bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High power broad ridge (Al,In)GaN laser diodes: Spatial and spectral stability
Authors: Braun Harald , Rogowsky Stephan , Schmidtke Bernd , Schwarz Ulrich T. , Brüninghoff Stefanie , Lell Alfred , Strauß Uwe 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTo improve the output power of (Al,In)GaN laser diodes (LDs), the ridge width has to be increased, but beam quality of GaN‐based broad area lasers is still a critical point. We present a multidimensional characterization of the optical laser mode, propagating from the near‐into the far‐field, and show that the formation of the characteristic multi‐lobed lateral far‐field pattern of broad ridge (Al,In)GaN LDs is the result of interfering, phase locked filaments, that build up the laser mode. In this context we show that variation of driving current or temperature may have an significant impact on the spectral and spatial stability of the laser beam. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Recent advances in GaN transistors for future emerging applications
Authors: Yanagihara Manabu , Uemoto Yasuhiro , Ueda Tetsuzo , Tanaka Tsuyoshi , Ueda Daisuke 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this paper, recent advances in GaN‐based transistors for power switching and millimeter wave communications are reviewed. These two applications are emerging in addition to the widely developed power amplifiers at microwave frequencies mainly for cellular base stations. Reduction of the fabrication cost is strongly required for power switching GaN transistors, which is enabled by our epitaxial growth technology on large area Si substrates. Another requisite for the application is to achieve normally‐off operation and our novel device structure called Gate Injection Transistors (GIT) enables it with low enough specific on‐resistance (Ron · A) and high drain current. Here, we also present the world highest breakdown voltage of 10400 V in AlGaN/GaN HFETs, extracting full advantage of the high breakdown strength of GaN. The used poly AlN passivation works as a surface heat spreader with its high thermal conductivity, which effectively relieves the channel temperature resulting in lower thermal resistances. The GaN device for future millimeter wave communication consists of MIS‐type gate using so‐called “in‐situ” deposited SiN as a gate insulator, which exhibits high fmax of 203 GHz and low noise figure of 1.4 dB at 28 GHz. The presented GaN transistors are promising for the two future emerging applications demonstrating high enough potential of the material systems. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
“Etching under the corner” – inclined macropores by reactive ion etching
Authors: Grigoras Kestutis , Franssila Sami 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDeep reactive ion etching at cryogenic temperatures has been used for a macropore formation in silicon. A double‐mask set‐up was applied. The first mask of a patterned thin aluminum or silicon oxide layer determined the pore size and density, and thicker patterns of silicon, glass, or SU‐8 acted as a secondary mask changing the angle of the etched pores. Up to 45° inclined macropores have been obtained at the edges of a secondary mask. The inclination dependencies on the shape and structure of the secondary mask and on the etching parameters have been investigated. The effect is explained by the non‐uniformity of etching ion direction at the sidewall of a thick secondary mask. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of applied tensile stress on the magnetic behaviour of Co‐rich amorphous microwires
Authors: Gudoshnikov S. A. , Ljubimov B. Ya. , Palvanov P. S. , Prokhorova Yu. V. , Skomarovski V. S. , Usov N. A. , Torcunov A. V. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIt is shown that Co‐rich microwires with definitely negative magnetostriction have nearly linear axial magnetization curves with a very small remanence, because they are magnetized circumferentially in the absence of an applied magnetic field. For these wires a complete set of material parameters, i.e. saturation magnetization, magnetostriction constant and characteristic amplitude of the residual quenching stress is obtained by means of careful measurement of the wire response under tensile stress to slowly varying applied magnetic field. Using the same technique we demonstrate also the existence of a longitudinally magnetized core for Co‐rich wires having hysteresis loops with finite remanence. The finite remanence for these wires is explained assuming the magnetostriction coefficient to be radial dependent, so that it may change sign in a certain internal point along the wire radius. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Highly crystalline cobalt nanowires with high coercivity prepared by soft chemistry
Authors: Viau G. , Garcıa C. , Maurer T. , Chaboussant G. , Ott F. , Soumare Y. , Piquemal J.‐Y. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractCobalt nanorods and wires were prepared by reduction of a cobalt salt in a liquid polyol. These particles crystallize with the hcp structure and the growth axis is parallel to the crystallographic c‐axis. The kinetic control of the growth allows to vary the mean diameter of the rods and their aspect ratio. Dumbbell like shape particles consisting of a central rod with two conical tips were also obtained. Magnetization curves of oriented wires present very high coercivity (up to 9 kOe) resulting from both a high shape anisotropy and the high magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the hcp cobalt. Micromagnetic simulations showed that the magnetization reversal is shape dependent. The conical tips of the dumbbell particles strongly contribute to the coercivity decrease and must be precluded for permanent magnet applications. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical spin‐injection and depolarization mechanisms in forward biased ferromagnetic Schottky diodes
Authors: Zaitsev S. V. , Dorokhin M. V. , Demina P. B. , Baidus N. V. , Uskova E. A. , Zvonkov B. N. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe electroluminescence of Schottky diodes with a composite ferromagnetic contact Au/Co/Au and a near‐surface InGaAs/GaAs quantum well (QW) have been studied in magnetic fields B = 0 – 10 T and low temperature T ∼ 2 K. The emission band due to recombination of the electrically injected holes with a two‐dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in the QW shows values of a circular polarization degree PC significantly higher than that in the reference nonmagnetic Au/GaAs diode, thus evidencing efficient spin injection. The nonmonotonic behavior of PC(B) at high B correlates with a filling of the Landau levels and is attributed to the nonlinear screening of a random potential by the 2DEG. The systematic decrease of PC with increasing of the QW distance dC from the contact allows to estimate the hole transport spin‐scattering length lS ∼ 90 nm at a doping level ∼1017 cm–3. Different factors of hole spin depolarization are revealed and discussed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Luminescence‐detected EPR of oxygen‐fluorine vacancy complexes in CaF2
