bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavioral assessment of child-directed canine aggression
Authors: Reisner Ilana R , Shofer Frances S , Nance Michael L 
Published: October 2007

Objective:To characterize behavioral circumstances of bites to children by dogs presented to a veterinary behavior clinic.Methods:Retrospective case series examining medical records of dogs presenting by referral to a university veterinary hospital for aggression and which had bitten a child <18 years old. Behavioral data included age of victim, familiarity with dog, and circumstances of bites.Results:Records of bites to 111 children were examined. Children <6 years old were most commonly bitten in association with resource guarding (44%), whereas older children were most commonly bitten in association with territory guarding (23%). Similarly, food guarding was the most common circumstance for bites to familiar children (42%) and territory guarding for bites to unfamiliar children (53%). Behavioral screening of the 103 dogs examined revealed resource guarding (61%) and discipline measures (59%) as the most common stimuli for aggression. Anxiety screens revealed abnormalities in 77% of dogs. Potential contributory medical conditions were identified/suspected in 50% of dogs. When history before presentation was known, 66% of dogs had never previously bitten a child, and 19% had never bitten any human. Most dogs (93%) were neutered, and 66% of owners had taken their dogs to obedience training classes.Conclusions:Most children were bitten by dogs with no history of biting children. There is a high rate of behavioral abnormalities (aggression and anxiety) in this canine population. Common calming measures (neutering, training) were not routinely effective deterrents.
Effects of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout) standard on rates of machinery-related fatal occupational injury
Authors: Bulzacchelli Maria T , Vernick Jon S , Webster Daniel W , Lees Peter S J 
Published: October 2007

Objective:To evaluate the impact of the United States’ federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout) standard on rates of machinery-related fatal occupational injury. The standard, which took effect in 1990, requires employers in certain industries to establish an energy control program and sets minimum criteria for energy control procedures, training, inspections, and hardware.Design:An interrupted time-series design was used to determine the standard’s effect on fatality rates. Machinery-related fatalities, obtained from the National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities surveillance system for 1980 through 2001, were used as a proxy for lockout/tagout-related fatalities. Linear regression was used to control for changes in demographic and economic factors.Results:The average annual crude rate of machinery-related fatalities in manufacturing changed little from 1980 to 1989, but declined by 4.59% per year from 1990 to 2001. However, when controlling for demographic and economic factors, the regression model estimate of the standard’s effect is a small, non-significant increase of 0.05 deaths per 100 000 production worker full-time equivalents (95% CI −0.14 to 0.25). When fatality rates in comparison groups that should not have been affected by the standard are incorporated into the analysis, there is still no significant change in the rate of machinery-related fatalities in manufacturing.Conclusions:There is no evidence that the lockout/tagout standard decreased fatality rates relative to other trends in occupational safety over the study period. A possible explanation is voluntary use of lockout/tagout by some employers before introduction of the standard and low compliance by other employers after.
Area socioeconomic status and childhood injury morbidity in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Poulos Roslyn , Hayen Andrew , Finch Caroline , Zwi Anthony 
Published: October 2007

Objective:To explore the relationship between child injury morbidity and socioeconomic status.Design:A cross-sectional analysis of routinely collected hospital separation data for unintentional injury for the period 1999/2000–2004/2005.Setting:All statistical local areas of New South Wales (NSW), AustraliaSubjects:110 549 unintentional injury-related hospital separations for NSW children aged 0–14 years.Main outcome measure:Adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for hospital separations for unintentional injury (for all injury and by individual injury mechanisms) by quintile of socioeconomic disadvantage for children aged 0–14 years.Results:There was no clear relationship between socioeconomic status and injury when all injury mechanisms were combined. However, children in the more disadvantaged quintiles were more likely to be hospitalized than children in the least disadvantaged quintile for the following injury mechanisms: motor cycle (point estimates for IRRs across the socioeconomic status quintiles ranged from 2.95 to 4.02 relative to the least disadvantaged quintile), motor-vehicle occupant (IRR range 1.33–2.27), pedestrian (IRR range 1.43–2.54 for ages 0–4 years), pedal cyclist (IRR range 1.30–1.50), fire and burns (IRR range 1.37–2.00), and poisoning (IRR range 1.32–1.91). Similarly, hospital separation rates for foreign body, other transport, and pedestrian (aged 5–9 years) injuries were also greater, but the differences were not statistically significant across all quintiles. These injury mechanisms accounted for about 25% of the hospital separations.Conclusions:The relationship between relative socioeconomic disadvantage and injury risk in NSW children is strongest for transport-related injuries, fires and burns, and poisoning. Interventions that address these specific injury mechanisms may help to reduce the disparity between high and lower socioeconomic groups.
Pediatric hospitalizations for bicycle-related injuries
Authors: Shah Summit , Sinclair Sara A , Smith Gary A , Xiang Huiyun 
Published: October 2007

