bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of the Changes in Malocclusion Index Scores Over a 25‐year Period
Authors: Hong S. , Freer TJ , Wood EB 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: The measured values of specific traits of occlusion may be subject to significant change due to growth and maturation of the dentofacial structures. Some traits may show improvement while others may show deterioration. Rarely is there an opportunity to examine a sample of occlusions 25 years after the acquisition of the original set of records. This study examines the changes in traits of occlusion in a sample of 46 subjects who were originally examined between 1971–1973 and for whom records were again obtained in 1998.Methods: The 46 patients were a sub‐group of a previously selected randomised school‐based sample and study models obtained in 1971–1973 were still available. New models for each patient were obtained in 1998. Of the 46 subjects, only eight had received orthodontic treatment.Results: Assessments of the changes in specific traits were made using the methods proposed in the Harry L Draker, California Modification (HLD Cal Mod) index. This simple index was chosen because the main component traits were well defined and, when analysed separately, reflected changes with time. The total index score gave a broad indication of the global changes in the individual's occlusion. The five basic traits of the HLD index include overjet, overbite, openbite, mandibular protrusion and labio‐lingual spread. Three additional traits (ectopic eruption, anterior crowding and posterior crossbite) are used in the HLD Cal Mod index. These traits provided a useful reflection of occlusal changes with time. Measurements were made with reference to specifications and the details outlined in the HLD Cal Mod protocol. The results revealed an increase in total index scores over time with a significant increase in lower labio‐lingual spread associated with an increased score in anterior crowding. Overjet and overbite, however, displayed a significant decrease with time.Conclusions: These findings are in keeping with previous studies and highlight the importance of time as a significant issue in the assessment of occlusion.
Practical Belief Scales Among Private General Dental Practitioners
Authors: Brennan DS , Spencer AJ 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: Practice beliefs have been related to service rate variation. The aims of this study were to replicate practice belief scales in Australia and investigate associations with dentist and practice characteristics and services.Method: A random sample of Australian dentists completed mailed questionnaires (response rate 60.3 per cent).Results: Private general practitioners (n=345 provided service data from a typical day. Eight practice belief items were recorded on a five‐point Likert scale, yielding four factor‐based scales.Approximately 85 per cent of responses were on the agreement side of the midpoint for the scales of Information giving and Patient influence, 45 per cent for Preventive orientation and approximately 10 per cent for Controlling active disease rather than developing better preventive advice.Capital city dentists had higher agreement with the Preventive orientation scale, while males and older dentists showed less disagreement with the Controlling active disease item (Mann‐Whitney, Kruskal‐Wallis P<0.05).Those agreeing with the scales (that is scores the median) showed (Poisson regression P<0.05): a higher rate of crown and bridge, a rate ratio (RR) of 1.31, but lower rates of extraction (RR=0.76) and prosthodontic services (RR=0.64) for the Information giving scale; a higher rate of restorative (RR=1.22) and total services per visit (RR=1.06) for the Preventive orientation scale; a higher rate of preventive services (RR=1.14), but a lower rate of crown and bridge services (0.78) for the Patient influence scale; and higher rates of crown and bridge (RR=1.40) and prosthodontic (RR=1.59) but lower rates of periodontic (RR=0.60) and extraction services (RR=0.62) for the Controlling active disease item.Conclusions: These findings confirm the factor structure of practice beliefs and demonstrate small to moderate associations with variation in service rates.
Dental Needs of Elderly Hostel Residents in Inner Melbourne
Authors: Saub R. , Evans RW 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: The purpose of this study was to determine the oral health status and treatment of elderly hostel residents in Melbourne. method: One hundred and seventy‐five subjects aged 65+ were selected from 20 hostels within a 10 m radius of Melbourne's central business district.Result: Subjects were clinically examined and interviewed using a standard questionnaire. In the course of the clinical examination, coronal caries, root caries, periodontal disease, denture status and related treatment needs were assessed. The mean age of the subjects was 83.7, the majority of whom were female (80 per cent). About 35 per cent of the sample were dentate. The mean number of teeth present among dentate persons was 13.8, the mean coronal caries experience was 24.9 DMFT and mean root caries was 2.3 R‐DF. Of the dentate subjects, 46 per cent required at least one restoration for coronal caries and 30 per cent required at leas tone restoration for root caries. Most dentate subjects had calculus and none had deep pockets, therefore, indications for periodontal treatment did not include complex care. More than 50 per cent of lower full dentures were retained unsatisfactorily and about half of the total number of subjects required prosthetic treatment.Conclusion: Although there was a high number of treatment needs, most requirements involved simple technologies that could be delivered by auxiliaries.
Oral Lesions in Scurvy
Authors: Firth N. , Marvan E. 
