bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ORIGIN OF ANTIBODY IN INTESTINAL SECRETION OF SHEEP
Authors: Husband AJ , Lascelles AK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThiry and double re‐entrant jejunal loops were prepared in adult sheep and young lambs to study antibody responses following local and systemic administration of soluble and particulate antigens. Systemic administration of both living Brucella abortus and ferritin elicited an IgG response in serum and intestinal secretion. Repeated local infusions of living and killed Br. abortus into isolated intestinal loops failed to elicit a significant response. However, local infusions of egg albumin or ferritin resulted in the appearance in intestinal secretion of substantial amounts of antibody most of which was associated with IgA. The results obtained using lambs demonstrated that local antibody production associated with IgA occurred after antigenic stimulation of intestinal loops in animals as young as 3 weeks of age.
STUDIES OF THE RESPONSES OF BASOPHIL AND EOSINOPHIL LEUCOCYTES AND MAST CELLS TO THE NEMATODE TRICHOSTRONGYLUS COLUBRIFORMIS
Authors: Huxtable CR , Rothwell TLW 
Published: November 2007

SummaryBasophil and eosinophil leucocytes infiltrate the small intestinal lamina propria of guinea‐pigs infected with the nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis. By comparing the morphology of both cell types at the site of infection with bone marrow and buffy coat cells, it was found that, after entering the lamina propria, basophils developed an electron lucent halo beneath the granule‐limiting membrane while the characteristic orderly periodicity of the granules changed to a fibrillar or amorphous appearance. The granules also tended to coalesce but remained within the cell. Approximately half the eosinophils at the site of infection developed deficiencies in the amorphous outer matrix of their granules but showed no obvious change in the central electron‐dense cores.
THE LOCATION OF CALCIUM DURING ITS TRANSPORT BY THE SMALL INTESTINE OF THE CHICK
Authors: Hamilton John W , Holdsworth Eric S 
Published: November 2007

SummaryDuring the in vivo absorption of Ca by chicks, cholecaleiferol (vitamin D3) increased the translocation of Ca by the mucosal cells of the small intestine and this was accompanied by a greater “turnover” of Ca within these cells. The location of Ca within mucosal cells was studied by differential centrifugation after conventional homogenation of the cells in isotonic sucrose medium at 0°. Most of the Ca was in mitochondria with less than 2% of Ca being in the soluble phase. However, this finding may be misleading since there may be a redistribution of Ca at 0°, with the mitochondria taking up Ca which in vivo would be located in other parts of the cell. When cells were homogenized in the presence of inhibitors of Ca uptake by mitochondria or were homogenized at 22°–28°. 15–30% of the Ca was found in the soluble cytosol fraction.The uptake of Ca by mitochondria was compared in sucrose media and in this media containing dialysed cell cytosol. The non‐dialysable substances in the cytosol influenced uptake and release of Ca by mitochondria so that more Ca would be in the soluble phase in the presence of cell cytosol. Dialysed cell cytosol from cholecaleiferol‐pretreated chicks had greater effects than cytosol from rachitic chicks and this may partially account for the increased translocation brought about by cholecalciferol.
HEPATIC VITAMIN A FAT‐STORAGE CELLS AND THE METABOLISM OF CHYLOMICRON CHOLESTEROL
Authors: Redgrave TG , Vakakis N 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThese experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that the vitamin A fat‐storage cell removes chylomicron remnant cholesterol from hepatic portal venous blood. A modified Ficoll density gradient ultracentrifugation procedure was used to isolate from rat liver cellular fractions that were enriched in vitamin A. In rats fed a normal diet and in rats fed excess vitamin A isolated hepatocytes were fractionated 15 min after the intravenous injection of chylomicrons labelled in vivo with radioactive cholesterol. The results showed that cholesterol radioactivity was not concentrated in the vitamin A enriched cellular fractions, so it was concluded that the vitamin A fat‐storage cell is not implicated in clearance of chylomicron remnants by the liver.
