bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A stabilized finite element model for the hydrothermodynamical simulation of the Rio de Janeiro coastal ocean
Authors: Carbonel Carlos A. A. H. , Galeão Augusto C. N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this paper, a stabilized space–time Petrov–Galerkin finite element model of coastal ocean circulation is derived. Continuous linear interpolation in space and time is employed and a spatial unstructured mesh of triangular elements is used. To simulate the hydro‐thermodynamical ocean behaviour a gravity reduced model is proposed. This model solves the motion and continuity hydrodynamic equations coupled with the advection–diffusion transport equation for temperature which governs the heat exchanges in the upper layer. The model is used to evaluate the main dynamical features of the coastal waters of the Rio de Janeiro State, namely: cold plumes, coastal jets and the influence of the warmer water bays. Numerical experiments are performed to highlight the typical observed events of coastal upwelling phenomena and their interaction with the existing coastal bays and the offshore conditions. Such experiments deal with a series of idealized northeast wind field forcing patterns, showing the solutions dependence on the horizontal structure of the wind fields in relation to the coastline configuration. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corporate governance and corporate social responsibility: issues for Asia
Authors: Welford Richard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn increasingly important aspect of CSR is the recognition that sound practices are often based on good standards of corporate governance. Good corporate governance provides the foundations of good CSR by creating value‐creating relationships with all stakeholders. This article seeks to review corporate governance issues from an Asian perspective. Ownership and control of many companies in the region differ from those commonly seen in the West and there are therefore specific issues that need to be addressed in this context. It is argued that the fact that so many Asian companies are dominated by controlling shareholders (often families) means that corporate governance may have to be even stronger in the Asian region than elsewhere. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Inducible expression of retrograde transynaptic genetic tracer in mice
Authors: Sano Hiromi , Nagai Yumiko , Yokoi Mineto 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA key step towards understanding the development and function of the central nervous system is by characterizing the connections between neurons. Tetanus toxin C fragment (TTC) is transynaptically and retrogradely transported without the toxin's pathogenic effect, and therefore, recently it has been used as a genetic tracer combined with β‐galactosidase or green fluorescent protein. Here, we introduce a new fusion construct, APTTC, consisting of the truncated human placental alkaline phosphatase with TTC, and generating the transgenic mouse line, (tetracycline operator) tetO‐APTTC, for inducible expression of APTTC regulated by tetO. We demonstrate that APTTC is transported retrogradely and transynaptically, and allows us to robustly visualize the inputs of the expressing neurons when transgenetically expressed in mice, exemplified in the striatal neuronal circuit. Therefore, tetO‐APTTC transgenic mouse line can be widely used for visualization of neuronal connectivity when combined with mice carrying tetracycline‐controlled transactivator (tTA) in any specific neurons. genesis 45:123–128, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amphioxus AmphiDelta: evolution of delta protein structure, segmentation, and neurogenesis
