bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solvent‐free lipase‐catalyzed thioesterification and transthioesterification of fatty acids and fatty acid esters with alkanethiols in Vacuo
Authors: Weber Nikolaus , Klein Erika , Mukherjee Kumar D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPalmitic acid hexadecylthioester and other long‐chain acyl thioesters have been prepared in high yield (80–85%, purity >98%) by solvent‐free lipase‐catalyzed thioesterification of fatty acids with alkanethiols in vacuo. A lipase B preparation from Candida antarctica was more effective than a lipase preparation from Rhizomucor miehei and, particularly, those from papaya latex and porcine pancreas. Lipase‐catalyzed transthioesterification of fatty acid methyl esters with alkanethiols was less effective than thioesterification for the preparation of acyl thioesters. However, in transthioesterification, a lipase preparation from R. miehei was more effective than a lipase B preparation from C. antarctica. Lipases from papaya latex and porcine pancreas led to moderate conversions to acyl thioesters in both thioesterification and transthioesterification reactions, whereas only small proportions of thioesters were formed using lipase from Rhizopus arrhizus. Lipases from Chromobacterium viscosum and Candida rugosa were not effective at all.
Characterization of yam bean (Pachyrhizus spp.) Seeds as potential sources of high palmitic acid oil
Authors: Grüneberg W. J. , Goffman F. D. , Velasco L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSeeds from 22 accessions of the yam bean species Pachyrhizus ahipa (14 accessions), P. erosus (5), and P. tuberosus (3) were investigated for oil and protein contents, fatty acid composition of the seed oil, and the total tocopherol content and composition. Plants from the accessions were grown under greenhouse conditions during one (P. erosus and P. tuberosus) or two years (P. ahipa). The pattern of the investigated seed quality traits was very similar in the three species. Yam bean seeds were characterized by high oil (from about 20 to 28% in one environment) and protein contents (from about 23 to 34%). Seed oil contained high concentrations of palmitic (from about 25 to 30% of the total fatty acids), oleic (21 to 29%), and linoleic acids (35 to 40%). Levels of linolenic acid were very low, from about 1.0 to 2.5%. Total tocopherol content was relatively low in P. erosus (from 249 to 585 mg kg−1 oil) and P. tuberosus (from 260 to 312 mg kg−1 oil) compared with the levels found in P. ahipa grown under identical conditions (508 to 858 mg kg−1 oil). In all the samples, γ‐tocopherol was predominant, accounting for more than 90% of the total tocopherol content. The combination of high oil and protein contents, together with high palmitic acid, low linolenic acid, and high γ‐tocopherol concentration, makes these crops an interesting alternative as sources of high palmitic acid oil for the food industry.
Fractionation of soybean phospholipids by high‐performance liquid chromatography with an evaporative light‐scattering detector
Authors: Wang Tong , Hammond Earl G. , Cornette James L. , Fehr Walter R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPhosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) from 23 soybean lines with a wide range of fatty acid compositions were resolved into seven fractions by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fraction identities were assigned from fatty acid compositions determined by gas chromatography (GC). A mass detector, i.e., an evaporative light‐scattering detector, was used for HPLC quantification. The detector response was a power function of PC and PE concentrations. Various correction methods were applied to the detector response to obtain the best agreement between phospholipid (PL) fatty acid compositions determined by GC and that calculated from the corrected HPLC fraction percentages. The corrected HPLC fraction composition also was compared with that calculated from stereospecific distribution data using a 1‐random‐2‐random hypothesis. Correlation between PL‐fatty acid and HPLC‐fraction percentages showed that genetic modification of soybean oil composition caused changes in PL species, which alter physical properties and may alter the physiological functions of PL in biomembranes.
Structural analogy between β′ triacylglycerols andn‐alkanes. Toward the crystal structure of β′‐2 p.p+2.p triacylglycerols
Authors: van de Streek Jacco , Verwer Paul , de Gelder René , Hollander Frank 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe structural elements of the β′‐2 polymorph of 1,3‐dilauroyl‐2‐myristoylglycerol as found by Birkeret al.(J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 68:895–906, 1991) were also observed in the crystal structures of other long‐chain compounds. This analogy led to the assembly of a β′‐2 structure at the atomic level from known crystallographic data. The structure was optimized by molecular mechanics and was consistent with experimental data, including satisfactory reproduction of the X‐ray powder pattern. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first β′ structure with a 1,2 configuration and an intramolecular orthorhombic subcell which is fully optimized by molecular mechanics to date. It shows all structural elements found earlier by Birkeret al.
