bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CD152 (CTLA‐4) regulates effector functions of CD8+ T lymphocytes by repressing Eomesodermin
Authors: Hegel Johannes K. , Knieke Karin , Kolar Paula , Reiner Steven L. , Brunner‐Weinzierl Monika C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCD8+ T lymphocytes are required for effective host defense against pathogens and also for mediating effector responses against uncontrolled proliferating self‐tissues. In this study, we determine that individual CD8+ T cells are tightly controlled in their effector functions by CD152 (CTLA‐4). We demonstrate that signals induced by CD152 reduce the frequency of IFN‐γ and granzyme B expressing CD8+ T cells independently of the transcription factors T‐bet or cKrox by selectively inhibiting accumulation of Eomesodermin mRNA and protein. Ectopic expression of Eomesodermin reversed the CD152‐mediated inhibition of effector molecule production. Additionally, enhanced cytotoxicity of individual CD8+ T cells differentiated in the absence of CD152 signaling was determined in vivo. These novel insights extend our understanding of how immune responses of CD8+ T cells are selectively modulated.
Correlates of protection efficacy induced by vaccinia virus‐specific CD8+ T‐cell epitopes in the murine intranasal challenge model
Authors: Moutaftsi Magdalini , Salek‐Ardakani Shahram , Croft Michael , Peters Bjoern , Sidney John , Grey Howard , Sette Alessandro 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe recent identification of a large array of different vaccinia virus‐derived CD8+ T‐cell epitopes offers a unique opportunity to systematically analyze the correlation between protective efficacy and variables such as kinetics of expression and function of viral proteins, binding affinity to MHC molecules, immunogenicity, and viral antigen processing/presentation. In the current study, 49 different H‐2b restricted epitopes were tested for their ability to protect peptide‐immunized C57Bl/6 mice from lethal i.n. challenge with vaccinia virus. The epitopes varied greatly in their ability to confer protection, ranging from complete protection with minimal disease to no protection at all. The function or kinetics of the viral antigen expression did not correlate with protective efficacy. However, binding affinity partially predicted protection efficacy and ultimately epitope immunogenicity and recognition of infected cells offered the best correlation.
Thymic emigration: Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor‐1‐dependent models and beyond
Authors: Drennan Michael B. , Elewaut Dirk , Hogquist Kristin A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe thymus is a primary lymphoid organ supporting the development of self‐tolerant T cells. Key events in T‐cell development in the thymus include lineage commitment, selection events, and thymic emigration. This review discusses the proposed role of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate and its receptors in the emigration of both conventional and unconventional T‐cell subsets from the thymus, and the molecular machinery currently understood to regulate this process. Furthermore, we highlight a role for chemokines and actin‐associated proteins in T‐cell motility as recent data suggest that T‐cell emigration is regulated by more than just a sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor‐1‐dependent chemotactic axis.
