bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Duodenal follicular lymphomas share common characteristics with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas
Authors: Sato Y , Ichimura K , Tanaka T , Takata K , Morito T , Sato H , Kondo E , Yanai H , Ohara N , Oka T , Yoshino T 
Published: June 2007

Background:Follicular lymphomas occasionally arise in the extra-nodal organs and are frequently found in the duodenum. They are often localised tumours with multiple polyps around the ampulla of Vater.Aims:To examine a IgH/bcl-2 hybrid gene and VH gene to investigate the nature of the lymphoma cells and how they differ from nodal follicular lymphomas and MALT lymphomas.Methods:Of 40 patients reported previously, 35 with duodenal follicular lymphoma were studied in detail with respect to clinicopathological characteristics.Results:37/40 patients were in clinical stage I (n = 30) or stage II (n = 7). Clonal immunoglobulin gene rearrangement was detected in 53.3% of examined cases, and rearrangement of IgH/bcl-2 gene at the major break point was detected in 27% of cases. Three of 8 examined cases were VH4 (38%); 2 out of them were VH4-34. As VH4 deviation is one of the common characteristics of MALT lymphomas and 2/3 were identical, duodenal follicular lymphomas have a similar aetiology to MALT lymphomas. Clinical course was also similar to that of MALT lymphomas.Conclusions:Results suggest that duodenal follicular lymphomas have intermediate characteristics of MALT lymphomas and nodal follicular lymphomas.
Suppression of RelB-mediated manganese superoxide dismutase expression reveals a primary mechanism for radiosensitization effect of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in prostate cancer cells
Authors: Xu Yong , Fang Fang , St. Clair Daret K. , Josson Sajni , Sompol Pradoldej , Spasojevic Ivan , St. Clair William H. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB provides an adaptive response to protect cancer cells against cytotoxicity induced by redox active therapeutics. RelB is uniquely expressed at a high level in prostate cancer with high Gleason scores. Recently, we showed that the level of RelB rapidly increases in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR), leading to a reduction in intrinsic radiosensitivity. Here, we show that interaction of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25-(OH)2D3] with the vitamin D receptor significantly enhances radiosensitivity of prostate cancer cells at clinically relevant radiation doses. The radiosensitization effect of 1α,25-(OH)2D3 is mediated, at least in part, by selectively suppressing IR-mediated RelB activation, leading to a reduced expression of its target gene MnSOD, a primary antioxidant enzyme in mitochondria. These results suggest that suppression of manganese superoxide dismutase is a mechanism by which 1α,25-(OH)2D3 exerts its radiosensitization effect and that 1α,25-(OH)2D3 may serve as an effective pharmacologic agent for selectively sensitizing prostate cancer cells to IR via suppression of antioxidant responses in mitochondria. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(7):2048–56]
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α: a novel therapeutic target in human hepatocellular cancer
Authors: Stock Peggy , Monga Dulabh , Tan Xinping , Micsenyi Amanda , Loizos Nick , Monga Satdarshan P.S. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is a disease of poor prognosis. Identifying novel molecular aberrations might present opportunities to identify new therapeutic targets. Due to the similarities between the processes of development and cancer, we used early developing livers to identify genes that might play a primary role in HCC. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα) was identified from microarray using early developing mouse livers. Expression of PDGFRα and its upstream effectors, PDGF-AA and PDGF-CC, were examined in HCC tissues (n = 43) by Western blot, real-time PCR, and immunohistochemistry. Finally, effect of anti-PDGFRα antibody (mAb 3G3, ImClone Systems, Inc.) was examined on human hepatoma cells. A high expression of PDGFRα was observed during early liver development. HCCs (17 of 21) revealed cytoplasmic PDGFRα and activated PDGFRα (phospho-Tyr754) by immunohistochemistry. Additional HCCs (14 of 22) showed elevated PDGFRα levels when compared with the adjacent normal livers by Western blots. Of these 14 patients, 3 showed increased PDGFRα gene expression, 3 showed elevated PDGF-AA, and 4 had higher PDGF-CC levels in the tumors compared with adjacent livers. Multiple hepatoma cell lines, when treated with mAb 3G3, showed significant decreases in cell proliferation and survival (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, ∼70% of HCC tissues had elevated PDGFRα levels due to diverse mechanisms. PDGFRα inhibition in hepatoma cells led to diminution of tumor cell survival and proliferation and thus might be of therapeutic significance. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(7):1932–41]
The alkylphospholipid perifosine induces apoptosis of human lung cancer cells requiring inhibition of Akt and activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway
Authors: Elrod Heath A. , Lin Yi-Dan , Yue Ping , Wang Xuerong , Lonial Sagar , Khuri Fadlo R. , Sun Shi-Yong 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
