bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Antecedent Land Surface Conditions in Warm Season Precipitation over Northwestern Mexico
Authors: Zhu Chunmei , Cavazos Tereza , Lettenmaier Dennis P. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The role of antecedent land surface conditions including precipitation (P), surface skin temperature (Ts), soil moisture (Sm), and snow water equivalent (SWE) anomalies on the onset and intensity of the monsoon during the 1950–99 period in the core of the North American monsoon system (NAMS) region in northwestern Mexico (termed MSa here) is explored. A statistically significant positive relationship is found between monsoon onset date in MSa and previous winter precipitation in the southwestern United States (SW) and northwestern (NW) Mexico, and winter SWE in the southern Rocky Mountains. The linkages are strong during the 1960s–80s and weak otherwise, which is a much shorter period than had been found previously for an SW target area termed monsoon west (MW). In the MW study, the following land surface feedback hypothesis was proposed: more winter P and SWE lead to more spring Sm, hence lower spring and early summer Ts, which induce a weaker onset of the NAMS. This hypothesis broke down in MW due to the small contribution of land surface memory to surface thermal condition, and hence to monsoon strength. The same hypothesis is in this work for MSa by examining three links. First, it is found that in May not only the total column, but also the near-surface Sm, in both SW and NW Mexico have memory from the previous winter precipitation. The spring Sm anomalies correlate negatively with Ts anomalies over most of the continental United States and Mexico except for the desert region of SW and NW Mexico. The monsoon onset is negatively correlated with May Ts over an area roughly consisting of New Mexico and some adjacent areas, suggesting that antecedent land surface conditions may influence the premonsoon surface thermal condition, which then affects monsoon onset. The monsoon-driving force concept that states that the strength of the monsoon should be related to premonsoon land–sea surface temperature contrasts is also confirmed. The confirmation of this concept shows that late monsoon years are associated with colder land and warmer adjacent ocean than early monsoon years. In addition to the apparent land surface feedback, a strong positive relationship between May Ts anomalies and the large-scale midtropospheric circulation (Z500) anomalies is found, which suggests that large-scale circulation may play a strong (possibly more important than land feedback) role in modulating the monsoon onset.
Applications of Monsoon Research: Opportunities to Inform Decision Making and Reduce Regional Vulnerability
Authors: Ray Andrea J. , Garfin Gregg M. , Wilder Margaret , Vásquez-León Marcela , Lenart Melanie , Comrie Andrew C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article presents ongoing efforts to understand interactions between the North American monsoon and society in order to develop applications for monsoon research in a highly complex, multicultural, and binational region. The North American monsoon is an annual precipitation regime that begins in early June in Mexico and progresses northward to the southwestern United States. The region includes stakeholders in large urban complexes, productive agricultural areas, and sparsely populated arid and semiarid ecosystems. The political, cultural, and socioeconomic divisions between the United States and Mexico create a broad range of sensitivities to climate variability as well as capacities to use forecasts and other information to cope with climate.This paper highlights methodologies to link climate science with society and to analyze opportunities for monsoon science to benefit society in four sectors: natural hazards management, agriculture, public health, and water management. A list of stakeholder needs and a calendar of decisions is synthesized to help scientists link user needs to potential forecasts and products. To ensure usability of forecasts and other research products, iterative scientist–stakeholder interactions, through integrated assessments, are recommended. These knowledge-exchange interactions can improve the capacity for stakeholders to use forecasts thoughtfully and inform the development of research, and for the research community to obtain feedback on climate-related products and receive insights to guide research direction. It is expected that integrated assessments can capitalize on the opportunities for monsoon science to inform decision making and, in the best instances, reduce regional climate vulnerabilities and enhance regional sustainability.
Biomechanical Analysis of an Isolated Fibular (Lateral) Collateral Ligament Reconstruction Using an Autogenous Semitendinosus Graft
Authors: Coobs Benjamin R. , LaPrade Robert F. , Griffith Chad J. , Nelson Bradley J. 
