bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les changements dans les États communistes : l'importance de la société civile
Authors: Lefebvre Stéphane 
Published: October 2008

The changes in the communist countries: the importance of civil society
The changes in Eastern Europe and m the USSR are the products of many factors, both internal and external. Internally, the major stimulus for reform comes from "civil society ", which comprises all individual or group activities independent of any official impulse (state or party). Independent activities are stimulated hy various economic, cultural or social factors which affect the life of individuals. For the reform to he achieved, the stimuli must he greater than those from the government or the party, and civil society must reach an adequate level or organization. The totalitarian nature of East European regimes has produced an antago­nistic relation between civil society and the state. This relation is at the bottom of the basic changes which are affecting Eastern Europe, whose analysis makes it possible to suggest various forms of conflict management.
Le Conseil d'État et la laïcité. Propos sur l'avis du 27 novembre 1989
Authors: William Jean-Claude 
Published: October 2008

The Conseil d'Etat and secularism. The advice rendered on 27 november 1989
The 27 November 1989 advice of the French Conseil d'Etat on the problem concerning secularism raised by a few Muslim girls who came to school with their hair hidden by a scarf signifies a two-fold shift : concerning the expertise function of the Conseil d'Etat, and concerning the meaning of secularism. The author identifies their expressions and seeks to show the issues and the consequences brought up by this double shift.
La participation aux élections municipales dans les villes françaises
Authors: Hoffmann-Martinot Vincent 
Published: October 2008

Municipal election turnout in French cities
An interpretive model of territorial variations in turnout applied to the 1983 municipal election in all French cities of more than 20,000 inhabitants makes it possible to test the validity of six central hypotheses. Based on ecological data, this multi-varied analysis contributes to drawing the profile of the most and the least voting cities, taking into account their social and political characteristics. The method used, building on research on electoral participation in France and abroad since Merriam and Gosnell, attempts to combine quantitative analysis and an understanding of local specificities.
Vers le capitalisme par construction démocratique? La théorie de la démocratie et la triple transition en Europe de l'Est
Authors: Offe Claus 
Published: October 2008

Capitalism by democratic design? Democratic theory facing the triple transition in east central europe
In contrast to comparable transformations that have occurred in other epochs and parts of the world, post-Communist transitions in contemporary East and Central Europe lack the temporal sequence of their three component steps : the building of a territorial and national state, the privatization of the economy, political democratization. The essay explores the dilemmas and contradictions resulting from the simultaneity of, as well as the potentially obstructive interaction between, these three partial transformations. It concludes, in a section on the "political economy of patience ", with some thoughts upon the subjective temporality of thé transformation experience in post-Communist states.
Intimités publiques. Les dynamiques de la politique à la télévision
Authors: Le Grignou Brigitte , Neveu Erik 
Published: October 2008

Public intimacies. The dynamics of politics on television
This study of " Questions à domicile ", a TF1 political program that ran from 1985 to 1989, sheds light on the interdependence between media personnel and politicians. " Spectator politics " cannot be reduced to a machiavellian quest for ratings ; it emerges ont of a complex situation. The analysis also leads to a better approach to the changes in the political profession, the part played by performance know-how and self-projection control. It reveals differences in resources between political competitors as well as areas open to heretical entry strategies.
L'influence du rapport Beveridge sur le plan français de sécurité sociale de 1945
Authors: Kerschen Nicole 
Published: October 2008

The influence of the Beveridge report on the French social security plan of 1945
The French Social Security plan of 1945 was inspired by the Beveridge Report — the guarantee of balance between past and future, its place as part of a general policy, the formalization of cooperation between the State and individuals ― and its 3-U doctrine : unity, universality, uniformity. But the French reformers deviated from the Report on two major points : they did not take any public stand on the various techniques of Social Security and how they would operate within the French plan ; they also favoured the workers and their representatives within the system, mainly by turning the management of the agencies over to them and by guaranteeing compensation based on previous income, a clear rejection of the principle of uniformity.
Erhard ou Bismarck ? L'orientation de la politique sociale allemande à la lumière de la réforme de l'assurance sociale des années 1950
Authors: Abelshauser Werner 
Published: October 2008

