bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface tension and contact angle of herbicide solutions affected by surfactants
Authors: Singh Megh , Orsenigo J. R. , Shah D. O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractContact angle and surface tension were measured for distilled and hard water solutions of adjuvants, Ortho X‐77, Span‐20, Sterox‐NJ. Surfactant‐WK, Triton B‐1956, Triton X‐114, Tween‐20, and Sun Oil 11E. The same parameters were measured for suspensions of atrazine [2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine] and ametryne [2‐(ethylamino)‐4‐(isopropylamino)‐6‐(methylthio)‐s‐triazine] with and without each adjuvant. All adjuvants reduced surface tension and contact angle of distilled water; Surfactant‐WK was most effective and Tween‐20 was least effective. Increasing concentration of surfactants from 0 to 0.1% (v/v) gave progressive reduction in surface tension and contact angle while higher concentrations, 0.1 to 2.0% (v/v), had no further effect. Surfactant‐WK at 0.1% (v/v) in distilled water reduced the surfact tension from 72.8 dynes/cm to 27 dynes/cm and contact angle from 110° to 41°. An additional increase in Surfactant‐WK concentration from 0.1% (v/v) to 2% (v/v) did not further reduce surface tension and contact angle. Sun Oil 11E was identical in behavior except that it was less effective than the surfactants. Water hardness up to 1,000 ppm as Ca ions did not affect surface tension and contact angle in surfactant solutions. An aqueous solution of atrazine had a higher surface tension and contact angle than ametryne in the absence of surfactants. However, these differences were not observed when surfactants were added to either herbicide.
The storage of cottonseed. IX. Behavior of cottonseed during storage under mill conditions
Authors: Jensen Edith A. , Lambou M. G. , Andrews F. R. , Mayne R. Y. , Karon M. L. , Curet M. E. , Wilcox F. B. , Altschul A. M. , Newby Wales , Bollens Walter F. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe production of heat and the rate of formation of free fatty acids in 20‐ to 40‐ton lots of cottonseed have been found to be dependent on the initial moisture and free fatty acids contents of the seed. Even though sustained aeration controlled the temperature of the seed and reduced the moisture content appreciably, the rate of formation of free fatty acids was rapid in all the tests except those involving seed of initially low or medium moisture and low free fatty acids contents. Losses in oil content proportional to the storage interval occurred.
Cottonseed and peanut meal glues: Permanence of plywood glue joints as determined by interior and exterior accelerated cyclic service tests
Authors: Hogan Joseph T. , Arthur {jrJr} Jett C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryIt has been shown that of the three protein glues tested, commercial casein glue is most resistant to both interior and exterior accelerated service tests and that cottonseed meal glue is superior to peanut meal glue and compares favorably with commercial casein glue on an interior test basis for five cycles, the strength of the casein bond changing from 384 to 283 Ibs./sq. in. and of the cottonseed meal bond changing from 375 to 264 Ibs./sq. in. Cottonseed meal glue can probably be used for bonding plywood designed primarily for interior uses, for regions of comparatively low relative humidity, and for bonding plywood which may be used in building forms which may be disearded after several times of use.
Pattern of information technology use: The impact on buyer–suppler coordination and performance
Authors: Sanders Nada R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe use of information technologies between supply chain organizations has been shown to promote organizational coordination and have a positive impact on performance. Drawing from organizational theories of learning, we build on this research by proposing a model that relates the pattern of supplier use of IT to specific types of supply chain coordination activities and a comprehensive set of organizational benefits. Specifically, we evaluate how two patterns of IT use by suppliers (exploitation and exploration) relate to two specific types of coordination activities with their buyers (operational and strategic coordination), which in turn are posited to promote specific organizational benefits. Using data from 241 first‐tier OEM suppliers in the computer industry, our findings show that each pattern of IT use directly promotes a specific type of coordination activity. Although both types of coordination activities are needed to achieve both strategic and operational benefits, we find each coordination activity to be uniquely promoted by a specific pattern of IT use. IT use for exploitation is found to be an antecedent to operational coordination; IT use for exploration is found to be an antecedent to strategic coordination. No crossover between pattern of use and coordination activities is found. Our findings show that to achieve a complete set of benefits, suppliers must ultimately use IT for both exploration and exploitation. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the mechanism of how the pattern of IT use can result in a comprehensive set of organizational benefits for supplier firms.
