bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Acetaldehyde in the Pathogenesis of Alcoholic Liver Disease
Authors: BARRY R. E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAcetaldehyde is the primary metabolic product of alcohol metabolism in the liver and is highly reactive. High concentrations may be achieved locally in the liver during alcohol abuse. Like alcohol, acetaldehyde appears not to be directly toxic to the liver cell but it binds non‐enzymatically to free amino groups in the proteins of the liver cell. The product of this addition reaction, the adduct, can alter the surface charge and structural conformation of protein molecules to expose new antigenic sites. The highly variable susceptibility to alcoholic liver disease is compatible with an immunologically mediated liver damage. The acetaldehyde adduct is also pro inflammatory in its own right and will activate the complement sequence, recruit and cause degranulation of neutrophils and stimulate neutrophil superoxide anion production. Acetaldehyde is also a substrate for free radical production in the liver. There is increasing evidence of both free radical and immunologically mediated damage in alcoholic liver disease. Although there is a increasing body of evidence to suggest that acetaldehyde is capable of inducing liver damage by such mechanisms, there is as yet no evidence to confirm that this actually occurs in alcohol abuse and the role of acetaldehyde remains speculative.
Are Decreases in Liver Cirrhosis Rates a Result of Increased Treatment for Alcoholism?★
Authors: MANN ROBERT E. , SMART REGINALD G. , ANGLIN LISE , RUSH BRIAN R. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn Ontario, liver cirrhosis mortality and morbidity have decreased substantially in recent years. Over the corresponding period, substantial increases have occurred in the number of people receiving treatment for an alcohol problem. The potential contributions of both changes in alcoholism treatment and changes in per capita consumption of alcohol to declines in hospital discharges for liver cirrhosis were examined with regression analyses. The results indicate that, with the exception of one area of the province, increases in treatment were linearly related to decreases in cirrhosis discharges.
Alcohol Controls and Scotch Whisky Exports (1870–1939)
Authors: WEIR R. B. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIntense competition and low profitability in the home market provided a strong incentive for Scotch whisky producers to develop exports. By 1914 a world‐wide network of agencies existed. Exports developed without government assistance and faced few legislative impediments in recipient countries. Religious belief was a more potent barrier than tariffs. After 1918 the international spread of alcohol controls and tariffs forced the Scotch whisky industry to develop a collective response. The industry's response to prohibition in the United States, ‘the scheduled area’, reflected a concentrated industrial structure, lowered the risk of conducting business and simultaneously safeguarded quality. Scotch enhanced its reputation for quality and with repeal the industry was in a position to expand its market share, with government assistance.
Advice Versus Extended Treatment for Alcoholism: a controlled study
Authors: CHICK JONATHAN , RITSON BRUCE , CONNAUGHTON JENNI , STEWART ALEX , CHICK JO 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOne hundred and fifty‐two attenders at an alcohol problems clinic were randomly allocated to one session of advice or extended in or outpatient treatment. Two years later, the group who were offered extended treatment were functioning better, in that over the year prior to the independently conducted follow‐up interview they had accumulated less harm from their drinking than those only treated briefly. Abstinence was not, however, more common in patients offered extended treatment. In the group of 94 patients given advice only, no advantage in amplifying the session of advice could be demonstrated.
Relapse Prevention in Alcohol Aftercare: effects on drinking outcome, change process, and aftercare attendance
Authors: ITO JOANNE R. , DONOVAN DENNIS M. , HALL JUDY J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAftercare contributes to improved drinking outcome, yet maintenance has been overlooked as a point for intervention. This project evaluated the effect of cognitive‐behavioural relapse prevention (RP) and interpersonal process (IP) aftercare groups for recently hospitalized alcoholics, consisting of eight weekly 90 min sessions delivered by three co‐therapy teams conducting one group in each condition. Six cohorts of patients were assigned to conditions (N=39) and assessed at pretreatment, post‐treatment, and 6 month follow‐up. RP and IP resulted in comparable improvement/outcome on alcohol consumption, alcohol‐related impairment, cognitive coping, drinking days, time to first drink, abstinence, and aftercare attendance. In secondary analyses, improvement on temptation was attributed to RP, on behavioural coping to IP, and effects on self‐efficacy appeared marginally related to greater short term improvement for RP. The lack of differential outcome is discussed with respect to inadequate power, possible ceiling effects in outcome, the brevity of the follow‐up period, and the possibility that treatments may have been more similar in implementation than intended. Suggestions for improving aftercare and relapse prevention research are presented.
