bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incontinence: prevalence, management, staff knowledge and professional practice environment in rehabilitation units
Authors: McCarthy Geraldine , McCormack Brendan , Coffey Alice , Wright Jayne , Slater Paul 
Published: January 2009

Background.  Bladder and bowel incontinence is a major health care problem, which adversely affects the lives of many individuals living at home or in health service facilities. Current approaches to continence care emphasize comfort, safety and reduction of risk, rather than detailed individualized assessment and management. The literature illustrates a gap between evidence and actual practice and emphasizes the context of care as being a key element for successful implementation of evidence based practice.Aims.  To identify prevalence of bowel and bladder incontinence and its management, investigate continence knowledge and describe the professional practice environment within a rehabilitation unit for older people.Method.  An integrated evaluation of continence prevalence, staff knowledge and the work environment was adopted.Results.  Findings revealed a high incidence of incontinence (60% urinary, 3% faecal, 37% mixed) a lack of specific continence assessment and specific rationale for treatment decisions or continuation of care. The focus was on continence containment rather than on proactive management. Staff demonstrated a reasonable knowledge of incontinence causation and treatment as measured by the staff knowledge audit. The evaluation of the work environment indicated a low to moderate perception of control over practice (2.39), autonomy in practice (2.87), nurse doctor relationship (2.67) and organizational support (2.67).
Haematological, biochemical and selected acute phase protein reference intervals for weaned female Merino lambs
Authors: Lepherd ML , Canfield PJ , Hunt GB , Bosward KL 
Published: January 2009

Background  Merino lambs are currently the subject of much research into the welfare aspects of mulesing and mulesing alternatives.Objective  Obtain haematology, biochemistry and acute phase protein reference intervals using modern methodologies for female Merino lambs.Method  Blood was collected from 50, weaned, 9‐ to 16‐week‐old, female Merino lambs. Haematology and biochemistry panels were performed using routine automated methods. The acute phase proteins, fibrinogen, serum amyloid A and haptoglobin, were also measured using commercially available techniques. The reference intervals were determined to be the central 95% of results.Results  Differences in the concentrations for some analytes were seen when compared with reported studies in sheep, but may be explained by the use of sheep of a different signalment, as well as different methodologies for analyte measurement. Overall, most analytes gave similar values to those previously reported in other studies. Notable exceptions were alkaline phosphatase, phosphate and globulins, for which the different results were often attributed to the younger age of the sheep in the present study, and platelets and creatine kinase, for which the elevated levels may have been a result of stress and muscle exertion associated with blood collection and husbandry practices.Conclusion  Established haematological, biochemical and acute phase protein reference intervals are necessary for the investigation of the systemic impact of mulesing and mulesing alternatives and for the investigation of systemic diseases affecting weaned, 9‐ to 16‐week‐old, female Merino lambs in general.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci from the water mite Hygrobates fluviatilis (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Hygrobatidae)
Authors: ASADI M. , HIGAKI T. , HINOMOTO N. , SABOORI A. , NAGHAVI M. R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe developed and characterized 13 microsatellite markers from the water mite Hygrobates fluviatilis. The genotypes of 32 diploid females were assessed, and all of the loci were polymorphic. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 21, and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.063 to 0.813. These microsatellite markers are the first published for water mites and will contribute to research on the population structure of this widespread species.
Quantification of algal endosymbionts (Symbiodinium) in coral tissue using real‐time PCR
Authors: MIEOG J. C. , VAN OPPEN M. J. H. , BERKELMANS R. , STAM W. T. , OLSEN J. L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractUnderstanding the flexibility of the endosymbioses between scleractinian corals and single‐cell algae of the genus Symbiodinium will provide valuable insights into the future of coral reefs. Here, a real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay is presented to accurately determine the cell densities of Symbiodinium clades C and D in the scleractinian coral Acropora millepora, which can be extended to other coral–symbiont associations in the future. The assay targets single‐ to low‐copy genes of the actin family of both the coral host and algal symbiont. Symbiont densities are expressed as the ratio of Symbiodinium cells to each host cell (S/H ratio, error within 30%), but can also be normalized to coral surface area. Greater accuracy in estimating ratios of associations involving multiple clades is achieved compared with previous real‐time PCR assays based on high‐copy ribosomal DNA loci (error within an order of magnitude). Healthy adult A. millepora containing ~1.4 × 106 zooxanthellae per cm2 (as determined by haemocytometer counts) had S/H ratios of c. 0.15, i.e. ~15 symbiont cells per 100 host cells. In severely bleached colonies, this ratio decreased to less than 0.005. Because of its capacity to accurately determine both densities and ratios of multiple symbionts within one sample, the assay will open the door for novel research into the mechanisms of symbiont shuffling and switching.
Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci developed and characterized from Townsend's big‐eared bat, Corynorhinus townsendii
Authors: PIAGGIO ANTOINETTE J. , MILLER KATIE ERIN G. , MATOCQ MARJORIE D. , PERKINS SUSAN L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTwo of the five subspecies of the western big‐eared bat, Corynorhinus townsendii, are listed as federally endangered with the remaining three being of conservation concern. Knowing the degree of connectivity among populations would aid in the establishment of sound conservation and management plans for this taxon. For this purpose, we have developed and characterized eight polymorphic microsatellite markers.
Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers for Dalbergia nigra (Papilionoideae), an endangered tree from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: RIBEIRO RENATA A. , REZENDE MARCELO F. S. , RESENDE LUCIANA C. , LEMOS‐FILHO JOSÉ PIRES , KALAPOTHAKIS EVANGUEDES , LOVATO MARIA BERNADETE 
Published: January 2009

