bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induction of labour for post‐term pregnancy and risk estimates for intrauterine and perinatal death
Authors: HEIMSTAD RUNA , ROMUNDSTAD PÅL R. , SALVESEN KJELL Å. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackground. Beyond term there is increased risk of intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) and perinatal death, and we aimed to assess this risk beyond 41 weeks and estimate numbers needed to treat to avoid 1 fetal or neonatal death. Design and methods. All singletons births beyond 41 weeks from 1999–2005 registered in the Norwegian Medical Birth Registry were assessed concerning IUFD and perinatal death day by day, and numbers needed to induce to avoid 1 death was estimated. Results. The perinatal death rate increased with increasing gestational age. NNT for perinatal death was 527 at day 287, and 195 at day 302+ (p‐value = 0.02). Routine induction of labour at 41 weeks implicates >14,000 inductions per year. Conclusions. NNT to avoid 1 fetal or neonatal death is high (671–195), but decreases constantly with gestational age beyond 41 weeks.
Maternal body mass index at delivery and risk of caesarean due to dystocia in low risk pregnancies
Authors: ROMAN HORACE , GOFFINET FRANCOIS , HULSEY TARA F. , NEWMAN ROGER , YVES ROBILLARD PIERRE , HULSEY THOMAS C. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackground. To investigate the association between maternal body mass index (BMI) at delivery and the risk of caesarean section due to dystocia during the first stage of labour in low risk pregnancies. Methods. Historical cohort study that included 6,949 low risk women who delivered at the Medical University of South Carolina from 1994 to 2004, presenting a singleton birth at term, and a vaginal delivery attempt by spontaneous labour. Women presenting large for gestational age newborns were excluded. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for caesarean section due to dystocia and for caesarean section due to other reasons were estimated using a multinomial regression logistic model and compared using the Wald's test. Results. Women with a BMI > = 30 kg/m2, of maternal age > = 30 years and nulliparas had an increased rate of caesarean section delivery either due to dystocia or for other reasons. Newborn weight > = 3,500 g, races other than Caucasian, age between 25 and 29 years, BMI between 25 and 29.9 kg/m2, and fetal membranes rupture more than 24 h before the onset of the labour were associated with an increased rate of caesarean section due to dystocia only. On the contrary, newborn weight between 2,500 and 2,999 g was associated with a significant decrease in the rate of caesarean section due to dystocia. Newborn weight <3,000 g was associated with a risk for caesarean section due to other reasons. The population risk for caesarean section due to dystocia, attributable to BMI > = 35 kg/m2 in low risk pregnancies, was 13.3%. Conclusions. An increased maternal BMI was associated with the risk of caesarean section due to dystocia. This information should be made available to women who are overweight or obese at antenatal booking or at the first trimester visit.
Early postpartum changes in circulating pro‐ and anti‐angiogenic factors in early‐onset and late‐onset pre‐eclampsia
Authors: WIKSTRÖM ANNA‐KARIN , LARSSON ANDERS , ERIKSSON ULF J. , NASH PEPPI , OLOVSSON MATTS 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackground. Pre‐eclampsia is associated with altered plasma concentrations of the pro‐ and anti‐angiogenic factors placental growth factor (PlGF), vascular endothelial growth factor‐A (VEGF‐A) and soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1). However, there is insufficient knowledge about how these concentrations change after delivery, and whether the changes differ between early‐onset and late‐onset pre‐eclampsia. Methods. Plasma concentrations of sFlt1, PlGF and VEGF‐A were measured before delivery and on days 1, 3 and 7 postpartum in women with early‐onset (24–32 weeks’ gestation) (n = 18) and late‐onset pre‐eclampsia (35–42 weeks’ gestation) (n = 20) and in control groups delivered in corresponding weeks of gestation. Results. All groups showed a rapid decrease in median sFlt1 concentration postpartum. Women with late‐onset pre‐eclampsia did not differ in sFlt1 concentration from controls on day 1 postpartum, whereas women with early‐onset pre‐eclampsia displayed a persistently elevated sFlt1 concentration on day 7 postpartum compared with controls. PlGF concentrations did not change from before delivery to any time point postpartum in the pre‐eclampsia groups. VEGF‐A concentrations were slightly increased on day 7 postpartum in both pre‐eclampsia and control groups compared to concentrations prior to delivery. Conclusion. Median sFlt1 concentrations decreased rapidly postpartum in all groups, but remained higher in early‐onset pre‐eclampsia than controls on day 7. Postpartum, the median PlGF concentrations were similar to the concentrations measured before delivery in women with pre‐eclampsia.
Trans‐obturator suburethral tape for female stress incontinence: a cohort of 254 women with 1‐year to 2‐year follow‐up
