bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What help do young women want in their efforts to control their weight? Implications for program development
Authors: CRAWFORD David , BALL Kylie 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine women's views on the usefulness of various types of information and practical sessions on weight control, their preferences for program delivery, and likelihood of participation. Cross‐sectional survey of 462 women aged 18–33 years randomly selected from the community was conducted. We examined the perceived usefulness of various types of information and practical classes on weight control; preferred mode of delivery; willingness to participate. Among the women 82% were interested in trying to lose or control weight. Information on weight control was considered to be more useful than practical sessions. Information about meal planning, cooking and low‐fat recipes and how to manage stress was considered most useful. Fifty‐eight per cent of women reported they would prefer to participate in an individual face‐to‐face program delivered by a health professional. Thirty‐one per cent of women reported it was very likely that they would participate in a program if it included the sort of things they considered useful and was offered in the way they preferred; a further 35% felt it ‘likely’. It appears that health professional‐delivered, individual, information‐based programs appear most popular among this target group. Tailoring the content and delivery mode of weight management programs to young women's preferences may enhance program participation.
Breastfeeding: The neglected guideline for future Dietitian‐Nutritionists?
Authors: PAYNE Jan , RADCLIFFE Barbara , BLANK Emma , CHURCHILL Elizabeth , HASSAN Nadia , COX Elizabeth , PORTEOUS Helen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe objective of the present study is to determine the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs regarding breastfeeding of final‐year nutrition and dietetic students. A cross‐sectional survey of final‐year nutrition and dietetic students at a leading Australian university was conducted using an emailed questionnaire of 50 multiple‐choice questions on knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and future intentions to support and promote breastfeeding. The frequency of response to all questions was determined. Twenty‐seven of the 38 eligible students completed the survey. Significant deficits were identified relating to breastfeeding knowledge. Ninety‐two per cent of respondents reported a future intention to breastfeed or support their partner to do so; yet 69% felt bottle feeding was more socially acceptable and 23% believed that using artificial formula was easier for the mother. Although 85% of respondents believed they could influence breastfeeding initiation and duration rates, no students perceived that their studies had provided a significant amount of information on this subject, while only 8% of respondents had a strong interest in work relating to breastfeeding in the future. Improvements in the curriculum in this context may be required to ensure new graduates have the appropriate knowledge and are motivated to take positive action so that breastfeeding is properly supported. Further research is needed to determine if this issue applies in other nutrition courses and to assess the need to adopt an industry position paper on breastfeeding and associated competency standards for vocational training.
Adequacy of essential fatty acid, vitamin D and vitamin E intake: Implications for the ‘core’ and ‘extras’ food group concept of the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating
Authors: SHRAPNEL Bill , BAGHURST Katrine 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective:  To assess the implications of new recommendations for essential fatty acids, vitamin D and vitamin E on the classification of margarines and vegetable oils as ‘extras’ in the current Australian Guide to Healthy Eating.Design:  The role of margarines and vegetable oils as sources of essential fatty acids, vitamin D and vitamin E was examined in two ways. First, data from the 1995 National Nutrition Survey were assessed and, second, sample diets conforming to the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating were modelled and analysed.Subjects:  For the assessment of national intake, subjects were a representative sample of 13 858 Australians, surveyed in the 1995 National Nutrition Survey.Main outcome measures:  Relative contributions of margarines and oils, the ‘core’ food groups and ‘extras’ categories of the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating to intakes of essential fatty acids and vitamins D and E; changes in nutrient profiles of baseline diets conforming to the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating with or without varying amounts of margarines and oils.Results:  ‘Core’ foods and ‘extras’ contributed similar amounts of essential fatty acids and vitamins D and E to the Australian diet, margarines and oils being the major contributor among ‘extras’. The simulated low‐fat, low‐saturated‐fat baseline diets generally failed to meet the adequate intakes for n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturates and vitamin D, and vitamin E in some instances. The addition of 25 g of sunflower margarine, but not comparable amounts of canola margarine, olive oil and butter, markedly increased the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids and generally delivered the adequate intakes, vitamin D being the exception.Conclusion:  The inclusion of margarines and vegetable oils in diets based on the current Australian Guide to Healthy Eating, and guidance on choice among these foods, is required to provide adequate intakes of linoleic acid, α‐linolenic acid and vitamins D and E and to achieve fatty acid profiles consistent with the prevention of chronic disease.
