bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic Morphology and Evolutionary Anatomy of the Autonomic Cardiac Nervous System in the Lesser Apes, Gibbons (Hylobatidae)
Authors: Kawashima Tomokazu , Thorington Richard W. , Kunimatsu Yutaka , Whatton James F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe examined the morphology of the autonomic cardiac nervous system (ACNS) on 20 sides of 10 gibbons (Hylobatidae) of three genera, and we have inferred the evolution of the anatomy of the primate ACNS. We report the following. (1) Several trivial intraspecific and interspecific variations are present in gibbons, but the general arrangement of the ACNS in gibbons is consistent. (2) Although the parasympathetic vagal cardiac nervous system is extremely consistent, the sympathetic cardiac nervous system, such as the composition of the sympathetic ganglia and the range of origin of the sympathetic cardiac nerves, exhibit topographical differences among primates. (3) The vertebral ganglion, seldom observed in the Old World monkeys (Cercopithecidae), was consistently present in gibbons as well as in humans. (4) There are fewer thoracic ganglia contributing to the cervicothoracic ganglion in humans than in gibbons and in gibbons than in Old World monkeys. (5) The superior cardiac nerve originating from the superior cervical ganglion, rarely observed in Old World monkeys but commonly observed in humans, was present in 13 of 20 sides (65%), mostly on the left. Accordingly, the ACNS morphology exhibits evolutionary changes within the primate lineage. These evolutionary differences between Old World monkeys, gibbons, and humans are most parsimoniously interpreted as resulting from regular changes in the lineages leading from their common ancestor to the extant species that we dissected. They include the reduction in the number of thoracic ganglia contributing to the cervicothoracic ganglion and the expansion of the range of the cardiac nervous origin. Anat Rec, 291:939–959, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A balanced approach to health information evaluation: A vocabulary‐based naïve Bayes classifier and readability formulas
Authors: Leroy Gondy , Miller Trudi , Rosemblat Graciela , Browne Allen 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSince millions seek health information online, it is vital for this information to be comprehensible. Most studies use readability formulas, which ignore vocabulary, and conclude that online health information is too difficult. We developed a vocabularly‐based, naïve Bayes classifier to distinguish between three difficulty levels in text. It proved 98% accurate in a 250‐document evaluation. We compared our classifier with readability formulas for 90 new documents with different origins and asked representative human evaluators, an expert and a consumer, to judge each document. Average readability grade levels for educational and commercial pages was 10th grade or higher, too difficult according to current literature. In contrast, the classifier showed that 70–90% of these pages were written at an intermediate, appropriate level indicating that vocabulary usage is frequently appropriate in text considered too difficult by readability formula evaluations. The expert considered the pages more difficult for a consumer than the consumer did.
Bio‐Inspired Fabrication of Lotus Leaf Like Membranes as Fluorescent Sensing Materials
Authors: Heng Liping , Wang Xinyi , Dong Yongqiang , Zhai Jin , Tang Ben Zhong , Wei Tianxin , Jiang Lei 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA fluorescent organic small molecule, hexaphenylsilole (HPS), has been used as a sensing material, while a HPS/polymethyl methacrylate composite film with a lotus leaf like structure is prepared by a simple electrospin method. The film shows high stability and excellent sensitivity for the metal ions Fe3+ and Hg2+, respectively. The special surface morphology containing micro‐/nanocomposite structure is attributed to the exhibition of these unusual properties.
