bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PREVALENCE AND EPIZOOTIOLOGY OF SALMONELLOSIS AMONG GROUPS OF HORSES IN SOUTH EAST QUEENSLAND
Authors: Roberts M. C. , O'Boyle D. A. 
Published: March 2008

Over a 3‐year period, 1178 faecal samples were cultured from 462 horses admitted to the equine clinic of the University of Queensland; 185 samples were positive for salmonella yielding 213 isolations consisting of 21 serotypes. S. anatum was the predominant serotype isolated (54%) followed by S. ohio (11.27%) and S. typhimurium (9.4%). One hundred and ten horses (23.81%) were positive on one or more occasion, and 42 (9.09%) on more than one occasion. S. anatum was the most common serotype isolated (71.43%) from the main drains in the stable block (33.57% positive samples).The prevalence of salmonella excretors among a large non‐clinic population of horses in south east Queensland was 1.65%.Acute salmonellosis did not occur in the hospitalised animals. However, salmonellas were incriminated in 6 cases of chronic diarrhoea, which all yielded S. anatum, although the most severe involved both S. anatum and S. typhimurium, and these serotypes were isolated from multiple locations at the subsequent autopsy of 3 cases.
Classification of Bacteroides nodosus by agglutination tests
Authors: CLAXTON P. D. , RIBEIRO L. A. , EGERTON J. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY One thousand two hundred and sixty seven isolates of Bacteroides nodosus from 292 sheep in 58 flocks were examined. Of these, 1260 could be classified by slide agglutination into 8 serogroups designated A to H. Up to 6 serogroups were detected in individual flocks, with up to 4 serogroups being detected in a single foot. Of the 292 sheep examined, 38 (13%) carried mixed serogroup infections. Determination of the range of serological types infecting a flock frequently required the examination of a number of isolates from each of a number of sheep.Cross‐tube agglutination tests carried out on 44 isolates and their antiserums indicated that members of some serogroups could be divisible into subgroups or serotypes. These results suggested that 16 or more serotypes of B. nodosus might exist. The nature of the antigens responsible for both slide and tube agglutination reactions needs to be determined.
Asymmetric hindquarter syndrome in pigs
Authors: MERCY A. R. , PEET R. L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAn outbreak of the asymmetric hindquarter syndrome was investigated in a Western Australian piggery. The condition was manifested as asymmetry of the hindquarter, particularly the semitendinosis, semimembranosis and biceps femoris muscles. The gait of affected animals was not noticeably altered, despite an obvious disparity in size between normal and affected limbs. Histologically, muscular degenerative and dystrophic changes were seen but were not present in all undersized muscles and were occasionally present in macroscopically normal muscles. All 7 affected pigs whose breeding history could be traced were sired by the same boar. The condition adversely affected conformation and resulted in down‐grading of carcases.
Acute poisoning in cattle after eating old non‐viable seed of chou moellier (Brassica oleracea convar. acephala)
Authors: MASON R. W. , LUCAS P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThirty cows gained access to a heap of discarded seed of chou moellier that had been stored in a barn for 10 years. Within 24 h 2 cows were dead and one was acutely ill.The outstanding lesion was oedema of the wall of the rumen. The toxicity was attributed to damage to blood vessels in the rumen wall resulting in marked loss of fluid.
A syndrome of hepatogenous photosensitisation, resembling geeldikkop, in sheep grazing Tribulus terrestris
Authors: GLASTONBURY J. R. W. , DOUGHTY F. R. , WHITAKER S. J. , SERGEANT E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwo outbreaks of photosensitivity disease occurred in weaner sheep in south western New South Wales during early autumn 1982. In each instance there was a history of access to the annual herb, Tribulus terrestris and both the clinical and pathological findings were consistent with geeldikkop, a major disease in the Republic of South Africa. The prevalence rates of clinical cases were 21 and 37%, while the case fatality rates approached 70%.Clinical signs were dominated by jaundice and photosensitisation. Ochre and khaki discolouration were present in the liver and kidneys, respectively. Histopathologically, the most characteristic lesion was the presence of acicular, cholesterol‐like clefts in the lumens of bile ducts and in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. Similar structures were also evident in the lumens of nephrons in association with segmental hyperplasia of the neighbouring tubular epithelium.The possible pathogenesis of the hepatogenous photosensitisation and its resemblance to geeldikkop are discussed.
