bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyarene‐Functionalized Fullerenes in Carbon Nanotubes: Towards Controlled Geometry of Molecular Chains
Authors: Chamberlain Thomas W. , Pfeiffer Rudolf , Peterlik Herwig , Kuzmany Hans , Zerbetto Francesco , Melle‐Franco Manuel , Staddon Luke , Champness Neil R. , Briggs G. Andrew D. , Khlobystov Andrei N. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMechanisms for controlling the assembly of molecular arrays in carbon nanotubes via alteration of the size and geometry of the functional groups attached to the molecules inserted into the nanotubes are studied. As model compounds, a series of structurally related fullerenes functionalized with polyaryl groups (C60X, where X is a polyaryl group) of various lengths are synthesized to explore this effect. These molecules are inserted into single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) under mild conditions to prevent their decomposition and to form C60X@SNWT structures. The molecular chains thus formed are studied by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy, revealing that the functional groups increase the interfullerene separation proportionally with the size of X. However, the functional groups themselves appear to adopt various orientations with respect to each other and exhibit intermolecular π–π interactions within the cavities of the carbon nanotubes. All these effects create a distribution of observed interfullerene separations in nanotubes, which are examined by theoretical simulations and interpreted in terms of molecular geometries and intermolecular interactions.
Percutaneous Nephrostomy and Ureteric Stent Insertion for Acute Renal Deobstruction Consensus Based Guidance
Authors: Lynch Mark F. , Anson Ken M. , Patel Uday 
Published: November 2008

Objective: Ureteric obstruction can be relieved by either percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) or retrograde ureteric stenting (RUS). Both are associated with variable technical success, complication rates, availability and quality of life issues. Our aim was to generate guidelines for PCN, RUS and the general approach of renal deobstruction in the UK. Materials and Methods: Subsequent to a pilot study, a formal postal questionnaire regarding the indication and method of renal deobstruction was sent via the BAUS audit office to members of BAUS, BSIR, BSUR. Data from 227 radiologists and urologists were categorised into areas of “clear agreement” (>75% agreement), “broad agreement” (50–75% agreement) and “no broad consensus” (less than 50% agreement) for any particular method of management. Results: In septic patients with renal obstruction, there was “clear agreement” for urgent deobstruction by PCN. If uncorrectable coagulopathy exists then RUS was the preferred option. There was “clear agreement” that patients with acute or chronic renal failure should be deobstructed during working hours if not septic, with “broad agreement” that this should be performed with PCN. Patients with obstruction subsequent to pelvic malignancy and the pregnant patient are discussed. Conclusion: The authors hope that these results and recommendations will aid clinical decision-making and aid the development of local and regional PCN and RUS services.
Dual role of HIF‐1α in delivering a survival or death signal in hypoxia exposed human K562 erythroleukemia cells
Authors: di Giacomo Viviana , Rapino Monica , Miscia Sebastiano , Di Giulio Camillo , Cataldi Amelia 
Published: November 2008

