bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
17 Multi‐channel electrogastrography (MEGG), gastric dysmotility and duodenal dysmotility in patients with functional dyspepsia: a self‐control study
Authors: SHA WH , PEHLIVANOV NK , PASRICHA PJ , CHEN JDZ 
Published: May 2006

Abnormalities in gastric slow waves and motility are frequently reported in functional dyspepsia patients. However, simultaneous assessment of the slow wave and motility abnormalities has rarely been done.The aim of this study is to assess gastric slow waves and antroduodenal motility simultaneous and determine the correlation among all measures in patients with functional dyspepsia.Methods:  Thirty‐one patients (8 M, 23 F, mean age 48.7, Range (23–79) with functional dyspepsia were assessed for severity of upper gastrointestinal symptoms, the multi‐channel electrogastrogram (MEGG) and antroduodenal manometry. The MEGG and manometry were recorded for 3–4 hours in the fasting state and for two hours after a solid meal. Computerized spectral analysis methods were utilized to compute the following MEGG parameters in the fasting and fed state. Dominant frequency, Dominant power and % of 2–4 cycles min­1 slow waves. Common gastrointestinal symptoms of nausea, vomiting, upper abdominal pain, bloating, early satiety and etc. were assessed for symptom severity and graded.Results:  (1) The MEGG was abnormal in 71.0% of patients. The abnormalities included normal slow waves lower than 70% in fasting state (51.6% of patients) and in fed state (48.4% of patients), a decrease in dominant power in 28.9% of patients. (2) Antral motility was abnormal in 83.9% and duodenal motility was abnormal in 74.2% of patients. There was a significant correlation between these two abnormalities. (3) For the MEGG and antral motility, 19 of 31 patients had both abnormal MEGG and abnormal antral motility; two of 31 patients had both normal MEGG and normal antral motility. For the MEGG and duodenal motility, these values were 16/31 and 2/31 respectively. (4) The patients showed high symptom scores particularly to upper abdominal pain, nausea and belch, with an average symptom score of 2.5/4 for pain, 2.5/4 for nausea and 2.3/4 for belch, respectively. The mean total score was 22/52 for all symptoms. (5) No significant correlation was noted between the symptom scores and any of the MEGG or motility parameters.Conclusions:  More than two thirds of patients with functional dyspepsia have abnormalities in the MEGG and antral duodenal motility. The sensitivity of these two different methods is essentially the same. Abnormalities in gastric motility and duodenal motility are correlated whereas the symptoms are not correlated with any of the MEGG or motility parameters.
21 Relationship between standard EGG electrode configurations and the stomach location
Authors: CHENG LK , GALLUCCI MR , PULLAN AJ , BUIST ML 
Published: May 2006

Aim:  To determine the appropriateness of EGG electrode configurations and where the EGG electrodes are located relative to the stomach musculature.Background:  It has become common practice to place EGG electrodes at specific locations relative to external landmarks (e.g. xiphoid and umbilicus) instead of locating the stomach via ultrasound or other imaging modalities. Electric fields decay rapidly with distance from the source so placing EGG electrodes close to the stomach is critical for obtaining reliable signals. If regional variability is of interest it is also important to place electrodes along the axis of the stomach.Methods:  Informed consent was obtained from four normal male subjects (average age 34 yrs). Subjects ingested 16 oz of oral contrast (containing 10 g hypaque sodium powder, Amersham Health) over 90 min prior to an abdominal spiral CT scan (3 mm slices). Stomach and skin surfaces were manually segmented and these data used to create virtual computer models. EGG electrodes were positioned according [1–3]. The distance between each electrode and the closest point to the stomach surface was calculated. A fourth configuration was defined where four electrodes were placed along the known stomach axis.Results:  The average distances between the electrodes and the stomach was (42.4 ± 15.0; 60.7 ± 24.2; and 33.4 ± 12.2) mm for [1–3] respectively. When electrodes were placed manually given prior knowledge of the stomach location this distance was reduced to 29.5 ± 5.4 mm.Conclusion:  The umbilicus was used as an external landmark by [1] and [3]. Although [2] did not use the umbilicus, it gave the largest distance and standard error between electrodes and the stomach, primarily due to the positioning of two electrodes on the right side of the abdomen. We propose that either structural imaging be used to locate the stomach, or that an improved set of external landmarks be developed that better reflect the stomach location to provide improved EGG signal quality.Acknowledgements:  This study was supported by an NIH grant (R01 DK64775) and the Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund.References:  [1] Chen et al., Am J Physiol 277(2 Pt 1), G424–G430, 1999[2] Mintchev et al., Gastroenterology 104(5), 1273–1280, 1993[3] Koch & Stern, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004.
23 A multi‐component model can predict gastric emptying in diabetic gastroparesis
Authors: ASLAM N , RASHED H , JOHNSON W , ABELL TL 
Published: May 2006

