bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Position and American Foreign Policy Attitudes: 1952—1972
Authors: Simon Jeffrey D. 
Published: March 2007

One of the more intriguing theories to be formulated in the field of public opinion has been Johan Galtung's conceptualization of a center-periphery continuum in a given society and its effect on policy attitudes. Using an eight variable index as a measure of social position, Galtung found the center of Norwegian society to be gradualist, consistent, and optimistic in its foreign policy orientation, while the periphery was absolutist, inconsistent, and pessi mistic. The aim of this article was to confront Galtung's theory with new data in a different society over a twenty-year period. Using United States data as gathered by the Survey Research Center between 1952 and 1972, the general finding was a partial rejection of Galtung's theory. The periphery was not more pessimistic than the center, but was less consistent in some of its foreign policy attitudes. Surprisingly, we found the center to be more likely than the periphery to favor 'tough' foreign policies, and was consistently the main supporters for escalation of the Korean and Vietnam wars, and for keeping soldiers overseas during the non-war survey years of 1956 and 1960. Our conclusion was that Galtung's social position index is a useful analytical tool for separating certain foreign policy attitudes among the American public. However, we found no support for Galtung's original fear that the periphery would be a negative factor in the establishment of a peace-oriented public opinion.
Another approach to a Theory on the Causes of International War
Authors: Gantzel Klaus Jürgen 
Published: March 2007

Comparative research on the causes of war not only plays a minor role in the Social Sciences but is also rather one sided because of the dominance of quantitative methods. These methods are very important, but up to now the cumulative effects of such research have been rather small, and their usefulness for practical peace policy seems negligible. This regrettable state of research is mainly due to the fact that it is not based on a systematic frame of reference offering substantial categories for analysis. This article presents the draft of a research project aiming at the construction of such a frame of reference. Following a societal approach and using the ideas and methods of historical sociology, social history, and political economics, we intend to make case studies of 13 international wars between 1920 and 1965 and to compare their results. The provisional guide-line for the case studies and their comparison starts with the following main categories: the interests for war, and the groups or classes representing these interests; the socio- economic structure in which the interests are rooted; the political structure through which the interests are carried out; the military apparatus as the instrument for action.
Capitalism and Armaments: Business Cycles and Defense Spending in the United States 1945—1979
Authors: Krell Gert 
Published: March 2007

Three possible economic explanations of U.S. military spending are examined: 1) the MIC explanation, 2) the economic stabilization and electoral defense cycle explanation, 3) the capitalist growth imperative explanation. Conditions for these explanations to be valid are formulated and tested with data about the development of defense spending, the U.S. economy, the business cycle, and fiscal policy, as well as an analysis of the Economic Reports and of secondary sources about U.S. defense and economic policies. All three economic explanations are considered inadequate. It is true that defense cuts have sometimes aggravated a recession, and that on other occasions defense has served as a cushion, or even worked more strongly anticyclically, when foreign policy crises occurred at the time of economic downturns. It is also true that military expenditures have played a role in fiscal policy. However, there have been economic reasons for increases and for cuts in the defense budget, and the amounts involved are rather small in absolute or relative terms. Defense is an important, but not the decisive factor in the U.S. business cycle; its weight has decreased substantially. There has been even no absolute growth in U.S. defense spending since the early fifties (in constant prices), and some absolute indicators have declined. Mostly, changes in U.S. military expenditures can and can only be explained by international and foreign/defense policy developments and considerations. These factors should be taken much more seriously.
The Current Polish Economic Crisis and How to Overcome It
Authors: Rakowski Mieczyslaw 
Published: March 2007

The deep economic, societal, and political crisis in Poland calls for formulating programmes to overcome the crisis, especially because bureaucratic-technocratic groups, still in power, do not see, and cannot see, any positive way out. In this paper, main policies for overcoming the economic crisis are identified and discussed from the point of view of their combined implementation. These are: realizations of principles of social justice, democratization of social relations, changes in economic strategy, in technological and structural policy towards agriculture, in the system of economy's functioning and in the quality of life. Finally, some comments are given on the shape of a long-term strategy for Poland's economic development.
The Debate within NATO and the 'China Card'
Authors: Nass Matthias , Oldag Andreas 
Published: March 2007

In recent years the 'traditional' alliance system of the post World War II period has undergone rapid change. Both superpowers, the U.S. and the Soviet Union, which have dominated the East-West conflict, and similarly the organization of intra-alliance relationships in the Eastern and Western bloc, are today confronted with relatively strong 'second' powers. The superpower conflict U.S.-USSR is complemented by ascending hegemonic conflicts U.S.-Western Europe and USSR-China. The Soviet-Chinese schism started already in the late 1950's. In the early eighties the Western Alliance is strained by severe con flicts, perhaps demonstrating a political process which started much earlier in the Eastern bloc. There are not only different perceptions of the Soviet threat but also different approaches to security policy between Western Europeans and Americans. The 'diversion of power' within the Western and Eastern bloc has initiated a political process in which the 'second' powers like Western Europe or China are trying to define their own security interests. The article tries to examine the current political situation in NATO and possible forms of cooperation between Western Europe and China.
Arab Nationalism and Palestine
Authors: Joffé E.G.H. 
Published: March 2007

