bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adjusting for verification bias in diagnostic test evaluation: A Bayesian approach
Authors: Buzoianu Manuela , Kadane Joseph B. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObtaining accurate estimates of the performance of a diagnostic test for some population of patients might be difficult when the sample of subjects used for this purpose is not representative for the whole population. Thus, in the motivating example of this paper a test is evaluated by comparing its results with those given by a gold standard procedure, which yields the disease status verification. However, this procedure is invasive and has a non‐negligible risk of serious complications. Moreover, subjects are selected to undergo the gold standard based on some risk factors and the results of the test under study. The test performance estimates based on the selected sample of subjects are biased. This problem was presented in previous studies under the name of verification bias. The current paper introduces a Bayesian method to adjust for this bias, which can be regarded as a missing data problem. In addition, it addresses the case of non‐ignorable verification bias. The proposed Bayesian estimation approach provides test performance estimates that are consistent with the results obtained using likelihood‐based approach. In addition, the paper studies how valuable the statistical findings are from the perspective of clinical decision making. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A false‐discovery‐rate‐based loss framework for selection of interactions
Authors: Chen Wei , Ghosh Debashis , Raghunathan Trivellore E. , Sargent Daniel J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractInteraction effects have been consistently found important in explaining the variation in outcomes in many scientific research fields. Yet, in practice, variable selection including interactions is complicated due to the limited sample size, conflicting philosophies regarding model interpretability, and accompanying amplified multiple‐testing problems. The lack of statistically sound algorithms for automatic variable selection with interactions has discouraged activities in exploring important interaction effects. In this article, we investigated issues of selecting interactions from three aspects: (1) What is the model space to be searched? (2) How is the hypothesis‐testing performed? (3) How to address the multiple‐testing issue? We propose loss functions and corresponding decision rules that control FDR in a Bayesian context. Properties of the decision rules are discussed and their performance in terms of power and FDR is compared through simulations. Methods are illustrated on data from a colorectal cancer study assessing the chemotherapy treatments and data from a diffuse large‐B‐cell lymphoma study assessing the prognostic effect of gene expressions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parkhaussysteme in Stahlverbundbauweise
Authors: Kurz Wolfgang 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBei offenen Parkhäusern hat sich die Stahl‐ und Stahlverbundbauweise aus technischen und wirtschaftlichen Gründen als Regelbauweise etabliert. Die Besonderheiten der gebräuchlichen Systeme von Stahlverbundparkhäusern werden vorgestellt und erläutert. Bewährte Maßnahmen zur Sicherung der Dauerhaftigkeit der Bauwerke und ihrer Tragglieder werden vorgestellt.
Synthesis and Preparation of Crosslinked Allylglycidyl Ether‐Modified Starch‐Wood Fibre Composites
Authors: Duanmu Jie , Gamstedt E. Kristofer , Rosling Ari 
Published: November 2007

AbstractNative potato starch has been modified with allylglycidyl ether (AGE) under various reaction conditions including different sodium hydroxide and AGE concentrations, reaction temperatures and times. 1H‐NMR and FT‐IR were used to analyze the products. AGE‐modified starch, with two degrees of substitution (DS), namely DS = 1.3 and DS = 2.3, was synthesized and used for preparation of a new family of crosslinked composites reinforced with various amounts of bleached softwood fibres. Composite premixes of modified starch, wood fibres and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDA) were cured in a hot press using 2% (w/w) of benzoyl peroxide at 150°C under high pressure for 10 min. The matrix with high degree of substitution exhibited good processability and was easily processed even for the highest fibre contents, up to 70% (w/w). In addition, scanning electron micrographs showed good dispersion and adhesion between the starch matrix with high degree of substitution and fibre. The original poor mechanical properties of the cured modified starch were markedly improved by the addition of wood fibres. In the extractions tests cured high‐DS and low‐DS composite samples showed weight losses in the range of 1 and 15% (w/w), respectively. No unreacted crosslinker ethylene glycol dimethacrylate was detected in the solutes as determined by NMR.
