bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separating the Role of Particles and the Suspending Fluid for the Flow of Soy Milks
Authors: Bodenstab S. , Juillerat M. , Bauer W. , Sommer K. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe paper describes a model and a simple experimental method to determine suspension transport properties, separating the role of particles from the suspending fluid. Shear stresses are described as consisting of 2 components: 1st, a shear stress caused by the flow of the suspending fluid and 2nd, a shear stress caused by direct interaction between suspended particles. We show that the determination of these shear stresses of a complex (food) suspension is largely independent of the definition of its suspending fluid. The rheological behavior of soy milks at low and intermediate moisture contents was studied, and results are compared with those obtained previously. The method evidences that the high viscosity of soy milks is predominantly caused by direct particle interaction.
The Effect of Micronization Operational Conditions on the Physicochemical Properties of Navy Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: Bellido G.G. , Arntfield S.D. , Scanlon M.G. , Cenkowski S. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTMicronization conditions for processing navy beans were evaluated relative to micronizer outlet temperature, final moisture content, hardness, soluble protein, hydration capacity, and density using a full factorial experiment. Processing variables included conveyer bed slope (SL), setting of gas‐air mixture valve (GS) or gas/air ratio, and distance between conveyer bed and infrared radiation source (DS). As SL and the gas/air ratio increased, the final temperature of the micronized navy beans increased but bean moisture content was reduced. The percent soluble protein and hydration capacity also were reduced as SL increased. The contribution of DS to the characteristics of beans micronized under these conditions was minimal. Recommended conditions were best determined based on outlet temperature.
Product Yield and Gaping in Cold‐smoked Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Fillets as Influenced by Different Injection‐salting Techniques
Authors: Birkeland S. , Skåra T. , Bjerkeng B. , Rørå A.M.B. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTProduct yield and fillet gaping severity were determined in cold‐smoked Atlantic salmon fillets subjected to injection‐salting. Effects of process parameter settings (brine injection pressure, number of repeated injections, needle speed, injection of brine in 1 or 2 directions, and chilled fillet resting before smoking) were tested. Repeated injections increased the yield up to 5.3% (wt/wt). Increasing injection pressure significantly increased the severity of fillet gaping in smoked fillets by 18%. Brine injection directions or needle speed did not affect smoking yield. The stability of the injection system was high. The results show that choice of process parameter settings during injection‐salting affects product yield after smoking.
Development of a Polymerase Chain Reaction System for the Detection of Dog and Cat Meat in Meat Mixtures and Animal Feed
Authors: Abdulmawjood A. , Schönenbrücher H. , Bülte M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe identification of species origin of meat represents a considerable problem for food and animal feed analysis. In the present study a PCR‐mediated method for the detection of dog and cat meat was developed. For this the cytochrome b gene sequence of both species was analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. The use of the restriction enzymes Alu I and Hae III yielded specific restriction profiles characteristic for each species. The meat of both species could additionally be differentiated with species‐specific oligonucleotide primers based on specific parts of the cytochrome b gene sequences characteristic for dog and cat. The use of these oligonucleotide primers allowed a direct identification of dog and cat meat in meat mixtures even after heat treatment.
Microflora and Color of Ground Beef in Gas Exchange Modified Atmosphere Packaging with Abusive Display Temperatures
Authors: Ho C.‐P. , Huang N.‐Y. , McMillin K.W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTGas exchange modified atmosphere packaging (GEMAP) with display gas of 80% O2:20% CO2 retarded microbial growth and improved color stability of ground beef patties compared with vacuum packaging (VP) followed by air‐permeable polyvinylchloride (PVC) overwrapping during 3 d of retail display. Predominant microorganisms for GEMAP were Pseudomonas, Yersinia, Aeromonas, and Enterobacter and for VP‐PVC were Pseudomonas, Brochothrix, Aeromonas, Enterobacter, Moraxella, and Lactobacillus. Lower levels of pathogens were isolated in GEMAP samples with 7 °C than 15 °C display temperature. Patties were darker (lower L*) with those with 15 °C than with 7 °C display and redder (higher a*) in GEMAP than VP‐PVC. Good manufacturing practices should be followed with MAP meat to reduce the risk of pathogenic microbial growth.
