bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous apoptosis of blood dendritic cells in patients with breast cancer
Authors: Pinzon-Charry Alberto , Maxwell Tammy , McGuckin Michael A , Schmidt Chris , Furnival Colin , López J Alejandro 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Introduction
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key antigen-presenting cells that play an essential role in initiating and directing cellular and humoral immunity, including anti-tumor responses. Due to their critical role in cancer, induction of DC apoptosis may be one of the central mechanisms used by tumors to evade immune recognition.

Methods
Spontaneous apoptosis of blood DCs (lineage negative HLA-DR positive cells) was assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using Annexin-V and TUNEL assays immediately after blood collection. The role of tumor products was assessed by culturing cells with supernatants derived from breast cancer cell lines (TDSN) or PBMCs (PBMC-SN, as a control). The capacity of DC stimulation to prevent apoptosis was assessed by incubating DC with inflammatory cytokines, poly I:C, IL-12 or CD40 ligand (CD40L) prior to culture with TDSN. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry and microscopy, and Bcl-2 expression determined by intracellular staining.

Results
In this study we document the presence of a significantly higher proportion of apoptotic (Annexin-V+ and TUNEL+) blood DCs in patients with early stage breast cancer (stage I to II; n = 13) compared to healthy volunteers (n = 15). We examined the role of tumor products in this phenomenon and show that supernatants derived from breast cancer lines induce apoptosis of blood DCs in PBMC cultures. Aiming to identify factors that protect blood DC from apoptosis, we compared a range of clinically available maturation stimuli, including inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and prostaglandin (PG)E2 as a cytokine cocktail), synthetic double-stranded RNA (poly I:C) and soluble CD40 ligand. Although inflammatory cytokines and poly I:C induced robust phenotypic maturation, they failed to protect blood DCs from apoptosis. In contrast, CD40 stimulation induced strong antigen uptake, secretion of IL-12 and protected blood DCs from apoptosis through sustained expression of Bcl-2. Exogenous IL-12 provided similar Bcl-2 mediated protection, suggesting that CD40L effect is mediated, at least in part, through IL-12 secretion.

Conclusion
Cumulatively, our results demonstrate spontaneous apoptosis of blood DCs in patients with breast cancer and confirm that ex vivo conditioning of blood DCs can protect them from tumor-induced apoptosis.
An Essential Role of the CAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein-α in the Vitamin D-Induced Expression of the Human Steroid/Bile Acid-Sulfotransferase (SULT2A1)
Authors: Song Chung S. , Echchgadda Ibtissam , Seo Young-Kyo , Oh Taesung , Kim Soyoung , Kim Sung-A , Cho Sunghwan , Shi Liheng , Chatterjee Bandana 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe vitamin D receptor (VDR) regulates steroid and drug metabolism by inducing the genes encoding phase I and phase II enzymes. SULT2A1 is a liver- and intestine-expressed sulfo-conjugating enzyme that converts the alcohol-OH of neutral steroids, bile acids, and drugs to water-soluble sulfated metabolites. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3] induces SULT2A1 gene transcription after the recruitment of VDR to the vitamin D-responsive chromatin region of SULT2A1. A composite element in human SULT2A1 directs the 1,25-(OH)2D3-mediated induction of natural and heterologous promoters. This element combines a VDR/retinoid X receptor-α-binding site [vitamin D response element (VDRE)], which is an imperfect inverted repeat 2 of AGCTCA, and a CAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)-binding site located 9 bp downstream to VDRE. The binding sites were identified by EMSA, antibody supershift, and deoxyribonuclease I footprinting. C/EBP-α at the composite element plays an essential role in the VDR regulation of SULT2A1, because 1) induction was lost for promoters with inactivating mutations at the VDRE or C/EBP element; 2) SULT2A1 induction by 1,25-(OH)2D3 in C/EBP-α-deficient cells required the expression of cotransfected C/EBP-α; and 3) C/EBP-β did not substitute for C/EBP-α in this regulation. VDR and C/EBP-α were recruited concurrently to the composite element along with the coactivators p300, steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1), and SRC-2, but not SRC-3. VDR and C/EBP-α associated endogenously as a DNA-dependent, coimmunoprecipitable complex, which was detected at a markedly higher level in 1,25-(OH)2D3-treated cells. These results provide the first example of the essential role of the interaction in cis between C/EBP-α and VDR in directing 1,25-(OH)2D3-induced expression of a VDR target gene.
Marketing and Designing Transaction Games
Authors: Shugan Steven M. 
Published: December 2005