AbstractHypoxia (reduced oxygen tension) is a critical stimulus which switches on a cell rapid response, determining damage and death in some cells, and adaptation and survival in others. Here we report that K562 erythroleukemia cells exposed to hypoxia, proliferated more slowly and the percentage of dead cells increased after 22 h. In parallel HIF (Hypoxia Inducible Factor)‐1α and Bax level increased, as well as the PKC (Protein Kinase C) δ/Erk (Extracellular Signal Regulated Kinase) pathways being activated. The low level of ROS after 5 h of hypoxia did not modify cell cycle progression or affect cell death, whereas HIF‐1α/CBP (CREB Binding Protein) co‐immunoprecipitation and MAPK (Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase)/CREB (c‐AMP Response Element Binding) protein signalling pathway activation determined the adaptive survival response. We suggest a dual role for HIF‐1α in providing a survival or death signal, based on hypoxia duration, and consider the nuclear transcription factor, CREB, to be a possible target for hypoxic therapy against leukemia disease.
Dyspnoea versus fatigue: Additional prognostic information from symptoms in chronic heart failure?
Authors: Witte Klaus K.A. , Clark Andrew L. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackground:In non‐heart failure populations, dyspnoea reported by the patient as the reason for stopping an exercise test is associated with a worse prognosis than fatigue. Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) have exercise limitation due to breathlessness or fatigue, but it is unclear whether one symptom confers an adverse prognosis over the other.Methods:Consecutive CHF patients underwent exercise testing with metabolic gas exchange. Upon stopping exercise the dominant symptom reported by the patients was recorded. Survival analyses were performed to establish predictors of mortality and relationships between symptoms and objective measures of exercise capacity.Results:Data were analysed on 271 patients (219 men), mean age 67 (10) years, mean left ventricular ejection fraction 32 (8)%, and median follow‐up 59 months (interquartile range 38). There were no differences in exercise variables, sex, NYHA class, body mass index and medical therapy between fatigued and dyspnoeic patients. At the censor date 92 (34%) patients had died. Deceased patients had a lower peak oxygen consumption (17.2 (4.6) versus 20.3 (5.6); p=0.0028). Although NYHA class was related to death at 36 months (χ2 value=7.3, p=0.026), reason for stopping was not (χ2 value=0.57, p=0.45).Conclusion:Unlike in non‐heart failure populations, dyspnoea as the reason for stopping an exercise test in CHF subjects is not associated with increased mortality. CHF patients should be assessed for treatments such as cardiac resynchronisation therapy by the degree of exercise intolerance, not the nature of their symptoms.
Use of pentosan polysulphate in cats with idiopathic, non-obstructive lower urinary tract disease: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Wallius Barbro M. , Tidholm Anna E. 
Published: November 2008

Idiopathic feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is a common clinical entity where different treatments, for example glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as pentosan polysulphate (PPS), are advocated. However, few treatments have been investigated by well-controlled clinical trials. This paper compares the use of PPS in FLUTD compared to placebo. Of the 18 cats in the experiment, nine were treated with PPS and nine were treated with placebo with subcutaneous injections of 3 mg/kg PPS or placebo day 1, 2, 5 and 10. The study was double-blind, randomised and placebo-controlled. Revaluation was performed after 5 and 10 days, 2 weeks, 2, 6 and 12 months. There were no statistically significant differences concerning clinical signs between groups during treatment or at re-evaluation, except for pretreatment stressful events where PPS-treated cats had experienced significantly more stressful events compared to cats treated with placebo before entering the study. Six cats (33%) showed recurrence of clinical signs during the entire study period, and only one of these cats had more than one recurrent episode. One cat (placebo) was euthanased 7 days after initial treatment because of recurrence of clinical signs. Another cat (placebo) was euthanased due to other reasons after 6 months. At 2 weeks two cats (placebo and PPS) showed clinical signs. At 2 months re-evaluation one cat showed mild clinical signs. At 6 and 12 months all remaining 16 cats were healthy. Idiopathic, non-obstructive FLUTD is a self-limiting disease with good short-term and excellent long-term prognosis without treatment. Whether or not PPS may be beneficial in a subpopulation of cats with continuous or frequently recurring clinical signs may be elucidated in forthcoming double-blind, randomised and placebo-controlled trials including only this subpopulation of cats.
Detection of Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence by Virtual Endoscopy: A Pilot Study
Authors: Wang Wen‐Hung , Lin Yen‐Chun , Weng Hsu‐Huei , Chen Wen‐Chang 
Published: November 2008

