bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Working with people with personality disorder: utilising service users' views
Authors: Barlow Kimberley , Miller Stephen , Norton Kingsley 
Published: February 2007

Aims and MethodTo ascertain the views of people with personality disorder on their clinical interactions with professionals, to identify potential solutions to problematic interactions and to compile guidelines on how professionals could improve their interactions with these service users. Qualitative methodology was employed, comprising a modified nominal group technique with two iterative groups and ranking by importance the issues and themes raised.ResultsThere were 13 service users from three separate personality disorder services who actively participated in a group discussion and iterative process. Collectively they indicated considerable areas of deficiency in the quality of their interaction and communication with professionals. These deficits were defined clearly enough to allow the construction of guidelines aimed at preventing or remedying such deficiencies.ConclusionsThe contribution of those people with personality disorder who took part in this study was sufficiently thoughtful to allow the development of guidelines that might help staff improve their interactions with such service users. From these guidelines, further training tools are being developed, which will be evaluated in the future. However, because not all those approached chose to participate, the views expressed might not be representative of this group as a whole.
A new buprenorphine prescribing service for opiate detoxification
Authors: Littlewood Claire 
Published: February 2007

Aims and MethodA buprenorphine prescribing service was set up for opiate-dependent patients and the initiative was then audited using 11 standards.ResultsThirty-three patients met inclusion criteria for opiate detoxification and 7 successfully completed detoxification, equating to a number needed to treat of 5. However, 2-year follow-up data showed no clear advantage for these 7 patients compared with 9 patients who had failed detoxification at the outset. Only 5 of the 11 audit standards were satisfied.Clinical ImplicationsThe results suggest that a buprenorphine prescribing service may be of benefit to opiate-dependent patients in the short term. However, the audit standards identified may be unrealistic because of the likely lack of adherence of this patient group. Further work is needed to establish the feasibility of this treatment modality in ‘real-world’ settings.
Psychiatrists' views and experiences of the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
Authors: Carswell Christine , Donaldson Andrew , Brown Keith 
Published: February 2007

Aims and MethodThis study assesses the views and experiences of psychiatrists of the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003. A postal questionnaire was sent to 340 consultant psychiatrists and specialist registrars throughout Scotland.ResultsA response rate of 76% was achieved (n=257); 31 respondents (12%) felt patient care had improved with the newAct; 167 (65%) felt that informal patients' care had suffered; 135 (52%) did not consider that tribunals were better than the previous court system; 151 (59%) felt that the out-of-hours workload had increased.Clinical ImplicationsAn early indication of psychiatrists' views and experiences of the new Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003 is given.
The Interdependence of Social Awareness and Literacy Instruction
Authors: Lobron Alison , Selman Robert 
Published: February 2007

It is essential to help foster students' social awareness in addition to their academic skills. Through discussions of stories that emphasize social issues such as racism and prejudice, students have the opportunity to develop and explore their own beliefs. But what do they really learn, and how?In this article, the authors document their efforts to understand children's comprehension, both of socially themed books and of the belief systems they represent. They also describe the supports that must be provided to ensure that students comprehend the plot of a story and the underlying messages. Finally, the authors offer suggestions for supporting children at different levels within the classroom, as well as appropriate books for children of different ages.
Personality Correlates Related to Tobacco Abstinence following Treatment
Authors: Hooten W. Michael , Wolter Troy D. , Ames Steven C. , Hurt Richard D. , Vickers Kristin S. , Offord Kenneth P. , Hays J. Taylor 
Published: February 2007

Objective: The five-factor model of personality was used to describe the correlates of smoking abstinence. Methods: Following treatment in the Mayo Clinic Nicotine Dependence Center, the six month abstinence status was determined by self-report. Sixteen months to 2.4 years following the initial treatment evaluation, and 10 months to 1.9 years after the abstinence status was determined, 475 patients were mailed a Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Five-Factor Inventory questionnaire. Ninety-nine abstinent and 151 smoking patients returned a completed questionnaire. Results: Multivariate analysis showed that low scores on neuroticism and openness were associated with tobacco abstinence. In addition, high scores on neuroticism and low scores on agreeableness and conscientiousness were associated with predictors of poor outcome including greater number of cigarettes smoked per day, initiation of smoking prior to age 18, and a Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence score of ≥ 6. Conclusions: Personality characteristics as predictors of smoking abstinence following treatment warrant further investigation in prospective clinical trails. Treatment matching using personality profiling as a guide may be a valuable tool for improving abstinence rates following treatment for nicotine dependence.
