bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complexity of Interactions Between Voriconazole and Antiretroviral Agents
Authors: Yakiwchuk Erin M , Foisy Michelle M , Hughes Christine A 
Published: April 2008

Objective: To evaluate and summarize pertinent aspects of the literature on interactions between voriconazole and antiretroviral agents. Data Sources: Primary literature was identified through MEDLINE (1950-February 2008), EMBASE (1988-February 2008), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970-February 2008) using the search terms voriconazole, ritonavir, protease inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, raltegravir, maraviroc, and drug interactions. Additionally, relevant abstracts from infectious diseases and HIV conferences (2004-February 2008), reference citations from relevant publications, and product information monographs were reviewed. Study Selection And Data Abstraction: All articles identified from the data sources and published in English were reviewed. Of these, studies and reports addressing voriconazole pharmacokinetics or interactions with antiretroviral agents were evaluated. Data Synthesis: The interactions between voriconazole and antiretroviral drugs are complex. Voriconazole and ritonavir exhibit a time- and dose-dependent interaction. Ritonavir initially inhibits voriconazole metabolism, but, with chronic administration, subsequently induces voriconazole metabolism. This interaction is more pronounced with high doses of ritonavir. Coadministration of voriconazole and efavirenz at usual doses is contraindicated because of a 2-way interaction resulting in efavirenz toxicity and decreased therapeutic effect of voriconazole. Dosage adjustments of both drugs are required. Based on pharmacokinetic characteristics, interactions between voriconazole and other protease inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (including etravirine), and maraviroc are likely but have not been well characterized in the literature. Interactions between voriconazole and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors or raltegravir are not anticipated. Conclusions: Interactions between voriconazole and antiretrovirals have the potential for serious consequences. However, because there is limited information available, further studies are warranted to establish these interactions and clarify their appropriate management. Until then, clinicians should be aware of the potential for interactions between voriconazole and antiretroviral agents and how to monitor for these interactions in clinical practice.
Immunologic Benefits of Enfuvirtide in Patients Enrolled in a Drug Assistance Program
Authors: Saberi Parya , Caswell Nikolai H , Gruta Cristina I , Tokumoto Jason N , Dong Betty J 
Published: April 2008

Background: Randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that enfuvirtide plus an optimized background regimen can cause a significant increase in CD4+ cell counts and a reduction in HIV RNA levels. Objective: To describe and anaiyze CD4+ cell count and HIV RNA changes in HIV-infected patients receiving enfuvirtide and a prescribed background regimen (PBR) in a primarily clinical setting. Methods: A retrospective review from September 1998 through August 2005 of CD4+ cell counts and HIV RNA changes from baseline was conducted in patients receiving enfuvirtide. Data were stratified and analyzed according to baseline CD4+ cell count and HIV RNA. Results: A mean CD4+ cell count increase of approximately 102 cells/mm3 was observed, regardless of baseline CD4+ cell count, in 187 patients receiving enfuvirtide during a mean of 19.4 months of follow-up. During 3 years of follow-up, patients initiating enfuvirtide at CD4+ cell counts less than 100 cells/mm3 never achieved absolute CD4+ cell counts comparable to the counts in patients starting enfuvirtide at CD4+ cell counts of 100 cells/mm3 or more. In 38.3% of patients achieving an undetectable HIV RNA level, a mean CD4+ cell count increase of 185 cells/mm3 was observed. An unexpected finding was that a mean CD4+ cell count increase of 76 cells/mm3 occurred in 61.7% of patients not achieving complete viral suppression. Conclusions: Immunologic benefits were observed in subjects continuing enfuvirtide plus a PBR irrespective of baseline CD4+ cell count, complete viral suppression, or antiretroviral susceptibility data. Dala suggest that initiation of enfuvirtide at CD4+ cell counts greater than 100 celis/mm3 may be immunologically advantageous and independent of complete virologic response.
Status of JAERI Material Performance Database (JMPD) and Its Use for Analyses of Aqueous Environmentally Assisted Cracking Data
Authors: Kaji Y , Tsukada T , Miwa Y , Tsuji H , Nakajima H 
Published: April 2008

