bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of repeated biopsying on muscle tissue in horses
Authors: LINDNER A. , DAG S. , MARTI‐KORFF S. , QUIROZ‐ROTHE E. , RIVERO J. L. LÓPEZ , DROMMER W. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe collection of muscle samples in horses to estimate their performance potential, adaptations to training and diagnosis of exertional myopathies is of increasing interest. This study was designed to examine whether repeated biopsying of thegluteus mediusmuscle at 7 week intervals alters morphology and muscle fibre variables in the sampling area. Thegluteushad been biopsied 3 times previously, each biopsy separated by a 7 week interval. Seven weeks after the last biopsy, this study was initiated.Percutaneous needle biopsies were taken from left and right muscles at 2 depths (2 and 6 cm) and at 2 sites for each depth (22 and 25 cm from thetuber coxae) of 7 mature Thoroughbreds. The 22 cm site was located close (2 cm caudal) to an area of the muscle that had been biopsied previously. The 25 cm site was 5 cm apart from this area. A total of 52 samples were available for histology, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. The latter was used to study percentages, sizes and capillaries of muscle fibre types. Most muscle samples collected (75%) had normal morphology, but the remaining 25% showed signs of muscle repair. In some circumstances, they showed regenerative signs of complete muscle repair, while in others ineffective muscle repair (scar formation) was evident. Nevertheless, sufficient normal tissue was always available for measuring routine muscle variables. Samples collected 3 cm laterally apart showed large differences with regard to muscle fibre type variables examined.These results show that repeated muscle samples in intervals of 7 weeks do not have effects that would impair evaluation of muscle fibre variables for diagnosis of effectivity of conditioning programmes. Furthermore, they emphasise that the only way of keeping variations through sample collection technique small is to standardise all biopsying techniques accurately.
Chronic pulmonary disease with radiographic interstitial opacity (interstitial pneumonia) in foals
Authors: NOUT Y. S. , HINCHCLIFF K. W. , SAMII V. F. , KOHN C. W. , JOSE‐CUNILLERAS E. , REED S. M. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryTwelve foals, age 3–9 months, examined at The Ohio State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital between 1995 and 2000 were diagnosed with chronic pulmonary disease associated with marked interstitial opacity on radiographic examination. The most characteristic features were a history of respiratory disease of 1–3 months duration, marked clinical signs of respiratory disease, failure to yield a consistent pathogen from tracheobronchial aspirates and a predominantly interstitial pattern on thoracic radiographs. We attributed these signs to chronic interstitial pneumonia. Foals were treated with broad spectrum antimicrobial and corticosteroid drugs. All 12 foals were discharged alive from hospital and, of the 10 available for follow‐up, all were disease‐free and performing to expectation 5 months to 5 years after discharge. We conclude that chronic interstitial pneumonia, occuring in foals, is associated with a good prognosis and that corticosteroid therapy may be useful in its treatment.
Quantitative motor unit action potential analysis of skeletal muscles in the Warmblood horse
Authors: WIJNBERG I. D. , FRANSSEN H. , van der KOLK J. H. , BREUKINK H. J. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryMotor unit action potential (MUP) analysis in human medicine is a valuable and important diagnostic technique enabling discrimination between myogenic and neurogenic problems. This study establishes normative data in subclavian, triceps and lateral vastus muscles for clinical application of MUP analysis in the Warmblood horse, and examines whether muscle differences are present. Electromyographic (EMG) needle examination and MUP analysis were performed of the triceps, lateral vastus and subclavian muscles in 7 awake, nonsedated, Warmblood horses age 4–10 years. The amplitude, duration, number of phases and turns were calculated from the recorded superimposed MUPs together with intramuscular and rectal temperatures. No significant differences were found in duration of insertional activity between the 3 muscles. The mean ± s.d. duration of the insertional activity was 526 ± 148.3 ms. The MUP amplitude of all 3 muscles differed significantly, with the highest amplitude (427 ± 3.20 μV) in the triceps and the lowest (220 ± 2.08 μV) in the subclavian muscle. The number of turns of the lateral vastus (3.0 ± 1.22) was significantly higher than that of the triceps muscle (2.7 ± 1.51). No differences were found in MUP duration (5.9–6.4 ms).
