bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Oberi Okaime Christian Mission: towards a history of an Ibibio independent church
Authors: Abasiattai Monday B. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Oberi Okaime Christian Mission has for long attracted the attention of scholars because of the way it developed a special script and even a language of its own. As early as 1937 the International African Institute was encouraging study of it. Today there is again a revival of interest in both the script and the language, and specimens of both as used in 1986 are included below, so as to put them once again on record some fifty years after they were invented. But these are not the primary focus of this article, the purpose oi which is to outline a history of the church, and by doing so to call attention to the wider phenomenon of Christianity in the context of Ibibio culture. The way Ibibio so readily took up Christianity after about 1910 has yet to be understood in detail, while the Spirit Movement in the region needs to be differentiated from such superficially similar movements as the contemporary Aladura or the earlier Garrick Braide movements.
Mission L.M.S. et Mission Jesuite face aux communautes villageoises Merina. Fondation et fonctionnement des paroisses entre 1869 et 1876
Authors: Raison-Jourde Françoise 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphL'histoire religieuse de l'Imerina rural, après la réouverture au christianisme qui eut lieu sous le règne de Radama II, en 1861, peut être divisée en trois périodes. De 1861 à 1868, un développement sans caution royale, de 1869 à 1876, un développement précipité, sous l'effet du baptême protestant de la reine et du premier ministre; de 1876 à 1895, un ‘unanimisme’ de façade, cachant mal de nombreuses divergences entre les groupes missionnaires et leurs fidèles, entre les missionnaires L.M.S. eux-mêmes, enfin entre population rurale et notables des églises.
Polygyny: an indicator of nutritional stress in African agricultural societies?
Authors: Brabin Loretta 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThere are many variables which affect nutritional status (Bennett and Stanfield, 1972: 7–8). A number of recent nutritional surveys have tried to assess the influence of polygyny on the incidence of malnutrition, though to date no clear relationship has been found between the two. This may partly reflect a methodological problem: accurate determination of a woman's marital status is not easily achieved by questionnaire, and this is especially true in view of the developmental instability of polygynous households (Muhsam, 1956: 16). Yet questionnaires are frequently used in nutrition surveys and they can generate large quantities of data, although Johnstonet al.have urged that studies be simplified in the interests of discovering some underlying structure (1980: 292). As a result of the massive bulk of disparate data, multivariate analysis has come to the fore in an attempt to establish significant correlations among the many variables which can be associated with malnutrition. But, as McDowell and Hoorweg point out (1975: 98), this method requires that an adequate research design be employed: it is not good enough to collect the data first and to seek the associations afterwards. The data to be collected must be carefully chosen so that pre-selected hypotheses can be tested. An anthropological perspective is very important in determining this choice of data. For example, although the term ‘polygynous’ describes a woman's marital status, it gives no indication of her position in a household relative to at least one other wife. For this reason it would be preferable to make the polygynous household, rather than the individual woman, the unit of study. Specific information could then be collected to clarify if there are constraints or advantages experienced by different wives within a polygynous household, or between wives in polygynous and monogamous households, in order to see whether these influence the nutritional status of their children.
Islam and State in Numayri's Sudan
Authors: Warburg Gabriel R. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe relationship between Islam and State has been a problematic feature of Sudanese politics both before independence and after. To a certain extent this is the result of the very nature of Islam in which the unity of ‘Church and State’ is taken for granted. However, the history of the Sudan has been affected by several other sociopolitical factors which complicated matters even further.
Drinking the Koran: The meaning of Koranic verses in Berti erasure
Authors: El-Tom Abdullahi Osman 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIslam, probably more than any other religion, connotes the image of a great tradition which has imposed itself on culturally diverse populations and gradually united them in a monolithic belief whose basic tenets stem from the Koran and the prophetic tradition. This image is bolstered by the fact that, despite the recognized cultural diversity of the Muslim world (see Geertz, 1968) which has been perpetuated through the differing interpretations of Islam embodied in its holy text, little research has been done on the meaning of the Koranic text at the local level. The lack of such research, in its own turn, perpetuates the false image of a uniform meaning of the Koranic text throughout the Muslim world.
Organizing labour forces in Mpondoland: a new perspective on work-parties
Authors: Kuckertz H. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphWork-parties, i.e. occasional labour groupings organized for specific economic tasks, are not as yet a topic of marked concern, either for social anthropology in general or for economic anthropology in particular. This is borne out by the fact that there is thus far no study which discusses them in any depth, or crossculturally. Yet work-parties are a fairly widespead phenomenon in Africa.
Mau Mau oathing rituals and political ideology in Kenya: a re-analysis
Authors: Green Maia 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Mau Mau movement used a campaign of ritualised oath-taking to gain the support and co-operation of the Gikuyu masses. The oaths remain a continuing source of controversy in the literature on Mau Mau, little of which is directly anthropological. This article offers a tentative resolution to that controversy through an anthropological analysis of Mau Mau oathing rituals in the light of contemporary theories on the relation of ritual to ideology. I argue that the oathing rituals are to be understood as part of the ideological apparatus of the movement, along with rallies and songs. The effectiveness of the oathing rituals lies not solely in their symbolic reference to 'traditional practice' as Buijtenhuijs (1982: 87) has suggested, nor in some inherent mystifying property of ritual communication (Bloch, 1974: 67–76). Although a continuity between the oathing rituals and those associated with the legitimation of traditional authority is strikingly apparent, the success of the former as a medium for political recruitment is to be explained in its relation toideology, and in the essential ambiguity of the central tenets of that ideology—‘land’ and ‘freedom’.
City, countryside and Kru ethnicity
Authors: Breitborde L. B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article explores the origins and continued viability of Kru ethnic identity in Liberia. While previous researchers have emphasised the role of migrants experiences outside the Kru homeland in creating and maintaining a ‘Kru’ identity, the article shows that persons and events in both the city and countryside were integrated in a system of social relationships through which Kru ethnic identity emerged. Further, the integration of the city with the countryside has remained an integral feature of Kru ethnicity, as evidenced by an examination of two aspects of the Monrovia Kru Corporation: its internal organisational structure and its role as a conduit in the political relations between the national government and the rural Kru.
Venezuelan Archaeology Looking toward the West Indies
Authors: Sanoja Mario 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe ceramic period of Venezuela began in the extreme west about 1860 B.C. with coarse-textured, grit-tempered bowls having modeled decoration, and it began in the east around 1050 B.C. with bichrome and modeled pottery in the Orinoco region. By 1000 B.C., pottery making and, by inference, agriculture had spread over most of Venezuela; and the later dual division between eastern manioc growers with a plastic ceramic tradition and western maize cultivators with a painted-pottery tradition was well started. Developments in both areas influenced the Antilles, with those in the east stronger in early times and those in the west stronger in later times. Relationships with the Antilles are not reducible to a simple formula that calls for movement from the northeastern coast of Venezuela out into the island chain.
The Concept of a “Pre-Projectile Point” Cultural Stage in Chile and Peru
Authors: Bird Junius B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn proposing a pre-projectile point cultural stage for North and South America, Alex Krieger has cited certain lithic material from Taltal and other Chilean sites as supporting evidence. That this is an erroneous assumption can be shown by available data. As far as the Chilean record is concerned, Krieger and others have been misled by the low level of technology of certain specific artifacts for which false claims have been made. They have not recognized that these items are a very widespread feature of seemingly unrelated cultures ranging from the Peruvian and Chilean preceramic to the Inca of the 16th century.
The Birdwood Culture of the West-Central Plains
Authors: Garrett John W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA new late-ceramic culture in the west-central Plains is defined on the basis of recent investigations and early scattered references in the literature. This Birdwood culture, which is dated about A.D. 1600, is characterized by river-edge sites that yield thin-walled, sparsely sand-tempered, incised pottery.
The Immediate History of Zia Pueblo as Derived from Excavation in Refuse Deposits
Authors: Ellis Florence Hawley 
Published: April 2006

