bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development of Industrial Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Dingerdissen Uwe , Martin Andreas , Herein Daniel , Wernicke Hans Jürgen 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Raw Materials Situation

Inorganic Base Chemicals

Petroleum Refining

Coal and Natural Gas Processing

The Base Chemicals

Olefins and Aromatics

Alcohols, Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones

Alcohols

Methanol

Ethanol

2‐Propanol

Ethers

Aldehydes

Acids, Esters, Anhydrides, and Epoxides

Acids, Esters, Anhydrides

Acetic Acid

Epoxides

Halogenated Chemicals

The Fine Chemicals

Catalytic Hydrogenation

Hydrogenation of Carbon–Carbon Multiple Bonds

Hydrogenation of Carbon–Oxygen and Carbon–Nitrogen Multiple Bonds

Reductive Amination

Nitrile Hydrogenation

Hydrogenation of Nitro Groups

Catalysis on Solid Acids and Bases

Aromatic Substitution (Friedel–Crafts Alkylation and Acylation)

Amination

Rearrangement, Isomerization

Oxidation Catalysis

Oxidation of Alcohols and Aldehydes

Epoxidation and Aromatic Ring Hydroxylation

Environmental Catalysis

Cleaning of Automobile Emissions

Removal of Harmful Emissions from Stationary Sources

Wastewater Treatment

Fuel Cell Catalysis

Photocatalytic Applications
Skeletal Metal Catalysts
Authors: Smith Andrew James , Wainwright Mark Sebastian 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

General Aspects

Alloy Preparation

Activation Using Alkali Leaching

Storage and Handling

Advantages of Skeletal Metal Catalysts

Skeletal Nickel Catalysts

Alloy Preparation of Skeletal Nickel Catalysts

Properties of Skeletal Nickel Catalysts

Uses of Skeletal Nickel Catalysts

The Promotion of Skeletal Nickel Catalysts

Skeletal Copper Catalysts

Alloy Preparation of Skeletal Copper Catalysts

Properties of Skeletal Copper Catalysts

Uses of Skeletal Copper Catalysts

Promotion of Skeletal Copper Catalysts

Skeletal Cobalt Catalysts

Other Skeletal Metal Catalysts
Precipitation and Coprecipitation
Authors: Schüth Ferdi , Hesse Michael , Unger Klaus K. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

General Principles Governing Precipitation from Solutions

Physico‐Chemical Considerations

Chemical Considerations

Process Considerations

Influencing the Properties of the Final Product

Influence of Raw Materials

Influence of Concentration and Composition

Solvent Effects

Influence of Temperature

Influence of
p
H

Influence of Aging

Influence of Additives

Prototypical Examples of Precipitated Catalysts and Supports

Silica as Support Material

Active Aluminas

Ni
/Al
2
O
3
Catalysts by Coprecipitation

V
/
P
/
O
Catalysts for Butane Oxidation to Maleic Anhydride

Conclusions
Hydrothermal Zeolite Synthesis
Authors: Kirschhock Christine E. A. , Feijen Eddy J. P. , Jacobs Pierre A. , Martens Johan A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Zeolitization in General

Key Steps in Zeolite Synthesis

Key Parameters Governing Zeolitization

A
Molar Composition

B
Mineralizing Agent

C
Temperature and Time

Precursor Species

Templates

A
Charged Molecules

B
Neutral Molecules

C
Ion Pairs

Rationalization of Crystallization Conditions for Zeolites
A
,
X
,
Y
, and
EMC
‐2

Zeolite Growth Models

A
The Nucleation and Growth Process

a
Achievement of Supersaturation

b
Nucleation

c
Crystal Growth

d
Seeding

B
The Aggregation Model

Synthesis of Industrial Zeolites

Industrial Zeolites Crystallized from the Na
2
O‐Al
2
O
3
‐SiO
2
‐H
2
O System: Zeolites
A
,
X
,
Y
, Mordenite, and
ZSM
‐5

