bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Umstrukturierung statt Neugründung: die dritte Hochschulreform der DDR
Authors: Laitko Hubert 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the course of GDR history, some centrally designed and controlled reforms of the higher education system were performed instead of founding new universities. The Third Educational Reform in the late sixties was part of a larger reform agenda, including economy, general education, basic research, and industrial R&D, following the fashionable paradigm of ‘big science’. Fundamental changes in university structure, significantly deviating from German tradition, should enhance the output both of well‐trained young specialists als well as of applicable knowledge mainly for the needs of industry. The shift in political leadership from Walter Ulbricht to Erich Honecker in 1971 left the reform uncompleted. The reform ideas partially lost their relevance against the profoundly changed reality of the seventies.
Das Flugblatt des Nürnberger Arztes Theodoricus Ulsenius von 1496
Authors: Portwich Philipp 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the following contribution the relevant aspects of the broadsheet of the municipial physician from Nuremberg Theodoricus Ulsenius of 1496 are represented. The broadsheet attracted the attention of the history of art because of the wood‐cut, attributed to Durer, and became famous as the so‐called Picture of the Plague‐Sticken Man. The history of medicine on the other hand identifies the unknown new disease, described by Ulsenius in the latin text, as an early description of syphilis. To men at the turn of the 16th century, this disease appeared as an expression of divine wrath. The Renaissance medical science, influenced by the philosophy of Neo‐Platonism, explained its origin as the consequence of a cosmological constellation. Apart from this the broadsheet as an incunabulum has some relevance for the history of early letter‐press printing, of which Nuremberg with its circles of artists and scholars represented an important centre.
Hygiène et Assainissement des Villes: Zur wissenschaftlichen Begründung der ‚Stadthygiene’︁ des 19. Jahrhunderts und deren Konsequenzen
Authors: Schoultz Martin Weyer‐Von 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBy studying the etiology and the causalities of the cholera breaking out in the German cities since the 1830s the young scientific discipline ‘Hygiene’ tried to influence urban administrations to prevent the contamination of the soil with human excrements. Most of the Hygienists followed the theory develloped by Max von Pettenkofer, the first German professor of Hygiene, that the soiling was the causing factor of most of the intestinal diseases. This theory based on the hypothesis of a prerequisite fermentation of a germ in the soil before beeing capable to produce disease in a susceptible individual. According to this ‐ never irrefutably proved ‐ theory the cities should be aware of the condition of soil (Bodenbeschaffenheit), whereas the pollution of the running water was not concidered to be dangerous by reason of the supposed self‐purification of running streams.
Wissenschaftstransfer als Folge studentischer Migration am Beispiel siebenbürgischer Intellektueller im 18. Jahrhundert
Authors: Kernbauer Alois 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTransylvania differed in many ways from the rest of the Habsburg Empire. This was mainly because this province, bordering the Ottoman Empire, had enjoyed religious tolerance from the 16th century onwards. Most of the Protestants living in Transylvania went abroad to study at Protestant universities like Wittenberg, Halle, Göttingen and Leyden and thus escaped the Jesuit dominated education of the Habsburg universities which had become increasingly out of date in the course of the 18th century. Even a quarter of a century after the abolition of the Jesuits, and following the reforms during the period of enlightend absolutism, the Habsburg universities were still far from being first rate in most subjects.So the majority of Transylvanian Protestant priests, lawyers and physicians were educated at universites in the north of the German speaking world or in the Netherlands, thus becoming members of a scientific community which could be regarded as belonging to the best in the world of scholarship. The impact on Transylvania was enormous because many of these scholars used modern scholarship and research methods and kept close to a world of learning which was geographically so distant from Transylvania.
