bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consumer recycling: role of incentives, information, and social class
Authors: Iyer Easwar S. , Kashyap Rajiv K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMore and more communities have instituted recycling programs and consumer recycling is no longer a new fad; it is here to stay. However, consumer commitment to recycling and participation rates have leveled off. Whereas lack of access to recycling facilities was cited as a key inhibitor to participation in the early days of recycling, that is generally not the case anymore. Thus there is an imperative to revisit consumer recycling by focusing on behavioral issues that reflect today's context. In this study we review the past literature and propose a comprehensive model of consumer recycling. We identify two intervention mechanisms – incentives or information – that are believed to increase recycling participation. We, then, describe a longitudinal field experiment to evaluate the relative merits of these intervention programs. We conclude that either intervention program is effective, although informational programs appear to have more long‐term effects than incentive programs. We also create a new measure of social class, one that includes other influential actors' characteristics, and show its relationship to recycling attitudes and behaviors.Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An exploratory study of consumer style: country differences and international segments
Authors: McCarty John A. , Horn Martin I. , Szenasy Mary Kate , Feintuch Jocelyn 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

An important consideration for marketers is determining the best approach to take when marketing their product or service across national borders. It has become clear that the answer to this is not as simple as complete standardization or adaptation, and the appropriate approach may be contingent on a complex set of variables. One key aspect of the puzzle relates to an understanding of the attitudes and behaviours of consumers. The current study examines consumer style (variables related to the way people engage in their consumption activities) as an important area of consideration related to international marketing efforts. Consumer style was investigated in three European countries and the US, using data from the DDB Brand Capital Study (a multi‐country survey). Although results showed that country differences are evident on consumption style, a cluster analysis suggests that there were four segments of consumers that transcend country boundaries. The findings add to our knowledge about consumers in these countries and the characteristics of the segments with respect to differing styles of consumption.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hypersingular boundary integral formulation for heat conduction across a curved imperfect interface
Authors: Ang Whye‐Teong 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe problem of determining the two‐dimensional steady‐state temperature field in a bimaterial with a curved microscopically imperfect interface is considered. The temperature jump across the interface is proportional in magnitude to the interfacial heat flux. The conditions on the interface are formulated in terms of a boundary integral equation containing both Cauchy principal and Hadamard finite‐part integrals. A numerical method based on this formulation is outlined for the numerical solution of the problem under consideration. It is applied to solve some specific problems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying and assessing environmentally harmful subsidies in Germany: an overview of studies and their underlying methodologies in the energy and transport sector
Authors: Rave Tilmann 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe discussion on the reduction and reform of subsidies in Germany has gained momentum lately. It has repeatedly been suggested that environmental and wider efficiency consideration be taken into account in reform strategies. Yet, progress at reforming environmentally harmful subsidies seems to be slow overall. This paper provides an overview on monitoring and assessing environmentally harmful subsidies in selected German policy sectors and discusses the underlying study methodologies. For this purpose we first briefly deal with the concept of subsidy and the measurement of subsidies in general and illustrate the linkage between subsidies and their environmental effects. The main focus of the paper is then on the current state of subsidy impact assessment and/or related monitoring activities. We discuss studies relating to two different policy sectors, energy policy and transport policy. While no single best methodology exists, it is suggested that different approaches may fertilize each other. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Costs and competitiveness effects of the European Union emissions trading scheme
Authors: Oberndorfer Ulrich , Rennings Klaus 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we analyse different approaches that are available in order to assess the impacts of the EU ETS on costs and competitiveness in Europe. In this respect, we focus on existing simulation studies. We have identified the choice of the reference scenario as the most critical issue for an appropriate analysis of the relevant approaches. We find, however, that effects of the scheme on costs and competitiveness are modest, even given the business as usual case that does not take the legally binding framework of the Kyoto Protocol into account. Furthermore, the impacts of the EU ETS are smaller than the impacts of alternative Kyoto‐based regulation scenarios. Compared with these other regulation methods ETSs can have positive competitiveness effects. However, the EU ETS is not designed to boost Europe's economy. Its prime purpose and justification is to ensure that Europe's CO2 emissions are brought down and Kyoto targets are reached at minimal costs. In our opinion, it is therefore important that the system as well as modifications to it do not undermine the environmental goals associated with this policy instrument. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Immunological purification and chemical characterization of the group‐specific proteins (Gc) from human serum
Authors: Ruoslahti E. , Simons K. , Ehnholm C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe group‐specific (Gc) proteins have been purified by an immunochemical method from human sera of Gc 1–1 and Gc 2–2 phenotypes. The two electrophoretic components of the Gc 1 protein, Gc 1F and Gc 1S were isolated by electro‐focusing. Tryptic peptide maps on cellulose thin layers of Gc 1, Gc 1F, Gc 1S and Gc 2 revealed one peptide specific for Gc 2, another peptide specific for Gc 1 and a third characteristic for Gc 1F. The amino acid composition of these peptides was determined. From these and previous results a hypothesis based on one gene locus is put forward to explain the Gc polymorphism.
