bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the geometry of the cubital (elbow) joint of dogs by use of magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Janach Katharina J. , Breit Sabine M. , Künzel Wolfgang W. F. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To assess joint geometry and highlight potential evidence of physiologic incongruity in cubital (elbow) joints of large, small, and chondrodystrophic breeds of dogs.
Sample Population—Nonarthritic elbow joints obtained from cadavers of mature dogs of large breeds (n = 19), small breeds (14), or chondrodystrophic breeds (8).
Procedure—Magnetic resonance imaging was used to quantify interosseous gaps at 6 defined positions and 2 sagittal planes of the humeroantebrachial region by use of a fat-suppressed 3-dimensional gradient-echo sequence.
Results—Interosseous gaps in the more medially located sagittal plane were significantly narrower at the level of the anconeal process than at any other position of the joint in large-breed dogs, compared with results for small- or chondrodystrophic-breed dogs. In both sagittal planes, the gaps were significantly wider at the center of the ulnar trochlear notch than at any other position. Significant correlation between body weight and width of the interosseous gaps was found only in large-breed dogs and was found in both sagittal planes at the center of the ulnar trochlear notch (r, 0.834 and r, 0.680, respectively).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In large-breed dogs, the interosseous gap was especially narrow at the level of the anconeal process and its diametric position. This suggests less ability to compensate intra-articular steps in dogs with short ulna syndrome, which predisposes to failure of the union between the anconeal process and olecranon. Geometric incongruity may be regarded as clinically normal in nonarthritic humeroulnar joints. The degree of geometric incongruity increases with body weight.
Effect of body position on cranial migration of epidurally injected methylene blue in recumbent dogs
Authors: Gorgi Alireza A. , Hofmeister Erik H. , Higginbotham Michael J. , Kent Marc 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine the relationship between different body positions during recumbency on the cranial migration of epidurally injected methylene blue in canine cadavers.
Sample Population—21 fresh cadavers of clinically normal adult female mixed-breed dogs.
Procedure—Dogs were randomly assigned to the following 3 groups: dogs remaining in right lateral recumbency (n = 7), dogs rotated from left to right lateral recumbency (7), and dogs rotated from dorsal to right lateral recumbency (7). Each dog received an epidural injection of 0.05% methylene blue (0.1 mL/kg) at the lumbosacral space. A dorsal laminectomy of the vertebral column was made, and cranial extent of methylene blue in 4 quadrants (right lateral, left lateral, ventral, and dorsal) was determined by examining dura mater staining.
Results—No significant difference was found among groups in regard to body weight or body condition score. Epidural cranial migration of methylene blue in the right lateral quadrant was significantly greater in dogs that remained in right lateral recumbency than in dogs that were rotated from left to right lateral recumbency. No significant difference was found within groups for epidural cranial migration of methylene blue between each quadrant. No significant relationship was found between body weight or body condition score and epidural cranial migration of methylene blue.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Body positioning and amount of recumbency time influence cranial migration of epidurally injected methylene blue. If greater cranial migration of an epidurally administered drug is desired, placing the patient in lateral recumbency with the surgical site on the dependent side may precede surgery.
Effects of preoperative epidural administration of racemic ketamine for analgesia in sheep undergoing surgery
Authors: Guedes Alonso G. P. , Pluhar G. Elizabeth , Daubs Brian M. , Rudé Elaine P. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To investigate the effects of preoperative epidural administration of racemic ketamine to provide analgesia in sheep undergoing experimental hind limb orthopedic surgery.
Animals—12 adult sheep (weight range, 51.4 to 67.2 kg).