Introduction:  We have previously reported that a multi‐component model of autonomic and enteric factors can help predict gastric emptying in diabetes mellitus. (Aslam N. Abell T. A four component model can quantitatively profile gastric emptying in diabetic gastropathy. Supplement to Gastroenterology Vol 118, April 2000, Number 4, Suppl 2. (Abstract No. 5341).Patients:  Eighty‐seven patients with Diabetes mellitus presenting with signs and symptoms of Gastroparesis. It included 38 males, 49 females with mean age of 39 ± 10 years.Methods:  Autonomic tests included adrenergic tests by VC (vasoconstriction to cold) and PAR (postural ratio), and cholinergic function measured by EKG R to R interval (RRI). The Enteric measure (EGG) was measured by cutaneous electrogastrogram. The data was compared to results of standardized solid gastric emptying T50 in minutes (GE above), by linear regression.Results:  The patients were distributed in five groups according to mean T50 of solid gastric emptying: 24 (28%) were very delayed, 13 (15%) delayed, 19 (22%) were normal, 15 (17%) were rapid, and 16 (18%) very rapid. There were statistically significant differences among the five group means for VC, RRI, and EGG, but not for PAR. (See table).Conclusions:  In this group of patients with symptoms of Diabetic gastropathy, there is a wide range of gastric emptying values. A multi‐component model demonstrates specific autonomic and enteric differences in subgroups of diabetic gastroparesis. Therapies for diabetic gastropathy, including drug and device studies, may need to take into account these physiologic differences when looking at therapeutic outcomes. Autonomic and enteric measure appear useful as part of the evaluation of patients with symptoms of diabetic gastropathy. Means

GET (n =)
T50 Sol
VC
RRI
EGG
PAR

Very Delayed (24)
297.9*
44.4
10.8
3.19
25.1

Delayed (13)
201.6
58.9
10.4
3.50
27.5

Normal (19)
152.0
62.6
17.2
3.14
23.1

Rapid (15)
113.3
53.8
11.0
3.48
22.0

Very Rapid (16)
68.0
73.9
22.5
3.45
28.8

R values
–
0.99
0.83
0.8
<0.2

P values
–
0.0001
<0.001
<0.05
0.84
38 Gastric emptying response to temporary gastric electrical stimulation is independent of symptom improvement but dependent on baseline emptying
Authors: ABELL TL , MINOCHA A , ABIDI N 
Published: May 2006

Introduction:  Gastric electrical Stimulation (GES) is an accepted therapy for drug refractory gastroparesis, but its effect on gastric emptying is controversial.Patients:  To examine the effect of GES on GET we examined 140 consecutive patients undergoing temporary endoscopic GES as previously described (GIE 2005: 61:455–461). Pts were 29 m, 14 f, mean age 41 years with diagnosis (DX): 44 diabetes (DM), 14 post‐surgical (PS) and 82 idiopathic (ID).Methods:  Symptom Assessment, Gastric emptying and EGG were evaluated at baseline and after temporary endoscopic GES (mean 3 day of therapy). Patients at baseline were stratified into 3 groups based on GET: Delayed, Normal and Rapid, as previously described (AGC 2001: 95:1456–1461). Symptoms (SX) of nausea (N), vomiting (V), and total SX (TSS), and GET were compared by paired t‐tests and reported as mean values.Results:  All patients had Symptoms improvement, irrespective of their DX or baseline GET: (N: 3.5 baseline to 0.9 after; V: 2.5–0.6; TSS: 15.2–5.1 for all patients with uniform changes in subgroups. There were no significant changes in GET for the whole patient group. However, when stratified by baseline GET: the delayed group accelerated (and the rapid group slowed (see table).Conclusion:  Temporary GES performed on patients with the SX of gastroparesis shows an immediate symptom improvement, which is independent of baseline GET. The effect of temporary GES on gastric emptying is dependent on baseline emptying, with improvements seen in both delayed and rapid gastric emptying sub‐groups. Conclusions about the effect of electrical stimulation on gastric emptying need stratification for baseline gastric emptying.

