bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographic origin affects larval competitive ability in European populations of the blow fly, Lucilia sericata
Authors: Martínez‐Sánchez A. , Smith K. E. , Rojo S. , Marcos‐García M. A. , Wall R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe blow fly, Lucilia sericata (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), is found throughout Europe. In northern areas, in addition to breeding in carrion, it can also commonly act as primary facultative ectoparasite of sheep, resulting in animal suffering and production losses. However, in the south of Europe, L. sericata is not usually implicated in myiasis and is found almost entirely in carrion. The causes of this behavioural difference are unclear. To begin to address the possible reasons for this difference, the present study examined the effects of competition on the survival and development of L. sericata populations derived from southern Spain, England, and a hybrid derived from a cross between Spanish females and UK males. Larvae were reared at a range of different initial densities and the mortality, development rate, and size of the resultant adults were measured. Mortality increased significantly with density, but the Spanish population had a significantly higher mortality rate than the UK population at all densities. Similarly, adult size declined with increased larval density, but individuals from the Spanish population were consistently larger than those from the UK population at all densities. The mortality and size of the hybrids was consistently intermediate between the Spanish and UK populations. No consistent effects on development rate were observed. This study demonstrates that insects from northwestern and southern European population have qualitatively different life history traits and competitive abilities and may contribute towards explaining the different behaviour of populations of this species in different part of its distribution range.
Hoverfly oviposition response to aphids in broccoli fields
Authors: Ambrosino M. D. , Jepson P. C. , Luna J. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe oviposition response of predacious hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) toBrevicoryne brassicaeL. andMyzus persicae(Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) in commercial broccoli,Brassica oleraceavar.italicaL., Plenck (Brassicaceae), fields was investigated at two sites over the course of a growing season. The hoverfly oviposition responses to these aphid species on different parts of the broccoli plant canopy were also examined. There were no hoverfly eggs on broccoli plants without aphids, egg numbers were very low on plants with fewer than 50 aphids, and no peak in oviposition relative to aphid numbers was observed. Within individual plants that were colonized by aphids, there was some oviposition on individual leaves without aphids, and no hoverfly eggs were seen on leaves that had more than 400 aphids. Leaves in the broccoli plant canopy, and the datasets associated with them, were divided into three sections vertically, ‘upper’, ‘middle’, and ‘lower’.Brevicoryne brassicaewas more abundant in the upper and middle canopy sections, whileM. persicaewas found mostly in the lower section. The rate of hoverfly oviposition per aphid was higher in the upper section than in the two other sections. Modeling of the oviposition response using logistic regression showed that the presence of hoverfly eggs was positively correlated with numbers of each aphid species and sampling date.
Sex pheromone production and perception in the mating disruption‐resistant strain of the smaller tea leafroller moth, Adoxophyes honmai
Authors: Tabata J. , Noguchi H. , Kainoh Y. , Mochizuki F. , Sugie H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMating disruption is an environmentally safe plant protection strategy that uses a synthetic copy of an insect pheromone to interfere with sexual communication and hence reproduction. To date, a number of pest moths have been controlled with applications of formulated pheromones as mating disruptants. Recently, however, the first example of resistance to mating disruption was documented in one of the major tea pests in Japan, the smaller tea leafroller moth, Adoxophyes honmai Yasuda (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). To avoid other such cases, it is important to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which the disruptant lost its effectiveness. To this end, we imposed further selection by rearing field‐collected resistant insects with a synthetic pheromone in the laboratory. After more than 70 generations of selection, a strain with quite strong resistance was established, males of which could find and copulate with their mates even in the presence of 1 mg l−1 of disruptant. Although the mating ability of this strain was greatly increased, the composition and blend ratio of the sex pheromone produced and emitted by females were not obviously changed in comparison with those of females sensitive to mating disruption. However, male response to the pheromone blend was markedly broadened after selection so that resistant males could locate a synthetic pheromone source even when it lacked a pheromone component that is normally necessary for attraction. Males capable of locking onto off‐ratio pheromone blends may be better able to find calling females in pheromone‐treated environments than narrowly tuned males because of greater capability of overcoming sensory imbalance.
Healing of surgically created circumferential gap around non‐submerged‐type implants in dogs: a histomorphometric study
Authors: Jung Ui‐Won , Kim Chang‐Sung , Choi Seong‐Ho , Cho Kyoo‐Sung , Inoue Takashi , Kim Chong‐Kwan 
Published: January 2007