Long‐term Changes in Reported Alcohol Purchasing and Consumption Following an Increase in New York State's Purchase Age to 19
Authors: WILLIAMS TIMOTHY P. , LILLIS ROBERT P. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryUtilizing survey data for one year before, one year after and 3 years after New York raised its purchase age from 18 to 19 years, this study examines the short‐term alcohol purchasing and long‐term purchasing and consumption patterns of 16‐ to 20‐year‐olds. The results indicate a short‐term, purchase‐age‐specific impact on alcohol purchasing. The long‐term analysis indicates that initial purchase‐age impacts are maintained for both purchasing and consumption up to 3 years later. These results provide evidence for the efficacy of purchase age increases and purchase age policy per se as well as evidence for the role of alcohol availability as a mediator for the effects of purchase age policy on highway crashes.
Participant Observation and its Place in the Study of Illicit Drug Abuse
Authors: POWER ROBERT 
Published: January 2006

SummaryParticipant observation has long been utilized as a valuable research methodology in the study of illicit drug abuse. It should not be viewed in isolation, but seen as an essential complement to the quantitative analysis of trends in drug use, such as epidemiological studies and the monitoring of services for drug users. Fieldwork conducted at the Drug Indicators Project and other relevant studies highlight the practical and ethical problems faced by the participant observer, including issues of access, co‐operation and confidentiality. This is particularly pertinent when working with drug users not in contact with services. When working with drug users in a treatment context, the need to be flexible and sensitive to the needs of agency staff is stressed, and the ways in which participant observers can operate as volunteers are explored. Contemporary concern about HIV infection, AIDS, and risk behaviour amongst drug users, raises the potential for an expansion and redefinition of the role of the participant observer to take on some of the functions of health educator, and two options are suggested.
Drinking in France 1965–1979. An Analysis of Household Consumption Data
Authors: SULKUNEN PEKKA 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAlcohol consumption has diminished in France for three decades. In this France is an exception to other industrialized countries. However, in one respect France conforms to a regularity found in longitudinal time‐series studies comparing different countries: traditional beverages, in this case wine, have given place to new drinks–beer and imported spirits. In this sense, drinking patterns have become modernized and now resemble those found in other Western industrialized countries.The article, based on a series of household consumption surveys that include purchases of alcoholic beverages by households, studies in what way this modernisation is taking place. A break‐down of the data by socio‐demographic groups shows that saturation as such does not explain the change. The groups that already have been at the lowest level of consumption–the middle classes–have diminished their consumption further and the other groups–the peasantry and the working class–have followed them. The same is true as regards drinking styles, as much as they are revealed by the beverage types. The already modern middle classes have continued to decrease their consumption of wine and the other groups have done likewise but later.In contrast, the rural‐urban dimension is and has been weakly related to alcohol use. The development has been parallel both in big cities and rural areas. The analysis by region reveals that in France the use of alcohol and especially wine is no longer related to alcohol production, the way it is in international comparisons–producing countries being also the heaviest consumers. On the other hand, consumption patterns, as reflected in the beverage composition, have not levelled out between regions.One conclusion of the study is that the culturally dominating social dimension in France if that of class. In so far as the lower social groups continue to follow the dominating ones, the development can be expected to continue still for a long time.
Diet and Opiate Addiction: a quantitative assessment of the diet of non‐institutionalized opiate addicts
Authors: MORABIA A. , FABRE J. , GHEE E. , ZEGER S. , ORSAT E. , ROBERT A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe diet, weight and height of 38 non‐institutionalized chronic opiate addicts have been assessed and compared to those of a random sample of the 20–35 year old general population of Canton Geneva, Switzerland. A history questionnaire was administered by specially trained dietitians. Results show that, after adjustment for age and alcohol intake, male addicts have the same caloric intake as non‐addicts. However, addicts tend to replace foods that are rich in fat and proteins with foods rich in sucrose and relatively poor in vitamins and minerals. Beer is the major component of their much larger alcohol consumption. On the other hand, the body mass index (kg/m2) of the male addicts is within the normal range, suggesting this may not be a good indicator of their unbalanced diet. This study gives a quantitative assessment, in terms of nutrient intake, of the typical craving for sweet described by opiate addicts.
The Integration of an Educational Program into a Treatment Facility
Authors: SCHUCKIT MARC A. , BERGER FRED 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper reviews the integration of an active teaching program into a busy treatment facility. All first and second year medical students at the University of California, San Diego take part in a series of didactic lectures and small group discussions, while third and fourth year students have the opportunity of joining a treatment team for 4 to 6 weeks. All psychiatric residents spend a minimum of 8 weeks working on the unit, and one fourth year resident is chosen to work with the staff for a year. The interactions between treatment teams and students in various stages of development help maximize enthusiasm and the commitment to the best patient care possible.
