bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Hyaluronan Receptor CD44 in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Migration in the Extracellular Matrix
Authors: Zhu Hui , Mitsuhashi Noboru , Klein Andrew , Barsky Lora W. , Weinberg Kenneth , Barr Mark L. , Demetriou Achilles , Wu Gordon D. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn a previous investigation, we demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) actively migrated to cardiac allografts and contributed to graft fibrosis and, to a lesser extent, to myocardial regeneration. The cellular/molecular mechanism responsible for MSC migration, however, is poorly understood. This paper examines the role of CD44-hyaluronan interaction in MSC migration, using a rat MSC line Ap8c3 and mouse CD44−/− or CD44+/+ bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulation of MSC Ap8c3 cells significantly increased the levels of cell surface CD44 detected by flow cytometry. The CD44 standard isoform was predominantly expressed by Ap8c3 cells, accounting for 90% of the CD44 mRNA determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Mouse CD44−/− BMSCs bonded inefficiently to hyaluronic acid (HA), whereas CD44+/+ BMSC and MSC Ap8c3 adhered strongly to HA. Adhesions of MSC Ap8c3 cells to HA were suppressed by anti-CD44 antibody and by CD44 small interfering RNA (siRNA). HA coating of the migration chamber significantly promoted passage of CD44+/+ BMSC or Ap8c3 cells, but not CD44−/− BMSCs, through the insert membranes (p &lt; .01). Migration of MSC Ap8c3 was significantly inhibited by anti-CD44 antibodies (p &lt; .01) and to a lesser extent by CD44 siRNA (p = .05). The data indicate that MSC Ap8c3 cells, in response to PDGF stimulation, express high levels of CD44 standard (CD44s) isoform, which facilitates cell migration through interaction with extracellular HA. Such a migratory mechanism could be critical for recruitment of MSCs into wound sites for the proposition of tissue regeneration, as well as for migration of fibroblast progenitors to allografts in the development of graft fibrosis.
Hematopoiesis from Human Embryonic Stem Cells: Overcoming the Immune Barrier in Stem Cell Therapies
Authors: Priddle Helen , Jones D. Rhodri E. , Burridge Paul W. , Patient Roger 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe multipotency and proliferative capacity of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) make them a promising source of stem cells for transplant therapies and of vital importance given the shortage in organ donation. Recent studies suggest some immune privilege associated with hESC-derived tissues. However, the adaptability of the immune system makes it unlikely that fully differentiated tissues will permanently evade immune rejection. One promising solution is to induce a state of immune tolerance to a hESC line using tolerogenic hematopoietic cells derived from it. This could provide acceptance of other differentiated tissues from the same line. However, this approach will require efficient multilineage hematopoiesis from hESCs. This review proposes that more efficient differentiation of hESCs to the tolerogenic cell types required is most likely to occur through applying knowledge gained of the ontogeny of complex regulatory signals used by the embryo for definitive hematopoietic development in vivo. Stepwise formation of mesoderm, induction of definitive hematopoietic stem cells, and the application of factors key to their self-renewal may improve in vitro production both quantitatively and qualitatively.
Pricing General Insurance Using Optimal Control Theory
Authors: Emms Paul , Haberman Steven 
Published: November 2005

Insurance premiums are calculated using optimal control theory by maximising the terminal wealth of an insurer under a demand law. If the insurer sets a low premium to generate exposure then profits are reduced, whereas a high premium leads to reduced demand. A continuous stochastic model is developed, which generalises the deterministic discrete model of Taylor (1986). An attractive simplification of this model is that existing policyholders should pay the premium rate currently set by the insurer. It is shown that this assumption leads to a bang-bang optimal premium strategy, which cannot be optimal for the insurer in realistic applications.The model is then modified by introducing an accrued premium rate representing the accumulated premium rates received from existing and new customers. Policyholders pay the premium rate in force at the start of their contract and pay this rate for the duration of the policy. It is shown that, for two demand functions, an optimal premium strategy is well-defined and smooth for certain parameter choices. It is shown for a linear demand function that these strategies yield the optimal dynamic premium if the market average premium is lognormally distributed.
