bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public market finance for growth‐stage companies in emerging markets: The U.S. alternative IPO moves to fill the gap
Authors: Efird Christopher 
Published: October 2008

AbstractLacking from the options currently available to most growth‐stage companies located in the emerging markets of the world is effective access to public finance. Unlike the United States, these companies are shut off from access to their local public markets. Fortunately a solution exists in the form of an alternative initial public offering (AIPO) onto the over‐the‐counter bulletin board market of the United States (OTC BB). As the name implies, an AIPO is an alternative form of listing that allows companies in emerging markets to gain access to the deepest and most liquid capital market in the world. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Percutaneous ultrasound‐guided stenting of the atrial septum in fetal sheep
Authors: Schmidt M. , Jaeggi E. , Ryan G. , Hyldebrandt J. , Lilly J. , Peirone A. , Benson L. , Chaturvedi R. R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectivesHypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) with a restricitive foramen ovale is associated with high mortality related to fetal left atrial hypertension. Fetal atrial balloon septoplasty has largely failed to achieve adequate decompression due to the small size of the holes produced. We attempted to produce larger atrial communications by stenting the atrial septum in fetal sheep using a minimally invasive technique.MethodsWe used a percutaneous, ultrasound‐guided transpulmonary or transhepatic approach to attempt deployment of coronary stents (2–5 mm in diameter and 13–23 mm in length) in the atrial septum primum of 10 normal fetal sheep.ResultsCoronary stents were deployed in eight of the 10 fetal sheep (119–139 days' gestation). The transhepatic route was unsuccessful (n = 2). Transpulmonary implantation was only possible in prone fetuses, so three initially supine fetuses underwent external version. Small coronary stents (2.0–2.5 mm in diameter) were deployed rapidly without complication via an 18G needle (n = 4). Larger coronary stents (5 mm in diameter) were delivered through a 4F sheath, but a right pleural effusion occurred in three of the four cases, related to inferior vena cava injury by the balloon. One stent dislodged from a floppy septum. Another was partially occluded within a week by endocardial cells.ConclusionsPercutaneous ultrasound‐guided deployment of coronary stents into the septum primum is feasible without laparotomy or uterine exteriorization in fetal sheep. Partial luminal occlusion by rapid proliferation of endocardial cells is a concern. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of acidemia at birth by Doppler assessment of fetal cerebral transverse sinus in pregnancies with placental insufficiency
Authors: Barbosa M. M. , Carvalho F. H. C. , Araujo Júnior E. , Nardozza L. M. M. , Santana R. M. , Torloni M. R. , Moron A. F. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the prediction of acidemia at birth using cerebral transverse sinus (CTS) Doppler velocimetry and to determine the best parameter and cut‐off values for its prediction in pregnancies complicated with placental insufficiency.MethodsThis was a prospective cross‐sectional study involving 69 pregnant women (26–40 weeks' gestation) with placental insufficiency managed in two Brazilian hospitals. Doppler assessment of the CTS was carried out in the last 24 h before delivery, and the peak ventricular systolic (S‐wave) and diastolic (D‐wave) velocities as well as the atrial systolic velocity (A‐wave) were recorded and the pulsatility index for veins (PIV) was calculated. At birth, arterial and venous umbilical cord blood samples were collected to determine acid–base and pH status. A receiver–operating characteristics (ROC) curve was constructed for each Doppler parameter with birth acidemia as the dependent variable. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, accuracy and false‐positive and false‐negative rates were calculated for the parameters considered to be good predictors of acidemia.ResultsThe S, D and A peak velocities and the S/A ratio were not good predictors of acidemia at birth. The PIV and the (S − A)/S ratio were good predictors of acidemia (area under the ROC curve = 0.698 (P = 0.009) and 0.654 (P = 0.009), respectively). The cut‐off values were PIV = 0.855 and (S − A)/S = 0.703).ConclusionsThe PIV and the (S − A)/S ratio of the CTS were good predictors of acidemia at birth in this high‐risk population with placental insufficiency. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolated or non‐isolated duodenal obstruction: perinatal outcome following prenatal or postnatal diagnosis
