bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Laboratory in the Investigation of Solvent Abuse
Authors: Ramsey J.D. , Flanagan R.J. 
Published: December 2008

1 A wide range of compounds which may be abused by inhalation such as butane, the halons, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene and toluene can be detected and identified in blood specimens by means of headspace gas chromatography. Quantitative analysis of a number of the less volatile compounds of interest may also be accomplished . 2 The measurement of the urinary concentrations of benzoic and hippuric acids (metabolites of toluene) and of the toluric acids (metabolites of the xylenes) by high performance liquid chromatography may provide useful information. In general, a hippurate/creatinine ratio of greater than 1 is indicative of recent toluene exposure. 3 Analysis of the product abused by vapor-phase infra-red spectrophotometry and/or gas chromatography may also be valuable, especially since manufacturers' data as to the constituents of a given product are not always accurate. 4 Toxicological analyses can provide clinically valuable diagnostic information where inhalational abuse of volatile substances is suspected, and provide the only unequivocal means of defining the agent(s) abused by a given population.
Genotoxic Activity of the Aminophenols as Evidenced by the Induction of Sister Chromatid Exchanges
Authors: Kirchner G. , Bayer U. 
Published: December 2008

1 Most hair dyes contain the structural isomers ortho-, meta- and para-aminophenol which were investigated concerning their ability to induce sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in cultured human lymphocytes in vitro and in Chinese hamster bone marrow cells in vivo. 2 In vitro only ortho-aminophenol significantly induced SCE in a dose-dependent manner. 3 In vivo none of the structural isomers increased significantly the SCE frequency. 4 It is concluded that ortho-aminophenol is a weak directly acting compound which is detoxified during its metabolism.
Study of Sodium Bromide in Human Volunteers, with Special Emphasis on the Endocrine System
Authors: Sangster B. , Krajnc E.I. , Loeber J.G. , Rauws A.G. , van Logten M.J. 
Published: December 2008

1 Bromide, 1 mg kg-1 daily, was administered to 21 healthy volunteers (11 females not using oral contraceptives and not pregnant and 10 males, during 8 weeks or 2 full cycles to determine whether ingestion of a dose equal to the acceptable daily intake might induce effects. Special attention was paid to the endocrine system because endocrine changes were predominant in rats receiving sodium bromide (NaBr) in their diets. 2 There was no difference between the results of a full medical history and physical examination at the start and at the end of the experiment. 3 The results from the measured haematological, biochemical and urine analyses did not change during the experiment. 4 In females the plasma bromide concentration rose from 0.08 ± 0.01 mmol 1-1 to 0.97 ± 0.18 mmol 1-1 and in males from 0.08 ± 0.01 mmol 1 -1 to 0.83 ± 0.09 mmol -1 (mean ± s.d.). 5 No changes were observed in the serum concentrations of thyroxine, free thyroxine, thyroxin binding globulin, triiodothyronine, cortisol, testosterone, estradiol and progesterone. Also no changes were observed in the serum concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) before and after the administration of thyroid stimulating hormone releasing hormone (TRH) and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH).
Effect of Minerals and Food on Uptake of Lead from the Gastrointestinal Tract in Humans
Authors: Heard M.J. , Chamberlain A.C. 
Published: December 2008

1 Eight adult male volunteers ingested 203Pb as chloride with varying amounts of CaCO3 and NaH2PO4. The uptake from the gastrointestinal tract declined progressively as the amount of minerals taken simultaneously was increased, in agreement with the findings of Blake (1980). 2 With four of the volunteers, further tests were done to compare the effect of the two minerals together and separately. With no minerals, uptake averaged 63.3% (range 58.6-66.7%). The two together (200 mg Ca and 140 mg P) reduced it to 10.6% (range 8.6-12.8%), but neither mineral by itself was nearly so effective as the two together. 3 A lamb was injected with 203Pb and butchered after 6 days. Six volunteers ate the liver or kidneys as part of a meal. Uptake of 203Pb incorporated in the offal averaged 2.8% (range 1.6-4.7%). When 203Pb in solution was taken with inactive offal in a similar meal, uptake averaged 3.0% (range 1.7-3.6%). Thus incorporation of 203Pb in liver or kidney did not affect the uptake.
N-Acetylation Phenotype in Bladder Cancer
Authors: Woodhouse K.W. , Adams P.C. , Clothier A. , Mucklow J.C. , Rawlins M.D. 
Published: December 2008

