bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paralysis to serum albumins in T and B lymphocytes in mice. Dose dependence, specificity and kinetics of escape
Authors: Rajewsky K. , Brenig Christa 
Published: February 2007

AbstractParalysis to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was induced in mice at three concentrations of antigen. The animals were kept for 10 weeks at 10−8 M BSA (low zone), 10−5 M BSA (high zone) or 10−4 M BSA. The latter concentration approaches that of autologous serum albumin.In order to determine paralysis in helper T cells and antibody‐forming cell precursors (AFCP), the animals were immunized with sheep serum albumin (SSA) that cross‐reacts with BSA at the levels of both helper cell and AFCP receptors. Helper cell paralysis was quantitated by determining splenic helper activity for BSA in a cooperating cell transfer system. Paralysis in the AFCP was determined by measuring the cross‐reactivity of BSA and SSA in the anti‐SSA serum raised in paralyzed and control animals.The following results were obtained. (1) Helper activity was almost totally suppressed in both low zone abd high zone paralysis, and at the helper cell level, paralysis could not be “broken” by immunization with a cross‐reacting antigen. (2) Recovery in the helper cell compartment was not detectable before 4–5 months after the last paralyzing injection. (3) In the AFCP, that are not affected in low zone paralysis, only a small fraction of the cells, namely, those expressing receptors with a high affinity for the antigen, is inactivated in high zone paralysis. This is also true for animals kept at 10−4 M antigen over a 10‐week period. (4) Recovery in the (peripheral) AFCP was rapid and complete 2–3 months after the last paralyzing injection.
Frequency of hapten‐specific B cells in neonatal and adult murine spleens
Authors: Press Joan L. , Klinman N. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe frequency of B cells specific for 2,4‐dinitrophenyl (DNP), 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl (TNP) and fluorescein (Fl) in spleen cell suspensions obtained from neonatal, conventionally‐reared, nonimmune adult, and germ‐free adult BALB/c mice was determined by an in vitro splenic focus technique. Per 106 injected adult spleen cells, the frequency of primary B cells stimulated by 10−6M DNP, TNP, or F1 determinant concentration on Limulus polyphemus hemocyanin was 3.5, 3.0, and 2.0, respectively. These frequencies were relatively invariant, even in germ‐free donors. The frequency of DNP and TNP‐specific B cells in neonatal spleens was also relatively invariant and approached adult frequencies early in development. In contrast, variation was observed in the frequency of neonatal precursor cells responding to F1, and spleen cell suspensions from 3‐day old neonates had 5–6‐fold fewer F1‐specific B cells than DNP or TNP‐specific B cells. Since the experimental conditions employed maximized B cell responsiveness, and since the generation of primary B cells appears to be independent of antigenic stimulation, this observed disparity in the rate of appearance of specific B cells is most likely a reflection of the mechanism responsible for generating B cell diversity.
Radiosensitivity of T and B lymphocytes. I. Effect of irradiation on cell migration
Authors: Anderson R. E. , Sprent J. , Miller J. F. A. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo study the effect of irradiation on cell migration, populations of recirculating lymphocytes consisting predominantly of either T or B lymphocytes were labeled with 51Cr, exposed to various doses of irradiation in vitro and transferred intravenously to syngeneic mice. Cell recipients were killed at intervals to determine levels of radioactivity in various organs. On the basis of radioactive counts, small T lymphocytes homed normally to the lymphoid tissues within 4 h of injection (primary migration) in spite of prior exposure to heavy irradiation, e.g. 5000 r. Primary migration, especially to the lymph nodes, was greatly reduced, however, when irradiated cells were cultured in vitro for 1–7 h before injection. This suggested that cell damage following irradation was not manifested immediately, but developed slowly over several hours. This was supported by observations that, with cells injected immediately after irradiation, even doses as low as 50 r caused a marked reduction in secondary migration, i.e. migration occurring between 4 and 24 h after cell injection. Activated T cells proved to be more radioresistant than small T cells in that secondary migration of activated cells was not abolished, although reduced, by high doses of irradiation.B cells were found to be extremely radiosensitive. Thus, in contrast to T cells, primary migration of B cells was greatly reduced by heavy irradiation. Secondary migration of B cells, although limited, was abolished by 100 r.When lymphocytes were irradiated and placed in tissue culture for 4 days, virtually no B cells survived exposure to 300 r. This dose reduced viability of T cells by 90 %. Five to 10 % of T cells, however, remained viable after exposure to doses as high as 1000 r.The results, as a whole, suggested that both T and B small lymphocytes die in interphase soon after irradiation, death occurring very rapidly with B cells, but less rapidly with T cells. Interphase death of activated T cells seemed to occur comparatively slowly.
