bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Net Global Warming Potential and Greenhouse Gas Intensity in Irrigated Cropping Systems in Northeastern Colorado
Authors: Mosier Arvin R. , Halvorson Ardell D. , Reule Curtis A. , Liu Xuejun J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe impact of management on global warming potential (GWP), crop production, and greenhouse gas intensity (GHGI) in irrigated agriculture is not well documented. A no‐till (NT) cropping systems study initiated in 1999 to evaluate soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration potential in irrigated agriculture was used in this study to make trace gas flux measurements for 3 yr to facilitate a complete greenhouse gas accounting of GWP and GHGI. Fluxes of CO2, CH4, and N2O were measured using static, vented chambers, one to three times per week, year round, from April 2002 through October 2004 within conventional‐till continuous corn (CT‐CC) and NT continuous corn (NT‐CC) plots and in NT corn–soybean rotation (NT‐CB) plots. Nitrogen fertilizer rates ranged from 0 to 224 kg N ha−1 Methane fluxes were small and did not differ between tillage systems. Nitrous oxide fluxes increased linearly with increasing N fertilizer rate each year, but emission rates varied with years. Carbon dioxide efflux was higher in CT compared to NT in 2002 but was not different by tillage in 2003 or 2004. Based on soil respiration and residue C inputs, NT soils were net sinks of GWP when adequate fertilizer was added to maintain crop production. The CT soils were smaller net sinks for GWP than NT soils. The determinant for the net GWP relationship was a balance between soil respiration and N2O emissions. Based on soil C sequestration, only NT soils were net sinks for GWP. Both estimates of GWP and GHGI indicate that when appropriate crop production levels are achieved, net CO2 emissions are reduced. The results suggest that economic viability and environmental conservation can be achieved by minimizing tillage and utilizing appropriate levels of fertilizer.
Potential of Carbon Accumulation in No‐Till Soils with Intensive Use and Cover Crops in Southern Brazil
Authors: Amado Telmo Jorge Carneiro , Bayer Cimélio , Conceição Paulo Cesar , Spagnollo Evandro , de Campos Ben‐Hur Costa , da Veiga Milton 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe area under no‐till (NT) in Brazil reached 22 million ha in 2004–2005, of which approximately 45% was located in the southern states. From the 1970s to the mid‐1980s, this region was a source of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere due to decrease of soil carbon (C) stocks and high consumption of fuel by intensive tillage. Since then, NT has partially restored the soil C lost and reduced the consumption of fossil fuels. To assess the potential of C accumulation in NT soils, four long‐term experiments (7–19 yr) in subtropical soils (Paleudult, Paleudalf, and Hapludox) varying in soil texture (87–760 g kg−1of clay) in agroecologic southern Brazil zones (central region, northwest basaltic plateau in Rio Grande Sul, and west basaltic plateau in Santa Catarina) and with different cropping systems (soybean and maize) were investigated. The lability of soil organic matter (SOM) was calculated as the ratio of total organic carbon (TOC) to particulate organic carbon (POC), and the role of physical protection on stability of SOM was evaluated. In general, TOC and POC stocks in native grass correlated closely with clay content. Conversely, there was no clear effect of soil texture on C accumulation rates in NT soils, which ranged from 0.12 to 0.59 Mg ha−1yr−1The C accumulation was higher in NT than in conventional‐till (CT) soils. The legume cover crops pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan(L.) Millsp] and velvet beans (Stizolobium cinereumPiper & Tracy) in NT maize cropping systems had the highest C accumulation rates (0.38–0.59 Mg ha−1yr−1). The intensive cropping systems also were effective in increasing the C accumulation rates in NT soils (0.25–0.34 Mg ha−1yr−1) when compared to the double‐crop system used by farmers. These results stress the role of N fixation in improving the tropical and subtropical cropping systems. The physical protection of SOM within soil aggregates was an important mechanism of C accumulation in the sandy clay loam Paleudult under NT. The cropping system and NT effects on C stocks were attributed to an increase in the lability of SOM, as evidenced by the higher POC to TOC ratio, which is very important to C and energy flux through the soil.