Despite the fact that the Arab-Israeli conflict is the critical issue in the Arab World, there is a striking lack of sympathy with the specific demands of the Palestinians, both amongst Arab regimes and the Muslim populations in the area. National consciousness has few indigenous roots in the Middle East because of the assumptions of universality within Islam. When it did arise, it was a specific response to European technological dominance and political aggressiveness and to the newly-awakened ethnic con sciousness of the late Ottoman empire. Moreover, it did not express itself as nationalism in the European sense. Instead it turned to the ready-made vehicle of Arabic to define a much wider entity — the Arab Nation. The strong Muslim component involved in this ultimately made the concept acceptable to Arab population at large. Three different and at times conflicting concepts — Muslim, Arabic and secular identity — confronted European colonialism and Zionism until 1948. These concepts altered only when the Palestinians began to create an effective national community after 1967, leading to an ideological contradiction within the Arab World that explains the ambivalence shown towards the Palestinian issue today. Arabism has been shown to be vacuous and divisive, whereas nation-states, with their claims to secular ethnic nationalism, have led to Camp David in the case of Egypt, and the Iran-Iraq War elsewhere. The only remaining source of ideological relevance for the Muslim World is a return to pure Islamic social organization, and this rejects all question of secular nationalism. In short, although the issue of Israel as an alien intrusion within the Muslim World is relevant, the issue of Palestinian nationalism is not.
Peace and Development Contradictions and Compatibilities
Authors: Hettne Bjørn 
Published: March 2007

A 'positive' (analytical-descriptive) approach to the study of the peace-development relationship is con trasted to a value-oriented (normative) one. It is argued that both approaches are fruitful and that much can be gained from reconciling the two rather than making a too strong distinction between them. This facilitates a problem-oriented and solution-oriented research. Three elements are identified as necesssary in problem-oriented research: the analysis of the problem, the exploration of alternatives, and the identification of social carriers of alternative development. Pre liminary analysis indicates that 'mainstream' models of development (i.e. growth and modernization models) create internal and external conflicts that breed and feed the arms race. Consequently, the basic argument is that the proposed causal link between disarmament and development — the former creating the latter — should be reversed: Rather than to conceive of disarmament as a condition for development, one would argue that development — that is development of another kind — is a condition for disarmament. The main carriers of another development in present-day industrial countries — carriers, that is, of 'counterpoint' ideas and values — are the 'post-materialist' movements such as the environmental, women's liberation, peace, and ethnic and linguistic movements. In the Third World, there are other, but corresponding, forces which favour another development.
Simulation = $uccess
Authors: Clarke Fred R. 
Published: March 2007

Our Senior Managers were dead serious. The project schedule was backed against the start of summer brewing. Molson Breweries in Barrie, Ontario, Canada replaced an obsolete control system and instrumentation wiring with a state of the art PLC/ DMAC's control system. The project team faced the normal constraint of a fixed budget; the challenge was that wiring conversion and start-up had to completed within four weeks. This paper details one of the factors, simulation, contributing to this project's overwhelming success; some of the others included an integrated project team, an innovative schedule and the use of an integrated set of real-time dynamic modelling tools, and their subsequent use in exercising and testing the DMACS operator interface, P.L.C. logic, new operating procedures and extensive operator and technician training. Conversion took three weeks and the Brewhouse achieved full production in its first week of operation.
Neural-Network Control of a Free-Flying Space Robot
Authors: Wilson Edward , Rock Stephen M. 
Published: March 2007

Two recent developments in neural- network control are presented. First, a "Fully-Connected Architecture" (FCA) is developed for use with backpropagation (BP). This FCA has functionality beyond that of a layered network, and these capabilities are shown to be particularly beneficial for control tasks. A complexity control method is applied successfully to manage the extra connections provided, and prevent over-fitting. Second, a technique that extends BP learning to discrete-valued functions (DVFs) is presented. This algorithm is applicable whenever a gradient-based optimization is used for systems with DVFs. The modification to BP is very small, simply requiring replacement of the DVFs with continuous approximations and injection of noise on the forward sweep. The viability of both of these neural- network developments is demonstrated by applying them to a thruster-mapping problem characteristic of space robots. Real-world applicability is shown via an experimental demonstration on a 2-D laboratory model of a free-flying space robot.
Optimal Capacity of GI/G/1/K Queues Under Different Operational Policies Using Simulation
Authors: Shahkar G.H. , Tareghian H.R. 
Published: March 2007

