bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parental Representations of Schizophrenics and their Association with Onset and Course of Schizophrenia
Authors: Parker Gordon , Fairley Michael , Greenwood Jim , Jurd Stephen , Silove Derrick 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe view that schizophrenics have been exposed to a parental style of low care and overprotection was assessed in a case-control study of 72 schizophrenics using the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) which measures perceived parental characteristics. Those who assigned one or both parents to the low care/overprotection group had an earlier age of initial hospitalization, and in nine months following hospital discharge were more likely to be readmitted. The PBI is a simple measure capable of predicting schizophrenic relapse.
Dangerous Episodes occurring around the Time of Discharge of Four Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Stein George S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFour patients with severe drug resistant chronic schizophrenia all committed a dangerous act around the time of their discharge from hospital. Discharge from a long stay ward may be an important life event and might therefore be expected to be associated with some depression. Detection of depression among vulnerable schizophrenics may be important if suicide or other dangers are to be prevented.
An Expanding ‘Stage Army’ of Long-Stay Psychiatric Day-Patients
Authors: Pryce I. G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryContacts of patients with a large urban day hospital over a decade were analysed in respect of the long-stay population, its patterns of contact and rate of discharge. Two-thirds had been attending continuously for 2–17 years, and a third for 1–2 years; 60 per cent of the latter were readmissions. The majority were admitted more than once and there was great variation in their pattern of contact. The population's growth over the decade was due to a slow average admission rate of 1–2 long-stay patients per fortnight, and an even slower rate of discharge. More men than women attended, especially in the age range 25–44; at the end of the decade the number of long-stay men was still increasing.
CT Scanning in Senile Dementia
Authors: Naguib Mohsen , Levy Raymond 
Published: August 2008

SummarySurvivors from a group of 40 carefully evaluated subjects with senile dementia who had been scanned over two years previously were followed-up, re-scanned and given simple cognitive tests. Of the 12 survivors, 10 agreed to participate. These fell into two sub-groups: one who showed further deterioration in cognitive function and one who did not. The first sub-group showed an increase in ventricle-brain ratio while the second did not. Although the numbers were too small for clear statistical differences to emerge, there was a tendency for affective admixture to be a favourable prognostic indicator and low radiological attenuation density particularly in the right parietal region to be an unfavourable one.
The Competence and Reliability of a Witness in a Criminal Court: A Case Report
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H. , Gunn John 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper deals with an aspect of the law relating to the use of a mentally handicapped victim as a prosecution witness in a criminal trial. Here the particular question was of the victim's competence to act as a witness, and the likely reliability, or otherwise of her evidence. The results of psychological testing were found to provide guidelines by which the court could distinguish between areas of the reliable and the unreliable in her evidence.
Changes in the Sentencing of Diminished Responsibility Homicides
Authors: Dell Susanne , Smith Alan 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe majority of men convicted of manslaughter by reason of diminished responsibility used to receive hospital orders, but are now receiving prison sentences. A sample of offenders convicted between 1966 and 1977 was studied to see the reasons for the change. It was found that the make-up of the offender population did not change materially over the period, nor did the willingness of judges to make hospital orders. What changed was the pattern of treatment recommendations made by the examining doctors in their court reports.
The Relationship between Auditory Hallucinations and Spontaneous Fluctuations of Skin Conductance in Schizophrenia
Authors: Cooklin Ruth , Sturgeon David , Leff Julian 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA sample was collected of schizophrenic patients exhibiting nonverbal signs of intermittent auditory hallucinations. A video-tape record was made for each of a session, during which the patient's skin conductance was monitored. Independent raters achieved reasonable agreement on the onset of periods of hallucinatory activity, as judged from non-verbal signs. The skin conductance tracing was scored independently for spontaneous fluctuations. In the 10 patients with satisfactory records the onset of hallucinatory periods was significantly (P <0.01) associated with a rise in the spontaneous fluctuation rate.
Response of Phobic Patients to Direct Computer Assessment
Authors: Carr Anthony C. , Ghosh Anindya 
Published: August 2008

SummaryComputerized assessment which is objective, standardized and easily repeated has been shown to be acceptable to general psychiatric patients. Fifty-three subjects (43 phobics and 10 normals feigning phobias) showed no unusual apprehension in approaching this novel procedure; all were able to complete the computer interview. Furthermore, half of them claimed that they found the interview more acceptable and found it easier to communicate with the computer than with a clinician. Only nine patients preferred the clinician. The reasons for this are discussed.
