bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weight and Length of the Newborn during the Years 1918–1922 and 1938–1942
Authors: ABOLINS J. A. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryIn several countries it has been possible to prove a decrease in the weight and length of the newborn during the two World Wars and the post‐war years.My investigation of the birthweight and the length of newborn infants in Sweden comprises 13,697 live‐born infants with a birthweight of more than 2,500 g. The infants were born during the periods 1918–1922 and 1938–1942. Multiple births and infants born by mothers suffering from diseases such as diabetes or toxicosis which might have affected the weight and size of the infants were excluded from the material.The investigation did not prove any statistically significant change in the weight and length of infants, at birth, during the periods studied.
Reflexes of Spinal Automatism in Internal Hydrocephalus
Authors: ASK‐UPMARK ERIK 
Published: January 2008

Summary 1. A brief review is given of the diagnostic approach in neurology as practised in this department. 2. A case is described where pronounced spinal automatic reflexes were to be recorded. The disorder in this case was a hydrocephalus internus. When this condition was neurosurgically adjusted the reflexes returned to normal. The word “spinal” should accordingly only be used cum granu salis when these reflexes are concerned. 3. Attention is called to the possibility that an originally partial obliteration of the aqueduct may be turned into a complete obliteration by means of the pressure exerted upon midline‐structures by the distended cerebral hemispheres. 4. The strikingly short distance between inion and the processus spinosus of the epistropheus may be suggestive of the aqueduct as the seat of the obliteration.
Factors Influencing the Serum Haptoglobin Level in Infancy
Authors: BERGSTRAND C. G. , CZAR B. , TARUKOSKI P. H. , FÜRST P. 
Published: January 2008

SummarySome factors which possibly influence the serum haptoglobin levels in infancy were investigated with Jayle's activation method which measures the peroxidase activity of the haemoglobin‐haptoglobin complex. The following results were obtained. Sampling haemolysis, not visually detectable, has little influence on the determinations. Bilirubin added in a moderate concentration to serum samples decreases the peroxidase activity but the influence is of little practical importance except possibly at very low haptoglobin levels. Cord serum added to a normal serum does not decrease the peroxidase activity of the latter. It is concluded that cord serum does not contain to an appreciable amount substances inhibiting the formation of the haemoglobin‐haptoglobin complex or its peroxidase activity.The possible existence in cord serum of haptoglobins forming a complex with haemoglobin without peroxidase activity could not be demonstrated with a specially devised starch gel electrophoretic method.It was shown that infants 2 to 5 months old on an average have a higher serum haptoglobin level during acute infections than healthy infants of the same age. It is possible that the same holds true also for infants younger than 2 months. This was, however, not proved.
Infections and Staphylococci on the Maternity Ward
Authors: CEDERGREN B. , LAGERCRANTZ R. , NORÉN L. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe incidence of infections which might have been caused by hospital spread among mothers and infants in the maternity clinic of Karolinska Sjukhuset was studied. The infections were of the type which were caused by S. aureus, and generally developed within three weeks after delivery. During a second period, 56% of the patients and 54% of the personnel were carriers of S. aureus. Mode of infection was studied by determination of phage and resistance patterns. The infections' epidemiology was discussed. It was probable that the infection spread occurred primarily from personnel to infants. The relatively high incidence of infections and high carrier‐rate requires prophylactic measures.
The Cerebrospinal Fluid in Immature Infants
Authors: GYLLENSWÄRD ÅKE , MALMSTRÖM STIG 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 36 healthy immature infants was examined with regard to cell count and content of protein and bilirubin. The cell count was high, falling with increasing age. The individual variations were very great, and counts as high as 112/3 mm3 were recorded during the first days of life. There was no difference in this respect between small and large immature infants. The CSF protein level was highest in the smallest infants (maximum 292 mg/100 ml). No correlation could be demonstrated between the bilirubin levels in serum and CSF, or between the general condition of the infant and the serum bilirubin level. A high CSF redcell count was frequently recorded, although there were no signs of (cerebral) haemorrhage.