Authors: Cohen‐Overbeek T. E. , Grijseels E. W. M. , Niemeijer N. D. , Hop W. C. J. , Wladimiroff J. W. , Tibboel D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo determine whether the pre‐ or postnatal diagnosis of either isolated or non‐isolated duodenal obstruction (DO) is associated with different outcomes.MethodsA single‐center retrospective analysis was carried out of 91 cases diagnosed with a DO between January 1991 and June 2003. Data on the diagnosis, treatment and outcomes of the cases were gathered, and differences between the groups were analyzed.ResultsTwenty‐eight cases of DO were diagnosed before and 63 after birth. Of 15 presumed isolated cases in the prenatally diagnosed group, four revealed associated or chromosomal anomalies after birth. The types of obstruction present were significantly different between the prenatally (n = 11) and postnatally (n = 27) detected subsets of isolated DO. The prenatally detected subset displayed a lower median gestational age at delivery, lower median birth weight and a higher prematurity rate (8/11 vs. 8/27). The diagnosis of DO occurred significantly later in the postnatally detected subset than the postnatal confirmation of the diagnosis in the prenatally detected cases. In the non‐isolated cases of DO, no difference was found in the type of chromosomal or associated anomaly or the type of obstruction between the prenatally detected (n = 17) and postnatally detected subsets (n = 36). Trisomy 21 was present in 7/17 (41%) vs. 22/36 (61%) cases, respectively. Two terminations and three intrauterine deaths occurred in the prenatal non‐isolated subset. The liveborn infants from the prenatally detected non‐isolated subset (n = 12) showed a significantly higher prematurity rate (9/12 vs.14/36), lower median birth weight and earlier confirmation of diagnosis after delivery. After surgery, outcome was similar between both subsets of isolated and non‐isolated DO. All the infants with an isolated DO survived. Neonatal death occurred in three prenatally and five postnatally diagnosed cases with non‐isolated DO.ConclusionsThe outcome of prenatally and postnatally diagnosed DO is not essentially different despite more prematurity and a lower birth weight in the former. Of the prenatally detected cases of DO assumed to be isolated, 25% revealed additional chromosomal or associated anomalies after delivery, which influenced outcome. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GE‐MXRF analysis of multilayer films
Authors: Yang Jun , Tsuji Kouichi , Han Dongyan , Ding Xunliang 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPolycapillary x‐ray optics (capillary x‐ray lens) is now popular in x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. Such an x‐ray lens can collect x‐rays emitted from an x‐ray source in a large solid angle and form a very intense x‐ray microbeam which is very convenient for micro x‐ray fluorescence (MXRF) analysis. In this paper, a new method called grazing exit micro x‐ray fluorescence analysis (GE‐MXRF), which combines an x‐ray lens used to form an intense XRF source was developed and applied in multilayer film analysis. Such a method can give the information of film composition, density, and thickness. Through two‐dimensional scan of the film sample, the information of film uniformity can be acquired; meanwhile, this method is also useful in adjusting experiment condition during the film preparation with metal vapor vacuum arc (MEVVA) source ion implantation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental evaluation of X‐ray optics applied for microanalysis
Authors: Wegrzynek D. , Mroczka R. , Markowicz A. , Chinea‐Cano E. , Bamford S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe performance of x‐ray capillary lenses has been evaluated. The tests were carried out using an x‐ray tube set‐up. A single glass capillary with tapered inner channel, a monolithic glass polycapillary, and an in‐house manufactured single metallic capillary with parabolic inner channel were characterized in terms of gain, spatial resolution, and element detection limits. The spatial resolution of a confocal set‐up utilizing a monolithic glass polycapillary and a polycapillary conical collimator has also been measured. The highest gain of about 2500 was observed for the glass polycapillary. The maximum gain achieved with the single glass capillary was equal to about 25, and the gain of the metallic capillary was only slightly greater than 1. For the