bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular genetics of APUDomas
Authors: Decker Ruth A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIt is tempting to speculate that genetic studies of the human APUDomas, particularly those of a hereditary nature, may ultimately provide valuable clues to the molecular basis of malignant transformation in cells of all types, uncover the mechanisms responsible for tumor progression, and perhaps decipher the signals important in the differentiation of normal neural crest‐derived tissue. Generally, several strategies have been used in the genetic analysis of these tumors with success. These include (1) cytogenetic examination of recurring chromosomal abnormalities in hopes of pinpointing critical neighboring growth regulatory sequences important in tumor evolution, (2) identification of dominant acting oncogenes in tumor cells, (3) search for recessive inactivated suppressor genes that may regulate cell growth by analyzing tumors for loss of heterozygosity (LOH), and (4) genetic linkage studies of kindreds affected with familial APUDomas to identify and subsequently characterize the predisposition gene using a positional or functional cloning approach. The results of these strategies as they have been employed in the investigation of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM), the dysplastic nevus syndrome (DNS), and the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes are summarized.
Central and autonomic nervous system links to the APUD system (and their APUDomas)
Authors: Baylis Barry W. , Tranmer Bruce I. , Ohtaki Masafumi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe concept of the APUD system and the APUDomas associated with it has evolved significantly since Pearse's description in the 1960s. Part of this evolution has been an understanding of the relationships between the APUD system and the central and autonomic nervous systems. The APUD system now referred to as the diffuse neuroendocrine system, can be linked to the central nervous system and autonomic nervous system by genetics, embryology, cellular characteristics, anatomy, interaction of the systems, and the immune system. Awareness of these relationships may enable clinicians to better understand APUDomas and lead to better methods of detection of these tumours and their treatment.
Diagnostic advances in APUDomas and other endocrine tumors: Imaging and localization
Authors: McLeod Michael K. , Few Julius W. , Shapiro Brahm 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe different diagnostic imaging modalities available for determining the location of the various APUDomas are discussed with reference to their advantages and disadvantages. The ability to image these lesions, and to be confident in their role in the underlying pathophysiology, and clinical neuroendocrine syndrome causing symptomatology and illness, has proved to be the key to successful treatment. In many instances it is not the diagnosis that is in question, but it is the extent of disease, the location of the lesion, or whether the anatomical abnormality under study is responsible for the complicating symptoms being considered, that are the crucial questions. The ability to locate APUDomas by a variety of direct and indirect imaging or regionalizing modalities, represent a magnificent advance in the management of these tumors. It should, however, be kept in mind that no one modality or diagnostic method can uniformly be relied upon. It is evident that a multimodal, interactive medical team approach is essential to the successful overall management of patients afflicted with these fascinating tumors.
Supportive care of the paediatric cancer patient
Authors: Corbally Martin T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCytotoxic therapy for paediatric malignancy continues to be associated with significant mortality and morbidity. However, survival figures continue to improve despite increasingly toxic treatment protocols. Aggressive supportive care, more than any other modality, has produced a dramatic reduction in mortality during the past 30 years, and includes the appropriate management of infection, provision of adequate nutrition, and proper use of blood and blood products. The paediatric surgeon plays an integral role in the multidisciplinary team of cancer management and together with other team specialists is responsible for the planning of surgical intervention and also ensuring the safe passage of immunologically impaired patients through the additional stress of surgery. This paper details essential aspects of supportive care as commonly practiced in paediatric patients undergoing therapy and surgery.
Extremity rhabdomyosarcoma: Biological principles, staging, and treatment
Authors: Laquaglia Michael P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in childhood and adolescence with 20% of the primary tumors anatomically located on extremities. It is a complicated entity that requires careful planning and coordination between the surgical oncologist and other members of the therapeutic team for successful treatment. Even with the most effective regimens more than 50% of patients will die from progressive, usually distant disease. Further progress may require new therapeutic agents or techniques. The surgical oncologist is a necessary and often prominent member of the team. Elements of the biological behavior, histopathology, clinical staging, and treatment of extremity rhabdomyosarcomas occurring in children are discussed. In particular, the importance of the alveolar subtype in determination of prognostic risk as well as new findings regarding the molecular biologic determinants of phenotypic behavior are mentioned. Finally, innovative methods of local control like regional arterial perfusion and rapid intraoperative brachytherapy are addressed.
