bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Successful management of pregnancy in a patient with Segawa disease: Case report and literature review
Authors: Watanabe Takashi , Matsubara Shigeki , Baba Yosuke , Tanaka Hitoshi , Suzuki Tatsuya , Suzuki Mitsuaki 
Published: November 2008

AbstractSegawa disease is an autosomal dominant trait characterized by progressive dystonia with marked diurnal fluctuation. Levodopa therapy dramatically improves the symptoms. We present the case of a pregnant woman with Segawa disease with a successful outcome. At the age of ten, bilateral clubfeet appeared as her first symptom. She was diagnosed as having Segawa disease and levodopa was administered with complete disappearance of the symptoms. She became pregnant and received levodopa throughout the pregnancy, and delivered a healthy male infant. A literature review and the present case indicated that out of nine pregnancies in six women with Segawa disease, all six pregnancies treated with levodopa monotherapy resulted in an uneventful obstetrical course and healthy infants; however, the remaining three pregnancies, two with levodopa and carbidopa and one without medication, resulted in fetal loss. Women with Segawa disease may be able to give birth to healthy infants with levodopa monotherapy.
URETEROCELE: WITH CASE REPORTS OF BILATERAL URETEROCELE IN IDENTICAL TWINS*
Authors: Riba Leander William 
Published: November 2008

SummaryEight cases of ureterocele are reported, of which 5 cases were bilateral. This is at variance with the incidence of unilateral and bilateral ureteroceles reported in the literature.Two of the patients in this group were identical twins, both of whom had bilateral ureteroceles. This is believed to be strong evidence that at least some cases are congenital in origin.Metaplasia of that portion of the bladder epithelium overlying the ureterocele to stratified squamous epithelium was noted in 2 cases. To our knowledge this has not been previously described.Cystoscopy is the most dependable means of diagnosis. Intravenous urography is an excellent procedure for evaluating upper tract damage and for visualising moderate or large ureteroceles.The presence of an ureterocele is an indication for treatment. Good results can be obtained in most cases by transurethral procedures. Suprapubic operations are seldom indicated. Bilateral ureteroceles may be treated at one time provided adequate drainage is established with minimal surgical trauma. In the collapsible type of ureterocele meatotomy or dilatation may suffice. In the well‐advanced non‐collapsible type a transurethral resection is the operation of choice. Sufficient tissue should be left on the proximal side of the cystic masses to allow for the formation of post‐operative ureteral valves.A new electro‐ureterotome has been successfully employed in the collapsible type of ureterocele.
THE PATHOLOGY OF URINARY CALCULI: RADIAL STRIATION1
Authors: CARR J. A. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYFive hundred urinary calculi have been examined for direct or indirect evidence of radial striation. Such evidence is found in 42 per cent. of the calculi. Radial striation is limited to areas composed of calcium oxalate monohydrate, uric acid, or calcium acid phosphate dihydrate. It does not occur in areas of mixed composition. Radial striation is always associated with concentric lamination, but the reverse is not the case.Radial striation is shown by X‐ray diffraction techniques to be a consequence of the arrangement of the minute crystals which form the calculus; all the crystals tend to have a particular crystallographic direction radially placed in the calculus. In the case of calculi composed of calcium oxalate monohydrate the particular direction is the b crystallographic axis; in the case of calculi composed of calcium acid phosphate dihydrate it is the a crystallographic axis.The pathogenesis of radially striated calculi is developed from information on related concretions. The mucinous layer present on calculi is regarded as necessary for the development of this type of calculus: it allows diffusion of ionic groups but prevents disturbances in the process of crystallisation and so permits oriented growth to occur. The mucinous layer is continuously incorporated into the calculus as its “organic matrix.”
X‐RAY ABSORPTION AND DIFFRACTION STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL VESICAL CALCULI
Authors: HEDENBERG I. , ENGFELDT B. , ENGSTRÖM A. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYExperimental vesicular calculi were produced in albino rats by feeding the animals on a diet deficient in vitamin A. The distribution of mineral salts in these calculi was studied by microradiography. The nature of the mineral salts was determined by X‐ray diffraction methods. Calculi with a layered deposition of the mineral salts gave an X‐ray diffraction pattern characteristic of hydroxylapatite. Such layered calculi are found both among experimental and spontaneous calculi. Their genesis is briefly discussed.
