bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Intensive Culture of the Penaeid Shrimp Penaeus vannamei Boone in a Recirculating Raceway System
Authors: Reid Bart , Arnold C. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRecirculating raceway systems were examined for their potential as a method for the intensive culture of the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei Boone. The systems consisted of fiberglass raceways 38 m3 (13.7 m ± 2.4 m ± 1.16 m) and 28 m3 (13.7 m ± 2.4 m ± 0.85 m) each equipped with a vertical screen biofilter, foam fractionators and an ultraviolet ozone generator. All of the systems were enclosed in a commercial greenhouse. Four preliminary growout experiments and two growout experiments with stocking densities of 970 shrimp/m3 and 2,132 shrimp/m3 were completed.Temperature, pH and salinity remained constant throughout the experiments. Unionized ammonia levels remained below 0.2 mg/L. Nitrite levels ranged from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/L. The 2,132/m2 stocking density resulted in 48% survival, food conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.8 and an average size of 10.8 g. The 970/m3 stocking density resulted in 82% survival, FCR of 2, and an average size of 14 g. Production was 11.4 kg/m3 (114 tons/ha) and 11.0 kg/m3 (110 tons/ha) for the high and low stocking densities, respectively.
Evaluation of Practical Feed Formulations and Dietary Supplements for Red Swamp Crayfish
Authors: Lochmann Rebecca , McClain W. Ray , Gatlin Delbert M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThree 6 wk feeding trials were conducted with juvenile red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii in a flow‐through culture system to evaluate practical feed formulations and specific dietary sup plements. Diets were formulated to contain 30% crude protein from various practical ingredients with or without supplemental cholesterol, lecithin, astaxanthin, vitamin premix and mineral premix. Peanut meal consistently provided inferior weight gain of crayfish compared to soybean, fish and shrimp meals, and a combination of soybean meal and fish meal supported the most rapid weight gain. Supplementation of 1.0% cholesterol did not enhance crayfish weight gain compared to a basal diet, whereas supplementation of 6% lecithin improved weight gain. Astaxanthin supplementation at 13 mg/kg diet marginally improved crayfish weight gain compared to a diet containing 1% beta‐carotene. Deletion of a complete vitamin premix impaired crayfish weight gain while deletion of a trace mineral premix did not. Results from this study indicate that protein quality significantly influenced weight gain of crayfish in a flow‐through culture system, and supplernentation of a complete vitamin premix was most critical.
State of the Art of Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer Larviculture
Authors: Dhert Philippe , Lavens Patrick , Sorgeloos Patrick 
Published: April 2007

AbstractInnovative techniques opened new perspectives in the larviculture of the Asian seabass in the 1980s. Induced spawning maximized egg production while sperm preservation reduced the problem of male brood‐stock supply. Studies of biometric characteristics of the fish larvae resulted in improved feeding strategies with live food. This in turn permitted a more rational use of expensive Artemia nauplii. Nutritional enhancement of the highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) composition of the live food resulted in significant improvement of survival and physiological condition of the larvae at metamorphosis. A salinity stress test enabled the evaluation of the larvae's physiological status and estimation of their HUFA‐requirements during the hatchery and pre‐nursery phase.
Importance of Docosahexaenoic Acid in Marine Larval Fish
Authors: Watanabe Takeshi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMarine finfish require n‐3 HUFA such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as essential fatty acids (EFA) for their normal growth. But it remained unclear as to which of the n‐3 HUFA, either EPA or DHA, was important. Unlike the freshwater species, the EFA efficiency of EPA and DHA may vary in marine fish. The developing eggs rapidly utilize DHA either for energy or for production of physiologically important substances like prostaglandin.This report reveals that in marine larval fish DHA is superior to EPA as EFA. In the case of red seabream, feeding rotifers incorporating EPA and DHA or an n‐3 HUFA mixture prevented many of the ill‐effects observed when the rotifers were low in n‐3 HUFA. Apart from the best growth and survival in an activity test for the larvae fed on DHA‐rotifer, the incidence of hydrops seemed to be totally prevented dietetically by DHA. Similar results were obtained in larval yellowtail, striped jack, striped knifejaw and flounder. There seems to exist a functional difference between EPA and DHA.
