bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic evidence for functions of Chloroplast CA in Pyropia yezoensis: decreased CCM but increased starch accumulation
Authors: Zhang Baoyu , Liu Xueying , Xie Xiujun , Huan Li , Shao Zhizhuo , Du Zhiyan , Wang Guangce 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn response to the changing intertidal environment, intertidal macroalgae have evolved complicated Ci utilization mechanisms. However, our knowledge regarding the CO2 concentrating mechanism (CCM) of macroalgae is limited. Carbonic anhydrase (CA), a key component of CCM, plays essential roles in many physiological reactions in various organisms. While many genes encode CA in the Pyropia yezoensis genome, the exact function of specific CA in P. yezoensis remains elusive. To explore the particular function of chloroplast CA in intertidal macroalgae, we produced chloroplast-localized βCA1 knockdown mutants of P. yezoensis through RNA interference, and Pyβca1i mutants (hereinafter referred to as ca1i) showed a notable decrease in leaf area and overall biomass, as well as decreased soluble protein and unsaturated fatty acid content under different DIC conditions. However, ca1i mutants showed relatively higher starch content compared to the wild-type. The activity of enzymes involved in the Calvin cycle, photorespiration, Pentose-phosphate pathway, and floridean starch synthesis of P. yezoensis indicated an effective starch accumulation pathway after the interference of βCA1. All results suggest that the decreased activity of PyβCA1 impaired the CCM and development of thalli of P. yezoensis, but stimulated starch accumulation in the cytoplasm through feedback to the photorespiration pathway and pentose phosphate pathway to replenish intermediates for the Calvin cycle. This study is the first to explore the specific function of chloroplast CA in intertidal macroalgae using genomic technology. The results provide valuable insights into the adaption mechanisms of intertidal macroalgae to their environment.
Lusaka Call-to-Action 2022: A Call to Strengthen Public Health Emergency Operation Centers in Africa
Authors: Eteng Womi-Eteng Oboma , Mankoula Wessam , Aragaw Merawi , Sonko Ibrahima , Tut Mathew , Kibiye Dennis , Riek Lul , Ouma Ahmed Ogwell 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In July 2022, on the sidelines of the 41st Ordinary Session of the Executive Council of the African Union and the 4th Mid-Year Coordination Summit in Lusaka, Zambia, Heads of state and government, and leaders of delegations of African Union Member States called on member states, African Union through Africa CDC, and partners to recognize, prioritize, and accelerate the establishment and strengthening of public health emergency operation centers (PHEOCs) in the context of health security and in line with Africa’s new public health order. Implementing the declaration requires a multi-dimensional approach that spans across governance, operational capabilities, partnerships, workforce development, and sustainable financing.
With Haraway and Beyond: Towards an Ecofeminist and Contextual Vegan Ethico-Politics
Authors: Castelló Pablo P. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSome ecofeminist scholars have argued that being a feminist entails being a contextual vegan. Donna Haraway has opposed this position and received extensive critique. Yet no one, to my knowledge, has systematically studied how Haraway's theory can enrich ecofeminist vegan literature. To this end, I first establish the method of analysis, and/or framework, I use to read Haraway's work, what I call, interconstitutionality. Next, I delineate the limitations of Haraway's thinking insofar as it assumes a position of human dominion over animals. I then explore some aspects of Haraway's theory that can enrich ecofeminist vegan scholarship and provide insights to go beyond the limits of Haraway's corpus regarding: (1) the entanglements and embodied vulnerabilities that constitute human and non-human animals; (2) the agency of animals and the importance of curiosity and respect in leading just lives with other than human animals; (3) the ethical relevance of otherness, difference, and vulnerability at multiple scales: subject, community/herd, species, and cross-species (e.g., there are shared vulnerabilities between beings who are pregnant regardless of the species they belong to); and (4) the unavoidable violence that human existence entails. The text closes by affirming an ecofeminist non-anthropocentric vegan ontology and ethico-politics that aspires to overcome human dominion over animals.