Erhard or Bismarck ? The orientation of German social policy in the light of the reform of social insurance in the 1950s
During the 1950s, the West German social policy system stood at a crossroad. The traditional « Bismarckian » system of social welfare could not keep pace with the dynamics of the incipient « economic miracle » which quickly widened the gap between the development of real wages and that of old age pensions. One alternative idea, the adaptation of the German system to the comprehensive flat-rate coverage of the British welfare state based on the Beveridge Plan was dropped early for pragmatic reasons. The second alternative — opening the system of Social Security to the free market in accordance with the rules of the "social market economy" — was intensely discussed but finally dropped, because the social market economy policy was obviously unable to realize its dreams of egalitarian distribution of incomes and Volkskapitalismus (general ownership of industrial shares). Against this background, the Bismarckian system had a brilliant comeback after being reformed in 1957 by the introduction of wage-index-bound "dynamic" old age pensions. After several years of uncertainty, the German system of social policy was back to its traditional (classical) path.
Les paradigmes à l'épreuve de l'air du temps. Quand le discours des sciences sociales sur l'exception chinoise légitimait la révolution
Authors: Viltard Yves 
Published: October 2008

Paradigms and the spirit of the times.
When social science discourse of Chinese exceptionalism
Justified the revolution
Beyond theories, scientific paradigms agree with the spirit of the times. They have the strength of the obvious. Their normal use demands no explanations or demonstrations. They share the characteristics of beliefs and organize the understanding of reality in the scholarly community in which they prevail. At the beginning of the 1950s, American sinology, accused by Senator McCarthy of losing China, saw its competence challenged. The totalitarian paradigm structured knowledge on China for 20 years. By 1960 the viability and authenticity of the regime were no longer in doubt. It was perceived as a major threat to US security. Studies on contemporary China were invented in order to improve knowledge and understanding of the innovative Chinese totalitarianism. In the 1970s, the totalitarian paradigm was forsaken by the scholarly community and replaced by the revolutionary paradigm. The Chinese revolution gained in legitimacy and universality and was understood by a large portion of American research as bringing, through a new experiment, a precious contribution to the history of mankind, providing new authority to the discourse on Chinese exceptionalism.
Culture politique réfractaire et décollage économique. L'exemple de la Vendée du Nord-Est
Authors: Palard Jacques , Berthet Thierry 
Published: October 2008

Refractory political culture and economic takeoff in northeastern vendee
The bilateral links existing in a given social formation bet\veen the organization of the political system and the economic fabric shed light on the process of local economic development. The article emphasizes the structuring of economic space by local socio-cultural elements, in a context of industrialization in a rural setting, according to the model of industrial districts. Northeastern Vendée provides an interesting example of a fragment in which local synergies facilitate the emergence of an industrial system characterized by the endo-geneity of its mode of development and the growth of a neftvork of small — and medium — sized companies. These local synergies range from the penetration of traditional agricultural organization to the vitality of a religious culture oriented toward the renewal of local elites.
Cuisine et politique en Inde. La politique culinaire des Kayasthes, caste de scribes
Authors: Zins Max-Jean 
Published: October 2008

Cuisine and politics in india. the culinary politics of the kayastha, a scribe caste
India is the home of two essential world cuisines embodying radically different philosophical principles. In the historical context of the Moghul and British Empires, these two cuisines make up a genuine political-gastronomic arena, a place of struggle and competition for the conquest of political and symbolic advantages. In the field of Hindu cooking, sanskritization, based on the observance of very specific cooking and eating rules, enables the lower castes to attempt to reach the status of the highest castes. The Muslim cooking field is by definition more secular, as in it the conquest of taste is freed from the socio-cosmic principles in which Hindu cooking confines it. It allows the expression of an ashrafization wich ennobles those who, rubbing shoul­ders with Mogul power, adopt its culinary mores. The Kayastha caste, originally a scribe caste, placed by its functions at the intersection of these two world cuisines, was able to take advantage of the gastro-political conflicts induced by the shock of Hindu and Muslim cooking and eating. Kayastha cuisine, illustrating the first inklings of a syncretic Indian cooking, thus cons­titutes a political idiom, one of the new "languages" of independent India.
La France entre l'Europe et le monde Le cas des politiques économiques nationales
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: October 2008

France between europe and the world. The case of french economic policies
In response to the forces of globalization, which have promoted economic liberalization, and those of Europeanization, which have served as both a conduit for global forces and a shield against them, France has changed more than either Britain or Germany. France's largely suc­cessful transformations in the macroeconomic and microeconomic spheres, however, have diminished state capacity in the socioeconomic sphere. Moreover, because the moves to a more liberal and open macroeconomy, to a more market-oriented microeconomy, and to a more res­tricted socioeconomy have not been accompanied by a credible justificatory discourse, they have precipitated a crisis of legitimacy in the polity. This is something that neither Britain nor Germany have experienced, not only because of their lesser economic transformations but also because of their more successful justificatory discourses.
Les membres des cabinets ministériels socialistes en France : recrutement et reconversion. 2) Passage en cabinet et trajectoires professionnelles
Authors: Sawicki Frédéric , Mathiot Pierre 
Published: October 2008

