bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Halothane‐induced hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation in guinea pigs and rats
Authors: Akita Susumu , Kawahara Michio , Takeshita Takahisa , Morio Michio , Fujii Kohyu 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHalothane‐induced hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation in guinea pigs and rats was examined with respect to the mixed function oxidase system, anaerobic dehalogenation activity of halothane, and the antioxidant system. The levels of cytochrome P‐450 and NADPH‐cytochrome P‐450 reductase were significantly higher in guinea pigs than in rats. There was no difference between the two animals in anaerobic dehalogenation activity of halothane per cytochrome P‐450 in microsomes. Microsomal α‐tocopherol was significantly lower in guinea pigs than in rats, and was increased by multiple exposure to halothane in guinea pigs but remained lower than in rats. Microsomal α‐tocopherol was decreased in rats by multiple exposure. The concentration of reduced glutathione and ascorbic acid was decreased significantly by multiple exposure to halothane in guinea pigs but not in rats. These results suggest that the higher level of halothane‐induced hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation in guinea pigs is due to the large production of radical metabolites resulting from the large amounts of cytochrome P‐450, the high activity of NADPH‐cytochrome P‐450 reductase, and the low concentration of microsomal α‐tocopherol.
Tritiation of 1,2,3‐benzenetriol (pyrogallol)
Authors: Dulik D. M. , Soine W. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of 4,6‐2H2‐1,2,3‐benzenetriol from 1,2,3‐benzenetriol was possible under both acid and base catalyzed conditions. However, under simulated physiological conditions it was observed that the label underwent exchange and was lost. Using a three step synthesis, 5‐2H‐1,2,3‐benzenetriol was synthesized and the label was found to be stable to exchange under the same conditions. Using this synthesis, 5‐3H‐1,2, 3‐benzenetriol was synthesized with a specific activity of 7.6 mCi/mmole and of suitable purity for use in metabolic studies.
Synthese tritiummarkierter Säuren durch Kettenverlängerung nach Arndt‐Eistert
Authors: Birkofer Leonhard , Hempel Klaus , Nouvertné Werner 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAcids labeled with tritium at the α‐C‐atom were synthesized through the rearrangement of diazo ketones with TOH‐dioxane in the presence of silver oxide. This paper describes the preparation of p‐methoxy‐phenylacetic‐α‐T acid, p‐hydroxy‐phenylacetic‐α‐T acid, β‐alanine‐α‐T, γ‐aminobutyric‐α‐T acid and δ‐aminovaleric‐α‐T acid.
Synthèse du linolènate et de l'arachidonate de cholestéryle doublement marqués
Authors: Bardou L. , De Paulet A. Crastes 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe transesterification method used by MAHADEVAN and LUNDBERG for cholesterol esters synthesis, following the scheme cholesterol acetate + fatty acid methyl ester → cholesterol ester + methyl acetate, has been adapted to the microscale (1 to 10 μM) imposed by the use of labelled molecules of high specific activity.This method is particularly suitable for the synthesis of polythylenic fatty acid cholesterol esters: it has unable us to obtain the following esters: 414C and 7α3H cholesteryl linolenate and arachidonate, cholesteryl linolenate U14C and arachidonate (5‐6, 8‐9, 11‐12, 14‐15)3H; the mixture of these two types of esters of high specific activity give rise to series of doubly labelled esters, at the user's convenience.
Zur Synthese 14C‐markierter Terphenyle
Authors: Hafferl W. , Fischer E. , Juppe G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAryl‐substituted cyclohexanols were obtained by reacting 14C‐labelled phenyllithium with 2‐ and 4‐phenylcyclohexanone, and 2‐and 4‐xenyllithium with 14C‐labelled cyclohexanone. Heated with palladium charcoal, these yielded 14C‐labelled terphenyls. 1, 2‐diphenylcyclohexanol stereo‐isomers were converted into diphenylcyclohexene in order to raise the yield prior to aromatisation. The following 14C‐labelled compounds have so far been prepared by this method: o‐terphenyl‐(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)‐14C, p‐terphenyl‐(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)‐14C, o‐terphenyl‐1‐14C and p‐terphenyl‐1‐14C.
