bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advanced Collaboration Environments in Practice in BP's Gulf of Mexico Operations
Authors: Castro Albino , Schnellhardt Jeff 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
While central control rooms have been in use for industrial plants, pipelines, and drilling operations for many years, the BP Gulf of Mexico Production Advanced Collaborative Environment (GoMP ACE) is the first live environment to support production and startup operations across multiple assets. The ACE tackles the traditional onshore/offshore team culture and transforms it into a new virtual team that is not restricted by miles and bodies of water. The ACE implementations will increase BP operations efficiency and integrity management through enhanced onshore/offshore collaboration, cross-asset collaboration, faster response to critical situations, and proactive interventions. It is part of BP's FIELD OF THE FUTURE program in Gulf of Mexico (GoM), hosting and enabling most of the program's applications (1,4,) A number of ACE installations are taking place across BP globally, presenting valuable opportunities for shared learning in implementation and usage (5).
To achieve these benefits, a 50,000 square foot facility was designed to host collaboration areas within the permanent workspaces of more than 200 production operations support staff across various disciplines. The extensive technology inventory available to support the ACE includes a secure digital network that links the offshore platforms with eight onshore control rooms, 40 video-conference cameras, and an innovative matrixed display capability that routes real-time visualization of offshore data on any of the 200 plasma, LCD, or projection screens. In order to facilitate the two way conversations between the onshore and offshore teams, upgrades were also made to the collaboration facilities offshore.
The BP GoM ACE is not just about technology and workspaces – these are key enablers that drive processes and behaviors that enable a new organizational culture. A focused training and enrollment program was executed to accelerate learnings from other projects, build organizational alignment, and drive new multi asset behaviors. Communities of Interest and a recurring Pulse Check process with the resident teams have also been implemented to ensure that the model continues to evolve and adapt based on learnings over time or changing needs of the organization.
BP GoMP ACE Benefits include: Reduced offshore people-on-board (POB) and fewer or eliminated trips offshore for a subset of activitiesCulture evolution of field and office towards one virtual onshore/offshore asset team, with access to extended network of other assets and central engineering authoritiesReduced cycle times and better decisions faster from improved real-time data context and access to key resourcesStandardized platform across assets to drive business unit consistency and implement additional FIELD OF THE FUTURE capabilityFocus on continuous improvement to apply feedback and learnings towards enhancements and new capabilities
Abrasive Perforating via Coiled Tubing Revisited
Authors: Schultz Darcy , Thompson Dave , Whitney Dwayne 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In certain formations in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin tortuosity resulting from conventional perforating gives rise to high near well bore friction pressures during hydraulic fracturing operations and the resultant increased likelihood of premature screen out.
This paper will discuss the benefits of Abrasive Perforating via coiled tubing and present a number of case studies including vertical and horizontal wells. A number of previously published papers and laboratory investigation has suggested that significant benefits may arise from abrasive perforating; actual well data will be used to test these hypotheses. This paper will present empirical data showing reductions in near well bore friction of up to 92%. Furthermore, benefits of Abrasive Perforating via coiled tubing and overcoming the operational challenges will be discussed.
Coiled-Tubing-Deployed Fracturing Service Yields Increase in Completion Efficiency
Authors: Peak Zeke T. , Janik Kyle Z. , Marshall Eric J. , Wilbanks Brian A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The recent increase in oil and gas prices has fueled the demand for operators to decrease completion times without jeopardizing production seen with current conventional completion methods. A recent application of coiled tubing deployed fracturing service (CTDFS) not only displayed an improved efficiency in completion time but created one of the most prolific wells in the Willow Springs field for ConocoPhillips. A total of 18 individually designed, hydraulically fractured stages in the Cotton Valley and Travis Peak formations were completed in 73 hr of continuous operations, including a round trip of tubing to switch methods of isolation. The increase in completion efficiency is largely contributed to hydra-jetting perforations in the casing and then immediately hydraulically stimulating the formation by way of the annulus.
This paper will present the process by which the CTDFS was executed and the observed results.
A Successful Dual-Casing Exit Campaign
Authors: Cruickshank Brian , Grigor Charlie , Parker Lewis , Pape Gary 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Successful Dual Casing Exits are becoming more commonplace in today's oil field. However, there are still many challenges involved with this type of work. This paper will outline the successful completion of a two well campaign carried out in the Arabian Gulf along with the problems encountered, lessons learned, the post job conclusions and the recommended way forward for future jobs.
The task for this campaign was to design, build and supply a system that would be able to set inside 4 ½″ casing and successfully mill a window out of this smaller pipe into the surrounding cement then mill out through the larger 9 5/8″ casing. Having milled the window through both sizes of casing, a rat hole would have to be drilled deep enough to suit the subsequent drill ahead BHA. Although these window milling BHA's were to be conveyed using pipe, like traditional TTRD exits, this campaign would utilize PDM motors to provide the rotation for sidetracking the wells.
