bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An AI‐based Decision Support System for Naval Ship Design
Authors: CHOU YU‐CHAO , BENJAMIN COLIN O. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTNaval ship design is a complex, iterative decision‐making process that requires not only qualitative reasoning and quantitative computations, but also effective handling of massive amounts of information. The development of a systematic procedure in the form of an interactive Decision Support System (DSS) incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) techniques can assist in improving the design process.The DSS reported in this paper integrates conventional naval ship design application software with an expert system. Modeling techniques such as a spreadsheet, a database management system, and graphic display capability are incorporated as well. This DSS facilitates “what‐if” analysis of design problems and assessment of the trade‐offs between performance and cost.The DSS will aid rapid generation of design alternatives and facilitate their evaluation. A final recommendation is made based on multiattribute decision analysis using the straightforward points allocation method and the analytic hierarchy process. During a typical consultation process, the user is prompted for inputs to the naval ship design process and is provided with a wide range of reports in graphical and numerical form.During a structured system evaluation, the DSS displayed considerable accuracy, flexibility, speed, user‐friendliness, and cost‐effectiveness. The reliability and validity of the system were also confirmed. These evaluation procedures provide a replicable methodology for verification and validation of this type of AI‐based decision support system.
Test of Closed‐Loop Degaussing Algorithm on a Minesweeper Engine
Authors: WINGO ROBERT A. , HOLMES JOHN J. , LACKEY MILTON H. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA closed‐loop degaussing technique for MCM (mine countermeasure) class vessels has been developed and tested on a minesweeper engine. The system was designed to accurately predict and degauss the off‐board magnetic field signatures from measurements taken on‐board a non‐magnetic hull naval vessel. Calibration procedures for an on‐board to off‐board signature prediction algorithm have been investigated. An onboard sensor configuration, that requires only four single axis gradiometers, has been shown to accurately predict the magnetic signatures of the full‐scale engine.
The Type 23 Frigate—Britain's ASW Frigate for the Nineties
Authors: McKENZIE KENNETH J. , MOORES NIGEL 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Type 23 frigate is a design which has provided a highly capable warship at an affordable cost, both in acquisition and, by driving down the manpower costs, in operation. This paper aims to outline the procurement strategy, hull form, structural and machinery fit, signature control, manpower and production factors which have combined to influence the design and construction of the ships, a class whose primary aim is ASW. Although the paper does not specifically address weapon fit or combat system design, these issues have been significantly affected by the more fundamental design factors which, taken together, have contributed in large measure to the overall fighting capability of the class.
Industrialization of the Spray Forming Process for Military Applications
Authors: MORAN ANGELA LEIMKUHLER 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTSpray forming is a single step gas atomization/deposition process which yields ferrous and non‐ferrous near net shape preforms. It has proven to be a viable, cost effective alternative to conventional metal working technology for the production of material preforms with properties surpassing those of their cast and wrought counterparts. Current Navy programs are aimed at optimization of the process, certification of the spray formed products and industrialization of the technology. This includes the development of robust, real‐time sensors interfaced with an automated fuzzy logic controller and expanded motion control system. The system will have the capability to manufacture low cost, improved performance, non‐symmetric components currently producible only by casting or forging. In addition commercially available spray formed piping from foreign sources is currently being evaluated and certified for near term use in the fleet. Industrialization efforts are underway to establish domestic capabilities as there are no commercial facilities in the United States to date. The Navy has just initiated a manufacturing technology program, the intent of which is to develop a commercial plant in the United States capable of producing large military components. This paper will describe the process and program status. Results and comparative data will be presented and potential new applications discussed.
Tomahawk Nitrogen Pressurization Maintenance—Why?
Authors: CIARULA THOMAS A. , NERADKA VINCENT F. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the data that were recorded during a three‐month accelerated humidity test of two Tomahawk all‐up rounds (AURs), one pressurized with dry nitrogen in accordance with the current practice, and the other left unpressurized. Temperature and humidity were recorded inside the canisters and missiles. Data analysis consisted of psychrometric calculations to determine the moisture intrusion into these missiles during the test. The work was carried out in support of a technical effort directed at changing the storage and stowage environmental protection of the Tomahawk missile.
Navy Maintenance Support—Why Three Levels?
Authors: II EBEN E. BARNETT 
Published: March 2009

As the Services are defining their roles and missions to meet the perceived world threats well into the next millennium, the Navy and Air Force seem to be embarking on two different philosophies of life cycle maintenance support.The Air Force is adopting a two‐level policy, while the Navy stands firm on its three‐level policy. This has caused a lot of people to ask the obvious—why?
