bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ELECTRODERMAL RESPONSIVENESS AS RELATED TO PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS AND PROGNOSIS
Authors: Stern J. A. , Surphlis W. , Koff E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTElectrodermal responsiveness as measured by orienting responses to tone stimulation and to a word‐association task was evaluated in a group of schizophrenic patients upon admission to the hospital and after 5 weeks of hospitalization. Two evaluations were conducted, the first based on clinical recovery, the second based on electrodermal responsiveness at time of first testing. Results indicate that patients who demonstrate more rapid habituation at second time of testing have a better hospital discharge record than those who show no change in rate of habituation. Electrodermal responsiveness to the word‐association task at first time of testing was related to such factors as clinical diagnosis, severity of illness, and adequacy of word associations. In general, patients who were most responsive demonstrated less pathology than those who were less responsive at first time of testing.
THE EVALUATION OF AUTONOMIC AND MO TOR COMPONENTS OF THE NONAVOIDANCE CONDITIONED RESPONSE IN THE DOG1
Authors: Dykman Roscoe A. , Mack Robert L. , Ackerman Peggy T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHeart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), blood pressure (BP). and motor components of responses to non‐reinforced and reinforced auditory stimuli were studied in six dogs over a period of 20 months. The experiment consisted of several phases: habituation, orienting training, conditioning, extinction, and reconditioning. Differentiated non‐specific motor reactions in four of six dogs developed quickly and before the differentiated specific motor conditioned response (CR) and consistent HR or RR conditioned responses. The form of the gross organismic CR pattern differed in each dog. Yet the animals reliably maintained, in each separate system, their rank‐order positions across experimental phases, suggesting that the CR is determined in part by innate or earlier acquired differences in functioning.
THE RELATION OF AMPLITUDE OF ALPHA RHYTHM TO HEART RATE
Authors: Surwillo Walter W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWith heart rate as a criterion measure of arousal, amplitude of alpha rhythm of the electroencephalogram (EEG) was studied in 99 subjects aged 28 to 99 years. The physiological recordings were made while the subjects were performing a simple reaction task. Conditions of the experiment provided a range of arousal states from drowsiness to alertness.Careful examination of data from each of the 99 cases failed to reveal any evidence of an inverted‐U relationship between alpha amplitude and heart rate scores. It was shown that the method of analysis, which combines observations from different subjects and which was used in a previously reported investigation (Stennett, 1957), is Invalid.
INFLUENCE OF BLOOD PRESSURE ON PATTERNS OF VOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR
Authors: Fornyth Ralph P. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relation between cardiac activity and motor activity wan investigated in a monkey with normal blood pressure working on a 10‐sec Sidman avoidance schedule. The monkey's lever‐pressing; activity and his blood pressure, measured from an arterial catheter, were simultaneously recorded on a dynograph. A total of 2536 lever presses were recorded in there test periods. and each response was related to the phase of the blood pressure wave m which it occurred. A Spearman rank correlation coefficient of 0.63 was found between the time of onset of the response and the height of the pressure wave when the data were grouped into 10, periods and adjusted for a 110‐meser delay. These results were interpreted as additional support for the idea that the autonomic afferent fibers maintaining homeostatic circulatory adjustment can also modulate midbrain reticular activity and thus influence the expression of voluntary behavior.
AN INSTRUMENT FOR PRODUCING ACCUMULATIVE TRACINGS ON POLYGRAPH RECORDERS
Authors: Thorne P. R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA compact, transistorized version of the electromechanical cumulative recorder is described. Advantages include freedom from electrical and acoustical noise, variable step height, and the capability of stepping in either an upward or downward direction. Circuitry is simple, reliable and low in cost.
