bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortical and subcortical anatomy of chronic spatial neglect following vascular damage
Authors: Golay Laetitia , Schnider Armin , Ptak Radek 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe role of the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and superior temporal gyrus (STG) or subcortical pathways as possible anatomical correlates of spatial neglect is currently intensely discussed. Some of the conflicting results might have arisen because patients were examined in the acute stage of disease.MethodsWe examined the anatomical basis of spatial neglect in a sample of patients examined in the post-acute stage following right-hemispheric vascular brain damage. Lesions of 28 patients with chronic spatial neglect were contrasted to lesions of 22 control patients without neglect using lesion subtraction techniques and voxel-wise comparisons.ResultsThe comparisons identified the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) with underlying white matter, the supramarginal gyrus, the posterior STG, and the insula as brain regions damaged significantly more often in neglect compared to non-neglect patients. In a subgroup of neglect patients showing particularly large cancellation bias together with small errors on line bisection damage was prevalent deep in the frontal lobe while damage of patients with the reverse pattern was located in the white matter of the TPJ.ConclusionConsidering our results and the findings of previous studies, spatial neglect appears to be associated with a network of regions involving the TPJ, inferior IPL, posterior STG, the insular cortex, and posterior-frontal projections. Frontal structures or projections may be of particular relevance for spatial exploration, while the IPL may be important for object-based attention as required for line bisection.
ST6Gal-I expression in ovarian cancer cells promotes an invasive phenotype by altering integrin glycosylation and function
Authors: Christie Daniel R , Shaikh Faheem M , Lucas John A , Lucas John A , Bellis Susan L 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Background
Ovarian adenocarcinoma is not generally discovered in patients until there has been widespread intraperitoneal dissemination, which is why ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecologic malignancy. Though incompletely understood, the mechanism of peritoneal metastasis relies on primary tumor cells being able to detach themselves from the tumor, escape normal apoptotic pathways while free floating, and adhere to, and eventually invade through, the peritoneal surface. Our laboratory has previously shown that the Golgi glycosyltransferase, ST6Gal-I, mediates the hypersialylation of β1 integrins in colon adenocarcinoma, which leads to a more metastatic tumor cell phenotype. Interestingly, ST6Gal-I mRNA is known to be upregulated in metastatic ovarian cancer, therefore the goal of the present study was to determine whether ST6Gal-I confers a similarly aggressive phenotype to ovarian tumor cells.

Methods
Three ovarian carcinoma cell lines were screened for ST6Gal-I expression, and two of these, PA-1 and SKOV3, were found to produce ST6Gal-I protein. The third cell line, OV4, lacked endogenous ST6Gal-I. In order to understand the effects of ST6Gal-I on cell behavior, OV4 cells were stably-transduced with ST6Gal-I using a lentiviral vector, and integrin-mediated responses were compared in parental and ST6Gal-I-expressing cells.

Results
Forced expression of ST6Gal-I in OV4 cells, resulting in sialylation of β1 integrins, induced greater cell adhesion to, and migration toward, collagen I. Similarly, ST6Gal-I expressing cells were more invasive through Matrigel.

Conclusion
ST6Gal-I mediated sialylation of β1 integrins in ovarian cancer cells may contribute to peritoneal metastasis by altering tumor cell adhesion and migration through extracellular matrix.
A Novel Point Mutation in the Amino Terminal Domain of the Human Glucocorticoid Receptor (hGR) Gene Enhancing hGR-Mediated Gene Expression
Authors: Charmandari Evangelia , Ichijo Takamasa , Jubiz William , Baid Smita , Zachman Keith , Chrousos George P. , Kino Tomoshige 
Published: October 2008

Context: Interindividual variations in glucocorticoid sensitivity have been associated with manifestations of cortisol excess or deficiency and may be partly explained by polymorphisms in the human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR) gene. We studied a 43-yr-old female, who presented with manifestations consistent with tissue-selective glucocorticoid hypersensitivity. We detected a novel, single, heterozygous nucleotide (G → C) substitution at position 1201 (exon 2) of the hGR gene, which resulted in aspartic acid to histidine substitution at amino acid position 401 in the amino-terminal domain of the hGRα. We investigated the molecular mechanisms of action of the natural mutant receptor hGRαD401H.
Methods-Results: Compared with the wild-type hGRα, the mutant receptor hGRαD401H demonstrated a 2.4-fold increase in its ability to transactivate the glucocorticoid-inducible mouse mammary tumor virus promoter in response to dexamethasone but had similar affinity for the ligand (dissociation constant = 6.2 ± 0.6 vs. 6.1 ± 0.6 nm) and time to nuclear translocation (14.75 ± 0.25 vs. 14.25 ± 1.13 min). The mutant receptor hGRαD401H did not exert a dominant positive or negative effect upon the wild-type receptor, it preserved its ability to bind to glucocorticoid response elements, and displayed a normal interaction with the glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein 1 coactivator.
Conclusions: The mutant receptor hGRαD401H enhances the transcriptional activity of glucocorticoid-responsive genes. The presence of the D401H mutation may predispose subjects to obesity, hypertension, and other manifestations of the metabolic syndrome.
Consistencies in sex differences on the Cognitive Abilities Test across countries, grades, test forms, and cohorts
Authors: Lohman David F. , Lakin Joni M. 
Published: September 2008

