bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CYPROTERONE ACETATE: A STUDY INVOLVING TWO VOLUNTEERS WITH IDIOPATHIC HIRSUTISM
Authors: BARNES E. W. , IRVINE W. J. , HUNTER W. M. , ISMAIL A. A. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwo female volunteers, of menstrual age, with severe idiopathic hirsutism were treated for eight cycles and fifteen cycles respectively with cyproterone acetate 50 mg twice daily on days 5‐14 of the cycle. In all but one cycle, ethinyl oestradiol in a dose of 50 μg daily from day 5 to day 21 was given in addition. Cyproterone acetate when given alone abolished the mid‐cycle LH surge. Combined therapy with cyproterone acetate and ethinyl oestradiol produced a significant improvement in both patients’hirsutism and was accompanied by a marked reduction in the urinary excretion of LH, FSH and androgens and by a fall in plasma testosterone. However, the clinical benefit derived from this drug was due principally to its action as a peripheral antiandrogen.
PLASMA FREE FATTY ACID TURNOVER IN TOTAL LIPODYSTROPHY
Authors: BOUCHER B. J. , COHEN R. D. , FRANCE M. W. , MASON A. STUART 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYBasal free fatty acid (FFA) turnover was found to be elevated or at the upper limit of normal in a patient with total lipodystrophy. The decrease in plasma FFA concentration which occurred after intravenous administration of insulin was shown to be primarily due to a fall in the inflow of FFA into the circulation. These results provide support for the suggestion that adipocytes in total lipodystrophy are able to synthesize triglyceride, but that they are unable to store it because of rapid lipolysis.
OESTROGEN INDUCED HYPERTRIGLYCERIDAMIA: ROLE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX
Authors: AFOLABI S. K. , TULLOCH B. R. , KISSEBAH A. H. , VYDELINGUM N. , FRASER T. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe role of the adrenal cortex in the pathogenesis of hypertriglyceridaemia associated with the intake of oral contraceptive agents containing oestrogen has been investigated in rats.Bilateral adrenalectomy reduced the activity of hepatic enzymes regulating lipogenesis (acetyl CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthetase) and decreased plasma triglyceride concentrations. On the other hand, the administration of high dosage corticosterone induced the activity of hepatic enzymes with consequent elevation in serum triglyceride levels.In animals with intact adrenals the administration of oestradiol: (a) raised plasma triglyceride levels, (b) enhanced the activity of hepatic enzymes, and (c) increased the adrenal cortex: body weight ratio. The effects (a) and (b) were not observed when both adrenals were removed prior to oestrogen therapy. High dosage corticosterone replacement was found to be essential for the oestradiol to produce its effects on hepatic enzymes and plasma triglyceride levels.The results suggest a regulatory role for the adrenal cortex in the homeostasis of plasma triglyceride concentration and that the hypertriglyceridaemia induced by the oestrogen containing preparations might be secondary to alterations in adrenocortical function.
THE ASSESSMENT OF 125I TREATMENT OF THYROTOXICOSIS
Authors: BREMNER W. F. , SPENCER CAROLE A. , RATCLIFFE WENDY A. , GREIG W. R. , RATCLIFFE J. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY257 patients have been reviewed 1‐5 years (mean 3 years 2 months) after receiving one of five dose regimes of 125I for thyrotoxicosis. The cumulative incidence of hypothyroidism was 34% and of persistent thyrotoxicosis 17%. The group receiving doses between 351 and 500 μCi/g had the highest proportion of euthyroid patients (65%) with the lowest requirement for repeat therapy (46%). In the euthyroid patients, increasing dose of 125I was associated with progressive decline in mean thyroxine (T4) level and free thyroxine index (FTI) within the respective normal ranges, and increase in mean thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) level to above the normal range. Euthyroid patients with elevated TSH levels had significantly lower T4 and FTI values compared with those with normal TSH, and showed a 3‐4‐fold increased rate of development of hypothyroidism over 1 year. Euthyroid patients with elevated T3 levels remained euthyroid during the subsequent year and mean T3 levels declined significantly, suggesting that abnormally elevated T3 levels after 125I do not generally indicate impending relapse of thyrotoxicosis.It is concluded that the potential advantages of 125I therapy for thyrotoxicosis in reducing the incidence of hypothyroidism have not been realized in practice.
