bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recommended management of common STIs in primary care
Authors: Jayatilaka Nadi , Kinghorn George 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEarly diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections not only alleviates symptoms but avoids costly complications. Our Drug review describes the efficacy and adverse effects of the drugs available to treat the most commonly encountered STIs, followed by sources of further information and the Datafile. Copyright © 2006 Wiley Interface Ltd
Malaria: clinical features and recommended management
Authors: Wootton Dan , Beeching Nick , Lalloo David 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMalaria is a life‐threatening disease and its syndromes vary depending on the infecting species and previous exposure. Here, the authors look at the importance of prompt diagnosis and administration of appropriate treatment and discuss the role of the GP in managing this potentially fatal disease. Copyright © 2006 Wiley Interface Ltd
The investigation on the relative stability of different clusters of thiourea dioxide in water using gas phase quantum chemical calculations
Authors: Peng Ke , Jin Lijun , Zhou Weiqun , Yang Wen , Li Min 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe relative stability of different clusters of thiourea dioxide (TDO) in water is examined using gas phase quantum chemical calculations at the MP2 and B3LYP level with 6‐311++G(d,p) basis set. The possible equilibrium structures and other energetic and geometrical data of the thiourea dioxide clusters, TDO‐(H2O)n (n is the number of water molecules), are obtained. The calculation results show that a strong interaction exists between thiourea dioxide and water molecules, as indicated by the binding energies of the TDO clusters progressively increased by adding water molecules. PCM model is used to investigate solvent effect of TDO. We obtained a negative hydration energy of −20.6 kcal mol−1 and free‐energy change of −21.0 kcal mol−1 in hydration process. On the basis of increasing binding energies with adding water molecules and a negative hydration energy by PCM calculation, we conclude thiourea dioxide can dissolve in water molecules. Furthermore, the increases of the CS bond distance by the addition of water molecules show that the strength of the CS bonds is attenuated. We find that when the number of water molecules was up to 5, the CS bonds of the clusters, TDO‐(H2O)5 and TDO‐(H2O)6 were ruptured. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Drug–receptor interaction‐based quantitative structure–activity relationship of tetrahydroimidazodiazepinone
Authors: Sahu V. K. , Khan A. K. R. , Singh R. K. , Singh P. P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLog P, solvent‐accessible surface area (SASA), total energy, bond length, and bond strain of the most favorable H‐bond formed between drug and receptor; and quantum chemical descriptor ΔE‐based quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) study of tetrahydroimidazodiazepinone derivatives have been done. For QSAR study, the 3D modeling and geometry optimization of all the derivatives and receptor's amino acid have been carried out on CAChe software by applying semiempirical method using MOPAC 2002. Softness Calculator using semiempirical PM3 methods has done the atomic softness of every atom of the derivatives and receptor's amino acids. The biological activities of tetrahydroimidazodiazepinone derivatives have been taken from the literature. The predicted values of biological activity with the help of multiple linear regression analysis are close to observed activity. The cross‐validation coefficient and correlation coefficient also indicate that the QSAR model is valuable. Regression analysis shows that hydrophobic interaction is predominant and made major contribution, whereas hydrogen bonding and polar interactions help in proper orientation of the compound (or its functional groups) to make maximum interaction. With the help of these descriptors, prediction of the biological activity of new derivative is possible. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Theoretical investigation on density, detonation properties, and pyrolysis mechanism of nitro derivatives of benzene and aminobenzenes
Authors: Wang Gui Xiang , Gong Xue Dong , Xiao He Ming 