Protonated Heme
Authors: Chiavarino Barbara , Crestoni Maria Elisa , Fornarini Simonetta , Rovira Carme 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe ions formally corresponding to protonated heme [FeII–hemeH]+ have been obtained by collision‐induced dissociation from the electrospray ionization of microperoxidase (MP11) and their gas‐phase chemistry has been studied by FTICR mass spectrometry. H/D‐exchange reactions, used as a tool to gain information on the protonation sites in polyfunctional molecules, show that labile hydrogens pertain to the propionyl substituents at the periphery of the protoporphyrin IX. Several conceivable isomers for protonated heme have been evaluated by density functional theory. The most stable among the species investigated is the one corresponding to protonation at the β carbon atom of a vinyl group, yielding a proton affinity (PA) value for [FeII–heme] of 1220 kJ mol−1. This high PA is consistent with the inertness of the hydrogen atoms at the protonation site towards H/D exchange with ND3 and CD3CO2D. Peculiar features of this [FeII–hemeH]+ isomer emerge by analysis of its electronic structure, showing that the vinyl group undergoing formal protonation has gained significant radical character due to electron transfer from the metal center. As a consequence, the iron atom acquires partial iron(III) character and none of the two formal descriptions [FeII–hemeH+] and [FeIII–hemeH.]+ alone may adequately illustrate the protonated heme ion. In agreement with this description, the reactivity of protonated heme presents dual facets, resembling iron(III) in some aspects and iron(II) in others. On the one hand, protonated heme behaves like [FeIII–heme]+ ions in H/D‐exchange reactions. On the other, it shows markedly decreased reactivity towards the addition of ligands with the notable exception of NO, in line with the high affinity shown by iron(II) complexes towards this molecule, NO, of key biological role.
Diastereoselective and Enantioselective Henry (Nitroaldol) Reaction Utilizing a Guanidine—Thiourea Bifunctional Organocatalyst.
Authors: Sohtome Yoshihiro , Hashimoto Yuichi , Nagasawa Kazuo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Combining Docking and Molecular Dynamic Simulations in Drug Design
Authors: Alonso Hernan , Bliznyuk Andrey A. , Gready Jill E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Universality at the edge of the spectrum for unitary, orthogonal, and symplectic ensembles of random matrices
Authors: Deift Percy , Gioev Dimitri 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe prove universality at the edge of the spectrum for unitary (β = 2), orthogonal (β = 1), and symplectic (β = 4) ensembles of random matrices in the scaling limit for a class of weights w(x) = e−V(x) where V is a polynomial, V(x) = κ2mx2m + · · ·, κ2m > 0. The precise statement of our results is given in Theorem 1.1 and Corollaries 1.2 and 1.4 below. For the same class of weights, a proof of universality in the bulk of the spectrum is given in [12] for the unitary ensembles and in [9] for the orthogonal and symplectic ensembles.Our starting point in the unitary case is [12], and for the orthogonal and symplectic cases we rely on our recent work [9], which in turn depends on the earlier work of Widom [46] and Tracy and Widom [42]. As in [9], the uniform Plancherel‐Rotach‐type asymptotics for the orthogonal polynomials found in [12] plays a central role.The formulae in [46] express the correlation kernels for β = 1, 4 as a sum of a Christoffel‐Darboux (CD) term, as in the case β = 2, together with a correction term. In the bulk scaling limit [9], the correction term is of lower order and does not contribute to the limiting form of the correlation kernel. By contrast, in the edge scaling limit considered here, the CD term and the correction term contribute to the same order: this leads to additional technical difficulties over and above [49]. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Behaviour and modelling of partial‐strength beam‐to‐column composite joints for seismic applications
Authors: Braconi A. , Salvatore W. , Tremblay R. , Bursi O. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA refined component model is proposed to predict the inelastic monotonic response of exterior and interior beam‐to‐column joints for partial‐strength composite steel–concrete moment‐resisting frames. The joint typology is designed to exhibit ductile seismic response through plastic deformation developing simultaneously in the column web panel in shear, the bolted end‐plate connection, the column flanges in bending and the steel reinforcing bars in tension. The model can handle the large inelastic deformations consistent with high ductility moment‐resisting frames. Slip response between the concrete slab and the beams was taken into account. A fibre representation was adopted for the concrete slab to accurately capture the non‐uniform stress distribution and progressive crushing of the concrete at the interface between the concrete slab and the column flange. The model is validated against results from full‐scale subassemblages monotonic physical tests performed at the University of Pisa, Italy. A parametric study is presented to illustrate the capabilities of the model and the behaviour of the joints examined. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute apoptosis by cisplatin requires induction of reactive oxygen species but is not associated with damage to nuclear DNA
