bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of a low‐band‐gap polymer consisting of alternating thiophene and benzothiadiazole derivatives for bulk‐heterojunction and dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Shin Won Suk , Kim Sung Chul , Lee Seung‐Joon , Jeon Han‐Su , Kim Mi‐Kyoung , Naidu B. Vijaya Kumar , Jin Sung‐Ho , Lee Jin‐Kook , Lee Jae Wook , Gal Yeong‐Soon 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe synthesized a novel low‐band‐gap, conjugated polymer, poly[4,7‐bis(3′,3′‐diheptyl‐3,4‐propylenedioxythienyl)‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole] [poly(heptyl4‐PTBT)], consisting of alternating electron‐rich, diheptyl‐substituted propylene dioxythiophene and electron‐deficient 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole units, and its photovoltaic properties were investigated. A thin film of poly(heptyl4‐PTBT) exhibited an optical band gap of 1.55 eV. A bulk‐heterojunction solar cell with indium tin oxide/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(heptyl4‐PTBT): methanofullerene [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) (1:4)/LiF/Al was fabricated with poly(heptyl4‐PTBT) as an electron donor and PCBM as an electron acceptor and showed an open‐circuit voltage, short‐circuit current density, and power conversion efficiency of 0.37 V, 3.15 mA/cm2, and 0.35% under air mass 1.5 (AM1.5G) illumination (100 mW/cm2), respectively. A solid‐state, dye‐sensitized solar cell with a SnO2:F/TiO2/N3 dye/poly(heptyl4‐PTBT)/Pt device was fabricated with poly(heptyl4‐PTBT) as a hole‐transport material. This device exhibited a high power conversion efficiency of 3.1%, which is the highest power conversion efficiency value with hole‐transport materials in dye‐sensitized solar cells to date. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1394–1402, 2007
Fragmentation study of iridoid glucosides through positive and negative electrospray ionization, collision‐induced dissociation and tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Es‐Safi Nour‐Eddine , Kerhoas Lucien , Ducrot Paul‐Henri 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMass spectrometric methodology based on the combined use of positive and negative electrospray ionization, collision‐induced dissociation (CID) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has been applied to the mass spectral study of a series of six naturally occurring iridoids through in‐source fragmentation of the protonated [M+H]+, deprotonated [MH]− and sodiated [M+Na]+ ions. This led to the unambiguous determination of the molecular masses of the studied compounds and allowed CID spectra of the molecular ions to be obtained. Valuable structural information regarding the nature of both the glycoside and the aglycone moiety was thus obtained. Glycosidic cleavage and ring cleavages of both aglycone and sugar moieties were the major fragmentation pathways observed during CID, where the losses of small molecules, the cinnamoyl and the cinnamate parts were also observed. The formation of the ionized aglycones, sugars and their product ions was thus obtained giving information on their basic skeleton. The protonated, i.e. [M+H]+ and deprotonated [MH]−, ions were found to fragment mainly by glycosidic cleavages. MS/MS spectra of the [M+Na]+ ions gave complementary information for the structural characterization of the studied compounds. Unlike the dissociation of protonated molecular ions, that of sodiated molecules also provided sodiated sugar fragments where the C fragment corresponding to the glucose ion was obtained as base peak for all the studied compounds. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Online aerosol mass spectrometry of single micrometer‐sized particles containing poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Bogan Michael J. , Patton Elizabeth , Srivastava Abneesh , Martin Sue , Fergenson David P. , Steele Paul T. , Tobias Herbert J. , Gard Eric E. , Frank Matthias 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe analysis of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐containing particles by online single particle aerosol mass spectrometers equipped with laser desorption/ionization (LDI) is reported. We demonstrate that PEG‐containing particles are useful in the development of aerosol mass spectrometers because of their ease of preparation, low cost, and inherently recognizable mass spectra. Solutions containing millimolar quantities of PEGs were nebulized and, after drying, the resultant micrometer‐sized PEG‐containing particles were sampled. LDI (266 nm) of particles containing NaCl and PEG molecules of average molecular weight <500 Da generated mass spectra reminiscent of mass spectra of PEG collected by other mass spectrometer platforms including the characteristic distribution of positive ions (Na+ adducts) separated by the 44 m/z units of the ethylene oxide units separating each degree of polymerization. PEGs of average molecular weight >500 Da were detected from particles that also contained the tripeptide tyrosine‐tyrosine‐tyrosine or 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, which were added to nebulized solutions to act as matrices to assist LDI using pulsed 266 nm and 355 nm lasers, respectively. Experiments were performed on two aerosol mass spectrometers, one reflectron and one linear, that each utilize two time‐of‐flight mass analyzers to detect positive and negative ions created from a single particle. PEG‐containing particles are currently being employed in the optimization of our bioaerosol mass spectrometers for the application of measurements of complex biological samples, including human effluents, and we recommend that the same strategies will be of great utility to the development of any online aerosol LDI mass spectrometer platform. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐pressure Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: Tip Reactions