Group
B GET 1
B GET 2
B GET 4
Aft GET 1
Aft GET 2
Aft GET 4

All (n = 140)
66.6
43.9
20.7
66.3
44.1
20.6

Delay (n = 78)
77.3
57.3
31.6
57.1
41.1
21.3

P value

0.04
0.08
0.18

Rapid (n = 15)
27.3
9.45
2.7
30.5
14.3
3.1

P value
–
–
–
0.08
0.04
0.4
42 Gastric emptying response to temporary gastric electrical stimulation is independent of symptom improvement but dependent on baseline emptying
Authors: ABELL TL , MINOCHA A , ABIDI N 
Published: May 2006

Introduction:  Gastric electrical Stimulation (GES) is an accepted therapy for drug refractory gastroparesis, but its effect on gastric emptying is controversial.Patients:  To examine the effect of GES on GET we examined 140 consecutive patients undergoing temporary endoscopic GES as previously described (GIE 2005: 61:455–461). Patients were 29 m, 14 f , mean age 41 years with diagnosis (DX): 44 diabetes (DM), 14 post‐surgical (PS) and 82 idiopathic (ID).Methods:  Symptom Assessment, Gastric emptying and EGG were evaluated at baseline and after temporary endoscopic GES (mean 3 day of therapy). Patients at baseline were stratified into 3 groups based on GET: Delayed, Normal and Rapid, as previously described (AGC 2001: 95:1456–1461). Symptoms (SX) of nausea (N), vomiting (V), and total SX (TSS), and GET were compared by paired t‐tests and reported as mean values.Results:  All patients had Symptoms improvement, irrespective of their DX or baseline GET: (N: 3.5 baseline to 0.9 after; V: 2.5–0.6; TSS: 15.2–5.1 for all patients with uniform changes in subgroups. There were no significant changes in GET for the whole patient group. However, when stratified by baseline GET: the delayed group accelerated (and the rapid group slowed (see table).Conclusion:  Temporary GES performed on patients with the SX of gastroparesis shows an immediate symptom improvement, which is independent of baseline GET. The effect of temporary GES on gastric emptying is dependent on baseline emptying, with improvements seen in both delayed and rapid gastric emptying sub‐groups. Conclusions about the effect of electrical stimulation on gastric emptying need stratification for baseline gastric emptying.

Group
B GET 1
B GET 2
B GET 4
Aft GET 1
Aft GET 2
Aft GET 4

All (n = 140)
66.6
43.9
20.7
66.3
44.1
20.6

Delay (n = 78)
77.3
57.3
31.6
57.1
41.1
21.3

P value

0.04
0.08
0.18

Rapid (n = 15)
27.3
9.45
2.7
30.5
14.3
3.1

P value
–
–
–
0.08
0.04
0.4
Shade avoidance and the regulation of leaf inclination in Arabidopsis
Authors: MULLEN JACK L. , WEINIG CYNTHIA , HANGARTER ROGER P. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTAs a rosette plant, Arabidopsis thaliana forms leaves near to the ground, which causes the plant to be vulnerable to shading by neighbours. One mechanism to avoid such shading is the regulation of leaf inclination, such that leaves can be raised to more vertical orientations to prevent neighbouring leaves from overtopping them. Throughout Arabidopsis rosette development, rosette leaves move to more vertical orientations when shaded by neighbouring leaves, exposed to low light levels or placed in the dark. After dark‐induced reorientation of leaves, returning them to white light causes the leaves to reorient to more horizontal inclinations. These light‐dependent leaf movements are more robust than, and distinct from, the diurnal movements of rosette leaves. However, the movements are gated by the circadian clock. The light‐dependent leaf orientation response is mediated primarily through phytochromes A, B and E, with the orientation varying with the ratio of red light to far‐red light, consistent with other shade‐avoidance responses. However, even plants lacking these phytochromes were able to alter leaf inclination in response to white light, suggesting a role for other photoreceptors. In particular, we found significant changes in leaf inclination for plants exposed to green light. This green light response may be caused, in part, by light‐dependent regulation of abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis.
Anterior cingulate subregion volumes and executive function in bipolar disorder
Authors: Zimmerman Molly E , DelBello Melissa P , Getz Glen E , Shear Paula K , Strakowski Stephen M 
Published: May 2006

