bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disposal of Oily Waste from Oil Spills by Land Farming
Authors: Wahbeh N 
Published: March 2009

The Vector Control Division of the California State Department Health Services issues the guidelines and regulations that classify the industrial waste into hazardous and extremely hazardous [1]. California State law requires that the hazardous and extremely hazardous waste must be disposed of in Class 1 disposal sites. Oily waste generated from oil spills is considered hazardous to the environment and must be disposed of in Class 1 disposal sites. A Class 1 disposal site has to meet certain requirements [2] set by the State Water Resources Control Board and other regulatory agencies.
Sometimes the recovery and recycling of oily waste from oil spills is uneconomical, and our experience so far has proved that land farming of oily waste is one of the most economical methods to dispose of this type of waste. The decomposition of petroleum products by microorganisms is an established fact, and the top layer of the soil is heavily populated with these microorganisms such as Pseudomonas and Nocardia. Climatic conditions such as temperature, type of soil, and rainfall determine the design and operating conditions of the land farming operations. The use of the proper mixing equipment to provide adequate aeration for the biodegradation process is of prime importance.
IT Corporation has 30 years of experience in the field of disposal and treatment of chemically hazardous waste. In the past seven years, the company has acquired two large disposal sites that facilitated the acceptance of large volumes of petroleum waste that contains unrecoverable hydrocarbons.
After two years of experimental work in small lots, based on information obtained from published literature [3–11], the company decided to adopt a large-scale land farming operation.
The Oily Debris Disposal Problem in Maine
Authors: Aho H , Guerin M 
Published: March 2009

This paper examines the problems of oil spill debris disposal encountered in the State of Maine. As well documented in many other states, the final disposition of oil spill debris is not an easy task. In Maine, this problem is compounded by geological, hydrological, and seasonal variations. To make matters even more difficult, recent contamination of groundwaters in several towns has caused the general public to view oil spill debris disposal sites in a negative light.
This paper addresses the aforementioned conditions and the problems they cause in finding an acceptable oily waste disposal site. These objectives are to be accomplished by: (a) discussing the physical and sociological problems encountered in attempting to create an acceptable disposal site which will not endanger the environment, (b) discussing the historic and present methods of disposal, and (c) discussing proposed plans for future disposal sites, including an examination of several present day disposal methods and how it is believed they might work in Maine.
This paper has been written in order to give an objective view of the problems of disposal site location encountered in Maine. It is hoped that other states, with similar problems, may gain insight from it.
Comparison of Crack Behavior in Homalite 100 and Araldite B
Authors: Metcalf JT , Kobayashi T 
Published: March 2009

Currently, two polymeric materials, Homalite 100 and Araldite B, are extensively utilized in the study of dynamic fracture. Homalite 100 is employed in the dynamic photoelastic studies of Dally et al of the University of Maryland, and Kobayashi et al of the University of Washington. They have determined the instantaneous stress-intensity factor from the isochromatic fringe loops and have studied the influence of specimen geometry on crack propagation and arrest, postarrest oscillations, and K-versus-˙a relationships.
Araldite B is employed by Kalthoff et al of the Institüt für Festköpermechanik of the Federal Republic of Germany. In their study of dynamic fracture with Araldite B, however, the instantaneous stress-intensity factor is determined by the method of shadow patterns (caustics). The results of photoelastic studies with Homalite 100 and caustic studies with Araldite B show good agreement in some areas, but disagreement in other areas. Since dynamic fracture behavior is studied with two different materials and two different methods, it is difficult to determine whether the points of disagreement are due to material properties or experimental method.
This paper presents the results of a characterization of the physical and mechanical properties and photoelastic observations of dynamic crack behavior of Homalite 100 and Araldite B. Also presented are detailed observations of the differences in fracture surface features of the two materials, and a discussion of the effect of material properties and specimen geometry on crack propagation, crack arrest, and postarrest oscillation.
Some Effects of Specimen Geometry on Crack Propagation and Arrest
Authors: Gates RS 
Published: March 2009