Objectives:To determine the incidence of bicycle-related injury hospitalizations among children and adolescents 20 years of age and younger and to examine the associated use of healthcare resources.Design:Nationally representative data from the 2003 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project’s Kids’ Inpatient Database (KID).Outcome measures:National estimates of hospitalization for bicycle-related injuries according to patient demographics, type of injury, total hospital charges, and length of hospital stay.Results:In 2003, an estimated 10 700 children were hospitalized for a bicycle-related injury in the USA. Inpatient charges totaled nearly $200 million with a mean charge of $18 654 per hospitalization. The national rate was 12.7 hospitalizations per 100 000 children. Young adolescents aged 10–13 years accounted for the highest percentage of cases (36.6%) followed by children aged 6–9 years (25.1%). Most patients were male (76.7%) and resided in an urban area (94.4%). A head injury was diagnosed in one out of three hospitalized bicyclists; 30% were due to a motor vehicle collision.Conclusions:Pediatric bicycle-related hospitalizations are a significant public health problem. The morbidity and mortality among children and the economic costs to society are large. The patient characteristics and injury types identified by this study should be used to develop targeted prevention strategies.
Smooth handling: The lack of safety-related consumer information in car advertisements: Table 1
Authors: Wilson Nick , Maher Anthony , Thomson George , Keall Michael 
Published: October 2007

Objective:To examine the content and trends of safety-related consumer information in magazine vehicle advertisements, as a case study within the worldwide marketing of vehicles.Methods:Content analysis of popular current affairs magazines in New Zealand for the 5-year period 2001–2005 was undertaken (n =  514 advertisements), supplemented with vehicle data from official websites.Results:Safety information in advertisements for light passenger vehicles was relatively uncommon with only 27% mentioning one or more of nine key safety features examined (average: 1.7 out of nine features in this 27%). Also included were potentially hazardous features of: speed imagery (in 29% of advertisements), power references (14%), and acceleration data (4%). The speed and power aspects became relatively more common over the 5-year period (p < 0.05 for trend).Conclusions:To enhance informed consumer choice and improve injury prevention, governments should consider regulating the content of vehicle advertisements and vehicle marketing – as already occurs with many other consumer products.
Genotypes and serum concentrations of human alpha-1-antitrypsin “P” protein variants in a clinical population
Authors: Bornhorst Joshua A , Calderon Fernanda R O , Procter Melinda , Tang Wei , Ashwood Edward R , Mao Rong 
Published: October 2007

Background:Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is a relatively common genetic disorder that can lead to the development of pulmonary disorders. Diagnosis of AAT deficiency is typically performed by isoelectric focusing (IEF) protein phenotyping in concert with determination of AAT serum concentration levels. The “P” phenotypic variant is associated with several known genetic variants that are found at unknown relative frequencies.Aims:To investigate the genetic variation of “P” alleles in patient samples.Methods:A DNA sequencing protocol for the full AAT coding region from serum was developed. Additionally, a retrospective evaluation of AAT concentrations in serum samples containing “P” allele IEF phenotype variants was undertaken.Results:“P” phenotypic variants are observed in ∼1 of every 900 samples received in the reference laboratory. Heterozygous “MP” allele samples exhibited a wide range of serum protein concentrations. Genotyping revealed the presence of the deleterious Plowellvariant in six heterozygous MP samples, two heterozygous PZ samples, and one homozygous PP sample. A non-deleterious Pst albansvariant was observed in a single MP sample. A novel heterozygous AAT M“P” variant, Psalt lakewas identified, that did not exhibit a reduced AAT serum concentration.Conclusions:Genetic heterogeneity is present in clinical “P” phenotype variants identified by IEF, and the deleterious Plowellvariant appears to be relatively common. Sequencing of “P” phenotype variants can provide useful clinical information, especially when the “P” phenotype variant is paired with a deficiency phenotype allele.
Mucosal endocrine cell micronests and single endocrine cells following neo-adjuvant therapy for adenocarcinoma of the distal oesophagus and oesophagogastric junction
Authors: Stewart Colin J R , Hillery Simon 
Published: October 2007