Nutritional Mechanisms Involved in the Occurrence of Abnormal Pigmentation in Hatchery‐reared Flatfish
Authors: Kanazawa Akio 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe mass depigmentation (albinism) in the ocular side of flatfish, which resulted from the deficiency of pigments, has widely occurred in the process of seedling production. Although many researchers have investigated the mechanisms of depigmentation, little is known in this field. The author found that depigmentation resulted from nutritional deficiencies when 10 d old larvae were fed experimental microparticulate diets. This paper suggests that the rhodopsin formation of eye retina was hindered when vitamin A, docosahexaenoic acid and phospholipid were deficient in foods, resulting in the interruption of black pigment (melanin) formation.
Nutritional Factors Affecting Stress Resistance in the Larval Mahimahi Coryphaena hippurus
Authors: Kraul Syd , Brittain Karen , Cantrell Robert , Nagao Terri , Ogasawara Amy , Ako Harry , Kitagawa Henry 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRecent improvements in enriching Artemia make mahimahi culture possible without using copepods. Mahimahi survive better when cultured copepods Euterpina acutifrons are used, especially when the larvae are under stresses such as high stocking density, cold weather, or the rigors of metamorphosis. This study looked at some differences between copepods and enriched Artemia.This study tested stress resistance by holding postlarval (PL) mahimahi out of water in a hand net for varying periods of time. Recovery from this stress shock was higher in PLs whose diet was higher in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA appeared to play an important role in stress resistance. High eicosapentaenoate (EPA) or high HUFA did not confer stress resistance when DHA levels were low. Copepods contained higher levels of many essential amino acids in addition to higher levels of DHA compared with enriched brine shrimp.Larvae sickened by disease appeared to lose fat, including DHA, but they conserved DHA relative to other fatty acids. Even when sick, mahimahi larvae fed a copepod diet resisted stress better than larvae fed an enriched brine shrimp diet.Optimal Artemia enrichment levels of DHA for mahimahi have not been reached and this may explain why it has been difficult for others to raise this fish consistently. E. acutifrons is relatively easy to culture, but may not be practical for commercial hatcheries, due to low yield (less than 10 g per 100 L per week).
Marine Aquaculture in Israel with Special Emphasis on Larval Rearing
Authors: Tandler Amos 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe goal of mariculture research in Israel is the development of an industry, based on available sea and brackish water, in the Arava Desert, the Gulf of Eilat and along the Mediterranean coast. Urgent progress is needed due to the shortage of fresh water for agriculture. High priced euryhaline fish like Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax are the obvious choice for development along with the more common grey mullet Mugil cephalus. The aim of this paper is to present the research and zootechnical state of the art in Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax larval rearing at the National Center for Mariculture (NCM).Fertilized eggs are stocked in 600 L tanks and hatching success estimated from aliquot counts. Rearing continued for 32 d after which larvae are removed from these tanks with minimum mortality. Under normal rearing conditions these tanks produce 15‐35 32 d old (10 mg, ww) Sparus aurata larvae/L (20‐40% survival). Average seabass survival to 80 mg (40 d) is 35%. Tanks were continuously supplied with filtered (10 μm), temperature and salinity controlled seawater and freshly enriched food organisms through a special delivery system. This system was recently upscaled to 1,700 L tanks with equally good results for seabream larval rearing.Live food enrichment regimes for the two species were developed to maximize their growth and survival. A microdiet is presently being used from the age of 20 d. The problems involved with using dry diets with larvae were found to be associated with both their digestibility and attractivity.As a result of a salinity reduction from the ambient 40 to 25 ppt, swim bladders developed in 90% of seabream and 75% of seabass. In addition, growth rate of larvae improved by 15%. Finally, seabream tend to show strong aggressive behavior once size differences in the population of 32 d larvae is greater than 300%. Therefore, once seabream ended their 32 d hatchery period they are graded to three size groups of 5, 10.3 and 23 mg (ww). The graded fish are counted with a locally developed Computer Aided Fish Counter (CAFIC) and stocked separately in 5 m3 nursery tanks.