Authors: POZA JOSÉ L. , PLA FRANCESC , SABADELL JORDI , SÁNCHEZ‐IGLESIAS JOSÉ L. , MARTÍNEZ‐GÓMEZ XAVIER , XERCAVINS JORDI 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackground. A clinical cohort study of 254 women undergoing trans‐obturator surgery for stress urinary incontinence was conducted to assess the efficacy of the trans‐obturator suburethral tape (TOT) after a follow‐up of 1 year (251 evaluable patients) and 2 years (62 patients). Results. Seventy‐five patients had previous gynaecologic surgery. Overall cure and improvement rates were 82% at 6 and 12 months, and 90% at 24 months. The most favourable results were obtained in patients with occult incontinence and urethral hypermobility. The relative risk (RR) for failure in patients with a history of gynaecologic surgery was 3.3 (95% CI: 1.1–14.7). There were 8 cases of bladder perforation (3.1%) during the learning phase with the TOT procedure, 20 of urinary retention (7.9%) – in 1 patient the tape was released after 12 days of insertion – and 3 of tape erosion (1.2%). Conclusion. Results are encouraging but should be substantiated on a larger series over a longer follow‐up.
Successful conservative treatment of endocervical adenocarcinoma stage Ib1 diagnosed early in pregnancy
Authors: VAN CALSTEREN KRISTEL , HANSSENS MYRIAM , MOERMAN PHILIPPE , ORYE GUY , BIELEN DIDIER , VERGOTE IGNACE , AMANT FREDERIC 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTraditionally when cervical cancer is diagnosed during the first trimester of pregnancy, oncological treatment is given priority despite the pregnant state. A 32‐year‐old primigravida was diagnosed with invasive endocervical adenocarcinoma stage Ib1 at 8 weeks’ gestation. As the patient wanted to preserve the pregnancy, an amputation of the anterior cervix and retroperitoneal pelvic lymphadenectomy were performed. Based on favourable prognostic markers, we decided to maintain the pregnancy with careful cytological and histological follow‐up. The patient gave birth at term to a healthy boy, and 18 months after the delivery there is no evidence of recurrent disease. In the absence of poor prognostic markers, we decided to adopt a conservative approach for cervical adenocarcinoma in a pregnant patient at 8 weeks’ gestation.
The macrosomic fetus: a challenge in current obstetrics
Authors: HENRIKSEN TORE 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackground. There has been a rise in the prevalence of large newborns over a few decades in many parts of the world. There is ample evidence that fetal macrosomia is associated with increased risk of complications both for the mother and the newborn. In current obstetrics, the macrosomic fetus represents a frequent clinical challenge. Evidence is emerging that being born macrosomic is also associated with future health risks. Objective. To provide a review of causes and risks, prevention, prediction and clinical management of suspected large fetus/fetal macrosomia, primarily aimed at clinical obstetricians. Methods. Medline and EMBASE were searched between 1980 and 2007 by combining either ‘fetal macrosomia’ or ‘large for gestational age’ with other relevant terms. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was searched for the term ‘fetal macrosomia’. Results and conclusions. Although the causes of high birthweight include both genetic and environmental factors, the rapid increase in the prevalence of large newborns has environmental causes. The evidence is extensive that maternal overweight and associated metabolic changes, including type 2 and gestational diabetes, play a central role. There is a paucity of studies of the effect of intervention before and/or during pregnancy on the risk of having an ‘overweight newborn’. It appears rational, however, that preventive measures should primarily be implemented before pregnancy and should include guidance about nutrition and physical activity in order to reduce the prevalence of overweight. In pregnancy, limited weight gain, especially in obese women, seems to reduce the risk of macrosomia, as do good control of plasma glucose among those with diabetes. Prediction of fetal macrosomia remains an inaccurate task even with modern ultrasound equipment. There is little evidence that routine elective delivery (induction or caesarean section) for the mere reason of suspected macrosomia should be employed in a general population. Vaginal delivery of a macrosomic fetus requires considered attention by an experienced obstetrician and preparedness for operative delivery, shoulder dystocia and newborn asphyxia.
SOAP: short oligonucleotide alignment program
Authors: Li Ruiqiang , Li Yingrui , Kristiansen Karsten , Wang Jun 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Summary: We have developed a program SOAP for efficient gapped and ungapped alignment of short oligonucleotides onto reference sequences. The program is designed to handle the huge amounts of short reads generated by parallel sequencing using the new generation Illumina-Solexa sequencing technology. SOAP is compatible with numerous applications, including single-read or pair-end resequencing, small RNA discovery and mRNA tag sequence mapping. SOAP is a command-driven program, which supports multi-threaded parallel computing, and has a batch module for multiple query sets.
Availability: http://soap.genomics.org.cn
Contact: soap@genomics.org.cn
On distance and similarity in fold space
Authors: Sippl Manfred J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Summary: Metric information on similarities and distances in fold space is essential for quantitative work in structural bioinformatics and structural biology. Here we derive a suitable metric for protein structures from the fundamental axioms of similarity. Derivation of the metric also clarifies the relationship between the interrelated concepts of distance and similarity.
Contact: sippl@came.sbg.ac.at
MEETING REPORT
Authors: Budka Herbert , Wiestler Otmar D. , Herriich Peter 
Published: January 2008