Aims:To determine the frequency of endocrine cell micronests (ECM) and single endocrine cells (SEC) within the glandular mucosa of the distal oesophagus and oesophagogastric junction (OGJ) following neo-adjuvant therapy for adenocarcinoma.Methods:The resection specimens from 11 patients with adenocarcinoma of the distal oesophagus or OGJ who had undergone preoperative chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy (CRT) were reviewed and stained immunohistochemically for cytokeratin and chromogranin. The presence of ECM and/or SEC within the mucosa adjacent to the tumour was noted, and the results correlated with the extent of tumour regression. The corresponding pretreatment endoscopic biopsy specimens were reviewed in 6 cases, and the results were also compared to 10 tumour resections from patients with no history of neo-adjuvant treatment.Results:ECM and/or SEC were identified in 8/11 resection specimens after chemotherapy or CRT. The endocrine cells were typically located within the deep lamina propria or muscularis mucosae and were associated with varying degrees of glandular atrophy and inflammation. The appearances were most consistent with endocrine cell preservation (pseudo-hyperplasia) following treatment. Isolated endocrine elements were not seen in the pretreatment biopsy specimens, while rare SEC without ECM were identified in only 2/10 control resection specimens.Conclusions:Endocrine cell pseudo-hyperplasia may be seen within atrophic glandular mucosa following neo-adjuvant therapy of distal oesophageal/OGJ adenocarcinomas. The changes are analogous to those seen in chronic atrophic gastritis and should not be misinterpreted as those of residual tumour.
E2F-1 overexpression correlates with decreased proliferation and better prognosis in adenocarcinomas of Barrett oesophagus
Authors: Evangelou K , Kotsinas A , Mariolis-Sapsakos T , Giannopoulos A , Tsantoulis P K , Constantinides C , Troupis T G , Salmas M , Kyroudis A , Kittas C , Gorgoulis V G 
Published: October 2007

Background:E2F-1 expression is positively associated with tumour growth in oesophageal squamous-cell carcinomas (OSCC), while it exhibits oncosuppressive features in colonic adenocarcinomas (AC). To date there are no data regarding E2F-1 expression and its relationship with tumour kinetics (proliferation, apoptosis) in adenocarcinomas that develop on Barrett oesophagus.Aim:As oesophageal adenocarcinomas occur almost exclusively in the metaplastic Barrett epithelium and the opposing E2F-1 behaviour seems to be cell and tissue-type dependent, we examined the manner in which E2F-1 acts in ACs of Barrett oesophagus.Methods:We estimated the immunohistochemical expression of E2F-1, Ki-67, caspase-3 and p53 immunohistochemical status in 35 Barrett oesophagus ACs.Results:E2F-1 immunopositivity correlated inversely with Ki-67, by semi-serial section and statistical analysis (p = 0.023, Spearman correlation). Semi-serial section analysis revealed a direct association between E2F-1 and caspase-3 staining. No correlation was found with p53 status. Cases with higher E2F-1 immunoexpression exhibited longer survival (p = 0.047, Cox-regression).Conclusions:E2F-1 expression was negatively related to tumour proliferation in ACs of Barrett oesophagus. Additionally, E2F-1 immunohistochemical status correlated positively with patient survival. These findings are opposite from those seen in OSCCs, suggesting that the tumour-suppressing E2F-1 behaviour in oesophageal adenocarcinomas is possibly due to the intestinal-type nature of the metaplastic Barrett mucosa.
Squamous cell carcinoma antigen in human liver carcinogenesis
Authors: Guido M , Roskams T , Pontisso P , Fassan M , Thung S N , Giacomelli L , Sergio A , Farinati F , Cillo U , Rugge M 
Published: October 2007

