bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Observation of Behavior in Free-Ranging Macaca Mulatta: Methodology and Aggression
Authors: Drickamer Lee C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractQuantitative methods of data collection and analysis were used to assess patterns of aggressive interaction in rhesus macaques. Four social bands were observed for 488 hours over a twelve-month period using standardized observation techniques and behaviors and recording data on monkeys in both feeding and non-feeding contexts. The numbers of monkeys present within the prescribed observation areas, the frequencies of three aggressive behaviors and the occurrence of open wounds were recorded for three age-sex classes; adult males, adult females and juveniles. The data revealed that more monkeys were present in the observation areas during the mating season, that levels of aggression varied inversely with group size, smaller groups exhibited higher levels of aggression and that male and female aggression was higher during the mating season, while juvenile agonistic interactions reached a peak during the weaning and birth periods. There were 46% more aggressive acts in the feeding than in the non-feeding context but the seasonal and group patterns were nearly identical between the two contexts. Arguments were presented supporting the use of the interactions/hour/ possible interacting combination of monkeys as a dependent variable; the data from this study and comparisons with other reports indicate that this is a logical variable to use. Lastly, several methodological tests demonstrated that there are potential biases in the use of the traditional field-note method of data collection; only a small percentage of the total behavioral interactions are recorded with the field-note technique and there is a tendency to record a disproportionately greater number of interactions initiated by larger adult monkeys. These disadvantages of the field-note method must be weighed against the need for individual identification.
The Effects of Strangers On Rhesus Monkey Groups
Authors: Wade Ted D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObservations were made of behaviour in each of 3 different laboratory groups of rhesus monkey adult females and infants for 5-6 replications of conditions in which either: (l) a group was undisturbed for at least a week, (2) a stranger adult male was present for 2 weeks, or a stranger adult female was present for 1/3 day in either (3) the group witltout a stranger male, or (4) the group with a stranger male. Groups behaviourally discriminated between their own members and strangers and between strangers of different sex. Strangers discriminated between other strangers and core group members. The presence of a stranger affected behaviour among core animals, the type of effect differing with the stranger's sex, and a stranger also affected behaviour between core animals and another stranger. These consequences of the presence of strangers were complex, but all could be explained by assuming that: (I) when more than two adult monkeys are together they are likely to have or attempt to form alliances, with high rates of affiliative and aggressive behaviour within an alliance, and cooperative aggression directed at non-alliance members, and that (2) females tend to prefer as alliance partners, in order, males most, then familiar females, and unfamiliar females least, while males tend to prefer less familiar over more familiar females. The latter preference may be a reason for inter-troop transfer by males in free-living troops. There was decreased tolerance among females, especially unfamiliar ones, in the presence of males. Such a mechanism might be a contriltitor to the stability of troop affiliation in free-living females. Various effects seen led to the viewpoint that while behaviour is determined by both individual characteristics and by the overall context of the group, these factors are quite interrelated, in that each contributes to the other. Group context "effects" may account for behavioural differences between the groups studied.
Communication Within and Between Family Groups of Siamang (Symphalangus Syndactylus)
Authors: Chivers David J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe close coordination of family groups of siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus) by subtle visual signals contrasts with the very loud and complex calls which figure prominently in relations between groups to space them effectively through the habitat. The siamangs' repertoire of facial expressions, vocalisations, and expressive gestures, postures and movements are contrasted with that of the white-handed gibbon, Hylobates lar. The ways in which siamang move about their small range in a highly coordinated manner, with frequent pauses for resting and grooming, and for feeding, are described. Reference is made to the structure of group calling bouts and to conflicts between groups. There is discussion of the possibility that the group cohesion results from group members becoming able to predict accurately the movements of each other, and of the possible way in which aggressive acts are countered by conciliatory ones.
