bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Onset Advantage without a Preview Benefit: Neuropsychological Evidence Separating Onset and Preview Effects in Search
Authors: Humphreys Glyn W. , Olivers Christian N. L. , Yoon Eun Young 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Visual search is facilitated if half the distractors are presented as a preview prior to the presentation of the target and second set of distractors-the preview benefit [Watson, D. G., & Humphreys, G. W. Visual marking: Prioritizing selection for new objects by top-down attentional inhibition of old objects. Psychological Review, 104, 90-122, 1997]. On one account, the preview advantage is due to automatic capture of attention by the onsets in the second, search display [Donk, M., & Theeuwes, J. Visual marking beside the mark: Prioritizing selection by abrupt onsets. Perception & Psychophysics, 93, 891-900, 2001]. We provide a neuropsychological test of this assertion. We examined onset capture and preview benefits in search in a group of neuropsychological patients with unilateral parietal damage. We demonstrate a normal pattern of performance when patients detected targets defined by onsets relative to those defined by offsets, irrespective of whether the onset target fell contra-or ipsilateral to the lesion. In contrast, there was a normal preview benefit in search only for ipsilesional targets, and preview search was impaired in the contralesional field. The data demonstrate that the preview benefit can dissociate from the onset advantage in search, and that onsets remain strongly weighted for attention even in the contralesional field of patients with parietal lesions.
Perceptual Expertise Effects Are Not All or None: Spatially Limited Perceptual Expertise for Faces in a Case of Prosopagnosia
Authors: Bukach Cindy M. , Bub Daniel N. , Gauthier Isabel , Tarr Michael J. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
We document a seemingly unique case of severe prosopagnosia, L. R., who suffered damage to his anterior and inferior right temporal lobe as a result of a motor vehicle accident. We systematically investigated each of three factors associated with expert face recognition: fine-level discrimination, holistic processing, and configural processing (Experiments 1-3). Surprisingly, L. R. shows preservation of all three of these processes; that is, his performance in these experiments is comparable to that of normal controls. However, L. R. is only able to apply these processes over a limited spatial extent to the fine-level detail within faces. Thus, when the location of a given change is unpredictable (Experiment 3), L. R. exhibits normal detection of features and spatial configurations only for the lower half of each face. Similarly, when required to divide his attention over multiple face features, L. R. is able to determine the identity of only a single feature (Experiment 4). We discuss these results in the context of forming a better understanding of prosopagnosia and the mechanisms used in face recognition and visual expertise. We conclude that these mechanisms are not “all-or-none”, but rather can be impaired incrementally, such that they may remain functional over a restricted spatial area. This conclusion is consistent with previous research suggesting that perceptual expertise is acquired in a spatially incremental manner [Gauthier, I., & Tarr, M. J. Unraveling mechanisms for expert object recognition: Bridging brain activity and behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 28, 431-446, 2002].
Interplay between Tribal and Sharī Law: A Case of Tibbāwī Blood Money in the Sharīa Court of Kufra
Authors: Layish Aharon 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn the early 1940s the Sharīa Court of Kufra (Libya) issued a legal document dealing with a blood money dispute among the Tibāwī tribe. I provide here an annotated translation of this document together with an analysis of the interaction between sharia and customary law. Although the court issued its judgment in accordance with "Tibāwī tribal customary law," several indicators suggest that the apportionment of blood money among the victim's relatives reflects a compromise between tribal and sharī law. By conferring sharīa legitimacy on an earlier out-of-court agreement, the qādī contributes to bringing tribesmen within the orbit of the sharīa.
Arab Customary Law in Israel: Sulha Agreements and Israeli Courts
Authors: Tsafrir Nurit 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn this article I describe various aspects of the complex link between the Israeli legal system and the Arab customary institution of sulha (an agreement for peaceful settlement of a dispute). On the basis of contemporary decisions of the Supreme Court and the District Courts in Israel, I argue that a sulha agreement between an accused and his victim (or the victim's family) often influences the judges' decisions during criminal proceedings against the former. This influence tends to work in favor of the accused—mainly in decisions about detention and sentencing—but when a sulha agreement affects the verdict, it tends to work against the accused. The weight attached to the sulha by the court has some problematic aspects: it may cause the accused to force a sulha agreement upon his victim and lead to perversion of the course of justice.
A Comparison of Local and Regional Trends in Surface and Lower-Tropospheric Temperatures in Western North Carolina
Authors: Easterling David R. , Goodge Grant , Menne Matthew J. , Williams Claude N. , Levinson David 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Temperature time series for stations in western North Carolina are used to evaluate the potential for an urban signal in the local temperature trend, and to compare a homogeneous temperature record from a mountain-top station to two versions of the lower-tropospheric, satellite-derived temperatures from the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU). Results regarding the urban signal are in agreement with the conclusion from previous investigations that after a location is urbanized, the local temperature trend is consistent with trends derived from surrounding, more rural stations. With respect to the mountain top and lower-tropospheric temperature comparison, the magnitudes of the two MSU-derived trends for the western North Carolina area are closer to the average annual minimum temperature trend than to the annual average maximum temperature trend.
