bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chest medicine
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores chest medicine, including respiratory health, bedside tests in chest medicine, further investigations in chest medicine, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis (CF), lung tumours, fungi and the lung, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), respiratory failure, pulmonary embolism (PE), pneumothorax, pleural effusion, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, cor pulmonale, sarcoidosis, interstitial lung disease (ILD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), and occupational lung diseases.
Kidney medicine
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses renal medicine, including urine, urinary tract infection (UTI), acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), renal replacement therapy (RRT), transplantation, glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, systemic disease in the kidney, kidney tubules: disorders and diuretics, tubulointerstitial nephropathy and nephrotoxins, and inherited kidney disease.
Infectious diseases
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses infectious diseases, and includes bacterial infection, antibiotics, gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, tuberculosis (TB), influenza, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis, complications, and HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART), herpes, immunization, fungi, healthcare-associated (nosocomial) infection, sexually transmitted infection, fever in the returning traveller, enteric fever, malaria, mosquito-borne disease, vector-borne disease, zoonoses, viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF), gastroenteritis, gastrointestinal parasites, schistosomiasis and liver disease, neurological disease, eye disease, skin disease, and pyrexia of unknown origin.
3D simulations of TRAPPIST-1e with varying CO2, CH4, and haze profiles
Authors: Mak Mei Ting , Sergeev Denis E , Mayne Nathan , Banks Nahum , Eager-Nash Jake , Manners James , Arney Giada , Hébrard Éric , Kohary Krisztian 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
Using a 3D General Circulation Model, the Unified Model, we present results from simulations of a tidally locked TRAPPIST-1e with varying carbon dioxide CO2 and methane CH4 gas concentrations, and their corresponding prescribed spherical haze profiles. Our results show that the presence of CO2 leads to a warmer atmosphere globally due to its greenhouse effect, with the increase of surface temperature on the dayside surface reaching up to ∼14.1 K, and on the nightside up to ∼21.2 K. Increasing presence of CH4 first elevates the surface temperature on the dayside, followed by a decrease due to the balance of tropospheric warming and stratospheric cooling. A thin layer of haze, formed when the partial pressures of CH4 to CO2 (pCH4/pCO2) = 0.1, leads to a dayside warming of ∼4.9 K due to a change in the water vapour H2O distribution. The presence of a haze layer that formed beyond the ratio of 0.1 leads to dayside cooling. The haze reaches an optical threshold thickness when pCH4/pCO2 ∼ 0.4 beyond which the dayside mean surface temperature does not vary much. The planet is more favourable to maintaining liquid water on the surface (mean surface temperature above 273.15 K) when pCO2 is high, pCH4 is low, and the haze layer is thin. The effect of CO2, CH4, and haze on the dayside is similar to that for a rapidly rotating planet. On the contrary, their effect on the nightside depends on the wind structure and the wind speed in the simulation.
A morphological segmentation approach to determining bar lengths
Authors: Cavanagh Mitchell K , Bekki Kenji , Groves Brent A 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
Bars are important drivers of galaxy evolution, influencing many physical processes and properties. Characterizing bars is a difficult task, especially in large-scale surveys. In this work, we propose a novel morphological segmentation technique for determining bar lengths based on deep learning. We develop U-Nets capable of decomposing galaxy images into pixel masks highlighting the regions corresponding to bars and spiral arms. We demonstrate the versatility of this technique through applying our models to galaxy images from two different observational data sets with different source imagery, and to RGB colour and monochromatic galaxy imaging. We apply our models to analyse SDSS and Subaru HyperSuprime Cam imaging of barred galaxies from the NA10 and Sydney AAO Multi-object IFS catalogues in order to determine the dependence of bar length on stellar mass, morphology, redshift and the spin parameter proxy $\lambda _{R_e}$. Based on the predicted bar masks, we show that the relative bar scale length varies with morphology, with early type galaxies hosting longer bars. While bars are longer in more massive galaxies in absolute terms, relative to the galaxy disc they are actually shorter. We also find that the normalized bar length decreases with increasing redshift, with bars in early type galaxies exhibiting the strongest rate of decline. We show that it is possible to distinguish spiral arms and bars in monochrome imaging, although for a given galaxy the estimated length in monochrome tends to be longer than in colour imaging. Our morphological segmentation technique can be efficiently applied to study bars in large-scale surveys and even in cosmological simulations.
Superflare rate variability on M dwarfs
Authors: Crowley James , Wheatland Michael S , Yang Kai 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
M dwarfs are often highly flare productive, and changes in the rate of flaring can potentially affect the radiation and energetic particles an exoplanet is exposed to. Rate variability has been found to be rare on G-type stars, and there has been limited study of the variability of flaring on M dwarfs. Using data from the TESS mission up to Observation Sector 66, we analyse 658 stars ranging from K7 to M5 to test for superflare rate variability by calculating an optimal piecewise constant-rate model for flare occurrence using a Bayesian algorithm and identify 66 stars with rate changes, a larger proportion than our previous study into G-type stars (7 out of 270 stars). We find that rate variability does not depend on the stellar parameters for our sample. We investigate how the flare-frequency distribution for these stars varies and whether this variation affects exoplanet habitability. No stars in our sample provide sufficient UV flux to support prebiotic chemistry. We investigate the phase distributions on the rate variable stars, finding 11 cases of potential phase dependence in flaring across seven stars. We also compare the Bayesian method to another measure of activity, the fraction of flux emitted through flares, and do not observe a consistent relationship between this flaring activity metric and the optimal Bayesian model. We discuss the possible reasons for the discrepancy and identify a problem with the flaring activity metric due to the power-law distribution of the flare events.
Effects of an Increased Financial Incentive on Follow-up in an Online, Automated Smoking Cessation Trial: A randomized Controlled Study Within a Trial
Authors: High Juliet , Grant Kelly , Hope Aimie , Shepstone Lee , West Claire , Colles Antony , Naughton Felix 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Poor retention in clinical trials can impact on statistical power, reliability, validity, and generalizability of findings and is a particular challenge in smoking cessation studies. In online trials with automated follow-up mechanisms, poor response also increases the resource need for manual follow-up. This study compared two financial incentives on response rates at 6 months follow up, in an online, automated smoking cessation feasibility trial of a cessation smartphone app (Quit Sense).