Ziprasidone for Agitation or Psychosis in Dementia: Four Cases
Authors: Cole Steven A. , Saleem Rehan , Shea William P. , Sedler Mark , Sablosky Marilyn , Jyringi Darlene , Smith Angela 
Published: February 2007

Objective: These case reports examine the potential efficacy and safety of ziprasidone for the treatment of agitation or psychosis in dementia. Method: The authors performed a retrospective chart review of three patients with DSM-IV diagnoses of dementia, treated with ziprasidone for agitation/psychosis on an academic psychiatric inpatient unit in 2002–2003. In addition, these three case reports are supplemented by a clinical report of the first outpatient with DSM-IV diagnosis of dementia completing a prospective open-label six-week study in 2004 evaluating the use of oral ziprasidone for agitation/psychosis in dementia. Qualitative descriptions of clinical improvement provide outcome data for these case reports. Results: Four patients with dementia with agitation/psychosis experienced marked behavioral improvement after receiving oral doses of ziprasidone (20–160 mg/day), without any evidence of problematic cardiac or other side-effects. Two of the four patients had final EKGs and both of these patients demonstrated no change of QTc interval after administration of ziprasidone. Conclusions: These case reports suggest that oral ziprasidone may be an effective and safe medication for the treatment of agitation or psychosis in patients with dementia.
Electrolyte‐ and pH‐responsive polyampholytes with potential as viscosity‐control agents in enhanced petroleum recovery
Authors: Ezell Ryan G. , McCormick Charles L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLow‐charge‐density amphoteric copolymers and terpolymers composed of AM, the cationic comonomer (3‐acrylamidopropyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride, and amino acid derived monomers (e.g., N‐acryloyl valine, N‐acryloyl alanine, and N‐acryloyl aspartate) have been prepared via free‐radical polymerization in aqueous media. These terpolymers with random charge distributions have been compared to terpolymers of like compositions containing the anionic comonomer sodium 3‐acrylamido‐3‐methylbutanoate. Terpolymer compositions determined by 13C‐ and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, terpolymer molecular weights and polydispersity indices obtained via size exclusion chromatography/multi‐angle laser light scattering, and hydrodynamic dimensions determined via dynamic light scattering have allowed a direct comparison of the fundamental parameters affecting the behavioral characteristics. The solution properties of low‐charge‐density amphoteric copolymers and terpolymers have been studied as functions of the solution pH, ionic strength, and polymer concentration. The low‐charge‐density terpolymers display excellent solubility in deionized water with no phase separation. The charge‐balanced terpolymers exhibit antipolyelectrolyte behavior at pH values greater than or equal to 6.5 ± 0.2. As the solution pH decreases, these charge‐balanced terpolymers become increasingly cationic because of the protonation of the anionic repeat units. The aqueous solution behavior (i.e., globule‐ to‐coil transition at the isoelectric point in the presence of salt and globule elongation with increasing charge asymmetry) of the terpolymers in the dilute regime correlates well with that predicted by the polyampholyte solution theories. An examination of the comonomer charge density, hydrogen‐bonding ability, and spacer group (e.g., the moiety separating the ionic group from the polymer chain) indicates that conformational restrictions of the sodium 3‐acrylamido‐3‐methylbutanoate and N‐acryloyl valine segments result in increased chain stiffness and higher solution viscosities in deionized water and brine solutions. On the other hand, the terpolymers with N‐acryloyl alanine and N‐acryloyl aspartate segments are more responsive to changes in the salt concentration. An assessment of the effects of the terpolymer structure on the viscosity under specified conditions of the ionic strength and pH from these studies should allow for rational design of optimized systems for enhanced petroleum recovery. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007.
