bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung in der humangenetischen Diagnostik
Authors: Schröck E. , Frensel A. , Gerlach E. , Stadler A. , Hackmann K. , Tinschert S. , Werner W. 
Published: November 2008

Zusammenfassung
Die humangenetische Diagnostik umfasst eine Vielzahl von Verfahren, die sich aufgrund ihrer spezifischen Einsatzbedingungen und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten gegenseitig ergänzen. Mit der stetigen Entwicklung neuer Methoden ist es sinnvoll und notwendig, etablierte Techniken auf den Prüfstand zu stellen. Die Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung (FISH) ist eine Standardmethode in der genetischen Diagnostik und Forschung. Abhängig vom Design der Sonden ist es möglich, ganz individuell DNA-Abschnitte oder auch das gesamte Genom im Fluoreszenzmikroskop in Metaphasechromosomen, in Interphasezellkernen, in Gewebeschnitten oder in lebenden Zellen sichtbar zu machen. Besonders häufig wird die FISH-Technik in der humangenetischen Diagnostik für die Darstellung und Analyse von Mikrodeletionen, Translokationen, Inversionen und Insertionen, also von Strukturaberrationen der Chromosomen, sowie für die Charakterisierung von Markerchromosomen, zur Kartierung von Chromosomenbruchpunkten und zum Aneuploidiescreening im „pränatalen FISH-Schnelltest“ eingesetzt. Die Stärke der Methode liegt dabei in der Untersuchung einzelner Zellen, sodass auch genetisch heterogene Zellpopulationen (Mosaike) im untersuchten Gewebe mit hoher Sicherheit festgestellt oder ausgeschlossen werden können. Außerdem ist es möglich, die morphologischen und immunologischen Eigenschaften der Zellen bei der Auswertung zu berücksichtigen, sodass genetische Veränderungen bestimmten Zellarten zugeordnet werden können.
Grass Genomic Synteny Illuminates Plant Genome Function and Evolution
Authors: Bennetzen Jeffrey L. , Chen Mingsheng 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The genic colinearity of grass genetic maps, physical maps, and contiguous genomic sequences has been a major contributor to almost two decades of study into the structure and evolution of grass genomes. This research has led to the discovery of all of the major phenomena responsible for the rapid evolution of flowering plant genomes. These processes include polyploidy, transposable element (TE) amplification, TE-driven genome rearrangement, and DNA removal by unequal homologous recombination and illegitimate recombination. The great variety in angiosperm genome structure is largely an outcome of differences in the specificities, frequencies, and amplitudes of these common genome-altering processes. Future emphasis now needs to shift to harnessing an even broader range of studied species, and to use this phylogenomic perspective to uncover the nature and functions of the genes that are shared by particular lineages and those that set each individual species apart as a unique biological entity.
Societal Change and OR Nursing in the Pages of the AORN Journal, 1963 to 1983
Authors: Moszczynski Alice 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTTHE DECADES OF THE 1960s and 1970s were unlike any US society had previously experienced. The order of society was openly challenged, which resulted in diverse viewpoints about what was acceptable behavior and thinking.THE EFFECTS OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES were evident in health care, and demands for options in care influenced the delivery of health services. Many of these influences were felt by nurses in the OR, and OR nursing itself transformed in response to the changes in society.THE AORN JOURNAL is used in this article as a source of information to ascertain how changes in society were reflected in OR nursing during the period from 1963 to 1983. AORN J 88 (November 2008) 747–762. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Placental Amniotic Membrane: The Pathway to Ocular Transplantation
Authors: Hill Sonia June 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTOPHTHALMOLOGY RESEARCH has identified a relationship between human placenta and eye tissue. Placental amniotic membrane provides structural healing properties that help restore vision in patients with ocular disease that has been unresponsive to medical treatment.THE PATHWAY from donor placenta retrieval to amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) involves perioperative nurses from obstetrics and ophthalmology departments who are well versed in federal regulations and eye or tissue bank standards.PERIOPERATIVE NURSES can promote recycling of placentas for preservation and facilitate optimal surgical outcomes for patients undergoing AMT, as well as provide these patients with emotional support and education. AORN J 88 (November 2008) 731–742. © AORN, Inc, 2008.
Anti‐cancer effect ofCassia auriculataleaf extractin vitrothrough cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis in human breast and larynx cancer cell lines
Authors: Prasanna R. , Harish C.C. , Pichai R. , Sakthisekaran D. , Gunasekaran P. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThein vitroanti‐cancer effect ofCassia auriculataleaf extract (CALE) was evaluated in human breast adenocarcinoma MCF‐7 and human larynx carcinoma Hep‐2 cell lines. CALE preferentially inhibited the growth of both the cell lines in a dose‐dependent manner with IC50values of 400 and 500 μg for MCF‐7 and Hep‐2 cells, respectively. The results showed the anti‐cancer action is due to nuclear fragmentation and condensation, associated with the appearance of A0peak in cell cycle analysis that is indicative of apoptosis. In addition, CALE treated MCF‐7 and Hep‐2 cells had decreased expression of anti‐apoptotic Bcl‐2 protein and increased expression of pro‐apoptotic Bax protein, eventually leading a decrease in the Bcl‐2/Bax ratio. These results demonstrated that CALE inhibits the proliferation of MCF‐7 and Hep‐2 cells through induction of apoptosis, making CALE a candidate as new anti‐cancer drug.
African Studies Program, Howard University, Washington
Authors: Brown Vincent J. 
Published: November 2008

