bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PREVENTION OF DISINTEGRATION OF BLAST FURNACE LININGS1
Authors: Mitra Himansu Kumar , Silverman Alexander 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTheories and observations on the causes of disintegration of fireclay refractories in blast furnaces are given and a process is developed for improving high iron clays for this use. The disintegration of refractories in blast furnace linings is initiated by alteration in the iron spots. Ferric oxide is reduced to ferrous oxide at 500°C and hastens the cracking of 2CO to CO2+C1 the carbon being retained by the lining. When Fe2O2 is converted to Fe3O4 the brick will not disintegrate.
SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING THE THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS AND PRODUCTS OF THE CERAMIC INDUSTRY1
Authors: Cohn Willi M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA survey is given of a number of factors which exert an influence upon the following thermal properties of several minerals and ceramic bodies: specific heat, thermal reaction, thermal conductivity, thermal expansion, thermal radiation, etc. The influences in the Case of fired and unfired substances are differentiated. A bibliography is presented, which summarizes the work of recent years bearing on the thermal properties of minerals and ceramic bodies.
ACID‐RESISTING OVERGLAZE COLORS1
Authors: Tailby R. V. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThere is great demand for overglaze colors which are resistant to the action of acids and alkalis. Difficulties encountered in the production of such colors are mentioned. Requirements to be met are enumerated. Experimental evidence of acid‐resistance is discussed, and a provisional test known as the “immersion test” is described.
A STUDY OF THE CALCIUM‐SODIUM RATIO OF CERTAIN WATERS1
Authors: Hart R. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAs soluble materials are leached from alkaline soils they may become compact and refractory. This phenomenon is hindered by the presence of calcium or magnesium. Data on calcium‐sodium ratios of river waters in different localities are given. It is believed that an unfavorable ratio from the agricultural standpoint would be a favorable ratio with respect to ceramics. The possibilities of use of waters of low calcium‐sodium ratio in tempering clays to produce greater density are to be investigated.
USE OF THE SIMULATIVE TEST FURNACE AS A MEANS OF MAKING COMPARATIVE TESTS OF FIRE BRICK1
Authors: Rogers G. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe Navy Simulative Service Test for refractories is described, specifications for the test and the furnace used being given. The simulative service furnace has found application in making comparative tests of different brands of refractories, development of and improvement of standard fire brick, and as a control test for maintaining quality of the product.
VACUUM TREATMENT OF CLAY SLIPS AND BODIES1
Authors: Kraner Hobart M. , Fessler A. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe work contained in this paper was conducted to determine the value of the treatment of clay slips to reduced pressures. Theoretical information obtained in references, however, indicate little possibility of there being much gas adsorbed by the solid particles of a porcelain slip. No improvement of dielectric strength or mechanical strength could be noted as a result of experimental work conducted.
CONTINUOUS AND PERIODIC ELECTRIC DEC 0 RATING KILNS1
Authors: Eves J. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTDetailed descriptions are given of electric decorating kilns, one of a continuous type installed at the Buffalo Pottery Co., of Buffalo, N. Y., and two of the periodic type installed at the Smith Ceramic Studios of Rochester, N. Y. Construction, equipment, and operation details are given. Advantages of these kilns over other kinds more commonly used are discussed.
A TEST FOR THE ADHESIVENESS OF VITREOUS ENAMELS TO METAL1
Authors: Harrison W. N. , Thaler G. T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA method of testing the adhesiveness of vitreous enamels to metal is developed. The test specimens are prepared by clamping together two strips of enameled metal while they are still in the furnace and allowing them to cool slowly in another furnace from a temperature of 500°C. The test consists of determining the force necessary to pull the two metal pieces apart when treated as a continuous strip of metal under tensile stress. As a source of additional data in analyzing results, an estimate is made of the percentage of contact area on each specimen within which failure occurred in the bond. The adhesiveness of an enamel containing cobalt, manganese, and nickel oxides is compared with the enamel minus these oxides. The cobalt enamel gave a much stronger bond than the cobaltless enamel, a result which ie in agreement with industrial experience. The degree of reproducibility is sufficient to permit positive distinction between conditions of adhesiveness which differ considerably.
