bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cytotaxonomy of Simulium sanctipauli sensu stricto (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Ghana and the Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Boakye D.A. , Fiasorgbor G.K. , Bougsere B.K. , Naniogue S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe status of the different cytological variants of Simuliumsanctipaulisensu stricto Vajime & Dunbar (sensu b8Post, 1986) found in Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire is cytotaxonomically evaluated in view of recent revisions of the S. sanctipauli subcomplex. Three geographical variants designated as ‘Pra’, ‘Comoé’ and ‘Sassandra’forms of S. sanctipauli are described. The ‘Pra’ form is genetically differentiated from the other two forms by a distinct sex-determining system. The ‘Comoé’ and ‘Sassandra’ forms are considered as the two ends of an interspecific stepped cline with the River Bandama basin as the zone of contact. The possibility that the ‘Comoé’ form populations breeding in southwestern Ghana could serve as reinvading S. sanctipauliinto the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) area in West Africa is discussed.
Indirect effects of ivermectin residues across trophic levels:Musca domestica(Diptera: Muscidae) andMuscidifurax zaraptor(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Authors: Floate K.D. , Fox A.S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractCommon house flies,Musca domesticaLinnaeus, were reared to pupation with exposure to ivermectin, washed, and then exposed to parasitism byMuscidifurax zaraptorKogan & Legner. Pupae exposed to ≥ 0.25 ppm ivermectin produced 63% fewer parasitoids than did control pupae. Pupae exposed to 0.01 ppm ivermectin produced 23% more parasitoids. Exposure to 0.10 ppm ivermectin had no detectable effect. Treatments did not affect the developmental time of male or female F1parasitoids. Treatments did not affect the production of adult F2progeny by F1females, nor the sex ratios of these offspring. This study documents an indirect effect of ivermectin residues across trophic levels. It identifies altered host quality as another mechanism by which faecal residues of ivermectin may affect insect activity in dung of treated cattle. The importance of this phenomenon under field conditions is undetermined.
Estimation of age-dependent survival rates of female tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) from ovarian age distributions
Authors: Jarry M. , Gouteux J.P. , Khaladi M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractExisting attempts to estimate the survival rate of tsetse flies from ovarian age distributions generally assume that the population is stationary. The fact that the survival rate cannot be dissociated from the growth rate by these methods poses a problem. Under the assumption of a stable age distribution, we propose a maximum likelihood method to estimate the ‘apparent survival rate’ for three categories of females: nulliparous (β0), young parous (β1) and old parous flies (β2). The rate depends both on ‘real survival rates’ a0, a1 and a2, and a growth rate λ: β0 = a0/λ, β1 = a1/λ, and β2= a2/λ. We used a matrix model, which can be parameterized if the pupal survival rate and the pupal period are known. Replacing a0, a1 and a2 by β0,λ, β1λ, and β2λin the projection matrix, the problem amounts to calculating its dominant eigen-value λ, and hence a0, a1 and a2. The application to a field population of Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank in Burkina Faso showed there was a marked difference in survival rate according to age category. The average survival rate increased with age with decreasing variability. The results suggested that sampling (by trapping) may have had an effect on the dynamics of this tsetse population by ageing it artificially. This method may be a useful tool for monitoring tsetse control.
Infection of red foxes with Echinococcus multilocularis in western Switzerland
Authors: Brossard M. , Andreutti C. , Siegenthaler M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn the Jura mountains, Plateau and Alps of western Switzerland important variations in the prevalence of Echinococcus multilocularis infection in red foxes were observed between geographical areas from 1990 to 1995. The Jura mountains and the Plateau had higher mean prevalence levels than the Alps with 30.6, 32.4 and 18.8%, respectively. The highest rate was recorded in the Plateau in the canton of Fribourg with a prevalence of 52.3%. The prevalence of E. multilocularis infection in foxes in the alpine canton of Valais was the lowest (7.1%). Juvenile foxes were found to be more susceptible to E. multilocularis than adults. Adult foxes were less heavily infected in summer and autumn, while the prevalence in juveniles (less than 1 year old) increased between the spring and winter, when they are more than 6 months old. The retrospective data relate to the beginning of the 1990s, since when a drastic prevalence increase of E. multilocularis infection in foxes has occurred in several regions of Europe. Nevertheless, the study is a major contribution to the epidemiological situation of E. multilocularis in central Europe, in that it contains valuable information on spatial distribution and seasonal differences in different age groups of foxes.
