bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dislocation structure and crystallite size distribution in lath martensite determined by X-ray diffraction peak profile analysis
Authors: Nedjad S. Hossein , Gharabagh M.-R. Movaghar 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
X-ray diffraction peak profiles obtained from 18Ni lath martensite were analyzed in accordance with the modified Williamson – Hall and modified Warren – Averbach methodologies, aided by supplemental optical and transmission electron microscopy. After instrumental broadening removal, structural peak broadenings were determined for diffraction lines. Consequently, a log-normal size distribution with a mean size of about 156 nm was determined, corresponding reasonably to the lath width illustrated by means of transmission electron microscopy. Further, a dislocation density of 0.723 × 1016 m– 2 along with a near equal proportion of edge and screw dislocations were identified. Determination of the dislocation arrangement parameter revealed a weak dipole and thus, weak screening action of dislocation strain fields.
Effect of minor addition of Pb upon interfacial reactions and mechanical properties at Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu/Cu and Sn-58Bi/Cu solder joints
Authors: Yen Yee-Wen , Chou Weng-Ting , Chen Hong-Chih , Liou Wei-Kai , Lee Chiapyng 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Interfacial reactions and mechanical properties between the Cu and Pb-free solders, Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu and Sn-58Bi with addition of 0.1 to 1.0 wt.% Pb are investigated in this study. Two kinds of intermetallic compounds, scallop-shaped Cu6Sn5 and plane layered Cu3Sn phases, were found in both Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu + Pb/Cu and Sn-58Bi + Pb/Cu couples. The intermetallic compound thickness increased with longer reaction times, higher reaction temperatures and greater Pb contents. The Cu6Sn5 phase was the thicker intermetallic compound in the Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu + Pb/Cu couple. However, in the Sn-58Bi + Pb/Cu system, the Cu3Sn phase is the thicker intermetallic compound. Experimental results indicate that the higher Pb concentration in Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu or Sn-58Bi solders reduces the alloy liquidus temperature and increases the thickness of the intermetallic compound. Thicker intermetallic compounds reduce the mechanical strength of the solder joint.
The influence of microstructural characteristics and contaminants on the mechanical properties and fracture topography of low cost Ti6Al4V alloy
Authors: Bozic Dusan , Sekulic Danijela , Stasic Jelena , Rajkovic Viseslava , Jovanovic Milan T. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Low cost titanium alloy compacts were produced via the powder metallurgy approach through the hydride – dehydride process and hot consolidation (hot pressing and hot isostatic pressing). The conditions of the reversible hydride – dehydride process were determined by X-ray and scanning electron microscopy characterisation of powders. Powders were consolidated both above and below the β transformation temperature. The morphology of the microstructure, and the presence of open and closed pores, as well as residual particles of hydrides and oxides have a direct influence on the mechanical properties of compacts (tensile properties and impact toughness).
The effect of alloying elements on constrained carbon equilibrium due to a quench and partition process
Authors: de Avillez Roberto R. , da Costa e Silva André Luiz V. , Martins Ana Rosa F. A. , Assunção Fernando C. Rizzo 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The model proposed by Speer et al. to calculate the constrained carbon equilibrium is expanded to include any number of substitutional solutes and coded with the MatLab and Thermo-Calc programs. This model is used to evaluate the effect of Al, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni and Si solutes on the final austenite carbon concentration of ternary Fe – X – C alloys. Comparison is also made with the carbon concentration measured experimentally in some Transformation Induced Plasticity steels.
A new kinetic treatment of the oxidation of β-SiAlON powder
Authors: Hou Xinmei , Liu Xiaodan , Guo Min , Chou Kuochih 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The oxidation kinetics of β-SiA10N (Si3Al3O3N5) powder prepared by reaction sintering have been investigated from both experimental and theoretical aspects. In the oxidation experiments, X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy and thermogravimetry were used to study the oxidation mechanism and kinetics of β-SiAlON powder. Based on the ex-perimental data, a new model for predicting the oxidation process of β-SiAlON powder has been developed, which offers an analytic form expressing the oxidation mass change as a function of time and temperature. The effect of particle size distribution on oxidation has especially been discussed. The new model was used to predict the oxidation behavior of β-SiAlON powder and the calculated results agreed well with the experimental data with the activation energy to be 253 kJ · mol−1.
