bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary Relationships among Sympatric Life History Forms of Dolly Varden Inhabiting the Landlocked Kronotsky Lake, Kamchatka, and a Neighboring Anadromous Population
Authors: Ostberg C. O. , Pavlov S. D. , Hauser L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe investigated the evolutionary relationships among five sympatric morphs of Dolly VardenSalvelinus malma(white, Schmidti, longhead, river, and dwarf) inhabiting landlocked Kronotsky Lake on the Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia, and an anadromous population below the barrier waterfall on the outflowing Kronotsky River. Morphological analyses indicated phenotypic differentiation corresponding to preferred habitat, the longhead (a limnetic piscivorous morph) having a fusiform body, long jaw, and short fins and the Schmidti (a benthic morph) having a robust body, small jaw, and long fins. Analysis of molecular variance among the Kronotsky Lake morphs indicated that contemporary gene flow is restricted both among morphs within locations and among locations within morphs. Gene flow from Kronotsky Lake into the anadromous population also appears to be restricted. Our findings indicate that there are two divergent evolutionary lineages, one consisting of the white, Schmidti, river, and dwarf morphs and the other of the longhead morph and the anadromous population, which suggests that Kronotsky Lake was subject to separate waves of immigration. The Kronotsky Lake Dolly Varden morphs may represent an example of ecological speciation in progress, and we present a working hypothesis for the diversification of morphs within Kronotsky Lake.
Untangling the Complexities of Depression Diagnosis in Older Cancer Patients
Authors: Weinberger Mark I. , Roth Andrew J. , Nelson Christian J. 
Published: January 2009

Learning Objectives
Identify the two “gateway” symptoms of depression. Describe and differentiate symptoms of depression in cancer patients. Analyze the most common symptoms of depression in geriatric cancer patients in order to determine best care management.
This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.
Anti–Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Monotherapy in the Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Where Are We Today?
Authors: Peeters Marc , Price Tim , Van Laethem Jean-Luc 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Over the past 10 years there has been a significant increase in the armamentarium of agents available for use in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). Among these new agents are two monoclonal antibodies targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR): cetuximab, a mouse–human chimeric monoclonal antibody, and panitumumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody. Both are approved as monotherapy for the treatment of chemotherapy-refractory advanced CRC. Cetuximab is also indicated for use in combination with irinotecan. Here, we review 10 reports of phase II and III clinical studies of patients treated with panitumumab or cetuximab monotherapy. The clinical trials demonstrate similar efficacy profiles for advanced CRC patients treated with panitumumab and cetuximab monotherapy, with some differences in their adverse event profiles. In addition, the recent results of retrospective tumor KRAS gene mutational analyses in CRC patients treated with anti-EGFR monotherapy are reviewed. Data from the clinical trials reviewed here clearly demonstrate that anti-EGFR monotherapy is an effective treatment modality for patients with chemotherapy-refractory advanced CRC.
Sorafenib for the Treatment of Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Kane Robert C. , Farrell Ann T. , Madabushi Rajanikanth , Booth Brian , Chattopadhyay Somesh , Sridhara Rajeshwari , Justice Robert , Pazdur Richard 
Published: January 2009

Learning Objectives
Evaluate the evidence of improved overall survival with the use of sorafenib for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Recognize the potential for drug interactions for sorafenib with concurrent use of drugs that can induce or inhibit CYP3A4. Recognize side effects of sorafenib therapy including elevated blood pressure, diarrhea, fatigue, skin rash/ desquamation, hand–foot skin reaction, alopecia, and nausea, and counsel your patients about side effect management.
This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.
