bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disruption of tight junctions during polymicrobial sepsis in vivo
Authors: Li Qiurong , Zhang Qiang , Wang Chenyang , Liu Xiaoxiang , Li Ning , Li Jieshou 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe disruption of intestinal epithelial tight junctions may result in barrier function dysfunction during polymicrobial sepsis. The pathophysiology of sepsis involves breakdown of barrier integrity, which correlates with adverse outcome during sepsis. However, the mechanisms underlying loss of barrier function in sepsis remain unknown. In the present study in mice, tight junction (TJ) structure was analysed by transmission electron microscopy; intestinal permeability was assessed using molecular tracer measurement; and the distribution of TJ proteins was investigated by immunofluorescence microscopy. The membrane microdomains of TJs were isolated using discontinuous sucrose density gradients and the expression of TJ proteins in these was determined by western blot. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that claudins 1, 3, 4, 5, and 8 were present predominantly in the microvillous surface of epithelial cells and along the lateral membranes of the cells; in sepsis, however, labelling of these proteins was present diffusely within cells and was no longer focused at the lateral cell boundaries. Moreover, the expression of claudin‐2 was markedly up‐regulated in sepsis. Using western blot analysis, we found that occludin and claudins were displaced from raft fractions to non‐raft fractions in membrane microdomains of TJs in sepsis. In addition, the disruption of TJ structure was accompanied by increased intestinal permeability. Our results demonstrate for the first time that redistribution of TJ proteins in TJ membrane microdomains and redistribution of claudins in epithelial cells of the colon lead to alteration of TJ architecture and TJ barrier dysfunction during the development of polymicrobial sepsis. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contribution of fetal cerebral MRI for diagnosis of structural anomalies
Authors: Guibaud Laurent 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMore than 20 years after its introduction, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is now considered a useful complementary tool in the imaging work‐up of fetal brain structural anomalies, but its real contribution in neuro‐fetal imaging is still controversial. Our purpose is to present an overview of the most valuable indications of fetal cerebral MRI in current practice as guided by dedicated ultrasound analysis. On the basis of a review of the literature and our personal experience, we underline herein the real complementarities between these two techniques in different clinical or imaging settings and show how MRI adds significant information compared with ultrasound, especially in the late second and third trimesters. We assess the interest of using MRI from a technical point of view (complete and extensive anatomical analysis, analysis of developmental and pathological processes) and from a practical point of view in different imaging and clinical settings. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Onset and relapse of psychiatric disorders following early breast cancer: a case–control study
Authors: Gandubert Catherine , Carrière Isabelle , Escot Chantal , Soulier Maryvonne , Hermès Aziz , Boulet Patrick , Ritchie Karen , Chaudieu Isabelle 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjective: Our objective is to evaluate the mental status of primary early breast cancer survivors according to DSM‐IV criteria, distinguishing new psychiatric diagnosis, which started after the cancer diagnosis from relapse.Methods: A comparative study of 144 breast cancer survivors and 125 women without previous history of cancer was carried out. Neuropsychiatric symptomatology was assessed retrospectively using standardized psychiatric examinations (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, Watson's Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder Inventory) over three successive periods, ‘before cancer’ (from childhood to 3 years before the interview), ‘around the cancer event’ (the last 3 years including the time of diagnosis and treatment), and ‘currently’ (the last 2 weeks).Results: Increased rates of anxiety and mood disorders were observed following a diagnosis of breast cancer compared with controls (generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD); 10.4 vs 1.6% and 19.4 vs 8.8%, respectively). The cancer disease promoted the development of dysthymia (n=4 new cases/6 two‐year prevalent cases) and PTSD (7/7) and the re‐emergence of MDD (n=21 relapses/28 three‐year prevalent cases) and GAD (10/15). No improvement in serious mood disorders such as MDD (16.0 vs 7.2%) and dysthymia (4.2 vs 0%) was reported at the time of interview, more than 1.75 years (median time) after the cancer surgery, the prevalence being 2–4 times greater in breast cancer survivors than in controls.Conclusion: Despite significant advances in treatment, a diagnosis of breast cancer is highly associated with various forms of psychopathology, regardless of psychiatric history, with symptoms persisting after treatment. These results may assist clinicians in planning mental healthcare for women with breast cancer. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strain effects in GaN/AlN short‐period superlattices for intersubband optoelectronics
