repeating structures familiar from secular monody around 1300: six- and eight-line rondeaux and various other types of structure as described by Ludwig, Gennrich, and Walker. What has been less systematically explored is the degree to which the upper voices of the motets reflect the repetitions that characterize their tenors. The composers of these motets were attempting—within the stylistic restraints that the genre imposed on them—to create polyphonic works whose entire texture followed the structure of the tenor: in other words, to construct a musical entity that had much in common with the polyphonic song of the next generation, but that still retained the overlapping phrase patterns and poetic line length of the motet as had been traditional for nearly a century.
Does Early Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection Prevent Renal Damage?
Authors: Doganis Dimitrios , Siafas Konstantinos , Mavrikou Myrsini , Issaris George , Martirosova Anna , Perperidis Grigorios , Konstantopoulos Andreas , Sinaniotis Konstantinos 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE. Therapeutic delay has been suggested as the most important factor that is likely to have an effect on the development of scarring after acute pyelonephritis. However, this opinion has not been supported by prospective studies, so we tested it.
METHODS. In a prospective clinical study, we evaluated whether the time interval between the onset of the renal infection and the start of therapy correlates with the development of acute inflammatory changes and the subsequent development of renal scars, documented by dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy. A total of 278 infants (153 male and 125 female) aged 0.5 to 12.0 months with their first urinary tract infection were enrolled in the study.
RESULTS. The median time between the onset of infection and the institution of therapy was 2 days (range: 1–8 days). Renal inflammatory changes were documented in 57% of the infants. Renal defects were recorded in 41% of the patients treated within the first 24 hours since the onset of fever versus 75% of those treated on day 4 and onward. Renal scarring was developed in 51% of the infants with an abnormal scan in the acute phase of infection. The frequency of scarring in infants treated early and in those whose treatment was delayed did not differ, suggesting that once acute pyelonephritis has occurred, ultimate renal scarring is independent of the timing of therapy. Acute inflammatory changes and subsequent scarring were more frequent in the presence of vesicoureteral reflux, especially that which is high grade. However, the difference was not significant, which suggests that renal damage may be independent of the presence of reflux.
CONCLUSIONS. Early and appropriate treatment of urinary tract infection, especially during the first 24 hours after the onset of symptoms, diminishes the likelihood of renal involvement during the acute phase of the infection but does not prevent scar formation.