Quality and antioxidant potential of goat's milk paneer prepared from different citrus juices and its whey
Authors: Qureshi Tahir Mahmood , Saeed Muhammad Mobeen , Nadeem Muhammad , Muhammad Ghulam , Murtaza Mian Anjum , Ibrahim Salam A. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe experiments reported in this research paper aimed to evaluate the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics, microbial quality and antioxidant potential of goat's milk paneer during storage (0–12 d, 4 ± 1°C). The juices from five different citrus fruits were used as coagulant (treatments) to make goat's milk paneer. The pH of all paneer samples decreased during storage whereas titratable acidity increased. Ash (%) fat (%) and protein (%) of paneer increased slightly during storage, whereas sensory perception decreased. The juices from all the citrus fruit varieties showed high contents of total phenolics and total flavonoids which ultimately influenced ferric reducing antioxidant power, total antioxidant capacity and radical scavenging activities. As the contents of different juices were also retained in the paneer matrix, so paneer coagulated with citrus juices also showed encouraging results in terms of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, ferric reducing antioxidant power and radical scavenging activities. Amongst all the paneers, the most promising was that coagulated by kinnow juice. In addition, the whey obtained from paneer coagulated by citrus juices also showed appreciable quantities of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, thereby beneficially influencing ferric reducing antioxidant power andradical scavenging activities. It is concluded that citrus juices improve the sensorial quality and antioxidant potential of goat's milk paneer and its whey.
Private law, private international law and public interest litigation
Authors: Law Stephanie , Shaw Jo , Havercroft Jonathan , Kang Susan , Wiener Antje 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPrivate actors and institutions, and by extension private law itself, are increasingly being forced to reckon with a multiplicity of challenges that extend beyond the domain of private law as it is traditionally conceived. They reflect threats to the global constitutional order and liberal constitutionalism, and threats to individual and collective fundamental rights and constitutional values. As a result, the role of private law in framing and facilitating the development of the global economy and globalization often does not fall within the direct purview of public international lawyers. This editorial aims to examine the role of private law in the litigation and enforcement of public interests against the background of the public/private divide. This is done in light of the increasing role adopted by private actors, including corporations, beyond the private realm.
Atmospheric Rivers in the Eastern and Midwestern United States Associated With Baroclinic Waves
Authors: O’Brien Travis A. , Loring Burlen , Dufek Amanda Sabatini , Islam Mohammad Rubaiat , Kamnani Diya , Quagraine Kwesi Twentwewa , Kirkpatrick Cody 
Published: April 2024

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) significantly impact the hydrological cycle and associated extremes in western continental regions. Recent studies suggest ARs also influence water resources and extremes in continental interiors. AR detection tools indicate that AR conditions are relatively frequent in areas east of the Rocky Mountains. The origin of these ARs, whether from synoptic‐scale waves or mesoscale processes, is unclear. This study uses meteorological composite maps and transects of AR conditions during the four seasons. The analysis reveals that ARs east of the Rockies are associated with long‐wave, baroclinic Rossby waves. This result demonstrates that eastern North American ARs are dynamically similar to their western coastal counterparts, though mechanisms for vertical moisture flux differ between the two. These findings provide a foundation for understanding future climate change and ARs in this region and offer new methods for evaluating climate model simulations.
Improved Consistency of Satellite XCO2 Retrievals Based on Machine Learning
Authors: Huang Xiaoting , Deng Zhu , Jiang Fei , Zhou Minqiang , Lin Xiaojuan , Liu Zhu , Peng Muyan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractQuantifying atmospheric CO2 over long periods from space is crucial in understanding the carbon cycle's response to climate change. However, a single satellite offers limited spatiotemporal coverage, making comprehensive monitoring challenging. Moreover, biases among various satellite retrievals hinder their direct integration. This study proposed a machine learning framework for fusing the column‐averaged dry‐air mole fraction of CO2 (XCO2) retrievals from Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) and OCO‐2 satellites. The best model (R2 = 0.85) presented improved consistency of GOSAT retrievals by reducing 71.5% of the average monthly bias while using OCO‐2 retrievals as a benchmark, indicating the fusion data set's potential to enhance observation coverage. Incorporating the adjusted GOSAT XCO2 retrievals into the OCO‐2 data set added an average of 84.7 thousand observations annually, enhancing the yearly temporal coverage by 53.6% (from 14 to 21.5 days per grid). This method can be adapted to other satellites, maximizing satellite resources for a more robust carbon flux inversion.