Occurrence of IgG fragments in the urine of the newborn calf
Authors: Kickhöfen B. , Hammer D. K. , Westphal Monika 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe observation that newborn calves develop a proteinuria reaching a maximum between 25 and 30 hours of life after feeding colostrum was confirmed.Among the proteins precipitable at 3.6 M ammonium sulfate, two components with IgG specificity but differing in electrophoretic mobility have been found.Antisera were produced in rabbits against Fab or Fc fragments derived from colostral IgGs by papain digestion. Using these antisera, a urinary Fab was demonstrated to be antigenically identical to the papain Fab. In contrast, the urinary Fc was found to be at least in part antigenically deficient with respect to the papain Fc.With the aid of an immunoadsorbent, the antigen binding activity of the urinary Fab could be demonstrated in calves after the ingestion of colostrum which contained antibody.The site where the degradation of IgGs occurs could not be elucidated.
The antibody response of mice to allografts as determined by a plaque assay with allogeneic target cells
Authors: Nordin A. A. , Cerottini J.‐C. , Brunner K. T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMouse lymphoid cells producing lytic antibody against alloantigens have been detected in vitro with the help of a plaque assay using allogeneic tumor cells as indicator cells. In C3H mice injected with 30 × 106 DBA/2 tumor cells, alloantibody plaque forming cells appeared in the spleen by day 3 and increased in number until day 9.
The carrier effect in the secondary response to hapten‐protein conjugates. III. The anatomical distribution of helper cells and antibody‐forming‐cell‐precursors
Authors: Boak J. L. , Mitchison N. A. , Pattisson P. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe activity of cells from blood, peritoneal exudate, thoracic duct lymph, lymph nodes and spleen were tested in the adoptive secondary response of mice to hapten‐protein conjugates. No correlation of helper or antibody‐forming‐cell‐precursor activity was found with the number of macrophages. Thoracic duct lymphocytes tended to be relatively more active than spleen cells as helpers. These findings are interpreted as support for the hypothesis that helper cells are thymus‐derived, recirculating lymphocytes.
Tobacco mosaic virus specific immunoglobulins from horse serum. I. Physical and chemical characterization
Authors: Anderer F. A. , Schlumberger H. D. , Ströbel G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIgG and IgG(T) immunoglobulin fractions have been prepared from an anti‐serum of a horse which had been immunized with tobacco mosaic virus. The virus specific antibodies were isolated by precipitation with the virus followed by dissociation of the precipitates. The molecular weights and the carbohydrate contents of the immunoglobulins and of their constituent polypeptide chains were determined. Neutralization tests with TMV and IgG showed that the neutralizing capacity resides primarily in the H‐chains. The peptide chains of IgG(T) exhibited a greatly reduced neutralizing effect as compared to the IgG(T) antibody.