Published: January 2009

AbstractNitro derivatives of benzene and aminobenzenes are optimized at the DFT‐B3LYP/6‐31G* level. The heat of formation (ΔHf) and crystal theoretical density (ρ) are estimated to evaluate the detonation properties using the modified Kamlet–Jacobs equations. Thermal stability and the pyrolysis mechanism of the title compounds are investigated by calculating the bond dissociation energies (BDE) at the unrestricted B3LYP/6‐31G* level. The kinetic parameter and the static electronic structural parameters can be used to predict the stability and the relative magnitude of the impact sensitivity of homologues. According to the quantitative standard of the energy and the stability as an HEDC, the title compounds having more than four nitro groups satisfy this requirement. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
FemtoMolar measurements using accelerator mass spectrometry
Authors: Salehpour Mehran , Forsgard Niklas , Possnert Göran 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAccelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is an ultra‐sensitive analytical method suitable for the detection of sub‐nM concentrations of labeled biological substances such as pharmaceutical drugs in body fluids. A limiting factor in extending the concentration measurements to the sub‐pM range is the natural 14C content in living tissues. This was circumvented by separating the labeled drug from the tissue matrix, using standard high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) procedures. As the separated total drug amount is in the few fg range, it is not possible to use a standard AMS sample preparation method, where mg sizes are required. We have utilized a sensitive carbon carrier method where a 14C‐deficient compound is added to the HPLC fractions and the composite sample is prepared and analyzed by AMS. Using 50 µL human blood plasma aliquots, we have demonstrated concentration measurements below 20 fM, containing sub‐amol amounts of the labeled drug. The method has the immediate potential of operating in the sub‐fM region. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observation of the ultrastructure of anterior cruciate ligament graft by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Chen Hsiang‐Ho , Lintner D. M. , Luo Z. P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis study presented the fibril ultrastructure of retrieved grafts from the reconstruction of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The tapping mode images of the AFM were taken from different areas of the longitudinally cut grafts. Regular arrangement of collagen fibrils was found in certain areas of the graft. In many areas, however, the fibrils were not well arranged in a single direction, with some smaller fibrils oriented vertically to larger parallel fibrils. The crossing and tangling of fibrils in ACL grafts was well represented in the three‐dimensional AFM image. This abnormality of graft ultrastructure might indicate the possible alteration of the mechanical environment after ACL reconstruction. This study demonstrated the suitability and importance of ultrastructure observation of ACL grafts by AFM. SCANNING 31: 19–23, 2009. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In situ X‐ray Measurements to Probe a New Solid‐State Polycondensation Mechanism for the Design of Supramolecular Organo‐Bridged Silsesquioxanes
Authors: Dieudonné Philippe , Man Michel Wong Chi , Pichon Benoît P. , Vellutini Luc , Bantignies Jean‐Louis , Blanc Christophe , Creff Gaëlle , Finet Stéphanie , Sauvajol Jean‐Louis , Bied Catherine , Moreau Joël J. E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA long‐range ordered organic/inorganic material is synthesized from a bis‐silane, (EtO)3Si(CH2)3NHCONHC6H4NHCONH(CH2)3Si(OEt)3. This crosslinked sol–gel solid exhibits a supramolecular organization via intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions between urea groups (NHCONH) and covalent siloxane bonding, SiOSi. Time‐resolved in situ X‐ray measurements (coupling small‐ and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering techniques) are performed to follow the different steps involved in the synthetic process. A new mechanism based on the crystallization of the hydrolyzed species followed by their polycondensation in solid state is proposed.
