bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of glutamate loss from the ganglion cell layer of young DBA/2J mice with glaucoma
Authors: Low Heather C. , Gionfriddo Juliet R. , Madl James E. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether glutamate contents are decreased in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) of retinas of DBA/2J mice with glaucoma, compared with unaffected control mice.
Sample Population—20 eyes from DBA/2J mice (9-week-old mice [n = 8] and 4- [4], 6- [4], and 12-month-old [4] mice) and 17 eyes from control CD-1 (7) and C57/BL6 (10) mice of similar age.
Procedure—After euthanasia, the eyes were rapidly dissected and fixed. Serial 0.5-μm sections were prepared from eyecups and stained with toluidine blue (to identify damaged cells) or immunogold (to localize glutamate). Microscopic images were captured digitally for comparison; immunostaining densities were assessed via special software.
Results—In the GCL of control mice, few cells appeared damaged; large amounts of glutamate were detected in 83 ± 8.3% of cells. In DBA/2J mice ≥ 9 weeks of age, damaged neurons were observed in retinal sections; the level of glutamate immunoreactivity was high in a few cells near areas of damage (13 ± 3.2%) and in many cells in less-damaged regions of the same sections (82 ± 4.2%). Many neurons with low amounts of glutamate in damaged regions did not appear damaged histologically.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In retinas of young DBA/2J mice, damaged and undamaged GCL cells had decreased levels of immunostaining for glutamate, compared with less-damaged adjacent regions or retinas from control mice. The loss of neuronal glutamate in damaged retinal regions suggests that glutamate is contributing to early retinal damage prior to changes in intraocular pressure.
Blood lipid concentrations and lipoprotein patterns in captive and wild American black bears (Ursus americanus)
Authors: Frank Nicholas , Elliott Sarah B. , Allin Shawn B. , Ramsay Edward C. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To compare blood lipid concentrations and lipoprotein patterns for captive and wild American black bears (Ursus americanus).
Animals—7 captive and 9 wild adult (≥ 4 years old) black bears.
Procedure—Blood was collected from 2 groups of captive black bears (groups A and B) and 1 group of wild black bears (group C). Blood triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol concentrations were compared among groups. Plasma lipoproteins were isolated by use of a self-generating gradient of iodixanol, and lipoprotein patterns were compared between groups A and B.
Results—Captive bears (mean ± SD, 187.8 ± 44.4 kg) weighed significantly more than wild bears (mean, 104.8 ± 41.4 kg), but mean body weight did not differ between groups A and B. Mean blood TG concentrations for groups B (216.8 ± 16.0 mg/dL) and C (190.7 ± 34.0 mg/dL) were significantly higher than that of group A (103.9 ± 25.3 mg/dL). Mean blood cholesterol concentration was also significantly higher for group B (227.8 ± 8.2 mg/dL) than for groups A (171.7 ± 35.5 mg/dL) or C (190.8 ± 26.8 mg/dL). Mean very-low-density lipoprotein TG and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were 2- and 3-fold higher, respectively, for group B, compared with concentrations for group A.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Blood lipid concentrations vary significantly among populations of black bears. Plasma lipoprotein patterns of captive bears differed significantly between colonies and may have reflected differences in diet or management practices.
Immunohistochemical determination of the expression of endothelin receptors in bronchial smooth muscle and epithelium of healthy horses and horses affected by summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Polikepahad Sumanth , Paulsen Daniel B. , Moore Rustin M. , Costa Lais R. R. , Venugopal Changaram S. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To immunohistochemically determine the expression of endothelin (ET) receptors in bronchial smooth muscle and epithelium of healthy horses and horses affected by summer pasture-associated obstructive pulmonary disease (SPAOPD).
Sample Population—Tissue specimens obtained from 8 healthy and 8 SPAOPD-affected horses.
