bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application Service Providers (ASPs)
Authors: Jacobsen Hans‐Arno 
Published: July 2008

AbstractApplication outsourcing refers to the emerging trend of deploying applications over the Internet, rather than installing them in the local environment. Application outsourcing shifts the burden of installing, maintaining, and upgrading the application from the application user to the remote application service provider (ASP). The ASP takes over all server administration and application management tasks. This deployment model allows application software to be distributed on a highly differentiable basis. This model is in contrast to the traditional license‐based software distribution model, in which a customer receives “all‐or‐nothing” of the product and must manage the entire application on its own. This chapter explores different facets of the ASP model, compares it with traditional software distribution models, and discusses its implications.
Business Plans for
E
‐commerce Projects
Authors: Ray Amy W. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
In a brief period of time, we have seen the rise and subsequent fall of numerous e‐businesses. Would‐be entrepreneurs can learn much through analysis of the business plans of e‐business failures as well as successes. Analyses of failures show that e‐businesses have been viewed as substantially different from other businesses when in fact they are not. Consequently, writing a business plan for an e‐business is similar in many ways to writing a business plan for any other business. For example, attention to financial responsibility and customer value are still at the heart of any successful plan. This chapter begins with a brief analysis of some common reasons for the failure of dot‐com companies since the mid‐1990s. The following section describes traditional business plan elements that should be included in any e‐business project plan. The next three sections describe special considerations for new start‐up companies, e‐ventures of brick and mortar firms, and special considerations for new e‐businesses respectively. The final section of this chapter provides one detailed framework for writing a business plan and several other resources for writing business plans.
Cascading Style Sheets (
CSS
)
Authors: Condo Fred 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Cascading style sheets (CSS) are a recommendation of the World Wide Web Consortium for applying styles to Web pages and other documents. Using CSS gives Web producers great control over the appearance of Web documents and can make documents adaptable to different display media, including adaptive media used by persons with sensory impairments. CSS enables Web producers to keep information about appearance and presentation separate from the content and structure of Web documents. This separation simplifies the maintenance of Web sites and reduces the redundancy of presentational information. CSS defines selectors, a syntax for expressing the context to which a style applies. It also defines properties and values that apply style to document elements. A conservative approach is recommended for applying CSS. Certain best practices are identified and explained, and practical examples are provided.
Circuit, Message, and Packet Switching
Authors: Greenfield Robert H. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Packets and packet switching were invented to utilize effectively, i.e., to multiplex, digital networks. We easily grasp the concepts of circuit switching, such as a voice telephone call, and message switching, such as the paper‐based postal system, because there are many common and historical examples. In recent decades, we've discovered that digital techniques for transmission and switching information are far superior, faster, cheaper, and less error prone than the analog techniques devised in earlier times. These digital methods allowed for the invention of packets and packet switching, thereby making digital technology even more effective. Networks are built in layers. First, we look at some important layering models for different kinds of digital networks. We also mention how addresses fit into our layering schemes. Next, we briefly describe circuit and message switching before surveying the primary topic of packet switching.
Client/Server Computing
Authors: McFarland Daniel J. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Client/server computing is a broadly defined term that describes a system architectural configuration. In particular, client/server computing conceptually and physically divides an application into component processes. The ensuing processes work together to satisfy the requirements of the overall application.
The particular configuration of the processes describes the client/server system. Three defining classification scenarios are presented. The first classification is based on the presentation–application–data (P–A–D) architecture. P–A–D defines and classifies an application based upon how the computational requirements are distributed between the client and the server. The second classification is based on the number of separate processes (or tiers) that exist within a client/server application. The final classification is based on the functional role of the server process.
Client/server processes must interoperate seamlessly. The integration of software and hardware is challenging, particularly in heterogeneous environments. Middleware is an enabling technology that facilitates the intercommunication among software processes. Component software is an approach whereby self‐contained, self‐describing objects are combined to form applications. Networking technologies bridge the gap among the various computing and networking devices.
This chapter concludes with a review of the following client/server implementations: the Internet, intranets, and extranets.
Cyberterrorism
