bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Directed Differentiation and Transplantation of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Motoneurons
Authors: Lee Hyojin , Shamy George Al , Elkabetz Yechiel , Schofield Claude M. , Harrsion Neil L. , Panagiotakos Georgia , Socci Nicholas D. , Tabar Viviane , Studer Lorenz 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Motoneurons represent a specialized class of neurons essential for the control of body movement. Motoneuron loss is the cause of a wide range of neurological disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy. Embryonic stem cells are a promising cell source for the study and potential treatment of motoneuron diseases. Here, we present a novel in vitro protocol of the directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into engraftable motoneurons. Neural induction of hESCs was induced on MS5 stromal feeders, resulting in the formation of neural rosettes. In response to sonic hedgehog and retinoic acid, neural rosettes were efficiently directed into spinal motoneurons with appropriate in vitro morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties. Global gene expression analysis was used as an unbiased measure to confirm motoneuron identity and type. Transplantation of motoneuron progeny into the developing chick embryo resulted in robust engraftment, maintenance of motoneuron phenotype, and long-distance axonal projections into peripheral host tissues. Transplantation into the adult rat spinal cord yielded neural grafts comprising a large number of human motoneurons with outgrowth of choline acetyltransferase positive fibers. These data provide evidence for in vivo survival of hESC-derived motoneurons, a key requirement in the development of hESC-based cell therapy in motoneuron disease.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Sömmerung von Schafen - Vorschläge zur Lösung der Probleme aus landschaftsökologischer Sicht | Alpine Summer Sheep Pasturing - Proposals for Solution-Finding for Problems with a View to Landscape Ecology
Authors: Stadler Franz , Wiedmer Eric 
Published: May 2007

Random grazing by sheep significantly damages the ecologically sensitive alpine ecosystems. Biodiversity, stands of plants and wild-living fauna are being implicated. Observations on 20 mountain pastures for sheep in eight cantons of the Swiss Alps have shown that an easing of the situation can only be achieved if the following three focal points are being taken into consideration:1. Which areas are appropriate for pasturing, which should not be pastured? A separation of areas is essential. The demand of complete usage of the area is doubtful.2. An adapted system of pasturing is indispensable. The more ecologically sensitive and topographically and plant-sociologically more unbalanced an area, the more carefully and consistently a pasture system must be elaborated and respected.3. The size of a flock must be adapted to the resource available of the parts of areas appropriate to pasturing. The more careful the pasturing system is, the better the available resources of the vegetation can be exploited. With a deficient pasturing system, the flock must be essentially diminished in order to keep the damage to an acceptable level.
The Geobotanical Institute of the University of Bern has established a permanent observational investigation in Freiberg Kärpf in the canton of Glarus. The first assessments are being presented. For the occurring problems of alpine sheep grazing, proposals for solution-finding are made.
A method for prediction of UNIFAC group interaction parameters
Authors: Gonzàlez Hugo Edson , Abildskov Jens , Gani Rafiqul , Rousseaux Pascal , Le Bert Brice 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGroup‐contribution‐based property estimation methods are suitable for obtaining quick evaluations of phase equilibrium under different conditions of temperature, pressure and composition. One of the best known and successful group‐contribution (GC) based methods for prediction of liquid‐phase‐activity coefficients in mixtures of organic compounds is the UNIFAC method. One of the principal limitation of the UNIFAC method and all other GC based methods is that groups or group‐interaction parameters needed for a specific property estimation problem may not be available. The method presented, is to be called the CI‐UNIFAC (Connectivity Index – UNIFAC) method, to predict the missing UNIFAC group‐interaction parameters for the calculation of vapor‐liquid equilibrium (VLE). The method is described as the CI‐UNIFAC for predicting missing group interaction parameters, as well as re‐estimating known group interaction parameters, using a set of atom connectivities and their regressed CI interaction parameters. The performance of the CI‐UNIFAC method with experimental data is compared, with a reference UNIFAC method, as well as cases where the CI‐UNIFAC method is used only for the missing UNIFAC group interaction parameters. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Novelty seeking and the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) revisited in Asians: Haplotype characterization and relevance of the 2‐repeat allele
Authors: Reist Christopher , Ozdemir Vural , Wang Eric , Hashemzadeh Mehrtash , Mee Steven , Moyzis Robert 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe relationship of the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) to the behavioral trait of novelty seeking has not been uniformly consistent. A methodological shortcoming in previous studies may relate to the way different DRD4 variants were categorized. Because of evolutionary and functional (e.g., diminished potency to reduce cAMP) similarities between the 2‐ and 7‐repeat (2R, 7R) alleles of the DRD4, we suggest grouping of these two alleles together may facilitate detection of biologically meaningful and reproducible association findings with behavioral traits. We measured novelty seeking with the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) in a community sample of Caucasian, Korean, and Filipino subjects (N = 171) who were subsequently characterized for the DRD4 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR). In the Korean sample, those with a 2R and/or 7R allele scored significantly higher on novelty seeking scale (P < 0.05). By contrast, grouping the VNTR alleles by size (2, 3, 4 vs. 5, 6, 7), as has been done in similar studies of Asian subjects, was not significant. Using the extreme discordant phenotype (EDP) strategy in the pooled sample and selecting the individuals within the upper and lower decile, we observed a trend for association with higher novelty seeking in individuals who carry the 2R and/or 7R alleles (P = 0.06). We also confirmed that the 2R allele in the Korean and Filipino subjects was the result of a one‐step recombination event between the 4R and 7R alleles. This study suggests that genetic association analyses can benefit by consideration of the shared functional and evolutionary attributes of the DRD4 2R and 7R alleles. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of SiC whisker on benzoxazine‐epoxy‐phenolic ternary systems: Microwave curing and thermomechanical characteristics
Authors: Rimdusit Sarawut , Jiraprawatthagool Varutrit , Jubsilp Chanchira , Tiptipakorn Sunan , Kitano Takeshi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMicrowave radiation at 2.45 GHz with variable power input was investigated as a tool to facilitate the curing reaction of benzoxazine‐epoxy‐phenolic molding compound i.e., BEP893. Dielectric filler for microwave coupling was silicon carbide whisker (SiCw). Factors such as whisker loading and input irradiation power were found to have a profound effect on the microwave heating of the BEP893 particularly on the rate of temperature rise and maximum heating temperature. The SiCw loading of 10% by weight with the microwave irradiation condition of 300 W for 10 min renders the ultimate curing of the molding compound. Significant reduction in processing time of the microwave cured sample compared with the conventional heat cured sample i.e., 150 min at 200°C using conventional heating is the key benefit of this technique. Mechanical properties of the microwave cured and conventional heat cured samples show similar characteristics with slightly lower Tg in the microwave cured samples. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Allylamine plasma‐polymerization on PLLA surface evaluation of the biodegradation
Authors: Guerrouani Nadia , Baldo Audrey , Bouffin Alexandre , Drakides Christian , Guimon Marie‐Françoise , Mas André 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBiodegradation of poy(L‐lactide) (PLLA) films and filaments recovered with hydrophilic layer (contact angle
$ {\rm{\theta }}_{{\rm{H}}_{\rm{2}} {\rm{O}}} $
= 14°, surface energy γs = 70.9 mJ m−2) from allylamine plasma polymerization was investigated under aerobic conditions in sludge. XPS and FTIR‐ATR analysis of the plasma layer showed 14.4% N and 16.6% O mainly as amide group. Optical microscopy showed much bacteria colonies on treated PLLA surface than on untreated one. Weight loss and oxygen consumption after 65 days were 4–5% and 4 mg h−1 per gram polymer respectively. The fact that biodegradation lag‐phase for treated PLLA was released quicker (7 days) than untreated one (14 days), could be related to the presence of hydrophilic plasma layer that improved swelling‐dissolution of hydrolyzed molecular fragments. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Rapid seismic reflection imaging at the Clovis period Gault site in central Texas
Authors: Hildebrand John A. , Wiggins Sean M. , Driver Jeana L. , Waters Michael R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUsing a modified seismic reflection imaging system with rapid translation of receivers, stratigraphic profiles were collected at the Gault site in central Texas. For rapid data collection, spikeless geophone receivers were placed in sand‐filled bags at tight spacing, and these receivers were rapidly pulled along the ground surface between shots. Shots were produced by a small hammer strike to a vertical pipe at 20‐cm intervals. High quality ultrashallow seismic reflection profiles were collected at a rate of 25 m h−1, significantly faster than what is possible with conventional seismic reflection imaging using individually planted geophones. Ground‐penetrating radar was attempted, but abandoned owing to the poor penetration of the radar signals in the clay soils present at the Gault site. Electromagnetic induction grids were collected surrounding each seismic reflection profile, and provided information on near‐surface ground water. Seismic reflection images of Gault site stratigraphy provided greater depth penetration than accessible from backhoe trenching and coring, and helped to better outline the site geological context. Seismic images reveal coherent reflections at shallow depths (0–2.5 m), and extensive scattering at deeper levels (2.5–8 m), underlain by reflection‐free zones. These data are interpreted as clay and gravel layers overlaying palaeostream channels carved into the limestone bedrock. Where comparative data were available, the geophysical findings were corroborated by observations of site stratigraphy in archaeological excavation units, backhoe trenches and cores. Seismic reflection studies at the Gault site revealed a palaeochannel filled with pre‐Clovis age sediments. Pre‐Clovis age sediments are not known to occur at other locations within the Gault site. They provide a unique opportunity to test for cultural remains of great antiquity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On designing the capacity of a reservoir
Authors: Khan M. S. H. , Jain G. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo methods of computing the capacity of a reservoir are discussed. In the first method suppose that inputs into the reservoir during successive periods of fixed lengths are independently and identically distributed and that the supplies or releases from it are at the unit rate. Assume that the input is a scarce commodity and that the input rate is less than the supply rate. We then use the mean emptiness period of the reservoir for computing its capacity. In particular the capacity has been determined for geometric, binomial and exponential inputs. The second method is that of simulation for gamma type Markov autoregressive inputs and content‐dependent supplies.