This Program was established in 1954. It is inter-disciplinary in character, and has the following primary purposes:1. To provide an opportunity for students at Howard University to acquire as a part of their general education an objective view of the present position of Africa in the modern world, and an understanding of its economic, social, and political problems.2. To enable African students attending the University to view objectively and in a larger perspective the problems of their own continent.3. To provide training and education for a small number of graduate students, who will either continue their studies at other centres, or will be prepared to work in Africa.
A Gambian Chieftaincy Election
Authors: Kingsland James 
Published: November 2008

The SettingThe rumble of military jeeps throughout the continent has obscured the fact that there are still a few places where lively elections are held from time to time. Before the rash of coups, and even in several countries with a dominant party, there were local opportunities for intensive competition. Where electoral politics still exist today, groups which might not carry much national weight have the chance to win a slice of the political system at the local level. Such a case was the 1975 election of the chief or seyfo for the Lower Saloum District which is part of the McCarthy Island Division on the north bank of the Gambia River. The three largest ethnic groups here are the Olof, the Mandinka, and the Fula.
The Africa Bureau, London
Authors: Calvocoressi Peter 
Published: November 2008

It is not easy to describe the objects, still less the activities, of the Africa Bureau in a few words. It is one of those organisations whose ambitions and influence are much greater than its physical size.If you look at the dominating purpose behind the activities of the past 12 years, you will find it in the Bureau's sympathy with and determination to promote African independence. It was established in 1952 to provide accurate information particularly on the aims and hopes of African nationalism, to oppose unfair discrimination, and to encourage development in Africa. The need for such an organisation in Britain had been recognised primarily by Rev. Michael Scott, who on returning from South Africa sought help from people in Britain for the African people of South West Africa. An informal group advising on the intricate political and constitutional issues involved in bringing South West Africa's plight before the United Nations provided the nucleus from which the Africa Bureau grew, and since 1948, Michael Scott, honorary director of the Bureau, has attended the U.N. and given evidence as personal representative of Chief Hosea Kutako of the Hereros.
Conference on Co-operation and Planning in Africa
Authors: Ikelle-Matiba Jean 
Published: November 2008

