bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Somatosensory-Evoked Potential in Clinically Normal Dogs
Authors: Kornegay Joe N. , Marshall Arvle E. , Purinton P. Thomas , Oliver John E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Repetitive electrical peripheral nerve stimulation produces a multiphasic cerebrocortical potential termed the somatosensory-evoked potential (sep). Scalp sep recordings were made from 12 clinically normal dogs tranquilized with acepromazine. Three individual potentials were recognized in most sep recordings and were identified as n1, p1, and n2.
Additional positive potentials consistently followed n2, but their latencies and amplitudes varied considerably, so these waveforms were not numbered. They were termed late-positive potentials. Mean peak latencies ± sd of the 3 potentials were determined to be 13.5 ± 1.5 ms (n1, 19.6 ± 2.7 ms (p1), and 43.3 ± 10.4 ms (n2). The 1st negative deflection (n1 occurred between 11.0 and 16.0 ms after the stimulus and was consistently followed by a positive deflection (p1) which occurred at a latency ranging from 15.5 to 24.0 ms. The 2nd negative deflection (n2) occurred between 32.0 and 54.0 ms after the stimulus and was followed by a solitary prominent positive deflection or multiple positive potentials. Late-positive potential peak latencies ranged from 47.5 to 231.5 ms.
Fatty Acid Composition of Equine Plasma
Authors: Luther D. Gene , Cox Hollis Utah , Dimopoullos G. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fatty acid composition of plasma lipids of normal horses was determined. Four fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2) comprised 86.73% of the total, with C18:2 comprising 44.04% of the total. Eight other fatty acids were found in small amounts. Unsaturated fatty acids constituted 66% of the total. Marked variation was demonstrated in fatty acid occurrence and distribution in the sterol ester, triglyceride, phospholipid, and free fatty acid fractions.
Effects of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Infection on Bovine Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Function
Authors: Roth J. A. , Kaeberle M. L. , Griffith R. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four procedures were used to evaluate the function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) isolated from the blood of cattle experimentally infected with bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus: (1) uptake of an emulsion of paraffin oil and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, (2) nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, (3) chemiluminescence, and (4) iodination, or the conversion of iodide to a trichloroacetic acid-precipitable form. A marked impairment of iodination was consistently observed after infection with either a cytopathogenic or a noncytopathogenic strain of bvd virus. A corresponding decrease in paraffin oil uptake, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, and chemiluminescence was not observed. Serum from bvd virus-infected animals did not depress iodination by normal control pmn in vitro. The iodination procedure evaluates the activity of the myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, halide system. This system has potent bactericidal, fungicidal, and virucidal effects. The data indicate that oxidative metabolism by pmn from bvd virus-infected cattle is normal, but that the myeloperoxidase, hydrogen peroxide, halide antibacterial system is impaired. This could be explained by an inhibition of degranulation in pmn from infected cattle. The observed defect in iodination by pmn after bvd virus infection was compounded by a decrease in the number of circulating pmn. The impairment of pmn function may partially explain the increased susceptibility of cattle to secondary bacterial infection during infection with bvd virus.
Estrogen Excretory Patterns in the Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis), Determined by Simplified Urinary Analysis
Authors: Kassam A. A. H. , Lasley B. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Daily urine samples obtained at random from 3 mature Indian rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros unicornis) were evaluated for immunologic estrogen concentration and were indexed by creatinine (Cr) concentration. Chromatographic separation and enzyme hydrolysis of the estrogenic components indicated that the major urinary estrogen in this species is immunoreactive estrone (> 95%). Cyclic variations of immunoreactive estrogens (basal values of 0.1 to 0.3 μg/mg of Cr; peak values of 5.8 to 12.5 μg/mg of Cr) were observed at an interval of 43 ± 2 days (4 cycles) which appear to reflect the apparent ovarian cycles. The method presented offers a practical approach for the monitoring of ovarian events in large, nontractable species.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Experimentally Induced Pyelonephritis in the Rat
Authors: Appleton Judith A. , Munnell John F. , De Buysscher Eduard V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe epithelial and inflammatory changes in kidneys of rats during Corynebacterium renale-induced experimental ascending pyelonephritis. Bacteria were not observed adhering to pelvic epithelium, although there was evidence of cell sloughing. Bacteria were observed in the interstitium of the renal medulla. Bacteria, when present in the tubular lumen, were associated with discontinuities in cell membranes. Phagocytic cells appeared in the interstitium and phagocytosis was evident in the renal medulla.
