bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Algorithmic Design
Authors: Bessa Maria 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMaria Bessa provides a masterclass in algorithmic design, tracing the roots of the algorithm back to Aristotle and 9th‐century Persia. She explores innovative contemporary examples of the application of the algorithm and highlights its potential for architects working intuitively in a way that will enable them to achieve a level of performance that was once only attainable at a post‐design stage. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoenergy
Authors: Yeang Ken 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe development of a clean, plentiful and low‐cost alternative energy source is the holy grail of the 21st century. Ken Yeang looks into his crystal ball and asks whether the future could lie in nanoenergy and the proliferation of numerous personal nanogenerators ‐ attached to buildings, individuals or under bridges. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigating Culture Through the Senses
Authors: Croci Valentina 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPreserved for many centuries by volcanic rubble, the Roman sites of Pompeii and Herculaneum, in Southern Italy, most effectively evoke how the ancients lived. Valentina Croci reveals how MAV, the world's first virtual archaeology museum in Herculaneum, now enriches the visitor's experience and understanding of archaeological culture. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elements of morphology: Standard terminology for the hands and feet
Authors: Biesecker Leslie G. , Aase Jon M. , Clericuzio Carol , Gurrieri Fiorella , Temple I. Karen , Toriello Helga 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn international group of clinicians working in the field of dysmorphology has initiated the standardization of terms used to describe human morphology. The goals are to standardize these terms and reach consensus regarding their definitions. In this way, we will increase the utility of descriptions of the human phenotype and facilitate reliable comparisons of findings among patients. Discussions with other workers in dysmorphology and related fields, such as developmental biology and molecular genetics, will become more precise. Here we introduce the anatomy of the hands and feet and define and illustrate the terms that describe the major characteristics of the hands and feet. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elements of morphology: Standard terminology for the periorbital region
Authors: Hall Bryan D. , Graham John M. , Cassidy Suzanne B. , Opitz John M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn international group of clinicians working in the field of dysmorphology has initiated the standardization of terms used to describe human morphology. The goals are to standardize these terms and reach consensus regarding their definitions. In this way, we will increase the utility of descriptions of the human phenotype and facilitate reliable comparisons of findings among patients. Discussions with other workers in dysmorphology and related fields, such as developmental biology and molecular genetics, will become more precise. Here we introduce the anatomy of the periorbital area and define and illustrate the terms that describe the major characteristics of the periorbital area. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elements of morphology: Standard terminology for the ear
Authors: Hunter Alasdair , Frias Jaime L. , Gillessen‐Kaesbach Gabriele , Hughes Helen , Jones Kenneth Lyons , Wilson Louise 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn international group of clinicians working in the field of dysmorphology has initiated the standardization of terms used to describe human morphology. The goals are to standardize these terms and reach consensus regarding their definitions. In this way, we will increase the utility of descriptions of the human phenotype and facilitate reliable comparisons of findings among patients. Discussions with other workers in dysmorphology and related fields, such as developmental biology and molecular genetics, will become more precise. Here we introduce the anatomy of the ear and define and illustrate the terms that describe the major characteristics of the ear. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elements of morphology: Standard terminology for the nose and philtrum
