bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional morphology and gene expression in the Drosophilablastoderm at cellular resolution I: data acquisition pipeline
Authors: Luengo Hendriks Cris L , Keränen Soile VE , Fowlkes Charless C , Simirenko Lisa , Weber Gunther H , DePace Angela H , Henriquez Clara , Kaszuba David W , Hamann Bernd , Eisen Michael B , Malik Jitendra , Sudar Damir , Biggin Mark D , Knowles David W 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Background
To model and thoroughly understand animal transcription networks, it is essential to derive accurate spatial and temporal descriptions of developing gene expression patterns with cellular resolution.

Results
Here we describe a suite of methods that provide the first quantitative three-dimensional description of gene expression and morphology at cellular resolution in whole embryos. A database containing information derived from 1,282 embryos is released that describes the mRNA expression of 22 genes at multiple time points in the Drosophila blastoderm. We demonstrate that our methods are sufficiently accurate to detect previously undescribed features of morphology and gene expression. The cellular blastoderm is shown to have an intricate morphology of nuclear density patterns and apical/basal displacements that correlate with later well-known morphological features. Pair rule gene expression stripes, generally considered to specify patterning only along the anterior/posterior body axis, are shown to have complex changes in stripe location, stripe curvature, and expression level along the dorsal/ventral axis. Pair rule genes are also found to not always maintain the same register to each other.

Conclusion
The application of these quantitative methods to other developmental systems will likely reveal many other previously unknown features and provide a more rigorous understanding of developmental regulatory networks.
Evolutionary conservation of domain-domain interactions
Authors: Itzhaki Zohar , Akiva Eyal , Altuvia Yael , Margalit Hanah 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Background
Recently, there has been much interest in relating domain-domain interactions (DDIs) to protein-protein interactions (PPIs) and vice versa, in an attempt to understand the molecular basis of PPIs.

Results
Here we map structurally derived DDIs onto the cellular PPI networks of different organisms and demonstrate that there is a catalog of domain pairs that is used to mediate various interactions in the cell. We show that these DDIs occur frequently in protein complexes and that homotypic interactions (of a domain with itself) are abundant. A comparison of the repertoires of DDIs in the networks of Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster, and Homo sapiens shows that many DDIs are evolutionarily conserved.

Conclusion
Our results indicate that different organisms use the same 'building blocks' for PPIs, suggesting that the functionality of many domain pairs in mediating protein interactions is maintained in evolution.
Stage-Specific Expression of Androgen Receptor, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor, and Anti-Müllerian Hormone Type II Receptor in Single, Isolated, Human Preantral Follicles: Relevance to Polycystic Ovaries
Authors: Rice Suman , Ojha Kamal , Whitehead Saffron , Mason Helen 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Context: Recent evidence indicates that the increase in follicle numbers seen in polycystic ovary syndrome occurs early in folliculogenesis, with androgens being a likely causative candidate. In primates and sheep, androgen excess in utero results in ovarian changes similar to those in polycystic ovary syndrome. There is also increasing interest in the role of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in early folliculogenesis because AMH knockout mice have an early depletion of their stock of primordial follicles. Initiation and early folliculogenesis may therefore be under negative control by AMH and positive control by androgens.
Objective: Because AMH signals exclusively through its type II receptor (AMHRII), the aim of this study was to determine and colocalize the stage-specific expression of AMHRII, androgen receptor (AR), and FSH receptor (FSHR) mRNA in individual, well-characterized preantral follicles.
Method: Follicles were isolated from human ovarian cortex obtained from either oophorectomies or cortical biopsies at cesarean section. Expression of AR, FSHR, and AMHRII mRNA was determined using a nested RT-PCR protocol.
Results: AR mRNA was not detected in any primordial follicles but was from the transitional stage onward. The number of AR-positive follicles increased at each progressive growth stage. The expression of AR preceded that of FSHR, and only a small percentage of primary follicles expressed FSHR. AMHRII expression was rarely detected.
Conclusions: This is the first study to identify the expression of AR in human transitional follicles. Results suggest a role for androgens in promoting early follicle growth and challenging the hypothesis that AMH exerts a direct, inhibitory effect on follicles at this stage.