Authors: Berndtsson Maria , Hägg Maria , Panaretakis Theocharis , Havelka Aleksandra Mandic , Shoshan Maria C. , Linder Stig 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCisplatin is a broad‐spectrum anticancer drug that is also widely used in experimental studies on DNA damage‐induced apoptosis. Induction of apoptosis within 24–48 hr requires cisplatin concentrations that are at least one order of magnitude higher than the IC50. Here, we show that such high, apoptosis‐inducing cisplatin concentrations induce cellular superoxide formation and that apoptosis is inhibited by superoxide scavengers. The same concentration limit and the requirement for superoxide are also true for induction of caspase activation in enucleated cells (cytoplasts), showing that cisplatin‐induced apoptosis occurs independently of nuclear DNA damage. In contrast, lower cisplatin concentrations, which do not induce acute apoptosis, are sufficient for induction of DNA damage signaling. We propose that the antiproliferative effects of cisplatin at IC50 doses involve premature senescence and secondary, nonstress‐induced apoptosis. The higher doses currently used in in vitro studies lead to acute, stress‐induced apoptosis that involves induction of superoxide but is largely DNA damage‐independent. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serum c‐erbB‐2 protein is a useful marker for monitoring tumor recurrence of the breast
Authors: Imoto Shigeru , Wada Noriaki , Hasebe Takahiro , Ochiai Atsushi , Kitoh Takashi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractC‐erbB‐2 oncogene protein (ErbB‐2/HER‐2) overexpression is a prognostic marker of breast carcinoma. The purpose of this study was to evaluate serum ErbB‐2 for monitoring tumor recurrence of operable breast carcinoma patients. The subjects were 86 breast carcinoma patients with stage I–IIIB. Sera were collected at preoperative and postoperative periods from 1996 to 2000. The cutoff value was set at 5.4 ng/ml for preoperative patients and at 6.5 ng/ml for postoperative patients. Twenty‐nine patients (34%) had higher preoperative serum ErbB‐2 levels (≥5.4 ng/ml). A higher preoperative serum ErbB‐2 was associated with higher clinical stage, larger tumor size, nodal metastasis, higher histologic grade and lymphatic invasion, but not with vascular invasion, hormonal receptor status or other tumor markers, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 15‐3 (CA15‐3). As of April 2005, 27 patients (31%) had recurrence and 18 (62%) of them had a higher preoperative serum ErbB‐2. Seventeen patients died of tumor progression. The recurrence‐free survival rates at 7 years after breast surgery were 84% in 57 patients with a normal preoperative serum ErbB‐2 and 41% in 29 patients with a higher preoperative serum ErbB‐2 (p < 0.0001). The overall survival rates at 7 years were 93% and 55% (p < 0.0001), respectively. A multivariate analysis revealed that preoperative serum ErbB‐2 was an independent prognostic factor for recurrence‐free survival and overall survival in breast carcinoma patients. The specificities and sensitivities of postoperative tumor markers (CEA, CA15‐3 and ErbB‐2) were 91%, 100% and 85%, and 40%, 30% and 70%, respectively. Serum ErbB‐2 is a preoperative prognostic marker and may be useful for monitoring tumor recurrence of the breast. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative effects of diethyldithiocarbamate and n‐benzyl‐d‐glucamine dithiocarbamate on cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum‐induced toxicity in kidney and gastrointestinal tract in rats
