bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A unified degree day model describes survivorship ofCopitarsia corrudaPogue & Simmons (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) at different constant temperatures
Authors: Gómez N.N. , Venette R.C. , Gould J.R. , Winograd D.F. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPredictions of survivorship are critical to quantify the probability of establishment by an alien invasive species, but survival curves rarely distinguish between the effects of temperature on development versus senescence. We report chronological and physiological age-based survival curves for a potentially invasive noctuid, recently described asCopitarsia corrudaPogue & Simmons, collected from Peru and reared on asparagus at six constant temperatures between 9.7 and 34.5°C.Copitarsiaspp. are not known to occur in the United States but are routinely intercepted at ports of entry. Chronological age survival curves differ significantly among temperatures. Survivorship at early age after hatch is greatest at lower temperatures and declines as temperature increases. Mean longevity was 220 (±13 SEM) days at 9.7°C. Physiological age survival curves constructed with developmental base temperature (7.2°C) did not correspond to those constructed with a senescence base temperature (5.9°C). A single degree day survival curve with an appropriate temperature threshold based on senescence adequately describes survivorship under non-stress temperature conditions (5.9–24.9°C).
Competition and intraguild predation between the braconid parasitoidBracon hylobiiand the entomopathogenic nematodeHeterorhabditis downesi, natural enemies of the large pine weevil,Hylobius abietis
Authors: Everard A. , Griffin C.T. , Dillon A.B. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn biological control programmes introduced natural enemies compete with indigenous enemies for hosts and may also engage in intraguild predation when two species competing for the same prey attack and consume one another. The large pine weevil,Hylobius abietisL. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an important pest of coniferous reforestation in Europe. Among its natural enemies, the parasitoidBracon hylobiiRatz. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and entomopathogenic nematodes have potential as biological control agents. Both parasitoid and nematodes target the weevil larvae and, hence, there is potential for competition or intraguild predation.In this study, we examine the interaction ofB. hylobiiwith the nematodeHeterorhabditis downesiStock, Griffin and Burnell (Nematode: Heterorhabditidae), testing the susceptibility of larvae, pupae and adults ofB. hylobiitoH. downesiand whether female parasitoids discriminate between nematode-infected and uninfected weevils for oviposition. In choice tests, when weevils were exposed to nematodes 1–7 days previously, noB. hylobiioviposited on nematode-infected weevil larvae. Up to 24 h, healthy weevils were twice as likely as nematode-infected ones to be used for oviposition.Bracon hylobiifemales did not adjust clutch size; nematode-infected hosts were either rejected or the parasitoid laid a full clutch of eggs on them.When nematodes were applied to the parasitoid feeding on weevil larvae, the nematodes parasitized the parasitoid larvae, there was a reduction in cocoon formation and fewer cocoons eclosed. Eclosion rate was not reduced when nematodes were applied to fully formed cocoons, but nearly all of the emerging adults were killed by nematodes.
Fine-scale chemical zonation in small mafic dykes, Kestiö Island, SW Finland
Authors: CHISTYAKOVA SOFYA , LATYPOV RAIS 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDetailed centimetre-scale sampling across two small dolerite dykes (7 and 21 cm wide) of Kestiö Island, SW Finland, has revealed a well-developed internal zonation, with surprisingly systematic compositional variations. From the margins inwards, the dykes exhibit a steady decrease in whole-rock MgO, Mg number (100Mg/(Mg+Fetotal)) and normative Opx (indicating a normal fractionation trend) with simultaneous increase in normative An (100An/(An+Ab)) and decrease in incompatible Zr, Y, TiO2and P2O5(indicating a reverse fractionation trend). In addition, marginal rocks of dykes contain normative corundum that is apparently associated with their significant depletion in whole-rock CaO. The extent of margin-to-centre differentiation of dykes in terms of most components is slight to modest, although in some petrochemical parameters it is quite high (e.g. 15 mol. % of normative An). The dykes are almost glassy and uncontaminated by host rocks, suggesting that their compositional profiles are primary and most likely reflect temporal changes in composition of magma filling the dykes. A mechanism responsible for the systematic changes in composition of inflowing magma remains elusive, however, since no known processes are able to force magma to evolve simultaneously along both normal and reverse fractionation trends. The study thus appears to indicate some not yet specified process of magma differentiation.
