bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Descriptive study of sledding injuries in Canadian children
Authors: Lee Francis , Osmond Martin H , Vaidyanathan Chandra P , Sutcliffe Teresa , Klassen Terry P 
Published: December 2008

Objectives—(1) To describe the characteristics of sledding injuries presenting to a pediatric emergency department and (2) To describe the sledding environment that leads to childhood sledding injuries.Setting—A pediatric hospital emergency department in Ottawa, Canada and identified sledding sites in the region.Methods—All patients less than 18 years with sled related injuries were included. Questionnaires were completed gathering information on the sled operator, the sled, the sledding site, and the injury. Site visits were made to designated and non-designated sledding hills in the Ottawa region to record data regarding sled operators, sleds, and the sledding environment.Results—Ninety five patients were identified with sledding injuries and 81 (85%) completed the questionnaire. The mean age was 9.9 years (range 8 months to 17 years). The majority were male (63%). Most injuries occurred on non-designated sledding hills in the community (70%). Mild to moderate injuries were most common, however nine patients (11%) were admitted to hospital. Fifty one per cent had adult supervision at the time of injury compared with 86% observed at the site visits. Common mechanisms of injuries were collisions with objects (33%), falls in icy conditions (28%), and going off jumps (16%). Most serious injuries occurred with contact with motor vehicles. There was no relationship between the type of sled used and the likelihood of injury.Conclusions—Sledding hills which have obstacles, icy conditions, jumps, or proximity to roads may result in more childhood injuries. Children with no adult supervision are likely at higher risk of injury.
The spectrum of prevention: developing a comprehensive approach to injury prevention: Figure 1
Authors: Cohen Larry , Swift Susan 
Published: December 2008

Objective—The purpose of this paper is to describe the “spectrum of prevention”, a framework for developing multifaceted approaches to injury prevention. The value of the tool is that it can help practitioners develop and structure comprehensive initiatives.Methods—The spectrum is comprised of six inter-related action levels: (1) strengthening individual knowledge and skills, (2) promoting community education, (3) educating providers, (4) fostering coalitions and networks, (5) changing organizational practices, and (6) influencing policy and legislation. Activities at each of these levels have the potential to support each other and promote overall community health and safety.Conclusions—The spectrum of prevention is a tool which can help practitioners and policy leaders move beyond a primarily educational approach to achieve broad community goals through injury prevention strategies that include policy development. This framework has been endorsed and applied in a variety of disciplines, however it has not been formally evaluated, a process that could clarify the scope of its effectiveness.
Sensitivity and representativeness of a childhood injury surveillance system: Table 1
Authors: Macarthur Colin , Pless Ivan Barry 
Published: December 2008

Objective—To determine the sensitivity and representativeness of the Canadian Hospitals Injury Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP).Setting—The study was conducted in the Ottawa-Carleton region of Ontario, Canada (June through August, 1992).Methods—Surveillance system sensitivity was estimated by dividing the number of injured children attending the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (the only CHIRPP center in Ottawa-Carleton) by the total number of emergency department attended childhood injuries in the region. CHIRPP representativeness was assessed by comparing the injuries missed by the system with those captured on social, demographic, and clinical factors.Results—Sensitivity was 65% (1552/2386). Missed and captured injuries were similar on sex, day, time of presentation, injury intent, and delay before presentation. Children older than 14 years, however, were more likely to be missed by the system; adjusted odds ratio 3.52 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.87 to 4.32). Conversely, children admitted to hospital were less likely to be missed; adjusted odds ratio 0.43 (95% CI 0.23 to 0.80).Conclusion—Given the systematic errors in capture, CHIRPP data should be used cautiously in studies of etiology.
House fire injury prevention update. Part II. A review of the effectiveness of preventive interventions
Authors: Warda Lynne , Tenenbein Milton , Moffatt Michael E K 
Published: December 2008

