bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Results of ENDORSE study in Hungary. Multinational, cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of venous thromboembolism risk and prophylaxis in acute hospital care setting
Authors: Losonczy Hajna , Tar Attila 
Published: October 2008

A vénás thromboembolia kockázatáról és a profilaxis alkalmazásának mértékéről világszerte hiányosak az adatok. Az ENDORSE (nemzetközi epidemiológiai nap a vénás trombózis és embólia szempontjából veszélyeztetett betegek felmérésére az akut kórházi ellátásban) az első, nemzetközi, keresztmetszeti vizsgálat, amely globális áttekintést nyújt az akut kórházi ellátásban részesülő betegek vénásthromboembolia-kockázatának prevalenciájáról, valamint a hatásos profilaxisban részesülő betegek arányáról. Harminckét ország 358 reprezentatív kórházában a kórlapok alapján felmérték a 40 éves vagy idősebb, belgyógyászati és a 18 éves vagy idősebb, sebészeti osztályon fekvő összes beteg vénásthromboembolia-kockázatát. Az American College of Chest Physicians 2004-es evidenciákon alapuló irányelvei szerint értékelték a trombózisrizikót és megvizsgálták, hogy a betegek megkapták-e az irányelveknek megfelelő profilaxist. A nemzetközi felmérésben kilenc magyarországi centrum vett részt, és hazánkban a trombóziskockázatot összesen 1300 betegnél becsülték meg. A vénás thromboembolia szempontjából veszélyeztetettek aránya 39,9% (N = 519) volt, közülük 58,2% (N = 253) volt a sebészeti és 30,8% (N = 266) a belgyógyászati beteg. A teljes trombóziskockázatú populációnak 56,6%-a (294 beteg) részesült az ACCP-irányelvek szerinti profilaxisban. Az ajánlásnak megfelelő profilaxist a sebészeti betegek közül 86,6% (N = 219), a belgyógyászati betegek közül csak 28,2% (N = 75) kapta meg. Hazánkban tehát a hospitalizált, vénás trombózis által veszélyeztetett belgyógyászati betegek több mint kétharmada megfelelő profilaxis nélkül maradt. Az ENDORSE felmérés megerősíti, hogy a kórházi, belgyógyászati és sebészeti betegek nagy részénél világszerte, így hazánkban is vénástrombózis-veszély áll fenn, így sürgősen cselekednünk kell annak érdekében, hogy a veszélyeztetett betegek megfelelő profilaxist kapjanak.
SOX2 Silencing in Glioblastoma Tumor-Initiating Cells Causes Stop of Proliferation and Loss of Tumorigenicity
Authors: Gangemi Rosaria Maria Rita , Griffero Fabrizio , Marubbi Daniela , Perera Marzia , Capra Maria Cristina , Malatesta Paolo , Ravetti Gian Luigi , Zona Gian Luigi , Daga Antonio , Corte Giorgio 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Glioblastoma, the most aggressive cerebral tumor, is invariably lethal. Glioblastoma cells express several genes typical of normal neural stem cells. One of them, SOX2, is a master gene involved in sustaining self-renewal of several stem cells, in particular neural stem cells. To investigate its role in the aberrant growth of glioblastoma, we silenced SOX2 in freshly derived glioblastoma tumor-initiating cells (TICs). Our results indicate that SOX2 silenced glioblastoma TICs, despite the many mutations they have accumulated, stop proliferating and lose tumorigenicity in immunodeficient mice. SOX2 is then also fundamental for maintenance of the self-renewal capacity of neural stem cells when they have acquired cancer properties. SOX2, or its immediate downstream effectors, would then be an ideal target for glioblastoma therapy.
Substantiating the Worthless Securities Deduction
Authors: Judd Andrew J. 
Published: October 2008

The Internal Revenue Code generally provides for the deductibility of economic losses incurred by taxpayers in for-profit transactions. § 165(g) specifically allows the deduction of losses associated with securities that become worthless. Unfortunately, neither Congress nor Treasury have articulated specific conditions necessary to demonstrate that a security satisfies the requisite “worthless” condition. This uncertainty has led to the courts having been placed in the role of arbiter in the many cases where taxpayers and the Internal Revenue Service differ in perceptions regarding whether a particular stock is worthless.
This article examines statutory provisions, factors the courts have considered in deciding the worthless stock question, an analysis of case law, and proposes conditions that Treasury could consider in establishing safe harbor rules. Such rules could provide both taxpayers and the Internal Revenue Service with a means to reduce the continuing litigation of this question.
Should it Take an Act of Congress to Change an Asset's Depreciable Recovery Period?
Authors: Leaman Richard S. , Tripp John C. 
Published: October 2008

