bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow measurements in the discharge port of a screw compressor
Authors: Guerrato D , Nouri J M , Stosic N , Arcoumanis C , Smith I K 
Published: November 2008

The angle-resolved mean velocity and turbulence characteristics of axial air flow within the rotors and discharge chambers of a screw compressor have been measured, using a laser Doppler velocimeter with high spatial and temporal resolution. The measurements were made through special transparent windows fixed in the compressor casing and in the pipe immediately above the discharge port. Results were obtained at a speed of 1000 r/min, a discharge pressure 1 bar, and a temperature of 57 °C. The flow interaction between the rotors and the discharge chamber was established as well as the spatial variation of the axial mean velocity and turbulence velocity fluctuation. It was shown that the discharge flow was complex, strongly time-dependent, and controlled by several mechanisms. In general, the axial velocity, on entering the working chamber downstream of the discharge port exit was higher than that immediately upstream with large variation in mean and root mean square velocities immediately after the opening of the discharge port, then flow becomes more uniform. The high velocity values and large fluctuation are mainly controlled by the pressure gradient across the port at the very beginning of the discharge process, after that, as the port opens wider, uniform flow is influenced mainly by the rotor action. These measurements will be used as input data for more reliable optimization of compressor design and to validate a computational fluid dynamics model of fluid flow within twin screw compressors, already developed in-house.
Nano/Micro Patterning of Inorganic Thin Films
Authors: Koumoto Kunihito , Saito Noriko , Gao Yanfeng , Masuda Yoshitake , Zhu Peixin 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The present review is focused on the site-selective deposition of inorganic thin films on self-assembled monolayer (SAM) templates. SAMs were used to modify the substrate surface with chemical functional groups. The patterned SAM substrate was prepared by exposing the SAM substrate to UV light through photomasks for photocleavage. The patterned SAM was used as the templates for deposition of ceramic thin films in aqueous solutions. The preparation and characterization methods of SAMs, and the preparation of the patterned SAM templates are explained. Solution chemistry for the deposition of ceramic oxides and the physics and chemistry of interfaces are described. Experimental examples are given to explain how these aspects influence the formation of films and their properties. Various examples of site-selective deposition of ceramic oxides on SAM templates are explained with classification into three categories: patterning by site-selective attachment of homogeneously nucleated particles, patterning by surface-selective heterogeneous nucleation and growth, and patterning by catalyst-induced heterogeneous nucleation. We also describe pattern-deposition on flexible substrates and future views to improve the pattern resolution.
Categorization and Enumeration of Achiral and Chiral Alkanes of a Given Carbon Content by Considering Internal Branching
Authors: Fujita Shinsaku 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Combinatorial enumeration of alkanes as three-dimensional structures has been investigated, where the degrees of internal branching have been taken into consideration by introducing branching indicators (BIs, i.e., q, t, s, and p). After generating functions for counting preformed alkyl moieties (PAMs) were calculated by following Fujita’s proligand method (S. Fujita, Theor. Chem. Acc.2005, 113, 73; 2005, 113, 80; 2006, 115, 37), they have been introduced into functional equations for counting alkanes so as to give the corresponding generating functions, where such alkanes of carbon content k have been categorized into four cases in terms of centroidal/bicentroidal nature and achirality/chirality. Thereby, the generating functions of the respective cases have given the numbers of alkanes, where each number appears as the coefficient of the term called a branching monomial (BM)nq quaternary, nt tertiary, ns secondary, and nq quaternary carbons (k=nq+nt+ns+np). The results of the enumeration have been verified by drawing alkanes of several representative cases, where a mode of divergence, i.e., [nq, nt, ns, and np], has been used for the purpose of qualitative discussions. Previous approaches without considering BIs have been derived by disregarding the effect of internal branching. Moreover, the functional equations for counting 3D structures have been systematically reduced into those for counting graphs, where graph-reduction conditions have been formulated to rationalize the reduction processes. Thereby, Pólya’s theorem for counting graphs has been shown to be a special case of Fujita’s proligand method for counting 3D structures. As a result, difference between stereoisomers (3D structures) and constitutional isomers (graphs) has been discussed by the common criterion due to BMs (or modes of divergence), which provides more detailed enumerations than previous enumerations due to carbon contents (or constitutions). when such an alkane contains
Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds Using Combinations of Ring-Closing Olefin Metathesis, Dehydration, Oxidation, and Tautomerization
Authors: Yoshida Kazuhiro , Toyoshima Takeharu , Imamoto Tsuneo 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
An approach to aromatic compounds using combinations of ring-closing olefin metathesis (RCM), dehydration, oxidation, and tautomerization is reported. The RCM reaction of 1,7-diene-3,5-diols, which were readily prepared by the allylation of aldol products, gave corresponding cyclized products, 4-cyclohexene-1,3-diols, in high yields. The subsequent dehydration or oxidation of 4-cyclohexene-1,3-diols led to versatile substituted benzenes including phenol and resorcinol derivatives.