Fast crack propagation and arrest have been studied in steel specimens of the double cantilever beam type using three different geometries and either a fixed grip or compliant loading system. A finite-difference computer program was used to measure values of the dynamic stress-intensity factor KD. The relationship between values of KD and KS, the stress-intensity factor for a quasi-statically growing crack depended on the specimen geometry and loading system used.
Stable crack arrest was easier to obtain in the specimens loaded with fixed grips. This probably resulted from the rigidity of the loading system, which produced specimen oscillations after arrest of insufficient magnitude to reinitiate crack growth. An examination of the energy associated with a moving crack suggests that kinetic energy may be reabsorbed to aid further crack propagation but is not all reabsorbed at arrest. The remaining fraction causes oscillations of the cracked specimen halves which may reinitiate the crack, or be damped out as the stress intensity rings down to its static value. Examination of the data suggests that intermediate arrests, characterized by a minimum in the crack length velocity curve, were a common feature of all tests. The stress intensity for crack arrest appeared to depend on specimen geometry.
Prediction Model for Fatigue Crack Growth in Windmill Structures
Authors: Finger RW 
Published: March 2009

The 30-year life requirement of the Boeing Mod II windmill results in a service life load spectrum having an excess of 200 million cycles. Determination of allowable stress levels for the type of steels being used in construction of the systems, requires a detailed knowledge of their crack growth behavior under representative spectrum. A spectrum load test program was conducted, using uniaxially loaded surface flaw specimens, to provide the data needed to ascertain the impact of differences in load spectra on crack growth behavior.
A total of four different load spectra were tested to provide enough diversity in test parameters to ensure that the actual load spectra for the system would be enveloped by those tested. The test results were analyzed using different crack growth models to determine which produced the best correlation between actual and predicted results. Excellent correlation between predicted and actual test results was obtained when a crack growth model containing both a threshold and retardation term was used. This model can be used to estimate the spectrum load crack growth behavior of steels covered by the ASTM Specification for General Requirements for Rolled Steel Plates, Shapes, Sheet Piling, and Bars for Structural Use (A 6–76a) and Specification for General Requirements for Steel Plates for Pressure Vessels (A 20–76b).
The Influence of Tooling Temperature on the Formability of Stainless Steel Sheets
Authors: Granzow WG 
Published: March 2009

The effect of small changes in tooling temperature on the press-forming performance of ferritic and austenitic stainless steels is described. It is shown that draw depths can be increased and breakage eliminated by warming the die and cooling the punch components of the tooling. The largest improvement occurs in the austenitic steels, since the effect of temperature on strength (and therefore formability) is enhanced by increased control over the transformation of austenite to ferrite.
The technique is being used to prevent breakage in the automotive and appliance industries, and a brief description of three typical applications is included.
Experimental Investigations of Fiber Composite Reinforcement of Cracked Metallic Structures
Authors: Ratwani MM , Kan HP , Fitzgerald JH , Labor JD 
Published: March 2009

The results of an experimental program, carried out to investigate the influence of composite repair patches on the life of cracked metallic structures, are discussed. The influence of parameters such as moisture, temperature, composite patch material, thickness, width, length, and ply orientations on the crack growth life of the repaired metallic structure has been investigated. The metallic materials selected were 7075-T6 and 2024-T3 aluminum alloys, and the composite patch materials selected were graphite/epoxy and boron/epoxy. The adhesive used was FM73. All the repaired specimens were tested under typical wing spectrum loading with a maximum stress of 270 MPa (39.2 ksi) tension and a minimum stress of 68.9 MPa (10.0 ksi) compression.
Experimental results indicate that composite patches can significantly reduce crack growth rate. Moisture conditioning of the composite patch increases the crack growth rate as compared with the dry patch. However, the improvement is still substantial over that of unreinforced cracked metal part. The width of the patch has considerable influence on the crack growth life. Wider patches give longer life. The length and thickness of the patch have no significant effect on the crack growth life if the patch length and thickness are sufficient to cause full load transfer to the patch.
Experimental data show that the stacking sequence of the composite patch—that is, putting ±45 or 0 deg plies near the crack surface—has no effect on the crack growth life of the metallic structure.
Deformation Modeling in Sodium Chloride at Intermediate and Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Arieli A , Heard HC , Mukherjee AK 
Published: March 2009