Authors: Rasmussen Stacy L. K. , Holland Linda Z. , Schubert Michael , Beaster‐Jones Laura , Holland Nicholas D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe amphioxus genome has a single Delta gene (AmphiDelta) encoding a protein 766 amino acids long. Comparison of Delta proteins of amphioxus and other animals indicates that AmphiDelta retains features of a basal bilaterian Delta protein—in having nine epidermal growth factor (EGF) repeats and also in having characteristic numbers of amino acids separating successive cysteines between and within EGF repeats. During development, AmphiDelta is expressed in the forming somites, in some regions of pharyngeal endoderm, and in cells (presumably differentiating neurons) scattered in both the neural plate and ectoderm. Expression is strongly associated with cells initiating movements to separate themselves from parent epithelia, either en masse by evagination (endoderm and mesoderm) or by delamination as isolated cells (ectoderm). The AmphiDelta‐expressing cells delaminating from the ectoderm apparently migrate beneath it as they begin differentiating into probable sensory neurons, suggesting a scenario for the evolutionary origin of the placode‐derived neurons of vertebrate cranial ganglia. genesis 45:113–122, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Caspase inhibition reduces lymphocyte apoptosis and improves host immune responses to Trypanosoma cruzi infection
Authors: Silva Elisabeth M. , Guillermo Landi V. C. , Ribeiro‐Gomes Flávia L. , De Meis Juliana , Nunes Marise P. , Senra Juliana F. V. , Soares Milena B. P. , DosReis George A. , Lopes Marcela F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn experimental Chagas’ disease, lymphocytes from mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi show increased apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Treatment with a pan‐caspase blocker peptide inhibited expression of the active form of effector caspase‐3 in vitro and rescued both B and T cells from cell death. Injection of the caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl‐Val‐Ala‐Asp(OMe)‐fluoromethyl ketone, but not a control peptide, reduced parasitemia and lymphocyte apoptosis in T. cruzi‐infected mice. Moreover, treatment with caspase inhibitor throughout acute infection increased the absolute numbers of B and T cells in the spleen and lymph nodes, without affecting cell infiltrates in the heart. Following treatment, we found increased accumulation of memory/activated CD4 and CD8 T cells, and secretion of IFN‐γ by splenocytes stimulated with T. cruzi antigens. Caspase inhibition in the course of infection reduced the intracellular load of parasites in peritoneal macrophages, and increased the production of TNF‐α and nitric oxide upon activation in vitro. Our results indicate that inhibition of caspases with a pan‐caspase blocker peptide improves protective type‐1 immune responses to T. cruzi infection. We suggest that mechanisms of apoptosis are potential therapeutic targets in Chagas’ disease.
Priming of CD8+ T cell responses by pathogens typically depends on CD70‐mediated interactions with dendritic cells
Authors: Schildknecht Anita , Miescher Iris , Yagita Hideo , van den Broek Maries 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe CD27/CD70‐interaction has been shown to provide a costimulatory and survival signal for T cells in vitro and in vivo. Recently, CD70 expression by DC was found to be important for the priming of CD8+ T cells. We show here that blocking CD70 interactions has a significant impact on priming of CD8+ T cell responses by vaccinia virus (VV), Listeria monocytogenes and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in mice. However, the priming of specific CD8+ T cells upon infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) was only marginally reduced by CD70‐blockade. Blocking of CD70 prevented CD8+ T cell priming in DIETER mice, a model in which presentation of LCMV‐derived epitopes can be induced selectively in dendritic cells (DC). In contrast, CD70‐CD27 interactions were not important for the priming of VSV‐specific CD4+ T cells or class switch of neutralizing antibodies. As we show that priming of CD8+ T cells by the pathogens used here is dependent on antigen presentation by DC and that infection results in up‐regulation of CD70 on DC, we conclude that CD70 expression on DC plays an important role in the priming of CD8+ T cells by pathogens. Moreover, the lack of CD70 cannot be completely compensated for by other costimulatory molecules.
New Dinuclear MnIII Compounds with 2‐MeC6H4COO and 2‐FC6H4COO Bridges – Effect of Terminal Monodentate Ligands (H2O, ClO4– and NO3–) on the Magnetic Properties
