bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Wind Illness' or Somatic Depression?
Authors: Eisenbruch Maurice 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA 46-year-old mother with a history of chronic headaches and other symptoms, and a clinical diagnosis (in Western terms) of depression, ascribed her condition to non-observance of Chinese postpartum ritual. The characteristic features of ‘wind illness' are described. Western medicine proved useless but acupuncture was beneficial. The case underlines the importance of understanding the patient's own view of his/her illness and its causes in arriving at a correct diagnosis and intervening effectively: this is particularly true when the gap between the doctor's and the patient's cultures is wide. The value of the distinction between thedisease(the pathological process, which may be universal) and an episode ofillness(the personal and cultural construction of disease) is emphasized.
A Comparison of Subliminal, Supraliminal and Faded Phobic Cine-Films in the Treatment of Agoraphobia
Authors: Lee Ian , Tyrer Peter , Horn Sandra 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThirty-two agoraphobic patients were randomly allocated to four groups and treated by repeated exposure to cine-films at twice weekly intervals for three weeks. Three of the groups saw the same cine-film, comprising a range of agoraphobic scenes, and a control group saw a potter working on his wheel. The three groups seeing the phobic cine-film included one who viewed it at an illumination level below the visual threshold (subliminal group), one seeing it under normal conditions (supraliminal group) and one which underwent graduated exposure from subliminal to supraliminal viewing levels as the study proceeded (faded group). The faded group showed significantly greater improvement than the control and supraliminal groups and this improvement was maintained over twelve weeks.
A Survey of the Criminal Careers of Hospital Order Patients
Authors: Gibbens T. C. N. , Robertson G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAll men receiving hospital orders (Section 60) in the UK in the year 1963–64 (excluding those receiving restriction orders (Section 60/65)) were followed up over 15 years with regard to (1) subsequent offences and convictions, (2) hospital admissions, and (3) death. Nine per cent of the patients involved could not be traced. Sixteen per cent had died by 1978, a quarter of them by suicide.Of the mentally ill only 4 per cent subsequently committed serious offences (manslaughter, wounding, GBH, robbery, rape or arson), although a further 4 per cent committed assaults repeatedly. Sex crimes were uncommon. Among the mentally subnormal, 7 per cent committed serious sex crimes subsequent to committal. A further 9 per cent were considered to be persistent sex offenders and another 9 per cent were judged to be persistently violent. In general the mentally subnormal were much younger and were detained for much longer than the mentally ill. Since 1964 the use of hospital orders for the detention of such people has become much less frequent.The best predictor of subsequent offences was found by multiple regression analysis to be the number of previous offences: this was especially true for acquisitive offences committed by the young. The mentally ill were less often reconvicted than the mentally subnormal.
A Psychotherapist Looks at Depression
Authors: Storr Anthony 
Published: August 2008

1. Depression is not an illness, but a psychobiological reaction which can be provoked in anyone.2. It is much more easily provoked in some people than in others.3. Vulnerability to depression is partly dependent upon social factors, as George Brown has demon strated. It is also determined by internal factors in the personality.4. There is increasing evidence to show that the child's attachment to his mother is an important determinant of future mental health.5. It will be argued that children who make ‘anxious attachments’ to the mother, as described by Bowlby, are less likely to incorporate her as a ‘good object’ within the psyche, and that this renders them more vulnerable to later depression than children who form ‘secuartetachments.’6. Many features of depression in adults resemble or are related to ‘anxiouatstachments.’7. The way in which psychotherapy can alleviate vulnerability to depression is described in terms of this hypothesis.8. Reference is also made to the fact that effective action can be a source of self-esteem as well as love. Many of the great creators were partially effective in dealing with vulnerability to depression by work.9. Freud affirmed that mental health depended upon the capacity to love and the capacity to work. It will be argued that the former capacity has been over-emphasized at the expense of the latter.
Standardized Assessment of Depressive Disorders (Sadd) in Ghana
Authors: Majodina M. Z. , Johnson F. Y. Attah 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA study on the Standardized Assessment of Depressive Disorders (SADD) in collaboration with WHO Headquarters, Geneva, is reported in this paper. The instruments used for the study were screening forms and the SADD schedule, both of which were supplied by WHO. Fifty depressed patients were selected from the outpatients and inpatients of the Accra psychiatric hospital by experienced specialist psychiatrists using the screening forms. The two investigators then carried out a clinical assessment on each selected patient using the SADD schedule. The data collected were subjected to computer analysis. Findings were similar to those from previous WHO/SADD studies in different cultures. Specifically, the investigators found a “core” of depressive symptomatology among African patients in Ghana. An interesting finding was the change in the presentation of depression in African patients over the past 30 years. Broad diagnostic groupings like endogenous depression and psychogenic depression could easily be applied to the study patients. There is a great need for more SADD studies in Africa.
