bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salinity Effects on the Growth and Ion Contents of Some Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) Varieties
Authors: Mamo T. , Richter C. , Heiligtag B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of salinity on seed germination, plant yield parameters, and plant Na, Cl and K concentrations of chickpea and lentil varieties was studied. Results showed that in both crops percentage emergence was significantly reduced by increasing NaCl levels (0–8dSm−1). From the plant growth studies it was found that differences existed among chickpea and lentil varieties in their response to NaCl application. In chickpea, the variety Mariye showed the comparatively lowest germination percentage and the lowest seedling shoot dry weight in response to salinity and was also among the two varieties which had the lowest relative plant height, shoot and root dry weight and grain yield at maturity. Similarly, variety DZ‐10‐16‐2, which was the second best in germination percentage and the highest in terms of seedling shoot dry weight, also had the highest relative plant height, shoot and root dry weights, and grain yield at maturity. In lentil, however, such relationships were less pronounced.Chloride concentration (mg g−1) in the plant parts at salt levels other than the control was about 2–5 times that of Na. K concentration in the plants was significantly reduced by increasing NaCl levels. Chickpea was generally more sensitive to NaCl salinity than lentil. While no seeds were produced at salinity levels beyond 2dSm−1 in chickpea (no seeds were produced at this salt level in the most sensitive variety, Mariye), most lentil varieties could produce some seeds up to the highest level of NaCl application.Overall, varieties R‐186 (lentil) and Mariye (chickpea) were the most sensitive of all varieties. On the other hand, lentil variety NEL‐2704 and chickpea variety DZ‐10‐16‐2 gave comparatively higher mean relative shoot and root dry weights, and grain yield, thus showing some degree of superiority over the others. The observed variations among the varieties may be useful indications for screening varieties of both crops for salt tolerance.
Interaction of Phosphate and Salinity on the Growth and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Aslam M. , Flowers T. J. , Qureshi R. H. , Yeo A. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe role of phosphorus application on growth and yield of rice under saline conditions was studied in a set of two experiments, one in nutrient and the other in soil culture. In experiment 1, the effect of inorganic phosphate (Pi) on the growth and ionic relations of four rice cultivars, varying in salt tolerance and phosphorus use efficiency, grown in nutrient solution with and without 50 mol m−3 NaCl was measured in a 2 week trial. The growth of all rice cultivars was affected to different degrees due to external P, in the presence of salt. External P, concentration up to 100 μM in the presence of NaCl caused stimulation of all growth parameters (shoot, root, tillering capacity), above this concentration P, had an inhibitory effect. Salt‐induced P toxicity was exhibited at a much lower P, concentration (10 μM) by the salt sensitive cultivar. Increasing the supply of phosphorus (from 1 to 100 μM Pi) to the saline medium tended to decrease the concentrations of Na1 and CI in all cultivars except IR 1561. Shoot concentrations of these saline ions were much lower in the salt tolerant and moderately salt tolerant rice cultivars. Shoot P and Zn concentrations showed an increasing trend in the presence of external P, and salt in the rooting nr ‐idium but most strikingly P: Zn ratio was lower in salt tolerant and moderately salt tolerant cultivars. Significantly higher concentrations of Na+, P and CI, and lower concentrations of Zn, were determined in the shoots of salt sensitive cultivars when exposed to salt stress in the presence of Pi Results were confirmed in naturally salt‐affected soils of two different types (saline‐sodic and saline) where paddy yield of NIAB 6 (salt tolerant) and IR 1561 (salt sensitive) showed improvement through moderate phosphorus supply (18 kg P ha−1).
