Abstract 5486: Spatial profiling reveals unique immune-transcriptomic features of tertiary lymphoid structures in melanoma
Authors: Chelvanambi Manoj , Melendez Brenda , Nassif Elise F. , Lazcano Rossana N. , Lastrapes Matthew J. , Bhushan Bharat S. , Johnson Sarah B. , Wani Khalida , Ingram Davis R. , Seo Y David , Helmink Beth A. , White Michael G. , Witt Russell G. , Diggs Laurence P. , Morad Golnaz , Zelazowska Monika , Paul Somnath , Dimitriou Florentia , Damania Ashish V. , Wong Matthew C. , Somaiah Neeta , Ajami Nadim J. , Keung Emily Z. , Fridman Wolf H. , Allison James P. , Sharma Padmanee , McBride Kevin M. , Cascone Tina , Roland Christina L. , Lazar Alexander J. , Wargo Jennifer A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background:Previous studies have shown that intratumoral immune aggregates called tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are associated with exceptional response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in several cancer types. However, the specific mechanisms through which TLS contribute to ICB-response remain poorly characterized in part due to technical limitations with isolating TLS. Here, we use the NanoString GeoMx digital spatial profiler to interrogate TLS with deep spatial and transcriptional resolution and identify cellular and molecular features of response-associated TLS in melanoma.
Methods:Twelve neoadjuvant ICB-treated high-risk resectable melanoma patients [NCT02519322] with formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) surgical resections were included in this study. Major pathologic response (MPR) defined as &lt;10% viable tumor at time of surgery was used to evaluate response (R – responder; NR – non-responder). TLS were sampled (via H&E) using 1mm core punches and assembled into a tissue microarray (TMA). The TLS TMA was probed using the human whole transcriptome atlas (huWTA) and the human T-cell receptor (huTCR) atlas. Melanoma (S100B) and immune markers (CD45 and CD20) were used to guide region-of-interest (ROI) selection of classical TLS. Differential gene expression was calculated using a linear mixed model and corrected with Benjamini-Hochberg. Immune deconvolution was performed using CIBERSORTx with FDR cutoff of &lt; 0.25.
Results:Fifty percent (6/12) of patients included in this study demonstrated MPR following treatment with neoadjuvant ICB. Principal component analysis of huWTA probes revealed distinct transcriptional states of R TLS vs NR TLS, with PC1 strongly correlating with response status (r=0.88, p&lt;0.0001). Differential immune analysis showed that R TLS harbored more CD8+ T-cells (p&lt;0.001), NK cells (p=0.004), γδ T-cells (p=0.017) and memory B-cells (p=0.026) and preferentially upregulated inflammatory genes such as pattern recognition receptors (TLR8 and KLRC2) and immune-stimulatory markers (CD27 and CD103). Immune-repertoire analysis revealed a trend towards increased TCR diversity in R TLS (p = 0.3) and distinct TCR signatures in R TLS underscored by elevated expression of TRDJ4 (p&lt;0.001), TRGJ1/2(p&lt;0.001), TRGV4(p&lt;0.001) and TRAV1-2(p=0.018) genes amongst others.
Conclusions:These findings demonstrate that, although melanomas from both R and NR patients contain TLS, the immune-phenotype of R TLS is more cytotoxic and characterized by a more diverse TLS-resident T-cell population. These findings present new insights into the therapeutic underpinnings of TLS in cancer and will inform future investigations evaluating their formation/function in solid tumors.
Citation Format: Manoj Chelvanambi, Brenda Melendez, Elise F. Nassif, Rossana N. Lazcano, Matthew J. Lastrapes, Bharat S. Bhushan, Sarah B. Johnson, Khalida Wani, Davis R. Ingram, Y David Seo, Beth A. Helmink, Michael G. White, Russell G. Witt, Laurence P. Diggs, Golnaz Morad, Monika Zelazowska, Somnath Paul, Florentia Dimitriou, Ashish V. Damania, Matthew C. Wong, Neeta Somaiah, Nadim J. Ajami, Emily Z. Keung, Wolf H. Fridman, James P. Allison, Padmanee Sharma, Kevin M. McBride, Tina Cascone, Christina L. Roland, Alexander J. Lazar, Jennifer A. Wargo. Spatial profiling reveals unique immune-transcriptomic features of tertiary lymphoid structures in melanoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 5486.