bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application and Prospect of Fine Water-Plugging Technology in High Water Cut Period
Authors: Liu He , Wang Zhongguo , Xu Guomin 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents the development of water plugging technology under such situation that the number of casing damage well increases continuously and overall water cut goes up year by year with the extension of production time in XingBei oilfield. Its main contents are as follows.
Internal thick oil layer chemical water-plugging technology which aims at tapping the potential of remaining oil in the internal thick oil layer. Pay zone group mechanical subdivision water-plugging technology that aims at liberating the plugged layer accompanied. Small diameter mechanical fine water plugging technology which aims at tapping the potential of casing damage well with a diameter more than • 95mm. Layer adjustable mechanical water-plugging technology to simplify the operation procedure. Thus, a set of matching water-plugging technology according to different state of well and property of pay zones’ development is formed. Meanwhile, the field application results and adaptability of all water-plugging technology are evaluated, which makes it clear what is key problem to fine water plugging in the future of oil field. And also the prediction of the prospect and potential of water plugging technology in popularization and application.
Study on the Quality of Polymer Flooding Produced Crude Oil
Authors: Ruiquan Zhang , Wei Kang , Shujuan Hu , Shouguo Song , Baochun Zhou , Fujun Xia 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The influence of polymer flooding on the quality of crude oil was investigated in this work. No significant differences between the quality indexes of crude oil produced by water flooding and polymer flooding in the same reservoir block have been found.
Case History: Carbon Dioxide Foam Stimulates Rome in Eastern Kentucky
Authors: Rodvelt Gary , Dials Gregory Allen , Hay Monte 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Over the last 10 years, operators searching for commercial reservoirs in the Rome Trough have been unsuccessful. The complex mineralogy of the Rome sand made completion-fluid design a challenge. Core analysis indicated that the formation was sensitive to conventional fluids, and high fracture treating pressures precluded stimulation with nitrogen foam. Consequently, engineers designed a carbon dioxide foam, which they pumped through 2 ⅞-in. J-55 tubing for fracture stimulation of the Rome interval. Treatment fluids cleaned up in 2 days and the well began producing 250 mcf/day. This unique treatment allowed operators to stimulate zones previously considered unsuitable for commercial production, and it generated additional drilling locations.
Coiled Tubing Conveyed Fracture Treatments: Evolution, Methodology and Field Application
Authors: Gulrajani Sunil , Olmstead Clinton C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A common limitation of fracture stimulation is the inability to control placement of a hydraulic fracture. This shortcoming compromises the effectiveness of a fracture treatment for multistage treatments during early field development, as well as single stage fracture stimulation of bypassed zones in mature reservoirs. This limitation can be overcome by integrating coiled tubing with hydraulic fracturing. This combination adds versatility to the fracturing procedure. It also permits control of fracture placement and hence can be used to improve the economic benefits associated with hydraulic fracturing.
The effectiveness of coiled tubing fracturing operations can be constrained by excessive friction pressures, equipment limitations and limited fluid and proppant volumes. Its application thus requires specialized fracture fluids, additional field operational considerations, and alternative design procedures to ensure an efficient and successful fracture stimulation program.
The paper initially explains the motivation for coiled tubing fracture treatments. Operational and design requirements associated with this technique are then outlined. Two case studies are finally presented to illustrate the application of the coiled tubing fracturing procedure.
Integrated Reservoir Evaluation Revives Nearly Abandoned Illinois Basin Field
Authors: Aman B. A. , Nichols T. W. , Snyder R. L. , Payne M. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Reservoir evaluation for the purpose of production enhancement is generally conducted by the reservoir or production engineering department, which then forwards results to subsequent departments for review. Increased evaluation time and lack of synergy between disciplines during the evaluation process may result in bypassing significant reserves or pre-mature field abandonment. The evaluation of a nearly abandoned field in White County, Illinois was performed through a team approach, which integrated engineering, geology, operations, and management into a seamless network. This allowed the evaluation to proceed effectively, with each discipline having access to current evaluation data on a real-time basis.
Evaluation methodology and team integration techniques were beneficial in reviving this sucrosic dolomite carbonate field that generated cumulative production of over 279,000 stock tank barrels of oil, but had declined to less than 5 barrels of oil per day, making the field uneconomical to operate. Reserve evaluation, geological interpretation, production operations facilities, and economics were brought together in an attempt to prove and produce additional reserves. Computer modeling was also used to test and validate different scenarios to optimize recovery and cash flow from the project. This paper will describe the reservoir, geologic environment, production and recovery method, and the economic advantages of the project, as well as show the benefits of reservoir evaluation from a team perspective.
