bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Prospects for the Grafting of Functional Groups onto Aliphatic Polyesters. Ring‐Opening Polymerization of α‐ or γ‐Substituted ε‐Caprolactone Followed by Chemical Derivatization of the Substituents
Authors: Lecomte Philippe , Riva Raphaël , Schmeits Stéphanie , Rieger Jutta , Van Butsele Kathy , Jérôme Christine , Jérôme Robert 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRecent progress in the synthesis of aliphatic polyesters, substituted by pendent functional groups, has been reviewed. Two main strategies have to be distinguished. The first route consists of the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone substituted by various functional groups, protected if needed, in α‐ or γ‐position. In a second strategy, the functional groups are grafted onto preformed polyesters chains in α‐position of the carbonyl groups. α‐chloro‐ε‐caprolactone is quite an interesting monomer because, after polymerization, the activated chloride can be easily derivatized by atom transfer radical addition and “click” chemistry, respectively. Similarly, γ‐acrylic‐ε‐caprolactone is precursor of (co)polyesters well‐suited to derivatization of the pendent double bonds by Michael addition.
Enzymatic Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Lactones by Lipase Catalyst: Mechanistic Aspects
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMechanistic aspects of lipase‐catalyzed ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of lactones to give polyesters are discussed from accumulated experimental data and new insight. Comparison of the ROP reactivity by lipase catalyst with the anionic ROP reactivity by a metal‐catalyst clearly demonstrates the characteristics of lipase catalysis; the larger ring‐sized monomers with lower ring strain showed higher polymerizability than medium ring‐sized ones, in contrast to the anionic ROP showing the reverse direction where the ring strain of monomer is operative. The enzyme‐catalysis involves an acyl‐enzyme intermediate formation as a key‐step. From the copolymerization results a new mechanism is proposed, that involves the formation of the acyl‐enzyme intermediate (acylation step) and/or the nucleophilic attack of the propagationg alcohol end to the carbonyl carbon of the intermediate to open the monomer ring (deacylation step) as the rate‐determining step. The structure of the propagating alcohol end (primary or secondary) affects much on which step is more operative.
Anionic High Impact Polystyrene: A New Process for Low Residual and Low Cost HIPS
Authors: Desbois Philippe , Warzelhan Volker , Niessner Norbert , Deffieux Alain , Carlotti Stephane 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBASF has developed a new process for the manufacturing of High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) via an anionic route: the so‐called A‐HIPS process. The driving forces were the development of a product with a low content of residuals and improved cost performance compared to the radical state of the art HIPS. The production of A‐HIPS includes the synthesis of the rubber, a styrene‐butadiene block copolymer. To overcome the main challenges of anionic polymerization such as reactivity control, solvent purity and initiator costs, BASF has developed its own proprietary technology, the Retarded Anionic Polymerization (R.A.P.) which allows styrene polymerization to 100% conversion under similar reaction conditions as the radical polymerization. A new low cost anionic initiator system (BuLi‐free), based on sodium hydride and triethylaluminum, has been developed for perfect reactivity control over a broad temperature and concentration range even up to bulk conditions.
Cationic Ring‐Opening Polymerization of 1,3‐Dehydroadamantanes
Authors: Matsuoka Shin‐ichi , Ogiwara Naoto , Uehara Yosuke , Ishizone Takashi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRing‐opening polymerizations of [3.3.1]propellane derivatives, 1,3‐dehydroadamantane (1) and 5‐butyl‐1,3‐dehydroadamantane (2), were carried out with CF3SO3H in CH2Cl2 at 0 °C for 6–42 h. The central σ‐bonds in 1 and 2 were exclusively opened to afford novel poly([3.3.1]propellane)s, poly(1,3‐adamantane)s, in 52–95% yields. The resulting poly(2) possessing flexible butyl substituent was soluble in chloroform, THF, and 1,2‐dichlorobenzene, and the degree of polymerization was estimated to be greater than 30, while the poly(1) was hardly soluble in the common organic solvents. All aliphatic poly(1) and poly(2) showed high thermal stability, their 10% weight loss temperatures were 421 and 486 °C, respectively.
The ATRP Synthesis of the Potential Thermoplastic Elastomer Poly(methyl methacrylate)–b‐(lauryl methacrylate)‐b‐(methyl methacrylate) Hitherto Unrealized by Ionic Polymerization
Authors: Chatterjee Dhruba P. , Mandal Broja M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe triblock copolymer poly(methyl methacrylate‐b‐lauryl methacrylate‐b‐methyl methacrylate) {P(MMA‐b‐LMA‐b‐MMA)} has been synthesized by a two stage atom transfer radical polymerization in bulk at near room temperature (ca. 35 °C) using CuCl/pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA)/tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat®336) complex as the catalyst and 1,2‐bis (bromoisobutyryloxy)ethane (BIBE) as the initiator for the polymerization of LMA in the first stage. The same catalyst was also used for the polymerization of MMA in the second stage. The dynamic mechanical thermal analysis of a sample with the middle block Mn = 82000 and each end block Mn = 14500 showed typical features of a thermoplastic elastomer.