Fabrication and structure of carbon aerogel spheres prepared by inverse suspension/emulsion polymerization and ambient pressure drying
Authors: Liu Ning , Zhang Shuting , Fu Ruowen , Dresselhaus Mildred S. , Dresselhaus Gene 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCarbon aerogel (CA) spheres were fabricated by inverse suspension polymerization of an emulsified resorcinol–formaldehyde aqueous solution with a basic surfactant used as catalyst, and then drying by gradually heating the resultant sol–gel spheres at ambient pressure. The fabrication conditions, nanostructures of the resultant CA spheres, and their electrochemical properties were investigated. By controlling the time at which stirring started, the stirring speed, and the recipe of the emulsion solution, the diameter of the CA spheres can be controlled from 70 to 1000 μm. The internal carbon nanoparticles of the spheres are of a size ranging from 20 to 40 nm, and are interconnected into a three‐dimensional network. The highest surface area and mesopore volume of the spherical CAs thus prepared reach 626 m2/g and 0.69 cm3/g, respectively. These CAs can be used as an electrode in supercapacitors, and the specific capacitance is as high as 197 F/g. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Coating silver nanoparticles on poly(methyl methacrylate) chips and spheres via ultrasound irradiation
Authors: Kotlyar A. , Perkas N. , Amiryan G. , Meyer M. , Zimmermann W. , Gedanken A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUltrasound irradiation is used for anchoring silver nanoparticles with an average size of ∼ 51 nm onto the surface of poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA chips (2 mm diameter), and silver nanoparticles with an average size of ∼ 20 nm onto the surface of the PMMA spheres (1–10 μm). The sonochemical reduction was carried out under argon atmosphere at room temperature. The silver nanoparticles were obtained by the irradiation of a mixture containing the PMMA, silver nitrate, ethylene glycol, ethanol, water, and 24% (wt) aqueous ammonia for 2 h, yielding a PMMA‐nanosilver composite. By controlling the atmosphere and reaction conditions, we could achieve the deposition of silver nanoparticles onto the surface of poly(methyl methacrylate). The silver‐deposited PMMA chips (loaded with 0.01–1.0 weight percent silver) were successfully homogenized in melt by extrusion and then injection molded into small, disc‐shaped samples. These samples were analyzed with respect to their directional spectral optical properties in UV, VIS, and IR spectroscopy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Glucocorticoids and cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Davis John M. , Maradit Kremers Hilal , Crowson Cynthia S. , Nicola Paulo J. , Ballman Karla V. , Therneau Terry M. , Roger Véronique L. , Gabriel Sherine E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the relationship between glucocorticoid exposure and cardiovascular (CV) events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsA total of 603 adult residents of Rochester, Minnesota with incident RA between 1955 and 1995 were followed up through their medical records for a median of 13 years (total of 9,066 person‐years). Glucocorticoid exposure was defined 3 ways: tertiles of cumulative exposure; recent use (≤3 months) versus past use (>3 months); and average daily dosage (≤7.5 mg/day or >7.5 mg/day). CV events, including myocardial infarction, heart failure, and death from CV causes, were defined according to validated criteria. Cox regression models were adjusted for demographic features, CV risk factors, and RA characteristics.ResultsRheumatoid factor (RF)–negative patients with exposure to glucocorticoids were not at increased risk of CV events, irrespective of the glucocorticoid dosage or timing of use, as compared with the reference group of RF‐negative patients who had never been exposed to glucocorticoids. In contrast, RF‐positive patients were at increased risk of CV events, particularly with higher cumulative exposure, higher average daily dosage, and recent use of glucocorticoids. RF‐positive patients with high cumulative exposure to glucocorticoids had a 3‐fold increased risk of CV events (hazard ratio 3.06 [95% confidence interval 1.81–5.18]), whereas RF‐negative patients with high cumulative exposure were not at increased risk (hazard ratio 0.85 [95% confidence interval 0.39–1.87]).ConclusionRF‐positive but not RF‐negative patients were at increased risk of CV events following exposure to glucocorticoids. These findings suggest that glucocorticoids interact with RF status to modulate the occurrence of CV events in patients with RA. The mechanisms underlying this interaction are unknown and should be the subject of further research.