Background:Squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCCA) is a serine protease inhibitor that can be overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at both molecular and protein level, but no data are available on its expression in pre-malignant stages.Aim:To assess SCCA expression by immunohistochemistry in HCC and its nodular precursors in cirrhotic livers.Methods:55 nodules from 42 explanted livers were evaluated: 7 large regenerative nodules (LRNs), 7 low-grade dysplastic nodules (LG-DNs), 10 high-grade DNs (HG-DNs), and 31 HCC. SCCA expression was semiquantitatively scored on a four-tiered scale.Results:SCCA hepatocyte immunostaining was always restricted to the cytoplasm, mainly exhibiting a granular pattern. Stain intensity varied, ranging from weak to very strong. Within the nodules, positive cells were unevenly distributed, either scattered or in irregular clusters. The prevalence of SCCA expression was 29% in LRNs, 100% in DNs and 93% in HCC. A significant difference emerged in both prevalence and score for LRNs versus LG-DNs (p<0.039), HG-DNs (p = 0.001), and HCC (p = 0.000). A barely significant difference (p = 0.49) was observed between LG-DNs and HG-DNs, while no difference in SCCA expression was detected between HG-DNs and HCC. Cirrhotic tissue adjacent to the nodules was positive in 96% of cases, with a significant difference in the score (p = 0.000) between hepatocytes adjacent to HCC and those surrounding LRNs.Discussion:This study provides the first evidence that aberrant SCCA expression is an early event in liver cell carcinomatous transformation.
Detection of epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations in cytology specimens from patients with non-small cell lung cancer utilising high-resolution melting amplicon analysis
Authors: Smith G D , Chadwick B E , Willmore-Payne C , Bentz J S 
Published: October 2007

Background:Activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations have been implicated in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and have also been clinically correlated with patient sensitivity to targeted EGFR inhibitors.Aim:To describe a technique for determining EGFR mutation status on archival fine needle aspirate (FNA) specimens from advanced NSCLC patients.Methods:Eleven archival FNA slides from patients with advanced NSCLC were examined for diagnostic material to identify tumour cell-enriched regions. EGFR mutation status was determined using a slide-scrape DNA extraction protocol of selected tumour cell regions on the smear slides, followed by real time PCR and high resolution melt analysis (HRMAA) of EGFR exons 18, 19, 20, and 21, followed by sequence analysis.Results:All DNA samples were successfully amplified by PCR. Three adenocarcinoma patient samples contained EGFR mutations in exon 19 (L747-P753insS). One of the three had an additional exon 19 mutation (A755D).Conclusions:Archival cytology slides from patients with NSCLC can be used to determine EGFR mutation status by PCR, HRMAA, and sequencing. The ability to use archival cytology slides greatly increases the potential material available for molecular analysis in diagnosis and selection of patients for targeted therapeutic agents.
Legal physician-assisted dying in Oregon and the Netherlands: evidence concerning the impact on patients in “vulnerable” groups
Authors: Battin Margaret P , van der Heide Agnes , Ganzini Linda , van der Wal Gerrit , Onwuteaka-Philipsen Bregje D 
Published: October 2007

