bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of the 1B isoforms of divalent metal transporter (DMT1) is regulated by interaction of NF‐Y with a CCAAT‐box element near the transcription start site
Authors: Paradkar Prasad N. , Roth Jerome A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe 1B isoforms of the divalent metal transporter (DMT1) have recently been shown to be regulated transcriptionally via NF‐κB but whether other regulatory elements are present on this promoter, however, have not been determined. Accordingly, studies were performed to delineate a minimal promoter region responsible for basal expression of these isoforms of DMT1. Promoter analysis has established that the 1B promoter is a TATA‐less promoter containing a common CCAAT‐box element conserved in mouse, rat, and human. Using luciferase reporter assays, it was found that mutation of this sequence leads to more than 95% reduction in the basal activity in mouse P19 cells. Using EMSA and ChIP assay, it was confirmed that NF‐YA protein subunit can bind specifically to this site. Transfecting these cells with a dominant negative (DN) form of NF‐YA leads to ∼60% decrease in luciferase activity and ∼65% decrease in 1B form of mRNA. To determine the location of the CCAAT‐box in relation to the transcription start site, 5′ RACE was performed. Results of these studies reveal that the CCAAT‐box resides at position −6 to −2 upstream from the transcriptional start site. These data demonstrate that binding of NF‐Y to this CCAAT‐box domain is responsible for the basal regulation of 1B isoforms of DMT1 mRNA. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 183–188, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
3D analysis of SEM images of corrosion casting using adaptive stereo matching
Authors: Manelli A. , Sangiorgi S. , Binaghi E. , Raspanti M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe corrosion casting method represents one of the most widely used technique to study the 3D microvascularization of many tissues, both in their normal and pathological conditions. For a long time this technique was used only to perform a qualitative evaluation of the images obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A quantitative evaluation of vascular parameters (e.g., interbranching and intervascular distances, angle measurements, lengths and diameters) was lacking, mainly because of the difficulties found in the measurement performed on 2D SEM images. Then, some authors reported a quantitative method based on the analyses of stereo‐pair images that allowed precise morphometric measurements. To visualize the specimens in 3D, it was necessary to use red–green glasses. In this article we describe a new approach by which we can automatically obtain a 3D reconstruction of vascular cast specimen's surface directly from stereo‐images. Moreover, we developed a software that performed micrometric measurements on the 3D construct generated from the stereo‐pictures. In conclusion, implementing together these two softwares and applying them to corrosion casting samples made it possible to render in 3D the surface of corrosion cast as well as make quantitative measurementson the corrosion casts. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of injection volume change on gas chromatographic sensitivity determined with two contrasting calibration approaches for volatile organic compounds
Authors: Kim Ki‐Hyun , Nguyen Hang Thi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this study, the effects of injection volume change on gas chromatographic detection properties have been evaluated using gas‐phase standards containing three aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOC): benzene, toluene, and xylene (commonly called BTX). To examine such effects on GC sensitivity, a series of calibration data sets were obtained using standards of three concentration values (3, 6, and 10 ppm) at each of five selected injection volumes (20 to 1000 μL). The results were initially examined in terms of the fixed standard volume (FSV) approach to allow the direct comparison of calibration patterns between different injection volumes. Identical data sets were then re‐organized so that the calibration data could also be compared across variable injection volumes for a given standard concentration (at all three concentrations), i. e. by the fixed standard concentration (FSC) approach. The results of our comparative analysis between the FSV and the FSC approaches indicate that the calibration patterns of VOC are highly sensitive to changes in injection volume or injection‐related conditions. It is thus suggested that the former approach is more reasonable for reducing uncertainties associated with the GC‐based quantification of atmospheric pollutants.