Objective—To evaluate and summarize the house fire injury prevention literature.Methods—MEDLINE (1983 to March 1997) was searched by keyword: fire, burn, etiology, cause, prevention, epidemiology, and smoke detector/alarm. ERIC (1966 to March 1997) and PSYCLIT (1974 to June 1997) were searched by keyword: as above, and safety, skills, education, and training. Other sources included references of retrieved publications, review articles, and books;Injury Preventionhand search; government documents; and internet sources. Sources relevant to residential fire injury prevention were selected, evaluated, and summarized.Results—Forty three publications were selected for review, including seven randomized controlled trials, nine quasiexperiments, two natural experiments, 21 prospective cohort studies, two cross sectional surveys, one case report, and one program evaluation. These studies examined the following types of interventions: school (9), preschool (1), and community based educational programs (5); fire response training programs for children (7), blind adolescents (2), and mentally retarded adults (5) and children (1); office based counseling (4); home inspection programs (3); smoke detector giveaway campaigns (5); and smoke detector legislation (1).Conclusions—This review of house fire prevention interventions underscores the importance of program evaluation. There is a need for more rigorous evaluation of educational programs, particularly those targeted at schools. An evidence based, coordinated approach to house fire injury prevention is critical, given current financial constraints and the potential for program overload for communities and schools.
Effects of Maryland's law banning Saturday night special handguns on crime guns
Authors: Vernick Jon S , Webster Daniel W , Hepburn Lisa M 
Published: December 2008

Objectives—To determine the effects of a 1988 Maryland law that banned “Saturday night special” handguns on the types of guns used in crime. To determine if controls on the lawful market for handguns affect the illegal market as well.Setting—Baltimore, Maryland, and 15 other US cities participating in a crime gun tracing project.Methods—Cross sectional comparison of the proportion of crime guns that are banned by the Maryland law, comparing Baltimore, MD with 15 other cities outside of Maryland. Multivariate linear regression analysis to determine if observed differences between Baltimore and 15 other cities are explained by demographic or regional differences among the cities rather than Maryland's law.Results—Among crime guns, a gun banned by Maryland's law is more than twice as likely (relative risk (RR) 2.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.0 to 2.5) to be the subject of a crime gun trace request in 15 other cities combined, than in Baltimore. Among homicide guns, a crime especially relevant for public safety, a comparable difference (RR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1 to 4.2) was observed. The proportion of Baltimore's crime guns that are banned is 12 percentage points lower than would be expected based on its demographic and regional characteristics alone. Among crime guns purchased after 1990, a much smaller proportion in Baltimore are banned models than in 15 other cities.Conclusions—Maryland's law has reduced the use of banned Saturday night specials by criminals in Baltimore. Contrary to the claims of some opponents of gun control laws, regulation of the lawful market for firearms can also affect criminals.
Role of commercial drivers in motor vehicle related injuries in Ghana: Table 1
Authors: Mock Charles , Amegashie Justice , Darteh Kwame 
Published: December 2008

Introduction—In many low income countries, commercial vehicles are the major source of motorized transport. Drivers of such vehicles may be an important focus for road safety efforts.Aims—An estimation of the percentage of motor vehicle related injuries that involved commercial vehicles in Ghana was sought. The knowledge, attitude, and practices of commercial drivers with regards to road safety was then evaluated.Methods—A community based survey was carried out, involving 21 105 persons. As well, focus group discussions were held with 30 commercial drivers.Results—In the survey, 122 motor vehicle related injuries were reported for the preceding year. The majority (81%) of these involved commercial vehicles, principally buses (40%) and taxis (24%). The involvement of commercial vehicles was the same for both motor vehicle crashes (81%) and pedestrian injuries (82%). However, motor vehicle related injuries in children were especially likely to involve commercial vehicles (95%), in comparison with adults (79%). The focus groups indicated that commercial drivers had a good general attitude towards road safety. Most believed that actions could be taken that would lower the risk of crashes and injuries, including vision examinations, using seat belts, and avoiding alcohol. However, this knowledge was not fully implemented. For example, few drivers had ever had their vision checked and most used seat belts only for long journeys.Conclusions—In Ghana, commercial drivers are an important group to target in road safety programs. They are also a potentially useful group to include in building coalitions to implement such road safety measures.
Infant injury deaths with unknown intent: what else do we know?: Table 1
Authors: Overpeck Mary D , Brenner Ruth A , Trumble Ann C , Smith Gordon S , MacDorman Marian F , Berendes Heinz W 
Published: December 2008

