bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fertiliser requirements of potatoes in relation to kind of soil and soil analysis
Authors: Boyd D. A. , Dermott W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResponses of maincrop potatoes to N, P and K fertilisers were measured in 119 experiments done by Soil Scientists of the National Agricultural Advisory Service in the years 1955‐62. The experimental sites were spread over 13 soil groups, most of which corresponded to particular soil series.Average crop responses to P and K are given for each soil group. The amount of response was related to soil texture and to content of soluble P or K in the soil. For a given content of soluble P in the soil, crops on loamy sand and sandy loam soils gave a larger response to the first level of P fertiliser (0.5 cwt P2O5 per acre) than did those on silty loams, clay loams and clays; but the additional response to the second level of P fertiliser and, consequently to the optimum dressings of P, was greater for crops grown on the heavier‐textured soils. P response was also related to depth of freely drained soil, sites with impeded drainage giving larger responses to P than freely drained sites.The proportion of soils poor in K, crop responses to K and optimum dressings of K fertiliser were all greater for the loamy sands and sandy loams than for the silty loam, clay loam and clay soils.The optimum dressings of N and K for almost all the soil groups were less than the average amounts currently used on maincrop potatoes in Great Britain; however, the seasons seem to have been relatively unfavourable to N and K responses. For P, the average amounts used were less than the optimum for most of the silty loam, clay loam and clay soils but more than the optimum for most soils of lighter texture.
Some chemical and histological changes in dehydrated apple
Authors: Lee C. Y. , Salunkhe D. K. , Nury F. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of several dehydration processes on chemical compounds which may contribute to apple flavours and histological changes were investigated. It was shown that the effects on chemical compounds and histological changes were minimal by freeze dehydration as compared with other dehydration processes studied. Cryogenic freezing and osmotic dehydration treatments prior to freeze dehydration prevented cellular damage during the freezing step and had little adverse effect on the tissue of freeze dehydrated apple slices.
Use of alkali in a rapid procedure for the solation of partly‐degraded deoxyribo‐nucleic acid: Investigation of the method introduced by W. Jones
Authors: Jones A. S. , Jones Diane K. , Maatough M. F. S. , Walker R. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn investigation has been carried out in order to avoid deamination of cytosine residues in the isolation of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) using hot alkali. DNA obtained by the method of W. Jones1 contains much smaller amounts of uracil residues than that generally available commercially. Attempts to modify the method of Jones to yield a completely undeaminated product and at the same time to maintain the simplicity of this process, were not successful; the products were either deaminated to the same extent or contained much protein. It was found that, during the action of alkali at 100° on highly‐polymerised DNA, cytosine residues were deaminated to uracil residues and free adenine and traces of guanine were liberated.
A study of the volatile flavouring constituents of canned Malayan pineapple
Authors: Howard G. E. , Hoffman A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAbout 35 volatile compounds have been detected in canned Malayan pineapple and 18 of these have been identified by the gas chromatographic analysis of headspace vapours using columns containing polyethylene glycol 400, di‐(2‐cyanoethyl) ether and polypropylene glycol. A new method of sampling headspace vapours is described.Peaks in the chromatograms were classified by subtraction with group reagents, namely dimedone, hydroxyammonium chloride and alkaline hydroxyammonium chloride, which removed aldehydes, all carbonyl compounds, and esters and carbonyl compounds respectively. Individual compounds were identified by their relative retentions on three different stationary phases.
Accelerated drying of groundnuts
Authors: Ahmed S. Ansar , Ramachar D. , Allabaksh M. , Rao S. D. Thirumala 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCuring and drying of unshelled groundnuts is difficult when harvesting coincides with the rainy season. Groundnuts on haulms have then a high moisture content and if not cured or dried artificially to a safe moisture level, deteriorate quickly on storage. Work on the comparative merits of sun‐drying and accelerated‐drying has been carried out and the storage behaviour of the respective lots studied using as a control, nuts, not subjected either to sun or accelerated drying. Sun‐dried groundnuts were slightly lower in free fatty acids during the storage period. Accelerated‐dried groundnuts also kept well both in respect of free fatty acids and peroxide value of oils.