An Update On Use of Coiled Tubing for Completion and Recompletion Strings
Authors: Scott W. S. , Hoffman C. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The paper discusses various recent completions and recompletions using coiled tubing strings. Schematics and discussion of the following completions are included: Patches, Screens and Gravel Packs, Velocity and Siphon Strings, Artificial Lift with Gas Lift, Jet Pumps, and Plunger Lift, Tail Pipe Extensions, and Zone Isolations.
Virtual Well Testing
Authors: Dakshindas S.S. , Ertekin T. , Grader A.S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Well test analysis represent an essential component of reservoir engineering analysis and management. It provides estimates of reserves, heterogeneties, permeabilities, and information on the status of wellbore conditions. A well testing program can become prohibitively costly due to equipment and personnel costs and lost production. It may not be possible to design an effective well testing program that includes all the important wells in a specific field. In this paper, a novel "Virtual Well Testing" approach is presented. The new method uses artificial neural networks (ANNs) to generate virtual transient pressure data. The proposed method does not eliminate the need for traditional well tests, but provides a basis to extract more information from the existing sets of transient pressure data. In virtual well testing, transient pressure data from selected wells in the field are used to train a neural network that is capable of predicting transient pressure responses at other well locations where well tests have not been conducted. The proposed methodology can also be used for designing well tests and for completing the partially recorded pressure measurements due to malfunction of testing equipment.
This paper provides guidelines for selecting actual well test locations, for choosing input parameter neurons and for training the ANN. Several simulated case studies are used to train and evaluate virtual well testing capabilities of the ANN. The effects of the number of wells tested, well locations and production histories are evaluated. The ANN is successful in predicting interference effects and reservoir permeabilities. The ANN generates reliable virtual transient pressure data in a matter of seconds and is an effective reservoir engineering analysis and management tool.
Development Of Reservoir Characterization Models Using Core, Well Log, and 3D Seismic Data and Intelligent Software
Authors: B. R. Soto , Holditch S. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The degree of success of many oil and gas drilling, completion, and production activities depends upon the accuracy of the models used in a reservoir description. Neural networks have a number of attractive features that can help to extract and recognize underlying patterns, structures, and relationships among data. However, before developing a neural network model, we must solve the problem of dimensionality such as determining dominant and irrelevant variables. We can apply principal component and factor analyses to reduce the dimensionality and help the neural networks formulate more realistic models.
We have used an intelligent software, Oilfield Intelligence (OI)1, as an engineering tool to improve the characterization of oil and gas reservoirs. OI integrates neural networks and multivariate statistical analysis. It is composed of five main subsystems: data input, preprocessing, architecture design, graphics design, and inference engine modules. We validated OI by obtaining confident models in three different oil field problems: (1) a neural network in-situ stress model using lithology and gamma ray logs for the Travis Peak formation of east Texas1, (2) a neural network permeability model using porosity and gamma ray and a neural network pseudo-gamma ray log model using 3D seismic attributes for the reservoir VLE 196 Lamar field located in Block V of south-central Lake Maracaibo (Venezuela), and (3) neural network primary ultimate oil recovery (PRUR), initial waterflooding ultimate oil recovery (IWUR), and infill drilling ultimate oil recovery (IDUR) models using reservoir parameters for San Andres and Clearfork carbonate formations in west Texas2.
This paper presents the models that we developed using OI in C-4 and C-5 for the VLE 196 Lamar Field, Block V in Lake Maracaibo. We found that the best neural network permeability model should have as input variables porosity and gamma ray log. The coefficient of determination of that model is 0.9756 with an average absolute error of 18.03%. From non-linear regression and non-parametric approach methods, the absolute error of these models varies from 38.1 to 97.78%. For the same reservoir, we developed a high-quality, multivariate, and neural network model to predict the pseudo-gamma ray log from 3D seismic attributes. The data points used during the training, testing, and validation comprised approximately 11,800 points. Two dime/depth conversion tables were used to convert the arrival time of seismic to depth. We developed a Fortran-90 program to make that conversion. The confidence of that model is around 90% with an expected absolute error of 11%.
In all cases, we compared the neural network models with the non-linear regression and non-parametric approach models. The results show that one of the ways in the near future to get better reservoir characterization models is using neural networks in conjunction with the multivariate statistical techniques.
World Record Horizontal Bit Runs in Oman
Authors: Geldof Wilco , Merrall Eric , Kent David , Dautel Mike 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Continuous performance improvements resulting in two consecutive World record horizontal drilling bit runs have been achieved by Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) and its well engineering partners in the Saih Rawl field of North Oman. This paper captures the critical technology and management success factors that both made this achievement possible and point the way forward to further improvements in overall well time and project economics.
