bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological investigation of the buller steer syndrome (riding behaviour) in a western Canadian feedlot
Authors: TAYLOR LF , BOOKER CW , JIM GK , GUICHON PT 
Published: March 2008

Objective To describe the buller steer syndrome in a Western Canadian feedlot. Design A retrospective epidemiological study. Animals 78,445 male cattle that entered a 24,000‐head feedlot in western Canada from 1991 to 1993. Procedure All cattle were given a hormonal growth promotant containing 20 mg oestradiol benzoate and 200 mg progesterone within 24 h of arrival at the feedlot. A ‘buller’ was a steer that was observed at daily pen checking to be ridden persistently by pen mates or had evidence of having been persistently ridden by pen mates. At the completion of the feeding period, animal health records for bullers were collected and analysed. Results The prevalence of bullers in the total population was 2139/78,445 (2.7%, range per pen 0 to 11.2%). The prevalence of bullers increased with increasing weight and age. The relapse risk after first treatment (three days in the feedlot hospital plus treatment for concurrent disease) was 30% on average (27 to 35%). Individual records from 9734 yearling steers that entered the feedlot in 1991 and 1992 showed that bullers were significantly (P < 0.05) heavier at processing than non‐bullers. Bullers occurred as a point source epidemic with the cause occurring soon after cattle arrived at the feedlot and were mingled into pen groups. This gave a ‘days on feed’ distribution. The peak incidence of bullers occurred much sooner after arrival and dropped off much quicker in older cattle. The daily incidence of bullers was temporal, but was not related to season of the year, weather conditions or any other feedlot management practice. It was related to the seasonal arrival of cattle at the feedlot, their age at entry to the feedlot and the post arrival occurrence of bullers. Reimplantation with hormonal growth promotants and castration of intact bulls did not produce an epidemic of bullers. Conclusion The findings of this study support the theory that bullers are the result of agonistic interactions, which occur concurrent with the establishment and maintenance of a social hierarchy within pens of feedlot cattle.
Bookshelf
Authors: Peel Margaret M. , Faragher Trevor 
Published: March 2008

Disinfectants: actions and applications
, Scientific and Technical Review, vol 14 (1), Office International des Epizooties, Paris, 1995, 248 pages, ISBN 92 9044 367 7 B96179
Disinfectants: actions and applications
, Scientific and Technical Review, vol 14 (2), Office International des Epizooties, Paris, 1995, 248 pages, ISBN 92 9044 3677
Risk Assessment for Veterinary Biologicals
, OIE Scientific and Technical Review 14 (4), December 1995. Office International des Epizooties, Paris, 400 pages. Price: US$50.00, ISBN 92 9044 398 7
Amoebic meningoencephalitis caused byBalamuthia mandrillarisin an orang utan
Authors: CANFIELD PJ , VOGELNEST L. , CUNNINGHAM ML , VISVESVARA GS 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo describe a case of meningoencephalitis caused byBalamuthia mandrillarisin an orang utan.DesignA pathological case report.AnimalA 20 years old male orang utan(Pongo pygmaeus).ProcedureThe disease process was investigated by clinical pathology, necropsy, histopathology and immunofluorescence labelling.ResultsThe orang utan developed sudden onset of depression, lethargy, inappetence and apparent head pain. The condition was considered to be related to a 2 year history of upper and lower respiratory disease, and the animal was placed on antibiotics after extensive testing. By the seventh day the animal had become ataxic and disoriented and a brain abscess was suspected. He died on the ninth day of illness. At necropsy, and subsequent sectioning, the brain showed multiple circular, soft, white to grey brown areas of varying size, the largest being in the left temporal (3.5 cm diameter) and right occipital (2.5 cm diameter) regions of the cerebrum. Histological examination of these regions revealed many amoebic trophozoites and occasional cysts associated with areas of haemorrhage and inflammatory necrosis. The trophozoites were packed in perivascular spaces and their nuclei often contained two or more prominent nucleoli. Immunofluorescent labelling of histological sections suggested that the agent wasB mandrillaris.Clinical implicationsThis report provides further evidence thatB mandrillaris, a free living amoeba, can act as a pathogen in animals as well as people, and cause fatal meningoencephalitis. Along withNaegleriaandAcanthamoebaspp,B mandrillarisshould be considered amongst the causes of acute onset meningoencephalitis in animals.