The effect on honeybee mortality of applying insecticides as sprays or granules to flowering field beans
Authors: Free J. B. , Needham P. H. , Racey P. A. , Stevenson J. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects on foraging bees of spray formulations of demeton‐methyl and granular formulations of disulfoton and phorate applied to field beans in flower, were compared. Sprays killed honeybees foraging on the beans, whereas granules did not, either immediately after application or later. After becoming systemic in plants, the insecticides seemed harmless to bees.
Wetting ability of cationic surface‐active agents and their control of oat powdery mildew
Authors: Somers E. , Pring R. J. , Byrde R. J. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwelve cationic surface‐active agents, quaternary ammonium and pyridinium salts, of widely different wetting ability were tested as eradicant fungicides against Erysiphe graminis on oats, at both equal wetting power and equal concentration. At equal wetting power there were wide differences in fungitoxicity but, in general, the compounds with the greatest wetting ability were the most effective fungicides. It is suggested that mechanical injury by wetting of oat powdery mildew is not the only determinant of toxicity but that the ability of these compounds to penetrate the fungal conidia is related to their physico‐chemical structure which determines wetting power.
Experiments on the synthesis of the pyrethrins. XIV.—Rethrins and the cyclopentadienone related to 3‐methylcyclopent‐2‐enone
Authors: Elliott M. , Harper S. H. , Kazi M. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDimeric 3‐methylcyclopentadienone was obtained by dehydrobromination of 4‐bromo‐3‐methylcyclo‐pentenone and by hydrolysis of 4‐hydroxy‐3‐methylcyclopentenone formate. Four structures for the dimer were possible. Synthesis and spectroscopic evidence showed that the dimer obtained was formed by addition to the unsubstituted double bond, with the methyl group on the norbornene ring in the position more remote from the carbonyl group of the cyclopentenone. Decarbonmonoxylation of the dimer gave 3,5‐dimethylindanone, synthesised for comparison by another route.Contrary to an earlier report, pyrolysis of 9,10‐dihydro‐9,10(4,5‐3‐methylcyclopent‐2‐enono)anthracene (obtained by alkaline cyclisation of the adduct of anthracene and diacetyl ethylene) gave mainly 3,5‐dimethylindanone and not 3‐methylcyclopentadienone.Rethrins with no side chain in the alcoholic part of the molecule were synthesised from 4‐bromo‐3‐methylcyclopent‐2‐enone. Allethrolone cyclopropane carboxylate was made for comparison of its insecticidal activity with allethrolone chrysanthemate.
Studies on potassium nutrition of plants. I.—Effects of potassium concentration on growth and mineral composition of vegetable seedlings in sand culture
Authors: Freeman G. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of potassium concentration in the nutrient medium on growth and mineral composition (N, K, P, Ca, Mg, Na) of red beet, cabbage, lettuce and Italian ryegrass in sand culture was investigated. It was shown that the results and those of some earlier workers can be interpreted as a simple linear relationship by means of the equation: where y is plant weight or leaf potassium content, x is potassium concentration in the nutrient medium and a, b and x0 are constants. Sand‐grown plants contained relatively high concentrations of sodium, which played an important part in the maintenance of cation balance under these conditions. In red beet, cabbage and ryegrass, changes in potassium content were almost completely balanced by corresponding changes in sodium content with relative constancy of calcium and magnesium, whereas in lettuce, calcium and magnesium also functioned in maintaining the balance.
Banana nutrition: A review of principles and practice
Authors: Twyford I. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResults of gross analyses of single banana plants, fields of plants and bunches of bananas are described, and problems of the determination of fertiliser requirements in the field are discussed. Time and frequency of NPK fertiliser application and the placement of such fertilisers are discussed, together with results of soil and leaf analysis, and deficiency symptoms. Fertiliser practices in banana‐producing countries are reviewed.
