bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leiomyosarcoma metastases to the spine
Authors: Elhammady Mohamed Samy A. , Manzano Glen R. , Lebwohl Nathan , Levi Allan D. 
Published: January 2008

✓Leiomyosarcoma is a rare malignant smooth-muscle tumor that rarely metastasizes to bone. It is extremely uncommon for osseous metastasis to be the initial presentation of leiomyosarcoma or to be the initial manifestation of recurrence in patients with a history of leiomyosarcoma. The authors have treated four cases of metastatic leiomyosarcoma with the lesion initially presenting in the spine, and a fifth case of disseminated leiomyosarcoma that involved the spine. In their report, they highlight the cases of two of these patients and provide tabular data for the remaining three.
The authors performed a comprehensive review of the literature on spinal leiomyosarcomas and retrospective chart reviews of five surgically treated patients in whom a spinal metastatic leiomyosarcoma was diagnosed.
Their series consists of five women who ranged in age from 36 to 47 years (mean age 43.2 years). Four patients had known, or presumed, uterine primary lesions, whereas one harbored a retroperitoneal primary tumor. These lesions generally appear as lytic foci on imaging studies, but variable imaging characteristics were observed. All cases were managed aggressively: four patients underwent posterior/posterolateral decompression and fusion, and one underwent anterior–posterior en bloc resection and fusion. In all cases preoperative symptoms resolved. Two patients died 9 and 13 years after initial presentation. The remaining patients are alive and neurologically intact.
Metastatic spinal leiomyosarcomas tend to symptomatically involve only one spinal level at the time of diagnosis and are known to recur locally. These lesions commonly affect women in early middle age, and long-term survival, even in those with systemic metastatic lesions, is better than that seen in individuals with more aggressive spinal metastases. Attempted gross-total resection with fusion, as opposed to minimal palliative decompression, is recommended.
Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in ependymoma of the spinal cord
Authors: Naruse Takahiro , Matsuyama Yukihiro , Ishiguro Naoki 
Published: January 2008

Object
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), also known as prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase, has been reported to play an important role in the tumorigenicity of many types of tumors. The expression of COX-2 in spinal ependymomas, however, has not been studied. The authors evaluated COX-2 expression in ependymoma of the spinal cord.

Methods
Sixteen ependymoma samples obtained in patients undergoing surgery between 1995 and 2004 were utilized for immunohistochemical studies to evaluate COX-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Intratumoral microvessels were also stained immunohistochemically using anti–human von Willebrand factor antibody and were quantified to determine the microvessel density (MVD). The clinical features were reviewed and recorded and the association with COX-2 expression was assessed.
Seven (43.8%) of the 16 ependymoma specimens expressed COX-2. All three of the myxopapillary-type ependymomas exhibited COX-2–positive staining. Excluding the three myxopapillary-type cases, COX-2 expression was identified in four (30.8%) of 13 cellular-type ependymomas. The COX-2–positive samples exhibited a significant increase in VEGF-positive staining cells and MVD compared with COX-2-negative samples. The clinical features were not associated with COX-2 expression.

Conclusions
The results of the present study indicate that COX-2 expression may promote angiogenesis through VEGF expression in ependymomas of the spinal cord. It is suggested that the use of selective COX-2 inhibitors may provide a new therapeutic strategy for spinal cord ependymomas due to their inhibition of the COX-2-mediated angiogenesis.
Contusion, dislocation, and distraction: primary hemorrhage and membrane permeability in distinct mechanisms of spinal cord injury
Authors: Choo Anthony M. , Liu Jie , Lam Clarrie K. , Dvorak Marcel , Tetzlaff Wolfram , Oxland Thomas R. 
Published: January 2008

Object
In experimental models of spinal cord injury (SCI) researchers have typically focused on contusion and transection injuries. Clinically, however, other injury mechanisms such as fracture–dislocation and distraction also frequently occur. The objective of the present study was to compare the primary damage in three clinically relevant animal models of SCI.