Social context affects testosterone‐induced singing and the volume of song control nuclei in male canaries (Serinus canaria)
Authors: Boseret Géraldine , Carere Claudio , Ball Gregory F. , Balthazart Jacques 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe contribution of social factors to seasonal plasticity in singing behavior and forebrain nuclei controlling song, and their interplay with gonadal steroid hormones are still poorly understood. In many songbird species, testosterone (T) enhances singing behavior but elevated plasma T concentrations are not absolutely required for singing to occur. Singing is generally produced either to defend a territory or to attract a mate and it is therefore not surprising that singing rate can be influenced by the sex and behavior of the social partner. We investigated, based on two independent experiments, the effect of the presence of a male or female partner on the rate of song produced by male canaries. In the first experiment, song rate was measured in dyads composed of one male and one female (M‐F) or two males (M‐M). Birds were implanted with T‐filled Silastic capsules or with empty capsules as control. The number of complete song bouts produced by all males was recorded during 240 min on week 1, 2, 4, and 8 after implantation. On the day following each recording session, brains from approximately one‐fourth of the birds were collected and the volumes of the song control nuclei HVC and RA were measured. T increased the singing rate and volume of HVC and RA but these effects were affected by the social context. Singing rates were higher in the M‐M than in the M‐F dyads. Also, in the M‐M dyads a dominance‐subordination relationship soon became established and dominant males sang at higher rates than subordinates in T‐treated but not in control pairs. The differences in song production were not reflected in the size of the song control nuclei: HVC was larger in M‐F than in M‐M males and within the M‐M dyads, no difference in HVC or RA size could be detected between dominant and subordinate males. At the individual level, the song rate with was positively correlated with RA and to a lower degree HVC volume, but this relationship was observed only in M‐M dyads, specifically in dominant males. A second experiment, carried out with castrated males that were all treated with T and exposed either to another T‐treated castrate or to an estradiol‐implanted female, confirmed that song rate was higher in the M‐M than in the M‐F condition and that HVC volume was larger in heterosexual than in same‐sex dyads. The effects of T on singing rate and on the volume of the song control nuclei are thus modulated by the social environment, including the presence/absence of a potential mate and dominance status among males. 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2006
Behavioral and neural lateralization of vision in courtship singing of the zebra finch
Authors: George Isabelle , Hara Erina , Hessler Neal A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAlong with human speech and language processing, birdsong has been one of the best‐characterized model systems for understanding the relationship of lateralization of brain function to behavior. Lateralization of song production has been extensively characterized, and lateralization of song perception has begun to be studied. Here we have begun to examine whether behavior and brain function are lateralized in relation to communicative aspects of singing, as well. In order to monitor central brain function, we assayed the levels of several activity dependent immediate early genes after directed courtship singing. Consistent with a lateralization of visual processing during communication, there were higher levels of expression of both egr‐1 and c‐fos in the left optic tectum after directed singing. Because input from the eyes to the brain is almost completely contralateral in birds, these results suggest that visual input from the right eye should be favored during normal singing to females. Consistent with this, we further found that males sang more when they could use only their right eye compared to when they could use only their left eye. Normal levels of singing, though, required free use of both eyes to view the female. These results suggest that there is a preference for visual processing by the right eye and left brain hemisphere during courtship singing. This may reflect a proposed specialization of the avian left hemisphere in sustaining attention on stimuli toward which a motor response is planned. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2006
The adult abdominal neuromuscular junction of Drosophila: A model for synaptic plasticity
Authors: Hebbar Sarita , Hall Rachel E. , Demski Sarah A. , Subramanian Aswati , Fernandes Joyce J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDuring its life cycle, Drosophila makes two sets of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), embryonic/larval and adult, which serve distinct stage‐specific functions. During metamorphosis, the larval NMJs are restructured to give rise to their adult counterparts, a process that is integrated into the overall remodeling of the nervous system. The NMJs of the prothoracic muscles and the mesothoracic dorsal longitudinal (flight) muscles have been previously described. Given the diversity and complexity of adult muscle groups, we set out to examine the less complex abdominal muscles. The large bouton sizes of these NMJs are particularly advantageous for easy visualization. Specifically, we have characterized morphological attributes of the ventral abdominal NMJ and show that an embryonic motor neuron identity gene, dHb9, is expressed at these adult junctions. We quantified bouton numbers and size and examined the localization of synaptic markers. We have also examined the formation of boutons during metamorphosis and examined the localization of presynaptic markers at these stages. To test the usefulness of the ventral abdominal NMJs as a model system, we characterized the effects of altering electrical activity and the levels of the cell adhesion molecule, FasciclinII (FasII). We show that both manipulations affect NMJ formation and that the effects are specific as they can be rescued genetically. Our results indicate that both activity and FasII affect development at the adult abdominal NMJ in ways that are distinct from their larval and adult thoracic counterparts © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2006