AbstractObjectives: This study was conducted to evaluate the healing of surgically created circumferential gaps around non‐submerged‐type implants according to varying size and healing periods in dogs.Material and methods: In four mongrel dogs, all mandible premolars were extracted and after an 8‐week healing period, non‐submerged‐type implants were placed. Circumferential coronal defects around the implants were performed surgically with a customized tapered step drill. Groups were divided according to the width of the coronal gaps: 1, 1.5, or 2 mm. First the right side of the mandible was prepared, and after 8 weeks, the left side was prepared. The dogs were sacrificed following an 8‐week healing period. Specimens were analyzed histologically and histomorphometrically.Results: As the size of the coronal gap increased, the unfilled area tended to be greater. In terms of bone‐to‐implant contact and bone density, both the 1 and 1.5 mm groups showed a larger percentage of coronal defect than the apical side, while the 2 mm group showed contrary results in the 8‐week groups. The general histologic features in the 16‐week groups were similar to the findings of 8‐week groups but were more matured, with a higher percentage of lamellar bone. A certain amount of bone filling and osseointegration was observed in the defects of all the groups.Conclusion: It can be concluded that the remaining defect, small enough to be clinically neglected, irrespective of gap size within 2 mm, does not need any kind of regenerating procedures.
Soft and hard tissue assessment of immediate implant placement: a case series
Authors: Juodzbalys Gintaras , Wang Hom‐Lay 
Published: January 2007

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate clinically and radiographically the success and esthetic result of immediate implant placement at the time of extraction.Material and methods: Twelve patients with 14 titanium screw‐shaped implants (13–16 mm length and 4.3 or 5 mm diameters) were placed in the extraction sockets. Defects after implant placement were recorded, and then filled up with deproteinized bovine bone mineral, bioabsorbable collagen membrane, and absorbable pins. The defect was again re‐evaluated at second‐stage surgery. Clinical and radiographic parameters of the peri‐implant conditions were assessed at the moment of prosthesis placement and at 1‐year follow‐up.Results: The cumulative implant survival and success rate was 100% after a 1‐year observation period. Analysis of the esthetic result showed that the mean pink esthetic score (PES) was 11.1 (SD 1.35) at 1‐year follow‐up. At 1 year, 64.3% papillae had a score of 2 and the remaining 35.7% score 3 according to the Jemt (1997) papillary index. Optimal value of width of the keratinized mucosa was recorded in 13 (92.9%) implant cases in both periods of follow‐up. At 1‐year follow‐up, the linear distance between implant‐shoulder to the bone peaks remains stable with a mean of 2.62±0.2 mm at the mesial and 2.9±0.58 mm at the distal aspect.Conclusion: Careful evaluation of potential extraction sites before immediate implant installation promotes optimal implant esthetics.
Immediate implant placement with transmucosal healing in areas of aesthetic priority: A multicentre randomized‐controlled clinical trial I. Surgical outcomes
Authors: Lang Niklaus P. , Tonetti Maurizio S. , Suvan Jean E. , Pierre Bernard Jean , Botticelli Daniele , Fourmousis Ioannis , Hallund Marlene , Jung Ronald , Laurell Lars , Salvi Giovanni E. , Shafer David , Weber Hans‐Peter ,   on Behalf of European Research Group on Periodontology (ERGOPerio)
Published: January 2007