Disease signs reported in south‐eastern Australian dairy cattle while grazing Brassica species
Authors: MORTON JM , CAMPBELL PH 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo estimate the relative frequency of various disease signs in dairy cattle fed brassicas in south‐eastern Australia, to estimate the incidence of disease signs within affected groups and to identify risk factors for commonly reported signs in brassica‐fed dairy cows.DesignA case series study and a case‐control study.ProceduresCase data was collected using an incident reporting system. Herd managers and veterinarians recorded details about disease incidents in brassica‐fed dairy cattle in summer and autumn 1995 using a standard questionnaire. Potential risk factors for photosensitisation were assessed using a case‐control study.ResultsDisease signs were reported in 66 groups of brassica‐fed dairy cattle. Photosensitisation and bloat were the more frequently reported signs. While high incidences were reported in some groups, the incidence of disease signs was low within most affected groups. Photosensitisation occurred more frequently among groups of cows fed brassica crops treated with nitrogenous fertilisers or which were low yielding. Risks of other disease signs were greatest while the first one quarter of the crop was grazed.ConclusionsIn the study population, most disease outbreaks occurring in brassica‐fed cattle were of low incidence. However, some high incidence outbreaks occurred. Results from this study suggest that important risk factors exist for disease signs in brassica‐fed dairy cattle. Further studies are required if these risk factors are to be fully identified. This would allow the development of preventative strategies for high incidence disease outbreaks while feeding brassicas to dairy cattle.
Subject‐based problem‐based learning in the veterinary science course at the University of Queensland
Authors: RAND JS , BAGLIONI AJ 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo assess students' perceptions of subject‐based problem‐based learning in the fourth year of the veterinary science course at the University of Queensland.DesignA questionnaire‐based study.ProcedureSubject‐based problem‐based learning was introduced into parts of two fourth year subjects in a 5‐year veterinary science course. The problem‐based learning exercise used modified clinical cases and was computer‐assisted. Students worked in groups of two to four, and small group discussion sessions were tutorless. Lectures were replaced by large group discussion and feedback sessions, led by the teacher, with approximately 85 students.ResultsThere was a significant increase in the percentage of students who strongly agreed that they had better understanding of the subject, and had learned to apply principles from this class in new situations. The only consistent criticism by students was directed at the extra time required compared to traditional lecture‐based subjects.ConclusionStudents' perceptions of the learning outcome were very favourable for problem‐based learning when compared to the lecture‐based subject.
