bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuation of contraception following menstrual regulation–a Bangladesh experience
Authors: Akhter Halida H. , Rider Rowland V. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe study compares the 3 years of birth control practice of 1172 women who underwent early menstrual regulation (MR) and 499 others who accepted contraceptives only (nonMR) from an urban clinic in Bangladesh. About 60% of the women in the sample were followed-up, and their all-method continuation rate was analysed by life table technique. The 3-year overall continuation rate in the MR group (64%) did not differ from that of the nonMR group (62%). In the age groups 25 and over, the continuation rate was higher in the MR group. Among the women who did not desire any more children, the continuation rate in the MR group was significantly higher than that of the nonMR group (80% versus 68%,P< 0·05). Of women with parity greater than two, the MR group had significantly higher continuation rates than the nonMR group. The MR group had higher extended use-effectiveness for IUDs, conventional contraceptives (condom and foam), injectables, and oral contraceptives than the nonMR group. These findings indicated effective contraceptive practice following MR for this urban population. Easy availability of a multimethod service after MR seemed to be important in promoting effective contraception.
Trends and Differentials in Moslem fertility
Authors: Nagi Mostafa H. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper examines data on fertility levels in 33 Moslem countries between 1960 and 1980. Fertility measures include crude birth rate, total fertility rate and age-specific birth rate, and the percentage change in them between 1960 and 1980.The analysis focuses on: (1) the current status of Moslem fertility in comparison to non-Moslem countries in the same region; (2) the emerging fertility differentials among Moslem countries; (3) how much of the recent fertility declines in some Moslem countries is associated with modernization variables and with family planning efforts.The results indicate that: (1) Moslem fertility remains universally high and is generally higher than in non-Moslem countries in the same region; (2) very few Moslem countries have succeeded in bringing down their level of fertility to justify a search for the predictors of Moslem fertility levels; (3) in spite of a sufficient range of variations in the economic and social correlates of fertility, the corresponding fertility variables in these countries do not suggest that the reproductive behaviour of Moslem women has reacted to such variations; (4) efforts directed towards stronger family planning programmes are clearly related to fertility decline.
Effect of infant mortality on subsequent fertility of women in jordan: a life table analysis
Authors: Suchindran C. M. , Adlakha A. L. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe proportional hazards models of birth intervals based on the data from the 1976 Jordan Fertility Survey indicate that in Jordan the influence of infant death on subsequent fertility is not uniform among all population subgroups. Child survival seems to have only minimal influence on fertility among less educated women and women at low birth orders. In contrast, the probability of a subsequent birth increases significantly following an infant death among women in the high education class and among women in the high birth order group. The impact of infant death is similar among rural and urban women. Further analysis shows that the observed differences in the birth intervals of women with and without infant death experience cannot be attributed to the fecundity differentials of these two groups of women.
Family planning in Lae urban area of Papua New Guinea 1981
Authors: Agyei William K. A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA summary of 298 male and 358 female respondents in the Lae urban area of Papua New Guinea in 1981 revealed a relatively high level of contraceptive awareness, but the level of contraceptive use is low. However, the overall current usages of non-traditional methods for the wives of the male and for the female respondents are 34–2% and 37% respectively. The male and the female respondents have the same views on the ideal family size—approximately three children.
Perceptions of contraceptive methods: a multidimensional scaling analysis
Authors: Callan Victor J. , Gallois Cynthia 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis study employed similarity judgments to determine the dimensions used in distinguishing between methods of contraception, and to investigate individual differences in the use of these dimensions. Three groups of subjects rated the similarity of seventeen methods of contraception, and also rated each method on a number of adjective scales. Multidimensional scaling of the similarity judgments revealed two dimensions: one related to effectiveness, expense, and safety, and the other differentiating between standard and non-standard methods of contraception (or natural and non-natural ones). In addition, methods of contraception were arrayed in the space mainly on the basis of physical similarity. Analyses of the rating scales indicated that subjects perceived methods accurately in terms of effectiveness, but were inaccurate in their ratings of safety to the user. Finally, analysis of individual differences indicated that the second dimension was more salient to younger than to older subjects, but did not reveal differences related to religion or contraceptive use.
Sterilization in Canberra
Authors: Lucas David 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn contrast to the USA and the UK, vasectomy is less popular than tubal ligation in Australia, and this may reflect differences in husband-wife communication. Using data from the 1979 Canberra Population Survey, it seemed that although a majority of respondents would use sterilization, female sterilization would be preferred, largely because males were more resistant to the idea than females. Respondents born outside Australia, the UK, and Eire were more resistant to the idea of sterilization, but reported higher use of tubal ligation.
