bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Maternal Protein-Energy Malnutrition and Cold Stress on Neutrophil Function of Bovine Neonates
Authors: Woodard L. F. , Eckblad W. P. , Olson D. P. , Bull R. C. , Eversen D. O. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of maternal protein or calorie deprivation (or both) on the bactericidal activity of neutrophils and sera from newborn calves subjected to cold stress were studied. Nutritional deficiencies in the dam had little effect on in vitro bactericidal activity of neutrophils and base-line sera taken at birth. Neutrophils obtained at birth destroyed Staphylococcus aureus but not Escherichia coli when incubated with either unheated or heated autologous base-line sera. Heat treatment of base-line sera to inactivate complement did not alter bacterial growth.
When incubated in the presence of autologous base-line sera, neutrophils from 3-day-old calves were no more active in the destruction of either bacterium than were neutrophils from newborn calves. However, addition of day 3 (immunoglobulin-containing) sera enabled day 3 neutrophils to destroy Ε coli (Ρ < 0.0001). The increased destruction of Ε coli by day 3 neutrophils and day 3 sera was not affected by heat treatment of the sera.
Maternal protein deficiency significantly increased (P < 0.05) destruction of Ε coli by day 3 neutrophils and sera. This effect was independent of energy levels. There were no differences observed in the bactericidal activity of neutrophils and sera taken from calves exposed to 1 C or 21 C environmental chambers for 3 days. Also, cold stress-nutritional stress interactions were not detected.
Experimental Transmission of Treponema hyodysenteriae from Mice to Pigs
Authors: Joens L. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Transmission experiments with Treponema hyodysenteriae were conducted with mice and pigs, using laboratory mice as the carrier host. Mice were intragastrically inoculated with T hyodysenteriae and placed in contact with nonexposed mice or healthy pigs. Contact mice mingled with infected mice at 5 or 180 days after inoculation were shedding T hyodysenteriae in their feces 9 to 14 days after exposure. Pigs exposed directly to infected mouse feces were shedding T hyodysenteriae in their feces after 5 to 7 days of exposure and developed swine dysentery after 11 to 13 days. Transmission of T hyodysenteriae to pigs through direct contact with feces from infected mice indicates that rodents in the field may be a reservoir host and may also be involved in spreading swine dysentery.
Combined Dexamethasone Suppression and Cosyntropin (Synthetic ACTH) Stimulation Test in the Dog: New Approach to Testing of Adrenal Gland Function
Authors: Eiler H. , Oliver J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A combined dexamethasone suppression and cosyntropin (synthetic ACTH) stimulation test was developed in the dog so that information concerning pituitary gland (hypophysis) and adrenal gland competence could be provided in a single trial, during a short time span.
Treatment of dogs with dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg, im) resulted in total suppression (below assay sensitivity or < 10 ng/ml) of plasma hydrocortisone (cortisol) at postinjection hour (pih) 2 in 100% of the dogs, whereas suppression was inconsistent at pih 1. Cosyntropin (0.5 U/kg, iv) administration to normal or dexamethasone-suppressed dogs increased plasma hydrocortisone concentration 3.5 to 4.5 times base-line values at pih 1, which was the time of maximal effect.
The combined test concept for adrenal gland function is valid, convenient (three sample collections; 3-hour period), and allows testing of adrenal gland response to dexamethasone suppression and ACTH stimulation in a single trial. The following test procedure for dogs is recommended: (i) collect base-line plasma sample (0900 hours) followed by injection of dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg, im); (ii) collect second plasma sample 2 hours after dexamethasone (to evaluate suppression of plasma hydrocortisone concentration) followed by the injection of cosyntropin (0.5 U/kg, iv); and (iii) collect a third plasma sample 1 hour later to evaluate plasma hydrocortisone concentration after cosyntropin stimulation.