Hapten‐induced paralysis. I. Evidence for the persistence of hapten‐specific immunocompetent B lymphocytes in specifically paralyzed mice
Authors: Gronowicz Eva , Coutinho A. , Sjöberg O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInjection of 3,5‐dinitro‐4‐hydroxy‐phenacetyl (NNP) azide induced specific unresponsiveness, as judged by the failure of pretreated mice to respond to NNP‐HRC (horse red blood cells), but not to HRC. The unresponsiveness of the NNP azide‐treated mice was not broken by incubating lymphocytesin vitrotogether with NNP‐HRC. Injection of the nonreactive hapten, NNP‐ϵ‐aminocaproic acid, also induced specific unresponsiveness when measuredin vivo, but cells from such animals did respond normallyin vitro. Spleen cells from mice treated with NNP azide contained a higher number of background PFC to NNP and NIP as compared to untreated controls.
Regulation of the immune response. V. Antibody‐mediated inhibition of T and B cell cooperation in the in vitro response to red cell antigens
Authors: Hoffmann M. K. , Kappler J. W. , Hirst J. A. , Oettgen H. F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe investigation of the mechanism by which antibody inhibits the production of antibody has been continued using the in vitro response of mouse spleen cells to red cell antigens as assay system. Extending earlier findings demonstrating that antibody does not inhibit (1) the priming of T cells (as opposed to B cells) and (2) the production of antibody by antigen‐sensitive B cells, we show here that antibody (endogenous as well as exogenous) does not affect the potential of primed T cells to perform a helper function either. It appears that antibody interferes with the realization of this potential, i. e. the cooperation of T and B cells. Possible mechanisms are discussed, drawing particular attention to the fact that an intact Fc portion is required for antibody to be suppressive in this system.
Studies on the heterogeneity and idiotypic specificity of anti‐dinitrophenyl antibodies from inbred guinea pigs
Authors: Haimovich J. , Jaton J.‐C. , Pink J. R. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe heterogeneity of antibodies raised to 2,4‐dinitrophenyl keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP‐KLH) in inbred guinea pigs was investigated by isoelectric focusing (IEF) techniques. Some, but not all, of immunized strain 2 (Heston) and strain 13 guinea pigs produced antibodies giving restricted banding patterns, detectable by protein staining, in the basic region of IEF gels. In all cases studied, these antibodies were directed against the DNP group. Their banding patterns resembled those given by myeloma proteins from mice or electrophoretically restricted antibodies from rabbits.Antibodies in at least four pairs of sera from strain 2 animals gave very similar banding patterns on IEF gels. Immunoglobulin fractions with anti‐DNP activity, which gave indistinguishable, restricted banding patterns, were isolated from two individual animals, and used to prepare anti‐idiotypic antisera in rabbits. The fractions were shown to be idiotypically cross‐reactive, but not identical, by passive hemagglutination and hemagglutination inhibition techniques. Purified anti‐DNP antibodies from some, but not all strain 2 guinea pigs, and antibodies in sera from strain 2 and strain 13 guinea pigs immunized with DNP‐KLH, were shown to be idiotypically cross‐reactive in the hemagglutination inhibition system.
Idiotype suppression. I. Influence of the dose and of the effector functions of anti‐idiotypic antibody on the production of an idiotype
Authors: Eichmann K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractParameters that influence the effect of passively administered anti‐idiotypic antibody on the expression of idiotype‐positive and of idiotype‐negative antibodies were investigated in adult A/J mice immunized with Group A streptococci. The results suggest: 1. idiotype‐positive antibodies are eliminated from the spectrum of humoral antibodies as a consequence of the elimination of the idiotype‐forming cell precursors. 2. The heterogeneity of the idiotype‐negative compensatory response of individual suppressed mice is as restricted as that of the idiotype‐positive normal response. The isoelectric spectra of idiotype‐negative antibodies are individually specific, whereas the isoelectric spectra of idiotype‐positive antibodies are individually specific, whereas the isoelectric spectra of idiotype‐positive antibodies are shared between individual mice. 3. Suppression is transient in mice treated with low and with high doses of anti‐idiotypic antibody, but is maintained in mice treated with intermediate doses. 4. Suppression is mediated by complement and macrophage fixing (guinea pig IgG2) anti‐idiotypic antibody only. IgG1 anti‐idiotypic antibody appears to have an enhancing effect on the production of the idiotype. The results are discussed with respect to possible regulatory functions of idiotype‐anti‐idiotype interactions in the immune response.
