bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wirt‐Gast‐Komplexe mit geschlossenen, halboffenen und gestreckten Rezeptoren: hydrophobe Effekte und induzierte Pol‐Dipol‐Wechselwirkungen
Authors: Schneider Hans‐Jörg , Blatter Thomas , Zimmermann Patrick 
Published: July 2007

Die Induktion von Dipolen durch N⊕‐Zentren spielt offenbar eine wesentliche Rolle bei der Bindung von lipophilen Substraten an Rezeptoren. Dies ergaben Studien mit einem geschlossenen (Typ A), einem halboffenen (Typ B) und einem gestreckten Rezeptor (Typ C) sowie mehreren Arenen, Dichlor‐ und Diiodmethan.magnified image
Nicht‐radioaktiver DNA‐Hybridisierungsnachweis durch DNA‐Templat‐vermittelte Bildung eines ternären TbIII‐Komplexes in rein flüssiger Phase
Authors: Oser Andres , Valet Günther 
Published: July 2007

Ein Komplex aus einem Tb3⊕‐Ion und zwei Chelatliganden bildet sich bevorzugt, wenn die Liganden durch Templat‐gerichtete Bindung eines Paares entsprechend modifizierter Oligodesoxyribonucleotide an komplementäre DNA direkt benachbart sind (Bild rechts). Der Tb‐Komplex ist ein Fluoreszenz‐Resonanz‐Energietransfer (FRET)‐System mit langlebiger Tb3⊕‐Fluoreszenz, wodurch ein DNA‐Hybridisierungsnachweis in flüssiger Phase ermöglicht wird. Aufgrund der Notwendigkeit einer direkten Nachbarschaft der beiden Oligonucleotid‐Sonden ist die Methode für den schnellen Nachweis von Mutationen, Insertionen, Deletionen und Spleißstellen von Bedeutung.magnified image
The intelligence deed end: How you present it!
Authors: Baumard Philippe 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIntroductory note: When I showed the following little piece to colleagues, I discovered that I was taking the risk of being completely misunderstood. French friends found it unfair and definitely anti‐French …. while American friends found it unfair and definitely anti‐American! I feel it necessary to now “state” my purpose (in the American way) or to defend my thesis (the French way).This piece was developed from a CI debriefing I attended at a large European firm. I knew the details of the report, and comparing it to what I was hearing, I sensed a huge waste of resources: where was the richness, the in‐depth understanding that I appreciated in the report? Gone. The intelligence work was perfect, its presentation misleading. “It must have something to do with the way they present it,” I thought. I decided to address the issue in a humorous tone, purposefully exaggerating some aspects of the heavy “perceptual filters” (Starbuck and Miliken, 1988; Baumard 1994) that spoil our work as CI professionals. So, please, don't bite my finger—look where it is pointing!.
Ford‐Mazda's hermosillo assembly plant: A quality benchmark cross‐cultural alliance
Authors: Bannister Geoffrey J. , Muller Helen J. , Rehder Robert R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn American‐Japanese partnership in a Mexican auto plant provides a unique opportunity to study competitive intelligence and technology transfer in a cross‐cultural environment. Ford‐Mazda chose Hermosillo as its plant site following extensive competitive analysis of its global options. At the site, Ford managers and engineers learned the Toyota lean system from Mazda workers, and Mazda helped Ford and its CI personnel adapt the Fordist system to the Japanese lean production system. Work teams were a primary means for cultural/technical socialization and communication. The creative talents of the CI system of the American, Japanese, and Mexican managers, engineers, and factory technicians made the development of a world‐class plant possible. © 1996 John wiley & Sons, Inc.
The technology maturation process and the role of competitive intelligence
Authors: Zimmerer Thomas W. , Rockmore B. Wayne , Smith John Patrick 
Published: July 2007

AbstractU.S. businesses often seem more concerned with their quarterly financial statements than with developing new technologies that, in the long run, could revitalize American manufacturing and provide domestic products with a competitive over imports. The authors present a model of how new technologies can be effectively “matured” and then commercialized through the creation of voluntary strategic alliances among industry, universities, and government laboratories. The result: swifter commercialization of technologies developed from “pure research,” magnifying the intellectual property into numerous new product applications. Deciding how to structure technology maturation teams revolves around a series of issues that blend technological and commercial factors, but critical players include the intellectual property creators (university or federal lab researchers), technology developers (scientists and engineers), and entrepreneurial commercializers, either within or outside the firm. Of critical importance is staffing the project team with qualified members as they are needed, since only a few members will be involved during the entire cycle, and deciding which of many potential “paths of opportunity” to wander, allocating resources to the most promising opportunities while retaining the commitment of team members whose ideas were rejected. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Scoring at conferences: The quarterback technique for gathering intelligence
Authors: Shaker Steven M. , Kardulias George 
Published: July 2007