Peripheral Nerve Changes in the Diagnosis of Metachromatic Leucodystrophy
Authors: HAGBERG BENGT , SOURANDER PATRICK , THORÉN LARS 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA histopathological study was made on peripheral nerves and spinal roots from biopsies and autopsies of 8 cases with metachromatic leucodystrophy (sulphatide lipidosis), 4 cases of globoid cell leucodystrophy (Krabbe's disease), 9 cases with other progressive neurological disorders of infancy and childhood and 4 controls. The sural nerve was found to give satisfactory biopsy specimens and a suitable biopsy technique is described. At histological examination, brown metachromatic deposits were revealed by the cresyl violet‐acetic acid method of v. Hirsch & Peiffer in all cases with metachromatic leucodystrophy, but were never observed in any of the other cases examined. The granular metachromatic material was localized mainly to Schwann cells and histiocytes which were accumulated in clusters around capillaries of the endo‐ and perineurium. For diagnostic purposes the most reliable and so far pathognomonic change in peripheral nerve biopsy specimens was considered to be the demonstration of brown metachromatic granular deposits in perivascular phagocytes. It is concluded that histological examination of peripheral nerves can serve as a useful supplementary tool in the diagnosis of this genetically transmitted degenerative disorder during life.
Growth in a Series of Diabetic Children on Identical Treatment with “Free” Diet and Insulin 1944–1960: A Contribution to the Aetiology of Diabetic Dwarfism
Authors: HAMNE BERTIL 
Published: January 2008

SummaryAn account is given of growth in a series of 195 cases of juvenile diabetes treated on a standard regimen (“free” diet + insulin) and collected during the period 1944–1960. Scrutiny of the series shows that growth was as a rule normal. Undersized children usually had small parents. A few cases of retarded growth may however be explained by excessive feeding with relative insulin deficiency. Two cases showing the classical picture of diabetes dwarfism with hepatomegaly and infantile mentality are described. Both were inadequately controlled, owing to ignorance on the part of the parents. These cases support the view that the condition is caused by relative insulin deficiency. The theory is further borne out by the improvement that took place in one of these children when she was finally brought under adequate control.
Congenital Analgia: A Case Report
Authors: HELLSTRÖM BO 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA case of congenital analgia in a 21/2 year old girl is described. In addition to the typical findings of a generalized indifference to potentially painful stimuli without any other significant neurological findings an EEG discloses a marked, bilateral epileptogenic abnormality. The girl has so far not had any signs of clinical epilepsy. The findings are discussed and a short review of the syndrome is presented.
Age Variations in the Concentration of Non‐Protein Nitrogen, Creatinine and Urea in Blood of Infants and Children
Authors: JOSEPHSON BERTIL , FÜRST PETER , JÄRNMARK OLLE 
Published: January 2008

SummaryNon‐protein nitrogen as well as serum urea and creatinine concentrations were determined in 113 healthy children ranging in age from newborn to six years. The results were compared with those from corresponding analyses of adult blood.NPN and creatinine levels at birth were found to approximate those in adults but to decrease within five or six days to values significantly lower than the adult ones. This confirmed reports published much earlier. It was found, in addition, that at an age between about five and seven months the NPN concentration rose rather abruptly to the adult range. The question as to whether this phenomenon resulted from the child's natural development or whether it stemmed from the increased protein intake, is discussed.The serum concentration of urea at birth was found to be significantly lower than the adult value. That this was attributable to a low urea concentration in the maternal blood is a possibility which cannot be ruled out. As with NPN and creatinine, the concentration of urea increased to the adult range at an age of five to seven months.The normal means and concentration ranges for NPN, creatinine, and urea‐N in blood from children of different age groups are tabulated.