Procedure—Horses were examined and assigned to healthy and SPAOPD groups. Horses were then euthanatized, and tissue specimens containing bronchi of approximately 4 to 8 mm in diameter were immediately collected from all lung lobes, fixed in zinc-formalin solution for 12 hours, and embedded in paraffin. Polyclonal primary antibodies against ET-A or ET-B receptors at a dilution of 1:200 and biotinylated IgG secondary antibodies were applied to tissue sections, followed by the addition of an avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase complex. Photographs of the stained slides were digitally recorded and analyzed by use of image analysis software to determine the intensity of staining. Two-way ANOVA was used for statistical analysis.
Results—The left diaphragmatic lung lobe of SPAOPD-affected horses had a significantly greater area of bronchial smooth muscle that immunostained for ET-A, compared with that for healthy horses. All lung lobes of SPAOPD-affected horses, except for the right diaphragmatic lobe, had significantly greater staining for ET-B receptors in bronchial smooth muscle, compared with results for healthy horses.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—This study revealed overexpression of ET-A and, in particular, ETB receptors in the bronchial smooth muscle of SPAOPD-affected horses, which suggested upregulation of these receptors. These findings improve our understanding of the role of ET-1 in the pathogenesis of SPAOPD.
Evaluation of Coomassie blue staining of the acrosome of equine and canine spermatozoa
Authors: Brum Andrea M. , Thomas Alysia D. , Sabeur Khalida , Ball Barry A. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate Coomassie blue staining of the acrosome of equine and canine spermatozoa.
Sample Population—Spermatozoa of 5 mixed-breed male dogs and 3 Thoroughbred stallions.
Procedure—Various proportions of intact and acrosome-damaged spermatozoa were fixed in 2% phosphate-buffered formaldehyde or 4% paraformaldehyde, smeared onto glass slides, and stained with Coomassie blue stain. Acrosomal status (damaged vs intact) was also assessed by use of flow cytometry after staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated Pisum sativum agglutinin (FITC-PSA) and propidium iodide. Comparisons were made between percentages of expected and observed acrosome-intact spermatozoa in different proportions of live and flash-frozen samples; the percentages of acrosome-intact spermatozoa as determined by use of Coomassie blue staining and flow cytometry were also compared.
Results—Strong correlations were found between the expected and observed distributions of acrosome-intact spermatozoa when fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (r2 = 0.93 and 0.89 for canine and equine spermatozoa, respectively) as well as between Coomassie blue-stained cells and those stained with FITC-PSA and assessed by use of flow cytometry (r2 = 0.96 and 0.97 for canine and equine spermatozoa, respectively). However, in canine samples that were fixed in 2% phosphate-buffered formaldehyde, these correlations were weak.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Staining with Coomassie blue stain was a simple and accurate method to evaluate the acrosome in equine and canine spermatozoa after fixation in 4% paraformaldehyde. This assay should be useful in routine evaluation of semen samples from these species.
Priorities for neuropsychiatric genetics at the National Institutes of Health
Authors: Pato Carlos N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOver the last decade, molecular genetics has become one of the most important technologies in medical research. However, the application of these approaches to neuropsychiatric disorders has been met with both unreasonable expectations, and at times, unreasonable criticism. Molecular genetics has opened a new window into these disorders that has great promise, but is likely to reveal a complex reality. Clearly, the potential exists to actually define some of the disorders that make up the syndromes that we are studying. In doing so, we will not only begin to address the fundamental pathophysiology of these disorders, but also begin to design treatments based on this new understanding. In this report, a series of four papers on the genetics programs of the National Institutes of Health will be introduced. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Schizophrenia and mental retardation associated in a pedigree with retinitis pigmentosa and sensorineural deafness
Authors: Sharp C. W. , Muir W. J. , Blackwood D. H. R. , Walker M. , Gosden C. , St. Clair D. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA family is presented with multiple cases of mild mental retardation, schizophrenia and other functional psychoses, progressive hearing loss, and retinitis pigmentosa (RP). It closely resembles a previously reported Finnish family. We suggest that the phenotypes are not associated in this family by chance, but define a novel syndrome which may be caused by a mutant allele at a single genetic locus. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurobehavioral characteristics of CGG amplification status in fragile X females
Authors: Thompson Nora M. , Gulley Margaret L. , Rogeness Graham A. , Clayton Robert J. , Johnson Chris , Hazelton Bonnie , Cho Chong G. , Zellmer Vickie T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNeurobehavioral correlates of CGG amplification were studied in 17 nonretarded adult female carriers of fragile X syndrome. The results revealed a significant relationship between IQ and the number of CGG repeats in the 5′ untranslated region of the FMR1 gene. Women with a full mutation (>200 CGG repeats) scored below average in IQ, visual‐spatial perception, visual‐spatial organization, and executive function. There were no differences in fine motor dexterity or memory as a function of CGG amplification status. A history of major depressive disorder was identified in 71% of the sample, but incidence of depression was not associated with the degree of CGG amplification. Schizotypal features were noted in 18%. No intellectual or neuropsychological deficit was found in women with a premutation (<200 CGG repeats). Decrements in IQ, visual‐spatial perception, and executive function appear to arise as a consequence of the CGG amplification.
