bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proteome analysis of human macrophages reveals the upregulation of manganese‐containing superoxide dismutase after toll‐like receptor activation
Authors: Rakkola Riitta , Matikainen Sampsa , Nyman Tuula A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMacrophages are essential for the development of innate immune responses against a variety of infectious factors. They detect invading pathogens via their pattern recognition receptors such as toll‐like receptors (TLRs). TLR7/8 recognizes ssRNA from various viruses. In the present study, we have used 2‐DE gel‐based proteomics to find novel TLR7/8 target proteins in human monocyte‐derived macrophages in order to improve our understanding of the virus recognition by this TLR. A total of 27 protein spots were found to be reproducibly differentially expressed between control and TLR7/8 activated 2‐DE gel pairs, 18 spots being more than two‐fold upregulated and nine spots being at least two‐fold downregulated. Several proteins involved in defense against toxic superoxide (O2−) and other reactive oxygen species, such as manganese‐containing superoxide dismutase (SOD2), glutathione peroxidase, and peroxiredoxins 1 and 6 were highly upregulated after TLR7/8 activation. Western blot analysis showed that activation of macrophages with TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR7/8 ligands also strongly upregulated SOD2 protein expression. In conclusion, our results show that the activation of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system results in strong upregulation of SOD2 gene expression suggesting that SOD2 protects macrophages from oxidative stress during microbial infection.
Translational and transcriptional analysis of Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 to provide insights into alcohol and ketone utilisation
Authors: Chong Poh Kuan , Burja Adam M. , Radianingtyas Helia , Fazeli Alireza , Wright Phillip C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe potential of Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 for alcohol or ketone bioconversion was explored in this study. S. solfataricus was grown in different concentrations (0.1–0.8% w/v) of alcohols or ketones (ethanol, iso‐propanol, n‐propanol, acetone, phenol and hexanol) in the presence of 0.4% w/v glucose. Consequently, the addition of these alcohols or ketones into the growth media had an inhibitory effect on biomass production, whereby lag times increased and specific growth rates decreased when compared to a glucose control. Complete glucose utilisation was observed in all cultures, although slower rates of glucose consumption were observed in experimental cultures (average of 14.9 mg/L/h compared to 18.9 mg/L/h in the control). On the other hand, incomplete solvent utilisation was observed, with the highest solvent consumption being approximately 51% of the initial concentration in acetone cultures. Translational responses of S. solfataricus towards these alcohols or ketones were then investigated using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technique. The majority (>80%) of proteins identified and quantified showed no discernable changes in regulation compared to the control. These results, along with those obtained from transcriptional analysis of key genes involved within this catabolic process using quantitative RT‐PCR and metabolite analysis, demonstrate successful alcohol or ketone conversion in S. solfataricus.
A combined dataset of human cerebrospinal fluid proteins identified by multi‐dimensional chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Pan Sheng , Zhu David , Quinn Joseph F. , Peskind Elaine R. , Montine Thomas J. , Lin Biaoyang , Goodlett David R. , Taylor Greg , Eng Jimmy , Zhang Jing 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHuman cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an important source for studying protein biomarkers of age‐related neurodegenerative diseases. Before characterizing biomarkers unique to each disease, it is necessary to categorize CSF proteins systematically and extensively. However, the enormous complexity, great dynamic range of protein concentrations, and tremendous protein heterogeneity due to post‐translational modification of CSF create significant challenges to the existing proteomics technologies for an in‐depth, nonbiased profiling of the human CSF proteome. To circumvent these difficulties, in the last few years, we have utilized several different separation methodologies and mass spectrometric platforms that greatly enhanced the identification coverage and the depth of protein profiling of CSF to characterize CSF proteome. In total, 2594 proteins were identified in well‐characterized pooled human CSF samples using stringent proteomics criteria. This report summarizes our efforts to comprehensively characterize the human CSF proteome to date.
