bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate‐driven changes on phytoplankton–zooplankton coupling and nutrient availability in high mountain lakes of Southern Europe
Authors: MORALES‐BAQUERO RAFAEL , CARRILLO PRESENTACIÓN , BAREA‐ARCO JOSÉ , PÉREZ‐MARTÍNEZ CARMEN , VILLAR‐ARGAIZ MANUEL 
Published: May 2006

Summary1. The effect of climate variability on phytoplankton and zooplankton dynamics and nutrient availability was studied in two high mountain fishless lakes (La Caldera and Río Seco) of contrasting morphology, hydrology and dissolved inorganic nitrogen : soluble reactive phosphate (DIN : SRP) ratios during 1986 and after a 10‐year‐long drought in 1996 and 1997.2. Thaw was delayed and water temperatures were lower in both lakes in 1996 than in 1986 and 1997. However, the lake‐specific DIN : SRP ratio was maintained in the 3 years studied, reflecting its local control.3. On other hand, the presumptive limiting nutrient in each lake, P in La Caldera and N in Río Seco, showed higher concentrations in 1996 versus 1986 and 1997. Significant positive correlations between temperature and chlorophyll a were found in both lakes in 1996 but these relationships were negative or not significant in 1986 and 1997. Zooplankton biomass showed lower values in 1996 than in 1986 or 1997.4. These findings can be explained by a decoupling of the phytoplankton–zooplankton interaction because of a constraint on zooplankton growth by low temperatures in the coldest year studied. This observation furnishes evidence that regional climatic control on the phytoplankton–zooplankton link can modulate the overall demand for nutrients.
The regional variation of aboveground live biomass in old‐growth Amazonian forests
Authors: MALHI YADVINDER , WOOD DANIEL , BAKER TIMOTHY R. , WRIGHT JAMES , PHILLIPS OLIVER L. , COCHRANE THOMAS , MEIR PATRICK , CHAVE JEROME , ALMEIDA SAMUEL , ARROYO LUZMILLA , HIGUCHI NIRO , KILLEEN TIMOTHY J. , LAURANCE SUSAN G. , LAURANCE WILLIAM F. , LEWIS SIMON L. , MONTEAGUDO ABEL , NEILL DAVID A. , VARGAS PERCY NÚÑEZ , PITMAN NIGEL C. A. , QUESADA CARLOS ALBERTO , SALOMÃO RAFAEL , SILVA JOSÉ NATALINO M. , LEZAMA ARMANDO TORRES , TERBORGH JOHN , MARTÍNEZ RODOLFO VÁSQUEZ , VINCETI BARBARA 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe biomass of tropical forests plays an important role in the global carbon cycle, both as a dynamic reservoir of carbon, and as a source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere in areas undergoing deforestation. However, the absolute magnitude and environmental determinants of tropical forest biomass are still poorly understood. Here, we present a new synthesis and interpolation of the basal area and aboveground live biomass of old‐growth lowland tropical forests across South America, based on data from 227 forest plots, many previously unpublished. Forest biomass was analyzed in terms of two uncorrelated factors: basal area and mean wood density. Basal area is strongly affected by local landscape factors, but is relatively invariant at regional scale in moist tropical forests, and declines significantly at the dry periphery of the forest zone. Mean wood density is inversely correlated with forest dynamics, being lower in the dynamic forests of western Amazonia and high in the slow‐growing forests of eastern Amazonia. The combination of these two factors results in biomass being highest in the moderately seasonal, slow growing forests of central Amazonia and the Guyanas (up to 350 Mg dry weight ha−1) and declining to 200–250 Mg dry weight ha−1 at the western, southern and eastern margins. Overall, we estimate the total aboveground live biomass of intact Amazonian rainforests (area 5.76 × 106 km2 in 2000) to be 93±23 Pg C, taking into account lianas and small trees. Including dead biomass and belowground biomass would increase this value by approximately 10% and 21%, respectively, but the spatial variation of these additional terms still needs to be quantified.
