bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid measurements of boiling point and vapor pressure of short‐chain triglycerides by thermogravimetric analysis
Authors: Goodrum J. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTemperature dependence of vapor pressure and the boiling points for tricaproin (Tcap) and tricaprylin (Tcpy) were measured by a new rapid thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) method. Results were in agreement with data from other references. The Clausius/Clapeyron model fitted Tcap and Tcpy vapor pressure data with errors of 6% or less for pressures ranging from ambient down to 20 mmHg. This agreement with the model suggests that the vapor of these compounds has a large degree of ideal gas behavior and that their vaporization enthalpies are nearly constant from 25 to 400°C. Comparable accuracy and precision were obtained with TGA and differential scanning calorimetry methods for the compounds tested; however, TGA plots had significantly straighter baselines, which made vapor pressure determinations more convenient.
Low‐temperature properties of alkyl esters of tallow and grease
Authors: Foglia Thomas A. , Nelson Lloyd A. , Dunn Robert O. , Marmer William N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe low‐temperature properties of mono‐alkyl esters derived from tallow and recycled greases were determined for neat esters and 20% ester blends in No. 2 low‐sulfur diesel fuel. Properties studied included cloud point, pour point, cold filter plugging point, low‐temperature flow test, crystallization onset temperature, and kinematic viscosity. Compositional properties of the alkyl esters determined included water, residual free fatty acids, and free glycerol content. In general, the secondary alkyl esters of tallow showed significantly improved cold‐temperature properties over the normal tallow alkyl ester derivatives. The low‐temperature flow test did not show a 1:1 correlation with cloud point as previously observed with methyl soyate and methyl tallowate. For the homologous series methyl to n‐butyl tallowate, ethyl tallowate had the best broad‐spectrum low‐temperature properties, both neat and when blended in diesel fuel. For the greases studied, both the normal and branched alkyl ester derivatives showed improved properties over corresponding tallow esters, especially with neat esters.
Effect of agitation in the hydrogenation of castor oil
Authors: Trivedi Rakesh K. , Vasishtha A. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCastor oil was hydrogenated to evaluate the effect of agitation during hydrogenation. The turbine and propeller impellers were evaluated during hydrogenation of castor oil at various temperatures, pressures, and catalyst concentrations. The effect of impeller position in the agitator at definite oil depth was also evaluated. Hydrogenation of castor oil at 130°C, 2.0 kg/cm2 hydrogen gas pressure with 0.5% Ni catalyst for 6 h while using two turbine impellers fitted in an agitator, one close to the reactor bottom and another at a height just below the top oil layer, revolving at 350 rpm, resulted in a product of a iodine value of 4.1, hydroxyl value of 156.4, and slip point of 84°C.
Surface and pore structure of deoiled acid‐and heat‐treated spent bleaching clays
Authors: Ng K. F. , Nair N. K. , Liew K. Y. , Noor Ahmad M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSamples of spent bleaching clay were deoiled by hexane, methanol, hexane‐methanol, and supercritical CO2 extractions. The deoiled clays were regenerated by acid and heat treatments. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms for these samples are type IV with hysteresis loops corresponding to type H3, indicating slit‐shaped pores. Used deoiled and dried samples have smaller surface areas and pore volumes than unused clay. The surface areas and pore volumes increased after heat treatment. Acidified heat‐treated deoiled samples have smaller surface areas and greater pore volumes than unused clay, except for the methanol‐deoiled sample. Thus, heat and acid treatments removed substances adsorbed in the pores that were not removed by solvents or CO2 extraction. This was confirmed from the ratios of the cumulative surface area/BET surface area, as well as analysis of the pore size distributions, which indicated an increase in mesopores with radii of between 25 and 100 Å. The t‐plots showed that smaller pores with sizes between 7 and 25 Å, present originally in the unused clays, were closed by heat treatment. These pores were absent in the deoiled and the heat‐treated samples except for the heat‐treated sample that was deoiled by hexane followed by methanol. Smaller pores, accompanied by an increase in surface area, were also observed for all deoiled samples after acid and heat treatments.
