bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome–Associated Coronavirus Infection in Toronto Children: A Second Look
Authors: Bitnun Ari , Read Stanley , Tellier Raymond , Petric Martin , Richardson Susan E. 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVES. During the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak of 2003, there was an impetus to provide clinical information to the medical community in a timely manner. Accordingly, a preliminary report of our experience of suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus infections in children was published without microbiological findings. This report provides an update on pediatric severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus infections in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, that includes microbiological findings.
METHODS. All of the children admitted to the Hospital for Sick Children between March 14 and June 15, 2003, with suspect severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus infection were included. A proven case was defined as one that fulfilled the clinical criteria for suspect severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus infection and demonstrated a serologic response to severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus. Serology results, from a neutralizing antibody assay, were considered positive if the sera inhibited the development of a severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus-specific cytopathic effect at a dilution of ≥1:8.
RESULTS. Neutralizing antibody to severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus was demonstrated in 8 of 25 children admitted with suspect severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus infection. In 3 of these 8 children, severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus was also detected by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction in the stool. All 8 had documented exposure to ≥1 severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus-infected adults residing in the same household. Exposure that was limited to visiting a Toronto hospital at which severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus-infected patients were admitted or travel from a country in which severe acute respiratory syndrome had been reported did not result in documented infection in any of our cases. On the basis of our clinical case definition, 6 of 8 microbiologically confirmed case had been classified as having probable severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus infection. Clinical disease was mild, nonspecific, and self-limited and was indistinguishable from that reported with other common respiratory viruses.
CONCLUSIONS. The factor most strongly associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus infection in Toronto children was a history of close contact with an adult severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus case. This serves to reinforce the importance of routinely obtaining a thorough epidemiologic travel and exposure history for all subjects with suspected infectious diseases.
A Single-Blinded, Randomized Comparison of Laparoscopic Versus Open Hernia Repair in Children
Authors: Koivusalo Antti I. , Korpela Reijo , Wirtavuori Kari , Piiparinen Satu , Rintala Risto J. , Pakarinen Mikko P. 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE. The role of laparoscopic surgery in pediatric inguinal hernia repair is unclear. We aimed to compare day-case laparoscopic hernia repair with open repair.
METHODS. A prospective, single-blinded randomized study in children aged 4 months to 16 years with unilateral inguinal hernia was performed. The primary outcome measure was the time to normal daily activities after surgery. Secondary outcome measures included postoperative pain, time in the operation room, results, and complications.
RESULTS. Eighty-nine patients were enrolled (laparoscopic hernia repair: 47, open repair: 42). The mean number of days to normal activity after laparoscopic hernia repair and open repair was 2.4 and 2.5, respectively. Thirty-seven (79%) patients with laparoscopic hernia repair and 20 (42%) with open repair required rescue analgesia postoperatively. The median pain score in the second postoperative morning was significantly higher after laparoscopic hernia repair. The median times in the operation room for laparoscopic hernia repair and open repair were 63 and 38 minutes, respectively. Surgical and cosmetic results were similar at up to 2 years' follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS. Recovery and outcome were similar after open repair and laparoscopic hernia repair in children. Laparoscopic hernia repair was associated with increased theater time and postoperative pain.