Industrial Zeolite Crystallization in the Presence of Organic Compounds

Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgments
Ordered Mesoporous Materials
Authors: Kleitz Freddy 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionOrdered Mesoporous Molecular Sieves:MCM‐41Synthesis of Ordered Mesoporous MaterialsSynthesis Strategies for Mesostructure FormationInorganic Polymerization and Self‐Assembly with SurfactantsA Inorganic Polymerization (the Case of Silica)B Template‐Assisted SynthesisC Surfactant PackingD Formation of the MesostructureE True Liquid Crystal TemplatingF Evaporation‐Induced Self‐AssemblySynthesis Pathways and Structural DiversityA Silica Polymorphs from the Alkaline Route (S+I−)B Silica Polymorphs from the Acidic Route (S+X−I+)C Anionic Surfactant‐Templated Mesoporous Silicas: AMS‐nMaterialsD Non‐Ionic Routes (Hydrogen‐Bonding InteractionsS0I0,N0I0or (N0H+) (X−I+)Pore Size Tailoring and Structure EngineeringA Surfactant Chain LengthB Time and TemperatureC Effects of Electrolytes and pH AdjustmentD Organic AdditivesE Stability and ZeolitizationRemoval of the TemplateA CalcinationB Solvent Extraction and Acid TreatmentsFunctionalization of Ordered Mesoporous MaterialsFunctionalization StrategiesSurface PropertiesSurface FunctionalizationFramework FunctionalizationNon‐Siliceous Mesostructured and Mesoporous MaterialsTransition Metal OxidesAluminaOther Non‐Siliceous CompositionsHard Templating (Nanocasting)Morphology ControlConcluding Remarks
Pillared Clays
Authors: Poncelet Georges , Fripiat José J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionHistorical OverviewWhich Clays or Smectites can be Pillared?Al‐Pillared Vermiculites and Phlogopite MicasReviewsPillaring MechanismsBasic Pillaring Mechanism: Exchange PrecipitationNew Pillaring Mechanism: TemplatePillarsHomo‐Atomic PillarsAHydroxyaluminum PolymerBGallium and Mixed Gallium Aluminum HydroxypolymersCZirconia HydroxypolymersDTitania PillarsESilica and Silicate PillarsFTransition Metal Oxide PillarsHeteroatomic PillarsMixedAlFePillarsMiscellaneousPillared ClaysPreliminary RemarksMain Physical CharacteristicsChemical PropertiesChemical Modifications or Functionalization of the Pillaring SpeciesCatalytic PropertiesA Brief Summary of Previous StudiesAn Overview of Catalytic Reactions Investigated during the Past DecadeConclusionsAcknowledgments
Chemistry and Applications of Porous Metal–Organic Frameworks
Authors: Müller Ulrich , Schubert Markus M. , Yaghi Omar M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionTerminology and StructureSynthesisCharacterizationEmerging ApplicationsAdsorption PropertiesDiffusional PropertiesGas PurificationGas SeparationGas StorageCatalysisConclusions
Catalysis by Ion‐Exchange Resins
Authors: Gates Bruce C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Classes of Ion‐Exchange Resin Catalysts: The Importance of Porosity

Examples of Industrial Catalysis by Ion‐Exchange Resins

Synthesis of Ion‐Exchange Resins

Structure, Influence of Water, and Acidity in Ion‐Exchange Resins

Accessibility, Swelling, and Mass Transfer Effects

Mechanisms of Reactions Catalyzed by Sulfonic Acid Resins

Kinetics of Reactions Catalyzed by Ion‐Exchange Resins

Deactivation and Stability of Ion‐Exchange Resin Catalysts

Modified and Metal‐Containing Ion‐Exchange Resin Catalysts

Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Catalysts akin to Ion‐Exchange Resins

Summary and Outlook

Acknowledgments
Transition Metal Carbides, Nitrides, and Phosphides
Authors: Oyama S. Ted 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

General Properties

Structure

Binary Compounds of
C
and
N

Binary Compounds of Phosphorus

Preparation

The Reactions of Metals or Metal Compounds with Gas‐Phase Reagents

Decomposition of Metal Halide Vapors

Decomposition of Metal Compounds

Temperature‐Programmed Methods

Utilization of High‐Surface‐Area Supports

Reaction Between Metal Oxide Vapor and Solid Carbon

Liquid‐Phase Methods

Amorphous Materials

Catalytic Properties

Acid and Base Catalysis

Ammonia Synthesis and Decomposition

Aromatization

Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation

Hydrotreating

Isomerization and Hydroisomerization (Reforming)