Effect of Age on Tolerance of Calves to Chlorpyrifos
Authors: Palmer J. S. , Rowe L. D. , Crookshank H. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Groups of five calves (1 to 2 weeks old) or older calves (4 to 6 months old) were treated topically with increasing concentrations of chlorpyrifos [O,O-diethyl-O(-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) phosphorothioate] to determine their susceptibility to chlorpyrifos toxicity. Newborn calves also were given oral doses of technical grade (97.4%) chlorpyrifos to estimate their susceptibility by this treatment route. Topical applications to newborn calves consisted of 0.02%, 0.06%, or 0.12% chlorpyrifos administered as a spray to the entire body surface. Oral dosages given the newborn calves consisted of 5, 10, or 25 mg of chlorpyrifos/kg of body weight. Topical applications were administered to the older calves in the same manner as were applications to the newborn calves, but at concentrations of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.9%, or 2.3%. Minimum dosages producing signs of toxicosis in newborn calves which were orally and topically given chlorpyrifos were 25 mg/kg of body weight and 0.06%, respectively. All five newborn calves sprayed with 0.12% chlorpyrifos were severely poisoned and were treated with atropine. One of these calves died within 48 hours after exposure to chlorpyrifos despite antidotal therapy.
Signs of poisoning were not observed in older calves sprayed with 0.25%, 0.5%, or 0.9% chlorpyrifos. One Brahman-cross calf sprayed with 2.3% chlorpyrifos developed signs of mild poisoning that dissipated in 72 hours without treatment. Four older non-Brahman calves sprayed with 2.3% chlorpyrifos did not show signs of poisoning. Seemingly, 4- to 6-month old calves have an increased tolerance to topically applied chlorpyrifos compared with the tolerance of newborn calves, and the magnitude of this increased tolerance is 30-fold or higher.
Crystalline Inclusions in Erythrocytes Parasitized with Babesia equi Following Treatment of Ponies with Imidocarb
Authors: Simpson Charles F. , Taylor W. J. , Kitchen H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four splenectomized Welsh ponies were infected with Babesia equi. Two ponies were treated with imidocarb dipropionate, and two were not treated. By light microscopic examination, 1% to 2% of the parasitized erythrocytes of treated ponies contained crystalline inclusions. The crystals were rectangular, diamond, or burr shaped. They occupied most of the erythrocytic cytoplasm, and, as a result, the remainder of the pale staining cytoplasm was inconspicuous in Wright-Giemsa-stained blood smears. The size and shape of intraerythrocytic inclusions varied when examined by electron microscopy, but in most instances they were either adhered to or were located close to the parasite. The sides of crystals were either smooth or serrated, and corners were either sharp or notched. Fractures or faults were common in large crystals. Parasitized erythrocytes of non-treated ponies and nonparasitized erythrocytes of treated ponies did not contain crystals.
Four hemoglobulin types were identified in five noninfected, non-treated Welsh ponies from the same herd.
Intramammary Coliform Infection After Heavy External Contamination of Teats
Authors: Schultze W. Donald , Thompson Paul D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Teats of lactating dairy cows were exposed to massive, repeated external contamination by application of a freshly prepared broth culture of Escherichia coli that was maintained in wet contact with the teat ends during 14 or 21 successive entire intermilking periods. When contamination was restricted to the intermilking periods by dipping teats in an iodophor germicide before each milking, 18 new intramammary infections occurred among the 93 mammary quarters at risk. The rate of infection achieved was 1/89 milkings. Transient residence of E coli in streak canals and frequent occurrence of sterile inflammation of mammary quarters made diagnosis of new infection difficult.
Teats also were exposed to E coli without sanitization before milking. The milking machine was modified to maximize the likelihood of contaminated milk droplets impacting on teat orifices through back-jetting. Diagonally opposed milking machine inflations were fitted with rifled-bore short milk tubes designed to be protective against back-jetting. The rate of new E coli infections was 1/291 milkings among control and protected quarters. When contamination was extended into the milking operation, the new infection rate was not greater than was that achieved when exposure was limited to intermilking periods; therefore, the protective value of rifled-bore short milk tubes was not adequately tested and a role of the machine as a vector was not demonstrated.
Wavelength of Ultraviolet Radiation that Enhances Onset of Clinical Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Kopecky K. E. , Pugh G. W. , Hughes D. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cellulose acetate filtered ultraviolet (uv) radiation and unfiltered uv radiation were used on calves that were subsequently challenge exposed with Moraxella bovis. The onset, course, and severity of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (ibk) were studied. Ten calves irradiated with unfiltered uv had the disease 1 to 2 days after Μ bovis challenge exposure; all 10 calves had moderate to severe ibk. Ten calves irradiated with filtered uv and 10 calves not irradiated manifested ibk in a similar manner. The date of onset and the severity of the disease varied.