Diffusion of mepivacaine between adjacent synovial structures in the horse. Part 2: tarsus and stifle
Authors: GOUGH M. R. , MUNROE G. A. , MAYHEW I. G. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThis paper tests the hypothesis that the local analgesic agent mepivacaine diffuses between adjacent equine synovial structures in the hindlimb and with greater frequency than latex, gelatine dye or contrast media. We report the incidence of diffusion of mepivacaine between the tarsometatarsal, centrodistal and tarsocrural joints, and the 3 synovial compartments of the stifle in 33 fresh equine cadavers. The tarsometatarsal joint and one synovial compartment of the stifle in the left limb and the centrodistal joint and a different synovial compartment of the stifle in the right limbs were injected with mepivacaine. Following flexion and extension of the limb, synovial fluid was aspirated from the noninjected centrodistal and tarsometatarsal joints and the tarsocrural joints of the hock and the noninjected compartments of the stifle. Concentrations of mepivacaine in these samples were assayed using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. For samples obtained by dilution of synovial fluid the concentration of mepivacaine was determined by comparing the concentration of urea in the diluted synovial fluid and the concentrations of the serum urea. Mepivacaine was detected in 25/25 (100%) adjacent tarsometatarsal and centrodistal joints after diffusion in both directions, in 23/25 (92%) of tarsocrural joints after diffusion from tarsometatarsal joints and in 22/25 (88%) tarsocrural joints after diffusion from centrodistal joints in the hocks. Diffusion from the femoropatellar to medial and lateral femorotibial joints and between the medial and lateral femorotibial joints in both directions were 20/20 (100%). Diffusion from the lateral femorotibial to the femoropatellar joint was 18/20 (90%) and from the medial femorotibial to femoropatellar joints 17/20 (85%). Mepivacaine was detected at concentrations >0.3 mg/l in a proportion of samples ranging from 15/25 (60%) in the tarsocrural joint following tarsometatarsal joint injection to 18/20 (90%) in the lateral femorotibial joint after femoropatellar joint injection. At mepivacaine concentrations >100 mg/l, detection ranged from 3/20 (15%) in the lateral femorotibial joint from the medial femorotibial joint to 19/25 (76%) in the centrodistal joint from the tarsometatarsal joint. At mepivacaine concentrations >300 mg/l, detection ranged from 1/25 (4%) in the tarsocrural joint from the tarsometatarsal joint to 16/25 (64%) in the from centrodistal joint the tarsometatarsal joint. The results show greater diffusion of mepivacaine between these adjacent synovial structures than assumed from previous anatomical, latex injection and contrast arthrographic studies. Therefore, commonly performed intrasynovial local analgesic techniques in the hindlimb of the horse are not as specific as first thought.
