bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Separation and Characterization of the Structural Isomers of Octa‐tert‐Butylphthalocyanines and Dienophilic Phthalocyanine Derivatives
Authors: Rodríguez‐Morgade Salomé , Hanack Michael 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOcta‐tert‐butylphthalocyanina‐tonickel(II) (4) was synthesized from 3,5‐di‐tert‐butylphthalonitrile (1) and nickel acetate. A nonstatistical mixture of the four structural isomers 4a–d was obtained. The isolation of the structural isomers 4a–d by preparative HPLC (MPLC) allowed their unequivocal identification and characterization by spectroscopic techniques. Moreover, a new family of tert‐butyl‐substituted phthalocya‐nines 6–10 containing dienophilic functionalities were prepared by condensation of 3,5‐di‐tert‐butylphthalonitrile (1) with 6,7–dicyano‐1,4‐epoxy‐1,4‐dihydronaphthalene (5). The separation of the phthalocyanines 6–10 and of some of their structural isomers was accomplished by normal column chromatography. The structural isomers were characterized by spectroscopic methods in terms of their symmetry.
Thermal Conversion of closo−1,2‐(SiMe3)2−1,2‐C2B4H4 to closo‐1,6‐(SiMe3)2−1,6‐C2B4H4: Structure Determination by Ab Initio Calculations, Gas‐Phase Electron Diffraction, and Low‐Temperature X‐Ray Diffraction
Authors: Maguire John A. , Lu Kai‐Juan , Thomas Colacot J. , Gray Thomas G. , Wang Ying , Eintracht Jason F. , Hosmane Narayan S. , Binder Herbert , Wanitschek Michael , Borrmann Horst , Simon Arndt , Oberhammer Heinz 
Published: July 2007

Abstractcloso−1,2‐(SiMe3)2−1,2‐C2B4H4 undergoes thermal conversion to 1,6‐(SiMe3)2−1,6‐C2B4H4. The reaction pathway was monitored by 11B NMR spectroscopy. The structures of the 1,2‐ and 1,6‐isomers were optimized at the HF/6‐31 G* ab initio level. Gas‐phase electron diffraction studies for both isomers are reported, as well as low‐temperature X‐ray crystal structure determinations. Comparison of calculated structural data with the data obtained experimentally shows good agreement between theory and experiment.
Toward Controllable Molecular Shuttles
Authors: Anelli Pier‐Lucio , Asakawa Masumi , Ashton Peter R. , Bissell Richard A. , Clavier Gilles , Górski Romuald , Kaifer Angel E. , Langford Steven J. , Mattersteig Gunter , Menzer Stephan , Philp Douglas , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Spencer Neil , Stoddart J. Fraser , Tolley Malcolm S. , Williams David J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA number of nanometer‐scale molecular assemblies, based on rotaxane‐type structures, have been synthesized by means of a template‐directed strategy from simple building blocks that, on account of the molecular recognition arising from the noncovalent interactions between them, are able to self‐assemble into potential molecular abacuses. In all the cases investigated, the π‐electron‐deficient tetracationic cyclophane cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) is constrained mechanically around a dumbbell‐shaped component consisting of a linear polyether chain intercepted by at least two, if not three, π‐electron‐rich units and terminated at each end by blocking groups or stoppers. The development of an approach toward constructing these molecular abacuses, in which the tetracationic cyclophane is able to shuttle back and forth with respect to the dumbbell‐shaped component, begins with the self‐assembly of a [2]rotaxane consisting of two hydroquinone rings symmetrically positioned within a polyether chain terminated by triisopropylsilyl ether blocking groups. In this first so‐called molecular shuttle, the tetracationic cyclophane oscillates in a degenerate fashion between the two π‐electron‐rich hydroquinone rings. Replacement of one of the hydroquinone rings—or the insertion of another π‐electron‐rich ring system between the two hydroquinine rings—introduces the possibility of translational isomerism, a phenomenon that arises because of the different relative positions and populations of the tetracationic cyclophane with respect to the π‐donor sites on the dumbbell‐shaped component. In two subsequent [2]rotaxanes, one of the hydroquinone rings in the dumbbell‐shaped component is replaced, first by a p‐xylyl and then by an indole unit. Finally, a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) unit is positioned between two hydroquinone rings in the dumbbell‐shaped component. Spectroscopic and electrochemical investigations carried out on these first‐generation molecular shuttles show that they could be developed as molecular switches.