AbstractObjectives: To compare the clinical outcomes of standard, cylindrical, screw‐shaped to novel tapered, transmucosal (Straumann Dental®) implants immediately placed into extraction sockets.Material and methods: In this randomized‐controlled clinical trial, outcomes were evaluated over a 3‐year observation period. This report deals with the need for bone augmentation, healing events, implant stability and patient‐centred outcomes up to 3 months only. Nine centres contributed a total of 208 immediate implant placements. All surgical and post‐surgical procedures and the evaluation parameters were discussed with representatives of all centres during a calibration meeting. Following careful luxation of the designated tooth, allocation of the devices was randomly performed by a central study registrar. The allocated SLA titanium implant was installed at the bottom or in the palatal wall of the extraction socket until primary stability was reached. If the extraction socket was ≥1 mm larger than the implant, guided bone regeneration was performed simultaneously (Bio Oss® and BioGide®). The flaps were then sutured. During non‐submerged transmucosal healing, everything was done to prevent infection. At surgery, the need for augmentation and the degree of wound closure was verified. Implant stability was assessed clinically and by means of resonance frequency analysis (RFA) at surgery and after 3 months. Wound healing was evaluated after 1, 2, 6 and 12 weeks post‐operatively.Results: The demographic data did not show any differences between the patients receiving either standard cylindrical or tapered implants. All implants yielded uneventful healing with 15% wound dehiscences after 1 week. After 2 weeks, 93%, after 6 weeks 96%, and after 12 weeks 100% of the flaps were closed. Ninety percent of both implant designs required bone augmentation. Immediately after implantation, RFA values were 55.8 and 56.7 and at 3 months 59.4 and 61.1 for cylindrical and tapered implants, respectively. Patient‐centred outcomes did not differ between the two implant designs. However, a clear preference of the surgeon's perception for the appropriateness of the novel‐tapered implant was evident.Conclusions: This RCT has demonstrated that tapered or standard cylindrical implants yielded clinically equivalent short‐term outcomes after immediate implant placement into the extraction socket.
Taking Names: The Ethics of Indirect Recruitment in Research on Sexual Networks
Authors: Margolis Lewis H. 
Published: January 2007

Evaluating the risks and anticipated benefits of medical, behavioral and, social research is a central function of institutional review boards (IRBs). The calculation that IRBs undertake ultimately determines whether a particular research project involving human participants is permitted to proceed. In medical research the physical harms and even the anticipated benefits of a new procedure or drug are often apparent and quantifiable. In contrast, for social/behavioral research that may involve probing the most intimate feelings, thoughts, and actions of participants, the weighing of risks and anticipated benefits, the calculation of possible harms and the acceptability of that harm require a more intense level of scrutiny.Even the early step of identifying and recruiting participants for a research endeavor may potentially cause harm, making participant selection a focus of IRB analysis.
Research Bioethics in the Ugandan Context II: Procedural and Substantive Reform
Authors: Loue Sana , Okello David 
Published: January 2007

In July 1997, the voting representatives at the National Consensus Conference (NCC) on Bioethics in Health Research voted unanimously to adopt the proposed Guidelines for the Conduct of Health Research Involving Human Subjects in Uganda (Guidelines). This vote represented the culmination of a three-year journey towards the development of a coherent and cohesive framework for the ethical review of health research involving human subjects in Uganda.Attendees at the NCC included both voting representatives and non-voting participants. Voting representatives had been designated by the institutional entity with which they were affiliated to represent that entity at the NCC and to voice the concerns and opinions of the entity and its constituents.
Administrative Developments: Civil Cause of Action under RICO Requires Tortious Act—Beck v. Prupis
Authors: Hussong Sharon 
Published: January 2007

The U.S. Supreme Court held 7-2 that an individual harmed by an overt act that is not tortious under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) does not have a civil cause of action under RICO. Therefore, an individual terminated from his job in furtherance of a racketeering conspiracy does not have a civil cause of action, since such termination is not an “independently wrongful” act under RICO.The plaintiff, Robert Beck, was the president, CEO, director, and shareholder of Southeastern Insurance Group (SIG). The defendants, including Ronald Prupis, were senior officers and directors of SIG. In 1998, the plaintiff discovered that the defendants were engaged in racketeering. The racketeering activities included refusing to qualify contractors for SIG surety bonds unless they paid fees to SIG; diverting corporate funds for their personal use; and providing regulators, shareholders, and creditors with false financial statements.
Fraud and Abuse: OIG Advisory Opinion No. 00-3
Authors: Gabriel Kathleen 
Published: January 2007

