bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in Floral Sex Allocation and Reproductive Success in Sequentially Flowering Inflorescence of Corydalis remota var. lineariloba (Fumariaceae)
Authors: Zeng Yan‐Fei , Bai Wei‐Ning , Zhou Yu , Zhang Da‐Yong 
Published: July 2008

Abstract In hermaphroditic plants, female reproductive success often varies among different positions within an inflorescence. However, few studies have evaluated the relative importance of underlying causes such as pollen limitation, resource limitation or architectural effect, and few have compared male allocation. During a 2‐year investigation, we found that female reproductive success of an acropetally flowering species, Corydalis remota Fisch. ex Maxim. var. lineariloba Maxim. was significantly lower in the upper late developing flowers when compared with the lower early flowers. Supplementation with outcross pollen did not improve female reproductive success of the upper flowers, while removal of the lower developing fruits significantly increased female reproductive success of the upper flowers in both years, evidencing resource limitation of the upper flowers. Female production in upper flowers was greatly improved by simultaneous pollen supplementation of the upper flowers and removal of the lower fruits, suggesting that, when resources are abundant, pollen may limit the female reproductive success of the upper flowers. The less seed mass in the upper flowers didn't increase in all treatments due to architecture. In the upper flowers, ovule production was significantly lower and the pollen : ovule ratio was significantly higher. These results suggest that male‐biased sex allocation in the upper flowers may lead to increased male reproductive success, whereas the lower flowers have higher female reproductive success.
Demographic Genetic Structure of Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis in Tianmushan Nature Reserve, China
Authors: Chen Yan , Yang Shu‐Zhen , Zhao Ming‐Shui , Ni Bi‐Ye , Liu Liang , Chen Xiao‐Yong 
Published: July 2008

Abstract Genetic changes over space and time provide insights into the relative roles of evolutionary factors in shaping genetic patterns within plant populations. However, compared with spatial genetic structure, few studies have been conducted on genetic changes over time. In this study, we used six polymorphic microsatellite loci to assess genetic variation of six size‐classes of the population of Liushan, Cryptomeria japonica var. sinensis, in the Tianmushan National Nature Reserve, whose origin was debatable. The mean number of alleles per locus and expected heterozygosity were 4.583 and 0.599 9 respectively, lower than other conifers with the same life history characteristics. FST was 0.002 ± 0.003, and the pairwise test revealed no significant differentiation in any pair of size classes. Significant heterozygosity excesses were detected in five size classes except the oldest one, indicating bottleneck event(s). The above results support the hypothesis that Tianmushan population was introduced and followed by natural regeneration.
EXTENDED VALIDATION OF A SIMPLIFIED EXTRACTION AND GRAVIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF TOTAL FAT TO SELECTED FOODS
Authors: PHILLIPS KATHERINE M. , RUGGIO DAVID M. , AMANNA KAREN R. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT A simplified method for chloroform/methanol extraction and gravimetric determination of total fat previously published for diet composites was tested on additional foods, including milk, cheese, fried snack foods, nuts/seeds, salad dressings, baked goods, meat, fish/shellfish and fruits/vegetables. Homogenized food composites and certified reference materials (CRMs) were analyzed using the existing method involving, briefly, orbital shaking of a subsample with chloroform/methanol/buffer in specific proportions, then recovery of total lipid in the chloroform extract. For meat, fish, shrimp, cheese and fried plantains, total fat recovery was low and/or variability was high with the unmodified assay versus results from other standard total fat methods (e.g., ether extraction, acid hydrolysis) or to CRM assigned values. Reducing the sample size or adding a homogenization step during extraction resulted in relative standard deviations of <3% for all matrices and also values consistent with those generated by other standard total fat methods and within assigned ranges for total fat in most CRMs.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe method allows for routine batch analysis of multiple samples of a range of food types with minimized hands‐on time, using commonly available laboratory equipment. The resulting total lipid extract can be subdivided for analysis of various specific lipid analytes as well as for gravimetric measurement of total fat.
THE EFFECT OF SOY PROTEIN WITH LOW CALORIE DIET ON BLOOD LIPIDS IN HYPERLIPIDEMIC TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS
Authors: NOROOZI MOSTAFA , ZAVOSHY ROZA , HASHEMI HASSAN JAHANI , ASEFZADEH SAEED 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT The effect of soy protein with low calorie diet on blood lipids in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients was studied. Thirty‐two subjects of both sexes, age range 25–65 years, were distributed in 16 cases and 16 controls. All subjects received a low calorie diet based on 1,400 kcal energy, 27% fat, 21% protein and 52% carbohydrate from a registered dietitian for 4 weeks. In addition to a low calorie diet, the case group received soy protein (30 g/d). Both groups significantly lost weight (P < 0.001). Body mass index, waist and hip circumferences were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) after 4 weeks of treatment. The difference between the groups was insignificant. In all subjects who were fasting, blood sugar significantly decreased (P < 0.001). Soy protein was associated with a significant reduction in serum triacylglycerols (24.8%, P < 0.05), whereas an insignificant reduction was seen in total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein (7.1 and 3.1%, respectively). No significant change occurred in high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSSerum lipid abnormalities are an established risk factor for cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients. Because of the side effects of long‐term medications in these patients, soy protein, as a part of healthy diet, may improve their lipid profile.
