bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muslims, Christians, and the Challenge of Interfaith Dialogue
Authors: Smith Jane I. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis book provides an overview and analysis of the recent history of Christian-Muslim dialogue in the United States, and the ways in which it has been furthered and enriched since September 11, 2001. Starting with a brief history of Christian-Muslim relations, the text deals with Islam in America, models of dialogue, problems that can occur in interfaith engagement, pluralism as it is understood by Christians and Muslims, and new avenues for dialogue. The specific examples cited suggest to the reader some of the kinds of cooperative events that are taking place, as well as the variety of thinking on the part of both Christians and Muslims as to what it means to be in dialogue and to take seriously the elements of faith held by the other.
The Legacy of Engagement
Authors: Smith Jane Idleman 
Published: January 2008

AbstractFor more than fourteen centuries Christians and Muslims have lived in proximity and in one way or another have interacted with each other. The responses of each community have been guided both religiously and practically. This chapter details the rise of Islam and the meaning of jihad, relations between Muslims and Christians from the beginning of Islam to the present, religious polemic, the Crusades, the importance of Jerusalem for both faiths, Muslim military advances into western territories and western missionary movements, and political colonialism in Muslim lands. Dialogue between Christians and Muslims cannot proceed in depth without an understanding of the history that has led to current preconceptions, tensions, and often misunderstandings.
Islam
Authors: Smith Jane Idleman 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAmerican Muslims comprise the most diverse Islamic community that has ever existed. They are immigrants and American born, with more than 30 percent of their population African Americans. Most are Sunni, though Shi̒ites have increased to about 20 percent. Some American Muslims hope to keep alive in their religious practices customs from their country of origin, while others are looking for ways to formulate an American Islam that is at home in the West. Most American Muslims are orthodox in belief and practice, although America fosters a wide range of heterodox movements that often claim to be Muslim. This chapter asks who American Muslims are, what are their major issues and concerns, and in what ways have they been involved in Christian-Muslim dialogue.
Evangelizing the South
Authors: Najar Monica 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAlthough many refer to the American South as the “Bible Belt”, the region was not always characterized by a powerful religious culture. In the 17th century and early 18th century, religion was virtually absent from southern culture. The late 18th century and early 19th century, however, witnessed the astonishingly rapid rise of evangelical religion in the Upper South. Within just a few years, evangelicals had spread their beliefs and their fervor, gaining converts and building churches throughout Virginia and North Carolina and into the western regions. This book argues that early evangelicals successfully negotiated the various challenges of the 18th-century landscape by creating churches that functioned as civil as well as religious bodies. As the era experienced substantial rifts in the relationship between church and state, the disestablishment of colonial churches paved the way for new formulations of church-state relations. The evangelical churches were well-positioned to provide guidance in uncertain times, and their multiple functions allowed them to reshape many of the central elements of authority in southern society. They assisted in reformulating the lines between the “religious” and “secular” realms, with significant consequences for both religion and the emerging nation-state.
Conclusion
Authors: Najar Monica 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis concluding chapter presents a synthesis of discussions in the preceding chapters. In the late 18th- and early 19th-century South, evangelical Baptist churches served as both religious and civil bodies. As religious bodies, they galvanized southerners as no church had previously, marking the transformation of the region into a profoundly evangelical society. Baptist churches also served as civil organizations, regulating marriages, supervising migrating individuals, monitoring prices, and arbitrating business, land, and interpersonal disputes. The demarcation of the province of churches and the province of secular authorities shaped not only physical spaces, but also legal codes and constructions of social authorities and power.
The Fragmented Self and Constrained Agency
Authors: Beste Jennifer Erin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter brings into the conversation between trauma theory and theology a third conversation partner: feminist theory. It examines certain feminist conceptions of self and agency that differ from Rahner's theological anthropology. Since feminist theory has been concerned with ways that varied forms of oppression (a type of interpersonal harm) and violence against women impact women's sense of self and agency, it is important to explore whether feminists shed any light on the dynamics of traumatization and recovery from traumatic violence. Paying particular attention to Judith Butler's and Diana Meyers's accounts of the self and agency, this chapter identifies certain insights from feminist theory that resonate with the findings of trauma research.