The combined effect of titanic carbide and aluminum phosphide on the refinement of primary silicon in Al-50Si alloy
Authors: Dai Hongshang , Liu Xiangfa 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Two refinement methods for Al-50Si alloy are presented in this article: one way is using a newly developed Si-20P alloy at 1573 K; another technique is using the Si-20P alloy in company with Al-TiO2-C mixture powder at 1473 K. Compared to the first method, the second one not only has better refinement effect on primary Si but also lower refinement temperature. These results are due to the combined effect of TiC and AlP on the refinement process, and the duplex TiC/AlP nucleus of primary silicon has been demonstrated using electron probe micro-analysis. Moreover, the reaction of Al-TiO2-C mixture powder with increasing temperature was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry, which shows that the TiC particles are produced at about 1473 K. AlP particles combine with the in-situ TiC particles in the melt, which is the main reason for the formation of a duplex nucleus, and the disregistry between TiC and AlP in low-index planes is also discussed.
Experimental survey on fluid brazing in ancient goldsmith' art
Authors: Cagnetti Andrea 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The paper tries to show the essential role played by a brazing process in the manufacturing of filigree and granulation decorated ancient jewels. A purely experimental framework is proposed. Reasons for such a methodological choice are outlined and general protocols for a standard experiment are provided. Specific advantages for the accomplishment of the manufacturing process in all its stages are shown to be related to the employment of a fluid brazing solution. The concordance of the few available ancient sources, the simplicity of technique's application, as well as the jewels concretely produced during years of research in the field, highlight the plausibility of the adopted approach.
Effect of electropulsing on the tensile flow stress of ultrafine-grained 3Y-TZP at 1400°C
Authors: Yang Di , Conrad Hans 
Published: February 2009

AbstractShort DC pulses (∼10– 4s duration with a maximum electric field strength of 2.0 – 9.3 kV cm– 1) applied continuously at a frequency of 10 Hz reduced the tensile flow stress of ultrafine-grained 3Y-TZP at 1400 °C. The decrease in flow stress was attributed to a retardation of dynamic grain growth by the average electric field. The degree of retardation decreased with strain, which correlated with the calculated reduction in electric field strength due to the change in dimensions of the specimen as it elongates. Considering the present electropulsing results along with those obtained previously employing DC and 60 Hz AC fields, it was found that the ratio of the decrease in grain size with field to the grain size without field, was proportional to the average effective electric field strength, relatively independent of test temperature in the range of 1400 – 1500 °C. The proportionality constant increased in the order DC, AC, EP, indicating that a varying field has a greater effect on retarding dynamic grain growth than a constant DC field.
Improving Flow Balance during Filling a Multi-cavity Mold with Modified Runner Systems
Authors: Huang T.-C. , Huang P.-H. , Yang S.-Y. , Ko T.-Y. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Multi-cavity injection molding has been regarded as low cost mass-production method for producing plastic products such as optical elements. However, the flow imbalance during filling a multi-cavity mold using symmetrical runner system is a serious problem. This paper is devoted to improving the flow balance by modifying the runner system design. For this purpose, four eight-cavity molds with four modified symmetrical runner systems are designed, constructed and tested. They are tapering H-type runners, pinned H-type runners, curved A runners, and curved B runners. The flow imbalance in each runner system is observed and measured with the aid of short-shot experiments.
The experimental results indicate that the tapering H-type runner system can improve flow balance. The pinned H-type runner system fails to improve flow balance. The curved A and B runner system can reverse the imbalance trend, but the stability of the curved systems is poor at high melt temperature.
The relationship between European genetic admixture and body composition among Hispanics and Native Americans
Authors: Klimentidis Y.C. , Miller G.F. , Shriver M.D. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPrevious studies have shown a relationship between health‐related phenotypes and the degree of African, European, or Native American genetic admixture, indicating that there may be a genetic component to these phenotypes. However, these relationships may be driven to a large extent by the environmental differences that co‐vary with admixture differences between and within groups. In this study, we examine the relationship between genetic admixture and two phenotypic measurements that are potentially related to health: body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (PBF). In addition to admixture proportions, we attempt to assess the influence of some environmental covariates by examining how the phenotypes vary with self‐reported household income, education of parents, and physical activity level. Genetic, anthropometric, and environmental data were collected from 170 self‐reported Hispanic and Native American university students in Albuquerque, NM. We examine the relationships between genetic admixture, phenotype, and environment in both the full sample, as well as in Hispanics and Native Americans separately. Among Hispanics, we find no significant relationship between genetic admixture and body composition. Among Native Americans, despite a small sample size, we find a statistically significant, negative relationship between European genetic admixture and PBF and BMI, after adjusting for other predictor variables. We compare our findings to previous research, and discuss their implications for understanding health disparities within and between ethnic groups. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel chromosome 19p13.12 deletion in a child with multiple congenital anomalies