Past research reveals an extraordinary number and variety of transaction games, often with different rules. For example, buy and sell offers can be take-it-or-leave-it, irrevocable, of limited duration, negotiable, contingent on events, et cetera. The possible sets of rules seem endless. Past (often, very insightful) research has focused on optimization, given particular rules of the game. This focus often overlooks why players choose to play the game. Indeed, assuming that an exchange will occur makes the marketing function (e.g., facilitating exchanges) inconsequential. Unlike inescapable market games between rival firms, buyers and sellers often choose whether to play transaction games. Hence, game design (i.e., setting the rules of the game) becomes vital, because the design determines both the likelihood of desirable outcomes (e.g., the best transaction price) and whether (or how many) players will choose to play. We need more research revealing the desirability of various rule sets for different target groups and revealing rules that enhance the benefits to all players. For example, a particular auction game might provide sellers with liquidity (i.e., faster transactions) while providing buyers with unique items at bargain prices. We should also explore the interaction of rules and player benefits (e.g., liquidity, anonymity, likelihood of a transaction, etc.).
The role of panic in acute dissociative reactions following trauma
Authors: Bryant Richard A. , Panasetis Paula 
Published: December 2005

Objective. ‘Peritraumatic dissociation’ refers to alterations in awareness and memory for events that occur during and shortly after a traumatic experience. Despite the prevalence of reported peritraumatic dissociation, little is known about the mechanisms that mediate dissociative responses in the initial period after trauma. One theory suggests that peritraumatic dissociation may be a response to elevated arousal and panic symptoms during trauma. This study investigated panic symptoms that occurs at the time of the trauma and their relationship to ongoing dissociation in acute stress disorder.Design. A sample of traumatized people with acute stress disorder or controls were administered a range of psychopathology measures within one month of their trauma.Method. Fifty‐one civilian trauma survivors with either acute stress disorder or no acute stress disorder were administered the acute stress disorder interview, the Impact of Event Scale, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire, and the Physical Reactions Scale to index panic reactions during the trauma.Results. Hierarchical regression analysis found that panic reactions during the trauma accounted for nearly half of the variance (47%) of peritraumatic dissociation, and subsequent stress reactions accounted for an additional 3% of the variance.Conclusions. These findings are consistent with proposals that acute dissociation is associated with panic symptoms that occur during the traumatic experience. Possible mechanisms for the association of panic and dissociation are discussed.
Self‐discrepancies in bipolar disorder: Comparison of manic, depressed, remitted and normal participants
Authors: Bentall Richard P. , Kinderman Peter , Manson Kerry 
Published: December 2005

Objectives. To study the role of self‐discrepancies in different phases of bipolar disorder (manic‐depression).Method and design. Patients with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder in three groups, currently depressed, currently manic or hypomanic, and currently in remission, together with healthy control participants, were administered a modified version of Higgins' Selves Questionnaire. Consistencies between the self‐actual, self‐ideal and self‐ought representations were calculated, together with consistencies between the self‐actual representation and the believed views of generalized others about the self.Results. In contrast to all other groups, bipolar depressed patients showed marked discrepancies between their self‐actual and self‐ideal representations, and between their self‐actual and self‐ought representations. Manic or hypomanic patients showed higher self‐actual:self‐ideal consistency than non‐patient controls. The differences between the depressed participants and the other groups appeared to be accounted for by their very negative self‐actual descriptions. Participants in all four groups showed high levels of consistency between self‐perceptions and the believed perceptions of others about the self.Conclusions. These findings confirm that beliefs about the self differ between different phases of bipolar disorder and are consistent with the hypothesis that the manic phase involves active avoidance of discrepancies between the self and self‐ideals.
Attributional lability in depression and paranoia
Authors: Bentall Richard P. , Kaney Sue 
Published: December 2005

Background. Attributions play an important role in depression and paranoia. However, contrary to most attributional models of psychopathology, there is evidence that attributional style is not a stable trait but is affected by recent experiences.Method. Paranoid, depressed, and healthy participants were exposed to a mild stressor in the form of the requirement to complete an anagram task, which included insoluble items. Before and afterwards, they completed measures of attributional style for negative events and a contingency judgment task.Results. Replicating previous findings, paranoid patients initially showed low internality scores for negative events and high judgments of control on the contingency judgment task, whereas the depressed participants showed high internality for negative events and low judgments of control. Following the anagram task, both clinical groups showed increased internality for hypothetical negative events. The paranoid participants also gave increased estimates of control on the contingency judgment task.Conclusions. Attributional style is more labile in paranoid and depressed patients than in healthy individuals. Implications for attributional theories of psychopathology are discussed.
A randomized controlled trial of psychological interventions for postnatal depression
Authors: Milgrom Jeannette , Negri Lisa M. , Gemmill Alan W. , McNeil Margaret , Martin Paul R. 
Published: December 2005