Safe, complete resection of epiglottic cysts with phono-ultra-microsurgical technique
Authors: Fujii Ryouichi , Tsunoda Koichi 
Published: November 2007

AbstractGenerally, epiglottic cysts have been treated by the puncture technique or surgical resection. However, these techniques can result in accidental injury to the cyst wall. As a result, the contents of the cyst may spread throughout the larynx, trachea and pharyngeal cavity. The ideal treatment would involve complete resection without cyst perforation. We use a completely different approach for the resection of epiglottic cysts, with successful results, which we term the advanced phono-ultra-microsurgical technique. One difference between this method and previous techniques of surgical epiglottic cyst resection is that the cyst is sealed off before resection in order to prevent rupture and spread of its contents. To enable this, we have developed a special device to facilitate suturing of the vocal fold epithelium, utilising a knot-pusher. This suturing technique allows complete removal of epiglottic cysts. Our technique allows optimal prevention of cyst rupture and spread of contents.
Branula used as T-tube introducer for middle-ear effusion
Authors: Raman R , Rahmat O 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObjective:We report a method of inserting a T-tube.Method:A 14-G branula and a T-tube are used.Results:This method was found to be simple and required few instruments.Conclusions:To the best of our knowledge, this method has not previously been reported.
THE EFFECT OF COBALT INTAKE ON THE COBAMIDE AND COBINAMIDE COMPOSITION OF THE RUMEN CONTENTS AND BLOOD PLASMA OF SHEEP
Authors: Gawthorne JM 
Published: November 2007

SummaryDepending on the level of dietary cobalt, as many as nine ionophoretically distinct cobamides and cobinamides were detected in sheep rumen contents.5,6‐Dimethylbenzimidazolyl cobamide and 2‐methyladenyl cobamide together constituted more than 80% of the vitamin B12‐activity of extracts of rumen contents. The proportion of the vitamin B12‐activity due to 5,6‐dimethylbenzimidazolyl cobamide was increased from 35% to 63% by decreases in the cobalt intake from 0·34 p.p.m. to 0·04 p.p.m. but that due to 2‐methyladenyl cobamide (44%) was unaltered. Thus, a greater proportion of the “vitamin B12” synthesised in the rumen of sheep fed cobalt‐deficient rations was in a form that could be utilised by the host animal. Guanyl cobamide was occasionally present in significant concentrations at higher cobalt intakes, but the other analogues usually represented less than 3% of the total vitamin B12‐activity.Evidence was obtained that factors other than cobalt can affect both the concentrations and proportions of cobamides and cobinamides in rumen contents.The vitamin B12‐activity of extracts of sheep jugular blood plasma was almost entirely due to 5,6‐Dimethylbenzimidazolyl cobamide. 2‐Methyladenyl cobamide was present at cobalt intakes of 0·10 p.p.m. or more, but represented less than 1·5% of the total vitamin B12‐activity.
ADHERENCE‐PROMOTING ANTIBODIES. THE INVESTIGATION OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MOUSE ANTI‐VI ANTIBODIES PROVIDING IMMUNE FIXATION OF ANTIGEN TO MACROPHAGE SURFACE.
Authors: Levenson VI , Braude Nelli I , Chernokhvostova Elena V 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAnti‐Vi antibodies present in the serum of mice shortly after immunization have been shown to provide adherence of antigen to the surface of macrophages. In the present study the physicochemical properties of these antibodies were investigated.DEAE‐Cellulose column chromatography and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation have revealed that all this activity is confined to the IgM fraction of serum. These findings are consistent with the observation that treatment of early anti‐Vi sera with cysteine or 2‐mercuptoethanol completely destroys their agglutinating and adherence‐promoting activities.In addition, it has been found that antibodies which promote in vitro phagocytosis of antigen by macrophages belong to the IgG class of immunoglobulins. The possible implications of these findings are discussed in detail.
