bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Shoreline Seines with Fyke Nets for Sampling Littoral Fish Communities in Floodplain Lakes
Authors: Clark Sandra J. , Jackson John R. , Lochmann Steve E. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
We compared shoreline seines with fyke nets in terms of their ability to sample fish species in the littoral zone of 22 floodplain lakes of the White River, Arkansas. Lakes ranged in size from less than 0.5 to 51.0 ha. Most contained large amounts of coarse woody debris within the littoral zone, thus making seining in shallow areas difficult. We sampled large lakes (&gt;2 ha) using three fyke nets; small lakes (&lt;2 ha) were sampled using two fyke nets. Fyke nets were set for 24 h. Large lakes were sampled with an average of 11 seine hauls/lake and small lakes were sampled with an average of 3 seine hauls/lake, but exact shoreline seining effort varied among lakes depending on the amount of open shoreline. Fyke nets collected more fish and produced greater species richness and diversity measures than did seining. Species evenness was similar for the two gear types. Two species were unique to seine samples, whereas 13 species and 3 families were unique to fyke-net samples. Although fyke nets collected more fish and more species than did shoreline seines, neither gear collected all the species present in the littoral zone of floodplain lakes. These results confirm the need for a multiple-gear approach to fully characterize the littoral fish assemblages in floodplain lakes.
Influences on Brown Trout and Brook Trout Population Dynamics in a Michigan River
Authors: Zorn Troy G. , Nuhfer Andrew J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUnderstanding the influences of local and regional processes on the dynamics of self‐sustaining trout populations would help fishery biologists better manage trout populations and protect rivers supporting trout. We explored hypotheses behind long‐term temporal variation in density, growth, and survival of brown troutSalmo truttaand brook troutSalvelinus fontinalisusing data collected over several decades on Michigan's Au Sable River. Regression models developed for these species emphasized the influence of year‐class strength on older age‐classes, year‐class strength being positively related to spawner abundance for both species and negatively related to high spring streamflow conditions for brown trout. Age‐class density was also positively associated with high levels of large woody debris (LWD) in streams. Annual growth increments of brown trout and brook trout were often negatively related to increased age‐class density and LWD and positively affected by elevated total phosphorus levels, cool summers, and warm winters. Annual survival of trout from age 0 to age 4 was negatively related to intra‐ and interspecific age‐class density, and in three of seven models, positively associated with levels of LWD. Our findings emphasize the importance of year‐class strength to trout population dynamics as well as the need to include collection of regional‐ and local‐scale habitat data in studies of trout population dynamics.
Regional Synchrony of Brown Trout and Brook Trout Population Dynamics among Michigan Rivers
Authors: Zorn Troy G. , Nuhfer Andrew J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe ability to describe regional patterns in trout density would be useful for biologists concerned with population status across large regions as well as managers of rivers at the local scale. Noting the importance of flow conditions at the time of emergence to trout year‐class strength in Michigan streams and the influence of age‐0 trout abundance on subsequent abundance of older age‐classes, we assessed the potential for regional synchrony in the population dynamics of brown trout Salmo trutta and brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis among Michigan rivers. We used correlation analyses to look for regional synchrony in May stream discharge (approximating the time of brown trout fry emergence) and fall trout density among many Michigan trout streams. We found a high degree of synchrony in average May discharge among streams, particularly those in the northern portion of Michigan's Lower Peninsula. There were significant correlations in the long‐term densities of brown trout and brook trout year‐classes among several rivers in this area, including sites up to 140 km apart and rivers draining into different Great Lakes. Predicted numbers of days to 50% swim‐up of brown trout fry were similar among four streams and synchronous, further supporting the hypothesis of synchrony in trout population dynamics in Michigan streams at the regional scale. Long‐term trout population estimates and streamflow data collected from a network of long‐term index (fixed) sites throughout Michigan will aid in further description of the spatial extent of synchrony in trout populations.
Corporate Attorney-Client Privilege: Who Represents the Corporation?
Authors: Baum Ido 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The corporate lawyer-client privilege is increasingly controversial. Courts assert that the privilege promotes corporate compliance with the law as long as it is restricted to communications in furtherance of legal advice. This article assumes the privilege increases the probability that a corporation will escape liability. Courts can apply various tests to determine whether the agent who communicated with the corporate attorney can be defined as a representative of the corporation. The most restrictive test, the “control group” test, has been rejected by most American jurisdictions, but it has recently re-emerged in the United Kingdom. The author proposes that this test motivates corporations to restructure their optimal internal decision-making processes in order to “squeeze” into the privilege. When plaintiffs are uninformed about the internal organization of a corporate defendant, even corporations that cannot squeeze into the test have an incentive to mimic the behavior of privileged corporations, and consequently pursue socially harmful actions. These findings are supported by case law from control group jurisdictions.