The Unit 12 allivalite, Eastern Layered Intrusion, Isle of Rum: a textural and geochemical study of an open-system magma chamber
Authors: HOLNESS MARIAN B. , WINPENNY BEN 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe Eastern Layered Intrusion of the Rum Central Complex, NW Scotland, comprises 16 macro-units broadly defined by a basal peridotite body overlain by gabbros and troctolites. The local term for the upper plagioclase-bearing cumulates is ‘allivalite’. The Unit 12 allivalite contains five subsidiary peridotite horizons, each continuous on the kilometre scale. Field, textural and geochemical evidence points to the Unit 12 allivalite forming by progressive accumulation of crystals from up to seven separate magma batches, varying from picrite to basalt. The thickness of the magma lens in the sill-like chamber was as low as 30 m during a significant part of the development of the Unit 12 allivalite, and evidence supports one eruption from the chamber during its accumulation.
BRITAIN AND GLOBALISATION SINCE 1850: III. CREATING THE WORLD OF BRETTON WOODS, 1939–1958
Authors: Daunton Martin 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTDuring the Second World War, attention turned to reconstructing the world economy by moving away from competitive devaluations, protectionism and economic nationalism that had marred the 1930s. The Americans had considerable economic and political power, and they wished to restore multilateral trade, fixed exchanges and convertibility of currencies. The British government was in a difficult position, for it faced a serious balance of payments deficit and large accumulations of sterling in the Commonwealth and other countries. Multilateralism and convertibility posed serious difficulties. This address considers whether the American government had economic and financial hegemony after the war, or whether it was constrained; and asks how the British government was able to manoeuvre between America, Europe and the sterling area. The result was a new trade-off between international monetary policy, free trade, capital controls and domestic economic policy that was somewhat different from the ambitions of the American government and from British commitments made during and at the end of the war.
Supershort avalanche electron beam generation in gases
Authors: Tarasenko V.F. , Baksht E.H. , Burachenko A.G. , Kostyrya I.D. , Lomaev M.I. , Rybka D.V. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper reports on the properties of a supershort avalanche electron beam generated in the air or other gases under atmospheric pressure and gives the analysis of a generation mechanism of supershort avalanche electron beam, as well as methods of such electron beams registration. It is reported that in the air under the pressure of 1 atm, a supershort (<100 ps) avalanche electron beam is formed in the solid angle more than 2π steradian. The electron beam has been obtained behind a 45 µm thick Al-Be foil in SF6 and Xe under the pressure of 2 atm, and in He, under the pressure of about 15 atm. It is shown that in SF6 under the high pressure (>1 atm) duration (full width at half maximum) of supershort avalanche electron beam pulse is about 150 ps.
Fore-vacuum plasma-cathode electron sources
Authors: Burdovitsin V.A. , Oks E.M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a review of physical principles, design, and performances of plasma-cathode direct current (dc) electron beam guns operated in so called fore-vacuum pressure (1–15 Pa). That operation pressure range was not reached before for any kind of electron sources. A number of unique parameters of the e-beam were obtained, such as electron energy (up to 25 kV), dc beam current (up 0.5 A), and total beam power (up to 7 kW). For electron beam generation at these relatively high pressures, the following special features are important: high probability of electrical breakdown within the accelerating gap, a strong influence of back-streaming ions on both the emission electrode and the emitting plasma, generation of secondary plasma in the beam propagation region, and intense beam-plasma interactions that lead in turn to broadening of the beam energy spectrum and beam defocusing. Yet other unique peculiarities can occur for the case of ribbon electron beams, having to do with local maxima in the lateral beam current density distribution. The construction details of several plasma-cathode electron sources and some specific applications are also presented.