1 N-acetylation phenotype has been examined in 30 patients with bladder cancer and in 27 controls of similar age. 2 59% of controls and 70% of bladder cancer patients were phenotypically 'slow' acetylators. This difference was not significant ( P>0.30) . 3 Within phenotypes, isoniazed half life was similar in controls and bladder cancer patients. 4 N-acetylation phenotype is unlikely to be a major determinant in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer in the population studied.
Flicker Fusion Test and Occupational Toxicology: Performance Evaluation in Workers Exposed to Lead and Solvents
Authors: Betta Alberto , De Santa Azelio , Savonitto Cecilia , D'Andrea Franco 
Published: December 2008

1 In a group of 108 workers professionally exposed to low lead levels and in 35 shoe factory workers exposed to a mixture of solvents, neurotoxic effects were evaluated by means of Critical Flicker Frequency, used as single test of psychophysiological performance. 2 A statistically significant lowering of CFF threshold was observed and, in the lead exposed group, this decrease is related to the biological parameter zinc protoporphyrin. 3 The usefulness of CFF measure in environmental toxicology, together with other neurophysiological tests, is considered.
Chronic Arsenic Poisoning in the North of Mexico
Authors: Cebrian Mariano E. , Albores Arnulfo , Aguilar Manuel , Blakely Enrique 
Published: December 2008

1 We compared the prevalence of signs and symptoms of chronic arsenic poisoning in two rural populations. 2 The arsenic concentration in the drinking water of the exposed population was 0.41 mg/l, and 0.007 mg/l in the control population. 3 The arsenic was present mainly (70%) in its pentavalent form. 4 The objective was to quantitate health effects and risks derived from chronic ingestion of arsenic in contaminated water. 5 In the exposed population, 21.6% of the sample, showed at least one of the cutaneous signs of chronic arsenic poisoning against 2.2% in the control town. 6 Non-specific symptoms were more prevalent in the exposed population and they occurred more frequently in those individuals with skin signs. 7 The relative risk of suffering a particular manifestation of poisoning, ranged from 1.9 to 36 times higher in the exposed population. 8 We estimated the risks above mentioned, which were derived from exposure to minute quantities of arsenic in a known proportion of its oxidation states during a life time period.
Antithyroid Effect of Chlorpropamide?
Authors: Feely J. , McLaren S. , Shepherd A.M.M. , Maclean D. , Stevenson I.H. , Swift C.G. , Isles T.E. 
Published: December 2008

1 The relationship between plasma chlorpropamide concentration and thyroid function was examined in 87 maturity onset diabetic patients receiving chronic therapy. 2 Although plasma chlorpropamide concentration was weakly negatively correlated with serum thyroxine (r= 0.33, P< 0.01) the mean serum thyroxine and thyrotrophin (TSH) were not different from that of a matched control group of diabetics treated with diet alone. 3 Serum thyroxine was negatively correlated with the duration of diabetes in both groups. 4 These results suggest that chlorpropamide does not have a clinically significant antithyroid effect.
Haemodynamic Studies in Eight Cases of Acute Colchicine Poisoning
Authors: Sauder Ph. , Kopferschmitt J. , Jaeger A. , Mantz J.M. 
Published: December 2008

1 The authors performed haemodynamic studies in 8 cases of colchicine poisoning. The doses absorbed ranged between 9 and 160 mg (mean dose 39 mg). The haemodynamic study was performed between the 6th and 72nd h after intoxication, before and after plasma infusion (370 ml over a period of 20 minutes). 2 Four patients had severe shock with decreased cardiac index (CI) and increased systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Four patients had a hyperkinetic state with increased CI and decreased SVR. The four patients with cardiac failure died, the others recovered. 3 Haemodynamic study of acute colchicine poisoning is of therapeutic and prognostic interest. Hypovolaemia is always present. An initial decrease of cardiac performance is an index of severity with a lethal outcome.
Chemotherapy of Amanita phalloides Poisoning with Intravenous Silibinin
Authors: Hruby K. , Csomos G. , Fuhrmann M. , Thaler H. 
Published: December 2008