AbstractConferences, conventions, and trade shows are such common sources of information on competitors that CI professionals too often take them for granted, failing to realize that a “game plan” is necessary to take maximum advantage of intelligence gathering at these events. As a remedy, the authors have adapted the “Quarterback Technique” developed by the U.S. intelligence community. The process isn't “mission: impossible” but does make use of a tactical team headed by a “quarterback” who plans and anticipates collection opportunities, begins to link with “targets” who can address specific intelligence requirements, finds internal and (trusted) external “sources” who have potential access to specific targets, and determines which events and activities could help bring sources and targets together. This operation is best coordinated from a “war room” at the conference site, equipped with tools ranging from the simple (butcher‐board paper and colored markers) to the relatively sophisticated (electronic organizers, digital cameras, and pocket tape recorders). As sources are debriefed, CI analysts located either at the conference or at headquarters immediately review the intelligence reports and recommend follow‐up collection activities during the conference, alerting and soliciting feedback from senior management if the intelligence proves significant. Many of these same techniques can be adapted for electronic and virtual conferences. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Winning contracts by understanding—and leveraging—the competitor's approach
Authors: O'Guin Michael C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSuccessful bidding for contract awards requires not only a detailed knowledge of competitor strengths and weaknesses but the ability to use this information to fortify your offering and neutralize competing bids. The author presents an approach for crafting a winning strategy that differentiates your firm from the competition on those attributes most important to the customer; clearly communicates why your offering best meets the customer's needs; explains why your analysis led you to reject the competition's approach in favor of your own; and otherwise identifies and discredits the competitor's strengths while exploiting every weakness. In addition, developing a competitive assessment in which your management has confidence will help your firm make more decisive competitive‐bidding investment decisions. If you are clearly going to win, additional prototypes and expensive promotion can be avoided. If headed for certain defeat, management can terminate the pursuit and cut its losses. Finally, competitive intelligence is vital to determining the “price‐to‐win” figure at which the maximum acceptable price can be bid. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Machine‐learning the business: Using data mining for competitive intelligence
Authors: Mena Jesus 
Published: July 2007

Abstract“Data mining” and “data warehouses” are ways of applying artificial intelligence to create competitive intelligence. Induction‐based data mining software uses machine‐learning algorithms to analyze records in a firm's internal and customer databases, discovering patterns, transactional relationships, and rules that can predict future trends and indicate competitive opportunities. Raw data thus transformed is maintained in a data warehouse, providing support for a variety of analytical tasks and competitive decisions. As a result, questions that traditionally required extensive trial‐and‐error queries or statistical segmenting can be answered automatically. Since the machine‐learning algorithms can identify key intervals (ranges) and attributes (variables) in a database, they can compress a database so that only a few attributes are needed to derive predictive intelligence. Recent studies indicate data mining technology will have a major impact across a wide range of industries within the next three to five years. A table is provided of data mining products with vendor names, phone numbers, and Internet addresses. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Applying economics to competitive intelligence
Authors: Stotter James 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMacroeconomics—including business cycle forecasting through the use of key economic indicators—can play an important role in competitive intelligence. Familiarity with key indicators leads to an understanding of how different parts of the economy interact. Tracking these can be as simple as taking a daily look at the front‐page of the Wall Street Journal. “Elasticity”—how sensitive one variable is to a change in another variable—is a useful tool for defining markets and forecasting responses to price changes. For example, algebraic equations can be used to forecast whether a price increase (or decrease) will produce a proportionately greater decrease (or increase) in quantity demanded. “Arc elasticity” can be used to determine the elasticity over a given price range (or arc). When demand is elastic, total revenue—the price at which a given quantity is sold times that quantity—declines as prices are increased and increases as prices fall. The opposite is true of inelastic demand. Knowing the elasticity of demand for your products and your competitors' products is a key to determining pricing strategy. Income elasticity is a similar tool, with income substituted for price. Also useful for CI is determining the boundaries of an industry or market by calculating cross elasticity of demand. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
“Normalized” patent trend analysis: Eliminating the impact of nonrelevant variables
Authors: Bigwood Michael P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPatent trend analysis, or the bibliometric analysis of patenting activity over time, has been used to evaluate where technologies stand on their maturity curves and to identify players in a technical field. The tool has also been applied to assess specific companies' technology portfolios and technical strategies. The analysis is usually based on a direct count of the number of patents published annually. The author proposes, and shows with examples, that factors other than technology maturity and technology strategies can affect these trends and that extraneous factors have to be taken into account before valid conclusions can be drawn. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Market structure analysis using managerial judgments: A framework and an experimental test
Authors: Paul Pallab , Chakravarti Dipankar 
Published: July 2007

