bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A model of shifting cultivation: can soil conservation reduce deforestation?
Authors: Takasaki Yoshito 
Published: January 2007

AbstractShifting cultivators manage soil not only by adjusting soil use on already‐cleared lands, as in continuous cultivation, but also by clearing forests to obtain new fertile soils. This study examines the crucial link between on‐farm soil conservation and deforestation in shifting cultivation by modeling forest clearing as an investment in soil for a private farmer. More generally, by doing so the study attempts to integrate deforestation and soil conservation models which have been separately developed in the literature. Our policy goal is to arrest tropical deforestation—as destruction of global commons—caused by land degradation in shifting cultivation while improving the well‐being of poor shifting cultivators. Our integrated approach enables joint policy analyses of deforestation and land degradation. Three welfare‐enhancing policies are considered. The first is agricultural and nonagricultural subsidies affecting farm and nonfarm income opportunities. The second is fiscal and tenure policies affecting discount rates. Our question is whether the link between forest clearing and soil fertility alters the outcomes of these two standard macroeconomic policies commonly found in the literature. The third policy (or program) is various soil conservation measures affecting soil regeneration and erosivity on already‐cleared lands. This article examines a very important question which has received little attention in previous theoretical works: can soil conservation reduce deforestation? This study confirms anti‐deforestation effects of the promotion of nonfarming activities—a common and often emphasized finding in previous works—among shifting cultivators. More importantly, it also demonstrates that improving various soil conservation measures not only discourages forest clearing among shifting cultivators but also tends to have greater effects on forest protection than promoting nonfarming activities. Contrarily, agricultural price subsidy or technological progress gives rise to the opposite outcome, and lowering the farmer's discount rate or improving tenure security encourages him/her to clear more forests just to accumulate soil.
Patch test results in patients with scalp dermatitis: analysis of data of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology*
Authors: Hillen Uwe , Grabbe Stephan , Uter Wolfgang 
Published: January 2007

Background:  Contact dermatitis of the scalp may develop primarily due to exposure to cosmetic products or secondarily due to application of topical medicaments on affected skin.Objectives:  To illustrate the current spectrum of allergens in scalp dermatitis.Patients/methods:  Data of 1320 patients recorded by the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK) between 1993 and 2003, who were patch tested to confirm or rule out (secondary) allergic contact dermatitis of the scalp, were analysed.Results:  Sensitization to p‐phenylenediamine, tolune‐2,5‐diamine, p‐aminophenol, 3‐aminophenol, p‐aminoazobenzene, cocamidopropyl betaine and pyrogallol was significantly more common than in the remaining IVDK patients. In 690 patients, altogether 4070 patients’ own products were patch tested. Medical products, hair tints and bleaches (HTB) and hair‐cleansing products together caused nearly 2/3 of positive patch test reactions. Among these categories, HTB showed the highest percentage of positive patch test reactions; 24 of 29 HTB‐positive patients had no positive reaction to any of the commercially available allergens.Conclusions:  In our subgroup of patients with scalp dermatitis, constituents of hair‐colouring products were the most important allergens. As some ingredients of hair dyes are not contained in patch test series, testing of patients’ own products is an important part of diagnostic workup, as otherwise sensitizations may be missed.
Actual versus optimal utilization of radiotherapy in lung cancer: Where is the shortfall?
Authors: VINOD Shalini K , BARTON Michael B 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground:  Estimates of ideal radiotherapy utilization in lung cancer range from 61% to 74%. Actual utilization rates are lower than this. The aim of the present study was to identify those groups where there was the greatest discrepancy between actual and ideal utilization.Methods:  The study population consisted of South‐Western Sydney Area Health Service residents who were diagnosed with lung cancer in 1993 or 1996. A clinical audit of medical records was performed to collect details on patient demographics, tumor factors, treatment details and outcome.Results:  There were 527 patients diagnosed with lung cancer. Treatment data were available for 499 (95%) patients of which 279 (56%) received radiotherapy. Radiotherapy utilization declined with increasing age and decreasing performance status. When comparing actual with ideal utilization, the greatest shortfall in radiotherapy was seen in small cell lung cancer (55%vs 79%) followed by stage I (35%vs 50%) and IV non‐small cell lung cancer (65%vs 83%). There was under‐utilization of chest radiotherapy (79%vs 88%) and definitive radiotherapy (14%vs 50%).Conclusions:  Definitive chest radiotherapy is underutilized in lung cancer, particularly in patients with limited stage small cell lung cancer and stage I non‐small cell lung cancer. This is partly due to non‐referral of patients but also a palliative approach by radiation oncologists. These factors have to be addressed in order to optimize survival and quality of life for lung cancer patients.