On both occasions, the sidetracks were completed and the customer was able to continue the drill ahead operations as planned. There were many lessons learned throughout the campaign. From the initial design stages, through the manufacturing phase and finally onto the operational issues, the lessons learned were significant and will be used in the future advancement for this type of work.
This technical paper will show the importance of this campaign which, with the lessons learned, will lead to many more successful dual casing exits being carried out.
Rigless Tubing Repair Using Permanent and Retrievable Patches at Prudhoe Bay, Alaska—Continued Analysis and Current Applications
Authors: Julian J. Y. , Cismoski D. A. , Sack J. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
At Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, non-rig tubing repairs have become a viable alternative to rig workovers (RWO's). They provide an economic remediation for wells with production tubing by "A" annulus communication. Electricline (EL)-set patches can eliminate tubing communication at a significant cost savings. They are particularly attractive in areas where RWO cost is significant, such as offshore, remote, or arctic locations. The advantage of tubing patch repair over a conventional RWO is that there is no need to pull tubing, resulting in the well being returned to service faster. Typical patch deployment costs are less than 5% of the costs for tubing replacement with a RWO. To date, 263 permanent and retrievable tubing patches have been set in 181 wells at Prudhoe Bay.
This paper discusses the history of conventional tubing patches at Prudhoe Bay and recommended pre-patch diagnostics. The paper also provides a systematic approach for the design and deployment of conventional tubing patches.
Feasibility Study of Ultrasound for Oilwell Stimulation Based on Wave Properties Considerations
Authors: Caicedo Sergio 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Ultrasound or high frequency (20 kHz-100kHz) pressure wave has been used in diagnose and treatments in different areas, such as: medicine, dentistry, civil engineering, and many other industrial applications. In Oil industry there are applications such as pipeline inspections, fluid velocity measurements, etc, but to the present its application in formation stimulation has been incipient, and only few lab and field test experiences have been reported. Stimulation with ultrasound is not a common operation offered by oil service companies. In order to visualize the real potential of ultrasound in oil well stimulation, it is necessary to understand the wave phenomenon, its properties, the parameters that define its behavior, and its interaction with the propagation media. This basic knowledge together with the understanding of the different formation damage mechanisms are the keys to comprehend the real potential and application window of the ultrasound in oil well stimulation. The present paper presents the theoretical basis of ultrasound and wave phenomena that must be considered when thinking about stimulation with ultrasound. Finally some suggestions about the application window of this technology are given.
Novel Coiled-Tubing Spoolable Connector Deployment in the Norwegian Sector of the North Sea
Authors: Bolarinwa S. O. , Mckee M. , Espinosa F. F. , Cochran J. , Lien O. , Toften J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Offshore locations, which use large diameter coiled tubing for wellbore intervention, are currently limited by the lifting capacity of the cranes on the platforms. Often intervention projects require a longer length of coiled tubing on a spool than can be lifted onto the platform. Historically this problem has been resolved by connecting two or more spools of coiled tubing on the platform with a butt weld. Safety considerations, logistical issues and repeatable low-cycle fatigue performance have made this practice undesirable.
Spoolable connectors have addressed concerns associated with butt welds, however limitations on connector fatigue life, elastomer durability and post connection integrity verification exist.
A mechanical spoolable connector and an assembly skid have been introduced in the North Sea. An integrity test verifies the tensile strength of the newly made connection. Testing has shown that the connector does not affect ballooning of the coiled tubing due to bending under pressure.
The assembly skid provides improved safety and efficiency when handling, preparing and installing a spoolable connector. Remote operation of the pipe handing equipment has removed the operator from the work area when pipe is moving, which reduces the exposure to this hazardous task. This equipment provides a safe work environment for efficiently handling and preparing the coiled tubing during the assembly and disassembly process.
The connector together with the assembly skid was used successfully on the Gullfaks B platform in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea for sand cleanout, scale milling and plug setting operations.
Comparison of Computation Fluid Dynamics of Slurry Flow in Coiled Tubing to Field Data
Authors: Blanco Ivan , Bailey Michael , Rosine Randy 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Coiled tubing (CT) is widely used in well intervention as a practical and cost-effective means of servicing wells. Since CT's inception, the actual flow through CT has been a point of discussion and theory. Testing has been conducted to study what happens inside the CT. In recent years, the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software has provided greater insight into actual CT flow patterns, including fluid-flow velocity profiles and secondary flow regimes. CFD helps to understand the fluid-flow phenomenon, which can lead to effective designs of friction-loss gradients. CFD has proven to be an effective alternative to full-scale testing.