Elasticity of Solids with a Large Concentration of Point Defects
Authors: Greenberg M. , Wachtel E. , Lubomirsky I. , Fleig J. , Maier J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe elastic behavior of solids with a large concentration of interacting point defects has been analyzed. The analysis predicts that, in such solids, mechanical stress may be partially relieved by a shift in the association/dissociation equilibrium of the point defects. Association/dissociation of the point defects in response to an external stress will proceed until the decrease in elastic energy is balanced by the increased chemical energy of the defect distribution. The resulting change in the linear dimensions may be called “chemical strain”, in analogy to the previously studied “chemical stress”. A solid in which chemical strain may develop in response to external stress should exhibit two distinct Young's moduli: relaxed, on a time scale which allows the defects to reach equilibrium; and unrelaxed, on a time scale which is too short for the defect equilibrium to be established. Our analysis suggests that materials exhibiting the chemical‐strain effect are capable of reversible adaptation to external mechanical constraints. Measurements on a self‐supported film of Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 strongly support the theoretical predictions.
Microfluidics for Processing Surfaces and Miniaturizing Biological Assays
Authors: Delamarche E. , Juncker D. , Schmid H. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis review is an account of our efforts to develop a versatile and flexible microfluidic technology for surface‐processing applications and miniaturizing biological assays. The review is presented in the context of current trends in microfluidic technology and addresses some of the major challenges for confining chemical and biochemical processes on surfaces: the sealing of a microchannel with a surface, the world‐to‐chip interface, the displacement of liquids in small conduits, the sequential delivery of multiple solutions, the accurate patterning of surfaces, the coincident detection of various analytes, and the detection of analytes in a small and dilute sample. Our solutions to these problems include the use of reversible sealing, capillary phenomena for powering and controlling liquid transport, and non‐contact microfluidics for spotting and drawing (on surfaces) with flow conditions. These solutions offer many advantages over conventional techniques for handling minute amounts of liquids and may find applications in lithography, biopatterning (e.g., the patterning of biomolecules), diagnostics, drug discovery, and also cellular assays.
Antibacterial and antifungal ferrocene incorporated dithiothione and dithioketone compounds
Authors: Chohan Zahid H. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractTwo antibacterial and antifungal ferrocene incorporated compounds have been synthesized, characterized and screened for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Bacillus cereus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes bacterial strains and for in vitro antifungal activity against Trichophyton longifusus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Microsporum canis, Fusarium solani and Candida glaberata. Results show that these compounds have significant activity against tested bacterial and fungal strains and thus introduce a novel class of ferrocene incorporating antibacterial and antifungal compounds. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building interoperable vocabulary and structures for learning objects
Authors: Qin Jian , Hernández Naybell 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe structural, functional, and production views on learning objects influence metadata structure and vocabulary. The authors drew on these views and conducted a literature review and in‐depth analysis of 14 learning objects and over 500 components in these learning objects to model the knowledge framework for a learning object ontology. The learning object ontology reported in this article consists of 8 top‐level classes, 28 classes at the second level, and 34 at the third level. Except class Learning object, all other classes have the three properties of preferred term, related term, and synonym. To validate the ontology, we conducted a query log analysis that focused on discovering what terms users have used at both conceptual and word levels. The findings show that the main classes in the ontology are either conceptually or linguistically similar to the top terms in the query log data. The authors built an “Exercise Editor” as an informal experiment to test its adoption ability in authoring tools. The main contribution of this project is in the framework for the learning object domain and the methodology used to develop and validate an ontology.
Operability and early outcome in 100 consecutive laparotomies for peritoneal malignancy
Authors: Moran B J , Mukherjee A , Sexton R 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Background
Peritoneal malignancy is common at the terminal stages of many intra-abdominal neoplasms. In selected patients a novel approach of complete macroscopic tumour removal by extensive surgical cytoreduction, combined with intraperitoneal chemotherapy, provides a possibility of cure. Initial experience with 100 consecutive laparotomies is reported.

Methods
Between 1994 and 2002, 218 patients with peritoneal malignancy were referred to a specialized unit. One hundred underwent laparotomy, of whom 85 had a primary appendiceal tumour. Treatment aims were complete macroscopic tumour excision combined with intraoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

Results
Sixty-five patients had complete macroscopic tumour excision, 28 palliative major cytoreduction and seven were inoperable. The overall mortality rate was 8 per cent. The most common complications were pulmonary (25 per cent) and wound (14 per cent) infection. At a median follow-up of 30 (range 3–113) months, 44 of 51 patients with primary appendiceal tumours who had complete macroscopic cytoreduction were alive and 36 were disease free.

Conclusion
Cytoreduction combined with intraperitoneal chemotherapy is an emerging technique with promising results in selected patients with peritoneal malignancy.