A material performance database for nuclear applications, which was named the JAERI Material Performance Database (JMPD), has been developed since 1986 with a view to utilizing various kinds of characteristic data of nuclear materials efficiently. The data stored in the JMPD are mainly fatigue crack growth data on low alloy steels, creep data on superalloys, tensile data on aluminum alloys and stress corrosion cracking data (slow strain rate testing (SSRT), crack growth rate, etc.) on austenitic stainless steels.
Irradiation assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) of austenitic stainless steels in high temperature water has been considered as a degradation phenomenon potential not only in the light water reactors (LWRs) but rather common in systems where the materials are exposed simultaneously to radiation and water environments.
This paper describes the present status of the JMPD, which is available through the Internet partially. Furthermore, some trials of utilization of the system focused on the issues relating to IASCC are mentioned as follows: the effect of alloy composition, dissolved oxygen and neutron fluence on IASCC susceptibilities and SCC growth rate could be drawn.
Estero Salado / Guayaquil Ship Channel Contaminant Assessment
Authors: Arhelger ME , Parker FR , Jensen PA , Boyd CE 
Published: April 2008

Testing of maintenance material from the Estero Salado and some side bays off the Bay of Guayaquil was conducted, including chemical and bacteriological analyses of sediment and suspended particulate phase (SPP) bioassays, using both the Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei, in Guayaquil, Ecuador and the “opossum shrimp”, Mysidopsis bahia in Houston, Texas. The SPP was prepared from channel or bay sediments and shrimp farm intake water. The work was designed to determine the potential environmental short-term (acute) impact of the proposed openbay disposal of maintenance material to be dredged from the Estero Salado.
The chemical analyses demonstrated no cause for concern relative to usual estuary sediments but demonstrated metals concentrations well above those normally found in sediments from shrimp ponds near Guayaquil. The bioassays with P. vannamei showed almost no acute toxicity but, did show some sublethal effects, including counts of Vibrio bacteria, a bacteria of concern to shrimp farmers worldwide. The mysid bioassays demonstrated both lethal and sublethal effects from the 100% SPP of several channel stations.
An analysis of the material to be dredged suggests that the plume from the proposed discharge can generate a significant and easily detectable increase over background turbidity near the discharge.The area affected by the increase in suspended sediment could encompass many of the shrimp farm intakes, which could provide an environmental stress to shrimp in the farms. All of this leads to the conclusion that the open bay discharge of material from the Estero Salado may cause problems to the shrimp farms that fringe Guayaquil Bay. Measures to reduce the amount of additional turbidity that would be generated during disposal were suggested.
Sulfosulfuron Efficacy Is Affected by Surfactants, pH of Spray Mixture, and Salts
Authors: Woznica Z , Nalewaja JD , Messersmith CG 
Published: April 2008

Sulfosulfuron {1-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)-3-[(2-ethanesulfonyl-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-yl)]sulfonylurea} must be applied with an adjuvant for effective postemergent weed control. Experiments were conducted to determine sulfosulfuron phytotoxicity to green foxtail (Setaria viridis L.) as influenced by surfactant chemistry, surfactant hydrophilic/lipophilic balance (HLB), spray mixture pH, and common nitrogen fertilizers. Regardless of accompanying surfactant chemistry, surfactant HLB, and nitrogen fertilizers, sulfosulfuron efficacy to green foxtail was greatly enhanced when applied in alkaline spray mixture (pH 7.4–8.2) compared to pH 4.0–5.7 unbuffered spray mixture. Secondary alcohol ethoxylate surfactants increased sulfosulfuron efficacy as HLB of these surfactants increased from 8.3 to 17.4 in unbuffered and buffered spray mixtures. The optimum HLB of various block copolymer surfactants for sulfosulfuron was from 9.0 to 13.0. In unbuffered spray mixture, ammonium nitrate at 0.25% w/v had no effect or antagonized sulfosulfuron phytotoxicity, especially when applied with block copolymer surfactants. However, urea fertilizer at 0.25% w/v enhanced herbicide efficacy, regardless of surfactants. Commercial 28% N liquid fertilizer (urea/ammonium nitrate solution) also increased sulfosulfuron efficacy with most surfactants, especially in unbuffered spray mixtures. In spray mixtures buffered above pH 7, the effects of surfactant HLB and nitrogen fertilizers on sulfosulfuron efficacy were less evident. Spray droplet spread and droplet drying time did not relate to sulfosulfuron efficacy.
These data demonstrate a potential for optimizing sulfosulfuron efficacy by carefully selecting surfactant chemistry, surfactant HLB, addition of proper nitrogen fertilizer, and by regulating the pH of the spray mixture.
Spray Deposition Effect on Abscission Efficacy of CMN-Pyrazole in Harvesting Oranges
Authors: Salyani M , BenSalem E , Whitney JD 
Published: April 2008