This conference was held on the initiative of the Afrika Verein and the Deutsche Stif tung für Entwicklungsländer. Its aim was to examine the theory and practice of regional planning and external co-operation within the framework of African development.The Afrika Verein is a German organisation which took over from the Syndikats für Westafrika, which was founded in 1884, and is now one of the most important economic organisations concerned with Africa in the Federal German Republic. It advises merchants, businessmen, and sometimes even the government, and examines market possibilities and business conditions, from the political (i.e. psychological) as well as the legal point of view. The Deutsche Stiftung für Entwicklungsländer is more widely known. It specialises in development problems and its activities cover all the so-called ‘underdeveloped’ countries. Being a government body it originally dealt mainly with Asia and Latin America, but for the past two years, with the emergence of the new African states, it has been enlarging its African department.
International Aid: The Next Steps
Authors: Seers Dudley 
Published: November 2008

The correct starting point in the analysis of any economic unit is to pose the following three questions: What are the needs of the people? What resources are available? How adequately are these resources being mobilised for these needs ?1These questions are applicable to a continent or a country (or for that matter a county, a city, or a village); they can also be applied to the world as a whole. If they are, a picture emerges which, if it does not appal us, because it is so familiar and so easily taken for granted, would certainly astonish a visitor from another planet. The basic human needs for nourishment and for protection from the weather are not great, and the resources known to be available could, with current levels of technique, easily permit a comfortable living standard for everyone. Yet these resources are very largely unexploited or wasted, and miserable poverty is the typical human condition.
Ivoirien Student Perceptions of U.S. Africa Policy
Authors: Skurnik W. A. E. 
Published: November 2008

Thisstudy has two main objectives: to draw a map of the perceptions of Ivoirien students about aspects of U.S. policy towards Africa, and to discover response deviations which coincide with, and hence may be attributable to, (1) school and class attended, (2) sex, age, religion, and ethnic group, and (3) sources of information about world events.Data were gathered during 1976 through a questionnaire administered to 327 Ivoirien students, 245 of whom were at theUniversité d'Abidjanand 82 at theÉcole nationale d'administration.1They were given a random list of 22 questions and asked to indicate their approval, opposition, or lack of familiarity. Later 18 questions were grouped into four categories:
How Many Nigerians? An Analysis of Nigeria's Census Problems, 1901–63
Authors: Aluko S. A. 
Published: November 2008

In 1962 the Nigerian Federal Minister of Economic Development said,It is our duty as a nation to see to it that we produce population census results which have been thoroughly conducted, verified and appraised, and therefore acceptable, without any shadow of doubt, to all governments of the world and to all international bodies such as the United Nations and its agencies, the World Bank, etc… The impressions of the manner in which a country conducts its affairs are one of the factors which earn for it the respect or disrespect of the rest of the world.1
The Legitimation Crisis of the South African State
Authors: Moodley Kogila 
Published: November 2008

On 21 March 1985, the twenty-fifth anniversary of the infamous Sharpevile incident, South African police, without provocation or warning, killed 20 unarmed black marchers at Langa in the Eastern Cape. Most were shot in the back. The outnumbered contingent of white and black police with two armoured vehicles, felt that the blacks, on their way to a funeral, would threaten the white township.The repetition of this crudest form of state violence against politicised youngsters and workers, threatened by recession after two-and-a-half decades of anti-apartheid opposition, suggests that little has changed in the repression by a minority ré. The rulers command the guns and the subordinates are left wiht no alternative but to submit or perish.
In Search of Development: Some Directions for Further Investigation
Authors: Ergas Zaki 
Published: November 2008

The rapidly deteriorating social and economic situation in sub-Saharan Africa, and the need for large-scale action to reverse that ominous trend, are captured well in the following paragraph:It is becoming evident that Africa is in a state of breathtaking and grievous crisis whose… likes may not have been seen anywhere in the West since the 14th century Plague. Twenty-nine of the world's 36 poorest nations are to be found south of the Sahara desert… and 24 of them are now appealing for emergency aid to ward off famine… The percentage of Africans living in absolute poverty rose from 82 percent to 91 percent through the 1970s. In 1983 per capita food production was down by 14 percent from 1981. Five million Africans are currently refugees. Five million African children died this year; another five million were crippled by malnutrition and disease.
Explaining Political Instability in New States
Authors: Ake Claude 
Published: November 2008