Translating Health, Safety, and Environmental Values into Performance
Authors: Radwan Kamal 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Establishing a safety culture – and ensuring that employees internalise the culture's values – doesn't just make good sense; it makes good business sense. Therefore, it is incumbent upon every company to firmly establish a safety culture and make a concerted effort to convey the value that the company places on safety.
Effective, internalised safety efforts reduce injuries and incidents; assist in the attainment of a sustainable world-class safety culture; lower employees compensation, insurance and lost workday case costs; lessen the likelihood of damaging the environment; and reduce the possibility of legal liabilities. Plus, an improved safety performance actually leads to increased productivity and profitability.
Safety Case for Mobile Offshore Drilling Units in View of Offshore Safety Legislation and Forthcoming ISM Code
Authors: Gupta P. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Operations at Mobile Offshore Drilling Units (MODUs), deployed for exploration and exploitation of oil and gas in offshore area, are more hazardous and complex in nature due to intricate engineered systems & hostile marine environment and ultimate safety goal is safety of life, installations and environment. A systematic and proactive approach towards safety is of paramount importance for efficient and cost effective operations at MODUs. "Safety Case" is a documentary proof, which is to be submitted by the operator to the Regulatory Bodies to demonstrate that the hazards associated with the operations are identified and adequate resources are in place to control and mitigate those hazards. In India, Offshore Safety Legislation, which is an offshoot of the Lord Cullen's Enquiry Report recommendations on Piper Alpha Disaster, is in final draft stage and it has been written in goal setting terms for safety of life & installations in offshore oil & gas fields of India.
"Safety Case" means a document prepared by an operator to demonstrate that the hazards in the offshore installation have been identified, risks assessed and the adequate resources and the control measures are in place for safe operations. It mainly includes:
Description of MODU's facilities Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) Safety Management System (SMS)
Safety Case ensures that:
All hazards associated with MODU's operations with potential to cause major accidents have been identified and their risks evaluated. Adequate measures are taken to reduce risk to as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP). Management system is in place to ensure compliance with statutory requirements. Adequate resources are onboard MODU to control and mitigate the identified hazards. There is a system for audit and audit reporting.
Further this system will also facilitate the operators of MODUs for compliance to forthcoming "International Safety Management (ISM) Code" which will be effective from July 2002 for all self propelled MODUs.
This paper discusses the elements of Safety Case, major hazards, development of SMS & documentation requirements for MODUs in view of forthcoming ISM Code.
Bit Optimization in Kuwait
Authors: Al-Saleh Ali 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Although bit cost comprises a relatively small fraction in a well's budget (+5%), bit performance's impact on overall well cost can be significant. This paper will discuss bit optimization in the Kuwait fields. The paper will address the approach and methods used which include optimizing access to technology, incentive performance and utilizing new technologies.
All this was done in a team environment with the bit manufacturers, which ensured better communications and better access to data.
This approach proved to be effective in reducing the average cost per foot and resulted in drilling cost savings for development wells which will be presented in the body of this paper.
Rig Equipment Planning for a Deep, Deviated High-Pressure/High Temperature Khuff Well
Authors: Hadj-Moussa Noureddine 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In order to drill and complete safely and successfully an offshore Deep Deviated HP-HT Khuff Gas Well, a good study and planning of Rig Equipment and necessary conversions and upgradings must be, carefully, carried out to handle all required drilling and completion operations.
The areas of concern shall include, but not limited to, Drill String, Drilling Machinery, Derrick, Well Control Equipment, Surface Gas Handling Equipment and Health, Safety and Environment.
Designing Effective Zonal Isolation for High-Pressure/High-Temperature and Low Temperature Wells
Authors: Biezen Ewout , Ravi Kris 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In recent years, many wells have been constructed that are subject to extreme conditions. Two extreme conditions that can pose a particular challenge during the completion of a well are low temperature, for example in deepwater applications, and high-pressure and high-temperature, encountered in HPHT wells. The products and processes that are normally used to cement wells may be insufficient to create zonal isolation for these extreme conditions.
This paper presents methods to help design and execute effective cement jobs for HPHT and deepwater, low temperature wells. First of all, recommendations are outlined for the deepwater conditions. Drilling fluid removal, sealant placement, and sealant sheath strength development are all affected by extreme conditions and are therefore designed accordingly. In order to help determine how strong the sealant sheath needs to be, formation properties are taken into account as well as the operations to be performed during the life of the well. These operations include well testing, stimulation, production, and injection.
The paper goes on to discuss the advantages of new products and processes for cement wells under extreme conditions. The laboratory testing procedures, pre-job design procedures, job implementation and evaluation procedures that were used to test the new products and processes are described. Finally, guidelines are given for optimized designs for HPHT and low temperature wells using these products and processes.
