bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elektrische Methode zur Bestimmung der Horizontalintensitaet des Erdmagnetismus
Authors: Uljanin Von W. 
Published: February 2008

In den letzten Jahren wurde von verschiedenen Seiten die Ausarbeitung der schon lange prinzipiell bekannten Methoden zur Bestimmung der Horizontalintensität in Angriff genommen, welche auf der Anwendung elektrischer Ströme beruhen. Vor drei Jahren veröffentlichte ich in russischer Sprache meine diesbezüglichen Untersuchungen. In vorliegender Abhandlung sollen zusammen mit dem Inhalt jener Arbeit die seitherigen Erfahrungen mitgeteilt werden.Schon sehr alt ist der Gedanke, den Stahlmagneten mit seinem veränderlichen und desshalb immer wieder zu bestimmenden magnetischen Moment durch eine stromdurchflossene Spule zu ersetzen. Eine solche Spule ist aber desshalb nicht früher in die Praxis der erdmagnetischen Beobachtungen eingeführt worden, weil die Mittel nicht vorhanden waren, den sie durch fliessenden Strom mit genügender Genauigkeit zu messen. Die bis jetzt an allen magnetischen Observatorien übliche klassische Gauss‐Lamont'sche Methode hat ausser ihrer Komplizirtheit noch den nicht zu unterschätzenden Nachteil, zu ihrer Ausführung etwa 1½ Stunden zu erfordern. Desshalb ist die Ausarbeitung von Methoden wünschenswert, welche bei derselben Genauigkeit weniger Zeit und Mühe erfordern.
Concerning the electric tide observed at Jersey
Authors: Dechevrens Marc 
Published: February 2008

The June 1919 issue of Terrestrial Magnetism, page 100, contains a note by Dr. Mauchly, seeking to explain the electric tide observed at Jersey by the effect of the hydrostatic pressure of the sea seeping through the shores, on the low‐lying gas‐pipe system of the city of St. Helier. In a letter addressed to me on November 26, 1918, the director of the Meteorological Office at London had already suggested this explanation to me in the absence of a better one. This explanation must, however, be abandoned in view of another fact which seems no less striking than the rest.For some time I have been obtaining by means of two underground couples, very different as regards metals and length or development of surface, absolutely similar diagrams of the earth current both for the electric tide and for all the small or large irregularities (there remains only a slight difference of amplitude which it would be easy to eliminate). One of these couples is the old one, viz., that consisting of the pipes of the city gas and water systems. The other consists on one hand of 3 or 4 square decimeters of sheet copper right against the observatory, forming the positive electrode; on the other hand it consists of a lead pipe (it contains two copper wires, but this is of little consequence) which goes under ground, a distance of 13 meters, from the observatory to the thermometer hut; this is the negative electrode. The first couple has a vast development, from our hill to the sea; the second couple occupies only an insignificant space, two kilometers from the sea and 55 meters of altitude. If one could speak of an electric effect of the hydrostatic pressure of the sea, it could only be in consequence of the compression of the Earth itself.
Der Jaehrliche Gang der erdmagnetischen Aktivitaet
Authors: Angenheister G. 
Published: February 2008

Die Häufigkeit und Grösse erdmagnetischer Störungen, oder die erdmagnetische Aktivität, zeigt periodische Schwankungen. Die Periodenlängen dieser Schwankungen stimmen mehrfach so nahe mit periodischen Vorgängen in unserm Sonnensystem überein, dass man einen Zusammenhang vermuten muss. So spiegelt sich die elfjährige Periode der Sonnentätigkeit, die 26½tägige Periode der Sonnenrotation, die tägliche Axendrehung der Erde, in einer elfjährigen, 26½tägigen und in einer täglichen Periode der erdmagnetischen Aktivität wieder.Der jährliche Umlauf der Erde um die Sonne erzeugt auf der Erde eine jährliche Schwankung der Sonnenstrahlung infolge der Neigung der Erdaxe gegen die Ekliptik. Für Orte ausserhalb der Wendekreise ist diese Schwankung eine ganzjährige mit Extremwerten im Juni und Dezember; Orte zwischen den Wendekreisen zeigen 2 Maxima zur Zeit des Zenitdurchgangs der Sonne. Ausser dieser durch die Neigung der Erdaxe gegen die Ekliptik erzeugten Schwankung, besteht noch eine ganzjährige Schwankung der Sonnenstrahlung infolge der Excentricität der Erdbahn. Ihr Maximum liegt zur Zeit des Perihels im Jahresanfang.
Preliminary results of ocean magnetic observations on the Carnegie from Colombo, Ceylon, to Fremantle, Western Australia, and Lyttelton, New Zealand, July to October, 1920
Authors: Ault J. P. 
Published: February 2008

