bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bridging the generation gap between text planning and linguistic realization
Authors: Meteer Marie W. 
Published: April 2007

Text planning is traditionally done as a separate process, independent of linguistic realization. However, I show in this paper that it is essential for a text planner to know the linguistic consequences of its actions. The choice of how to realize an element affects how much information is conveyed (e.g., “Floyd arrived safely in Boston” vs. “Floyd landed safely at Logan”) and what other information can be added (e.g., “Peter was deciding for an hour” vs. *“Peter made a decision for an hour”). The choice of realization also affects how the relative salience of the elements being expressed will be perceived (e.g., “The green car is in the garage” vs. “The car in the garage is green”). I have defined an intermediate level of representation for text planning, called the Text Structure. It is an abstract linguistic level that reflects germane linguistic constraints while abstracting away from syntactic detail. This representation allows the text planner to have greater control over the decisions, so that it can take advantage of the expressiveness of language to convey subtleties of meaning. More importantly, the Text Structure allows the generation process overall to be incremental, since it ensures that the text plan being composed will always be expressible in the language.La planification de textes est habituellement réalisée séparément, sans tenir compte de la réalisation linguistique. Cependant, ľauteur demontre dans cet article qu'il est essentiel à un planificateur de textes de connai&#x030a;tre les conséquences linguistiques de ses actions. Le choix de la méhode de réalisation ?un élément influe sur la quantité?informations qui est transmise (par ex.: 〈〈 Floyd est arrivé sain et sauf à Boston 〉〉 et 〈〈 Floyd a atterri sain et sauf àľaéroport Logan 〉〉) et sur quelle autre information peut ětre ajoutée. Le choix de la méthode de réalisation influe également sur la façon dont les caractères saillants des ééments qui sont exprimés seront perçus (par ex.: 〈〈 la voiture verte est dans le garage 〉〉 et 〈〈 la voiture dans le garage est verte 〉〉). L'auteur a défini un niveau intérmediaire de représentation pour la planification de textes qu'il a appelé structure de texte. Il; s'agit ?'un niveau linguistique abstrait qui refléte les contraintes linguistiques appropriées tout en s'éloignant du détail syntaxique. Cette représentation permet au planificateur de textes ?avoir un meilleur contr&#x006f;&#x030c;le des décisions, et done de tirer profit de la force ?expression du langage afin de tenir compte des subtiliés de sens. Plus important encore, la structure de texte permet au processus de génération ?ětre incrémentiel, car elle s'assure que le plan de texte en voie de composition soit toujours exprimable dans le langage.
GO‐MOKU SOLVED BY NEW SEARCH TECHNIQUES
Authors: Alus L. V. , van den Herik, H. J. , Huntjens M. P. H. 
Published: April 2007

Many decades ago, Japanese professional Go‐Moku players stated that Go‐Moku (five‐in‐a‐row on a horizontally placed 15×15 board) is a won game for the player to move first. So far, this claim has never been substantiated by (a tree of) variations or by a computer program. Meanwhile, many variants of Go‐Moku with slightly different rules have been developed. This paper shows that for two common variants, the game‐theoretical value has been established.Moreover, the Go‐Moku program Victoria is described. It uses two new search techniques: threat‐space search and proof‐number search. One of the results is that Victoria is bound to win against any (optimal) counterplay if it moves first. Furthermore, it achieves good results as a defender against nonoptimally playing opponents. In this contribution we focus on threat‐space search and its advantages compared to conventional search algorithms.