Is It Possible to Recommend Safe Drinking Levels Without Increasing Per Capita Consumption? Another Aspect of the Prevention Paradox ⋆
Authors: HAWKS DAVID 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA number of countries have recently embarked on responsible drinking or safe drinking educational campaigns. The object of these campaigns is to discourage people from exceeding levels of alcohol consumption considered compatible with good health. One possible implication of the success of these campaigns is an increase in per capita alcohol consumption. Such increases are usually thought of as inimical to health and therefore present the health educator with a dilemma. Reference is made to Australian data in an examination of this paradox.
Pharmacology of Nicotine
Authors: GRENHOFF JOHAN , SVENSSON TORGNY H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn recent years progress in basic neuropsychopharmacology and clinical addiction research have allowed the conclusion that tobacco smoking essentially represents an addiction to nicotine. Parallel to this work, experimental research in biochemistry, physiology and pharmacology has provided detailed descriptions of the structure and function of the nicotinic receptor, the biologic mediator of the many actions of nicotine. This article reviews current knowledge of nicotinic mechanisms in the peripheral and central nervous systems as well as some implications for the notion of smoking as an addiction to nicotine. In particular this review will focus on the effects of nicotine on brain dopamine and noradrenaline systems since these neuronal systems appear to be crucially involved in the rewarding and stimulant effects of addictive drugs.
Changes in Public Support for Alcohol Policies Following a Community‐based Campaign
Authors: CASSWELL SALLY , GILMORE LYNNETTE , MAGUIRE VIVIANE , RANSOM ROBIN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAn evaluated community action project carried out in New Zealand provincial cities used a quasi‐experimental design which compared cities exposed to a mass media campaign, with and without community development, against reference cities. A major focus of the project was on alcohol policies, particularly alcohol advertising and availability. This emphasis is in keeping with an increased recognition that the appropriate role of alcohol education is to create a climate in which policies likely to shape appropriate drinking behaviours are accepted by the community. A range of complementary quantitative and qualitative evaluation techniques documented the community programme and indicated success in influencing the attitudes of the population.
Tranquillisers: prevalence, predictors and possible consequences. Data from a large United Kingdom survey
Authors: ASHTON HEATHER , GOLDING JOHN F. 
Published: January 2006

Summary Data related to tranquilliser/hypnotic use is presented from a large (n=9,003) random representative United Kingdom sample of adults (18+ years). On the day of interview 4.2% of females and 2.1% of males reported current use of tranquillisers. Increased probability of current use was significantly related to female sex, older age, increased symptoms of psychological malaise and physical ill‐health, elevated neuroticism scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory, lower socioeconomic status, unemployment, current smoking in some groups, and less participation in active leisure pursuits. There was no convincing trend with standard geographical region.
The Use of Arcade Gambling Machines: demographic characteristics of users and patterns of use
Authors: BENTALL R. P. , FISHER D. , KELLY V. , BROMLEY E. , HAWKSWORTH K. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDespite public concern that young people may become addicted to gambling machines, little empirical data exists on the use of such machines. In the present study, machine users were selected from seven arcades in the Liverpool area and interviewed about their machine using behaviour. Users were of all age groups and came from all occupational classes, although a sizeable minority were young males. Multivariate analysis revealed a cluster of variables, including frequency of visiting arcades, time spent on each visit, amount spent, and overspending, which seemed to indicate habitual machine use. However, there was no clear dividing line between controlled and excessive machine use. Moreover, habitual machine use was not significantly related to length of history of use or perceived luck.
The Demand for Tobacco Products in Finland
Authors: PEKURINEN MARKKU 
Published: January 2006

SummaryFour time‐series models are introduced for analysing the demand for addictive substances. The models are applied to estimate the demand for tobacco products in Finland. Separate models were found appropriate for different products. The price of cigarettes is the most important single determinant of the demand for tobacco products. The demand for cigarettes is twice as sensitive to falling prices (elasticity – 0.94) than to rising prices (elasticity – 0.49). The demand for cigarettes is also responsive to changes in real income. The most important factor influencing the demand for pipe tobacco is the price of cigarettes. The demand for cigars is adequately explained by changes in its price. The 1977 Tobacco Act and the anti‐smoking publicity preceding it appear to have reduced the cigarette demand permanently by 7%. The results imply that taxation would seem a powerful instrument for achieving the objectives of restricting consumption of tobacco products and raising government revenue. Yet, taxation together with extensive anti‐smoking publicity would have a more advantageous effect than either of them used in isolation.
The U.S. General Population's Experiences of Responding to Alcohol Problems
Authors: ROOM ROBIN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryRespondents in a 1984 national adult sample report on the experiences of treatment for alcohol problems, of talking to someone about an alcohol problem of their own, and of others' suggestion that the respondent cut down. Most who have been treated (3.4% on a lifetime basis, 1.3% within the last year) have also encountered informal pressures. A majority of respondents have pressured others to cut down their drinking; such efforts do not appear to be clustered in a few ‘control specialists’, and heavier drinkers are about as likely as lighter drinkers to pressure others. Within the family, the flow of pressure is from older to younger generations, and from women to men, but a heavy‐drinking woman is as likely to be pressured as a heavy‐drinking man. Somewhat more men than women report applying pressure on friends.