Modular Synthesis of a New Type of Chiral Bis(carbene) Ligand from L‐Valinol and Iridium(I) and Rhodium(I) Complexes Thereof
Authors: Nagel Ulrich , Diez Claus 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNew, chiral bis(imidazol‐2‐ylidene) ligands, and their rhodium(I) and iridium(I) complexes, have been prepared by a simple six‐step synthesis starting from commercially available enantiomerically pure L‐valinol. The stepwise introduction of the imidazoles makes it possible to create chiral bis(NHC) complexes with different substituents at the terminal nitrogen atoms. Formation of IrI and RhI complexes by a one‐pot transmetallation reaction gives the endo and exo stereoisomers in different ratios, depending on the metal and the reaction conditions. Diastereomerically pure material was obtained by crystallisation.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Assessing the Potential of Zwitterionic NHC·CS2 Adducts for Probing the Stereoelectronic Parameters of N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Delaude Lionel , Demonceau Albert , Wouters Johan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFive imidazol(in)ium‐2‐dithiocarboxylates bearing cyclohexyl, mesityl, or 2,6‐diisopropylphenyl substituents on their nitrogen atoms were prepared from the corresponding N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) by reaction with carbon disulfide. They were characterized by IR, UV/Vis, and NMR spectroscopy, and by thermogravimetric analysis. Their molecular structures were determined by X‐ray diffraction. For the sake of comparison, tricyclohexylphosphonium dithiocarboxylate was also examined. The data acquired were scrutinized to evaluate their usefulness for assessing the steric and electronic properties of NHC ligands. Because of their outstanding ability to crystallize, the five NHC·CS2 betaines were found to be highly suitable for probing the steric influence of nitrogen atom substituents on imidazolylidene‐based ligand precursors via XRD analysis, while the corresponding NHC·CO2 adducts were deemed more appropriate for evaluating the σ‐donating properties of carbene ligands.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Syntheses, Structures and Reactivities of Rhodium 4,5‐Diazafluorene Derivatives
Authors: Jiang Huiling , Stepowska Elzbieta , Song Datong 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFour rhodium 4,5‐diazafluorene derivatives, [RhL(PPh3)2] (1), [Rh(H)2(LH)(PPh3)2]Cl (2), [Rh(H)2L(PPh3)2] (3) and [Rh(H)2(LH)(PPh3)2]OTf (4), have been synthesized and fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Compound 1 can be converted into 3 when treated with hydrogen gas. Compound 2 can be converted into 3 when treated with NaH, and the reverse reaction can be achieved by treating 3 with aqueous HCl. The air‐ and moisture‐stable compound 2 is an active catalyst for the hydrogenation of a variety of olefins, including non‐terminal ones; the chloride counterion in 2 appears to play a role in the catalytic system. Thus, compound 4, the triflate analogue of 2, is inactive towards olefin hydrogenation.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Both histidine residues of the conserved HHXXXDG motif are essential for wax ester synthase/acyl‐CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase catalysis
Authors: Stöveken Tim , Kalscheuer Rainer , Steinbüchel Alexander 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBacterial acyltransferases of the wax ester synthase/diacylglycerol acyltransferase (WS/DGAT) family possess a highly conserved HHXXXDG motif. In this study, we describe the first experimental evidence that this motif is part of the active site of WS/DGAT from the Acinetobacter baylyi strain ADP1 and that it is crucial for enzymatic activity. The second histidine residue of this motif (H133) turned out to be essential for the catalytic activity. In addition, the replacement of the first histidine (His132) also led to explicitly decreased activity. A complete loss of activity was only observed upon substitution of both histidine residues by leucine, revealing that both are necessary for maximal activity. In contrast, the replacement of Asp137 and Gly138 against alanine had only little effect on enzyme activity, thus demonstrating that they are not essential for WS/DGAT catalysis although belonging to the highly conserved motif. One peculiarity of WS/DGAT enzymes is their little substrate specificity regarding hydrophobic compounds. In this study, we demonstrated the inability of WS/DGAT to accept polar compounds as substrates.