A Psychiatric Emergency Clinic: A Study of Attendances Over Six Months
Authors: Lim Meng Hooi 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo thousand three hundred and ninety consecutive visits to a walk-in psychiatric emergency service were studied to examine issues relevant to service provision. Only a third of patients were from the catchment area. Psychotic patients and those admitted or kept overnight (guests) were more frequent after hours and among non-medical referrals, especially family and police referrals; but suicidal patients often came from other hospitals. At index visit a third of patients were offered follow-up, but attendance was poor. Factors influencing attendance were examined. Keeping overnight avoided unnecessary admissions. There was little evidence that patients abused the service.The findings suggest that a psychiatric emergency service should be available to all referrals 24 hours a day.
Prevalence of Self-Reported Depressive Symptoms and Associated Social Factors in Mothers in Dunedin
Authors: McGee Rob , Williams Sheila , Kashani Javad H. , Silva Phil A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA large sample of women (n = 899) from Dunedin, New Zealand, completed a self-report questionnaire on depressive symptoms. On this basis, about 8 per cent of the sample were identified as having major depressive disorder. These women tended to have a history of previously reported psychological symptoms and formal treatment for depression. A significantly high proportion of the depressed group had been young at first pregnancy and had since been separated from their partners. The depressed women also reported more behaviour problems in their children, but these reports were not confirmed by teachers' reports or by the children's self-reports, suggesting a response bias in depressed women towards reporting problems.
Activity/Disengagement Revisited: Personality Types in the Aged
Authors: Gaber Lee Bennett 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDifferent patterns of personality in old age were examined in an aged community sample of 82 subjects (mean age 79.6 years). Four personality patterns in old age were identified using multivariate techniques. They were the normal, the introverted, the perturbed and the matured integrated. The clinical implications of personality types in old age are discussed; the perturbed group are most likely to develop psychiatric disorder.
A Survey of Training in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Authors: Garralda M. E. , Wieselberg M. , Mrazek D. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a survey of training in child psychiatry in Great Britain, all senior registrars were sent questionnaires; the response rate was 69 per cent. We describe background factors of the trainees, details of the clinical and academic experience available to them, and their attitudes towards their training.Most trainees had had extensive previous experience in adult psychiatry and the predominant orientation was psychoanalytic. In general, they approved of the guidelines for training issued by the Joint Committee for Higher Psychiatric Training. Family therapy was the most popular treatment method. We comment on their training experience where the interest expressed was not matched by adequate availability of the training facilities.
Psychiatric Illness in Medical Students
Authors: Salmons Paula H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOver a 25 year period, 2.4 per cent of Birmingham medical students developed psychiatric disorder which was severe enough to cause loss of time from the course; 1 per cent of the total required hospital admission. One-third of the psychiatrically ill students did not graduate, but those who did were as likely as graduates who had not been ill to remain on the Medical Register.
The Experimental Treatment of Two Cases of Auditory Hallucinations
Authors: James David A. E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo cases are described where auditory hallucinations persisted, in spite of medication, in two schizophrenic patients, one with acute onset and one with a severe chronic illness. The hallucinations were treated successfully by methods derived from Green's theory that auditory hallucinations are represented in the non-dominant hemisphere.
Relationship of Headaches to Depression
Authors: Garvey Michael J. , Schaffer Charles B. , Tuason V. B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne hundred and sixteen patients with major depressive disorder were asked for details of headaches during a depressive episode and during a nondepressed period. They experienced a headache rate similar to controls during the nondepressed period, but had an increased headache rate during depression (P <.02). Patients with an increase in depressive headaches were younger, had more somatic complaints, and experienced more hypersomnia than other depressives.
Bipolar Illness: Correlates of Dangerous Inpatient Behaviour
Authors: Yesavage Jerome A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryForty male patients with bipolar affective illness were examined for factors correlating with dangerous inpatient behaviour. It was found that 63 per cent of the variance for inpatient assaults could be accounted for by a combination of a history of severe childhood discipline, a manic state, the degree of psychosis and a record of violence prior to admission. Such information may be of use in the clinical prediction of violent acts by bipolar patients, as well as suggesting ways of preventing them.
A Search for ‘Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders’: An Application of a Multiple Threshold Model to Blind Family Study Data
Authors: Tsuang Ming T. , Bucher Kathleen D. , Fleming Jerome A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFamily data from schizophrenic and control probands were analyzed using a descriptive analysis and multiple threshold models to determine whether a given group of diagnoses made in accordance with ICD–9 was aetiologically related to schizophrenia. The proportion of relatives receiving any psychiatric diagnosis, other than schizophrenia and affective disorder, was essentially the same between the two study groups. Furthermore, the data did not fit the multiple threshold model tested. Thus, the hypothesis that schizophrenia and a spectrum of disorders defined according to ICD–9 have a common familial aetiology was not accepted.