Direct Synthesis of Pyridyl Disulfide‐Terminated Polymers by RAFT Polymerization
Authors: Liu Jingquan , Bulmus Volga , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher , Stenzel Martina H. , Davis Thomas P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA trithiocarbonate RAFT agent was modified with a pyridyl disulfide group and used in the direct synthesis of endgroup pyridyl disulfide‐functionalized homo‐ and amphiphilic block copolymers of oligo(ethyleneglycol) acrylate (PEG‐A) and butyl acrylate (BA). Both the homo‐ and copolymerizations were found to be well controlled via the RAFT mechanism. The NMR analysis indicated that both the homopolymers of PEG‐A and the amphiphilic diblock copolymers of PEG‐A and BA possessed pyridyl disulfide terminal groups. A UV‐Vis absorption test revealed that the pyridyl disulfide endgroup of the polymer could be efficiently used to couple thiol‐bearing molecules to the polymer without the need for any post‐polymerization modification. This communication presents the first efficient direct synthesis of thiol‐reactive endgroup‐functionalized well‐defined polymers via the RAFT technique.magnified image
Enhancement of Electrochromic Contrast by Tethering Conjugated Polymer Chains onto Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Nanocages
Authors: Xiong Shanxin , Xiao Yang , Ma Jan , Zhang Liying , Lu Xuehong 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCopolymerization of aniline with octa(aminophenyl) silsesquioxane (OAPS) was performed, which resulted in polyaniline‐tethered, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS‐PANI), with star‐like molecular geometry. The spectro‐electrochemical studies show that the electrochromic contrast of POSS‐PANI is much higher than that of polyaniline (PANI). The great improvement can be attributed to the more accessible doping sites and the facile ion movement during the redox switching, brought by the loose packing of the PANI chains. This was evidenced by a drastic increase in ionic conductivity, a decrease in the electrical conductivity, and a decrease in the crystallinity and crystal size, with the increase of the OAPS concentration in the POSS‐PANI.magnified image
Determination of the genetic status of cleavage‐stage human embryos by microsatellite marker analysis following multiple displacement amplification
Authors: Renwick Pamela J. , Lewis Cathryn M. , Abbs Stephen , Ogilvie Caroline Mackie 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo analyse genotype information from cleavage‐stage human embryos and assess the chromosomal status and feasibility of performing aneuploidy screening by microsatellite analysis.MethodsDNA from 49 blastomeres from eight cleavage‐stage human embryos was amplified using multiple displacement amplification, then tested for panels of 64 polymorphic microsatellite markers on seven different chromosomes, and for two non‐polymorphic sequences on the X and Y chromosomes.ResultsThere was an overall allele drop out (ADO) rate of 28%. Novel alleles in single cells were seen in 0.3% of amplifications, interpreted as either somatic microsatellite mutation events or ‘slippage’ of the MDA ϕ 29 polymerase. Three‐allele results for a single marker in a single cell were found in 0.07% of amplifications, interpreted as ‘slippage’ of the MDA ϕ 29 polymerase. One apparent segmental duplication was found. Only one embryo with no normal cells was found, probably arising from the chaotic cleavage division following a triploid conception. Six embryos were mosaic, of which four had only one abnormal cell.ConclusionsAbnormalities in human embryos may be present in only a single cell, leading to potentially false abnormal results at pre‐implantation genetic diagnosis. ADO associated with MDA reduces the efficacy of this approach for detection of aneuploidy. Statistical analysis showed that, for ADO of 28%, seven informative markers would be required to give 95% confidence of detecting trisomic embryos. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Normal and abnormal diameter pulse waveforms in the fetal inferior vena cava
Authors: Mori Akira , Uchida Noa , Inomo Akifumi , Ishiguro Yoko , Atsuko Togo , Mikio Mikami 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo study the diameter pulse waveforms (DPWs) recorded noninvasively from the fetal inferior vena cava (IVC) in human fetuses.MethodsWe studied 90 normal fetuses (20 to 40 weeks), ten fetuses with abnormalities of cardiac structure, and seven fetuses with arrhythmia. A paired ultrasonic phase‐locked echo tracking system was used to follow the movement of diametrically opposite points of the IVC.ResultsThe four component (A, X, V, Y) waves of the DPW were identified. In the normal group, there was an increase in the depth of X and Y nadirs. The abnormal group was divided into two subgroups. In 12 fetuses (five pulmonary stenosis, seven arrhythmia) there was a high pulsatile pattern with deep nadir from the A peak to X trough so that the pulsatility of the waveform appeared increased. The cause of the high pulsatility was due to a marked change of intraatrial pressure. In five fetuses with tricuspid regurgitation, this change was shallow and the pulsatility appeared reduced. Clinical outcome was significantly worse in the low pulsatile subgroup.ConclusionThe low pulsatility waveform may indicate depressed myocardial function. Measuring the DPW provides a simple method for obtaining important information about fetal cardiac performance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tailor‐made unsaturated poly(ester‐ amide) network that contains monomeric lactate sequences