Early changes in the phospholipid metobolism of lymphocytes following stimulation with phytohemagglutinin and with lysolecithin
Authors: Resch K. , Ferber E. , Odenthal J. , Fischer H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFollowing stimulation of rabbit lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) [14C]oleic acid incorporation was augmented into phospholipids but not into neutral fats. The main phospholipid into which oleate was incoporated was lecithin. Stimulation of lymphocytes with lysolecithin in short‐time experiments also increased the incorporation of oleate into lecithin.The distribution of the labeled fatty acids in the newly formed lecithin molecules was determined using snake venom phospholipase A. Of the incorporated oleate 80 % was found in position 1 of the glycerol moiety both in unstimulated and stimulated lymphocytes.In addition to natural [1‐acyl]‐lysolecithin a sythetic non‐metabolized lysolecithin analogue also effected lymphocyte stimulation, suggesting that exogenous lysolecithin acts not as a substrate for lysolecithin‐acyltransferase. Microsomal membranes of normal and stimulated lymphocytes were examined for enzyme ectivities involved in the incorporation of long‐chain fatty acids into phospholipids especially (a) fatty acid: CoA‐ligase, (b) lysolecithin‐acyltransferase, (c) phospholipase A and (d) lysophospholipase. After 3 h of cultivation with PHA, fatty acid: CoA‐ligase (which is rate‐limiting for the incorporation of oleate into phospholipids) and phospholipase A were activated. Lysolecithin produced only an activation of phospholipase A supporting the idea that oleate is incorporated by reacylation of endogenously formed [2‐acyl]‐lysolecithin and consistent with our findings that de novo synthesis of phospholipids, as measured by [14C]choline uptake, is low during the early phase of stimulation.
Sequential appearance of antibodies directed against different antigenic determinants of hen egg‐white lysozyme
Authors: Maron E. , Arnon Ruth , Bonavida B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThree rabbits immunized with hen egg‐white lysozyme (three injections in complete Freund's adjuvant) were bled weekly for a period of 4 months. Each individual antiserum was tested for the presence of antibodies specific towards both native lysozyme and two distinct antigenic determinants of the molecule, comprising the “loop” peptide (residues 60‐83 containing one disulfide bond) and a fragment containing the amino and carboxy termini of lysozyme. Variations were observed in the amounts and the time of appearance of antibodies with different specificities. The first demonstrable antibodies, 10 days after the onset of immunization, were antibodies directed towards intact lysozyme. At this time, no antibodies to the two isolated antigenic fragments of the molecule could be detected. Antibodies specific for these two determinants appeared at much later bleedings 2‐3 months after immunization. Although the general pattern of the induction of antibodies with different specificities was the same in all three rabbits, individual differences were never‐theless observed among the three animals used in this study.
Properties of the inferferon‐like virus inhibitor released during interaction of mouse sensitized lymphocytes with their target cells
Authors: Borecký L. , Fuchsberger N. , Žemla J. , Lackovič V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe properties of an interferon‐like viral inhibitor (ILVI) released during the interaction of sensitized mouse peritoneal and/or splenic leukocytes with L‐cells were studied.In addition to such properties as trypsin sensitivity, thermoresistance at 56 °C, resistance to acid pH, species specificity, cell mediated effect, etc., it has been shown that actinomycin D, puromycin and cycloheximide prevent the antiviral action of ILVI to the same extent as in the case of other interferons. The molecular weight of ILVI was found to be about 45 000. Lymphocytes seem to be the main producers of ILVI.After fractionation on Sephadex G‐100 at least 2 peaks of cytotoxic activity were found in ILVI as well as in other virus‐ and endotoxin‐stimulated inter‐feron preparations. One of the cytotoxic components was regularly associated with the molecular species of the highest interferon activity. This finding suggests that a cytotoxic component may be involved in the antitumorigenic effect of interferon preparations.
Effect of phytohemagglutinin on thymidine incorporation and antibody production in the secondary response in vitro towards a defined hapten
Authors: Sulica A. , Tarrab Rebeca , Haimovich J. , Sela M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRabbits were immunized with 2,4‐dinitrophenyl bovine serum albumin (DNP‐BSA), and the spleen cells were removed and cultured in vitro in the presence of either phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or antigen, or both stimulants. PHA and antigen, when reacted together, had an additive stimulatory effect on thymidine uptake and an inhibitory effect on the production of antibodies as compared to the effect of the antigen alone. Cultures treated with PHA alone contained more antibodies than unstimulated cultures.