Cousin marriages in Beirut, Lebanon: is the Pattern Changing?
Authors: Klat Myriam , Khudr Adèle 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe prevalence of preferential patrilateral parallel cousin marriage is recognized as a specific trait of the Arabs and their immediate Muslim neighbours. Most earlier studies have been of localized groups, villages or nomadic camps and, despite the urbanization and industrialization occurring in the Middle East, no recent data from urban contexts have been examined. In this paper the genealogical ties between spouses are analysed in a sample of 750 recently married couples from the city of Beirut. Consanguineous marriages are frequent, mainly first-cousin marriages. However, the classical predominance of patrilateral parallel cousin marriage is no longer evident in the most recent generation, which displays an equal preference for all types of cousin marriage. Hence, whereas endogamy persists in this town, its manifestation may well be changing.
Sex differentials in mortality in Sri Lanka: changes since the 1920s
Authors: Langford C. M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn Sri Lanka in the 1920s female mortality exceeded male mortality in almost all age groups: only in infancy and late middle age did male mortality exceed female mortality. Proportionately the greatest female excess was in the childbearing ages. Mortality fell very substantially between 1921 and 1971. However, throughout most of this period the same basic pattern of sex differentials persisted; indeed, between 1921 and 1953 the relative position of women worsened in a number of age groups. Although the original pattern still showed clearly in 1963, by 1971 male mortality exceeded female mortality in almost all age groups: excess female mortality was only found among children. It is possible that discriminatory behaviour played an important part in excess female mortality in Sri Lanka in the past.
Male attitudes towards family planning in Khartoum, Sudan
Authors: Mustafa Mutasim Abu Bakr , Mumford Stephen D. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn a 1982 survey of 250 men living in Khartoum, knowledge of, attitudes towards and use of contraception among Sudanese men were explored. Particular attention was given to attitudes towards male and female sterilization. Although most of the men expressed a desire to have large families, several findings suggest that they felt that they may have to be satisfied with a lower number for economic reasons. Three-fifths of the men with wives of reproductive age wished to use family planning services now but only about one-fifth were currently using an effective method. Almost 60% of the men were interested in learning more about female sterilization and about 50%, more about male sterilization. In general, attitudes towards family planning were more favourable than previously believed by providers of these services. Only 2·8% of these men had obtained services from a family planning clinic, suggesting that the demand currently exceeds the supply.
Analysis of demographic data collected in a rural area of Kenya
Authors: Van Vianen H. A. W. , Ginneken J. K. Van 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn the area studied in the Machakos Project the total fertility estimate amounts to 7·46, which is somewhat lower than reported in the preceding article (van Ginneken et al., 1984). Evidence is provided that the low observed infant mortality rate of 49 per 1000 live births is plausible; this rate is in accordance with the relatively low and rapidly declining infant mortality rates found in Kenya. No accurate estimate on adult mortality could be obtained, probably due to serious overstatement of ages in the older age groups.
Birth interval, mortality and growth of children in a rural area in Kenya
Authors: Boerma J. T. , Van Vianen H. A. W. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper analyses the impact of the length of birth intervals on mortality and growth of young children. An attempt has been made to improve the methodology of birth interval studies and the results of an analysis of longitudinal data from a rural area in Kenya with a relatively favourable level of health are presented. It is shown that children with short retrospective or short prospective birth intervals do not run a higher risk of mortality or growth retardation than children with longer intervals, neither during the perinatal period nor during the first 2 years of life. This suggests that the socioeconomic setting, in which a birth interval study is carried out, is of ultimate importance.
Housing quality and child mortality in the rural philippines
Authors: Johnson Nan E. , Nelson Merwyn R. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis study investigated factors influencing child survival to age 5 years for a rural farm sample in Iloilo Province, Philippines. Children from better quality housing were more likely to live to age 5 than were children from worse quality housing. The life expectancy at birth, indirectly estimated by the Brass method, was 63·4 years for children from worse quality housing and 69·9 years for children from better quality housing. The implications are explored.
Birth intervals and women's economic activity
Authors: Bhrolcháin Máire Ní 
Published: July 2008

SummarySome hypotheses regarding birth spacing and women's work are outlined. Using British census and survey data it is shown that average second and third birth intervals were shorter in marriages taking place in the 10 years following the Second World War as compared with marriages in the period 1900–29; the intervals increased again, measured on a period basis, in the 1970s. Birth intervals for women married during the 10 years after the war were shorter among those economically active at the 1971 census than among the inactive. Some problems of method are discussed.
