bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Discharge to Maintained Stretch of Spindles in Slow and Fast Muscles of Rabbit.
Authors: GRANIT RAGNAR , HOMMA SABURO 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.Systematic measurements of the maintained discharge to stretch at time 4–5 sec from onset have been carried out with 69 muscle spindles in ankle extensors and flexors of anaesthetized rabbits. Three main types of spindles can be separated on the basis of rate of discharge, slow, medium and fast spindles. The number of fast spindles is greater in fast muscle. Slow and medium spindles only are found in slow muscle.
Peripheral Circulatory Response to Submersion Asphyxia in the Duck.
Authors: JOHANSEN KJELL , KROG JOHN 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.The peripheral circulation in the duck during diving has been studied. Changes in peripheral blood flow were indicated by measuring the venous pressure‐rise in a branch of the femoral vein, when the main venous return was occluded. Electrocardiograms and arterial pressures were recorded simultaneously. Upon diving of the animals an extreme bradycardia was observed while the arterial pressure underwent only small changes. The slow drop in the arterial diastolic pressure during diving indicated a great reduction in the rate of emptying from the larger arteries. The peripheral blood flow determined from the degree of venous return was likewise found to be markedly reduced. It is concluded that diving induces an adjustatory shut down of the circulation through the whole limb. This explains the animals' ability to compensate for the extreme bradycardia in the maintenance of high systemic blood pressure, thus securing an ample circulation to the brain during asphyxia.
A Note on the Composition of Alveolar Air in the Diving Duck.
Authors: ANDERSEN HARALD T. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.The oxygen‐carbon dioxide diagram obtained in two successive dives performed by domestic ducks are different in shape, the curve for the first dive shows a conspicuous S‐shape, whereas the second dive performed on a high lactic acid concentration in the blood presents a straight line. This striking change may be explained as caused by a breakdown of the buffering capacity of the blood.
The Rate of Methemoglobin Reduction in Red Cells of Moderately Bled Rabbits.
Authors: JALAVISTO E. , PITKÄNEN A. , SELONEN A. , SOLANTERÄ L. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.Repeated bleedings were shown to enhance the methemoglobin reduction rate (MRR) of nitrite treated red cells incubated without substrate, with glucose at 7.4 and with lactate at pH 8. When the samples were incubated with adenosine prior to the treatment with nitrite the MRR was speeded up; the difference, however, between anemic and normal cells persisted. Regularly in anemic and sometimes in intact red cells pyruvic acid slowed the reduction rate down by a fairly constant amount. It was concluded that reduction through lactate cannot represent the main factor in the anemic increase of MRR. After bleedings when the reticulocytosis had subsided, an elevated MRR could still be observed. It was concluded that the anemic increase of MRR is due to an overall activation of metabolic processes in a population consisting of young red cells.
A Study of Central Regulation of Rumination and Reticulo‐Ruminal Motility.
Authors: ANDERSSON B. , KITCHELL R. L. , PERSSON N. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.Rumination, emesis and increased reticulo‐ruminal motility have been produced by electrical stimulation at different sites in the medulla oblongata of conscious goats. In the region of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, stimulations among other effects caused arrest of reticulo‐ruminal motility, followed by abnormally increased motility after cessation of stimulation.
The Influence of Temperature on the Electrocardiograms of Some Northern Reptiles.
Authors: JOHANSEN KJELL 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.The relation between heart rate and body temperature in three species of Norwegian reptiles has been studied (Tripodonotus natrix L, Vipera berus L, Anguis fragilis L). In all species studied the heart beat vs. body temperature curves showed a logarithmic regression. The increments of heart frequency with temperature were found to be 5–6 beats/°C/minute inside a temperature interval from 8–32° C. The normal appearance of the electrocardiograms in the same three species of reptiles has been analyzed and the influence of temperature upon the waveform has been discussed.
Effects of Alterations of Total Muscular Blood Flow on Local Tissue Clearance of Radio‐Iodide in the Cat.