The next development was modeling of actual field data from a fracturing service. This method compares predicted values, actual values, and computed values from the CFD solutions. CFD was used to provide correlations for the predictive model without full-scale testing, which greatly reduced the cost of development. Fluids investigated have included slurry pumped from an actual job.
Coiled-Tubing Fracturing on Slant-Well Operations
Authors: Pipchuk D. A. , Henriksen M. , Day M. , Boyko K. , Scott D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The unconventional shallow gas market is the fastest growing oil and gas sector in Western Canada. Although these gas reserves are enormous, the economic output of a single well is marginal. The low production rate of each well has forced operators to reduce costs wherever possible. The largest expense in the completion of a well is stimulation. The advent of the coiled tubing fracturing method has reduced these costs substantially, as all zones can be individually isolated and stimulated in one operation.
Operators are taking further action by drilling multiple slanted wells from a single surface location. This configuration requires only one lease, one access road and reduces production costs with a single pipeline collection point. Workover equipment with the ability to rig onto these wellheads safely is in short supply. Many shallow gas wells utilize threaded wellheads that are not designed to support sideloads. Coiled tubing equipment is relatively massive, and previous attempts to ‘block up’ the wellhead and blowout preventers (BOPs) have resulted in near-tragic consequences. To overcome these obstacles, a patented support system capable of safe and efficient rig-up of BOPs on slanted wellheads was designed and built. The support system can be rigged onto wellhead angles ranging from 30-95 degrees. The system can manipulate the BOPs in virtually all planes to allow for flexibility when positioning onto a wellhead. The weight of the BOPs and CT equipment are then buttressed by the support system, and not the wellhead. The development of this system has enabled safe coiled tubing fracturing within the economic and technical contraints of shallow gas and coalbed methane type fields.
Coiled Tubing Becomes the Key Enabler for Successful Multilateral Well Development Campaign Offshore Brazil
Authors: Trummer S. , Silva D. , Cano V. , Guzman M. , Siqueira N. , Peixoto C. , Nazareth V. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Pampo was among the first producing fields offshore in Brazil, and it produced through a fixed platform. The maturation of the field and consequent decrease in oil production required a different completion strategy for the operator. The key reservoir, the Macae/Quissama, is the prime target for exploitation because it still has substantial oil in place, with good total recovery and actual recovery factors. The development of this reservoir was vital to the survival of the field
Several technical issues exist for developing this reservoir, especially during drilling, because of the high density of wells in the area. Each new well had to be carefully planned to avoid collision with existing wells and also to optimize the reservoir drainage. Several depleted wells have been evaluated to determine whether they should be abandoned and/or substituted.
There were limited options for replacing these depleted wells. With collision problems at shallow depth looming as a huge risk, the number of new wells that could be drilled was low. Furthermore, the lack of rigs available for production drilling and the high slot utilization on these platforms provided additional complications. Ultimately, the development of multilateral wells was identified as the most viable solution. From the main bore, once past the critical collision zone, several legs could be drilled to increase the drainage area.
Multilateral construction in this scenario is a nontrivial task. It requires the well junction to be placed at an area of high deviation, adding complexity for any intervention work. Nonetheless, the use of coiled tubing for most of the well completion operations proved to be the key enabler in this successful multilateral well development campaign. The versatility of CT technology significantly decreased the time needed for well completions and its other applications.
This paper discusses the development, planning, and preparation activities involved with use of the CT in this milestone project. It summarizes the results of the development of the idea and lessons learned from the numerous runs during the completions operation, including CT-conveyed perforating; CT-conveyed logging for cement evaluation; stimulation, featuring the use of isolation tools; and several Stiffline applications.
Fatigue Life of Coiled Tubing With External Mechanical Damage
Authors: Padron Tomas , Luft Bernard , Kee Emmanuel , Tipton Steve M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Coiled tubing (CT) is used in a rough and dynamic environment that renders it susceptible to mechanical damage on its outer surface. Such damage can adversely affect the fatigue life of CT by causing localized concentration of stresses and strains, or inducing microcracks from severe localized plastic deformation, that can lead to premature fatigue failure of the pipe.
Failure statistics based on detailed failure examinations by BJ Services Company rank mechanical damage as the leading cause of CT failures accounting for 35% of all investigations. Repairs of the damaged pipe by welding or grinding are not always practical or even possible; therefore it is important to be able to estimate the remaining fatigue life of the damaged pipe so that the well servicing job can be completed with minimum risk of failure.
Research efforts by the Coiled Tubing Mechanics Research Consortium at Tulsa University to determine the fatigue de-rating factors for damaged CT produced an algorithm ("Flexor TU4") that can predict the remaining fatigue life of the CT based on specific damage geometry, tubing characteristics and operating parameters. However, the majority of the testing for this algorithm has been conducted in air on artificial defects (i.e. machined) introduced on new and pre-fatigued tubing samples. Little previous research has been conducted to compare "Flexor TU4" predictions with the remaining fatigue life measured on CT with real defects (i.e. damage caused during service). Also, the effect of mechanical damage on the fatigue life of coiled tubing when exposed to sour environments (i.e. H2S) has not yet been reported in the literature.