Tritiation of pyrimidines by HTO in the presence of aluminium chloride
Authors: Mantescu C. , Genunche A. , Balaban A. T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPyrimidine derivatives (pyrimidine, 4, 6‐dichloropyrimidine, uracil, cytosine and 4‐chloro‐6‐hydroxypyrimidine) were tritiated at the ring by tritiated water in the presence of aluminium chloride in carbon disulphide or in ethylene dichloride (which is also tritiated in these conditions).
Préparation et purification d'actinomycine‐D‐3H par une méthode spécifique
Authors: Grosse N. , Cardinaud R. , Fromageot P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractActinomycine‐D has been tritiated by exposure to tritium gas. Among the various conditions tested the use of a catalyst made of palladium deposited on alumina, and of an amount of tritium gas corresponding to a gas pressure of 20 torrs and to a radioactivity of 2 Ci for 5 mg of actinomycine results in the highest specific radioactivity of about 200 mCi/mM. The activation of the tritium gas by a high frequency electric discharge increases the specific radioactivity only in the absence of the catalyst. The purification of the labelled actinomycine is achieved by formation of a complex with D N A. This complex carries a labelled by‐product which is subsequently separated by thin layer chromatography.
EEG‐fMRI using z‐shimming in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Bagshaw Andrew P. , Torab Leili , Kobayashi Eliane , Hawco Colin , Dubeau François , Pike G. Bruce , Gotman Jean 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPurposeTo use z‐shimming, a technique that reduces signal loss due to susceptibility artifacts that can result in reduced or absent activation in electroencephalography (EEG) functional MRI (fMRI) sessions in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), to determine whether it would result in an increased ability to detect significant regions of blood oxygenation level‐dependent (BOLD) signal change.Materials and MethodsEight patients with TL EEG spikes underwent an EEG‐fMRI scanning session using z‐shimming. The signal intensities in the z‐shimmed images were compared with those in the standard images. BOLD activation maps were created from the two sets of images using the timings of the spikes observed on the EEG.ResultsThe mean signal increase in the TLs as a result of z‐shimming was 45.9% ± 4.5%. The percentage of TL voxels above a brain intensity threshold rose from 66.1% ± 7.6% to 77.6% ± 5.7%. This appreciable increase in signal did not lead to any significant differences in the statistical maps created with the two sets of functional images.ConclusionThe results suggest that loss of signal is not the limiting factor for the detection of spike‐related BOLD signal changes in patients with TLE activity. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of different comprehensive two dimensional systems for the separation of phenolic antioxidants
Authors: Cacciola Francesco , Jandera Pavel , Blahová Eva , Mondello Luigi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThree different comprehensive 2‐D HPLC systems for the separation of phenolic antioxidants have been developed on the basis of different selectivities of a PEG‐silica column in the first dimension and a packed or monolithic C18 or a ZR‐CARBON column, respectively, in the second dimension. Two‐dimensional comprehensive liquid chromatography using a serially connected short PEG‐silica column and a conventional C18‐silica or a ZR‐CARBON column in the second dimension was tested to improve the resolution of the earlier eluting compounds in the first dimension. Various types of interface were used to connect the columns in the first and in the second dimension: i) two injection sampling loops of 100 μL in conventional arrangement; ii) a 10‐port 2‐position valve equipped with two trapping X‐Terra columns instead of loops; and iii) two analytical D2 columns in parallel. The mobile phase in the first dimension has a lower elution strength than in the second dimension, allowing band compression of the solutes transferred from the first to the second dimension. This effect was enhanced using trapping columns instead of sampling loops as the interface between the two dimensions, thus allowing a decrease in the time of analysis. These systems were used for the analysis of beer samples. The relative location of the components in the 2‐D retention plane varied in relation to their chemical structure in each instrumental set‐up and allowed positive peak identification.
