bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EOG and Delta Rhythmicity in Human Sleep EEG
Authors: Hilbert Raymond , Naitoh Paul 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe use of the electroencephalogram (EEG) is accepted as the only objective method of studying sleep. However, EEG sleep study may not be feasible, although it would be highly desirable, in some non‐laboratory operational environments due to difficulties in EEG recordings. Results of the present study showed that the ultradian delta rhythmicity of sleep as defined by EEG could be obtained from electro‐oculograms (EOGs) alone.
Preception: Autonomic Response to Shock as a Function of Predictability in Time and Locus
Authors: Lykken D. T. , Macindoe I. , Tellegen A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSignals were used to manipulate S's ability to predict when and where (i.e., on which limb) he would receive each of 48 painful shocks. Two groups of 24 Ss received 12 shocks in each of four predictability conditions. Heart rate and palmar SC were monitored throughout. Both HR and SC responses to shock were consistently reduced when shock was preceded by a warning signal; predictability of locus had no effect on HRR and a weak effect on SCR. More anxious Ss showed greater post‐shock HR acceleration under all conditions; less anxious Ss showed greater anticipatory HR acceleration. In a separate experiment, 9 Ss in whom the later components of the vertex AER increased systematically with shock intensity showed a decrease in these same components when shock was made predictable in time.
Menstrual, Diurnal, and Activation Effects on the Resolution of Temporally Paired Flashes
Authors: DeMarchi G. W. , Tong J. E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTNormal female Ss were tested for the discrimination of paired flashes in the mornings and evenings of 3 days during the menstrual cycle, under both resting and activation conditions. The threshold for fusion was highest at the premenstrual point and in the evening. A signal detection analysis indicated that the threshold change was the result of a change in criterion placement and not a change in sensory sensitivity as required by a biological clock hypothesis. No interactions were apparent for the three arousal variables.
Human Parotid Secretion in Response to Pleasant and Unpleasant Odorants
Authors: Pangborn Rose Marie , Berggren Barbro 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTUnilateral parotid secretion was determined for 12 Ss using a precision sialometer, in response to the odors of distilled water, three pleasant stimuli (vanillin, β‐phenylethanol, anethol), three unpleasant stimuli (pyridine, diethylsulfide, butyric acid), and two irritating stimuli (ethyl alcohol, ammonia). Flow rates were compared with the Ss' rated intensity and affective responses to the same solutions. Flow rates were significantly higher for male than for female Ss, with both secreting significantly more saliva in response to ammonia, ethyl alcohol, and butyric acid, as compared to water. Correlations between flow rates and degree of liking, and between flow rates and rated intensity were not significant.
Brief Latency Click‐Evoked Potentials During Waking and Sleep in Man
Authors: Amadeo Marco , Shagass Charles 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTVery early auditory evoked potentials, commencing from 1 to 2 msec after stimulation, can be recorded from human scalp by averaging; they appear to be generated in the VIII nerve and brain stem structures. This study was conducted to obtain data concerning possible variations of these early auditory responses with sleep in man. Our results show little or no change in the amplitude and latency characteristics of these potentials from waking to sleep or between sleep stages. Prolonged stimulation, during waking or sleep, produced increases of latency and a tendency for decrease of amplitude. The findings were interpreted to indicate that changes in latency and amplitude of later components of auditory evoked responses during sleep occur at levels above the brain stem. They also support the view that the increased threshold for auditory arousal associated with sleep is mediated centrally rather than peripherally.
Body Movements During Sleep After Sleep Loss
Authors: Naitoh P. , Muzet A. , Johnson C. , Moses J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFollowing 4 baseline nights, 7 Ss were deprived of REM sleep for 3 nights and 7 were deprived of stage 4 sleep. Both groups were then deprived of total sleep for 1 night and then allowed 2 nights of uninterrupted recovery sleep. Compared to baseline nights, on the first recovery night the number of body movements was significantly reduced in all sleep stages and for total sleep. On the second recovery night, the number of movements was back to baseline level. The increased amount of slow‐wave sleep (stages 3 and 4) during recovery sleep was not the primary reason for the reduced body motility.
