bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Total Synthesis of (+)-Paniculide A via a Catalytic Asymmetric Diels–Alder Reaction of a 3-Borylpropenoic Acid Derivative
Authors: Yamamoto Ichiro , Narasaka Koichi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
(+)-Paniculide A, a highly oxidized sesquiterpene, has been synthesized enantioselectively starting from a cycloadduct, which was prepared from 3-(3-borylpropenoyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one and 1-acetoxy-3-methyl-1,3-butadiene by a catalytic asymmetric Diels–Alder reaction.
Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene over Spinel Oxides
Authors: Jebarathinam N John , Eswaramoorthy M , Krishnasamy V 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
NiCr2O4, ZnCr2O4, CuCr2O4, CuAl2O4, and CuFe2O4 were prepared and characterized by XRD, DRS, and IR and by measurements of surface area, acidity, and electrical conductivity. XRD analysis indicates, that chromites, aluminate, and ferrite have normal, partially inversed, and inversed spinel structure, respectively. Electrical conductivity measurements show the existence of pair localized ions which are positive in chromites and negative both in aluminate and ferrite. The catalytic activity of chromites and aluminate are comparable and higher than that of ferrite in the conversion of ethylbenzene under all experimental conditions. However selectivity to styrene formation follows in the following order: ferrite &gt; chromites &gt; aluminate. The ratio of B/T (benzene/toluene) is more than unity over aluminate and less than unity over chromites and ferrite. Evolution of CO2 remains constant while that of C2H4 increased with increase in temperature keeping its formation always higher over aluminate. Measurements of acidity and basicity by TGA show the presence of basic sites on chromites, acidic sites on aluminate, and both sites on ferrite which influence the conversion of ethylbenzene to various products. The XRD pattern of spent catalysts indicate the appearance of metallic copper phase over CuCr2O4, CuFe2O4, and CuAl2O4. In the case of NiCr2O4 and ZnCr2O4 no significant difference is observed.
Comparison of the Oxidative Coupling Reactions of Benzene with Those of Methane of Rare Earth Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Sugiyama Shigeru , Ookubo Takashi , Shimodan Kazuaki , Hayashi Hiromu , Moffat John B 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The oxidative coupling of benzene has been compared with that of methane on La2O3, CeO2, Pr6O11, and Sm2O3. At temperatures greater than 1048 K, the gas phase oxidative coupling of benzene appears to be predominant, while the oxidation occurs catalytically at 873 K. The conversion of benzene and of methane at 873 K follows the order of Sm2O3 &gt; La2O3 &gt; Pr6O11 &gt; CeO2, suggesting that the abstraction of hydrogen from the aromatic and the saturated compounds depends primarily on the nature of the catalyst but not the reactant. Ancillary information has also been obtained from the results of XPS analyses of both fresh catalysts and those previously used in one of the reactions.
Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid-Chromatographic Behavior of Phthalic Acid and Terephthalic Acid in the pH Region around the Second pKa Values
Authors: Uno Bunji , Okumura Noriko , Kawai Satoshi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
In a reversed-phase high-performance liquid-chromatographic analysis phthalic acid and terephthalic acid were observed as two clearly separated peaks with a mobile phase of pHs around the second pKa values involving the monoanion and dianion species.
A New Route for Protected Amino Alcohols from (R)-Glycidol. Copper(I) Mediated Alkylation of 4-Tosyloxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone
Authors: Iwama Seiji , Katsumura Shigeo 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The reaction of (S)-4-tosyloxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone, which was synthesized from (R)-glycidol through (R)-4-benzoyloxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone, with various lithium dialkylcuprate(I)s in THF proceeded smoothly to afford the corresponding protected amino alcohol derivatives in good yield.
Pharmacokinetics of Mycophenolic Acid and Its Glucuronidated Metabolites in Stable Lung Transplant Recipients
Authors: Ting Lillian SL , Partovi Nilufar , Levy Robert D , Riggs K Wayne , Ensom Mary HH 
Published: August 2006

Background: Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is the active metabolite of mycophenolate mofetil, an immunosuppressive agent commonly used in solid organ transplantation. MPA is metabolized to the inactive metabolite 7-O-mycophenolic acid glucuronide (MPAG) and the active metabolite acyl glucuronide (AcMPAG). Pharmacokinetic profiling of MPA by determining AUC is a tool for determining drug exposure. Many studies, conducted primarily in kidney and some heart and liver transplant recipients, have shown wide interpatient variability in MPA's pharmacokinetic parameters. There have been few studies in the lung transplant group and, even though the lung is not involved in drug elimination, these patients may have different MPA pharmacokinetic characteristics. Objective: To characterize the pharmacokinetic parameters and metabolic ratios of MPA in stable adult lung transplant recipients. Methods: In an open-label manner, lung transplant recipients were recruited. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours postdose. Plasma was separated and acidified for drug concentration analysis (MPA, MPAG, AcMPAG) by an HPLC–ultraviolet detection method. Conventional pharmacokinetic parameters were determined via noncompartmental methods. Results: There was large interpatient variability in all pharmacokinetic parameters of MPA, MPAG, and AcMPAG. Similar variability was observed after stratifying patients into concomitant medication groups: cyclosporine and tacrolimus. There was a trend for the tacrolimus group to have a higher dose-normalized AUC, higher AUC, lower apparent clearance, and lower AUC ratio of AcMPAG/MPA compared with the cyclosporine group. In addition, the cyclosporine group had a lower minimum concentration and higher AUC ratio of MPAG/MPA than did the tacrolimus group (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Because of the large interpatient variability in the pharmacokinetic parameters of MPA, MPAG, and AcMPAG, therapeutic drug monitoring of MPA and its metabolites in lung transplant recipients may be beneficial.