As a result of enacting the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Congress took control of establishing and changing asset depreciation periods from the Treasury Department. A detailed example of changing an asset's recovery period by the legislative process is presented, as well as a detailed example of resolving an asset class dispute by congressional action. The paper establishes that the current system for determining asset depreciation recovery periods and the current asset recovery periods now in use are dysfunctional.
The authors argue that asset depreciation recovery periods should be determined based on a thoughtful and rational economic analysis (in accordance with the Tax Reform Act of 1986 Committee Reports), rather than be subject to the legislative process and become just another political issue subject to special interest lobbying efforts and the vagary of the revenue needs of government. The paper concludes with a recommendation to reassign the establishment and changes to asset recovery periods to the Treasury Department, where the resources and expertise reside, subject to congressional approval of the Treasury's recommendations.
Criminal Prosecution of Tax Return Preparers
Authors: Nichols Nancy B. 
Published: October 2008

Over 61 percent of individual taxpayers, accounting for more than 76 million returns, utilized the services of paid preparers in 2005. However, hiring a paid preparer does not assure the taxpayer or the government that the return will be prepared correctly. Tax return preparer fraud generally involves the preparation and filing of false income tax returns by preparers who claim inflated personal or business expenses, false deductions, unallowable credits or excessive exemptions on returns completed for their clients or fictitious taxpayers. Preparers may also manipulate income figures to fraudulently obtain tax credits, such as the earned income tax credit.
The Criminal Investigation (CI) division of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) prosecutes the most serious cases of preparers suspected of criminal or fraudulent behavior and other related financial crimes. This article investigates the role of CI in prosecuting tax return preparers and analyzes the results of 377 published tax return preparer criminal tax cases from 2000 through 2005. The paper also reviews various alternatives for discouraging fraudulent behavior, including registration of all paid preparers, automatic return preparation by the IRS, more stringent preparer penalties, and improved collection of assessed preparer penalties.
Limited access inferior temporal gyrus approach to mesial basal temporal lobe tumors
Authors: Uribe Juan S. , Vale Fernando L. 
Published: October 2008

Object
In this retrospective review, the authors examine the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and outcome of surgery in 25 consecutive patients with mesial basal temporal lobe (MBTL) tumors. A limited access approach to the inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) was used.

Methods
Patients with MBTL tumors were identified from the epilepsy and tumor surgery database at the authors' institution. Intraaxial tumors localized to the mesial basal structures, and without involvement of the cortical surface of the temporal lobe, temporal stem, and basal ganglia were included. Preoperative and postoperative MR images were obtained in all patients. The mean follow-up period was 24 months (range 9–36 months). Preoperative symptoms, neurological deficits, outcomes, surgical complications, and a technical description of the approach are discussed.

Results
Intraaxial MBTL tumors in 25 patients (mean age 44 years, range 8–76 years) were resected using a limited access approach via the ITG. The largest groups of tumors were high-grade gliomas and dysembryoblastic neuroepithelial tumors (8 in each group), followed by oligodendrogliomas, cerebral metastases, and gangliogliomas. Seizures, headaches, and disorientation were the most common preoperative symptoms. Postoperative MR images demonstrated gross-total resection in all cases. There were 2 surgical complications (a superficial wound infection and a transient frontalis branch palsy). There were no permanent neurological complications or significant new hemianoptic defects.

Conclusions
A limited access ITG approach performed with intraoperative image guidance offers an alternative corridor for resection of MBTL tumors (Schramm Type A). This approach may be technically less demanding than the transsylvian or subtemporal approach. Gross-total resection is feasible utilizing this approach and compares favorably with other, more classical approaches.
Does radiosurgery have a role in the management of oligodendrogliomas?
Authors: Kano Hideyuki , Niranjan Ajay , Khan Aftab , Flickinger John C. , Kondziolka Douglas , Lieberman Frank , Lunsford L. Dade 
Published: October 2008

Object
In this study the authors evaluated the role of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in the management of progressive or newly diagnosed small-volume oligodendrogliomas. Tumor control, survival, and complications were assessed in patients with oligodendroglioma who underwent Gamma Knife radiosurgery as a primary or adjuvant procedure.

