bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rough seas and statistical deconvolution
Authors: Kragh Ed , Laws Robert 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe rough‐sea reflection‐response varies (1) along the streamer (2) from shot to shot and (3) with time along the seismic trace. The resulting error in seismic data can be important for time‐lapse imaging. One potential way of reducing the rough‐sea receiver error is to use conventional statistical deconvolution, but special care is needed in the choice of the design and application windows.The well‐known deconvolution problem associated with the non‐whiteness of the reflection series is exacerbated by the requirement of an unusually short design window – a requirement that is imposed by the non‐stationary nature of the rough‐sea receiver wavelet. For a synthetic rough‐sea data set, with a white 1D reflection series, the design window needs to be about 1000 ms long, with an application window about 400 ms long, centred within the design window. Although such a short design window allows the deconvolution operator to follow the time‐variation of the rough‐sea wavelet, it is likely to be too short to prevent the non‐whiteness of the geology from corrupting the operator when it is used on real data.If finely spatial‐sampled traces are available from the streamer, the design window can be extended to neighbouring traces, making use of the spatial correlations of the rough‐sea wavelet. For this ‘wave‐following’ approach to be fruitful, the wind (and hence the dominant wave direction) needs to be roughly along the line of the streamer.
Clinical significance of CK5/6 and PTEN protein expression in patients with bilateral breast carcinoma
Authors: Piekarski J H , Biernat W 
Published: June 2006

Aims:  To assess the expression of cytokeratin (CK) 5/6 in bilateral breast cancers and to assess the relationship between its expression and other prognostic variables, as well as between CK5/6 expression and patients' survival.Methods and results:  The expression of CK5/6, PTEN protein, oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, p53 and c‐erbB‐2 protein were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 88 primary breast cancers diagnosed in 44 women. To assess the prognostic value of studied factors, Cox regression analysis was performed. Expression of CK5/6 was found in 23 of 88 primary breast carcinomas (23/88; 26%). The hazard ratio of development of distant metastasis in patients in whom at least one cancer was CK5/6+ was 99.8 (P = 0.037) and in patients with at least one carcinoma with reduced PTEN expression it was 10.8 (P = 0.044). CK5/6 expression was correlated with absence of oestrogen (P < 0.0001) and progesterone receptors (P < 0.0001) and very strong expression of p53 (P < 0.05). Reduced PTEN expression was correlated with presence of axillary metastases (P < 0.01), with very strong expression of c‐erbB‐2 (P < 0.05) and with reduced expression of oestrogen receptor (P < 0.05).Conclusions:  Analysis of expression of CK5/6 and PTEN protein in bilateral breast carcinomas may be of value in clinical practice and warrant further studies.
Real‐time atomic force microscopy of root dentine during demineralization when subjected to chelating agents
Authors: De‐Deus G. , Paciornik S. , Pinho Mauricio M. H. , Prioli R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAim  To explore the potential of atomic force microscopy (AFM) for the examination of changes to dentine surfaces during demineralization and evaluate qualitatively the effect of EDTA, EDTAC and citric acid.Methodology  Nine canine teeth were sectioned transversely at the cemento‐enamel junction, and the crowns discarded. Subsequently, each root was embedded in an epoxy cylinder and discs approximately 5 mm thick were cut. A standard metallographic procedure was then used to prepare the surfaces for observation. From the central portion of these samples, two specimens were symmetrically prepared per tooth so that a total number of 18 samples was produced. To allow the use of a liquid cell during AFM, the samples were embedded in silicone rubber and were then randomly divided into three groups, as follows: group 1: 17% EDTA (pH 7.7), group 2: 17% EDTAC (pH 7.7) and group 3: 10% citric acid (pH 1.4). Topographical images were acquired during the demineralization process, allowing real‐time observation of the dentine surface. Two operators assigned scores to the AFM images using a double‐blind method. anova analysis with random effects (P < 0.05) was used to compare the results.Results  The average scores were 6.13 ± 0.35 for EDTAC, 7.36 ± 0.23 for EDTA and 14.55 ± 1.21 for citric acid. Citric acid was statistically different from EDTA and EDTAC while EDTA and EDTAC were not statistically different.Conclusions  The most effective demineralizing substance was citric acid. The methodology developed for real‐time observation of dentine surfaces is a valuable method to evaluate demineralization.
Assessment of a palatal approach‐anterior superior alveolar (P‐ASA) nerve block with the Wand® in paediatric dental patients
Authors: RAM D. , KASSIRER J. 
Published: June 2006