MUSCLE AND ROE LIPID COMPOSITION IN DIPLOID AND TRIPLOID SCALLOPS
Authors: ARJONA OLIVIA , MILLAN ALMA , IBARRA ANA MARIA , PALACIOS ELENA 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACT The use of triploid bivalves is now common in the market. We tested if there was a difference in lipid and long‐chain highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) accumulation in the muscle of diploid and triploid scallops (Argopecten ventricosus) during maturation, as triploids do not reproduce and lipids are not transferred to the gonad, and thus, could be accumulated in the meat (adductor muscle). Differences in triacylglycerols, phospholipids, esterified and free sterols, as well as HUFA in the reserves of gonads were found between diploid and triploid scallops. In contrast, no differences were found in the muscle for any of the lipid classes or fatty acid content in relation to ploidy, although they varied in relation to the sampling month.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe results obtained indicate that for human consumption purposes, the quality of the meat and roe of scallops follows a temporal pattern of lipid accumulation, with higher levels of total sterols in summer, but a higher proportion of arachidonic acid in winter and lower docosahexaenoic acid in autumn, and that the muscle lipid composition is not affected by the triploid condition.
Combination Chemoprevention of HER2/neu-Induced Breast Cancer Using a Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor and a Retinoid X Receptor–Selective Retinoid
Authors: Brown Powel H. , Subbaramaiah Kotha , Salmon Amoi P. , Baker Rebecca , Newman Robert A. , Yang Peiying , Zhou Xi Kathy , Bissonnette Reid P. , Dannenberg Andrew J. , Howe Louise R. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The inducible prostaglandin synthase isoform cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is overexpressed in ∼40% of human breast carcinomas and in precancerous breast lesions, particularly in association with overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu). Experimental breast cancer can be suppressed by pharmacologic inhibition or genetic ablation of Cox-2, suggesting potential clinical utility of COX-2 inhibitors with respect to breast cancer. Importantly, several clinical trials have found reduced colorectal adenoma formation in individuals administered selective COX-2 inhibitors. However, such trials also identified increased cardiovascular risk associated with COX-2 inhibitor use. The goal of this research was to test whether improved chemopreventive efficacy could be achieved by combining submaximal doses of a selective COX-2 inhibitor and a retinoid X receptor–selective retinoid (rexinoid). The rate of HER2/neu-induced mammary tumor formation was substantially delayed by coadministration of the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib (500 ppm in diet) and the rexinoid LGD1069 (10 mg/kg body weight; oral gavage) to MMTV/neu mice. Median time to tumor formation was increased from 304 to &gt;600 days (P &lt; 0.0001). The combination was substantially more effective than either drug individually. Similarly, potent suppression of aromatase activity was observed in mammary tissues from the combination cohort (44% of control; P &lt; 0.001). Regulation of aromatase expression and activity by COX-derived prostaglandins is well established. Interestingly however, single agent LGD1069 significantly reduced mammary aromatase activity (71% of control; P &lt; 0.001) without modulating eicosanoid levels. Our data show that simultaneous blockade of COX/prostaglandin signaling and retinoid X receptor–dependent transcription confers potent anticancer efficacy, suggesting a novel avenue for clinical evaluation.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Abnormalities in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Lung Adenocarcinomas
Authors: Tang Ximing , Varella-Garcia Marileila , Xavier Ana C. , Massarelli Erminia , Ozburn Natalie , Moran Cesar , Wistuba Ignacio I. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
To identify the characteristics and sequence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) abnormalities relevant to the pathogenesis and progression of lung adenocarcinoma, we performed a precise mapping analysis of EGFR mutation, gene copy number, and total and phosphorylated EGFR protein expression for the same tissue sites. We examined normal bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium (NBE) and tumor tissues obtained from 50 formalin-fixed lung adenocarcinomas, including 24 EGFR-mutant primary tumors with nine corresponding lymph node metastases and 26 wild-type primary tumors. NBE in 12 of 24 (50%) mutant and 3 of 26 (12%) wild-type tumors harbored EGFR mutations; these NBE also showed a lack of EGFR copy number increase and frequent EGFR (69%) and phosphorylated EGFR (33%) overexpression. EGFR mutation and protein overexpression were more frequent in NBE sites within tumors than in NBE sites adjacent to and distant from tumors, suggesting a localized field effect. Sites with high and low EGFR copy numbers were heterogeneously distributed in six of nine primary tumors and in one of eight metastases. EGFR protein overexpression was significantly higher in metastasis sites than in primary tumors. We conclude from our findings that EGFR mutations and protein overexpression are early phenomena in the pathogenesis of lung adenocarcinoma and that EGFR mutation precedes an increase in gene copy number. In EGFR-mutant adenocarcinoma metastases, the higher levels of EGFR overexpression and more homogeneously distributed high gene copy numbers suggest tumor progression. Our findings have important implications for the development of new strategies for targeted chemoprevention and therapy in lung adenocarcinoma using EGFR inhibitors.