Authors: HYMAN CHESTER , ROSELL SUNE , ROSEN ANDERS , SONNENSCHEIN RALPH R. , UVNÄS BÖRJE 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.Simultaneous measurement was made of isotope clearance and of venous outflow or arterial inflow in the gastrocnemius muscle of anesthetized cats. The purpose was to explore if vasomotor nerves to the skeletal muscles might innervate different types of blood vessels. Restriction of the arterial inflow resulted in approximately proportionate decreases in flow and clearance. Stimulation of the sympathetic supply to the area caused a somewhat greater decrease in total flow than in clearance. Intra‐arterial infusion of compound 48/80 or of methacholine, stimulation of the sciatic nerve or of the appropriate anterior roots, all increased flow and clearance proportionately. In contrast, stimulation of vasodilator pathway in the hypothalamus caused significant increase in flow with no consistent change in tissue clearance. With sympathetic stimulation, clearance of intra‐arterially injected isotope showed a drop more nearly proportional to the drop in blood flow. None of the vasodilating procedures, however, increased the rate of clearance of intra‐arterially administered isotope. It is concluded that most procedures influence the shunt and nutritional blood flow in a proportionate manner, but the active vasodilation resulting from hypothalamic stimulation is restricted to the shunt flow.
Electrocardiographic, Heart‐Rate and Subjective Responses to Prolonged Gravitational Stress and their Relation to some Dimensional and Functional Parameters of the Circulatory System
Authors: Bjurstedt Hilding , Hansson Lars‐Erik , Ström Gunnar 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHeart‐rate and ECG (including 5 precordial leads) responses were studied in 16 healthy subjects during up to 6 min exposure to 3‐3 1/2 times the force of gravity in a human centrifuge. The subjective g tolerance (resistance to dimming or loss of vision) was determined in relation to various circulatory functional and dimensional parameters. The ECG did not show any remarkable alterations during or after the runs. Subjective g tolerance was correlated to orthostatic heart‐rate (produced by normal gravity) but not to heart‐rate response under increased gravitational stress, physical working capacity, heart volume in the horizontal or vertical body position, or total hemoglobin.
A Rapid and Sensitive Electrode for Continuous Measurement of pCO2 in Liquids and Tissue
Authors: Hertz C. Hellmuth , Siesjö Bo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA pCOa electrode for measurements in tissues and liquids is described, based upon the principle first employed by Stow, baer and Randall (1957) for pCO2 measurements in liquids. Tissue measurements have been made possible by using a plane membrane pH glass electrode covered by a Teflon membrane. Together with a miniature calomel electrode it forms a pCO2 electrode, which proved to be superior to earlier electrodes. Thus it is simpler in construction, more sensitive and about three times as fast as earlier electrodes.
Observations on the Distribution and Action of Substance P in Marine Animals1
Authors: Dahlstedt E. , Euler U. S. V. , Lishajko F. , ÖStlund E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractVarious parts of the CNS of the dogfish and the ray were found to contain large amounts of Substance P (SP), up to 50 units/g fresh organ. It was also found in extracts of intestine of these species, and in minute amounts in the hagfish (Myxine). No SP activity was found in total extracts of Mytilus and Actiniaria, but small amounts were found in Ciona. The strongly stimulating action of SP on teleost intestine was confirmed with superfusion technique.
Olfactory Bulb Potentials Induced by Electrical Stimulation of the Nasal Mucosa in the Frog
Authors: Ottoson D. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe potential changes induced in the frog's olfactory nerve and bulb by electrical stimulation of the nasal mucosa have been studied. The response developed by the bulb is composed of two successive negative deflections. It has been possible to segregate these deflections and partly identify their origins. The first component of the response is of synaptic nature and builds up a persisting potential during repetitive stimulation. The second component of the response is sensitive to the action of narcotics and asphyxia and is blocked when secondary neurons are stimulated antidromically. The conclusion has been drawn that this component represents the propagated activity in neurons of secondary order. The properties of the olfactory nerve fibres have been studied in recordings of the nerve action potential.
Metastatic Calcification in Experimental Overdosage of Dihydrotachysterol in Rats
Authors: Häkkinen Ilkka P. T. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTetracycline and DOCA were observed to increase metastatic calcification in rats treated with dihydrotachysterol (AT10). Cortisone had an opposite effect. DOCA increased tetracycline fluorescence in calcium metastatic regions, cortisone had again an opposite effect. So tetracycline fluores‐cense and metastatic calcification seemed to correlate. The way of fixation of tetracycline has been discussed.
