bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
European Activities Towards the Integration and Harmonization of Materials Data Systems
Authors: Kröckel H , Steven G 
Published: December 2008

In a follow-up to three previous actions plans, the Commission of the European Communities (CEC) at present operates a five-year “Program for the Development of the Specialized Information Market in Europe” (1984–88). This program aims in particular at improving the market conditions for information services to ensure their commercial viability and at developing specialized information products and services that are innovative and unique.
For the practical execution of the program, the CEC has defined a number of priority areas, one of which is factual materials data banks. The central activity of this area, the Materials Data Banks Demonstrator Program, aims at the joint demonstration of a pilot network accessible in all member countries of the European Community (EC) linking a number of European on-line data banks. A central user guidance system, which is under development, facilitates data-base location, access, and searching, and provides translation support.
The participating data banks are, by their origin, heterogeneous in structure, operational features, and language. The demonstrator program therefore is accompanied by harmonization efforts that address operational, linguistic, and terminology issues of the system. The progress of these supporting projects is of particular relevance to the present international activities on standardization for materials data systems.
A code of practice harmonizing the operational features of data bases joining the demonstrator program has been developed and come into force. A multilingual terminology project collects terms and definitions used by the cooperating data bases to establish a multilingual dictionary covering an estimated 2000 concepts. These activities refer to existing international standards wherever possible and foster exchange and harmonization with similar activities organized in other parts of the world.
Field Experience with Dispersants for Oil Spills on Land
Authors: Paddock A 
Published: December 2008

When oil spills onto coastal water of the United States or leaks reach the inland waters, an elaborate set of U.S. federal and state regulations comes into effect under the National Contingency Plan (NCP). Ironically, when an oil discharge is confined to land alone, very few regulations exist. Although spills on land are quite frequent, they do not arouse the news media nor even local regulators, and the oil is often left in place. Dispersants, up to now not widely used, offer an economical and environmentally preferred option compared to other actions that might be taken.
Although the use of dispersants for oil spills on land has never been regulated under the NCP, spillers have been reluctant to use them on land as a result of the possible rainfall runoff into controlled waters. Under the NCP (Subpart H) revised as of 20 Nov. 1985, however, the attributes of a dispersant on land can now be considered along with the existing techniques of burning, plowing under, or hauling away.
Dispersants specifically formulated for use on contaminated soil have been on the market for over ten years. The first criterion for such a dispersant is that it must be compatible and effective with freshwater. Many of the most common dispersants on the market are for use on saltwater only. Other dispersant characteristics to be considered are emulsion stability and rapid biodegradability. Results of actual field experience on a wide variety of soil types, land uses, and topographies indicate that dispersant use on land can be effective.
Influence of Chemical Composition on Uniform Corrosion of Zirconium-Base Alloys in Autoclave Tests
Authors: Eucken CM , Finden PT , Trapp-Pritsching S , Weidinger HG 
Published: December 2008