Recent development of small molecular specific inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B
Authors: Lee Seokjoon , Wang Qian 
Published: October 2006

AbstractProtein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), a large family of signaling enzymes, play essential roles in intracellular signal transduction by regulating the cellular level of tyrosine phosphorylation to control cell growth and differentiation, metabolism, cell migration, gene transcription, ion‐channel activity, immune response, cell apoptosis, and bone development. Among all PTPs, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) plays a seminal role in cellular signaling and in many human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and obesity. Therefore, small molecular inhibitors of PTP1B can be promising drug candidates. Because of the structural homologies in many families of PTPs, it is a challenging task to find inhibitors specific to each PTP. Recent studies suggested that secondary binding pockets or peripheral binding sites around the conserved active site should be exploited to design novel potent and selective PTP1B inhibitors. In this review, we discuss the structural and biological features of small molecular PTP1B‐specific inhibitors, with particular emphasis on small molecular inhibitors targeting PTP1B over the other PTPs that have been synthesized in the past 4 years. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 27, No. 4, 553–573, 2007
Provisioning virtual private networks under traffic uncertainty
Authors: Altın A. , Amaldi E. , Belotti P. , Pınar M. Ç. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe investigate a network design problem under traffic uncertainty that arises when provisioning Virtual Private Networks (VPNs): given a set of terminals that must communicate with one another, and a set of possible traffic matrices, sufficient capacity has to be reserved on the links of the large underlying public network to support all possible traffic matrices while minimizing the total reservation cost. The problem admits several versions depending on the desired topology of the reserved links, and the nature of the traffic data uncertainty. We present compact linear mixed‐integer programming formulations for the problem with the classical hose traffic model and for a less conservative robust variant relying on the traffic statistics that are often available. These flow‐based formulations allow us to solve optimally medium‐to‐large instances with commercial MIP solvers. We also propose a combined branch‐and‐price and cutting‐plane algorithm to tackle larger instances. Computational results obtained for several classes of instances are reported and discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 49(1), 100–115 2007
Incidence of bacteremias and invasive mycoses in children with high risk neuroblastoma
Authors: Castagnola Elio , Conte Massimo , Parodi Stefano , Papio Filippo , Caviglia Ilaria , Haupt Riccardo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackgroundInformation on the incidence of infectious complications during for treatment for high risk neuroblastoma (HR‐NB) is limited. Bacteremias and invasive mycoses may be considered surrogate markers of the infection burden.Patients and MethodsData on bacteremias and invasive mycoses occurring during 3 consecutive protocols for front line (NB‐89; NB‐92; NB‐97) or salvage therapy (TVD) for HR‐NB were reviewed. The cumulative risk of developing a first episode and the rate of infections during the entire length of each protocol were evaluated.ResultsFront line protocols were given to 80 patients for a total of 22,070 days at risk; salvage treatment was given to 24 children for 2,909 days at risk. During front line therapy 41 infectious episodes were diagnosed in 29 (36%) patients, for a 45% cumulative risk and an infection rate (IR) of 0.19/100 patient‐days‐at risk. Salvage therapy determined five infectious episodes in four (17%) patients, with a 39% cumulative risk, and an IR of 0.17. The IR during the phase of high dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem cell rescue (megatherapy) included in the three front line protocols decreased over time (1.54 in NB‐89; 0.52 in NB‐92 and 0.0 in NB 97; P = 0.001), possibly because of the use of less aggressive conditioning regimens, without radiotherapy.ConclusionsThe IRs of protocols for HR‐NB did not change over time. The megatherapy‐related phases are those at highest risk. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:672–677. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prologue to the future
Authors: Obourn Ellsworth S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Journal is pleased to publish on this and the following pages statements by a number of the most respected members of NARST. These men—long with a few others—were the founding fathers of the Association, and it is a great honor for the Journal to be able to publish their recollections of the history of NARST and their views of the evolution of science education research in this country. The Journal is grateful for these messages, written especially for this occasion.
