bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural and metamorphic evolution of the Nanga Parbat syntaxis, Pakistan Himalayas, on the Indus gorge transect: The importance of early events
Authors: Wheeler J. , Treloar P. J. , Potts G. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractField relationships are as important as radiometric age data for unravelling the history of polycyclic metamorphic regions. Field and petrographic data were used to investigate such a region, the Nanga Parbat syntaxis ‐ a major N‐trending transverse structure in the Pakistan Himalayas. Continental rocks of the Indian plate are exposed in the core of this structure due to uplift relative to the surrounding and structurally higher amphibolites of the overthrust Kohistan Island Arc. In the Indus gorge, the Indian plate gneisses are migmatitic, highly deformed and cut by Himalayan granite sheets. Field relationships show that the migmatization pre‐dates the emplacement of a suite of basic intrusive sheets (now amphibolites) which are themselves unlikely to be Himalayan; these amphibolite sheets are cut by the Himalayan granite sheets. There is therefore no genetic link between the granites and the migmatization: the latter might be Precambrian. During the pre‐Himalayan evolution, an eastern group of metapelitic migmatites underwent biotite dehydration melting at granulite facies conditions, leading to the development of assemblages with garnet, orthoclase and kyanite. Melt was not completely lost and back‐reacted during cooling to give biotite‐kyanite coronas around garnets. A western group of orthogneisses is characterized by foliated muscovite and biotite; orthoclase is never found with either garnet or aluminium silicate. In this second group, partial melting and small‐scale segregation gave rise to the migmatitic appearance, but melt was not lost and back‐reacted fully to regenerate the micas.The migmatites and basic sheets were strongly deformed at amphibolite facies during Himalayan collision, producing LS tectonites, mylonitic in places. This strong fabric was then tightly folded on large scale. The NNE trending fold is slightly oblique to the earlier N‐S stretching lineation; this has been reoriented on the steep limbs, but its plunge remains shallow. No new fabric is seen associated with this folding. On the western margin, steeply plunging lineations are associated with shear bands in gneisses, indicating relative uplift of the syntaxis. In contrast, on the steep eastern margin, relative uplift of the syntaxis appears to have been due to rotation without the development of new fabrics. There is no evidence for further melting during this Himalayan evolution, so the granite sheets cannot have been derived locally. This study highlights the importance of distinguishing pre‐Himalayan and Himalayan events in this polymetamorphic region, and the usefulness of field relationships in addition to geochronological constraints in such a task.
Formation of gneisses of migmatite and diatexite appearance in Yell, Shetland, by solid‐state grain‐growth recrystallization
Authors: Flinn Derek 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe island of Yell in the north of Shetland is largely formed of rocks which have been correlated with the Glenfinnan/ Loch Eil Division of the Moine in mainland Scotland. The rocks forming Yell are dominantly granoblastic to schistose quartzo‐feldspathic psammitic rocks of greywacke composition. Over about a third of Yell these rocks have been transformed partially or completely to gneisses by a recrystallization, which results in a trebling, or more, of the grain size of the psammites, together with the loss of sedimentary lamination, banding and bedding‐like partings. The end result for mica‐poor granofels is a granoblastic gneiss of diatexite appearance, recognizable as a paragneiss due to its gradation to unaltered metasedimentary rocks. Mica‐rich granofels and mica schists interbedded or interbanded with the granofels also recrystallize and develop quartzo‐feldspathic leucosomes of typical migmatitic appearance. This gneissification by recrystallization takes place in a patchy and unpredictable manner throughout the psammite outcrop. The gneissified and the ungneissified metasediments are of similar bulk composition and metamorphic grade throughout the island, the grade being too low for melting to have occurred. In the absence of any published mechanisms of gneissification which could explain all these features, it is suggested that the grain‐growth recrystallization was caused by the pasage of a fluid through the rocks.