Evaluation of Clinical Pharmacy Services in a Hematology/Oncology Outpatient Setting
Authors: Shah Sachin , Dowell Jonathan , Greene Shane 
Published: August 2006

Background: The Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System in Dallas, TX, provides a unique opportunity for clinical pharmacists to work as providers. Even though clinical pharmacists are actively involved in patient care, many of their efforts remain undocumented, resulting in an underestimation of the importance of their services and missed opportunities for improvements and new directions. Objective: To document and evaluate the services of a hematology/oncology clinical pharmacy in the outpatient setting. Methods: Pendragon Forms 3.2 software was used to design the documentation template. The template was designed to collect diagnoses, supportive care issues, drug-specific interventions, and prescriptions written. This template was uploaded to the personal digital assistant (PDA) for documentation. Patient-specific information was documented in a password-protected PDA. Data collected from November 1, 2002, to October 31, 2003, were retrospectively analyzed. Results: Clinical pharmacists were involved in 423 patient visits for chemotherapy follow-up or disease management. Cancer diagnoses included colorectal (n = 99), multiple myeloma (59), non–small cell lung (56), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (44), myelodysplastic syndromes (22), and chronic myelogenous leukemia (19). During the 423 patient visits, 342 supportive care issues were addressed including anemia (34%), pain management (22%), constipation/diarrhea (15%), and nausea/vomiting (8%). Major drug-specific interventions included drug addition (41%), discontinuation (23%), and adjustment (21%). Four hundred forty-five prescriptions were filled, of which 181 were new and 150 were refilled. Conclusions: This is the first study, as of July 25, 2006, to document considerable contribution of an outpatient clinical pharmacist in direct cancer patient care. Although the disease management and supportive care issues addressed here may differ based on institution and patient population, the results of our study show that clinical pharmacists have ever-growing roles in the management of these patients.
Accelerators and politics in postwar Japan
Authors: LOW MORRIS F. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT
The destruction of Japan's cyclotrons by Occupation Forces after the Pacific War resulted in a major setback for experimental physics in that country. Key figures such as Yoshio Nishina, Sin-itirô Tomonaga, and Ryôkichi Sagane strived to help Japan rebuild its scientific infrastructure and regain some of its former eminence in the field, but in the wake of the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the atom had new meaning. Local residents objected to the establishment of the Institute for Nuclear Study in Tanashi, Tokyo. Despite their protests, construction went ahead and the Institute of Nuclear Study (INS) opened in 1955. Within a few years, physicists sought to establish a second major accelerator facility. Sectionalism among physicists and shortage of funds plagued attempts to establish the National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (KEK) which eventually came into being in 1970. This paper reveals some of the problems that physicists faced and how they sought to overcome them within the context of a defeated Japan, wary of military research, and desperately seeking to rebuild its economy. Physicists sought to influence the direction of science policy and to deal with the concerns of citizens in a newly democratic Japan.
Particle accelerators in Mexico
Authors: LARA MARÍA DE LA PAZ RAMOS 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT
The first Van de Graaff particle accelerator in Latin America was installed at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) in 1952. This event marked the beginning of experimental nuclear physics, exclusively for peaceful purposes, in Mexico. The acquisition of this accelerator was fundamental for placing other accelerators into operation, which were used for both research and the resolution of national problems.
Interventions for Adolescent Depression in Primary Care
Authors: Stein Ruth E.K. , Zitner Lauren E. , Jensen Peter S. 