Diurnal variation of carbohydrates in cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata)
Authors: Eagles C. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe diurnal variation of carbohydrate content in the leaf blades and leaf sheaths of cocksfoot grown in a controlled environment has been investigated. Most variation was found in the values for alcohol‐soluble sugars in the leaf blades, while other fractions showed only small variations.
A physico‐chemical study of the proteins from the marula nut (sclerocarya caffra sond.)
Authors: Rijke A. M. , Joubert F. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExtracted protein from Marula nuts were separated into their components by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulphate and dilution with water. Two major components, constituting about 90% of the total protein, and the defatted meal were analysed for amino acid composition. The pattern of the constituents of the essential amino acids in Marula nuts differed only slightly from that for human milk and for whole hen's egg.
Studies on the north sea cod.IV.—Effects of starvation, 2. Changes in the distribution of muscle protein fractions
Authors: Love R. M. , Robertson I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe measurable depletion of the muscle of cod is preceded by a sharp decrease in the salt‐extractability of the actomyosin. The phenomenon is seen in cod caught in November, which are just beginning to build up the sexual products, and it can apparently be reproduced artificially by depriving cod of food in an aquarium at a time when the gonads are inactive, but then only with well‐fed cod completely restored after spawning. It will not occur twice in the same season if a brief starvation is separated from the next by a period of feeding. Its potential use for identifying the first stages of depletion is discussed.
Resistance to pyrethrins and DDT in a strain of houseflies Musca domestica L. I. The sorption of a synthetic [14C] pyrethrin I
Authors: Fine B. C. , Godin P. J. , Thain E. M. , Marks T. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA [14C] pyrethrin I mixture, consisting of a mixture of the naturally occurring ester and one of its diastereoisomers, has been synthesised. Penetration of this labelled material in a strain of houseflies that has shown resistance to pyrethroids in the field, has been studied. It has been shown that the resistance of the flies, which also show a high degree of tolerance to DDT, is due in part to reduced penetration of the pyrethrin I.
Properties of starches of some West African yams
Authors: Rašper V. , Coursey D. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe tuber starches of several species and varieties of yam (Dioscorea) grown as food crops in West Africa were examined. The granule sizes were investigated, and the forms of the starch granules are illustrated in photographs. Amylose contents were also measured, together with ‘pasting temperatures’, viscous properties and gel strength.The granules of D. rotundata and D. alata were large (10–70 μ) while those of D. esculenta and D. dumetorum were much smaller (1–5 μ). The starch of D. rotundata gave the most viscous solutions, but that of D. alata gave the strongest gel. Pasting temperatures ranged between 76° and 85°.
Endosulfan residues on blackcurrants
Authors: Harrison R. B. , Ruzicka J. H. A. , Tatton J. O'G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFruit and leaves of blackcurrant bushes, from commercial and trial plots that had been sprayed with endosulfan, were examined for the presence of the two endosulfan isomers and for ‘endosulfan sulphate’. Total residues of these three compounds on commercially grown fruit in England did not exceed 1 ppm. Considerably higher residues were found on fruit which had been deliberately oversprayed.
The mineral composition of apples. V.—The determination of sodium and its distribution in the fruit
Authors: Perring M. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe determination, with an E.E.L. flame photometer, of sodium in the seeds, pulp, peel and stems of apples is subject to errors owing to the presence of calcium, potassium and magnesium. In the absence of phosphate, values which are too high by as much as 50% may be obtained.Phosphate is present in the ash of the seeds, pulp and peel of Cox's Orange Pippin apples in amounts sufficient to suppress completely the effect of calcium, but the amount in the ash of the stems is insufficient to do so and errors of about 10% may arise.The sum of interferences due to potassium and magnesium in the ash of any part of the apple results in positive errors of up to 7%.Apart from slight variations near the surface, sodium concentrations in median transverse sections of apples rise from the surface of the fruit to a maximum at 5 mm inside and then fall towards the centre. The variations within the outer 3 mm appear to be characteristic of individual apples and unrelated to orchard treatment and time in store.