GALACTORRHOEA, HYPERPROLACTINAEMIA AND PITUITARY TUMOURS IN THE FEMALE
Authors: NADER S. , MASHITER K. , DOYLE F. H. , JOPLIN G. F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA series of sixty‐two women with pituitary tumours, but having neither acromegaly nor Cushing's disease, has been analysed with respect to mode of presentation. Thirty‐six (58%) presented with amenorrhoea and galactorrhoea and a further fifteen (24%) presented with amenorrhoea only. Pretreatment prolactin levels were available in thirty‐four of these patients and in twenty‐seven (79%) hyperprolactinaemia was found, this occurring in the absence of a history of galactorrhoea in four out of ten cases.In addition, among a series of twenty‐five unselected women with unexplained galactorrhoea, we have found twelve pituitary tumours, amenorrhoea being a feature of all twelve cases.We conclude that the incidence of hyperprolactinaemia in women with apparently functionless pituitary tumours is much higher than previously estimated and suggest that serum prolactin should be assayed in all patients with such tumours even in the absence of a history of galactorrhoea. All patients with unexplained galactorrhoea should have careful radiological investigation for a possible pituitary tumour.
STERIOD CONJUGATES IN HUMAN SEMINAL PLASMA*
Authors: PURVIS K. , SAKSENA S. K. , LANDGREN B.‐M. , CEKAN Z. , DICZFALUSY E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA technique for the measurement of five conjugated steroids (dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, pregnenolone sulphate, testosterone sulphate, dihydrotestosterone sulphate and testosterone glucuronide) in human seminal plasma is described. The steroid sulphates and testosterone glucuronide were measured by radioimmunoassay after solvolysis and enzyme hydrolysis, respectively. In all cases the recognized criteria of assay reliability were fulfilled.In a group of men with established fertility, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate had the highest concentration and testosterone sulphate had the lowest (mean levels of 1.04 μmoles/l and 1.52 nmoles/l, respectively). The levels of pregnenolone sulphate, dihydrotestosterone sulphate and testosterone glucuronide were 30.3, 4.37 and 38.8 nmoles/l, respectively. In all cases the levels of conjugated steroid exceeded the levels of the corresponding unconjugated compound.
CLINICAL USE OF GLYCINE INTRAVENOUS LOAD FOR DIAGNOSIS OF GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY
Authors: FLOREA ION , POPA MIRCEA , SIMIONESCU LIGIA , DINULESCU ELENA , JUVINÂ ELENA 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIntravenous glycine injection (250 mg/kg of body weight) resulted in growth hormone release in normal children but not in those with growth hormone deficiency diagnosed by insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia. In the latter significantly higher peak concentrations of serum α‐amino nitrogen were also found. False negative responses to glycine (no GH release) were observed in two patients of short stature but normal pituitary function. In them the peak levels of serum α‐amino nitrogen were lower than in those with hypopituitarism. We propose the clinical use of glycine as an inexpensive and innocuous procedure for the detection of GH deficiency in children. A post‐glycine GH peak greater than 10.0 mu/1 seems to be a good index of an intact GH reserve.
RECURRENT HORMONE DEPENDENT CHOREA: EFFECTS OF OESTROGENS AND PROGESTOGENS
Authors: BARBER P. V. , ARNOLD A. G. , EVANS G. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA case of hemi‐chorea is described in a young woman, initially following administration of an oral contraceptive pill and recurring in a subsequent early pregnancy. The chorea ceased with the removal of the aetiological factor on each occasion. Subsequent challenge with a combined oestrogen/progestogen pill resulted in recurrence of the chorea, but the patient has been successfully maintained on a progestogen without any further symptoms. Thus it would appear that oestrogen component was the precipitating factor for the chorea.
DISSOCIATION BETWEEN TSH AND PROLACTIN DYNAMICS IN TREATED THYROTOXICOSIS
Authors: KANNAN C. , AKBAR M. , BEGUM F. , DWARAKANATHAN A. , BURKE G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTSH and prolactin secretory patterns in thyroid disease have generally been reported as concordant. We studied TSH and prolactin responses to TRH infusion (500 μg) in euthyroid individuals previously treated for thyrotoxicosis with 131I or antithyroid drugs. The 131I‐treated group (seven men, twenty women) had been clinically and biochemically euthyroid (normal serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels) for 6 months to 4.5 years (χ= 17.1±4.1 months). Based on maximal TSH increment (ΔTSH), three patient groups were identified: Group 1 [normal ΔTSH, n = 6]: Δ prolactin was normal in two, blunted in one and exaggerated in three. Group 2 (exaggerated TSH response, n = 8): Δ prolactin was normal in two, blunted in one and exaggerated in five. Group 3 (TSH nonresponders, n = 13): Δ prolactin was normal in five, blunted in three, and exaggerated in five.Eleven patients (three men, eight women) were studied after 6 months antithyroid‐drug treatment. All were clinically and biochemically euthyroid. All but one showed a blunted TRH‐TSH response. All three men showed an exaggerated Δ prolactin as did four of eight women. Three women showed a blunted Δ prolactin and in one, Δ prolactin was normal.Thus, TRH‐induced TSH and prolactin response patterns in treated thyrotoxicosis are not uniformly concordant, and, while a blunted or absent TSH response commonly persists long after euthyroidism has been restored, this is most frequently accompanied by a normal or exaggerated prolactin response.
