bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small intestinal cancer in England & Wales and Scotland: time trends in incidence, mortality and survival
Authors: SHACK L. G. , WOOD H. E. , KANG J. Y. , BREWSTER D. H. , QUINN M. J. , MAXWELL J. D. , MAJEED A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackgroundTime trends in mortality from small intestinal cancer have not been studied for the 1990s.ObjectiveTo examine secular trends in incidence of, mortality from, and survival from, small intestinal cancer in England & Wales and Scotland from 1975 to 2002, considering also histological type (incidence), subsite (incidence) and indices of social deprivation (incidence and survival).MethodsData were extracted from the Scottish Cancer Registry database and the General Register Office for Scotland, and from the National Cancer Intelligence Centre at the Office for National Statistics for England & Wales.ResultsIncidence rates for small intestinal cancer increased for both England & Wales and Scotland over the study period. They were highest among older individuals and generally greater for males than for females. Despite the increase in incidence rates, mortality rates from small intestinal tumours tended to remain stable over the study period, and the general trend was towards increasing survival. Indices of social deprivation were not obviously related to the incidence of small intestinal cancer and did not influence survival.ConclusionsIncidence rates for small intestinal cancer for both England & Wales and Scotland increased in the last quarter of the 20th century, but survival rates improved and mortality rates declined.
Long‐term study of re‐infection following successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: CAMERON E. A. B. , BELL G. D. , BALDWIN L. , POWELL K. U. , WILLIAMS S. G. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground‘Re‐infection’ with Helicobacter pylori after eradication has been estimated to occur in 0–14% of patients, although most so‐called ‘re‐infections’ occur within the first year following ‘eradication’ and many may actually be due to recrudescence of a temporarily suppressed infection.AimTo study the true re‐infection rate, we have studied re‐infection rates after eradication therapy by excluding the first year's data, minimizing the possible confounding effect of recrudescence.MethodsAll patients tested for H. pylori infection following eradication therapy between 1987 and 2004 were evaluated. Testing was carried out by urea breath test and gastric biopsy. Patients were included if they were found to be negative for H. pylori infection by testing at least 1 year following eradication and underwent at least one further test for H. pylori.Results1162 patients met the inclusion criteria with median post‐eradication follow‐up of 3 years (1.5–14) including 4668 tests; 3319 years of follow‐up were analysed. Thirteen cases of re‐infection occurred (re‐infection rate 0.4% per year).ConclusionsThis large study of H. pylori re‐infection avoided cases of recrudescence by excluding the first post‐eradication year. True re‐infection is probably less common than previously thought.
Review article: the modern diagnosis and therapy of cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: MALHI H. , GORES G. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCholangiocarcinomas are epithelial neoplasms that originate from cholangiocytes and can occur at any level of the biliary tree. They are broadly classified into intrahepatic tumours, (extrahepatic) hilar tumours and (extrahepatic) distal bile duct tumours. In spite of well‐understood predispositions, most cholangiocarcinomas arise in the absence of risk factors. In suspected cases, the diagnosis can be established with non‐invasive imaging studies.Biliary invasion should be reserved for patients with obstruction. In high‐risk patients, advanced cytological tests of aneuploidy (digital image analysis and fluorescent in situ hybridization) aid early diagnosis. In the absence of primary sclerosing cholangitis, curative surgical resection has 5‐year survival rates of 2–43%, higher survival observed in patients with clear surgical margins and concomitant hepatic resection for hilar tumours.Patients with unresectable cholangiocarcinoma or pre‐existing primary sclerosing cholangitis should be considered for liver transplantation with neoadjuvant chemoirradiation, in specialized centres.