Long-term Efficacy and Safety of Laronidase in the Treatment of Mucopolysaccharidosis I
Authors: Clarke Lorne A. , Wraith J. Edmond , Beck Michael , Kolodny Edwin H. , Pastores Gregory M. , Muenzer Joseph , Rapoport David M. , Berger Kenneth I. , Sidman Marisa , Kakkis Emil D. , Cox Gerald F. 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of recombinant human α-l-iduronidase (laronidase) in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis I.PATIENTS AND METHODS. All 45 patients who completed a 26-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of laronidase were enrolled in a 3.5-year open-label extension study. Mean patient age at baseline was 16 (range: 6–43) years. All patients had attenuated disease (84% Hurler-Scheie, 16% Scheie phenotypes). Clinical, biochemical, and health outcomes measures were evaluated through the extension phase. Changes are presented as the mean ± SEM.RESULTS. All 40 patients (89%) who completed the trial received at least 80% of scheduled infusions. As shown in earlier trials, urinary glycosaminoglycan levels decreased within the first 12 weeks and liver volume decreased within the first year. Percent predicted forced vital capacity remained stable, with a linear slope of −0.78 percentage points per year. The 6-minute walk distance increased 31.7 ± 10.2 m in the first 2 years, with a final gain of 17.1 ± 16.8 m. Improvements in the apnea/hypopnea index (decrease of 7.6 ± 4.5 events per hour among the patients with significant baseline sleep apnea) and shoulder flexion (increase of 17.4° ± 3.6°) were most rapid during the first 2 years. Improvements in the Child Health Assessment Questionnaire/Health Assessment Questionnaire disability index (decrease of 0.31 ± 0.11, signifying a clinically meaningful improvement in activities of daily living) were gradual and sustained over the treatment period. Laronidase infusions were generally well tolerated except in 1 patient who experienced an anaphylactic reaction. Infusion-associated reactions, which occurred in 53% of the patients, were mostly mild, easily managed, and decreased markedly after 6 months. One patient died as a result of an upper respiratory infection unrelated to treatment. Antibodies to laronidase developed in 93% of the patients; 29% of the patients were seronegative at their last assessment.CONCLUSIONS. This trial demonstrates the long-term clinical benefit and safety of laronidase in attenuated patients with mucopolysaccharidosis I and highlights the magnitude and chronology of treatment effects. Prompt diagnosis and early treatment will maximize treatment outcomes.
Comparison of Computer Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scans on the Third Day of Life in Term Newborns With Neonatal Encephalopathy
Authors: Chau Vann , Poskitt Kenneth John , Sargent Michael Andrew , Lupton Brian Alexander , Hill Alan , Roland Elke , Miller Steven Paul 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to compare the patterns of brain injury detected by computed tomography, conventional MRI (T1- and T2-weighted sequences), and diffusion-weighted MRI in a cohort of term newborns with neonatal encephalopathy studied uniformly with all 3 modalities on the third day of life.METHODS. Term newborns (≥36 weeks' gestation) admitted to our center with neonatal encephalopathy were scanned with computed tomography, MRI, and diffusion-weighted MRI at 72 (±12) hours of life (n = 48). Each modality was scored independently of the other with previously validated scoring systems. The predominant pattern of brain injury was classified as: normal, watershed, basal nuclei, total (maximal basal nuclei and watershed), and focal-multifocal (presence of strokes and/or white matter injury alone).RESULTS. The agreement for the predominant pattern of injury was excellent between MRI and diffusion-weighted MRI (77% agreement). The agreement for the pattern of injury was also good for computed tomography and diffusion-weighted MRI (67% agreement). The extent of cortical injury and focal-multifocal lesions, such as strokes and white matter injury, were less apparent on computed tomography than diffusion-weighted MRI. In 19 newborns with a repeat MRI in the second week of life, the predominant pattern seen on the day 3 diffusion-weighted MRI was confirmed.CONCLUSIONS. Diffusion-weighted MRI is the most sensitive technique with which to assess brain injury on day 3 of life in term newborns with neonatal encephalopathy, particularly for cortical injury and focal-multifocal lesions such as stroke and white matter injury. All 3 modalities identify the most serious patterns of brain injury similarly.
Reversal of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Improvements in Cardiovascular Risk Factors After Surgical Weight Loss in Adolescents
Authors: Inge Thomas H. , Miyano Go , Bean Judy , Helmrath Michael , Courcoulas Anita , Harmon Carroll M. , Chen Mike K. , Wilson Kimberly , Daniels Stephen R. , Garcia Victor F. , Brandt Mary L. , Dolan Lawrence M. 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVES. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, all well-known risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Surgical weight loss has resulted in a marked reduction of these risk factors in adults. We hypothesized that gastric bypass would improve parameters of metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular risk in adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. Eleven adolescents who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass at 5 centers were included. Anthropometric, hemodynamic, and biochemical measures and surgical complications were analyzed. Similar measures from 67 adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were treated medically for 1 year were also analyzed.