Initial report of a genome search for the affective disorder predisposition gene in the old order Amish pedigrees: Chromosomes 1 and 11
Authors: Gerhard D. S. , Labuda M. C. , Bland S. D. , Allen C. , Egeland J. A. , Pauls D. L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFamily data have suggested that some forms of major affective disorder are genetic. Certain of the Old Order Amish pedigrees have a familial form of the disease. In this report we present the results of genetic analyses under autosomal dominant mode of transmission with reduced pentrance and three different disease hierarchies. The pedigrees were genotyped with 28 markers from chromosome 1 and 23 markers from chromosomes 11. None of the markers result in a significantly positive lod score. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recent history of European psychiatry–ideas, developments, and personalities: The annual Eliot Slater lecture
Authors: Strömgren Erik 
Published: February 2006

AbstractErik Strömgren had planned to revise and expand his Slater lecture to a more systematic and comprehensive paper for publication. Shortly before his death, he asked for the editorial opinion of one of us (IIG), but unfortunately he did not get the opportunity to complete his lecture manuscript. We find, however, that although kaleidoscopic and impressionistic, the manuscript, as it is, contains historic and autobiographical information of high value, which deserves a posthumous publication, for availability to a broader audience. His wife, Dr. Lizzie Sand Strömgren, has kindly released the manuscript, which here appears essentially as delivered at the Slater lecture in 1986, except for a few minor textual adaptions and the addition of a list of references (by A.B.). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Notes on Ramapithecus, the earliest known hominid, and Dryopithecus
Authors: Pilbeam David 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecent paleontological analysis of the Higher Primate subfamily Dryopithecinae shows that fossils in this group can be referred to two genera, Ramapithecus and Dryopithecus. Ramapithecus is known from India and East Africa in Late Miocene or Early Pliocene time (about 14 m. years ago). The remains of Ramapithecus resemble closely the equivalent parts of the later Hominidae and contrast with those of the Pongidae. It is concluded that Ramapithecus is the earliest known hominid, some 5 or 6 times older than the oldest Pleistocene hominids. Dryopithecus is a pongid and contains as subgenera (Dryopithecus), (Proconsul), and (Sivapithecus). Probably part of (Proconsul) is ancestral to the chimpanzee and part to the gorilla, while part of (Sivapithecus) is ancestral to the orang‐utan.
