bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐Efficacy as a Predictor of Weight Change in African‐American Women
Authors: Martin Pamela D. , Dutton Gareth R. , Brantley Phillip J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Although self‐efficacy has received increasing attention for its role in weight loss, there is less research examining this relationship in minority samples. The purpose of this study was to determine whether self‐efficacy for weight loss was predictive of weight change in a sample of African‐American women.Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 106 overweight or obese, low‐income African‐American women participating in a weight management intervention that involved either personalized monthly sessions with their primary care physician or standard care. Weight and self‐efficacy for weight loss were assessed at baseline and at the end of the 6‐month treatment.Results: For subjects in the personalized intervention, baseline self‐efficacy was predictive of subsequent weight change, such that higher levels of self‐efficacy before treatment were associated with less weight loss. In contrast, improvements in self‐efficacy during treatment were associated with greater weight loss for the personalized intervention group.Discussion: Results suggest high self‐efficacy for weight loss before treatment may be detrimental to success, whereas treatments that improve participants’ self‐efficacy may result in greater weight loss. High pretreatment self‐efficacy may be indicative of overconfidence or lack of experience with the difficulties associated with weight loss efforts. Whereas replication is needed, our results suggest that self‐efficacy is an important variable to consider when implementing weight loss interventions.
Changes in Serum Ghrelin Concentration following Biliopancreatic Diversion for Obesity
Authors: Adami Gian Franco , Cordera Renzo , Andraghetti Gabriella , Camerini Giovanni B. , Marinari Giuseppe M. , Scopinaro Nicola 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Ghrelin is a recently discovered hormone that is produced mainly by the stomach and that increases food intake in rodents and humans. It has been postulated that the weight loss after gastric bypass surgery for obesity might be related to changes in serum ghrelin concentration.Research Methods and Procedures: Serum leptin and ghrelin concentrations were measured in a group of obese patients before biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) and 2 and 12 months postoperatively. Insulin sensitivity was determined from serum glucose and insulin levels according to the homeostatic model of assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA IR).Results: A sharp drop was observed in body weight, in BMI values, in HOMA IR data, and in serum leptin concentration at 2 and 12 months after BPD, whereas a significant increase of serum ghrelin level was observed at 12 months, when food intake had returned to preoperative levels. A negative correlation between the postoperative changes of serum ghrelin concentration and those of HOMA IR values was observed at 2 and 12 months after BPD.Discussion: No evidence upholding a relationship between serum ghrelin concentration and food intake after BPD was seen; the postoperative changes likely reflected the achievement of a new state of energy balance. The negative relationship observed between post‐BPD changes in HOMA IR values and changes in serum ghrelin concentration supported the role of insulin in the modulation of ghrelin production.
Toward an Understanding of Health Services Use in Women with Binge Eating Disorder
Authors: Striegel‐Moore Ruth H. , Dohm Faith‐Anne , Wilfley Denise E. , Pike Kathleen M. , Bray Nancy L. , Kraemer Helena C. , Fairburn Christopher G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: This study examined health services use in community samples of 102 white and 60 black women with binge eating disorder (BED), 164 white and 85 black healthy comparison women, and 86 white and 21 black women with a noneating Axis I psychiatric disorder.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were matched on age, ethnicity, and education and were asked about their use of emergency room visits, outpatient physician visits for medical care, outpatient psychotherapy visits, and days spent in the hospital over the previous 12 months. Total health services use was computed.Results: There were no between‐group differences in outpatient physician visits or inpatient hospital days. Relative to healthy comparison women, women with BED and women with other Axis I disorders had increased total health services use, psychotherapy visits, and emergency department visits. Relative to women with noneating Axis I disorders, women with BED had less use of psychotherapy visits. Although obese white women were more likely to report emergency department visits than obese black women were, nonobese white women were less likely to report emergency department visits than nonobese black women were.Discussion: That health services use by women with BED compared more with that of women with other Axis I disorders than with that of healthy women suggested that BED has clinical significance and is not benign in terms of its impact on the health care system. It appeared, however, that despite the availability of effective treatments, few women with BED received psychotherapy.
