bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of intact oilseeds
Authors: Schaefer J. , Stejskal E. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHigh resolution natural abundance13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of intact oilseeds have been obtained by Fourier transform techniques. The spectra can be interpreted in terms of the relative concentrations of the major fatty acids in the oilseed. The13C NMR spectra are well resolved despite the fact that1H NMR spectra of the same seeds are poorly resolved. The difference in resolution can be attributed to the simplicity of the13C NMR spectra in which all spin‐spin coupling can be removed, in which the separation of lines is increased by a factor of 30, and in which line broadening due to intermolecular dipolar interactions is not important. The13C NMR Fourier transform technique is sufficiently sensitive that a high quality spectrum can be obtained from a single soybean, for example, in about 10 minutes. Similar spectra of single seeds can be obtained in comparable times for corn, castor bean, peanut, sunflower seed, and rapeseed. Because the NMR technique is nondestructive, it can be used to select individual oilseeds for use in breeding programs designed to improve oil quality. By employing some special experimental NMR line narrowing techniques, it also appears feasible to obtain moderately well resolved, natural abundance13C NMR spectra of the immobile, rigid protein, and carbohydrate components of an intact oilseed, as well as the more mobile oil components.
The selective homogeneous hydrogenation of soybean methyl esters
Authors: Bailar John C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSoybean methyl esters are homogeneously, selectively hydrogenated in the presence of a variety of catalysts, of which [Pt(Pph3)2Cl2]+SnCl2·2H2O and [MoCl2(CO)3(Pph3)2]+SnCl2·2H2O are typical. Many variations can be made in these catalysts without destroying their selectivity. All of the catalysts bring about isomerization of the substrate molecules. The role of the solvent and the mechanism of the reaction are discussed.
The deposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the rat fed partially hydrogenated vegetable oil
Authors: Beare‐Rogers Joyce L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe composition of deposited polyenoic fatty acids in rats fed liquid or partially hydrogenated corn oil was determined by gas chromatography, which did not distinguish isomeric forms, and by lipoxidase which reacted with thecis, cis‐methylene‐interrupted acids. The two methods gave similar results for the liver fatty acids of rats fed either the unhydrogenated or partially hydrogenated oil. Of the fatty acids from the epididymal fat pads of rats fed the hydrogenated product, an appreciable quantity of linoleate isomers did not react with lipoxidase. The total amount of linoleic acid deposited was related to the total fatty acid pattern of the dietary oil. It appeared that thetrans‐acids were mostly metab‐olized and that the originalcis,cis‐linoleic acid remaining in the partially hydrogenated product was preferentially incorporated into tissues.
The effects of process variables on the formation oftrans‐unsaturation during hydrogenation
Authors: Allen R. R. , Covey J. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe amount oftrans unsaturation in 80 IV hydrogenated soybean oil produced under different reaction conditions of pressure, temperature, catalyst concentration and agitation may be calculated with good accuracy from a polynomial equation. The polynomial equation was developed from data produced by 30 experimental hydrogenations using a nonlinear equation estimation procedure with a digital computer to fit the data. The equation may be used to calculate the anticipated amount oftrans unsaturation from the reaction conditions or select reaction conditions to produce a desired amount oftrans unsaturation.
Stereoselective hydrogenation of model compounds and preparation of tailor‐made glycerides with chromium tricarbonyl complexes
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Thomas F. L. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudies on the mechanism of stereoselectivity of chromium tricarbonyl catalysts with model compounds provided the basis for the preparation of simulated fats. These synthetic fats were prepared by taking advantage of the unique property of chromium carbonyl complexes to catalyze hydrogenation of polyunsaturates tocis‐monounsaturates. Oils simulating the composition of peanut oil were produced by hydrogenating soybean oil stereoselectively to an IV of 94. Simulated olive oil was made the same way from either soybean or safflower oil hydrogenated to an IV of 82–84. Stereoselective 1,4‐reduction of eleostearate in tung oil produced oils that had a high proportion of linoleate and that simulated safflower oil. The oleo‐disaturated glyceride structure of cocoa butter was also simulated by selectively hydrogenating linoleate in cottonseed oil stearines and in fractionated high‐palmitate stearines. Dilatometric and chromatographic studies showed that thecis‐monoene‐disaturated glyceride is the major component (60–70%) in the synthetic cocoa butter.
