bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of an exosite binding inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 13
Authors: Gooljarsingh Lata T. , Lakdawala Ami , Coppo Frank , Luo Lusong , Fields Gregg B. , Tummino Peter J. , Gontarek Richard R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMatrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) is a key enzyme implicated in the degradation of the extracellular matrix in osteoarthritis. Clinical administration of broad spectrum MMP inhibitors such as marimastat has been implicated in severe musculo‐skeletal side effects. Consequently, research has been focused on designing inhibitors that selectively inhibit MMP13, thereby circumventing musculo‐skeletal toxicities. A series of pyrimidine dicarboxamides were recently shown to be highly selective inhibitors of MMP13 with a novel binding mode. We have applied a molecular ruler to this exosite by dual inhibition studies involving a potent dicarboxamide in the presence of two metal chelators of different sizes. A larger hydroxamate mimic overlaps and antagonizes binding of the dicarboxamide to the exosite whereas the much smaller acetohydroxamate synergizes with the dicarboxamide. These studies elucidate the steric requirement for compounds that fit exclusively into the active site, a mandate for generating highly selective MMP13 inhibitors.
The yeast Ski complex is a hetero‐tetramer
Authors: Synowsky Silvia A. , Heck Albert J.R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe yeast Ski complex assists the exosome in the degradation of mRNA. The Ski complex consists of three components; Ski2, Ski3, and Ski8, believed to be present in a 1:1:1 stoichiometry. Measuring the mass of intact isolated endogenously expressed Ski complexes by native mass spectrometry we unambiguously demonstrate that the Ski complex has a hetero‐tetrameric stoichiometry consisting of one copy of Ski2 and Ski3 and two copies of Ski8. To validate the stoichiometry of the Ski complex, we performed tandem mass spectrometry. In these experiments one Ski8 subunit was ejected concomitant with the formation of a Ski2/Ski3/Ski8 fragment, confirming the proposed stoichiometry. To probe the topology of the Ski complex we disrupted the complex and mass analyzed the thus formed subcomplexes, detecting Ski8–Ski8, Ski2–Ski3, Ski8–Ski2, and Ski8–Ski8–Ski2. Combining all data we construct an improved structural model of the Ski complex.
Cross‐linking of sites involved with alcohol action between transmembrane segments 1 and 3 of the glycine receptor following activation
Authors: Lobo Ingrid A. , Harris R. Adron , Trudell James R. 
Published: November 2007

J. Neurochem.(2008)104,1649–1662.AbstractThe glycine receptor is a member of the Cys‐loop, ligand‐gated ion channel family and is responsible for inhibition in the CNS. We examined the orientation of amino acids I229 in transmembrane 1 (TM1) and A288 in TM3, which are both critical for alcohol and volatile anesthetic action. We mutated these two amino acids to cysteines either singly or in double mutants and expressed the receptors inXenopus laevisoocytes. We tested whether disulfide bonds could form between A288C in TM3 paired with M227C, Y228C, I229C, or S231C in TM1. Application of cross‐linking (mercuric chloride) or oxidizing (iodine) agents had no significant effect on the glycine response of wild‐type receptors or the single mutants. In contrast, the glycine response of the I229C/A288C double mutant was diminished after application of either mercuric chloride or iodine only in the presence of glycine, indicating that channel gating causes I229C and A288C to fluctuate to be within 6 Å apart and form a disulfide bond. Molecular modeling was used to thread the glycine receptor sequence onto a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor template, further demonstrating that I229 and A288 are near‐neighbors that can cross‐link and providing evidence that these residues contribute to a single binding cavity.
Stand selection by birds in Scots pinewoods in Scotland: the need for more old‐growth pinewood
Authors: SUMMERS RON W. 
Published: November 2007