The flow stress dependence on temperature and strain rate of annealed, isotropic polycrystalline NaCl has been determined at temperatures of 296 to 673 K (0.28 to 0.63 TM) and strain rates of 10−1 to 10−8 s−1.
At elevated temperatures (T &gt; ∼ 0.44 TM) and relatively low stress the Na+ diffusion-controlled climb of dislocations was found to be the rate-controlling deformation mechanism, and the experimental data could be fitted by a power-law function. In the same range of temperatures, at high stresses the deformation process was controlled by dislocation climb creep due to Cl− ion diffusion. At intermediate temperatures and low strain rates and at elevated temperatures and high strain rates the deformation was rate-controlled by the lattice resistance to the dislocation glide motion (Peierls mechanism).
The constitutive equations for each deformation mechanism as well as that for the transition from one deformation mechanism to another were developed in terms of strain rate, temperature, and stress. The implications of the transition from one deformation mechanism to another over a wide range of temperatures on the deformation modeling for this material are discussed. The application of such analysis to understand and predict the rheological behavior of halite aggregates in nature in buried salt deposits is considered.
Statistical Treatment of Laboratory Data for ASTM D 1384-70 Using Soft Solder
Authors: Mitchell WA 
Published: March 2009

For many years, use of 30:70 solder (30 percent tin, 70 percent lead) was common in diesel truck radiators. The 30:70 alloy was relatively brittle, however, and became prone to stress cracking, a result of vibrational stresses built up in the radiators. This led to failure of soldered joints, causing leaks and eventual failure of the engine. At engine manufacturers' requests, solder producers worked to develop a better solder alloy. Eventually a soft solder alloy was produced which could better withstand engine vibrations. This soft solder, sometimes called silver solder, has the following approximate composition: 97 percent lead, 1.5 to 2.5 percent tin, and 0.5 percent silver.
Dearborn Chemical (U.S.) has had a long-term treatment development program for closed cooling systems, resulting in an inhibitor which has given excellent performance in the field. This inhibitor also performs well when screened by ASTM Corrosion Test for Engine Coolants in Glassware (D 1384-70). Shortly after engine manufacturers began to use the new soft solder alloy, reports of severe solder corrosion came in from the field. Laboratory tests were then done using soft solder. Initial data developed by ASTM D 1384 showed that tests using soft solder specimens gave only slightly higher solder corrosion rates than tests using 30:70 solder in inhibited standard corrosive water. Further testing, however, did not reproduce data similar to the first set of data obtained using soft solder.
Because reproducibility of screening test results using soft solder was poor, a study was undertaken to examine variability of soft solder corrosion results.
Tests performed were based on ASTM D 1384. Data developed lead to two basic conclusions. First, corrosion rates for soft solder tend to be higher than those for 30:70 solder and corrosion rates of soft solder deviate much more from a mean value (for a given inhibitor dosage) than for 30:70 solder. This holds for water coolants and water-ethylene glycol coolants, both inhibited or uninhibited. Second, the water-ethylene glycol coolant is much more aggressive to both solder alloys than is standard corrosive water. This is the case for inhibited and uninhibited solutions.
A Generalized Laboratory Automation Scheme for a Group of Different Analytical Instruments
Authors: Stern SE , Johnson GG 
Published: March 2009

