bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phytoplankton production and growth rate in Lake Tanganyika: evidence of a decline in primary productivity in recent decades
Authors: STENUITE STEPHANE , PIRLOT SAMUEL , HARDY MARIE‐ASTRID , SARMENTO HUGO , TARBE ANNE‐LAURE , LEPORCQ BRUNO , DESCY JEAN‐PIERRE 
Published: July 2007

Summary1. This study focused on phytoplankton production in Lake Tanganyika. We provide new estimates of daily and annual primary production, as well as growth rates of phytoplankton, and we compare them with values published in former studies.2. Chlorophyll‐a(chl‐a) in the mixed layer ranged from 5 to 120 mg chl‐a m−2and varied significantly between rainy and dry seasons. Particulate organic carbon concentrations were significantly higher in the south basin (with 196 and 166 mg C m−3in the dry and the rainy season, respectively) than in the north basin (112 and 109 mg C m−3, respectively).3. Carbon : phosphorus (C : P) ratios varied according to season. Phosphorus limitation seemed to occur more frequently than nitrogen limitation, especially during the rainy season. Severe P deficiencies were rare.4. Measured particulate daily primary production ranged from 110 to 1410 mg C m−2 day−1; seasonal contrasts were well marked in the north basin, but less in the south basin, where primary production peaks occurred also in the rainy season. Estimates of annual primary production, based on daily primary production calculated from chl‐aand water transparency, gave values lower than those reported in previous studies. Picophytoplankton accounted on average for 56% of total particulate production in the south basin during the wet season of 2003.5. Phytoplankton growth rates, calculated from primary production, ranged from 0.055 to 0.282 day−1; these are lower than previously published values for Lake Tanganyika.
Combining surveys of river habitats and river birds to appraise riverine hydromorphology
Authors: VAUGHAN I. P. , NOBLE D. G. , ORMEROD S. J. 
Published: July 2007

Summary1. Biological monitoring is vital to river conservation. Aside from providing census data, regular monitoring may detect population trends that reflect the degradation or remediation of riverine environments. Birds are major candidates for this purpose because of their connections to riverine food webs and river habitat features. However, much information on factors affecting river bird distributions is qualitative.2. River bird populations have been surveyed annually in the U.K. since 1974. The value of this monitoring could be increased if links between population trends and changes in riverine landscapes or channel hydromorphology were better understood. We modelled the relationships between bird species’ distributions recorded by the British Trust for Ornithology's Waterways Breeding Bird Survey (WBBS) and hydromorphology recorded by the Environment Agency's River Habitat Survey (RHS).3. Regression models were built for 20 bird species associated with the river channel and neighbouring floodplains. This provided one of the first illustrations in ecology of generalized estimating equations (GEEs) for extending generalized linear models to instances where individual observations are not statistically independent. GEEs could offer a range of benefits to freshwater biologists, as they are a simple approach to analysing hierarchical, correlated data while maintaining the ease of interpretation with a range of link functions and data types.4. Upland, fast water species and reedbed specialists showed the closest links with RHS, followed by lowland, slow water species, where correlations to RHS varied widely in magnitude. The distributions of floodplain wading birds were poorly modelled by RHS, suggesting that floodplain land uses as quantified by RHS were poor predictors of distributions. Marked preferences between upland and lowland channels were evident for most species. Specific features were also important, including hydraulics, bank/channel vegetation, depositional features and anthropogenic structures.5. Monitoring the abundance and distribution of a range of bird species, with a diversity of life histories, could be a valuable tool for assessing trends in riverine landscapes and whole river basins. RHS captures useful information about channel hydromorphology and vegetation, but needs supplementing with additional environmental information to describe (i) the wider riverine landscape (e.g. more detailed floodplain variables, proximity of other waterbodies) and (ii) water chemistry. Although further work is required, this study suggests that WBBS and RHS add mutual value in appraising the river environment. We advocate the further development of birds as indicators in riverine landscapes that could convey the importance of the ecological integrity, biological production and conservation value of river systems to a wider audience.