RESULTS. Adolescents who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass were extremely obese (mean BMI of 50 ± 5.9 kg/m2) with numerous cardiovascular risk factors. After surgery there was evidence of remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus in all but 1 patient. Significant improvements in BMI (−34%), fasting blood glucose (−41%), fasting insulin concentrations (−81%), hemoglobin A1c levels (7.3%–5.6%), and insulin sensitivity were also seen. There were significant improvements in serum lipid levels and blood pressure. In comparison, adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were followed during 1 year of medical treatment demonstrated stable body weight (baseline BMI: 35 ± 7.3 kg/m2; 1-year BMI: 34.9 ± 7.2 kg/m2) and no significant change in blood pressure or in diabetic medication use. Medically managed patients had significantly improved hemoglobin A1c levels over 1 year (baseline: 7.85% ± 2.3%; 1 year: 7.1% ± 2%).
CONCLUSIONS. Extremely obese diabetic adolescents experience significant weight loss and remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Improvements in insulin resistance, β-cell function, and cardiovascular risk factors support Roux-en-Y gastric bypass as an intervention that improves the health of these adolescents. Although the long-term efficacy of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is not known, these findings suggest that Roux-en-Y gastric bypass is an effective option for the treatment of extremely obese adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Contribution of Early Weight Gain to Childhood Overweight and Metabolic Health: A Longitudinal Study (EarlyBird 36)
Authors: Gardner Daphne S. L. , Hosking Joanne , Metcalf Brad S. , Jeffery Alison N. , Voss Linda D. , Wilkin Terence J. 
Published: December 2008

BACKGROUND. Early weight gain (0–5 years) is thought to be an important contributor to childhood obesity and consequently metabolic risk. There is a scarcity of longitudinal studies in contemporary children reporting the impact of early weight gain on metabolic health.
OBJECTIVE. We aimed to assess the impact of early weight gain on metabolic health at 9 years of age.
METHOD. Two hundred thirty-three children (134 boys, 99 girls) with a gestational age of &gt;37 weeks were assessed at birth, 5 years of age, and 9 years of age. Measures included weight SD scores at each time point and excess weight gained (Δ weight SD score) between them. The outcome measure included composite metabolic score (sum of internally derived z scores of insulin resistance, mean blood pressure, triglyceride level, and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio).
RESULTS. Weight SD score increased by 0.29 SD score in girls and 0.26 SD score in boys from 0 to 5 years of age and by 0.03 SD score in girls and 0.11 SD score in boys from 5 to 9 years of age. Weight SD score correlated poorly to moderately before 5 years of age but strongly after 5 years of age. Birth weight SD score predicted (girls/boys) 2.4%/0% of the variability in composite metabolic score at 9 years of age. Adding Δ weight SD score (0–5 years old) contributed (girls/boys) 11.2%/7.0% to the score, and adding Δ weight SD score (5–9 years old) additionally contributed (girls/boys) 26.4%/16.5%. Importantly, once weight SD score at 9 years of age was known, predictive strength was changed little by adding Δ weight SD score.
CONCLUSIONS. Most excess weight before puberty is gained before 5 years of age. Weight at 5 years of age bears little relation to birth weight but closely predicts weight at 9 years of age. Single measures of current weight are predictive of metabolic health, whereas weight gain within a specific period adds little. A single measure of weight at 5 years of age provides a pointer to future health for the individual. If metabolic status at 9 years of age means future risk, diabetes/cardiovascular prevention strategies might better focus on preschool-aged children, because the die seems to be largely cast by 5 years of age, and a healthy weight early in childhood may be maintained at least into puberty.
