bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Phytophthora spp. as Pathogens of Pandorea jasminoides in Italy
Authors: Pane A. , Cacciola S. O. , Chimento A. , Allatta C. , Scibetta S. , di San Lio G. Magnano 
Published: January 2008

In the summer of 2005, approximately 5% of a nursery stock of 12-month-old potted plants of bower vine (Pandorea jasminoides (Lindl.) K. Schum.) in Sicily (Italy) showed wilt, leaf chlorosis, defoliation, root rot, and collapse of the entire plant. Three Phytophthora spp. (20, 50, and 30% of the isolations of the first, second, and third species, respectively) were isolated from rotted roots on BNPRAH selective medium (2). Single-hypha isolates of the first species formed petaloid colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and had an optimum growth temperature of 25°C (9.3 mm/day); on V8 juice agar, they produced uni- and bipapillate, ovoid to limoniform sporangia with mean dimensions of 45 × 30 μm and a mean length/width (l/w) ratio of 1.4:1. They did not produce gametangia when paired with A1 and A2 isolates of Phytophthora nicotianae. The second species formed arachnoides colonies on PDA, had an optimum growth temperature of 30°C (6.9 mm/day) and produced sporangia that were uni- and bipapillate, ellipsoid, ovoid, or pyriform to spherical (dimensions 44 × 34 μm; l/w ratio 1.3:1). All isolates were A2 mating type and produced amphyginous antheridia and spherical oogonia with smooth walls. The third species formed rosaceous colonies on PDA, had an optimum growth temperature of 28 to 30°C (11.9 mm/day), and produced uni- and bipapillate, ellipsoid or limoniform, caducous sporangia (dimensions 52 × 26 μm; l/w ratio 2.1:1) with a tapered base and a long pedicel (as much as 150 μm). All isolates were A1 type and produced amphigynous antheridia and spherical oogonia with smooth walls. The three species were identified as P. citrophthora, P. nicotianae, and P. tropicalis, respectively. The electrophoretic analysis of the mycelial proteins and four isozymes (1) confirmed the identification. Blast analysis of the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region of the rDNA of a P. tropicalis isolate from bower vine (GenBank Accession No. EU076731) showed 99% similarity with the sequence of a P. tropicalis isolate from Cuphea ignea (GenBank Accession No. DQ118649). The pathogenicity of three isolates from bower vine, IMI 395552 (P. citrophthora), IMI 395553 (P. nicotianae), and IMI 395346 (P. tropicalis), was tested on 3-month-old potted bower vine plants (10 plants for each isolate) by applying 10 ml of a suspension (2 × 104 zoospores/ml) to the root crown. The plants were maintained at 24°C and 95 to 100% relative humidity. All inoculated plants wilted after 4 weeks. Noninoculated control plants remained healthy. The three Phytophthora spp. were reisolated from symptomatic plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Phytophthora root rot of bower vine in Italy. References: (1) S. O. Cacciola et al. Plant Dis. 90:680, 2006. (2) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1996.
First Report of the European Lineage of Phytophthora ramorum on Viburnum and Osmanthus spp. in a California Nursery
Authors: Grünwald N. J. , Goss E. M. , Larsen M. M. , Press C. M. , McDonald V. T. , Blomquist C. L. , Thomas S. L. 
Published: January 2008

Phytophthora ramorum S. Werres & A.W.A.M. de Cock is the causal agent of sudden oak death in California and Oregon forests and ramorum blight on a broad range of host species in wildlands and nurseries. It is thought to be an introduced pathogen and only three clonal lineages are known (3). The North American lineage (lineage NA1, mating type A2) is responsible for infections in California and Oregon forests. The European lineage (lineage EU1, predominantly A1) is responsible for infections in Europe, but has also been found in nurseries in Oregon and Washington. A third lineage (NA2) has only been isolated in a few instances from nurseries in Washington and California. In June 2006, P. ramorum was isolated from diseased Viburnum tinus, Osmanthus heterophyllus, and O. fragrans cultivars from a Humboldt County retail nursery in northern California. We genotyped isolates and placed them into clonal lineages using microsatellite markers developed for P. ramorum (3,4). Genomic DNA was extracted from mycelia with the FastDNA SPIN kit (Q-Biogene, Morgan, Irvine, CA). Primers used were PrMS6, Pr9C3, PrMS39, PrMS43a, PrMS43b, and PrMS45 (3) and 18, 64, and 82 (4). We sized fluorescently labeled amplicons using capillary electrophoresis (3100 Avant Genetic Analyzer, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Isolate genotypes were compared with control isolates of known clonal lineage, including BBA9/95 (EU1), Pr102 (NA1), and WSDA3765 (NA2). Three of four isolates belonged to genotype EU1. The fourth isolate, obtained from O. fragrans, belonged to genotype NA1. We repeated genotyping on independent genomic DNA extractions and obtained identical results. Two EU1 isolates and the single NA1 isolate were tested for mating type (1) and found to be of A1, A1, and A2 mating type, respectively. The coexistence of A1 and A2 mating types in the same retail nursery suggests the potential for sexual reproduction, as is the case in P. infestans where clonal and sexual populations exist (2), although to date, sexual reproduction in nature has not been documented in P. ramorum. The California retail nursery infestation highlights the risks associated with the unintentional transport of host nursery stock infested with P. ramorum. References: (1) C. M. Brasier and S. Kirk. Mycol. Res. 108:823, 2004. (2) N. J. Grünwald and W. G. Flier. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 43:171, 2005. (3) K. Ivors et al. Mol. Ecol. 15:1493, 2006. (4) S. Prospero et al. Mol. Ecol. 16:2958, 2007.
First Report of Rice yellow mottle virus in Rice in The Gambia
Authors: Sere Y. , Sorho F. , Onasanya A. , Jobe L. , Darboe S. , Bojang Y. , Touray M. L. , Pinel-Galzi A. , Fargette D. 
Published: January 2008

Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) of the genus Sobemovirus is a major biotic constraint to rice (Oryza sativa) production in Africa. First reported in Kenya during 1966, RYMV was later found in most countries in Africa where rice is grown (1). In countries in westernmost Africa (The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, and Senegal), plants with leaf yellowing and mottling symptoms were observed, but RYMV was never isolated. Rice is the staple food in The Gambia. In 2006, four samples were collected from local rice varieties in the Kuntaur Region in the center of The Gambia. Mechanical inoculation with leaf extracts from all samples caused typical yellow mottle symptoms on the susceptible rice varieties BG90-2, Bouaké 189, and IR64. RYMV was detected in the four samples collected by ELISA with polyclonal antisera (2). The 720-nt coat protein gene was amplified for each isolate by reverse-transcriptase-PCR with primers 5′-CAAAGATGGCCAGGAA-3′ (sense) and 5′-CTCCCCCACCCATCCCGAGAATT-3′ (antisense) (2). The RT-PCR products were directly sequenced (EMBL Accession Nos. AM765810, AM765811, AM765812, and AM765813) and then aligned using ClustalW with a pool of RYMV coat protein sequences from West African isolates (EMBL Accession Nos. AJ279905, AJ279901, AJ885137, AJ885124, and AJ279935). Phylogenetic reconstruction by maximum-likelihood with PAUP indicated that the isolates from The Gambia formed a monophyletic group with over 97% nucleotide identity and are closely related to isolates of other countries in West Africa (Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, and Sierra-Leone) with 91 to 94% identity. Detection of RYMV in The Gambia indicates that RYMV is present in westernmost Africa, which is referred to as the ‘rice belt’ of Africa, and shows that RYMV is widely distributed from eastern Africa (Tanzania) to the western part of the continent. References: (1) N. K. Kouassi et al. Plant Dis. 89:124, 2005. (2) A. Pinel et al. Arch. Virol. 145:1621, 2000.
First Report of Iris yellow spot virus on Onion in Canada
Authors: Hoepting C. A. , Allen J. K. , Vanderkooi K. D. , Hovius M. Y. , Fuchs M. F. , Pappu H. R. , McDonald M. R. 
Published: January 2008

Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV; family Bunyaviridae, genus Tospovirus) is an economically important viral pathogen of onion vectored by onion thrips (Thrips tabaci Lindeman). Rapid spread of IYSV has occurred in the western United States and Georgia, with recent reports of IYSV from New York in the northeastern United States (1). In June and mid-July of 2007, symptomatic plants were found in Ontario, Canada in onions grown from sets in a home garden in Grey County (44°27′N, 80°53′W) and on a small commercial farm in Ottawa-Carleton County (45°14′N, 75°28′W), respectively. In the home garden, bleached, elongated lesions with tapered ends occurred on middle-aged leaves of 30% of 100 plants. By August 2007, 91% of these plants were symptomatic. In Ottawa-Carleton, two lesions with green centers and yellow borders occurred on a single leaf of a single plant in a field of 1,120 plants. Symptomatic leaf tissue tested positive for IYSV by IYSV-specific antiserum from Agdia Inc. (Elkhart, IN) in a double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA. These two isolated and remote finds of IYSV in Ontario prompted a survey in early August of 2007 of the Holland Marsh (44°5′N, 79°35′W), the largest onion-producing region in Ontario. Nine onion fields separated geographically across the Holland Marsh Region were scouted and one to three samples of symptomatic tissue per field were analyzed by DAS-ELISA. IYSV was confirmed in seven of nine (78%) fields surveyed and in 13 of 16 (81%) of the individual samples. A reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assay was used to verify the presence of IYSV in one new symptomatic tissue sample per field collected from three of the fields where IYSV was confirmed by ELISA. Primers specific to the small (S) RNA of IYSV (5′-TAA AAC AAA CAT TCA AAC AA-3′ and 5′-CTC TTA AAC ACA TTT AAC AAG CAC-3′) were used (2). The resulting 1.2-kb amplicon, which included the 772-bp nucleocapsid (N) gene was cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis showed that the N gene of the Ontario isolate (GenBank Accession No. EU287943) shared 92 to 98% nucleotide sequence identity with known IYSV N gene sequences. The highest nucleotide sequence identity (98%) was with Genbank Accession Nos. DQ233475 and DQ233472. To our knowledge, this is the first report of IYSV infection of onion in Ontario and Canada. This finding confirms further spread of the virus within North America and the need for research to develop more effective management options to reduce the impact of IYSV on onion production. The finding of IYSV in remote and isolated locations where onions were grown from sets implies that the spread of IYSV via infected bulbs warrants further investigation as a potentially important route of distribution of the virus. References: (1) D. H. Gent et al. Plant Dis. 88:446, 2004. (2) H. R. Pappu et al. Arch. Virol. 151:1015, 2006.
Instability of thread-annular flow with small characteristic length to three-dimensional disturbances
Authors: Webber Mark 
Published: January 2008

We present a linear stability analysis of viscous, pressure-driven flow in an annular pipe with a moving core. The core moves with constant speed along its axis and rotates with constant angular frequency. At both boundaries the fluid obeys slip boundary conditions.
Our numerical results highlight the important role of asymmetric perturbations in the instability of the system. Boundary slip is seen to be stabilizing, as has been observed for other types of parallel flows. We show that motion of the solid core with respect to the outer cylinder causes the neutral curve to split into two distinct curves. In particular, we show that rotation has a surprising destabilizing effect.
LABOUR RELATIONS LAW AND POLICY IN ONTARIO
Authors: Woods H. D. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYCollective bargaining in Canada faces a period of rapid change because of the unusual rate of economic growth, technological change, industrial locational shifts, and evolving occupational patterns. This dynamic process requires that the institutional relationship of unions and employers shall be maintained on as fluid a basis as possible. Public law in Ontario has been based on a differentiation of industrial dispute areas. Special provision has been made to resolve the problems of jurisdiction, recognition, negotiation and application. In each of these probably there are reasons for legal amendment and procedural change, but this article has been confined to negotiation issues only.The provisions for state intervention in negotiation disputes are believed to require considerable alteration. The proposals presented in this submission have certain objectives. These might be listed as follows:

To remove the deterrents to effective collective bargaining by narrowing the range of application of compulsory conciliation.
To increase the effectiveness of the conciliation officer by eliminating conciliation boards except in special circumstances.
To enhance the prestige of conciliation boards by reducing their application to situations (a) of consent where both parties request them, or (b) of vital public concern where the civil authorities decide that such boards are needed in the public interest.
To extricate the conciliation process as far as possible from the tactics of collective bargaining, in which it has become enmeshed by the continued influence of compulsory conciliation and compulsory delays on direct economic action, as well as by the existence of two stages in the compulsion.
To re‐impose responsibility in collective bargaining on the parties to disputes by removing compulsory scapegoats.14
To create an environment which will encourage the parties out of sheer necessity to experiment with private arrangements for negotiating.
To recognize more clearly that the public interest in some cases is sufficiently great to justify special procedures; that the degree of public interest covers a wide range justifying compulsory conciliation in some cases and compulsory arbitration in others; that the responsibility for deciding rests with public authority.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE ROLE OF THE BOARD OF TRANSPORT COMMISSIONERS FOR CANADA AS A REGULATORY TRIBUNAL*
Authors: Wright Arthur R. 
Published: January 2008

In order to comprehend fully the working of an administrative board or tribunal, it is first necessary to establish the principles which form the basis of its operations. The concept of justice and equanimity between parties has come down to us in the form or theory of “a rule of law.” In attempting to examine the role of the Board of Transport Commissioners insofar as it affects railways in Canada, the concepts of natural justice and impartiality form the test pattern in the light of which the history, development, and operation of transportation is examined and the procedure, practice and problems of the Board are discussed.An examination of the historical development, character, functions and practices of the Board, bearing in mind the evolution of the transport industry and the requirements of a “rule of law” even in administrative or quasi‐judicial bodies, leads to the conclusion that it cannot be described accurately by either “administrative” or “judicial” designation. It is, nevertheless, possible to devise a “rule of law” in the administrative sense. It is the central thesis of this paper that the Board of Transport Commissioners for Canada is a judicial body possessing those apects of administrative tribunals which are conducive to flexibility and informality in the discharge of its supervisory and regulatory functions.
THE PROJECT METHOD: NATIONAL HEALTH GRAKTS
Authors: Inflow E. Burke 
Published: January 2008

Summary

The project method of administration is not clearly defined. Administrative procedures are set forth in The National Health Grants Reference Menthol, but it is generally recognized that a great deal of “informal” procedure is involved in the project method of administration.
At the provincial level, project administration varies greatly between the large provinces which normally have an administrative section devoted to the Health Grants program and the smaller ones which look to the deputy minister and his assistant as the chief administrators of the program.
The procedure of applications is, by now, pretty well defined, within the methods of project administration, both federal and provincial.
Fiscal control is maintained by the Health Grants Administration in close conjunction with the chief treasury officer and the audit staff of the comptroller of the Treasury.
The auditing and accounting procedures as they relate to the Health Grants program are diffuse and involve a duplication of effort. The possibility of consolidating the entire Health Grants project administration is reviewed.
Public management problems in the Soviet economy
Authors: Herron H. G. J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The economy of the Soviet Union has moved from that of a backward, agricultural nation to one of the world's most advanced industrial states within half a century. It has accomplished this through a system of highly centralized state planning of all aspects of the economic life of the country. Recently, however, serious problems have arisen in the system. The right goods are not being produced; consumers are dissatisfied and unhappy.To try and resolve this problem before it results in uncontrollable dissatisfaction (as had begun to appear in other East European countries such as Poland) the Soviet Union embarked on a series of economic reforms, loosely termed ‘Libermanism’ after its prime originator, which aimed at giving enterprises more autonomy and incentive in managing their businesses. Generally, this meant giving the enterprise more control over its resources and using ‘profit’ as a prime indicator of success rather than merely ‘plan fulfillment.’The experiments have been hotly ‐ and publicly ‐ debated in the Soviet Union with strong opposition from the central planning advocates. There have been accusations that the reforms are anti‐Marxist‐Leninism. Nonetheless, the experiments have continued, though cautiously, and the recent Five Year Plan reaffirmed the commitment of the Communist Part of the Soviet Union to economic reform.The results of the reforms are still inconclusive but it appears certain that the pressures to gain efficiency in the economy and at the same time satisfy growing consumer demands are forcing change in the administration of the Soviet economy.Sommaire. En l'espace d'un demi‐siècle, l'Union soviétique qui avait une économic agricole primitive est devenue l'un des états les plus industrialisés dumonde. Cette transformation a été réalisée par la planification extrêmement centralisée de tous les aspects de la vie économique du pays. Mais récemment, de sérieux problèmes se sont manifestés: non‐production des merchandises voulues, mécontentement des consommateurs.Pour essayer de remédier à ces difficultés pendant que ce mécontentement était encore contrôlable (et il commençait à ne plus l'être dans d'autres pays de l'Europe de l'Est, comme la Pologne), l'Union soviétique s'est lancée dans une série de réformes économiques qualifiées de façon assez vague de ←Libermanistes→, d'après le nom de leurs principal auteur. Ces réformes visaient à donner aux entreprises plus d'autonomie et plus d'encouragement dans la gestion de leurs affaires. D'une façon générale, cela revenait à donner aux entreprises plus de contrôle sur leurs ressources et à utiliser le ←profit→ comme indicateur principal de succès au lieu d'en juger simplement d'après l'exécution du plan.
The changing role of the Privy Council Office†
Authors: Robertson Gordon 
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Since the establishment of the office of Secretary to the Cabinet thirty years ago, there have been a number of changes in the way the cabinet operates, one being in the cabinet committee system which has passed through three distinct phases and is now in a fourth. Nine standing committees exist, with significant changes in procedure, permitting ministers to participate more fully in discussion and to share responsibility better. The Cabinet Committee on Priorities and Planning, established in 1968, deals with broad objectives, main questions of policy with long‐term implications and with priorities for broad financial allocation.With the complexity of government and the scale of die elements of complexity increasing, the demands on ministerial time have become overwhelming.The Operations, Plans and Federal‐Provincial Affairs Divisions of the Privy Council Office, with a small and discreet staff constantly changing to avoid the formation of a ruling elite, assist the prime minister, cabinet and cabinet committees in the total process of decision‐making and in assuring a coherence of policy. Attempts are made to provide the central executive with full information and optimum freedom in taking the decisions for which parliament and the people of Canada have given them responsibility.Sommaire. Depuis la création du poste de secrétaire du Cabinet, il y a une trentaine d'années, il s'est produit un certain nombre de changements dans le fonctionnement même du cabinet. Citons, entre autres, le système des comités du cabinet qui est passé par trois phases distinctes et se trouve maintenant dans une quatrième phase. Il existe neuf comités permanents dont la procédure a subi d'importantes modifications pour permettre aux ministres de prendre une part plus active aux discussions, et de mieux partager les responsabilités. Le comité du cabinet chargé de l'établissement des priorités et de la planification, établi en 1968, s'occupe des objectifs généraux, des lignes de conduit A long terme et des priorités pour l'allocation générale des fonds.A cause de la complexité du gouvernement et de l'ampleur croissante de ses responsabilités, l'emploi du temps des ministres est devenu incroyablement chargé.Les sections des Opérations, des Plans et celle des Affaires fédérales‐provinciales du Conseil privé, avec un personnel peu nombreux et discret, constamment renouvelé pour éviter la formation d'une élite trop influente, aident le premier ministre, le cabinet et les comités du cabinet à prendre les decisions qui s'imposent et à assurer la cohérence de la politique du gouvernementale. Elles s'efforcent de fournir à l'exécutif central toute information utile et de lui assurer le maximum de liberté pour prendre les décisions dmt l'ont chargé le parlement et le peuple canadien.