Magnetic resonance imaging of ankle tendons and ligaments: Part I – Anatomy
Authors: Kong A , Cassumbhoy R , Subramaniam RM 
Published: July 2007

SummaryMagnetic resonance imaging is an excellent technique for imaging the tendons and the ligaments of the ankle. Owing to the advantage of detailed demonstration of soft‐tissue structures and capability for multiplanar demonstration of the ankle ligaments and tendons, MRI has been increasingly used in the evaluation of the ligamentous and the tendon injuries of the ankle. Knowledge of normal anatomy and of MRI appearances are essential to recognize pathological appearances. In this pictorial essay, the first of a three part series, we review the normal MRI appearances of the ankle tendons and ligaments. The anterior, lateral and medial tendon groups, the Achilles tendon and the lateral, the syndesmotic and the medial ligament groups are described and illustrated. Anatomy of the sinus tarsi is also described. Tendon and ligament pathology will be illustrated in the second part of the series, and imaging approach to ankle injuries will be outlined in the final part of this series.
Comparison of CT and positron emission tomography/CT coregistered images in planning radical radiotherapy in patients with non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: MacManus M , D’Costa I , Everitt S , Andrews J , Ackerly T , Binns D , Lau E , Ball D , Weih L , Hicks RJ 
Published: July 2007

SummaryImaging with F‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) significantly improves lung cancer staging, especially when PET and CT information are combined. We describe a method for obtaining CT and PET images at separate acquisitions, which allows coregistration and incorporation of PET information into the radiotherapy (RT) planning process for non‐small‐cell lung cancer. The influence of PET information on RT planning was analysed for 10 consecutive patients. Computed tomography and PET images were acquired with the patient in an immobilization device, in the treatment position. Using specially written software, PET and CT data were coregistered using fiducial markers and imported into our RT planning system (Cadplan version 6). Treatment plans were prepared with and without access to PET/CT coregistered images and then compared. PET influenced the treatment plan in all cases. In three cases, geographic misses (gross tumour outside planning target volume) would have occurred had PET not been used. In a further three cases, better planning target volume marginal coverage was achieved with PET. In four patients, three with atelectasis, there were significant reductions in V20 (percentage of the total lung volume receiving 20 Gy or more). Use of coregistered PET/CT images significantly altered treatment plans in a majority of cases. This method could be used in routine practice at centres without access to a combined PET/CT scanner .
Correlation between parathyroid hormone, bone alkaline phosphatase and N‐telopeptide of type 1 collagen in diabetic and non‐diabetic haemodialysis patients
Authors: TAKAHASHI NOBUNORI , KOJIMA TOSHIHISA , OGAWA HIROSHI , ISHIGURO NAOKI 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARY:Background:  Haemodialysis (HD) patients with diabetes mellitus often have renal osteodystrophy (ROD) characterized by reduced bone turnover, but little is known about the correlation between bone formation and bone resorption in this population.Methods:  The authors measured serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), N‐telopeptides of type 1 collagen (NTx) and fasting glucose in 48 patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and 80 patients with glomerulonephritis (non‐DN) who had received ≤10 years of regular HD. Spearman's correlation coefficients (r) were derived.Results:  In the whole patients, the DN group had a lower PTH and NTx level than the non‐DN group. Serum PTH was not correlated with NTx in the DN group, whereas all three markers were correlated with each other in the non‐DN group. Subdividing the DN patients according to HD duration revealed remarkable differences in the correlation between BAP and NTx: in patients receiving ≥5 years HD (r = 0.568) this correlation was similar to that in the non‐DN group (r = 0.653), whereas there was no significant correlation in those receiving <5 years HD. Patients receiving ≥5 years HD had a comparable glucose level (111.1 ± 19.2 mg/dL) to the non‐DN group, whereas those receiving <5 years had a higher level (196.1 ± 53.1 mg/dL).Conclusion:  Differences in the interaction between bone cells between DN and non‐DN patients are one potential cause of lower bone turnover in the former group. Research of this correlation is needed to increase understanding of the complexities of bone metabolism in DN patients.