Methanation and
F
ischer–
T
ropsch

Oxidation

Reforming (Steam, Dry, and Autothermal)

Water‐Gas Shift and Reverse Water‐Gas Shift

Perspective
Solid‐State Ion Exchange in Zeolites
Authors: Karge Hellmut G. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionComparison of Conventional and Solid‐State Ion ExchangeExperimental Procedure for Solid‐State Ion Exchange in ZeolitesMethods of Monitoring Solid‐State Ion ExchangeInfrared SpectroscopyESRSpectroscopyMössbauer SpectroscopySolid‐StateNMRSpectroscopyX‐Ray DiffractionExtendedX‐Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) andX‐Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES)Temperature‐Programmed Evolution (TPE) of Volatile GasesThermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)Systems Investigated for Solid‐State Ion Exchange in ZeolitesSolid‐State Ion Exchange with Salts of Alkaline MetalsSolid‐State Ion Exchange with Salts of Alkaline Earth MetalsSolid‐State Ion Exchange with Salts of LanthanumSolid‐State Ion Exchange with Salts of CopperSolid‐State Ion Exchange with Salts of IronSolid‐State Ion Exchange with Salts of ManganeseSolid‐State Ion Exchange with Salts of Noble MetalsMiscellaneousSome Considerations on Thermodynamic and Kinetic Aspects ofSSIEEffect of Temperature and Salt Concentration in Salt/Zeolite MixturesThe Role of Water in Solid‐State Ion ExchangeKinetics of Solid‐State Ion ExchangeA Possible Mechanism of Solid‐State Ion ExchangeModified Solid‐State Ion Exchange and Related ProcessesContact‐Induced Ion ExchangeIncipient Wetness Technique of ImpregnationGas‐Phase‐Mediated Processes Related to Solid‐State Ion ExchangeOxidative and Reductive Solid‐State Ion ExchangeA Tabulated Survey of the Systems Studied inSSIEand Related ProcessesConcluding Remarks
Spreading and Wetting
Authors: Knözinger Helmut , Taglauer Edmund 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionTheoretical ConsiderationsThermodynamics of Wetting and SpreadingQualitative Discussion of the Dynamics of Interfacial ProcessesSupported Metal CatalystsSintering and RedispersionStrong Metal Support Interactions (SMSI)Bimetallic CatalystsSupported Oxide CatalystsMolybdenum‐Based CatalystsVanadium‐Based CatalystsTungsten‐Based CatalystsZeolites as SupportsSolid‐State Ion Exchange of Zeolites
Zeolite‐Entrapped Metal Complexes
Authors: Ernst Stefan 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Synthesis of Zeolite‐Entrapped Metal Complexes

Flexible‐Ligand Method

Ship‐in‐the‐Bottle Method

Zeolite Synthesis Method

Characterization

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Electron Excitation by Ultraviolet/Visible Light

X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Infrared Spectroscopy

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

R
aman Spectroscopy

Stability Analysis

Oxygen Adsorption

Cyclovoltammetry

Catalysis by Zeolite‐Entrapped Transition Metal Complexes

Selective Oxidations on Zeolite‐Encaged Transition Metal Complexes

Selective Hydrogenations on Zeolite‐Encaged Transition Metal Complexes

Catalysis by Zeolite‐Encapsulated Chiral Complexes

Miscellaneous Reactions

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Immobilization of Biological Catalysts
Authors: Ansorge‐Schumacher Marion B. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionImmobilization by AttachmentCarrier‐Less CrosslinkingAdsorption onto a CarrierCovalent Binding to a CarrierImmobilization by EntrapmentEntrapment in a MatrixEntrapment in MembranesConclusion
Reactions During Catalyst Activation
Authors: Delmon Bernard 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Particular Features of Chemical Reactions of Supported Solids