Quantitative and qualitative adaptation of human skeletal muscle mitochondria to hypoxic compared with normoxic training at the same relative work rate
Authors: Bakkman L. , Sahlin K. , Holmberg H.‐C. , Tonkonogi M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAim:  To investigate if training during hypoxia (H) improves the adaptation of muscle oxidative function compared with normoxic (N) training performed at the same relative intensity.Method:  Eight untrained volunteers performed one‐legged cycle training during 4 weeks in a low‐pressure chamber. One leg was trained under N conditions and the other leg under hypobaric hypoxia (526 mmHg) at the same relative intensity as during N (65% of maximal power output, Wmax). Muscle biopsies were taken from vastus lateralis before and after the training period. Muscle samples were analysed for the activities of oxidative enzymes [citrate synthase (CS) and cytochrome c oxidase (COX)] and mitochondrial respiratory function.Results:  W
max increased with more than 30% over the training period during both N and H. CS activity increased significantly after training during N conditions (+20.8%, P < 0.05) but remained unchanged after H training (+4.5%, ns) with a significant difference between conditions (P < 0.05 H vs. N). COX activity was not significantly changed by training and was not different between exercise conditions [+14.6 (N) vs. −2.3% (H), ns]. Maximal ADP stimulated respiration (state 3) expressed per weight of muscle tended to increase after N (+31.2%, P < 0.08) but not after H training (+3.2%, ns). No changes were found in state four respiration, respiratory control index, P/O ratio, mitochondrial Ca2+ resistance and apparent Km for oxygen.Conclusion:  The training‐induced increase in muscle oxidative function observed during N was abolished during H. Altitude training may thus be disadvantageous for adaptation of muscle oxidative function.
MEASURING CHANGES IN JUVENILE GRAY SEAL BODY COMPOSITION
Authors: Hall Ailsa J. , McConnell Bernie J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDetermining body composition in gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) is important when studying their physiology and life history. In this study we investigated the predictability of total body fat (TBF) and protein (TBP) in postweaned gray seal pups from morphometric measurements, blubber thickness using ultrasonographs and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). In postweaned pups, TBF (kg) could be estimated from girth measurements and sex (n= 45, r2= 0.878) using hydrogen isotope dilution methods as the reference. However, TBP could not be reliably estimated from morphometric data. TBF (kg) in yearlings was best predicted from mass (n= 6, r2= 0.776) and TBP (kg) from mass/length (r2= 0.949). Dorsal blubber thickness using B‐mode ultrasound was also a significant predictor of TBF (kg) in postweaned pups (r2= 0.725) but BIA was not. Marked pups were recaptured during their first few months of life (n= 48) and body composition changes investigated. Animals lost mass and TBF after leaving the breeding beach, largely during the first 5–6 mo of life. Postweaned pups were ∼40% TBF and ∼13% TBP whereas yearlings were ∼12% TBF and ∼20% TBP. Pups that survived beyond 6 mo of age then regained mass as protein. Morphometric measurements are a useful field indication of body condition when isotope dilution is impractical.
SIMULATED VESSEL APPROACHES ELICIT DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES FROM MANATEES
Authors: Miksis‐Olds Jennifer L. , Donaghay Percy L. , Miller James H. , Tyack Peter L. , Reynolds John E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOne of the most pressing concerns associated with conservation of the endangered Florida manatee is mortality and serious injury due to collisions with watercraft. Watercraft collisions are the leading identified cause of manatee mortality, averaging 25% and reaching 31% of deaths each year. The successful establishment and management of protected areas depend upon the acquisition of data assessing how manatees use different habitats, and identification of environmental characteristics influencing manatee behavior and habitat selection. Acoustic playback experiments were conducted to assess the behavioral responses of manatees to watercraft approaches. Playback stimuli made from prerecorded watercraft approaches were constructed to simulate a vessel approach to approximately 10 m in sea grass habitats. Stimulus categories were (1) silent control, (2) approach with outboard at idle speed, (3) vessel approach at planning speed, and (4) fast personal watercraft approach. Analyses of swim speed, changes in behavioral state, and respiration rate indicate that the animals responded differentially to the playback categories. The most pronounced responses, relative to the controls, were elicited by personal watercraft. Quantitative documentation of response during playbacks provides data that may be used as the basis for future models to predict the impact of specific human activities on manatees and other marine mammal populations.