Courtship Display, Agonistic Behavior and Social Dynamics in the Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias Jubatus)
Authors: Sandegren Finn E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFemales of the Steller sea lion perform elaborate courtship displays in a period of about 15 days around the time when ovulation and copulation should occur. These displays are directed towards and strongly stimulate the males. The display is of a submissive nature but elements related to sexual, aggressive and take-off behavior are also involved. The most striking features of the display are when the female mounts, climbs over and bites different parts of the male's body, then rushes away and makes intention movements of departing to sea or crossing to another territory, normally eliciting a strong response from the male she is courting and intensive territorial activity among the surrounding males. Towards the end of the breeding season when the number of estrous females decreases the frequency of display among individual females increases. This is probably a response to declining territorial motivation among males. But as long as there are displaying females in the colony new males replace the departing ones. It is suggested that the display functions as a social releaser, primarily reinforcing territorial and sexual motivation among males. Also, the display through its influence on dominance relations could have a far reaching impact on, among other things, the stability of the male and female social structures and pup mortality.
Predatory Behavior of Yellow Baboons
Authors: Hausfater Glenn 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. A group of 32 yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in the Masai-Amboseli National Park, Kenya, caught and ate 45 vertebrate prey items during 2519.19 hours of observation. 2. Eighty percent of the prey items were mammals and the most frequently eaten species were African hares (Lepus capensis), vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) and neonate gazelle (Cazella granti and G. thomsoni) in that order. The details of predatory behavior for each prey species are described. 3. Rates of predation were significantly higher during the long dry season than during other months of the year, although no correlation was found between total monthly rainfall and monthly rates of predation. A lognormal model however provided a good fit to the monthly rate of predation data suggesting that the rate of predation by Amboseli baboons was affected by several factors that acted multiplicatively with respect to each other and were themselves related to rainfall or dryness. 4. A mean of 2.3 individuals fed directly from the carcass of each prey item. A mean of 3.5 individuals per prey item fed directly or indirectly, i.e., on scraps, from each carcass. In general, both the number of individuals who fed from each carcass and the duration of their feeding bouts was dependent upon the gross body size of the prey item. Adult males fed directly from the carcass of prey items for about three times more minutes than expected from their number in the group; other classes of individuals fed directly from prey carcasses for only one-fourth as many minutes as expected. In general, an adult male would be expected to feed on each category of vertebrate prey at least once per year, while individuals of all other age-sex classes would be expected to feed on most prey categories only once every two years. 5. The most frequent social behavior around prey items was agonistic bouts; no cooperation, simultaneous feeding or specific begging gestures were observed. 6. Estimates of the total number of prey killed annually by Amboseli baboons indicate that baboon predation probably has a negligible effect on prey populations other than vervet monkeys. 7. It is speculated that the need for vitamin B12 underlies baboon predatory behavior, and perhaps that of other primate species as well.
The Effect of Female Color, Size, Dominance and Early Experience Upon Mate Selection in Male Convict Cichlids, Cichlasoma Nigrofasciat Um Günther (Pisces, Cichlidae)
Authors: Weber Peter G. , Weber Suzanne P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This study investigates the role of female color, size, and dominance, and the influence of early color experience in mate selection by male Convict cichlids, Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum. Dark wild-type male fish were reared by dark parents in dark schools (dark homogenous group), and by mixed dark and white parents in mixed schools (dark mixed group), until sexual maturity. Correspondingly a white homogenous group and a white mixed group were also established. Each male was then allowed to choose a mate among two dark (mixed group) and two white (mixed group) females. Males tended to spawn more often with dark females and always spawned with dominant females. Female size is positively correlated with female dominance and this may be either as a cause or as an effect of female dominance. Early color experience appears to be unimportant in male mate selection.