Membrane degumming of crude soybean and rapeseed oils
Authors: Subramanian R. , Nakajima M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMembrane separation in edible oil processing is a potential area for energy savings. However, technical and operating‐cost‐related barriers have impeded the successful application of membrane separation in food processing. Studies were undertaken with soybean and rapeseed oils in a magnetically stirred flat‐membrane batch cell with two types of composite polymeric membranes at 3 MPa pressure and at a constant temperature of 40°C. The membranes were NTGS‐1100 and NTGS‐2100, and used silicon as the active layer and polysulfone and polyimide as support layers, respectively. The membrane selectively rejected phospholipids, the content being less than 240 mg/kg in the permeate without any pretreatment or dilution of crude oil with organic solvent. Long‐term studies up to 97 days with soybean oil at two different pressures, 2 and 3 MPa, showed that the rejection of phosphatides was above 96% in most permeates. The permeate flux remained nearly constant but must be improved.
Enrichment of γ‐linolenic acid from borage oil via lipase‐catalyzed reactions
Authors: Huang Fang‐Cheng , Ju Yi‐Hsu , Huang Cheng‐Wei 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThree lipase‐catalyzed reactions were utilized to enrich γ‐linolenic acid in borage oil: (i) selective hydrolysis in isooctane by Candida rugosa lipase immobilized on microporous polypropylene, (ii) selective esterification of free fatty acid from saponified borage oil and n‐butanol by Lipozyme IM‐20, and (iii) acidolysis of the products of the previous two reactions, that is, unhydrolyzed acylglycerols and unesterified free fatty acid. In the selective hydrolysis, γ‐linolenic acid content could be raised from 23.6 mol% in borage oil to 51.7% in the unhydrolyzed acylglycerols. On the other hand, γ‐linolenic acid content in free fatty acid could be increased to 87% after selective esterification. Products with 65% γ‐linolenic acid in their acylglycerols were obtained by means of the acidolysis reaction.
A new approach to genetic alteration of soybean protein composition and quality
Authors: Kwanyuen Prachuab , Pantalone Vincent R. , Burton Joseph W. , Wilson Richard F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlthough soybeans produce high‐quality meal, modern animal and fish production systems often require synthetic essential amino acid supplements to fortify feed rations. However, biotechnology may enable development of soybeans with naturally adequate levels of certain essential amino acids for advanced feed formulations. One approach involves genetic manipulation of glycinin (11S) and β‐conglycinin (7S) contents, the principal components of soybean storage proteins. Because 11S contains more cysteine and methionine than 7S protein, a higher 11S:7S ratio could lead to beneficial changes in the nutritional quality of soybean meal. Although genotypic variation for 11S:7S may be low among soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm, ratios ranging from 1.7–4.9 were observed among accessions of the wild ancestor of cultivated soybean (Glycine soja Sieb, and Zucc.). Thus, wild soybean germplasm was evaluated as a potential source of genes that govern protein synthesis that may have been lost during the domestication of G. max. Change in the amount of 11S protein accounts for a significant portion of the genotypic variation in protein concentration and composition among wild soybeans. Strong positive correlation exists between the 11S:7S ratio and methionine or cysteine concentration of total protein. Moderate positive associations were found for threonine or tyrosine. A moderate negative correlation was found between lysine and 11S:7S. No association was found for leucine and phenylalanine or for total essential amino acid concentration. Based on these data, G. soja may contain a different complement of genes that influence expression of 11S and 7S proteins than G. max germplasm. Thus, through interspecific hybridization, wild soybeans may be a useful genetic resource for the further improvement of protein quality in cultivated soybeans.