Authors: Fernández Gema , Corbella Montserrat , Aullón Gabriel , Maestro Miguel A. , Mahía José 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFour new dinuclear MnIII complexes with the general formula [{Mn(bpy)L}(μ‐RCOO)2(μ‐O){Mn(bpy)L′}]n+ (bpy =2,2′‐bipyridine) have been synthesized with RCOO = 2‐MeC6H4COO (1, 2) and 2‐FC6H4COO (3, 4); the counteranion could be NO3– (1, 3) or ClO4– (2, 4), and a monodentate ligand (L, L′) completes the octahedral environment of the manganese ions. For compound 1 L = H2O and L′ = H2O or NO3–; compound 2 shows two different dinuclear complexes, one of them with L = L′ = H2O and the other one with L = L′ = ClO4–; for compound 3, L and L′ = H2O or NO3– and for compound 4, L = H2O and L′ = ClO4–. The characterization by X‐ray diffraction shows an important disorder in the crystal for the nitrate compounds, principally for compound 3, where each monodentate ligand could be a water molecule or a nitrate anion. The antiferromagnetic contribution to the magnetic coupling constant J is weaker for the nitrate compounds (1 and 3) than for the perchlorate compounds (2 and 4), and a ferromagnetic behaviour is found for compound 3, with J = +1.4 cm–1. The magnetic coupling constant found for compound 1 is J = –0.5 cm–1 and for compounds 2 and 4 it is –5.6 cm–1 and –3.5 cm–1, respectively. Extended Hückel calculations were carried out and there is evidence that the nitrate anions coordinated to the manganese atoms act as π‐acid ligands providing a means to diminish the antiferromagnetic contribution.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Helical Transition‐Metal Complexes of Constrained 2,2′‐Bidipyrrins
Authors: Bröring Martin , Link Stephan , Brandt Carsten D. , Tejero Esther Cónsul 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNickel(II), palladium(II), zinc(II) and copper(II) complexes of new constrained 2,2′‐bidipyrrin ligands (H2BDP) with a peripheral eight‐membered ring were prepared and examined with respect to coordination modes and conformation. NiII and PdII ions form mononuclear complexes with a distorted square‐planar N4 coordination, which was determined for the palladium derivative by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. ZnII ions lead to the formation of dinuclear M2L2 helicates, and for CuII ions both coordination modes are realized. X‐ray crystallographic analyses reveal short M···M distances for the dinuclear helicates of CuII and ZnII bidipyrrins and individually distinct packing patterns for both in the solid state. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
First Structural Characterization of Silanedithiol and Its Application toward the Synthesis of Silanedithiolato Complexes
Authors: Tanabe Taro , Takeda Nobuhiro , Tokitoh Norihiro 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we report the synthesis and the structural characterization of stable examples of silanedithiol [Tbt(Mes)Si(SH)2 (1)], hydroxysilanethiol [Tbt(Mes)Si(OH)(SH) (3)], and hydroxysilaneselenol [Tbt(Mes)Si(OH)(SeH) (7)], which are kinetically stabilized by an effective combination of steric protection groups, Tbt (2,4,6‐tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl) and Mes (2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl). Silanedichalcogenols 1, 3, and 7 are suggested to exist as a monomer without any intermolecular contact such as hydrogen bonds both in the solid state and in solution as judged by X‐ray structural analysis and IR spectroscopy. Treatment of 1 with 2 equiv. of butyllithium resulted in the quantitative formation of the corresponding dilithium silanedithiolate, Tbt(Mes)Si(SLi)2 (8), the generation of which was confirmed by a trapping experiment using MeI. Furthermore, the addition of cis‐[MCl2(PPh3)2] (M = Pd, Pt) to a THF solution of 8 afforded the corresponding silanedithiolato complexes, [Tbt(Mes)Si(μ‐S)2M(PPh3)2] (9a: M = Pd; 9b: M = Pt), respectively. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Mechanistic Studies on the Activation of NO by Iron and Cobalt Complexes (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 6/2007)
Authors: Franke Alicia , Roncaroli Federico , van Eldik Rudi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe cover picture shows how mechanistic insight into the activation of NO by biological and model metal complexes can be gained through volume profile analysis. The presented volume profile describes the binding of NO to the high‐spin, five‐coordinate FeIII centre in cytochrome P450 in the presence of camphor to form a low‐spin (diamagnetic), six‐coordinate FeII–NO+ product. Details are presented in the Microreview by R. van Eldik et al. on p. 773 ff.