Response to the Challenge
Authors: Beste Jennifer Erin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter argues that the experiences of severely traumatized persons and the insights of feminist theory demonstrate Rahner's failure to acknowledge adequately the effects of relationality and embodiment for one's capacity to realize sufficient freedom to effect a fundamental option. Rahner's general construal of the relation between God's grace and human freedom is also insufficient when attempting to make sense of the workings of God's grace in the lives of trauma survivors. However, by incorporating insights of feminists and trauma theory and drawing on other aspects of Rahner's theology, it is possible to construct a more adequate Rahnerian theology of freedom and grace. A revised account must (1) acknowledge to a greater degree the power of sin against one's neighbor to disable that neighbor's freedom to respond to God's grace, and (2) articulate how God's grace is mediated through loving, interpersonal relations.
ON FEELING INSULTED
Authors: Neu Jerome 
Published: January 2008

AbstractStarting with etymological issues, this chapter focuses on the relation of feeling insulted to anger and dejection, the contrast between intentional and unintentional insult, and issues of self-respect and self-esteem. Disappointed expectations of attention and respect can lead in extreme situations to moral insult when one's essential identity is undermined, as it may be by certain forms of profiling and discrimination.
THREE INSULT IN PLAY AND RITUAL
Authors: Neu Jerome 
Published: January 2008

AbstractModern rap battles are a continuation of the traditional dozens played by black male adolescents. Such insult rituals allow for the controlled expression of aggression and the defining of boundaries (between adolescents and their mothers as well as among peers). Still, there are limits, and what starts as playful insult sometimes crosses over into personal insult. The aggression is sometimes naked, as in Brazilian briga. Even looking at someone “the wrong way” can be a provocation in a world of macho honor. How we are looked at and how we are seen raise issues of who we are, of status and honor.
FIVE THE LANGUAGE OF ABUSE
Authors: Neu Jerome 
Published: January 2008

AbstractVerbal dueling and imaginative vituperation can provide independent pleasure, as illustrated in Cyrano de Bergerac and by Shakespeare's rich exemplars and reflections on the practice of insults. There is a distinctive vocabulary of abuse, including profanities and vulgarities, but the precise meanings of the words (e.g. “macaca”) need not always be known in order for an insulting intention to be conveyed, manner is as important as matter. Words can also have a power that derives from their history and context of use. This raises issues of legal regulation, especially on the airwaves.
SIX INSULT IN THE LAW
Authors: Neu Jerome 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBecause speech can also be conduct, words deeds, the First Amendment cannot provide blanket protection for all offensive speech. This is especially true for what J.L. Austin calls “performative utterances.” We must try to be clear on the principles at stake‐‐as claims to freedom of speech meet claims of self‐defense and provocation‐‐as we seek to draw legal boundaries to control fighting words, obscenity, and hate speech.
Introduction
Authors: Lahr Angela M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
U.S. evangelicals in the Cold War were able to draw on an American apocalyptic narrative that included Native American, European, and African traditions. This chapter shows that premillennialism, as a part of that narrative, helped evangelicals make sense of a Cold War world. At the same time, evangelical eschatology shaped the way conservative Protestants defined time and history.
Conclusion
Authors: Lahr Angela M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The end of the Cold War did not diminish the influence of evangelicalism on American society. Evangelicals continued to draw on eschatological interpretations to shape their worldviews. The number of prophecy Web sites exploded in the late twentieth century, and born‐again Christians proved a profitable market for the popular Left Behind series. Speculation about evangelical influence on political institutions and local, state, and national elections persist into the 21st century. Yet the diverse evangelical frameworks that emerged after the Vietnam War make it clear that evangelicalism is not monolithic. Whatever the framework, though, American evangelicalism today was in part empowered by its demarginalization in the Cold War.