Objectives—Strong evidence based on case record reviews indicates that the incidence of child homicide reported from death certificates is under ascertained. The characteristics of infant injury fatalities with undetermined, but suspicious, intent were compared for the probability that they should be considered homicides.Methods—Using linked birth and death certificates for all birth cohorts in the US from 1983–91, 2345 injury fatalities reported as intentional, 7594 as unintentional, and 431 as undetermined intent were identified. Maternal and infant variables potentially predictive of injury fatalities were selected based on increased bivariate associations. Relative risks of injury death by intentional, unintentional, and undetermined intent were assessed for maternal and infant characteristics.Results—Relative risks were consistently higher across all intent categories for infants of mothers with the least education, no prenatal care, young maternal age, and single marital status, as well as for infants who are second or later born, preterm, black, or American Indian. Fatalities with undetermined intent have larger relative risks in the highest risk categories than either intentional or unintentional injuries. Deaths with undetermined intent have risk profiles that more closely resemble profiles for intentional deaths than unintentional.Conclusions—Injury homicide rates would be almost 20% greater than official classifications indicate if deaths with undetermined intent were included. In analyses of infant homicide, excluding deaths of undetermined intent may lead to an underestimation of the magnitude of the public health problem of intentional injuries among infants. Other studies based on record reviews from multiple sources indicate that misclassification and under ascertainment of homicides may be even greater.
Effect of the mandatory helmet law in Taiwan: Table 1
Authors: Tsai Ming-Che , Hemenway David 
Published: December 2008

Objective—To estimate the impact of a mandatory motorcycle helmet law in Taiwan.Methods—Taiwan passed a mandatory helmet law in June 1997. Data were collected retrospectively from police reports, which include hospital data, to compare six months pre-law (June to November 1996) with the same six months post-law (June to November 1997).Results—Motorcycle fatalities decreased 14% after the introduction of the helmet law. Head injury fatalities fell 22% while fatalities from injuries to other bodily areas rose 20%. Non-fatal motorcycle injuries fell 31%. Non-fatal head injuries fell 44%; non-fatal injuries to other body parts fell 23%.Conclusion—This study indicates that large, immediate public health benefits resulted from the mandatory motorcycle helmet law in Taiwan.
Preventative pathology and childhood injury
Authors: Byard Roger W 
Published: December 2008

Objective—To delineate a role for pathologists in coordinating the study of childhood deaths due to injury and in developing public safety recommendations.Methods—Ongoing evaluation of cases of death due to injury occurring in children under 16 years, with formal review of all cases of fatal pediatric injuries recorded in the Department of Histopathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, over the past 35 years, has been undertaken as a part of the “Keeping Your Baby and Child Safe” programme.Results—Information obtained from these cases has been used to formulate a number of safety recommendations dealing with unsafe sleeping environments, unsafe eating practices, scalding, and dangerous farm environments. Some products have been withdrawn from sale and other products modified.Conclusions—Pathologists often have extensive knowledge of childhood injuries, which can contribute significantly to health promotion initiatives and community education programmes.
Increasing paintball related eye trauma reported to a state eye injury registry: Figure 1
Authors: Kitchens John W , Danis Ronald P 
Published: December 2008