Quantitation of LMW‐GS to HMW‐GS Ratio in Wheat Flours
Authors: Cinco‐Moroyoqui Francisco J. , MacRitchie Finlay 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTA comparison was made of methods for measuring the LMW/HMW glutenin subunit (GS) ratio for glutenin. A set of near‐isogenic wheat lines with the number of HMW‐GS varying from 0 to 5 was utilized to provide a wide range of LMW/HMW‐GS. Glutenin preparations were obtained from ground whole meal after solubilization of monomeric proteins by dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or 50% propanol or by fraction collection from a preparative SE‐HPLC column. Analyses were made on the reduced glutenin from each of the three preparations by RP‐HPLC, SE‐HPLC, and SDS‐PAGE. Both solvents, DMSO and 50% propanol, extracted appreciable amounts of polymeric protein, thus casting some doubts on the accuracy of the determinations. This problem was largely avoided when the polymeric fraction was collected from the eluate of a total glutenin extract run on a preparative SE‐HPLC column. Less glutenin was removed by the two solvents for lines with a greater number of HMW‐GS or with strength‐associated HMW‐GS 5+10 coded by the 1D chromosome. Collection of the polymeric protein in SE‐HPLC, followed by separation of the glutenin subunits in RP‐HPLC, was the best method for quantitating the LMW/HMW‐GS ratio. SE‐HPLC gave a clear separation of the two groups of subunits as well as HMW albumins. RP‐HPLC has the potential advantage of being able to quantitate individual subunits.
Minimal residual disease detection in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia patients at multiple time‐points reveals high levels of concordance between molecular and immunophenotypic approaches
Authors: Ryan Jacqueline , Quinn Fiona , Meunier Armelle , Boublikova Ludmila , Crampe Mireille , Tewari Prerna , O’Marcaigh Aengus , Stallings Ray , Neat Michael , O’Meara Ann , Breatnach Fin , McCann Shaun , Browne Paul , Smith Owen , Lawler Mark 
Published: November 2008

SummaryIn this single centre study of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) patients treated on the Medical Research Council UKALL 97/99 protocols, it was determined that minimal residual disease (MRD) detected by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ‐PCR) and 3‐colour flow cytometry (FC) displayed high levels of qualitative concordance when evaluated at multiple time‐points during treatment (93·38%), and a combined use of both approaches allowed a multi time‐point evaluation of MRD kinetics for 90% (53/59) of the initial cohort. At diagnosis, MRD markers with sensitivity of at least 0·01% were identified by RQ‐PCR detection of fusion gene transcripts,IGH/TRGrearrangements, and FC. Using a combined RQ‐PCR and FC approach, the evaluation of 367 follow‐up BM samples revealed that the detection of MRD >1% at Day 15 (P = 0·04), >0·01% at the end of induction (P = 0·02), >0·01% at the end of consolidation (P = 0·01), >0·01% prior to the first delayed intensification (P = 0·01), and >0·1% prior to the second delayed intensification and continued maintenance (P = 0·001) were all associated with relapse and, based on early time‐points (end of induction and consolidation) a significant log‐rank trend (P = 0·0091) was noted between survival curves for patients stratified into high, intermediate and low‐risk MRD groups.
Non‐working nurses in Japan: estimated size and its age‐cohort characteristics
Authors: Nakata Yoshifumi , Miyazaki Satoru 
Published: November 2008

Aims and objectives.  This paper aims to forecast the total number of non‐working nursing staff in Japan both overall and in terms of separate age groups for assistant nurses and fully qualified nurses. This also examines policy implications of those forecasts.Background.  Although the existence of around 550,000 of non‐working nursing staff has been announced, the actual number of non‐working nurses is not so clear that we might make errors in making policy to meet nurse workforce demand and supply in Japan.Design and method.  Estimations by integrating various data on the quantitative characteristics of non‐working nursing staff were carried out. Considering the length and the type of education or training in referred four nursing positions; registered nurses, assistant nurses, public health nurses and midwives, we first estimated the number of students who completed a full course. And then multiplying by the ratio for gender and age classifications at the time of entry into courses, the number of those who obtained licenses was estimated.Results.  The number of non‐working nurses was estimated at 100,000 higher than those in 2005 by government. Looking at age group, it is also possible to see a strong reflection of an employment pattern that follows the life cycle of female workers. Further analysis of life cycle effects and cohort effects proved the effect of life cycles even when subtracting the differences between the working behaviours of different generations.Conclusions.  Our findings strongly suggest the need to provide an urgent policy that workplace conditions can be created in which a balance between work and family is achievable. Moreover, to empower clinical activity, we also believe there is an urgent need to reexamine the overall career vision for assistant nurses including in terms of compensation.Relevance to clinical practice.  Our findings strongly suggests that consideration for work‐life balance of nursing staff; particularly, female staff is all the more important to provide a stable quality care.