Law, Reason, and the Cosmic City
Authors: Vogt Katja Maria 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe book is a comprehensive study of early Stoic political philosophy. It considers the conceptions of the cosmic city and the common law as central to the Stoics' theory, and discusses how these conceptions are integral to Stoic thought on reason, wisdom, and life in agreement with nature. Accordingly, the book devotes detailed attention to central areas of Stoic philosophy, such as the theory of affiliation (oikeiôsis), appropriate and perfect action, epistemology, and theology. The book discusses competing interpretations of Stoic cosmopolitanism, arguing that the ideal city of the early Stoics is the cosmos and thus is already in existence. All human beings live in the cosmic city, but only the wise and the gods are its citizens. The book devotes equal attention to the interpretation of the Stoics' conception of law. To live by the law, it is argued, is to live by nature, in a way which relies on understanding what is of value to human beings, rather than on following a set of rules. Against the view that early Stoic thought about these issues is best described as exploring an ideal for individual agents, the book argues that the Stoics are offering a theory which, while deeply connected with the core concerns of Stoic ethics, can be considered a genuine contribution to political philosophy.
3 Wisdom: Sages and Gods
Authors: Maria Vogt Katja 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe ideal of wisdom—and citizenship in the cosmos—is explored in detail, both regarding ideal human agents and gods. The view that the sage is strictly omniscient is rejected; rather, the sage's knowledge is knowledge relevant to the leading of a lawful life. The reconstruction of the conception of citizen—gods leads into a core question of Stoic theology: how a plural conception of ‘gods’ fits into Stoic physics, which considers God (in the singular) the first principle. It is argued that the gods of the Stoics are portions of pneuma, and some of them are celestial bodies. The life of the gods exemplifies the Stoics' ideal of an easy flow of life: the planets are considered models of perfect deliberation, being—through their perfect action—fully integrated into the movements of the universe as a whole.
“The Time of Araby Has Come at Last” (1600–1800)
Authors: Quinn Frederick 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses changes in European attitudes towards Islam from 1600 to 1800. Islam in France is discussed, translations of the Koran are examined and the chapter also gives a more detailed study of Islam. Other topics covered include English religious writings on Islam, English popular interest in the Middle East, the Barbary pirates, English drama and literature relating to Islam, Islam in Spanish and German literature, and Muslims in classical music and literature.
The Summing Up
Authors: Quinn Frederick 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents a summary of the discussions in the preceding chapters. The image of Islam in the West from the Middle Ages to the present contains four enduring elements: religiously, Muhammad was seen as either the Antichrist or a fallen Lucifer-like figure; personally, he was a flawed human being, unable or unwilling to contain his sexuality; politically, he was either a major leader who united the desert tribes or a greedy despot; he was viewed as an original source of wisdom of the East for some and the last and greatest prophet of divine revelation for others. In recent times, two aspects — violence and reciprocity — have come to characterize the dominant image of Islam in the West: violence in the widespread prevalence of targeted killings, riots, bombings, and warfare that have devastated parts of the world; reciprocity in that Islam is no longer the passive tableau on which Westerners fashion an image. The Western image of Islam has become the subject of constant modification based on sustained, complex, almost instantaneous global contact.
