bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictive blood group genetics in hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn: a 10‐year review of a laboratory evaluation of amniotic fluid‐derived DNA
Authors: Seto Eva , Fernandes Bernard J. , Wang Chen , Denomme Gregory A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo identify the types of requests, the patterns of testing, and the error rates associated with the genetic identification of fetuses at risk for immune‐mediated hemolytic disease.MethodRetrospective review of the laboratory information system for all fetal blood group genotyping tests performed at Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada from January 1997 to December 2006.ResultsAmniotic fluid‐derived DNA, from 220 women (243 pregnancies), was tested for one or more antigens (279 tests) when the father was heterozygous for the inferred blood group antigen or was unavailable. The PCR amplification failure rate of amniotic fluid‐derived DNA was 5.0%. When the father was considered hemizygous for RHD or was not available, the fetus was positive in 68.6% and 72.7% of cases, respectively. Two amniotic fluid‐derived DNA KEL1 SSP‐PCR results did not correlate with the result determined from cultured amniocyte DNA.ConclusionsPaternal RHD hemizygosity may be overestimated. Thus, we recommend that RHD zygosity be established by molecular analysis of the RHD breakpoint. Cultured amniocytes should be reserved for testing if the amniotic fluid‐derived DNA is inconclusive due to PCR amplification failure. We use PCR‐RFLP genotyping methods for RHCE*E/RHCE*e (Rh E/e), KEL1/KEL2 (K/k), FYA/FYB (Fya/b), and JKA/JKB (Jka/b). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endoscopic laser surgery in severe second‐trimester twin‐twin transfusion syndrome: a three‐year experience from a Latin American center
Authors: Sepulveda Waldo , Wong Amy E. , Dezerega Victor , Devoto Juan C. , Alcalde Juan L. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectiveIn order to assess the outcome of pregnancies complicated by severe second trimester twin‐twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) undergoing treatment with endoscopic laser surgery, we reviewed our experience following the implementation of an institutional fetal surgery program.MethodsPatients presenting with monochorionic‐diamniotic twin pregnancies complicated by severe TTTS before 26 weeks of gestation were offered endoscopic laser surgery to coagulate placental vascular anastomoses. Using regional anesthesia and guided by real‐time sonography, anastomoses were identified and selectively coagulated. At the end of the procedure, amniodrainage was performed to restore normal amniotic fluid volume. Follow‐up and delivery were carried out at the referring institutions. Six‐month follow‐up was performed in all cases.ResultsDuring a 3‐year period from September 2003 to December 2006, 33 consecutive cases of severe TTTS were operated on at a median gestational age of 21 weeks (range 17–25). Nine (27.3%) cases were classified as stage II, 21 (63.6%) as stage III, and three (9.1%) as stage IV. The placenta was anterior or predominantly anterior in 15 (45.5%) of the cases. Overall, both twins were born alive in 16 (48.5%) cases, only one twin was born alive in 11 (33.3%), and neither was born alive in the remaining six (18.2%). Therefore, 81.8% (27 of 33) of the pregnancies resulted in at least one liveborn infant. Among them, the mean gestational age at delivery was 32 weeks (range 23–38) and the mean birthweight of the liveborn infants was 1591 g (range 350–3800). Thirty‐four infants survived the perinatal period, yielding an overall perinatal survival rate of 51.5%, with 75.8% (25 of 33) of the pregnancies resulting in at least one perinatal survivor. All neonatal deaths were associated with extreme prematurity.ConclusionsThis preliminary experience suggests that selective laser coagulation appears to be a good treatment option in cases of monochorionic twin pregnancies complicated by severe TTTS. However, technical skills and adequate equipment are required for implementing a fetal surgery program. Auditing outcomes during the learning curve would help in identifying potential problems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applying quantitative methods for detecting new drug safety signals in pharmacovigilance national database
Authors: Shalviri Gloria , Mohammad Kazem , Majdzadeh Reza , Gholami Kheirollah 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo applies three different methods of signal detection to the registered adverse events in Iranian Pharmacovigilance database over the period of 1998–2005.MethodsAll adverse drug reactions (ADRs) reported to Iranian Pharmacovigilance Center (IPC) from March 1998 through January 2005, were used for the analysis. The data were analysed based on three different signal detection methods including reporting odds ratios (RORs), information component (IC) and proportional reporting ratios (PRRs). The signals detected were categorised based on the number of reports per drug‐adverse event combination, severity of the event and labelled or unlabelled ADRs.ResultsDuring the study period, 6353 cases of ADR reports describing 11 130 reactions were received by IPC. The dataset involved 4975 drug‐adverse event combinations. The count of drug‐event combinations was 1, 2 and 3 or more for 3470, 726 and 779 combinations, respectively. According to PRRs, there were 2838, 872 and 488 drug‐event combinations known as a signal for the pairs with the reporting frequency of 1, 2 and 3 reports, respectively. The results of estimating RORs showed that 2722, 862 and 481 drug‐adverse event combinations were detected to be signal for the pairs with the reporting frequency of 1, 2 and 3 reports, respectively, while measuring IC and IC‐2SD detected 1120, 378 and 235 for the same reporting frequencies. Diclofenac‐induced paralysis and tramadol‐induced severe reactions were the most important signals.ConclusionApplying quantitative signal detection methods to the database of national pharmacovigilance centres is necessary to early detection of drug safety alerts. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discovering functions and revealing mechanisms at molecular level from biological networks
