bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A microarray system for Y chromosomal and mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphism analysis in chimpanzee populations
Authors: ANDRÉS OLGA , RÖNN ANN‐CHARLOTTE , BONHOMME MAXIME , KELLERMANN THOMAS , CROUAU‐ROY BRIGITTE , DOXIADIS GABY , VERSCHOOR ERNST J. , GOOSSENS BENOÎT , DOMINGO‐ROURA XAVIER , BRUFORD MICHAEL W. , BOSCH MONTSERRAT , SYVÄNEN ANN‐CHRISTINE 
Published: October 2007

AbstractChimpanzee populations are diminishing as a consequence of human activities, and as a result this species is now endangered. In the context of conservation programmes, genetic data can add vital information, for instance on the genetic diversity and structure of threatened populations. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) are biallelic markers that are widely used in human molecular studies and can be implemented in efficient microarray systems. This technology offers the potential of robust, multiplexed SNP genotyping at low reagent cost in other organisms than humans, but it is not commonly used yet in wild population studies. Here, we describe the characterization of new SNPs in Y‐chromosomal intronic regions in chimpanzees and also identify SNPs from mitochondrial genes, with the aim of developing a microarray system that permits the simultaneous study of both paternal and maternal lineages. Our system consists of 42 SNPs for the Y chromosome and 45 SNPs for the mitochondrial genome. We demonstrate the applicability of this microarray in a captive population where genotypes accurately reflected its large pedigree. Two wild‐living populations were also analysed and the results show that the microarray will be a useful tool alongside microsatellite markers, since it supplies complementary information about population structure and ecology. SNP genotyping using microarray technology, therefore, is a promising approach and may become an essential tool in conservation genetics to help in the management and study of captive and wild‐living populations. Moreover, microarrays that combine SNPs from different genomic regions could replace microsatellite typing in the future.
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: STEM CELL RESEARCH REGULATION AND ARGENTINA
Authors: HARMON SHAWN H.E. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTGiven its intimate relationship with the human body and its environment, biotechnology innovation, and more particularly stem cell research innovations as a part thereof, implicate diverse social and moral/ethical issues. This paper explores some of the most important and controversial moral concerns raised by human embryonic stem cell research (and the closely associated field of cloning), focusing on concerns relating to the wellbeing of the embryo and the wellbeing of society (the collective). It then considers how and whether these concerns are dealt with in regulatory instruments in Argentina, a southern developing country, examining in particular whether the values underlying these concerns have been translated into practical and effective rules reflective of the primary moral positions advanced. It concludes that Argentina's current state of stem cell research governance fails to consistently reflect the moral positions that have formed and is inadequate given Argentina's activity in this field.
The energetic implications of precocial development for three shorebird species breeding in a warm environment
Authors: TJØRVE K. M. C. , UNDERHILL L. G. , VISSER G. H. 
Published: October 2007

We investigated the effect of body size, parental behaviour and timing of breeding on the chick growth and energetics of three precocial shorebird (Charadrii) species in a warm sub‐tropical environment: the Kittlitz's PloverCharadrius pecuarius, Blacksmith LapwingVanellus armatus, and Crowned LapwingV. coronatus. The three species exhibited slower growth, longer pre‐fledging periods and lower energy expenditure during the pre‐fledging period than Arctic and temperate zone relatives of similar size. It was found that relative growth rates of charadriid and scolopacid species increased by 1.77% per degree latitude. Blacksmith and Crowned Lapwings are of similar size (i.e. about 160 g), about four times the mass of Kittlitz's Plovers. Taking body mass into account, the resting metabolic rate and daily energy expenditure of the three study species were similar. The relative amounts of energy needed for chicks to grow from a hatchling to a fledgling were low for the three species studied. The relative amount of energy needed to complete growth in charadriid and scolopacid species increased by 2.54% per degree latitude. Because Crowned Lapwings exhibited faster growth than Blacksmith Lapwings but similar daily energy expenditure we suggest that Blacksmith Lapwings compensate for greater energy expenditure in colder weather by growing more slowly. We suggest that small growth rate coefficient, low resting metabolic rate and low daily energy expenditure are adaptations to lower food availability and milder ambient temperatures in sub‐tropical breeding habitats compared to temperate or Arctic regions.
