bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel multi-component nanopharmaceuticals derived from poly(ethylene) glycol, retro-inverso-Tat nonapeptide and saquinavir demonstrate combined anti-HIV effects
Authors: Wan Li , Zhang Xiaoping , Gunaseelan Simi , Pooyan Shahriar , Debrah Olivia , Leibowitz Michael J , Rabson Arnold B , Stein Stanley , Sinko Patrick J 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Current anti-AIDS therapeutic agents and treatment regimens can provide a dramatically improved quality of life for HIV-positive people, many of whom have no detectable viral load for prolonged periods of time. Despite this, curing AIDS remains an elusive goal, partially due to the occurrence of drug resistance. Since the development of resistance is linked to, among other things, fluctuating drug levels, our long-term goal has been to develop nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems that can improve therapy by more precisely controlling drug concentrations in target cells. The theme of the current study is to investigate the value of combining AIDS drugs and modifiers of cellular uptake into macromolecular conjugates having novel pharmacological properties.

Results
Bioconjugates were prepared from different combinations of the approved drug, saquinavir, the antiviral agent, R.I.CK-Tat9, the polymeric carrier, poly(ethylene) glycol and the cell uptake enhancer, biotin. Anti-HIV activities were measured in MT-2 cells, an HTLV-1-transformed human lymphoid cell line, infected with HIV-1 strain Vbu 3, while parallel studies were performed in uninfected cells to determine cellular toxicity. For example, R.I.CK-Tat9 was 60 times more potent than L-Tat9 while the addition of biotin resulted in a prodrug that was 2850 times more potent than L-Tat9. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy studies suggest that variations in intracellular uptake and intracellular localization, as well as synergistic inhibitory effects of SQV and Tat peptides, contributed to the unexpected and substantial differences in antiviral activity.

Conclusion
Our results demonstrate that highly potent nanoscale multi-drug conjugates with low non-specific toxicity can be produced by combining moieties with anti-HIV agents for different targets onto macromolecules having improved delivery properties.
Marker Expression in Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma: A Proposed Clinical-Pathologic Prognostic Score
Authors: Went Philip , Agostinelli Claudio , Gallamini Andrea , Piccaluga Pier Paolo , Ascani Stefano , Sabattini Elena , Bacci Francesco , Falini Brunangelo , Motta Teresio , Paulli Marco , Artusi Tullio , Piccioli Milena , Zinzani Pier Luigi , Pileri Stefano A. 
Published: April 2006