Aims and Methods
A study within a trial (SWAT), embedded within a host randomized controlled trial. Host trial participants were randomized 1:1 to receive either a £10 or £20 voucher incentive, for completing the 6-month questionnaire. Stratification for randomization to the SWAT was by minimization to ensure an even split of host trial arm participants and by 6-week response rate. Outcome measures were: Questionnaire completion rate, time to completion, number of completers requiring manual follow-up, and completeness of responses.

Results
Two hundred and four participants were randomized to the SWAT. The £20 and £10 incentives did not differ in completion rate at 6 months (79% vs. 74%; p = .362) but did reduce the proportion of participants requiring manual follow-up (46% vs. 62%; p = .018) and the median completion time (7 days vs. 15 days; p = .008). Measure response completeness rates were higher among £20 incentive participants, though differences were small for the host trial’s primary smoking outcome.

Conclusions
Benefits to using relatively modest increases in incentive for online smoking cessation trials include more rapid completion of follow-up questionnaires and reduced manual follow-up.

Implications
A modest increase in incentive (from £10 to £20) to promote the completion of follow-up questionnaires in online smoking cessation trials may not increase overall response rates but could lead to more rapid data collection, a reduced need for manual follow-up and reduced missing data among those who initiate completing a questionnaire. Such an improvement may help to reduce bias, increase validity and generalizability, and improve statistical power in smoking cessation trials.

Trial Registration
Host trial ISRCTN12326962, SWAT repository store ID 164.
A Method for Amending Loose Smokeless Tobacco With Menthol for Administration in Clinical Studies
Authors: Dolan Sean , McDonald Jacob , Claus Eric , Gahl Robert F , Sun Yan , Farrar Jabari , Meredith Steven 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Menthol has long been incorporated as a flavor additive in tobacco products and can impact use behaviors. Despite its inclusion in some of the most popular flavored smokeless tobacco (ST) products (eg, “mint” flavored products), few studies have systematically investigated the impact of menthol on ST use behaviors in prospective empirical studies. Rigorous investigation of ST menthol content on behavioral and physiological outcomes requires ST products with stable and precise levels of menthol; however, commercial product composition variability prevents product comparisons when evaluating the effects of systematic changes in menthol content on clinical outcomes.

Aims and Methods
We developed amended loose moist snuff ST products by treating commercially available, unflavored loose ST with an ethanol-based menthol spiking solution or a nonmentholated ethanol control solution to develop test products with different levels of menthol: 0, 1, 3, and 5 mg menthol/g tobacco. We evaluated the stability of menthol content in these products over 24 months and evaluated menthol exposure associated with the products through pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma menthol-glucuronide in human participants (n = 22).

Results
Menthol content of the amended products was on target, homogenous, and stable for up to 24 months. Menthol exposure (menthol-glucuronide Cmax and AUC) significantly differed between each test product.

Conclusions
These data suggest that stable products with nonoverlapping menthol content can be developed using a menthol spiking solution and can be subsequently administered for clinical assessments of mentholated loose ST.