Multicenter phase II study of combination chemotherapy with capecitabine and intravenous vinorelbine in patients with pretreated metastatic breast cancer
Authors: DAVIS Alison J , BREW Sue , GEBSKI Val J , LEWIS Craig R , MOYLAN Eugene , PARNIS Francis X , ACKLAND Stephen P 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground:  Capecitabine and i.v. vinorelbine are both active in metastatic breast cancer with non‐overlapping toxicities. This study examined the efficacy and safety of the combination of these agents in patients with pretreated metastatic breast cancer.Methods:  Patients previously treated for breast cancer, maximum of one prior metastatic regimen, received capecitabine 1000 mg/m2 b.d. for days 1–14 and vinorelbine 25 mg/m2 i.v. days 1 and 8 every 21 days. All patients had measurable disease and adequate baseline organ function. The primary endpoint was response and secondary endpoints time to progression, duration of response, survival and safety.Results:  Twenty‐two patients (median age 56 years) received a median of six cycles. All patients had received anthracyclines and 64% taxanes. Objective responses were seen in 7/21 (33%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 18–57%), with two complete responses; stable disease was seen in 5/21 (24%, 95% CI 8–42%). Median duration of response was 6.9 months (95% CI 4.7–13.1), time to progression was 5.8 months (95% CI 2.8–6.8) and survival was 13.5 months (95% CI 6.9–19.9). The median dose intensity of vinorelbine was 75% of the intended dose and of capecitabine 85% of intended dose. The main toxicity was myelosuppression including 16 episodes of G3–4 neutropenia in 11 patients (50%). Other toxicities were generally mild to moderate.Conclusion:  The combination of capecitabine and i.v. vinorelbine is active and well tolerated in patients with pretreated metastatic breast cancer. The recent availability of oral vinorelbine provides an opportunity to explore a fully oral combination.
Associations of Spiders of the GenusPeucetia(Oxyopidae) with Plants Bearing Glandular Hairs
Authors: Vasconcellos‐Neto João , Romero Gustavo Q. , Santos Adalberto J. , Dippenaar‐Schoeman Ansie S. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTTwo common South American species of lynx spiders,Peucetia rubrolineataandP. flava(Oxyopidae), were surveyed on three localities in southeastern Brazil to determine plant choice. Both species were found to be associated with plants bearing glandular trichomes. A literature review and complementary data show that tenPeucetiaspecies are associated with up to 55 plant species bearing glandular trichomes in at least 20 distinct vegetation types (phytophysiognomies) in more than 36 localities in the Neotropical, Neartic, Afrotropical, and Paleartic regions. The main plant families used by the spiders were Solanaceae, Asteraceae, and Melastomataceae. The specialization of thePeucetiaspecies for plants bearing glandular trichomes may have evolved because insects adhered to these sticky structures may be used as prey by the spiders.
