bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production of arachidonic acid by filamentous fungus, Mortierella alliacea strain YN‐15
Authors: Aki Tsunehiro , Nagahata Yumiko , Ishihara Katsuyuki , Tanaka Yoshio , Morinaga Tsutomu , Higashiyama Kenichi , Akimoto Kengo , Fujikawa Shigeaki , Kawamoto Seiji , Shigeta Seiko , Ono Kazuhisa , Suzuki Osamu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA filamentous fungus producing significant levels of arachidonic acid (AA, C20∶4n−6) was isolated from a freshwater pond sample and assigned to the species Mortierella alliacea. This strain, YN‐15, accumulated AA mainly in the form of triglyceride in its mycelia. An optimized culture in 25 L of medium containing 12% glucose and 3% yeast extract yielded 46.1 g/L dry cell weight, 19.5 g/L total fatty acid, and 7.1 g/L AA by 7‐d cultivation in a 50‐L jar fermenter. Assimilation of soluble starch by YN‐15 was notably enhanced by the addition of oleic acid, soybean oil, ammonium sulfate, or potassium phosphate to a starch‐based medium. Using starch as a main carbon source in the pre‐pilot scale cultivation improved the production of AA by up to 5.0 g/L. Mortierella alliacea strain YN‐15 is therefore a promising fungal isolate for industrial production of AA and other polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Transient heat conduction and hotspot development prediction in a flaking roll with revolving heat flux and convection boundary conditions
Authors: Singh P. P. , Maier D. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the oilseed crushing industry, flaking rolls sometimes develop hotspots that cause high thermal stresses. Soybean flakes on contact with hotspots crumble to powder, which is unsuitable for oil extraction. Transient heat conduction equations with revolving boundary conditions were solved using the finite element method. Simulations demonstrated that hotspots arise due to heat flow in three dimensions from the source toward the roll ends and the curved surface. An estimated heat flux value of 56 kW/m2 yielded surface temperature values near observed values. Perturbations performed to the base values showed that a 10% increase in thermal conductivity caused a 6–8% reduction in peak thermal gradient, whereas a 20% increase in heat‐transfer coefficient caused less than 2% reduction in peak thermal gradient. Therefore, thermal conductivity is a more sensitive parameter affecting thermal gradients than the heat‐transfer coefficient. A small change in heat‐transfer coefficient caused by aspirating air through the flake outlet of the roll stands would not cause a significant reduction in temperature and thermal gradients in rolls. The higher thermal gradients observed near the outer surface of rolls suggest that casting rolls with subsurface layers of higher thermal conductivity would make rolls less prone to forming hotspots.
Cocoa‐butter long spacings and the memory effect
Authors: van Langevelde Arjen , Driessen René , Molleman Wim , Peschar René , Schenk Henk 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDepending on the maximum temperature before cooling, cocoa butter recrystallizes in the β(V) and/or β(VI) phase. In order to obtain structural information on the seed material initiating this recrystallization process, experiments with cocoa butter were performed at a small‐angle X‐ray scattering station. Crystallization of cocoa butter at various crystallization temperatures provided long d‐spacing values (d>45 Å) that can be attributed to the polymorphic phases. From the recrystallization experiments it is concluded that the seeds initiating rapidstarting recrystallization have an 1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol‐dominated triple chain‐length packing. Furthermore, the β(VI) phase of cocoa butter seems to adopt a similar packing. The seed crystals that initiate the slow‐starting recrystallization and result in the β(V) phase are likely to be different from those giving the β(VI) phase.
Antioxidants from a heated histidine‐glucose model system. Investigation of the copper(II) binding ability
Authors: Bersuder P. , Hole M. , Smith G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe metal binding ability of Maillard reaction products (MRP) was investigated by spectrophotometric monitoring for complex/chelate formation. In addition, the antioxidant activity of MRP, in the presence of Cu(II), was evaluated on a lipid model system consisting of sunflower seed oil/water (1∶2). Results from the Rancimat test indicated a significant decrease in pro‐oxidant ability of Cu(II) in the presence of MRP in contrast to histidine alone, whether heated or not. Results from the diphenylpicrylhydrazyl method showed that, in contrast to histidine (heated or not), the antiradical ability of MRP is reduced in the presence of Cu(II), but depends on the reaction time between MRP and Cu(II).