Persistence of herbicides in soil
Authors: Furmidge C. G. L. , Osgerby J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA survey has been made of some of the physical, chemical and biological interactions that influence the persistence and availability of herbicides applied to the soil. The most important physical interaction between herbicides and soil is considered to be sorption of the pesticide to the soil surface. This influences not only the rate of leaching of the herbicide through the soil and its movement in the vapour phase, but also the rate of chemical and microbial decomposition. An attempt has been made to construct a model for the persistence of some hydrolytically sensitive herbicides to enable their persistence in soils to be deduced from hydrolysis rate‐constants and adsorption data.The formulation used and the method of application of the herbicide to the soil can also have an important influence on its persistence.
Biochemical changes in beef muscle post mortem and the effect of rapid cooling in ice
Authors: Disney J. G. , Follett M. J. , Ratcliff P. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe biochemical changes resulting from glycolysis and ATP (adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate) degradation were investigated in either the M. semimembranosus or the M. semitendinosus of 7 beef carcasses, during the first 24 hours post mortem. The effects of ice‐cooling were compared with normal air‐cooling at the slaughterhouse.Lactic acid production and pH fall in the muscle indicated a high turn‐over of ATP in the first hour post mortem. ATP was maintained at a high level, chiefly by the glycolytic pathway, during this first hour, and then declined as the pH continued to fall.The occurrence and turn‐over of the various degradation products of ATP was recorded.A loss of water holding capacity and a loss of protein solubility occurred continuously during the 24 hours; the relation between these changes and the observed fall in pH and in ATP levels is discussed.Ice‐cooling increased the rate of temperature fall, at 4 cm depth in the muscle, by a factor of 1.5. This significantly retarded glycolysis and ATP breakdown, and reduced denaturation of protein and loss of water retention. IMP (inosine‐5′‐monophosphate) could be retained at higher levels in the icecooled muscles.
Non‐volatile organic acids of grasses
Authors: Jones E. C. , Barnes R. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNon‐volatile organic acids have been determined in S24 ryegrass and S37 cocksfoot harvested on three cutting dates over the period of ear emergence and in eight grasses harvested on two cutting dates. In both S24 ryegrass and S37 cocksfoot the concentrations of shikimic, quinic and total acids decreased with increased age of the plant. Correlation coefficients are given between the concentrations of acids in eight grasses and the ‘preference ranking’ of the grasses estimated in an investigation into the grazing preferences of sheep and cattle, and a regression is given for relating ‘preference ranking’ to the contents of citric and quinic acids.
Effect of optical systems and sample preparation on the visible reflection spectra of pork muscle
Authors: Elliott R. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe technique for measuring the reflectance spectrum over the visible range of pork muscle, as influenced by optical design and sample preparation, was examined.Of the three optical systems used to measure light reflectance from muscle, the best resolution of the spectra was achieved with integration spheres.The influence on the reflection spectra of the following factors was investigated: muscle surface, transparent film, depth of sample, longitudinal and transverse sections of muscle fibres, and the effect of fat. The spectra of samples within the longissimus dorsi muscle was affected by pH, but not by vertebral location.A thin sample covered with a glass cover slip and with a white rear reflector produced the maximum resolution of muscle pigments.
Measurement of seasonal variation of fructan in the haplocorm of timothy (Phleum pratense, L.)
Authors: Sheard R. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple colorimetric procedure was used for the determination of fructose in decolorised ethanol extracts of non‐polymer fructose and in hot‐water extracts of fructan fructose from lyophilised haplocorms of timothy. Positive errors in estimates of non‐polymer fructose resulted from pigments not being removed and from heat‐drying, whereas negative errors in fructan fructose resulted from oven‐drying. Fructan was located primarily in the haplocorm and stubble of timothy and consisted of 84‐98% of the total fructose in the haplocorm, depending on the time of sampling.