Quantification of Sleepiness: A New Approach
Authors: Hoddes E. , Zarcone V. , Smythe H. , Phillips R. , Dement W. C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) is a self‐rating scale which is used to quantify progressive steps in sleepiness. The present study investigated whether the SSS cross‐validates with performance on mental tasks and whether the SSS demonstrates changes in sleepiness with sleep loss. Five college student Ss were given a brief test of memory and the Wilkinson Addition Test in 2 test sessions and The Wilkinson Vigilance Test in 2 other sessions spaced throughout a 16‐hr day for 6 days. Ss made SSS ratings every 15 min during their waking activities. On night 4, Ss underwent all night sleep deprivation. On all other nights, Ss were allowed only 8 hrs in bed. Mean SSS ratings correlated r= .68 with performance on the Wilkinson Tests. Discrete SSS ratings correlated r= .47 with performance on the memory test. Moreover, mean baseline SSS ratings were found to be significantly lower than corresponding ratings of the deprivation period.
The Relationship Between Spontaneous and Stimulus‐Correlated Electrodermal Responses in Simple and Discriminative Conditioning Paradigms
Authors: ÖHman Arne , Bohlin Gunilla 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the study was to explore the relationship between skin conductance fluctuations (SF) and skin conductance conditioning with designs permitting conclusions regarding both reactivity and conditioning. In the first experiment, involving simple delayed conditioning with a tone CS, a shock UCS, and an 8‐sec ISI, groups high and low in SF during conditioning and sensitization were formed. Spontaneous fluctuations predicted magnitude of CS, pre‐UCS, post‐UCS, and unconditioned responses. Overall conditioning was significant only for the pre‐UCS response, and for this measure the high SF group showed better conditioning than the low SF group. The second experiment involved discrimination training to pitch with shock UCS and an 8‐sec ISI. Groups high, medium, and low in SF during conditioning were selected. Again, SF predicted magnitude of all response components. Reliable conditioning and significant relationship to SF was observed for CS, pre‐UCS, and post‐UCS responses. It was concluded that SF is related to both skin conductance reactivity and skin conductance conditioning.
A Computer Compatible Digital Encoding‐Decoding System
Authors: Mostofsky David I. , Cohen Stephen A. , Babish James 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA system for using a home stereo tape recorder to encode up to 30 separate events is described. The basic features of the technique are discussed together with an evaluation of alternative schemes. Schematics for construction are supplied, and the flow chart for computer decoding of the taped record via this system is provided.
The Relation Between Heart Rate and Electromyographic Activity in a Discriminated Escape‐Avoidance Paradigm
Authors: Cohen Michael J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTExperiment I attempted to train both increases and decreases in heart rate using a discriminated escape‐avoidance paradigm. Noncontingent control Ss were yoked to both experimental groups. Subjects were given 64 training trials and 16 extinction trials. Experiment II employed essentially the same design except that the contingent response was a specific amount of muscular tension (either 40 to 60 microvolts, or 90 to 110 microvolts) from the chin area. Seven Ss were run in each group. Heart rate, chin electromyogram (EMG), and respiration were continuously monitored during each study.The results of Experiment I indicated that the response contingencies produced significant heart rate increases and decreases in the appropriate experimental groups. Neither yoked control group showed a significant heart rate change. No group exhibited any significant EMG activity. Respiration amplitude increased significantly only in the heart rate increase group. Both experimental groups in Experiment II learned to emit the correct EMG response. However, only the group in the 40 to 60 microvolt range showed a relationship between heart rate and EMG changes.
Latency of Alpha Blocking as a Function of Photic Stimulation During the Cardiac Cycle
Authors: Novak Stanley , Diaz Jaime , Leinwand Stuart 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTChanges in reaction time during the cardiac cycle have been reported by a number of investigators. The present study concerns changes in the latency of alpha blocking as a function of the time of presentation of photic stimulation during the cardiac cycle. Stimuli were presented at intervals of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 msec following the peak of the R‐wave of the EKG. Alpha blocking latency was found to be shorter for stimulus presentation early in the cardiac cycle.
