bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitral cells in the olfactory bulb of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio): Morphology and distribution
Authors: Fuller Cynthia L. , Yettaw Holly K. , Byrd Christine A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe mitral cell is the primary output neuron and central relay in the olfactory bulb of vertebrates. The morphology of these cells has been studied extensively in mammalian systems and to a lesser degree in teleosts. This study uses retrograde tract tracing and other techniques to characterize the morphology and distribution of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb of adult zebrafish, Danio rerio. These output neurons, located primarily in the glomerular layer and superficial internal cell layer, had variable‐shaped somata that ranged in size from 4–18 μm in diameter and 31–96 μm2 in cross‐sectional area. The mitral cells exhibited two main types of morphologies with regard to their dendrites: the unidendritic morphology was a single primary dendrite with one or more tufts, but multidendritic cells with several dendritic projections also were seen. The axons of these cells projected to either the medial or the lateral olfactory tract and, in general, the location of the cell on the medial or lateral side of the bulb was indicative of the tract to which it would project. Further, this study shows that the majority of zebrafish mitral cells likely innervate a single glomerulus rather than multiple glomeruli. This information is contrary to the multiple innervation pattern suggested for all teleost mitral cells. Our findings suggest that mitral cells in zebrafish may be more similar to mammalian mitral cells than previously believed, despite variation in size and structure. This information provides a revised anatomical framework for olfactory processing studies in this key model system. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:218–230, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aligned neurite bundles of granule cells regulate orientation of Purkinje cell dendrites by perpendicular contact guidance in two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional mouse cerebellar cultures
Authors: Nagata Isao , Ono Katsuhiko , Kawana Akio , Kimura‐Kuroda Junko 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTo identify structures that determine the 90° orientation of thin espalier dendritic trees of Purkinje cells with respect to parallel fibers (axonal neurite bundles of granule cells) in the cerebellar cortex, we designed five types of two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional cell and tissue cultures of cerebella from postnatal mice and analyzed the orientation of Purkinje cell dendrites with respect to neurite bundles and astrocyte fibers by immunofluorescence double or triple staining. We cultured dissociated cerebellar cells on micropatterned substrates and preformed neurite bundles of a microexplant culture two‐dimensionally and in matrix gels three‐dimensionally. Dendrites, but not axons, of Purkinje cells extended toward the neurites of granule cells and oriented at right angles two‐dimensionally to aligned neurite bundles in the three cultures. In a more organized explant proper of the microexplant culture, Purkinje cell dendrites extended toward thin aligned neurite bundles not only consistently at right angles but also two‐dimensionally. However, in the “organotypic microexplant culture,” in which three‐dimensionally aligned thick neurite bundles mimicking parallel fibers were produced, Purkinje cell dendrites often oriented perpendicular to the thick bundles three‐dimensionally. Astrocytes were abundant in all cultures, and there was no definite correlation between the presence of and orientation to Purkinje cell dendrites, although their fibers were frequently associated in parallel with dendrites in the organotypic microexplant culture. Therefore, Purkinje cells may grow their dendrites to the newly produced neurite bundles of parallel fibers in the cerebellar cortex and be oriented at right angles three‐dimensionally mainly via “perpendicular contact guidance.” J. Comp. Neurol. 499:274–289, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructure of synaptic input to medial olivocochlear neurons
