bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methionine and its derivatives increase bladder excitability by inhibiting stretch‐dependent K+ channels
Authors: Baker S A , Hennig G W , Han J , Britton F C , Smith T K , Koh S D 
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:During the bladder filling phase, the volume of the urinary bladder increases dramatically, with only minimal increases in intravesical pressure. To accomplish this, the smooth muscle of the bladder wall must remain relaxed during bladder filling. However, the mechanisms responsible for the stabilization of bladder excitability during stretch are unclear. We hypothesized that stretch‐dependent K+ (TREK) channels in bladder smooth muscle cells may inhibit contraction in response to stretch.Experimental approaches:Bladder tissues from mouse, guinea pig and monkey were used for molecular, patch clamp, mechanical, electrical, Ca2+ imaging and cystometric responses to methionine and its derivatives, which are putative blockers of stretch‐dependent K+ (SDK) channels.Key results:SDK channels are functionally expressed in bladder myocytes. The single channel conductance of SDK channels is 89pS in symmetrical K+ conditions and is blocked by L‐methionine. Expressed TREK‐1 currents are also inhibited by L‐methioninol. All three types of bladder smooth muscle cells from mouse, guinea pig and monkey expressed TREK‐1 genes. L‐methionine, methioninol and methionine methyl ester but not D‐methionine increased contractility in concentration‐dependent manner. Methioninol further increased contractility and depolarized the membrane in the presence of blockers of Ca2+‐activated K+ conductance. L‐methionine induced Ca2+ waves that spread long distances through the tissue under stretched conditions and were associated with strong contractions. In cystometric assays, methioninol injection increased bladder excitability mimicking overactive bladder activity.Conclusions and implications:Methioninol‐sensitive K+ (SDK, TREK‐1) channels appear to be important to prevent spread of excitation through the syncitium during bladder filling.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1259–1271; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707690; published online 21 January 2008
Cryo‐section immunolabelling of difficult to preserve specimens: advantages of cryofixation, freeze‐substitution and rehydration
Authors: Ripper Dagmar , Schwarz Heinz , Stierhof York‐Dieter 
Published: January 2008