PurposeAlthough peripheral T-cell lymphoma, unspecified (PTCL/U), is the most common T-cell tumor in Western countries, no study to date has been based on the application of a wide panel of markers to a large series of patients and assessed the impact of phenotype on survival. We evaluated the expression of 19 markers in 148 PTCLs/U and 45 PTCLs of the angioimmunoblastic type (AILD).Patients and MethodsThe analysis was performed on tissue microarrays by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Clinical data were available in 93 PTCL/U patients, most of whom had been included in a previous study proposing a prognostic index (PIT).ResultsAn aberrant phenotype with frequent loss of CD5 and/or CD7 was typical for PTCLs, irrespective of whether they were U or AILD. Aberrantly expressed proteins rarely included CD20, CD15, and CD30. Positivity for Epstein-Barr virus–associated small RNAs and CD15 expression emerged as adverse prognostic factors. Among PTCLs/U, the proliferation-associated protein Ki-67 turned out to be prognostically relevant and was integrated in a new predictive score, incorporating age (> 60 years), high lactate dehydrogenase, poor performance status, and Ki-67 ≥ 80%. This score was associated with the patient outcome (P < .0001) and was found to be more robust than PIT (P = .0043) in the present series.ConclusionOur retrospective analysis shows a wide range of protein expression in PTCLs and proposes a new prognostic index. The latter represents one of the first examples of mixed score (including patient- and tumor-specific factors) applied to malignant lymphomas and may be the basis for future prospective therapeutic trials.
Total Synthesis of 10-Isothiocyanatoguaia-6-ene
Authors: Iwasawa Nobuharu , Funahashi Masahiro , Narasaka Koichi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Total synthesis of a unique isothiocyano sesquiterpene, 10-isothiocyanatoguaia-6-ene, was achieved utilizing the oxidative radical cyclization reaction of a bicyclo[4.1.0]heptanol derivative with Mn(pic)3 as the key step.
Structural Revision of Griseulin, a Bioactive Pyrone Possessing a Nitrophenyl Unit
Authors: Ishibashi Yasuharu , Nishiyama Shigeru , Yamamura Shosuke 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Biologically active griseulin isolated from Streptomyces sp. was synthesized, however the spectral data of the synthetic sample did not agree with the reported one. Synthesis of the related sample and detailed reexamination of the spectroscopic properties resulted in the structural revision of griseulin, which should be identical with luteoreticulin.
Hydrostannation of Cyclopropene. Strain-Driven Radical Addition Reaction
Authors: Yamago Shigeru , Ejiri Satoshi , Nakamura Eiichi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Hydrostannation of substituted cyclopropenone acetals with trialkyltin hydride takes place smoothly under radical conditions to afford a variety of 2-alkyl-3-stannylcyclopropanone acetals in high yield. Comparison of the cyclopropene with acetylenes with the aid of inter- and intramolecular competitive experiments revealed the kinetically controlled nature of the reaction of the cyclopropene reaction.
Copper-catalyzed Selective Oxidation of Methane to Formaldehyde by Oxygen
Authors: Li Yang , Chen Shili , Zhang Qinghong , Wang Ye 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Cu/SBA-15 exhibited the highest activity for the selective oxidation of methane to formaldehyde by oxygen among various M/SBA-15 catalysts (M = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, and W) containing small amount of M (M/Si = 1/13200). Formaldehyde space-time yield reached 870 g kgcat−1 h−1 over the Cu/SBA-15 under the conditions maintaining single-pass formaldehyde yield higher than 1%. The turnover frequency for HCHO formation was 5.6 s−1 under the same conditions, significantly higher than other catalysts reported so far.
Experimental evidence for the influence of the excitation wavelength on the value of the equilibrium constant as determined by Time-Resolved Emission Spectroscopy (TRES)
Authors: Billard Isabelle , Montavon Gilles , Markai Sandrine , Galindo Catherine 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn the case of a rapid photochemical process, a new theoretical result relating time-resolved emission spectroscopy data to three physical parameters of the chemical system has been recently proposed. This previous work, based on a simulation study, is experimentally evidenced in the present paper, using europium/acetate as a model system. The comparison of the emission spectra obtained upon direct excitation of europium (394 nm) and by use of the “antenna effect” (266 nm) evidences the occurring of a back-dissociation of excited europium complexes to form solvated excited free europium ions.
Importance of Flood Dynamics versus Intrinsic Physical Habitat in Structuring Fish Communities: Evidence from Two Adjacent Engineered Floodplains on the Sacramento River, California
Authors: Feyrer Frederick , Sommer Ted , Harrell William 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
We examined the factors structuring fish communities at two adjacent engineered floodplain systems on the Sacramento River, California: Yolo and Sutter bypasses. We intensively sampled fishes at each location during January–June 2002 and 2004 by rotary screw trap, collecting a total of 126,635 fish comprised of 29 species. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling indicated that distinct fish communities persisted between the locations during our study, despite nearly identical hydrographs and water temperature regimes. Regression models evaluated with an information-theoretic approach also indicated that location was an important factor explaining the abundances of selected species. Overall, Yolo Bypass had more species and a greater proportion of native species than did Sutter Bypass. Sutter Bypass had a greater proportion of species classified as freshwater, while Yolo Bypass had a greater proportion of species classified as either estuarine or anadromous. We believe these results are related to substantial differences in the underlying physical habitat within the floodplains, which are primarily associated with connectivity to the adjacent river. Although the dynamic flooding that occurs at both locations appeared unable to override the underlying physical habitat differences in structuring the overall fish communities, it was important in controlling the abundances of two prominent native species, Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and splittail Pogonichthys macrolepidotus, which represented 79% of all individuals collected; splittails spawn on the inundated floodplains, and age-0 individuals of both species use these areas as rearing habitat. Our results have important restoration implications in that they illustrate the importance of both flood pulse dynamics and underlying physical habitat associated with connectivity in structuring river–floodplain fish communities.
Periodontal Status and Oral Hygiene in Two Populations of Cleft Patients
Authors: Stec Magdalena , Szczepańska Joanna , Pypeć Jacek , Hirschfelder Ursula 
Published: April 2006

