bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of molten fraction on the uniaxial deformation behavior of polypropylene: Real time mechano‐optical and atomic force microscopy observations
Authors: Koike Yutaka , Cakmak Miko 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this study, we have coupled the real time mechano‐optical measurements with the off‐line structural characterization techniques including AFM, WAXS, and DSC to establish the quantitative relationships between the “true mechano‐optical behavior and developed morphology” as influenced by the fraction of molten phase present in the polypropylene films. Stretching PP in the solid state invariably leads to formation of fibrillar texture. The evolution of surface morphology in partially molten state was found to depend on the fraction of the molten phase present at the start of the deformation. If the samples are strained past the yielding in partially molten state, the birefringence begins a rapid rise. Concurrent with this, the equatorial zones of the spherulites begin to crack while meridional regions remaining intact. This leads to temporary reduction of crystallinity because of destruction of some of the crystals. If held in this strained state, the crystallite thickening was observed while the birefringence increases while the lost crystallinity is recovered. If the films are strained past the strain hardening point, the microfibrillar structure was found to dominate the surface morphology. When the films are stretched in the melting temperature range, they exhibit substantial nodular surface topology. These nodules that were absent in the solid state deformed samples are hard lamellae buried inside amorphous “soft matter”. The tangential lamellae increasingly become dominant as the processing temperature approaches substantially molten state leading to the observation of a* oriented crystallites in the X‐ray analysis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 925–941, 2006
High‐density polyethylene layered silicate nanocomposites: Effect of mechanical stretching on the crystal‐to‐crystal transformations, morphology, and extent of exfoliation
Authors: Tzavalas Spiros , Macchiarola Katherine , Gregoriou Vasilis G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHigh‐density polyethylene/clay nanocomposites were elongated until breakage to investigate the effect of the mechanical stretching on the crystal‐to‐crystal transformations and their morphology. Crystalline transformations of the polymer matrix were studied via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X‐ray diffraction measurements. It was concluded that the stress‐induced crystal‐to‐crystal transformations from orthorhombic structures to monoclinic and pseudohexagonal structures as well as the back‐transformation during relaxation were hindered by the presence of the clay. X‐ray diffraction studies on stretched samples showed that the mechanical stretching led from an intercalated structure to an almost exfoliated structure. These findings agreed with scanning electron micrographs, in which the beneficial effect of stretching on the exfoliation of the clay was evident. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 914–924, 2006
Analysis of a dust explosion caused by several design errors
Authors: Kong Dehong 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA chemical reaction process began by feeding a combustible fine powder into a reactor through a charging hopper. The reactor and the charging hopper were fitted with a nitrogen inerting system to prevent dust explosions. Surprisingly, a dust explosion occurred when feeding the powder into the reactor from a flexible intermediate bulk container (FIBC).On‐site investigations found that the design of the inerting system allowed a sufficient amount of air to enter the charging hopper. There were no mechanical, electrical, and thermal sources of ignition inside the closed reactor–charging hopper system before the explosion. Electrostatic discharges appeared to be the ignition source; however, the ignition source could not be identified without further analysis by conducting tests. Therefore, various dust explosion and electrostatic tests were conducted to determine (1) the minimum amount of electrostatic discharge energy required to ignite the dust cloud and (2) the likelihood of various types of electrostatic discharges to ignite the dust cloud under the existing design and process conditions. The test results showed that the powder suspended in air at the optimal dust concentration requires <3 mJ of spark energy to ignite. A glass‐lined pipe at the bottom of the charging hopper was found to be the most likely ignition source. Laboratory tests demonstrated that the ignition was the result of a propagating brush discharge from the glass‐lined pipe. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2006
IR and Raman spectra, density functional computations of vibrational spectrum, molecular geometry, atomic charges, and some molecular properties of 3‐aminobenzonitrile molecule
Authors: Palafox M. A. , Rastogi V. K. , Mittal Lalit , Kiefer W. , Mital H. P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGeometry, vibrational wavenumbers, and several thermodynamic parameters have been calculated using ab initio quantum chemical methods for the 3‐aminobenzonitrile molecule for the first time. The results were compared with experimental values. With the help of specific scaling procedures, the observed vibrational wavenumbers were analyzed and assigned to different normal modes of the molecule. In general, the error obtained was very low. Using potential energy distribution (PED), the contributions of the different modes to each wavenumber were determined. Other general conclusions were also deduced. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Tautomerism and the maximum hardness principle
Authors: Zhang Yi‐Liang , Yang Zhong‐Zhi 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThrough the application of the atom–bond electronegativity equalization method (ABEEM) to the calculation of the hardnesses of more than 300 tautomers, it can be seen that the maximum hardness principle is nearly useless to account for their relative stabilities. Moreover, by calculating the energies of these tautomers with the HF, B3LYP, B3PW91, and MP2 methods at the 6‐31G, 6‐31G*, 6‐31G**, 6‐31+G**, 6‐311G**, or 6‐311++G** level, it is found that all these methods may not be always reliable in predicting their relative stabilities. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Radical‐mediated cytosine and 5‐methylcytosine hydrolytic deamination reactions
Authors: Sun Shujuan , Li Lan , Li Zonghe 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe mechanisms of cytosine and 5‐methylcytosine hydrolytic deamination reactions in the gas phase have been investigated. The rate‐determining steps of the reactions are found by density functional theory (DFT). The lower barriers of hydrogen and hydroxyl radical‐mediated 5‐methylcytosine deamination make the C‐5 site of 5‐methylcytosine the hot spot for spontaneous mutations. The hydrogen radical inhibits cytosine and 5‐methylcytosine hydrolytic deamination reactions, while the hydroxyl radical clearly leads to an increased risk of genetic mutagenesis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Hyper‐Wiener vector, Wiener matrix sequence, and Wiener polynomial sequence of a graph
Authors: Guo Xiaofeng , Klein D. J. , Yan Weigen , Yeh Yeong‐Nan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Wiener matrix and the hyper‐Wiener number of a tree (acyclic structure) were first introduced by Randic 1. Randic and Guo and colleagues 2, 3 further introduced the higher Wiener numbers of a tree that can be represented by a Wiener number sequence 1W, 2W, 3W, …, where 1W = W is the Wiener index, and ∑k=1,2, … kW = R is the hyper‐Wiener number. Later the definition of hyper‐Wiener number was extended by Klein et al. for application to any connected structure. In this study, the definition of higher Wiener numbers is extended to be applicable to any connected structure. The concepts of the Wiener vector and hyper‐Wiener vector of a graph are introduced. Moreover, a matrix sequence W(1), W(2), W(3), …, called the Wiener matrix sequence (or distance matrix sequence), and their sum ∑k=1,2, … W(k) = W(H), called the hyper‐Wiener matrix, are introduced, where W(1) = D is the distance matrix, and the sum of the entries of upper triangle of W(k) (resp. W(H)) is just equal to kW (resp. R). A Wiener polynomial sequence and a weighted hyper‐Wiener polynomial of a graph are also introduced. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTORS IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL
Authors: MARINS VANIA M. R. , ALMEIDA RENAN M. V. R. , PEREIRA ROSANGELA A. , SICHIERI ROSELI 
Published: February 2006