Control of Reproduction of the ShrimpPenaeus kerathurusHeld in Captivity
Authors: Luis O. J. , Ponte A. C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe control of the reproductive cycle of the shrimpPenueus kerathurus, held in captivity from early juvenile stages without eyestalk ablation, was attempted in two sets of experimental conditions during two successive years. In the first set of experiments, light regime, sex ratio and presence of sand substratum were assessed in relation to ovarian maturation and successful mating. Examination of thelyca obtained from cast exoskeletons showed that 40–82% successful mating had taken place. A sex ratio of 2:l female/male gave a higher percentage of fertilized females than a ratio of 1:l. The induction to full ovarian development was observed for every treatment except the tank without sand substrate, where no mated females were observed.In the second set of experiments, the role of diet, in particular the role played by a polychaeteNereis diversicolor, was assessed as a nutritive stimulator to induce maturation and spawning. With the same purpose, a parallel experiment in smaller aquaria was also conducted to assess the relative importance of mussel, squid, ragworm and crab and four composite diets consisting of two or three of the said food organisms.Nereisworm seemed to have a determinant role on the induction of shrimp ovarian maturation and spawning. The possible role of its fatty acids on shrimp reproduction is discussed. The experimental results suggest the possibility for extended control of the reproductive cycle ofP. kerathurusin a controlled environment provided that proper food is available.
Experimental and Practical Diet Evaluations with Juvenile Hybrid Striped Bass1
Authors: Brown Paul B. , Griffin Mark E. , White M. Randall 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCulture of hybrid striped bass has been expanding in the United States and further growth has been predicted, however, several problem areas exist, including a lack of nutritional information. This series of studies offered reciprocal cross juvenile hybrids several of the commercially available feeds and several different types of purified experimental diets. Weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed the commercially available feeds formulated to meet the general requirements of salmonids were better than fish fed feeds formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of catfish. Experimental diets containing casein as the primary protein source were unpalatable regardless of the level of fish oil added (6 or 12%) but were accepted if 10% menhaden fish meal was added. Addition of lower levels of fish meal resulted in decreasing degrees of acceptance. Thus, the minimum level of fish meal that elicited a feeding response appeared to be between 510% of the dry diet. A crystalline amino acid test diet was palatable, and weight gain of fish fed that diet was 65–91% of the weight gain recorded for fish fed the positive control diets. Addition of L‐arginine, L‐methionine or L‐cystine to a purified diet containing casein did not result in dietary acceptance. Whole‐body proximate composition offish revealed a general trend toward increased lipid levels with increasing levels of dietary lipid. All fish exhibited microvessicular hepatopathy, regardless of diet fed. Hepatocytes contained both glycogen and lipid in the cytoplasm.
Acute and Sublethal Effects of Ammonia on Striped Bass and Hybrid Striped Bass
Authors: Oppenborn James B. , Goudie Cheryl A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBioassays in static water (mean ± SD; temperature, 20–22 C; pH, 8.2–8.4; alkalinity, 205 ± 10 mg/L CaCO3; total hardness, 220 ± 10 mg/L CaCO3) were used to determine median lethal concentrations (LC50) of un‐ionized ammonia (NH3‐N) for striped bass Moronc saxatilis and hybrid striped bass M. saxatilis × M. chrysops. The 96 h LC50 for striped bass was 1.01 ± 0.24 mg/L NH3‐N3 and was significantly higher than the LC50 for hybrid striped bass (0.64 ± 0.05 mg/L NH3‐N). The effects of sublethal ammonia were evaluated after fish were exposed for 96 h to 0.0, 0.25, or 0.5 mg/L NH3‐N or to additional exposure to oxygen depleted water (about 2.0 mg O2/L). Plasma ammonia of striped hass did not change as sublethal ammonia increased, but exposure to oxygen depletion caused a decrease in plasma ammonia. In contrast, plasma ammonia of hybrid striped bass increased as environmental ammonia increased, and increased further after exposure to oxygen depletion. Plasma cortisol levels of striped bass were significantly higher and more variable than cortisol levels of hybrid striped bass; additional exposure to oxygen depletion increased this variability, but these responses may be due to the stress of handling and confinement. Mean differences also existed between species for hemoglobin and hematocrit, while differences in variability occurred for osmolality and oxygen depletion rates. Striped bass tolerated ammonia better than hybrid striped bass but were more susceptible than hybrid striped bass to the additional stress of oxygen depletion. Most changes in physiological characteristics were relatively independent of environmental ammonia, but they were affected by oxygen depletion challenge.