Evaluation of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Legume Intercropping Under 1:1 and 2:1 Row‐replacement Series System
Authors: Banik P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 1992–93 and 1993–94 at Agricultural Experimental Farm, Giridih, Bihar to evaluate the intercropping systems of legumes, gram (Cicer arietinum L.), pea (Pisum sativum) and lentil (Lens culinaris) with wheat (Triticum aestivum) in 1:1 and 2:1 ‘row replacement series’. Intercropping systems were assessed on the basis of new indices termed as actual yield loss (AYL) and intercropping advantage (IA). This paper highlights the comparative effectiveness of evaluating the intercropping systems through the existing intercropping indices like LER, RCC, aggressivity. The indices AYL and IA seem to be more appropriate particularly when per plant yield is considered. Intercropping reduced the yield of component crops compared with respective pure stands. Wheat + pea in 1:1 row replacement series gave the highest wheat yield equivalent value (3.02 t ha−1) followed by wheat + lentil (2.91 tha−1). When the actual sown proportion was considered wheat + lentil (1:1) resulted in maximum AYL (+0.610) and IA (+0.279) values. This treatment also gave the maximum monetary advantage (Rs 5985.45 ha−1).
Prospects of Agronomic Improvement in Spring Barley Based on a Comparison of Old and New Germplasm
Authors: Schittenhelm S. , Okeno J. A. , Friedt W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the direction and magnitude of change in morphological and agronomical characters of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in Germany over a period of 80 years and to assess the value of various strategies for further crop improvement. Old and new two‐rowed cultivars, eight in each case, were tested together with their F2 intra‐group diallel crosses in a field trial at Braunschweig‐Völkenrode in 1994. New parents and their crosses showed a higher dry matter grain and total biomass yield, a lower plant height, and a higher harvest index as compared to the respective old germplasm. The annual genetic gain in grain yield was estimated at 0.15%. The superior grain yield of the new germplasm was attributable to the higher number of ears per plant and the larger kernel weight. The F2 mid‐parent heterosis in grain yield was 7.6 and 7.2 % for the old and new crosses, respectively. The differences between the two types of crosses were nonsignificant except for the higher heterosis for plant height in the new crosses. General combining ability effects were significant for all characters in both types of crosses, whereas specific combining ability effects were significant in a few cases only. In the new crosses, a significant positive correlation was found between grain yield and straw yield (r = 0.52), whereas no such association was observed between grain yield and harvest index. For further gain in grain yield, improvement of the straw yield is more promising than increasing harvest index.
Responses to Aluminium Toxicity Effects of Two Populations of Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Cosson
Authors: Zavas T. , Symeonidis L. , Karataglis S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effects of different aluminium (Al) concentrations (0 (control), 5 and 25 ppm) and pH levels (4.5 and 10.0) on two Piptatherum miliaceum populations, one from a bauxite area (population 1) and the other from pasture soil (population 2) were studied. Root length of both populations was severely inhibited at 25 ppm Al concentration and pH 4.5. Positive correlations between the Al content of roots of the two populations and increasing Al concentrations and pH levels in the nutrient solution were observed. Increase of Al concentrations in nutrient solution resulted in the decrease of calcium (Ca) content of the roots of the two populations in both pH values, while potassium (K) concentrations in the roots slightly differed from those of the control. Leaf chlorophyll content increased with increasing Al concentrations and pH values of nutrient solution in population 1 but decreased in population 2.Based on relative values at different treatments of root length (R.L.), Ca and K content of roots and leaf chlorophyll content, it is concluded that population 1 is more tolerant to Al than population 2.The chlorophyll content, under Al influence, may serve to distinguish Al‐tolerant and non‐tolerant ecotypes.
Effect of Phenological Stages on Plant Dry Matter Partitioning and Seed Production in Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)
Authors: Martiniello P. , de Santis G. , Iannucci A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBerseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) is an annual forage crop widely grown in Mediterranean environments. Dry matter partitioning in the leaf, stem and root and seed production of three populations of Egyptian as well as Italian origin were evaluated under four cutting regimes. The cutting treatments were applied to the plants at different stages of plant development: at the fourth (A) and eighth nodes elongation (B), at early flowering (C) and physiological maturity of seeds (D), After herbage, harvest plants were utilized for seed yield and evaluation of its seed yield components. Higher dry matter and seed yield was obtained in treatments D and B, respectively. In the other treatments, dry matter content was lower than in treatment D and related to the phenological development of the plant. Dry matter content in the root was higher when the cut was applied at early flowering. Cutting regimes influenced plant mortality, with the number of dead plants increasing from the cut applied in early (A) to that in the final treatment (D). Cuts applied at early stage of development depleted root reserves causing plant death. This peculiarity could be a tool for selecting populations with higher persistence and with a more tolerant physiological response to stress imposed by cuts. The populations of Egyptian origin, in comparison with the Italian ones, were more productive in dry matter in the early stage of growth and in all treatments were higher in seed weight.
