bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Tin(IV) Oxide Thin Films Prepared by Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition of cis‐[SnCl4{OC(H)OC2H5}2]
Authors: Talaty Nari N. , Beck Kristina , Citeau Helene , Kirschbaum Kristin , Giolando Dean M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA new single‐source precursor, [SnCl4{OC(H)OC2H5}2], prepared by treating tin tetrachloride with ethyl formate (1:2 ratio) was developed for the deposition of tin oxide thin films on glass substrates. The compound [SnCl4{OC(H)OC2H5}2] is highly volatile and provides very high growth rates (up to 100Å s−1 at 560 °C) in an atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) reactor. More significantly, the compound does not decompose to tin oxide below 320 °C, thereby minimizing the formation of particles in the vapor above the growing tin oxide film. To prepare highly conducting fluorine doped tin oxide (SnO2:F) films 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl trifluoroacetate was used as the source of fluoride. High quality SnO2:F films were deposited at 560 °C with a flow rate of 2 mL fluoride reagent hr−1; typical film properties are resistivity of 5.9 X 10−4 Ω cm, Hall mobility of 27.3 cm2 V−1 s−1, carrier concentration of 3.9 X 1020 cm−3 and percent transmission ranging from 86 to 88 %. The best films of SnO2:F possess transparencies as high as 90 % (750 nm), sheet resistances as low as 7 Ω sq−1 and Haacke's figure of merit as high as 29 X 10−3 (750 nm). The newly developed APCVD reactor and the chemistry were optimized with respect to structural, electrical and optical properties of the films by adjusting the substrate temperature, gas flow rates and the amount of fluoride present in the vapor stream. Growth rates with respect to deposition time, substrate temperature and flow rates of precursors were found to be similar for both undoped (SnO2) and doped (SnO2:F) samples. The SnO2:F films possess larger grains than the SnO2 which may account for the lower resistivity and the higher mobility in the SnO2:F samples.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of KSc(HPO4)2
Authors: Menezes Prashanth W. , Hoffmann Stefan , Prots Yurii , Kniep Rüdiger 
Published: December 2008