Survival of patients with early hepatocellular carcinoma treated by percutaneous alcohol injection
Authors: ANDRIULLI A. , DE SIO I. , BRUNELLO F. , SALMI A. , SOLMI L. , FACCIORUSSO D. , CATURELLI E. , PERRI F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackgroundOnce small (<10 mm) nodules, suspicious for hepatocellular carcinoma, are detected in cirrhotics, the European Association for the Study of the Liver guidelines recommend to delay histological confirmation and treatment until they increase in size.AimTo validate this policy by evaluating survival of 450 cirrhotics in Child‐Pugh class A or B with unifocal ‘early’ hepatocellular carcinoma treated by percutaneous alcohol injection.MethodsPatients were sorted by nodular size into three groups: ≤10 mm (n = 36, group A), >10 to ≤20 mm (n = 142, group B) and >20 to ≤30 mm (n = 272, group C). Overall and tumour‐free survivals were estimated by Kaplan–Meier method.ResultsIn groups A, B and C, mean follow‐up was 33 ± 26, 34 ± 22 and 35 ± 25 months (P = 0.89), mean survival time was 63 ± 54, 57 ± 48 and 62 ± 66 months (P = 0.69) and mean tumour‐free survival was 44 ± 47, 46 ± 58 and 41 ± 68 months (P = 0.51), respectively. When patients were sorted by Child status, mean survival time was 76 ± 82 and 38 ± 29 months in Child A and B (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsThe comparable survival of percutaneous alcohol injection‐treated patients with single, early hepatocellular carcinoma sorted by nodular size supports the European Association for the Study of the Liver ‘wait‐and‐see’ policy for patients with lesions <10 mm, and suggests that allowing the nodules to grow prior to taking further diagnostic or therapeutic actions would not harm these patients.
Proliferative kidney disease in rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson
Authors: FERGUSON H. W. , NEEDHAM E. A. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Two entirely separate outbreaks of PKD are described in an attempt to properly define the condition and enable it to be differentiated from other diseases of a similar nature. Losses of up to 75% of fingerling rainbow trout were recorded in one outbreak, illustrating the potentially serious nature of the disease. Although the kidneys showed the most obvious pathological changes, other organs were also affected. The host response was granulomatous in type, the foci of each cellular reaction being 5‐20 μm eosinophilic cells considered to be parasitic. The cytoplasm of these cells contained numerous electron dense bodies some with a tail, but each with an electron lucent bar always orientated at right angles to the plasmalemma whenever they were near it. The most obvious cytoplasmic inclusion of these ‘parasites’ were other cells numbering up to five or six, each with its own nucleus and nucleolus, but devoid of any of the small electron dense bodies. The significance of either of these inclusions is unknown.A limited differential diagnosis is given, and the argument presented that the condition PKD is the result of infection by a parasite, possibly an amoeba, in combination with poor quality water.
Changes in the spleen of the channel catfish Ictalurus punetatus Rafinesque indueed by infection with Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: BACH R. , CHEN P. K. , CHAPMAN G. B. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. A virulent, 2,3‐butanediol positive culture of Aeromonas hydrophila, subspecies hydrophila, was fed or injected intraperitoneally into channel catfish. The positive infection and tissue involvement were monitored by the 2,3‐butanediol test with tissue homogenate enriched with a buffered nutrient broth containing dextrose. The results revealed that the fish infected orally showed very little or no spleen involvement. Fish infected intraperitoneally, however, showed spleen involvement in a very short time, accompanied by the rapid onset of an acute systemic infection.Light and electron microscope studies of the spleen revealed that the pathogenic bacteria were mainly located within the reticular sheath of the ellipsoids and only sparsely in the surrounding regions, and that intense phagocytic activity of macro‐phages had taken place in the ellipsoids. It was also observed that the phagocytized bacteria divide extracellularly, and probably intracellularly, resulting in the destruction of the endothelial and reticular cells of the ellipsoids. This finding substantiates the cytolytic and fibrolytic capacities of A. hydrophila for destroying host defence systems and may contribute to its invasive powers. Other cytological changes in cells in spleen after infection are described, and the resistance of A. hydrophila to intracellular enzymatic digestion by the macrophages is discussed.