Evidence for Exploitative Competition: Comparative Foraging Behavior and Roosting Ecology of Short‐Tailed Fruit Bats (Phyllostomidae)
Authors: Bonaccorso Frank J. , Winkelmann John R. , Shin Danny , Agrawal Caroline I. , Aslami Nadia , Bonney Caitlin , Hsu Andrea , Jekielek Phoebe E. , Knox Allison K. , Kopach Stephen J. , Jennings Tara D. , Lasky Jesse R. , Menesale Sarah A. , Richards Jeannine H. , Rutland Jessica A. , Sessa Anna K. , Zhaurova Luba , Kunz Thomas H. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTChestnut short‐tailed bats, Carollia castanea, and Seba's short‐tailed bats, C. perspicillata (Phyllostomidae), were radio‐tracked (N= 1593 positions) in lowland rain forest at Tiputini Biodiversity Station, Orellana Province, Ecuador. For 11 C. castanea, mean home range was 6.8 ± 2.2 ha, mean core‐use area was 1.7 ± 0.8 ha, and mean long axis across home range was 438 ± 106 m. For three C. perspicillata, mean home range was 5.5 ± 1.7 ha, mean core‐use area was 1.3 ± 0.6 ha, and mean long axis was 493 ± 172 m. Groups of less than five C. castanea occupied day‐roosts in earthen cavities that undercut banks the Tiputini River. Carollia perspicillata used tree hollows and buildings as day‐roosts. Interspecific and intraspecific overlap among short‐tailed bats occurred in core‐use areas associated with clumps of fruiting Piper hispidum (peppers) and Cecropia sciadophylla. Piper hispidum seeds were present in 80 percent of the fecal samples from C. castanea and 56 percent of samples from C. perspicillata. Carollia perspicillata handled pepper fruits significantly faster than C. castanea; however, C. castanea commenced foraging before C. perspicillata emerged from day‐roosts. Evidence for exploitative competition between C. castanea and C. perspicillata is suggested by our observations that 95 percent of ripe P. hispidum fruits available at sunset disappear before sunrise (N= 74 marked fruits). Piper hispidum plants produced zero to 12 ripe infructescences per plant each night during peak production. Few ripe infructescences of P. hispidum were available during the dry season; however, ripe infructescences of C. sciadophylla, remained abundant.
Female Fecundity Is Dependent on Substrate, Rather Than Male Abundance, in the Wind‐Pollinated, Dioecious Understory Palm Chamaedorea radicalis
Authors: Berry Eric J. , Gorchov David L. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTWe examined the impact of substrate, population density, and sexual composition on female reproductive success in harvested populations of the tropical understory palm Chamaedorea radicalis. Leaf harvest for the international floral greenery trade does not kill palms, but has been shown to reduce flowering frequency and has been projected to reduce population growth. Because C. radicalis is dioecious and wind‐pollinated, a reduction in flowering density from leaf harvest or other anthropogenic factors may lower pollen movement between flowering conspecifics and lower fruit production. Such reduced fecundity in harvested populations can contribute to an Allee effect, where the per capita rate of population growth declines at low density. We tested for these effects by sampling C. radicalis along transects in ten populations, spanning a range of densities, during May (flowering peak) and August (fruiting peak) 2002. We applied path analysis using structural equation modeling (SEM) to test a set of hypothesized relationships between substrate, female size, several population parameters, and female fecundity. SEM models revealed that female fecundity was not dependent on any measure of population density or sexual composition, providing no evidence for an Allee effect. The strongest model (R2= 92.9%) related C. radicalis reproductive output only to substrate, female size, flower number, and proportional fruit set. This model revealed that palms on rock outcrops were larger, produced more flowers, and had higher proportional fruit set than palms on the forest floor. This finding suggests that protection of females on outcrops should enhance population growth and viability.
Vascular Epiphyte Communities in the Inner‐Crown of Hyeronima alchorneoides and Lecythis ampla at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica
Authors: Cardelús Catherine L. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe community composition and percent cover of vascular epiphytes were examined in relation to photosynthetic photon flux density (PFD), temperature, vapor pressure, and tree characteristics in the inner‐crown of two emergent tree species, Hyeronima alchorneoides and Lecythis ampla, at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. A total of 53 species were found in a total sampled branch area of 32 m2 in eight trees—four trees per species. Community composition varied both among individuals of the same tree species and between tree species. However, percent cover patterns of vascular epiphytes were significantly different between the two tree species; Hyeronima had a significantly greater percent cover of epiphytes than Lecythis. The higher percent light transmittance as well as lower humidity in Lecythis are likely causes of its lower percent cover of epiphytes.
Stabilimenta of Philoponella vicina (Araneae: Uloboridae) and Gasteracantha cancriformis (Araneae: Araneidae): Evidence Against a Prey Attractant Function
Authors: Eberhard William G. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTBoth the uloborid Philoponella vicina and the araneid Gasteracantha cancriformis spiders sometimes placed silk stabilimenta on non‐orb “resting webs” that consisted of only one or a few lines. These webs completely lacked sticky silk, so their stabilimenta could not function to attract prey. Some non‐orbs were built by spiders when their orb webs are damaged. These observations contradict the prey attraction camouflage hypothesis for stabilimentum function, but are compatible with the spider camouflage and web advertisement to avoid web destruction hypotheses.