Mitochondrial pAL2‐1 plasmid homologs are senescence factors in Podospora anserina independent of intrinsic senescence
Authors: van Diepeningen Anne D. , Debets Alfons J. M. , Slakhorst S. Marijke , Hoekstra Rolf F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSince the first description of a linear mitochondrial plasmid in Podospora anserina, pAL2‐1, and homologous plasmids have gone from being considered beneficial longevity plasmids, via neutral genetic elements, toward mutator plasmids causing senescence. The plasmid has an invertron structure, with terminal inverted repeats and encodes a DNA and a RNA polymerase. Here we test whether pAL2‐1 homologs cause rapid aging independent of intrinsic and external conditions. We first analyzed a natural population of P. anserina and in 40% of the 112 isolates we detected pAL2‐1 homologous plasmids. Though the lifespan varied considerably among the strains, plasmid‐infected wild‐type strains are on average shorter lived than plasmid‐free strains and typically show a reduced lifespan extending effect of calorie restriction (CR). However, interesting exceptions were found, inviting further study. To further investigate the effect of pAL2‐1 homologs under various conditions, we constructed and analyzed isogenic lines with and without the plasmid. We found that the presence of pAL2‐1 homologs did not significantly affect growth rate as suggested by the population analysis, but reduced lifespan under all conditions. This effect was particularly clear for the lifespan extending conditions tested (CR, low temperature, antibiotics) supporting the idea that pAL2‐1 homologs are additional senescence factors independent of the intrinsic senescence determinants.
Native‐DIGE: A new look at the mitochondrial membrane proteome
Authors: Dani Diksha , Dencher Norbert A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRespiratory chain proteins play a pivotal role in mitochondrial metabolism and thereby in the aging process. Differential display of the mitochondrial proteome reveals the abundance changes occurring in proteins as response to complex events such as senescence and aging. However, there is an absolute need to implement a detection technique that could potentially encompass the hydrophobic and very basic membrane proteins, along with the soluble ones. It is also important to assess protein‐protein interactions, besides changes in abundance. Native‐difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) is an approach that facilitates sensitive quantitative assessment of changes in membrane and soluble proteins. It stretches the boundaries of detecting abundance changes to protein‐protein interactions for interpretation of a proteome in a more “meaningful” way. Here we evaluate the benefits of blue‐native fluorescence DIGE as a method in differential quantitative proteomics with a focus on critical issues for application and experimental design.
Clathrate Formation from Octaazaphthalocyanines Possessing Bulky Phenoxyl Substituents: A New Cubic Crystal Containing Solvent‐Filled, Nanoscale Voids
Authors: Makhseed Saad , Ibrahim Fadi , Samuel Jacob , Helliwell Madeleine , Warren John E. , Bezzu C. Grazia , McKeown Neil B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe synthesis of octaazaphthalocyanine (AzaPc) derivatives, with bulky phenoxyl substituents placed at eight peripheral positions and containing either H+, Ni2+ or Zn2+ ions in their central cavity, is described. The required precursors, derivatives of pyrazine‐2,3‐dicarbonitrile, were prepared using a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction between 2,6‐diisopropylphenol or 2,6‐diphenylphenol and 5,6‐dichloropyrazine‐2,3‐dicarbonitrile. Analysis of the resulting AzaPcs by UV/Visible and 1H NMR spectroscopy confirms that steric isolation of the AzaPc cores was enforced both in solution and in the solid state. X‐ray diffraction studies of single crystals of the AzaPcs reveal that solvent inclusion takes place in each case. Of particular significance is the finding that the zinc derivative of 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24‐octa‐(2,6‐diisopropylphenoxy)octaazaphthalocyanine provides nanoporous cubic crystals, containing massive (8 nm3) solvent‐filled voids, similar to those of the analogous phthalocyanine derivative. Exchange of the included solvent within the voids can be readily achieved by using a number of alternative solvents including water. Based on the observed loading of included water, the internal volume of this nanoporous cubic crystal appears to be more hydrophilic than its phthalocyanine counterpart.
Diastereo‐ and Enantiomerically Pure Allylboronates: Their Synthesis and Scope
Authors: Pietruszka Jörg , Schöne Niklas , Frey Wolfgang , Grundl Li 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAllylboronates are highly attractive reagents for allyl additions. Enantiomerically pure, stable reagents with a stereogenic centre in α‐position to boron are especially versatile, albeit often difficult to synthesize. Starting from boron‐containing allyl alcohols 6 and 7, which are discussed in detail herein, a set of reagents were obtained via [3,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangements and consecutive transformations in the side chain. The configurations could be established first by chemical correlation, but also by X‐ray crystallography (16, 18, 34, and 39). Allyl additions were performed resulting in the formation of predominantly (Z)‐configured homoallylic alcohols (31, 43–45) with high enantiomeric excess. Detailed investigations on the matched–mismatched interaction between the reagents 15/16 (and ent‐15/ent‐16, respectively) and isopropylidene glyceraldehyde 42 d are presented.