A Selective Metal–Ligand Fluorescent Chemosensor for Dihydrogen Phosphate via Intermolecular Excimer Formation in Water
Authors: Huang Xiao‐huan , He Yong‐bing , Hu Chen‐guang , Chen Zhi‐hong 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTwo new anthrylpolyamine ligands and their zinc complexes 1·2Zn and 2·Zn have been synthesized. The recognition ability of 1·2Zn and 2·Zn towards inorganic anions was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy in water at physiological pH values. The receptor 1·2Zn displays an excellent selective fluorescent enhancement of the excimer emissive peak with H2PO4– that is absent with other inorganic anions such as SO42–, NO3–, HCO3–, AcO–, F–, Cl–, Br– and I–. The obvious excimer formation can be explained by 2+2‐type binding between 1·2Zn and H2PO4–, which was confirmed by electrospray ionization data. The sensitive fluorescent response and excellent selectivity show that receptor 1·2Zn can be used as a fluorescent chemosensor for the H2PO4– anion under physiological pH conditions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Sweets for Catalysis – Facile Optimisation of Carbohydrate‐Based Bis(oxazoline) Ligands (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 7/2009)
Authors: Minuth Tobias , Irmak Mustafa , Groschner Annika , Lehnert Tobias , Boysen Mike M. K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe cover picture shows various uses for carbohydrates in nature: Chitin in the exoskeleton of crustaceans (lower left corner), cellulose in plants (upper right corner) and as the energy‐storage compound sucrose in plants, which ultimately makes its way into sweets such as candy canes. In the laboratory, carbohydrates can be transformed into interesting and versatile tools for stereoselective synthesis such as chiral ligands for asymmetric catalysis. The article by M. M. K. Boysen on p. 997 ff describes carbohydrate‐based bis(oxazoline) ligands. These sweets for catalysis were successfully fine‐tuned for asymmetric cyclopropanation reactions by the introduction of O‐substituents with varying steric and electronic properties. The authors thank Anja Glinschert for her help with the cover design. Financial support of the German Research Foundation, VolkswagenFoundation and Fonds der Chemischen Industrie is gratefully acknowledged.
Retracted: Correction or comparison? The effects of prime awareness on social judgments
Authors: Maringer Marcus , Stapel Diederik A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn previous research on the effects of accessible information on social judgments, divergent explanations have been offered for contrast effects that occur as a consequence of prime awareness. Some authors favor a comparison explanation, whereas others favor a correction explanation. In two studies, we successfully disentangled comparison and correction contrast by demonstrating that whereas correction for unwanted influences is a general process that leads to contrast on various dimensions on which a target is judged, comparison effects are prime specific and occur mainly on comparison relevant dimensions. In addition, our findings indicate that for correction attempts to occur and succeed, respondents must have the feeling that these primes contaminate their target judgments and should be removed from their “true” reaction to the target. When people are not suspicious of the potential contaminating influences of priming stimuli, prime awareness is more likely to lead to prime‐target comparisons than to correction efforts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What I think you see is what you get: Influence of prejudice on assimilation to negative meta‐stereotypes among Dutch Moroccan teenagers
Authors: Kamans Elanor , Gordijn Ernestine H. , Oldenhuis Hilbrand , Otten Sabine 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis research examined how Dutch Moroccan teenagers in the Netherlands deal with the negative stereotype that they believe the Dutch have about their group. We hypothesize that Moroccans act in line with this negative image when they are prejudiced against the Dutch and feel personally meta‐stereotyped. A survey study among 88 Dutch Moroccan teenagers revealed that Moroccan teenagers who felt negative about the Dutch and thought that they were personally negatively stereotyped, expressed attitudes in line with this negative “meta‐stereotype.” That is, they act in line with the outgroup's negative image by legitimizing criminality, aggression, loitering teenagers, and Muslim extremism. These findings suggest that being confronted with a negative stereotype about one's group might sometimes lead to a reaction that is both harmful for the stereotyped group as well as society in general. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Group membership influences social control of perpetrators of uncivil behaviors