Extraction of lipid‐grown bacterial cells by supercritical fluid and organic solvent to obtain pure medium chain‐length polyhydroxyalkanoates
Authors: Hampson J. W. , Ashby R. D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA simple two‐step process was developed to extract and purify medium chain‐length polyhydroxyalkanoates (MCL‐PHA) from bacterial cells (Pseudomonas resinovorans) grown on lard and tallow. The process consists of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of the lyophilized cells with carbon dioxide to remove lipid impurities, followed by chloroform extraction of the cells to recover the MCL‐PHA. SFE conditions were varied as to temperature (40–100°C), pressure (2000–9000 psi), and carbon dioxide flow rate (0.5–1.5 L/min, expanded gas). Lipid material, usually 2–4%, but in some cases as high as 11%, was extracted from the dried cells by SFE. A pressure range (5000–9000 psi, increased stepwise), a temperature of 60°C, and a carbon dioxide flow of 1.5 L/min were routinely used to extract the bacterial cells (4–5 g) after 3 h. Higher flow rates could shorten the extraction time even more. SFE did not extract MCL‐PHA from the cells. Yield of MCL‐PHA after chloroform extraction at room temperature was a maximum of 42.4% based on dry cell weight. The results show that the two‐step process saves time, uses much less organic solvent, and produces a purer MCL‐PHA biopolymer than previous extraction and purification methods. A more environmentally friendly clean‐up procedure based on SFE and organic solvent recovery was developed to remove contaminating lipid materials from the fermentation biomass, allowing for the recovery of higher purity MCL‐PHA that are suitable for more demanding applications.
Influence of ascorbic acid and ascorbyl palmitate on the aroma composition of an oxidized vegetable oil and its emulsion
Authors: van Ruth Saskia M. , Roozen Jacques P. , Posthumus Maarten A. , Jansen Frans Jos H. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe formation of conjugated diene hydroperoxides and hexanal was compared to the development of aroma profiles during initial lipid oxidation of a vegetable oil and its 40% oil‐in‐water emulsion at 60°C. The aroma profiles of the oil and the emulsion with and without addition of ascorbic acid or ascorbyl palmitate were compared. The aroma compounds were isolated under a model mouth system and analyzed by gas chromatography/sniffing port analysis. Detectable odors were found and corresponded to 11 and 14 volatile compounds in the oil and the emulsion, respectively. The emulsion had higher lipid oxidation rates than the oil. Addition of ascorbic acid and ascorbyl palmitate had little influence on the aroma composition of the oil. In the emulsion, addition of these compounds resulted in diminished generation of odor active compounds. Results of measurements of conjugated diene hydroperoxides and headspace hexanal corresponded to that of the lipid oxidation rate in general, but predicted insufficiently the alterations in the aroma compositions by antioxidants.
The potential of soapstock‐derived film: Cottonseed and safflower
Authors: Kuk M. S. , Ballew A. G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOilseed soapstock is seldom used today for the recovery of fatty acids, but it is often added to oilseed meal. The energy value of oilseed meal is marginally increased by the addition of soapstock. To find alternative uses for oilseed by‐products, cottonseed and safflower soapstock samples from industrial plants were characterized using American Oil Chemists’ Society recommended and modified methods. The characterization included moisture and volatiles, phosphorus and nitrogen, neutral oil, total fatty acid amount and individual fatty acid profile, and total gossypol for cottonseed soapstock samples. The characterization indicated that cottonseed soapstock samples contained a slightly larger amount of neutral oil than safflower. These soapstock samples were frozen to −40°C at 40 mm Hg for more than 8 h, thawed, and the low‐boiling compounds were removed by evaporation under reduced pressure. The freeze‐dried soapstocks were mechanically pulverized in an inert atmosphere until able to pass through a 50‐mesh screen. When these freeze‐dried soapstock particles were rehydrated with deionized water, the formation of a gel phase was observed. Casting of this gel phase onto a substrate and subsequent drying without heating resulted in a thin film, a liposomelike material, with a uniform thickness of about 0.01”. The lamination capability of freeze‐dried oilseed soapstocks by rehydration may be attributed to the formation of multiple bilayer lamellae by phospholipids from the oilseed soapstock. Due to its biodegradable nature, the use of soapstock‐derived film as a composite or by itself as an encapsulating agent is highly attractive. The potential of this liposome‐like material as a chemical carrier is discussed.
