bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harnessing a University to address rural health workforce shortages in Australia
Authors: Lyle David , Klineberg Iven , Taylor Susan , Jolly Neryla , Fuller Jeffrey , Canalese Joe 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjective:  To describe the efforts of health faculties at the University of Sydney to contribute to the recruitment and retention of rural health professionals and examine for opportunities that would benefit from an institutional‐led response. Design:  Cross‐sectional survey. Setting:  The University of Sydney as a leading institution for health science education in New South Wales, which produces approximately 40% of all health science graduates in the state each year. Participants:  Staff responsible for course coordination within the faculties of Dentistry, Medicine, Nursing and Midwifery, and Pharmacy; and eight disciplines of the Faculty of Health Sciences. Results:  Of the two educational strategies associated with future rural employment, more progress has been made with rural placements, which were offered by all but one of the health courses. Efforts aimed at the other key strategy of attracting and supporting rural origin students were not well developed. Dentistry, Medicine, Pharmacy and only one Faculty of Health Sciences programs had more than 0.2 full‐time equivalent staff to support rural initiatives. Conclusion:  Despite the significant government investment in rural health education, the University of Sydney experience demonstrates that this does not necessarily translate into adequate internal resources available for every course or program to optimise performance for rural health workforce outcomes. In an environment of competing priorities, benefits are likely to accrue from strategies that draw on the existing resource base and operate through greater collaborative action, coordinated at the institutional level.
Rural adolescents experiencing an urban transition
Authors: Bramston Paul , Patrick Jeff 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjective:  To determine the distress levels of adolescents leaving rural Queensland towns for urban boarding schools. Design:  A questionnaire study and focus groups were used to collect data from students who made the transition and those who did not. Participants:  Two hundred and fifty‐five rural students completed the questionnaire and of these 36 left home to attend an urban boarding school. Twenty‐eight students participated in one of five focus groups. Measures:  Self‐report scales administered were Life Events Scale and the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale. A semistructured set of prompts was used in the focus groups. Results:  Both methodologies revealed adolescents reported coping well with the transition from rural and remote family homes and schools to boarding school in the city. Reported distress levels of those who moved were no higher than those who did not and homesickness, while common, was rarely high or enduring. Adolescents who moved offered useful insights in the focus groups into the best and worst aspects of the transition; how best to cope, and how families and schools can ease their path. Conclusions:  In general, adolescents who leave isolated homes and schools to board in the city manage the transition surprisingly well and regard the transition as having a number of advantages. Being prepared for the move emerged as important.
Development of Parent‐ and Teacher‐Reported Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Young People with Intellectual Disabilities: Does Level of Intellectual Disability Matter?
Authors: De Ruiter Karen P. , Dekker Marielle C. , Douma Jolanda C. H. , Verhulst Frank C. , Koot Hans M. 
Published: July 2007

Background  This study described similarities and differences in the 5‐year stability and change of problem behaviour between youths attending schools for children with mild to borderline (MiID) versus moderate intellectual disabilities (MoID).Methods  A two‐wave multiple‐birth‐cohort sample of 6 to 18‐year‐old was assessed twice across a 5‐year interval using the Developmental Behaviour Checklist Primary Carer version (n = 718) and Teacher version (n = 313).Results  For most types of problem behaviour youths with MiID and MoID showed similar levels of stability of individual differences, persistence and onset of psychopathology. Whenever differences were found, youths with MoID showed the highest level of stability, persistence and onset across informants. Mean levels of parent‐reported, but not teacher‐reported, problem behaviour, regardless of level of intellectual disability, decreased during the 5‐year follow‐up period.Conclusions  Youths with MoID and MiID are at risk for persistent psychopathology to a similar degree. Different informants showed to have a different evaluation of the level and the amount of change of problem behaviour, and should be considered complementary in the diagnostic process.