A study at Abernethy Forest, Scotland, examined stand selection by some of the birds of conservation concern that inhabit pinewoods. Abernethy Forest was ideally suited for the study because all four main stand types of forest development (stand initiation, stem exclusion, understorey reinitiation and old‐growth) were represented. Capercaillies Tetrao urogallus(both males and females) and crossbills Loxiaspp. preferred old‐growth pinewood in winter, and Redstarts Phoenicurus phoenicurusand Tree Pipits Anthus trivialispreferred old‐growth in summer. Great Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major selected snags in old‐growth to excavate nest and roost sites. In winter, Crested Tits Parus cristatus had a weak selection for old‐growth stands and Bullfinches Pyrrhula pyrrhulapreferred stands at initiation. Possible reasons for these preferences are put forward. Although the area of conifer woodland in Scotland is 888 000 ha, it largely comprises North American species destined to be cut before reaching old‐growth. Old‐growth pinewood in Scotland is largely confined to the fragments of ancient native pinewood, amounting to only 16 000 ha. To conserve some pinewood birds of conservation concern, a mechanism to allow more Scots Pine Pinus sylvestris woods to reach and remain in an old‐growth state needs to be pursued.
Influences of restock age and habitat patchiness on Tree Pipits Anthus trivialis breeding in Breckland pine plantations
Authors: BURTON NIALL H.K. 
Published: November 2007