Authors: Benson Thane E. , Brown M. Christian 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMedial olivocochlear (MOC) neurons project from the brain to the cochlea to form the efferent limb of the MOC reflex. To study synaptic inputs to MOC neurons, we retrogradely labeled these neurons using horseradish peroxidase injections into the cochlea. Labeled neurons were identified in the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body and documented with the light microscope before being studied with serial‐section electron microscopy. MOC somata and dendrites were innervated by three different types of synapses, distinguished as either having: 1) large, round synaptic vesicles and forming asymmetric contacts; 2) small, round vesicles plus a few dense core vesicles and forming asymmetric contacts; or 3) pleomorphic vesicles and forming symmetric contacts. The first two types were the most frequent on somata. Acetylcholinesterase‐stained material confirmed that the type containing large, round vesicles is most common on dendrites. We kept track of the synaptic terminals in serial sections and compiled them into three‐dimensional swellings. Swellings with large, round vesicles formed up to seven synapses per swelling, were largest in size, and sometimes formed complex arrangements engulfing spines of MOC neurons. Swellings with small, round vesicles formed up to four synapses per swelling. The morphology of this type of synapse, and the moderate sizes of the swellings forming it, suggests that it originates from posteroventral cochlear nucleus stellate/multipolar neurons. This input may thus provide the sound‐evoked input to MOC neurons that causes their reflexive response to sound. J. Comp. Neurol. 499:244–257, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automated virtual microscopy of gastric biopsies
Authors: Ficsor Levente , Varga Viktor , Berczi Lajos , Miheller Pal , Tagscherer Attila , Wu Mark Li‐cheng , Tulassay Zsolt , Molnar Bela 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackground:Automated virtual microscopy of specimens from gastrointestinal biopsies is based on cytometric parameters of digitized histological sections. To our knowledge, cytometric parameters of gastritis and of adenocarcinoma have yet to be fully characterized. Our objective was to classify gastritis and adenocarcinoma based on cytometric parameters. We hypothesized that automated virtual microscopy using this novel classification can reliably diagnose gastritis and adenocarcinoma.Methods:Routinely processed hematoxylin‐and‐eosin‐stained histological sections from specimens that showed normal mucosa (14 cases), gastritis (35 cases), and adenocarcinoma (30 cases) diagnosed by conventional optical microscopy were scanned and digitized at high resolution. Thirty‐eight cytometric parameters based on density and morphometry were applied to glands and superficial epithelium. Twelve cytometric parameters based on cytologic detail were applied to individual cells.Results:Statistically significant differences in cytometric parameters for normal mucosa, gastritis, and adenocarcinoma were found. The most discriminatory parameter was the ratio of the total number of cells to the number of interstitial cells. These differences correctly classified adenocarcinoma at 100% accuracy and overall correctness was 86%.Conclusions:We describe a novel method of analyzing gastric mucosal histology based on cytometric parameters. Automated virtual microscopy can be used to classify gastric mucosa as normal, gastritis, or adenocarcinoma with reasonable accuracy. Further research is necessary to determine whether automated virtual microscopy can subclassify gastric mucosal histology in greater detail. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Prognostic value of neutrophils and NK cells in bronchoalveolar lavage of sarcoidosis
Authors: Tutor‐Ureta Pablo , Citores María J. , Castejón Raquel , Mellor‐Pita Susana , Yebra‐Bango Miguel , Romero Yolanda , Vargas Juan A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackground:Not all the patients with sarcoidosis need pharmacological therapy, and the decision to start therapy is based mainly on clinical conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the leukocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from these patients.Methods:Thirty‐three nonsmoking patients with sarcoidosis were included and classified based on the presence of Löfgren's syndrome (n = 11), the radiological stage (12 at Stage I, 17 at Stage II, and 4 at Stage III), and their follow‐up. Differential leukocyte subsets and the lymphocyte subpopulations were determined by flow cytometry.Results:The percentage of neutrophils was lower in patients with Löfgren's syndrome (P = 0.038) and in patients at Stage I (P = 0.002). Patients with a poor outcome had a higher percentage of neutrophils (P = 0.004) and NK cells (P = 0.023) than those with a stable disease. Finally, a higher percentage of NK cells was found in those patients who needed a steroid treatment (P = 0.012).Conclusions:Increased percentages of neutrophils and NK cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with sarcoidosis are associated with a poor outcome and a higher probability to need steroids treatment. The percentage of neutrophils was also lower in patients with Löfgren's syndrome. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Cytoadherence between endothelial cells and P. falciparum infected and noninfected normal and thalassemic red blood cells