Authors: Zhang Shihua , Jin Guangxu , Zhang Xiang‐Sun , Chen Luonan 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWith the increasingly accumulated data from high‐throughput technologies, study on biomolecular networks has become one of key focuses in systems biology and bioinformatics. In particular, various types of molecular networks (e.g., protein–protein interaction (PPI) network; gene regulatory network (GRN); metabolic network (MN); gene coexpression network (GCEN)) have been extensively investigated, and those studies demonstrate great potentials to discover basic functions and to reveal essential mechanisms for various biological phenomena, by understanding biological systems not at individual component level but at a system‐wide level. Recent studies on networks have created very prolific researches on many aspects of living organisms. In this paper, we aim to review the recent developments on topics related to molecular networks in a comprehensive manner, with the special emphasis on the computational aspect. The contents of the survey cover global topological properties and local structural characteristics, network motifs, network comparison and query, detection of functional modules and network motifs, function prediction from network analysis, inferring molecular networks from biological data as well as representative databases and software tools.
Proteomic applications in ecotoxicology
Authors: Monsinjon Tiphaine , Knigge Thomas 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWithin the growing body of proteomics studies, issues addressing problems of ecotoxicology are on the rise. Generally speaking, ecotoxicology uses quantitative expression changes of distinct proteins known to be involved in toxicological responses as biomarkers. Unlike these directed approaches, proteomics examines how multiple expression changes are associated with a contamination that is suspected to be detrimental. Consequently, proteins involved in toxicological responses that have not been described previously may be revealed. Following identification of key proteins indicating exposure or effect, proteomics can potentially be employed in environmental risk assessment. To this end, bioinformatics may unveil protein patterns specific to an environmental stress that would constitute a classifier able to distinguish an exposure from a control state. The combined use of sets of marker proteins associated with a given pollution impact may prove to be more reliable, as they are based not only on a few unique markers which are measured independently, but reflect the complexity of a toxicological response. Such a proteomic pattern might also integrate some of the already established biomarkers of environmental toxicity. Proteomics applications in ecotoxicology may also comprise functional examination of known classes of proteins, such as glutathione transferases or metallothioneins, to elucidate their toxicological responses.
Analysis of protein phosphorylation on a proteome‐scale
Authors: Collins Mark O. , Yu Lu , Choudhary Jyoti S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPhosphorylation, the most intensively studied and common PTM on proteins, is a complex biological phenomenon. Its complexity manifests itself in the large numbers of proteins that attach it, remove it and recognise it as a protein code. Since the first report of protein phosphorylation on vitellin 100 years ago, a wide variety of biochemical and analytical chemical approaches have been developed to enrich and detect protein phosphorylation. The last 5 years have witnessed a renaissance in methodologies capable of characterising protein phosphorylation on a proteome‐scale. These technological advances have allowed identification of hundreds to thousands of phosphorylation sites in a proteome and have resulted in a profound paradigm shift. For the first time, using quantitative MS, the topology and significance of global phosphorylation networks may be investigated, marking a new era of cell signalling research. This review addresses recent technological advances in the purification of phosphorylated proteins and peptides and current MS‐based strategies used to qualitatively and quantitatively probe these enriched phosphoproteomes. In addition, we review the application of complementary array‐based technologies to derive signalling networks from kinase–substrate interactions and discuss future challenges in the field.
Subcellular shotgun proteomics in plants: Looking beyond the usual suspects
Authors: Haynes Paul A. , Roberts Thomas H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this review we examine the current state of analytical methods used for shotgun proteomics experiments in plants. The rapid advances in this field in recent years are discussed, and contrasted with experiments performed using current widely used procedures. We also examine the use of subcellular fractionation approaches as they apply to plant proteomics, and discuss how appropriate sample preparation can produce a great increase in proteome coverage in subsequent analysis. We conclude that the conjunction of these two techniques represents a significant advance in plant proteomics, and the future of plant biology research will continue to be enriched by the ongoing development of proteomic analytical technology.