Methods
The authors retrospectively reviewed 30 patients with oligodendroglioma (12 Grade II and 18 Grade III) who underwent SRS between 1992 and June 2006 at the University of Pittsburgh. The median patient age was 43.2 years (range 10.8–75.4 years). Twenty-four patients had previously undergone resection of the tumor, whereas tumors in 6 were diagnosed based on biopsy findings. The SRS was performed in 25 patients who had imaging-defined tumor progression despite prior fractionated radiation (22 patients) and/or chemotherapy (20 patients). The median target volume was 15.4 cm3 (range 0.07–48.7 cm3) and the median margin dose was 14.5 Gy (range 11–20 Gy).

Results
At an average of 39.2 months of follow-up (range 12–133 months), 17 patients were dead and 13 were living. The overall survival rates from diagnosis to 5 and 10 years were 90.9 and 68.2%, respectively, for Grade II and 52.1% at 5 years and 26.1% at 10 years for Grade III. Factors associated with an improved progression-free survival included lower tumor grade and smaller tumor volume. In 13 patients who had loss of heterozygosity testing, patients with 1p19q loss of heterozygosity had a significantly improved survival after diagnosis (p = 0.04).

Conclusions
The SRS modality is a minimally invasive additional option for patients with residual or recurrent oligodendrogliomas. It may also be considered as an alternative to initial resection in small-volume tumors located in the cortical brain region.
Hydrocephalus in unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations: pathomechanical considerations, therapeutic implications, and clinical course
Authors: Geibprasert Sasikhan , Pereira Vitor , Krings Timo , Jiarakongmun Pakorn , Lasjaunias Pierre , Pongpech Sirintara 
Published: October 2008

Object
The goal in this study was to present possible pathological mechanisms, clinical and imaging findings, and to describe the management and outcome in patients with hydrocephalus due to unruptured pial brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs).

Methods
Medical records and imaging findings in 8 consecutive patients with hydrocephalus caused by AVMs and treated between June 2000 and September 2007 were retrospectively reviewed to determine clinical symptoms, AVM location, venous drainage, level/cause of obstruction, and degree of hydrocephalus. Management of hydrocephalus, AVM treatment, complications, and follow-up results were evaluated.

Results
Headaches were the most common clinical symptom (7 of 8 patients). Deep venous drainage was identified in all patients. Mechanical obstruction by the draining vein or the AVM nidus was seen in 6 patients, in whom obstruction occurred at the interventricular foramen (2 patients) or the aqueduct (4 patients). Hydrodynamic disorders following venous outflow obstruction and venous congestion of the posterior fossa led to hydrocephalus in the remaining 2 patients. Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts were placed in 6 of 8 patients with a moderate to severe degree of hydrocephalus. Regression of hydrocephalus was noted in 4 patients, whereas in 2 the imaging findings were stable, 1 of whom had decreased hydrocephalus only after AVM size reduction. In 2 patients with mild hydrocephalus who were not treated with shunt insertion, 1 improved and 1 was clinically stable after AVM treatment.