Activated Spinal Cord Ependymal Stem Cells Rescue Neurological Function
Authors: Moreno-Manzano Victoria , Rodríguez-Jiménez Francisco Javier , García-Roselló Mireia , Laínez Sergio , Erceg Slaven , Calvo Maria Teresa , Ronaghi Mohammad , Lloret Maria , Planells-Cases Rosa , Sánchez-Puelles Jose María , Stojkovic Miodrag 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major cause of paralysis. Currently, there are no effective therapies to reverse this disabling condition. The presence of ependymal stem/progenitor cells (epSPCs) in the adult spinal cord suggests that endogenous stem cell-associated mechanisms might be exploited to repair spinal cord lesions. epSPC cells that proliferate after SCI are recruited by the injured zone, and can be modulated by innate and adaptive immune responses. Here we demonstrate that when epSPCs are cultured from rats with a SCI (ependymal stem/progenitor cells injury [epSPCi]), these cells proliferate 10 times faster in vitro than epSPC derived from control animals and display enhanced self renewal. Genetic profile analysis revealed an important influence of inflammation on signaling pathways in epSPCi after injury, including the upregulation of Jak/Stat and mitogen activated protein kinase pathways. Although neurospheres derived from either epSPCs or epSPCi differentiated efficiently to oligodendrocites and functional spinal motoneurons, a better yield of differentiated cells was consistently obtained from epSPCi cultures. Acute transplantation of undifferentiated epSPCi or the resulting oligodendrocyte precursor cells into a rat model of severe spinal cord contusion produced a significant recovery of motor activity 1 week after injury. These transplanted cells migrated long distances from the rostral and caudal regions of the transplant to the neurofilament-labeled axons in and around the lesion zone. Our findings demonstrate that modulation of endogenous epSPCs represents a viable cell-based strategy for restoring neuronal dysfunction in patients with spinal cord damage.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Long‐term changes in dopamine‐stimulated gene expression after single‐day methamphetamine exposure
Authors: Belcher Annabelle M. , O'dell Steven J. , Marshall John F. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMethamphetamine (mAMPH) is a highly addictive psychostimulant drug that injures monoaminergic neurons and results in behavioral impairments in humans and animals. Although evidence exists for changes in cortical volume, metabolism, and blood oxygenation levels in human mAMPH abusers, animal models have instead emphasized this drug's long‐lasting influence on ascending monoaminergic (dopamine, serotonin) projections. The aim of this study was to investigate cortical and subcortical function in rats long after administration of a single‐day mAMPH regimen known to damage monoaminergic systems, at a time point when behavioral impairments are still evident. Rats were given either saline or a neurotoxic (4 × 4 mg/kg, sc) mAMPH regimen. Five weeks later, they were given pharmacological treatments that stimulate cortical gene expression: either the dopaminergic agonist apomorphine (3 mg/kg, sc) or the muscarinic acetylcholine agonist pilocarpine (25 mg/kg, ip). Cortical and subcortical immediate early gene (IEG) responses were measured by immunocytochemical analysis of Fos or JunB, protein products of the IEGs, c‐fosandjunB. Compared with saline‐pretreated controls, mAMPH‐pretreated animals had about 50–70% fewer Fos‐ and JunB‐immunoreactive cells in anterior cingulate, infralimbic, orbital, somatosensory, and rhinal cortices as well as caudate‐putamen and nucleus accumbens, 90 min after apomorphine challenge. By contrast, mAMPH‐pretreated rats had no reductions in the numbers of Fos or JunB‐positive cells following pilocarpine challenge. This study demonstrates the profound and enduring effects of mAMPH administration on dopamine‐stimulated cortical function in animals. Synapse 63:403–412, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asenapine exerts distinctive regional effects on ionotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in rat brain
Authors: Tarazi Frank I. , Choi Yong Kee , Gardner Matthew , Wong Erik H.F. , Henry Brian , Shahid Mohammed 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAsenapine, a new pyschopharmacologic agent being developed for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, has a unique human receptor binding signature with strong affinity for dopaminergic, α‐adrenergic, and, in particular, serotonergic receptors raising the possibility of interactions with glutamatergic receptors. Changes in ionotropic glutamate (Glu) N‐methyl‐D‐aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors and 2‐amino‐3‐(3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐isoxazol‐4‐yl)propionic acid (AMPA) receptors in rat forebrain regions were quantified after repeated administration of multiple doses of asenapine (0.03, 0.1, or 0.3 mg/kg, subcutaneous, twice/day) or vehicle for 4 weeks. Brain sections were collected from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsolateral frontal cortex, caudate putamen (CPu), nucleus accumbens (NAc), and hippocampus (HIP), and processed for in vitro receptor autoradiography. Four weeks of treatment with 0.03, 0.1, or 0.3 mg/kg of asenapine significantly (P < 0.01) decreased binding of [3H]MK‐801 to NMDA/MK‐801 modulatory sites in NAc (by 27%, 29%, and 26%, respectively), medial CPu (by 25%, 28%, and 24%), and lateral CPu (by 24%, 31%, and 26%). In contrast, the same doses of asenapine did not alter binding of [3H]glycine to NMDA/glycine modulatory sites in any of the brain regions examined. [3H]AMPA binding to AMPA receptors was selectively and significantly (P < 0.001) elevated in hippocampal CA1 (41%) and CA3 (40%) regions but only at the highest dose tested. These results indicate that chronic treatment with asenapine has region‐specific and dose‐dependent effects on ionotropic Glu‐receptor subtypes in rat forebrain, which might contribute to the unique psychopharmacologic properties of asenapine. Synapse 63:413–420, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of a low‐lying placenta on delivery outcome
Authors: Bronsteen R. , Valice R. , Lee W. , Blackwell S. , Balasubramaniam M. , Comstock C. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate delivery outcome in pregnancies with a low‐lying placenta (within 2 cm of, but not covering, the internal os) that had been identified within 4 weeks of delivery. We examined the likelihood of a vaginal delivery and investigated the clinical significance of the placental edge to internal os measurement.MethodsA retrospective chart review was performed for singleton pregnancies delivering in the third trimester with a low‐lying placenta identified within 4 weeks of delivery. Outcome variables included type of delivery, maternal and neonatal hemoglobin levels, and umbilical artery pH levels.ResultsEighty‐six patients met the study criteria of a low‐lying placenta identified within 4 weeks of delivery. Forty‐five of these patients were allowed to labor and, of these, 29 (64.4%) delivered vaginally. The vaginal delivery rate was 76.5% in patients with a placenta to cervical os distance of 1–2 cm, significantly greater than the rate of 27.3% in patients in whom the placenta was within 1 cm of the cervix (P = 0.0085). A maternal hemoglobin level below 8.0 g/dL was the most common morbidity associated with low‐lying placenta. Analysis of morbidity observed did not clearly favor either elective Cesarean delivery or attempted vaginal delivery.ConclusionsIn this retrospective study, most laboring patients with a low‐lying placenta were able to have a vaginal delivery with limited morbidity. The likelihood of a vaginal delivery was greater with increased placenta to cervical os distance. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical significance of the placenta to cervical os distance and the interval from scan to delivery. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weatherability of polypropylene/waste tire dust blends: Effects of trans‐polyoctylene rubber and dynamic vulcanization
Authors: Awang M. , Ismail H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTwo series of polypropylene (PP)‐based blends containing waste tire dust (WTD) from scrap tires were naturally weathered. From investigations of specimens after 3‐month and 6‐month weathering periods, the overall indication was that blends with trans‐polyoctylene rubber (TOR) and sulfur dynamic vulcanization (PP/WTDT‐SDV) resisted the deleterious effects of atmospheric factors better than the blends without TOR and dynamic vulcanization (PP/WTD). Tensile test results showed that PP/WTDT‐SDV blends exhibited higher tensile strength and elongation at break than PP/WTD blends. The PP/WTDT‐SDV blends also recorded higher retention values of tensile strength and elongation at break than PP/WTD blends. An increment in the Young's modulus of PP/WTD blends was noticed, however, after both exposure periods. The morphology of the fracture surfaces showed that less WTDT‐SDV than WTD was removed from the PP matrix, a result indicating the presence of improved interfacial adhesion in PP/WTDT‐SDV blends. Micrographs of exposed surfaces showed the formation of easily removed layers on the surface of PP/WTDT‐SDV, which might act as a protective covering and resist the deleterious effects of weathering on the internal parts of the PP/WTDT‐SDV blends. Thermograms showed that the melting temperatures of the exposed PP/WTDT‐SDV specimens were higher than those of PP/WTD samples after both outdoor exposures. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Effect of trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) on the properties of irradiated epoxidized natural rubber (ENR‐50), ethylene‐(vinyl acetate) copolymer (EVA), and an ENR‐50/EVA blend