Serological diagnosis of Echinococcus granulosus infection in sheep using cyst fluid antigen processed by antibody affinity chromatography
Authors: LIGHTOWLERS M. W. , RICKARD M. D. , HONEY R. D. , OBENDORF D. L. , MITCHELL G. F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSerum antibody responses in sheep naturally or experimentally infected with Echinococcus granulosus and/or other larval cestodes were examined using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with various antigens prepared from sheep hydatid cyst fluid (SHCF). Serum donors included: sheep experimentally infected with E. granulosus and their age‐matched non‐infected controls; sheep experimentally infected with other helminth parasites; sheep naturally infected with E. granulosus both from Tasmania and the Australian mainland; sheep from Tasmania naturally infected with larval cestodes other than E. granulosus; and naturally reared sheep completely free from infection with larval cestodes. Attempts were made to eliminate serological reactions which were not specific for E. granulosus by using a series of antibody affinity chromatography steps to deplete crude SHCF antigen; these included adsorption with a monoclonal antibody, 3EgH 29–2, removal of host IgG using rabbit anti‐sheep IgG antibody, and removal of antigens which bound non‐specifically to normal sheep immunoglobulin. The final affinity‐depleted antigen product was designated AD SHCF. Specific serological reactivity in infected sheep was very low. Affinity depletion of SHCF using 3EgH 29–2 did not appear to increase the specificity of serological diagnosis of E. granulosus infection when experimentally infected sheep were compared with their non‐infected controls provided the latter were age‐matched with experimental animals. The other affinity adsorption steps significantly reduced non‐specific background binding to antigen by normal sheep serum. Despite this reduction in background in the ELISA, only low levels of antibody could be detected in naturally‐infected sheep. With sheep from Tasmania, diagnosis of infection was possible on a flock basis, but overlap of serological reactions between infected and non‐infected sheep made individual diagnosis unreliable. Heavily infected sheep from mainland Australia were serologically indistinguishable from non‐infected animals. This suggested that different “strains” of E. granulosus may stimulate different types or titres of certain antibodies in the host even though overall titres of antibody are low. The low levels of specific antibody in serums from infected sheep compared with sera from humans with hydatid disease suggests a fundamental difference in the immunological relationship between E. granulosus and these 2 host species.
Observations on spiral deviation of the penis in beef bulls
Authors: de BLOCKEY M. A. B. , TAYLOR E. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPremature spiral deviation of the penis was investigated in 1083 British breed beef bulls in 42 herds in Victoria (35) and Western Australia (7) by means of the serving capacity test. The herd prevalence was 60%. The prevalence of the defect at the initial test for all bulls was 10%. The prevalence in 635 polled bulls was 16% compared to a prevalence of 1 % in 448 horned bulls. The breed prevalence and the number of bulls tested per breed was Red Poll 27% (15), Murray Grey 25% (4), Poll Shorthorn 21 % (34), Angus 17% (415), Poll Hereford 10% (167) and Hereford 1 % (448). The difference between the last 2 breed types was highly significant (P<0.001). The prevalence of the defect increased from 0 to 30% over 9 years in one Victorian herd. The age of affected bulls varied from 2 to 11 years with most affected bulls aged from 3 to 6 years. Common ancestry was found between affected bulls in Western Australia, providing circumstantial evidence that it may be an inherited defect. None of the 103 affected bulls examined in this study had suffered obvious injury to the penis or prepuce. Eighty per cent of 56 affected bulls from Victoria had low serving capacity. Four bulls (2 from each state) with moderate to severe spiral deviation of the penis attained pregnancy rates of 43%, 33%, 3% and 3% respectively, in single sire mating trials. Recommendations for culling defective bulls are presented, based on the herd prevalence and severity of the defect in individual bulls.It is concluded that bulls with moderate to severe spiral deviation of the penis have reduced fertility and remain permanently affected. The serving capacity test is a valuable diagnostic test for this serving defect in unhandled beef bulls. It is a common, although frequently undiagnosed disorder of polled beef breed bulls in Australia.