Authors: Hennekam Raoul C.M. , Cormier‐Daire Valerie , Hall Judith G. , Méhes Károly , Patton Michael , Stevenson Roger E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn international group of clinicians working in the field of dysmorphology has initiated the standardization of terms used to describe human morphology. The goals are to standardize these terms and reach consensus regarding their definitions. In this way, we will increase the utility of descriptions of the human phenotype and facilitate reliable comparisons of findings among patients. Discussions with other workers in dysmorphology and related fields, such as developmental biology and molecular genetics, will become more precise. Here we introduce the anatomy of the nose and philtrum, and define and illustrate the terms that describe the major characteristics of these body regions. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elements of morphology: Introduction
Authors: Allanson Judith E. , Biesecker Leslie G. , Carey John C. , Hennekam Raoul C.M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn international group of clinicians working in the field of dysmorphology has initiated the standardization of terms used to describe human morphology. The goals are to standardize these terms and reach consensus regarding their definitions. In this way, we will increase the utility of descriptions of the human phenotype and facilitate reliable comparisons of findings among patients. Discussions with other workers in dysmorphology and related fields, such as developmental biology and molecular genetics, will become more precise. Here we describe the general background of the project and the various issues we have tried to take into account in defining the terms. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elements of morphology: Standard terminology for the lips, mouth, and oral region
Authors: Carey John C. , Cohen M. Michael , Curry Cynthia J.R. , Devriendt Koenraad , Holmes Lewis B. , Verloes Alain 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn international group of clinicians and scientists working in the field of dysmorphology has initiated the standardization of terms used to describe human morphology. The goals are to standardize these terms and reach consensus regarding their definitions. In this way, we will increase the utility of descriptions of the human phenotype and facilitate reliable comparisons of findings among patients. Discussions with other workers in dysmorphology and related fields, such as developmental biology and molecular genetics, will become more precise. Here we summarize the anatomy of the oral region and define and illustrate the terms that describe the major characteristics of the lips and mouth. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elements of morphology: Standard terminology for the head and face
Authors: Allanson Judith E. , Cunniff Christopher , Hoyme H. Eugene , McGaughran Julie , Muenke Max , Neri Giovanni 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn international group of clinicians working in the field of dysmorphology has initiated the standardization of terms used to describe human morphology. The goals are to standardize these terms and reach consensus regarding their definitions. In this way, we will increase the utility of descriptions of the human phenotype and facilitate reliable comparisons of findings among patients. Discussions with other workers in dysmorphology and related fields, such as developmental biology and molecular genetics, will become more precise. Here we introduce the anatomy of the craniofacies and define and illustrate the terms that describe the major characteristics of the cranium and face. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mode of Action and Design Rules for Additives That Modulate Crystal Nucleation
Authors: Anwar Jamshed , Boateng Papa Kofi , Tamaki Reiko , Odedra Sheetal 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMoleküldynamiksimulationen identifizieren die Schlüsselfaktoren, über die ein Additiv die Bildung von Kristallkeimen beeinflusst. Dies sind: die Stärke der Wechselwirkung mit dem gelösten Stoff, die Fähigkeit, Wechselwirkungen aufzubrechen (durch sterische, entropische oder energetische Effekte), Grenzflächeneigenschaften sowie die Templatwirkung bei der Keimbildung (siehe die Momentaufnahme eines wachsenden Keims; die schwarzen Kugeln sind einzelne Additivpartikel).magnified image
Direct CH Metalation with Chromium(II) and Iron(II): Transition‐Metal Host / Benzenediide Guest Magnetic Inverse‐Crown Complexes
Authors: Alborés Pablo , Carrella Luca M. , Clegg William , García‐Álvarez Pablo , Kennedy Alan R. , Klett Jan , Mulvey Robert E. , Rentschler Eva , Russo Luca 
Published: January 2009