ObjectiveTo examine the threshold of virtual endoscopy in the confirmation of superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD).Study DesignRetrospective case series.SubjectsThree definite SSCD subjects, two possible SSCD subjects, and five control subjects.MethodsHigh‐resolution temporal bone computed tomography and virtual endoscopy were performed in all subjects. Main outcome measures were to evaluate both intrajudge and interjudge reliability and to compare the closed threshold of diseased side with the contralateral side, both ears of patients with those of the control group.ResultsThe interjudge reliability between two observers was 0.934 and 0.926 (P < 0.001). The intrajudge reliability for two reviews were 0.916 and 0.902 (P < 0.001). The affected ear thresholds significantly differed from those of both unaffected ears and normal controls (P < 0.001 for both comparisons). Thresholds of unaffected ears and normal controls did not differ (P > 0.05).ConclusionVirtual endoscopy with critical evaluation of the consistent closed threshold provides an additional role in SSCD diagnosis.
Laser‐welded Endoscopic Endoluminal Repair of Iatrogenic Esophageal Perforation: An Animal Model
Authors: Bleier Benjamin S. , Gratton Michael A. , Leibowitz Jason M. , Palmer James N. , Newman Jason G. , Cohen Noam A. 
Published: November 2008

ObjectiveTo test the feasibility of laser tissue welding (LTW) in creating an endoscopic transluminal repair of esophageal perforation.Study DesignAnimal model.Subjects and MethodsA diode laser was used to create an endoluminal rabbit esophageal perforation repair. Burst pressures were compared with open incision, external suture, and external laser‐augmented suture closure. Comparisons were performed five times and analyzed with Kruskal‐Wallis analysis of variance and a post hoc Dunn method.ResultsThe burst threshold of the endoluminal weld (54.78 ± 5.84 mm Hg) was significantly higher than that of the open incision (6.5 ± 1–94 mm Hg) and not significantly different than that of the external suture (37.18 ± 1.97 mm Hg) or the laser‐augmented suture group (71.60 ± 7.58 mm Hg).ConclusionLaser welding is a feasible method of creating endoluminal repairs with burst strengths comparable with external suture repair, which may allow a subset of patients to avoid traditional open approaches. This is the first reported animal model of LTW for endoscopic closure of iatrogenic esophageal perforation.
Bivalve Cartilage Inlay Myringoplasty: An Office‐Based Procedure for Closing Small to Medium‐Sized Tympanic Membrane Perforations
Authors: Monfared Ashkan , Bergeron Chris M. , Ortiz Justin , Lee Howard , Kamine Kim , Dray Todd , Gunsalus Richard 
Published: November 2008

ObjectiveTo determine whether bivalve inlay cartilage‐perichondrium myringoplasty (BCM) is successful in closing tympanic membrane perforations in an office setting.Study DesignRetrospective case review.Subjects and MethodsAdult patients with chronic perforations underwent BCM under local and topical anesthesia. Success was defined as complete closure of perforation at follow‐up of at least 1 month. Predictors of success were identified by comparing the success and failure groups on pre‐ and postoperative pure tone average (PTA), patient demographics (age, gender), and characteristics of the perforations (size, location, duration, etiology).ResultsA total of 145 procedures were performed and the patients were followed for 1 to 78 months. The success rate for perforations smaller than 4 mm was 75 percent. Size of the perforation, and pre‐ and postoperative PTAs were significantly different between the two groups. The only significant predictors of success were preoperative PTA and size of perforation.ConclusionsBCM is a viable option for closure of small and medium‐sized perforations in an office setting.
Isolated Posterior Table Frontal Sinus Fractures do not form Mucoceles in a Goat Model
Authors: Maturo Stephen C. , Weitzel Erik K. , Cowhart Jerry , Brennan Joseph 
Published: November 2008