Integral Maintenance Plan Applied to Offshore Facilities in Campeche Bay
Authors: Rodriguez Victor M. , Aguila Miguel A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The new Petroleum Competitive Landscape requires focusing the strategic management to reduce Operation Expenditures (Opex). A determinant factor in Opex is the investment in infrastructure and process equipment Maintenance in offshore facilities of Pemex exploration & production in Campeche bay.
This paper development a Competitive Strategy of Integral Maintenance its aim is to keep 31 offshore fixed platforms and 153 kms. Of pipelines in optimal safety and operational conditions, and to keep the environmental conditions.
The Integral Maintenance Plan (IMP) is going to stablish in a short period and to give us the next benefits:
□ Reduce the risk in platforms □ Increase the Reliability of facilities □ Reduce the opex in maintenance □ Exchange the policy of maintenance from corrective to preventive □ Reduce the expenditures in insurance □ Keep the facilities in World-Class.
Apply this IMP require economical resources of 147 million DLLs and in a period of ten years will give us a benefit of 466 millions DLLs. These earnings represent 4% of yearly oil exportation of Mexico.
Design and Development of Hydrocarbon Surface Production Facilities and Pipelines Based on Process And Transport Simulators
Authors: Castillo M. P. , Murillo M. , Cabrales C. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Among the main objectives of Pemex Exploracion and Produccion Region Sur is found the analysis of the operation, the optimizacion and the modernization of the systems of produccion, transportation and distribution of hydrocarbons, in order to provide better security conditions, efficiency and opportunity, without forgetting the proteccion to the environment and the society.
For the foregoing, it results from great importance to count on a methodology for planning the behavior and development of the infrastructure of produccion and transportation to face current and future needs, bearing in mind the operational requirements and quality that demand best engineering practices.
The utilization of Process and Transport Simulators to analyze the facilities in the current operation conditions, and to predict their behavior under different stages is a valuable tool that applied combined with the best practices of engineering allows to predict, with meaningful time savings, the necessary modifications to be adjusted to the new operative philosophy, without putting on risk the facilities.
As added value, the results obtained from the application of this methodology also contributes to the construction of a data base, of the facilities of produccion as well of transportation, of great usefulness for activities related to the maintenance programs.
The results of modeling are completed with an economical analysis in order to find the best alternative to solve a particular situation. The obtained information is documented and ordered to justify the new projects and the required investments.
Elaboration of Analysis Studies of Risks to Production and Distribution Facilities of Gas
Authors: García F. , Castillo M. P. , Peña P. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The inherent hazards in the Production and Distribution Facilities of Gas of the Mexican Southeast, particularly in the Compression Stations, with their respective consequences, combined with the probabilities of the fact that occur, represent different risk levels that they can be detected timely with the application of techniques recommended by the API, OSHA and AICHE. The application of such technical and the modelling of the worst scenarios, using a specialized software, permits us also to determine the affectation areas (by fire, explosion and/or toxic concentration by emissions to the atmosphere) that would be presented in the supposed case of an accident in the Compression Stations.
The group of these techniques and the modelling of the scenarios form part of a Analysis Study of Risks, which is a powerful tool of the Risks Administration that contributes to a better performance of the safety levels in the facilities. For this reason was effected the Analysis Study of Risks to 40 compression units of 5 facilities.
In the study were employed qualitative and quantitative techniques such as: the Checklist, Hazard and Operability Analysis (HAZOP), Operation and Maintenance Log Data Analysis, Analysis of Failures Tree and Modelling of Scenarios.
The Application of New Generation CaCl2 Mud Systems in the Deepwater GOM
Authors: Paul D. , Mercer R. , Bruton J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new generation calcium chloride (CaCl2)/polymer-base drilling fluid system has been developed and successfully applied in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. The system was developed specifically to address the myriad of operational problems associated with drilling the highly reactive, gumbo-laden clays found throughout the Gulf of Mexico.
This paper describes the evolution of these systems and the lessons learned during this experience, including mixing and shearing procedures to eliminate the shaker screen blinding seen on wells drilled with first generation CaCl2 systems.
The authors will present the application of the newest generation CaCl2 system, which employs a uniquely engineered encapsulating polymer. Among the field trials to be reviewed is one from a newly built drillship, which used the system to drill its debut well in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico. Further, the paper examines the performance of this new system compared with other water-based systems traditionally used to drill similar intervals.
Experience from several wells employing calcium chloride/polymer systems and evolutionary modifications to improve their efficiency will be discussed. These sequential improvements have allowed the development of a decision tree to determine optimum applicability.