Distribution of hereditary blood groups among Indians in South America. III. In Bolivia
Authors: Matson G. Albin , Swanson Jane , Robinson Abner 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBlood samples were procured from the following populations of putatively pure Indians in Bolivia: 503 Aymará from the Altiplano and Yungas, 30 Chama, 11 Tacana, 14 Chácobo, 109 Itonama, 67 Moré, and 27 Sirionó from the Beni and lowland rainforest. Erythrocytes from these 761 specimens were tested for antigens in the A‐B‐O, M‐N‐S‐s, P, Rh‐Hr, Lutheran, Kell‐Cellano, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd, and Diego systems, and for the Wright agglutinogen.The serum samples were tested for haptoglobins and transferrins; and hemolysates were prepared and examined for hemoglobin types. Results of these tests are presented as phenotypes and calculated gene frequencies on appropriate tables. A map is included to show the locations of the populations from which blood samples were obtained.Frequencies are generally high for the O gene, it being the only gene of the ABO system which appears in the Chama, Chácobo and Sirionó. The presence of A1, A2 or B genes in the Bolivian Indians is interpreted as being most probably of caucasoid introduction.Excepting the Sirionó the frequencies are high for M and low for N genes as is usual for Amerinds, the M gene being the only one detected in the Chama. The s gene frequency in high and the S low except in the small isolated Chácobo population in which S gene frequency is extremely high for Amerinds. Inbreeding and perhaps genetic drift in this small isolate may account for this aberrancy from normal.The Bolivian specimens presented the high frequencies for genes R1 (CDe) and R2 (cDE) and the low frequencies for genes r (cde) and R0 (cDe) usually observed in American Indians.The Lua factor was observed in only one of 120 Aymará at Santa Fe in the Yungas. The Lua factor, when observed in Amerinds, suggests foreign introduction of the responsible gene.Fya gene frequencies are consistently high and excepting the Aymará and Chama so also are Jka frequencies.Frequencies for the Diego (Dia) factor vary from 3.70% in 27 Sirionó to 73.33% in 30 Chama.No K, Mia, Vw or Wra antigens were demonstrable in the Indian blood samples from Bolivia.Phenotypes and calculated gene frequencies for haptoglobins and transferrins are presented.All Bolivian Indian bloods tested electrophoretically contained only hemoglobin (A) as a major component.
Bone density, breaking force and leg muscle mass as functions of weight in bipedal rats
Authors: Saville Paul D. , Smith Robert 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFemur density, femur breaking force and muscle weight on the hind limbs of normal and bipedal rats have been measured. The bipeds had more muscle on the hindlimbs than controls. Increasing muscle mass was associated with increasing femur density and breaking force. It is concluded that weight bearing influences bone density and breaking force through muscle mass.
The skin of primates. XXXII. The Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta)
Authors: Montagna W. , Machida H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSomewhat similar to that of the Lorisidae, the skin of the Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta) has some outstanding peculiarities.The absence of melanotic melanocytes from the thin epidermis and dermis, the near absence of a papillary body from the dermis, the large grouping of hair follices, and the association of one apocrine gland for each group of hair resemble the characteristics of the skin of the Lorisidae.The presence of gigantic sebaceous glands in the upper lip forming the labial gland, the very large meibomian glands in the eyelids, the presence of an ill‐defined cholinesterase‐reactive nerve end‐organ at the base of epidermal ridges in the friction surfaces, and the wide and saccular eccrine glands with one type of secretory cells are peculiar to the skin of the tarsier.
Morphological analysis and age in the permanent dentitions of young American Indians
Authors: Morris Donald H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractApproximately two hundred permanent dentitions of young American Indians are inspected in an attempt to assess the effect of proband age on the relative usefulness of the dentition for morphological analysis. The technique used is to compare the number of observations that cannot be made on a dentition of a certain age with the number that could be made on a dentition in perfect condition. This is done for one‐year age groups, 13 through 21 years, represented in the sample.The data do not support the idea that morphological loss is as strongly dependent upon age as one might expect. It is suggested that function may be more important than age in obliterating the finer dental morphology.
A comparative study of the distribution of hair of the hand and the foot of white and Negro males
Authors: Setty Laurel Raymond 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHair patterns of the dorsum proper of the hand and foot are similar in occupying comparable anatomical positions. The more extensive hair patterns have a higher incidence in whites than in Negroes. And digital hair is more frequently absent on the lateral side of the hand and foot than on the medial side.