Seed fats of Astelia and Collospermum, family liliaceae
Authors: Morice Isobel M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe seed fats of thirteen species of Astelia and two of the closely related genus Collospermum have been examined. On the basis of their fatty acid composition they fall into two groups, one containing 12‐30% γ‐linolenic (6,9,12‐octadecatrienoic) acid and the other containing no γ‐linolenic acid. The latter group is distinguished from the New Zealand Agavaceae by the presence of traces of C20 and and C22 alkanoic, C16, C20, and C22 alkenoic, C20 alkadienoic and C18 alkatrienoic acids and from the New Zealand Juncaceae by the absence of C12, C14, C15, C17, C19, and C24 alkanoic and C17 and C24 alkenoic acids. The two groups based on chemical constituents do not coincide with the botanical classification suggested by Skottsberg4.
Availability of amino acids in processed plant‐protein foodstuffs
Authors: Szmelcman S. , Guggenheim K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe microbiological availability of 6 essential amino acids in some processed plant protein foodstuffs was assessed with different micro‐organisms after digestion with different proteolytic enzymes (papain, pepsin, trypsin, erepsin) or their combinations. Available lysine was also determined with the dinitrofluoro‐benzene (DNFB) procedure. The amounts of ‘available’ amino acids were compared with those liberated by supposedly complete hydrolysis. More lysine was found ‘available’ with the DNFB method than with Leuconostoc mesenteroides following digestion with pepsin and trypsin. Digestion with papain released less methionine and tryptophan available for Streptococcus zymogenes than did digestion with pepsin. Treatment with trypsin after digestion with pepsin often increased the liberation of amino acids, whereas digestion with erepsin had little or no additional effect. Methionine and tryptophan were assessed by two procedures, but different results were obtained with different protein sources. Continuous digestion‐dialysis did not liberate more lysine, methionine and tryptophan than non‐dialysed digests.
The wax fraction of soils: Separation and determination of some components
Authors: Morrison R. I. , Bick W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResin‐ and asphalt‐free wax components from a mineral soil and from a peat were separated into free acids, esterified acids and unsaponifiable material. The acids, as methyl esters, were fractionated by column chromatography on magnesium trisilicate to yield n‐alkanoic‐ and hydroxy‐acid fractions. The unsaponifiable material was fractionated on activated alumina, and fractions consisting of n‐alkanes, n‐alkan‐2‐ones (methylalketones) and primary n‐alkanols were obtained. Gas chromatography was used to separate and determine individual components. The n‐alkanoic acid fractions contained members with both odd and even numbers of carbon atoms ranging from C18 to C34 but with the latter predominating (80‐90%). The carbon number of the n‐alkanes and n‐alkane‐2‐ones covered a similar range in which the odd‐numbered members predominated (80‐90%). The primary alcohols had a slightly lower average chain length (C16‐ C30) and 90% consisted of even‐numbered members. These fractions together accounted for 25–30% of the resin‐ and asphalt‐free wax.
Structure and pesticidal activities of derivatives of dinitrophenols III.—Structure and acaricidal activity of certain carbonates of 2‐Alkyl‐5‐methyl‐4,6‐dinitrophenols and related compounds
Authors: Pianka M. , Edwards J. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe activities of alkyl 2‐alkyl‐5‐methyl‐4,6‐dinitrophenyl carbonates and of related compounds against Tetranychus telarius (greenhouse red spider mite) were examined. The 5‐methyl substituent slightly reduced the toxicity to mites, but not to mammals. The carbonates of 2‐isopropyl‐ and 2‐s‐butyl‐5‐methyl 4,6‐dinitrophenols were more acaricidal than the parent phenols. The increase in chain length of the alkoxyl group in the carbonates caused a decrease in acaricidal activity. In contrast to the branched carbonates of 2‐t‐butyl‐4,6‐dinitrophenol their 5‐methyl‐analogues were as active as the normal homologues. The cyclohexyl and phenyl carbonates of the 5‐methyl‐analogues had better activity than those without the 5‐methyl substituent. The thiolo‐ and dithio‐carbonates were found to be less active than their oxy‐analogues.