Triacylglycerol composition and structure in genetically modified sunflower and soybean oils
Authors: Reske Johanna , Siebrecht Jodi , Hazebroek Jan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChanges in composition were examined in oils extracted from genetically modified sunflower and soybean seeds. Improvements were made to the analytical methods to accomplish these analyses successfully. Triacylglycerols (TAG) were separated on two 300 mm × 3.9 mm 4µ Novapak C18 high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) columns and detected with a Varex MKIII evaporative light‐scattering detector. Peaks were identified by coelution with known standards or by determining fatty acid composition of eluted TAG by capillary gas chromatography (GC). Stereospecific analysis (fatty acid position) was accomplished by partially hydrolyzing TAG with ethyl magnesium bromide and immediately derivatizing the resulting diacylglycerols (DAG) with (S)‐(+)‐1‐(1‐naphthyl)ethyl isocyanate. The derivatized sn‐1,2‐DAG were completely resolved from the sn‐2,3‐DAG on two 25 mm × 4.6 mm 3 µ silica HPLC columns. The columns were chilled to −20°C to obtain baseline resolution of collected peaks. The distribution of fatty acids on each position of the glycerol backbone was derived from the fatty acid compositions of the two DAG groups and the unhydrolyzed oil. Results for the sn‐2 position were verified by hydrolyzing oils with porcine pancreatic lipase, isolating the resulting sn‐2 monoacylglycerols by TLC, and determining the fatty acid compositions by GC. Results demonstrated that alterations in the total fatty acid composition of these seed oils are determined by the concentration of TAG species that contain at least one of the modified acyl groups. As expected, no differences were found in TAG with fatty acid quantities unaffected by the specific mutation. In lieu of direct metabolic or enzymatic assay evidence, the authors’ positional data are nevertheless consistent with TAG biosynthesis in these lines being driven by the mass action of available acyl groups and not by altered specificity of the acyltransferases, the compounds responsible for incorporating fatty acids into TAG.
Large‐scale synthesis of methyl cis‐9, trans‐11‐octadecadienoate from methyl ricinoleate
Authors: Berdeaux O. , Christie W. W. , Gunstone F. D. , Sebedio J. ‐L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe conjugated linoleic acid methyl cis‐9,trans‐11‐octadecadienoate has been prepared on a large scale from methyl ricinoleate. Methyl ricinoleate was purified from castor esters by a partition method. It was converted to the mesylate, which was reacted with a base (1,8‐diazabicyclo[5,4,0]‐undec‐7‐ene) to give a product that contained 66% of the desired ester. Two urea crystallizations produced a product containing 83% methyl cis‐9,trans‐11‐octadecadienoate, the identity of which was confirmed by gas chromatography linked to mass spectrometry and by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The remaining impurities were methyl cis‐9,cis‐11‐ and cis‐9‐,trans‐12‐octadecadienoate.
Inhibition of soybean oil oxidation by extracts of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Authors: Ganthavorn Chutima , Hughes Joe S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPolyphenolic compounds were extracted from pinto, kidney, white (Great Northern), pink, and black beans by hot methanol extraction and added to soybean oil. Oil oxidation was assayed by thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS). All bean polyphenolics extracts exhibited similar antioxidant capacity in delaying the onset of iron‐catalyzed oxidation better than butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl gallate (PG), and ascorbic acid. Bean polyphenolic compounds were stable after heating to 50°C and maintained their antioxidant potential after 3 mon at 4°C. Bean extracts effectively inhibited iron‐catalyzed oxidation of soybean oil, probably by chelating metal ions, because no antioxidant effect was observed when soybean oil was oxidized without an iron catalyst.
Analogous salicylic acid affinity regions in serum albumin and soybean β‐Conglycinin
Authors: Rothfus John A. , Wolf Walter J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe known structures of human serum albumin and its binding sites for salicylic acid (SA) were used as a model for examining the amino acid sequence of soybean β‐conglycinin to determine whether a plant protein might share structural similarities with albumin relative to the binding of SA, Molecular mechanics energy calculations for computed nonionized and ionized interactions in vacuo identified the two major SA affinity regions in human serum albumin and a single analogous region in the α‐subunit of soybean β‐conglycinin. SA interactions with 21‐residue segments from both proteins suggest redundant binding sites with multiple degrees of affinity. Highaffinity segments incorporate hydrophobic amino acids with combinations or multiple residues of histidine, tryptophan, lysine, or arginine in keeping with a preference of SA for homopolymers of these acids over other homopolypeptides. Residue spacing also seems important. High affinity is associated with but not imparted by genetic similarity. Profiles from β‐sheet conformations simplify identification of analogous segments.