Antibiotic prophylaxis of lower respiratory tract contamination in horses confined with head elevation for 24 or 48 hours
Authors: RAIDAL SL , TAPLIN RH , BAILEY GD , LOVE DN 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate the administration of procaine penicillin prior to or during confinement with head elevation as a means of reducing the associated accumulation of inflammatory lower respiratory tract secretions and increased numbers of bacteria within the lower respiratory tract of confined horses.Design and ProcedureTwo experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different dose rates and dosing frequencies. In experiment A a single low dose (15,000 IU/kg) of procaine penicillin was administered to four horses immediately prior to confinement with head elevation for 48 hours. The systemic leucocyte response, gross and cytologic characteristics of transtracheal aspirate and bacterial numbers in lower respiratory tract samples were compared with corresponding samples from two horses confined with heads elevated but not given penicillin. The efficacy of higher dose rates (20,000 IU/kg and 40,000 IU/kg) given before and during confinement with heads elevated for 24 hours was evaluated in experiment B.ResultsTreatment with procaine penicillin had no effect on the systemic leucocyte response or on the accumulation of inflammatory lower respiratory tract secretions at any of the dosing schedules evaluated. The number of bacteria isolated from trans‐tracheal samples was reduced at 12 hours for treated horses in experiment A and at 24 hours for experiment B. β‐haemolyticStreptococcusspp were not isolated from treated horses in either experiment. Bacterial species isolated from treated horses were predominantlyPasteurellaand/orActinobacillusspp, however, members of the familyEnterobacteriaceaéand aStaphylococcussp were isolated from treated horses. One treated horse in experiment A developed clinically apparent pulmonary disease.ConclusionsThe prophylactic administration of penicillin before or during confinement did not reliably reduce bacterial numbers or prevent the accumulation of purulent lower respiratory tract secretions in horses confined with their heads elevated. Numbers of β‐haemolyticStreptococcusspp were reduced following treatment, suggesting that the repeated administration of procaine penicillin may have some merit as part of a strategy to prevent transport‐associated respiratory disease. However, methods directed at minimising the duration of confinement with head elevation, augmentation of the clearance of accumulated secretions and prompt identification of animals in which airway inflammation has extended to the pulmonary parenchyma remain the best ways of minimising transport‐associated respiratory disease.
Comparison of bandaging and elevation of the claw for the treatment of foot lameness in dairy cows
Authors: PYMAN MFS 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo compare the effectiveness of three treatments for sole injuries in dairy cows and to evaluate the ease and speed of applying the treatments.DesignA randomised clinical trial.ProcedureThe three forms of treatment were elevating the affected claw of a lame cow with a wooden block glued to the unaffected claw (39 cows), elevating the affected claw with a rubberised shoe glued to the unaffected claw (42 cows) or applying a padded bandage to the whole foot of a lame cow (31 cows).Resultsthe percentages of cows that recovered from lameness at 3 and 7 days after treatment were significantly higher for cows treated with wooden blocks (P = 0.013 and P = 0.008) or rubberised shoes (P = 0.026 and P = 0.0003) than padded bandages. Cows treated with blocks had a recovery rate of 48.7% at day three and 65.8% at day seven, and cows treated with rubberised shoes, rates of 45.2% and 76.2%, respectively. Cows which had a bandage applied to the foot had recovery rates of 19.4% at day three and 32.3% at day seven. However, by day 14, there was no significant difference in recovery rate between the three treatments. Rubberised shoes were shown to offer a number of advantages over wooden blocks. The shoes were significantly quicker to attach than blocks (median of 9.5 minutes compared with 14.0 minutes, P < 0.0001) and remained on the claw longer (57.1% of rubberised shoes remained at 30 days compared to 30.8% of blocks, P = 0.025). The rubberised shoes also offered an advantage over wooden blocks for operator safety and health by reduing contact between the potantially hazardous adhesive used to attach both devices and the skin of the person applying the device.ConclusionsRubberised shoes are a superior method of elevating an affected claw in conditions of lameness likely to respond to removal of weightbearing forces.