The Akt inhibitor, perifosine, is an alkylphospholipid exhibiting antitumor properties and is currently in phase II clinical trials for various types of cancer. The mechanisms by which perifosine exerts its antitumor effects, including the induction of apoptosis, are not well understood. The current study focused on the effects of perifosine on the induction of apoptosis and its underlying mechanisms in human non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Perifosine, at clinically achievable concentration ranges of 10 to 15 μmol/L, effectively inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis of NSCLC cells. Perifosine inhibited Akt phosphorylation and reduced the levels of total Akt. Importantly, enforced activation of Akt attenuated perifosine-induced apoptosis. These results indicate that Akt inhibition is necessary for perifosine-induced apoptosis. Despite the activation of both caspase-8 and caspase-9, perifosine strikingly induced the expression of the tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) receptor, death receptor 5, and down-regulated cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP), an endogenous inhibitor of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, with limited modulatory effects on the expression of other genes including Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, PUMA, and survivin. Silencing of either caspase-8 or death receptor 5 attenuated perifosine-induced apoptosis. Consistently, further down-regulation of c-FLIP expression with c-FLIP small interfering RNA sensitized cells to perifosine-induced apoptosis, whereas enforced overexpression of ectopic c-FLIP conferred resistance to perifosine. Collectively, these data indicate that activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway plays a critical role in perifosine-induced apoptosis. Moreover, perifosine cooperates with TRAIL to enhance the induction of apoptosis in human NSCLC cells, thus warranting future in vivo and clinical evaluation of perifosine in combination with TRAIL in the treatment of NSCLC. [Mol Cancer Ther 2007;6(7):2029–38]
The "Commentary" That Saved the Text. The Hazardous Journey of Ibn al-Haytham's Arabic Optics
Authors: Sabra  
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe "Text" and the "Commentary" mentioned in the title of this essay are, respectively, the Kitāb al-Manāzir, or Optics, of al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, composed in the first half of the fifth/eleventh century, and the Tanqīh al-Manāzir li-dhawī l-absār wa l-basā'ir, written by Abū l-Hasan (or al-Hasan) Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī in the second half of the seventh/thirteenth century. It is known that, so far, only the first five of the seven maqālāt /Books that make up the Arabic text of IH's Optics have been published, and that the Tanqīh was published in two volumes. I shall be concerned with certain episodes in the lives of these two works, my aim being to shed light on their transmission within the Islamic Arabic and Persian worlds.
Traduire Linné en français à la fin du XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Duris Pascal 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Swedish naturalist Carl von Linné (1707-1778) wrote his entire scientific œuvre in Latin. Because of both the rarity and costliness of his books and the decline of Latin as the language of science in France, Linnæus' partisans tried from 1780 onwards to translate his major works into French. Quesné's integral translation of the Philosophia botanica of 1788 is characteristic of this attempt. But this enterprise encountered major difficulties, as some translators proposed a wholesale 'Frenchisation' of the Latin terminology, while others preferred to explicate Linnæus' terse style by means of paraphrases and commentaries. The origin of the problem resides in the fact that Linnæus had created a new language at once to describe and to name living beings. The translators' dilemma was also one of readership : were their translations to be used by experts or rather as pedagogical tools by learners?
Poetry or Pathology? Jesuit Hypochondria in Early Modern Naples
Authors: Haskell Yasmin 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn their didactic poems on fishing and chocolate, both published in 1689, two Neapolitan Jesuits digressed to record and lament a devastating 'plague' of 'hypochondria'. The poetic plagues of Niccolò Giannettasio and Tommaso Strozzi have literary precedents in Lucretius, Vergil, and Fracastoro, but it will be argued that they also have a real, contemporary significance. Hypochondria was considered to be a serious (and epidemic) illness in the seventeenth century, with symptoms ranging from depression to delusions. Not only did our Jesuit poets claim to have suffered from it, but so did prominent members of the 'Accademia degl'Investiganti', a scientific society in Naples that was at odds with both the religious and medical establishments.
Experimental concepts for toxicity prevention and tissue restoration after central nervous system irradiation
Authors: Nieder Carsten , Andratschke Nicolaus , Astner Sabrina T 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSeveral experimental strategies of radiation-induced central nervous system toxicity prevention have recently resulted in encouraging data. The present review summarizes the background for this research and the treatment results. It extends to the perspectives of tissue regeneration strategies, based for example on stem and progenitor cells. Preliminary data suggest a scenario with individually tailored strategies where patients with certain types of comorbidity, resulting in impaired regeneration reserve capacity, might be considered for toxicity prevention, while others might be "salvaged" by delayed interventions that circumvent the problem of normal tissue specificity. Given the complexity of radiation-induced changes, single target interventions might not suffice. Future interventions might vary with patient age, elapsed time from radiotherapy and toxicity type. Potential components include several drugs that interact with neurodegeneration, cell transplantation (into the CNS itself, the blood stream, or both) and creation of reparative signals and a permissive microenvironment, e.g., for cell homing. Without manipulation of the stem cell niche either by cell transfection or addition of appropriate chemokines and growth factors and by providing normal perfusion of the affected region, durable success of such cell-based approaches is hard to imagine.
Emergency Medicine Clerkship Encounter and Procedure Logging Using Handheld Computers
Authors: Penciner Rick , Siddiqui Sanam , Lee Shirley 
Published: June 2007

