bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Induction of the Mating Program in the PhytopathogenUstilago maydisIs Controlled by a G1 Cyclin[W]
Authors: Castillo-Lluva Sonia , Pérez-Martín José 
Published: October 2005

AbstractOur understanding of how cell cycle regulation and virulence are coordinated during the induction of fungal pathogenesis is limited. In the maize smut fungus Ustilago maydis, pathogenesis and sexual development are intricately interconnected. Furthermore, the first step in the infection process is mating, and this is linked to the cell cycle. In this study, we have identified a new G1 cyclin gene from U. maydis that we have named cln1. We investigated the roles of Cln1 in growth and differentiation in U. maydis and found that although not essential for growth, its absence produces dramatic morphological defects. We provide results that are consistent with Cln1 playing a conserved role in regulating the length of G1 and cell size, but also additional morphological functions. We also present experiments indicating that the cyclin Cln1 controls sexual development in U. maydis. Overexpression of cln1 blocks sexual development, while its absence enables the cell to express sexual determinants in conditions where wild-type cells were unable to initiate this developmental program. We conclude that Cln1 contributes to negative regulation of the timing of sexual development, and we propose the existence of a negative crosstalk between mating program and vegetative growth that may help explain why these two developmental options are incompatible in U. maydis.
Recombinant activated factor VII and the anaesthetist
Authors: Welsby I. J. , Monroe D. M. , Lawson J. H. , Hoffmann M. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryRecombinant activated factor VII is a safe and effective for the treatment and prevention of haemorrhage in haemophiliacs with circulating inhibitors to replacement factors, and patients with Glanzmann's thrombasthenia refractory to platelet transfusion. By restoring thrombin generation on the surface of tissue factor bearing cells, such as activated platelets and monocytes, recombinant activated factor VII has the potential to effect haemostasis in the setting of many coagulopathic states encountered by the anaesthetist in the operating theatre or the intensive care unit. Case reports of successful rescue therapy make up the majority of the literature covering other, numerous, off‐label uses of recombinant activated factor VII, although some randomised, controlled studies, mostly underpowered to address safety concerns, have been performed. However, off‐label use is becoming increasingly popular judging by the number of published case reports. Additional randomised, controlled trials to determine the safe and appropriate use of this potentially valuable therapy in broader patient groups are eagerly awaited.
A procedure‐specific systematic review and consensus recommendations for analgesia after total hip replacement
Authors: Fischer H. B. J. , Simanski C. J. P. ,   the PROSPECT working group
Published: October 2005

SummaryTotal hip replacement is a major surgical procedure usually associated with significant pain in the early postoperative period. Several anaesthetic and analgesic techniques are in common clinical use for this procedure but, to date, clinical studies of pain after total hip replacement have not been systematically assessed. Using the Cochrane protocol, we have conducted a systematic review of analgesic, anaesthetic and surgical interventions affecting postoperative pain after total hip replacement. In addition to the review, transferable evidence from other relevant procedures and clinical practice observations collated by the Delphi method were used to develop evidence‐based recommendations for the treatment of postoperative pain. For primary total hip replacement, PROSPECT recommends either general anaesthesia combined with a peripheral nerve block that is continued after surgery or an intrathecal (spinal) injection of local anaesthetic and opioid. The primary analgesic technique should be combined with a step‐down approach using paracetamol plus conventional non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, with strong or weak opioids as required.
Modelling of multiple events using empirical Green’s functions: method, application to swarm earthquakes and implications for their rupture propagation
Authors: Fischer Tomáš 
Published: October 2005