Implications
The results from this study suggest that a menthol spiking solution can be used to mentholate unflavored, loose ST to a target menthol content. With this method, the ST menthol content was stable for at least 24 months, and the products exposed users to menthol in a dose-dependent manner. This method yielded loose ST products with precise, stable levels of menthol to allow systematic evaluation of ST menthol content on clinical outcomes. The method may have applications for systematically evaluating changes in other tobacco product ingredients.
Sequential Time to Positivity as a Prognostic Indicator in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia
Authors: Comba Isin Y , Go John Raymond , Vaillant James , O’Horo John C , Stevens Ryan W , Palraj Raj , Abu Saleh Omar 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
We aimed to determine the factors associated with sequential blood culture time to positivity (STTP) and validate the previously defined time to positivity (TTP) ratio threshold of 1.5 in predicting adverse disease outcomes and mortality of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB).

Methods
We conducted an observational study of adult patients with SAB. The TTP ratio was calculated by dividing the TTP of the second blood culture by that of the first.

Results
Of 186 patients, 69 (37%) were female, with a mean age of 63.6 years. Median TTP was 12 hours (interquartile range [IQR], 10–15 hours) from the initial and 21 hours (17–29) from sequential blood cultures. Methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA)–infected patients had significantly shorter STTPs (P &lt; .001) and lower TTP ratios (P &lt; .001) compared to patients with methicillin-susceptible S aureus (MSSA). A significant correlation between initial and STTP was observed in patients with MRSA (r = 0.42, P = .002) but not in those with MSSA. A higher rate of native valve endocarditis (NVE) significantly correlated with a TTP ratio of ≤1.5 (odds ratio, 2.65 [95% confidence interval, 1.3–5.6]; P = .01). The subgroup having an initial TTP &lt;12 hours combined with a TTP ratio ≤1.5 showed the highest prevalence of NVE.

