bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainability in Building Construction—International Standards in Progress
Authors: Trinius Wolfram , Sjöström Christer 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The development of ISO 15392 on general principles of sustainability in building construction took more time than expected. The most significant reason for this was the need to identify a common basis for the conceptual content of the document. With this basis now being identified, the work has taken up momentum and the general principles document presents principles to be considered when addressing the thematic field of sustainable development in relation to building and civil engineering. A key problem to be tackled in international standardization is finding the balance between the necessary level of detail to actually provide something to the user of the standard, and at the same time not to be too specific in order to allow different nations and their specific perspectives to still agree to the standard. While the challenge of sustainable development is global, the strategies for addressing sustainability in building construction are local and differ in context and content from region to region. Such strategies will reflect the context not only in the building environment, but also very much the social environment. This social environment includes cultural issues, legislation and regulation, as well as the needs and concerns of all the users and interested parties involved. Applying the concept of sustainability to specific buildings or other construction works includes a holistic approach, bringing together the global concerns and goals of sustainable development and the demands and requirements in terms of product functionality, efficiency, and economy. Different target audiences will have a different perspective on these challenges and the preferred solutions. The standards must hence put the topic onto a common playing field, still allowing different perspectives to be applied and priorities to be set, as well as recognizing that many aspects of sustainable development lie without the possible content of international technical standardization. ISO 15392 is related to and set into the context of other international standards and widely applied concepts, such as the performance-based building concept and the ISO 15686 series. This paper illustrates the set of related international standards and discusses the modular application. We want to discuss key factors needing consideration in order to bring the set of standards to successful application.
Pressure Effects on Oxygen Concentration Flammability Thresholds of Polymeric Materials for Aerospace Applications
Authors: Hirsch David , Williams Jim , Beeson Harold 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Spacecraft materials selection is based on an upward flammability test conducted in a quiescent environment at the highest expected oxygen concentration. However, NASA’s advanced space exploration program is anticipating using various habitable environments. Because limited data are available to support current program requirements, a different test logic is suggested to address the expanded atmospheric environments through the determination of materials self-extinguishment limits. This paper provides additional pressure effects data on oxygen concentration and partial pressure self-extinguishment limits under quiescent conditions. For the range of total pressures tested, the oxygen concentration and oxygen partial pressure flammability thresholds show a near linear dependence on total pressure, and appear to increase with increasing oxygen concentration (and oxygen partial pressure) thresholds. For the Constellation Program, the flammability threshold information will allow NASA to identify materials with increased flammability risk from oxygen concentration and total pressure changes, minimize potential impacts, and allow for development of sound requirements for new spacecraft and extraterrestrial landers and habitats.
Sinnvolle sozio-ökonomische Weiterentwicklung der globalisierten Gesellschaft (Sustainable Further Socio-economic Evolution of the Globalized Society)
Authors: Welfonder Ernst 
Published: August 2007

Ausgehend von der immer schnelleren technisch-wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung werden die Hintergründe dieser Eigendynamik sowie die resultierenden Auswirkungen bezüglich der ständigen Zunahme von Ressourcenverbrauch und Umweltbelastung sowie der Bevölkerungsentwicklung aufgezeigt.
Die bestehenden interdisziplinären Zusammenhänge werden anhand analytischer Betrachtungen, statistischer Zeitreihen und simulationstechnischer Untersuchungen erläutert. Dabei kommt der Rückwirkung der Automatisierung auf die Gesellschaft besondere Bedeutung zu. Darauf aufbauend werden notwendige Gegenmaßnahmen zur Ermöglichung einer nachhaltigen Weiterentwicklung der globalisierten Gesellschaft hergeleitet.
Diese Aussagen decken sich in wesentlichen Punkten mit den Zielsetzungen der Global Marshallplan Initiative.