ONTOGENY OF MOVEMENTS AND FORAGING RANGES IN THE AUSTRALIAN SEA LION
Authors: Fowler Shannon L. , Costa Daniel P. , Arnould John P. Y. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study tracked the movements of Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) pups, juveniles, and adult females to identify home ranges and determine if young sea lions accompanied their mothers at sea. Satellite tags were deployed on nine 15‐mo‐old pups, nine 23‐mo‐old juveniles, and twenty‐nine adult female Australian sea lions at Seal Bay Conservation Park, Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Females did not travel with their offspring at sea, suggesting young Australian sea lions learn foraging behaviors independently. Although home ranges increased with age, 23‐mo‐old juveniles had not developed adult movement capacity and their range was only 40.6% of the adult range. Juveniles traveled shorter distances (34.8 ± 5.5 km) at slower speeds (2.0 ± 0.3 km/h) than adults (67.9 ± 3.5 km and 3.9 ± 0.3 km/h). Young sea lions also stayed in shallower waters; sea floor depths of mean locations were 48 ± 7 m for juveniles and 74 ± 2 m for females. Restricted to shallow coastal waters, pups and juveniles are more likely to be disproportionately impacted by human activities. With limited available foraging habitat, young Australian sea lions appear particularly vulnerable to environmental alterations resulting from fisheries or climate change.
Routine Analyses of Trace Elements in Geological Samples using Flow Injection and Low Pressure On‐Line Liquid Chromatography Coupled to ICP‐MS: A Study of Geochemical Reference Materials BR, DR‐N, UB‐N, AN‐G and GH
Authors: Carignan Jean , Hild Pascal , Mevelle Guy , Morel Jacques , Yeghicheyan Delphine 
Published: May 2007

We describe analytical procedures for trace element determinations developed at the CNRS Service d'Analyse des Roches et des Minéraux (SARM) and report results obtained for five geochemical reference materials: basalt BR, diorite DR‐N, serpentinite UB‐N, anorthosite AN‐G and granite GH. Results for rare earth elements, U and Th are also reported for other reference materials including dunite DTS‐1, peridotite PCC‐1 and basalt BIR‐1. All rocks were decomposed using alkali fusion. Analyses were done by flow injection ICP‐MS and by on‐line low pressure liquid chromatography (LC)‐ICP‐MS for samples containing very low REE, U and Th concentrations. This latter method yielded limits of determination much lower than data by direct introduction and eliminated possible isobaric interference on these elements. Although results agree with most of the working values, when available, results for some elements differed slightly from the recommended concentrations. In these cases, we propose new values for Co, Y and Zn in basalt BR, Zr in diorite DR‐N, Sr and U in granite GH, and Ga and Y in anorthosite AN‐G. Furthermore, although the Sb concentration measured in AN‐G was very close to our limit of determination, our value (0.3 ± 0.1 μg g−1) is much lower than the reported working value of 1.4 ± 0.2 μg g−1. These new values would need to be confirmed by a new inter‐laboratory programme to further characterise these reference materials.Results obtained for REE, Th and U concentrations using the on‐line low pressure LC‐ICP‐MS yielded good limits of determination (ng g−1to sub‐ng g−1for rocks and ng l−1to sub‐ng l−1for natural waters) and accurate results. The efficiency of the matrix separation allowed accurate measurements of Eu without the need to correct the BaO isobaric interference for samples having Ba/Eu ratios as high as 27700. For REE concentrations in PCC‐1 and DTS‐1, differences with values reported in the literature are interpreted as resulting from possible heterogeneity of the reference materials. Thorium and U values are proposed for these two samples, as well as for AN‐G and UB‐N.
