bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INDICES OF GONADAL FUNCTION IN THE HUMAN MALE
Authors: PURVIS K. , BRENNER P. F. , LANDGREN B.‐M. , CEKAN Z. , DICZFALUSY E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA radioimmunoassay technique for the simultaneous measurement of eight unconjugated steroids (progesterone, pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotesterone, oestrone and oestradiol) in the peripheral plasma of human males is described. Determinations of these steroids and of immunoreactive FSH and LH were carried out on the plasma of twentyone normal individuals and the levels were compared to those of eleven and ten males exhibiting oligospermia and azoospermia, respectively.Mean values and tolerance limits for each hormone, based on a lognormal distribution of individual values, are presented for all groups.Oligospermia was associated with a significant reduction in plasma dihydrotestosterone and testosterone levels. Azoospermic subjects also exhibited decreased dihydrotestosterone levels but a normal range of testosterone concentrations. Mean peripheral plasma levels of FSH were significantly elevated in both pathological groups and this was paralleled in the azoospermic men by increased concentrations of plasma LH.
INDICES OF GONADAL FUNCTION IN THE HUMAN MALE
Authors: PURVIS K. , LANDGREN B.‐M. , CEKAN Z. , DICZFALUSY E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA radioimmunoassay method developed previously for the measurement of unconjugated pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and oestradiol in peripheral plasma was applied to the assay of these steroids in seminal plasma of normal, oligospermic and azoospermic males. It was not possible to use the plasma assay method for the determination of progesterone and oestrone in seminal plasma, because some of the reliability criteria were not fulfilled.A detailed analysis of these steroids in the peripheral plasma of the same subjects has been described previously. The levels of all steroids in seminal plasma were significantly lower than the corresponding blood levels. The ratios of blood plasma/seminal plasma levels of the various steroids varied from 37 (testosterone) to 1.7 (dihydrotestosterone). There was a positive correlation between the testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels of the seminal plasma of normal and azoospermic subjects. The concentrations of dihydrotestosterone, pregnenolone and oestradiol were significantly lower in azoospermic subjects than in normals. The only pathological finding in the seminal plasma of oligospermic subjects was a diminished level of dihydrotestosterone.Enzymic hydrolysis of a seminal plasma pool resulted in a 3‐ to 8‐fold increase in the concentration of pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and oestradiol, indicating that human seminal plasma contains large amounts of steroid conjugates.It is suggested that the analysis of steroids in the seminal plasma in combination with determinations in peripheral plasma may be a valuable aid to the assessment of testicular function.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF APOMORPHINE AND l‐DOPA ON SERUM GROWTH HORMONE LEVELS IN NORMAL MEN
Authors: LAL SAMARTHJI , MARTIN JOSEPH B. , DE LA VEGA CHARLES E. , FRIESEN HENRY G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYApomorphine hydrochloride (0.75 mg s.c.) has been compared with l‐dopa (500 mg p.o.) in their effects on growth hormone secretion in a double blind cross‐over study involving nine healthy men. Apomorphine increased serum GH levels above 10 ng/ml in all nine subjects 30–60 min after injection. In contrast, only six of these subjects showed a similar elevation with l‐dopa and in only three had the level increased above 6 ng/ml by 60 min. One subject failed to respond to l‐dopa and in two others the peak was less than 6 ng/ml. GH levels were significantly higher at 30, 45 and 60 min following apomorphine than following l‐dopa. Apomorphine‐induced GH release was not related to changes in serum cortisol or blood sugar. Benztropine mesylate (1 mg i.m.) had no effect on apomorphine‐induced GH release. These results suggest: (a) apomorphine may have advantages over l‐dopa as a provocative agent to assess GH secretory capacity; (b) a dopaminergic mechanism subserves GH secretion; (c) cholinergic mechanisms do not antagonize dopaminergic‐related GH release.