The cost of borderline personality disorder: societal cost of illness in BPD-patients
Authors: van Asselt A.D.I. , Dirksen C.D. , Arntz A. , Severens J.L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackgroundBorderline personality disorder (BPD) is a highly prevalent, chronic condition. Because of its very problematic nature BPD is expected to be associated with substantial societal costs, although this has never been comprehensively assessed.ObjectiveEstimate the societal cost of BPD in the Netherlands.Study DesignWe used a prevalence-based bottom-up approach with a sample of 88 BPD patients who enrolled in a multicenter clinical trial comparing two kinds of outpatient psychotherapy. Costs were assessed by means of a structured interview, covering all healthcare costs, medication, informal care, productivity losses, and out-of-pocket expenses. Only BPD-related costs were included. All costs were expressed in Euros for the year 2000. A bootstrap procedure was performed to determine statistical uncertainty.PatientsAll patients had been diagnosed with BPD using DSM-IV criteria. Mean age was 30.5 years and 92% was female.ResultsBased on a prevalence of 1.1% and an adult population of 11,990,942, we derived that there were 131,900 BPD patients in the Netherlands. Total bootstrapped yearly cost of illness was €2,222,763,789 (€1,372,412,403–€3,260,248,300), only 22% was healthcare-related. Costs per patient were €16,852.ConclusionsAlthough healthcare costs of non-institutionalized Borderline patients might not be disproportionate, total societal costs are substantial.
Beyond Durkheim: A Comment on Steven Lukes's ‘Liberal Democratic Torture’
Authors: LEVEY GEOFFREY BRAHM 
Published: June 2007

In a recent article, Steven Lukes offers a thought-provoking reflection on the apparently growing resort to torture by liberal democracies today. Professor Lukes aptly asks whether ‘torture is just another case of dirty hands in politics?’ – that is, the idea that in order to do the right thing or achieve the best public outcome in the circumstances one cannot avoid committing a wrong, such as deceit or cruelty. His answer is that torture differs from other cases of dirty hands in that it cannot be made ‘liberal-democratically accountable’, thus raising the question of ‘how should it be addressed in liberal democracies?’ Here he suggests we can learn from the sociologist Emile Durkheim and, especially, his conception of modern societies as being held together by a ‘religion of individualism’. Allowing state officials to violate basic rights of the individual thus profanes against the religion and threatens the ‘moral disintegration’ of society itself. Lukes argues that Durkheim's account helps us see both the folly in ‘certain ways of thinking and talking about torture’, such as construing it as a ‘lesser evil’ given the competing claims of risk and security, and the damage that liberal democracies inflict on themselves, in responding to the threat of terrorism, by so readily compromising their own principles.There is much that is appealing in Professor Lukes's remarks. I also share his concern about the current erosion of civil liberties in liberal democracies. I wish, however, to raise some doubts about three key aspects of his argument: that torture is not susceptible to liberal-democratic accountability; that the ‘Durkheimian argument’ effectively precludes the practice of torture; and that we cannot rightly speak of torture as a ‘lesser evil’.