glass capillary and polycapillary lenses, significant filtering of the higher‐energy photons (energy > 8 keV) was observed. The lowest relative detection limits were obtained with an ordinary cylindrical collimator and the polycapillary lens. Similar absolute detection limits were achieved with the use of the polycapillary and single capillary lenses. A relation between the ratios of the detection limits of elements achieved with different x‐ray lenses and the lens parameters (spatial resolution and gain) has been proposed and was verified experimentally. The monolithic polycapillary lens was found to be an optimum focusing device for an x‐ray tube‐based scanning spectrometer. This type of x‐ray lens can be coupled with a polycapillary conical collimator or a polycapillary half‐lens to make a confocal x‐ray microscope capable of depth profiling with a spatial resolution equal to about 30 micrometers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An intercontinental comparison of the dynamic behavior of mast seeding communities
Authors: Kelly Dave , Koenig Walter D. , Liebhold Andrew M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCases of mast seeding, involving highly variable seed production synchronized over large geographic areas, provide dramatic examples of resource pulses that have been documented for most major world land masses. Here, we compare the dynamic behavior of two of these systems, with the goal of understanding differences in the long‐term consequences of masting events to their respective communities. Responses to mast events in deciduous oak forests in eastern North America are characteristically complex and of low resilience. That is, each event produces long‐lasting cascading effects in the community, ultimately influencing not only seed consumers such as rodents and deer, but also the parasites and prey of those consumers, diseases transmitted by those parasites, and outbreaks of insect herbivores. In contrast, despite more extreme resource pulsing in New Zealand Nothofagus forests, responses to mast events there are less complex and more resilient, i.e., producing only short‐term (<2 years), smoothly damped, numerical responses by a few species, except after (rare) ‘double‐mast’ events in consecutive years. A detailed examination of the two systems suggests some tentative explanations for the strongly contrasting dynamics of these systems. Firstly, the higher number of species involved in North America seems to reduce resilience by increasing food chain length, lags, and alternative prey, all of which increase the dynamic complexity compared with that in New Zealand. Secondly, lack of a shared evolutionary history among species did not necessarily reduce resilience. Some exotic species showed well‐damped fluctuations (e.g., stoats (Mustela erminea L.) in New Zealand), while other exotics showed complex dynamics (e.g., gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar L.) in North America). Thirdly, recent extinctions of species such as the passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius L.), once the dominant acorn predator in eastern North American forests, have likely produced qualitative changes in system dynamics in both communities. Fourthly, the North American community has more lags and hysteresis, which probably contribute to the greater dynamic complexity in eastern North America than in New Zealand Nothofagus forests. However, positive feedback loops present in North America seem to have little influence on system dynamics. Because the massive perturbations induced by masting events are major recurring challenges to an ecosystem, disentangling the causes of different system responses is likely to lead us to a better understanding of ecosystem function, resilience and stability.
Virtual MR arthroscopy of the shoulder: image gallery with arthroscopic correlation of major pathologies in shoulder instability
Authors: Stecco A. , Volpe D. , Volpe N. , Fornara P. , Castagna A. , Carriero A. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Background
The purpose of this study was to compare virtual MR arthroscopic reconstructions with arthroscopic images in patients affected by shoulder joint instability. MR arthrography (MR-AR) of the shoulder is now a well-assessed technique, based on the injection of a contrast medium solution, which fills the articular space and finds its way between the rotator cuff (RC) and the glenohumeral ligaments. In patients with glenolabral pathology, we used an additional sequence that provided virtual arthroscopy (VA) post-processed views, which completed the MR evaluation of shoulder pathology.