The influence of the composition of Zircaloy-type alloys has been evaluated previously with respect to mechanical properties (1973 International Conference Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry, ASTM STP 551) and to nodular corrosion (1985 International ASTM Conference on Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry, ASTM STP 939). The present study extends this previous work to include uniform corrosion, which is of interest for cladding tubes and spacer grids of fuel assemblies. A variety of ingots with compositions both within and outside of the ASTM specification range for Zircaloy-2 and Zircaloy-4 have been tested. The material was fabricated into strips using a conventional fabrication procedure, which incorporated an intermediate beta quench followed by working and annealing in the upper alpha-range. The alloy elements covered the following ranges: tin: 0.2 to 1.7%; iron: 0.05 to 0.53%; chromium: 0.04 to 1.05%; and nickel: 0.003 to 0.046%. In addition, oxygen, carbon, silicon, and phosphorus were varied over the range of standard Zircaloy contents.
Uniform corrosion was studied out of pile by long-time autoclave testing in pressurized water at 350°C (380 to 840 days) and in high pressure steam at 400°C (180 to 397 days). These data supplement testing previously reported for these same alloys in steam at 500°C under static and refreshing conditions (Strasbourg, 1985, ASTM STP 939). Electron microscopic examinations (SEM and TEM) have been used to characterize the intermetallic precipitates to clarify the effect of the various elements.
The results of the 350 and 400°C testing show that the time to transition from the cubic to linear rate increases and the post transition rate decreases with decreasing tin and carbon and increasing silicon content. Oxygen and phosphorus have not shown an influence in the range studied. The effect of iron and chromium was more complex than for these other elements; the effect was also different in nature between water and steam tests. Markedly accelerated corrosion was seen at Fe + Cr concentrations below the limits of the Zircaloys (⩽0.15%) especially in steam. This composition effect is similar to that previously reported for the same alloys tested at 500°C. High Cr/Fe ratios often resulted in high corrosion even at moderately high levels of both elements. The effect of iron and chromium can be correlated to type, size, and frequency of the intermetallics.
Lithium Uptake and the Accelerated Corrosion of Zirconium Alloys
Authors: Ramasubramanian N , Precoanin N , Ling VC 
Published: December 2008

The corrosion of zirconium alloys in aqueous lithiated solutions is sensitive to the concentration of the alkali and the temperature. In concentrated solutions, ⪢10-1 M in lithium hydroxide (LiOH) (700-ppm lithium) and at temperatures &gt;573 K, accelerated corrosion occurs at quite an early stage. Our investigations indicate that the accelerated corrosion is caused by the generation of porosity, rather than the dissolution of lithium, in the growing oxide.
Specimens of standard Zircaloy-4 fuel cladding and Zr-2.5 wt% Nb pressure tube materials were corroded in lithium hydroxide solutions, 10 -3to 1 M in concentration, at 589 K. Impedance measurements, polarizations in molten lithium nitrate-lithium hydroxide (LiNO3-LiOH) and scanning electron microscopy of the alloy-oxide interface indicated a high level of porosity, right from the initial stages, for oxide films grown in the concentrated solutions. The oxides, when analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy, revealed the presence of a few 100 ppm of lithium, too small to account for the accelerated corrosion by a mechanism of solid solution of lithium in zirconia. X-ray powder patterns of the oxides showed peaks for only monoclinic zirconia, but occasionally peaks for LiOH ∙ H2O and LiOH were also observed. The counts for lithium, detected by secondary ion mass spectrometry, decreased when specimens cut from the same corroded samples were leached in nitric acid. It is concluded from these observations that a major part of lithium is physically held in the porous oxide.
Lithium hydroxide is not completely dissociated in aqueous solutions; with increasing concentration and temperature, an increasingly larger proportion of the alkali remains undissociated. It is suggested that the accelerated corrosion in concentrated solutions is caused by the participation of the undissociated alkali in the reactions occurring on the surfaces of the zirconia crystallites. The undissociated LiOH and hydroxyl ions react at an anion vacancy to produce Zr-OLi. These surface -OLi groups could retard the normal recrystallization and growth of oxide crystallites and thus maintain a high intercrystalline grain boundary area for oxygen diffusion to occur. They could also generate porosity in the growing oxide by reacting to form lithium oxide (Li2O), a soluble product.
Solubility Limits and Formation of Intermetallic Precipitates in ZrSnFeCr Alloys
Authors: Charquet D , Hahn R , Ortlieb E , Gros J-P , Wadier J-F 
Published: December 2008