Diffusion of mepivacaine between adjacent synovial structures in the horse. Part 1: forelimb foot and carpus
Authors: GOUGH M. R. , MAYHEW I. G. , MUNROE G. A. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThis paper tests the hypothesis that the local analgesic agent mepivacaine diffuses between adjacent equine synovial structures in the forelimb and with greater frequency than latex, gelatine dye or contrast media. We report the incidence of diffusion of mepivacaine between the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) and navicular bursa (NB) of the forelimbs and between the intercarpal (IC) and radiocarpal (RC) joints of 31 fresh equine cadavers. The DIPJ of one forelimb and the NB of the contra lateral forelimb and the RC joint of one forelimb and the IC joint of the contra lateral forelimb were injected with mepivacaine. After flexion and extension of the joints, synovial fluid was obtained from the synovial structures adjacent to the injected synovial structures. The concentration of mepivacaine in these samples was determined using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Forsamples obtained by dilution of synovial fluid, the concentration of mepivacaine was determined by comparing the concentrations of urea in the diluted synovial fluid and the concentration of serum urea. Mepivacaine diffused from the DIPJ to the NB orfrom the NB to the DIPJ in 25/25 (100%) limbs. Mepivacaine diffused from the IC to RC joints in 24/25 (96%) limbs and from the RC to IC joints in 21/25 (84%) limbs. It was detected at concentrations >0.3 mg/l in 9/25 (36%) of IC joints after RC joint injection and in 25/25 (100%) of the NB after DIPJ injection; at concentrations >100 mg/l in 2/25 (8%) of IC and RC joints and 12/25 (48%) of NB following DIPJ injection; and at concentrations >300 mg/l in 1/25 (4%) in the IC joints following RC joint injection and in 11/25 (44%) of DIPJ following NB injection. The results show greater diffusion of mepivacaine between adjacent synovial structures than assumed from previous anatomical, latex injection and contrast arthrographic studies. This study showed that commonly performed intrasynovial analgesic techniques in the forelimb of the horse are not as specific as previously reported.
Efficacy of three corticosteroids for the treatment of heaves
Authors: ROBINSON N. E. , JACKSON C. , JEFCOAT A. , BERNEY C. , PERONI D. , DERKSEN F. J. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThis study used a cross‐over design to compare the efficacy of 3 corticosteroids for the relief of airway obstruction and inflammation in 9 heaves‐affected horses. The severity of airway obstruction and inflammation was quantified by measurement of lung function and by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology, respectively. Airway obstruction was induced by stabling the horses and they remained stabled during the 10 day treatment period. Lung function was measured before treatment (baseline), at Days 3, 7, and 10 of treatment, and after 30 days at pasture. BALF cytology was investigated at baseline, Day 10, and at pasture. All 9 horses received the following 4 treatments in random order: no treatment, daily oral prednisone tablets (1 mg/kg), daily i.v. dexamethasone solution (0.1 mg/kg), and i.m. dexamethasone‐21‐isonicotinate (0.04 mg/kg) every 3 days. When horses received no treatment, lung function did not change significantly during stabling but improved at pasture. In all horses, daily i.v. administration of dexamethasone solution improved lung function within 3 days to levels as good as or better than those measured at pasture. Dexamethasone‐21‐isonicotinate was rapidly effective in 8 of 9 horses. The other horse did not respond to this drug. Prednisone tablets were without effect on Days 3 and 7 of treatment, but by Day 10, 5 of 9 horses showed some improvement in lung function. Dexamethasone i.v. solution decreased the percent neutrophils in BALF at Day 10. Other treatments had no effect on BALF cytology. These results demonstrate that dexamethasone rapidly relieved airway obstruction in heaves‐affected horses. Oral prednisone had inconsistent effects but may be beneficial in some horses after more than a week of treatment.
Plasma and synovial fluid concentrations of calcium pentosan polysulphate achieved in the horse following intramuscular injection
Authors: FULLER C. J. , GHOSH P. , BARR A. R. S. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryResults from in vitro studies have indicated that calcium pentosan polysulphate (CaPPS) may be of therapeutic value in osteoarthritis (OA) in the horse. However, no controlled clinical trials using this drug in equine OA have yet been reported. If CaPPS is to be developed for such use, the relationship between the proposed i.m. dose of CaPPS to be used and the concentrations of drug attained in plasma and synovial fluid of the target joint should first be established. An investigation was undertaken to determine these concentrations after a single 2 mg/kg i.m. injection of CaPPS. Blood and synovial fluid samples were taken from 6 healthy, sound horses following i.m. CaPPS administration. Concentrations of CaPPS measured in the synovial fluid were, on the basis of published studies, sufficient to elicit a potential therapeutic effect on synoviocyte metabolism, and possibly also to stimulate proteoglycan synthesis and reduce matrix metalloproteinase activities in articular cartilage. It would therefore seem justified to investigate further the therapeutic effect of CaPPS in OAin the horse.