Authors: Hidaka Shinji , Funakoshi Takayuki , Shimada Hideaki , Tsuruoka Michio , Kojima Shoji 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC) and sodium N‐benzyl‐D‐glucamine dithiocarbamate (BGD) were compared for their protective effects against cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum (DDP)‐induced toxicity in kidney and gastrointestinal tract in rats. Rats were injected i.p. with the dithiocarbamates (2.0 mmol kg−1) immediately or 1 h after i.v. injection of DDP (20 μmol kg1). Treatment with BGD immediately or at 1 h after DDP injection effectively prevented the nephrotoxicity of DDP, but administration of DDTC immediately or 1 h after DDP afforded little protection. N‐Benzyl‐D‐glucamine dithiocarbamte significantly reversed the reduction in maltase, sucrase and aminopeptidase activities of jejunal mucosa of rats treated with DDP, whereas treatment with DDTC concurrent with DDP could not reverse the reduction in disaccharidase activity following DDP injection. The platinum concentrations in liver and kidney were significantly decreased by treatment with BGD and DDTC. The treatment with DDTC at 1 h after DDP was more effective on the reduction of platinum concentrations in these tissues than that immediately after DDP. There was no difference between the renal and hepatic concentrations of platinum in two time intervals of BGD. The pharmacokinetic studies indicated that DDTC is more rapidly metabolized than BGD, resulting in larger total clearance and elimination rate constant values. These results reveal that the administration of BGD immediately and at 1 h after DDP can protect against the renal and gastrointestinal toxicities caused by DDP, whereas DDTC afforded little protection, and that the time interval between administration of DDP and DDTC greatly influences its protective effect on DDP‐induced toxicity, indicating that the chelation therapy of BGD for DDP is superior to that of DDTC.
Relative efficacy of chelating agents on excretion and tissue distribution of manganese in mice
Authors: Sánchez D. J. , Gómez M. , Domingo J. L. , Llobet J. M. , Corbella J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of repeated parenteral administration of a number of structurally diverse chelating agents on the excretion and tissue distribution of manganese was assessed in mice following 4 weeks of manganese exposure. Males Swiss mice received s.c. injections of manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate (8.9 mg Mn kg−1 body wt.) for 4 weeks (5 days per week). After the end of this exposure period, cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid (CDTA), ethyleneglycol‐bis‐(β‐aminoethylether)‐NN'‐tetraacetic acid (EGTA), N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine triacetic acid (HEDTA), isonicotinyl hydrazine (INH), L‐dopa, sodium 4,5‐dihydroxy‐1,3‐benzenedisulphonate (Tiron), p‐aminosalicylic acid (PAS) or 0.9% saline (control group) were given i.p. for five consecutive days. The doses of the chelators were approximately equal to one‐eighth of their respective LD50 values. Urine and faeces were daily collected for 5 days. Twenty‐four hours after the final chelator injection, mice were killed and manganese concentrations were determined in various tissues. Although CDTA, EGTA and HEDTA significantly enhanced the elimination of manganese into urine, none of the chelators increased faecal excretion. Tissue concentrations of manganese were significantly reduced only by CDTA. According to these results, among the compounds tested only CDTA would mobilize effectively manganese in manganese‐loaded mice.
Hemotoxic effects of a dermally applied coal coprocessing product in the rat
Authors: Yagminas Algis P. , Chu Ih. , Valli Victor E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe present study was conducted as part of a larger project to determine the toxicity of dermally applied coal coprocessing products. Groups of male and female rats were administered, dermally, heavy gas oil II (HGOII) at 8.7, 20.8, 50.0 and 120 mg kg−1 body wt. day−1 for 91 days. A coal liquefaction product was given as positive control at 120 mg kg−1 body wt. day−1. Saline was used on control animals. At termination, the blood and bone marrow were taken from the animals and subjected to hematological examination. Dose‐dependent hematological effects were seen in peripheral blood in HGOII‐treated animals and consisted of significantly reduced hemoglobin, hematocrit, red cell count and platelet count. Mean corpuscular volume was increased, along with mean corpuscular hemoglobin, at the highest dose level. Red cell protoporphyrin, total iron and total iron binding capacity were also significantly elevated at this dose level. Morphological analysis of blood showed increases in polychromatic red cells, schizocytes, Howell‐Jolly bodies, injured cells, hypersegmented neutrophils and shift platelets primarily at the highest dose level. In addition, there was notable anisocytosis, microcytosis and macrocytosis. Quantitative bone marrow evaluation revealed a significant reduction in the myeloid/erythroid ratio for the three highest treatment levels of HGOII. These data indicate that the effect of HGOII on the hemopoietic system is a treatment‐related, partially compensated, hemolytic anemia. The apparent reduction in myelopoiesis may be compensated for by a concurrent increase in marrow volume.