Psychiatric Morbidity in Adolescents and Young Adults Born Preterm: A Swedish National Cohort Study
Authors: Lindström Karolina , Lindblad Frank , Hjern Anders 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE. Increasing numbers of infants born preterm survive into adulthood. Previous studies have reported increased levels of neurologic and cognitive disabilities in these children. In this study, we analyzed the effect of having been born preterm on psychiatric morbidity.METHODS. A Swedish national cohort of 545628 individuals born in 1973–1979 was followed up in the national registers during 1987–2002. Multivariate Cox analysis of proportional hazards was used to estimate the hazard ratios of hospital admissions for psychiatric disorders and alcohol/illicit drug abuse.RESULTS. There was a stepwise increase in psychiatric hospital admissions with an increasing degree of preterm birth. A total of 5.2% of children born at 24 to 28 weeks’ gestation and 3.5% born at 29 to 32 weeks’ gestation had been hospitalized because of a psychiatric disorder. The hazard ratios for psychiatric disorders were 1.68 in the group of very preterm children (gestational weeks 24–32), 1.21 in the moderately preterm group (gestational weeks 33–36), and 1.08 in the early term group (gestational weeks 37–38) after adjustment for socioeconomic confounders. Moderately preterm and early term birth accounted for 85% of the risk attributed to preterm/early term birth. The effect of preterm birth was greater in households with low socioeconomic status.CONCLUSION. Preterm birth carries some risk for psychiatric disorders requiring hospitalization in adolescence and young adulthood (ages 8–29 years). Even if this risk increases with degree of preterm birth, most subjects are moderately preterm, a group in need of more attention in research and secondary prevention.
Beliefs About the Health Effects of “Thirdhand” Smoke and Home Smoking Bans
Authors: Winickoff Jonathan P. , Friebely Joan , Tanski Susanne E. , Sherrod Cheryl , Matt Georg E. , Hovell Melbourne F. , McMillen Robert C. 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE. There is no safe level of exposure to tobacco smoke. Thirdhand smoke is residual tobacco smoke contamination that remains after the cigarette is extinguished. Children are uniquely susceptible to thirdhand smoke exposure. The objective of this study was to assess health beliefs of adults regarding thirdhand smoke exposure of children and whether smokers and nonsmokers differ in those beliefs. We hypothesized that beliefs about thirdhand smoke would be associated with household smoking bans.
METHODS. Data were collected by a national random-digit-dial telephone survey from September to November 2005. The sample was weighted by race and gender within Census region on the basis of US Census data. The study questions assessed the level of agreement with statements that breathing air in a room today where people smoked yesterday can harm the health of children.
RESULTS. Of 2000 eligible respondents contacted, 1510 (87%) completed surveys, 1478 (97.9%) answered all questions pertinent to this analysis, and 273 (18.9%) were smokers. Overall, 95.4% of nonsmokers versus 84.1% of smokers agreed that secondhand smoke harms the health of children, and 65.2% of nonsmokers versus 43.3% of smokers agreed that thirdhand smoke harms children. Strict rules prohibiting smoking in the home were more prevalent among nonsmokers: 88.4% vs 26.7%. In multivariate logistic regression, after controlling for certain variables, belief that thirdhand smoke harms the health of children remained independently associated with rules prohibiting smoking in the home. Belief that secondhand smoke harms the health of children was not independently associated with rules prohibiting smoking in the home and car.
CONCLUSIONS. This study demonstrates that beliefs about the health effects of thirdhand smoke are independently associated with home smoking bans. Emphasizing that thirdhand smoke harms the health of children may be an important element in encouraging home smoking bans.
Notes sur la signification musicale
Authors: de Lara Philippe 
Published: December 2008

Résumé Cet article vise à clarifier la notion de signification musicale. Il montre que les deux dimensions apparemment opposées de l’expression musicale, la dimension transitive (expression de quelque chose), analogue à l’expression linguistique, et la dimension intransitive (au sens d’une interprétation ou d’une œuvre « expressive ») sont en réalité compatibles. La démonstration s’appuie sur l’analyse de la compréhension de la signification chez Wittgenstein. Quelques conséquences de cette analyse sont ensuite dégagées pour le jugement esthétique et pour une approche politique de la musique, comme pratique de l’articulation entre l’expérience intime et les représentations collectives.
