bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protection against mouse and avian influenza A strains via vaccination with a combination of conserved proteins NP, M1 and NS1
Authors: Zhirnov Oleg P. , Isaeva Elena I. , Konakova Tatyana E. , Thoidis Galini , Piskareva Lyudmila M. , Akopova Irina I. , Kartashov Alex , Altstein Anatoly D. , Ilyinskii Petr O. , Shneider Alexander M. 
Published: May 2007

Background  Experimental data accumulated over more than a decade indicate that cross‐strain protection against influenza may be achieved by immunization with conserved influenza proteins. At the same time, the efficacy of immunization schemes designed along these lines and involving internal influenza proteins, mostly NP and M1, has not been sufficient.Objective  To test the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of DNA vaccination with a combination of NP, M1 and NS1 genes of influenza virus.Methods  The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of DNA vaccination with NP, M1 and NS1 was tested in mice and chickens. Mice were challenged with mouse‐adapted viral strains H3N2 and H5N2 and chicken challenged with avian H5N3 virus.Results  In these settings, wild‐type NS1 did not impede the cellular and humoral response to NP/M1 immunization in vivo. Moreover, addition of NS1‐encoding plasmid to the NP/M1 immunization protocol resulted in a significantly increased protective efficacy in vivo.Conclusions  The addition of NS1 to an influenza immunization regimen based on conserved proteins bears promise. It is feasible that upon further genetic modification of these and additional conserved influenza proteins, providing for their higher safety, expression and immunogenicity, a recombinant vaccine based on several structural and non‐structural proteins or their epitopes will offer broad anti‐influenza protection in a wide range of species.
Constitutive Material Modeling of Cell: A Micromechanics Approach
Authors: Unnikrishnan G. U. , Unnikrishnan V. U. , Reddy J. N. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The variations in mechanical properties of cells obtained from experimental and theoretical studies can be overcome only through the development of a sound mathematical framework correlating the derived mechanical property with the cellular structure. Such a formulation accounting for the inhomogeneity of the cytoplasm due to stress fibers and actin cortex is developed in this work. The proposed model is developed using the Mori-Tanaka method of homogenization by treating the cell as a fiber-reinforced composite medium satisfying the continuum hypothesis. The validation of the constitutive model using finite element analysis on atomic force microscopy (AFM) and magnetic twisting cytometry (MTC) has been carried out and is found to yield good correlation with reported experimental results. It is observed from the study that as the volume fraction of the stress fiber increases, the stiffness of the cell increases and it alters the force displacement behavior for the AFM and MTC experiments. Through this model, we have also been able to find the stress fiber as a likely cause of the differences in the derived mechanical property from the AFM and MTC experiments. The correlation of the mechanical behavior of the cell with the cell composition, as obtained through this study, is an important observation in cell mechanics.
Convective Cooling of a PCB Like Surface With Mixed Heating
Conditions in a Vertical Channel
Authors: Yadav Vipin , Kant Keshav 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Printed circuit boards (PCBs) with uniform surface temperature and uniform wall heat flux are ideal to study. However, in reality, the heating conditions existing on the PCB surfaces are much different from the ideal ones. Present attempts have been made to study different combinations of uniform heat flux (UHF) and uniform wall temperature (UWT) heating conditions on a single surface and to develop more realistic relationships between various flow and thermal parameters for evaluating the local and averaged Nusselt number. Both the numerical and experimental investigations were undertaken to study partial and mixed UHF and UWT heating conditions on a buoyancy assisted convection cooling of simulated PCB forming one wall of the vertical channel while, the other wall was kept insulated. The current work considers moderate to high flow Reynolds number (14.1×103≤Re≤2.35×105) in the channel and range of heat fluxes near that occurring in electronic cooling applications using air as a coolant (0.0&lt;q≤5.0W∕cm2). Data for heat flux and Nusselt number occurring at various locations of the plate surface under different heating conditions are presented to analyze variation patterns; and an empirical relation is put forward which is capable of predicting Nu under the heating conditions mentioned. The empirical expression obtained can be used for getting an optimized layout of the PCBs inside the equipment cabinet, thus resulting in better design for more reliable and safe operation under potentially harsh environment and/or maximum load condition.
A Novel Anisotropic Conductive Adhesive for Lead-Free Surface Mount
Electronics Packaging