The Materials Research Laboratory of The Pennsylvania State University is a general purpose central analytical facility, which has most of the currently available instruments found in industrial laboratories. For the past four years a determined effort has been made by the scientists to introduce the computer for instrument control, data collection, and analysis. The two reasons which primarily motivated these changes were: (1) increased use—since the computer could collect data and control instruments at off hours, thus increasing the total instrument use time per week, and (2) increased analytical capability—since the instruments can spend the time on important data rather than background. Also, once the data are stored in a digital format, it is possible to use a selection of independent routines to analyze the data.
The central computer facility consists of a dual processor PDP-11/20 with a full assortment of input/output (I/O) peripherals. The system is being run under Digital Equipment Corp. (DEC) operating system RT-11 with the users (scientists) programming in BASIC or FORTRAN. Several important desicions have been made by the manager of this facility and include the following: (a) all equipment is optically isolated from each other; (b) computer science and electrical engineering graduate students are responsible for the interface software and hardware; (c) the scientists, alone, are responsible for the application software; (d) all DEC equipment is maintained through a service contract; and (e) a link with an International Business Machine's (IBM) 370/3033 is available for large computational problems.
A discussion of these topics and the actual use with the following five instruments will constitute the body of the paper: (1) scanning electron microscope, (2) ellipsometer, (3) ion scattering/electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, spectrometer, (4) dielectric measurement facility, (5) soft X-ray spectrometer, and (6) laser raman spectrometer.
Implementation of a New Quality-Control Instrument for Thermal Measurements of a Low-Density Building Insulation
Authors: McCaa DJ 
Published: March 2009

During the past year a new instrument has become commercially available which is designed to be used for thermal measurements of low-density insulation materials. Since we were closely involved in the development of this instrument, it is not surprising that, at this time, we are also its first major user.
Drawing on the data now available, we discuss the program used to evaluate, calibrate, and operate these new instruments. In particular we discuss the testing done on varying thicknesses of insulation as well as the correlation of our internal test program with on-going external test programs.
Finally, we discuss the possible impact that the availability of this new equipment may have on future test programs of the American Society for Testing and Materials and other concerned associations and agencies.
Thermal Insulation for a Novel Flexible District Heating Pipe System
Authors: Eilhardt B , Stoeckl G , Ziemek G 
Published: March 2009

The utilization of industrial waste heat and cogeneration heat requires efficient systems for the distribution of hot water or other heating media. In Europe the “Fernheizkabel” (FHK) has been applied for this purpose since 1967. It is basically a flexible preinsulated pipe which consists, from inside out, of a welded and corrugated copper or stainless steel tube containing the heat-carrying medium, a thermal insulation, a welded and corrugated outer steel tube, and finally an extruded corrosion protection. The FHK line comes with an inner tube diameter from 25 to 150 mm (1 to 6 in.) and is shipped in lengths of 230 to 550 m (750 to 1800 ft) on cable reels. The efficiency of a district heating system depends mainly on the thermal losses of the distribution lines which are determined by the thickness of the insulation and its thermal conductivity.
The thermal insulation between the inner and outer tube is the subject of this paper. For this application the insulation material is required (1) to keep the heat transfer between the inner and outer tube as low as possible, (2) to support the inner tube mechanically, (3) to absorb movements and pressures resulting from temperature changes and temperature differences, and (4) to permit bending of the pipe assembly. The insulation must provide a good mechanical bond between the inner and the outer tube.
Two different materials were found to be suitable: polyurethane (PUR) and polyisocyanurante (PIR). For these materials in the foamed state, one additional condition arises: the foaming process must be compatible and coordinated with the application of the outer welded and corrugated steel envelope. The two foam materials were tested thoroughly. Performance at different temperatures makes possible extrapolation of expected service life. As a result of these investigations the PUR is used as standard insulation in the FHK line, for nominal operating temperatures of up to 130°C (266°F). The more expensive PIR insulation is recommended for applications with nominal operating temperatures of up to 180°C (356°F).
FHK installations with PUR insulation have been in operation in Europe for several years. It is safe to expect a service life of about 30 years for the PUR-insulated FHK pipes. A test installation with a PIR foam-insulated pipe was set up in the United States and yielded good results.
Optimum Economic Thickness of Pipe Insulation Accounting for Variable Heat-Transfer Parameters
Authors: Simmons LD , Beckman JW 
Published: March 2009