Materials and methods
We enrolled 36 patients, from whom MR arthrographic sequence data (SE T1w and GRE T1 FAT SAT) were obtained using a GE 0.5 T Signa—before any surgical or arthroscopic planned treatment; the protocol included a supplemental 3D, spoiled GE T1w positioned in the coronal plane. Dedicated software loaded on a work-station was used to elaborate VAs. Two radiologists evaluated, on a semiquantitative scale, the visibility of the principal anatomic structures, and then, in consensus, the pathology emerging from the VA images.

Results
These images were reconstructed in all patients, except one. The visualization of all anatomical structures was acceptable. VA and MR arthrographic images were fairly concordant with intraoperative findings.

Conclusions
Although in our pilot study the VA findings did not change the surgical planning, the results showed concordance with the surgical or arthroscopic images.
Recognition of scent marks in solitary bees to avoid previously visited flowers
Authors: Yokoi Tomoyuki , Fujisaki Kenji 
Published: October 2008

AbstractKnowing how floral visitors forage efficiently among flowers is important to understanding plant‐pollinator interactions. When bees search for rewarding flowers, they use several visual cues to detect the available floral resources. In addition to these cues, bees can recognize scent marks, which are olfactory cues left on flowers foraged by previous visitors. This behavior is well known in social bees, such as honeybees and bumblebees. Although solitary bees do not need to give information about which flowers were foraged to conspecifics, several pieces of evidence have indicated the use of scent marks. However, it is unknown whether the behavior is widely used in many different bee species. We investigated whether four different solitary bees, Colletes patellatus (Colletidae), Andrena prostomias (Andrenidae), Osmia orientalis (Megachilidae), and Tetralonia mitsukurii (Apidae), can recognize flowers that have been foraged previously by visitors within 3 min. All four bees showed rejection responses to flowers foraged by conspecifics. However, our results showed that responses to foraged flowers varied among bee species. The tendency of A. prostomias and T. mitsukurii to reject the foraged flowers was pronounced, while in C. patellatus and O. orientalis it was weak. In both A. prostomias and T. mitsukurii, the rejection rate of flowers foraged by conspecifics decreased as the time lag after the last visit increased. Both bees visited the flowers from which pollen or nectar had been artificially removed. We suggest that A. prostomias and T. mitsukurii would recognize scent marks left by previous visitors, while the other two bees would not recognize them so strongly. It is likely that the decision to use scent marks is dependent either on the richness of resources or on the complexity of floral structure.
Mode of death in patients with newly diagnosed heart failure in the general population
Authors: Mehta Paresh A. , Dubrey Simon W. , McIntyre Hugh F. , Walker David M. , Hardman Suzanna M.C. , Sutton George C. , McDonagh Theresa A. , Cowie Martin R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackground:Early prognosis for incident (new) heart failure (HF) patients in the general population is poor. Clinical trials suggest approximately half of chronic HF patients die suddenly but mode of death for incident HF cases in the general population has not been evaluated.Aims:To describe mode of death in the first six months after a new diagnosis in the general population.Methods:Two‐centre UK population‐based study.Results:396 incident HF patients were prospectively identified. Overall mortality rates were 6% [3–8%], 11% [8–14%] and 14% [11–18%] at 1, 3 and 6months respectively. There were 59 deaths over a median follow‐up of 10months; 86% (n= 51) were cardiovascular (CV) deaths. Overall, the mode of death was progressive HF in 52% (n= 31), sudden death (SD) in 22% (n= 13), other CV death in 12% (n= 7), and non‐CV death in 14% (n= 8). On multivariable analysis, progressive HF deaths were associated with older age, lower serum sodium, systolic hypotension, prolonged QRS duration at baseline and absence of ACE inhibitor therapy at the time of discharge or death.Conclusion:Early prognosis after a new diagnosis of HF in the general population is poor and progressive HF, rather than sudden death, accounts for the majority of deaths.
