bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual and Contextual Determinants of Domestic Violence in North India
Authors: Koenig Michael A. , Stephenson Rob , Ahmed Saifuddin , Jejeebhoy Shireen J. , Campbell Jacquelyn 
Published: November 2005

Objectives. We examined individual- and community-level influences on domestic violence in Uttar Pradesh, North India. Methods. Multilevel modeling was used to explore domestic violence outcomes among a sample of 4520 married men. Results. Recent physical and sexual domestic violence was associated with the individual-level variables of childlessness, economic pressure, and intergenerational transmission of violence. A community environment of violent crime was associated with elevated risks of both physical and sexual violence. Community-level norms concerning wife beating were significantly related only to physical violence. Conclusions. Important similarities as well as differences were evident in risk factors for physical and sexual domestic violence. Higher socioeconomic status was found to be protective against physical but not sexual violence. Our results provide additional support for the importance of contextual factors in shaping women’s risks of physical and sexual violence.
Inequities in Mental Health Care After Health Care System Reform in Chile
Authors: Araya Ricardo , Rojas Graciela , Fritsch Rosemarie , Frank Richard , Lewis Glyn 
Published: November 2005

Objectives. We compared differences in mental health needs and provision of mental health services among residents of Santiago, Chile, with private and public health insurance coverage. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional survey of a random sample of adults. Presence of mental disorders and use of health care services were assessed via structured interviews. Individuals were classified as having public, private, or no health insurance coverage. Results. Among individuals with mental disorders, only 20% (95% confidence interval [CI]=16%, 24%) had consulted a professional about these problems. A clear mismatch was found between need and provision of services. Participants with public insurance coverage exhibited the highest prevalence of mental disorders but the lowest rates of consultation; participants with private coverage exhibited exactly the opposite pattern. After adjustment for age, income, and severity of symptoms, private insurance coverage (odds ratio [OR]=2.72; 95% CI=1.6, 4.6) and higher disability level (OR=1.27, 95% CI=1.1, 1.5) were the only factors associated with increased frequency of mental health consultation. Conclusions. The health reforms that have encouraged the growth of the private health sector in Chile also have increased risk segmentation within the health system, accentuating inequalities in health care provision.
Junking Good Science: Undoing Daubert v Merrill Dow Through Cross-Examination and Argument
Authors: Givelber Daniel , Strickler Lori 
Published: November 2005

For more than 40 years, the tobacco industry prevailed in lawsuits brought by injured smokers, despite overwhelming epidemiological evidence that smoking caused lung cancer. Tobacco lawyers were able to create doubt about causation. They sought to persuade jurors that “everybody knew” smoking was harmful but “nobody knows” what causes cancer by recreating in court the scientific debate resolved by the 1964 Surgeon General’s Report. The particularistic structure of jury trials combined with the law’s mechanistic view of causation enables a defendant to contest virtually any claim concerning disease causation. Despite judicial efforts to eliminate “junk science” from lawsuits, a well-financed defendant may succeed in persuading jurors of the epidemiological equivalent of the proposition that the earth is flat.
Leptospirosis Presenting with Mania and Psychosis: Four Consecutive Cases Seen in a Military Hospital in Turkey
Authors: Semiz Umit B. , Basoglu Cengiz , Oner Ozgur , Ebrinc Servet , Cetin Mesut 
Published: December 2005

Objective: To present the clinical features and the treatment alternatives of manic and psychotic symptoms in patients with leptospirosis. Methods: Clinical observation and diagnosis of four cases with leptospirosis presenting with psychiatric symptoms. Results: Leptospirosis diagnoses were established by recovery of the organism from culture, macroagglutination tests, and dark field microscopy in all cases. Leptospira ELISA-Ig M was also positive in all cases. Microagglutination tests were positive in case 1 and case 2. All of the cases were also screened for other possible medical, infectious, and neurological disorders that could account for their clinical symptoms. Patients were treated with a combination of antibiotics, antipsychotics and mood stabilizers. Conclusions: The presence of manic and psychotic symptoms with fever and high transaminase and/or CPK levels in high risk occupational groups during rainy periods should alert the physician to the possibility of leptospirosis. The psychiatric symptoms are sensitive to anti-psychotics and mood stabilizers but not to antimicrobial treatment, suggesting that the psychiatric picture may not be related to direct invasion of the central nervous system by the infectious agent.
Somatization in Primary Care: A Comparative Survey of Immigrants from Various Ethnic Groups in Rome, Italy
Authors: Aragona Massimiliano , Tarsitani Lorenzo , Colosimo Francesco , Martinelli Barbara , Raad Hassan , Maisano Bianca , Geraci Salvatore 
Published: December 2005

