bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of transcriptional activity mediated by Drosophila melanogaster ecdysone receptor isoforms in a heterologous cell culture system
Authors: Beatty J. , Fauth T. , Callender J. L. , Spindler‐Barth M. , Henrich V. C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEcdysteroid regulation of gene transcription in Drosophila melanogaster and other insects is mediated by a heterodimer comprised of Ultraspiracle (USP) and one of three ecdysone receptor (EcR) isoforms (A, B1 and B2). This study revealed that the EcR/USP heterodimer displays isoform‐specific capabilities. EcRB1 is normally induced with a form of USP that is missing its DNA‐binding domain (DBD), although potentiation by juvenile hormone (JH) III is reduced. The EcRA and B2 isoforms, however, display almost no response to ecdysteroids with the DBD− USP. A mutation, K497E, in the shared ligand‐binding domain of the EcR isoforms caused elevated EcRB2‐specific affinity for a canonical ecdysone response element. The effects of directed modification and mutagenesis offer a strategy for developing hypotheses and considerations for studying in vivo function.
Use of quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction to estimate the size of the house‐fly Musca domestica genome
Authors: Gao J. , Scott J. G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHouse‐flies, Musca domestica, are carriers of more than 100 devastating diseases that have severe consequences for human and animal health. A key bottleneck to progress in controlling the devastating human diseases transmitted by house‐flies is lack of knowledge of the basic molecular biology of this species. However, before sequencing of the house‐fly genome can be seriously considered it is important to know the size of the genome. In this paper, we used quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction to calculate genome size of the house‐fly in side‐by‐side experiments with Drosophila melanogaster (known genome size of 180 Mb). Our results indicate the size of the house‐fly genome is 295 ± 10 Mb and that of D. melanogaster is 184 Mb. Thus, the house‐fly genome is only about 1.6‐fold larger than the genome of D. melanogaster. This indicates that the size of the house‐fly genome makes it an excellent candidate for whole genome sequencing and that quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction is an accurate method for the estimation of the size of insect genomes.
Anesthesia management of a patient with a laryngotracheo‐esophageal cleft
Authors: ARAI LYNDA R. , DICINDIO SABINA , COOK STEVEN P. , DAVIS DEBORAH A. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryLaryngotracheo‐esophageal cleft is a rare congenital anomaly that results from complete or partial failure of the development of the tracheoesophageal septum. The presenting symptoms include stridor, respiratory distress, and coughing or cyanotic episodes with feeding. There are four classifications for laryngeal clefts; the severity depends on the type present. We discuss the anesthesia management of a neonate with a Type IV cleft who presented for an emergency gastric division to prevent pulmonary aspiration and later returned for final repair of the defect.
The Native Spiritual Economy and the Yamasee War
Authors: Haggard Dixie Ray 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Yamasee War was a significant event in the history of the Deep South for native people and colonists alike. Yet despite the importance of this event, little attention has been paid to the worldview of the indigenous participants and how this view shaped the events leading up to and the waging of the Yamasee War. This article describes the religious world of the indigenous inhabitants of the Deep South, demonstrates how religious imperatives formed the three native alliances most deeply involved in the war, and explains why English refusal to abide by religious diplomatic rituals and protocols led to the outbreak of hostilities.
Causes of the Unusually Destructive 2004 Atlantic Basin Hurricane Season
Authors: Klotzbach Philip J. , Gray William M. 
Published: October 2006

The 2004 Atlantic basin hurricane season was one of the most active on record with nine hurricanes and six major hurricanes (maximum sustained winds &gt; 49 ms1) forming during the season. All six major hurricanes formed during August and September, causing this two-month period to be the most active on record. The primary reason the 2004 hurricane season will be remembered, however, is because of the four hurricanes that devastated the Caribbean and the southeastern United States (Hurricanes Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne). Estimated total U.S. hurricane damage was between $40 and $50 billion, and much additional damage was sustained in the Caribbean. It is shown that a very strong central Atlantic equatorial trough, associated with anomalously warm tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures and anomalously weak tropospheric vertical wind shear, combined with extremely favorable midlatitude steering conditions to allow many of the Africa-spawned easterly waves to develop into major hurricanes in the central Atlantic. These major hurricanes then moved on long west-northwest tracks that brought them through the Caribbean and across the southeastern U.S. coastline.