THE PETROGRAPHIC MICROSCOPE AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR THE GLASS TECHNOLOGIST1
Authors: Insley By Herbert 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe value of the petrographic microscope to the glass technologist in identifying crystalline defects in glass and impurities in raw materials is pointed out. The behavior of light in passing through crystalline materials and methods of manipulation of the petrographic microscope in the identification of crystalline compounds in glass and glassmaking materials are described briefly.
X‐RAY INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF HEAT ON CHINA CLAYS1
Authors: McVay T. N. , Thompson C. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTX‐ray diffraction patterns were obtained from an English china clay and a Georgia sedimentary kaolin, both raw and fired to various temperatures. The chief crystalline constituent of the raw clays was found to be kaolinite. Upon dehydration the kaolinite lattice was destroyed and the clays gave no diffraction pattern. Mullite was formed in both clays at 950°C and the amount increased with increase of firing temperature. In addition to the mullite, free alumina was present in the Georgia clay from 950 to 1100°C and cristobalite at temperatures above 1200°C.
DETERMINATION OF IRON OXIDE AND TITANIA IN CLAY REFRACTORIES1
Authors: Kerr W. Raymond , Read Edgar B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTCustomary method of determining iron oxide and titania from ignited R2O2 precipitate requires considerable time. Direct titration of fusions with sodium carbonate is impossible because of gelatinous silica. Direct titration of fusions with potassium bisulphate is accurate with clays low in silica and unfired clays. By treating with hydrofluoric and sulphuric acid, and dissolving with dilute hydrochloric and precipitating the R2O2 by ammonium hydroxide and then fusing with potassium bisulphate the iron and titanium oxide can with accuracy be titrated. A detail method of procedure is given.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE HYDROMETER METHOD FOR DETERMINING COLLOID CONTENT1
Authors: Slegel Paul J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTwo clays, bentonite and Florida kaolin, were used in the study of the George Bouyoucos hydrometer method for determining the colloid content in a clay suspension. It was found that the hydrometer method was not an accurate means of measuring percent colloid, and since this method checks the heat of wetting, the latter, therefore, is also unsatisfactory.
VARIATIONS IN PYROMETRIC CONE EQUIVALENTS OF SILICA CEMENTS AND FIRE CLAYS1
Authors: Cole Sandford S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn order to determine what variations might occur due to the method of preparing the sample for the pyrometric cone equivalent test a series of 100 silica cements and five fire clays were tested using the cement “as received,” ground to pass a 65‐mesh Tyler screen, and after calcining a t 1400°C grinding to pass a 65‐mesh Tyler screen. The pyrometric cone equivalent values were obtained by two operators, the cones being made by one operator. It was found that testing of silica cements “as received” gave closer checks than ground samples. The grinding of the sample lowers the pyrometric cone equivalent 11/2to 2 cones in general.
SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF GLASS TANK BLOCK REFRACTORIES1
Authors: MacGee A. Ernest 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTPorosity, crushing strength, elasticity, specific gravity, transverse strength, thermal expansion, impact strength, and resistance to heat shock were determined on five glass tank block refractory bodies. Ability to resist heat shock was successfully predicted from the elasticity, transverse strength, thermal diffusivity, and thermal expansion values.
SOME EFFECTS OF COAL ASH ON REFRACTORIES1
Authors: McVay T. N. , HURSH R. K. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe action of coal ash on the following types of refractories was studied: (1) high diaspore brick, (2) fireclay refractories with very little quartz, (3) fireclay refractories with considerable quartz, (4) refractories containing a mixture of diaspore and fireclay, and (5) andalusite refractories. The tests were carried out in a rotary test furnace at temperatures ranging from 1500 to 1600°C. The phases present in the coal‐ash refractory slag were identified by means of the petrographic microscope and consisted of magnetite, mullite, and glass. The effects of time of slag action and slagging temperature were studied.