NOTES ON TRIP FROM COLOMBO TO FREMANTLE.We left Colombo the morning of July 24 and were towed ten miles off shore against the prevailing southwest monsoon. At noon we let go the tugboat, started our own engine and proceeded southeasterly under fore‐and‐aft sails, close hauled to clear the southwest point of Ceylon. At midnight the wind hauling more to the westward, the engine was stopped and we proceeded under full sail.
Concerning the Toolangi Magnetic Observatory, Australia, and magnetogram scalings
Authors: Baldwin J. M. 
Published: February 2008

There seems so little to say about the Toolangi Observatory that differs from the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey observatories that no detailed description of the buildings is at present worthwhile. The D‐ and H‐records are quite satisfactory, but the Z‐instrument is still liable to disturbance from accidental jars and the adjustment of scale value to any desired sensitiveness is difficult. The site is a curious contrast to the site of the Watheroo Magnetic Observatory; the neighborhood is heavily timbered, and at present the big logs that had to be felled when clearing the site lie around.Unfortunately no staff is available here for the measurement of the magnetic curves, and no money has been provided for printing. I am keeping on the records in the hope that it may be possible to obtain additional assistance for carrying out the work.
On the secular variation of the magnetic declination in Ekaterinburg and Siberia
Authors: Abels Robert 
Published: February 2008

Using as a basis the magnetic observations made by Dr. A. Smirnow in 1900, 1901, and 1909, and those in 1916, by the author of the present paper, as well as the observations at the Ekaterinburg Observatory, it is found that the magnetic needle reached recently in Siberia its maximum eastern declination and that it has begun its reverse movement towards the west.At Ekaterinburg, the north end of the needle, since 1761, when the first determinations were made, until the year 1916, has moved constantly towards the east with a mean annual change of about four minutes. In 1761 the value of the declination was 0°50′E; in 1916, 11°03.′8 E. For the year 1917, however, the annual mean value as obtained from the hourly observations at the Observatory, amounted to 11°03.′7 E and for 1918, 11°03.′4 E. Accordingly, the needle remained stationary during 1916–1917, and in the following year moved 0.′3 towards the west. It may be expected, therefore, that it will now continue to move toward the west.1
Ueber schematische magnete
Authors: Schmidt Ad. 
Published: February 2008

Für die genäherte Berechnung der Wirkungen eines regulären Magnets genügt es oft, ihn durch einen Elementarmagnet ersetzt zu denken. Eine engere Annäherung erhält man, wenn man statt dessen einen sogenannten schematischen, d. h. einen solchen Magnet wählt, dessen gesamte Magnetisierung in zwei Polpunkten vereinigt gedacht wird.Der Gedanke liegt nahe, die Annäherung dadurch noch weiter zu treiben, dass man die Anzahl der Polpunkte vermehrt oder, was auf dasselbe hinauskommt, mehrere schematische Magnete verbindet. Dies kann in manchen Fällen — ein solcher hat die vorliegenden Ausführungen veranlasst — auch deshalb von Wert sein, weil sich die Wirkung eines Poles (im Gegensatz zu der einer stetigen Raumerfüllung) sehr einfach mit jeder geforderten Genauigkeit berechnen lässt.
Results of magnetic observations made at the magnetic and meteorological observatory, Irkutsk, Asiatic Russia, 1916–1920
Authors: Schostakowitsch W. B. , Pödder A. I. 
Published: February 2008

The results given in Table 1 are based on the observations made by the Magnetic Division of the Observatory, at a site 26 km. from Irkutsk, in latitude 52° 27′.6 N, and longitude 104° 02′.3 East of Greenwich.For the photographic registration of the magnetic elements there were in use the Edelmann magnetograph, with eye‐reading telescopes, and the Eschenhagen magnetograph. The activity of the Division was normal until 1919; thereafter, difficulties were encountered owing to lack of photographic paper, lack of petroleum for the motor used in the generating plane for the magnetograph electric lights, and gradual reduction of personnel. In consequence of these adverse circumstances, the activity of the Division was necessarily decreased.
A differential method for deriving magnetometer deflection‐constants
Authors: Fisk H. W. , Duvall C. R. 
Published: February 2008

