bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal Pricing and Return Policies for Perishable Commodities
Authors: Pasternack Barry Alan 
Published: March 2008

This paper considers the pricing decision faced by a producer of a commodity with a short shelf or demand life. A hierarchical model is developed, and the results of the single period inventory model are used to examine possible pricing and return policies. The paper shows that several such policies currently in effect are suboptimal. These include those where the manufacturer offers retailers full credit for all unsold goods or where no returns of unsold goods are permitted. The paper also demonstrates that a policy whereby a manufacturer offers retailers full credit for a partial return of goods may achieve channel coordination, but that the optimal return allowance will be a function of retailer demand. Therefore, such a policy cannot be optimal in a multi-retailer environment. It is proven, however, that a pricing and return policy in which a manufacturer offers retailers a partial credit for all unsold goods can achieve channel coordination in a multi-retailer environment. This article was originally published in Marketing Science, Volume 4, Issue 2, pages 166–176, in 1985.
Vernakalant in the Management of Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Cheng Judy WM 
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVE: To review the pharmacology and clinical evidence of the use of vernakalant in the management of atrial fibrillation (AF). DATA SOURCES: Peer-reviewed articles published in the English language were identified from MEDLINE and Current Contents databases (both 1966–March 5, 2008) using the search terms RSD 1235 and vernakalant. Citations from available articles and recent meeting abstracts were reviewed for additional references. During the preparation of this article, vernakalant was being reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Therefore, information posted on the FDA Web site was also evaluated. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical studies of both intravenous and oral vernakalant were reviewed. The design and results of the studies were critically evaluated. DATA SYNTHESIS: Vernakalant is a sodium and ultra-rapid potassium channel blocker with atrial selective effects. In 2 clinical studies evaluating use of intravenous vernakalant in cardioversion of patients with recent-onset AF, vernakalant improved the chance of restoration of normal sinus rhythm (combined results 51% vs 3.8% with placebo; p < 0.001). In postoperative AF, intravenous vernakalant also improved the chance of restoration of normal sinus rhythm (45% vs 15% with placebo; p = 0.0002). Early Phase 2 studies demonstrated that oral vernakalant 300 mg or 600 mg twice daily successfully maintained sinus rhythm compared with placebo. No proarrhythmias relating to vernakalant have been reported to date. Common adverse effects include dysgeusia, sneezing, and paresthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Vernakalant is a new atrial-selective antiarrhythmic agent. Phase 3 clinical trials of the intravenous formulation and early Phase 2 studies of the oral formulation demonstrated vernakalant to be efficacious and safe in converting recent-onset AF to sinus rhythm. Further studies are needed to explore the efficacy and safety of vernakalant use in patients with severe heart failure and AF, as well as its relative efficacy and safety compared with other antiarrhythmic agents, especially with long-term use.
Verteilung klinisch-chemischer Kenngrößen in der deutschen Bevölkerung im Alter von 0 bis 18 Jahren: Erste Ergebnisse des Kinder-und Jugendgesundheitssurvey (KiGGS) / Biochemical analytes in the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS)
Authors: Thierfelder Wulf , Dortschy Reinhard , Hintzpeter Birte , Kahl Heidrun , Scheidt-Nave Christa 
Published: March 2008

Zusammenfassung
Im Rahmen des Kinder - und Jugendgesundheitssurveys (KiGGS) in Deutschland wurde eine Reihe verschiedener klinisch-chemischer Laborparameter bestimmt, um Elternangaben und anthropometrische Messdaten zu bestehenden Erkrankungen und Gesundheitsrisiken durch weitere objektive Messdaten zu ergänzen. Insgesamt wurden 43 Parameter zu drei wesentlichen Themenbereichen erhoben: Nährstoffmangel, Seroepidemiologie zu durchgemachten Infektionskrankheiten und Impfstatus sowie Risikoindikatoren und Risikofaktoren für chronische, nicht-übertragbare Erkrankungen. Je nach Verfügbarkeit valider Referenzbereiche oder Schwellenwerte speziell für Kinder und Jugendliche sowie in Abhängigkeit vom Standardisierungsgrad der jeweiligen Untersuchungsmethodik wurden die Laborparameter in fünf Bewertungskategorien eingeteilt. In dieser Arbeit werden erste, deskriptive Ergebnisse zu ausgewählten Laborparametern vorgestellt, die beispielhaft für diese fünf Kategorien stehen. Um die bevölkerungsmedizinische Bedeutung der Messergebnisse beurteilen zu können und gegebenenfalls auch versorgungsrelevante, normative Referenzbereiche daraus abzuleiten, sind weitergehende Analysen notwendig. Diese werden sich zunächst auf Querschnittsanalysen der Zusammenhänge zwischen Laborparametern und anderen gesundheitsrelevanten, anthropometrischen und soziodemografischen Variablen konzentrieren. Mittel- und längerfristiges Ziel ist die Ableitung multidimensionaler Referenzbereiche unter gleichzeitiger Berücksichtigung mehrerer Laborparameter und zusätzlicher klinischer Informationen sowie die Überprüfung der prognostischen Validität von Referenzbereichen und Schwellenwerten für ausgewählte Laborparameter anhand der medizinischen Ergebnisse bei Weiterbeobachtung der Studienteilnehmer.