Factors affecting patella cartilage and bone in middle‐aged women
Authors: Hanna F. S. , Bell R. J. , Davis S. R. , Wluka A. E. , Teichtahl A. J. , O'Sullivan R. , Cicuttini F. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of age, physical activity, and body mass index (BMI) on patella cartilage volume and defects and bone volume in middle‐aged women without knee pain.MethodsMagnetic resonance imaging was performed in 176 healthy women, ages 40–67 years, without knee pain to measure patella cartilage and bone volume and patella cartilage defects. The effects of age, physical activity, BMI, smoking, and alcohol were analyzed to determine whether associations existed between these variables and patella cartilage and bone volume and cartilage defects.ResultsPatella cartilage volume decreased with age (P = 0.01) and BMI (P = 0.05) after adjusting for age and patella bone volume. Patella bone volume was positively associated with body height in both the univariate and multivariate models. Cartilage defects in the patellofemoral compartment were present in 36.4% of the study population. Age, weight, and BMI were positively associated with the presence of cartilage defects in the multivariate analysis.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that although age is positively associated with both patella bone volume and cartilage defects, it is inversely associated with patella cartilage volume in healthy individuals. Moreover, BMI is inversely associated with both patella cartilage volume and patella bone volume in middle‐aged women without knee osteoarthritis. Longitudinal studies will be required to determine whether avoiding a high BMI will reduce the risk of developing patellofemoral osteoarthritis.
Developing and testing a measure of dyadic efficacy for married women with rheumatoid arthritis and their spouses
Authors: Sterba Katherine Regan , de Vellis Robert F. , Lewis Megan A. , Baucom Donald H. , Jordan Joanne M. , de Vellis Brenda 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectiveInterpersonal relationships and self‐efficacy have each been independently studied in the context of coping with chronic illness. To examine a new type of interpersonal efficacy in couples coping with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we developed and tested new measures of perceptions of arthritis dyadic efficacy. We assessed both partners' perceptions of confidence about working together as a team to manage women's illness‐related challenges.MethodsFirst, a 3‐phase pilot study was conducted with interviews, expert review, and pretesting to develop items. Next, the psychometric properties of new measures were tested in 190 women with RA and their husbands. Exploratory analyses were conducted, Cronbach's alphas were calculated for each factor, and construct validity was examined with Pearson's correlations at baseline, 4‐month, and 8‐month followup.ResultsFactor analyses yielded 3 factors in the wife and husband versions, assessing dyadic behaviors concerning arthritis problem solving and emotions, arthritis symptom management, and arthritis‐related couple outcomes. All items loaded >0.60, Cronbach's alphas for all subscales were >0.88, and initial evidence of construct validity was demonstrated. Finally, the initial factor structure was replicated with additional exploratory factor analyses in the same sample at 4‐month and 8‐month followup.ConclusionThree short, reliable subscales resulted for couples coping with RA for use in interpersonal health research. These instruments facilitate viewing illness adaptation processes in a dyadic manner.