Bourgeouis Hinduism, or Faith of the Modern Vedantists
Authors: Hatcher Brian A. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
In 1839, a group of Hindu elite gathered in Calcutta to share and propagate their faith in a non-idolatrous form of worship. The group, known as the Tattvabodhinī Sabhā, met weekly to worship and hear discourses from members on ways to promote a rational and morally responsible mode of worship. They called upon ancient sources of Hindu spirituality to guide them in developing a modern form of theism they referred to as “Vedanta”.This book situates the theology and moral vision set forth in these hitherto unknown discourses against the backdrop of religious and social change in early colonial Calcutta. In doing so, it demonstrates how the theology of the Tattvabodhinī Sabhā legitimated the worldly interests of Calcutta's emergent bourgeoisie. This “bourgeois Vedanta” sanctioned material prosperity while providing members with a means of spiritual fulfillment. The book includes the first ever complete, annotated translation of Sabhyadiger vaktṛtā, the earliest extant record of the Tattvabodhinī Sabhā. The translation is supplemented with an analysis of the text demonstrating that its twenty-one unsigned discourses were composed by such major figures in 19th-century Bengal as Debendranath Tagore, Inullvaracandra Vidyasagara, Inullvaracandra Gupta, and Aksayakumara Datta. The book explores a decisive moment in the construction of modern Vedanta, and comments on the concerns this Vedantic movement raised for contemporary Christian observers. It demonstrates the decisive role played by the Tattvabodhinī Sabhā in both reviving and reformulating the teachings of Rammohan Roy, the founder of Vedantic reform in colonial India. It also suggests that the earliest members of the Sabhā are best viewed as “Brhamos without Rammohan”. Only later would they look to Rammohan as their founding father.
Bourgeois Vedānta for the Bhadralok
Authors: Hatcher Brian A. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the theological and social concerns that emerge from the discourses of Sabhyadiger vaktṛtā. The interpretation of Tattvabodhinī — viewed as the expression and legitimization of bourgeois interests — is not meant to be either definitive or exhaustive. It is principally meant to promote reflection on one fruitful way to understand the moral and spiritual values of the Sabhā as they intersect with the worldly concerns of its bhadralok members. While there is no evidence of a direct Christian response to the discourses of Sabhyadiger vaktṛtā, there is much evidence that the creation of the Tattvabodhinī Sabhā and its subsequent endeavors were to become a cause for a great deal of concern among Christians (missionaries and converts) in Calcutta.
A Necklace of Three Jewels for the Lord of Gods: The Mummaṇikkōvai
Authors: Hopkins Steven P. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
A full translation of Venkatesha's Tamil prabandham, the Mummanikkovai, with detailed thematic afterword and notes. The afterword situates Venkatesha's Tamil poem in the history of classical Tamil Cankam poetry, particularly poems in the akam or “interior” mode of love, as well as in its models in the Tamil bhakti poetry of the Alvars, which mingle Cankam conventions of akam (“interior,” love) and puram (“exterior,” war) modes. Devotional themes treated include the theology of Shri or Tiru, the goddess, as the feminine power (shakti) and grace/mercy (arul); the uses of the evocative Tamil word for love, anpu; the conventional personae of Tamil poetry, heroine, mother, foster‐mother, and friend; and the significance of the Tamil words arul and inpam in Venkatesha's devotional poetics.
Fifty Verses for the Lord of Gods: The Devanāyakapañcāśat
Authors: Hopkins Steven P. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
A full translation of Venkatesha's Sanskrit stotra, the Devanayakapanchashat, with detailed thematic afterword and notes. Chapter situates Venkatesha's stotra in the history of Sanskrit stotra literature, focusing on themes of recitation, a poetry of power, and the “fruits” of stotra composition and recitation in goals of prosperity, happiness, auspiciousness (kushalam), as expressed particularly in the concluding verses (phalashrutis) that describe manifold benefits (phalah) of reading, reciting, or studying the poem. The afterword also focuses detailed attention on a major literary motif of this poem and of the remaining poems in the volume, the ecstatic beholding of the beautiful body of Vishnu through the deployment of the anubhava, the step‐wise sequential description, using extravagant similes and metaphors, from foot‐to‐head or head‐to‐foot, of the body of god. Such devotional visions, comparable to the wasfs in the Hebrew Song of Songs, form the emotional center of gravity of the shrine poems to Devanayaka. Afterword ends with a return to the theme of radical surrender (prapatti) to the god and the vulnerability of love, helplessness, and the asymmetry of lover/beloved in Venkatesha's devotional poetics.