The British Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis population has shown a marked decline in recent decades, together with a range contraction that has been most apparent in central and southeast England. In East Anglia, the species is now largely restricted to heathland and, in particular, the conifer plantations established on light soils in these areas. Here I evaluate how Tree Pipits are influenced by the age of pine restock and the patchiness of habitat in Thetford Forest in the Breckland area of Norfolk and Suffolk, eastern England. Both the probability of occurrence and the densities of territory‐holding Tree Pipits varied according to the age of coupes of restock – densities peaking in restock 1–6 years old – and were also significantly higher in coupes (a stand comprising one or more forest subcompartments planted in the same year, usually with the same tree crop) in the largest, most central forest block than in smaller, isolated blocks peripheral to this. Within coupes, the distribution and thus densities of Tree Pipits were limited by the availability of songposts. Few songflights finished on the ground or in flight and displaying birds only perched on restock once trees were at least 3 years old (0.8 m high) – thus, territories were only established away from bordering or retained mature trees once restock had reached this age. Pairing success was reduced among males with territories of less than 1 ha, as found in the highest densities in restock, but was unrelated to the proportion of songflights that individuals finished on perches. Thus, although the availability of songposts limited the distribution of the species, it did not appear to affect individual breeding success. The study highlights the importance of pine plantations for the species in lowland England, but also the benefits of large blocks of habitat and targeted forest management, for instance, the retention of mature trees in coupes of restock for Pipits to use as songposts.
Myocardial Fiber Diameter as a Good Indicator of Outcome in Batista's Operation
Authors: Higuchi Maria de Lourdes , Moreira Luiz Felipe , Silvestre Julia Maria , Gutierrez Paulo Sampaio , Savalli Carine , Stolf Noedir , Bellotti Giovanni , Ramires José Antonio , Jatene Adib 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: Despite the initial promissory results of partial left ventriculectomy, or Batista's operation, the postoperative mortality associated with the procedure has been too high. We described a histopathologic study performed to identify histological parameters that could help to determine outcomes of patients undergoing this procedure. Methods and Results: Myocardial fiber diameter, myocardial fibrosis, thickness of the compact wall, and number of cells presenting from the endocardium to epicardium were analyzed in 32 patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy who underwent Batista's operation. Data were grouped by patients who died ≤ 6 months and patients who survived for > 6 months after the surgical procedure. Additional analyses were performed to compare results according the causes of death and to test the application of these results to biopsy. Results: Myocardial fiber diameter was the only index that could distinguish the two groups. Myocardial fiber diameter < 22 μm distinguished the group of patients who survived the 6‐month postoperative period from patients who died during that time with sensitivity of 85.7 and specificity of 72.2. The subendocardial region of the compact wall and the trabecular portion of the wall exhibited comparable results. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the myocardial fiber diameter of samples from the trabecular or subendocardial compact wall regions may help predict the outcome of left ventriculectomy. Samples from the trabecular or subendocardial compact wall regions were used for analysis. Further prospective studies involving left ventricular endomyocardial biopsies are necessary to confirm if the use of myocardial fiber diameter in the selection of patients for surgery improves the index of success of Batista's operation. Other factors that are involved remain unclear.
Mating with sperm‐depleted males does not increase female mating frequency in the parasitoid Lariophagus distinguendus
Authors: Steiner Sven , Henrich Nina , Ruther Joachim 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSexual conflicts due to divergent male and female interests in reproduction are common in parasitic Hymenoptera. The majority of parasitoid females are monandrous, whereas males are able to mate repeatedly. Thus, accepting only a single mate might be costly when females mate with a sperm‐depleted male, which may not transfer a sufficient amount of sperm. In the present study, we investigated the reproductive performance in the parasitoid Lariophagus distinguendus Först. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and studied whether mating with experimentally sperm‐depleted males increases the tendency of females to remate. Males were able to mate with up to 17 females offered in rapid succession within a 10‐h test period. The resulting female offspring, as an indirect measure of sperm transfer, remained constant during the first six matings and then decreased successively with increasing number of copulations by the males. Experimentally sperm‐depleted males continued to mate even if they transferred only small amounts or no sperm at all. Unlike males, the majority of females mated only once during a 192‐h test period. A second copulation was observed only in a few cases (maximum 16%). The frequency of remating was not influenced by the mating status of the first male the females had copulated with, suggesting that these events are not controlled by sperm deficiency of the females. Furthermore, we investigated male courtship behaviour towards mated females. Male courtship intensity towards mated females decreased with increasing time. However, females that had mated with an experimentally sperm‐depleted male did not elicit stronger or longer‐lasting behavioural responses in courting males than those that had mated with a virgin male. As the observed behaviours in L. distinguendus are known to be elicited by a courtship pheromone, these results suggest that females no longer invest in pheromone biosynthesis after mating (as indicated by ceasing behavioural responses of courting males), irrespective of whether they have received a sufficient amount of sperm or not. We discuss the results with respect to a possible mating strategy of sperm‐depleted males.
Alexander von Humboldt in Russia: the 1829 expedition
Authors: Naumann F. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Alexander von Humboldt was one of the most important figures in history in general and particularly in the history of natural sciences. He was one of the last universal scholars and his contributions have been appreciated ever since. Even today people are fascinated by his achievements as a natural scientist, explorer, researcher, adventurer, geologist and humanist. Von Humboldt is widely recognized as the founder of modern regional studies. He explored the then unknown Central American countries, studied the geographical distribution of plants for an entire continent and started the popularization of science. In doing so he anticipated an ecological view of nature and an understanding of the impact of technology on society.

From the beginning, von Humboldt attempted to understand, reflect and explain nature as a whole. Therefore, his famous volume ‘
Kosmos
’ bears the subtitle ‘
Outline of a physical survey of the World
’. If nothing else, this work was the result of his almost unbelievable enthusiasm to devote his life to the study and interpretation of nature regardless of the necessary effort and exertion required.