Characteristics of Reactions of Solids: Possible Consequences in the Kinetics of Activation

Interface‐Controlled (
IC
) Reactions

Interaction Between Supported Phases and Supports

Case 1: Very Weak Forces

Case 2: Electronic Interaction

Cases 3 to 7: Attachment Through a Transition Layer

Case 8: Grafted Precursors

Intermediate Cases

Activation of Supported Catalysts by Calcination

Activation of Supported Catalysts by Reduction

General: Effect of Precursor Dispersion

Overall Effects: Influence of Calcination Temperature in Precursor Preparation

Role of Precursors

Influence of the Amount of Deposited Precursor Loaded on the Support

Effect of the Formation of Compounds between the Precursor and the Support

Nature of the Support

Effect of Modifiers (Promotors)

Influence of the Activation Conditions

Final Remarks

Reduction–Sulfidation

Fundamental Data

Influence of the Sequence of Steps in Reduction‐Sulfidation

Influence of the Activation Temperature

Influence of the Sulfiding Molecule

Other Results

Outlook

Activation of Other Catalysts

Conventional Activation and the Real State of Catalysts during Catalysis

Conclusions
Zeolite Standard Catalysts and Related Activities of the International Zeolite Association
Authors: Stöcker Michael , Weitkamp Jens 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Atlas of Zeolite Framework Types

Verified Syntheses of Zeolitic Materials

Preparation of the Standard Large‐Pore, Acidic Zeolite Catalyst
La
,
Na
‐
Y

Apparatus and Procedure for Catalyst Testing

Comparison of the Results Achieved in Five Different Laboratories

Conclusions
Surface Area and Porosity
Authors: Neimark Alexander V. , Sing Kenneth S. W. , Thommes Matthias 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionPhysisorption of GasesDetermination of Surface AreaATheBETMethodBThe Standard Isotherm ConceptAssessment of PorosityACapillary Condensation and the Kelvin EquationBAdsorption HysteresisCMicroporosityDMicropore Analysis: Dubinin's Theory of Micropore FillingEMicropore Analysis: Empirical MethodsFOther Methods for Micropore Pore Size AnalysisGApplication of Density Functional TheoryAdsorption at the Liquid–Solid InterfaceAdsorption from SolutionHeat of ImmersionMercury PorosimetryGeneral Conclusions
Particle Size and Dispersion Measurements
Authors: Bergeret Gérard , Gallezot Pierre 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areDefinitions and GeneralitiesParticlesParticle SizeNuclearity of ParticlesDispersionRelationships Between Particle Size, Surface Area and DispersionMethods of Particle Size MeasurementParticle Size Measurements by Gas ChemisorptionIntroduction and PrinciplesGas Adsorption–Desorption MethodsAStatic MethodsBDynamic MethodsCDesorption MethodsChoice of Adsorbate GasesHydrogen Chemisorption; HydrogenOxygen TitrationConclusion and RecommendationsX‐Ray Diffraction Line Broadening AnalysisIntroductionElementary Line Broadening Analysis: the Scherrer EquationComplete Line Profile Analysis: theWarren–Averbach MethodExamples of Application of ClassicalLBAto CatalystsWhole‐Powder Pattern Fitting Methods: the Rietveld RefinementLimits of Application of MethodsConclusionSmall‐AngleX‐Ray Scattering AnalysisIntroductionSpecific Surface Area Measurements:Porod's LawMean Size Parameters: Guinier RadiusCalculation of Size DistributionApplication ofSAXSto Metal Particle Size Determination in Supported CatalystsAnomalous Small‐AngleX‐Ray Scattering (ASAXS)ConclusionDetermination of Particle Size by Electron MicroscopyScopeFundamentals of Imaging and ContrastATransmission Electron MicroscopeBScanning Transmission Electron MicroscopeCScanning Electron MicroscopePreparation of Samples forTEMandSTEMExaminationParticle Size MeasurementSelected Examples of Particle Size DistributionSelected Examples of 3D Localization of Particles in Supports by Electron TomographyParticle Size Measurements by Magnetic Methods
Scanning Probe Techniques
Authors: Besenbacher Flemming , Lauritsen Jeppe Vang , Vang Ronnie T. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionScanning Probe TechniquesHigh‐ResolutionSTMStudiesDynamic ImagingHigh‐PressureSTMStudiesImaging of Oxide SurfacesCatalyst Design Based on Model System StudiesConclusionAcknowledgements
Mechanical Properties
Authors: Schmidt Friedrich 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