Abstract Dalbergia nigra is an endangered tree restricted to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Ten polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized in 47 trees from two populations. The total number of alleles per locus ranged from three to 12 alleles. The levels of observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.304 to 0.740 and from 0.278 to 0.872, respectively. Significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg were detected for only three loci in each population. No pair of loci exhibited significant linkage disequilibrium. These microsatellites provide an efficient tool to investigate genetic structure in forest remnants with the purpose of conservation of this species.
Identification of the endangered small red brocket deer (Mazama bororo) using noninvasive genetic techniques (Mammalia; Cervidae)
Authors: GONZÁLEZ SUSANA , MALDONADO JESÚS E. , ORTEGA JORGE , TALARICO ANGELA CRISTINA , BIDEGARAY‐BATISTA LETICIA , GARCIA JOSÉ EDUARDO , DUARTE JOSÉ MAURÍCIO BARBANTI 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe small red brocket deer Mazama bororo is one of the most endangered deer in the Neotropics. The great morphological similarities with three other sympatric brocket deer species, coupled with the fact that they inhabit densely forested habitats complicate detection and prevent the use of traditional methodologies for accurate identification of species. The ability to determine the presence of this endangered species in an area is crucial for estimating its distribution range, and is critical for establishing conservation management strategies. Here we describe a fast and reliable noninvasive genetic method for species identification of Mazama species from faeces. We designed a primer set that amplifies a short 224‐bp fragment of the cytochrome b and demonstrate its effectiveness in successful amplification of DNA isolated from both tissue and faecal samples. This fragment contains a BSTNI/ECORII digestion site that is unique to the endangered M. bororo. The digested polymerase chain reaction products yielded a 160‐bp fragment that is clearly visible in a 2% agarose gel. Two other diagnostic sites were identified to differentiate the other three sympatric species, SspI (M. gouazoubira) and AflIII (M. americana, and M. nana).
Assessing risks of Wolbachia DNA cross‐specimen contamination following mass collection and ethanol storage
Authors: DUPLOUY ANNE , VERMENOT CORALIE , DAVIES NEIL , RODERICK GEORGE , HURST GREGORY D. D. , CHARLAT SYLVAIN 
Published: January 2009