Objective:  Although research findings suggest a relationship between the function of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and both cognitive ability and the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BPD), few studies have examined cognitive correlates of specific ACC subregion volumes in BPD. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to examine the relationship between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐derived gray and white matter volumes of ACC subregions (caudal, rostral, and subgenual) and performance on tests of executive function in 27 patients with BPD and 22 healthy subjects.Methods:  1.5T MRI and neuropsychological assessment were conducted with all participants.Results:  MANCOVA revealed statistically significant group differences in performance on executive function measures. However, no group differences were observed in any of the ACC white matter or gray matter regions of interest. Multiple regression analyses revealed that rostral and subgenual gray matter each interacted significantly with group in predicting performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. In addition, a significant interaction was observed between group and both rostral gray and white matter in predicting performance on the Trail Making Test.Conclusions:  The results of this preliminary study support the extant literature that suggests that patients with BPD perform more poorly than healthy subjects on tests of executive function. Furthermore, the relationship between ACC subregion volumes and cognitive test performance was found to differ between patients with BPD and healthy subjects, despite comparable ACC volumes in the two groups.
Decrease in creatine kinase messenger RNA expression in the hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in bipolar disorder
Authors: MacDonald Matthew L , Naydenov Alipi , Chu Melissa , Matzilevich David , Konradi Christine 
Published: May 2006

Objectives:  Bipolar disorder (BPD) affects more than 2 million adults in the USA and ranks among the top 10 causes of worldwide disabilities. Despite its prevalence, very little is known about the etiology of BPD. Recent evidence suggests that cellular energy metabolism is disturbed in BPD. Mitochondrial function is altered, and levels of high‐energy phosphates, such as phosphocreatine (PCr), are reduced in the brain. This evidence has led to the hypothesis that deficiencies in energy metabolism could account for some of the pathophysiology observed in BPD. To further explore this hypothesis, we examined levels of creatine kinase (CK) mRNA, the enzyme involved in synthesis and metabolism of PCr, in the hippocampus (HIP) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of control, BPD and schizophrenia subjects.Methods:  Tissue was obtained from the Harvard Brain Tissue Resource Center. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (HIP, DLPFC) and gene expression microarrays (HIP) were employed to compare the brain and mitochondrial 1 isoforms of CK.Results:  Both CK isoforms were downregulated in BPD. Furthermore, mRNA transcripts for oligodendrocyte‐specific proteins were downregulated in the DLPFC, whereas the mRNA for the neuron‐specific protein microtubule‐associated protein 2 was downregulated in the HIP.Conclusion:  Although some of the downregulation of CK might be explained by cell loss, a more general mechanism seems to be responsible. The downregulation of CK transcripts, if translated into protein levels, could explain the reduction of high‐energy phosphates previously observed in BPD.
Urbanicity during upbringing and bipolar affective disorders in Denmark
Authors: Pedersen Carsten Bøcker , Mortensen Preben Bo 
Published: May 2006

Background:  It has been suggested that known or suspected risk factors for schizophrenia may also be of importance for other psychoses, but the empirical evidence regarding this is limited. Urbanicity of place of birth and during upbringing has been shown to be related to the risk of schizophrenia. Few studies of urbanicity in relation to bipolar affective disorder exist.Objective:  To investigate the potential association between urbanicity at birth and during upbringing and the risk of bipolar affective disorder.Method:  Using data from the Danish Civil Registration System, we established a population‐based cohort of 2.04 million people born in Denmark during 1956–1986, which included information on place of residence during upbringing. Bipolar affective disorder in cohort members was identified by linkage with the Danish Psychiatric Central Register.Results:  Overall, 2232 people developed bipolar affective disorder during 1971–2001. We found evidence of an increased risk associated with residence in the provincial city; individuals, who at the 15th birthday lived in the provincial city, had a risk of 1.23 (1.08–1.41). This increased risk was explained solely by an increased risk associated with residence in Aarhus; at the 15th birthday, people residing in Aarhus – the largest of the three Danish provincial cities – had a 1.83 (1.56–2.14) increased risk of bipolar affective disorder (p < 0.001). Urbanicity during upbringing (p = 0.13) had no significant effects on the risk of bipolar affective disorder.Conclusions:  We found no evidence of a dose–response relationship between urbanicity at birth (and during upbringing) and the risk of bipolar affective disorders in Denmark, but found some evidence that the diagnostic practices used in Aarhus differed from the rest of Denmark.
Preliminary evidence of differential relations between prefrontal cortex metabolism and sustained attention in depressed adults with bipolar disorder and healthy controls
Authors: Brooks John O , Wang Po W , Strong Connie , Sachs Nadia , Hoblyn Jennifer C , Fenn Ralph , Ketter Terence A 
Published: May 2006