Model adequacy: A bayesian viewpoint
Authors: Steece Beet M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe present a BAYEsian theory for testing model adequacy which provides exact results whether the model is linear or nonlinear in the parameters. We consider two cases: (a) replicated data exists, and (b) no replicated data exists but an external estimate of the variance is available. Furthermore, we derive a useful approximation for testing model adequacy when the model is nonlinear in the parameters.
Principal component regression analysis applied in structure‐activity relationships. 1. selective dihydrofolic acid reductase inhibitors
Authors: Mager Peter P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe principal component regression analysis is used when the predicting variables correlate significantly against the regressor variables and, when a collinearity and multicollinearity exist among regressor variables. The example adapted from enzymology shows that no loss of information occurs with respect to the chemical constants in comparison with the reduced model of multivariate regression analysis.
Nonparametric evaluation of heritability by intra‐twin differences of mono‐ and dicygotic twins
Authors: Von Eye A. , Lienert G. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStarting from intratwin differences x – x of two cotwins X and X in a specified trait (e.g. IQ) the following prediction was made from heredity assumption: intratwin differences will be larger in dizygotic than in monozygotic twins and will, from theoretical reasons, not be distributed normally. Therefore nonparametric testing is suggested either by U‐test or by median‐test depending on whether the differences differ in dispersion. Additionally descriptive measures of heritability were derived from the respective test statistics in such a way as to correspond to parametric heritability coefficients.
The statistical analysis of the differential blood count
Authors: Unkelbach H. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe differential blood count obtained by unbiased sampling mathematically follows a multinomial distribution. The variation between individuals can be formalized by a mixing distribution of the parameters of the multinomial distribution. By DIRICHLET‐distributions used as mixing distributions the main phenomena of the observed data can be described, and they are useful in estimating and testing treatment effects. If the correlation between the different types of leucocytes is taken into account in an appropriate manner, univariate test procedures can be applied also.
Micro and macro bayesian estimation of population distributions
Authors: Tziafetas George 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA BAYESian probability model is described to estimate population distributions when micro or macro data about the migration of the population are available. Applying the procedure to the statistical data for two groups of 5 regions in the BRD, the macro Bayesian estimators lead to a projection of the population distributions which has a better fit than the calculated with micro Bayesian estimators. This is a basic result with a great advantage because it is possible to predict population distributions selecting only macro sample data.
Some correlation optimization problems of econometrics, statistics and psychology
Authors: Scobey P. , Kabe D. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSome results of conditional expectation minimization theory and canonical correlations theory are used to give a unified approach to the derivation of several known results of correlation maximization theory involving prediction of one vector variate by using linear functions of another correlated vector variate. The present unified approach is more direct and straight‐forward than the varied and different methods used by several authors to study population linear relationships between two vector variables within the framework of canonical correlation theory. The basis of our unified approach is the single underlying principle of correlation maximization.
A multivariate generalization of the FRIEDMAN rank test with application to a problem in molecular biology
Authors: Koziol J. A. , Smith C. I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA series of experiments was recently undertaken at the National Institutes of Health to ascertain whether tRNA populations are determined by or adapted to the major proteins synthesized by tumor cells. Dissimilarity indices between chromatographic profiles of animoacyl‐tRNAs from 11 mouse plasmacytomas and from normal adult mouse liver and brain were calculated and then compared using a multivariate generalization of the FRIEDMAN rank test. This test is described herein, and its use is illustrated with data from the experiments.
Matched pairs in factorial experiments with binary data
Authors: Cox M. A. A. , Plackett R. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo more models are proposed for the analysis of matched pairs in factorial experiments with binary data. They are applied to two‐period crossover designs. Estimation and test procedures are derived both approximately and by maximizing likelihoods. Comparisons are made with previous methods of analysis and between the models proposed.
