bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of volatile emissions from undamaged and mechanically damaged almonds
Authors: Beck John J , Higbee Bradley S , Merrill Glory B , Roitman James N 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The navel orangeworm (NOW) Amyelois transitella (Walker) is a major insect pest of almonds causing considerable monetary setbacks for both growers and processors, and thus control of NOW is one of the top priorities for the almond industry. Field observations purport that NOW is attracted to previously injured almonds. Accordingly, in this study the volatile output of damaged almonds was investigated in an effort to identify potential attractants for further studies into the control and/or monitoring of NOW. Mature almonds from the Monterey variety were evaluated for their volatile composition after mechanical damage and compared with the volatile composition of undamaged almonds.RESULTS: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were collected on Tenax, desorbed and identified via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis. VOCs unique to the damaged tree nuts included trace amounts of 3‐pentanol and isomers of the spiroketal chalcogran. VOCs that increased in relative amounts after damage include the spiroketal conophthorin and numerous four‐carbon ester and ketone as well as alcohol derivatives, in addition to two eight‐carbon chain compounds.CONCLUSION: Several VOCs, both unique and in increased amounts, were identified from damaged almonds. Their presence in damaged almonds warrants further investigation into their role in NOW response to damaged almonds, which may lead to insights into the control and/or monitoring of NOW. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The rate of convergence of q‐Durrmeyer operators for 0<q<1
Authors: Gupta Vijay , Heping Wang 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the present paper, we introduce certain q‐Durrmeyer operators and estimate the rate of convergence for continuous functions in terms of modulus of continuity. The obtained estimate is sharp with respect to order. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Further Conventions for NMR Shielding and Chemical Shifts (IUPAC Recommendations 2008)
Authors: Harris Robin K. , Becker Edwin D. , De Menezes Sonia M. Cabral , Granger Pierre , Hoffman Roy E. , Zilm Kurt W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIUPAC has published a number of recommendations regarding the reporting of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data, especially chemical shifts. The most recent publication [Pure Appl. Chem. 73, 1795 (2001)] recommended that tetramethylsilane (TMS) serve as a universal reference for reporting the shifts of all nuclides, but it deferred recommendations for several aspects of this subject. This document first examines the extent to which the 1H shielding in TMS itself is subject to change by variation in temperature, concentration, and solvent. On the basis of recently published results, it has been established that the shielding of TMS in solution [along with that of sodium‐3‐(trimethylsilyl)propanesulfonate, DSS, often used as a reference for aqueous solutions] varies only slightly with temperature but is subject to solvent perturbations of a few tenths of a part per million (ppm). Recommendations are given for reporting chemical shifts under most routine experimental conditions and for quantifying effects of temperature and solvent variation, including the use of magnetic susceptibility corrections and of magic‐angle spinning (MAS).This document provides the first IUPAC recommendations for referencing and reporting chemical shifts in solids, based on high‐resolution MAS studies. Procedures are given for relating 13C NMR chemical shifts in solids to the scales used for high‐resolution studies in the liquid phase. The notation and terminology used for describing chemical shift and shielding tensors in solids are reviewed in some detail, and recommendations are given for best practice. © 2008 IUPAC. Reprinted with permission from Pure Appl. Chem. 2008; 80: 59. This article can be freely downloaded from http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/80/1/0059/ and can be copied, provided acknowledgement to IUPAC is given.