Authors: Rogulis Uldis , Baetzold Roger C. , Spaeth Johann‐Martin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn several CaF2 single crystals grown by the Bridgman method and doped with CaO or in addition with SrF2 or NaF a luminescence band between 470 nm and 600 nm could be excited at 212 nm, its peak wavelength depending on the doping. With photo‐luminescence (PL) detected EPR five spin triplet centres were identified. Their axial fine structure constants D varied from 87 mT to 690 mT whereby the most intense spectra had the smallest D value. Theoretical calculations of the fine structure tensors and superhyperfine interactions show that the most intense and probable triplet centre consists of a pair of an OF– on a F– site next to a nearest neighbour F– vacancy which, compared to the well‐known F centre, is occupied by an excited electron in a shallow orbital and coupled to the 2p hole at the oxygen to form a S = 1 excited state. This centre can be excited optically at low temperature to a metastable new configuration where the F centre jumps into a 〈111〉 position opposite the OF–. The other triplet centres have probably also an O––F centre nearest neighbour configuration but have in addition a cation impurity or vacancy nearby. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Strain‐induced nonlinear behavior of electron effective mass in degenerately doped n‐Si(P) under high uniaxial pressure X || [111]
Authors: Shenderovskii Vasyl , Baidakov Valentyn , Budsuliak Sergii , Gorin Andrii , Ermakov Valerii , Kolomoets Volodymyr , Liarokapis Efthymios , Gromova Galina , Kazbekova B. , Taimuratova L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe nonlinear behavior of the electron effective mass in degenerately doped n‐Si(P) under high uniaxial pressure X || [111] was observed in the range of the strain‐induced transition from metallic‐ to activation‐type conductivity. The relative contribution of the quadratic term in the effective mass vs. pressure dependence increases with doping. For just metallic crystals of n‐Si(P) the electron effective mass increase is described by only a single quadratic term. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrical properties of bulk n‐ZnO single crystals under hydrostatic pressure
Authors: Kamilov I. K. , Daunov M. I. , Bashirov R. R. , Gadjialiev M. M. , Musaev A. M. , Khokhlachev P. P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPressure dependences of Hall coefficient RH(P) and resistivity ρ (P) have been measured for n‐ZnO bulk crystals with impurity concentration Ni = 1017–1018 cm–3 and concentration of free electrons ∼1017 cm–3 at T = 300 K at hydrostatic pressures up to P = 25 GPa. It has been found that the exponential increase of RH(P) and ρ (P), observed in the vicinity of the polymorphous transition PPH = 9 GPa, is caused by the increase of ionization energy of shallow donors. At P > PPH, a step‐like decrease of the resistivity has been observed, indicating a phase transition from diamond structure to NaCl‐type structure. In accordance with formulas derived from the ‘heterophase structure – effective medium' model, phase volume fractions in the critical region of the polymorphous transformation have been calculated and the threshold values of normalized effective resistivity have been determined. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Anomalous strain relaxation and light‐hole character enhancement in GaAs capped InAs/In0.53Ga0.47As quantum ring
Authors: Moon Pilkyung , Park Kwangmin , Yoon Euijoon , Leburton Jean‐Pierre 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe theoretically investigated the strain profiles and the electronic structures of InAs/In0.53Ga0.47As quantum dot and GaAs capped quantum ring. In contrast to the intuitive expectation that the GaAs layer applies a strong compressive strain along the lateral directions of InAs, the GaAs embedded in the In0.53Ga0.47As matrix provides enough space for the InAs relaxation. The GaAs embedded in In0.53Ga0.47As acts as potential barrier for both electrons and heavy‐holes, and as potential well for light‐holes. Each hole state of the quantum ring exhibits two to eight times larger light‐hole character than that of a quantum dot.magnified image(© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sonographic fetal weight estimation in prolonged pregnancy: comparative study of two‐ and three‐dimensional methods
Authors: Lindell G. , Maršál K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo compare two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound techniques, including volumetry of fetal thigh, for fetal weight (FW) estimation in prolonged pregnancy, and to develop a new FW estimation formula.MethodsThis prospective comparative study initially included 176 pregnant women. FW estimation was performed at ≥ 287 days of gestation within ≤ 4 days of delivery. Fetal head, abdomen and femur were measured using 2D ultrasound techniques, and fetal thigh volume was estimated using 3D techniques. The formula of Persson and Weldner (2D) was compared with two 3D formulae published by Lee and colleagues. In a subgroup of 63 fetuses, volumetry of the abdomen was performed and a new formula was developed; this formula was tested prospectively, along with the previously published formulae, on a further 50 women (Test Group).ResultsIn the initial group of 176 pregnancies, the SD of the mean percentage error (MPE) was 6.3% for both the 2D Persson and Weldner formula and for the better performing 3D formula of Lee et al., but the MPE of this Lee formula differed significantly from zero. Significantly more FW estimations were within ± 10% of the birth weight when the 2D formula was used than when the 3D formulae were applied. The new formula gave a SD of MPE of 5.6% when applied to the data from which it was derived. In the Test Group, the SD of MPE was similar for the 2D formula, the second formula of Lee et al. and the new formula, with values of 7.0, 7.0 and 7.1, respectively, but only the Persson and Weldner formula showed a MPE that did not differ significantly from zero.ConclusionsFW in prolonged pregnancies can be estimated using 2D sonography with the same accuracy as with 3D sonography. 3D ultrasound techniques require technically advanced and expensive equipment, special operator training and skills, and are time consuming. It does not seem reasonable to abandon the 2D ultrasound methods in favor of 3D ultrasound imaging for FW estimation. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Klimawandel und Gesundheit – Herausforderungen an Public Health
Authors: Stößel Ulrich 
Published: January 2009