Management of pulmonary tuberculosis in Tajikistan: which factors determine hospitalization?
Authors: Thierfelder Clara , Makowiecka Krystyna , Vinichenko Tatyana , Ayé Raffel , Edwards Phil , Wyss Kaspar 
Published: November 2008

SummaryObjective  To assess predictors for tuberculosis hospitalization and treatment outcome in Tajikistan.Methods  Stratified, single stage cluster sample survey of 1495 adult patients with pulmonary TB during 2 calendar years (2005–2006) from the registries of 10 TB centres chosen by simple random sampling. The primary outcome was referral to hospital. Logistic regression was conducted to test associations with the study outcome using linearization and a variance formula.Results  Prevalence of hospitalization for tuberculosis was 58%. The odds of patients with smear‐positive tuberculosis being referred were three times those of smear‐negative patients [OR 2.99 (95% CI 1.81–4.96)]. Other predictors for hospitalization were the availability of TB hospital beds within the same district [OR 2.15 (95% CI 1.22–3.76)] and male gender [OR 1.46 (95% CI 1.07–2.48)]. The overall treatment success was 80%.Conclusions  Hospitalization of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis was determined by positive sputum smear, supply of hospital beds, and gender. Reducing hospitalization with support of national guidelines is not expected to have a negative impact on treatment outcome and spread of disease, but could lead to improved efficiency and effectives of health service delivery for pulmonary tuberculosis in Tajikistan.
Corticosteroid enhances TNF‐α‐mediated leukocyte adhesion to pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells
Authors: Matsuda A. , Orihara K. , Fukuda S. , Fujinaga H. , Matsumoto K. , Saito H. 
Published: November 2008

Background:  Some severe asthma patients are characterized by elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and neutrophilic inflammation in the airways. Although such phenotypic changes in asthma might contribute to corticosteroid refractoriness, the role of TNF‐α in the process remains unclear. TNF‐α exerts its biological effects mainly by acting on the vascular endothelium, and thereby upregulates leukocyte recruitment into inflamed tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dexamethasone (DEX) on the TNF‐α‐mediated responses of human microvascular endothelial cells from lung blood vessels (HMVEC‐LBl) in vitro.Methods:  HMVEC‐LBl were cultured with TNF‐α in the presence and absence of DEX. The effects of DEX on various TNF‐α‐mediated responses, such as the expressions of chemokines and cellular adhesion molecules, leukocyte adhesion were determined.Results:  TNF‐α significantly induced growth‐related oncogene alpha (GRO‐α), interleukin 8 (IL‐8), regulated on activation, normal T‐cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) and interferon‐inducible protein 10 (IP‐10) productions and cell surface expressions of intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM‐1) on HMVEC‐LBl. TNF‐α‐induced GRO‐α and IL‐8 were slightly attenuated by DEX treatment (reaches to 89% and 79%, respectively), whereas expressions of IP‐10, ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 were significantly enhanced by the same treatment (up to 172%, 152% and 139%, respectively). Correspondingly, in vitro adhesion of eosinophils and neutrophils to TNF‐α‐treated HMVEC‐LBl were significantly enhanced by DEX.Conclusions:  Some proinflammatory effects of DEX, a corticosteroid, were found in TNF‐α‐mediated in vitro reactions of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells, i.e. chemokine productions and leukocyte adhesion. These in vitro results may explain, at least in part, the corticosteroid refractoriness accompanied by a marked increase in TNF‐α production that is seen in severe asthmatic patients.