CLINICAL AND ENDOCRINE FEATURES OF HYPERPROLACTINAEMIC AMENORRHOEA
Authors: JACOBS H. S. , FRANKS S. , MURRAY M. A. F. , HULL M. G. R. , STEELE S. J. , NABARRO J. D. N. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe clinical, radiological and endocrine findings in thirty‐five women with hyperprolactinaemia and amenorrhoea are described. Twelve patients had radiological evidence of a pituitary tumour and six were tested after pituitary ablation. Seventeen patients with hyperprolactinaemia and normal pituitary X‐rays were also studied. None was on any drug known to increase prolactin secretion and all patients were euthyroid when tested.Basal serum prolactin concentrations were high in the group with untreated pituitary tumours and in those with normal X‐rays. The levels were variable in the post‐ablation cases. The increase of prolactin after TRH was subnormal in all of the groups. Serum oestradiol concentrations were low in most patients and nineteen of twenty‐one patients tested had no withdrawal bleeding after treatment with a progestogen. Mean serum gonadotrophin concentrations (basal and after LHRH) were normal in twenty‐nine patients but subnormal in four post‐ablative cases. Anovulatory responses to clomiphene were obtained in nineteen of twenty patients tested. Fifteen patients were treated with bromocriptine; twelve ovulated and eight became pregnant; two not responding had impaired LH and FSH production.Hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea is a common disorder with characteristic endocrine features. Galactorrhoea is unusual (30%). Treatment with bromocriptine lowers prolactin concentrations and rapidly repairs the reproductive defect.
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ACTH PRODUCED BY A PRIMARY PITUITARY TUMOUR IN A PATIENT WITH CUSHING'S DISEASE
Authors: KRIENGER DOROTHY T. , CHOI HO‐SOON H. , ANDERSON PAUL J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe nature of ACTH present in pitutary tumours associated with Cushing's disease has not been previously characterized nor correlated with the electron microscopic appearance. The present report describes the culture of tumour tissue obtained from a patient with a pituitary tumour associated with Cushing's disease, and the characterization of the ACTH content of tumour and media by bioassay, immunoassay, and Sephadex G‐50 gel filtration. Electron microscopic studies were also performed. The pathological diagnosis was pituitary adenoma with basophilic PAS‐positive granules. Electron microscopy showed uniformity of size and shape of the tumour cells, the presence of secretory granules of varying size and density, and disorganized tubular and vacuolar arrays of endoplasmic reticulum.The bioreactive ACTH content of the tumour was 0.29 μ/g, Which is markedly below that seen in the normal pituitary, but within the range reported for ecotopic ACTH‐producing tumours. Immunoreactive ACTH when measured by a C‐terminal antibody was five‐fold higher than when measured by an N‐terminal antibody; the latter gave a value of 1.24 μ/g. On Sephadex G‐50 gel filtration, 9% of the N‐terminal immunoreactivity was present in the V0 fraction (‘big’ ACTH). This latter fraction had a greater percentage of bioreactivity (28%) than previously reported for this molecular species. Analysis of the tumour culture medium revealed a variation in molecular size similar to that seen in the tumour, although the percentage of ACTH of large molecular size was greater, suggesting increased secretion of a possible ‘prohormone’ by the tumour. Plasma ACTH was characterized by a 2:1 ratio of immunoreactivity (N‐terminal) to bioreactivity, and a 4:1 ratio of C‐terminal/N‐terminal immunoreactivity.This report also appears to be the first of successful short‐term tissue culture of a primary ACTH‐producing tumour. The granule size was considerably larger than that reported for normal pituitary ACTH‐containing cells.