TORSION OF THE SPERMATIC CORD IN THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE
Authors: JAMES THEODORE 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYA brief review of torsion of the spermatic cord as it has occurred in the first year of life serves as an introduction to two reports of cases with onset at or possibly before birth in one and at 21 months in the other.A recapitulation of factors considered to be of ætiologic significance follows, and the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment are summarised.
ANURIA FOLLOWING RETROGRADE PYELOGRAPHY
Authors: Grieve J. , Lowe K. G. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYA case of anuria of some sixty hours' duration following retrograde pyelography with extensive pyelorenal backflow is presented. Possible causes of the anuria are discussed.We are indebted to Mr Fred Duncan, photographer, Department of Medicine, RoyalInfirmary, Dundee, for prints of the X‐rays.
BIOCHEMICAL DISTURBANCES IN CHRONIC PROSTATIC AND URETHRAL OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Shackman Ralph , Wilson A. O. , Craiek I. G. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY1. Plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, CO2, combining power, urea, and, on occasion, calcium and phosphate have been determined before and after urethral or suprapubic bladder drainage in fifteen patients suffering from chronic lower urinary tract obstruction.2. Two patients died from renal failure within a few days of cystostomy, and one died from heart failure eleven months after cystostomy. One has a permanent cystostomy and one a perinea urethrostomy. Nine patients subsequently and successfully underwent one or other form of prostatectomy; one died two weeks after Tran urethral resection.3. Before bladder drainage, hyperchlorzmia was present in eleven of the fifteen patients, acidosis was present in eight, and urea retention was present in fourteen.4. After bladder drainage, restitution of the plasma electrolyte concentrations occurred within varying periods of time in thirteen patients, and restitution of the blood urea occurred in eight.5. Excretion programs carried out on seven patients before bladder drainage showed radiological evidence, either hydronephrosis or poor concentration of the contrast medium, of renal impairment; biochemical abnormalities were present in all these patients.6. Excretion urograms after bladder drainage showed radiological evidence of improved renal function, either a lesser degree of hydronephrosis or improved concentration of the contrast medium, in five of the seven patients; all five showed biochemical improvement. In two patients the excretion urograms remained unchanged despite biochemical improvement.7. The abnormal values of the plasma electrolytes are attributed to renal tubular dysfunction, which usually recovers after relief of urinary obstruction. Urea retention is attributed to glomerular damage, which is sometimes persistent.8. In the main, no special water or electrolyte therapy was used in the treatment of this series of patients, but it is suggested that extra water and M/6 sodium lactate, preferably by mouth, should be given when there is evidence of dehydration, sodium deficiency, and acidosis. Saline is but rarely indicated.
ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE STRIATED MUSCLES OF THE MALE URETHRA
Authors: Petersén I. , Franksson C. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYA method for electromyographic recording from the external urethral sphincter and the bulbocavernosus muscle is described.The normal external urethral sphincter and bulbocavernosus were investigated, and were found to show the same electromyographic characteristics. They did not diver in this respect from previously investigated muscles of the extremities, such as the biceps brachii and the first dorsal interosseous.Both muscles were activated when the subjects coughed or contracted the muscles as in voluntary interruption of micturition.
CALCIFICATION IN A POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY
Authors: Willson‐Pepper J. K. , Slade D. A. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYA case of polycentric kidney occurring in a child aged 7 years is here presented with the following features of special interest:—1. Diffuse flake calcification throughout the renal parenchyma, leading to a pre‐operative Diagnosis of malignant disease.2. While largely conforming to the adult type of polycentric renal disease no family incidence Traceable.3. Histological appearance of calcifying cartilage in the radio‐opaque areas.4. Histological characteristics of both infantile and adult types of polycentric disease.5. Hydronephrotic changes and a fully developed collecting system.6. No definite clinical or radiological evidence of involvement of the remaining kidney.A tentative conclusion is drawn that this case belongs to a very rare group of unilateral cystic disease of the kidneys classified as niulticystic disease.
