bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
John M. Edmond (1943–2001)
Authors: Boyle Edward , Molnar Peter 
Published: October 2006

On April 6, 2001, John Marmion Edmond died suddenly in his apartment in Boston, Massachusetts, apparently of a stroke. He had been a member of AGU since 1977 (Ocean Sciences).Following a bachelor's degree in chemistry from the University of Glasgow in 1965, John obtained his Ph.D. in geochemistry at Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1970 and joined the faculty of the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences at MIT, where he pioneered developments in low temperature geochemistry of the oceans and rivers until his death.
Chandra Observatory enters third year of providing insights into X‐ray universe
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Martin Weisskopf said he is not a “wavelength chauvinist.” But, as program scientist for NASA's Chandra X‐Ray Observatory—a project he has seen through to fruition over the past quarter of a century—Weisskopf could not help but react favorably to the fairly incredible discoveries being made with the help of this tool.Just as the Hubble Space Telescope and the Compton Gamma‐ray Observatory have dramatically opened up other wave lengths to science, Chandra is allowing a clearer understanding of the high‐energy aspects of the universe that can be observed with X‐ray‐detecting telescopes.
Researchers consider U.S. Southwest's response to warmer, drier conditions
Authors: Schmidt Kevin M. , Webb Robert H. 
Published: October 2006

In 2000, the popular press frequently referred to reports that the southwestern United States might experience a shift from relatively wet to dry conditions during the next couple of decades (see http://topex‐www.jpl.nasa.gov/discover/PDO.html). These predictions stemmed from observations that the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) appeared to abruptly change from a “positive” to a “negative” phase in 1999 (Figure 1). During the mid‐twentieth century, a similar negative phase of the PDO was accompanied by prolonged dry conditions in the southwest.By extrapolation, some climatologists predicted future drought in the southwest. Such a change would heavily affect land use planning in the region, because national demographics have stressed the region's resources over the past century From 1990 to 2000, for instance, the population of Nevada and Arizona increased by almost 2.3 million people (http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/respop.html). To discuss potential scenarios of landscape and ecosystem response to 25 years of hot and dry climate, scientists from diverse disciplines gathered at the University of Arizona in April 2001. The objectives of this workshop were to address evidence supporting predictions of warmer and drier climate and the possible landscape responses (http://geology.wr.usgs.gov/sw‐workshop/).
“Crack!” in the polar night
Authors: Bindschadler Robert , Rignot Eric 
Published: October 2006

It happened during the long dark, polar night just over a year ago. It wasn't noticed until months later. Its climatic significance isn't clear yet, but it provides new insight into the process by which the Antarctic ice sheet periodically launches massive icebergs from around its perimeter and heightens concern that this area of Earth's largest frozen continent is changing.“It” is the sudden formation of a large rift nearly three‐fourths of the distance across the Pine Island Glacier (75°S, 102°W), a major outlet glacier of the West Antarctic ice sheet. The long rift was observed independently by researchers reviewing images collected in two separate mappings of Antarctica with two different sensors. The initial analysis of this dramatic event, including a prognosis of the rift's future growth and impending iceberg formation, incorporates recently collected data from no less than six sensors on five satellites operated by three space agencies.This study illustrates beautifully the new power of multisensor monitoring of the Earth from space.
U.S. preparedness for severe storms questioned
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Doug Hill, chief meteorologist for WJLA‐TV in Washington, D.C., recalled the broadcast news coverage of two supercell thunderstorms that swept through the region on September 24, producing three tornadoes and causing two fatalities. Hill said that only one local radio station which airs his forecasts activated the federal emergency alert system to immediately notify the public about the tornadoes, and added that there should be some changes in requirements. “Somehow, broadcast stations have to get the idea that these warnings and requests to activate [the alerts] are not done [just] for fun,” he said.Hill was among several experts appearing at an October 11 congressional hearing, “Weatherproofing the U.S.: Are We Prepared for Severe Storms?” The hearing, which was held by the U.S. House of Representatives' Science Committee, included testimony about the nation's emergency preparedness in dealing with several types of severe weather: tornadoes, hurricanes, and wind storms.
Science meets parliament in Canberra
Authors: Gascoigne Toss 
Published: October 2006

The Federation of Australian Scientific and Technological Societies (FASTS) sponsored, on August 20–21, 2001, its third “Science Meets Parliament Day.” This is an event that brings scientists and technologists to Canberra, Australia's capital, for one‐on‐one meetings with federal politicians.The event is shamelessly modeled on the U.S. Congressional “Visits Day” sponsored by AGU and other U.S. scientific and engineering societies; and we gratefully acknowledge the inspiration of our American colleagues.
Merton Davies (1917–2001)
Authors: Murray Bruce C. , Johnson Torrence V. 
Published: October 2006