Summary
Recent studies of source-time functions (STFs) of small earthquakes have shown that some of the ML &lt; 3 events may display complicated waveforms indicating multiple rupturing episodes. The STFs of such earthquakes consist of several pulses whose relative positions provide information on the mutual position of the subevents. I have used the waveform modelling method to analyse multiple events in order to disclose the geometry of the rupture. The P and S waveforms of multiple events (MEs) are modelled as the sum of waveforms of single subevents with different hypocentre coordinates and scalar moments. To construct the waveform of each single event composing the ME, the waveform of a co-located small event is used as an empirical Green’s function (EGF). Assuming similar focal mechanisms of the subevents and of the EGF, the method seeks the coordinates and origin times of the subevents and their relative seismic moments. The non-linear problem is solved using the genetic algorithms method. Synthetic tests have shown that the method is capable of locating reliably up to three subevents with an accuracy better than 40 m. The method was applied to the records of the 2000 earthquake swarm in NW-Bohemia/Vogtland in Central Europe. By the EGF deconvolution, 54 MEs were identified in the magnitude range from 1.2 to 3.3, and 18 of them were successfully modelled as double or triple events with separate rupture positions. The separation of subsources reached 100 ms in time and 320 m in space. The relative positions of the subevents with respect to the orientation of the fault indicate that most of them occurred on a common fault plane. The space-time separation of the subevents corresponds to a speed of 3.0 ± 0.9 km s−1, a value typical for rupture propagation of large earthquakes. The later subevents occur farther than the nominal rupture radius of the first subevent, and their mutual distance scales with magnitude. These observations suggest that the analysed MEs share a common fault surface and that their subevents represent individual rupture episodes. The angular distribution of the position vectors of later subevents indicates that many of them result from slip-parallel rupture growth, while some of the ruptures propagate upwards.
Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia from venous thromboembolism treatment
Authors: BEGELMAN S. M. , HURSTING M. J. , AGHABABIAN R. V. , MCCOLLUM D. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract.Objectives.  We aimed to characterize the clinical experiences of patients in whom heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) complicated heparin therapy for venous thromboembolism (VTE) and who switched to argatroban.Design.  A retrospective analysis of previously reported prospective, multicentre, historical‐controlled Argatroban‐911 and Argatroban‐915 studies of argatroban therapy in HIT.Setting.  Inpatient.Subjects.  Patients (n = 145) administered heparin for VTE and who developed HIT were identified.Interventions.  Patients were treated with argatroban 2 mcg kg−1 min−1 for up to 14 days, adjusted to maintain activated partial thromboplastin times 1.5 to three times baseline. Patient characteristics, anticoagulation and outcomes were summarized. The primary end‐point was a composite of death, amputation, or new thrombosis within 37 days of argatroban initiation.Results.  During heparin therapy, platelet counts decreased (mean ± SD nadir: 78 ± 67 × 109 L−1), and 75 (52%) patients developed thrombosis. After heparin was discontinued, patients received argatroban (mean dose 2.1 ± 1.2 mcg kg−1 min−1) for 6.8 ± 4.3 days. By day 6 of argatroban therapy, the mean platelet count rose to >150 × 109 L−1. The primary end‐point occurred in 41 (28.3%) patients (values of 26–44% are reported for argatroban therapy of HIT from any heparin indication). Seventeen (11.7%) patients, including 12 who had also experienced thrombosis whilst on heparin, developed new thrombosis after argatroban initiation, typically on the day argatroban was discontinued or later (n = 10). Seven (4.8%) patients experienced major bleeding.Conclusions.  For VTE patients with HIT, argatroban provides effective anticoagulation, with outcomes comparable with those reported for other argatroban‐treated HIT patients. New thrombosis in this setting occurred most often in patients with existing HIT‐associated thrombosis, before HIT recognition or either at/after argatroban discontinuation.
Remodelling of the Escherichia coli outer membrane by two small regulatory RNAs
Authors: Guillier Maude , Gottesman Susan 
Published: October 2005