STUDIES OF THE ANTIGENICITY AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF BROMELAIN‐PRETREATED RED BLOOD CELLS
Authors: Cox KO , Baddams Helen , Evans Anne 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effects of the proteolytic enzyme bromelain (Br) on the antigenicity and immunogenicity of sheep and mouse red blood cells (RBC) have been investigated. The results presented support the previous claim that there are antigens present on Br RBC that are not present in an exposed form on untreated RBC and that Br RBC have lost some of the antigens present on the surface of normal RBC. The susceptibility of Br RBC to osmotic lysis was very similar to that of normal RBC. Implying that the modified RBC were not more fragile than normal RBC. Injection of mice with Br mouse‐RBC did not increase the unusually high “background” number of cells producing IgM antibodies against Br mouse‐RBC and mice did not mount delayed‐type hypersensitivity reactions against Br mouse‐RBC, either before or after sensitizing injections of Br mouse‐RBC. However, mouse‐RBC and Br mouse‐RBC elicited similar antibody responses in rabbits and guinea pigs. Although mice appeared unresponsive to Br mouse‐RBC injections, delayed‐type hypersensitivity responses and antibody production in primary and secondary responses were of similar levels irrespective of whether sheep‐BBC or Br sheep‐RBC were used as immunogens.From these studies it appears that mice have B‐cells producing antibodies against the “new” antigens on Br mouse‐RBC. But there are no T‐cells that respond to these antigens by way of “helper” activity in antibody production or by way of cell‐mediated immune reactions.
IgG1 HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINAEMIA IN CHRONIC PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN MICE: EVIDENCE THAT THE RESPONSE REFLECTS CHRONICITY OF ANTIGEN EXPOSURE
Authors: Chapman Colin B , Knopf Paul M , Anders Robin F , Mitchell Graham F 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTbe IgG1 molecules in the sera of IgG1 hypergammaglobulinaemic mice chronically infected with the larval cestode, Mesocestoides corti, are a heterogeneous population. Although antibodies to M. corti are present, the question of whether a minority or majority of the serum IgG1 molecules has anti‐parasite reactivity remains open. The splenic PFC response to an intravenous injection of SRBC in M. corti‐infected mice does not consist of an unusually high proportion of IgG1 anti‐SRBC PFC. Moreover, the adoptive anti‐DNP PFC response of spleen cells from M. corti‐infected mice to DNP‐M. corti is not biased towards IgG1 antibody production.Since IgG1 hypergammaglobulinaemia is seen in mice with chronic, “high‐dose” infections, an attempt has been made to simulate chronic antigenic exposure with SRBC in uninfected mice. A split, high‐dose regime of SRBC injections leads to a high number and high proportion of IgG1 anti‐SRBG PFC in the spleen in three strains of mice. The results suggest that the extraordinarily high levels of IgC1 seen in the sera of mice chronically infected with the metazoan, M. corti and Nematospiroides dubius, reflect persistent, high‐dose, “strong”. T cell‐dependent stimulation of the B cell system.
CANINE GAUCHER DISEASE—THE ENZYMIC DEFECT
Authors: van de Water NS , Jolly RD , Farrow BRH 
Published: November 2007

Summaryβ‐Glucosidase activity was investigated in tissues from a case of canine Gaucher disease and from a normal dog. In the latter, enzyme activity showed two pH optima at pH 4·0–4·25 and pH 5·0–5·5. In Gaucher disease tissues, negligible activity could be measured al the more acidic pH.