EFFECT OF REDUCING GASES ON THE TRANSVERSE STRENGTH OF FIRECLAY BRICKS1
Authors: Westman A. E. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIt was reported that fireclay brick, when heated in the presence of carbon monoxide, were disintegrated by the progressive deposition of finely divided carbon at the “iron spots” in the brick. The conditions necessary for the occurrence of this phenomenon were not definitely known, although the known reversibility of the catalytic reaction around 650°C and the outcome of small scale experiments indicated that disintegration would not occur above this temperature. To obtain more definite information on this score, the effect of city gas at 550°C and 1100°C on the transverse strength of three brands of fireclay brick was determined. No significant changes in strength occurred at 1100°C. At 550°C two of the brands suffered very significant decreases in strength, but the other brand was unaffected, although it had the highest iron content.
SPRAY ROOM CONTROL WITH A CAMERA1
Authors: Davis Harry E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe use of the camera for recording spray room applications is described and its advantages over the old method of keeping actual samples of each spray which soon forms a bulky, dusty accumulation, subject to accident and deterioration. The problem of distinguishing between colors, where several applications are made, remains to be solved by the selection of the proper dyes.
THE COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF A KAOLINIC FIRE BRICK1
Authors: Norton ByF. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe development of a kaolinic brick from Georgia clay is described. The high and continued shrinkage of this clay makes it necessary to fire the brick a t a very high temperature. A temperature of over 3000°F was required. The development of a kiln for the firing of the grog and brick was a problem that was satisfactorily solved. A light weight brick for use in marine boilers and a dense refractory for use in glass tanks were developed. The following physical properties of these two refractories are given and compared with other high grade bricks: (1) start of deformation under 25 Ibs. per sq. in. load, (2) 10% deformation under 25 Ibs. per sq. in. load, (3) start of permanent volume change without load, (4) mean coefficient of expansion, (5) cycles in 2900°F air‐spalling test, (6) melting point, (7) thermal conductivity a t 1000, 2000 and 2750°F. Various successful applications of this type of brick are described.
MINERAL CONSTITUENTS AND ORIGIN OF A CERTAIN KAOLIN DEPOSIT NEAR SPOKANE, WASHINGTON1
Authors: Goodspeeed ByG. E. , Weyuouth A. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses petrographic and mineralogic features of kaolinite and associated minerals from a certain kaolin deposit near Spokane, Wash. Here the kaolin occurs in dikes, veinlets cutting a sandy material, and has field relations and mineral associations that are not in harmony with the usual conception of residual deposits due to weathering. The evidence points strongly to endomorphic action or perhaps even direct primary origin from highly aqueous magmatic solutions.
STUDY OF CHINA BODIES OF BELLEEK TYPE1
Authors: Collins Paul F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAfter a preliminary study of Belleek bodies of four compositions, using three different frits and firing to three temperatures, a further study was conducted using the moot promising of the three frits as the basic frit and three new frits containing nome different ingredients. A standard body was used in the later study. Resultsobtained are enumerated and discussed.
EQUATIONS AND TABLES FOR SHRINKAGE, EXPANSION AND DESIGN CALCULATIONS1
Authors: Westman A. E. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAttention is drawn to an error in the equation for calculating linear shrinkage (per cent of dry length) from volume shrinkage (per cent of dry volume) which was given in the Report of the Committee on Standards, AmericanCeramicSociety, Year Book, 1921–22. In order to avoid errors due to the use of incorrect equations, in future work, the more useful equations for making the ordinary shrinkage, expansion, and design calculations are derived and tabulated. To facilitate numerical computation, four figure tables are given by means of which the labor involved in the more usual ceramic calculations involving shrinkage and expansion can be greatly reduced. The use of the equations and tables is explained and illustrated by means of examples.