Parents' and service providers' perceptions of family‐centred practice in a community‐based, paediatric disability service in Australia
Authors: Raghavendra P. , Murchland S. , Bentley M. , Wake‐Dyster W. , Lyons T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground  For children who have physical disabilities and their families, involvement with a variety of providers of rehabilitation services is the norm rather than the exception. Despite family‐centred practice (FCP) being recognized as the ‘best practice’ model, families experience models of service provision that range from ‘expert’ to ‘collaborative’. After adopting FCP at Novita Children's Services in South Australia, it was imperative to determine the effectiveness of the implementation of FCP.Aim  To investigate parents' and staff's perceptions of FCP at Novita as part of ongoing quality assurance activity, and to identify any gaps in the services provided.Methods  The Measures of Processes of Care (MPOC) for parents/caregivers and service providers were utilized. A total of 189 families stratified by the three age groups of clients (<6, 6–12 and 13–18 years) and home location (metropolitan and rural) completed the MPOC‐20 questionnaire. A total of 145 staff, allied health therapists, rehabilitation engineers, managers and other staff who have direct contact with clients and their families completed the MPOC – service providers (MPOC‐SP) questionnaire.Results  Parents generally rated the family‐centred behaviours of staff as positive. Respectful and supportive care received the highest rating, while providing general information received the lowest. There were significant differences in scores for all five scales of the MPOC between metropolitan and rural families and the age of the child. Service providers also generally rated their family‐centred behaviours as positive. There were significant differences among the professions in areas of showing interpersonal sensitivity and providing general information.Conclusions  The findings suggest that parents and service providers perceive FCP as positive at Novita, with some areas for improvement. The MPOC‐20 and MPOC‐SP can be used to measure FCP and to identify service delivery gaps, which warrant further exploration.
The mechanisms determining the nucleolar‐organizing regions inactivation of domestic horse chromosomes
Authors: Slota E. , Wnuk M. , Bugno M. , Pienkowska‐Schelling A. , Schelling C. , Bratus A. , Kotylak Z. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryCytogenetic investigations of the nucleolar‐organizing regions (NORs) show that there is variation in the transcriptional activity of rDNA in many organisms. As a consequence, genetic polymorphism of these regions has been detected. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hypothetic genetic mechanisms determining the NORs polymorphism of the domestic horse chromosomes. Molecular cytogenetic analyses were carried out on Hucul horses and the following techniques were used: fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), telomere primed in situ synthesis (PRINS), in situ nick‐translation with HpaII, silver staining (AgNOR) and C‐banding technique (CBG). The obtained results suggest that variation in the number and size of silver deposits is related to the number of rDNA copies, DNA methylation and the localization of ribosomal DNA loci in telomeric regions. Moreover, we have found that chromosome pairs 28 and 31 are characterized by higher variation in the NORs number.
SNP discovery, expression and association analysis for the SDHD gene in pigs
Authors: Guimaraes S.E.F. , Rothschild M.F. , Ciobanu D. , Stahl C.H. , Lonergan S.M. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe SDHD gene was examined for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) as well as for expression changes in the Longissimus dorsi muscle of commercial pigs with different potential for growth. Three SNPs, including one previously described in the coding region and two new ones in the 3′‐UTR, were found. The normalized expression of SDHD was correlated with growth, meat quality and sensory traits (p < 0.05). For the commercial pigs used in this study, as well as a Berkshire × Yorkshire resource population, the SNPs have been associated (p < 0.05) with: growth, carcass composition, meat quality and sensory traits. Despite the fact that the described SNPs were not significantly associated with the normalized expression values, the SDHD SNPs and expression were associated with growth and meat quality traits in pigs.
Effect of polymorphisms linked to LEP gene on its expression on adipose tissues in beef cattle
Authors: Passos D.T. , Hepp D. , Moraes J.C.F. , Weimer T.A. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryIn cattle, genetic markers at the leptin (LEP) gene and at those linked to the gene have been described as affecting calving interval (markers LEPSau3AI and IDVGA51), or daily weight gain (BMS1074 and BM1500). This work investigated the effect of these alleles on LEP mRNA levels in cattle subcutaneous and omental adipose tissues. A sample of 137 females of a Brangus‐Ibage beef cattle herd was analysed to evaluate the distribution of the polymorphisms; then, animals having at least one of the IDVGA51*181 (allele 181 at marker IDVGA51; six animals), LEPSau3AI*2 (four), BMS1074*151 (13), BM1500*135 (six) alleles and a control group composed of animals without any of these alleles (four animals) were submitted to surgery to obtain omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues. Leptin mRNA expression was quantified by TaqMan RT‐PCR, using 18S rRNA as internal control and adjusted for the effect of body condition score, through regression analysis. Omental fat had LEP gene expression 33% lower than the subcutaneous tissue. Carriers of IDVGA*181 and BMS1074*151 showed subcutaneous fat leptin mRNA levels higher than the controls. Leptin controls feed intake and coordinates reproduction; therefore, animals with higher LEP gene expression will probably have lower daily weight gain than others with similar forage offer and nutritional condition and probably will also have longer calving interval.