Bladder/prostate rhabdomyosarcoma: Results of the multi‐institutional trials of the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study
Authors: Hays Daniel M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) occurring in pelvic sites are almost entirely of the embryonal histologic subtype and are relatively responsive to chemotherapeutic agents. When treated by radical surgery, pelvic irradiation, and intensive chemotherapy for 2 years, survival rates of higher than 85% have been achieved. However, the effects of such therapeutic approaches have resulted in major changes in the quality of life of survivors, because of the loss of pelvic organs, primarily the bladder. Current efforts are directed towards achieving long range survival with procedures that are less extensive than pelvic exenteration or total cystectomy and by regimens that eliminate or reduce the intensity of radiotherapy. Until the past 5 years, these efforts have been relatively unsuccessful in both North America and Europe. However, the most recent studies of the IRS and European cooperative groups suggest that a majority of these patients can survive with intact pelvic organs when treated with currently available chemotherapeutic agents in conjunction with radiotherapy and limited surgery.
Management of hepatic epithelial malignancy in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Wheatley Jennifer M. , Laquaglia Michael P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis review addresses the management of epithelial liver tumors of childhood and adolescence (hepatoblastoma and hepatocellular carcinoma), which constitute approximately 90% of primary liver malignancy in this age group. The epidemiology, pathology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis are given in order to appreciate differences in biological behavior of these two neoplasms and the need for a distinct therapeutic approach to each.The multidisciplinary treatment of hepatoblastoma has become increasingly refined and long‐term survival can be expected in approximately 80% of patients. Where survival once depended solely on complete surgical resection, it is now also possible in patients with initially unresectable tumors due to effective cytoreductive chemotherapy. The problem of systemic relapse following complete surgical resection has been reduced although not eliminated by adjuvant chemotherapy programs. To date, the biological behavior of hepatocellular carcinoma prohibits complete resection in the majority of children and chemotherapy has not been effective. Early detection, development of new agents and techniques such as monoclonal antibodies and total hepatectomy with autologous transplantation in selected cases may offer hope for the future.
Mortality rates by stage‐at‐diagnosis
Authors: Clinton Kenneth 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMortality rates by stage‐at‐diagnosis are not possible from usual mortality data. Normally, mortality data are based solely on information provided on death certificates, and stage‐at‐diagnosis is not generally reported on these documents. However, mortality rates by stage are possible when one can link diagnostic data with mortality data. Population‐based cancer registries collect these types of data routinely in determining the survival of cancers in their registry. Thus, using cancer registry data, mortality rates by stage‐at‐diagnosis can be calculated. We report stage‐specific mortality rates for the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, representing 10% of the cancers in the U.S. for the four sites with the largest mortality rates for females and for males. For an individual site, the stage‐specific mortality rates allow one to determine how the different stages are contributing to the trends in all stage mortality. For example, distant disease mortality is the largest contributor to all stage cancer mortality for female and male lung cancer, female colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, prostatic cancer and male pancreatic cancer. In contrast, regional disease mortality is the largest contributor to all stage cancer mortality for breast cancer and male colorectal cancer. In addition, localized disease mortality is the second largest contributor to all stage mortality for breast cancer and prostate cancer. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a U.S. Government work, and, as such, is in the public domain in the United Statesof America
Figo stage, histology, histologic grade, age and race as prognostic factors in determining survival for cancers of the female gynecological system: An analysis of 1973‐87 SEER cases of cancers of the endometrium, cervix, ovary, vulva, and vagina
Authors: Kosary Carol L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe prognostic impact of FIGO stage, histology, histologic grade, age and race in survival for cancers of the female gynecological (cervix, endometrium, ovary, vulva, vagina) were examined using cases obtained from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program that were diagnosed between 1973 and 1987. Utilizing Cox proportional hazards modeling and relative survival rates analysis of 17,119 cases of cervical cancer indicated that the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, histology, histological grade, lymph node status, and age at diagnosis were all independently prognostic. No evidence was found of survival differences between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Younger women were not found to have a poorer prognosis, survival declined with increased age. Analysis of 41,120 cases of endometrial cancer indicated that FIGO stage, histology, histologic grade, lymph node status, age at diagnostic, and race were all prognostic factors. Clear cell adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, and mixed mullerian tumors were all found to have poorer prognosis. Analysis of 21,240 cases of ovarian cancer indicated that FIGO stage, histology, histologic grade, lymph node status, age at diagnosis, presence of ascites, and race were all prognostically significant. Analysis of 2,575 cases of vulvar cancer indicated that FIGO stage, histology, histologic grade, age, and race were all prognostically significant. Analysis of 916 cases of vaginal cancer indicated that FIGO stage, histologic grade, lymph node status, and age are all prognostically significant. Additional analysis of the data by combinations of independent prognostic factors indicates that the interaction of factors may be more predictive of outcome than any one factor separately. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a U.S. Government work, and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Staging of bladder cancer