Organoclays as flame retardants for PVC
Authors: Beyer Günter 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPeak heat release reduction is lower for plasticized PVC composites containing a modified montmorillonite compared to those formulated with the hectorite. One possible explanation is that the char of the sample containing the modified montmorillonite was less cracked. Both clays initiate accelerated HCl release from PVC resulting in unwanted color changes of the compounds. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression and activity in human carotid atherosclerotic lesions
Authors: Sluimer JC , Gasc JM , Hamming I , van Goor H , Michaud A , van den Akker LH , Jütten B , Cleutjens J , Bijnens APJJ , Corvol P , Daemen MJAP , Heeneman S 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAngiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE)2 is a recently identified homologue of ACE. As ACE2 inactivates the pro‐atherogenic angiotensin II, we hypothesize that ACE2 may play a protective role in atherogenesis. The spatiotemporal localization of ACE2 mRNA and protein in human vasculature and a possible association with atherogenesis were investigated using molecular histology (in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry). Also, the ACE : ACE2 balance was investigated using enzymatic assays. ACE2 mRNA was expressed in early and advanced human carotid atherosclerotic lesions. In addition, ACE2 protein was present in human veins, non‐diseased mammary arteries and atherosclerotic carotid arteries and expressed in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and macrophages. Quantitative analysis of immunoreactivity showed that total vessel wall expression of ACE and ACE2 was similar during all stages of atherosclerosis. The observed ACE2 protein was enzymatically active and activity was lower in the stable advanced atherosclerotic lesions, compared to early and ruptured atherosclerotic lesions. These results suggest a differential regulation of ACE2 activity during the progression of atherosclerosis and suggest that this novel molecule of the renin–angiotensin system may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular profiling pleomorphic lobular carcinomas of the breast: evidence for a common molecular genetic pathway with classic lobular carcinomas
Authors: Simpson PT , Reis‐Filho JS , Lambros MBK , Jones C , Steele D , Mackay A , Iravani M , Fenwick K , Dexter T , Jones A , Reid L , Da Silva L , Shin SJ , Hardisson D , Ashworth A , Schmitt FC , Palacios J , Lakhani SR 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPleomorphic lobular carcinomas (PLC) of the breast display histological features associated with classic invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC), yet they also exhibit more conspicuous nuclear atypia and pleomorphism, and an aggressive clinical behaviour. From a breast cancer progression perspective, it is unclear whether PLC is a variant of ILC or is a high‐grade invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) that has lost E‐cadherin. The molecular features of 26 PLC were studied using immunohistochemistry [oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER2, p53 and E‐cadherin], 0.9 Mb resolution, microarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), fluorescent (FISH) and chromogenic (CISH) in situ hybridization and loss of heterozygosity. Comparative analysis was performed with aCGH data from PLC with classic ILC (16 cases) and high grade IDC (35 cases). PLCs were frequently ER‐ and PR‐positive, E‐cadherin‐negative and occasionally HER2‐ and p53‐positive. Recurrent copy number changes identified by aCGH included gains on 1q, 8q, 11q, 12q, 16p and 17q and losses on 8p, 11q, 13q, 16q and Xq. Highly recurrent 1q+ (100% of cases), 16p+ (93%), 11q− (53%) and 16q− (93%) and evidence of the der(1;16)/der(16)t(1;16) rearrangement, as detected by FISH, suggested that PLC had a ‘lobular genotype’. Focal amplifications were evident at 8p12‐p11, 8q24, 11q13.1‐q14.1, 12q14, 17q12 and 20q13. Loss of BRCA2 was detected in 40% of PLC by LOH. Comparative analysis of aCGH data suggested the molecular features of PLC (ER/PR‐positive, E‐cadherin‐negative, 1q+, 11q−, 16p+ and 16q−) were more closely related to those of ILC than IDC, implicating an overlapping developmental pathway for these lobular tumour types. Molecular alterations found in PLC that are more typical of high‐grade IDC than ILC (p53 and HER2 positivity, 8q+, 17q24‐q25+, 13q− and amplification of 8q24, 12q14, 17q12 and 20q13) are likely to drive the high‐grade and more aggressive biology of PLC. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small is beautiful: microRNAs and breast cancer—where are we now?