Labordiagnostische Beurteilung der Nierenfunktion im Alter / Laboratory evaluation of kidney function in the elderly
Authors: Holdt Birgit , Schuff-Werner Peter 
Published: March 2008

Zusammenfassung
Mit der Verschiebung in der Alterszusammensetzung und der steigenden Anzahl älterer Menschen in der Bevölkerung rücken morphologische und funktionelle Veränderungen während des renalen Alterungsprozesses zunehmend in das Interesse der Laboratoriumsmedizin. Diese minimieren die Nierenfunktionsreserve und die Kompensationsfähigkeit und bedingen die Abnahme der Nierenfunktion. Nierenschäden und -erkrankungen müssen nach Möglichkeit zuverlässig von lediglich abnehmender Nierenfunktion unterschieden werden, um zur Früherkennung und Progressionsverzögerung von Nierenerkrankungen beizutragen.
Die glomeruläre Filtrationsrate (GFR) ist der empfohlene Laborparameter zur Charakterisierung der glomerulären Nierenfunktion und auf dessen Grundlage erfolgt die Stadieneinteilung chronischer Nierenerkrankungen. Im Mittelpunkt gegenwärtiger Diskussionen stehen aus Kosten- und Zeitgründen Näherungsformeln der endogenen Substanzen Kreatinin und Cystatin C. Leider wurden diese GFR-Näherungsgleichungen ohne Datensätze älterer Populationen entwickelt. Weiterhin ist der Referenzbereich für eine normale Nierenfunktion im Alter >70 Jahre nicht validiert. Studien zeigen, dass die Abweichungen der entwickelten Näherungsformeln in den verschiedenen Alters- und Krankheitsgruppen unterschiedlich sind. Eine universell anwendbare GFR-Näherungsformel ist nicht verfügbar. Spezifisch für ältere Patienten validierte Methoden zur Erfassung der glomerulären wie auch tubulären Nierenfunktion stehen nicht zur Verfügung. Folglich ist man bis zur Entwicklung exakterer Näherungsformeln oder neuer Biomarker auf vorhandene Näherungsformeln und zusätzliche Laborparametern angewiesen. Diese sollten entsprechend neuer Erkenntnisse für die Alters-, Krankheits- bzw. Therapiegruppe eingesetzt werden, für welche die geringsten Abweichungen zum Goldstandard (exogene Clearance) nachgewiesen wurden. Die konsequente Einführung von standardisierten Methoden und Kalibratoren führt weiter zu einer genaueren Schätzung der Nierenfunktion.
Besonders schwierig ist die Situation der Erstbewertung einer alternden Niere, da mit den bestehenden Methoden derzeit Daten entstehen, die variabel fehlerhaft sind und die Situation über- bzw. unterschätzen können. Verlaufsuntersuchungen sind in diesen Situationen dringend angezeigt, um Veränderungen der Nierenfunktion zuverlässig zu erfassen.
Ziel aktueller und zukünftiger Bestrebungen sollte sein, die Nierenfunktion beim alten Probanden bzw. Patienten unter Berücksichtigung funktioneller Reserven und Einschränkungen und individuell zu erfassen.
