bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modern Solid Lubricants, Especially Based on MoS2
Authors: Pflüger E. , Savan A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe structure of PVD‐deposited MoS2 films, viewed in relation to the defectfree crystalline form, present opportunities to intervene in order to improve and adapt the film properties to different tribological situations. By using modern PVD deposition technologies, it is possible to create new film structures by multilayering and co‐deposition. Significant reductions in the friction coefficient, and increases in the sliding lifetime in humid atmospheres have been measured. The historical use of MoS2 in spacecraft can be extended to industrial environments such as in dry or reduced‐lubricant machining. Anti‐adhesive properties are additionally important, for example in extruding and moulding.
The effect of aluminium on NTPDase and 5′‐nucleotidase activities from rat synaptosomes and platelets
Authors: Kaizer Rosilene Rodrigues , Maldonado Paula Acosta , Spanevello Rosélia Maria , Corrêa Maísa C. , Gonçalves Jamile F. , Becker Lara Vargas , Morsch Vera Maria , Schetinger Maria Rosa Chitolina 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAluminium (Al), a neurotoxic compound, has been investigated in a large number of studies both in vivo and in vitro. In this study, we investigated the effect in vivo of long‐term exposure to Al on NTPDase (nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase) and 5′‐nucleotidase activities in the synaptosomes (obtained from the cerebral cortex and hippocampus) and platelets of rats. Here, we investigated a possible role of platelets as peripheral markers in rats. Rats were loaded by gavage with AlCl3 50 mg/(kg day), 5 days per week, totalizing 60 administrations. The animals were divided into four groups: (1) control (C), (2) 50 mg/kg of citrate solution (Ci), (3) 50 mg/kg of Al plus citrate (Al + Ci) solution and (4) 50 mg/kg of Al (Al). ATP hydrolysis was increased in the synaptosomes from the cerebral cortex by 42.9% for Al + Ci and 39.39% for Al, when compared to their respective control (p < 0.05). ADP hydrolysis was increased by 13.15% for both Al and Al + Ci, and AMP hydrolysis increased by 32.7% for Al and 27.25% for Al + Ci (p < 0.05). In hippocampal synaptosomes, the hydrolysis of ATP, ADP and AMP, was increased by 58.5%, 28.5% and 25.92%, respectively, for Al (p < 0.05) and 36.7%, 22.5% and 37.64% for Al + Ci, both when compared to their respective controls. ATP, ADP and AMP hydrolysis, in platelets, was increased by 172.3%, 188.52% and 92.1%, respectively in Al + Ci, and 317.9%, 342.8% and 177.9%, respectively, for Al, when compared to their respective controls (p < 0.05). Together, these results indicate that Al increases NTPDase and 5′‐nucleotidase activities, in synaptosomal fractions and platelets. Thus, we suggest that platelets could be sensitive peripheral markers of Al toxicity of the central nervous system.
Ossicular chain reconstruction improves bone conduction threshold in chronic otitis media
Authors: Lee H-S , Hong S-D , Hong S H , Cho Y-S , Chung W-H 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study aimed to assess the elevation of bone conduction threshold in patients with chronic otitis media and to investigate the mechanism of this phenomenon. One hundred and six patients with unilateral chronic otitis media who had undergone a tympanomastoidectomy were reviewed retrospectively. The differences in the bone conduction thresholds between the diseased and normal sides were assessed and compared according to the duration of the disease and the presence of cholesteatoma. Post-operative changes in the bone conduction threshold were also assessed. The mean bone conduction thresholds were significantly elevated on the diseased side, ranging from 3.4 to 11.6 dB across frequencies, with a maximal elevation at 2000 Hz. The duration of disease and the presence of cholesteatoma did not affect the degree of the bone conduction elevation. After ossicular reconstruction, bone conduction thresholds improved significantly at all frequencies, with the greatest improvement being observed at 2000 Hz. These results suggest that the elevation in the bone conduction threshold in chronic otitis media is mainly caused by a change in the conductive mechanism in the middle ear.
