bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospects of high energy density physics research using the CERN super proton synchrotron (SPS)
Authors: Tahir N.A. , Schmidt R. , Brugger M. , Lomonosov I.V. , Shutov A. , Piriz A.R. , Udrea S. , Hoffmann D.H.H. , Deutsch C. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) will serve as an injector to the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN as well as it is used to accelerate and extract proton beams for fixed target experiments. In either case, safety of operation is a very important issue that needs to be carefully addressed. This paper presents detailed numerical simulations of the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic response of solid targets made of copper and tungsten that experience impact of a full SPS beam comprized of 288 bunches of 450 GeV/c protons. These simulations have shown that the material will be seriously damaged if such an accident happens. An interesting outcome of this work is that the SPS can be used to carry out dedicated experiments to study High Energy Density (HED) states in matter.
Ethnicization through Schooling: The Mainstream Discursive Repertoires of Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Yi Lin 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis article looks into the process through which minority cultures and subjects are interpreted and defined by the cultural mainstream as inferior and less valuable for the modernization of China, and in consequent need of transformation, particularly through education. In dichotomizing advanced cultures vis-à-vis backward ones, this process has ethnicized minorities' differences. However, within the process itself are internal contradictions that render any attempt at actual education self-contradictory and ultimately unproductive. Using three sources of data – government policy, academic discourse and ethnographic fieldwork – the article provides corroborative evidence relating to the creation of particular images of minority cultures and subjects by the mainstream Han.
State–Press Relationship in Post-1997 Hong Kong: Constant Negotiation amidst Self-Restraint
Authors: Ngok Ma 
Published: December 2007

AbstractTen years after the handover, Hong Kong's media faced multiple pressures. There were few cases of outright prosecution of the media, but there were subtle political and economic pressures. Co-optation of media bosses, fear of losing advertising revenue and media takeovers by pro-Beijing figures brought some of the media into line. This brought editorial shift and self-censorship, as the media systematically shied away from stories that might antagonize Beijing, underplayed negative news for the government and gave the democrats less favourable coverage. Interviews with journalists showed little evidence of ostensible intervention from government officials or media bosses, but newsroom socialization and editorial gatekeeping are effective constraints. The constitutional guarantee of freedom of the press and the moral force of professional ethics lent the media the room to defend and negotiate their freedom, but the pervasive fear induced by the political environment invariably overpowered the resistance and constrained press freedom in Hong Kong.
Tick infestation on roe deer in relation to geographic and remotely sensed climatic variables in a tick-borne encephalitis endemic area
Authors: CARPI G. , CAGNACCI F. , NETELER M. , RIZZOLI A. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYRoe deer Capreolus capreolus are among the most important feeding hosts for the sheep tick Ixodes ricinus, thus contributing to the occurrence of tick-borne diseases in Europe. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), which is transmitted by co-feeding of larvae and nymphs on rodents, requires precise climatic conditions to occur. We used roe deer as sentinels for potential circulation of TBE virus in Northern Italy, by examining the association between tick infestation, occurrence of TBE human cases, geographical and climatic parameters. Tick infestation on roe deer, and particularly frequency of co-feeding, was clearly associated with the geographic location and the autumnal cooling rate. Consistently, TBE occurrence in humans was geographically related to co-feeding tick abundance. The surveillance of tick infestation on roe deer, combined with remotely sensed climatic data, could therefore be used as an inexpensive early risk assessment tool of favourable conditions for TBE emergence and persistence in humans.
Lack of response of INT-407 cells to the presence of non-culturableCampylobacter jejuni
Authors: VERHOEFF-BAKKENES L. , HAZELEGER W. C. , ZWIETERING M. H. , De JONGE R. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYMany contradictory articles on the infectivity of non-culturableCampylobacter jejunican be found. We studied the effect of non-culturableC. jejuniin anin vitroassay. To prevent the potential effect of a few culturable bacteria in the non-culturable suspension, INT-407 cells, which mimic the outer cell layer in the small intestines, were exposed to culturableC. jejunisuspensions with or without non-culturableC. jejuni. The number of bacteria adhering to and/or invading INT-407 cells and the IL-8 secretion were measured. No differences were found between bacterial suspensions with or without non-culturableC. jejuniadded. These findings show that non-culturableC. jejunido not adhere to or invade INT-407 cells and do not induce an immune response. As previous studies showed a correlation between the usedin vitroassays and the effectin vivo, our study strongly suggests that culturability is a good indicator of the risk forC. jejuniinfection.