AbstractExcavations to investigate stratigraphy at Zia Pueblo indicate that the mesa now occupied by the tribe was first settled by their ancestors during the fourteenth century, when a neighboring site also was established by others of the same people. Except for a short period in the late seventeenth century when the group moved to a refugee site, occupation was continuous. In the east dump, sterile soil was encountered on the bottom of level 36 (each level of 25 cm. thickness); above this, five sloping zones with sherd complexes differing in proportions, if not always in types, could be traced.
Social Integration and the Classic Maya
Authors: Haviland William A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn recent years, there has been much interest in the use of ethnographic data derived from modern Maya groups for the interpretation of Classic Maya civilization. It has been suggested by some that civil and religious positions in Classic Maya society were filled by a system of rotation such as exists today among some Maya groups. Such a system would have served as a powerful force for the integration of both priest and peasant in Classic Maya society. This proposition is examined here in the light of recent data which show a relation between such existing "cargo" systems and population size. On the basis of settlement data from Tikal, Guatemala, it is concluded that such a system of rotation would not have been an effective force for social integration at large sites of the Classic period, and that other possible factors must be considered in this respect.
A Note on Pre-Columbian Structures in Mani, Yucatan, Mexico
Authors: Folan William J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA 1962 survey of Mani revealed the existence of the pre-Columbian mounds last reported by John Lloyd Stephens in 1843. There is good reason to believe that the refuse deposits associated with these structures can provide the ceramic information essential for a better understanding of the time period after the fall of Mayapan and the ascendency of the Xius.
Astronomical Orientations at Teotihuacán, A Case Study in Astro-Archaeology
Authors: Dow James W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe streets of this Classic period city were laid out in a grid pattern. The axes of this grid were almost, but not exactly, perpendicular. There were a number of celestial bodies that in the period from A.D. 150 to A.D. 750 rose or set so as to markthe orientations of the streets. The Pleiades, Sirius, and the sun were the most probable orientation points. Two techniques which have been developed to test the more certain past existence of celestial references are described.
Considerations in Estimating Prehistoric California Coastal Populations
Authors: Glassow Michael A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractArchaeologists are constantly faced with the problem of estimating population numbers of the social units they study. After a brief survey of some of the methods used in population estimations, particularly in California, attention is focused, in this paper, on a population model proposed by Robert Ascher. Nine variables which comprise the basis of his model are considered individually, and as a result of this analysis the precision with which these variables can be controlled is seen as insufficient for purposes of population estimation. Alternatively, broader, more comprehensive, ecological studies are suggested for acquiring the necessary data for population estimation.
A Reply to the Inverted Data System
Authors: Gaines Sylvia W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe application of data processing techniques in the field of archaeology is relatively recent. Electronic computer research is rapidly developing equipment which has sufficient application for archaeology to render obsolete the currently employed manual systems. The prime advantage of computers is in the flexibility of data manipulation at both classificatory and analytical levels. It is the writer's opinion that such manual techniques as the Bordaz’ Inverted Data System are too limited in application for widespread utility in the field.
Methods for the Identification of the Leaf Fibers of Mescal (Agave), Yucca (Yucca), Beargrass (Nolina) and Sotol (Dasylirion)
Authors: Bell Willis H. , King Carl J. 
Published: April 2006

