bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solving Multi‐objective MILP Problems in Process Synthesis using the Multi‐Criteria Branch and Bound Algorithm
Authors: Mavrotas G. , Diakoulaki D. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe paper briefly describes the problem of process synthesis in the area of chemical engineering, and suggests its formulation as a Multi‐Objective Programming problem. Process synthesis optimization is usually modeled as Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) or Mixed Integer Non‐Linear Programming (MINLP) with an economic objective function. We claim that incorporating more criteria (e.g., environmental criteria) in this kind of combinatorial optimization problem offers the decision makers the opportunity to refine their final decision by examining more than one solution (a set of efficient or Pareto optimal solutions instead of one optimal solution). For solving the multi‐objective process synthesis problem, an improved version of the Multi‐Criteria Branch and Bound (MCBB) algorithm, which has been developed by the same authors, is used. MCBB is a vector maximization algorithm capable of deriving all efficient points (supported and unsupported), for small and medium sized Multi‐Objective MILP problems. The application of MCBB in two examples from process synthesis is also presented.
Particle Holdup Profiles in Horizontal Gas‐liquid‐solid Multiphase Flow Pipeline
Authors: Bello O. O. , Reinicke K. M. , Teodoriu C. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSand holdup is one of the most important hydrodynamic parameters that is needed for performance estimation, design, operation and control of oil‐gas‐sand multiphase production and pipeline transportation systems. The performance of oil‐gas‐sand multiphase flow can be reliably evaluated by measuring the sand holdup in such oil‐gas‐sand multiphase production and pipeline transportation systems. In the present work, a local sand holdup has been measured under conditions analogous to the horizontal oil‐gas‐sand three‐phase slug flow in pipelines. Accurate local sand particle holdup measurements were performed by the digital imaging technique. The results revealed the influence of operating conditions such as gas and liquid velocities and sand particle loading on the distribution of the local sand particle holdup in the horizontal air‐water‐sand multiphase slug flow pipe. Explanations for the observed trends are provided, shedding light on the general structures and mechanisms of the distribution of the local sand holdup in a horizontal oil‐gas‐sand three‐phase slug flow. Such information on the horizontal air‐water‐sand three‐phase slug flow mechanisms are essential to advance the mechanistic approach for predicting local sand holdup distribution and the subsequent effect on sand deposition during multiphase petroleum production and transfer operations.
Catalytic Dehydration of 1,2‐Butanediol to n‐Butyraldehyde in Sub‐ and Supercritical Water
Authors: Ott L. , Kohl S. , Bicker M. , Vogel H. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe change of the raw material basis to alternative sources, especially biomass, is advisable because of both the continuous shortage of fossile resources and the advancing change in world climate. Carbohydrates have the highest share in biomass. However, as they are overfunctionalized with chemically almost equal hydroxy groups, the high‐scale industrial use of carbohydrates is restrained. In addition, the diversity and the high amount of functional groups of carbohydrates complicate the prediction of possible reaction pathways. This is the reason why monoalcohols and polyols are used as model compounds. One interesting reaction is the dehydration of 1,2‐butanediol to n‐butyraldehyde, an important chemical intermediate. Supercritical water is an appropriate reaction medium for dehydrations because of its special physical and chemical properties. The addition of acids enhances the reaction rate but at the same time intensifies corrosion. Sulfate salts, especially zinc sulfate, can have similar positive effects without increasing the corrosion potential. The experimental results of the catalytic influence of different metal sulfate salts on the dehydration of 1,2‐butanediol to n‐butyraldehyde are presented in this paper.
Evaluative Approach for Process Development
Authors: Cziner K. , Virkki‐Hatakka T. , Hurme M. , Turunen I. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA novel method for process development is presented. The approach is based on the evaluation of available technologies and aiming at new and innovative designs by combining their best features in a creative way. The knowledge is extracted either directly from similar processes or from processes with sufficient analogy. A case study on melamine process development is given to illustrate the application of the methodology.