Retreatment efficacy of hand versus automated instrumentation in oval‐shaped root canals: an ex vivo study
Authors: Zmener O. , Pameijer C. H. , Banegas G. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAim  To compare the efficacy of hand versus automated instrumentation when retreating oval‐shaped root canals.Methodology  Sixty human premolars with single oval canals were instrumented and filled with gutta‐percha and sealer and divided into three groups (n = 20) – group 1: ProFile .04 taper rotary instruments; group 2: Anatomic Endodontic Technology (AET), and group 3: manual instrumentation with Hedström files. The teeth were split longitudinally and gutta‐percha/sealer remnants in the coronal, middle and apical thirds were assessed with light microscopy. The mean percentage of gutta‐percha/sealer remnants for each group was calculated and statistically analysed for significance using an anova repeated measures (P < 0.001) and Tukey's multiple comparison test. The time required for retreatment was analysed using a one‐way anova and Tukey's test (P < 0.001).Results  Overall, 10–18% of the canal walls were covered with gutta‐percha/sealer remnants after preparation using any technique. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the mean values for remnants of filling material in the ProFile group were significantly higher than for the other groups (P < 0.001), except in the apical third where no significant difference occurred. In all groups, the mean values in the middle third were higher than the coronal and apical thirds. The retreatment time for ProFile and AET was significantly shorter compared to manual instrumentation with Hedström files (P < 0.001).Conclusions  Under the experimental conditions, AET instruments and manual instrumentation with Hedström files resulted in cleaner canals. However, completely clean root canal walls were not produced with any of the techniques investigated.
Evaluation of canal filling after using two warm vertical gutta‐percha compaction techniques in vivo: a preliminary study
Authors: Venturi M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAim  To evaluate the quality of root canal filling when comparing two warm gutta‐percha filling techniques in vivo.Methodology  Human teeth were randomly divided into two equal groups, with 30 canals each. The root canals were shaped by hand and ProFile 0.04 rotary instruments to size 20–40 at the end‐point and then filled with gutta‐percha cones and AH‐Plus. In group A, a traditional warm vertical compaction technique was performed using the Touch'n Heat, and back‐filling with the Obtura II. In group B, a modified warm vertical compaction technique was used: small amounts of gutta‐percha were removed, and the remaining most apical 3 mm were compacted with a 1 mm movement; then thermomechanical back‐filling was performed. The teeth were extracted, stored in dye, cleared, and the distance between the apex and apical limit of the filling, linear dye penetration, and voids were measured from the buccal, lingual, mesial and distal perspective.The homogeneity of variance and means was verified using Levene's test and t‐test. anova and Dunnett post hoc test were used to establish the significance and to analyse the effects through multiple comparisons.Results  Compared with the specimens of group A, the specimens of group B exhibited less mean linear dye penetration (P < 0.05), smaller void length (P ≤ 0.05) and maximal width (P ≤ 0.05) when examined in all four views, and a more precise filling when viewed from the buccal aspect (P < 0.05).Conclusions  The modified warm vertical compaction technique with apical back‐filling produced a more effective and precise three‐dimensional filling.