Ageing, gender and cardiac sarcolemmal KATP channels
Authors: Jovanović Aleksandar 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels are abundant in cardiac myocytes where they couple the cellular metabolic state with membrane excitability. Structurally, these channels are composed of Kir6.2, a pore-forming subunit, SUR2A, a regulatory subunit, and at least four accessory proteins. The activation of KATP channels occurs during ischaemia to promote cardiac viability under this adverse condition. Age-dependent changes in the myocardial susceptibility to ischaemia have been reported in experimental animals as well as in humans. Recent research has demonstrated that ageing is associated with a decrease in the number of cardiac sarcolemmal KATP channels in hearts from females, but not males. This alteration is likely to be due to an age-dependent decrease in the concentration of circulating estrogens. In the heart, SUR2A is the least expressed protein of all KATP channel-forming proteins. The consequence of this phenomenon is that the level of SUR2A is the main factor controlling the number of sarcolemmal KATP channels. Estrogens specifically up-regulate SUR2A and govern the number of sarcolemmal KATP channels, and this may explain the effect of decreasing estrogen levels on the heart. An age-dependent decrease in the number of sarcolemmal KATP channels generates a cardiac phenotype more sensitive to ischaemia, which seems to be responsible for the ageing-associated decrease in myocardial tolerance to stress that occurs in elderly women.
Effects of the Chinese prescription Kangen-karyu and its crude drug Tanjin on ageing process in rats
Authors: Yokozawa Takako , Cho Eun Ju , Okamoto Takuya , Sei Yasuo 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The effects of the Chinese prescription Kangen-karyu and its crude drug Tanjin on the ageing process were investigated in rats. Diets supplemented with Kangen-karyu and Tanjin extracts decreased glycosylated protein levels in serum, a risk marker of ageing and ageing-related diseases. In addition, they inhibited the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance in the serum and liver; Kangen-karyu in particular led to a strong decrease in hepatic mitochondrial thiobarbituric acid reactive substance. The decline in the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione ratio in the liver observed with ageing was ameliorated by Kangen-karyu and Tanjin, while these groups attenuated the increase in glutathione peroxidase activity of hepatic tissue against ageing. This suggests that Kangen-karyu and Tanjin regulate the glutathione redox cycle that maintains the cellular redox condition against age-related oxidative stress. Moreover, the overexpression of cytoplasmic cytochrome c observed with ageing was attenuated by Kangen-karyu and Tanjin. This provides new evidence that Kangen-karyu and Tanjin inhibit leakage of superoxide in mitochondria and attenuate cellular oxidative damage. Furthermore, Kangen-karyu and Tanjin would maintain mitochondrial function with ageing through the regulation of related protein expression such as bax and bcl-2 proteins. In addition, Kangen-karyu reduced the expression of nuclear factor kappa B; Kangen-karyu and Tanjin did not affect the expression of inhibitor kappa B. The present study demonstrated that Kangenkaryu prevented oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction with ageing. Furthermore, Kangen-karyu showed a stronger protective effect against ageing by oxidative stress than Tanjin, probably through synergistic and/or additive effects.
The impact of adenosine and A2B receptors on glucose homoeostasis
Authors: Rüsing D , Müller C E , Verspohl E J 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Adenosine and adenosine receptor antagonists are involved in glucose homoeostasis. The participating receptors are not known, mainly due to a lack of specific agonists and antagonists, but are reasonable targets for anti-diabetic therapy. The stable, albeit nonselective, adenosine analogue NECA (5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine) (10 μM) reduced glucose-stimulated insulin release from INS-1 cells. This was mimicked by A1-(CHA), A2A-(CGS-21680) and A3-receptor agonists (Cl-IB-MECA). Two newly synthesized A2B-receptor antagonists, PSB-53 and PSB-1115, counteracted the inhibitory effect of NECA. These in-vitro effects were mirrored by in-vivo data with respect to CHA, CGS and Cl-IB-MECA. Distinct concentrations of either PSB-53 or PSB-1115 reversed the decrease in plasma insulin induced by NECA. This was not mimicked by a corresponding change in blood glucose. The effect of PSB-1115 was also obvious in diabetic GotoKakizaki rats: plasma insulin was increased whereas blood glucose was unchanged. During most experiments the effects on blood glucose were not impressive probably because of the physiologically necessary homoeostasis. The adenosine levels were not different in normal Wistar rats and in diabetic GotoKakzaki rats. Altogether the A2B-receptor antagonists showed an anti-diabetic potential mainly by increasing plasma insulin levels under conditions when the adenosine tonus was elevated in-vivo and increased insulin release in-vitro.