The intermetallic precipitates in Zircaloy are generally considered to be of special importance for the properties of the alloy. However, basic feature of the precipitate formation, such as the solubility limits of iron and chromium in a ZrSn matrix, are still unknown.
Investigations have been performed with the objective to (1) determine the solubility limits of iron and chromium in a Zr 1.4% Sn matrix, (2) characterize the precipitates formed when the maximum solubility is exceeded, and (3) study the growth mechanism of precipitates in alloys with different (iron + chromium) content. Zirconium base alloys with 1.4% tin and 40- to 16 000-ppm iron or chromium, or both, with varying Fe/Cr ratios have been melted. Sheet specimens have been fabricated and heat treated at temperatures in the range of 550 to 1050°C.
The maximum solubility of iron and chromium was found to be very low. The solubility range extends up to 120 ppm for iron at 820°C, 200 ppm for chromium at 860°C, and about 150 ppm for iron + chromium, with Fe/Cr = 2, at 810°C.
In the case of iron added to the ZrSn matrix, Zr3Fe precipitates are preferentially formed, with the possible presence of some Zr2Fe particles. After an addition of chromium, the ZrCr2 phase precipitates. Zr(Cr,Fe)2 particles are formed in the presence of iron + chromium. They have the structure of ZrCr2, and a composition ratio Fe/Cr close to the nominal composition of the alloy. If the Fe/Cr ratio exceeds 4, the iron forms additional precipitates as Zr3Fe and Zr2Fe. The size distribution of the particle diameter has been compared with different growth models (Kahlweit theory). The experimental data agree well with a second order kinetic law. The precipitate volume grows as a linear function of time. No systematic influence of a (iron + chromium) content on the modal particle size has been found in alloys up to 15 000 ppm (iron + chromium).
Multilayer Elastic Program for Backcalculating Layer Moduli in Pavement Evaluation
Authors: Van Cauwelaert FJ , Alexander DR , White TD , Barker WR 
Published: December 2008

Multilayer solutions that calculate stresses, strains, and displacements in pavement structures caused by surface loading have been in existence for several years. However, most elastic layer computer software applications have been developed for mainframe computers. Recently, computational capabilities of the practicing engineer have been greatly enhanced by recent developments in personal computers. Results of this study involved development of an accurate and efficient solution to the multilayer problem. In addition, software was developed for use on a personal computer that included routines for backcalculating pavement layer moduli from measured surface deflections.
A convergence technique, employing a combination of closed form and numerical solutions, has been developed to provide accuracy of results at the surface of the pavement and near the load. Special methods of solving the system of boundary equations were developed to obtain the terms needed for the closed form part of the solution. Maximum efficiency has been obtained through an in-depth analysis of the parameters affecting accuracy and their relationship with the numerical integration step.
In its current form, the computer solution WESLEA is a fully competent three-dimensional solution that will handle up to five layers with varying interface conditions and a maximum of 20 loads. The fifth layer is semi-infinite and can be made stiff based on the choice of modulus of elasticity. A personal computer-based backcalculation program, WESDEF, has been developed utilizing the multilayer program. An evaluation of the new program is made through comparison of identical deflection data using the BISAR n-layered computer program.
Semirigid Pavements: A Dead Loss for Backcalculation Procedures Using Deflection Bowls?
Authors: Pronk AC 
Published: December 2008

Nondestructive pavement testing by way of dynamic deflection measurements with, for example, a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) is a widely accepted procedure the world over.
The measured deflection bowl can be used as an overall yardstick for the structural condition of the pavement. However, when the deflection bowl is used for the determination of the moduli, major errors can be made, especially when using backcalculation procedures. In the case of semirigid pavements (or, in general, of pavements where the modulus of the base is of the same order as the modulus of the upper layer), the deflection bowl does not provide all the information required for the separate calculation of the right moduli for the asphalt layer and the bound base layer.
It is recommended to determine the modulus of the asphalt layer or base layer by other (for example, laboratory) tests and to use this modulus as a fixed value in the backcalculation procedure. However, precautions should be taken if cracks are present in the layer(s).
Temperature, Frequency, and Load Level Correction Factors for Backcalculated Moduli Values
Authors: Germann FP , Lytton RL 
Published: December 2008