AN IMPROVED MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF HUMAN THYROID HORMONE REGULATION
Authors: SARATCHANDRAN P. , CARSON E. R. , REEVE J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY1. A mathematical model has been constructed of human thyroid hormone regulation by the anterior pituitary gland, which takes account of most of the currently available experimental data.2. Successful simulation of data on the stimulation of thyrotrophin (TSH) secretion by thyrotrophin releasing hormone (TRH) was achieved assuming that the TSH secretion rate is proportional to the logarithm of the concurrent blood TRH level.3. Data on the regulation of triiodothyronine (T3) secretion by TSH and the inhibition of TSH secretion by thyroid hormones in contrast could not be simulated on the assumption of instantaneous proportional responses. A mixture of proportional and integral control—the latter taking account of the past history of plasma levels of the regulatory hormone—appeared to be operating at both levels.4. The pituitary gland appears to be more sensitive to a given fractional change in TRH secretion rate than to the same fractional change in T3 plasma concentration.
RETARDED INCORPORATION OF [14C] MANNOSE INTO THYROGLOBULIN OF HUMAN THYROTOXIC THYROID GLANDS
Authors: THOMSON JOHN A. , BAIRD SHEILA G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY In vitro studies using thyroid slices from human non‐toxic goitres and from thyrotoxic glands show retarded incorporation of [14C] mannose into the 19S protein of thyrotoxic glands. This was not found using [14C]galactose with thyrotoxic glands or using either labelled sugar with slices from non‐toxic goitres.Experiments with thyroid tissue from rats on a variety of treatment regimes such as iodine supplements, carbimazole alone or with iodine supplements did not show this differential delay of [14C]mannose incorporation. This suggests that there may be some abnormality of carbohydrate incorporation into thyroglobulin in thyrotoxicosis.
ACROMEGALY CAUSED BY PULMONARY CARCINOID TUMOURS
Authors: SÖNKSEN P. H. , AYRES A. B. , BRAIMBRIDGE M. , CORRIN B. , DAVIES D. R. , JEREMIAH G. M. , OATEN S. W. , LOWY C. , WEST T. E. T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwo patients are described whose acromegaly was cured by removal of a bronchial carcinoid tumour. One had an enlarged pituitary fossa and evidence is presented that in this patient the tumour was not secreting growth hormone. The evidence available suggests that the tumour was producing a growth hormone releasing substance. It is suggested that some cases of the pluriglandular syndrome may be secondary to small bronchial carcinoid tumours that produce substances as yet unidentified, that stimulate the growth and hyperactivity of other endocrine tissue.
STUDIES ON THE CONTROL OF THYROTROPHIN SECRETION IN NORMAL MAN
Authors: VICE P. A. , CLARK F. , SCHARDT W. , EVERED DAVID 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of graded doses of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) separately on the pituitary‐thyroid axis has been studied in normal subjects. It has been demonstrated that small doses (50 μg T4 or 20 μg T3) cause significant suppression of the pituitary‐thyroid axis. There was a strong negative correlation between the TSH value 20 min after TRH and the does of thyroid hormone. T4 supplements led to a progressive dose‐related rise in serum T4 and no significant change in T3 until high daily doses (> 200 μg) were administered. T3 supplements led to a progressive reduction in serum T4 and there was no change in T3 until substantial supplements were given (7gt; 50 μg/day). Concurrent administration of 6 PTU had no effect on the pattern of pituitary suppression or thyroid hormone concentrations in contrast to its reported effect in hypothyroid subjects.
PROLACTIN AND SOMATOMEDIN STUDIES IN THE SYNDROME OF GROWTH HORMONE‐INDEPENDENT GROWTH
Authors: GLUCKMAN P. D. , HOLDAWAY I. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThree children with hypothalamic mass lesions and continued linear growth in the absence of circulating growth hormone are presented. Serum growth hormone levels were either undetectable or very low both basally and following insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia, whereas serum somatomedin levels were normal. Two subjects had elevated serum levels of prolactin, and in one of these prolactin suppression with bromoergocryptine failed to influence either somatomedin levels or urinary excretion of nitrogen, hydroxyproline and calcium. Although only one case was studied in detail these data suggest that maintenance of serum somatomedin and of normal growth in these children was not dependent upon prolactin secretion.
EFFECT OF TWO SEROTONIN ANTAGONISTS ON PROLACTIN AND THYROTROPHIN SECRETION IN MAN
Authors: FERRARI C. , PARACCHI ALESSANDRA , RONDENA M. , BECK‐PECCOZ P. , FAGLIA G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effects of serotoninergic blockade on prolactin and thyrotrophin secretion in man was evaluated by determining the basal and TRH‐stimulated serum prolactin and TSH concentrations in normal volunteers before and after a 3 days course of cyproheptadine or methergoline administration. Cyproheptadine, a serotonin antagonist with antihistaminic, anticholinergic and antidopaminergic properties as well, did not affect prolactin secretion, while it reduced the serum TSH response to TRH; methergoline, a specific blocker of central serotonin receptors, decreased basal and TRH‐induced serum prolactin levels, without affecting TSH secretion. These results support the existence of serotoninergic stimulatory influences on human prolactin release, while suggesting that human TSH secretion is not modulated by serotoninergic inputs.