Authors: Kandaswamy Prem Kumar , Jalabert Denis , Bougerol Catherine , Bellet‐Amalric Edith , Lahourcade Lise , Monroy Eva 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this work we report on the strain relaxation processes in GaN/AlN short‐period superlattices (SLs) displaying intersubband transitions at 1.55 μm. The growth process was tuned to minimize the strain relaxation in the superlattices either by plastic or elastic channels. X‐ray diffraction measurements show that the SL final strain state is substrate independent. The relaxation path followed by the SLs was traced in situ with reflection high‐energy electron diffraction, which reveals an initial transient strain state of about 12 periods to accommodate the lattice mismatch. Once steady‐state conditions are attained, we observe a periodic relaxation process with generation of misfit dislocations at the GaN/AlN interface. The relaxation process in the SLs has been confirmed by various characterization tools. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Off‐angle dependence of void formation and defect behavior in a ‐plane MOVPE‐GaN on r ‐plane sapphire substrate
Authors: Kuwano Noriyuki , Fukushima Atsuhito , Kugiyama Yuta , Ezaki Tetsuya , Minami Masahiro , Araki Masahiko , Hoshino Katsuyuki , Tadatomo Kazuyuki 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTransmission electron microscope (TEM) observation was performed to analyze microstructures in a (11$ \bar 2 $0)‐plane GaN thin films grown by metal‐organic vapor‐phase epitaxy (MOVPE) on a r (1$ \bar 1 $02)‐plane sapphire substrate Special attention was paid to an influence of small off‐angle of the substrate plane to morphology of defects in the thin films. From the TEM observation, the following results were drawn. (1) The crystallographic orientation relationship between GaN and sapphire substrate is (11$ \bar 2 $0)[0001][$ \bar 1 $100]GaN // (1$ \bar 1 $02)[$ \bar 1 $101][11$ \bar 2 $0]sapphire. The direction of +c ‐polarity coincides with that reported previously. (2) The pits on the surface are formed on the grain boundaries of GaN. (3) The density of pits is related with the density of nucleation of GaN‐islands on the substrate. The increase in density of pits with the off‐angle can be explained by the increase of nucleation sites provided by atomic steps on the substrate. (4) The side‐wall planes of pits and voids are considered to be closed to ±(0001), ±(11$ \bar 2 $4), and (11$ \bar 2 $2). (5) The formation of pits and voids are attributable to the trend that such inclining planes as (11$ \bar 2 $2) and (11$ \bar 2 $4) are stable compared with +c (0001). A possible technique for reduction of defects is also discussed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Possibility of AlN vapor phase epitaxy using Li3N as a nitrogen source
Authors: Kangawa Y. , Nagano T. , Kakimoto K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPossibility of AlN vapor phase epitaxy using Al and Li3N as source materials was investigated. Grown product on sapphire substrate was identified by XRD and Micro‐Raman measurements. The results suggest that AlON was formed under Li‐N‐rich condition though AlN was formed under Al‐rich condition. This is because Li3N corroded surface of sapphire and oxygen, which is a constituent element of substrate, was incorporated in the product. Moreover, it is found that AlN nano‐wire was formed when excessive Al was supplied during growth. These results imply that it is possible to grow AlN by choosing proper conditions especially Li‐N/Al ratio. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improved capping layer growth towards increased stability of InGaN quantum dots
Authors: Tessarek Christian , Yamaguchi Tomohiro , Figge Stephan , Hommel Detlef 
Published: January 2009

AbstractImprovements in GaN capping layer growth towards increased stability of InGaN quantum dots (QDs) will be presented. Surface quality is enhanced with changing the carrier gas during GaN capping layer growth from nitrogen to hydrogen. Without a dissolution of QDs it is possible to increase the temperature to 1050 °C applying a temperature ramp during growth of GaN.Dot stacks with an uniform and up to room temperature bright photoluminescence emission spectra is reported qualifying the structure to be incorporated into LED and laser structures. Finally, the evolution of the nucleation layer into flat and broad island‐like structures will be explained by the spinodal decomposition model (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth mode of InGaN on GaN (0001) in MOVPE
Authors: Pristovsek M. , Stellmach J. , Leyer M. , Kneissl M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe investigated the growth of InGaN films of 10 nm and thicker on GaN at different temperatures with insitu ellipsometry, ex‐situ X‐ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. Depending on growth temperature all layers showed at least one distinct growth mode transition either to a coherently strained lateral decomposed rough layer or to a relaxed layer. Indium incorporation on the relaxed layer was much higher, with an activation energy of ≈ 0.6 eV compared to the strained layer (EA ≈ 2.1 eV).The growth apparently proceeds first as a smooth homogeneous layer in the Stranski‐Krastanov growth mode. After the onset of 3D growth the layer is still fully strained but lateral decomposition sets on, because the heighest areas can expand horizontally more easily and thus incorporate more indium. Finally the critical thickness is reached and the layer starts to relax. The critical thickness for Stranski‐Krastanov is proportional to xIn –1 and the critical thickness for relaxation is proportional xIn –2 (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Near band‐gap photoluminescence of InN due to Mahan excitons