Charcoal records from thermokarst deposits in central Yakutia, eastern Siberia: Implications for forest fire history and thermokarst development
Authors: Katamura Fumitaka , Fukuda Masami , Bosikov Nikolai Petrovich , Desyatkin Roman Vasilievich 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMacroscopic charcoal records from a thermokarst lake deposit in central Yakutia, eastern Siberia, were used to reconstruct the history of forest fires and investigate its relationship to thermokarst initiation. High accumulation rates of charcoal and pollen were coincident in the basal deposits of the thermokarst lake, which suggests that both were initially deposited on the forest floor and subsequently reworked and accumulated in the thermokarst depression. High charcoal and pollen accumulation rates in the basal deposits, dating to 11,000–9000 cal yr BP, also indicate that the thermokarst topography developed during the early Holocene. A lower charcoal accumulation rate after ca. 9000 cal yr BP suggests that thermokarst development has been inhibited since this time. It also indicates that a surface-fire regime has been predominant at least since ca. 9000 cal yr BP in central Yakutia.
On the Critical Fujita Exponent for a Degenerate Parabolic System Coupled Via Nonlinear Boundary Flux
Authors: Zhou Jun , Mu Chunlai 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we deal with the non-negative solutions of a degenerate parabolic system with nonlinear coupled boundary conditions and non-negative non-trivial compactly supported initial data. The critical Fujita exponents are given and the blow-up rates of the non-global solution are obtained.
Algebraic and Geometric Theory of the Topological Ring of Colombeau Generalized Functions
Authors: Aragona J. , Juriaans S. O. , Oliveira O. R. B. , Scarpalezos D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe continue the investigation of the algebraic and topological structure of the algebra of Colombeau generalized functions with the aim of building up the algebraic basis for the theory of these functions. This was started in a previous work of Aragona and Juriaans, where the algebraic and topological structure of the Colombeau generalized numbers were studied. Here, among other important things, we determine completely the minimal primes of and introduce several invariants of the ideals of (Ω). The main tools we use are the algebraic results obtained by Aragona and Juriaans and the theory of differential calculus on generalized manifolds developed by Aragona and co-workers. The main achievement of the differential calculus is that all classical objects, such as distributions, become C∞-functions. Our purpose is to build an independent and intrinsic theory for Colombeau generalized functions and place them in a wider context.
Spectral Theory of the Klein–Gordon Equation in Krein Spaces
Authors: Langer Heinz , Najman Branko , Tretter Christiane 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this paper the spectral properties of the abstract Klein–Gordon equation are studied. The main tool is an indefinite inner product known as the charge inner product. Under certain assumptions on the potential V, two operators are associated with the Klein–Gordon equation and studied in Krein spaces generated by the charge inner product. It is shown that the operators are self-adjoint and definitizable in these Krein spaces. As a consequence, they possess spectral functions with singularities, their essential spectra are real with a gap around 0 and their non-real spectra consist of finitely many eigenvalues of finite algebraic multiplicity which are symmetric to the real axis. One of these operators generates a strongly continuous group of unitary operators in the Krein space; the other one gives rise to two bounded semi-groups. Finally, the results are applied to the Klein–Gordon equation in ℝn.
Sylow Normalizers with a Normal Sylow 2-Subgroup
Authors: Navarro Gabriel , Sanus Lucía 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIf G is a finite solvable group and p is a prime, then the normalizer of a Sylow p-subgroup has a normal Sylow 2-subgroup if and only if all non-trivial irreducible real 2-Brauer characters of G have degree divisible by p.
Generalized Prüfer Angle and Variational Methods for p-Laplacian Eigenvalue Problems on the Half-Line
Authors: Binding Paul , Browne Patrick J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe nonlinear eigenvalue problemfor 0 ≤ x < ∞, fixed p ∈ (1, ∞), and with y′(0)/y(0) specified, is studied under conditions on q related to those of Brinck and Molanov. Topics include Sturmian results, connections between problems on finite intervals and the half-line, and variational principles.