S100B protein is released from rat neonatal neurons, astrocytes, and microglia by in vitro trauma and anti‐S100 increases trauma‐induced delayed neuronal injury and negates the protective effect of exogenous S100B on neurons
Authors: Ellis Earl F. , Willoughby Karen A. , Sparks Sallie A. , Chen Tao 
Published: April 2007

AbstractS100B protein is found in brain, has been used as a marker for brain injury and is neurotrophic. Using a well‐characterized in vitro model of brain cell trauma, we have previously shown that strain injury causes S100B release from neonatal rat neuronal plus glial cultures and that exogenous S100B reduces delayed post‐traumatic neuronal damage even when given at 6 or 24 h post‐trauma. The purpose of the current studies was to measure post‐traumatic S100B release by specific brain cell types and to examine the effect of an antibody to S100 on post‐traumatic delayed (48 h) neuronal injury and the protective effect of exogenous S100B. Neonatal rat cortical cells grown on a deformable elastic membrane were subjected to a strain (stretch) injury produced by a 50 ms displacement of the membrane. S100B was measured with an ELISA kit. Trauma released S100B from pure cultures of astrocytes, microglia, and neurons. Anti‐S100 reduced released S100B to below detectable levels, increased delayed neuronal injury in traumatized cells and negated the protective effect of exogenous S100B on injured cells. Heat denatured anti‐S100 did not exacerbate injury. These studies provide further evidence for a protective role for S100B following neuronal trauma.
Birth Room Transfer and Procedure Rates – What Do They Tell About the Setting?
Authors: Klein Michael , Westreich Ruta 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: A survey of birth rooms indicates that high transfer rates are a consequence of the environment or setting. The highest transfer rates are found in university or tertiary care centers and the lowest in community hospitals. Wide variation in permitted procedures makes defining a birth room difficult. We speculate that different staff motivations in the creation of a birth room determine its physical location and operational rules, and ultimately, whether it is a true alternative to traditional birth in hospital. (BIRTH 10:2, Summer 1983)
Six Years' Experience with Vaginal Births after Cesareans at Booth Maternity Center in Philadelphia
Authors: Wilf Ruth T. , Franklin John B. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: From 1976 through 1981, of 188 women who had had previous cesarean sections, 84 had trials of labor. Sixty‐six (78.6%) delivered vaginally, 10 with the aid of forceps. Eighteen women (27%) whose previous cesarean sections had been done for cephalopelvic disproportion delivered vaginally and several had larger babies vaginally than by previous cesarean section. There were 7 minor complications, including an asymptomatic window in the uterus; 2 Bandl's rings; a urinary tract infection; an infant with a low Apgar score due to a nuchal cord; and a premature baby. In 1980–81, 42 women with previous cesareans had trials of labor and 33 delivered vaginally. The nine trials of labor ending in repeat cesarean were due to failure to progress. In 1980–81, of 21 women who initially requested vaginal births after cesareans (VBACs) but had cesarean sections, 4 changed their minds during pregnancy, 7 had small pelves on previous pelvimetry; 2 had vertical uterine scars; 4 had malpresentations; one was unexplained; and 3 had ruptured membranes for over 12 hours.
Smoking and Pregnancy—A New Look
Authors: Enkin Murray W. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: That maternal smoking is associated with lower birthweights and higher rates of infertility, abortion, placental pathology, and sudden infant death has been documented by many studies over two decades. Whether maternal smoking is the cause of these adverse outcomes, or is, itself, an adverse outcome is not resolved. Evidence for a causal effect of tobacco smoking includes its toxicity and the dose‐effect relationship. However there is evidence that smokers had smaller babies before they began smoking, are more likely to be of lower socioeconomic class, to work during pregnancy, and to have less prenatal care. After adjusting for social class and other biological factors, a Finnish study found maternal smoking no more important than father's smoking in predicting the long‐term outcomes of the offspring. Smoking cessation programs demonstrate that antismoking advice, unaccompanied by counsel and on‐going support, is ineffective.
College Women's Expectations About Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Infant Care: A Prospective Study
Authors: Wallach Heather R. , Matlin Margaret W. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTA prospective study of 103 women undergraduate students explored expectations and knowledge about pregnancy, childbirth, and newborn care. Participants completed a 35‐item questionnaire based on a planned pregnancy. Most women (68%) thought they were extremely likely to become pregnant in their lives and planned to have an average of 2.6 children. Positive emotions about pregnancy were most frequently excited, happy, and proud, and negative emotions were most frequently nervous, scared, and anxious. Women expected that pregnancy and parenting would interfere most with work or education plans. Choices of birthplace were hospital delivery room (54.4%), in‐hospital birthing room (35%), out‐ofhospital birth center (3.9%), and home (2.9%). One‐half of the women planned to breastfeed, 35 percent had not decided, and 10.7 percent would not breastfeed. Positive feelings about pregnancy were correlated with positive feelings about labor and birth (r = 0.48, P < 0.001). Negative feelings about pregnancy were correlated with a low self‐assessment of ability to care for an infant (r = 0.27, P < 0.01). Some college women's expectations are similar to those held by pregnant women, and suggest the need for further education of young women in areas such as prenatal health care and breastfeeding.