Enlightened opportunism: An informal account of the elementary science summer study of 1962
Authors: Morrison Phillip , Walcott Charles 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper is based on discussions held at the close of the Elementary Science Summer Study at Newton, Massachusetts, in the summer of 1962. The Elementary Science Study is a part of the total effort of Educational Services Incorporated and Drs. Morrison and Walcott have been and presumably will continue to be active in the ESS program. The present statement, while based on the Summer 1962 Study, should give the reader some insight into the work of the ESS group which has been more active in the production of elementary science curriculum materials than any other organization. Further information fan be obtained by writing the authors at 108 Water Street, Watertown 75, Massachusetts.
The interaction of experiments and ideas: A BSCS‐second course
Authors: Abraham Norman 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe BSCS second course was developed by a team of university biologists and high school biology teachers and has been tested in high schools over a three year period. After a revision of the materials in the slimmer of 1964 they will be prepared for release in August 1965 by Prentice‐Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. This article describes the experimental edition of the second course.
Part II: Cognitive development in children: Selected psychological reports: American cognitive studies: A review
Authors: Ripple Richard E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFollowing Piaget's opening remarks at Cornell University this paper was delivered for the purpose of summarizing American cognitive studies. The emphasis is on two current approaches to the study of cognitive growth in children—a modified stimulus‐response approach and the approach serving as the basis for the research effort in the Center for Cognitive Studies at Harvard University under the direction of Jerome Bruner. Similarities and differences in these two approaches and experimentation representative of each approach are presented.
Experience and cognitive structure
Authors: Mink Oscar G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDoctor Mink, formerly of Cornell University and now with the Xerox Corporation, Rochester, New York, presents his findings on experience and cognitive structure using human and subhuman species. He explores the relationship of Ausubel's subsumption theory to Piagel's developmental approach. Throughout this paper he emphasizes the inadequacy of a strict interpretation of an SR model to the exclusion of cognitive structure variables. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of a research project at Cornell University and a model for researching the development of the learning process.
Implications of Piaget's talks for curriculum
Authors: Langer Jonas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this paper Langer discusses the implications of Piaget's theories for curriculum in theoretical terms. These implications are discussed in terms of communication between the “community” and the individual regarding forms of knowledge. This communication, this expression of the forms of accumulated knowledge is seen as influencing the, learning task. Several intriguing interpretations and extensions of Piaget's theories are offered.
Development and assessment of cognitive structures
Authors: Charlesworth William R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractApproaches to the study of cognitive development and its assessment at the University of Minnesota are presented in this paper by Charlesworth. Using Piaget's theory of cognitive development as a base, some intriguing experimentation with the “surprise response” as an indicator of cognitive developmental level are reported. Charlesworth also speculates about teachers' use of this approach to facilitate cognitive development.
Comments on the INRC group
Authors: Easley J. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn Piaget's theory, cognitive behavior in sonic problem situations can be likened to a four‐group—a mathematical group whose elements consist of four transformations. These four transformations are represented as follows: I (identity), N (negation), R (reciprocal), C (correlative). The INRC group has logical and physical “realizations,” i.e., different systems which exemplify its properties. Piaget holds that the INRC group and combinatorial structures can only be found at the stage of formal operations. In the snail problem, referred to by Easley, a snail is placed on a board which rests on a table. The snail can move from left to right or right to left while the board is stationary. Likewise, the board can move in either direction while the snail is stationary. Finally, the snail and the board can move simultaneously in either direction. In the following note Easley presents an analysis of the snail problem in terms of the INRC group.