Methods
Contusion, fracture–dislocation, and flexion–distraction animal models of SCI were developed. To visualize traumatic increases in cellular membrane permeability, fluorescein–dextran was infused into the cerebrospi-nal fluid prior to injury. High-speed injuries (approaching 100 cm/second) were produced in the cervical spine of deeply anesthetized Sprague–Dawley rats (28 SCI and eight sham treated) with a novel multimechanism SCI test system. The animals were killed immediately thereafter so that the authors could characterize the primary injury in the gray and white matter.
Sections stained with H & E showed that contusion and dislocation injuries resulted in similar central damage to the gray matter vasculature whereas no overt hemorrhage was detected following distraction. Contusion resulted in membrane disruption of neuronal somata and axons localized within 1 mm of the lesion epicenter. In contrast, membrane compromise in the dislocation and distraction models was observed to extend rostrally up to 5 mm, particularly in the ventral and lateral white matter tracts.

Conclusions
Given the pivotal nature of hemorrhagic necrosis and plasma membrane compromise in the initiation of downstream SCI pathomechanisms, the aforementioned differences suggest the presence of mechanism-specific injury regions, which may alter future clinical treatment paradigms.
Stress-shielding compared with load-sharing anterior cervical plate fixation: a clinical and radiographic prospective analysis of 50 patients
Authors: Saphier Paul S. , Arginteanu Marc S. , Moore Frank M. , Steinberger Alfred A. , Camins Martin B. 
Published: January 2008

Object
In a prospective analysis the authors evaluated the clinical and radiographic outcome of 50 consecutive patients who underwent anterior cervical discectomy and fusion and fixation in which either a stress-shielding or a load-sharing plate (Orion and Premier, respectively) was placed. Data obtained in the two cohorts were analyzed to determine whether clinical or radiographic differences would emerge.

Methods
All patients underwent either one- or two-level fusion in which freeze-dried allogenic tricortical iliac crest bone graft was used. In the first cohort of 25 patients entered into the study, fixation was achieved using a stress-shielding anterior cervical plate (ACP) system, whereas in the second cohort of 25 patients a load-sharing plate system was employed. Patients were evaluated during a follow-up period that ranged from 12 to 35 months. Outcome was determined using a standard questionnaire by which the authors gauged the level of pain, disability, and satisfaction following surgery. The success of surgical fusion and the magnitude of the translation were determined by radiographic evaluation.
There was no statistically significant difference between the two cohorts with respect to age, sex, smoking rate, and postoperative complications. With regard to pain and functionality, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in favor of the load-sharing system. The fusion rates with the load-sharing and stress-shielding systems were 96 and 92%, respectively, and this difference was not significant. There was no significant difference between the two cohorts with regard to overall satisfaction. The magnitude of vertical translation was significantly greater in the stress-shielding ACP group (p < 0.05) for treatment at one level but not at two. Clinical and radiographic data were available in all patients.

Conclusions
Load-sharing ACP systems exhibited superior clinical results compared with stress-shielding ACPs in this series of patients. The symptomatic pseudarthrosis rate was lower in the load-sharing ACP–treated patients, although this was not statistically significant.
Bone marrow stromal cells promoting corticospinal axon growth through the release of humoral factors in organotypic cocultures in neonatal rats
Authors: Kamei Naosuke , Tanaka Nobuhiro , Oishi Yosuke , Ishikawa Masakazu , Hamasaki Takahiko , Nishida Koji , Nakanishi Kazuyoshi , Sakai Norio , Ochi Mitsuo 
Published: January 2008

Object
The transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) is considered to be an alternative treatment to promote central nervous system regeneration, but the precise mechanisms of this regeneration after transplantation of BMSCs have not been clarified. In the present study, the authors assessed the effects of BMSC transplantation on corticospinal axon growth quantitatively, and they analyzed the mechanism of central nervous system regeneration in the injured and BMSC-treated spinal cord using the organotypic coculture system.