Published: May 2007

Background The fibular collateral ligament is the primary stabilizer to varus instability of the knee. Untreated fibular collateral ligament injuries can lead to residual knee instability and can increase the risk of concurrent cruciate ligament reconstruction graft failures. Anatomic reconstructions of the fibular collateral ligament have not been biomechanically validated. Purpose To describe an anatomic fibular collateral ligament reconstruction using an autogenous semitendinosus graft and to test the hypothesis that using this reconstruction technique to treat an isolated fibular collateral ligament injury will restore the knee to near normal stability. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Ten nonpaired, fresh-frozen cadaveric knees were biomechanically subjected to a 10 N·m varus moment and 5 N·m external and internal rotation torques at 0°, 15°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion. Testing was performed with an intact and sectioned fibular collateral ligament, and also after an anatomic reconstruction of the fibular collateral ligament with an autogenous semitendinosus graft. Motion changes were assessed with a 6 degree of freedom electromagnetic motion analysis system. Results After sectioning, we found significant increases in varus rotation at 0°, 15°, 30°, 60°, and 90°, external rotation at 60° and 90°, and internal rotation at 0°, 15°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion. After reconstruction, there were significant decreases in motion in varus rotation at 0°, 15°, 30°, 60°, and 90°, external rotation at 60° and 90°, and internal rotation at 0°, 15°, and 30° of knee flexion. In addition, we observed a full recovery of knee stability in varus rotation at 0°, 60°, and 90°, external rotation at 60° and 90°, and internal rotation at 0° and 30° of knee flexion. Conclusion An anatomic fibular collateral ligament reconstruction restores varus, external, and internal rotation to near normal stability in a knee with an isolated fibular collateral ligament injury. Clinical Significance An anatomic reconstruction of the fibular collateral ligament with an autogenous semitendinosus graft is a viable option to treat nonrepairable acute or chronic fibular collateral ligament tears in patients with varus instability.
what are nurseries for?
Authors: Elfer Peter 
Published: May 2007

Communities in the UK are seeing a sustained shift in the balance of care of babies and the youngest children from families to nurseries, with a particular emphasis being placed on early learning. Yet a basic question of whether nurseries should be modelled on the intimacy and spontaneity of family interactions or the more professional and planned interactions of school has remained largely unaddressed. The assumption has been that the multiple tasks now expected of nursery, including education, child care, health promotion, family support and child protection, can be integrated together, and much attention has been given to this. Much less attention has been given to the way different staff respond to these different conceptions of roles and tasks and how they interact with the personal and professional priorities and concerns of the staff themselves. Using the conceptual framework of `primary task' taken from the organization studies literature, the article explores the interplay of these different and competing tasks through an intensive nursery case study. The article concludes that recognition and understanding of both professional and personal tasks and how they align or conflict is important to our understanding of the behaviours and responses of children and adults in the nursery system.
The unexpected effect of cyclosporin A on CD56+CD16− and CD56+CD16+ natural killer cell subpopulations
Authors: Wang Hongbo , Grzywacz Bartosz , Sukovich David , McCullar Valarie , Cao Qing , Lee Alisa B. , Blazar Bruce R. , Cornfield David N. , Miller Jeffrey S. , Verneris Michael R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCyclosporin A (CSA) is commonly used to prevent graft-versus-host disease. The influence of CSA on T-cell function has been extensively investigated; however, the effect of CSA on natural killer (NK) cells is less understood. NK cells were cultured with IL-2 and IL-15 with and without CSA for 1 week. Compared with controls, CSA-treated cultures showed fewer CD56+CD16+KIR+ NK cells and a reciprocal increase in CD56+CD16−KIR− cells. These changes were due mainly to a reduced proliferation of the CD56dim NK-cell subpopulation and a relative resistance of CD56bright NK cells to CSA. Following coculture with K562 targets, CSA-exposed NK cells differed from controls and lacked Ca2+ oscillations, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) dephosphorylation, and NFAT nuclear translocation. NK cells cultured in CSA retained cytotoxicity against K562, Raji, and KIR ligand-expressing lymphoblastoid cells. NK cells cultured in CSA showed increases in NKp30 and reductions in NKp44 and NKG2D. Following IL-12 and IL-18 stimulation, CSA-treated NK cells showed more IFN-γ–producing cells. Using in vitro NK-cell differentiation, progenitor cells gave rise to more CD56+KIR− NK cells in the presence of CSA than controls. Collectively, these studies show that CSA influences NK-cell function and phenotype, which may have important implications for graft-versus-leukemia effects.