Cellular requirements for mixed leucocyte reactivity in the cyclostome, Eptatretus stoutii
Authors: Raison Robert L , Gilbertson Peter , Wotherspoon John 
Published: July 2007

SummaryUnfractionated peripheral blood leucocytes from allogeneic hagfish proliferated vigorously in one‐way mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR) at 20–22°. Maximum responsiveness was observed after 5 days of co‐culture of responder and irradiated stimulator cells. Separation of leucocytes on the basis of laser scatter parameters yielded a small leucocyte population which responded but did not stimulate in MLR and a large leucocyte population capable of stimulating but not responding. Adherent cell depletion of the total leucocyte population did not affect the ability to respond in MLR but did ablate the stimulatory capacity of hagfish leucocytes. Together with previous phenotypic studies, these results confirm the presence of lymphocyte and macrophage/accessory cell populations in hagfish peripheral leucocytes.
The Role of the Colony‐Stimulating Factors in Resistance to Acute Infections
Authors: Metcalf Donald 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA set of specific glycoproteins, the colony‐stimulating factors, has been identified as regulating granulocyte and macrophage production and function. These colony‐stimulating factors have now been purified and mass produced by recombinant technology. These versatile regulators are capable of providing the body both with an ultrarapid and sustained system for responding to infections. The granulocytes, macrophages and eosinophils involved in these responses appear likely to be key cell populations ensuring adequate resistance to acute infections and the colony‐stimulating factors may prove to be valuable agents in the clinic for increasing resistance to life‐threatening infections particularly in immunologically compromised patients.
Further studies on the heterogeneity of antigens recognised by CD‐1 monoclonal antibodies: distribution of epitopes and analysis of serological binding patterns
Authors: Favaloro EJ , Bradstock KF , Grimsley P , Henniker A , Kamath S 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe binding patterns of 28 monoclonal antibodies (MAB) recognizing antigens belonging to Cluster of Differentiation One (CD‐1) were analyzed in order to investigate heterogeneity within this cluster. Competitive binding assays using radiolabelled MAB provided detailed information on CD‐1 antigenic heterogeneity, and demonstrated that at least six epitopic regions are recognised as CD‐1 MAB. Further studies, based on single cell suspension immunofluorescence assays (using thymocytes and subclones on the cell line Molt‐4), suggested that the majority of MAB studied could be serologically separated into three groups. In view of the most recent information suggesting that CD‐1 MAB recognize at least three different early T‐cell differentiation molecules, our results indicate that there are three or more distinct epitopes on the ‘gp49’ (HTA‐1/CD‐1a) molecule, two on the ‘gp45’ (HTA‐3/CD‐1b) molecule and one on ‘gp43’ (HTA‐2/CD‐1c).
The inflammatory activity of activated complement in ovine and bovine mammary glands
Authors: Colditz IG , Maas PJCM 
Published: July 2007

SummaryInfusion of zymosan‐activated plasma (ZAP), a source of activated complement, induced inflammation in non‐lactating mammary glands but not in lactating glands of ewes and cows. Interstitial injection of ZAP in lactating ovine glands also failed to induce inflammation as assessed by the neutrophil content of milk. The inflammatory activity of ZAP in non‐lactating glands was inhibited by infusion of whole milk but not by skimmed milk. These results suggest that components of whole milk mask the inflammatory activity of activated complement. In addition, lactating mammary tissue of ewes and cows may lack sensitivity to the inflammatory effect of activated complement. Thus, activated complement cannot be an important mediator of inflammation in the lactating gland.
Expression of Genes in Cloned Murine Cell Lines that can be Maintained in Both Interleukin 2‐ and Interleukin 3‐Dependent Growth States
Authors: Le Gros Janette E , Jenkins David R , Prestidge Ross L , Watson James D 
Published: July 2007

SummaryTwo cloned murine cell lines. FD.C/1 and 32Dcl‐23 exhibit switching of lymphokine‐dependent growth states. The bone marrow‐derived FD.C/1 and 32Dcl‐23 cell lines are normally grown in culture medium supplemented with inierleukin 3 (IL3). The replacement of IL3 with interleukin 2 (IL2) in the medium results in an increase in IL2 receptor expression in FD.C/1 and 32Dcl‐23 cells and the switching of cells lo an IL2‐dependent growth state. We have compared patterns of protein and phosphoprotein synthesis, as well as the expression of the c‐abl, c‐ras, c‐myb, and c‐fos oncogenes in these cell lines maintained in IL3‐ and I L2‐dependent growth states. The synthesis of a series of proteins and phosphoproteins are identified with each of the lymphokine‐dependent growth states. All of the oncogenes examined are expressed in both IL2‐ and lL3‐dependent cells and are not altered by phenotypic changes in lymphokine growth dependence. The relationship of oncogene expression to intracellular pathways regulated by lymphokine‐receptor interactions is considered.
