bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of nonleukoreduced red blood cell transfusion units collected at delivery from the placenta
Authors: Widing Line , Bechensteen Anne Grete , Mirlashari Mohammad Reza , Vetlesen Annette , Kjeldsen‐Kragh Jens 
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of cord blood (CB) as a source of red blood cells (RBCs) for autologous transfusion.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: CB was collected in 150‐mL storage containers with citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD) as anticoagulant and stored in either saline, adenine, glucose, and mannitol (SAG‐M; n = 18) or phosphate, adenine, glucose, guanosine, saline, and mannitol (PAGGS‐M; n = 18) for 35 days at 4°C. Hematologic status and hemolysis were studied. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 from CB monocytes was analyzed after incubation with addition of weekly sampled supernatants from the CB RBC units. Five additional units (PAGGS‐M) were leukoreduced and thereafter analyzed as indicated above.RESULTS: Hemolysis increased significantly over time, in SAG‐M more than in PAGGS‐M. During storage in both media, the number of white blood cells (WBCs) decreased, and the LPS‐induced production of TNF‐α and TGF‐β1 decreased and increased, respectively. There were no significant changes in the LPS‐induced production of TNF‐α and TGF‐β1 in the leukoreduced CB RBC units.CONCLUSION: Hemolysis in CB RBC units increased significantly over time, and PAGGS‐M appears to be superior to SAG‐M as a preservation solution for CB RBC. The changes in LPS‐induced TNF‐α and TGF‐β1 production over time were probably caused by substances released from apoptotic and/or necrotic WBCs. Further studies are needed to identify both which substances are responsible for the changes in LPS‐induced cytokine release and the clinical significance hereof.
THE ECONOMIC ADVANTAGE OF THE OPTIMUM DEPRECIATION PROCEDURE*
Authors: ZIMMER ROBERT K. , GRAY JACK 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the research was to determine the economic advantage of the accelerated depreciation procedures allowed by Revenue Procedure 67–40. This income tax procedure allows relatively free choice of depreciation method at any point in the asset's life. This choice affects two decisions. First, the decision to acquire a particular asset and second, if acquired, the depreciation method to be used for income tax purposes.A deterministic computer simulation was used to calculate the economic advantage of the new optimum procedure compared to the sum‐of‐the‐years‐digits method. The economic advantage is measured by the present worth of the depreciation tax shield. The independent variables are cost of capital, economic life, estimated salvage value, and income tax rate.The results of the simulation show that the added economic advantage of the new optimum depreciation procedure is small and is unlikely, in practical situations, to change the acquisition decision. The desirability of the new procedure for income tax purposes if the asset is acquired is less clear because the costs of using the new procedure are difficult to measure.
AN AXIOMATIC DEVELOPMENT OF CARDINAL UTILITY USING DECISION THEORY
Authors: DYCKMAN T. R. , SMIDT S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe present paper provides a proof of the existence of a utility function and the converse of that theorem using decision theory. In particular the development uses probability mass functions. The authors believe that this approach provides a useful alternative to existing proofs and, in addition, ties the analysis to well‐understood concepts in probability theory.
MANAGING INCENTIVES IN A POVERTY REDUCTION PROGRAM*
Authors: SOUTHWICK LAWRENCE , ZIONTS STANLEY 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe problem of reducing poverty is posed as a problem of determining and managing incentives. Four incentives are proposed that appear to be relevant to the reduction of poverty. They are introduced and explored from an economic point of view. A proposal encompassing these incentives is developed in which specific dollar amounts are proposed. Then some estimates of the costs, effects, benefits, and sensitivities to changes in parameters are made.
THE TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM AND THE VOGEL APPROXIMATION METHOD
Authors: SHORE HARVEY H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper shows that the so‐called “transportation problem” possesses the four characteristics which define linear programming (LP) type problems. Thus, the transportation problem can always be solved by using the Simplex Method, a well‐known but tedious technique for dealing with any linear programming problem. A special procedure for solving the transportation problem is the so‐called “Transportation Method,” which involves three steps. However, due to intricacies in steps 2 and 3, this Method can, like Simplex, become quite tedious and time‐consuming.A short‐cut approach to solving the transportation problem is the Vogel Approximation Method (VAM), which is a very simple means of performing step 1 of the Transportation Method. Application of VAM to a given problem does not guarantee that an optimal solution will result. However, a very good solution is invariably obtained, and is obtained with comparatively little effort. For many purposes, using VAM to carry out step 1 of the Transportation Method eliminates (or all but eliminates) the need for performing steps 2 and 3. The mechanics of the Vogel Approximation Method are illustrated with reference to a particular transportation problem.
PROFESSIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PROFILES OF THE MIGRATING AND NON‐MIGRATING LARGE PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM CPA
Authors: SORENSEN JAMES E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTBecause the larger public accounting firm represents a merged professional‐organizational structure, CPAs who function in this environment can encounter several professional‐organizational conflicts which appear to be related to career satisfaction and job migration plans. The specific types of professional and organizational conflicts and deprivations experienced by the large‐firm CPA are explored using data on 264 public accountants representing four national public accounting firms.CPAs who planned to migrate are compared with those who planned to remain with the firm on nine professional and organizational issues (e.g., administration, rules and procedures, colleague relationship, decision‐making); the implications of this behavioral analysis are related to several dimensions of the large‐firm hiring practices and training programs. The “educational sub‐culture” from which the newer staff member emerges is examined also for its possible role in creating several of the issues identified in the study.
DETECTION OF TURNING POINTS IN A TIME SERIES
Authors: BROWN ROBERT G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractConsider a time series for which, over a finite interval, there is a model that provides an adequate forecast of the series. Without loss of genality one can take the series over this period of time to have meanOand variance s̀2. At some time the underlying process changes to some other model. The previous model no longer produces errors with mean zero. It is assumed, however, that the variance remains s̀2. The problem considered here is to detect the change in the process as quickly as possible after it happens. The technique is a computationally feasible extension of Wald's [14] sequential analysis, to develop a parabolic mask centered over the most recent cumulative sum (“cusum”) of the forecast errors. Detection occurs when any previous point in the series of cusums lies outside the parabola. The technique is illustrated by an APL program applied to the logarithms of weekly changes in closing prices for IBM common stock on the New York Stock Exchange over the period 1968–1970.
INVENTORY MODELS: OPTIMIZATION BY GEOMETRIC PROGRAMMING
Authors: KOCHENBERGER GARY A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTGeometric programming is a mathematical programming technique that is designed to determine the constrained minimum value of a generalized polynomial objective function. To date, most applications of the technique have been restricted to certain classes of engineering problems.This paper presents a brief summary of geometric programming and then illustrates its application to managerial problems by applying it to three well‐known inventory models.
OPTIMAL SCHEDULING FOR INVESTMENT OF EXCESS CASH
Authors: COZZOLINO JOHN M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA method is presented for the scheduling of a company's investments of its predictable, short‐term, excess cash. The problem is structured in a way that leads to a fairly simple dynamic programming algorithm. The method is very flexible with regard to the type of investments considered; no structural properties of rates of return or availability are made except that they are predictable. The method allows the choice of holding to maturity or not and the choice can differ for different types of investments. A bank constraint, which fixes the average bank balance over the planning period, is added and the method of solution obtained.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUALS, ITEMS, PROJECTS, PRODUCTS AND STRATEGIES
Authors: MARIOTTI JOHN J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe problem of selection of the best item from one of a list of items to meet an objective is treated. The items are usually compared against factors or states of nature. The following techniques used to arrive at the “best” selection are treated:1. Ranking and rating2. Paired comparison and successive comparison3. Average score4. Dominance5. Game theoryLaplace criterionMethod of majority ruleBayes solutionCriterion of pessimismCriterion of optimismCriterion of regretMinimax and maximin in gaming situationsMixed strategies
INCREMENTAL (MARGINAL) ANALYSIS OF BASIC INVENTORY MODELS
Authors: TRUEMAN RICHARD E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTFor simple inventory models with linear costs and stochastic demands, the technique of incremental analysis is applied to the problem of determining both the optimum number of units to stock and the associated expected profit. The cases where there are shortage costs and where reordering is possible are covered. Sensitivity analysis of optimum solutions is shown to be useful and straightforward. Problems involving cost minimization, rather than profit maximization, are discussed. The emphasis is on discrete probability distributions of demand, but the extensions to continuous probability distributions are clearly indicated.
GRADUATE EDUCATION IN QUANTITATIVE METHODS IN THE AACSB SCHOOLS
Authors: BURFORD ROGER L. , WILLIAMS DONALD R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe status of Quantitative Methods in business education is perhaps less “standard” and less understood than any other field. This is probably even more true at the graduate than at the undergraduate level. Courses which are normally considered to be Quantitative Methods courses are often housed in a wide range of departments. Some courses which would normally be classified as Quantitative Methods courses are also housed in colleges other than Business Administration.In order to determine the current status of graduate quantitative methods curricula in schools of business, a survey was made of the member institutions of the American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business. This paper presents the survey findings.