Fluorescence labeling of mouse alloantibodies
Authors: Hämmerling U. , Chin A. F. , Arny M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMouse alloantibodies can be readily labeled with fluoresceinyl thioureido caproic acid and tetramethylrhodaminylthiourido caproic acid, which are new derivatives of fluorescein or tetramethylrhodamine, containing a caproic acid residue as a spacer. The ω‐carboxyl group will establish an amide bond with amino groups of portein in a mild condensation reaction with water‐soluble carbodiimides. Antibody activity is fully retained, and binding to fixed or unfixed cells yields specific fluorescence of a practical intensity.
Generation of antibody diversity. I. Kinetics of production of different antibody specificities during the course of an immune response
Authors: Cunningham A. J. , Pilarski Linda M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe plaque‐forming cells (PFC) produced by mice immunized with erythrocytes from one sheep could be divided into different specificity subgroups by testing their ability to cross‐react with erythrocytes from other individual sheep or from other species. Using this marker system, we investigated the kinetics of production of different specificities during primary and secondary immune responses.The main findings were: (a) PFC of certain specificities were entirely absent from the spleen during the first 2 days of a primary response, but present from the start in a secondary response; (b) more than half of the early plaques were so specific that they lysed red cells from the immunizing sheep, but not from other sheep. In addition, significant numbers of heteroclitic antibody‐forming cells were found. These results do not support the conventional idea that all B cells exist before antigenic stimulation. Instead, they provide some evidence for the view that antigen stimulates the proliferation of an initial population of B cells with low affinity receptors from which it generates cells producing entirely new antibody specificities.
Expression of membrane‐bound IgM and HLA antigens on lymphoblastoid cells in different stages of the cell cycle
Authors: Killander D. , Klein Eva , Levin A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe expression of membrane‐bound IgM and HLA on human lymphoid cells in different stages of the cell cycle was determined by cytophotometric techniques. Asynchronously proliferating cells were pulse labeled with [3H]thymidine. IgM and HLA were then stained directly and indirectly with fluorescein‐conjugated antibodies and quantitated on the single cell level by microspectrofluorometry. The same individual cells were analyzed further by dry mass and Feulgen DNA determinations using microinterferometry and microspectrophotometry, respectively. Cells in the S phase were subsequently identified by [3H]thymidine autoradiography.The amounts of membrane‐bound IgM and HLA were both found to increase continously throughout interphase. Thus, in absolute terms, the IgM and HLA content was maximal in G2, minimal in the G1 and intermediate in the S phase. However, since the total proteins (dry mass) increased in the same manner, the IgM (and HLA)/total protein ration remained constant during the cell cycle. For geometric reasons, the total cell surface area increases less than the cell volume (mass) during interphase. This might indicate that the density of IgM and HLA on the membrane is greater in the G2 than in the G1 phase.
Thymic dependence of amphibian antibody responses
Authors: Turner R. J. , Manning Margaret J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLarvae of Xenopus laevis were thymectomized at one week post fertilization and tested as toadlets for their ability to produce circulating antibodies.Sham‐thymectomized animals immunized with human IgG in adjuvant produced both high (IgM) and low molecular weight antibody, while in those immunized with sheep red blood cells, antibody, was detectable only in the IgM moiety. Thymectomized siblings, though apparently healthy, failed to respond to either antigen.The inhibition of IgM antibody in the amphibian following thymic depletion contrasts with the mammal, where normal or subnormal titers can still be demonstrated. This may point to phylogenetic differences in the role of the thymus. Alternatively, early‐thymectomized Xenopus may simply be closer to a completely athymic condition.