From his childhood days, von Humboldt felt the urge to travel to faraway regions and countries seldom visited by other Europeans. He wanted to visit and explore Asia, particularly India and then Siberia, and the New World so that he could compare the Andes with the Himalayas, the Venezuelan Llanos with the Siberian steppes. Unfortunately, he was prevented from going to India. But a quarter of a century after finishing his journey to America (1799–1804) he received an offer from the Russian minister of finance, Count Georg of Cancrin, to lead a nine-month expedition through the Russian empire. The expedition started out in April 1829 accompanied by the mineralogist Gustav Rose and the botanist Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg. In late December von Humboldt returned to Germany.
Not only had the team covered a distance of 19 000 kilometres but they had also made a wealth of invaluable scientific discoveries. At the same time, relationships were established with Russia which proved very favourable for subsequent explorers.
Since 1993, the German Association of Graduates and Friends of Moscow Lomonosow University (DAMU) has been active in reviving traditional Russian–German relationships by recalling and acknowledging German explorers and researchers in Russia. To date five excursions following von Humboldt's footsteps into Russia have taken place.
The German geologist Georg Hartung (1821–1891) and the geology of the Azores and Madeira islands
Authors: Pinto M. S. , Bouheiry A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

In 1853 and 1854, the German geologist G. Hartung (1821–1891) was living in Funchal, on the Portuguese island of Madeira. During this time Charles Lyell visited the archipelago to carry out the fieldwork that led the famous British geologist to write
On the Geology of Some Parts of Madeira
, published in the
Quarterly Journal
in 1854, and to make abundant references to the geology, morphology, palaeontology and living flora and fauna of the islands in the sixth edition of the
Elements of Geology
(1865) and in the 1868 edition of the
Principles of Geology
. Lyell was accompanied by Hartung during the visit to Madeira and to the Canary Islands. Hartung left on him a deep and lasting influence, so that Lyell wrote that his German colleague had ‘proved a most active fellow-labourer’. Lyell liked to talk to young geologists from whom he felt ‘old stagers’ had much to learn, and that was probably the case with Hartung.

Hartung visited the Azores archipelago in 1857 and in 1860 produced a book (
Die Azoren in ihrer äusseren Erscheinung und nach ihrer geognostischen Natur
) and an atlas with very fine plates of views of the volcanic landscape of S. Miguel Island. In 1864, he published
Geologische Beschreibung der Inseln Madeira und Porto Santo
on the geology of Madeira and Porto Santo that was the result of his ideas and field observations made from 1850 to 1854. Both books have palaeontological sections written by German-speaking authors.
Betrachtungen über Erhebungskrater, ältere und neuere Eruptivmassen nebst einer Schilderung der geologischen Verhältnisse der Insel Gran Canaria
, published in 1862, also refers to Madeira and the Azores.

Hartung's work on these archipelagos was important from both a geological and a historical point of view, and he became involved in the discussion of Leopold von Buch's ‘upheaval’ and Charles Lyell's ‘upbuilding’ theories.
‘Marks of extreme violence': Charles Darwin's geological observations at St Jago (São Tiago), Cape Verde islands
Authors: Pearson P. N. , Nicholas C. J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