Deuxième partie : Passage en cabinet et trajectoires professionnelles
Le devenir professionnel des anciens membres de cabinets ministériels dans cette enquête por­tant sur 422 membres de cabinets de la période 1981-1986 et 1988-1993 est examiné à deux moments différents : immédiatement après le dernier passage en cabinet et au moment de l'enquête (en 1997). La pratique du pantouflage reste limitée et concerne principalement les énarques administrateurs civils du ministère de l'Économie qui avaient le plus à attendre pro­fessionnellement du tournant néolibéral, en termes de débouchés nouveaux dans le secteur privé ou privatisé. Une autre population reste fidèle au service de l'État, en partie sans doute parce qu'elle est issue d'administrations qui ont en général peu à craindre de la politique de libéralisation (Intérieur) ou peuvent espérer des débouchés au sein de l'État liés à sa réorga­nisation (Affaires sociales). Enfin, les reconversions vers la politique professionnelle ou les promotions via des nominations au tour extérieur restent limitées. L'étude plaide pour une approche fine des stratégies professionnelles des membres de cabinets, s'intéressant aux res-
L'intégration européenne vue par l'approche cognitive et normative des politiques publiques
Authors: Surel Yves 
Published: October 2008

European integration : the cognitive and normative approach
This article seeks to ascertain the interest and limits of cognitive policy analysis by applying it to European integration. Cognitive analysis is based on the premise that public policies result from social interactions leading to the production of common ideas, representations and values. Often criticized because of its methodological limitations, this approach seems apt to be applied successfully to the study of the European Union on two basic levels. The cognitive approach is very useful for clarifying the process of the production of meaning, particularly in the case of major public policy changes brought about by European integration. In addition, it makes it possible to question European integration as a vehicle for the restructuring of public space and/ or the formation of apolitical community. The article proposes means of better use of the cogni­tive approach in the European framework, and affirms that the analysis of European integration should be an opportunity for more systematic articulation of the heavy variables of the "three I's" model (interests, institutions, ideas). From that perspective, ideas are merely one of several sets of variables, and the cognitive approach is one of various prisms to be used for the analysis of European integration.
La participation des travailleurs soviétiques à la gestion des entreprises : la nouvelle loi et sa vocation sociale
Authors: Ivanov Semion A. , Koudriavtsev Vladimir N. 
Published: October 2008

La loi sur les collectifs de travailleurs entrée en vigueur le 1er août 1983 exprime l'idée de l'autogestion socialiste. Le droit de la participation à la gestion de la production est un des droits fondamentaux des ouvriers et des employés.
Cet article définit et décrit le collectif de travailleurs, examine ses pouvoirs et ses droits (droit à l'information, droit à la participation aux discussions et aux prises de décision), et pose le problème de l'efficacité de la participation à la gestion.
Le droit des sûretés réelles mobilières en République Fédérale d'Allemagne
Authors: Witz Claude 
Published: October 2008

The German law relating to securities on movable property is found to be original as well as complex. Practioners have left aside the securities on movables as provided in the B. G.B. (Civil Code) in or der to develop fiduciary transactions for the purposes ofsecurity on the one hand, and spécifie forms of réservation of title on the other. The rise of such securities could not have been achieved without the support of the courts which have played a decisive role in the elaboration of that branch of law. Thus the judges have not only been required to pronounce upon the validity of those securities which hâve arisen from contractual practice, but they also had to solve the conflicts between creditors invokingparallelsecurities in the same movables. Moreover, for a couple of years now, the judges have been required to check that the contracts setting up these securities comply with the Act of 9 December 1976 on General Contract Terms.
In spite of the difficulties inherent in a non-codified System, the law relating to securities on movables has completely met the needs of economic life. These securities are easy to establish and efficient — even too efficient according to some ; thus the commission revising the law of bankruptcy has proposed to restrict the privilèges of creditors holding such security rights.
Les organisations à but non lucratif : Nouvelles tendances en droit italien
Authors: Ponzanelli Giulio , Preite D. 
Published: October 2008