Host‐parasite interactions between Ichtyobodo necator (Henneguy, 1883) and farmed salmonids
Authors: ROBERTSON D. A. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. The prevalence and intensity of Ichtyobodo necator infestations on farmed salmonids was investigated over a 7‐month period. The infestations were found to be markedly age dependent. Ichtyobodo infestations peaked at 4 weeks after commencement of first feeding and mortalities peaked at 4 6% per week at 8 weeks in the 0+ fish. Both infestations and mortalities showed a marked decline to zero shortly after these periods with no chemotherapy. No Ichtyobodo were seen on the 1+ fish until late in the study after a drop in temperature to below 10°C, when they reappeared on the 0+fish also. Ichtyobodo were found at temperatures between 3–5°C and 16°C and in the 0+fish appeared irrespective of the condition of the fish.It is suggested that some form of host defence mechanism is operating which limits the Ichtyobodo infestations in farmed salmonids.
Direct electron microscopical visualization of the presumptive virus of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) in the rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri Richardson and additional histopathological and haematological observations
Authors: AMLACHER E. , UDE J. , RUDOLPH CHRISTIANE , ERNST G. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Electron microscopical and histopathological investigations were carried out on the anterior kidney often 1‐year‐old farmed rainbow trout naturally infected with the external signs of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS). The histopathology of the liver and the haematology of peripheral blood were also examined. The presumptive virus of VHS was directly demonstrated for the first time in the anterior kidney.All diseased fishes showed necrotic changes in the kidney and the liver. The melano‐macrophage centres of the anterior kidney showed a partial destruction accompanied with a loss of melanin. A progressive destruction of the erythrocytes was observed. The liver exhibited moderate to extensive necrosis (karyorrhexis and karyolysis with lymphocytic invasion in the necrotic areas). Neither intranuclear nor intracytoplasmatic inclusions were observed. In the peripheral blood diverse stages of erythrocytic degeneration, amitoses of the erythrocytes and a five‐fold increase in lymphocyte numbers were observed.
Chronic glomerulonephritis in returning fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), from the Rogue River, Oregon
Authors: MEYERS T. R. , McPHERSON B. P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEpizootic mortalities of returning adult Rogue River fall chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (Walbaum), were first observed in 1978. These mortalities reached approximately 76% in 1979 and declined to 30‐‐50% in 1980 and less than 10% in 1981 and 1982. Histopathological examination of kidneys from moribund returns in 1981 and 1982 showed a diffuse chronic glomerulonephritis (GN) in 83% and 30% of the fish examined, respectively. In most cases glomerular damage was severe enough to cause morbidity from osmoregulatory failure. The lesion was markedly similar to immune complex‐mediated glomerular disease in higher vertebrates, but tissues for further ultrastructural examination and diagnosis were not processed. Giemsa‐stained sections also revealed unidentified sporozoan‐like vegetative stages encysted within the extracellular mesangial matrix of glomeruli in both GN and normal kidneys. Although probably incidental to the glomerular lesion, the causal relationship of the organism to GN remains unknown until further investigation. Glomeruli of outmigrating Rogue River fall chinook salmon smolts collected in 1983 were normal and free of the organism.
Epidermal hyperplasia of walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill), associated with retrovirus‐like type‐C particles: prevalence, histologic and electron microscopic observations
Authors: YAMAMOTO T. , KELLY R. K. , NIELSEN O. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEpidermal hyperplasia consisting of discrete translucent raised outgrowths of cells were observed on the skin of walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill), during their spawning period in the spring. The cells constituting the hyperplastic growths were limited to the epidermal layer, and were associated with surface budded, 120‐nm‐diameter, retrovirus‐like particles located in the expanded intercellular spaces. These tumour‐like growths were distinct from the other virus‐associated skin lesions of walleye including dermal sarcoma, lymphocystis disease and herpesvirus‐associated hyperplasia. Lesions could be differentiated by careful observation in the field and comparison of portions of each growth by histologic and electron microscopic observations.
