bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The irradiated ISM of ULIRGs
Authors: Spaans M. , Meijerink R. , Israel F. P. , Loenen A. F. , Baan W. A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe nuclei of ULIRGs harbor massive young stars, an accreting central black hole, or both. Results are presented for molecular gas that is exposed to X-rays (1–100 keV, XDRs) and far-ultraviolet radiation (6–13.6 eV, PDRs). Attention is paid to species like HCO+, HCN, HNC, OH, H2O and CO. Line ratios of HCN/HCO+ and HNC/HCN discriminate between PDRs and XDRs. Very high J (>10) CO lines, observable with HIFI/Herschel, discriminate very well between XDRs and PDRs. In XDRs, it is easy to produce large abundances of warm (T > 100 k) H2O and OH. In PDRs, only OH is produced similarly well.
658 GHz vibrationally-excited water masers with the Submillimeter Array
Authors: Hunter T. R. , Young K. H. , Christensen R. D. , Gurwell M. A. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractDiscovered in 1995 at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory (CSO), the vibrationally-excited water maser line at 658 GHz (455 micron) is seen in oxygen-rich giant and supergiant stars. Because this maser can be so strong (up to thousands of Janskys), it was very helpful during the commissioning phase of the highest frequency band (620-700 GHz) of the Submillimeter Array (SMA) interferometer. From late 2002 to early 2006, brief attempts were made to search for emission from additional sources beyond the original CSO survey. These efforts have expanded the source count from 10 to 16. The maser emission appears to be quite compact spatially, as expected from theoretical considerations; thus these objects can potentially be used as atmospheric phase calibrators. Many of these objects also exhibit maser emission in the vibrationally-excited SiO maser at 215 GHz. Because both maser lines likely originate from a similar physical region, these objects can be used to test techniques of phase transfer calibration between millimeter and submillimeter bands. The 658 GHz masers will be important beacons to assess the performance of the Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) in this challenging high-frequency band.
The next generation space VLBI project, VSOP-2
Authors: Murata Yasuhiro , Mochizuki Nanako , Saito Hirofumi , Hirabayashi Hisashi , Inoue Makoto , Kobayashi Hideyuki , Edwards Philip G. ,   the Next Generation Space VLBI Working Group
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe first dedicated space-VLBI project, the VLBI Space Observatory Programme (VSOP), commenced with the successful launch of radio-astronomical satellite HALCA in 1997. Plans for a second generation space-VLBI project have been made by a working group over a number of years. This project, VSOP-2, has now been approved by Japan's space agency, JAXA, as the ASTRO-G project. It is planned for the spacecraft to observe in the 8, 22 and 43 GHz bands with cooled receivers for the two higher bands, which include important maser lines. It will have a maximum angular resolution at 43 GHz (7 mm) of about 40 micro-arcseconds. Although the VSOP project mainly observed continuum emission from active galactic nuclei (AGN), VSOP-2/ASTRO-G is expected to enable a variety of high angular resolution maser line observations.
Obesity and Inpatient Rehabilitation Outcomes Following Knee Arthroplasty: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Vincent Heather K. , Vincent Kevin R. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: This multicenter study examined whether inpatient rehabilitation outcomes following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were influenced by BMI.Methods and Procedures: This was a retrospective, comparative study conducted using a computerized medical database and medical records derived from TKA patients, at 15 independent rehabilitation hospitals (N = 5,428). Patients were separated into four groups based on BMI: non‐obese (BMI < 25 kg/m2), overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2), moderately obese (30–40 kg/m2), severely obese (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2). All patients completed an interdisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation program post‐TKA. Total and individual functional independence measure (FIM) scores, length of stay (LOS), FIM efficiency scores, itemized hospital charges, and discharge disposition location, were collected.Results: The percentage of total FIM change was 7.5% greater by the time of discharge in the non‐obese than in the very severely obese (P < 0.05). FIM efficiency was lowest in the severely obese as compared to the remaining groups (3.7 points (pts)/day vs. 4.0–4.3 pts/day; P = 0.044). The change in the motor FIM score from admission to discharge was 6.7–15.6% greater in the non‐obese than in the remaining groups (P < 0.05). The changes in cognition FIM, toilet transfer and walking without assistance scores were higher in the non‐obese as compared to the severely obese group (P < 0.05). The severely obese group had higher total, physical and occupational therapy and pharmacy charges than the remaining groups (P < 0.05).Discussion: An excessive BMI does not prevent gains during inpatient rehabilitation; however, these gains are made less efficiently and at a higher cost than those made when the BMI is low.
