bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Support for an independent familial segregation of executive and intelligence endophenotypes in ADHD families
Authors: Rommelse N. N. J. , Altink M. E. , Oosterlaan J. , Buschgens C. J. M. , Buitelaar J. , Sergeant J. A. 
Published: February 2008

BackgroundImpairments in executive functioning (EF) and intelligence quotient (IQ) are frequently observed in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The aim of this paper was twofold: first, to examine whether both domains are viable endophenotypic candidates for ADHD and second to investigate whether deficits in both domains tend to co-segregate within families.MethodA large family-based design was used, including 238 ADHD families (545 children) and 147 control families (271 children). Inhibition, visuospatial and verbal working memory, and performance and verbal IQ were analysed.ResultsChildren with ADHD, and their affected and non-affected siblings were all impaired on the EF measures and verbal IQ (though unimpaired on performance IQ) and all measures correlated between siblings. Correlations and sibling cross-correlations were not significant between EF and IQ, though they were significant between the measures of one domain. Group differences on EF were not explained by group differences on IQ and vice versa. The discrepancy score between EF and IQ correlated between siblings, indicating that siblings resembled each other in their EF–IQ discrepancy instead of having generalized impairments across both domains. Siblings of probands who had an EF but not IQ impairment, showed a comparable disproportionate lower EF score in relation to IQ score. The opposite pattern was not significant.ConclusionsThe results supported the viability of EF and IQ as endophenotypic candidates for ADHD. Most findings support an independent familial segregation of both domains. Within EF, similar familial factors influenced inhibition and working memory. Within IQ, similar familial factors influenced verbal and performance IQ.
French liaison in the light of corpus data
Authors: DURAND JACQUES , LYCHE CHANTAL 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTFrench liaison has long been a favourite testing ground for phonological theories, a situation which can undoubtedly be attributed to the complexity of the phenomenon, involving in particular phonology/syntax, phonology/morphology, phonology/lexicon interfaces. Dealing with liaison requires stepping into all the components of the grammar, while at the same time tackling the quick sands of variation. The data on which a number of formal analyses are based have often been a source of concern since liaison, in part because of its intrinsic variable character, requires extensive and robust data. In the wake of the results from the study of other corpora, we present here extensive results based on the PFC database (Phonologie du français contemporain: usages, variétés et structures) and point to their implications for models of linguistic structure. While we do not believe that a motivated theoretical account can be mechanically extracted from the data, we conclude that future analyses will have to take explicitly into account the results of extensive corpus work as well as sociolinguistic surveys, acquisition studies, experimental phonetics and (neuro-)psycho-linguistic investigations, including the relationship between speech and writing. As stressed in Chevrot, Fayol and Laks (2005), these analyses will have to acknowledge that French liaison is not a homogeneous locus but a multi-faceted phenomenon requiring us to accept, without demur, the crossing of disciplinary boundaries.
Extensive data for morphology: using the World Wide Web
Authors: HATHOUT NABIL , MONTERMINI FABIO , TANGUY LUDOVIC 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a number of recent studies in French morphology which make extensive use of data. These data relating to derived words have been automatically collected from digital corpora, mostly from the Web. The main point developed here is that this massive increase in the amount of available data can substantially modify the results of a morphological study, and can lead to new theoretical conclusions that would not have been possible with traditional data such as wordlists gathered from dictionaries. However, using the Web as a corpus brings up several technical and methodological questions, which are dealt with through examples and discussions about the different tools and techniques available. We exemplify our thesis through the study of the suffixal forms: -esque, -este, -able, -ment.
