bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current status of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, susceptibility to neonicotinoid and conventional insecticides on strawberries in southern California
Authors: Bi Jian L , Toscano Nick C 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSince 1998, the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), has emerged as a major insect pest of many horticultural crops in coastal California. Control of this pest has been heavily dependent upon chemical insecticides. Objectives of this study were to determine the status of the greenhouse whitefly susceptibility to neonicotinoid and conventional insecticides on strawberries in Oxnard/Ventura, a year‐round intensive horticultural production area of southern California. For bioassay tests, adult whiteflies were collected from commercial strawberry crops, and immatures were directly developed from eggs laid by these adults. LD50 values of soil‐applied imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and dinotefuran were respectively 8.7, 3.2 and 4.9 times higher for the adults, 1.8, 1.2 and 1.5 times higher for the first‐instar nymphs and 89.4, 390 and 10.4 times higher for the third‐instar nymphs than their top label rates. LC50 values of foliar‐applied imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and acetamiprid were respectively 6.1, 6.0 and 1.7 times higher for the adults and 3.8, 8.7 and 4.4 times higher for the second‐instar nymphs than their top label rates. For the adults, LC90 values of endosulfan, malathion, methomyl, bifenthrin and fenpropathrin were 2.2, 1.2, 1.9, 2.3 and 4.9 times lower than their respective top label rates. Chlorpyrifos was not very effective against the adults, as indicated by its LC90 being 120% higher than its top label rate. The present results strongly emphasize the need to develop resistance management strategies in the region. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
[(C6H10)(NH3)2][Ni(H2O)4C6H2(COO)4]·4H2O – A Coordination Polymer with the Chain‐like Polyanion {Ni(H2O)4[C6H2(COO)4]2−}n
Authors: Köferstein Roberto , Robl Christian 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTriclinic single crystals of [(C6H10)(NH3)2][Ni(H2O)4C6H2(COO)4]·4H2O have been prepared in aqueous solution at 55 °C. Space group (Nr. 2), a = 691.23(6), b = 924.84(5), c = 1082.43(7) pm, α = 74.208(6)°, β = 75.558(7)°, γ = 68.251(6)°, V = 0.60985(7) nm3, Z = 1. The Nickel(II) species, located on a crystallographic inversion centre, is coordinated in a trans‐octahedral fashion by two oxygen atoms stemming from the centrosymmetric pyromellitate anions and four from water molecules (Ni–O 205.82(12) – 208.11(13) pm). The connection between Ni2+ and [C6H2(COO)4)]4− leads to infinite chain‐like polyanions extending parallel to with {Ni(H2O)4[C6H2(COO)4]2−}n composition. [(C6H10)(NH3)2]2+‐cations are accomodated between the chains, compensating for the negative charge of the polyanions. Thermogravimetric analysis in air showed that the loss of water of crystallisation occurs in two steps between 102 and 206 °C, corresponding to the loss of 6 and 2 water molecules per formula unit, respectively. The dehydrated sample was stable between 206 and 353 °C. Further decomposition yielded nickel(II) oxide (NiO).
Development and characterisation of an experimental recurrent laryngeal nerve injury model for the study of viral gene therapy
Authors: Fung K , Hogikyan N D , Heavner S B , Ekbom D , Feldman E L 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjectives:To develop and characterise an experimental model of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury for the study of viral gene therapy.Methods:Twenty rats underwent unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. After vocal fold mobility was observed, larynges were serially sectioned, and immunohistochemical techniques were employed to stain for neurofilament and motor endplates in order for a blinded investigator to determine the percentage of nerve–endplate contact, as a histological indicator of an intact neuromuscular connection.Results:All animal procedures resulted in complete, ipsilateral vocal fold paralysis that recovered by three weeks. The mean nerve–endplate contact percentage was 11.6 per cent at one week, 53.9 per cent at two weeks, 88.6 per cent at three weeks, 81.7 per cent at four weeks and 86.6 per cent at five weeks. The differences between results at week one and week three were statistically significant (p < 0.01). The mean nerve–endplate contact percentage on the control side was 86.8 per cent.Conclusions:There was a dramatic, measurable decrease in nerve–endplate contact percentage following crush injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Spontaneous recovery was observed by three weeks post-injury. This model will be used to investigate the potential therapeutic role of viral gene therapy for the treatment of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury.