Fatty acid methodology for heated oils
Authors: Waltking Arthur E. , Zmachinski Helen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCriticisms have been voiced concerning the methods employed for determining the fatty acid composition of vegetable oils used in processing of fried foods. In the present study seveveral different vegetable oils were heated under standardized conditions, at frying temperatures and under air, for various periods of time, and then subjected to analyses for fatty acid composition. The methods employed were: UV spectrophotometry; gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) employing either normalization of the peak areas, direct standards or internal standards; and the enzymic, lipoxidase procedure. The present findings confirm that the drop in iodine value is a good approximation of the reduction of polyunsaturated fatty acids in heated oils. In evaluating liquid nonhydrogenated vegetable oils that had been subjected to heat abuse under standard conditions, all of the analytical methods for the estimation of fatty acid composition, with the exception of normalization of GLC peak areas, give substantially the same results. With hydrogenated vegetable oils, the analytical methods provide values which differ significantly among themselves. Evidence was also presented to show that the quantity of material retained on the gas chromatographic column is directly related to the loss of polyunsaturates for oils heated under controlled conditions. For evaluation of oils from frying operations, the preferred method is the GLC method utilizing internal standards if the purpose is the determination of total polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, if the study being made involves a question of nutritional value, then the measurement of the essential fatty acids by the lipoxidase enzymic procedure is the more valid method for evaluation, of heated oils.
Effect of water‐binding agents on the catalyzed oxidation of methyl linoleate
Authors: Heidelbaugh N. D. , Karel M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAutoxidation of methyl linoleate was studied in model systems containing added metals and different water‐binding agents including cellulose, dextran and glycerol. In all systems, addition of water was increasingly antioxidant up to a critical level of water activity, above which further additions promote oxidation. The specific level of water activity at which oxidation rates are minimal and the water contents at this critical activity depend on the composition of the system. Results of the present study and much of the conflicting data in the literature can be explained as follows. A small amount of water is tightly bound to polysaccharides and does not affect lipid oxidation. Additional amounts of water are antioxidant because of their ability to hydrate metallic catalysts and to form hydrogen bonds with hydroperoxides. At high water contents the water's solvent action mobilizes catalysts, thereby overcoming the antioxidant effects. The present study indicates that water bound to glycerol is still capable of mobilizing catalysts. Depression of water activity by addition of agents such as glycerol has different effects on oxidation than does depression of water activity by other means. Interaction between the effects by system composition and water activity must be considered when either is varied to maximize storage stability of foods
Factors influencing the determination of the acetone insolubles of commercial lecithins
Authors: Stopper H. R. , Saffer B. A. , Bauer S. T. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryData are presented from numerous analyses of commercial lecithins for the comparison of values obtained from the determination of acetone insolubles by a direct weighing method against those by the A.O.C.S. Tentative Method Ja 4–46. Discrepancies introduced into these methods by the use of petroleum ether as a solventand those due to the solubility of acetone insoluble compounds in the acetone extract and wash solution are evaluated. A proposal is made for the consideration of a direct weighing procedure for the acetone insolubles content of commercial lecithins whereby petroleum ether is eliminated, the acetone extract solution saturated with pure phosphatides before use, and the insoluble residue dried and weighed.