Colitis in sheep due to a Campylobacter‐like bacterium
Authors: STEPHENS L. R. , BROWNING J. W. , SLEE K. J. , HAYES J. , TZIPORI S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYEpidemic diarrhoea was observed in approximately 2,000 of 6,700 sheep on 9 farms. The disease, called weaner colitis, caused mortality of 1 %, while morbidity varied from 20 to 75%. Colon contents from affected sheep were inoculated into 17 sheep, 13 of which developed diarrhoea 5 to 7 days after inoculation. Naturally and experimentally infected sheep had mild, erosive typhlitis and colitis. Microscopic examination of washed scrapings of colonic mucosa from all affected sheep revealed masses of curved bacteria that were not seen in controls. Electron microscopic examination showed similar bacteria adherent to colonic epithelium of an experimentally infected sheep. Curved, motile bacteria were isolated from 2 naturally occurring cases. One isolate was inoculated into 9 sheep, 2 of which developed diarrhoea. The other isolate was given to 4 sheep without observable effect. The curved bacteria grew only on media containing blood, in an atmosphere of approximately 10% air, 10% CO2 and 80% H2. They were Gram‐negative, with a polar flagellum at one or both ends, they did not ferment glucose or give a positive catalase reaction. It is suggested that these bacteria are a new Campylobacter species and that they play a major role in the aetiology of weaner colitis.
Hereditary neuraxial oedema in a Poll Hereford herd
Authors: DONALDSON C. , MASON R. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYCases of neuraxial oedema in a Poll Hereford herd were investigated and the pedigrees of affected calves determined. In all cases, and over no more than 3 generations, the pedigree led back to a common bull. Analysis of the herd breeding records supported an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance of the disease.Fractures of the femoral heads, acetabular cartilage and/or bone, or both, were seen in some affected calves. This lesion was probably induced during birth or soon after, and the suggestion is made that such hip lesions could be regarded as highly suggestive of hereditary neuraxial oedema of Herefords.The majority of calves showed clinical signs at birth, but 2 calves did not develop clinical signs until they were 2 days old.
Protection of recently shorn sheep against adverse weather using plastic coats
Authors: ELLIS T. , BRADLEY A. , WATSON F. , ELLIOTT K. , SMITH G. , McGRATH M. , DOLLING M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Sheep cold stressed for 10.5 h had plastic coats applied then the cold stress was continued. In 9 of 10 sheep (test group) showing hypothermia at the time coats were applied, body temperatures had returned to near normal 2.5 h later and to normal in 13.5 h. One sheep severely hypothermic before the coat was applied did not improve and was killed after 2.5 h. Sheep that were cold stressed without coats (wet controls) developed marked hypothermia and were killed between 10.5 h and 21 h. Rectal temperatures remained normal in controls that were cold stressed with coats on (coated wet controls) and in the controls not subjected to wetting (dry controls). Plasma cortisol increased markedly in the cold stressed sheep until plastic coats were applied, but the levels had fallen to normal levels 20 h later. Serum thyroxine levels increased at a faster rate in the test group and in wet controls than in the dry controls and coated wet controls during the first 9 h of cold stress. In 4 sheep of the test group energy utilisation increased markedly and remained high for a variable time after coats were applied then gradually returned to pre‐cold stress levels.Liver tyrosine aminotransferase levels of the wet controls were markedly elevated compared to levels found in the test group sheep killed 79.5 h after coats were applied. Histological changes in the spleen and liver of wet controls was absent or only mildly present in the test group sheep. There was severe depletion of muscle and liver glycogen in the wet controls compared with the test group sheep, which were similar to the dry controls and coated wet controls.
Serology of experimental toxoplasmosis in pregnant ewes and their foetuses
Authors: MUNDAY B L , DUBEY J P 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Ewes were inoculated orally with 1500 Toxoplasma gondii oocysts at 6 to 14 weeks of pregnancy. Abortions occurred at 26 to 55 days after inoculation, and maternal serum T. gondii antibody titres did not peak/plateau until 20 to 103 days after inoculation, usually after abortion occurred.Serums or body fluids from unautolysed foetuses aborted at 35 days or more after maternal inoculation, contained significant levels of Toxoplasma antibodies as determined by the indirect fluorescent‐antibody test. It was considered that foetal serology was a quick and efficient method of diagnosing congenital toxoplasmosis in sheep on a flock basis.