γ‐Radiation Decontamination of Alfalfa Seeds Naturally Contaminated with Salmonella Mbandaka
Authors: Thayer D.W. , Boyd G. , Fett W.F. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTSamples of alfalfa seeds inoculated with Salmonella Mbandaka isolated from a naturally contaminated lot were γ‐irradiated to 1 of 8 doses between 0 and 2.8 kGy, producing a maximum inactivation of 3.3 logs CFU/g. Analysis of the data indicates that the γ‐radiation D value is 0.81 ± 0.02 kGy. An absorbed dose of 4 kGy, but not 3 kGy, eliminated viable S. Mbandaka from naturally contaminated seeds. Results of experiments with different percentages of inoculated seeds indicate that the dose required to inactivate a contaminating pathogen on alfalfa seeds is dependent upon the maximum contamination per seed, not the mean contamination of the lot.
Microbial Inactivation and Electron Penetration in Surimi Seafood During Electron Beam Processing
Authors: Jaczynski J. , Park J.W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTElectron penetration and microbial inactivation by electron beam (e‐beam) in surimi seafood were investigated. Dose map revealed that 1‐ and 2‐sided e‐beam could efficiently penetrate 33‐ and 82‐mm thick surimi seafood, respectively. Modeling of microbial inactivation by e‐beam demonstrated that 2‐sided e‐beam may control Staphylococcus aureus if the surimi seafood package is thinner than 82 mm. The De‐beam value for S. aureus was 0.34 kGy. An e‐beam dose of 4 kGy resulted in a minimum of a 7‐log and most likely a 12‐log reduction of S. aureus. Microbial inactivation was slower when frozen samples were subjected to e‐beam.
Modified Atmosphere Packaging Maintains Quality of Table Grapes
Authors: Martínez‐Romero D. , Guillén F. , Castillo S. , Valero D. , Serrano M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTTable grapes were packed in either nonperforated polypropylene or perforated polypropylene films and stored at 1 °C for 53 d. Nonperforated polypropylene packages had the highest CO2 and lowest O2 contents, with reduced weight losses and increased berry and skin firmness. Soluble solids concentration increased in unwrapped control grapes as a consequence of the higher weight losses, whereas no significant differences were found for titratable acidity. Both films were equally effective in maintaining skin color, whereas control grapes showed a reduction of color. The highest scores in sensory analyses for crunchiness, juiciness, sourness, and quality were given to nonperforated polypropylene packages after 18 d of storage, and good visual aspect and no off‐flavor were detected after 53 d of cold storage.
Phytic Acid Degradation in Complementary Foods Using Phytase Naturally Occurring in Whole Grain Cereals
Authors: Egli I. , Davidsson L. , Juillerat M.‐A. , Barclay D. , Hurrell R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTComplementary foods based on cereals and legumes often contain high amounts of phytic acid, a potent inhibitor of mineral and trace element absorption. The possibility to degrade phytic acid during the production of complementary foods by using whole grain cereals as the phytase source was investigated. Whole grain rye, wheat, or buckwheat (10%) were added to cereal‐legume‐based complementary food mixtures, and phytic acid was shown to be completely degraded in a relatively short time (1.5 to 3 h) when incubated at optimal conditions for cereal phytase. The potential usefulness of the method for industrial production was demonstrated with a complementary food based on wheat and soybean.