Authors: Verghese ET , Hanby AM , Speirs V , Hughes TA 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMicroRNAs are a recently discovered class of small regulatory RNAs that influence the stability and translational efficiency of target mRNAs. They have been implicated in an increasing number of biological processes, including neoplasia. Recent studies have shown an involvement for these regulatory molecules in breast cancer. For example, miRNA profiling studies have identified microRNAs that are deregulated in breast cancer. Furthermore, functional studies have uncovered their roles in breast cancer as both tumour suppressor genes (eg miR‐335) and oncogenes (eg miR‐21). miRNAs deregulated in breast cancer influence the translational regulation of well‐established regulatory molecules, such as oestrogen receptor‐α, which is regulated by miR‐206, and novel cancer‐related molecules whose functions are not yet fully understood.. Here we present an overview of our current understanding of miRNA in breast cancer. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tissue engineering of oral dysplasia
Authors: Gaballah K , Costea DE , Hills A , Gollin SM , Harrison P , Partridge M 
Published: April 2008

AbstractKeratinocytes and fibroblasts isolated from dysplastic oral lesions were combined to provide a renewable source of epithelia. A dysplasia‐scoring index was devised to compare the architectural and cytological features and used together with robust immunophenotyping to show that the engineered epithelia showed most of the characteriztics of the clinical lesions. The strains of dysplastic oral keratinocytes with an extended or immortal lifespan provided a reproducible resource of epithelia showing mild (DOK), moderate (POE9n) or severe (D20) dysplasia when maintained under defined conditions. The dysplasia score was influenced by growth conditions, with KGF polarizing proliferation to the basal layer and reducing the severity of dysplasia. When compared to the normal counterparts, dysplasia‐associated fibroblasts expressed MMP9, secreted more HGF, increased the dysplasia score for epithelia generated with mortal dysplastic keratinocytes and induced morphological changes in normal keratinocytes, highlighting the role of the microenvironment in determining the phenotype of dysplastic epithelia. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large‐scale N‐terminal deletions but not point mutations stabilize β‐catenin in small bowel carcinomas, suggesting divergent molecular pathways of small and large intestinal carcinogenesis
Authors: Breuhahn K , Singh S , Schirmacher P , Bläker H 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSmall intestinal adenocarcinoma is rare and its molecular pathogenesis is incompletely understood. Stabilization of β‐catenin, a mediator of wnt/wingless signalling, can be detected in 50% of sporadic carcinomas but, in contrast to colorectal cancer, this finding can not be explained by the inactivation of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC). In order to elucidate the molecular background of β‐catenin stabilization in small intestinal adenocarcinoma, we investigated 20 non‐familial adenomatous polyposis coli (FAP)‐associated tumours, including five microsatellite‐unstable carcinomas for β‐catenin alterations, by immunohistochemistry, western blot analysis and sequence analysis on the RNA and DNA levels. Nuclear accumulation of β‐catenin was found in 50% of carcinomas. In 30%, nuclear stabilization was restricted to tumour cells at the invasion front, while 20% of tumours displayed intense homogeneous nuclear stabilization throughout all areas. Large deletions and insertions in the β‐catenin gene (CTNNB1) resulting in a partial or complete in‐frame loss of exons 3 and 4 on the RNA‐transcript level were found in the latter, exclusively microsatellite‐stable carcinomas. The mutations resulted in the stabilization of aberrant β‐catenin lacking large parts of N‐terminal protein domains. No point mutations in CTNNB1 were observed. Our data show that large intragenic CTNNB1 mutations stabilize β‐catenin in small intestinal adenocarcinomas and influence the subcellular distribution of the protein. In contrast to colon carcinomas, neither APC nor CTNNB1 point mutations seem to play a significant role in carcinogenesis, indicating divergent mechanisms of wnt/wingless control in the small and the large intestine. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased expression of the adult stem cell marker Musashi‐1 in endometriosis and endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Götte M , Wolf M , Staebler A , Buchweitz O , Kelsch R , Schüring AN , Kiesel L 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAdult stem cells are thought to be responsible for the high regenerative capacity of the human endometrium, and have been implicated in the pathology of endometriosis and endometrial carcinoma. The RNA‐binding protein Musashi‐1 is associated with maintenance and asymmetric cell division of neural and epithelial progenitor cells. We investigated expression and localization of Musashi‐1 in endometrial, endometriotic and endometrial carcinoma tissue specimens of 46 patients. qPCR revealed significantly increased Musashi‐1 mRNA expression in the endometrium compared to the myometrium. Musashi‐1 protein expression presented as nuclear or cytoplasmic immunohistochemical staining of single cells in endometrial glands, and of single cells and cell groups in the endometrial stroma. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed colocalization of Musashi‐1 with its molecular target Notch‐1 and telomerase. In proliferative endometrium, the proportion of Musashi‐1‐positive cells in the basalis layer was significantly increased 1.5‐fold in the stroma, and three‐fold in endometrial glands compared to the functionalis. The number of Musashi‐1 expressing cell groups was significantly increased (four‐fold) in proliferative compared to secretory endometrium. Musashi‐1 expressing stromal cell and cell group numbers were significantly increased (five‐fold) in both endometriotic and endometrial carcinoma tissue compared to secretory endometrium. A weak to moderate, diffuse cytoplasmic glandular staining was observed in 50% of the endometriosis cases and in 75% of the endometrioid carcinomas compared to complete absence in normal endometrial samples. Our results emphasize the role of Musashi‐1‐expressing endometrial progenitor cells in proliferating endometrium, endometriosis and endometrioid uterine carcinoma, and support the concept of a stem cell origin of endometriosis and endometrial carcinoma. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wilms tumour histology is determined by distinct types of precursor lesions and not epigenetic changes
Authors: Fukuzawa R , Anaka MR , Heathcott RW , McNoe LA , Morison IM , Perlman EJ , Reeve AE 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCurrent models of Wilms tumour development propose that histological features of the tumours are programmed by the underlying molecular aberrations. For example, tumours associated with WT1 mutations arise from intralobar nephrogenic rests (ILNR), concur with CTNNB1 mutations and have distinct histology, whereas tumours with IGF2 loss of imprinting (LOI) often arise from perilobar nephrogenic rests (PLNR). Intriguingly, ILNR and PLNR are found simultaneously in Wilms tumours in children with overgrowth who have constitutional IGF2 LOI. We therefore examined whether the precursor lesions or early epigenetic changes are the primary determinant of Wilms tumour histology. We examined the histological features and gene expression profiles of IGF2 LOI tumours and WT1‐mutant tumours which are associated with PLNR and/or ILNR. Two distinct types of IGF2 LOI tumours were identified: the first type had a blastemal‐predominant histology associated with PLNR, while the second subtype had a myogenic histology, increased expression of mesenchymal lineage genes and an association with ILNR, similar to WT1‐mutant tumours. These ILNR‐associated IGF2 LOI tumours also showed signatures of activation of the WNT signalling pathway: differential expression of β‐catenin targets (MMP2, RARG, DKK1) and WNT antagonist genes (DKK1, WIF1, SFRP4). Unexpectedly, the majority of these tumours had CTNNB1 mutations, which are normally only seen in WT1‐mutant tumours. The absence of WT1 mutations in tumours with IGF2 LOI indicated that CTNNB1 mutations occur predominantly in tumours arising from ILNR independent of the presence or absence of WT1 mutations. Thus, even though these two classes of tumours with IGF2 LOI have the same underlying predisposing epigenetic error, the tumour histology and the gene expression profiles are determined by the nature of the precursor cells within the nephrogenic rests and subsequent CTNNB1 mutations. Copyright © 2008 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential benefits of the information mapping Technique
Authors: Schaffer Eric M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA Corporate Time Reporting Instruction was revised by professional writers using a method of structured modular writing called Information Mapping™ [IM]. An experiment was conducted to compare human performance on the current and IM versions of the instruction.Although the current version is generally considered to be in “good shape” the IM version was significantly superior.After a brief familiarization subjects rated the IM version as more “Clear”, less “Frustrating” and more “Good.”During a series of simulated time reporting tasks subjects committed 54% fewer errors when the IM version was used.After the tasks, the subjects reported that the IM version “Rambles” less, is more logically organized, and seemed more “Trustworthy” and “Friendly.” Subjects felt more “Satisfied,” Confident,” and “In Control” when using the IM version. The larger type size of the IM version was strongly preferred. Generally, the IM version was felt to be more “Easy to Use.”Although the scope of the study is limited, the importance of writing quality is clearly demonstrated. Revision of instructions by properly trained individuals, would seem to offer substantial payoffs in terms of efficiency, document acceptance, and the psychological state of the user.