Authors: Butthep P. , Wanram S. , Pattanapanyasat K. , Vattanaviboon P. , Fucharoen S. , Wilairat P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackground:Cytoadhesion of P. falciparum infected red blood cells (RBCs) to endothelial cells (ECs) is an important phenomenon that causes cerebral malaria in man. Reduced adhesion especially in thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies may be related to a protective mechanism against malaria in such people.Methods:The cytoadherence assay was performed using both conventional and floating conditions between ECs (ECV 304) and P. falciparum infected and noninfected RBCs from both normal and thalassemia subjects. In floating condition, RBC was fluorescently labeled with anti‐glycophorin A antibody, whereas EC was identified by surface expression of PECAM‐1, CD‐36, ICAM‐1, and E‐selectin. The condition of floating EC was similar to the condition for subcultivation as they can adhere or bind to any surface. The phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure was also determined by using flow cytometer.Results:The adhesion of noninfected heterozygous thalassemic RBCs (all genotypes) to ECs was significantly increased as compared with normal RBCs (P < 0.02). Interestingly, after P. falciparum infection, the number of normal RBCs bound to ECs was significantly increased as compared with noninfected RBCs (P < 0.01), whereas heterozygous thalassemic RBCs infected by P. falciparum showed no significant difference compared with noninfected RBCs. In addition, we found a similar level of PS exposure in normal and thalassemic infected RBCs, which was related to the cytoadherence phenomenon.Conclusion:The reduced adhesion between heterozygous thalassemic RBCs infected by P. falciparum to ECs provides an explanation for their protective mechanism against malaria, as increased adhesion is a high risk for cerebral malaria and nonbinding infected RBCs can be removed by the reticuloendothelial system and other mechanism(s) in vivo. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Multi‐stage two‐leg bandwidth reservation and admission control for advance reservations with uncertain service duration
Authors: Sun Yeali S. , Tu Yung‐Cheng , Chang Chen Meng , Shih Wei‐Kuan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn traditional advance reservation (AR) service, resources were reserved for fixed scheduled periods at the time requests were admitted. When overtimes occurred, because of the reservation timeout, connections would be forced to terminate. For Internet AR applications like sports event casting and conference meetings such service disruption would be unfortunate and undesired for the viewers and participants. Further, taking into account that overtimes are often known almost at the last minute of the pre‐scheduled period, even if a connection extension request is submitted the probability that it is successful is unpredictable depending on the network load. In this paper, we study the problem of admission control and resource management for the AR service with uncertain service duration. An innovative multi‐stage two‐leg admission control and bandwidth management scheme is proposed. New performance measures—service quality indexes and reservation cost function are also defined for AR service. Through simulations, we show that the proposed scheme successfully provides service users a more predictive, affirmative service guarantee than conventional reservation schemes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Alkyl)‐ and (Alkyl)(alkylidene)(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)tantalum Complexes