Recent Developments in Enantioselective Gold(I) Catalysis
Authors: Widenhoefer Ross A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe use of gold(I) complexes as catalysts for organic transformations has become increasingly common over the past decade, leading to the development of a number of useful carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond‐forming processes. In contrast, enantioselective catalysis employing gold(I) complexes was, until recently, exceedingly rare, due in large part to the pronounced tendency of gold(I) to form linear, two‐coordinate complexes. However, new approaches and strategies have emerged over the past two years, leading to the development of a number of effective gold(I)‐catalyzed enantioselective transformations, most notably the enantioselective hydrofunctionalization of allenes. Outlined herein is an overview of enantioselective gold(I) catalysis since 2005.
Thymidylate synthase in situ protein expression and survival in stage I nonsmall‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Zheng Zhong , Li Xueli , Schell Michael J. , Chen Tingan , Boulware David , Robinson Lary , Sommers Eric , Bepler Gerold 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.Thymidylate synthase (TS) is important for maintenance of the intracellular thymidine pool, which is crucial for DNA synthesis and repair. TS messenger RNA and protein levels are predictive of response to 5‐fluorouracil‐containing therapy for patients with colorectal cancer and gastric cancer. High levels of expression of 2 other genes important in DNA synthesis and repair, RRM1 and ERCC1, are prognostic of survival in early stage nonsmall‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. We hypothesized that intratumoral TS expression would be prognostic of outcome in stage I NSCLC.METHODS.Cytoplasmic tumoral TS was determined by automated in situ protein quantification (AQUA) in 160 patients with completely resected NSCLC that had not received chemotherapy or radiation. It was also determined by real‐time quantitative reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) in 85 similar patients. The 2 datasets were partially overlapping (N = 32). The optimal cutpoint was determined by the maximal log‐rank method with adjustment of the P‐values for multiple looks.RESULTS.TS protein expression was significantly associated with patient survival (P = .0013, adjusted P = .034). The optimal cutpoint was at the 25% percentile; the group with low expression (≤57.02) had a median overall survival (OS) of 51.7 months, and the high expression group (>57.02) had a median OS of 81.3 months. TS mRNA expression was not significantly associated with patient survival or TS protein expression. In a multivariate analysis adjusting for tumor stage, TS remained significantly prognostic of survival (P = .0013, adjusted P = .032).CONCLUSIONS.In situ cytoplasmic TS protein expression in tumors of patients with resected stage I NSCLC is a clinically important determinant of survival. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer
Authors: Lynch Henry T. , Kaurah Pardeep , Wirtzfeld Debrah , Rubinstein Wendy S. , Weissman Scott , Lynch Jane F. , Grady William , Wiyrick Sara , Senz Janine , Huntsman David G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.A subset of patients with diffuse gastric cancer harbor deleterious cancer‐causing germline mutations in the type 1 E‐cadherin (epithelial) gene (CDH1), which predisposes to the autosomal dominantly inherited hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC) syndrome. These mutations are associated with a 70% life‐time risk for diffuse gastric cancer (DGC) and an additional 40% risk for lobular breast cancer in women. Management options for unaffected mutation carriers include prophylactic total gastrectomy.METHODS.Four HDGC pedigrees from a cohort of 56 CDH1 mutation‐positive families were subjected to further analysis. Cancer diagnoses, whenever possible, were verified with pathology reports and/or slides/tissue block review. Genetic counseling for family members covered the natural history of HDGC, the pros and cons of mutation testing, the lack of effective screening procedures available to CDH1 mutation‐positive individuals, and the option for them of prophylactic total gastrectomy.RESULTS.Within the 4 families, carrier testing for mutations in the CDH1 gene was carried out on 52 individuals, including 25 individuals who were positive for mutation. Prophylactic gastrectomies were performed on a total of 17 individuals from 3 of the families, including 11 first cousins from 1 of the families. Occult DGC was diagnosed in gastrectomy specimens from 13 of 17 individuals (76.5%). During follow‐up questioning, each of the 11 cousins stated that the decision for the prophylactic procedure was the “right one” for them.CONCLUSIONS.Unaffected mutation carriers from HDGC families face difficult decisions and can be assisted best through education and interactions with counseling by an informed multidisciplinary team. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Postmastectomy radiation therapy for lymph node‐negative, locally advanced breast cancer after modified radical mastectomy
