bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility of colostrum-deprived swine of various ages to streptococcic lymphadenitis
Authors: Wood Richard L. , Wessman Garner E. , Cutlip Randall C. , Matthews Peter J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of age on susceptibility of young pigs to streptococcic lymphadenitis was investigated. Twenty-nine cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs were allotted to 7 groups exposed to type IV group E Streptococcus (ges) at 5, 14, 28, 35, 56, 70, and 84 days of age. Four cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs were maintained as nonexposed controls. Six naturally farrowed, susceptible controls were exposed to ges at 63 to 84 days of age. All exposed pigs were killed and necropsied 28 days after exposure. Lesions of streptococcic lymphadenitis were not observed in pigs exposed at 5 or 14 days of age, except for 1 microabscess in a mandibular lymph node in a pig exposed at 14 days, but ges was recovered from 11% of lymph nodes examined from pigs of those age groups. Lesions and ges-positive lymph nodes were frequent in cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs exposed at 28 days and older and in susceptible controls. Serologic response to exposure, as determined by microtitration agglutination test and bactericidal test, was observed only in pigs exposed at 14 days and older. The absence of abscess development in pigs exposed at 5 or 14 days of age was not caused by antibody or failure of infecting organisms to reach the target organs.
Pharmacokinetic disposition of dimethyl sulfoxide administered intravenously to horses
Authors: Blythe Linda L. , Craig A. Morrie , Christensen J. Mark , Appell Loren H. , Slizeski Marilyn L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) was administered iv to 6 Thoroughbred horses at 2 dosages: 1.0 g/kg and 0.1 g/kg. The pharmacokinetics seemed linear, with biological half-lives of 8.6 ± 0.3 hours and 9.8 ± 2 2 hours for the 1.0 g/kg and 0.1 g/kg dosages, respectively. This was further substantiated by mean residence times of 9.8 ± 0.44 hours and 13.8 ± 4.25 hours, areas under the curve of 12.55 ± 1.42 mg/ml/hr and 1.63 ± 0.49 mg/ml/hr, and the clearances of 0.081 ± 0.009 L/kg/hr and 0.066 ±,0.022 L/kg/ hr for the large and small dosages, respectively. At 12 hours after 1.0 g/kg was administered, 26.6% of the dmso dose was excreted unchanged into the urine; at 12 hours after 0.1 g/kg was administered, 25.3% of the dmso dose was excreted unchanged into the urine. It was predicted that 29.4% and 40.6% of the total dmso dose would be excreted into the urine for the 1.0 g/kg and 0.1 g/kg dosages, respectively.
A 10% dmso concentration in normal saline solution was safe to give as rapid iv infusion. Slow administration is recommended for more concentrated solutions. Based on the half-life, dmso should be administered 2 times a day rv for the treatment of increased intracranial pressure and/or cerebral edema in horses.
Effects of naloxone in treating hemorrhagic shock in dogs with maintained baroreceptor responsiveness
Authors: Wagner-Mann Colette C. , Gross David R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The efficacy of treating hemorrhagic shock with naloxone in conjunction with fluids, compared with fluid therapy alone, was studied. Previously instrumented dogs were anesthetized with 0.04 mg of fentanyl/kg + 2.2 mg of droperidol/kg and pentobarbital sodium (to effect). Blood was withdrawn from each animal to achieve and maintain a mean arterial blood pressure of 40 to 50 mm of Hg for the first 2 hours of the experiment (t = 0 to 120 minutes). At t = 120 minutes, iv fluid administration was begun (all dogs) and continued for 1 hour (lactated Ringer’s solution at a dosage of 70 ml/kg/hr). Hypothermia was corrected. Control dogs were given no other treatment. Dogs in the naloxone plus fluids group were given an iv bolus of naloxone (1 mg/kg) at t = 120 minutes and 1 mg of naloxone/kg/hr in the fluids from t = 120 to t = 180 minutes. Treatment (either naloxone plus fluids or fluids alone) was stopped at t = 180 minutes, and measuring of response was continued for an additional hour (posttherapeutic period). Significant differences were not seen in mean arterial pressures, left ventricular peak systolic pressures, dP/dt max, time constant T (a measure of left ventricular elasticity), and mean pulmonary arterial pressures between the dogs given naloxone and fluid therapy and those given fluid therapy alone. All dogs in both groups survived the procedure.
Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in blood and cerebrospinal fluid from healthy beagles
Authors: Heavner James E. , Colaianne James , Roper Margaret 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum and csf lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) activity and ldh isoenzyme profile, as well as total protein, were measured in samples obtained from 26 healthy Beagles. The ldh activity in serum was approximately 10 times that in the csf. The csf ldh isoenzyme profile was a mirror image of the serum ldh isoenzyme profile. Age was negatively correlated (ie, as age increased, the activity decreased) with ldh3 in csf and ldh5 in serum and was positively correlated with ldhX in serum. Seemingly, simultaneous measurement of serum and csf ldh activity and ldh isoenzyme profile can aid in establishing status of the blood-brain barrier, whether brain damage exists and whether other organ systems are involved.
Clinicopathologic study of horses surviving pyrrolizidine alkaloid (Senecio vulgaris) toxicosis
Authors: Lessard Pierre , Wilson W. David , Olander Harvey J. , Rogers Quinton R. , Mendel Vern E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty horses of various ages had inadvertently ingested alfalfa hay contaminated with Senecio vulgaris. Among them, 4 died of liver disease. Blood was collected from affected horses at monthly intervals for 7 months and at the 9th and 14th months. The following serum enzymes and chemical items were assayed: aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, total bilirubin, bun, glucose, cholesterol, inorganic phosphate, calcium, total protein, and albumin. Amino acid profiles, conjugated bile acids, sulfobromophthalein clearance times, and liver histopathologic changes via serial biopsies were also monitored. Liver histopathologic changes revealed lesions progressively increasing in severity. Aspartate aminotransferase and plasma amino acid ratios indicated chronic liver degeneration (0.05 level of significance), γ-Glutamyl transferase and lactate dehydrogenase as well as bun values fluctuated, but returned to within reference values. Horses appeared clinically normal 14 months after intoxication, but were unable to tolerate stress of exercise.
Multiple bluetongue virus-cloned genetic probes: Application to diagnostics and bluetongue virus genetic relationships
Authors: Squire K. R. E. , Chuang R. Y. , Dunn S. J. , Dangler C. A. , Falbo M. T. , Chuang L. F. , Osburn B. I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A shotgun-cloning method incorporating all 10 bluetongue virus genome segments can simultaneously produce complete and partial copies of any of the genome segments. We report here 4 different cloned probes derived from 3 genome segments and individually defined by different hybridization recognition capabilities. One probe hybridized strongly with all 5 United States prototype strains of the 5 different bluetongue virus (btv) serotypes existing in the United States and, as such, is a strong candidate for a broad btv diagnostic probe in the United States. Another probe derived from genome segment 2 of btv-17 hybridized only with the btv-17 prototypic serotype, thereby demonstrating serospecific hybridization diagnostic potential. The implications for diagnostic and genetic relationship studies on btv, using various genetic probes, are discussed.
Histamine inhalation provocation test: Method to identify nonspecific airway reactivity in equids
Authors: Klein Hans-J. , Deegen Eckehard 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
After inhalation of increased concentrations of histamine solutions, equids had a decrease in dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and an increase in airway resistance, work of breathing, and maximum intrathoracic differences in pressure. Because the change in Cdyn correlated best with the inhaled histamine concentrations, airway reactivity was assessed by the decrease in Cdyn. With the use of linear regression, histamine concentrations were calculated; this resulted in a 35% reduction of Cdyn and these concentrations were defined as 35% provoking concentration Cdyn.
The histamine inhalation provocation test was carried out in 40 equids. Nonspecific airway hyperreactivity was not present in equids that did not have clinical signs of respiratory tract disease, but it was present in 25% of the equids with low-grade lung disease and in all equids with severe lung disease.
Histochemical staining characteristics of normal horse skeletal muscle
Authors: Andrews Frank M. , Spurgeon Thomas L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The histologic and histochemical staining characteristics of the triceps brachii (long head), extensor carpi radialis, gluteus medius, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles of 8 Thoroughbreds, 2 Quarter Horses, 1 Arabian, 1 Paso Fino, and 1 Shetland Pony are described. Muscle fiber morphology, staining distribution and intensity, amount of im connective tissue, number of im blood vessels and IM nerves, calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity (CaATPase), percentage of fibertype population, percentage of relative fibertype area, mean fiber diameter, nonspecific esterase activity, alkaline phosphatase activity, and acid phosphatase activity were evaluated, using 10 common histochemical and histologic stains.