Published: March 2008

Scurvy is the nutritional deficiency state associated with lowered levels of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). Lack of ascorbic acid leads to suppression of collagen synthesis and the synthesis of defective collagen among other metabolic derangements. Weakening of vascular walls results in signs and symptoms mimicking other diseases such as bleeding diatheses and deep vein thrombosis.Scurvy is rarely encountered in Western countries where there is a broad community understanding of the importance of nutritional requirements and where foods containing ascorbic acid are readily available.As a result of these factors early diagnosis may be hampered where it is not considered in the differential diagnosis, and consequently, prolonged suffering of the patient. Scurvy is easily treated with high doses of oral ascorbic acid, although recurrences may occur.Education of health care providers in recognizing the signs and symptoms of scurvy therefore cannot be over emphasized, particularly in societies in which nutritional deficiencies are considered uncommon.A case of scurvy presenting primarily with oral manifestations is reported here.
Water fluoridation, osteoporosis, fractures—recent developments
Authors: Demos Lisa L. , Kazda Hana , Cicuttini Flavia M. , Sinclair Martha I. , Fairley Christopher K. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: Optimal (1 ppm) water fluoridation is seen as the most socially equitable way to prevent dental caries, however concerns about the safety of fluoridation are periodically raised.Methods: Research on effects on bone published since the 1991 National Health and MedicalResearch Council report on water fluoridation was reviewed.Results: Thirty‐three studies were identified. Adverse effects in animal feeding studies were only seen at doses much greater than those currently used in artificial water fluoridation. The majority of animal studies showed no effect or a beneficial effect of lowfluoride doses. The results of ecological studies were conflicting. One of the two cohort studies showed an increase in fracture incidence at fluoride levels four times greater than optimal water fluoridation and the other showed no effect after 20 years' optimal fluoridation. The cross‐sectional studies showed a favourable effect on bone mineral density. The clinical trials predominantly showed increased bone density in several sites associated with fluoride treatment of 9–22.6mg fluoride per day for one‐four years.Conclusion: These studies provide a substantial body of evidence that fluoride at up to 1ppm does not have an adverse effect on bone strength, bone mineral density or fracture incidence.
A retrospective analysis of oral hairy leukoplakia in South Australia
Authors: Logan RM , Coates EA , Pierce AM , Wilson DF 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: The features of oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) have been widely reported in the literature. However, no studies have described this lesion in the Australian setting. This study retrospectively examines, with respect to specific clinical factors, the prevalence of OHL in a South Australian HIVinfected population.Methods: Clinical data were collected from the records of 197 HIV‐infected patients who had attended the Adelaide Dental Hospital between January 1986 and February 1995. Data were analysed using the chi‐square test.Results: The prevalence of OHL in South Australian HIV‐infected patients was 45.2 per cent. The study found the presence of OHL was not related to CD4+T‐lymphocyte count or AIDS‐defining illness nor did the length of time a patient had been infected with HIV relate to the presence of OHL. An association was observed between a reduced prevalence of OHL in patients who were taking antiviral medication.Conclusion: The prevalence of OHL in South Australia is comparable with results of other studies. This study supports the notion that OHL is not an indicator of immunosuppression in South Australian HIV‐infected patients. Further longitudinal studies are required to ascertain the relationship of OHL to HIV disease progression.
Continuing education: The 1998 Survey of the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons
Authors: Sambrook P. , Thomson D. , Bastiaan R. , Goss A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: Continuing education (CE) is an essential professional activity. In the last decade, CE has been actively pursued by the medical profession in Australia and abroad. However, the uptake of CE in dentistry has been much slower and there is minimal Australian data on dental CE.Methods: To determine the level of CE activity, in 1998, postal questionnaires were sent to all fellows of the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons. The responses were analysed.Results: There was a high reponse rate (90 per cent) but a moderate usable rate (54 per cent). The results show a biphasic distribution between high and low CE activity. The average amount of activity of those involved in CE was 116 hours per year, above the usually accepted minimum of 100 hours/year. Some groups, particularly members of the specialist divisions of oral and maxillofacial surgeons (215 hours) and periodontists (205 hours), have high levels of CE. However, approximately 25 per cent of college fellows reported little or no CE activity. The survey revealed that inactive fellows are more likely to be older and in general practice. Inactive fellows were also tardy in replying to the questionnaire.Conclusion: The high activity CE group needs to be recognised and encouraged to continue. Specific plans to help the low CE activity group should be developed. Although these findings relate directly to the Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons, they are presented as they have implications for the dental profession at large.