THE EFFECT OF OESTROGEN PRETREATMENT ON SUBSEQUENT RESPONSE TO LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE IN NORMAL WOMEN
Authors: SHAW R. W. , BUTT W. R. , LONDON D. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwenty‐two normal, regularly menstruating female subjects had an LHRH test performed before and after pretreatment with 0.5 mg, 1 mg or 2.5 mg of oestradiol benzoate during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycles (days 4–8). Two further women acted as controls and received no oestrogen; they showed identical responses for both LH and FSH release when LHRH tests were performed at intervals of 48 h. Oestrogen pretreatment induced a biphasic effect upon subsequent LHRH response. Four subjects retested 20 h after 0.5 mg oestradiol benzoate showed either no change or a slight suppression of LH and FSH release. Fifteen of the eighteen women pretreated with oestradiol benzoate and retested 44 h later showed significantly increased LH release and fourteen significantly increased FSH release when compared to their control responses. The responses appeared to be dose related with a positive correlation between sum of LH increments and basal oestradiol levels (r= 0.61; P<0.001) and a similar correlation (r= 0.67; P<0.001) between sum of FSH increments and basal oestradiol levels. The physiological significance of this biphasic action of oestrogen upon pituitary sensitivity is discussed in relation to the control of the menstrual cycle.
SERUM TRIIODOTHYRONINE IN SOLITARY AUTONOMOUS NODULES OF THE THYROID
Authors: MARSDEN PHILIP , FACER PAUL , ACOSTA MANUEL , McKERRON C. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSeventeen patients with solitary autonomous nodules of the thyroid were studied. Eight had clinical features of hyperthyroidism though in some the clinical manifestations were mild. The serum T3 concentration was elevated in all patients with hyperthyroidism but the serum T4 and free thyroxine index were within the normal range in five. All patients with hyperthyroidism subsequently responded to treatment. These findings suggest a high incidence of preferential T3 hypersecretion in hyperthyoidism associated with solitary autonomous thyroid nodules. A further nine patients with single autonomous nodules were clinically euthyroid with normal serum T3 and T4 concentrations and remained euthyroid from 6 to 24 months on serial review.
STUDIES OF IN VITRO STEROID METABOLISM BY TESTIS TISSUE FROM ‘COMPLETE’ AND ‘INCOMPLETE’ FORMS OF TESTICULAR FEMINIZATION
Authors: BELL JANET B. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe in vitro steroid metabolism of testicular tissue from seven cases of testicular feminization was studied. Using radioactive steroid substrates of both C21 and C19 configurations, kinetic studies of these tissues showed that the major pathway of testosterone production was via the Δ5 pathway, i.e. pregnenolone → 17α‐hydroxy‐pregneolone → dehydroepiandrosterone → androstenedione and androstenediol → testosterone, with the accumulation of dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenediol. This accumulation of dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenediol does not occur in similar incubations of normal human testis tissue.The seven cases of testicular feminization were classified as ‘complete’ or ‘incomplete’ forms of the syndrome by reference to clinical data and the histology of the testicular tissue. It was concluded that the biochemical differences between the two forms of the syndrome were the greater production and accumulation of C21 and C19Δ4 steroids from the C21 and C19Δ5 steroid precursors indicating the relatively greater activity of the C21‐3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase‐isomerase enzyme in the ‘incomplete’ form.
HORMONAL STUDIES IN KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME
Authors: WANG C. , BAKER H. W. G. , de KRETSER D. M. , HUDSON B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSome aspects of the hormonal abnormalities of Klinefelter's syndrome have been studied in nineteen patients. As a group the plasma production rate, the total and free levels of testosterone, and the metabolic clearance rates of testosterone and oestradiol were low. Plasma oestradiol, LH and FSH levels were elevated and there was increased peripheral conversion of testosterone to oestradiol. The production rates of oestradiol and the binding capacities of the sex steroid binding globulin were normal. There were fluctuations in the blood levels of LH, FSH, testosterone and oestradiol, but these appeared to be less marked than in healthy men. Both LH and FSH levels were suppressed by acute or prolonged testosterone administration and there was no evidence for a differential effect on LH. It is suggested that the threshold for suppression of LH and FSH is increased in hyper‐gonadotrophic states. Although no statistically significant relationships were found between the hormonal and clinical abnormalities of the syndrome it is probable that the hyperoestrogenism and androgen deficiency are linked to the development of the signs of feminization and hypogonadism.
SERUM GONADOTROPHINS IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: RYLE MARGARET , STEPHENSON JUDITH , WILLIAMS J. , STUART J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYLH and FSH were assayed in serum samples from children ranging from newborn to 13 years. In boys, LH was found in most samples up to 4 months of age, in many up to 10 months, but in only 38% between 1 and 8 years. In girls, it was found in only 29% of the samples under 1 year and the frequency and concentration changed little thereafter until 8‐10 years. FSH was detected in all samples from boys up to 4 months and in most of those from girls up to 2 years. After these ages the frequency declined in each sex and there was little further change until 8‐10 years. Between 1 and 8 years the proportion of samples containing either FSH or LH was similar for the two sexes, but whereas in boys high LH tended to be associated with high FSH, and vice versa, there was no such correlation in girls. The results are discussed in relation to gonadal development and steroid synthesis.