Bidirectional and Convergent Routes to oligo(Tetrahydrofurans)
Authors: Koert Ulrich , Stein Matthias , Wagner Holger 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOligo(tetrahydrofurans) (oligo‐THFs) 8–12 have been synthesised stereoselectively. Multiple Williamson reactions were used as key steps. While oligo‐THFs with an even number of THF rings like the bi‐THFs 8 and 9 as well as the tetra‐THFs 10 and 11 were obtained by a bidirectional strategy, the penta‐THF 12 with an odd number of THF rings was prepared by a convergent strategy with a sulfone–aldehyde coupling as connecting step. The oligo‐THF products are important structural features of natural (Annonaceae acetogenins) and non‐natural (artificial ion channels) products.
Eating disorder not otherwise specified in an inpatient unit: the impact of altering the DSM‐IV criteria for anorexia and bulimia nervosa
Authors: Dalle Grave Riccardo , Calugi Simona 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate (1) the Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (EDNOS) prevalence in an eating disorder inpatient unit; (2) the impact of altering the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa on the prevalence of EDNOS.MethodOne hundred and eighty six eating disorder patients consecutively hospitalised were included in the study. The prevalence of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and EDNOS was evaluated with the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE). The EDNOS prevalence was recalculated after the alteration of three diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa and one for bulimia nervosa.ResultsSeventy eight patients (41.9%) met the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa, 33 (17.8%) for bulimia nervosa and 75 (40.3%) for EDNOS. The alteration of the DSM‐IV diagnostic criteria reduced the prevalence of EDNOS to 28 cases (15%).ConclusionEDNOS is a very frequent diagnostic category in an inpatient setting. Altering the diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa reduced significantly the prevalence of EDNOS. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Personality in non‐clinical adolescents with eating disorders
Authors: Sancho Carolina , Arija María Victoria , Canals Josepa 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to examine whether personality‐related differences also exist in non‐clinical adolescents with any given type of eating disorder (ED) and whether personality characteristics are associated with changes in the course of the diagnosis.MethodAn initial sample of 1336 boys and girls (mean age: 11.37, SD = 0.62) was assessed in a two‐phase long‐term study. A total of 258 subjects were selected from the initial sample (T1) and contacted again 2 years later (T2) (n = 200). These subjects comprise the sample group of this study. Of these, 51 were diagnosed with ED (37 with diagnosis type anorexia (DTA) and 14 with diagnosis type bulimia (DTB)). An experimental version of the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory (JTCI) was applied.ResultsSubjects with DTA had significantly higher scores on Reward Dependence and Self‐Directedness factors than subjects with no diagnosis or DTB, respectively. Subjects with DTB had higher scores on Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance and Spirituality factors than subjects with forms of anorexia or without diagnosed ED. Subjects with ED remission had significantly lower scores on Persistence and Self‐Directedness scales. ED incident subjects had significantly higher scores on Harm Avoidance.ConclusionsSubjects without full‐blown syndromes have similar temperament characteristics to subjects with full eating disorders. These results support the theory that non‐full‐blown syndromes differ from full syndromes only in pathological severity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with weekly paclitaxel and carboplatin for locally advanced head and neck cancer: Long‐term follow‐up of a Brown University Oncology Group Phase II Study (HN‐53)
Authors: Chougule Prakash B. , Akhtar Muhammad S. , Rathore Ritesh , Koness James , McRae Robert , Nigri Peter , Radie‐Keane Kathie , Kennedy Teresa , Wanebo Harold J. , Ready Neal 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground.A phase II study was conducted using concurrent paclitaxel, carboplatin, and external beam radiotherapy (RT) in patients with advanced head and neck cancer.Methods.Forty‐three patients (stage III, n = 12; stage IV, n = 31) were treated with 8 cycles of weekly paclitaxel (60 mg/m2), carboplatin (area under the curve [AUC] = 1), and RT (1.8 Gy daily; total dose, 66–72 Gy). Patients with initially palpable lymph nodes underwent neck dissection.Results.The overall clinical response rate was 91% (65% complete, 26% partial). Severe mucositis occurred in 37 (90%) patients, necessitating hospitalization in 13 (31%) patients. With a median follow‐up of 49 months, the locoregional and distant failure rates were 26% and 21%, respectively.Conclusions.Concurrent paclitaxel, carboplatin, and RT for advanced head and neck cancer results in high complete response rates. Long‐term follow‐up has revealed the curative potential of this regimen, though the doses used resulted in unacceptable toxicity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2008