Antibody-based immunotherapy in high-risk neuroblastoma
Authors: Johnson Erik , Dean Shannon M. , Sondel Paul M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAlthough great advances have been made in the treatment of low- and intermediate-risk neuroblastoma in recent years, the prognosis for advanced disease remains poor. Therapies based on monoclonal antibodies that specifically target tumour cells have shown promise for treatment of high-risk neuroblastoma. This article reviews the use of monoclonal antibodies either as monotherapy or as part of a multifaceted treatment approach for advanced neuroblastoma, and explains how toxins, cytokines, radioactive isotopes or chemotherapeutic drugs can be conjugated to antibodies to enhance their effects. Tumour resistance, the development of blocking antibodies, and other problems hindering the effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies are also discussed. Future therapies under investigation in the area of immunotherapy for neuroblastoma are considered.
Celecoxib decreases expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 in a colon cancer cell line (HT29)
Authors: Gallicchio M , Rosa A C , Dianzani C , Brucato L , Benetti E , Collino M , Fantozzi R 
Published: December 2007

Background and purpose:We investigated the ability of celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitor, to modulate expression of ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 in the colon cancer cell line HT29.Experimental approach:We analysed the effect of celecoxib on ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 protein and mRNA expression in HT29 cells. Experiments were performed in the presence of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) inhibitors to evaluate the involvement of these kinases in this phenomenon. We evaluated adhesion of HT29 cells to FCS‐coated plastic wells in the presence of celecoxib or MAPK inhibitors. Furthermore, we studied the effect of celecoxib on apoptosis.Key results:Celecoxib down‐regulated ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 expression in HT29 cells in a time‐ and dose‐dependent way. Celecoxib reduced activation of p38 and p55 c‐Jun terminal NH2 kinase (JNK) MAPKs, but did not affect p46 JNK or p42/44 MAPK phosphorylation. Pretreatment with SB202190 or SP600125, specific inhibitors of p38 and JNK MAPKs, respectively, reduced ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 expression in HT29 cells dose‐dependently. Adhesion of HT29 cells to FCS‐coated plastic wells was inhibited dose‐dependently by celecoxib, and also by SB202190 and SP600125. Celecoxib showed a pro‐apoptotic effect, inducing Bax and BID but down‐regulating Bcl‐2.Conclusions and implications:Our findings show that celecoxib caused down‐regulation of ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1, affecting the adhesive properties of HT29 cells in a COX‐2 independent way, inhibiting p38 and p55 MAPKs and activating a pro‐apoptotic pathway.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 870–878; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707634; published online 17 December 2007
Role of complement C5a in mechanical inflammatory hypernociception: potential use of C5a receptor antagonists to control inflammatory pain
Authors: Ting E , Guerrero A T G , Cunha T M , Verri W A , Taylor S M , Woodruff T M , Cunha F Q , Ferreira S H 
Published: December 2007

Background and purpose:C5a, a complement activation product, exhibits a broad spectrum of inflammatory activities particularly neutrophil chemoattraction. Herein, the role of C5a in the genesis of inflammatory hypernociception was investigated in rats and mice using the specific C5a receptor antagonist PMX53 (AcF‐[OP(D‐Cha)WR]).Experimental approach:Mechanical hypernociception was evaluated with a modification of the Randall–Selitto test in rats and electronic pressure meter paw test in mice. Cytokines were measured by ELISA and neutrophil migration was determined by myeloperoxidase activity.Key results:Local pretreatment of rats with PMX53 (60–180 μg per paw) inhibited zymosan‐, carrageenan‐, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐ and antigen‐induced hypernociception. These effects were associated with C5a receptor blockade since PMX53 also inhibited the hypernociception induced by zymosan‐activated serum and C5a but not by the direct‐acting hypernociceptive mediators, prostaglandin E2 and dopamine. Underlying the C5a hypernociceptive mechanisms, PMX53 did not alter the cytokine release induced by inflammatory stimuli. However, PMX53 inhibited cytokine‐induced hypernociception. PMX53 also inhibited the recruitment of neutrophils induced by zymosan but not by carrageenan or LPS, indicating an involvement of neutrophils in the hypernociceptive effect of C5a. Furthermore, the C5a‐induced hypernociception was reduced in neutrophil‐depleted rats. Extending these findings in rats, blocking C5a receptors also reduced zymosan‐induced joint hypernociception in mice.Conclusions and implications:These results suggest that C5a is an important inflammatory hypernociceptive mediator, acting by a mechanism independent of hypernociceptive cytokine release, but dependent on the presence of neutrophils. Therefore, we suggest that inhibiting the action of C5a has therapeutic potential in the control of inflammatory pain.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1043–1053; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707640; published online 17 December 2007
Effect of bradykinin metabolism inhibitors on evoked hypotension in rats: rank efficacy of enzymes associated with bradykinin‐mediated angioedema