Authors: Gospodarowicz Mary K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe definitive diagnosis of bladder cancer is established at cystoscopic examination and confirmed by means of a transurethral biopsy. A careful bimanual palpation of the bladder under anesthesia is an integral part of the initial assessment of each patient. The most important part of the assessment of patients with bladder cancer is a thorough pathologic examination of the biopsy material establishing the histo‐logic type of tumor, histologic grade, tumor configuration, depth of invasion of the bladder wall, and depth of the bladder wall available for assessment. If possible, the size of the tumor and the presence of associated carcinoma in situ should also be reported. Imaging studies play a smaller role in the clinical staging of bladder cancer. However, when initial staging procedures point to invasion of the muscularis propria, chest X‐ray, bone scan, and computed tomography scan of the abdomen and pelvis may provide valuable information about possible metastases. Whereas the clinical staging is essential to select and evaluate therapy, the pathologic stage (pTNM) provides the most precise data with which to estimate prognosis and calculate end results. The pathologic assessment entails resection of the primary tumor or a biopsy adequate to evaluate the highest pT category, removal of lymph nodes adequate to validate the absence of regional lymph node metastasis, as well as biopsy and microscopic examination for assessment of distant metastases. Although numerous factors have an impact on the behaviour of the malignancy, in bladder cancer the anatomic extent of disease reflected in the current staging classification remains the most powerful indicator of outcome. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of p185erbb2 and p21ras in carcinoma, dysplasia, and intestinal metaplasia of the stomach: An immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study
Authors: Li Jiyou , Zhao Ailian , Lu Youyong , Wang Ying 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe expression of p185erbB2 and p21ras was determined immunohisto‐chemically in normal mucosa, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia and in intestinal and diffuse type carcinoma of the stomach. The positive rates of p185erbB2 and p21ras in intestinal type were significantly higher than those of diffuse‐type carcinoma. The results indicate that there are differences not only in clinical and biologic features, but also in molecular abnormalities between the two types of stomach cancer. Positive staining of cell membrane for p185erbB2 was observed specifically in intestinal type cancer, but not in the other lesions. Positive expression of p185erbB2 on the cell membrane appears to be a useful marker in identification of malignant change of gastric mucosa, as well as a late event of gastrocarcinogenesis. The results of in situ hybridization analysis in cancer tissues were consistent with those obtained by immunohistochemistry and demonstrated amplification of erbB2 gene at the mRNA level. No significant difference of p21ras expression was found among intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and intestinal type carcinoma; therefore, it might not be a specific marker of malignancy in gastric mucosa. Expression of p21ras may be an early event in the development of lesions predisposing to carcinoma. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognostic value of depth and pattern of stomach wall invasion in patients with an advanced gastric carcinoma
Authors: Haraguchi Masaru , Yamamoto Manabu , Saito Atsushi , Kakeji Yoshihiro , Orita Hiroyuki , Korenaga Daisuke , Sugimachi Keizo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe reviewed data on 467 patients with advanced gastric carcinoma, taking into consideration tumor size, shape and depth of invasion, and growth pattern, either expanding or infiltrative. Three patterns of penetration were identified: i.e., funnel, column, and mountain patterns. The funnel pattern was predominant in tumors extending into the muscularis propria (pm) or subserosa (ss), and were more widely distributed than the column pattern. The majority of the column type tumors were less than 8 cm in pm or ss, and the mountain type was found in only one case in ss, but their size was widely distributed once cancer cells penetrated the serosa. Patients with the funnel type had a better prognosis than the column or the mountain type, and the difference was significant when cancer invasion extended to the serosa. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of P‐glycoprotein influences resistance against anthracyclines in clinical gastric carcinomas