In this paper we determine and compare the optimal capacity (K) of a GI/G/1/K queuing system under social and individual optimization. It is shown by simulation that irrespective of the traffic intensity, p, and arrival and service time distributions, the K obtained from social optimization of the system is always equal to or less than the K obtained from its individual optimization.
Le rôle des groupes de reference dans l'intégration des attitudes religieuses
Authors: Carrier Hervé 
Published: March 2007

A clear trend which marked the sociology of religion during the last few years has been its effort to push on its studies beyond sociography to the domain of social psychology. In this paper the Author takes social integration in the small group as the starting point for a discussion on how far attitudes of the spirit are influenced by the groups themselves. These attitudes are defined as the structurization of personal dynamism which positively or negatively orient behaviour in the face of a psycho-social object. Their two springs arc individual psychology and the social milieu. Attitudes are influenced by the groups to which the individual persons belong. The first achievement of sociology was to free itself from simplicist determin ism. The second one consisted in an effort to examine the influence of the family, union, party and other groups to which people belonged. The third step was an examination of the reference groups, that is, the groups to which people did not necessarely belong but to which they ware psychologically linked. These two ideas can be applied to the sociology of religion. The Author applies them to the religious sentiment of young people (attached or otherwise to the Church groups), to the attitudes of the modal Catholic (i.e. in relation to the parochial group) and to the institutional points of reference of religious conversion (i.e. between the Church and the convert).
The meaning of money in an Anglican diocese of East Africa: Masasi
Authors: Barrett D.B. 
Published: March 2007

L'introduction du mode d'administration ecclésiastique du christianisme occidental, basé sur une économie monétaire, a déséquilibré un certain nombre d'économies de subsistance dans l'Afrique rurale, car on y a copié ce modèle sans le transformer. Cela met les Eglises rurales dans des difficultés très sérieuses et provoque des conflits, en particulier entre les ministres et les communautés. Lorsque le modèle occidental de support financier est introduit, le résul tat est généralement négatif et la réaction du clergé se base sur un jugement moral. Au contraire, les Eglises indépendantes africaines, qui se multiplient, adoptent un modèle africain et n'ont aucune difficulté à résoudre ce problème. Le diocèse de Masasi en Tanzanie est très pauvre. Il tente une expérience basée sur l'approche africaine vis-à-vis de l'argent. L'enquête a porté sur des chefs de famille chrétiens de 347 villages. Dans cet article, l'auteur décrit d'abord le diocèse, les villages enquêtés et les caractéristi ques des familles interviewées: sociales, économiques, religieuses. L'en quête établit quelle est la contribution de ces families à l'Eglise. Sur cette base elle étudie l'attitude face à l'argent en général et celle envers les finances de l'Eglise en particulier. En conclusion, l'enquête montre que ce n'est pas par manque de discipline ecclésiastique que les fidèles ne contribuent pas plus à leur Eglise, mais bien parce que les solidarités familiales ont une force supérieure aux obligations ecclésiales. Les premières s'expriment concrètement et les secondes paraîssent abstraites. C'est seulement en les rendant concrètes aussi qu'une solution pourra être trouvée.
Croyances religieuses en milieu urbain : Ouagadougou
Authors: Deniel R. 
Published: March 2007

The author gives the provisional results of a survey carried out in Ouagadougou, the capital of Upper Volta. Using the degree of religious culture as the basic variable, it can be seen that the attitude of the young people differs considerably from that of the adults. The adults appear more concerned about death and a future life, while the characteristic note of the young people is that of a certain rebellion against religious precepts of Christianity and Mohammedanism. The adults' socio-economic values are centred on children and security; the young people, on the other hand, seem more interested in their profession and their personal development. There is little connection between these notions and religion as a whole. However, religion gives the adults a certain feeling of security. For the young people it often tends to be a moral frame or a help for some immediate problem (examinations), which very often leads them to a radical questioning of all belief. The role of religion in development is seen, above all, as a contribution to the fields of literacy and health, as well as being a means of social cohesion among its adherents. Because the majority of the 'elite' are Christians, one must not overlook the unfavorable situation of the ani mists and the Moslems. The author concludes with a warning against a possible oversimplification with regard to the role of religion in devel opment.
Recherches sur le prêtre: Problèmes méthodologiques
Authors: Verscheure J. 
Published: March 2007