Growth Trial with the American Oyster Crassostrea virginica Using Shrimp Pond Water as Feed
Authors: Jakob Greg S. , Pruder Gary D. , Wang Jaw‐Kai 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study was conducted to quantify the potential of Crassostrea virginica biculture using marine shrimp pond water. It was envisioned that this biculhre could avoid cost and reliability problems associated with the mass production of algae as oyster feed. Such problems contributed to the failure of previous attempts to commercialize oyster culture.Oysters were reared in each of two flow through 310 L tanks receiving shrimp pond water from selected commercial semi‐intensive shrimp ponds. In each tank, pond water was delivered to the upper trays and flowed downward through each of two seven tray stacks. For both tanks, mean oyster growth rate (2 g/wk) and survival (79%) from seed (0.04 g) to market size (55.0 g) compared favorably with previous reports and for the first time approximated the growth projected in a 1968 engineering study by American Cyanamid (Calbo et al. 1968).Oyster growth within and between tanks indicated a relationship between biomass and exchange rates. During a 65 d controlled monitoring period mean oyster growth rates of 3.7 g/wk were achieved in upper trays of both tanks. Data are provided to estimate optimum pond water flow rate and oyster biomass relationships. The prospects for shrimp and bivalve co‐culture appear promising.
Production of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus in Flowing Agricultural Waters in Arizona
Authors: Budhabhatti Jennifer , Maughan O. Eugene 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCatfish were cultivated in 0.3 m3 site‐specific cages built for fish culture in irrigation ditches. Poor growth (239 g ± 4.2) in 1989 was probably due to velocity of water and variability of fish size at stocking. Addition of baffles to the cages and hand grading of fish eliminated these problems in 1990. A power failure near the middle of the 1990 growing season forced the brief move of the fish from the ditch to a pond. Catfish reached an average weight of 465 g in 1990 over roughly the same growing season as in 1990. Before the cages were moved, fish at lower densities had significantly higher growth (588 ± 3, 515 ± 3) than those at higher densities (396 ± 4.6, 334 ± 4). However, at the end of the experiment, growth was not significantly different between densities (P > 0.05). Perhaps stress to fish caused by moving cages obliterated the previous density differences in growth.
Preliminary Studies on the Suitability of a Fairy Shrimp Streptocephalus dichotomus as Live Food in Aquaculture
Authors: Prasath Ethiraj Balaji , Munuswamy Natesan , Abdul Nazar Abdul Khudus 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA preliminary growth study was conducted with juvenile Oreuchromis mossambicus using a live‐food Streptocephalus dichotomus. Experimental fish showed better growth, survival and food conversion ratios, as well as a significant increase in protein (12%), free sugars (34.4%) and protein bound sugars (101%). However, there was a decline in the lipid content (‐3.99%). Energy budget analysis revealed that about 90% of the consumed energy (as live‐food) was assimilated by the experimental fishes. It is likely that the fish used 45% of the total energy assimilated for metabolic activities associated with growth.
