bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Caudate nuclei volume, diffusion tensor metrics, and T2 relaxation in healthy adults and relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis patients: Implications for understanding gray matter degeneration
Authors: Hasan Khader M. , Halphen Christopher , Kamali Arash , Nelson Flavia M. , Wolinsky Jerry S. , Narayana Ponnada A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the utility of caudate nuclei (CN) macro‐ and microstructural metrics as markers of gray matter degeneration in healthy adults and relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients.Materials and MethodsThe normal age‐ and pathology‐related changes in caudate nuclei volume (CNV), the corresponding diffusion tensor metrics, and the T2 relaxation times were measured in a cohort of 32 healthy adults (12 men/20 women; age range 21–59 years) and 32 age‐matched RRMS patients (8 men/34 women; age range 21–57 years).ResultsSmaller values in both the absolute CNV and the caudate volume ratio relative to the total intracranial volume (CNVp) were observed in the RRMS group relative to healthy controls. The fractional anisotropy (FA), based on the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of the CN increased with age in healthy adults (r = 0.52; P = 0.003) but not in patients (r = 0.28; P = 0.12). The caudate FA value was approximately 9% larger in RRMS patients relative to controls (P = 0.001). The mean diffusivity of the CN was greater in the RRMS group compared to controls (P = 0.02). The caudate T2 relaxation times were smaller in the RRMS group relative to the control group (3% reduction, P = 0.05). T2 relaxation times did not exhibit age‐related changes (P > 0.35) in either cohort. Strong and significant correlations between CNVp and whole‐brain lesion load (r = −0.48; P = 0.005) and whole‐brain CSF fraction (r = −0.46; P = 0.01) were also noted.ConclusionThese preliminary findings indicate that caudate DTI‐derived metrics can serve as potential quantitative radiological markers of MS pathology. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;29:70–77. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A funerary rite study of the Phoenician–Punic necropolis of Mount Sirai (Sardinia, Italy)
Authors: Piga G. , Guirguis M. , Bartoloni P. , Malgosa A. , Enzo S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA recent excavation in the Phoenician–Punic necropolis of Mount Sirai, located in the southwestern part of Sardinia, Italy, has brought to light a number of tombs contextually attributed to a period from the early 6th to early 5th century BC, which is simultaneous with the beginning of the Carthago influence in Sardinia. Among the interred burials recently brought to light, the skeletal remains, sometimes of two superposed bodies, are found in a primary position and with fine anatomic connection. Some of the bones were visually stained, suggesting they were possibly subjected to fire treatment. In order to ascertain more objectively whether the bodies were subjected to burning, the bones from all the tombs were investigated by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform infra‐red (FT‐IR) spectroscopy techniques. After excluding the role of important diagenetic effects, from line broadening/sharpening analysis of hydroxylapatite in the bones according to the Rietveld method, it was evaluated that the bodies were probably subjected to a temperature regime from 300 to 700°C. These data were supplemented and confirmed by an analysis of the splitting factor (SF) of apatite phosphate peaks in the infra‐red spectrum of the bones. Our results indicate the existence of a rite intermediate between incineration and inhumation. This sort of ‘semi‐combustion’, perhaps limited to the period of the early 5th century BC, appears to be peculiar just to this site. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral response and energy output of concentrator multijunction solar cells
Authors: Kinsey Geoffrey S. , Edmondson Kenneth M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe spectral response of concentrator multijunction solar cells has been measured over a temperature range of 25–75°C. These data are combined with reference spectra representing the AM1·5 standard as well as annual spectral irradiance at representative geographical locations. The results suggest that higher performance in the field may be obtained if multijunction cells are designed for an effective air mass higher than AM1·5. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copolyfluorenes containing phenothiazine or thiophene derivatives: Synthesis, characterization, and application in white‐light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Hsieh Bar‐Yuan , Chen Yun 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFour copolyfluorenes chemically doped with 0.1 and 1 mol % 3,7‐bis[2‐thiophene‐2‐yl)‐2‐cyanovinyl]phenothiazine (PFPhT) or 2,5‐bis[2‐(thiophene‐2‐yl)‐2‐cyanovinyl]thiophene chromophores (PFThT) were synthesized using the Suzuki coupling reaction and applied in white‐light‐emitting devices. They were characterized by GPC, elemental analysis, DSC, TGA, optical spectra, and cyclic voltammetry. They exhibited good thermal stability (Td > 420 °C) and moderate glass transition temperatures (>95 °C). The PhT‐Br and ThT‐Br showed PL peaks at 586 and 522 nm (with a shoulder at 550 nm). In film state, PL spectra of the copolymers comprised emissions from the fluorene segments and the chromophores due to incomplete energy transfer. Both monomers exhibited low LUMO levels around −3.50 to −3.59 eV, whereas the PhT‐Br owned the higher HOMO level (−5.16 eV) due to its electron‐donating phenothiazine core. Light‐emitting diodes with a structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/copolymer/Ca(50 nm)/Al(100 nm) showed broad emission depending on the chromophore contents. The maximum brightness and maximum current efficiency of PFPhT2 (PFThT1) device were 8690 cd/m2 and 1.43 cd/A (7060 cd/m2 and 0.98 cd/A), respectively. White‐light emission was realized by further blending PFPhT2 with poly(9,9‐dihexylfluorene) (w/w = 10/1), with the maximum brightness and maximum current efficiency being 10,600 cd/m2 and 1.85 cd/A. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 833–844, 2009