Clinical Application of Resorbable Polymers in Guided Bone Regeneration
Authors: Ip Wing‐Yuik , Gogolewski Sylwester 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSummary: Guided bone regeneration was shown to be successful in vitro and in vivo using resorbable or nonresorbable materials. Resorbable material has the advantage of progressive substitution by bone. Resorbable polymers of ∝‐hydroxy acids like polylactide or polyglycolide are commonly used for tissue engineering and in guided bone regeneration. In clinical studies, guided bone regeneration was successful in non‐weight bearing bone, e.g. in dental surgery and craniofacial surgery. This paper reports the preliminary result of using resorbable poly(L/DL‐lactide) 80/20% scaffolds in weight bearing bone with infected large segmental defects as well as in small bony defects of hand due to benign tumour, bone graft donor sites and as an adjunct for joint fusion. Resorbable polylactide implants were used in the form of membranes, large 3‐D sponges, chips or as injectable paste. Implants were impregnated with marrow blood to add an osteoinductive component. Long‐term follow up revealed that these implants are promising candidates for bone graft substitutes.
A geoelectrical model of the Barguzin basin in the Baikal Rift Zone
Authors: Epov M.I. , Nevedrova N.N. , Sanchaa A.M. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
We processed data from geophysical survey archives of the 1950s acquired in intermontane basins in the Baikal rift, including a large collection of vertical electric soundings (VES) from the Barguzin basin, which remained only partly interpreted. The processing and reinterpretation became possible with the advanced computing facilities and software for forward modeling and inversion, and GIS tools. We estimated the electrical parameters and modeled the complex block structure of the uppermost basement and sediments beneath the Barguzin basin.
The effect of seismic events on sliding deformations of the Bratsk water reservoir shores
Authors: Trzhtsinsky Yu.B. , Kozyreva E.A. , Radziminovich Ya.B. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Research has shown that the creation of the Bratsk water reservoir considerably changed the seismic conditions in this area of the Siberian Platform. Seismic records revealed a significant increase in the energy classes of earthquakes with epicenters in the north of the reservoir, in trap intrusion zone. The change in engineering-geologic conditions and frequent seismic events affected the rate of development of gravitational deformations on the shore slopes.
Evolutionary nature of structure formation in lithospheric material: universal principle for fractality of solids
Authors: Makarov P.V. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Destruction of geomaterials and geomedia material, as well as general brittle and ductile materials, have been treated theoretically and experimentally using the general approach of nonlinear dynamic systems. The process of destruction in loaded solids (inelastic deformation, damage accumulation, fracture) is presented as a space-time evolution of a nonlinear dynamic system, which allows interpreting all deformation and fracture within the limits of a single theory. The space-time hierarchies of nonlinear systems were found out to undergo collective effects and self-organization. The experimental and theoretical studies of the evolution of loaded solids revealed their universal fractality and showed brittle fracture and plastic deformation to be self-similar processes at different scales, for which scaling parameters have been estimated. The evolution of inelastic strain and destruction of solids is modeled numerically in terms of hierarchic systems.
Seismic strain in the Altai-Sayan active seismic area and elements of collisional geodynamics
Authors: Gol’din S.V. , Kuchai O.A. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Seismic strain estimated from about 900 earthquake mechanisms in the Altai-Sayan area indicates that the area evolves mainly under N-S compression caused by the India-Eurasia collision. Plastic flow in the mountains of the western and central Altai-Sayan area is controlled by convergence of aseismic rigid blocks, including the Dzungarian microplate, the Minusa basin, the Tuva basin, Uvs Nuur and other basins in the region of Great Lakes in Mongolia. Earthquake rupture follows the existing fault pattern. The pattern of rigid blocks and mountain ranges correlates well with upper mantle thermal heterogeneity as imaged by seismic tomography.