Background Strand, Deary, and Smith (2006) reported an analysis of sex differences on the Cognitive Abilities Test (CAT) for over 320,000 UK students 11–12 years old. Although mean differences were small, males were overrepresented at the upper and lower extremes of the score distributions on the quantitative and non‐verbal batteries and at the lower extreme of the verbal battery.Aims We investigate whether these results were unique to the UK or whether they would be seen in other countries, at other grades, cohorts, or forms of the test.Sample The sample consisted of three nationally representative cohorts of US students in grades 3 through 11 (total N = 318,599) for the 1984, 1992, and 2000 standardizations of the US version of the CAT.Methods We replicated and extended the Strand et al. (2006) results by comparing the proportions of males and females at each score level across countries (UK vs. US), grades (3–11), and cohorts/test forms (Forms 4, 5, and 6 standardized in 1984, 1992, and 2000, respectively).Results The results showed an astonishing consistency in sex differences across countries, grades, cohorts, and test forms.Conclusions Implications for the current debate about sex differences in quantitative reasoning abilities are discussed.
A test of methodology intended to assist detection of aggressive offence paralleling behaviour within secure settings
Authors: Daffern Michael , Howells Kevin , Mannion Aisling , Tonkin Matthew 
Published: September 2008

Purpose. Treatments and risk assessments determined by the offence paralleling behaviour (OPB) framework appear to have found a place in practice well ahead of empirical support and conceptual clarity. Although the framework is intuitively appealing its inappropriate use may have profound negative implications for patients. Incapacitation and unnecessary treatments may be demanded when observed behaviours are interpreted as evidence of persistent pathology related to previous patterns of criminal offending. Conversely, behaviours occurring within institutions that are not topographically similar but that fall within the same response class and do represent the continuation of problematic patterns of behaviour may be ignored if observers are not sensitive to the possibility that problem behaviours, albeit muted, may persist within institutions.Methods. This paper presents a study examining the similarity of personality disordered patients' violent index acts with their aggressive behaviour during hospitalization.Results. Results revealed evidence of cross situational similarity for some but not all aggressive behaviours.Conclusion. These results provide support for the OPB framework. However, the lack of similarity on a significant number of incidents indicates a need for thorough, structured analysis to determine whether an aggressive behaviour observed in an institution parallels violent acts preceding incarceration.
Forced confabulation more strongly influences event memory if suggestions are other‐generated than self‐generated
Authors: Pezdek Kathy , Lam Shirley T. , Sperry Kathryn 
Published: September 2008

Purpose. Virtually all eyewitnesses to a crime, who eventually testify in court, are interviewed by police officers at least once. How do these interviews affect what the eyewitnesses are subsequently likely to report? The purpose of this study is to compare the relative impact of self‐ versus other‐generated misinformation on confabulated memory about an event. Self‐generated misinformation can occur by encouraging eyewitnesses to guess or speculate about possible answers to questions about which they report having no memory. Other‐generated misinformation can occur by having an investigator suggest an answer to an eyewitness.Methods. After viewing a 5 minutes crime video, participants answered written questions. One week later these same questions were answered again. We specifically focused on individuals' answers to unanswerable questions that probed information not actually presented in the video. If a participant answered an unanswerable question, we know that their answer was confabulated because the information was not presented in the video.Results. If an answer to an unanswerable question was forced confabulated at time 1, that answer was more likely to be repeated at time 2 if it had been other‐generated (suggested in the question) rather than self‐generated (fabricated by the participant).Conclusions. Pressuring eyewitnesses to answer questions about an event, when they indicate that they do not know the answer, can result in false confabulations. Answers suggested by the investigator are more likely to be repeated later than are answers that are simply self‐generated or speculated by the eyewitness. These results are consistent with the reality monitoring framework and ‘recollect‐to‐reject’ metacognitive reasoning strategies.
Addressing problems with traditional crime linking methods using receiver operating characteristic analysis
Authors: Bennell Craig , Jones Natalie J. , Melnyk Tamara 
Published: September 2008