Characterization of antigen‐presenting cells in human apical periodontitis lesions by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry
Authors: Lukić A. , Vasilijić S. , Majstorović I. , Vučević D. , Mojsilović S. , Gazivoda D. , Danilović V. , Petrović R. , Čolić M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAim  To analyse phenotypic characteristics of antigen‐presenting cells (APC), isolated from human periapical lesions by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry.Methodology  Sixteen periapical lesions were digested for 15 min with 0.05% collagenase. Mononuclear cells, separated from other inflammatory cells by density centrifugation, were processed for flow cytometry and/or immunocytochemistry. Single and double immunostainings were performed using monoclonal antibodies specific for human CD45, CD3, CD19, CD14, HLA‐DR, CD1a, CD83 and CD123.Results  Antigen‐presenting cells (HLA‐DR+ cells) represented 32.9 ± 17.8% of total mononuclear cells. Amongst them, B cells (HLA‐DR+ CD19+) were the predominant APC population, followed by activated macrophages (HLA‐DR+ CD14+), dendritic cells (DC) (HLA‐DR+ CD14− CD19− CD3−) and activated T cells (HLA‐DR+ CD3+). Based on the predominance of T cells (CD3+) or B cells and plasma cells (CD19+ and CD19lo, respectively) amongst mononuclear cell infiltrates, lesions were divided into T‐ and B‐types. The percentage of DC in T‐type lesions (27.1 ± 6.8% of total HLA‐DR+ cells) was higher, compared with B‐type lesions (10.3 ± 5.2%) (P < 0.01). Within the DC population, the percentages of CD1a (Langerhans cell type) and CD123 (probably plasmacytoid DC type) did not differ significantly between the groups (P > 0.05). However, the percentage of mature DC (CD83+) was significantly higher in T‐type periapical lesions (P < 0.05).Conclusion  Flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry are suitable methods for phenotypic analysis of APC after their isolation from human periapical lesions. APC, that were phenotypically heterogeneous, constituted a significant component of infiltrating cells. Lesions with the predominance of T cells were characterized by a higher proportion of mature DC (HLA‐DR+CD83+ cells) than lesions with predominance of B cells/plasma cells.
Effect of music on power, pain, depression and disability
Authors: Siedliecki Sandra L. , Good Marion 
Published: May 2006

Aim.  This paper reports a study testing the effect of music on power, pain, depression and disability, and comparing the effects of researcher‐provided music (standard music) with subject‐preferred music (patterning music).Background.  Chronic non‐malignant pain is characterized by pain that persists in spite of traditional interventions. Previous studies have found music to be effective in decreasing pain and anxiety related to postoperative, procedural and cancer pain. However, the effect of music on power, pain, depression, and disability in working age adults with chronic non‐malignant pain has not been investigated.Method.  A randomized controlled clinical trial was carried out with a convenience sample of 60 African American and Caucasian people aged 21–65 years with chronic non‐malignant pain. They were randomly assigned to a standard music group (n = 22), patterning music group (n = 18) or control group (n = 20). Pain was measured with the McGill Pain Questionnaire short form; depression was measured with the Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression scale; disability was measured with the Pain Disability Index; and power was measured with the Power as Knowing Participation in Change Tool (version II).Results.  The music groups had more power and less pain, depression and disability than the control group, but there were no statistically significant differences between the two music interventions. The model predicting both a direct and indirect effect for music was supported.Conclusion.  Nurses can teach patients how to use music to enhance the effects of analgesics, decrease pain, depression and disability, and promote feelings of power.
Expert nurses’ use of implicit memory in the care of patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Parahoo Kader , Whall Ann L. , Colling Kathleen , Nusbaum Deborah 
Published: May 2006

Aim.  This paper reports a study exploring expert nurses’ use of implicit memory in the care of people with Alzheimer's disease.Background.  Although research has shown the benefits of preserving and using implicit memory in patients with Alzheimer's disease, the literature shows little evidence of how nurses, in particular expert ones, make use of implicit memory with this client group in clinical practice.Method.  Semi‐structured interviews were carried out with a purposive sample of eight nurses (four from Michigan, United States of America and four from Northern Ireland) in 2004. The interviews focused on specific issues, but were deliberately flexible to allow participants to tell their stories as well. A nine‐step data analysis process was developed based on a synthesis of methods used by other researchers.Findings.  According to the expert nurses interviewed, the effective and meaningful use of the implicit memory of patients with Alzheimer's disease in achieving positive outcomes depended on ‘knowing the patient’, ‘working within the patient's worldview’ and ‘using sensitive and patient‐centred interactional skills’. They explained how their use of implicit memory (drawing from a range of knowledge sources) was underpinned by reflective practice.Conclusion.  The findings provide a positive profile of expert nurses’ use of implicit memory of patients with Alzheimer's disease; however, their use of theoretical and research knowledge could be improved. There is also a need to test interventions based on the use of implicit memories.
