bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of oscillometry in asthma
Authors: Donohue Patrick A. , Kaminsky David A. 
Published: February 2024

Purpose of review
Oscillometry is a noninvasive pulmonary function test that has gained significant interest in the evaluation of lung disease. Currently, oscillometry is primarily a research tool, but there is a growing body of evidence supporting its clinical use. This review describes the recent work evaluating the role of oscillometry in the diagnosis and treatment of asthma.

Recent findings
A large body of observational data supports the ability of oscillometry to distinguish healthy individuals from those with respiratory symptoms or lung disease. Oscillometry may not be as useful as an isolated diagnostic test in asthma, but the combination with other pulmonary function tests may improve its diagnostic ability. Oscillometry can detect peripheral airways dysfunction in asthma, which is associated with symptoms and the risk for exacerbations. To help guide future research, minimal clinically important differences for specific oscillometry variables have been developed. Oscillometry may be useful in monitoring the response to biological therapy and has potential for personalizing treatment for individual patients. Oscillometry also has potential in uncovering unique aspects of the pathophysiology of asthma in obesity.

Summary
Oscillometry is a promising tool in the diagnosis and management of asthma. More research is needed to support its routine clinical use.
Lung abscess: an update on the current knowledge and call for future investigations
Authors: Sperling Søren , Dahl Victor Naestholt , Fløe Andreas 
Published: February 2024

Purpose of review
Lung abscess is a severe and complex respiratory infection. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent publications on lung abscess, covering topics such as epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment and prevention.

Recent findings
Risk factors associated with lung abscess include structural lung disease, poor dental hygiene, and ventilator-associated pneumonia, while concerns are now raised regarding the potential of electronic cigarettes use as a risk factor. The complexity of lung abscess is reflected by the relative high number of case reports describing rare and complex cases. Early transthoracic drainage could improve in-hospital outcomes, while next-generation sequencing could become an important tool in diagnostics and future clinical studies.

Summary
High-quality evidence and guidelines to support treatment of lung abscess are lacking. Despite advancements, we call for prospective studies to evaluate the use of invasive procedures and antibiotic treatment regimens.
Highly effective cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance (regulator) modulator therapy: shifting the curve for most while leaving some further behind
Authors: Chun Stanford W. , Somers Maya E. , Burgener Elizabeth B. 
Published: February 2024

Purpose of review
Traditional cystic fibrosis (CF) care had been focused on early intervention and symptom mitigation. With the advent of highly effective cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator therapy (HEMT), in particular, the approval of elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor in 2019, there has been a dramatic improvement in outcomes in CF. The purpose of this article is to review the benefits, limitations, and impact of HEMT as well as discuss the new implications, challenges, and hope that modulators bring to people with CF (pwCF).

Recent findings
HEMT has demonstrated sustained improvement in lung function, nutrition, quality of life, and survival for over 90% of pwCF. As HEMT has delivered such promise, there is a small but significant portion of pwCF who do not benefit from HEMT due to ineligible mutations, intolerance, or lack of accessibility to modulators.

Summary
HEMT has significantly improved outcomes, but continued research is needed to understand the new challenges and implications the era of HEMT will bring, as well as how to provide equitable care to those who are unable to benefit from HEMT.
Alstrom syndrome with classical findings: a rare case report of monogenic ciliopathy co-occurrence in twins
Authors: Ghimire Sagun , Simkhada Suman , Thapa Samir , Ghising Kiran 
Published: February 2024

Introduction and importance:
Alstrom syndrome is one of the rarest monogenic ciliopathy belonging to autosomal recessive disorder. The pathophysiology of Alstrom syndrome is not well understood but based upon the available medical literature its mechanism can be linked with recessive mutation in Alstrom syndrome 1(ALSM1) gene resulting in various multiple organ involvement and poor prognosis. Moreover the co-occurrence of such syndrome simultaneously in twins in same period of time is considered rare.

Case presentation:
Monochorionic diamniotic twins male born to healthy parents with significant antenatal and natal history along with decreased vision in both eyes in both twins since neonatal period. Throughout the childhood the disease progressed without any confirmatory diagnosis during which the twins underwent simultaneous multiple systemic involvement such as legal blindness in both twins at the age of 11 years, insulin resistance and features of diabetes mellitus, sensorineural hearing loss, subclinical hypothyroidism and various deranged metabolic panels. Certain diagnosis of Alstrom syndrome was made at the age of 16 years in both twins after whole-exome sequencing.

Clinical discussion:
Based on genetic profile alstrom syndrome is a unique diagnosis. Along with its multi-organ involvement features, its progression and prognosis should also be looked upon while diagnosis and management in such syndromic patients. The diagnostic delay in such cases is also a matter of concern which can result in further delay in halting adverse effects of the disease itself. The multidisciplinary approach with involvement of endocrionologist, ophthalmologist and audiologist can bring upon improvement in quality of life of the patients.