Authors: Weeks Brandon L. , Zhang Gengxin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractScanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is an ideal tool to image conducting and semiconducting surfaces with atomic resolution. The technique provides high‐resolution images in vacuum or even high‐pressure environments. Since STM can be operated at elevated pressures and temperatures, images can be collected in situ under catalytic conditions. In this work, we demonstrate that artifacts can be observed when imaging in situ since reactions can occur on the tip, and care should be taken when analyzing the data obtained. SCANNING 29: 5–10, 2007. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variation in demographic and fine‐scale genetic structure with population‐history stage of Hemerocallis taeanensis (Liliaceae) across the landscape
Authors: Chung Mi Yoon 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFine‐scale genetic structure (FSGS) in plant populations is expected to be influenced by variation in demographic processes across space and over time. I chose Hemerocallis taeanensis (Liliaceae), a perennial herb with a rapid population turnover, to quantify how demographic structure and FSGS change with a population's history (i.e., density). Nonaccumulative O‐ring statistic and spatial autocorrelation analysis (kinship coefficient, Fij) were used to quantify spatial patterns of individuals and FSGS in four populations belonging to two population stages (expansion and maturation) in west‐central Korea. The O‐ring function revealed that significant aggregation of individuals occurs at short spatial scales during the earlier stage of population expansion, which reflects restricted seed dispersal around maternal individuals. However, this pattern disappears as the population density increases during population maturation, probably due to a high population density. Significant evidence of FSGS was found in two populations at the stage of population expansion (Sp, a statistic which describes the rate of decrease of pairwise kinship with distance, was 0.018 and 0.029). The results show that most seeds fall around maternal plants when initially established colonists proliferate at suitable microhabitats. In contrast to this, much lower Sp values (−0.003 and 0.004) were estimated for two populations at the stage of population maturation, which may result from the overlapping of seed shadows due to high adult density. All of these results demonstrate considerable variation in within‐population demographic and genetic structures of H. taeanensis with respect to population temporal stage across the landscape.
Fatty Acids in Vernonia Produced in the Mid‐Atlantic Region of the United States
Authors: Bhardwaj H. L. , Hamama A. A. , Dierig D. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractVernonia galamensis [(Cass.) Less.] is a native of Ethiopia and Eritrea. Seed of vernonia contain substantial quantities of naturally epoxidized oil, which is used in the paint industry to reduce emissions of volatile organic compounds that produce smog resulting from the use of petroleum‐based (alkyd‐resin) paint. Epoxidized oil is also used in the manufacture of plasticizers, additives to polyvinyl chloride, polymer blends and coatings, and cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications. Previous research has indicated that vernonia has potential for commercialization in the mid‐Atlantic region of the United States. This study characterized fatty acids in oil from vernonia grown in this latter region. Vernonia oil, from 14 vernonia lines grown during 1995 and 1996 under field conditions in Virginia, contained 3.3, 3.0, 5.0, 15.0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.4, and 72.7%, respectively, of C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2, C18:3, C20:0, C20:1, and vernolic (C18:1 epoxy) fatty acids. Effects of genotypes on vernonia oil quality were generally not significant whereas the effects of years were significant. The concentration of vernolic acid was positively correlated with oil concentration but negatively correlated with concentrations of all individual fatty acids, except for C18:3.
Prevalence of infection and 18S rRNA gene sequences ofCytauxzoonspecies in Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) in Spain
Authors: MILLÁN J. , NARANJO V. , RODRÍGUEZ A. , DE LA LASTRA J. M. PÉREZ , MANGOLD A. J. , DE LA FUENTE J. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYThe Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) is the most endangered felid in the world. Only about 160 individuals remain in 2 separate metapopulations in Southern Spain (Sierra Morena and Doñana). We obtained blood samples of 20 lynxes captured from 2004 to 2006, and determined the prevalence of infection and genetic diversity ofCytauxzoonspp. using 18S rRNA PCR and sequence analysis. Prevalence of infection was 15% (3 of 20).Cytauxzoonsp. was only detected in Sierra Morena. For phylogenetic analysis, we used the sequences reported in the present study and those characterized in different domestic and wild felids and ticks from North and South America, Asia and Europe. Three differentCytauxzoonsp. sequences were obtained. They were closely related to that obtained from a Spanish cat, but diverged in up to 1·0% with respect to the only previously reported sequence from an Iberian lynx. Conversely, the latter sequence clustered together withC. manulsequences obtained from Pallas cats (Otocolobus manul) in Mongolia. Our analysis yields a separate cluster ofC. felissequences from cats, wild felids and ticks in the United States and Brazil. These results suggest that at least 2 differentCytauxzoonspp. may be present in Iberian lynx. The apparent absence in one of the areas, together with the possibility of fatal cytauxzoonosis in lynxes makes necessary disease risks to be taken into account in management conservation strategies, such as translocations and re-introductions.