Two fiber types (I, II) and 3 subtypes (IIA, IIB, IIC) were observed, using CaATPase-, nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide-tetrazolium reductase-, periodic acid-Schiff hematoxylin-, and nonspecific esterase-stained frozen serial muscle sections. Type I muscle fibers in general had low CaATPase activity, high oxidative capacity, low glycogen capacity, and low esterase activity. Type IIA muscle fibers had high CaATPase activity, intermediate oxidative capacity, high glycogen concentration, and high esterase activity. Type IIB fibers had high CaATPase activity, low oxidative capacity, high glycogen concentration, and a high esterase activity. Type IIC muscle fibers had high CaATPase activity, high oxidative capacity, variable glycogen concentration, and high esterase activity. Type II (IIA and IIB) muscle fibers predominated in the muscles.
The percentage of muscle fiber population, mean minimal muscle fiber diameter, and percentage of relative muscle fiber area were determined for each sampled muscle. Type IIA and IIB muscle fibers predominated in the percentage of muscle fiber population and percentage of relative muscle fiber area. Type IIB muscle fibers had the greatest minimal fiber diameter, type IIA muscle fibers had intermediate minimal fiber diameter, and type I muscle fibers had the smallest minimal fiber diameter. Phe percentage of relative muscle fiber area was less variable (P ≤ 0.05) than the percentage of muscle fiber population. Mean muscle fiber diameter did not significantly differ between breeds.
Alkaline and acid phosphatase activities were at low levels in all muscles biopsied and were limited to the im connective tissue fibrocytes, macrophages, and capillaries.
Histologic and histochemical techniques provided valuable information about muscle fiber composition, morphology, and enzyme activity and may serve as a standard for comparison with data obtained from skeletal muscles with suspected neuromuscular lesions.
Immunologic response and resistance to experimentally induced pneumonic pasteurellosis in cattle vaccinated with various dosages of lyophilized Pasteurella haemolytica
Authors: Confer A. W. , Panciera R. J. , Gentry M. J. , Fulton R. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pasteurella haemolytica was lyophilized in an enriched soybean polypeptone broth. Lyophilization in this medium resulted in a mean 10-fold loss in P haemolytica viability, as opposed to up to a 10-fold loss in viability when other media were used. Lyophilized P haemolytica was reconstituted and used as a live vaccine in 3 experiments. Calves were challenge exposed by transthoracic injection with virulent P haemolytica. In experiment 1, 2 subcutaneous injections (7-day interval between injections) with 5 ml of recently harvested (1 × 109 colonyforming units [cfu]/ml) or lyophilized (1 × 108 cfu/ml) P haemolytica significantly (P < 0.001) enhanced resistance against challenge exposure, compared with resistance in calves given saline solution or sterile medium (control calves) or calves vaccinated with lyophilized organisms at a concentration of 1 × 108 cfu/ml. In experiment two, 1, 2, or 5 ml of lyophilized P haemolytica (1 × 108 cfu/ml) significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced resistance, compared with resistance in calves given saline solution (control calves). In experiment three, 1 or 2 injections of lyophilized P haemolytica significantly (P < 0.01) enhanced resistance against challenge exposure, compared with that of calves given saline solution. The mean lesion score for calves given 1 injection was not significantly higher than the mean lesion score for the group given 2 injections. Vaccination with lyophilized P haemolytica vaccine caused significant (P < 0.05) increases in serum antibody to P haemolytica somatic antigens, to a carbohydrate-protein subunit of the organism, and to leukotoxin.