Alteration of vascular reactivity in diabetic human mammary artery and the effects of thiazolidinediones
Authors: Irat Ali Murat , Aslamaci Sait , Karasu Cimen , Ari Nuray 
Published: December 2006

AbstractVascular reactivity was investigated in endothelium-denuded human internal mammary artery (IMA) rings from type 2 diabetic patients. It was also investigated whether insulin sensitizer thiazolidinedione drugs, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, can directly affect the reactivity of IMA. Using organ bath techniques, cumulative concentration-response curves to phenylephrine (PE), KCl, cromakalim (CRO) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) were constructed in diabetic and non-diabetic IMA rings. Means of maximal responses (% Emax) and pEC50 values (sensitivity) were compared. Emax values and the sensitivity to PE and KCl were increased while KATP-channel-mediated relaxations were reduced significantly in diabetic rings compared with non-diabetic rings (n = 5–12, P &lt; 0.05). No changes were observed for SNP responses (n = 5, P &gt; 0.05). Incubations with pioglitazone (1 and 10 μM) and rosiglitazone (1 and 20 μM), for 30 min, did not affect KATP-channel-mediated relaxations (n = 5 each, P &gt; 0.05). Pioglitazone partly inhibited pre-contractions of PE and KCl at 10 μM, rosiglitazone did not. Vascular dysfunction observed in diabetic IMA may be of specific importance since they are widely used as coronary bypass material. Thiazolidinedione drugs may not worsen arterial dilatation through KATP channels in ischaemic or hypoxic insults in diabetic patients who are prone to such conditions. Pioglitazone has vasorelaxant property in the grafts.
Anti-inflammatory activity of the synthetic C-C biflavonoids
Authors: Park Haeil , Kim Young Hoon , Chang Hyeun Wook , Kim Hyun Pyo 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTo find anti-inflammatory agents based on plant constituents, the effects of six synthetic C-C biflavonoids connecting with different positions of C-C bond between flavone monomers (a: 4′-4′, b: 4′-3′, c: 4′-6, d: 3′-6, e: 6-6, f: 4′-3) were examined on PGE2 and nitric oxide (NO) production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophages, RAW 264.7. Among the compounds tested, the biflavonoids d, e, and f showed a considerable inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-mediated PGE2 production at concentrations up to 50 μM, while the derivative c exerted cytotoxic effects on RAW cells. Especially, the biflavonoid e possessed the most potent inhibitory activity of PGE2 production with an IC50 of 3.7 μM, compared with an IC50 of 8.2–20.7 μM by ginkgetin (natural biflavonoid). Western blot and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analyses have shown that the inhibition of PGE2 production by these synthetic derivatives was mediated at least in part by COX-2 inhibition, but not by COX-2 down-regulation. Meanwhile, these synthetic biflavonoids did not considerably inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase-mediated NO production at concentrations up to 50 μM. When intraperitoneally administered, the biflavonoid e showed a significant anti-inflammatory activity (22.2% inhibition) against rat carrageenan-induced paw oedema at 5 mg kg−1. The biflavonoid e may be used as a synthetic lead for developing new anti-inflammatory agents.
Self-assembly of Birnessite Manganese Dioxide into Monodisperse Honeycomb and Hollow Nanospheres
Authors: Chen Hongmin , He Junhui 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Monodisperse honeycomb and hollow nanospheres of ordered birnessite manganese dioxide nanoplatelets were facilely synthesized in high yields via the redox reaction of KMnO4 and oleic acid and following self-assembly of produced nanoplatelets.
