bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diapause termination in the spotted stem borer, Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in the laboratory
Authors: KFIR RAMI 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe effect of temperature, photoperiod, artificial diet and water on the termination of diapause by larvae of the stem borer, Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), was studied in the laboratory. Termination of diapause as indicated by pupation was affected mainly by a combination of high temperature and a long day photoperiod. Total darkness did not prevent termination of diapause and pupation occurred also in larvae which were never exposed to water. Long days accelerated pupation, but, under 16 h daylength, termination of diapause was faster than under constant illumination. Provision of artificial diet had no effect or slowed down pupation but water decreased the time to pupation. Under 28°C, 16 h daylength and availability of water, C. partellus diapausing larvae terminated diapause and pupated in about 9 days.
Evaluation of selected cowpea varieties for resistance to Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae) at the seedling and podding phase
Authors: OFUYA THOMAS I 
Published: February 2008

SummaryTwelve varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) were tested at the seedling and podding growth phases for resistance to infestation and damage to Aphis craccivora Koch. Nine of these cowpeas have previously been known to exhibit seedling resistance and the other three, susceptibility to the insect. A. craccivora could not colonise pods of TVu 9930. Pods of Tvu 36 also manifested a high level of resistance to the aphid. The three seedling susceptible varieties proved quite susceptible to A. craccivora at the podding phase. The other varieties were more resistant to the aphid in the seedling phase than in the podding phase.
The elimination of clover diseases by shoot tip culture
Authors: DALE P J , CHEYNE V A 
Published: February 2008

SummaryShoot tip culture was used to eliminate white clover mosaic virus (WCMV) and red clover necrotic mosaic virus (RCNMV) from red clover, and clover phyllody disease (CP) and clover red leaf disease (CRL) from white clover. Shoot tips up to 2.4 mm (in some cases 3 mm) could regenerate plants free from the pathogens, but the efficiency of elimination, at least for WCMV and CRL, tended to decrease with increasing shoot tip size. The efficiency of plant regeneration from shoot tips generally improved with increasing tip size.
Seed transmission of turnip yellow mosaic virus in winter turnip and winter oilseed rapes
Authors: ŠPAK J , KUBELKOVÁ DARINA , HNILIČKA E 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThis is the first record of seed transmission of turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) in oilseed and turnip rapes. The seed transmission of TYMV in a naturally infected winter turnip rape (Brassica napus var. silvestris) cultivar Perko PVH was investigated. By ELISA 1.6%, 3.2% and 8.3% seed transmission of the virus was found in seed of plants from three localities.The proportion of infected seeds produced by artificially infected plants of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera) and winter turnip rape cultivars was determined. The virus transmission rate, expressed as the proportion of virus‐infected plants which germinated from the seed was for the oilseed rape cvs Jet Neuf 0.1%, Solida 0.4%, Silesia 0.8%, Darmor 1.2%, SL‐507 0.2%, SL‐509 0.0% and for the winter turnip rape cv. Perko 1.5%. ELISA cannot be used in direct tests on bulk seed lots to estimate proportion of infected seed, but must be used on germinated seedlings.
The occurrence of barley yellow dwarf viruses in CIMMYT bread wheat nurseries and associated cereal crops during 1988–1990
Authors: WEBBY G N , LISTER R M , BURNETT P A 
Published: February 2008

SummaryEnzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)‐based surveys of the occurrence of five barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) serotypes (MAV, PAV and SGV in “Group 1”; RPV and RMV in “Group 2”) in CIMMYT bread wheat nurseries and other small grain crops in various locations world‐wide were undertaken in 1988, 1989 and 1990. The objective was to investigate the relative occurrence of BYDV serotypes in areas relevant to CIMMYT cereal breeding programs. Overall, MAV and PAV serotypes predominated in the samples collected, though their relative frequencies depended on the location. SGV serotypes were uncommon in most locations. Group 2 serotypes occurred widely, but RMV serotypes were more common than RPV serotypes.
In vitro activity of glucosinolate‐derived isothiocyanates against postharvest fruit pathogens*
Authors: MARI M , IORI R , LEONI O , MARCHI A 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe authors assayed the ability of some reaction products, essentially isothiocyanates, derived from the myrosinase‐catalysed hydrolysis (neutral pH) of six natural glucosinolates to inhibit germination and mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea, Rhizopus stolonifer, Monilinia laxa, Mucor piriformis and Penicillium expansum, the leading postharvest fungal pathogens of fruit and vegetable crops. All of the tested products showed antifungal activity, although they proved less effective against mycelial growth than in germination control. The isothiocyanates produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of glucoraphenin, sinalbin and sinigrin were particularly effective because they completely inhibited conidic germination of all five pathogens considered. The sinigrin‐derived isothiocyanate exhibited a wide pathogen‐control spectrum, either inhibiting conidia germination altogether or delaying by 3–6 days the onset of mycelial growth compared to the control.
A description and code of development of borage (Borago officinalis)
Authors: SIMPSON M J A 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA description and code of development is proposed which divides the life cycle of borage (Borago officinalis L.) into eight stages, namely germination and emergence, leaf production, stem extension, flower bud development, flowering, seed maturity and abscission, leaf senescence, and stem senescence. The most important difference between the borage system and one devised for oilseed rape lies in the description of flowering and seed development, reflecting the cymose structure of the borage inflorescence which contrasts with the raceme of oilseed rape. The borage description and code should facilitate assessment of harvest stage and other critical stages that determine the timing of husbandry techniques.
Interactions of fungicide and insecticide combinations against Rhizoctonia damping‐off and root rot in canola*
Authors: KATARIA H R , VERMA P R 
Published: February 2008

SummaryIn growth chamber pot experiments with soilless mix infested with an isolate of Rhizoctonia solani AG2‐1, two seed‐dressing insecticides (cloethocarb and gamma‐HCH) and two granular insecticides (carbofuran and terbufos) were tested alone and in combination with five seed‐dressing fungicides (carboxin, cyproconazole, furmecyclox, iprodione and tolclofos‐methyl) against pre‐emerg‐ence damping‐off and post‐emergence seedling root rot in canola cv. Westar (Brassica napus). Each fungicide provided almost complete control of damping‐off, but, against post‐emergence root rot, furmecyclox, iprodione and tolclofos‐methyl gave far better control than carboxin and cyproconazole. Cloethocarb and carbofuran increased the incidence of damping‐off and, when used in combination with fungicides, lowered the disease control against damping‐off and root rot. Gamma‐HCH and terbufos decreased the incidence of pre‐emergence damping‐off, and terbufos also reduced post‐emergence root rot. Combined treatments with gamma‐HCH and terbufos gave better control against damping‐off than either gamma‐HCH or terbufos alone. Disease control by fungicides against both damping‐off and root rot was enhanced by the use of either gamma‐HCH or terbufos together with fungicide treatments. Fungicide combinations with gamma‐HCH and terbufos were at best additive in their activity for overall disease control. Maximum disease control with insecticide‐fungicide combinations was achieved when terbufos granules were applied at the time the pots were sown with fungicide + gamma‐HCH‐treated seed. Adding terbufos granules to the treated seed 1–4 wk before seeding, resulted in a considerable loss of efficacy of each of the five fungicide + gamma‐HCH seed treatments.
Surveys of diseases of spring barley in England and Wales, 1976–1980
Authors: POLLEY R W , KING J E , JENKINS J E E 
Published: February 2008

