bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Litigious Gerusha: Jewish Women and Divorce in Imperial Russia*
Authors: Freeze ChaeRan Y. 
Published: October 2007

When Ita Myshkind learned that her husband had remarried before delivering the official get (bill of divorcement), she filed criminal charges against him in state court. “My husband,” she claimed, “Wishing to use my capital and valuable possessions, married me with the premeditated intention of divorcing me.” She complained that a few months after their marriage, he deserted her and married a certain Dveira Rafaelovich; and it was only after this blatant violation of the law that her husband hastily drew up the get without any rabbinic supervision. Efroim Myshkind, however, sharply contested his wife's account, asserting that he had sent a messenger to deliver the writ of divorce in the presence of two witnesses. “It is not at all difficult for a Jew to divorce his wife,” he wrote, “especially if she does not have a good reputation like Ita Kreines [here he used her maiden name], who spent an entire year abroad with different acquaintances.” But at the trial, the husband failed to prove that the get had satisfied all the requirements of Jewish law, much less that his wife had actually received the document. More important in the state's view, he had violated Russian civil law, which required a “spiritual authority” (in this case, a state rabbi) to supervise the divorce procedure. In October 1884, the Minsk court convicted the husband of bigamy and sentenced him to five months and ten days in prison.Although Ita Myshkind did not achieve all her objectives (namely, forcing her husband to divorce his second wife), she did prevail on two important issues: securing material support and ensuring that her husband would not go unpunished for his crime. That a provincial Jewish woman could utilize the Russian legal system to obtain justice raises two important questions: first, when and why did some women begin to resort to the state; and second, how effective were their efforts and what was the impact on Jewish women and their society as a whole?
History, the Peasantry, and the Polish Nation in the Thought of Michal Bobrzyński
Authors: Pajakowski Philip 
Published: October 2007