Italie 1945-2003 : une histoire de la musique, mais pas seulement
Authors: Pestalozza Luigi 
Published: December 2008

Résumé Cet article porte sur le rapport entre la politique et la musique dans l’Italie de l’après-guerre et sur la refondation de la vie musicale et culturelle après la chute du fascisme. Issue de l’antifascisme et comme lui mouvement d’alternative sociale et culturelle, la nouvelle musique italienne a proposé de nouveaux modes de communication. Rompant avec le passé, elle est allée à la rencontre de la musique populaire, a participé à des mouvements politiques et sociaux de réorganisation démocratique des rapports culturels et d’opposition aux régimes italiens de Guerre Froide. Dans ce contexte et dans les années 1960-70, marquées par une restauration néo-libérale, l’article présente un compte-rendu varié et documenté de la composition contemporaine, de Maderna à Nono et aux compositeurs actuels. L’auteur souligne également le rôle de la musique électro-acoustique dans le changement musical, du fait notamment d’une écoute renouvelée, marquant au 20 e siècle, un processus d’émancipation du son de la note.
Libéralisme, immigration et culture
Authors: Rüegger Marc 
Published: December 2008

Résumé Un Etat libéral peut-il légitimement apporter des restrictions à l'immigration ­ c'est-à-dire à la liberté de mouvement des individus ­ par le souci de préservation de sa propre culture nationale ? De manière plus spécifique encore, peut-il sélectionner les candidats à l'immigration en fonction de leur origine culturelle en privilégiant ou décourageant l'immigration de certaines personnes au motif de leur proximité ou de leur éloignement supposé avec la culture dominante au sein de l'Etat ? Afin de répondre À ces questions, l'article identifie tout d'abord les valeurs de l'appartenance culturelle et de l'autodétermination démocratique comme les deux fondements possibles de l'affirmation d'un droit de restreindre l'immigration sur une base culturelle. Il examine ensuite dans quelle mesure la morale politique libérale peut reconnaître ces valeurs et en déduire des restrictions à la liberté de mouvement des individus. Sa conclusion est que le type d'appartenance culturelle auquel le libéralisme peut reconnaître une valeur ne peut pas servir de base À la justification d'une restriction à l'immigration.
De Gaulle et le jeu divin du héros. Une théorie de l'action
Authors: Decherf Jean-Baptiste 
Published: December 2008

Résumé	La conception gaullienne de l'héroïsme a quelque chose d'un ovni intellectuel. Combinant dans un même culte de l'individu d'exception l'influence des théories romantiques du grand homme, des thématiques venues de la psychologie des foules et de récurrentes tonalités nietzschéennes, elle peut donner l'impression d'accumuler sans soucis de cohérence les vulgates en vogue dans les années 1920-1930, moment où de Gaulle écrit le Fil de l'Epée. La présente recherche vise à montrer la profonde unité qui unit les apparences paradoxales de la représentation gaullienne du héros et de son autorité, une pensée qui n'a cessé de le guider dans son action politique. A la source de cette célébration de l'homme d'exception et de son combat se trouve l'idée, inexplicite mais omniprésente, que le moment de crise où celui-ci prend en main les destinées de son peuple est le temps de toutes les révélations : celui où se découvre la vraie nature des choses, celle des hommes, celle de la nation, autant de vérités profondes qui selon de Gaulle sont masquées dans le quotidien.
Vérité démocratique et spécificité romanesque.
Authors: Weisberg Richard 
Published: December 2008

Résumé	Richard Weisberg fait remonter les origines du mouvement américain Droit et Littérature à l’impulsion démocratique propre à deux auteurs du début du 20e siècle, Dean John Henry Wigmore et le juge Benjamin N. Cardozo ; il décrit ensuite les variantes qui émergent aujourd’hui sur le continent européen. Le point central de compréhension du droit par ses praticiens, mais aussi par les non-initiés, est le texte littéraire lui-même. Les histoires de juges, de règles de droit, d’avocats et d’autorités politiques habituent le lecteur professionnel à la « comédie humaine » avec laquelle il ou elle doit composer quotidiennement et poussent le lecteur lambda à être plus attentif aux discours de l’autorité. Une lecture scrupuleuse de deux oeuvres classiques de Droit et Littérature (L’Étranger de Camus, et Billy Budd, marin de Melville) permet de démontrer l’étendue, la théorie et la méthodologie de ce nouveau champs interdisciplinaire.