bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of microbial culture of pooled fecal samples for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in large dairy herds
Authors: Tavornpanich Saraya , Gardner Ian A. , Anderson Randall J. , Shin Sang , Whitlock Robert H. , Fyock Terry , Adaska John M. , Walker Richard L. , Hietala Sharon K. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate sensitivity of microbial culture
of pooled fecal samples for detection of
Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis (MAP)
in large dairy herds and assess the use of the method
for estimation of MAP prevalence.

Animals—1,740 lactating cows from 29 dairy herds
in California.

Procedure—Serum from each cow was tested by
use of a commercial ELISA kit. Individual fecal samples
were cultured and used to create pooled fecal
samples (10 randomly selected fecal samples/pool; 6
pooled samples/herd). Sensitivity of MAP detection
was compared between Herrold's egg yolk (HEY) agar
and a new liquid culture method. Bayesian methods
were used to estimate true prevalence of MAP-infected
cows and herd sensitivity.

Results—Estimated sensitivity for pooled fecal
samples among all herds was 0.69 (25 culture-positive
pools/36 pools that were MAP positive).
Sensitivity increased as the number of culture-positive
samples in a pool increased. The HEY agar
method detected more infected cows than the liquid
culture method but had lower sensitivity for
pooled fecal samples. Prevalence of MAP-infected
cows was estimated to be 4% (95% probability
interval, 2% to 6%) on the basis of culture of
pooled fecal samples. Herd-level sensitivity estimate
ranged from 90% to 100% and was dependent
on prevalence in the population and the sensitivity
for culture of pooled fecal samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of pooled
fecal samples from 10 cows was a cost-effective tool
for herd screening and may provide a good estimate
of the percentage of MAP-infected cows in dairy
herds with a low prevalence of MAP. (Am J Vet Res
2004;65:1061–1070)
Distribution of mRNA that codes for subtypes of adrenergic receptors in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows
Authors: Meylan Mireille , Georgieva Teodora M. , Reist Martin , Blum Jürg W. , Martig Johannes , Georgieva Ivan P. , Steiner Adrian 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To describe the distribution of mRNA that codes for 9 subtypes of adrenergic receptors in the digestive tract of dairy cows.Sample Population—Fresh full-thickness wall specimens from the abomasum (fundus, corpus, and antrum), ileum, cecum, proximal loop of ascending colon, and 4 locations of the spiral colon collected from 10 healthy cows at slaughter.Procedure—Concentrations of mRNA that code for 9 subtypes of adrenergic receptors in the bovine gastrointestinal tract (α1A, α1B, α1D, α2AD, α2B, α2C, β1, β2, and β3) were measured by use of a quantitative realtime reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay. Results were reported in relation to mRNA expression of the housekeeping gene glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH).Results—Mean mRNA contents of adrenergic receptors in the bovine digestive tract were low (range, 0.00006% to 5.04% of GAPDH). Distribution of receptor subtypes was similar in all tissues, with lowest expression of α1D receptors, followed by α2B, α2C, β3, α1B, α1A, β1, and β2in the abomasum, whereas α2ADand β2in the intestines were highest. In comparison with the intestines, relative concentrations of mRNA for receptors β2and β3were significantly lower in the abomasum.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Relative concentrations of mRNA that code for adrenergic receptors differed among receptor subtypes and among locations in the bovine gastrointestinal tract. Comparison of these values established in healthy cattle with results for cows with motility disorders, such as abomasal displacement and cecal dilatation, may lead to improved therapeutic or prophylactic approaches for these diseases. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1142–1150)
Purification and partial characterization of feline pepsinogen
Authors: Tress Ursula , Steiner Jörg M. , Ruaux Craig G. , Suchodolski Jan S. , Williams David A. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To purify and partially characterize feline
pepsinogen (fPG) from the gastric mucosa and compare
fPG with PGs of other species.

Sample Population—Stomachs of 6 cats.

Procedure—A crude protein extract was prepared
from the gastric mucosa of feline stomachs. Feline
PG A was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation,
weak-anion-exchange chromatography, size-exclusion
chromatography, and strong-anion exchange chromatography.
Partial characterization consisted of estimation
of molecular weights (MWs) and isoelectric
points, N-terminal amino acid sequencing, and investigation
of susceptibility to pepstatin inhibition.