Background information. Electron microscopic immunolabelling of ultrathin thawed cryo‐sections, according to the method of Tokuyasu, is widely used as a very sensitive high‐resolution localization technique. Its main advantages are that antigens remain in a hydrated environment prior to immunolabelling, and that antigen accessibility is improved compared with resin section labelling. However, the quality of structural appearance and antigenicity depends highly on the limitations of the initial conventional chemical fixation step, such as slow diffusion and selective reaction/cross‐linking of fixative molecules.Results and conclusions. Cryofixation, instead of conventional chemical fixation, followed by freeze‐substitution/chemical fixation, rehydration and further processing for Tokuyasu cryo‐sectioning leads to an improved preservation of both ultrastructure and antigenicity. This is especially true for tissues which are difficult to preserve by conventional chemical fixation at ambient temperatures, such as plant material, Drosophila embryos or nematode tissue. In particular labile and highly dynamic structures (for example, microtubules and Golgi apparatus) are remarkably better preserved. These improvements are also valid for light microscopic applications.
RECTO‐SIGMOID AND SIGMOID SURGERY
Authors: Devine H. B. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. A principle is established, in the surgery of the distal part of the colon, whereby extensive resections can be carried out safely with preservation of natural function.2. The histories of three patients, chosen to illustrate the use and the value of this principle, are reported.3. Stress is laid on the importance of the method advocated in the surgical treatmentof thf various phases of diverticulitis of the sigmoid, and of carcinoma of the upper or lower end of the sigmoid or of the recto‐sigmoid junction.
AN INTRADURAL AND SACROCOCCYGEAL TUMOUR
Authors: Jenkins James A. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThis case presents the interesting feature of two tumours of entirely different histological structure apparently derived from portions of the same developmental remnant. From the brief description of the origin of the vestiges coccygiens it will be apparent that the difference in histology in the two tumours is in keeping with the developmental origin of the portion of this vestigeal structure from which they are derived.
GOITRE IN OTAGO
Authors: D'Ath E. F. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. A study is presented of 368 cases of thyreoid disease observed a t the Dunedin Hospital over a period of six and three‐quarter years.2. Simple and toxic goitre' occurred in approximately equal pro‐portion, but many of the simple cases presented features of “border‐line” toxicity.3. The difficulties of accurate classification, particularly in the toxic classes, are discussed and arguments advanced for the abandonment of the differentiation “primary”) and “secondary”4. The family history in all classes (least marked in the primary Graves's disease group) indicates the high family incidence of goitre in this district.5. The results of surgical treatment in toxic goitre are excellent and compare favourably with those in other important disease groups, such as biliary.6. The operation mortality in toxic cases was 3.770.7. An unduly high incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve lesion 8. Poxt‐operative myxoedema in classical form was noted in three.8. Poxt‐operative myxoedema in classical form was noted in three cases out of 319 operations in all classes.9. Tetany occurred in three cases in the same series.10. Our biochemistry findings indicate that the blood iodine content is higher in primary Graves' disease than in simple goitre, and that the iodine content of blood, urine, fsces and gland are all lower than normal in simple goitres.11. Observation of our cases leads to the conclusion that the histological picture merely represents innumerable variations of one and the same pathological process of involution and hyperplasia. It is impossible accurately to correlate the pathological picture with the clinical classification. after operation is recorded. cases out of 319 operations in all classes.
SARCOMA OF PERIPHERAL NERVES.
Authors: Dew Harold R. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. Neurogenic sarcoma may occur in the larger peripheral nerve trunks as a primary solitary neoplasm, or secondary to a primary neuro‐fibroma, in which case other manifestations of this disease should be2. This tumour is a very treacherous one, of varying degrees of malignancy, but extremely prone to recurrence and finally t o cause death from pulmonary metastases. A study of many recorded cases shows that the prognosis after conservative measures is extremely gloomy, the mortality approaching that of bone sarcoma.3. If operation is undertaken it should be radical; no conservative measures are of any avail, and, if recurrence, which is very common, takes place, amputation holds out the only chance of saving life.4. Operative interference with slowly growing nerve tumours with few symptoms should not be lightly undertaken, owing t o the risk of inducing sarcomatous change.5. Deep X ray therapy has a very limited and rather disappointing effect on most of these neoplasms, but the consensus of opinion is that with a view t o limiting recurrence, it should be used intensively as soon after operation as possible.
ACTINOMYCOSIS OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBES, WITH REPORT OF A CASE
Authors: Gardiner S. S. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA case of actinomycosis of both Fallopian tubes is reported, the causal organism being a filamentous branched clubbed organism, Grampositive, non‐acid fast, which grows in five to ten days under micro‐aerophilic, but not under aerobic, conditions.Actinomycosis is not always a suppurative process.Infection may be conveyed by lymphatic channels.The probability of the cervix being the point of invasion or the site of a primary focus of infection of the internal genital organs cannot be disregarded.One must be ever “actinomycosis conscious”, as it is frequently not possible to differentiate clinically between lesions caused by the organism of actinomycosis and those produced by almost any other organism.The paucity of cases reported is doubtless due to the fact that routine microscopic examination of specimens removed at operation or at autopsy has been neglected.
DEATHS FROM HYDATID DISEASE.1
Authors: Barnett. Sir Louis 
Published: January 2008

SummaryIn this short paper I have drawn attention to the deaths, numbering 71, that have occurred in the 428 cases of hydatid disease recorded np to the present time in the Hydatid Registry of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. I have shown that sepsis from within is responsible for most of them, and I have explained the bearing of lowered intra‐ cystic pressure in this connexion. Haemorrhage, multiple cyst invasion, especially of both lungs, and sotne uncomn˜on causes of death are also mentioned.
OSTEOCHONDRITIS.
Authors: Hoets John 
Published: January 2008