A CASE OF ECTOPIA VESICR IN AN ELDERLY WOMAN
Authors: Clinton‐Thomas C. L. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY1. A case of ectopia vesicae in an elderly woman is reported.2. Despite the age of the patient there was no evidence of damage to the kidneys and no neoplastic change in the bladder.3. The operative treatment, which was carried out in one stage, is described.
HANGING BLADDER STONES FORMED ON UNABSORBABLE SUTURE AND LIGATURE
Authors: Levack JamesH. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYTwo cases of hanging bladder stone are described. They were both phosphatic stones.There may be some difficulty in the interpretation of a plain X‐ray of such a condition.It is shown that these calculi had formed on unabsorbable material in the bladder wall: in the one case a nylon stitch and in the other a linen thread ligature.It is inadvisable to use such ligature or stitch material at cystotomy or vesico‐urethral suspension in preference to electro‐coagulation or the use of catgut.
PHAOCHROMOCYTOMA OF THE ADRENAL WITH PAROXYSMAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Fraser HughR. L. , Turner RichardW. D. , Band David 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYThe physiological effects of adrenaline and of noradrenaline are summarised and the differences between the two are related to symptomatology in cases of phzochromocytoma.The problem of diagnosis of phzochromocytoma is discussed and the various pharmacological tests relevant to this are described.The estimation of the adrenaline and noradrenaline content of the urine is believed to be the best of the various special pharmacological tests available for diagnosis.The special procedures available for anatomical localisation of the tumour are mentioned and the particular value of presacral perirenal insufflation of oxygen in this problem is described.Details of management in a case of phzochromocytoma during operation and in the post‐operative period are described.One case of phzochromocytoma is reported in detail and the application of special diagnostic tests and management during and after resection of the tumour are described.The results of assay of the adrenaline and noradrenaline content of the tumour are given.
RENAL CALCIFICATION AND CALCULUS FORMATION1
Authors: Pyrah L. N. , Raper F. P. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYIn this paper is considered the calcification which may be found in apparently normal kidneys. Some diseases in which renal calcification occurs are described. dealing first with those in which the calcification is mainly microscopic and largely of pathological interest. arid secondly with those in which the calcification may be associated with stone formation arid therefore of interest to the urologist. Calcification seen on radiographs of the kidney when exposed at operations for stone is described. and finally the urinary calcium excretion in a group of patients with stone is considered.
CALCIFICATION AND CALCULUS FORMATION IN THE UPPER URINARY TRACT1
Authors: Stewart H. Hamilton 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY

Stones in the kidney are divided into primary and secondary.
A series of 152 consecutive partial nephrectomies performed in infected and non‐infected cases for the treatment of calyceal stones (primary) is described with a recurrence rate of 7.9 per cent. over a period of sixteen years.
The lymphatic theory of stone formation (Carr) has been helpful in explaining the cause of recurrent primary stone.
A “stone‐forming” segment must be removed if recurrence of primary stone is to be prevented.
In the treatment of secondary stones, elimination of residual urine in the kidney is necessary if recurrence is to be avoided.
The surgeon, when dealing with these cases, is dependent upon radiographs of the highest quality. The surgeon and radiologist must work as a unit.
PRIMARY TUMOURS OF THE URETERS AND RENAL PELVES: SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF TWELVE CASES 1
Authors: Lund Flemming , Lundwall Finn 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYTwelve cases of primary tumours of the renal pelves and ureters are reported. In age, the patients averaged 61 years; all had hæmaturia. In most of the cases the tumour was located in the renal pelvis or the distal part of the ureter. In ten instances the diagnosis was made before the operation, and the necessity of thorough, possibly repeated, X‐ray examination of the urinary tract (intravenous urography and retrograde uretero‐pyelography) is emphasised. These tumours are clinically malignant, showing a marked tendency to metastasise and a high incidence of recurrence. The only way of avoiding or reducing the frequency of recurrences is a radical operation (nephro‐ureterectomy with bladder resection), regardless of the location of the tumour and the histological grade of its malignancy. Five patients who underwent radical operations have not developed recurrences after follow‐up periods ranging from one to eleven years.