THE RESPONSE OF THE HEPATIC LYMPH NODE OF THE SHEEP TO SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Smith JB , Morris Bede 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe primary and secondary responses of the hepatic lymph node to Swine influenza virus were studied following the injection of the virus intravenously or locally beneath the liver capsule. The hepatic lymph node did not respond in a detectable manner to a primary intravenous injection of virus and the antibody titres in the blood plasma were low. Following a second intravenous injection of virus, there was a slight cellular response in the efferent lymph from the hepatic node. The antibody response was vigorous and typically secondary, and it appeared that some antibody was synthesized in the hepatic node.Primary and secondary responses to the injection of virus beneath the liver capsule were characterized by a significant cellular reaction in the efferent lymph with the appearance of basophilic cells. Antibody titres in both blood and lymph were higher than those which followed primary or secondary intravenous injections. There was no correlation between the appearance of basophilic cells in the lymph and the appearance or persistence of antibody in the lymph in the primary response.The reactions of the hepatic node to influenza virus indicated that there was no immunological liaison between the phagocytic cells in the liver and the afferent hepatic lymph and the regional lymph node of the liver. These phagocytic cells do not therefore have a role in processing antigens as a prelude to an immune response.
A STUDY OF ALBUMIN SYNTHESIS AND SOME BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN NUTRITIONAL CIRRHOSIS OF THE LIVER
Authors: Chandrasekharan N 
Published: November 2007

SummaryCirrhosis was induced in growing rats by feeding them a diet low in protein and lipotropic factors, and giving them 20% alcohol in lieu of drinking water. Rats fed a diet adequate in all nutrients served as controls. Albumin synthesis by liver slices, liver protein and nucleic acid concentrations, hepatic oxygen uptake and proteolytic activity, and serum protein levels were measured using cirrhotic and control animals.Hypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia developed in cirrhotic rats. Albumin synthesis was higher in cirrhotic liver slices than control liver slices. Proteolytic activity, ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid concentrations were also higher in cirrhotic livers and liver protein concentration was lower in cirrhotic rats than the controls.It is suggested that the histopathological and biochemical changes observed in cirrhosis need not be associated with decreased albumin synthesis. The hypoalbuminaemia observed in cirrhosis is unlikely to be due to impaired albumin synthesis.
THE HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALISATION OF SYMPATHETIC NERVE ENDINGS IN HUMAN GINGIVAL BLOOD VESSELS
Authors: Frewin DB , Hume WR , Waterson JG , Whelan RF 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA fluorescent histochemical technique has been applied to study human gingival tissue obtained at autopsy. Specific catecholamine fluorescence was demonstrated in the gingival arteries of infants, children and younger adults. A marked diminution in the specific fluorescence in the tissues from the older subjects was noted. Possible reasons for this loss of specific fluorescence are discussed.
THE NORMAL LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFER REACTION IN LAMBS THYMECTOMIZED IN UTERO
Authors: Cole GJ , Morris Bede 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn utero thymectomy of lambs resulted in a redueed ability of the lymphocytes of these lambs to cause a normal lymphocyte transfer reaction when injected into the skin of normal sheep. The reaction in the skin of thymectomized lambs following the intradermal injection of lymphocytes from nonnal donors was also greatly reduced. These results indicate that following thymectomy in the sheep an analogous situation exists to that which occurs following neonatal thymectomy in mice and rats, in that there is a reduction in the capacity of lymphocytes from thymectomized lambs to produce a graft versus host reaction as well as a reduction in the ability of thymectomized lambs to resist a graft versus host reaction. It is not known whether this deficiency is due to a reduction in the number of competent cells or a reduction in the competence of individual cells.
EVIDENCE FOR INACTIVATION OF NORADRENALINE BY EXTRANEURONAL MONOAMINE OXIDASE IN THE RABBIT EAR ARTERY
Authors: De La Lande IS , Johnson SM 
Published: November 2007

SummaryUntreated and nialamide treated rabbit ear arteries were incubated with noradrenaline in high concentration (20 μg/ml) and the subsequent rates of release of the amine into the bathing medium measured. Nialamide caused a 5–6 fold increase in the release. The effect was equally prominent in arteries treated with cocaine and in chronically denervated arteries. It is concluded that extraneuronal monoamine oxidase plays a major role in the inactivation of noradrenaline when the latter is present in high concentration in the tissue.