The Patterning of Preening and Other Comfort Behaviour in a Herring Gull
Authors: van RHIJN Johan G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe patterning of body-care behaviour in the Herring Gull has been studied by means of: (a) qualitative observations on four individuals, and (b) application of six quantitative analytical methods on the behaviour recordings of the dominant gull (which was least influenced by other individuals). The qualitative observations led to the conclusion that in a body-care sequence a number of sharp behaviour switches occur in a fixed order; between successive switches the following "main components" could occur: bathing, shaking, oiling, and preening. The quantitative methods with their results can be recapitulated as follows: 1. An analysis of frequencies of the different behaviour elements suggested that within the "main components" these frequencies tended to change gradually over time. 2. The distributions of the behaviour elements were further studied by means of the temporal relations between events of the same element. This analysis revealed that each element occurred in "bouts", which could be interspersed with events of other elements. 3. It was also studied whether different elements had similar distributions over the observation time. This method was concentrated on the behaviour during short intervals between events of the same element; its results indicated that different elements had different distributions over time, although these distributions could be partially overlapping. 4. The sequential patterning of these different frequency distributions was studied in detail by measuring the interval durations between events of different elements. The results of these four analytical methods could be explained by postulating a programme for sequencing and/or timing of smooth changes in the probabilities of occurrence of the different behaviour elements within each "main component". 5. By means of transition analysis it was investigated whether apart from the slow frequency changes, rapid processes also played a role. Because of differences between reciprocal transitions, it was concluded that those rapid processes were important too. 6. From the frequencies of the combinations between movements and the places to which they were directed, a certain amount of dependence between the components of separate behaviour events could be proved. The results of this study have been discussed in relation to Van lersel & Bol's study on preening in terns. It was argued that their threshold model was too simple for a satisfactory explanation of the patterning of body-care behaviour. The discussion of the present results in relation to hierachical models was more successful. The mechanism underlying body-care behaviour can be considered as a programme with a main routine (order of main components) and several sub-routines. The role of state variables in this programme has been illustrated in two diagrams.
Electrically Elicited Vocalization From the Brain of the House Finch (Carpodacus Mexicanus)
Authors: Epro Richard A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractVocalizations were electrically elicited from the brains of thirty-eight male and female house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) using acute procedures and local anesthetic. Nine types of call notes were produced including notes which sounded like song elements, but complete normal song was never evoked. Vocalizations could be electrically elicited from all parts of the brain except the cerebellum, but the widest variety of calls and the points yielding vocalizations at the lowest threshold were located in the midbrain around the nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis pars dorsalis. Precise anatomical localization of call type was not found and all calls were elicited from both males and females.
Social Relationships Among Adult Male and Female Baboons. I. Behaviour During Sexual Consortship
Authors: Seyfarth Robert M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. During 15 months' observation of a troop of free-ranging baboons, 13 of 16 female sexual cycles included a period of sexual consortship. Sexual consortships were defined in terms of both frequent proximity and exclusive sexual interaction between partners. 2. Female preference, male preference, and female rank were all important in determining the frequency with which specific individuals formed sexual consortships. The Alpha male was preferred by 7 of the 8 adult females, and, as a result, was involved in 10 of the 13 sexual consortships. The subordinate male formed sexual consortships twice when 2 females were swollen simultaneously and once when a female preferred him over the Alpha male. In the former two cases the higher-ranking female consorted with the Alpha male and the lower-ranking female with the subordinate male. In the latter case the Alpha male did not interfere with the subordinate male's sexual consortship. As an indication of male preference, on one occasion both the Alpha and the subordinate male ignored the presents of a fully swollen female, even though she was the only sexually receptive female in the troop at the time. 3. Sexual consortships were formed from 1 to 14 days after the female had become fully swollen, and invariably ended at least one full day before the onset of deturgescence. Sexual consortships ranged in length from 1 to 8 days, with a mean length of 3.5 days. "Successful" sexual consortships (i.e. those which resulted in conception) were more likely than others to be in progress on cycle days D-7, D-6, and D-5. 4. In the days preceding sexual consortship, females were more important than males for both the maintenance of proximity and the initiation of mounts. In contrast, during sexual consortship males were more important for the maintenance of proximity, while females were relatively less responsible for the initiation of mounts. 5. During sexual consortship partners maintained a generally higher rate of mounts with insertion that at other times, and their mounts with insertion were more "clumped" in time. There was no indication, however, of any peak in sexual activity relative to a particular day before the onset of deturgescence. 6. The formation of a sexual consortship did not appear to interrupt a female's social interactions with other animals in the troop. In most cases, however, proximity between females and their offspring increased during the period immediately after consortship had ended. 7. Although rates of female-female aggression were not affected by the formation of sexual consortship, adult females were more likely both to ignore threats from higher-ranking individuals and to be supported by adult males during sexual consortship than at other times.