Authors: Ramkumar S. Manian , Srihari Krishnaswami 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The electronics industry, in recent years, has been focusing primarily on product miniaturization and lead-free assembly. The need for product miniaturization is due to the continuous demand for portable electronic products that are multifunctional, yet smaller, faster, cheaper, and lighter. This is forcing the industry to design and assemble products with miniature passive and active devices. These devices typically have fine pitch footprints that provide a very small surface area for attachment. The solder attach technique relies primarily on the formation of intermetallics between the mating metallic surfaces. With a reduction in the surface area of the pads, the ratio of intermetallic to solder is very high once the solder joint is formed. This could result in unreliable solder joints, due to the brittle nature of intermetallics. In addition, the need to eliminate lead-based materials as a means of interconnection has renewed the industry’s interest in exploring other means of assembling surface mount devices reliably. The use of a novel anisotropic conductive adhesive (ACA) as a means for assembling surface mount devices, the ACA’s performance characteristics, and preliminary research findings are discussed in this paper. Typically, ACAs require the application of pressure during the curing process to establish the electrical connection. The novel ACA uses a magnetic field to align the particles in the Z-axis direction and eliminates the need for pressure during curing. The formation of conductive columns within the polymer matrix provides a very high insulation resistance between adjacent conductors. The novel ACA also enables mass curing of the adhesive, eliminating the need for sequential assembly. The novel ACA was found to be very effective in providing the interconnection for surface mount technology (SMT) passives and leaded, bumped, or bumpless integrated circuit packages. The requirement for precise stencil printing was eliminated, as the application of magnetic field aligned the conductive columns in the Z-axis direction eliminating any lateral conductivity. The ability to mass cure the adhesive while applying the magnetic field reduced the assembly time considerably. Placement accuracy was still found to be very critical. Shear testing of adhesive joints after thermal aging showed significance past 500 h and after temperature–humidity aging showed significance within the first 100 h. I–V characteristics of the daisy chained ball grid array devices assembled with and without bumps revealed considerable difference in the breakdown current. The correlation between initial contact resistance of the daisy chain and the final breakdown current was also determined. Preliminary experiments and findings, discussed in this paper, show the viability of the ACA for mixed SMT assembly. Further experimentations will include in situ contact resistance measurements during thermal aging, temperature–humidity aging, drop testing and thermal shock.
A Global–Local Approach for Mechanical Deformation and Fatigue
Durability of Microelectronic Packaging Systems
Authors: Zhang T. , Rahman S. , Choi K. K. , Cho K. , Baker P. , Shakil M. , Heitkamp D. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a global–local methodology for predicting mechanical deformation and fatigue durability of solder joints in electronic packaging systems subject to cyclic thermal loading. It involves a global deformation analysis, a local critical solder–joint analysis, and a fatigue life analysis. The global deformation analysis includes a new optimization formulation for determining an equivalent model. The methodology developed was applied to fine pitch ball grid array (fpBGA) and super ball grid array (SBGA) packages. Selective experimental efforts were also undertaken to evaluate the predicted deformation characteristics of the fpBGA package. A good agreement was obtained between the simulated deformation results and experimental observations. For the durability analysis, the total fatigue life predicted using the energy-based method is larger than 2500 cycles—a trend observed experimentally for both packages entailing widely different designs. Based on proposed modeling and simulation results and package designs studied, the SBGA package is more durable than the fpBGA package.
Efficient Cooling of Multiple Components in a Shielded Circuit
Pack
Authors: Hodes Marc , Bolle Cristian , Kolodner Paul 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
We describe a technology in which multiple components inside a circuit pack shielded from electromagnetic interference (EMI) are efficiently cooled by individual heat sinks that protrude into an external airflow through openings in the lid of the shield. Compliant, electrically conductive gaskets are used to form perimeter seals between the bases of the heat sinks and the lid of the enclosure. The gaskets accommodate variations in the heights of the components and allow solid-to-solid contact in the thermal-grease-filled interface between the components and their heat sinks without compromising EMI shielding. This technology provides efficient cooling because the heat sinks can be tailored to the thermal loads of the individual components. Moreover, a set of small heat sinks presents a lower flow resistance to the cooling airflow than the conventional configuration of fins covering the entire lid of an EMI shield. We have examined the implementation of this solution by numerical modeling and by experiment. It leads to acceptable thermal performance, and lower flow resistance relative to the conventional approach. It may reduce cost and weight and it eases rework.
Drinking social norms and drinking behaviours: a multilevel analysis of 137 workgroups in 16 worksites
Authors: Barrientos-Gutierrez Tonatiuh , Gimeno David , Mangione Thomas W , Harrist Ronald B , Amick Benjamin C 
Published: May 2007