Methods
Bone marrow stromal cells derived from green fluorescent protein–expressing transgenic Sprague–Dawley rats were transplanted to the organotypic coculture system in which brain cortex and spinal cord specimens obtained in neonatal Sprague–Dawley rats were used. The axon growth from the cortex to the spinal cord was assessed quantitatively, using anterograde tracing with 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate. To identify the differentiation of transplanted BMSCs, immunohistochemical examinations were performed. In addition, BMSCs were analyzed using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for mRNA expression of the growth factors.
The transplantation of BMSCs beneath the membrane, where the transplanted cells did not come into direct contact with the cultured tissue, promoted corticospinal axon growth to the same extent as transplantation of BMSCs on the tissues. The RT-PCR showed that the transplanted BMSCs expressed the mRNA of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

Conclusions
These findings strongly suggest that humoral factors expressed by BMSCs, including BDNF and VEGF, participate in regeneration of the central nervous system after transplantation of these cells.
Antihyperalgesic effects of vanilloid-1 and bradykinin-1 receptor antagonists following spinal cord injury in rats
Authors: Rajpal Sharad , Gerovac Tiffany A. , Turner Nicholas A. , Tilghman Jessica I. , Allcock Bradley K. , McChesney Shannon L. , Miranpuri Gurwattan S. , Park Seung W. , Resnick Daniel K. 
Published: January 2008

Object
The authors previously discovered that genes for the bradykinin-1 (B1) receptor and the transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) were overexpressed in animals exhibiting thermal hyperalgesia (TH) following spinal cord injury (SCI). They now report the effect of TRPV1 (AMG9810) and B1 (Lys-[Des-Arg9, Leu8]-bradykinin) antagonists on TH in animals following SCI.

Methods
The rats were subjected to contusion SCI and then divided into groups in which TH did or did not develop. The animals from both groups were given either AMG9810, Lys-(Des-Arg9, Leu8)-bradykinin, or the drug-specific vehicle (control groups). Animals were tested for TH preinjury and at regular intervals after SCI by using the hindlimb withdrawal latency test.

Conclusions
The administration of AMG9810 likely improves TH as a result of a generalized analgesic effect, whereas the effect of Lys-(Des-Arg9, Leu8)-bradykinin appears more specific to the reversal of TH. This information has potential usefulness in the development of treatment strategies for post-SCI neuropathic pain.
Saving Wild Rice: The Rise and Fall of the Nett Lake Dam
Authors: Habte Nega Tsegaye 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This paper examines the interrelations of technology, environment and people by exploring the origin, design and implementation of a dam-building project intended to control water-level fluctuations and enhance the Nett Lake wild rice ecosystem at Bois Forte Indian Reservation in northern Minnesota. Informed by the interdisciplinary field of science and technology studies (STS), it is argued that technologies, such as the dam, do not fail or succeed because they are ill or well conceived. Rather, they acquire these properties depending on whether the boundaries of the technology, user and ecosystem become stable. This implies that even if we can point to the separate entities involved, their boundaries cannot be determined a priori. Instead, they emerge constantly, renegotiated by a complex interplay of heterogeneous elements, including scientific, economic, political, cultural, legal and natural factors.
Spanish Wood Pasture: Origin and Durability of an Historical Wooded Landscape in Mediterranean Europe
Authors: Clément Vincent 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Spanish dehesas , the most extensive wood pastures in Mediterranean Europe, are a vivid example for demonstrating that the impact of rural communities on forests has not always been a bad thing. Environmental history is vital for understanding this cultural landscape. This article first analyses the origin of the dehesa. The border logic and the medieval Reconquest are elements that undoubtedly played a decisive part in its genesis; but, for the significance of Roman influence in Spain, it is necessary to consider the question of the possible existence of dehesas in Antiquity. The second aspect concerns the spreading of this landscape from the Middle Ages onwards. Dehesas are usually linked to the large properties owned by military orders, but most of all the spreading of the dehesa was favoured by the rise of transhumance from the thirteenth century onwards. Finally, the article emphasises that the durability of the Spanish wood pasture can be explained by a combination of several factors: insecurity along the border, the fact that transhumance was the most important industry in Spain for many centuries, and the protective laws adopted by the rural communities in order to protect their dehesas.
An Overview of Protein Misfolding Diseases
Authors: Dobson Christopher M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Orginally published in: Protein Folding Handbook. Part II. Edited by Johannes Buchner and Thomas Kiefhaber. Copyright © 2005 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3‐527‐30784‐2
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Protein Misfolding and Its Consequences for Disease