MEASURMENT OF CIRCULATING THYROID MICROSOMAL ANTIBODIES BY THE TANNED RED CELL HAEMAGGLUTINATION TECHNIQUE: ITS USEFULNESS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF AUTOIMMUNE THYROID DISEASES
Authors: AMINO NOBUYUKI , HAGEN SWEN R. , YAMADA NOBORU , REFETOFF SAMUEL 
Published: March 2008

Thyroid‐microsomal antibodies were quantitated by a new technique utilizing tanned sheep red blood cells coated with human thyroid microsomal antigens. This haemagglutination assay (MCHA) correlated with the immunofluorescent antibody (FAB) but not with the thyroglobulin haemagglutination antibodies (TGHA) assay.Of forth‐one patients with Hasmimoto's thyroiditis, Thirty‐nine (95%) were MCHA but only twenty‐four (59%) TGHA positive. Titres were similar for the hypothyroid and euthyroid patients. Patients less than 20 years of age had either negative (50%) or low titre (less than 1:160) TGHA but 100% positive MCHA at titres greater than 1:1280. Of twenty‐one patients with Graves’diseases eighteen (86%) were MCHA and six (29%) TGHA positive. Of thirty‐two patients without thyroid diseases eleven (34%) were MCHA and/or TGHA positive. On the basis of family history and associated abnormalities, in eight of eleven, positive antibodies may have been due to subclinical Hashimoto's thyroiditis.Fourteen subjects of a control group (10%) were MCHA postivie. Seven of ten examined had goitres.MCHA is a simple and quantitative test, useful in the diagnosis of autoinnune thyroid diseases.
SUPRANORMAL FSH RESPONSE TO GONADOTROPHIN‐RELEASING HORMONE IN OLIGOSPERMIC MEN WITH A NORMAL BASAL SERUM FSH CONCENTRATION
Authors: LIPSHULTZ LARRY I. , GREENBERG STANLEY H. , CAMINOS‐TORRES RAUL , SNYDER PETER J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwenty‐six men with severe oligospermia (sperm density <10×106/ml, but >0), but normal serum concentration of FSH, as well as normal serum concentrations of LH and testosterone, were given a 250 μg i.v. bolus dose of synthetic gonadotrophinreleasing hormone (LHRH). The serum FSH and LH responses were compared to those of a group of normal men and a group of men with oligospermia or azoospermia and elevated basal serum FSH concentration.The mean FSH response to LHRH of the men with oligospermia but normal basal serum FSH concentration was 911 miu min/ml, nearly three times that of the normal men, 322 miu min/ml (P < 0.001), though not so great as that of the men with oligo/azoospermia and elevated basal FSH concentration (2890 miu min/ml). Ten of the twenty‐six men with oligospermia and normal basal serum FSH had a supranormal FSH response to LHRH. The mean LH response to LHRH of the men with oligospermia and normal basal serum FSH levels was not significantly different from that of the normal men.We conclude that LHRH stimulation can often elicit a deficiency of feedback inhibition of FSH secretion not readily recognizable by measurement of the basal serum FSH concentration.
THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF SMALL IODINE SUPPLEMENTS IN PATIENTS WITH AUTONOMOUS THYROID NODULES
Authors: LIVADAS D. P. , KOUTRAS D. A. , SOUVATZOGLOU A. , BECKERS C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn sixteen cases of toxic adenoma of the thyroid (autonomous hot nodule with complete suppression of the surrounding normal parenchyma) potassium iodide was given in doses of 100 μg/day for one week, 200 μg/day for another and 400 jug/day for a third week. There was a progressive increase in the serum T4 level. Serum T3 also increased, although this was significant only after the first week. Serum TSH was undetectable throughout the entire period of the study. This metabolic pattern is different from the response seen in cases of nontoxic endemic goitre, where small iodine supplements induce an increase in serum T4 but a decrease in serum T3. Furthermore, the present results may explain the phenomenon of iodineinduced or iodine‐precipitated hyperthyroidism (Jod‐Basedow) when patients with autonomous thyroid are presented with a high iodine intake. In contrast to the results obtained with small iodide doses, two other cases treated with large pharmacological doses of iodide showed a decrease in both serum T4 and serum T3. It is concluded that the physician should be aware of the possibility of precipitating or aggravating thyrotoxicosis in patients with an autonomous hot nodule by increasing their intake of iodine.