Objectives: Those responsible for interviewing immigrants in primary care settings often underestimate the importance of somatic symptoms arising from psychological distress. This study investigates the current prevalence of somatization in immigrants, and evaluates the comparative rates of somatic complaints in four ethnic groups (Caucasians, Asians, South/Center Americans, and Africans). Methods: We studied the 301 consecutive outpatients (aged between 16 and 70 years) attending the “Caritas” primary care unit for immigrants in Rome (Italy) from January to December 2003, all of whom completed the 21-item version of the Bradford Somatic Inventory (BSI-21). Patients scoring 14 or more on the BSI-21 were considered at risk for somatization. Results: The current prevalence of somatization was 35.2%; 62.3% of the somatizers were women. A multiple regression analysis adjusting for the possible confounding effects of sex, age, education, and months of stay in Italy showed that South/Central Americans had significantly higher somatization scores than the other three groups. Conclusions: These findings suggest a high probability of somatization syndromes in immigrant patients. South/Central Americans tend to somatize more than other ethnic groups. A psychosomatic approach may be useful for immigrants in primary care settings.
Mental Health Problems of Army Personnel Seen in Medical Outpatient Clinics in Greece
Authors: Argyropoulos Ioannis Th. , Samakouri Maria A. , Balascas Dimitrios K. , Dalapascha Melpomeni , Pallas Dimitrios P. , Livaditis Miltos D. 
Published: December 2005

Objective: The problem of the underdiagnosis and inadequate treatment of mental disorders in people who visit health services has been studied in Greece as well as in other countries. There is not, however, enough research data for military personnel. The purpose of the present study is to assess the psychiatric morbidity of military personnel referred to outpatient clinics for physical problems. Method: Two hundred twenty-two (222) males serving in the Army, aged 21.9 + 2.8 years, were examined when they visited the outpatient clinics of a General Military Hospital of a border area of Greece. They gave information concerning demographic data, completed the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), and were assessed by the psychiatric interview M.I.N.I. (Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview). Results: Eighty-two out of 222 individuals (36.9%) were classified as GHQ cases. Enlisted men and personnel with chronic physical disabilities were classified more often as cases than were professionals and physically able military men. Those referred for fractures had fewer psychiatric problems than those referred for other reasons. The most common diagnoses were anxiety disorders, major depressive episode, and alcohol abuse. Conclusions: A large number of military personnel present undiagnosed psychological problems despite attempts in the last few years by army services to develop mechanisms of timely diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric cases. Measures for the improvement of this situation are discussed.
Diabetes Associated with Atypical Antipsychotic Treatment May Be Severe but Reversible: Case Report
Authors: Dibben C. R. M. , Kalavalapalli S. S. , Linnington H. E. J. , Hynes F. A. , Dinneen S. F. , Adler A. I. , McKenna P. J. 
Published: December 2005

Objective: To draw attention to severe presentations of atypical neuroleptic related diabetes and to document that a marked degree of remission can take place after drug withdrawal. Method: We describe two patients who presented with diabetic ketoacidosis after treatment with quetiapine and risperidone, respectively. Results: Both patients were negative for islet cell antibodies. They both required treatment with insulin, one in very high dosage, but their insulin requirements fell progressively after the atypical antipsychotic was withdrawn. After several months, neither patient required antidiabetic treatment. Conclusions: Atypical antipsychotic-induced diabetes does not always take a “type 2” presentation in which weight gain and insulin resistance are implicated. Sometimes the presentation is with diabetic ketoacidosis, requiring insulin treatment, which can nevertheless be reversible.
Menopause-Related Quality of Life in Chronically Mentally ILL Women
Authors: Friedman Susan Hatters , Sajatovic Martha , Schuermeyer Isabel N. , Safavi Roknedin , Hays Robert W. , West Jane , Ignacio Rosalinda V. , Blow Frederic C. 
Published: December 2005