Exploiter des corpus annotés syntaxiquement pour observer le continuum entre arguments et circonstants
Authors: FABRE CÉCILE , BOURIGAULT DIDIER 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTDans cet article, nous proposons une méthode qui permet de mesurer le degré d'autonomie que manifestent les compléments prépositionnels vis-à-vis du verbe dans un corpus, de manière à tester l'hypothèse couramment admise d'un continuum entre arguments et circonstants et d'en étudier les manifestations. L'exploitation de corpus annotés catégoriellement et syntaxiquement et la mise au point de méthodes de quantification nous permettent de sonder ce continuum en divers points. La méthode met alors au jour des positions médianes, dont nous montrons qu'elles peuvent donner à voir des configurations récurrentes propres au corpus, au comportement intermédiaire entre arguments et circonstants prototypiques.
Five- or six-step scenario for evolution?
Authors: Carter Brandon 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe prediction that (due to the limited amount of hydrogen available as fuel in the Sun) the future duration of our favourable terrestrial environment will be short (compared with the present age of the Earth) has been interpreted as evidence for a hard-step scenario. This means that some of the essential steps (such as the development of eukaryotes) in the evolution process leading to the ultimate emergence of intelligent life would have been hard, in the sense of being against the odds in the available time, so that they are unlikely to have been achieved in most of the earth-like planets that may one day be discovered in nearby extrasolar systems. It was originally estimated that only one or two of the essential evolutionary steps had to have been hard in this sense, but it has become apparent that this figure may need upward revision, because recent studies of climatic instability suggest that the possible future duration of our biologically favourable environment may be shorter than had been supposed, being only about 1 Gyr rather than 5 Gyr. On the basis of the statistical requirement of roughly equal spacing between hard steps, it is argued that the best fit with the fossil record is now obtainable by postulating the number of hard steps to be five, if our evolution was exclusively terrestrial, or six, if, as now seems very plausible, the first step occurred on Mars.
Drug policy in sport: hidden assumptions and inherent contradictions
Authors: SMITH AARON C. T. , STEWART BOB 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. This paper considers the assumptions underpinning the current drugs‐in‐sport policy arrangements. Design and Methods. We examine the assumptions and contradictions inherent in the policy approach, paying particular attention to the evidence that supports different policy arrangements. Results. We find that the current anti‐doping policy of the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) contains inconsistencies and ambiguities. WADA's policy position is predicated upon four fundamental principles; first, the need for sport to set a good example; secondly, the necessity of ensuring a level playing field; thirdly, the responsibility to protect the health of athletes; and fourthly, the importance of preserving the integrity of sport. A review of the evidence, however, suggests that sport is a problematic institution when it comes to setting a good example for the rest of society. Neither is it clear that sport has an inherent or essential integrity that can only be sustained through regulation. Furthermore, it is doubtful that WADA's anti‐doping policy is effective in maintaining a level playing field, or is the best means of protecting the health of athletes. Discussion and Conclusions. The WADA anti‐doping policy is based too heavily on principals of minimising drug use, and gives insufficient weight to the minimisation of drug‐related harms. As a result drug‐related harms are being poorly managed in sport. We argue that anti‐doping policy in sport would benefit from placing greater emphasis on a harm minimisation model.
Barriers to, and incentives for, the transfer of opioid‐dependent people on methadone maintenance treatment from secondary care to primary health care
Authors: SHERIDAN JANIE , GOODYEAR‐SMITH FELICITY , BUTLER RACHAEL , WHEELER AMANDA , GOHNS ANNETTE 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAim. To explore barriers to, and incentives for, clients on methadone‐maintenance treatment (MMT) in Auckland, New Zealand to transfer from secondary care to general practitioner (GP) care. Design. Surveys (with free text response sections) of MMT secondary care staff, stabilised clinic clients, authorised GPs and GP patients. Results. High response rates from secondary care staff (77%) and GPs (74%). Barriers to stable clients' transfer included financial cost and attitudes of secondary care staff and clients. Incentives for patient transfer included confidentiality, a holistic approach to their care, continuity of care, increased patient control, convenience and avoidance of contact with other opioid‐dependent people. Distrust in the quality of care provided by authorised GPs was a major barrier for some secondary care staff and their clients, despite prerequisite training for authorisation. In contrast, patients rated primary better than secondary care with none stating a likelihood to return to the secondary service within 6 months. Conclusions. Progression from secondary to primary care should be incorporated in MMT planning from the outset, with secondary services staff reassured about the quality of primary care. An integrated transition period and exploration of funding options to assist transfer from largely publicly funded secondary to largely privately funded primary care are also recommended.