Merton Davies passed away unexpectedly in April at age 83 due to complications from surgery. He will be remembered for establishing the prime meridian for essentially every solid planet in the solar system with the exception of Earth and Pluto. He was an AGU Fellow, and had been a member since 1970 (Planetary Sciences).In cartography and geodesy nothing is more fundamental than establishing the fiducial point to which all other measurements are related. For a planet, this is the location of the prime meridian—zero longitude. Upon this foundation is built the interconnected network of distance, angle, and time coordinates that tell one where one is and what time it is. Here on the Earth, contention for “ownership” of the prime meridian was for centuries a scientific, political, and commercial issue of great moment, before Greenwich finally became the choice of the world's maps. To have established the prime meridian for a single planet alone could be regarded as a major career achievement by any scientist—an instructive lens through which to view Davies' accomplishment.
New U.S. presidential science advisor steps in at difficult moment
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

John Marburger, III, who became science advisor to U.S. President George W. Bush and head of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) on October 23, steps in at a difficult period for the nation. In an exclusive interview on November 7, Marburger told Eos that following the events of September 11, his office's “major challenge is to combat terrorism.”However, Marburger said that while he and OSTP are involved in initiatives to harness science and technology to fight terrorism, he also is focusing on other key priorities. These include helping to ensure the nation's strength in basic research, providing advice on significant science issues such as climate change and space endeavors, and adding an important “sound science” component to the Bush administration, which was earlier criticized for making some science‐sensitive decisions based more on politics than science.
Dealing with uncertainty in environmental model predictions
Authors: Mishra Srikanta 
Published: October 2006

There is a growing trend toward the use of complex, integrated models of environmental systems to support policy making in such diverse areas as human health and ecological risk assessments, safety analysis of nuclear waste repositories, and analysis of global climate change. Historically, modeling studies for such problems have been based on a deterministic framework, in which “point” estimates of specific parameters are combined to generate a single estimate of the outcome of interest. These analyses are typically carried out either with conservative—for example, “worst‐case”— assumptions, or more realistic—for example, “best‐guess”—estimates for the model parameters.In general, the actual likelihood of the resulting single‐point deterministic model predictions cannot be quantified without additional information. However, it can be shown that a systematic use of conservative parameter values yields results that have a very small probability of occurrence due to the problem of “compounded conservatism.” Given that uncertainty is certain, the utility of deterministic model predictions is therefore likely to be diminished without some demonstration of the associated uncertainties.
The Great Kanto earthquake and F. Scott Fitzgerald
Authors: Kawakatsu Hitoshi , Bina Craig R. 
Published: October 2006

How many recall the following striking sentence from The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald, which appears on the second page of the novel, where Fitzgerald first introduces Gatsby? “If personality is an unbroken series of successful gestures, then there was something gorgeous about him, some heightened sensitivity to the promises of life, as if he were related to one of those intricate machines that register earthquakes ten thousand miles away.”This line may have failed to focus our attention when we first read the book in our younger days. Now, however, as a Japanese seismologist and an American geophysicist (and student of Japanese culture), we would be greatly remiss for failing to take greater note of this statement. Indeed, as The Great Gatsby was published in 1925, it occurred to us that the earthquake Fitzgerald might have been thinking of was the Great Kanto earthquake, which occurred on September 1, 1923 and devastated the Tokyo metropolitan area.
New finds along Arctic mid‐ocean ridge
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A recent expedition to explore the 1,100‐mile Gakkel Ridge beneath the Arctic ice cap has turned up 12 previously unknown volcanoes, hydrothermal vents with species that are potentially new to science, and other unexpected findings about the world's slowest‐spreading and least volcanically active mid‐ ocean ridge.Researchers aboard the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Healy and the German icebreaker F.S. Polarstern made the findings during a July 31–October 3 cruise as part of the Arctic Mid‐Ocean Ridge Expedition (AMORE), funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation. The researchers announced their results on November 28.
Privatization of environmental data raises concerns among researchers
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Recent trends in many countries toward privatization and commercialization of data—two distinct but linked issues—have become increasingly significant concerns for the geosciences and other scientific fields that need environmental data from around the world in order to study and understand Earth systems.In response to these trends, a new U.S. National Research Council report concludes that for environmental information systems created by the U.S. government to serve a public purpose, “a full and open data policy is optimal for collecting and synthesizing a wide range of observations, detecting scientific surprises, and avoiding or discovering processes or calibration errors.”
Ocean commission gets down to business
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