East‐West Danube Symposium on Human and Zoonotic Spongiform Encephalopathies, in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, May 22–23, 1991Zülch Symposium on Growth Control and Neoplastic Transformation in the Brain, Goslar, Germany, April 28, 1991 ‐ May 1, 1991
Hereditary Lewy‐Body Parkinsonism and Evidence for a Genetic Etiology of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Duvoisin Roger C. , Johnson William G. 
Published: January 2008

The first systematic genetic study of Parkinson's disease (PD) was carried out by Mjönes in 1949. His results indicated autosomal dominant transmission with 60% penetrance. These conclusions, however, were long discounted because oligosymptomatic and atypical relatives were counted as secondary cases without clear justification. Subsequent surveys of patient and twin studies failed to confirm evidence of familial concentration and the hypothesis of a genetic etiology was over‐shadowed by interest in possible environmental neurotoxins. A growing accumulation of pedigrees of histologically confirmed Lewy‐body PD over the past several years has refocused attention on genetic factors. Fluorodopa positron emission tomagraphy (PET) studies in oligosymptomatic co‐twins of probands and recent clinicopathologic studies of atypical cases have provided retrospective support for Mjönes' methodology.A survey of a personal series of PD patients showed that the majority of those for whom pedigree information was available were familial. This along with another recently reported series confirm Mjönes' data showing similar segregation ratios for siblings and parents, a low ratio of maternal: paternal transmission and a marked asymmetry in the distribution of ancestral secondary cases. These findings favor monogenic autosomal dominant inheritance and show reason to argue against a multifactorial etiology or heteroplasmy.The clinical evidence justifies searching for gene loci linked to PD. Available methods are briefly outlined.Preliminary investigations have examined possible allelic associations, e.g., with alleles of MAO‐A and debrisoquine hydroxylase and linkage to the tyrosine hydroxylase gene on chromosome 11p15.5 has been excluded in one study of juvenile familial parkinsonism. Linkage mapping studies are presently underway.
Hereditary Cerebral Hemorrhage with Amyloidosis‐Dutch Type (HCHWA‐D): I ‐ A Review of Clinical, Radiologic and Genetic Aspects
Authors: Bornebroek Marjolijn , Haan Joost , Maat‐Schieman Marion LC , Duinen Sjoerd G Van , Roos Raymund AC 
Published: January 2008

Hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis ‐ Dutch type (HCHWA‐D) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by deposition of β‐amyloid in the leptomeningeal arteries and cortical arterioles, in addition to preamyloid deposits and amyloid plaques in the brain parenchyma.The disease is due to a point mutation at codon 693 of the amyloid precursor protein (βPP) gene at chromosome 21. Since this point mutation is diagnostic for HCHWA‐D, presymptomatic testing is feasible and offered, together with genetic counselling and psychological support, to subjects at risk. HCHWA‐D is clinically characterized by recurrent strokes, in addition to dementia, which can occur after the first stroke but also preceding it. Radiological studies revealed focal lesions (hemorrhages, hemorrhagic and non‐hemorrhagic infarctions) and diffuse white matter damage. Diffuse white matter hyperintensities on MRI are an early symptom of HCHWA‐D since they have been found on MRI scans of subjects who had not suffered a stroke.The presence of the diagnostic point mutation makes HCHWA‐D a useful model to study the effects of cerebral amyloid angiopathy in vivo. The characteristic pathological abnormalities and its implications for Alzheimer's disease will be discussed in Part II of this article
January 1997 ‐ 7 Year Old Girl with Seizures
Authors: Al‐Hindi Hindi , Subach Brian , Hamilton Ronald L. 
Published: January 2008

Case AbstractA seven year old girl presented with six month history of seizures. An MRI scan showed a cortical lesion in the left temporal lobe which was resected. Neuropathology examination demonstrated meningioangiomatosis, an unusual hamartomatous condition sometimes associated with neurofibromatosis 2. Approximately 50 cases of meningioangiomatosis have been reported in the literature. These are reviewed and compared to the current case.
February 1997‐9 Year Old Girl with Hydrocephalus
Authors: Hamilton Dr. Ronald L. 
Published: January 2008

Case AbstractA nine year old girl presented with nausea vomiting and hydrocephalus. Imaging studies demonstrated a large right thalamic mass with areas of cystic change or necrosis. Sections of resected material showed perivascular pseudorosettes, necrosis, endothelial proliferation, numerous mitoses, densely cellular areas and numerous foci with a clear‐cell morphology. This case is used to illustrate the features of anaplastic ependymomas and to discuss the relationship of the histologic features to prognosis.
Genetics of Glioma Progression and the Definition of Primary and Secondary Glioblastoma
Authors: Kleihues Paul , Ohgaki Hiroko 
Published: January 2008

SummaryGlioblastoma multiforme, the most malignant human brain tumor, may develop de novo (primary glioblastoma) or through progression from low‐grade or anaplastic astrocytoma (secondary glioblastoma). We present evidence that these subtypes of glioblastoma constitute distinct disease entities which evolve through different genetic pathways, affect patients at different age and are likely to differ in prognosis and response to therapy. Primary glioblastomas develop in older patients (mean, 55 years) and typically show EGFR overexpres‐sion or, less frequently, MDM2 overexpression and pi6 deletion. Secondary glioblastomas develop in younger patients (mean, 40 years) and frequently contain TP53 mutations and, less consistently, loss of DCC expression. Although primary and secondary glioblastomas are considered to be histologically indistinguishable, we found that the pattern and pathogenesis of necrosis are different, large areas of ischaemic necrosis surrounded by Fas expressing tumor cells being a hallmark of primary glioblastomas. The giant cell glioblastoma occupies an intermediate position. Like the primary glioblastoma, it rapidly develops de novo but manifests in younger patients (including children) and has genetic alterations typical for secondary glioblastomas, i.e. frequent TP53 mutations and lack of EGFR overexpression.
Free‐living, Amphizoic and Opportunistic Amebas
Authors: Martinez Augusto Julio , Visvesvara Govinda S. 
Published: January 2008