Authors: Jaeger Charles W. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn the past several years, the world has come face‐to‐face with terrorists who are becoming more extreme and more global. At the same time, the world has become increasingly dependent on using computers and networks to manage the way we work, communicate, and live. At some future point, it is reasonable to conclude that global terrorism and cyberspace will converge in a deadly intersection. It is a question of “when,” not “if.”The idea of cyberterrorism is relatively new. While hacking and vandalism in cyberspace have become common in the past 20 years, much as graffiti and malicious mischief has exploded in physical space, violent acts of terrorism in cyberspace will follow. Today, “cyberterrorism” is in the news on a regular basis.Cyberterrorism, potentially as destructive as poison gas, deadly diseases, truckloads of explosives, and atomic radiation, may be even more dreadful than terrorism in the physical world, since the enemy may strike without being seen from anywhere in the world and disappear like a vapor trail. The terror of a 9/11‐magnitude attack from an unknown, unseen enemy could be even more devastating than anything the world has experienced.This chapter addresses the meaning of cyberterrorism, how and why it came into being, the vulnerable targets of cyberterrorism, the tools of the cyberterrorist, the potential effects on us all, and some of the things that can be done to minimize its threat.
DHTML
(Dynamic Hyper
T
ext Markup Language)
Authors: Knuckles Craig D. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Dynamic hypertext markup language (DHTML) is not a distinct language or technology. It refers to the way HTML, cascading style sheets (CSS), and JavaScript are used together to endow Web pages with interactivity. DHTML is introduced as an abstract notion. Then, the concrete ways in which the technologies that collectively enable DHTML work together to create DHTML are illustrated. The document object model, which allows JavaScript to access and manipulate the HTML and CSS properties that define a Web page, is at the foundation of DHTML. The intertwined evolutionary histories of DHTML, Web browsers, and the document object model are provided. The current capabilities of DHTML are presented in detail, and an indication of the future prospects of DHTML is provided.
Extranets
Authors: Thorpe Stephen W. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Extranets provide the means to extend information stored on internal networks (intranets) to external audiences. External groups often include suppliers, vendors, or customers. Allowing business partners to access internal information provides a foundation for e‐commerce strategies, improves collaboration, and can result in faster time to market for new products. Access to organizational extranets also promotes internal efficiencies and cost reduction. Developing extranet applications requires careful planning of the applications and content management, defining classes of external organizations that can access internal information through the extranet, and security policies to protect the network and information resources.
Gender and Internet Usage
Authors: Dholakia Ruby Roy , Dholakia Nikhilesh , Kshetri Nir 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the nature and sources of gender disparity in the adoption and usage of information and communications technologies (ICTs), especially the Internet. Various levels of gender disparity exist in the adoption of the Internet. Moreover, the disparity varies widely across the globe. These gender disparities are functions of factors such as male–female cultural differences; differences in specialization, preferences for jobs, and education; complex interactions among the features of the Internet and gender; and external variables such as sociocultural and economic factors. If appropriate policy measures are taken in the public sector and the corporate world, then some of the sources of gender disparity in Internet adoption and usage can be overcome and the gender related digital divide could be bridged.
Geographic Information Systems (
GIS
) and the Internet
Authors: Cetin Haluk 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
During the second half of the 20th century, which is considered the computer age, there were many advances in information technology. Increasing computational and storage power of computers made it possible to handle large, complex geographic databases in the 1980s and early 1990s, a time period recognized by many people as the start of the digital information age. Tasks were accomplished much more rapidly using a geographic information system (GIS) than by previously used methods. In fact many of today's complex projects could not even have been contemplated before the advent of GIS. During the last decade, the Internet and GIS together have changed the way that people and institutions share and analyze geographic data. Desktop GIS has been the system of choice, but it has many limitations including cost, learning curve, and public access issues. On the other hand, an Internet‐GIS (i‐GIS) has many advantages including decentralized data storage and data maintenance, wider data and user access, and convenience. Although today's Web‐based systems offer an excellent opportunity to go beyond our world (home, office, or city), existing i‐GIS map servers do not fully facilitate analysis of complex geographic databases due to the specific user requirements. Future GISs, including automated GIS processing at offices and in homes, will be a part of our daily lives.
History of the Internet
Authors: Sherry John , Brown Colleen 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis chapter traces the beginnings of the Internet, focusing on key personalities and technological developments. The history follows the origin of the original ARPANET, including development of TCP/IP protocols, through the emergence of the NSFNET backbone and the development of the World Wide Web. Focus is also placed on the process of discovery, facilitated by open cooperation among scientists through Requests for Comments and the dedication to create a flexible, open‐architecture environment.
Machine Learning and Data Mining on the Web
Authors: Yang Qiang 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Ever since its inception, the Web has provided unprecedented opportunities for machine learning and data mining to grow. Machine learning and data mining concern the task of discovering statistical knowledge from large data sets. In this chapter, we survey the main areas in which machine learning has been applied to learn about the Web and its users in the areas of learning about Web contents, Web structures, Web usage, and Web users. We also survey research and applications in Web‐based recommendation systems for electronic commerce.
Mobile Devices and Protocols
Authors: Mariga Julie R. , Pobanz Benjamin R. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