Idiopathic Hypercalcemia. A Disorder of the Calcium Homeostatic Mechanism1
Authors: LINDQUIST BERTIL 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA review on pathogenetic factors related to idiopathic hypercalcemia is presented. Certain discrepancies between the clinical picture of hypervitaminosis D and that of idiopathic hypercalcemia are pointed out. On the basis of metabolic and clinical data, obtained in cases of idiopathic hypercalcemia on one side and present knowledge of fundamentals of calcium metabolism on the other, the hypothesis is advanced that idiopathic hypercalcemia is caused by a disturbance of the homeostatic mechanism controlling the intestinal absorption of calcium rather than by a state of vitamin D overactivity.
Effect of Glucagon on the Plasma Level of Free Fatty Acids
Authors: PERSSON BENGT , LARSSON YNGVE , STERKY GÖRAN 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe effect of intravenously administrated glucagon on the plasma level of free fatty acids (FFA) and on blood sugar was studied in 24 girls, 11–19 years old, of which 10 had diabetes, 8 had obesity and 6 were controls. Fasting levels of FFA were significantly higher in the diabetes and obesity groups than in the control group. After glucagon there was a decrease of FFA which was more evident in the control and obesity groups than in the diabetes group. The blood sugar response was moderate and identical among the obese and the controls, but more marked and more prolonged among the diabetics. The mechanism behind the effect of glucagon on plasma FFA is discussed.
Anomalies of Midgut Rotation and Fixation Clinical Aspects Based on Sixty‐ Two Cases in Childhood
Authors: SÖDERLUND SIGRID 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe series reported here was collected at the Pediatric Surgery Department of Kronprinsessan Lovisas Barnsjukhus, Stockholm, during the period 1946–1960. It comprises 62 children ranging in age from newborn to 13 years. Five different stages of anomalies of rotation and fixation are described. The series is grouped accordingly and each group reported. The anomalies were almost twice as common in boys as in girls. Of the numerous concomitant malformations detected, omphalocele was most frequent, being present in 13 cases. In 29 cases the clinical symptoms were attributable to the anomalies of rotation and fixation; in the remainder the anomalies were incidental findings. The disease usually gave rise to symptoms in the neonatal period, 18 infants being hospitalized during the first few weeks of life. Of the various types observed, mixed rotation was the most common. The symptoms were produced by obstruction of the duodenum or by intestinal volvulus, these conditions giving rise to signs of high obstruction. The onset was generally acute in children less than one year of age but insidious in older children, whose disease assumed a chronic course, particularly when associated with intermittent volvulus. Vomiting and abdominal pain were the commonest symptoms, though in rare cases they were absent. In the infants less than one year of age suspected pylorospasm was the most frequent cause of delayed surgical intervention. Only in one case were vomiting and abdominal pain found to have been due to mobile cecum. This patient had a cecal volvulus. Diagnostically, barium enema was the examination of choice; barium meal examination yielded no definite information and was sometimes misleading. The prognosis was poor in the younger age groups and when coincident malformations or volvulus occurred. Eighteen patients died, all being under 4 months of age. There were 5 children without associated malformations who died: four of them had volvulus. Early diagnosis and early operation are of prognostic significance. When vomiting occurs in children, particularly during the neonatal period, plain radiograms of the abdomen plus barium enema examination should be performed in order to establish the correct diagnosis.
Study of Systolic Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, Body Temperature of Normal Newborn Infants through the First Week of Life
Authors: CONTIS GEORGE , LIND JOHN 
Published: January 2008

SummaryForty fullterm newborn infants, after uncomplicated pregnancies, uneventful labor and spontaneous delivery, were studied. The heart rate, systolic blood pressure (according to Ashworth & Neli‐gan) and body temperature were recorded 15 and 30 min and 1, 2 and 3 hours after birth, as well as on the morning of each of the following six days.A significant decrease in systolic blood pressure, heart rate and body temperature occurs during the first hours of life. The drop in body temperature and heart rate is most rapid during the first period of observation between 15 and 30 min of life, but the main drop in blood pressure occurs between 30 and 60 min after delivery. The decrease in blood pressure cannot be prevented by maintaining a stable body temperature in the infant.From the second to the seventh day, the temperature is relatively level, while the blood pressure and heart rate rise significantly.