Conclusions
The most common cause of hydrocephalus in unruptured brain AVMs is mechanical obstruction by the draining vein if it is located in a strategic position. Management should be aimed at treatment of the AVM; however, VP shunts may be necessary in acute and severe cases of hydrocephalus.
Does cost–benefit analysis or self‐control predict involvement in bullying behavior by male prisoners?
Authors: Archer John , Southall Natalie 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe main aim of this study is to assess whether lack of self‐control or the perceived costs and benefits of aggression provide the better predictors of bullying behavior and victimization, and direct aggression perpetration, in a sample of 122 male British prisoners. We also assessed whether bullying was associated with height and weight. Zero‐order correlations showed that perceived benefits, self‐control, and perceived costs were most closely associated with perpetration of bullying, and that lack of self‐control was weakly associated with victimization. Height and weight were unrelated to bullying or victimization. In a standard regression analyses, perceived benefits was the strongest predictor of bullying perpetration, with lack of self‐control contributing further; all three variables made a significant contribution when direct aggression was the criterion. Mediation analysis showed that a combined cost–benefit measure partially mediated the association between self‐control and both bullying and direct aggression. The findings are discussed in relation to explanations of aggression based on impulse control or a cost–benefit analysis. Aggr. Behav. 35:31–40, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Single Step Preparation of Novel Hydrophobic Composite Films for Low‐k Applications
Authors: Zhu Yongzhong , Müller Thomas E. , Lercher Johannes A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractComposite films with low dielectric constants (k) containing micro‐ and mesopores are synthesized from precursor solutions for the preparation of mesoporous silica and ethanolic suspensions of silicalite‐1 nanoparticles. The material contains silicalite‐1 nanoparticles (include nanocrystals and nanoslabs/intermediates) embedded in a randomly oriented matrix of highly porous mesoporous silica. Micropores result from the incorporated silicalite‐1 nanoparticles, while decomposition of the porogen F127 leads to additional mesopores. The porosity of the composite films increases from 9 to 60% with the increase in porogen loading, while in parallel the elastic modulus and hardness decrease. The elastic moduli of the films are in the range of 13–20 GPa. Hydrophobic surfaces of the composite films are obtained by introducing methyl triethoxysilane during the preparation of both precursor solutions, leading to the incorporation of CH3 groups in the final composite films. These methyl groups are stable up to at least 500 °C. A low k value of approximately 2 is observed for films cured at 400 °C in N2 flow, which is ideal for removing templates without decomposing methyl groups. Due to the intrinsic hydrophobicity of the material, post‐silylation is not required rendering the composite films attractive candidates for future low k materials.
Doped Conductive Polymers: Modeling of Polythiophene with Explicitly Used Counterions
Authors: Zamoshchik Natalia , Bendikov Michael 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe effect of counterions on the properties and structure of conducting polymers was studied by using a series of Cl3− doped polythiophenes (PTs) as a case example. Hybrid density functional theory (DFT) with periodic boundary conditions (PBC) at the B3LYP/6–31G(d) level has been used. This is the first theoretical study of infinitely long doped PT using DFT with counterions explicitly taken into account. The balance between charge carrier states was addressed by studying the singlet and triplet state unit cells of differently doped PTs. The relative isomer energies, density of states diagrams, bond length alternation, and charge distribution patterns were analyzed. Interestingly, the position of the counterion is flexible over the polymer chain and the electronic structure of the polymer and, consequently, optical properties are sensitive to the position of the counterion. A bipolaron electronic configuration is preferred at high dopant concentrations (one dopant per six or less thiophene rings) while a polaron pairs configuration is preferred at low dopant concentrations (one dopant per ten or more thiophene rings) which is in line with many experimental observations.
Novel Rewritable, Non‐volatile Memory Devices Based on Thermally and Dimensionally Stable Polyimide Thin Films
Authors: Hahm Suk Gyu , Choi Seungchel , Hong Sang‐Hyun , Lee Taek Joon , Park Samdae , Kim Dong Min , Kwon Won‐Sang , Kim Kyungtae , Kim Ohyun , Ree Moonhor 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNovel digital memory devices were fabricated with a thermally and dimensionally stable polyimide containing carbazole moieties in its side groups by using a simple and conventional solution coating process. The devices exhibit excellent unipolar ON and OFF switching behavior. With very low power consumption, the devices can be repeatedly written, read, and erased in air. The ON/OFF current ratio of the devices is high up to 1011. The high ON/OFF switching ratio and stability of the devices, as well as their repeatable writing, reading, and erasing capability with low power consumption, open up the possibility of the mass production of high performance non‐volatile memory devices at low cost.
Conduct disorder and ADHD: Evaluation of conduct problems as a categorical and quantitative trait in the international multicentre ADHD genetics study
Authors: Anney Richard J.L. , Lasky‐Su Jessica , Ó'Dúshláine Colm , Kenny Elaine , Neale Benjamin M. , Mulligan Aisling , Franke Barbara , Zhou Kaixin , Chen Wai , Christiansen Hanna , Arias‐Vásquez Alejandro , Banaschewski Tobias , Buitelaar Jan , Ebstein Richard , Miranda Ana , Mulas Fernando , Oades Robert D. , Roeyers Herbert , Rothenberger Aribert , Sergeant Joseph , Sonuga‐Barke Edmund , Steinhausen Hans , Asherson Philip , Faraone Stephen V. , Gill Michael 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAttention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is typically characterized by inattention, excessive motor activity, impulsivity, and distractibility. Individuals with ADHD have significant impairment in family and peer relations, academic functioning, and show high co‐morbidity with a wide range of psychiatric disorders including oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD), anxiety disorder, depression, substance abuse, and pervasive developmental disorder (PDD). Family studies suggest that ADHD + CD represents a specific subtype of the ADHD disorder with familial risk factors only partly overlapping with those of ADHD alone. We performed a hypothesis‐free analysis of the GAIN–ADHD sample to identify markers and genes important in the development of conduct problems in a European cohort of individuals with ADHD. Using the Family‐Based Association Test (FBAT) package we examined three measures of conduct problems in 1,043,963 autosomal markers. This study is part of a series of exploratory analyses to identify candidate genes that may be important in ADHD and ADHD‐related traits, such as conduct problems. We did not find genome‐wide statistical significance (P < 5 × 10−7) for any of the tested markers and the three conduct problem traits. Fifty‐four markers reached strong GWA signals (P < 10−5). We discuss these findings in the context of putative candidate genes and the implications of these findings in the understanding of the etiology of ADHD + CD. We aimed to achieve insight into the genetic etiology of a trait using a hypothesis‐free study design and were able to identify a number of biologically interesting markers and genes for follow‐up studies. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wässrige Olefinmetathese
Authors: Burtscher Daniel , Grela Karol 
Published: October 2008