Evaluation of Zebrafish Danio rerio as a Model for Enteric Septicemia of Catfish (ESC)
Authors: Petrie-Hanson L. , Romano C. L. , Mackey R. B. , Khosravi P. , Hohn C. M. , Boyle C. R. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Zebrafish (also known as zebra danio) Danio rerio were injected intramuscularly with Edwardsiella ictaluri at doses of 6 × 103, 6 × 104, or 6 × 105 colony-forming units per gram (CFU/g) or sterile phosphate-buffered saline (sham) or were not injected. Mortality occurred from 2 to 5 d postinjection (dpi) at rates of 0, 76.6, and 81.3% for the low, medium, and high doses, respectively, and E. ictaluri was isolated from dead fish. Survivors were sampled at 10 dpi and E. ictaluri was not isolated. Sham-injected and noninjected controls did not suffer mortality. Histopathology trials were performed in which zebrafish were injected with 1 × 104 CFU/g or sham-injected and sampled at 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h postinjection for histological interpretation. Collectively, these zebrafish demonstrated increasing severity of splenic, hepatic, cardiac, and renal interstitial necrosis over time. To evaluate the progression of chronic infection, zebrafish were injected with 1 × 102 CFU/g and held for 1 month postinjection. Beginning at 12 dpi and continuing for an additional 2 weeks, zebrafish demonstrated abnormal spiraling and circling swimming behaviors. Histopathology demonstrated necrotizing encephalitis. In immersion trials, zebrafish were exposed to low, medium, and high doses (averaging 1.16 × 105, 1.16 × 106, and 1.16 × 107 CFU/mL of tank water) of E. ictaluri for 2 h. Mortality occurred from 5 to 9 d postexposure at rates of 0, 3.3, and 13.3% for the low, medium, and high doses, respectively; E. ictaluri was isolated from dead fish. Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus exposed to the medium doses suffered 100% mortality, and E. ictaluri was isolated from these fish. This study demonstrates the potential use of zebrafish as a model for E. ictaluri pathogenesis.
A novel discrete‐time sliding mode technique and its application to a HDD dual‐stage track‐seek and track‐following servo system
Authors: Herrmann G. , Edwards C. , Hredzak B. , Venkataramanan V. , Spurgeon S. K. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA novel approach for the design of a discrete‐time sliding mode controller is presented showing that the dynamics of a sliding‐mode state‐feedback controller can be designed using a singular LQR approach. The weighting of the control signal is set to zero and dead‐beat behaviour for the sliding mode reaching dynamics is achieved. The reaching dynamics are modified when the states are a significant distance away from the sliding surface to avoid any high magnitude control action due to the partial dead‐beat approach. The control law also takes into account the constraints on the actuator amplitudes and a stability analysis is presented using a discrete‐time version of the Popov criterion.The control approach is demonstrated in conjunction with a recently developed large‐span track‐seeking and track‐following method for dual‐stage actuator systems in a hard disk drive (HDD). It is shown how the discrete‐time sliding mode control scheme can be incorporated into the observer‐based control system for the secondary actuator. Superior performance for the track‐seeking and track‐settling process is demonstrated using an existing practical set‐up of a dual‐stage HDD servo system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multifunctional Micelles for Cancer Cell Targeting, Distribution Imaging, and Anticancer Drug Delivery
Authors: Huang C.‐K. , Lo C.‐L. , Chen H.‐H. , Hsiue G.‐H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMultifunctional micelles for cancer cell targeting, distribution imaging, and anticancer drug delivery were prepared from an environmentally‐sensitive graft copolymer, poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide‐co‐methacryl acid)‐g‐poly(D,L‐lactide) (P(NIPAAm‐co‐MAAc)‐g‐PLA), a diblock copolymer, methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)‐b‐poly(D,L‐lactide) (mPEG‐PLA) and two functionalized diblock copolymers, galactosamine‐PEG‐PLA (Gal‐PEG‐PLA) and fluorescein isothiocyanate‐PEG‐PLA (FITC‐PEG‐PLA). Anticancer drug, free base doxorubicin (Dox) was incorporated into the inner core of multifunctional micelles by dialysis. From the drug release study, a change in pH (from pH 7.4 to 5.0) deformed the structure of the inner core from that of aggregated P(NIPAAm‐co‐MAAc), causing the release of a significant quantity of doxorubicin (Dox) from multifunctional micelles. Multifunctional micelles target specific tumors by an asialoglycoprotein (HepG2 cells)‐Gal (multifunctional micelle) receptor‐mediated tumor targeting mechanism. This mechanism then causes intracellular pH changes which induce Dox release from multifunctional micelles and that micelles have strong effects on the viability of HepG2 cells and are abolished by galactose. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) reveals a clear distribution of multifunctional micelles. With careful design and sophisticated manipulation, polymeric micelles can be widely used in cancer diagnosis, cancer targeting, and cancer therapy simultaneously.