Defining bioterrorism preparedness for nurses: concept analysis
Authors: Rebmann Terri 
Published: May 2006

Aim.  This paper reports a concept analysis to define the concept of nursing bioterrorism preparedness.Background.  Nursing bioterrorism preparedness is necessary, yet no theoretical or operational definition exists. The concept is often misinterpreted as being synonymous with organizational preparedness or confused with the bioterrorism preparedness needs of other professions, such as medicine. There is no standardized definition of the concept that is specific to the profession of nursing.Methods.  A concept analysis was conducted using a systematic literature review; the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Psych Info and Medline databases for years 1966–2005 were used. One hundred and eighteen references were identified, 41 of which were deemed relevant. Data from the 41 relevant articles were analysed and synthesized to develop a theoretical definition, defining attributes, antecedents, consequences and related concepts.Findings.  Nursing bioterrorism preparedness is the continual process of nurses becoming better prepared to recognize and respond to a bioterrorism attack. Nurses, regardless of their level of education, areas of expertise or practice settings must participate in at least one educational session and one exercise each year to meet the minimum requirements of engaging in the bioterrorism preparedness process. The antecedents are acceptance and readiness to change. Defining attributes include gaining knowledge, planning, practising response behaviours and evaluating knowledge level and content of response plan. Consequences include recognition of an event and implementation of appropriate response actions.Conclusion.  Nursing bioterrorism preparedness is essential. To assess nurses’ level of preparedness, a definition is needed of what bioterrorism preparedness means to the profession. The theoretical definition developed in this paper needs to be further refined and operationalized.
Dying well: nurses’ experiences of ‘good and bad’ deaths in hospital
Authors: Costello John 
Published: May 2006

Aim.  This paper reports a study investigating hospital nurses’ experiences of death and dying.Background.  Despite advances in medical science and health care, together with the push towards individualizing approaches to patient care in the developed world, significant variation in the care of dying patients still exists. The international issues relating to differing types of death reveal both its complexity and diversity, with evidence of ‘good death’ experiences largely focused on hospice experiences, and a lack of research on death in general hospitals.Method.  In‐depth interviews were conducted in 1999 with a convenience sample of 29 Registered Nurses in the United Kingdom based on their hospital death experiences. Semiotic analysis was used to identify the ‘deep structures’ that underlie and form part of cultural communication as a way of understanding how nurses made sense of death. Data interpretation was enhanced through the use of a typology of ‘good and bad deaths’.Findings.  The findings suggest that different experiences of death are based on the extent to which nurses were able to exert control over the dying process. The management of death in hospital is a major source of conflict for nurses. Good and bad death experiences were constructed according to their impact on the sentimental order of the ward, the intangible, but real patterns of mood that influenced nurses’ feelings. Moreover, good and bad deaths focused less on patients’ needs and the dying process and more on the death event and nurses’ abilities to manage organizational demands.Conclusion.  There is a need to improve communication with patients and families about diagnosis and prognosis to ensure that effective communication takes place and ‘blocking behaviour’ is avoided. The findings also challenge practitioners to focus attention on death as a process, and to prioritize patients’ needs above those of the organization. Moreover, there is the need for guidelines to be developed enabling patients to have a role in shaping events at the end of their lives.