Critical Plant Densities for Resowing of Sugar Beet
Authors: Smit A. B. , Struik P. C , van Niejenhuis J. H. , Renkema J. A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn cases of poor crop establishment of sugar beet, the grower may consider resowing. In these considerations, the differences between the actual and the optimal plant densities and their effects on yield and quality must play an important role, A module to describe these effects is presented. The later in the growing season the decision has to be taken, the lower the plant densities for which resowing is profitable.
Relationship Between Grain Growth and Postanthesis Leaf Area Duration in Dwarf, Semidwarf and Tall Isogenic Lines of Wheat
Authors: Mirallfs D. J. , Domingufz C. F. , Slafer G. A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractExperiments were carried out during 1992 and 1993 growing seasons using in the former year 2 (an early and late) sowing dates. Plants of three isogenic lines (standard height, semidwarf and dwarf) of wheat were grown under field conditions with no restrictions on water or nutrient availability with the objective of determining whether differences in rate of grain growth and in final grain weight were related To differences in leaf area duration postanthesis (LAD). A logistic and an optimization model were used to estimate the components of final grain weight and their performances were compared. The optimization model appeared more appropriate than the logistic to estimate final grain weight and their components (i.e. rate of grain growth and duration of grain filling).The dwarf line presented the lowest average grain weight followed by the semidwarf and standard height lines, respectively. However, changes in grain weight due to the action of Rht alleles were independent of the I, AD, suggesting that reductions in grain weight due to delayed sowing date could be associated with a direct effect of temperature on grain development.Changes in final grain weight were associated with changes in rate of grain growth, but nor with duration of the grain filling period, demonstrating that rate of grain growth was the main factor responsible for final grain weight.
Estimation of Nitrogen Fixation by the Natural 15N‐abundance Technique and Nitrogen Uptake by Pigeonpea Genotypes of Different Maturity Groups grown in an Inceptisol1
Authors: Kumar Rao J. V. D. K. , Johansen C. , Yoneyama T. , Tobita S. , Ito O. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe modulation, nitrogen fixation and nitrogen uptake of four pigeonpea genotypes belonging to extra short duration, short duration and long duration maturity groups grown on an Inceptisol were studied to examine why, despite the poor nodulation of pigeonpea in this soil, it still produces greater yields, than in Alfisols and Vertisols. The percentage nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) was estimated by 15N natural abundance and N‐difference methods using a long duration sorghum as the non‐fixing reference crop. In general, nodulation of pigeonpea in the Inceptisol was much lower than that reported in Alfisols and Vertisols. The above‐ground dry matter ringed from 3.1 to 17.1 t ha−1 while the N uptake ranged from 62.3 to 215 kg ha−1 The fallen plant parrs of pigeonpea genotypes ranged from 1.4 to 4.9 t ha−1 and their N contents ranged from 25 to 84 kg ha−1. The estimates of percentage Ndfa obtained by the two methods were different. Those obtained by the 15N natural abundance appeared more appropriate as the δ15N of sorghum harvested along with short duration pigeonpea and later when it was mature did not change significantly. The extra short duration pigeonpea genotype ICPL 84023 contained very little N from atmospheric N2, while the short duration pigeonpea cv. ICPL 151 had 17% Ndfa and the long duration genotypes. ICPL 366 and T7 had up to 36 % Ndfa. It can be concluded that one of the causes of high yields of pigeonpea on Inceptisols compared to Alfisols and Vertisols despite poor nodulation could be the high N supplying capacity of these Inceptisols. Strategies have been suggested as to how pigeonpea genotypes grown in Inceptisols could improve their nodulation and nitrogen fixation and thus better contribute to a sustainable agriculture.