Separating the determinants of phylogenetic community structure
Authors: Helmus Matthew R. , Savage Kristina , Diebel Matthew W. , Maxted Jeffrey T. , Ives Anthony R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe role of competition in forbidding similar species from co‐occurring has long been debated. A difficulty in identifying this repulsion of similar species is that similar species share similar environmental requirements and hence show an attraction to communities where these requirements are met. To disentangle these opposing patterns, we use phylogenetic relatedness as an objective metric of species similarities. Studying 11 sunfishes (Centrarchidae) from 890 lakes, we first show no phylogenetic pattern in the raw community data. We then regressed sunfish presence/absence against seven environmental variables and show that lakes with similar water clarity and latitude likely contain closely related species. After statistically removing the environmental effects, phylogenetic repulsion was apparent, with closely related sunfishes less likely to co‐occur. Thus, both phylogenetic attraction, driven by environmental filtering, and phylogenetic repulsion, possibly caused by competition, simultaneously occur and obscure one another in the overall phylogenetic structure of sunfish communities.
A comparative study of the cytometric characteristics of High and Low nucleic‐acid bacterioplankton cells from different aquatic ecosystems
Authors: Bouvier Thierry , Del Giorgio Paul A. , Gasol Josep M. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryFlow cytometry has revealed the existence of two distinct fractions of bacterioplankton cells, characterized by high and low nucleic acid contents (HNA and LNA cells). Although these fractions seem ubiquitous in aquatic systems, little is known concerning the variation in the cytometric parameters used to characterize them. We have performed cytometric analyses of samples from a wide range of aquatic systems to determine the magnitude and variability in the cytometric characteristics of HNA/LNA. We show that neither group is associated to a fixed level of fluorescence and of light scatter. Rather, the relative position of HNA and LNA in the fluorescence versus side scatter cytograms varies greatly, both within and among ecosystems. Although the cytometric parameters of both groups tend to covary, there is often uncoupling between the two, particularly in light scatter. Our results show that, although the basic HNA/LNA configuration is present in most samples, its cytometric expression changes greatly in different ecosystems and along productivity gradients. The patterns in cytometric parameters do not support the simple, dichotomous view of HNA and LNA as active and inactive cells, or the notion of two distinct and independent communities, but rather suggest that there may be cells that are intrinsic to each fraction, as well as others that may exchange between fractions.
Improved Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay To RevealMycoplasma agassiziiExposure: a Valuable Tool in the Management of Environmentally Sensitive Tortoise Populations
Authors: Wendland Lori D. , Zacher Laurie A. , Klein Paul A. , Brown Daniel R. , Demcovitz Dina , Littell Ramon , Brown Mary B. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe precarious status of desert (Gopherus agassizii) and gopher (Gopherus polyphemus) tortoises has resulted in research and conservation efforts that include health assessments as a substantial component of management decision-making. Therefore, it is critical that available diagnostic tests for diseases impacting these species undergo rigorous standardization and validation. Since 1992, analysis of exposure of tortoises toMycoplasma agassizii, an etiological agent of upper respiratory tract disease, has relied on the detection of specificM. agassiziiantibody by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We report here substantive refinements in the diagnostic assay and discuss the implications of its use in wildlife conservation and management. The ELISA has been refined to include more stringent quality control measures and has been converted to a clinically more meaningful titer reporting system, consistent with other diagnostic serologic tests. The ELISA results for 5,954 desert and gopher tortoises were plotted, and a subset of these serum samples (n= 90) was used to determine end-point titers, to establish an optimum serum dilution for analyzing samples, and to construct a standard curve. The relationship between titer andA405was validated using 77 serum samples from known positive (n= 48) and negative (n= 29) control tortoises from prior transmission studies. The Youden index,J, and the optimal cut point,c, were estimated using ELISA results from the 77 control sera. Based on this evaluation, the refinement has substantially improved the performance of the assay (sensitivity of 0.98, specificity of 0.99, andJof 0.98), thus providing a clinically more reliable diagnostic test for this important infection of tortoises.