Microgeographic variation of colour morph frequency and biometry of common wall lizards
Authors: Sacchi R. , Scali S. , Pupin F. , Gentilli A. , Galeotti P. , Fasola M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe throat and belly of both sexes of the common wall lizard Podarcis muralis exhibit a polymorphic coloration with three morphs (white, yellow and red). We documented the occurrence of this polymorphism in 11 populations of northern Italy, and investigated the morphometric features of the three morphs in both sexes. The white morph was more frequent (56.6%), while yellow and red morphs accounted for 28.7 and 14.7% of the lizards, respectively. Moreover, the red morphotype was more frequent among males while the white one was more frequent among females. The occurrence of the three morphs varied microgeographically from populations with a higher proportion of white individuals to those where all morphs were more equally represented. The comparisons of morphometry between morphs did not reveal any significant difference among males, while snout–vent length and head height in females increased from the white‐throated to the yellow‐throated morph, and from the yellow‐throated morph to the red‐throated one. Possible functions of this polymorphic coloration are discussed.
Are High‐Quality Cardiac Surgeons Less Likely to Operate on High‐Risk Patients Compared to Low‐Quality Surgeons? Evidence from New York State
Authors: Glance Laurent G. , Dick Andrew , Mukamel Dana B. , Li Yue , Osler Turner M. 
Published: July 2007

Context. It is unknown whether high‐risk cardiac surgical patients have less access to high‐quality surgeons compared with lower‐risk patients.Objective. To determine whether high‐quality surgeons are less likely to perform coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery on high‐risk patients compared with low‐quality surgeons.Design, Setting, and Patients. Retrospective cohort study using the New York State (NYS) CABG Surgery Reporting System (CSRS) of all patients undergoing CABG surgery in NYS who were discharged between 1997 and 1999 (51,750 patients; 2.20 percent mortality). Regression modeling was used to estimate the association between surgeon quality and patient risk of death. Surgeon quality was quantified using the observed‐to‐expected mortality ratio (O‐to‐E ratio).Results. Higher‐risk patients are more likely to receive CABG surgery from higher‐quality surgeons. For every 10 percentage point increase in patient risk of death (e.g., from 5 to 15 percent), there is an absolute reduction of 0.034 in the surgeon O‐to‐E ratio (p < .001).Conclusion. This study suggests that high‐risk CABG patients are significantly more likely to receive care from high‐quality surgeons compared with lower risk patients.
Apoptosis in the liver: a matter of ion fluxes and oxidative stress: Third International Conference of the Collaborative Research Center ‘Experimental Hepatology’ (SFB‐575), Düsseldorf, Germany, 13–14 October 2006
Authors: Schulze‐Osthoff Klaus , Häussinger Dieter 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe cell death of hepatocytes is a characteristic feature of liver damage triggered by viral infection, drug abuse, fat overload or autoimmunity. Apoptosis is currently the best‐understood form of cell death; however, the precise mechanisms leading to apoptosis in liver disease are largely unknown. Several cellular processes including alterations in cell hydration and ion homeostasis, osmotic and oxidative stress, lysosomal permeabilization as well as alternate forms of cell death may contribute to liver damage. The intriguing complexity and relevance of these processes for liver failure were addressed at the Third International Conference of the Collaborative Research Center ‘Experimental Hepatology’ (SFB‐575),which was held in Düsseldorf, Germany, in 13–14 October 2006. The aim of this symposium was to bring together leading researchers studying cell death pathways in the liver and other systems and to share ideas and recent research findings. This report covers some of the salient and stimulating contributions of the meeting and gives an updated survey of the advances in this burgeoning field of translational medicine.
Variable Interatrial Conduction Illustrated in a Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Population
Authors: Holmqvist Fredrik , Platonov Pyotr G. , Carlson Jonas , Havmöller Rasmus , Waktare Johan E.P. , McKenna William J. , Olsson S. Bertil , Meurling Carl J. 
Published: July 2007

Background: Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) have a high incidence of atrial fibrillation. They also have a longer P‐wave duration than healthy controls, indicating conduction alterations. Previous studies have demonstrated orthogonal P‐wave morphology alterations in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. In the present study, the P‐wave morphology of patients with HCM was compared with that of matched controls in order to explore the nature of the atrial conduction alterations. Methods and Results: A total of 65 patients (45 men, mean age 49 ± 15) with HCM were included. The control population (n = 65) was age and gender matched (45 men, mean age 49 ± 15). Five minutes of 12‐lead ECG was recorded. The data were subsequently transformed to orthogonal lead data, and unfiltered signal‐averaged P‐wave analysis was performed.The P‐wave duration was longer in the HCM patients compared to the controls (149 ± 22 vs 130 ± 16 ms, P < 0.0001). Examination of the P‐wave morphology demonstrated changes in conduction patterns compatible with interatrial conduction block of varying severity in both groups, but a higher degree of interatrial block seen in the HCM population. These changes were most prominent in the Leads Y and Z. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the longer P‐wave duration observed in HCM patients may be explained by a higher prevalence of block in one or more of the interatrial conduction routes.