Formation of peroxides in fatty esters. I. Methyl oleate. Application of the polarographic and direct oxygen methods
Authors: Willits C. O. , Ricciuti C. , Ogg C. L. , Morris S. G. , Riemenschneider R. W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe polarographic method presented here for the quantitative determination of hydroperoxides is simple rapid, and applicable to the analysis of materials containing a mixture of different peroxidic groups. The application of this nonaqueous polarographic technique to the study of the changes occurring during the prolonged autoxidation of methyl oleate at 80°C. has permitted the identification and quantitative estimation of the hydroperoxide formed during this process. The selectivity of the polarographic method makes it possible to identify and measure the hydroperoxide even when present with other peroxidic forms. A comparison of the data obtained by this new technique and by the chemical peroxide method has been made and shows that the polarographic method for hydroperoxides is specific and quantitative.By means of a direct oxygen method it has been possible to follow accurately the change in the oxygen content during the autoxidation. These data have confirmed the work of other investigators using other methods, it that the oxygen absorbed in the initial stages is used primarily in hydroperoxide formation, whereas in the latter stages the oxygen is consumed to form non‐hydroperoxidic materials. The methods used in this study should be of great value in studying the changes which occur in drying oils for these changes are induced by autoxidation.
Identification of rutin and isoquercitrin in cottonseed
Authors: Pratt Charles , Wender Simon H. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe flavonol glycosides, rutin and isoquercitrin, have been separated from crushed, delinted cottonseed (kernel and hull) by extensive use of paper chromatography. The identification of these flavonoid pigments has been achieved through paper chromatography, ultraviolet and infrared spectrophotometry, and qualitative and quantitative analysis of their hydrolysis products. Details of the separation and identification have been described.
Some significant advances in oils and fats research in Great Britain in the last fifty years
Authors: Lovern J. A. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionAt the beginning of our period of review the chemistry of the natural fats was not only a virtually unexplored field, but it was one that did not attract many research chemists. The same could be said, and was in fact said (64), some 15 years later. The position reached today is so totally different that it must be hard for younger chemists to appreciate the magnitude of the change, which virtually began after the first World War. Apart from the interruption of the second World War, British contributions to the advancing tide of knowledge of fat chemistry have been continuous and have included many of great significance, as I have tried to show by some selected items in Table I. The present symposium affords a picture of how the British work fits into the world‐wide pattern, which for most purposes can best be contemplated as an interwoven whole.
Derivatives of ricinelaidic acid. Their infrared spectra and conformation of the ricinelaidic moiety
Authors: McCutchon Marian A. , O'Connor R. T. , DuPre Elsie F. , Goldblatt L. A. , Bickford W. G. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe infrared spectra and absorptivities in the 10.3 micron region have been determined for a series of compounds in which the functional groups of ricinelaidic acid were varied systematically. The compounds investigated included ricinelaidic acid, 12‐ketoelaidic acid, ricinelaidyl alcohol, and their respective methyl esters and acetates. The influence of the internal substitutents on the fundamental absorption pattern of ricinelaidic acid was determined. Observed decreases in molecular absorptivities and shifts in position of maximum absorption are related to the electron‐with‐drawing character of relevant substituents and to hydrogen bonding in thebeta‐hydroxy‐ene system. The comormation of this system is discussed.
Effect of inert atmosphere in the determination of free fatty acid or free caustic alkali and unsaponified material in soap
Authors: Blank E. W. , Emendorfer E. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionsThe conclusions to be drawn from this work can be summarized as follows:

Values for free fatty acid are not significantly affected by carbonation when run under the usual laboratory conditions. Under similar conditions free caustic alkali values are low (statistically significat) and, conversely, unsaponified values are high (statistically significant).

The magnitude of the error incurred by working under the usual laboratory conditions is so small as to be negligible unless extreme precision is required.