Authors: Xiao Congming , He Yueying 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA novel unsaturated poly(ester‐amide) network (UPEAN) that contains isolated CC double bonds, monomeric lactate sequences, rigid benzyl side‐groups, amide groups and crosslinking points has been designed and synthesized. The structure of the intermediate and UPEAN was verified with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Pores in UPEAN generated in situ were examined with scanning electron microscopy. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis shows that UPEAN is amorphous and its glass transition temperature is around 34 °C. It is found that UPEAN exhibits thermosensitive shape‐recovery characteristics. The maximum percentage weight loss of UPEAN is 10 and 42% after immersing the samples in active sludge at ambient temperature for 146 days and in 0.1 mol L−1 phosphate‐buffer saline at 37 °C for 103 days, respectively, which suggests that UPEAN is degradable. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Airway hyperresponsiveness and acute chest syndrome in children with sickle cell anemia
Authors: Sylvester Karl P. , Patey Richard A. , Rafferty Gerrard F. , Rees David , Thein Swee Lay , Greenough Anne 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo determine the occurrence and magnitude of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in children with sickle cell anemia (SCA) who had or had not had acute chest syndrome (ACS) episodes. A subsidiary aim was to determine whether cold air and exercise challenge testing gave similar results in children with SCA. AHR would be greater in SCA children who had had an ACS episode compared to those who had not. Prospective observational study. Forty‐two SCA children (median age of 11.5 [range 6.1–16.8] years); 12 children had been previously hospitalized for an ACS episode. AHR was assessed by the change in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) to a cold air challenge and in a subset of the children to an exercise challenge. A positive result to either challenge was deemed to have occurred if the FEV1 fell by at least 10% from the pre‐challenge baseline. The magnitude of change in FEV1 following the cold air challenge was similar in children who had or had not had an ACS episode. Six children had a positive response to the cold air challenge (AHR); none had had an ACS hospitalization. Similar proportions of children responded to the cold air and exercise challenge and the magnitude of response to the two tests was similar. Some children, however, responded only to a cold air challenge and others only to an exercise challenge. SCA children who had had an ACS hospitalization episode compared to those who had not were not more likely to respond to a cold air challenge. Importantly, if AHR is to be correctly diagnosed, some SCA children will require to undergo both cold air and exercise challenge testing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:272–276. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunotherapy of patients with hormone‐refractory prostate carcinoma pre‐treated with interferon‐gamma and vaccinated with autologous PSA‐peptide loaded dendritic cells—A pilot study
Authors: Hildenbrand B. , Sauer B. , Kalis O. , Stoll C. , Freudenberg M.A. , Niedermann G. , Giesler J.M. , Jüttner E. , Peters J.H. , Häring B. , Leo R. , Unger C. , Azemar M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPURPOSEWe conducted a pilot trial to assess the feasibility and tolerability of a prime/boost vaccine strategy using interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) and autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with HLA‐A2‐specific prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) peptides (PSA‐1 [141–150]; PSA‐2 [146–156]; PSA‐3 [154–163]) for the treatment of 12 patients with hormone refractory prostate carcinoma.PATIENTS AND METHODSAll patients were vaccinated four times with intracutaneously injected PSA‐peptide loaded DCs after subcutaneous administration of IFN‐γ 2 hr before DC administration (50 µg/m2 body surface). Objectives were safety, clinical benefit, clinical and biochemical response, quality of life, and immunological parameters.RESULTSThe vaccination was well tolerated without any vaccination‐associated adverse events. One partial and one mixed responder were identified, four patients showed stable diseases. Two patients had a decrease and four a slow‐down velocity slope in the PSA serum level. All responders showed a positive DTH‐response, but only two a slight increase in PSA‐peptide specific T‐lymphocytes.CONCLUSIONThe immunotherapy with IFN‐γ and PSA‐peptide loaded DCs was feasible and well tolerated. The observed responses imply a potential antitumor activity. Prostate 67: 500–508, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What risk should public accept from chemical process facilities?