The Office of the Inspector General issued an advisory opinion in April announcing that an arrangement to provide various services free of charge to patients with terminal illnesses who have a prognosis of one year or less to live (the “Program”) does not constitute grounds for sanctions under either the anti-kickback statute, section 1128(b) of the Social Security Act, or under section 1128A(a)(5) of the Act, which prohibits offering of inducements to beneficiaries to influence their selection of a provider for Medicare or Medicaid covered services.The Hospice Foundation of Martin & St. Lucie, Inc., is a Florida nonprofit organization that acts as the supporting foundation for the Hospice of Martin & St. Lucie, Inc., a nonprofit organization that provides various end-of-life services.
Criminal Law/Medical Malpractice: Court Strikes Down Murder Conviction of Physician Where Inappropriate Care Led to Patient's Death
Authors: Bell Alessia T. 
Published: January 2007

On March 29,2000, in U.S. v. Wood, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit held that a physician cannot be convicted of murder simply for adopting, in an emergency setting, a risky course of treatment intended to prolong life that, when carried out, effectively hastened death. Finding the government's evidence flawed, based on several evidentiary errors and an erroneous denial of a motion for judgment of acquittal on murder charges, the court reversed the conviction of involuntary manslaughter and ordered a new trial.Virgil Dykes, an 86-year-old man, was suffering from severe abdominal pain when he arrived at the Veterans Administration hospital in Muskogee, Oklahoma, on February 5, 1994.
Hands On/Hands Off: Why Health Care Professionals Depend on Families but Keep Them at Arm's Length
Authors: Levine Carol , Zuckerman Connie 
Published: January 2007

In the theater the fictional Dr. Kelekian’s relief that he does not have to talk to family members about his patient’s cancer treatment draws uneasy laughter from the audience. Doctors, patients, and family members alike recognize the situation, even if hearing it so baldly expressed discomfits them.Why do physicians and other health care professionals, including lawyers and bioethicists, so often view families as “trouble”? And why do families so often see medical professionals as uncaring and uncommunicative? Presumably everyone wants the same goal—recovery or the best possible outcome for the patient. And yet trouble clearly exists. We do not see the problem as one of “dysfunctional families” or “callous doctors,” although there are undoubtedly many of each.
Are Ethics Committee Members Competent to Consult?
Authors: Hoffmann Diane , Tarzian Anita , O'Neil J. Anne 
Published: January 2007

A significant amount of discussion in the bioethics community has been devoted to the question of whether individuals performing ethics consultations in healthcare institutions have any special expertise. In addition, articles in the lay press have questioned the “added value” that bioethicists bring to ethical dilemmas. Those at the forefront of the bioethics community have argued repeatedly that those doing ethics consults cannot simply be well-intentioned individuals, that some training in bioethics, group process, and facilitation is necessary to competently execute a consult. As one bioethicist commented:if you approach any endeavor as an amateur activity, you will get, in the end, an amateurish version of the activity. Without a sufficient commitment of personnel, time, support, and financial resources, a healthcare organization will get the ‘ethics’ program … it set out to create: an inept, unskilled, inefficient, and highly risky ‘program’ in healthcare ethics and bioethics.
Recent Developments in Health Law
Authors: Lee Susan 
Published: January 2007

In December 1998, two groups of scientists announced that they had successfully isolated and cultured human pluripotent stem cells. This news was greeted with both tremendous enthusiasm and concern. Because these cells can develop into most types of cells or tissues in the human body, they hold great promise for scientific research and medical advances. For example, stem cells can potentially be used to:Generate cells and tissues for transplantation and therapy for conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, stroke, burns, heart disease, diabetes, and arthritis;Improve scientists’ understanding of the complex events that occur during normal human development, as well as the abnormal events which cause conditions such as birth defects and cancer; andSubstantially change the development and testing of drugs. New medications could be tested initially on stem cells, and only drugs which were safe and effective on the cells would be tested further on laboratory animals and humans.
AIDS: Mississippi Supreme Court Adopts New Standard for Fear of Exposure to AIDS
Authors: Lan Iris 
Published: January 2007