1 A total of 18 cases of Amanita phalloides intoxication was treated by combined chemotherapy during 1980 and 1981. After attempted primary elimination of the toxin all patients received silibinin as basic therapy mainly by infusion and in two instances orally. 2 In order to evaluate the effect of silibinin therapy a retrospective study of the followed-up case records was made. The cases were arbitrarily classified into three groups according to the severity of liver damage (light, medium and severe). 3 There was found a close relationship between the severity of liver injury and the delay between mushroom ingestion and the onset of silibinin therapy. With the exception of one fatality in a particularly high dosage suicidal intoxication, all patients survived. 4 Administration of silibinin even up to 48 h after mushroom ingestion appears to be an effective measure to prevent severe liver damage in Amanita phalloides poisoning. Contrarily, the onset of general supportive treatment together with penicillin therapy which was throughout several hours before silibinin adminstration did not correlate with the severity of liver damage.
Naloxone and Alcohol Intoxication in the Dog
Authors: Lignian Hervé , Fontaine Jeanine , Askenasi Robert 
Published: December 2008

1 The effects of naloxone upon ethanol-induced coma have been investigated in dogs. In a double blind study, 15 mongrel dogs received ethanol i.v. (4 g/kg) followed by a single dose of naloxone (12 ?g/kg). 2 Naloxone failed to affect either the duration of respiratory arrest or the time to recovery of motor coordination. In similar animals treated with the narcotic analgesic, fentanyl, naloxone induced a dramatic and complete reversal of the narcotic effects within 30 seconds. 3 It is concluded that, if naloxone has any effect in alcoholic coma, it is not comparable with its dramatic action in narcotic coma.
An Investigation of the Role of the Specific Opioid Antagonist Naloxone in Clinical Toxicology
Authors: Jefferys D.B. , Volans G.N. 
Published: December 2008

1 An assessment of the current role of naloxone in clinical toxicology has been made in a series of three separate epidemiological studies. 2 Through the National Poisons Information Service we found that the role of naloxone in opioid poisoning is often not appreciated by the enquirer and that toxicological screening is often requested before the diagnostic use of naloxone. 3 The recommended dose of naloxone (0.4-1.2 mg i.v.) is not always adequate. In 51 cases where naloxone was effective, doses of up to 3.2 mg were necessary (mean 1.8 ± 0.3 mg SEM i.v.). 4 In 31 cases of non-opioid poisoning, naloxone in doses of 0.4-1.2 mg i.v. caused no deterioration, whilst six patients in whom no opioids were detected showed clinical improvement. 5 In 300 cases of suspected ethanol-induced coma, 49 showed reversal of coma with naloxone, and in 38 cases ethanol was the sole cause of coma (mean plasma concentration 3.54 ± 0.62 g/l SEM). 6 These results suggest that the role of naloxone in clinical toxicology is not fully appreciated. There is a need for further education as to its indications in opioid poisoning, together with additional studies to define more accurately the dose/response relationship. In addition, the role of naloxone in coma induced by ethanol and certain other non-opioids needs to be evaluated further.
Acute Voluntary Intoxication by Ricin
Authors: Kopferschmitt J. , Flesch F. , Lugnier A. , Sauder Ph. , Jaeger A. , Mantz J.M. 
Published: December 2008

1 A 21 year-old student ingested thirty ricin seeds in a suicidal attempt, some of which were masticated. Three hours later he developed severe diarrhoea with vomiting and abdominal cramps, followed by extracellular dehydration and circulatory collapse. 2 Biological changes included haemoconcentration. He recovered following symptomatic treatment by infusion of saline and glucose solutions. 3 Ricin was quantified by a radioimmunologic method using Iodine 125, and showed that only a small part of the ricin contained in the seeds was absorbed.
Recent Advance in the Therapy of Metal Poisonings with Chelating Agents
Authors: Aaseth J. 
Published: December 2008

A survey is given of the use of chelating agents in the treatment of metal poisonings.1 The complexing agents in established clinical use are the polyaminopolycarboxylic acid EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetate) and the thiols BAL (2, 3-dimercaptopropanol) and D-penicillamine. Desferrioxamine is useful in the treatment of iron overloading.2 The theoretical foundation of the metal-ligand interaction and some general principles of value in the search for new metal antidotes are outlined.3 Recent research has shown that 2, 3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMS) and 2, 3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulphonate (DMPS) are effective in mercury and arsenic poisonings.4 DMS and DMPS are of significantly lower toxicity than BAL, and they can be administered orally or intravenously.5 A particularly low toxicity of DMS is reported from clinical and experimental studies, and this agent may be useful against several metal poisonings including mercury, lead and gold.
Non-accidental Paracetamol Poisoning in an Eleven Month-old Child
Authors: Taylor C.J. , Betts A.M. 
Published: December 2008