Some Limits on the Cognitive Control of Conditioned Autonomic Behavior
Authors: Furedy John J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBecause certain recently adopted doctrinaire cognitivist positions are just as undesirable as the doctrinaire behaviorist positions of the fifties, evidence is presented to indicate that there are some instances where cognitive factors do not appear to control autonomic conditioning. The first aspect of that evidence deals with tests of the applicability of the contingency position to Pavlovian autonomic conditioning, and the data indicate that conditioned autonomic responses like the GSR do not act like “contingency analysers” over CS‐US intervals ranging from .75 to 8.0 sec. Moreover, measures of cognitive subjective contingency (SC), which could not be taken in the animal studies used previously to support the contingency analysis of Pavlovian conditioning, indicate that the human Ss are aware of the contingency differences considered important for autonomic conditioning by the contingency position. This lack of correspondence between the autonomic and cognitive dependent variables is also relevant to another form of the cognitive‐control position, that knowledge of CS‐US contingencies is related to autonomic conditioning. Such relations were not, in fact, observed between the extents of autonomic and cognitive (SC) discrimination. Finally, a more sensitive and continuous measure of SC is proposed which should yield more precise answers to the empirical and complex question of the limits of cognitive control of conditioned autonomic behavior.
Subjective and Response‐Related Determinants of CNV Amplitude
Authors: Rebert Charles S. , Sperry Kathleen G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect on contingent negative variation (CNV) of varying the difficulty of obtaining reaction time (RT) feedback and the relationship of CNV and RT were studied. Subjects (Ss) were run in a reaction‐time‐foreperiod experiment with 4 conditions of varying RT feedback duration. Subjective reactions to the experiment were recorded by Ss on a questionnaire and were divided by the experimenters into two highly significant sets of mean CNVs based on the most “positive’ and most “negative’ responses to the conditions. CNVs and their associated RTs were analyzed, and a significant rank order correlation over all Ss showed there was a trend for individuals with faster RTs to have larger CNVs. Individual correlations were low and highly variable. Only the very slowest RTs were associated with small CNVs. The failure of explicit RT feedback to have any effect upon CNV amplitude is in agreement with previous studies, and the significant association of CNV amplitude with written reactions of Ss might prove a useful tool for further CNV analysis. The RT data indicated that CNVs and RTs reflect relatively independent functions and that very slow RTs may reflect qualitative changes in S's psychological state which affect both RT and CNV; and such trials might appropriately be eliminated from CNV data analysis.
Basal Heart Rate Variations by Day of Week
Authors: Malmstrom Edward J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have shown large variations in basal heart rate (HR) in individuals over occasions. To examine long‐term variability, one individual's HR was recorded daily for one year. Besides changes due to ambient temperature and periods of illness, obvious regular variations corresponded to day of week. Weekends and Mondays differed from the other four weekdays: HR was high on Saturdays and Mondays, and reached a nadir on Sundays. These fluctuations probably reflect the cultural pattern of activity over the week, rather than representing an intrinsic circaseptan rhythm.
The Effects of a Chronic Limitation of Sleep Length
Authors: Webb W. B. , Agnew And H. W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFifteen male subjects (Ss) were studied once each week while on a sleep regime of 5 1/2 hrs of sleep a night for 60 days. The electroencephalogram and electro‐oculogram were recorded in the laboratory once each week. Performance was measured each week using the Wilkinson Vigilance Task, the Wilkinson Addition Test, and a word memory test, and grip strength was measured using a hand dynomometer. The Zung Depression Scale and the Gough Adjective Check List were used to measure mood. The Ss completed a sleep log on a daily basis.The effect on sleep of the restricted regime was to initially increase the absolute amount of stage 4 sleep. But by the 5th week of the study the stage 4 amount decreased to near baseline levels. The initial effect on REM sleep was to sharply reduce this type of sleep when compared with baseline values. During the course of the experiment there was a REM deprivation of some 25% of baseline values and 30 min in absolute amount. During the course of the experiment the latency to the onset of the first stage 4 and the latency to the first REM period were reduced.Only the Wilkinson Vigilance Task showed a decline in performance associated with continued restricted sleep. The sleep logs revealed that initially the Ss experienced difficulty in arousing from sleep in the morning and felt drowsy during the day, but these effects did not continue throughout the experiment. The mood scales showed no changes associated with continuing to sleep 5 1/5 hrs a night. These findings suggest that a chronic loss of sleep as much as 2 1/2 hours a night is not likely to result in major behavioral consequences.