Is Dietary Fat Intake Related to Liking or Household Availability of High‐ and Low‐Fat Foods?
Authors: Raynor Hollie A. , Polley Betsy A. , Wing Rena R. , Jeffery Robert W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: Despite the increasing availability of low‐ and reduced‐fat foods, Americans continue to consume more fat than recommended, which may be a contributing factor to the obesity epidemic. This investigation examined relationships between liking and household availability of high‐ and low‐fat foods and their association with dietary fat intake.Research Methods and Procedures: A food frequency questionnaire assessed percent calories from fat consumed over the past year in 85 men and 80 women. Participants reported their degree of liking 22 “high‐fat foods” (>45% calories from fat) and 22 “low‐fat foods” (<18% calories from fat), and the number and percentage (number of high‐ or low‐fat foods/total number of foods × 100) of these high‐ and low‐fat foods in their homes.Results: Hierarchical regression analyses examined the ability of liking and household availability of low‐ and high‐fat foods to predict percent dietary fat intake. After controlling for age, sex, and BMI, liking ratings for high‐ and low‐fat foods and the interaction of liking for low‐fat foods by the percentage of low‐fat foods in the household were significant predictors of percent dietary fat consumed. Greater liking of high‐fat foods and lower liking of low‐fat foods, both alone and combined with a lower percentage of low‐fat foods in the home, were predictive of higher dietary fat intake.Discussion: Interventions designed to reduce dietary fat intake should target both decreasing liking for high‐fat foods and increasing liking for low‐fat foods, along with increasing the proportion of low‐fat foods in the household.
Associations among Active Transportation, Physical Activity, and Weight Status in Young Adults
Authors: Gordon‐Larsen Penny , Nelson Melissa C. , Beam Kristen 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To describe prevalence of active, public, and car transit by overweight status and amount of leisure‐time physical activity in a nationally representative cohort of ethnically diverse young adults.Research Methods and Procedures: Questionnaire data on patterns of transportation were collected from U.S. adolescents enrolled in Wave III (2001) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 10, 771). Measured height and weight data were used to calculate BMI and classify adults by overweight status (BMI ≥ 25). Self‐reported physical activity data were used to classify adults into those who achieved ≥ 5 bouts of weekly moderate‐vigorous physical activity and those who did not. Results were stratified by overweight and physical activity status.Results: The vast majority of young adults used car transit (work, 90.4%; school, 74.7%). A small proportion of young adults used active means of transportation to work (8.1%) and school (26.7%), and fewer used public transportation to work or school (<10%). The proportion of individuals using active transportation was higher among the nonoverweight traveling to work (9.2%) and school (29.7%) and among the more active traveling to work (15.2%) and school (37.0%) relative to the overweight and less active young adults.Discussion: The vast majority of young adults of all racial/ethnic backgrounds, particularly blacks and Hispanics, did not use active transportation to school and/or work. Active transportation was more common among nonoverweight and more active young adults, of high socioeconomic status, particularly full‐time students. Population‐level efforts (and environmental supports) to increase non‐leisure physical activity, particularly active transportation, are sorely needed as a means of supporting and promoting overall physical activity.