Maintenance Engineering for Maintenance Managers
Authors: JACOBS KENNETH S. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTMaintenance engineering is defined in JCS Pub 1 as the “application of techniques, engineering skills, and effort, organized to ensure that the design and development of weapons systems and equipment provide adequately for their effective and economical maintenance.” The requirement for effective maintenance engineering is clear as the Navy transitions into an environment of changing force structure and reduced maintenance resources.Maintenance engineering is needed commencing with conceptual design and continuing throughout ship life until inactivation or strike. Maintenance professionals must exercise this capability as good stewards of ship material readiness despite changing levels of maintenance resources. Evidence suggests effective maintenance engineering may not be in widespread use however, which prompts discussion of means that can be taken to revitalize and maintain this capability within the ship engineering community. While the current capability needs to be strengthened, action must also be taken to make maintenance engineering part of the culture instilled in future generations of decision makers.This paper focuses attention on the need for effective ship maintenance engineering. It describes action taken by NavSea to strengthen this capability in today's environment. It also suggests action to provide this capability to tomorrow's decision makers. It is intended to stimulate thought that will lead to more effective development and use of this important capability in the challenging times of maintenance change that lie ahead.
Naval Architecture
Authors: BROWN DAVID K. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis article reviews the warship design process, starting with the requirement. In real life, the requirement will inevitably be a mixture of functional statements and specified hardware with some topics mentioned, if at all, at a trivial level. Though inevitable, lack of clarity in the requirement makes it very difficult to select the best option. The conflict between cost and survivability leads to unstable areas in which there is no viable design.The design process is not sequential as usually represented but can only be described as a multidimensional web of interacting closed loops. These interactions are represented by functions which are nonlinear and often discontinuous, contributing to an unstable solution. The closed loops can be broken using experience, diminishing at all levels today, and by the use of formal standards.Many of the most significant interactions concern the layout of the ship and its resistance to enemy attack. It is suggested that many topics, such as cost, depend more on the zoning philosophy and compartmentation of the ship than directly on length. The “architecture” of the warship greatly affects its effectiveness and its through life cost, justifying “Naval Architecture” as the title of the profession.
Statistical Quality Control and Navy Ship Repair
Authors: STIMSON WILLIAM A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTSince the end of the Cold War, there have been demands in the United States to step down defense costs. One effect of these demands is a shift in accent within the U.S. Navy from acquisition to maintenance in order to make ships and ship systems last longer. Inevitably, this will mean more work for the ship repair industry, public and private.At the same time, the Navy is concerned about quality improvement in its industrial base and is encouraging the use of strategies generally known as Total Quality Management. However, the characteristics of Navy ship repair challenge many of the TQM methods that work so well in manufacturing. Government contracts restrict such quality strategies as single sourcing and just‐in‐time inventory. Government quality assurance requirements rely heavily upon final inspection. Navy business methods such as fragmentation of the work package among independent performers and constant and universal interface between customer and performer impede cohesive control. Finally, Navy ship repair, unlike the automaton factory, requires labor intensive, high skill, non‐rote craftsmanship across many thousands of low volume activities.The quality objective is this: to measure, control, and improve the processes of ship repair in order to reduce variation from target values and to provide customer satisfaction. This can be done through statistical process control adapted to job shop operation. This paper describes how SQC methods can be applied to production, logistics, quality control, and test programs in order to control the critical path and quantify the quality character of the shipyard. Control is maintained through a closed loop management model which uses key state variables for process measurement. Quality is determined by characteristic curves and quantified by process control limits.
Combat System Engineering: A Return to Fundamentals
Authors: MITTURA ANDREW , KARP MITCHEL S. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Navy's focus has shifted from global war scenarios to preparedness for the prospect of involvement in regional, littoral contingencies and conflicts. Operationally, shipboard personnel will need the ability to shift focus from the combat system multimission roles to that of only a single mission. From a development perspective, combat systems must accommodate a continual infusion of technology in a budget constrained environment. Combat system architecture is the single most important feature affecting combat system flexibility, from both an operational and developmental aspect.There is a fundamental partitioning of combat system functions into detect, command, and engage in a horizontal integration approach that enhances this needed flexibility. This fundamental partitioning is currently applied to individual weapon systems, but not to combat systems as a whole. Instead, self‐contained weapon systems are often developed and then vertically integrated to form a combat system, causing reduced flexibility.The battle organization is the principal driving requirement for combat system architecture. This paper shows that the battle organization is best supported by a horizontally integrated combat system of detect, command, and engage. It concludes that a horizontally integrated combat system architecture of detect, command, and engage should be a candidate for future combat systems.