Synthesis and Characterization of o-Hydroxybenzophenone Chromophore Bonded to Aminopropyl Silica Gel Microbeads
Authors: Senda Yoshiya , Hidaka Takahiro , Matsumoto Jin , Shiragami Tsutomu , Yasuda Masahide 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
o-Hydroxybenzophenone (Hbp) chromophores were immobilized on 3-aminopropyl silica gel (SiO2–NH2) by a reaction of succinimidyl 4-(4-benzoyl-3-hydroxyphenoxy)butanoate (2a) and -undecanoate (2b) with SiO2–NH2 to produce microbeads 1a and 1b in 25 and 21% yield, respectively. The bond formation was confirmed by appearance of an absorption at 1550 cm−1 due to the N–H bending of the amide bond in the IR spectra of 1a and 1b. In order to enhance the thermal and photochemical stabilities, the 1a and 1b residual amino group was acetylated by Ac2O in CHCl3 to produce 7a and 7b. Acetylation occurred on the aminopropyl group. However, it did not occur on the phenolic OH group of Hbp from the IR spectra where the absorptions of the bending of the methyl group and the bending of the phenolic OH group appeared at 1375 and 1348 cm−1, respectively. By degradation experiments, it was found that thermal and photochemical stabilities were high in 7a and 7b compared with that of 1a and 1b.
Numerical Simulation of Residual Stresses in Quenched Steel Bodies Using Subroutines to Represent TTT and CCT Diagrams
Authors: Bortoleto Eleir Mundim , Lagatta Cristiano Fernandes , Di Vernieri Cuppari Márcio Gustavo , Machado Izabel Fernanda , de Souza Roberto Martins 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The objective of this work is to analyze residual strains and stresses and volumetric expansion due to phase transformations that occur during quenching of a steel body. Three different models are proposed, based on the finite element software ABAQUS ® and on the use of FORTRAN subroutines. The time-tempreature-transformation (TTT) or continuous-cooling-transformation (CCT) diagrams of SAE 4140 steel are represented differently in each model, depending on the transformed phases and correspondent volumetric expansion. In the first model, diagrams are intentionally simplified in order to consider only the austenite-martensite transformation. In the second model, the thermomechanical-phase transformation coupling is represented through the incorporation of the austenite-pearlite transformation into the TTT diagram used in the first model and considering that this transformation occurs for cooling rates lower than the limit for martensitic transformation. The third model is based on a subroutine that calculates all the microstructures resulting from quenching (ferrite, pearlite, bainite, and martensite), depending on cooling rate. This subroutine includes information from all the TTT and CCT diagrams of SAE 4140 into a FORTRAN code. Model testing was conducted based on the analysis of the quenching of a cylinder with diameter of 45 mm and based on the comparison with results presented in the literature. Significant differences are observed in the numerical results provided by each model, which, in some cases, also provided data with significant differences from literature.
Field Verification of Smoothness Requirements for Weigh-in-Motion Approaches
Authors: Chen Dar-Hao , Hong Feng 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The smoothness of the pavement surface approaching a Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) scale directly affects the device’s ability to accurately estimate static loads from measured dynamic forces. Lack of smoothness creates difficulties in reducing the weighing error to an acceptable level. Efforts were made in this study to determine appropriate values of profile length and roughness of the WIM approach. Roughness data for 19 WIM sites across Texas were collected, and the corresponding calibration records from those WIM sites were employed to verify the smoothness guidelines proposed by AASHTO MP 14 and ASTM E1318. Since there are multiple lanes at each WIM site, a total number of 70 profiles were collected. Based on the calibration records from the WIM sites and field roughness measurements, it was found that the upper threshold value of Long Range Index (LRI) of AASHTO method MP 14 should be adjusted in order to screen out the locations that yield unacceptable weighing error. The lower threshold value was found to be unnecessary, because more than 90 % of WIM sites yielded acceptable weighing error even when they exceeded the lower threshold value. The LRI is preferable to the Short Range Index (SRI) as it matched well with the field WIM calibration results. Based on the 70 profiles used to determine appropriate lengths, a profile length of 25.8 m preceding the WIM is found to be sufficient. That is the length required to obtain a valid LRI, according to AASHTO MP 14. The ASTM E1318 requirement of 60 m is too conservative. It is concluded that an LRI of 1.74 m/km for the 25.8 m leading up to the WIM is the only critical factor in AASHTO MP 14 and is the limit recommended.