Molecular weight distribution and regioisomeric structure of triacylglycerols in some common human milk substitutes
Authors: Kurvinen J. ‐P. , Sjövall O. , Kallio H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTriacylglycerol (TAG) molecular weight distribution and regioisomeric structure of selected molecular weight species in human milk and in 32 human milk substitutes was determined. Negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry was used to determine the molecular weight distribution and collisionally induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry applied to identify the sn‐2 and sn‐1/3 positions of fatty acids in TAG. The main molecular weight species of human milk TAG in decreasing order of abundance were 52∶2, 52∶3, 52∶1, 54∶3, 50∶2, 50∶1, 54∶4, 48∶1, 54∶2, 48∶2, 46∶1, 52∶4, and 50∶3 (acyl carbon number/number of double bonds), constituting 83 mol% of total TAG molecular species. In human milk substitutes, the proportion of the corresponding molecular weight species varied from 33 to 87 mol%. The main TAG regioisomers within the molecular weight species 52∶2, 52∶3, and 50∶1 in human milk were 18∶1‐16∶0‐18∶1 (83 mol%), 18∶1‐16∶0‐18∶2 (83 mol%), and 18∶1‐16∶0‐16∶0 (80 mol%), respectively. In human milk substitutes, the corresponding proportions varied in a wide range of 0–82 mol%, 0–100 mol%, and 0–73 mol%, respectively. Although TAG structures in some human milk substitutes closely resembled those in human milk, the great variation among samples leads to the conclusion that it is still possible to improve the TAG composition in human milk substitutes by applying novel methods to synthesize structured TAG.
Pectinesterase and polygalacturonase in changes of pectic matter in olives (cv. Hojiblanca) intended for milling
Authors: Mínguez‐Mosquera Isabel , Gallardo‐Guerrero Lourdes , Roca María 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVirgin olive oil is a highly valued product, and it is important to optimize extraction yield. The pectic composition and the related enzymatic activities, present in the raw material, are variables that may affect that process. The pectinolytic activities producing modifications in the pectic matter of olive fruits (variety Hojiblanca) during ripening and the associated changes in texture were studied. Pectinesterase (PE) activity increased with ripeness until reaching a peak when anthocyanin synthesis in the fruit became marked (turning color stage). From then on, it decreased. In contrast, polygalacturonase (PG) activity in the ripe‐green fruit decreased sharply when anthocyanin formation began (small reddish spots stage) and then increased, reaching a maximum in the ripe‐black fruit. Parallel changes were noted in the texture and pectic content of the olives, related to endo‐ and exo‐PG enzymatic activities, together with a decrease in the degree of esterification of the pectic matter, which could be associated with PE action. The distribution of the pectic fractions in the raw material and the changes in them during the olive oil extraction process showed the role of PE and PG in the fruits that was related to the yield of extracted oil.
Reduction of fatty ester Δ2‐isoxazoline heterocycles. Preparation of fatty esters containing the β‐hydroxy ketone moietyheterocycles. Preparation of fatty esters containing the β‐hydroxy ketone moiety
Authors: Kenar James A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFatty ester compounds containing the β‐hydroxy ketone moiety were prepared in good yields from their corresponding fatty Δ2‐isoxazoline heterocyclic precursors by a reductive hydrogenolysis‐hydrolysis procedure using Raney nickel as catalyst. By this methodology, C‐17, C‐18, and C‐19 straight‐chain fatty methyl esters containing the 10‐hydroxy 12‐keto moieties were prepared in 73, 83, and 92%, respectively, from their corresponding isoxazoline fatty ester compounds. Two other 10‐hydroxy 12‐keto C‐12 and C‐14 fatty ester compounds were prepared in 84 and 92% yield, respectively. The C‐12 β‐hydroxy ketone contains a phenyl ring at C‐12, whereas the C‐14 β‐hydroxy ketone compound has two methyl substituents at C‐13. GC‐MS using electron impact ionization was used to determine the hydroxyl and ketone positions after conversion of the hydroxyl group into its corresponding trimethylsilyl ether. The precursor fatty ester Δ2‐isoxazolines used in this study are readily available in one step from a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction between nitrile oxides and methyl 10‐undecenoate. This overall two‐step sequence, 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition followed by reductive ring opening, represent a convenient method to construct fatty ester compounds in good yields containing the β‐hydroxy ketone functionality, an outcome not easily accessible by other methods.