Evidence is presented to support the contention that the wavelengths (around 270 nm) which are eliminated by cellulose acetate enhance the course of ibk. The effects on ibk of environmentally increased solar uv radiation is also discussed.
Immunoglobulin A Response of the Bovine Fetus and Neonate to Escherichia coli
Authors: Yamini Behzad , Sleight Stuart D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The chronologic appearance of immunoglobulin (Ig) A-containing plasma cells and their distribution and numbers in the intestinal tract, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes were determined in beef calves inoculated in utero with Escherichia coli O26-K60:NM bacterin or with saline solution. Secondary responses were assessed by oral revaccination or by challenge exposure to live E coli. Specific immunofluorescent procedures were used to count IgA-containing plasma cells.
Appreciable numbers of IgA-containing plasma cells were seen in in utero-vaccinated calves at birth. Oral vaccination or challenge exposure with E coli increased the number of plasma cells. The caudal part of the jejunum and the ileum and related lymph nodes had more IgA-containing cells than any of the other tissues examined. In revaccinated and challenge exposed calves, the spleen was especially active in the formation of IgA-containing plasma cells. The results indicate that the entire small intestine, the draining lymph nodes, and the spleen were involved in IgA formation in these young calves. Age as a factor in IgA production was seen in the control calves which had no indication of IgA-containing cells before 9 days of age. None of the in utero-vaccinated calves at birth or at necropsy had evidence of IgA in serum.
Evaluation of Granulated Fenbendazole (22.2%) Against Induced and Naturally Occurring Helminth Infections in Cats
Authors: Roberson Edward L. , Burke T. Michael 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A granulated formulation of 22.2% fenbendazole was tested for anthelmintic activity against helminths in cats. The drug was administered in 20 g of canned food on each of 3 days at a dosage of 50 mg/kg of body weight/day. Of 31 young adult cats harboring naturally occurring infections of Toxocara cati, 16 were treated and 15 served as controls. There was 100% clearance of ascarids from all treated cats. Among controls, 18% of the ascarid burden was expelled naturally.
Thirty additional cats were acclimated for 2 months prior to infecting them experimentally with Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, Taenia taeniaeformis, and Ancylostoma tubaeforme. Treatment caused a transitory reduction in the number of lungworm larvae. Histopathologically, cells of developing eggs and of a majority of 1st-stage larvae in lungs of treated cats had evidence of marked degeneration and necrosis, whereas the same stage of larvae in lungs of control cats were normal. Although the number of lung lesions in treated cats was approximately half the number found in controls, there was no significant (P > 0.05) indication that this was due to treatment.
Fenbendazole was effective against induced infections of A tubaeforme and Taen taeniaeformis. Greater than 99.9% of hookworms were expelled from 16 treated cats as compared with a 2% natural expulsion from 15 controls. Of 24 cats that developed patent infections of Taen taeniaeformis, 12 were treated and cleared of this parasite, whereas 9 of 12 controls continued to harbor 1 to 10 tapeworms at the time of necropsy.
Fenbendazole at a dosage of 50 mg/kg/day × 3 days appeared to be an effective anthelmintic against the common ascarid, hookworm, and tapeworm of cats. Its activity against lungworms was inconclusive at the dosage used, but the data suggest the need for investigating its activity against this parasite at higher dosages, for longer periods of treatment, or both.
Adrenal Gland Function in Dogs Given Methylprednisolone
Authors: Spencer Karen B. , Thompson F. N. , Clekis T. , Lorenz Μ. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum cortisol (hydrocortisone) was measured by radioimmunoassay in dogs given methylprednisolone (mp) orally or methylprednisolone acetate (mpa) im. The mp was given on a daily and on an alternate-day basis to different treatment groups and the mpa was administered weekly. Samples of blood were obtained twice a week over a 9-week treatment period for serum cortisol determination, and the adrenal gland response to ACTH was assessed on posttreatment days 1, 3, 5, and 7. Administration of mp on an alternate or daily basis caused a slight but significant (P < 0.05) depression in mean resting cortisol values over time. The mpa administration caused a severe depression of resting serum cortisol values. In response to ACTH, cortisol values invariably increased sharply in nontreated control dogs and in those dogs given mp on an alternate-day basis. Dogs given mp daily had a depressed response to ACTH. The mpa treatment resulted in adrenal cortices that were unresponsive to ACTH. Dogs given mpa, but not challenge exposed with ACTH, had markedly lowered cortisol values for at least 2 weeks after cessation of treatment. Consequently, a difference between daily- and alternate-day mp administration was detected after ACTH challenge exposure; mpa administration inhibited adrenal cortisol secretion for at least the duration of the experiment.
