bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aetiologies and outcomes of diffuse alveolar haemorrhage presenting as acute respiratory failure of uncertain cause
Authors: JIN Sang‐Man , YIM Jae‐Joon , YOO Chul‐Gyu , KIM Young‐Whan , HAN Sung‐Koo , SHIM Young‐Soo , LEE Sang‐Min 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Connective tissue diseases are the most common disorders causing diffuse alveolar haemorrhage (DAH) confirmed by open lung biopsy. However, it is not known whether these diseases are also the most common causes of DAH in patients presenting with the features of ARDS/acute lung injury (ALI). This study evaluated the frequency of concomitant disease in patients with ARDS/ALI and DAH.Methods:  The sampling frame comprised all patients in a tertiary referral hospital diagnosed with ARDS/ALI and who underwent BAL between January 2000 and July 2006. The medical records of those patients who had BAL fluid findings compatible with DAH were reviewed.Results:  Of the 97 patients diagnosed with ARDS/ALI and who underwent BAL, 27 had BAL fluid findings compatible with DAH. Sixteen of the 27 patients did not have connective tissue diseases (59%); of these 12 patients had concomitant haematological malignancies or solid tumours. Of the seven patients who presented with DAH and no known underlying disease, only two were subsequently diagnosed with a connective tissue disorder. The in‐hospital mortality rate was 55% and 63% for patients with DAH with and without connective tissue diseases, respectively (P = 0.710).Conclusions:  The majority of patients with DAH presenting with the features of ARDS/ALI did not have underlying connective tissue diseases. Concomitant malignancies were found frequently in these patients. The outcome did not differ between patients with DAH with or without connective tissue diseases.
Obstructive bronchiolar disease identified by CT in the non‐transplant population: Analysis of 29 consecutive cases
Authors: PARAMBIL Joseph G. , YI Eunhee S. , RYU Jay H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Obstructive bronchiolar disease or constrictive bronchiolitis, particularly in non‐transplant patients, is poorly understood. This study identified the associated diseases, presenting features, and clinical course of obstructive bronchiolar disease identified by CT in the non‐transplant adult population.Methods:  Retrospective single‐centre study of 29 consecutive patients clinically diagnosed to have an obstructive bronchiolar disease based on the presence of respiratory symptoms and abnormal CT findings consisting of mosaic perfusion pattern with air trapping.Results:  The median age was 54 years (range, 25–80 years); 20 were women (69%) and four patients (14%) had a smoking history. All 29 patients presented with respiratory symptoms, predominantly dyspnoea. The most common cause of obstructive bronchiolar disease was rheumatoid arthritis (34%). Other causes included hypersensitivity pneumonitis, multiple carcinoid tumorlets, Sjögren's syndrome, paraneoplastic pemphigus, inflammatory bowel disease and Swyer–James syndrome. The underlying cause was not identifiable in nine patients (31%), that is, cryptogenic constrictive bronchiolitis. An obstructive pattern was seen on pulmonary function testing in most patients (86%) with the exception of those with hypersensitivity pneumonitis and extreme obesity. Management usually included corticosteroid therapy, inhaled and oral, and bronchodilator therapy. Additional medications included macrolides, cytotoxic agents and other immunomodulator therapy. Pharmacologic therapy did not provide improvement in pulmonary function in the majority of patients but the follow‐up data were limited.Conclusions:  Diverse causes and underlying diseases are associated with obstructive bronchiolar disease diagnosed radiologically in the non‐transplant adult population. Rheumatoid arthritis‐associated and cryptogenic constrictive bronchiolitis are found in over one‐half of these patients. Most patients with obstructive bronchiolar disease do not appear to improve with currently available therapy.
