bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between autobiographical memory specificity and depressed mood following a stressful life event: A prospective study
Authors: van Minnen Agnes , Wessel Ineke , Verhaak Chris , Smeenk Jesper 
Published: October 2005

Objectives. In the present prospective study, the relationship between autobiographical memory specificity and the emotional reactions to a stressful event was investigated.Design and methods. The Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) was administered to 74 women before they underwent an in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment, which subsequently failed. Symptoms of emotional reactions – depression and anxiety – were measured both before and after the (failed) IVF treatment.Results. It was found that the number of reported specific memories at baseline was negatively related to depressive and anxiety symptoms after the treatment, even when initial depressive and anxiety symptoms and verbal fluency were controlled for.Conclusions. Taken together, the findings indicate that a lack of autobiographical memory specificity predicts changes in depressive mood after a stressful event.
More than talk: Relations between emotion understanding and positive behaviour in toddlers
Authors: Ensor Rosie. , Hughes Claire. 
Published: October 2005

Background.Associations between positive behaviour, emotion understanding and verbal ability have been reported in studies of preschoolers (Cassidy, Werner, Rourke, Zubernis, & Balaraman, 2003), but have yet to be investigated in younger children.Methods.In this study the performance of 36 toddlers (17 boys and 19 girls; mean age = 29 months,SD= 3.9 months) on standardized verbal ability assessments and four simple tests of emotion understanding was examined in relation to three measures of positive behaviour: maternal ratings of prosocial behaviour (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire;Goodman, 1997), and video‐based coding of the toddlers in 20‐minutes dyadic play with (i) mothers and (ii) familiar peers.Results.Relations between the three measures of positive behaviour were rather modest, and only significant for the association between maternal ratings and observed positive behaviours with peers. Maternal ratings of prosocial behaviour were significantly correlated with performance on the emotion‐understanding tasks, even when age effects were controlled. Together, emotion understanding and verbal ability explained over half the variance in maternal ratings of prosocial behaviour; unique predictive effects were significant for emotion understanding but not verbal ability. Further, emotion understanding mediated the relationship between verbal ability and mothers' ratings of prosocial behaviour.Conclusions.These findings highlight the importance of emotion understanding as a proximal influence on very early prosocial behaviour.
The application of the transtheoretical model to offender populations: Some critical issues
Authors: Casey Sharon , Day Andrew , Howells Kevin 
Published: October 2005

Purpose. Over the past two decades, the transtheoretical model (TTM) of change has become perhaps the most widely used model of behaviour change in the treatment of addictive and/or problem behaviours. More recently, the stages of change component of the TTM has been adopted for use in forensic settings. This paper aims to review the application of the TTM model to offender populations.Arguments. The application of the TTM to offenders raises a number of issues regarding the process of behaviour change for offenders attending treatment programmes. It is argued that while the TTM has been designed to account for high frequency behaviour (e.g. smoking, alcohol misuse), offending behaviour may be less frequent and the process of change less cyclical. Moreover, it is suggested that the most important issue in a treatment context is the proper integration of the TTM constructs. There have been few empirical tests of this aspect of the model.Conclusion. While the TTM may have some value in explaining how rehabilitation programmes help offenders to change their behaviour, the stages of change construct is, by itself, unlikely to adequately explain the process by which offenders desist from offending.
An examination of the impact of community‐based rehabilitation on the offending behaviour of male domestic violence offenders and the characteristics associated with recidivism
Authors: Bowen Erica , Gilchrist Elizabeth A. , Beech Anthony R. 
Published: October 2005

Purpose. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of completing a community‐based rehabilitation programme on both the rate of domestic violence reoffending, and time to first post‐treatment offence within an 11‐month follow‐up period. In addition, the pre‐treatment psychological, demographic, and offending history characteristics of recidivists were examined.Methods. Prior to attending West Midlands Probation Area's Domestic Violence Perpetrator Programme (DVPP), 86 male offenders completed a battery of six psychometric tests. The tests were the Novaco Anger Scale, Inventory of Beliefs about Wife Beating, Abusive Behaviour Inventory, Interpersonal Dependency Inventory, Multidimensional Locus of Control Scale and Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding. Post‐treatment reoffending was identified from police contact data.Results. Of the 86 offenders who started the DVPP, 21% were alleged to have reoffended within an 11‐month post‐treatment period. Completing the programme was not significantly associated with either alleged reoffending, or time to first alleged incident. The identified treatment effect size was small (w=0.20). It was found that higher interpersonal dependency and more frequent contact with the police in the 24 months prior to attending the programme for theft and violent domestic violence predicted post‐treatment domestic violence offending.Conclusions. The results of this study indicate that the programme did not significantly reduce the rate of alleged reoffending among programme completers, or the time to first post‐treatment offence reported to the police. However, the results suggest that those offenders who were alleged to have reoffended may represent a distinct offender subgroup. These results are discussed with reference to client treatment matching and the move towards nationally accredited rehabilitation programmes in the UK.
A need for emotionally intelligent policy: Linking tax evasion with higher education funding
Authors: Ahmed Eliza , Braithwaite Valerie 
Published: October 2005