Adjuvant activity of bacterial peptidoglycans on the production of delayed hypersensitivity and on antibody response
Authors: Nauciel C. , Fleck Jacqueline , Martin J.‐P. , Mock Michele , Nguyen‐Huy H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPurified peptidoglycans from various gram‐negative bacteria can substitute for mycobacteria in Freund's type adjuvant. The effect of adjuvants on the production of delayed hypersensitivity in the guinea pig was studied with azobenzenearsonateNacetylLtyrosine as antigen. It was found that only a few μg of peptidoglycan per animal were needed. An adjuvant effect on antibody response to egg albumin was also obtained.
Cell‐mediated cell lysis in vitro: genetic control of killer cell production and target specificities in the mouse
Authors: Nabholz M. , Vives J. , Young Hazel M. , Meo T. , Miggiano V. , Rijnbeek Annemarie , Shreffler D. C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe requirements for killer cell production in the course of a mixed leukocyte reaction and the specificity of target cell (PHA‐blasts) lysis in the mouse were investigated using inbred strains carrying intra‐H‐2 recombinant chromosomes. Strong lytic activity was generated in all, and only those, responder‐stimulator combinations which differed at either the H‐2D or the H‐2K, or both regions, even if the MLR incompatibility between responder and stimulator was very weak. Killing activity was specific and directed against determinants controlled by genes in the H‐2K and H‐2D regions. The slope of the killer dose‐response curves is the same for either type of specificity. Quantitative comparison of the lytic activity of a given killer cell population on different targets demonstrated a dose effect of the number of specificities recognized. No significant killing against the Ir or the Ss‐Slp regions of the H‐2 complex could be detected.AntiH2 sera, if directed against the killer cells, do not inhibit their activity, while they can block killing, if directed against the target. This inhibition is specific in that a serum that blocks killing against the H‐2K specificity of a given target does not inhibit the lytic activity directed against the H‐2D determinants on the same target.
Rejection of skin grafts from different inbred strains by nude mice reconstituted with allogeneic or congenic thymus cell suspensions
Authors: Kindred Berenice 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBALB/c‐nu nu mice which have been injected with a congenic thymus cell suspension are able to reject skin grafts from all other strains tested. Mice injected with allogeneic H2 incompatible thymus cells do not reject skin grafts. When allogeneic, H2 compatible cells are used, grafts from a third strain are usually rejected, although the rejection time may be extraordinarily slow. It is suggested that the host and donor cells cooperate to permit the rejection of the grafts.
The participation of thymus‐derived and of bone marrow‐derived lymphocytes of sensitized mice, in the proliferative response to specific antigen, in vitro
Authors: Mugraby Lea , Gery I. , Sulitzeanu D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSpleen cells of mice primed with sheep red cells (SRC) responded with increased thymidine uptake when stimulated with SRC in vitro. Depletion of bone marrow‐derived (B) cells by filtering the spleen cells through columns of plastic beads coated with anti‐mouse immunoglobulin serum resulted in a drastic loss of the proliferative response. A similar loss occurred on depleting the thymus‐derived (T) cells by treatment with anti‐Θ serum and complement. Addition of peritoneal exudate cells failed to restore the reactivity of the purified T cells to SRC. The proliferative response could be restored to a level exceeding the sum of the individual responses, by mixing the purified T with the purified B cells. A synergistic interaction between T and B cells is suggested.
Detection of anti‐estradiol antibodies and of 17β‐estradiol by means of a 17β‐estradiol‐bacteriophage T4 conjugate. Dependence of the haptenated phage reaction on several physical parameters
Authors: Andrieu J. M. , Mamas S. , Dray F. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract17β‐Estradiol bacteriophage T4 conjugate has been prepared as a model of haptenated phage to study the influence of pH, ionic strength, temperature, and methods of plating on the rate of neutralization by anti‐estradiol antiserum. We found that: (1) at pH 5.6, 0.005 M, the rate of neutralization was ten times faster than under usual conditions (pH 6.8, 0.05 M), and (2) neutralization occurs 10 times slower at 0 °C than at 37 °C.Inhibition of the neutralization process (viroimmunoassay) with free hapten performed at 0 °C allows one to quantify as little as 2 pg of estradiol.
