bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synergistic effects of estrogen and androgen on the prostate: Effects of estrogen on androgen‐and estrogen‐receptors, BrdU uptake, immunohistochemical study of AR, and responses to antiandrogens
Authors: Suzuki Kazuhiro , Ito Kazuto , Suzuki Takanori , Yamanaka Hidetoshi , Honma Seijiro 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo investigate the synergistic effects of estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) on prostate growth, castrated Wistar rats were treated with 1 mg/day of T or with 1 mg/day of T and 0.01 mg/day of E2 for 6 weeks. The weight of the prostate in T + E2‐treated rats was significantly higher than that in T‐treated and normal rats, parallel with the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling index (LI). Nuclear androgen receptor (AR) content in the T + E2 group was significantly higher than that in the T group. But they were lower than that in normal rats. And there were no significant differences between the groups in nuclear estrogen receptor (ER) content. Immunohistochemical studies with the AR antibody revealed positive staining in the prostatic epithelium and stromal cells in the normal, T‐treated, and T + E2‐treated animals. However, castration led to loss of staining.Response to steroidal antiandrogens was also determined. Antiandrogen treatment abrogated the increases in nuclear AR content and BrdU LI, and prevented immunohistochemical staining.These results suggest that AR and ER, which were measured in this study, were not indicators of prostatic proliferation. We further need to investigate other factors, including other types of receptors, growth factors involved in epithelial‐stromal interaction, and so on.
Inhibition of prostate cancer growth by estramustine and colchicine
Authors: Fakih Marwan , Replogle Tracy , Lehr Jeff E. , Pienta Kenneth J. , Yagoda Alan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHormone‐refractory prostate cancer continues to be associated with a very poor prognosis. Agents that inhibit microtubule function have been found to be cytotoxic to prostate cancer cells in preclinical and clinical settings. It was the aim of this study to assess the activity of estramustine and colchicine, two microtubule inhibitors, in hormone‐refractory prostate cancer. In clinically achievable concentrations, the combination of estramustine and colchicine was cytotoxic to both the Dunning rat prostate adenocarcinoma cell line MAT‐LyLu (MLL) and human prostate cancer cells (PC‐3). Microtubule function was assessed in vitro to evaluate possible mechanisms of action. In motility and cell cycle analysis assays, estramustine and colchicine inhibited cellular motility but not cell cycle transit. In vivo, these two agents both inhibited the growth of implanted Dunning rat prostate adenocarcinoma MLL cells but did not appear to have additive effects. The use of oral colchicine in the treatment of hormone‐refractory prostate cancer requires further investigation.
Assay variability in serum prostate‐specific antigen determination
Authors: Brawer Michael K. , Daum Phyllis , Petteway Jason C. , Wener Mark H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractConsistency and reproducibility of serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) measurement are essential in the application of this analyte to early detection or screening programs. In the present investigation, we sought to compare serum PSA levels determined by the IMx assay (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL) and the Tandem E (Hybritech Inc., San Diego, CA) to determine whether there were differences.Two hundred twenty‐eight random sera from our archival bank were investigated. One hundred‐eight specimens were in the Tandem range of 2.0–10.0 ng/ml, and prostatic histology was known based on either systematic sector needle biopsy or transurethral resection. PSA was measured with three different lots of the IMx and Tandem assays.Over the entire range, there was a good correlation (r2 = 0.985); however, in the more useful clinical range of 2.0–10.0 ng/ml, the correlation was reduced to 0.923; in the 2.0–6.0 ng/ml range, it was further reduced to 0.852. The slope for the entire range was 0.948; however, in the 2.0‐ to 10.0‐ng/ml range, it was 0.894; in the 2.0‐ to 6.0‐ng/ml range, the slope was 0.815. Using PSA cutoffs of 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 ng/ml, significant decrease in abnormal PSA values in men with cancer was observed with the IMx compared with Tandem.These data suggest that the IMx and the Tandem PSA assays are not equivalent, and in most patients a lower value is realized with the IMx assay. This bias appears to be greater in men with prostate cancer. Clinicians must be aware which assay their patients are being tested with, and laboratory technicians should run internal standards to ensure lack of significant intralot variability and consistency over time. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survival of human prostate carcinoma, benign hyperplastic prostate tissues, and IL‐2‐activated lymphocytes in SCID mice