1 Although accidental poisoning of children with drugs and chemicals is a common precipitant for admission to hospital, the possibility of deliberate poisoning as an extension of 'the battered baby syndrome' is rarely considered. 2 Most children admitted following accidental ingestions require little active management other than induction of emesis. Reports of relatively large overdoses in infancy are rare, and protocols for management of such cases largely untried. This case report demonstrates the successful application of a current treatment regimen to an infant who had ingested a substantial quantity of paracetamol.
Short-term Experience of the Newly Established Poison Control Centre of Cairo
Authors: Fahim Bahira A. , El-Semary Laila M. 
Published: December 2008

1 During the first 31 weeks of operation, the Cairo Poison Control Centre received 463 enquiries. 2 Accidental poisoning predominated with 54% of cases involving children under 5 years of age whilst attempted suicide was reported in only 21 %. 3 When these early experiences are compared with the observations from the European Poison Control Centres, there are a number of marked differences including the types of drugs and chemicals involved. 4 Problems associated with drugs considered obsolete in Europe, inadequately labelled chemicals and inappropriate treatments have already been highlighted, and preventive measures are being considered.
Paracetamol Overdose: Protective Effect of Concomitantly Ingested Antimuscarinic Drugs and Codeine
Authors: Müller F.O. , van Achterbergh S.M. , Hundt H.K.L. 
Published: December 2008

1 Twelve cases of paracetamol overdose are reported. 2 Nine patients ingested antimuscarinic agents and/or codeine concomitantly. Our findings indicate that 'mixed' overdose of this type gives rise to marked attenuation of the rate of paracetamol absorption and, apparently, reduced morbidity associated with paracetamol poisoning. It is speculated that suitable antimuscarinic agents may be incorporated into paracetamol formulations to achieve inhibition of gastric emptying and to confer a degree of protection in case of overdose.
Clinical Course in Acute Self-poisonings: A Prospective Study of 1125 Consecutively Hospitalised Adults
Authors: Jacobsen D. , Frederichsen P.S. , Knutsen K.M. , Sørum Y. , Talseth T. , Ødegaard O.R. 
Published: December 2008

1 The clinical course in an unselected group of 1125 consecutively hospitalised self-poisonings was studied during 1 year in Oslo. 2 Mortality was 0.5%, but only 0.3% in those admitted without cardiac and respiratory arrest. Mortality among those in grade IV coma was 4.2%. 3 The deepest comas (grade III or IV) occurred in 25.1% of the admissions with a mean duration of the coma of 5.8 h (range 1-80). 4 Complications occurred in 21.7% of the admissions and 6.9% suffered more than one complication of which the most frequent were respiratory depression (13.5%), hypotension (5.3%), pneumonia (4.4%), and hypothermia (1.6%). The complication rate was highest in poisonings with opiates (60.7%), meprobamate (37.5%) and antihistamines (30.0%). 5 Arrhythmias and respiratory depression were closely associated with poisonings with antidepressants and opiates, respectively. Owing to frequent polydrug overdoses it was difficult to associate other complications with other main toxic agents. 6 Administration of antidotes (20.6%), cuffed intubation (4.4%) and forced alkaline diuresis (3.4%) were the most frequent special therapeutic measures taken. 7 The change in pattern of self-poisonings in Oslo focuses on antidote therapy and intensive care, especially outside hospital, but limits the need for haemodialysis and haemoperfusion which were performed in only 1.0% of the admissions.
Elevation of Mercury in Human Blood from Controlled Chronic Ingestion of Methylmercury in Fish
Authors: Sherlock J. , Hislop J. , Newton D. , Topping G. , Whittle K. 
Published: December 2008

1 The relationship between the intake of methylmercury in fish and mercury in blood has been investigated in man. 2 The intakes of methylmercury were carefully controlled and lay in the range 40 - 230 μg/day, the Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake is equivalent to about 30 μg/day. 3 The results indicate that a daily intake of 1 μg methylmercury would, at equilibrium, produce a blood mercury concentration of 0.8 μg/kg. 4 There is a good close-to-linear correlation between methylmercury intake and blood mercury concentrations within the wide range of intakes employed.
Lidocaine and Amitriptyline Interaction during Experimental Haemoperfusion
Authors: Heath A. , Löfström B. , MÅrtensson E. 
Published: December 2008