Buprenorphine injection in Melbourne, Australia—an update
Authors: AITKEN CAMPBELL K. , HIGGS PETER G. , HELLARD MARGARET E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjective.To investigate the prevalence and associations of buprenorphine injection among a field‐recruited cohort of injecting drug users.Design.Cross‐sectional data from a prospective longitudinal cohort. Setting. Metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. Subjects. Current injecting drug users (IDUs).Main Outcome Measures.Prevalence of buprenorphine injection, associations with location, buprenorphine as prescribed pharmacotherapy, markers of hepatitis C virus (HCV) exposure and risk behaviours for HCV.Results. More than 10% of our 316 participants reported buprenorphine as the drug they had most often injected, and 32% had injected buprenorphine at least once in the 3 months prior to interview. Primary buprenorphine injection was significantly more likely to be reported by IDUs recruited at one of our three research sites, and by those being prescribed buprenorphine for opioid dependence. Frequency of sharing a used needle was also associated with buprenorphine injection, but HCV exposure was not.Conclusions.Buprenorphine injection has become entrenched among some groups of Victorian IDUs. The practice carries serious risks to health, including some related to microbiological contamination of buprenorphine during diversion. While measures can be taken to reduce the occurrence of buprenorphine diversion and injection and the associated harm, an alternative harm reduction measure would be to provide IDUs with an injectable pharmacotherapy.
Blood Coagulation, Inflammation, and Malaria
Authors: Francischetti Ivo M. B. , Seydel Karl B. , Monteiro Robson Q. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTMalaria remains a highly prevalent disease in more than 90 countries and accounts for at least 1 million deaths every year. Plasmodium falciparum infection is often associated with a procoagulant tonus characterized by thrombocytopenia and activation of the coagulation cascade and fibrinolytic system; however, bleeding and hemorrhage are uncommon events, suggesting that a compensated state of blood coagulation activation occurs in malaria. This article (i) reviews the literature related to blood coagulation and malaria in a historic perspective, (ii) describes basic mechanisms of coagulation, anticoagulation, and fibrinolysis, (iii) explains the laboratory changes in acute and compensated disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), (iv) discusses the implications of tissue factor (TF) expression in the endothelium of P. falciparum infected patients, and (v) emphasizes the procoagulant role of parasitized red blood cells (RBCs) and activated platelets in the pathogenesis of malaria. This article also presents the Tissue Factor Model (TFM) for malaria pathogenesis, which places TF as the interface between sequestration, endothelial cell (EC) activation, blood coagulation disorder, and inflammation often associated with the disease. The relevance of the coagulation‐inflammation cycle for the multiorgan dysfunction and coma is discussed in the context of malaria pathogenesis.[Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Microcirculation to access this free supplemental resource]
Deregulation of Maize C4 Photosynthetic Development in a Mesophyll Cell-Defective Mutant
Authors: Covshoff Sarah , Majeran Wojciech , Liu Peng , Kolkman Judith M. , van Wijk Klaas J. , Brutnell Thomas P. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDuring maize (Zea mays) C4 differentiation, mesophyll (M) and bundle sheath (BS) cells accumulate distinct sets of photosynthetic enzymes, with very low photosystem II (PSII) content in BS chloroplasts. Consequently, there is little linear electron transport in the BS and ATP is generated by cyclic electron flow. In contrast, M thylakoids are very similar to those of C3 plants and produce the ATP and NADPH that drive metabolic activities. Regulation of this differentiation process is poorly understood, but involves expression and coordination of nuclear and plastid genomes. Here, we identify a recessive allele of the maize high chlorophyll fluorescence (Hcf136) homolog that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) functions as a PSII stability or assembly factor located in the thylakoid lumen. Proteome analysis of the thylakoids and electron microscopy reveal that Zmhcf136 lacks PSII complexes and grana thylakoids in M chloroplasts, consistent with the previously defined Arabidopsis function. Interestingly, hcf136 is also defective in processing the full-length psbB-psbT-psbH-petB-petD polycistron specifically in M chloroplasts. To determine whether the loss of PSII in M cells affects C4 differentiation, we performed cell-type-specific transcript analysis of hcf136 and wild-type seedlings. The results indicate that M and BS cells respond uniquely to the loss of PSII, with little overlap in gene expression changes between data sets. These results are discussed in the context of signals that may drive differential gene expression in C4 photosynthesis.