Westerly Wind Bursts: ENSO’s Tail Rather than the Dog?
Authors: Eisenman Ian , Yu Lisan , Tziperman Eli 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Westerly wind bursts (WWBs) in the equatorial Pacific occur during the development of most El Niño events and are believed to be a major factor in ENSO’s dynamics. Because of their short time scale, WWBs are normally considered part of a stochastic forcing of ENSO, completely external to the interannual ENSO variability. Recent observational studies, however, suggest that the occurrence and characteristics of WWBs may depend to some extent on the state of ENSO components, implying that WWBs, which force ENSO, are modulated by ENSO itself.
Satellite and in situ observations are used here to show that WWBs are significantly more likely to occur when the warm pool is extended eastward. Based on these observations, WWBs are added to an intermediate complexity coupled ocean–atmosphere ENSO model. The representation of WWBs is idealized such that their occurrence is modulated by the warm pool extent. The resulting model run is compared with a run in which the WWBs are stochastically applied. The modulation of WWBs by ENSO results in an enhancement of the slow frequency component of the WWBs. This causes the amplitude of ENSO events forced by modulated WWBs to be twice as large as the amplitude of ENSO events forced by stochastic WWBs with the same amplitude and average frequency. Based on this result, it is suggested that the modulation of WWBs by the equatorial Pacific SST is a critical element of ENSO’s dynamics, and that WWBs should not be regarded as purely stochastic forcing. In the paradigm proposed here, WWBs are still an important aspect of ENSO’s dynamics, but they are treated as being partially stochastic and partially affected by the large-scale ENSO dynamics, rather than being completely external to ENSO.
It is further shown that WWB modulation by the large-scale equatorial SST field is roughly equivalent to an increase in the ocean–atmosphere coupling strength, making the coupled equatorial Pacific effectively self-sustained.
Dipole Structure of Interannual Variations in Summertime Tropical Cyclone Activity over East Asia
Authors: Kim Joo-Hong , Ho Chang-Hoi , Sui Chung-Hsiung , Park Seon Ki 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The present study examines variations in summertime (July–September) tropical cyclone (TC) activity over East Asia during the period 1951–2003. To represent TC activity, a total of 853 TC best tracks for the period were converted to TC passage frequencies (TPFs) within 5° × 5° latitude–longitude grids; TPFs are defined as the percentage values obtained by dividing the number of TC appearances in each grid box by the total number of TCs each year. Empirical orthogonal function analysis of the TPF showed three leading modes: two tropical modes that represent the long-term trend and the relationship with ENSO and one midlatitude mode that oscillates between south of Korea and southeast of Japan with an interannual time scale. The latter proved to be the most remarkable climatic fluctuation of summertime TC activity in the midlatitudes and is referred to as the East Asian dipole pattern (EADP) in this paper.
Anomalous atmospheric flows directly connected to the EADP are an enhanced anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation centering around Japan when the TPF is high south of Korea (southeast of Japan), thereby showing an equivalent barotropic structure in the entire troposphere. This regional circulation anomaly varies in conjunction with the zonally oriented quasi-stationary Rossby wave train in the upper troposphere. This wave train is meridionally trapped in the vicinity of the summer-mean jet stream; therefore, the mean jet stream alters its internal meandering structure according to the phase of the wave train.
Geostatistical Mapping of Mountain Precipitation Incorporating Autosearched Effects of Terrain and Climatic Characteristics
Authors: Guan Huade , Wilson John L. , Makhnin Oleg 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Hydrologic and ecologic studies in mountainous terrain are sensitive to the temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation. In this study a geostatistical model, Auto-Searched Orographic and Atmospheric Effects Detrended Kriging (ASOADeK), is introduced to map mountain precipitation using only precipitation gauge data. The ASOADeK model considers both precipitation spatial covariance and orographic and atmospheric effects in estimating precipitation distribution. The model employs gauge data and a multivariate linear regression approach to autosearch regional and local climatic settings (i.e., infer the spatial gradient in atmospheric moisture distribution and the effective moisture flux direction), and local orographic effects (the effective terrain elevation and aspect). The observed gauge precipitation data are then spatially detrended by the autosearched regression surface. The spatially detrended gauge data are further interpolated by ordinary kriging to generate a residual precipitation surface. The precipitation map is then constructed by adding the regression surface to the kriged residual surface. The ASOADeK model was applied to map monthly precipitation for a mountainous area in semiarid northern New Mexico. The effective moisture flux directions and spatial moisture trends identified by the optimal multiple linear regressions, using only gauge data, agree with the regional climate setting. When compared to a common precipitation mapping product [Precipitation-elevation Regression on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM)], the ASOADeK summer precipitation maps of the study area agree well with the PRISM estimates, and with higher spatial resolution. The ASOADeK winter maps improve upon PRISM estimates. ASOADeK gives better estimates than precipitation kriging and precipitation-elevation cokriging because it considers orographic and atmospheric effects more completely.