THE SURGICAL SPREAD OF CANCER IN UROLOGY1
Authors: Boreham Peter 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY

Six cases of recurrence of carcinoma of the bladder occurring in the urethra are presented. Three of these were in the posterior and three in the anterior urethra.
Another five cases are presented which developed metastases in the prostatic cavity after a prostatectomy had been performed in the presence of a carcinoma of the bladder.
Fifteen cases of recurrence of carcinoma of the bladder in the scar of an open operation are discussed.
After approximately 5 per cent. of open operations on the bladder the first recurrence was in the scar.
Methods of preventing implantation metastases from urinary cancer are discussed.
A CONSIDERATION OF THE PROCESSES INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PREPUCE IN MAN
Authors: Glenister T. W. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYAs the result of the examination of thirty‐eight human fœtuses it is concluded that the prepuce results from a combination of preputial fold formation and ingrowth of a cellular lamella. These processes are closely linked with the formation and fusion of the urethral folds on the glans. This fact accounts for the formation of the frenulum in normal males and the disposition of the prepuce in females and in cases of hypospadias.
CROSSED RENAL ECTOPIA WITHOUT FUSION
Authors: Caine Marco 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYA case of crossed renal ectopia without fusion, which presented as an acute appendicitis, is recorded.Attention is drawn to the relatively high incidence of malignant change in the cases reported previously.My thanks are due to Mr B. H. Page, under whose care the patient was treated, for permission to publish this case.This case was reported to the Section of Urology of the Royal Society of Medicine on 24th February 1955, and I am indebted to the Honorary Editors of the Proceedings for their permission to publish it.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOACTIVE ZINC IN PROSTATIC AND OTHER HUMAN TISSUES
Authors: Daniel Owen , Haddad Farid , Prout George , Whitmore Willet F. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYIntravenous injections of 65Zn containing 50 to 100 μc. of radioactivity and 50 to 100 μg. of carrier zinc have been given to fifteen patients suffering from various forms of malignant disease and the radioactive content of blood and other tissues estimated twenty to ninety‐six hours later. Results expressed as 65Zn organ/blood ratios have been compared with zinc organ/blood ratios calculated from data reported by other workers from chemical determinations on similar tissues. The radioactive and chemical ratios are generally of the same order with the exception of muscle which had a much lower, and liver and certain samples of carcinomatous prostatic tissue which had a much higher 65Zn ratio than Zn ratio. Carcinomatous prostatic tissue from one patient had a 65Zn tissue/blood ratio of 40, which is twice as much as the highest ratio found in any other tissue.This study was supported by the New York Cancer Committee and the Lerner Fund. The writers gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Miss Eva Simmel in preparing the autoradiographs.
WATERHAMMER PULSE ASSOCIATED WITH METASTATIC CARCINOMA FROM THE PROSTATE AND EXTREME ELEVATION OF BLOOD ACID PHOSPHATASE
Authors: Erasmus L. D. , Kloppers P. J. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYA case of prostatic carcinoma is described in which widespread metastases were associated with extreme elevation of the blood acid phosphatase and a waterhammer pulse. The phosphatase level and the raised pulse pressure returned to normal as treatment caused regression of the lesions. Possible mechanisms which may explain the vasomotor changes are discussed.
THE USE OF THE ISOLATED ILEAL LOOP IN PÆDIATRIC UROLOGY1
Authors: Rickham P. P. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYThe use of the isolated ileal loop in pædiatric urology is discussed. A series of fifteen children between 6 months and 10 years of age operated upon during the last two years is reported. The indications for operation, the technique, and the post‐operative complications are discussed.