Feline (Cat) Hemolytic Complement Optimal Testing Conditions
Authors: Barta Ota , Oyekan Priscilla P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Optimal conditions for assaying feline (cat) hemolytic complement (C) were determined. Effects of the following factors on C titers were tested: pH, ionic strength; calcium, magnesium, and ethylenediamine tetraacetate concentrations; time and temperature of incubation. Guinea pig erythrocytes sensitized with feline antibody were the most sensitive target cells for feline C. A buffer of pH 7.3, with an ionic strength of 0.06 and containing 0.3 mM CaCl2 and 1 mM MgCl2, was optimal for feline C assay. A concentration of 4 mM ethylenediamine tetraacetate in calcium- and magnesium-free buffer inhibited the C reactivity to 1/53rd of the original titer. Sera from clinically healthy cats contained 70 to 150 CH50 (50% hemolytic) U/ml when tested, using 1 × 108 sensitized guinea pig erythrocytes/ml.
Possible Factors Influencing Immunoglobulin A Concentration in Swine Colostrum
Authors: Inoue Takeshi 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The immunoglobulin (Ig) A concentration in swine colostrum was determined by the single radial immunodiffusion method, using 157 samples collected from the same number of farm-raised sows in the Yamaguchi Prefecture of Japan during 1976 and 1977. The mean IgA value was 12.26 ± 3.30 mg/ml, and the maximum and minimum values were 28.14 mg/ml and 5.63 mg/ml, respectively.
To determine factors influencing the IgA concentration in swine colostrum, the following items were analyzed in the present study: season, district, breed, number of parturitions, udder section from which samples were collected, kind of feed, vaccinations of swine (erysipelas live-organism vaccine, hog cholera live-virus vaccine, Japanese encephalitis live-virus vaccine, and transmissible gastroenteritis live-virus vaccine), type of farming, and number of sows raised on a farm. Relationships between the IgA concentration in swine colostrum and each of these 12 items were analyzed.
Of the 12 items, breed and number of parturitions were the most influential on the IgA concentration in colostra of farm-raised sows. Season, district, and vaccination with transmissible gastroenteritis live-virus vaccine were moderately influential. Udder section, kind of feed, vaccinations of swine (erysipelas live-organism vaccine, hog cholera live-virus vaccine, and Japanese encephalitis live-virus vaccine), type of farming, and number of farm-raised sows were slightly influential. The multiple correlation coefficient obtained was 0.5887 (P > 0.05).
Combination of Filtration and Histochemical Stain for Detection and Differentiation of Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum in the Dog
Authors: Acevedo R. A. , Theis J. H. , Kraus J. F. , Longhurst W. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A comparison was made of measurements of lengths of Dirofilaria immitis and Dipetalonema reconditum microfilariae processed according to the Knott technique and the Nuclepore filtration method. The filtered microfilariae showed a marked shortening, due to the fixation in methanol, but a significant difference between lengths of the microfilariae of the 2 species remained.
The naphtol AS-TR phosphate method of localizing acid phosphatase was used on filters, confirming the originally described patterns for both microfilariae. This combination of filter and histochemical stain is considered the best available method for the detection and identification of microfilariae.
Comparison of Antibiograms Determined by Disk Diffusion and Microdilution Methods for Selected Gram-Negative Bacilli
Authors: Cox Hollis Utah , Luther D. Gene , Newman Susan S. , Roy Alma F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Antimicrobial susceptibility studies were compared by the quantitative broth microdilution (md) and the standard disk agar diffusion (ad) methods. Isolates (379) of gram-negative bacilli obtained from clinical specimens from a wide variety of animals were evaluated. Results demonstrated that the md method provided reliable quantitative estimation of bacterial susceptibility that correlated significantly with the widely used ad procedure. The md method provided information which was more clinically relevant than that offered by the ad method for determining therapy of bacterial infections of animals.