BackgroundTracking medical student clinical encounters is now an accreditation requirement of medical schools. The use of handheld computers for electronic logging is emerging as a strategy to achieve this. ObjectivesTo evaluate the technical feasibility and student satisfaction of a novel electronic logging and feedback program using handheld computers in the emergency department. MethodsThis was a survey study of fourth‐year medical student satisfaction with the use of their handheld computers for electronic logging of patient encounters and procedures. The authors also included an analysis of this technology. ResultsForty‐six students participated in this pilot project, logging a total of 2,930 encounters. Students used the logs an average of 7.6 shifts per rotation, logging an average of 8.3 patients per shift. Twenty‐nine students (63%) responded to the survey. Students generally found it easy to complete each encounter (69%) and easy to synchronize their handheld computer with the central server (83%). However, half the students (49%) never viewed the feedback Web site and most (79%) never reviewed their logs with their preceptors. Overall, only 17% found the logging program beneficial as a learning tool. ConclusionsElectronic logging by medical students during their emergency medicine clerkship has many potential benefits as a method to document clinical encounters and procedures performed. However, this study demonstrated poor compliance and dissatisfaction with the process. In order for electronic logging using handheld computers to be a beneficial educational tool for both learners and educators, obstacles to effective implementation need to be addressed.
Pressure-vessel support brackets: Stresses due to dead loads
Authors: Kitching R , Olsen B E 
Published: June 2007

The investigation is concerned with the elastic shell stresses occurring when vertical loads are transmitted through discrete support brackets welded to the lower hemispherical end of a cylindrical pressure vessel having its axis vertical. Three sizes of bracket were examined, and the largest was compared with a similar arrangement having an internal bracket continuous with the external one. Strain-gauge results indicated that shell stresses may be calculated by assuming that the radial deflection of the spherical shell is linearly distributed along the line of contact between bracket and shell. Conventional design methods employed in stress calculations tended to underestimate the shell stresses. It is shown that the line of application of the support reaction in relation to the centre line of the bracket is most important.
Stress discontinuities in plane plastic flow
Authors: Ellis F 
Published: June 2007