Ontogenic Changes in Growth and Assimilate Distribution as Influenced by N Supply in Rapeseed‐mustard
Authors: Patil B. N. , Lakkineni K. C. , Bhargava S. C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Brassica juncea, cv. Pusa Bold, and Brassica campestris, cv. Pusa Kalyani, were raised under field conditions with varying levels of N fertilization, i.e. 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha−1. Changes in dry matter accumulation in various plant parts as influenced by N supply were measured throughout the crop ontogeny. N supply up to 120 kg had an increasing effect on the growth of leaves, stem and pods during the entire period till maturity. Analysis on the assimilate distribution pattern revealed that 84–87% of the total was accumulated during the post‐flowering phase. Dry matter partitioning profile during the ontogeny indicated that about 72–83 % of the total DM was accumulated in the leaves, while 17–28 % in the stem, in the preflowering phase. This trend was found nearly opposite during the postflowering phase. At maturity, however, stem and pods accounted for nearly equal amounts of dry matter accumulation. Among the genotypes, Pusa Bold recorded significantly higher DM accumulation and seed yield over Pusa Kalyani which, on the other hand, exhibited a better assimilate‐partioning ability than the former. Nitrogen levels had a favourable effect on LAI, LAD and CGR in both genotypes. Highly significant correlations were obtained between seed yield vs. LAI, LAD and CGR. N fertilization up to 120 kg ha−1 was found beneficial in enhancing growth and yield of rapeseed‐mustard.
Cross‐linked, Water‐Storing Polymers as Aids to Drought Tolerance of Tomatoes in Growing Media
Authors: Johnson M. S. , Piper C. D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSynthetic polymers with high water‐absorbing abilities and most of their stored moisture available to plants have been shown to benefit growth and production of tomato in drought‐stressed, organic‐based growing media and also coarse, sandy soils. Additions of polymers to organic and sand growing media had beneficial effects on shoot dry weight and fruit production. The quality of tomato yield was also improved by the application of polymer to the growing medium due to the reduced impact of water stress during the growing cycle. Cost‐effective use of gel‐forming polymers could be made within certain tomato production systems.
Exogenous Glycinebetaine Enhances Grain Yield of Maize, Sorghum and Wheat Grown Under Two Supplementary Watering Regimes
Authors: Agboma P. C. , Jones M. G. K. , Peltonen‐Sainio P. , Rita H. , Pehu E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDrought occurring at critical growth and developmental stages in cereals affects productivity by reducing biomass accumulation, grain set, and grain yield and quality. Maize (cv. SR‐73), sorghum (cv. Trump), and wheat (cv. Spear) were established in drought‐prone field conditions in Perth, Western Australia, in l994. The plants were then subjected to optimal and suboptimal supplementary watering regimes at growth stages that were sensitive to water availability. Glycinebetaine in aqueous solution was applied to leaves at three rates (2, 4 and 6 kg ha−1 and a control) to establish whether its application could ameliorate the effects of drought on the yield of the crops. Above‐ground biomass production was measured at the beginning and at termination of the watering regimes. Leaf tissue glycinebetaine concentrations were determined 1 and 3 weeks after application. At physiological maturity, grains from the crops were harvested and grain yield, number of grains m−2 and single grain weight were recorded. Drought significantly reduced above‐ground biomass production in maize (P = 0.047), but not in sorghum and wheat. Grain yield of maize, number of grains m−2 of maize and sorghum, and single grain weight of sorghum were significantly depressed by drought. Foliar application of aqueous glycinebetaine marginally enhanced biomass production in the three crops and significantly increased grain yield of maize (P = 0.001) and sorghum (P = 0.003). It also resulted in more grains m−2 of maize, sorghum and wheat (P = 0.001, 0.001 and 0.003, respectively), with interactions between water and glycinebetaine treatments for sorghum and wheat (P = 0.001 and 0.001. respectively). Residual tissue glycinebetaine levels remained high 3 weeks after application to the crops. The positive effects of glycinebetaine treatment appear to be linked to its physiological role as a plant osmoticum that improves drought tolerance. The results of these studies suggest that foliar application of glycinebetaine may be used to improve drought tolerance and economic yield of maize and sorghum, but not of wheat. Increased grain yield was associated with more grains m−2 rather than greater single grain weight.