Simulating Long‐Term and Residual Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Corn Yields, Soil Carbon Sequestration, and Soil Nitrogen Dynamics
Authors: He X. , Izaurralde R. C. , Vanotti M. B. , Williams J. R. , Thomson A. M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTSoil carbon sequestration (SCS) has the potential to attenuate increasing atmospheric CO2 and mitigate greenhouse warming. Understanding of this potential can be assisted by the use of simulation models. We evaluated the ability of the EPIC model to simulate corn (Zea mays L.) yields and soil organic carbon (SOC) at Arlington, WI, during 1958–1991. Corn was grown continuously on a Typic Argiudoll with three N levels: LTN1 (control), LTN2 (medium), and LTN3 (high). The LTN2 N rate started at 56 kg ha−1 (1958), increased to 92 kg ha−1 (1963), and reached 140 kg ha−1 (1973). The LTN3 N rate was maintained at twice the LTN2 level. In 1984, each plot was divided into four subplots receiving N at 0, 84, 168, and 252 kg ha−1 Five treatments were used for model evaluation. Percent errors of mean yield predictions during 1958–1983 decreased as N rate increased (LTN1 = −5.0%, LTN2 = 3.5%, and LTN3 = 1.0%). Percent errors of mean yield predictions during 1985–1991 were larger than during the first period. Simulated and observed mean yields during 1958–1991 were highly correlated (R2 = 0.961, p < 0.01). Simulated SOC agreed well with observed values with percent errors from −5.8 to 0.5% in 1984 and from −5.1 to 0.7% in 1990. EPIC captured the dynamics of SOC, SCS, and microbial biomass. Simulated net N mineralization rates were lower than those from laboratory incubations. Improvements in EPIC's ability to predict annual variability of crop yields may lead to improved estimates of SCS.
Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Storage in Response to Fire in a Temperate Mixed‐Grass Savanna
Authors: Dai X. , Boutton T. W. , Hailemichael M. , Ansley R. J. , Jessup K. E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTVegetation fires may alter the quantity and quality of organic matter inputs to soil, rates of organic matter decay, and environmental factors that influence those processes. However, few studies have evaluated the impacts of this land management technique on soil organic carbon (SOC) and total N in grasslands and savannas. We evaluated the impact of repeated fires and their season of occurrence on SOC and total N storage in a temperate mixed‐grass–mesquite savanna where fire is used to control woody plant encroachment. Four fire treatments varying in season of occurrence were examined: summer only (SF), winter only (WF), alternate summer and winter fires (SWF), and unburned controls. In each treatment, soils were sampled to 1 m under three vegetation types: C3grasses, C4grasses, and mesquite trees. The SOC storage at 0 to 20 cm was significantly greater in SF (2693 g C m−2) and SWF (2708 g C m−2) compared to WF (2446 g C m−2) and controls (2445 g C m−2). The SWF treatment also increased soil total N (271 g N m−2) relative to all other treatments (228–244 g N m−2) at 0 to 20 cm. Fire had no effect on SOC or total N at depths of >20 cm. Vegetation type had no significant influence on SOC or total N stocks. The δ13C value of SOC was not affected by fire, but increased from −21‰ at 0 to 10 cm to −15‰ at depths of >20 cm indicating that all treatments were once dominated by C4grasses before woody plant encroachment during the past century. These results have implications for scientists, land managers, and policymakers who are now evaluating the potential for land uses to alter ecosystem C storage and influence atmospheric CO2concentrations and global climate.
Effect of Chemical and Microbial Amendment on Phosphorus Runoff from Composted Poultry Litter
Authors: DeLaune P. B. , Moore P. A. , Lemunyon J. L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTEnvironmental impacts of composting poultry litter with chemical amendments at the field scale have not been well quantified. The objectives of this study were to measure (i) P runoff and (ii) forage yield and N uptake from small plots fertilized with composted and fresh poultry litter. Two composting studies, aerated using mechanical turning, were conducted in consecutive years. Composted litter was collected at the completion of each study for use in runoff studies. Treatments in runoff studies included an unfertilized control, fresh (uncomposted) poultry litter, and litter composted with no amendment, H3PO4, alum, or a microbial mixture. An additional treatment, litter composted with alum plus the microbial mixture, was evaluated during the first year. Fertilizer treatments were applied at rates equivalent to 8.96 Mg ha−1 and rainfall simulators were used to produce a 5 cm h−1 storm event. Composted poultry litter, regardless of treatment, had higher total P concentrations than fresh poultry litter. Composting poultry litter resulted in reductions of N/P ratios by as much as 51%. Soluble reactive P concentrations were lowest in alum‐treated compost, which reduced soluble P concentrations in runoff water by as much as 84%. Forage yields and N uptake were greatest from plots fertilized with fresh poultry litter. Composting poultry litter without the addition of C sources can increase P concentrations in the end product and surface runoff. This study also indicated that increased rates of composted poultry litter would be required to meet equivalent N rates supplied by fresh poultry litter.