Cryptic species ofDidymobothrium rudolphii(Cestoda: Spathebothriidea) from the sand sole,Solea lascaris, off the Portuguese coast, with an analysis of their molecules, morphology, ultrastructure and phylogeny
Authors: MARQUES J. F. , SANTOS M. J. , GIBSON D. I. , CABRAL H. N. , OLSON P. D. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYDidymobothrium rudolphii(Cestoda: Spathebothriidea) was collected seasonally from the sand sole,Solea lascaris, off the northern, central and southern areas of the Portuguese coast. Morphological and molecular analyses were conducted in order to examine the possible existence of cryptic species and to facilitate the circumscription of their morphological boundaries. Data were compared betweenD. rudolphiispecimens from each of the 3 geographical areas and 4 seasons, and principal components analysis of 18 morphological characters was used to detect differences. Two distinct genotypes were present with sequence divergences of 1·9% and 2·1% in the large subunit (lsrDNA) and second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of ribosomal DNA (rDNA), respectively. The less common ‘central’ genotype was present only off the central area from summer to winter, whereas the ‘common’ genotype was present throughout the year off the northern and southern areas, but only during spring in the central area. No sequence variation was found within each genotype. The presence of 2 distinct genetic entities was supported by morphological analyses, which showed the ‘central’ genotype specimens to be more slender and elongate, although morphometric ranges overlapped considerably for most characters. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of 4 of the 5 known genera of the Spathebothriidea showedSpathebothriumto be the earliest branching lineage and the 2 genotypes ofDidymobothriumformed a sister group toCyathocephalus. The concordance of genetic differences with variation in host diet according to season and locality could account for sympatric speciation occurring in the central region of the Portuguese coast.
Comparison of children's diets as reported by the child via the Youth/Adolescent Questionnaire and the parent via the Willett food-frequency questionnaire
Authors: Lamb Molly M , Ross Colleen A , Brady Heather L , Norris Jill M 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectiveA comparison of a parent-completed Willett food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and a self-completed Youth/Adolescent Questionnaire (YAQ) has not yet been conducted.SettingIn the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY), parents report their child's diet on the FFQ annually from birth until age 10 years, when the child begins to report their own diet using the YAQ.SubjectsTo determine the comparability of these collection methods, 89 children aged 10–17 years and their parents completed the YAQ and FFQ, respectively, for the child's previous year's diet.DesignWe compared reported intakes for energy, the macronutrients and a variety of micronutrients of interest to the DAISY study.ResultsBland–Altman plots of energy-adjusted differences between questionnaire responses against their means suggested that the two collection methods gave similar results. The average Spearman correlation coefficient of all energy-adjusted nutrient intakes was 0.50, and did not differ significantly by gender (males, r = 0.48; females, r = 0.46) or age (10–11 years, r = 0.49; 12–17 years, r = 0.51). While correlated, the nutrient values from the FFQ were higher than the nutrient values from the YAQ.ConclusionsWhile reported nutrient intakes are correlated, an indicator variable defining which survey method a nutrient was collected with should be included in any longitudinal data analyses examining nutrient intakes collected with the YAQ and the FFQ as independent predictors of a disease outcome.
Hand Hygiene Practices After Brief Encounters With Patients: An Important Opportunity for Prevention
Authors: Dedrick Rebecca E. , Sinkowitz-Cochran Ronda L. , Cunningham Candace , Muder Robert R. , Perreiah Peter , Cardo Denise M. , Jernigan John A. 
Published: February 2007

Objective.To identify characteristics of encounters between healthcare workers (HCWs) and patients that correlated with hand hygiene adherence among HCWs.Design.Observational study.Setting.Intensive care unit in a Veterans Affairs hospital.Participants.HCWs.Results.There were 767 patient encounters observed (48.6% involved nurses, 20.6% involved physicians, and 30.8% involved other HCWs); 39.8% of encounters involved patients placed under contact precautions. HCW contact with either the patient or surfaces in the patient's environment occurred during all encounters; direct patient contact occurred during 439 encounters (57.4%), and contact with environmental surfaces occurred during 710 encounters (92.6%). The median duration of encounters was 2 minutes (range, <1 to 51 minutes); 33.6% of encounters lasted 1 minute or less, with no significant occupation-associated differences in the median duration of encounters. Adherence with hand hygiene practices was correlated with the duration of the encounter, with overall adherences of 30.0% after encounters of ≤1 minute, 43.4% after encounters of >1 to ≤2 minutes, 51.1% after encounters of >3 to ≤5 minutes, and 64.9% after encounters of >5 minutes (P < .001 by the x2 for trend). In multivariate analyses, longer encounter duration, contact precautions status, patient contact, and nursing occupation were independently associated with adherence to hand hygiene recommendations.Conclusions.In this study, adherence to hand hygiene practices was lowest after brief patient encounters (ie, <2 minutes). Brief encounters accounted for a substantial proportion of all observed encounters, and opportunities for hand contamination occurred during all brief encounters. Therefore, improving adherence after brief encounters may have an important overall impact on the transmission of healthcare-associated pathogens and may deserve special emphasis in the design of programs to promote adherence to hand hygiene practices.