Glucocorticoids and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in polymyalgia rheumatica
Authors: Kremers Hilal Maradit , Reinalda Megan S. , Crowson Cynthia S. , Davis John M. , Hunder Gene G. , Gabriel Sherine E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the effect of glucocorticoid use on the risk of various cardiovascular diseases in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR).MethodsWe assembled a population‐based incidence cohort of 364 patients with PMR first diagnosed between January 1, 1970 and December 31, 1999. Inclusion criteria were age ≥50 years, bilateral aching and morning stiffness involving at least 2 areas (neck, shoulders, hips, or proximal aspects of the thighs), and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) ≥40 mm/hour. In patients who fulfilled the first 2 criteria but had a normal ESR, a rapid response to low‐dose glucocorticoids served as the third criterion. Patients were followed up until death or December 31, 2004. Cox models with time‐dependent covariates were used to examine the association between glucocorticoid exposure and risk of myocardial infarction, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease.ResultsA total of 364 PMR patients (mean age 73 years, 67% women) were followed for a median of 7.6 years. During the disease course, 310 (85%) patients received glucocorticoids. After adjusting for age, calendar year, and ESR, patients who received glucocorticoids did not have a significantly higher risk for myocardial infarction, heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, or cerebrovascular disease (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval] 0.58 [0.29–1.18], 0.85 [0.45–1.54], 0.58 [0.24–1.40], and 0.65 [0.33–1.26], respectively) compared with those who did not receive glucocorticoids. In fact, a trend for a protective effect was seen. No significant association was observed between cumulative glucocorticoid dose and any of the outcomes (P = 0.39).ConclusionIn patients with PMR, treatment with glucocorticoids is not associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Renal rickets and dwarfism: A pituitary disease
Authors: Chown Bruce 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
In the past two years I have seen two babies, sisters, having from birth deformities like those of severe rickets. A few days after birth they began to have curious spells of sham joy. Both had a hypercalcæmia but normal or slightly reduced phosphatæmia without discernible progressive decalcification of the skeleton. One died at three months and the other at six. Both had early pathological changes in the kidneys, which would have led to chronic nephritis. At first I thought that these were cases of congenital osteitis fibrosa cystica, but now believe that the two children were suffering from a form of the disease variously called ‘renal rickets’, ‘dwarfism’, or ‘infantilism’. If this is true, then the cases add weight to the opinion that these diseases are due to endocrines running amok, the kidneys being but innocent bystanders.
The treatment of acute intramammary abscess, by incision and by aspiration
Authors: Battle R J V , Bailey G N 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
An account is here given of acute intramammary abscess with particular reference to treatment, and the statements we make are founded partly on the literature and partly on our own observations. We have recently been in the position to observe every case of breast abscess treated at St. Thomas's Hospital over a period of about a year. It has been possible to collect 71 cases, and careful records have been kept of each case. Some of these patients were treated in the Out-patient Department, but those that failed to improve, and those in which suppuration supervened during the puerperium, were admitted to the Septic Block, where a certain number of beds were always available.
Large pedunculated fibroma of the œsophagus
Authors: Glynn L E 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Benign tumours of the œsophagus are comparative rarities, only 62 cases having been recorded between 1717 and 1932 (Patterson, 1932). Of these the leiomyomata constitute by far the largest group, details of which have been summarized by Rose (1936). Very few reports of large pedunculated tumours are available, and often histological details are missing.
One hundred and fifty hepatic resections: Evolution of technique towards bloodless surgery
Authors: Rees M , Plant G , Wells J , Bygrave S 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
A technique of hepatic resection is described and the results of 150 resections are reviewed. Hepatic transection was performed, under intermittent portal inflow occlusion, using ultrasonic aspiration to skeletonize portal branches and venous tributaries. Control of venous haemorrhage during resection was optimized by argon beam coagulation and lowering central venous pressure to between 0 and 4 cm H2O by extradural blockade and systemic nitroglycerine infusion. One patient with jaundice died in hospital, giving a mortality rate of 0·7 per cent. There were no deaths in patients without jaundice and cirrhosis. Fifteen patients (10.0 per cent) had significant complications, nine medical and six surgical, including three bile leaks (2.0 per cent). Mean blood loss was 814 ml for the whole study but only 434 ml in the last 4 years. During this latter period mean blood transfusion in hospital was 0·5 units and mean postoperative haemoglobin value fell by 0·7 g per 100 ml. Hepatic resection can be performed with the same degree of confidence and similar low morbidity as any other major surgical procedure.