bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Carbocyanation Reactions of Alkynes
Authors: Nakao Yoshiaki , Hiyama Tamejiro 
Published: March 2008

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Mutual Solubilities of Water—Imidazolium‐based Ionic Liquid Systems
Authors: Freire Mara G. , Santos Luis M. N. B. F. , Fernandes Ana M. , Coutinho Joao A. P. , Marrucho Isabel M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Expression analysis of cadherins in the songbird brain: Relationship to vocal system development
Authors: Matsunaga Eiji , Okanoya Kazuo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSongbirds learn their songs as juveniles. The brains of songbirds have a series of nuclei and neural circuits called the song system, which is indispensable for vocal learning and production. In the present study we analyzed the expression patterns of cell adhesion molecules, cadherins, in the Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata var. domestica) to investigate their potential involvement in song nuclei and neural circuit formation. We found that cadherin‐6B was expressed in many song nuclei of the juvenile and adult brain, while R‐cadherin was complementarily expressed in surrounding areas. On the other hand, cadherin‐7 was expressed in the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) in the sensory learning stage, and its expression was downregulated during the sensorimotor learning stage. This downregulation of cadherin‐7 was sexually dimorphic, suggesting its involvement in song development. Other cadherins, including cadherin‐9, ‐10, and ‐12, showed different song‐nuclei‐related expression profiles. These patterns of song nuclei related expression suggest the possibility that cadherins are involved in the formation and maintenance of the song nuclei or neural pathways of the song system. J. Comp. Neurol. 508:329–342, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clustering‐based scheduling: A new class of scheduling algorithms for single‐hop lightwave networks
Authors: Petridou Sophia G. , Sarigiannidis Panagiotis G. , Papadimitriou Georgios I. , Pomportsis Andreas S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) star networks, the construction of the transmission schedule is a key issue, which essentially affects the network performance. Up to now, classic scheduling techniques consider the nodes' requests in a sequential service order. However, these approaches are static and do not take into account the individual traffic pattern of each node. Owing to this major drawback, they suffer from low performance, especially when operating under asymmetric traffic. In this paper, a new class of scheduling algorithms for WDM star networks, which is based on the use of clustering techniques, is introduced. According to the proposed Clustering‐Based Scheduling Algorithm (CBSA), the network's nodes are organized into clusters, based on the number of their requests per channel. Then, their transmission priority is defined beginning from the nodes belonging to clusters with higher demands and ending to the nodes of clusters with fewer requests. The main objective of the proposed scheme is to minimize the length of the schedule by rearranging the nodes' service order. Furthermore, the proposed CBSA scheme adopts a prediction mechanism to minimize the computational complexity of the scheduling algorithm. Extensive simulation results are presented, which clearly indicate that the proposed approach leads to a significantly higher throughput‐delay performance when compared with conventional scheduling algorithms. We believe that the proposed clustering‐based approach can be the base of a new generation of high‐performance scheduling algorithms for WDM star networks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ligand Binding, Conformational and Spectroscopic Properties, and Biomimetic Monooxygenase Activity by the Trinuclear Copper–PHI Complex Derived from L‐Histidine
Authors: Gullotti Michele , Santagostini Laura , Pagliarin Roberto , Palavicini Sara , Casella Luigi , Monzani Enrico , Zoppellaro Giorgio 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe trinuclear copper(II) complex derived from the octadentate N‐donor ligand PHI [piperazine‐1,4‐bis(4‐{N‐[1‐acetoxy‐3‐(1‐methyl‐1H‐imidazol‐4‐yl)]‐2‐propyl}‐N‐(1‐methyl‐1H‐imidazol‐2‐ylmethyl)aminobutyl)] contains two equivalent CuA centers bound by tridentate arms and a CuB center bound by a central didentate residue. The conformational and ligand binding properties of the complex were extensively studied by various spectroscopic techniques (UV/Vis, CD, NMR, EPR) to probe its behavior in solution. Studies on the binding properties of the complex performed with the azide anion as a probe showed that the ligand preferably binds to the CuA centers of the complex and only weakly to the CuB center. The EPR spectra showed the existence of a strong coupling between one of the two CuA centers and the CuB center, which appears to be mediated by a hydroxido‐bridging ligand. Further information about metal binding was obtained by analyzing the NMR spectra of the trinuclear ZnII3–PHI complex, which serves as an analogue of the extremely oxygen sensitive CuI3–PHI complex. The latter complex does not form a stable dioxygen adduct at low temperature, but exhibits an interesting monooxygenase activity. This was studied at low temperature using p‐chlorophenolate as a substrate; the formation of 4‐chlorocatechol in sizeable yield indicates that some of the very reactive CunO2 intermediate should be involved.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Why does social dominance orientation decrease with university exposure to the social sciences? The impact of institutional socialization and the mediating role of “geneticism”