Novel Digital Nonvolatile Memory Devices Based on Semiconducting Polymer Thin Films
Authors: Baek S. , Lee D. , Kim J. , Hong S.‐H. , Kim O. , Ree M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractRecent increases in the demand for mobile devices have stimulated the development of nonvolatile memory devices with high performance. In this Communication, we describe the fabrication of low‐cost, high‐performance, digital nonvolatile memory devices based on semiconducting polymers, poly(o‐anthranilic acid) and poly(o‐anthranilic acid‐co‐aniline). These memory devices have ground‐breaking and novel current–voltage switching characteristics. The devices are switchable in a very low voltage range (which is much less than those of all other devices reported so far) with a very high ON/OFF current ratio (which is on the order of 105). The low critical voltages have the advantage for nonvolatile memory device applications of low operation voltages and hence low power consumption. With this very low power consumption, the devices demonstrate in air ambient to have very stable ON‐ and OFF‐states without any degradation for a very long time (which has been confirmed up to one year so far) and to be repeatedly written, read and erased. Our study proposes that the ON/OFF switching of the devices is mainly governed by a filament mechanism. The high ON/OFF switching ratio and stability of these devices, as well as their repeatable writing, reading and erasing capability with low power consumption, opens up the possibility of the mass production of high performance digital nonvolatile polymer memory devices with low cost. Further, these devices promise to revolutionize microelectronics by providing extremely inexpensive, lightweight, and versatile components that can be printed onto plastics, glasses or metal foils.
Janus Nanoparticles by Interfacial Engineering
Authors: Pradhan S. , Xu L. , Chen S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractNanosized Janus particles were prepared by ligand exchange reactions of a Langmuir monolayer of hydrophobic alkanethiolate‐passivated gold nanoparticles at relatively high surface pressures with hydrophilic thiol derivatives injected into the water subphase. The ligand intercalation between adjacent particles led to impeded interfacial mobility of the particles. Consequently, ligand place‐exchange reactions were limited only to the side of the particles facing the water phase, leading to the formation of amphiphilic nanoparticles which exhibited hydrophobic characters on one side and hydrophilic on the other, analogous to the dual‐face Roman god, Janus. The unique amphiphilic characters of the Janus particles were confirmed by a variety of experimental measurements, including contact angle measurements, FTIR, UV‐visible, and NMR spectroscopies. Interestingly, the Janus particles might be dispersed in water, forming micelle‐like aggregates, as revealed in dynamic light scattering and AFM measurements.
Mesostructured Silica Supports for Functional Materials and Molecular Machines
Authors: Angelos S. , Johansson E. , Stoddart J. F. , Zink J. I. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMesostructured silica thin films and particles prepared by surfactant‐templated sol–gel techniques are highly versatile substrates for the formation of functional materials. The ability to deliberately place molecules possessing desired activities in specific spatially separated regions of the nanostructure is an important feature of these materials. Such placement utilizes strategies that exploit the physical and chemical differences between the silica framework and the templated pores. As an example of placement of pairs of molecules, donor and acceptor molecules can be targeted to different regions of mesostructured thin films and energy transfer between them can be measured. The results not only demonstrate the spatial separation but also are used as a molecular ruler to measure the average distance between them. Mesostructured silica is also an excellent support for molecular machines. Molecules that undergo large amplitude motion, when attached to the silica, can function as impellers and nanovalves when activated by light, electrical (redox) and chemical (pH, competitive binding) energy. Derivatized azobenzene molecules, attached to pore walls by using one of the placement strategies, function as impellers that can move other molecules through the pores. Rotaxanes and pseudorotaxanes, placed at pore entrances, function as gatekeepers that can trap and release molecules from the pores when stimulated. Deliberately placed functional molecules on and in mesostructured silica offer many possibilities for both fundamental studies on the nanoscale and for applications in fields as diverse as fluidics, biological drug delivery and controlled release.