Authors: Lubaroff David M. , Cohen Michael B. , Shultz Leonard D. , Beamer Wesley G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMice, homozygous for the mutation severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) and also segregating for the mutation hypogonadal (hpg), were tested for their potential use as an in vivo model system for studying the growth of human prostate cancer and benign hyperplastic prostate tissue grafts. Fresh human prostate cancer or benign hyperplastic prostate tissue was implanted subcutaneously into androgen‐replete C.B. 17 scid/scid males, and into androgen‐deficient hpg/hpg scid/scid or androgen‐replete +/? scid scid males. The tissue grafts grew in both androgen‐replete and androgen‐deficient host mice. When dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was administered at tissue grafting, both the incidence and size of the tissue grafts increased. Histology of tissue from tumors in the androgen‐replete hosts showed a well‐differentiated prostate adenocarcinoma, whereas the androgen‐deficient hpg/hpg scid/scid host showed either undifferentiated tumors or adenocarcinomas with few glandular structures. These data suggest the androgen deficient environment selected for growth of androgen‐independent tumor tissue. Finally, when interleukin‐2 (IL‐2)‐activated tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes were injected into scid/scid hosts, the cells were found to survive and could be identified in the spleen of the recipient mice. These results indicate that growth of human prostate tissues and IL‐2‐activated lymphocytes in scid/scid mice is a viable model system for in vivo studies of prostatic disease. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PSA assay of dried blood samples from the ear lobe on a filter paper with special reference to prostatic mass screening
Authors: Watanabe Hiroki , Ohe Hiroshi , Saitoh Masahito , Kojima Munekado , Tanaka Toshiyuki , Ito Sachio 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo eliminate complicated procedures for taking blood samples in the field work for prostatic mass screening, we developed a method for PSA testing using blood samples taken from the ear lobe and dried on a filter paper. The stability, the diagnostic efficacy, and the cost‐benefit effect of the method were confirmed in hospitalized patients, as well as in subjects from our mass screening program. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of some hydrolytic enzymes with the prostasome membrane and their differential responses to detergent and PIPLC treatment
Authors: Fabiani Roberto , Ronquist Gunnar 
Published: February 2007

AbstractProstasomes are human prostate derived organelles that were isolated from both prostatic fluid and seminal plasma for the present study. Specific activities were determined for prostasome membrane‐associated enzymes, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 5′‐nucleotidase (5′NT), and alkaline phosphodiesterase I (APD). The mode of their membranous anchoring was studied by treatment of prostasomes with phosphoinositol‐specific phospholipase C (PIPLC) and different detergents. A substantial amount of ALP (50%) and 5′NT (31%) was released by incubation of prostasomes with 2 U/ml of PIPLC contrary to the small amount of APD (12%) released by the same treatment. After PIPLC treatment, the enzymes were recovered in the aqueous phase after phase repartition in Triton X‐114 indicating that PIPLC removed the hydrophobic domain converting the enzymes from membrane‐linked to aqueous soluble forms. Octyl glycoside was the most efficient one among different detergents to solubilize the enzymes from the prostasome membrane. Both ALP and 5′NT were resistant to the treatment with Triton X‐100 and Triton X‐114. These results suggest that ALP, 5′NT, and APD are more or less extensively linked to the prostasome membrane via a glycophosphoinositide anchor. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentiation‐stage specific expression of oncoprotein 18 in human and rat prostatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Friedrich Bengt , Grönberg Henrik , Landström Marene , Gullberg Martin , Bergh Anders 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOncoprotein 18 (Op18) is an intracellular phosphoprotein that has been shown to be overexpressed in a number of human malignancies. In the present report we have studied the pattern of Op18 expression in normal, hyperplastic, and malignant prostatic tissue as well as in rat prostatic tumor lines. One of the objectives of the present work was to establish whether the level of Op18 expression can be used as a prognostic marker in human prostatic adenocarcinoma. To