Significance of Streptococcus milleri in acute rhinosinusitis with complications
Authors: Rankhethoa N M , Prescott C A J 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectives:To assess the significance of Streptococcus milleri in acute rhinosinusitis with complications.Methods:A retrospective case note review was undertaken of in-patients at both the Red Cross Children's Hopital and the Groote Schuur Hospital (for adults), Cape Town, South Africa, between 1999 and 2003, with a diagnosis of acute rhinosinusitis with complications. The following were documented: age, gender, complications, organisms cultured and their sensitivity, type and number of operations, and length of hospital stay.Results:Seventy-one case notes were reviewed, for 30 female and 41 male patients, representing 38 adults and 33 children. Streptococcus milleri was the most commonly implicated organism (52.1 per cent; 37/71). Patients from whom this organism was isolated tended to require more than one operative procedure, and had a protracted hospital stay.
Dynamics of the parasite Marteilia refringens (Paramyxea) in Mytilus galloprovincialis and zooplankton populations in Alfacs Bay (Catalonia, Spain)
Authors: CARRASCO N. , LÓPEZ-FLORES I. , ALCARAZ M. , FURONES M. D. , BERTHE F. C. J. , ARZUL I. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYSince the first description of Marteilia refringens (Paramyxea) in flat oysters Ostrea edulis in 1968 in the Aber Wrach, Brittany (France), the life-cycle of this parasite has remained unknown. However, recent studies, conducted in the ‘claire’ system, have proposed the planktonic copepod Acartia grani as a potential intermediate host for the parasite. Nevertheless, experimental transmission of the parasite through the copepod has failed. Recent studies in this field have reported the presence of the parasite in zooplankton from the bays of the Delta de l'Ebre, a more complex and natural estuarine environment than that of the claire. As a result, 2 new Marteilia host species were proposed: the copepods Oithona sp. (Cyclopoida) and an indeterminate Harpaticoida. Consequently, the objective of the present work was to study the dynamics of Marteilia in the zooplankton community from one of the bays, Alfacs Bay, as well as the dynamics of the parasite in cultivated mussels during 1 complete year. Six different zooplankton taxa appeared to be parasitized by M. refringens, including copepods (3 Calanoida, Acartia discaudata, A. clausi and A. italica; 1 Cyclopoida, Oithona sp.; and 1 Harpacticoida, Euterpina acutifrons), and larval stages of decapod crustaceans (zoea larvae of Brachyura, probably Portumnus sp.). These taxa are thus proposed as new subjects for study, since they could be intermediate hosts in the infection process of mussels by Marteilia.
Heavenly cords and prophetic authority in the Quran and its Late Antique context
Authors: van Bladel Kevin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe asbāb mentioned in five passages of the Quran have been interpreted by medieval Muslims and modern scholars as referring generally to various “ways”, “means”, and “connections”. However, the word meant something more specific as part of a biblical-quranic “cosmology of the domicile”. The asbāb are heavenly ropes running along or leading up to the top of the sky-roof. This notion of sky-cords is not as unusual as it may seem at first, for various kinds of heavenly cords were part of Western Asian cosmologies in the sixth and seventh centuries ce. According to the Quran, a righteous individual may ascend by means of these cords to heaven, above the dome of the sky, where God resides, only with God's authorization. The heavenly cords are a feature of quranic cosmology and part of a complex of beliefs by which true prophets ascend to heaven and return bearing signs.
Between Kant and Pufendorf: humanitarian intervention, statist anti-cosmopolitanism and critical international theory
Authors: DEVETAK RICHARD 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTImmanuel Kant and Samuel Pufendorf were both exercised by the relationship between politics, morality and lawful authority; a relationship that goes to the heart of the sovereign state’s existence and legitimacy. However, while Kant defended the authority of the moral law, believing morality provides higher authoritative norms than the sovereign state, Pufendorf defends the political morality of authority, believing the sovereign state should submit to no higher moral norms. The rivalry between these two positions is reprised in current debate between cosmopolitanism and statism over humanitarian intervention. Arguing against statism, this article defends a Habermasian-style critical international theory which affords a ‘cosmopolitanism without imperialism’.