Application of Gaussian Error Propagation Principles for Theoretical Assessment of Model Uncertainty in Simulated Soil Processes Caused by Thermal and Hydraulic Parameters
Authors: Mölders Nicole , Jankov Mihailo , Kramm Gerhard 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Statistical uncertainty in soil temperature and volumetric water content and related moisture and heat fluxes predicted by a state-of-the-art soil module [embedded in a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model] is analyzed by Gaussian error-propagation (GEP) principles. This kind of uncertainty results from the indispensable use of empirical soil parameters. Since for the same thermodynamic and hydrological surface forcing and mean empirical parameters a soil module always provides the same mean value and standard deviation, uncertainty is first theoretically analyzed using artificial data for a wide range of soil conditions. Second, NWP results obtained for Alaska during a July episode are elucidated in relation to the authors’ theoretical findings.
It is shown that uncertainty in predicted soil temperature and volumetric water content is of minor importance except during phase transition. Then the freeze–thaw term dominates and leads to soil temperature and moisture uncertainties of more than 15.8 K and 0.212 m3 m−3 in mineral soils. Heat-flux uncertainty is of the same order of magnitude as typical errors in soil-heat-flux measurements.
Uncertainty in the pore-size distribution index dominates uncertainty for all state variables and soil fluxes under most conditions. Uncertainties in hydraulic parameters (saturated hydraulic conductivity, pore-size distribution index, porosity, saturated water potential) affect soil-temperature uncertainty more than those in thermal parameters (density and specific heat capacity of dry soil material). Based on a thermal conductivity approach alternatively used, it is demonstrated that GEP principles are indispensable for evaluating parameterized soil-transfer processes.
Generally, statistical uncertainty decreases with depth. Close beneath the surface, the uncertainty in predicted soil temperature, volumetric water content, and soil-moisture and heat fluxes undergoes a diurnal cycle.
The Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX): Background, Hydrometeorological Conditions, and Preliminary Findings
Authors: Kustas William P. , Hatfield Jerry L. , Prueger John H. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX) was conducted in conjunction with the Soil Moisture Experiment 2002 (SMEX02) during June and July 2002 near Ames, Iowa—a corn and soybean production region. The primary objective of SMEX02 was the validation of microwave soil moisture retrieval algorithms for existing and new prototype satellite microwave sensor systems under rapidly changing crop biomass conditions. The SMACEX study was designed to provide direct measurement/remote sensing/modeling approaches for understanding the impact of spatial and temporal variability in vegetation cover, soil moisture, and other land surface states on turbulent flux exchange with the atmosphere. The unique dataset consisting of in situ and aircraft measurements of atmospheric, vegetation, and soil properties and fluxes allows for a detailed and rigorous analysis, and the validation of surface states and fluxes being diagnosed using remote sensing methods at various scales. Research results presented in this special issue have illuminated the potential of satellite remote sensing algorithms for soil moisture retrieval, land surface flux estimation, and the assimilation of surface states and diagnostically modeled fluxes into prognostic land surface models. Ground- and aircraft-based remote sensing of the land surface and atmospheric boundary layer properties are used to quantify heat fluxes at the tower footprint and regional scales. Tower- and aircraft-based heat and momentum fluxes are used to evaluate local and regional roughness. The spatial and temporal variations in water, energy, and carbon fluxes from the tower network and aircraft under changing vegetation cover and soil moisture conditions are evaluated. An overview of the experimental site, design, data, hydrometeorological conditions, and results is presented in this introduction, and serves as a preface to this special issue highlighting the SMACEX results.
Tower and Aircraft Eddy Covariance Measurements of Water Vapor, Energy, and Carbon Dioxide Fluxes during SMACEX
Authors: Prueger J. H. , Hatfield J. L. , Parkin T. B. , Kustas W. P. , Hipps L. E. , Neale C. M. U. , MacPherson J. I. , Eichinger W. E. , Cooper D. I. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
A network of eddy covariance (EC) and micrometeorological flux (METFLUX) stations over corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] canopies was established as part of the Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX) in central Iowa during the summer of 2002 to measure fluxes of heat, water vapor, and carbon dioxide (CO2) during the growing season. Additionally, EC measurements of water vapor and CO2 fluxes from an aircraft platform complemented the tower-based measurements. Sensible heat, water vapor, and CO2 fluxes showed the greatest spatial and temporal variability during the early crop growth stage. Differences in all of the energy balance components were detectable between corn and soybean as well as within similar crops throughout the study period. Tower network–averaged fluxes of sensible heat, water vapor, and CO2 were observed to be in good agreement with area-averaged aircraft flux measurements.