Higher Post‐absorptive Skeletal Muscle LPL Activity in African American vs. Non‐Hispanic White Pre‐menopausal Women
Authors: Berk Evan S. , Johnson Julia A. , Lee MiJeong , Zhang Kuan , Boozer Carol N. , Pi‐Sunyer F. Xavier , Fried Susan K. , Albu Jeanine B. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: Higher post‐absorptive post‐heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity has been reported in African Americans as compared to non‐Hispanic whites but differences in tissue‐specific LPL activity are unclear.Methods and Procedures: Post‐absorptive skeletal muscle (SM)‐LPL (vastus lateralis) and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (AT)‐LPL activity was measured in overweight, sedentary African American females (n = 11) as well as in their non‐Hispanic white counterparts (n = 6) during a period of controlled low fat (30%) diet (for 10 days) combined with physical activity (for days 8–10). Post‐absorptive substrate utilization was measured on day 10; fasting blood levels and SM and AT biopsies were obtained on day 11.Results: African Americans had significantly greater post‐absorptive SM‐LPL activity (P = 0.04) when compared to non‐Hispanic whites. There were no significant differences in post‐absorptive AT‐LPL activity, free fatty acids, and systemic fat oxidation or respiratory quotient between African American and white non‐Hispanic women in this study (P > 0.2 for all).Discussion: During a controlled low fat (30%) diet post‐absorptive vastus lateralis SM‐LPL activity is higher in sedentary pre‐menopausal African American as compared to non‐Hispanic white women.
Aspects of Eating Behaviors “Disinhibition” and “Restraint” Are Related to Weight Gain and BMI in Women
Authors: Hays Nicholas P. , Roberts Susan B. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: The causes of adult weight gain leading to obesity are uncertain. We examined the association of adult weight gain and obesity with subscales of eating behavior characteristics in older women.Methods and Procedures: Current height and weight, eating behavior subscales (disinhibition subscales—habitual, situational, and emotional; restraint subscales—flexible and rigid; hunger subscales—internal and external) as assessed using the Eating Inventory (EI), and self‐reported body weight at six prior age intervals were reported by 535 women aged 55–65 years. Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the relationships between EI subscale scores and weight change from the age interval of 30–39 to 55–60 years and current BMI.Results: The strongest correlate of weight gain over 20 years was susceptibility to overeating in response to everyday cues within the environment (habitual disinhibition; partial correlation coefficient (r) = 0.25, P < 0.001); susceptibility to overeating in response to emotional states such as depression (emotional disinhibition) was a quantitatively weaker but significant correlate (partial r = 0.17, P < 0.001), and susceptibility to overeating in response to specific situations such as social occasions (situational disinhibition) was not associated with weight gain. Flexible control of dietary restraint attenuated the influence of habitual disinhibition in particular on weight gain and BMI, and was less effective in attenuating associations of emotional or situational disinhibition.Discussion: Lifestyle modification programs for prevention and treatment of adult‐onset obesity currently focus on reducing situational and emotional overeating; the results of this study suggest that a stronger emphasis on strategies that target habitual overeating may be warranted.