Uranium Isotope Constraints on the Pre‐Deposition Time of Asian Dust to the North Pacific Ocean: Implications for Provenance and Iron Supply
Authors: Li Le , Li Gen K. , Zhang Run , Zhang Wenfang , Hedding David William , Chen Jun , Li Gaojun 
Published: April 2024

AbstractAsian dust delivers highly reactive iron (FeHR) to the Pacific Ocean, affecting marine biogeochemical cycles and Earth's climate. Tracing the source of dust deposited in the Pacific is vital for assessing global nutrient cycles but poses challenges. This work applies the (234U/238U) activity ratio to determine the pre‐deposition time and provenance of dust in North Pacific Ocean sediments (Ocean Drilling Program site 1209B). Results indicate a consistent dust pre‐deposition time (134 ± 10 ka) over the past 300,000 years, except during Marine Isotope Stage 7 when volcanic ash input shortened it to 31 ± 19 ka. Comparing the dust pre‐deposition times to those of the potential source deserts, we identify the dust transported to the North Pacific Ocean was primarily from the Taklamakan Desert, which contains higher FeHR content than other deserts. This finding enhances our understanding of soluble Fe supplied to the oceans, especially in dust circulation models.
Contribution of Surface Radiative Effects, Heat Fluxes and Their Interactions to Land Surface Temperature Variability
Authors: Liu Y. , Huang Y. , Yuan J. , Xie Y. , Zhou C. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractLand surface temperature anomalies can be linked to changes in local surface energy balance, although the relationship between surface temperature variability and individual radiative processes remains unclear. In this paper, we quantify the contributions of surface radiative effects and non‐radiative heat fluxes to the variance of monthly land surface temperature using European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis v5 data and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 simulations. The surface energy budget equation is used to link changes in surface radiation, surface heat fluxes and land surface temperature. Subsequently, surface radiation is decomposed into the radiative effects of clouds, air temperature, surface albedo and relative humidity using radiative kernels. The contributions of these radiative processes, including their coupling effects, are quantified using covariance matrices. The results reveal the air temperature radiative effect to be the most significant contributor to the variability of land surface temperature. In addition, the covariance terms reveal important coupling effects. For example, the contribution from the cloud radiative effect is found to be substantially dampened by its coupling with surface heat fluxes. The air temperature radiative effect is further decomposed into a forcing component and a feedback component using different regression methods, in an attempt to separate the air temperature radiative effect as the driver of the surface temperature variability. The cloud radiative effect becomes the primary contributor to the variance of surface temperature after separating the air temperature feedback, while the contribution of the air temperature radiative forcing remains important.
Improvement of Global Forecast of Tropical Cyclone Intensity by Spray Heat Flux and Surface Roughness
Authors: Shi Ruizi , Xu Fanghua 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn global forecasting systems, tropical cyclone (TC) intensity is usually underestimated, which is one of the major challenges for TC forecasting. One possible reason is the deficiency of physical parameterizations associated with ocean surface waves. To improve the TC intensity forecast, effects of two powerful wave‐related processes, the spray‐mediated heat flux and surface roughness, are considered in a global coupled ocean‐atmosphere‐wave system (CFSv2.0‐WW3). Serial 24 hr forecasting experiments for all TCs from May to October 2019 are conducted, and comparisons are made against the International Best Track TC data. The results show that for strong TCs the underestimation of TC intensity in CFSv2.0‐WW3 is significantly improved by the modified surface roughness parameterization and the accelerated spray heat flux parameterization based on Gaussian Quadrature. For major hurricanes with initial wind speeds above 30 m/s, the error of TC maximum wind speed decreases by about 34.4%. To understand the associated dynamic and thermodynamic processes, a series of 120 hr simulations for major hurricane Hagibis is conducted. The effect of spray‐mediated heat flux accounts for 91.7% of the TC intensity improvement. The increased heat fluxes offset the negative contributions of vertical advection and ventilation, leading to enhanced entropy. The low‐level pressure is then decreased, resulting in enhanced convergence of absolute vorticity, which overpowers the negative effects of frictional dissipation and vertical momentum advection. The study indicates that the application of these two wave‐related parameterizations can potentially improve the global forecast and reanalysis of TC intensity.