AbstractKSc(HPO4)2 was obtained by hydrothermal synthesis. The crystal structure was determined from single‐crystal X‐ray data: orthorhombic, space group Pnma (No. 62), a = 14.5095(10), b = 5.4260(4), c = 8.4882(5) Å, V = 668.26(8) Å3 and Z = 4. The crystal structure of KSc(HPO4)2 represents a new structure type containing twelve‐ and four‐membered rings forming channels along [010] built of alternating ScO6 octahedra and HPO42− groups. Potassium ions reside within the twelve membered ring channels.
An Old Reaction with New Results: The Unexpected Formation of a Rare Earth Metal Cluster Containing Six Europium Atoms
Authors: Täuscher Eric , Beckert Rainer , Weiß Dieter , Görls Helmar , Birckner Eckhardt 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEmploying a standard protocol for the preparation of a trisbenzoylacetonato europium(III) complex with 4‐bromo benzoylacetone 2 as ligand, a new europium species was synthesized and characterized. The X‐ray crystal structure analysis revealed a new europium cluster consisting of six europiumcentres.
Structure of Plastic Crystalline Succinonitrile: High‐Resolution in situ Powder Diffraction
Authors: Hore Sarmimala , Dinnebier Robert , Wen Wen , Hanson Johnathan , Maier Joachim 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe temperature dependent (150–290 K) crystal structure of the low‐temperature α‐phase, and high temperature β‐phase, of succinonitrile has been determined by high resolution in situ powder diffraction. The α‐phase has a monoclinic unit cell that contains four gauche molecules and belongs to the P21/a space group. The crystal undergoes a reversible first‐order phase transition at 233 K into the high temperature β‐phase. The lattice parameters increase with temperature and the phase transition leads to an abrupt 6.7 % increase in volume. The β‐phase crystallizes into a bcc‐structure that belongs to the $Im{\bar 3}m$ space group. The high temperature phase; however, is a highly disordered plastic crystal at room temperature that contains both gauche and trans molecules. The non‐linearity in the overall isotropic temperature‐factor indicates other possible phase transitions in the temperature range of 233–250 K.
Profile of Breast Cancer in a Group of Women in a Developing Country in South Asia: Is There a Difference?
Authors: Lokuhetty Menaka D. S. , Ranaweera Gayani G. , Wijeratne Manarangi D. M. , Wickramasinghe Kumudu H. , Sheriffdeen Abdul H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackgroundBreast cancer is the commonest cancer among Sri Lankan women. The aim of this study was to document the breast cancer profile of a group of Sri Lankan women and compare it with regional data. Patient‐tumor characteristics and predicted prognosis are compared with the immune profile.MethodsA total of 814 Sri Lankan women with breast cancer were studied, with their information retrieved from patient records. Tumor type and grade were reassessed on routine tissue sections. The Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) was calculated. Estrogen receptors (ER) and human epidermal receptor 2 (HER2) were assessed using Dako antibodies. Strong nuclear staining for ER in >10% of tumor cells and strong, complete cell membrane staining (3+) for HER2 were regarded as positive. An SPSS‐16 software program and the chi‐squared test were used for statistical analysis.ResultsThe highest prevalence (32%) was in the 50‐ to 59‐year age cohort (mean ± SD 51.88 ± 11.939 years). In all, 58% of the tumors measured between 2 and 5 cm. Most (52%) were moderately differentiated and were invasive ductal carcinomas (86.3%). Regional lymph node metastasis was present in 41% of the patients. ER was expressed in 31.7% and was more frequent in women >35 years (p < 0.024). HER2 was found in 14.5% of tumors. Its expression was lower in ER‐positive tumors (p < 0.000). Well‐differentiated tumors were frequently ER‐positive (p < 0.000) and HER2‐negative (p < 0.001). The NPI was better for ER‐positive (p < 0.000) and HER2‐negative tumors (p < 0.028).ConclusionsThe overall profile of breast cancer and immune characteristics of Sri Lankan women in this study was largely comparable to profiles documented elsewhere in the region despite the lower prevalence of ER.
Laparoscopic Surgical Skills Assessment: Can Simulators Replace Experts?
Authors: Pellen Michael , Horgan Liam , Roger Barton J. , Attwood Stephen 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIntroductionGlobal Rating Scales (GRS) quantify and structure subjective expert assessment of skill. Hybrid simulators measure performance during physical laparoscopic tasks through instrument motion analysis. We assessed whether motion analysis metrics were as accurate as structured expert opinion by using GRS.MethodsA random sample of 10 consultant laparoscopic surgeons, 10 senior trainees, and 10 novice students were assessed on a Sharp Dissection task. Coded video footage was reviewed by two blinded assessors and scored using a Likert Scale. Correlation with metrics was tested using Spearman’s rho. Inter‐rater reliability was measured using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).ResultsStrongest GRS–Metric correlations were found for Time/Motion/Progress with Time (Spearman’s rho 0.88; p < 0.05) and Instrument Handling with Path Length (Spearman’s rho 0.8; p < 0.05). Smoothness correlated with Respect for Tissue in Rater 1 (rho 0.68) but not Rater 2 (rho 0.18). Mean GRS showed stronger inter‐rater agreement than individual scale components (ICC 0.68). Correlation coefficients with actual experience group were 0.58–0.74 for mean GRS score and 0.67–0.78 for metrics (Spearman’s rho, p < 0.05).ConclusionsMetrics correlate well with GRS assessment, supporting concurrent validity. Metrics predict experience level as accurately as global rating and are construct valid. Hybrid simulators could provide resource‐efficient feedback, freeing trainers to concentrate on teaching.
Single Port Access Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (with video)
Authors: Bucher Pascal , Pugin François , Buchs Nicolas , Ostermann Sandrine , Charara Fadi , Morel Philippe 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackgroundSingle port access (SPA) surgery is a rapidly evolving field due to the complexity of NOTES (natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery). SPA combines the cosmetic advantage of NOTES and possibility to perform surgical procedure with standard laparoscopic instruments. We report a technique of umbilical SPA cholecystectomy using standard laparoscopic instruments and complying with conventional surgical principle and technique of minimally invasive cholecystectomy.MethodsPreliminary, prospective experience of SPA cholecystectomy in 11 patients (median age, 46 (range, 27–63) years) scheduled for cholecystectomy was evaluated. Diagnoses for cholecystectomy were: symptomatic gallbladder lithiasis (n = 7), previous acute cholecystitis (n = 3), and biliary pancreatitis (n = 1).ResultsSPA cholecystectomy was feasible in all patients (median body mass index, 24 (range, 20–34) kg/m2) who were scheduled for preliminary experience using conventional laparoscopic instruments. Median operative time was 52 (range, 40–77) minutes. Intraoperative cholangiography was performed in all patients, except one, and was considered normal. No peroperative or postoperative complications were recorded. Median hospital stay was less than 24 h.ConclusionsSPA cholecystectomy is feasible and seems to be safe when performed by experienced laparoscopic surgeons using standard laparoscopic instrumentation. SPA cholecystectomy may be safer than the NOTES approach at this time. It has to be determined whether this approach would benefit patients, other than cosmesis, compared with standard laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Prospective treatment of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis with cholic acid therapy
Authors: Pierre Germaine , Setchell Kenneth , Blyth Jacqueline , Preece Mary Anne , Chakrapani Anupam , McKiernan Patrick 
Published: January 2009

SummaryCerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) OMIM#213700 is a rare disorder of bile acid synthesis caused by deficiency of the enzyme sterol 27‐hydroxylase. It results in deficiency of bile acids and accumulation of abnormal bile alcohols and accelerated cholesterol synthesis. CTX usually presents in the second or third decade with slowly progressive neurological dysfunction, cerebellar ataxia and premature atherosclerosis. Treatment with bile acid supplementation improves but does not completely reverse the neurological signs and symptoms. However, CTX is now known to be associated with a period of neonatal cholestasis. If it is diagnosed at this point, treatment may prevent the onset of neurological problems. We present the case histories and developmental findings in two affected siblings treated from infancy. We plan to continue regular neurodevelopmental reviews.
Activity loss is associated with cognitive decline in age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Rovner Barry W. , Casten Robin J. , Leiby Benjamin E. , Tasman William S. 
Published: December 2008

Background/MethodsThe objective of this study was to determine whether relinquishing cognitive, physical, and social activities is associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline in patients with age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). We conducted a 3‐year longitudinal study of 206 nondemented patients with AMD.ResultsTwenty‐three subjects (14.4%) declined cognitively. Age, sex, education, decline in visual acuity, and number of dropped activities were associated with cognitive decline; each additional dropped activity increased the risk by 58%. Subjects who relinquished three activities were 3.87 times (95% confidence interval, 1.95–7.76) more likely to become demented than subjects who relinquished no activities; those who relinquished five activities were 9.54 times (95% confidence interval, 3.05–30.43) more likely. A multivariate model demonstrated that number of dropped activities was a powerful predictor of cognitive decline after controlling for relevant risk factors, particularly for subjects younger than 80 years of age.ConclusionsRelinquishing valued activities is associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline in older patients with vision loss caused by AMD. These data suggest the importance of promoting optimal cognitive and physical health in patients with AMD and perhaps other chronic diseases.
The Influence of Leyden on Botany in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Stearn William T. 
Published: January 2009