AbstractKein Entrinnen gibt es für den schwarzen König (Benzol) beim Schach der Elemente gegen eine Kombination aus Dame (Natrium) und Springer (Chrom oder Eisen), wie sie in Metallaten von Metallen niederer Polarität anzutreffen ist. In chemischen Reaktionen können solche Verbindungen Arene direkt metallieren – vorausgesetzt das Übergangsmetall, der „Springer“, wird in die richtige Position gebracht.magnified image
A Chiral Concave‐Bound Cyclopentadienyl Iron Complex of Sumanene
Authors: Sakane Hiroyuki , Amaya Toru , Moriuchi Toshiyuki , Hirao Toshikazu 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSchale mit zwei Seiten: In zwei [CpFe(η6‐Sumanen)]+‐Komplexen, in denen sich die CpFe‐Einheit an der konkaven Seite des schalenförmigen π‐Systems befindet, ist die Rotation des monoalkylierten Cyclopentadienyl(Cp)‐Rings gehindert. Für den MeCpFe‐Komplex wurde im Festkörper eine asymmetrische Stapelung von Atropisomeren beobachtet, und im (S)‐sBuCpFe‐Komplex – dem ersten chiralen Komplex mit einer π‐Schale als Ligand – war der Sumanenligand magnetisch und optisch desymmetrisiert (siehe Bild).magnified image
Metal‐Ion Selectivity of Chemically Modified Uracil Pairs in DNA Duplexes
Authors: Okamoto Itaru , Iwamoto Kenji , Watanabe Yuko , Miyake Yoko , Ono Akira 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDNA duplexes containing 5‐modified uracil pairs (5‐bromo, 5‐fluoro, and 5‐cyanouracil) bind selectivity to metal ions. Their selectivity is sensitive to the pH value of the solution (see picture), as the acidities of the modified uracil bases vary according to the electron‐withdrawing properties of the substituents.magnified image
Receptor‐Mediated Targeting of Cathepsins in Professional Antigen Presenting Cells
Authors: Hillaert Ulrik , Verdoes Martijn , Florea Bogdan I. , Saragliadis Anastasios , Habets Kim L. L. , Kuiper Johan , Van Calenbergh Serge , Ossendorp Ferry , van der Marel Gijsbert A. , Driessen Christoph , Overkleeft Hermen S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTag for professionals: A fluorescently tagged clustered mannoside DCG‐04 analogue (see structure) is designed and synthesized using a modular approach. Uptake of the probe in professional antigen presenting cells and subsequent labeling of cathepsins proceeded in a mannose‐receptor dependent manner.magnified image
Local auxin production: a small contribution to a big field
Authors: Chandler John W. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAuxin is a plant growth regulator involved in diverse fundamental developmental responses. Much is now known about auxin transport, via influx and efflux carriers, and about auxin perception and its role in gene regulation. Many developmental processes are dependent on peaks of auxin concentration and, to date, attention has been directed at the role of polar auxin transport in generating and maintaining auxin gradients. However, surprisingly little attention has focussed on the role and significance of auxin biosynthesis, which should be expected to contribute to active auxin pools. Recent reports on the function of the YUCCA flavin monooxygenases and a tryptophan aminotransferase in Arabidopsis have caused us to look again at the importance of local biosynthesis in developmental processes. Many alternative and redundant pathways of auxin synthesis exist in many plants and it is emerging that they may function in response to environmental cues.
Modeling the semi‐empirical electrotopological index in QSPR studies for aldehydes and ketones
Authors: Souza Érica Silva , Kuhnen Carlos Alberto , Junkes Berenice da Silva , Yunes Rosendo Augusto , Heinzen Vilma Edite Fonseca 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe semi‐empirical electrotopological index, ISET, used for quantitative structure–retention relationship (QSRR) models firstly developed for alkanes and alkenes, was remodeled for organic functions such as ketones and aldehydes. The ISET values for hydrocarbons are calculated through the atomic charge values obtained from a Mulliken population analysis using the semi‐empirical AM1 method and their correlation with the SETi values attributed to the different types of carbon atoms according to experimental data. For ketones and aldehydes the interactions between the molecules and the stationary phase are slowly increased relative to the hydrocarbons, due to the charge redistribution that occurs in the presence of heteroatoms. For these polar molecules the increase in the interactions was included in the calculation of the ISET values through the dipole moment of the whole molecule and also through an equivalent local dipole moment related to the net charges of the atoms of the CO and HCO functional groups. Our findings show that the best definition of an equivalent local dipole moment is clearly dependent on the specific features of the charge distribution in the polar region of the molecules (e.g. ketones and aldehydes), which allows them to be distinguished. Thus, the QSRR models for 15 aldehydes and 42 ketones obtained using the remodeled ISET were of good quality as shown by the statistical parameters. The ability of this remodeled index to include charge distribution and structural details opens a new way to study the correlations between the molecular structure and retention indices in gas chromatography. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy Transfer Followed by Electron Transfer in a Porphyrin Macrocycle and Central Acceptor Ligand: A Model for a Photosynthetic Composite of the Light‐Harvesting Complex and Reaction Center
Authors: Kuramochi Yusuke , Sandanayaka Atula S. D. , Satake Akiharu , Araki Yasuyuki , Ogawa Kazuya , Ito Osamu , Kobuke Yoshiaki 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA mimic for nature's solar cells: Simple mixing of nonaporphyrin macrocycle N‐(1–Zn)3 and acceptor ligand C60–ZnP–Tripod affords a supramolecular architecture (see scheme), in which the excitation energy collected by the macrocycle is transferred efficiently to the central ZnP acceptor, inducing charge separation between the ZnP and C60 sites.magnified imageA system that models a photosynthetic composite of the light‐harvesting complex and reaction center is reported in which light energy collected by cyclic antenna porphyrins is transferred to a central energy‐acceptor porphyrin, followed by photoinduced electron transfer to a fullerene positioned above the ring plane. Pyridyl tripodal ligands appended with bis(phenylethynyl)porphyrinatozinc(II) (ZnP–Tripod) and additional fulleropyrrolidine moieties (C60–ZnP–Tripod) were synthesized as the reaction center units. The tripodal ligand was strongly accommodated by the light‐harvesting porphyrin macrocycle N‐(1–Zn)3 (1–Zn=trisporphyrinatozinc(II)) by using three‐point coordination of pyridyl to uncoordinated porphyrinatozinc sites to afford a stable 1:1 composite. The binding constants for ZnP–Tripod and C60–ZnP–Tripod in benzonitrile were estimated from steady‐state fluorescence titrations to be 1.4×107 and 1.6×107 M−1, respectively. The steady‐state fluorescence titration, fluorescence lifetime, and transient absorption studies revealed that in both composites the excitation energy collected by the nine porphyrins of N‐(1–Zn)3 was efficiently transferred to a ZnP moiety by means of a through‐space mechanism with a quantum yield of approximately 90 %. Furthermore, in the composite with C60–ZnP–Tripod, the converged energy at the ZnP moiety induced electron transfer to the C60 moiety, which afforded the stable charge‐separated state (ΦCS>90 %).
α‐ and β‐Glycosyl Sulfonium Ions: Generation and Reactivity
Authors: Nokami Toshiki , Shibuya Akito , Manabe Shino , Ito Yukishige , Yoshida Jun‐ichi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLow‐temperature electrochemical oxidation of thioglycosides gave glycosyl triflates from which glycosyl sulfonium ions were produced (see scheme). The latter were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and cold‐spray mass spectrometry as a mixture of α‐ and β‐isomers (45:55). The α‐glycosyl sulfonium ion exhibited higher reactivity than the β‐glycosyl sulfonium ion in the reaction with methanol, which gave a mixture of α‐ and β‐methyl glycosides (41:59).magnified image
Increased myocardial wall thickening as index of viability assessment: a preliminary report on delayed contrast MRI
Authors: Sharma Rakesh , Katz Jose K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPurpose: Regional wall thickening measurement by delayed contrast MRI may assess myocardial viability and functional recovery of ischemic cardiomyopathy. Materials and methods: Delayed contrast MRI data was used in 40 patients with significant coronary artery disease and severe left ventricular dysfunction. Regional wall thickening on follow‐up MRI served as an index of functional recovery in patients receiving revascularization. For comparison, myocardial viability was assessed by MRI and 201Tl SPECT in 10 patients using a 17‐segment method. Results: On 480 segments, MRI hyperintensities showed positive correlation with 201Tl reduction (r = 0.71, p < 0.0001) in the inferior wall and apex. Delayed MRI detected myocardial viability better than 201Tl SPECT. Delayed contrast‐enhanced MRI showed diagnostic accuracy 65%, sensitivity 95%, specificity 25%, positive predictive value 65% and negative predictive value 75%, whereas 201Tl SPECT showed diagnostic accuracy 54%, sensitivity 72%, specificity 25%, positive predictive value 52% and negative predictive value 54%. Areas under the ROC curves by MRI and 201Tl SPECT were 0.59 ± 0.04, 0.52 ± 0.05, respectively (p = 0.07). The viability concordance was 80% between 201Tl SPECT and MRI. Conclusion: Delayed contrast‐enhanced MRI may detect the inferior wall thickening and apex as an index of viable myocardium better than 201Tl SPECT. Myocardial viability may predict functional recovery after revascularization in ischemic cardiomyopathy. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time to prostate‐specific antigen nadir independently predicts overall survival in patients who have metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer treated with androgen‐deprivation therapy