Instrumental Heart Rate Responses and Visual Perception: A Preliminary Study
Authors: McCanne Thomas R. , Sandman Curt A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFive subjects (Ss) were trained to raise and lower their heart rates over a number of operant conditioning sessions. Geometric forms were superimposed upon the conditioned stimuli during the final operant training session. For the conditioning trials, Ss detected significantly more tachistoscopic stimuli during heart rate deceleration trials than during heart rate acceleration trials. During extinction trials, there were no differences in tachistoscopic recognition between acceleration and deceleration trials. The results are discussed in terms of Lacey's hypothesis concerning the instrumental effect of heart rate change on environmental attention.
The Influence of the EEG Alpha Rhythm on the Perception of Visual Stimuli
Authors: Nunn C. M. H. , Osselton J. W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn experiment is described which was designed to test the hypothesis that brief visual stimuli would not be perceived when they occurred during certain phases of the EEG alpha rhythm. The results agreed with the hypothesis. It was concluded that the alpha rhythm is a correlate of the activity of a ‘neuronic shutter' which periodically prevents the reception or processing of visual information by the brain.The procedure used was such that there was no necessity for the subjects to pay attention to the stimuli; indeed, efforts were made to avoid such attention. This methodology was thought to be of importance in obtaining a positive result.
Increased Psychophysiological Variability of the Anisocoric Individual: A Neurological Model
Authors: Varni John G. , Doerr Hans O. , Robinson Malcolm G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBilateral differences in the diameter of the two pupils, anisocoria, has been associated with everything from beri beri to psychological trauma. The one common finding in most studies dealing with anisocoria is the increased psychophysiological variability of this population. A neurological model is proposed explaining both the anisocoric condition and increase in autonomic variability. The model suggests that deficiencies in the ascending bulbar inhibitory system reduce tonic control of the medial reticular activating system and may be implicated in the etiology of anisocoria. The portions of the nervous system implicated are those reported by Lacey (1967) to be involved in “directional fractionation.” It is suggested that the anisocoric individual may provide a ready made “lesioned” sample with which to compare normal subjects. At the very least anisocoria represents another example of bilateral autonomic asymmetry. Possible research in this area is discussed.
Sympathetic Influences on Cardiac Rate and Contractility During Acute Stress in Humans
Authors: Obrist Paul A. , Lawler James E. , Howard James L. , Smithson Kenneth W. , Martin Philip L. , Manning John 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTExperiments are reported concerning an evaluation of sympathetic influences on heart rate and cardiac contractility in normal young adult humans during a stressful reaction time task. During the preparatory interval only vagal influences on heart rate change could be found which were related to concomitant somatic activity. In expectation of the shock and for a more sustained period thereafter, sympathetic influences became manifested on both heart rate and contractility which were independent of concomitant somatic activity. In a follow‐up study, the relationship was evaluated between blood pressure, as measured directly from the radial artery, and both contractility and heart rate. Sympathetic influences on the heart were not found to be secondary to depressor effects, although appreciable phasic decreases in blood pressure were sometimes found to follow the onset of large increases in heart rate and contractility. The data suggest that sympathetic influences on the heart are normally very minimal but are evoked by intense stress when the organism attempts to cope with the stress.