P2Y12Receptor Upregulation in Activated Microglia Is a Gateway of p38 Signaling and Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Kobayashi Kimiko , Yamanaka Hiroki , Fukuoka Tetsuo , Dai Yi , Obata Koichi , Noguchi Koichi 
Published: March 2008

Microglia in the spinal cord may play an important role in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. A metabotropic ATP receptor, P2Y12, has been shown to be expressed in spinal microglia constitutively and be involved in chemotaxis. Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) occurs in spinal microglia after nerve injury and may be related to the production of cytokines and other mediators, resulting in neuropathic pain. However, it remains unknown whether any type of P2Y receptor in microglia is involved in the activation of p38 MAPK and the pain behaviors after nerve injury.Using the partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSNL) model in the rat, we found that P2Y12mRNA and protein increased in the spinal cord and peaked at 3 d after PSNL. Double labeling studies revealed that cells expressing increased P2Y12mRNA and protein after nerve injury were exclusively microglia. Both pharmacological blockades by intrathecal administration of P2Y12antagonist and antisense knockdown of P2Y12expression suppressed the development of pain behaviors and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK in spinal microglia after PSNL. The intrathecal infusion of the P2Y12agonist 2-(methythio) adenosine 5′-diphosphate trisodium salt into naive rats mimicked the nerve injury-induced activation of p38 in microglia and elevated pain behaviors.These data suggest a new mechanism of neuropathic pain, in which the increased P2Y12works as a gateway of the following events in microglia after nerve injury. Activation of this receptor by released ATP or the hydrolyzed products activate p38 MAPK pathway and may play a crucial role in the generation of neuropathic pain.
Feasibility Study and Pilot Test of Polymer Flooding in Third Class Reservoir of Daqing Oilfield
Authors: Pu Hui , Yin Daiyin , Chen Yizhe , Yang Fulin 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This paper introduces laboratory and numerical simulation studies on selection of polymer injection parameters and project design optimization in a Third Class (Class III) reservoir of Daqing oilfield--the effective permeability is less than 100 md and the effective thickness is smaller than 1 m. Because of these physical properties, multiple producing layers, low permeability and highly dispersed residual oil, the recovery factor of water flooding is low. The amount of incremental producible oil is not large enough to further drill infill wells economically, so polymer flooding was proposed and a pilot test of polymer flooding was conducted.
On the basis of the reservoir response to waterflooding, polymer flooding could substantially increase the amount of recoverable reserves. Results of numerical simulation show that the recovery factor using the technique of separate-layer injection with different molecular weight polymers is 8.60% higher than that of water flooding. Compared with common polymer flooding (polymer concentration 1,000 mg/L, viscosity 30 ~50 mPa·s), the incremental recovery efficiency of the technology is 3%. The polymer flooding technique of separate-layer injection with different molecular weight polymers will not only improve oil recovery, but is also more economic.
Based on the results of these studies, a pilot test was conducted in March 2007. By the end of September 2007, the pilot test achieved desirable results: the allocated injection rate can be achieved, the injection pressure increased, and the watercut is decreasing, which indicate that polymer flooding can get good results in a Third Class reservoir with low permeability formations and thin pay zones.
The Future Challenge of Horizontal Well Testing in a North African Field: An Overview of a Decade of Field Practice and Operation
Authors: Bachiri Salim , Dahroug Ahmed Mahmoud , Zheng S. Y. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Projected increases in Algerian hydrocarbon production will come, in part, from more complex reservoirs. In Algeria, conventional quality reservoirs (&gt;1 md) are interbedded with volumetrically significant, low permeability sandstones (&lt;1 md)–the ‘tight sand’. The challenge has been to develop a programme of work to establish reserves in this sub-millidarcy resource; on the whole, the results of this evaluation programme are positive.
The main tight sections in Hassi Messaoud are of Cambrian age. Grain-rimming chlorite cement within thin intervals locally inhibited later pervasive quartz cementation; the quartz is the cause of reservoir degradation in the bulk of the sandstone, with resulting permeabilities of &lt;1 md, and often in the microdarcy range. Generally, the overlying Lower Devonian has a low density of faulting and fractures; open and closed fractures are observed in core, whilst mud losses suggest some fractures are conductive in the subsurface.