Objectives. First, to establish the efficacy of psychological interventions versus routine primary care for the management of postnatal depression (PND). Secondly, to provide a direct comparison of cognitive‐behavioural therapy (CBT) versus counselling and, finally, to compare the relative value of group and individual delivery formats.Design. The study involved 192 depressed women drawn from a large community screening programme in Melbourne, Australia and allocated to cognitive behaviour therapy, counselling, or routine primary care. Baseline and post‐intervention measures of depression and anxiety were collected in the form of validated self‐report inventories.Method. Women were screened in the community and diagnosis of depression confirmed with a standardized psychiatric interview. Interventions were of 12 weeks duration, including three partner sessions, and adhered to a structured manual.Results. Psychological intervention per se was superior to routine care in terms of reductions in both depression and anxiety following intervention.Conclusions. For those women with PND, psychological intervention is a better option than routine care, leading to clinically significant reduction of symptoms. Counselling may be as effective as group cognitive behaviour therapy. The benefits of psychological intervention may be maximized by being delivered on a one‐to‐one basis.
Reminiscence, regrets and activity in older people in residential care: Associations with psychological health
Authors: McKee Kevin J. , Wilson Fiona , Chung Man Cheung , Hinchliff Sharron , Goudie Fiona , Elford Helen , Mitchell Cindy 
Published: December 2005

Background. Claims have been made of the benefits of reminiscence for older people's psychological health. The study reported here set out to determine whether measures of reminiscence, regrets, and activity participation would be associated with psychological health in older people, when age, dependency, self‐reported health, and social well‐being were controlled.Design. Cross‐sectional interview‐based questionnaire surveyMethods. Older people living in residential and nursing homes (N=142) completed questionnaires that determined current levels of reminiscence, activity participation, and psychological health, while care staff recorded the participants' observed affect over the previous 2‐week period.Results. Multivariate analyses showed significant associations between reminiscence frequency, reminiscence enjoyment, and regrets, and psychological health outcomes, while controlling for age, dependency, self‐reported health, and social well‐being. While reminiscence enjoyment was associated with positive psychological health, high frequency of reminiscence and the presence of regrets were associated with negative psychological health.Conclusions. The study findings are discussed with reference to Eriksonian theory, reminiscence functions, and the potential for reminiscence in psychological therapy for older people.
The childhood experience of care and abuse questionnaire (CECA.Q): Validation in a community series
Authors: Bifulco A. , Bernazzani O. , Moran P. M. , Jacobs C. 
Published: December 2005

Background. Childhood neglect and abuse, as measured by retrospective interview, is highly predictive of psychiatric disorder in adult life and has an important role in aetiological models. However, such measures are labour‐intensive, costly, and thus restricted to relatively modest sample sizes. A compact self‐report assessment of childhood experience is invaluable for research screening purposes and large‐scale survey investigation.Method. A self‐report questionnaire (CECA.Q) was developed to mirror an existing validated interview measure: the childhood experience of care and abuse (CECA). The questionnaire assessed lack of parental care (neglect and antipathy), parental physical abuse, and sexual abuse from any adult before age 17. A high‐risk series of 179 London women were interviewed using the CECA together with the PSE psychiatric assessment, and completed the CECA.Q at later follow‐up. Repeat CECA. Qs were returned for 111 women and 99 women additionally completed the parental bonding instrument (PBI; Parker, Tupling, & Brown, 1979).Results. Satisfactory internal scale consistency was achieved on the CECA.Q for antipathy (α=.81) and neglect (α=.80) scales. There was satisfactory test–retest for both care and abuse scales. Significant associations were found between CECA.Q scales and the parallel interview scales with cut‐offs determined for high sensitivity and specificity. CECA.Q neglect and antipathy scales were also significantly related to PBI parental care. CECA.Q scales were significantly related to lifetime history of depression. Optimal cut‐off scores revealed significant odds ratios (average of 2) for individual scales and depression. When indices were compiled to reflect peak severity of each type of adversity across perpetrator, odds‐ratios increased (average 3). A dose–response effect was evident with the number of types of neglect/abuse and rate of lifetime depression.Conclusion. The CECA.Q shows satisfactory reliability and validity as a self‐report measure for adverse childhood experience. The merits of having parallel questionnaire and interview instruments for both research and clinical work are discussed.
Hopelessness and positive and negative future thinking in parasuicide
Authors: MacLeod Andrew K. , Tata Philip , Tyrer Peter , Schmidt Ulrike , Davidson Kate , Thompson Simon 
Published: December 2005