Purpose. Through an examination of serial rape data, the current article presents arguments supporting the use of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis over traditional methods in addressing challenges that arise when attempting to link serial crimes. Primarily, these arguments centre on the fact that traditional linking methods do not take into account how linking accuracy will vary as a function of the threshold used for determining when two crimes are similar enough to be considered linked.Methods. Considered for analysis were 27 crime scene behaviours exhibited in 126 rapes, which were committed by 42 perpetrators. Similarity scores were derived for every possible crime pair in the sample. These measures of similarity were then subjected to ROC analysis in order to (1) determine threshold‐independent measures of linking accuracy and (2) set appropriate decision thresholds for linking purposes.Results. By providing a measure of linking accuracy that is not biased by threshold placement, the analysis confirmed that it is possible to link crimes at a level that significantly exceeds chance (AUC = .75). The use of ROC analysis also allowed for the identification of decision thresholds that resulted in the desired balance between various linking outcomes (e.g. hits and false alarms).Conclusions. ROC analysis is exclusive in its ability to circumvent the limitations of threshold‐specific results yielded from traditional approaches to linkage analysis. Moreover, results of the current analysis provide a basis for challenging common assumptions underlying the linking task.
Phenotypic and Genetic Associations Between the Big Five and Trait Emotional Intelligence
Authors: Vernon Philip A. , Villani Vanessa C. , Schermer Julie Aitken , Petrides K. V. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis study reports the first behavioral genetic investigation of the extent to which genetic and/or environmental factors contribute to the relationship between the Big Five personality factors and trait emotional intelligence. 213 pairs of adult monozygotic twins and 103 pairs of same-sex dizygotic twins completed the NEO-PI-R and the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (TEIQue). Replicating previous non-twin studies, many significant phenotypic correlations were found between the Big Five factors — especially Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Conscientiousness — and the facets, factors, and global scores derived from the TEIQue. Bivariate behavioral genetic model-fitting analyses revealed that these phenotypic correlations were primarily attributable to correlated genetic factors and secondarily to correlated non-shared environmental factors. The results support the feasibility of incorporating EI as a trait within existing personality taxonomies.
Phenotypic, Genetic, and Environmental Properties of the Portrait Values Questionnaire
Authors: Schermer Julie Aitken , Feather N. T. , Zhu Gu , Martin Nicholas G. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to examine the 10 value types from the Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ; Schwartz et al., 2001) both at the phenotypic (observed) level as well as the genetic and environmental level. Australian twins (N= 695) completed the PVQ as part of a larger questionnaire battery. Nine of the value types were found to have a genetic component with heritability estimates ranging from 10.8% for power to 38% for conformity. The achievement scale was best explained by environmental factors. The interscale correlations were found to range from –.02 to .70 at the phenotypic level. Of these 45 correlations, 16 were found to be explained by overlapping genetic factors and almost all (41) were found to have significant unique environment correlations.
Spastikquantifizierung während therapeutischer Muskelstimulation Spasticity Quantification during Therapeutic Muscle Stimulation
Authors: Bernhardt Michael , Meissner Daniel , Struppler Albrecht , Buss Martin 
Published: October 2008

Zusammenfassung
Die repetitive periphere Magnetstimulation (RPMS) ist eine innovative Methode zur Rehabilitation von spastischer Parese nach Schlaganfall. Die Quantifizierung des Spastizitätslevels ist für die Therapie als auch für die Spastikforschung von Bedeutung. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird eine Methode zur Spastikquantifizierung basierend auf Modellbildung und Parameteridentifikation vorgestellt. Sie kann während der Stimulationstherapie eingesetzt werden und wird in einer Pilotstudie evaluiert.
Messeinrichtung für Wechselspannungen und Phasenverschiebungswinkel im Frequenzbereich 0,3Hz bis 50kHz Instrumentation for the Measurement of Alternating Voltage and Angle of Phase Difference in the Frequency Range 0.3Hz to 50kHz
Authors: Bühn Uwe 
Published: October 2008