Abstract Wolbachia and other intracellular bacteria that manipulate reproduction are widespread and can have major consequences on the ecology and evolution of their hosts. Several studies have attempted to assess the host range of these bacteria based on polymerase chain reaction assays on material preserved and collected using a variety of methods. While collecting in the field, mass storage in ethanol before sorting specimens in the laboratory is by far the easiest technique, and an integral component of Malaise trapping. This implicitly relies on the assumption that mass ethanol storage does not produce cross‐contamination of Wolbachia DNA among specimens. Here we test this assumption. The absence of cross contamination between known positive and negative samples stored within a vial indicate there is no reason to believe collective storage of specimens creates artefactual increases in the incidence of Wolbachia or other intracellular bacteria.
Isolation and characterization of 11 polymorphic trinucleotide microsatellite markers in the stonefly Arcynopteryx compacta (Plecoptera: Perlodidae)
Authors: THEISSINGER KATHRIN , FELDHEIM KEVIN A. , SEITZ ALFRED , PAULS STEFFEN U. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe describe the isolation of 11 polymorphic trinucleotide microsatellite loci from the stonefly Arcynopteryx compacta. Loci were highly variable with 3 to 14 alleles (mean = 6.45). Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0 to 0.867. Seven loci showed significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium across both populations. There was no evidence for null alleles, and thus, Hardy–Weinberg departures could have resulted from genetic structure between populations or subpopulations. No linkage between loci was found. The 11 loci should prove highly informative for population genetic studies.
Development of microsatellites for Scirpus mariqueter Wang et Tang (Cyperaceae) and cross‐species amplification in Scirpus planiculmis F. Schmidt
Authors: ZHOU YEBIN , WANG HAO , YANG MEI , CHEN JIAKUAN , ZHANG WENJU 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe report eight microsatellite markers developed for Scirpus mariqueter Wang et Tang using 5′‐anchored PCR. They were tested using 30 S. mariqueter individuals. The observed and expected heterozygosity levels ranged from 0.0690 to 0.8426 and from 0.0678 to 0.5249, respectively. Cross‐amplification was carried out in a congener, S. planiculmis F. Schmidt. All these markers will be very helpful in population genetics study of S. mariqueter and S. planiculmis.
Development of 10 highly‐polymorphic microsatellite markers in the vulnerable Galápagos land iguanas (genus Conolophus)
Authors: ROSA SABRINA F. P. , MONTEYNE DANIEL , MILINKOVITCH MICHEL C. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe two species of Galápagos land iguanas (Conolophus subcristatus and C. pallidus) are listed as ‘vulnerable’ species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN Red List; http://www.iucnredlist.org). Here, we report on the isolation and characterization of 10 microsatellite markers using 562 individuals sampled on all Galápagos islands where Conolophus species occur today. We show that these 10 loci are highly polymorphic and display diagnostic alleles for five out of the six island populations. These markers will be useful for Conolophus population genetic analyses as well as for guiding ongoing captive breeding programmes.
Development and characterization of nine polymorphic microsatellite markers in the Chilean kelp Lessonia nigrescens
Authors: FAUGERON SYLVAIN , VELIZ DAVID , PERALTA GIOCONDA , TAPIA JAVIER , TELLIER FLORENCE , BILLOT CLAIRE , MARTINEZ ENRIQUE 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA total of nine microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized in the Chilean kelp Lessonia nigrescens Bory. Using two different enriched libraries, we observed 1–14 alleles per locus in two samples of 21 kelp individuals each. The observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.05 to 0.80 and all loci are in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium for one or both samples. Seventeen samples collected from different sites showed high allele diversity along the species distribution. The variation detected at these markers is currently being used for the study of populations of Lessonia nigrescens at different geographical scales.
Identification and characterization of 18 novel polymorphic microsatellite makers derived from expressed sequence tags in the Pacific oysterCrassostrea gigas
Authors: SAUVAGE C. , BOUDRY P. , LAPÈGUE S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe report the development of 18 new polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers derived fromCrassostrea gigasexpressed sequences tags. Genotyping of 48 wild adult oysters sampled from Marennes‐Oléron bay (France) revealed 12 to 48 alleles per locus. Observed and expected heterozygosity levels ranged from 0.64 to 1 and from 0.77 to 0.97, respectively. The development of these new markers creates a useful complementary tool for population genetics studies, parentage analysis and mapping in Pacific oyster, a species of major aquacultural and ecological importance.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite loci in the chestnut‐crowned babbler (Pomatostomus ruficeps)
Authors: HOLLELEY C. E , RUSSELL A. F , GRIFFITH S. C 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe describe 18 microsatellite markers isolated in the cooperatively breeding chestnut‐crowned babbler (Pomatostomus ruficeps). The number of alleles ranged from seven to 16 per locus (mean Na = 10.4 ± 0.54 SE) and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.732 to 0.889 (mean HE = 0.836 ± 0.01 SE). Three of the 18 loci exhibited significant heterozygote deficiency, but the remaining 15 will be used to analyse population genetic structure and the mating system of this highly social species.
SPAms: A user‐friendly software to simulate population genetics data under complex demographic models
Authors: PARREIRA B. , TRUSSART M. , SOUSA V. , HUDSON R. , CHIKHI L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPatterns of genetic diversity can be used to reconstruct populations demographic history. Thus, it is crucial to understand the statistical properties of data sets generated under different scenarios. SPAms is a graphical application that allows the simulation of data under a set of demographic models of increasing complexity: (i) population size change (ii) admixture and (iii) population structure (n‐island or stepping stone model). SPAms generates data under the infinite site and the stepwise mutation models and computes a set of commonly used statistics. It should thus be a useful tool for both research and teaching purposes.
Social Network as a Subjective Construct: A New Application for an Old Idea*
Authors: Stebbins Robert A. 
Published: January 2009