Objectives:  To assess the relations between sustained attention as assessed by the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and subgenual and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex metabolism in depressed patients with bipolar disorders and healthy controls.Design:  Cross‐sectional case‐control design.Methods:  Cerebral metabolic rates were assessed with 18F‐fluoro‐deoxyglucose and positron emission tomography (PET) in the regions of interest defined on co‐registered structural magnetic resonance images in eight medication‐free, depressed bipolar disorder patients and 27 healthy control participants. PET scans were obtained in a resting state and the CPT was administered within 1 week of the PET scan.Results:  Although there were no statistically significant differences in performance on the CPT or in cerebral metabolism between the two groups, our analyses revealed differential relations between the CPT and metabolism across the groups. Decreased subgenual prefrontal metabolism was associated with slower hit rate reaction time and more omission errors in the bipolar group, but not the control group. Decreased dorsolateral prefrontal metabolism in the bipolar group, but not the control group, was associated with more commission errors.Conclusions:  This study extends previous neuroimaging findings of structural and functional relevance of the prefrontal region with attention to include depressed states in bipolar disorder. The results are consistent with interpretations that decreased prefrontal activity may represent failure to activate some areas of inhibitory control. Decreasing subgenual prefrontal cortex metabolism appears to relate to decreased attention whereas the decreased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex metabolism relates more to decreased inhibitory control.
Increased oxidative stress after repeated amphetamine exposure: possible relevance as a model of mania
Authors: Frey Benício Noronha , Martins Márcio Rodrigo , Petronilho Fabrícia Cardoso , Dal‐Pizzol Felipe , Quevedo João , Kapczinski Flávio 
Published: May 2006

Background:  Acute mania can be modeled in animals using D‐amphetamine (AMPH). Acute AMPH injections are associated with monoamine depletion, loss of neurofilaments and neurite degeneration. However, the precise mechanisms underlying AMPH‐induced neurotoxicity are still unclear. Several studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress may play a role in the behavioral and neurochemical changes observed after AMPH administration.Methods:  The effects of a single and repeated injections (seven daily injections) of AMPH administered intraperitonially on locomotion and the production of lipid and protein oxidative markers in rat cortex, striatum and hippocampus were assessed. Locomotion was assessed in an open‐field task and markers of oxidative stress were assessed in brain tissue.Results:  Both single and repeated injections of AMPH increased protein carbonyl formation in rat brain. Repeated exposure to AMPH induced an additional increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive species in brain tissue.Conclusions:  Longer periods of exposure to AMPH were associated with increased oxidative stress in rat brain. This adds to the notion that repeated manic episodes may be associated with greater brain damage and, therefore, poorer outcomes.
The prospective impact of sleep duration on depression and mania
Authors: Perlman Carol A , Johnson Sheri L , Mellman Thomas A 
Published: May 2006

Objective:  Many patients report sleeping less than 6 h per night during episodes of depression and mania. This type of sleep deficit may also be a risk factor for subsequent mood episodes; however, the long‐term impact of sleep deficit remains unclear. The current study is among few longitudinal studies to assess the prospective effect of sleep deficit on depression and mania.Methods:  A subsample of 54 individuals from a longitudinal study of bipolar I disorder was selected. Participants entered the study during a mood episode. Baseline symptom data were collected at month 4 to allow for recovery from the initial episode, sleep was assessed at month 6, and follow‐up symptom data were obtained during months 7–12.Results:  Sleep deficit predicted depressive symptoms across the 6‐month follow‐up but not mania.Conclusions:  It is likely that the impact of sleep deficit on mania was probably missed because assessments covered a full month. Monitoring sleep duration may help predict depression in bipolar disorder and provide an opportunity for targeting intervention.