Effects of Childhood Sexual Abuse on Childbirth: One Woman's Story
Authors: Rose Anna 
Published: April 2007

Anna Rose is a survivor of childhood emotional, physical, and sexual abuse. Much of the abuse was “submerged” until her mid‐thirties, when she was pregnant with her second child, and finally began to remember and deal with the realities of what had happened to her. During her second pregnancy, Anna wrote, “it has taken me more than three years to even begin to deal with the rage I feel about my first birth experience, even though I have been in therapy most of that time. Now that I am pregnant again, the unresolved issues are coming to the surface, and intense fears that this birth will be a repeat of the first.”Anna's first child, Elliot, was born in 1987 in a hospital birthing room in the northeastern United States. Her husband Paul, a younger sister, and a close friend were present, and she was attended by an obstetrician named Bernie. She describes that birth as “19 hours of hard labor, absolutely exhausting and unmanageable, which required drugs at some point to let me sleep for a few hours.” Labor was induced by Pitocin due to premature rupture of membranes and lack of effective contractions after 12 hours. Continuous electronic fetal monitoring was used throughout labor. Anna breastfed Elliot for three years, and found La Leche League “extremely helpful and supportive” during that time.Tom, Anna's second child, was born at home in 1991. Two midwives attended the birth after she changed caregivers during the pregnancy because she “did not feel safe enough” with the obstetrician and nurse‐midwife team she had chosen for this birth. She maintained the team as backup, although they did not know of her plans for a home birth. Her second labor lasted under 6 hours, was noninterventive, and “incredibly intense and painful, partly due to the abuse memories that were coming up and getting in the way and partly due to the baby's position.”We thank Anna Rose for sharing her story with Birth. Her reason for doing so is, in her words, because, “I feel strongly that it is important to share this information in an effort to educate health care professionals so that other women may be helped.”
Accuracy of Leopold Maneuvers in Screening for Malpresentation: A Prospective Study
Authors: Lydon‐Rochelle Mona , Albers Leah , Gotwocia Julie , Craig Ellen , Qualls Clifford 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThis study describes the accuracy of Leopold maneuvers as a screening procedure for fetal malpresentation. The frequency of fetal malpresentation ranges from 15 percent at 32 weeks to 4 percent at term. We prospectively determined fetal presentation by performing Leopold maneuvers on 150 women, followed by a fetal ultrasound examination for comparison. Experienced certified nurse‐midwives performed the maneuvers with high sensitivity (88%), specificity (94%), positive predictive value (74%), and negative predictive value (97%) in a population with a 17 percent frequency of fetal malpresentation. We conclude that the maneuvers used by experienced clinicians can be effective as a screening tool for fetal malpresentation, particularly in settings where ultrasound may not be readily available. (BIRTH 20:3, September 1993)
Epidural Analgesia in Labor: An Evaluation of Risks and Benefits
Authors: Thorp James A. , Breedlove Ginger 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTBackground: Intrapartum epidural analgesia has become increasingly popular because it is the most effective method of providing pain relief during labor. Much attention is given to its safety and efficacy, and many health care providers and consumers are unaware of its potential drawbacks. This article reviews the literature about the effects of epidural analgesia on the mother and infant.Methods:We performed a computer‐assisted MEDLINE search for articles and a review of bibliographies from articles on epidural analgesia. When reported data were incomplete, authors were contacted for more detailed information.Results:The most common procedure‐related complications, hypotension, inadvertent dural puncture, and headache, are easily treated and usually self‐limited. Permanent morbidity and mortality are rare. Retrospective studies and randomized controlled trials both demonstrate that epidural analgesia is associated with increases in duration of labor, instrument vaginal delivery, and cesarean birth. To date only three trials randomized patients to narcotic versus epidural groups, and all showed a twofold to threefold increase in cesarean section for dystocia. Limiting epidural use in nulliparous labor and delaying its placement until after 5 cm of cervical dilation may reduce the risk of operative intervention for dystocia. Epidural analgesia may also increase intervention for fetal distress. Several studies show its association with maternal fever in labor. Its association with chronic back pain, neonatal behavioral changes, and maternal‐infant bonding are more tenuous and require further study.Conclusions:Epidural analgesia is a safe and effective method of relieving pain in labor, but is associated with longer labor, more operative intervention, and increases in cost. It must remain an option; however, caregivers and consumers should be aware of associated risks. Women should be counseled about these risks and other pain‐relieving options before the duress of labor.