The Kinetic Energy Produced by Voluntarily Controlled Muscle Action and the Frequency of the Motor Discharge
Authors: Bergström R. M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe experiments were performed in order to study the voluntary control of muscle contraction. Under the experimental conditions concerned it was possible to demonstrate a linear relationship between the discharge frequency of the electromyogram recorded from the forefinger abductor muscle using non‐selective electrode technique and the kinetic energy produced by the abduction. It is assumed that the mechanical effect of voluntary muscle contractions is graded by the central nervous system by the gradation of the number of the time periods in the motor discharge. The number of the time periods is proportional to the physical action (energy ? time, dimension g·cm2·s‐1) of the mechanical effect of the motion.
The Mechanical Work Produced by Voluntarily Controlled Muscle Action and the Frequency of the Motor Discharge
Authors: Bergström R. M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe interrelationship between the mechanical work and the impulse frequency of the electromyogram obtained with non‐selective electrodes was studied in voluntary actions of the human forefinger abductor muscle. In view of the fact that the work performed by the muscle is independent of the time relations of the contraction, the impulse frequency corresponding to a certain amount of mechanical work was registered in the terminal position of the muscle shortening. The impulse frequency of the electromyogram was directly proportional to the degree of the muscle shortening by different loadings of the contractions and to the amount of work produced by the unloaded contraction. The result makes it possible to treat the impulse frequency of the motor discharge as an energy parameter, which shows the amount of the “potential energy” corresponding to a certain length of the muscle.
A Simple Device for Long‐Lasting, Continuous Injections into Animals
Authors: Falck B. , Hillarp N. Å. , Thieme G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAn injection syringe to be carried by the animal has been devised. The syringe allows continuous injection of given volumes of fluid in given periods of time (from half a day up to several days). The injection fluid is pressed through a filter delaying the outflow and the rate of the outflow may be varied by varying the viscosity of the fluid.
A Hypothalamic Structure with a Marked Inhibitory Effect on Tonic Sympathetic Activity
Authors: Folkow Björn , Johansson Börje , ÖBerg Bengt 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn cats the brain has been explored with the Horsley‐Clarke technique in a search for hypothalamic structures from which distinct inhibitions of sympathetic activity can be elicited. Just behind and below the anterior commissure, about 2 mm from the midline, a restricted area has been localized, from which often drastic inhibitions of sympathetic vasoconstrictor‐accelerans tone can be induced. It is suggested that this structure constitutes a hypothalamic relay station for cortical inhibitory pathways to subordinated sympathetic structures, mainly affecting the discharge of the medullary vasomotor centre.
Further Observations on the State of the Catechol Amines Stored in the Adrenal Medullary Granules
Authors: Hillarp Nils‐Åke 
Published: December 2008

AbstractOn incubation of amine granules from cow adrenal medulla in media containing labelled adrenaline no significant exchange between this adrenaline and the amines stored in the granules was found. This and other findings indicate that the stored amines are bound in a non‐diffusible state in combination with adenosinephos‐phates and probably with intragranular proteins. The supposed complex binding the amines seems to be a very labile structure, which is destroyed on disruption of the granule membrane.
Habituation of Autonomic Response Elements under two Conditions of Alertness
Authors: Scholander T. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe habituation of the phasic responses and the prestimulus values of the pulse rate and the electrodermal activity has been studied under two different conditions of alertness. The auditory stimulus was administered with intervals varied at random according to a constant sequence. The degree of alertness was assumed to be higher when the subject was preoccupied with a special sighting device than when he was relaxed. It was found that the increased alertness tended to delay the habituation and to increase the prestimulus activation level of the variables.