Comparative analysis of gene expression in brain, liver, skeletal muscles, and gills of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to environmentally relevant waterborne uranium concentrations
Authors: Lerebours Adélaïde , Gonzalez Patrice , Adam Christelle , Camilleri Virginie , Bourdineaud Jean-Paul , Garnier-Laplace Jacqueline 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The effects of waterborne uranium (U) exposure on gene expression were examined in four organs (brain, liver, skeletal muscles, and gills) of the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Adult male fish were exposed to three treatments: No added uranium (control), 23 ± 6 μg U/L, and 130 ± 34 μg U/L. After 3, 10, 21, and 28 d of exposure and an 8-d depuration period, gene expression and uranium bioaccumulation were analyzed. Bioaccumulation decreased significantly in liver during the depuration phase, and genes involved in detoxification, apoptotic mechanism, and immune response were strongly induced. Among these genes, abcb3l1, which belongs to the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—binding cassette transporter family, was induced 4- and 24-fold in organisms previously exposed to 23 ± 6 and 130 ± 34 μg U/L, respectively. These results highlight the role of liver in detoxification mechanisms. In gills, at the highest uranium concentration, gpx1a, cat, sod1, and sod2 genes were up-regulated at day 21, indicating the onset of an oxidative stress. Mitochondrial metabolism and DNA integrity also were affected, because coxI, atp5f1, and rad51 genes were up-regulated at day 21 and during the depuration phase. In skeletal muscles, coxI, atp5f1, and cat were induced at day 3, suggesting an impact on the mitochondrial metabolism and production of reactive oxygen species. In brain, glsI also was induced at day 3, suggesting a need in the glutamate synthesis involved with neuron transmission. No changes in gene expression were observed in brain and skeletal muscles at days 21 and 28, although bioaccumulation increased. During the depuration phase, uranium excretion was inefficient in brain and skeletal muscles, and expression of most of the tissue-specific genes was repressed or unchanged.
Association of mesenteric portovenographic findings with outcome in cats receiving surgical treatment for single congenital portosystemic shunts
Authors: Lipscomb Victoria J. , Lee Karla C. , Lamb Christopher R. , Brockman Daniel J. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether hepatic portal vascularity assessed via intraoperative mesenteric portovenography (IMP) is related to outcome in cats undergoing surgical attenuation of a congenital portosystemic shunt (CPSS).
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—25 cats, each with 1 CPSS, in which IMP was performed before and after temporary complete occlusion of the shunting vessel to provide complete (n = 9) or partial (16) shunt attenuation.
Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for signalment, clinical history, postoperative complications, clinical outcome, and results of bile acids stimulation testing. Portovenograms obtained before and after shunt occlusion were graded to determine whether degree of intrahepatic portal branching was correlated with degree of shunt attenuation, clinical or biochemical factors, postoperative complications, or outcome. In 12 of the 16 cats that had partial CPSS attenuation, procedures were later repeated to achieve complete (n = 9) and additional partial (1) CPSS attenuation.
Results—Degree of opacification of the intrahepatic portal vessels increased significantly (higher portovenogram grade) after CPSS attenuation. The median portovenogram grade assigned after temporary shunt occlusion at the first surgery was significantly higher in cats that did not have postattenuation neurologic complications or neurologic signs at follow-up than in cats that did. It was also higher in cats that had a better clinical response to surgery versus those that had a poor response and in cats with reduced preprandial and postprandial serum bile acids concentrations at follow-up versus those that did not.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—IMP may be used to help predict complications and outcome following surgical treatment of CPSS in cats.
Use of a balloon-expandable metallic stent to relieve malignant urethral obstruction in a cat
Authors: Newman Rebecca G. , Mehler Stephen J. , Kitchell Barbara E. , Beal Matthew W. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Case Description—A 19-year-old neutered male domestic shorthair cat was evaluated because of signs of urinary tract obstruction.
Clinical Findings—Physical examination findings were consistent with urethral obstruction, and a mass could be palpated in the region of the bladder neck. Abdominal ultrasonography and thoracic radiography revealed a mass in the trigone of the urinary bladder and a solitary mass in the left caudal lung lobe. Cytologic examination of the urine sediment, samples obtained by means of traumatic urethral catheterization, and fine-needle aspirates of the bladder mass did not result in a diagnosis.