The Relationship of Health Outcomes to Improvement in BMI in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Kirk Shelley , Zeller Meg , Claytor Randal , Santangelo Megan , Khoury Philip R. , Daniels Stephen R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of patients participating in an outpatient program for managing childhood and adolescent obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: Based on a retrospective chart review, 394 physician‐referred obese youth (BMI > 95th percentile), 5 to 19 years of age, were treated in an interdisciplinary, family‐centered, behavioral weight management program in a hospital‐based outpatient setting. Treatment included group exercise, parent education, and behavioral intervention therapies to improve diet and physical activity.Results: A total of 177 (45%) completed the initial phase of treatment (mean duration = 5.6 months). For the completion group, there were significant improvements (all p < 0.001) in weight (−2.0 ± 4.9 kg), BMI (−1.7 ± 1.9 kg/m2), and BMI z score (−0.15 ± 0.15), without interfering with growth (height, 2.2 ± 1.3 cm; p < 0.001). Significant improvement was also found for blood pressure, total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL)‐cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, and aerobic fitness. At onset of treatment, 134 (84%) patients had abnormal fasting insulin concentration, 88 (50%) had abnormal total cholesterol, 14 (8%) had abnormal diastolic blood pressure, and 69 (40%) had abnormal LDL‐cholesterol. At the end of treatment, a significant proportion of patients with baseline abnormal blood pressure, total cholesterol, and LDL‐cholesterol had normal values (p < 0.001). A decrease in BMI z score was associated with significant improvements in insulin and lipid values (all p < 0.05).Discussion: We have demonstrated that a modest decrease in BMI in an ongoing clinical pediatric weight management program is accompanied by significant improvements in related health measures. These results may be helpful in counseling families with overweight children and adolescents.
Transtheoretical Model‐Chronic Disease Care for Obesity in Primary Care: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Logue Everett , Sutton Karen , Jarjoura David , Smucker William , Baughman Kristin , Capers Cynthia 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To compare health benefits achieved in a transtheoretical model‐chronic disease (TM‐CD) minimal intervention for obesity vs. augmented usual care (AUC).Research Method and Procedures: This was a 2‐year, randomized clinical trial with overweight or obese men and women from 15 primary care sites. AUC (n = 336) included dietary and exercise advice, prescriptions, and three 24‐hour dietary recalls every 6 months. TM‐CD care (n = 329) included AUC elements plus “stage of change” (SOC) assessments for five target behaviors every other month, mailed SOC and target behavior—matched workbooks, and monthly telephone calls from a weight‐loss advisor. Weight change was the primary outcome.Results: Repeated measures models under the missing at random assumption yielded nonsignificant adjusted differences between the AUC and TM‐CD groups for weight change, waist circumference, energy intake or expenditure, blood pressure, and blood lipids. The pattern of change over time suggested that TM‐CD participants were trying harder to impact target behaviors during the first 6 to 12 months of the trial but relapsed afterward. Sixty percent of trial participants maintained their baseline weights for 18 to 24 months.Discussion: A combination of mailed patient materials and monthly telephone calls based on the transtheoretical model and some elements of chronic disease care is not powerful enough, relative to AUC, to alter target behaviors among overweight primary care patients in an obesogenic environment. AUC may be sufficient to maintain weights among at‐risk primary care patients.
Racial Differences in the Tracking of Childhood BMI to Adulthood
Authors: Freedman David S. , Khan Laura Kettel , Serdula Mary K. , Dietz William H. , Srinivasan Sathanur R. , Berenson Gerald S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The possibility that there are racial differences in the patterns of BMI (kilograms per meter squared) change throughout life has not been examined. For example, the high prevalence of obesity among black women could result from a higher prevalence of obesity among black girls or because normal‐weight black girls experience larger BMI increases in adolescence or adulthood than do their white counterparts. Therefore, we examined the tracking of childhood BMI into adulthood in a biracial (36% black) sample.Research Methods and Procedures: Five‐ to 14‐year‐old children (2392) were followed for (mean) 17 years. Childhood overweight was defined as BMI ≥ 95th percentile, and adult obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2.Results: The tracking of childhood BMI differed between whites and blacks. Among overweight children, 65% of white girls vs. 84% of black girls became obese adults, and predictive values among boys were 71% (whites) vs. 82% (blacks). These racial differences reflected contrasting patterns in the rate of BMI change. Although the initial BMI of black children was not higher than that of white children, BMI increases with age were larger among black girls and overweight black boys than among their white counterparts. In contrast, relatively thin (BMI < 50th percentile) white boys were more likely to become overweight adults than were their black counterparts.Discussion: These findings emphasize the black/white differences in BMI changes with age. Because of the adult health consequences of childhood‐onset obesity, early prevention should be given additional emphasis.