Summary.The objective of this study was to analyse the association between socioeconomic indicators and cardiovascular disease risk factors in adult residents of Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil. Data were obtained by direct interview and physical examination in a population-based cross-sectional study in the city of Rio de Janeiro, 1995–96. Subjects were selected by two-stage random sampling and information was collected on socioeconomic, anthropometric and demographic characteristics, as well as on existing risk factors for cardiovascular disease. An index to express the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) was built, based on the presence of two or more of the following risk factors: overweight (measured by the body mass index, BMI), fat location (measured by the waist–hip ratio index, WHR), smoking, hypertension, sedentary lifestyle and alcohol consumption. The association between this risk index and the socioeconomic variables level of schooling, per capita income and residence location (slum vs non-slum) was evaluated through logistic regression models that controlled for the age of the subjects. Two separate models were built, according to the gender of the subjects. Complete data were collected for 1413 males and 1866 females over the age of 20 years (82% of the intended sample). In the studied population, a considerable prevalence of risk for CVD was found: 42·2% among males and 65·4% among females. For males, the socioeconomic and demographic indicators retained in the logistic model were age (OR 1·01, 95% CI 1·00–1·01), level of schooling (1·77, 95% CI 1·39–2·26) and per capita income (OR 0·77, 95% CI 0·61–0·97). For females, the indicators retained were age (OR 1·02, 95% CI 1·01–1·02) and level of schooling (OR 2·26, 95% CI 1·84–2·77). The findings indicate that cardiovascular disease risk is already an alarming problem in the urban populations of developing countries, and that educational level is the most important socioeconomic factor associated with its presence.
The evolution of human fatness and susceptibility to obesity: an ethological approach
Authors: Wells Jonathan C. K. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTHuman susceptibility to obesity is an unusual phenomenon amongst animals. An evolutionary analysis, identifying factors favouring the capacity for fat deposition, may aid in the development of preventive public health strategies. This article considers the proximate causes, ontogeny, fitness value and evolutionary history of human fat deposition. Proximate causes include diet composition, physical activity level, feeding behaviour, endocrine and genetic factors, psychological traits, and exposure to broader environmental factors. Fat deposition peaks during late gestation and early infancy, and again during adolescence in females. As in other species, human fat stores not only buffer malnutrition, but also regulate reproduction and immune function, and are subject to sexual selection. Nevertheless, our characteristic ontogenetic pattern of fat deposition, along with relatively high fatness in adulthood, contrasts with the phenotype of other mammals occupying the tropical savannah environment in which hominids evolved. The increased value of energy stores in our species can be attributed to factors increasing either uncertainty in energy availability, or vulnerability to that uncertainty. Early hominid evolution was characterised by adaptation to a more seasonal environment, when selection would have favoured general thriftiness. The evolution of the large expensive brain in the genus Homo then favoured increased energy stores in the reproducing female, and in the offspring in early life. More recently, the introduction of agriculture has had three significant effects: exposure to regular famine; adaptation to a variety of local niches favouring population‐specific adaptations; and the development of social hierarchies which predispose to differential exposure to environmental pressures. Thus, humans have persistently encountered greater energy stress than that experienced by their closest living relatives during recent evolution. The capacity to accumulate fat has therefore been a major adaptive feature of our species, but is now increasingly maladaptive in the modern environment where fluctuations in energy supply have been minimised, and productivity is dependent on mechanisation rather than physical effort. Alterations to the obesogenic environment are predicted to play a key role in reducing the prevalence of obesity.
Towards the feeling of emergence
Authors: Cambray Joe 
Published: February 2006