The very active and destructive 2004 Atlantic basin hurricane season is attributed to two primary features: a strong Atlantic equatorial trough and steering currents that caused hurricanes to track westward across the U.S. coastline.
Hurricane Isabel (2003): New Insights Into the Physics of Intense Storms. Part II: Extreme Localized Wind
Authors: Aberson Sim D. , Montgomery Michael T. , Bell Michael , Black Michael 
Published: October 2006

An unprecedented dataset of category-5 Hurricane Isabel was collected on 12–14 September 2003. This two-part series focuses on novel dynamical and thermodynamical aspects of Isabel's innercore structure on 13 September. In Part I, using a composite of dropwindsonde and in situ aircraft data, the authors suggested that the axisymmetric structure of Isabel showed that the storm was superintense. Mesocyclones seen clearly in satellite imagery within the eye of Hurricane Isabel are hypothesized to mix high-entropy air at low levels in the eye into the eyewall, stimulating explosive convective development and a concomitant local horizontal wind acceleration.
Part II focuses on a unique set of observations into an extraordinary small- (miso) scale cyclonic feature inside of the inner edge of the eyewall of Hurricane Isabel. A dropwindsonde released into this feature measured the strongest known horizontal wind in a tropical cyclone. This particular observation is discussed in the context of concurrent observations from airborne Doppler radar and other airborne instruments. These observations show wind even stronger than the system-scale superintense wind suggested in Part I. Speculation on the frequency of occurrence of these “little whirls” and their potentially catastrophic impacts are presented.
Evaporation and Precipitation Surface Effects in Local Mass Continuity Laws of Moist Air
Authors: Wacker Ulrike , Frisius Thomas , Herbert Fritz 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The local mass balance equations of cloudy air are formulated for a model system composed of dry air, water vapor, and four categories of water condensate particles, as typically adopted for numerical weather prediction and climate models. The choice of the barycentric velocity as reference motion provides the most convenient form of the total mass continuity equation. Mass transfer across the earth’s surface due to precipitation and evaporation causes a nonvanishing barycentric vertical velocity ws and is proportional to the local difference between evaporation rate and rain plus snow rate. Hence ws vanishes only in the special situation that evaporation and precipitation balance exactly. Alternative concepts related to different reference motions are reviewed. However, the choice of the barycentric velocity turns out to be advantageous for several reasons.
The implication of the nonvanishing total mass transport across the earth’s surface is estimated from model simulations for two extreme weather situations: a polar cold air outbreak and a tropical cyclone. While the effect is small in the first case, it is important in the latter. The large precipitation rates in the tropical cyclone case cause a loss of atmospheric mass, which corresponds to a vertical velocity at the surface larger than −20 mm s−1, and an instantaneous drop in pressure, which if sustained for 6 h, would correspond to about 49 hPa; this demonstrates the necessity of using the correct formulation of the mass balance in simulation models for moist air.