Spectral Hardness of X‐ and Gamma‐Ray Emissions From Lightning Stepped and Dart Leaders
Authors: Contreras‐Vidal Luis , Sanchez James T. , da Silva Caitano L. , Sonnenfeld Richard G. , Aulich Graydon , Edens Harald E. , Eack Kenneth B. , Smith David M. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDuring the 2022 New Mexico monsoon season, we deployed two X‐ray scintillation detectors, coupled with a 180 MHz data acquisition system to detect X‐rays from natural lightning at the Langmuir Lab mountain‐top facility, located at 3.3 km above mean sea level. Data acquisition was triggered by an electric field antenna calibrated to pick up lightning within a few km of the X‐ray detectors. We report the energies of over 240 individual photons, ranging between 13 keV and 3.8 MeV, as registered by the LaBr3(Ce) scintillation detector. These detections were associated with four lightning flashes. Particularly, four‐stepped leaders and seven dart leaders produced energetic radiation. The reported photon energies allowed us to confirm that the X‐ray energy distribution of natural stepped and dart leaders follows a power‐law distribution with an exponent ranging between 1.09 and 1.96, with stepped leaders having a harder spectrum. Characterization of the associated leaders and return strokes was done with four different electric field sensing antennas, which can measure a wide range of time scales, from the static storm field to the fast change associated with dart leaders.
Impact of Atmospheric Compressibility and Stokes Drift on the Vertical Transport of Heat and Constituents by Gravity Waves
Authors: Gardner Chester S. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractVertical transport of heat and atmospheric constituents by gravity waves plays a crucial role in shaping the thermal and constituent structure of the middle atmosphere. We show that atmospheric mixing by non‐breaking waves can be described as a diffusion process where the potential temperature (KH) and constituent (KWave) diffusivities depend on the compressibility of the wave fluctuations and the vertical Stokes drift imparted to the atmosphere by the wave spectrum. KH and KWave are typically much larger than the eddy diffusivity (Kzz), arising from the turbulence generated by breaking waves, and can exceed several hundred m2s−1 in regions of strong wave dissipation. We also show that the total diffusion of heat and constituents caused by waves, turbulence, and the thermal motion of molecules, is enhanced in the presence of non‐breaking waves by a factor that is proportional to the variance of the wave‐driven lapse rate fluctuations. Diffusion enhancements of both heat and constituents of 50% or more can be experienced in regions of low atmospheric stability, where the lapse rate fluctuations are large. These important transport effects are not currently included in most global chemistry‐climate models, which typically only consider the eddy diffusion that is induced when the unresolved, but parameterized waves, experience dissipation. We show that the theoretical results compare favorably with observations of the mesopause region at midlatitudes and describe how the theory may be used to more fully account for the unresolved wave transport in global models.