Evaluation of a Planned Change on a Long-Stay Rehabilitation Ward
Authors: Guirguis Waguih R. , Rayner Rosemary , Hurley Michael 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis is an attempt to evaluate the results of planned changes on a long-stay rehabilitation ward in a traditional mental hospital in England. The ward was housing a mixture of groups of patients of differing types and needs. The results of our study suggest that it is possible to improve patient care and staff morale on similar wards without extra staff, money or structural changes. Good planning, collaborative teamwork and dedication were the main tools.
Classification of Depression and Response to Antidepressive Therapies
Authors: Abou-Saleh M. T. , Coppen A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo hundred inpatients suffering from primary depressive illness were studied. Seventy eight of the patients were treated by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and 122 patients received antidepressant medication. Response to ECT and antidepressant medication at 4 weeks showed a curvilinear relationship to Newcastle scores. Patients with Newcastle scores in the middle range (4–8) showed significantly higher percentage improvement than those with low (0–3) and high (9–12) scores. Ninety five patients with unipolar depression who received lithium therapy for one year were also studied. Response to lithium showed a linear relationship to Newcastle scores in these patients. It is suggested that these differences in response to antidepressant therapies reflect the heterogeneity of depressive illness.
Psychiatric Morbidity in a Gynaecology Clinic
Authors: Byrne Patrick 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo hundred and eleven women between the ages of 18 and 65 years referred to a gynaecological out-patient clinic were screened for psychiatric disorder using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and a Demographic Questionnaire. A random sub-sample of 35 women were interviewed using the Present State Examination (PSE) and the Brown and Harris Life Events and Difficulties Schedule (LEDS), and compared to a general population sample (N = 140) matched for life stage (LS) and social class. Forty six per cent of women in the clinic scored as cases on the GHQ. High scores were associated with being divorced, separated, or widowed, and with complaints of pelvic pain. PSE case rates were higher in the clinic sample than in the general population group (29 per cent and 17 per cent). Younger women (LS 1) and middle class women in the clinic sample had higher rates than in the general population. Only the middle class women in the clinic sample showed significantly higher rates for severely threatening life events and/or difficulties before onset of psychiatric disorder. The study supports the view that rates of psychiatric disorder are high among women referred to a gynaecology clinic and indicates the importance of associations with demographic factors and recent experience of life stress, especially marital difficulties.
Alcohol Dependence and Phobic Anxiety States II. a Retrospective Study
Authors: Stockwell Tim , Smail Penelope , Hodgson Ray , Canter Sandra 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty-four hospitalised problem drinkers who were currently suffering from a phobic anxiety state served as subjects for this study. Each was given a detailed retrospective interview concerned with the development over time of both their alcohol dependence and phobic problems. The test-retest and inter-rater reliabilities of the data collected were found to be high. In accordance with previous experimental work, periods of heavy drinking and dependence upon alcohol were associated with an exacerbation of agoraphobia and social phobias. Subsequent periods of abstinence were associated with substantial improvements in these phobic anxiety states. It is suggested that both learning and psychobiological processes underly these observed relationships and that the implications of this finding for treatment of both disorders should be explored.
Hopelessness, Depression and Suicidal Intent in Parasuicide
Authors: Dyer J. A. T. , Kreitman N. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPrevious work on the inter-relationships among depression, hopelessness and suicidal intent in parasuicide is reviewed. Our own study of 120 hospital-referred parasuicides confirms previous findings that, while both depression and hopelessness correlate with the degree of suicidal intent as measured on a Suicide Intent Scale, the relationship between depression and suicidal intent is dependent on that between hopelessness and suicidal intent. Some practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
Dexamethasone Suppression Test in Depressive Illness: Its Relation to Anxiety Symptoms
Authors: Saleem P. T. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFifty-nine depressed inpatients who satisfied Feighner's criteria for depression were separated into two groups by the response of their plasma Cortisol (1600 hours) to a dose of 1 mg of dexamethasone given at 2100 hours. No statistically significant differences were found between suppressors and non-suppressors as regards severity of anxiety or depressive symptoms in the Leeds and the MADRS rating scales. No single item either in the Leeds or the MADRS scale was associated with a positive DST. The reason for this negative finding is discussed.
Clinical Effects of Apomorphine in Schizophrenia
Authors: Ferrer I. N. , Johnstone E. C. , Crow T. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThere have been reports that low doses of the dopamine-agonist apomorphine, which may inhibit dopamine neurotransmission, are of therapeutic benefit in schizophrenia. We conducted a placebo-controlled study of acute and chronic schizophrenics in which videotaped interviews were blindly rated. No specific therapeutic effect was demonstrated for apomorphine other than a reduction in anxiety in acute schizophrenics. Furthermore, there was no difference in the frequency of side-effects of apomorphine between schizophrenic patients and controls, and no specific effect of apomorphine on blink-rates. These findings emphasize the importance of placebo-controlled studies in schizophrenia research.