Simple proteomic checks for detecting noncoding RNA
Authors: Cruveiller Stéphane , Clay Oliver , Jabbari Kamel , Bernardi Giorgio 
Published: January 2007

AbstractProper validation can accelerate sequence‐based discovery of proteins and protein‐coding genes. Databases currently contain a backlog of experimentally unverified gene models and tentative assignments of observed transcripts to coding or noncoding RNA. We present and apply a general principle, founded on base composition and the genetic code and validated here by bulk 2‐D gels, that can improve the reliability of such classifications and of the algorithms or pipelines that lead to them.
Preparation and characterization of poly(2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine)‐block‐poly(D,L‐lactide) polymer nanoparticles
Authors: Hsiue Ging‐Ho , Lo Chun‐Liang , Cheng Ching‐Hao , Lin Che‐Ping , Huang Chun‐Kai , Chen Hung‐Hao 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA poly(D,L‐lactide)–bromine macroinitiator was synthesized for use in the preparation of a novel biocompatible polymer. This amphiphilic diblock copolymer consisted of biodegradable poly(D,L‐lactide) and 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine and was formed by atom transfer radical polymerization. Polymeric nanoparticles were prepared by a dialysis process in a select solvent. The shape and structure of the polymeric nanoparticles were determined by 1H NMR, atomic force microscopy, and ζ‐potential measurements. The results of cytotoxicity tests showed the good cytocompatibility of the lipid‐like diblock copolymer poly(2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine)‐block‐poly(D,L‐lactide). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 688–698, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of stimuli‐sensitive micro‐ and nanohydrogels based on photocrosslinkable poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)
Authors: Gupta Smrati , Kuckling Dirk , Kretschmer Katja , Choudhary Veena , Adler Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe aim of this work was the development of a versatile route for the preparation of temperature‐ and pH‐responsive hydrogels with small dimensions. The copolymerization of N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate with various amounts (5 and 10 mol %) of dimethylmaleimidoethyl methacrylate in solution with 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator is described. The structural and molecular characterization of the copolymers was performed with proton nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared, and ultraviolet spectroscopy, as well as size exclusion chromatography. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry were used for the thermal characterization of the copolymers. Micro‐ and nanohydrogels of the copolymers were prepared by photocrosslinking. The gels obtained by photocrosslinking were characterized with a combination of surface plasmon resonance and optical waveguide spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and scanning electron microscopy. The hydrogels showed temperature‐ and pH‐responsive behavior. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 669–679, 2007
Synthesis of macrocycles by the ring‐crossover reaction of a cyclic dithioester
Authors: Kudo Hiroto , Makino Shinya , Nishikubo Tadatomi 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe ring‐crossover polymerization of cyclic dithioester 1 was performed in the presence of quaternary onium salts as catalysts at 70–150 °C for 24 h in NMP. It was found that predictable cyclic polymers with the same repeating structures as 1 were obtained with Mns in the range between 700 and 3,500, quantitatively. It was observed that intermolecular and intramolecular thioester‐exchange reactions proceeded between cyclic monomer 1 and resulting cyclic polymers under thermodynamic control to give a lower‐molecular‐weight cyclic polymer with a lower polydispersity ratio (Mn = 2,400, Mw/Mn = 1.70). © 2006Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 680–687, 2007
Novel epoxy nanocomposite of low Dk introduced fluorine‐containing POSS structure
Authors: Wang Yen‐Zen , Chen Wen‐Yi , Yang Chao‐Chen , Lin Chen‐Lung , Chang Feng‐Chih 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA nanoporous additives, polyhedral oilgomeric silisesquioxane containing eight functional hexafluorine groups, octakis(dimethylsiloxyhexafluoropropyl ether)silsesquioxane (OF) has been synthesized and blended with the UV‐cured epoxy resin. The OF containing (10%) epoxy has significantly lower dielectric constant (2.65) than the plain epoxy (3.71). The incorporation of fluorine containing additives is well‐known to reduce dielectric constant due to lower its polarizability. In addition, the presence of the bulky POSS structure is able to create additional free space or pores and further reduces the dielectric constant of the epoxy matrix. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 502–510, 2007
Effect of SSL and HSC on morphology and properties of PHA based SMPU synthesized by bulk polymerization method