Authors: Fryer R M , Segreti J , Banfor P N , Widomski D L , Backes B J , Lin C W , Ballaron S J , Cox B F , Trevillyan J M , Reinhart G A , von Geldern T W 
Published: December 2007

Background and purpose:Inhibition of bradykinin metabolizing enzymes (BMEs) can cause acute angioedema, as demonstrated in a recent clinical trial in patients administered the antihypertensive, omapatrilat. However, the relative contribution of specific BMEs to this effect is unclear and confounded by the lack of a predictive pre‐clinical model of angioedema.Experimental approach:Rats were instrumented to record blood pressure and heart rate; inhibitors were infused for 35 min and bradykinin was infused during the last 5 min to elicit hypotension, as a functional marker of circulating bradykinin and relative angioedema risk.Key results:In the presence of omapatrilat bradykinin produced dose‐dependent hypotension, an effect abolished by B2 blockade. In the presence of lisinopril (ACE inhibitor), but not candoxatril (NEP inhibitor) or apstatin (APP inhibitor), bradykinin also elicited hypotension. Lisinopril‐mediated hypotension was unchanged with concomitant blockade of NEP or NEP/DPPIV (candoxatril+A‐899301). However, hypotension was enhanced upon concomitant blockade of APP and further intensified in the presence of NEP inhibition to values not different from omapatrilat alone.Conclusions and implications:We demonstrated that bradykinin is degraded in vivo with an enzyme rank‐efficacy of ACE>APP≫NEP or DPPIV. These results suggest the effects of omapatrilat are mediated by inhibition of three BMEs, ACE/APP/NEP. However, dual inhibition of ACE/NEP or ACE/NEP/DPPIV elicits no increased risk of angioedema compared to ACE inhibition alone. Thus, novel BME inhibitors must display no activity against APP to avoid angioedema risk due to high prevalence of ACE inhibitor therapy in patients with diabetes and cardiovascular disease.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 947–955; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707641; published online 17 December 2007
Volume-Limited Dependent Galactic Model Parameters
Authors: Karaali S. , Bilir S. , Yaz E. , Hamzaoğlu E. , Buser R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe estimate 34 sets of Galactic model parameters for three intermediate-latitude fields with Galactic longitudes l = 60°, l = 90°, and l = 180°, and we discussed their dependence on the volume. Also, we confirm the variation of these parameters with absolute magnitude and Galactic longitude. The star samples in two fields are restricted with bright and unit absolute-magnitude intervals, 4 < Mg ≤ 5, and 5 < Mg ≤ 6, whereas for the third field (l = 60°) a larger absolute-magnitude interval is adopted, 4 < Mg ≤ 10. The limiting apparent magnitudes of the star samples are g0 = 15 and g0 = 22.5 mag, which provide space densities within distances in the line of sight of ∼0.9 and 25 kpc.The Galactic model parameters for the thin disc are not volume dependent. However, the ones for the thick disc and halo do show spectacular trends in their variation with volume, except for the scalelength of the thick disc. The local space density of the thick disc increases, whereas the scaleheight of the same Galactic component decreases monotonically. However, both model parameters approach asymptotic values at large distances.The relative local space density of the halo estimated by fitting the density laws to the space densities evaluated for all volumes is constant, except for the small ones. However it is absolute-magnitude and Galactic longitude dependent. The axial ratio of the halo increases abruptly for the volumes where a thick disc is dominant, whereas it approaches an asymptotic value gradually for larger volumes, indicating a continuous transition from a disc-like structure to a spherical one at the outermost region of the Galaxy. The variation of the Galactic model parameters with absolute magnitude can be explained by their dependence on the stellar luminosity, whereas the variation with volume and Galactic longitude at short distances is a bias in analysis.
Effects of Fin Shapes and Arrangements on Heat Transfer for
Impingement∕Effusion Cooling with Crossflow
Authors: Hong Sung Kook , Rhee Dong-Ho , Cho Hyung Hee 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The present paper has investigated the effects of fins on the flow and heat∕mass transfer characteristics for the impingement∕effusion cooling with crossflow. The circular or rectangular fins are installed between two perforated plates, and the crossflow occurs between these two plates. The crossflow blowing ratio is varied from 0.5 to 1.5 for a fixed jet Reynolds number of 10,000. A naphthalene sublimation method is used to obtain local heat∕mass transfer coefficients on the effusion plate. A numerical calculation is also performed to investigate the flow characteristics. The flow and heat∕mass transfer characteristics are changed significantly due to the installation of fins. In the injection hole region, the wall jet spreads more widely than in the case without fins because the fins prevent the wall jet from being swept away by the crossflow. In the effusion hole region, a higher heat∕mass transfer coefficient is obtained due to the flow disturbance and acceleration by the fin. As the blowing ratio increases, the effect of fins against the crossflow becomes more significant and subsequently the higher average heat∕mass transfer coefficients are obtained. In particular, the cases with rectangular fins show an approximately 40–45% enhancement at the high blowing ratio of M=1.5. However, the increase in the blockage effect results in increased pressure loss in the channel.