Procedure—Sheep were anesthetized with guaifenesin, thiopental, and isoflurane; after induction of anesthesia, sheep received a lumbosacral epidural injection of ketamine (1 mg/kg; n = 6) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (1 mL/7 kg; 6 [control group]). Respiratory and cardiovascular variables were recorded before and at intervals during and for 6 hours after anesthesia. During that 6-hour postoperative period, analgesia was evaluated subjectively with a numeric ranking scale that included assessments of comfort, posture, movement, and response to wound palpation; buprenorphine was administered when a score > 3 (maximum score, 10) was achieved. Rectal temperature, heart and respiratory rates, and lameness were evaluated daily for 2 weeks after surgery.
Results—At all evaluations, cardiovascular and respiratory variables were comparable between the 2 groups. Compared with control sheep, time to first administration of rescue analgesic was significantly longer and total dose of buprenorphine administered during the 6- hour postoperative period was significantly decreased for ketamine-treated sheep. During the second week following surgery, ketamine-treated sheep had significantly less lameness than control sheep.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In sheep undergoing hind limb surgery, preoperative epidural administration of ketamine appears to provide analgesia in the immediate postoperative period and has residual analgesic effects, which may contribute to more rapid return of normal function in surgically treated limbs.
Role of coresistance in the development of resistance to chloramphenicol in Escherichia coli isolated from sick cattle and pigs
Authors: Harada Kazuki , Asai Tetsuo , Kojima Akemi , Ishihara Kanako , Takahashi Toshio 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine the cause of persistent resistance to chloramphenicol (CP) after the ban on its use in food-producing animals in several countries.
Sample Population—71 CP-resistant and 104 CP-susceptible Escherichia coli strains isolated from sick cattle and pigs in Japan.
Procedure—Susceptibility of all bacterial strains to thiamphenicol (TP) and florfenicol (FFC) was tested by use of an agar dilution method. The CP-resistance genes and variable region within class 1 integrons in CP-resistant strains were identified by use of a PCR assay.
Results—The CP acetyltransferase gene (ie, cat1) was identified as the predominant CP-resistance gene in strains isolated from cattle, and the cat1and nonenzymatic CP-resistance gene (ie, cmlA) were the predominant CP-resistance genes in strains isolated from pigs. Additionally, strains with cat1 isolated from cattle often were resistant to ampicillin, dihydrostreptomycin (DSM), oxytetracycline, and trimethoprim (TMP), whereas strains with cat1 or cmlA isolated from pigs often were resistant to DSM and TMP. Class 1 integrons were significantly more prevalent in strains with CP-resistance genes, compared with prevalence in strains without CP-resistance genes. All gene cassettes within the integrons were involved in resistance to DSM, TMP, or both.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Coresistance that develops because of the use of DSM and TMP in cattle and pigs apparently contributes to the selection of CP-resistant strains of E coli. Thus, it is possible that bacterial resistance to CP in animals would persist despite a ban on the use of CP in cattle and pigs.
Evaluation of gait kinetics in puppies with coxofemoral joint laxity
Authors: Lopez Mandi J. , Quinn Margaret M. , Markel Mark D. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To characterize ground reaction forces (GRFs) and determine whether there were correlations between forces and passive coxofemoral joint laxity in puppies.
Animals—Fifty-one 16-week-old hound-breed dogs.
Procedure—Force-plate gait evaluation and distraction radiographic imaging were performed. Ground reaction forces evaluated included x (mediolateral), y (craniocaudal breaking and propulsion), and z (vertical) peak force and impulse. Z-plane limb loading and unloading rates, loading interval, and weight distribution and y-plane stance time breaking and propulsion percentages were calculated. One-way ANOVA with the Duncan multiple range test was used to evaluate differences in gait variables among limbs. The relationships of left, right, highest, and mean distraction index (DI) with individual limb data of each dog were evaluated with the Spearman rank correlation. Left and right DIs were compared by means of linear regression analysis.
Results—Mean ± SEM DI was 0.67 ± 0.02. Left and right DIs were strongly correlated, but there were no significant relationships between DIs and gait variables. Most fore- and hind limb gait variables differed significantly, whereas paired fore- and hind limb gait variables did not. Asymmetry was most pronounced in the x- and y-planes.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—GRFs were consistent with those of clinically normal mature dogs, supporting an absence of association between GRF and DI in young dogs. The GRFs and elucidation of the relationship between GRFs and DI may be useful for future studies in immature dogs.