Golden Shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas× Rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus Hybrids: Gonad Histology and Spawning Trials
Authors: Goodwin Andrew E. , Grizzle John M. , Tave Douglas , Gibson Mike D. , Barnett Jimmy , Fiegel Don H. , Beavers Berry F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHybrid fish were produced in ponds by crossing golden shiners × rudd (Notemigonus crysoleucas×Scardinius erythrophthalmus) and rudd × golden shiners. Histologically, testes from the hybrids contained spermatocytes that resembled those of the parental species, but no sperm were observed. Lack of sperm in hybrids could have been a seasonal effect. The ovaries of both types of hybrids contained variable numbers of morphologically normal, vitellogenic oocytes and numerous abnormal oocytes in the chromatin nucleolar stage. Abnormal oocytes were necrotic or had irregularly shaped nuclei and clumped chromatin. Many oocyte nests contained infiltrating macrophnges. Spawning trials with F1 hybrids did not result in spawning behavior or production of F2 generation fish. Colden shiner × rudd hybrids are of reduced fecundity, but sterility was not conclusively demonstrated.
Use of Plant Proteins in Catfish Feeds: Replacement of Soybean Meal with Cottonseed Meal and Replacement of Fish Meal with Soybean Meal and Cottonseed Meal
Authors: Robinson Edwin H. , Li Meng H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPlant protein sources were evaluated in 32% protein grow‐out feeds for channel catfish (initial weight: 180 g/fish) stocked at high densities (24,700 fish/ha) in 0.04 ha earthen ponds. Each of the eight practical‐type feeds was assigned for five replicate ponds. The fish were fed to satiation once daily for 170 d. Specifically, cottonseed meal and cottonseed meal plus supplemental lysine were evaluated as replacements for soybean meal. Soybean meal, a combination of soybean meal and cottonseed meal, or a combination of soybean meal and cottonseed meal plus supplemental lysine were evaluated as a substitute for animal protein sources. Based on weight pin, feed conversion ratio, body composition, percentage visceral fat, and dressed yield, the data indicated that cottonseed meal plus lysine can be used as a total substitute for soybean meal in catfish feeds. However, it is not recommended that more than 30% cottonseed meal be used in catfish feeds until additional data are available on the effects of gossypol on reproduction in catfish. Also, data indicated that plant proteins can be used as a total replacement for animal protein without detrimental effects. Reduced weight gain was observed in fish fed a feed that contained 68% of the established available lysine requirement. However, fish fed feeds estimated to contain only 76 or 82% of the available lysine requirement did not show reduced weight gain. This suggests that lysine may be more highly available from cottonseed meal than previously estimated, or that natural food organisms in the pond contributed nutrients including lysine, or that fish were able to consume enough of the marginally deficient feeds to meet their requirement for lysine. This study was conducted with large catfish fed a 32% protein feed to satiation once daily. If smaller fish, a lower protein fed, or a restricted feeding regimen had been used, the results may have been different.
Cage Culture of Hybrid Striped Bass in Indiana and Evaluation of Diets Containing Three Levels of Dietary Protein1
Authors: Swann D. LaDon , Riepe Jean R. , Stanley John D. , Griffin Mark E. , Brown Paul B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCulture of hybrid striped bass Morone saxatilis × M. chrysops has been increasing in selected regions of the United States. Because of their thermal tolerance, hybrids may have potential as a new commercial aquaculture species in the Midwest. In these studies, hybrid striped bass were reared in cages located in southern, central and northern Indiana and offered one of three practical diets. Diets contained either 32, 36 or 40% crude protein. Additionally, a preliminary 8 wk laboratory experiment was conducted in which fish were offered the same diets. All diets were formulated to meet the established dietary lysine requirement; optimal levels of other essential amino acids in the diet were predicted by the whole‐body essential amino acid profile of hybrid striped bass. In the laboratory experiment, weight gain of fish fed 36% crude protein was significantly higher than those fed either other level of dietary protein. After 205 days, final average weight gains of fish in the field experiment were not significantly different and ranged from 233 to 426 g with an overall average daily gain of 1.6 g/fish/d. Overall survival was 89.1%. Dress‐out percentages were 81.2, 69.8, and 34.9% for eviscerated, eviscerated and headed, and fillets, respectively. Those values were not significantly different among dietary treatments or sites. Lipid content of fillets from fish fed 32% dietary crude protein was significantly higher than in fish fed 36 or 40% crude protein.