Analyses of multivariately determined community matrices using cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling
Authors: Whitmore R. C. , Harner E. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLinear discriminant analysis was used to compute the p‐variate MACARTHUR‐LEVINS and Density Overlap measures of niche overlap between all pairs of 24 passerine bird species. The overlap values for the species pairs were then organized into a community matrix for each approach. The relationships inherent in the community matrices were structured by cluster analysis and non‐metric multidimensional scaling.Cluster analysis identified the highly related species groups whereas multidimensional scaling demonstrated community wide relationships. In particular, the scaling approach clearly delineated shrub density and ground cover gradients.
Testing transition rates in generalized binomial models
Authors: Stucky W. , Unkelbach H. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn toxicological experiments the type II error is of important interest, but it is seldom discussed. For certain experiments like those in reproduction toxicology this paper gives some ideas to calculate it analytically. The basis is a generalized binomial model describing transition processes in experimental units. Each experimental unit contains a set of × members which develop from one to another specified state with some probability P. This transition probability P is allowed to vary from one experimental unit to the other; there is no restriction on the distribution of P and X, nor is P assumed to be independent of the total number × in contrast to the commonly used models. The model is extended to describe the treatment of an experimental unit, which permits to separate the treatment effect from the spontaneous development. This allows to investigate the power of some statistical tests for calculating sample sizes and for comparing different experimental designs.
Comparing treatment‐induced changes for k independent samples of paired observations
Authors: Lienert G. A. , Marascuilo L. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn a recent paper, MARASCUILO [19] has provided an asymptotic solution to the important question on how to test for differences in change parameters when paired observation of binary type (+, ‐) have been made on two or more independent samples of individuals.In this article, an alternative approach is presented implying asymptotic as well as exact tests for changes. They are based on pre‐post test designs from clinical research and allow for controlled evaluation of one treatment modality as well as for comparing 2 or more than 2 treatment modalities. The rationale of the tests is based on McNEMARS [21] test for paired binary observations in one, two, or k samples.
Correlation between qualitatively distributed predicting variables and chemical terms in acridine derivatives using principal component analysis
Authors: Mager Peter P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhen biological variables are not continuously distributed, the multiple and multivariate regression analysis cannot be used to correlate these variables against chemical regressors. As the employment of discriminant analysis requires the homogeneity of dispersion matrices and, that nhp where nh= degree of freedom of hypothesis, p =number of chemical terms, the reliability and validity of this method is highly questionable here. An alternative method is based on the principal component analysis where multicategory variables of drug responses can be classified into measures of inactive, slightly active, sufficiently active, and highly active drugs, for instance. The rules for classification are based on biological sources that can be expressed by chemical terms, too. An example adapted from antitumor action of acridine derivatives shows the working technique.
Mathematical methods for the acquisition of changes in vecps
Authors: Wernecke K.‐D. , Bohne B.‐D. , Ulrich W. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractProcedures such as principal component analysis, autocorrelation and cross‐correlation, Fourier analysis, Wiener filtering, which have been used so far for the mathematical analysis of VECP mainly serve purpose of quantization and frequency analysis of signals and the evaluation of their intraindividual and interindividual variability. Although some of the above methods are also employed for the differentiation of VECPs, it seems that methods of primarily comparative character are better suited for the classification of different signal forms. This paper reports on results obtained by multivariate analysis of variance.
Optimal Split‐plot Designs for a Mixed Model
Authors: Roebruck P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractExact tests are given, for the usual hypotheses on split‐plot models with random blocks and fixed treatment effects, considering different numbers of blocks for each level of whole‐plot treatment and assuming normally distributed observations. U‐ and D‐optimal designs are considered with respect to the tests of main effects and interactions as well as to estimation of parameters.
A Simple Construction Procedure for Eesolvable Incomplete Block Designs for any Number of Treatments
Authors: Khare Meena , Federer W. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA simple, straightforward procedure, which requires no special tables or generators, is presented for constructing resolvable incomplete block designs for v=pk, v=p2k, …, treatments, for k≥p, in incomplete blocks of size k. Also, it is shown, how to obtain incomplete block designs for any v in blocks of size k and k+1. The procedure allows construction of balanced incomplete block designs for p = k a prime number. For p = n not a prime number, incomplete block designs can be obtained by the procedure, but are not balanced. However, for ps being the smallest prime factor of n, ps + 1 for v = n2, ps2+ ps + 1 for v = n3, …, arrangements can be obtained for which the occurrence of any treatment pair in the blocks is either zero or one. This is called a zero‐one concurrence design. Procedures are described for obtaining additional zero‐one concurrence arrangements. It is shown that the efficiency of these designs is maximum. Both intra‐block and inter‐block analyses are described.