Does an altered leptin axis play a role in obesity among children and adolescents with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
Authors: Völkl Thomas M K , Simm Diemud , Körner Antje , Rascher Wolfgang , Kiess Wieland , Kratzsch Jürgen , Dörr Helmuth G 
Published: November 2008

ObjectiveCongenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) patients are at a higher risk to develop obesity. The role of leptin in CAH is still controversial. Our study aimed to evaluate serum levels of leptin, the soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R), and the sOB-R: leptin molar ratios in a cohort of CAH children and adolescents, and their associations with clinical and metabolic parameters.MethodsWe studied 51 CAH patients, aged 5.6–19.6 years (median 11.8, n=30 females) cross-sectionally. All patients had genetically proven CAH and received standard steroid substitution therapy. Blood specimens were taken after overnight fasting between 0800 and 1000 h. For the analyses of leptin and sOB-R, matched pairs were built with healthy Caucasian patients for sex, Tanner stage (TS), chronologic age (CA), and body mass index (BMI).ResultsBMI and SDS were significantly elevated compared with the reference population. Leptin levels were not different between matched pairs, whereas sOB-R levels were significantly lower in CAH. Consequently, the sOB-R: leptin molar ratios were significantly decreased in CAH. Correlation analyses in CAH patients revealed significant relationship between leptin and CA, TS, BMI, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Similar results were obtained for the matched control group. For sOB-R, we found no significant correlation for CA, TS, or BMI in CAH, but we did in the controls. There were significant correlations for androgens within the CAH group. Additional analyses revealed no correlation with steroid medication or metabolic control.ConclusionsOur data show that an altered leptin axis with normal serum leptin concentrations but decreased sOB-R serum levels may contribute to the increased risk of overweight and obesity in CAH.
Focusing of an electromagnetic plane wave into a uniaxial crystal by a Wood lens
Authors: Ghaffar Abdul , Naqvi Qaisar 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
High frequency fields, refracted by a geometry containing a Wood lens placed at a certain distance from a planar uniaxial interface, are derived by using Maslov’s method. The geometrical optics approximation generally valid for high frequency fields fails in the vicinity of a caustic. Maslov’s method is a systematic procedure for predicting the field in the caustic region, combining the simplicity of the ray and the generality of the transform method. Numerical computations are made for the field pattern around the caustic by using Maslov’s method. The results are found to be in good agreement with those obtained using Kirchhoff’s approximation.
Distant 10 years results of laparoscopic operative treatment in patients with varicocele
Authors: Jabłonowski Zbigniew , Grzegorczyk Adam , Kȩdzierski Robert , Miȩkoś Eugeniusz , Sosnowski Marek 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Varicocele has been regarded a curable cause of infertility for dozens of years. The impact of varicocele treatment in terms of increase in pregnancy rates is a debated issue. We evaluate data from a 10-year cohort of results from laparoscopic operative treatment of varicocele patients according to pregnancy rate, complication rate, and satisfaction with varicocele repair. Ninety seven patients were treated by means of laparoscopy between 1993 and 1996. Ten years after operation questionnaires were sent to all patients. Answers were obtained from 49/97 pts. (50,5%). Details connected with marital status, pregnancy rate, addictions and scrotal pain discomfort were collected. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square independence test and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. After 10 years, 75.5% who answered the questionnaire were fully satisfied with the results of treatment, 12.3% pts of patients were partially satisfied; 63.3% of patients fathered 1 to 3 children. Married patients and those who fathered children were found to be the most satisfied with the operation. We also found the statistically significant negative dependency between smoking addiction and number of children. There were no major complications intra- or postoperatively. No harmful consequences of testicular artery ligation were found. In conclusion, long-time 10 years follow-up enables better estimation of the results of laparoscopic treatment in patients with varicocele. Pregnancy rate may depend not only on varicocele repair but on smoking addiction as well. There is still no evidence of harmful consequences due to testicular artery ligation after varicocele repair
Molecular theoretic study of Freedericksz transition. Symmetry breaking of oblique axial order
Authors: Kio M. , Torikai M. , Yamashita M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractFreedericksz transition, which is usually analyzed by an elastic theory, is studied on the basis of statistical mechanical ground, where nematics with positive dielectric anisotropy in homogeneous anchoring cell is exposed to an electric field in the direction of wall normal. In low temperature region, an oblique axial symmetry breaking occurs, which is nothing but the Freedericksz transition. In high temperature and high field region, biaxial nematic phase with principal axis parallel to the field direction at interior area of the system is proved to appear. A phase diagram on the field versus temperature plane is obtained and compared with the one at a bulk with common biaxial symmetry, where both of electric and magnetic fields are applied in directions perpendicular to each other. In the latter, no symmetry breaking occurs, in contrast with the former case above-mentioned, and the reason why this difference occurs is elucidated.