Serological evidence of arboviral infection and self-reported febrile illness among U.S. troops deployed to Al Asad, Iraq
Authors: RIDDLE M. S. , ALTHOFF J. M. , EARHART K. , MONTEVILLE M. R. , YINGST S. L. , MOHAREB E. W. , PUTNAM S. D. , SANDERS J. W. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYUnderstanding the epidemiology of current health threats to deployed U.S. troops is important for medical assessment and planning. As part of a 2004 study among U.S. military personnel deployed to Al Asad Air Base, in the western Anbar Province of Iraq, over 500 subjects were enrolled, provided a blood specimen, and completed a questionnaire regarding history of febrile illness during this deployment (average ∼4 months in country). This mid-deployment serum was compared to pre-deployment samples (collected ∼3 months prior to deployment) and evaluated for seroconversion to a select panel of regional arboviral pathogens. At least one episode of febrile illness was reported in 84/504 (17%) of the troops surveyed. Seroconversion was documented in nine (2%) of deployed forces tested, with no association to febrile illness. Self-reported febrile illness was uncommon although often debilitating, and the risk of illness due to arbovirus infections was relatively low.
Clinical Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Conceptual Challenges Raised by Recent Research
Authors: McFarlane Alexander C. , Yehuda Rachel 
Published: June 2007

Objective: This paper highlights some of the recent findings in the field of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and examines their impact on conceptions of trauma-focused clinical treatment. Method: A series of research findings in the area of epidemiology, phenomenology, neurobiology and treatment are summarised. Results: The findings from these studies present critical challenges for clinicians who wish to treat trauma survivors using specialised trauma treatments. The major challenge is one of avoiding a simplistic view of PTSD as a singular response to trauma, as this perception may result in an underestimation of the complexity and disabling quality of the disorder, and lead to the formulation of treatment plans that are simplistic or incomplete. Conclusions: A more precise characterisation of the nature and range of the stress responses of trauma victims will significantly improve treatments of trauma survivors.
The Economic Dimension in the Sociology of Education
Authors: Bell L.A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEndemic in the traditional approaches to the sociology of education, although not always stated explicitly, is a particular view of the relationship between the education system, educational institutions and the economy, particularly that part of it represented by the occupational structure. This model pre‐supposes a certain view of intelligence and ability and of the functions of the education system. Much of the same model is also incorporated implicitly into the new sociology of education which, so far, has failed to consider these macro‐level relationships. This task is now being undertaken by a new generation of Marxist sociologists whose work should contain significant insights especially at a time when the traditional relationship between education and the economy is being highlighted both by cuts in education and the large scale unemployment amongst school leavers.
Some Fieldwork Problems in Teacher‐Based Research
Authors: Burgess Robert G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article examines a way of conducting educational research which may have relevance for the classroom teacher. It is argued that the teacher might take a teacher‐as‐researcher role in schools and classrooms. This style of research requires a knowledge of several fieldwork techniques and raises several fieldwork problems. Special attention is given to questions of access, fieldwork roles and the ethics and politics of doing teacher‐based research.
Modality Preference and the Teaching of Reading and Spelling to Dyslexic Children
Authors: Hicks Carolyn 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThree groups of six dyslexic children with auditory processing difficulties were taught basic literacy skills by one of three methods: (1) by training auditory processing skills; (2) by training visual processing skills; (3) by training a combination of both. The results indicated that children taught by methods (2) and (3) made most progress. Children taught through the auditory modality made no more progress than a matched control group who had received standard remedial help. The results are explained in terms of Birch & Belmont's (1965a,b) inter‐ and intra‐modality integration hypothesis.
Ego‐Attitudes in Second Language Learning: an analysis of sex‐related differences
Authors: Ganguly S.R. , Ormerod M.B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUsing a pool of items collected from the free expression of a sample of the population studied, factor analysis revealed five distinct aspects of the ego‐attitudes of adolescent bilinguals of Asian origin living in and around London. These factors comprised anxiety about the self‐image when using English; appreciation of the use of English in the community; the suitability of English in praying; perception of interest in the use of English at home and an ‘own‐language factor’. These constituted the ‘Linguistic Self‐Concept Inventory’. An additional ‘Linguistic Motivation Scale’ was shown to be factorially distinct from these measures. The relationships between scores on these ego‐attitude factors and a range of cognitive, social and personality variables, together with the use of ‘judges' in constructing the attitude scales provide them with validity. The reliabilities are also satisfactory for attitude scales. There are a considerable number of sex differences among the correlates of the attitude measures. These present a complex picture in which the same attitude is positively related to different levels of cognitive capacity, social and personality measures in the two sexes. This leads to implications for teaching English to this class of second language learners.