Numerical variation of the presacral vertebral column in three population groups in North America
Authors: Bornstein Philipp E. , Peterson Roy R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA total of 1,239 skeletons from among Mongoloid, Caucasoid and Negroid population groups in North America was examined for variations in the number of presacral vertebrae. The overall incidence of variation was 11%; 6% with 23 and 5% with 25 presacral vertebrae. Differences in total variation among the three groups were not significant, but differences in the incidence of 23 and 25 presacral vertebrae among the groups were highly significant. Numerical vertebral variation occurred in 11% of both sexes, but with males having a higher frequency of 25 presacral vertebrae and females having a higher frequency of 23 presacral vertebrae. The incidence of the specific variation of 23 or 25 presacral vertebrae was not significantly different among the males of the three groups studied, whereas 23 presacral vertebrae were found significantly more often in the Negroid females. Numerical variation of vertebrae was not associated with age. The data strongly support the conclusion that the total frequency of variation in the number of presacral vertebrae is a specific characteristic of any particular population group and that there is a tendency in all population groups toward an increase in number in males and a decrease in number in females.
Developmental communalities of homologous and non‐homologous body joints
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Rohmann Christabel G. , Blumenthal Thomas , Kaplan Claire S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractReducing 4970 center‐ and sex‐specific correlations for age at appearance of postnatal ossification centers to 15 mean values of r representing homologous and non‐hmologous inter‐limb and intra‐limb joint segment communalities, it was shown that homologous joint segments in different limbs (hand‐foot, elbow‐knee, shoulder‐hip) showed systematically higher developmental communality than intra‐limb non‐homologous joints, and these in turn exceeded mean r values for inter‐limb non‐homologous joint segments.
Bone breaking stress as a function of weight bearing in bipedal rats
Authors: Smith Robert E. , Saville Paul D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe effect of bipedal stance on the breaking stress in compression of rat femora is investigated as a function of animal weight. It is shown that the breaking stress is a linear function of body weight, bone density and specific calcium content of the femur. In all cases investigated, bipedal femora are shown to have a higher breaking stress than controls. It is concluded that there is a continuous change in the quality as well as the quantity of bone in the rat femur with age and that the increased strength of bone material found in bipedal animals compared to controls as well as large animals as compared to small ones, cannot be explained on the basis of bone mineral content alone.
The need for a better means of recording pathological bone proliferation in joint areas
Authors: Rogers Spencer L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOsteological materials studied by anthropologists frequently involve abnormal bone accmulation in joint regions, a condition frequently described as “arthritic.” In describing such materials it is suggested that terms implying diagnosis be avoided and a greater emphasis be given to the physical description of specimens. This is advocated in part because of current confusion in pathological nomenclature pertaining to this area and in part because diagnosis of bone pathologies frequently requires technical facilities beyond the scope of initial anthropological review. A more thorough descriptive analysis of such conditions than heretofore customary is suggested and a proposal is included for a terminology which describes in gross details the proliferative conditions commonly encountered, ranging from a simple “lipping” to complete ankylosis with advanced accumulation of bone tissue external to the normal articular surfaces.
The skin of primates. XXXIII. The skin of the angwantibo (Arctocebus calabarensis)
Authors: Montagna W. , Machida H. , Perkins E. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe general behavior, locomotion, and body from of the angwantibo resemble those of Loris and Nycticebus. Its skin, however, is similar to that of Pottos and Galagos; singular among the similarities is the occurrence of alkaline phosphatase‐positive dendritic cells in the epidermis. The presence of elongated, sausageshaped end‐organs in the mucocutaneous region, the absence of arrector pili muscle, and the absence of alkaline phosphatase in the hair follicle nerve end‐organs are distinctive features of angwantibos. These animals have a well‐formed, complete nictitating membrane, thereby differing from all other primates studied.
The ultrastructure of Mississippian and Archaic Indian bones from various soil and drainage conditions
Authors: Shackleford John M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIndian bones from Mississippian and Archaic periods were examined by the techniques of electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Specimens of all ages containing intact mineral constituents showed numerous areas in which the apatite crystals exhibited typical periodic banding as seen in hard tissues of recent age. Diffraction patterns from the same areas verified the morphological appearance. Phosphotungstic acid stained, decalcified sections exhibited collagen fibrils with typical periodic banding regardless of age or soil conditions. In specimens of Archiac age there were a greater number of “poorly preserved” areas as compared with bones from Mississipian excavations. In these areas the collagen appeared to be degraded and the apatite crystals were randomly oriented. No attempt to quantitate the age changes was made in view of the inherent limitations of the method of investigation.