Authors: Nugier Armelle , Chekroun Peggy , Pierre Karine , Niedenthal Paula M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe present research examined bystanders' reactions to uncivil behaviors. We tested a proposed mediator of the effect by which bystanders are more likely to exert social control over in‐group compared to out‐group members. Participants were asked to report their likely reaction if they were to witness a woman throwing a plastic bottle into a flowerbed. Participants reported that they were more likely to express their disapproval to the woman if she was an in‐group rather than an out‐group member. This effect was mediated by the moral emotions that participants expected the woman to feel if they were to intervene: Participants expected the woman to feel more embarrassment and shame when she was an in‐group member, and this explained why they were more likely to exert social control toward an in‐group member than an out‐group member. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elaborating the police perspective: The role of perceptions and experience in the explanation of crowd conflict
Authors: Prati Gabriele , Pietrantoni Luca 
Published: February 2009

AbstractClassical theories of crowd behaviour view crowd conflict as deriving from the pathology of the crowd itself. Recent developments in crowd psychology as the elaborated social identity model (ESIM) conceptualize crowd behaviour as a dynamic intergroup process between demonstrators and police. The present study assessed exposure to crowd conflict, adherence to classical views of crowd behaviour, public order policing methods and attributions of responsibility for crowd conflict among 352 Italian police officers. Results showed that exposure to crowd conflict was related to adherence to classical views of crowd, which, in turn, was related to ‘bad practices’ of public order policing and to system‐justificatory attributions. Overall, these results offer support and extend the police perspective within the ESIM model. Practical implications for public order policing strategies and training are also discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pollutants removal and distribution of microorganisms in a reed wetland of Shanghai Mengqing Park
Authors: Xie Bing , Cui Yuxue , Yuan Qi , Li Jingjing 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis project studies a constructed reed wetland located in Mengqing Park, near the downstream of Suzhou Creek, Shanghai. Under hydraulic loading of 60–70 cm/day, the mean treatment efficiency to remove ammonia, biochemical oxygen demand, and suspended solid could reach about 30, 50, and 60%, respectively, in reed wetlands. To clarify the roles of microorganisms on pollutant degradation in reed wetlands, distribution and characterization of heterotrophic bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, and denitrifiers were studied in the water and sediment of the wetland, using the traditional culture‐dependent and molecular methods. It was found that heterotrophic bacteria, nitrobacteria, and denitrifying bacteria varied seasonally. The distribution of heterotrophic bacteria and autotrophic bacteria in the inlet of wetland was quite different from that in the outlet areas of the wetland. There were more heterotrophic bacteria and much less nitrobacteria in the inlet sediment than in the outlet. The amount of bacteria in reed rhizospheres was larger than that in nonrhizospheres. The good correlation between the removal rate of ammonia and the amount of nitrifying bacteria indicated that nitrobacteria contributed significantly to ammonia removal in the reed wetland. Profile of PCR‐SSCP (single‐strand conformation polymorphism) also showed that DNA diversity of bacteria in the inlet area was higher than that in the outlet, and the dominant bacteria in the wetland were genus of Bacillus. DNA diversity and similarity suggested that the functional microorganism distribution correlated to the different nutrient level in the wetland. Furthermore, the addition of exogenous microorganism products to the wetland could help promote the pollutant removal by bioaugmentation. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2009
Changes in microbial community composition following treatment of methanogenic granules with chloroform
Authors: Hu Bo , Zhou Xia , Forney Larry , Chen Shulin 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEliminating hydrogen consuming bacteria is a critical step in anaerobic fermentation for biohydrogen production. Treatment of anaerobic granular sludge with chloroform was reported as effective in transforming a methane‐producing system into a hydrogen‐producing system by eliminating methane production. This study, using 16S rRNA gene sequences, further assessed changes in microbial community composition as a result of chloroform treatment and during continuous cultivation of chloroform‐treated granules in a continuous upflow reactor employing immobilized cells. Profiles of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T‐RFLP) of 16S rRNA genes sequences cloned from samples before and after chloroform treatment showed that methanogenic hydrogen consumers and Methanosaeta harundinacea sp. were eliminated. Methanosaeta concilii, however, was not eliminated from the hydrogen‐producing system, which might explain, in part, the granulation phenomena in the anaerobic hydrogen fermentation system. The results also showed that Clostridium butyricum dominated the hydrogen‐production system. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2009
Estimation of load reduction factors for clay masonry walls