Authors: Meyer Ernst , Andreassen Gøran , Wei Cindy , Shaw Stephen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMajor incidents in chemical process plants such as Bhopal have raised the questions of facility, safety, and security by stakeholders and interest groups. How will the facility be perceived as safe given the possible consequences? No one denies that there have been improvements in process safety since Bhopal and many safety regulations have come into effect. The public may still question whether it is safe to live or work near a chemical plant today.This paper discusses the risk that the public should accept under governmental leadership and guidance. Also discussed is how the chemical process industry should ensure risk acceptance criteria compliance and maintenance of compliance throughout the lifetime of a facility. Safety may be enforced by compliance with a pre‐defined set of risk acceptance criteria. These criteria may be absolute and tangible, but in some cases are more abstract. Different practices are seen among different countries, states, and regions as well as between different industry segments. This paper discusses the meaning of risk acceptance criteria and how exposed people and regulatory bodies should relate to the criteria. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2007
Wind and sea at coastal stations and the effects of the angle between wind and shore
Authors: Champion Donald L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe normal relations between wind force and sea disturbance in the open sea are set out with some precision in the Admiralty Weather Manual, where it is given that the fetch in miles required to produce waves in accordance with the sea disturbance table is probably of the nature of W6/500 and that the minimum depth of water required is W3/10 fathoms, where W is the wind force on the Beaufort scale.The complications which arise when waves near the coast, owing to variations of fetch, depth of water, tidal streams, river currents, etc., are such that that the formulá connecting sea disturbance and wind in the open sea are no longer applicable.In this note, based on some 17,000 observations published from coastal stations in the Daily Weather Report and from ships in Hebridean seas during the three years September 1936 to 1939, an attempt has been made to ascertain the variations of sea disturbance relative to the angle between the wind and shore.
The problem of diffusion in the lower atmosphere
Authors: Sutton O. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn account is given of a theory of atmospheric diffusion developed at Porton during the years 1932–38 in connexion with the problems of chemical warfare. It is shown that the theory leads to formulæ of the correct functional form but these only give results of the correct absolute magnitude when “extreme” values are admitted for the gustiness factors.With this proviso, the expressions developed are reliable for the calculation of atmospheric diffusion in the absence of very large gradients of temperature and provided that observations on the wind gradient are made above the layer in which the effects of surface roughness predominate. It is also shown that observations on the rate of evaporation from very small areas are not necessarily a reliable indication of the rate of removal of vapour from large areas, such as reservoirs and lakes.
Daily variation of the diurnal wave of pressure
Authors: Sellick N. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe diurnal and semi‐diurnal waves of barometric pressure are obtained for individual days. The diurnal wave, with a mean amplitude of from 0·6 to 0·8 mb., shows a standard departure from the mean of 0·25 mb., and, in consequence is sometimes absent. The semi‐diurnal wave, with a mean amplitude of 1·0 mb., shows a standard departure of only 0·1 mb., and the phase is very steady. The reality of these variations is supported by correlation between stations and with diurnal variations of temperature.