Abstract:  Emergence is a multi‐dimensional notion; the meanings it has acquired span the mythopoetic to the scientific, especially as found in complex systems. Examples of emergence in Navaho and Egyptian imagery underscore its diverse cultural origins and applications as well as suggesting an underlying archetypal quality to the core concept. A brief overview of the use of this term in science starting in the 17th century helps to locate the roots of modern emergent views in the philosophy of Leibniz. Jung's own use of early systems approaches was a part of his formulations of a ‘third’ position associated with the transcendent function.As this paper was delivered at the 50th anniversary conference of the Journal of Analytical Psychology,1 aspects of the emergence of the Journal within the contents of the first issue are explored. Attention is drawn to several articles, especially a case of brief child therapy done by Robert Moody. His approach to working his case is strikingly modern and vividly demonstrates principles of emergence within the clinical setting.Following this there is a discussion of some neuroscientific research on neural body maps, pointing to the experience of feelings as an emergent process. It is suggested that feelings derive from phase transitions in the brain's body mapping states. A reconsideration of a seeming impasse in the case described by Moody leads instead to a view of the initial phase of treatment as a pre‐critical period. Research findings on mirror neurons are presented in terms of the feeling of empathy. Subjective feelings are then shown to be associated with moments of emergence, especially surprise and curiosity, exemplified by a case from the author's practice.
The dreaming mind‐brain: a Jungian perspective
Authors: Wilkinson Margaret 
Published: February 2006

Abstract: In this paper I discuss the nature and role of dream and the dreaming process in Jungian clinical practice in the light of neuroscience. Insights from contemporary neuroscience support rather than contest Jung's view that emotional truth, not censorship or disguise, underpins the dreaming process. I use clinical material to illustrate how work with dreams within the total interactive experience of the analytic dyad enables the development of the emotional scaffolding necessary for the development of ‘mind’.Large scale evidence‐based research reveals that dreaming is caused by brain activity during sleep that is both biochemically and regionally different from that of waking states. Recent imaging studies confirm that dreams are the mind's vehicle for the processing of emotional states of being, particularly the fear, anxiety, anger or elation that often figure prominently. Dream sleep is understood as also being the guardian of memory, playing a part in forgetting, encoding and affective organization of memory.In the clinical section of the paper I let a series of dreams speak for themselves, revealing the emotionally salient concerns of the dreamer, weaving past and present, transference and reality together in a way that demonstrates the healthy attempt of the brain‐mind to come to terms with difficult emotional experience from the past. The dreams become dreamable as part of the meaning‐making process of analysis.
A Spinozan lens onto the confusions of borderline relations
Authors: Clark Giles 
Published: February 2006