Variation of the temperature‐dependent substituent effects with solvent in alkaline hydrolysis of substituted phenyl and alkyl benzoates and phenyl tosylates
Authors: Nummert Vilve , Piirsalu Mare , Koppel Ilmar A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe second‐order rate constantskfor the alkaline hydrolysis of eight substituted alkyl benzoates have been measured spectrophotometrically in aqueous 5.3 M NaClO4and 0.5 Mn‐Bu4NBr at various temperatures. Variation of the substituent effect with temperature in alkaline hydrolysis ofortho‐,meta‐, andpara‐substituted phenyl benzoates, phenyl tosylates, and alkyl benzoates in various solvents (water, aqueous 0.5 M Bu4NBr, 80% (v/v) DMSO, 2.25 M Bu4NBr, and 5.3 M NaClO4) was studied. The susceptibility to temperature variation of themetaandparapolar substituent effect, theorthoinductive effect, and the alkyl polar effect for various media showed good correlation with the solvent electrophilicity,ES, which characterizes the hydrogen‐bond donating power of the solvent. The variation of the temperature‐dependentorthoinductive effect with solvent hydrogen‐bond donor capacity (electrophilicity) was found to be nearly twice smaller than that formetaandparapolar effect. The temperature‐dependent alkyl polar substituent effect was found to vary withESnearly by the same extent as the polar effect ofmetaandparasubstituents. The dependences of theρvalues (altogether 109 values ofρ) on the (1/T) term for various media were found to cross nearly at the same isosolvent temperature (1/βisosolv ≈ 2 × 10−3) formeta‐,para‐,ortho‐, and alkyl‐substituted esters. AtT = βisosolvthe difference (ρ)S − (ρ)Waterbecomes zero for all polar substituent effects in all media considered and the additional inductive effect from theorthoposition (compared withparaderivatives) disappears for all solvents studied. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol)‐graft‐[poly(D,L‐lactide)/poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide)] hydrogels
Authors: Vidović Elvira , Klee Doris , Höcker Hartwig 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPoly(D,L‐lactide) and poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) with various composition and with one methacrylate and one carboxylate end group were synthesized and grafted onto poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) via the carboxylate group. The graft copolymers were crosslinked via the methacrylate groups using a free radical initiator. The polymer networks were characterized by means of NMR and studied qualitatively by means of IR spectroscopy. The influence of the glycolide content in the polyester grafts and of the number of ester units in the grafts on thermal properties and swellability were studied as well. The high swellability in water is characteristic of all hydrogels. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed a single glass transition temperature that occurs in the range between 51 and 69 °C. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the networks showed the main loss in weight in the temperature range between 290 and 370 °C. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4536–4544, 2007
High‐efficiency poly(phenylenevinylene)‐co‐fluorene copolymers incorporating a triphenylamine as the end group for white‐light‐emitting diode applications
Authors: Kuo Chao‐Hui , Cheng Wei‐Kang , Lin Kun‐Rung , Leung Man‐Kit , Hsieh Kuo‐Huang 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe have synthesized a series of PPV copolymers and investigated the relationships between their chemical structures, thermal stabilities, and optoelectronic properties. Initially, we monitored the effects of the end group and the molecular weight on the behavior of polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDs) prepared from a series of oligo(phenylenevinylene) (OPV)‐fluorene luminescent copolymers. We found that the nature of the end‐capping group was an important factor affecting the luminescence properties of devices, which were improved especially when applying a triphenylamine end group. The molecular weight mainly affected the film quality of the manufactured device; that is, it improved to a certain degree when the molecular weight increased. Based on the luminescence conversion mechanism, we used a simple spin‐coating process to fabricate a high‐efficiency LED displaying white‐light CIE 1931 (coordinates of 0.31, 0.34). The device exhibited a high current‐efficiency of 3.5 cd/A and a brightness of 973 cd/m2. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4504–4513, 2007
Synthesis and properties of various poly(diarylacetylenes) containing siloxy and hydroxy groups
Authors: Hu Yanming , Shiotsuki Masashi , Masuda Toshio 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDiarylacetylene monomers (1b−f) containing siloxy and either naphthyl, fluorenyl, or biphenyl groups were polymerized with TaCl5–n‐Bu4Sn catalyst, and 1b, 1c, and 1f provided high molecular weight polymers. Free‐standing membranes of polymers 2b, 2c, and 2f were fabricated by casting from toluene solution. Desilylation of these polymer membranes was carried out with trifluoroacetic acid to afford poly (diarylacetylenes) membranes having hydroxy groups (3b and 3c). According to thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), both siloxy‐containing and hydroxy‐containing polymers exhibited high thermal stability, and the onset temperatures of weight loss in air were ∼370 °C and ∼430 °C, respectively. The CO2 permeability coefficients of these membranes were in the range of 65–640 barrers. The points of 3b and 3c in the PCO2 versus PCO2/PCH4 plot were located above Robeson's upper bound. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4487–4495, 2007
On Depth Profiling of Polymers by Argon Ion Sputtering