VARIATION IN H‐2 ANTIGEN EXPRESSION IN F1 HYBRID MICE: ANALYSIS USING MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
Authors: O'Neill Helen C , Blanden RV 
Published: November 2007

SummaryCells of (CBA/H × BALB/c) F1 hybrid mice express CBA/H‐derived H‐2k antigens more weakly than do CBA/H ceils, but H‐2d antigens are similarly expressed by F1 and BALB/c cells. This was evident when F1 hybrid macrophages were compared with CBA/H and BALB/c macrophage as targets for both alloreactive and H‐2 restricted antiviral Tc cells. Quantitative absorption of anti‐H‐2Kk serum by spleen cells of F1 or CBA/H mice also suggested about 3‐fold less H‐2Kk antigen on F1 cells. With the use of two anti‐H‐2Kk monoclonal antibodies. 30R3 and 27R9, the reduced expression of H‐2Kk in this F1 hybrid was further analysed in a two‐stage radio‐immunoassay employing the uptake of 125I‐protein A to measure antibody binding. By a thermodynamic approach, estimates were made of the dissociation constant for antibody binding, and of the relative numbers of H‐2 molecules expressed by both F1 hybrid and CBA/H spleen cells. The results indicate that there is a two‐fold reduction in the number of H‐2Kk molecules expressed on the surface of F1 cells. Similar dissociation constants for F1 and CBA/H cells indicated no detectable qualitative difference in their H‐2Kk antigens with respect to sites recognized by 30R3 and 27R9.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ALLERGENS FROM THE MITE DERMATOPHAGOIDES PTERONYSSINUS
Authors: Stewart GA , Turner KJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe physicochemical and immunochemical characteristics of the allergens from Dermatophagoides pteroyssinus have been described, in particular those for the allergens designated Dpt 4 and Dpt 12. Dpt 4 is a high molecular weight allergen with an apparent molecular weight of 274,000 daltons and a pI of 4.5. In contrast, the antigenically unrelated Dpt 12 has an apparent molecular weight of 24,000 daltons and a pI 6.6. Both allergens demonstrate heterogeneity, either in molecular weight or pI. Dpt 12 appears to be the major allergen in extracts of D. pteronyssinus and probably corresponds to the low molecular weight allergen previously described by other workers.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT ALLERGENS FROM DERMATOPHAGOIDES PTERONYSSINUS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE TRIDACNIN, CON‐A AND S107 REACTIVE COMPONENTS
Authors: Stewart GA , Turner KJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryHigh molecular weight allergens which react with the S107 murine IgA myeloma and with the lectins Concanavalin A (Con‐A) and tridacnin have been identified and characterized in extracts of the mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Mite extracts from two different manufacturers were Fractionated by Con‐A affinity chromatography. The major antigen in both the Con‐A bound and unbound fractions, which was antigenically indistinguishable, reacted with tridacnin and the S107 myeloma. This high molecular weight, multi‐reactive antigen corresponded to allergen Dpt 4, suggesting that Dpt 4 exists as isoallergens, each differing in the degree of glycosylation or in the type of carbohydrate moiety comprising the glycan part of the allergen. Mite media extracts also reacted with Con‐A, tridacnin and the S107 myeloma but were not allergenic per se.
ROLE OF GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA IN ONTOGENY OF GUT IMMUNITY
Authors: Husband AJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThis paper describes an experiment which provides information on the ontogeny of some parameters of the intestinal immune system in normal lambs. It is also demonstrated that oral administration of a gram negative bacterial vaccine to foetal lambs resulted in non‐specific amplification of the population of IgA plasma cells in the gut and its associated lmphoid tissue, suggesting involvement of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, a recognised B‐lymphocyte mitogen, in ontogeny of gut immunity.
LYMPHOCYTE SURFACE MARKERS IN SHEEP BLOOD AND LYMPH
Authors: Outteridge PM , Fahey KJ , Lee CS 
Published: November 2007

SummaryLymphocytes from sheep blood and lymph were analysed for the percentages of cells which had receptors for Fcμ, Fcγ or C′, which had surface immunoglobulin (sIg) or which could form rosettes with sheep red blood cells in the presence of saline (E) or 14% Ficoll‐saline (Efic). Compared with lymphocytes prepared by treating blood with carbonyl iron followed by glycerol lysis of the red cells, lymphocytes prepared by Ficoll‐Paque flotation were enriched for B‐cells (sIg+), depleted of T‐cells (Efic+) and retained a high proportion of phagocytic cells. Efferent popliteal lymph contained almost twice the percentage of Efic+ cells as did blood prepared by glycerol lysis, but only half the percentage of sIg+ cells. An unmarked or ‘null’ cell population was defined by subtracting the percentage of E fic+ and sIg+ cells from 100%. In glycerol lysed blood 39·0% of the cells were ‘null’ compared with 18·6% in lymph.Fractionation of lymphocytes on Percoll discontinuous density gradients allowed some separation of T, B and ‘null’ cells from each other. With blood lymphocytes, ‘null’ cells were concentrated in the least dense region (1·01 g/ml), B‐cells in the region of intermediate density (1·05‐1·07 g/ml) and T‐cells in the most dense regions (1·08‐1·09 g/ml). Separation of blood and lymph cells on nylon wool columns and anti‐immunoglobulin affinity plates showed that ‘null’ cells were relatively non‐adherent and that there was a small population of C receptor‐bearing lymphocytes which were not sIg +.Phytohaemagglutin (PHA) stimulation of lymphocytes prepared from blood, using Ficoll‐Paque or glycerol lysis and from lymph, showed that all three preparations had similar dose‐response curves irrespective of their T:B cell ratios. Interestingly, the ‘null’ cell enriched fraction from Percoll gradients also responded well to PHA.It was concluded that sheep blood contains three major populations, T, B and ‘null’ and that T‐cells (Efic+) are relatively concentrated in efferent popliteal lymph compared to blood. Some separation of these three cell types could be obtained using Percoll density gradients, nylon wool columns or anti‐immunoglobulin affinity plates. Comparing the PHA responsiveness of lymphocytes from different layers of the Percoll gradients, it was concluded that the sheep blood ‘null’ cells should be considered to be part of the T‐cell population.