Background:Previous studies on worksite drinking norms showed individually perceived norms were associated with drinking behaviours.Objective:To examine whether restrictive drinking social norms shared by workgroup membership are associated with decreased heavy drinking, frequent drinking and drinking at work at the worker level.Methods:The sample included 5338 workers with complete data nested in 137 supervisory workgroups from 16 American worksites. Multilevel models were fitted to examine the association between workgroup drinking norms and heavy drinking, frequent drinking and drinking at work.Results:Multivariate adjusted models showed participants working in workgroups in the most discouraging drinking norms quartile were 45% less likely to be heavy drinkers, 54% less likely to be frequent drinkers and 69% less likely to drink at work than their counterparts in the most encouraging quartile.Conclusions:Strong associations between workgroup level restrictive drinking social norms and drinking outcomes suggest public health efforts at reducing drinking and alcohol-related injuries, illnesses and diseases should target social interventions at worksites.
Body size and species richness along geographical gradients in Albertan diving beetle (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) communities
Authors: Vamosi S.M. , Naydani C.J. , Vamosi J.C. 
Published: May 2007

Species richness and body size often vary predictably along latitudinal and elevational gradients. Although these patterns have been well documented for a variety of taxa, the vast majority of studies have focused on terrestrial plants and animals. We used species lists of predaceous diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) collected from >400 lentic water bodies in southern Alberta to investigate the influences of latitude and elevation on species richness and body size. Because our data were based on species lists, we used proportion of, and probability of encountering at least one, large (i.e., mean body length >10 mm) diving beetle species as surrogates for the mean body size of diving beetles in a given water body. Species richness did not change with latitude and displayed a hump-shaped relationship with elevation, peaking at mid-elevations. High elevation (>2000 m) water bodies had markedly low species richness. Proportion of large species increased with latitude, although there was no effect on probability of occupancy by large species. Conversely, both measures tended to decrease with elevation, suggesting that large species are less prevalent at high elevations. We discuss potential factors contributing to the observed responses to latitude and elevation, with an emphasis on the potential impacts of oxygen limitation, productivity, and isolation at high elevation.
Do animals select habitat at small or large scales? An experiment with meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)
Authors: Oatway M.L. , Morris D.W. 
Published: May 2007

Habitat and patch use are crucial to the dynamics of populations and the structure of ecological communities. But ecologists have not rigorously tested whether animals choose habitat at small or large scales. If individuals base their patch and habitat choices on fine-scale differences in habitat, then their use of different sites should correspond with measures of microhabitat at those sites. But if individuals use density to assess and respond to habitat at larger spatial scales, then site use should correspond with the scale of density-dependent habitat selection. We tested these predictions with experiments that measured microhabitat and monitored the use of capture sites by meadow voles ( Microtus pennsylvanicus Ord, 1815) in 0.25 ha old-field enclosures. We varied the density of voles in pairs of adjacent enclosures and tested for density-dependent habitat selection. Then we assessed whether their frequency of captures at trapping stations was best predicted at the small scale of microhabitat or at the much larger scale of enclosures where density varied. The voles selected habitat at different scales. When the use of enclosures was predicted by density, the scale of density-dependent choice trumped the use of small-scale patches. And when voles selected amongst different small-scale patches, their use of enclosures was independent of density. These results suggest that assessments of spatial scale in habitat use must include tests for both scale- and density-dependent habitat choice.
Coal Based Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Technology Development
Authors: Minh Nguyen 
Published: May 2007