The most important historical works of today are those that take the past of a single nation and state as their subject, for the nation and the state are the highest natural, independently developing organism that humanity has yet achieved.Like most nineteenth-century historians, Michal Bobrzyński directed his research to the study of his nation's past and especially to the development of political institutions. History, for him, served to enhance a sense of nationhood among his readers by deriving lessons from the experience of the national community and providing a basis for present political activity. As a politically engaged historian, Bobrzyński faced serious issues of the need to reorient Polish national identity and to refashion the historical imagination to meet the needs of his people in the face of the political situation in the last three decades of the nineteenth century.
Personal Construct Theory and constructivist drug education
Authors: MALLICK JANE , WATTS MIKE 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn recent years drug education has come under scrutiny. Research has found that drug education is having minimal impact. Questions have been raised as to the appropriateness of theories underpinning drug education programmes as well as the aims and purpose of programmes. As such, there is a call for new approaches. This paper explores the potential of a personal construct approach to drug education. Personal Construct Theory (PCT) has been used to understand drug use and treatment as well as an approach to education and training. Although generally thought of as an individualistic approach, there are also social, interpersonal as well as educational aspects to the theory. In this paper, we argue that drug education needs to remove itself from the political and moral arena and ground itself in a theory that relates to young people and drug use in today's society. In so doing it should aim to facilitate and educate young people in making informed and healthy choices. PCT offers one such approach.
Challenges in adopting evidence‐based school drug education programmes
Authors: CAHILL HELEN W. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIssues. The paper discusses the school‐based challenges that may moderate the implementation of evidence‐based drug education in schools. Approach. Knowledge about what constitutes an effective evidence‐based drug education programme is discussed in relation to the challenge of delivery in the school setting. Research demonstrates that drug education should be engaging, incorporate interactive learning strategies, stimulate higher‐order thinking, promote learning and be transferable to real life circumstances. This may difficult to accomplish in practice, as a range of contextual challenges and ideological assumptions may moderate the teacher's capacity to deliver a programme of this nature. Key Findings. Collaborative learning strategies are not the norm in schools and therefore teachers may find interactive drug education programmes difficult to adopt. Conflicting ideological assumptions about effective epistemological approaches to drug education may also direct the way in which teachers modify programmes in the local context. Implications. Teachers need professional training and support if they are to adopt successfully evidence‐based school drug education programmes. This support may be enhanced if it includes whole school approaches to effective pedagogy and the development of pro‐social classroom environments. Conclusion. Drug education research should take account of the complexities of implementation in the school setting and investigate further the professional and organisational support that teachers require in order to maintain high‐quality provision in the school context.
Relationships between college settings and student alcohol use before, during and after events: a multi‐level study
Authors: PASCHALL MALLIE J. , SALTZ ROBERT F. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. We examined how alcohol risk is distributed based on college students' drinking before, during and after they go to certain settings. Design and Methods. Students attending 14 California public universities (N = 10 152) completed a web‐based or mailed survey in the fall 2003 semester, which included questions about how many drinks they consumed before, during and after the last time they went to six settings/events: fraternity or sorority party, residence hall party, campus event (e.g. football game), off‐campus party, bar/restaurant and outdoor setting (referent). Multi‐level analyses were conducted in hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) to examine relationships between type of setting and level of alcohol use before, during and after going to the setting, and possible age and gender differences in these relationships. Drinking episodes (N = 24 207) were level 1 units, students were level 2 units and colleges were level 3 units. Results. The highest drinking levels were observed during all settings/events except campus events, with the highest number of drinks being consumed at off‐campus parties, followed by residence hall and fraternity/sorority parties. The number of drinks consumed before a fraternity/sorority party was higher than other settings/events. Age group and gender differences in relationships between type of setting/event and ‘before,’ ‘during’ and ‘after’ drinking levels also were observed. For example, going to a bar/restaurant (relative to an outdoor setting) was positively associated with ‘during’ drinks among students of legal drinking age while no relationship was observed for underage students. Discussion and Conclusions. Findings of this study indicate differences in the extent to which college settings are associated with student drinking levels before, during and after related events, and may have implications for intervention strategies targeting different types of settings.
School smoking bans: do they help/do they harm?
Authors: POULIN CHRISTIANE C. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. The international evidence about the effectiveness of school smoking bans on youth smoking initiation is equivocal. The purpose of the present study was to examine the association between school smoking bans and smoking initiation as a health outcome as well as academic achievement as an educational outcome, taking into account socio‐economic status. Design and Methods. This multi‐level study was based on a cross‐sectional self‐reported anonymous data from 12 990 students who participated in the 2002 Student Drug Use Survey in the Atlantic Provinces. The main outcomes were having smoked a first whole cigarette in the year prior to the survey, and academic performance. The main independent variable at the individual‐ and school‐levels was a school rule against smoking on school property or at school events, as reported by students. Results. Smoking initiation was predicted by individual‐level demographic factors and by the contextual factor of attending a school with a high prevalence of established smoking, but failed to be predicted by a school smoking ban. The academic performance of students who indicated there was no school smoking ban was found to worsen as an increasing proportion of the student body indicated that such a rule existed. Lower socio‐economic status was found to be an independent predictor of smoking initiation and poorer academic performance. Discussion and Conclusions. A school ban against smoking, in addition to not being clearly effective, might also not be entirely benign. School smoking policy should be monitored as to educational outcomes and the impact of policy on groups vulnerable to smoking.
Family, school, peer and individual influences on early adolescent alcohol use: first‐year impact of the Resilient Families programme
Authors: SHORTT ALISON L. , HUTCHINSON DELYSE M. , CHAPMAN RIANNA , TOUMBOUROU JOHN W. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. This study aimed to examine: (a) the influence of family factors relative to school, peer and individual influences on the development of adolescent alcohol use during the first year of secondary school; and (b) the feasibility of preventing adolescent alcohol use by modifying family factors. Design and Methods. Twenty‐four schools in Melbourne, Australia were randomly assigned to either the ‘Resilient Families’ intervention or a control condition. A baseline cohort of 2315 grade 7 students (mean age 12.3 years) were followed‐up one year later (n = 2128 for longitudinal analyses). A sub‐set of parents (n = 1166) also returned baseline surveys. Results. The prevalence of lifetime alcohol use in year 7 was 33% and rose to 47% by year 8. Student‐reported predictors of year 8 alcohol use included baseline alcohol [Odds Ratio (OR) 3.64] and tobacco use (2.68), and school friend's alcohol (1.41) and tobacco use (1.64). After adjusting for other influences, student‐reported family factors were not maintained as significant predictors of year 8 alcohol use. Parent‐report predictors of student‐reported alcohol use included allowing alcohol use in the home (2.55), parental alcohol use (1.88) and child hyperactivity (1.85). Protective factors included attendance at brief parent education (0.60) and parent involvement in school education (0.65). Discussion and Conclusions. The intervention appeared to benefit education‐related outcomes, but no overall effect in reducing student alcohol use was found in year 8. Intervention effects on alcohol misuse may become significant in later secondary school once the entire program has been implemented. Considerable alcohol use was detected in early secondary school, suggesting that interventions to reduce alcohol use may be usefully implemented prior to this period.
Aeronautical technology for future subsonic civil transport aircraft
Authors: Kehayas Nikolaos 
Published: October 2007