Separation of Toluene and n‐Heptane through Emulsion Liquid Membranes Containing Ag+ as Carrier
Authors: Chakraborty M. , Bart H.‐J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractUsing silver ions as carrier in oil/water/oil‐type emulsion liquid membranes, batch wise extraction experiments were carried out to separate toluene from a mixture of toluene and n‐heptane. The separation performances, represented by the permeation rate, emulsion stability, and separation factor, were analyzed systematically by varying the operating parameters, viz., contact time, concentration of Ag+, emulsification time, surfactant concentration, membrane stabilizer concentration, relative amount of solvent, and initial feed phase concentration. The emulsion liquid membranes thus formed are stable, and Ag+ and surfactant concentrations strongly affect the permeation behavior of toluene.
Development of a Ceramic Micro Heat Exchanger – Design, Construction, and Testing
Authors: Alm B. , Knitter R. , Haußelt J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis article presents the development of a ceramic micro heat exchanger. Starting from its geometrical design, results obtained from a simplified simulation of the heat exchanger efficiency will be given. The alumina microcomponents were manufactured by a rapid prototyping process chain. Here, stereolithography was combined with a low‐pressure injection molding process for the rapid and precise manufacturing of ceramic components down to the micrometer range. A micro heat exchanger, joined from sintered components using a glass solder, was applied as a prototype and checked for its performance at a system pressure of 8 bar.
Effects of chemoattractant pteridines upon speed of D. discoideum vegetative amoebae
Authors: Rifkin Jared L. , Goldberg Robert R. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractMovements of D. discoideum vegetative amoebae responding to pteridine chemoattractants, folate acid and pterin, were recorded. A vector analysis of these images was performed to partition the speed and orientation components of these motility patterns. This study demonstrates that in addition to orientation (chemotaxis), stimulated speed (chemokinesis) is an important component of the directed migration of these amoebae. Furthermore, the primary difference in their response to folate versus pterin is in speed rather than orientation. The data support a model of directed migration of these cells in which there are (1) separate signal translation pathways consequent from folate versus pterin reception and (2) specific pathways leading to increase in orientation versus speed. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Src‐dependent phosphorylation of Scar1 promotes its association with the Arp2/3 complex
Authors: Ardern Hazel , Sandilands Emma , Machesky Laura M. , Timpson Paul , Frame Margaret C. , Brunton Valerie G. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe WAVE/Scar proteins regulate actin polymerisation at the leading edge of motile cells via activation of the Arp2/3 complex in response to extracellular cues. Within cells they form part of a pentameric complex that is thought to regulate their ability to interact and activate the Arp2/3 complex. However, the exact mechanism for this is not known. We set out to assess whether phosphorylation of Scar1 by the non‐receptor tyrosine kinase Src may influence the function of Scar1 and its ability to regulate Arp2/3‐mediated actin polymerisation. We show that Scar1 is phosphorylated by Src in vitro and in vivo and identify tyrosine 125 as the major site in Scar1 to be phosphorylated in cells. Src‐dependent phosphorylation of Scar1 on tyrosine 125 enhances its ability to bind to the Arp2/3 complex and regulates its ability to control actin polymerisation in cells. Thus, Src may act as an intermediary to regulate the activity of the Arp2/3 complex in response to external stimuli, via modulation of its interaction with WAVE/Scar proteins. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Caenorhabditis elegans expresses three functional profilins in a tissue‐specific manner
Authors: Polet D. , Lambrechts A. , Ono K. , Mah A. , Peelman F. , Vandekerckhove J. , Baillie D. L. , Ampe C. , Ono S. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractProfilins are actin binding proteins, which also interact with polyphosphoinositides and proline‐rich ligands. On the basis of the genome sequence, three diverse profilin homologues (PFN) are predicted to exist in Caenorhabditis elegans. We show that all three isoforms PFN‐1, PFN‐2, and PFN‐3 are expressed in vivo and biochemical studies indicate they bind actin and influence actin dynamics in a similar manner. In addition, they bind poly(L‐proline) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5‐bisphosphate micelles. PFN‐1 is essential whereas PFN‐2 and PFN‐3 are nonessential. Immunostainings revealed different expression patterns for the profilin isoforms. In embryos, PFN‐1 localizes in the cytoplasm and to the cell–cell contacts at the early stages, and in the nerve ring during later stages. During late embryogenesis, expression of PFN‐3 was specifically detected in body wall muscle cells. In adult worms, PFN‐1 is expressed in the neurons, the vulva, and the somatic gonad, PFN‐2 in the intestinal wall, the spermatheca, and the pharynx, and PFN‐3 localizes in a striking dot‐like fashion in body wall muscle. Thus the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans expresses three profilin isoforms and is the first invertebrate animal with tissue‐specific profilin expression. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton, 2006.© 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mesp1‐nonexpressing cells contribute to the ventricular cardiac conduction system
Authors: Kitajima Satoshi , Miyagawa‐Tomita Sachiko , Inoue Tohru , Kanno Jun , Saga Yumiko 
Published: November 2005

AbstractPrevious fate mapping analysis, using Cre recombinase driven by the Mesp1 locus, revealed that Mesp1 is expressed in almost all of the precursors of the cardiovascular system, including the endothelium, endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium. Mesp1‐nonexpressing cells were found to be restricted to the outflow tract cushion and along the interventricular septum (IVS), which is a location that is suggestive of specialized cardiac conduction system (CCS). In our current study, we examined the identity of these IVS cells by using the pattern of β‐galactosidase activity in CCS‐lacZ mice. In addition, by crossing Mesp1‐Cre and floxed GFP reporter mice with CCS‐lacZ mice, we have calculated that approximately 20% of the ventricular CCS within the IVS corresponds to Mesp1‐nonexpressing cells. These data suggest that the ventricular CCS is of heterocellular origin. Furthermore, we indicate a possibility that a population of the cells that contribute to the ventricular CCS might be distinguished at an early stage of development. Developmental Dynamics 235:395–402, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lysophosphatidic acid cooperates with EGF in inducing branching morphogenesis of embryonic mouse salivary epithelium
Authors: Noguchi Yohei , Okamoto Atsushi , Kasama Takeshi , Imajoh‐Ohmi Shinobu , Karatsu Takashi , Nogawa Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2005

AbstractEpithelial morphogenesis is supported by diffusible growth factors and by nondiffusible cell substrata, such as laminin and fibronectin. When embedded in a laminin‐rich basement‐membrane substratum, embryonic mouse submandibular epithelium undergoes cell proliferation and branching morphogenesis in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF) in mesenchyme‐free culture but not in serum‐free medium. In this study, we sought to identify the biologically active factor in serum. As this factor was heat‐stable and trypsin‐resistant, the lipid fraction was analyzed. Horse serum was fractionated by ethanol extraction, Folch partition with chloroform–methanol–water, and high‐performance liquid chromatography, and we tested the branch‐inducing activity of each fraction. We also analyzed the partially purified fraction with a mass spectrometer, indicating that the active fraction largely consisted of lysophosphatidyl‐hexose. Finally we identified the molecule as lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), because, whereas lysophosphatidyl‐inositol had only a slight branch‐inducing activity, its relevant LPA fully substituted for serum and induced branching morphogenesis in cooperation with EGF. LPA receptor genes were expressed in submandibular epithelial cells. DNA‐synthesizing cells were abundant only when cultured in the presence of both EGF and LPA, but not either singly. Developmental Dynamics 235:403–410, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of land‐use impact on streamflow via a grid‐based modelling approach including paddy fields
Authors: Kim Seong Joon , Kwon Hyung Joong , Park Geun Ae , Lee Mi Seon 
Published: November 2005

AbstractTo investigate the hydrologic impacts of land‐use changes on streamflow for an urbanizing watershed with paddy fields, a grid‐based daily hydrologic model was adopted. The model was calibrated with two years (2000–2001) of observed streamflow data and validated using 5 months (2001) of measured soil moisture data and 1 year (2002) of observed streamflow data. After the model was tested, it was run to estimate impacts of urbanization on each hydrologic component with the land‐use data sets for 1986, 1994, and 2002 generated from Landsat TM satellite images. Total runoff increased from 41·4% (1986) to 44·9% (2002) for a 5·4% increase in urban area, implying that direct runoff increase exceeded baseflow decrease. Urbanization affected the proportions of direct runoff for each land‐use category more than the change in total runoff and the ratio of direct runoff to total runoff. The change proportions in direct runoff for urban areas, paddy fields, and forest were 14·3%, −9·8% and −6·7% respectively for a 5·4% increase, 4·6% decrease and 3·4% decrease in each land‐use area respectively. The results indicate that paddy fields play an important role in runoff regulation, and the evaluation method can assist regional policy makers in developing land management strategies that minimize hydrologic impacts on streamflow. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of rating‐curve parameters for sedimentation using a physical model