Specific Orofacial Problems Experienced by Musicians
Authors: Yeo DKL , Pham TP , Baker J. , Porter SAT 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: Patients who play musical instruments (especially wind and stringed instruments) and vocalists are prone to particular types of orofacial problems. Some problems are caused by playing and some are the result of dental treatment. This paper proposes to give an insight into these problems and practical guidance to general practice dentists.Method: Information in this paper is gathered from studies published in dental, music and occupational health journals, and from discussions with career musicians and music teachers. Results: Orthodontic problems, soft tissue trauma, focal dystonia, denture retention, herpes labialis, dry mouth and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders were identified as orofacial problems of career musicians. Options available for prevention and palliative treatment as well as instrument selection are suggested to overcome these problems. Conclusions: Career musicians express reluctance to attend dentists who are not sensitive to their specific needs. General practitioner dentists who understand how the instruments impact on the orofacial structures and are aware of potential problems faced by musicians are able to offer preventive advice and supportive treatment to these patients, especially those in the early stages of their career.
Comparison of Five Selective Media for the Growth and Enumeration of Streptococcus Mutans
Authors: Wan AKL , Seow WK , Walsh LJ , Bird PS 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Although a few growth media are available for selective isolation of the cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), it is still unclear as to which is the most efficacious. This study compared the selectivity and sensitivity of five different media for growing a laboratory strain of S. mutans (NCTC 10449), and for enumerating S. mutans from teeth of a group of young children, aged 2–10 years. Methods: The media tested in this study were mitis salivarius with bacitracin (MSB), mitis salivariuskanamycin‐bacitracin (MSKB), glucose‐sucrosetellurite‐bacitracin (GSTB), trypticase soy‐sucrosebacitracin (TYS20B) and tryptone‐yeast‐cysteinesucrose‐bacitracin (TYCSB) agars. These were prepared according to the respective manufacturer's instructions. Results: The results showed that at concentrations of bacteria 1times103 to 1X1010/mL, the recovery of the laboratory S. mutans strain was highest in TYCSB agar, followed by in descending order by TYCSB, MSB, GSTB, and MSKB (p<0.01). Similar results were obtained using dental plaque samples collected from swabs of the teeth of a group of children. In the clinical samples, TYCSB again showed the highest recovery rates of S. mutans compared to the other four media. Results were reproduced at dilutions of the samples at 1:20times106 to 1:2times106, and S. mutans concentrations of 1.6 to 7.7 Log 10 CFU/mL. In addition, there were highest ratios of mutans to nonmutans bacteria in TYCSB compared to the other media, suggesting high selectivity of this media for mutans species. Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that TYCSB is the most sensitive and selective media for culture of S. mutans for laboratory and clinical studies.
Reconstructive Techniques for the Repair of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncological Procedures: What are they, How do they Work and What do they Look Like?
Authors: Chandu A. , Bridgeman AM , Smith ACH , Flood SJ 
Published: March 2008

Background: There are many different ways to reconsturct the oral and maxillofacial region post tumour ablation. In the past, the resection of oral tumours had been associated with significant disfigurement and loss of function. Modern techniques aim to restore function and improve cosmetics. This paper aims to describe the techniques used in patients treated at the Austin and Repatriation Medical Centre and to answer the more common questions associated with reconstructive techniques. Methods: A review of techniques of oral reconstruction used by our unit over the last nine years and a review of the literature. Results: Various techniques of reconstruction gained from our experience in treating patients with oral cancer are documented. There are a variety of techniques including grafts, local flaps, regional flaps and free vascularized flaps. Metallic implants such as osseointegrated dental implants may also be used for dental rehabilitation. Conclusions: There are many different methods of reconstruction in patients who have had resection for oral tumours. It is important for general dental practitioners who may be involved with the care of such patients to have an understanding of the modern techniques of reconstruction that may be used.
Spontaneous Gingival Haemorrhage: Case Report
Authors: Gleeson P. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractClinical observation of our patients forms the basis of the dental examination, along with other more complex diagnostic tests. In this case, the gingival bleeding episode of one patient was initially diagnosed and treated as an acute periodontal episode. When simple therapy failed to resolve the bleeding, a full haematological investigation was ordered. This revealed the presence of a lifethreatening disease. The patient was immediately referred for medical management of acute myeloblastic leukaemia, but died some months later. Dentists should always be on guard to observe any unusual clinical signs that may lead to the early diagnosis of systemic disease processes.
Immediate Restoration of an Immediate Single‐Tooth Implant
Authors: Clausen GF , Chen ST 
Published: March 2008

abstractTraditional implant protocol specifies an unloaded healing period prior to restoration. Shorter healing times may be appropriate in some circumstances, and examples of early loading have been reported in the dental literature. This case report involves immediate implant placement at the time of tooth extraction, combined with construction of a restoration, inserted directly after implant surgery. The clinical procedures are described, and the specific indications which may permit this approach are presented.
