bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of taxonomic diversity and relatedness among native and non‐indigenous bryozoans
Authors: Floerl Oliver , Inglis Graeme J. , Gordon Dennis P. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAim  The likelihood of a species successfully passing through all stages of the human‐mediated invasion process and becoming established at new locations is often determined by phenotypic characteristics. Among species, phenotypic similarity is negatively correlated with phylogenetic distance, but examples of independent evolution of traits in unrelated taxa do exist. Using marine bryozoans as model organisms we predict that, given the selectivity of the invasion process, the phylogenetic relatedness among established non‐indigenous species in a region is either higher or lower than that among the native assemblage, but not the same.Location  Sixteen port and marina environments around New Zealand (the principal sites of establishment of most non‐indigenous bryozoans), and coastal habitats of the entire New Zealand coastline.Methods  We use average taxonomic distinctness (avTD) as a measure of phylogenetic relatedness and taxonomic ‘breadth’ of species assemblages. We compare values of avTD between native and non‐indigenous bryozoan assemblages at two spatial scales and examine whether assemblages in port environments represent phylogenetically restricted and morphologically distinct subsets of the regional coastal bryofauna.Results  At a nationwide and a local scale, the phylogenetic relatedness among non‐indigenous bryozoans was no different from that among members of the native assemblage. However, native bryozoans inhabiting port and marina environments had a significantly reduced taxonomic breadth and higher phylogenetic relatedness than the pool of ‘available’ native bryozoans from surrounding coastal habitats. Non‐indigenous species were on average six times more prevalent than native species in ports. There were no differences in morphological characteristics between native and non‐indigenous bryozoans from ports and natural environments.Main conclusion  We found no evidence that a successful passage through the stages of the invasion process results in a taxonomically distinct non‐indigenous assemblage. However, patterns of relatedness among native and among non‐indigenous species may be influenced by the nature of the study environment.
British Colonial Education in Africa: Policy and Practice in the Era of Trusteeship
Authors: Windel Aaron 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHistorians continue to debate the role of the colonial state in the history of Africa and whether and how the state addressed problems of social welfare. In the early twentieth century, plans for Native Education were central to the construed mission of the state to serve as “Trustees for native peoples.” This article surveys the theories, aims, and practice of British education in Africa, focusing on the period between WWI and WWII when the colonial state took an unprecedented role in crafting an education policy for the whole of its African territory. It examines the role of American philanthropy, the controversy of English vs. vernacular language education, the relationship between settler communities and African labor, and African and metropolitan social movements in forming and executing education policy.
The Formation of National Culture in Egypt in the Interwar Period: Cultural Trajectories
Authors: Armbrust Walter 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis paper is part of aHistory Compassconference cluster tracing the formation of national culture in Egypt. Guest editor, Walter Armbrust, here introduces the cluster of articles which were originally part of a conference in Oxford on January 12–13, 2007, organized by Walter Armbrust, Ronald Nettler, and Lucie Ryzova, and funded by the Middle East Centre (St. Antony's), The Faculty of Oriental Studies, The Khalid bin ‘Abdullah Al‐Sa’ud Professorship (Professor Clive Holes), and The Centre for Political Ideologies.The cluster is made up of the following articles:Guest Editor: Walter Armbrust ‘The Formation of National Culture in Egypt in the Interwar Period: Cultural Trajectories’, Walter Armbrust,History Compass6 (2008), DOI:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00571.x‘Repackaging the Egyptian Monarchy: Faruq in the Public Spotlight, 1936–1939’, Matthew Ellis,History Compass6 (2008), DOI:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00572.x‘HowZaynabBecame the First Arabic Novel’, Elliott Colla,History Compass6 (2008), DOI:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00573.x‘Women in the Singing Business, Women in Songs’, Frédéric Lagrange,History Compass6 (2008), DOI:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00574.x‘Long Live Patriarchy: Love in the Time of ‘Abd al‐Wahhab’, Walter Armbrust,History Compass6 (2008), DOI:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00575.x‘Football as National Allegory:Al‐Ahramand the Olympics in 1920s Egypt’, Shaun Lopez,History Compass6 (2008), DOI:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00576.x‘The Professional Worldview of theEffendiHistorian’, Yoav Di‐Capua,History Compass6 (2008), DOI:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00577.x