Testosterone induction of male‐typical sexual behavior is associated with increased preoptic NADPH diaphorase and citrulline production in female whiptail lizards
Authors: Sanderson N.S.R. , Le B.D. , Crews D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn rodents, male‐typical copulatory behavior is generally dependent on gonadal sex steroids such as testosterone, and it is thought that the mechanism by which the hormone gates the behavior involves the gaseous neurotransmitter nitric oxide. According to one model, testosterone induces an up‐regulation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the preoptic area, increasing nitric oxide synthesis following exposure to a sexual stimulus. Nitric oxide in turn, possibly through its effect on catecholamine turnover, influences the way the stimulus is processed and enables the appropriate copulatory behavioral response. In whiptail lizards (genus Cnemidophorus), administration of male‐typical levels of testosterone to females induces the display of male‐like copulatory responses to receptive females, and we hypothesized that this radical change in behavioral phenotype would be accompanied by a large change in the expression of NOS in the preoptic area. As well as comparing NOS expression using NADPH diaphorase histochemistry between testosterone‐treated females and controls, we examined citrulline immunoreactivity (a marker of recent nitric oxide production) in the two groups, following a sexual stimulus and following a nonsexual stimulus. Substantially more NADPH diaphorase‐stained cells were observed in the testosterone‐treated animals. Citrulline immunoreactivity was greater in testosterone‐implanted animals than in blank‐implanted animals, but only following exposure to a sexual stimulus. This is the first demonstration that not only is NOS up‐regulated by testosterone, but NOS thus up‐regulated is activated during male‐typical copulatory behavior. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2006
Charity shops in sectoral contexts: the view from the boardroom
Authors: Goodall Richard 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCharity shops seem inherently contradictory in many ways. This paper unravels some of the contradictions by analysing charity shops in their ‘sectoral contexts’. First it puts forward different meanings of ‘sector’ and introduces notions of ‘sector values’. Then it presents results from empirical research into UK charity shop organisations, to show how senior managers of charity shop chains deal with ‘sectoral contradictions’. Finally, it asks how the sectoral contexts influence the management philosophies and marketing strategies (in the broadest sense) of these senior managers. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications
‘You just can't get the staff these days’: the challenges and opportunities of working with volunteers in the charity shop – an Oxford case study
Authors: Maddrell Avril M. C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe introduction of paid staff to charity shops has been a major innovation in charity retailing and while the traditional stereotype of volunteers as ‘selfless older woman with time available to do good works’ is a fair description of a core group of volunteers in the charity shops studied, this is far from adequate to describe the variety of people and their varying motives for volunteering in what has become a very heterogeneous group. Discussion here centres on innovative schemes on the part of charity shops to broaden the recruitment base of volunteers, meet volunteers' own needs and mesh volunteers with paid staff in order to meet the demands of an increasingly pressured and professionalised sector. Some of the most fruitful initiatives employed in Oxford have been based on the use of probationers or licensed prisoners completing Community Service hours through ‘volunteering’ in charity shops or their support networks. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications
New goods, old records and second‐hand suits: charity shopping in South‐West England
Authors: Parsons Liz 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCharity shops are now a familiar feature of high streets and shopping precincts throughout the UK. As the sector has grown charities have taken an increasingly commercial approach to selling; many charities have introduced new goods in their shops. It is suspected that these changes have significantly broadened their customer base. As yet, however, little research has beendoneoncharityshopcustomers. This paper is based on a survey of 592 customers in 25 charity shops in the Bristol area. It explores who is using the shops, the types of goods they are purchasing and the amounts they are spending. Findings include a number of revealing differences between the purchasing habits of men and women, some of which appear to be peculiar to the charity shops sector. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications
Charity shops on the high street: complementarity or unwanted neighbour?