Determination of Forty Two Major and Trace Elements in USGS and NIST SRM Glasses by Laser Ablation‐Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Gao Shan , Liu Xiaomin , Yuan Honglin , Hattendorf Bodo , Günther Detlef , Chen Liang , Hu Shenhong 
Published: May 2007

Forty two major (Na, Mg, Ti and Mn) and trace elements covering the mass range from Li to U in three USGS basalt glass reference materials BCR‐2G, BHVO‐2G and BIR‐1G were determined using laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry. Calibration was performed using NIST SRM 610 in conjunction with internal standardisation using Ca. Determinations were also made on NIST SRM 612 and 614 as well as NIST SRM 610 as unknown samples, and included forty five major (Al and Na) and trace elements. Relative standard deviation (RSD) of determinations was below 10% for most elements in all the glasses under investigation. Consistent exceptions were Sn and Sb in BCR‐2G, BHVO‐2G and BIR‐1G. For BCR‐2G, BHVO‐2G and BIR‐1G, clear negative correlations on a logarithmic scale exist between RSD and concentration for elements lower than 1500 μg g‐1 with logarithmic correlation coefficients between ‐0.75 and ‐0.86. There is also a clear trend of increasing RSD with decreasing concentration from NIST SRM 610 through SRM 612 to SRM 614. These suggest that the difference in the scatter of apparent element concentrations is not due to chemical heterogeneity but reflects analytical uncertainty. It is concluded that all these glasses are, overall, homogeneous on a scale of 60 μm.Our first results on BHVO‐2G and BIR‐1G showed that they generally agreed with BHVO‐2/BHVO‐1 and BIR‐1 within 10% relative. Exceptions were Nb, Ta and Pb in BHVO‐2G, which were 14‐45% lower than reference values for BHVO‐2 and BHVO‐1. Be, Ni, Zn, Y, Zr, Nb, Sn, Sb, Gd, Tb, Er, Pb and U in BIR‐1G were also exceptions. However, of these elements, Be, Nb, Sn, Sb, Gd, Tb, Pb and U gave results that were consistent within an uncertainty of 2s between our data and BIR‐1 reference values. Results on NIST SRM 612 agreed well with published data, except for Mg and Sn. This was also true for elements with m/z 85 (Rb) in the case of NIST SRM 614.The good agreement between measured and reference values for Na and Mg in BCR‐2G, BHVO‐2G and BIR‐1G, and for Al and Na in NIST SRM 610, 612 and 614 up to concentrations of at least several weight percent (which were possible to analyse due to the dynamic range of 108) indicates the suitability of this technique for major, minor and trace element determinations.
Intracellular balance of oxidative stress and cytoprotective molecules in damaged interlobular bile ducts in autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis: In situ detection of 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine and glutathione‐S‐transferase‐pi
Authors: Kadokawa Yoshiko , Ohba Kazuo , Omagari Katsuhisa , Akazawa Shiho , Hayashida Kenji , Ohnita Ken , Takeshima Fuminao , Mizuta Yohei , Kohno Shigeru 
Published: May 2007

Aim:  Bile duct injury has been thought to be absent in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), but recent studies have indicated that AIH patients do have bile duct injury. In this study, the intracellular balance of oxidative stress and cytoprotection in biliary epithelial cells was investigated to clarify the pathogenesis of bile duct injury in AIH.Methods:  The intracellular status of oxidative DNA damage caused by oxidative stress and glutathione, an endogenous cytoprotective molecule, were examined in patients with AIH, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and normal controls by immunostaining of 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) and glutathione‐S‐transferase‐pi.Results:  Immunohistochemically, 8‐OHdG expression was detected as abundantly in the damaged bile ducts of AIH patients as in PBC patients. Moreover, in AIH, 8‐OHdG expression was detected in damaged bile ducts more than in undamaged bile ducts. Glutathione‐S‐transferase‐pi expression was relatively preserved in the damaged bile ducts of AIH patients compared to PBC patients, reflecting preservation of intracellular glutathione.Conclusions:  In AIH, oxidative stress and DNA damage may be involved in the pathogenesis of bile duct injury in a manner similar to that found in PBC. However, relatively preserved intracellular glutathione may play a key role in preventing progressive bile duct loss following bile duct injury in AIH.