Novel Variants in the Putative Peroxisome Proliferator‐activated Receptor γ Promoter and Relationships with Obesity in Men
Authors: Larsen Thomas M. , Larsen Lesli H. , Torekov Signe K. , Ek Jakob , Black Eva , Toubro Søren , Astrup Arne , Sørensen Thorkild I. A. , Hansen Torben , Pedersen Oluf 
Published: April 2008

AbstractYet unidentified variants within the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) 2 promoter may explain the inconsistent reports on associations between variants in the coding region and obesity or diabetes. Thus, we examined the putative PPARγ2 promoter (−3371 to +43 bp) for variants in 83 subjects with obesity or type 2 diabetes. We identified eight variants, seven of which were novel, including −792A>G, −816C>T, −882T>C, −1505G>A, −1881C>T, −1884T>A, −2604T>C, and −2953A>G. The variants −816C>T, −1505G>A, −1881C>T, and −2604T>C were in total linkage disequilibrium, and there was a high degree of linkage disequilibrium between several of the novel variants and Pro12Ala. The novel variants were, together with Pro12Ala and 1431C>T, examined for relationships with obesity among 234 men with early‐onset obesity with a BMI at age ∼20 years of 33.2 ± 2.5 kg/m2 and 323 nonobese men with a BMI of 21.7 ± 2.5 kg/m2, who were also reexamined after ∼29 years. The prevalence of the identified variants was not significantly different between the two groups, and the variants did not affect changes in BMI over time. In conclusion, the identified novel variants in the PPARγ2 promoter region do not explain the reported discrepancies in the association of previously identified variants with obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Angiotensin II Promotes Leptin Production in Cultured Human Fat Cells by an ERK1/2‐dependent Pathway
Authors: Skurk Thomas , van Harmelen Vanessa , Blum Werner F. , Hauner Hans 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The fat cell hormone leptin is known to be implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Here we tested whether angiotensin (Ang) II is involved in the control of leptin release from human adipocytes.Research Methods and Procedures: Leptin secretion was assessed from in vitro differentiated human adipocytes by radioimmunoassay. Western blot experiments were used to test for the signaling pathway activated by Ang II.Results: Ang II increased leptin secretion into the culture medium in a dose‐ and time‐dependent fashion. At 10−5 M Ang II, the leptin concentration in the medium was increased at 24 hours by 500 ± 222% compared with control cultures (p < 0.05). This effect was also seen at the mRNA level. Similar effects were seen after exposure of fat cells to Ang III and Ang IV. Preincubation of fat cells with candesartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, or the extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 inhibitor UO126 completely abolished the effect of Ang II on leptin production. The peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma agonist troglitazone modestly attenuated leptin release.Discussion: In conclusion, Ang II and its metabolites stimulated leptin production in human adipocytes. This effect is mediated through an extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2‐dependent pathway and includes the angiotensin II type 1 receptor subtype.
High‐fat Diet‐induced Ultradian Leptin and Insulin Hypersecretion are Absent in Obesity‐resistant Rats*
Authors: Otukonyong Effiong E. , Dube Michael G. , Torto Rita , Kalra Pushpa S. , Kalra Satya P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Sprague‐Dawley rats fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) are either obesity prone (OP) or obesity resistant (OR). We tested the hypothesis that differences in the ultradian rhythmic patterns of insulin and ghrelin in OP vs. OR rats promote obesity in OP rats.Research Methods and Procedures: Rats were fed regular chow or an HFD, and ultradian fluctuations in leptin, insulin, and ghrelin were analyzed in blood samples collected at 5‐minute intervals from intrajugular cannulae of freely moving rats.Results: Regular chow feeding resulted in a slow weight gain accompanied by small increases in insulin and leptin and a decrease in ghrelin discharge, with only the pulse amplitude significantly altered. Similar changes were observed in OR rats, despite HFD consumption. In contrast, OP rats exhibited a high rate of weight gain and marked hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, and hypoghrelinemia; amplitude was altered, but frequency was stable. In a short‐term experiment, HFD elicited similar secretory patterns of smaller magnitude even in the absence of weight gain.Discussion: We showed that three hormonal signals of disparate origin involved in energy homeostasis were secreted in discrete episodes, and only the pulse amplitude component was vulnerable to age and HFD consumption. Increases in insulin and leptin and decreases in ghrelin pulse amplitude caused by HFD were exaggerated in OP rats relative to OR rats and preceded the weight increase. These findings show that a distinct genetic predisposition in the endocrine organs of OR rats confers protection against high‐fat intake‐induced ultradian hypersecretion of obesity‐promoting hormonal signals.
