bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The breastfeeding experience of women with major difficulties who use the services of a breastfeeding clinic: a descriptive study
Authors: Lamontagne Caroline , Hamelin Anne-Marie , St-Pierre Monik 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Background
Many women experience breastfeeding difficulties. Sometimes these difficulties lead to breastfeeding cessation. Breastfeeding clinics provide support for women facing such problems. This study aims to describe the breastfeeding experience of women, particularly those who use the services of the breastfeeding clinic located in the Greater Quebec City area.

Methods
This is a descriptive study based on information gathered through telephone questionnaires that were administered in 2006 to a sample of 86 women and semi-structured interviews conducted with 12 of these women.

Results
Painful nipples/breasts, low milk supply and latching difficulties were the three most frequent major breastfeeding problems identified by women. Their personal characteristics as well as the moral and physical support provided by family and friends and by health professional and clinicians at the breastfeeding clinic were the factors identified most often as having a positive influence on the breastfeeding experience.

Conclusion
The results suggest that breastfeeding clinics have a critical role to play in improving the breastfeeding experience of women with major difficulties.
Recent advances in the compound-oriented and pattern-oriented approaches to the quality control of herbal medicines
Authors: Zeng Zhongda , Chau Foo-tim , Chan Hoi-yan , Cheung Chui-yee , Lau Tsui-yan , Wei Shuiyin , Mok Daniel Kam-wah , Chan Chi-on , Liang Yizeng 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe current approaches to the quality control of herbal medicines are either compound-oriented or pattern-oriented, the former targeting specific components with some known chemical properties and the latter targeting all detectable components. The marker approach uses specific chemical compounds with known molecular structures, while the multi-compound approach uses both chemical compounds with known structures and those with partial chemical information e.g. retention times, mass spectra and ultraviolet spectra. Apart from chromatographic techniques, new techniques such as oscillating and electrochemistry fingerprints have been developed for quality control. Chemometric resolution methods are widely used for component deconvolution and data comparison. Pattern recognition techniques are used for authentication of herbal medicines.
Contemporary evidence: baseline data from the D2B Alliance
Authors: Bradley Elizabeth H , Nallamothu Brahmajee K , Stern Amy F , Byrd Jason R , Cherlin Emily J , Wang Yongfei , Yuan Christina , Nembhard Ingrid , Brush John E , Krumholz Harlan M 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Background
Less than half of U.S. hospitals meet guidelines for prompt treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The Door-to-Balloon (D2B) Alliance is a collaborative effort of more than 900 hospitals committed to implementing a set of evidence-based strategies for reducing D2B time. This study presents data on (1) the prevalence of evidence-based strategies in U.S. hospitals that participated in the D2B Alliance and (2) identifies key hospital characteristics associated with their use.

Methods
We conducted a cross-sectional study of U.S. hospitals that joined the D2B Alliance through a Web-based survey about their current practices for patients with STEMI who received primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We used multivariate logistic regression to identify hospital characteristics associated with use of each strategy.

Results
Of the 915 U.S. hospitals enrolled in the D2B Alliance as of June 2007, 797 (87%) completed the survey. Only 30.4% of responding hospitals reported employing at least 4 of the 5 key strategies (emergency medicine activates catheterization laboratory, single-call activation, expectation that catheterization team is available in the laboratory within 20–30 minutes after page, prompt data feedback on D2B times, use of pre-hospital electrocardiograms to activate the laboratory while the patient is en route to the hospital); 9.3% employed none of the strategies. There was no clear pattern of correlation between hospital characteristics and reported strategies.