Amebas belonging to the generaNaegleria, AcanthamoebaandBalamuthiaare free‐living, amphizoic and opportunistic protozoa that are ubiquitous in nature. These amebas are found in soil, water and air samples from all over the world. Human infection due to these amebas involving brain, skin, lung and eyes has increased significantly during the last 10 years. The epidemiology, immunology, protozoology, pathology, and clinical features of the infections produced by these protozoa differ strikingly.Infection by the pathogenicNaegleria fowleriis acquired by exposure to polluted water in ponds, swimming pools and man‐made lakes. Raised temperatures during the hot summer months or warm water from power plants facilitate the growth ofN. fowleri. N. fowleriis a thermophilic ameba that grows well in tropical and subtropical climates. The CNS infection, called Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), produced byN. fowleriis characterized by an acute fulminant meningoencephalitis leading to death 3–7 days after exposure. Victims are healthy, young individuals with a history of recent water‐related sport activities. The portal of entry is the olfactory neuroepithelium. The pathologic changes are an acute hemorrhagic necrotizing meningoencephalitis with modest purulent exudate, mainly at the base of the brain, brainstem and cerebellum. Trophozoites can be seen within the CNS lesions located mainly around blood vessels. Thus far 179 cases have been reported; 81 in the USA alone.Balamuthia mandrillarisand several species ofAcanthamoebaare pathogenic “opportunistic” free‐living amebas which cause Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE) in humans and animals. GAE is an infection, usually seen in debilitated, malnourished individuals, in patients undergoing immunosuppressive therapy for organ transplants and in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The granulomatous component is negligible, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Pathologically these amebas produce a patchy, chronic or subacute granulomatous encephalitis with the presence of trophozoites and cysts. The portal of entry is probably through the respiratory tract or an ulceration of the skin reaching the CNS by hematogenous spread. As of October 1, 1996, 166 cases 1103 due toAcanthamoebaand 63 due to Balamothial of GAE have been reported from around the world. Of these 103 cases due toAcanthamoeba(72 have been reported in the USA alone, > 50 in AIDS). It is well known that several species ofAcanthamoebacan also produce, chronic sight threatening ulceration of the cornea calledAcanthamoebakeratitis (AK), mostly in contact lens wearers or in individuals with minor corneal abrasions. Hundreds of cases of AK have been documented world wide.
Trypanosomiasis
Authors: Chimelli Leila , Scaravilli Francesco 
Published: January 2008

African (sleeping sickness) and American (Chagas' disease) trypanosomiasis, caused by protozoa of the family Trypanosomatidae, are diseases that are endemic in parts of Africa and Latin America, respectively. Physicians in developed countries may occasionally see cases because of extensive travel and immigration from endemic countries. Although neurological involvement is common in both, its incidence and clinical presentation differ considerably. African trypanosomiasis, caused by subspecies of Trypanosoma brucei (T b rhodesiense, T b gambiense), is transmitted by the tsetse fly and causes meningoencephalitis, in which somnolence is a prominent feature. Parasites may reach the brain parenchyma through the choroid plexus or the Virchow Robin spaces. American trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi is transmitted by reduviid bugs. While lesions in the central nervous system are not prominent, except in the reactivated forms which occur in immunodeficient patients, the peripheral nerve, mainly the autonomic nervous system, is frequently involved, leading to the cardiomegaly and the digestive megaviscera. Congenital infections may also occur.In this paper we give an account of the epidemiology, clinical presentation and pathological features of these two protozoal infections based on human and experimental studies of both the central and peripheral nervous system.
Viruses and Rickettsiae
Authors: Esiri Margaret M. 
Published: January 2008

In this review I shall try to provide a brief, up‐to‐date, account of the neuropathology of those viral and rickettsial diseases that are particularly prevalent in tropical regions. These diseases are not, however, exclusive to the tropics. Some, such as AIDS, are common in temperate regions as well, though others are closer to being exclusively tropical, such as some of the arthropod‐borne (ARBO) virus encephalides. The latter are dependent for their dissemination on an existence during part of their infectious cycle in insects which are, in turn, climatically and seasonally sensitive. This necessarily limits their geographical distribution. Factors that influence some of the other diseases are less closely dependent on climate and geography and reflect more the social or cultural conditions under which people live. Thus, diseases that depend for their spread on forms of human behavior such as promiscuity or drug abuse (AIDS), or poor hygiene and living conditions (polio, rickettsial diseases) or on contact with domestic and other animals (rabies) may occur in a more widespread distribution, for the tropics are not the only places that afford opportunities for these diseases to flourish.I shall select for discussion aspects of the pathology of these diseases that are currently undergoing investigation but will aim to present these against the backdrop of more established aspects of their pathology. Recent reviews of the pathology of viral encephalitis can be found in Hamilton and Wiley (33) and Esiri and Kennedy (20) and of HIV‐1 infection in Price & Sidtis (78) and Scaravilli (85).
August 1996 — Frontal Lobe Tumor in 11 Year Old Girl
Authors: Hamilton Ronald 
Published: January 2008

Case AbstractAn 11 year old girl presented with an 8 month history of left temporal headaches with new onset of nausea and vomiting with increased severity of headaches. An MRI scan showed a frontal lobe mass. The tumor was resected and histologic studies demonstrated a central neurocytoma. The clinical, radiologic and pathologic aspects (including immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy) of central neurocytomas are reviewed and the atypical features of this case described.