Effect of transportation on lower respiratory tract contamination and peripheral blood neutrophil function
Authors: RAIDAL SL , BAILEY GD , LOVE DN 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of transportation on lower respiratory tract contamination and peripheral blood neutrophil function in horses and to compare results from transported horses with those obtained in earlier experiments from horses confined with heads elevated.DesignA prospective study.ProcedureSix horses were transported by road for 12 h. Clinical and haematological examination, transtracheal aspiration and cell function studies were conducted before and after transportation. Results obtained after transportation were compared to pre‐transportation values.ResultsAfter transportation, peripheral blood leucocyte and neutrophil numbers were increased and rectal temperatures were elevated. Transtracheal aspirates showed an accumulation of purulent respiratory tract secretions with increased numbers of bacteria, particularly β‐haemolyticStreptococcusspp and members of thePasteurellaceaefamily. Three horses also had increased numbers of bacteria from theEnterobacteriaceaefamily relative to corresponding samples from earlier studies. Phagocytosis by peripheral blood neutrophils was significantly reduced, while the oxidative burst activity of peripheral blood leucocytes was either unchanged or enhanced.Clinical ImplicationsBacterial contamination of the lower respiratory tract occurs as a routine consequence of transportation of horses and is likely to be an important determinant in the development of transport‐associated respiratory disease. Inflammatory airway secretions and increased numbers of bacteria were rapidly cleared, without clinical evidence of significant pulmonary disease and without additional treatment, in normal horses that were allowed to lower their heads after transportation. Peripheral blood neutrophilia and a reduction in neutrophil phagocytic function were evident for at least 36 h after transportation, suggesting that horses may require a number of days to recover from the stress of transportation. As the potential role of bacteria from theEnterobacteriaceaefamily in the development of transport‐associated respiratory disease has not been elucidated, horses which develop clinical disease following transportation should undergo thorough bacteriological investigation to ensure appropriate treatment.
Detection of calves persistently infected with bovine pestivirus in a sample of dairy calves in south‐eastern Queensland
Authors: BOCK RE , RODWELL BJ , McGOWAN M. 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the proportion and incidence of calves persistently infected with bovine pestivirus in calves (n = 1521) supplied to the Tick Fever Research Centre and to assess the test regime to detect calves persistently infected with bovine pestivirus. Design Calves, 1 to 6 weeks old, selected for use in the production of the tick fever vaccine were collected from 21 properties in 56 separate groups between October 1990 and December 1996. Each group was examined for the presence of calves persistently infected with bovine pestivirus. Procedure All calves were routinely tested for antibody to bovine pestivirus and bovine pestivirus antigen using a serum neutralisation test and an antigen‐capture ELISA, respectively. Pooled lymphocyte samples from calves were also monitored for bovine pestivirus by inoculation of sheep. Whole herd testing was carried out in eight herds, using a serum neutralisation test as a screen test followed by an antigen‐capture ELISA of cattle with a serum neutralisation test titre of less than 32. Results Fourteen of the 1521 calves tested (0.9%), were detected as persistently infected and the incidence ranged from 0.0 to 3.0 % per year over 6 years. Persistently infected calves were found in 13 of the 59 groups and originated from 7 of the 21 herds used. In whole herd testing on the properties of origin, cattle persistently infected with bovine pestivirus were detected in four of the eight herds tested Conclusions The proportion of calves persistently infected with bovine pestivirus is similar to that in other countries and indicates that bovine pestivirus could be a significant cause of economic loss in Australian cattle herds. In detecting calves persistently infected with bovine pestivirus, the combination of sheep inoculation, paired antigen‐capture ELISA and serum neutralisation tests appeared to be highly sensitive and specific.
Effect of breed of cattle on innate resistance to infection with <i>Babesia bovis, B bigemina and Anaplasma marginale
Authors: BOCK RE , de VOS AJ , KINGSTON TG , McLELLAN DJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the innate resistance of naive Bos taurus, Bos taurus cross Bos indicus and Bos indicus cattle to virulent Babesia bovis, B bigemina and Anaplasma marginale parasites. Design Groups of 10, pure B indicus, fi B indicus cross,/B indicus cross and pure B taurus steers were infected with virulent B bovis, B bigemina and A marginale parasites. Procedure Sequential infections were carried out by intravenous inoculation of infected blood containing 1 times 108 parasites of B bovis, followed by B bigemina and then A marginale. To assess resistance, measurements were made of parasitaemia, rectal temperature, packed cell volume and the number within a group requiring chemotherapy to control infection. There was a recovery period between each infection. Results Infection with B bovis showed that pure B indicus steers were significantly more resistant to B bovis infection than the other groups, with none of this group requiring treatment. There was no significant difference between fi B indicus cross and/B indicus cross with 30% and 20%, respectively, of steers in these groups requiring treatment. The pure B taurus steers were significantly more affected then those in the other three groups with 80% requiring treatment. Infections of B bigemina produced a mild response in comparison to that of B bovis and none of the steers required treatment. However, the pure B taurus group was significantly more affected than the other three groups for all other measurements. After the A marginale infection, B indicus steers were moderately affected with 50% requiring treatment, whereas 70% of the fi B indicus group, 80% of the /B indicus cross group and 100% of the pure B taurus group required treatment. Conclusions All breeds of cattle, ranging from pure B indicus to pure B taurus may be at risk of severe disease if exposed to virulent A marginale. The results confirm that pure B indicus cattle are relatively resistant to B bovis, but there could be a significant risk of severe mortalities if cross‐bred herds are exposed to virulent infection.