Purpose. The current study addresses the issue of discontent at a personal and policy level with higher education and its funding, and its relation to tax compliance among a graduate population. It examines the thesis that discontent with the provision and funding of higher education plays a significant role in lowering tax compliance through the mediational role of shame management and dissociation from authority.Method. Data are taken from the graduates' hopes, visions, and actions survey based on a sample of 447 Australian graduates who recently received their tertiary degrees.Results.  Path analysis provides support for the central thesis but also shows additional direct links between (1) dissatisfaction (with university studies) and tax evasion, and (2) having an income‐contingent university debt to repay and tax evasion.Conclusions. This study demonstrates the ways in which the legitimacy of the tax system and the legitimacy of higher education policy are interconnected. Criticisms of government departments acting in tunnel‐visioned ways with regard to the consequences of their actions are magnified in light of the findings of this paper. People take out their frustrations with one part of the government system (higher education funding and service provision) on other parts of the government system (taxation). Communication between these different parts is imperative for effective policy development and implementation.
Victimization of mentally ill patients living in the community: Is it a life‐style issue?
Authors: Wood Jane , Edwards Kim 
Published: October 2005

Purpose. Although criminal victimization of mentally ill patients has been researched, what little work there is focuses on in‐patient samples. This study aimed to compare crimes against mentally ill patients living in the community with crimes against students who have a high life‐style risk of victimization.Methods. The samples were selected via community‐based mental health services and a university population. A group of 40 mentally ill patients and 80 students reported experiences of victimization in the previous 12 months and attitudes towards the police.Results. Female mentally ill patients reported the highest victimization, but both male and female patients reported more victimization than did students. Mentally ill patients also held more negative opinions of the police.Conclusions. The results show that mentally ill patients experience more victimization when compared with the victimization experiences of a similar life‐style risk group. Discussion focuses on the implications for mentally ill patients living in the community, the support networks available to them, and relations between the police and mentally ill patients.
Do psychological factors predict occurrence of influenza‐like symptoms in vaccinated elderly residents of a sheltered home?
Authors: Gidron Yori. , Hassid Avishag. , Yisrael Hemda. , Biderman Aya. 
Published: October 2005

Objectives A previously shown relation between psychological factors and the occurrence of flu has not been tested in elderly people, who are at the greatest risk of mortality from flu complications. This study examined whether psychological factors predict the occurrence of influenza‐like symptoms (ILS) in elderly residents.Design A prospective correlation design was used.Method Our sample included 70 elderly residents of a sheltered home (mean age 83.0 years) who were vaccinated against influenza and assessed for background, biomedical factors (e.g. number of illnesses) and psychological factors (e.g. hostility, depression, life‐events, and social support). The occurrence of ILS during 2 subsequent winter months was evaluated by a nurse blind to patients' psychological data, according to explicit valid criteria and physicians' notes.Results Seventeen patients (24.3%) developed ILS. Number of medications, little physical activity, hostility, depression, and little social support significantly predicted ILS. In a multivariate analysis, only number of drugs (relative risk, RR: 1.54; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.06–2.22) and hostility (RR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.00–1.38) significantly and independently predicted occurrence of ILS.Conclusions Psychological factors (particularly hostility) predict occurrence of ILS in an elderly sample. Possible behavioural and immunological mechanisms linking hostility to development of ILS are discussed. These findings add to the literature on psychological factors and flu, and may have implications for the prediction and prevention of flu in elderly people.
Childhood IQ and social factors on smoking behaviour, lung function and smoking‐related outcomes in adulthood: Linking the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 and the Midspan studies
Authors: Taylor Michelle D. , Hart Carole L. , Smith George Davey , Starr John M. , Hole David J. , Whalley Lawrence J. , Wilson Valerie. , Deary Ian J. 
Published: October 2005