In this study, an examination has been made of the leaf fibers from various species of the genera Agave, Yucca, Nolina and Dasylirion in order to establish a technique and to present a set of diagnostic characters which can be used in the identification of archaeological material suspected of containing such fibers.The split leaves of various species belonging to these genera have been used widely by the aboriginal inhabitants of the American Southwest in the manufacture of sandals, mattings, and baskets. The fibers extracted from their leaves were made into cordage, which was employed in the manufacture of a great variety of articles.Archaeologists are continually encountering this material and identifying it on the basis of its gross or external appearance, yet, so far as the authors have been able to ascertain, no one has described a convenient method of identification.
A Central Basin Manifestation in Eastern Wisconsin
Authors: Wood E. F. 
Published: April 2006

Trait manifestations for the Hopewellian, or according to the more recently accepted terminology, the Central Basin cultural phase, have for several years been known to exist in eastern Wisconsin, but the occurrence of this phase with a residentiary cultural group in the eastern part of the state has had no positive indication until recently when a typical Central Basin mound burial was discovered in the Big Bend region of Waukesha County.The burial was partially unearthed by Mr. Henry J. Peterson while grading a portion of his land fronting on the south bank of Fox River in the N.W. ¼ of the N.W. ¼ of Section 25, Vernon Township. Mr. Peterson immediately notified the Milwaukee Public Museum of his find and kindly invited members of the staff to investigate the site. Mr. Peterson should here be commended for his foresight which made possible the gathering and preservation of data which otherwise might have been lost forever.
Archaeological Remains of the Osage
Authors: Berry Brewton , Chapman Carl , Mack John 
Published: April 2006

Since 1939 the writers have attempted, from time to time, to locate village sites of the Osage Indians, in the hope of determining the type of culture that was associated with that important tribe. The Oneota aspect of the Upper phase of the Mississippi pattern has been assigned to the Chiwere branch of the Sioux with considerable assurance, but identification of the culture of the Dhegiha branch has remained largely in the sphere of debate and speculation. It is not, however, entirely a matter of speculation, for some evidence has begun to come in. The problem is by no means settled, but in view of the times, it seemed wise to present such data as we have been able to gather.The Osage have been known to the whites since the time of Marquette, but the first visit of which we have record was that of Du Tisné in 1719.
Plaster Mixing Bowls
Authors: Hayden Julian D. 
Published: April 2006

In recent reports on work done in the area in southern Arizona occupied by the Salado people during the Classic period, a term new to the literature has been introduced, and a feature described which has hitherto not been mentioned by workers in the field. The term “plaster mixing bowls” or “caliche mixing bowls” is self-explanatory, but a description of the feature may be of interest to other workers in archaeology.The Salado people, successors to the Hohokam in the Salt and Gila River Valleys, introduced the use of caliche, a limy material native to the region, in building, and erected many great structures of it, quarrying the caliche, pulverizing, mixing and puddling it in courses to form massive walls. Basins lined with caliche are very plentiful about these sites, in all levels, and associated with all wall construction.
A Corn Cache from Western Colorado
Authors: Hurst C. T. , Anderson Edgar 
Published: April 2006