Conclusion
As of 2007, many hospitals had implemented few of the key strategies to reduce D2B time, suggesting substantial opportunity to improve care for patients with STEMI.
PhosCalc: A tool for evaluating the sites of peptide phosphorylation from Mass Spectrometer data
Authors: MacLean Daniel , Burrell Michael A , Studholme David J , Jones Alexandra ME 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Background
We have created a software implementation of a published and verified method for assigning probabilities to potential phosphorylation sites on peptides using mass spectrometric data. Our tool, named PhosCalc, determines the number of possible phosphorylation sites and calculates the theoretical masses for the b and y fragment ions of a user-provided peptide sequence. A corresponding user-provided mass spectrum is examined to determine which putative b and y ions have support in the spectrum and a probability score is calculated for each combination of phosphorylation sites.

Findings
We test the implementation using spectra of phosphopeptides from bovine beta-casein and we compare the results from the implementation to those from manually curated and verified phosphopeptides from our own experiments. We find that the PhosCalc scores are capable of helping a user to identify phosphorylated sites and can remove a bottleneck in high throughput proteomics analyses.

Conclusion
PhosCalc is available as a web-based interface for examining up to 100 peptides and as a downloadable tool for examining larger numbers of peptides. PhosCalc can be used to speed up identification of phosphorylation sites and can be easily integrated into data handling pipelines making it a very useful tool for those involved in phosphoproteomic research.
Comparison of molecular phenotypes of ductal carcinoma in situand invasive breast cancer
Authors: Tamimi Rulla M , Baer Heather J , Marotti Jonathan , Galan Mark , Galaburda Laurie , Fu Yineng , Deitz Anne C , Connolly James L , Schnitt Stuart J , Colditz Graham A , Collins Laura C 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Introduction
At least four major categories of invasive breast cancer that are associated with different clinical outcomes have been identified by gene expression profiling: luminal A, luminal B, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and basal-like. However, the prevalence of these phenotypes among cases of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has not been previously evaluated in detail. The purpose of this study was to compare the prevalence of these distinct molecular subtypes among cases of DCIS and invasive breast cancer.

Methods
We constructed tissue microarrays (TMAs) from breast cancers that developed in 2897 women enrolled in the Nurses' Health Study (1976 to 1996). TMA slides were immunostained for oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2, cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Using these immunostain results, cases were grouped into molecularly defined subtypes.

Results
The prevalence of the distinct molecular phenotypes differed significantly between DCIS (n = 272) and invasive breast cancers (n = 2249). The luminal A phenotype was significantly more frequent among invasive cancers (73.4%) than among DCIS lesions (62.5%) (p = 0.0002). In contrast, luminal B and HER2 molecular phenotypes were both more frequent among DCIS (13.2% and 13.6%, respectively) as compared with invasive tumours (5.2% and 5.7%, respectively) (p < 0.0001). The basal-like phenotype was more frequent among the invasive cancers (10.9%) than DCIS (7.7%), although this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.15). High-grade DCIS and invasive tumours were more likely to be HER2 type and basal-like than low- or intermediate-grade lesions. Among invasive tumours, basal-like and HER2 type tumours were more likely to be more than 2 cm in size, high-grade and have nodal involvement compared with luminal A tumours.

Conclusion
The major molecular phenotypes previously identified among invasive breast cancers were also identified among cases of DCIS. However, the prevalence of the luminal A, luminal B and HER2 phenotypes differed significantly between DCIS and invasive breast cancers.
Prolactin receptor antagonism reduces the clonogenic capacity of breast cancer cells and potentiates doxorubicin and paclitaxel cytotoxicity
Authors: Howell Sacha J , Anderson Elizabeth , Hunter Tom , Farnie Gillian , Clarke Robert B 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Introduction
Exogenous prolactin is mitogenic and antiapoptotic in breast cancer cells, and overexpression of autocrine prolactin cDNA in breast cancer cell lines has been shown to stimulate their growth and to protect against chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. We examined the effects of the 'pure' prolactin receptor antagonist Δ1–9-G129R-hPrl (Δ1–9) on the breast cancer cell number and clonogenicity, alone and in combination with chemotherapy.