Authors: Dambrun Michaël , Kamiejski Rodolphe , Haddadi Nicolas , Duarte Sandra 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWhy does university exposure to a hierarchy‐attenuating (HA) academic major (e.g., social science) lead to a decrease in anti‐egalitarianism and group domination (social dominance orientation, SDO)? The reason for this well‐documented phenomenon remains unclear. In the social sciences, the origins of differences in both behavior and personality are attributed more to social and environmental factors than to genetic ones. We hypothesized that the normative and informational influences of this academic major would lead to perceptions that genes have a less important role than nurture in the shaping of human behavior and personality. Our main hypothesis was confirmed. Decreased SDO among psychology students was mediated significantly by a decrease in belief in genetic determinism, the factor we called “geneticism.” Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice? Meta‐analytic tests of three mediators
Authors: Pettigrew Thomas F. , Tropp Linda R. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractRecent years have witnessed a renewal of interest in intergroup contact theory. A meta‐analysis of more than 500 studies established the theory's basic contention that intergroup contact typically reduces prejudices of many types. This paper addresses the issue of process: just how does contact diminish prejudice? We test meta‐analytically the three most studied mediators: contact reduces prejudice by (1) enhancing knowledge about the outgroup, (2) reducing anxiety about intergroup contact, and (3) increasing empathy and perspective taking. Our tests reveal mediational effects for all three of these mediators. However, the mediational value of increased knowledge appears less strong than anxiety reduction and empathy. Limitations of the study and implications of the results are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sanctions and moral judgments: The moderating effect of sanction severity and trust in authorities
Authors: Mulder Laetitia B. , Verboon Peter , De Cremer David 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn order to induce people to follow rules, sanctions are often introduced. In this paper we argue for the importance of studying the positive influence of sanctioning systems on people's moral convictions regarding the rule advocated by the sanction and of studying factors that moderate this influence. In three experiments we tested the influence of sanction severity and showed that severe sanctions evoke stronger moral judgments with regard to rule‐breaking behavior and stronger social disapproval towards rule‐breakers than mild sanctions. This was particularly the case when trust in authorities is high rather than low. Implications of these findings are discussed. Also, a framework is proposed to understand the possible circumstances that determine whether sanctions either increase or decrease moral norms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combined use of supported liquid membrane and solid‐phase extraction to enhance selectivity and sensitivity in capillary electrophoresis for the determination of ochratoxin A in wine
Authors: Almeda Sara , Arce Lourdes , Valcárcel Miguel 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper proposes a novel strategy to enhance selectivity and sensitivity in CE, using supported liquid membrane (SLM) and off‐line SPE simultaneously. The determination of ochratoxin A (OA) in wine has been used to demonstrate the potential of this methodology. In the SLM step, the donor phase (either a 20 mL volume of a standard solution at pH 1 or a wine sample at pH 8) was placed in a vial, where a micromembrane extraction unit accommodating the acceptor phase (1 mL water, pH 11) in its lumen was immersed. The SLM was constructed by impregnating a porous Fluoropore Teflon (PTFE) membrane with a water‐immiscible organic solvent (octanol). In the off‐line SPE step, the nonpolar sorbent (C‐18, 4 mg) selectively retained the target ochratoxin, enabling small volumes of acceptor phase (1 mL) to be introduced. The captured analytes were eluted in a small volume of methanol (0.1 mL). This procedure resulted in sample cleanup and concentration enhancement. The method was evaluated for accuracy and precision, and its RSD found to be 5%. The LODs for OA in the standard solutions and wine samples were 0.5 and 30 μg/L, respectively. The results obtained demonstrate that SLM combined with off‐line is a good alternative to the use of immunoaffinity columns prior to CE analysis.