fMRI analysis for motor paradigms using EMG‐based designs: A validation study
Authors: van Rootselaar Anne‐Fleur , Renken Remco , de Jong Bauke M. , Hoogduin Johannes M. , Tijssen Marina A.J. , Maurits Natasha M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe goal of the present validation study is to show that continuous surface EMG recorded simultaneously with 3T fMRI can be used to identify local brain activity related to (1) motor tasks, and to (2) muscle activity independently of a specific motor task, i.e. spontaneous (abnormal) movements. Five healthy participants performed a motor task, consisting of posture (low EMG power), and slow (medium EMG power) and fast (high EMG power) wrist flexion–extension movements. Brain activation maps derived from a conventional block design analysis (block‐only design) were compared with brain activation maps derived using EMG‐based regressors: (1) using the continuous EMG power as a single regressor of interest (EMG‐only design) to relate motor performance and brain activity, and (2) using EMG power variability as an additional regressor in the fMRI block design analysis to relate movement variability and brain activity (mathematically) independent of the motor task. The agreement between the identified brain areas for the block‐only design and the EMG‐only design was excellent for all participants. Additionally, we showed that EMG power variability correlated well with activity in brain areas known to be involved in movement modulation. These innovative EMG‐fMRI analysis techniques will allow the application of novel motor paradigms. This is an important step forward in the study of both the normally functioning motor system and the pathophysiological mechanisms in movement disorders. Hum Brain Mapp, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Taxane‐based chemoirradiation for organ preservation with locally advanced head and neck cancer: Results of a phase II multi‐institutional trial
Authors: Cmelak Anthony J. , Murphy Barbara A. , Burkey Brian , Douglas Stacy , Shyr Yu , Netterville James 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground.The optimal drug schedule and sequencing of chemotherapy and radiation for organ preservation in head and neck cancer has yet to be determined. We undertook a phase II trial of a taxane‐based induction chemotherapy (ICT) followed by a taxane‐based concurrent chemoradiation (CCR) regimen in patients with resectable stage III or IV disease to determine the feasibility, toxicity, and overall efficacy.Methods.Forty‐four patients with laryngeal or tongue base carcinomas were enrolled. All patients received 3 cycles of chemotherapy with paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 and carboplatin AUC (area under the curve) 6–7.5 over 30 minutes on days 1, 22, and 43. Responding patients went on to receive radiation (70 Gy/7 weeks) with cisplatin 75 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 22, and 43 and weekly paclitaxel 30 mg/m2 IV (n = 22). Because of hematologic toxicity, the concurrent regimen was changed to weekly carboplatin AUC 1 plus weekly paclitaxel 30 mg/m2 (n = 22).Results.Twenty‐three patients with stage III and 21 patients with stage IV disease were enrolled. Median follow‐up was 3.7 years. Acute toxicity of concurrent cisplatin and paclitaxel was excessive, with significant hematologic toxicity and 2 toxic deaths. Acute toxicities of concurrent carboplatin and paclitaxel were tolerable. No patients required permanent percutaneous gastrostomy tubes. The organ preservation rate was 83% (toxic deaths considered failures). Of 42 evaluable patients, 20 patients had complete responses (48%), 17 partial responses (41%), 3 minor responses (11%), 1 stable disease (2%), and 1 progressive disease (2%). Two‐year local control, relapse‐free survival, and overall survival were 82%, 77%, and 71%, respectively.Conclusion.There were no significant differences in relapse‐free survival or organ preservation rates between concurrent regimens. Platinum and paclitaxel‐based CCR is feasible after ICT and provides a high rate of organ preservation. Substitution of concurrent cisplatin to weekly carboplatin with paclitaxel and radiation has an improved toxicity profile. The ease of administration and low toxicity make this a regimen that is practical for use in the community setting. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2007
The hippocampus plays a critical role at encoding discontiguous events for subsequent declarative memory expression in mice