Authors: Holländer Andreas , Haupt Michael , Oehr Christian 
Published: August 2007

AbstractOrganic polymers readily react after the impact of energetic ions as used in sputter depth profiling. The resulting chemical composition (elemental concentrations, structural features) is different from the original one. These alterations are observed after a short time exposure of polyethylene (PE) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The XPS data of the C1s and the O1s regions changed dramatically. Electron spin resonance measurements support the assumption that radicals are involved in the reactions. The chemical surface composition of these polymers was changed by the ion bombardment in a way that it is virtually impossible to tell anything about the original structure. The depth profile is mostly an artefact.magnified image
Observation of rapid drainage system development by thermal erosion of ice wedges on Bylot Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago
Authors: Fortier Daniel , Allard Michel , Shur Yuri 
Published: August 2007

AbstractRapid development of a new drainage system was observed on Bylot Island. A 750‐m long gully system was eroded in four years. The process was initiated by the formation of sinkholes eroded in ice wedges by runoff flowing into open frost cracks. The sinkholes evolved into underground tunnels cut in the ice‐wedge network and the ice‐rich permafrost. Widening of tunnels was followed by subsidence and collapse of their roofs and the development of open gullies. The drainage generally developed as the shortest line along the regional slope with some deviations caused by collapse of blocks of soil which temporarily obstructed the water flow. Retrogressive scarps exposed to flowing water retreated at maximum rates of up to 5 m/day for a total of 15 to 50 m during the summer. Scarps exposed to atmospheric heat and solar radiation retreated between 2.5 and 40 m over four summers with a mean of 15.5 m. Such slopes had nearly stabilised after four years with a retreat rate of only a few centimetres per year in the last year of observation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal regime of three low elevation scree slopes in central Europe
Authors: Zacharda Miloslav , Gude Martin , Růžička Vlastimil 
Published: August 2007

AbstractExternal air temperature (EAT) and the interior temperature of the talus (IT) were measured for one year at two low elevation scree slopes in the Sudeten Mountains, central Europe. Similar measurements were made at an ‘ice‐cave’ beneath a talus and supplemented by cave‐floor temperature (CGT). The year‐round interplay between EAT, IT and CGT can be subdivided into four periods: (1) winter cooling linked with ascending exhalations and downslope cool airflows; (2) spring warming linked with ice formation from meltwater refreezing between the blocks; (3) summer linked to a prolonged zero‐curtain period; (4) autumnal increases of IT at the same time as EAT decreases. The differences between EAT and IT cause continual air circulation between the scree voids. Patchy permafrost probably occurs at these scree locations in spite of mean annual air temperatures of 6.8–7.5°C. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying human disease
Authors: Bermúdez‐Crespo José , López José Luis 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis review summarises and discusses the degree to which proteomics is contributing to medical care, providing examples and signspots for future directions. Why do genomic approaches provide a limited view of gene expression? Because of the multifactorial nature of many diseases, proteomics enables us to understand the molecular basis of disease, not only at the organism, whole‐cell or tissue levels, but also in subcellular structures, protein complexes and biological fluids. The application of proteomics in medicine is expected to have a major impact by providing an integrated view of individual disease processes. This review describes several proteomic platforms and examines the role of proteomics as a tool for clinical biomarker discovery, the identification of prognostic and earlier diagnostic markers, their use in monitoring the effects of drug treatments and eventually find more efficient and safer therapeutics for a wide range of pathologies.
Quantitative proteomics for identification of cancer biomarkers
Authors: Chaerkady Raghothama , Pandey Akhilesh 
Published: August 2007

AbstractQuantitative proteomics can be used for the identification of cancer biomarkers that could be used for early detection, serve as therapeutic targets, or monitor response to treatment. Several quantitative proteomics tools are currently available to study differential expression of proteins in samples ranging from cancer cell lines to tissues to body fluids. 2‐DE, which was classically used for proteomic profiling, has been coupled to fluorescence labeling for differential proteomics. Isotope labeling methods such as stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), isotope‐coded affinity tagging (ICAT), isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ), and 18O labeling have all been used in quantitative approaches for identification of cancer biomarkers. In addition, heavy isotope labeled peptides can be used to obtain absolute quantitative data. Most recently, label‐free methods for quantitative proteomics, which have the potential of replacing isotope‐labeling strategies, are becoming popular. Other emerging technologies such as protein microarrays have the potential for providing additional opportunities for biomarker identification. This review highlights commonly used methods for quantitative proteomic analysis and their advantages and limitations for cancer biomarker analysis.