Development of a collagen-binding activity assay as a screening test for type II von Willebrand disease in dogs
Authors: Sabino Elizabeth Peet , Erb Hollis N. , Catalfamo James L. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To develop an assay to measure canine von Willebrand factor (vWF):collagen-binding activity (CBA) to screen for type 2 von Willebrand disease (vWD) in dogs.
Sample Population—293 plasma samples submitted for analysis of canine vWF antigen (vWF:Ag) and 12 control plasma samples from dogs with inherited type 2 or 3 vWD.
Procedure—Bovine collagens were evaluated for suitability as binding substrate for vWF. Assay sensitivity to depletion, proteolytic degradation, or a genetic deficiency of high-molecular-weight vWF were determined. Amounts of vWF:Ag and vWF:CBA were measured. The ratio of vWF:Ag to vWF:CBA was used to discriminate between type 1 and type 2 vWD.
Results—An assay for canine vWF activity was developed by use of mixed collagen (types I and III). When vWF:Ag was used to subtype vWD, 48% of the dogs were classified as clinically normal, 9% as indeterminate, and 43% as type 1 vWD. Inclusion of vWF activity resulted in reclassification of 5% of those identified as type 1 to type 2 vWD. However, vWF:CBA of the reclassified dogs was not persistently abnormal, a finding compatible with acquired type 2 vWD. Some Doberman Pinschers had lower antigen-to-activity ratios than other breeds with type 1 vWD, suggesting that Doberman Pinschers have more functional circulating vWF.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of canine vWF activity should be included among the vWF-specific assays used to confirm type 2 vWD. The prevalence of inherited forms of type 2 vWD in screened dogs is lower than acquired forms that can result secondary to underlying disease.
Quantitative assessment of velocities of the annulus of the left atrioventricular valve and left ventricular free wall in healthy cats by use of two-dimensional color tissue Doppler imaging
Authors: Chetboul Valérie , Sampedrano Carolina Carlos , Tissier Renaud , Gouni Vassiliki , Saponaro Vittorio , Nicolle Audrey P. , Pouchelon Jean-Louis 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To analyze velocities of the annulus of the left atrioventricular valve and left ventricular free wall (LVFW) in a large population of healthy cats by use of 2-dimensional color tissue Doppler imaging (TDI).
Animals—100 healthy cats (0.3 to 12.0 years old; weighing 1.0 to 8.0 kg) of 6 breeds.
Procedure—Radial myocardial velocities were recorded in an endocardial and epicardial segment, and longitudinal velocities were recorded in 2 LVFW segments (basal and apical) and in the annulus of the left atrioventricular valve.
Results—LVFW velocities were significantly higher in the endocardial than epicardial layers and significantly higher in the basal than apical segments. For systole, early diastole, and late diastole, mean ± SD radial myocardial velocity gradient (MVG), which was defined as the difference between endocardial and epicardial velocities, was 2.2 ± 0.7, 3.3 ± 1.3, and 1.8 ± 0.7 cm/s, respectively, and longitudinal MVG, which was defined as the difference between basal and apical velocities, was 2.7 ± 0.8, 3.1 ± 1.4, and 2.1 ± 0.9 cm/s, respectively. A breed effect was documented for several TDI variables; therefore, reference intervals for the TDI variables were determined for the 2 predominant breeds represented (Maine Coon and domestic shorthair cats).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—LVFW velocities in healthy cats decrease from the endocardium to the epicardium and from the base to apex, thus defining radial and longitudinal MVG. These indices could complement conventional analysis of left ventricular function and contribute to the early accurate detection of cardiomyopathy in cats.