CLEARANCE AND IDENTIFICATION OF THYROTROPHIN RELEASING HORMONE IN HUMAN URINE AFTER INTRAVENOUS INJECTIONS
Authors: JEFFCOATE S. L. , WHITE NICKI 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe urine clearance of TRH after intravenous injection in man has been measured by radioimmunoassay. Between 4.4% and 10.7% of the dose was excreted within 90 min, the majority within 30 min. The TRH excreted was immunochemically and chromatographically indistiguishable from synthetic TRH and was inactivated by plasma enzymes with the same kinetic characteristics. The immunoreactive TRH‐like material in basal urine samples was not TRH however: chromato‐graphically and enzymatically it behaved differently from the synthetic tripeptide.
EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERLASIA BY MEASUREMENT OF 17‐HYDROXYPROGESTERONE
Authors: YOUSSEFNEJADIAN E. , DAVID R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma 17‐hydroxyprogesterone was measured by a simple radioimmunoassay technique in six infants, aged 3 days to 3 months, with congental adrenal hyperplasia due to 21‐hydroxylases defiviencey. Hormonal levels in this gruup were compared to those of twnety normal newborns and to those found inh sixty samples of umbilical vein blood from normal delivers. Plasma 17‐hydroxyprogenterone concentrations were markedly elevated in all congenital adrenal hyperplasia infants (range 544.7–1837 nmol/1, normal 3.03–19.06) at a time when urinary studies in some of these were either not diagnostic or inconclusive. In one infant whose cord blood was analysed, the level was also greatly reised. The data suggest that early definitive diagnosis of congenital sadrenal hyperplasia can be established by measurment of plasma 17‐hydroxyprogesterone.
MALIGNANT METASTATIC INSULINOMA TREATED WITH STREPTOZOTOCIN
Authors: GEFEL A. , FLATAU E. , AYALON D. , PAPO J. , LOEWENTHAL M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA patient with metastatic insulinoma who suffered from severe hypoglycaemic attacks was treated with 7.5 of streptozotocin (Upjohn). Shortly after the start of treatment, the hypoglycaemic attacks ceased; fasting blood glucose levels and serum immunoreactive insulin values returned to normal upon completion of the treatment. Two years after treatment, the patient is well and active and has not had any attacks. The oral glucose tolerance test and tolbutamide stimulation test now show serum immunoreactive insulin excertion patterns similar to those seen in diabetics.
THE INFLUENCE OF PREOPERATIVE DRUG TREATMENT ON THE HISTOLOGICAL APPEARANCES AND IN VITRO131I UPTAKE OF HUMAN HYPERPLASTIC THYROID GLAND
Authors: BECK J. SWANSON , ELMSLIE WANDA H. , HARBITZ Th. B. , MICHIE W. , NICOL A. G. , PEGG C. A. S. , YOUNG R. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe specimen of thyroid resected at partial thyroidectomy from 103 patients with primary thyrotoxicosis was studied with histometric and organ culture techniques. Twenty‐seven patients had been prepared for operation with propranolol and seventy‐six with carbimazole: all received Lugol's iodine for 10 days before operation.The resected specimen and deduced total thyroid weight was greater in the patients prepared with carbimazole. There was no absolute qualitative histopathological difference in the appearance of the glands of the two groups of patients, but histometry showed that the volume percentage of colloid and total gland colloid weight was significantly greater in the patients prepared with carbimazole: the volume percentage of epithelial cells and the total gland epithelial cell weight was similar in the two groups.The iodide concentrating capacity per g wet weight thyroid tissue or per unit volume of colloid did not differ significantly between the two groups. However, the iodide concentration capacity per unit volume of epithelial cells was significantly higher in the carbimazole prepared patients than in those prepared with propranolol.