SummarySamples from 200–300 randomly selected spring barley crops were taken annually at growth stage 73–77 (milky ripe) from 1976 to 1980. The number of samples from each region was proportional to the area of barley grown in each region. The percentage of the area of the top two leaves affected by diseases was recorded. Mildew (Erysiphe graminis) was the most widespread and severe disease recorded. Brown rust (Puccinia hordei) and rhynchosporium (Rhyn‐chosporium secalis) occurred frequently but at relatively low levels. Yellow rust {Puccinia striiformis) and septoria (Septoria nodorum) were seen on less than 50% of the samples in most years, and halo spot (Selenophoma donacis) and net blotch (Pyrenophora teres) were rarely recorded. There was an association between the severity of rhynchosporium and the number of rain days in May and June. The highest levels of brown rust occurred in the south and east and rhynchosporium was more common in Wales and the south‐west than in the east, but there were no differences in the regional distribution of other diseases. Cultivar resistance, sowing date, previous cropping and fungicide usage were all found to be associated with altered disease levels. The proportion of crops treated with a foliar fungicidal spray rose from 26% in 1976 to 47% in 1980. The use of tridemorph declined but that of triadimefon increased reaching 29% of crops treated by 1980. The use of ethirimol as a seed treatment declined from 16% of crops grown from treated seed in 1976 to 7% in 1980. Estimated yield losses between 1976 and 1980 varied between 4% and 9% due to mildew, between 0.3% and 0.8% due to brown rust and between 0.2% and 0.5% due to rhynchosporium.
Surveys of diseases of winter barley in England and Wales, 1981–1991
Authors: POLLEY R W , THOMAS M R , SLOUGH J E , BRADSHAW N J 
Published: February 2008

SummarySamples from 200–400 randomly selected winter barley crops were taken annually at growth stage 71–73 from 1981 to 1991, with the exception of 1984 and 1985. The number of samples from each region was proportional to the area of barley growth in each region. The percentage of the area of the top two leaves affected by diseases and the severity of stem base diseases were recorded. Mildew(Erysiphe graminis)was the most widespread of the foliar diseases and in three years (1982, 1986 and 1991) was also the most severe. Rhynchosporium(Rhynchosporium secalis),net blotch(Pyrenophora teres)and brown rust(Puc‐cinia hordei)were also prevalent in some years. Of the stem base diseases, fusarium was often the most widespread. Eyespot(Pseudocercosporella her‐potrichoides)severity varied widely from year to year ranging from 1.2% of stems affected by moderate or severe symptoms in 1982 to 24.1% in 1988. There were regional differences in the severity of mildew, rhynchosporium, brown rust, halo spot(Selenophoma donacis)and eyespot. Cultivar resistance affected disease severity and previous cropping affected eyespot and less frequently mildew, rhynchosporium and net blotch. Eyespot, and to a lesser extent, sharp eyespot, were less severe in late‐ than in early‐sown crops. The percentage of crops treated with a fungicidal spray increased from 72% in 1981 to 95% in 1991. The use of benzimidazole fungicides for the control of eyespot declined in response to the development of resistance, and more recently the use of prochlo‐raz also declined. Broad spectrum DMI fungicides were widely used, and the use of morpholines to improve mildew control increased significantly. The proportion of crops grown from seed treated with a non‐mercurial fungicidal seed dressing reached a peak of 47% in 1986 but subsequently declined to 22% in 1990 and 1991.
Comparison of population density of plant parasitic and free‐living nematodes in earthworm casts and adjacent soils of fallow and cultivated land in South Eastern Nigeria
Authors: RUSSOM Z , ODIHIRIN R A , MATUTE M M 
Published: February 2008

SummaryNumbers of nematode species, juveniles, females and males in earthworm casts and in adjacent soils were studied in fallow (FL) and in cultivated lands (CL). In the FL each cast had an average of 5.6 different species of nematodes, while a soil sample of equal weight to the cast and within a 10 cm radius of the cast averaged 2.5 species. The difference between these means was highly significant. In the CL there were 4.7 species/cast and 2.9 species/soil sample. The difference between these two means was also highly significant.A total of 16 plant parasitic species, five omnivorous, two predacious and eight free‐living nematode species were observed in the casts and in the adjacent soils of both FL and CL. The results partially contradicted the widely held view that earthworm casts are beneficial because the casts harboured numerous plant parasitic nematodes.
Characterisation of a 34 kD protein from potato cyst nematodes, using monoclonal antibodies with potential for species diagnosis
Authors: ROBINSON M P , BUTCHER G , CURTIS R H , VIES K G DA , EVANS K 
Published: February 2008