Computer‐Aided Systematized Approach to Pediatric ECG Analysis
Authors: Molina Marcos S. , Benjo Alexandre M. , Molina Alessandra I. , Favarato Desiderio , Tobias Nancy , Garcia Euler de Vilhena , Ramires José A. F. , Pastore Carlos Alberto 
Published: July 2007

Background: In pediatric electrocardiography (ECG), the correct classification of segments in the medical record is subjected to various components. A conventional analysis based either on the cardiologist's skills or a quick reference to a standard normality table may lead to mistakes and to an incorrect final medical diagnosis. In this study, the evaluation of 12 specific ECG segments (ES) is defined as segmental analysis (SA). We hypothesized that a computer‐aided SA can provide better results for a correct classification of pediatric ECGs, compared to the conventional analysis. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of a computer‐aided SA ECG diagnosis of pediatric patients by cardiologists. Methods: To validate the software, we selected four normal and one altered ECG as references, all with concordant reports given by two cardiologists using manual planimetry. Nineteen cardiology experts independently examined each of the five standard pediatric ECGs twice. First, the ECG was analyzed in the conventional form. Subsequently, the participants evaluated ECGs with our proposed computer‐aided AS, by measuring the 12 specific ES in the grid paper and having their values entered into a custom‐made software, in order to compare them with normality standards. Results: The computer‐aided SA reduced ECG misreading or ECG misinterpretation errors by 83%. It also showed a more uniform, high‐quality analysis of all ES (minimum of 92% correctly reviewed segments from normal pediatric ECGs) by all the participant cardiologists. Conclusions: We consider the computer‐aided SA for ECG evaluation in pediatric cardiology an efficient and safe complementary method.
A general growth stage key for describing trees and woody plants
Authors: Finn G.A. , Straszewski A.E. , Peterson V. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract Biologishe Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and CHemical Industry (BBCH) scales are a system for the uniform coding of phenologically similar growth stages of plants, using a two‐digit decimal code. Currently, scales exist for a number of tree and woody species grown as crops; however, researchers are often forced to adapt existing scales or create their own when describing other tree or woody species growing as crops or weeds. This paper describes a general BBCH scale for the phenological growth stages of tree and woody species, including plant‐specific descriptions and decimal codes covering vegetative and reproductive stages. The scale uses eight of the 10 principal BBCH stages, starting with sprouting/bud development (stage 0) and ending with dormancy (stage 9). This BBCH scale represents a single, standardised growth stage key for describing the growth of needle‐bearing and leaf‐bearing woody plants and promotes the adoption of the use of BBCH scales more widely. It is expected that the scale will form the basis for the creation of further scales specific for family, genus or species.
Resistance to broomrape (Orobanche crenata) in faba bean (Vicia faba): cell wall changes associated with prehaustorial defensive mechanisms
Authors: Pérez‐de‐Luque A. , Lozano M.D. , Moreno M.T. , Testillano P.S. , Rubiales D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBroomrapes (Orobanchespp.) are parasitic angiosperms, which attach to the roots of the hosts to take water and nutrients from them. No complete control measures are available to date, but breeding for resistance remains as one of the most feasible and environmentally friendly methods. However, the mechanisms governing the interaction between these parasites and the host are not yet well understood. We studied the cellular changes associated with the resistance toOrobanche crenatain faba bean as mechanisms involved or responsible for resistance. Two cultivars of faba bean, resistant and susceptible toO. crenatainfection, were used. The evolution of the infection and the changes in the cell and tissue organisation and wall components of the host cells were followed and evaluated in both genotypes. Samples of compatible and incompatible interactions were fixed and sectioned, and specific cytochemical methods for different cell components were applied, results being analysed under light and epifluorescence microscopy. A higher proportion ofO. crenataseedlings unable to penetrate the root was found on the resistant genotype. Reinforcement of cell walls by callose deposition hampers parasite penetration through the cortex. Lignification of endodermal cells prevents further penetration of the parasite into the central cylinder.