During recent years guides have been published to allow industries to choose pipe insulation that accounts optimally for rapid expected rises in fuel costs relative to insulation costs. The analysis in these guides is based on three simplifying assumptions: thermal conductivity of the insulation is assumed constant, the surface resistance is assumed constant, and thermal radiation is neglected (or included in the constant surface resistance). These assumptions can have the effect of introducing error in the insulation thickness chosen, possibly leading to choosing too little insulation.
A study was conducted to rederive the optimization equations accounting for variable heat-transfer parameters and to apply them to selected examples to determine the consequences of the simplifying assumptions. The major conclusions from the study were: 1. The errors introduced by assuming convection and radiation surface loss parameters constant are negligible. 2. The errors introduced by assuming constant insulation conductivity could be made negligible if the conductivity values were made to more closely represent correct values for the temperature range of the particular installation being analyzed.
Elastic Properties and Fracture Behavior of Graphite/Polyimide Composites at Extreme Temperatures
Authors: Garber DP , Morris DH , Everett RA 
Published: March 2009

The influence of elevated and cryogenic temperatures on the elastic moduli and fracture strengths of several Celion 6000/PMR-15 laminates was measured. Tests were run at −157, 24 (room temperature), and 316°C (−250, 75, and 600°F). Both unnotched and notched laminates were tested. Several failure criteria, developed to predict the uniaxial fracture strength of epoxy laminates, were used to predict the fracture strength of polyimide laminates.
Lamina elastic moduli were measured at each temperature by testing unnotched [0]s, [90]s, and [±45]2s laminates. The measured values were used with classical laminate theory to predict the elastic constants in [0/45/90/−45]s, [0/45/90/−45]2s, [45/0/−45/0]s, and [45/90/−45/90]s laminates. With few exceptions, the predictions agreed with the moduli measured experimentally. As for the ultimate tensile strength, although the 8-ply and 16-ply quasi-isotropic laminates were about equally strong at elevated temperature, their respective strengths diverged at the lower temperatures. The 8-ply laminates lost strength as the temperature decreased, whereas the 16-ply laminates became stronger.
The notched laminates had layups of [±45]2s, [0/45/90/−45]s, and [45/0/−45/0]s. The measured moduli, the ultimate strengths, and the point stress or average stress criterion of Nuismer and Whitney were combined to calculate the characteristic lengths associated with each criterion. Characteristic lengths were compared to determine the effect of temperature.
A New Machine for Studying Surface Damage Due to Wear and Fretting
Authors: Kusner D , Poon C , Hoeppner DW 
Published: March 2009

A test machine was designed and constructed for investigating the effects on wear rate of various parameters such as contact load, relative slip amplitude, and frequency. The test machine consisted of a rigid load frame and a flexible platform onto which specimen coupons were mounted. Vertical wear pads were held stationary in holders that allowed contact between the surfaces of the wear pad and the specimen coupon. Normal contact pressures between the wear pads and the specimen were obtained by using spring-loaded cap screws. The specimen platform was designed to move horizontally at high frequency (100 to 200 Hz) with the amplitude of motion under control. The new test machine allows up to eight specimens to be tested at a time and is extremely useful for statistical investigation of wear behavior in which a large number of specimens is expected to be tested. Tests were performed to study the wear behavior of plain magnesium and magnesium with different coatings against steel. Wear rate curves were presented which were used to compare the performance of the different coatings against wear.
This paper discusses the operation and typical results of this unit.