Extremely Low‐Threshold Amplified Spontaneous Emission of 9,9′‐Spirobifluorene Derivatives and Electroluminescence from Field‐Effect Transistor Structure
Authors: Nakanotani H. , Akiyama S. , Ohnishi D. , Moriwake M. , Yahiro M. , Yoshihara T. , Tobita S. , Adachi C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBy doping 2,7‐bis[4‐(N‐carbazole)phenylvinyl]‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐SBCz) into a wide energy gap 4,4′‐bis(9‐carbazole)‐2,2′‐biphenyl (CBP) host, we demonstrate an extremely low ASE threshold of Eth = (0.11 ± 0.05) μJ cm–2 (220 W cm–2) which is the lowest ASE threshold ever reported. In addition, we confirmed that the spiro‐SBCz thin film functions as an active light emitting layer in organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) and a field‐effect transistor (FET). In particular, we succeeded to obtain linear electroluminescence in the FET structure which will be useful for future organic laser diodes.
Synthesis and characteristics of aqueous reactive urethane oligomer containing sulfoisophthalate sodium salt
Authors: Yen Meng‐Shung , Huang Ching‐Nan , Hong Po‐Da 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis research studied urethane oligomers, which contains the sulfonic acid group and different reactive groups. First, the transesterification of dimethyl 5‐sulfoisophthalate sodium salt were performed with ethylene glycol or polyethylene glycol of different molecular weights to produce PEG soft chains possessing sulfonic acid group. Subsequently, isophorone diisocyanate used as a hard chain was connected to the two terminals of the sulfonated diols, which finally were blocked by methyl ethyl ketoxime or hydroxyethyl methacrylate or 2, 3‐Epoxy‐1‐propanol to form three kinds of aqueous reactive urethane oligomers (MSE, HSE, and OSE). The MSE oligomer had the greatest particle diameter, particle variance, and streaming current readings; the HSE oligomer, and the OSE oligomer had the second large and the smallest readings of the aforementioned measurements, respectively; whereas the contact angle and surface tension appeared with an opposite trend. Within the thermal properties of oligomer, the Tg of oligomer followed the trend: OSE < HSE < MSE; however, Tm and ΔH show an opposite tendency. With regard to the reactivity of the oligomers toward PET fabric, the add‐on for the variety of oligomers was in the quantity order of MSE > HSE > OSE series, and the washing durability was rated in the order of HSE > MSE > OSE series. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Behavior of mixtures of nonionic polyoxide‐based surfactants and their application in the destabilization of oil emulsions
Authors: Mansur Claudia R. E. , Lechuga Fernanda C. , Mauro Aparecida C. , González Gaspar , Lucas Elizabete F. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDuring the petroleum dehydration process, it is necessary to use chemical demulsifiers to break the water–oil emulsions that are formed during oil extraction. The majority of the products used are formulations containing nonionic surfactants based on poly(ethylene oxide–propylene oxide) (PEO–PPO) block copolymers with different ethylene oxide/propylene oxide molar ratios. In this work, PEO–PPO block copolymers of different structures were used. The physical–chemical properties of aqueous PEO–PPO solutions and their mixtures were analyzed, along with their effectiveness as water–oil emulsion destabilizing agents. The results showed that all the PEO–PPO copolymers could reduce the interfacial tension between water and oil. Nevertheless, the most efficient water–oil emulsion demulsification was achieved by the PEO–PPO branched copolymer, whose structure presented hydrophilic segments [poly(ethylene oxide) and OH] side by side at the free end of the molecule. This copolymer also exhibited the highest water solubility. Such behavior could be attributed to its structure, which promoted better interaction with the water droplets dispersed in the water–oil emulsion. The performance of the surfactant mixtures appeared to be related to their capacity to reduce the water–oil interfacial tension. The addition of a surfactant at a concentration of roughly 30% without demulsifying action does not compromise the action of a well‐performing surfactant. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Enhancing the electroluminescence properties of novel blue light emitting polymer and MEH‐PPV based white light emitting polymer devices by processing condition optimization