Impact of Resistance Selection and Mutant Growth Fitness on the Relative Efficacies of Streptomycin and Levofloxacin for Plague Therapy
Authors: Louie Arnold , Deziel Mark R. , Liu Weiguo , Drusano George L. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

Yersinia pestis
, the bacterium that causes plague, is a potential agent of biowarfare and bioterrorism. The aminoglycoside antibiotic streptomycin is the gold standard for treatment. However, this recommendation is based on scant animal and clinical data. We used an in vitro pharmacodynamic infection model to compare the efficacies of 10-day regimens of streptomycin versus the fluoroquinolone antibiotic levofloxacin for the treatment of
Y. pestis
infection and to evaluate for emergence of resistance. The human serum concentration-time profiles for standard clinical regimens of 1 g of streptomycin given every 12 h and 500 mg of levofloxacin given every 24 h were simulated. The growth fitness of drug-resistant mutants was examined in neutropenic and immunocompetent mouse thigh infection models. In the in vitro infection system, untreated bacteria grew from 10
7
to 10
10
CFU/ml. Streptomycin therapy caused a 10
5
CFU/ml reduction in the number of bacteria over 24 h, followed by regrowth with streptomycin-resistant mutants. Levofloxacin resulted in a 10
7
CFU/ml reduction in the number of bacteria within 12 h, ultimately sterilizing the culture without resistance selection. In both the normal and neutropenic mouse infection models, streptomycin-resistant and wild-type strains were equally fit. However, 90% of levofloxacin-resistant isolates, cultured from the control in vitro infection arm, did not proliferate in the mouse models. Thus, the fluoroquinolone antibiotic levofloxacin was superior to streptomycin in our in vitro infection model. The majority of levofloxacin-resistant mutants were less fit than streptomycin-resistant and wild-type
Y. pestis
.
Increased Expression ofampCinPseudomonas aeruginosaMutants Selected with Ciprofloxacin
Authors: Wolter Daniel J. , Schmidtke Amber J. , Hanson Nancy D. , Lister Philip D. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTTwoPseudomonas aeruginosamutants exhibiting increased expression ofampCwere selected during exposure to ciprofloxacin. These mutants also exhibited significant increases inmexCD-oprJexpression, but further studies failed to show a link between the increased expression ofmexCD-oprJandampC. IncreasedampCexpression was not related to mutations withinampR, theampC-ampRintergenic region,ampD,ampDh2, orampDh3or to changes in the levels of expression of these amidase genes. However,ampDcomplementation restored wild-type levels ofampCexpression and ceftazidime susceptibility, suggesting alternative mechanisms ofampCregulation.
Novel Complex Class 1 Integron Bearing an IS
CR1
Element in an
Escherichia coli
Isolate Carrying the
bla
CTX-M-14
Gene
Authors: Bae Il Kwon , Lee You-Nae , Lee Wee Gyo , Lee Sang Hee , Jeong Seok Hoon 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

This work identifies an IS
CR1
-related
bla
CTX-M-14
gene, which has never been reported before, from a clinical isolate of
Escherichia coli
. The
bla
CTX-M-14
gene was preceded by an IS
CR1
element that was followed by a class 1 integron containing three different insert gene cassettes, i.e.,
dfrA12
,
orfF
, and
aadA2
.
Early Bactericidal Activity of High-Dose Rifampin in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis Evidenced by Positive Sputum Smears
Authors: Diacon A. H. , Patientia R. F. , Venter A. , van Helden P. D. , Smith P. J. , McIlleron H. , Maritz J. S. , Donald P. R. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT
We studied the early bactericidal activity of twice the standard dose of rifampin in subjects with pulmonary tuberculosis evidenced by positive smears. The observed mean 2-day activity was almost double that reported at the standard dose. Further studies are warranted to establish whether higher rifampin doses might assist in shortening tuberculosis treatment.