Published: August 2006

BACKGROUND. Depression in adolescents is underrecognized and undertreated despite its poor long-term outcomes, including risk for suicide. Primary care settings may be critical venues for the identification of depression, but there is little information about the usefulness of primary care interventions.OBJECTIVE. We sought to examine the evidence for the treatment of depression in primary care settings, focusing on evidence concerning psychosocial, educational, and/or supportive intervention strategies.METHODS. Available data on brief psychosocial treatments for adolescent depression in primary settings were reviewed. Given the paucity of direct studies, we also drew on related literature to summarize available evidence whether brief, psychosocial support from a member of the primary care team, with or without medication, might improve depression outcomes.RESULTS. We identified 37 studies relevant to treating adolescent depression in primary care settings. Only 4 studies directly examined the impact of primary care–delivered psychosocial interventions for adolescent depression, but they suggest that such interventions can be effective. Indirect evidence from other psychosocial/behavioral interventions, including anticipatory guidance and efforts to enhance treatment adherence, and adult depression studies also show benefits of primary care–delivered interventions as well as the impact of provider training to enhance psychosocial skills.CONCLUSIONS. There is potential for successful treatment of adolescent depression in primary care, in view of evidence that brief, psychosocial support, with or without medication, has been shown to improve a range of outcomes, including adolescent depression itself. Given the great public health problem posed by adolescent depression, the likelihood that most depressed adolescents will not receive specialty services, and new guidelines for managing adolescent depression in primary care, clinicians may usefully consider initiation of supportive interventions in their primary care practices.
Prevalence of Flat Foot in Preschool-Aged Children
Authors: Pfeiffer Martin , Kotz Rainer , Ledl Thomas , Hauser Gertrude , Sluga Maria 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVES. Our aim with this study was to establish the prevalence of flat foot in a population of 3- to 6-year-old children to evaluate cofactors such as age, weight, and gender and to estimate the number of unnecessary treatments performed.
METHODS. A total of 835 children (411 girls and 424 boys) were included in this study. The clinical diagnosis of flat foot was based on a valgus position of the heel and a poor formation of the arch. Feet of the children were scanned (while they were in a standing position) by using a laser surface scanner, and rearfoot angle was measured. Rearfoot angle was defined as the angle of the upper Achilles tendon and the distal extension of the rearfoot.
RESULTS. Prevalence of flexible flat foot in the group of 3- to 6-year-old children was 44%. Prevalence of pathological flat foot was &lt;1%. Ten percent of the children were wearing arch supports. The prevalence of flat foot decreases significantly with age: in the group of 3-year-old children 54% showed a flat foot, whereas in the group of 6-year-old children only 24% had a flat foot. Average rearfoot angle was 5.5° of valgus. Boys had a significant greater tendency for flat foot than girls: the prevalence of flat foot in boys was 52% and 36% in girls. Thirteen percent of the children were overweight or obese. Significant differences in prevalence of flat foot between overweight, obese, and normal-weight children were observed.
CONCLUSIONS. This study is the first to use a three-dimensional laser surface scanner to measure the rearfoot valgus in preschool-aged children. The data demonstrate that the prevalence of flat foot is influenced by 3 factors: age, gender, and weight. In overweight children and in boys, a highly significant prevalence of flat foot was observed; in addition, a retarded development of the medial arch in the boys was discovered. At the time of the study, &gt;90% of the treatments were unnecessary.
Decision Analysis in Planning for a Polio Outbreak in the United States
Authors: Jenkins Pamela C. , Modlin John F. 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. Global eradication of poliomyelitis may soon be achieved, but circulating polioviruses could reemerge years after eradication by reversion of live attenuated oral vaccine virus to a virulent form, laboratory stock mishandling, or bioterrorism. If a poliomyelitis outbreak occurs in the United States, access to a vaccine stockpile to interrupt viral spread will be necessary. Options for the stockpile include the inactivated polio vaccine and the live-attenuated trivalent and monovalent oral poliovirus vaccines. With differences in immunogenicity, adverse effects, availability, and other issues, the optimal vaccine choice for the stockpile is not clear. We sought to compare vaccine interventions for poliomyelitis outbreak control.DESIGN. We applied decision analysis to 8 strategies for outbreak control: no intervention, 1 or 2 inactivated polio vaccine doses, 1 or 2 trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine doses, 1 or 2 monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine doses, and sequential inactivated polio vaccine-monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine. Historical data from outbreaks in developed countries were used to estimate the risk of paralytic disease after a hypothetical reintroduction of circulating polioviruses. The outcome measure was cases of paralytic poliomyelitis.RESULTS. Monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine provided optimal outbreak control in most scenarios because of high seroconversion rates with 1 dose. Control provided by trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine and inactivated polio vaccine was equivalent at high vaccine coverage rates. At low intervention rates, trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine produced fewer paralytic cases than inactivated polio vaccine in highly immune populations but more cases than inactivated polio vaccine in poorly immunized groups because of secondary transmission of oral poliovirus vaccine virus and vaccine-derived viruses.CONCLUSIONS. This model suggests that monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine would be the most advantageous vaccine for outbreak control. If a monovalent oral poliovirus vaccine stockpile is impractical, the optimal vaccine choice depends on the previous immunity and the anticipated intervention rates.