Accuracy and Performance of Three Water Quality Models for Simulating Nitrate Nitrogen Losses under Corn
Authors: Jabro J. D. , Jabro A. D. , Fox R. H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTSimulation models can be used to predict N dynamics in a soil‐water–plant system. The simulation accuracy and performance of three models: LEACHM (Leaching Estimation And CHemistry Model), NCSWAP (Nitrogen and Carbon cycling in Soil, Water And Plant), and SOILN to predict NO3–N leaching were evaluated and compared to field data from a 5‐yr experiment conducted on a Hagerstown silt loam (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf). Nitrate N losses past 1.2 m from N‐fertilized and manured corn (Zea mays L.) were measured with zero‐tension pan lysimeters for 5 yr. The models were calibrated using 1989–1990 data and validated using 1988–1989, 1990–1991, 1991–1992, and 1992–1993 NO3–N leaching data. Statistical analyses indicated that LEACHM, NCSWAP, and SOILN models were able to provide accurate simulations of annual NO3–N leaching losses below the 1.2‐m depth for 8, 9, and 7 of 10 cases, respectively, in the validation years. The inaccuracy in the models' annual simulations for the control and manure treatments seems to be related to inadequate description of processes of N and C transformations in the models' code. The overall performance and accuracy of the SOILN model were worse than those of LEACHM and NCSWAP. The root mean square error (RMSE) and modeling efficiency (ME) were 10.7 and 0.9, 9.5 and 0.93, and 20.7 and 0.63 for LEACHM, NCSWAP, and SOILN, respectively. Overall, the three models have the potential to predict NO3–N losses below 1.2‐m depth from fertilizer and manure nitrogen applied to corn without recalibration of models from year to year.
Privatisation of urban water service provision: the Kenyan experiment
Authors: K'Akumu O. A. , Appida P. O. 
Published: July 2006

One of the services that have been poorly provided in the urban areas in Kenya is water and sanitation. There are many reasons, which can be attributed to poor provision of water and sanitation as undertaken by the local authorities in Kenya.
The path to remedy the poor provision of water and sanitation has been charted in privatisation in the form of commercialisation. Commercialisation in Kenya was first implemented on an experimental basis in three urban areas: Nyeri, Eldoret and Nakuru. This involved formation of a publicly owned water company as an agent of the local authority. The companies formed as a result were set up and operated according to the provisions of the Companies Act chapter 486 of the Laws of Kenya. This paper looks at the genesis of privatisation of water services based on the contributions of GTZ, UWASAM and KFW to an experiment in formulating and implementing privatisation in the three urban areas. The outcome of the experiment is then compared to the current on-going exercise of water privatisation by local authorities.
Privatisation of water and sanitation services is expected to solve the problem of poor and inadequate service provision that hitherto characterised urban areas. It would do this by achieving its goals of decentralisation and economic viability. However, the outcome of the experiment indicated that privatisation failed to achieve these two fundamental goals. For that matter, privatisation failed to meet its intended objectives of solving the woes of service provision in urban areas.
A close examination of the current privatisation indicates that the operation has again failed to achieve its fundamental goals of decentralisation and economic viability. The failure of the current exercise in meeting the objectives of ridding the urban areas of water woes can therefore be predicted on this basis.
Salinisation in irrigated agriculture in Pakistan: mistaken predictions
Authors: Kijne J. W. 