Radial nerve contribution to brachialis in the UK Caucasian population: Position is predictable based on surface landmarks
Authors: Blackburn S.C. , Wood C.P.J. , Evans D.J.R. , Watt D.J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe midline of the brachialis muscle is now regarded by many surgeons as an internervous plane, between the musculocutaneous nerve supply to the medial portion and a radial nerve contribution to the lateral portion, a principle applied in anterior approaches to the humerus. The radial nerve to brachialis has been described previously in East Asian specimens (Ip and Chang, 1968, Anat Rec 162:363–371; Mahakkanukrauh and Somsarp, 2002, Clin Anat 15:206–209). We sought to investigate the occurrence and character of this nerve in the UK Caucasian population. Dissection of the musculocutaneous nerve and radial nerve was carried out in Caucasian cadaveric arms (n = 42). The radial nerve was dissected from the spiral groove to the lateral epicondyle. Where a branch to brachialis was encountered, its course and level of origin relative to the length of the arm were noted. The musculocutaneous nerve innervated the brachialis in all specimens. Upon investigation 67% of specimens were found to have a radial nerve branch to brachialis. Sixty‐one percent of these branches went straight into the muscle, 13% descended, and 26% recurred. The level of origin of the radial nerve branch to brachialis was at a mean of 23% of the distance between the lateral epicondyle and the acromion (n = 31, range 17–37%, SD = 5.3). In three specimens, two branches were observed. A radial nerve contribution to the innervation of the brachialis was present in 67% of UK Caucasian cadavers, which is less than that noted by others in East Asian specimens. The level of the origin of these branches is predictable based on surface landmarks. This fact may be of use during humeral surgery. Clin. Anat. 20:64–67, 2007. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Smoothing and transporting video in QoS IP networks
Authors: Shuaib Khaled , Lakas Abderrahmane , Sallabi Farag 
Published: November 2005

AbstractReal‐time traffic such as voice and video, when transported over the Internet, demand stringent quality of service (QoS) requirements. The current Internet as of today is still used as a best effort environment with no quality guarantees. An IP‐based Internet that supports different QoS requirements for different applications has been evolving for the past few years. Video streams are bursty in nature due to the instant variability of the video content being encoded. To help mitigate the transport of bursty video streams with minimal loss of information, rate‐adaptive shapers (RASs) are usually being used to reduce the burstiness and therefore help preserve the desired quality. When transporting video over a QoS IP network, each stream is classified under a specific traffic profile to which it must conform, to avoid packet loss and picture quality degradation. In this paper we study, evaluate and propose RASs for the transport of video over a QoS IP network. We utilize the encoding video parameters for choosing the appropriate configuration needed to support the real‐time transport of Variable Bit Rate (VBR) encoded video streams. The performance evaluation of the different RASs is based on the transport of MPEG‐4 video streams encoded as VBR. The performance is studied based on looking at the effect of various parameters associated with the RASs on the effectiveness of smoothing out the burstiness of video and minimizing the probability of packet loss. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A data link control protocol for broadband wireless networks with adaptive coding rate
Authors: Chan K. S. , Chan Sammy , Ko K. T. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractOne of the challenges of broadband wireless multimedia networks is to design a wireless data link control (W‐DLC) protocol which provides reliable data delivery over the noisy wireless link in an efficient manner. This paper presents our proposal of such a W‐DLC protocol, based on a new coding scheme called multi‐dimensional concatenated zigzag code. Both real‐time and non‐real‐time traffic can be efficiently supported by adopting different error control mechanisms. A distinct feature of the protocol is that the coding rate can be adapted to a wide range of channel conditions. Hence, our protocol utilizes the scarce wireless channel resources more efficiently. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monoamine reuptake inhibitors: highlights of recent research developments
Authors: Walter Magnus W. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractMonoamine reuptake inhibitors are in clinical use for the treatment of major psychiatric disorders. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are widely used in the treatment of depression. Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are used in the treatment of ADHD and depression. Compounds that enhance multiple monoamines appear to have synergistic effects and have been used for various indications. This review presents highlights from the literature on monoamine reuptake inhibitors published between 2000 and July 2005. It focuses on novel structure‐activity relationship studies in established classes of monoamine reuptake inhibitors and structurally novel types. Drug Dev. Res. 65:97–118, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histamine receptors as potential therapeutic targets to treat anxiety and depression