PurposeA review is attempted with the objective to indicate the most promising aeronautical technology for application to future subsonic civil transport aircraft.Design/methodology/approachA methodology is put forward, according to which direct operating costs (DOC) are examined in order to identify those that can be reduced, and, then, specific technology is assessed in relation to its efficiency in reducing these DOC, operational feasibility and cost‐effectiveness.FindingsThis assessment suggests the selection of propfan and powered lift as the leading future aeronautical technology. These findings are supported by a comparison of a number of advanced technology designs.Originality/valueProvides a starting point for further investigation of advanced aeronautical technology and unconventional configurations for large subsonic civil transport aircraft.
Single and multi‐point optimization of an airfoil using gradient method
Authors: Mirzaei Masoud , Nasrin Hosseini Seyedeh , Roshanian Jafar 
Published: October 2007

PurposeThis paper's purpose is to deal with single point and multipoint optimization of an airfoil. The aim of the paper is to discuss optimization in several design points (multipoint optimization) and compare the results with those of optimization at a specified design point.Design/methodology/approachA gradient‐based method is adopted for optimization and the flow is governed by two dimensional, compressible Euler equations. A finite volume code based on unstructured grid is developed to solve the equations.FindingsTwo test cases are studied for an airfoil with initial profile of NACA0012, with two types of design variables. And at the end a multi‐point case is presented.Originality/valueThe advantage of this technique over the other gradient‐based methods is its high‐convergence rate.
Experimental and numerical investigation of film cooling effectiveness for rectangular injection holes
Authors: Koç İbrahim 
Published: October 2007

PurposeTo investigate the film cooling effectiveness in a flat plate with a single row of rectangular injection holes.Design/methodology/approachThree injection holes in model are in a single row. The holes are rectangular cross section and they are 9 × 6.5 mm. The injection holes are inclined at 30° along the mainstream direction. The blowing ratios are from 0.5 to 2.0. The experiments and their computational models are established to investigate its effects at the 330 and 335 and 340 K injection temperatures and the different blowing ratios.FindingsResults show that the blowing ratio and injection temperature and momentum flux ratio affect the film cooling effectiveness and to provide a good film cooling performance in both mainstream and lateral direction a suitable blowing ratio should be selected. In this study, the highest effectiveness is determined at a blowing ratio of 0.5. Further increasing this ratio results in reverse effect on the film cooling effectiveness.Originality/valueIt is the fist time the film cooling effectiveness is compared at the rectangular injection holes as experimental and numerical.
A wireless addressing interface circuitry for microthruster array applications
Authors: Zhang K.L. , Chou S.K. , Ang S.S. 
Published: October 2007

PurposeThe paper aims to develop a wireless addressing interface circuitry for solid propellant microthruster array applications.Design/methodology/approachThe solid propellant microthruster is a relatively new class of micropropulsion system for microspacecraft. To produce a controlled vectored thrust, a microthruster array is needed. Realization of the addressing ability and wireless communication is the key to the development of the microthruster array. Therefore, a prototype wireless addressing circuitry was developed to realize the addressing of the microthruster array by a multiplexing system. The addressing circuitry also enables measurement of the igniter temperature variation with time by measuring the igniter resistance change and automatic control by RS232 and RF wireless communications. Operating principles, design, fabrication, and testing of the circuitry are addressed.FindingsA prototype integrated wireless addressing circuitry was designed and fabricated to realize the addressing of individual microthrusters in the microthruster array, to measure the igniter temperature variation with time, and to achieve automatic control using RS232 and RF wireless communications. Using the programmable voltage source in the circuitry, the igniter temperature could be accurately controlled in 256 steps using an 8 bit word. The 10 bit analog‐to‐digital converter feedback loop circuitry enabled real‐time monitoring of each igniter in the microthruster array and allowing each igniter to be functionally controlled.Originality/valueIn this paper, a wireless addressing interface circuitry is developed for the first time for solid propellant microthruster array applications.
Geometrical and positional optimization of the forward swept lift producing surfaces in 3D flow domains
Authors: Vatandas Ergüven 
Published: October 2007