The objective of this research was to determine the relationship between spray deposition and abscission efficacy of (CMN-Pyrazole), in mechanical harvesting of the ‘Hamlin’ orange. Two tests were conducted on 1/6/00 and 2/11/00 using an air-blast tower sprayer. The sprayer was equipped with an axial-flow fan and hydraulic nozzles. The trees were sprayed at three nozzle arrangements so that 3/4, 1/2, or 1/4 of the total discharge was directed to the upper half of the tree canopy and the rest to the lower half. Spray mixtures, containing CMN-Pyrazole (Release®), adjuvant Kinetic, and a fluorescent tracer, were applied at 2.6 km/h, 3,750 L/ha and 4.0 km/h, 2,450 L/ha, in the first and second tests, respectively. Leaf samples were collected from different canopy locations and spray deposition was quantified by fluorometry. Four to five days after the applications, fruit detachment force (FDF) was measured, dropped fruit was counted, the trees were shaken with a trunk shaker, and percentage of fruit removal was determined.
Mean canopy deposition was similar for all treatments. Deposition at different canopy heights was not proportional to the amount of spray directed to that height. The situation was improved in the second experiment, probably due to the lower application rate and reduced runoff. There was no difference in deposition between two sides of the canopy. Outside canopy deposition was higher than inner canopy deposition in most locations. In general, spray applications were effective in reducing FDF. There was stronger correlation between spray deposition and FDF in the second test. FDF was higher in the upper canopy compared to lower locations in the unsprayed control trees. Fruit removal efficiencies of sprayed trees were significantly higher than those of the unsprayed control in the second test.
Low Dose Urea-Surfactant Adjuvant for Sulfonylurea Herbicides
Authors: Hartmann FDJ , Green JM 
Published: April 2008

Urea adducts (urea clathrates) of high molecular weight ethoxylated linear fatty alcohols at low doses are very effective enhancers of sulfonylurea herbicide biological activity. Greenhouse and field trials have identified the preferred alkyl chain length and the degree of ethoxylation for maximum biological efficacy with a broad range of sulfonylurea herbicides at low adjuvant doses. Based on experimental data, the optimum fatty alcohol surfactants include a C16–18 hydrophobe with 25 moles of ethoxylation or a C24 hydrophobe with 13 moles of ethoxylation. However, the latter alcohol ethoxylate is not readily soluble in water while the former dissolves slowly and forms gel phases when mixed into cold water. These characteristics make them generally unsuitable for use as unformulated materials. One readily cold water soluble and commercially available form of this surfactant type which presents very similar performance is based on a C18 linear alcohol ethoxylate with 20 moles of ethoxylation, BRIJ® 78. This ethoxylated linear fatty alcohol remains effective after admixture with related nonionic surfactants and transformation into a readily soluble solid form identified as the urea clathrate of the surfactant.
Urea clathrates can contain between 40–60% of nonionic surfactant by weight while remaining free flowing with melting points above 80 °C. As a result, they can be used as tank-mix or combined with the dry sulfonylurea herbicide formulation. Because of the high activity at low doses, a concentrated dry sulfonylurea herbicide formulation can be achieved with a specific urea clathrate ATPLUS® UCL 1007. Such a combination potentially offers the user more convenience, lower chemical volumes, and reduced costs.
Effect of Restricted Zone on Permanent Deformation of Dense-Graded Superpave Mixtures
Authors: Kandhal PS , Cooley LA 
Published: April 2008