Vitamin E to Premature Infants
Authors: DYGGVE HOLGER V. , PROBST JAN H. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryLower average bilirubin levels, higher hemoglobin and more normal serum alkaline phosphatase values were found in 67 premature infants who received 100 mg a‐tocopherol intramuscularly at birth, than in a control group. The results are discussed, and the routine administration of ‐vitamin E to premature infants is suggested.
Normal Conduction Velocity of Ulnar, Median and Peroneal Nerves in Infancy, Childhood and Adolescence
Authors: GAMSTORP INGRID 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe conduction velocity of the ulnar, median and peroneal nerves was studied from birth to adult age in normal infants, children and adolescents. The method allowed measurements of the conduction velocity of the thickest and fastest conducting motor nerve fibres. In newborns the conduction velocity of all 3 nerves was roughly half of that of adults. The value for the ulnar nerve increased rapidly during the first 3 years. After that age it rose only slightly and between adolescence and adult age there was a significant reduction. The value for the median nerve increased slowly before one year of age. At this time a rapid acceleration started and continued through adolescence. The value for the peroneal nerve increased rapidly through infancy, while small changes were noted after one year of age. The curve for the ulnar nerve was in all age‐groups above the other 2. The curve for the median nerve started at the same level as that for the peroneal, ran below it through infancy and early childhood, crossed it in the age‐group 3–8 years and approached that of the ulnar nerve in adolescence and adult age. These results are discussed in relation to the anatomical maturation of the peripheral nervous system and to the motor performance of the child.An H reflex of the ulnar nerve, suggesting immaturity of the pyramidal tract, was present in some of the infants below 7 months of age.
Mongolism and Other Abnormalities in a Family with Trisomy 21–22 Tendency
Authors: HALL BERTIL 
Published: January 2008

SummaryAn example of trisomy 21–22, idiocy and some malformations is described and compared with the other non‐mongoloid trisomies 21–22. The difficulty is discussed of making a correct morphological identification of the chromosome in the smallest chromosome group. The present patient resembles two previously reported non‐twin sisters, both having an extra chromosome similar to, although not quite identical with, the chromosomes in group 21–22. In the present patient's family, there has also been more than one instance of trisomy. A hypothetical explanation of a non‐disjunction tendency in families with supposed translocations and in families with normal karoytypes is given.
A New Method of Pituitary Exploration and Its Use with Children: The Metopirone Test
Authors: LELONG MARCEL , CANLORBE PIERRE 
Published: January 2008

SummaryFrom these observations, it emerges that the Metopirone test is a valuable method of establishing, given an endocrine or metabolic syndrome, the existence of a hypophyseal insufficiency. This appears to us to be of particular interest in pediatrics for a diagnosis of cases of arrested development and dwarfism where a hypophyseal cause often appears possible, but not certain. A negative or diminished response to Metopirone establishes almost invariably the hypothalamo‐hypophyseal origin of retarded growth, though a normal response does not exclude this etiology, for the Metopirone test confirms and specifies the existence in the child of dissociated anterior hypophyseal insufficiencies.
Intestinal Transport of Monosaccharides in Generalized and Selective Malabsorption
Authors: LINDQUIST BERTIL , MEEUWISSE GUNNAR W. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryIntestinal intubation studies were performed in one normal child, two cases of glucose‐galactose malabsorption and one case of celiac disease. The absorption of glucose and fructose in the upper intestinal tract was measured simultaneously after administration of a liquid test meal containing PEG as a reference substance.In glucose‐galactose malabsorption the fructose absorption was of the same order as in the normal subject, and was considerably higher than the glucose absorption, resulting in an inverse relationship between the absorption rates of fructose and glucose.In celiac disease the absorption of fructose as well as glucose was decreased. The ratio of the absorption rate of fructose to that of glucose was not disturbed.