The relative distribution of cytotoxic lymphocytes and of alloantibody‐forming cells in albumin density gradients
Authors: Pelet J. , Brunner K. T. , Nordin A. A. , Cerottini J.‐C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSpleen cells of C57BL mice immunized by tumor allografts were separated by differential flotation in albumin density gradients, and the resulting fractions tested in vitro for cytotoxicity and for alloantibody plaque‐forming cells. The alloantibody plaque‐forming cells were found to accumulate preferentially in the low density fractions, while the cytotoxic lymphocytes were found mainly in fractions of intermediate and high density. Cytotoxic lymphocytes obtained early after immunization or by transfer of spleen cells into irradiated allogeneic hosts were of lower average density than spleen cells collected at the peak of the immune response or later.
Genetics of the immune response. III. The restricted heterogeneity of antibodies to phage fd in a low responding inbred strain of mice
Authors: Kölsch E. , Diller Eva 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe dissociation of complexes between fd phages and inactivating antibodies has been followed between pH 2.2 and 5.0. The resulting dissociation curves measure the fraction of phages reactivated at a given pH. The shape of the curve is not caused by phage heterogeneity. It is a property of any given anti‐serum and reflects the degree of antibody heterogeneity. The dissociation curves for secondary sera from high responding DBA/IJ and low responding AKR/J mice have been compared. The heterogeneity of low responder antibodies is restricted.
Anaphylatoxin formation by contact activation of plasma. I. Activation by zymosan without participation of antibody
Authors: Brade V. , Vogt W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBy incubation with human plasma at 37°C zymosan is coated with factors forming a complex which liberates anaphylatoxin from rat anaphylatoxinogen. This complex is formel equally well in plasma which has been preabsorbed with zymosan at 0°C. In contrast to fresh plasma, preabsorbed plasma did not contain detectable antibodies to zymosan. Furthermore, precoating of zymosan with rabbit anti‐zymosan antibody did not increase its capability to fix anaphylatoxin‐forming factors from preabsorbed human plasma.Anaphylatoxin formation in rat plasma by incubation with zymosan or Sephadex proceeded equally well regardless of whether the respective antibodies had been eliminated by preabsorption or not. Glycogen proved to be an effective contact agent, inducing anaphylatoxin formation in rat plasma which is unlikely to contain anti‐glycogen antibodies.The findings suggest that natural antibodies to the mentioned polysaccharides are not involved in anaphylatoxin formation induced by contact with plasma. This makes it unlikely that the anaphylatoxin‐forming system fixed on zymosan, etc. is represented simply by the complement complex C1423.Sheep red blood cells can be coated with anaphylatoxin‐forming serum factors only when previously loaded with amboceptor.This suggests that two different pathways of anaphylatoxin formation exist: one is by use of the classical complement reaction, operating when e.g. erythrocyte‐antibody complexes are incubated with serum; the other pathway is involved when polysaccarides are used for induction of anaphylatoxin liberation.
HL‐A phenotype and gene frequencies in the German Ruhr area population
Authors: Bertrams J. , Kuwert E. , Böhme U. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe distribution of HL‐A antigens was determined in 255 unrelated Germans. Seven antigens of the 1st sublocus (LA series) and 14 antigens of the 2nd sublocus (FOUR series) could be identified. No individual carried more than two antigens of each series. The gene frequencies do not show remarkable deviations from analogous values of other European populations. The established genetic concept of a mutually exclusive multiple allelic antigen system with two closely linked series was fully confirmed.
Formation and function of a complement‐activating enzyme generated from factors of guinea pig serum and cobra venom
Authors: Dierich M. P. , Bitter‐Suermann D. , König W. , Hadding U. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn enzymatic complex can be formed by factors from guinea pig serum and cobra venom, which is able to activate C3 bypassing C1, C4 and C2. Formation and action of the enzyme are described. The action on C3 results in an activation of the terminal complement components and in membrane destruction provided suitable membrane receptors are available.