SummarySmall non‐coding RNAs that play important regulatory roles exist in numerous organisms. In Escherichia coli, about 60 small RNAs have been found and those that have been studied are involved in the response and adaptation to different stresses. RygA and RygB, two of these small RNAs, were identified on the basis of their conservation between different species and their ability to bind Hfq. They are adjacent on the chromosome and have sequence similarity at their 5′ and 3′ ends but distinct central regions, suggesting that they could regulate the expression of both common and distinct genes. A screen using a multicopy E. coli library led to identification of the response regulator OmpR and its associated sensor kinase EnvZ as positive regulators of rygA and rygB transcription. Therefore, RygA and RygB were renamed OmrA and OmrB respectively (for OmpR‐regulated sRNAs A and B). When expressed at high levels, OmrA and OmrB RNAs negatively regulate the expression of several genes encoding multiple outer membrane proteins, including cirA, fecA, fepA and ompT. Taken together, these data suggest that OmrA and OmrB participate in the regulation of outer membrane composition in response to environmental conditions.
Induction of the heat shock regulon in response to increased mistranslation requires oxidative modification of the malformed proteins
Authors: Fredriksson Åsa , Ballesteros Manuel , Dukan Sam , Nyström Thomas 
Published: October 2005

SummaryThe Escherichia coli rpsD12 allele, which reduces translational fidelity and elevates expression of heat shock protein (Hsp) genes, only enhanced Hsp gene expression in the presence of oxygen. Similarly, the rpsL141 allele, which reduces mistranslation and Hsp gene expression, failed to affect the Hsp regulon in cells grown anaerobically. Increased production of Hsps in response to starvation is associated with increased mistranslation and was demonstrated to likewise require the presence of oxygen. Thus, mistranslation triggered by starvation or mutations in the accuracy centre of the ribosome appear to elevate Hsp gene expression via an oxidative modification of mistranslated proteins. In contrast, Hsp gene induction during temperature upshifts was independent of oxygen availability. The data further suggest that it is the oxidative modification of mistranslated DnaK substrates rather than oxidation of DnaK itself that triggers Hsp gene expression upon starvation.
Informed consent for mammography screening: modelling the risks and benefits for American women
Authors: Marshall Tom 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIntroduction In order to facilitate informed decision making, women require information on the probabilities of different outcomes with mammography screening. This paper derives these probabilities for a US population and illustrates them visually in a readily understandable format.Methods Probabilities of the breast cancer mortality, all cause mortality and further investigation are derived from published data on mortality from breast cancer and published estimates of effectiveness using a life‐table method. Probabilities are calculated of surviving to age 75 from age 40 with and without two‐yearly mammography screening from age 40 and age 50. Probabilities are also calculated that a woman will be referred for further assessment or biopsy or die from breast cancer despite screening. To avoid being misled, these outcomes are presented in the form of a single decision aid illustrating the outcomes for 1000 women choosing each alternative: mammography screening or no mammography screening.Results Of 1000 women undergoing two‐yearly mammography screening from age 40 an additional four (3.7 per 1000) will reach the age of 75; of the survivors 514 will be referred for further investigation and 138 will undergo biopsy. Of 1000 women screened from age 50 an additional three (3.3 per 1000) will reach age 75; of the survivors 408 will be referred for further investigation and 94 will undergo biopsy. Mammography from age 40 to 49 reduces mortality by 0.4 in 1000. This information is readily presented visually.Conclusions It is possible to provide realistic estimates of the effects of mammography screening on mortality in a readily understandable format. Women require this information if they are to make informed choices about mammography screening.
Consumer‐driven health care: Building partnerships in research
Authors: Shea Beverley , Santesso Nancy , Qualman Ann , Heiberg Turid , Leong Amye , Judd Maria , Robinson Vivian , Wells George , Tugwell Peter ,   the Cochrane Musculoskeletal Consumer Group
Published: October 2005