Toward a Geographically‐Integrated, Connected World History: Employing Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Authors: Owens J. B. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractOver the past decade, historical groups, ranging from the Organization of American Historians to the World History Association, have called for research and teaching focused on the ways that the history of any place has been shaped by the place's interactive connections to other geographic locations. This work demands the aggregation and connection of a huge amount of information, which is increasingly possible due to advances in information management technologies. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) appears to be a particularly attractive technology for data management, visualization, and analysis by world historians. However, historians relying on existing off‐the‐shelf GIS software must exercise care that the technology does not begin to control their questions. Instead, historians must shape the software development agenda to get what they need to pursue the issues they feel are most important for understanding world history. To expose the limitations and possibilities of current GIS, this article presents the research difficulties of two giants of the field who did not use this information technology, Joseph R. Levenson and Andre Gunder Frank. On the basis of this discussion, the article suggests how GIS can be used effectively to create a more geographically‐integrated, connected world history, which can be queried at any scale from the global to the individual in order to improve understanding.
Ischemic rabbit ear model created by minimally invasive surgery
Authors: Chien Sufan 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTA rabbit ear ischemic model was created using a minimally invasive surgical technique. On one ear, three small skin incisions were made on the vascular pedicles about 1 cm from the base of the ear. The central and cranial arteries were ligated and divided along with their accompanying nerves. A circumferential subcutaneous tunnel was made through the incisions to cut subcutaneous tissues, muscles, nerves, and small vessels. The other ear was used as a normal control. Wounds were made on the ventral side of the ear. Twenty‐two rabbits (14 young adults, four aged, and four diabetic) were used. In the 26 pairs of wounds in young adult rabbits, the mean healing time on the ischemic ear was 20.5±3.4 days vs. 14.9±1.6 days on the normal ear (mean±SD) when normal saline was used as a dressing. Tissue high‐energy phosphate contents were higher in the normal ear than in the ischemic ear. The skin temperature on the ischemic ear was 1–7 °C lower than that on the normal ear. Wound‐healing times were longer in the aged and diabetic rabbits, but no complications occurred in these rabbits. The model created by minimally invasive procedure results in little skin disruption, a longer ischemic time, and a higher success rate as compared with many other models. It can be used in normal animals as well as aged animals, and for the first time, was used successfully in diabetic animals.
Aminated β‐1,3‐d‐glucan improves wound healing in diabetic db/db mice
Authors: Berdal Margrete , Appelbom Hege I. , Eikrem Jorunn H. , Lund Åse , Zykova Svetlana , Busund Lill‐Tove , Seljelid Rolf , Jenssen Trond 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTDelayed wound healing in diabetes is caused by neuropathy, vascular changes, and impaired cellular response to the injury. Macrophages are crucial in normal wound healing, and impaired functions of these cells have been shown in diabetes. β‐1,3‐d‐glucans stimulate macrophage function. This open‐label study was performed to see if aminated β‐1,3‐d‐glucan (AG) stimulates wound healing in diabetes. Four groups (1–4) of diabetic db/db mice and one nondiabetic control group, db/+(5) were studied: group 1 (n=11): topical AG; group 2 (n=10): topical AG and subcutaneous insulin; group 3 (n=14): topical placebo and subcutaneous insulin; group 4 (n=10): diabetic control (placebo); group 5 (n=12): normal control (placebo). At the end of the experiments fasting blood glucose and A1C were (mean ± SE) as follows: Group 1: 30.5 ± 1.9 mmol/L and 11.3 ± 0.6%; group 2: 12.0 ± 1.7 mmol/L and 8.0 ± 0.6%; group 3: 15.4 ± 2.4 mmol/L and 7.4 ± 0.3%; group 4: 32.6 ± 2.6 mmol/L and 12.3 ± 0.6%; group 5: 7.2 ± 0.4 mmol/L and 3.9 ± 0.04%, respectively. The closed wound area was the same in group 1 (AG alone) and group 2 (AG plus insulin) after 17 days, 57.3 ± 4.7 vs. 50.1 ± 4.9% (p=0.7).The results of these two groups were superior to group 3 (insulin treatment alone, 32.0 ± 4.3%, p<0.001) and diabetic controls (38.2 ± 5.1%, p=0.001). The macrophage‐stimulant AG improves wound healing in db/db mice.