Methods
The effects of doxorubicin, paclitaxel and Δ1–9 on the growth of breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7, T47D, MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-468 and SK-BR-3) in monolayer culture were assessed by the sulphorhodamine B assay. Effects on clonogenicity were assessed by soft agar assay for the cell lines and by the mammosphere assay for disaggregated primary ductal carcinoma in situ samples. Dual-fluorescence immunocytochemistry was used to identify subpopulations of cells expressing the prolactin receptor and autocrine prolactin.

Results
Δ1–9 as a single agent had no effect on the cell number in monolayer culture, but potentiated the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin and paclitaxel. Doxorubicin accordingly induced expression of prolactin mRNA and protein in all five breast cancer cell lines tested. Δ1–9 alone inhibited the clonogenicity in soft agar of cell lines by ~90% and the mammosphere forming efficiency of six disaggregated primary ductal carcinoma in situ samples by a median of 56% (range 32% to 88%). Subpopulations of cells could be identified in the cell lines based on the prolactin receptor and prolactin expression.

Conclusion
Autocrine prolactin appears to act as an inducible survival factor in a clonogenic subpopulation of breast cancer cells. The rational combination of cytotoxics and Δ1–9 may therefore improve outcomes in breast cancer therapy by targeting this cell population.
Diarrhea as a cause of mortality in a mouse model of infectious colitis
Authors: Borenshtein Diana , Fry Rebecca C , Groff Elizabeth B , Nambiar Prashant R , Carey Vincent J , Fox James G , Schauer David B 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Background
Comparative characterization of genome-wide transcriptional changes during infection can help elucidate the mechanisms underlying host susceptibility. In this study, transcriptional profiling of the mouse colon was carried out in two cognate lines of mice that differ in their response to Citrobacter rodentium infection; susceptible inbred FVB/N and resistant outbred Swiss Webster mice. Gene expression in the distal colon was determined prior to infection, and at four and nine days post-inoculation using a whole mouse genome Affymetrix array.

Results
Computational analysis identified 462 probe sets more than 2-fold differentially expressed between uninoculated resistant and susceptible mice. In response to C. rodentium infection, 5,123 probe sets were differentially expressed in one or both lines of mice. Microarray data were validated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR for 35 selected genes and were found to have a 94% concordance rate. Transcripts represented by 1,547 probe sets were differentially expressed between susceptible and resistant mice regardless of infection status, a host effect. Genes associated with transport were over-represented to a greater extent than even immune response-related genes. Electrolyte analysis revealed reduction in serum levels of chloride and sodium in susceptible animals.

Conclusion
The results support the hypothesis that mortality in C. rodentium-infected susceptible mice is associated with impaired intestinal ion transport and development of fatal fluid loss and dehydration. These studies contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of C. rodentium and suggest novel strategies for the prevention and treatment of diarrhea associated with intestinal bacterial infections.
Metabolic changes in schizophrenia and human brain evolution
Authors: Khaitovich Philipp , Lockstone Helen E , Wayland Matthew T , Tsang Tsz M , Jayatilaka Samantha D , Guo Arfu J , Zhou Jie , Somel Mehmet , Harris Laura W , Holmes Elaine , Pääbo Svante , Bahn Sabine 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Background
Despite decades of research, the molecular changes responsible for the evolution of human cognitive abilities remain unknown. Comparative evolutionary studies provide detailed information about DNA sequence and mRNA expression differences between humans and other primates but, in the absence of other information, it has proved very difficult to identify molecular pathways relevant to human cognition.

Results
Here, we compare changes in gene expression and metabolite concentrations in the human brain and compare them to the changes seen in a disorder known to affect human cognitive abilities, schizophrenia. We find that both genes and metabolites relating to energy metabolism and energy-expensive brain functions are altered in schizophrenia and, at the same time, appear to have changed rapidly during recent human evolution, probably as a result of positive selection.