The Mysteries of Mammatus Clouds: Observations and Formation Mechanisms
Authors: Schultz David M. , Kanak Katharine M. , Straka Jerry M. , Trapp Robert J. , Gordon Brent A. , Zrnić Dusan S. , Bryan George H. , Durant Adam J. , Garrett Timothy J. , Klein Petra M. , Lilly Douglas K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMammatus clouds are an intriguing enigma of atmospheric fluid dynamics and cloud physics. Most commonly observed on the underside of cumulonimbus anvils, mammatus also occur on the underside of cirrus, cirrocumulus, altocumulus, altostratus, and stratocumulus, as well as in contrails from jet aircraft and pyrocumulus ash clouds from volcanic eruptions. Despite their aesthetic appearance, mammatus have been the subject of few quantitative research studies. Observations of mammatus have been obtained largely through serendipitous opportunities with a single observing system (e.g., aircraft penetrations, visual observations, lidar, radar) or tangential observations from field programs with other objectives. Theories describing mammatus remain untested, as adequate measurements for validation do not exist because of the small distance scales and short time scales of mammatus. Modeling studies of mammatus are virtually nonexistent. As a result, relatively little is known about the environment, formation mechanisms, properties, microphysics, and dynamics of mammatus.This paper presents a review of mammatus clouds that addresses these mysteries. Previous observations of mammatus and proposed formation mechanisms are discussed. These hypothesized mechanisms are anvil subsidence, subcloud evaporation/sublimation, melting, hydrometeor fallout, cloud-base detrainment instability, radiative effects, gravity waves, Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, Rayleigh–Taylor instability, and Rayleigh–Bénard-like convection. Other issues addressed in this paper include whether mammatus are composed of ice or liquid water hydrometeors, why mammatus are smooth, what controls the temporal and spatial scales and organization of individual mammatus lobes, and what are the properties of volcanic ash clouds that produce mammatus? The similarities and differences between mammatus, virga, stalactites, and reticular clouds are also discussed. Finally, because much still remains to be learned, research opportunities are described for using mammatus as a window into the microphysical, turbulent, and dynamical processes occurring on the underside of clouds.
Cloning, expression and functional activity of deoxyhypusine synthase from Plasmodium vivax
Authors: Njuguna James T , Nassar Marwa , Hoerauf Achim , Kaiser Annette E 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background

Plasmodium vivax is the most widespread human malaria parasite. However, genetic information about its pathogenesis is limited at present, due to the lack of a reproducible in vitro cultivation method. Sequencing of the Plasmodium vivax genome suggested the presence of a homolog of deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) from P. falciparum, the key regulatory enzyme in the first committed step of hypusine biosynthesis. DHS is involved in cell proliferation, and thus a valuable drug target for the human malaria parasite P. falciparum. A comparison of the enzymatic properties of the DHS enzymes between the benign and severe Plasmodium species should contribute to our understanding of the differences in pathogenicity and phylogeny of both malaria parasites.

Results
We describe the cloning of a 1368 bp putative deoxyhypusine synthase gene (dhs) sequence from genomic DNA of P. vivax PEST strain Salvador I (Accession number AJ549098) after touchdown PCR. The corresponding protein was expressed and functionally characterized as deoxyhypusine synthase by determination of its specific activity and cross-reactivity to human DHS on a Western blot.
The putative DHS protein from P. vivax displays a FASTA score of 75 relative to DHS from rodent malaria parasite, P. yoelii, and 74 relative to that from the human parasite, P. falciparum strain 3D7. The ORF encoding 456 amino acids was expressed under control of IPTG-inducible T7 promoter, and expressed as a protein of approximately 50 kDa (theoretically 52.7 kDa) in E. coli BL21 DE3 cells. The N-terminal histidine-tagged protein was purified by Nickel-chelate affinity chromatography under denaturing conditions. DHS with a theoretical pI of 6.0 was present in both eluate fractions. The specific enzymatic activity of DHS was determined as 1268 U/mg protein. The inhibitor, N-guanyl-1, 7-diaminoheptane (GC7), suppressed specific activity by 36-fold. Western blot analysis performed with a polyclonal anti-human DHS antibody revealed cross-reactivity to DHS from P. vivax, despite an amino acid identity of 44% between the proteins.

Conclusion
We identify a novel DHS protein in the more benign malaria parasite,P. vivax, on the basis of specific enzymatic activity, cross-reactivity with a polyclonal antibody against human DHS, and amino acid identity with DHS homologs from the rodent malaria parasite, P. yoelii, and human P. falciparum strains.