that end, sections from normal, hyperplastic, and malignant human prostatic tissue were examined by immunohistochemistry for expression of Op18.In the normal and hyperplastic prostate, Op18 expression was observed in basal glandular epithelial cells, whereas the columnar luminal epithelial cells were not stained by the anti Op18 antibodies. In highly differentiated prostatic cancers occasional epithelial cells were stained, while in poorly differentiated tumors most of the epithelial cells contained Op18 immunoreactivity. The staining pattern was similar in the primary prostatic tumor and in the regional lymph node metastases. Most importantly, a limited survey of prostatic cancer patient samples (n = 40) showed a significant correlation between the fraction of Op18 immunoreactive cells and survival. Studies of a rat prostatic tumor model, showed that only a few cells were stained in the highly differentiated Dunning R3327PAP tumor, while most cells were stained in the anaplastic AT1 rat prostatic tumor. Interestingly, castration of rats resulted in an increased Op18 immunoreactivity, within 14 days, in the highly differentiated rat R3327PAP prostatic tumor.In conclusion, the level of Op18 expression seems to be related to cellular differentiation, histological grade, and survival in prostatic cancers. These findings show that Op18 immunoreactivity may be useful as a prognostic marker in prostatic cancer. In addition it may help in the differentiation between highly differentiated prostatic tumors and non‐malignant conditions. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nuclear morphometry is of independent prognostic value only in T1 prostatic adenocarcinomas
Authors: Vesalainen S. , Lipponen P. , Talja M. , Kasurinen J. , Syrjänen K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA series of 325 patients with prostatic adenocarcinoma followed‐up for over 13 years was subjected to histomorphometric analysis for the following prognostic factors: the Gleason score and 10 nuclear morphometric factors (mean nuclear area, nuclear perimeter, shortest and longest nuclear axis, form factor and their SDs), using the IBAS 1&2 image analyzer. Nuclear factors, Gleason score (P= 0.0013−0.0148), and T‐category (P= 0.004−0.0107) were significantly interrelated, while the M‐category was independent of the morphometric parameters. Nuclear factors (P= 0.0003‐0.5), Gleason score (P< 0.0001), T‐category (P< 0.0001) and M‐category (P< 0.0001) predicted the disease outcome. In T1‐2M0 tumors, the T‐category (P= 0.0001), Gleason score (P< 0.0001), SD of nuclear area (P= 0.057), SD of nuclear perimetry (P= 0.039), mean shortest nuclear axis (P= 0.030), SD of the shortest nuclear axis (P= 0.0045), SD of the longest nuclear axis (P= 0.009), and nuclear form factor (P= 0.0123) were significant prognostic factors. In the multivariate survival analysis, the nuclear area had independent prognostic significance only in T1 tumors, whereas in other subcategories, the clinical stage, Gleason score, and patient age included all the available prognostic information. The results indicate that nuclear morphometric measurements are of borderline significance only in evaluating the intrinsic malignancy of prostatic adenocarcinoma. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Orthotopic placement of the dunning R3327 AT‐3 prostate tumor in the copenhagen X fischer rat
Authors: Rubenstein Marvin , Saffrin Robert , Shaw Michael , Muchnik Sergey , Guinan Patrick 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOrthotopic placement of in vitro propagated Dunning R3327 AT‐3 tumor cells resulted in a greater percentage of tumor takes and a two‐fold shift in the exponential growth curve compared to flank implantation. The orthotopic tumor appeared to disseminate preferentially to regional lymph nodes, rather than to the lungs which is characteristic of flank tumors. The results suggest an important role of stromal‐epithelial interactions in the growth of this tumor. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diversity and modulation of plasminogen activator activity in human prostate carcinoma cell lines
Authors: Lyon Paul B. , See William A. , Xu Yong , Cohen Michael B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBaseline cellular plasminogen activator (PA) activity, and the cellular proteins responsible for variations in PA activity were evaluated in three human prostate carcinoma cell lines. Net PA activity in the cell lines PC‐3, DU‐145, and LNCaP was measured using a plasminogen‐dependent fibrin lysis assay. These three cell lines were then analyzed to determine the specific protein(s) responsible for differences in PA activity. mRNA and protein levels of cellular urinary PA (uPA), tissue PA (tPA), PA inhibitor 1 (PAI1), PA inhibitor 2 (PAI2), and uPA receptor (uPAr) were measured using Northern analysis and ELISA assays. Net cellular PA activity in the three cell lines varied over a 3‐fold range (PC3 > DU145 > LNCaP). Net PA activity in the fibrinolysis assay demonstrated a direct correlation with mRNA transcript levels of uPA, tPA, PAI1, and uPAr (PC‐3 > DU‐145 > LNCaP). uPA protein was identified in both the PC‐3 and the DU‐145 lines. tPA, PAI1, and PAI2 proteins were identified only in PC‐3 cells. In general, cellular protein levels correlated with mRNA levels. These findings demonstrate that prostate carcinoma cell lines vary in their net PA activity. This variability results from both qualitative and quantitative differences in the cellular expression of PA regulatory proteins. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular mass and carbohydrate structure of prostate specific antigen: Studies for establishment of an international PSA standard
Authors: Bélanger Alain , Van Halbeek Herman , Graves Howard C. B. , Grandbois Kay , Stamey Thomas A. , Huang Lihua , Poppe Izabella , Labrie Fernand 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDespite the widely accepted use of prostate specific antigen (PSA) as a marker of prostate cancer, this molecule has not yet been completely characterized. Past studies have well established, however, using both amino acid and cDNA sequencing techniques, that PSA contains 237 amino acids, with a molecular mass of 26,079 Da for the peptide moiety of the molecule. The present study reports analysis of this protein by ion spray mass spectrometry (ISMS) and analysis of its carbohydrate moiety by NMR spectroscopy. The predominant PSA molecular species detected by ISMS was at relative molecular mass (Mr) of 28,430, indicating that PSA contains a carbohydrate residue of Mr 2,351, for a total percentage of carbohydrate of 8.3%. Analysis of PSA by SDS‐PAGE, however, showed a Mr of 32,000 to 33,000, suggesting an overestimation of the molecular weight by the latter technique. The complete primary structure of the PSA carbohydrate chain was determined by NMR spectroscopy in combination with carbohydrate composition analysis. The experimentally determined carbohydrate content of PSA confirms that only one N‐glycosylation site is occupied in the protein. The proposed carbohydrate structure is a diantennary N‐linked oligosaccharide of the N‐acetyllactosamine type, with a sialic acid group at the end of each of the two branches. In addition, our data indicate that ∼70% of the PSA molecules contain a fucose group in the core chitobiose moiety. The calculated molecular weight of this carbohydrate structure (Mr 2,351.8) is in excellent agreement with the predicted molecular weight of the carbohydrate group, based on the Mr 28,430 for PSA measured by ion spray mass spectrometry and Mr 26,079 calculated from the consensus sequence for the peptide portion of the molecule. ISMS of PSA is thus proposed as a convenient and reliable method of quality control, an indispensible step towards international standardization of this very important tumor marker for detection and monitoring of prostatic diseases, especially prostate cancer. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identity of PSA purified from seminal fluid by different methods: Comparison by amino acid analysis and assigned extinction coefficients
Authors: Stamey T. A. , Teplow D. B. , Graves H. C. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo determine the true extinction coefficient of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and to measure any differences in PSA when isolated from seminal fluid by four different published methods, we studied 10 different lots of PSA by quantitative amino acid analysis.Despite an expected PSA concentration of 1 mg/ml based on gravimetric analysis at an average optical density of 1.45 at 280 nm, we recovered only 0.79 mg/ml by quantitative amino acid analysis (range 0.752 to 0.820 mg/ml with a coefficient of variation [C.V.] of 3.3% among the 10 lots). The concentration of 0.79 mg/ml was based on a molecular weight of 28,430 daltons for glycosylated PSA determined by ion spray mass spectroscopy [Bélanger et al: Prostate, 27:187–197, 1995]. From these 10 amino acid analyses, we calculated the extinction coefficient of PSA at 280 nm as 1.84 ± 0.04 ml × mg−1 × cm−1 (range 1.78 to 1.90 with a C.V. of 2.2%). © 1993 Wiley‐ Liss, Inc.Similar concentrations of PSA were obtained by amino acid analysis regardless of the method of purification. These observations support the presence of a single from of PSA in seminal fluid and are consistent with the molecular evidence that PSA is transcribed from a single gene locus on the long arm of chromosome 19 [Riegman et al.: Genomics 14:6‐11, 1992]. They do not support the recent contention by the Roswell Park group that the PSA they isolated in 1979 [Wang et al.: Invest Urol 17:159‐163, 1979; Wang et al.: Prostate 24:107‐108, 1994] is different from p30 reported a year earlier [Sensabaugh: J Forensic Sci 23:106–115, 1978]. © 1993 Wiley‐ Liss, Inc.