Results—Several fPG A-group isoforms were identified.
The MWs of the isoforms ranged from 37,000 to
44,820. Isoelectric points were all < pH 3.0. The proteolytic
activity of the activated PGs was inhibited
completely by pepstatin in a range of equimolar to 10-
fold molar excess. The specific absorbance of fPG A
was 1.29. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the
first 25 residues of the predominant fPG A7 had 75%,
72%, 64%, and 56% homology with PG A of dogs,
rabbits, cattle, and humans, respectively. Sequences
of 4 other fPG A-group isoforms were similar to fPG
A7. All isoforms were immunologically cross-reactive
with sheep anti-fPG A7 antiserum.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—PG A is the
only identified type of PG in cats and, similar to pg in
other species, comprises multiple isoforms. The availability
of fPG A may be used to facilitate the development
of an immunoassay to quantify serum fPG A as
a potential marker for gastric disorders in cats. (Am J Vet Res 2004;65:1195–1199)
Evaluation of head-out constant volume body plethysmography for measurement of specific airway resistance in conscious, sedated sheep
Authors: Bedenice Daniela , Bar-Yishay Ephraim , Ingenito Edward P. , Tsai Larry , Mazan Melissa R. , Hoffman Andrew M. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate the use of a modified whole
body plethysmograph in awake sheep.

Animals—10 healthy adult sheep.

Procedure—Concurrent measurements of specific
airway resistance (sRaw) and pulmonary resistance
(RL) were obtained using a novel noninvasive headout
constant-volume plethysmograph and esophageal
balloon-pneumotachography, respectively. All data
were collected before and after external resistive
loading with 1 and 5.6 cm H20/L/s. Functional residual
capacity (FRC) was measured by helium dilution for
computation of airway resistance (Raw) preloading
(Raw = sRaw/FRC).