Prologue: Development of English Literacy in Spanish-Speaking Children: Transforming Research Into Practice
Authors: Garcia Gil Narro , McCardle Peggy , Nixon Stephanie M. 
Published: July 2007

Purpose
The purpose of the present article is to provide the background for the clinical forum contained in this issue, which showcases prereading and reading development research that was conducted with Spanish-speaking children who were English language learners.

Method
We focus on the articles presented in this clinical forum and provide the background for the research.

Implications
There is a need for further educational research to ensure that practitioners achieve literacy for all children.
Correcting for gene-specific dye bias in DNA microarrays using the method of maximum likelihood
Authors: Kelley Ryan , Feizi Hoda , Ideker Trey 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Motivation: In two-color microarray experiments, well-known differences exist in the labeling and hybridization efficiency of Cy3 and Cy5 dyes. Previous reports have revealed that these differences can vary on a gene-by-gene basis, an effect termed gene-specific dye bias. If uncorrected, this bias can influence the determination of differentially expressed genes.
Results: We show that the magnitude of the bias scales multiplicatively with signal intensity and is dependent on which nucleotide has been conjugated to the fluorescent dye. A method is proposed to account for gene-specific dye bias within a maximum-likelihood error modeling framework. Using two different labeling schemes, we show that correcting for gene-specific dye bias results in the superior identification of differentially expressed genes within this framework. Improvement is also possible in related ANOVA approaches.
Availability: A software implementation of this procedure is freely available at http://cellcircuits.org/VERA
Contact: rmkelley@ucsd.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
HMMoC—a compiler for hidden Markov models
Authors: Lunter Gerton 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSummary: Hidden Markov models are widely applied within computational biology. The large data sets and complex models involved demand optimized implementations, while efficient exploration of model space requires rapid prototyping. These requirements are not met by existing solutions, and hand-coding is time-consuming and error-prone. Here, I present a compiler that takes over the mechanical process of implementing HMM algorithms, by translating high-level XML descriptions into efficient C++ implementations. The compiler is highly customizable, produces efficient and bug-free code, and includes several optimizations.Availability: http://genserv.anat.ox.ac.uk/softwareContact: gerton.lunter@dpag.ox.ac.uk
EcoProDB: the Escherichia coli protein database
Authors: Yun Hongseok , Lee Jeong Wook , Jeong Joonwoo , Chung Jaesung , Park Jong Myoung , Myoung Han Na , Lee Sang Yup 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSummary: EcoProDB is a web-based database for comparative proteomics of Escherichia coli. The database contains information on E. coli proteins identified on 2D gels along with other resources collected from various databases and published literature, with a special feature of showing the expression levels of E. coli proteins under different genetic and environmental conditions. It also provides comparative information of subcellular localization, theoretical 2D map, experimental 2D map and integrated protein information via an interactive web interface and application such as the Map Browser. Users can also upload their own 2D gels, extract core information associated with the proteins and 2D gel results from different experiments and consequently generate new knowledge and hypotheses for further studies.Availability: EcoProDB database system is accessible at http://eecoli.kaist.ac.krContact: leesy@kaist.ac.kr
Dietary patterns and the risk of breast cancer in Japanese women
Authors: Hirose Kaoru , Matsuo Keitaro , Iwata Hiroji , Tajima Kazuo 
Published: July 2007

Components of the Japanese diet that might contribute to the relatively low breast cancer incidence in Japanese women have not been clarified in detail. To evaluate associations between broad dietary patterns and breast cancer risk in a Japanese population, the authors conducted a case–control study using data from the hospital‐based epidemiologic research program at Aichi Cancer Center (HERPACC). Factor analysis (principal components) was used to derive food patterns based on the 31 food variables and allowed designation of four major dietary patterns: prudent, fatty, Japanese and salty. In total, 1885 breast cancer cases were included and 22 333 female non‐cancer patients were recruited as the control group. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were determined using multiple logistic regression analysis. After adjusting for potential confounders, there were no clear associations between the fatty, Japanese or salty dietary patterns and overall breast cancer risk. In contrast, an inverse association was evident for the prudent dietary. Women in the highest quartile of the prudent dietary pattern scores, had a 27% decreased risk of breast cancer compared with those in the lowest (95% CI: 0.63–0.84, p for trend < 0.0001). In addition, for women with a body mass index ≥25, the highest quartile of the fatty factor score was associated with a 58% increment in breast cancer risk compared to the lowest quartile, with a significant linear trend (P = 0.027). The authors found the prudent dietary pattern to be negatively associated with breast cancer risk. In addition, the fatty and Japanese patterns may increase breast cancer risk among obese women. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1431–1438)
Geometry of half‐grabens containing a mid‐level viscous décollement
Authors: Soto Ruth , Casas‐Sainz Antonio M. , Del Río Pedro 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTIn this work, we explore by means of analogue models how different basin‐bounding fault geometries and thickness of a viscous layer within the otherwise brittle pre‐rift sequence influence the deformation and sedimentary patterns of basins related to extension. The experimental device consists of a rigid wooden basement in the footwall to simulate a listric fault. The hangingwall consists of a sequence of pre‐rift deposits, including the shallow interlayered viscous layer, and a syn‐rift sequence deposited at constant intervals during extension. Two different geometries exist of listric normal faults, dip at 30 and 60° at surface. This imposes different geometries in the hangingwall anticlines and their associated sedimentary basins. A strong contrast exists between models with and without a viscous layer. With a viscous décollement, areas near the main basement fault show a wide normal drag and the hangingwall basin is gently synclinal, with dips in the fault side progressively shallowing upwards. A secondary roll‐over structure appears in some of the models. Other structures are: (1) reverse faults dipping steeply towards the main fault, (2) antithetic faults in the footwall, appearing only in models with the 30° dipping fault and silicone‐level thicknesses of 1 and 1.5 cm and (3) listric normal faults linked to the termination of the detachment level opposite to the main fault, with significant thickness changes in the syn‐tectonic units. The experiments demonstrate the importance of detachment level in conditioning the geometry of extensional sedimentary basins and the possibility of syncline basin geometries associated with a main basement fault. Comparison with several basins with half‐graben geometries containing a mid‐level décollement supports the experimental results and constrains their interpretation.
Time use in Russian Baby Homes
Authors: Tirella L. G. , Chan W. , Cermak S. A. , Litvinova A. , Salas K. C. , Miller L. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground  We investigated time use of Russian children residing in Baby Homes to document their opportunities and experiences during institutional care.Methods  Time use of 138 non‐special needs, randomly selected children (65 female vs. 73 male, age 1 month to 4 years) in Baby Homes in Murmansk, Russia, was analysed. Baby Home specialists were trained in time‐use spot observation methodology. Each child was observed every 10 min for 5 h (31 observations/child; >4000 data points). At each observation, we coded: who the child was with, adult role, what the child was doing, location and vocalizations.Results  Children spent 50% of their time alone, 27% with a caregiver, 15% with another adult, and 7% with another child. Infants spent significantly more time alone (65%) than toddlers (43%) or pre‐schoolers (46%) [F(2,133) = 13.05, P < 0.0001]. Caregivers supervised children (58%), led group activities (16%), cared for individuals (14%), or were absent from the room (12%). Children spent the most time (32%) in activities of daily living; remaining time was spent in meaningful play (27%), non‐purposeful activity (16%) or sleep (18%). The percentage of time spent in meaningful play significantly increased across age groups [infants 10%, toddlers 25%, pre‐schoolers 36%, F(2,133) = 26.9, P < 0.001]. Infants (23%) and toddlers (20%) spent significantly more time than the older group (10%) in non‐purposeful activity [F(2,133) = 26.9, P < 0.001]. In 12% of observations, an adult was speaking to the child, in 10% to the group, and <1% to another adult. Child vocalizations varied by age: infants 42% of observations, toddlers 56%, and pre‐schoolers 59%. Older children directed more vocalizations to adults than younger children [F(2,133) = 24.47, P < 0.001].Conclusion  Time use of children residing in Baby Homes is limited by routinized schedules and care, at the expense of child‐directed or interactive play with adults. Despite close proximity and living in group care, children's vocalizations and interactions with others are limited.