AbstractOver the past four decades, there has been a widespread movement to increase the involvement of patients and the public in health care. Strategies to effectively foster consumer participation are occurring within all research activities from research priority setting to utilization. One of the ten principles of the Cochrane Collaboration is to ‘enable wide participation’, and this includes consumers. The Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group (CMSG) is a review group of 50 within the Collaboration that has been working to increase consumer participation since its inception in 1993. Based in Canada, the CMSG has embraced the concept of knowledge translation as advocated by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research. The emphasis in knowledge translation is on interactions or partnerships between researchers and users to facilitate the use of relevant research in decision making. While the CMSG recognizes the importance of reaching all users, much of its work has focused on developing relationships with people with musculoskeletal diseases to enhance consumer participation in research. The CMSG has built a network of consumer members who guide research priorities, peer review systematic reviews and also promote and facilitate consumer‐appropriate knowledge dissemination. Consumers were recruited through links with other arthritis organizations and the recruitment continues. Specific roles were established for the consumer team and responsibilities of the CMSG staff developed. The continuing development of a diversified team of consumer participants enables the CMSG to produce and promote access to high quality relevant systematic reviews and summaries of those reviews to the consumer.
The rhetoric of informed choice: perspectives from midwives on intrapartum fetal heart rate monitoring
Authors: Hindley Carol , Thomson Ann M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractObjective  To investigate midwives’ attitudes, values and beliefs on the use of intrapartum fetal monitoring.Design  Qualitative, semi‐structured interviewsSubjects and setting  Fifty‐eight registered midwives in two hospitals in the North of England.Results  In this paper two main themes are discussed, these are: informed choice, and the power of the midwife. Midwives favoured the application of informed choice and shared a unanimous consensus on the definition. However, the idealistic perception of informed choice, which included contemporary notions of empowerment and autonomy for women expressing an informed choice, was not reportedly translated into practice. Midwives had to implement informed choice on intrapartum fetal monitoring within a competing set of health service agendas, i.e. medically driven protocols and a political climate of actively managed childbearing. This resulted in the manipulation of information during the midwives’ interactions with women. This ultimately meant that the women often got the choice the midwives wanted them to have.Conclusions  The information that a midwife imparts may consciously or subconsciously affect the woman's uptake and understanding of information. Therefore, the midwife has a powerful role to play in balancing the benefits and risk ratios applicable to fetal heart rate monitoring. However, a deeply ingrained pre‐occupation with technological methods of intrapartum fetal monitoring over many years has made it difficult for midwives to offer alternative forms of monitoring. This has placed limits on the facilitation of informed choice and autonomous decision making for women.
Residual risk for acute stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension in primary care: Skaraborg Hypertension and Diabetes Project
Authors: Junga K. , Merlo J. , Gullberg B. , Bog‐Hansen E. , Rastam L. , Lindblad U. 
Published: October 2005

Aim:  The aim of this study was to investigate the risk of acute stroke in subgroups of patients treated for hypertension and type 2 diabetes in primary care.Methods:  Patients with hypertension only (n = 695), type 2 diabetes only (n = 181) or both (n = 240), who consecutively attended an annual control in primary care in Skara, Sweden during 1992–1993, were evaluated for cardiovascular disease risk factors and enrolled in this study. Subjects with neither hypertension nor type 2 diabetes (n = 824) who participated in a population survey in the same community served as controls. Possible events of acute stroke through 2002 were validated using hospital records and death certificates.Results:  During a mean follow‐up time of 8.4 years, 190 first events of acute stroke, fatal or non‐fatal, were ascertained. Risk factor levels were generally higher in all patient categories than in controls. Stroke risk was significantly increased in all male patients: hazard ratio 4.2 (95% CI 2.1–8.4) in patients with both conditions, 3.3 (1.5–7.0) in those with type 2 diabetes alone and 2.8 (1.5–5.3) in those with hypertension alone (adjusted for age, total cholesterol, current smoking, BMI and physical activity). Corresponding findings in women were 2.9 (1.5–5.8) in patients with type 2 diabetes only and 2.4 (1.2–4.7) in those with both conditions. However, in women with hypertension only, a significant risk was seen first when subjects were truncated at 85 years of age. There were too few fatal stroke events for conclusive results on stroke mortality.Conclusions:  A considerable risk of acute stroke remains in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. Strategies for stricter multiple risk factor interventions should be implemented in primary care.
Serological markers of autoimmunity in patients infected with hepatitis C virus: impact of HIV co‐infection
Authors: Adeyemi OM , Attar B , Jensen D , Ghaoui R , Cotler SJ 
Published: October 2005

