bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The CAP and its Reform – Half a Century of Change? Die GAP und ihre Reform – 50 Jahre im Wandel? La PAC et sa réforme – Un demi‐siècle de changement?
Authors: Ackrill Robert 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe CAP and its Reform – Half a Century of Change?In the fifty years since the Stresa Conference, the CAP has undergone many changes. Its presence, however, has been one of the most prominent and constant features of the ‘European project’. This article outlines how the policy has changed and identifies the key pressures driving that change, in the context of unchanging formal objectives for the policy. Having established price support as the primary means of supporting farm incomes, crucial elements of the EU budget process then combined with rising production and surpluses to put the CAP on a path that led inexorably to financial crisis. As the EU began to deal with these pressures, so price support was already taking the policy towards another pressure point – growing subsidised exports and, ultimately, clashes in the GATT over trade‐distorting policies and their effects on other countries. In the reforms since 1992, designed to address both budget and trade concerns, the direction the policy has taken has also been influenced by newly‐emerging issues, notably the welfare and health of the environment, animals and consumers. Yet despite all these changes and the vast sums spent, the extent to which the farm income problem has been resolved remains unclear. Despite the centrality of income concerns to the CAP, data on farm household incomes remain limited – and there exists considerable political opposition to changing this situation.
Rising Food Prices: What Should Be Done? Steigende Nahrungsmittelpreise: Was sollte getan werden? La hausse des prix alimentaires : Que doit‐on faire?
Authors: Von Braun Joachim 
Published: August 2008

SummaryRising Food Prices: What Should Be Done?The sharp increase in world food prices has raised serious concerns about the food and nutrition situation of poor people in developing countries, about inflation, and about civil unrest in some countries. This article briefly examines the causes of these price increases, the consequences especially for the world’s poorest households and the policy responses so far in the developing world. It argues that facing the new challenges to world agriculture requires a set of sound short‐ and longer‐term policy actions in three main areas. Firstly, developing‐country governments should expand social protection programs, and aid donors should increase food‐related development aid, where needed. Secondly, investment in agriculture, particularly in agricultural science and technology and for improved market access of small farmers, at a national and global scale, to address the long‐term problem of boosting supply. Thirdly, agriculture trade and energy policy reforms, in which developed countries would revise their grain‐based biofuel policies and agricultural trade policies; and developing countries would stop the new trade‐distorting policies with which they are damaging each other. In the face of rising food prices, both developing and developed countries have a role to play in creating a world where all people have enough food for a healthy and productive life.
Stroke volume decreases during mild dynamic and static exercise in supine humans
Authors: Elstad M. , Nådland I. H. , Toska K. , Walløe L. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAim:  The contributions of cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance to changes in arterial blood pressure are debated and differ between dynamic and static exercise. We studied the role stroke volume (SV) has in mild supine exercise.Methods:  We investigated 10 healthy, supine volunteers by continuous measurement of heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure, SV (ultrasound Doppler) and femoral beat volume (ultrasound Doppler) during both dynamic mild leg exercise and static forearm exercise. This made it possible to study CO, femoral flow (FF) and both total and femoral peripheral resistance beat‐by‐beat.Results:  During a countdown period immediately prior to exercise, HR and mean arterial pressure increased, while SV decreased. During mild supine exercise, SV decreased by 5–8%, and most of this was explained by increased mean arterial pressure. Dynamic leg exercise doubled femoral beat volume, while static hand grip decreased femoral beat volume by 18%. FF is tightly regulated according to metabolic demand during both dynamic leg exercise and static forearm exercise.Conclusion:  Our three major findings are, firstly, that SV decreases during both dynamic and static mild supine exercise due to an increase in mean arterial pressure. Secondly, femoral beat volume decreases during static hand grip, but FF is unchanged due to the increase in HR. Finally, anticipatory responses to exercise are apparent prior to both dynamic and static exercise. SV changes contribute to CO changes and should be included in studies of central haemodynamics during exercise.
Immunophenotyping and remodeling process in small airways of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: functional and prognostic significance
Authors: Parra E. R. , Noleto G. S. , Tinoco L. J. M. , Capelozzi V. L. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackground and Aims:  To test whether different degrees of immunologic and fibrotic airway remodeling processes occur in idiopathic interstitial pneumonias (IIPs), with impact on functional tests and survival, we studied the collagen/elastic system and immune cell density in the bronchiolar interstitium of lungs with the major types of IIPs.Materials and Methods:  Histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and morphometric analysis were used to evaluate collagen/elastic fibers and immune cells in the bronchiolar interstitium of open lung biopsies of patients with cryptogenic organizing pneumonia [COP/organizing pneumonia (OP) = 10], acute interstitial pneumonia [AIP/diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) = 20], nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP/NSIP = 20) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis/usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) = 20.Results:  OP lungs presented a significant increase in collagenous/elastic fibers and in the total density of immune cells in the bronchiolar interstitium compared to controls, DAD, NSIP and UIP. We observed a significant increase in CD4, CD8 and CD20 lymphocytes, as well as in neutrophils, macrophages and plasma cells in OP. The increased amount of elastic fibers in the bronchiolar interstitium from OP lungs has a direct association with forced vital capacity (FVC) (rs = 0.99, P = 0.03). The most important survival predictor was CD20+ lymphocytes in the bronchiolar interstitium. In decreasing order, patients with UIP [Odds Ratio (OR) = 35.01], high forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/FVC FVC (OR = 7.01), increased CD20+ lymphocytes (OR = 4.44) and collagenous/elastic fiber densities (OR = 2.03 and OR = 1.49, respectively) in the bronchiolar interstitium were those who had the greatest risk of death, followed by those with AIP, NSIP and COP.Conclusion:  Different degrees of immunologic and fibroelastotic airway remodeling processes occur in the major types of IIPs with impact on physiological tests and survival.Please cite this paper as: Parra ER, Noleto GS, Tinoco LJM, Capelozzi VL. Immunophenotyping and remodeling process in small airways of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias: functional and prognostic significance. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2: 227–238.
Rheological and Hydraulic Properties of Welan Gum Fluids in Straight and Coiled Tubings
Authors: Asubiaro Adedeji , Shah Subhash N. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
This study involves experimental investigation of the hydraulic characteristics of aqueous based welan gum fluids of concentrations 1.4kg∕m3, 2.9kg∕m3, 5.7kg∕m3, and 8.6kg∕m3 in both straight and coiled tubings at 21°C, with particular emphasis on the effect of polymer concentration and coiled tubing curvature ratio. The flow loop available at the Well Construction Technology Center of the University of Oklahoma, consisting of 1.27cm straight and coiled tubings (with curvature ratios of 0.01, 0.019, and 0.031), was utilized. It was observed that for all welan gum fluids investigated, friction losses in coiled tubing were significantly higher than those in straight tubing. In addition, increasing coiled tubing curvature ratio brings about higher friction loss for all fluids investigated. Rheological data for these fluids were obtained using a Model 35 Fann viscometer. Friction pressure data gathered from flow experiments are analyzed and correlations for friction pressure loss prediction of welan gum fluids have been developed for both straight and coiled tubings. These correlations, which represent the industry’s first attempt in the fundamental investigation of friction loss prediction of welan gum fluids, are found to provide good accuracy when compared to the experimental data. Flow behavior of welan gum fluids is compared with 4.9kg∕m3 guar fluid. It is found that in both straight and coiled tubings, the guar fluid exhibited higher drag reduction when compared to the welan gum fluids investigated in this study.
Ecological level analysis of the relationship between smoking and residential-fire mortality
Authors: Diekman S T , Ballesteros M F , Berger L R , Caraballo R S , Kegler S R 
Published: August 2008