Authors: Chen Shaojun , Hu Jinlian , Liu Yeqiu , Liem Haiming , Zhu Yong , Liu Yijun 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSearching new shape memory polymer and the associating synthesis technology are critical on the development of smart materials. In this paper, a comprehensive study on Poly(hexylene adipate) PHA being the soft segment of shape memory polyurethane (SMPU) was presented. Bulk polymerization method was employed to synthesize the SMPU with different soft segment length (SSL) and hard segment content (HSC). The influences of SSL and HSC on its morphology and thermomechanical property using DSC, DMA, POM, and shape memory behavior were presented here. The results indicate that the thermal properties, dynamic mechanic properties, and crystal morphology of SMPU are influenced significantly by SSL and HSC. And it is found that the shape fixity increases with SSL but decreases with HSC. On the other hand, the shape recovery decreases with both SSL and HSC, and the associated recovery temperature increases either with the increasing SSL or with decreasing HSC. Lastly, it is concluded that in the PHA‐based‐SMPU, the lower limiting value of SSL for polyurethane having shape memory effect is 2000; their response temperature varied with SSL and HSC, changing from 41.0 to 51.9 °C. Stable hard segment crystal are formed at above 30% HSC sample in bulk polymerization, but shape memory behavior can also be observed when its physical crosslink point are formed in the lower HSC PHA‐based‐SMPU. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 444–454, 2007
Reversible melting and crystallization of high‐molar‐mass poly(oxyethylene)
Authors: Qiu W. , Pyda M. , Nowak‐Pyda E. , Habenschuss A. , Wunderlich B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe heat capacity of poly(oxyethylene) (POE) with a molar mass of 900,000 Da has been analyzed with differential scanning calorimetry and quasi‐isothermal, temperature‐modulated differential scanning calorimetry. The crystal structure, lattice parameters, and coherently scattering domain sizes have been measured with wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction as a function of temperature. The high‐molar‐mass POE crystals are in a folded‐chain macroconformation and show some locally reversible melting starting already at about 250 K. At 335 K, the thermodynamic heat capacity reaches the level of the melt. The reversible crystallinity depends on the modulation amplitude and has been varied in the melting range from ±0.2 to ±3.0 K. Before melting, there is neither a change in the crystal structure nor a change in the domain size, but the expansivity of the crystals increases at about 320 K. These observations support the interpretation that the monoclinic POE crystals possess a glass transition temperature with a midpoint at about 324 K, whereas the maximum melting temperature is 341 K. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 475–489, 2007
Weight distribution in standing and sitting positions, and weight transfer during reaching tasks, in seated stroke subjects and healthy subjects
Authors: Tessem Siri , Hagstrøm Nora , Fallang Bjørg 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground and Purpose. The recovery of sitting balance after a stroke is assumed to be essential to obtain independence in other vital functions. The purpose of the present study was to investigate weight distribution while sitting and standing still, and weight transfer during seated reaching tasks performed by stroke subjects and healthy subjects. Method. The study was cross‐sectional. Twenty‐one stroke subjects and 21 healthy subjects, matched by age and gender, participated. Main measures were weight distribution while standing and sitting still, and displacements of centre of pressure (COP) during seated reaching tasks. Data were collected using a balance performance monitor (BPM), including software. Results. Stroke subjects had less symmetrical weight distribution in standing than that of healthy subjects (p < 0.001). No significant differences between the groups were found while sitting still, and no associations between asymmetries in standing still and sitting positions within individual stroke subjects were found. Neither did the degree of weight distribution in sitting correspond to COP displacements in seated reaching tasks. However, COP displacement patterns in reaching tasks in the seated position were different in stroke subjects from those of healthy subjects. Stroke subjects showed more lateral displacement when reaching forwards (p < 0.001), and less lateral displacement when reaching sideways to the unaffected side (p = 0.01). Conclusion. COP displacement patterns in stroke subjects deviate more than those of healthy subjects in seated reaching tasks. The deviating COP displacement patterns are discussed as a possible dysfunction in the ability to make postural adjustments and learn an efficient movement pattern. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
String theory: exact solutions, marginal deformations and hyperbolic spaces
Authors: Orlando D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis thesis is almost entirely devoted to studying string theory backgrounds characterized by simple geometrical and integrability properties. The archetype of this type of system is given by Wess‐Zumino‐Witten models, describing string propagation in a group manifold or, equivalently, a class of conformal field theories with current algebras. We study the moduli space of such models by using truly marginal deformations. Particular emphasis is placed on asymmetric deformations that, together with the CFT description, enjoy a very nice spacetime interpretation in terms of the underlying Lie algebra. Then we take a slight detour so to deal with off‐shell systems. Using a renormalization‐group approach we describe the relaxation towards the symmetrical equilibrium situation. In he final chapter we consider backgrounds with Ramond‐Ramond field and in particular we analyze direct products of constant‐curvature spaces and find solutions with hyperbolic spaces.