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology has been under development at General Electric (GE) for multi-MW integrated gasification fuel cell (IGFC) power plants. Current efforts at GE concentrate on three main areas: system design and analysis, stack technology development, and prototype system demonstration.	The system design and analysis effort involves assessment of various IGFC system concepts and development of suitable designs with the goal of 50% system efficiency (coal HHV to AC power). The stack technology development effort addresses issues concerning stack design (including sealing), performance improvement, cell manufacturing and scaleup, and degradation/life under IGFC operating conditions. The prototype system demonstration effort focuses on building and testing of small (3-10 kW) prototypes to demonstrate operation with desired performance characteristics
Investigation on Degradation in Long-Term Operations of Four Different Stack/Modules
Authors: Yokokawa Harumi , Watanabe Takao , Ueno Akira , Hoshino Koji 
Published: May 2007

Investigation on degradation of performance during long term operations of four different SOFC stacks/modules has been initiated in the NEDO SOFC project from 2005FY to 2007FY. Four stack/modules with different designs and materials have been tested for about 5000 h and have been dissected for post- operation examination.	In addition to normal visual and microscopic inspection, SIMS was used as strong tool of detecting those mass transfer phenomena which may lead to degradations. Examinations were made first on those stack materials which were operated for 24 h. Impurity levels in the cell components were detected and extent of the interdiffusion across the interface of the cell components was determined. Further analyses were made by using SIMS on those stack materials operated for around 5000 h.
Residual Stress Analysis in Lanthanum Gallate-based Cell before and after Fuel Cell Operation
Authors: Yoshida Hiroyuki , Deguchi Hiroshi , Inagaki Toru , Hashino Koji , Kawano Mitsunobu , Hosoi Kei , Horiuchi Masaki 
Published: May 2007

The distribution of residual stress in the cells with the practical size of 120mm in diameter was measured by X-ray from synchrotron radiation at Super Photon ring 8 GeV (SPring-8). The residual stress was determined by the constant penetration depth method. When NiO-samaria doped ceria (SDC) was sintered on (La,Sr)(Ga,Mg,Co)O3-d (LSGMC), the tensile stresses resided in NiO and SDC, and the compressive stress was resided in LSGMC.	The reduction of the anode by hydrogen decreased tensile stresses in the anode.	The residual stresses in the electrodes did not change at any X-ray penetration depth.
Carbon Content in a Direct Carbon Fuel Cell
Authors: Jain Sneh , Lakeman Barry , Pointon Kevin D. , Irvine John T. 
Published: May 2007

In direct carbon fuel cells (DCFCs), elemental carbon is directly oxidised electrochemically to generate electrical power.	Carbon is readily available, easily transported and stored and, therefore, affordable to the global energy economy. Further operational advantages include the use of a fully renewable solid bio-carbon fuel source and the opportunity for scale-up. Herein we discuss a DCFC which utilises a molten mixed alkali metal carbonate eutectic as a secondary electrolyte, contained within a solid oxide fuel cell. The operation of the cells over an extended temperature range (525-700 oC) was examined using standard electrochemical methods. We will present the electrochemical performance of Super S, a high surface area carbon black.
Electrochemical Characterization of Air Plasma Sprayed LSM/YSZ Composite Cathodes on Metallic Interconnects
Authors: White Bradley , Kesler Olivera , Rose Lars 
Published: May 2007