Experimental Investigation on Scouring v.s. Mass Failure of Unsaturated Soil Bed: Implications for Debris Flow Initiation and Erosion
Authors: Song Pengjia , Yang Jun , Choi Clarence Edward , Zhang Jiaqi 
Published: April 2024

AbstractScouring and mass failure are two common mechanisms used to describe soil bed erosion, but their combined effects are often not considered. To better understand how these mechanisms compete and under what conditions they prevail, it is essential to consider infiltration and a more realistic unsaturated soil bed. This study investigates soil bed erosion by considering unsaturated soil mechanics, a wetting front, and both erosion mechanisms of scouring and mass failure. Physical experiments were conducted on model water runoff over an unsaturated sand bed to investigate the effects of soil water content and flow velocity on erosion. Experimental results show that current understanding of soil bed erosion can be enhanced by adopting unsaturated soil mechanics and considering the combined effects of scouring and mass failure. The scouring rate is found to be independent of the bed water content because it only affects the uppermost soil particles, which immediately become saturated once water flows over them. Mass failure, on the other hand, is initiated at the wetting front when the rate of infiltration exceeds that of scouring. The depth of mass failure can be described by the net infiltration depth, which is defined as the difference between the infiltration and scouring depths. The net infiltration depth is jointly governed by the soil water content and flow velocity. The crucial role of the coupled effects of the hydro‐mechanical behavior of unsaturated soil in the realistic modeling of soil bed erosion is demonstrated. Outcomes present advancement toward improved hazard assessments of debris flows.
Nowcasting Solar EUV Irradiance With Photospheric Magnetic Fields and the Mg II Index
Authors: Kniezewski Kara L. , Schonfeld Samuel J. , Henney Carl J. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractA new method to nowcast spectral irradiance in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and far ultraviolet (FUV) bands is presented here, utilizing only solar photospheric magnetograms and the Mg II index (i.e., the core‐to‐wing ratio). The EUV and FUV modeling outlined here is a direct extension of the SIFT (Solar Indices Forecasting Tool) model, based on Henney et al. (2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014sw001118). SIFT estimates solar activity indices using the earth‐side solar photospheric magnetic field sums from global magnetic maps generated by the ADAPT (Air Force Data Assimilative Photospheric Flux Transport) model. Utilizing strong and weak magnetic field sums from ADAPT maps, Henney et al. (2015, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014sw001118) showed that EUV & FUV observations can also be well modeled using this technique. However, the original forecasting method required a recent observation of each SIFT model output to determine and apply a 0‐day offset. The new method described here expands the SIFT and ADAPT modeling to nowcast the observed Mg II index with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.982. By correlating the Mg II model‐observation difference with the model‐observation difference in the EUV & FUV channels, Mg II can be used to apply the 0‐day offset correction yielding improvements in modeling each of the 37 studied EUV & FUV bands. With daily global photospheric magnetic maps and Mg II index observations, this study provides an improved method of nowcasting EUV & FUV bands used to drive thermospheric and ionospheric modeling.
Crustal‐Scale Pop‐Up Structure at the Junction of Two Continental‐Scale Deformation Zones in the Southern Baltic Sea
Authors: Ponikowska M. , Stovba S. M. , Mazur S. , Malinowski M. , Krzywiec P. , Nguyen Q. , Hübscher C. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe southern Baltic Sea is a peculiar area, where the Sorgenfrei‐Tornquist Zone (STZ), stretching from Bornholm into the North Sea, connects to the Teisseyre‐Tornquist Zone (TTZ) that continues SE up to the Black Sea. In this study, we show the structure and evolution of this controversially debated area, both on crustal and basin scale, by using three seismic reflection profiles combined with 2‐D potential field data. The results demonstrate that the southern Baltic Sea is underlain by a thick crust of the East European Craton with a Moho depth in the range of 38–42 km. The overall crustal architecture is shaped by three phases of localized stretching in the early Paleozoic, Devonian‐Carboniferous, and Permian‐Mesozoic. The most spectacular feature of the southern Baltic Sea is a zone of thick‐skinned compressional deformation produced by Late Cretaceous‐early Paleogene inversion, including a system of thrusts and back thrusts penetrating the entire crust in an 80–90 km wide inversion zone. ENE‐vergent thrusts are traced from the top of the Cretaceous down to the Moho and they are accompanied by back thrusts of opposite vergence, also reaching the Moho. Inversion tectonics resulted in the uplift of a block of cratonic crust as a pop‐up structure, bounded by thrusts and back thrusts, and the displacement of the Moho within the STZ and TTZ. The similar mechanism of intra‐cratonic inversion was recognized for the Donbas Foldbelt in eastern Ukraine, and it may be characteristic of rigid cratons, where deformation is localized in a few preexisting zones of weakness.