Effects of Sugar Beet as a Preceding Crop on Cotton
Authors: Kalburtji K. L. , Gagianas A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is one of the most profitable cash crops in Greece. It is usually grown as a monoculture but it is also found in rotation systems with other plant species including sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). Poor cotton performance following sugar beet was persistently reported by farmers. Glasshouse and field experiments were conducted to determine whether: 1) sugar beet as a preceding crop affected seed germination, seedling growth and yield of cotton; and 2) N fertilization can minimize the effects of sugar beet. Seedling growth was diminished by sugar beet extracts; emergence, seed‐cotton, stalks and biomass of cotton in pots were affected by the soil incorporation of sugar beet residues; and emergence, flowers, bolls and seed‐cotton production in the field were also affected by the soil incorporation of sugar beet residues. These harmful effects were eliminated by N fertilization.
Seed Invigoration by Hydration–Dehydration for Improvement of Seed Quality in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
Authors: Ramamoorthy K. , Natarajan N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThree midstorage hydration‐dehydration treatments viz., soaking, moisture equilibration and moist‐sand conditioning followed by drying, each at varying durations for preservation of vigour and viability during storage in safflower var. K.1, were evaluated for their efficacy. Soaking seeds for 3 h followed by dehydration proved to be the best. Maintenance of membrane integrity and counteraction of lipid peroxidation may be the possible reasons for such advantage as evidenced by lower electrical conductance and peroxide values in the best treatment.
The Influence of Irradiance on Rate of Development and Components of Yield In Barley
Authors: Kernich G. C. , Halloran G. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA field study was conducted to investigate the effects of variation in levels of daily irradiance on the level of spike‐let abortion and the rate of development using two cultivars of spring barky (Hordeum vulgare L.), Schooner and Weeah. Three different irradiance treatments were imposed from the cessation of spikelet primordia initiation until anthesis: a reduced irradiance treatment (high competition treatment, HCT); an untreated control for medium competition treatment; MCT); and an increased amount of irradiance (low competition treatment. LCT). Variation, in natural daily irradiance (MCT) was imposed by either shading plants with shadecloth (HCT) or by exposing plants to relatively low inter‐row irradiance competition effects by obstructing adjoining plant rows with plastic mesh (LCT). The duration of the spikelet growth phase was longer by 5 days (Schooner) and 9 days (Weeah) for HCT when compared to MCT, but there was no difference in its duration between LCT and MCT. Spikelet abortion occurred at 8–16 days before anthesis, but this was dependent on treatment. LCT For both cultivars showed a trend towards higher spikelet numbers per spike, although the increase was not significant over MCT, and HCT was significantly lower in both cultivars. Grain yield and biomass were lower (P < 0.05) for HCT compared to both LCT and MCT.
Tolerance of Drought and Temperature Stress in Relation to Increased Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Wheat
Authors: Sairam R. K. , Deshmukh P. S. , Shukla D. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn experiment was conducted with three wheat genotypes differing in their sensitivity to moisture and/or temperature stress to study the relationship of the chloroplast antioxidant system to stress tolerance. Both moisture stress and temperature stress increased glutathione reductase and peroxidase and decreased membrane stab‐iltty, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll stability index in all genotypes. Under moisture stress. DL 153–2 showed the highest membrane stabihty index, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll stability index, glutathione reductase activity and peroxidase activity. However, under elevated temperature conditions, HD 2285, and to a lesser extent DL 153–2, showed higher membrane stability, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll stability index and activities of glutathione reductase and peroxi‐dase. Raj 3077, which is sensitive to both drought and temperature stress, showed the lowest membrane stability, chlorophyll content and chlorophyll stability index and glutathione reductase and perosidase activity under elevated temperature as well as drought conditions. Thus, it can be concluded that tolerance of the genotype to moisture and/or temperature stress is closely associated with its antioxidant enzyme system.