Secular trends in socio‐economic status and the implications for preterm birth
Authors: Thompson John M. D. , Irgens Lorentz M. , Rasmussen Svein , Daltveit Anne Kjersti 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe rate of preterm birth in the developed world has been shown to be increasing, in part attributable to obstetric intervention. It has been suggested that this may be a differential increase between socio‐economic groups. We aimed to assess whether the preterm rate in Norway is different in socio‐economic groups defined by maternal education, and to determine the extent to which a difference is attributable to a socio‐economic differential in obstetrical intervention, in terms of caesarean section or induction of labour. We used data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway from 1980 to 1998 with preterm rate as the outcome and maternal educational level, marital status and obstetric intervention as exposure variables. In multivariable analyses, adjustment was made for maternal age, year of birth and birth order, and secular trends were assessed according to year of birth.The preterm birth rate was highest in the lowest socio‐economic group. An increase of 25.2% in the preterm rate was seen over the observation period. No apparent differential was seen in the increase of the crude preterm rates between socio‐economic groups, although in multivariable analyses there was a significant interaction between socio‐economic group and time, implying a stronger effect of low education towards the end of the observation period attributable to demographic change. In conclusion, the preterm birth rate increased over time, but was mainly due to an increase in obstetric interventions. No closing of the gap between socio‐economic groups was observed.
Is conception delay a risk factor for reduced gestation or birthweight?
Authors: Cooney Maureen A. , Buck Louis Germaine M. , Sun Wenyu , Rice Madeline M. , Klebanoff Mark A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPrevious studies have suggested an association between delays in conception and adverse perinatal outcomes, specifically, low birthweight and preterm birth. We investigated the relationship between conception delay (defined as >6 months to become pregnant) and three perinatal outcomes: low birthweight (LBW; <2500 g), preterm birth (PTB; <37 weeks), and small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA; <10th percentile weight for given gestational age) using data from the Collaborative Perinatal Project. The study cohort was limited to pregnancies with a known time‐to‐pregnancy (n = 8465; 15%). Generalised estimating equations were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals [CI] for risk of adverse perinatal outcomes accounting for the clustering of pregnancy outcomes for women with more than one pregnancy. After adjusting for confounders, all ORs were close to the null (LBW, OR = 1.01; 95% CI = 0.86, 1.20), (PTB, OR = 1.10; 95% CI = 0.95, 1.27), (SGA, OR = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.91, 1.25). Thus, we found no evidence to support an adverse relationship between conception delay and decrements in gestation or birthweight among this select sample of fertile women, even after varying the cut‐point for defining conception delay.
The Belgrade childhood diabetes study – comparison of children with Type 1 diabetes with their siblings
Authors: Vlajinac Hristina , Šipetić Sandra , Marinković Jelena , Bjekić Milan , Kocev Nikola , Sajić Silvija 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA case–control study was conducted in Belgrade (about 320 000 inhabitants 0–16 years old) during the period 1994–97, comprising 68 diabetic children (cases) and 68 controls chosen from the siblings of the cases.Analysis using multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated the following independent risk factors for Type 1 diabetes: higher birth order, infections during the 6 months preceding the onset of the disease and stressful events. Out of individual stressful and psychological factors, ‘other’ stressful events (severe accident or hospitalisation or death of a close friend, conflict with a teacher, death of a pet, failure in competition, quarrel between parents, punishment, physical attack, war in republics of former Yugoslavia and near drowning in the pool) and learning problems were independent risk factor for Type 1 diabetes. The results obtained in this study of siblings supports the hypothesis that environmental factors play a role in the development of Type 1 diabetes.