Summary.  Objectives.  The purposes of the study were to compare the reaction of children while receiving local anaesthesia for anaesthetizing maxillary incisors with a computerized device Wand®: a periodontal ligament injection (PDLi) and a palatal approach‐anterior superior alveolar (P‐ASA) nerve block compared with a conventional buccal infiltration (CBi), and to assess the efficacy of the anaesthesia and children's reaction after treatment.Methods.  One hundred and thirty‐eight children aged 24–48 months participated in this study.Results.  More children reacted negatively during injection while receiving the CBi and positively during the injection with the Wand®. After treatment, significantly more children scratched the upper lip and/or the nose or complained of numbness of the region after the CBi (P = 0·000).Conclusions.  Same effectiveness was achieved with the Wand® and the CBi. Children displayed better behaviour during injection when they received local anaesthesia with the Wand® than they did when the CBi was used. They did not scratch the upper lip/nose and/or cried after treatment when they received the PDLi and the P‐ASA, whereas they did when receiving a CBi.
Modelling global insect pest species assemblages to determine risk of invasion
Authors: WORNER S. P. , GEVREY MURIEL 
Published: June 2006

Summary

The many thousands of potential invasive species pose one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity world‐wide. In this study we propose that assemblages of well‐known global invasive pest species, irrespective of whether they arise by anthropogenic means, are non‐random species groupings that contain hidden predictive information. Such information can assist the identification and prioritization of species that have the potential to pose an invasive threat in regions where they are not normally found.
Data comprising the presence and absence of 844 insect pest species recorded over 459 geographical regions world‐wide were analysed using a self‐organizing map (SOM), a well‐known artificial neural network algorithm. The SOM analysis classified the high dimensional data into two‐dimensional space such that geographical areas that had similar pest species assemblages were organized as neighbours on a map or grid.
The SOM analysis allowed each species to be ranked in terms of its risk of invasion in each area based on the strength of its association with the assemblage that was characteristic for each geographical region. A risk map for example species was produced to illustrate how such a map can be compared with the species’ actual distribution and used with other information, such as the species’ biotic characteristics and interactions with the abiotic environment, to improve pest risk assessments further.
Synthesis and applications. This study presents a new approach to the identification of potentially high‐risk invasive pest species based on the hypothesis that global insect pest assemblages are non‐random species groupings that can be subjected to traditional community analysis. A well‐known data mining and knowledge discovery method for high dimensional data, SOM, was used to determine pest species assemblages for global regions. Species were ranked according to their potential for establishment based on their strength of association with the species assemblage that characterizes a particular region. Such an analysis can then be used to support additional risk assessment of potential invasive species, giving invasive species researchers, conservation managers, quarantine and biosecurity scientists a means for prioritizing species as candidates for further research.
Response of Specific Skin Hypersensitivity and Haemagglutination Inhibiting Antibody after Smallpox Vaccination in Human Newborns and Adults
Authors: SAHA K. , CHAWLA S. L. , SAINI L. , GUPTA S. 
Published: June 2006

We tried to assess the response of the specific cell‐mediated and humoral immunity after primary smallpox vaccination in normal full term newborns and compared these results with those found in revaccinated adults. Revaccination and intradermal inoculation of heat‐inactivated vaccinia virus were the two methods employed to study the specific delayed hypersensitivity against this virus.We found that, although these newborn babies were able to produce haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibody even more efficiently than the adults, the skin hypersensitivity developed in them after primary vaccination was of much lower extent than in the revaccinated adults. The HI antibody response in the vaccinated newborns was initially 2‐ME sensitive (100%), while in the revaccinated adults the early HI antibodies were mixed varieties, i.e. both 2‐ME sensitive (38.6%) and 2‐ME resistant (61.4%); then there was a gradual shift towards 2‐ME resistant HI antibody in the newborns. In adults the humoral antibody consisted of both 2‐ME resistant and sensitive antibodies already at 1 week. The cord sera contained only 2‐ME resistant HI antibody which had a half life of 14 days in the unvaccinated newborn babies. In the vaccinated group of newborns there was an initial quicker elimination of IgG than in the unvaccinated babies. In addition, seroconversion was negligible in those babies whose cord sera had an initially very high HI antibody titre. Immunological implications of these findings have been discussed.
Immunological Studies in the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: HOFMANN B. , ØDUM N. , JAKOBSEN B. K. , PLATZ P. , RYDER L. P. , NIELSEN J. O. , GERSTOFT J. , SVEJGAARD A. 
Published: June 2006