A Critique of Research Methods in the Study of Reading Comprehension
Authors: Hewitt Graham 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMuch research on reading comprehension has used an inappropriate methodology and the interpretation of results has often been based on the erroneous use of statistics. Two major approaches to the study of reading comprehension are distinguished, the psychometric and the cognitive, and representative studies are briefly described. It is argued that these two approaches suffer from fundamental methodological weaknesses, principally in the areas of measurement, theory and generalisation, which limit the scientific worth of their findings. Research on reading comprehension needs to develop alternative methodologies which have a more qualitative orientation. This would involve a reconceptualisation of reading comprehension and what counts as valid data. Such a methodology would be based on fieldwork in naturalistic settings, using naturalistic texts and tasks and would make use of observational techniques. Thus researchers could attempt to answer both the traditional questions and those not previously asked.
School‐based Curriculum Research
Authors: Chambers Peter , Powney Janet 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe authors' evaluation of their experience of in‐service education leads to a re‐consideration of educational theory, the impact of research on teachers, the interaction between educational institutions, the function of peer‐group learning, the expansion of school‐based in‐service education and the networking of curriculum development agencies. This experience provides an empirical and ideological basis for justifying school‐based curriculum research. It suggests that models of the teacher as researcher can generate theories of education that will impinge more strongly on teachers and teaching, providing they are genuinely ‘school‐based’. Action research, in the context of school‐centred, problem‐solving approaches to in‐service education, is presented as a productive way forward providing that different educational agencies recognise the value of applied research and development, appreciate the importance of small scale and co‐operative research and understand that research ouicomes may have more to do with sensitising individual teachers than shaping educational policy.
Primary Headteachers' Careers: a survey of primary school heads with particular reference to women's career trajectories
Authors: Hill Tim 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper presents some of the findings of a survey of the career trajectories of 287 primary headteachers in one local education authority (LEA). Women were found to be particularly underrepresented in the larger primary schools and this phenomenon is considered in relation to level of qualifications; geographical mobility; age on first appointment to headship; and whether or not a career break was taken. The career aspirations and expectations of both men and women heads are also examined. It is argued that there is a need for recent survey data to complement the existing ethnographic data on teachers' careers.
Why is Research Invisible in Further Education?
Authors: Elliott Geoffrey 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper attempts to answer the question: ‘why is research in further education largely undervalued by policy‐makers and practitioners alike?’ The paper adopts as a working definition that proposed by Stenhouse that, ‘research is systematic self‐critical enquiry’. It is noted that knowledge of, or based upon, research, is seldom valued within management studies as a key resource for managers. Significant contributory factors to the marginality of research on and within the further education sector are argued to be historical, structural and symbolic. A number of barriers to establishing a research culture in the sector are identified, which fall under the broad groupings of personnel, policy and climate. Drawing upon the management of change literature, the potential benefits of a research culture for further education are argued, and the prospects for establishing such a culture are assessed. Political constraint is held to be a key factor limiting the currency of further education located practitioner research.
The Composite Head: coping with changes in the primary headteacher's role
Authors: Boyle Mari , Woods Peter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt has been argued that the role of the head has changed dramatically in recent years, following the introduction of the Education Reform Act and Local Management of Schools in 1988. A case‐study of a lower school headteacher is used here to explore how she has developed her own form of leadership in the face of the changes. In contrast to many accounts of headteachers, which report their practice in the form of typologies or bimodal polarities, we report a headteacher who has made a comprehensive, multivaried role for herself, despite conflicting elements within it, which reaches across the standard dimensions. The chief characteristic of her role is a universalism, evidenced in her self‐expression through teaching, her orchestration of disparate elements of the role, and controlled collaboration with her staff. She accomplishes this difficult task through objectifying the problems, taking ‘time out’, using ‘resistance humour’, and with the aid of a number of personal qualities, including her love of her job and of her children, her stance as a ‘professional mother’, and her motivation through feelings of guilt. The role of the headteacher is seen to be complex, full of conflicts and contrasts, and irreducible to a polarised position. Rather, there is adaptation to particular circumstances which produces a composite form of leadership.