ALPHA AMPLITUDE AND AROUSAL: A REPLY TO SURWILLO
Authors: Stennett R. G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTArguments are presented in answer to Surwillo's criticism of a statistical procedure used by Stennett (1957) to test the hypothesis of an inverted‐U relationship between alpha amplitude and palmar conductance. Surwillo (1965), despite unwise methodology, produced data consistent with the hypothesis that alpha amplitude bears an inverted‐U relationship to heart rate.In a recent paper, Surwillo claimed that Stennett (1957), in demonstrating an inverted‐U relationship between alpha amplitude and palmar conductance, “misused X2 by violating the requirement that entries from which x2 values are computed must be independent,” and suggested further that Stennett's “positive finding is really an artifact of the method” (Surwillo, 1965, p. 250). In attempting to support this assertion, Surwillo states that “The method is clearly invalid, because data … were combined according to a rule which assumes that an inverted‐U function relates the variables” (Surwillo, 1965, p. 251). He then refers to hypothetical data which are obviously arranged to “prove” his point (Surwillo, 1965, Fig. 2).The purposes of this paper are: (1) to clarify the rationale of the statistical technique involved; (2) to illustrate the fallacy of the conclusions to which Surwillo is drawn by his hypothetical data; and (3) to point out certain methodological problems and pitfalls involved in studies along “the arousal continuiun.”
HEART RATE ELUCTUATIONS AND FIXED FOREPERIOD REACTION TIME
Authors: Meyers William J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTVisual reaction times were recorded in a fixed foreperiod situation, to study the relation between sensorimotor performance and heart rate measures. With 42 male college students as Ss, both resting and performance levels of heart rate and heart rate fluctuations were obtained. Reaction time data were collected from blocks of trials at given foreperiods which ranged from 1 to 9 sec. Three groups of subjects, formed on the basis of high, medium, and low levels of peak‐trough differences in heart rate during the reaction‐time trials, showed different foreperiod functions. The hypothesis that fluctuations in heart rate are related to fixed foreperiod reaction time performance was supported.
ORIENTING AND DEFENSIVE RESPONSES TO ELECTRIC SHOCK
Authors: Zimny George H. , Kienstra Randy A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe major purpose of this study was to test 10 hypotheses dealing with orienting responses and defensive responses that were derived from Sokolov's theory. Four presentations of a 0.5‐sec tone were occasionally interpolated among a series of 40 presentations of a 0.5‐sec electric shock administered to one group of 14 human subjects and among 40 presentations of simultaneous 0.5‐sec shock and 0.5‐sec tone administered to another group of 14 subjects. Skin resistance was recorded and analyses were carried out on amplitude and base level. With amplitude, seven hypotheses were completely and two were partially confirmed, thereby providing strong support for Sokolov's theory. The findings were discussed in relation to various problems involved in the classical conditioning of physiological processes.
HEART RATE DURING CONDITIONING IN DOGS: RELATIONSHIP TO SOMATIC‐MOTOR ACTIVITY
Authors: Obrist Paul A. , Webb Roger A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDuring classical conditioning in dogs, heart rate and two measures of somatic‐motor activity, i.e., gross movements and respiratory amplitude, were found to he interrelated in anticipation of shock, food, and food paired with shock, i.e., experimental conflict. Most commonly the anticipatory response was a cardiac acceleration which was proportional to increased somatic‐motor activity with both types of response having a similar latency and rate of change in the interstimulus interval. In the absence of anticipatory somatic responses, heart rate remained stable, decelerated, or accelerated minimally. There was some evidence to indicate that the cardiac response associated with somatic activity was exaggerated by the presence of stress. These data suggest that the influence processes like emotion have on heart rate may be mediated in part through the effect emotion has on processes controlling somatic‐motor activity. In this context, both response processes might be viewed as different aspects of the same somatic‐visceral response. An understanding of such somatic‐cardiac coupling would seem necessary for studies of the psychopathology of cardiovascular function and possibly of other behavioral processes.