The elementary science study branch of educational services incorporated
Authors: Duckworth Eleanor , Nichols Benjamin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGoals and activities of the Elementary Science Study Branch of the Educational Services Incorporated are discussed in this paper by Eleanor Duckworth. As in other curriculum projects the influence of psychological approaches is seen to be minimal. However, procedures are judged to be sound. Additional comments by Ben Nichols on his work with electricity in the fourth grade provide a specific example of the work being done at ESI.
Cognitive theory and the SMSG program
Authors: Kilpatrick Jeremy 
Published: October 2006

AbstractKilpatrick describes the curriculum program of the School Mathematics Study Group and its philosophy. Mathematical structure, rather than psychological theory, has played the instrumental role in shaping the program. An interesting issue is joined, essentially the same issue provoked by the Karplus paper, i.e., the issue of spontaneous aevelopment in children's thinking versus acceleration of this development through formal instruction and altering the child's experience. The compatibility of certain features of the SMSG curriculum with the results of Piaget's studies are enumerated. The paper concludes with a discussion of the National Longitudinal Study of Mathematical Abilities.
A scale of mental development based on the theory of piaget: Description of a project
Authors: Pinard Adrien , Laurendeau Monique 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOne of the more interesting outgrowths of Piaget's work is the endeavor to construct a scale of mental development based on Piaget's “stages” reported here by Pinard and Laurendeau. This paper was prepared especially for this issue as a complement to the Piaget Conference papers.
Characteristics of elementary teachers related to attitudes toward science
Authors: Schwirian Patricia M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to ascertain what personal and professional characteristics are related to elementary attitudes toward science and the scientific institution. The Schwirian Science Support Scale (TRI‐S) was administered to 191 elementary teachers and analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.The personal characteristics examined are: (1) age; and (2) religious preference. The six professional characteristics explored are: (1) highest academic degree held; (2) semester hours of college science; (3) type of undergraduate institution attended; (4) years teaching experience; (5) grade level taught; and (6) the nature oj the teaching experience, i.e., continuous or interrupted.Of these eight independent variables, age is associated with the greatest attitudinal differences, the younger teachers expressing the more positive attitudes toward science. Teachers who graduated from state schools had more positive attitudes than those who came from private, liberal arts institutions. There was also a positive association found between number of hours in science and positive science attitudes.
Principle learning as a function of instruction on excluding irrelevant variables
Authors: Cole Henry , Raven Ronald 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine if instruction on excluding irrelevant variables enhanced learning the principle that explained why objects float and sink. The results of the study show that learning the correct principle without first learning to exclude the false principles is not as effective as learning to exclude the false principles and then learning the correct principle. The data also indicate that the presentation of the verbal principle in the program enhanced achievement on the concept criterion test.
An interdisciplinary theory of behavior
Authors: Anderson O. Roger 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper combines biological, biochemical and psychological data toward the construction of a bio‐psychological theory of behavior.The fundamental assumptions are that the environment favored the evolution of organisms possessing receptors sensitive to periodic or repetitive stimuli. Moreover the presence of periodic stimuli in space and time have induced, through natural selection, the appearance of highly advanced forms of living organisms capable of exploiting the environment by utilizing information in periodic stimuli. Indeed, this dependency on periodic stimulation, such as light energy and movement of surrounding matter, has induced a psychological, perceptual bias to readily assimilate repetitive stimuli thereby producing changes in behavior. This perceptual bias favored by organic evolution and reinforced by stimulation of the organism during development produces communication patterns in higher animals characterized by repetitive sounds.The relationship of this theory to current learning models is discussed and applications are made to human learning.
The effect on test results of changes in task and response format required by altering the test administration from an individual to a group form
Authors: Walbesser Henry H. , Carter Heather L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGroup and individual forms of a measure were developed to assess the acquisition of behaviors desired as outcomes of instruction in science at the elementary school level. Significant differences between the scores of individuals on the group and individual measures were observed. Students demonstrated higher competence on the items employing the individual format.