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in a patient with Behcet's disease
Authors: UCHIYAMA Michihiro , NAGAO Tsuyoshi , HATTORI Aritoshi , FUJII Tatsuya , ICHIWATA Toshio , NAKATA Koh , TANI Kenzaburo , HAYASHI Takuya 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTSecondary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) has been described in several clinical settings that can be grouped into three main categories: infections of the lung; haematological malignancies and other conditions that alter the patient's immune status; and exposure to inhaled chemicals and minerals. Recent studies reported that anti‐granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) antibody was present in the serum of patients with idiopathic PAP but not in patients with secondary PAP or in normal subjects. The present report describes the interesting case of a patient with Behcet's disease and PAP. The absence of anti‐GM‐CSF antibodies in this patient suggested a diagnosis of secondary PAP.
Endogenous catecholamine stimulates alveolar fluid clearance in rats with acute pancreatitis
Authors: XU Jin , WANG Zheng , MA Gang , SAGAWA Motoyasu , SHIMAZAKI Miyako , UEDA Yoshimichi , SAKUMA Tsutomu 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Acute pancreatitis causes pulmonary oedema with the accumulation of fluid in the alveolar spaces, possibly due to reduced clearance. This study tested the hypothesis that acute pancreatitis decreases alveolar fluid clearance in a rat model of pulmonary oedema during acute pancreatitis.Methods:  Acute pancreatitis was induced by a retrograde injection of 5% taurocholate sodium (0.2 mL) into the common bile duct. The lungs were isolated 4, 24 and 48 h after the induction of acute pancreatitis and alveolar fluid clearance was measured in the absence of pulmonary perfusion.Results:  Alveolar fluid clearance increased to 31.0 ± 3.5% of instilled volume/h in rats with acute pancreatitis for 4 h compared with 17.3 ± 1.0% of instilled volume/h in sham rats (P < 0.01), then returned to the control level 48 h after acute pancreatitis (16.0 ± 4.1% of instilled volume/h). In contrast, the lung water to dry lung weight ratio decreased maximally 24 h after acute pancreatitis (P < 0.01), then returned to the control level 48 h after acute pancreatitis. The plasma epinephrine levels increased to 25‐fold higher in rats with acute pancreatitis for 4 h than in sham rats without acute pancreatitis. Prazosin (an α1‐adrenergic antagonist, 10−4 mol/L), yohimbine (an α2‐adrenergic antagonist, 10−4 mol/L) or a bilateral adrenalectomy inhibited the increase in part, a combination of prazosin (10−4 mol/L) and yohimbine (10−4 mol/L) completely inhibited the increase in alveolar fluid clearance in rats after acute pancreatitis for 4 h, whereas propranolol (a β‐adrenergic antagonist, 10−4 mol/L) had no effect.Conclusions:  Endogenous catecholamine stimulates α‐adrenoceptors and increases alveolar fluid clearance in rats with acute pancreatitis.
Predicting optimal continuous positive airway pressure in Japanese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome
Authors: AKAHOSHI Toshiki , AKASHIBA Tsuneto , KAWAHARA Seiji , UEMATSU Akihito , NAGAOKA Kenichi , KIYOFUJI Kouji , OKAMOTO Naoki , HATTORI Tomohiro , TAKAHASHI Noriaki , HASHIMOTO Shu 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  Several algorithms that predict the optimal CPAP have been developed for Caucasian patients with OSA syndrome, but these algorithms do not allow for racial differences in craniofacial anatomy. We investigated whether an equation that included data on craniofacial structure, physique and severity of OSA could more accurately predict the optimal CPAP for Japanese patients with OSA syndrome.Methods:  In 170 Japanese patients with OSA syndrome, the optimal CPAP was determined by manual titration during polysomnography. An equation predicting the optimal pressure was derived from anthropometric, polysomnographic and cephalometric data. This equation was validated in another 110 Japanese patients with OSA syndrome.Results:  Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified AHI, BMI, mean SaO2 and a cephalometric parameter: the angle between a line from point B to the menton (Me) and a line from Me to the hyoid bone (H) (BMeH), as independent predictors of optimal CPAP. The following equation was constructed to predict the optimal CPAP: 27.78 + (0.041 × BMeH) + (0.141 × BMI) + (0.040 × AHI) − (0.312 × mean SaO2). This equation accounted for 47% of the variance in optimal pressure (R2 = 0.47, P < 0.0001). The measured optimal pressure and the pressure calculated using this equation were very similar in the other 110 patients with OSA syndrome (9.5 ± 3.0 and 9.2 ± 2.1 cmH2O, respectively).Conclusion:  Optimal CPAP was more accurately predicted by combining a cephalometric parameter with BMI and polysomnographic data in Japanese patients with OSA, suggesting that craniofacial structure may be important in the pathogenesis of OSA syndrome among Asians.