A Process for Increasing the Free Fat Content of Spray‐dried Whole Milk Powder
Authors: Koc A.B. , Heinemann P.H. , Ziegler G.R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTExposing spray‐dried whole milk powder to high shear and elevated temperature in a twin‐screw continuous mixer increased the free fat content. The effects of operating conditions (powder feed rate, processor screw speed, and process temperature) on lactose crystallinity, particle size distribution, color, and moisture content of spray‐dried whole milk powder were investigated using response surface methodology. Exposure to elevated temperatures and high shear: (a) increased the free fat to more than 80%, (b) crystallized the lactose, (c) reduced the average volume‐based particle size, and (d) broadened the particle size distribution. The raw whole milk powder with creamy‐white color turned into an oily paste with bright‐yellow color. Processing enhanced the functional properties of spray‐dried whole milk powder for milk chocolate manufacture.
Modelling the dynamics of introduced populations in the narrow‐endemic Centaurea corymbosa: a demo‐genetic integration
Authors: KIRCHNER FLORIAN , ROBERT ALEXANDRE , COLAS BRUNO 
Published: July 2006

Summary

In the context of the restoration of an endangered species, population viability analysis represents a useful tool for assessing the effectiveness of different possible management strategies before implementation. However, despite the consensus that demographic and genetic mechanisms are both involved and interact in the process of extinction, few attempts have been made to examine their combined impacts on population viability in a particular species.
We integrated specific data resulting from 10‐year multidisciplinary investigations into a descriptive model to simulate the dynamics of an introduced population of the rare self‐incompatible plant species Centaurea corymbosa. The model allowed us to examine the interplay between demographic processes and genetic self‐incompatibility in the particular habitat conformation of the species, alternating suitable and unsuitable sites within a population along cliffs. Population growth and extinction risk were compared for different introduction strategies.
Population persistence mainly depended on the number of introduced seeds and on their initial spatial distribution within the population (single vs. multisite introduction). In most cases, a multisite introduction resulted in faster population growth and higher viability than a single‐site introduction.
As expected, a strong negative impact of the self‐incompatibility system was observed on population dynamics and viability. However, because of positive feedback between demographic and genetic processes, this impact differed among introduction strategies: it was less severe when seeds were distributed among suitable sites, which also limited the loss of self‐incompatibility alleles. Moreover, self‐incompatibility contributed to the positive relationship between flowering plant density and fertilization rate.
Synthesis and applications. Our results provide strong management guidelines for future introductions of C. corymbosa regarding the number of seeds required (> 800) and the benefits of introducing them into several sites to achieve population persistence. Further, the study highlights the general importance of integrating demography and genetics to compare the effectiveness of different management strategies.
Soil history as a primary control on plant invasion in abandoned agricultural fields
Authors: KULMATISKI ANDREW , BEARD KAREN H. , STARK JOHN M. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryAbandoned agricultural (AA) fields are often invaded by exotic plants. This observation has been difficult to explain because agricultural practices change nearly every aspect of an ecosystem. Restoring native plants to AA fields is likely to require a prioritized understanding of the many mechanisms through which agriculture encourages exotic and discourages native plant growth.Using 660 experimental plots in three sites in Methow Valley, Washington, USA, we determined the relative role of neighbour removal, propagule addition, plant–soil feedback, soil disturbance and fungal restriction to explain why exotics cover 38% of the ground in AA fields and 3% of the ground in non‐agricultural (NA) fields.After three growing seasons, neighbour removal improved exotic growth from 3% to 11% cover in NA fields but had no effect in AA fields. Propagule addition did not increase exotic growth above natural recruitment. Differences in soil history, a proxy for plant–soil feedback, explained an increase in exotic growth from 9% in NA fields to 39% in AA fields. Soil disturbance improved exotic growth from 9% to 16% cover in NA fields but had no effect in AA fields. Fungicide reduced exotic growth from 39% to 28% cover in AA soils but had no effect on exotic growth in NA soils. Native plant growth never differed by more than 5% cover among treatments.Soil carbon, nitrogen (organic, inorganic and mineralization), phosphorus concentrations and fungal biomass were better associated with plant type (exotic or native) than agricultural history, suggesting that exotics facilitated their own growth by maintaining small beneficial fungal populations and fast nutrient cycling rates.Synthesis and application. Soil history was more important than neighbour removal in determining exotic and native plant distributions. Where exotics rely on plant–soil feedback or legacies of agricultural disturbance, native plant restoration may require soil‐based management. In these cases, changing mycorrhizal fungal abundance, increasing soil pathogen loading and slowing nutrient cycling rates may help restore native plants to invaded fields.