The influence of porosity on the Phillips Cr/silica catalyst 2. Polyethylene elasticity
Authors: McDaniel M. P. , Collins K. S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe Phillips Cr/silica catalyst produces low levels of long chain branching (LCB) in polyethylene, which have a powerful influence on industrial molding behavior. Although many catalyst and reactor variables determine the degree of LCB, perhaps the most significant of these is the morphology of the silica support. In this study many different types of silicas were converted into Cr/silica catalysts, which were tested in ethylene polymerization, and the resultant polymer elasticity was then determined. In some experiments, the surface area of the catalyst seemed to correlate quite well with polymer elasticity. In other tests, however, no connection with surface area was evident but the pore volume was quite influential. Together, all these studies suggest that it is the degree of structural reinforcement of the silica matrix, rather than any one physical measurement of porosity, that influences elasticity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 845–865, 2009
Encapsulation of silica nanoparticles by miniemulsion polymerization
Authors: Costoyas Álvaro , Ramos Jose , Forcada Jacqueline 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHybrid silica/polystyrene nanoparticles were synthesized by miniemulsion polymerization. With the objective to prepare core‐shell hybrid nanoparticles having narrow particle size distributions (PSDs) as well as a high degree of silica encapsulation, the effect of adding surface modifiers, the size of silica nanoparticles, the ratio styrene/silica, the surfactant concentration, and the presence of ethanol in the reaction mixture were studied. A synergistic effect was observed using oleic acid (OA) together with 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TPM) in the compatibilization step between the organic phase (monomer) and inorganic nanoparticles (silica). Mono and multinuclear eccentric core‐shell hybrid nanoparticles were obtained. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 935–948, 2009
Crystal structure of poly(octamethylene terephthalate) determined by X‐ray fiber diffraction and molecular modeling
Authors: Jeong Young Gyu , Lee Sang Cheol , Shin Kyusoon 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPoly(octamethylene terephthalate) (POT), a semicrystalline aromatic polyester, is synthesized by melt‐condensation reaction, and its thermal property and crystal structure are investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction, and molecular modeling methods, respectively. It is revealed that the synthesized POT sample has comparably low melting temperature of 131 °C and forms one crystalline phase. Based on two‐dimensional X‐ray fiber diagram and molecular modeling analyses, the crystal structure of POT is identified to be triclinic with dimensions of a = 4.560 Å, b = 5.597 Å, c = 18.703 Å, α = 104.87°, β = 119.45°, and γ = 100.32°, in which one chemical repeating unit of POT with all‐trans conformation of octamethylene group is packed according to the space group of $$P\overline 1$$. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 276–283, 2009
Transport and time dependent small angle X‐ray morphology in metal cation and polymer modified perfluorocarbon ionomers
Authors: Sauer Bryan B. , Londono J. David , McLean Robert S. , Howard Edward G. , McKinney Ronald , Kampert William G. , Kahn Rachel M. , Lloyd Ralph B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTransport and absorption in metal cation exchanged and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) modified Nafion® films were studied by various techniques. To understand the microscopic basis for permeation, time resolved small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) was used to characterize the ionic domain morphology while films were exposed to vapors of water, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), or triethyl phosphate. Macroscopic weight uptake studies of DMMP vapor into PVP‐Nafion® were also used to help explain the SAXS absorption studies and DMMP permeation properties. The SAXS results were correlated with macroscopic permeation rates of DMMP, Soman, and water through several different membranes. To provide additional basis for the SAXS derived morphologies, tapping‐mode AFM was also used to image the 3–5 nm diameter ionic domains. A goal for protective suit applications is to find films with a balance of high moisture permeation rate for comfort, and low DMMP permeation. The best balance of properties in this context was found with PVP‐ and zirconyl‐modified films. In another extreme, the permeation rates of both water and DMMP through cesium‐modified Nafion® were low. SAXS studies were used to explain this where the ionic domains of cesium‐modified Nafion® did not “expand” when exposed to DMMP or water vapor. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 284–298, 2009
Modeling mechanical aging shift factors in glassy polymers during nonisothermal physical aging. I. Experiments and KAHR‐ate model prediction