Authors: Orita Hiroyuki , Maehara Yoshihiko , Anai Hideaki , Baba Hideo , Kusumoto Hiroki , Korenaga Daisuke , Sugimachi Keizo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn 58 human gastric cancers, the expression of P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) was evaluated immunohistochemically and chemosensitivity was determined using the in vitro succinate dehydrogenase inhibition (SDI) test. Tumors which contained over 75% stained cells were scored as positive, and 14 of 58 cases (24%) were positive. There was no significant correlation between P‐gp expression and clinicopathologic features. The succinate dehydrogenase (SD) activity for each drug of P‐gp positive and negative tumors was as follows: 81.8 ± 15.2% vs. 66.3 ± 16.1% for Adriamycin (ADM), 75.5 ± 14.2% vs. 59.1 ± 17.6% for aclacinomycin A (ACR), 71.7 ± 15.0% vs. 61.1 ± 14.0% for mitomycin C (MMC), and 57.5 ± 18.4% vs. 47.0 ± 16.7% for cisplatin (CDDP). The increase in SD activity was evident in P‐gp positive tumors compared with negative ones in cases of ADM (P = 0.0044), ACR (P = 0.0105), and MMC (P = 0.0353). We suggested that P‐gp expression is closely related to chemosensitivities of human gastric cancers to anthracyclines. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical value of SDI test for predicting effect of postoperative chemotherapy for patients with gastric cancer
Authors: Baba Hideo , Takeuchi Hideya , Inutsuka Sadaaki , Yamamoto Manabu , Endo Kazuya , Ohno Shinji , Maehara Yoshihiko , Sugimachi Keizo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe retrospectively evaluated the clinical usefulness of the succinate dehydrogenase inhibition (SDI) test as a chemosensitivity test, using 168 resected specimens of gastric cancer, with special reference to the correlation between the results of the SDI test and clinical effects of the corresponding chemotherapy. The rate of sensitivity of these tissues to DDP, CQ, ACR, MMC, ADM, and 5‐FU were 63.5%, 54.2%, 47.4%, 42.9%, 31.4%, and 10.8%, respectively. Survival rates for patients with a positive chemosensitivity to MMC and postoperatively prescribed more than 20 mg of MMC were significantly better than those without sensitivity to MMC, even when treated with MMC, although no statistical differences existed in clinicopathologic factors between the two groups. We conclude that the SDI test for human gastric cancer is a rapid, reliable, and useful assay to determine the compatibility between the results of assay and the clinical effects of corresponding chemotherapy. We propose that the regimen of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy be tailored according to results of the SDI test, using tissues resected from individual patients. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aspirin and the prevention of colorectal cancer: A review of the evidence
Authors: Paganini‐Hill Annlia 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn all but one of seven recent epidemiologic case‐control and cohort studies directly examining the association between aspirin and colorectal cancer and polyps, regular aspirin use reduced the risk of these diseases by about half. Although these studies show a biologically plausible relationship between aspirin and colorectal cancer, information regarding dose and duration and risk change after discontinuation of aspirin is limited and contradictory. Additionally, selection bias, recall bias, and confounding cannot be completed discounted. The one randomized trial of aspirin and placebo showed that aspirin at a dose adequate for preventing myocardial infarction (325 mg every other day) did not reduce colorectal cancer incidence during five years of randomized treatment and follow‐up. Further studies need to determine the biologic effects of aspirin, the minimum dose required, and whether other factors, such as age, illnesses, and reasons for aspirin use, modify or confound colorectal cancer development. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is there a role for clinical prognostic factors in staging patients with colorectal cancer?
Authors: Nathanson S. David 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe clinician treating colorectal cancer (CRC) should be able to predict which patients will live and which will die from their tumor. Many prognostic variables, significant in retrospective analyses, are never formally used in staging. The resultant imperfection of clinical predictions of survival are probably directly related to the relative inaccuracy of the staging system, a system inevitably dependent entirely on pathologic criteria. Potentially valuable clinical variables, sometimes associated with better or worse outcome despite the pathologic stage of disease, could improve the accuracy of prediction. Evolution to better clinico‐pathologic staging systems would also help to better stratify patients in prospective randomized trials of new adjuvant therapeutic modalities. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nutritional assessment and the role of preoperative parenteral nutrition in the colon cancer patient
Authors: Vitello Joseph M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHospital‐based malnutrition is prevalent, especially among patients with gastrointestinal malignancy. Colorectal cancers produce malnutrition through impairment of gastrointestinal function and the liberation of cytokines. Malnourished patients who undergo operation have an increased likelihood of perioperative morbidity and mortality. The performance of a nutritional assessment will aid in the recognition of such patients and provide a risk assessment profile. Preoperative parenteral nutrition is a major expense and delays surgical intervention. Studies to document the efficacy of preoperative parenteral nutrition suffer from design flaws and small sample sizes. Studies that exclusively address patients with cancer of the colon and rectum are absent; therefore results must be extrapolated from the existing literature. Cumulative evidence suggests that a 7‐10 day period of parenteral nutrition repletion in the severely malnourished patient will diminish the incidence of postoperative septic complications and mortality. The preoperative treatment of lesser degrees of malnutrition remain controversial. Once the decision has been made to institute preoperative parenteral alimentation, attention to the details of protein requirements and caloric needs should be stressed. The endpoint of therapy is poorly defined. The role of glutamine, arginine, omega‐3 fatty acids, and growth hormone in the preoperative repletion process provide an exciting arena for future research. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.