METABOLIC TURNOVER OF SURFACE IMMUNOGLOBULINS ON B AND T LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Wilson JD 
Published: November 2007

SummaryMetabolic features of surface immunoglobulin (Ig) on purified populations of B and T lymphocytes from mice have been studied using anti‐mouse kappa (light chain) serum, either directly radio iodinated, or with a sandwich labelling technique with 125I‐sheep anti‐rabbit serum. Both techniques demonstrated a rapid loss of anti kappa from the surface of both B and T lymphocytes at 37° but the loss was approximately twice as fast from B cells. Appropriate controls excluded uncoupling of anti kappa from Ig as a significant cause of edition. It is concluded that surface Ig is being continually released from lymphocytes, and that anti kappa can also induce pinocytosis of some surface Ig in B cells. The immunological significance of such a dynamic system is discussed.
THE OCCURRENCE OF HOMOGENEOUS ANTIBODIES AND ANTIGENIC SELECTION OF κ LIGHT CHAINS TO STREPTOCOCCAL CARBOHYDRATES IN MONASH RABBITS
Authors: Herd Zana L , Spragg Jennifer 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA mixed breed of rabbits bred at Monash University has been shown to produce electrophoretically monodisperse (homogeneous) antibodies to the group specific carbohydrates of streptococci. All rabbits given primary immunization with Group B or Group C streptococcal vaccines showed more than one homogeneous immunoglobulin when sera were examined by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. These homogeneous components were shown to be antibodies to the group specific carbohydrate. Antibody levels to the carbohydrate varied from 1 to 10 mg/ml antiserum. Fractionation of anti‐Group B serum by anion exchange chromatography showed that heterogeneous anti‐streptococcal antibody was also present, but was specific for cellular constituents other than the group carbohydrate. Monash rabbits immunized with non‐streptococcal antigens have shown a normal heterogeneous antibody response.A goat antiserum to rabbit Fab fragments was shown to distinguish between rabbit κ and λ chains in gel diffusion reactions. Antibodies to the group carbohydrates were purified and tested for their immunoglobulin class and light chain type using the anti‐Fab serum and specific anti‐immunoglobulin sera. In each case the antibody consisted of both IgM and IgG molecules, but contained only κ light chains.
THE IN VITRO RESPONSE TO PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ (PHA) OF LEUCOCYTES FROM INTACT AND THYMECTOMIZED QUOKKAS
Authors: Ashman R , Keast D , Stanley NF , Waring H 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe in vitro leucocyte dose response curve to phytohaemagglutinin has been established for juvenile quokkas. Thymectomy of the neonatal quokka depresses this to less than half that of the normal animal. Surgical implantation of a superficial thymus from tammar (Macropus eugenii) pouch young does not reconstitute the humoral arm of the immune response of the Thymectomized quokka pouch young, nor does it lead to an acute graft‐versus‐host reaction. It does, however, cause a further depletion of phytohaemagglutinin‐sensitive cells in the peripheral circulation of these animals. Mixed leucocyte reactions with cells from thymectomized animals and thymectomized animals which had received tammar thymus grafts indicate that they are still able to recognize and reject xenogeneic tissue.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF TRANSFERRED ALLOGENEIC LYMPHOCYTES TO THE ABROGATION OF SHEEP ERYTHROCYTE TOLERANCE IN RATS
Authors: McCullagh Peter 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe technique of abrogating sheep erythrocyte tolerance by administration of allogeneic lymphocytes has been modified in various ways and the influence of the modifications on abrogation studied. Deferment of antigenic challenge for longer than one hour after the transfer of allogeneic lymphocytes markedly reduces the ensuing immune response. Heavily irradiated lymphocytes have a greatly reduced capacity to abrogate tolerance. Lymphocytes which have been incubated with mitomycin C. at a concentration sufficient to curtail other immunological reactivities of the lymphocytes, retain their capacity to abrogate tolerance. However, if lymphocytes are pre‐incubated with actinomycin D. their capacity to evoke abrogation is inhibited over a similar range of drug concentrations to that which progressively blocks the incorporation of tritiated uridine by these cells. From these observations it is concluded that, whereas synthesis of DNA is not essential retention of the ability to synthesize RNA is mandatory if allogeneic lymphocytes are to abrogate tolerance.