This article is a theoretical exploration of the problem of explaining political instability in new states, especially those of Africa. It begins with a critical evaluation of current tendencies of interpretation, and then goes on to suggest how we might construct a more adequate theory.Explanations of political instability in the new states usually stress one or more of five related factors: cultural heterogeneity, low regime legitimacy, lack of coercive power, economic backwardness, and structural simplicity. Let us examine each of these factors.
In Search of a Development Paradigm: Two Tales of a City
Authors: Ellis Gene 
Published: November 2008

One of the most pressing problems confronting development planners in Africa is how to increase local supplies of fuelwood. As explained in a donorcommissioned report at the begining of the current decade:1. Not nearly enough trees are being planted to meet future rural and urban needs: during the next 20 years, ‘annual fuelwood planting will need to increase by about 15 times over current levels’, and even this assumes optimistically that ‘up to a fourth of future fuelwood demand will be met by conservation or… alternative fuels’. In fact, negligible resources are being devoted to establishing new ‘plantations of any significant size’.2
Seminar on the Use of Mass Media for Social Education in Urban Areas of Africa
Authors: Judet P. 
Published: November 2008

One major problem facing the countries of Western Africa is the rapid process of urbanisation and the inability of the towns to integrate untrained and generally illiterate immigrants from the rural areas.In March 1956, U.N.E.S.C.O. established a ‘Pilot Project for the Application of New Techniques and Methods of Education’; the Dakar seminar was held to discuss the results of this project and, in particular, the use of television in social education. Delegates attended from 11 countries—Congo (Kinshasa), Congo (Brazzaville), Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Gabon, Guinea, Upper Volta, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo–together with observers from interested ministries in Senegal, the I.L.O., W.H.O., the U.N. information services, O.R.S.T.O.M. (the French scientific research organisation for overseas territories), the World Association for Christian Radio and Television, the African Union of National Radio and Television Services, and the International Union for Public Health Education. Most strongly represented, of course, was U.N.E.S.C.O. itself, both by headquarters and local staff, and by the experts and consultants at work on the pilot project.
An African Village in Transition: research into behaviour patterns
Authors: Axinn George H. , Axinn Nancy W. 
Published: November 2008

Even the more remote and isolated villages of dynamic and disparate Africa are changing rapidly. To understand this transition, a detailed descriptive record of human activity enables comparisons to be made of different groups and of one group at different times.The hourly, daily, and yearly behaviour patterns of rural people living in the Nsukka division of the former Eastern Region of Nigeria (now Biafra) are briefly described below. This information is based on field research carried on during 1966 in eight clusters of compounds near Nsukka town. At the time that the study was made, this was a rapidly developing Igbo village 43 miles from the regional capital city of Enugu.
Seminar on Regional Cooperation in Africa: prospects and problems
Authors: Kagwe Solomon 
Published: November 2008

The eighth inter-African public administration seminar, sponsored jointly by
the Government of Liberia and the Ford Foundation, was attended by 37 leading civil servants from English-speaking Africa, as well as by observers from I.D.E.P., C.A.F.R.A.D., and U.N. E.C.A.President Tubman delivered the keynote address, in which he recognised the need for regional economic co-operation, urged the investigation of the problems and difficulties on the way, and stressed the essential role of civil servants in bringing about such co-operation. In the discussion that followed many participants expressed the view that goals and objectives must be denned as carefully and realistically as possible if both short- and long-term results are to be achieved. It would also be important to take into account the current level of development in African countries.
The Withdrawal of the U.N. Force from the Congo: a note for the historical record
Authors: Sherry George L. 
Published: November 2008

Much of the literature, scholarly and journalistic, about certain aspects of the United Nations operation in the Congo has been marked by the twin short. comings of a lack of authentic information on the one hand and the ignoring of such information, even where it is readily available, on the other.There is not much that can be done for the time being about the lack of information, especially in view of the confidential relationship of the United Nations Secretariat with Member States, which inevitably means that the Secretary-General's position often to some extent goes by default before public opinion. This is a pity, but the Secretariat obviously could not operate if governments could not rely on its discretion, which they are entitled to take for granted.
Collective Bargaining as an Internal Sanction: the Rôle of U.S. Corporations in South Africa
Authors: Coker Christopher 
Published: November 2008