Objective: Menopause is an important life event that has not yet been well characterized among women with severe mental illness. Our goal was to evaluate menopause-related quality of life among severely mentally ill women. Method: We conducted a cross-sectional assessment of perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, ages 45–55, diagnosed with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, or major depression, who were receiving inpatient or outpatient psychiatric care. Women were compared regarding menopausal symptoms and quality of life using the Menopause Specific Quality of Life Scale (MENQOL). Results: Women with severe mental illnesses who were peri- and post-menopausal experienced considerable vasomotor, physical, sexual, and psychosocial symptoms related to menopause. On seven of 29 MENQOL items, women with major depression reported problems significantly more often than women with other serious mental illnesses. Conclusions: This preliminary study indicates that psychiatrists and other physicians should consider the frequency and overlap of menopausal and psychiatric symptoms among women with serious mental illness in this age group.
Attendance at Religious Services and Subsequent Mental Health in Midlife Women
Authors: King Dana E. , Cummings Doyle , Whetstone Lauren 
Published: December 2005

Objective: Spiritual and religious factors may influence mental health in midlife women. The purpose of this study was to explore whether strength of religious beliefs or attendance at religious services helps to mitigate the stresses of life in mid-life women. Methods: Data are from a sub-sample of 265 women, ages 40–70, who were participants in the REACH study, a longitudinal study investigating health parameters in a representative sample of households from rural communities in eastern North Carolina. Using t-tests and linear regression analyses, we analyzed the relationship between frequency of attendance at religious services and strength of religious beliefs in 1997 and subsequent mental health in 2003 as measured by the mental health component score (MCS) of the SF-12. Results: The mean MCS in 2003 was significantly higher (better mental health) in women who reported attending religious services ≥1/week compared to those who reported attending <1/week (53.9 vs. 51.7; p < 0.05). In the linear regression model controlling for self-reported health status, baseline attendance at organized religious services remained a significant predictor of the MCS at six-year follow-up (standardized β = −0.123, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Attendance at religious services is positively related to subsequent mental health in middle-aged women. The findings support the notion that religious commitment may help mitigate the stress of the midlife period. More research is needed to translate these findings into clinical interventions that can decrease the burden of anxiety and depression on midlife women.
Associations between the Impact of Terrorism and Health Perceptions of Patients
Authors: Haidet Paul , O'Malley Kimberly J , Sharf Barbara F. , Gladney Alicia P. , Tran Anh N. , Greisinger Anthony J. , Ashton Carol M. , Street Richard L. 
Published: December 2005

Objective: Previous studies have demonstrated the effects of the September 11th 2001 terrorist attacks on anxiety and anxiety-related conditions in Americans. However, data regarding associations between the attacks and patients' health perceptions are lacking. The objective of this study was to explore associations between the personal impact of the September 11th attacks and patients' perceptions of health and illness. Method: We performed a cross-sectional survey of 303 adult African-American, Caucasian, and Hispanic patients at primary care clinics in Houston, Texas. Data were collected between October 15, 2001 and March 1, 2002. We developed items to measure the impact of the September 11th attacks and patients' quality of life. Previously validated scales were used to measure health status, health locus of control, preferences regarding the patient-physician relationship, and patients' explanatory models of illness. Results: Twenty-two percent of patients reported no impact from the attacks, 41% reported mildly negative impact, 22% reported moderately negative impact, and 15% reported extremely negative impact in their lives. In multivariate analysis, demographic characteristics were not associated with impact from the attacks. However, patients who perceived a more external locus of control with respect to health and patients who reported greater meaning of illness in their lives also reported more negative impact from the September 11th attacks. Conclusions: The September 11th terrorist attacks had at least a somewhat negative impact for a majority of patients far from the site of the nearest attack, and regardless of their demographic backgrounds. The amount of negative impact that patients perceived as a result of the terrorist attacks correlates with certain illness perceptions, including an external health locus of control and a perception of greater meaning of illness in one's life. Such correlations may indicate an effect of terrorism on patients' illness behaviors. Further research is needed to better understand effects of the threat of terrorism on the general health and illness behaviors of patients.
Short‐Wave Infrared Photodetectors Based on β‐In2Se3/Te Heterojunctions for Optical Communication and Polarimetric Imaging Applications
Authors: Xiong Jingxian , Yu Qiang , Hou Xingang , Liu Bin , Li Sina , Deng Haiqin , Yang Zixin , Leng Jinyong , Zhu Sicong , Sun Yiming , Jiang Zongfu , Huo Nengjie , Wu Jian , Zhou Pu 
Published: February 2024