Zusammenfassung
Kalibriersysteme zur Ermittlung des komplexen Übertragungskoeffizienten von Schwingungs-Aufnehmern bedingen die Ermittlung der Phasen-Frequenzgänge der systemeigenen Elektronik-Baugruppen sowie die Kalibrierung des Gesamtsystems. Da bisher kein Staatsinstitut über entsprechende Messmöglichkeiten verfügte, wurde im Rahmen eines Forschungsvorhabens zwischen SPEKTRA und der PTB eine derartige Messeinrichtung entwickelt, aufgebaut und an das nationale Normal angeschlossen.
Randomized, Controlled Trial on Tracheal Colonization of Ventilated Infants: Can Gravity Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia?
Authors: Aly Hany , Badawy Magda , El-Kholy Amany , Nabil Reem , Mohamed Afaf 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to test the hypothesis that intubated infants positioned on their sides would be less likely to contract bacterial colonization in their tracheae, compared with those positioned supine.
METHODS. We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled trial with 60 intubated infants; 30 infants were positioned supine (supine group), and 30 infants were maintained in the lateral position (lateral group). Tracheal aspirates were cultured and bacterial colony counts were recorded after 48 hours and after 5 days of mechanical ventilation.
RESULTS. After 2 days, the numbers of positive tracheal cultures in the supine group (67%) and in the lateral group (47%) showed no statistical difference. After 5 days of mechanical ventilation, tracheal cultures differed significantly between groups. Cultures were positive for 26 infants (87%) in the supine group and 9 infants (30%) in the lateral group. Compared with the lateral group, more infants in the supine group experienced increased colony counts or had new organisms in their tracheal aspirates over time (21 vs 8 infants). The most common organisms isolated from tracheal aspirates in both groups were Gram-negative rods.
CONCLUSIONS. Respiratory contamination is very common among ventilated infants. Therefore, judicious use of mechanical ventilation cannot be overemphasized. Gravitational force can ameliorate the onset of respiratory colonization. The mechanism and clinical applicability of such observations need to be explored further.
Do Cortisol Concentrations Predict Short-Term Outcomes in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants?
Authors: Aucott Susan W. , Watterberg Kristi L. , Shaffer Michele L. , Donohue Pamela K. ,   for the PROPHET Study Group
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE. Relative adrenal insufficiency in extremely low birth weight infants may contribute to significant morbidity and death. Our objective was to evaluate the relationship between cortisol concentrations and short-term outcomes.METHODS. Cortisol concentrations were obtained for 350 intubated, extremely low birth weight infants at postnatal age of 12 to 48 hours and at day 5 to 7, as part of a multicenter, randomized trial of hydrocortisone treatment for prophylaxis of relative adrenal insufficiency. Death and short-term morbidity were monitored prospectively. Cortisol levels at each time point were divided into quartiles. The incidence rates of outcomes were determined for each quartile and for infants with cortisol values of &lt;10th percentile or &gt;90th percentile.RESULTS. Median cortisol values were 16.0 μg/dL at baseline and 13.1 μg/dL on day 5 to 7 in the placebo group. Outcomes did not differ in each quartile between treatment and placebo groups. Low cortisol values at baseline or day 5 to 7 were not associated with increased morbidity or mortality rates and were not predictive of open-label hydrocortisone use. In fact, vasopressor use was lower for infants with lower cortisol values at baseline. Severe intraventricular hemorrhage was more frequent in infants with cortisol levels in the upper quartile at baseline, and values of &gt;90th percentile were significantly associated with higher rates of death, severe intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, gastrointestinal perforation, and severe retinopathy of prematurity.CONCLUSIONS. Low cortisol concentrations were not predictive of adverse short-term outcomes, but high cortisol concentrations were associated with severe intraventricular hemorrhage, and extremely elevated values were associated with morbidity and death. Low cortisol concentrations alone at these 2 time points did not identify the infants at highest risk for adverse outcomes. In contrast, high cortisol values were associated with increased morbidity and mortality rates.
Randomized Trial of Very Low Birth Weight Infants Receiving Higher Rates of Infusion of Intravenous Fat Emulsions During the First Week of Life
Authors: Drenckpohl Douglas , McConnell Connie , Gaffney Shirley , Niehaus Matt , Macwan Kamlesh S. 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to determine whether very low birth weight infants could tolerate higher rates of infusion of intravenous fat emulsion during the first week of life and maintain their serum triglyceride levels at ≤200 mg/dL.METHODS. This was a randomized, controlled trial of 110 infants who were classified as appropriate for gestational age and had birth weights between 750 g and 1500 g. The primary clinical outcome was serum triglyceride levels; secondary outcomes also were monitored.RESULTS. One hundred infants completed the study (experimental group: N = 48; control group: N = 52). Infants in the experimental group had significantly higher energy intake for the entire 7-day study period and achieved 90 kcal/kg per day (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ) significantly sooner (7.38 ± 3.381 days vs 9.44 ± 3.578 days). Triglyceride levels for infants in the experimental group remained significantly higher for the first 5 days of life. Fifteen percent of infants in the experimental group but only 4% of infants in the control group developed hypertriglyceridemia. Ten percent of infants in the control group but no infants in the experimental group required insulin therapy. Forty-two percent of infants in the experimental group and 17% of infants in the control group remained at ≥10th percentile for weight for age. Fourteen percent of infants in the control group but no infants in the experimental group developed necrotizing enterocolitis. Twenty-three percent of infants in the control group but only 6% of infants in the experimental group developed retinopathy of prematurity. There were no significant differences in other outcomes.CONCLUSIONS. Very low birth weight infants can tolerate higher rates of infusion of intravenous fat emulsion solutions during the first week of life without significant adverse events.