NONECONOMIC CRITERIA AND THE DECISION PROCESS*
Authors: FREDRIKSON E. BRUCE 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a method for systematically including consideration of noneconomic criteria in the decision‐making process. It focuses on the Space Applications Program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, but is intended as a general outline applicable to decision problems in both government and business.The methodology involves four stages. First, a Criteria Set is developed by a panel of members with diverse backgrounds. Second, the criteria are made operational by posing a series of carefully worded questions to appropriate experts. Then the responses are scaled according to the degree of refinement considered necessary and appropriate.To allow flexibility and to accommodate differences in the degree of precision considered feasible, a number of scaling methods are identified. These range from a simple positive‐negative response checkoff to summation of individually‐weighted criteria with interaction among criteria. Finally, projects are selected on the basis of predetermined standards of choice.
THE COST OF IGNORING LEAD TIME UNRELIABILITY IN INVENTORY THEORY*
Authors: VINSON CHARLES E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA computerized cost‐minimization model was used to study the importance of lead time unreliability (variability of lead time from mean lead time) in inventory management. Using different combinations of stockout cost, demand variability, mean lead time, and variability of lead time around the means, changes in optimum safety stock and in inventory costs were observed. Lead time unreliability was found to be of greater importance than either the mean lead time or the variability of demand in explaining inventory cost behavior. Managers and researchers involved in the development of inventory theory are urged to note the great financial damage that may result from ignoring lead time unreliability; a dollar measure of this penalty is included in the presentation.
PROGRAMMED DECISION STRUCTURES ‐ FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO QUANTITATIVE UNDERGRADUATE CORE
Authors: HUBBARD CHARLES L. , KRAFT ARTHUR 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAdministrators and professionals must make social decisions within the environment of the computer revolution. This means that precise skills of logical problem solving and quantitative methods may assume an increasingly prominent place in college preparation for business and social sciences. At the same time, colleges are under pressure not to “select out” persons who are disadvantaged in quantitative areas. With a widening “quantitative gap,” major surgery of existing math and stat courses is unlikely to meet the challenge of this new social environment.Programmed Decisions Structures (PDS) is experimental coursework in a quantitative undergraduate core for business and social sciences. Particular features of PDS were developed to emphasize (1) motivation of the student, (2) credible simulation of realistic business and social environment, (3) awareness of logically developed structures, and (4) principles of applied scientific method. Constructed around the above four points, it is hoped that PDS will close the “quantitative gap” more effectively than the 20 quarter hours of conventional math, stat and computer courses which it replaces.
A RECONSIDERATION OF THE ‘GREAT RATIOS’ OF ECONOMICS
Authors: KOOT RONALD S. , WALKER DAVID A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAutocorrelations are found in the disturbance terms of regressions employed by L. R. Klein and R. F. Kosobud in a global model of growth employing five celebrated ratios of economics. This paper summarizes the Klein‐Kosobud conclusions, modifies them by removing the autocorrelations, and extends the model to include more recent years. The modified conclusions hold even with the added observations.
SCHEDULING JOBS ON PARALLEL PROCESSORS WITH DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING
Authors: Gupta Jatinder N. D. , Maykut Albert R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe problem of scheduling jobs on M‐parallel processors is one of selecting a set of jobs to be processed from a set of available jobs in order to maximize profit. This problem is examined and a dynamic programming solution is presented which decomposes it into a sequencing problem within an allocation problem. The computation required for solution is found to depend on the sequencing problem as it is affected by the waiting cost function. Various forms of the waiting cost function are considered. The solution procedure is illustrated by an example, and possible extensions of the formulation are discussed.
EIGENVALUES FOR THE DECISION SCIENCES
Authors: Strum Jay 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper gives an example of how to structure a set of lectures on eigenvalues and eigenvectors for students of economics, finance, or any of the other decision sciences. It is presented in a fairly self‐contained style, suitable for the relative beginner, but its main purpose is to present the instructor with a way to motivate definitions and tie key concepts together.
A LOOK AT THE SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL AS A TOOL TO ASSIST FACULTY TEACHING EVALUATIONS
Authors: Oliver Bruce L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe evaluation of the effectiveness of faculty teaching is a difficult process. This paper presents the results of an experimental empirical investigation into the possibility of using a psycho‐linguistic measurement technique, the Semantic Differential, to measure faculty communication of terminology to students. This measurement could be used to supplement other teaching evaluation devices. The paper determines a set of “key concepts,” derives a set of S.D. meanings from a Faculty to act as a standard, and measures student meanings at the beginning and end of an introductory course. These sets of meanings are then compared.
