bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Specimen Geometry on Hot Torsion Test Results for Solid and Tubular Specimens
Authors: Barraclough DR , Whittaker HJ , Nair KD , Sellars CM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Hot torsion tests have been carried out on aluminum, stainless steel, and silicon steel specimens using a wide range of gage length: radius ratios and bore diameters. For stainless steel, which dynamically recrystallises, a higher strain to maximum stress was found for specimens with a gage length : radius ratio &lt;2. Other stress-strain data were unaffected. The use of tubular specimens did not alter deformation curves at low strains but ductility was reduced for large bore sizes, apparently because average rates of crack propagation through the wall were increased.
A new effective radius is proposed for calculation of strains, strain rates, and shear stresses from torque-twist data for solid and tubular specimens.
Some Problems in the Testing of Transformer Oil of Petroleum Origin for Dielectric Breakdown Strength
Authors: Shombert G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A description of the process of dielectric breakdown in insulating oils is presented. The technological changes which made necessary the development of ASTM Standard D 1816-67 as an alternative to D 877-67 are described. The emphasis is on practical considerations which influence the variability of the test results and the differing responses of the two methods to these factors. Suggestions are made as to possible modifications in procedure which might reduce the variability of test results without detracting from their practical applicability.
Microchemical Determination of Quartz in Granite Dust Sampled by Size Selective Methods on Membrane Filters
Authors: O'Neill I , Levadie B , Ashe HB 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This method applies classic microchemical technique, eliminating entirely the transfer of sample materials during analysis. Respirable sized granite dust is analyzed for quartz content colorimetrically. The relative standard error of the determination of quartz in granite, using this method, is 14.7 percent. Erratum to this paper appears in 2(1)
Work of Fracture and Fracture Toughness of Graphite
Authors: Vitovec FH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Compact tension tests and notched bend tests, according to Tattersall and Tappin, were performed on nuclear graphite in different orientations relative to the extrusion direction. The extension of slow propagating cracks was measured. The critical crack extension compares with the dimensions of defects in the graphite such as shrinkage cracks, pores and crack-like pores which are caused by the extrusion process. Taking these cracks into account results in comparable fracture toughness values regardless whether they are determined by a load criterion or from the work of fracture.
A Simple Method for Studying Slow Crack Growth
Authors: Williams DP , Evans AG 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA simple, inexpensive method for studying slow crack growth is described. The method entails measurements of load relaxation at constant displacement using a double torsion specimen. It is demonstrated that the data generated using this technique are in excellent agreement with data obtained using the more complex conventional techniques, for a range of materials—steel, titanium, glass, aluminum oxide, PMMA. These encouraging initial results suggest that additional and more detailed studies using this test procedure are merited.
Acquisition of Computer Aided Design/Analysis Models for Semiconductors
Authors: Case GR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Because of the role of the digital computer in the design and analysis of electronic systems, it is becoming increasingly desirable to have suitable computer aided analysis models of semiconductor devices at the time these devices are available for experimental development. This paper describes the development of such computer aided design/analysis (CAD/A) models. The procedures described can be used to develop models based on statistically significant populations of devices. The statistical procedures for selecting devices to be tested, the testing procedures, and the computer codes used for reducing data are described. Examples of computer output and a complete CAD/A model derived using the procedure are included for a sample device.
Silicon Epitaxial Thickness Measurements: Why and How
Authors: Gardner EE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In the decade since the introduction of epitaxial layers for the fabrication of semiconductor devices, several techniques have been proposed for the measurement of the thicknesses of these layers. Three techniques, bevel and stain, stacking fault, and infrared fringes are discussed in detail. A brief history of the progress of these techniques to become ASTM tentatives or standards is reported.
Epitaxial Resistivity
Authors: Langer PH , Pearce CW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In order to intelligently specify epitaxial silicon starting material for semiconductor devices, such as, diodes, transistors and integrated circuits, a precise knowledge of the variation of impurity concentration with depth is usually needed. Also, in order to control the epitaxial process, an accurate knowledge of the resistivity must be available in a relatively short time. Innovative techniques that yield impurity concentration profiles will be discussed along with methods that give a rapid indication of the average slice resistivity. Relative merits and disadvantages of each method will be assessed along with the work of the ASTM Committee F-1, Subcommittee 6, Section 6.2, on Epitaxial Resistivity.
Obtainable Radiographic Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity
Authors: Splettstosser HR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Some of the properties of film and vision which affect radiographic sensitivity are discussed. Values of obtainable equivalent penetrameter sensitivity are given for some practical conditions when radiographing ¼- to 2-in.-thick steel with X-rays and 1- to 6-in.-thick steel with Co-60. Limitations to calculations of sensitivity for other conditions are given based on these results.
Test Facilities for Measuring the Thermal Response of Materials to the Fire Environment
Authors: Crowley DP , Tempesta FL , Castle GK , Belason EB , D'Avanzo LJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Subscale fire test facilities have been developed for evaluating the thermal response of material test specimens exposed to a variety of fire conditions. One of the facilities was used in an investigation of the feasibility of using subscale fire testing as an aid in predetermining the thermal performance of materials exposed to a full scale E 119 fire environment. Environmental incident heat flux histories were obtained during an Underwriter's Laboratory development safe-column furnace test of a prototype plastic fire resistant material assembly. These same heat flux histories were recreated in the subscale fire test facility. A specimen of the prototype plastic material was tested in the recreated environment. A comparison of the thermal performance of the material tested in the full scale and recreated fire environments showed good agreement. This paper presents a description of the subscale facilities and the results of correlating the E 119 fire test with the subscale fire test.
Flow Test for Determination of Set-Time of Powdered Coatings
Authors: Worley AA , Zell JG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In the manufacture of torroidal core rings coated with epoxy powder coating material the smoothness of the coating is influenced by the flow and cure characteristics of the material. These characteristics of thermosetting powder coatings could not be evaluated with standard test procedures that were available for determining the properties of liquid coating materials.
Several test procedures were evaluated and a new spiral flow test was developed that indicated the relative performance of coating materials on the final product. The apparatus and procedure used are described in detail. Data are presented to demonstrate the reliability of the method and the effect of temperature and particle size on the results.
Multistage Triaxial Testing of Lightly Overconsolidated Clays
Authors: Parry RHG , Nadarajah V 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A comparison has been made between consolidated undrained tests on separate soil specimens and multistage testing of a single specimen. Three series of samples were prepared, two of the series consisting of remolded kaolin in each of which the specimens were lightly overconsolidated under K0 conditions, and one series consisting of undisturbed specimens of soft silty clay from a site at Fulford near York in England. It is concluded from these tests that although some differences arise from the two methods, the results from multistage tests are adequate for practical purposes both in the prediction of failure conditions and in the prediction of deformations and pore pressure response under working loads. In view of the number of advantages accruing from multistage testing, it is recommended that this method should be used in the routine triaxial testing of soft lightly overconsolidated clays of low sensitivity.
Atomic Absorption Analysis of Portland Cement and Raw Mix Using a Lithium Metaborate Fusion
Authors: Crow RF , Connolly JD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A rapid and accurate atomic absorption method is described for the analysis of nine elements in portland cement and portland cement raw mix. These elements are aluminum, calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, sodium, silicon, and strontium. Samples are fused with anhydrous lithium metaborate in a graphite crucible, and the molten melt is poured into a dilute acid solution.
Possible interferences and “matrix” effects are minimised by calibrating the instrument with standard solutions prepared from NBS standard cements.
Calcium and silicon determinations are made using a signal-averaging digital-readout device and a standard-unknown-standard bracketing technique,
The precision and accuracy for all of the elements determined is sufficient for control purposes.
The time required for the analysis of a single sample is approximately 1 1/2 h. When multiple samples are to be analyzed, time per sample is greatly reduced.
Fatigue Failure Predictions for Plates with Holes and Edge Notches
Authors: Raske DT 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A means to determine the fatigue notch factor, Kf is devised by identifying the zone of metal at the notch root which is thought to govern the fatigue process. Corrections are then developed for the effects of the stress gradient and critical volume in this zone. The resulting equation for Kf embodies these corrections and the theoretical elastic stress concentration factor, Kt. Experimental verification is obtained by testing notched plate specimens and by utilizing data from the literature. Predictions of Kf over fatigue lives of from 102 to 106 cycles are within 4 percent of experimental values when calculated in terms of stress and within 9 percent in terms of strain.
Analytical Prediction of the Thermal Response of Decomposing Materials in Fire Environments
Authors: Castle GK , Alexander JG , Tempesta FL , Belason EB 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAn analytical model is presented which accurately predicts the thermal response of decomposing materials in fire environments. The model is the same one developed for the design of reentry and space vehicle heat shield materials including the Apollo heat shield. The analysis handles one dimensional transient thermal conduction with decomposition, surface reactions, and transpiration with a variety of surface boundary conditions. Both temperature and density dependent properties are utilized for proper characterization of the thermophysical behavior of a material. Basic details of the thermal processes involved are given as well as the scope of the model. Thermal analyses of three different types of materials exposed to two different fire environments are presented. Two materials, gypsum wall board and a spray-on fiber material, were tested in a controlled subscale fire at the Avco Laboratories, while the third, a reinforced plastic, was tested at Underwriters' Laboratories in a safe-column furnace.Measured thermal properties used to make the predictions are presented along with the methods of measurement. The test environment is also discussed in terms of heat transfer rates, enthalpy, and nature of the gases. The behavior of plastics and their reaction to a fire environment is discussed and related to the model. Results given for the predictions made show excellent correlation with the measured temperatures and weight losses. Finally, the utility of the model is discussed relative to predicting the fire response of various materials without the aid of extensive testing.
Contributions of Selected Residual Elements to the Radiation Embrittlement Sensitivity of Steel Forgings
Authors: Hawthorne JR 
Published: February 2009

AbstractResidual impurity element content has a major influence on the sensitivity of low alloy steels to radiation-induced embrittlement. The identification of phosphorus as highly detrimental to irradiation performance has made tin, arsenic, and antimony additional suspect elements.The influence of tin, arsenic, and antimony on elevated temperature radiation embrittlement sensitivity was explored using a series of seven experimental NiCrMoV forgings. The forgings represented high and low phosphorus contents in addition to statistical variations of tin, arsenic, and antimony content. Assessments of relative radiation sensitivity involved the exposure of Charpy-V specimens at 550°F (288°C) to 3.1 × 1019 n/cm2 &gt; 1 MeV.Postirradiation observations indicate that tin, arsenic, and antimony do not contribute directly to radiation embrittlement sensitivity, either individually or in combination, for the composition range studied. In contrast, phosphorus (∼0.015 percent P) was observed to have a pronounced detrimental effect on radiation embrittlement resistance. Significantly, the contribution of phosphorus to radiation embrittlement sensitivity was found to be greatly reduced by a high (100–150 ppm) tin content. The phosphorus-tin interaction appears to be independent of both antimony and molybdenum content for the levels investigated but may be dependent on a high (∼150 ppm) arsenic content. Points of similarity and non-similarity in the influence of phosphorus and tin on radiation embrittlement and temper embrittlement behavior are described.Postirradiation observations confirm that impurity restrictions have significant capability for improving the radiation embrittlement resistance of low alloy steel forgings.
Probabilistic Updating of Flaw Information
Authors: Tang WH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The prediction and control of flaws in welds occupy an important role in design against fatigue and fracture failure. However, the present NDT devices can detect only a fraction of the flaws and they do not give the actual size of flaws detected. Using Bayes Theorem, a framework is proposed whereby distributions of flaw size and density are updated from NDT inspection data and the level of repair. The concept is equivalent to a filtering process where the detectability function of the NDT device acts as the filter. The information derived will help planning of NDT inspection programs and consistent code specifications.
Thermomechanical Testing of Plastics for Environmental Resistance
Authors: McKague EL , Reynolds JD , Halkias JE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A thermomechanical analysis (TMA) technique has been developed for evaluating effects of moisture on mechanical behavior of plastic materials after short exposures to humidity environments. The key to shortening environmental conditioning time is the capability to test very thin, micro-size specimens which provide a high surface area to volume (S/V) ratio. The weight percentage of moisture absorbed by a material in a given time is directly proportional to the S/V ratio; therefore, thin specimens exhibit faster rates of bulk weight and, consequently, bulk property changes. The TMA method involves measurement of deflections in specimens loaded in three-point flexure while the temperature is increased at a constant rate. The technique is similar to that described in ASTM D 648 for determining temperatures at which arbitrary amounts of deflection have been reached. In addition to its sensitivity in detecting environmental effects on short term environmental exposure, the TMA method has other advantages over the D 648 procedure. These include faster and more uniform specimen heating and continuous recording of deflection versus temperature and time.
A Study of Currently Used Methods for Determining the Permeability of Bituminous Mixtures
Authors: Gilbert P , Hode Keyser J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper presents a review of 15 permeameters along with a study on the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of the six most currently used methods. The precision of the latter and the relationships which exist between the methods were also investigated.
The review shows the need for selecting the type of permeameter according to the purpose of measurements taking into account their inherent limitations. It also shows the need for establishing a standard permeability unit.
Tests were made on laboratory molded specimens, on slab surfaces, and on cores extracted from slabs. Test results indicate that precision must be expressed in terms of percentage of the mean. For mixes containing more than 6 percent voids, there is a good correlation between: (a) permeability and voids; (b) field and laboratory tests; (c) air permeameters and water permeameters; (d) permeability and rate of flow. Greater values were obtained with permeameters using air and when tests were made on pavement surfaces.
One-Dimensional Consolidation of Retarded Plastic Concrete
Authors: Uzomaka OJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A study of the one-dimensional consolidation of plastic concrete (that is, a concrete mix within the first few hours after mixing when it can still be remolded) is discussed with particular reference to the soil mechanics analogy which the author proposed for a wider study of some engineering properties of plastic concrete [2]. This property of the mix is discussed in terms of classical consolidation parameters used in soil mechanics, namely the coefficient of compressibility (mv) and the coefficient of consolidation (cv. It was desired to study the consolidation behavior of the material as it is just after mixing and, consequently, the mixes were retarded by the addition of small quantities of sugar to minimize the effect of hydration.
Theoretical equations are developed to express the dependence of these two quantities on the initial moisture content of the mix and the applied consolidation pressure.
A linear relationship, as predicted from theory, was obtained between mv and the initial moisture content from results of the laboratory study in which the Rowe's cell was used. Further empirical results showed that there is no apparent simple relationship between cv and initial moisture content. However, there is a linear relationship between cv and pressure increment. The mv values lie between 1.25 × 10−3 and 6.25 × 10−2 in.2/lb, while the cv values lie between 1.5 × 10−2 and 4.5 × 10−2 in.2/min. In general, the mixes tested behaved similarly to remolded clays.
The Darcy coefficient of permeability of the mixes, deduced from the consolidation data, is of the order of 10−8 cm/s.
Development of Cold Weather Paving Specifications
Authors: Maupin GW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Cold weather paving specifications were developed from work by Corlew and Dickson who used a computer solution to predict the cooling rate of bituminous concrete.
Virginia had previously used a minimum atmospheric temperature as a criterion; however, it was evident that other factors had a significant effect on the cooling of bituminous concrete, so the computer solution was considered as a possible basis for new specifications.
Although the solution had been checked by field measurements, it was decided to obtain further verification by plotting cooling ourves for freshly placed hot mix. The curves were developed by measuring the cooling rates of bituminous mats of varying thicknesses under a variety of weather conditions. The field measurements verified the computer solution, and it was used to develop new cold weather paving specifications.
The first specification, put into effect in 1970, was written in tabular form using the laydown temperature and mat thickness as criteria. This specification has been modified and now appears in the form of a simple nomograph.
Comparison of the Heat Treatment Responses of Three Commercial Titanium Alloys
Authors: Fopiano PJ , Hickey CF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to show the similarity between the heat treatment responses of Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn, and Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V. Two hardening mechanisms can account for most of the responses to heat treatment. The changes in strength as the result of heat treatment are correlated with the equilibrium alloy contents of the phases present at the solution temperature.
Shear Transfer in Concrete and Polymer Modified Concrete Members Subjected to Shearing Loads
Authors: Nawy EG , Ukadike MM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Experiments were conducted to evaluate the shear transfer capacity of polymer modified concrete (PMC). The experimental program was designed to verify the general theory of shear transfer mechanism for concrete and to evaluate the necessary constants of the theoretical expressions. The general theory presented covers structural members with (1) no shear reinforcement, (2) moderate shear reinforcement, and (3) high shear reinforcement. Four groups of specimens were tested. Group A specimens were used to investigate the relation between intrinsic bond shear transfer capacity and the strength of the composite materials (PMC and concrete). No transverse steel was used in these specimens. Group B specimens contained various amounts of shear reinforcement at the shear interface. Group C specimens were cast monolithically using ordinary concrete to serve as control specimens. Group D were control specimens made up of cast-in-place concrete over precast concrete. They were designed to evaluate the “apparent cohesion” of such elements, for the purpose of comparison with Group A specimens.
Experimental Analysis and Numerical Simulation of Marshall Method of Asphalt Concrete Mix Design
Authors: Mamlouk MS , Manolis GD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The results of a numerical simulation of the Marshall testing procedure used in asphalt concrete mix design are reported in this work. The numerical simulation uses the finite element method to model both the asphalt concrete specimen as well as the surrounding testing heads. Linear elastic material behavior and plane stress conditions are assumed to hold in the finite element analysis of the Marshall testing procedure. The elastic modulus required for this analysis is obtained from a separate unconfined compression test on long cylidrical specimens made of the same asphalt concrete mixture as that used in the Marshall test. Although the assumption of linear elastic material behavior is restrictive, a qualitative picture of the displacements and stresses developed in the specimen during the Marshall test emerges from this work.
The Most Probable Pore-Size Distribution in Fluid Filter Media I. Evidence of Such a Distribution from Results of Extended Bubble-Point Measurements
Authors: Johnston PR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This theoretical distribution addresses those filter media with a random arrangement of pores. It is based upon the concept of a smallest pore, the size of which is a function of the size of the building blocks making up the filter medium. The distribution is solely a function of the porosity (the ratio: void volume/bulk volume). The greater the porosity the wider the distribution of pore sizes.