Binge-eating and Self-induced Vomiting in the Community
Authors: Cooper Peter J. , Fairburn Christopher G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis study examined by questionnaire the prevalence of binge-eating and self-induced vomiting among a sample of 369 consecutive attenders at a family planning clinic. 20.9 per cent reported current episodes of uncontrollable and excessive eating (‘binges’), 2.9 per cent currently induced vomiting as a means of weight control; and 4.9 per cent reported using laxatives. Binge-eating and self-induced vomiting were strongly associated with disturbed attitudes to food, eating, body weight and shape; and with psychiatric disturbance. Menstrual dysfunction was not associated with either body weight or binge-eating; it was however associated with psychiatric state. Applying conservative rules, 1.9 per cent appeared to fulfil diagnostic criteria for the recently described syndrome bulimia nervosa.
Marriage and Mental Illness
Authors: Birtchnell John , Kennard John 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo female psychiatric patient samples were examined—240 women, aged 20 or over, from North East Scotland; and 44, aged 40 to 49, from Chichester, West Sussex. There was also a Chichester community sample of 230 women of similar age-range.The N.E. Scotland psychiatric patients with poor marriages broke down significantly earlier, and the delay between marriage and first breakdown was significantly shorter. This group also tended to have a neurotic rather than an endogenous type of depression.The poor marriages of the Chichester psychiatric patients were, in the main, similar to those of the Chichester non-patients, but the patients demonstrated significantly more disturbance of sexual relationships, and their in-laws were significantly more disapproving.
Depression and the Accessibility of Memories
Authors: Fogarty S. J. , Hemsley D. R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA group of depressed patients and a group of normal subjects were assessed on two occasions. On each they were required to recall past real life experiences associated with a series of stimulus words. Subjects were subsequently required to rate each experience for happiness and pleasantness. The depressives showed an increased probability of recalling sad memories; within this group there was a significant relationship between severity of depressed mood and the percentage of sad memories recalled. The extent of reduction in depressed mood from occasion 1 to occasion 2 was significantly related to the increase in accessibility of happy memories and the decrease in recall of sad memories. For those patients who improved between the two occasions there was a significant reduction in the probability of recall of a very unhappy memory. The results extend the previous findings on the effect of mood state on the accessibility of memories of differing affective tone. The findings are discussed in terms of context specific encoding and retrieval.
Corpus Callosum Thickness in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Bigelow Llewellyn B. , Nasrallah Henry A. , Rauscher Frederick P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn an effort at replication of the original report (Rosenthal and Bigelow, 1972) of increased callosal thickness in schizophrenic brains, the corpus callosum was measured in a blind study of 64 brains autopsied between the years 1972 and 1976. Diagnosis was established by independent chart review. The mean corpus callosum mid sections of 21 early onset chronic schizophrenic brains were found to have a significantly greater thickness when compared with 8 subjects with late onset schizophrenia, 13 patients with neurological diagnoses, or 14 patients with other psychiatric diagnoses. These studies, if independently confirmed, should provide an impetus for testing the hypothesis that some chronic schizophrenic patients have an illness associated with a pathological process in the corpus callosum.
Diabetes Mellitus, Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia
Authors: Szmukler G. I. , Russell G. F. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo patients are described with both anorexia nervosa and diabetes mellitus. In addition, both patients suffered from bulimic episodes. A third patient with bulimia is also described. All patients admitted to using their diabetes in a purposeful and direct way to pursue their morbid goal of weight loss. Management proved extremely difficult.
Controlled Comparison of Aversive Therapy and Imaginal Desensitization in Compulsive Gambling
Authors: McConaghy Nathaniel , Armstrong Michael S. , Blaszczynski Alex , Allcock Clive 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty compulsive gamblers were randomly allocated, half to receive aversion-relief therapy and half to receive imaginal desensitization; both groups were followed-up for one year. Compared with those who received aversion-relief, gamblers who received imaginal desensitization reported a significantly greater reduction of gambling urge and behaviour; they also showed a significant reduction in trait anxiety at one year and in state anxiety at one month and one year following treatment. A high level of state anxiety at one month following treatment predicted failure to respond to treatment at one year in the subjects who received imaginal desensitization, but not in those who received aversion-relief. The relationship between reduction in anxiety and in gambling urge in response to imaginal desensitization was predicted from the theory that compulsive gambling is driven by aversive tension.
The Effect of the Use of the International Classification of Diseases 9th Revision: Upon Hospital In-Patient Diagnoses
Authors: Zigmond A. S. , Sims A. C. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis study compares the diagnostic terminology used for 592 consecutive discharges from a psychiatric unit before and after teaching psychiatric trainees the use of the ICD-9 classificatory system. The results show a marked increase in specificity of diagnostic labels, with a decrease of diagnoses with the term ‘not otherwise specified’, and an increase in the diagnoses of organic psychoses, paranoid and hebephrenic schizophrenia and depressive neurosis. The implications of this for training about diagnosis, clinical practice and recording of data for national statistics are discussed.