General Considerations

Causes of Mechanical Damage

Mechanical Resistance of Catalysts—Definitions

Determination of Crush Strength (Break Strength)

Crush Strength of Individual Grains

Bulk Crush Strength (Bed Crushing Strength) or Shell Test

Impact or Drop Test

Determination of Attrition Resistance

Grains or Powders

Attrition Resistance of Coated Monoliths

Adhesiveness of Coatings
Thermochemical Characterization
Authors: Cardona Martínez Nelson , Dumesic James A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionPrinciples of Temperature‐Programmed DesorptionApplications of Temperature‐Programmed DesorptionPrinciples of Adsorption MicrocalorimetryApplications of Adsorption MicrocalorimetryConclusions
Reporting Physisorption Data for Gas/Solid Systems
Authors: Sing Kenneth S. W. , Everett Douglas H. , Haul R. A. W. , Moscou L. , Pierotti Robert A. , Rouquerol Jean , Siemieniewska Teresa 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

General Definitions and Terminology

Methodology

Methods for the Determination of Adsorption Isotherms

Operational Definitions of Adsorption

Experimental Procedures

Outgassing the Adsorbent

Determination of the Adsorption Isotherm

Evaluation of Adsorption Data

Presentation of Primary Data

Classification of Adsorption Isotherms

Adsorption Hysteresis

Determination of Surface Area

Application of the
BET
Method

Empirical Procedures for Isotherm Analysis

Assessment of Mesoporosity

Properties of Porous Materials

Application of the
K
elvin Equation

Computation of Mesopore Size Distribution

Assessment of Microporosity

Terminology

Concept of Surface Area

Assessment of Micropore Volume

General Conclusions and Recommendations
Metallic Glasses
Authors: Baiker Alfons , Molnár Árpád 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Preparation

Chemical and Structural Properties

Metallic Glasses in Catalysis Research

Research into Metallic Glasses in As‐Quenched State

Metallic Glasses as Precursors to Catalytically Active Materials

Factors Influencing Chemical and Structural Properties of Catalytic Materials Derived from Metallic Glasses

Chemical Composition

Chemical and Structural Homogeneity

Thermal Stability and Crystallization Behavior

Oxidation Behavior

Dissolution of Gases

Segregation Phenomena

Case Studies

CO
Oxidation Catalysts Prepared from Metallic Glasses

Pd
/
ZrO
2
Catalysts from Amorphous
Pd

Zr
Alloys

Promoted
Au

Zr
Catalysts from Ternary
Au
‐Containing Glassy Alloys

Methanation over
Ni
Alloys

Dehydrogenation over
Cu

M
(
Ti
,
Zr
or
Hf
) Catalysts

Conclusions and Outlook
Oxide Solid Solutions
Authors: Cimino Alessandro , Stone Frank S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionPrinciples, Preparation, and CharacterizationPrinciplesPreparationCharacterizationBulk Composition and StructureSurface CompositionCatalysis in the Context of ActivityN2ODecomposition,COOxidation andH2D2EquilibrationCombustion of HydrocarbonsPerovskite CatalystsHexa‐Aluminate CatalystsCeria‐Containing CatalystsCatalysis in the Context of SelectivitySelective OxidationReactions Involving Dehydrogenation, Hydrogenation, and ReformingCatalysis in the Context of Surface Acidity and BasicityDehydration of Alcohols on Ionic Solid SolutionsAcid Catalysis by AluminophosphatesConclusions
Rates of Catalytic Reactions
Authors: Dumesic James A. , Huber George W. , Boudart Michel 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Turnover Rate/Turnover Frequency: Generalities

