bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measures to Mitigate the Impact of Toxic Hazards
Authors: Christian S.D. , Phil M. 
Published: March 2007

Many measures must be adopted to ensure the safety of building occupants from the effects of smoke and toxic gases. This paper examines the work of local authority fire prevention and building control officers to mitigate these problems by the use of the provisions of the Fire Precautions Act 1971 and the Building Regulations 1976. The implications of proposals to amend the 1971 Act in line with suggestions contained in a Green Paper on the review of fire policy and the commitment of the Government to use appropriate standards for regulatory purposes is discussed.
Better Codes via Fire Technology
Authors: Todd Norman W. , Ryan John D. 
Published: March 2007

This paper provides an illustration of the concept of how fire tech nology may be used to determine the combustion characteristics of building products in laboratory-scale tests and, in turn, through the use of computer models, to predict the hazard that such products could generate in a specific fire scenario. By using this technology, building code requirements may be written which better differentiate a group of building products and provide a greater degree of protection for life and property in a given occupancy. The products chosen for this study are used for internal wall coverings and in clude four varieties of molded plastic panels and one woven fabric. The fire hazard assessment model was validated by comparing results predicted from the assessment model with observed results from a full-scale test. An example is given of how new building code requirements may be written for these prod ucts, reflecting the new technology.
Flame Spread over Fuel-Spilled and/or Snow-Covered Asphalt Road
Authors: Ishida Hiroki , Sato Katsuhisa , Hokari Kozo , Hara Tomio 
Published: March 2007

Flame spread characteristics over the fuel-spilled and/or snow- covered asphalt road (both porous and non-porous) were studied experimentally from the point of view of fire hazard prevention in many fuel spill accidents on the urban asphalt road. A large scale pool burning occurs on the non-porous usual asphalt road, but flame spread and pool burning cannot occur on the porous asphalt road owing to the drainage of fuel. When the liquid fuel was spilled on the snow-covered road and ignition occurred, the liquid fuel burns on the fuel-soaked sleety snow layer. On the thick snow layer, if the amount of spilled fuel was not so large, the combustion on the fuel-spilled region cannot continue for a long time, even for highly flammable fuels such as gasoline. However, if the snow layer was not so thick, and a large amount of fuel was spilled, the sleety snow layer beneath the flame reaches the road surface with the lapse of time of combustion. The water layer due to snow-melting is formed and pool burning occurs on the exposed road surface. On the porous asphalt road, however, such pool burning cannot occur because both the water and the fuel are drained. Comparison between the flame spread rate measured on the fuel-spilled snow-covered non-porous road and that predicted by a simplified model suggested that both the mechanism of combustion on fuel-soaked sleety snow layer and the scale effect, causing a strong fire-induced convection flow, should become important factors for flame spread on the snow-covered road.
The Short Form of the Geriatric Depression Scale: A Comparison With the 30-Item Form
Authors: Burke William J. , Roccaforte William H. , Wengel Steven P. 
Published: March 2007

The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) exists in both short and long forms. The original 30-item form of the GDS has been shown to be an effective screening test for depression in a variety of settings. However, its utility in patients with demen tia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) is questionable. The short, 15-item version of the GDS was developed primarily for brev ity and, in particular, for use in populations such as the medically ill or those with dementia, where the longer form might be burdensome. How well this short form works in these populations, however, is largely undetermined. In this paper, the sensitivity and specificity of the 15- and 30-item GDS are compared in a group of patients who were either cognitively intact or had mild DAT. The findings suggest that the short version of the GDS, like its longer prede cessor, is an effective screening tool in the cognitively intact. However, in a population of subjects with mild DAT, it does not appear to retain its validity. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991;4:173-178).
The downward view from Olympus
Authors: Kaiser Robert G. 
Published: March 2007

The issue debated at a Ditcbley Foundation conference in February this year was deceptively simple: what future is there for quality newspapers? Aside from the semantic argument over the definition of quality, a clear division soon emerged. In broad terms it split the American (and German) contingent from the British. The Americans accused the British of debasing the concept of a serious, quality press. The Brit broadsheets were partisan and, by extension, had abandoned veracity; they were too ideological, too personalised and too trivial; comment intruded into news reporting. In short, to use the phrase which recurred throughout, the British press was guilty of "dumbing domn." The British responded by pointing out the differences between the USA and Britain: diversity of titles, intense and continuous competition for readers and lack of profitabilaty of almost all serious papers. There were also profound cultural differences which meant that the two sets of audiences have diverse expectations. Some of the Brits thought American papers bland, boring and elitist, deciding what their readers should read. The BJR has invited two of the protagonists from either side of the Atlantic to write about their differing approaches to quality journalism: Robert Kaiser, Managing Editor of The Washington Post, and Peter Stothard, Editor of The Times.
Statism, Social Policy and the Middle Classes in Greece
Authors: Petmesidou Maria 
Published: March 2007