Statistical modelling of the seasonality of preterm delivery and intrauterine growth restriction in rural Gambia
Authors: Fulford Anthony J. C. , Rayco‐Solon Pura , Prentice Andrew M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWe have developed a methodology for comparing the seasonal influences on two outcomes, when those influences may act cumulatively or instantaneously. We have used this to compare the seasonal pattern of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR, as reflected by weight‐for‐gestational‐age) and preterm delivery (as assessed by Dubowitz scoring) among 1718 infants born in rural Gambia. Both outcomes were analysed as binary variables: small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA, <10th centile of reference standard) and preterm (<37 weeks) respectively. Percentages of preterm and SGA babies show divergent seasonal patterns that might indicate separate aetiologies. However, seasonal effects influencing intrauterine growth are likely to be cumulative over the last few months of pregnancy. By modelling seasonality with truncated Fourier series we were able to deconvolve the underlying seasonal influences on fetal growth from the pattern for SGA. This enabled us to use seemingly unrelated biprobit regression to compare the underlying seasonal pattern of intrauterine growth with that governing the incidence of preterm delivery.We conclude that, if the seasonal factors affecting intrauterine growth operate over more than the last 2 months of pregnancy, then the seasonal patterns of the factors causing IUGR and preterm delivery are indistinguishable if the factors are assumed to trigger preterm delivery immediately, but differ if preterm delivery is assumed to be programmed by factors acting at conception.
Maternal miscarriage history and risk of anencephaly
Authors: Blanco‐Muñoz Julia , Lacasaña Marina , Borja‐Aburto Victor Hugo 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWomen with a history of reproductive loss may be at an increased risk of having an unfavourable outcome in subsequent pregnancies. Using data from a matched case–control study based on the record of the Epidemiological Surveillance System of Neural Tube Defects, we evaluated the association between history of maternal reproductive loss and the risk of anencephaly in three Mexican states. Mothers of 157 cases of anencephaly and 151 controls born during the period March 2000 to February 2001, were interviewed about their reproductive history and other additional factors, including socio‐economic characteristics, prenatal care, use of tobacco and alcohol, presence of chronic diseases, acute illnesses and fever during the periconceptional period, and consumption of multivitamins and medicines during this period; mothers who reported no prior pregnancies were excluded from the analysis; 58 matched case–control pairs were used for the analysis.After adjusting for potential confounders, women with a history of miscarriage in previous pregnancies had 4.58 times more risk of having a child with anencephaly, than those who did not have this history; OR = 4.58, [95% CI 1.22, 17.23]. Our results suggest that a history of previous miscarriages is a risk indicator for anencephaly in future gestations. This does not necessarily mean that the miscarriage itself is the cause, but that common mechanisms could be involved in the aetiology of both events. Thus, women who have had histories of reproductive losses, especially miscarriages, should be a priority group for the primary and secondary prevention of neural tube defects.
In vitro evaluation of virulence attributes of Candida spp. isolated from patients affected by diabetes mellitus
Authors: Manfredi M. , McCullough M. J. , Al‐Karaawi Z. M. , Vescovi P. , Porter S. R. 
Published: April 2006

Background:  Diabetes mellitus is a common disease found worldwide and it has been previously suggested that oral candidal infections may be more frequent or severe in patients with this disease. Systemic and local factors may influence the balance between the host and yeasts, and favour the transformation of Candida isolates from commensal to pathogenic microorganisms. Candida species have developed specific virulence mechanisms that confer the ability to colonise host surfaces, to invade deeper host tissue, or to evade host defences. Few studies have investigated the expression of the virulence attributes of oral Candida isolates in patients with diabetes mellitus. Material and methods: The in vitro extracellular proteinase production and the in vitro ability to adhere to fibronectin of 229 Candida isolates of two geographic different groups of patients with diabetes mellitus and of healthy subjects were assessed.Results:  Candida isolates of patients with diabetes mellitus expressed a higher ability to adhere than those of healthy subjects. Higher levels of adhesion were also recorded in patients with a lower oral Candida colonisation. No differences were observed in the in vitro expression of extracellular proteinase of Candida isolates of patients with diabetes mellitus and those of non‐diabetic subjects. Isolates of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus expressed greater levels of proteinase than isolates of type 1 diabetes mellitus.Conclusions:  Diabetes mellitus could be considered as an additional variable that may influence not only oral Candida carriage but also the ability of isolates to enhance the expression of virulence attributes.