Authors: Feneberg Martin , Däubler Jürgen , Thonke Klaus , Sauer Rolf , Schley Pascal , Goldhahn Rüdiger 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe luminescence spectrum of degenerately n‐type doped hexagonal InN extends to energies significantly higher than the renormalized band edge of the material. The line shape cannot be explained by simple band‐filling. Reflectivity spectra reveal at low temperatures a strongly enhanced intensity at the Fermi energy which we ascribe to a Fermi edge singularity of the electrons interacting with holes to form so‐called Mahan excitons. High k ‐values of the holes recombining with Fermi edge electrons are provided by localization at acceptors. A weak binding energy for a Mahan exciton is expected due to screening of the electron liquid in the conduction band. The concept of Mahan excitons allows us to understand the observed near band gap photoluminescence spectra (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Molecular mechanisms of cervical carcinogenesis by high‐risk human papillomaviruses: novel functions of E6 and E7 oncoproteins
Authors: Yugawa Takashi , Kiyono Tohru 
Published: January 2009

AbstractOver the last two decades, since the initial discovery of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 and 18 DNAs in cervical cancers by Dr. Harald zur Hausen (winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 2008), the HPVs have been well characterised as causative agents for cervical cancer. Viral DNA from a specific group of HPVs can be detected in at least 90% of all cervical cancers and two viral genes, E6 and E7, are invariably expressed in HPV‐positive cervical cancer cells. Their gene products are known to inactivate the major tumour suppressors, p53 and retinoblastoma protein (pRB), respectively. In addition, one function of E6 is to activate telomerase, and E6 and E7 cooperate to effectively immortalise human primary epithelial cells. Though expression of E6 and E7 is itself not sufficient for cancer development, it seems to be either directly or indirectly involved in every stage of multi‐step carcinogenesis. Epidemiological and biological studies suggest the potential efficacy of prophylactic vaccines to prevent genital HPV infection as an anti‐cancer strategy. However, given the widespread nature of HPV infection and unresolved issues about the duration and type specificity of the currently available HPV vaccines, it is crucial that molecular details of the natural history of HPV infection as well as the biological activities of the viral oncoproteins be elucidated in order to provide the basis for development of new therapeutic strategies against HPV‐associated malignancies. This review highlights novel functions of E6 and E7 as well as the molecular mechanisms of HPV‐induced carcinogenesis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interfacial studies on the ozone and air‐oxidation‐modified carbon fiber reinforced PEEK composites
Authors: Li J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this work, ozone modification method and air‐oxidationwere used for the surface treatment of polyacrylonitrile(PAN)‐based carbon fiber. The surface characteristics of carbon fibers were characterized by XPS. The interfacial properties of carbon fiber‐reinforced (polyetheretherketone) PEEK (CF/PEEK) composites were investigated by means of the single fiber pull‐out tests. As a result, it was found that IFSS (interfacial shear strength) values of the composites with ozone‐treated carbon fiber are increased by 60% compared to that without treatment. XPS results show that ozone treatment increases the amount of carboxyl groups on carbon fiber surface, thus the interfacial adhesion between carbon fiber and PEEK matrix is effectively promoted. The effect of surface treatment of carbon fibers on the tribological properties of CF/PEEKcomposites was comparativelyinvestigated. Experimental results revealed that surface treatment can effectively improve the interfacial adhesion between carbon fiber and PEEK matrix. Thus the wear resistance was significantly improved. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoelectron spectroscopy on organic surfaces: X‐ray degradation of oxygen‐plasma‐treated and chemically reduced poly(propylene) surfaces in comparison to conventional polymers
Authors: Gross Thomas , Kühn Gerhard , Unger Wolfgang E. S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe X‐ray‐induced sample damage during mono XPS analysis of an oxygen‐plasma‐oxidized and subsequently wet‐chemically reduced poly(propylene) film was investigated as a showcase for plasma‐modified or plasma‐deposited samples. By doing this, the degradation index approach as introduced by Beamson and Briggs in the Scienta ESCA300 high‐resolution XPS database of organic polymers has been adopted. As to be expected, the sample degrades by loosing oxygen as revealed by observation of decreasing O/C and COR/Csum ratios. However, the X‐ray degradation indices are definitely higher than those of conventional reference polymers. Moreover, the COR/Csum degradation index is significantly higher in comparison with one obtained for the O/C ratio. In that context, there is no difference between the plasma sample and a conventional poly(vinyl alcohol) polymer. It is concluded that for reliable quantitative surface chemical analysis, the quality of spectra in terms of acquisition times must be optimized aimed to a minimization of X‐ray degradation. Finally, it is proposed to describe the photon flux of an X‐ray gun in an XPS experiment, which defines the degradation rate at the end, by using the sample current simply measured with a carefully grounded sputter‐cleaned reference silver sample. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How to evaluate the calibration of a disease risk prediction tool