The recommended aggregate properties for Superpave hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures include a restricted zone which lies along the maximum density gradation between the intermediate size (either 4.75 or 2.36 mm, depending on the nominal maximum size of the aggregate) and the 300 μm size; it forms a band through which gradations were not recommended to pass. The restricted zone requirement was adopted to help reduce the incidence of tender or rut-prone HMA mixes. Although recommended as a guideline and not a required specification, the restricted zone is commonly interpreted as being based on experience and appropriate to use, if at all possible, for producing acceptable HMA mixes.
According to many paving engineers, compliance with the restricted zone criteria may not be desirable or necessary in every instance to produce paving mixes that give good performance. Some highway agencies and suppliers can provide examples of aggregate gradations that pass through the restricted zone, but produce paving mixes that are performing well. Research has supported this position.
This research project was undertaken to evaluate the effect of the Superpave restricted zone on permanent deformation of dense-graded HMA mixtures. The following factor-level combinations were evaluated: two coarse aggregates, ten fine aggregates, five 9.5 mm nominal maximum aggregate size gradations, and one compactive effort. Of the five gradations used, three pass through the restricted zone and two fall outside the restricted zone (control). Permanent deformation characteristics of mixes meeting Superpave volumetric requirements were evaluated by two different types of tests: empirical and fundamental. For the empirical test, the Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA) was used. The Superpave shear tester (SST) and a repeated load confined creep test were utilized as fundamental tests. Test results from the three mechanical tests were analyzed statistically to evaluate the effect of the five gradations on permanent deformation of the HMA mixtures. Based upon the analysis of data, mixes having gradations passing through the restricted zone did not necessarily have lower rut resistance compared to mixes having gradations outside the restricted zone.
Polish Resistance of Tennessee Bituminous Surface Aggregates
Authors: Crouch LK , Sauter HJ , Duncan GM , Goodwin WA 
Published: April 2008

In 1992, the Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) initiated a project to pair aggregate performance with pavement functional needs so that all Tennessee aggregate sources could be used efficiently. The principal result of the project was a new pre-evaluation procedure for aggregate polish resistance called the Tennessee Terminal Textural Condition Method (T3CM). The T3CM uses an up-scaled version of the AASHTO T 304 device to monitor an aggregate's ability to retain angularity and texture through a simulated aging process.
In the fourth phase of the study, twenty-three coarse aggregates, sampled at the cold feed stockpile, are subjected to T3CM, T3CM with sand aging, X-ray diffraction, British Pendulum, Loss-on-Ignition, and chemical percent silica techniques. By comparing skid performance versus traffic (ADT, passes, and ESALs) with laboratory test results, aggregate performance and aggregate source variability may be categorized for effective use. Preliminary results indicate that the correlation between T3CM and skid performance (R2 = 0.74) is far superior to the correlations between ASTM C 25 percent silica (R = 0.38), percent silica by X-ray diffraction (R2 = 0.36), and BPN 9 (R2 = 0.0004) with skid performance.
A Detailing Method for Improving Leakage Prevention of Exterior Wall Weatherproofing
Authors: Bateman R 
Published: April 2008

As generally or often practiced, building design and construction detailing of weatherproofing exterior building walls relies on two-dimensional (2-D) graphic representations of building components to indicate materials used for weatherproofing. However, these details which serve a variety of purposes for different users do not show all the relevant materials needed to construct a weatherproof exterior wall. The various users of construction details, e.g., contractors, builders and material installers, utilize these 2-D drawings as visual instruction guides for constructing and installing building components. Common construction details are intended to show various components that serve a variety of purposes, such as structural support, fire-resistance, energy control, acoustic control, aesthetic appearance and incidentally weatherproofing. Different contractors during construction will review the same detail to obtain information relevant to the purposes of their particular trade. Construction details usually identify a material or component by name and not by the trade that constructs it or the purpose it serves.
Construction details, in addition to traditional uses, need to focus and emphasize weatherproofing materials and assemblies. Three-dimensional details should be used to show the junctures of exterior wall construction where weatherproofing installation is critical. Sequence (Step-by-Step) views should be used to show the layering of weather barriers and flashings in the proper order of installation. Enlarged cross-section details should be used to identify and show what weatherproofing materials are required and where they are installed.
Novel Polymeric Dispersants for Aqueous Suspension Concentrate Formulations
Authors: Herbert RM 
Published: April 2008