Hydrolysis of palm olein catalyzed by solid heteropolyacids
Authors: Yow C. J. , Liew K. Y. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe hydrolysis activity of superacids on palm olein, including tungstophosphoric acid and molybdophosphoric acid and their partially ion‐exchanged cesium (Cs) salt, were investigated and compared with macroporous cation‐exchanged resin and aluminum‐incorporated mesoporous molecular sieve. The activities of the superacids supported on the resin and silica were also determined. The reactions were carried out in a stirred batch reactor with continuous steam injection at temperatures from 140 to 180°C. The reaction kinetics, obtained by regression, are first order with respect to TG of the superacids and Cs salts. Of the catalysts studied, the superacids loaded onto cation‐exchanged resins were the most active on a weight basis. However, in terms of the turnover number per acid site, the Cs salt of tungstophosphoric acid had 13 times the activity of the cation‐exchanged resin. The original superacids had lower activities than the Cs salts in terms of their turnover number. The observations are qualitatively in line with the higher acid strengths of the catalysts, as confirmed by the low activity of the aluminum silicate mesoporous molecular sieve, which is known to have a high concentration of low‐to moderate‐strength acid sites. The activation energy of the reaction with the Cs salts was ∼49 kJ mol−1. This is rather low as compared to that catalyzed by the cation‐exchanged resin.
Effect of droplet size on lipid oxidation rates of oil‐in‐water emulsions stabilized by protein
Authors: Lethuaut Laurent , Métro François , Genot Claude 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn emulsions lipid oxidation is mainly influenced by the properties of the interface. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of droplet size and interfacial area on lipid oxidation in protein‐stabilized emulsions. Emulsions, made of stripped sunflower oil (30% vol/vol) and stabilized by BSA were characterized by surface area values equal to 0.7, 5.1, and 16.3 m2·cm−3 oil. The kinetics of O2 consumption and conjugated diene (CD) formation, performed on emulsions and nonemulsified controls, showed that emulsification prompted oxidation at an early stage. On condition that oxygen concentration was not limiting, the rates of O2 consumption and CD formation were higher when the interfacial area was larger. Protein adsorbed at the interface probably restrained this pro‐oxidant effect. Once most of the O2 in the system was consumed (6–8 h), CD remained steady at a level depending directly on the ratio between oxidizable substrate and total amount of oxygen. At this stage of aging, the amounts of primary oxidation products were similar whatever the droplet size of the emulsion. Hexanal and pentane could be detected in the headspace of emulsions only at this stage. They were subsequently produced at rates not depending on oil droplet size and interfacial area.
Properties, composition, and analysis of grain sorghum wax
Authors: Hwang Keum T. , Cuppett Susan L. , Weller Curtis L. , Hanna Milford A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGrain sorghum wax has been judged to be a potential source of natural wax with properties similar to carnauba wax. Approximately 0.16–0.3% (w/w) wax can be extracted from grain sorghum depending on the efficiency of the organic solvents. Although the melting points of carnauba wax and sorghum wax are similar, i.e., 78–86 and 77–85°C, respectively, they differ in acid values, i.e., 2–10 and 10–16, respectively, and saponification numbers, i.e., 77–95 and 16–49, respectively. Improved knowledge of the properties, composition, and analysis of grain sorghum wax would assist in efforts for industrial application of this product. Major components of sorghum wax are hydrocarbons, wax esters, aldehydes, free fatty alcohols, and FFA. The hydrocarbons consist mainly of C27 and C29, and the aldehydes, alcohols, and acids are mainly C28 and C30. The wax esters are mostly esters of C28 and C30 alcohols and acids.
Partitioning of ρ‐tocopherol in aqueous mixtures of TAG and isolated muscle membranes
Authors: Sigfusson Halldor , Hultin Herbert O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo study the uptake of ρ‐tocopherol by aqueous suspensions of membranes isolated from chicken muscle and the partitioning of the antioxidant in mixtures of chicken TAG and membranes, ρ‐tocopherol was added to suspensions of these components and they were centrifuged. In an aqueous suspension of membranes only, the tocopherol uptake increased linearly with tocopherol concentration, at about 50% of the added ρ‐tocopherol at all concentrations. The incorporation of tocopherol into the membranes was independent of incubation temperature in the range of 0–37°C. Studies with aqueous mixtures of membranes and TAG suggested a very low exchange of tocopherol between the different lipid fractions upon mixing when the tocopherol resided initially in one lipid fraction. Adding ρ‐tocopherol in ethanol favored incorporation of the antioxidant into the membranes; little antioxidant was incorporated into the membranes when it was added to the suspensions in oil. The results suggest that partitioning of exogenous ρ‐tocopherol between TAG and membrane lipids in muscle foods may be controlled in part by proper selection of the solvent in which it is added.