Ship Impact Studies
Authors: SIMS PHILIP J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA major role of the naval architect is assessing the value of future equipments and costs of requirements to the Navy. The means of doing this is a series of ship feasibility studies. Setting R&D priorities or establishing the requirements for a new ship class often means 40 to 100 of these studies. The paper presents, in an appendix, the titles of a sample series of impact studies from the early stage design of the DDG‐51: 7 baselines with a total of 52 excursions. The amount of work is so demanding that the nature of the process itself is often obscured by the massive amount of output.There is no “universal” system impact; the ship impact assigned to something is dependent on a series of factors. It depends on what baseline ship is chosen, if the ship is near a machinery step function, in what order the questions are asked, what the subsystems of that ship are, whether a knee in the curve has been reached, fleet operational preferences, the fact that savings are not cumulative and inherent flaws in the process.The paper discusses how changes in basic ship architecture alter the results of ship impact studies. A second appendix describes three generations of destroyers (CL‐51, DD‐963 and the DDG‐51) of similar displacement but with radically different ship impact responses.The variable nature of ship impact results is why “savings” of systems which are widely advertized in technical society papers and new‐system‐advocate pitches are sometimes not found in procurement ship studies. The users of the ship impact studies (the OpNav requirement writers and the R&D investment selectors) should understand the strengths and weakness of assessing ship impact. They should also understand the need to prepare design tools in advance and the need to study the impact on future ship concepts rather than existing ships.
Performance Testing of Shipboard Electronic Systems
Authors: HARDER GEORGE , MARTIN ROBERT A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTPerformance evaluation of shipboard electronic systems entails debugging the systems in a laboratory environment, placing them in service and relying on system operators to provide feedback. General testing can be performed at selected sites by system designers, but each site where equipment is to be installed can offer unique problems. It is impossible to predict all the scenarios. Unique problems are more the rule than the exception when equipment is destined for Navy ships. Ship deployments make for difficult logistics when sending test teams to evaluate system failures. So, out of necessity, if newly installed equipment receives the proper inputs and generates the proper outputs, it is accepted and becomes the sailor's responsibility to maintain. In cases where documentation is ambiguous or incomplete, it is left to the sailor's ingenuity to continue testing and training on equipment. This is generally obtained through computer simulations and back‐to‐back testing which can provide results for ideal conditions, but does not take the dynamics of interference into account. Remote site testing is the only way to get a true representation of equipment performance and training problems. Electronic system operators on board Navy vessels are fortunate, they have help. There exists an organization available near major naval ports worldwide whose existence is to test electronic systems performance. The testing utilizes electronic systems as they would normally be configured for operations. This organization is the Shipboard Electronic System Evaluation Facility (SESEF).
Development of a Standard Family of Composite Material Centrifugal Pumps for Naval Surface Ships
Authors: SUITT DENNIS , GIRONA FRANCISCO 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses a program to develop a family of standard design, low‐pressure, composite material centrifugal pumps for Navy surface ship applications. The need for and the benefits derived from the development of this standard family of centrifugal pumps is discussed. Foremost of the projected benefits is a savings of 25% in acquisition and provisioning costs as well as significant reduction in integrated logistic supply costs. Additional benefits detailed are the reduction of maintenance requirements and improvements in serviceability expected from pumps manufactured from composite materials.A program to evaluate commercial composite pumps to determine compliance with Navy design requirements is detailed. The design criteria for the standard family of composite pumps is provided as is the status of a competitively awarded contract for this design. Contained within the discussions of the contract status is a description of efforts to provide state‐of‐the‐art sealing for the new pumps. The paper also addresses the manner in which the standard design composite pumps will be introduced to the fleet.
Fast Attack Craft—A Comparative Analysis
Authors: BROWER KENNETH S. , KEHOE JAMES W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe paper reports the results of a comparative naval architecture analysis of three modern fast attack craft (FAC). They include the Russian Tarantul, Israeli Sa'ar 4.5, and U.S. PGG‐511. The analysis covers ship performance, speed and range; general arrangements; hull form; hull structure; propulsion; auxiliary systems and outfitting; habitability; and weight, deck area, and volume allocation. The combat systems are identified, but only addressed in terms of the impact of their weight and volume on the design of the ship. The actual military effectiveness of each FAC is not addressed, but is discussed in terms of lessons to be learned in light of the new world order and renewed U.S. interest in littoral warfare.
