bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive profile difference between normally intelligent children with Asperger's disorder and those with pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
Authors: Koyama Tomonori , Kurita Hiroshi 
Published: November 2008

Aim:  Asperger's disorder (Asperger syndrome, AS) and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD‐NOS) are different subtypes of mild pervasive developmental disorders (PDD).Methods:  Using the Japanese version of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Third Edition (WISC‐III), 28 AS children (mean age, 9.3 years, 24 male) were compared with 78 PDD‐NOS children (mean age, 7.6 years, 64 male) with normal intelligence (IQ ≥ 85), using analysis of covariance (ancova) with the chronological age of a child as a covariate.Results:  Verbal IQ tended to be higher in the AS children than in the PDD‐NOS children (mean raw scores, AS vs PDD‐NOS: 103.9 vs 99.6; P < 0.10), although full‐scale and performance IQ did not differ significantly. Compared with the PDD‐NOS children, the AS children scored significantly higher on Freedom from Distractibility index (110.1 vs 104.5; P < 0.05) consisting of Arithmetic (11.0 vs 9.9, P = 0.04) and Digit Span (12.4 vs 11.6, P = 0.051), but tended to score lower on Coding (8.5 vs 9.8, P = 0.08).Conclusion:  The typical cognitive profile of PDD (i.e. low score on Comprehension and high score on Block Design) was shared by both groups, which may support the validity of the current diagnostic classification of PDD. Relatively better verbal ability in AS children seems to reflect their normal language acquisition in infancy, and strong numeric interest may produce the AS children's mathematical excellence over PDD‐NOS children. A low score on Coding in AS children might reflect their extreme slowness, circumstantiality and/or drive for perfection.
Relationship between post‐traumatic stress disorder‐like behavior and reduction of hippocampal 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine‐positive cells after inescapable shock in rats
Authors: Kikuchi Akihito , Shimizu Kunio , Nibuya Masashi , Hiramoto Takeshi , Kanda Yasunari , Tanaka Teppei , Watanabe Yasuhiro , Takahashi Yoshitomo , Nomura Soichiro 
Published: November 2008

Aim:  Inescapable shocks (IS) have been reported to reduce the number of 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU)‐positive cells in hippocampus. Antidepressants prevent this reduction, and the role of neurogenesis in depression is now suggested. It has been reported, however, that the number of BrdU‐positive cells was not different between the rats that developed learned helplessness and those that did not. This suggests that reduction of neurogenesis does not constitute a primary etiology of depression. It has been previously shown that IS can cause various post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)‐like behavioral changes in rats. The aim of the present was therefore to examined whether the reduction of BrdU‐positive cells relates to any PTSD‐like behavioral changes in this paradigm.Methods:  Rats were given either inescapable foot‐shocks (IS) or not shocked (non‐S) treatment in a shuttle box on day 1 and received BrdU injections once daily during the first week after IS/non‐S treatment. On day 14, rats treated with IS and non‐S were given an avoidance/escape test in the shuttle box and dorsal hippocampal SGZ were analyzed by BrdU immunohistochemistry.Results:  In accordance with previously reported results, IS loading resulted in fewer BrdU‐positive cells in the hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ). Furthermore, in the IS‐treated group, the number of BrdU‐positive cells in the hippocampal SGZ was negatively correlated at a significant level with several hyperactive behavioral parameters but not with hypoactive behavioral parameters. Earlier findings had indicated that chronic selective serotonin re‐uptake inhibitor administration, which is known to increase hippocampal neurogenesis, restored the increase in hypervigilant/hyperarousal behavior but did not attenuate the increase in numbing/avoidance behavior.Conclusion:  The regulatory mechanism responsible for the decreased proliferation and survival of cells in the hippocampus may be related to the pathogenic processes of hypervigilance/hyperarousal behaviors.
Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) triggers Ca2+ responses in cultured astrocytes and in Bergmann glial cells from cerebellar slices
Authors: Morara Stefano , Wang Li‐Ping , Filippov Vitaly , Dickerson Ian M. , Grohovaz Fabio , Provini Luciano , Kettenmann Helmut 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe neuropeptide calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) is transiently expressed in cerebellar climbing fibers during development while its receptor is mainly expressed in astrocytes, in particular Bergmann glial cells. Here, we analyzed the effects of CGRP on astrocytic calcium signaling. Mouse cultured astrocytes from cerebellar or cerebral cortex as well as Bergmann glial cells from acutely isolated cerebellar slices were loaded with the Ca2+ sensor Fura‐2. CGRP triggered transient increases in intracellular Ca2+ in astrocytes in culture as well as in acute slices. Responses were observed in the concentration range of 1 nm to 1 mm, in both the cell body and its processes. The calcium transients were dependent on release from intracellular stores as they were blocked by thapsigargin but not by the absence of extracellular calcium. In addition, after CGRP application a further delayed transient increase in calcium activity could be observed. Finally, cerebellar astrocytes from neonatal mice expressed receptor component protein, a component of the CGRP receptor, as revealed by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. It is thus proposed that the CGRP‐containing afferent fibers in the cerebellum (the climbing fibers) modulate calcium in astrocytes by releasing the neuropeptide during development and hence possibly influence the differentiation of Purkinje cells.
Neural basis of music imagery and the effect of musical expertise
Authors: Herholz Sibylle C. , Lappe Claudia , Knief Arne , Pantev Christo 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAlthough the influence of long‐term musical training on the processing of heard music has been the subject of many studies, the neural basis of music imagery and the effect of musical expertise remain insufficiently understood. By means of magnetoencephalography (MEG) we compared musicians and nonmusicians in a musical imagery task with familiar melodies. Subjects listened to the beginnings of the melodies, continued them in their imagination and then heard a tone which was either a correct or an incorrect further continuation of the melody. Only in musicians was the imagery of these melodies strong enough to elicit an early preattentive brain response to unexpected incorrect continuations of the imagined melodies; this response, the imagery mismatch negativity (iMMN), peaked ∼175 ms after tone onset and was right‐lateralized. In contrast to previous studies the iMMN was not based on a heard but on a purely imagined memory trace. Our results suggest that in trained musicians imagery and perception rely on similar neuronal correlates, and that the musicians’ intense musical training has modified this network to achieve a superior ability for imagery and preattentive processing of music.
Neural correlates of spontaneous percept switches in ambiguous stimuli: an event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Ilg Rüdiger , Wohlschläger Afra M. , Burazanis Stefan , Wöller Andreas , Nunnemann Sabine , Mühlau Mark 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWhen ambiguous visual stimuli are being looked at, perception alternates spontaneously between two competing interpretations of the same sensory input. One major issue in understanding the underlying neural process is whether spontaneous percept switches result from fluctuations at the level of sensory processes or whether they are initiated by higher‐order areas. To further study this question, we developed an ambiguous apparent motion paradigm that specifically focused on the generation of percept switches. The percept switches occurred either spontaneously or were experimentally triggered. The differential analysis of spontaneous and triggered percept switches was aimed at disentangling the causes and effects of percept switches. Spontaneous percept switches were associated with stronger activations at the right occipitotemporal junction, whereas prefrontal, superior temporal and inferior parietal regions showed greater activations during experimentally triggered percept switches. We propose that complex networks including both sensory and higher‐order areas are involved in percept switches, whereas stimulus‐specific sensory processes are crucial for the initiation of spontaneous percept switches.
The timing of the conscious intention to move
Authors: Matsuhashi Masao , Hallett Mark 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe foundation of modern neuroscience and psychology about intention for action was laid by B. Libet et al. [(1983) Brain106, 623–642]. They reported the time of awareness of wanting to move to be about 0.2 s before voluntary movement onset. However, despite repeated confirmation of the result, their method has been criticised for its dependence on self‐reported timing and subjective memory, and the interpretation has been widely debated without general consensus. Here, we show that the mean time of the conscious intention to move was 1.42 s before movement, estimated based on the subject’s real‐time decision of whether or not there was a thought to move when a tone occurred. This event is after the onset of the bereitschaftspotential, an electroencephalographic activity preceding voluntary movement, but about 1 s earlier than the timing of intention reported previously based on the subject’s recall. Our result solves some problems of the conventional method, thus giving a clearer answer to the controversies. The difference between the conventional result and our result suggests that the perception of intention rises through multiple levels of awareness, starting just after the brain initiates movement.