Entry Deterrence in a Duopoly Market
Authors: Dana James D. , Spier Kathryn E. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
In a homogeneous good, Cournot duopoly model, entry may occur even when the potential entrant has no cost advantage and no independent access to distribution. By sinking its costs of production before negotiating with the incumbents, the entrant creates an externality that induces the incumbents to bid more aggressively for the distribution rights to its output. Each incumbent is willing to pay up to the incremental profit earned from the additional output plus the incremental loss avoided by keeping the output away from its rival. This implies that the incumbents are willing to pay up to the market price for each unit of available output. A sequential game in which the incumbents produce first is analyzed, and the conditions under which entry is deterred by incumbents' preemptive capacity expansions are derived.
Pyrrole thin films deposited on paper by pulsed RF plasma
Authors: Şahin Halil 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Attempts were made to plasma deposit an oriented π-conjugated polymer of pyrrole (Py) on paper surfaces in order to produce electrically conductive layers. The N/C atomic ratio of 0.13–0.24 was observed for all treatment conditions. This implies the nature of the deposition formed on the paper surface via pulsed plasma is different from that of pyrrole monomer. An increase in conductivity of all pyrrole-plasma treated papers was observed. The 50 W RF-power with 5 min plasma exposed paper sample shows 8.15 × 10−9 S·cm−1 conductivity. The conductivity measurements indicated a plasma-enhanced ring-opening reaction mechanism of pyrrole.
The steady-state compressibility of saturated fibre webs at low pressures
Authors: Vomhoff Hannes , Schmidt Armin 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The steady-state compressibility of water-saturated Experimental work webs was investigated under annlied mechanical nressures between 30 Pa and 42 kPa. The we'bs were made fro a mechanical pulp, and an unbleached and a bleached chemical pulp. For each of these pulps, the relationship between mechanical pressure and bulk could be described by a power-law relationship with an r2-value higher than 0.98.
Entwicklung der Finanzierung einer multifunktionalen Waldbewirtschaftung in den Forstbetrieben öffentlicher Waldeigentümer im schweizerischen Alpenraum | Development of Financing of a Multi-Functional Forest Management for Forest Enterprises of Publicly Owned Forest in the Alpine Region of Switzerland
Authors: Schmidhauser Albin , Schmithüsen Franz 
Published: May 2007

With the federal forestry legislation coming into force in 1993, a multi-functional forest management has been established as the fundamental objective of national forest policy in Switzerland. This modern concept was already developed with the beginning of the federal forest policy during the second half of the last century with the effect that forest enterprises already perform extensive activities in the service sector.
For publicly owned forest enterprises in the Alpine region the payment flows clearly show at which degree multi-functional management takes effect on the corresponding financing. Services provided by forest enterprises in the sectors of protection(safe-guarding) and well-being are not only financed by the profits obtained from wood production, but also by budget positions especially established for this purpose. Since the 1980s, the sectoral financing for providing services by the forest enterprises has at least partially contributed to the off-setting of the impact caused by unfavourable economic conditions in wood production.
Due to the on-going planning process for the realisation of co-ordinated regional or cantonal policies as well as inter-country developments within the realms of the Alpine convention,the basis for the financing of public forest enterprises based on multi-functional forest management will be even more strongly differentiated in coming years. Pilot projects carried out under the new financial equalisation system between the federal and cantonal governments suggest that multifunctional forest management will form a solid basis for the development and implementation of forest enterprises strategies. On the operational level it is necessary to develop and apply suitable instruments for cost and management control.
Naturnaher Waldbau: gestern, heute, morgen | Near-Natural Silviculture: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Schütz Jean-Philippe 
Published: May 2007

Semantically speaking, the term «near-natural» has found its way into the language because of a humanist approach to nature, namely, how nature relates to culture and mankind; this is in contrast to more fundamental ideologies where nature alone is the central focus.
The Swiss approach to this kind of silviculture, expounded by Schädelin and Leibundgut, has been a recognised school of thought in Switzerland for over 70 years. It advocates an all-encompassing outlook on forest management, and is a more comprehensive method than being restricted by one particular silvicultural technique. It is a liberal, pragmatic form of forest utilisation, which promotes not only renewal on a tree-by-tree basis (plentering), but also the renewal and growth of trees in discrete generations using progressive group felling; all this with the same goal in mind, that is, the creation of structured mixed forest.
The following six principles characterise this approach: use of local yield potential; silvicultural intervention combining timber use and tending goals; continual renewal; maximising the use of mixed tree populations; use of natural regeneration; and a liberal felling policy. The procedure is characterised by the liberal felling policy, which can be used on a per-situation basis to decide which felling technique should be used.