This paper describes the effect of different types of damage on the material and fatigue life of CT and presents a comparison between "Flexor TU4" predictions and the fatigue life measured for strings with external mechanical damage incurred during service. Also a comparison between the sour fatigue life and that in air is presented in terms of percentages of sweet life (i.e. non-sour) for coiled tubing fatigue samples containing artificially induced mechanical damage on the external surface prior to being exposed to sour environments.
Drilling With a Positive-Displacement Motor and a Rotary-Steerable System on 3½-in. Coiled Tubing in the San Juan Basin
Authors: Pink Tony , Neves Maria , Seyler Chuck , Allcorn Marc , O'Leary Jim , Noynaert Sam , Hartensteiner Fred 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
As the demand for oil and gas increases, operating companies have begun to explore alternatives to drilling with conventional rigs. One promising approach is to drill wells with coiled tubing rather than drill pipe. While great successes have been achieved with coiled tubing in small diameter re-entry projects with Orienters and Positive Displacement Motors (PDMs), their use for large diameter, directional wells has never been explored. Schlumberger and BP evaluated the feasibility of this concept by drilling a series of wells for BP America using a combination of Rotary Steerable System (RSS) and PDM in the San Juan Basin.
BP's projects in the San Juan Basin are gas wells, of between 2500 and 7500 ft. depth, depending on the target formation. The coiled tubing was used in two different applications. Firstly, to drill 6 ¼" hole to 2500 ft. to explore the shallow coal-seam gas and secondly to drill the 8 ¾" section to 4000 ft. as the intermediate section for deeper wells.
This demonstrated that drilling with the RSS and PDM assembly, in conjunction with Coiled Tubing, has several advantages over conventional drilling. The major benefits observed when drilling with coiled tubing are increased ROP due to the elimination of connection time, elimination of the need for controlled drilling and the ease of directional steering for different well profiles.
This paper discusses the pre-job engineering, the lessons learned whilst executing the job and the conclusions reached as to the benefits and capabilities of such a system.
Application of Lateral Entry Guidance System (LEGS) Technology in Western Kazakhstan Oilfields
Authors: Pumnea Doru , Hunt Anthony , Mennilli Giuseppe 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Lateral Entry Guidance System technology is an intelligent method of navigating through the junctions of a multilateral well using Coiled Tubing.
The technology works equally well in cased and open-hole junctions without the need of sophisticated and expensive selective entry jewellery. The tool is slender enough to pass through production tubing and most completion restrictions and functions in all typical casing/liner diameters.
As LEGS technology itself has been presented in different forums before, the sole purpose of this paper is to present the particular conditions encountered in the Western Kazakhstan oilfields and methods used to make this technology work at depths over 5000 m.
The reasons behind the unsuccessful attempt to stimulate one well followed by a very successful stimulation of another well using LEGS bottom hole assembly will be showcased.
The result was a verification of a well design and operating philosophy against the alternative techniques of completion based selective entry. The outcome was the best producing well of the Karachaganak oilfield to date.
The paper will help potential users understand the challenges they may encounter and eventually, determine them to tailor their field development strategy in order to eliminate these problems and facilitate the use of LEGS.
EOR Pilot Tests with Modified Enzyme in China
Authors: Feng Qing-xian , Ma Xian-ping , Zhou Li-hong , Shao Ding-bo , Wang Xiao-lin , Qin Bao-yan 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Micro and macro evaluations were conducted to understand modified enzyme EOR mechanisms using various fluids. Huff n puff tests and flooding tests were carried out with variable modified enzymes concentrations in several reservoirs. Resulted production performances were considerably improved. At reservoir temperature 50–80°C, lab experiment indicated that the modified enzyme solution was adaptable to both light and heavy oil and was not sensitive to minerals water with bivalent cation (1000mg/l) and high salinity (10%). The enzyme working performances were further enhanced with microorganism occurrence in the solution. Micro modeling experiment revealed that spontaneous emulsification and solubilization could take place between the modified enzyme and crude with emulsion particle 2–6μm in diameter, which is produced through striping as a result of solubilization. Core desorption and flooding experiments presented that desorbed crude volume and displacement efficiency were related to modified enzyme concentrations which usually ranged 5 to 10% with the optimum being 8%. In optimal conditions, recovery can be averagely increased by 16.9%. Experiments also proved that the modified enzyme and crude oil could form emulsion but the emulsion was not stable. One specific pilot test with modified enzyme had achieved additional oil production 22,869 bbl.