Appearance of interleukin lα relates dna interstrand cross‐links and cytotoxicity in cultured human keratinocytes exposed to bis‐(2‐chloroethyl)sulfide
Authors: Pu Y. , Lin P. , Vaughan F. L. , Bernstein I. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe utility of an increase in the level of interleukin lα (IL‐1α) as an indicator of cytotoxicity from exposure to bis‐(2‐chloroethyl)sulfide (BCES) was evaluated in submerged monolayer cultures of human cutaneous keratinocytes. Four‐day‐old cultures were exposed to 1–100 (μM BCES at 37°C for 30 min. The amounts of IL‐1α in the medium at and in cells 72 h after exposure were measured immunologically with an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibody to human IL‐1α. The antibody was conjugated with peroxidase for visualization. Cell viability was measured concomitantly using the trypan blue exclusion technique. The degree of interstrand cross‐linking as a measure of damage in the cellular DNA was determined by measuring the fluorescence resulting from the intercalation of ethidium bromide into double‐stranded molecules that remained in heat‐denatured DNA isolated from cells that had been exposed to BCES. A high correlation was observed between the dose‐responsive increase in the level of IL‐1α in the medium and in the cells, and the dose‐responsive decrease that took place in the fraction of viable cells in exposed cultures. The dose‐responsive increase in the interstrand cross‐linking found in the DNA of cells immediately after exposure to BCES also correlated with the increase in IL‐1α 72 h after exposure. These data suggest that the appearance of IL‐1α can be used to quantify the cytotoxicity resulting from BCES‐mediated damage to cellular DNA and that the degree of cross‐linking in the DNA immediately after exposure to BCES is predictive of the level of cytotoxicity in an exposed culture 3 days later.
Enhanced insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) cell association at reduced pH is dependent on IGF binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3) interaction
Authors: Forsten‐Williams Kimberly , Cassino Theresa R. , Delo Laura J. , Bellis Abigail D. , Robinson Anne S. , Ryan Thomas E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe cellular microenvironment impacts how signals are transduced by cells and plays a key role in tissue homeostasis. Although pH is generally well regulated, there are a number of situations where acidosis occurs and our work addresses how low pH impacts cell association of insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) in the presence of IGF binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3). We have previously shown that IGF‐I cell binding was enhanced in the presence of IGFBP‐3 at low pH and now show that this binding is IGFBP‐mediated as it is inhibited by Y60L‐IGF‐I, a mutant with reduced affinity for the IGF receptor (IGF‐IR), and unaffected by insulin, which binds but not IGFBPs. Using surface plasmon resonance (SPR), we show that direct binding between IGF‐I and IGFBP‐3 is pH sensitive. Despite this, the key step in the process appears to be IGFBP‐3 cell surface association as Long‐R3‐IGF‐I, a mutant with reduced affinity for IGFBPs, shows a similar increase in cell association at pH 5.8 in the presence of IGFBP‐3 but does not exhibit pH‐dependent binding by SPR. Further, analysis indicates a large increase in low‐affinity binding sites for IGF‐I in the presence of IGFBP‐3 and an elimination of IGF‐I enhanced binding when a non‐cell associating mutant of IGFBP‐3 is added in place of IGFBP‐3. That the IGFBP‐3‐mediated binding localizes IGF‐I away from IGF‐IR is suggested by triton‐solubility testing and indicates additional complexities to IGF‐I regulation by IGFBP‐3. Identifying the pH‐dependent binding partner(s) for IGFBP‐3 is a necessary next step in deciphering this process. J. Cell. Physiol. 210: 298–308, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.