Protein–RNA contacts at crystal packing surfaces
Authors: Phipps Kathleen R. , Li Hong 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe crystal packing surfaces comprising protein–RNA interactions were analyzed for 50 RNA‐protein crystal structures in the Protein Data Bank database. Protein–RNA crystal contacts, which represent nonspecific protein–RNA interfaces, were investigated for their amino acid propensities, hydrogen bond patterns, and backbone and side chain interactions. When compared to biologically relevant interactions, the protein–RNA crystal contacts exhibit similarities as well as differences with respect to the principles of protein–RNA interactions. Similar to what was observed at cognate protein–RNA interfaces, positively charged amino acids have high propensities at noncognate protein–RNA interfaces and preferentially form hydrogen bonds with RNA phosphate groups. In contrast, nonpolar residues are less frequently associated with noncognate interactions. These results highlight the important roles of both electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions, facilitated by positively charged amino acids, in mediating both specific and nonspecific protein–RNA interactions. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Current spreading and thermal effects in blue LED dice
Authors: Bulashevich K. A. , Evstratov I. Yu. , Mymrin V. F. , Karpov S. Yu. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe have applied simulations to study current the spreading and heat transfer in blue III‐nitride light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with the focus on self‐heating and its effect on the device characteristics. A conventional planar design of an LED die is considered for the heat sink through a sapphire substrate. The computations predict a great current crowding at the contact electrode edges, resulting in a non‐uniform temperature distribution over the die. The thermal effect on the current‐voltage characteristic, output optical power, and series resistance of the diode is analyzed and the theoretical predictions are compared with available observations. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Elastic constants of aluminum nitride
Authors: Kazan M. , Moussaed E. , Nader R. , Masri P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe report on the application of Brillouin spectroscopy as an approach to non‐destructive optical characterization of the elastic constants of semiconductors with the wurtzite symmetry. Three different configurations were used to achieve a complete determination of the elastic stiffness constants of bulk AlN substrates grown by the Physical Vapor Transport (PVT) method. The scattering diagrams of these three configurations are presented showing the geometrical arrangements necessary to observe all the elastic stiffness constants for the partially nontransparent wurtzite type of the crystal structure. Because aluminum nitride (AlN) is a suitable material for the fabrication of light emitting devices, the characterization of its elastic constants was carried out very precisely to provide a reliable data which can be used for the determination of residual stress arising during the growth of AlN thin films or wide band gap semiconductor thin films on substrates of AlN. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of AlGaN, Te‐doped GaN and Mg‐doped GaN grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Jang K. S. , Kim K. H. , Hwang S. L. , Jeon H. S. , Ahn H. S. , Yang M. , Choi W. J. , Kim S. W. , Honda Y. , Yamaguchi M. , Sawaki N. , Yoo J. , Lee S. M. , Koike M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe AlxGa1–xN, Te‐doped GaN and Mg‐doped GaN layers on GaN/Al2O3 substrates are grown by mixed‐source hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) method. The metallic Ga mixed with Al is used as group III source material to get the AlxGa1–xN layers. The values of the compositions x of the AlxGa1–xN layers characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements are 0.6% ∼ 80% at the various temperatures of the source zone. The metallic Ga mixed with Te (or Mg) is used as source material for n‐type (or p‐type) doping. The electron concentrations of the Te‐doped GaN layers are varied from 1.8 × 1017 to 8.3 × 1018/cm3. The hole concentrations of the Mg‐doped GaN layers are varied from 1.5 × 1016 to 3.2 × 1016/cm3. We find that the mixed‐source HVPE method is suitable to get a thick AlGaN layer with an arbitrary composition, a Te‐doped GaN layer with a high n‐type concentration and a Mg‐doped GaN layer with p‐type concentration. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth of InGaN layer on GaN templated Al2O3 (0001) and Si (111) substrates by mixed‐source HVPE