X‐LINKED GENE LOCI AND MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Authors: Grounds Miranda D 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIt is proposed that examination of known X‐linked gene products might elucidate the gene loci and genetic defects underlying X‐linked muscular dystrophies. On the basis of this hypothesis, kinetic studies were performed on the enzyme phosphoglycerate kinase (E.C. 2.7.2.3.) in blood taken from subjects with Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy and from controls. Although no differences were detected between enzyme from any source, it is considered that further study of X‐linked gene products is warranted.
CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF SOMATOMEDIN‐LIKE ACTIVITY IN AMNIOTIC FLUID AND MATERNAL PLASMA FROM RHESUS MONKEYS DURING THE LAST THIRD OF GESTATION
Authors: Falconer J , Robinson JS 
Published: November 2007

SummarySomatomedin‐like activity (SLA) was measured in serial samples of amniotic fluid and maternal plasma from Rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) using the porcine costal cartilage disc bioassay. Samples of both amniotic fluid and maternal plasma gave dose response curves which were parallel to the human plasma standard. Concentrations of SLA were consistently lower in amniotic fluid (0.43 ± 0.02, mean ± S.E.M., units/ml, n = 33) than in maternal plasma (0.60 ± 0.03 units/ml, n = 31). No significant changes in concentrations of SLA with gestational age were found during the period studied (90‐170 days of pregnancy). The presence of SLA in amniotic fluid is consistent with the possibility that somatomedin plays a role in the control of foetal or placental growth in the primate.
LIPOSOMES CONTAINING MYELIN BASIC PROTEIN (BP) SUPPRESS BUT DO NOT INDUCE ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS IN LEWIS RATS
Authors: Willenborg David O , Higgins Terry J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe ability of rats to respond immunologically to myelin basic protein (BP) incorporated into liposomes was tested. BP‐liposomes administered intradermally or intravenously to naive rats were non‐encephalitogenic, did not induce antibody or cellular reactivity to BP, nor did they protect against a subsequent challenge with BP in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Intravenous, administration of BP‐liposomes to sensitized rats, however, suppressed EAE if given shortly before the expected onset of clinical signs. The same dose of BP in saline fails to suppress the appearance of clinical experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE).
WORLDS OR WORDS APART? WITTGENSTEIN ON UNDERSTANDING RELIGIOUS LANGUAGE
Authors: Schönbaumsfeld Genia 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn this paper I develop an account of Wittgenstein's conception of what it is to understand religious language. I show that Wittgenstein's view undermines the idea that as regards religious faith only two options are possible – either adherence to a set of metaphysical beliefs (with certain ways of acting following from these beliefs) or passionate commitment to a ‘doctrineless’ form of life. I offer a defence of Wittgenstein's conception against Kai Nielsen's charges that Wittgenstein removes the ‘content’ from religious belief and renders the religious form of life ‘incommensurable’ with other domains of discourse, thus immunizing it against rational criticism.
RULES AND REASON
Authors: Schulte Joachim 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWittgenstein's rule‐following considerations (PI §§185–242) have often been discussed in terms of the debate occasioned by Kripke's interpretation of the so‐called ‘paradox’ of rule‐following. In the present paper, some of the remarks that stood in the centre of that debate are looked at from a very different perspective. First, it is suggested that these remarks are, among other things, meant to bring out that, to the extent we can speak of ‘reason’ in the context of rule‐following, it is a very restricted form of reason – one which is basically to be understood as a kind of conformity. Second, by telling part of the story of the genesis of the relevant remarks it is pointed out that there is a certain tension between the ‘liberating’ character of earlier remarks bearing on rule‐following (PI §§81ff.) and the ‘sinister’ side of later remarks like §§198–202, which helps explain why it took Wittgenstein such a long time to arrive at the views expressed in his rule‐following considerations.