Porous composite cathodes composed of (La0.8Sr0.2)0.98MnO3-y (LSM) and yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) have been produced by axial air plasma spraying on porous metal interconnect substrates and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).	Cathodes with different microstructures were produced by varying the input parameters of the APS process to determine the effect of this variation on cathode microstructure and performance. Symmetrical double-cathode cells with YSZ electrolytes produced by plasma spraying were also fabricated for comparison of electrochemical performance at temperatures ranging from 650{degree sign}C to 900{degree sign}C, using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to correlate the microstructural quality with the cathode polarization resistance. Values of the APS process parameters most suitable for the deposition of LSM/YSZ composite cathodes were identified, and post-testing analysis of the symmetrical cells was carried out to examine the degradation of the metal substrate and cathodes.
Evaluation of La0.8Sr0.2Cu1-xMnxOd Double Perovskite for Use in SOFCs
Authors: Berenov Andrey , Wood Hilary , Atkinson Alan 
Published: May 2007

Compounds with the general formula La0.8Sr0.2Cu1-xMnxO3 were prepared by the citrate route.	A solid solution region containing hexagonal perovskite phase, was formed when 0.6{less than or equal to}x{less than or equal to}1, in which oxygen stoichiometry in air changes from oxygen deficiency to oxygen excess with Mn doping. The temperature dependence of electrical conductivity changes from metallic- like behavior in La0.8Sr0.2CuO3-d to semiconducting type in La0.8Sr0.2MnO3+d. Mn doping resulted in a decrease in the conductivity (with the minimum at 40% Mn doping), whereas the thermal expansion coefficient decreased linearly with x. A defect model for the mixed Cu-Mn perovskite is proposed and related to its physical and electrochemical properties.
A-Site Deficiency and Phase Purity of Lanthanum Strontium Ferrite Powders
Authors: Striker Todd , Ruud James A. , Heward William J. , Gao Yan , Steinbruchel Christoph 
Published: May 2007

A-site deficient perovskite powders are commonly used for high- performance SOFC cathodes. Lanthanum strontium ferrite (LSF) powders, with an average composition of (La1-x'Srx')y'FeO3+d, were fabricated with an average strontium composition of x'=0.4 and an average A-site deficiency range between 0.8<y'<1.0. Samples were initially evaluated using x-ray diffraction with CuKa radiation and observed to be phase pure perovskite powders. However, when evaluated using high-energy synchrotron radiation, substantial amounts of second phases were observed.	A hexaferrite phase was observed for A-site deficient compositions. The presence of the second phase substantially changed the determination of the composition of the perovskite phase. The actual A-site deficiency of the perovskite phase was lower than the average value of the bulk powder. A-site deficient LSF phases that were present in as- fabricated powders were metastable, as further heat treatments allowed for complete reaction to produce a two phase mixture of A-site stoichiometric perovskite and hexaferrite phases.
Electronic Structure Studies of La1-xSrxCoO3-δ Using High Temperature Magnetization Measurements
Authors: Baskar Dinesh , Adler S.B. 
Published: May 2007

High temperature/controlled atmosphere magnetic measurements using a Faraday magnetometer were used to probe the electronic structure of La1- xSrxCoO3-δ (LSC). We find that high temperature magnetic behavior of La1- xSrxCoO3-δ as a function of oxygen nonstoichiometry suggests co-existence of localized and delocalized electronic states.	Above 800{degree sign}C oxygen exchange with the gas principally involves delocalized electrons, while at lower temperatures the situation becomes more complex. We discuss this behavior in the context of existing theories of electronic structure, as well as electron transport properties.
Electrode Performance at Hetero-interface of Perovskite-related Oxides, (La, Sr)CoO3-δ / (La, Sr)2CoO4-δ
Authors: Yashiro Keiji , Nakamura Takashi , Sase Maya , Hermes Florian , Sato Kazuhisa , Kawada Tatsuya , Mizusaki Junichiro 
Published: May 2007

The hetero-interface electrode, LaSrCoO4-d on La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-d, was examined by means of impedance analysis and steady state polarization method. The performance of the hetero-interface electrode was higher than those of LaSrCoO4-dγandγLa0.6Sr0.4CoO3-d.	This is attributed to the enhancement of oxygen exchange at the hetero interface of LaSrCoO4-dγandγLa0.6Sr0.4CoO3-d.