It is a well-established fact that moduli values backcalculated from deflection data of one particular NDT device will be different from those of another device. Although disconcerting at first glance, this should not be surprising to the pavement engineer. NDT devices often use widely different load levels and loading frequencies. Combining this with the complex nature of pavement materials and the fact that data are often collected under different temperature and moisture conditions emphasizes the need for theoretically sound procedures for converting measured values to standard levels of load, temperature, and loading frequency. This is the subject of this paper.
In this paper are the results of a recently completed Texas Transportation Institute study on nondestructive testing. One of the major recommendations of that study are standardized guidelines for applying temperature, frequency, and load level corrections. These will be described in detail, and typical examples will be given. Of particular interest are the load level correction factors. These are demonstrated in case studies which compare backcalculated moduli values from the Dynaflect, the Dynatest falling weight deflectometer, and the Road Rater 2000.
Leaching-Induced Concentration Profiles in the Solid Phase of Cement
Authors: Fuhrmann M , Colombo P 
Published: December 2008

Analysis of the solid phase of portland cement specimens by energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry before and after leaching provided elemental profiles within the cement. Releases of potassium were calculated from the solid-phase profiles and were compared with releases determined from leachate analyses of potassium and cesium-137. The fraction of potassium released in the leachate was found to correlate closely to that of cesium-137 under varying time and temperature conditions, despite the different manner in which each was originally contained in the cement. Agreement was obtained among potassium releases as determined from the solid, potassium in the leachate, and cesium-137 in the leachate. These correlations allowed the use of potassium as an analog for cesium-137 in cement.
Profiles of potassium in the solid showed varying degrees of depletion. A specimen, sectioned immediately after leaching for 471 days, contained no observable potassium to 9 mm depth from the specimen surface. From 9 mm to the center of the specimen, an apparently linear increase in concentration was observed. Specimens that had been air-dried prior to sectioning had profiles that were produced by evaporative transport of dissolved species toward the surface. Carbonation of the surface appears to have retarded migration of the dissolved material. This prevented it from reaching the outer edge and resulted in increased potassium concentrations several millimetres inside the surface.
The International Skiing Federation Contribution to Safety in Skiing
Authors: Raas E 
Published: December 2008

The total number of skiers is assessed at 200 million. Approximately 2 to 3 million new skiers join these annually. The injury rate per season is 1 to 2% on average. Comparatively speaking, this is low, but as an absolute figure it is high, “3 million.”
This circumstance places a moral obligation on the International Skiing Federation (FIS) and other institutions to pay increasing attention to safety factors in skiing. Seventeen of the total 48 FIS committees are, in fact, concerned with safety problems. For three of these, the Medical Committee, the Equipment Committee, and the Legal and Safety Committee, these safety factors are the main concern.
Two major fields must be taken into consideration: recreational skiing and competitive sport in its various forms and its classifications according to sex and age, and the related aspects. The committees have drawn up rules, modes of conduct, tips and recommendations pertinent to both fields and have published these and made them compulsory for competitive events. In addition, proposals have been made with regard to equipment, piste markings, conduct at lifts, rescue work, and various preventive measures.
In the 60th year of its existence and in full awareness of the responsibility borne by an international federation of this kind, the FIS and its committees can pride themselves on having paid a major contribution to safety in skiing. In the future, the federation will continue to give priority to these tasks.
Evaluation of Percent Fracture and Gradation on the Behavior of Asphalt Concrete Mixtures
Authors: Lundy JR , Hicks RG , McHattie R 
Published: December 2008