During its first meeting dealing largely with substantive rather than organizational issues, the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy in November unanimously urged the U.S. Senate to ratify the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.The treaty, which entered into force in November 1994 without U.S. support, currently has been ratified by 119 other countries.
John R. Winckler (1916–2001)
Authors: Lysak Robert L. , Anderson Kinsey , Parks George K. 
Published: October 2006

John R. (Jack) Winckler, a professor emeritus of physics at the University of Minnesota, died of natural causes in February 2001. He was 84 years old and had been an AGU member since 1958.Winckler, who belonged to the SPA section, was a true pioneer in space and upper atmospheric physics. Many of his discoveries were instrumental in starting areas of research that are thriving today.
Atlas of the Ocean: The Deep Frontier
Authors: Alverson Keith 
Published: October 2006

National Geographic magazine is very well known for its photographs of the natural world, and in publishing an atlas of the ocean, they have tackled a project ripe with stunning material.For those of us who investigate the ocean from the confines of sterile computer rooms or by lowering instruments from aboard diesel‐perfumed, metallic grey, aesthetically‐challenged boats, this visual entree into the world of the deep is a remarkable one. The rainbow of colors, myriad patterns and textures captured in the underwater world, and collected in this book for our enjoyment, is stupendous. My only complaint is that there are not more of them. My rough estimate is that substantially less than one‐fourth of the total page area is devoted to these marvelous photographs.
New clues about magnetosphere noise and black aurora
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The noise sounds vaguely as if it emanates from the high‐pitched chatter of tropical birds or wetted fingers rubbing along musical glasses. However, the auroral kilometric radiation (AKR)—a radio wave of about 540–550 kilohertz just below the AM radio band—emanates from Earth's magnetosphere 11,000–13,000 kilometers above the Earth's northern lights.Some researchers had proposed this as the likely origin for the noise three decades ago. However, scientists at the AGU Fall Meeting, held in San Francisco, California, said that new measurements made by instruments onboard the four spacecraft of the European Space Agency's (ESA) Cluster mission have confirmed this theory.
U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy: An update
Authors: Müller‐Karger Frank 
Published: October 2006

The Oceans Act of 2000 (Public Law 106‐256) establishes the 16‐member U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy, “to undertake a thorough review of U.S. ocean and coastal programs and activities,” and “to make recommendations for a coordinated and comprehensive national ocean policy…” President Bush appointed the Commission on 3 July 2001, with several members from AGU and ASLO among its members.The Act charges the Commission to present its findings and recommendations in a final report to Congress and the President. The report is due in the spring of 2003, and as directed in PL. 106‐256, will cover the following areas
Exploring comets and asteroids
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Two upcoming NASA Discovery missions will have close encounters with comets and asteroids.Scheduled for launch on 1 July 2002, the Comet Nucleus Tour (CONTOUR) mission will photograph, map, and analyze at least two comets at a distance of about 160 kilometers from their nuclei. Comet Encke, which CONTOUR will encounter in November 2003, circles the Sun in 3.2 years and has the shortest orbital period of any known comet. Comet Schwassmann‐Wachmann 3 presents an opportunity for CONTOUR in June 2006 to possibly examine subsurface material that was exposed when a large piece split from the comet in 1996.
Undergraduates study climate change science, philosophy, and public policy
Authors: Bullock Mark A. , Frodeman Robert L. 
Published: October 2006

The National Science Foundation's (NSF) Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) program provides undergraduate students with the opportunity to participate in ongoing scientific research. Existing either as stand‐alone summer programs or as supplementary components to existing NSF research grants, the REU program focuses on introducing aspiring young scientists to the delights and complexities of science. Global Climate Change and Society (GCCS) is an intensive, 8‐week REU program that began a 3‐year run in the summer of 2001.Developed by a philosopher at the Colorado School of Mines, and a planetary scientist at Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colrado, GCCS is a unique experiment in research and pedagogy that introduces students to science by using a distinctive approach. Choosing as its topic the questions surrounding global climate change, the program explores the interwoven scientific, philosophical, and public policy issues that make the climate change debate such a volatile topic in contemporary society. Last summer, the program selected 12 undergraduates through a nationally advertised competition. Student interns came from diverse academic and cultural backgrounds and included physics, philosophy and public policy majors from elite liberal arts schools, major research institutions, and mainstream state universities. The program was held at the University of Colorado and the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), in Boulder, Colorado (Figure 1).
Missouri River restoration efforts should include adaptive management, report urges
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A new report on the Missouri River calls for major restoration measures and indicates that the river has continued to decline, from an ecological standpoint, to the point at which irreparable damage may be done to the river.The 9 January report, by the U.S. National Research Council's (NRC) Committee on Missouri River Ecosystem Science, calls for a policy of adaptive management of the river and for the creation of a broad‐based stakeholder process.
Olympian weather forecasting
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A unique public‐private partnership will provide detailed weather information at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Utah, 8–24 February About 50 meteorologists with the National Weather Service (NWS) and several private groups will work in the background to provide accurate forecasts.This is the first time that U.S. government and private meteorologists will share forecasting responsibilities for the Olympics, according to the Salt Lake Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games. The partnership includes meteorologists with the University of Utah and KSL‐TV in Salt Lake City.
Mercury on the move during snowmelt in Vermont
Authors: Shanley James B. , Schuster Paul F. , Reddy Michael M. , Roth David A. , Taylor Howard E. , Aiken George R. 
Published: October 2006