Improved adapter‐ligation‐mediated allele‐specific amplification for multiplex genotyping by using software
Authors: Wang Weipeng , Sun Wenming , Wu Wenjuan , Zhou Guohua 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAdapter‐ligation‐mediated allele‐specific amplification (ALM‐ASA) is a potential method for multiplex SNPs typing at an ultra low cost. Here, we describe a kind of software, which designs allele‐specific primers for ALM‐ASA assay on multiplex SNPs. DNA sequences containing SNPs of interest are submitted into the software which contains various endonucleases for options. Based on the SNP sequence information and the selected endonucleases, the software is capable of automatically generating sets of information needed to perform genotyping experiments. Each set contains a suitable endonuclease, qualified allele‐specific primers with orientations and melting temperatures, sizes of allele‐specific amplicons, and gel electropherograms simulated according to the sizes of the allele‐specific amplicons and the mobility of DNA fragments in 2% agarose gel. Seven SNPs in the arylamines N‐acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2) gene, five SNPs in the BRCA1 gene, five SNPs in the COMT gene, six SNPs in the CYP2E1 gene, five SNPs in the MPO gene, and six SNPs in the NRG1 gene were selected for evaluating the software. Without extra optimization, seven SNPs in the NAT2 gene were successfully genotyped for genomic DNA samples from 127 individuals by using the first set of allele‐specific primers yielded by the software. Although several steps are used in the ALM‐ASA assay, the whole genotyping process can be completed within 3 h by optimizing each step. Profiting from the software, the ALM‐ASA assay is easy‐to‐perform, labor‐saving, and accurate.
Identification of Ferroresonance based on wavelet transform and artificial neural network
Authors: Mokryani G. , Haghifam M.‐R. , Esmaeilpoor J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA novel method for Ferroresonance detection is presented in this paper. Using this method Ferroresonance can be discriminate from other transients such as capacitor switching, load switching and transformer switching. Wavelet transform is used for decomposition of signals and Learning Vector Quantizer(LVQ) neural network used for classification. Ferroresonance data and other transients are obtained by simulation using EMTP program. Results show that the proposed procedure is efficient in identifying Ferroresonance from other events. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AGC study of a hydrothermal system with SMES and TCPS
Authors: Abraham Rajesh Joseph , Das D. , Patra Amit 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFrequency deviations and inter‐area tie‐power fluctuations from their respective scheduled values following a local load disturbance are a source of great concern in interconnected power system operation and control. In this paper, a new method is proposed to minimise such deviations and thereby enhance the performance of Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of an interconnected hydrothermal power system with the coordinated operation of a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) unit in thermal area and a Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifter (TCPS) in series with the tie‐line. Generation Rate Constraints (GRCs) are also considered for the thermal and hydro systems. The integral controller gain settings are obtained by optimising a quadratic performance index using the Integral Squared Error technique. Comparison of the dynamic responses demonstrates the effectiveness and efficiency of the suggested SMES–TCPS combination in suppressing and stabilising the oscillations of frequency and tie‐power deviations as well as in reducing the settling time. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement and simulation of the electric field of high voltage suspension insulators
Authors: Kontargyri Vassiliki T. , Gonos Ioannis F. , Stathopulos Ioannis A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn this study, a method for the calculation of the electric field on high voltage insulators is presented. A model of the insulator string was set up using OPERA, an electromagnetic analysis program based on the Finite Element Method. In order to validate the accuracy of the method, simulated results have been compared with experimental results. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of the severity of dementia: validity and reliability of the Chinese (Cantonese) version of the Hierarchic Dementia Scale (CV‐HDS)