SummaryIt is suggested that endocrine imbalance cannot be dismissed as an aetiological factor in osteocholz &itis deformans juvenilis. Trauma, although not a true stiological factor, will produce and aggravate deformity during the acute stage. Treatment in the present stage of our knowledge consists mainly in providing adequate protection from strain until X ray evidence shows the affected bone capable of performing normal function. Two cases are quoted which appear to bear out the above suggestions.
OBSERVATIONS ON ANÆSTHESIA IN CEREBRAL SURGERY
Authors: Kaye Geoffrey 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. The present paper consists of observations made from the anæsthetist's angle in seventy‐seven operations upon the brain or spinal cord.2. These operations have been classified in terms of the site of the lesion, the anæsthetic technique employed and the operative mortality.3. Of the sixty‐three patients concerned in the present report, four (6.4%) succumbed during operation and fourteen (22.2%) during the postoperative period. The remaining forty‐five were well when they left hospital, although not necessarily benefited by operation.4. Details are given of four fatalities on the operating table.5. The duties of the anæsthetist are discussed in terms of preoperative examination of the patient, administration of the anæsthetic, keeping of the operation record and combating of shock.6. The anæsthetist's equipment is detailed.7. The scope of certain anæsthetic methods (local, local with inhalational supplement, endotracheal use of ether, and endotracheal use of nitrous oxide) is discussed, together with notes on pre‐operative sedation in each group.8. Detailed consideration is given to the apparent causes and to the treatment of shock and respiratory embarrassment during cerebral operations, and in particular to the role of the anæsthetist in aiding such treatment.9. Some technical problems due to the site and character of certain cerebral operations are discussed, and the post‐operative care of patients is considered so far as this lies within the province of the anæsthetist.
SALPINGITIS1
Authors: Greenslade Charles M. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryI hope I have been able to convince you:1. Of the close relationship of salpingitis and gonorrhea.2. Of the value of non‐operative measures in acute salpingitis.3. Of the scope of the operation in chronic salpingitis.4. Of the necessity of clearing up the lower genital and urethral infection while dealing with the salpingitis.5. Of the importance of alterations in the menstrual flow, and of examination of the lower genital tract in the diagnosis of acute abdominal emergencies simulating salpingitis.6. Of the need of cooperation between gynæcologist, surgeon and venereal specialist i n the management of salpingitis.In conclusion, the second object for which this College was established reads: “To promote the practice of surgery under proper conditions by securing the improvement of hospitals and hospital methods.” From my remarks you will have gathered, I think, that the surgery of gonorrhea in the female is not up to the standard of surgery in general. I believe that the establishment in each of the public hospitals of this country, and particularly in those outside the four main centres, of a department for the treatment of gonorrhea and its complications, under the charge of a surgeon or gynécologist, and provided with a specially trained nursing staff, would be a great advance in the direction of increasing their efficiency.
THE ANATOMY OF THE BRONCHIAL TREE AND ITS CLINICAL APPLICATION.1
Authors: Neil J. Hardie , Gilmour W. , Gwynne F. J. , Main Wallace , Fairclough. W. A. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.Reference is made to the difficulty that exists in describing the bronchial branches in terms used in comparative anatomy.The apparent inconstancy of the tertiary bronchi is deemed to be a cause of the failure of text‐books to standardize the anatomy of the bronchial tree.The work of Kramer and Glass is elaborated and a separate area, the snbapical, of the lower lobe of the lung is described. It has a bronchial supply hitherto unrecorded. The bronchi of this area are located, and their homologues shown in mammalia other than the human being. The recognition of this bronchus and its variants allows the anatomy of the bronchial tree to be described with the surety of ordinary anatomical description.methods are described of making metal casts of the bronchial tree, of showing the distribution of the bronchi by inflation, and of filling single bronchi by means of lipiodol.A method is described of instilling into the lung antiseptics in isotonic solution in large amounts that are absorbed by the lymphatics.A plea is made for the recognition of bronchiectasis in early life, and suggestions are offered for its preventive treatment.
THORACOPLASTY IN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS: A GENERAL SURVEY OF FORTY‐SEVEN CASES.1
Authors: Hutson A. M. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryDuring the eight‐year period 1931–1938 inclusive, forty‐seven patients were subjected to thoracoplasty at the Austin Hospital. Of these, thirty‐four are still living and thirteen have died. Seven deaths were directly attributed to the operation and six to the eventual progression of the disease. The immediate mortality due to the operation was therefore 15%, and the total mortality over the eight‐year period 27‐6%.Of the surviving patients, twenty‐four have either no sputum or residual sputum microscopically “negative” for tubercle bacilli.Of these, eighteen are able to carry on their normal, or some suitable, occupation, three have been working and free of symptoms for over five years, and may be classed as “clinically cured”; a further ten have been well for over two years and appear to be maintaining their general health.
THE IMMEDIATE AND REMOTE EFFECTS OF MINOR LESIONS OF THE CERVICAL PORTION OF THE SPINAL CORD FOLLOWING HEAD INJURY
Authors: ALLEN I. M. 
Published: January 2008