Genetic identification of morphologically cryptic agricultural pests
Authors: Ellis J. S. , Blackshaw R. , Parker W. , Hicks H. , Knight M. E. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract1 Wireworms are the polyphagous larvae of click beetles and are well known as agricultural pests. Larvae of the genus Agriotes are internationally recognized as economically important pests of potato. Historically associated with crop damage after conversion of grassland, they are an increasing problem even in all‐arable rotations.2 Current studies of Agriotes ecology and behaviour, and consequently control and management, are seriously hampered by the lack of a means of reliably identifying larvae owing to morphological crypsis during this life‐stage.3 Here, sequence data at the mitochondrial 16SrRNA gene are presented for three species of wireworm: Agriotes obscurus, A. lineatus, and A. sputator. A novel terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) technique is described that identifies larvae of these species. This technique is shown to be both efficient and reliable. Interestingly, thus far the samples tested have yielded no A. lineatus. Implications for future study of wireworm ecology and control are discussed.
ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF DISTURBANCES IN THE STRIATED MUSCLE OF THE URETHRAL SPHINCTER
Authors: Franksson C. , Petersén I. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYAn electromyography study is presented of the external urethral sphincter in sixteen cases with varying types of incontinence and disturbances of maturation.1. Anatomical defects in the muscles could be demonstrated and charted in seven cases.2. Neurogenic sphincteral disturbances were present in five cases. Characteristic electromyography changes are described.3. Five cases with nocturnal enuresis were investigated. The electromyography findings are reported and discussed.
A COMPARATIVE TRIAL OF UROGRAFIN AND Diagonal: TWO NEW MEDIA FOR INTRAVENOUS PYELOGRAPHY
Authors: Lea P. A. W. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYA clinical trial comparing the properties of urografin and SO per cent. Diagonal is described.From the results it would appear that urografin produces slightly more satisfactory pyelograms and is free from side reactions if injected slowly but that the difference between the two media is not striking.
TESTICULAR ARTERY ARCHING OVER RENAL VEIN: CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VARICOCELE
Authors: Notkovich Hilel 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY1. In a series of dissections performed on fifty bodies it was found that the testicular artery on one or other side (16 per cent. on the left, 4 per cent. on the right) takes a recurrent course and describes an arch over the renal vein. The testicular artery having such a course is referred to in this work as the “arched testicular artery.”2. The arched testicular artery frequently gives branches to the suprarenal gland.3. In two left‐sided cases a localised constriction of the renal vein was found where it was crossed by the arched testicular artery. In one of these cases a pronounced varicocele was present on the same side.4. The possible role of the arched testicular artery in the pathogenesis of varicocele and orthostatic albuminuria is discussed.5. The possible danger of injury to the arched testicular artery and to its suprarenal branches in the course of nephrectomy is considered.
EMBRYONAL CARCINOMA OF THE TESTIS IN AN INFANT
Authors: Doyle GeraldB. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY1. A case has been reported of embryonal carcinoma of the testis with fatal metastases in an infant.2. Twenty‐five cases of similar pathology in young children have been gathered from the literature of the past thirty years and tabulated.3. The incidence and classification of the tuniours has been discussed and a few comments added about prognosis and treatment.
THE DYNAMICS OF THE RENAL PELVIS AND URETER WITH REFERENCE TO CONGENITAL HYDRONEPHROSIS1
Authors: F.R.C.S.E. G. F. Murnaghan 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY1. The movement patterns of the normal pelvi‐ureteric segment as seen on cinepyelography, at operation or during perfusion, suggest that co‐ordinated contractions of the renal pelvis and upper ureter are associated with a uniform distribution of mixed muscle spirals at the pelviureteric junction.2. In congenital hydronephrosis pelvi‐ureteric inco‐ordination can be demonstrated at operation or during perfusion by raising the intrapelvic pressure, and may be associated with a predominance of longitudinal muscle fibres at the pelvi‐ureteric junction in place of the normal spirals.3. The part played by this defect in the genesis of the various clinical types of hydronephrosis is outlined and a possible mechanism for the production of the pelvic dilatation is suggested.