Clinical nurse specialists and the practice of community nurses
Authors: Austin Lynn , Luker Karen , Martin Roland 
Published: May 2006

Aim.  This paper presents the findings of a study of the roles of Clinical Nurse Specialists and community nurses working in primary care.Background.  Clinical Nurse Specialists are recognized internationally as expert practitioners who could facilitate the implementation of evidence‐based practice. However, others may misunderstand their role and greater support may be required if organizations are to capitalize on the skills of Clinical Nurse Specialists.Methods.  Elements of ‘Glaserian’ grounded theory in a broadly ethnographic approach were used to gain an understanding of the perspectives of 22 Clinical Nurse Specialists working as tissue viability nurses or continence advisors and 19 district nurses in one health region in the United Kingdom. The data were collected in 2001–02.Findings.  Clinical Nurse Specialists were keen to use their expertise to inform the practice of community nurses. However, they encountered difficulties when seeking to introduce changes in practice. Although Clinical Nurse Specialists were acknowledged as enabling rather than deskilling community nurses, receptivity to Clinical Nurse Specialists’ ideas was dependent on what community nurses viewed as their own roles. As advisors, Clinical Nurse Specialists were dependent on the use of persuasion and vicarious power to bring about desired changes. These approaches are consistent with traditional approaches to change management as opposed to contemporary approaches to practice development.Conclusion.  If Clinical Nurse Specialists are to reach their full potential and use their expertise to inform the practice of others, organizations need to recognize these posts as central to practice development. In particular, a framework is required which enables practice developers to use more inclusive approaches when seeking to bring about changes in practice.
Methodological issues in evaluating complex healthcare interventions
Authors: Blackwood Bronagh 
Published: May 2006

Aim.  This paper outlines the difficulties in defining and evaluating a complex intervention and a number of currently available models for assisting this process are discussed.Background.  Interventions aimed at producing change in the delivery and organization of healthcare services require rigorous evaluation to demonstrate their effectiveness. Evaluation poses difficulties, however, because these interventions are usually very complex.Methods.  A framework developed by the United Kingdom Medical Research Council to evaluate complex interventions is described. The use of this framework in designing and evaluating a nurse‐led intervention in intensive care for weaning patients from mechanical ventilation is discussed. Semi‐structured interviews, a questionnaire survey and observational work were undertaken to define the components of the intervention, which was subsequently evaluated in an exploratory trial using a quasi‐experimental design.Conclusion.  The framework was a useful tool and can be easily applied in developing and evaluating complex nursing interventions. Three key challenges emerge from this experience: (i) relevant research evidence should be used systematically in developing the components of the intervention, (ii) the definition and measurement of complex intervention outcomes needs to be improved and (iii) appropriate research designs must be used when evaluating complex interventions.
Decision‐making about risk in people with epilepsy and intellectual disability
Authors: Vallenga Dineke , Grypdonck Mieke H.F. , Tan Francis I.Y. , Lendemeijer Bert H.G.M. , Boon Paul A.J.M. 
Published: May 2006

Aim.  This paper reports a study of the process of risk‐evaluation and subsequent decision‐making in the care for people with epilepsy and intellectual disability.Background.  People with intellectual disability and severe epilepsy are at risk of suffering accidents during seizure, and often need protection. Whether to implement protective measures or to accept risk is a complex decision, burdened with uncertainty. Taking risks can lead to dangerous, sometimes life‐threatening situations, while protective measures are restrictive and may raise ethical concerns.Methods.  In 2003 a multiple embedded case study was conducted with 15 clients. In each case, the client, their representative, care‐manager and nurse were interviewed.Findings.  The decision about whether to accept risks or implement protective measures was always taken in relation to specific events, and varied from medication and supervision to total restriction of the client's mobility. Decision‐making was influenced by frequency, type, predictability and consequences of seizures; the effectiveness and practicability of protective measures; additional disabilities; characteristics of the client and their representative; and characteristics of nurses and organization. The predominant factor was the attitude of the representatives. They determined the relative weight of the other factors involved.Conclusion.  A systematic approach to risk management could considerably improve the balance between risk and quality of life. Continuous evaluation would make it possible to tune the application of protective measures to the severity of the seizures at any time, and to avoid protective measures being maintained only because care providers have become accustomed to them. A systematic assessment of clients’ capabilities to participate in this complex decision‐making process is equally indicated.