The Origins of a Theory of Career Decision‐making: a case study of hermeneutical research
Authors: Hodkinson Phil 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article analyses a recently completed research project, to answer the question, on what were the findings based? It draws on the hermeneutics of Gadamer to explore the relationship between researcher and research subject in qualitative educational research. It argues that all qualitative research findings are simultaneously subjective and objective, being essentially constructed interpretations of data which are partly, but only partly, external to the researcher. Yet many contemporary educational researchers tend to focus almost exclusively on either the subject matter under investigation or upon the standpoint of the researcher him/herself. A simultaneous combination of both is necessary to understand the nature of research findings.
The Impact of Action Research and Education Reform in Northern Ireland: education in democracy
Authors: Hutchinson Barry , Whitehouse Peter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA recent survey of the impact on graduates of the University of Ulster's MSc programme in education management has identified issues concerning the nature and purpose of education in the current social and political climate of Northern Ireland. The evidence suggests that most of them use some form of action research to accommodate themselves to, and make more efficient, the operations of the organisation in which they work. This means that their work is circumscribed by the market values embedded in the Education Reform Order (Northern Ireland) (1989). When this evidence is placed into the whole of the UK's social, educational and political context and the history of education in Northern Ireland, it becomes clear why educational action research falls outside the concerns of current educational provision at institutional level. Because the Northern Ireland curriculum is a replication of the English National Curriculum, itself a response to the politically defined English economic situation, there is seen to be no need to prepare future citizens of a new Northern Ireland any differently to those in England. Yet the current and most pressing problem in Northern Ireland is the lack of political stability. Whatever the outcome of the current peace negotiations, it is vital that the next generation be helped by their teachers to be able to think for themselves and so be able to evaluate in a rational way the political, economic and historical faces of their social environment. It is argued that there is a need to reappraise current educational purposes and practices based on the dominant political free market ideology.
Scheduling Chemotherapy: Catch 22 between Cell Kill and Resistance Evolution
Authors: Gardner Shea N. 
Published: June 2007

Dose response curves show that prolonged drug exposure at a low concentration may kill more cells than short exposures at higher drug concentrations, particularly for cell cycle phase specific drugs. Applying drugs at low concentrations for prolonged periods, however, allows cells with partial resistance to evolve higher levels of resistance through stepwise processes such as gene amplification. Models are developed for cell cycle specific (CS) and cell cycle nonspecific (CNS) drugs to identify the schedule of drug application that balances this tradeoff.The models predict that a CS drug may be applied most effectively by splitting the cumulative dose into many (>40) fractions applied by long‐term chemotherapy, while CNS drugs may be better applied in fewer than 10 fractions applied over a shorter term. The model suggests that administering each fraction by continuous infusion may be more effective than giving the drug as a bolus, whether the drug is CS or CNS. In addition, tumors with a low growth fraction or slow rate of cell division are predicted to be controlled more easily with CNS drugs, while those with a high proliferative fraction or fast cell division rate may respond better to CS drugs.
Screening for hazardous alcohol use and dependence in psychiatric in‐patients using the AUDIT questionnaire
Authors: Hulse G. K. , Saunders J. B. , Roydhouse R. M. , Stockwell T. R. , Basso M. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) has been used to screen for hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption among general hospital populations but not in psychiatric patients. Using the AUDIT, we assessed alcohol use in patients with four major types of psychiatric disorder, namely mood, adjustment, anxiety and psychotic disorders. Nine hundred and ninety consecutive admissions to the psychiatric units of two hospitals during a 12‐month period underwent assessment. In each diagnostic group a high proportion of patients was alcohol‐dependent. Among those with mood disorders 25.4% of men were alcohol‐dependent, compared with 16.3% of women, while 34.5% of men with anxiety disorder were alcohol‐dependent compared with 25.0% of women. Both gender differences were statistically significant. The differences were even greater for adjustment disorder (44.4% vs. 14.5%) and psychosis (29.2% and 4.2%, respectively). More men than women with anxiety disorder were classified as hazardous (24.1%vs. 11.7%) or harmful drinkers (13.8%vs. 3.3%), but for the other diagnostic groupings the percentages in these drinking categories were more nearly similar. Thus, there is a high rate of excessive alcohol consumption in people with psychiatric disorders, especially males. Such individuals may be particularly vulnerable to complications of alcohol misuse such as suicide and exacerbation of their disorder. The potential for decreased severity of psychiatric symptoms and a reduction in the number of hospital admissions following cessation or reduction in alcohol consumption is considerable. The AUDIT is a simple screening device for investigating alcohol use and dependence, and offers a means of initiating intervention in this population.