Conclusion:
With the prevalence of 1 in million cases Alstrom Hallgren syndrome is one of the rare genetic disorder with poor prognosis. In our case we present classical findings in twins who were diagnosed as Alstrom syndrome concurrently and further diseases progressed simultaneously.
Uterine arteriovenous malformation: a case of challenges in diagnosis and management of a patient with a history of misdiagnosed hemorrhage
Authors: Nourallah Farah , Kabbabe George Michael , Alhalak Fadi , Raffoul Lutfallah , Ghaith Nizar , Abbassi Haitham , Hersi Marwa Ahmed , Haddad Sultaneh 
Published: February 2024

Introduction:
Uterine arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a rare cause of obstetrical hemorrhage. It can be congenital due to a defect during embryogenesis or acquired. Uterine AVMs can cause life threatening postpartum hemorrhage, and is most frequently misdiagnosed. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges posed by uterine arteriovenous malformation, a rare vascular anomaly that poses significant challenges in diagnosis and management.

Case presentation:
This case report details the clinical presentation, diagnostic challenges, and treatment approach for a 39-year-old woman. In the absence of a medical history indicative of pre-existing ailments, the individual in question has undergone two emergency cesarean sections as documented in her surgical history, in addition to two previous dilation and curettage D&C operations. The patient presented with heavy vaginal bleeding six months after a cesarean section. The patient’s clinical presentation, imaging findings, and intraoperative observations collectively substantiate the diagnosis of uterine arteriovenous malformations

Discussion:
Women who have had uterine instrumentatio surgery, such as a cesarean section or dilatation and curettage (D&C) are more likely to develop acquired uterine AVMs. The absence of uterine artery embolism options compelled the use of alternative diagnostic methods, including contrast MRI, which successfully detected abnormal vascular lesions. The choice for hysterectomy was influenced by the patient’s completion of childbearing and the presence of large vessels in proximity to critical regions.

Conclusion:
This case emphasizes the significance of adapting treatment plans based on local resource constraints and the need for ongoing efforts to enhance diagnostic capabilities in undeserved regions.
Assisted Partner Notification Services in Namibia: Comparison of Case-Finding in Persons With New and Previously Diagnosed Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Success as a Platform for PrEP Referral
Authors: O'Bryan Gillian , Chirairo Harugumi , Munyayi Farai , Ensminger Alison , Barnabee Gena , Dzinotyiweyi Edington , Mwandingi Leonard , Ashipala Laimi , Forster Norbert , O'Malley Gabrielle , Golden Matthew 
Published: February 2024

Background
Assisted partner notification services (APS) are widely implemented throughout sub-Saharan Africa. The effectiveness of APS among persons with previously diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is uncertain, and there are few published data on the success of integrating referrals for HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) into APS.

Methods
Staff in 22 Namibian Ministry of Health and Social Service clinics offered APS to patients newly and previously diagnosed with HIV (index cases [ICs]) between October 2019 and June 2021. Counselors used a structured interview guide to elicit ICs' sex partners and biological children and assisted ICs to arrange testing of contacts. Contacts testing HIV-positive were linked to HIV services and those 14 years or older testing negative were offered PrEP. The primary outcome was the case-finding index (contacts testing HIV-positive ÷ ICs receiving APS).

Results
Staff provided APS to 1222 (78%) of 1557 newly diagnosed ICs eliciting 1155 sex partners and 649 biological children. Among 280 previously diagnosed ICs, 279 sex partners and 158 biological children were elicited. The case-finding index was higher among ICs with newly diagnosed HIV compared with previously diagnosed HIV (0.14 vs 0.09, P = 0.46), though this difference was not statistically significant. Most sex partners testing HIV-negative were initiated on PrEP (67% in sex partners from newly diagnosed ICs; 74% in sex partners from previously diagnosed ICs).

Conclusions
Assisted partner notification services successfully identified sex partners and biological children with undiagnosed HIV infection when provided to both newly and previously diagnosed ICs. Integration of referral to PrEP resulted in many HIV-negative partners initiating PrEP.
Accidental Gunshot Wound Fatalities Related to Dropped Firearms
Authors: Smith Margaret M. , deJong Joyce L. , Prahlow Joseph A. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A death resulting from the accidental discharge of a firearm represents a rare but oftentimes preventable tragedy. Such deaths may occur in a variety of settings. One such setting involves the discharge of a loaded firearm, which occurs when it is accidentally dropped, thrown, or falls to the ground. We report on 3 cases in which a loaded firearm discharged when it was dropped, resulting in the deaths of 3 individuals. In 2 cases, the person carrying the dropped firearm was killed, whereas in the third case, a child standing near the person who dropped the weapon was killed. We discuss the risk factors involved in these tragic incidents and present preventive strategies.
Factors Influencing Parental Willingness to Consent to a Survey Study for Patients in the Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Fischer Kayleigh , Smith Gabriella B. , Luna Sofia E. , Jamro-Comer Erica , Leupold Olivia , Ahmed Hamza , Govindji Shiv , Ahmad Fahd 
Published: February 2024

Objective
To identify factors that impact parental willingness to consent to research studies conducted for their children during visits to pediatric emergency departments (EDs).