The cholecystokinin type A receptor g.179A>G polymorphism affects feeding rate
Authors: Houston R. D. , Rance K. A. , Sutcliffe E. , Archibald A. L. , Haley C. S. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA polymorphism within the 5′ untranslated region of the cholecystokinin type A receptor (CCKAR) gene has been shown to affect feed intake and growth in commercial pig lines. To further investigate the phenotype of animals carrying alternative alleles at this polymorphism, we genotyped animals from a distinct segregating commercial line and an experimental cross F2 population, both with electronically recorded feeding pattern data. The data indicate that the daily feed intake increasing effect of the DQ496228:g.179G allele is mediated through a faster rate of feed intake, without evidence for an effect on other feeding behaviour traits.
Effect of spatial pattern and microhabitat on pit construction and relocation inMyrmeleon hyalinus(Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) larvae
Authors: SCHARF INON , HOLLENDER YAEL , SUBACH AZIZ , OVADIA OFER 
Published: February 2008

Abstract1. In two sets of enclosure experiments, we studied the spatial pattern, relocation rates, pit construction rates, and microhabitat preference ofMyrmeleon hyalinuslarvae.2. We showed thatM. hyalinuslarvae actively prefer shady sites and often relocate to shady areas when exposed to the sun. This behaviour may constitute a life‐saving strategy in desert environments.3. The initial spatial pattern in a cluster of antlion larvae did not affect the final pattern, relocation rate, or the pathway moved while relocating. We interpret this finding to mean that the spatial pattern ofM. hyalinuslarvae is mainly influenced by factors operating at large time‐scales, such as exploitation competition and physical‐microclimatological constraints, rather than those operating at shorter time‐scales, such as interference competition.4. In contrast, the likelihood of pit construction was positively correlated with nearest neighbour distance, possibly as a result of interference competition.5. Pit construction rates were constant throughout the experiment, while relocation rates decreased with time.6. Contrary to previous studies, we found no correlation between body mass and spatial position inside the cluster, suggesting that these differences are the products of slower processes (e.g. exploitation and body condition).
Temperature and prey capture: opposite relationships in two predator taxa
Authors: KRUSE PETER DALGAS , TOFT SØREN , SUNDERLAND KEITH D. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract1. All other things equal, predator capture rates are expected to depend on encounter rate with prey, prey escape capability (including prey defences), and on predator agility. Ectotherm predators and their prey both respond to increasing temperature by increased activity, i.e. predators increase their search area and prey may enhance their escape capability. This means that, as temperature changes, the ability of a predator to catch prey will decrease, increase, or remain unchanged depending on the relative effect of temperature on predator and prey. Their responses may further be differentially moulded by light conditions depending on whether the predator is diurnally or nocturnally active. It was hypothesised that flying Diptera are vulnerable to carabid beetles only at low temperatures and over the full temperature range for spiders because carabids, in contrast to spiders, are not built to catch swiftly moving prey.2. The first experiment examined the spontaneous locomotor activity of the predators and of fruit flies at different temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C) and light conditions (light, dark). A second experiment examined the effect of temperature and light on the predation rate of two carabid beetles (Pterostichus versicolorandCalathus fuscipes) and two spiders (Clubiona phragmitisandPardosa prativaga) using fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as prey.3. All four predators and the fruit fly increased their locomotory activity at higher temperatures. Activity of the carabid beetles peaked at intermediate temperatures; spiders and fruit flies were most active at the highest temperatures. Predation rate of the spiders increased with temperature whereas the beetles caught flies only at low temperatures (5 and 10 °C).4. Diurnal variation in temperature may bring different prey groups within the set of potential prey at different times of the day or at different seasons. The ability of many carabid beetles to forage at low temperatures may have nutritional benefits and increases the diversity of interactions in terrestrial food webs.