Bott a défini le reseau social comme etant un ensemble de relations sociales qui ne possèdent pas de frontieres communes. Par ailleurs personne ne s'est préoccupée d'explorer les réepercussions qu'engendrent cette connexion entre ces deux concepts. En se basant sur la définition Wéberienne d'une relation sociale ou interper‐sonnelle (m), il devient évident qu'essentiellement c'est une orientation mutuelle entre deux individus; c'est une pérception subjective ou une predisposition. Les conséquences logiques de cette observation par rapport au réseau social sont examinées. On arrive à la conclusion que les réseaux sont aussi des modeles sub‐jectifs et, par voie de consequence, ils possedent le pouvoir de guider la conduite dans une situation sociale.Bott has defined social network as a set of social relationships for which there is no common boundary. Yet, no one has ever bothered to explore the implications of this connection between these two concepts. By examining Weber's definition of social or interpersonal relationship (ir), it becomes evident that it is basically a “mutual orientation” between two persons; it is a subjective construct or predisposition. The logical consequences of this observation for the social network are considered, and it is concluded that networks are also subjective constructs and therefore have the potential to guide behaviour in the social situation.
Psycho‐Social Roles of Mennonite Children in a Changing Society*
Authors: Kurokawa Minako 
Published: January 2009

Les enfants mennonites, évés dans un monde isolé qui est en voie de transformations constantes pour relever les defis de la societe globale, doivent assumer des roles qui sont psychologiquement et sociologiquement complexes.Des observations effectuees sur des enfants appartenant a trois groupes mennonites differents ‐ traditionnel, transitoire, progressif ‐ indiquent clairement que l'mfluence sur les enfants varie en fonction de la grandeur des differences qui existent entre chaque groupe mennonite et la societe plus large.L'impact d'un conflit culturel est le plus nettement visible dans le groupe en transition. Les parents dans ce groupe etaient plus susceptibles d'utiliser des me‐thodes autoritaires vis‐a‐vis leurs enfants et de manquer de continuite dans 1'exer‐cice de la discipline. En retour, leurs enfants avaient tendance a manifester une inconsistance dans les valeurs, un sentiment d'insuffisance, et des symptomes implicites de mesadaptation.Mennonite children, reared in an isolated world which constantly changes to meet challenges from the outside society, must assume roles which are extremely complex psychologically and sociologically.Observations of children belonging to three different Mennonite groups ‐ traditional, transitional, and progressive ‐ show that the consequences for children varied according to the breadth of difference existing between each Mennonite group and the outside society.The effect of cultural conflict was most clearly seen in the transitional group. Parents of this group were likely to be authoritarian to their children and inconsistent in disciplining. Their children, in turn, tended to show value inconsistency, a sense of inadequacy, and covert symptoms of maladjustment.
The Ambiguity of Negative Social‐Emotional Behaviour as an Index of Group Cohesion
Authors: Samuels Frederick , O'Rourke John F. 
Published: January 2009