Physiological variables measured under field conditions according to age and state of training in French Trotters
Authors: COUROUCÉ A. , CHRÉTIEN M. , VALETTE J. P. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryWe hypothesised that the derived physiological variables V2and V4(velocity to achieve a blood lactate concentration of 2 and 4 mmol/l, respectively), HR2and HR4(the corresponding heart rate) and V200(the velocity for a heart rate of 200 beats/min) would improve with training state and age, in French Trotters. A total of 194 French Trotters from one training establishment were followed for 6 years and 1105 standardised field exercise tests performed on a sand training track. The horses were divided into 6 age groups (from 1 to ≥ 6 years) and 4 training groups (beginning, endurance training, sprint training, racing). A 2‐way analysis of variance was performed to evaluate the effects of age, training and the interaction of age and training on these physiological variables with the level of statistical significance set at 5%. The results showed that there was a significant influence of age on HR4, V2, V4and V200, with these variables increasing with age. Also, there was a significant influence of training and both age and training on V2, V4and V200, with these variables increasing with training and age. These results, obtained in a longitudinal study in a reproducible field environment, are consistent with previous laboratory‐based experimental studies. We conclude that objective indices of fitness obtained on the training track can be useful in the commercial training environment.
Impingement of the dorsal spinous processes in two hundred and fifteen horses: case selection, surgical technique and results
Authors: WALMSLEY J. P. , PETTERSSON H. , WINBERG F. , McEVOY F. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe surgical treatment of impingement of dorsal spinous processes (DSPs) at 2 equine veterinary hospitals following a similar diagnostic and surgical protocol is described with special reference to the diagnosis and case selection. The diagnosis was made from clinical examination and results of radiography and diagnostic analgesia of the affected sites. Scintigraphy was also used as an aid to diagnosis at one hospital. Surgical treatment was generally recommended when conservative treatment, which included 3–9 months rest, intralesional corticosteroids and physiotherapy, had failed. The DSPs were approached through a midline incision in the skin and supraspinous ligament. They were resected using an oscillating saw. Postoperatively, horses were returned to lungeing work after 2 weeks and riding commenced at 3 months, in most cases, and by 6 months in all successful cases. From one to 6 DSPs between thoracic vertebra (T) 11 and lumbar vertebra (L) 3 were resected in individual horses. T15, 16 and 17 were the spines most commonly treated. Long‐term follow‐up information was obtained in 209 horses. Seventy‐two percent of these horses returned to full work and a further 9% improved sufficiently to be used for some athletic work.
The effect of intra‐articular methylprednisolone acetate and exercise on equine carpal subchondral and cancellous bone microhardness
Authors: MURRAY R. C. , ZNAOR N. , TANNER K. E. , DeBOWES R. M. , GAUGHAN E. M. , GOODSHIP A. E. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryDorsal carpal osteochondral injury is a major cause of lameness in horses undergoing high intensity training. Intra‐articular corticosteroid treatment is used commonly to manage exercise‐associated articular pain, but its use remains highly controversial in the equine athlete. This project, therefore, aimed to compare the mechanical properties of intra‐articular MPA and diluent‐treated middle carpal subchondral and cancellous bone in horses undergoing a short‐term treadmill exercise programme. It was hypothesised that subchondral and cancellous bone mechanical properties are influenced by intra‐articular administration of methylprednisolone acetate (MPA). Eight 2‐year‐old female horses had MPAor diluent administered into contralateral middle carpal joints at 14 day intervals, for a total of 4 treatments per horse. Horses underwent a standard treadmill exercise protocol until euthanasia (Day 70). Standard sites were located on the dorsal aspect of third, radial and intermediate carpal bones. Osteochondral samples from each test site were divided into subchondral bone and cancellous bone portions. These were dried, resin‐embedded and gold‐coated. Microhardness measurements were obtained at each test site. No significant effect of intra‐articular treatment was detected. At each site, cancellous bone trabecular struts had an 18–19% higher microhardness value than the overlying subchondral bone. These findings indicate that intra‐articularadministration of MPA at this dose has no effect on subchondral or cancellous bone adaptation to short‐term exercise and, therefore, on the propensity of carpal bones to injury. Further investigation into the calcified cartilage layer, effect of different corticosteroid preparations and diffusion of medication are required.