Dans cet article sont traitées les opinions de la doctrine et de la jurisprudence concernant les contraintes que le « Codice civile » impose aux associations à but non lucratif. Des lois nouvelles liées au même problème sont aussi décrites.
La position de chaque auteur est abordée :
G. Ponzanelli soutient que dans le droit italien, la différence entre les organisations à but non lucratif et les sociétés commerciales doit résider dans l'interdiction absolue de distribuer les profits en faveur des membres et, sur la base de ce critère, il classe les différentes organisations existantes.
D. Preite soutient que deux types d'associations sont prévues dans le Code ; tous deux peuvent poursuivre des buts économiques mais ils sont soumis à différents degrés de contrainte quant à_la distribution des profits et à différents niveaux de protection des « patrons » non associés.
Le rapport entre cette théorie et la pratique italienne est aussi examiné.
Le nouveau visage de l'expertise de gestion à la lumière de l'expérience anglaise
Authors: Poisson Schodermeier Marie-Danielle 
Published: October 2008

The 1984 reform of French company law has given investigations into companies a new look by enlarging the right to apply to applicants other than shareholders, such as the Commission des operations de bourse, the « ministère public » (public prosecutor) and worker's committees. Did it change its nature too ?
Comparison with English Law has a great interest : its experience of such an intervention into the affairs of a company by a public authority (that is to say the secretary of state for trade) helps to understand better the new role of the COB and the « ministère public ».
On the light of this comparison, it appears that in France these investigations remain conditionned by the interest of the company and, despite what the reform seemed to imply, are still a means of information as well as control for the benefit main of the shareholders.
Le droit roumain dans le système romano-germanique
Authors: Zlatescu Victor Dan , Moroianu-Zlatescu I. 
Published: October 2008

Les changements profonds qui se sont produits depuis 1989 dans les Pays de l'Est de l'Europe, y compris l'U.R.S.S., ont mis en cause la survivance du « grand système de droit socialiste ».
Les transformations économiques, la privatisation, le passage à l'économie de marché ont rendu caduque « la propriété socialiste », institution déterminante dans « le droit socialiste ».
Les auteurs ont soumis à l'analyse les nouvelles lois adoptées en Roumanie qui ont démantelé tout le système juridique du régime totalitaire. Par cette voie, le droit roumain retrouve sa place perdue dans le système romano-germanique. Ce processus a été facilité par le fait que l'ancien régime n'avait pas abrogé le Code civil de facture française et le Code commercial de facture italienne.
Les retrouvailles ne sont pas gratuites. Le droit roumain a acquis pendant des siècles une puissante structure romaniste et l'article passe en revue la tradition et les monuments juridiques du passé qui ont situé le droit roumain fermement dans le cadre de la grande famille romano-germanique. La nouvelle évolution n'arrive pas sur un terrain vide.
Entre les mots et les choses : les raisonnements et les méthodes en tant que sources du droit
Authors: Samuel Geoffrey 
Published: October 2008

The idea that to have knowledge of law is to have knowledge of legal rules has been put into question not only by researchers interested in Artificial Intelligence (AI) but also indirectly by comparative lawyers. AI has still not been able to define and model what exactly is legal reasoning and comparative law, while recognising that there is a gap between the mentality of the common law and that of the civil law, offers few epistemological explanations for this difference. If legal knowledge is to be found in rules, why has it proved impossible to date to formulate out of the two traditions a model of rules that will serve the whole of Europe ? How can one think in terms of a future jus commune if one scarcely understands exactly what is legal knowledge ?
This paper will examine these two generai questions in investigating the nature of legal reasoning in English law. For it is in English law that one finds the rather explicit contradictions between the rule model — which functions at the level ofwords — and the actual techniques of legal reasoning where things themselves seem to be the ontological starting point. In short, there is a need for a new epistemological thesis of law which, in turn, will have to ability to rethink the traditional sources of law, something perhaps that will encourage Western jurists to emphasise legal technique as a formal source of law.
L'examen biologique sous contrainte dans le cadre de l'établissement de la filiation en droit allemand
Authors: Frank Rainer 
Published: October 2008

Today, hereditary issues can be clarified by blood group reports and DNA analyses. However, most legal Systems do not permit compelled physi-cal examinations. Even indirect compulsion by incarceration or monetary fines is rejected e.g. in France and Great Britain. By contrast, § 372 a of the Germon Civil Procedure Code (« ZPO ») allows persons to be compelled to undergo a physical examination, if necessary, with the aid of the police. This provision goes back to the time of the national socialists. However, its justification was never seriously scrutinized after 1945. In particular, § 372 a ZPO was never criticized as a rule of law perviated by national socialist ideology.
The so-called right to knowledge of genetic descent has greater significance in Germany thon in France or Great Britain where case law and legal theory continue to refer to such a right, but interpret it very narrowly as a resuit ofother rights worthy of protection, such as the right to physical integrity. The following article intends to show that « true descent » is traditionally so important in German family law that opposing interests of the affected person himself or third parties which the courts are supposed to weigh are often neglected.