A new era of dental education at the University of Sydney, Australia
Authors: Klineberg I. , Massey W. , Thomas M. , Cockrell D. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDental education is currently under scrutiny in order to most appropriately address community needs for the new millennium. Educational outcomes need to include a commitment to life‐long learning, and an emphasis on professional ethics and moral responsibility. These needs are supported by new forms of information delivery with a focus on the electronic media, by student centred and selfdirected coursework, and by clinical stimulation. Additionally, at the University of Sydney, selection will follow a first degree. This will allow candidates time for an informed decision to be made for their future professional career and for a period of experience in the tertiary education system.
Strains in the Marginal Ridge During Occlusal Loading
Authors: Palamara JEA , Palamara D. , Messer HH 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: The marginal ridge is considered fundamental to the ability of the tooth to resist functional and parafunctional occlusal loads without damage. Despite this role, very little is known of patterns of stress and strain in marginal ridges under load. This study investigated strains in proximal enamel of mandibular premolars using finite element analysis (FEA) and strain gauge measurements.Methods: A three‐dimensional FEA model of a human mandibular premolar was developed using commercial FEA software, and strains were computed in response to loads simulating clenching and chewing functions. Strains were measured in extracted premolars using strain gauges mounted on the proximal surfaces, under similar occlusal loading conditions.Results: Strains in the vicinity of contact areas and marginal ridges were lower than near the cementoenamel junction and on buccal and lingual surfaces. The magnitude of proximal strains increased with oblique loading on cuspal inclines. Finite element analysis results correlated well with strain gauge measurements and can be used to predict strain directions and magnitudes.Conclusions: At least for mandibular premolars, the marginal ridges are not highly stressed areas during simulated occlusal loading.
Minimizing the Risks of Latex Allergy: The Effectivness of Written Information
Authors: Carrozzi FM , Katelaris CH , Burke TV , Widmer RP 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: Latex allergy has been identified as an occupational risk for the dental profession. This study assessed whether identified latex‐allergic dental personnel changed their practices after receiving verbal and written information about the management of latex allergy.Methods: A survey conducted at the 1998 Australian Dental Association Congress identified 157 dental personnel with clinical latex allergy, or at high risk from latex exposure. The workplace implications were then explained to them by a consultant allergist. Four weeks later, follow up written information on latex allergy was mailed out. The information sheet outlined possible symptoms and cross‐reactions, implications for the workplace, hand care advice and management strategies to reduce latex exposure in the workplace. After six weeks, a questionnaire, designed to assess whether appropriate steps to reduce latex exposure had been taken, was mailed out.Results: Seventy per cent of the questionnaires were returned. All respondents felt the information was easy to understand and informative. While 50 per cent of respondents indicated that they had changed to powder‐free or non‐latex gloves, only five respondents were fully compliant with all instructions.Conclusion: Compliance with instructions regarding minimizing exposure to latex in a group of latexallergic dental personnel was poor.
Dental erosion in asthma: A case‐control study from south east Queensland
Authors: Sivasitamparam K. , Young WG , Jirattanasopa V. , Priest J. , Khan F. , Harbrow D. , Daley TJ 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: Asthma medication places patients at risk of dental erosion by reducing salivary protection against extrinsic or intrinsic acids. But patterns of lesions in asthmatics may differ from patterns in non‐asthmatics, because gastro‐oesophageal reflux (GOR) is found in 60 per cent of asthmaticsMethods: The lesions in 44 asthma cases were compared to those of age and sex match controls with no history of asthma or medications drawn from the dental records of 423 patients referred concerning excessive tooth wear. The subjects were 70 males age range 15 to 55 years and 18 females age range 18 to 45. Anamnestic clinical data were compared between the two groups. Models of all 88 subjects were examined by light microscopy, and wear patterns were recorded on permanent central incisor, canine, premolar and first molar teeth.Results: Clinical differences were a higher incidence of tooth hypersensitivity, xerostomia, salivary gland abnormalities, gastric complaints, and self induced vomiting in the cases. No differences were found between the cases and controls on citrus fruit and acid soft drink consumption. More occlusal erosion sites were found in cases, whereas more attrition sites were found in the controls. There were no significant differences in palatal erosion on maxillary anterior teeth found between cases and controls. Lingual erosion of the mandibular incisors, found only in GOR patients, was not observed.Conclusions: A higher incidence of erosion was found in asthmatics. Gastro‐oesophageal reflux symptoms were not associated with the sign of lingual mandibular incisor erosion. The clinical significance is that asthmatics are at risk of dental erosion from extrinsic acid, but GOR does not appear to contribute in a site‐specific manner.