Factors affecting oil extraction/water adsorption in sequential extraction processing of corn
Authors: Hojilla‐Evangelista Mila P. , Johnson Lawrence A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe sequential extraction process (SEP) uses ethanol to extract oil and protein from cracked, flaked, and dried corn, and the dried corn simultaneously dehydrates the ethanol. Value‐added co‐products are possible, potentially making production of fuel ethanol more economical. The effects of solvent‐to‐corn (S/C) ratio, corn moisture content (MC), and number of extraction stages on ethanol drying, oil recovery, and protein loss during the simultaneous oil extraction/water adsorption step of SEP were evaluated. Extractions were carried out by using both aqueous ethanol and ethanol/hexane blends at 56°C. The S/C ratios tested were 3∶1, 2∶1 (control), 1.5∶1, and 1∶1 (w/w). More anhydrous ethanol, greater oil yields, and less co‐extracted protein were obtained with higher S/C ratios. Less anhydrous ethanol and lower moisture adsorption capacities were obtained when the corn MC was ≥1.12%. Oil yields gradually decreased with drier corn, whereas protein loss increased when corn MC was <1.12%. Reducing the number of extraction stages from seven (original SEP) to five did not affect ethanol drying capability, oil yields, and protein co‐extracted with oil. Using ethanol/hexane blends resulted in more anhydrous ethanol, higher oil yields, and less protein co‐extracted with oil.
Long‐chain fatty ammonium quaternaries in papermaking
Authors: Koskela Juha P. , Hormi Osmo E. O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of long‐chain quaternary ammonium halogen esters (UKK‐chemicals), quaternary dimethyl tallow epoxypropyl ammonium halogens (EPK1), quaternary ditallow methyl epoxypropyl ammonium halogens (EPK2), and EPK2 oligomers (EPK2P) were synthesized. At acidic, neutral, or slightly basic conditions, EPK1‐, EPK2‐, EPK2P‐, and UKK‐chemicals operate as cationic chemicals. They can be used, for example, as stock sizings, surface sizings, or fixatives. Stock sizing, surface sizing, and fixative experiments indicate that EPK1‐, EPK2‐, EPK2P‐, and UKK‐chemicals function at least as well as or better than the corresponding synthetic chemicals used in papermaking.
Separation of oil constituents in organic solvents using polymeric membranes
Authors: Koike S. , Subramanian R. , Nabetani H. , Nakajima M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDifferent types of commercial nonporous (reverse osmosis and gas separation) polymeric membranes were screened for their abilities to separate FFA, MG, DG, and TG from a lipase hydrolysate of high‐oleic sunflower oil after diluting it with organic solvents (ethanol and hexane). Cellulose acetate (CA) (NIR‐1698) membrane gave the largest difference in rejection between FFA and glycerides and high flux in oil/ethanol mixtures. In the hexane system, the values of permeate flux and rejection were generally lower than those in the ethanol system. The silicone‐polyimide composite membrane (NTGS‐2100) gave the highest flux and rejections of solutes (70.2% for FFA, 94.4% for TG) in oil/hexane mixtures. In the ethanol system with the CA membrane, TG had the highest rejection (98%) followed by DG (90%) and MG and FFA (50–70%) when the oil concentration was varied from 6.3 to 45.8%. A discontinuous diafiltration process (16 batches) using the CA membrane with ethanol changed the composition of the oil from 31∶28∶9∶32 TG/DG/MG/FFA to 65∶30∶1∶4. The results of this study showed that oil constituents can be separated in suitable solvents using appropriate nonporous membranes.
Linseed oil and mixture with maleic anhydride: 1H and 13C NMR
Authors: Solladié‐Cavallo A. , Senouci H. , Jierry L. , Klein A. , Bouquey M. , Terrisse J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt was shown that 1H NMR allowed a rapid determination of the ratio of the linolenic residues over all the others (linoleic + oleic + saturated) and 13C NMR allowed a rapid determination of the ratio of linolenic over (linoleic + oleic) residues as well as the linoleic/oleic ratio in a few minutes on less than 20 mg of crude LO. After thermal treatment (220°C for 2 h, followed by cooling to room temperature), a 1∶1 mixture of linseed oil (LO) and maleic anhydride (MA), which was a suspension, became limpid and remained limpid. Moreover, the viscosity of the mixture was higher than that of pure LO treated in the same way. It was shown by 13C NMR and quantitative recovery of the constituents (LO and MA) through solvent separation that no reaction occurred between LO and MA during this thermal treatment. This result is in accord with DSC analysis of such a 1∶1 LO/MA mixture that exhibited an exothermic effect too small (about 34 kcal/mol) to correspond to formation of a C−C bond.