Aggregation of human platelets induced by porcine endothelial cells is dependent upon both activation of complement and thrombin generation
Authors: Robson Simon C. , Siegel Jonathan B. , Lesnikoski Beth A. , Kopp Christoph , Candinas Daniel , Ryan Una , Bach Fritz H. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: The binding of human xenoreactive antibody (XNA) to porcine endothelium with complement (C) activation via the classical pathways is considered the major event triggering hyperacute rejection (HAR) with microvascular thrombosis in vivo. As C components are linked to key events in blood coagulation, we have examined pathways whereby activation of complement by endothelial cells results in xenogeneic platelet activation in vitro.Methods: Cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells (pEC), human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) or human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were prepared in suspension (5 × 106/ml) using EDTA‐collagenase. Human platelet rich plasma (PRP) and washed platelets with platelet poor plasma (PPP) were prepared from control, drug free, volunteer donors. All aggregation tests used a two‐sample, four‐channel, model 560 Ca Lumi‐Aggregometer (Chronolog Corporation, Havertown, PA). Selected assays for complement (C3a; C5b‐C9; CH50; and AP50) were then performed on supernatant fluids. To test the effects of complement inhibition and thrombin antagonists, the following agents were pre‐incubated with PRP (or PPP) in various titrations for 10 min at 37°C prior to combination with pEC in the aggregometer: soluble complement receptor typel (sCR1); Cobra Venom Factor (CVF), heparin, hirudin, and anti‐CD31 (anti‐PECAM). In addition, pEC, HAEC, and HUVEC were incubated with 10–20% human PPP; supernatant fluids were harvested at various time points and used for platelet activation assays and for functional tests of thrombin or levels of thrombin‐antithrombin complexes (TAT).Results: pEC but not HAEC/HUVEC resulted in activation of PRP or washed platelets only in the presence of supplemental PPP. Platelet activation could be inhibited by pre‐incubation of samples with CVF (2–5 IU/ml to deplete complement components) and to a variable extent with sCRl (1–2 mg/ml). Complement assays confirmed activation of C3 by the classical pathway with reduction of the CH50 while C6 deficient samples also supported platelet activation. Aggregation of platelets was inhibited by preincubation of PRP with concentrations of hirudin (1 unit/ml) and heparin (5–10 units/ml) sufficient to neutralize thrombin generated. Supernatant fluids containing PPP removed from pEC were found to have increased levels of thrombin and thrombin‐antithrombin complexes and could also activate platelets in a hirudin sensitive manner.Discussion: Platelet and pEC combinations underwent aggregation only in the presence of complement components. This process appeared independent, at least in part, of the assembly of terminal complement components. Consequent pEC generation of thrombin appeared adequate to trigger platelet aggregation which could in turn be inhibited by hirudin or heparin in vitro.
Thrombin Inhibition in discordant xenograft rejection
Authors: Lesnikoski Beth‐Ann , Candinas Daniel , Otsu Ichiro , Metternich Rainer , Bach Fritz H. , Robson Simon C. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract: Microvascular thrombosis and the associated platelet and endothelial cell activation are prominent observations in xenograft rejection. This pathological picture could be related to the excessive generation of thrombin in the context of either inflammation or putative inter‐species molecular incompatibilities between activated coagulation factors and their natural anticoagulants. Relatively selective thrombin Inhibition with the serine protease inhibitor SDZ MTH 958 (MTH‐958) are independent of heparinoids and anti‐thrombin III. MTH‐958 has been shown to significantly prolong porcine cardiac function during perfusion with human blood in an ex vivo model. The aim of this study was to validate the role of thrombin generation in a rodent model of discordant xenograft rejection in vivo.The effect of thrombin inhibition with MTH‐958 was tested in both hyperacute rejection (HAR) and delayed xenograft rejection (DXR) after decomplementation with cobra venom factor (CVF) in normal Lewis (Lew) rats and Intrinsic C6 deficiency In PVG (C6‐/PVG) recipient rats. Recipient rats received heterotopic guinea pig cardiac xenografts and were treated with titrated doses of MTH‐958 until the time of graft rejection. Plasma samples at selected time points were examined to confirm effective thrombin inhibition, and rejected grafts were analyzed by immunohistology. MTH‐958 significantly improved graft survival in HAR albeit the extent of prolongation was not marked, but the agent failed to prolong survival In CVF‐treated Lew rats. In C6‐/PVG rats receiving MTH‐958, a significantly reduced graft survival time was observed when compared with C6‐/PVG controls. The grafts from MTH‐958‐treated animals showed dense deposits of C3, IgM, and IgG with fibrin levels similar to controls.The thrombin antagonist tested could prolong xenograft survival during HAR but had no benefit in DXR. The relative non‐specificity of the serine protease inhibitor MTH‐958 with the potential activation of alternative pathway of complement via the inhibition of factor I could account for the failure to prolong xenograft survival in DXR. The pathogenetic significance of thrombin generation in this situation remains to be determined by the use of more selective and pharmacologically acceptable I anti‐thrombin agents.