Effects of inflammation‐associated acute‐phase response on hepatic and renal indices in the horse
Authors: MILLS PC , AUER DE , KRAMER H. , BARRY D. , NG JC 
Published: March 2008

Objectives To determine the effect of an acute soft tissue inflammatory response on biochemical and haematological indices of hepatic and renal function in the Thoroughbred horse. Procedure Soft tissue inflammation was induced in four Thoroughbred horses by intramuscular injections of Freunds complete adjuvant. The horses were clinically examined and blood and urine samples were collected before and after the adjuvant injections. Biochemical and haematological indices were measured in samples collected and used to determine the onset of the acute‐phase response and to assess hepatic and renal function at this time. Results After adjuvant injection, significant increases (P< 0.01) in total white (13.1 ± 1.4 times 109/L) and neutrophil (10.2 ± 1.2 times109/L) cell counts, rectal temperature (39.7 ± 0.5A°C) and various plasma protein concentrations, including fibrinogen (6.6 ± 1.2 g/L), haptoglobin (1.3 ± 0.1 g/L) and total protein (88.1 ± 2.7 g/L), indicated the induction of an acute‐phase response. This corresponded with significant reductions (P< 0.01) in the plasma elimination half‐lives (t½β) sodium bromo‐sulphthalein (3.13 ± 0.05 to 2.82 ± 0.07 min) and sodium sulphanilate (38.29 ± 4.04 to 19.60 ± 5.68 min) and reductions in the plasma activities of aspartate aminotransferase, gluta‐mate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyl transferase; the urinary creatinine clearance ratios of sodium, chloride and potassium; and the urinary gamma glutamyl transferase‐to‐creatinine clearance ratios. (All values mean ± SD.) Conclusions The effects of the acute‐phase response on indices of hepatic and renal function in the horse suggest that the disposition of pharmacological agents administered at this time may be altered and that indices of acute inflammation should be interpreted cautiously.
Snake bites recorded by veterinary practices in Australia
Authors: MIRTSCHIN PJ , MASCI P. , PATON DC , KUCHEL T. 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the extent of the snake bite problem in domestic animals, its regional significance and the effects of antivenom treatment. Design A questionnaire was designed seeking information on the number and type of domestic animals referred, whether treated or untreated, type of snakes and management of the bite. Procedure The survey form was sent to 10% of veterinary surgeons, selected at random throughout Australia. Results The response of 106 veterinary surgeons revealed that snake bite in domestic animals is frequent, with an estimated 6200 cases reported annually. Bites were more prominent in rural (78%) than urban areas (22%) with brown, tiger and black snakes accounting for 76%, 13% and 6% of cases, respectively. Cats and dogs were the most frequently reported victims. Ninety‐one percent of cats and 75% of dogs survived following the administration of antivenom whereas 66% of cats and 31% of dogs survived without antivenom. Overall, in 33% of cases antivenom was not used, and venom detection kits were used in only 1% of cases. A number of drugs were used in various combinations with or without antivenom and intravenous fluids in the treatment of animals with snake bite, but their role in reducing the severity of envenomations was not assessed. Clinical implications Antivenom significantly improves the chances of survival of domestic animals bitten by snakes.