The lymphocyte transformation responses to mitogens (phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM)), allogeneic cells, and the antigen‐purified protein derivative (PPD) were studied in six acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients and in six healthy controls, each of whom was HLA‐DR‐ and mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC)‐identical with one of the AIDS patients. No evidence of suppression was observed when irradiated or non‐irradiated AIDS peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were added to cultures of HLA‐DR‐identical PMBC from healthy controls stimulated with the strong mitogens PHA and Con A or with allogeneic cells, but suppression may be involved in the decreased responses in cultures stimulated with PWM or PPD. Addition of supernatants from macrocultures of AIDS cells did not suppress responses of control PBMC. Thus, suppression by any lymphocyte subset or soluble factor alone cannot explain the generally severely depressed transformation responses in AIDS. Addition of heavily irradiated HLA‐DR‐identical PBMC from healthy controls or supernatants from these cultures led to increased responses in cultures of mitogen‐stimulated AIDS PBMC and in some cultures of antigen or allogeneic cell‐stimulated AIDS PBMC, which were of the same magnitude as seen after the addition of commercially obtained T‐cell growth factor (TCGF). This indicates that AIDS cells are deficient in producing TCGF.Heavily irradiated AIDS PBMC were capable of restoring the transformation responses to mitogens and antigens of purified HLA‐DR‐identical normal T cells, indicating that AIDS cells have a normal antigen‐presenting capacity and interleukin (IL‐1) production. However, AIDS PBMC had a very poor capacity to stimulate normal PBMC in MLC. Together, our experiments suggest that the immune deficiency in AIDS cells may be partially due to a decreased capability of T lymphocytes to produce TCGF and that a decreased number and/or function of dendritic cells may also be involved.
Human T Lymphocyte Differentiation Antigens as Target for Immunotoxins or Complement‐Mediated Cytotoxicity
Authors: PREIJERS F. W. M. B. , DE WITTE T. , RIJKE‐SCHILDER G. P. M. , TAX W. J. M. , WESSELS J. M. C. , HAANEN C. , CAPEL P. J. A. 
Published: June 2006

Graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hone marrow transplantation (BMT) is initiated by immunocompetent T fells present in the graft. Selective elimination of distinct T‐cell subsets or a sufficient, but not complete T‐cell depletion, might abolish severe GVHD without graft rejection and loss of the anti‐tumour potential. In this study we analysed the efficacy of different monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) WT32(CD3), OKT4(CD4), T101 (CDS), WT1 (CD7), and WT82 (CD8) with respect to their cytotoxicity to T cells cither as immunotoxin (IT) or in combination with complement. The cytotoxic potential was assessed by protein synthesis inhibition and clonogenic a minor effect on blood or bone marrow T cells, although they were highly inhibitory to T‐cell lines. However, in the presence of 20 mm ammonium chloride, IT directed against CD3, CDS, and CD7 were highly cytotoxic. IT directed against CD4 and CD8 were less effective, due to a low internalization. The complement‐mediated cytotoxicity was efficient for all antigens used.The natural killer (NK) activity, as measured by cytotoxicity to K562, was hardly depressed by anti‐CD3, anti‐CD4, anti‐CD5, and anti‐CD8, but was eliminated by ami‐CD7. All procedures used had only a minimal effect on haematopoietic progenitors as measured by CFU‐GM and BFU‐E assays. We concluded that, although the T‐cell population can be eliminated with the combination of anti‐CD3, anti‐CD5, and anti‐CD7 antibodies plus complement, IT with 20 mm NH4CI appear to kill higher amounts of T cells‐ Selective elimination of CD4‐ and CD8‐positive cells is effectively obtained by MoAb with complement.
Purification and Characterization of Hamster Serum Amyloid A Protein (SAA) by Cholesteryl Hemisuccinate Affinity Chromatography
Authors: NIEWOLD TH. A. , TOOTEN P.C.J. 
Published: June 2006