Community dwelling adults’ perception of interpersonal trust vs. trust in health care providers
Authors: Hupcey Judith E. , Miller Jamie 
Published: July 2006

Aims.  This study investigated community dwelling adults’ definition of trust in health care providers vs. interpersonal trust, description of the attributes of a trustworthy provider, factors that influenced the development and loss of trust.Background.  Trust is an important part of health care relationships, however, the meaning of trust for patients is not well understood. Health care providers need to understand the meaning of trust in order to build and maintain therapeutic relationships with their patients.Design.  A descriptive qualitative research design was used to investigate perceptions of trust.Methods.  Semi‐structured open‐ended interviews were carried out with 32 community dwelling adults. The participants were recruited from church groups, senior health programs and other community programs. The interviews were thematically analysed for: definitions of interpersonal trust vs. trust in a health care provider, attributes of a trustworthy provider and factors that were pivotal in the development and loss of trust in a health care provider.Results.  Trust in health care providers differed from interpersonal trust in the role‐specific attributes of the individuals. Trust, although influenced by having confidence in the provider's competence, was strongly tied to the interpersonal caring attributes of the provider. Loss of trust, on the other hand, was more closely allied with the issues of competency.Conclusions.  Perceptions of trust varied greatly among this sample, reinforcing the significance of tailoring our approach to patients on an individual basis.Relevance to clinical practice.  Assuming that we will be trusted based on our role as nurses may not facilitate the development of a therapeutic relationship with some patients. Nurses and other health care providers need to be acutely aware of our patient's trust and clues of pending loss of trust because, as this study and other prior studies have shown, once trust in a provider is lost, it is nearly impossible to rebuild.
Relatives in end‐of‐life care – part 1: a systematic review of the literature the five last years, January 1999–February 2004
Authors: Andershed Birgitta 
Published: July 2006

Aim.  To review systematically research conducted during the past five years focusing on the relatives’ situation and needs in end‐of‐life care.Background and aim.  That relatives make a large contribution in the care of the dying is well‐known. In this situation, relatives often have to solve many new practical problems in the care as well as dealing with the sorrow of both themselves and the dying person. In recent years, palliative care has been developed in many countries and many new studies have been carried out.Methods.  A systematic search of the literature was performed in the CINAHL and Medline databases. Of the 94 papers analysed, there were 59 qualitative and 35 quantitative studies with differing designs. The studies were carried out in 11 countries and were published in 34 different journals.Results.  The results were categorized in two main themes with several subthemes: (1) being a close relative – the situation: (i) exposed position – new responsibility, (ii) balance between burden and capacity and (iii) positive values; (2) being a close relative – needs: (i) good patient care, (ii) being present, (iii) knowing and communicating and (iv) support from and trusting relationship with the professional. The relative's feelings of security and trust in the professional were found to be of great importance.Conclusion.  More than twice as many studies had a descriptive/explorative design, which is of importance in the assessment of evidence. However, different studies complement one another and in summary, it can be said that analytic evidence is unequivocal: good patient care, communication, information and the attitude of the professional are of decisive importance regarding relatives' situation. These results are also in accord with earlier review studies.Relevance to clinical practice.  Staff members have a great deal of responsibility for assuring that the patient feels as good as possible, facilitating relatives’ involvement based on the family's wishes and limiting the stress and difficulties experienced by the family. The results showed that the relative's satisfaction could depend on the attitude of the professional as well as on good communication, good listening and good information. This can also be viewed as a prerequisite for the professional to get to know the family and to provide ‘care in the light’.