The Untapped Potential of Genetically Engineered Mouse Models in Chemoprevention Research: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Abate-Shen Cory , Brown Powel H. , Colburn Nancy H. , Gerner Eugene W. , Green Jeffery E. , Lipkin Martin , Nelson William G. , Threadgill David 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The past decade has witnessed the unveiling of a powerful new generation of genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of human cancer, which are proving to be highly effective for elucidating cancer mechanisms and interrogating novel experimental therapeutics. This new generation of GEM models are well suited for chemoprevention research, particularly for investigating progressive stages of carcinogenesis, identifying biomarkers for early detection and intervention, and preclinical assessment of novel agents or combinations of agents. Here we discuss opportunities and challenges for the application of GEM models in prevention research, as well as strategies to maximize their relevance for human cancer.
Metabolic Downregulation
Authors: Yenari Midori , Kitagawa Kazuo , Lyden Patrick , Perez-Pinzon Miguel 
Published: July 2008

Background and Purpose—The search for effective neuroprotectants remains frustrating, particularly with regard to specific pharmaceuticals. However, laboratory studies have consistently shown remarkable neuroprotection with 2 nonpharmacological strategies—therapeutic hypothermia and ischemic preconditioning. Recent studies have shown that the mechanism of protection underlying both of these treatments is correlated to downregulation of cellular and tissue metabolism. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying such robust protective effects could lead to appropriate translation at the clinical level. In fact, hypothermia is already being used at many centers to improve neurological outcome from cardiac arrest.Methods—A systematic review of both topics is presented in terms of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and application at the clinical level.Results—Although the mechanisms of protection for both therapeutic strategies are multifold, both share features of downregulating metabolism. Both therapeutic strategies are robust neuroprotectants, but translating them to the clinical arena is challenging, though not impossible, and clinical studies have shown or suggest benefits of both treatments.Conclusions—The strategy of metabolic downregulation should be further explored to identify effective neuroprotectants that can be easily applied clinically.
On the Zonal Structure of the North Atlantic Oscillation and Annular Modes
Authors: Gerber Edwin P. , Vallis Geoffrey K. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The zonal structure and dynamics of the dipolar patterns of intraseasonal variability in the extratropical atmosphere—namely, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the so-called annular modes of variability—are investigated in an idealized general circulation model. Particular attention is focused on the relationships linking the zonal structure of the stationary waves, synoptic variability (i.e., the storm tracks), and the zonal structure of the patterns of intraseasonal variability. Large-scale topography and diabatic anomalies are introduced to modify and concentrate the synoptic variability, establishing a recipe for a localized storm track. Comparison of the large-scale forcing, synoptic variability, and patterns of intraseasonal variability suggests a nonlinear relationship between the large-scale forcing and the variability. It is found that localized NAO-like patterns arise from the confluence of topographic and diabatic forcing and that the patterns are more localized than one would expect based on superposition of the responses to topography and thermal forcing alone.
The connection between the eddy life cycle of growth and decay and the localization of the intraseasonal variability is investigated. Both the termination of the storm track and the localization of the intraseasonal variability in the GCM depend on a difluent region of weak upper-level flow, where eddies break and dissipate rather than propagate energy forward through downstream development. The authors' interpretation suggests that the North Atlantic storm track and the NAO are two manifestations of the same phenomenon. Conclusions from the GCM study are critiqued by comparison with observations.
The Effects of Critical Layers on Residual Layer Turbulence
Authors: Tjernström Michael , Balsley Ben B. , Svensson Gunilla , Nappo Carmen J. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The authors report results of a study of finescale turbulence structure in the portion of the nocturnal boundary layer known as the residual layer (RL). The study covers two nights during the Cooperative Atmosphere–Surface Exchange Study 1999 (CASES-99) field experiment that exhibit significant differences in turbulence, as indicated by the observed turbulence dissipation rates in the RL. The RL turbulence sometimes reaches intensities comparable to those in the underlying stable boundary layer.