The Structure and Mechanism of Amyloid Formation

A Generic Description of Amyloid Formation

The Fundamental Origins of Amyloid Disease

Approaches to Therapeutic Intervention in Amyloid Disease

Conclusions

Acknowledgements
Protein Production in Mammalian Cells
Authors: Sandig Volker , Rose Thomas , Winkler Karsten , Brecht Rene 
Published: January 2008

AbstractOriginally published in: Production of Recombinant Proteins. Edited by Gerd Gellissen. Copyright © 2005 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3‐527‐31036‐4The sections in this article areWhy Use Mammalian Cells for Heterologous Gene Expression?Mammalian Cell Lines for Protein ProductionMammalian Expression SystemsDesign of the Basic Expression UnitTransient Expression and Episomal Vectors: Alternatives to Stable Integration“Stable” Integration into the Host GenomeSelection Strategies for Mammalian CellsAuxotrophic Selection Markers and Gene AmplificationThe Integration Locus: a Major Determinant of Expression LevelMammalian Cell‐based Fermentation ProcessesBatch and Fed‐batch FermentationContinuous Perfusion FermentationContinuous Production with Hollow‐fiber BioreactorsConclusionsAcknowledgments
Intermittent Cities On Waiting Spaces and How to Inhabit Transforming Cities
Authors: Faraone Claudia , Sarti Andrea 
Published: January 2008

AbstractClaudia Faraone and Andrea Sarti tap into the potential of the transient contemporary city, which is incessantly growing and evolving. By networking a series of sites ‐ either officially or unofficially awaiting development ‐ they provide the city of dispersal with a highly dynamic, ready‐made urban culture. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Archipelago of the Negev Desert A Temporal/Collective Plan for Beer Sheva, Israel
Authors: Segal Rafi 
Published: January 2008

AbstractKnown locally as the ‘non‐city’, Beer Sheva in southern Israel is made up of segregated communities with no central core. Rafi Segal proposes a way of creating connectivity while accepting the city's lack of centre and optimising on its beautiful desert landscape and Bedouin inheritance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urban Voids: Grounds for Change Reimagining Philadelphia's Vacant Lands
Authors: Leob Deenah 
Published: January 2008

AbstractDispersal is most often regarded as an upshot of population rises as the demographic grows and spreads outwards of the city centre. Cities, though, can simultaneously experience contraction and expansion. Despite being the sixth largest city in the US, Philadelphia is a ‘shrinking city’; deindustrialistion has prompted urban abandonment at the same time as the growth of urban sprawl. Deenah Loeb, executive director of the City Parks Association of Philadelphia, describes how the URBAN VOIDS competition was launched in order to trigger public discussion and the reimagining of a greened city. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Royal Dutch Military Police Campus Zvi Hecker's Landscape Urbanism
Authors: Segal Rafi 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSituated close to Schiphol Airport, Zvi Hecker's new police campus for the Royal Dutch Military Police is located in the Randstad area; the ‘rim city’ conurbation that comprises the four biggest Dutch cities ‐ Rotterdam, Amsterdam, The Hague and Utrecht ‐ and has come to epitomise the most intensive European condition of dispersal. As Rafi Segal describes, Hecker chooses to address this context by providing the campus with ‘a notion of the urban’ that creates ‘a city within a wall’. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elektrochemische Alternativen für die Trinkwasserdesinfektion
Authors: Martínez‐Huitle Carlos A. , Brillas Enric 
Published: January 2008