The permeability range in the tight sandstones extends below the resolution of conventional porosity/permeability measurement; determination has been improved through mercury-injection–derived permeabilities. Water saturations determined from core and logs suggest gas and oil may be present in the low-permeability rock. The presence of gas could not be confirmed by formation tester samples; thus, dynamic data is required from wells that were completed within the tight sandstone interval. The low leak-off coefficient suggests there is no connection to pervasive conductive fracture networks, although fractures intersected by the wellbores may contribute to flow. Also, large poro-elastic back stresses indicate that connections to high matrix or fracture permeability are unlikely. On balance, well-test analysis is a reliable indicator of hydrocarbon presence in very low permeability/porosity rocks that may recharge associated conventional layers following sufficient drawdown.
Successful Primary Cementing of High-Pressure Saltwater Kick Zones
Authors: Marinez Ricardo , El Shabrawy Mohamed , Sanad Osama , Waheed Arshad 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This Gulf of Suez case history presents an account of a successful primary cementing across a massive salt zone bearing a high-pressure salt water kick; this achievement had been elusive for many years. The challenge in cementing this salt zone was that the onset of the high-pressure kick zone(s) was not predictable because thin sections of anhydrites and sand streaks were lodged within the 600-m salt zone. The hole section was normally drilled with a salt-saturated mud, weighing 1.85 to 1.98 sg (specific gravity), making every effort to keep the well overbalanced. Over 20 wells had been drilled this way and practically all had either a kick while drilling the well or the well flowed while running casing, or flow occurred while waiting-on-cement (WOC). Not only did it pose a safety hazard and compromise drilling operations, but led to several days of nonproductive rig time spent in resolving the problem.
The solutions to the challenge were multi-faceted. Records of many previously drilled wells were reviewed and several improvements and suggestions made. The suggestions ranged from understanding the flow mechanism, the timing of flow, maintaining wellbore stability, providing a wellbore conducive to cementing, and cement slurry design and placement.
The lessons learned from this paper will help other locations drilling through salt sections worldwide that have similar situations of poor zonal isolation leading to sustained casing pressure, corroded casings, and in some cases collapsed pipe results in early termination of the productive life of the well.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Arylations of 1,2,3‐Triazoles with Aryl Chlorides using Conventional Heating
Authors: Ackermann Lutz , Vicente Rubén , Born Robert 
Published: March 2008

AbstractGenerally applicable, palladium‐catalyzed direct arylations of 1,2,3‐triazoles with aryl chlorides were accomplished through conventional heating at reaction temperatures of 105–120 °C. Thereby, intra‐ and intermolecular CH bond functionalizations were achieved with a variety of differently substituted chlorides as electrophiles, bearing numerous valuable functional groups.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Stille Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Aryl Chlorides using a Pre‐Milled Palladium Acetate and XPhos Catalyst System
Authors: Naber John R. , Buchwald Stephen L. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA highly active catalyst system based upon a biaryl monophosphine ligand, XPhos, for the palladium‐catalyzed Stille reaction has been developed. This method allows for the coupling of aryl chlorides with a range of tributylarylstannanes to produce the corresponding biaryl compounds in good to excellent yields (61–98%) in short reaction times (4 h). Palladium(II) acetate [Pd(OAc)2] and XPhos in a 1:1.1 ratio were milled into a fine powder that was used as pre‐catalyst for these reactions.
Improved Syntheses of Versatile Ruthenium Hydridocarbonyl Catalysts Containing Electron‐Rich Ancillary Ligands
Authors: Beach Nicholas J. , Dharmasena Ureshini L. , Drouin Samantha D. , Fogg Deryn E. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractClean, high‐yield routes are established to the important catalyst chlorobis(tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium hydridocarbonyl [RuHCl(CO)(PCy3)2] 2 and its N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) derivatives RuHCl(CO)(NHC)(PCy3) (3a: NHC=IMes; 3b, NHC=H2IMes; IMes=1,3‐dimesitylimidazol‐2‐ylidene). These complexes are obtained by treating chlorotris(tricyclohexylphosphine)ruthenium hydridocarbonyl [RuHCl(CO)(PPh3)3] 1 with tricyclohexylphosphine [PCy3], or with the appropriate NHC ligand, then PCy3. Advantages over prior routes to these complexes lie in the high yields from a conveniently accessible precursor, the absence of by‐products that otherwise prove difficult to remove, and the short reaction times under experimentally convenient conditions.