Near-natural silviculture is a direct response to new demands which consider the forest as having its own living space. However,the main challenge for Swiss forestry today lies more in resolving its economic problems rather than improving its proximity to nature. Liberalisation of trade has placed the viability of wood production in a precarious situation. Future silviculture must be more cost-efficient, and must be based on biological rationalisation. This requires a fundamental shift in silviculture towards a less intrusive policy which relies more on natural automation than in the past. It must also focus on individual trees and situative interventions, rather than focusing on a stand scale; this allows varying development potential of individual trees to be taken into consideration. In summary, real multipurpose use calls for flexible solutions, which can integrate silvicultural interventions on a much more varied scale than in the past.
On sliding mode observers for systems with unknown inputs
Authors: Floquet T. , Edwards C. , Spurgeon S. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper considers the problem of designing an observer for a linear system subject to unknown inputs. This problem has been extensively studied in the literature with respect to both linear and nonlinear (sliding mode) observers. Necessary and sufficient conditions to enable a linear unknown input observer to be designed have been established for many years. One way to express these conditions is that the transfer function matrix between the unknown input and the measured output must be minimum phase and relative degree one. Identical conditions must be met in order to design a ‘classical’ sliding mode
observer for the same problem. This paper shows how the relative degree condition can be weakened if a classical sliding mode observer is combined with sliding mode exact differentiators to essentially generate additional independent output signals from the available measurements. A practical example dedicated to actuator fault detection and identification of a winding machine demonstrates the efficacy of the approach. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Workers' compensation experiences of computer users with musculoskeletal disorders
Authors: Fang Shona , Dropkin Jonathan , Herbert Robin , Triola Dushana , Landsbergis Paul 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackgroundComputer‐related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are of concern as computer use continues to increase. While MSDs are among the most disabling conditions in the United States, the workers' compensation (WC) experiences of individuals with these occupational disorders are not well described.MethodsWe conducted a study among 149 adults with work‐related MSDs of the neck, upper back, or upper extremity related to computer use. Questionnaires were used to obtain information on subjective experiences with WC and economic issues.ResultsSeventy‐four percent filed for WC. Twenty‐five percent of all participants reported major financial difficulties after developing their MSD, though the majority filed for WC. Despite filing for WC, a large proportion relied partially on government, employer, or personal financial sources. Sixty‐two percent reported that overall satisfaction with the WC insurer was poor.ConclusionsFindings indicate that a majority of participants filed for WC. Despite filing for WC financial difficulties after developing their MSD were considerable. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:512–518, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Chemie unter höchsten Drücken: eine Herausforderung für die chemische Intuition
Authors: Grochala Wojciech , Hoffmann Roald , Feng Ji , Ashcroft Neil W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMithilfe von Diamantstempelzellen und Stoßwellentechniken ist es heute möglich, Materie unter Multimegabar‐Drücken (d. h. mehreren hundert GPa) zu studieren. In diesem Druckbereich sind die Eigenschaften von Materialien völlig anders als bei 1 atm (ca. 105 Pa). Um wie viel andersartig die Chemie bei hohen Drücken ist und welche Rolle die chemische Intuition für das Verständnis von Materie bei hohen Drücken spielen kann, wird in diesem Aufsatz untersucht. Wir werfen einen genauen Blick auf die hierarchische Abfolge struktureller Veränderungen, die im Zuge einer Dichtezunahme auftreten. Dazu gehören: a) Verdrängen des Van‐der‐Waals‐Raumes (bei Molekülkristallen); b) Erhöhung der Koordination; c) Verkürzung kovalenter Bindungen und Größenverkleinerung von Anionen; d) ein extremes Druckregime, in dem sich Elektronen von Atomen entfernen und neue Formen von Elektronenkorrelationen auftreten. Beispiele verblüffenden chemischen und physikalischen Verhaltens, das unter solchen extremen Bedingungen auftritt, wechseln sich in diesem Aufsatz ab mit qualitativen chemischen Überlegungen zu den beteiligten Bindungverhältnissen.