Authors: Mingaud Frédérique , Le Moine Catherine , Etchamendy Nicole , Mormède Cécile , Jaffard Robert , Marighetto Aline 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe hypothesis that hippocampal activity at encoding is causally related to subsequent declarative memory expression is tested in the mouse, by using lidocaine inactivation of the hippocampus in combination with c‐fos neuroimaging analysis. We employed a two‐stage radial maze paradigm of spatial discrimination, which was previously shown to dissociate between declarative and nondeclarative expression of memory related to the same acquired material. In Stage 1 (encoding), mice learnt the constant location of food among a set of six arms (three baited, three unbaited) by being submitted repeatedly to discontiguous experiences with each arm separately (“go/no‐go” discrimination). In Stage 2 (test‐session), they are challenged with novel presentations of the arms, which are either combined into pairs of opposite valence (“two‐choice” discrimination), or opened all six together (“six‐choice” discrimination). Previous experiments have demonstrated that the “two‐choice” situation is a critical test for declarative memory while “six‐choice” discrimination may rely on procedural memory. We observed that (i) hippocampal activity measured by c‐fos mRNA expression was increased by “go/no‐go” learning, and this activation was blocked by pre‐training local infusions of lidocaine; (ii) when performed just before each session of Stage 1, such inactivation spared the acquisition of “go/no‐go” discrimination but produced, subsequently, a selective deficit in the “two‐choice” test (not in the “six‐choice” test). This study indicates that the hippocampus is “spontaneously” engaged in encoding processes necessary for long‐term storage of discontiguous experiences under a form enabling flexible declarative memory expression. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HPV16‐E6 mRNA is superior to cytokeratin 19 mRNA as a molecular marker for the detection of disseminated tumour cells in sentinel lymph nodes of patients with cervical cancer by quantitative reverse‐transcription PCR
Authors: Häfner Norman , Gajda Mieczyslaw , Altgassen Christopher , Hertel Hermann , Greinke Christiane , Hillemanns Peter , Schneider Achim , Dürst Matthias 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAbout 10–15% of patients with cervical cancer suffer from recurrence despite histologically negative lymph nodes (pN0). Occult micrometastases or small tumour cell clusters may contribute to disease outcome. The aim of this study was to compare at the RNA level 2 known tumour‐associated genes, HPV16‐E6 and cytokeratin 19 (CK19), as molecular markers for the detection of disseminated tumour cells. Real‐time reverse transcription PCR technology was used to quantify gene expression in histologically positive and negative sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) from 70 patients with cervical cancer. Lymph nodes from noncancer patients were used as controls. Calculated copy numbers were normalised to the geometric average of the most stable housekeeping genes. We observed a good correlation (R = 0.915) between the expression of both markers in SLN with histologically confirmed metastases. However, marker gene expression differed considerably in histologically negative nodes: CK19 transcripts were detected in 90 of 112 SLN (80.4%), whereas only 38 nodes (33.9%) were positive for HPV16 E6 mRNA. In particular, 62 of 74 SLN, which were negative by histology, and HPV16 E6 mRNA expressed CK19 mRNA. Moreover, 8 of 10 lymph nodes from noncancer patients expressed CK19 mRNA. Systematic errors due to RNA degradation or incomplete cDNA could be ruled out. It is concluded that HPV16 E6 mRNA is more specific and more sensitive for the detection of tumour cells in SLN than CK19 mRNA. The specificity of CK19 is limited because of low level expression in uninvolved pelvic lymph nodes. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging of Vx‐2 rabbit tumors with ανβ3‐integrin‐targeted 111In nanoparticles
Authors: Hu Grace , Lijowski Michal , Zhang Huiying , Partlow Kathryn C. , Caruthers Shelton D. , Kiefer Garry , Gulyas Gyongyi , Athey Phillip , Scott Michael J. , Wickline Samuel A. , Lanza Gregory M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEarlier tumor detection can improve 5‐year survival of patients, particularly among those presenting with cancers less than 1 cm in diameter. ανβ3‐Targeted 111In nanoparticles (NP) were developed and studied for detection of tumor angiogenesis. Studies were conducted in New Zealand white rabbits implanted 12 days earlier with Vx‐2 tumor. ανβ3‐Targeted 111In/NP bearing ∼10 111In/NP vs. ∼1 111In/NP nuclide payloads were compared to nontargeted radiolabeled control particles. In vivo competitive binding studies were used to assess ligand‐targeting specificity. ανβ3‐Integrin‐targeted NP with ∼10 111In/NP provided better (p < 0.05) tumor‐to‐muscle ratio contrast (6.3 ± 0.2) than ∼1 111In/NP (5.1 ± 0.1) or nontargeted particles with ∼10 111In/NP (3.7 ± 0.1) over the initial 2‐hr postinjection. At 18 hr, mean tumor activity in rabbits receiving ανβ3‐integrin‐targeted NP was 4‐fold higher than the nontargeted control. Specificity of the NP for the tumor neovasculature was supported by in vivo competition studies and by fluorescence microscopy of ανβ3‐targeted fluorescent‐labeled NP. Biodistribution studies revealed that the primary clearance organ in rabbits as a %ID/g tissue was the spleen. Circulatory half‐life (t1/2β) was estimated to be ∼5 hr using a 2‐compartment model. ανβ3‐Targeted 111In perfluorocarbon NP may provide a clinically useful tool for sensitively detecting angiogenesis in nascent tumors, particularly in combination with secondary high‐resolution imaging modalities, such as MRI. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