The effects of percent fracture and fines content on the laboratory performance of asphalt mixtures were investigated. The objective of this study was to develop an approach for the effective utilization of crushed aggregates in Alaskan highway and airfield pavements. In addition, current Alaskan specifications were evaluated in light of this laboratory testing.
The repeated load diametral test device was used to measure the mixture performance in terms of modulus, permanent deformation, and fatigue. Experimental variables included percent fracture, percent passing the 200 sieve, and aggregate source. Testing was conducted at temperatures representative of Alaskan environmental conditions.
Test results show optimum asphalt contents to be minimized at approximately 8%. At the temperatures tested, modulus changes could not be attributable to fracture levels. Significant reductions in laboratory lives were noted when fines contents were varied from the 6% level currently specified.
Laboratory testing indicates the current specifications for fines content is appropriate and, in fact, the mid-range value of 6% maximizes fatigue lives when standard Alaskan pavement sections were analyzed. At the temperatures tested, little increase in fatigue life can be attributed to increase in fracture.
Advantages of Laboratory Accreditation
Authors: Gladhill RL 
Published: December 2008

Laboratory accreditation provides advantages both to laboratories and users or potential users of laboratory services. Laboratories benefit by receiving national and international recognition of their competence and qualifications, by using the evaluation process as a quality assurance feature (for example, an independent audit), and by saving both time and money through the possible elimination of multiple audits from many potential clients.
Users of laboratory services benefit by having an independent objective means to select a laboratory for the required services, an easy way to provide specifications for laboratory services, and a savings in both time and money by not having to perform extensive evaluations on their own.
These advantages are realized only when a highly credible laboratory accreditation system is providing the service.
The Effect of a Rotational Magnetic Field on MCZ Crystal Growing
Authors: Yamashita K , Kobayashi S , Aoki T , Kawata Y , Shiraiwa T 
Published: December 2008

Czochralski(CZ) crystal growth under the vertical D.C. magnetic field with and without the horizontal rotating field is investigated by the numerical analysis and experiment.
The numerical analysis shows that the vertical magnetic field increases the effective segregation coefficient of phosphorus and the oxygen content of the grown crystal, and the horizontal rotating magnetic field is useful to decreases the oxygen content. This is due to the activation of convection flow in the meridional plane in the crucible by the rotating magnetic field. The experimental results of the effective segregation coefficient of phosphorus and oxygen content under the vertical magnetic field with and without horizontal rotating magnetic field verify the calculated results.
Blast Cleaning with Zinc-Coated Abrasives
Authors: Lowrey KW 
Published: December 2008

In the early 1960s the concept of cleaning/protecting steel surfaces was pioneered by the Steel Structures Painting Council (SSPC). The discovery was made that zinc could be transferred from the steel shot to the steel substrate during the cleaning operation in such a way that the onset of re-rusting was delayed significantly. This discovery prompted others to look at the potential which was offered by this particular technique.
Almost 20 years later Colebrand Ltd. decided to make use of zinc-coated abrasives as part of a program into the repair and protection of offshore structures. Colebrand research chemists were not satisfied with the results obtained with the then commercially available zinc-coated abrasives. As a result, work was undertaken to develop a new product which would be deemed acceptable for cleaning in the splash zone area and also for submerged steel structures. This paper examines the parameters involved in the selection of a suitable type of grit and an acceptable particle size range from those currently available for industrial use. Mention is also made of the selection of the binder used to bond the zinc to the surface of the grit. Details are given on laboratory and field trials and on aspects of health and safety when using zinc-coated abrasives. Finally, a case is made for the use of such materials in certain applications in industry.
Detrimental Materials at the Steel/Paint Interface
Authors: Johnson WC 
Published: December 2008

Materials harmful to paint life can remain on the surface of steel not only after hand cleaning but also after the more thorough white metal blast cleaning. Harmful materials that can interfere with protection by paint include grease and oil, moisture, iron oxides, and chemical contaminants. Chemical contaminants come from acid rain, snow removal salts, seawater, nearby chemical plants, or contaminated blasting abrasives.
These materials are discussed with emphasis on significant and novel concepts and with respect to occurrence, identification, removal, and the role of the material in causing corrosion. Experimental evidence and handbook data are used to support conclusions.