Authors: Kazama So , Suzuki Kenji , Sawamoto Masaki 
Published: November 2005

AbstractParameters in the lumped sedimentation formula rating curve Qs = KQP are discussed to estimate sedimentation in a basin without calibration in that basin. We were unable to determine the physical meaning of the parameters that are widely used by many researchers. A physically based sediment equation, the Itakura–Kishi equation, prepares a numerical experiment system to discuss rating‐curve parameter characteristics. Experimental results suggest a method to estimate K and P parameters from geomorphologic data, particle diameter, riverbed slope, and roughness by changing experimental conditions. The results yield P from the particle diameter and riverbed gradient, and K from the exponential function of the gradient, particle diameter and roughness. Both the proposed rating curve and the Itakura–Kishi methods are applied to the Mekong River basin combining with the BTOP‐MC (block‐wise TOP model with Muskingum–Cunge routing) model, a distributed hydrologic model, to discuss estimations and their characteristics in practical fields. The proposed methods for K and P provide good agreement with mainstream data from the Mekong River under conditions of gradual water‐level variation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forest categorization according to dry‐canopy evaporation rates in the growing season: comparison of the Priestley–Taylor coefficient values from various observation sites
Authors: Komatsu Hikaru 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSummarizing observed dry‐canopy evaporation (hereafter, evaporation) data from earlier papers, we developed a scheme for forest categorization according to evaporation rates in the growing season. Evaporation rates were represented by the Priestley–Taylor coefficient α calculated for daytime. We examined relationships between forest properties (e.g. climatic regions, leaf types) and α values. We obtained α data for 67 forest sites from earlier papers. Based on these data, we found (i) a clear difference in α values between broad‐leaved and coniferous forests, (ii) a greater variation in α values between individual coniferous forests than between individual broad‐leaved forests, and (iii) a clear relationship between canopy height and α values for coniferous forests. These three results were supported by surface conductance data summarized from earlier papers. We concluded that forests should be primarily classified into broad‐leaved and coniferous forests, and that coniferous forests should be further classified according to canopy height. This classification scheme is applicable only to forests with projected leaf area index (LAI) ≥3·0. Regardless of this LAI limitation, this classification will be useful because many forests satisfy this LAI limitation.This paper shows valuable results in the following two respects. First, this paper explicitly shows the difference in evaporation rates between broad‐leaved and coniferous forests. Although this difference would have been implicitly recognized, this difference has not been shown based on adequate amounts of observed data. Second, it is shown that classifying coniferous forests according to canopy height is as important as classifying forests according to leaf type (broad‐leaved or coniferous). Although studies have recognized the effect of canopy height on evaporation rates, the significant effect of canopy height on evaporation rates, compared with the effects of other factors on evaporation rates, has not previously been shown. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Observations and modelling of seawater intrusion for a small limestone island aquifer