Compensating defect centres in semi-insulating 6H-SiC
Authors: Kamiński P. , Kozłowski R. , Miczuga M. , Pawłowski M. , Kozubal M. , Żelazko J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPhotoinduced transient spectroscopy (PITS) has been applied to study electronic properties of point defects associated with charge compensation in semi-insulating (SI) 6H-SiC substrates. The photocurrent relaxation waveforms were digitally recorded in a wide temperature range of 20–800 K and in order to extract the parameters of defect centres, a two-dimensional analysis of the waveforms as a function of time and temperature has been implemented. As a result, the processes of thermal emission of charge carriers from defect centres were seen on the spectral surface as the folds, whose ridgelines depicted the temperature dependences of emission rate for detected defect centres. The new approach was used to compare the defect levels in vanadium-doped and vanadium-free (undoped) SI 6H-SiC wafers.
Genetic and Non Genetic Aspects of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Avdjieva-Tzavella D 
Published: November 2008

Genetic and Non Genetic Aspects of Autism Spectrum DisordersChromosome abnormalities have long been recognized as an important cause of learning disabilities and multiple malformation syndromes. About 0.8% of live born infants have numerical or structural chromosomal anomalies that result in an abnormal phenotype. Identification of such anomalies is important clinically and also for accurate genetic counseling. Recently, molecular cytogenetic and array-based techniques have enabled higher resolution screens for chromosome anomalies. This brief review of the etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) focuses on the heritable and non heritable risk factors that underlie this major neuro-developmental disorder. Since all patients with a chromosomal imbalance are dysmorphic, the association of ASD with a facial dysmorphism seems to be a good indication for chromosomal anomaly screening.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Translocation 13;13 Patau Syndrome: Clinical Features of Two Cases
Authors: Pazarbaşi A , Demirhan O , Süleymanova-Karahan D , Taştemir D , Tunç E , Gümürdülü D 
Published: November 2008

Prenatal Diagnosis of Translocation 13;13 Patau Syndrome: Clinical Features of Two CasesPatau syndrome is associated with extra chromosome 13 material, either free as in the 47,++13 or in a Robertsonian translocation or another rearrangement. We report on two fetuses with trisomy 13 who were diagnosed prenatally via cord blood and amniocentesis, respectively. They showedde novoRobertsonian translocation between chromosome 13 and 13, and had normal parents. One was detected cytogeneticaly at 24 weeks of gestation with a karyotype of 46, XX, rob(13;13) and lived only 1 month after birth. Holoprosencephaly, proboscis, microphthalmia and heart septal defects were present. The other fetus was examined at 14 weeks gestation because of cystic hygroma, hydrothorax and hyperechogenic kidneys and had the karyotpe 46, XY, rob(13;13). After abortion the fetus was found to have a cleft lip and palate, postaxial polydactyly of the feet, micrognathia, omphalocele, low-set ears with abnormal helix and to be small for the gestational age. Due to the difference in chromosomal makeup seen in non disjunction, there may be differences in expression of several of the features often seen with trisomy 13, either classical type (as in the 47,++13) orde novoRobertsonian translocation type (as in the 46).
Specific Directional Exercises for Patients with Low Back Pain: A Case Series
Authors: Long Audrey , May Stephen , Fung Tak 
Published: November 2008

Purpose: To determine whether outcomes could be changed after poor response to non-specific exercise therapy when the prescription was changed to specific, directional-preference exercises (McKenzie method). Methods: Patients who participated in a randomized clinical trial (RCT) and the alternative care phase immediately following formed the cohort for this case series. In an earlier RCT, patients with directional preference were randomized to exercises/advice matched to their individual directional preference or to one of two unmatched protocols. The primary inclusion criterion for our case series was patient reports of being unchanged or worse following 2 weeks’ treatment in the RCT. The secondary inclusion criterion was patient requests for “a change to one of the other stretching protocols to see if I can achieve better pain control.” Patients meeting either of these criteria were offered matched exercises/advice if they had not previously received this intervention. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA and McNemar tests compared outcomes during two consecutive time intervals: baseline to 2 weeks and 2 weeks to discharge. Dropouts were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. Results: Four patients from the matched group met the primary inclusion criterion of “unchanged” (none reported being worse); 10 additional patients requested alternative treatment for better pain control (secondary criterion). Eighty-five patients from the two unmatched treatment groups met all the inclusion criteria, and an additional 22 patients met only the secondary criterion. These patients were offered matched treatment, and 96 consented. Those reporting improvement or resolution of symptoms were 22 % in the first two weeks of unmatched care (during the RCT) compared to 84 % with matched care. Statistically significant and clinically meaningful changes occurred in all outcomes (p < 0.001) after receiving matched care, compared to clinically unimportant changes with previous unmatched care during the RCT. Conclusions: Poor outcomes from non-specific/unmatched exercise protocols appeared to reverse when patients with directional preference were given sub-group-matched, direction-specific exercises. Because of the limitations of our study design, replication with a control group and longer-term follow-up are required to validate the findings.