Objectives—To evaluate an apparent increase in documented trauma from paintball related eye injuries reported to the Eye Injury Registry of Indiana.Methods—A retrospective review of cases reported to the database is reported, with representative case histories.Results—No injuries from paintball were reported during the period June 1992 to June 1996. Over the next two years 11 injuries were reported, representing 4% of all ocular trauma reports over this period. Visual outcome is poor in many of these eyes and more than one half present with posterior segment ocular injury.Conclusions—Severe ocular trauma results from impacts from paintball pellets, and the occurrence of injuries appears to be increasing due to growth in popularity of this war game. Diligent use of eye protection by all participants is necessary to prevent a continuing rise in ocular trauma prevalence from this activity.
Inhibition of DNA Methyltransferase Activates Tumor Necrosis Factor α–Induced Monocytic Differentiation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells
Authors: Laurenzana Anna , Petruccelli Luca A. , Pettersson Filippa , Figueroa Maria Eugenia , Melnick Ari , Baldwin Albert S. , Paoletti Francesco , Miller Wilson H. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Transcriptional silencing via promoter methylation of genes important for cell growth and differentiation plays a key role in myeloid leukemogenesis. We find that clinically achievable levels of 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-dC), a potent inhibitor of DNA methylation, can modify chromatin and restore the ability of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) to induce monocytic differentiation of the acute myeloid leukemia cells NB4 and U937. Although 5-AZA-dC cannot fully induce differentiation, we show that 5-AZA-dC acts directly on TNFα-responsive promoters to facilitate TNFα-induced transcriptional pathways leading to differentiation. 5-AZA-dC regulates the expression of Dif-2, a TNFα target gene, by deacetylating chromatin domains in a methylation-dependent manner. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses of the Dif-2 promoter show histone hyperacetylation and a recruitment of the nuclear factor-κB transcription factor in response to 5-AZA-dC. Furthermore, 5-AZA-dC plus TNFα enhances the level of phosphorylated RNA Pol II at the Dif-2 promoter via synergistic recruitment of TFIIH. We conclude that nonspecific changes in chromatin can allow a specific transcriptional inducer to overcome blocks in leukemic cell differentiation. Our results support the concept of low doses of 5-AZA-dC acting in combination with other agents to target epigenetic changes that drive malignant growth in leukemic cells. [Cancer Res 2009;69(1):55–64]
Aberrant Activation of Androgen Receptor in a New Neuropeptide-Autocrine Model of Androgen-Insensitive Prostate Cancer
Authors: Yang Joy C. , Ok Joon-ha , Busby J. Erik , Borowsky Alexander D. , Kung Hsing-Jien , Evans Christopher P. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Treatment of advanced prostate cancer with androgen deprivation therapy inevitably renders the tumors castration-resistant and incurable. Under these conditions, neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer (CaP) cells is often detected and neuropeptides released by these cells may facilitate the development of androgen independence. Exemplified by gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), these neuropeptides transmit their signals through G protein–coupled receptors, which are often overexpressed in prostate cancer, and aberrantly activate androgen receptor (AR) in the absence of androgen. We developed an autocrine neuropeptide model by overexpressing GRP in LNCaP cells and the resultant cell line, LNCaP-GRP, exhibited androgen-independent growth with enhanced motility in vitro. When orthotopically implanted in castrated nude mice, LNCaP-GRP produced aggressive tumors, which express GRP, prostate-specific antigen, and nuclear-localized AR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies of LNCaP-GRP clones suggest that GRP activates and recruits AR to the cognate promoter in the absence of androgen. A Src family kinase (SFK) inhibitor, AZD0530, inhibits androgen-independent growth and migration of the GRP-expressing cell lines, and blocks the nuclear translocation of AR, indicating the involvement of SFK in the aberrant activation of AR and demonstrating the potential use of SFK inhibitor in the treatment of castration-resistant CaP. In vivo studies have shown that AZD0530 profoundly inhibits tumor metastasis in severe combined immunodeficient mice implanted with GRP-autocrine LNCaP cells. This xenograft model shows autocrine, neuropeptide- and Src kinase–mediated progression of androgen-independent CaP postcastration, and is potentially useful for testing novel therapeutic agents. [Cancer Res 2009;69(1):151–60]