Summary

The effect of head injury upon the cervical portion of the spinal cord has been studied in thirteen cases.
Pour cases of moderate injury to the cervical portion of the spinal cord with fracture‐dislocation of the spine, six cases of minor injury to the cervical portion of the spinal cord without fracture‐dislocation of the spine, and three cases illustrating the remote effects of such injury are described in detail.
The clinical features of the immediate and remote effects of injury to the cervical portion of the spinal cord following head injury are described.
The value of careful examination of the tendon reflexes of the upper limbs in the diagnosis of these cases, when they might otherwise be overlooked, has been confirmed.
On the evidence available it seems that disease of the spinal cord which has followed injury, may be actually a remote effect of injury simulating disease.
SLIPPED UPPER FEMORAL EPIPHYSIS, WITH A REPORT ON A CASE TREATED BY SKELETAL TRACTION.
Authors: Dunlop E. E. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. A report is presented of a case of slipped upper femoral epiphysis successfully treated by skeletal traction.2. Some opinions as to the aetiology of the condition are reviewed.3. Methods of treatment in the early acute case are briefly outlined and discussed.
CONGENITAL CYSTIC DILATATION OF THE COMMON BILE DUCT
Authors: Poate Hugh R. G. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. A case of congenital cystic dilatation of the common bile duct is recorded.2. The article by Zinniger and Cash has been used as a basis for the present discussion. Most of their recorded cases have been reviewed, corrections have been made and material information has been added.3. A short presentation of the salient features of the condition has been made.4. A check review of the literature has been made in all cases in which it has been available, and the bibliography has been extended to include any articles met with since 1930.5. Twenty‐three additional cases have been included in the records.6. Reasons for the exclusion of Reel and Bun‐ell's case are given.7. The aetiology has been discussed and additions have been made to the suggested causes.8. In Table I the results of treatment have been recast and additions have been made.9. Results of treatment show that a primary eholedocho‐dnodenostomy is the operation of choice, but an adequate stoma must be provided.10. Drainage with secondary anatomosis may be a life‐saving measure in debilitated patients.11. The necessity for the administration of bile salts and vitaminKis noted during the period of drainage.12. A brief summary of 105 cases is listed.13. A full bibliography is appended.
A MALFORMATION OF THE HIND END OF THE BODY
Authors: Sunderland Sydney 
Published: January 2008

Summary.1. An abnormality of the hind end of the body in a female is described.2. The various theories relating' to the development of this region and their relative values in explaining the malformations found, are discussed.3 The suggestion is put forward that fusion of the Müllerian ducts is responsible for the separation of the hind gut from the ventral cloaca, and that further development of the hind end is associated with changes occurring in the distal ends of those ducts. The grounds on which such a suggestion is based are, firstly the conditions found in this specimen, and, secondly, its value in solving certain of the problems connected with the malformations recorded.
TWO CASES OF HUNNER'S ULCER OF THE BLADDER OR INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS IN THE PRESENCE OF IDIOPATHIC HYPOCHROMIC ANÆMIA
Authors: ROBB DOUGLAS 
Published: January 2008