Gender Alters the Effects of Palmitate and Oleate on Fat Oxidation and Energy Expenditure
Authors: Kien C Lawrence , Bunn Janice Y. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: Because estrogen and testosterone affect transcription factors regulating mitochondrial function, we assessed the effects of gender on the metabolic response to dietary palmitic acid (PA) vs. oleic acid (OA) in subjects participating in a previously described trial.Methods and Procedures: Adults (N = 43) were studied after following a baseline diet (PA = 8.4% kcal, OA = 13.1% kcal) and after undergoing one of two experimental diets: high PA (HI PA) (PA = 16.8%, OA = 16.4% kcal) (N = 21; 11 men) or high OA (HI OA) (PA = 1.7%, and OA = 31.4%) (N = 22; 11 men).Results: Relative to baseline, the rate of fatty acid (FA) oxidation (% resting energy expenditure(REE)) (mean ± s.e.m.) increased in women on HI OA while decreasing on HI PA in the fed (+11.8 ± 5.6% vs. −6.3 ± 4.2%, P = 0.02) and fasting states (+13.4 ± 4.2% vs. −12.7 ± 6.9%, P = 0.047), but changes in men were not statistically significant. Daily energy expenditure changed only in men, increasing on HI OA and decreasing on HI PA (+66 ± 61 kcal/day or 1.2 ± 1.0 kcal/kg fat‐free mass (FFM)/day vs. −266 ± 78 kcal/day or −4.2 ± 1.3 kcal/kg FFM/day, P = 0.004 and P = 0.007, respectively).Discussion: Increased dietary PA/OA caused decreased FA oxidation in women, in the fed and fasted states and decreased daily energy expenditure (DEE) in men.
Usefulness of Truncal Obesity Indices as Predictive Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Martinez‐Rivera Carlos , Abad Jorge , Fiz Jose A. , Rios Jose , Morera Josep 
Published: January 2008

Background: Optimization of the indications for nocturnal polysomnography in the diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) could lead to significant reductions in health expenditure. To this end, we assessed the usefulness of truncal obesity measurements in the diagnosis of OSAS.Methods and Procedures: One hundred ninety‐two patients (152 men and 40 women) referred to our clinic with suspected OSAS underwent a complete polysomnography study and their BMI and truncal obesity measurements were obtained.Results: Comparison of patients defined as snorers with OSAS patients, by means of the Student's t ‐test revealed significant differences in the truncal obesity parameters such as waist‐to‐hip ratio (0.94 vs. 0.98) and waist circumference (100.7 cm vs. 106.3 cm). We found no significant differences between BMI values in the two groups. Indices of truncal obesity were analyzed as predictive factors for OSAS using a multivariate logistic regression model that included variable sex, and in which waist‐to‐hip ratio, BMI, neck circumference, and age were analyzed as binary variables. According to this model, our patients' risk of suffering from OSAS was 2.6 times greater if the waist‐to‐hip ratio was >1 in men and >0.85 in women. The risk of OSAS was also increased if the patients were men or over 52 years of age.Discussion: Obtaining simple measurements such as those for truncal obesity may help prioritize the use of polysomnography in patients with a greater risk of OSAS. Our results suggest that BMI is not a good predictor of OSAS in a group of patients with a high BMI.
Obesity Alters Cytokine Gene Expression and Promotes Liver Injury in Rats With Acute Pancreatitis
Authors: Segersvärd Ralf , Tsai Jon A. , Herrington Margery K. , Wang Feng 
Published: January 2008

Objective: Obesity is a negative prognostic factor in patients with critical illnesses such as acute pancreatitis (AP). The outcome of AP is determined by the severity of systemic inflammation and organ dysfunction. In a previous study, we found that AP caused more deaths in obese rats than in lean rats. In the present study, we examined whether the effect of obesity on rats with AP is associated with distinct alterations in inflammatory cytokine expression in organs involved in AP.Methods and Procedures: AP was induced in lean and obese Zucker rats by pancreatic infusion of taurocholic acid. All survivors were killed 8 h later. Gene transcripts for two proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α)) and two anti‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐10 and pancreatitis‐associated protein (PAP)) were determined in the pancreas, liver, and lungs by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The severity of AP was assessed by means of histology and serology.Results: Obese AP rats had higher TNF‐α mRNA in all organs examined, lower IL‐10 and IL‐6 mRNA in the pancreas, and lower PAP mRNA in the liver, compared to lean AP rats. Lean and obese AP rats had similar pancreatic lesions as assessed by histology. However, steatohepatitis and increased serum alanine amino transferase levels, which are indications of hepatic injury, were present in obese but not lean AP rats.Discussion: Our findings suggest that altered inflammatory cytokine expression and increased vulnerability in the liver underlie the detrimental influence of obesity on AP.