Women's Experiences of Prenatal Serum Screening
Authors: Santalahti Päivi , Latikka Anne‐Maria , Ryynänen Markku , Hemminki Elina 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTBackground: Maternal serum screening is used to detect pregnancies at risk for Down syndrome and neural tube defects, but most positive test results (6.6% of all) are false positives. This study examined the influence of positive test results on women's experiences of pregnancy.Methods:The study population was all 67 pregnant women who received a positive result on serum screening in two Finnish towns from September 1993 to March 1994. For each case woman a control woman, matched for age, parity, education, and previous miscarriages, was selected. Of those invited, 45 case women and 46 control women (79%) responded to semistructured interviews.Results:Of the 45 case women, 2 underwent termination of pregnancy after the diagnosis of an abnormality and 1 had a miscarriage. Of the remaining 42, 7 decided not to undergo further diagnostic tests, for 2 women the second serum test was normal, and 33 had amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. The positive screening result and wait for the final results negatively affected the emotional well‐being of most of these 33 women, and 6 were still worried after receiving final reassuring results. Of the 46 control women, 17 felt some worry or fear regarding abnormality in their fetus.Conclusion:The significant negative psychosocial effects of serum screening should be taken into account by caregivers when deciding whether and how to institutionalize these tests as part of antenatal care.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Bruce William F. , Cappon Alexander P. , Furness Edna Lue 
Published: April 2007

EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY. By Glenn Myers Blair, R. Stewart Jones, and Ray H. Simpson.CHILDREN'S SOCIAL VALUES. AN ACTION RESEARCH STUDY. By Arthur W. Foshay, Kenneth D. Wann, and Associates.HELPING HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS READ BETTER. By Elizabeth A. Simpson.
A STUDY ON THE DETERMINANT STRUCTURE OF HUMAN SERUM ALBUMIN
Authors: Bauer Klausdieter 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn continuation of earlier experimentation from this laboratory the antigenic structure of human serum albumin was determined by comparative determinant analysis (CDA). The results are a correction of an earlier report on the same subject; the importance of the standard control procedures of CDA is stressed. The results indicate the presence of at least six different antigenic determinants on the human molecule, two of which are shared only by primates, while the four others are common with other mammalian albumins as well. There is no human species‐specific determinant demonstrable. The structures of human and chimpanzee albumins were found to be identical.
PHYLOGENETIC EMERGENCE OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASSES DISTINCT FROM IgM
Authors: Atwell J. L. , Marchalonis J. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe low molecular weight immunoglobulin from the marine toad (Bufo marinus) was found to differ markedly from classical mammalian IgG immunoglobulin. Higher intact molecular weight of 168,000 ± 4000 was the result of larger heavy chains (61,400 ± 2300) than mammalian γ chains (50,000 daltons). The light chains were of normal molecular weight (23,000).Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in SDS buffers was shown to be a simple and reliable way of determining the type of heavy chain present in immunoglobulins from different species, despite the fact that the mobility of the chains in this system does not accurately reflect their molecular weight. Using this technique it was shown that the heavy chain from the LMW Ig present in Xenopus laevis, an anuran amphibian, and the chicken, a representative of the birds, showed similar properties to the toad LMW Ig heavy chain. In addition, the LMW Ig heavy chain from the possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), a marsupial, showed properties which were characteristic of classical γ heavy chains.We conclude that the LMW Ig present in anuran amphibians does not belong to the IgG class as had been previously thought. This Ig class appears to have been retained in the reptiles and birds. The appearance of IgG appears to be a relatively recent event, recurring at a time after the divergence of the mammalian line from the stem reptiles.