Use of inhaled fluticasone propionate to control respiratory manifestations of relapsing polychondritis
Authors: TSUBURAI Takahiro , SUZUKI Motoyoshi , TSURIKISAWA Naomi , ONO Emiko , OSHIKATA Chiyako , TANIGUCHI Masami , AKIYAMA Kazuo 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTEffective management of respiratory tract involvement is very important in improving the prognosis of relapsing polychondritis (RPC). This case report describes a 19‐year‐old patient with RPC, who required frequent hospitalization due to recurrent exacerbations of airway obstruction. Use of high‐dose fluticasone propionate effectively reduced the amount of oral corticosteroid necessary to control inflammation of the airway mucosa and dramatically decreased the patient's obstructive airway impairment. This report is the first illustrating the effectiveness and safety of inhaled corticosteroids in the control of the respiratory manifestations of RPC.
Real‐time PCR is more specific than conventional PCR for induced sputum diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immunocompromised patients without HIV infection
Authors: FUJISAWA Tomoyuki , SUDA Takafumi , MATSUDA Hiroyuki , INUI Naoki , NAKAMURA Yutaro , SATO Jun , TOYOSHIMA Mikio , NAKANO Yutaka , YASUDA Kazumasa , GEMMA Hitoshi , HAYAKAWA Hiroshi , CHIDA Kingo 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTBackground and objective:  The diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is based on microscopic examination of respiratory specimens. PCP patients without AIDS have a lower burden of P. jiroveci than those with AIDS, which leads to difficulty in detecting the organisms. Although conventional PCR (c‐PCR) has been used to detect the DNA, it is frequently positive in patients with colonization. Real‐time PCR (r‐PCR), a method to detect the DNA quantitatively, might be helpful in distinguishing between infection and colonization. We investigated the utility of real‐time PCR in the diagnosis of PCP in non‐AIDS patients.Methods:  Induced sputum samples obtained from 86 non‐HIV immunocompromized patients with clinical symptoms of pulmonary infection were evaluated for the presence of Pneumocystis jiroveci‐specific DNA using c‐PCR and r‐PCR. The diagnosis of PCP was confirmed by typical clinical and radiological findings and response to treatment.Results:  Of the 86 patients, 17 were diagnosed as having PCP. Twenty‐eight samples were positive for c‐PCR, but the false‐positive rate was high (46.4%). Sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive values (PPV) of c‐PCR were 88.2%, 81.2% and 53.6%, respectively. Concentrations of the DNA detected by r‐PCR were significantly higher in PCP patients than in non‐PCP patients. Using 30 copies per tube as a cut‐off value for the diagnosis of PCP, the sensitivity (82.4%) of r‐PCR was almost equal to c‐PCR. Notably, its specificity and PPV were higher than c‐PCR (98.6% and 93.3%, respectively).Conclusions:  r‐PCR on induced sputum is more useful for diagnosing PCP than c‐PCR in non‐HIV immunocompromized patients, especially in terms of distinguishing between colonization and infection.