Assessment of Alcohol Withdrawal: the revised clinical institute withdrawal assessment for alcohol scale (CIWA‐Ar)
Authors: SULLIVAN JOHN T. , SYKORA KATHY , SCHNEIDERMAN JOYCE , NARANJO CLAUDIO A. , SELLERS EDWARD M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA shortened 10‐item scale for clinical quantitation of the severity of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome has been developed. This scale offers an increase in efficiency while at the same time retaining clinical usefulness, validity and reliability. It can be incorporated into the usual clinical care of patients undergoing alcohol withdrawal and into clinical drug trials of alcohol withdrawal.
Cyclizine Abuse among a Group of Opiate Dependents Receiving Methadone
Authors: RUBEN SUSAN M. , MCLEAN P. C. , MELVILLE JOHN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTwenty opiate dependents receiving long‐term prescriptions of oral methadone, were identified as being habitual abusers of the anti‐emetic drug cyclizine. A semi‐structured interview elicited the dosage of cyclizine used, its effects, the reasons for starting and persisting with abuse of cyclizine and the attitudes of the patients to it. Cyclizine was taken in large doses intravenously with methadone. The effects initially were of intense stimulation, often with hallucinations, sometimes with aggressive behaviour, and occasionally with epileptic fits. Subsequent depressive mood changes occurred often accompanied by a craving for cyclizine. Tolerance to the drug occurred but no clear cut withdrawal syndrome is apparent. It seems that dependence upon cyclizine occurs. The significance of these findings for doctors, pharmacists and for drug treatment units is discussed. The paucity of information on the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics is noted.
Trends in Drinking Habits Among Finnish Youth from 1973 to 1987
Authors: RAHKONEN OSSI , AHLSTRÖM SALME 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe aim of this study has been to analyze the trends in drinking habits among Finnish youth from 1973 to 1987. The data were collected by questionnaires from representative nationwide samples of 14‐ to 18‐year‐olds in 1973, and from 1977, biennially. Response rates varied between 79% (1985) and 88% (1981). The use of alcohol was common among young people in the early 1970s, decreased until the beginning of the 1980s, and then increased again beginning in 1983. The use of alcohol had increased among young people in every sociodemographic group and school type in recent years. However, the increase, per capita, of alcohol consumption in Finland has grown in recent years after a long stable period due to an increase in the availability of alcoholic beverages and better economic conditions. The spending money available to young people for their leisure time activities, including alcohol consumption, increased markedly after 1983. The liberalization of alcohol policies in connection with fast economic development had a special effect on alcohol use among young people in the early 1970s and then again in the 1980s.
Low Alcohol Beers and Wines: attitudes of problem drinkers to their use and their effect on craving
Authors: Long Clive G. , Cohen Esther M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThirty‐one inpatient and 67 expatient problem drinkers’use of low alcohol drinks and their attitudes towards them were assessed using questionnaire measures. Self ratings of craving for alcohol were made before and after exposure to and optional tasting of low alcohol drinks. Problem drinkers were found to have a generally favourable view of low alcohol drinks, and they claimed that use of these drinks did not contribute to relapse. However, craving for alcohol was found to be significantly raised over baseline after exposure to low alcohol drinks. A significant correlation was found between this increase in craving and severity of dependence as assessed by the SADQ.
Patterns of Consumption of Alcohol in Seville, Spain. Results of a General Population Survey
Authors: GILI M. , GINER J. , LACALLE J. R. , FRANCO D. , PEREA E. , DIEGUEZ J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe results of a general population survey of the patterns of consumption of alcohol in a representative sample of the province of Seville, Spain, are analysed in this article. The proportions of drinkers and abstainers and distribution by age, by sex and by urban‐rural residency are discussed. Frequency of consumption declines as age increases in both sexes but the negative slope is more marked in females. Analysis of the results on quantity of alcohol consumed during the week prior to the interview shows that men drink more heavily than women in all age‐groups and young people drink more heavily than other age‐groups. The combination of data on frequency of consumption and maximum quantity of alcohol reportedly consumed on the highest drinking occasion shows that the majority of men belong to the High Frequency‐Low Quantity typology, followed by High Frequency‐Medium Quantity, but in women nearly 60% belong to the Low Frequency‐Low Quantity typology, followed by High Frequency‐Low Quantity. The highest proportions of both abstainers and heavy drinkers are found in the group of people with the lowest income.