Compliance With Routine Use of Gowns by Healthcare Workers (HCWs) and Non-HCW Visitors on Entry Into the Rooms of Patients Under Contact Precautions
Authors: Manian Farrin A. , Ponzillo John J. 
Published: February 2007

Background.Modified contact precautions (MCP), defined as routine donning of isolation gowns (along with routine gloving) on entry into the rooms of patients under contact precautions, regardless of the likelihood of direct exposure to the patient or their immediate environment, were instituted at our medical center to reduce nosocomial transmission of common hospital pathogens.Objectives.To study compliance with MCP policy regarding routine gowning in intensive care units (ICUs) and general wards and to determine the relationship between gown and glove use in the care of patients under MCP in ICUs.Design.Prospective observational study from February 20, 2004, through January 8, 2005, involving 2,110 persons (1,504 healthcare workers [HCWs] and 606 non-HCW visitors).Setting.A 900-bed tertiary care teaching community hospital.Results.Overall compliance with routine gown use was observed for 1,542 persons (73%), including 1,150 HCWs (76%) and 392 visitors (65%) (odds ratio [OR], 1.8 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.4-2.2]; P < .001). Visitors in the ICUs (186 [91%] of 204) were more likely than visitors in the general wards (202 [51%] of 398) to comply with gown use (OR, 10 [95% CI, 6.0-17.0]; P < .001). In logistic regression analysis, independent predictors of gown compliance among HCWs were female sex (OR, 2.3 [95% CI, 1.8-3.0]; P < .001) and ICU setting (OR, 2.2 [95% CI, 1.7-2.9]; P < .001). In the ICUs, gown use was highly predictive of glove use among HCWs (positive predictive value, 95%).Conclusion.Improvement in compliance with gown use at our medical center will require more-intensive educational efforts targeted at male HCWs and at HCWs and visitors on general wards. In the care of ICU patients under MCP, HCW compliance with gown use may be used as a proxy for their compliance with glove use.
Health information for the consumer: NHS vs the BBC
Authors: Huntington Paul , Nicholas David , Jamali Hamid R. , Russell Chris 
Published: February 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate of the results of a survey which asked people where they went online for their health information, why and what success they had. The prime purpose of the questionnaire was to obtain information on the audience for health information web sites and to obtain feedback as to what they used online health sites for. The focus was on two major publicly funded health internet sites: NHS Direct Online and the BBC web site.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey was carried out with a population of internet users in the UK in the winter of 2004, yielding a sample of nearly 1,000 (923) people and a response rate of 4.4 per cent was achieved.FindingsThe survey identified that indeed both sites were well used although their users were very different in terms of how they arrived at each site and in terms of what they were looking for. Outcomes resulting from using the sites are discussed and compared. Though outcomes differed between NHS Direct Online and the BBC the data suggest that the national sites were not meeting the demanding information needs of some users.Originality/valueIt is the first time that two publicly funded national sites that aim to provide the UK population with health information are compared.
HACCP implementation in northern Greece
Authors: Semos Anastasios , Kontogeorgos Achilleas 
Published: February 2007

PurposeThis paper seeks to report the perceptions of costs and benefits of the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) implementation, according to the level of HACCP implementation and operation, for the Greek food industry.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire was developed to identify the costs and benefits of HACCP implementation. Data were collected among 91 companies located in northern Greece. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS – Release 12.0.0, September 2003, for Windows) was used for the data analysis.FindingsThe results indicate that the major difficulties encountered during HACCP implementation and operation were associated with two factors: staff training and motivation and production flexibility. The reported benefits derived from HACCP implementation operation were ascribed to three factors: clientele benefits, product improvements, and improvements in production procedures. In addition, the survey revealed that there was a significant variation in the cost of implementing and operating HACCP between individual companies. Moreover, in most cases, both HACCP implementation and operation cost were inaccurately estimated by previous budgeting.Originality/valueIt is certain that a good understanding of the costs and benefits associated with the HACCP implementation and operation can be helpful to food businesses. The motivation of food businesses to implement and operate an HACCP system will reflect upon prior expectations of the costs and benefits involved.