SummaryTwo monoclonal antibodies, which differentially recognise the two species of potato cyst nematodes (PCN), Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis, are described. They have been shown to have potential for quantification of these two species, recognising proteins of the same molecular weight (34 kD) in both species. Further investigation showed these proteins to have isoelectric points at pH values of 5.7 in G. pallida and 5.9 in G. rostochiensis, in common with the proteins used by Fleming & Marks (1983) to differentiate the species of PCN. They are likely to be structurally very similar, with the same physiological function (and therefore similar concentrations) in the two species. In cross‐reactivity tests with a wide range of soil nematode species, the antibodies reacted strongly only with species of the genus Globodera, and thereby confirmed their potential as the basis of a quantitative immunoassay likely to be useful in management of PCN populations.
Soil sampling to detect potato cyst‐nematodes {Globodera spp.)
Authors: TURNER SUSAN J 
Published: February 2008

SummarySampling agricultural land prior to planting potatoes usually forms the basis of estimating levels of potato cyst‐nematode (PCN) populations for certification, advisory and research programmes. A series of investigations studied the design and efficiency of sampling equipment and the intensity and pattern of soil collection for PCN detection. A single 360 g sample in fields up to 2 ha is recommended as the minimum practical and economic sampling intensity for PCN detection for certification purposes. Additional rates are recommended for ‘high risk’ situations such as high grade seed and resampling with a view to descheduling land.
The effect of parent plant nutrition on seed size, viability and vigour and on germination of wheat and triticale at different temperatures
Authors: NAYLOR ROBERT E L 
Published: February 2008

SummarySeed was obtained from two adjacent trials of wheat (cv. Avalon) and triticale (cv. Lasko) harvested in 1990. The treatments consisted of factorial combinations of five levels of spring nitrogen (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg N ha‐1) with fungicide treatments designed to control foliar diseases. Seed was graded by size into different fractions.Application of foliar fungicides to the parent plant increased the proportion of large seed in wheat but not in triticale. Fungicide application had no effect on seed vigour (quantified as the value of K; after controlled deterioration), final germination, median germination time (t50) or rate of germination.Parent plant nutrition altered the proportions of seed in different size categories in triticale and wheat. In laboratory germination tests, final germination of wheat increased with seed size. Large (> 3.0 mm diameter) wheat seed from plots receiving 50 kg N ha“1 had a lower final germination than large seed from plots which had received greater amounts of nitrogen, but t50 and K; were similar for all nitrogen levels. In triticale, the higher the seed weight, the higher the final germination, the faster the rate and the higher the Ki. Final germination, t50 and K;, were all positively correlated with the amount of nitrogen received by the parent plants.Parent plant nutrition had no effect on the response to temperature of final germination, t50, or rate of germination for large or small seeds of both wheat and triticale.
Chloroplast DNA variability in old and recently introduced potato cultivars
Authors: POWELL W , BAIRD E , DUNCAN N , WAUGH R 
Published: February 2008

SummaryChloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variability has been examined in a range of tetraploid European potato cultivars. The potato genotypes studied included primitive cultivars such as Lumpers (1806), Yam (1836), Myatts Ashleaf (1847) and more recently bred cultivars such as Brodick (1990). Three cpDNA pheno‐types were detected and these probably represent original introductions from South America into Europe. The most common cp phenotype was the T type cpDNA (Hosaka & Hanneman, 1988) characteristic of cultivars descended from cv. Rough Purple Chili. The presence of the T type cpDNA in the cultivar Yam indicates that this genotype which is of Andigena origin shares a common cytoplasm with other 5. tuberosum ssp. tuberosum clones which have a Chilean type cytoplasm. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to the origin of the T type cpDNA. Methods for increasing the cytoplasmic diversity of the cultivated potato gene pool are proposed.
Glycoalkaloid increase in Solarium tuberosum on exposure to light
Authors: DALE M F B , GRIFFITHS D W , BAIN H , TODD D 
Published: February 2008