THE EVOKED HEART RATE RESPONSE: THE INFLUENCE OF AUDITORY STIMULUS REPETITION, PATTERN REVERSAL, AND AUTONOMIC AROUSAL LEVEL
Authors: Meyers William J. , Gullickson Gary R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA brief two‐component auditory stimulus was repeatedly presented at 10‐sec intervals to 48 college students. Analysis of the pattern of sec‐by‐sec changes in heart rate (HR) revealed that the only reliable response to the first stimulus was HR deceleration. During the remainder of the first 20 trials, an acceleration was the predominant response in the HR curves. When the stimulus pattern was reversed on trial 21 to study “dishabituation,” only a HR deceleration was again observed. A significant habituation effect appeared across trials employing an index based upon the difference between peak and trough values. Further analysis revealed that the two response components reflected in the peak and trough values of this index showed different rates of response decrement. The acceleratory component showed a rapid initial decrement and remained stable on subsequent trials, whereas the deceleratory component diminished more gradually. Level of autonomic arousal, as measured by skin conductance level, was unrelated to HR habituation.
FURTHER PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OFETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSES TO SHOCK
Authors: Tursky Bernard , Sternbach Richard A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of subjects’ sets on autonomic functioning had previously been dem‐onstrated when the sets were induced by explicit experimental procedure. It washypothesized that implicit (non‐verbalized) sets should likewise have physiologicalcorrelates. The hypothesis was tested by exposing subjects of four different ethnicgroups, whose attitudes toward pain and pain expression are different, to an experi‐mental procedure involving electric shock. Differences were found in resting meanheart rate and palmar skin resistance and face temperature levels, in palmar skinpotential responses to repetitive shocks, and in correlations between thresholdsand heart rate, skin resistance and skin potential levels. These results closelyparallel the attitudinal differences, and together with previously reported findingsof differences in upper thresholds and adaptation of the diphasic skin potential, strongly confirm the hypothesis that subjects’ implicit sets infiuence their patternsof autonomic responses.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF PAROTID SALIVATION IN MAN: II. EFFECTS OF VARYING INTERSTIMULUS INTERVALS ON DELAYED SALIVARY CONDITIONING
Authors: Brown Clinton C. , Katz Ruth A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of varying the interval between the onsets of CS and US on human salivary conditioning. Three interstimulus intervals (ISI's) were employed–5 sec, 3 sec, and 0.25 sec with an auditory CS of 5 sec duration and 1 ml (bilaterally) of flavored acid as US. Eighteen subjects were equally divided into the three ISI groups. Both positive (600cps) and negative (200cps) tones were given and a 50% reinforcement schedule was followed in the last quarter of the test. The duration of the salivary unconditional response was significantly increased for the shortest (0.25 sec) ISI group for the total test period. In the last quarter of the test, the shortest ISI group showed significantly increased frequency of response to unreinforced CS presentations. The authors suggest that the change in shape of the UR was a function of the conditioning process and the increased responding to unreinforced CS's by the briefest ISI group demonstrated the importance of the temporal spacing within the conditioning paradigm.
NORMALITY OF DISTRIBUTION OF RESTING PALMAR SKIN POTENTIAL
Authors: O'Connell Donald N. , Tursky Bernard , Evans Frederick J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTResting skin potential level scores from three samples, two of undergraduates and one of housewives, were analyzed for normality of distribution. The first two samples showed no significant departure from normality. The third showed some significant positive skewness. In general, it was concluded that resting level scores were sufficiently normal not to require transformation for statistical analyses.
FACTS AND ARTIFACTS IN USING ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE TO “UNDO” THE LAW OF INITIAL VALUES
Authors: Benjamin Lorna S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe writer has proposed (Benjamin, 1963) that the criterion for a score linearly independent of initial level be that the score have no correlation with initial level. The criterion makes analysis of covariance (anacova) the method of choice for undoing LIV. This paper reviews miscellaneous artifacts said to be associated with anacova and finds that none of them precludes this procedure.Some presumed artifacts considered are: that rxd is “… so complexly constituted that it does not allow simple interpretation” (Lacey and Lacey, 1962); that anacova can cause a loss of valuable information (Heath and Oken, 1965); that anacova introduces an artifactual association with final level (Heath and Oken, 1965); that LIV as measured by anacova techniques can be an artifact of whether resistance or conductance happens to be chosen (Hord, Johnson, and Lubin, 1964); that the use of anacova in (clinically important) instances where groups are defined by a fixed variable is sure to vitally violate its assumptions (Lubin, 1965).