Genotypic Analysis of Varicella-Zoster Virus and Its Seroprevalence in Finland
Authors: Koskiniemi Marjaleena , Lappalainen Maija , Schmid D. Scott , Rubtcova Elena , Loparev Vladimir N. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT
We evaluated the seroprevalence of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in the Finnish population among various age groups and genetically characterized VZV strains from documented cases of varicella and zoster. VZV-specific immunoglobulin G was measured in 2,842 serum samples that had been submitted for virological studies to the Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, from 1995 to 1996. Specimens for VZV genotyping were obtained from vesicular lesions from two pediatric patients and 26 adult patients. Seroprevalence to VZV varied markedly by age: 45% in children aged ≤2 months, 12.5% in children aged 6 to 8 months, and >90% in children near 10 years of age, plateauing thereafter into advanced age. The seroprevalence rates indicate that in Finland, as in other countries with temperate climates, primary VZV infection usually occurs during the first decade of life. Twenty-eight VZV DNA-positive specimens were analyzed to identify VZV vaccine and wild-type genotypes. All analyzed specimens were wild type and the European (E) genotype.
Implementation Validation Performed in Rwanda To Determine Whether the INNO-LiPA Rif.TB Line Probe Assay Can Be Used for Detection of Multidrug-Resistant
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
in Low-Resource Countries
Authors: Quezada Cindy Maria , Kamanzi Eliane , Mukamutara Julienne , De Rijk Pim , Rigouts Leen , Portaels Françoise , Amor Yanis Ben 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT
We validated the implementation of the INNO-LiPA Rif.TB line probe assay, a diagnostic test for rapid detection of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), in Rwanda. No substantial difference was found between results obtained in Rwanda and results obtained in Belgium with the same samples. This rapid diagnostic test for MDR-TB can therefore be reliably implemented in a resource-poor setting.
New Method for Simultaneous Species-Specific Identification of Equine Strongyles (Nematoda, Strongylida) by Reverse Line Blot Hybridization
Authors: Traversa Donato , Iorio Raffaella , Klei Thomas R. , Kharchenko Vitaliy A. , Gawor Jakub , Otranto Domenico , Sparagano Olivier A. E. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe ability of a reverse line blot (RLB) assay to identify 13 common species of equine small strongyles (cyathostomins) and to discriminate them from threeStrongylusspp. (large strongyles) was demonstrated. The assay relied on the specific hybridization of PCR-amplified intergenic spacer DNA fragments of the nuclear ribosomal DNA to membrane-bound species-specific probes. All cyathostomins examined were unequivocally identified and simultaneously discriminated from each other and from three large strongyles (Strongylus edentatus,Strongylus equinus, andStrongylus vulgaris). This assay will enable the accurate and rapid identification of equine cyathostomins irrespective of their life cycle stage, opening important avenues for a better understanding of their biology and epidemiology and of the pathogenesis of cyathostomin-associated disease. In particular, this RLB method promises to be a powerful diagnostic tool to determine the roles of individual species in the pathogenesis of mixed infections and to elucidate some aspects of cyathostominosis. Also, it could represent a basic step toward the development of a rapid and simple molecular test for the early detection of drug-resistant genotypes of horse strongyle species.
Immunity to Avirulent Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackie A16 Virus Protects against Enterovirus 71 Infection in Mice
Authors: Wu Te-Chia , Wang Ya-Fang , Lee Yi-Ping , Wang Jen-Ren , Liu Ching-Chuan , Wang Shih-Min , Lei Huan-Yao , Su Ih-Jen , Yu Chun-Keung 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT
In this study, we sought to determine whether intratypic and intertypic cross-reactivity protected against enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection in a murine infection model. We demonstrate that active immunization of 1-day-old mice with avirulent EV71 strain or coxsackie A16 virus (CA16) by the oral route developed anti-EV71 antibodies with neutralizing activity (1:16 and 1:2, respectively). Splenocytes from both EV71- and CA16-immunized mice proliferated upon EV71 or CA16, but not coxsackie B3 virus (CB3), antigen stimulation. Immunized mice became more resistant to virulent EV71 strain challenge than nonimmunized mice. There was an increase in the percentage of activated splenic T cells and B cells in the immunized mice 2 days after EV71 challenge. The CA16 immune serum reacted with EV71 antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neutralized EV71 but not CB3 or poliovirus at a titer of 1:4. Passive immunization with the CA16 immune serum reduced the clinical score, diminished the organ viral load, and increased the survival rate of mice upon EV71 challenge. CB3 neither shared in vitro cross-reactivity with EV71 nor provided in vivo protection after both active and passive immunization. These results illustrated that live vaccine is feasible for EV71 and that intertypic cross-reactivity of enteroviruses may provide a way to determine the prevalence of EV71.