Caprine retrovirus infection in New South Wales: Virus isolations, clinical and histopathological findings and prevalence of antibody
Authors: GREWAL A S , BURTON R W , SMITH J E , BATTY E M , GREENWOOD P. E. , NORTH R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Caprine arthritis‐encephalitis virus (CAEV) was isolated by explant cultures of carpal synovial membranes and lung from 7 goats in New South Wales. These goats were clinically affected with the arthritic, neurologic, and pneumonic forms of CAEV infection either singly or in combination. CAEV antibody was detected by the gel immunodiffusion precipitin (GDP) test in 5 of the 7 goats.Serum samples from 2,708 goats, from 115 herds, were examined for CAEV antibody using the GDP test. Approximately one‐third of the animals and 82% of the herds tested had CAEV antibody. The infection was common in all breeds of dairy goats with an indication of a significanty lower prevalence in the Saanen breed (24.4%) compared to Nubians, British Alpines and Toggenbergs (43.8%, 38.7% and 39.1% respectively). CAEV antibody was also demonstrated in 11 of 230 Angora goats. The infection was equally common in all age groups, with slightly higher prevalence in males (83 of 230, 36%) compared to females (648 of 2232, 29%). Among seropositive animals 85% were clinically normal. Of 280 clinically affected goats tested only 42% had detectable antibody.One of 5 sheep that had been in contact with infected goats in one herd had CAEV serum antibody.
Investigation into the use of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α:) and oxytocin for the induction of farrowing
Authors: CHANTARAPRATEEP P. , PRATEEP P. , LOHACHIT C. , KUNAVONGKRIT A. , POOMSUWAN P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY This experiment was conducted in order to compare the effects of injecting PGF2α alone, PGF2α with oxytocin and placebo on the induction of farrowing in swine and to compare the relative effects of 3 different dosages of oxytocin (10, 20 and 30 iu per animal) when combined with PGF2α (10 mg).The findings revealed that animals treated with 30 iu oxytocin farrowed within 10.6 h which was similar to those receiving PGF2α only (9.4 h), but shorter than control animals (53.6 h). Animals receiving 20 and 10 iu of oxytocin farrowed within 1.4 and 1.7 h, respectively. Difficult farrowings requiring manual assistance occurred in 30%, 30%, 50% and 10% of sows given 30 iu, 20iu and 10iu of oxytocin and in the control group, respectively.Thirteen of 73 sows treated with PGF2α farrowed within 12.6 ± 5.3 h. Stillbirths were highest (10.2%) in the control animals whilst in the others it was under 7%.Oxytocin at dosages of 20 and 10 iu, seemed most promosing in terms of synchronising farrowing following PFG2α treatment in swine. However, farrowing complications were more common in these groups.
Kikuyu poisoning of cattle in New South Wales and its relationship to pasture fungi on kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum)
Authors: WONG P T W , ROTH I J , JACKSON A R B 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn the late summer and autumn of 1980 kikuyu poisoning of cattle was diagnosed on 9 farms in New South Wales resulting in 213 deaths among 1370 cattle at risk. Clinical, autopsy and histopathological findings are described and are consistent with those previously recorded. Kikuyu grass samples from 5 paddocks in which deaths were occurring were examined for the presence of fungi. Myrothecium spp were not present. Fusarium semitectum, F. moniliforme var subglutinans, Penicillium spp and a Phoma sp were the most common fungi isolated but with the exception of F. semitectum were not consistently present. F. semitectum was present in adjacent kikuyu grass paddocks in which deaths were not occurring. Two of the farms had army caterpillar (Mythimna convecta) infestations. Army caterpillar faeces present in these paddocks did not contain Myrothecium spp; the fungi present reflected the population present on the kikuyu grass. These findings do not suggest a mycotic cause for kikuyu poisoning. Aust Vet J 64: 229–232
Prevention of Toxoplasma gondii abortion in goats by vaccination with oocysts of Hammondia hammondi
Authors: MUNDAY BL , DUBEY JP 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Nineteen does (female goats) were dosed with 500,000 oocytes of Hammondia hammondi prior to breeding. At about 90 days of gestation these, and 18 uninoculated does were challenged with 25,000 Toxoplasma gondii oocysts.The 19 H. hammondi— inoculated does produced 26 live and one dead kid (newborn goat). The 18 does not given H. hammondi produced 12 live and 19 dead kids. However, examination of all of the kids by isolation of T. gondii in mice, serology and histology revealed that they were all infected with T. gondii. Thus, while H. hammondi“vaccination” is protective against the deleterious effects of T. gondii on pregnant does, perhaps by reducing the severity of placental lesions, it does not prevent foetal infection.