Objective To investigate the associations of childhood IQ and adult social factors, and smoking behaviour, lung function (forced expiratory volume in one second; FEV1), and smoking‐related outcomes in adulthood.Design Retrospective cohort study.Method Participants were from the Midspan prospective studies conducted on Scottish adults in the 1970s. The sample consisted of 938 Midspan participants born in 1921 who were successfully matched with their cognitive ability test results on the Scottish Mental Survey 1932.Results Structural equation modelling showed that age 11 IQ was not directly associated with smoking consumption, but that IQ and adult social class had indirect effects on smoking consumption via deprivation category. The influence of IQ on FEV1 was partly indirect via social class. Gender influenced smoking consumption and also IQ and social class. There was a 21% higher risk of having a smoking‐related hospital admission, cancer, or death during 25 years of follow‐up for each standard deviation disadvantage in IQ. Adjustment for adult social class, deprivation category, and smoking reduced the association to 10%.Conclusion Childhood IQ was associated with social factors which influenced lung function in adulthood, but was not associated directly with smoking consumption. In future studies, it is important to consider other pathways which may account for variance in the link between childhood IQ and health in later life.
The use and reporting of cluster analysis in health psychology: A review
Authors: Clatworthy Jane. , Buick Deanna. , Hankins Matthew. , Weinman John. , Horne Robert. 
Published: October 2005

Purpose Cluster analysis is a collection of relatively simple descriptive statistical techniques with potential value in health psychology, addressing both theoretical and practical problems. There are many methods of cluster analysis from which to choose, with no clear guidelines to aid researchers. In the absence of guidelines it is likely that methods already reported by published researchers will be adopted, and so clear reporting of statistical methodology, while always important, is particularly crucial with cluster analysis. The aim of this review is to describe and evaluate the reporting of cluster analysis in health psychology publications.Methods Electronic searches of 18 health psychology journals identified 59 articles using cluster analysis published between 1984 and 2002. Articles were submitted to systematic evaluation against published criteria for the reporting of cluster analysis.Results Just 27% of the papers reviewed met all five criteria, although 61% met at least four. Details of the similarity measure and the computer program used were most frequently omitted. Furthermore, while researchers usually reported the procedures employed to determine the number of clusters and to validate the clusters, these procedures were often lacking in rigour, and were reported in insufficient detail for replication.Conclusions The reporting of cluster analysis was found to be generally unsatisfactory, with many studies failing to provide enough information to allow replication or the evaluation of the quality of the research. Clear guidelines for conducting and reporting cluster analyses in health psychology are needed.
Therapist Competence in Cognitive-behavioural Therapies: Review of the Contemporary Empirical Evidence
Authors: Kazantzis Nikolaos 
Published: October 2005

AbstractTherapist competence refers to the extent that a given treatment is conducted in accordance with the instructions or intentions of the respective treatment manual. Despite this relatively straightforward notion, existing research on cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) processes have been unsuccessful in defining and measuring this construct. This article reviews the contemporary empirical research on therapist competence in CBT, outlines the development and psychometric evaluation of the commonly used measures of therapist adherence, and discusses how competence has been linked to treatment outcomes. The psychometric evidence for existing measures is mixed, and in particular, there has been difficulty in the demonstration of adequate interrater reliability, even among identified experts in the field. New measures of therapist competence hold promise — most notably, in the separation of therapist adherence and competence constructs. The assessment of therapist adherence, therapist competence, and the role of supervisor ratings in the clinical context are also discussed.
Fears and Fearfulness in South-African Children
Authors: Burkhardt Käthe , Loxton Helene , Muris Peter 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe present study examined common childhood fears in 9- to 13-year-old South-African children (N = 404) from white, coloured, and black cultural groups. Fears were assessed by means of two methods — the fear list method and the Fear Survey Schedule for Children-Revised (FSSC-R). Results showed that fear rank orders as obtained with the fear list method were quite different from those derived from the FSSC-R. Furthermore, clear differences in fear levels were found among the three cultural groups. More specifically, coloured and black South-African children displayed significantly higher fear levels than white children. Finally, differences were also found as to the content of prevalent fears in the three cultural groups. For example, common fears in coloured and black children were more frequently related to violence than in white children.
Target-Cell-Specific Left-Right Asymmetry of NMDA Receptor Content in Schaffer Collateral Synapses in ϵ1/NR2A Knock-Out Mice
Authors: Wu Yue , Kawakami Ryosuke , Shinohara Yoshiaki , Fukaya Masahiro , Sakimura Kenji , Mishina Masayoshi , Watanabe Masahiko , Ito Isao , Shigemoto Ryuichi 
Published: October 2005