Comparison of Rate Data

Collection of Reaction Kinetics Data

Catalytic Cycles

Building Kinetic Models

Thermodynamic Consistency

Transition State Theory and Entropies of Surface Species

Formulation of Kinetic Models in Terms of Transition States

Degree of Rate Control/Rate‐Determining Step

Conditions for Catalyst Optimality
Dynamics of Surface Reactions
Authors: Ertl Gerhard 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Energy Exchange between Adsorbate and Solid

Limitations of Transition State Theory

Sticking

Collision‐Induced Surface Reactions

L
angmuir–
H
inshelwood versus
E
ley–
R
ideal Mechanisms

“Hot” Adparticles

Particles Coming off the Surface

Electronic Excitations Caused by Surface Reactions

Surface Reactions Initiated by Electronic Excitations
Non‐Linear Dynamics: Oscillatory Kinetics and Spatio‐Temporal Pattern Formation
Authors: Ertl Gerhard 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionFrom the Atomic to the Mesoscopic Scale: Spatio‐Temporal Self‐Organization in the Catalytic Oxidation of Hydrogen on aPt(111) SurfaceOverview of the Theoretical BackgroundCOOxidation onPt(110): A Case Study of a Uniform Isothermal SystemOxidation of Carbon Monoxide on Other SurfacesOther Isothermal Systems with Oscillatory KineticsThermokineticsComposite SurfacesMicroscopic Scale ProcessesControlling the Kinetics
Substituent Effects
Authors: Kraus Milos , Knözinger Helmut 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Substituent, Reaction Center, and Surface Reaction Complex

Mass and Specific Effects of Substituents

Mass Effect

Electronic Effects

Steric Effects

Quantitative Treatment of Substituent Effects

Empirical Correlations

Linear Free‐Energy Relationships

Reliability of Linear Correlations

Catalyst Characterization by the Slopes of
LFER

Substituent Effects as a Tool for Elucidation of Mechanisms

Cracking of Alkylbenzenes

Hydrogenation of Alkenes on Metals

Dehydration of Alcohols on Oxides

Hydrotreating Reactions

Prospects
Promoters and Poisons
Authors: Koel Bruce E. , Kim Johoo 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Modifiers in Catalysis

Structural Modifiers

Bonding Modifiers

Promoters and Poisons for Some Important Catalytic Reactions

Steam Reforming

A
Reactive Sites on
Ni
Catalysts

B
Alkali and Alkaline Earth Promoters for
Ni
Catalysts

C
Sulfur Poisoning of
Ni
Catalysts

Water‐Gas Shift Reaction

A
Iron‐Based Catalysts: High‐Temperature Shift Catalysts

a
Structural Modifiers in Iron‐Based Catalysts

b
Metal and Metal Oxides as Promoters for Catalytic Activity

B
Copper‐Based Catalysts: Low‐Temperature Shift Catalysts

a
Structural Modifiers

b
Cesium Modifiers

c
Sulfur Poisoning

Methanation

A
Active Phase and Structural Modifiers

B
Electropositive Modifiers

C
Electronegative Modifiers

F
ischer–
T
ropsch Synthesis

A
Fe
‐Based Catalysts

a
Active Phase and Structural Modifiers

b
Metal Modifiers

c
Sulfur Modification

B
Co‐Based Catalysts

a
Electropositive Modifiers

b
Electronegative Modifiers

Ammonia Synthesis

A
Summary of Iron Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts

B
Ruthenium Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis

a
Active Phase and Structural Modifiers

b
Metal Modifiers

c
Poisoning Modifiers

Case Studies of the Fundamental Basis of Modifier Action in Catalysis

Ca promotion in
Pd
/
Si
O
2
Catalysts for Methanol Synthesis

Direct Formation of Hydrogen Peroxide

A
Pd
Catalysts for Direct
H
2
O
2
Synthesis

B
Promotion Effects of Halide Anions

Methane Reforming on
Au

Ni
Catalysts

A
Recent Studies on
Ni
Catalysts for Methane Reforming

B
Methane Reforming on
Au
‐Modified
Ni
Catalysts

Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Alkanes

A
Effects of Supports, Loading, and Preparation

B
Effect of Alkali Metal Additives on Vanadia Catalysts

Summary