Effects of negative pressure wound therapy on fibroblast viability, chemotactic signaling, and proliferation in a provisional wound (fibrin) matrix
Authors: McNulty Amy K. , Schmidt Marisa , Feeley Teri , Kieswetter Kris 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTVacuum Assisted Closure® brand Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (V.A.C.® NPWT) has been shown to be an effective therapeutic option for the treatment of recalcitrant wounds; however, the mechanism of action at the cellular level remains to be elucidated. Here, we examined the effects of negative pressure wound therapy, manifolded with two different dressings, on fibroblast viability, chemotactic signaling, and proliferation in a fibrin clot matrix. Fibroblasts were grown in a three‐dimensional fibrin matrix and were treated for 48 hours with either V.A.C.® NPWT and GranuFoam® Dressing, or with gauze under suction, or as static controls without negative pressure or dressings. Cells treated by gauze under suction showed significantly greater cell death and stimulated less migration and proliferation than static and V.A.C.® NPWT‐treated cells (p<0.05). Apoptosis was also significantly higher in gauze under suction than in static treatments. These results indicate that the dressing material has a significant effect on cell response following negative pressure wound therapy. The ability to support cell growth, stimulate chemotaxis, and proliferation without increasing apoptosis may provide an insight into the mechanisms of action of V.A.C.® NPWT.
Effect of DOV 102,677 on the Volitional Consumption of Ethanol by Myers’ High Ethanol‐Preferring Rat
Authors: McMillen Brian A. , Shank J. Elizabeth , Jordan Kirstin B. , Williams Helen L. , Basile A. S. 
Published: October 2007

Background:  Inhibitors of monoamine neurotransmitter transporters are well established as antidepressants. However, the evidence that single (serotonin) or dual (serotonin–norepinephrine) neurotransmitter uptake inhibitors can treat ethanol abuse, either as a comorbidity with depression or as a separate entity, is inconsistent. Drugs that have, in addition, the ability to inhibit dopamine uptake may have an advantage in the treatment of alcohol abuse. Therefore, the inhibitor of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine uptake, DOV 102,677, was tested for its effects on the volitional consumption of ethanol by an ethanol‐preferring rat strain.Methods:  Myers’ high ethanol‐preferring rats were screened by a 10‐day, 3 to 30% step‐up test and then given free access to the preferred concentration of ethanol in a 3‐bottle choice task. Consumption of ethanol (g/kg), water, food, and body weight were measured daily during a 3‐day predrug treatment period, a 3‐day treatment period, and a 3‐day posttreatment period. Additional Sprague–Dawley rats were observed for 24 hours for the behavioral effects of 2.0 mg/kg s.c. reserpine after a 30‐minute pretreatment with different doses of DOV 102,677.Results:  The triple monoamine uptake inhibitor DOV 102,677 dose‐dependently decreased the volitional consumption of ethanol by as much as 71.2% (20 mg/kg i.p., b.i.d.) over 3 days of administration. This effect carried over into the posttreatment period. Similarly, the proportion of ethanol to total fluids consumed declined by 66.2% (20 mg/kg s.c., b.i.d.), while food consumption and body weight were unaltered. In contrast, amperozide (2 mg/kg i.p., b.i.d.) suppressed the amount of ethanol consumed by 56%, while naltrexone (5 mg/kg i.p., b.i.d.) was without effect. DOV 102,677 (40 mg/kg s.c.) inhibited reserpine‐induced akinesia and ptosis, but not hypothermia in Sprague–Dawley rats, consistent with its transient inhibition of serotonin transport, and more long‐lived inhibition of norepinephrine and dopamine uptake.Conclusions:  DOV 102,677 significantly decreased the volitional consumption of ethanol with minimal alterations in the intake of food or on body weight in an ethanol‐preferring rat strain, suggesting that triple reuptake inhibitors may find utility in treating alcohol abuse.