Einleitung
Das von der WHO für die Jahre 2008 und 2009 zum Leitthema erklärte Verhältnis von Klimawandel und Gesundheit hat unzweifelhaft mit dieser Fokussierung eine gleichermaßen wissenschaftliche wie auch gesellschafts- und gesundheitspolitische Aufwertung erfahren.
McMichael et al. haben für die WHO 2003 einmal an Hand teilweise schon gesicherter Erkenntnisse zusammengestellt, welche Auswirkungen der Klimawandel auf die menschliche Gesundheit haben wird:…
The German response to the birth-rate problem during the Third Reich
Authors: Kudlien Fridolf 
Published: January 2009

Cet article étudie non seulement les attitudes et les mesures prises par le gouvemement, mais encore les positions de la population (y compris ses préjudices) et ses divers comportements (y compris sa resistance).L'etude comporte quatre volets. Après une esquisse de certaines tendances caractéristiques de la situation pré-Nazie (avant 1933), une deuxième partie étudie l'attitude adoptée sous le nazisme naissant et principalement par Hitler lui-même. Suite alors une étude du nazisme d'avant la guerre et notamment la législation et ses conséquences. Enfin le dernier volet traite de la situation pendant la guerre, ce qui pose des problèmes tels, par example, les tentatives désordonnées pour stimuler l'accroissement des naissances.
Expanding the “Ports of Entry” for Speech-Language Pathologists: A Relational and Reflective Model for Clinical Practice
Authors: Geller Elaine , Foley Gilbert M. 
Published: January 2009

Purpose
To outline an expanded framework for clinical practice in speech-language pathology. This framework broadens the focus on discipline-specific knowledge and infuses mental health constructs within the study of communication sciences and disorders, with the objective of expanding the potential “ports or points of entry” (D. Stern, 1995) for clinical intervention with young children who are language impaired.

Method

Specific mental health constructs are highlighted in this article. These include relationship-based learning, attachment theory, working dyadically (the client is the child and parent), reflective practice, transference-countertransference, and the
use of self
. Each construct is explored as to the way it has been applied in traditional and contemporary models of clinical practice.