This article discusses welfare policy and the trends of development of public expenditure and the social budget in Greece in the post war period. Particular emphasis is given to the expansion of income transfers during the 1980s under the conditions of economic recession. An understanding of the relationship between the state and civil society in Greece is crucial for explaining social policy developments. Our analysis focuses on the strong grip of politics on civil society, which constitutes a major aspect of Greek statism and contributes to an increased fragmentation of social demands and conflicts. The main argument of this article is that the growing size and political weight of the middle classes since the mid-1970s intensified social fragmentation and the contradictions of Greek statism, and made it more difficult to achieve any consensus about social policy aims. Public expenditure and the social budget increased significantly during the 1980s, as a result of presstrre from various middle-class strata, yet no major changes occurred in the logic of the distribution of social provision. Competition among the middle classes for access to political power and the state apparatus intensified, and this put severe limitations on the possibilities of any reforms aimed at redistribution on the basis of social need.
Dance and Sport
Authors: Ingram Anne 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to survey a dance oriented ocupational interest group as to: nature of involvement, father and mother occupational status of dance oriented persons, perceived motivation why people dance, and beliefs concerning differences between dance and sport. A questionnaire was distributed to 220 members of the Modern Dance Council of Washington, D. C. which is composed of dancers, dance teachers, choreographers, artists in related fields, or persons interested in helping to expand the role of dance. The hypothesis was that dance and sport differ and that the motivation for dancing differs from the motivation for participating in sports. The method of in vestigation was to collect descriptive information by use of a questionnaire. A limitation of the study is that it investigates one dance subculture. Since research tends to support the view that persons in certain sports, such as fencers, have different characteristics from football players: it is probable that ''modern'' dancers belong to a specific and, in some ways, unique dance sub-culture.
Physical Culture — Past and Present
Authors: Krawczyk Zbigniew 
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the problem of the influence exerted by tradition on the aspect of physical culture being created at present and the significance of the con temporary value system for the reconstruction of the history of man's motor activity. Depending on the methodological approach to history researchers of physical culture in each new epoch embark on a controversy regarding the shape of tradition in the sphere that interest them. This situation was caused by the fact that problems of our times cannot be solved without a fundamental correction of the retrospective picture of social reality. In addition to this, history always functions as a collection of arguments in favour or against proposals of social change. Finally each new social force tries to find confirmation in history for its own programme of action. That is why there are such diversified attitudes in regard to historical experience in the field of physical culture.
American Drama and Ritual: Nebraska Football
Authors: Deegan Mary Jo , Stein Michael 
Published: March 2007

Football is a major sport in the United States because of its dramatic enact ment of social values of violence, bureaucracy, sexism, and commercialism. The spec tators of this game are particularly enthralled in the state of Nebraska. Here, a state with a large geographical area and a small, predominanty rural population, the fans have elevated Nebraska fottball to a significant ritual and source for iden tification. As avid supporters they dress in the team colors, red and white; partici pate in pre- and postgame celebrations; travel great distances; and emotionally express their loyalty and dedication to "Big Red.'' By combining the dramaturgical perspective of Erving Goffman with Victor Turner's concepts of liminality and communitas, we have a theoretical framework for analyzing and evaluating cultural dramas in modern society. Nebraska football as a dramatic ritual, then, reveals its creative and destructive roots in American society.
Social and Cultural Conflict in Sport and Games in Developing Countries
Authors: Adedeji J.A. 
Published: March 2007