The Global Sociometabolic Transition
Authors: Krausmann Fridolin , Fischer‐Kowalski Marina , Schandl Heinz , Eisenmenger Nina 
Published: December 2008

SummaryWe present the concept of sociometabolic regimes and use it to analyze patterns of change in global social metabolism. Sociometabolic regimes represent dynamic equilibria of society–nature interactions and are characterized by typical patterns of material and energy flows (metabolic profiles). From this perspective, industrialization appears as a process of transition from the agrarian to the industrial regime. This article presents a global data set on the socioeconomic metabolism of 175 nations for the year 2000. We group the countries into six clusters differentiated by economic development and population density, reflecting the historical path of (agrarian) development and resource endowment.Our analysis reveals that per capita material and energy use in industrialized clusters is higher than in developing regions by a factor of 5 to 10. However, per capita use of natural resources differs significantly among industrialized clusters. A large fraction of the global population displays a metabolic profile somewhere in between the patterns typical for the agrarian and the industrial regimes. The sociometabolic transition from an agrarian to an industrial regime is thus an ongoing process with important consequences for future global material and energy demand. If we take a transition between regimes and the current characteristics of this transition as given, the global energy and materials demand is likely to grow by a factor of 2 to 3 during the coming decades. The most critical part of our findings relates to the cluster of high‐density developing countries, as these countries already have a higher anthropogenic material and energy burden per unit of land area than, for example, industrial Europe, with pending further increases bound to surpass carrying capacities.
What Factors Have Changed Japanese Resource Productivity?
Authors: Hashimoto Seiji , Matsui Shigekazu , Matsuno Yu , Nansai Keisuke , Murakami Shinsuke , Moriguchi Yuichi 
Published: December 2008

SummaryIn 2003, the Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material‐Cycle Society was developed; it established indicators and numerical targets for each of three aspects of material flows in Japan. One of the three indicators is resource productivity: Gross domestic product divided by direct material input (GDP/DMI). This article elucidates factors that have changed recent resource‐use intensity (the inverse of resource productivity) in Japan. Specifically, the analysis emphasizes decomposing resource‐use intensity into the factors of recycling, induced material‐use intensity, demand structure, and average propensity to import. Conclusions drawn from analyses of data from the 1995–2002 period are as follows: (1) Changes in the structure of demand (i.e., the magnitude of the demand for a particular set of goods and services relative to total demand) produced the largest contribution to a reduction in resource‐use intensity. In addition, the aggregate of the decline in induced material‐use intensity and the improvement in recycling contributed as much as changes in the demand structure. (2) Final demand for construction declined steadily during the study period, resulting in the largest contribution to the decline in resource‐use intensity. (3) Final demand for machinery and services increased, whereas their induced material‐use intensity declined, contributing to the decline in resource‐use intensity as a whole. (4) Although the effects of recycling are not great, the increased recycling of nonmetallic minerals contributed to the decline in resource‐use intensity.
Building Material Flow Accounts in the United States
Authors: Allen Frederick W. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryBuilding a national system of material flow accounts in the United States could be an important step toward natural resource sustainability. But the task will not be as simple as “If you build it, they will come.” The key to understanding the status of and prospects for official material flow accounts in the United States is to see the picture from the point of view of public sector and environmental innovation generally, rather than from the point of view of building the details of the accounts themselves. A simple model of public sector innovation helps explain what is happening and what needs to happen to make further progress. The model used here has four principal elements: methods, organizational capacity, demand, and actual use. The details and sequence of these elements vary in different situations, but all four must be present for successful innovations. Although aspects of culture, innovation, and government bureaucracy differ from country to country, the basic model appears to be similar across borders, at least in countries belonging to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Seen this way, recent events in the United States indicate that (1) there is significant potential for such accounts; (2) the United States is moving toward creating them, although not in a systematic manner, which means that the progression and eventual outcome are uncertain; and (3) there are ways for the research community to participate very positively in the public process.