Relationship between serving capacity of beef bulls as predicted by the yard test and their fertility during paddock mating
Authors: BLOCKEY MAdeB 
Published: March 2008

Six experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between the serving capacity of bulls as predicted by a 40‐min yard test and their fertility during paddock mating, measured by the conception rate at first oestrus and the pregnancy rate at the end of 10 weeks of mating. Twenty bulls varying in serving capacity from 1 to 11 were mated to 40 heifers each.As serving capacity of the bulls increased from 1 to 7, conception rate increased from 18 to 70%. Average conception rates achieved by 4 bulls with low serving capacity (25.3%), 8 bulls with medium serving capacity (61.4%) and 7 bulls with high serving capacity (72.3%) were all significiantly different from one another. Bulls of low serving capacity (1 or 2 services) impregnated a significantly lower proportion of their heifers (40.3%) than bulls with medium (91.2%) or high (95.3%) serving capacity. It was concluded that bulls of serving capacity 1 or 2 (in 40 min) should be considered unsound for breeding. An explanation for the results and their implication in beef production is discussed.
Neurological disease associated with degenerative axonopathy of neonatal Holstein‐Friesian calves
Authors: HARPER PAW , HEALY PJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe clinical and pathological features of 19 neonatal Holstein‐Friesian calves affected with moderate to severe neurological disease are presented. Most calves were recumbent from birth, and many developed variable neurological signs including hyperaesthesia or depression, limb extension, head tremor, nystagmus, apparent blindness, and opisthotonos when stimulated. Consistent lesions of moderate to severe, diffuse, axonal swelling and loss, with Wallerian‐type degeneration and myelin depletion in the spinal cord and brainstem, and occasionally in the midbrain and peripheral nerve roots, were observed. The lesions indicated a pre‐natal insult affecting mainly motor areas of the foetal neuraxis, however the aetiology of the disorder remains undetermined. It is suggested that the calves may have been affected by a hitherto unrecognised disease entity for which we propose the term, degenerative axonopathy.
The comparative pathogenicity of four serovars of Actinobacillus (Haemophilus) pleuropneumoniae
Authors: ROGERS RJ , EAVES LE , BLACKALL PJ , TRUMAN KF 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The pathogenicity of 2 isolates of each of serovars 7,3, 1 and 2 of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was tested by intranasal inoculation into 60, 6‐week‐old large white pigs. Four dose rates varying from 0.27 to 560 times 106 organisms per pig with 10‐fold serial dilutions were used. Surviving pigs were necropsied 7 days after inoculation.The proportion of pigs dying and developing gross lesions following infection was significantly greater for pigs given serotype 1 than for each of the other 3 serotypes, which did not differ significantly from each other. Twelve of 16 pigs given either of the 2 isolates of serovar 1 died after acute illness and 1 of 44 pigs given either of the 2 isolates each of serovars 7, 3 and 2 died. Pigs given serovar 1 showed high temperatures, severe respiratory distress, frothy haemorrhagic nasal discharge and weight loss. Lung lesions were produced in all 16 pigs given serovar 1, in 7 of 14 pigs given serovar 7, 7 of 14 pigs receiving serovar 3 and in 5 of 16 pigs given serovar 2. The lethal infections were characterised by a severe acute fibrinohaemorrhagic necrotising pleuropneumonia, whereas non4ethal cases had lung lesions ranging from necrotising purulent pleuropneumonia to abscessation. Significant differences between isolates in proportions of tissues culture positive for A. pleuropneumoniae for serovars 7 and 2, but not for serovars 3 and 1 suggested that isolates may vary in virulence within serovars, but more detailed studies are needed to clarify this point.