Authors: Poon Vickie Wan‐kei , Lam Linda Chiu‐wa , Wong Samuel Yeung‐shan 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackgroundWith the rapid growth of the older population, early detection of cognitive deficits is crucial in slowing down functional deterioration of the elderly persons.ObjectivesTo examine the validity and reliability of the Chinese (Cantonese) version of the Hierarchic Dementia Scale (CV‐HDS) for Chinese older persons in Hong Kong.MethodsThe HDS was translated into Cantonese Chinese. The content and cultural validity were evaluated by six expert panel members. Sixty‐two participants with diagnosis of dementia were recruited for evaluation. Inter‐rater reliability, test–retest reliability, internal consistency and concurrent validity were examined.ResultsThe CV‐HDS demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties. inter‐rater reliability and test–retest reliability were high (α = 0.89 and α = 0.94 respectively). High value of Cronbach's alpha (α = 0.94) demonstrated good internal consistency. The concurrent validity of CV‐HDS, through correlation with its scores with that of the Chinese version of Mini Mental Status Examination, was established (ranged from r = 0.58 to r = 0.78, p < 0.01).ConclusionsThe CV‐HDS is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing severity of cognitive impairment in Cantonese speaking Chinese people with dementia. It facilitates treatment planning to optimize the effects of functional training and rehabilitation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipase‐Catalyzed Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Molecularly Pure Cyclic Oligomers for Use in Synthesis and Chemical Recycling of Aliphatic Polyesters
Authors: Kondo Asato , Sugihara Satoko , Kuwahara Maiko , Toshima Kazunobu , Matsumura Shuichi 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe lipase‐catalyzed ROP of molecularly pure cyclic oligomers with a definite degree of oligomerization is analyzed with respect to the molecular weights of the resulting polymers and certain kinetic parameters of the enzymatic reaction. Cyclic BA dimers, trimers, and tetramers polymerize faster than the equivalent monomer; however, the latter produces PBA of significantly higher molecular weight. The reason is that the ring opening of the cyclic monomer is slow, leading to a lower initiator concentration than that produced by the cyclic BA dimer and trimer. Similarly, the cyclic BS dimer produces PBS of higher molecular weight than that obtained from the cyclic BS trimer.magnified image
Humidity‐Responsive Starch‐Poly(methyl acrylate) Films
Authors: Willett Julious L. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBlown films prepared from starch‐poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymers plasticized with urea and water display shrinkage at relative humidities greater than 50%. Shrinkage at relative humidities below approximately 75% is strongly correlated with the urea/starch weight ratio, which controls the equilibrium moisture content (MC) in the films. Above 75% relative humidity, film shrinkage is essentially independent of composition. At relative humidities below 90%, films plasticized with urea and water exhibited greater shrinkage than films plasticized with water only. A master curve can be constructed by shifting shrinkage data with respect to a reference relative humidity, indicating that relaxation processes in the starch phase control film shrinkage. This conclusion is confirmed by the fact that shrinkage data for a wide range of compositions and relative humidities fall on a single curve when plotted against MC. Polarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated some loss of orientation in the starch phase during shrinkage. These results demonstrate that the hydrophilic nature of starch can be exploited to develop responsive polymers which display controllable shrinkages activated by increases in relative humidities.magnified image
Segmented Block Copolymers with Monodisperse Aramide End‐Segments
Authors: Arun Araichimani , Gaymans Reinoud J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSegmented block copolymers were synthesized using monodisperse diaramide (TΦT) as hard segments and PTMO with a molecular weight of 2 900 g · mol−1 as soft segments. The aramide: PTMO segment ratio was increased from 1:1 to 2:1 thereby changing the structure from a high molecular weight multi‐block copolymer to a low molecular weight end‐block copolymer. The thermal and thermal‐mechanical properties were studied by DSC and DMA. Also studied were the tensile and the elastic properties as well as the melt rheological behavior as a function of frequency. The crystallinity of aramide in the end‐block copolymers was found to be higher than in the multi‐block copolymer.magnified image