Gamma‐irradiated influenza A virus can prime for a cross‐reactive and cross‐protective immune response against influenza A viruses
Authors: Müllbacher A , Ada GL , Tha Hla R 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA‐strain influenza virus A/JAP (H2N2) was tested for its ability to induce cytotoxic T cells (Tc) after being rendered non‐infectious by either UV or gamma irradiation. Gamma‐irradiated virus proved to be more efficient than UV‐inactivated virus in priming for a memory Tc cell response or in boosting memory spleen cells in vitro. Most importantly, γ‐inactivated, but not UV‐inactivated, A/JAP immunized animals survived lethal challenge with heterologous (A/PC(H3N2), A/WSN(H1N1)) virus as effectively as mice primed with infectious virus.
Phagocytosis and transcytosis by the follicle‐associated epithelium of the ileal Peyer's patch in calves
Authors: Landsverk Thor 
Published: July 2007

SummaryLatex beads, 250 and 610 nm in diameter, and parapox virus isolated from ecthyma in sheep, were injected into intestinal loops containing either jejunal or ileal Peyer's patches (PP) of 3–4 week old calves. Uptake of latex and parapox virus was restricted to the ileal PP, 30–60 min after injection. The latex beads seemed to be embraced by thin surface protrusions extending from the concentric folds of the follicle‐associated epithelial cells (FAE) of the ileal PP. Both latex and virus were internalized into cytoplasmic vacuoles. Some of the vacuoles containing virus showed reaction for acid phosphatase. The latex beads and virus were shed to the intercellular spaces of the FAE. The exocytosis appeared to occur through specialized indentations of the lateral plasma membrane where the production of 50 nm membrane‐bounded particles by budding off from the lateral plasma membrane was a prominent phenomenon.
Production of suppressor factors induced by ultraviolet irradiation or cis‐urocanic acid requires Lyt‐2+ lymphocytes
Authors: Harriott‐Smith Tammy G , Halliday WJ 
Published: July 2007

SummaryBoth ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and cis‐urocanic acid (UCA) are reported to be associated with the suppression of contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and the induction of a soluble factor which suppresses leukocyte adherence inhibition (LAI) assays in vitro. The cellular origin of the suppressor factor (SF) has now been investigated in vivo and in vitro, using monoclonal antibodies against lymphocyte surface markers to deplete certain ceil populations, namely T lymphocytes bearing the L3T4 (helper) and Lyt‐2 (suppressor) markers. Depletion of Lyt‐2+ cells from irradiated mice in vivo and from spleen cell cultures in vitro led to the elimination of detectable levels of SF. Depletion of L3T4+ cells had no such effect. Similarly, Lyt‐2+ cells (but not L3T4+ cells) were shown to be necessary for the production of SF by normal spleen cells cultured with cis‐UCA. These data suggest that the production of SF following UV irradiation may be related to the action of cis‐UCA on Lyg‐2+ lymphocytes.
Membrane proteins stimulated by interferon‐alpha in growth‐inhibited, but not in resistant, Daudi cells
Authors: Quek Alan , Goding James , Hoogenraad Nicholas 
Published: July 2007

SummaryInterferon‐alpha (α‐IFN) stimulates the expression of a number of plasma membrane proteins in wild‐type Daudi cells. These proteins are not induced in a variant subline of Daudi cells, which is insensitive to growth inhibition, nor in another which is partially growth‐inhibited by α‐IFN. Two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [125I]‐surface labelled Daudi membrane proteins indicates that the major protein induced de novo has a molecular weight of 16 kD(p16), and proteins of 20 kD (p20), 28 kD (p28)and 106 kD (p106) which are present in untreated cells are also induced by α‐IFN.A monoclonal antibody was produced against p106 by immunizing mice with cells treated for 16 h with α‐IFN followed by differential screening against treated and untreated cells. The antibody (A96/G8) immunoprecipitated p106 from cell lysates and was used to show that p106 is induced approximately two‐fold by α‐IFN in wild‐type Daudi cells, but not at all in Daudi cells which show a complete or partial resistance to growth inhibition by α‐IFN; γ‐IFN does not induce p16 or p106 and also does not inhibit cell growth.The induction of p16 and p106 precedes the observed inhibition of growth by IFN. The levels of p16 and p106 are elevated by 8·5 hand in the case of p16 continue to rise for 16 h after the addition of IFN, whereas p 106 reaches a peak by 8·5 h. In contrast, growth inhibition is not observed by 8 h and does not become clear‐cut until 24 h after the addition of IFN.