Authors: Lee Rong‐Ho , Hsu Hsin‐Fang 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA series of triarylaminooxadiazole‐containing tetraphenylsilane light emitting polymer (PTOA) and poly(2‐methoxy, 5‐(2′‐ethyl‐hexyloxy)‐p‐phenylene‐vinylene) (MEH‐PPV) based white light emitting polymer devices (PLEDs) were fabricated to study blue and orange–red emitter composition and light emitting layer processing effects on white emission electroluminescence properties. Color purity, current turn‐on voltage, brightness, and current efficiency were strongly determined by MEH‐PPV content and the thin film processing condition. The intensity of PTOA blue emission was equal to that of MEH‐PPV orange–red emission when the device was fabricated by a polymer composite film containing 10 wt % of MEH‐PPV. Color purity [Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIEx,y) coordinates (0.26,0.33)] was nearly white emission under applied 8 V. The brightness and current efficiency of PTOA‐MEH‐PPV composite film based devices increased as MEH‐PPV content increased. Furthermore, white emission blue shifted with increasing spin‐rate of thin film coating and applied voltage. Low turn‐on voltage, high current density, and high brightness were obtained for the device fabricating with light emitting layer coating with high spin‐rate. Moreover, low current efficiency was obtained for the PLED with a thinner light‐emitting layer. A white emission CIE (0.28,0.34) was obtained for PTOA‐MEH‐PPV based white PLED. White PLED brightness and efficiency can be as high as 700 cd/m2 and 0.78 cd/A, respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/polypropylene/organo‐montmorillonite nanocomposites: Phase morphology, rheological, and mechanical properties
Authors: Gai Jinggang , Li Huilin 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPhase morphology, rheological, and mechanical properties of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)/PP/organo‐montmorillonite nanocomposites were investigated in this work. The results of TEM and XRD indicated that the organo‐montmorillonite PMM prepared with the complex intercalator [2‐methacryloyloxyethyldodecyldimethylammonium bromide/poly(ethylene glycol)] were exfoliated and dispersed into UHMWPE matrix, and the synergistic effect of the complex intercalator on the exfoliation and intercalation for montmorillonite occurred. Besides, the presence of PMM in UHMWPE matrix was found able to lead to a significant reduction of melt viscosity and enhancement in tensile strength and elongation at break of UHMWPE, except that izod‐notched impact strength was without much obvious change. The dispersed PMM particles exhibited a comparatively large two‐dimensional aspect ratio (Lclay/dclay = 35.5), which played an important role in determining the enhancement of mechanical properties of UHMWPE nanocomposites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Two new types of copolymer membranes controlling clonidine zero‐order release
Authors: Zhan Xiaoping , Chen Sijing , Tang Guochun , Mao Zhenmin 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTwo new types of membranes were synthesized by UV curing in our laboratory. The first type of membrane was made of three monomers: 2‐hydroxy‐3‐phenoxypropylacrylate(A), 4‐hydroxybutyl acrylate(B), and 2‐methyl‐2‐nitropropyl methacrylate(C1). The second type of membrane was made of the same monomers A and B, and 2‐butoxyethyl methacrylate(C2). Permeation properties of clonidine releasing through two new types of copolymer membranes were studied. The effects of the ratios of monomers, the thicknesses of membranes, and the concentration of clonidine on the permeation rates were studied. It was found that both copolymer membranes could control clonidine zero‐order release. The permeation rates of the first optimized membrane were linearly dependent on the square root of the drug concentration. The permeation rates of the second optimized membrane had no significant difference when the concentration of clonidine varied in the range of 3.0–5.0 mg mL−1. Furthermore, both optimized membranes were characterized by FTIR, DSC, and SEM. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007