Authors: Momii K. , Shoji J. , Nakagawa K. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSeawater intrusion in coastal aquifers is a widespread and serious problem in many parts of the world. Groundwater degradation due to seawater intrusion is often accentuated in small island aquifers due to overpumping or limited replenishing amounts of precipitation. Seawater intrusion and groundwater dynamics in a small limestone aquifer on Yoron Island, Japan, were investigated. Observations in the field were compared with results of a numerical model based on the sharp interface approach coupled with a tank model in order to take into account groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration. The field observations indicated that the sinusoidal fluctuations of groundwater level near the coastline occur in response to diurnal tides. The tidal fluctuations are damped, however, at a distance of 1 km from the coastline and the seasonal variation of groundwater level is small. The transition zone between freshwater and seawater in the inland coral limestone layer is narrow relative to the aquifer thickness, and the estimated interface by the Ghyben–Herzberg relation does not always represent the location of the transition zone for unsteady conditions. Suitable site‐specific parameters used in the tank model, as well as effective porosity and hydraulic conductivity of the groundwater aquifer, are discussed, and observed and modelled groundwater level fluctuations are compared for the study site. It is shown that calculated groundwater levels and location of seawater intrusion by the coupled numerical model are in relatively good agreement with observed results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incorporation of a nanosplitter interface into an LC‐MS‐RD system to facilitate drug metabolism studies
Authors: Andrews Christine L. , Li Feng , Yang Eric , Yu Chung‐Ping , Vouros Paul 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn the work reported here, a novel interface, the nanosplitter, is incorporated into the drug metabolism laboratory in order to enhance the analytical capabilities of detecting and identifying drug‐related metabolites to support drug metabolism studies during the drug development process. When an existing LC‐MS‐radiometric detector (RD) system is coupled with this nanosplitter, the system becomes capable of performing dynamic microspray under a typical analytical LC method. With the superior MS sensitivity offered by this system, most of the analytical LC methods developed for metabolite profiling can then be easily adopted for metabolite identification work. The improvement of these analytical capabilities can streamline the entire process of the drug metabolism study. In the experiments presented here, the nanosplitter interface coupled with analytical HPLC systems (e.g. 4.6 × 250 mm column @ 1 ml/min) demonstrated significant increases in MS signal (2× to 40× peak area) when compared to the standard LC‐MS interface for both in vitro and in vivo metabolism studies. Furthermore, this signal gain facilitated the MS detection of additional metabolites (observed in the radiometric trace) that were below the MS level of detection when using the standard interface. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Location and base selectivity on fragmentation of brominated oligodeoxynucleotides
Authors: Buré Corinne , Castaing Bertrand , Lange Catherine , Delmas Agnès F. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBromine‐modified oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) were fragmented in the electrospray source to study the influence of brominated bases on fragmentation. Several 13‐mer ODNs containing a brominated pyrimidine base, BrdU (5‐bromodeoxyuridine) or BrdC (5‐bromodeoxycytidine), were analyzed. Low cone voltage fragmentation yields a loss of the brominated base with a preferential loss for the brominated base closer to the 5′‐end (2‐position > 4‐position > 12‐position) as well as a preferential loss of BrdU over BrdC. Higher cone voltage produces backbone fragmentation with complementary an‐base and wm ions close to the brominated base. On the basis of these observations, we located the brominated base in the sequence for all of the ODNs studied. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diastereoselective fragmentation of chiral α‐aminophosphonic acids/metal ion aggregates
Authors: Filippi Antonello , Speranza Maurizio , Paladini Alessandra , De Carolis Roberta , Guidoni Anna Giardini , Laganà Aldo , Satta Mauro 
Published: November 2005

AbstractDiastereomeric clusters of general formula [MAB2]+ and [MA2B]+ (M = Li(I), Na(I), Ag(I), Ni(II)‐H, or Cu(II)‐H; A = (R)‐(−)‐ and (S)‐(+)‐(1‐aminopropyl)phosphonic acid; B = (1R)‐(−)‐ and (1S)‐(+)‐(1‐aminohexyl)phosphonic acid) have been readily generated in the electrospray ionization (ESI) source of a triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometer and their collision‐induced dissociation (CID) investigated. CID of diastereomeric complexes, e.g. [MAS(BS)2]+ and [MAR(BS)2]+, leads to fragmentation patterns characterized by Rhomo = [MASBS]+/[M(BS)2]+ and Rhetero = [MARBS]+/[M(BS)2]+ abundance ratios, which depend upon the relative stability of the diastereomeric [MASBS]+ and [MARBS]+ complexes in the gas phase. The chiral resolution factor Rchiral = Rhomo/Rhetero is found to depend not only on the nature of the M ion but also on that of the fragmenting species, whether [MAB2]+ or [MA2B]+. The origin of this behavior is discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.