Published: July 2006

This paper revisits data and information that was collected through field studies by the International Irrigation Management Institute (IIMI) in Pakistan in the early 1990s. Analysis of available data led in 1996 to the publication of an IIMI research report (Kijne, 1996) whose main conclusion was that current cropping intensities and groundwater usage in Pakistan's irrigated agriculture were not sustainable. Ten years on there is no evidence that this prediction came true and the paper questions why those predictions were wrong. Based on more recent field data and information, the water and salt balances for one of the experimental sites are recalculated.
Reasons for the mistaken predictions include: lack of understanding of farmers' reactions to signs of salinity in their fields, insufficient knowledge of the actual groundwater usage and underestimating the leaching fractions. The difficulty in accurately determining the actual leaching fraction from easily measurable field parameters affects the prediction of salt accumulation in the soil. The conclusion that current practices are all right is conditional on maintaining sufficient downward fluxes in the soil profile. The paper ends with some general reflections on predictions for the future.
Body Mass Index among Japanese Inpatients with Schizophrenia
Authors: Kitabayashi Yurinosuke , Narumoto Jin , Kitabayashi Masaki , Fukui Kenji 
Published: July 2006

Background: Many studies have emphasized the high frequency of obesity in schizophrenic patients. However, the characteristics of the Body Mass Index (BMI) distribution in Japanese schizophrenic patients remain unknown, and the aim of this study was to clarify these characteristics in a Japanese schizophrenic inpatient population. Methods: The subjects were 273 inpatients (males: 141, females: 132) with schizophrenia. The patient BMI distribution was compared with normal control data obtained from the 2003 Japanese National Health and Nutrition Survey. Results: The mean patient BMI was 23.0 ± 4.3, and the BMI showed a normal distribution. The proportion of patients who were obese, of normal weight and underweight was 30.8%, 53.1%, and 16.1%, respectively. No statistical evidence of a higher frequency of obesity was found in male patients, compared to normal controls, but a higher frequency of underweight patients and a lower frequency of normal-weight patients were apparent in most decades of age. In female schizophrenia patients, a higher prevalence of obesity occurred in patients aged 50–59 years old, compared to controls. A higher rate of underweight elderly patients and a lower rate of normal-weight patients aged 40 to more than 70 years old were also apparent. Conclusions: The results suggest that not only obesity but also weight problems related to an underweight condition occur more frequently in Japanese schizophrenic inpatients than in normal controls. The deviation of the BMI distribution in Japanese schizophrenic inpatients may have a relationship with higher mortality and sudden death in schizophrenia.
Cost of Depression of Adults in Taiwan
Authors: Chan Agnes L. F. , Yang Teng Chieh , Chen Jian-Xun , Yu Lee Haw , Leung Henry W. C. 
Published: July 2006

Objective: To estimate the direct cost of depression in Taiwanese adults for the years 2000–2002. Methods: The medical claims database of the National Health Bureau was analyzed and the cost of treating adults (>15 years of age) with the diagnosis of depression was calculated. Results: The total direct medical costs of adult depression in the three years 2000, 2001, and 2002 were approximately US$ 93 million, US$ 117 million, and US$140million, respectively. Conclusion: The cost of depression increased continuously over the period from 2000–2002. However, the percentage of patients receiving treatment did not increase steadily over the same time period with treatment rates of 1.5% in 2000, 2.3% in 2001, and 2.0% in 2002. The recent annual prevalence of depression in Taiwan has been estimated at 4–5%. Thus, the Taiwanese health authority spends an annual average of US$ 116.6 million to treat depression (1.2% of total national expenses). In sum, the treatment of depression, while costly, deserves greater attention by public health officials in order to avoid the already significant burden of this disease on both patients and society. Future research will therefore require more accurate statistical data in order to assess the effects of depression-related burdens on individuals and society, especially with respect to the capacity to work.
Patterns of Early Adherence to the Antidepressant Citalopram among Older Primary Care Patients: The Prospect Study
Authors: Bogner Hillary R. , Lin Julia Y. , Morales Knashawn H. 