Since the end of 1965 the Regional Center of Socio-Religious Studies devoted the major part of its activity to research on the priest. Several opinion polls have been done permitting the interrogation of about 7.500 persons in order to reveal the existing image of the priest. Three surveys have been conducted in the three dioceses of Lille, Cam brai and Arras, utilizing representative samples of the adult population. Other surveys have been conducted in particular groups: working youth and students, militant adults of specialized Catholic Action, seminarians. The article does not seek to summarize the results which have been published elsewhere, but to evoke the principal methodological problems with which the Center has been confronted. It emphasizes in particular the method by which the topics of each survey have been selected, the evolution o f the various hypotheses, the difficulties of sampling and of interviewing, the technical problems of the questionnaires and of pro cessing as also the problems of publication and the popularization of the results. These problems concerning all research have sometimes been better resolved in the course of these 4 year surveys, but it is particularly dif ficult to gauge what eventual distortions will be obtained in the results by concentrating, as was the case, the questionnaires on exclusively re ligious topics.
Relation of Color Perception to Chemical Structure: A Critical Bibliography
Authors: Godlove I.H. 
Published: March 2007

Certain specialized bibliographies have appeared in previous issues of TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL.† These were prepared in accordance with a pattern estab lished by the JOURNAL and each is intended to serve as a reference list of books and other primary referencés in a restricted field of inquiry. In this paper we have departed somewhat from our established pattern because of the fact that, as Dr. Godlove explains in his introductory discussion, so few books or summary reports exist in this field. Much of the information is available only in the periodical literature. It is believed that this critical bibliography represents a distinct service to our readers and will be of great help to anyone who wishes to pursue the subject thor oughly.
The Effect of Short Fibers in a Cotton on its Processing Efficiency and Product Quality
Authors: Tallant John D. , Fiori Louis A. , Landstreet Charles B. 
Published: March 2007

The conclusions reached by means of miniature spinning techniques with very small samples of cotton were similar to those obtained in Part I : changes in short fiber con tent do not affect the twist required for maximum strength hut do lower strength some what more than 1% for each 1% increase in short fiber content. These samples covered an exceptionally wide range of short fiber contents, from less than 1% to almost 20% by weight of fibers 3 in. and shorter. The very low short fiber content cottons were produced hy careful hand ginning techniques while the re mainder were obtained by differential ginning techniques.
The Heat Treatment of Orlon Acrylic Fiber to Render it Fireproof
Authors: Vosburgh W.G. 
Published: March 2007

A Method for preparing a black, fireproof textile fiber candidate (called Fiber AF) from Orlon1is described. Fiber AF is prepared by heat treating fibers or fabrics of Orlon, preferably the latter, in air at temperatures in excess of 160° C. The logarithm of the reaction time is inversely proportional to the heating temperature. The important variables found in the process were heating time and temperature, fabric construction, and heating atmosphere.Fiber AF is fireproof and has an unusually high resistance to destruction upon short- time thermal irradiation. Fiber AF can resist thermal irradiation over 100-fold higher than ordinary clothing fabrics. Upon continued exposure to high temperatures, Fiber AF gradually loses its tensile properties. At 900° C., it is completely consumed in 3 hr. While Fiber AF has fair tensile properties, its transverse properties are poor, excluding its possible utility in various types of fireproof garments where good abrasion resistance is required.
Power Consumption of a Terg-O-Tometer
Authors: Tuzson John , Short Brant A. 
Published: March 2007

One of the most convenient means of running small-scale tests on washing or rinsing equipment is through the use of a commercially available test fixture called a Terg-O- Tometer. Unfortunately, however, this test fixture does not provide for measurement of the net power transmitted to the liquid bath. Since information on power input is vital to the proper evaluation of a cleaning process, a means was devised to directly measure this power input.The power input, characterized by the power number, was obtained for various Rey nolds number values, where the Reynolds number was used as a measure of the speed and stroke angle variations. Information on power input versus water level variation and varying cloth load quantities was also obtained. In general, net power input in creases with increasing water bath volume and increasing cloth-to-water ratio.
Measurement of Fabric Aesthetics
Authors: Brand R.H. 
Published: March 2007

Effective research on the aesthetic characteristies of fabries is difficult because ex plicit definitions are lacking in this field. The most reliable tool is subjective evalua tion: therefore, words ( loft, clammy, hard, etc.) become important research tools. Special meanings of these words become clear if they are logically arranged according to textile frames of reference. Fabric aesthetic character is defined as a relationship among a minimum of six concepts: STYIE, BODY, COVER, SURFACE TEXIURF, DRAPE, and RESILIENCEE. These con cepts can be described by how they are subjectively perceived, by possible subconcepts (e.g., COVFR can be partitioned into BOTTOM and TOP COVFR). by objective tests when available, and by common word pairs used to communicate their values (e.g., thick-thin, rough-smooth, etc.). To illustrate application of principles, subjective scales, identified by common words, were used for analyzing the COVFR concept in commercial, men's suiting fabries. These were then mathematically related to the aesthetic concept of COVER for specific fabrics.