SCIENCE VERSUS ENGINEERING IN THE SCHOOLS—A FURTHER CONTRIBUTION TO THE SYMPOSIUM ON CERAMIC EDUCATION1
Authors: Gorton A. F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn discussing ceramic education it is suggested that (1) as it is the function of a technical school to impart as complete a scientific foundation as possible to its graduates, the tendency is to produce technologists rather than engineers; (2) engineering ability does not develop from formal training but from individual traits or inborn qualities; (3) the average‐size plant should endeavor to make better use of the talents and ability of their so‐called practical men by encouraging them to acquire technical knowledge through evening courses and extension work. The benefits of cooperative agreements with local educational institutions by maintaining scholarships are also pointed out.
THE LOSS OF SILICA DURING GLASS MELTING1
Authors: Scholes S. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTRepeated analyses of glass taken from an operating tank at different times show that, when round‐grained and dustless sand is used, the silica found in the glass averages 0.64% lower than the value calculated from the batch. When sharp‐grained dusty sand is used, the loss is greater, amounting to 1.13%. This loss is suggested as the reason for sharp‐grained sand being easier to melt than round‐grained, leaving less silica for fusion. These results are confirmed by the data from other analysts, showing that the percentage of silica found is usually smaller than that calculated for a given glass.
THE USE OF FUSED SILICA AS A RAW MATERIAL IN THE MANUFACTURE OF PORCELAIN1
Authors: Wesman A. E. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe effect of different forms of silica commonly used in porcelain bodies on their properties is compared with that produced by use of fused silica. Sources of fused silica are discussed. Comparative tests were made on two bodies, typical of electrical porcelain commonly manufactured in the United States, the only difference between them being that one contained Ottawa sand flint while the other contained powdered fused silica. The firing behavior and thermal expansions were determined and a microscopic examination of thin sections was made. The fused silica body differed materially from the porcelain and due to its difference the name “fusilain” has been suggested for it. A further investigation of other properties thereof is planned.
A STUDY OF UNDERGROUND CLAY MINING1
Authors: Nold H. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe conditions in underground clay mining as noted during a survey of the heavy clay industries of Ohio are discussed. The need for greater study of the subject is stressed, especially the haulage, drainage, timbering, panel development, and pillar drawing phases. The solution suggested is a mine as carefully planned and operated as the manufacturing plant in order to increase the percentage of recovery and reduce the cost per ton.
RECENT PROGRESS IN ELECTRICAL APPLICATION FOR THE HEAVY CLAY INDUSTRY1
Authors: Huestis T. B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe advantages, proved in installations, of electric drives and controls are recited and detailed descriptions are given of the manner and advantages of electric drive and control of the several machines and means of moving the clay and ware in the heavy clay products plants. The paper is illustrated by photographs of installations which have been found successful.
MODERN TREND OF DESIGN FOR POTTERY PLANTS1
Authors: Jacoby H. S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA discussion of the most advantageous type of building to house pottery manufacture is given. The one‐story building is advocated in preference to a multi‐story building. Objections raised to one‐story construction are cited, but overshadowing advantages are enumerated. Details recommended by best modern practice in the construction of one‐story plants are given.
BERYLLIUM GLASS1
Authors: Lai Chi Fang , Silverman Alexander 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTBeryllium glass has been prepared for the first time, and some of its physical and optical properties have been determined. More than eighty different compositions have been melted and studied. Four series were taken from the clear glass area and examined for density, hardness, refractive index, and ultra‐violet light transmission in comparison with magnesium and calcium glasses
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF FELDSPARS1
Authors: Kniget F. P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA definition of feldspar is given. Minerals in feldspars are enumerated. The importance of chemical control, method of analysis, and calculation of mineral composition from chemical analysis are taken up. A discussion of the value of the calculation is presented. In explaining mechanical control procedures, method of sampling, storage and mixing of feldspars, fusion test, block test, reasons for the non‐uniformity in fusions and free quartz determinations are described and discussed.