Lidar Measurement of Boundary Layer Evolution to Determine Sensible Heat Fluxes
Authors: Eichinger W. E. , Holder H. E. , Knight R. , Nichols J. , Cooper D. I. , Hipps L. E. , Kustas W. P. , Prueger J. H. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX) was conducted in the Walnut Creek watershed near Ames, Iowa, over the period from 15 June to 11 July 2002. A main focus of SMACEX is the investigation of the interactions between the atmospheric boundary layer, surface moisture, and canopy. A vertically staring elastic lidar was used to provide a high-time-resolution continuous record of the boundary layer height at the edge between a soybean and cornfield. The height and thickness of the entrainment zone are used to estimate the surface sensible heat flux using the Batchvarova–Gryning boundary layer model. Flux estimates made over 6 days are compared to conventional eddy correlation measurements. The calculated values of the sensible heat flux were found to be well correlated (R2 = 0.79, with a slope of 0.95) when compared to eddy correlation measurements in the area. The standard error of the flux estimates was 21.4 W m−2 (31% rms difference between this method and surface measurements), which is somewhat higher than a predicted uncertainty of 16%. The major sources of error were from the estimates of the vertical potential temperature gradient and an assumption that the entrainment parameter A was equal to the ratio of the entrainment flux and the surface heat flux.
Modeling Evapotranspiration during SMACEX: Comparing Two Approaches for Local- and Regional-Scale Prediction
Authors: Su H. , McCabe M. F. , Wood E. F. , Su Z. , Prueger J. H. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) model was developed to estimate land surface fluxes using remotely sensed data and available meteorology. In this study, a dual assessment of SEBS is performed using two independent, high-quality datasets that are collected during the Soil Moisture–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (SMACEX). The purpose of this comparison is twofold. First, using high-quality local-scale data, model-predicted surface fluxes can be evaluated against in situ observations to determine the accuracy limit at the field scale using SEBS. To accomplish this, SEBS is forced with meteorological data derived from towers distributed throughout the Walnut Creek catchment. Flux measurements from 10 eddy covariance systems positioned on these towers are used to evaluate SEBS over both corn and soybean surfaces. These data allow for an assessment of modeled fluxes during a period of rapid vegetation growth and varied hydrometeorology. Results indicate that SEBS can predict evapotranspiration with accuracies approaching 10%–15% of that of the in situ measurements, effectively capturing the temporal development of surface flux patterns for both corn and soybean, even when the evaporative fraction ranges between 0.50 and 0.90. Second, utilizing high-resolution remote sensing data and operational meteorology, a catchment-scale examination of model performance is undertaken. To extend the field-based assessment of SEBS, information derived from the Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) and data from the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) were combined to determine regional surface energy fluxes for a clear day during the field experiment. Results from this analysis indicate that prediction accuracy was strongly related to crop type, with corn predictions showing improved estimates compared to those of soybean. Although root-mean-square errors were affected by the limited number of samples and one poorly performing soybean site, differences between the mean values of observations and SEBS Landsat-based predictions at the tower sites were approximately 5%. Overall, results from this analysis indicate much potential toward routine prediction of surface heat fluxes using remote sensing data and operational meteorology.
Twenty-six-Year Results after Broström Procedure for Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability
Authors: Bell S. Josh , Mologne Timothy S. , Sitler David F. , Cox Jay S. 
Published: January 2006

Background The procedure described by Broström has been used to address chronic lateral ankle instability; the long-term results of this procedure have not been reported. Hypothesis The Broström procedure provides good results over the long term for active patients with chronic lateral ankle instability. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Thirty-one male patients (32 ankles) who underwent the Broström procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability while enrolled as students at the United States Naval Academy were identified. Each patient was mailed a questionnaire that included a functional outcome measure as described by Roos et al, a score described by Good et al, and a single-number ankle functional assessment. The mean age was 20.7 years (range, 18-23 years) at the time of operation. A functional outcome score was completed on each patient, with a mean follow-up of 26.3 years (range, 24.6-27.9 years). Results The follow-up included 22 of the 31 original patients. The mean numeric score for overall ankle function was 91.2 of 100 (standard deviation, 10.2). The foot and ankle outcome score (described by Roos et al) was 92.0 (92%; standard deviation, 12.8) averaged over 5 functional areas. Ninety-one percent of the patients described their ankle function as good or excellent using the scale devised by Good et al. Conclusion The long-term results of the Broström procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability are excellent with 26-year follow-up.