Phase separation of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) solutions and gels using a near infrared fiber laser
Authors: DeRosa Michael E. , DeRosa Rebecca L. , Noni Lisa M. , Hendrick Erin S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe used a tunable near infrared fiber laser in the wavelength range of 1533–1573 nm to induce photothermal phase changes in poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) aqueous solutions and hydrogels. The laser induces the hydrophilic to hydrophobic transition of the polymer by heating the surrounding water. We report our observations of the phase changes based on using a novel fiber backreflectance method coupled with visual cloud point measurements. At 1533 nm the phase transition was induced at the end of a single mode optical fiber with 9 mW of power at an ambient temperature of 24°C. We found that the power required to reach the lower critical solution temperature was inversely proportional to the absorption spectrum of water. In addition, phase changes in both solutions and gels occurred very rapidly (<1 s) as the laser was turned on and off. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Photoinitiation properties of heterocyclic hexaarylbiimidazoles with high UV‐vis absorbance
Authors: Shi Yongtao , Wang Baohu , Jiang Xuesong , Yin Jie , Kaji Makoto , Yori Hanako 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFour heterocyclic hexaarylbiimidazoles, BFuTM‐HABI, BThTM‐HABI, BCTFu‐HABI, and BCTTh‐HABI, were synthesized to improve the UV‐vis absorption properties of hexaarylbiimidazoles. UV‐vis spectra, fluorescence spectra, ESR measurements, photo‐dilatometer experiments, and photo‐DSC measurements indicate that BCTFu‐HABI and BCTTh‐HABI exhibit better UV‐vis absorption abilities and photoinitiation activities for acrylate derivatives with different functionalities than BFuTM‐HABI and BThTM‐HABI, respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Effect of low temperature plasma treatment on the electroless nickel plating of polyester fabric
Authors: Yuen C. W. M. , Jiang S. Q. , Kan C. W. , Tung W. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present study is performed with an objective to acquire a deeper understanding of the properties of nickel‐plated polyester fabric after conducing low temperature plasma (LTP) treatment. LTP treatment with oxygen and argon gases was employed to render a hydrophilic property of woven polyester fabrics and facilitate the absorption of a palladium catalyst to provide a catalytic surface for electroless nickel plating. The properties of LTP‐induced electroless nickel‐plated polyester fabrics were evaluated by various standard testing methods in terms of both physical and chemical performances. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Accelerated ageing versus realistic ageing in aerospace composite materials. III. The chemistry of thermal ageing in bismaleimide based composites
Authors: Dao B. , Hodgkin J. , Krstina J. , Mardel J. , Tian W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSamples of two Aerospace grade bismaleimide composites (Cytec Fiberite 5250‐4/IM7 and 5250‐4/RTM) were subject to long‐term (≈ 1‐year) thermal ageing in air at temperatures of 70, 120, 170, 200, and 250°C. The changes to the chemical and physicochemical structure of the composite were then analyzed by a range of different techniques, including gravimetric analysis, Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy, and dynamic mechanical analysis, to compare the effects of the different ageing temperatures and to see if much simpler and more fundamental testing techniques could provide more informative forecasting information than the standard mechanical testing methods. The results emphasize the strong variation in chemistry that takes place between the surface and the interior of the composite materials at all temperatures tested. The results also confirmed the significant variations in chemical and physicochemical ageing mechanisms (e.g. glass transition temperature, Tg) that occur between the more realistic ageing temperatures encountered “in service” (∼ 120°C) and the accelerated ageing conditions often used for ageing studies (>170°C). This article highlights the lack of agreement in scientific literature on the basic chemistry of bismaleimide cure. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Effect of viscoelasticity in the film‐blowing process
Authors: Beaulne Michel , Mitsoulis Evan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNumerical simulations have been undertaken for the film‐blowing process of viscoelastic fluids under different operating conditions. Viscoelasticity is described by an integral constitutive equation of the K‐BKZ type with a spectrum of relaxation times, which can fit the experimental data well for the shear and extensional viscosities and the normal stresses measured in shear flow. Nonisothermal conditions are considered by applying the Morland–Lee hypothesis, which incorporates the appropriate shift factor and pseudotime into the constitutive equation. The momentum and energy equations are expressed in the machine direction only by using a quasi‐one‐dimensional approach introduced earlier by Pearson and Petrie. The resulting system of differential equations is solved using the finite element method and the Newton‐Raphson iterative scheme. The method of solution was first checked against the Newtonian and Maxwell results for various film characteristics given earlier. The simulations are compared with available experimental data and previous simulations in terms of film shape, velocity, stresses, and temperature. The present results show that the existing modeling of force balances is inadequate for quantitative agreement with the experimental studies. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Crosslinked poly(octadecene‐alt‐maleic anhydride) copolymers as crude oil sorbers
Authors: Atta Ayman M. , El‐Hamouly Sabrnal H. , AlSabagh Ahmed M. , Gabr Moataz M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCrosslinked octadecene (OD) and maleic anhydride (MA) copolymer MA/OD (50 : 50 mol ratios) was prepared by condensation of the prepared linear copolymer with different glycols. Ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycols having different molecular weights were used as crosslinking agents. The crosslinked copolymers were evaluated for oil‐absorbency application. The effect of glycol type, composition; crosslinker wt % and type of oil on swelling properties of crosslinked polymers were studied through the oil absorption tests. The swelling parameters, such as the maximum oil absorbency (Qmax), characteristic oil sorbency (Q), characteristic swelling time (T), and swelling rate constant (k), were evaluated for the synthesized sorbers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007