Body Color Pattern and the Aggressive Behavior of Male Pumpkinseed Sunfish (Lepomis Gibbosus) During the Reproductive Season
Authors: Stacey Peter B. , Chiszar David 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMale pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus) readily attacked plywood models placed into their nests. Models containing red features (iris, opercular flap) received more attacks and aggressive displays than models lacking these features or than models which had these features painted black. This indicates that in the pattern of the male pumpkinseed, the red portion of the opercular flap and the red iris are social releasers for aggressive behavior. These features fade in subordinate pumpkinseeds in the laboratory and also in female pumpkinseeds before they enter the male's nest during reproduction. This pattern change would therefore function to decrease aggressive behavior directed at these individuals. A conspicuous feature of the female pumpkinseed is the presence of lateral bars. When bars were added to models, reductions in aggressive behavior were consistently observed. Hence, bars appear to inhibit male aggression. Bluegill sunfish (L. macrochirus) nest sympatrically with pumpkinseeds and interspecific nest defense was commonly seen. A conspicuous feature of male bluegills is a dark spot in the area of the dorsal fin rays. When such a spot is added to models, increases in aggressive behavior were observed in male pumpkinseeds. Hence, this feature may provide a basis for interspecific recognition and reproductive isolation. Finally, pumpkinseeds responded more vigorously to models than did bluegills. This may imply that the former are more attuned to morphological features than the latter. Bluegills, on the other hand, may be more attuned to the behavior of nest intruders. This hypothesis agrees with differences in the nesting ecology of these species.
Activity Periods and Patterns of Social Interaction: a Neglected Problem
Authors: Harcourt A.H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAnimals tend to divide their days into longish periods of different predominant maintenance activities, such that, for instance, early morning and late afternoon feeding periods are clearly separated by a midday rest period. Frequencies of social behaviour are known to change with change in the predominant activity. As an obvious example, grooming tends to be more frequent during rest periods than when the animals are moving and feeding. However, the possibility that patterns, as opposed to frequencies, of social interaction could change through the day has rarely been mentioned, let alone considered in detail. Data from a two-year field study of wild mountain gorilla, show that patterns of social interaction do indeed change with the predominant maintenance activity : neglect of such variation can lead to, at best, ignorance of interesting facets of behaviour and, at worst, misleading conclusions about the social relationships of the study animals.
Etablissement Des Relations Preferentielles Chez Les Bovins Domestiques
Authors: Bouissou Marie-France , Andrieu Sylvie 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLes interactions sociales, la rÃ©partition spatiale et le comportement lors d'une situation de compÃ©tition alimentaire ont Ã©tÃ© Ã©tudiÃ©s sur deux troupeaux de gÃ©nisses constituÃ©s chacun par la rÃ©union de 3 groupes de 4 animaux, placÃ©s ensemble soit Ã 6 mois soit Ã 12 mois. Les rÃ©sultats obtenus sur ces deux troupeaux ont Ã©tÃ© comparÃ©s Ã ceux obtenus, au cours d'une prÃ©cÃ©dente Ã©tude, sur un troupeau constituÃ© par la rÃ©union de 4 groupes de 4 animaux Ã©levÃ©s ensemble depuis la naissance. Quelque soit l'Ã¢ge auquel les animaux ont Ã©tÃ© regroupÃ©s, ils Ã©changent moins d'interactions agonistiques entre eux qu'avec des animaux rencontrÃ©s plus tard; mais cette diffÃ©rence ne se retrouve plus 6 mois aprÃ¨s la rÃ©union des groupes constituÃ©s Ã 6 ou 12 mois alors qu'elle persiste au moins un an aprÃ¨s la rÃ©union des groupes d'Ã©levage. De plus, les animaux rÃ©unis Ã 6 ou 12 mois sont plus agressifs entre eux que ceux Ã©levÃ©s ensemble depuis la naissance. Ils ne sont pas spatialement associÃ©s (sauf lors de l'alimentation) contrairement Ã ceux Ã©levÃ©s ensemble; enfin ils ne montrent pas de tolÃ©rance particuliÃ¨re lors d'une situation de compÃ©tition alimentaire. Il semble exister une pÃ©riode de sensibilitÃ© particuliÃ¨re pour la crÃ©ation des relations prÃ©fÃ©rentielles entre les individus d'un groupe ; elle se situerait avant 6 mois chez les Bovins, et pourrait Ãªtre limitÃ©e par l'apparition des relations de dominance.