Behavior and viability of the premature neonatal foal after induced parturitio
Authors: Leadon Desmond P. , Jeffcott Leo B. , Rossdale Peter D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Parturition was induced in 2 groups of mares, < 300 (n = 49) and 300 to 320 days gestation (n = 31), by the administration of prostaglandin F2α or fluprostenol and oxytocin. Foals were categorized into 4 groups according to their ability to adapt in, and survive, the neonatal period. Group A had no demonstrable coordinating reflexes, were weak from birth, and all died within 90 minutes. Group B had some righting reflexes, but had poor coordination and a weak suck reflex. They showed some improvement for about 2 hours, but all died within 9 hours. Group C foals had a good suck reflex and made attempts to stand. After 24 hours, there was a steady deterioration and death occurred within 48 hours. Group D were initially weak, but showed rapid clinical improvement with good adaptation to the environment and survived for at least 7 days.
The overall survival rate for the 80 foals born was only 5%. Most group A foals had gestational ages of < 300 days, but a few (n = 9) were delivered after 300 days and 2 up to 319 days. The youngest survivor was delivered at 318 days and the 3 other survivors were delivered at 320 days. Aspects of the hazards of prematurely induced parturition were considered to be immaturity and stress of parturition.
Protein A in Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from dogs and cats
Authors: Cox Hollis Utah , Schmeer Norbert , Newman Susan S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The presence and quantity of extracellular and cellbound protein A of Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from dogs and cats were determined, using an enzyme-linked immunoglobulin-binding assay. Horseradish per-dase-conjugated rabbit anti-bovine immunoglobulin G purified by affinity chromatography was reacted with whole cell and supernatant fractions of S intermedius (n = 139), a protein A-producing strain of S aureus, and a protein A-deficient strain of S epidermidis. Extracellular protein A was found in 118 (84.9%) of 139 isolates of S intermedius. Most (69/118; 58.5%) of these isolates produced > 0.2 μg of extracellular protein A/ml. Cell-bound protein A was found in 6 (4.3%) of 139 isolates. Only 1 of these isolates contained cell-bound protein A exclusively. The other 5 isolates produced significantly greater amounts of extracellular protein A than cell-bound protein A. Additionally, > 96% of extracellular protein A could be removed from supernatants by adsorption with agarose gel containing immunoglobulin G.
Transmission of bovine leukosis virus by blood inoculation
Authors: Evermann James F. , DiGiacomo Ronald F. , Ferrer Jorge F. , Parish Steven M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The experimental transmission of bovine leukosis virus (blv)-infected whole blood was studied in 2 groups of Holstein calves. The 1st group of 4 blv-seronegative calves was given 10 μ1 of whole blood by either the im, iv, subcutaneous, or intradermal routes. All 4 calves seroconverted to blv within 8 weeks after they were inoculated. The 2nd group, also comprising 4 calves, was given the equivalent of 1 μl of whole blood by the described routes. These calves seroconverted to blv by 14 weeks after they were inoculated. The results indicated that small volumes of whole blood administered by 4 different routes were effective in the spread of blv.
Surface proteins of Breda virus
Authors: Koopmans M. , Ederveen J. , Woode G. N. , Horzinek M. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The serotypes 1 and 2 of Breda virus from feces of experimentally infected gnotobiotic calves were studied with respect to their sedimentation and density properties in sucrose gradients and their structural polypeptides; Berne virus, the proposed prototype of the new family Toroviridae, was included for comparison. After Breda-1 virus had been stored at 4 C for a prolonged period, it showed a heterogeneous sedimentation behavior (480 to 520 Svedberg units [S]) and density (1.18 to 1.21 g/ml) indicative of its poor state of preservation. In contrast, freshly prepared Breda-2 virus sedimented at 350 S and showed a buoyant density of 1.18 g/ml; these values compare well with those of Berne virus (400 S and 1.16 g/ml, respectively). Efficient purification of the Breda viruses could be achieved by a 2-step method, involving pelleting by ultracentrifugation followed by isokinetic and isopyknic sucrose gradient centrifugation. Radioiodinated purified virus showed polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 105,000, 85,000 37,000, and 20,000; another labeled protein of 65,000 D is of doubtful virus specificity. Mouse immune serum raised against Breda-2 virus recognized the polypeptides of the homologous virus and the 2 highest molecular weight proteins of Breda 1 virus in radioimmune precipitation. The same serum inhibited hemagglutination of the heterologous serotype to a low, but significant, degree and efficiently neutralized the infectivity of Berne virus. These observations are taken as indications that the 105,000- and 85,000-D polypeptides represent surface structures of torovirions, probably peplomeric proteins.