Space systems verification program and management process
Authors: Nagano Satoshi 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHaving a solid verification program that ensures a “system is built right” plays a crucial role in both government and commercial space programs, since even the smallest error in a requirement, design/analysis, test, or inspection at every level of a system development could cause a major system malfunction and would be almost impossible to troubleshoot and repair once in space. According to the space/launch vehicles (SV/LVs) failure related data that have been collected by Aerospace Corporation since the 1960s, almost all of the post‐launch failures could have been prevented if their problems had been discovered prior to the shipment of these vehicles to their launch sites. In particular, it was found that the majority of these vehicles could have been successful if deficiencies were corrected during early phase (requirement and design phases) or lower system level of their systems development. In general, any latent problems discovered later on in system development would significantly impact cost and schedule of space programs, even if they were successfully corrected prior to launch. This paper presents a systematic approach to planning and executing verification of space systems based on a distributed‐space system verification program. It enforces a standardized set of modular‐management processes at every level and phase of space system development activities. This distributed verification program approach tries to enforce a standard set of management processes in order to prevent Total System Program Responsibility (TSPR) philosophy, a “faster, better, cheaper” approach, from being unintentionally adopted at any level of space system development due to schedule and cost pressures. This space systems verification approach is now explained in an U.S. DoD best practice document and also included in The Aerospace Corporation's specification and standard list. It has also been adopted as a compliance document in some major U.S. space programs, such as GPS Block III, and national security space programs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
The damped outrigger concept for tall buildings
Authors: Smith Rob J. , Willford Michael R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper describes new concepts for the structural design of high‐rise buildings, in which a system is introduced to increase the dependable structural damping by a factor of 5–10. By so doing the dynamic response of the building to wind effects (buffeting and vortex shedding) is virtually eliminated, leading to substantially reduced lateral design forces and assured occupant comfort. Substantial reductions in structural member size and construction cost savings can be realized in many cases. This may significantly improve the economic viability and sustainability of a development. The paper describes some means by which high levels of damping may be achieved and is illustrated by an implementation on a building, currently under construction, subjected to wind and seismic excitation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contextualizing instruction: Leveraging students' prior knowledge and experiences to foster understanding of middle school science
Authors: Rivet Ann E. , Krajcik Joseph S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractContextualizing science instruction involves utilizing students' prior knowledge and everyday experiences as a catalyst for understanding challenging science concepts. This study of two middle school science classrooms examined how students utilized the contextualizing aspects of project‐based instruction and its relationship to their science learning. Observations of focus students' participation during instruction were described in terms of a contextualizing score for their use of the project features to support their learning. Pre/posttests were administered and students' final artifacts were collected and evaluated. The results of these assessments were compared with students' contextualizing scores, demonstrating a strong positive correlation between them. These findings provide evidence to support claims of contextualizing instruction as a means to facilitate student learning, and point toward future consideration of this instructional method in broader research studies and the design of science learning environments. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 79–100, 2008
Interactive patterns and conceptual convergence during student collaborations in science
Authors: Oliveira Alandeom W. , Sadler Troy D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis study examines cognitive and social processes in group interactions that shape collaborative learning in science classrooms. Three small groups of students were observed while working collaboratively on explaining the burning of a candle under a jar. The learning environment served as a context for examination of conceptual convergence, a process wherein students construct shared meanings for science concepts through gradual refinement of ambiguous, partial meanings presented in group space. Despite engaging in the same activity with very similar instructional supports, the groups displayed very different patterns of interaction and achieved varied degrees of conceptual convergence. One group collaborated effectively and displayed evidence of individual conceptualizations of science content converging to establish a more well‐informed shared conceptualization. The other groups were not as successful, each for unique reasons. Problems demonstrated in one group included lack of self‐confidence, poor monitoring of group learning, and active avoidance of potentially fruitful conceptual conflicts. The other group struggled primarily because of a combative social context. The major educational significance of this study was the identification of social context and interactive patterns, group approaches to conceptual conflicts, and instructors' roles in collaborative activities as crucial aspects of productive group learning. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 634–658, 2008
A longitudinal study of junior high school students' conceptions of the structure of materials
Authors: Margel Hannah , Eylon Bat‐Sheva , Scherz Zahava 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis longitudinal study investigated the progression in junior high school (JHS) students' conceptions of the structure of matter while studying a new instructional approach dealing with “Materials.” In particular, we studied the progression of students' learning along two dimensions: (a) the conceptual model; and (b) the context of application. Students were asked to draw the structure of several materials and to write their explanations about the structure of these materials in questionnaires administered five times during a 3‐year period. Results indicate students' progression in their microscopic conceptualization of materials. Toward the end of the instruction about 85% of the students used a microscopic model in their representations, and 36% were able to give a molecular model. About 83% of the students retained a microscopic model. Different profiles of JHS students' progression in the conception of the structure of matter were identified. The study suggests that a long‐term development of the particulate model requires: (a) constructing a solid foundation of knowledge about microscopic structure of materials; and (b) a spiral instruction. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 132–152, 2008