The role of thymus cells in the immune response to poly(Tyr, Glu)‐polyD L Ala–polyLys as a function of the genetic constitution of the mouse strain
Authors: Lichtenberg Louise , Mozes Edna , Shearer G. M. , Sela M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractImmune responsiveness to poly (Tyr, Glu)polyD L Ala–polylys [(T, G)A–L] was studied at the cellular level by comparing the limiting dilutions of immunocompetent cells from thymus and bone marrow of five mouse strains exhibiting either high or low responses to this immunogen.Cell cooperation between thymocytes and bone marrow cells was demonstrated for (T, G)A–L. Limiting dilutions of thymus and bone marrow cells in the presence of an excess amount of the complementary cell type were performed with cells of C3H. SW, C57BL/6 (H2b), C3H/HeJ, AKR/Cu (H2k) and SJL/J (H2s). A low precursor frequency was detected in the bone marrow population when the defect was at the determinant level only, as in the case of C3H/HeJ and AKR/Cu mice. These results were confirmed by allogeneic transfer experiments. Furthermore, results of a two‐step experiment performed with C3H. SW and C3H/HeJ congenic strains indicated that there is no defect in the proliferative rate of the thymocytes of the low responder strain.In contrast, in the SJL low responder strain the genetic defect was reflected in both the thymus and bone marrow populations of immunocytes. This strain is a nonresponder to all determinats attached to A–L and, therefore, exhibits a carrier defect. The results presented here demonstrate the crucial role of the thymus‐derived cells when the genetic control includes a defect at the carrier level.
Site‐dependent differences in rejection of tumor cells with and without preimmunization
Authors: Den Otter W. , Runhaar B. A. , Ruitenbeek A. , Dullens H. F. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDBA/2 mice were immunized subcutaneously (s.c.) and intraperitoneally (i.p.) against DBA/2 derived SL2 lymphoma cells.I.p. immunization causes i.p., but not s.c. immunity. However, s.c. immunization results in both s.c. and i.p. immunity, the latter being as strong as after i.p. immunization. Thus, we obviously have to prefer s.c. to i.p. immunization.The difference between i.p. and s.c. immune surveillance is discussed.
Differences in antigen handling by peritoneal macrophages from the Biozzi high and low responder lines of mice
Authors: Wiener Edith , Bandieri A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPeritoneal macrophages were isolated from high (Ab/H) and low (Ab/L) responder mice and their in vitro handling of three isotopically labeled antigens, 125I‐labeled keyhole limpet hemocyanin (125I‐KLH), 14C‐labeled type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide complexed with methylated bovine serum albumin (14C‐SIII‐MBSA) and (14C‐LE), studied in relation to the immune responses which these compounds evoke in the corresponding animals.There was a striking morphological difference between cultured Ab/H and Ab/L macrophages and the latter showed higher lysosomal enzyme activities. All three antigens were taken up faster by Ab/L macrophages. The intracellular digestion of 125I‐KLH was also more rapid in these cells. Membrane‐bound 125I‐KLH was persistent in Ab/H macrophages, but disappeared rapidly from the Ab/L cells. After the uptake of 14C‐SIII‐MBSA complexes, more was retained by Ab/L macrophages, although probably localized in the interior of the cell, not on the membrane. Following the exposure of the cells to 14C‐LE, there seemed to be an equivalent degree of continuing association of the polysaccharide with Ab/H as well as Ab/L cells.Thus, KLH and SIII, which evoke maximal and minimal antibody production in the two mouse strains, were handled differently by Ab/H and Ab/L macrophages. On the other hand LE, which elicits equivalent IgM synthesis in both mouse strains, had a similar fate in the two kinds of macrophages. The results suggest that macrophages express genes which control the humoral immune responses in the high and low responder animals and that antigen presentation on the macrophage membrane is a major factor regulating antibody production in these mice.
Surface molecular components of T and B lymphocytes
Authors: Mehrishi J. N. , Zeiller K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBiochemical and biophysical methods have demonstrated differences in the surface topochemistry of murine T and B lymphocytes. On the surface of B cells, negatively charged groups of sialic acid, phosphate groups and unidentified acidic groups, positively charged amino groups and sulfhydryl groups are present. On the surface of T cells, which carry a higher net negative charge than B cells, the presence of phosphate and sulfhydryl groups has not been detected; the number of the positively charged groups is much smaller and that of carboxyl groups of sialic acid much larger than those on the B cell.