Conclusion
Our findings, along with several previous studies, suggest that the evolution of human cognitive abilities was accompanied by adaptive changes in brain metabolism, potentially pushing the human brain to the limit of its metabolic capabilities.
On Unlearning
Authors: W. M.  
Published: August 2008

“O well for him whose will is strong!He suffers, but he will not suffer long;He suffers, but he cannot suffer wrong.”Tennyson." Πολλὰ τὰ δεινά, κ' οῦδὲν ὰν—θρώπου δεινότερον πέλει.∗∗∗καὶ φθέγμα, καὶ ὰνεμόενφρόνημα, καὶ ὰστυνόμουςόργὰς έδιδάξατο."Sophocles.From the earliest period of his history down to the present day man has ever been an object of eager study to himself. Nevertheless it is questionable whether he has yet succeeded in satisfying himself what he really is. “Everything by turns, and nothing long,” seems to be the conclusion to which one may most safely come after consideration of the numerous definitions which man has at different times seriously given of himself. He has likened himself to most things on earth, and to not a few under the earth. He has, as it were, dissolved himself, tested, precipitated, dried, and weighed himself; he has frequently lost himself, gone in search of himself, traced himself back to an homunculus, and forward to his final disappearance in a general dissolution of his constituent particles. But after making all these and many other experiments upon himself, whether he is the godlike son of Heaven, or an idealised monkey, he has not yet decided.
A Case of Cerebral Meningitis
Authors: Bacon G. Mackenzie 
Published: August 2008

The subjoined case owes its chief interest to the question of diagnosis involved in its consideration. The outline of the case is as follows:—William G., set. 57, single, labourer, admitted into the Cambs. Asylum, Aug. 10, 1868. He was said to have had a previous attack of insanity at the age of 22, but to have kept well till within a few days of his admission, when he became noisy and excited. It was also stated that he had had four epileptic fits, but at long intervals.
Pathology of a Case of Transient Alternating Hemiplegia
Authors: Brown Joseph J. 
Published: August 2008

The occurrence of transient hemiplegia is so unfrequent in nervous affections, and the pathological conditions causing the symptoms are so obscure and uncertain, that any additional information regarding the nature of the lesions in such cases is of importance, and so I venture to bring before the Society the following case:—A. M., æt. 73. Widow. From Edinburgh. Was admited into the Royal Edinburgh Asylum on October 10th, 1873.
The Spastic and Tabetic Types of General Paralysis
Authors: Stewart R. S. 
Published: August 2008

(Illustrated.)As a rule general paralysis is characterized by well-defined spinal symptoms and pathological changes, and, looked at from this point of view, the cases which pursue what may be called a normal course group themselves broadly into two fairly-defined but unequal divisions, presenting more or less distinctive features as regards onset, course, duration, and pathology. The type which is associated with locomotor ataxia is a well-recognized one, and it appears to me that in all the other cases the features which predominate during the progress of the affection indicate a correspondingly close relationship, clinically and pathologically, with that variety of spinal disease termed primary spastic paraplegia. In a small proportion the features are indicative of a combination of these two types, but it will be found that primarily such cases belong to one or other group, the combination of symptoms being of relatively late occurrence.
Statistics dealing with Hereditary Insanity, based on upwards of a Thousand Gases occurring in the Essex County Asylum
Authors: Turner John 
Published: August 2008

Fifty years ago Baillarger† showed from a study of 453 cases that insanity is one third more frequently transmitted from the mothers to the children than from the fathers, and that in the case of sons the transmission is as frequently from one parent as from the other, and in the case of daughters the disposition to insanity is inherited twice as frequently from the mother as from the father. Leubuscher† apparently referring to some later statistics of Baillarger's dealing with 600 cases, found that:—SummaryDirect inheritance.—(a) Taking all classes of insanity, acquired and congenital, we find that whilst the insane father transmits his mental instability to a greater number of offspring than the insane mother, it is on the daughters that it mostly falls, and where the mother is insane the influence is still more marked in the direction of the daughters; so that whichever parent is insane, more daughters ultimately become insane than sons.(β) The number of insane mothers is very considerably greater than insane fathers.Reversional and collateral inheritance.—(a) In both sexes the stronger hereditary influence comes through the maternal branch of the family.(β) The males have the larger number of brothers insane, the females the larger number of sisters.Bearing in mind the suggestions previously advanced as to the greater amount of stress that the female is physiologically exposed to, I am inclined to think that the results arrived at in Table III. give us a correct idea concerning the transmission of mental instability.In this series extraneous circumstances have been excluded to a large extent, and the results are in harmony with Darwin's Law of Heredity. But larger numbers will have to be dealt with before any positive conclusion can be arrived at. Where we deal with all classes, as in Table I., these results are liable to be masked to a certain extent by other causes already mentioned. If such be the case the discrepancy between the two tables will serve to give us an idea of the marked influence that extraneous circumstances have in determining actual insanity in those predisposed to it.
American
Authors: Beach Fletcher 
Published: August 2008