Summary.Two cabes are described in detail in which Hunner's ulcer or interstitial cystitis occurred in middle‐aged women who also showed marked idiopathic hypochromic anaemia.It is suggested that this or other similar nutritional deficiencies may be not unrelated to interstitial cystitis and also to certain less striking changes in the bladder wall, and that further observation may place such deficiency as a factor of importance in the cause of the cystitis.An analogy is drawn between these bladder changes and the bucco‐pharyngeal changes in ansmia.
SCAR DISABILITIES OF WOUNDED HANDS
Authors: Rank Major B. K. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. The importance of early relief of scar disabilities of the hand is emphasized–that is, before joint changes are established.2. The part of early wound healing, early function and correct use of physiotherapy in preventing and minimizing scar disabilities of the hand is stated.3. The “hand grenade” type of injury is described and used as a basis to describe the principles of an effective scar excision and replacement by a full‐thickness skin graft.4. A “through” type of hand wound is described in so far as scar effects are concerned. The principles of effective treatment by (a) scar excision and rearrangement for small scars and (b) scar excision and direct flap replacement for large scars are set out.5. Other types of scar disability and their treatment are indicated– namely, web scars, adherent scars of fingers and burn scars.6. A plea is made for the full application of plastic surgery to obtain better results from all hand wounds.
ABDOMINAL SURGERY IN THE ALAMEIN CAMPAIGN
Authors: GIBLIN THQMAS 
Published: January 2008

Summary

The experience of 90 abdominal wounds, operated on in forward areas, is used as a basis. Certain cases are quoted.
General management in all stages is reviewed, and standards are laid down under which the mortality was halved.
Benefits of rapid transfusion are shown.
Intraperitoneal injection of sulphadiazine would seem, clinically, to reduce peritoneal infection following bowel perforation.
The necessity is shown for routine early post‐operative gastric suction and continuous intravenous therapy in all cases of perforated bowel.
Lesions of various organs are reviewed in detail and their management is discussed.
Wounds of the colon, if “exteriorized”, are no more fatal than those involving small bowel. A recovery rate of at least 70% is to be expected if patients come to operation within twelve hours.
OCULAR INJURIES OF SOLDIERS IN THE MIDDLE EAST
Authors: Duncan W. J. L. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.One may summarize the main features of these ocular perforating injuries of war in the following way:1. In a large percentage the eye was so badly damaged as to demand immediate excision.2. Frequently penetration occurred without marked external signs.3. Indirect projectiles of stone and sand frequently complicated the picture.4. Often the intraocular foreign body was not demonstrable by X rays, and the majority were only feebly magnetic, or non‐magnetic.5. In about one case in four both eyes were penetrated and frequently the foreign bodies were multiple.6. In three‐quarters of the cases there were accompanying wounds of the face and/or other parts of the body.7. Sympathetic ophthalmia did not occur.8. Early admission to a hospital with adequate equipment is a sine qua non of successful treatment in these distressing war injuries.
A STUDY OF THE SECONDARY INFECTION OF THE LIVER, ILLUSTRATING PORTAL VENOUS ACTINOMYCOTIC EMBOLISM, RESULTING IN EXTENSIVE PYLEPHLEBITIS WITH INFARCTION OF LIVER, GOING ON TO HEPATIC VENOUS ACTINOMYCOTIC EMBOLISM.
Authors: Welsh D. A. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.Three cases of actinomycosis involving the urinary system are reported and available literature up to the end of 1936 has been reviewed.Actinomycosis of not. always a suppurative process.The possibility of urethritis being caused by the organism of actinomycosis cannot be disregarded.The clinical picture of actinomycotic lesions in the kidney and bladder and also autopsy revelations are not characteristic.More cases will be diagnosed correctly if the surgeon or clinician is “a cti nomycosis‐mi nded”.The paucity of cases reported is doubtless due to the fact that routine microscopic examination of specimens of urine of patients suffering from actinomycosis in other regions of the body has been omitted and also to the fact that routine microscopic examination of specimens removed at operation or obtained at autopsy has been neglected.The medico‐legal aspect of the disease is mentioned.