SummaryTubers of six commercially available potato cultivars were placed in bright light (140 jUmol“1 m”2), approximately equivalent to dull daylight, for a continuous period of up to seven days. The tubers were sampled at intervals, scored for degree of greening, freeze‐dried and subsequently assessed for glycoalkaloid and chlorophyll content. There were significant differences between the cultivars in their rates of greening and increase in glycoalkaloid content. There was an apparent relationship between the two characters. Increases in the individual glycoalkaloids a–chaconine and a‐solanine were also assessed. The results are discussed in terms of the implications for the potato industry.
Cultural manipulations affecting callus formation from seedling explants of the pearl lupin (Lupinus mutabilis Sweet)
Authors: PHOPLONKER MUSHTAQ A , CALIGARI P D S 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe influences of several cultural factors were investigated in relation to callus formation from seedling explants of L. mutabilis Sweet. The interaction of low culture temperature (18°C), light differences, rapid callus transfer, and media additions led to the successful abolition of media browning which usually accompanied callus senescence. The supplement of activated charcoal slowed down the growth rate of the callus produced, and made it appear friable. Low levels of picloram and dicamba were found to produce large quantities of friable callus especially when combined with kinetin. The availability of nitrogen, as well as type of explant, markedly influenced callus induction and growth, whilst the addition of glutamine enhanced callus formation.
Relationships between fruit mineral content and the “albinism” disorder in strawberry
Authors: LIETEN F , MARCELLE R D 
Published: February 2008

SummaryAlbinism is a physiological disorder of strawberry characterised by the production of colourless fruit. This paper demonstrates that the mineral composition of albino fruit is characteristic of them being riper and more senescent than normal fruit. Ratios of K:Ca and N:Ca were greater in albino than in normal fruit. Relationships between fruit mineral content and albinism are discussed.
Antibiosis component of resistance in sorghum to sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola
Authors: SHARMA H. C. , VIDYASAGAR P. , SUBRAMANIAN V. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYSorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola Coq. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is an important pest of grain sorghum, and host‐plant resistance is one of the most effective means of controlling this pest. We studied the antibiosis mechanism of resistance in sorghum to C. sorghicola in a diverse array of midge‐resistant and midge‐susceptible genotypes. Data were recorded on adult emergence, postembryonic developmental period, number of mature eggs in the ovary, fecundity, larval survival from artificially implanted eggs; and the tannins, soluble sugars, and protein content of 10‐day old and mature grains during the 1982‐91 rainy and post‐rainy seasons.Adult emergence was significantly lower in the midge‐resistant genotypes compared with the susceptible controls. Initiation of adult emergence was delayed by 4–8 days on DJ 6514, IS 8571, IS 9807, IS 10712, IS 19474, IS 19512, ICSV 830 and ICSV 197. Postembryonic developmental period was prolonged on DJ 6514, IS 15107, IS 3461, IS 7005, IS 19474, ICSV 831 and ICSV 197. However, the delay in adult emergence or the extended developmental period was not observed during the post‐rainy season in some genotypes. These differences in the expression of antibiosis to midge in resistant genotypes over seasons may be attributed to the effect of environmental conditions on the insect development and chemical composition of sorghum grain. Amounts of tannins and proteins were generally greater in the midge‐resistant lines compared with the susceptible ones (except tannins in DJ 6514) while the soluble sugars were low in the midge‐resistant lines (except TAM 2566). These differences in chemical composition of the grain between genotypes and variations over seasons have been discussed in relation to the expression of antibiosis mechanism of resistance to the sorghum midge. Antibiosis to sorghum midge was also evident in terms of smaller size of larvae, lower number of eggs in the ovary, reduced fecundity, and larval survival. Midge‐resistant lines have diverse effects on the biology of this insect. Antibiosis along with other components of resistance can be used to develop cultivars with stable resistance to C. sorghicola.