Morphology and Viscoelastic Behaviour of a Silica Filled Styrene/Butadiene Random Copolymer
Authors: Conzatti Lucia , Costa Giovanna , Castellano Maila , Turturro Antonio , Negroni Fabio Michele , Gérard Jean François 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAn investigation into styrene‐butadiene rubber and styrene‐butadiene rubber/butadiene rubber composites was conducted, aimed at investigating the influence of surface modification of silica on polymer‐filler interactions. Two silanes, bis‐triethoxysilylpropyltetrasulfane and octadecyltriethoxysilane, were used as surface modifiers. A morphological investigation by transmission electron microscopy and automated image analysis provided a quantitative evaluation of the filler distribution in the rubber matrix by using morphometric descriptors, such as projected area, perimeter and area/perimeter ratio. The better dispersion of the surface‐modified silica nicely relates with the improved dynamic‐mechanical and tensile properties and accounts for the higher critical concentration necessary to the formation of the secondary network, thus confirming that the surface modification reduces filler‐filler and enhances polymer‐filler interactions.magnified image
Thermoplastic Polyurethanes with Poly(butylene terephthalate) as Crystallizable Hard Phase
Authors: De Debasish , Gaymans Reinoud J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPolyurethanes were prepared from poly(tetramethylene oxide) end‐capped with MDI and PBT extenders. The PBT extenders were random‐disperse in length and their length varied from three to seven repeating units. The structure of the polyurethanes was studied by FT‐IR and AFM, their thermal and thermomechanical responses were measured by DSC and DMTA, and their elastic behavior was assessed by compression set measurements. The MDI‐PBT‐MDI hard segments had a ribbon‐like crystalline morphology. Increasing the PBT length gave rise to an increase of the storage modulus at room temperature and the melting point. The storage modulus depended strongly on temperature.magnified image
Self‐Assembled Hollow Polyaniline/Au Nanospheres Obtained by a One‐Step Synthesis
Authors: Zhang Lijuan , Peng Hui , Kilmartin Paul A. , Soeller Christian , Tilley Richard , Travas‐Sejdic Jadranka 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSelf‐assembled hollow nanosphere composites of polyaniline and Au nanoparticles (PANI‐p‐TSA/Au) were chemically synthesized from solutions containing p‐toluenesulfonic acid (p‐TSA) with the addition of gold chloride trihydrate as the oxidant. The composite materials were characterized by SEM, TEM, and a range of spectroscopic methods. Spectroscopic characterizations confirmed that the polymeric product is a form of doped PANI, while electron diffraction and X‐ray diffraction showed that elemental Au was present in the PANI‐p‐TSA/Au nanocomposites. The room temperature electrical conductivity of the PANI‐p‐TSA/Au nanocomposites was two orders of magnitude greater than a PANI‐p‐TSA obtained in the presence of ammonium persulfate as the oxidant under the same conditions.magnified image
Stable Free Radical Polymerization in Emulsion: Modeling the Thermodynamics of Monomer Transfer between Droplets and Particles
Authors: Pohn Jordan , Buragina Catherine , Georges Michael K. , Keoshkerian Barkev , Cunningham M. F. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA mathematical model is developed from polymer solution thermodynamics and stable free radical polymerization kinetics to predict the monomer swelling behavior of large droplets and small particles that coexist during the seeded polymerization of styrene in emulsion. This model is used to predict the sensitivity of polymerized latex stability (based on the persistence of large particles) to changes in seed particle size and final latex target molecular weight. Simulation results show that the use of small seed particles (diameter ≤ 50 nm) in recipe formulation will lead to polymerization occurring preferentially in the large droplets, and offers theoretical evidence that TEMPO‐mediated ab initio emulsion polymerizations will not be feasible. Our predictions are consistent with experimental evidence suggesting that the presence of large particles leads to the formation of undesirable coagulum in the final product.magnified image