Developmental Changes in the Composition of Beagle Dog Milk
Authors: Lönnerdal B. , Keen Carl L. , Hurley Lucille S. , Fisher Gerald L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The concentrations of iron, copper, zinc, manganese, calcium, magnesium, protein, carbohydrate, and fat were analyzed in dog milk during the first 45 days of lactation. The concentration of iron decreased significantly from 13 μg/ml on day 0 to 6 μg/ml. Zinc concentration decreased only slightly from 9.6 μg/ml to 8.7 μg/ml. Calcium concentration increased significantly during early lactation, from 1,366 μg/ml to 1,757 μg/ml on day 10, but changed little thereafter. Protein concentration increased throughout lactation, from 4.3% early in lactation to 6.3% late in lactation. Fat concentration increased from 2.4% to 4.5% in early lactation, and then decreased to 2.7% in late lactation. The concentrations of copper, manganese, magnesium, and carbohydrate did not show strong developmental patterns; average values were 1.8 μg/ml, 0.14 μg/ml, 59 μg/ml, and 4.5%, respectively, throughout lactation. These data indicated that the nutrient intake of the pup changed markedly during the early neonatal period and that these changes should be taken into account in evaluating studies of suckling dogs.
Transplacental Transmission of Rabies Virus from a Naturally Infected Skunk
Authors: Howard D. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A female skunk (Mephitis mephitis) was submitted to the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for routine rabies diagnosis. Rabies infection was confirmed by fluorescent rabies antibody examination on brain tissue. Additional tissues, including uterus, ovaries, and 6 embryos, were collected to study rabies pathogenesis. The fluorescent rabies antibody examination showed rabies virus antigen in 1 embryo, the uterus, and ovaries.
Pharmacokinetics and Behavioral Effects of Methylphenidate in Thoroughbred Horses
Authors: Shults Theodore , Kownacki A. A. , Woods W. E. , Valentine R. , Dougherty John , Tobin Thomas 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In horses given (rapid iv) methylphenidate (Ritalin, α-phenyl-2-piperidinacetic acid methyl ester; 0.70 mg/kg), plasma concentrations of the drug decreased rapidly at first, with an apparent α half-life of about 19 minutes, and then more slowly, with an apparent β half-life of about 2.4 hours. These data were well fitted by a 2-compartment open model. In blood, about 40% of the methylphenidate present was in the plasma fraction, and of this, about 80% was plasma-protein bound. If given by subcutaneous or im injection, plasma concentrations of methylphenidate peaked in about 1 hour and were no longer detectable (cleared) from plasma by 6 hours. Urinary clearance time, however, was longer, and between 12 and 24 hours should be allowed for a dose of methylphenidate to “clear” from urine. Using a variable-interval responding apparatus, methylphenidate was shown to stimulate the responding rate of horses up to 6 times above base line, making it the most potent central stimulant tested in this responding apparatus to date. Peak central stimulation at 30 minutes after iv dosing was seen in horses given 0.4 to 1.0 mg of methylphenidate/kg.
Equine Cervical Esophagostomy: Complications Associated with Duration and Location of Feeding Tubes
Authors: Stick John A. , Derksen Frederik J. , Scott Edward A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cervical esophagostomy for tube feeding was evaluated in 11 ponies. Minor complications responded to supportive therapy in 8 ponies. Two died of complications, and 1 pony had a permanent fistula because of persistent infection.
There was a positive correlation between the duration of tube feeding and the event of closure of the esophageal stoma after the tube was removed. There was no difference in the frequency of complications related to duration of tube feeding.
When the distal end of the feeding tube was located in the thoracic portion of the esophagus, instead of in the stomach, tubes were more readily dislodged. Reinsertion of some tubes was difficult or impossible to do and resulted in false passage of the tube into the mediastinal space, dissecting infections into the thorax, or both. Reflux of food around the tube occurred in ponies with the distal end of the feeding tube located in the stomach, but this was not associated with other complications.
Effects of Cream on Bactericidal and Metabolic Functions of Bovine Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils
Authors: Eshelman J. E. , Eberhart R. J. , Scholz R. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of cream on the bactericidal capacity and on selected metabolic characteristics of bovine blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) were examined in vitro. These properties were also compared in blood pmn and pmn isolated from milk.