Input-dependent left-right asymmetry of NMDA receptor ϵ2 (NR2B) subunit allocation was discovered in hippocampal Schaffer collateral (Sch) and commissural fiber pyramidal cell synapses (Kawakami et al., 2003). To investigate whether this asymmetricalϵ2 allocation is also related to the types of the postsynaptic cells, we compared postembedding immunogold labeling for ϵ2 in left and right Sch synapses on pyramidal cells and interneurons. To facilitate the detection of ϵ2 density difference, we used ϵ1 (NR2A) knock-out (KO) mice, which have a simplified NMDA receptor subunit composition.The labeling density for ϵ2 but not ζ1 (NR1) and subtype 2/3 glutamate receptor (GluR2/3) in Sch-CA1 pyramidal cell synapses was significantly different between the left and right hippocampus with opposite directions in strata oriens and radiatum; the left to right ratio ofϵ2 labeling density was 1:1.50 in stratum oriens and 1.44:1 in stratum radiatum. No significant difference, however, was detected in CA1 stratum radiatum between the left and right Sch-GluR4-positive (mostly parvalbumin-positive) and Sch-GluR4-negative interneuron synapses. Consistent with the anatomical asymmetry, the amplitude ratio of NMDA EPSCs to non-NMDA EPSCs in pyramidal cells was approximately two times larger in right than left stratum radiatum and vice versa in stratum oriens of ϵ1 KO mice. Moreover, the amplitude of long-term potentiation in the Sch-CA1 synapses of left stratum radiatum was significantly larger than that in the right corresponding synapses. These results indicate that the asymmetry of ϵ2 distribution is target cell specific, resulting in the left-right difference in NMDA receptor content and plasticity in Sch-CA1 pyramidal cell synapses in ϵ1 KO mice.
Ferroelastic phase transitions and domain structures in powders
Authors: Boysen Hans 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Powder patterns of samples resulting from ferroelastic phase transitions generally show typical line profiles: asymmetry into the direction of the position of the corresponding hypothetical high symmetry reflection and strongly anisotropic line broadening. An approximate model is presented that describes the characteristic distribution of individual line widths based on the variation of lattice spacings within the domain walls. The variation with temperature is governed by the competition of decreasing spontaneous strain and increasing wall widths and/or wall densities. It is argued that conventional Rietveld refinements can easily lead to erroneous results and a simplified method is proposed to approximate the actual line profiles via the introduction of a second phase with anisotropic strain broadening to take into account the scattering fom the domain walls.
XK‐aprosencephaly and related entities
Authors: Renzetti G. , Villani A. , Bizzarri C. , Chessa L. , Vignati E. , Gianotti A. , Cappa M. , Szakacs Juliana , Townsend Jeanette J. , Miller Mark E. , Opitz John M. , Kennedy Anne M. , Byrne Janice L. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe offer further biological characterization of the XK atelen/aprosencephaly syndrome in two infants, one with prolonged survival, the other presenting prenatally with apparent hydranencephaly and an orbital tumor (OS). Familial occurrence in the former born to presumably nonconsanguineous Lybian parents may represent parental germinal mosaicism or autosomal recessive inheritance. Both had apparently normal chromosomes; however, the Lybian infant had slightly increased induced chromosome breakage suggesting that this rare multiple congenital anomalies syndrome may involve a DNA repair defect. Virtual absence of atelen/aprosencephalic structures may lead to an arthrogryposis‐like prenatal movement disorder. The orbital tumor in the Utah infant consisted of dystopic neural tissue compressing a rudimentary globe and was connected by a thin bridge of neural tissue to the small mass of disorganized brain tissue usually found in atelen/aprosencephalic infants and fetuses. No evidence of an encephaloclastic process was found in the autopsied Utah infant. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ruthenium‐katalysierte Reaktionen – eine Schatzkiste für atomökonomische Umwandlungen
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Frederiksen Mathias U. , Rudd Michael T. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractDer stetige Bedarf an neuen Chemikalien bei gleichzeitiger Forderung nach umweltfreundlichen Herstellungsmethoden stellt an Synthesechemiker große Anforderungen. Die Maximierung der Syntheseeffizienz durch die Umwandlung einfacher Bausteine in komplexe Zielmoleküle bleibt daher eine grundlegende Aufgabe. In diesem Zusammenhang ist die Verwendung von Ruthenium‐Komplexen als Katalysatoren für mehrere nichtmetathetische Umwandlungen ein vielversprechender Ansatz, denn diese Komplexe ermöglichen den schnellen Aufbau komplexer Moleküle mit hoher Selektivität und Atomökonomie. Zudem zeigen sie häufig ungewöhnliche Reaktivität, und durch das sorgfältige Studium der zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen können neue Reaktionen entwickelt und neue Reaktivitäten entdeckt werden.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Reactions—A Treasure Trove of Atom‐Economic Transformations
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Frederiksen Mathias U. , Rudd Michael T. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe demand for new chemicals spanning the fields of health care to materials science combined with the pressure to produce these substances in an environmentally benign fashion pose great challenges to the synthetic chemical community. The maximization of synthetic efficiency by the conversion of simple building blocks into complex targets remains a fundamental goal. In this context, ruthenium complexes catalyze a number of non‐metathesis conversions and allow the rapid assembly of complex molecules with high selectivity and atom economy. These complexes often exhibit unusual reactivity. Careful consideration of the mechanistic underpinnings of the transformations can lead to the design of new reactions and the discovery of new reactivity.