For the computation of the horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field from the observed angle of deflection of one magnet by a second in Lamont's first position a factor, intrinsically a function of the dimensions of the magnets employed, is required to correct for these finite dimensions. The so‐called “distribution‐coefficients” concerned in this factor are generally determined by means of a rather tedious computation depending on the data observed at three deflection‐distances. Theoretically the ratio of the sines (or the difference of the logarithmic sines) of the observed angles of deflection for any two distances is constant for a given instrument and pair of magnets; differential methods based on this theoretical condition are developed which simplify the computations required.The more exact form of the distribution‐factor, (1+Pr−2+Qr−4), is found to be less satisfactory in practice than the simpler form (1+P′r−2) for magnets which have been designed to make the value Q as small as possible (theoretically zero), on account of the greater sensitiveness to changes in the sine‐ratios of the factor containing both P and Q. The paper includes numerical examples and tabulations to show the application of the derived formulas to the determination of distribution‐coefficients, constants, and corrections on standard for a number of magnetic instruments of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.
Regarding abruptly‐beginning magnetic disturbances
Authors: Bauer Louis A. , Peters W. J. 
Published: February 2008

Several recent investigations have indicated that the Earth's magnetic field has an appreciable effect on the electric waves used in wireless telegraphy and that there is a distinct relationship between terrestrial magnetic disturbances and certain radio phenomena. In view of these facts and of an action taken at the Madrid meeting of the International Section of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity, last October, a preliminary investigation was made by the authors regarding the outstanding question as to the simultaneity, or non‐simultaneity, of abruptly‐beginning magnetic disturbances, the definite settlement of which is likely to have an important bearing on the theory of the Earth's magnetic storms and their connection with the phenomena of radiotelegraphy, noted above. The present preliminary communication is an extension of the first author's investigations of 1910.The present results apparently indicate that even with the aid of the magnetograms ordinarily obtained at magnetic observatories, appreciable differences in the absolute times of beginning of abrupt disturbances can be detected, which, on the average, increase with increasing magnetic latitude, the correlation coefficient being about 0.75. The average speed of progression, as derived from 30 abrupt disturbances, during periods of high and low sunspot activity, apparently would be 100 cm. per second, so that the uninterrupted progression of an average abrupt disturbance, from the magnetic equator to the magnetic pole, might take about 1.8 minutes. These results are regarded merely as a working hypothesis for further examination when more extensive data are available.
Declination results obtained at the time of the total solar eclipse, January 24, 1925, at Long's Corners, Ontario, Canada
Authors: French C. A. 
Published: February 2008

The accompanying declination results were obtained at the time of the total solar eclipse of January 24, 1925, at Long's Corners, near Hamilton, Ontario. In addition to the declination values, the following data are applicable to the station: Latitude, 43° 12′N; longitude, 79° 51′W; inclination, 74° 22′N; and horizontal intensity, 0.16140 C.G.S.The declination observations were carried out as nearly as possible according to the general scheme received from the Carnegie Institution of Washington (Department of Terrestrial Magnetism), just prior to the eclipse of 1925 and the more detailed scheme issued prior to the eclipse of September, 1922.
On the periodicity of magnetic storms at Irkutsk, Siberia
Authors: Pödder Arnold 
Published: February 2008

The following investigation is based on the hourly readings of the magnetometers (1887–1905) and on the measurements of the Edelmann magnetographs (1906–1919) at the Irkutsk Meteorological and Magnetical observatory.In Table 1 the number of magnetic storms, or of major disturbances, are tabulated according to months and years. In this connection, I have considered all the cases in which at least one of the following conditions for the range, or magnitude of the disturbance, is satisfied:D≧1°;H≧0.0500 C.G.S.;Z≧0.500 C.G.S.
Aurora, magnetic storms, and difficulties in radio reception, 1924–1925
Authors: Ulrich Franklin P. 
Published: February 2008