Examination of the relationship between inbreeding and population size
Authors: Relethford John H. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA method is presented for examining the relationship between effective population size and accumulated random inbreeding in human populations. For a set of populations, the inverse of inbreeding is regressed on effective population size using a linear regression model. This procedure allows testing of several hypotheses regarding the common and unique influences on population structure. Deviations from the expected curve suggest demographic or historical change. This method is applied to surname data from nine Irish isolates. The results show that the method is very useful in assessing differential influences on population structure.
A survey of a Cambridge suburb: familial resemblances and IQ components
Authors: Mascie-Taylor C. G. N. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis study presents parent–offspring and sibling resemblances for verbal and visuospatial IQ components and total IQ scores in both non-manual and manual social groups. Offspring on mid parent regression coefficients provided upper limits to phenotypic IQ similarity. There were no significant differences in regressions between social groups.The sex linked hypothesis for spatial ability was examined but neither parent–offspring nor sibling correlations were in the order predicted by the hypothesis.
Comparison of ante-natal hospital records with retrospective interviewing
Authors: Joffe Michael , Grisso Jeane Ann 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn a case-control study of low birthweight deliveries, comparison of hospital records with interviews conducted soon after delivery fails to confirm the widely-held view that concurrently recorded medical notes are superior to retrospective interviewing. The overall agreement was very good, with slight under-reporting of past abortions by mothers, and marked relative under-recording in the hospital records of vaginal bleeding and especially vaginal discharge. Generally, the rates of disagreement between interviews and hospital notes were similar for those women who had low birthweight babies and those who had normal birthweight babies, except for one single item. Uncertainty or lack of information occurred in the hospital notes as often as in the interviews.When different accounts of labour were present within a single set of medical records, the level of internal consistency was examined. There were more definite contradictions within the hospital notes than had been observed between the notes and the interviews. Moreover, a very marked association of within-hospital contradiction with birthweight was found, suggesting a possibility of bias when hospital records are used for the investigation of conditions associated with low birthweight. One should not, however, conclude that hospital notes are necessarily more error-prone than interviews, as many of the within-hospital contradictions reflected diagnostic uncertainty in complicated cases.
Quality of life, intellectual development and behavioural characteristics of single children in China: evidence from a 1980 survey in Changsha, Hunan Province
Authors: Poston Dudley L. , Yu Mei-Yu 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper reports the results of a June 1980 survey of 1069 children in Changsha, Hunan Province. The data have been unavailable previously either in Chinese or in English. In general, they suggest that comparisons of single children with children from multiple-child families in China regarding quality of life, intellectual development, and behavioural traits are similar to comparisons conducted in the United States and other western countries. As in many western studies, single children in China appear to have a better quality of life than children with siblings. Regarding intellectual development, single children in China perform better than those with siblings, a finding which is consonant with the family intactness model of Falbo. Single children in Changsha are little different from ones from multiple-child families on various aspects of behaviour, and are more co-operative and less hostile. These findings are the opposite of those of the Shanghai study, the other major analysis of single children in China; the Shanghai survey indicated that single children were not as well-behaved as those with siblings, a finding that caused some concern among Chinese social scientists. To the extent that the findings of the Changsha study, and not those of the Shanghai study, reflect the situation of single children in China, this could mean that the one-child family planning campaign may not be having a negative impact on children's behaviour.
Rural–urban differentials in marital fertility in four Muslim populations
Authors: Ahmad S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe analysis based on data collected as a part of the World Fertility Survey programme in four Muslim populations—Bangladesh, Java, Jordan and Pakistan—did not show a consistent pattern in rural–urban differentials in marital fertility. While no significant differential in current fertility by place of current residence is noticeable in Bangladesh and Pakistan, urban women in Jordan showed lower fertility than their rural counterparts. Cumulative fertility, when controlled for duration of marriage, was found to be higher in urban than in rural areas of Bangladesh and Pakistan, but no clear pattern emerged in Jordan. In Java, both current and cumulative fertility were higher in urban than in rural areas; urban women who had spent their childhood and were brought up in the urban environment showed, in most instances, higher fertility than the other residence groups.