Les resultats d'une experience sur un petit groupe mettent en lumiere l'ambiguite du comportement tension‐retraite en tant qu'indicateur de la cohesion de groupe. Les donnees revelent une forte incidence de tension et “d'isoles anticipant leur isolement” dans un sous‐groupe a haut niveau de cohesion. L'analyse et l'inter‐pretation decelerent un pattern causal entrainant une definition de la situation par les membres de ce sous‐groupe particulier. Des sentiments d'obligation et d'inap‐titude, lies a la situation de distribution de recompense, ont apparemment suscite une forte tension et des sentiments de rejet. La situation particuliere avait a la fois engendre dans le meme groupe une grande cohesion et une forte tension.The results of a small group experiment indicated the ambiguity of tension‐withdrawal behaviour as an index of group cohesion. Data revealed a high incidence of tension and of “self‐expected isolates” in a highly cohesive group‐type. Analysis and interpretation indicated a causal pattern involving the definition of the situation by members of this particular group‐type. Feelings of obligation and of inadequacy due to the reward‐distribution situation apparently resulted in great tension and feelings of rejection. The particular situation had generated both high cohesion and high tension in the same group.
Belief Systems and Evolution: A Distinction between Magic and Religion and its Implications for Socio‐Cultural Change*
Authors: Bolt Joseph W. De 
Published: January 2009

La controverse au sujet des definitions de la magie et de la religion est dtudiee. Afin de reduire I'ambiguite, on elabore une typologie des systemes de croyance qui differencie tout aussi bien magie et religion que science et ideologic Les consequences de ce schema, pour comprendre 1'evaluation socio‐culturelle, sont examinees. II y est suggere qu'au fur et a mesure que des systemesisociaux mieux adaptes se sont developpes, ils ont eu tendance a mettre l'accent sur la science et l'ideologie plutot que sur la magie et la religion.The controversy over the definitions of magic and religion is surveyed. As a solution, a typology of belief systems is constructed which not only differentiates magic and religion, but science and ideology as well. This scheme's implications for socio‐cultural evolution are explored. It is suggested that, as increasingly adaptive social systems have evolved, they have tended to emphasize science and ideology rather than magic and religion.
Systematic Bias in Measuring Self‐Reported Delinquency*
Authors: Hackler James C. , Lautt Melanie 
Published: January 2009

Les auteurs suggerent que la relation entre 1'evaluation personnelle de la delinquance et d'autres indicateurs de la delinquance est affaiblie par la tendance qu'a le petit contingent des plus delinquants a rapporter moins d'actes delinquants qu'ils en ont commis. Au sujet de cette tendance a I'omission volontaire, on a enonce les hypotheses qu'elle serait plus accentuee (1) chez les adolescents noirs que chez les Blancs, (2) chez les adolescents les plus ages (etudiants de neuvieme annee) par rapport aux plus jeunes (etudiants de septieme annee). Les resultats rejettent le deuxieme hypothese tandis qu'ils appuient la premiere en partie. Seulement les jeunes adolescents noirs possedant des dossiers importants de delinquance a la cour ou a l'ecole ont eu tendance a rapporter moins de delits qu'ils en avaient commis.Bien que ces omissions volontaires puissent survenir d'une maniere systema‐tique dans certains groupes, cette etude ne demontre pas que c'est un pratique courante.The authors suggest that the relationship between self‐report and other measures of delinquency is weakened by under‐reporting on the part of that small segment which is very delinquent. It was specifically hypothesized that under‐reporting will be more pronounced for (1) Negro boys as compared with white boys, and (2) older boys (ninth graders) as compared with younger boys (seventh graders). The findings reject the second hypothesis and only partially support the first. Only younger Negro boys with serious delinquency records in court or school showed evidence of under‐reporting.While under‐reporting may occur systematically in certain groupings, this study does not provide evidence that it is widespread.