The program of work covered by the report consists of 3 parts, namely, (a) the observation of aurora at the Sitka Magnetic Observatory of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, (b) reports of aurora observed and difficulties in radio and cable reception from the various radio and cable stations throughout Alaska, and (c) comparison of these observations and reports with the elements of the Earth's magnetic field as recorded on the magnetograph at the Sitka Observatory, during the period covered by the report, August 1924 to May 1925. The cooperating stations were as follows: 11 of the U.S. Signal Corps cable stations, 13 of the U.S. Signal Corps radio stations, and 7 of the U.S. Navy radio stations.The several deductions based on the reports and observations for the period 1924–1925, together with a comparison of the deductions based on the corresponding data for 1923–1924, are summarized by the author as follows:
Summary of the chief magnetic results of the GJÖA Expedition, 1903–06
Authors: Russeltvedt Nils , Graarud Aage 
Published: February 2008

The following explanatory information may be given for Tables I–IX:On his way to Gjöahavn, Captain Roald Amundsen made magnetic observations at the two stations, Godhavn and Beechey Island. During the stay at Gjöahavn the immediate neighborhood of the base‐station was closely surveyed. The mean values of the magnetic elements at these stations (Nos. 1–13) will be found in Table VIII. Near the Magnetic North Pole, Amundsen observed at three stations, Nos. II, III and IV; however, the region between 69°N and 70°N is represented by but a single station, No. I. The geographic positions of the stations and of the Magnetic North Pole are shown m Figure 1.
Principal magnetic storms recorded at Antipolo, Rizal, near Manila, P.I., January to March 1926
Authors: Masó M. Saderra 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 14° 35′ 48′′N.; longitude 121° 10′ or 8h 04.m 7. of Greenwich.)Besides the above, miner disturbances occurred as follows: January 18 at 9h to January 19 at 4h; January 22 at 15h 37m to January 23 at midnight; February 17 at 15h 36m to February 18 at 5h; March 5 at 10h 10m to March 6 at noon; March 9 at 5h 26m to March 10 at 8h 30m; and March 11 at 0h to March 12 at 4h 40m.
Principal magnetic storms recorded at the Watheroo Magnetic Observatory for January to March, 1926
Authors: Johnston H. F. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude, 30° 19′.1S.; longitude, 115° 52′.6 or 7h 44m E. of Greenwich.)January 22–23 and January 26–29,1926.—Notes on these storms are given on pages 23 to 25 of the March 1926 number of this Journal.
Note on magnetic storms of January 26–27, and April 14–16, 1926, at Irkutsk (Zouy) Observatory
Authors: Pödder Arnold 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude, 12° 02′.7S.; longitude, 75° 20′.4, or 5h 01m.W. of Greenwich.)April 14, 1926.—A disturbance of considerable intensity began on April 14 at 14h 02m, with a sudden commencement. The horizontal intensity increased within six minutes of time by about 110γ. High values of H occurred at intervals until 20h with large fluctuations; within the next hour the force decreased greatly, the spot going beyond the limits of registration, remaining lost, except for brief periods, until 13h on April 15. A series of large fluctuations then brought the spot back to the paper, but the value remained low until the following day, when normal conditions were gradually resumed. The sudden commencement of this storm was also shown in the D and Z traces.
Études sur le Magnétisme Terrestre, 1877–1924, résumées par J.DE Moidrey, S.J.—Fascicule V
Authors: de Moidrey J. 
Published: February 2008

Un nouveau fascicule vient continuer celui dont compterendu a été donné dans le Journal Tan dernier, p. 24.La première Etude de cette fois a été plus particulièrement inspirée par différentes notes qui ont paru dans le Journal. C'est une revue détaillée de nos magnétogrammes de 1877 à 1924, au point de vue des marques qui sont dues ou ont pu être dues à des tremblements de terre. Les auteurs ne se sont pas limités au cas des macrosîsmes ni même à ceux où averti d'abord par les sismographes, l'observateur cherche si les magnétomètres ont aussi été agités. Tous les photogrammes ont été étudiés à la loupe avant aucun examen des sismogrammes. Il s'en est suivi une liste contenant des marques dont beaucoup sans doute n'ont rien de sismique. Mais nombre d'autres ont été relevées qui semblent dignes d'attention.
Earthquakes registered on the Lukiapang Magnetographs in 1925
Authors: de Moidrey J. 
Published: February 2008