The value of a mobile communication device is its ability to organize and access important information quickly. Mobile devices are often associated with the cutting‐edge technology of the last 4 years. Although having gained an increasing popularity over recent years, mobile devices have a history of 15 years. The first generation of mobile devices was the analog mobile phone. They were large and cumbersome, resembling a small briefcase. With the launch of the second generation, mobile phone units became smaller and easier to handle. Currently, third‐generation phones are starting to be released, advancing in design and dynamic capabilities. By the year 2005, 76% of consumers will own an Internet compatible device, 66% will own a cell phone, 45% will own an Internet cell phone, and 10% will own a personal digitial assistant (Forrester,

). In today's information surge, business never stops. IDC Research has forecasted that an average of more than 36 billion person‐to‐person e‐mails will be sent daily by 2005 (Juptner,

). Hence, mobile communication plays a major role in the success of most of today's business operations (Jones,

), and all businesses are continually faced with the challenge of engaging with the rapidly changing information technology age. One area of mobile communications that has been growing exponentially is mobile computing.
Multiplexing
Authors: Whitmore Dave 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis chapter surveys the key concepts of multiplexing, an engineering technique that stretches the capacity of transmission media and vastly multiplies the amount of data, voice, video, and multimedia information that can be carried on a single physical facility. The service providers that support the Internet backbone and consumers of Internet services use many of the techniques described in this chapter to enhance capacity, provide economical growth options, and minimize cost. Reference is made to frequency division multiplexing and time division multiplexing and their applications. North American and international approaches to mutiplexing are reviewed. Fiber‐optic systems such as SONET/SDH are covered along with wavelength division multiplexing. References are provided to standard texts and to online resources.
Online Banking and Beyond: Internet‐Related Offerings from U.S. Banks
Authors: Wan Siaw‐Peng 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
When banks first had access to the Internet in the mid‐1990s, they treated it as simply another channel to distribute bank‐related information to their customers. Over the last few years, the Internet has rapidly become a viable channel for banks to serve their various customer groups. Today, many banks are offering online banking services to their customers, via the banks' Web sites, enabling customers to conduct a variety of banking activities and transactions on the Internet simply with browsers. Most banks are also transforming their Web sites into gatewayss to a variety of information resources (both financial and nonfinancial) and products and services (both banking and nonbanking) for their customer. The Internet has also afforded banks the opportunity to offer a number of new products and services, such as ones that cater to online e‐commerce markets.
Online News Services (Online Journalism)
Authors: Garrison Bruce 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Online news is in transition. This chapter focuses on the nature and status of online news and journalism, including that practiced by newspapers, magazines, and broadcast and network television and discusses its evolution over the past decade. It provides an overview of the evolution of online news. This chapter also outlines the most significant economic models that have failed, have succeeded, or are currently being tested. Competition among online newspapers, radio stations, television stations and networks, magazines, and other media is also discussed. The chapter examines the changing nature of online news and the impact of multimedia and convergence on their content and staffing. The chapter provides brief descriptions of the major American online news organizations. The primary service models for online news and a summary of online news market sizes and models conclude the discussion.
Patent Law
Authors: Bluhm Gerald 
Published: July 2008