Earthquake mechanisms in the presence of plate convergence depend on different factors. Slip geometry depends on focal depth at a given geodynamic regime, and the latter, in terms of the seismic process, is controlled by lateral (W-E) constraint. Reverse-slip earthquakes most often originate at shallow depths in regions of constrained compression, such as the Tien Shan, and strike slip is the dominant mechanism under non-constrained and moderately constrained compression. The direction of slip is governed by the parallel component of convergence and by the fault pattern. In regions of strain shadow, slip occurs mostly on normal planes, and shallow earthquakes have strike-slip mechanisms. The crust in the collisional region is divided into systems of rigid and plastic blocks (rheological structure) and of fault blocks (fault-block structure). The two types of systems coexist and determine the generally similar but specifically different features of local mass transfer.
The Private Sector and Peace in El Salvador, Guatemala, and Colombia
Authors: RETTBERG ANGELIKA 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe private sector plays a fundamental role in peace negotiations and in the implementation of agreements, as comparison between El Salvador, Guatemala and Colombia indicates. However, private sector involvement in peace negotiations varies: Conflict cost perceptions, degrees of unity of the pro-peace business faction, and varied access to the peace policymaking process account for important differences across the cases. Thus this article points to the need to fine-tune our understanding of private sector behaviour in the context of armed conflict and peace and underscores how private sector characteristics and business-state relations affect the emergence of peace negotiations and shape resultant outcomes.
Piece of mind; a full systems approach is required
Authors: Rae Caroline 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIntelligence studies are confounded by an inability to image the mind, as well as by heterogeneity in intelligence constructs, gender, and age. The ghost (of future, not past) sitting at the table is a molecular one. Biochemistry and molecular biology factors can contribute to or take away from intelligence to a great and not yet fully explored extent.
Variety and genesis of the pyroxene-bearing S- and I-type granitoids from the Hidaka Metamorphic Belt, Hokkaido, northern Japan
Authors: Shimura Toshiaki , Owada Masaaki , Osanai Yasuhito , Komatsu Masayuki , Kagami Hiroo 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe high-dT/dP-type Hidaka Metamorphic Belt in Hokkaido, northern Japan, represents a tilted crustal section of a magmatic arc of Tertiary age. The highest metamorphic grades reached are granulite facies, and the syn-metamorphic granitic rocks are widely distributed in this metamorphic terrane. The granitic rocks are mainly tonalitic and granodioritic in composition, and are classified into peraluminous (S-type) and metaluminous (I-type) granitoids. A large amount of pyroxene-bearing S-type tonalites (garnet-orthopyroxene tonalite) is distributed in the Niikappu river region in the northern part of the Hidaka Metamorphic Belt. Pyroxene-bearing I-type tonalite (two-pyroxene hornblende tonalite) bodies are also distributed in this area.The pyroxene-bearing tonalites are classified into several sub-types on the basis of their field occurrence, texture, mineral assemblage and geochemical features. Homogeneous IH- and SH-type tonalite are thought to represent original magmas, i.e. those which have been generated by partial melting of mafic metamorphic rocks and pelitic-psammitic metamorphic rocks, respectively. Model calculations assuming batch partial melting indicate that possible restites are garnet-two-pyroxene mafic granulite for IH-type and garnet-orthopyroxene aluminous granulite for SH-type. The unexposed lowermost crust of the ‘Hidaka crust’ is thought to be composed of garnet-two-pyroxene mafic granulite, garnet-orthopyroxene aluminous granulite and metagabbros.