Objective: To evaluate and compare the oral hygiene and periodontal status in children with unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate treated in Łódź, Poland, and Erlangen, Germany. Design: Oral health was assessed by the presence of dental plaque, pocket depth, clinical attachment levels, and pathologic teeth mobility. Subjects and Methods: Thirty-seven Polish and 63 German patients participated in this study. Results: Poor oral hygiene was found in 57% of all subjects. In Erlangen, 60% of patients had optimal oral hygiene, compared to 19% in Łódź. The highest scores for dental plaque were noted in both groups in the cleft region. Healthy periodontium was significantly more frequent among German patients, whereas gingival bleeding was significantly more frequent among Polish patients. Pocket depths greater than 6 mm occurred only in German subjects. No statistically significant difference was observed between the amount of tooth areas with gingival recessions and the country of origin. Periodontal pockets deeper than 3.5 mm occurred more frequently during active orthodontic treatment. Conclusions: The oral hygiene regimens in Germany and Poland were not comparable, as more plaque was found in the Polish than in the German population. Plaque accumulation seems not to be a key factor in causing periodontal destruction in the cleft area. Factors other than oral hygiene should be considered of major importance in relation to the development of gingival recession on teeth in cleft areas.
An Appraisal of Thomas Coke';s Africa Mission, 1976–1811
Authors: Smith Warren Thomas 
Published: April 2006

Advancement in contemporary world missions has not come without heart-break, failure, defeat—prior to victory. One dramatic illustration of manifold blunders—and then success—is Thomas Coke's heroic attempt to establish missions in Africa.Africa was coming more and more to the attention of thinking Englishmen. Abolition of the nefarious slave trade was being seriously discussed in humanitarian circles. The dark and mysterious continent caught Dr. Coke's imagination. In March, 1787, while in Charleston, South Carolina, he noted: “… Since my visit to the islands [West Indies], I have found a peculiar gift for speaking to the Blacks. It seems to be almost irresistible. Who knows but the Lord is preparing me for a visit in some future time to the coast of Africa?”
Origen and the Election of Bishops
Authors: Ferguson Everett 
Published: April 2006

Origen's fullest statement on the selection of church officers occurs in his Homily in Numbers 13.4. The following is a fairly literal translation of the passage:At the end of his life he prayed to God that He would provide a leader for the people. What are you doing, O Moses? Are not Gersom and Eleazar your sons? Or if you distrust any one of these, are not the sons of your brother great and distinguished men? Why do you not pray to God for them so that He might appoint them leaders of the people? But the leaders in office of the churches should learn not to designate by testimony nor to deliver the leadership of the churches as an inheritance to those who are related to them by blood or are associated with them by fleshly closeness, but to submit to the choice of God and not to choose that one whom human affection commends but to grant entirely to the judgment of God the choice of a successor. Was not Moses able to choose a ruler for the people by a true judgment and to make choice by a correct and just sentence, to whom God had said, “Choose elders for the people, whom you know to be the elders,” and he chose such in whom immediately God's “spirit rested, and they all prophesied.” who therefore is able to choose a leader of the people unless Moses was able? But he did not do it, did not choose, did not dare it. Why did he not dare? That he would not leave to posterity an example of presumption. But listen to what he says, “Let the Lord, the God of spirits and all flesh, provide a man over this congregation, who shall go out and come in before them and who shall lead them forth and lead them back.” If therefore such a one as Moses gives not his judgment in choosing a leader of the people, in appointing a successor, what man would be he who dares to do so, whether of the people who are always accustomed to be moved by shouts for favor or perhaps excited for money, or of the priests themselves who will there be who would judge himself equal to this task, except only him to whom through prayers and petitions it is revealed by God? And just as God says to Moses, “Take to yourself Joshua the son of Nun, a man who has the spirit in him, and lay your hands upon him; and stand him before Eleazar the priest, and command him in the presence of the whole congregation and commission him from yourself before them; and give your honor to him that the children of Israel may hear him.” You hear obviously the ordination of a leader of the people clearly described, so that there is almost no need of exposition. Here there was held no acclamation of the people, no regard of kinship, no consideration of friendship.… The government of the people is delivered to him whom God chose.
The Jew in Seventeenth-Century Protestant Thought
Authors: Healey Robert M. 
Published: April 2006