A RAPID RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR DETERMINATION OF DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULPHATE IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: CATTANEO S. , FORTI G. , FIORELLI G. , BARBIERI U. , SERIO M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA rapid radioimmunoassay for the determination of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA‐S) in diluted human plasma is described. The radioimmunoassay is performed using an antiserum to DHEA‐3‐hemisuccinate‐BSA. A charcoaldextran mixture is used for separation of the bound from the free fraction. The reliability criteria of the method in terms of precision, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity have been evaluated.The mean level of DHEA‐S in plasma samples from normal men (age range 24‐37) is 241.5±72.5 μg/dl. In normal premenopausal women the highest values are in the second third of the menstrual cycle (corresponding to the ovulatory phase). In normal old men (age range 64‐86) and in post‐menopausal women (age range 55‐88) the mean values are, respectively, 51.9±33.8 and 53.8±34.0.The DHEA‐S levels found in several cases of adreno‐cortical disorders are reported. In primary adrenal insufficiency and in Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal adenoma or bilateral multinodular hyperplasia low values are found; in Cushing's syndrome due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia normal values are usually found.
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF PLASMA DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE IN NORMAL AND HYPOGONODAL MEN
Authors: PAZZAGLI M. , FORTI G. , CAPPELLINI A. , SERIO M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA radioimmunoassay for determination of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in man is described. After extraction from plasma, DHT is separated by paper chromatography.The radioimmunoassay is performed using an antiserum to dihydrotestosterone‐3‐oxime‐BSA and a charcoal‐dextran mixture is used to separate the free from the bound fraction. The reliability criteria of the method in terms of precision, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity have been evaluated.The mean level of DHT in plasma samples from young (age 21‐37) and old (age 65‐90) normal men is respectively (mean ± SD) 54.7 ± 19 ng/dl (n= 17) and 39.1 ± 19 ng/dl (n= 14). The difference is statistically significant (P<0.01). The values found in seven patients with Klinefelter's syndrome (21.0 ± 6 ng/dl) are significantly lower than normal young subjects (P<0.01).Lastly, the DHT levels found in a mixed group of male hypogonadism (azoospermia, due to tubular failure, germinal cell aplasia and anorchia) are reported.
FETAL HYPOTHYROIDISM COMPLICATING MEDICAL TREATMENT OF THYROTOXICOSIS IN PREGNANCY
Authors: IBBERTSON H. K. , SEDDON R. J. , CROXSON M. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwo women with thyrotoxicosis were treated with antithyroid drugs during pregnancy. One women had inadvertently received a therapeutic dose of radioiodine at 21 weeks gestation and the other suffered from severe thyrotoxicosis with a serum LATS level of 1850%. In both patients, the serum triiodothyronine was maintained above 500 ng/dl by the concurrent oral administration of this hormone. Despite this precaution, cord serum thyrotrophin levels were markedly elevated and both infants showed clinical signs of hypothyroidism at birth. This experience indicates that triiodothyronine does not prevent fetal hypothyroidism when given to the mother in pharmacological amounts.
METABOLIC RESPONSES TO MONOCOMPONENT HUMAN INSULIN INFUSIONS IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND PATIENTS WITH LIVER AND ENDOCRINE DISEASE
Authors: WEST T. E. T. , OWENS D. , SÖNKSEN P. H. , SRIVASTAVA M. C. , TOMPKINS C. V. , NABARRO J. D. N. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYHypoglycaemic and growth hormone responses were studied at different steady‐state plasma insulin concentrations during a graded infusion of monocomponent human insulin. The control group consisted of ten volunteer subjects. The other groups studied included women taking oral contraceptives and patients with obesity, thyrotoxicosis, myxoedema, acromegaly, diabetes mellitus (moderate and severe) and liver disease.The hypoglycaemic response was measured in two ways: (i) the percentage reduction in plasma glucose below basal, and (ii) the rate of fall of plasma glucose (Kg‐%/min). Insulin sensitivity was greatest in the normal subjects and in the other groups decreased in the order thyrotoxicosis>oral contraceptive>obesity>myxoedema>acromegaly>liver disease. Insulin sensitivity was difficult to assess in the diabetic patients because basal plasma glucose concentrations were elevated. At any given insulin concentration, the diabetics metabolized approximately the same amount of glucose as the normal subjects but the fact that this rate of glucose turnover occurred at higher plasma glucose concentrations probably indicated insulin resistance. Within each group Kg at each dose level of insulin correlated with the steady state plasma insulin concentration during the same infusion period. Diminishing sensitivity to insulin was reflected in an increasing fasting plasma insulin and insulin/glucose ratio except in patients with diabetes.GH responses to insulin infusion in normal subjects reflected the pattern of fall of plasma glucose. In the diabetic patients GH secretion appeared to be related to the infusion of insulin and occurred before plasma glucose had fallen to hypoglycaemic levels. GH secretory patterns were within normal limits in women taking oral contraceptives and in seven of eleven patients with liver disease but were impaired in three of seven patients with thyrotoxicosis and four of five patients with myxoedema. Four obese patients had a markedly delayed but eventually normal GH response.