Addition of 4% cream to the incubation medium reduced killing of Staphylococcus aureus by blood pmn. The pmn from milk were as bactericidal as blood pmn when incubated in a synthetic medium without cream.
Cream reduced the phagocytosis-induced increment in O2 uptake in blood pmn. Compared to blood pmn in the absence of cream, pmn isolated from milk had reduced O2 uptake during phagocytosis. In all pmn preparations [14C]CO2 production from [1-14C]glucose and [6-14C]glucose was increased during phagocytosis. Rates of [14C]CO2 conversion from [1-C14]glucose were not significantly different among blood pmn, blood pmn plus cream, and milk pmn. Cream reduced [14C]CO2 conversion from [6-14C]glucose by blood pmn; milk pmn converted even less [6-14C]glucose to [14C]CO2 than did blood pmn in the presence of cream.
Cream added to blood pmn preparations in the absence of other phagocytizable particles increased O2 uptake, increased (nonsignificantly) [14C]CO2 conversion from [1-14C]glucose, and reduced conversion from [6-14C]glucose.
These studies confirm that cream reduces the bactericidal capacity of bovine pmn and reveal cream-induced alterations in selected metabolic pathways during phagocytosis. They show also that cream itself, in the absence of bacteria, alters pmn metabolism.
Effect of an Intramammary Polyethylene Device on the Concentration of Leukocytes and Immunoglobulins in Milk and on the Leukocyte Response to Escherichia coli Endotoxin and Challenge Exposure with Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Paape M. J. , Schultze W. D. , Guidry A. J. , Kortum W. M. , Weinland B. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A sterilized polyethylene intramammary device (imd) was inserted through the papillary duct (teat canal) into a front mammary quarter and a rear mammary quarter of 7 cows. The device was 2 mm in diameter and 115 mm long; it was in the form of a loop of 25 mm diameter in situ. Insertion of the imd caused rapid increases in the concentration of milk somatic cells which stabilized at concentrations 50% higher than the milk somatic cell values for the control quarters. Fractions of milk were collected during machine milking to determine the concentrations of milk somatic cells, immunoglobulins (Ig), and bovine serum albumin (bsa). Milk somatic cell counts in the 1st, 2nd, and 20th 10-ml milk fractions and in the primary, stripping, and residual milk fractions for imd-fitted quarters averaged 1.090, 0.429, 0.485, 0.512, 1.781, and 1.763 × 106 cells/ml. The counts for control quarters averaged 0.280, 0.203, 0.211, 0.300, 0.481, and 0.800 × 106 cells/ml, respectively. Counts for imd-fitted quarters were significantly greater than for control quarters for all fractions except the primary milk fraction. The concentrations of Ig and bsa for imd-fitted quarters tended to be higher for all milk fractions when compared with the values for control quarters, but were significant only for IgG2 and bsa in the residual fractions.
There was no difference between imd-fitted and control quarters in milk yield, percentage of butterfat, percentage of protein, or solids-not-fat.
Injection of 0.01 μg of endotoxin into all quarters resulted in a greatly intensified leukocytic response for imd-fitted quarters compared with the control quarters. Milk somatic cell counts for imd-fitted quarters increased from 0.8 × 106 cells/ml before injection to 4.3 × 106 at 10 hours after injection, whereas the counts for control quarters increased from 0.4 × 106 cells/ml to 1.8 cells/ml of milk.
Experimental challenge exposure of all quarters of 5 cows with 23.8 to 115.0 colony-forming units of Staphylococcus aureus strain 305 resulted in infection in 9 of 10 control quarters and in 5 of 10 imd-fitted quarters. With few exceptions, infection occurred when the concentration of somatic cells in the gland was 7 × 105 or less/ml of milk at the time of bacterial challenge exposure and failed to occur when the somatic cell concentration was 8.8 × 105 or greater/ml.