American Journal of Insanity, April and July, 1895; Alienist and Neurologist, July, 1895; The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, June, 1895.Dr. Clara Barrus writes in the American Journal of Insanity an article on “Gynæcological Disorders and their relation to Insanity.” She tabulates one hundred cases in which examinations were made whether the patient presented symptoms calling for uterine examination or not, and is of opinion that a thorough physical examination is necessary in all female cases, since the manifestations which would lead to examination were only noted in three patients. Very often the pain and discomfort felt by insane patients is misconstrued, and so, while we get no expression of pain itself, we may find the patient suffering from delusions that she is pregnant, that she has been violated during the night, and so on. A synopsis of the table is given, and shows the age of the patient, whether married or not, the presence or absence of menses, lencorrhóa or masturbation, of anomalies and new growths, the condition of the uterus and external genitalia, and the kind of mental disease which is presented. The gynæcologist who learns that it is the exception rather than the rule to find an insane woman with normal pelvic organs must be careful not to assign these abnormal conditions as a cause of insanity, but to keep an open mind, suspending his conclusions until further data can be examined. No doubt the causes of insanity in women are as varied and many of them are identical with the causes of insanity in men, but women have an additional physical and mental strain resulting from the crises which they have to undergo, such as the establishment of puberty, the monthly period, pregnancy, the puerperal state, and the climacteric. None of these by itself is sufficient to produce insanity, and when any of these experiences are said to be the cause of mental disease, we must acknowledge that though these may be the exciting cause, yet the predisposing one is an unstable organisation, causing the patient to be disturbed by occurrences which would only temporarily upset a healthy organism. As regards the table itself, one must guard against the erroneous opinion that the lesions which present themselves are associated more frequently with certain forms of insanity than with others, for although there were thirty-six cases of melancholia and twenty-one of dementia, and only nineteen of mania, ten of paranoia, and twenty-four of miscellaneous mental disorders, we must remember that cases of melancholia and dementia are more tractable and more easily examined, while those of acute mania, paranoia and sexual perversion are examined with difficulty. The author concludes that each case on admission should be examined, and if there is any abnormality present it should be removed if possible; by this means the degree of nerve irritation will be lessened and one of the “stumbling blocks” in the way of the patient's recovery will be removed.
Atypical and Unusual Brain-Forms, especially in Relation to Mental Status: A Study on Brain-Surface Morphology
Authors: Mickle W. Julius 
Published: August 2008

Chapter V.Temporal Lobe.This chapter concerns the temporal, and the next the parietal, lobe; but it is desirable to preface the main subjects of these two chapters by some remarks on a large area partly pertaining to both the lobes mentioned, and partly to the occipital.
Refusal of Food in the Insane, with a method of Artificial Feeding not generally known
Authors: Newth A. H. 
Published: August 2008

There are several causes which may induce refusal of food, and these have to be carefully considered before attempting to forcibly feed an insane patient.Anorexia is one of the earliest and most common symptoms of general bodily disease. It is always present in anæmic conditions and severe affections of the stomach. It may arise from nausea, the food not being properly digested, fœtid eruc–tations are produced, and so the patient loathes the idea of food.