THE SHIELDING OF ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC LABORATORIES
Authors: Thompson Noel P. , Yarbrough Raymond B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis article was written to reduce some of the confusion that exists with regard to the shielding of medical electronic laboratories, especially those dealing with very small signals. A specific design approach is given. Briefly, this involves the use of iron as the shielding material, a proper ground, isolation transformers, and D.C. illumination. The recommendations are based on the most effective and economic approach.
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ALPHA RHYTHM PROPAGATION TIME AND LEVEL OE AROUSAL
Authors: Shaw J. C. , McLachlan K. R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAlpha waves in the EEG occur with a time delay in the anteroposterior direction. The hypothesis that this time delay is associated with level of arousal was tested. Alpha time delay was determined from covariance functions and level of arousal from palmar skin conductance levels. The results support the hypothesis.
THE CARDIAC COMPONENT OE THE ORIENTING RESPONSE
Authors: Germana Joseph , Klein Stephen B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA beat‐by‐beat analysis of the human heart rate (HR) response to repeated presentation of 3 intensities of auditory stimulation (50, 70, and 90 db) was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the HR component of the orienting response (OR) is deceleration. Over‐all level of poststimulus acceleration and a late acceleratory component of a multi‐phasic response pattern best met the criteria of an OR, suggesting an alternative hypothesis.
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING OF THE PERIPHERAL VASOMOTOR ORIENTING RESPONSE
Authors: Gale Elliot N. , Stern John A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study demonstrates that the peripheral vasomotor response is conditionable. The paradigm used involved a delayed, differential conditioning procedure and utilized both a conditioning and sensitization control group. The results demonstrate that the vasomotor orienting response can be differentially conditioned.
TASK COMPLEXITY, ELECTRODERMAL ACTIVITY AND REACTION TIME
Authors: Kleinman Kenneth M. , Stern John A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe influence of task complexity upon the relationship between electrodermal activity and reaction time was studied. Subjects performed either a simple or complex fixed foreperiod reaction time task. Various measures of skin resistance were taken before and during performance of the task. Only on the more complex task were electrodermal measures related to reaction time. However, the sign of the relationship was opposite to that found in other investigations; subjects with many spontaneous fluctuations and orienting responses reacted slowly. The results were interpreted in terms of the influence of both task complexity and foreperiod characteristics.
THE EFFECT OF PRESTIMULUS VARIABILITY UPON PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIVITY SCORES
Authors: Malmstrom Edward J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn an attempt to improve the scoring of physiological responses, in terms of higher inter‐correlations of physiological variables and correlations with self‐report measures of mood change, three new scores were compared with Autonomic Lability Scores. The first score was produced by changing the sampling of physiological records to minimize spontaneous fluctuations. This increased the physiological‐mood correlations. The second and third scores provided, additionally, corrections for individual prestimulus variability. Such corrections, done by covariance adjustment, tended to increase the physiological‐mood correlations further. When done by a division procedure, no improvements were observed. None of the three scoring methods affected substantially the inter‐correlations of physiological variables. Heart rate, skin conductance, and forehead muscle tension were measured during two stimuli: a noxious movie and a mild noise.
CONDITIONED HEART RATE DECELERATION UNDER DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF RESPIRATORY CONTROL
Authors: Riege Walter H. , Peacock L. J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBoth accelerative and decelerative cardiac responses have been observed in studies on human heart rate conditioning. An interpretation of the contradictory responses regarded as conditioned seems to remain equivocal. Experiments generally have used shock or loud sound as the US, so that effects of respiratory and pressor reflexes on heart rate appeared to be implicated in the conditioning process.In the present experiment, the period following a simple non‐aversive signal‐detection task established a heart rate deceleration as the UR. During this period, subjects of three experimental groups controlled part of their respiratory cycle for 20 seconds. Respiratory control was either sustained inhalation, sustained exhalation or maintained shallow resting cycle, while control subjects exercised no respiratory restraint. The non‐aversive stimulation excluded excessive heart rate acceleration and permitted a CS to coincide with onset of relaxation in the postdecision period. Only in experimental subjects was a significant conditional deceleration of heart rate found. Conditional deceleration occurred in addition to a gradual drop in heart rate level during the experiment. When respiratory activity was not controlled, a biphasic response of heart rate was observed.