Studies on the thermal polymerization of substituted benzoxazine monomers: Electronic effects
Authors: Andreu R. , Reina J. A. , Ronda J. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTo evaluate the influence of the electronic effects on the polymerization temperature, we looked at several 3‐phenyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2‐H‐1,3‐benzoxazine monomers with electron‐withdrawing or electron‐donating groups in the 6 and 4′ positions. The monomers were synthesized and characterized using different synthetic methods to achieve the best possible results. The thermal polymerization of these benzoxazine monomers was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, and the polymerization behavior and the polymer characteristics were related to the electronic character of the substituent and the polymerization mechanism. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 3353–3366, 2008
A versatile preparation of azobenzene‐dye functionalized colored polymer nanoparticles by surface modification
Authors: Cannizzo Caroline , Amigoni‐Gerbier Sonia , Frigoli Michel , Larpent Chantal 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA series of stable and translucent colored nanolatex, that is, colloidal aqueous suspensions of dye‐tagged polymer nanoparticles (NPs) in the 15‐ to 20‐nm diameter range, have been prepared by covalent attachment of azobenzene chromophores to the surface of reactive NPs. Primary crosslinked NPs bearing chlorobenzyl groups were produced by microemulsion copolymerization of styrene and vinylbenzylchloride. Amine‐functionalized NPs were obtained after a second functionalization step with polyamines (cyclam and polypropyleneimine dendrimers of first and third generations). Dye‐doped particles were obtained by reacting pyridylazo‐dimethylaminobenzene (PADA) with chlorobenzyl‐NPs and by reacting amine‐reactive dimethylaminoazobenzene dyes (DABsyl, DAB‐ITC) as well as Disperse Red 1 acrylate with polyamine‐coated NPs. Regardless the dye solubility, the grafting readily proceeded in aqueous suspensions at room temperature in the presence of a cationic surfactant without added solvent. Purple, red, and orange suspensions (maximum absorption around 550, 500, 430 nm), with dye loads ranging from 0.3 to 1.2 mmol/g, corresponding to 400–1800 azobenzene residues per NP, are obtained. The reported results indicate that functional polymer NPs, with remarkably accessible multiple anchoring sites, are useful building blocks. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 3375–3386, 2008
Understanding amylose crystallinity in starch–clay nanocomposites
Authors: Chaudhary Deeptangshu S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe amylose–water interaction is part of an important equilibrating process within the starch matrix leading to slow recrystallization of amylose chains and growth of anisotropic properties in the starch matrix. This article highlights the influence of nanoclay on (a) the structural development of amylose crystallinity and (b) the rate of water loss from the starch matrix. By varying the nanocomposites level (1.5–4 wt %), a unique microstructure is obtained that “locks” moisture and it was found that on a per unit weight basis of the starch matrix, addition of 4 wt % nanoclay resulted in additional 8.5% water in the matrix. Also, it was found that increasing the nanoclay from 2 to 4% by weight, the composite modulus jumped by 100% indicating excellent interaction between clay nanocomposites and starch polymer. Analysis of the starch crystallinity data indicates that nanocomposites retard the mobility of the starch molecules (specially the long chain amylose component) to restrict the movement of “associated” water around starch and this increases the “locked” water by ∼10%. The results strongly suggest that a new structural unit may be formed by amylose–water–clay interaction which enhances the composites properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 979–987, 2008