The commonly accepted concept of turbulence generation below critical values of the gradient Richardson number (Rig) is scale dependent: Ri values typically decrease with decreasing vertical scale size, so that critical Rig values (≈0.25) occur at vertical scales of only a few tens of meters. The very small scale for the occurrence of subcritical Ri poses problems for incorporating experimentally determined Rig -based methods in model closures in models with poor resolution.
There appear to be two distinct turbulence “regimes” in the RL: a very weak but ever-present background turbulence level with minimal temporal and spatial structure and a more intense intermittent regime during which turbulent intensity can approach near-surface nighttime turbulent intensities. It is hypothesized that the locally produced RL turbulence can be related to upward-propagating atmospheric gravity waves generated by flow over the low-relief terrain. The presence of critical layers in the RL, caused by wind turning with height, results in the generation of intermittent turbulence.
Aerodynamic Contrails: Phenomenology and Flow Physics
Authors: Gierens K. , Kärcher B. , Mannstein H. , Mayer B. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Aerodynamic contrails have been recognized for a long time although they appear sporadically. Usually one observes them under humid conditions near the ground, where they are short-lived phenomena. Aerodynamic contrails appear also at cruise levels where they may persist when the ambient atmosphere is ice-supersaturated. The present paper presents a theoretical investigation of aerodynamic contrails in the upper troposphere. The required flow physics are explained and applied to a case study. Results show that the flow over aircraft wings leads to large variations of pressure and temperature. Average pressure differences between the upper and lower sides of a wing are on the order of 50 hPa, which is a quite substantial fraction of cruise-level atmospheric pressures. Adiabatic cooling exceeds 20 K about 2 m above the wing in a case study shown here. Accordingly, extremely high supersaturations (exceeding 1000%) occur for a fraction of a second. The potential consequences for the ice microphysics are discussed. Because aerodynamic contrails are independent of the formation conditions of jet contrails, they form an additional class of contrails that might be complementary because they form predominantly in layers that are too warm for jet contrail formation.
Aerodynamic Contrails: Microphysics and Optical Properties
Authors: Kärcher B. , Mayer B. , Gierens K. , Burkhardt U. , Mannstein H. , Chatterjee R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAerodynamic contrails form when air flows across the wings of subsonic aircraft in cruise. During a short adiabatic expansion phase, high supersaturations trigger burstlike homogeneous ice formation on ambient liquid aerosol particles within a wing depth. Small particles freeze first because they equilibrate most rapidly. Ambient temperature is the key determinant of nascent aerodynamic contrail properties. Only above ∼232 K do they become visible (but optically thin). These temperatures are at the high end of those prevailing at tropical upper tropospheric flight levels of subsonic aircraft. In colder midlatitude conditions, aerodynamic contrails stay invisible and the very small ice particles formed quickly evaporate when exposed to small subsaturations, explaining why the formation of these contrails is rarely observed. After formation, aerodynamic contrails develop into contrail cirrus if air is supersaturated with respect to ice. This type of anthropogenic ice cloud adds to contrail cirrus derived from jet exhaust contrails and may become particularly important in the future because air traffic is projected to increase significantly in tropical and subtropical regions. Regardless of whether aerodynamically induced ice formation leads to persistent contrail cirrus, cruising aircraft may act as sources of potent heterogeneous ice nuclei by preactivating the insoluble fraction in atmospheric particle populations. Aerodynamic contrails and aerodynamically induced preactivation should therefore be studied experimentally and with global models to explore their potential to induce climate change.
The Relationship between Statistically Linear and Nonlinear Feedbacks and Zonal-Mean Flow Variability in an Idealized Climate Model
Authors: Kravtsov Sergey , Ten Hoeve John E. , Feldstein Steven B. , Lee Sukyoung , Son Seok-Woo 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Simulations using an idealized, atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) subjected to various thermal forcings are analyzed via a combination of probability density function (PDF) estimation and spectral analysis techniques. Seven different GCM runs are examined, each model run being characterized by different values in the strength of the tropical heating and high-latitude cooling. For each model run, it is shown that a linear stochastic model constructed in the phase space of the ten leading empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the zonal-mean zonal flow provides an excellent statistical approximation to the simulated zonal flow variability, which includes zonal index fluctuations, and quasi-oscillatory, poleward, zonal-mean flow anomaly propagation. Statistically significant deviations from the above linear stochastic null hypothesis arise in the form of a few anomalously persistent, or statistically nonlinear, flow patterns, which occupy particular regions of the model’s phase space. Some of these nonlinear regimes occur during certain phases of the poleward propagation; however, such an association is, in general, weak. This indicates that the regimes and oscillations in the model may be governed by distinct dynamical mechanisms.