Objectives:To examine the association between tobacco smoking and residential-fire mortality and to investigate whether this association is explained by the confounding effects of selected socioeconomic factors (ie, educational attainment and median household income).Design:An ecological analysis relating state-level residential-fire mortality to state-level percentages of adults who smoke was conducted. Negative binomial rate regression was used to model this relationship, simultaneously controlling for the selected socioeconomic factors.Results:After educational attainment and median household income had been controlled for, smoking percentages among adults correlated significantly with state-level, population-based residential-fire mortality (estimated relative rate for a 1% decrease in smoking = 0.93; 95% CI 0.89 to 0.97).Conclusions:Mortality from residential fires is high in states with high smoking rates. This relationship cannot be explained solely by the socioeconomic factors examined in this study.
Improving the predictive ability of the ICD-based Injury Severity Score
Authors: Davie G , Cryer C , Langley J 
Published: August 2008

Objective:To assess whether the use of integrated hospitalization and mortality data sources and/or the inclusion of comorbidity improve the predictive ability of the International Classification of Disease (ICD)-based Injury Severity Score (ICISS).Design:Models using either the ICISS based solely on hospital discharge data or one of nine modified ICISSs as the predictor variable were assessed on their ability to predict survival using logistic regression modeling.Setting:New Zealand.Patients or subjects:Inpatients, with an S00–T89 ICD-10-AM principal diagnosis, and fatalities, with any S00–T89 ICD-10-AM diagnosis, occurring in 2000–2003.Interventions:None.Main outcome measures:Models were compared in terms of their discrimination (concordance), calibration, and goodness-of-fit.Results:186 835 cases including 9968 deaths met the inclusion criterion. The modified ICISS that included both mortality data and Charlson comorbid conditions at the ICD-10-AM level had the best concordance and high calibration. Calibration curves indicated that scores using hospital discharge data only to calculate survival risk ratios underestimated mortality, whereas scores using hospital discharge and mortality data overestimated mortality.Conclusions:Valid measurement of injury severity is important for both meaningful research and surveillance and to assist in classifying information to meet specific injury policy, prevention, and control needs. This study suggests that the predictive ability of ICISS would be improved if both mortality and comorbidity data were included in its calculation.
Cost-effectiveness of traffic enforcement: case study from Uganda
Authors: Bishai D , Asiimwe B , Abbas S , Hyder A A , Bazeyo W 
Published: August 2008