Synthesis by a single‐step swelling process and characterization of micrometer‐sized polychloromethylstyrene/poly(butyl methacrylate) hemispherical composite particles of narrow size distribution
Authors: Baruch‐Sharon Sigal , Margel Shlomo 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPolychloromethylstyrene (PCMS) micrometer‐sized particles of narrow size distribution were prepared by the dispersion polymerization of chloromethylstyrene in a mixture of ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide. Micrometer‐sized PCMS/poly(butyl methacrylate) hemispherical composite particles of narrow size distribution were prepared by a single‐step swelling process of the uniform PCMS template particles with emulsion droplets of butyl methacrylate (BMA) containing benzoyl peroxide, followed by the polymerization of BMA at 73°C within the swollen template particles. The effects of various polymerization parameters, for example, BMA volume, initiator type and concentration, and toluene as the swelling solvent, on the properties (size and size distribution, morphology, polymerization yield, and composition) of the hemispherical composite particles were elucidated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Trial‐manufacture and UV‐blocking property of ZnO nanorods on cotton fabrics
Authors: Xu Bi , Cai Zaisheng 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOriented ZnO nanorod arrays were prepared on cotton fabrics via a simple two‐step process. The ZnO nanocrystals were first synthesized and coated onto cotton substrates by dip‐pad‐cure process as nucleation seeds, followed by hydrothermal ZnO growth in aqueous solution of zinc nitrate hydrate and hexamethylenetetramine. Field‐emission scanning electron microscope images showed the typical ZnO nanorods were 40–60 nm in diameter and 300–400 nm in length. Meanwhile, a few mesoscale ZnO nanorods with diameter of 150–200 nm, length of 600–800 nm, and their congeries were also observed on the cotton fabrics. X‐ray diffraction result and Raman spectrum indicated the as‐prepared nanorods were of high quality and defect free with hexagonal wurtzite ZnO structure. The as‐obtained cotton sample was also characterized with energy dispersive spectroscopy and no impurities were detected. The ZnO nanorods grown on cotton fabrics possessed an ultrahigh ultraviolet protection factor of 379.14 in this study, indicating an excellent protection against ultraviolet radiation in comparison with the untreated cotton fabrics. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Study of the conductive paths of carbon‐black‐filled polyethylene composites by the alternating‐current impedance method
Authors: Sun Daoxing , Wei Yanyan 
Published: March 2008

AbstractConductive carbon‐black (CB)‐filled polyethylene composites were prepared after irradiation with a cobalt 60 source. The conductive composites were characterized by alternating‐current impedance spectroscopy, and the conductive mechanism of the conductive composites was analyzed in terms of a mathematical model. The values of the conductive ability, conductive style, sum of the electrical resistance of the continuous CB chains, electrical resistivity of the CB chains with one gap or a few small gaps, room‐temperature resistance, and slopes of the conductive composites were calculated. The investigation indicated that there existed continuous (contacting)‐path CB chains, small‐gap chains, and larger gap CB chains inthe composites, and the conductive paths in the composites were considered to be a three‐dimensional network. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation and characterization of novel Ce(III)‐gelatin complex
Authors: Huang Yaqin , Wei Tingting , Ge Youyong 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA new complex of cerium(III) [Ce(III)] with gelatin has been prepared in an aqueous solution. The FTIR, UV–vis, and XRD studies of the Ce(III)‐gelatin complex revealed that the carboxyl groups of gelatin coordinated to Ce(III). The thermal property of the complex was investigated by thermo gravimetric analysis. It was discovered that the thermally decomposed rate of the complex decreased obviously. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of the complex to Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherachia coli was measured and found that its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) to the growth of bacterium was 350 μg/mL, which was almost the same as Ce(III) ion. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Water flow through the polypropylene‐based geotextiles
Authors: Patanaik Asis , Anandjiwala Rajesh D. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis article presents the results from a study on the cross‐plane water flow through the needle punched nonwoven geotextiles produced from polypropylene fibers. Different types of nonwoven geotextiles are produced by varying the processing parameters during the needle punching process. The pore characteristics and the cross‐plane water flow (or permeability) through the nonwoven geotextiles are measured by liquid extrusion porometry and water permeability tester, respectively. The water flow velocities through the geotextiles are predicted by the finite element analysis. There is a good correlation between the average velocity data obtained from water permeability test and theoretical prediction based on finite element analysis. The pore characteristics play an important role in water permeability behavior of nonwoven geotextiles. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008