Statically admissible stress fields consisting of regions of constant stress in a state of incipient plastic flow separated by stress discontinuities form a powerful tool for obtaining lower bound solutions to problems in plane plastic flow. The properties of discontinuities which meet on an axis of symmetry are investigated and it is shown that solutions exist for ‘reflections’ of the discontinuity at the axis at angles of π/4 and 3π/4 as well as the angle π/2 hitherto assumed to be the only solution. The results are used to obtain a lower bound solution for plane-strain extrusion with reduction ratios less than 3:1.
Plastic flow and instability behaviour of thin-walled cylinders subjected to constant-ratio tensile stress
Authors: Jones B H , Mellor P B 
Published: June 2007

The plastic instability of thin-walled tubes subjected to internal pressure and independent axial load is investigated. Theoretical treatments of the problem are discussed, in particular the plastic straining of tubes under constant ratio of circumferential to axial stress. The concept of a thin-walled tube is an approximation, the accuracy of which varies with stress ratio. It is shown that taking the stress and strain measurements with reference to the central section of the tube wall gives a good approximation. Thick-walled theory is, therefore, necessary to relate the circumferential strains measured at the outer surface to the strains existing at this central section. The material tested was a nickel-chrome steel, S62, under stress ratios of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and ∞. Measurements of strains, pressures, and loads were recorded continuously and it was possible to keep a constant ratio of true stress, as opposed to constant ratio of nominal stress which has been more often adopted. Correlation between theoretical and experimental instability strain was good except for stress ratios of 0.5 and ∞. In all cases fracture was preceded by a definite instability condition.
Short-life fatigue under combined stresses
Authors: Libertiny G Z 
Published: June 2007

Most of the short-life fatigue tests have been carried out in push-pull or in reversed bending. Many machine parts and structural elements, however, are subjected to combined rather than uniaxial fatigue loads. This work is intended to demonstrate a possible approach to solving the problem of short-life fatigue failures due to a multiaxial stress-strain system. The paper includes a review of the available literature relevant to the problem. The more important experimental findings are summarized and presented in the form of diagrams. Various approaches toward the solution of the problems are discussed, and a new approach is proposed. It is demonstrated in this paper that the use of an ‘equivalent-strain parameter’ calculated from the Mises law is not suitable in the description of the problem. It was found that when the strain Δ∊ in the direction of the maximum stress is adopted as a strain parameter and a stress-dependent parameter L is introduced, all of the results can be described by the following equation: Δ∊ Na = C where n = f( np, L) and C = f( Cp, L), Δ∊ = cyclic strain range, N = number of cycles to failure, np = slope of the log ∊-log N curve which represents a push-pull fatigue test, L = stress parameter, Cp = constant in the log ∊-log N curve which represents a push-pull fatigue test. These functions have been determined approximately. It is recognized that, because of lack of experimental data, the present work can indicate only a possible and somewhat speculative approach and that there is a great need for further experimental work.
Evaluation of grid data to determine displacements and strains
Authors: Durelli A J , Parks V J , Feng H 
Published: June 2007

This paper deals with a new method to evaluate distorted grids. Instead of evaluating point-by-point the new method consists of shifting an image of a distorted grid over another image of the undistorted grid to obtain displacement components, or shifting an image of a distorted grid over another image of the same distorted grid to obtain the derivative of the displacement components. Whole field information is available by connecting grid line intersections. Displacements and their spacial derivatives are given for a circular ring diametrically compressed, using both the Eulerian and the Lagrangian descriptions. The method has applications in plasticity and in elastic finite strain determinations.
An investigation into the existence of corners on the yield surface
Authors: Mair W M 
Published: June 2007

Three metals were subjected to zig-zag stress paths in the plastic region. The direction of the plastic strain increments suggested local distortion of the yield surface rather than the formation of a sharp corner. A stepped stress path with unloading between steps gave strain increments consistent with a distorted but smooth yield surface, rather than one with plane segments.
Behaviour of filament yarn wound on a flanged cylinder
Authors: Neal B G 
Published: June 2007

After manufacture, some synthetic fibres are wound under tension on a flanged cylinder, and a knowledge of the pressures exerted by the yarn on the flanges and on the cylinder is required for design purposes. During winding, the pack of yarn may behave as an elastic solid, flange pressure being generated by the partial prevention of longitudinal expansion. However, it is also possible that the fibres may undergo a relative slipping movement and tend to slide off the ends of the cylinder. Flange pressure would then be developed in order to inhibit further slip. These two possibilities are examined on the assumption that the yarn has isotropic elastic properties. Although it is known that drawn fibres possess considerable anisotropy, these analyses are a prelude to studies of anisotropic behaviour.
Strain and rupture behaviour under high-stress reversals
Authors: Tilly G P 
Published: June 2007

A rheological approach to fatigue behaviour has been extended to the push-pull fatigue of an 11 per cent chromium steel and a nickel-chromium alloy at room temperature and the influence of the direction of first loading stroke has been examined. At the high stresses involved, strain was shown to accumulate ultimately in a tensile direction in a manner similar to elevated temperature creep and the strain-time curves were shown to have the form ∊ = Σ Cσβtκ where ∊ is strain, σ is stress, t is time, β and κ are discrete exponents, and C is a material constant. The widths of the hysteresis loops (strain amplitudes) were found to be dependent upon time in a manner similar to the cumulative strains and were analysed by a similar expression. The growth of tensile strain occurred irrespective of whether tension or compression was applied first but the application of compression first caused lower values of cumulative strain and longer endurances for similar load limits.
Relations between crack opening displacement and hoop stress in zircaloy-2 pressure tubes containing axial defects
Authors: Parry G W , Mills R G 
Published: June 2007

Analysis of the end-of-slit opening measurements in Zircaloy-2 pressure tubes containing axial through-the-wall defects as a function of hoop stress has shown that the experimental data do not conform to yielding behaviour as predicted for cracked flat plates. It is shown, however, that the results agree closely within certain limits of crack opening displacement with flat-plate behaviour if they are corrected by a non-dimensional geometrical correction as given by the equation δ = 8σya/πE(ln sec β)(1+1·6 a2/Rt) Deviation from the equation occurs at values of δ exceeding about 0.010 in and is possibly due to gross-bulging effects.
Photoelastic analysis of stresses and forces in steady cutting
Authors: Amini E 
Published: June 2007

The results are presented of tests conducted at three different depths of cut and a velocity of 3.1 m/min on a work-hardening lead-alloy workpiece with a 10-degree-rake photoelastic tool. In addition to examining the behaviour of the chip-tool contact stresses, the paper considers the forces acting on the tool and distinguishes three areas: rake, nose, and flank. It evaluates the rake forces from the photoelastic results directly, estimates the nose forces by making certain assumptions with regard to the distribution of stresses, and neglects the stresses on the flank. The sum of the forces so obtained is then compared with the measured resultant cutting force; there is good agreement. There is a particularly significant observation which, contrary to previously published results, shows that the frictional stresses vary linearly in the so-called sticking zone and tend towards a constant only at relatively high depths of cut. This is discussed in relation to the general concept of plastic friction and the variation of the coefficient of friction on the rake face. The significance of the measured resultant coefficient of friction is also considered.
Increase in ovality of uranium tubes due to creep under external pressure
Authors: Blackburn W S , Percy J 
Published: June 2007

The increase in ellipticity of a concentric slightly elliptical tube is theoretically investigated for the case of external pressure and radial temperature gradient when the creep rate is proportional to the stress and the constant of proportionality varies slightly between the principal axes. The presence of a radial temperature gradient accelerates the increase in ovality due to initial ovality on the outer surface and that due to circumferential variation of strength (except after very small collapses) and decreases that due to initial inner ovality. Further allowance for circumferential variation in temperature, due to an insulated inner surface and to a uniform heat-transfer coefficient to a gas at constant temperature around the outer surface, reduces the increase in all cases.