The first stop on Charles Darwin's famous voyage around the world in HMS
Beagle
was at Porto Praya (Praia), the principal town on the island of St Jago (São Tiago) in the Cape Verde archipelago. From 16 January to 8 February 1832, Darwin enjoyed his first substantive opportunity to study the natural history of an exotic place. Darwin himself regarded this occasion as a significant turning point in his life because, according to his autobiography, it was here that he decided to research and publish a book on the geology of the places visited on the voyage. He also recalled that it was here, the very first port call, that convinced him of the ‘wonderful superiority’ of Charles Lyell's uniformitarian geology over the doctrine of successive cataclysms that he had been taught in England. Later commentators have generally accepted this account, which is significant for understanding the intellectual background to the
Origin of Species
, at face value. In this paper we reconstruct some of Darwin's observations at St Jago based on his contemporaneous notes and diary, and in the light of our own visit made in January 2002. We find little evidence to substantiate the claim that he interpreted the geology in Lyellian terms at the time. Instead, he formulated a theory involving a great cataclysm to explain the dramatic scenery in the island's interior. He speculated that a torrent of water had carved the main valleys of the island, leaving deposits of diluvium in their beds. It is indisputable that Darwin came to embrace gradualist thinking enthusiastically during the voyage. Some of his observations made on St Jago, especially relating to uplift of the coast, were instrumental in this change of view, but the conversion was gradual, not sudden. His later published works make no mention of his original catastrophist interpretations.
Geophysical travellers: the magneticians of the Carnegie Institution of Washington
Authors: Good G. A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Between 1904 and World War II, a group of researchers ranged the world over in an effort to understand the Earth's magnetism. They called themselves ‘magneticians’ and they worked for the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism at the Carnegie Institution of Washington. Directed by Louis Agricola Bauer (1865–1932) and John Adam Fleming (1877–1956), these investigators followed carefully selected routes through Africa, Asia, South America, and other remote regions. They carried with them a heavy complement of instruments, camp gear, and evening wear, for those times when they reached outposts of European civilization.
Geological travellers in Auvergne, 1751–1800
Authors: Taylor K. L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWithin the half-century after Guettard's epoch-making journey of 1751, geologists came to see the Auvergne region of France as a place of unusual interest for field investigation. This paper reports on an effort to catalogue instances of scientific travel in Auvergne up to the end of the eighteenth century, before observers during the first decade of the nineteenth century (such as von Buch, d'Aubuisson and Ramond) validated the establishment of Auvergne as an iconic place for geologists. In addition to those who ventured into Auvergne to investigate its geology, a significant number of the eighteenth-century observers were residents of Auvergne; these are tabulated separately from those journeying from elsewhere. Published results of Auvergne observations accomplished by 1800 suggest that the Auvergne geological phenomena were already becoming fixed as part of the geological traveller's canonical itinerary.
Development of an Intergrated System for Electrochemical Detection
Authors: Cardoso Juliana L. , Fontes Marcelo B. , Gongora-Rubio Mário R. 
Published: November 2007

There is an increasing interest on research laboratories to employ easy-touse equipments, which should present low fabrication costs. In this	work is presented a homemade multipotentiostat that allows the realization of four simultaneous electrochemical analyses. Its sensitivity	ranges are: 1 μA/V, 100 μA/V, 10 μA/V, 1 μA/V, and 100 nA/V. The multipotentiostat is portable and uses two nine-volt batteries	as power supplies. It was specially designed for voltammetrics analysis (Cyclic Voltammetry, and Differential Pulse Voltammetry), with a user- interface developed in LabVIEWTM v.7.0. The data acquisition and system control	are made by a commercial Data Acquisition board (DAC) LabPC+,	from National Instruments. Functioning and flexibility were verified	using the two voltammetric methods to detect K3Fe(CN)6, a calibration	solution. In future works, a self-interface will permit field measurements using PDAs as us er interface.
Design, Simulation, Fabrication and Characterization of a Pressure Sensor arranged in Wheatstone Piezoresistive Bridge
Authors: Camolesi Alessandro , de Souza Pablo R. , Fruett F. 
Published: November 2007

In this paper, a Wheatstone piezoresistive bridge was designed, simulated, fabricated and characterized. The Finite Elements Method was used to simulate both: the piezoeffect in a single-resistor and the	stress-induced unbalance in a Wheatstone piezoresistive bridge. The process, used to fabricate the Wheatstone piezoresistive bridge	sensor, is totally CMOS compatible.
Versatile N-Type Profile Engineering by Controlling Arsenic Surface Segregation in Silicon RPCVD
Authors: Popadić M. , Sarubbi F. , Scholtes T. L. , Nanver L. K. 
Published: November 2007

With the purpose of controlling the incorporation of arsenic during RPCVD Si epitaxy, the surface segregation of As during lowtemperature epi growth was investigated. Parameters such as the Si growth rate, As deposition rate and As incorporation rate, which in previous models were either not evaluated or assumed to be	constant, were found here to depend on both the As surface coverage and the arsine partial pressure. Knowledge of these dependencies was	employed in simultaneous As deposition and Si epi growth to obtain highlycontrollable doping profiles by appropriate variation of the arsine partial pressure.