Helminths and HIV infection: epidemiological observations on immunological hypotheses
Authors: BROWN M. , MAWA P. A. , KALEEBU P. , ELLIOTT A. M. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY Parasitic helminths have co‐evolved with the mammalian immune system. Current hypotheses suggest that immunological stimulation in the presence of helminths is balanced by immuno‐regulation and by the broad spectrum of mechanisms possessed by helminths for countering the host immune response. The degree to which this balance is perfected, and the mechanisms by which this is achieved, vary between helminth species; we suggest that this is reflected not only in the degree of pathology induced by helminths but also in a variety of relationships with HIV infection and HIV disease. Available epidemiological data regarding interactions between helminths and HIV are largely observational; results are variable and generally inconclusive. Well designed, controlled intervention studies are required to provide definitive information on the species‐specific nature of these interactions and on the advantages, disadvantages and optimal timing of de‐worming in relation to HIV infection.
Overexpression of Arabidopsis thaliana LTL1, a salt‐induced gene encoding a GDSL‐motif lipase, increases salt tolerance in yeast and transgenic plants
Authors: NARANJO MIGUEL ÁNGEL , FORMENT JAVIER , ROLDÁN MARTA , SERRANO RAMÓN , VICENTE OSCAR 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTGenes involved in the mechanisms of plant responses to salt stress may be used as biotechnological tools for the genetic improvement of salt tolerance in crop plants. This would help alleviate the increasing problem of salinization of lands cultivated under irrigation in arid and semi‐arid regions. We have isolated a novel halotolerance gene from Arabidopsis thaliana, A. thaliana Li‐tolerant lipase 1 (AtLTL1), on the basis of the phenotype of tolerance to LiCl conferred by its expression in yeast. AtLTL1 encodes a putative lipase of the GDSL‐motif family, which includes bacterial and a very large number of plant proteins. In Arabidopsis, AtLTL1 expression is rapidly induced by LiCl or NaCl, but not by other abiotic stresses. Overexpression of AtLTL1 increases salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, compared to non‐transformed controls, allowing germination of seeds in the presence of toxic concentrations of LiCl and NaCl, and stimulating vegetative growth, flowering and seed set in the presence of NaCl. These results clearly point to a role of AtLTL1 in the mechanisms of salt tolerance. In addition, we show that AtLTL1 expression is also activated, although only transiently, by salicylic acid (SA), suggesting that the lipase could also be involved in defence reactions against pathogens.
Epstein–Barr virus in CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma involving the skin and lymphomatoid papulosis in South Korea
Authors: Kim You Chan , Yang Woo Ick , Lee Min‐Geol , Kim Soo Nam , Cho Kwang Hyun , Lee Seok Jong , Lee Mi Woo , Koh Jai Kyoung 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackground  Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐associated cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders are prevalent in Asia, and less frequent in Western countries.Aim  To elucidate the possible association of EBV with CD30+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) involving the skin and lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) in South Korea.Methods  In situ hybridization for EBV‐encoded small RNA (EBER) and immunohistochemistry including viral latent membrane protein‐1 (LMP‐1) were performed on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded skin specimens of 26 cases of LyP and 16 cases of CD30+ ALCL involving the skin which were selected from six university hospital medical centers in South Korea.Results  In situ hybridization studies showed positivity of the neoplastic cells for EBER in two of 16 cases of CD30+ ALCL and in none of the cases of LyP. One EBER‐positive case was cutaneous CD30+ ALCL with concurrent lymph node involvement. The other was CD30+ ALCL involving the skin and other organs, including lymph nodes, bone, lung, and spleen. Immunostaining for LMP‐1 was also positive only for the two cases of EBER‐positive CD30+ ALCL.Conclusion  LyP and primary cutaneous CD30+ ALCL are very rarely associated with EBV in South Korea.