AbstractPolarization‐sensitive infrared photodetectors have vast application prospects in imaging systems and polarization sensors due to the addition of new detection dimensions beyond wavelength and intensity. However, most polarization‐sensitive photodetectors are operated in the visible wavelength range and still encounter challenges of limited responsivity (R) and polarization ratio (PR) under short‐wave infrared illumination. To address these issues, a vertical heterostructure of β‐In2Se3‐on‐Te is reported, achieving high‐performance and polarization‐sensitive imaging sensors in the short‐wave infrared (SWIR) region. The high R (2 A/W at 1310 nm and 0.71 A/W at 1550 nm) and specific detectivity (2.14 × 109 Jones at 1310 nm and 7.3 × 108 at 1550 nm) are obtained, which surpasses most photodetectors using anisotropic 2D material in the infrared range. Considering the strong anisotropic nature of Te nanosheets, the device exhibits notable polarization sensitivity with a PR value of 4.95 under 1310 nm laser irradiation. This work proposes a multifunctional photodetector for the great applications of ASCII code transmission and polarization‐sensitive infrared imaging, offering a new opportunity for versatile angle‐resolved optoelectronics in the infrared communication band.
Lysosomal Rupture‐Mediated “Broken Window Effect” to Amplify Cuproptosis and Pyroptosis for High‐Efficiency Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Zhu Guoqing , Wang Man , Qiao Luying , Xie Yulin , Wang Junrong , Li Lei , Sun Qianqian , Zheng Pan , Li Chunxia 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAutophagy, a lysosome‐involved degradation pathway, as a self‐protective cellular process, always weakens the efficiency of tumor therapies. Herein, for the first time, the biodegradable copper (Cu) ions doped layered double hydroxide (Cu‐LDH) nanoparticles are reported for cancer immunotherapy via lysosomal rupture‐mediated “Broken Window Effect”. Only injection of Cu‐LDH single therapeutic agent achieves various organelles destruction after lysosomal rupture, as well as the abnormal aggregation of Cu ions in tumor cells for cuproptosis and pyroptosis. More importantly, autophagy inhibition caused by lysosomal rupture improves Cu ions overload‐mediated cuproptosis and pyroptosis by blocking the lysosome‐mediated bulk degradation pathway, leading to good anti‐tumor immune responses and ultimately high‐efficiency tumor growth inhibition. This lysosomal rupture‐mediated “Broken Window Effect” provides a new paradigm for the autophagy enhanced tumor therapy.
Physicochemical Targeting of Lipid Nanoparticles to the Lungs Induces Clotting: Mechanisms and Solutions
Authors: Omo‐Lamai Serena , Zamora Marco E. , Patel Manthan N. , Wu Jichuan , Nong Jia , Wang Zhicheng , Peshkova Alina , Majumder Aparajeeta , Melamed Jilian R. , Chase Liam S. , Essien Eno‐Obong , Weissman Drew , Muzykantov Vladimir R. , Marcos‐Contreras Oscar A. , Myerson Jacob W. , Brenner Jacob S. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractLipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have become the dominant drug delivery technology in industry, holding the promise to deliver RNA to up or down‐regulate any protein of interest. LNPs have mostly been targeted to specific cell types or organs by physicochemical targeting in which LNP’s lipid compositions are adjusted to find mixtures with the desired tropism. Here lung‐tropic LNPs are examined, whose organ tropism derives from containing either a cationic or ionizable lipid conferring a positive zeta potential. Surprisingly, these LNPs are found to induce massive thrombosis. Such thrombosis is shown in the lungs and other organs, and it is shown that it is greatly exacerbated by pre‐existing inflammation. This clotting is induced by a variety of formulations with cationic lipids, including LNPs and non‐LNP nanoparticles, and even by lung‐tropic ionizable lipids that do not have a permanent cationic charge. The mechanism depends on the LNPs binding to and then changing the conformation of fibrinogen, which then activates platelets and thrombin. Based on these mechanisms, multiple solutions are engineered that enable positively charged LNPs to target the lungs while ameliorating thrombosis. The findings illustrate how physicochemical targeting approaches must be investigated early for risks and re‐engineered with a careful understanding of biological mechanisms.