Objectives:We sought to evaluate the prevalence, predictors and significance of autoantibody expression in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) with or without HIV co‐infection.Methods:Retrospective review of laboratory and histologic data for all patients with CHC who had a liver biopsy available. HIV status was documented in all patients. Results analyzed in SPSS10, Chicago, IL, a p value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: 170 patients with hepatitis C viremia, including 107 (63%) HIV co‐infection, who had testing for anti‐nuclear antibody (ANA) or anti‐smooth muscle antibody (ASMA) and anti‐mitochondrial antibody (AMA) were included in the study. Overall, 63% (74/117) of patients were ASMA seropositive and 6% (9/153) were positive for ANA. All 117 patients tested for AMA were negative. HIV co‐infected patients were significantly more likely to be ASMA positive 71% (53/75) compared to those with hepatitis C alone (50%) [P=0.026]. There were no significant differences in age, gender, race, risk group, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels or grade of inflammation on histology between autoantibody positive and negative patients. ASMA positive patients had significantly higher globulin levels (P=0.036) and a trend towards more bridging fibrosis or cirrhosis. Patients with autoantibody expression rarely had histologic features of AIH.Conclusion:We found a high rate of ASMA seropositivity in our cohort of patients with chronic hepatitis C, and HIV co‐infection was associated with significantly higher rates of ASMA expression. Autoantibody expression was not associated with demographic or clinical characteristics and does not necessarily preclude antiviral therapy.
Carotid intima–media thickness is slightly increased over time in HIV‐1‐infected patients*
Authors: Mercié P , Thiébaut R , Aurillac‐Lavignolle V , Pellegrin JL , Yvorra‐Vives MC , Cipriano C , Neau D , Morlat P , Ragnaud JM , Dupon M , Bonnet F , Lawson‐Ayayi S , Malvy D , Roudaut R , Dabis F ,   on behalf of the Groupe d'Epidemiologie Clinique du Sida en Aquitaine (GECSA)
Published: October 2005

ObjectivesHIV‐infected patients are at risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. In a 12‐month follow‐up study, we aimed to investigate changes in carotid intima–media thickness (IMT), a surrogate marker of atherosclerosis, and its determinants in HIV‐1‐infected patients.MethodsOur multicentre prospective longitudinal cohort study included 346 HIV‐infected patients, for each of whom two IMT measurements were taken by B‐mode ultrasonography at baseline (M0) and 1 year later (M12).ResultsWe observed a significant but moderate increase in the common carotid artery (CCA) median IMT, from 0.54 to 0.56 mm (P<10−4), i.e. an increase of 0.020 mm (95% confidence interval 0.012–0.029). There was a significant association between cross‐sectional CCA IMT measures at M12 and conventional cardiovascular risk factors (higher CCA IMT with older age, P<10−4; male gender, P=0.02; tobacco consumption, P=0.05), as well as higher CD4 cell count at M12 (>median 455 cells/μL, P=0.01). Only CD4 cell count at M0 was strongly and positively associated with the variation in IMT between M0 and M12 (P=4 × 10−3). IMT progression was +0.0020 mm for the lowest quartile of CD4 cell count distribution at M0, i.e. 3–253 cells/μL, +0.010 mm for 253–402 cells/μL, +0.043 mm for 402–590 cells/μL, and +0.028 mm for 590–2270 cells/μL. No association was found with type or duration of antiretroviral exposure.ConclusionsConventional cardiovascular risk factors are major determinants of IMT evolution. The link between immunological status and carotid IMT requires further study.