AbstractManagerial judgments are essential inputs in market structure analysis. The basic premise of this research is that by using structured elicitation methods that rely on the underlying logic of competitive market structure analysis (CMSA) models, it may be possible to effectively extract and organize managers' knowledge of competitive relationships. In this study, the authors examine how managerial judgments are influenced by two elicitation methods (perceived competitive similarity and forced choice) and three specific priming cues (brand image, features, and usage situation). The focus is on examining the learning effects of feedback and concordance of judgments across elicitation methods. The results showed significant effects of both feedback and elicitation method, but not for the primed cue. Relative to the perceptual similarity method, the forced choice method helped subjects better articulate the veridical structure of the market. Also, the forced choice method produced more concordant judgments of market structure when followed by perceptual similarity as compared to the reverse (i.e., perceived similarity followed by forced choice). This suggests that the forced choice elicitation method produces a more stable perception of market structure. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Direct frequency modulation of semiconductor laser
Authors: Ogita Shouichi , Kotaki Yuji , Ishikawa Hiroshi , Onaka Hiroshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSemiconductor lasers which oscillate at a single frequency have been developed. DFB lasers represent such lasers. Since coherent optical communication has many merits, e.g., longer distance between repeaters, many applications of such lasers have been investigated.In this study, the frequency characteristics of these lasers have been evaluated. In a conventional DFB laser, the frequency characteristic degrades when frequency modulation is carried out around several Megahertz.To solve this problem, a method to control the spatial hole‐burning phenomenon was investigated using a multielectrode DFB laser with a long cavity. As a result, a flat frequency modulation characteristic at frequencies from 100 kHz to 15 GHz was obtained and it was confirmed that this DFB laser was suitable for coherent optical communication systems.
Three‐dimensional finite element analysis of electromagnetic fields excited by electric current
Authors: Matsuhara Masanori 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe conventional finite‐element method for the analysis of electromagnetic fields excited by the electric current is based on the potentials. However, as the potential is an indirect quantity, the numerical accuracy obtained by those methods is not so high and the fixation of the gauge condition is troublesome.This paper proposes a finite‐element analysis method based on the electric or magnetic field intensity to determine the electromagnetic fields excited by electric current. As the electric or magnetic field intensity is a direct field quantity, the numerical accuracy of this method is better and the problem of the gauge condition does not arise. Moreover, it is shown that this method can be applied not only to the dynamic electromagnetic fields # 0 but also to the static electromagnetic fields ω = 0.
Electric conduction and electroluminescence of plasma‐polymerized ethylene thin films
Authors: Miyairi Keiichi , Kondo Yumiko 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA thin film was formed using plasma from a mixture of Ar gas and ethylene as monomer at 13.56 MHz. The film is similar to the chemically synthesized polyethylene film. However, it has a three‐dimensional network structure and is superior in thermoresistance and mechanical strength.To determine the electrical breakdown process of this film, the high‐field conduction and electroluminescence phenomenon were investigated. From the dependencies of the conduction current on the electrode and temperature, the luminescence phenomenon was considered to be caused by charge injection based on the Schottky effect and trapping in the impurity levels.
Analysis of nonlinear TE waves in a three‐layer slab waveguide with self‐focusing nonlinear film and substrate layers
Authors: Okafuji Satoshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe analysis of propagation characteristics of TE waveguiding in linear/self‐focusing nonlinear/self‐focusing nonlinear, three‐layer slab waveguide with a symmetric linear dielectric distribution is presented. In this analysis, the electric field inside the film is expressed in terms of Jacobi's cn function with a constant amplitude, and the equation to determine the transverse wavenumber inside the film is derived by considering the relation between this amplitude and the electric field on both sides of the film.By introducing the maximum optical power density divided by the dielectric constant difference between the film and the substrate as a measure for nonlinearity, this equation contains only three parameters (nonlinearity parameter, normalized thickness and relative nonlinear coefficient difference).By changing the values of these parameters and restricting the numerical calculation for TEo modes, the number of TEo modes with its peaks in the substrate or in the film or at the boundary between the film and the substrate is examined. These results are illustrated in a plane in which we take the normalized thickness along the vertical axis and nonlinearity parameter along the horizontal axis.Moreover, it is shown that for the waveguide with nonlinear coefficient of the substrate greater than the film, there is a possibility of existence of TEo mode for which the values of the normalized guide index and the change of the electric field profile are discontinuous for the change of the nonlinearity parameter.
Application of multigrid technique to the spatial network method
Authors: Kukutsu Naoya , Yoshida Norinobu , Fukai Ichiro 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRecently, with the rapid development in the speed and memory of digital computers, simulation has become available in many fields. However, huge calculation is required to acquire good accuracy and an efficient method of calculation should be used so that the time and memory limitations of the computers may be utilized effectively.The authors have already applied the spatial network method to many electromagnetic problems to find the three‐dimensional time response including the transient response. In this method, basically, the region of analysis is divided into equal intervals. However, when the whole region of analysis is divided into equal intervals, the spatial difference interval should be fixed in such a way that the smallest part of the region may be expressed correctly.Hence, for the analysis models including a thin slab, a large number of variables and, consequently, a large amount of memory are involved. To overcome this problem, this paper introduces the application of the multigrid technique to the spatial network method where the division of a part of the region can be refined further. The validity of this method is checked by analyzing the dielectric‐loaded rectangular waveguide.
Finite‐element solution of periodic waveguides with circular symmetry
Authors: Inoue Kazuhiro , Koshiba Masanori 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA numerical approach to determine the propagation characteristics of periodic waveguides with circular symmetry is proposed. This approach is based on the finite‐element method using axisymmetric triangular elements.Although it is convenient to use the functional in terms of three components of the magnetic field in the finite‐element analysis of the electromagnetic field in a three‐dimensional inhomogeneous region including a dielectric, if the eigenvalue problem is solved with the unaltered functional, spurious solutions do appear.Thus, to eliminate spurious solutions, the penalty function method developed for two‐dimensional finite‐element analysis of uniform waveguides is extended to analyze the axisymmetric periodic waveguide problem. Moreover, numerical integration based on the formulas derived by Hammer et al. is used for evaluating an element integral including singularity, which appears in the functional when it is expressed in a cylindrical coordinate system (r, θ, z). The validity and efficiency of the numerical analysis proposed here is verified by taking the example of circular waveguides loaded with a dielectric having periodic structure.
Polarization‐independent optical switch and TE/TM mode splitter using LiNbO3 asymmetric X‐branched waveguides
Authors: Sunada Tadasu , Takizawa Kuniharu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new type of polarization‐independent optical switch with a cladding layer and a TE/TM mode splitter was designed and fabricated. These devices were composed of a Y‐branched phase modulator and a nonsymmetric X‐branched waveguide with planar electrodes formed on an X‐cut LiNbO3 substrate to propagate light in the Z‐direction.The TE/TM mode lights propagating through the Y‐branched waveguide have opposite polarity but they receive equal electrooptic effect. Therefore, it is possible to achieve polarization‐independent optical switching and TE/TM splitting simply by adjusting the cladding layer formed on the Y‐branch.This paper describes the theoretical and experimental result of these functions. When the cladding layer was formed by using photoresist, polarization‐independent switching was achieved when the length of the photoresist lr was 6 mm (crosstalk < −20 dB, switching voltage = 16 V). When lr = 3 mm, TE/TM mode splitting was achieved (crosstalk < −18 dB). Based on this device principle, a waveguide‐type polarizer was formed and an extinction ratio higher than 30 dB was achieved.
Metal oxide on the surface of contacts having excellent contact performance
Authors: Tanii Takuya 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPreviously, a substance identified as ammonium sulfate was found on the speech path contacts of XS‐type crossbar switches in the electronic switching system of NTT. On the basis of this finding, the contacts of 99% Au/1 % Ni alloy in contact with Pd were developed by the author's group more than ten years ago for the pushbutton dial contacts of telephone sets. These contacts showed excellent performance and are still in use at the present. This development depends on the hypothesis that some metal oxides have the effect of preserving contact performance against the influence of air pollution.In this paper, the hypothesis, experimental results in the investigation of the properties of the Au‐Ni alloy surface, and applications of this alloy for electrical contacts are described. The experimental results are as follows:

by heating the Au‐Ni (Ni 1%) alloy, it was confirmed that nickel oxide was accumulated on the alloy surface;
by measuring the contact angle of a water droplet on the Au‐Ni alloy, the relationship between the angle and accumulation of nickel oxide was obtained; and
by operating the contacts combined with Au−1 % Ni and Pd which are similar to the actual use of contacts, the characteristics and the size of the formed powder were evaluated.
Unified mechanical aberration theory of electrostatic focusing‐deflection systems
Authors: Tsumagari Takashi , Ohiwa Hajime , Noda Tamotsu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn axially symmetric electrostatic focusing‐deflection system is indispensable in forming a focused ion beam. This paper describes a general procedure for quantitatively evaluating the effect of the mechanical error existing in the electrode of the electrostatic optical system on the optical characteristics. From the perturbation theory, a rigorous formula is derived for evaluating the aberrations up to the third order due to the mechanical errors. It is shown that the well‐known static deflection trajectory appears in the first‐order trajectory component. It is shown that the higher‐order trajectories (aberrations) can be represented by five aberration coefficients for the second‐order components and by 28 for the third‐order components.The present method can analyze the effect due to mutual interactions in the case where mechanical errors exist both in the deflection system and the focusing system which has been neglected. Further, in the derived evaluation formula, static mechanical aberration correction systems such as aligners and stigmators are taken into consideration. Hence, the method can evaluate the situation after the main mechanical aberrations are removed by correcting devices.