ObjectiveThe goal of this study was to investigate how patency of the nasofrontal outflow tract would affect frontal sinus healing in the setting of displaced, comminuted, posterior table fractures in the adult goat (Capra hircus).Study DesignProspective animal study.Subjects and MethodsPosterior table fractures were created in 20 adult goats. The nasofrontal outflow tract was left patent in 10 goats (Group 1) and obstructed in 10 (Group 2). Gross, radiologic, and histologic evaluation were carried out six months postoperatively.ResultsOne of nine subjects subjects (11%) in Group 1 developed a mucocele while eight of 10 (80%) in Group 2 developed mucoceles (P = 0.004). No subjects (100%) in Group 1 had gross, radiologic, or histologic evidence of mucosal ingrowth into the posterior table, while two of 10 (20%) in Group 2 showed evidence of mucosal ingrowth into, but not through, the posterior table. In both groups 100% of the subjects had gross and histologic evidence of intact posterior tables abutting the dura.ConclusionAn occluded nasofrontal outflow tract leads to an increased mucocele formation rate at six months. In an unobstructed nasofrontal outflow tract there is no gross, radiologic, or histologic evidence of mucosal ingrowth into the posterior table at six months. These findings would suggest that not all comminuted, significantly displaced posterior table fractures need to be surgically addressed if the nasofrontal outflow tract is patent.
On being tasteless
Authors: Brooks William 
Published: November 2008

It is hard to be tasteless.It is not so hard to have bad taste, I grant, but that is another matter. To have bad taste, one simply must consistently make choices which offend those with good taste — an ability which is relatively commonplace. For some, bad taste seems to appear naturally, as a birthright; others must learn to cultivate it. But no matter how acquired, or how skilfully employed, bad taste is not tastelessness.
How autonomous is relative: popular music, the social formation and cultural struggle
Authors: Garofalo Reebee 
Published: November 2008

Writing about popular music in 1977 from what I would describe as a ‘classical’ Marxist perspective, Steve Chapple and I proclaimed unequivocally that:The position of the music as an increasingly important cultural commodity within a consumer economy weakened any of the explicit anti-materialist content of the music.… Musicians and the creative personnel within the industry were integrated into an entertainment business now firmly part of the American corporate structure. (Chapple and Garofalo 1977, p. 300)In 1981, four short years later, British sociologist and music critic Simon Frith described the structure and functioning of the music industry in much the same terms that Chappie and I had put forth, but his analysis shifted the emphasis considerably. Declared Frith:Cultural commodities may support the contemporary power of capital, but they have their civilising moments, and even as the most effortless background music, rock is a source of vigour and exhilaration and of good feelings that are as necessary for the next morning's political struggle as for the next day's work. My argument is that rock fun is as much a quality of the music's use as of its form. (Frith 1981, pp. 264–5)Attempting to avoid what he saw as an economically reductive position, Frith de-emphasised the role of monopoly corporations in controlling the marketplace and shaping popular culture. In the tradition of ‘cultural’ Marxism, he focused instead, and somewhat optimistically, on the power of the consumer to reappropriate the music in unintended ways, to ‘resignify’ its meaning, if you will.
What Ever Happened to Francis Glisson? Albrecht Haller and the Fate of Eighteenth-Century Irritability
Authors: Giglioni Guido 
Published: November 2008

ArgumentThis article investigates the reasons behind the disappearance of Francis Glisson's theory of irritability during the eighteenth century. At a time when natural investigations were becoming increasingly polarized between mind and matter in the attempt to save both man's consciousness and the inert nature of theres extensa, Glisson's notion of a natural perception embedded in matter did not satisfy the new science's basic injunction not to superimpose perceptions and appetites on nature. Knowledgeofnature could not be based on knowledgewithinnature, i.e., on the very knowledge that nature has of itself; or – to look at the same question from the point of view of the human mind – man's consciousness could not be seen as participating in forms of natural selfhood. Albrecht Haller played a key role in this story. Through his experiments, Haller thought he had conclusively demonstrated that the response given by nature when irritated did not betray any natural perceptivity, any inner life, anysentiment interiéur. In doing so, he provided a less bewildering theory of irritability for the rising communities of experimental physiology.
Form – A Matter of Generation: The Relation of Generation, Form, and Function in the Epigenetic Theory of Caspar F. Wolff
Authors: Witt Elke 
Published: November 2008