Cerebral Palsy Among Children Born After in Vitro Fertilization: The Role of Preterm Delivery—A Population-Based, Cohort Study
Authors: Hvidtjørn Dorte , Grove Jakob , Schendel Diana E. , Væth Michael , Ernst Erik , Nielsen Lene F. , Thorsen Poul 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. Our aim was to assess the incidence of cerebral palsy among children conceived with in vitro fertilization and children conceived without in vitro fertilization.
METHODS. A population-based, cohort study, including all live-born singletons and twins born in Denmark between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2000, was performed. Children conceived with in vitro fertilization (9255 children) were identified through the In Vitro Fertilization Register; children conceived without in vitro fertilization (394713) were identified through the Danish Medical Birth Register. Cerebral palsy diagnoses were obtained from the National Register of Hospital Discharges. The main outcome measure was the incidence of cerebral palsy in the in vitro fertilization and non-in vitro fertilization groups.
RESULTS. Children born after in vitro fertilization had an increased risk of cerebral palsy; these results were largely unchanged after adjustment for maternal age, gender, parity, small-for-gestational age status, and educational level. The independent effect of in vitro fertilization vanished after additional adjustment for multiplicity or preterm delivery. When both multiplicity and preterm delivery were included in the multivariate models, preterm delivery remained associated strongly with the risk of cerebral palsy.
CONCLUSIONS. The large proportions of preterm deliveries with in vitro fertilization, primarily for twins but also for singletons, pose an increased risk of cerebral palsy.
Differences in the Risk Associated With Head Injury for Pediatric Ice Skaters, Roller Skaters, and In-Line Skaters
Authors: Knox Christy L. , Comstock R. Dawn , McGeehan Jennifer , Smith Gary A. 
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE. The goals were to describe the epidemiologic features of pediatric skating-related injuries sustained from 1993 to 2003 and to compare ice skating–related injuries with roller skating–and in-line skating–related injuries.
METHODS. An analysis of pediatric skating-related injury data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System of the US Consumer Product Safety Commission was performed.
RESULTS. An estimated 1 235 467 pediatric skating participants presented to hospital emergency departments with injuries between 1993 and 2003. These children had a mean age of 10.9 years (SD: 3.2 years; range: 1–18 years), and 50.0% were male. The most common mechanism of injury was a fall (83.1%). Ice skaters sustained a greater proportion of head injuries (13.3%), compared with roller skaters (4.4%) and in-line skaters (5.0%). Ice skaters also experienced a greater proportion of concussions (4.3%), compared with roller skaters (0.6%) and in-line skaters (0.8%). The proportion of facial injuries among ice skaters was greater than the proportions among roller skaters and in-line skaters. The majority of roller skating–and in-line skating–related injuries were upper-extremity fractures (53.9% and 59.7%, respectively). Children ≤6 years of age experienced a greater proportion of head and facial injuries than did older children in each skating activity.
CONCLUSIONS. The epidemiologic features of pediatric ice skating–related injuries differ from those of roller skating–and in-line skating–related injuries. Children should wear helmets during all recreational skating activities, especially ice skating, because of the risk of serious head injuries. Wrist guards should be worn to protect against the common upper-extremity fractures sustained during skating.
Individual and Combined Effects of Postpartum Depression in Mothers and Fathers on Parenting Behavior
Authors: Paulson James F. , Dauber Sarah , Leiferman Jenn A. 
Published: August 2006

BACKGROUND. Pediatric anticipatory guidance has been associated with parenting behaviors that promote positive infant development. Maternal postpartum depression is known to negatively affect parenting and may prevent mothers from following anticipatory guidance. The effects of postpartum depression in fathers on parenting is understudied.OBJECTIVE. Our purpose with this work was to examine the effects of maternal and paternal depression on parenting behaviors consistent with anticipatory guidance recommendations.METHODS. The 9-month-old wave of data from a national study of children and their families, the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, provided data on 5089 2-parent families. Depressive symptoms were measured with a short form of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Interviews with both parents provided data on parent health behaviors and parent-infant interactions. Logistic and linear regression models were used to estimate the association between depression in each parent and the parenting behaviors of interest. These models were adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic status indicators.RESULTS. In this national sample, 14% of mothers and 10% of fathers exhibited levels of depressive symptoms on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale that have been associated with clinical diagnoses, confirming other findings of a high prevalence of postpartum maternal depression but highlighting that postpartum depression is a significant issue for fathers as well. Mothers who were depressed were ∼1.5 times more likely to engage in less healthy feeding and sleep practices with their infant. In both mothers and fathers, depressive symptoms were negatively associated with positive enrichment activity with the child (reading, singing songs, and telling stories).CONCLUSIONS. Postpartum depression is a significant problem in both mothers and fathers in the United States. It is associated with undesirable parent health behaviors and fewer positive parent-infant interactions.