Allocation of essential lipids in Daphnia magna during exposure to poor food quality
Authors: WACKER A. , MARTIN‐CREUZBURG D. 
Published: July 2007

Summary

In nature, food conditions change temporally and force consumers into trade‐offs during resource allocation. In particular, under poor food conditions, for example during cyanobacterial blooms, herbivores have to optimize their resource allocation to maximize fitness, and face two decisions: (i) an individual might attempt to allocate acquired essential resources to reproductive tissues or use them for its own maintenance; and (ii) an individual might decide to optimize the chemical quality of its eggs.
As cyanobacteria feature a deficiency in some essential lipids that leads to a decline in the growth and fecundity of Daphnia, an important freshwater herbivore, we investigated Daphnia magna's Strauss allocation of lipids such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and cholesterol during an experimental non‐toxic cyanobacterial bloom.
Generally, we found a substantial maternal investment of the particularly important omega‐3 (n‐3) PUFAs, in particular eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), into the eggs. The concentration of EPA was 2·4‐fold higher in eggs than in somatic tissue, a cumulative effect, which was not significantly changed under cyanobacterial food conditions.
Under poor conditions, D. magna not only decreased the number of eggs produced but, in principle, reduced the previously high concentrations of EPA in both eggs and somatic tissues to a similar degree. In contrast to EPA, the concentrations of α‐linolenic acid and cholesterol, although lower than EPA, were more homeostatic in eggs than in somatic tissues, in which concentrations decreased.
When food quality was improved, D. magna were able to recover completely the fatty acid concentrations in their somatic tissues and eggs.
This study shows that the content of particular lipids in its food clearly affects resource allocation in D. magna, and suggests that cholesterol is important for somatic growth, while PUFAs are primarily needed for reproduction. As a decreasing investment of essential lipids into eggs implies a reduced fitness of the animals’ progeny under poor food conditions, this could have a strong impact on population dynamics, which might also be valid for other species.
Retreatment efficacy of the Epiphany soft resin obturation system
Authors: Hassanloo A. , Watson P. , Finer Y. , Friedman S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAim  To assess the efficacy of retreatment of canals filled with the Epiphany System with and without solvent, with particular reference to the extent of canal enlargement during retreatment.Methodology  Sixty roots with canals prepared to apical size 45 were embedded in resin blocks and sectioned vertically. Digital micrographs of canal walls were captured. Roots were re‐assembled and filled with Epiphany/Resilon (experimental) or gutta‐percha/AH Plus (control). After 8 weeks, canals were retreated to size 45 with or without chloroform, and the time recorded. Roots were split, imaged, re‐assembled, retreated to size 55, split and imaged. Root‐filling residue, traced at three canal levels, was expressed as percentage of canal surface.Results  Residue percentage was greater (t‐test, P < 0.01) in the experimental group than in the control. Most residue in all specimens was in the apical third (anova, P < 0.01). Chloroform and enlargement to size 55 decreased residue in both groups (t‐test, P < 0.01). Retreatment time was longer in the experimental group (P < 0.05), and reduced by chloroform in both groups (P < 0.05).Conclusions  The Epiphany System was retreatable with and without chloroform, with lesser efficacy than gutta‐percha and AH Plus sealer.