The DSM-III Concept of Organic Brain Syndrome
Authors: Fox Herbert A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe shortcomings of the DSM-II classification of organic brain syndrome are described, including the limitation of the concept to the global brain disorders; the idiosyncratic use of the terms acute and chronic; and the unsatisfactory categories psychotic and nonpsychotic. Organic brain syndrome is defined according to DSM-III and the 10 separate brain syndrome categories are outlined. The diagnostic criteria for each category are listed and the general principles underlying the criteria are described. Finally, the goals of the authors' of DSM-III to enhance diagnostic reliability and validity are discussed and the impact of the new nomenclature is assessed.
Growth Hormone Responses to Apomorphine HCl in Schizophrenic Patients on Drug Holidays and at Relapse
Authors: Cleghorn J. M. , Brown G. M. , Brown P. J. , Kaplan R. D. , Dermer S. W. , MacCrimmon D. J. , Mitton J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn nine schizophrenic patients on drug holiday, growth hormone (GH) response to apomorphine HCl 0.75 mg (APO) was compared with normal control data. Patients were tested at two month intervals for up to 14 months. Seven patients relapsed, and of these, five had exaggerated GH responses to APO at that time. Of these five, three had exaggerated GH responses to APO prior to clinical deterioration. Further work is required to determine whether this test can be a useful predictor of relapse.
Depression and the Newcastle Scale
Authors: Holden Neil L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe results of 41 standardised dexamethasone suppression tests (DST) with the Newcastle Scale diagnostic weighting for endogenous depression correlated significantly (P <.001). Specificity of the DST was found to be 89 per cent, sensitivity 82 per cent and the diagnostic confidence for endogenous depression 94 per cent. This strongly supports the validity of the Newcastle Scale diagnostic weighting for endogenous depression.
Schneider's First Rank Symptoms—Prevalence, Diagnostic Use and Prognostic Implications
Authors: Radhakrishnan Janaki , Mathew Kuruvilla , Richard J. , Verghese Abraham 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAn evaluation of the prevalence of Schneiderian first-rank symptoms, and their diagnostic and prognostic value is described. 35.2 per cent of schizophrenic patients had first-rank symptoms. The presence of first-rank symptoms did not indicate either chronicity of illness or a poor outcome.
Observations on the Handedness Preferences of Patients with Personality Disorders
Authors: Standage K. F. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA new series of patients with personality disorders has provided an opportunity to extend to both sexes an earlier finding that personality disordered women tend to be mixed handed. Eighty-one subjects completed Annett's handedness questionnaire. The frequency of mixed hand preference in both sexes was similar to that found in the previous study, though deviations from consistent preference were small and dependent on the method used to classify handedness. The hysterical, antisocial and explosive personality types were particularly likely to have mixed handedness. These associations were reflected in small but significant trends among several psychometric variables.
Serum Concentration of Depot Neuroleptics in Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Fairbairn A. F. , Rowell F. J. , Hui S. M. , Hassanyeh F. , Robinson A. J. , Eccleston D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryUsing radioimmunoassay techniques, serum levels of depot neuroleptics, fluphenazine and flupenthixol, were estimated in two groups of chronic schizophrenic patients with, and without, tardive dyskinesia. There were high correlations between drug dose and plasma concentration. There was no significant difference in dose-related serum levels of either drug between the groups.The hypothesis that patients with tardive dyskinesia develop the syndrome because they do not metabolise neuroleptics as efficiently as those without the syndrome was not supported by the data.
Psychiatric Service Use in Salford
Authors: Wooff K. , Freeman H. L. , Fryers T. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryUsing data from the Salford Psychiatric Case Register, point-prevalence patterns of service use in Salford County Borough are compared for 1968 and 1978 with respect to type of care, age and diagnosis. In a declining population, overall point-prevalence ratios increased from 9.52 to 13.44/1,000 adults, due almost entirely to two extensive new services — “injection-only” nurse contact with out-patients, and community psychiatric nurse domiciliary contact. Their development has apparently hardly affected use of other services. The increase was similar in most age-groups and in the predominating diagnostic groups (schizophrenia and depression). Prevalence ratios for long-stay patients barely changed in total, and increased for those accumulated in a ten-year period, but there was an upward shift in age. Day care increased, but its contribution remained relatively small. The diagnostic distribution of social work contact changed, as community psychiatric nurses (CPNs) assumed domiciliary care of people with schizophrenia.
Effects of ECT and Depression on Various Aspects of Memory
Authors: Frith C. D. , Stevens Marilyn , Johnstone Eve C. , Deakin J. F. W. , Lawler P. , Crow T. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySeventy severely depressed patients randomly assigned to receive 8 real or sham ECT were further subdivided on the basis of degree of recovery from depression afterwards. In comparison to a non-depressed control group the depressed patients were impaired on a wide range of tests of memory and concentration prior to treatment, but afterwards performance on most of the tests had improved. Real ECT induced impairments of concentration, short-term memory and learning, but significantly facilitated access to remote memories. At 6 month follow-up all differences between real and sham ECT groups had disappeared. On the majority of tests the previously depressed patients now performed at the same level as the control group. There was some evidence that a subgroup of treatment-resistant patients (poor outcome after real ECT) were significantly more likely to complain of memory problems 6 months later.