GENETIC STUDIES IN INBRED RATS. IV. XENOANTISERA AGAINST RAT ERYTHROCYTE (Ag‐C) ANTIGENS*
Authors: Poloskey Paul E. , Kunz Heinz W. , Gill Thomas J. , Shonnard John W. , Hansen Carl T. , Dixon Barbara D. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYAntibodies to the erythrocyte Ag‐C antigens were raised by immunizing New Zealand white rabbits with rat red cells. Evidence that Ag‐C antigens are not on lymphocytes includes: (1) Ag‐C could not be detected on rat peripheral, splenic or thymic lymphocytes by lymphocytotoxicity using anti‐Ag‐C antisera, (2) xeno‐antisera prepared against rat lymphocytes from which Ag‐B antibodies were absorbed did not agglutinate rat red cells, and (3) absorption of reagent Ag‐C antisera with lymphocytes did not remove the anti‐Ag‐C activity. Platelets also failed to absorb Ag‐C antibodies from reagent anti‐Ag‐C antisera. The mixed lymphocyte reaction between strains within the same major histocompatibility (Ag‐B) group but differing in Ag‐C type showed no stimulation. This finding corroborates the studies which failed to demonstrate Ag‐C on lymphocytes. Isoagglutinins for red cells were not detected in any of the strains of rats tested, but rabbit xenoagglutinins to rat and sheep red cells were found. Reagent Ag‐C antisera were used to type some previously unreported strains of inbred rats.
GENETIC RECOMBINATION BETWEEN ESCHERICHIA COLI K‐12 AND E. COLI STRAINS WITH BLOOD GROUP‐ACTIVE ANTIGENS
Authors: Kishi Koichiro , Iseki Shoei 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe genetic determinants responsible for the specificities of somatic antigens of Escherichia coli 2B‐V, O6 and O86, which also have blood group H, A and B activity, respectively, are located near the his locus on chromosomes.
GENETIC STUDIES IN INBRED RATS. VI. LINKAGE RELATIONSHIPS OF MIXED LYMPHOCYTE REACTIVITY, SEROLOGICALLY DEFINED ANTIGENS (Ag‐B, Ag‐C) AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO POLY(Glu52Lys33Tyr15)
Authors: Shonnard J. W. , Cramer D. V. , Poloskey P. E. , Davis Bridgett K. , III Gill T. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe Ag‐B allotype, mixed lymphocyte reactivity (MLR) and the immune response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) were assayed in male rats from the F2 hybrid and two back‐cross generations of the F344 and DA strains in order to investigate the structure of the rat major histocompatibility complex. No disparity between Ag‐B type and mixed lymphocyte reactivity was found in 263 animals. The immune response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) was closely linked to the Ag‐B locus, and both antibody production and the delayed hypersensitivity response were under polygenic control. These results suggest that the genetic loci which determine these responses in the rat are closely linked and that recombinational events between the Ag‐B and MLR loci are infrequent.
DETECTION OF A1A2 AND A2AAm1 HETEROZYGOTES AMONG HUMAN A BLOOD GROUP PHENOTYPES
Authors: Cartron J. P. , Ropars C. , ČAlkovská Zdenka , Salmon Ch. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYFrom the variations of α‐N‐acetylgalactosaminyltransferases activities with the pH, evidence was obtained for the recognition of A1A2 heterozygotes in normal A blood group sera.Besides, unusual transferase properties associated with two A2 sera from individuals out of AAm1 siblings, lead to the identification of the very infrequent A2AAm1 genotypes. These results strongly support the simultaneous coexistence of both A1 and A2 transferases in heterozygotes' sera, and bring some new information on the genetical background of the Am phenotype.The meaning of transferase properties directly determined on whole sera is briefly discussed.
INCIDENCE OF A WEAK HL‐A W27 ANTIGEN IN A CZECH FAMILY
Authors: Mácjský A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn two members of a Czech family a weak W 27 antigen was found. The lymphocytes of the two individuals showed an identical positive cytotoxic reaction only with some sera having anti‐W 27 specificity; anti‐W 27 of both the said sera and those showing negative cytotoxic test was absorbed by the lymphocytes. The thrombocyte absorption capacity was substantially poorer.