Authors: Guo Yunlong , Wang Ni , Bradshaw Roger D. , Brinson L. Catherine 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis article presents experimental results and model predictions of the mechanical response of polymers during nonisothermal physical aging. The nonisothermal temperature history leads to a complex evolution in the aging behavior of the material. To characterize this response, sequential creep tests of polyether‐ether‐ketone (PEEK) and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) films are performed at various aging times using a dynamic mechanical analyzer. The resulting strain histories are analyzed to determine discrete aging shift factors (ate) for each of the creep tests. The nonisothermal aging response is then predicted using the KAHR‐ate model, which combines the KAHR model of volume recovery with a suitable linear relationship between aging shift factors and specific volume. The KAHR‐ate model can be utilized to both predict aging response or to determine necessary model parameters from a set of aging shift factor data. For the PEEK and PPS materials considered in the current study, predictions of mechanical response are demonstrated to be in good agreement with the experimental results for several thermal histories. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 340–352, 2009
Promoting evidence‐based psychosocial care for cancer patients
Authors: Jacobsen Paul B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWith numerous studies demonstrating that psychosocial care reduces distress and improves quality of life, practitioners have an obligation to treat cancer patients in a manner consistent with this evidence. Although the rationale is straightforward, major challenges exist in achieving the goal of translating research into clinical practice. One challenge has been the nature of the evidence, with many studies of psychosocial interventions characterized by poor methodological quality, absence of eligibility criteria specifying heightened distress, and minimal consideration of dissemination potential. A second challenge has been to make practitioners aware of relevant evidence. Targeted efforts at dissemination, such as the issuance of clinical practice guidelines and evidence‐based recommendations and the distribution of intervention materials via the Internet, appear to be more effective than passive efforts in providing practitioners with useful information. Perhaps the most challenging aspect has been to persuade practitioners to change how they practice. One approach currently under development would allow practitioners and health‐care organizations to perform self‐evaluations of the quality of their psychosocial care based on review of medical records. Feedback showing quality of care to be less than optimal is likely to motivate change, especially if the quality indicators assessed are considered to be important and reliable and point to specific actions that can be taken. The use of evidence to promote changes in clinical practice represents one of the major ways in which the field of psycho‐oncology can fully realize its potential to positively affect the lives of people with cancer. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating beyond the human machinery: A closer look at accident causation in high hazard industries
Authors: Mackenzie Cheryl , Holmstrom Don 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHuman error is not a cause of an accident—it's a symptom of underlying problems. Attempting to modify operator behavior to prevent human error will not rectify those underlying problems nor will it prevent major catastrophic accidents. This article will provide evidence to support why an organization's safety focus should not be solely on behavior‐based safety. It will demonstrate how an equal emphasis and focus needs to be placed on the safety systems of the organization, as these aspects of safety provide a more accurate assessment of a company's true safety state. By taking another look at the US Chemical Safety Board's completed investigations, this article will demonstrate how one must go beyond the actions and decisions of frontline operators to truly understand the causes of any given incident and to safeguard against major accident hazards. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2009
Effect of structural parameters of peptides on dimer formation and highly oxidized side products in the oxidation of thiols of linear analogues of human β‐defensin 3 by DMSO
Authors: Liu Shouping , Zhou Lei , Chen Liyan , Dastidar Shubhra Ghosh , Verma Chandra , LI Jing , Tan Donald , Beuerman Roger 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of structural parameters of peptides on their oxidation by DMSO, including location of cysteine, effect of adjunct group participation, molecular hydrophobicity, steric hindrance or the accessibility of thiol group and peptide conformation, on oxidation rates, dimer formation and associated side products. We designed and synthesized two series of linear cysteine‐containing analogues of human β‐defensin 3 (the C1‐peptides with cysteine at the N‐terminus residue 1, the C29‐peptides with cysteine located at residue 29 in the centre of peptide), which were used for preparation of disulphide‐linked homodimers. HPLC–ESI–MS was used to monitor the oxidation process and to characterize the molecular weights of dimers and side products of high oxidation. The formations of dimers and side products were dependent on the position of cysteines. Hydrophobicity generally rendered the thiol groups less accessible and hence exposed them to slow oxidation to form dimers (or even fail to form dimers during the timescale of observation). Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the exposure of cysteines (and sulphurs) of the C1‐peptides was much larger than for the C29‐peptides. The larger hydrophobic side chains tended to enable clustering of the side chains that sequester cysteine, particularly in the C29‐peptides, which provided a molecular explanation for the observed trends in oxidation rates. Together with molecular modelling, we propose a reaction mechanism to elucidate the oxidation results of these peptides. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expectation value averages of size consistent hermitian operators and the definition of Fukui functions