Autographa californica
Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus EXON0 (ORF141) Is Required for Efficient Egress of Nucleocapsids from the Nucleus
Authors: Fang Minggang , Dai Xiaojiang , Theilmann David A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

Autographa californica
multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV)
exon0
(
orf141
) has been shown to be required for the efficient production of budded virus (BV). The deletion of
exon0
reduces the level of BV production by up to 99% (X. Dai, T. M. Stewart, J. A. Pathakamuri, Q. Li, and D. A. Theilmann, J. Virol. 78:9633-9644, 2004); however, the function or mechanism by which EXON0 affects BV production is unknown. In this study, we further elucidated the function of EXON0 by investigating the localization of EXON0 in infected Sf9 cells and in virions and by identifying interactions between EXON0 and other viral proteins. In addition, electron microscopy was used to study the cellular localization of nucleocapsids in cells transfected with an
exon0
knockout (KO) virus. The results showed that EXON0 was localized to both the cytoplasm and the nuclei of infected Sf9 cells throughout the infection. Western blotting results also showed that EXON0 was purified along with BV and occlusion-derived virus (ODV). The fractionation of BV into the nucleocapsid and envelope components showed that EXON0 localized to the BV nucleocapsid. Yeast two-hybrid screening, coimmunoprecipitation, and confocal microscopy revealed that it interacted with nucleocapsid proteins FP25 and BV/ODV-C42. Cells transfected with the
exon0
KO virus exhibited normally appearing nucleocapsids in the nuclei in numbers equal to those in the nuclei of cells transfected with the EXON0 repaired virus. In contrast, the numbers of nucleocapsids in the cytoplasm of cells transfected with the
exon0
KO virus were significantly lower than those in the cytoplasm of cells transfected with the repaired virus. These results support the conclusion that EXON0 is required in the BV pathway for the efficient egress of nucleocapsids from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
Mutations in the Stalk of the Measles Virus Hemagglutinin Protein Decrease Fusion but Do Not Interfere with Virus-Specific Interaction with the Homologous Fusion Protein
Authors: Corey Elizabeth A. , Iorio Ronald M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe hemagglutinin (H) protein of measles virus (MV) mediates attachment to cellular receptors. The ectodomain of the H spike is thought to consist of a membrane-proximal stalk and terminal globular head, in which resides the receptor-binding activity. Like other paramyxovirus attachment proteins, MV H also plays a role in fusion promotion, which is mediated through an interaction with the viral fusion (F) protein. The stalk of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of several paramyxoviruses determines specificity for the homologous F protein. In addition, mutations in a conserved domain in the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) HN stalk result in a sharp decrease in fusion and an impaired ability to interact with NDV F in a cell surface coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP) assay. The region of MV H that determines specificity for the F protein has not been identified. Here, we have adapted the co-IP assay to detect the MV H-F complex at the surface of transfected HeLa cells. We have also identified mutations in a domain in the MV H stalk, similar to the one in the NDV HN stalk, that also drastically reduce fusion yet do not block complex formation with MV F. These results indicate that this domain in the MV H stalk is required for fusion but suggest either that mutation of it indirectly affects the H-dependent activation of F or that the MV H-F interaction is mediated by more than one domain in H. This points to an apparent difference in the way the MV and NDV glycoproteins interact to regulate fusion.