The cultural awareness among people from developing countries has sparked off the consciousness about what they used to condemn in the past. This may be due to the influence of technology which has removed the past barriers and has brought them closer by narrowing their communication gap. - The reawakening among people in developing countries has contributed towards the rejection of the practice of experimentalist theory which stresses values that yield results having cash values. It is often forgotten that a nation is not built by material resources alone. There are some countries among the developing countries, that now apply the principle of "peaceful co-existemce'' by placing emphasis on the teaching of indigenous activities along with sports from the western countries. There is a need for a new educational system since the rejection of the universal Christian values which some people have branded as the main source of the social conflict.
Structure of Sport Policy in Finland
Authors: Olin Kalevi 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this presentation is to describe the sport political system in Finland. For the first, it is proper to mention that the range of consideration is large in nature. Therefore, main attention is paid to the functions and struc ture of sports. Thus along with the private and public sectors of sports the pre sentation follows the lines of historical, present as well as future approach. From the international point of view Finnish sports has unique features. Re search results show Finland to stay among those nations actively participating in sports and physical activity. In fact, Norway seems to be clearly ahead of Finland which, in part, is quite even with Canada. Belgium and Japan are next in order (Laakso, 1977). In addition, there are more sport organizations in Finland than in many (some are stating than any) other country in the world. Of course, then the calculation is in relation to the amount of population. Furthermore, it seems that the connections of sports and the society around differ from those in several other countries. This refers, for example, to the fact how politics as an institution is reflected in sports. Sport is considered as a part of social policy.
Trend, Dynamics and Characteristics of the Advancement of Physical Culture of Adults and Seniors
Authors: Petrovič Krešimir 
Published: March 2007

The results presented in this paper are excerpts and a synthesis of three studies (1973, 1976, 1980) concerning adults and seniors' physical activity in Slo venia, one of the Yugoslav republics. A notable increase in the number of physi cally active adults and seniors was noticed in this period. In all three studies a universal physical program has emerged encompassing: swimming, mountain eering, skiing and cycling. This program was practicaly independent of age. These activities seem to be most favoured, probably require least organization and are applicable to any age group. All three studies showed two marked drops in physical activity - by 40 and 50 year-old people. The 1976 study had also a third drop at the age of 25, which vanished in the 1980 study. A big improvement is evident in female physical activity. A small group of activities has emergad, which women seem to prefer, especially since the whole family can participate. These results have both, a theoretical and a practical value. They call for a more suitable physical culture policy for adults and seniors. Camparisons can also be made with similar studies in other countries and par allels drawn.
The Occupational Mobility of Professional Athletes
Authors: Houlston David R. 
Published: March 2007

A career as a professional soccer player in Britain has a restricted timespan; it is only a short-term occupation. In view of the time commitment, dedication and involvement required in a professional soccer career, very few players in the contemporary professional game are encouraged or are motivated to continue to pursue educational studies or alternative occupational experiences in preparation for a post-playing career occupational position. Considering the limited worth of professional soccer skills outside of the professional game organization, pro fessional players may be without a serviceable occupational skill and employment position at the termination of a professional soccer-playing career. The study was directed at testing the broad hypothesis that former professional soccer players in Great Britain will experience downward occupational mobility at the conclusion of their professional playing careers. In addition to the basic premise and as a result of the examination of previous literature, the study incorporated the gathering of data on four dimensions of occupational mobility and their relationship with the general findings. The mobility mechanisms selected were social recognition; alternative occupational training; level of educational attain ment ; and social status background. The results supported the general hypothesis showing that former players experienced downward mobility, in terms of occupational status and income level, at the conclusion of their playing careers (42 out of an N=52). Subsequent analysis of the findings when correlated with the four mobility dimensions in dicated that the occupational status of the soccer player was subjectively based and this had only short term effects on future occupational mobility. The objective dimensions, education and occupational training, were not generally encouraged during playing careers by clubs since they were considered interferences. Con sequently only 28% (15 out of N=52) had pursued educational or alternative occu pational training during their playing careers. The study did not attempt to explore personal, psychological and sociological consequences of the changing status of the former players. This form of analysis is a logical progression for future research. However, a number of case studies indicated that former players do experience difficulty in adjusting to a new life- style.
Sporticuous Consumption: An Analysis of Social Status Symbolism in Sport Ads
Authors: Renson Roland , Careel Chris 
Published: March 2007