Anatomy of the Beagle in Cross-Section: Head and Neck
Authors: Zook B. C. , Hitzelberg R. A. , Fike J. R. , Bradley E. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The transverse anatomy of the head and neck of the Beagle was studied. Cross-sectional preparations were photographed and compared with computerized tomographic scans, freshly prepared dissection specimens, and with skeletal preparations. Anatomic structures were identified by these means with the aid of anatomy texts. A series of labeled photographs were provided as a basis for interpretation of computerized tomography scans.
Relative Efficacies of Pyrantel Tartrate and Pyrantel Citrate Against Oesophagostomum sp in Swine
Authors: Pratt S. E. , Brauer M. A. , Corwin R. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The relative efficacies of pyrantel tartrate and of pyrantel citrate against Oesophagostomum sp in swine were evaluated in a controlled-critical study and the efficacy of pyrantel citrate in a field trial. In the controlled-critical study, pigs naturally infected with Oesophagostomum dentatum were either not treated or were treated with pyrantel citrate or pyrantel tartrate at a dosage of 510 mg of free pyrantel base/kg of feed. Six days later, the pigs were necropsied, adult O dentatum was recovered and counted, and fecal samples were examined for helminth eggs. The efficacies of pyrantel citrate and pyrantel tartrate were each 100% based on fecal egg counts and numbers of adults at necropsy.
The field trial was conducted in a similar manner except that pyrantel citrate only was tested against a control group on the basis of fecal egg counts made both at the beginning and at the termination of the trial. In this study pyrantel citrate was found to reduce Oesophagostomum sp egg counts by 89.4%.
Origin and Importance of Increased Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Peritoneal Fluids of Horses with Colic
Authors: Froscher B. G. , Nagode L. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The origin of increased alkaline phosphatase (alp) activity in peritoneal fluid (pf) of horses with clinical signs of abdominal pain was investigated to determine the usefulness of measuring alp in pf in the diagnosis of small intestinal injury. The alp isoenzymes in pf from 10 clinically normal horses and from 50 horses with clinical signs of acute abdominal pain were analyzed for their sensitivities to inhibition by l-phenylalanine, l-homoarginine, and levamisole and to inactivation by heat (56 C, 15 minutes). The enzymes also were discriminated by their patterns of migration during polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis.
Of 50 horses with colic, 20 had alp activity in pf at least 3 times the upper limit of normal. Of these 20 horses, 10 had marked increases of alp activity in pf ranging from 10 to 150 times the mean value of activity as determined in the 10 normal horses. In the 50 horses with colic, alp values in serum were within the normal range. In 19 of the 20 sick horses, the alp in pf had properties different from small intestinal alp. Of the 10 pf samples with markedly increased alp activity, 9 had a group of properties that were unique tor granulocytic alp. The clinical diagnoses for the 10 horses with markedly increased alp activity in pf included thromboembolic colic (4 horses), colonic torsion (2 horses), small intestinal volvulus (2 horses), peritonitis (1 horse), and salmonellosis (1 horse). Properties of the enzyme in the 10 pf samples with moderately increased alp activity were compatible with a granulocytic origin, but insufficient enzyme concentration precluded electrophoretic confirmation of the source. The pf from 1 horse had a mixture of alp isoenzymes derived from granulocytes and small intestinal mucosa. Of the 50 horses with colic, 6 had severe small intestinal disease without increased alp activity in pf.
Apparently, increased alp activity in pf cannot be used as a reliable indicator of small intestinal injury in horses, because the alp is predominantly granulocytic in origin.
Characterization of Toxoplasma gondii Isolates from an Outbreak of Toxoplasmosis m Atlanta, Georgia
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Sharma S. P. , Juranek D. D. , Sulzer A. J. , Teutsch S. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from tissues of 5 of 7 cats and of 4 of 4 field mice trapped in a riding stable in Atlanta where an outbreak of toxoplasmosis had occurred in persons. Dye-test antibodies were not found in serum of 4 cats and 4 field mice shown to be infected with T gondii by mouse inoculation. The pathogenicity and infectivity of the 9 isolates of T gondii from cats and mice were compared in mice with the same characteristics of an isolate from a person who acquired toxoplasmosis in association with the stable. Oocysts of all 10 isolates were more pathogenic than cysts of the same isolates. Epidemiologic implications of isolates from cats and mice are discussed.