The Revolution on the Corner of Main and Hardy
Authors: Ruffin J. Rixey 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
William Bentley began his tenure as assistant pastor of the East Church in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1783, and immediately came into conflict with the much older senior pastor. But within two years, the senior pastor was gone, driven out by the church he had served for half a century. That minister, James Diman, was a Calvinist, but Bentley believed in a theology of salvation called Arminianism—in the benevolence of God and the possibility of salvation through moral behavior. The church's members picked Bentley's Arminianism over Diman's Calvinism. How and why they did so sheds light on the power of the sacraments (Communion and baptism) in New England Christianity, on the unique relationships in Congregationalism between members, parishioners, and pew proprietors, and on the liberating potential of the American Revolution, particularly in the economic power gained from privateering.
Economic Republicanism
Authors: Ruffin J. Rixey 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Beginning in 1794, Bentley began to adopt the economic components of republicanism as well as the spiritual ones. In seeing merchants choose what he considered interest over commonwealth, Bentley for the first time was awakened to the economic side of republican ideology. Underscored by his unique embrace of Rousseau's theories of the state of nature and the origins of social inequality, Bentley's new republicanism was as much theological as it was social. In being willing to consider an allegorical reading of the Eden story from Genesis, Bentley could redefine original sin not as pride or envy but instead as self‐interest itself.
Seeing Dark Things
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIf a spinning disk casts a round shadow does the shadow also spin? When the cave guide turns out the light so that you can experience the total blackness, are you seeing in the dark? Or are you merely failing to see anything (just like your blind companion)?Seeing Dark Things uses visual riddles to explore our ability to see shadows, silhouettes, black ants, plus some things that are only metaphorically “dark” such as holes. These dark things are anomalies for the causal theory of perception: anything we see must be a cause of what we see. Roy Sorensen defends the causal theory of perception by treating absences as causes. With the help of fifty-nine figures, Sorensen proceeds bottom up from observation rather than top down from theory.Shadows are metaphysical amphibians with one foot on terra firma of common sense and the other in the murky waters of nonbeing. Seeing Dark Things portrays the causal theory of perception's confrontation with the shadows as a triumph against alien attack. Lessons from the parried threat deepen a theory that resonates strongly with common sense and science. Thus the book is an unorthodox defense of an orthodox theory.
1 The Eclipse Riddle
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAn observer is viewing a double eclipse of the sun. Traveling east is the heavenly body Far. Traveling west and nearer to him is the smaller body Near. Near is close enough to exactly compensate for its smaller size with respect to shadow formation. Near and Far look the same size from his vantage point. When Near falls exactly under the shadow of Far, it is as if one of these heavenly bodies had disappeared. Does the observer see Near or Far? The chapter's thesis is that the causal theory of perception correctly favors Far.
4 Spinning Shadows
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIf a spinning sphere casts a shadow, does the shadow also spin? This riddle is the point of departure for an investigation into the nature of shadow movement. A general theory of motion will encompass all moving things, not just physical objects. The ultimate thesis is that round shadows do indeed spin. Shadows are followers of the objects that cast them. Parts of the shadow correspond to parts of the leader, so motion of the caster's parts accounts for motions of the shadow's parts. The chapter ends with a discussion of how the dynamic aspects of shadows impose subtle constraints on other puzzles about shadows.
11 Black and Blue
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBlack has attracted commentary from a long list of philosophers: Empedocles, Aristotle, Goethe, Wittgenstein, and, more recently, C. L. Hardin and Jonathan Westphal. Color scientists have joined the discussion with a sufficient condition for being black: indiscriminate light absorption. This chapter denies that this is also a necessary condition. In particular, the blackness of shadows is defended. Emphasis is placed on the physical and metaphysical variety of black things: sunspots, black holes, light traps, and so on.