Underwater Inspection for Welding and Overhaul
Authors: MITTLEMAN JOHN , SWAN LISA 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTSignificant progress has been made in making underwater ultrasonic thickness gauging and magnetic particle inspections available to the fleet. Under sponsorship from the Naval Sea Systems Command, Director of Ocean Engineering, Underwater Ship Husbandry Division (NavSea 00C5), the Coastal Systems Station has developed complete hardware packages supporting these two nondestructive test methods, and has introduced them to military inspectors at a shore intermediate maintenance activity, a destroyer tender, and a naval shipyard. Performance trials conducted prior to taking the systems to the field have been accepted by NavSea, Ships' Concepts Group, Materials Subgroup, Metals Division (NavSea 5142) as evidence that these inspections can reliably be performed underwater. Avenues for certifying specially trained divers and inspectors are being developed; for the first time the Navy will have all of the elements in place for underwater inspections satisfying the requirements of Mil‐Std‐271 (Requirements for Nondestructive Testing Methods) and the Naval Ships' Technical Manual Chapter 074.Underwater ultrasonic thickness gauging has also been slated for use in the fleet, as data from laboratory and field trials have consistently shown that reliable results can be obtained by a team comprising a certified topside inspector and a diver. In tests performed at the Ship Repair Facility (SRF), Yokosuka, underwater readings were compared to those taken in dry dock by SRF inspectors, and independently by contract inspectors. On the basis of approximately 800 locations, differences between the data sets were found to be randomly distributed, with a standard deviation on the order of 0.02“. This level of accuracy is largely sufficient to distinguish plate which will need replacement during overhaul, or plate which is thick enough to weld on.
Acquisition Reform and Best Product Procurement: An Engineering View
Authors: Fisher David A. , Skolnick Alfred 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The military services are being moved in the direction of performance‐based specifications and standards. They are being steered against dictating “how to” produce an item since such action forecloses on the ability to gain access to components or technology that may have a commercial equivalent. Why should the engineering community embrace the new approach? Aside from the obvious weight of it being approved policy, therefore currently mandated, it warrants examination because it is the correct approach at this time when applied to appropriate products.Military specifications and standards are to be displaced then, by acceptable alternative contractor design solutions. Industry bidders will be allowed to propose the particular design details, permitting procurement flexibility by contractually citing only system level or interface requirements, both physical and functional. Hopefully, this can broaden the industrial base and increase competition with reduced costs to follow. Conceptually, the approach appears both performance‐sensible and cost‐attractive (there are, of course, consequent risks) but how does implementation proceed? Is it possible to pursue the goals envisioned along paths that are not in themselves experimental? Can the American postulate, minimal loss of life and limb to U.S. military people, continue to be honored? Experience and track record elsewhere imply encouraging possibilities in select situations—useful prospects are identified and discussed in practical terms.
Combat System Maintenance Central (CSMC)
Authors: SACKETT WILLIAM H. , DORMAN MARSHALL L. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTCombat system maintenance central (CSMC) is an innovative manned space concept. New to the Navy, it is proving to be a major asset to the AEGIS cruisers and destroyers. “The primary mission of the CSMC is to provide an organized environment for the coordination and control of operability testing and maintenance, and the collection, evaluation, and timely dissemination of combat system operational readiness information. CSMC grew from a minimal size, “broom closet” concept (see Figure 1) to one of a critically manned operating area. The growth and evolution of the concept was a major challenge. Several iterations were subjected to intensive design reviews until the CSMC concept was finally fully approved by the Navy (see Figure 2). Combat System contractor personnel working closely with NavSea PMS 400, Aegis program office, personnel were responsible for the development of the CSMC. The space was configured to meet and has met all operational requirements imposed.
Seawolf Submarine Ship Control System: A Case Study of a Fault‐Tolerant Design
Authors: DAUGHAN MICHAEL G. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTDuring the several decades since the previous U. S. Navy submarine design, the enhanced capabilities of computers and miniaturization of components has permitted the incorporation of more advanced control features in the same or less space than occupied by previous systems. Also during this period, fault‐tolerant architectures, which typically employ coordinated redundancy to yield highly reliable and available systems, have been deployed on space platforms, aircraft, and other critical applications. The Seawolf submarine utilizes a fault‐tolerant ship control system, which will be the most sophisticated ship control system deployed by a U. S. Navy submarine to date.