Authors: Yu James B. , Wilson Lynn D. , Dasgupta Tina , Castrucci William A. , Weidhaas Joanne B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.The role of postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) for lymph node‐negative locally advanced breast carcinoma (T3N0M0) after modified radical mastectomy (MRM) with regard to improvement in survival remains an area of controversy.METHODS.The 1973–2004 National Cancer Institute (NCI) Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was examined for patients with T3N0M0 ductal, lobular, or mixed ductal and lobular carcinoma of the breast who underwent MRM, treated from 1988‐2003. Patients who were men, who had positive lymph nodes, who survived ≤6 months, for whom breast cancer was not the first malignancy, who had nonbeam radiation, intraoperative or preoperative radiation were excluded. The average treatment effect of PMRT on mortality was estimated with a propensity score case‐matched analysis.RESULTS.In all, 1777 patients were identified; 568 (32%) patients received PMRT. Median tumor size was 6.3 cm. The median number of lymph nodes examined was 14 (range, 1–49). Propensity score matched case‐control analysis showed no improvement in overall survival with the delivery of PMRT in this group. Older patients, patients with ER− disease (compared with ER+), and patients with high‐grade tumors (compared with well differentiated) had increased mortality.CONCLUSIONS.The use of PMRT for T3N0M0 breast carcinoma after MRM is not associated with an increase in overall survival. It was not possible to analyze local control in this study given the limitations of the SEER database. The impact of potential improvement in local control as it relates to overall survival should be the subject of further investigation. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Targeted therapy in head and neck cancer
Authors: Langer Corey J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), tumor recurrence, secondary tumors, and comorbidities contribute to therapy failure, and treatment approaches often are limited by their toxicity. With the incorporation of targeted therapies, the number of options available for patients with SCCHN is growing. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is involved in the development and progression of SCCHN and is associated with a poor prognosis. The anti‐EGFR monoclonal antibody (MoAb) cetuximab is the first targeted therapy to be developed for SCCHN. Recent data confirmed a survival advantage and enhanced locoregional control of SCCHN with cetuximab plus radiotherapy (RT) in patients with locally advanced (LA) SCCHN. Single‐agent cetuximab conferred clinical benefits for patients with platinum‐refractory metastatic disease, and a recent phase 3 trial demonstrated a survival benefit with cetuximab and standard platinum‐based therapy in the front‐line treatment of recurrent/metastatic disease. Cetuximab has a toxicity profile milder than that of cytoxic agents and does not exacerbate RT toxicity when it is used in combination. Small‐molecule EGFR‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors also have shown promise in combination with chemoradiotherapy or as single agents, although they are in earlier stages of developmental. Other targeted approaches (eg, antiangiogenics) are also under investigation. Ongoing clinical trials will further define targeted treatment roles in all stages of SCCHN. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Parallel processing of remotely sensed hyperspectral imagery: full‐pixel versus mixed‐pixel classification
Authors: Plaza Antonio J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe rapid development of space and computer technologies allows for the possibility to store huge amounts of remotely sensed image data, collected using airborne and satellite instruments. In particular, NASA is continuously gathering high‐dimensional image data with Earth observing hyperspectral sensors such as the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's airborne visible–infrared imaging spectrometer (AVIRIS), which measures reflected radiation in hundreds of narrow spectral bands at different wavelength channels for the same area on the surface of the Earth. The development of fast techniques for transforming massive amounts of hyperspectral data into scientific understanding is critical for space‐based Earth science and planetary exploration. Despite the growing interest in hyperspectral imaging research, only a few efforts have been devoted to the design of parallel implementations in the literature, and detailed comparisons of standardized parallel hyperspectral