Kidney Glycolipids in Late Infantile Metachromatic Leucodystrophy
Authors: MÅRTENSSON ERIK , PERCY ALAN , SVENNERHOLM LARS 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. Micropreparations from kidneys of children with metachromatic leucodystrophy were analyzed for neutral glyco‐lipid and sulfatide patterns.2. Sulfatides, neutral glycolipids, and He has supported his hypothesis by the isolation of a sulfatide sulfatase from kidney and by the demonstration of sulfatase activity in many other organs, including brain [7]. He has also presented evidence for a decreased activity of this enzyme in metachromatic leucodystrophy. The available data can then be interpreted according to the following scheme: gangliosides were isolated from a single case of metachromatic leucodystrophy and from a pooled sample of normal kidneys.3. The sulfatide content of the pathological material was increased 70‐fold over normal. The concentration of total neutral glycolipids and gangliosides were similar in normal and pathological material, but definite variations in the ganglioside TLC pattern were detected.4. Sulfatide fatty acid analyses differed from those of normal material. There was an increase of the hydroxy acids and of the normal C‐acids, and a decreased degree of unsaturation. Possible mechanisms for these changes are discussed.5. Metabolic pathways of sulfatides and cerebrosides are discussed in relation to the disease mechanism.
The Circulatory and Respiratory Adaptation to Early and Late Cord Clamping in Newborn Infants
Authors: OH WILLIAM , LIND JOHN , GESSNER IRA H. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryTime of first breath and frist cry, systolic blood pressure, pulse rate and respiratory rate of 32 newborn infants whose umbilical cords were clamped early and 30 whose cords were tied late after birth were studied. The early clamped infants breathed significantly sooner after birth than the late clamped infants, probably a result of anoxia due to severance of placental blood supply by immediate cord clamping. The indirectly measured sys‐ tolic blood pressure was significantly higher in the late clamped group of infants during the first 24 hours of life perhaps due to the difference in blood volumes between the two groups. This is further supported by a positive correlation found between systolic blood pressure and venous hematocrit during the first 4 hours of life. Pulse rate in the two groups of infants studied revealed no significant difference. The respiratory rate in the early clamped group of infants was significantly slower during the 1st to the 3rd hour of life when compared with the late clamped infants. No satisfactory explanation could be offered for this observation.
Nitrogen and Fat Retention in Premature Infants Fed Breast Milk, “Humanized” Cow's Milk or Half Skimmed Cow's Milk
Authors: ZOULA J. , MELICHAR V. , NOVÁK M. , HAHN P. , KOLDOVSKÝ O. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThree types of milk diet were tested in balance experiments using premature infants. They were: breast milk, “humanized” milk and half skimmed cow's milk containing more protein and less fat than the other' two milks.It was ascertained that protein retention was about the same on all three diets, while nitrogen elimination via the urine was much higher on the half skimmed milk. Fat retention was lowest on half skimmed milk, but this may have been due to the low fat content of that milk.
Adolescent Colloid Goitre
Authors: NILSSON LARS R. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryAdolescent goitre is generally conceived as a special form of goitre induced by an increased hormone requirement during puberty. But goitre a t puberty is not a uniform condition. Some causes of goitre are known with certainty, such as iodine deficiency and auto‐immune thyroiditis. The present material of “idiopathic” adolescent goitre consisted of 39 patients (37 females, and 2 males) aged 9 to 17 years. The patients were euthyroid and largely without symptoms except goitre. The enlargement of the glands was usually small to moderate. The glands were homogeneous, of elastic consistence and had a smooth, even surface. Cytologically the goitres were characterized by active secretory follicular epithelium and abundant colloid. The uptake of radioiodine by the thyroid varied, but was usually near or just above the upper normal limit of the normal range. The amount of radioactive hormone iodine.in the plasma was, however, not increased, but, if anything, decreased.Follow‐up was not long enough t o allow any valid conclusions about the definitive prognosis of the condition. So far, half of the goitres have decreased or disappeared but several show no signs of spontaneous regression.A familial predisposition to thyroid disease was noted. The idiopathic adolescent goitre was not conceived in the present investigation as an enlargement of the gland due to compensatory hyperplasia but as a colloid goitre on the basis of unknown structural defect or functional disorder of the gland and under the influence of some obscure factor or factors released or activated a t puberty.