Background:In October 2004, the Ugandan Police department deployed enhanced traffic safety patrols on the four major roads to the capital Kampala.Objective:To assess the costs and potential effectiveness of increasing traffic enforcement in Uganda.Methods:Record review and key informant interviews were conducted at 10 police stations along the highways that were patrolled. Monthly data on traffic citations and casualties were reviewed for January 2001 to December 2005; time series (ARIMA) regression was used to assess for a statistically significant change in traffic deaths. Costs were computed from the perspective of the police department in $US 2005. Cost offsets from savings to the health sector were not included.Results:The annual cost of deploying the four squads of traffic patrols (20 officers, four vehicles, equipment, administration) is estimated at $72,000. Since deployment, the number of citations has increased substantially with a value of $327 311 annually. Monthly crash data pre- and post-intervention show a statistically significant 17% drop in road deaths after the intervention. The average cost-effectiveness of better road safety enforcement in Uganda is $603 per death averted or $27 per life year saved discounted at 3% (equivalent to 9% of Uganda’s $300 GDP per capita).Conclusion:The costs of traffic safety enforcement are low in comparison to the potential number of lives saved and revenue generated. Increasing enforcement of existing traffic safety norms can prove to be an extremely cost-effective public health intervention in low-income countries, even from a government perspective.
The Yorkhill CHIRPP story: a qualitative evaluation of 10 years of injury surveillance at a Scottish children’s hospital
Authors: Shipton D , Stone D H 
Published: August 2008

Background:The Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP) is an emergency department-based injury surveillance system that was devised in Canada and has been in operation since 1990. CHIRPP was imported to Glasgow’s Royal Hospital for Sick Children at Yorkhill in 1996 and ran for 10 years.Objective:To critically review CHIRPP at Yorkhill (Y-CHIRPP). The following two key questions were posed. (1) Did Y-CHIRPP fail, and, if so, why? (2) What generalisable lessons can be learned about injury surveillance?Methods:A retrospective qualitative review of Y-CHIRPP was carried out. In gathering information, the aims were to: (a) describe the processes involved in running Y-CHIRPP; (b) identify changes made to that process over the 10 years; (c) determine the strengths and weaknesses of Y-CHIRPP.Results:Taken together, and with reference to the WHO attributes of a good surveillance system, the findings suggest that Y-CHIRPP largely met the criteria of simplicity, flexibility, and acceptability. Criteria that were not, or only intermittently, met were reliability, utility, sustainability, and timeliness.Conclusions:Y-CHIRPP was, at best, a partial success. To maintain the viability of an injury surveillance system and to secure the long-term support of hospital staff, it is important that the system is perceived as an injury prevention service tool and not a research method. Experience with Y-CHIRPP suggests that injury surveillance requires three supporting posts: an emergency department staff member, a data analyst, and someone with responsibility for developing and/or lobbying for the implementation of preventive measures.
An empirical approach for defining acceptable levels of risk: a case study in team sports
Authors: Fuller C W , Ward C J 
Published: August 2008

Objectives:To determine acceptable levels of risk in sport and to compare these with values used in occupational settings.Design:Cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study.Settings:Seven soccer and 11 rugby union teams.Subjects:140 male athletes and 108 male and 100 female spectators associated with soccer and rugby union teams.Main outcomes:Views on acceptable frequencies with which athletes sustain acute injuries of various levels of severity.Results:The responses of athletes and spectators were similar, although spectators consistently indicated a higher acceptable frequency of injury than athletes. There were no significant differences in responses as a function of respondents’ gender and age. The results confirmed an inverse relationship between the acceptable frequency of occurrence and the severity of injury, although the relationships identified by the risk-averse and risk-taking minorities within the sample population were widely different.Conclusion:The mean frequency–severity risk relationship identified by athletes and spectators in soccer and rugby was similar to the relationship routinely used for risk assessments in industry and commerce.
Free nicotine content and strategic marketing of moist snuff tobacco products in the United States: 2000–2006
Authors: Alpert H R , Koh H , Connolly G N 
Published: August 2008