Influence of concentration and temperature on the flow behavior of oil‐in‐water emulsions stabilized by sucrose palmitate
Authors: Partal P. , Guerrero A. , Berjano M. , Gallegos C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTo study the influence that concentration and temperature exert on the viscous behavior of emulsions stabilized by a sucrose ester (SE) of high hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance (HLB), flow curves and droplet size distributions were determined. Flow curves of presheared emulsions always exhibited a shear‐thinning behavior at intermediate shear rates, a tendency to a limiting viscosity at high shear rates, and a metastable region at low rates. This behavior can be fitted to a Carreau model. Both SE and oil concentrations increase emulsion viscosity as a result of a more structured system with a lower droplet size and polydispersity. An increase in temperature usually leads to a decrease in emulsion viscosity. However, at high oil concentration, coalescence and phase separation take place at low temperature. On the other hand, at high temperature, droplet bursting due to shear forces, leading to an increase in viscosity, may result. Despite the strong structural breakdown caused by steady shear, master flow curves may be obtained by using superposition methods.
Thermal and structural properties of sn‐1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol and sn‐1,3‐dioleoyl‐2‐palmitoylglycerol binary mixtures examined with synchrotron radiation X‐ray diffraction
Authors: Minato A. , Ueno S. , Yano J. , Smith K. , Seto H. , Amemiya Y. , Sato K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThermodynamic and polymorphic behavior of POP (sn‐1,3‐dipalmitoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol) and OPO (sn‐1,3‐dioleoyl‐2‐palmitoylglycerol) binary mixtures was examined using differential scanning calorimetry and conventional and synchrotron radiation X‐ray diffraction. A molecular compound, βC, was formed at the 1:1 (w/w) concentration ratio of POP and OPO, giving rise to two monotectic phases of POP/compound and compound/OPO in juxtaposition. βC has a long‐spacing value of 4.2 nm with a double chainlength structure and the melting point of 31.9°C. A structural model of the POP‐OPO compound is proposed, involving the separation of palmitoyl and oleoyl chain leaflets in the double chainlength structure. In the polymorphic occurrence of the POP‐OPO mixtures, the POP fraction transformed from α to β′ with no passage through γ, then transformed to β. The presence of OPO in POP promoted the β′‐β transformation of POP during the melt‐mediated crystallization.
Survey of the fatty acid composition of peanut (arachis hypogaea) germplasm and characterization of their epoxy and eicosenoic acids
Authors: Hammond Earl G. , Duvick Daniel , Wang Tong , Dodo Hortense , Pittman R. N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPeanut (Arachis hypogaea) plant introductions (732) were analyzed for fatty acid composition. Palmitate varied from 8.2 to 15.1%, stearate 1.1 to 7.2%, oleate 31.5 to 60.2%, linoleate 19.9 to 45.4%, arachidate 0.8 to 3.2%, eicosenoate 0.6 to 2.6%, behenate 1.8 to 5.4%, and lignocerate 0.5 to 2.5%. The eicosenoate was shown to be cis‐11‐eicosenoate. In addition, epoxy fatty acids were found in many plant introductions in percentages ranging as high as 2.5%. These were tentatively identified as chiefly 9,10‐epoxy stearate and coronarate with smaller amounts of vernolate. The percentage of palmitate was shown to be correlated positively with linoleate and negatively with oleate, eicosenoate, and lignocerate. Stearate was highly correlated with arachidate and negatively with eicosenoate and lignocerate. Oleate and linoleate, the two major fatty acids, were negatively correlated. Arachidate was negatively correlated with eicosenoate, and eicosenoate was positively correlated with lignocerate. Behenate and lignocerate were positively correlated. Epoxy esters were positively correlated with palmitate and negatively with oleate. Segregation of the plant introductions by axis flower, growth habit, and pod types showed significant differences that reflected the same fatty acid groupings revealed by the correlations.
The removal of pesticide residues from wool wax by solvent extraction
Authors: Jones F. William 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA range of suitable solvents for the removal of dieldrin and diazinon residues from wool wax by solvent‐solvent extraction was evaluated. Extraction of a 10% solution of wool wax in hexane with N,N‐dimethylformamide was shown to be the most effective. These solvents were then used to meanure the partition coefficients of 36 organochlorine, organophosphorus, and pyrethroid pesticides that have the potential to be found in wool wax. Repeated batchwise extraction of a raw wool wax, which had been spiked to produce typical pesticide residue levels, yielded a high‐quality wax in which all pesticide residues had been reduced to below detectable levels. The treated wool wax was lighter in color with a lower acid number and a lower free alcohol content and had excellent water absorption characteristics. All detergents associated with the recovery of wool wax from an aqueous scour were also removed.