Functional Interaction between BubR1 and Securin in an Anaphase-Promoting Complex/CyclosomeCdc20–Independent Manner
Authors: Kim Hyun-Soo , Jeon Yoon-Kyung , Ha Geun-Hyoung , Park Hye-Young , Kim Yu-Jin , Shin Hyun-Jin , Lee Chang Geun , Chung Doo-Hyun , Lee Chang-Woo 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Activation of the mitotic checkpoint requires the precise timing and spatial organization of mitotic regulatory events, and ensures accurate chromosome segregation. Mitotic checkpoint proteins such as BubR1 and Mad2 bind to Cdc20, and inhibit anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosomeCdc20–mediated securin degradation and the onset of anaphase. BubR1 mediates the proper attachment of microtubules to kinetochores, and links the regulation of chromosome-spindle attachment to mitotic checkpoint signaling. Therefore, disruption of BubR1 activity results in a loss of the checkpoint control, chromosome instability, and/or early onset of malignancy. In this study, we show that BubR1 directly interacts with securin in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the BubR1 interaction contributes to the stability of securin, and there is a significant positive correlation between BubR1 and securin expressions in human cancer. Importantly, BubR1 competes with Cdc20 for binding to securin, and thereby the interaction between BubR1 and securin is greatly increased by the depletion of Cdc20. Our findings may identify a novel regulation of BubR1 that can generate an additional anaphase-inhibitory signal through the Cdc20-independent interaction of BubR1 with securin. [Cancer Res 2009;69(1):27–36]
The Mechanisms of Differential Sensitivity to an Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor Inhibitor (BMS-536924) and Rationale for Combining with EGFR/HER2 Inhibitors
Authors: Huang Fei , Greer Ann , Hurlburt Warren , Han Xia , Hafezi Rameh , Wittenberg Gayle M. , Reeves Karen , Chen Jiwen , Robinson Douglas , Li Aixin , Lee Francis Y. , Gottardis Marco M. , Clark Edwin , Helman Lee , Attar Ricardo M. , Dongre Ashok , Carboni Joan M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractOverexpression and enhanced activity of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) in diverse tumor types make it an attractive target for cancer therapy. BMS-536924 is a potent small molecule inhibitor of IGF-IR, which shows antitumor activity in multiple tumor models, including sarcoma. To facilitate the development of IGF-IR inhibitors as cancer therapy, identification of biomarkers for selecting patients most likely to derive clinical benefit is needed. To do so, 28 sarcoma and neuroblastoma cell lines were screened for in vitro response to BMS-536924 to identify sensitive and resistant cell lines. Notably, Ewing's sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and neuroblastoma are more responsive to BMS-536924, suggesting these specific subtypes may represent potential targeted patient subpopulations for the IGF-IR inhibitor. Gene expression and protein profiling were performed on these cell lines, and candidate biomarkers correlating with intrinsic and/or acquired resistance to BMS-536924 were identified. IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGF-IR were highly expressed in sensitive cell lines, whereas IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-6 were highly expressed in resistant lines. Overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligands in resistant cell lines may represent one possible resistance mechanism by the adaptation of IGF-IR–independent growth using alternative signaling pathways. Based on cross-talk between IGF-IR and EGFR pathways, combination studies to target both pathways were performed, and enhanced inhibitory activities were observed. These results provide a strategy for testing combinations of IGF-IR inhibitors with other targeted therapies in clinical studies to achieve improved patient outcomes. Further exploration of mechanisms for intrinsic and acquired drug resistance by these preclinical studies may lead to more rationally designed drugs that target multiple pathways for enhanced antitumor efficacy. [Cancer Res 2009;69(1):161–70]