Corporate Restructuring and Bondholder Wealth
Authors: Renneboog Luc , Szilagyi Peter G. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract This paper provides an overview of existing research on how corporate restructuring affects bondholder wealth. Restructuring is defined as any transaction which affects the firm's riskiness by changing its underlying capital structure. Thus, it reaches well beyond asset restructuring and includes transactions such as leveraged buyouts, security issues and exchanges, and the issuance of stock options. We identify significant gaps in the literature, emphasize the potential differences in bond performance between market‐ and stakeholder‐oriented corporate governance systems, and provide valuable insights into methodological advances. We find that many issues remain as the empirical evidence is often inconclusive and focuses almost exclusively on the US. Research on other countries remains constrained by the lesser development of their bond markets, but is equally imperative because the position and bargaining power of creditors vis‐à‐vis the firm differ substantially across countries and governance regimes.
Social Influence: Representation, Imagination and Facts
Authors: LAURENS STÉPHANE 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTStudies on social influence bring us to fear that influence may alienate us and turn us into an agent of the will and desire of the other. This fear relies on a representation of the relationship of influence: it would be an asymmetrical relationship involving two basically opposite and complementary entities, the source (who has a desire, a will, a power or, failing that, a technique) and the target (who is subjected, subordinate).If some experiments in social psychology demonstrate the effectiveness of some techniques of influence and manipulation, they must however be analysed in detail. Many experiments and theories show that influence is not basically nonreciprocal. These works are neglected because they are too different from the imaginary representation of influence that dominates both social psychology and common sense.
Gender differences in reported dental fear and fear of dental pain
Authors: Heft Marc W. , Meng Xiaoxian , Bradley Margaret M. , Lang Peter J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObjectives:  Gender differences in dental fear have been of increasing interest among clinicians and researchers. The objectives of this study were to assess: (i) gender differences in reports of global dental fear, global fear of dental pain, and specific fear of dental pain; (ii) how the wording of questions about specific fear of dental pain influences a subjective report, and (iii) the interactions between gender differences and wording effects in the reports of specific fear of dental pain.Methods:  A telephonic survey of 504 adult Floridians was conducted in 2004. Data collected included six measures of specific fear of dental pain, one measure of global fear of dental pain, one measure of global dental fear, and demographic information.Results:  Women were more likely to report global dental fear, global fear of dental pain, and specific fear of dental pain than men, and both women and men were more likely to report ‘dread’ of dental pain than ‘fear’ of dental pain.Conclusions:  Our findings suggest that: (i) there are gender differences in reports of dental fear and fear of dental pain; and (ii) both men and women are more willing to express their fearful feelings regarding dentistry using a more socially acceptable term.
Massively parallel pathogen identification using high‐density microarrays
Authors: Berthet Nicolas , Dickinson Philip , Filliol Ingrid , Reinhardt Anita K. , Batejat Christophe , Vallaeys Tatiana , Kong Katherine A. , Davies Christopher , Lee Walter , Zhang Shenglan , Turpaz Yaron , Heym Beate , Coralie Gilberte , Dacheux Laurent , Burguière Ana Maria , Bourhy Hervé , Old Iain G. , Manuguerra Jean‐Claude , Cole Stewart T. , Kennedy Giulia C. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIdentification of microbial pathogens in clinical specimens is still performed by phenotypic methods that are often slow and cumbersome, despite the availability of more comprehensive genotyping technologies. We present an approach based on whole‐genome amplification and resequencing microarrays for unbiased pathogen detection. This 10 h process identifies a broad spectrum of bacterial and viral species and predicts antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity and virulence profiles. We successfully identify a variety of bacteria and viruses, both in isolation and in complex mixtures, and the high specificity of the microarray distinguishes between different pathogens that cause diseases with overlapping symptoms. The resequencing approach also allows identification of organisms whose sequences are not tiled on the array, greatly expanding the repertoire of identifiable organisms and their variants. We identify organisms by hybridization of their DNA in as little as 1–4 h. Using this method, we identified Monkeypox virus and drug‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a skin lesion taken from a child suspected of an orthopoxvirus infection, despite poor transport conditions of the sample, and a vast excess of human DNA. Our results suggest this technology could be applied in a clinical setting to test for numerous pathogens in a rapid, sensitive and unbiased manner.