Conclusions
The STTP varies based on methicillin susceptibility of S aureus isolate. This study suggests a potential clinical utility of the STTP to identify patients at a higher risk of NVE. However, prospective studies are required to validate these findings.
Hidden Wars
Authors: Davies Sara E. , True Jacqui 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Hidden Wars documents the gendered political violence that is frequently neglected or ignored in conventional analysis of war and conflict, affecting how we understand conflict and which violence we prioritize with implications for postwar peace. Specifically, the book-length study examines the relationship between reports of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) and structural gender inequality in three conflict-affected societies in Asia: Burma, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka. It is based on extensive field research and analysis of an original dataset on conflict-related SGBV in each country. The longitudinal data is purposively contextualized within conflict dynamics, political struggles, and local understandings of gender relations. Existing social science research shows that structural gender inequality is the most significant risk factor for SGBV. Building on this scholarship, the authors argue that the presence and type of SGBV in Asian civil conflicts reflect distinct and highly politicized, gendered societies. Scholars and policymakers are aware that reporting silence is a major problem for identifying and responding to SGBV. As a result, however, they rarely note the limitations of the data and our knowledge of who perpetrates or is a victim of SGBV, when, and where, due to the politicized contexts of reporting and data collection on the ground. Hidden Wars addresses these real-world limitations by examining the social and political conditions—especially the reporting conditions—for SGBV. Localized patterns of SGBV and the prospects for its prevention in low-intensity conflict environments, like those predominant across Asia, are explicated.
Reframing Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in Conflict
Authors: Davies Sara E. , True Jacqui 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter critically reviews the scholarship on sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) and highlights the relative absence of analysis of SGBV in low-intensity and protracted conflict environments. This absence is particularly significant for the Asian region. To date, most research on SGBV investigates its occurrence, prevalence, perpetrators, victims, and survivors in high-intensity conflict environments and genocide. Primary understanding of conflict-related SGBV, however, depends upon prior identification of a situation as “conflict-affected.” As a result of the substantial focus on high-intensity conflicts during this period, SGBV in Burma, the Philippines, Timor Leste, North Korea, and postconflict Cambodia and Sri Lanka were not studied to the same extent as Liberia and the Democratic Republic of Congo, where reports of mass sexual violence captured global public attention. This chapter argues that attention to SGBV in low-intensity, protracted conflict situations merits further study.
Rethinking Methodologies for Sexual and Gender-Based Violence in Conflict
Authors: Davies Sara E. , True Jacqui 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter asks how situations of endemic gender discrimination affect knowledge of where sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) is taking place in low-intensity conflicts in Asia. This chapter has three main parts. First, it explains why existing methods for understanding and preventing SGBV often do not work in Asia. Second, the chapter explores how silences with regard to acts of SGBV can be identified and investigated by scrutinizing the blind spots of existing SGBV reporting and data collection methods. Third, this chapter illustrates the book’s methodological approach to identifying and analyzing SGBV in Asian contexts of low-intensity conflict. It highlights the importance of feminist analytical reflexivity in addressing the limitations of any approach to conflict-related SGBV and what they imply about the silences and absence of reports in particular areas and phases of conflict.
Probing SilencesSexual and Gender-Based Violence in Conflict and Peace in the Philippines
Authors: Davies Sara E. , True Jacqui 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the case of the Philippines exploring the pattern of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) reports from 1998 to 2016, during the key years in which the government of the Philippines and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), the largest insurgent group in the conflict-affected island of Mindanao, achieved a peace process. The chapter finds that while SGBV is acknowledged, it is not viewed as conflict-related. Instead, this violence is dissociated from conflict and attributed to the personalized culture of violence, impunity, clan wars, economic disenfranchisement, and displacement that primarily affect women, particularly Indigenous women, in the Mindanao region. Minimal SGBV reporting takes place in this conflict-affected region, and in the few surveys conducted of women in Mindanao, they are reluctant to come forward to report their SGBV experiences.
Comparing Regional Patterns and Trends in Conflict-Related Sexual and Gender-Based Violence across Asia
Authors: Davies Sara E. , True Jacqui 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter compares the research findings across the three Asian cases to reveal the effects of conflict dynamics on reporting SGBV before, during, and after conflict. It highlights four common trends across Burma, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka for further examination in other low-intensity or protracted conflicts globally: 1. Escalation of SGBV reports takes place along with increased international access to conflict areas. 2. Consistently low reports may be the result of no state provision of services or institutions for reporting conflict-related SGBV; emblematic of state denial of conflict and low prioritization of gendered political violence. 3. Little reporting of SGBV perpetrated by nonstate armed actors does not mean low nonstate armed actor prevalence. 4. How a conflict ends may sustain conflict-related SGBV and impunity. The chapter argues that addressing the limitations of SGBV reporting can assist with identifying—and therefore preventing—the onset and escalation of SGBV in low-intensity conflict environments.
Tribal Self-Government
Authors: Pevar Stephen L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Indian tribes are sovereign nations exercising sovereign powers. In 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court, quoting one of its earlier decisions, confirmed that “Indian tribes [are] distinct, independent political communities exercising sovereign authority.” This chapter discusses the inherent powers that tribes have, including their right to form a government, to determine who qualifies for membership, to regulate activities occurring on tribal land, to regulate dangerous activities within the reservation, and to exercise criminal jurisdiction. Also discussed are the limitations that Congress has imposed on the exercise of tribal powers and whether Congress actually has a valid legal basis to impose those limitations.
Introduction
Authors: Ferguson Benjamin , Zwolinski Matt 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the volume’s other chapters, organized around three themes that are central to exploitation theory: What is exploitation? Why, if at all, is it wrong? What should be done about it? The chapter surveys existing answers to these three questions and then situates the volume’s contributions within these themes. It also provides a general taxonomy of theories of exploitation, distinguishing first between agential accounts and structural accounts, and then between theories that focus purely on the distribution of transactional gains and those theories that also include non-distributive components, such as agents’ attitudes and mental states.
Sacrificing and Forgoing
Authors: van Donselaar Gijs 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
A distinction is made between what is sacrificed in helping others in distress and what is forgone in helping others in distress. What is sacrificed by saving a wreck-bound ship is the cost of towing it to safety; what is forgone is the value of the spoils on the beach if it is not towed to safety. Refusing to help the ship in order not to forgo the spoils is exploitation by omission, instrumentalizing the victims of the wreck. Neither consequentialists nor libertarians can be sensitive to the moral importance of the deontic distinction. The distinction is then applied to the relation between international corporations and the sweatshop laborers in their employ. It is concluded that the verdict “exploitative” crucially depends on the tightness of market conditions.
Two Faces of Exploitation
Authors: Sample Ruth 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
If two persons agree to a transaction, and the transaction makes both parties better off than they were before, then how can the transaction be wrong? The commonsense answer seems to be that such Pareto-efficient transactions cannot be wrong, and therefore there is no prima facie good reason to interfere with the transaction. Alan Wertheimer called this the non-worseness claim. And yet many putatively exploitative interactions seem to fit this description, yet seem to be seriously wrong. This is at the heart of what has come to be known as the paradox of exploitation. This chapter suggests a resolution of the paradox by appealing to a distinction in tort law: the distinction between moral injury and moral harm. It argues that the expressive content of some transactions constitutes a moral injury that is distinct from harm.