Expression and loss of alleles in cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts and stem cells carrying allelic fluorescent protein genes
Authors: Larson Jon S , Yin Moying , Fischer Jared M , Stringer Saundra L , Stringer James R 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) contributes to many cancers, but the rate at which these events occur in normal cells of the body is not clear. LOH would be detectable in diverse cell types in the body if this event were to confer an obvious cellular phenotype. Mice that carry two different fluorescent protein genes as alleles of a locus would seem to be a useful tool for addressing this issue because LOH would change a cell's phenotype from dichromatic to monochromatic. In addition, LOH caused by mitotic crossing over might be discernable in tissues because this event produces a pair of neighboring monochromatic cells that are different colors.

Results
As a step in assessing the utility of this approach, we derived primary embryonic fibroblast populations and embryonic stem cell lines from mice that carried two different fluorescent protein genes as alleles at the chromosome 6 locus, ROSA26. Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) showed that the vast majority of cells in each line expressed the two marker proteins at similar levels, and that populations exhibited expression noise similar to that seen in bacteria and yeast. Cells with a monochromatic phenotype were present at frequencies on the order of 10-4 and appeared to be produced at a rate of approximately 10-5 variant cells per mitosis. 45 of 45 stably monochromatic ES cell clones exhibited loss of the expected allele at the ROSA26 locus. More than half of these clones retained heterozygosity at a locus between ROSA26 and the centromere. Other clones exhibited LOH near the centromere, but were disomic for chromosome 6.

Conclusion
Allelic fluorescent markers allowed LOH at the ROSA26 locus to be detected by FACS. LOH at this locus was usually not accompanied by LOH near the centromere, suggesting that mitotic recombination was the major cause of ROSA26 LOH. Dichromatic mouse embryonic cells provide a novel system for studying genetic/karyotypic stability and factors influencing expression from allelic genes. Similar approaches will allow these phenomena to be studied in tissues.
C-reactive protein in aortic valve disease
Authors: Sanchez Pedro L , Mazzone Anna Maria 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Aortic Valve Disease, includes a range of disorder severity from mild leaflet thickening without valve obstruction, "aortic sclerosis", to severe calcified aortic stenosis. It is a slowly progressive active process of valve modification similar atherosclerosis for cardiovascular risk factors, lipoprotein deposition, chronic inflammation, and calcification. Systemic signs of inflammation, as wall and serum CRP, similar to those found in atherosclerosis, are present in patients with degenerative aortic valve stenosis and may be expression of a common disease, useful in monitoring of stenosis progression.
Manifestations of pott's disease in the head and neck
Authors: Neal Steven L. , Kearns Michael J. , Harris Jeffrey P. , Seelig John M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) of the spine, or Pott's disease, is a rarely encountered clinical disorder in the United States today. However, Pott's disease should be strongly suspected in a person who presents with a destructive lesion of the spine involving adjacent vertebrae or a retropharyngeal mass which extends across the midline. The most common presenting signs and symptoms are pain and spinal deformity. The PPD skin test is usually positive, but unlike TB of the larynx, the chest roentgenogrom is almost always negative. Diagnosis may be confirmed by needle aspiration or incisional biopsy and culture.The otolaryngologic literature has not previously addressed this clinical entity, thus, our experience with a patient with a retropharyngeal mass and quadraplegia diagnosed as Pott's disease will be presented. Subsequent medical therapy, stabilization, and odontoidectomy resulted in resolution of his neurological deficit. The incidence, pathogenesis, clinical features, and management of Pott's disease will be discussed.
Vagal body tumors: diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Moore Grant , Yarington C. T. , Mangham Charles A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis presentation includes a report of four vagal body tumors bringing the total number in the English literature to approximately 80. The diagnosis and treatment of this lesion, its familial incidence and the propensity for multiple secreting or nonsecreting chemodectomas, and appropriate clinical and pathologic studies required will be reviewed in some detail. Appropriate differential diagnostic features will be illustrated by comparison of these tumors with other primary vagal tumors from our experience such as neurofibromas, neurilemomas, and cystic degeneration of neurilemomas.