THE HCG STIMULATION TEST IN MEN WITH TESTICULAR DISORDERS
Authors: DEKRETSER D. M. , BURGER H. G. , HUDSON B. , KEOGH E. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe rise in plasma testosterone levels following stimulation with human chorionic gonadotrophin (3000 i.u./day for 4 days) has been used as a test of interstitial cell function in normal men and men with testicular disorders. The large majority of patients with testicular disorders resulting in infertility, showed a subnormal testosterone response to stimulation. The most marked impairment was noted in those patients with the biopsy appearance of germinal cell arrest and Sertoli cell only syndrome.
INCIDENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF HYPERPROLACTINAEMIA IN WOMEN WITH AMENORRHOEA
Authors: FRANKS S. , MURRAY M. A. F. , JEQUIER A. M. , STEELE S. J. , NABARRO J. D. N. , JACOBS H. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSerum prolactin and gonadotrophin concentrations were measured by radio‐immunoassay in 106 women with amenorrhoea. Prolactin was normal in those with weight related disorders, primary ovarian failure, those with a variety of systemic diseases and in those in whom amenorrhoea followed treatment with the oral contraceptive and in unexplained primary amenorrhoea. Gonadotrophin concentrations in the above patients were normal except in those with primary ovarian failure. Prolactin was elevated in eight of forty patients (20%) with functional secondary amenorrhoea and was greatly raised in all but one of the thirteen women in this series with pituitary tumours (five of whom were studied only after treatment). Only three patients in each of the last two groups had galactorrhoea. Gonadotrophin levels were normal or slightly raised in all of the hyperprolactinaemic patients apart from those studied after hypophysectomy. Four hyperprolactinaemic patients (three with pituitary tumours and one with functional amenorrhoea) who did not have galactorrhoea have been treated with bromocriptine. Prolactin secretion was reduced in all patients and, in the two with normal gonadotrophins, ovulatory menstruation was resumed. One became pregnant in the second ovulation cycle after starting treatment.We conclude that, despite the rarity of galactorrhoea, hyperprolactinaemia is common in patients with functional amenorrhoea and in those with pituitary tumours. Treatment with bromocriptine in patients with normal gonadotrophins restores ovulation when the infertility is due to prolactin excess.
THE ROLE OF PROLACTIN IN THE RESTORATION OF OVARIAN FUNCTION DURING THE EARLY POST‐PARTUM PERIOD IN THE HUMAN FEMALE
Authors: ROLLAND RUNE , JONG FRANK H. DE , SCHELLEKENS LOUIS A. , LEQUIN RUDOLF M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSerial plasma levels of prolactin, follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), 17β‐oestradiol (E) and progesterone (P) were determined by radioimmunoassay in ten healthy women during late pregnancy and the puerperium during inhibition of lactation by Bromergocryptine. This medication was continued until the occurrence of the first menstruation, at which point an endometrial biopsy was taken. Prolactin was very effectively suppressed by Bromergocryptine in all patients, as was lactation. FSH was nearly undetectable during late pregnancy and the first week post‐partum with an increase back to normal levels between day 7 and day 12. Thereafter FSH levels were within the normal cyclic range. Following clearance of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) during the first 2 weeks post‐partum, LH was found within the normal cyclic range in all patients. From day 7 E increased in nine of ten patients to reach levels during the fourth week which are seen normally at the moment of the pre‐ovulatory E‐surge in cycling women. In eight of the ten cases this was concomitant with high levels of LH. The tenth patient showed a high E level at day 36. P was fully excreted within 7 days and remained low until approximately day 20. Thereafter an increase was demonstrated with levels as found during the luteal stage of the menstrual cycle in nine patients within 33 days and within 40 days in all ten patients. The endometrial biopsies showed clear signs of secretory activity. The probable action of prolactin on ovarian function is discussed. It is suggested that during the puerperium the ovaries are the more refractory part of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐ovarian axis, due probably to an influence of prolactin on the ovarian steroid synthesis.