A single dose of UV radiation suppresses delayed type hypersensitivity responses to alloantigens and prolongs heart allograft survival in mice
Authors: Mottram PL , Mirisklavos A , Clunie GJA , Noonan FP 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe systemic effect of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), contact hypersensitivity (CHS) and allograft rejection was investigated in BALB/c mice which had been exposed to a single 1 h treatment with UV radiation (27 kJ/m2) from FS40 sunlamps (60% UVB). After UV irradiation (3–5 days), mice were treated on an unirradiated site with either a subcutaneous injection of allogeneic spleen cells or a topical application of the contact sensitizer oxazolone (OX). The DTH response to allogeneic cells and the CHS response to OX elicited 6 days after immunization were significantly lower in UV‐treated mice than in normal mice. Spleen cells from these animals were transferred intravenously into X‐irradiated (600R) recipients which were immediately challenged with antigen and the DTH or CHS response elicited was determined 24 h later. Recipients of equal numbers of cells from sensitized and normal animals (6×106 from each donor) exhibited positive DTH or CHS responses to the antigen used to sensitize the donor. In contrast, recipients of equal numbers of cells from animals sensitized and UV suppressed to the same antigen showed a suppressed DTH or CHS response. This suppression was antigen‐specific. Treatment of cells from UV suppressed animals, prior to transfer, with complement and cytotoxic anti‐Lyt 2 or anti‐Thy 1·2 monoclonal antibodies abrogated the suppressive ability of these cells, in contrast to cytotoxic treatment with anti‐L3T4 or anti‐Lyt 1 monoclonal antibodies which had no significant effect. The suppressor cells therefore had the phenotype Thy 1·2+, Lyt 2+, L3T4−, Lyt 1−. In a separate series of experiments BALB/c mice, either untreated or given 1 h of UV irradiation 3–5 days previously, were given a heart or skin allograft from a C3H/He donor. The primarily vascularized cardiac allografts survived significantly longer in UV‐irradiated than in normal recipients (median survival time 13 days vs 10 days, P= 0·035), but the survival of C3H/He skin allografts was unaltered in UV mice. No identification of suppressor populations was carried out in the heart allograft recipients. These experiments provide the basis for investigations of the possible role of UV‐induced antigen‐specific suppressor cells in modulating responses to alloantigens.
Antibody responses in the liver and bile of rats injected with horse erythrocytes
Authors: Carter L , Barrington PJ , Jackson GDF 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe intravenous injection of 1 ml of a 0.1 % (or higher %) suspension of horse red blood cells (HRBC) into rats results in the appearance of high levels of agglutinating activity in bile as well as serum. Lower doses of HRBC induce reduced responses in both fluids, demonstrating that the biliary response is as dose‐dependent as the serum response. The presence of IgM anti‐HRBC antibody forming cells (AFC) in the liver in numbers equivalent to those detected in the spleen at day 6 of the study suggests them to be the most likely source of the biliary antibody. Also, the injection of HRBC into other parenteral sites (intramuscular [i.m.], intraperitoneal [i.p.] and intrathoracic cavity [i.t.]) results in a biliary response which is considered to originate from the IgM‐, IgG‐ and IgA‐ anti‐HRBC AFC detected in the liver, again in numbers approximating those detected in the spleen. Splenectomy of rats immunized i.p., i.m. and i.t. had only a minimal effect on the liver and biliary responses, indicating that AFC arising in peripheral lymphoid tissues can also relocate in the liver. It is concluded that the liver is a major site of antibody synthesis following parenteral immunization leading to substantial levels of antibody being secreted into the gastrointestinal tract.