Authors: Raber Jacob 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIncreasing evidence supports a role for histamine in anxiety and depression. In most studies, histamine and stimulation of the histamine H1receptor (H1R) or blockade of the histamine H2receptor (H2R) increase measures of anxiety. In contrast, in most studies histamine reduces depression‐like activity, which might be related to effects of histamine on waking. These effects of histamine on anxiety and depression make histamine receptor ligands attractive therapeutic targets. As most studies assessing the potential of histamine receptor ligands on depression did not exclude potential effects of these ligands on locomotor activity, more studies are warranted to determine the exact role of histamine receptor subtypes in depression. The effects of histamine‐mediated signaling on anxiety and depression should also be considered in assessments of the potential of histamine H3receptor (H3R) ligands for conditions characterized by cognitive impairments as well as noncognitive behavioral impairments. Drug Dev. Res. 65:126–132, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
5‐HT2 receptors and anxiety
Authors: Bourin Michel , Nic Dhonnchadha Brid Aine 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe present overview explores the role of the 5‐HT2 receptor subtypes (5‐HT2A, 5‐HT2B, and 5HT2C) in anxiety models in animals with clinical consideration for the development of anxiolytic drugs in humans. The anxiolytic activities of the serotonin‐selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) drug paroxetine or the serotonin‐noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) drug venlafaxine, respectively, involve 5‐HT2A receptors and both 5‐HT2A and 5‐HT2B receptors. The anxiolytic‐like effects of [(±)‐1‐(2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodophenyl)‐2‐aminopropane] (DOI) in the four‐plates test and elevated plus maze test indicate a reduced serotonergic activity in the hippocampus and hypothalamus, implicating these structures in the anxiolytic‐like effects subsequent to 5‐HT2A receptor stimulation. The aim of this report was thus to evaluate further the possible involvement of the specific 5‐HT2 receptor subtypes in anxiety‐related responses by reassessing the effects of well‐known 5‐HT2 receptor agonists and antagonists and comparing them to new unfamiliar molecules. Of greater potential importance is the fact that most 5‐HT2 receptor antagonists tested are non‐selective for the 5‐HT2 receptor subtypes, displaying high affinities for 5‐HT2A, 5‐HT2B and 5‐HT2C sites. Drug Dev. Res. 65:133–140, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mood disorders and their treatment: alterations in the regulation of receptor‐G protein coupling
Authors: Schreiber Gabriel , Avissar Sofia 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBiochemical research in mood disorders has focused, along the cascade of events involved in signal transduction, from studies at the level monoamine neurotransmitters and their receptors to mechanisms beyond receptors. Growing evidence suggests that G proteins may be involved in the pathophysiology and treatment of mood disorders: (1) lithium, other antibipolar and antidepressant treatments affect G protein levels, function, and mRNA levels; (2) differential alterations exist in G proteins measures in peripheral blood elements of patients with mood disorders; (3) alterations in G proteins levels exist in postmortem tissues of patients with mood disorders; and (4) candidate G protein–encoding genes as susceptibility loci for bipolar mood disorder and depression were detected. G protein signal transduction is regulated at a proximal point: following phosphorylation by G protein–coupled receptor kinases, receptors bind to arrestins, uncoupling the receptors from G proteins; at a distal regulatory point, regulators of G protein signaling proteins act primarily as GTPase‐activating proteins. Both regulatory points have been recently found to be involved in the pathophysiology and treatment of mental disorders. It is to be hoped that an admixture of genomics, proteomics, multi‐marker, large‐scale automated measures, together with the “old” biochemical approaches, will enable the development of an objective biological differential diagnostic system for major mental disorders that will also enable monitoring and predicting response to treatments. Drug Dev. Res. 65:147–155, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein kinase C substrate activators: potential as novel antidepressants
Authors: Sun Miao‐kun , Alkon Daniel L. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractDepression and mood disorders are major public health concerns. Emerging evidence suggests that abnormal functions of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes, ubiquitous in the central nervous system, may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of major depression and mood disorders. PKC activity and expression in the brain regions that are involved in mood regulation are reduced in suicide victims and are sensitive to stress‐related damage. PKC isozyme dysfunction may contribute to mood dysfunction, while PKC activators exhibit antidepressant pharmacology. Restoration of PKC activity thus represents an important therapeutic goal in antidepressant therapy. PKC substrate activators, therefore, may have important therapeutic value for the treatment of depression, especially when fine‐tuning of selective isoform activity can be effectively achieved pharmacologically. The success of antidepressant therapy with bryostatin‐1‐like agents that act on PKC signaling cascades depends on whether such agents at their effective doses would significantly disrupt or interfere with other vital functions that rely on a narrow range of PKC activities. Drug Dev. Res. 65:156–169, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.