Removal of pesticides from wool wax by continuous countercurrent dual‐solvent extraction
Authors: Jones F. William 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPesticide residues in raw wool wax were removed to below detectable levels by continuous countercurrent extraction with hexane and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) in a pilot‐scale mixer‐settler contactor. The disengagement of the phases in the settling compartments was promoted by the addition of a small amount of formic acid (3% vol/vol) to the DMF‐rich feed. Empirical equations were developed to predict the effect on the pesticide partition coefficients of the wool wax concentration, the presence of small amounts of water, ethanol, and/or isopropanol in the solvents, and the temperature used in the contactor. These empirical equations were included in equations that describe the concentration of the pesticides in the different stages of the contactor and were used to develop a spreadsheet model that accurately predicted the mixer‐settler’s performance. The raffinate wool wax produced by this process after conventional neutralization met all BP and USP specifications for pharmaceutical lanolin.
Microfiltration and stabilization of egg yolk phospholipid emulsions by a microporous glass membrane
Authors: Mine Yoshinori , Shimizu Masaaki , Nakashima Tadao 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA microporous glass membrane with a narrow‐range pore size was applied for the microfiltration of egg yolk phospholipid emulsions. The oil‐in‐water and water‐in‐oil emulsions were successfully filtered using the membrane without any coalescence of oil droplets or the breakdown of the emulsions. The filtrated oil‐in‐water emulsion was stable for at least 6 wk when stored at 5°C. The results obtained suggest that the technique would be valuable for the precise filtration of emulsions for food uses as well as intravenous fat and/or drug carrier emulsions, and offer the stabilization of the emulsions.
Evolution of phenolic compounds in virgin olive oil during storage
Authors: Cinquanta Luciano , Esti Marco , Notte Ennio La 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPhenolic compounds are of fundamental importance to the shelf life of virgin olive oils because of their antioxidative properties. In this paper, the evolution of simple and complex olive oil phenols during 18 mon of storage is studied by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The olive oils under examination were from various olive cultivars, harvested in two sectors in the same region at different stages of ripeness. The findings indicate that it is not the variety but rather the ripeness of the olives and the soil and climate that influence the phenol composition of virgin olive oil. In addition, a positive correlation was found between the age of the oils and the tyrosol to total phenols ratio. Lastly, gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis confirmed that the unidentified peaks detected by HPLC were of a phenolic nature.
An infrared spectroscopy study of lipid adsorption from hexane onto an acid‐activated bleaching clay
Authors: Adhikari C. , Proctor A. , Blyholder G. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe mode of adsorption of oleic acid (OA) (0.05 M), triglyceride (TG) (0.05 M) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) (0.5 mM) from hexane solution onto 0.5 g of an acid‐activated bleaching clay was investigated using diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. OA was mostly weakly adsorbed by bound water, with some OA adsorbed to silanol sites through carboxyl carbonyl groups. TG was hydrogen‐ bonded to surface silanol groups through ester carbonyl groups. The CH2 stretches indicated that TG was oriented perpendicular or at an angle to the surface. PC phosphate groups were bound by the surface moisture with little interaction with silanol groups. The adsorption mechanism of these lipids contrasts with the adsorption of carotenoid and chlorophyll under the same conditions. These pigments are bound by chemisorption, with catalytic modification often occurring before adsorption.
Separation and identification of triximenynin from Santalum spicatum R. Br.
Authors: Liu Yandi D. , Longmore Robert B. , Boddy Michael R. , Fox John E. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSeed lipids of Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) were separated using preparative thin‐layer chromatography. The oil contains about 49% oleic acid and about 40% ximenynic acid. The individual triacylglycerol bands were characterized by high‐performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. The oil consisted of three major triglycerides: triximenynoyl‐glycerol (triximenynin), an oleoyl‐diximenynoyl‐glycerol, and a dioleoylximenynoyl‐glycerol, as demonstrated by gas chromatography with mass selective detection.