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy‐like changes in monochorionic twin pregnancies with selective intrauterine growth restriction and intermittent absent/reversed end‐diastolic flow in the umbilical artery
Authors: Muñoz‐Abellana B. , Hernandez‐Andrade E. , Figueroa‐Diesel H. , Ferrer Q. , Acosta‐Rojas R. , Cabero L. , Gratacos E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy‐like (HCL) changes in monochorionic twins with selective intrauterine growth restriction (sIUGR) and intermittent absent/reversed end‐diastolic flow (iAREDF), also defined as Type III sIUGR, and the clinical relevance of this condition.MethodsA total of 80 pregnancies with sIUGR were studied, 40 with, and 40 without iAREDF. HCL changes were defined as an increased thickness of either left or right ventricular wall (mean > 2 SD) estimated with M‐mode ultrasonography. Data were plotted on normal reference values constructed from 75 uncomplicated monochorionic twin pregnancies (150 fetuses) at 22–34 weeks' gestation. Perinatal outcomes in pregnancies with and without HCL changes were compared.ResultsIn the group with iAREDF, 8/40 of the larger twins (20%) had HCL changes (five bilaterally, two in the right, and one in the left ventricle) as compared with 1/40 (2.5%) in fetuses without iAREDF (P = 0.03). No differences were observed in the smaller twin (1/40 in both groups). HCL changes were not associated with a significant increment in perinatal mortality as only one large fetus from the group with iAREDF died in utero. In the remaining 10 cases, no differences in the intertwin weight discordance, placental surface discordance, or rate of neonatal neurological damage were observed. However, all 10 presented mildly abnormal neonatal cardiac findings that resolved over time with no apparent short‐term impact on cardiac function.ConclusionsHCL changes in the larger twin should be regarded as part of the spectrum of findings in Type III monochorionic‐sIUGR (presenting iAREDF). This finding does not seem to be associated with an increased rate of short‐term neurological or cardiac complications. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic key management for secure routing in MANET
Authors: Peng Wuxu , Wang Yalin , Park E. K. , Makki Kia 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA secure key management scheme for the locality caching multi‐root multi‐generation (LCMRMG) MANET routing algorithm is proposed. The scheme takes advantage of the multi‐root nature of LCMRMG and successfully integrates public key, certification and threshold technologies. The scheme is hierarchical and fully distributed. The key management operations are flexible in secure share distribution and scalable well to large MANET. Extensive simulations have shown that the scheme is secure, robust, efficient, and scalable. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A review of EDXRS in the study of human lead metabolism
Authors: Brito J. A. A. , Fleming D. E. B. , Chettle D. R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractEnergy dispersive x‐ray spectrometry (EDXRS) techniques have been developed to measure in vivo the concentration of lead (Pb) in the bone of human subjects. One important effect that this use of EDXRS has had is to highlight the ways in which the previous best understanding of how Pb behaves in the human body is having to be adjusted. In particular, models of Pb metabolism that have been shown to account well for short‐term Pb exposures and blood Pb require modification of rates of transfer to and from bone in order to account for the long‐term aspects of the behavior of Pb in the body. Further, both the input function (the rate of build up of bone Pb concentration from blood Pb) and the output function (the rate of release of Pb from bone back into blood) show nonlinearity. That is, the rates are not constant; they vary with the extent of Pb exposure and age. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The localisation of biologically important metals in soft and calcified tissues using a synchrotron x‐ray fluorescence technique
Authors: Geraki K. , Farquharson M. J. , Bradley D. A. , Gundogdu O. , Falkenberg G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA microbeam synchrotron x‐ray fluorescence (µ‐SXRF) technique has been employed in investigating the localisation of metals in two biological systems, soft and calcified tissue. Breast carcinoma is the focus of the former investigations, and osteoarthritis, that of the latter. Copper has been the metal of particular interest in breast tissue work, although 2D maps of other elements of importance have also been produced in present studies. Elemental maps were obtained at 18 µm spatial resolution and compared with light transmission images of histological sections. The comparison was successful when the sections were stained for cancer cells, revealing, in most cases, elevated metal levels in the cancer cells, with a possible exception of iron. With regard to a synovial joint in which an osteoarthritic lesion was found, the samples were taken from the equine joint allowing study of the distribution of calcium and zinc in cartilage and subchondral bone. Here, a particular question concerns the extent to which links can be established between the well‐delineated contours of elemental presence that are observed within this surface and the structural deformation characteristic of the osteoarthritic lesion. µ‐SXRF mappings, of depth resolution 15 µm, have been obtained from the joint surface, up‐to and just beyond the cement‐line that forms the bond between subchondral bone and cartilage. Outside of the immediate area of the lesion, the presence of Ca and Zn each display a peak at the cartilage surface and also at the tidemark; within the lesion there is significant loss of surface elemental enhancement. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fine Splitting of Electron States in Silicon Nanocrystal with a Hydrogen-like Shallow Donor
Authors: Belyakov Vladimir A , Burdov Vladimir A 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Electron structure of a silicon quantum dot doped with a shallow hydrogen-like donor has been calculated for the electron states above the optical gap. Within the framework of the envelope-function approach we have calculated the fine splitting of the ground sixfold degenerate electron state as a function of the donor position inside the quantum dot. Also, dependence of the wave functions and energies on the dot size was obtained.