Repackaging the Egyptian Monarchy: Faruq in the Public Spotlight, 1936–1939
Authors: Ellis Matthew H. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis paper is part of aHistory Compassconference cluster tracing the formation of national culture in Egypt. Guest edited by Walter Armbrust, this cluster of articles was originally part of a conference in Oxford on January 12–13, 2007, organized by Walter Armbrust, Ronald Nettler, and Lucie Ryzova, and funded by the Middle East Centre (St. Antony's), The Faculty of Oriental Studies, The Khalid bin ‘Abdullah Al‐Sa’ud Professorship (Professor Clive Holes), and The Centre for Political Ideologies. The cluster is made up of the following articles:Guest Editor: Walter Armbrust ‘The Formation of National Culture in Egypt in the Interwar Period: Cultural Trajectories’, Walter Armbrust,History Compass6 (2008), DOI:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00571.x‘Repackaging the Egyptian Monarchy: Faruq in the Public Spotlight, 1936–1939’, Matthew Ellis,History Compass6 (2008), DOI:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00572.x‘HowZaynabBecame the First Arabic Novel’, Elliott Colla,History Compass6 (2008), DOI:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00573.x‘Women in the Singing Business, Women in Songs’, Frédéric Lagrange,History Compass6 (2008), DOI:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00574.x‘Long Live Patriarchy: Love in the Time of ‘Abd al‐Wahhab’, Walter Armbrust,History Compass6 (2008), DOI:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00575.x‘Football as National Allegory:Al‐Ahramand the Olympics in 1920s Egypt’, Shaun Lopez,History Compass6 (2008), DOI:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00576.x‘The Professional Worldview of theEffendiHistorian’, Yoav Di‐Capua,History Compass6 (2008), DOI:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00577.x
HowZaynabBecame the First Arabic Novel
Authors: Colla Elliott 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis paper is part of aHistory Compassconference cluster tracing the formation of national culture in Egypt. Guest edited by Walter Armbrust, this cluster of articles was originally part of a conference in Oxford on January 12–13, 2007, organized by Walter Armbrust, Ronald Nettler, and Lucie Ryzova, and funded by the Middle East Centre (St. Antony's), The Faculty of Oriental Studies, The Khalid bin ‘Abdullah Al‐Sa’ud Professorship (Professor Clive Holes), and The Centre for Political Ideologies.The cluster is made up of the following articles:Guest Editor: Walter Armbrust ‘The Formation of National Culture in Egypt in the Interwar Period: Cultural Trajectories’, Walter Armbrust,History Compass6 (2008), DOI:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00571.x‘Repackaging the Egyptian Monarchy: Faruq in the Public Spotlight, 1936–1939’, Matthew Ellis,History Compass6 (2008), DOI:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00572.x‘HowZaynabBecame the First Arabic Novel’, Elliott Colla,History Compass6 (2008), DOI:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00573.x‘Women in the Singing Business, Women in Songs’, Frédéric Lagrange,History Compass6 (2008), DOI:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00574.x‘Long Live Patriarchy: Love in the Time of ‘Abd al‐Wahhab’, Walter Armbrust,History Compass6 (2008), DOI:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00575.x‘Football as National Allegory:Al‐Ahramand the Olympics in 1920s Egypt’, Shaun Lopez,History Compass6 (2008), DOI:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00576.x‘The Professional Worldview of theEffendiHistorian’, Yoav Di‐Capua,History Compass6 (2008), DOI:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00577.xDespite a long‐standing critical consensus that Muhammad Husayn Haykal's 1914 novel Zaynab was the first ‘mature’ Arabic novel, there is much evidence to the contrary. First, in terms of genre,Zaynabwas not the first book calling itself by the term that later critics would call ‘novel’; second, in terms of the bibliographic record, it was not a unique book on the cultural market in 1914; third, in terms of literary style, it was not at the time a particularly unique formal or thematic experiment in prose fiction; and finally, in terms of reception, it was not recognized as significant even by the small market segment and cultural field in which it initially appeared. This article revisits this critical debate and suggests that the canonization ofZaynabas the first Arabic novel cannot be explained by the work itself, but rather by subsequent developments – most especially, in the film adaptations of the novel and in the nationalization of university curricula during the Nasserist period.