Fish assemblages of the northern Argentine coastal system: spatial patterns and their temporal variations
Authors: JAUREGUIZAR ANDRÉS J. , MENNI ROBERTO , LASTA CARLOS , GUERRERO RAÚL 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe springtime spatial pattern of demersal fish assemblages in the northern Argentine coastal ecosystem (34°–41°S) and their relationships with environmental variables were investigated over 6 years (1981, 1983, 1994, 1995, 1998 and 1999). For each fish assemblage area for each year, we identified the most common species and those species that had the highest ability to discriminate it from adjacent assemblage areas. Within each area, species were considered as resident (common in all years) or facultative (contributing to less than 90% of similarity within any year). The analysis (detrended canonical correspondence analysis), conducted using species abundances (t nm−2) and environmental data, indicated that six fish assemblage areas are consistently distinguishable. The fish assemblage areas correspond to inner, central and middle regions of the Río de la Plata estuary, and inner, central and middle regions of the coastal shelf. Spatial differences in the composition among areas were primarily due to changes in species composition rather than changes in relative abundance, and were primarily related to water mass characteristics. Salinity in the estuary and temperature on the shelf were more relevant to the spatial structuring of the fish community in each environment. The assemblage areas showed a remarkable degree of temporal persistence in species composition and geographical location. The facultative species contributed more to the species composition temporal dynamics than resident species. El Niño (La Niña) condition, associated with increase (decrease) of the Río de la Plata freshwater discharge, produced a movement of the estuarine assemblage areas to the coastal shelf (upriver). Under normal freshwater discharge conditions, the boundaries of the fish assemblages were relatively more stable.
Fine specificity of natural killer T cells against GD3 ganglioside and identification of GM3 as an inhibitory natural killer T‐cell ligand
Authors: Park Jun‐Eui , Wu Dianna Y. , Prendes Maria , Lu Sharon X. , Ragupathi Govind , Schrantz Nicolas , Chapman Paul B. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryGD3, a ganglioside expressed on melanoma, is the only tumour‐associated glycolipid described to date that can induce a CD1d‐restricted natural killer T (NKT)‐cell response. We analysed the fine specificity of GD3‐reactive NKT cells and discovered that immunization with GD3 induced two populations of GD3‐reactive NKT cells. One population was CD4+ CD8− and was specific for GD3; the other population was CD4− CD8− and cross‐reacted with GM3 in a CD1d‐restricted manner, but did not cross‐react with GM2, GD2, or lactosylceramide. This indicated that the T‐cell receptors reacting with GD3 recognize glucose‐galactose linked to at least one N‐acetyl‐neuraminic acid but will not accommodate a terminal N‐acetylgalactosamine. Immunization with GM2, GM3, GD2, or lactosylceramide did not induce an NKT‐cell response. Coimmunization of GM3‐loaded antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) with GD3‐loaded APCs suppressed the NKT‐cell response to GD3 in a CD1d‐restricted manner. This suppressive effect was specific for GM3 and was a local effect lasting 2–4 days. In vitro, GM3‐loaded APCs also suppressed the interleukin‐4 response, but not the interferon‐γ response, of NKT cells to α‐galactosylceramide. However, there was no effect on the T helper type 2 responses of conventional T cells. We found that this suppression was not mediated by soluble factors. We hypothesize that GM3 induces changes to the APC that lead to suppression of T helper type 2‐like NKT‐cell responses.