A CASE OF HERPES ZOSTER WITH INVOLVEMENT OF THE URINARY BLADDER1
Authors: Gibbon Norman 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY

A case of herpes zoster is described in which the third and fourth sacral segments were involved on the left side, and in which an eruption on the left side of the bladder was accompained by retention of urine.
Thirteen other case reports have been reviewed in which bladder symptoms complicated sacral zoster. There appears to be an inverse relation between the severity of the bladder eruption and the incidence of retention of urine, and this may be explicable on the basis of variable spread of the virus within the nervous system.
AN ELECTROPHORETIC STUDY OF THE SERUM GLOBULINS IN VESICAL AND PROSTATIC CANCER1
Authors: Scott L. Stuart , Chalmers J. G. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY

A comparison has been made of the serum globulins of vesical and prostatic cancer with those of normal serum by filter‐paper electrophoresis.
The changes found in bladder carcinoma were an increase in alpha‐l globulin with a corresponding decrease in gamma‐globulin.
In prostatic cancer the changes are mainly in alpha‐l and beta globulin.
HYPERTENSION IN HYPERPARATHYROIDISM1
Authors: Hellströum John , Birke Gunnar , Edvall C. A. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYA series comprising 105 cases of hyperparathyroidism is presented. Ninety‐five of these cases were successfully parathyroidectomised and have been satisfactorily followed up.The principal aim of the investigation has been to establish the incidence of hypertension in hyperparathyroidism and to find out if any correlation exists between the renal damage and the occurrence of hypertension. The possibility of a relationship between other symptoms of hyperparathyroidism and hypertension is of interest, and the behaviour of the blood‐pressure and renal function following parathyroidectomy has been investigated.The following results were obtained:—

Seventy per cent. of the cases had hypertension some time during the observation period, the distribution being as follows:50 per cent. constant hypertension; 20 per cent. hypertension before, but normal blood‐pressure after, parathyroidectomy; and 30 per cent. developing hypertension after parathyroidectomy.
The presence of renal calculi or severe renal infection was not demonstrably correlated to hypertension. Nephrolithiasis seemed to be the predominating symptom in the normotensiv group. If any correlation between nephrocalcinosis and hypertension existed at all, it was a slight one. The patients with parathyroid osteitis were mainly referable to the hypertensive groups and were infrequent in the normotensive group and the group with post‐operatively normalised blood‐pressures.
The mortality was 20 per cent. The causes of death were azotæmia in eleven cases, sequek of hypertension (cerebral vascular accidents and cardiac failure) in eight, and other causes in two cases (suicide and arteriosclerosis).
A striking correlation was found between the extent of renal damage (reflected by functional studies and routine biopsies) and the severity of hypertension. The results also indicate that the impairment of renal function preceded the development of hypertension, which implies that the hypertension of hyperparathyroidism may be of renal origin.
The actual mechanism producing these manifestations is not clear from the findings in this investigation. Further studies are necessary, and are, in fact, proceeding in this series.
THE TREATMENT OF BLADDER‐NECK SCLEROSIS BY RETROPUBIC RECONSTRUCTION1
Authors: Macalister.F.R.C.S.E. C. L. O. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYRetropubic reconstruction offers an alternative to endoscopic resection in bladder‐neck sclerosis. Experience in twenty‐two cases suggests that the method deserves further trial.
THE ÆTIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF DIVERTICULUM OF THE BLADDER1
Authors: Miller Ashton 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY

One hundred and five cases of vesical diverticulum are analysed.
The ætiology is discussed, and it is suggested that urethral obstruction and bladder‐wall hypertrophy exist in all cases.
It is suggested that congenital bladder‐neck obstruction is the obstructing factor.
The mechanics of formation and enlargement of a diverticulum are considered, and it is suggested that the pouch always enlarges and remains within the layers of the bladder wall.
The indications for treatment are discussed, and it is suggested that the presence of residual urine in the diverticulum is the only reliable indication for operation.
Operative details are considered and an alternative and simpler operation is described.
Urinary infection, calculus. carcinoma of the bladder and renal failure are considered as to their effect on treatment.