Studies on the Possibilities of Improving the Nutritive Value of Swedish Wheat Bread I. The effect of lysine supplementation
Authors: Ericson L.‐E. , Ovenfors C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEricson, L.‐E. and C. Ovenfors. Studies on the possibilities of improving the nutritive value of Swedish wheat bread. I. The effect of lysine supplementation. Acta physiol. scand. 1959. 47. 44—51. — The growth rate of weanling albino rats was used as an index of the extent of improvement in the nutritive value of wheat bread that is obtainable by lysine supplementation. It was found that the addition of 0.5 % L‐lysine to a basal diet prepared from 90 % air dried wheat bread (containing 3.3 % roller dried skim milk) and ample quantities of vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids, doubled the growth rate of the rats and caused a gain in body protein. However, this growth rate was still only about half that obtained with a stock diet or a diet containing egg protein. Possible explanations for this relatively small effect of lysine supplementation and for the differences between our results and those of other authors have been discussed.
Activity in Single Hippocampal Pyramids
Authors: Euler Curt Von , Green J. D. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEuler, C. V. and J. D. Green. Activity in single hippocampal Pyramids.Activity from single pyramidal cells of dorsal hippocampus has been studied in rabbits under light urethane anaesthesia or with encéphale isolé. Capillary microelectrodes were used for recording. Respiratory and cardiovascular movements of the brain were reduced by using a ‘closed system’. Extracellular biphasic positive‐negative spikes of large amplitude were frequently recorded. The shape of the extracellular spikes indicate that the soma spikes are usually not followed by excitation of the dendritic membrane. However, occasionally spikes with negative‐positive potential sequence indicating somatofugal excitation of the dendrites, have been recorded after a burst of positive‐negative spikes. This occurred in response to prolonged repetitive stimulation and in after‐discharges. Spikes were normally not recorded in the dendritic layer. Repetitive stimulation, however, elicited sharp spikes in the apical dendrites increasing in number and amplitude with increasing stimulus strength and duration.Action potentials and slow changes in membrane potential were commonly recorded with big attenuation but without other signs of serious injury.Polarizing hippocampal neurones with minute currents in the order of 2 × 10‐9A through the recording microelectrode stimulated or inhibited that cell from which the activity was extracellularly recorded.The hippocampus is an uncomplicated cortical structure with a relative uniform and simple lamination. These and other features make the Ammon's horn a suitable site for studies of cortical properties (see e. g. Euler, Green and Ricci 1958). This paper presents an analysis of the spontaneous activity in single hippocampal pyramids and a component analysis of spike potentials recorded extracellularly. A subsequent paper (Euler and Green 1960) deals with the activity patterns which can be elicited through afferent stimulation. A ‘positive’ wave with rapidly declining ‘positive’ spikes proved to be a pattern entity of possible significance for the ‘brain waves’ of the hippocampus. Although no successful intracellular records of this phenomenon were obtained, the experimental data presented in the present paper lend themselves to the conclusion that the spikes and the wave originate in the same neurone and that the phenomenon thus may be identified as the ‘inactivating process’ of Granit and Phillips (1956).
5‐Hydroxytryptamine in Burns
Authors: Johansson Stig‐Arne 
Published: December 2008

AbstractJohansson, S.‐A. 5‐hydroxytryptamine in burns.The relative amounts of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT, serotonin) in skin, blood, and urine after burn injuries have been determined spectrophotofluorometrically after extraction into n‐butanol. Increased amounts of 5‐HT in rat skin and a decrease in the number of circulating platelets accompanied by a decrease in the total amount of 5‐HT in rabbit whole blood were found after burn injuries. In five human patients with severe burns an increase of the urinary excretion of the 5‐HT metabolite, 5‐hydroxyindole‐acetic acid (5‐HIAA) was found, which seems to indicate an increase in the endogen metabolism of 5‐HT. It is suggested that blood platelets inactivate free 5‐HT and that heparin can inhibit the liberation of 5‐HT from the blood platelets in burn injuries and anaphylactic reactions.