Long Live Patriarchy: Love in the Time of ‘Abd al‐Wahhab
Authors: Armbrust Walter 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis paper is part of a History Compass conference cluster tracing the formation of national culture in Egypt. Guest edited by Walter Armbrust, this cluster of articles was originally part of a conference in Oxford on January 12–13, 2007, organized by Walter Armbrust, Ronald Nettler, and Lucie Ryzova, and funded by the Middle East Centre (St. Antony's), The Faculty of Oriental Studies, The Khalid bin ‘Abdullah Al‐Sa’ud Professorship (Professor Clive Holes), and The Centre for Political Ideologies.The cluster is made up of the following articles:Guest Editor: Walter Armbrust ‘The Formation of National Culture in Egypt in the Interwar Period: Cultural Trajectories’, Walter Armbrust, History Compass 6 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00571.x‘Repackaging the Egyptian Monarchy: Faruq in the Public Spotlight, 1936–1939’, Matthew Ellis, History Compass 6 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00572.x‘How Zaynab Became the First Arabic Novel’, Elliott Colla, History Compass 6 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00573.x‘Women in the Singing Business, Women in Songs’, Frédéric Lagrange, History Compass 6 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00574.x‘Long Live Patriarchy: Love in the Time of ‘Abd al‐Wahhab’, Walter Armbrust, History Compass 6 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00575.x‘Football as National Allegory: Al‐Ahram and the Olympics in 1920s Egypt’, Shaun Lopez, History Compass 6 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00576.x‘The Professional Worldview of the Effendi Historian’, Yoav Di‐Capua, History Compass 6 (2008), DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00577.x
Matching Efficacy of Online Hemodiafiltration in Simple Hemodialysis Mode
Authors: Krieter Detlef H. , Hunn Elisabeth , Morgenroth Andreas , Lemke Horst‐Dieter , Wanner Christoph 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPUREMA H (referred to as PES) is an innovative dialysis membrane for enhanced low‐molecular‐weight (LMW) protein removal. The purpose of the study was to prove whether its efficacy in hemodialysis (HD) matches that of online hemodiafiltration (HDF) with conventional high‐flux membranes. In a prospective, randomized, cross‐over study on eight maintenance dialysis patients, treatment efficacy of HD with PES was compared with online postdilution HDF with the two synthetic high‐flux membranes polysulfone (referred to as PSU) and Polyamix (referred to as POX). Apart from the infusion of replacement fluid, which was set at 20% of the blood flow rate of 300 mL/min, operating conditions in HD and HDF were kept identical. Small solute and LMW protein plasma clearances as well as the reduction ratio (RR) of cystatin C and retinol‐binding protein were not different between the therapies. HDF with POX resulted in a significantly lower myoglobin RR as compared with HD with PES, and HDF with PSU. A 4% higher beta2‐microglobulin RR was determined in HDF with PSU (73 ± 5%) as compared with PES in HD (69 ± 5%). The albumin loss was below 1 g for all treatments. Despite the fact that simple HD did not fully exploit the characteristics of PES, it achieved essentially similar LMW protein removal and albumin loss as compared with online postdilution HDF with the conventional synthetic high‐flux membranes PSU and POX. Therefore, HD with PES may have beneficial effects on the outcome of maintenance dialysis patients similar to high‐efficiency HDF.