GROWTH OF EUROTIUM CHEVALIERI IN MILK JAM: INFLUENCE OF PH, POTASSIUM SORBATE AND WATER ACTIVITY
Authors: CHAR CIELO D. , GUERRERO SANDRA N. , ALZAMORA STELLA M. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT Milk jam (dulce de leche) is a typical Argentine sweet spread prepared by milk evaporation to about 70% w/w total solids at atmospheric pressure with added sucrose, glucose and vanillin. Growth of xerophilic molds represents a severe problem in this type of intermediate moisture product. This study evaluated the growth response of Eurotium chevalieri in milk jam with different potassium sorbate (KS) concentrations (0, 500, 1,000, 1,500 and 2,000 ppm) at selected water activity (aw) values (≅0.80 and 0.85) and two pH levels (≅5.5 and 6.0) stored at room temperature (25C) for 90 days. Growth curves were characterized by the modified Gompertz model, and the effect of the independent variables on the estimated parameters (maximum specific growth rate, vm, and lag time, λ) was analyzed through polynomial equations. Growth of E. chevalieri was prevented for at least 90 days when the addition of 1,000 ppm KS was combined with a decrease in aw to 0.80 and ph 5.5. The boundary between growth and nongrowth of E. chevalieri as a function of aw, pH, KS and storage time was also predicted by means of the probabilistic model using logistic regression, which provided a wide range of formulation possibilities depending on the targeted shelf life.
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES DURING MANUFACTURING AND RIPENING OF CAMEMBERT CHEESE
Authors: LIU S. , PURI V.M. , DEMIRCI A. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT The spatial distribution of the survival and growth of Listeria monocytogenes during manufacturing and ripening of Camembert cheese was studied. All cheeses were artificially inoculated with L. monocytogenes and ripened in three stages: room temperature (∼20C) and relative humidity (RH) of 60% for 36 h, 13C and RH of 93% for 2 weeks, and 7C and RH of 85% for 3 weeks. During ripening, different locations were analyzed for population of L. monocytogenes. The data were collected on days 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 of ripening. Results showed that the population of L. monocytogenes on day 1 was 6.06 log10 cfu/g, which was 1.96 log10 cfu/g increasing over the initial inoculation of 4.08 log10 cfu/g. For the subsequent 20 days, the L. monocytogenes population declined to 5.33 log10 cfu/g. Thereafter, the L. monocytogenes population increased to 6.07 log10 cfu/g on day 35 of ripening. Generally, the growth of L. monocytogenes is faster in locations near the surface than in the center. There were no significant differences between batches and sections of cheese, whereas the ripening time and locations had a significant effect on the survival and growth of L. monocytogenes. The survival and growth data for L. monocytogenes during ripening of Camembert cheese can be used to develop dynamic predictive models for possible use in risk assessment and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point implementation.
DETECTION OF CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TISSUES AS BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY SPECIFIED RISK MATERIAL IN PROCESSED AND RAW MEAT PRODUCTS IN TURKEY
Authors: KALE M. , KURŞUN Ö. , PEHLİVANOĞLU F. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT Spinal cord and brain tissues have the highest importance in the transfer of bovine spongiform encephalopathy to humans. The European Union issued the complete removal of spinal cord and brain tissues from meat products. In Turkey, regulation on meat products is applied by government veterinarians. But there are some questions on the effective application of the regulation, especially in some private slaughterhouses. This study was designed to reveal the mixing of these tissues to meat products sold in the Akdeniz region of Turkey. For this purpose, a total of 471 meat product samples were tested. Two semiquantitative enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kits (Ridascreen Risk Material and Risk Material 10/5 [R‐biofarm GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany]), which detect glial fibrillary acidic protein as marker, were used. In the tests, standard controls 0, 0.2, 1.0 and 2.0%, and 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5% were practiced, respectively. Of the 220 processed meat sampled, 33 samples (15.0%) gave an optical density (OD) equal to or higher than standard 0.2%. Of the 251 raw meat sampled, 54 samples (21.51%) gave an OD equal to or higher than standard 0.1%. It was concluded that mixing of central nervous system tissue to the meat products still happens, and more effective control measurements need to be developed and applied in Turkey.