PROXIMATE AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF IMPORTED VERSUS DOMESTIC BEEF CUTS FOR RESTAURANT USE IN VENEZUELA
Authors: HUERTA‐MONTAUTI D. , VILLA V. , DE MORENO L. ARENAS , RODAS‐GONZÁLEZ A. , GIUFFRIDA‐MENDOZA M. , HUERTA‐LEIDENZ N. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT United States Department of Agriculture “Choice or Higher” (IMPORTED) beef represented by 20 biceps femoris (BF) and 10 longissimus dorsi thoracis (LDT) samples were compared in proximate and mineral composition to Venezuelan (DOMESTIC) counterparts (24 BF and 14 LDT from Venezuelan “AA” and “A” grades, respectively). DOMESTIC samples had higher moisture content (P < 0.001). Lipid content of IMPORTED LDT (7.97 ± 0.60 g/100 g) quadrupled that of “A” grade LDT and almost tripled that of “AA” grade LDT (P < 0.05). Mineral content of DOMESTIC samples did not vary (P > 0.05) by grade. DOMESTIC samples showed lower concentrations of Ca, Fe and Zn, and higher P and K than IMPORTED samples (P < 0.05). Potential advantages for marketing leaner Venezuelan samples in the diet/health consumer niche exist. However, both IMPORTED and DOMESTIC beef samples are highly nutritious foods and good sources of protein, Fe, P and Zn.
EVALUATION OF SHELF LIFE AND SPOILAGE PATTERN OF AEROBICALLY STORED BUFFALO LIVER
Authors: DEVATKAL SURESH , MENDIRATTA S.K. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT Buffalo meat significantly contributes toward sustainability of food chain in India and in developing countries. Buffalo liver is an important edible by‐product that can provide essential nutrients at a lower cost if utilized effectively. In this study, the shelf life and spoilage pattern of aerobically stored buffalo liver at 4 ± 1C were evaluated based on changes in pH, extract release volume (ERV), aerobic plate counts (APCs) at 37C; APC at 20C; and organoleptic scores. A significant (P < 0.05) decrease of pH from 6.43 to 5.96 was observed during 6 days of storage. An ERV value of 1.27 mL on day 0 gradually increased to 4.48 mL on the sixth day of storage. The average values of APC at 37C were 4.96, 5.76, 6.53 and 7.15 log10 cfu/g on days 0, 2, 4 and 6, respectively. Similarly, the mean values of APC at 20C were 5.23, 6.50, 7.10 and 7.48 log10 cfu/g on days 0, 2, 4 and 6, respectively. An organoleptic evaluation indicated that liver spoilage organisms preferentially utilize simple carbohydrates, such as glucose, and do not produce offensive odor during the initial storage period. The high glucose content of liver allows the spoilage bacteria to form visible colonies on the exposed surface before any off‐odor develops. These findings suggest that odor parameter may not be useful for the assessment of shelf life of liver, because an off‐odor appeared when microbial counts were log7 cfu/g and the livers have been previously rejected for overall appearance and the presence of surface colonies. Therefore, based on these results of shelf‐life evaluation, it was concluded that buffalo liver was acceptable microbiologically and organoleptically up to the third day of storage at 4C.
EFFECTS OF FAT LEVEL AND STORAGE TIME ON LIPID AND COLOR STABILITY OF NATURALLY FERMENTED TURKISH SAUSAGES (SUCUK)
Authors: SOYER AYLA , ERTAS AHMET HAMDI 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT Lipid oxidation, lipolysis and color stability of naturally fermented Turkish sausages with different initial fat content (10, 20 and 30%) were studied during 60 days of storage of the vacuum‐packed sausages at 4 ± 2°C. During storage, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and total free fatty acids (FFAs) were measured to determine lipid oxidation and lipolysis. Changes in color were determined by measuring Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) L* (lightness), a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) color variables. Vacuum packing prevented any drying. Initial fat content and storage time had a significant impact on FFA and TBA values of sausages. High fat contents and prolonged storage times resulted in high lipolytic activity and lipid oxidation. CIE L*, a* and b* color variables of the sausages were affected by fat content, whereas only the a* variable was affected by storage time. Higher initial fat content in the sausages and residual oxygen in vacuum packing could be responsible for the observed differences in oxidative stability. Lipid and color stability were not maintained in vacuum‐packed sausages with a high fat content.