Cytotoxin (leukotoxin) production by Pasteurella haemolytica: Requirement for an iron-containing compound
Authors: Gentry Martha J. , Confer Anthony W. , Weinberg Eugene D. , Homer John T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In studies of Pasteurella haemolytica type 1 cytotoxin, filter-sterilized culture supernatants from organisms grown in RPMI-1640 tissue culture medium generally have been used. Supplementation of the medium with 7% bovine fetal serum was shown to be necessary for maximal cytotoxin production, as measured by percentage of bovine peripheral blood leukocytes that were killed. The serum-induced increase in cytotoxicity could not be explained simply by a greater percentage of increase in the number of viable organisms produced in the enriched medium. There also was no correlation between encapsulation of the organisms and cytotoxin production. Several natural iron-containing proteins including transferrin, lactoferrin, conalbumin, and hemoglobin stimulated cytotoxin production in lieu of bovine fetal serum, leading to the conclusion that one function of serum supplementation may be to increase the medium's iron concentration. A number of additional iron-containing and iron-chelating compounds were tested, with the conclusion that the iron concentration of the growth medium, as well as the presence of a suitable carrier molecule, may be critical for efficient cytotoxin production by P haemolytica.
Resistance of preimplantation bovine embryos to infection with Brucella abortus
Authors: Stringfellow D. A. , Wolfe D. F. , Lauerman L. H. , Sparling P. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Preimplantation bovine embryos were exposed in vitro to Brucella abortus to determine if the bacteria would adhere to zona pellucida (zp)-intact embryos or adhere to or infect zp-free embryos. Brucella abortus was not isolated from zp-intact or zp-free groups of embryos after 10 sequential antibiotic-free washings. Brucella abortus was isolated from all groups containing zp-defective embryos after the exposure period and washing. Detrimental effects on healthy in vitro development of embryos were not observed.
Inhibition of lacteal leukocyte phagocytosis by colostrum, nonlactating secretion, and mastitic milk
Authors: Targowski Stanislaw P. , Niemialtowski Marek 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The Fc receptors on leukocytes obtained from normal milk, colostrum, nonlactating gland secretion, and mastitic milk were detected by rosette formation, using sensitized erythrocytes. The percentage of leukocytes bearing Fc receptors from normal milk was significantly (P < 0.01) greater than that from other secretions. Fc receptors were found primarily on polymorphonuclear leukocytes from normal milk, mastitic milk, and colostrum. However, in nonlactating gland secretion obtained 6 weeks after milking was completed, Fc receptors were predominantly on macrophages. The low percentage of leukocytes bearing Fc receptors obtained from colostrum, nonlactating gland secretion obtained 7 days after milking was completed, and mastitic milk was associated with the presence of a blocking factor in these secretions, which specifically attached to Fc receptors. These secretions significantly (P < 0.01) blocked the Fc receptors on leukocytes from normal milk and on other cells bearing Fc receptors. The presence of Fc receptors on leukocytes obtained from normal milk was related to a high percentage of phagocytizing leukocytes through Fc receptors and a large number of phagocytized bacteria (phagocytic activities). In contrast, the low percentage of leukocytes bearing Fc receptors from colostrum, from nonlactating gland secretion (7 days after milking), and from mastitic milk was associated with depressed phagocytic activities. Preincubation of leukocytes from normal milk with whey from colostrum, nonlactating gland secretion (7 days after milking), and mastitic milk significantly (P < 0.01) inhibited phagocytosis. This effect was associated with the blocking of Fc receptors by these secretions. Possible mechanisms for and implications of these findings are discussed.
Hemolytic and bactericidal activities of bovine complement in mammary secretions of cows during the early nonlactating (dry) period
Authors: Poutrel B. , Rainard P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hemolytic and bactericidal complement-dependent activities were measured in quarter mammary secretions obtained during the first 21 days of the nonlactating (dry) period from 8 Holstein-Friesian cows. We demonstrated an inhibition of hemolytic activity and bactericidal activity against a serum-sensitive Escherichia coli strain. Both hemolytic and inhibitory titers increased markedly during active involution. The bactericidal activity of dry secretions required a minimal threshold of complement and an inhibitory titer lower than the hemolytic titer.