VESICAL REGENERATION IN THE HUMAN AFTER TOTAL CYSTECTOMY AND IMPLANTATION OF A PLASTIC MOULD
Authors: Sanchez R. Portilla , Blanco F. L. , Santamarina A. , Roa J. Casals , Mata J. , Kaufman A. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY1. Regeneration of the bladder after extensive partial cystectomy or accidental necrosis has been reported in the medical literature of our time.2. We report a case of total cystectomy with implantation of a plastic mould in the place previously occupied by the bladder.3. When the plastic mould was removed twelve weeks later, we found that the cavity was similar to a normal bladder, with transitional epithelium of vesical type.4. This cavity was larger than the plastic mould.5. A descending pyelogram made after the mould was removed showed that kidney function was normal; that the ureters drained normally to the newly formed cavity; and that the mild hydronephrosis produced during the time the mould had remained in place had practically disappeared.6. Histological study of biopsies taken in different areas of the newly formed cavity showed that it was lined by a transitional epithelium of vesical type over a membrane formed of connective tissue infiltrated with round cells. We did not find plain muscular fibres isolated or grouped in bundles.7. We are not aware of this operation having been performed previously in human beings.
Observations on the Musculature of the Urinary Bladder and the Urethra in the Human Foetus
Authors: DRÖES J.TH.P.M. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYThe development of the vesico‐urethral musculature was studied in human foetuses between 6 and 20 cm CRL.Three smooth muscular systems can be discerned: the detrusor muscle, the trigonal muscle system and the smooth urethral musculature. In the male the prostatic musculature develops independent of these smooth muscle tissues. The development of the striated urethral musculature is described.Comparing different stages of development in male and female it was found that the detrusor as well as the ventral urethral wall are essentially identical in both sexes and change little during development.The differences between the male and female urethra in the adult are caused mainly by developmental changes in the dorsal urethral wall.
Simple Renal Hypothermia
Authors: MARSHALL VILLIS , BLANDY JOHN 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA blood‐warming coil immersed in ice‐slush rapidly lowers the temperature of normal saline and allows it to be used to cool a kidney to the range of hypothermia which protects it from the effects of ischaemia. This simple method of hypothermia has been shown to be effective in operations on 9 kidneys.
The Urethral Pressure Profile: Theoretical Considerations and Clinical Application
Authors: EDWARDS LYNN , MALVERN JOHN 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA simple technique for the urethral pressure profile estimation has been studied and evaluated. The estimation would appear to be relatively free of sources of error.The diagnostic importance of the test in distinguishing between the normal patient and the patient with sphincter weakness has been discussed.We should like to thank the consultants at the Shaftsbury Hospital, London Hospital and Chelsea Hospital for Women for referring patients to us, and in particular Professor C. J. Dewhurst of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Professor J. P. Blandy of the London Hospital.One of us (L. E.) carried out this work as part of the requirement for the M. Chir. degree of the University of Cambridge.
Ultrasound in the Staging of Bladder Tumours
Authors: MCLAUGHLIN I. S. , MORLEY P. , DEANE R. F. , BARNETT E. , GRAHAM A. G. , KYLE K. F. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe ultrasonic features of 162 bladder tumours are described.Comparing clinical staging by the TNM system and the ultrasonic appearances, there is a high degree of accuracy in staging by ultrasound.The use of this painless non‐invasive technique is assessed and should be used in staging bladder tumours only in conjunction with other established methods, and not in isolation.
The Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance of Delayed Hypersensitivity Skin Testing in Patients with Urological Cancer
Authors: WILLIAMS GORDON , CASTRO J. E. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe responses to several skin test antigens of patients with bladder or prostatic cancer has been compared with responses of normal controls.All of the controls and all of the patients with prostatic cancer (irrespective of the stage of the tumour or the method of treatment) showed responses to dinitrochlorbenzene. 80% of all patients with bladder cancer responded to DNCB, but a highly significant number of patients with advanced disease showed no response. This test appears especially useful in predicting the prognosis in patients with bladder tumours and its routine use is recommended.Response to candida extract, streptokinase/streptodornase (SKSD) and purified protein derivative (PPD) were also studied. No conclusion could be drawn as to their value as a prognostic index.
Urinary Lithiasis in Childhood in the Bristol Clinical Area
Authors: GACHES C. G. C. , GORDON I. R. S. , SHORE D. F. , ROBERTS J. B. M. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA series of 59 consecutive cases of urinary calculi in childhood is presented, being acquired from one local area (Bristol). These children were treated from 1950 to 1973. The peak presentation was in the 2nd and 3rd year of life, with a secondary peak in the 10th year. Anatomical (39%), metabolic (8‐5%) or primary infective abnormalities (29%) were demonstrable, but 22% had to be left in an unsatisfactory “idiopathic classification”. The overall recurrence rate of 7% was reduced to 3·5 % when those patients with cystinuria were excluded. The local water supply areas have been studied and a tentative association is suggested between patients and their environment when they live in an area where the water is not only hard but also alkaline (pH > 8).
Atraumatic Rupture of the Kidney A Case Report with Autopsy
Authors: TØNJUM S. , AARDAL N. P. , HARTVEIT F. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryA case of atraumatic rupture of the parenchyma of the right kidney with gross retroperitoneal haemorrhage is reported in an old woman.The underlying vascular lesion was probably arteriosclerotic and associated with hypertension.
The Radiological Diagnosis of “Avascular” Renal Tumours
Authors: WRIGHT F. W. , WALKER M. M. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryIn the past 9 years we have encountered 3 renal space‐occupying lesions, which were “avascular” at arteriography but which appeared to be tumours, as shown by renal puncture or “antegrade” pyelography. All had an irregular inner border demonstrated.The investigation and radiological diagnosis of such masses is discussed and compared with that of renal cysts.
Kaposi's Sarcoma of the Penis
Authors: HOUSTON WILLIAM , PONTIN ALAN , KUHN TRUDI , MAMBO NOBE 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThe 11th case of Kaposi's sarcoma of the glans penis is reported. Aetiology and treatment are discussed and evidence adduced to support a conservative surgical approach by local excision, supplemented if necessary by low dosage irradiation and possibly methotrexate infusion.
Paradigm shifts in marine fisheries genetics: ugly hypotheses slain by beautiful facts
Authors: Hauser Lorenz , Carvalho Gary R 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBy providing new approaches to the investigation of demographic and evolutionary dynamics of wild populations, molecular genetics has led to fundamental changes in our understanding of marine ecology. In particular, genetic approaches have revolutionized our understanding in three areas: (i) most importantly, they have contributed to the discovery of extensive genetic population structure in many marine species, overturning the notion of large, essentially homogenous marine populations limiting local adaptation and speciation. (ii) Concomitant differences in ecologically important traits now indicate extensive adaptive differentiation and biocomplexity, potentially increasing the resilience to exploitation and disturbance. Evidence for rapid adaptive change in many populations underlies recent concerns about fisheries‐induced evolution affecting life‐history traits. (iii) A compilation of recent published research shows estimated effective population sizes that are 2–6 orders of magnitude smaller than census sizes, suggesting more complex recruitment dynamics in marine species than previously assumed. Studies on Atlantic cod are used to illustrate these paradigm shifts. In our synthesis, we emphasize the implications of these discoveries for marine ecology and evolution as well as the management and conservation of exploited marine fish populations. An important implication of genetic structuring and the potential for adaptive divergence is that locally adapted populations are unlikely to be replaced through immigration, with potentially detrimental consequences for the resilience to environmental change – a key consideration for sustainable fisheries management.