Authors: Jensen Daniel R. , Martin Donna M. , Gebarski Stephen , Sahoo Trilochan , Brundage Ellen K. , Chinault A. Craig , Otto Edgar A. , Chaki Moumita , Hildebrandt Friedhelm , Cheung Sau Wai , Lesperance Marci M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe describe a patient with multiple congenital anomalies including deafness, lacrimal duct stenosis, strabismus, bilateral cervical sinuses, congenital cardiac defects, hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, and hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis. Mutation analysis of EYA1, SIX1, and SIX5, genes that underlie otofaciocervical and/or branchio‐oto‐renal syndrome, was negative. Pathologic diagnosis of the excised cervical sinus tracts was revised on re‐examination to heterotopic salivary gland tissue. Using high resolution chromosomal microarray analysis, we identified a novel 2.52 Mb deletion at 19p13.12, which was confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization and demonstrated to be a de novo mutation by testing of the parents. Overall, deletions of chromosome 19p13 are rare. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mowat–Wilson syndrome: Facial phenotype changing with age: Study of 19 Italian patients and review of the literature
Authors: Garavelli L. , Zollino M. , Mainardi P. Cerruti , Gurrieri F. , Rivieri F. , Soli F. , Verri R. , Albertini E. , Favaron E. , Zignani M. , Orteschi D. , Bianchi P. , Faravelli F. , Forzano F. , Seri M. , Wischmeijer A. , Turchetti D. , Pompilii E. , Gnoli M. , Cocchi G. , Mazzanti L. , Bergamaschi R. , De Brasi D. , Sperandeo M.P. , Mari F. , Uliana V. , Mostardini R. , Cecconi M. , Grasso M , Sassi S. , Sebastio G. , Renieri A. , Silengo M. , Bernasconi S. , Wakamatsu N. , Neri G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMowat–Wilson syndrome (MWS; OMIM #235730) is a genetic condition caused by heterozygous mutations or deletions of the ZEB2 gene, and characterized by typical face, moderate‐to‐severe mental retardation, epilepsy, Hirschsprung disease, and multiple congenital anomalies, including genital anomalies (particularly hypospadias in males), congenital heart defects, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and eye defects. Since the first delineation by Mowat et al. [Mowat et al. (1998); J Med Genet 35:617–623], ∼179 patients with ZEB2 mutations, deletions or cytogenetic abnormalities have been reported primarily from Europe, Australia and the United States. Genetic defects include chromosome 2q21–q23 microdeletions (or different chromosome rearrangements) in few patients, and ZEB2 mutations in most. We report on clinical and genetic data from 19 Italian patients, diagnosed within the last 5 years, including six previously published, and compare them with patients already reported. The main purpose of this review is to underline a highly consistent phenotype and to highlight the phenotypic evolution occurring with age, particularly of the facial characteristics. The prevalence of MWS is likely to be underestimated. Knowledge of the phenotypic spectrum of MWS and of its changing phenotype with age can improve the detection rate of this condition. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and anticorrosive properties of hybrid coatings based on epoxy‐silica hybrid materials
Authors: Huang Kuan‐Yeh , Weng Chang‐Jian , Lin Su‐Yin , Yu Yuan‐Hsiang , Yeh Jui‐Ming 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA series of sol‐gel derived organic–inorganic hybrid coatings consisting of organic epoxy resin and inorganic silica were successfully synthesized through sol‐gel approach by using 3‐glycidoxypropyl‐trimethoxysilane as coupling agent. Transparent organic–inorganic hybrid sol‐gel coatings with different contents of silica were always achieved. The hybrid sol‐gel coatings with low silica loading on cold‐rolled steel coupons were found much superior improvement in anticorrosion efficiently. The as‐synthesized hybrid sol‐gel materials were characterized by Fourier‐transformation infrared spectroscopy, 29Si‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Effects of the material composition of epoxy resins along with hybrid materials on the thermal stability, Viscoelasticity properties and surface morphology were also studied, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Application of fractional calculus to the modeling of the complex magnetic susceptibility for polymeric‐magnetic nanocomposites dispersed into a liquid media
Authors: Reyes‐Melo M. E. , Garza‐Navarro M. A. , González‐González V. A. , Guerrero‐Salazar C. A. , Martínez‐Vega J. , Ortiz‐Méndez U. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe objective of the present work is to develop a fractional model which describe in a precisely manner the real and imaginary parts of the complex magnetic susceptibility for polymer‐magnetic nanocomposites dispersed into a liquid media, using differential and/or integral operators of fractional order (fractional calculus). The theoretical results show that the shape of the curves of both real and imaginary parts is depending of the fractional order of this new model named Fractional Magnetic Model (FMM). Moreover, the comparison between theoretical and experimental results show that the FMM describe quite well the complex susceptibility response of the polymeric systems containing magnetic nanoparticles at low frequencies (from 0.1 to 105 Hz). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Water‐blown soy polyol based polyurethane foams modified by cellulosic materials obtained from different sources