Treatment and Outcome—A balloon-expandable metallic stent was placed in the proximal portion of the urethra to relieve the malignant obstruction. After stent placement, the cat had signs of urinary incontinence and detrusor atony, both of which resolved with medical treatment. The cat was euthanized 1 month after stent placement because of progressive azotemia. Histologic examination of necropsy samples revealed grade III urothelial carcinoma and papillary pulmonary adenocarcinoma.
Clinical Relevance—Findings suggested that stent placement may be a viable palliative treatment in cats with malignant urinary obstruction.
Echinococcus multilocularis is a frequent parasite of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Latvia
Authors: Bagrade G. , Šnábel V. , Romig T. , Ozoliņš J. , Hüttner M. , Miterpáková M. , Ševcová D. , Dubinský P. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
45 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from various regions of Latvia were examined by necropsy between 2003 and 2008 for the presence and infection intensity of Echinococcus multilocularis. The overall prevalence was 35.6 %, with the intensity of infection ranging from 1 to 1438. Although a limited number of foxes were examined, the prevalence was high and infected animals were found throughout the country. Considering the increasing number of humans infected with echinococcosis in Latvia since 2002, the situation is highly suggestive of a recent emergence of E. multilocularis. DNA sequences of four fox isolates were examined by multilocus analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear genes (cox1, nad1, rrnS, atp6, actII). All isolates were allocated to the predominant genetic form in Europe, with partial affinity of one isolate to a genotype that had previously been reported from southern Germany.
Flow pattern in horizontal and vertical two phase flow in small diameter pipes
Authors: Barnea D. , Luninski Y. , Taitel Y. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractNew data on flow pattern transition for gas liquid flow in small diameter tubes (4 to 12 mm) is presented. The experimental results are compared with previously published models for horizontal and vertical flows considered to be valid for medium and large diameter pipes. The effect of surface tension which might be expected to be important in small diameter pipe flow has been found to affect only the stratified‐slug transition in horizontal flow. A modification to the model to include this effect is proposed.
Numerical modelling of heat transfer processes with supplementary data
Authors: Kolenda Zygmunt , Szmyd Janusz , Slupek Stanislaw , Baez Luis Martinez 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMathematical models of heat transfer processes are usually studied using formulation that is unique in the mathematical sense. For example, in solving initial‐boundary value problems in conduction heat transfer, the mathematical model consists of the governing equation and initial and boundary conditions. An extension of such an approach by introducing the supplementary information (or data) concerning the process has been proposed here as a method for verifying the accuracy of the model equations. This means that the mathematical model consists of more equations than unknowns which leads in consequence to a finite set of probable solutions. A criterion for choosing the most probable solution has been proposed. Special attention has been paid to numerical formulation. Computational methods have been derived using the Lagrange multipliers. Theoretical considerations have been illustrated by computing the temperature distribution inside a laboratory combustion chamber.
Zinc hydrosulphite by three‐phase fluidization: Experiments and model
Authors: Sastri N. V. S. , Epstein N. , Hirata A. , Koshijima I. , Izumi M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA cocurrent flow of pure gaseous SO2 and liquid H2O was used to fluidize particulate zinc in order to produce industrial concentrations of zinc hydrosulphite, ZnS2O4. Based on transport phenomena and reaction kinetics, measured concentration profiles of both absorbed SO2 and reacted Zn, as well as mean solid holdups, were best predicted by a combined bubble‐wake and axially dispersed plug flow model.