Cluster Analysis Methods Help to Clarify the Activity—BMI Relationship of Chinese Youth
Authors: Monda Keri L. , Popkin Barry M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To use cluster analysis to create patterns of overall activity and inactivity in a diverse sample of Chinese youth and to evaluate their use in predicting overweight status.Research Methods and Procedures: The study populations were drawn from the 1997 and 2000 years of the longitudinal China Health and Nutrition Survey, comprised of 2702 and 2641 schoolchildren in the 1997 and 2000 cross‐sectional samples, respectively, and 1175 children in the longitudinal cohort. Cluster analysis was used to group children into nonoverlapping activity/inactivity “clusters” that were subsequently used in models of prevalent and incident overweight. Results were compared with traditional models, with activity and inactivity coded separately, to assess whether further insight was gained with the cluster analysis methodology.Results: Moderately and highly active youth were shown to have significantly decreased odds of overweight in both cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses using cluster analysis. In incident longitudinal models, youth in the high activity/high inactivity cluster had the lowest odds of overweight [odds ratio = 0.12 (0.03, 0.44)]; in contrast, results from traditional models failed to show any significant relationship between overweight and activity or inactivity.Discussion: Cluster analysis methods allow researchers to simultaneously capture activity and inactivity in new ways. In this comparative study, only with the clustering methodology did we find a significant effect of activity on incident overweight, furthering our ability to examine this complex relationship. Interestingly, no effect of increasing levels of inactivity was observed using either method, indicating that activity seems to be the more important determinant of overweight in this population.
The Relationship Between Parent and Child Self‐Reported Adherence and Weight Loss
Authors: Wrotniak Brian H. , Epstein Leonard H. , Paluch Rocco A. , Roemmich James N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Better adherence to treatment strategies in family‐based behavioral weight control programs may lead to greater weight reduction and improved weight maintenance in youth. This study assessed the influence of child and parent self‐reported adherence to behavioral strategies on changes in 2‐year child and parent percentage overweight.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants included 8‐ to 12‐year‐old children in ≥ 85th BMI percentile and their parents from 110 families taking part in two family‐based randomized controlled weight control studies. This study examined whether self‐reported adherence to behavioral strategies measured at 24 months increased prediction of child and parent percentage overweight change through 24‐month follow‐up after accounting for other factors that may influence weight change.Results: Child adherence to weighing and to preplanning for celebrations where high‐fat foods are served and parent adherence to praising the child and modeling healthy eating habits predicted 24‐month child percentage overweight change (p < 0.001). Child adherence to recording food and calories and parent adherence to modeling healthy eating habits predicted 24‐month parent percentage overweight change (p < 0.001). In hierarchical regression models, child weighing and preplanning and parent modeling were significant (p < 0.01) incremental predictors (r2 of 24.8%) of 24‐month child percentage overweight. Child recording and parent modeling were significant (p < 0.01) incremental predictors (r2 of 14%) of parent 24‐month percentage overweight change.Discussion: Child and parent adherence to specific components of family‐based behavioral weight control treatment are independent predictors of long‐term child and parent percentage overweight change.