Methods
Parents and guardians of children receiving care in our pediatric ED were approached and asked if they would be willing to let their child participate in a research study requiring the child to complete an electronic questionnaire. No such questionnaire existed, however, because the primary purpose was to ascertain the parent's willingness to let their child participate. All parents were debriefed and informed of the true purpose of the study and asked to complete a survey themselves to help understand factors that influenced their initial decision of whether to consent. Bivariate tests and logistic regression were used to evaluate unadjusted and adjusted associations between parent and patient characteristics and parental consent decision.

Results
We approached 431 eligible parents about the hypothetical research study involving their children, and 386 (89.6%) consented for their children to participate. After the debriefing, 392 (91.0%) parents consented to complete the parental survey. We observed statistically significant associations between shorter length of ED stay to approach for consent for the study (P = 0.048) as well as longer travel time (P = 0.03) and willingness to consent in bivariate analysis, though this did not hold in regression analysis. Regression analysis revealed parents of children who have previously participated in research had 79 times lower odds of consenting to participate in our study adjusted for parent race, ethnicity, actual and perceived length of stay, travel
time to the ED, and altruism.

Conclusions
A high proportion of parents consented to their child participating in research in our ED with previous child participation in research being associated with lower odds of parental consent even when adjusted for other factors. Our findings may inform future research practices and studies investigating parental perceptions and motivations surrounding research studies.
Simulation of Full HIV Cluster Networks in a Nationally Representative Model Indicates Intervention Opportunities
Authors: France Anne Marie , Panneer Nivedha , Farnham Paul G. , Oster Alexandra M. , Viguerie Alex , Gopalappa Chaitra 
Published: February 2024

Background:
Clusters of rapid HIV transmission in the United States are increasingly recognized through analysis of HIV molecular sequence data reported to the National HIV Surveillance System. Understanding the full extent of cluster networks is important to assess intervention opportunities. However, full cluster networks include undiagnosed and other infections that cannot be systematically observed in real life.

Methods:
We replicated HIV molecular cluster networks during 2015–2017 in the United States using a stochastic dynamic network simulation model of sexual transmission of HIV. Clusters were defined at the 0.5% genetic distance threshold. Ongoing priority clusters had growth of ≥3 diagnoses/year in multiple years; new priority clusters first had ≥3 diagnoses/year in 2017. We assessed the full extent, composition, and transmission rates of new and ongoing priority clusters.

Results:
Full clusters were 3–9 times larger than detected clusters, with median detected cluster sizes in new and ongoing priority clusters of 4 (range 3–9) and 11 (range 3–33), respectively, corresponding to full cluster sizes with a median of 14 (3–74) and 94 (7–318), respectively. A median of 36.3% (range 11.1%–72.6%) of infections in the full new priority clusters were undiagnosed. HIV transmission rates in these clusters were >4 times the overall rate observed in the entire simulation.

Conclusions:
Priority clusters reflect networks with rapid HIV transmission. The substantially larger full extent of these clusters, high proportion of undiagnosed infections, and high transmission rates indicate opportunities for public health intervention and impact.
Bile Chemistry During Ex Situ Normothermic Liver Perfusion Does Not Always Predict Cholangiopathy
Authors: Watson Christopher J.E. , Gaurav Rohit , Swift Lisa , Fear Corrina , Allison Michael E.D. , Upponi Sara S. , Brais Rebecca , Butler Andrew J. 
Published: February 2024

Background.
Bile chemistry during normothermic ex situ liver perfusion (NESLiP) has been suggested to be an indicator of cholangiopathy. The normal range of biochemical variables in bile of livers undergoing NESLiP has not been defined, nor have published biliary viability criteria been assessed against instances of posttransplant nonanastomotic bile strictures (NASs).

Methods.
The bile and perfusate chemistry of 200 livers undergoing NESLiP between February 1, 2018, and October 30, 2023, was compared. In addition, 11 livers that underwent NESLiP and later developed NAS were selected and their bile chemistry was also examined.

Results.
In livers that did not develop cholangiopathy, concentrations of sodium, potassium, and chloride were slightly higher in bile than in perfusate, whereas the concentration of calcium was slightly lower. Bile was alkali and had a lower glucose concentration than perfusate. Cholangiocyte glucose reabsorption was shown to saturate at high perfusate concentrations and was more impaired in livers donated after circulatory death than in livers donated after brain death. Published criteria failed to identify all livers that went on to develop NASs.