Prediction of residual capacity in thin adsorbers
Authors: Sacco Albert , Bac Nurcan , Hammarstrom Janet L. , Chung Bin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA simple reliable method to measure Residual Adsorption Capacity (RAC) of charcoal adsorbers on which a gas is physisorbed has been developed. The method consists of passing a pulse of weakly adsorbed gas(es) through the adsorption filter(s) and measuring the retention time. This retention time is then correlated to the residual adsorption capacity. In order to predict the retention time‐RAC relationship for filters with various configurations and bulk densities, this pulse test was mathematically modeled. The numerical solution of the model involved estimating the transport rate parameters, using existing correlations and the moment technique. A perturbation analysis indicated that the accuracy of the model is closely associated with the estimates of adsorption equilibrium constant and the intraparticle diffusion coefficient of the test gas. The model is shown to be accurate in predicting the RAC of an adsorber under dry and humid conditions from a limited data set.
Effect of ultrasonic energy on coal extraction by specific solvents
Authors: Cooke N. E. , Gaikwad R. P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractCoals of three different ranks have been extracted by four different solvents, namely, pyridine, quinoline, tetralin and tetrahydroquinoline while being irradiated with ultrasonic energy in the 60 kHz range.The effect of initial particle size, coal rank and time of irradiation has been investigated.The effect of temperature on the highest yield systems for a particular coal has also been studied at 30°, 45° and 65°C.
Flotation of uranium from uranium ores in canada: Part I‐flotation results with elliot lake uranium ores using chelating agents as collectors
Authors: Muthuswami S. V. , Vijayan S. , Woods D. R. , Banerjee S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAbout 150 flotation tests were done on Elliot Lake ore with 15 reagents as collectors in order to screen and choose an attractive collector for uranium flotation. Several variables were studied including pH, conditioning time and mode of collector addition. The tests were done in a Denver or Agitair subacration cell. The particle size of the ore was kept at 85% below‐325 mesh. Three reagents (Kelex 100, TOPO, and cupferron) were identified as having the most promise. The best results were obtained with cupferron, where 93‐95% of the uranium was recovered in 25‐30% of the mass of original ore. Radium in the tails varied between 15 and 30 pCi/g depending on the mass of uranium floated. Radium was recovered in proportion to uranium in the tests done at neutral pH. The preconcentration results obtained by flotation alone were comparable to those obtained by Raicevic of CANMET using pyrite flotation and wet high intensity magnetic separation of uranium. The consumption of cupferron was 4 kg/Mg ore for each flotation stage. This was 10‐15 times larger than the collector usage in conventional oxide flotation. This scheme did not require other reagents as depressants, activators or modifiers. Reproducibility was good and similar recoveries were obtained with fresh or old ores, and with distilled or mine water. The selectivity of cupferron for uranium in the ore studied was outstanding.
Modified predominance area diagrams for the Fe‐S‐O system
Authors: Chakraborti N. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractUsing existing thermodynamic information predominance area diagrams were reconstructed for the Fe‐S‐O system. Isobar lines of constant total pressures of species in the vapor phase and the isopleths of constant O/S atomic ratios were added to the diagrams by solving multi‐component equilibria. The diagrams were constructed at temperatures typical of pyrometallurgical roasting operations and the present roasting practice was examined critically using these modified diagrams.
Evaluation of butyl stearate, butyl oleate, butyl ricmoleate, and methyl lmoleate as poly(vinyl chloride) plasticizers
Authors: Riser G. R. , Bloom F. W. , Witnauer L. P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn investigation of butyl stearate, butyl oleate, butyl rieinoleate, and methyl lmoleate was made to determine the extent of their compatibility with poly(vinyl chloride) and their plasticizing effects on the physical, properties of the resulting molded sheets. These monoesters were evaluated as the sole plasticizer and in combination with DOP. The results showed the materials to have limited compatibility in general, being less than 10% of the total mix. In combination with DOP these compounds were found to improve the plasticizer efficiency, color, low temperature flexibility, and heat stability of the molded poly (vinyl chloride) sheets over those containing DOP as the sole plasticizer. Tensile strength, per cent elongation, and light stability properties were essentially comparable to those found for pure DOP.