Background:Debates over legalisation of physician-assisted suicide (PAS) or euthanasia often warn of a “slippery slope”, predicting abuse of people in vulnerable groups. To assess this concern, the authors examined data from Oregon and the Netherlands, the two principal jurisdictions in which physician-assisted dying is legal and data have been collected over a substantial period.Methods:The data from Oregon (where PAS, now called death under the Oregon Death with Dignity Act, is legal) comprised all annual and cumulative Department of Human Services reports 1998–2006 and three independent studies; the data from the Netherlands (where both PAS and euthanasia are now legal) comprised all four government-commissioned nationwide studies of end-of-life decision making (1990, 1995, 2001 and 2005) and specialised studies. Evidence of any disproportionate impact on 10 groups of potentially vulnerable patients was sought.Results:Rates of assisted dying in Oregon and in the Netherlands showed no evidence of heightened risk for the elderly, women, the uninsured (inapplicable in the Netherlands, where all are insured), people with low educational status, the poor, the physically disabled or chronically ill, minors, people with psychiatric illnesses including depression, or racial or ethnic minorities, compared with background populations. The only group with a heightened risk was people with AIDS. While extralegal cases were not the focus of this study, none have been uncovered in Oregon; among extralegal cases in the Netherlands, there was no evidence of higher rates in vulnerable groups.Conclusions:Where assisted dying is already legal, there is no current evidence for the claim that legalised PAS or euthanasia will have disproportionate impact on patients in vulnerable groups. Those who received physician-assisted dying in the jurisdictions studied appeared to enjoy comparative social, economic, educational, professional and other privileges.
Occupational lung cancer risk among men in the Netherlands
Authors: Preller L , Balder H F , Tielemans E , van den Brandt P A , Goldbohm R A 
Published: October 2007

Objectives:To assess male lung cancer risks for industrial sectors in the Netherlands and to estimate the proportion of lung cancer attributed to working in specific industrial sectors.Methods:Associations were studied among men aged 55–69 years (n = 58 279) from the prospective Netherlands Cohort Study. 1920 incident lung cancer cases were available after 11.3 years of follow-up. Based on a case-cohort design, and using Cox proportional hazards models, risks were estimated for blue collar workers in 26 industrial sectors.Results:Adjustment for individual smoking habits affected risk estimates for some sectors, but adjustment for fruit/vegetables and alcohol intake did not. Adjusted for confounders, an increased risk of lung cancer was observed for employment for ⩾15 years in blue collar jobs in the “electronics and optical instruments” industry (rate ratio (RR) 1.99; 95% CI 1.18 to 3.35), “construction and homebuilding business” (RR 1.64; 95% CI 1.21 to 2.22) and “railway company” (RR 2.40; 95% CI 1.00 to 5.73). The attributable fraction for working for ⩾15 years in these three industries was 5%. In three other sectors there was a statistically non-significant elevated RR of >1.5.Conclusions:Male lung cancer risk is increased in several industrial sectors. Approximately 2000 lung cancer cases between 1986 and 1997 in the 55–69-year-old age group in the Netherlands may be attributable to working for ⩾15 years in the three sectors with increased risk. In addition, estimates for occupational lung cancer risks for sectors may be biased if no individual information is available on smoking habits.
A meta-analysis for neurobehavioural effects due to electromagnetic field exposure emitted by GSM mobile phones
Authors: Barth A , Winker R , Ponocny-Seliger E , Mayrhofer W , Ponocny I , Sauter C , Vana N 
Published: October 2007

Background and objective:Numerous studies have investigated the potential effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) emitted by GSM mobile phones (∼900 MHz to ∼1800 MHz) on cognitive functioning, but results have been equivocal. In order to try and clarify this issue, the current study carried out a meta-analysis on 19 experimental studies.Design:Meta-analysis.Methods:Nineteen studies were taken into consideration. Ten of them were included in the meta-analysis as they fulfilled several minimum requirements; for example, single-blind or double-blind experimental study design and documentation of means and standard deviation of the dependent variables. The meta-analysis compared exposed with non-exposed subjects assuming that there is a common population effect so that one single effect size could be calculated. When homogeneity for single effect sizes was not given, an own population effect for each study and a distribution of population effects was assumed.Results:Attention measured by the subtraction task seems to be affected in regard to decreased reaction time. Working memory measured by the N-back test seems to be affected too: under condition 0-back target response time is lower under exposure, while under condition 2-back target response time increases. The number of errors under condition 2-back non-targets appears to be higher under exposure.Conclusion:Results of the meta-analysis suggest that EMFs may have a small impact on human attention and working memory.