Abstract

Patents are the means by which inventors protect the rights to their inventions. Almost every country has a patent granting office, which after some level of review or examination, grants a patent to the inventor (or applicant) for a limited term, in return for the inventor's teaching or explaining the invention, its use and/or its manufacture. A patent grants the holder a right to
exclude
others from making or using the patented invention, but does not grant the holder the right to
practice
the invention. To be patentable in the U.S., an invention must be novel and not obvious in view of current knowledge in the particular field, and the invention must be useful. In the United States, “anything under the sun that is made by man” is patentable.
Physical Security
Authors: Michael Mark 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The physical ingredients of a computing environment are hardware (machines, storage media, and transmission media), electricity, humans and the information they possess, and the physical representation of digital information. The role of physical security is to guard the integrity and availability of these components and prevent their misuse. This is a multifaceted task. The challenge involves environmental conditions, physical access, inbound and outbound electromagnetic radiation, and even human knowledge. A tiny chink in the physical armor—a purloined password, for instance—may provide a foothold for a major attack via the Internet. Thus, physical security complements cybersecurity, which defends against attacks mounted at the level of digital information.
Radio Frequency and Wireless Communications
Authors: Ugweje Okechukwu C. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview and summary of the fundamental meaning and concepts of radio‐frequency and wireless communication systems. It begins with a summary of the history of wireless communications in general, from the first radio‐frequency communication to current cellular mobile radio systems. It then presents the concept of radio wave propagation, forms of wireless communication systems and techniques, and the basic concept of cellular mobile radio communication. It classifies wireless communications into categories of related technology by grouping related concepts together. Finally, it reviews the current wireless technologies as well as emerging technologies.
Structured Query Language (
SQL
)
Authors: Slazinski Erick D. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
It has been claimed that over 80% of all applications (including Internet applications) have significant database components. In the various database platforms that are on the market today, the relational model dominates the marketplace. The language of relational databases is SQL. Not only are applications using databases, but also many of today's dynamic Web sites are database‐driven. It is therefore crucial for all application developers to know the basics of SQL. This chapter introduces the basics of SQL and its common applications.
Taxation Issues
Authors: Nellen Annette 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Since about 1995, as access to the Internet grew and businesses began to realize the potential of this new commerce model, a variety of tax issues began to surface. The reason tax issues exist is primarily due to the reality that online vendors can reach a wide customer base from a single location and the ability to transfer digitized products. Existing tax systems were not designed with the Internet in mind and thus some provisions do not adequately address electronic transactions. These tax issues exist at all levels of government. Various efforts have been made since 1995 at all levels to identify the specific issues and develop possible solutions. This work is challenging due to the number of players involved and will likely continue for several years.
Telecommuting and Telework
Authors: Westfall Ralph D. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Academic and commercial researchers, freelance writers, and business telework over the final three decades of the 20th century. Despite the extensive research and publicity, telecommuting has not attained anywhere near the usage levels that some experts forecasted for the start of the new millennium. Although much of the published material includes extravagant claims about productivity gains from telecommuting, most of these claims are based on subjective data collected from telecommuters. This data typically of results. This chapter defines the various forms of telecommuting and telework and covers the history of the concept. In addition, it analyzes the claims about productivity gains and societal benefits resulting from telecommuting. Based on a realistic view of these considerations, the author projects moderate increases in telecommuting usage, facilitated by increasing use of low‐cost, high‐bandwidth Internet technologies.
Virtual Private Networks: Internet Protocol (IP) Based
Authors: McDysan David E. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins with some motivational discussion on why enterprises use the Internet to improve productivity, generate new revenues, and be more competitive. We highlight some important security considerations that render the basic public Internet unacceptable for conducting sensitive transactions, such as e‐commerce. Our discussion then summarizes the technologies, namely connection‐oriented label switching and separate connectionless forwarding tables, that are used to partition a shared public network into multiple virtual private networks (VPNs). The chapter then presents a taxonomy of the types of VPNs being standardized in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), differentiated primarily by whether the VPN functionality is implemented on the customer‐edge (CE), or on the provider‐edge (PE) devices. We then summarize CE‐based VPNs either (a) overlaid on a frame relay or an asynchronous transfer mode network or (b) implemented over the Internet using the IP security (IPsec) standards. The text then describes the principal PE‐based approaches, which involve either (a) a separate routing instance for each VPN or (b) a shared, aggregated routing instance for all VPNs that logically maintains separation through configuration. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion about design considerations for use of VPNs and an example of an extranet VPN deployment using the CE‐based IPsec approach.