High‐density lipoprotein (HDL) apolipoprotein was separated from hamster serum by cholesteryl hemisuccinate atlinity chromatography (CHAC) in comparison with the density‐gradient ultracentrifugation (DGUC), The apolipoprotein recovery from scrum by CHAC was 70% and by DGUC 80%, This disadvantage is compensated for by the ease of purification by CHAC, a method particularly suited for the processing of large amounts of serum.From the acute‐phase HDL CHAC fraction, apo SAA was isolated by gel filtration. Using isoelectrofocusing, two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis, und titration curve, four isotypes of hamster apo SAA were identified and characterized In the acute‐phase serum, one of the isotypes was predominant (apo SAA1), In serum of amyloidotic animals, the relative contribution of apo SAAl was considerably lower, suggesting selective removal of the latter during amyloidogencsis and possibly its deposition in hamster AA amyloid. Furthermore, the affinity chromatography method was modified with gradient elution of affinity‐bound material. By this method HDL apolipoprotein was separated into three subclasses. Apo SAA was shown to associate with two different subclasses. In acute‐phase serum most of the apo SAA1 was found in the subclass with the lowest affinity for the cholesteryl beads, whereas thc latter was depressed in amyloidotic serum, suggesting that the amyloidogenicity ofa particular apo SAA isotype is determined by its cholesteryl‐binding properties.
Ciclosporin‐Induced Immunosuppression in Vitro
Authors: POVLSEN J. V. , RASMUSSEN A. , MADSEN M. , LAMM L. U. 
Published: June 2006

The purpose of the present study was to analyse and correlate variations in lymphocyte sensitivity to, and binding of, ciclosporin (CsA) in vitro. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy individuals were harvested over a 5‐week period and activated with purified protein derivative (PPD) or alloantigens in the presence or absence of CsA [I μg/ml). Sensitivity to CsA was expressed as the ability of the drug to suppress cell proliferation ([3H]thymidine incorporation) and high‐affinity imerleukin‐2 receptor (IL‐2R) expression. Binding capacity was tested in a [3H]CsA binding assay.A significant variability in both sensitivity and binding capacity was recorded between individuals (P < 0.001) There was no correlation between high sensitivity and high binding capacity. The intraindividual day‐to‐day variability did not differ significantly from the experimental (intra‐ and interassay) variability. The CsA‐induced suppression of high‐affinity IL‐2R expression varied between 57.1 and 98.9%, while suppression of [3H]thymidine incorporation varied between 81.0 and 97.4% Specific binding of 10 nM[3H]CsA at 37° C varied between 5.4 and 10.7%.
Phenotype, Ultrastructure, and Function of CD1+DR+ Epidermal Cells that Express CD36 (OKM5) in Cutaneous T‐Cell Lymphoma
Authors: LISBY S. , BAADSGAARD O. , COOPER K. D. , HANSEN E. R. , MEHREGAN D. , THOMSEN K. , ALLEN E. , VEJLSGAARD G. LANGE 
Published: June 2006