A SIMULATION MODEL OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM OF A STATE1
Authors: Perkins William C. , Paschke Paul E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a simulation model to estimate the enrollments and expenditures associated with various policy alternatives for the post‐secondary education system of a state, with Indiana as an example. Enrollments, operating expenditures, and construction costs are predicted for every public and private school for each year until 1985. The basic model‐building technique employed is regression analysis on historical data, but it is supplemented by other quantitative techniques and by experts' predictions. The model may be used to predict “most likely” future enrollments and costs, to perform sensitivity analyses to better understand the impact of various exogenous variables upon the system, and to evaluate possible policy alternatives. Including all of the schools in a state makes possible the evaluation of policy alternatives such as possible configurations of new two‐year public schools, the effect of tuition changes, and the effect of enrollment ceilings for larger state universities.
ANALYZING GEOGRAPHICALLY DISCRETE WAREHOUSING NETWORKS BY COMPUTER SIMULATION*
Authors: Markland Robert E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a comprehensive simulation modeling approach to the problem of locating warehousing facilities in a fashion that minimizes the cost associated with operating a multi‐product, multi‐source, multi‐destination distribution system. The digital simulation model presented in the study is derived within an “industrial dynamics” framework, utilizes input from an existing management information system, and employs a number of relatively simple heuristic procedures to analyze various alternative warehousing networks. Simulation results, in terms of the distribution costs associated with various warehouse locations, are presented for cases involving the effect of provision of a 100% service level, the effect of constraining product availability and/or inventory capacities at various warehouses, and the effect of deleting various warehouses from the existing warehouse network.
A DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING MODEL FOR PERIODICAL SELECTION
Authors: Rothstein Marvin 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a model for choosing the periodical collection in a reading room. The model consists of two stages. In the first stage the probability distribution of contacts by users with a given periodical is developed and employed to determine the utility of the periodical. In the second stage the problem of choosing an optimum periodical collection is formulated as a capital budgeting problem and solved with the aid of dynamic programming. The implementation of this model at the University of Connecticut is described in detail.
APPLICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: Kefalas Asterios , Schoderbek Peter P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOrganizations are in constant interaction with their environment. This phenomenon has been termed in the literature as the environment‐organizational interface. An organization acquires information concerning changes in its environment via some scanning system. This paper presents the results of an empirical investigation of the scanning process. The relationships of scanning to different environmental states is discussed and various propositions advanced. Different environmental states (stable versus dynamic) are moderated by the determinants of hierarchical levels and functional specialties in the firm.
EDUCATION
Authors: McMillan Claude , Plane Donald R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe power of an integer programming approach—and more particularly a 0,1 programming approach—to resource allocation problems is not widely appreciated. Recent developments in mathematical programming and in problem formulation enable decision makers to deal explicitly with the special conditions which characterize real world problems in capital budgeting, scheduling, and facilities planning. In this paper, somewhat tutorial in nature, we seek to demonstrate formulation and solution of an equipment selection resource allocation problem with several special conditions. The problem can be solved on any reasonably equipped computer system. Sensitivity studies are also performed and discussed.
EXPRESSED STUDENT ATTITUDE TOWARD CONVENTIONAL VERSUS COMPUTER SUPPLEMENTED INSTRUCTION
Authors: Gray Clifford F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes studies concerning computer supplemented exercises using an exponentially weighted moving average forecast simulator. Student attitudes toward the concepts school, lecture method of teaching, the computer supplementary exercises, and the value of the computer are examined. The fact that students perceive the computer as the vehicle for bringing more realistic problems to the classroom suggests that the future “mix” of pedagogical approaches will include more computer supplemented instruction.
STOCHASTIC DOMINANCE AS A RISK ANALYSIS CRITERION*
Authors: Porter R. Burr , Carey Kenneth 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses the Stochastic Dominance (SD) approach to the evaluation of risky assets. Given a set of portfolios, the familiar EV procedure chooses a set of EV‐efficient portfolios while the SD procedures choose SD‐efficient sets that usually are quite similar to (but not identical with) the EV‐efficient set. The SD approach can be employed as a refinement of the EV model or as an alternative method of evaluating portfolios. The SD view has certain conceptual advantages in the screening of a set of portfolios, but the EV model has the important advantage of an optimizing algorithm that builds efficient portfolios. Also, the SD approach requires more data than the EV approach.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATIVE CURRICULUM IN AN UNDERGRADUATE BUSINESS PROGRAM*
Authors: Logue Dennis E. , Merville Larry J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes how the core portion of the undergraduate business program at Indiana University was revised to facilitate integration of basic functionally oriented decision making skills and thus help students gain a deeper understanding of the interdependence of business decisions. It relates, in essence, why and how a single computer‐oriented case study which demanded a solution to a large‐scale, unified finance‐marketing‐production problem was used at Indiana University, mentions how we plan to accomplish further integration of functional material, and provides some insight into student reaction to what was, in fact, a massive project from both student and administrative points of view.