HABITUATION OF THE ORIENTING RESPONSE TO MULTIPLE STIMULUS SEQUENCES
Authors: Lovibond S. H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to test the hypothesis that rate of habituation of the orienting response (OR) to multiple stimulus sequences is a negative function of the uncertainty (H) in the stimulus series. Seven groups of 30 Ss received 10 presentations of a 10 sec light stimulus (S1) followed immediately by a 1 sec 70 db auditory stimulus (S2) on 0, 10, 20, 50, 80, 90 or 100 percent of trials. The response measure was change of skin conductance to S1. Mean conductance change scores of the various groups were closely related to the degree of uncertainty (H) in the stimulus series. The results were interpreted as offering support for Sokolov's OR theory, and the view that, in human information processing, information concerning stimulus probabilities is integrated continuously to form the basis of predictive extrapolation.
MOTOR‐UNIT TRAINING AND INFLUENCE OF MANUAL SKILL
Authors: Scully Hugh E. , Basmajian John V. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEmploying the recently devised technique of training conscious control over individual motor units of skeletal muscles, the influence of prior manual skills was tested in 29 young adults. Twenty‐five subjects succeeded with a median training‐time of 20 minutes. The manually skilled took longer to train single motor units than the less skilled (at the .05 level of significance). The initial period of time to isolate a single motor unit is shorter than to train it to react on command. The technique offers a novel and useful method of testing the acquisition of a fundamental motor skill and factors which influence it. Further exploration is justified because trained motor units are now being harnessed to drive myoelectrical man–machine cybernetic devices.
EFFECT OF MENTAL ARITHMETIC ON GASTRIC SECRETION
Authors: Badgley Laurence E. , Spiro Howard M. , Senay Edward C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTGastric secretions of 12 fasting male subjects between the ages 20 and 27 years were collected by continuous manual syringe aspiration for two hours. In seven trials, the subjects rested for one hour and did mental arithmetic during the second hour. In seven other trials, the arithmetic hour preceded the rest hour. The mean milliequivalents of HCl secreted during the 14 arithmetic hours was significantly different from the mean milliequivalents secreted during the 14 rest hours (one tailed t= 2.28; p < .05). The volume of juice secreted during the arithmetic hour also decreased (one tailed t= 2.35; p < .05).
EFFECTS OF WATER DEPRIVATION UPON HEART RATE AND RUNNING SPEED OF THE HITE RAT IN A STRAIGHT ALLEY
Authors: Granger L. , Ducharme R. , Bélanger D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEighteen rats were trained to run in a straight alley under 24 hours of water deprivation. They were then submitted to six daily trials under successive and independent water deprivation conditions of 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours. The fact that the HR of these animals increased up to 508 BPM with the length of deprivation, and that there was no drop in the performance for the 60 and 72 hours deprivation condition, would suggest that the relationship between performance and activation is sometimes monotonic and sometimes curvilinear, depending upon the nature of the task investigated.
UNILATERAL BRAIN DAMAGE AND BILATERAL SKIN CONDUCTANCE LEVELS IN HUMANS
Authors: Holloway Frank A. , Parsons Oscar A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTLeft and right, palmar and dorsal skin conductance levels (SCLs) were obtained from hospital controls, left hemisphere lesion Ss, right hemisphere lesion Ss, and diffuse or bilateral lesion Ss during several experimental conditions involving rest, passive auditory stimulation, motor reactions, and simple “perception”. The unilateral lesion groups generally displayed significantly higher palmar SCLs on the side contralateral to their lesion. Such “laterality” was not demonstrated in dorsal recordings or in the hospital controls or diffuse lesion group. These unilateral lesion groups had higher palmar SCLs during passive stimulation than during rest, motor, or perception phases. Results were discussed in terms of possible neural mechanisms underlying the phenomena.