algorithms are currently unavailable. This paper compares several existing and new parallel processing techniques for pure and mixed‐pixel classification in hyperspectral imagery. The distinction of pure versus mixed‐pixel analysis is linked to the considered application domain, and results from the very rich spectral information available from hyperspectral instruments. In some cases, such information allows image analysts to overcome the constraints imposed by limited spatial resolution. In most cases, however, the spectral bands collected by hyperspectral instruments have high statistical correlation, and efficient parallel techniques are required to reduce the dimensionality of the data while retaining the spectral information that allows for the separation of the classes. In order to address this issue, this paper also develops a new parallel feature extraction algorithm that integrates the spatial and spectral information. The proposed technique is evaluated (from the viewpoint of both classification accuracy and parallel performance) and compared with other parallel techniques for dimensionality reduction and classification in the context of three representative application case studies: urban characterization, land‐cover classification in agriculture, and mapping of geological features, using AVIRIS data sets with detailed ground‐truth. Parallel performance is assessed using Thunderhead, a massively parallel Beowulf cluster at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. The detailed cross‐validation of parallel algorithms conducted in this work may specifically help image analysts in selection of parallel algorithms for specific applications. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solid state yellow and orange lasers for flow cytometry
Authors: Kapoor Veena , Karpov Vladimir , Linton Claudette , Subach Fedor V. , Verkhusha Vladislav V. , Telford William G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDiode and DPSS lasers emitting a variety of wavelengths are now commonly incorporated into flow cytometers, greatly increasing our capacity to excite a wide variety of fluorochromes. Until recently, however, virtually no practical technology existed for generating yellow or orange laser light for flow cytometry that was compatible with smaller instrumentation. In this study, we evaluate several new solid state laser systems that emit from the 570 to 600 nm as excitation sources for flow cytometry. DPSS 580, 589, and 592 nm sources were integrated into a cuvette‐based flow cytometer (BD LSR II) and a stream‐in‐air cell sorter (FACSVantage DiVa), and used to excite a variety of yellow, orange, and red excited fluorochromes, including Texas Red, APC, and its tandem conjugates, and the genetically encoded red fluorescent protein HcRed and the more recently developed Katushka. All laser sources were successfully incorporated into the indicated flow cytometry platforms. The yellow and orange sources (particularly 592 nm) were ideal for exciting Texas Red, and provided excitation of APC and its tandems that was comparable to a traditional red laser source, albeit at higher power levels than red sources. Yellow and orange laser light was optimal for exciting HcRed and Katushka. Practical yellow and orange laser sources are now available for flow cytometry. This technology fills an important gap in the laser wavelengths available for flow, now almost any fluorochrome requiring visible light excitation can be accommodated. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generation of an Msx2‐GFP conditional null allele
Authors: Bensoussan Vardina , Lallemand Yvan , Moreau Julie , Cloment Cécile Saint , Langa Francina , Robert Benoît 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMsx1 and Msx2, two members of the Msx gene family, encode homeoprotein transcription factors and play critical roles during mouse development. Because of the redundancy between the two genes, many of these roles can only be studied in double Msx1; Msx2 mutants. However, these animals die around 14.5 dpc, which precludes analysis of Msx gene function beyond this stage. Moreover, the pleiotropic defects displayed by these embryos make phenotypic analysis difficult. To overcome these restrictions and study the double Msx mutant phenotype at later stages, we generated an Msx2 conditional null allele using Cre/loxP technology. The strategy consisted of flanking the Msx2 gene coding sequence with two loxP sites. In addition, a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene was placed under Msx2 regulatory sequences in the modified locus. Our results demonstrate that the Msx2‐GFP conditional allele behaves as a normal one, whereas Cre‐mediated recombination creates an Msx2 null allele. With either allele, expression patterns of the GFP reporter gene and the Msx2 endogenous gene are identical. genesis 46:276‐282, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.