‘Borderline Personality’: Diagnostic Attitudes at the Maudsley Hospital
Authors: Tarnopolsky Alex , Berelowitz Mark 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAbout a quarter of the psychiatrists at the Maudsley Hospital use the diagnosis of ‘borderline’ personality. The description of the borderline patient obtained in this study does not overlap with any existing ICD personality disorder but has characteristics of the schizoid, paranoid, hysteric, explosive, anankastic and antisocial personalitities. The item that discriminated best between borderlines and controls was ‘brief, unsystematized, psychotic episodes', which is not included in the DSM-III definitions of borderline diagnoses. Items of the DSM-III ‘schizotypal’ set—e.g. ‘suspiciousness' and ‘ideas of reference'—discriminated better between borderline cases and controls, whereas items of the DSM-III ‘borderline personality’ set—e.g. ‘impulsivity’ or ‘unpredictability'— scored more frequently in both groups. These are similar to American findings.
Memory Test Performance Under Three Different Waveforms of ECT for Depression
Authors: Warren Eric W. , Groome David H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThirty-eight patients suffering from severe depression were given a course of ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy) in one of three waveforms. These were high-energy sine wave (HS), high-energy pulse (HP), and low-energy pulse (LP). Patients were assigned to one of these treatments on a double-blind basis. The patients were given a battery of memory tests before ECT commenced, after three treatments, at the termination of treatment, and two weeks after the last treatment. The marked improvement in both verbal and nonverbal memory scores was attributed to the lifting of depression. No significant differences were found between the memory scores of the three treatment groups at any point during the treatment period.
Cued Recall and the Nature of the Memory Disorder in Dementia
Authors: Davis Paul E. , Mumford Susan J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe study investigated the retrieval deficit hypothesis of forgetting in senile dementia, using a cued recall technique. Memory for lists of words was tested with either no cues given at the time of recall, or alternatively by cueing the patient either with the word's first letter or its semantic category. Results do not support a retrieval deficit explanation of forgetting in dementia, but instead suggest the possibility of a processing deficit at the acquisition stage.
Long-Term Phenothiazine Treatment does not Cause Pituitary Tumours
Authors: Lilford Victoria A. , Lilford R. J. , Dacie Janet E. , Rees Lesley A. , Chard T. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn order to explore the possibility that prolactinomas may be caused by prolonged under-inhibition of prolactin-secreting cells we examined the pituitary fossa in 69 patients on long-term phenothiazine treatment. The average duration of treatment was 12.5 years and 55 (80 per cent) of the patients had persistently raised serum prolactin levels. The incidence of radiologically detectable pituitary fossa abnormalities was not significantly different to that in control populations. In 62 per cent of patients the skull x-rays from an earlier admission were available. Comparison of these with earlier films did not show a higher incidence of pituitary fossa abnormalities after prolonged exposure to phenothiazines.
Amelioration of Psychosis with Carbidopa: A Case Report
Authors: Linnoila Markku , Karoum Farouk , Potkin Steven G. , Wyatt Richard Jed , Potter William Z. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryWe have recently demonstrated that some patients with atypical bipolar affective disorders, characterized by psychotic manias and depressions, have fluctuating and episodic high urinary phenylethlamine (PEA) excretion. We treated a 30 year old woman, who has this disorder, with 200 mg/24 hours of carbidopa. Her psychosis was ameliorated and the urinary PEA output stabilized to a low normal level. Upon withdrawal of carbidopa her psychosis worsened and improved again when carbidopa treatment was reinstated. Carbidopa did not affect the duration or severity of the patient's mood cycles.
Psychiatric Disorder in Pregnancy and the First Postnatal Year
Authors: Watson J. P. , Elliott S. A. , Rugg A. J. , Brough D. I. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryWe interviewed 128 women regularly during pregnancy and the first postnatal year. Psychiatric interviews identified eight ‘cases' of psychiatric disorder (6 per cent) in early pregnancy and twenty ‘cases' (16 per cent) at six weeks after birth. Postnatal affective disorder, which accounted for 15 of these cases, was significantly associated with dissatisfaction with the marital relationship and also with previous psychiatric history. The implications of the term ‘postnatal depression’ are considered in terms of the course of the disorder in the 29 women (23 per cent) who had episodes of affective disorder at some time during pregnancy and the postnatal year. We found that the majority of episodes of affective disorder could be understood in terms of previous psychiatric history and/or reaction to life-events, including the stress of childbirth itself.