Serum Free‐Light Chain Removal by High Cutoff Hemodialysis: Optimizing Removal and Supportive Care
Authors: Hutchison Colin A. , Harding Stephen , Mead Graham , Goehl Hermann , Storr Markus , Bradwell Arthur , Cockwell Paul 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn multiple myeloma the predominant cause of irreversible renal failure is cast nephropathy, secondary to excess κ or λ serum free light chains (FLCs). These molecules are efficiently cleared by hemodialysis (HD) using the Gambro HCO 1100 dialyzer. To optimize the removal of FLCs by this dialyzer we have studied the effect of dialyzers in series, dialyzer change, and hemodiafiltration in 14 patients with multiple myeloma and renal failure. The clearance rates of both κ FLCs and λ FLCs were significantly increased on two dialyzers from 19 (7.3–34)–15.3 (9–28) mL/min to 47 (17–79)–35.5 (20–57) mL/min, respectively. Clearance rates of both FLCs decreased over the course of the dialysis sessions (both P < 0.001). Changing the dialyzer during a HD session increased λ FLC clearance rates (22.5 [6–41] to 37.6 [9–52] mL/min; P < 0.001) and decreased κ FLC clearance rates (39.6 [9–72] to 19 [8–59] mL/min; P < 0.003). Ultrafiltration during HD increased the clearance rates of κ FLCs (R 0.52, P < 0.01) but not λ FLCs (R −0.25; P < 0.076). Hemodiafiltration increased the clearance rates of both κ (19 [SD 6.8] to 32 [SD 9.8] mL/min) and λ FLCs (15 [SD 7.8] to 20 [SD 7.7] mL/min). Albumin replacement requirements for 8 h of HD increased from 12 g for a single dialyzer to 45 g for two dialyzers in series (P < 0.001). Different protocols are required to optimize the removal of κ and λ FLCs in patients with myeloma and renal failure.
In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of a Silk Fibroin‐Coated Polyester Vascular Prosthesis
Authors: Huang Fuhua , Sun Lizhong , Zheng Jun 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSilk fibroin (SF) is well known to be biocompatible, degradable, and nontoxic. In this study, SF was impregnated into a porous polyester graft (InterVascular external velour, InterVascular, Inc., La Ciotat, France), 8 mm in diameter. The SF‐impregnated graft was investigated in vitro and in vivo to evaluate its potential for use as a new vascular graft impervious to blood, while retaining high porosity for tissue ingrowth and biological healing. For in vitro investigation, the water permeability, coating weight, morphology, and mechanical properties of the SF‐impregnated grafts were compared with collagen‐coated grafts (InterGard grafts, InterVascular, Inc.). The water permeability of the controls (1388 ± 30.5 mL/cm2/min at 120 mm Hg) was reduced >99% by SF impregnation, rendering the graft impervious to blood. The coating weight of the collagen was 117 ± 22 mg/g of graft, producing a slightly lower value than the InterGard prosthesis (302 ± 23 mg/g). For the in vivo experiment, six SF‐sealed vascular grafts were implanted in the abdominal aorta of dogs for scheduled periods ranging from 4 h to 6 months. Commercial collagen‐impregnated grafts (InterGard) and untreated external velour grafts (InterVascular) were also implanted for scheduled periods ranging from 1 to 6 months for comparison. Gross observation of the explanted grafts and histological examination of the representative sections were conducted for two types of grafts using a light microscope after hematoxylin–eosin staining. These SF‐impregnated grafts showed less foreign body and inflammation reactions, and the SF layer was almost completely absorbed. The average of the values in each period for the SF grafts was 48% neointima at 1 month, 85% at 3 months, and 97% at 6 months, whereas those of the InterGard prostheses was 34, 46, and 90%, respectively. This study demonstrated that the use of a biodegradable SF as biological sealant can be a feasible approach to prepare impervious textile arterial prostheses. The SF‐impregnated graft showed less thrombogenesis and induced host cell migration along the matrix without foreign body or inflammatory reactions. Moreover, it appears to facilitate the development of endothelial‐like cells.
A New Method of In Vitro Wear Assessment of the UHMWPE Tibial Insert in Total Knee Replacement
Authors: Affatato Saverio , Cristofolini Luca , Leardini Walter , Erani Paolo , Zavalloni Mara , Tigani Domenico , Viceconti Marco 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe wear of the ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) tibial insert was determined using a four‐station knee simulator. The bearings were subjected to flexion/extension (between 0 and 58°), anterior–posterior translation (between 0 and −5.2 mm), internal–external rotation (between −1.9° and +5.7°), and a maximum axial load of 2.6 KN, as per ISO 14243−1,2,3. The wear tests were run at a frequency of 1.1 Hz for 5 million cycles, and the wear of the inserts (n = 3) was determined using the gravimetric method. The novelty of the study was a special setup developed to simulate, as realistically as possible, in vivo conditions; this involved fixing the femoral component to the distal end of a synthetic femur model by a qualified orthopedic surgeon using an approved method. After 5 million cycles, the mean weight losses were 11.16, 19.74, and 12.61 mg for specimens #1, #2, and #3, respectively. Visual and nondestructive inspections for each of the test specimens showed similar wear tracks and these were very similar to those seen on inserts retrieved after 2 years in vivo. These results show the efficacy of the new in vitro UHMWPE wear assessment method. Furthermore, a comparison between the present in vitro results and those reported in a relevant previous study provide some insight into the influence of the method used to fix the femoral component to the simulator on the wear magnitude and patterns of the tibial insert.