Authors: Galakhov Mikhail V. , Gómez Manuel , Gómez‐Sal Pilar , Velasco Patricia 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAlkylation of [TaCp*Cl4] (Cp* = η5‐C5Me5) with 3 equiv. of MgCl(CH2SiMe3) gives the chloridotris(trimethylsilylmethyl) complex [TaCp*Cl(CH2SiMe3)3] (1). TaCp*Cl2Me2 reacts with 2 equiv. of LiR (R = CH2Ph, CH2SiMe3) to give the mixed alkyl derivatives [TaCp*Me2R2] (R = CH2Ph, 2; CH2SiMe3, 3). The dimethyldineopentyl complex [TaCp*Me2(CH2CMe3)2] (4) was obtained by reaction of TaCp*Cl2(CH2CMe3)2 with 2 equiv. of LiMe. The treatment of a toluene solution of TaCp*Cl2Me2 with 2 equiv. of neophyllithium in a standard vacuum line gave a mixture of three compounds, [{TaCp*Me2(CH2CMe2Ph)}2(μ‐O)] (5), [TaCp*Me2(CH2CMe2–o‐C6H4‐κ2C,C)] (6) and [TaCp*Me(CH2CMe2Ph)(CH2)] (7), which were identified by NMR spectroscopy. However, when the reaction was carried out under rigorously anhydrous conditions, only complexes 6 and 7 were isolated. A chlorido(trimethylsilylmethyl)(trimethylsilylmethylidene) complex [TaCp*Cl(CH2SiMe3)(CHSiMe3)] (8) was prepared by heating 1 at 60 °C, or by leaving it at room temperature for a long time. A 3:2 (9/10) mixture of [TaCp*MeR(CHSiMe3)] (R = CH2SiMe3, 9; Me, 10) was obtained by thermal treatment of 3, which was accompanied by the evolution of CH4 and SiMe4. However, irradiation of a [D6]benzene solution of 3 with a sun lamp gave a mixture of 9 and [TaCp*(CH2SiMe3)R(CH2)] (R = Me, 11; CH2SiMe3, 12) in a 2:1:1 (9/11/12) ratio. When a [D6]benzene solution of 4 was heated at 60 °C, a mixture of the (alkyl)(neopentylidene) derivatives [TaCp*MeR(CHCMe3)] (R = Me, 13; CH2CMe3, 14) in a 4:1 (13/14) ratio was detected by NMR spectroscopy, while irradiation with a sun lamp produced a mixture ofalkylidene complexes [TaCp*(CH2CMe3)R(CH2)] (R = Me, 15; CH2CMe3, 16) in a 3:1 (15/16) ratio. On the other hand, the alkylation of TaCp*Cl2(CH2CMe3)2 with 2 equiv. of LiCH2SiMe3 gave the (alkyl)(alkylidene) complex [TaCp*(CH2CMe3)(CH2SiMe3)(CHCMe3)] (17) with the elimination of SiMe4, whereas the treatment of TaCp*Cl2(CH2SiMe3)2 with the appropriate reagent gave [TaCp*(CH2R)(CH2SiMe3)(CHR′)] (R = R′ = Ph, 18; R = CMe2Ph, R′ = SiMe3, 19) with the elimination of SiMe4 and CMe3Ph, respectively. All compounds were studied by IR and NMR spectroscopy, and the molecular structures of complexes 1, 4 and 5 were determined by X‐ray diffraction methods. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Synthesis of Deoxygenated Disaccharide Precursors for Modified Lipid II Synthesis
Authors: Sun De‐Qun , Busson Roger , Herdewijn Piet 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of novel deoxygenated disaccharide precursors for modified lipid II synthesis is described. The 3‐ and 4‐deoxy‐GlcNAc donors were obtained, respectively, by radical reduction of the iodo derivative by TBTH/AIBN and hydrogen reduction of the triflate using a borohydride reagent (nBu4NBH4). O‐Glycosylation of the acceptor, promoted by NIS/TMSOTf, led to the 3‐ and 4‐deoxygenated disaccharides. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Long‐Range Effects in the Metalation/Boronation of Functionalized 1,4‐Dihalobenzenes
Authors: Luliński Sergiusz , Serwatowski Janusz , Zaczek Anna 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe lithiation/boronation of 1,4‐dihalobenzenes (Hal = F, Cl, Br) bearing various functional groups in the 2‐position was investigated using lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) as the metalating agent and trialkyl borate B(OR)3 (R = Et, iPr) as the electrophile. It was demonstrated that sufficient steric hindrance precludes effective ortho‐lithiation at the 3‐position. In such cases, a strong meta‐directing effect of an oxygen‐ or sulfur‐based substituent (OMe, OSiMe3, SMe), resulting in the preferred formation of 2,6‐disubstituted 1,4‐dihalobenzenes was observed. Moreover, competition experiments using 2,3‐bifunctional 1,4‐dihalobenzenes were performed to determine the relative meta‐directing ability of carboxylate or fluorine in competition with a methoxy group. A significant buttressing effect is responsible for the course of metalation of 2‐(dimethoxymethyl)‐1,4‐dihalobenzenes (Hal = Cl, Br). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Electrochemiluminescent Determination of Chlorphenamine Maleate Based on Ru(bpy)$\rm{ {_{3}^{2+}}}$ Immobilized in a Nano‐Titania/Nafion Membrane
Authors: Song Hongjie , Zhang Zhujun , Wang Fen 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe immobilization of tris(2,2'‐bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) [Ru(bpy)$\rm{ {_{3}^{2+}}}$] in a TiO2/Nafion nanocomposites membrane modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was achieved via both an ion‐exchange process and hydrophobic interactions .The surface‐confined Ru(bpy)$\rm{ {_{3}^{2+}}}$ shows good electrochemical and photochemical activities. The Ru(bpy)$\rm{ {_{3}^{2+}}}$ underwent reversible surface process and reacted with chlorphenamine maleate (CPM) to produce electrochemiluminescence. The modified electrode was used for the ECL determination of CPM. It showed good linearity in the concentration range from 2×10−8 g/mL to 1×10−6 g/mL (R=0.9995) with a detection 6×10−9 g/mL (S/N=3). The relative standard derivation (n=11) was 2%. This method is developed for the determination of CPM with simplicity and high sensitivity.