Matrix Metalloprotease Activity Is an Essential Link Between Mechanical Stimulus and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Behavior
Authors: Kasper Grit , Glaeser Juliane D. , Geissler Sven , Ode Andrea , Tuischer Jens , Matziolis Georg , Perka Carsten , Duda Georg N. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Progenitor cells are involved in the regeneration of the musculoskeletal system, which is known to be influenced by mechanical boundary conditions. Furthermore, matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and tissue-specific inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs) are crucial for matrix remodelling processes that occur during regeneration of bone and other tissues. This study has therefore investigated whether MMP activity affects mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) behavior and how MMP activity is influenced by the mechanical stimulation of these cells. Broad spectrum inhibition of MMPs altered the migration, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. Expression analysis detected MMP-2, -3, -10, -11, -13, and -14, as well as TIMP-2, in MSCs at the mRNA and protein levels. Mechanical stimulation of MSCs led to an upregulation of their extracellular gelatinolytic activity, which was consistent with the increased protein levels seen for MMP-2, -3, -13, and TIMP-2. However, mRNA expression levels of MMPs/TIMPs showed no changes in response to mechanical stimulation, indicating an involvement of post-transcriptional regulatory processes such as alterations in MMP secretion or activation. One potential regulatory molecule might be the furin protease. Specific inhibition of MMP-2, -3, and -13 showed MMP-13 to be involved in osteogenic differentiation. The results of this study suggest that MSC function is controlled by MMP activity, which in turn is regulated by mechanical stimulation of cells. Thus, MMP/TIMP balance seems to play an essential role in transferring mechanical signals into MSC function.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Finding Fluorescent Needles in the Cardiac Haystack: Tracking Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Labeled with Quantum Dots for Quantitative In Vivo Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Analysis
Authors: Rosen Amy B. , Kelly Damon J. , Schuldt Adam J. T. , Lu Jia , Potapova Irina A. , Doronin Sergey V. , Robichaud Kyle J. , Robinson Richard B. , Rosen Michael R. , Brink Peter R. , Gaudette Glenn R. , Cohen Ira S. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Stem cells show promise for repair of damaged cardiac tissue. Little is known with certainty, however, about the distribution of these cells once introduced in vivo. Previous attempts at tracking delivered stem cells have been hampered by the autofluorescence of host tissue and limitations of existing labeling techniques. We have developed a novel loading approach to stably label human mesenchymal stem cells with quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles. We report the optimization and validation of this long-term tracking technique and highlight several important biological applications by delivering labeled cells to the mammalian heart. The bright QD crystals illuminate exogenous stem cells in histologic sections for at least 8 weeks following delivery and permit, for the first time, the complete three-dimensional reconstruction of the locations of all stem cells following injection into the heart.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
The National Niemann–Pick C1 disease database: Report of clinical features and health problems
Authors: Garver William S. , Francis Gordon A. , Jelinek David , Shepherd Glen , Flynn James , Castro Graciela , Walsh Vockley Cate , Coppock Donald L. , Pettit Kathleen M. , Heidenreich Randy A. , Meaney F. John 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNiemann–Pick type C1 (NPC1) disease is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized clinically by neonatal jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, vertical gaze palsy, ataxia, dystonia, and progressive neurodegeneration. The present study provides basic clinical and health information from the National Niemann–Pick C1 disease database that was obtained using a clinical questionnaire of 83 questions mailed to families affected by NPC1 disease living in the United States. The study was conducted over a 1‐year period, during which time parents/caregivers and physicians completed the clinical questionnaire. Sixty‐four percent (87/136) of the questionnaires were returned, with 53% and 47% representing male and female NPC1 patients, respectively. The average age of diagnosis for NPC1 disease was 10.4 years, with one‐half of patients being diagnosed before the age of 6.9 years. The average age of death for NPC1 disease was 16.2 years, with one‐half of patients dying before the age of 12.5 years. A common clinical symptom reported at birth was neonatal jaundice (52%), followed by enlargement of the spleen (36%) and liver (31%); ascites (19%) and neonatal hypotonia (6%) were much less frequent. With respect to developmental difficulties, the most common findings included clumsiness (87%), learning difficulties (87%), ataxia (83%), dysphagia (80%), and vertical gaze palsy (81%). Together, these findings confirm and extend previous reports investigating the clinical features associated with NPC1 disease. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familial unilateral deafness and delayed endolymphatic hydrops
Authors: Dodson Kelley M. , Kamei Tamio , Sismanis Aristides , Nance Walter E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDelayed endolymphatic hydrops (DEH) is a unique disorder characterized by fluctuating otologic symptoms in the setting of preexisting unilateral deafness. The symptoms include aural fullness, fluctuating hearing, and/or episodes of vertigo similar to those observed in Meniere disease and may occur ipsilateral or contralateral to the previously deafened ear. In most reported cases, the unilateral deafness has been a profound sensorineural hearing loss with a sudden onset that has been variously attributed to bacterial or viral labyrinthitis, acoustic or cranial trauma, otosclerosis, and congenital CMV infection. Familial occurrence of the syndrome has not previously been reported in the literature. In this report, we describe two possible familial instances of delayed DEH. These patients raise the possibility that genetic factors may sometimes be the cause of this unusual syndrome. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bipolar affective disorder associated with 11q24.2 disruption—A second report
Authors: Reardon William , Dunlop Adam , Holden Simon T. , Blennerhassett Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA recent report identified bipolar affective disorder in a patient with a de novo deletion 11q24.2. We record a further instance involving this cytogenetic region and bipolar affective disorder in a patient with a balanced translocation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Esophageal atresia, hypoplasia of zygomatic complex, microcephaly, cup‐shaped ears, congenital heart defect, and mental retardation—New MCA/MR syndrome in two affected sibs and a mildly affected mother?
Authors: Wieczorek Dagmar , Shaw‐Smith Charles , Kohlhase Jürgen , Schmitt Wolfgang , Buiting Karin , Coffey Alison , Howard Eleanor , Hehr Ute , Gillessen‐Kaesbach Gabriele 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe previously undescribed combination of esophageal atresia, hypoplasia of the zygomatic complex, microcephaly, cup‐shaped ears, congenital heart defect, and mental retardation was diagnosed in two siblings of different sexes, with the brother being more severely affected. The mother presented with zygomatic arch hypoplasia of the right side only. We discuss major differential diagnoses: Goldenhar, Feingold, CHARGE, and Treacher Collins syndromes show a few overlapping clinical features, but these diagnoses are unlikely as the clinical findings are unusual for Goldenhar syndrome and mutational screening of the MYCN, the CHD7, and the TCOF1 genes did not reveal any abnormalities. Autosomal recessive oto–facial syndrome, hypomandibular faciocranial dysostosis, and Ozkan syndromes were clinically excluded. A microdeletion 22q11.2 was excluded by FISH analysis, a microdeletion 2p23‐p24 by microsatellite analyses, a subtelomeric chromosomal aberration by MLPA, and a small genomic deletion/duplication by CGH array. As X‐inactivation studies did not show skewed X‐inactivation in the mother, we consider X‐chromosomal recessive inheritance of this condition less likely. We discuss autosomal dominant inheritance with variable expressivity or mosaicism in the mother as the likely genetic mechanism in this new multiple congenital anomaly/mental retardation (MCA/MR) syndrome. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Using 1H‐NMR spectroscopy for the kinetic study of the in situ solution free‐radical copolymerization of styrene and ethyl acrylate