Although mercury (Hg) emissions peaked in the United States over the last 20 to 40 years and are now declining, they remain well above natural background levels in soils and sediments. Only a small fraction of the Hg deposited from the atmosphere to the terrestrial landscape runs off in streamflow. However, some of this Hg is methylated in the environment and can potentially bioaccumulate to the top of food webs, posing a hazard to people who eat fish, especially children and pregnant women.What factors determine the amount of Hg that runs off in streams? During the 2000 snowmelt at Sleepers River in Vermont, strong correlations were found between dissolved and particulate mercury and the respective dissolved and particulate organic carbon fractions, even when data were pooled from 10 streams of diverse watershed size and land cover. Episodic export of particulate Hg during the highest flows appears to be the dominant mechanism of Hg movement.
Tracking disease outbreaks
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Scientists have come one step closer to tracking outbreaks of bartonellosis, a potentially fatal vector‐borne disease. Outbreaks of the disease, which was once thought to be found primarily in the high Andes Mountains of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, may be related to El Ni˜no events, according to researchers with NASA and the U.S. military.In findings reported on 17 January, climatology and disease prevention researchers said a study conducted in two regions in Peru points to a strong potential link between the 1997–1998 El Niño and an increase in sand flies, which are thought to be the disease host carriers.
African Drilling Project may offer climate
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Africa's Lake Malawi, the site of an upcoming scientific drilling project, could provide data on climate variability and the evolution of the region's aquatic organisms, according to researchers from four U.S. universities who have received a $2‐million grant through the National Science Foundation's Earth System History program.“We believe that Lake Malawi will provide a unique, continuous, and high‐resolution (annual‐to‐decadal) record of past climates in the continental tropics over the last 800,000 years,” said Christopher Scholz, an Earth scientist at Syracuse University in New York, and principal investigator on the project. Researchers from the University of Arizona, the University of Minnesota at Duluth, and the University of Rhode Island also have received NSF support for the drilling project, which is scheduled to begin in January 2003.
Bush science budget slashes USGS funding
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

While the Bush Administration's proposed U.S. federal budget for fiscal year 2003 includes the largest‐ever request for federal research and development funding—$111.8 billion; up 8% over the current fiscal year budget—not everybody in the Earth sciences community is cheering.Much of the increase is slated for the National Institutes of Health, and research spending for many of the other federal science agencies “would remain anemic under this budget,” according to U.S. Rep. Sherwood Boehlert (R‐N.Y), chair of the House of Representatives Science Committee. President Bush announced the FY2003 budget on 4 February.
Bush Climate Change Plan criticized as “business as usual”
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The new U.S. climate change strategy, announced by President George W. Bush on 14 February, relies heavily on voluntary greenhouse gas emissions reduction strategies. According to the administration, the strategy begins to address the factors that contribute to climate change “in a serious and sensible way” but critics charge that it will actually result in increased U.S. greenhouse gas emissions.Bush's strategy, announced during a speech at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in Silver Spring, Maryland, presents an alternative to the Kyoto Protocol, which includes an initial target of requiring a group of 38 industrialized nations to reduce emissions of 6 major greenhouse gases by a total of 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2012.
Bush decides on Yucca Mountain
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Yucca Mountain in Nevada will be the U.S. long‐term geologic repository for high‐level radioactive waste, President George W. Bush announced on 15 February. Bush endorsed a formal recommendation by Department of Energy (DOE) Secretary Spencer Abraham, which followed more than 20 years of scientific study. The decision, which the state of Nevada is challenging in the U.S. Congress, allows the government's plans for the repository to proceed to the licensing phase.The plan calls for Yucca Mountain to accept a total of 84,900 metric tons of radioactive waste from temporary storage facilities at 131 sites in 39 states.