Conclusions.
A significant false-negative rate exists with current biliary viability criteria, probably reflecting the patchy and incomplete nature of the development of NASs in the biliary tree. The data presented here provide a benchmark for future assessment of bile duct chemistry during NESLiP.
Risk of Adverse Events Following Monovalent Third or Booster Dose of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination in U.S. Adults Ages 18 Years and Older
Authors: Shoaibi Azadeh , Matuska Kathryn , Lloyd Patricia C. , Wong Hui Lee , Gruber Joann F. , Clarke Tainya C. , Cho Sylvia , Lassman Emily , Lyu Hai , McEvoy Rowan , Wan Zhiruo , Hu Mao , Akhtar Sandia , Jiao Yixin , Chillarige Yoganand , Beachler Daniel , Secora Alex , Selvam Nandini , Djibo Djeneba Audrey , McMahill Walraven Cheryl N , Seeger John D. , Amend Kandace L. , Song Jennifer , Clifford Robin , Kelman Jeffrey A. , Forshee Richard A. , Anderson Steven A. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBackgroundThe U.S. FDA authorized the monovalent third primary series or booster doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in August 2021 for persons 18 years and older. Monitoring of outcomes following updated authorizations is critical to evaluate vaccine safety and can provide early detection of rare adverse events (AEs) not identified in pre-licensure trials.MethodsWe evaluated the risk of 17 AEs following third doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines from August 2021 through early 2022 among adults aged 18-64 years in three commercial databases (Optum, Carelon Research, CVS Health) and adults aged >65 years in Medicare Fee-For-Service. We compared observed AE incidence rates to historical (expected) rates prior to the pandemic, estimated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for the Medicare database and pooled IRR across the three commercial databases. Analyses were also stratified by prior history of COVID-19 diagnosis. Estimates exceeding a pre-defined threshold were considered statistical signals.ResultsFour AEs met the threshold for statistical signals for BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines including Bell’s Palsy and pulmonary embolism in Medicare, and anaphylaxis and myocarditis/pericarditis in commercial databases. Nine AEs and three AEs signaled among adults with and without prior COVID-19 diagnosis, respectively.ConclusionsThis early monitoring study identified statistical signals for AEs following third doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. Since this method is intended for screening purposes and generates crude results, results do not establish a causal association between the vaccines and AEs. FDA’s public health assessment remains consistent that the benefits of COVID-19 vaccination outweigh the risks of vaccination.
A Comparative Study for Blockchain Applications in Nursing Informatics
Authors: Kim Haeun , Lee Claire , Pendyala Diya , Ng Angela , Kuo Tsung-Ting 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWe explored blockchain’s applications in nursing informatics, highlighting its potential to improve patient care and data management. We compared and analyzed eight studies focusing on blockchain in Electronic Health Records (EHR) management, nursing optimization, and research facilitation. Although most of these studies are in the proposal stage, blockchain’s technical features show promise in enhancing nursing practices and supporting nursing informatics researchers with the integration of technologies.
Lower perceived social support is significantly associated with elevated levels of psychological distress in racially and ethnically diverse close family members of cardiac arrest survivors
Authors: Yuan Mina , Tincher Isabella M , Sachdeva Bhanvi , Abukhadra Sabine , Rojas Danielle A , DeForge Christine , Agarwal Sachin 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundPoor perceived social support has been associated with worse psychological distress in close family members after their loved one’s hospitalization with prolonged mechanical ventilation, but never been tested after cardiac arrest.MethodsClose family members of consecutive cardiac arrest patients hospitalized at an academic tertiary care center were recruited before hospital discharge, and perceived social support was assessed using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Indicators of psychological distress were administered via telephone at 1 month after cardiac arrest. Multivariate linear regressions were used to estimate the associations between MSPSS total score and total Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8) score (primary outcome) and total PTSD (PCL-5) and generalized anxiety (GAD-2) scores, after adjusting for previously known covariates.ResultsOf 102 close family members (mean age 52 ± 15 years, 70% female, 40% non-Hispanic white, 21% Black, 33% Hispanic/Latinx, 22% with pre-existing psychiatric illness) with complete data, the mean PHQ-8 total score at a median duration of 28.5 days (interquartile range 10-63 days) from cardiac arrest was 7± 6, and the mean MSPSS score was 69 ± 15. Lower perceived social support was significantly associated with elevated levels of depressive symptoms in univariate (β=–0.11; p<0.01) and after adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and previous psychiatric history (β=–0.11; p<0.01). Similar inverse associations were seen with 1 month PTSD and generalized anxiety symptoms as secondary outcomes.ConclusionsClose family members of cardiac arrest survivors’ perception of poor social support during hospitalization is associated with increased levels of depressive symptoms at 1 month. Longitudinal studies understanding the temporal associations between social support and psychological distress are warranted.