The criterion of turbulence in a fluid of variable density, with particular reference to conditions in the atmosphere
Authors: Calder K. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe energy equation of eddying motion in a fluid of variable density is derived by methods based on a treatment by Ertel, with particular reference to conditions in the atmosphere. The general form of the criterion for the growth or decay of turbulence is then deduced. The limitations inherent in the Richardson criterion of turbulence are examined and it is shown that the latter neglects terms which are potentially large. These represent respectively, the rate of dissipation of eddying energy into heat by molecular viscosity, the rate of working of the fluctuating gradients of static pressure on the eddying motion, and the eddy diffusion of eddying kinetic energy. Richardson's criterion also involves the assumption of a special functional form for the vertical heat flux due to turbulence, which may not be generally valid. If it is, however, the critical value of the Richardson number above which turbulence is damped out is probably less than unity, in contradiction to Richardson's analysis, but in agreement with a theoretical analysis by Schlichting, which has been shown to be in satisfactory agreement with laboratory experiments.
A portable indicating apparatus for the study of temperature and humidity profiles near the ground
Authors: Pasquill F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA description is given of a portable distant‐indicating apparatus suitable for carrying out critical explorations of the vertical distribution of temperature and humidity near the ground. The apparatus is simple in construction in that considerable use is made of moulded plastic tubes of standard shapes and sizes. Essential instrumental characteristics and some details of manipulation and performance in the field are included.
A general survey of meteorology in agriculture and an account of the physics of irrigation control
Authors: Penman H. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWeather problems in farming fall into three groups. Statistical problems include the forecasting of weather for strategical and tactical use in planning farming operations, and the forecasting of crop yields from weather data. Biological problems arise in studies of growth and of the spread of disease, and demand a wider knowledge of techniques suitable for use in micro‐meteorology. Physical problems are largely transport problems in the building up of plant and animal environments.A typical problem from the last group is the disposal of available solar energy, and it is shown that an energy balance sheet can be drawn up to leave evaporation as the only unknown under prescribed conditions that make the treatment directly applicable to control of irrigation operations. Such an application is described for an experiment on irrigation of sugar beet during the summer of 1948. Results were as' satisfactory as the weather of the growing season would permit, the application of a total of 2.6 in. of irrigation (based on weather data) giving a slightly better yield of sugar than a total of 4.7 in. applied whenever expert inspection of the crop decided that irrigation was necessary.
A study of the deviations of wind speeds and directions from geostrophic values
Authors: Godson W. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFrom a knowledge of the three‐dimensional wind field as a function of space and time, the total wind acceleration and the trajectory curvature can be computed, permitting the evaluation of the geostrophic wind vector without recourse to analysed isobars or height contours.A study of 618 cases at 10,000 ft for a 3‐day November sequence, using observed winds over the North American continent, revealed that the mean absolute angle between the reported wind and the geostrophic wind directions was approximately 15°. Large deviation angles were associated with low geostrophic wind speeds, and thus indirectly with low latitudes. The corresponding mean cross‐isobar wind component was slightly greater than 5 mi hr−1. The mean absolute deviation between wind and geostrophic wind speeds was of the order of 7 mi hr−1, the corresponding mean relative deviation being just under 30 per cent. Large relative deviations were associated chiefly with low geostrophic wind speeds, hence indirectly with low latitudes.The mean total wind acceleration slightly exceeded 40 mi hr−1 day−1. The mean trajectory curvature corresponded to a radius of curvature of 175 mi. It was found that the mean components of these terms associated, formally, with horizontal and vertical advection were virtually identical in magnitude, illustrating the importance of the vertical velocity contribution to wind accelerations and curvatures. The mean local tendency component was numerically smaller than the two advective terms in the care of accelerations, but numerically larger in the case of trajectory curvatures.