Application of a Water Soluble Alkoxysilane for the Formation of Mesoporous Silica from Nonionic Surfactant Micelles Bearing Cholesterol
Authors: Takahashi Shun , Ikkai Yasunari , Rodriguez-Abreu Carlos , Aramaki Kenji , Ohsuna Tetsu , Sakamoto Kazutami 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
A water soluble silica precursor, tetrahydroxyethyl orthosilicate (THEOS), was used for the synthesis of mesoporous silica from micellar solutions of a nonionic surfactant bearing cholesterol moiety (ChEO10), which also forms a variety of lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) structures. The resulting mesoporous silica showed ribbon-like structures, both in μm and nm scale, corresponding to the rectangular LLC phase of ChEO10. We propose the use of THEOS as a novel silica precursor for the investigation of tailored imprinting of LLC topology into the mesoporous silica.
Helix-dimer–Random-coil Thermal Switching Process of Ethynylhelicene Heptamer Highly Sensitive to Its Environment
Authors: Sugiura Hiroki , Yamaguchi Masahiko 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
An acyclic ethynylhelicene heptamer reversibly switches its structure in solution between a helix dimer at low temperatures and random coils at high temperatures. The structural change can be repeated by alternating heating and cooling. The process monitored by CD exhibited various patterns of Δε/time profiles depending on changes in temperature, concentration, and solvent type. This single compound provides diverse outputs upon thermal input.
Psoriasis Following Growth Hormone Therapy in a Child
Authors: Pirgon Ozgur , Atabek Mehmet Emre , Sert Ahmet 
Published: December 2006

Objective: To report a case of psoriasis that developed following growth hormone treatment. Case Summary: An 8-year-old boy was admitted to our pediatric endocrinology department because of short stature (<3rd percentile). A dopamine stimulation test and an insulin tolerance test revealed growth hormone (GH) deficiency with a normal cortisol response. His insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) level (9 ng/mL; reference range 113–261) was under the limits for his age and sex. Six months after the initiation of treatment with recombinant human GH 0.33 mg/kg/wk, the patient presented with a 10 day history of desquamation and a burning sensation in his right knee and hip. Lesions of erythematous papules consistent with plaques of psoriasis were present. Histologic findings from skin biopsies were consistent with psoriasis. The GH dose was reduced to 0.2 mg/kg/wk and treatment for psoriasis (including hydrocortisone and clemastine) was started. Three months after those interventions, the plaques had resolved. Discussion: Previous studies proposed that the extent and severity of psoriasis correlate with GH levels, although psoriatic patients, in general, have normal GH and IGF-1 levels. The Naranjo probability scale indicated that the development of psoriasis was probably associated with GH therapy. Conclusions: This case suggests that the development of psoriasiform lesions in a previously unaffected individual represents an adverse effect of GH treatment, occurring at higher doses, with higher IGF-1 levels.
Everyday Talk: Its Role in Assessment and Treatment for Individuals With Aphasia
Authors: Armstrong Elizabeth , Mortensen Lynne 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis article discusses the significance of conversation in current clinical practice with individuals with aphasia and their conversation partners. It explores the nature of everyday talk, and provides an overview of how studies to date have examined the conversations of individuals with aphasia and have provided some promising treatment avenues. It also proposes another framework, Speech Function Analysis, that may assist further in incorporating conversational principles into the therapy context. The framework provides a system network for examining speech functions in dialogue, while considering the effects of both lexical and syntactic limitations, and context. Examples of conversations between three individuals with aphasia and their partners are used to illustrate the analysis. The authors suggest that further knowledge of both aphasic speakers' and their partners' interactions as well as clinician–client interactions may increase our insights into this area, and make authentic and meaningful conversation more accessible in the clinical situation and beyond.