Abstract:  In this paper the author describes how, in his analytic work with difficult personality disorders, he uses a neo‐Spinozan position or attitude of alpha‐thinking and functioning to understand, clarify, and so to manage confused and confusing psychosomatic ‘body‐mind’ and emotional relations, both internally and inter‐personally. Two case examples are given, followed by reflections on technique and on the limits of mourning, transformation and irony. The author suggests that a private, ideational double‐aspect, mind‐body position may be helpful in working with these analysands. This analytic mode may create a radically different understanding by incorporating a relational system of containment, self‐containment, observation and memory.In addition, the author gives his own version of the aetiology and dynamics of borderline states and relations, and weaves the two cases he reports on into reflections on his countertransferential responses, reactions, inter‐actions and ‘reverie’ through the lens of a neo‐Spinozan conceptual system.
The influence of root canal shape on the sealing ability of two root canal sealers
Authors: Juhász A. , Verdes E. , Tőkés L. , Kóbor A. , Dobó‐Nagy C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAim To evaluate the influence of root canal form on the sealing ability of two root canal sealers.Methodology Twenty radiographically confirmed straight and 20 curved root canals were prepared with a stepback hand filing technique. Root canal aberrations created during preparation were determined by the use of double exposure radiographic technique. The prepared canals were filled with lateral condensation of gutta‐percha and one or other of two root canal sealers (Pulp Canal Sealer and Sealapex). Leakage along the apical 10 mm of roots was measured with a fluid transport model at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12‐month intervals.Results There were no statistically significant differences between straight and curved root canals (P > 0.05) for prevalence of root canal transportation. The prevalence of apical transportation was 80% in the straight and 85% in the curved root canals. A complete seal was more frequently observed in straight canals compared with curved canals. Utilizing theπ* index, analysis showed the filling with Sealapex allowed more leakage than Pulp Canal Sealer at 1 year.Conclusion Under the conditions of the study, root canal form influenced short‐term sealing ability. In the long‐term the seal was affected by the sealer rather than root canal form.
Distribution‐wide effects of climate on population densities of a declining migratory landbird
Authors: ANDERS ANGELA D. , POST ERIC 
Published: February 2006

Summary

Increases in global temperatures have created concern about effects of climatic variability on populations, and climate has been shown to affect population dynamics in an increasing number of species. Testing for effects of climate on population densities across a species’ distribution allows for elucidation of effects of climate that would not be apparent at smaller spatial scales.
Using autoregressive population models, we tested for effects of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on annual population densities of a North American migratory landbird, the yellow‐billed cuckoo Coccyzus americanus, across the species’ breeding distribution over a 37‐year period (1966–2002).
Our results indicate that both the NAO and ENSO have affected population densities of C. americanus across much of the species’ breeding range, with the strongest effects of climate in regions in which these climate systems have the strongest effects on local temperatures. Analyses also indicate that the strength of the effect of local temperatures on C. americanus populations was predictive of long‐term population decline, with populations that were more negatively affected by warm temperatures experiencing steeper declines.
Results of this study highlight the importance of distribution‐wide analyses of climatic effects and demonstrate that increases in global temperatures have the potential to lead to additional population declines.
Recruitment to a seabird population depends on environmental factors and on population size
Authors: CRESPIN LAURENT , HARRIS MICHAEL P. , LEBRETON JEAN‐DOMINIQUE , FREDERIKSEN MORTEN , WANLESS SARAH 
Published: February 2006

Summary A novel capture–mark–recapture (CMR) method was used to build a multistate model of recruitment by young birds to a breeding population of common guillemotsUria aalgeon the Isle of May, Scotland. Recruitment of a total of 2757 individually marked guillemots over 17 years was modelled as a process where individuals had to move from an unobservable state at sea, through a nonbreeding state present in the colony, to the breeding state. The probabilities of individuals returning to the colony in a given year, at age 2 and 3–4 years, were positively correlated with an environmental covariate, the winter North Atlantic Oscillation index (WNAO) in the previous years. For 2 year olds, there was a negative relationship with breeding population size, suggesting that density dependence operated in this colony through limitation of food or some other resource. Survival over the first 2 years of life varied with cohort, but was unrelated to the WNAO. Mean survival over this 2‐year period was high at 0·576 (95% CI: 0·444; 0·708). This high survival, combined with a low ‘local’ survival after age 5 years of 0·695 (0·654; 0·733) and observations of Isle of May chicks at other colonies, suggests that most surviving chicks return to the natal colony before deciding whether to recruit there or move elsewhere.