Physical properties of lipase‐catalyzed interesterification of palm stearin with canola oil blends
Authors: Siew Wai Lin , Cheah Kien Yoo , Tang Wai Ling 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInteresterified blends of hard palm stearin (IV of 11) and canola oil (hPS/CO) in ratios of 20 : 80, 30 : 70, 40 : 60, 50 : 50, 60 : 40 and 70 : 30 were prepared using immobilized Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (Lipozyme TL IM). Comparison of physical properties was carried out between non‐interesterified and enzymatically interesterified products by monitoring their slip melting point (SMP), solid fat content (SFC), melting thermogram and polymorphism behavior. The Lipozyme TL IM‐catalyzed interesterification significantly modified the physical properties of the hPS:CO blends. The results showed that all the interesterified blends had lower SMP and SFC than their unreacted blends. The SMP result showed that the interesterified blends of hPS/CO 40 : 60, 50 : 50 and 60 : 40 could be useful for stick margarine and shortening applications, respectively. From the SFC analysis, the interesterified blends of hPS/CO 40 : 60 have SFC curves similar to vanaspati. The interesterified blends of hPS/CO 50 : 50 and 60 : 40 have SFC curves similar to margarines, puff pastry margarine and shortening. Interesterification had replaced the higher‐ and lower‐melting triacylglycerols by the middle‐melting triacylglycerols, yielding mixtures of lower SMP and SFC, compared to the original palm stearin. X‐ray diffraction analysis indicated the appearance of β' crystals in all the interesterified hPS/CO blends from predominantly β‐type oils.
Lipase‐catalyzed production of medium‐chain triacylglycerols from palm kernel oil distillate: Optimization using response surface methodology
Authors: Low Chee Tein , Mohamad Rosfarizan , Tan Chin Ping , Long Kamariah , Ismail Rosnah , Lo Seong Koon , Lai Oi Ming 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOptimization of lipase‐catalyzed esterification for the production of medium‐chain triacylglycerols (MCT) from palm kernel oil distillate and glycerol was carried out in order to determine the factors that have significant effects on the reaction system and MCT yield. Novozyme 435 from Candida antarctica lipase was found to have the highest activity at 52.87 ± 0.03 U/g. This lipase also produced the highest MCT yield, which is 56.67%. The effect of different variables on MCT synthesis was studied with a two‐level five‐factor fractional factorial design. The various variables include (1) reaction temperature, (2) enzyme load, (3) molecular sieves concentration, (4) reaction time and (5) molar substrate ratio. Reaction temperature, reaction time and molar substrate ratio strongly affect MCT synthesis (p <0.05). However, enzyme load and molecular sieve concentration did not have a significant (p >0.05) influence on MCT yield. Therefore, the significant variables such as reaction temperature, reaction time and molar substrate ratio were further optimized through central composite rotatable design (CCRD). Comparisons between predicted and experimental values from the CCRD optimization procedures revealed good correlation, implying that the quadric response model satisfactorily expressed the percentage yield of MCT in the lipase‐catalyzed esterification. The optimum MCT yield is 73.3% by using 2 wt‐% enzyme dosage, a molecular sieves concentration of 1 wt‐%, a reaction temperature of 90 °C, a reaction time of 10 h and a molar substrate ratio of 4 : 1 (medium‐chain fatty acid/glycerol). Experiments to confirm the predicted results using the optimal parameters were conducted and an MCT yield of 70.21 ± 0.18% (n = 3) was obtained.
A novel method for color determination of edible oils in L*a*b* format
Authors: Kılıç Kıvanç , Onal‐Ulusoy Baran , Boyacı İsmail Hakkı 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA simple method that uses visible spectrophotometer data and an artificial neural network (ANN) was developed to determine edible oil color based on the L*a*b* format. The 100 oil samples consisted of nine pure oils, a sesame oil blend and three heated oils. Binary, ternary and quaternary mixtures of these 13 oils in different ratios were prepared, and absorbance values of the samples were measured in the visible region (380–700 nm). The absorbance values at wavelengths of 416, 456, 483, 537, 611 and 672 nm were used to train, validate and test the network. Strong correlations between the instrumental L*a*b*ΔE and the estimated L*a*b*ΔE were found for the test samples, with correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.989, 0.984, 0.996 and 0.992 for L*, a*, b*, and ΔE, respectively. The effects of number and combination of the wavelengths used for training of the ANN on the estimation capability of the network for the test samples were also investigated. Although a good agreement, average R2 of 0.991– 0 993 for L*a*b*, was obtained for combinations composed of three to six wavelengths with 483 and 537 nm in common, the best R2 value was obtained when all six wavelengths were used to train the ANN. The developed method is objective, cost effective and simple, and allows the color measurement with a basic visible spectrophotometer and disposable cuvettes.