AbstractDie Trinkwasserdesinfektion erfolgt weltweit zumeist durch Chlorung. Dabei entstehen aber potenziell toxische Nebenprodukte, weshalb alternative Techniken entwickelt wurden; eines der praktikabelsten Verfahren ist die elektrochemische Desinfektion. Dieser Kurzaufsatz stellt solche Methoden zur Trinkwasserdesinfektion vor und unterstreicht die Effizienz von kürzlich entwickelten Diamantfilmen in chlorfreien elektrochemischen Systemen.
Virtual maps–virtual worlds: Testing the usability of a greek virtual cultural map
Authors: Garoufallou Emmanouel , Siatri Rania , Balatsoukas Panagiotis 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe authors report on the findings of a usability test conducted to evaluate the usability of the VeriaGrid online system. The VeriaGrid (www.theveriagrid.org) is a prototype virtual map that focuses on the provision of information related to the cultural heritage of the city of Veria (Greece). It has been developed under the Light Project by the Central Public Library of Veria (www.libver.gr). It is an interactive application that includes various functional or thematic areas such as an interactive digital map of Veria, image gallery, videoclips, panoramic site photos, and general information about the city of Veria. The findings of the usability test revealed that users had some difficulties in using novel features of the digital map (such as the Recommended Points and the Routes functions) and finding textual information about cultural heritage of the city of Veria. Users, however, were satisfied with the overall usability of the system. In light of these findings, some recommendations for improving the usability of the system are made.
Substituent Effects in the Preparation of Naphthacenes by the Coupling Reaction of Diyne‐Derived Zirconacyclopentadienes with Tetraiodobenzene
Authors: Seri Tomomi , Qu Hongmei , Zhou Lishan , Kanno Ken‐ichiro , Takahashi Tamotsu 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe synthesis of a series of substituted naphthacene derivatives through the coupling reaction of zirconacyclopentadienes with diiodobenzenes is reported. A reaction of bis(propargyl)benzenes with zirconacene dibutyl afforded the corresponding tricyclic zirconacyclopentadienes, which reacted with o‐diiodobenzenes to afford the corresponding dihydronaphthacenes. The yields of the coupling reactions were dependent on the substituents on both of the zirconacycles and o‐diiodobenzenes. The reactions of diphenyl‐substituted zirconacycles gave higher yields than those of the α,α′‐dialkyl‐substituted derivatives. The iodide functions thus introduced allowed further introduction of substituents by well‐established cross‐coupling reactions after construction of the naphthacene skeletons.
Resonance Rayleigh scattering method for the determination of chitosan with some anionic surfactants
Authors: Wang Yu‐Wei , Li Nian‐Bing , Luo Hong‐Qun 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn weak acidic buffer medium, chitosan binding with an anionic surfactant, such as sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS), sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) or sodium dodecyl sulphonate (SDS), can result in a significant enhancement of resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS) intensity. The results showed that under optimum conditions the enhanced RRS intensity is proportional to the concentration of chitosan in the range 0.10–20.0 µg/mL for SDBS, 0.27–15.0 µg/mL for SLS and 0.20–15.0 µg/mL for SDS. Among these, the sensitivity of SDBS is the highest and its detection limit for chitosan is 29 ng/mL, while those of SLS and SDS are 83 and 61 ng/mL, respectively. The method has good selectivity and was applied to the determination of trace amounts of chitosan in practical samples with satisfactory results. Therefore, a simple and convenient method with high sensitivity and selectivity for the determination of chitosan was established. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Team‐teaching a current events‐based biology course for nonmajors
Authors: Bondos Sarah E. , Phillips Dereth 
Published: January 2008

AbstractRice University has created a team‐taught interactive biology course for nonmajors with a focus on cutting edge biology in the news—advances in biotechnology, medicine, and science policy, along with the biological principles and methodology upon which these advances are based. The challenges inherent to teaching current topics were minimized by team‐teaching the course, providing knowledgeable and enthusiastic lecturers for every topic while distributing the effort required to update material. Postdoctoral associates and advanced graduate students served as lecturers, providing an opportunity for them to develop their teaching skills and learn to communicate effectively with nonscientists on newsworthy topics related to their research. Laboratory tours, in‐class demonstrations, and mock‐ups helped lecturers convey surprisingly advanced ideas with students who lacked a strong theoretical or practical science background. A faculty member and co‐coordinator administer the class, organize class activities, and mentor the speakers on teaching techniques and lecture design. Course design, lecture topics, hands‐on activities, and approaches to successfully solve the difficulties inherent to team teaching are discussed. Course evaluations reflect student involvement in, and enjoyment of, the class.