Authors: Zurina M. , Ismail H. , Ratnam C.T. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe effect of trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) monomer on the tensile properties, dynamic mechanical properties, and morphology of irradiated epoxidized natural rubber (ENR‐50), ethylene‐(vinyl acetate) copolymer (EVA), and an ENR‐50/EVA blend was investigated. The ENR‐50, EVA, and ENR‐50/EVA blend were irradiated by using a 3.0‐MeV electron‐beam apparatus at doses ranging from 20 to 100 kGy. The improvement of tensile properties and morphology with irradiation indicated the advantage of having irradiation‐induced crosslinks in these materials. Observation of the properties studied confirmed that TMPTA was efficient in enhancing the irradiation‐induced crosslinking of ENR‐50, EVA, and the ENR‐50/EVA blend. Addition of TMPTA improved the adhesion between the ENR‐50/EVA blend phases by forcing grafting and crosslinking at a higher irradiation dose (100 kGy). J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Retrospective investigation of captive red wolf reproductive success in relation to age and inbreeding
Authors: Lockyear K.M. , Waddell W.T. , Goodrowe K.L. , MacDonald S.E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe critically endangered red wolf (Canis rufus) has been subject to a strictly managed captive breeding program for three decades. A retrospective demographic analysis of the captive population was performed based on data from the red wolf studbook. Data analyses revealed a decrease in the effective population size relative to the total population size, and changes in age structure and inbreeding coefficients over time. To varying degrees, the probability of successful breeding and litter sizes declined in association with increasing dam age and sire inbreeding coefficients. Neonate survival also declined with increasing dam age. Recent changes in strategies regarding breed‐pair recommendations have resulted in moderate increases in reproductive success. Zoo Biol 28:214–229, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clues to the cause of the Tsushima leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilura) decline from isotopic measurements in three species of Carnivora
Authors: Mitani Naho , Mihara Shozo , Ishii Nobuo , Koike Hiroko 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe estimated population of the Tsushima leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis euptilura is only 80–110 individuals. However, the cause of the population decline is not clear. We investigated temporal changes in the food habits of the cat and two other species of Carnivora (marten and weasel) inhabiting the Tsushima Islands by measuring δ13C and δ15N values in hair samples. Hair samples of the cat were collected not only from specimens and furs, but also from feces. The gathering of hair from cat feces was most efficient when the feces were collected in the spring. The food habit of male cats seemed to be more diverse and tended to comprise prey of higher trophic levels than the food habits of the females. The δ13C and δ15N measurements suggested that the trophic level of the food sources has been decreasing over the last several decades for the cat and weasel, but not for the marten. Increased consumption of prey from lower trophic levels in the food habit of the cat seems to be related to the decline of the cat population because these phenomena occurred simultaneously.
Structures of the Ceramides from Porcine Palatal Stratum Corneum
Authors: Hill Jennifer R. , Wertz Philip W. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractCeramides are the major type of lipid found in stratum corneum from the skin, gingiva and hard palate. The present study examined the ceramides of the stratum corneum from the hard palate. Six fractions of ceramides were isolated by preparative thin‐layer chromatography. The least polar fraction contained an unusual acyl ceramide (EOS) consisting of long ω‐hydroxy acids amide‐linked to sphingosine with mostly saturated fatty acids ester‐linked to the ω‐hydroxyl group. The second and third fractions contained normal fatty acids amide‐linked to sphingosine (NS) and phytosphingosine (NP), respectively. In each of these ceramides, the fatty acids consisted of a mixture of saturated and monoenoic species. The three most polar fractions all contain amide‐linked α‐hydroxy acids. The fourth fraction contained long α‐hydroxy acids amide‐linked to sphingosine (ASl), while the fifth fraction contained short α‐hydroxy acids amide‐linked to sphingosine (ASs). The most polar ceramide contained α‐hydroxy acids amide‐linked to phytosphingosine (AP). EOS, NS and NP differed from their epidermal counterparts in terms of the compositions of the normal fatty acids. ASl, ASs and AP from palatal stratum corneum were essentially identical to their epidermal counterparts. The differences between palatal and epidermal EOS, NS and NP contribute to the differences in permeability of palate compared to skin.