Authors: Hwang S. L. , Jang K. S. , Kim K. H. , Jeon H. S. , Ahn H. S. , Yang M. , Kim S. W. , Honda Y. , Yamaguchi M. , Sawaki N. , Yoo J. , Lee S. M. , Koike M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe InGaN layers on GaN templated sapphire (0001) and Si (111) substrates are grown by mixed‐source hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) method. As a new attempt in obtaining an InGaN layers, the growth of the thick InGaN layer is performed by putting small amount of Ga into the In source. The InGaN layer is compounded from chemical reaction between a NH3 and an Indium‐gallium chloride formed by HCl flown over metallic In mixed with Ga. The InGaN layer is analyzed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to characterize the InGaN ternary crystal alloy. The optical property of the selective area growth (SAG) of the InGaN layer is investigated by the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum and the cathodoluminescence (CL) images. Indium compositions are estimated to be in the range 3‐10%. In order to obtain the GaN layer on GaN templated Si (111) substrates, an InGaN layer is used as an intermediate layer. The PL and CL of the InGaN intermediate layer are measured at 300K. We find that the InGaN intermediate layer is possible to be one of the growth methods of thick GaN layer on Si substrates by HVPE method. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
ZnO films fabricated by spin coating and their application to UV electroluminescent devices
Authors: Yoshioka K. , Egawa S. , Kobayashi T. , Baba T. , Sugimoto K. , Arai M. , Nomura H. , Sato M. , Honda T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractZnO films were fabricated by spin coating. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the films, which included a near‐band‐edge emission, were observed at RT. The estimated external quantum efficiency of their PL is approximately 1.2%. Electroluminescent devices (ELDs) using the ZnO films were also fabricated. The violet light emission was observed from the devices. The results indicate that the spin‐coated ZnO films have high potential for application to UV light‐emitting devices. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
GaN‐based Schottky‐type UV light‐emitting diodes and their integration for flat‐panel displays
Authors: Kobayashi Toshiaki , Egawa Shinichi , Sawada Masaru , Honda Tohru 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSchottky‐type light‐emitting diodes (ST‐LEDs) were fabricated using GaN epilayers grown on (0001) sapphire substrates by metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy. The UV light emission (374 nm) was observed from the integrated ST‐LEDs under reverse bias conditions. The integrated ST‐LEDs are good candidates for the UV excitation sources of flat‐panel display systems combined with red, green and blue phosphors. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High brightness GaN vertical light emitting diodes on metal alloyed substrate for general lighting application
Authors: Chu Chen‐Fu , Cheng Chao‐Chen , Liu Wen‐Huan , Chu Jiunn‐Yi , Cheng Hao‐Chun , Fan Feng‐Hsu , Yen Jui‐Kang , Tran Chuong Anh , Doan Trung 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe characteristics of the GaN based Vertical Light Emitting Diodes on Metal alloyed Substrate (VLEDMS) were investigated. The VLEDMS exhibits very good current‐voltage behaviour with low average dynamic resistance of 0.7 Ω and low operated voltage of 3.2 V at 350 mA. High current operation up to 2000 mA in continuous mode was demonstrated without any performance deterioration. The high thermal conductivity of metal alloyed substrate demonstrated excellent heat dissipation capability. Chip scaling without efficiency loss shows a unique property of VLEDMS and enabled to enlarge up to 2 mm × 2 mm chip size. A light output efficiency of 70 lm/W or better was achieved in single chip or multiple chips package. Coupled with mass production ability, VLEDMS is very suitable for general lighting application. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)