Measurement of solids in triglycerides using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Taylor J. R. , Pohle W. D. , Gregory R. L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA rapid and accurate method using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is presented for determining the percentage of solids in fats and shortenings conditioned at selected temperatures or as received in the laboratory. This method provides more reliable information on the solids content of fatty materials than the empirical dilatometric solid fat index, and is applicable in the range of 50舑100% solids which is beyond the limit of the official solid fat index method.The relationship between instrument response and actual solids present was determined on known mixtures of liquid and solid triglycerides. NMR and solid fat index (SFI) measurements were made on a series of commercial margarine oils of varying composition and consistency. Comparisons are presented giving the precision of the two techniques and the relationship between percentage of solids by the NMR technique and the solids fat index.
Homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated fats: Iron Pentacarbonyl
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Peters Helen M. , Jones E. P. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIron pentacarbonyl is an effective homogeneous catalyst for the reduction of polyunsaturated fats. Hydrogenation of soybean oil and its methyl esters has been achieved at 180C, hydrogen pressures of 100‐1,000 psi, and 0.05舑0.5 molar concentrations of catalyst. Analyses of partially reduced products show considerable isomerization of double bonds, reduction of linolenate and linoleate with little or no increase in stearate, and accumulation ofcis,trans‐ andtrans, trans‐conjugated dienes, and isolatedtrans monoenes. The unreduced trienes include diene conjugated fatty esters. The nonconjugated dienes contain large amounts oftrans and nonalkali conjugatable unsaturation. Considerable scattering of double bonds is evident in different fractions between the C4 and C16 positions. Complex formation between iron carbonyl and unsaturated fats is also indicated.The course of the homogeneous hydrogenation catalyzed by iron pentacarbonyl appears similar to the heterogeneous catalytic reaction. Metal carbonyls are well known for their isomerizing effects and their ability to form stable complexes with olefins. These homogeneous complexes provide suitable model systems to study the mechanism of catalytic hydrogenation of fats.
New nonionic detergents derived from epoxidized oils
Authors: Johnson K. L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA new class of nonionic detergents derived from epoxidized oils having an oxirane oxygen content of 6舑10% is discussed. Their mol wt and micellar wt distributions, as studied in the ultracentrifuge, are presented and cited as partial explanations for their unique properties as compared to conventional nonionic detergents such as ethoxylated alkyl phenols. Critical micelle concentrations (CMC) determined by light scattering data are presented.
Chromatographic analysis of sucrose esters of long chain fatty acids
Authors: Mima Hiroyuki , Kitamori Nobuyuki 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe procedure of the quantitative analysis of the components of sucrose ester products is described. By thin‐layer chromatography, sucrose ester products have been separated into their components: mono‐,di‐,tri‐, and higher esters. The individual components have been extracted from the plate and determined colorimetrically by using anthrone reagent. Standard substances of monoesters, diesters and triesters, which have been synthesized from gas‐chromatographically pure methyl esters of fatty acids, have been isolated by column chromatography and identified by elemental analysis, colorimetric determination and N.M.R. determination.
Triglyceride composition of native and rearranged butter and coconut oils
Authors: Kuksis A. , Mccarthy M. J. , Beveridge J. M. R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTriglyceride gas chromatography was used for quantitative fractionation by carbon number of native and rearranged butter and coconut oils. Significant differences in the triglyceride type distributions between the corresponding native and chemically modified fats were found. Increased proportions of both short and long chain triglycerides occurred in the rearranged butterfat. In reconstituted coconut oil there was a shift towards the shorter chain length triglycerides. The natural and the rearranged triglyceride distributions of the two oils were shown to differ from the random distributions calculated for the corresponding fatty acid complements. The butterfat triglyceride compositions showed greater deviations from random than did the coconut oils. The modified oils approached random distributions more closely than did the native ones. In both cases the deviations from truly random populations appeared to be in the direction anticipated on the basis of chemical reactivity.