Epoxidation, hydroxylation, acrylation and urethanation of Linum usitatissimum seed oil and its derivatives
Authors: Sharmin Eram , Ashraf Syed Marghoob , Ahmad Sharif 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSome preliminary studies on epoxidation, hydroxylation, acrylation and urethanation of Linum usitatissimum seed oil (LO) and its derivatives have been carried out. Epoxidation and hydroxylation were performed in situ using H2O2 and acetic acid to develop epoxidized oil (LOE) and epoxy polyol (EP). EP was modified with synthetic monomers, viz. acrylonitrile (AN) and methylmethacrylate (MMA), in the presence of benzoyl peroxide in an inert environment to develop acrylic grafted epoxy polyols (AEPs). EP and AEPs were further treated with an isocyanate, resulting in the formation of plain and acrylic grafted epoxy polyurethanes (EPU and AEPUs). The mechanism of the reaction as well as the structural aspects of LO, LOE, EP, AEPs, EPU and AEPUs were investigated by 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR spectroscopic techniques, which also confirmed the incorporation of the acrylic monomers – AN and MMA – on the EP backbone Spectral analyses further demonstrated that, depending on its structure (substituent), each acrylic monomer follows a different grafting mechanism. Physico‐chemical characterization of AEPs and AEPUs was carried out by standard laboratory methods, and thermal analyses were accomplished by TGA and DSC. Physico‐mechanical characterization of AEPUs coatings further showed considerable improvement compared to the pristine (EPU) resin, due to the introduction of stiff acrylic moieties. The aforementioned studies as well as the coating characteristics of AEPU confirmed that AN and MMA have been incorporated in the EP backbone. These systems can be safely employed at up to 210–220 °C.
Solid Phase and Solution Phase Structural Characterization of Pyrene‐Based, T‐Shaped Molecular Dyads
Authors: Lydon Donocadh P. , Li Peiyi , Benniston Andrew C. , McFarlane William , Harrington Ross W. , Clegg William 
Published: February 2007

AbstractStructural solid‐phase and solution‐phase properties of two pyrene‐spiropyran molecular dyads are described. Each dyad comprises a 1,1′‐[indole‐4,6‐diylbis(ethyne‐2,1‐diyl)]bis(pyrene) backbone, with the bis(pyrene) and spiropyran units adopting a T‐shaped arrangement. The strength of the Cspiro–O bond is altered by replacement of H by NO2 in the terminal aryl group of the spiropyran unit. X‐ray crystal structure determinations carried out for two of the dyads (H and NO2) reveal the pyrene groups to be aligned anti to each other. The crystal packing diagrams are different; both contain pyrene π‐stacked centro‐symmetric dimers, but in one structure this is the total extent of the π stacking whereas the other structure has pyrene dimers interleaved to generate infinite parallel stacks. Detailed 1H NOE experiments are consistent with a solution‐phase structure that differs markedly from the solid‐state structure, and in which the pyrene groups are syn to one another but orientated away from the spiropyran group. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Cover Picture: Novel Synthetic Cycloketo‐Tetraphenylporphyrins (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 7/2007)
Authors: Jasinski Stefan , Ermilov Eugeny A. , Jux Norbert , Röder Beate 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe cover picture shows three tetraphenylporphyrins that possess an exocyclic keto‐group‐bearing ring connecting the central chromophore with one of the phenyl rings. Depending on the size of the exocyclic ring and on the additional steric strain induced by a methyl group on the substituted phenyl ring, the dihedral angle between the central chromophore and the phenyl ring varies between 15 and 55 °. These topological changes have a dramatic influence on, for example, the singlet‐oxygen quantum yield. As the generation of 1O2 is induced by red light, the setting sun (taken at San Diego beach in 2003 by Michael Köhl) seemed to be an appropriate background for the porphyrins. Details of the syntheses and characterization are reported in the article by N. Jux, B. Röder et al. on p. 1075 ff.