A study of the ultrastructure and staining characteristics of the ‘dental star’ of equine incisors
Authors: MUYLLE S. , SIMOENS P. , LAUWERS H. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe objective of this study was to examine the diameter, extent, orientation and contents of dentinal tubules in order to validate the hypothesis of pigment penetration into the dental star of equine incisival occlusal surfaces. The time of appearance and the configuration of the dental star on the incisival occlusal surface are macroscopically visible features that, along with other more reliable parameters, are used for the determination of horses' age. Although dental stars are an integral part of the equine incisor occlusive surface, the exact nature and microstructure of the dental star are poorly documented. Therefore, equine incisor dentine was examined macroscopically and by scanning electron microscopy to elucidate numerical density, diameter and 3‐dimensional organisation of the dentinal tubules in the dental star.The dental star is surrounded by primary dentine and consists of a central core of tertiary dentine, an intermediate ring of pale secondary dentine and a peripheral rim of darker, yellowish‐brown secondary dentine. The central core of tertiary dentine contains relatively few dentinal tubules (<8000/mm2) that have small diameters (mean ± s.d. 1.67 ± 0.34 μm) and are arranged in an irregular pattern. The surrounding pale ring of secondary dentine comprises manifestly more and wider tubules that lie almost parallel to the occlusal surface. The dark peripheral rim of the dental star contains high numbers of tubules (28,000–58,000/mm2) that have wide luminal diameters (mean ± s.d. 3.09 ± 0.31 μm) and open perpendicular to the occlusal surface. In contrast, the primary dentine surrounding the dental star is made up by a lower number of dentinal tubules (<25,000/mm2). The tubules of primary dentine, which are initially mean ± s.d. 5.15 ± 0.80 μm wide, are narrowed by circumferential deposits of peritubular dentine and are obliquely exposed at the occlusal surface.From these observations, it was concluded that the regional differences in numerical density, diameterand spatial orientation of the dentinal tubules may influence the penetration of food pigments into the equine occlusal surface and result in the particular staining of the dental star.
Retrospective study of primary intention healing and sequestrum formation in horses compared to ponies under clinical circumstances
Authors: WILMINK J. M. , HERTEN J. van , WEEREN P. R. van , BARNEVELD A. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryIn accidental wounds, trauma and infection can result in dehiscence of primarily closed wounds and in sequestrum formation when cortical bone is exposed. In experimental studies, it has been shown that second intention healing is faster and occurs with less complications in ponies than in horses. Also, a greater initial inflammatory response was seen in ponies. Based on these experimental data, it was hypothesised that accidental wounds in ponies would heal with a lower incidence of wound dehiscence and/or sequestrum formation compared to horses.A retrospective study of 89 ponies and 422 horses with traumatic wounds was performed. The animals, wounds and treatments were categorised and related to the success rate of primary closure and to the incidence of sequestrum formation. The ponies and horses were of similar age and sex. The wounds that were treated were comparable for localisation, duration, degree of contamination and depth in both groups of animals, but there were significantly more cases with ruptured extensor tendons in ponies. Antibiotics and NSAIDs were administered significantly less often to ponies. The success rate of primary closure was significantly higher in ponies than in horses, and sequestra were formed significantly less often in ponies.It was concluded that the results of healing were better in ponies although the external conditions were less favourable. This may be associated with the differences in the initial inflammatory response after injury as found in earlier experimental work, which may result in a betterlocal defence against wound infection.