Voltammetric Behavior of Antileukemia Drug Glivec. Part I – Electrochemical Study of Glivec
Authors: Diculescu Victor Constantin , Vivan Marilene , Brett Ana Maria Oliveira 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe electrochemical behavior of the antileukemia drug glivec was investigated at a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The oxidation is a complex, pH‐dependent, irreversible electrode process involving the transfer of 2 electrons and 2 protons and the formation of an electroactive product, Pglivec, which strongly adsorbs on the GCE surface and undergoes reversible oxidation. The adsorption of Pglivec at the GCE surface yields a compact monolayer that inhibits further oxidation of glivec. The electrochemical reduction is a simple pH dependent irreversible process involving the transfer of 2 electrons and 2 protons and occurs with the formation of a nonelectroactive product. The diffusion coefficient of glivec was calculated to be DO=7.35×10−6 cm2 s−1 in pH 4.5 0.1 M acetate buffer.
Amperometric Glucose Biosensors Based on Integration of Glucose Oxidase onto Prussian Blue/Carbon Nanotubes Nanocomposite Electrodes
Authors: Zhu Liande , Zhai Jiangli , Guo Yingna , Tian Chunyuan , Yang Ruilan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNanosized Prussian blue (PB) particles were synthesized with a chemical reduction method and then the PB nanoparticles were assembled on the surface of multiwall carbon nanotubes modified glassy carbon electrode (PB/MWNTs/GCE). The results showed that the PB/MWNTs nanocomposite exhibits a remarkably improved catalytic activity towards the reduction of hydrogen peroxide. Glucose oxidase (GOD) was immobilized on the PB/MWNTs platform by an electrochemically polymerized o‐phenylenediamine (OPD) film to construct an amperometric glucose biosensor. The biosensor exhibited a wide linear response up to 8 mM with a low detection limit of 12.7 μM (S/N=3). The Michaelis–Menten constant Km and the maximum current imax of the biosensor were 18.0 mM and 4.68 μA, respectively. The selectivity and stability of the biosensor were also investigated.
A new PCR‐CGE (size and color) method for simultaneous detection of genetically modified maize events
Authors: Nadal Anna , Coll Anna , La Paz Jose‐Luis , Esteve Teresa , Pla Maria 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe present a novel multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of multiple transgenic events in maize. Initially, five PCR primers pairs specific to events Bt11, GA21, MON810, and NK603, and Zea mays L. (alcohol dehydrogenase) were included. The event specificity was based on amplification of transgene/plant genome flanking regions, i.e., the same targets as for validated real‐time PCR assays. These short and similarly sized amplicons were selected to achieve high and similar amplification efficiency for all targets; however, its unambiguous identification was a technical challenge. We achieved a clear distinction by a novel CGE approach that combined the identification by size and color (CGE‐SC). In one single step, all five targets were amplified and specifically labeled with three different fluorescent dyes. The assay was specific and displayed an LOD of 0.1% of each genetically modified organism (GMO). Therefore, it was adequate to fulfill legal thresholds established, e.g., in the European Union. Our CGE‐SC based strategy in combination with an adequate labeling design has the potential to simultaneously detect higher numbers of targets. As an example, we present the detection of up to eight targets in a single run. Multiplex PCR‐CGE‐SC only requires a conventional sequencer device and enables automation and high throughput. In addition, it proved to be transferable to a different laboratory. The number of authorized GMO events is rapidly growing; and the acreage of genetically modified (GM) varieties cultivated and commercialized worldwide is rapidly increasing. In this context, our multiplex PCR‐CGE‐SC can be suitable for screening GM contents in food.