Results—The sRaw and RL were closely correlated in
10 adult sheep. Additionally, sRaw and RL accurately
reflected the magnitude of added resistance. The
mean FRC was 52 mL/kg and used to calculate Raw.
At baseline, the values for Raw were significantly correlated
with sRaw and RL.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Precise measurements
of sRaw and Raw at baseline and sRaw after
external resistive loading were obtained by use of this
novel noninvasive plethysmographic technology. This
method should have application to veterinary patients
or animals used in research in which noninvasive rapid
or serial measurements of sRaw in the conscious
state are required. (Am J Vet Res 2004;65:1259–1264)
Spatial dispersal of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-contaminated flies after contact with experimentally infected pigs
Authors: Schurrer Jennifer A. , Dee Scott A. , Moon Roger D. , Rossow Kurt D. , Mahlum Carrie , Mondaca Enrique , Otake Satoshi , Fano Eduardo , Collins James E. , Pijoan Carlos 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether flies can acquire porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and disperse the virus throughout a designated area.Animals—60 four-month-old pigs.Procedure—On day 0, 28 of 60 pigs were inoculated with PRRSV MN 30-100 (index variant). On the same day, 100,000 pupae of ochre-eyed houseflies and 100,000 pupae of red-eyed (wild-type) houseflies were placed in the swine facility for a release-recapture study. Flies were recaptured at 2 locations within the swine facility, 6 locations immediately outside the facility, and 30 locations 0.4, 0.8, 1.3, 1.7, 1.9, and 2.3 km from the facility. Traps were emptied on days 2, 7, 8, 10, and 14. Samples derived from flies were tested by use of a polymerase chain reaction assay, virus DNA was sequenced, and viruses were tested for infectivity by means of a swine bioassay.Results—PRRSV RNA homologous to the index PRRSV was detected in trapped flies collected inside and immediately outside the facility and from 9 of 48 samples collected at 0.4 km, 8 of 24 samples collected at 0.8 km, 5 of 24 samples collected at 1.3 km, and 3 of 84 samples collected at > 1.7 km from the facility. Two samples collected at 0.8 km contained genetically diverse variants of PRRSV. Swine bioassays revealed the virus in flies was infectious.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Flies appeared to become contaminated with PRRSV from infected pigs and transported the virus ≥ 1.7 km. Flyborn transmission may explain how PRRSV is seasonally transported between farms. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1284–1292)
Preclinical evaluation of a liposome-encapsulated formulation of cisplatin in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Marr Amanda K. , Kurzman Ilene D. , Vail David M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the acute and short-term adverse effects of a liposome-encapsulated form of cisplatin at increasing dosages of up to twice the known maximally tolerated dose (MTD) of unencapsulated cisplatin in clinically normal dogs.Animals—4 healthy 2.5-year-old sexually intact female hound-type dogs.Procedure—4 dosages (70, 100, 125, and 150 mg/m2) were evaluated, and the 4 dogs received a total of 9 infusions (1 to 3 infusions/dog). Dogs were monitored to detect changes in clinical and clinicopathologic status. Evaluations consisting of a physical examination, CBC, serum biochemical analysis, and urinalysis were performed before and 7 and 21 days after each infusion.Results—Acute anaphylactic-like reactions to liposome- encapsulated cisplatin were common but clinically manageable. Nephrotoxicosis and substantial myelosuppression, toxic effects commonly associated with unencapsulated cisplatin, were not observed in dogs treated with liposome-encapsulated cisplatin at dosages equivalent to twice the known MTD of unencapsulated cisplatin.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Liposome-encapsulated cisplatin can be safely administered to clinically normal dogs at dosages of up to 150 mg/m2without the need for concurrent hydration protocols. This was a necessary prerequisite to enable phase I clinical trials in dogs with naturally developing cancers that could theoretically benefit from escalation in the dosage of cisplatin. Determination of an MTD, cumulative and long-term toxic effects, and efficacy can now be conducted in the context of phase I trials in tumorbearing dogs. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1474–1478)
Distribution of vertical forces in the pads of Greyhounds and Labrador Retrievers during walking
Authors: Besancon M. Faulkner , Conzemius Michael G. , Evans Richard B. , Ritter Matthew J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To document peak vertical force (PVF) and vertical impulse (VI) in the pads of Greyhounds and Labrador Retrievers.Animals—8 Greyhounds and 8 Labrador Retrievers.Procedure—Velocity and acceleration were restricted to ranges of 0.9 to 1.1 m/s and –0.1 to 0.1 m/s2, respectively. The PVF and VI measurements were collected from digital pad (DP)-2, -3, -4, and -5 and the metacarpal pad (McP) or metatarsal pad (MtP) of each limb in each dog.Results—We found no significant differences between the left and right forelimbs or hind limbs for any pad in either breed. Vertical forces in the forelimb were always greater than those in the hind limb. The PVF in the forelimbs of Greyhounds was greatest in DP-3, -4, and -5 and DP-3, DP-4, and the MtP in the hind limbs. The VI in Greyhound forelimbs was greatest in DP-3, -4, and -5 but greatest in DP-4 in the hind limbs. The PVF in the forelimbs of Labrador Retrievers was greatest in the McP, whereas in the hind limbs it was greatest in DP-4. The VI in Labrador Retriever forelimbs was greatest in DP-3, DP-4, and the McP but greatest in DP-3 and -4 in the hind limbs. Significant differences were detected in load distribution between the breeds.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—This study confirms that DP-3 and DP-4 are major weight-bearing pads in dogs. However, loads were fairly evenly distributed, and DP-5 and the McP or MtP bear a substantial amount of load in both breeds. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1497–1501)
Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in plasma and urine of horses
Authors: Toutain Pierre-Louis , Reymond Nadège , Laroute Valérie , Garcia Patrice , Popot Marie-Agnès , Bonnaire Yves , Hirsch Alexandra , Narbe Rüdiger 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine pharmacokinetic parameters for meloxicam, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in horses.Animals—8 healthy horses.Procedure—In the first phase of the study, horses were administered meloxicam once in accordance with a 2 × 2 crossover design (IV or PO drug administration; horses fed or not fed). The second phase used a multiple-dose regimen (daily oral administration of meloxicam for 14 days), with meloxicam administered at the recommended dosage (0.6 mg/kg). Plasma and urine concentrations of meloxicam were measured by use of validated methods with a limit of quantification of 10 ng/mL for plasma and 20 ng/mL for urine.Results—Plasma clearance was low (mean ± SD; 34 ± 0.5 mL/kg/h), steady-state volume of distribution was limited (0.12 ± 0.018 L/kg), and terminal half-life was 8.54 ± 3.02 hours. After oral administration, bioavailability was nearly total regardless of feeding status (98 ± 12% in fed horses and 85 ± 19% in nonfed horses). During once-daily administration for 14 days, we did not detect drug accumulation in the plasma. Meloxicam was eliminated via the urine with a urine-to-plasma concentration that ranged from 13 to 18. Concentrations were detected for a relatively short period (3 days) after administration of the final daily dose.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of this study support once-daily administration of meloxicam regardless of the feeding status of a horse and suggest a period of at least 3 days before urine concentrations of meloxicam reach concentrations that could be used in drug control programs. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1542–1547)
Comparison of the carbon 13-labeled octanoic acid breath test and ultrasonography for assessment of gastric emptying of a semisolid meal in dogs
Authors: McLellan Jonathan , Wyse Cathy A. , Dickie Alison , Preston Tom , Yam Philippa S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare the rate of gastric emptying of a semisolid meal by use of the carbon 13-labeled octanoic acid breath test (13C-OBT) and gastric emptying ultrasonography (GEU) in dogs.Animals—10 healthy dogs.Procedure—Food was withheld from dogs for 12 hours before ingestion of a test meal (bread, egg, and skimmed milk) containing13C-octanoic acid. The gastric antrum was visualized by use of a 6.5-MHz microconvex transducer, and the area of the ellipse defined by the craniocaudal and ventrodorsal diameters of the stomach was measured. Samples of expired air and antral images were obtained 30 minutes before ingestion of the test meal and then every 15 minutes for 4 hours and every 30 minutes for a further 2 hours. The half-dose recovery time with the13C-OBT (t½[BT]) and the gastric half emtying time withGEU (t50%[GEU]) was calculated.Results—Mean ± SD values for the t½(BT) and t50%(GEU) were 3.44 ± 0.48 hours and 1.89 ± 0.78 hours, respectively. A significant correlation was detected between the t½(BT) and t50%(GEU), although there was a large (1.55 hours) mean difference between these indices.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that there was a correlation between the rate of solid-phase gastric emptying assessed by use of GEU and the13C-OBT in dogs. Gastric emptying ultrasonography may be a useful, noninvasive method for assessment of the rate of solid-phase gastric emptying in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1557–1562)
Effects of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases on canine chondrocytes cultured in vitro with tumor necrosis factor-α
Authors: Kuroki Keiichi , Cook James L. , Kreeger John M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To elucidate tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-mediated effects on chondrocytes.Sample Population—Articular cartilage from humeral heads of 6 dogs.Procedure—Chondrocytes from harvested specimens were cultured in 3-dimensional (3-D) agarose at 106cells/mL. We prepared 3-D constructs exposed to only tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (50 ng/mL). Recombinant human TIMP-1 (255nM), -2 (285nM), or -3 (250nM) was added to liquid media bathing 3-D constructs cultured with TNF-α. Chondrocytes cultured without TIMP or TNF-α served as control samples. Samples of liquid media were collected on days 6, 9, 15, and 21 of culture for evaluation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and nitric oxide concentrations. The 3-D constructs were collected on days 9, 15, and 21 for evaluation of GAG, hydroxyproline (HP), and DNA contents.Results—GAG content in control samples increased significantly during the study, whereas GAG content in 3-D constructs cultured with TNF-α or TNF-α plus TIMP did not increase. On day 9, GAG release from 3-D constructs cultured with TNF-α was significantly higher than that in other constructs. The HP content in control samples increased during the study and was significantly higher than that in all other constructs on day 21. Concentrations of nitric oxide were significantly lower in control samples on day 6, compared with concentrations for all other constructs.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Addition of TIMPs did not counteract suppression of GAG and HP accumulation in 3-D constructs exposed to TNF-α. Apparently, adverse effects on chondrocytes exposed to TNF-α cannot be prevented by addition of TIMP alone. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1611–1615)
Effects of microcin 24-producing Escherichia coli on shedding and multiple-antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in pigs
Authors: Frana Timothy S. , Carlson Steven A. , Rauser Daryl C. , Jones Bradley D. , Fergen Brian J. , Griffith Ronald W. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To investigate the effect of an Escherichia
coli that produced microcin 24 (Mcc24) on shedding
of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium in swine
and evaluate evidence of in vivo activation of the
Mcc24-mediated, multiple-antibiotic resistance ( mar)
operon.