This study investigated the phenotype and function of different antigen‐presenting cells (APC) present within the epidermis of patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL). Involved epidermis of CTCL compared with uninvolved was found to contain increased numbers of CDI + DR+ APC. This population was heterogeneous and comprised both leucocytes of a novel CD1+DR+CD36 (OK.M5)+ phenotype and CD1+DR+CD36− indeterminate/Langerhans cells. The CD1+DR+CD36+ leucocytes did not express TcR‐1, CD5, CD 15. or CD22, and only a minor population expressed CD11, demonslrating that they were neither T nor B cells, and did not belong lo the major CD11+ (OKM1+) blood monocyte population. Electron microscopy of purified CD36+ lesional epidermal cells (EC) demonstrated that they lacked Birbeck granules found on CD1+‐selected Langerhans cells, and most cells exhibited features of indeterminate cells or macrophages.The capacity of EC from involved epidermis to present alloanttgens was found to be increased relative to uninvolved epidermis in all patients tested, and this capacity was critically dependent upon the presence of CD45+ DR+ bone marrow‐derived cells but not on the presence of CD45+ DR+ keratinocytes. Positive selection using MoAb against CDI and CD36 demonstrated that both cell populations exhibited the capacity to stimulate T cells. The results indicate that a novel antigen‐presenting cell population with a unique phenotype is present within involved skin of patients with mycosis fungoides. These cells express CD36 in addition to CD1 and have an ultrastructural appearance consistent with a dendritic antigen‐presenting cell derivation.
Phenotypic and Functional Changes of Tumour Cells from Patients Treated with Monoclonal Anti‐Idiotypic Antibodies
Authors: ALLEBES W. A. , KNOPS R. , BONTROP R. E. , OTTING N. , RAEMAKERS J. , HAANEN C. , CAPEL P. J. A. 
Published: June 2006

In this paper data are presented indicating that immunotherapy with monoclonal anti‐idiotypic antibodies (MoAb anti‐id) can provoke different responses in the B‐cell tumour concerned. With respect to the course of disease during and after immunotherapy, the in vitro findings may very well explain the in vivo observations in the two patients (D.E.F. B.O.R.) with B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B‐CLL) who were treated with MoAb anti‐id. After initial tumour reduction, there was a recurrence of tumour cells with altered functional and phenotypic properties. In both cases the recurring tumour cells still expressed the same idiotype.In one patient (D.E.F.) the phenotypic changes (a surface Ig change from IgM, IgG, IgA, and IgD to weakly positive IgM and IgD) and functional changes (a 10‐fold increase in [3H]thymidine uptake and a decreased idiotype secretion in vitro), together with the in vivo findings with respect to the course of disease–at relapse an impressive tumour regrowth rate with constant serum idiotype level–suggest that immunoselection might have taken place favouring the survival and relapse of a less mature, more aggressive tumour cell population with a lower idiotype expression.In the second patient (B.O.R.), the phenotypic changes (an isotype change from IgM and IgD to IgM with the loss of IgD, and a gradual decrease in expression of CD 19 and CD24) and functional changes (a 10‐fold increase of idiotype secretion in vitro), together with the in vivo finding that the serum idiotype level had increased 25‐fold compared with the preimmunotherapy serum level with comparable tumour load, strongly suggest an immunotherapy‐induced differentiation of the malignant B cell.We also describe an increased expression of CD74, detected by MoAb BoM22, on the recurring tumour cells of patient B.O.R. whereas the expression of HLA‐DP, ‐DQ and ‐DR did not change. The significance of this finding is unclear.
Glycosaminoglycans in Extracts of Cardiac Amyloid Fibrils from Familial Amyloid Cardiomyopathy of Danish Origin Related to Variant Transthyretin Met 111
Authors: MAGNUS J. H. , STENSTAD T. , KOLSET S. O. , HUSBY G. 
Published: June 2006

We have previously demonstrated an association between secondary AA type amyloid fibrils and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in human liver. The present study was aimed ill investigating whether a similar association could be demonstrated in isolated cardiac amyloid fibrils from a unique Danish family with amyloid cardiomyopathy related to variant transthyretin (TTR) with a single amino acid substitution of a methionin for leucine at position 111 (TTR Met 111).Using gel nitration and ion exchange chromatography. significant amounts of GAGs were detected in close association with purified myocardial amyloid fibrils, whereas only truce amounts of polysaecharides were present in the corresponding normal preparation. The GAGs were identified as 50% chondroitin sulfate, 33% heparin/heparan sulfate, and 17% hyaluronan. With the methods used the amyloid associated GAGs appeared as high molecular weight free polysaccharidc chains, and not as part of intact proteoglycans (PGs) in the fibril extracts.We conclude that the association between purified amyloid fibrils and GAC is may be a general feature of amyloid deposits. Also, we suggest that the proportion of different GAGs in the amyloid deposits may depend both on the organ or tissues affected and the type of protein making up the fibrils.