Stimulation of human prostate cancer cell lines by factors present in human osteoblast‐like cells but not in bone marrow
Authors: Lang Shona H. , Miller William R. , Habib Fouad K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSecondary deposits of prostate tumours are frequently found in the skeleton where they produce osteoblastic lesions. In this study both osteoblast‐like cells and bone marrow from the proximal femur have been cultured to determine whether or not they can release factors which could support the growth of secondary prostate tumours. Media conditioned by both osteoblast‐like cells (OBCM) and bone marrow were examined for their potential to stimulate prostate carcinoma cell lines. Whilst the results obtained demonstrated that OBCM could enhance the growth of both the hormone sensitive (LNCaP) and hormone unresponsive (PC‐3 and DU‐145) prostate carcinoma cell lines, no proliferative effect could be shown on cell lines derived from cancers of the breast, bladder, and liver. Significantly, media conditioned by either bone marrow or human skin fibroblasts also had no effect on the growth of prostate carcinoma cell lines. This study supports the possibility that the proliferation of prostate cancer cells at secondary skeletal sites, in vivo, may be due to osteoblast derived factors. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An architecture of self‐organizing map for temporal signal processing and its application to a Braille recognition task
Authors: Wakuya Hiroshi , Harada Hiroyuki , Shida Katsunori 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA self‐organizing map (SOM) performs a mapping of an object preserving its topological relations between input and output spaces, and also can be seen as a coordinate transformer that preserves adjacency relations. Since the standard SOM cannot deal with temporal data intrinsically, in this paper we provide new feedback pathways around the competitive layer to refer to context information of the past history. An extra output layer is added next to the competitive layer to represent secondary candidates and a quantitative measure of confidence. From the viewpoint of its structural similarities, we refer to this architecture as an Elman‐type feedback SOM. In order to clarify the effectiveness of the proposed model, we then adopt a temporal signal processing task of Braille recognition. Braille is a character set for visually impaired people made up of 6 dots on a 3 by 2 grid. When Braille is read by running the fingertip over the characters, the vertical axis can be seen as providing spatial information and the horizontal axis as providing temporal information. As a result of computer simulations with partially common four city names, we confirm that the proposed model can recognize them appropriately. In addition, we find that this approach is robust to both the temporal elasticity and spatial displacement. Moreover, when we conduct an analysis with the neuro‐bar model, we find that the Braille recognition task is executed based on a series of state transition along a type ofpathwaythat has been developed during training. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(3): 62– 71, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20260
License plate recognition using gray image template matching with noise reduction filters and character alignment
Authors: Takahashi Yasuko , Tanaka Hisako , Suzuki Akira , Shio Akio , Ohtsuka Sakuichi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper proposes a license plate recognition method using multivalued (gray image) template matching, which operates stably even under adverse illumination conditions in which the image contrast is easily degraded. The conventional method has been based on image binarization and the character extraction, which involves the problem that recognition accuracy is greatly lowered when the quality of the input image is degraded. To overcome this problem, the whole configuration of the recognition system is reviewed, and the following two‐stage method is considered. First, the individual characters are recognized. Multivalued template matching [log‐derivative‐matching (LDM) method], including a noise suppression filter based on nonlinear transformation of the gray levels and spatial frequency filtering, is used to scan the whole image. The character candidates and their locations are identified with high accuracy. Second, the license plate is recognized as follows. The likelihood of character existence for each coordinate obtained by image scanning and the character alignment rules in the license plate are compared, and the location with the highest likelihood of being the whole character string is selected. A comparison experiment was performed with more than 10,000 images taken in various outdoor illumination conditions, and it was shown that the recognition rate of the proposed method was much higher than that of the conventional method. The recognition rate for the four main digits was higher than 99% when minimum additional lighting was used, and nearly 95% under very severe illumination conditions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(3): 49– 61, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20342