New anchoring method for tarsal tendon transfers in myelomeningocele patients
Authors: Tomonori Kenmoku , Makoto Kamegaya , Takashi Saisu 
Published: November 2007

We describe a new anchoring method for tarsal tendon transfers in myelomeningocele patients to protect the sole of the foot from pressure sores and skin necrosis and to loosen the tension of the transferred tendon. Tendon transfer procedures were performed in 51 feet (33 patients) with myelomeningocele. We transferred tibialis anterior tendons to the second or third cuneiform in 19 with equinovarus deformities, and transferred tibialis anterior tendons to the calcaneus through the interosseous membrane in 32 with talipes calcaneus. Clinical results were evaluated with the muscle power of transferred tendons using manual muscle testing 6 months after surgery. The muscle test result was classified as good, fair, and poor. After passing the tendon through the bony hole, a 2.0-mm Kirschner wire was inserted from the sole to the tibia through the ankle joint at neutral. (It extended from the sole through the posterior cortex of the tibia.) The remaining part of the wire was bent and formed into a loop shaped like the Greek letter “zeta” (ζ). The thread was then tied to the loop of the wire as tightly as possible. In this way, there was no contact with the sole during anchoring, thus avoiding ulcers. In addition, the transferred tendon could be kept stable because the patient's ankle was fixed by the Kirschner wire. No cases of wound infection or skin necrosis of the sole occurred. In 49 of the 51 cases, transferred tendons were firmly anchored to tarsal bones. Muscle strength was good for 83%, fair for 13%, and poor for 4%. Consequently, 45 feet could obtain plantigrade pattern during their walking with shoe inserts or occasional use of ankle-foot orthoses. Our anchoring method has the advantage of protecting the sole of the foot from pressure sores and skin necrosis, as well as maintaining tension on the transferred tendon until it settles down in an anchor hole.
Alternatively spliced forms of the P180 ribosome receptor differ in their ability to induce the proliferation of rough endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Bai Ji‐Zhong , Leung Euphemia , Holloway Hilary , Krissansen Geoffrey W. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractExpression of the canine 180‐kDa ribosome receptor p180 in yeast induces the synthesis of RER, and increases the mRNAs of secretory pathway proteins, and protein secretion. To assess whether p180 is a master regulator of cell secretion in mammalian cells, we stably expressed red fluorescent forms of the human p180 variants p180ΔR (no tandem repeats), p180R (26 repeats), and full‐length p180FR (54 repeats) containing different lengths of the tandem repeat ribosome‐binding domain in rat pancreatic RINm5F islet β‐cells. All three fluorescent p180 variants localized exclusively to the RER. Cells transfected with p180R were filled with ribosome‐studded karmellae, whereas p180ΔR and p180FR transfectants contained only increased amounts of mostly smooth ER. Unlike in yeast, over‐expression of p180R failed to increase the secretory pathway proteins calnexin, SEC61β, and calreticulin, or ribosome biogenesis. The data suggest that alternative splicing of the p180 tandem repeat domain is a means of regulating the ribosome‐binding activity of p180, and potentially the secretory activity of the cell. However, p180 is not a master regulator of mammalian cell secretion as it does not concomitantly trigger the synthesis of protein machinery required to enhance protein synthesis and cell secretion.
Social fears and social phobia in the USA: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Authors: Ruscio A. M. , Brown T. A. , Chiu W. T. , Sareen J. , Stein M. B. , Kessler R. C. 
Published: November 2007

BackgroundDespite heightened awareness of the clinical significance of social phobia, information is still lacking about putative subtypes, functional impairment, and treatment-seeking. New epidemiologic data on these topics are presented from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R).MethodThe NCS-R is a nationally representative household survey fielded in 2001–2003. The World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0 (CIDI 3.0) was used to assess 14 performance and interactional fears and DSM-IV social phobia.ResultsThe estimated lifetime and 12-month prevalence of social phobia are 12.1% and 7.1% respectively. Performance and interactional fears load onto a single latent factor, and there is little evidence for distinct subtypes based either on the content or the number of fears. Social phobia is associated with significant psychiatric co-morbidity, role impairment, and treatment-seeking, all of which have a dose–response relationship with number of social fears. However, social phobia is the focus of clinical attention in only about half of cases where treatment is obtained. Among non-co-morbid cases, those with the most fears were least likely to receive social phobia treatment.ConclusionsSocial phobia is a common, under-treated disorder that leads to significant functional impairment. Increasing numbers of social fears are associated with increasingly severe manifestations of the disorder.