Clinical implications of orbital cellulitis
Authors: Jackson Keith , Baker Shan R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPeriorbital and orbital cellulitis are clearly two distinct disorders with different etiologies. Periorbital cellulitis is well‐documented as a more common infectious process limited to the eyelids in the preseptal region. In contrast, orbital cellulitis represents a more severe, but less common, infection of the orbit posterior to the septum with or without subperiosteal abscess, orbital abscess, or cavernous sinus thrombosis. A retrospective review of the clinical and laboratory data of 137 cases of orbital and periorbital cellulitis was performed. Periorbital cellulitis was documented in 98 cases (71%), in contrast to orbital cellulitis which was noted in 39 (28%) patients. All patients with orbital cellulitis received intravenous antibiotics, however, surgical therapy was necessary for progression of orbital cellulitis in 49% of patients. The majority of patients underwent incision and drainage of an abscess in the orbit. Complications as a result of orbital cellulitis occurred in nine (23%) of the patients. A distinction is made between the clinical entity of periorbital cellulitis and orbital cellulitis. Separating these clinical entities on the basis of physical examination and radiographic studies is important because the medical and surgical management of these two disease processes is different.
The early signs and symptoms of neurotologic complications of chronic suppurative otitis media
Authors: Schwaber Mitchell K. , Pensak Myles L. , Bartels Loren J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe delay in the diagnosis of neurotologic complications of chronic suppurative otitis media has been explained in a number of ways, including antibiotic suppression, surgical drainage, and a lowered index of clinical suspicion because the problem is relatively rare today.Twelve cases of neurotologic complications of chronic suppurative otitis media were reviewed to determine the early and late findings that should raise the physician's index of suspicion. Purulent, malodorous drainage, headache, and fever were the significant early findings. Altered mental status was a late finding, and usually indicated established intracranial infection. By drawing attention to the early findings, we hope to lower the morbidity and mortality associated with these complications.
Deposition and aggregation of Brownian particles in trickle‐bed reactors
Authors: Iliuta Ion , Larachi Faïçal 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWhen dilute liquid suspensions contaminated with Brownian fine solids are treated in catalytic trickle‐bed reactors, bed plugging develops and increases the resistance to two‐phase flow until ultimate unit shutdown for bed substitution with pristine catalyst is imposed. One of the important aspects during plugging with Brownian particles is the aggregation of fines and the release of the fine particles and aggregates from pore bodies within the porous bed as a result of the hydrodynamic or colloidal forces. Current physical models linking gas–liquid flow to the filtration process in high‐pressure/temperature trickle beds neglect the possible colloidal particle aggregation and the release of aggregates. This work attempts to fill this gap by developing a Euler–Euler fluid dynamic model based on the volume average mass, momentum, and species balance equations, filtration equations for the Brownian particles and the aggregates, and the discrete population balance equations for the agglomeration of particles. Both monolayer and multilayer depositions were considered for Brownian particles and only the monolayer deposition in the case of the detaching aggregates. The release of fine particles and aggregates from the collector surface was assumed to be induced by the colloidal forces in the case of Brownian particles/aggregates or by the hydrodynamic forces in the case of non‐Brownian aggregates. Brownian particle aggregation was described by the rate at which a certain size aggregate is being formed by smaller aggregates less the rate at which the aggregate combines to form a larger aggregate. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 2006
Die Acidität von 4‐Äthinylantipyrin im Vergleich zu verschiedenen substituierten Phenylacetylenen
Authors: Schwenker G. , Meyer H.‐J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDas reaktive Verhalten von 4‐Äthinylantipyrin (Reaktionen mit elektrophilem Primärschritt laufen ab, solche mit nucleophilem bleiben aus) wird durch eine erhöhte Elektronendichte am endständigen Acetylen‐C‐Atom erklärt. Eine erhöhte Elektronendichte ließ sich nachweisen durch den Vergleich der Aciditäten von 4‐Äthinylantipyrin und einer Reihe substituierter Phenylacetylene mit bekannten Substituenteneffekten. 4‐Äthinylantipyrin zeigte dabei die geringste spezifische Leitfähigkeit, die schwächsten Donoreigenschaften bei Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen mit Pyridin und den langsamsten Protonen‐Deuteronenaustausch und ist daher unter allen verglichenen Acetylenen die schwächste Säure.