‘Irrational exuberance’ and capital flows for the US New Economy: a simple global model
Authors: Miller Marcus , Castrén Olli , Zhang Lei 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn a stylized and analytically tractable model of the global economy, we first calculate the Pareto improvement when a country experiencing a favourable supply side shock consumes more against expected future output and spreads the risk by selling shares. With capital inflows to finance the ‘New Economy’ significantly exceeding the current account deficit, we then show that selling shares globally at inflated prices—due to ‘irrational exuberance’ and/or distorted corporate incentives—can generate significant international transfers when the asset bubble bursts. Our analysis complements econometric studies showing how much the European economy was affected when the US asset boom ended. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of the mycotoxin citrinin on micronucleus formation in a cytokinesis‐block genotoxicity assay in cultured human lymphocytes
Authors: Dönmez‐Altuntas Hamiyet , Dumlupinar Gülcan , Imamoglu Nalan , Hamurcu Zuhal , Liman Bilal Cem 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSome mycotoxins produced by microfungi are capable of causing disease and death in animals and humans. In the present study, the mycotoxin citrinin (CTN) was evaluated for its genotoxic effects to human peripheral blood lymphocytes from six different individuals. Lymphocyte cultures were treated for 48 h with CTN at six different concentrations between 10 and 100 µm. Lymphocyte cultures were also incubated with 0.1 µm mitomycin c (MMC) as a positive control, and 0.5% absolute ethanol as a vehicle control.CTN caused a significant concentration‐dependent increase in micronucleus (MN) frequency in human lymphocytes. At the 60 µm, 80 µm and 100 µm concentrations, CTN was found to induce MN in cytokinesis‐blocked lymphocytes in comparison with negative controls (P = 0.014). All the CTN concentrations also led to a clear decrease in the percentages of binucleated/mononucleated cells (P = 0.014). These results indicate that CTN at high concentrations is genotoxic in cultured human lymphocytes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects on gingival cells of hydroxyapatite immobilized on poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol)
Authors: Matsumura Kazuaki , Hyon Suong‐Hyu , Nakajima Naoki , Tsutsumi Sadami 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHydroxyapatite was immobilized on poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol) (EVA) by alternate soaking in aqueous CaCl2 and Na2HPO4 solutions, followed by carboxyl groups introduction through ozone exposure in order to investigate the nature of the gingival cells, to control their proliferation and properties and to develop a highly organized hybrid implant possessing periodontium. Human gingival cells were cultured on the ozone‐exposed EVA, collagen‐immobilized EVA, hydroxyapatite‐immobilized EVA, and a conventional tissue culture dish. Cell proliferation was highest on the tissue culture dish and lowest on the hydroxyapatite‐immobilized EVA. The results of RT‐PCR of gingival cells on hydroxyapatite‐immobilized EVA shows that mRNAs expressed in bone and periodontal ligament were determined. Furthermore, alkaline phosphatase activity and ELISA assay revealed that gingival cells acquired the osteoblastic properties when cultured on hydroxyapatite‐immobilized EVA, suggesting that the periodontium might be regenerated around implants using gingival cells. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Fabrication and characterization of contact lenses bearing surface‐immobilized layers of intact liposomes