Spontaneous induction of tetraploidy in hop using adventitious shoot regeneration method
Authors: Sˇkof S. , Bohanec B. , Kastelec D. , Luthar Z. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn the process of breeding triploid hop cultivars, diploid varieties need to be raised to the tetraploid level. Existing methods are predominantly based on treatment of the apices with antimitotic substances, in vivo or in vitro, resulting in a reported maximum of 26% tetraploids and a large proportion (over 60%) of mixoploids. This study was set‐up to test whether an adventitious shoot regeneration protocol can be used as an alternative. In the first part of the experiments, regeneration media and a choice of explants (internodes, petioles and leaf discs) were optimized using three hop cultivars with putatively low, medium or high adventitious shoot regeneration capacity. On an optimized induction medium supplemented with 6 mg/l N6‐(2‐isopentenyl) adenine (2iP), a regeneration rate up to 17.7% was obtained from cultured internodes, even of the most recalcitrant ‘Aurora’, while the regeneration rate of the most responsive ‘Tettnanger’ was 56.9%. Flow cytometric analysis of ploidy level revealed a high frequency of tetraploid induction, the highest (58.6%) being in ‘Savinjski golding’. In 616 regenerants of all three cultivars, 30.4% were found to be tetraploid, the others were diploid. Cytokinin content was found to be of minor importance in tetraploid induction. The high frequency of spontaneous tetraploid induction and, in particular, the complete absence of mixoploids makes this protocol an alternative to the currently established methods of chromosome doubling based on the use of antimitotic substances. The occurrence of a high proportion of tetraploid adventitious regenerants in hop is discussed in view of certain other biotechnological applications.
Genic microsatellite markers for discrimination of spinach cultivars
Authors: Khattak J. Z. K. , Christiansen J. L. , Torp A. M. , Andersen S. B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA set of simple sequence repeat (SSR or microsatellite) markers was used to discriminate a collection of 33 Spinacia oleracea hybrid cultivars from seven different breeding stations all over the world. All SSR markers were genic microsatellite markers located in coding or non‐coding regions of genes of known function. Cluster analysis based on 13 of the SSR markers showed that the spinach hybrids grouped into three clusters. The first two clusters consisted of European spinach types, which were well discriminated according to their origin from different breeding stations. The third cluster was a mixture of Asian as well as European types of spinach. Subclusters in this group did not reflect differences in morphology, earliness or company origin. The data show that genic microsatellites are a powerful tool for discrimination of spinach cultivars.
Effect of mannitol pretreatment to improve green plant regeneration on isolated microspore culture in Triticum turgidum ssp. durum cv. ‘Jennah Khetifa’
Authors: Labbani Z. , De Buyser J. , Picard E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe use of doubled haploids improves the efficiency of cultivar development in many crops and can be helpful in genetic and molecular studies. The major problem with this approach is the low efficiency of green plant regeneration. We describe here an efficient method for inducing embryos and regenerating green plants directly from isolated microspores of durum wheat cv. ‘Jennah Khetifa’. Tillers from donor plants were pretreated in 0.3 m mannitol and were stored at 4°C at various times: 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12 days. Our results showed clearly that the novel pretreatment combined mannitol 0.3 m and cold for 7 days had a strong effect on the number of embryos produced and regenerated green plants. Under this condition 13 475 mature embryos were produced from 2 693 500 microspores. Moreover, 85 green plants were obtained. High green plants regeneration frequency was recorded. As an average 11.55 green plants were produced per 100 000 microspores (about the equivalent of six plants per spike). Therefore, this study showed clearly that our results are the best ones published until now in durum wheat.