Authors: da Porto Francesca , Grendene Manuel , Modena Claudio 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe in‐plane cyclic behaviour of three types of unreinforced clay masonry was characterized by means of laboratory tests on full‐scale specimens. The masonry walls were assembled with various bonding arrangements (head joints made with mortar pockets, dry head joints with mechanical interlocking, thin‐layer mortar bed joints), which are not yet inserted in seismic codes. Experimental behaviour was modelled with an analytical hysteretic model able to predict lateral load–displacement curves in case of shear failure of the unreinforced walls. According to the experimental results and those of the selected analytical model, parametric study to evaluate the reduction in lateral strength demand produced by non‐linear behaviour in masonry walls, i.e. the load reduction factor was carried out by non‐linear dynamic analyses. The calculated values of the load reduction factor were modest. The differences in values found for the three masonry types, although consistent with them, were not great. This may indicate that, in the ultimate limit state, the type of masonry cannot significantly affect the behaviour of an entire building. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear stochastic dynamic analysis for performance‐based earthquake engineering
Authors: Kiureghian Armen Der , Fujimura Kazuya 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA new approach for computing seismic fragility curves for nonlinear structures for use in performance‐based earthquake engineering analysis is proposed. The approach makes use of a recently developed method for nonlinear stochastic dynamic analysis by tail‐equivalent linearization. The ground motion is modeled as a discretized stochastic process with a set of parameters that characterizes its evolutionary intensity and frequency content. For each selected response (seismic demand) threshold, a linear system is defined that has the same tail probability as the nonlinear response in first‐order approximation. Simple linear random vibration analysis with the tail‐equivalent linear system then yields the fragility curve. The approach has the advantage of avoiding the selection and scaling of recorded accelerograms and repeated time‐history analyses, which is the current practice for developing fragility curves. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metal Alloy Electrode Configurations For Advanced Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Hassoun J. , Panero S. , Scrosati B. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe show that the proper use of lithium‐metal (Li‐M) alloys as electrodes in lithium cells requires formulations capable of maintaining their integrity upon cycling. A very effective one is based on the dispersion of nanosized metal particles within a carbon matrix in order to form M‐C composites. The validity of this strategy has been demonstrated in the cases where M is Sn and Sb, respectively. Tests in lithium cells demonstrate that the Sn‐C composite electrodes have a specific capacity much higher than that of commercial graphite, i.e. 500 mAhg–1 versus 370 mAhg–1, and that this high value is kept unchanged for several hundreds of cycles. The Sb‐C composite electrode has an intrinsic capacity lower than that of the Sn‐C one; however, also in this case, the capacity delivery remains stable for many cycles, thus confirming the unique role of the carbon matrix in stabilising the electrode structure. The investigation of the Li‐M alloy electrodes has been extended to Sn‐Co‐C ternary systems which supposedly are similar to that used as anode in a recently released commercial battery. Also, these electrodes show favourable cycling characteristics, although some questions still remain on the capacity retention upon prolonged cycling.
Distributed representation of single touches in somatosensory and visual cortex
Authors: Beauchamp Michael S. , LaConte Stephen , Yasar Nafi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMulti‐voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) was used to analyze blood–oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI) data, which were acquired as human subjects received brief vibrotactile stimulation of their hands and feet. Support vector machines trained and tested on the whole brain fMRI data were able to accurately decode the body site of single touches, with mean performance of 92% in a two‐way discrimination task (chance performance 50%) and 70% in a four‐way discrimination task (chance performance 25%). Primary and secondary somatosensory areas (S1 and S2) alone decoded the touched body site with high accuracy. S1 was more accurate at decoding touches closely spaced on the body surface (different fingers of the same hand) whereas S2 and S1 were equally accurate at decoding widely spaced touches (hand vs. foot). The hand and foot regions of S1 (S1hand and S1foot) were separately examined in a two‐way classification task. S1hand was better able to decode the hand of stimulation (left vs. right), and S1foot was better able to decode the foot of stimulation. In addition to S1 and S2, vibrotactile responses were observed in a region of visual cortex, areas MST and STP (MST/STP) in lateral occipito‐temporal lobe. MST/STP was able to accurately decode the hand but not the foot of stimulation, supporting the idea of a role for MST/STP in eye‐hand coordination. Hum Brain Mapp 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.