Animals—36 crossbred weaned pigs.

Procedure—24 pigs were allocated to 2 groups
(12 pigs/group). Pigs in 1 group received daily oral
administration of an Mcc24-producing E coli, whereas
the other group received a non–Mcc24-producing E
coli. All pigs were challenge exposed with Salmonella
Typhimurium
χ4232. A third group of 6 pigs received
Mcc24-producing E coli and was challenge exposed
with an Mcc24-sensitive, marA-deleted strain of
SalmonellaTyphimurium 4232. After challenge exposure,
fecal samples from all pigs were cultured to
detect shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium and
Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were screened for
resistance to ciprofloxacin. Fecal samples were collected
throughout the study, and tissue samples were
collected during necropsy.

Results—Differences in shedding of Salmonella
Typhimurium were not detected between groups
receiving Mcc24-producing or non–Mcc24-producing
E coli. No significant differences were found in quantitative
analysis between groups receiving Mcc24-producing and non–Mcc24-producing E coli. Evidence
of maractivation was not detected.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Microcin-producing
E coli did not exert an effect on shedding of
Salmonella Typhimurium or maractivation in pigs. It may
be difficult or impractical to create the conditions
required for Mcc24 to be an effective part of a food safety
intervention to reduce shedding of Salmonella
Typhimurium. (Am J Vet Res 2004;65:1616–1620)
A technique for creating critical-size defects in the metatarsus of sheep for use in investigation of healing of long-bone defects
Authors: Viateau Véronique , Guillemin Geneviève , Yang Yu Chien , Bensaïd Wassila , Reviron Thierry , Oudina Karim , Meunier Alain , Sedel Laurent , Petite Hervé 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To develop a technique for use in investigation
of healing of long-bone defects by creation of a
critical-size defect in the left metarsal III and IV bone
(metatarsus) of sheep.

Animals—18 healthy adult sheep.

Procedure—Sheep were allocated to 4 groups (3, 3,
5, and 7 sheep in groups 1 to 4, respectively). An
ostectomy with various segmental length-to-diaphyseal
diameter ratios (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 2.0 for groups
1 to 4, respectively) was performed on the left
metatarsus of each sheep. The defect was left empty
in sheep of groups 1, 2, and 3, whereas the defect
was filled with a massive corticocancellous bone
autograft in sheep of group 4.

Results—All sheep tolerated the surgical procedure
well and were able to use the affected limb the day
after surgery. Radiographic and histologic examinations
conducted 16 weeks after surgery revealed
nonunion in all sheep of groups 1, 2, and 3, whereas
consistent bone healing with abundant bone formation
was observed in all sheep of group 4.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of
these findings suggests that the sheep metatarsal
model is a critical-size defect model with low morbidity.
It should allow the assessment of new technologies
for bone regeneration in conditions closely mimicking
the clinical setting.

Impact for Human Medicine—Use of this technique
in sheep should be of benefit for the preclinical study
of osteoconductive, osteoinductive, or osteogenic
biomaterials for use in humans. (Am J Vet Res
2004;65:1653–1657)
Generation and performance of an equine-specific large-scale gene expression microarray
Authors: Gu Weisong , Bertone Alicia L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To create high-quality sequence data for the generation of an equine gene expression microarray and evaluate array performance by use of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure of synoviocytes.Sample Population—Public nucleotide sequence database fromEquus caballusand synoviocytes from clinically normal adult horses.Procedure—Computer procurement of equine gene sequences, probe design, and manufacture of an oligomicroarray were performed. Array performance was evaluated by use of patterns for equine synoviocytes in response to LPS.Results—Starting with 18,924 equine gene sequences, 3,098 equine 3' sequences were annotated and met the inclusion criteria for an expression microarray. An equine oligonucleotide expression microarray was created by use of 68,266 of the 25-oligomer probes to uniquely identify each gene. Most genes in the array (68%) were expressed in equine synoviocytes. Repeatability of the array was high (r, > 0.99), and LPS upregulated (> 5-fold change) 84 genes, many of which were inflammatory mediators, and downregulated (> 5-fold change) 14 genes. An initial pattern of gene expression for effects of LPS on synoviocytes consisted of 102 genes.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of a computer algorithm to curate an equine sequence database generated high-quality annotated species-specific gene sequences and probe sets for a gene expression oligomicroarray, which was used to document changes in gene expression associated with LPS exposure of equine synoviocytes. The equine public database was expanded from 290 annotated genes to > 3,000 provisionally annotated genes. Similar curation and annotation of public databases could be used to create other species-specific microarrays. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1664–1673)