Published: July 2006

Objective: Our purpose was to determine the personal characteristics associated with different patterns of adherence to the antidepressant citalopram in a primary care trial of depression management. Method: The study sample consisted of 228 adults aged 60 years and older recruited from primary care settings and who participated in a depression intervention. The intervention consisted of services of trained care managers, who offered recommendations to physicians following a clinical algorithm and helped patients with treatment adherence. Adherence to the antidepressant citalopram was measured using pill counts. We employed the latent class model to classify patients according to the pattern of adherence to citalopram over time. We examined the association of sociodemographic characteristics, depression status, cognitive status, and medical comorbidity with the resulting classes of adherence. Results: The latent class model generated three classes of adherence: known to be adherent, unknown adherence, and known to be nonadherent. Participants who were white were more likely to be in the known to be adherent class than in the known to be nonadherent class (odds ratio (OR) = 10.38, 95% confidence interval (CI) [3.47, 31.12]). Married participants were less likely to be in the unknown adherence class than the known to be nonadherent class (OR = 0.28, 95% CI [0.09, 0.85]). No associations between age, gender, education level, depression status, cognitive status, or medical comorbidity and classes of adherence were found. Conclusions: We found stronger relationships between ethnicity and marital status with patterns of adherence to citalopram than we did other personal characteristics. Identification of a subgroup of patients at particularly high risk of nonadherence is important for the development of adherence interventions.
Psychosocial Interventions for Depression, Anxiety, and Quality of Life in Cancer Survivors: Meta-Analyses
Authors: Osborn Robyn L. , Demoncada Angelique C. , Feuerstein Michael 
Published: July 2006

Objective:The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and patient education (PE) on commonly reported problems (depression, anxiety, pain, physical functioning, and quality of life (QOL)) in adult cancer survivors.Methods:Meta analyses of randomized controlled trials of CBT and PE were conducted. MEDLINE, PSYCHINFO and the Cochrane Database were searched from 1993–2004. The effects of individual versus group interventions and short (<8 months) versus long (>8 months) term follow up are also reported.Results:Fifteen studies met quality criteria. The sample size was 1,492 adult cancer survivors with an age range of 18–84. 790 were randomly assigned to intervention groups and 702 to control groups. CBT varied in duration from 4 weekly one-hour sessions to 55 weekly two-hour sessions. PE ranged from a single 20-minute session to 6 weekly one-hour sessions. Follow up ranged from 1 week to 14 months. CBT was effective for depression (ES = 1.2; 95% CI = 0.22–2.19), anxiety (ES = 1.99; 95% CI = 0.69–3.31), and QOL (ES = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.38–1.44). QOL was improved at both short and (ES = 1.45, 95% CI = .43–2.47) and long term (ES = .26; 95% CI = .06-.46) follow up. PE was not related to improved outcomes.Conclusions:CBT is related to short-term effects on depression and anxiety and both short and long term effects on QOL. Individual interventions were more effective than group. Various CBT approaches provided in an individual format can assist cancer survivors in reducing emotional distress and improving quality of life.
Social Sensitivity and ACNE: The Role of Personality in Negative Social Consequences and Quality of Life
Authors: Krejci-Manwaring Jennifer , Kerchner Katherine , Feldman Steven R. , Rapp Derek A. , Rapp Stephen R. 
Published: July 2006

Background: Acne affects a majority of adolescents and a substantial number of adults. The adverse social impact of acne is well documented. Negative social consequences, however, are likely to be determined by personality features as well as acne severity. Purpose: To determine whether a personality trait—dispositional social sensitivity—is associated with the adverse social impact of acne. Methods: A survey of 479 acne sufferers between the ages of 16 and 62 was conducted in the Piedmont region of North Carolina, United States. Respondents were classified as either high or low social sensitivity and compared on demographic, disease characteristics, and quality of life. Main and interaction effects were evaluated for acne severity and social sensitivity in relation to global and intimate social concerns and social interference. Results: Greater acne severity was significantly associated with poorer social outcomes and quality of life ( ps < 0.05). For women, higher social sensitivity was independently associated with poorer outcomes ( ps < 0.05), while for men, higher social sensitivity interacted with acne severity and was associated with worse social outcomes and life quality ( ps < 0.05). Conclusions: Acne is a biopsychosocial skin condition. Dispositional social sensitivity is an independent psychological factor associated with poorer social functioning and quality of life. Treatment of the acne patient should consider psychosocial factors as well as biological factors.