The list of earthquakes contained in our last pamphlet (Études, XXIV) could not be kept in order without an amount of labor. Something like what is done at the Watheroo Magnetic Observatory would perhaps be acceptable. It is not yet time to give the epicenters, but we can supply the number of the Zikawei Bulletin and a calculated distance, also the phase which seems nearest.The type can be given according to what is said (Études XXIV, p. ii, §iv).
Computation of Fourier terms
Authors: Duvall C. R. 
Published: February 2008

The general Fourier term is expressed either by means of the amplitude cn, and phase‐angle ϕn, thus

urn:x-wiley:00968013:media:tma31209:tma31209-math-0001
or by means of the Fourier coefficients, an and bn, thus

urn:x-wiley:00968013:media:tma31209:tma31209-math-0002
It is customary to compute the ordinates of the terms at equally‐spaced intervals of the variable angle θ, and usually at the values of θ for which the observed ordinates are given. This computation may be made by either of the above two formulæ. The second, however, can be used to considerable advantage when the assumed zero‐angle of the analyzed ordinates coincides with the angle of one of the equally‐spaced ordinates to be computed. It is especially advantageous when this assumed zero‐angle is the actual zero‐angle of the desired ordinates, in which case a table of values of cos nθ and sin nθ may be constructed for values of θ at the required equidistant intervals, and for values of n from 1 up to the number of terms desired. Arrange cos nθ and sin nθ in parallel lines. If the first line is multiplied by an and the second by bn and the products written in parallel lines, the sum of two corresponding products will be the computed ordinate of the nth wave at the corresponding value of θ. In forming the products and sums, advantage is taken of the fact that each of the three lines is a sine curve repeated n times. The sum of corresponding computed ordinates of all the waves gives the computed ordinate of the sum curve corresponding to the observed ordinate at that value of θ.
Principal magnetic storms recorded at the Sitka Magnetic Observatory, April to September, 1927
Authors: Ulrich F. P. 
Published: February 2008

Two very large magnetic storms occurred during this quarter, July 21–22 and August 20–22.On July 21 from normal values and regular smooth curves at 19h 03m, D increased abruptly 18′, H increased 10γ, followed immediately by a sudden decrease of 90γ, and Z increased 4γ, followed by a sudden decrease of 36γ. The storm was moderate until 1h 55m July 22, when the elements began to move considerably. Although there was considerable movement of the spots a good record was secured except for a short period around 8h where the fast motion of the curves makes the interpolation rather uncertain. At 21h July 22 the curves are normal and almost smooth. This storm is peculiar because of the prolonged high values of H during the first half of the storm.
The magnetic and electric observations of the Maud Expedition during 1918 to 1925
Authors: Fisk H. W. , Fleming J. A. 
Published: February 2008

It is well recognized that the accumulation of additional reliable data in terrestrial magnetism and electricity in the polar regions is of first importance to the definite solution of unsolved problems both from the statistical and laboratory method of approach. The increased world‐wide interest in polar exploration evidenced, for example, by the rapidly‐developing plans of the International Society for the Exploration of the Arctic by Means of the Airship (Aeroarctic) and of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, besides the already crowing: importance of establishing air‐routes in these regions, emphasizes the value of intensive scientific effort.The possibilities of obtaining valuable data on polar expeditions despite the unusual and extreme conditions encountered as well as the handicap of limited personnel are well illustrated by the recently published admirable reports1 on the magnetic and electric observations of the Maud Expedition in the second part of Volume VI of the “Researches of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism.” These reports give the results and discussion of the data obtained through cooperation of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington with the Maud Expedition, organized and directed by Captain Roald Amundsen. The scientific work was in charge of Dr. H. U. Sverdrup throughout. Because of the interest of the results to the readers of the JOURNAL it is thought desirable to summarize briefly the operations of the Expedition.
Principal magnetic storms recorded at the Huancayo Magnetic Observatory, May to July, 1928
Authors: Ledig Paul G. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 12° 02′.7 S.; longitude 75° 20′.4 or 5h 01m.4 W. of Gr.)May 10–12, 1928—This prolonged magnetic disturbance, hardly severe enough to class as a storm, began suddenly in all three elements, the horizontal intensity increasing 71 gammas in six minutes. There were periods of quiet during the three days of disturbance, but the horizontal intensity was subnormal during the whole period, and the fluctuations were marked during the daily maximum.