Terminology and Methodology in the Assessment of Cognitive-Linguistic Disorders
Authors: Body Richard , Perkins Michael R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe term ‘cognitive-linguistic’ has been widely adopted in descriptions of a variety of communication disorders of neurogenic origin. Despite this, clear agreement on the meaning of the term has yet to be reached, with the result that it is used both inconsistently and misleadingly. This lack of terminological clarity also undermines the assessment of complex communicative function. In this article the terminology associated with complex communication disorders is discussed and a simple framework for conceptualising cognitive-linguistic function is outlined. On the basis of this it is proposed that some currently available assessments that purport to measure cognitive-linguistic skills in fact have less explanatory power than other assessments that are often not specifically targeted at communication. Further, it is suggested that the framework offers an ecologically valid basis for the systematic assessment of cognitive-linguistic function.
Analgesic Effects of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibition in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Jhaveri Maulik D. , Richardson Denise , Kendall David A. , Barrett David A. , Chapman Victoria 
Published: December 2006

Cannabinoid-based medicines have therapeutic potential for the treatment of pain. Augmentation of levels of endocannabinoids with inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is analgesic in models of acute and inflammatory pain states. The aim of this study was to determine whether local inhibition of FAAH alters nociceptive responses of spinal neurons in the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain. Electrophysiological studies were performed 14–18 d after spinal nerve ligation or sham surgery, and the effects of the FAAH inhibitor cyclohexylcarbamic acid 3-carbamoyl biphenyl-3-yl ester (URB597) on mechanically evoked responses of spinal neurons and levels of endocannabinoids were determined.Intraplantar URB597 (25 μg in 50 μl) significantly (p< 0.01) attenuated mechanically evoked responses of spinal neurons in sham-operated rats. Effects of URB597 were blocked by the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1) antagonist AM251 [N-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-N-1-piperidinyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide] (30 μg in 50 μl) and the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. URB597 treatment increased levels of anandamide, 2-arachidonyl glycerol, and oleoyl ethanolamide in the ipsilateral hindpaw of sham-operated rats. Intraplantar URB597 (25 μg in 50 μl) did not, however, alter mechanically evoked responses of spinal neurons in spinal nerve ligated (SNL) rats or hindpaw levels of endocannabinoids. Intraplantar injection of a higher dose of URB597 (100 μg in 50 μl) significantly (p< 0.05) attenuated evoked responses of spinal neurons in SNL rats but did not alter hindpaw levels of endocannabinoids. Spinal administration of URB597 attenuated evoked responses of spinal neurons and elevated levels of endocannabinoids in sham-operated and SNL rats. These data suggest that peripheral FAAH activity may be altered or that alternative pathways of metabolism have greater importance in SNL rats.
Auf die harte Tour – Physisch anstrengende Netzwerkspiele (Exertion Interfaces for Networked Games)
Authors: Mueller Florian ‚Floyd’ 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Obwohl Computerspiele dank Netzwerktechnik Spieler auf der ganzen Welt miteinander verbinden, wird ihnen vorgeworfen, zur Vernachlässigung zwischenmenschlicher Kontakte beizutragen. Traditionelle Freizeitbeschäftigungen wie Kegeln, Billard, Tischfussball und Airhockey hingegen werden als unterstützend für das soziale Miteinander angesehen, setzen aber durch die physische Interaktion voraus, dass sich die Spieler am gleichen Ort befinden. Airhockey over a Distance kombiniert die bewegungsintensive Interaktion mit den Vorteilen der Telekommunikationstechnik, um Spielern den Eindruck zu vermitteln, eine reale, physikalische Spielscheibe zwischen zwei örtlich voneinander getrennten Airhockeytischen durch das Netzwerk hin- und herzuschießen. Ein anderes Spiel namens Push‘N’Pull ist ebenso physisch anstrengend, verlangt aber Teamwork: Zwei örtlich voneinander getrennte Teilnehmer müssen in einem Spiel ihre Körperkräfte kooperativ einsetzen, um gemeinsam zum Ziel zu kommen. Dieses und andere neuartige Spiele, die solche kraftanstrengende Interfaces benutzen, versuchen den sozialen Charakter existierender Spiele aufzugreifen und um die Möglichkeiten der Netzwerktechnik zu erweitern. Dies ermöglicht es Teilnehmern, obwohl sie sich an verschiedenen Orten befinden können, ein geselliges Miteinander im Spiel zu erleben.