Determinants of contraceptive use in Nepal
Authors: Tuladhar J. M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis study, based on the Nepal Contraceptive Prevalence Survey carried out in 1981, is the first of its kind. Analysis using a logit-linear model showed that the prevalence of current contraception was directly related to number and sex of living children, and the age of the woman. The prevalence rates are higher among women who did not want more children and women who had discussed family size with their husbands. The prevalence varies according to women's education and work-status. Urban women have a higher prevalence than rural women. Women who have access to the family planning service within a short distance have higher prevalence than those who do not.
Assortative mating for colour in Indian populations
Authors: Banerjee Sarla 
Published: July 2008

SummarySkin colour is measured at the inner upper arm and forehead by reflectance spectrophotometry in 310 Punjabi Hindu spouse pairs. It suggests genetic similarity of the two subcastes Khatri and Arora, of Punjabi Hindus, and that caste formation is essentially a social phenomenon. There is evidence of positive assortative mating with respect to skin colour.
Assortative mating for height in Pakistani arranged marriages
Authors: Ahmad Mahmud , Gilbert R. I. , Naqui Asif-Un-Nisa 
Published: July 2008

SummaryHeights of couples of arranged marriages in Islamabad, Pakistan, were measured. There is an overall significant correlation, and this correlation is maintained when the data are subdivided according to various classifications, e.g. social class. Some hypotheses are put forward to explain the correlations.
Trends in legalized abortion in South Australia: 1970–81
Authors: Yusuf Farhat , Briggs Dora 
Published: July 2008

SummaryOfficial abortion statistics for South Australia for the years 1977–81 were examined and compared with those for 1970–76 reported earlier. The period 1970–81 represents the first 12 years' experience of legalized abortion in South Australia. A consistent increase in the incidence of abortion was noted, both in absolute numbers and in proportion to the number of live births. South Australia continued to experience lower fertility than other Australian states, although this would have been higher than in other states had it not been for the legalization of abortion. More of the younger and the unmarried women were obtaining abortions, indicating that they were increasingly using abortion as a form of birth control.
Changes in the timing of births in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Khoo Siew-Ean , Krishnamoorthy S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryTwo 10-year marriage cohorts from two surveys of married women in Melbourne were compared on their timing of the first and second births. The results showed that women who were married in the early 1970s were much more likely to delay their first birth until about the third or fourth year of marriage compared with women who married in the 1960s. However, there was no difference in the timing of their second birth in relation to the first birth between the two marriage cohorts. Women who delayed childbearing also preferred smaller families. Economic reasons were most frequently mentioned for delaying childbearing.
Fertility and social class in a French village, 1901–75
Authors: White Paul E. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe extent to which it is possible to recognize distinctive patterns of marriage and fertility within sub-groups of the rural population is examined by an analysis of the fertility experience of 294 females who lived in a single village in southern Normandy at some period between 1901 and 1975. Aggregate analysis demonstrates the existence of differential fertility between classes. Examination of circumstantial evidence for individual sub-groups suggests that attitudes towards capital accumulation and inheritance are the major explanatory factors for these differentials.
Fertility of couples following cessation of contraception
Authors: Spira Nadine , Spira Alfred , Schwartz Daniel 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA retrospective study has been undertaken among 5108 women of the delay in conception after stopping different methods of contraception. Particular attention was paid to the delay that sometimes separates the cessation of contraception and the beginning of intercourse without precautions and to the effect of possible confounding factors.It was possible to demonstrate a decreased fertility for couples after the pill and, to a lesser degree, after IUD use, but only among those who did not take other precautions (waiting period). For couples observing a waiting period, there is no decrease of fertility following the initial exposure to the risk of conception.The different prevalence of these confounding factors from one population to another can explain the various results reported of other studies.
Effect of oral contraceptives and some psychological factors on the menstrual experience
Authors: Harding Christina M. , Vail Carey , Brown Robert 
Published: July 2008

SummaryFifty-seven women (mean age = 23·5 years), half of whom used an oral contraceptive, completed Moos' menstrual distress questionnaire at each of the three menstrual phases. In addition they kept menstrual diary cards for 50 days, recording days on which menstrual blood loss occurred. During an intermenstrual phase, they completed: a general information questionnaire with questions on menstrual, socialization and demographic variables; Eysenck's personality inventory; the multidimensional health locus of control scale; the Bern sex role inventory; and a measure of preventive health behaviour. Analyses investigating the effects of pill use and psychological factors on the incidence and intensity of menstrual distress found few significant associations between these measures, especially when symptom changes over the menstrual cycle were the dependent variables. The implications of these results for the aetiology of menstrual distress are discussed.