Analysis of array CGH data for cancer studies using fused quantile regression
Authors: Li Youjuan , Zhu Ji 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMotivation: The identification of DNA copy number changes provides insights that may advance our understanding of initiation and progression of cancer. Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) has emerged as a technique allowing high-throughput genome-wide scanning for chromosomal aberrations. A number of statistical methods have been proposed for the analysis of array-CGH data. In this article, we consider a fused quantile regression model based on three motivations: (1) quantile regression may provide a more comprehensive picture for the ratio profile of copy numbers than the standard mean regression approach; (2) for simplicity, most available methods assume uniform spacing between neighboring clones, while incorporating the information of physical locations of clones may be helpful and (3) most current methods have a set of tuning parameters that must be carefully tuned, which introduces complexity to the implementation.Results: We formulate the detection of regions of gains and losses in a fused regularized quantile regression framework, incorporating physical locations of clones. We derive an efficient algorithm that computes the entire solution path for the resulting optimization problem, and we propose a simple estimate for the complexity of the fitted model, which leads to convenient selection of the tuning parameter. Three published array-CGH datasets are used to demonstrate our approach.Availability: R code are available at http://www.stat.lsa.umich.edu/~jizhu/code/cgh/Contact: jizhu@umich.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A Study of Gibberellin Homeostasis and Cryptochrome-Mediated Blue Light Inhibition of Hypocotyl Elongation
Authors: Zhao Xiaoying , Yu Xuhong , Foo Eloise , Symons Gregory M. , Lopez Javier , Bendehakkalu Krishnaprasad T. , Xiang Jing , Weller James L. , Liu Xuanming , Reid James B. , Lin Chentao 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCryptochromes mediate blue light-dependent photomorphogenic responses, such as inhibition of hypocotyl elongation. To investigate the underlying mechanism, we analyzed a genetic suppressor, scc7-D (suppressors of cry1cry2), which suppressed the long-hypocotyl phenotype of the cry1cry2 (cryptochrome1/cryptochrome2) mutant in a light-dependent but wavelength-independent manner. scc7-D is a gain-of-expression allele of the GA2ox8 gene encoding a gibberellin (GA)-inactivating enzyme, GA 2-oxidase. Although scc7-D is hypersensitive to light, transgenic seedlings expressing GA2ox at a level higher than scc7-D showed a constitutive photomorphogenic phenotype, confirming a general role of GA2ox and GA in the suppression of hypocotyl elongation. Prompted by this result, we investigated blue light regulation of mRNA expression of the GA metabolic and catabolic genes. We demonstrated that cryptochromes are required for the blue light regulation of GA2ox1, GA20ox1, and GA3ox1 expression in transient induction, continuous illumination, and photoperiodic conditions. The kinetics of cryptochrome induction of GA2ox1 expression and cryptochrome suppression of GA20ox1 or GA3ox1 expression correlate with the cryptochrome-dependent transient reduction of GA4 in etiolated wild-type seedlings exposed to blue light. Therefore we propose that in deetiolating seedlings, cryptochromes mediate blue light regulation of GA catabolic/metabolic genes, which affect GA levels and hypocotyl elongation. Surprisingly, no significant change in the GA4 content was detected in the whole shoot samples of the wild-type or cry1cry2 seedlings grown in the dark or continuous blue light, suggesting that cryptochromes may also regulate GA responsiveness and/or trigger cell- or tissue-specific changes of the level of bioactive GAs.
C3 and C4 Pathways of Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation in Marine Diatoms Are under Genetic, Not Environmental, Control
Authors: Roberts Karen , Granum Espen , Leegood Richard C. , Raven John A. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Marine diatoms are responsible for up to 20% of global CO2 fixation. Their photosynthetic efficiency is enhanced by concentrating CO2 around Rubisco, diminishing photorespiration, but the mechanism is yet to be resolved. Diatoms have been regarded as C3 photosynthesizers, but recent metabolic labeling and genome sequencing data suggest that they perform C4 photosynthesis. We studied the pathways of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in two diatoms by short-term metabolic 14C labeling. In Thalassiosira weissflogii, both C3 (glycerate-P and triose-P) and C4 (mainly malate) compounds were major initial (2–5 s) products, whereas Thalassiosira pseudonana produced mainly C3 and C6 (hexose-P) compounds. The data provide evidence of C3-C4 intermediate photosynthesis in T. weissflogii, but exclusively C3 photosynthesis in T. pseudonana. The labeling patterns were the same for cells grown at near-ambient (380 μL L−1) and low (100 μL L−1) CO2 concentrations. The lack of environmental modulation of carbon assimilatory pathways was supported in T. pseudonana by measurements of gene transcript and protein abundances of C4-metabolic enzymes (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) and Rubisco. This study suggests that the photosynthetic pathways of diatoms are diverse, and may involve combined CO2-concentrating mechanisms. Furthermore, it emphasizes the requirement for metabolic and functional genetic and enzymic analyses before accepting the presence of C4-metabolic enzymes as evidence for C4 photosynthesis.