TLC as a tool for quantitative isolation of conjugated trienoic FA
Authors: Devi P. Sita 
Published: November 2006

AbstractConjugated trienoic FA—α‐eleostearic, β‐eleostearic, and punicic acids—were preferentially isolated in pure form from the total methyl esters of the respective oils by simple silica gel TLC using hexane/diethyl ether as the mobile phase (94∶6). The subsequent saponification of the separated methyl ester fractions upon cooling at −20°C yielded individual acids in crystalline form. Melting points, conventional UV spectroscopy, and GLC confirmed the identity of the conjugated trienoic FA. The method finds potential application in benchscale reaction optimization using pure FA and in the preparation of standard reference materials of these acids, as these oils are widely used in the coatings industry.
Tocol‐derived minor constituents in selected plant seed oils
Authors: Abidi S. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVarious crude and processed seed oils were analyzed for tocopherols (T) and tocotrienols (T3) by reversed‐phase HPLC with fluorescence detection (FL). The oils included processed canola oil, crude corn oil, crude milkweed oil, crude palm oil, crude/processed rice bran oils, crude/processed soybean oil, crude/processed sunflower oil, and related modified oil, crude/processed sunflower oil, and related modified oil varieties. The HPLC system consisted of a pentafluorophenylsilica (PFPS) column and a mobile phase of methanol and water. The results of comparative methodological studies with rice bran oils and milkweed oils indicated that the reversed‐phase PEPS‐HPLC method in conjunction with the use of less hazardous solvents proved to be superior and a viable alternative to the conventional normal‐phase HPLC method. Unlike the traditional nonpolar octadecylsilica phase, which fails to resolve β‐γ pairs of T and T3, HPLC with the unique polar PFPS column enables separations of all compounds of interest. Except for palm oil, βT and γT were detected in all other crude oils. Although most milkweed oils contained moderale levels of βT and γT, the βT species was present in relatively low abundance in edible oils despite the observation of fairly high concentrations of γT in the latter oils. βT3 and γT3 were detected along with αT3 and σT3 only in palm and rice bran oils. Tocolderived antioxidant distribution data for zero‐time processed oils provided potential utility in correlation studies of frying quality and stability. The variable distribution data for crude oils shed some light on market profitability of oilseeds with rich sources of vitamin E‐related minor constituents.
Purification of steryl esters from soybean oil deodorizer distillate
Authors: Hirota Yoshinori , Nagao Toshihiro , Watanabe Yomi , Suenaga Masaharu , Nakai Seiichi , Kitano Aktohiro , Sugihara Akio , Shimada Yuji 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSoybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD) contains steryl esters in addition to tocopherols and sterols. Tocopherols and sterols have been industrially purified from SODD but no purification process for steryl esters has been developed. SODD was efficiently separated to low b.p. substances (including tocopherols and sterols) and high b.p. substances (including 11.2 wt% DAG, 32.1 wt% TAG, and 45.4 wt% steryl esters) by molecular distillation. The high b.p. fraction is referred to as soybean oil deodorizer distillate steryl ester concentrate (SODDSEC). We attempted to purify steryl esters after a lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of acylglycerols in SODDSEC. Screening of industrially available lipases indicated that Candida rugosa lipase was most effective. Based on the study of several factors affecting hydrolysis, the reaction conditions were determined as follows: ratio of SODDSEC/water, 1∶1 (w/w); lipase amount, 15 U/g reaction mixture; temperature, 30°C. When SODDSEC was agitated for 24 h under these conditions, acylglycerols were almost completely hydrolyzed and the content of steryl esters did not change. However, study with a mixture of steryl oleate/trilinolein (1∶1, w/w) indicated that about 20% of constituent FA in steryl esters were exchanged with constituent FA in acylglycerols. Steryl esters in the oil layer obtained by the SODDSEC treatment with lipase were successfully purified by molecular distillation (purity, 97.3%; recovery, 87.7%).