Basic Concepts in Cellular Cardiac Electrophysiology: Part II: Block of Ion Channels by Antiarrhythmic Drugs
Authors: WHALLEY DAVID W. , WENDT DAVID J. , GRANT AUGUSTUS O. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryAntiarrhythmic drugs have relative specificity for blocking each of the major classes of ion channels that control the action potential. The kinetics of block is determined by the state of the channel. Those channel states occupied at depolarized potentials generally have greater affinity for the blocking drugs. The kinetics of the drug‐channel interaction is important in determining the blocking profile observed clinically. The increased mortality resulting from drug treatment in CAST and several atrial fibrillation trials has resulted in a shift in antiarrhythmic drug development from the Na+ channel blocking (Class I) drugs to the K+ channel blocking (Class III) drugs. While both Classes of drugs have a proarrhythmic potential, this may be less for the Class III agents. Their lack of negative inotropy also make them more attractive. It is important that the potential advantages of these agents be evaluated in controlled clinical trials. In several laboratories, the techniques of molecular biology and biophysics are being combined to determine the block site of available drugs. This information will aid in the future development of agents with greater specificity, and hopefully greater efficacy and safety than those currently in clinical use.
Infective endocarditis in a hemodialysis patient: A dreaded complication
Authors: SCHUBERT Claudia , MOOSA Mohammed R. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractInfection is the most common cause of death in hemodialysis patients, after cardiovascular disease. Dialysis access infections, with secondary septicemia, contribute significantly to patient mortality. The most common source is temporary catheterization. Bacteremia occurs commonly in patients receiving hemodialysis, with infective endocarditis being a relatively uncommon, but potentially lethal complication. Valvular calcification is the most significant risk factor. The diagnosis of infective endocarditis is made clinically and confirmed with the echocardiographic modified Duke's criteria. The most common pathogen is Staphylococcus aureus and the mitral valve is the most common site. Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis is commonly associated with embolic phenomenon. A high index of suspicion is critical in the early recognition and management of infective endocarditis. However, prevention of bacteremia is undoubtedly the best strategy with the early placement of arteriovenous fistulae. In the case of temporary catheterization, the use of topical mupirocin or polysporin and gentamicin and/or citrate locking is beneficial. Although catheter salvage has not been studied in randomized trials, catheter removal remains standard therapy during bacteremia.
A rare complication of hemodialysis catheters: Superior vena cava syndrome
Authors: AKOGLU Hadim , YILMAZ Rahmi , PEYNIRCIOGLU Bora , ARICI Mustafa , KIRKPANTUR Alper , CIL Barbaros , ALTUN Bulent , TURGAN Cetin 
Published: October 2007

AbstractCentral venous catheters in hemodialysis patients may result in superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome. With the increasing use of these catheters, the SVC syndrome will probably be more common among hemodialysis patients. This report describes 3 cases of SVC syndrome due to central venous catheters that developed in hemodialysis patients with previous multiple catheter placements.
A study of the extracorporeal rate of blood flow and blood pressure during hemodialysis
Authors: TRIVEDI Hariprasad S. , KUKLA Alexandria , PROWANT Barbara , LIM Hyun Ja 
Published: October 2007

AbstractHemodynamic instability is a common problem during hemodialysis (HD). The effect of blood flow rate (BFR) on blood pressure (BP) during HD has not been previously evaluated. Subjects receiving HD for the treatment of renal failure were enrolled (n=34). For each patient, during the last hour of 2 consecutive HD sessions the BFR was set at 200 mL/min for 30 min and at 400 mL/min for 30 min, during which period the fluid removal rate was kept constant. The order of the BFR alterations was randomized. The study procedure was repeated during the next HD session but with reversal of the order of the altered BFR. During each 30‐min period, BP was recorded at baseline and subsequently every 10 min. During the BFR of 400 mL/min, subjects had a higher systolic BP by an average of 4.1 mmHg compared with the BFR of 200 mL/min (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.22–7.98; p=0.038). Similarly, during the BFR of 400 mL/min, subjects had a higher diastolic BP by an average of 3.04 mmHg compared with the BFR of 200 mL/min (95% CI 0.55–5.53; p=0.017). Likewise, during the BFR of 400 mL/min, subjects had a higher mean arterial pressure by an average of 3.44 mmHg (95% CI 0.77–6.11; p=0.012). The findings suggest that during HD, BPs are maintained higher at higher BFRs as compared with lower BFRs.