Electrodermal Activity in Hyperactive Boys Who Are Methylphenidate Responders
Authors: Spring Carl , Greenberg Lawrence , Scott Jimmy , Hopwood John 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHyperactive boys being treated with methylphenidate medication were randomly divided into two groups. In one of the hyperactive groups (n = 18) methylphenidate was withheld for approximately 72 hrs before testing. Boys in the other hyperactive group (n = 20) continued to take their usual daily doses of methylphenidate. Normal boys formed a third group (n = 20). The following electrodermal measures were taken: basal resistance, frequency of non‐specific responses, specific response amplitude to an auditory signal, and number of trials to habituation. Normal and off‐drug hyperactive groups differed significantly on specific response amplitude, and trials to habituation. In addition, frequency of non‐specific responses approached significance. These differences indicated lower reactivity in the off‐drug hyperactive group. Off‐drug and on‐drug hyperactive groups differed significantly on frequency of non‐specific responses. In addition, trials to habituation approached significance. These differences again indicated lower reactivity in the off‐drug hyperactive group.
Habituation of Fear: Effects of Intensity and Stimulus Order
Authors: Klorman Rafael 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study investigated snake‐fearful subjects' skin conductance, heart rate, and fear ratings to repeated presentations of seascape and snake films (10–13 sec duration). The films sampled three levels of fear intensity and were displayed in ascending, descending, or nonsystematic orders; additional Ss viewed only high‐fear material. A linear relationship with fear intensity emerged for fear ratings, but not for physiological measures. Differences found between orders in patterns of habituation were concordant for cardiac rate and fear ratings; relative to the other orders, the ascending sequence habituated less and displayed sensitization to material of higher fear levels. In all orders, there was marked habituation of physiological responses, especially in the first session. The possible role of adaptation level and implications of the data for desensitization and flooding were noted.
The Law of Initial Value and Neonatal Sleep States
Authors: Schmidt Katalin , Rose Susan A. , Bridger Wagner H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study investigated the applicability of the Law of Initial Value (LIV) for heart rate (HR) responses evoked by a nociceptive stimulus in neonatal sleep states. Ten infants were tested during Quiet and Active Sleep. In concordance with the LIV there was a significant inverse correlation for all Ss in Active Sleep between HR change and prestimulus HR values; the average correlation was ‐.76, the average slope ‐.48. In Quiet Sleep, which had a small prestimulus HR range, this relationship was significant only for some Ss. Equating for prestimulus HR values, no significant difference existed in the magnitude of average HR response in Active Sleep vs Quiet Sleep. It was concluded that for nociceptive stimuli the initial HR value is a better predictor than the behavioral sleep state of the magnitude of HR response. It is suggested that the LIV depends largely on the modality and strength of the stimulus and the width of the prestimulus HR range.
The Recuperative Effects of REM Sleep and Stage 4 Sleep on Human Performance After Complete Sleep Loss: Experiment 1
Authors: Lubin A. , Moses J. M. , Johnson L. C. , Naitoh P. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwelve young (17–21 yrs) male Navy recruits volunteered for a sleep loss study. After 4 baseline days, the Ss were completely deprived of sleep for 2 days and nights. Next followed an experimental phase of 2 days and nights after which all Ss received 2 nights of uninterrupted sleep.During the experimental phase, the 4 Ss in the REM‐deprived group were aroused whenever they showed signs of REM sleep. The 4 Ss of the stage 4‐deprived group were aroused whenever they showed signs of entering stage 4 sleep, and the 4 Ss of the Control group had uninterrupted sleep.All tests (speed and accuracy of addition, speed and accuracy of self‐paced vigilance, errors of omission in experimenter paced vigilance, immediate recall of word lists, and mood) showed significant impairment after the first night of complete sleep loss. But during the experimental (sleep‐stage‐deprivation) and recovery phases, all three groups showed equal rates of recovery.Depriving the S of stage REM or stage 4 during recovery sleep does not affect the recuperation rate. Frequent arousals (50–100 per night) also do not impair recovery. The amount of sleep is probably more important than the kind of sleep.