ADSORPTION AT CRYSTAL‐SOLUTION INTERFACES*
Authors: Benneit G. W. , France W. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe present work is a continuation of the study of adsorption processes at solution crystal interfaces. It consists of an investigation of the adsorption of dyes, gelatin, and amino acids by the various faces of ammonium alum. The growth ratios of this alum were measured both in the presence and absence of these foreign substances. Adsorption was found to occur only at the cube faces and to be specific in character. The effects obtained are explained on the basis of residual valencies, polar groups in the adsorbed material, and the interionic distances in the crystal lattice. The extension of these ideas to the study of the flocculation of suspensoid sols has been suggested. The growth ratio V100/V111 for pure ammonium alum was found to be 1.53
THE USE OF 8‐HYDROXYQUINOLINE FOR THE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SILICATES1
Authors: Robitschek Josef 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA method for the gravimetric and titrimetric determination of different metals, devised by Berg, is used for the analysis of silicates. Alumina and magnesia are precipitated with 8‐hydroxyquinoline and the precipitates can be either dried and weighed or dissolved and titrated. Both metals can be determined in the presence of silica and thus much time is saved, if determination of the silica is not required. For different purposes different methods have been devised and very accurate results have been obtained
FIRING OPEN TERRA COTTA KILNS WITH GAS1
Authors: Owen W. O. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTExperiments conducted with a small kiln in firing terra cotta without the use of a muffle giving satisfactory results, the large kilns at this plant were equipped for gas firing, the muffles being removed. The equipment for gas firing is described and alterations made in the kilns are explained. The general operation of the kilns is discussed. Savings obtained are enumerated. The consideration of gas as a fuel in the ceramic industry is recommended.
SOME INVESTIGATIONS OF A NEBRASKA CLAY1
Authors: Rymes Arthur James 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA brief review of the literature on the fluxing action of different metallic oxides on clays is given. A series of mixtures of what seemed to be the “dirtiest” clay of four obtained, with varying amounts of pure calcium carbonate which passed a 150‐mesh screen was made up into briquets and physical properties were studied on the unfired and fired specimens. The firing was done at four temperatures, 1800°F, 1900°F, 1950°F, and 2000°F. Properties observed were fusion point, drying and firing shrinkage, crushing strength, and porosities of the fired specimens. The principle of the Armstrong volumeter used for porosity determinations is explained. The results obtained indicate possibilities of materially improving qualities of brick now being produced from so‐called ordinary clays but only after a very considerable amount of further work is done.
THE MEASUREMENT OF ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY BY THE USE OF CONCENTRIC CYLINDERS1
Authors: Lillie Howard R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA method is described for the measurement of absolute viscosities of liquids, employing the torque exerted upon a stationary inner cylinder or spindle, suspended by means of a torsion member into the center of a fluid, when the cylindrical container is given a uniform angular motion. The “true” viscosity of the castor oil, used as a test fluid, is found by extrapolating values of apparent viscosity, given by spindles of various lengths but equal radii, to that value corresponding to infinite length. For the oil being used, the viscosity at 20°C is given by this method as 9.67 poises. Using this as the true value, the effective length and thereby the end effect in terms of additional length may be found for any spindle in a liquid of given finite boundaries. The end correction to length, so determined for a spindle of 0.5 cm. radius by 10 cm. length in the center of a liquid of boundaries 3.2 cm. radius by 13 cm. height, a system similar to that used in measuring glass viscosities, was found to be 0.44 cm.
VOLATILITY OF SELENIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS IN THEMANUFACTURE OF RUBY GLASS1
Authors: Krak J. B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe volatility of selenium in making selenium ruby glass has been studied. About 75% of the selenium added to the batch was lost by volatilization. Sodium selenite and barium selenite were stable at 950°C and are probably stable at higher temperatures. Regardless of whether selenium or the compounds studied are used, the resulting glass contains about equal amounts of selenium. Methods of preparing sodium and barium selenites are described. An outline is given of an analytical procedure by which selenium is determined in glass.