For the past nine years the Museum of Archaeology of the Western State College of Colorado, at Gunnison, has been engaged in archaeological excavations in central and western Montrose County. This county adjoins the Utah line and lies in the northwest part of the southwest quarter of the state of Colorado.Six sites have been excavated during the course of this work. The following is a brief summary of the excavations, presented as a background for discussion of a corn cache found in one of the sites during the summer of 1947.
Plastic Clay
Authors: Todd William 
Published: April 2006

For several years I have been using a composite material for the restoration of museum specimens of many kinds. It has proven useful in the repair of a wide variety of substances, including pottery, stone, oxidized metals, bone, and ivory. It may be used wherever a strong substance is needed to fill in missing parts and to make a bond with the original pieces. It is easily prepared and used, and has many advantages over the usual repair materials. The chief of these is that it is very strong, though light; and when dry, very hard, yet completely reconvertible without damage to the specimen. Moreover, it does not shrink in drying.I refer to this composite material, for want of a better name, as plastic clay. It has two ingredients: polymerised vinyl acetate (a synthetic resin which is described in detail at the end of this article), and powdered clay or muddy sand of 200 mesh fineness.
Geological Age of the Claypool Site, Northeastern Colorado
Authors: Malde Harold E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractArtifacts related to the Cody complex occur in medium-grained sand that is spread as a blanket eolian deposit a few feet thick in the Claypool site area, Washington County, Colorado. The artifact-bearing sand lacks noticeable dunal topography and lies unconformably on marl of Yarmouth age and on waterlaid coarse sand and fine gravel of Kansan age that underlie the marl. The deposits underlying the artifact-bearing sand are much too old to date the artifacts precisely, but the physical characteristics of the artifact-bearing sand suggest that it was deposited under conditions cool and dry, rather than warm and dry, possibly during retreat of Valders ice that began about 10,000 years ago. A moderately mature Brown Soil about 5 feet thick developed on the sand, possibly about 7000 to 5000 years ago during a moist phase of the Thermal Maximum. Thus, the artifacts are possibly 10,000 to 7000 years old. Deposits which overlie the artifact-bearing sand reflect several episodes of erosion and sedimentation that are inferred to represent climatic changes.
Robinson's Coefficient of Agreement – A Rejoinder
Authors: Robinson W. S. , Brainerd George W. 
Published: April 2006

In a recent issue of this journal (Vol. 17, p. 151) Donald J. Lehmer protests against the coefficient of agreement used by W. S. Robinson in his paper on “A Method for Chronologically Ordering Archaeological Deposits” (American Antiquity, Vol. 16, pp. 293-301). Lehmer's objection to the coefficient…lies in the fact that it takes no account of differences in the size of the collections. Every sherd collection must be regarded as a sample representing a universe which is made up of all of the sherds in that particular level, site, or whatever. The larger the sample, the more likely it is to give an accurate indication of the true proportions of the various sherd types in the universe from which it was drawn. The smaller the sample, the more likely it is to deviate from those true proportions. Any acceptable measure of the similarity between two such samples must inherently take this into account by allowing for a greater difference between samples from similar universes when those samples are small. Otherwise, the small sample and the large sample are accepted as being equally representative of the universes from which they are drawn.
Painted Stone Slabs of Point of Pines, Arizona
Authors: DiPeso Charles C. 
Published: April 2006

During the 1948 summer field session of the University of Arizona Archaeological Field School, located at Point of Pines, Arizona, two painted stone slabs were excavated in a late Pueblo ruin designated as Arizona: W:10:47.Arizona: W: 10:47 was believed to be a small single-phase pueblo occupied during the Point of Pines horizon, ca. 1350 to 1400 A.D. It was decided during the course of the summer's work to investigate this ruin, in an attempt to locate wood specimens for dating purposes and to gather information concerning the architecture, ceramics, etc., of this late horizon. The task of sinking the te.st trenches necessary for the investigation fell to the author and to R. E. Gerald of the University of Arizona.
Chronology and Culture Change in the San Juan Islands, Washington
Authors: Carlson Roy L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe archaeological sequence in the San Juan Islands is known best from two phases: the Marpole phase which occurs within the first millennium B.C., and the San Juan phase which lasts from at least A.D. 1300 to historic times. More difficult to place culturally and chronologically are: (1) the previously excavated bluff areas of Cattle Point which contain components similar to Whalen I and II and would thus occupy the time period between about 500 B.C. and A.D. 400; and (2) the Argyle Lagoon site which, though early, cannot be related definitely to other components because of insufficient excavation. Culture change is shown by increasing maritime adaptation through time and by the gradual replacement of the chipped stone industry by one using abrading and polishing techniques as the result of influence from the Old World.