A Review and Controlled Study of Cutaneous Conditions associated with Lithium Carbonate
Authors: Sarantidis Dimocritos , Waters Brent 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis study compares the incidence of a variety of cutaneous conditions among 91 patients treated with lithium carbonate with the incidence of such conditions among 44 patients treated with other non-neuroleptic, maintenance medications. Data on cutaneous conditions and allergies were obtained using structured interviews, demographic data, medication histories and personal and family histories.A significantly greater proportion of the lithium-treated patients than the comparison patients reported a cutaneous condition which may have been secondary to treatment in that it developed for the first time after the medication or appeared to have been exacerbated by the medication. Among the lithium-treated patients, females were found to be significantly more likely to report a secondary cutaneous condition. This effect was found across the whole range of cutaneous conditions. Male lithium-treated patients on the other hand reported approximately the same rate of secondary cutaneous conditions as both male and female comparison patients. Possible reasons for this sexual effect on incidence are discussed.The literature on cutaneous conditions which have been associated with lithium therapy is also reviewed.
Psychiatric Symptoms in Dermatology Patients
Authors: Hughes J. E. , Barraclough B. M. , Hamblin L. G. , White J. E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe 30-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) (Goldberg, 1972) was administered to 196 consecutive new dermatology out-patients and 40 consecutive admissions to dermatology beds. Thirty per cent of the outpatients and 60 per cent of the in-patients obtained high scores, while half the high scorers in each group scored high on the Wakefield Self-Assessment Depression Scale (Snaith et al, 1971). These findings suggest that dermatology out-patients have a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorder than the general population, and dermatology in-patients a higher prevalence than general medical in-patients.High GHQ scores were associated with (a) diagnoses of acne, eczema, psoriasis or alopecia; with (b) extensive lesions on exposed parts of the body; and with (c) the use of high potency topical steroid. We indicate other areas that might be profitably explored in a full-scale study.
Blink Rate in Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Mackintosh J. H. , Kumar R. , Kitamura T. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty-three patients diagnosed as depressed and a matched group of normal subjects were interviewed on three occasions using standardised procedures. Their behaviour was quantified from video recordings. The results indicate that blink rate is increased in depression and falls to normal levels during treatment. The effect on blink rate was found to be independent of medication, but was related to the degree of improvement in the patients' condition. By contrast a sample of schizophrenic patients seen on one occasion showed a reduced blink rate which was probably a result of neuroleptic administration.
The Melancholia Scale and the Newcastle Scales
Authors: Bech P. , Gjerris A. , Andersen J. , B⊘jholm S. , Kramp P. , Bolwig T. G. , Kastrup M. , Clemmesen L. , Rafaelsen O. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe reliability of the total scores on three rating scales (Melancholia Scale and the two Newcastle Scales) and the algorithms leading to the Feighner, Research Diagnostic Criteria, and the DSM-III subtypes of depression have been compared. The degree of inter-observer agreements for the various item-combinations was significantly higher than would be expected by chance. The average agreement for each assessment system ranged from 80 to 93 per cent. This 7 to 20 per cent lack of total agreement probably reflects the limitation of clinical assessments including the influence of halo effects.
Assessment of Outcome after Psychosurgery using The Present State Examination
Authors: Curson D. A. , Trauer T. , Bridges P. K. , Gillman P. K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe aim of the study was to explore the way psychiatric symptoms might influence independent psychiatric assessment of outcome one year after stereotactic subcaudate tractotomy. In a sample of 34 patients consecutively accepted for psychosurgery the results showed that both ‘good’ and ‘poor’ outcome groups improved overall. No patients were significantly worse and the symptoms which improved most were nervous tension, depressed mood and somatic anxiety. It was not possible to identify symptomatic predictors of outcome because the preoperative symptom profiles of both groups were so similar. The reason why symptomatic outcome is so variable despite a basically identical psychosurgical technique is discussed.
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow and Lateralized Hemispheric Dysfunction in Depression
Authors: Uytdenhoef P. , Portelange P. , Jacquy J. , Charles G. , Linkowski P. , Mendlewicz J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryCerebral blood flow is known as an indicator of cerebral metabolism. Using the 133Xenon inhalation method, we studied the regional cerebral blood flow (r-CBF) in patients with different subtypes of depression and in remission. A left frontal hypervascularization and a right posterior hypovascularization were found in major depressives, compared to normal subjects, minor depressives, and normothymic bipolar patients. These results tend to confirm the existence of cerebral dysfunction in both hemispheres in major depression, as reported by other authors using different techniques.