AbstractEiner verbreiteten Meinung nach gelten Sauerstoff und Wasser als “natürliche Feinde” metallorganischer Reaktionen, die demzufolge strengstens aus den Reaktionssystemen auszuschließen sind. Dies ist begründet durch die hochreaktiven nucleophilen Metallalkylidene, die früher in der katalytischen Olefinmetathese verwendet wurden. Der hohen Stabilität der von Grubbs eingeführten Ruthenium‐Carben‐Komplexe ist es jedoch zu verdanken, dass Metathesen in Wasser inzwischen realisiert werden konnten.
Aqueous Olefin Metathesis
Authors: Burtscher Daniel , Grela Karol 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAccording to popular belief, oxygen and water are the natural enemies of organometallic reactions and therefore must be excluded rigorously from the reaction vessel. This belief is founded in the case of the highly reactive nucleophilic metal alkylidene complexes that were used in early catalytic olefin metathesis. However, owing to the high stability of the ruthenium carbene complexes introduced by Grubbs, metathesis in water has become reality.
Evaluating anthropogenic threats to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Selkoe Kimberly A. , Halpern Benjamin S. , Toonen Robert J. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Every manager must assess and prioritize anthropogenic impacts on their management area from a long list of threats, but data which allow comparison of the relative ecological impacts of threats for decision‐making is often unavailable.
This study employed a systematic and standardized method to collect and quantitatively synthesize expert opinion on the ecological effects of anthropogenic threats to the world's largest marine protected area: the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (MNM) in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI).
In contrast to most threat ranking exercises, the method provides detail on the reasons behind a particular ranking of threats to an area and why the ranking may vary across the ecological landscape.
Survey results from 25 experts allowed the comparison of the vulnerability of eight NWHI ecozones to 24 anthropogenic threats in a quantitative manner.
Ecozones tended to have distinct top threats: sea‐level rise was identified as the top threat to rocky intertidal, beach and terrestrial ecozones; sea temperature rise was the top threat to the coral reef ecozones; bottom fishing was the top threat to the deep reef/bank ecozone; and pelagic fishing in the wider Pacific was the top threat to the pelagic ecozone owing to impacts on bird, turtle and fish fauna that forage outside the Papahānaumokuākea MNM boundaries.
Many of these top threats are difficult for local managers to control because they arise from activities outside the Papahānaumokuākea MNM boundaries, indicating that additional work is needed to preserve the NWHI despite its highly protected status. The analysis indicates where inter‐agency cooperation in removing and mitigating threats should be focused.
Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.