Optimizing Polarization Selective Unidirectional Photoluminescence from Phased‐Array Metasurfaces
Authors: Heki Larry K. , Mohtashami Yahya , Chao Roark , Ewing Jacob J. , Quevedo Alejandro , Nakamura Shuji , DenBaars Steven P. , Schuller Jon A. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractMetasurface‐based optical elements offer a wide design space for miniature and lightweight optical applications. Typically, metasurface optical elements transform an incident light beam into a desired output waveform. Recent demonstrations of light‐emitting metasurfaces highlight the potential for directly producing desired output waveforms via metasurface‐mediated spontaneous emission. In this work, reciprocal finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) simulations and machine learning are used to enable the inverse design of highly unidirectional photoluminescent III‐Nitride quantum well metasurfaces capable of directive p‐, s‐, or combined p‐ and s‐ polarized emission at arbitrary angles. In comparison with previous intuition‐guided designs using the same quantum well architectures, the inverse design approach enables new polarization capabilities and experimentally demonstrated improvements in directivity of 54%. An analysis of ways in which the inverse design both validates and contradicts previous intuition‐guided design heuristics is presented. Ultimately, the combination of reciprocal simulations and efficient global optimization (EGO) grants remarkable improvements in emission directivity and results in full control over the polarization and momentum of emitted light, including simultaneous directional emission of s‐ and p‐polarized light.
Program director longevity in emergency medicine residencies: A 40‐year analysis
Authors: Chung Arlene S. , Pattee Katherine L. , Bass Rachel , Frisch Adam N. , Jordan Jaime 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjectiveWe sought to assess trends in emergency medicine residency program director (PD) length of service over the past 40 years and evaluate relationships between duration of service and important factors such as PD start year, geographic region, and year of program initial accreditation.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed program data from the American Medical Association Graduate Medical Education Directory and Emergency Medicine Residents’ Association Match database. We calculated descriptive statistics and used linear regression to assess the impact of PD start year, region, and year of program initial accreditation on PD duration of service.ResultsWe gathered data on 783 unique PDs between 1983 and 2023. The overall mean ± SD PD duration of service was 6.19 ± 4.72 years (range 1–29 years). The mean duration of service by decade of start date was 6.49 years in the 1980s, 7.39 years in the 1990s, 5.92 years in the 2000s, 4.08 years in the 2010s, and 2 years in the 2020s. Both PD start year (p = 0.002) and program initial accreditation year (p = 0.001) significantly predicted duration of PD service. Region did not significantly predict duration of PD service (p = 0.225).ConclusionsDuration of service as a PD is decreasing in recent decades. Both PD start year and year of initial program accreditation significantly predict duration of service as PD. Future research must be done to better understand this phenomenon and uncover strategies to promote PD longevity.
Photocatalytic Synthesis of β‐Keto Primary Chlorides by Selective Chlorocarbonylation of Olefins
Authors: Khatua Bitasik , Ghosh Anjulika , Ray Anuj Kumar , Banerjee Nayan , Dey Jayanta , Paul Ankan , Guin Joyram 
Published: February 2024

AbstractFunctionalized primary alkyl chlorides are precursors to a plethora of scaffolds but their access from chemical feedstocks remains challenging. Herein, we report a concise dual Ni/photoredox catalytic protocol for regioselective chlorocarbonylation of unactivated alkenes that enables rapid access to β‐keto primary chlorides. The catalytic process features an extensive substrate scope, scalability and functional group tolerance. The Ni/photocatalytic Cl⋅ generation and subsequent cross‐coupling is implicated for the process based on the control experiments and DFT study. The synthetic utility of the protocol has been further corroborated through functionalization of complex substrates and modifications of the product.