Authors: Abdollahi Mahdi , Mehdipour‐Ataei Shahram , Ziaee Farshid 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe free‐radical copolymerization of styrene and ethyl acrylate in benzene‐d6 as the solvent in the presence of benzoyl peroxide as an initiator at 70°C was studied by online 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The chemical composition of the copolymer at different reaction times was calculated from the conversion of the monomers to the copolymer, and then the reactivity ratios of styrene and ethyl acrylate were determined at both low and high conversions. Data for the overall monomer conversion versus the time were used to estimate the ratio kpkt−0.5 for different compositions of the initial feed (kp is the propagation rate constant, and kt is the termination rate constant). kpk increased with an increasing molar fraction of ethyl acrylate in the initial feed. The monomer mixture and copolymer compositions versus the overall monomer conversion were calculated with the data of 1H‐NMR spectra. The incorporation of the styrene monomer into the copolymer structure was more favored than that of the ethyl acrylate monomer. Reducing the molar fraction of styrene in the initial feed intensified this. Drawing the molar fraction of styrene (or ethyl acrylate) in the copolymer chains versus that in the initial feed showed a tendency of the system toward random copolymerization. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of polyurethane urea acrylates: Effects of the hard segments structure
Authors: Oprea Stefan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA series of poly(ester‐urethane‐urea) acrylates were synthesized using poly(ethylene adipate) diol (PEA), 4,4′‐diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI), different diamines and acrylic acid. On the basis of IR, stress–strain, thermogravimetric, and differential scanning calorimetry measurements of their cured materials, relations between their structure and physical properties were investigated systematically. The properties were compared with a polyurethane acrylate (PUA) elastomer in which the variable was the diamine modification. The mechanical analysis indicated that, when the short chain of diamine was used, the strength and strain at break of the polymer was enhanced. The thermal stability and the glass transition of PUA increased with increased of diamine chain. The crosslinking process depresses crystallization of the soft segments and can be used to obtain protective films and finishing materials for the leather industry. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
A novel method for preparing composites of PDMS/PS core–shell emulsion and polystyrene
Authors: Hu Chunling , Zhang Yumin , Li Wei , Gu Qiang 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA novel and simple method for preparing composites of PDMS/PS core–shell emulsion and polystyrene was reported. This method was based on emulsion and suspension in situ polymerization. The relationship between the process of core–shell emulsion breaking and electrolyte concentration was studied by spectrophotometry. The results of transmission electron microscopy showed that polydimethylsiloxane soft particles were dispersed uniformly in the composites. Diameters of the composite beads ranged from 0.5 to 4.0 mm, which could be controlled by adjusting the amount of hydroxyapatite. At last, the properties of the latex film including water absorption ratio, contact angle, pendulum hardness and transparency were tested. The results showed that the content of emulsion obvious affected the properties. During the process of emulsion and suspension in situ polymerization, the contact angle of the latex films ascended to 106.06° and the transmission ratio at 500 nm decreased to 0.3 with the increasing of core–shell emulsion. Whereas, the absorption and pendulum hardness fell to 0.37% and 322 S, respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Effect of nanoparticle size and size‐distribution on mechanical behavior of filled amorphous thermoplastic polymers
Authors: Kausch H. H. , Michler G. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDifferent types of polymer nanocomposites on the base of polystyrene, polymethylmethacrylate, and polycarbonate with alumina and SiO2 nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes have been studied. Miniaturized, microdimensional samples were used, enabling a good control of morphology and distribution of particles by means of transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Special preparation techniques had been applied, which resulted in a very good dispersion of the nanoparticles. Using these materials with really nanosized particles of a few 10nm in size the effect on toughness enhancement could be studied without agglomerates as they often appear in the generally used large samples. Micromechanical mechanisms were studied in detail by TEM and SEM investigations of deformed samples. A “nanoparticle modulated crazing” could be detected as a toughness enhancing effect. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007