Measurement of total thyroxine concentration in serum from dogs and cats by use of various methods
Authors: Kemppainen Robert J. , Birchfield Jeremy R. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To compare results obtained from assay of total thyroxine (T4) concentration in serum of dogs and cats by use of 4 methods.
Sample Population—Serum samples obtained from 98 dogs and 100 cats and submitted by veterinarians to an endocrine testing laboratory.
Procedure—Total T4 concentration was determined in each sample by use of 4 assay methods. Assay methods included a radioimmunoassay (RIA) marketed for use in dogs, an RIA for use in humans, a chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for use in humans, and an in-house ELISA.
Results—Total T4 concentrations obtained by use of all methods were significantly correlated. Bias-plot comparison revealed similar good overall agreement. Total T4 concentrations determined by use of the RIA marketed for use in dogs were generally lower than concentrations measured by use of the other methods. Clinical comparisons were made by evaluation of the T4 results in the context of the reference range recommended by each laboratory. A difference was found for clinical comparisons on the basis of T4 assay method when used to identify dogs as possible hypothyroid suspects. This difference was related more to the reference range used than to the absolute T4 value. The number of hyperthyroid-suspect cats with T4 values greater than the reference range was the same for each of the 4 assay methods.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Total T4 concentrations determined in dogs and cats by use of 4 commonly used methods provided similar and consistent results.
Effects of administration of glucocorticoids and feeding status on plasma leptin concentrations in dogs
Authors: Nishii Naohito , Takasu Masaki , Ohba Yasunori , Maeda Sadatoshi , Kitoh Katsuya , Ohtsuka Yoshihiko , Honjo Tsutomu , Saito Masayuki , Kitagawa Hitoshi 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To investigate effects of short- and long- term administration of glucocorticoids, feeding status, and serum concentrations of insulin and cortisol on plasma leptin concentrations in dogs.
Animals—20 nonobese dogs.
Procedure—For experiment 1, plasma leptin concentrations and serum concentrations of insulin and cortisol were monitored for 24 hours in 4 dogs administered dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg, IV) or saline (0.9% NaCl) solution for fed and nonfed conditions. For experiment 2, 11 dogs were administered prednisolone (1 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h for 56 days [7 dogs] and 2 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h for 28 days [4 dogs]) and 5 dogs served as control dogs. Plasma leptin and serum insulin concentrations were monitored weekly.
Results—For experiment 1, dexamethasone injection with the fed condition drastically increased plasma leptin concentrations. Furthermore, injection of saline solution with the fed condition increased plasma leptin concentrations. These increases in plasma leptin concentrations correlated with increases in serum insulin concentrations. Dexamethasone injection with the nonfed condition increased plasma leptin concentrations slightly but continuously. Injection of saline solution with the nonfed condition did not alter plasma leptin concentrations. For experiment 2, prednisolone administration at either dosage and duration did not alter plasma leptin concentrations in any dogs.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dexamethasone injection and feeding increased plasma leptin concentrations in dogs. In addition, dexamethasone administration enhanced the effect of feeding on increases in plasma leptin concentrations. Daily oral administration of prednisolone (1 or 2 mg/kg) did not affect plasma leptin concentrations in dogs.
Effect of microcurrent electrical tissue stimulation on equine tenocytes in culture
Authors: Lin Yi-lo , Moolenaar Hugo , van Weeren P. René , van de Lest Chris H. A. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine effects of microcurrent electrical tissue stimulation (METS) on equine tenocytes cultured from the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT).
Sample Population—SDFTs were collected from 20 horses at slaughter.
Procedure—Tenocytes were isolated following outgrowth from explants and grown in 48-well plates. Four methods of delivering current to the tenocytes with a METS device were tested. Once the optimal method was selected, current consisting of 0 (negative control), 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mA was applied to cells (8 wells/current intensity) once daily for 8 minutes. Cells were treated for 1, 2, or 3 days. Cell proliferation, DNA content, protein content, and apoptosis rate were determined.