A survey was made of all the ads which appeared in twenty six different magazines in Belgium over a one year period. All ads using a sport theme to promote a consumer product were analyzed according to 1. magazine related characteristics, such as: circulation, the social class of readers, price etc.; 2. sport related characteristics such as: social status position, the number of participants, contact/non contact type etc. and 3. consumer products advertised in the ads. The interrelationship between the three sets of variables: magazines — sports — consumer goods — was investigated. From the results it appeared that the established social stratification theories cocerning the sport scene were strikingly consistent with the social stratification constellation patterns found in 1. the social characteristics of the sports featured in the ads, 2. the social position of the magazines in which they appeared, 3. the social status or prestige of the consumer products advertised. This symbol analysis of sport ads does not provide substantial evidence for speculative theories on 'subliminal' techniques in the advertising business. The results rather reveal a direct approach to promote conspicuous consumerism among potential 'status seekers' through 'sport persuaders'.
Work Related Stresses of Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplant Nurses
Authors: Stutzer Cynthia A. 
Published: March 2007

The annual conference of the Association of Pediatric Oncology Nurses, entitled Caring: The Foundation of Pediatric Oncology Nursing, was held October 12-14, 1988, in Denver, Colorado. Our thanks to Jory Goldmann, the National Program Chairperson, and Mary Jo Cleaveland, the Local Program Chairperson, and her committee for their hospitality and a very informative meeting. The following are abstracts of some of the clinical, education, and research presentations from this meeting.
Intergroup Relations: an Abbreviated Update
Authors: Berg David N. 
Published: March 2007

This is the first article in the new "Update"section of Exchange. As outlined in Volume III, Number IV (1978), this section is intended to provide teachers of OB with a summary of a major conceptual area in cluding (1) a concise introduction to the major con cepts, (2) a sense of the scope and depth of the topic, and (3) a list of some key articles or books that would provide the reader with a solid working knowledge. This initial article is on intergroup relations. Please let me know your reactions to this article and to the ap proach we are taking. Does this meet your needs? Are there other approaches you would suggest that provide a more useful "update?" Finally, is there an article that you would like to write?
Evaluation of a Stratified Versus an Unstratified Universe of Cultures in Comparative Research
Authors: Greenbaum Lenora 
Published: March 2007

A comparison is made between the use of a stratified universe and an unstratified universe of cultures for sampling purposes. Samples are taken from the Ethnographic Atlas (1) by selecting from culture clusters (a first level of stratification of cultures) and (2) by a random selection from the total list of cultures in the Atlas. The analysis is done regionally, for Africa and North America. A chi-square, two-sample test indicates the essential similarity of the stratified and the unstratified universes; no significant statistical difference is found among the samples. Matched-pair, signed-ranks tests are used to determine (1) the comparative stability of successive samples taken from the stratified universe and those taken from the unstratified universe and (2) the interchangeability of cul tures within culture clusters. Results for Africa indicate no significantly greater similarity of successive samples based on culture clusters compared with successive random samples based on the totality of cultures. For North America, successive samples from culture clusters seem to be significantly more stable than random samples from the totality of cultures only in regard to Ethnographic Atlas data. General interchangeability of cultures within culture clusters is not borne out by the data examined.
Review : Instrumentation for the rheological characterization of foods/Instrumentación para la caracterización reológica de alimentos
Authors: Ma L. , Barbosa-Canovas G.V. 
Published: March 2007

The rheometer, which measures the associated torque at controlled deformation, or, alternately, the associated deformation at controllable known torque, is an essential tool in food rheological studies. The modern rheometer consists of three main components: a measuring geometry, a torque transducer, and an angular displacement device. The geometry is very important; it is used to generate a particular deformation of a food material. In rheological measurements, the geometry is usually interchangeable and can be selected according to the physical state of the testing material. Thus, the selection of a measuring geometry (i.e., cone-plate, parallel plate, concentric cylinder, or capillary geometry) is critical if reliable and accurate rheological data are required. In this review, the basic concepts of rheological properties (viscosity and viscoelasticity) are summarized; working equations of several commonly used geometries are presented; nonideality of geometries (i.e., end effect, slippage, viscous heating, etc.) are discussed; working equations of standard geometries are given; and, finally, the design philosophy of newly developed features of several commercial rheometers are addressed.
The Incident as a Technique for Teaching Undergraduates in Hospitality Management and Food Administration
Authors: Wright Phillip C. 
Published: March 2007

The use of case incidents has been found to be an effective tool for teaching business concepts to senior hospitality students. With proper classroom manage ment, the case incident can be useful in two ways—as an introduction to a specific topic or theme and as a "real world" example to illustrate previously presented material. Case incidents can be written in a variety of formats including narrative, dialogue, first and third person. This diversity and their brevity, makes them an ideal vehicle for developing the group work and presentation skills necessary for longer, more detailed case study analysis.