Conclusion
The underlying premise in this framework is that working from a relationally based and reflective perspective augments change and growth in both client and parent(s). The challenge is for speech-language pathologists to embed mental health constructs within their discipline-specific expertise. This leads to paying attention to both observable aspects of clients' behaviors as well as their internal affective states.
Complexity Analysis of Pipeline Mapping Problems in Distributed Heterogeneous Networks
Authors: Gu Yi , Wu Qishi , Zhu Mengxia , Rao Nageswara S. V. 
Published: January 2009

Largescale scientific applications require using various system resources to execute complex computing pipelines in distributed networks to support collaborative research. System resources are typically shared in the Internet or over dedicated connections based on their location, availability, capability, and capacity. Optimizing the network performance of computing pipelines in such distributed environments is critical to the success of these applications. We consider two types of largescale distributed applications: (i) interactive applications where a single dataset is sequentially processed along a pipeline; and (ii) streaming applications where a series of datasets continuously flow through a pipeline. The computing pipelines of these applications consist of a number of modules executed in a linear order in network environments with heterogeneous resources under different constraints. Our goal is to find an efficient mapping scheme that allocates the modules of a pipeline to network nodes for minimum endtoend delay or maximum frame rate. We formulate the pipeline mappings in distributed environments as optimization problems and categorize them into six classes with different optimization goals and mapping constraints: (i) Minimum Endtoend Delay with No Node Reuse (MEDNNR), (ii) Minimum Endtoend Delay with Contiguous Node Reuse (MEDCNR), (iii) Minimum Endtoend Delay with Arbitrary Node Reuse (MEDANR), (iv) Maximum Frame Rate with No Node Reuse or Share (MFRNNRS), (v) Maximum Frame Rate with Contiguous Node Reuse and Share (MFRCNRS), and (vi) Maximum Frame Rate with Arbitrary Node Reuse and Share (MFRANRS). Here, “contiguous node reuse” means that multiple contiguous modules along the pipeline may run on the same node and “arbitrary node reuse” imposes no restriction on node reuse. Note that in interactive applications, a node can be reused but its resource is not shared. We prove that MEDANR is polynomially solvable and the rest are NP-complete. MEDANR, where either contiguous or noncontiguous modules in the pipeline can be mapped onto the same node, is essentially the Maximum n-hop Shortest Path problem, and can be solved using a dynamic programming method. In MEDNNR and MFRNNRS, any network node can be used only once, which requires selecting the same number of nodes for onetoone onto mapping. We show its NP-completeness by reducing from the Hamiltonian Path problem. Node reuse is allowed in MEDCNR, MFRCNRS and MFRANRS, which are similar to the Maximum n-hop Shortest Path problem that considers resource sharing. We prove their NP-completeness by reducing from the Disjoint-Connecting-Path Problem and Widest path with the Linear Capacity Constraints problem, respectively.
A Perspective on Information Fusion Problems
Authors: Madan Rabinder N. , Rao Nageswara S. V. 
Published: January 2009

Information fusion problems have a rich history spanning four centuries and several disciplines as diverse as political economy, reliability engineering, target tracking, bioinformatics, forecasting, distributed detection, robotics, cyber security, nuclear engineering, distributed sensor networks, and others. Over the past decade, the area of information fusion has been established as a discipline by itself with several contributions to its foundations as well as applications. In a basic formulation of the information fusion problem, each component is characterized by a probability distribution. The goal is to estimate a fusion rule for combining the outputs of components to achieve a specified objective such as better performance or functionality compared to the components. If the sensor error distributions are known, several fusion rule estimation problems have been formulated and solved using deterministic methods. In the area of pattern recognition a weighted majority fuser was shown to be optimal in combining outputs from pattern recognizers under statistical independence conditions. A simpler version of this problem corresponds to the Condorcet Jury theorem proposed in 1786. This result was rediscovered since then in other disciplines including by von Neumann in 1959 in building reliable computing devices. The distributed detection problem, studied extensively in the target tracking area, can be viewed as a generalization of the above two problems. In these works, the underlying distributions are assumed to be known, which is quite reasonable in the areas these methods are applied. In a different formulation, we consider estimating the fuser based on empirical data when no information is available about the underlying distributions of components. Using the empirical estimation methods, this problem is shown to be solvable in principle, and the fuser performance may be sharpened based on the specific formulation. The isolation fusers perform at least as good as best component, and the projective fusers perform as good as best combination of components. In a special case of function estimation, each component could be a potential function estimator, radial basis function, nearest neighbor estimator, regressogram, kernel estimator, regression tree or another estimator. A projective fuser based on a nearest neighbor concept has been proposed based on Voronoi regions in this case. Under fairly general smoothness and non-smoothness conditions on the individual estimators, the expected fuser error is close to optimal with a specified probability. This result is purely sample-based and distribution-free in that it does not require the knowledge of underlying distributions and can be computed only using measurements.