Pathogenicity of Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts to Ponies
Authors: Al-Khalidi N. W. , Weisbrode S. E. , Dubey J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Nine ponies were fed 100,000 infective Toxoplasma gondii oocysts and were given corticosteroid injections before and after feeding the T gondii oocysts. Titers to the Sabin-Feldman dye tests (1:2 to 1:16,384) developed within postinoculation days (pid) 7 to 21 and antibodies persisted to pid 133. Toxoplasma organisms were isolated from the tissues of 4 ponies (heart of 4, brain of 2, spinal cord of 3, diaphragm of 1, skeletal muscle of 1, liver of 1, kidneys of 1) killed between pid 36 and 63, but not from 5 ponies killed between pid 117 and 150. Seemingly, ponies are one of the more resistant species of animals to develop clinical toxoplasmosis.
Evaluation of a Formalin-Inactivated Rift Valley Fever Vaccine in Sheep
Authors: Harrington D. G. , Lupton H. W. , Crabbs C. L. , Peters C. J. , Reynolds J. A. , Slone T. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A formalin-inactivated Rift Valley fever (rvf) vaccine prepared in cell culture for human use was immunogenic in sheep. Vaccine was administered as a single dose of diluted (1:5) or undiluted vaccine with or without an adjuvant. Serum-neutralizing antibodies induced by rvf vaccine persisted for at least 7 months. Seven of 11 vaccinated sheep with prechallenge plaque-reduction neutralization (prn80) antibody titers of ≤ 10 were protected against challenge exposure with 106 plaque-forming units of Zagazig 501 strain of rvf virus. Challenge exposure induced abortion in 2 of 2 pregnant sheep. Five sheep with prn80 titers ≥ 1:20 were protected from detectable viremia after challenge exposure. Additionally, 5 of 6 lambs (3 months old) were protected (by maternal antibodies) against challenge exposure. Challenge control sheep developed clinical disease and detectable viremia after exposure. Virus was isolated from saliva of 1 challenge control sheep and virus was transmitted by contact exposure to 1 of 4 seronegative contact-control sheep.
Immunization of sheep with formalin-inactivated rvf vaccine induced a priming effect against rvf viral antigens. Challenge exposure with rvf virus resulted in significantly higher neutralizing titers in vaccinated sheep than in nonvaccinated sheep.
Experimental Infection of Cattle with Yersinia enterocolitica Serotype O9: Serologic Responses
Authors: Mittal K. R. , Barnum D. A. , Tizard I. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cattle were exposed to Yersinia enterocolitica O9 by the oral or intramammary routes. Oral exposure failed to generate significant serologic responses. In contrast, intramammary inoculation produced a marked response, the serum antibodies provoked in this manner reacting strongly with Brucella abortus. The serum agglutination, indirect hemagglutination, microplate agglutination, and quantitative plate agglutination techniques were used to characterize the serologic responses to the 2 organisms. None was an entirely satisfactory technique for obtaining diagnostic discrimination between brucellosis and yersiniosis.
Vascular Supply of the Equine Stifle Joint
Authors: Updike Susan J. , Diesem Charles D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The vascular supply of the equine stifle joint was investigated, using latex vascular injections of pelvic limbs from 3 adult horses and 6 ponies. Vessels were grossly dissected to the small arteriole level. The primary source of blood supply was the femoral artery and its branches which entered the joint on the caudal and medial surfaces. The superficial vasculature arose from the caudal branch of the deep circumflex iliac artery cranially and laterally, and from the saphenous and descending genicular arteries medially. The deep vasculature arose from the popliteal artery and its branches on the caudal joint surface. These 2 layers of vessels arborized to form the vascular rete which surrounded the joint and gave off branches to supply the articular capsule and the intraarticular structures. Venous drainage paralleled arterial pathways.