SynopsisThe University of Leyden was founded in 1575 as the reward of the city's endurance of the Spanish siege in 1574. Its influence on botany in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is part of its far-reaching influence during this period on medicine, to which botany was then ancillary. In this it was the successor of Montpellier and Padua. The first university founded after the Reformation to practise and maintain religious tolerance towards its students, Leyden became the great international university of Europe, drawing students from Scandinavia, Germany, Switzerland and France, from all parts of the British Isles and the British American colonies (roughly 4,000 English-speaking students between 1600 and 1750) and even from Barbados, Jamaica and Constantinople. It offered facilities for higher education then denied, for example, to dissenters in England or else not available, as in Scandinavia. Owing to this religious tolerance in an age of intolerance and also to the personal eminence of a succession of professors, its influence spread widely. Directly and indirectly, Leyden made its greatest contribution to botany and medicine through the work and personality of Herman Boerhaave (1668–1738) and led to the founding or restoration of botanic gardens at Edinburgh, Göttingen, Uppsala and Vienna. Beginning with Clusius, its influence upon botany may be traced through Hermann and Boerhaave to Haller, Linnaeus, Lettsom and others. No other university has a more sustained and continuous record of service to botany and medicine during these two centuries than Leyden. This paper also touches upon the history of other universities.
Mercator's Kinckhuysen - Translation in the Bodleian Library at Oxford
Authors: Scriba Christoph J. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryIn 1661 Gerard Kinckhuysen published at Haerlem an introduction to algebra written in Dutch. Because of the clarity and compactness of its presentation it was considered suitable for dissemination to a wider class of readers than those able to read Low Dutch. Nicolaus Mercator, a wellknown mathematician of German origin, who had come to England as a young man in the later 1650s, was asked by Lord Brouncker to prepare a Latin translation of it. To this Isaac Newton, at the request of Isaac Barrow and John Collins, added explanatory notes and comments, and the manuscript was sent to Collins in London on 11 July 1670. Newton's draft, though still unpublished, is preserved, but Mercator's original translation was believed to have been lost. Only recently I rediscovered it in the Bodleian in a bound volume deriving from the estate of the Oxford mathematician John Wallis, which contains several books and pamphlets once in his possession.This article is divided into four sections:I. A survey of Kinckhuysen's Algebra ofte Stel-konst.II. A summary of Newton's notes and additions to it.III. An account of the unsuccessful efforts of Collins and Newton to publish the Mercator translation, enlarged with Newton's comments—this is abstracted from Collins' correspondence with Newton, Wallis and Gregory.IV. A description of the volume now in the Bodleian Library, press-marked ‘Savile G. 20’, which has Mercator's translation interleaved with the printed Dutch original and bound with other books once owned by Wallis.
Holy land, holy language: A study of an Ultraorthodox Jewish ideology
Authors: Glinert Lewis , Shilhav Yosseph 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThis study explores the correlation between notions of language and territory in the ideology of a present-day Ultraorthodox Jewish group, the Hasidim of Satmar, in the context of Jewish Ultraorthodoxy (Haredism) in general. This involves the present-day role of Yiddish vis-à-vis Hebrew, particularly in Israel. We first address the relative sanctity of a space that accommodates a closed Haredi lifestyle and of a language in which it is expressed, then contrast this with the absolute sanctity of the land of Israel and the language of Scripture both in their intensional (positive) and in their extensional (negative) dimensions, and finally examine the quasi-absolute sanctity with which the Yiddish language and Jewish habitat of Eastern Europe have been invested. Our conclusion is that three such cases of a parallel between linguistic and territorial ideology point to an intrinsic link. Indeed, the correlation of language and territory on the plane of quasi-absolute sanctity betokens an ongoing, active ideological tie, rather than a set of worn, petrified values evoking mere lip-service. These notions of quasi-sanctity find many echoes in reality: in the use of Yiddish and in the creation of a surrogate Eastern European lifestyle in the Haredi “ghettos.” (Cultural geography, sociolinguistics, Judaism, Hasidism, religion, Israel, sociology of language, Yiddish, sacred land, Hebrew, territory)
The Impact of church affiliation on language use in Kwara'ae (Solomon Islands)
Authors: Watson-Gegeo Karen Ann , Gegeo David Welchman 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTChristian churches are central to modern social and political organization in the Pacific islands, yet little research has been conducted on their role in intrasocietal diversity in language attitudes and use. We examine church affiliation and its impact on language use, identity, and change among Kwara'ae speakers in the Solomon Islands, where intense competition for converts and the association of particular churches with modernization and development is having a significant impact on language choice and change. We show that members of different sects signal their separate identities not only through linguistic code but also through discourse patterns and nonverbal aspects of communication. The characteristics we identify are illustrated in transcripts from four speakers, and the social outcomes of these characteristics is discussed. (Ethnography of speaking, discourse analysis, nonverbal communication, language change, language attitudes, Melanesia, Solomon Islands)
Individual style in an American pubic opinion survey: Personal performance and the ideology of referentiality
Authors: Johnstone Barbara 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThe anonymous telephone public opinion survey is supposed to be invariant. Interviewers' individual linguistic styles are supposed to be suppressed. However, transcripts of interviews show that no two interviewers perform the task alike. Interviewers make changes in the scripted introduction and add unscripted answer-acknowledgments and commentary throughout the interviews, the effect of which is to point up their identities as individuals rather than merely fillers of the interviewer role. Much of the deviation can be explained by the heightened requirement for politeness in the “cold call,” for Americans one of the most egregious of interactional impositions. But no two interviewers fulfill this requirement in quite the same way. This may be because Americans value individuality in discourse, so that in order to be polite it is necessary to perform a differentiated, individual self. Such an understanding of personhood, and its linguistic ramifications, conflicts with the positivistic understanding of language on which survey research is based. In light of the amount of individual variation where one might not expect to find it, I suggest that linguists focus attention on the individual voice. (Individual variation, individual voice, interviewing, public opinion polls, survey research, politeness)
Emergent Name-Writing Abilities of Preschool-Age Children With Language Impairment
Authors: Cabell Sonia Q. , Justice Laura M. , Zucker Tricia A. , McGinty Anita S. 
Published: January 2009