Background:From 2000 to 2006, moist snuff sales have increased and now account for 71% of the smokeless tobacco market. Previous research has shown that major manufacturers of smokeless tobacco products manipulated free nicotine, the form most readily absorbed, to promote tolerance and addiction.Aim:This study examines the possibility that company-specific and brand-specific strategies of the major moist snuff manufacturers involve controlling free nicotine content and ease of dosing with products that are designed and targeted to specific groups. This study looks at the current total US moist snuff market with product design data from the Massachusetts Department of Public Health; moist snuff use from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health; market data from ACNielsen; and magazine advertising expenditures from TNS Media Intelligence.Results:(1) The levels of free nicotine of moist snuff products have increased over time for several major manufacturers; (2) the number and variety of sub-brands have increased over time; (3) changes in design, as reflected by variation in free nicotine associated with pH or tobacco leaf, or both, have enhanced the ease and uniformity of dosing; (4) marketing through price and advertising has increased; and (5) youth use has increased.Conclusion:A combination of factors including brand proliferation, control of free nicotine and product design has most likely resulted in the expanded consumption of moist snuff, particularly among young people.
How much do mental disorders contribute to New Zealand’s tobacco epidemic?
Authors: Tobias M , Templeton R , Collings S 
Published: August 2008

Objective:To quantify the share of tobacco consumed by people with 12-month mental disorders in New Zealand.Methods:Estimates of current smoking prevalence and the 12-month prevalence of three groups of mental disorders—anxiety, mood and substance use disorders—were derived from the New Zealand Mental Health Survey, a nationally representative survey of almost 13 000 adults (16+ years) fielded in 2003–4. Estimates of the smoking intensity ratio (comparing smokers with mental disorders to those without mental disorders) were derived from the 2006–7 New Zealand Health Survey.Results:Approximately 33% of all cigarettes are consumed by people with 12-month mental disorders (males 27%, females 39%), using an estimated smoking intensity ratio of 1.21. Among this group, anxiety disorders account for almost one-half of consumption, mood disorders for over one-quarter and substance use disorders for about one-fifth.Conclusion:This study quantifies for the first time the contribution of mental disorders to tobacco consumption in New Zealand. In particular, it identifies anxiety disorders as an important risk factor for tobacco use. People with mental disorders are an important target group for tobacco control. Enhanced collaboration and sharing of expertise between smoking cessation service providers and community mental health services are urgently needed.
Have atmospheric emissions from the Athabasca Oil Sands impacted lakes in northeastern Alberta, Canada?
Authors: Hazewinkel Roderick R.O. , Wolfe Alexander P. , Pla Sergi , Curtis Chris , Hadley Kris 
Published: August 2008

The rate of bitumen extraction in northeastern Alberta, Canada, is outpacing the state of ecological understanding of the region, so that the extent of potential disturbances caused by atmospheric deposition remains largely unknown. Atmospheric SO2 emissions from the Fort McMurray region of Alberta (∼300 t·day–1) constitute ∼5% of the Canadian total. Combined with an estimated NOx production of ∼300 t·day–1, these emissions have the potential to acidify surface waters. Diatom assemblages in dated sediment cores from eight acid-sensitive lakes were analyzed to assess the effects of acidifying emissions on boreal lake ecosystems. There is no evidence that these lakes have become acidified. Instead, many of the lakes show characteristic changes towards greater productivity and occasionally greater alkalinity. The absence of evidence for acidification does not imply that emissions from the Oil Sands are environmentally benign, but rather suggests that the biogeochemistry of these lakes differs fundamentally from well-studied acidified counterparts in northern Europe and eastern North America. Complex interactions involving in-lake alkalinity production, internal nutrient loading, and climate change appear to be driving these lakes towards the new ecological states reported.
Combining turbine blade-strike and life cycle models to assess mitigation strategies for fish passing dams
Authors: Ferguson John W. , Ploskey Gene R. , Leonardsson Kjell , Zabel Richard W. , Lundqvist Hans 
Published: August 2008

The combined model produced a tool for evaluating effects on fish populations from passage through hydropower turbines at dams. Mean blade-strike mortality was higher for adult Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) and sea-run brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) (25.2%–45.3%) than for juveniles (5.3%–9.7%). Based on life cycle modeling, salmon populations in two Swedish rivers responded differently to strategies for mitigating mortality caused by fish striking turbine blades. Although population growth rates increased up to 3% and were relatively similar for both rivers, the relative increase in the number of female salmon escaping above a dam annually after 20 years when both juveniles and adults were protected was greater in the River Piteälven (68%) than in the River Vindelälven (46%) and was approximately four times greater in the River Piteälven (38% vs. 10%) when only adults were protected. These population responses were not predicted by estimates of mortality through turbines. They showed the model could be used to evaluate strategies to conserve fish populations affected by dams located in fish migratory corridors and how postspawn adults contributed to population productivity.