Interhippocampal Impulses
Authors: Andersen Per 
Published: December 2008

Andersen, P. Interhippocampal impulses. II. Apical dendritic activation of CAI neurons.Chakravarty, N. The occurrence of a lipid‐soluble smooth‐muscle stimulating principle (‘SRS’) in anaphylactic reaction.This work is an analysis of the commissural response of the field CAI of the hippocampus, a surface positive wave with a spike, followed by a negative wave. The major, later part of the surface positive wave was recorded negative in the layer of apical dendritic shafts. This deep negative wave is interpreted as a summated excitatory postsynaptic potential. It seems to have a causal relationship to the production of the spike. The spike most often showed its shortest latency in the apical dendritic shaft layer, increasing in both directions along the dendritic tree. The speed of propagation along the dendritic shaft was about 0.35 m/sec. The surface negative wave is confined to the basal layers and is probably partly due to the spread of the depolarizing wave along the dendrites and partly to the activity of alveus‐near located neurons. In the CAI apical dendritic membrane two mechanisms were found ‐ one was responsible for the production of the deep negative wave‐the other was responsible for the initiation and propagation of the spike along the dendrites.
Studies on the Possibilities of Improving the Nutritive Value of Swedish Wheat Bread: II. The effect of supplementation with lysine, threonine, methionine, valine and tryptophan
Authors: Ericson L.‐E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA basal diet containing wheat bread as the source of protein and carbohydrate, and sufficient quantities of vitamins, essential fatty acids and minerals was supplemented with combinations of lysine, threonine, methionine, valine and tryptophan and fed to male weanling rats. The addition of lysine and threonine to the basal diet improved the nutritive value of the bread protein considerably more than the addition of lysine alone, as measured by the growth rate and the gain in weight per g of nitrogen consumed. On a bread diet containing 2.0% nitrogen and fortified with 0.32% L‐lysine and 0.2% DL‐threonine, the rats gained 21.0 g per g of nitrogen consumed. The corresponding figures for rats given isonitrogenous diets in which spray dried skim milk or egg albumin supplied the protein were 20.1 and 22.4. No further improvement was obtained on addition of methionine, valine and tryptophan to bread diets supplemented with lysine and threonine.
Tissue Mast Cells, Histamine and ‘Slow Reacting Substance’ in Anaphylactic Reaction in Guinea Pig
Authors: Borëus Lars Olof , Chakravarty Nirmal 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAnaphylactic reaction was produced in vitro in isolated guinea‐pig tissue. Histamine and ‘slow reacting substance’ (‘SRS’) in different tissues occurred in amounts proportional to the mast‐cell population. The occurrence of these substances was attended with a reduction of the number of tissue mast cells. When the appearance of histamine and ‘SRS’ was blocked by enzyme inhibitors, there was no decrease in mast cells. It is suggested that the tissue mast cells may be the common source of both histamine and ‘SRS’ in anaphylactic reaction.
Interhippocampal Impulses: IV. A Correlation of some Functional and Structural Properties of the Interhippocampal Fibres in Cat, Rabbit and Rat
Authors: Andersen Per 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn a previous study (Andersen 1959, 1960 b) the interhippocampal fibre activity was found to be represented by an initial diphasic spike of the response of the field CA3 to contralateral symmetrical stimulation. Since all the interhippocampal fibres are thin (around 1 μ) and myelinated, it was felt that this tract might serve as a suitable structure for a study of the properties of thin fibres within the central nervous system. A correlation has been made between various functional and structural properties of the interhippocampal fibres. The results obtained in cat, rabbit and rat have been compared.
Active Sodium and Chloride Transport in the Single Celled Marine Alga Halicystis Ovalis
Authors: Blount Robert W. , Levedahl Blaine H. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe active transports of sodium and chloride ions, between the vacuole and environmental solutions, were measured in the giant coenocyte of the marine alga Halicystis ovalis. Ion fluxes, determined isotopically, of individual single cells were measured by the short‐circuit technique of Ussing and Zerahn (1951). Concentric pipettes were used to replace the vacuole sap with sep water and to short‐circuit the vacuole potential difference to zero. The mean net efflux of sodium represented 39.2%, S. D. = 5.4, and the mean net influx of chloride 57.6%, S. D. = 5.3, of the current flowing through a short‐circuited cell. Therefore a summation of the current carried by the two net active fluxes can account for the total short‐circuit current. Micro‐electrode penetration of the protoplasm of the cell indicated that the potential difference of the protoplasm was identical with the vacuole potential; that the total potential difference develops at the outer membrane. A theory is presented which evaluates the effect of these transport systems on the total potential difference and on the osmotic stability of the cell relative to its environment.