Purpose
The 2 studies reported in this manuscript collectively address 3 aims: (a) to characterize the name-writing abilities of preschool-age children with language impairment (LI), (b) to identify those emergent literacy skills that are concurrently associated with name-writing abilities, and (c) to compare the name-writing abilities of children with LI to those of their typical language (TL) peers.

Method

Fifty-nine preschool-age children with LI were administered a battery of emergent literacy and language assessments, including a task in which the children were asked to write their first names. A subset of these children (
n
= 23) was then compared to a TL-matched sample to characterize performance differences.

Results
Results showed that the name-writing abilities of preschoolers with LI were associated with skills in alphabet knowledge and print concepts. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that only alphabet knowledge uniquely contributed to the variance in concurrent name-writing abilities. In the matched comparison, the TL group demonstrated significantly more advanced name-writing representations than the LI group.

Conclusions
Children with LI lag significantly behind their TL peers in name-writing abilities. Speech-language pathologists are encouraged to address the print-related skills of children with LI within their clinical interventions.
A parting look at the National Register
Authors: Barisch Sylvia 
Published: December 2008

Physicists and astronomers, according to the 1970 National Register of Scientific and Technical Personnel
▸ earned a median salary of $15 900; $1900 higher than they earned two years earlier and $900 higher than the median for all scientists.
▸ had an unemployment rate, in early 1970, of 2.1%, compared with 1.6% for all scientists and 1.0% at the time of the previous (1968) Register. Unemployment was substantially lower for those with PhD's than for those who stopped with a master's.
▸ continue to work for educational institutions more than for any other kind of employer, and work at research and development more than at any other kind of activity.
Corrections
Authors: Finkelstein David 
Published: December 2008

Following are corrections I have received to my review of Pimenov's book (April 1972):
Einstein did not find differential geometry “ready for him.” He had reinvented half of it before hearing of its existence.
Signals may propagate in Pimenov's semi-Riemannian spaces with arbitrarily high velocity, never “instantaneously.”
The index for which “the work pleads” was present in the original Russian.
Pimenov's imprisonment is not the result of any publication but merely of preliminaries to publication.