Efficacy of Immunoserodiagnostic Procedures in the Recognition of Canine Immunologic Diseases
Authors: Quimby Fred W. , Smith Christina , Brushwein Mary , Lewis Robert W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six immunologic tests were conducted on a large population of dogs with a variety of diseases. The test results were analyzed retrospectively and correlated to the clinical and final pathologic diagnoses. The results indicated that rheumatoid factor and the direct antiglobulin (Coombs) test were both sensitive and specific for the diagnoses of canine rheumatoid arthritis and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The antinuclear antibody test was useful in supporting the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) only when both antibody titer and the staining pattern were taken into consideration. The lupus erythematosus cell test was specific but not sensitive when used to confirm a diagnosis of canine sle.
Cellulose acetate serum electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoretic techniques were each useful in supporting the diagnosis of multiple myeloma.
Epizootiologic data collected in this study indicated that dogs with primary immunologic disease had a poor prognosis. A female predisposition was observed in cases of canine autoimmune hemolytic anemia and sle. Ovariectomy seemed to prevent the development of canine sle.
Effect of Inspired-Air Warming and Humidification in the Prevention of Hypothermia During General Anesthesia in Cats
Authors: Haskins Steve C. , Patz J. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An inspired-air heating and humidifying device was constructed and evaluated with regard to its ability to maintain mean body heat in anesthetized cats. Control cats exhibited a net heat loss of −5.960 and −2.970 Kcal for each of 2 successive hours. The respiratory heat loss was only 0.675 Kcal per hour. Subjects inhaling warmed and humidified oxygen exhibited a net heat loss of −2.860, −1.900, and −0.742, for each of 3 successive hours, whereas respiratory heat gain was 0.643, 0.742, and 0.776 Kcal for the same periods. The inspired-air heating and humidifying technique was associated with a significantly slower decrease in body temperature (P < 0.05) after 45 minutes. The inspired-air heating technique is beneficial in minimizing body heat loss during general anesthesia in cats, but is not effective enough to supplant other methods.
Changes in Periparturient Fecal Egg Counts in Beef Cows Calving in the Spring
Authors: Hammerberg Bruce , Lamm W. Dennis 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A herd of mature Angus and Angus-Holstein-Friesian cows calving between March and May was maintained at 80% and 100% of National Research Council's recommended total digestible nutrient (tdn) levels during the winter. Changes in fecal nematode egg counts of these cows, expressed as eggs/5 g of feces and quantitated by the Wisconsin sugar flotation technique, were detected perinatally and were correlated with breed, nutritional level, and time of year. A limited, yet highly significant (P < 0.001) increase in egg output was found in cows at calving. Anthelmintic treatment at calving caused postcalving egg counts that were statistically lower than were those from nontreated cows. When breed and nutritional level were considered independently, there was less influence on egg counts than when the interaction of breed and nutritional level was examined. Angus-Holstein-Friesian cows fed 80% tdn requirements had the greatest perinatal increase in egg output, and those fed 100% tdn had the smallest increase of all groups. Angus cows responded in an opposite manner to the nutritional level and had increases in egg counts intermediate to those counts of Angus-Holstein-Friesian cows. This characterization of the periparturient egg output by mature cows aided in evaluating the role of grazing cows in contaminating pastures.
Rotavirus Infection in Foals
Authors: Conner Μ. E. , Darlington R. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fecal samples from 86 foals with diarrhea were examined by electron microscopy during a 2.5 year period. Of these, 26 (30%) were positive for rotavirus. All of the cases were found in epizootic areas. The disease was produced in an experimental foal by inoculation via stomach tube of a bacteria-free fecal filtrate containing rotavirus. Examination of postmortem tissues from the duodenum and jejunum of 2 naturally infected foals and an experimentally infected foal revealed replicating virus in the intestinal epithelial cells. A limited survey of complement-fixing antibody to rotavirus in horses from Kentucky, Virginia, and France indicated that all horses had antibody to the virus. The sole exception was 1 foal from which blood samples were collected prior to suckling. These results were presumptive evidence that rotavirus is a major cause of diarrhea in foals, and the presence of antibody in horses from diverse areas is evidence for the ubiquitousness of this infection.