Life‐long tolerance and chimerism in parental mice induced with F1 hybrid cells
Authors: Silobrčić V. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe have induced specific immunological tolerance towards (C57BL × CBA‐T6T6) F1 skin grafts in newborn recipients of the parental CBA strain by one injection of 20 × 106 or 40 × 106 F1 spleen cells. Approximately 80 % of the CBA recipients were highly tolerant (the grafts survived for more than 50 days). Many of the highly tolerant mice retained fully preserved grafts until natural death.The highly tolerant CBA mice had dividing (C57BL × CBA‐T6T6) F1 cells in their spleen (12–13 %) and lymph nodes (12–15 %). The proportion of these cells decreased with time, but we found a few of them even at 567 days of life (0.7 and 4.2 %, respectively).We have concluded that specific immunological tolerance to tissue grafts induced at birth can last throughout the entire life‐span of a mouse. The tolerance persists in spite of a very low proportion of dividing donor cells within the lymphoid tissue of tolerant hosts.
Free‐flow electrophoretic separation of lymphocytes. Two thoracic duct lymphocyte subpopulations studied after prolonged cannulation and immunization
Authors: Zeiller K. , Liebich H. G. , Hannig K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo different populations of small thoracic duct lymphocytes were separated by electrophoresis and characterized by electron microscopy. The high electrophoretic mobility region (HMR) consisted of small lymphocytes only and contained 75 % of the cells. After thoracic duct drainage or antigenic stimulation the morphological characteristics of the cells in the HMR remained unchanged. In contrast, the cells in the low electrophoretic mobility region (LMR) increased in quantity and showed morphological alterations after prolonged duct drainage or antigenic stimulation. Prior to stimulation small and medium lymphocytes were found in the LMR. After stimulation, blast‐like cells, immature plasma cells and “activated” lymphocytes, in addition to increased numbers of small lymphocytes, were detected.
Solubilization of lymphocyte and thymocyte antigens by a reversible chemical modification
Authors: Eshhar Z. , Gafni Mira , Givol D. , Sela M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAntigenic components of the particulate subcellular fraction from either rat thymocytes or lymph node lymphocytes can be obtained in a soluble form by reacting the membrane fraction with citraconic anhydride. As a result of citraconylation, 60–70 % of the proteins became soluble under physiological conditions and this soluble material was antigenically almost inactive. However, after decitraconylation at pH 5 and room temperature, the soluble protein possessed antigenic activity (10–20 % of the original antigenic potency of the lymphocytes) as tested by inhibition of the cytotoxic effect of heterologous anti‐lymphocyte serum on lymphocytes and by other assays. The soluble antigenic components thus obtained from rat thymocytes induced the formation of anti‐thymocyte serum when injected into rabbits. This antiserum was found to be active against thymocytes in the cytotoxic and opsonization assays and to suppress the rejection of skin allografts.
Stimulation of humoral antibody formation by polyanions. I. The effect of polyacrylic acid on the primary immune response in mice immunized with sheep red blood cells
Authors: Diamantstein T. , Wagner B. , Beyse Inge , Odenwald Maria V. , Schulz Gisela 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effect of a polyanion, polyacrylic acid, on the primary immune response in mice inoculated with sheep red blood cells was investigated. Polyacrylic acid caused early appearence and enhancement of 19 S and 7 S plaque‐forming cell response in mice from 48 h to 10 days after antigen inoculation. Hemolytic antibody titers confirm these results. The degree of the stimulation of the immune response by PAAC was dependent on the antigen and PAAC doses and their routes of administration. The polyanion also increased the background of 19 S plaque‐forming cells in nonimmunized mice and the serum γ‐globulin levels. The effects of polyacrylic acid and the effects caused by natural or synthetic polynucleotides and pyrancopolymer on immune response suggest that the polyanionic structure common to these substances may be responsible for their stimulating activity.