HYGIENIC PRACTICES BY VENDORS OF THE STREET FOOD “DOUBLES” AND PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF VENDING PRACTICES IN TRINIDAD, WEST INDIES
Authors: BENNY‐OLLIVIERRA CHANDRA , BADRIE NEELA 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT This study investigated the hygienic practices by vendors of street food “doubles” and the public perception of these practices. Doubles is an East Indian‐originated food comprised of two “baras” with a filling of curried “channa”/chickpea (Cicer arietinum). A structured questionnaire was administered to 120 street vendors and 115 public members in Trinidad, West Indies. Most vendors are male (61.7%), had been vending for 5 years (81.7%) and received primary level of education (72.5%). Preparation of doubles was mainly by family (84.2%) in the morning of vending (81.7%). Vendors were appropriately dressed (99.2%), used forks/spoons (100%) and tongs (81.7%) for serving. At vending sites, containers with faucets supplied water (85.7%) and toilets were not close (97.5%). Most respondents (86.1%) consumed doubles. Some (30.6%) felt ill from eating doubles, but only 2.7% reported to a medical doctor/health authority. Significant associations were found for vending practices and sanitation of vending environment.
FATE OF AFLATOXIN M1 IN KASHAR CHEESE
Authors: ORUC H. HUSEYIN , CIBIK RECEP , YILMAZ ENGIN , GUNES ERTAN 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT The distribution and stability of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in Kashar cheese were investigated. Raw milk samples were spiked with AFM1 at the levels of 50, 250 and 750 ng/L. Distribution of toxin in milk, cheese curd, whey, kneading brine and cheese, and its stability during ripening were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Concentrations of AFM1 in curds for each contamination level were 2.93, 3.19 and 3.37 times higher than those in milk. After syneresis, the percentage distribution of AFM1 was 40–46% in curds and 53–58% in whey indicating that relatively higher concentration of toxin passed to whey. Moreover, by the kneading process approximately 2–5% of AFM1 passed to kneading brine. Compared to the initial spiking level, the percentage of toxin in cheeses varied between 35–42%. Over a 60‐day storage period, there was no decrease in the concentration of AFM1, suggesting that the toxin was stable during ripening.
ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF THYME, CLOVE AND OREGANO ESSENTIAL OILS
Authors: VIUDA‐MARTOS M. , RUIZ‐NAVAJAS Y. , FERNÁNDEZ‐LÓPEZ J. , PÉREZ‐ÁLVAREZ J.A. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT The antifungal potential of essential oils of oregano (Origanum vulgare), thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum) was determined. To establish this antifungal potential, two molds related to food spoilage, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus, were selected. The agar dilution method was employed for the determination of antifungal activities. The three essential oils analyzed presented inhibitory effects on both molds tested. Oregano essential oil showed the highest inhibition of mold growth, followed by clove and thyme. Aspergillus flavus was more sensitive to thyme essential oil than A. niger. Clove essential oil was a stronger inhibitor against A. niger than against A. flavus.
DO CUSTOMER COMPLAINTS PREDICT POOR RESTAURANT INSPECTION SCORES? THE EXPERIENCE IN ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA, 2004–2005
Authors: GOODIN AMANDA KATE , KLONTZ KARL C. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT Routine inspections of retail food service facilities by public health authorities serve as a major method of ensuring food sanitation. The objectives were to determine whether customer complaints received by restaurants in Alexandria, VA, during 2004 predicted the number of critical violations issued on subsequent food safety inspections. Using a retrospective cohort study design, we defined “exposed” restaurants as those that received ≥1 complaints from January 1 to December 31 of 2004 and “unexposed” restaurants as those that received none. We then counted the number of critical violations cited on food safety inspections conducted immediately after receipt of customer complaints (exposed restaurants) or on the first inspection conducted in 2005 (unexposed restaurants). A total of 144 exposed and 233 unexposed restaurants were enrolled in the study. Compared with unexposed restaurants, exposed restaurants were less likely to have received one or more critical violations (relative risk = 0.84, 95% confidence interval of 0.74–0.96, P = 0.01). Restaurant inspections conducted specifically in response to customer complaints may not identify critical violations any more often than inspections conducted at restaurants free from such complaints.