Authors: Paddison Andrew 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWithin the last ten years there has been substantial growth of the charity retailing sector. This increased retail presence and sophistication of marketing practices have led to the contention by mainstream retailers that charity shops, which enjoy specific fiscal arrangements, have an unfair competitive advantage. Utilising evidence from a range of town centre locations, this paper examines whether this allegation can be substantiated. Three sources of primary research are used: the profile of charity shops within a town centre context; the attitudes and perceptions of mainstream retailers and their organisational bodies; and finally, the perspective of town centre managers towards charity retailing. Analysis and subsequent discussion suggests that charity retailers can perform a complementary role within town centres, thus reducing the potential of conflict with mainstream retailing. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications
Building e‐support for cause‐related marketing through strategic alliances
Authors: Harrison‐Walker L. Jean , Williamson Kathleen M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNew opportunities for nonprofit organisations to reach new donors and volunteers are being generated by an accelerated interest in cause‐related marketing on the part of both consumers and business firms, in conjunction with the emergence of the Internet. Together, these conditions have created a climate conducive for nonprofit alliances with corporations to become one of the fastest growing forms of marketing today. This paper examines online cause‐related marketing from the fundraiser's perspective, and sets forth a series of marketing management implications of building relationships with businesses and their customers as potential donors on the Internet. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications.
What will be the impact on future legacy campaigns of changing demographic, economic, cultural and religious trends?
Authors: Radcliffe Richard 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper discusses some key issues that will have dramatic effects on legacy/bequest income over the next 30 years. Economic, demographic, cultural and religious changes will mean that all nonprofits will have to adapt their legacy campaigns to meet emerging community and lifestyle trends. Campaigns will have to target the particular attitudes, motivations and expectations of each community if legacy income is to rise rather than fall. To date, little research has been completed in the UK to ascertain what the likely outcomes will be. This paper alerts fundraisers to some of the key issues. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications.
A contingency approach to reward strategy in the UK not‐for‐profit sector
Authors: Bakhru Anjali 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe word ‘charity’ is derived from the Latin word ‘caritas’, meaning love of other people or beneficence and liberality to those in distress. It is argued, however, that as organisations within the charity or not‐for‐profit (NFP) sector become more commercial or ‘business‐like’, the greater is the imperative to focus on effectiveness as well as efficiency. In terms of an organisation's reward strategy, it is critical that individual performance is assessed and linked to rewards. The aim of the paper is essentially to examine current approaches to reward strategy in the UK voluntary sector as well as to assess the ‘effectiveness’ of existing reward strategies, making suggestions as to how a ‘best practice’ approach could be adopted. Primary data were gathered from organisations within the NFP sector, and it was concluded that the sector needs to question the ‘effectiveness’ of reward strategies, to link individual performance objectives with its reward strategy, and to move away from pure cost‐efficiency considerations to ensure that there is a balance between long‐term and short‐term objectives. At the same time, a ‘best practice’ approach for reward strategies within the NFP sector cannot be prescriptive in terms of suggesting ‘one best way’, but rather a contingency approach is recommended with regard to the selection of the mix of financial and non‐financial factors within the reward strategy. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications.
Widening the appeal of charity
Authors: Sargeant Adrian , Ford John , West Douglas C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn the UK there is a contracting donor pool, but a significant growth in registered charities. This paper discusses the impact of individual, organisational and environmental factors on giving, and also distinguishes characteristics of givers and non‐givers. The focus of the paper is on the long‐term solution to the problem of recruitment of donors, by expanding the current supporter base for the charity sector. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications.
Improving telephone fundraising by use of self‐prophecy
Authors: Obermiller Carl , Spangenberg Eric 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe self‐prophecy phenomenon served as the basis for a simple, inexpensive technique aimed at increasing donations in a telephone fundraising drive. Self‐prophecy is predicated on two psychological effects. First, asking people to make predictions about normatively influenced behaviours results in biased responses—people respond as they think they should. Secondly, when later asked to perform those same behaviours, people tend to be consistent with their predictions. In an experiment, asking people to make a prediction increased the success rate from 30.4 per cent to 49 per cent, relative to a control group. Although it may be limited to occasional use, the self‐prophecy technique appears a simple and economical tool for increasing donations. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications.
Breaking the cycle of marketing disinvestment: using market research to build organisational alliances
Authors: Hanson John H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMany marketers find their programmes fall victim to disinvestment, both financial and psychological. While most marketers are avid students of consumer psychology, they tend to overlook the dynamics of organisational psychology, just as the literature on market orientation often fails to emphasise the organisational identity politics and power struggles that frustrate marketing. Discussions of market orientation focus on leadership and team‐building issues, favouring highly visible cases of organisational success at the expense of analysing common factors in marketing failure, many of them grounded in organisational psychology. Allied with knowledge of organisational epistemology, market research can be used as a critical resource in marketers' internal marketing programmes to strengthen market orientation. Ongoing collaborative market research can build positive organisational alliances that contribute to the internal support needed to sustain a successful marketing programme. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications