bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of acanthocephalans in Teleost fishes of Gemlik Bay, Sea of Marmara, Turkey
Authors: Oğuz M. , Kvach Y. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The fish acanthocephalan fauna of Turkish waters is poorly known. In this study 8 fish species (Merluccius merluccius, Trachurus trachurus, Uranoscopus scaber, Gobius niger, G. cobitis, Scorpaena scrofa, Eutrigla gurnardus, Solea vulgaris) were collected from Gemlik Bay and examined for their acanthocephalan fauna. Four species not previously recorded in fish of Turkish waters were found: Solearhynchus soleae (Echinorhynchidae), Acanthhocephaloides propinquus, Paracanthocephaloides kostylewi (Arhythmacanthidae), and Longicollum pagrosomi (Pomphorhynchidae). The most common species was A. propinquus, a parasite that infects mostly gobiids (G. niger, G. cobitis). Longicollum pagrosomi was a new record for the Mediterranean basin.
First record of Longidorus intermedius Kozlowska and Seinhorst, 1979 (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from the Czech Republic
Authors: Kumari S. , Chaloupková M. , Jokeš M. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Longidorus intermedius Kozlowska and Seinhorst, 1979 was recorded in the Czech Republic for the first time in the rhizosphere of Robinia pseudoacacia at Dolní Bojanovice and Carpinus betulus — Euonymus europaeus — Quercus sp. at Strážovice. The morphological and morphometrical characteristics are studied.
A case of mosaic supernumerary ring chromosome 15 with two copies of the segment 15p11.1–q14
Authors: Zou Ying S. , McGrann Pamela S. , Uphoff Timothy S. , Van Dyke Daniel L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAlthough supernumerary marker chromosomes derived from chromosome 15 (SMC(15)) are the most common marker chromosome in humans, ring SMC(15)s are rare. Here we report on a 16‐month‐old patient who has a ring SMC(15) with two copies of the segment 15p11.1–q14 region. She exhibits hypotonia, developmental delay, speech delay, microstomia, micrognathia, and other mild dysmorphic features. The ring was present in 22% of her peripheral blood lymphocyte cells. FISH study revealed that the ring was derived from chromosome 15, and had neither telomere sequence nor satellite III paracentromeric DNA. It had alpha satellite DNA, and two copies of the segment 15q11.2 to CTD 2125J1 (at 15q14, 2.2 Mbp telomeric of the common breakpoint 5). The ring‐containing cells had four copies of 15p11.1–q14. The ring can be described as r(15)(::p11.1 → q14::q14 → p11.1::). Southern‐blot analysis of the methylation pattern in the PW/AS critical region showed biparental inheritance, and the ring was maternally derived. This patient's phenotype was comparable to ring SMC(15) patients with three copies of the Prader–Willi/Angelman syndrome (PWS/AS) critical region. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An anomalous journal impact factor
Authors: Abt H. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe impact factor (average number of citations per paper) for the Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series jumped between 2003 and 2004 from 6.247 to 15.231, giving it the world's second highest impact factor for an astronomical journal in 2004. Was this change due to a computing error or to an unusual occurrence? It is shown that it was due to the extremely high citation rates (average of 160 citations per year) for 13 papers in the special issue devoted to the WilkinsonMicrowave Anisotropy Probe. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
1E 1207.4–5209: Are the optical and X‐ray spectra blueshifted?
Authors: Basu D. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract1E 1207.4–5209 is an X‐ray source located at the centre of the supernova remnant (SNR) PKS 1209–52 (G296.5+10.0) and is thought to be an isolated neutron star (INS) associated with the SNR. Its optical spectrum shows several absorption lines and the X‐ray spectrum exhibits three variable absorption features at what appears to be harmonically related wavelengths, the latter being interpreted as due to cyclotron resonance. However, there are several serious problems, uncertainties and difficulties in the above association (SNR/INS) and in the interpretation of the spectra. In view of these, we suggest an alternative explanation of the observed spectra in terms of blueshifts. This implies that the optical and X‐ray absorption spectra are due to the central object of the SNR in association with two separate absorption clouds ejected at successively increasing speeds. The clouds have their origins in jets resulting from the merger of two very massive compact stars. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Significant Reduction of On‐Site Coulomb Energy U due to Short‐Range Correlation in an Organic Mott Insulator
Authors: Ohno Kaoru , Noguchi Yoshifumi , Yokoi Toshihiro , Ishii Soh , Takeda Jun , Furuya Miou 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBy carrying out a first‐principles T‐matrix calculation on multiple scatterings between electrons, we show that the intramolecular electron–electron interaction energy U, of a Mott insulator of the organic radical 1,3,5‐trithia‐2,4,6‐triazapentalenyl (TTTA) is significantly reduced from the naive expectation value of the Coulomb interaction (7.3 eV and 5.3 eV, respectively, for the bare and screened Coulomb interactions) to 2.9 eV due to the short‐range correlation. This result together with the intermolecular interaction energy D=1.3 eV explains the experimental optical gap (1.5 eV). The associated two‐particle wavefunction clearly shows the Coulomb hole indicating that two electrons with antiparallel spins cannot approach because of the Coulomb repulsion. We also discuss the energetics and magnetics of this system.
Quantifying bias due to allele misclassification in case‐control studies of haplotypes
Authors: Govindarajulu Usha S. , Spiegelman Donna , Miller Katie L. , Kraft Peter 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectives Genotyping errors can induce biases in frequency estimates for haplotypes of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Here, we considered the impact of SNP allele misclassification on haplotype odds ratio estimates from case‐control studies of unrelated individuals.Methods We calculated bias analytically, using the haplotype counts expected in cases and controls under genotype misclassification. We evaluated the bias due to allele misclassification across a range of haplotype distributions using empirical haplotype frequencies within blocks of limited haplotype diversity. We also considered simple two‐ and three‐locus haplotype distributions to understand the impact of haplotype frequency and number of SNPs on misclassification bias.Results We found that for common haplotypes (>5% frequency), realistic genotyping error rates (0.1–1% chance of miscalling an allele), and moderate relative risks (2–4), the bias was always towards the null and increases in magnitude with increasing error rate, increasing odds ratio. For common haplotypes, bias generally increased with increasing haplotype frequency, while for rare haplotypes, bias generally increased with decreasing frequency. When the chance of miscalling an allele is 0.5%, the median bias in haplotype‐specific odds ratios for common haplotypes was generally small (<4% on the log odds ratio scale), but the bias for some individual haplotypes was larger (10–20%). Bias towards the null leads to a loss in power; the relative efficiency using a test statistic based upon misclassified haplotype data compared to a test based on the unobserved true haplotypes ranged from roughly 60% to 80%, and worsened with increasing haplotype frequency.Conclusions The cumulative effect of small allele‐calling errors across multiple loci can induce noticeable bias and reduce power in realistic scenarios. This has implications for the design of candidate gene association studies that utilize multi‐marker haplotypes. Genet. Epidemiol. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of SNP tagging methods using empirical data: association study of 713 SNPs on chromosome 12q14.3–12q24.21 for asthma and total serum IgE in an African Caribbean population
Authors: Chi Peter B. , Duggal Priya , Kao W.H. Linda , Mathias Rasika A. , Grant Audrey V. , Stockton Maria L. , Garcia Joe G.N. , Ingersoll Roxann G. , Scott Alan F. , Beaty Terri H. , Barnes Kathleen C. , Fallin M. Daniele 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFew comparison studies have been performed on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) tagging methods to examine their consistency and effectiveness in terms of inferences about association with disease. We applied several SNP tagging methods to SNPs on chromosome 12q (n=713) and compared the utility of these methods to detect association for asthma and serum IgE levels among a sample of African Caribbean families from Barbados selected through asthmatic probands. We found that a high level of information regarding association is retained in Clayton's htSNP, Stram's TagSNP, and de Bakker's Tagger. We also found a high degree of consistency between TagSNP and Tagger. Using this set of 713 SNPs on chromosome 12q, our study provides insight towards analytic strategies for future studies of complex traits. Genet. Epidemiol. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pattern hunting in climate: a new method for finding trends in gridded climate data
Authors: Hannachi A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTrends are very important in climate research and are ubiquitous in the climate system. Trends are usually estimated using simple linear regression. Given the complexity of the system, trends are expected to have various features such as global and local characters. It is therefore important to develop methods that permit a systematic decomposition of climate data into different trend patterns and remaining no‐trend patterns. Empirical orthogonal functions and closely related methods, widely used in atmospheric science, are unable in general to capture trends because they are not devised for that purpose. The present paper presents a novel method capable of systematically capturing trend patterns from gridded data. The method is based on an eigenanalysis of the covariance/correlation matrix obtained using correlations between time positions of the sorted data, and trends are associated with the leading nondegenerate eigenvalues. Application to simple low‐dimensional time series models and reanalyses data are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Efficacy and safety of herbal medicines for idiopathic Parkinson's disease: A systematic review
Authors: Chung Vincent , Liu Liang , Bian Zhaoxiang , Zhao Zhongzhen , Leuk Fong Wai , Kum Wan Fung , Gao Jing , Li Min 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe objective of this study is to assess the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines (HMs), as a monotherapy or adjunct therapy, compared to placebo or conventional approaches in the treatment of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials from both conventional and alternative medicine sources. Outcome measures were overall improvement, quality of life, reduction of levodopa dose, and adverse events. Nine studies were included, each testing a different HM. Six of the trials had limited internal validity due to major flaws in design, including the lack of proper randomization; insufficient blinding; unclear inclusive criteria in terms of diagnostic criteria, baseline staging, and duration of disease; lack of proper sample size calculation; and insufficient data analysis. Imbalances in gender and ethnicity among the patients in the included trials were observed. No major adverse events emerged, and no specific pattern was detected from the trials describing such data. In addition to major methodological defects, heterogeneity in (1) HM tested, (2) control treatment, and (3) outcome measure hindered in‐depth data analysis and synthesis. Current evidence is insufficient to evaluate the efficacy and safety of various HMs. Further studies with improved trial design and reporting, with assessment on cost‐effectiveness, quality of life, and qualitative data are warranted. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Behavioral models of Parkinson's disease in rodents: A new look at an old problem
Authors: Meredith Gloria E. , Kang Un Jung 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe circuitry important for voluntary movement is influenced by dopamine from the substantia nigra and regulated by the nigrostriatal system. The basal ganglia influence the pyramidal tract and other motor systems, such as the mesopontine nuclei and the rubrospinal tract. Although the neuroanatomical substrates underlying motor control are similar for humans and rodents, the behavioral repertoire mediated by those circuits is not. The principal aim of this review is to evaluate how injury to dopamine‐mediated pathways in rodents gives rise to motor dysfunction that mimics human Parkinsonism. We will examine the behavioral tests in common use with rodent models of Parkinson's disease and critically evaluate the appropriateness of each test for detecting motor impairment. We will show how tests of motor performance must be guided by a thorough understanding of the clinical symptoms accompanying the disease, the circuitry mediating dopamine deficits in rodents, and familiarity with the rodent behavioral repertoire. We will explain how investigations in rodents of skilled forepaw actions, including placing, grooming, or foot faults, have clear correlates in Parkinson's disease, and are, therefore, the most sensitive ways of detecting motor impairment following dopamine loss from the basal ganglia of rodents. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Early cinematographic studies of generalized dystonia
Authors: Goetz Christopher G. , Vilensky Joel A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAmong movement disorders, dystonia is a particularly complex phenomenon and difficult to describe. For this reason, cinematographic documents were particularly important to the establishment of this disorder within the neurological nosology. The seminal 1944 article on dystonia by E. Herz anchored its arguments in moving film documentation, published with frame‐by‐frame demonstrations of dystonic patients. Although the original films that comprised the basis of this article have not been located, two related contemporaneous films, one by Herz in association with T.J. Putnam, and one by S.P. Goodhart and B.H. Balser, have been located. Incorporating standard and several innovative filming techniques, these films and their accompanying text material capture the particular movements of dystonia, revealing the anatomical patterns of the twisting spasms, and emphasize their action exacerbation. The films demonstrate the variety of dystonic movements appreciated during this period, consider psychogenic, postencephalitic, and hereditary forms, and refer to the treatment of dystonia by surgery and plaster casts. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Intravenous flumazenil for Parkinson's disease: A single dose, double blind, placebo controlled, cross‐over trial
Authors: Ondo William G. , Silay Yavuz S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFlumazenil is a short‐acting intravenously administered γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist used to reverse the effects of benzodiazepines. Based upon current basal ganglion models in Parkinson's disease (PD), flumazenil could normalize neuronal signaling at several different locations. We conducted a double‐blind, placebo controlled, single dose, cross‐over trial of flumazenil and placebo in 16 subjects with PD. Subjects were primarily assessed with serial tapping tests (1 minute for each hand) at 15‐minute intervals for 90 minutes after infusion. Secondary assessments included the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Motor part at baseline and 45 minutes after infusion, and global impressions. Subjects then underwent a 90‐minute washout and entered the opposite arm of the cross‐over. Change in tapping speed compared to baseline improved throughout the 90‐minute period (P < 0.0001) and at each individual time (P < 0.01), except for 15 minutes status after infusion, with flumazenil compared to placebo. UPDRS scores tended to improve more on drug, but this finding was not significant. The medication was well tolerated. The most common adverse event on drug was a sense of “light‐headedness” or “dizziness.” GABA antagonists represent a novel potential treatment class for PD. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Visualization and quantification of disease progression in multiple system atrophy
Authors: Hauser Till‐Karsten , Luft Andreas , Skalej Martin , Nägele Thomas , Kircher Tilo T.J. , Leube Dirk T. , Schulz Jörg B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTo visualize and quantify disease progression in multiple system atrophy (MSA) from cerebellar type (MSA‐C), we combined two magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) and 3D‐based volumetry. Patients suffering from MSA‐C (n = 14) were imaged twice with an interval of 2.0 ± 0.2 years. We first applied VBM to map brain morphology changes between MSA patients and controls and to identify brain areas that showed a significant amount of atrophy. Using 3D‐based volumetry, we confirmed that in MSA‐C patients, the brainstem including medulla and pons, vermis and cerebellar hemispheres, caudate nucleus and putamen showed significant atrophy compared with controls. Next, we used 3D‐based volumetry to analyze the atrophy rates. Atrophy rates in patients with MSA were significantly different from controls for putamen (−11.4% ± 2.6%/year), vermis (−12.3% ± 2.9%/year), and cerebellar hemispheres (−6.6% ± 1.1%/year). The results show that 3D‐based MRI volumetry is a tool that allows the disease progression of MSA to be followed over a time period of 2 years and suggest that it may serve as a surrogate marker in clinical trials to measure disease progression. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Sensitivity of motor unit potential analysis in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Authors: Podnar Simon , Zidar Janez 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTemplate‐operated motor unit potential (MUP) analysis has made quantitative electromyography (EMG) feasible, even in busy laboratories, but validation of this approach is still necessary. In the present study, the utility of multi‐MUP analysis was assessed in patients with a molecular genetic diagnosis of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Manual assessment of muscle strength and concentric‐needle EMG of the biceps brachii and vastus lateralis muscles were performed. The sensitivity for diagnosing myopathy (mean values and outliers) was tested for eight MUP parameters and four of their combinations. The group comprised 31 patients. Elbow flexion and knee extension strength was normal in 45% and 52% of patients, respectively. The most sensitive MUP parameter was thickness, followed by duration. A combination of three MUP parameters (thickness, amplitude, and duration/area) was needed for maximal sensitivity. The study demonstrated a high sensitivity of multi‐MUP analysis in FSHD. Myopathic abnormalities were demonstrated in all weak biceps brachii muscles, and in 77% of biceps brachii muscles with normal strength. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Vulnerability assessment of ad hoc networks to MAC layer misbehavior
Authors: Guang Lei , Assi Chadi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper describes a new vulnerability for the IEEE 802.11 protocol and studies its impact on degrading the performance of ad hoc networks. A host that exploits this new simple, but practical, vulnerability could cause devastating effects on the proper operation of the network protocols and hence severely degrade the performance. In this work, a misbehaving node fully cooperates by forwarding packets for other nodes and completely adheres to the proper selection of backoff intervals; however, it maliciously forces the forwarding operation to fail in order to either disrupt the route discovery process or to cause damage to existing flows routed though that node. As a result, the medium around the misbehaving node will be less congested and hence the node will obtain an increased unfair access to the channel. We use network simulations to show that such malicious misbehaviors have devastating effect on demoting the network performance and disrupting the protocol functioning. Hence, necessary extensions for existing detection systems are required to mitigate the effects of these new vulnerabilities. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iatrogenic Injection Injuries of the Hand and Upper Limb
Authors: STANLEY D. , CONOLLY W. B. 
Published: July 2006

30 cases of iatrogenic injection injuries to the hand and upper limb are reported. 16 followed therapeutic injections (steroids—11 cases, infusions—five cases) and 14 occurred during anaesthetics procedures (local blocks—ten cases, general anaesthetics—four cases). Guidelines for minimizing the risk of injection injury are outlined.
Regression of Dupuytren’s Contracture
Authors: HUESTON J. T. 
Published: July 2006

The phenomenon of clinical regression of Dupuytren’s contracture is described and discussed. It is already recognized and used in fasciotomy where it follows the release of longitudinal tension. The quite extraordinary resolution produced by continuous passive skeletal traction in extension is presented. Regression beneath grafted skin is described and discussed with its clinical implications. The generally accepted view of Dupuytren’s contracture being “irreversible” now presents a challenge for further clinical and pharmacological studies. The possibility of non-surgical control does exist.
The Plantaris Tendon as a Tendo-Osseous Graft
Authors: MORRISON W. A. , SCHLICHT S. M. 
Published: July 2006

To minimize adhesions following tendon repair, early post-operative movement is recommended. This has proved difficult with tendon grafting because of weakness of the repair sites, particularly distally, and because of slow revascularization. A potential solution is the use of a composite tendon-bone graft in which a bone block is attached to the end of the tendon. The tendon is threaded through a hole in the distal phalanx from the dorsal to the palmar side and impacted like a cork to create an immediate strong fixation. The tendon itself is then tunnelled through the pulley system and the proximal repair is carried out with a multiple weave technique which can withstand immediate active movement. The ideal tendon-bone complex is the plantaris attached to a segment of calcaneus. A preliminary report with two case studies is presented.
Detection and quantification of the soil microbial biomass – impacts on the management of agricultural soils
Authors: STOCKDALE E. A. , BROOKES P. C. 
Published: July 2006

Studies of single soil organisms, while useful in specialized cases, e.g. Rhizobia and mycohrrizae, do not yield information on the functioning of the soil ecosystem. This is because most important soil processes, e.g. carbon and nitrogen mineralization, depend upon interactions between entire suites of organisms, many of which still await identification and most of which remain unculturable.For many purposes, treating the soil microbial community as a single, undifferentiated unit, the soil microbial biomass (defined as all soil organisms <5000 μm3 volume), has much to commend it. It is analogous to studying the forest rather than an individual tree and uniquely permits an understanding of the soil–plant–microbe system as a whole, rather than studying only a small part. The present paper reviews the development of methods to measure microbial dynamics over the last century, the evolution of biomass methodologies and how they have helped the study of crucial soil processes such as nutrient and carbon cycling. Possible future directions for this research are also discussed and an explanation set forth of why the manipulation of this huge population (easily comprising 10 tonnes per hectare of living microbial cells in UK arable soils) has, so far, proved elusive.