A plasmin generation method for the determination of tissue plasminogen activator (t‐PA) activity in blood
Authors: Koh SCL , Yuen R , Viegas OAC , Chua SE , Ng BL , Sen DK , Ratnam SS 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA plasmin generation method to determine tissue plasminogen activator (t‐PA) activity in plasma is described, A protein solution of homogenized fibrin was used as a stimulator in the presence of plasminogen and the plasmin generated was measured by the release of para‐Nitroanilide (p‐NA) from the chromogenic substrate S‐2251. Plasmin generation by 5 iu/mL t‐PA in the presence of 1 CU/mL of plasminogen and 850μg/mL of fibrin solution reaches a peak at about 5 h incubation whilst in plasma, plasmin generation peaks after about 16 h incubation. The highest t‐PA activity in plasma was determined using an assay involving 18 h incubation. In the 21 subjects studied by this method the t‐PA activity at rest ranged from 0·34 to 0·92 iu/mL, with a mean of 0·57 ± 0·15 iu/mL of plasma whilst in the post‐occlusion state the activity ranged from 1·12 to 18·0 iu/mL, with a mean of 5·25 ± 4·49 iu/mL of plasma. We also found that subjects who developed petechiae during occlusion had significantly higher t‐PA activity both at pre‐ and post‐occlusion when compared with those who did not develop petechiae. The t‐PA activity of acid‐treated plasma stored at — 70°C showed no significant changes in activity after 12 weeks of storage when compared with the t‐PA activity of the same plasma tested prior to storage.
Subcellular distribution of class II major histocompatibility antigens in enterocytes of the human and rat small intestine
Authors: Mayrhofer G , Spargo LDJ 
Published: July 2007

SummaryClass II antigens encoded within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have been examined at the ultrastructural level in enterocytes from both man and rat. A protocol has been developed for fixation which, in conjunction with a pre‐embedding indirect immunoperoxidase technique preserves antigenicity of the class II molecules and allows detection of intracellular antigen. Details of the technique are provided and discussed in relation to the general paucity of information available on ultrastructural localization of class II MHC molecules. Class II MHC antigens have been identified on the basolateral cell membranes of enterocytes in both species and they have also been found in association with intracellular organelles that have the appearance of multivesicular bodies and secondary lysosomes. These observations link class II molecules with the endocytic pathway in enterocytes and suggest a possible role in the handling of gut antigens. The findings may have a more general significance in relation to the site of engagement between processed antigen and MHC molecules in specialized antigen‐presenting cells.
Response of microvascular endothelial cells to biological response modifiers
Authors: Hicks C , Breit SN , Penny. R 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThis study investigated in vitro biological response modifiers (BRM) possibly involved in initiation and regulation of human capillary endothelial cell (HCEC) growth. An indicator assay was developed using tritiated thymidine to measure increased DNA turnover. Purified or recombinant BRMs tested singly and in combination included: interferon (IFN; α and γ), tumour necrosis factor (TNF; α and β), transforming growth factor (TGF: α and β). rIL‐1, rIL‐2, pIL‐2, platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and retinoic acid.Under limiting serum conditions only rlL‐2 (≥ 10 U/mL) caused proliferation of the cells. γIFN together with TNFα(500 U/mL of each) was cytotoxic.Under maximal stimulus conditions, a cytostatic effect resulted from exposing HCEC to: α or γ IFN (≥ 1000 U/mL), TGFβ (≥5 ng/mL), rIL‐1 (≥ 0·5 U/mL) and rIL‐1 plus γIFN, γIFN (500 U/mL) plus TNFα exhibited synergism in the Inhibition of proliferation and produced a cytotoxic effect at TNFα concentrations ≥500 U/mL. By contrast, rIL‐2 enhanced proliferation at >5 U/mL. When rIL‐2 was combined with γIFN, an inhibitory effect on proliferation was observed, although to a lesser extent than γIFN alone. Pretreating the cells with 100 U/mL γIFN prior to rIL‐1 or IL‐2 exposure produced no change in the trends observed above. TGFα also stimulated cell proliferation at concentrations ≥0·5 ng/mL. PDGF and retinoic acid had no effect on proliferation in the concentration range 0·5‐10 U/mL.By investigating the response of HCEC to these BRMs, the nature of, and response to the signals from immune cells in inflammatory disease processes can be better understood.