Optically
Based Rapid Heat Transfer Measurements in Complex Internal
Flows
Authors: Booten Charles
W. , Eaton John
K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An optically based technique was developed that involves fabrication of a thin-walled plastic model with laser heating applied to a small section of the outer surface. The heat flux distribution applied to the model by the laser was measured first using a short-duration, transient experiment. The external temperature distribution was then recorded using infrared thermography with steady laser heating. The measured heat flux and temperature distributions were used as thermal boundary conditions in a finite-element code to solve an inverse heat conduction problem for the heat transfer coefficient on the internal passage wall. Hydrodynamically fully developed turbulent flow in a round tube was used as a test case for the development of the new optical method. The Reynolds numbers used were 30,000 and 60,000. This flow was chosen because accurate computational tools were available to calculate the internal heat transfer coefficient for a variety of thermal boundary conditions. In addition, this geometry simplified both the model fabrication and the implementation of a finite-element model for the inverse heat conduction problem. Heat transfer coefficient measurements agreed with numerical simulations and semi-analytical solutions within 1.5% and 8.5% for the low and high Reynolds numbers, respectively. Additional simulations suggest that the method can be accurate with thermal boundary conditions more complex than in these experiments.
Multiscale fracture analysis along the French chalk coastline for investigating erosion by cliff collapse
Authors: Genter A. , Duperret A. , Martinez A. , Mortimore R. N. , Vila J-L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Coastal cliffs of Upper Normandy and Picardy are eroded by cliff collapses of various sizes. This paper presents a multi-scale analysis of the pre-existing fractures embedded within the Cretaceous chalk. About 20 representative sites equally spaced along the 120km long coastal section were analysed and compared to a continuous structural analysis of the coast derived from aerial photographs taken in 1986. Ancient collapses interpreted on the aerial photos were compared to the pre-existing fracture content. Regional faults, pre-1986 collapse location and fracture density are spatially correlated. However, recent collapses observed on the field between 1998 and 2001 did not systematically correlate to the pre-existing fracture occurrence and therefore, there is no clear link between recent collapse and the regional faults.
Prediction of nearshore wave energy distribution by analysis of numerical wave model output, East Sussex coastline, UK
Authors: Mitchell S. B. , Pope D. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Prediction of wave energy distribution in coastal areas is necessary if an assessment of the likelihood of cliff collapse is to be undertaken. Use has been made of numerical modelling to predict relative wave heights along the chalk cliff coastline of East Sussex between Brighton and Eastbourne, UK. In this study, wave modelling has been undertaken using the University of Delaware REFDIF-1 software with a 100m mesh size to predict nearshore wave heights for boundary unit wave height conditions from a range of different incident directions. The results from this wave modelling have been combined with the frequency distribution of incident waves obtained from analysis of time series of 12 years of hindcast wave data in the English Channel, obtained from the UK Meteorological Office. The resulting distribution of nearshore wave heights is presented as a surrogate for the distribution of wave energy over the 12-year period. Some concern exists about the quality of the output data, in particular of the effect of the relatively coarse bathymetry grid used for the model. Some wave focusing is evident from the model output, caused by the presence of local shoals in the model grid, leading to a ‘banding’ effect in the model output. Some suggestions are made for the improvement of the modelling scheme, including the use of finer mesh size, bathymetric smoothing and the use of a spectral model such as REFDIF-S.
Quantification of the Normandy and Picardy chalk cliff retreat by photogrammetric analysis
Authors: Costa S. , Delahaye D. , Freiré-Diaz S. , Di Nocera L. , Davidson R. , Plessis E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The chalk cliffs of Normandy and Picardy are retreating rapidly and approaching the built-up areas located near the shore. Previous studies of cliff retreat in this area suffer from a large margin of error (absolute error in cliff position is ±7 m) due to the techniques and methods used. This paper presents a recent study which aims to quantify the chalk cliff retreat between 1966 and 1995 by means of photogrammetric analysis. In addition to the very high accuracy of the results (absolute error in cliff position is ±0.3 m), this technique gives geo-referenced numeric data allowing the creation of a geographical databank intended to become a tool for hazard management in coastal zones. Three scales of analysis have been used: a retreat value per hydro-sedimentary cell, per sub-cell and one every 50m. These scales show that this regressive dynamic is spatially very variable. However, three zones of distinct retreat rates are apparent. These appear to be linked with the lithological characteristics of the chalk. Furthermore, the quantification associated with the flint content of the cliff allows an assessment of the flint shingle provision from the cliff to the shore.