On November 4,1999, in South Central Regional Medical Center v. Pickering, 1999 WL 1000703 (1999), the Mississippi Supreme Court created a new legal standard that allows patients to recover damages for fear of exposure to AIDS even though they cannot prove actual exposure. By adopting this standard, the Mississippi Supreme Court joined the minority of jurisdictions seeking to encourage providers to use reasonable care when handling instruments capable of transmitting disease.Plaintiff Jimmie Pickering is a female diabetic, who was receiving treatment at South Central Regional Medical Center (South Central) between September 30 and October 5, 1987 to regulate her blood sugar levels. Pickering used the hospital's Autoclix machine, which required that Pickering use lancets to prick her finger to draw blood.
Organ Transplantation: New Regulations to Alter Distribution of Organs
Authors: Geyser Daniel Luke 
Published: January 2007

On December 17, 1999, President Clinton signed the Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999, which instituted a 90-day comment period for the amended Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (“OPTN”) Final Rule (“Final Rule”), a comprehensive set of guidelines that would affect how organs are allocated throughout the country. Barring further legislative action, the Final Rule, which has been over five years in the making, will be effective on March 16,2000.The Final Rule, issued by the Department of Health and Human Services (‘‘DHHS”) pursuant to the National Organ Transplant Act, was originally publishedApril 2, 1998. It provided a number of substantive changes to the process through which organs are allocated by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), a private, non-profit organization charged with administering the national organ transplantation network.
Risking Ethical Insolvency: A Survey of Trends in Criminal DNA Databanking
Authors: Kimmelman Jonathan 
Published: January 2007

Over ten years have elapsed since Virginia passed the nation's first criminal DNA banking law, which authorized law enforcement authorities to collect DNA samples from certain categories of offenders for the purposes of performing profile analysis. Within nine years, Rhode Island became the fiftieth state to enact a similar statute. The passage of a decade since the first enactment provides a convenient opportunity to assess the strengths and weaknesses of ethical safeguards under present law as well as predict the likely direction of future developments.DNA forensics are merely the latest in a long line of biologically based identifying law enforcement technologies that include fingerprints and serotyping. Nevertheless, DNA has properties that make it significantly different than its predecessors with respect to the ethical and social concerns it raises.
Expert Testimony by Persons Trained in Ethical Reasoning: The Case of Andrew Sawatzky
Authors: Baylis Françoise 
Published: January 2007

In February 1999, I received a call from a lawyer at Hill Abra Dewar stating that she had instructions to retain my services as an expert witness in the case of Sawatzky v. Riverview Health Centre. She was representing the Manitoba League of Persons with Disabilities which had intervenor status.In Canada the admission of expert testimony depends upon the application of four criteria outlined in R. v. Mohan by Justice Sopinka. These criteria are: (a) relevance; (b) necessity in assisting the trier of fact, (c) the absence of any exclusionary rule; and (d) a properly qualified expert. The lawyer believed that I could provide the court with relevant, reliable ethics testimony about surrogate decision-making and about medical futility-information that likely would be outside the experience and knowledge of the trier of fact.
Rebuttal: Expert Ethics Testimony
Authors: Baylis Françoise 
Published: January 2007

According to Giles Scofield, ethicists can provide expert testimony in descriptive ethics and metaethics, but not normative ethics. Lawrence Schneiderman appears to disagree with this view, and presumably believes that it is appropriate for an expert witness in ethics to provide ethics testimony in all three areas. I draw this conclusion from several claims made in his commentary which aim to show that we would be contending experts if both invited to testify on a case involving claims about futile medical treatment. This disagreement aside, taken together both commentaries suggest that my testimony in the case of Andrew Sawatzky is wanting.In the response that follows I do not engage in a debate about the content of my testimony.