SORBITOL METABOLISM IN THE RETINA: ACCUMULATION OF PATHWAY INTERMEDIATES IN STREPTOZOTOCIN INDUCED DIABETES IN THE RAT
Authors: Hutton JC , Schofield PJ , Williams JF , Hollows FC 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe capacities of rat lens and retina to accumulate sorbitol pathway intermediates in streptozotocin induced diabetes were investigated. The experiments performed were of two types:(i) investigations of the time course of the appearance of the pathway intermediates in lens and retina following the induction of diabetes, and(ii) investigation of tile relationship of sorbitol pathway intermediate accumulations to varying doses of streptozotocin.The experimental objectives were to investigate the factors which control the activity of the pathway in vivo, and to assess the proposed relationship between sorbitol metabolism in the retina and the pathogenesis of diabetic small vessel disease in this tissue.The sorbitol which accumulated in the retina of the diabetic animal (approximately 1·5 μmole/g protein) was formed by the intrinsic metabolic activity of the tissue and was not attributed to transport from an external metabolic site. The accumulation of this intermediate was directly related to the plasma glucose concentration and could not be related to other parameters of the diabetic state, e.g. plasma free fatty acid concentration, ketonaemia.It was confirmed that the rat lens accumulated sorbitol (approximately 80 (μmole/g protein) and fructose (approximately 20 μmole/g protein) in diabetes, and that such accumulations were related to the glucose concentration of the aqueous humour. The possibility that factors associated with ketoacidosis affected the relative concentrations of lens sorbitol and fructose was suggested by the results.An hypothesis which invoked sorbitol accumulation to osmotically significant concentrations within the retina as a pathogenic agent in diabetic small vessel disease in this tissue could not be directly supported by the results. Alternate mechanisms by which low concentrations of sorbitol in diabetic retina could act as a pathogenic stimulus are discussed.
THE CLONAL NATURE OF ALLO‐ANTIGEN‐SENSITIVE SMALL LYMPHOCYTES IN THE RECIRCULATING POOL OF NORMAL RATS
Authors: Dorsch Susan , Roser B 
Published: November 2007

SummarySmall lymphocytes of the recirculating pool are competent to mediate the rejection of first‐set allografts. As a population, these cells are multicompetent, i.e. they can procure the rejection of a variety of antigenically distinct grafts. The basis of this multicompetence was shown to be the admixture, within the population, of separate, clones of allo‐antigen‐sensitive cells, each competent against one set of allo‐antigens. This was done using supralethally irradiated rats as biological filters for large inocula of thoracic duct lymphocytes, and assaying the competence of those, cells which successfully recirculated from the blood to the lymph. When recovered from the lymph of allogeneic “passage” rats, these cells were specifically depleted of the clone of cells competent against “passage” allo‐antigens. This clone of cells was recovered from the lymphoid tissues of the passage animal at the time when it was missing from the lymph. It was possible to exclude antibody mediated enhancement or the induction of conventional transplantation tolerance as explanations for the specific defect in reactivity suffered by passaged thoracic duct lymphocytes. The reproducible sequestration of specific allo‐antigen‐sensitive cells which occurred in supralethally irradiated passage rats with a variety of donor‐host combinations is interpreted as confirming the clonal nature of the cells sensitive to Ag‐B allo‐antigenic specificities among the small lymphocytes in the recirculating pool of normal rats.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF THE IN VITRO INTERACTION BETWEEN HUMAN LEUCOCYTES AND CANCER CELLS
Authors: Pihl E , Nind APP , Nairn RC 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe in vitro interaction between human leucocytes and tumour cells from eight patients with malignant melanoma and three with colonic carcinoma was studied in parallel samples using the phase‐contrast and electron microscopes. Interaction of a conceivably specific type, “peripolesis” and “emperipolesis”, was seen between autologous lymphocytes and tumour cells in six of the melanoma cases and two of the colonic carcinoma cases. It is concluded that a direct autologous lymphocyte‐tumour cell interaction is the morphological expression of part of the in vitro cytotoxicity mechanism by which cytotoxic lymphocytes induce target cell destruction. No evidence of specific involvement of any other type of leucocyte was found.