Guidelines on the insertion and management of central venous access devices in adults
Authors: BISHOP L. , DOUGHERTY L. , BODENHAM A. , MANSI J. , CROWE P. , KIBBLER C. , SHANNON M. , TRELEAVEN J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryCentral venous access devices are used in many branched of medicine where venous access is required for either long‐term or a short‐term care. These guidelines review the types of access devices available and make a number of major recommendations. Their respective advantages and disadvantages in various clinical settings are outlined. Patient care prior to, and immediately following insertion is discussed in the context of possible complications and how these are best avoided. There is a section addressing long‐term care of in‐dwelling devices. Techniques of insertion and removal are reviewed and management of the problems which are most likely to occur following insertion including infection, misplacement and thrombosis are discussed. Care of patients with coagulopathies is addressed and there is a section addressing catheter‐related problems.
Protective effects of BML‐111, a lipoxin A4 receptor agonist, on carbon tetrachloride‐induced liver injury in mice
Authors: Zhang Li , Wan Jingyuan , Li Hongzhong , Wu Ping , Jin Shengwei , Zhou Xiaoyan , Yuan Ping , Xiong Wei , Li Yongsheng , Ye Duyun 
Published: July 2007

Background:  Lipoxins (LX) are trihydroxytetraene‐containing eicosanoids that display unique anti‐inflammatory and pro‐resolving actions during various inflammatory conditions, but the pathophysiological significance of LX in liver disorders remains unknown.Methods:  In the present study, we used a murine model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)‐induced acute liver injury to investigate the effects of LX on the progression of acute liver injury.Results:  The results indicated that the lipoxin A4 receptor (ALX) was upregulated after giving CCl4. BML‐111, a commercially available ALX agonist, effectively protected the liver from CCl4‐induced injury as evidenced by decreased serum aminotransferase (ALT, AST) levels and improved histological damage. The dampened liver injury was accompanied byreduced malondialdehyde (MDA) content in liver homogenates and decreased concentration of tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) in the serum. Most interestingly, BML‐111 markedly upregulated hepatic heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) expression in CCl4‐treated mice, which might provide antioxidative activities in the liver.Conclusion:  These data indicate that ALX agonist BML‐111 plays a critical protective role in CCl4‐induced acute liver injury through limiting the inflammatory response and promoting antioxidative protein expression.
Separation of large mammalian ventricular myosin differing in ATPase activityThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Cardiovascular Dysfunction, Dhalla 70th Birthday Tribute.
Authors: Rupp Heinz , Maisch Bernhard 
Published: July 2007

To investigate a possible heterogeneity of human ventricular myosin, papillary muscles of patients with valvular dysfunction were examined using a modified native gel electrophoresis. Myosin was separated into 2 components termed VA and VB, whereby the VA to VB proportion appeared to depend on the ventricular load. The proportion of the faster migrating band VA was correlated (P < 0.05) with end-diastolic pressure and the aortic pressure-cardiac index product. The regression based on these variables accounted for 67% of the variation in VA (R2 = 0.67). The VA proportion was, however, not significantly correlated with cardiac norepinephrine concentration. The ATPase activity of the 2 components of myosin was assessed from the Ca3(PO4)2 precipitation by incubating the gel in the presence of ATP and CaCl2. The ATPase activity of VA was 60% of that of VB. The VA and VB forms were observed also in the cat (31.4% VA), dog (32.1% VA), pig (28.5% VA), wild pig (33.7% VA), and roe deer (30.5% VA). VA and VB were not detected in the rat exhibiting the 3 isoforms V1, V2, and V3, rabbit (100% V3), and hare (86% V1). The data demonstrate a heterogeneity of large mammalian ventricular myosin, whereby an increased cardiac load appeared to be associated with a higher myosin VA proportion that exhibited a reduced ATPase activity.