Hot alcohol apparently provides its own protective vapor barrier preventing carbon dioxide absorption. This characteristic of alcohol can be further enhanced by the judicious use of watch glasses to cover beakers and funnels during the determination
The reaction of beta‐propiolactone with alpha‐and beta‐eleostearates and plasticizer properties of derived esters
Authors: Hoffmann Joan S. , O'Connor R. T. , Magne Frank C. , Bickford W. G. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryBeta‐propiolactone has been employed as the dienophile component in the Diels‐Alder reaction withalpha‐ andbeta‐eleostearates, yielding acrylic acid adducts. Catalytic amounts of potassium carbonate were used to induce polymerization ofbeta‐propiolac‐tone to a polyester and to assist in its pyrolysis to acrylic acid.The ethyl andn‐butyl esters of the mixed fatty acids ofalpha‐and ofbeta‐tung oil, containing about 75% eleostearates, were reacted with the theoretical amount ofbeta‐propiolactone at 200°C. for a period of 1.5 hrs. Spectral analyses indicated nearly quantitative conversion of the reactants to the expected Diels‐Alder products.The acrylic acid adducts were esterified in their reaction mixtures with the appropriate alcohols to produce the corresponding di‐esters. These esters were purified by means of high vacuum distillation.Fractional crystallization of the free acids obtained by saponification of the di‐butyl esters of thealpha‐eleostearic acid adducts yielded two isomeric dicarboxylic acids, melting at 113°C. and 85°C. These isomers differ only in the position of the carboxyl group on the cyclohexene nucleus of the adduct.The di‐ethyl and di‐butyl esters of both thealpha‐andbeta‐eleostearic acid adducts and their hydrogenated derivatives have been intercompared as primary plasticizers for vinyl type resins. The hydrogenated di‐esters of thebeta‐eleostearic acid adducts were found to be the most effective.
Dilatometric investigations of fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Craig B. M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe coefficients of expansion and melting dilations were measured for methyl palmitate, methyl stearate, methyl arachidate, methyl behenate, and methyl oleate. The dilatometric curve for the heating cycle of methyl palmitate and methyl stearate in the solid state was composed of a linear section to 49 degrees below the melting point, followed by a curvilinear section to the melting point. The heating and cooling cycle curves for methyl palmitate show the same volume change from −38°C. to 29°C., but the shape of the curves is different. The same relation holds for methyl stearate from −38°C. to 37.5°C. “After‐contractions” were found in volume measurements within a few degrees of the melting point of both esters. Equilibrated points were found within 0.5 degrees of the final melting temperature of methyl stearate. A striking similarity exists between curves for variation of the dielectric constant with temperature for long chain linear molecules and the dilatometric data.
Preparation and utilization of cottonseed meal glue for plywood
Authors: Hogan Joseph T. , Arthur Jett C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe preparation of plywood glues using hydraulicpressed, screw‐pressed, and hexane‐extracted cottonseed meals is described. Hexane‐extracted cottonseed meal glue compares favorably with commercial casein glue and peanut meal glue, each glue mix and glue line being prepared as recommended to give maximum shear strengths. Lower values of shear strength and wood failure of glue joints containing hydraulic‐and screw‐pressed meals, as compared to hexane‐extracted meal, were reported.
Removal of gossypol from cottonseed by solvent extraction procedures
Authors: Dechary J. M. , Kupperman R. P. , Thurber F. H. , Altschul A. M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe relative efficiencies of organic, polar solvents and of solvent‐water pairs for use in the extraction of gossypol and related compounds from cottonseed flakes were determined in a specially devised glass laboratory extractor.Of the solvents tested a butanone‐water pair containing 10% of water by volume was the most effective, and chlorine‐substituted hydrocarbons were the least effective. Under equilibrium conditions maximum extraction of gossypol was obtained with a butanone solvent containing 2.5% of water by weight. The rate of extraction of gossypol from cottonseed meal with butanone‐water pairs increased with increase in the amount of water in the system and with increase in temperature of the extraction system. The greater amounts of water in the extraction system resulted in swelling and packing of the flakes and in a decrease in extraction efficiency. Flakes extracted at 26°C. contained 0.08% free gossypol and those extracted at 71°, 0.054%. This decrease may be due, in part, to the reaction of gossypol with the protein to form bound gossypol.