Authors: Carbó‐Dorca Ramon , Gallegos Ana 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe Ayers expectation value of size consistent operator averages is analyzed, leading to a general description of Fukui functions in terms of a possibly multidimensional gradient. The expectation value involves the density of an arbitrary collective of chosen ions or excited states. Molecular Orbital (MO) densities and Fukui functions are proved to be connected through the gradient of the first order state density functions with respect to the MO occupation numbers. The mathematical development taken as a whole opens the way to a general framework, where Fukui functions arise as a general theoretical tool to study molecular reactivity. Finally, shape functions appear as a plausible link between Ayers framework and the general ideas presented in this study. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Using second‐order generalized estimating equations to model heterogeneous intraclass correlation in cluster‐randomized trials
Authors: Crespi Catherine M. , Wong Weng Kee , Mishra Shiraz I. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn cluster‐randomized trials, it is commonly assumed that the magnitude of the correlation among subjects within a cluster is constant across clusters. However, the correlation may in fact be heterogeneous and depend on cluster characteristics. Accurate modeling of the correlation has the potential to improve inference. We use second‐order generalized estimating equations to model heterogeneous correlation in cluster‐randomized trials. Using simulation studies we show that accurate modeling of heterogeneous correlation can improve inference when the correlation is high or varies by cluster size. We apply the methods to a cluster‐randomized trial of an intervention to promote breast cancer screening. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Set shifting and reversal learning in patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia
Authors: McKirdy J. , Sussmann J. E. D. , Hall J. , Lawrie S. M. , Johnstone E. C. , McIntosh A. M. 
Published: December 2008

BackgroundBipolar disorder and schizophrenia have both been associated with deficits in extra-dimensional set shifting (EDS). Deficits in reversal learning (RL) have also been shown in schizophrenia but not in bipolar disorder. This study sought to assess the specificity of these findings in a direct comparison of clinically stable patients with each disorder.MethodThe intra-dimensional/extra-dimensional (IDED) set-shifting task, part of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB), was administered to 30 patients with schizophrenia, 47 with bipolar disorder and a group of 44 unaffected controls. EDS and RL errors were compared between the groups and related to measures of current and past psychiatric symptoms and medication.ResultsBoth groups of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder made more EDS and RL errors than controls. Neither measure separated the two disorders, even when the analysis was restricted to euthymic patients. No relationship was found with prescribed medication.ConclusionsPatients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia show common deficits in EDS and RL. These deficits do not seem to be attributable to current symptoms and are consistent with disrupted networks involving the ventral prefrontal cortex.
Is adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder a valid diagnosis in the presence of high IQ?
Authors: Antshel K. M. , Faraone S. V. , Maglione K. , Doyle A. , Fried R. , Seidman L. , Biederman J. 
Published: December 2008

BackgroundBecause the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in higher education settings is rapidly becoming a contentious issue, particularly among patients with high IQs, we sought to assess the validity of diagnosing ADHD in high-IQ adults and to further characterize the clinical features associated with their ADHD.MethodWe operationalized high IQ as having a full-scale IQ⩾120. We identified 53 adults with a high IQ who did not have ADHD and 64 adults with a high IQ who met diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Groups did not differ on IQ, socio-economic status or gender.ResultsHigh-IQ adults with ADHD reported a lower quality of life, had poorer familial and occupational functioning, and had more functional impairments, including more speeding tickets, accidents and arrests. Major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder diagnoses were higher in high-IQ adults with ADHD. All other psychiatric co-morbidities, including antisocial personality disorder and substance abuse, did not differ between the two high-IQ groups. ADHD was more prevalent in first-degree relatives of adults with ADHD relative to controls.ConclusionsOur data suggest that adults with ADHD and a high IQ display patterns of functional impairments, familiality and psychiatric co-morbidities that parallel those found in the average-IQ adult ADHD population.