Perihospitalization hemoglobin‐epoetin associations in U.S. hemodialysis patients, 1998 to 2003
Authors: SOLID Craig A. , FOLEY Robert N. , GILBERTSON David T. , COLLINS Allan J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWhile hospitalization is common for hemodialysis patients, perihospitalization associations between hemoglobin levels and epoetin doses are not well characterized. U.S. Medicare claims were used to identify 71,360 hemodialysis patients hospitalized from 1998 to 2003. Hemoglobin levels, epoetin doses, and epoetin responsiveness index (ERI) were compared by calendar year. In the prehospitalization month, the mean hemoglobin levels increased from 10.96 g/dL in 1998 to 11.76 in 2003 and the mean epoetin doses from 63,715 to 75,012 U; corresponding values in the hospitalization month were 10.53 and 11.19 g/dL, and 66,623 and 80,569 U. In each year, prehospitalization hemoglobin levels were achieved within 2 months, but ERI declined to prehospitalization levels within 12 months only in 2000. With mixed models, hemoglobin declines in the 3 prehospitalization months grew between 1998 (−0.1362 g/dL/month) and 2003 (−0.2003 g/dL/month). Epoetin responsiveness index slopes were J‐shaped, with values of 287.9, 221.1, and 356.5U/month per g/dL in 1998, 2000, and 2003. In the 3 postadmission months, a modest increase in the rapidity of hemoglobin recovery was seen (+0.2538 g/dL/month in 1998, +0.2743 in 2003), with increasing rates of ERI change (+8.7 U/month/g/dL in 1998, +146.8 in 2003). While time to recovery of prehospitalization hemoglobin levels remained constant year to year, epoetin doses and ERI did not, suggesting that optimum perihospitalization anemia management practices have yet to be determined.
Paternal alcoholism predicts the occurrence but not the remission of alcoholic drinking: a 40‐year follow‐up
Authors: Knop J. , Penick E. C. , Nickel E. J. , Mednick S. A. , Jensen P. , Manzardo A. M. , Gabrielli W. F. 
Published: October 2007

Objective:  To test the effects of father's alcoholism on the development and remission from alcoholic drinking by age 40.Method:  Subjects were selected from a Danish birth cohort that included 223 sons of alcoholic fathers (high risk; HR) and 106 matched controls (low risk; LR). Clinical examinations were performed at age 40 (n = 202) by a psychiatrist using structured interviews and DSM‐III‐R diagnostic criteria.Results:  HR subjects were significantly more likely than LR subjects to develop alcohol dependence (31% vs. 16%), but not alcohol abuse (17% vs. 15%). More subjects with alcohol abuse were in remission at age 40 than subjects with alcohol dependence. Risk did not predict remission from either alcohol abuse or alcohol dependence.Conclusion:  Familial influences may play a stronger role in the development of alcoholism than in the remission or recovery from alcoholism.
Inhibitory effect of enamel matrix derivative on osteoblastic differentiation of rat calvaria cells in culture
Authors: Hama Hideki , Azuma Hideki , Seto Hiroyuki , Kido Jun‐ichi , Nagata Toshihiko 
Published: October 2007

Background and Objective:  The effect of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) on bone differentiation remains unclear. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1) is reported to be contained in EMD. The aim of this study was to clarify the effect of EMD on osteoblastic cell differentiation and the possible role of TGF‐β1.Material and Methods:  Fetal rat carvarial cells were treated with 10, 50 or 100 µg/ml EMD for 5–17 days. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and bone nodule formation were measured, and mRNA expressions of bone matrix proteins and core binding factor were analysed.Results:  Enamel matrix derivative inhibited ALP activity from the early stage of culture (29–44% inhibition) on days 5 and 10 and decreased bone nodule formation by 37–67% on day 17. These effects of EMD were concentration dependent. Enamel matrix derivative inhibited mRNA expression of osteocalcin and core binding factor. A high level of the active form of TGF‐β1 protein was detected in the conditioned medium treated with 100 µg/ml EMD. Treatment with TGF‐β1 antibody partly restored the inhibitory effect of EMD on ALP activity.Conclusion:  Enamel matrix derivative inhibited the osteoblastic differentiation of rat carvarial cells and this was partly mediated by an increase in the activated form of TGF‐β1, suggesting that EMD may function initially to inhibit osteoblastic differentiation to allow a predominant formation of other periodontal tissues.