ArgumentThe question, how organisms obtain their specific complex and functional forms, was widely discussed during the eighteenth century. The theory of preformation, which was the dominant theory of generation, was challenged by different alternative epigenetic theories. By the end of the century it was the vitalist approach most famously advocated by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach that prevailed. Yet the alternative theory of generation brought forward by Caspar Friedrich Wolff was an important contribution to the treatment of this question. He turned his attention from the properties of matter and the forces acting on it towards the level of the processes of generation in order to explain the constitution of organismic forms. By regarding organic structures and forms to be the result of the lawfulness of ongoing processes, he opened up the possibility of a functional but non-teleological explanation of generation, and thereby provided an important complement to materialist and vitalist approaches.
Estimating wetland biodiversity values: a choice modelling application in Vietnam's Mekong River Delta
Authors: DO THANG NAM , BENNETT JEFF 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTA lack of information on environmental protection values, especially non-market values, has contributed to wetland degradation in the Mekong River Delta. To fill this information gap, this study uses choice modelling to estimate the biodiversity protection values of Tram Chim National Park, a typical wetland ecosystem of the Delta. The estimated net social benefit of a proposed protection program ranges from USD0.52 million to USD1.84 million. This suggests that the program's implementation would improve social welfare. Some choice modelling issues, including the use of focus groups, aspects of questionnaire designs, and different survey modes, are discussed in the context of a developing country application.
Priorities for Future Research on Planetary Dunes Planetary Dunes: Workshop: A Record of Climate Change; Alamogordo, New Mexico, 28 April to 2 May 2008
Authors: Titus Timothy N. , Lancaster Nick , Hayward Rose , Fenton Lori , Bourke Mary 
Published: November 2008

Landforms and deposits created by the dynamic interactions between granular material and airflow (eolian processes) occur on several planetary bodies, including Earth, Mars, Titan, and Venus. To address many of the outstanding questions within planetary dune research, a workshop was organized by the U.S. Geological Survey, the Planetary Science Institute, the Desert Research Institute, and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute and was sponsored by the Lunar and Planetary Institute and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.The workshop brought together researchers from diverse backgrounds, ranging from image analysis and modeling to terrestrial analog studies. The group of approximately 45 international researchers had intense discussions in an attempt to identify the most promising approaches to understanding planetary dune systems.
Cell Wall Architecture of the Elongating Maize Coleoptile
Authors: Carpita Nicholas C. , Defernez Marianne , Findlay Kim , Wells Brian , Shoue Douglas A. , Catchpole Gareth , Wilson Reginald H. , McCann Maureen C. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The primary walls of grasses are composed of cellulose microfibrils, glucuronoarabinoxylans (GAXs), and mixed-linkage β-glucans, together with smaller amounts of xyloglucans, glucomannans, pectins, and a network of polyphenolic substances. Chemical imaging by Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy revealed large differences in the distributions of many chemical species between different tissues of the maize (Zea mays) coleoptile. This was confirmed by chemical analyses of isolated outer epidermal tissues compared with mesophyll-enriched preparations. Glucomannans and esterified uronic acids were more abundant in the epidermis, whereas β-glucans were more abundant in the mesophyll cells. The localization of β-glucan was confirmed by immunocytochemistry in the electron microscope and quantitative biochemical assays. We used field emission scanning electron microscopy, infrared microspectroscopy, and biochemical characterization of sequentially extracted polymers to further characterize the cell wall architecture of the epidermis. Oxidation of the phenolic network followed by dilute NaOH extraction widened the pores of the wall substantially and permitted observation by scanning electron microscopy of up to six distinct microfibrillar lamellae. Sequential chemical extraction of specific polysaccharides together with enzymic digestion of β-glucans allowed us to distinguish two distinct domains in the grass primary wall. First, a β-glucan-enriched domain, coextensive with GAXs of low degrees of arabinosyl substitution and glucomannans, is tightly associated around microfibrils. Second, a GAX that is more highly substituted with arabinosyl residues and additional glucomannan provides an interstitial domain that interconnects the β-glucan-coated microfibrils. Implications for current models that attempt to explain the biochemical and biophysical mechanism of wall loosening during cell growth are discussed.