In his pamphlet entitled From the First to the Last of the Just, Jean-Paul Lichtenberg concludes a brief history of Jewish-Christian relations with a list of five periods to each of which he assigns a particular quality of anti-Judaism or anti-Semitism. Of the third period, 1096–1520, marked by the Crusades, the Ghetto and the Inquisition, Lichtenberg remarks,“the pogroms, the massacres and the persecutions perpetrated on the Jews by Christian hands are the manifestation of a Christian anti-Semitism of the people, fed by harsh and comtemptuous preaching. Doctrinal anti-Judaism had filtered down to the masses and given birth to anti-Semitism. The end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance brought about no changes in this situation. Relations between Christians and Jews are already poisoned and only the coming of the (French) Revolution will bring a change in the situation [emphasis added]. One may qualify the Christian anti-Semitism which prevails during this period as an anti-Semitism of passion based upon religion or, again, as an anti-Semitism of intolerance.”
Preparation and characterization of polyethylene‐g‐maleic anhydride–styrene/montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Zhou Zhengfa , Zhai Hongbo , Xu Weibing , Guo Hanyang , Liu Changfeng , Pan Wei‐Ping 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt is difficult to prepare polyethylene/montmorillonite by direct melt mixing because of the difference in character between polyethylene and montmorillonite. Therefore, it is necessary to modify polyethylene with polar groups, which can increase the hydrophilicity of polyethylene. At the same time, the inorganic montmorillonite should be modified with long‐chain alkyl ammonium to increase the basing space between the interlayers. Thus, through the grafting of the polar monomer onto the main chain of polyethylene by reactive extrusion, polyethylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites can be prepared by the melt mixing of the grafter and organic montmorillonite. Fourier transform infrared has been used to prove that the monomers are grafted onto polyethylene. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy have been employed to characterize the nanocomposites. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis measurements show that the thermal stability of the nanocomposites is improved in comparison with that of the virgin materials. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 805–809, 2006
Application of crosslinked chitosan in the analysis of ultratrace Mo(VI)
Authors: Qian S. H. , Xue A. F. , Xiao M. , Chen H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this work, the adsorption properties of crosslinked chitosan for Mo(VI) were studied. The adsorption rate of Mo(VI) by CCTS was 97% at pH 3.0. Adsorption balance time, elution conditions, the effect of coexisting elements, and the adsorption mechanism were investigated. A novel method of ultratrace Mo(VI) preconcentration with CCTS and determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was found. The detection limit (3σ, n = 10) of the method was 0.040 μg L−1, and the relative standard deviation was 2.98% at 1.00 μg L−1. The method has been applied to the determination of Mo(VI) in environmental water samples, with satisfactory results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 432–435, 2006
Polypropylene/polypropylene‐grafted acrylic acid copolymer/ethylene–Acrylic acid copolymer ternary blends for hydrophilic polypropylene
Authors: Zhang Jun , Yao Yu , Wang Xiao‐Lin , Xu Jian‐Hai 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTernary blends of polypropylene (PP), a polypropylene‐grafted acrylic acid copolymer (PP‐g‐AA), and an ethylene–acrylic acid copolymer (EAA) were prepared by melt blending. The surfaces of films with different contents of these three components were characterized with contact‐angle measurements. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis were used to characterize the microstructure, melting and crystalline behavior, and thermal stability of the blends. The contact angles of the PP/PP‐g‐AA blends decreased monotonically with increasing PP‐g‐AA content. With the incorporation of EAA, the contact angles of the PP/PP‐g‐AA/EAA ternary blends decreased with increasing EAA content. When the concentration of EAA was higher than 15 wt %, the contact angles of the ternary blends began to increase. Scanning electron microscopy observations confirmed that PP‐g‐AA acted as a compatibilizer and improved the compatibility between PP and EAA in the ternary blends. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis suggested that acrylic acid moieties could act as nucleating agents for PP in the polymer blends. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermogravimetry confirmed the optimal blend ratio for the PP/PP‐g‐AA/EAA ternary blends was 70/15/15. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 436–442, 2006
Rheological characterization of shear‐induced structural formation in the solutions of poly(vinyl alcohol) in dimethyl sulfoxide
Authors: Jeoung Lee Eun , Sik Dan Kyung , Chul Kim Byoung 
Published: April 2006