Score Model for the Evaluation of Dialysis Membrane Hemocompatibility
Authors: Erlenkötter Ansgar , Endres Pia , Nederlof Bernd , Hornig Carsten , Vienken Jörg 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe interaction of blood with artificial surfaces is of particular interest during hemodialysis treatments with extracorporeal blood circuits. Components of the extracorporeal blood circuit are known to have only a moderate, sometimes even an unfavorable hemocompatibility, and thus may provoke adverse biochemical or clinical sequelae. This article describes a newly established hemocompatibility assessment score. This score is based on on a standardized series of in vitro tests and is applied to commercially available hemodialysis membranes. It relates to a variety of membrane polymers, such as regenerated cellulose, diethylaminoethyl‐modified cellulose, polyethersulfone/polyarylate blends and polysulfone. In order to compare different polymers used in the manufacturing of dialysis membranes, a set of the following hemocompatibility parameters was assessed and assembled to an overall score: generation of complement factor 5a, thrombin‐antithrombin III‐complex, release of platelet factor 4, generation and release of elastase from polymorphonuclear granulocytes, and platelet count. With respect to these parameters, the results reveal major differences between the selected dialysis membranes. This new score model proves to be an efficient tool to derive objective results, and it may, thus, be used in the future to facilitate the selection of membrane polymers with an appropriate hemocompatibility pattern for dialysis therapy.
Acid‐Base Balance and Oxygen Tension During Dialysis in Uremic Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Manca‐Di‐Villahermosa Simone , Tedesco Michela , Lonzi Maurizio , Della‐Rovere Francesca R. , Innocenzi Anna , Colarieti Giovanni , Favarò Antonio , Chamoun Gebran M. , Taccone‐Gallucci Massimo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRecent reports on the effects of dialysis on acid‐base balance and metabolic acidosis correction in end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are lacking. Here, we compared acid‐base balance and blood gasses among 14 patients with established COPD (group A) and eight patients with normal respiratory function (group B). The two groups were homogeneous for age, time on dialysis, and male/female ratio. At the beginning of dialysis, acid‐base balance and blood gasses were comparable between patients of groups A and B. A significant difference between groups was observed only in pCO2 at 20 min, together with a delay in pH increase. Effective correction of acidosis was reported at the end of dialysis and is not significantly affected by COPD. Nevertheless, weight loss must be carefully monitored in these patients in order to prevent hyperhydration and worsening of respiratory function.
Endothelial Cell Retention on a Viscoelastic Nanocomposite Vascular Conduit Is Improved by Exposure to Shear Stress Preconditioning Prior to Physiological Flow
Authors: Vara Dina S. , Punshon Geoffrey , Sales Kevin M. , Sarkar Sandip , Hamilton George , Seifalian Alexander M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn this study, endothelial cell (EC)‐seeded nanocomposite grafts were preconditioned with 1–2  dynes/cm2 in vitro to establish whether low shear stress resulted in improved cell adherence prior to physiological shear stress (15 dynes/cm2). Alamar blue cell viability was assessed. Polymerase chain reaction was conducted for glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, transforming growth factor beta‐1 (TGFβ‐1), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐1 (VEGFR‐1), platelet EC adhesion molecule‐1, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐2 (VEGFR‐2). The Alamar blue results demonstrated improved cellular retention following preconditioning (P < 0.001). VEGFR‐2 and TGFβ‐1 expression was up‐regulated, and VEGFR‐1 down‐regulated following preconditioning. This investigation confirms previous findings regarding the potential benefits of preconditioning, and demonstrates that these benefits can be applied to ECs seeded on the nanocomposite employed. It also demonstrates further the suitability and potential of nanocomposite for future use in tissue‐engineered cardiovascular devices.