Authors: Danion Anne , Brochu Heïdi , Martin Yves , Vermette Patrick 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIntact liposomes were immobilized onto soft contact lenses. In the first step, polyethylenimine was covalently bounded onto the hydroxyl groups available on the surface of a commercial contact lens (Hioxifilcon B). Then, NHS‐PEG‐biotin molecules were bounded onto the surface amine groups by carbodiimide chemistry. NeutrAvidin were bounded onto the PEG‐biotin layer. Liposomes containing PEG‐biotinylated lipids were docked onto the surface‐immobilized NeutrAvidin. Consecutive addition of further NeutrAvidin and liposome layers enabled fabrication of multilayers. Multilayers of liposomes were also produced by exposing contact lenses coated with NeutrAvidin to liposome aggregates produced by the addition of free biotin in solution. XPS revealed the immobilization of the different layers. By blocking with excess biotin surface‐immobilized NeutrAvidin on contact lenses bearing PEG‐biotin layers produced under cloud point conditions, ELISA showed that the docking of NeutrAvidin was dependent on biotin–NeutrAvidin affinity binding, with little evidence for nonspecific physisorption; however, it was not possible to differentiate specific versus nonspecific binding of NeutrAvidin attached onto PEG‐biotin layers grafted without cloud point conditions. AFM imaging revealed liposome sizes of 106 and 155 nm for layers of liposomes produced (i) by the consecutive addition of further NeutrAvidin and liposomes and (ii) by the exposure of NeutrAvidin‐coated contact lenses to liposome aggregates, respectively. The release kinetics of a fluorescent dye demonstrated that intact liposomes had been immobilized onto contact lens surfaces. The stability of surface‐immobilized liposomes onto contact lens surfaces showed temperature dependence. Surface‐bound liposomes can be stored up to 1 month at 4°C with little release of their content. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein‐α is down‐regulated by toll‐like receptor agonists in microglial cells
Authors: Ejarque‐Ortiz Aroa , Tusell Josep M. , Serratosa Joan , Saura Josep 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein‐α (C/EBPα) can regulate the expression of important genes in the inflammatory response, but little is known about its role in glial activation. By using primary cortical murine glial cultures, we show that C/EBPα is expressed by microglial cells in vitro. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) down‐regulates C/EBPα mRNA at 2 hr and all C/EBPα protein isoforms at 4 hr. This effect is elicited by LPS concentrations ≥100 pg/ml. LPS‐induced C/EBPα down‐regulation occurs in microglial cells both in mixed glial and in microglial‐enriched cultures. As seen with LPS, other toll‐like receptor agonists (polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid, peptidoglycan from Staphylococcus aureus, and the oligonucleotide CpG1668) also down‐regulate C/EBPα whereas cytokines such as interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6, macrophage‐colony stimulating factor, and interferon‐γ do not. These findings suggest that C/EBPα down‐regulation in activated microglia could play an important role in the increased expression of genes that are potentially pathogenic in a variety of neurological disorders. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A multiproxy climate record from a raised bog in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland: a critical examination of the link between bog surface wetness and solar variability
Authors: Swindles Graeme T. , Plunkett Gill , Roe Helen M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA proxy climate record from a raised bog in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland, is presented. The record spans the interval between 2850 cal. yr BC and cal. yr AD 1000 and chronological control is achieved through the use of tephrochronology and 14C dating, including a wiggle‐match on one section of the record. Palaeoclimatic inferences are based on a combination of a testate amoebae‐derived water table reconstruction, peat humification and plant macrofossil analyses. This multiproxy approach enables proxy‐specific effects to be identified. Major wet shifts are registered in the proxies at ca. 1510 cal. yr BC, 750 cal. yr BC and cal. yr AD 470. Smaller magnitude shifts to wetter conditions are also recorded at ca. 380 cal. yr BC, 150 cal. yr BC, cal. yr AD 180, and cal. yr AD 690. It is hypothesised that the wet shifts are not merely local events as they appear to be linked to wider climate deteriorations in northwest Europe. Harmonic analysis of the proxies illustrates statistically significant periodicities of 580, 423–373, 307 and 265 years that may be related to wider Holocene climate cycles. This paper illustrates how the timing of climate changes registered in peat profiles records can be precisely constrained using tephrochronology to examine possible climatic responses to solar forcing. Relying on interpolated chronologies with considerable dating uncertainty must be avoided if the climatic responses to forcing mechanisms are to be fully understood. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.