Authors: Banik Indranil , Sain Mohini M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis article deals with the effect of cellulosic fiber from commercially available writing paper, bleached kraft pulp, and commercially available rice flour on the foaming of polyurethane based on polyol derived from soy bean oil. The presence of cellulosic materials was observed to have a notable influence on the density of the foams. Changes in the density of different foams were correlated with possible chemical structures generated in the presence of the fiber and were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Furthermore, differential scanning calorimetry analysis was performed to lend support to possible changes in foaming behavior in the presence of refined fiber. Scanning electron microscopy observations were in line with the observation of structures generated in the presence of cellulosic fibers from different sources. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of 3‐benzothiazolthio‐1‐propyltriethoxylsilane and its reinforcement for styrene–butadiene rubber/silica composites
Authors: Peng Hualong , Liu Lan , Luo Yuanfang , Hong Haoqun , Jia Demin 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA novel block mercaptosilane (3‐benzothiazolthio‐1‐propyltriethoxylsilane) (Silane‐M) was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, and elemental analysis. Styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR)/silica composites were prepared with Silane‐M, and its effect on the properties of materials was studied. Results show that Silane‐M can substantially improve the dispersion of silica and strengthen the reinforcement of silica for SBR vulcanizates like anchors of silica to rubber matrix. As expected, it enhances the tensile, tear strength, dynamic compression property, and resistance to abrasion of SBR/silica composites. By adding Silane‐M into the system, SBR/silica composites get superior skid resistance and high glass transition temperature (Tg). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and characterization of scleroglucan drug delivery films: The effect of freeze‐thaw cycling
Authors: François Nora J. , Daraio Marta E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis study examined the effect of the freeze‐thaw process on the physical properties of films prepared from scleroglucan (Scl) hydrogels, suitable for drug delivery applications. Films made from Scl, using glycerol as plasticizer, were prepared from hydrogels by two procedures: a room temperature drying (RTD) method and a freeze‐thaw cyclic process, before the application of RTD, which results in a reinforced physically cross‐linked network. Films were characterized by studies of water vapor transmission (WVT), swelling, tensile tests, ESEM microscopy, FTIR, and drug release measurements. These determinations showed significant differences between films obtained by both treatments. The films prepared through freeze‐thaw cycles showed an important increase of the tensile strength with respect to those corresponding to films only air dried and a decreasing swelling degree in direct relationship to the number of freeze‐thaw cycles. A model drug, Theophylline, was included in these biocompatible films for in vitro drug release measurements, using a flat Franz cell. The physical differences observed between Scl films prepared with both methods can be explained proposing that the number of crosslinking points by hydrogen bonding increase when increasing the number of freezing and thawing cycles used for film preparation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Electrical conductivities of photochemically prepared polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, reacted with iodine and lithium perchlorate dopants and activation energy determination for polymer‐dopant interaction
Authors: Ramelow Ulku S. , Braganza Samantha N. , Ramelow Gerald J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractConductive polymers were obtained by using a new polymerization method where UV‐light was used as a photochemical initiator. To obtain high percent conversion optimum irradiation times were determined. Since it was observed in a previous work that conductivity of some polymeric materials can be improved by the addition of dopants (Ramelow et al., Mat Res Innovat 2001, 5, 40; Ma et al., Tr J Chem 1997, 21, 313), in this work, the effect of dopants on conductivity of the polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDM) was studied by using lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) and iodine (I2). The most effective dopant concentration was determined by measuring the conductivities. The conductivity change at various temperatures was traced during the reaction of PEGDM with dopant Lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) and the activation energy of dopant‐polymer interactions was calculated. A method was developed to follow the kinetics of polymerization reactions by tracing conductivity changes with time at different temperatures. The polymerization pathway of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate was given in a previous work, and the mechanism was studied by using NMR and relaxation time method (Ramelow et al., J Appl Polym Sci 2006, 100, 5087). In this work, the suggested pathway was confirmed by additional calculations. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Processing and characterization of poly(lactic acid) films plasticized with commercial adipates
Authors: Martino V. P. , Jiménez A. , Ruseckaite R. A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe high brittleness of Poly(lactic acid) is a major drawback for flexible food packaging applications. The aim of this work is to evaluate the potential use of commercial adipates as PLA plasticizers to obtain transparent films with enhanced mechanical properties. Processing conditions were optimized. The effect of plasticizers was characterized by a decrease on the glass transition temperature and an increase in PLA chains mobility, which induced crystallization on heating. Thermal stability was not significantly affected, and mechanical properties showed an increase in ductility with the plasticizer content. Oxygen transmission rate was also measured to evaluate the effect of the microstructures generated by the presence of these additives in PLA‐based films. The monomeric adipate presented lack of homogeneity that makes films plasticized with this additive not useful for the intended application. Good compatibility was observed between polyadipates (up to 20 wt %) and the matrix, making them promising materials for biodegradable films manufacturing. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009