Validation of a Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Method for Measuring Human Body Composition
Authors: Napolitano Antonella , Miller Sam R. , Murgatroyd Peter R. , Coward W. Andrew , Wright Antony , Finer Nick , De Bruin Tjerk W. , Bullmore Edward T. , Nunez Derek J. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To evaluate a novel quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) methodology (EchoMRI‐AH, Echo Medical Systems) for measurement of whole‐body fat and lean mass in humans.Methods and Procedures: We have studied (i) the in vitro accuracy and precision by measuring 18 kg Canola oil with and without 9 kg water (ii) the accuracy and precision of measures of simulated fat mass changes in human subjects (n = 10) and (iii) QMR fat and lean mass measurements compared to those obtained using the established 4‐compartment (4‐C) model method (n = 30).Results: (i) QMR represented 18 kg of oil at 40°C as 17.1 kg fat and 1 kg lean while at 30°C 15.8 kg fat and 4.7 kg lean were reported. The s.d. of repeated estimates was 0.13 kg for fat and 0.23 kg for lean mass. Adding 9 kg of water reduced the fat estimates, increased misrepresentation of fat as lean, and degraded the precision. (ii) the simulated change in the fat mass of human volunteers was accurately represented, independently of added water. (iii) compared to the 4‐C model, QMR underestimated fat and over‐estimated lean mass. The extent of difference increased with body mass. The s.d. of repeated measurements increased with adiposity, from 0.25 kg (fat) and 0.51 kg (lean) with BMI <25 kg/m2 to 0.43 kg and 0.81 kg respectively with BMI >30 kg/m2.Discussion: EchoMRI‐AH prototype showed shortcomings in absolute accuracy and specificity of fat mass measures, but detected simulated body composition change accurately and with precision roughly three times better than current best measures. This methodology should reduce the study duration and cohort number needed to evaluate anti‐obesity interventions.
Dietary Fat Increases Energy Intake Across the Range of Typical Consumption in the United States
Authors: Donahoo William , Wyatt Holly R. , Kriehn Joanna , Stuht Jennifer , Dong Fang , Hosokawa Patrick , Grunwald Gary K. , Johnson Susan L. , Peters John C. , Hill James O. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: The fat content of a diet has been shown to affect total energy intake, but controlled feeding trials have only compared very high (40% of total calories) fat diets with very low (20% of total calories) fat diets. This study was designed to measure accurately the voluntary food and energy intake over a range of typical intake for dietary fat.Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐two non‐obese subjects were studied for 4 days on each of three diets, which included core foods designed to contain 26, 34, and 40% fat, respectively of total calories and ad lib buffet foods of similar fat content. All diets were matched for determinants of energy density except dietary fat. Subjects consumed two meals/day in an inpatient unit and were provided the third meal and snack foods while on each diet. All food provided and not eaten was measured by research staff.Results: Voluntary energy intake increased significantly as dietary fat content increased (P = 0.008). On the 26% dietary fat treatment, subjects consumed 23.8% dietary fat (core and ad lib foods combined) and 2,748 ± 741 kcal/day (mean ± s.d.); at 34% dietary fat, subjects consumed 32.7% fat and 2,983 ± 886 kcal/day; and at 40% dietary fat subjects consumed 38.1% fat and 3,018 ± 963 kcal/day.Discussion: These results show that energy intake increases as dietary fat content increases across the usual range of dietary fat consumed in the United States. Even small reductions in dietary fat could help in lowering total energy intake and reducing weight gain in the population.
GLP‐1 and Appetite Responses to a Meal in Lean and Overweight Adolescents Following Exercise
Authors: Chanoine Jean‐Pierre , Mackelvie Kerry J. , Barr Susan I. , Wong Alfred C.K , Meneilly Graydon S. , Elahi Dariush H. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: Increased physical activity is an integral part of weight loss programs in adolescents. We prospectively investigated the effects of exercise on glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) concentrations and on appetite markers.Methods and Procedures: Normal weight (NW) and at risk of overweight/overweight (OW) male adolescents (n = 17/gr) underwent five consecutive days of aerobic exercise (1 h/day). A test meal was administered prior to the first exercise session and 36 hours following the last exercise session. GLP‐1 and markers of appetite were assessed.Results: GLP‐1 concentrations over the course of the test meal were lower in OW compared to NW boys (P < 0.05), while fasting GLP‐1 concentrations tended to be lower in OW boys (0.05 < P < 0.1). Exercise caused an increase in the acute GLP‐1 response to the liquid meal (from 52 to 78%, P = 0.02) that was similar in NW and OW adolescents. OW adolescents expressed greater restraint compared to NW adolescents (three‐factor eating questionnaire, TFEQ) and there was a significant correlation between TFEQ for restraint score and BMI s.d. both before and after exercise intervention (P < 0.015). There was no significant correlation between markers of appetite and GLP‐1 concentrations.Discussion: Lower concentrations of GLP‐1, a satiety hormone, in OW compared to NW male adolescents support the theory that GLP‐1 plays a role in the etiology of overweight. Whether the greater meal‐induced, 0–30 min GLP‐1 response following exercise is associated with increased satiety, a potentially beneficial effect of exercise, needs to be evaluated in larger studies.
Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Gray Matter Volume in 1,428 Healthy Individuals
Authors: Taki Yasuyuki , Kinomura Shigeo , Sato Kazunori , Inoue Kentaro , Goto Ryoi , Okada Ken , Uchida Shinya , Kawashima Ryuta , Fukuda Hiroshi 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To investigate any correlation between BMI and brain gray matter volume, we analyzed 1,428 healthy Japanese subjects by applying volumetric analysis and voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) using brain magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, which enables a global analysis of brain structure without a priori identification of a region of interest.Methods and Procedures: We collected brain MR images from 690 men and 738 women, and their height, weight, and other clinical information. The collected images were automatically normalized into a common standard space for an objective assessment of neuroanatomical correlations in volumetric analysis and VBM with BMI.Results: Volumetric analysis revealed a significant negative correlation in men (P < 0.001, adjusting for age, lifetime alcohol intake, history of hypertension, and diabetes mellitus), although not in women, between BMI and the gray matter ratio, which represents the percentage of gray matter volume in the intracranial volume. VBM revealed that, in men, the regional gray matter volume of the bilateral medial temporal lobes, anterior lobe of the cerebellum, occipital lobe, frontal lobe, precuneus, and midbrain showed significant negative correlations with BMI, while those of the bilateral inferior frontal gyri, posterior lobe of the cerebellum, frontal lobes, temporal lobes, thalami, and caudate heads showed significant positive correlations with BMI.Discussion: Global loss and regional alterations in gray matter volume occur in obese male subjects, suggesting that male subjects with a high BMI are at greater risk for future declines in cognition or other brain functions.
Effects of Diacylglycerol on Glucose, Lipid Metabolism, and Plasma Serotonin Levels in Lean Japanese
Authors: Yanai Hidekatsu , Yoshida Hiroshi , Tomono Yoshiharu , Hirowatari Yuji , Kurosawa Hideo , Matsumoto Akiyo , Tada Norio 
Published: January 2008

Objective: Diacylglycerol (DAG)‐rich oil has been suggested to suppress postprandial hyperlipidemia and promote negative caloric balance by increasing energy expenditure (EE), due to small intestine physiochemical dynamics that differ from triacylglycerol (TAG). We studied the effect of DAG on postprandial glucose/insulin metabolism by loading of carbohydrate with oil. Further, to reveal the mechanism for increased EE by DAG, we measured plasma serotonin, which is mostly present in the small intestine and mediates peripheral sympathetic thermogenesis.Methods and Procedures: Randomized crossover study with 2‐week wash‐out interval between differing fat ingestion. Seven male, lean, Japanese students ingested DAG or TAG oil with 40 g of carbohydrate. Measurements of metabolic parameters were performed before and at 2, 4, and 6 h after fat ingestion. Plasma serotonin levels and cholesterol concentration in each lipoprotein were measured using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results: The substitution of DAG for TAG decreased very‐low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (VLDL‐C) by 45.6% at 2 h, and decreased serum insulin by 41.3% at 4 h after ingestion. The incremental area under the curve (IAUC) for VLDL‐C was positively correlated with the IAUC for insulin. Concurrently, DAG elevated plasma serotonin levels by 47.3% at 2 h, while TAG did not influence.Discussion: This study indicates that the substitution of DAG for TAG suppresses the postprandial increase in serum VLDL‐C and insulin. This study also demonstrates that DAG ingestion increases plasma serotonin, proposing a possible mechanism for a postprandial increase in EE by DAG.