Variations in the chemical, physical, and organoleptic properties of soybean oil hydrogenated under widely varying conditions
Authors: Sims Rex J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryNo correlation was found between the flavor stability of partially hydrogenated soybean oil and its oxidative stability or its content of polyunsaturated glycerides. Fats having unusually high melting and softening points with considerable spread between melting and softening points were obtained by high pressure hydrogenation. At moderate pressures chemical selectivity was found to vary directly with catalyst concentration and inversely with agitator speed, as reported by previous workers. However at high pressures the effect of these variables was reversed. That is, selectivity then varied directly with the amount of agitation and inversely with the catalyst concentration.
Advances in bar soap technology
Authors: Jungermann E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews recent trends in bar soap technology. Toilet soap markets are highly competitive and the supporting technology is changing rapidly. New equipment and processing techniques have been developed, such as high caustic‐high solids saponification, high speed finishing equipment, and more efficient dryers with better pollution controls. Multicolored, marbleized soaps have become important in the marketplace and new plodder designs have been developed for their manufacture. A large number of new ingredients for use in soap‐synthetic combination bars have been reported. Also, the antimicrobial/deodorant soap segment, representing over 50% of U.S. market, has undergone considerable shifts due to governmental actions which has resulted in restrictions on hexachlorophene. Future regulatory actions on other antimicrobial agents are probable.
Density‐composition‐temperature data for rice bran oil‐commercial hexane miscellas
Authors: Magne Frank C. , Durr Rene L. , Skau Evald L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryComplete density‐composition‐temperature data have been obtained for binary systems of a refined rice bran oil with a commercial hexane. They have been presented in the form of a table which gives the specific gravities at 5% intervals of concentration and at 10 Fahrenheit‐degree intervals of temperature and can readily be converted to other density units. These data can be used to determine the specific gravity, knowing the composition and the temperature, or, conversely, the composition, knowing the specific gravity and temperature, and should be useful in commercial processing and control. For high accuracy a small correction must be applied for random refined and crude rice bran oils and for different commercial hexanes.
Studies of waxes. VI. The n‐acids of carnauba wax
Authors: Murray K. E. , Schoenfeld R. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe proportion of normal acids among the acids of carnauba wax has been found, by a chromatographic separation method, to be 38%. The normal acid mixture has been separated into its components by amplified distillation of the methyl esters, which revealed the presence of the acids of even carbon number from C18 to C30. The acids were identified by their melting points, long crystal spacings, and crystal habit. An estimate of their relative amounts is as follows: C18, 3%; C20, 11.5%; C22, 9%; C24, 30%; C26, 12%; C28, 16.5%; C30, 7%.
Determination of composition of vinyl copolymers by infrared
Authors: Glass Curtis A. , Melvin Eugene H. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryCopolymers of soybean vinyl ether with each of six low alkyl vinyl ethers have been investigated in the infrared. The ether band in the 1100 cm−1 region has been found useful in determining the composition of copolymers. The composition of copolymers has been determined at a fixed frequency of 1100 cm.−1 and at the absorption maximum in the region of 1100 cm.−1. Determination may be accomplished with equal success at the absorption maximum in this region if the material being incorporated absorbs at a frequency not too far removed from 1100 cm.−1. This would be the preferred method if using a recording instrument.
n‐deca‐2,4‐dienal, its origin from linoleate and flavor significance in fats
Authors: Patton Stuart , Barnes Isabel J. , Evans Laura E. 
Published: May 2007

Summaryn‐Deca‐2,4‐dienal was identified as a major component of the carbonyl compounds in deodorization distillates from cottonseed oil, soybean oil, beef tallow, and lard. This compound also was demonstrated as a principal carbonyl component in the heat decomposition of methyl linoleate in the presence of moisture. n‐Hept‐2‐enal and C10 and C9 2‐enals also were detected in the latter system. The flavor threshold of decadienal in water was found to be approximately 0.5 parts per billion. Flavor and odor qualities of the dienal perhaps are described best by the term “deepfried.” The compound's significance in fried and baked foods and its performance in the Kreis and 2‐thiobarbituric acid tests for fat oxidation are discussed.