The “Hidden” Trade of Metals in the United States
Authors: Johnson Jeremiah , Graedel T. E. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe transport of ore and refined metals into and from countries has long been quantified, both because of its financial implications and because of the relative ease of tracking those flows. This information says little, however, about the net trade of metal in all its forms, particularly “semiproducts,” such as sheet and wire, and metal in traded products (MTP). A comprehensive analysis for the United States for copper, lead, zinc, chromium, and silver, in which all trade flows are included, demonstrates that MTP flows can often be a large factor in determining a country's import/export dependence, accounting for between 13% (zinc) and 57% (silver) of traded metal in all forms. A methodology was created to calculate the end user net import reliance, which is the net import of metal contained in ore, concentrate, refined forms, and semi‐manufactured and finished products, plus any releases of metal from government or producer stocks, as a function of the flow of metal into end use by consumers. For all five metals, this calculation showed a higher reliance on imports than calculations that solely examine ore, concentrate, and refined metals. This suggests that the metal contained in semi‐manufactured and finished products increases U.S. material import vulnerability. However, the in‐use stocks of these metals contained in products may serve as a potential resource, serving to mitigate this vulnerability. Graphical representations of metal trade in all forms by geographical origin and destination are provided to characterize the nature of the trade and provide information that would be useful in characterizing U.S. import vulnerability.
Japanese 3R Policies Based on Material Flow Analysis
Authors: Takiguchi Hiroaki , Takemoto Kazuhiko 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThis article describes Japan's adoption of the sound material‐cycle society (SMC Society) as a key goal in its pursuit of sustainable development. An SMC Society is defined in Japanese law as a society wherein the consumption of natural resources is restrained and the environmental load is reduced as far as possible, through promotion of the 3Rs—reduction, reuse, and recycling—as well as the environmentally sound disposal of solid waste. The Fundamental Law for Establishing an SMC Society, enacted in 2000, requires the government to formulate a plan, two of which have been developed to date. The Fundamental Plans set quantitative targets for three indicators: resource productivity, cyclical use rate, and final disposal amount. Initial results indicate that resource productivity has increased because the increase in real gross domestic product (GDP) has been accompanied by a decrease in direct material input (DMI), the cycle use rate has increased–mainly because of the growth in the recycling rate of industrial waste–and the final disposal amount has been decreasing. These goals have also been pursued on a global scale through the Group of Eight (G8) process known as the 3R Initiative.
Bile Affects the Synthesis of Exopolysaccharides by
Bifidobacterium animalis
Authors: Ruas-Madiedo Patricia , Gueimonde Miguel , Arigoni Fabrizio , de los Reyes-Gavilán Clara G. , Margolles Abelardo 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

By using cryo-scanning electron microscopy and quantification with lectin-conjugated probes, we have detected the production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) in
Bifidobacterium animalis
subsp.
lactis
in the presence of bile. In addition, the expression of gtf01207, which codifies a putative priming glycosyltransferase involved in EPS synthesis, was induced by bile.
Application of Denaturing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in Microbial Ecology: Fermentor Sludge, Compost, and Soil Community Profiling
Authors: Wagner Andreas Otto , Malin Cornelia , Illmer Paul 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Genetic fingerprinting methods, such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), are used in microbial ecology for the analysis of mixed microbial communities but are associated with various problems. In the present study we used a new alternative method: denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC). This method was previously shown to work with samples from water and gut flora but had not yet been applied to complex environmental samples. In contrast to other publications dealing with dHPLC, we used a commonly available HPLC system. Samples from different origins (fermentor sludge, compost, and soil), all ecologically significant, were tested, and the 16S rRNA gene was amplified via PCR. After optimization of the HPLC elution conditions, amplicons of pure cultures and mixed microbial populations could be separated successfully. Systematic differentiation was carried out by a cloning approach, since fraction collection of the peaks did not result in satisfactory fragment separation. dHPLC was evaluated as a tool for microbial community analysis on a genetic level and demonstrated major improvements compared to gel-based fingerprinting methods, such as DGGE, that are commonly used in microbial ecology.