1 Displacement of amitriptyline by lidocaine was studied during haemoperfusion (HP) in five beagle dogs. 2 Clearance of amitriptyline during HP was 0.93, although the amount of amitriptyline removed was only 2% of the given dose. Lidocaine does therefore not improve amitriptyline yield during HP. Clearance of lidocaine during HP was 0.99. Almost 13% of the lidocaine given intravenously was removed by HP. 3 Lidocaine did not improve myocardial performance during HP in amitriptyline-intoxicated dogs. 4 At necropsy the highest concentrations of amitriptyline in this model were found in the brain and the lung. The amitriptyline/nortriptyline ratio was lowest in the liver and lung, suggesting that these two organs are major sites of metabolism.
Poisoning-associated Deaths for England and Wales between 1973 and 1980
Authors: Osselton M.D. , Blackmore R.C. , King L.A. , Moffat A.C. 
Published: December 2008

1 The annual number of deaths in England and Wales associated with poisoning by solids and liquids over the 8-year period between 1973 and 1980 has remained fairly constant with an average of 2897. 2 Marked trends in the number of deaths associated with specific drugs are evident and apparently reflect prescription trends and drug availability. 3 Barbiturate poisonings dropped steadily following the downward trend in barbiturate prescriptions. 4 Deaths associated with dextropropoxyphene, paracetamol and certain benzodiazepines increased dramatically.
Lactic Acidosis, Hyperglycaemia and Convulsions following Nalidixic Acid Overdosage
Authors: Leslie P.J.A. , Cregeen R.J. , Proudfoot A.T. 
Published: December 2008

1 A woman survived ingestion of 32 g nalidixic acid despite developing lactic acidosis, hyperglycaemia, convulsions and abnormal behaviour. 2 The maximum recorded plasma concentration of nalidixic acid was 185 mg/l and the elimination half-life was 3.2 h. 3 Carboxy-nalidixic acid was demonstrated in the plasma. 4 Previously reported cases of nalidixic acid overdosage are reviewed.
Combined and Individual Effects of Isoniazid and Thiacetazone on Human Lymphocyte Chromosomes in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Jaju Madhuri , Jaju Manjula , Ahuja Y.R. 
Published: December 2008

1 Genetic effects of the drugs, isoniazid and thiacetazone used for antituberculosis chemotherapy were investigated on human lymphocyte chromosomes in vitro and in vivo. 2. Therapeutic concentrations of these drugs did not induce chromosome aberrations in vitro both in combination and individually during any of the treatment period in 72 h lymphocyte cultures. At higher concentrations both the drugs were found to be cytotoxic. 3 The frequency of chromosome damage was increased significantly in first-division metaphases of the patients, i.e. in vivo during treatment with isoniazid (300 mg) + thiacetazone (150 mg); this could be due to the synergistic action between the metabolites of the two drugs in the body or due to the metabolites of thiacetazone since isoniazid was found to be nonclastogenic in vivo. 4 The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges was not increased in any of the patients except in one, who probably had a higher baseline level. These results suggest that chromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges represent two different lesions. 5 Chromosome damage induced by drugs could lead to congenital malformations, cancer, ageing and therefore contributes to the overall toxicology of the drugs and hazard to human genetic health. Hence drugs like isoniazid and thiacetazone which induce chromosome damage, should be used with caution.
Unsuspected Caffeine Toxicity Complicating Theophylline Therapy
Authors: Iversen S.A. , Murphy P.G. , Leakey T.E.B. , Rydlewski A. , Levy R.D. , Gertner D. 
Published: December 2008

1 A 58-year-old man with a history of alcoholic liver disease and chronic airflow obstruction presented with heart failure and acute bronchitis. 2 Plasma methylxanthines were estimated as a guide to further theophylline therapy and serious caffeine accumulation was noted in the presence of a subtherapeutic concentration of theophylline. 3 After 3 weeks on a caffeine-free diet theophylline and caffeine challenge tests were performed which demonstrated the ease with which caffeine could accumulate. 4 The importance of caffeine accumulation during theophylline therapy is discussed.