Styrene-acrylic copolymer surfactants demonstrate significant dispersant erformance advantages in suspension concentrate formulations versus current industry standards. The formulation requirement of dispersant to maintain the active ingredient in suspension upon dilution was significantly lower with styrene-acrylic dispersants Atlox® Metasperse 100L or Atlox® Metasperse 500L than with other commercially available anionic surfactants.
When blended with Atlas® G5000 and Synperonic® A7 nonionic surfactants, low viscosity suspension concentrate formulations can be developed using either Atlox® Metasperse 100L or Atlox® Metasperse 500L. Equally important is the use of experimental design techniques to monitor how subtle changes in surfactant ratio can affect formulation performance and aid the formulation chemist in selecting the optimum performing surfactant system.
Improved Efficacy of Lignosulfonate Dispersants Through a Novel Combination
Authors: Winowiski T , Brzezinski J , Lebo S 
Published: April 2008

This investigation describes the effect of a combination of lignosulfonate (LS) originating from the sulfite process with an unsulfonated kraft lignin (KL), such that the LS portion provides solubility while the KL provides a hydrophobic region that will strongly adsorb onto the substrate. For reference purposes, previous technologies for the preparation of agricultural dispersants have been included, namely, LS modified by oxidative desulfonation (LS-Ox) and by mild depolymerization/desulfonation (LS-U), as well as commercially available sulfonated kraft lignin (SKL).
Studies were conducted in several formulations including atrazine wettable powder (WP), copper oxychloride (COC) WP, COC extruded water dispersible granules (WDG), and sulfur suspension concentrate. The lignosulfonate/kraft combination (LS-KL) showed a unique ability to maintain suspensibility in extra hard water where the other sulfonated lignins failed. For example, suspensibilities achieved with 2% dispersant in COC WP in extra-hard water at 22 °C were as follows: LS, 40%; SKL, 59%; and LS-KL, 84%.
Influence of Trisiloxane Alkoxylate Polarity on Spreading of Methylated Oil Based Adjuvants
Authors: Pigeon M , Policello G , Sun S , Paccione MA , Koczo K 
Published: April 2008

The carbon chain length of the fatty acid methyl esters appears to play an important role in the spreading process of organosilicone adjuvant aqueous dispersions (80/20 blends of Methyl Ester / Silicone). Overall, spreading increases with an increase in the methyl ester chain length ranging from C9 – C18. However other factors, such as degree of saturation and emulsification properties, must be considered for their overall contribution to spreading.
Additionally, spreading is strongly influenced by the polarity of the organosilicone adjuvant (Polarity Index as measured by HPLC). The higher the polarity, the greater the degree of spreading. Likewise, similar effects are observed with the degree of partitioning for the organosilicone adjuvant in the aqueous phase. Highly polar organosilicone adjuvants have higher partitioning in the aqueous phase, while less polar organosilicone adjuvants tend to remain predominantly in the oil phase, which makes them unavailable for spreading.
Miniature Thermomechanical Ramping Tests for Accelerated Material Discrimination
Authors: Roebuck B , Gee MG , Gant A , Loveday MS 
Published: April 2008

Conventional thermomechanical fatigue tests are usually performed under conditions of close control of strain amplitude, temperature cycle, loading rates, and frequency—mainly for the purposes of developing data for design. However, in some cases, it is helpful to have a rapid assessment of the likely response to specific thermomechanical environments of those materials, particularly when new materials are being developed, or when material is in short supply, or when material production processes have been changed.For this purpose a miniature test system, developed at the National Physical Laboratory, has been evaluated for its ability to discriminate between different materials under these general circumstances, but with conditions of ramping load or temperature to accelerate material response and failure characteristics.The miniature test system uses D-C current to heat test pieces to appropriate temperatures, up to 1300°C in under a minute if necessary, using small cross-sectional (2 × 1 mm) rectangular samples. Strain was measured using changes in electrical resistance of the central 2–3 mm of the gage length (16–20-mm grip separation), where temperature was known to be acceptably uniform.Several material types were studied, including a powder metallurgy high speed steel, cemented carbides, a refractory metal, Ta, and a Ni-base superalloy. Tests were performed under combinations of either ramping load or temperature ramping. The system was shown to discriminate well between the different materials under various conditions of the thermomechanical environment with respect to the effects of accumulated strain.