Results—Application of microcurrent of moderate intensity increased cell proliferation and DNA content, with greater increases with multiple versus single application. Application of microcurrent of moderate intensity once or twice increased protein content, but application 3 times decreased protein content. Application of current a single time did not significantly alter apoptosis rate; however, application twice or 3 times resulted in significant increases in apoptosis rate, and there were significant linear (second order) correlations between current intensity and apoptosis rate when current was applied twice or 3 times.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of the present study indicate that microcurrent affects the behavior of equine tenocytes in culture, but that effects may be negative or positive depending on current intensity and number of applications. Therefore, results are far from conclusive with respect to the suitability of using METS to promote tendon healing in horses.
Evaluation of a pressure walkway system for measurement of vertical limb forces in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Lascelles B. Duncan X. , Roe Simon C. , Smith Eric , Reynolds Lisa , Markham Jacqueline , Marcellin-Little Denis , Bergh Mary Sarah , Budsberg Steven C. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To compare ground reaction forces (GRFs) measured by use of a pressure-sensitive walk-way (PSW) and a force plate (FP) and evaluate weekly variation in the GRFs and static vertical forces in dogs.
Animals—34 clinically normal dogs and 5 research dogs with lameness.
Procedure—GRF data were collected from 5 lame and 14 clinically normal dogs by use of an FP and a PSW. Peak vertical force (PVF), vertical impulse (VI), and velocity measurements (determined by use of photocells and PSW data) were compared between groups. Peak vertical force, VI, stride length, ground phase time (ie, contact time), and static body weight distribution data were collected on 2 occasions, 1 week apart, in 20 different clinically normal dogs by use of a PSW; week-to-week variation in values was evaluated.
Results—Measurements of velocity derived by use of the photocells were not different from those derived by use of the PSW. For any 1 limb, values derived by use of the PSW were significantly lower than values derived with the FP. For values obtained by use of either technique, there were no differences between left and right limbs except for values of PVF measured via PSW in forelimbs. Values of PVF, VI, contact time, stride length, and static weight distribution generated by the PSW did not vary from week to week.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Values for GRFs varied between the FP and PSW. However, data derived by use of PSW were consistent and could be used to evaluate kinetic variables over time in the same dog.
Evaluation of acoustic wave propagation velocities in the ocular lens and vitreous tissues of pigs, dogs, and rabbits
Authors: Görig Christiane , Varghese Tomy , Stiles Timothy , van den Broek Jan , Zagzebski James A. , Murphy Christopher J. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate propagation velocity of acoustic waves through the lens and vitreous body of pigs, dogs, and rabbits and determine whether there were associations between acoustic wave speed and age, temperature, and time after enucleation.
Sample Population—9 pig, 40 dog, and 20 rabbit lenses and 16 pig, 17 dog, and 23 rabbit vitreous bodies.
Procedure—Acoustic wave velocities through the ocular structures were measured by use of the substitution technique.
Results—Mean sound wave velocities in lenses of pigs, dogs, and rabbits were 1,681, 1,707, and 1,731 m/s, respectively, at 36°C. Mean sound wave velocities in the vitreous body of pigs, dogs, and rabbits were 1,535, 1,535, and 1,534 m/s, respectively, at 38°C. The sound wave speed through the vitreous humor, but not the lens, increased linearly with temperature. An association between wave speed and age was observed in the rabbit tissues. Time after enucleation did not affect the velocity of sound in the lens or vitreous body. The sound wave speed conversion factors for lenses, calculated with respect to human ocular tissue at 36°C, were 1.024, 1.040, and 1.055 for pig, dog, and rabbit lenses, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Conversion factors for the speed of sound through lens tissues are needed to avoid underestimation of the thickness of the lens and axial length of the eye in dogs during comparative A-mode ultrasound examinations. These findings are important for accurate calculation of intraocular lens power required to achieve emmetropia in veterinary patients after surgical lens extraction.