Foreign investment in South Africa during the past 20 years has been subject to criticism form several diverse schools of thought, ranging from those who believe it has contributed to country's economic growth without improving the condition of the black workers, to those who maintain that – at best – apartheid has been modernised rather than fundamentally changed.Today the focus of attention has shifted to collective bargaining and trade union rights, to the action that can be taken on their own behalf by the ecomomically underprivileged and the politically dispossessed, and to the assistance which foreign-owned companies have been given in improving the terms and conditions of employment of their own non-white employees by the codes of conduct that have quite recently been adopted by their own governments.
Ibo Chiefs and Social Change
Authors: Okafor Samuel O. 
Published: November 2008

Did Dr Robert Tignor in this recent article on ‘Colonial Chiefs in Chiefless Societies’ in this Journal, IX, 3, October 1971, not overstate the contribution of certain African chiefs ‘in forcing the pace of social change’?My aim is to answer this question briefly as far as Ibo chiefs are concerned. It has been argued that they helped with the introduction of taxation, especially since this was not traditional. But the historical records show that most of them were actually opposed to its introduction,1 and that they were not an effective factor in its collection until after the reorganisation of the Native Authority system in the South-Eastern Provinces in the 1930s.2
Institut Africain pour Ie Développement Economique et Social, Abidjan
Authors: Bureau René 
Published: November 2008

I.N.A.D.E.S. is a research and training institute run by a number of Jesuit Fathers presently depending on the Province of Paris. It was established three years ago at Abidjan; its activities are by no means restricted to the Ivory Coast, but are directed towards the whole of black Africa and Madagascar, although priority is in fact given to the francophone countries.The Institute now employs eight Fathers in various capacities, according to their respective skills. They are Fr Claude Pairault (director), Fr Albert Hanrion (administrator), Fr Pierre Souillac (executive secretary), Fr Jean- Louis Fyot (deputy-director), and Fathers Xavier Baronnet and Marcel Forey, with Fr René Bureau due later this year. At the moment the team has seven full-time assistants and secretaries.
The Underdevelopment Theory: a Case-Study from Tanzania
Authors: McHenry Dean E. 
Published: November 2008

The frustrated aspirations of most Africans for a significantly better life following independence have evoked considerable attention. A growing number of scholars are accounting for the situation in terms of a set of loosely connected propositions contained in the ‘underdevelopment theory’,, at the core of which is the idea that colonialist/neocolonialist countries have created the conditions of underdevelopment by:(i) encouraging the entry of foreign investment which extracted/extracts a significant proportion of the surplus produced;(ii) fostering a commercial bourgeoisie which failed/fails to use its profits for productive investment purposes; and(iii) promoting an indigenous class which acted/acts in the interest of the imperial power to perpetuate the condition of underdevelopment.
Djibouti's unusual resource curse
Authors: Brass Jennifer N. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTAn extensive literature on the ‘resource curse’ posits that abundant natural resources ‘curse’ countries possessing them with negative economic, social and political externalities. Usually, scholars identify tangible resources like oil, diamonds or timber, rarely questioning whether other kinds of resources might have the same impact, and under what conditions. This paper examines how little-studied Djibouti's non-tangible resources – geo-strategic location and aid-inspiring poverty – have produced ‘curse’ effects; with an economy dominated by US and French military spending (and concomitant aid) and rents on trade passing to and from Ethiopia, tiny Djibouti suffers from this curse. It draws four conclusions. First, resource curse effects can derive from non-traditional sources. Second, leaders' policy decisions matter at least as much as the presence or absence of resources. Third, advanced countries' spending patterns in their less-developed allies often produce unintended consequences. Finally, even tiny countries can provide scholars and policy makers with new insights.