PurposeThis paper seeks to outline a forward swept wing (FSW) design problem to reduce the optimization time and cost and to compare it with previous backward swept wing (BSW) results to see the differences.Design/methodology/approachDynamic mesh technique was used in the design of a transonic FSW by coupling it with heuristic algorithms. To obtain the initial FSW mesh from BSW domain, a modified dynamic mesh method was developed. It was also compared with experimental results.FindingsIt is observed that the drag coefficient can be reduced by 15 percent in 500 calculations while the lift coefficient is tried to be close to the design value determined at the beginning as a design constraint. Especially, the taper ratio change direction differs from previous BSW optimization.Originality/valueIt is the first time that the dynamic mesh technique is used for obtaining the mesh structures of the new FSW members through genetic optimization. A modified dynamic mesh was used to convert BSW domain to FSW, which means a huge movement for the cells. A physical model of initial FSW is also produced for wind tunnel and tested.
Effect of SiO2 nano‐particulates on corrosion behaviour of Ni‐W/SiO2 nanocomposite coatings
Authors: Yao Yingwu 
Published: October 2007

PurposeThis paper aims to study the effect of SiO2 nano‐particulates on the corrosion behaviour of Ni‐W/SiO2 nanocomposite coatings.Design/methodology/approachWeight loss measurements, electrochemical measurements and scanning electron microscope were used to study the corrosion behaviour of Ni‐W/SiO2 nanocomposite coatings in NaCl solution.FindingsThe incorporation of SiO2 nano‐particulates into the Ni‐W alloy matrix significantly increased the corrosion resistance. The improvement in corrosion resistance was due to the SiO2 nano‐particulates acting as physical barriers to the corrosion process by filling in crevices, gaps and microscopic holes on the surface of the Ni‐W alloy.Originality/valueThis study highlights the use of nano‐particulates for the control of Ni‐W alloy coating corrosion and opens a new route for industry in the anti‐corrosion field.
Thermal ageing of barrier pigment paint films
Authors: Angeles M.E. , Magaña C.R. , Vázquez F.S. , Rodríguez F.J. 
Published: October 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the behaviour of commercial organic coatings in two proposed short time accelerated ageing methods.Design/methodology/approachTwo cycles of accelerated ageing at different temperatures have been set out: dry heating and heating in immersion (humid). The dry ageing was carried out by warming up the film continuously over a 24 h period at three temperatures: 65, 85 and 100°C, until completion after ten days; the humid ageing was carried out by submerging some film samples in hot brine and maintaining them submerged for 24 h at 45, 65 and 85°C.FindingsDSC and FTIR techniques reported that the coating suffered an “over‐cured” process after being submitted to the dry cycle. The films submitted to wet ageing developed micro‐cracks. Both ageing cycles caused physical degradation and a little sign of chemical degradation as shown by SEM observations.Practical implicationsThe ageing cycles could be applied to organic coatings, maybe varying the temperatures according to the Tg of the resins employed, as well as the ageing time according to the hardness and resistance of the coatings.Originality/valueThe ageing cycles were proposed after a long review of the literature and the conditions employed were short enough for rapid evaluation and long enough to promote the degradation of the films.
Evaluation of pipeline corrosion in sour‐gas environment
Authors: Olorunniwo Olusegun E. , Imasogie Benjamin I. , Afonja Adeniyi A. 
Published: October 2007

PurposeThis paper seeks to describe the adoption and implementation of a cost‐effective gas pipeline corrosion monitoring and control procedure for use in natural gas infrastructural facilities in sub‐Saharan Africa.Design/methodology/approachThe incidence and severity of pipeline corrosion in a major gas production facility were monitored using a combination of instrumented field survey (potential measurements, line currents and soil resistivity measurements) and microscopic evaluation (OM and SEM) techniques. Portable field survey equipment with appropriate circuitry, contactors and sensors for potential, line current and soil resistivity measurements were used to make the field measurements. The equipment was standardized and calibrated for use in the service environment. The field survey data were superimposed on common plots in order to obtain clearer and complementary information on possible corrosion hotspots and damage locations along the submerged pipelines. Metallographic examination of the samples collected from the field was carried out to establish the type of corrosion attacks and mode of failure of the pipeline material.FindingsIt was established that a combination of corrosion‐related damage occurred as a result of localized attack over time. The investigation procedure was cost‐effective and can be used to determine which pipeline structures are protected and to gauge with a high degree of precision the integrity of the submerged pipeline.Research limitations/implicationsIn the future, the procedure could be fully automated for routine on‐line/on‐site monitoring of gas pipelines in a sour‐gas environment.Practical implicationsThe paper presents a useful database for the selection and/or design of corrosion‐resistant materials for use in sour‐gas environments and data for a comprehensive corrosion monitoring and control program in the peculiar service environment of sub‐Saharan Africa, for improved performance, productivity, personnel safety and reduced operating costs.Originality/valueThe information is useful to on‐site engineers and operators of gas‐production facilities, particularly in sub‐Saharan Africa, for designing and implementing cost‐effective corrosion monitoring and control programs.