AbstractGelation behavior of the solutions of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), whose syndiotactic diad content was 52% and weight‐average molecular weight of PVA ranged from 89,000 to 186,000, in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was investigated in terms of shear rate, concentration, and molecular weight of the polymer. To trace time‐dependent gelation behavior, a programmed time sweep experiment was carried out by repeating the following procedure 3 times; 10 min of measurement followed by 5 min relaxation. All of the PVA solutions in DMSO exhibited time‐dependent rheological responses, particularly under low shear rate of 2 rad/s, indicative of the formation of physical structures. At high shear rate of 200 rad/s the rheological responses were independent of time. Referring to Winter's view on gelation, a weak shear produced a soft gel structure whereas a strong shear produced an irreversible strong gel. Gelation was more affected by molecular weight than by concentration over the period of shearing. At low frequency, relaxation time was increased with time, and then leveled off after prolonged shearing. At high frequency, however, little change of relaxation time was noticed. They can be interpreted as a consequence of formation of three‐dimensional gel structure through the polar interactions by hydroxyl groups whose strength was dependent on shearing conditions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 465–471, 2006
Synthesis and properties of polymeric complexes containing bithiazole rings and carbazole units
Authors: Yang Jun , Sun Weilin , Zhou Zhuxian , Shen Zhiquan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA novel polymer (poly[2,2'‐(4,4'‐bithiazolylene)][N‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐3,6‐carbazylene] (PBTCA) was first synthesized from 2,2′‐diamino‐4,4′‐bithiazole and N‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐3,6‐diformylcarbazole. The structure of the polymer was determined with IR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The PBTCA–Nd3+ complex was prepared via the mixing of neodymium trichloride hexahydrate and PBTCA in dimethyl sulfoxide under a nitrogen atmosphere. The magnetic behaviors of the Nd3+ complex of a poly(Schiff base) were measured as a function of the magnetic field strength (0–50 kOe) at 4 K and as a function of the temperature (4–300 K). The results show that PBTCA–Nd3+ is a ferromagnet when the temperature is below 15 K, and above that, it is a diamagnet. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 443–446, 2006
Synthesis of novel optically active poly(ester imide)s by direct polycondensation reaction promoted by tosyl chloride in pyridine in the presence of N,N‐dimethyformamide
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Kowsari Elaheh 
Published: April 2006

Abstract4,4′‐Hexafluoroisopropylidene‐2,2‐bis(phthalic acid anhydride) (1) was treated with L‐methionine (2) in acetic acid and the resulting 4,4′‐(hexafluoroisopropylidene)‐N,N′‐bis(phthaloyl‐L‐methionine) diacid (4) was obtained in high yields. The direct polycondensation reaction of this diacid with several aromatic diols, such as bisphenol A (5a), phenolphthalein (5b), 1,4‐dihydroxybenzene (5c), 4,4′‐dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide (5 d), 4,6‐dihydroxypyrimidine (5e), 4,4′‐dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone (5f), and 2,4′‐dihydroxyacetophenone (5g), was carried out in a system of tosyl chloride (TsCl), pyridine (Py), and N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF). The reactions with TsCl were significantly promoted by controlling alcoholysis with diols, in the presence of catalytic amounts of DMF, to give a series of optically active poly(ester imide)s, (PEI)s, with good yield and moderate inherent viscosity ranging from 0.43 to 0.67 dL/g. The polycondensation reactions were significantly affected by the amounts of DMF, molar concentration of monomers, TsCl and Py, aging time, temperature, and reaction time. All of the aforementioned polymers were fully characterized by 1H NMR, FTIR, elemental analysis, and specific rotation. Some structural characterization and physical properties of these optically active PEIs are reported. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 455–460, 2006