Authors: Viallon Vivian , Ragusa Stéphane , Clavel‐Chapelon Françoise , Bénichou Jacques 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTo evaluate the calibration of a disease risk prediction tool, the quantity E/O, i.e. the ratio of the expected to the observed number of events, is usually computed. However, because of censoring, or more precisely because of individuals who drop out before the termination of the study, this quantity is generally unavailable for the complete population study and an alternative estimate has to be computed. In this paper, we present and compare four methods to do this. We show that two of the most commonly used methods generally lead to biased estimates. Our arguments are first based on some theoretic considerations. Then, we perform a simulation study to highlight the magnitude of biases. As a concluding example, we evaluate the calibration of an existing predictive model for breast cancer on the E3N–EPIC cohort. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of tests for restricted orderings in the three‐class case
Authors: Alonzo Todd A. , Nakas Christos T. , Yiannoutsos Constantin T. , Bucher Sherri 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA variety of methods for comparing three distributions have been proposed in the literature. These methods assess the same null hypothesis of equal distributions but differ in the alternative hypothesis they consider. The alternative hypothesis can be that measurements from the three classes are distributed according to unequal distributions or that measurements between the three classes follow a specific monotone ordering, an inverse‐U‐shaped (umbrella) ordering, or a U‐shaped (tree) ordering. This paper compares these tests with respect to power and test size under different simulation scenarios. In addition, the methods are illustrated in two applications generated by different research questions with data from three classes suggesting monotone and umbrella orders. Additionally, proposals for the appropriate application of these tests are provided. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FLORA: a framework for decomposing software architecture to introduce local recovery
Authors: Sözer Hasan , Tekinerdoğan Bedir , Akşit Mehmet 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe decomposition of software architecture into modular units is usually driven by the required quality concerns. In this paper we focus on the impact of local recovery concern on the decomposition of the software system. For achieving local recovery, the system needs to be decomposed into separate units that can be recovered in isolation. However, it appears that this required decomposition for recovery is usually not aligned with the decomposition based on functional concerns. Moreover, introducing local recovery to a software system, while preserving the existing decomposition, is not trivial and requires substantial development and maintenance effort. To reduce this effort we propose a framework that supports the decomposition and implementation of software architecture for local recovery. The framework provides reusable abstractions for defining recoverable units and the necessary coordination and communication protocols for recovery. We discuss our experiences in the application and evaluation of the framework for introducing local recovery to the open‐source media player called MPlayer. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extreme winds from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data
Authors: Larsén Xiaoli Guo , Mann Jakob 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn this study, we test a method to estimate the extreme winds by using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. From the reanalysis pressure or geopotential height records, the geostrophic wind is first calculated, and then extrapolated to 10 m height over a homogeneous surface with roughness length of 0.05 m, i.e. the so‐called standard wind. The software Wind Analysis and Application Program will then use this standard wind in a flow model, with the roughness, orography and obstacles around the turbine site to obtain the site‐specific wind. The ‘annual maximum method’ is used to calculate the 50 year wind. We examined extreme winds in different places where the strongest wind events are weather phenomena of different scales, including the mid‐latitude lows in Denmark, channelling winds in the Gulf of Suez, typhoons in the western North Pacific, cyclones in the Caribbean Sea, local strong winds: the Mistral in the Gulf of Lions and the Bora in the north Adriatic Sea. It was found that the method introduced here can be applied to places where the extreme wind events are synoptic weather phenomena like in north‐western Europe, but a more complicated downscaling, e.g. based on a mesoscale model, is needed for places where the extreme wind events are of mesoscale origin. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tetrahedral [Tt4]4– Zintl Anions Through Solution Chemistry: Syntheses and Crystal Structures of the Ammoniates Rb4Sn4·2NH3, Cs4Sn4·2NH3, and Rb4Pb4·2NH3
Authors: Wiesler Katharina , Brandl Karoline , Fleischmann Andrea , Korber Nikolaus 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe crystalline isotypic solvates Rb4Sn4·2NH3, Cs4Sn4·2NH3, and Rb4Pb4·2NH3 have been synthesized using the direct reduction of elemental tin or tetraphenyltin, respectively, with heavier alkali metals or the dissolution of the binary phase RbPb in liquid ammonia. These compounds contain the cluster ions [Sn4]4– or [Pb4]4– respectively. This is the first time that[Tt4]4– ions (Tt = tetrels) are detected as result of a solution reaction. The accommodation of the ammonia molecules, which build up ion‐dipole interactions to alkali metal cations, requires some modifications of the crystal structures compared to the binary phases RbSn, CsSn, and RbPb. The tetrahedral [Tt4]4– anions have a slightly lower coordination by Rb+ or Cs+ cations and, furthermore, the intercluster distances show a remarkable increase.