Objectives. Hopelessness about the future is a key element in suicidal behaviour. The aim of the present study was to examine possible components of hopelessness, in particular, to contrast positive and negative future thinking and to examine separately number, expectancy, and value of anticipated positive and negative future experiences.Design. A correlational design.Method. Repeat parasuicide patients (N=441) were administered the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the future thinking task, a measure of future positive and negative thinking that assesses number, perceived likelihood, and perceived value of anticipated future positive and negative events.Results. Consistent with predictions, hopelessness correlated more strongly with lack of positive thoughts about the future than it did with presence of negative thoughts. Both positive and negative future thinking showed a relationship to hopelessness over and above their relationships to depression (positive future thinking) and anxiety (negative future thinking). Number and likelihood of positive events and likelihood and value of negative events showed both simple and partial relationships to hopelessness. Number of negative events related to hopelessness but only after the other future thinking variables had been controlled for and value of positive events no longer related to hopelessness after controlling for the other variablesConclusions. Hopelessness about the future in suicidal individuals is a multi‐faceted construct but lack of positive future thinking is more important than presence of negative future thinking.
Self‐criticism and major depression: An evolutionary perspective
Authors: Sturman Edward , Mongrain Myriam 
Published: December 2005

Objectives. This study sought to incorporate the personality style of self‐criticism within an evolutionary framework to help explain its relationship to major depression. It was expected that self‐critics would engage in poor social comparisons and have greater feelings of internal entrapment, which are both processes related to depression by evolutionary thinkers.Design. A cross‐sectional design was employed such that participants were first interviewed and then completed several questionnaires.Methods. The sample consisted of 146 graduate students who had experienced at least one prior episode of major depression, which was confirmed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV (SCID). Participants were subsequently administered the Center for epidemiological studies depression scale (CESD), Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ), Social comparison rating scale (SCRS), and Entrapment scale (ES).Results. Regression analyses revealed that self‐criticism significantly predicted internal entrapment and social comparison when controlling for mood and for levels of dependency. Subsequent Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) revealed that a factor of self‐reported entrapment and social comparison mediated the effect of self‐criticism on the number of previous episodes of depression.Conclusion. These findings suggest that part of the reason self‐critics are vulnerable to clinical episodes of depression lies in their subjective experience of entrapment and in their negative social comparisons.
Reduced autobiographical memory specificity as an avoidant coping style
Authors: Hermans Dirk , Defranc Annemie , Raes Filip , Williams J. Mark G. , Eelen Paul 
Published: December 2005

Objective. Previous studies suggest that reduced autobiographical memory specificity might serve as a way of regulating affect. This study examined the relationship between autobiographical memory specificity and avoidant coping.Method. Sixty students completed the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT). Different types of avoidant coping were assessed using questionnaires: the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, the Cognitive‐Behavioural Avoidance Scale and the White Bear Suppression Inventory.Results. For all questionnaires, a significant correlation was observed between the number of specific responses on the AMT and an avoidant coping style. More avoidance was associated with fewer specific answers. These correlations remained when corrected for number of omissions.Conclusion. The results provide further evidence for the affect‐regulating quality of autobiographical memory specificity.
Self‐defining memories in post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Sutherland Kylie , Bryant Richard A. 
Published: December 2005

Objective.This study investigated the relationship between trauma survivors' goals and retrieval of self‐defining memories in post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Methods.Civilian trauma survivors with PTSD, trauma survivors with no PTSD and non‐trauma‐exposed control participants (N=49) provided autobiographical memories of events that they believe shaped who they are. Participants also provided details about their major personal goals.Results.Participants with PTSD reported more self‐defining memories that were trauma‐related, negative valence and from adult years than non‐PTSD and control participants. Further, retrieval of trauma‐related self‐defining memories was strongly associated with reporting personal goals that were related to traumatic experiences.Conclusions.These findings are discussed in terms of the proposition that trauma survivors' current concerns may direct retrieval of trauma‐related memories.
Is attention impaired in ADHD?
Authors: Wilding John 
Published: December 2005

Explanations of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in terms of a weakness in Executive Function (EF) or related concepts, such as inhibition, are briefly reviewed. Some alternative views are considered, in particular a proposal by Manly and others that ADHD is a weakness primarily of sustained attention (plus control of attention), but not of selective attention, as measured by the Test of Everyday Attention in Children (TEA‐Ch; Manly et al., 2001). The underlying structure of the TEA‐Ch is analysed and it is concluded that the distinction between selective attention, sustained attention, and control of attention in this battery is not well‐founded. Furthermore, evidence from studies by Wilding and others, from visual search tasks similar to those employed by Manly et al. to measure selective attention, demonstrates that, while unimpaired‐ and impaired‐attention groups do not differ in speed of performance on such tasks (the measure employed in the TEA‐Ch), they do differ reliably in accuracy.Available evidence from other visual search tasks comparing such groups is reviewed and found to be inconsistent. An attempt is made to resolve the inconsistencies and it is suggested that search tasks including demands that engage EF processes are more likely to demonstrate differences between these groups. It is concluded therefore that the most plausible explanation at present of impaired attention is in terms of weaknesses in EF. Suggestions for improving the precision and detail of this type of explanation are offered.