Authors: Choueiri Toni K. , Xie Wanling , D'Amico Anthony V. , Ross Robert W. , Hu Jim C. , Pomerantz Mark , Regan Meredith M. , Taplin Mary‐Ellen , Kantoff Philip W. , Sartor Oliver , Oh William K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:The objective of this study was to evaluate the relation between the kinetics of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) decline after the initiation of androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT) and overall survival (OS) in men with metastatic, hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer (HSPC).METHODS:The authors' institutional database was used to identify a cohort of men with metastatic HSPC who were treated with ADT. Patients were included if they had at least 2 serum PSA determinations before PSA nadir and at least 1 serum PSA value available within 1 month of ADT initiation. Patient characteristics, PSA at ADT initiation, nadir PSA, time to PSA nadir (TTN), and PSA decline (PSAD) in relation to OS were analyzed.RESULTS:One hundred seventy‐nine patients were identified, and they had a median follow‐up after ADT initiation of 4 years. The median OS after ADT initiation was 7 years. The median PSA level at ADT initiation and PSA nadir were 47 ng/mL and 0.28 ng/mL, respectively. On univariate analysis: TTN <6 months, PSAD >52 ng/mL per year, PSA nadir ≥0.2 ng/mL, PSA ≥47.2 ng/mL at ADT initiation, and Gleason score >7 were associated with shorter OS. On multivariate analysis, TTN <6 months, Gleason score >7, and PSA nadir ≥0.2 ng/mL independently predicted shorter OS.CONCLUSIONS:To the authors' knowledge, this was the first report to demonstrate that a faster time to reach a PSA nadir after the initiation of ADT was associated with shorter survival duration in men with metastatic HSPC. These results need confirmation but may indicate that a rapid initial response to ADT indicates more aggressive disease. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Breast biopsy patterns and outcomes in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results—Medicare data
Authors: Friese Christopher R. , Neville Bridget A. , Edge Stephen B. , Hassett Michael J. , Earle Craig C. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Despite known benefits to needle biopsy for suspicious breast lesions, variability in the use of this technique has been documented in practice. We sought to study the use of needle biopsy and open surgical biopsy in women with breast cancer, predictors of needle biopsy use, and the effect of biopsy choice on overall number of surgical procedures needed to treat breast cancer.METHODS:We analyzed Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare data for 45,542 women diagnosed between 1991 and 1999 with ductal carcinoma in situ and stage I‐II breast cancer. By using diagnosis and procedure codes from 3 months before to 6 months after the SEER diagnosis, we classified the initial biopsy as needle or surgical. By using multivariate logistic regression, we identified patient and tumor characteristics associated with needle biopsy use, and estimated the association between initial biopsy type and likelihood for multiple breast surgeries.RESULTS:Needle biopsy was the initial procedure for 11,073 (24.3%) women. In multivariate analyses, needle biopsy use varied significantly by race, year of diagnosis, and tumor size. After controlling for patient and tumor characteristics, needle biopsy use was associated with a reduced likelihood of multiple breast surgeries (odds ratio, 0.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.34‐0.37).CONCLUSIONS:Use of needle biopsy as the initial breast cancer procedure was more common among black women and those with larger tumors, and increased significantly over time. Providers should consider needle biopsy when clinically feasible as the initial breast procedure, because it may reduce the number of surgeries needed to treat breast cancer. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.