bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protein and energy requirements for starting and finishing broiler guineafowl (Numida meleagris) in the tropics
Authors: Agwunobi L Nnabenyi , Ekpenyong Thomas E 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to determine the optimum protein and energy levels for starting and finishing guineafowls. Eighty one‐day‐old guinea‐fowl keets were tested in groups of 20 on four starter rations (made up of four protein contents 28, 26, 24, and 22% (w/w) with corresponding energy levels 13.8, 13.4, 13.0, and 12.6MJ kg−1 diet), for a period of 6 weeks and later changed to four finisher rations. The finisher rations were made up of four protein levels (24, 20, 16 and 12% w/w) and four corresponding energy levels (12.6, 12.2, 11.7, 11.3MJ kg−1 diet). These were fed from 7 to 12 weeks.The result of this study indicated that the optimum protein and energy levels for starting guineafowl in the tropics were 22% (w/w) crude protein and 12.6 MJ kg−1 ME diet while that of finishing guineafowl 16% (w/w) crude protein and 11.7MJ kg−1 ME diet.
Changes in the quality parameters of seedling tea due to height and frequency of mechanical harvesting
Authors: Owuor Philip O , Othieno Caleb O , Robinson Janet M , Baker David M 
Published: October 2006

AbstractQuality parameters of black tea change due to the use of a mechanical harvester, varying plucking round lengths and plucking heights. Compared with hand plucking, mechanically harvested teas have inferior quality as measured by volatile flavour compounds, theaflavins and caffeine. Similarly, longer plucking rounds produced inferior teas compared with shorter rounds. Raising mechanical plucking height by 2 cm from the previous plucking height caused less quality deterioration than increasing the height by 1 cm irrespective of plucking rounds.
Analysis of cyanide in cassava using acid hydrolysis of cyanogenic glucosides
Authors: Bradbury J H , Egan S V , Lynch M J 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGuided by the results of NMR experiments on the reactivity of linamarin in alkali and acid, an acid hydrolysis method was developed for cyanide analysis in cassava. Hydrolysis in 2·0 M H2SO4 at 100°C for 50 min of a cassava extract produced cyanohydrins which rapidly decomposed to cyanide ion in alkali. Excess pH 6 buffer was added, followed by chloramine‐T and pyridine/barbituric acid (König reaction) to produce a purple solution which was measured spectrophotometrically at 583 nm. The colour intensity depended on pH and phosphate concentration, hence accurate results required similar solution conditions for KCN standards. The method gave reasonable agreement with results obtained by the use of linamarase, and adequate recoveries of added linamarin (70–95% dependent on conditions). Acid hydrolysis is cheaper than the enzymic method using linamarase, which is expensive. Also the pyridine/barbituric acid reagent used in the acid hydrolysis method is cheaper and more stable than the pyridine/pyrazolone normally used in the enzymic method. Six locally grown cultivars gave <30 mg HCN kg−1 fresh tuber, and one cultivar (SM 1–150) contained only 4 mg HCN kg−1 fresh weight. Analyses of the same cultivar grown more recently gave values of 13–27 mg HCN kg−1, showing the need for a study of the environmental factors influencing the cyanide content of cassava tubers.
Flavonol glycosides in tea—kaempferol and quercetin rhamnodiglucosides
Authors: Finger Andreas , Engelhardt Ulrich H , Wray Victor 
Published: October 2006

AbstractQuercetin and kaempferol rhamnodiglucosides are characteristic compounds of Camellia sinensis. Their structures were determined as quercetin‐and kaempferol‐3‐O‐[β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1 → 3)‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1 → 6)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosides]. Reversed phase HPLC methods for preparative isolation and analytical separation of both compounds were developed. The structural elucidation of the compounds by means of NMR spectroscopy, fast atom bombardment MS and GC‐MS of the sugar moieties is described. Black tea contains 0–0·95 g kg−1 quercetin rhamnodiglucoside and 0·05–1·25 g kg−1 kaempferol rhamnodiglucoside.
Fatty acids, mineral composition ond functional (bread and chapati) properties of high protein and high lysine barley lines
Authors: Anjum Faqir M , Ali A , Chaudhry Niaz M 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSix barley lines derived from corsses involving Hiproly (SV 73608×Mona5) and Riso 1508 with higher yield recipients V 43‐42 and V 5681, along with the four parents, were analyzed for faty acids and mineral composition. Dough properties, bread and chapaties were charcterized by blending barley line (B82503) at 2.5‐25% with bread wheat flour (pak 81).Fatty acid contents were myristic acid, 0.60‐1.16%; palmitic acid, 16.68‐20.84%; stearic acid, 1.30‐3.33% and degree of unsaturation 1.40‐1.50%. The derived lines contained similar amounts of essential fatty acids.Significant variation for magnesium, copper, zinc, phosphorus and potassium was observed but overlapped among the lines and parents. The calciu, iron, and manganese showed non‐significant differences among lines and parents.Blending up to 10% barley flour with bread wheat flour gave farinograph characteristics comparable to those of pure wheat flour, but increasing the proportion of barley beyond this decreased the mix time and dough stability. Breadbaking tests verfied that up to 10% barley could be mixed with wheat without adversely affecting loaf volume and other quality attributes. For chapati making up to 20% barley could be blended into the wheat, yet yield acceptable quality.
Introduction of sulphydryl groups into pea vicilin: Formation of intra‐and inter‐polypeptide disulphide bonds
Authors: Dale Alison S , Elvin Peter , Yarwood Jennifer N , Gatehouse John A 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSite directed mutagenesis was used to introduce two cysteine residues into the hydrophilic regions of the pea vichlin polypeptide previously expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mutated polypeptide was expresed and the resultant protein was characterised by sodium dodecyl sulphatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The presence of both intra‐ and inter‐polypeptide sulphydryl bonds was indicated by bands of different mobility from those of the native polypeptide. The association of mutated vicili polypeptides into disulphide‐bonded aggregates within the yeast was not a random process, trimers being the major aggregate produced. When the mutated vicilin was extracted from yeast and purified, random aggregates of the vicilin polypeptide were formed.
Bacteria in manure and on manured and NPK‐fertilised silage crops
Authors: Östling Charlotta E , Lindgren Sven E 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe numbers of bacteria belonging to Enterobacteriaceae (enterobacteria), lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus‐ and Clostridium spores were enumerated in manure and on manured and NPK‐fertilised silage crops. The enterobacteria were biochemically characterised by means of the Minitek system (BBL). More than 90% of the enterobacteria on crops belonged to the genus Enterobacter. A majority of these (72%) were identified as E agglomerans. Manuring did not increase the number of enterobacteria on silage crops. E coli was the most frequent species in manure but was present at 10−3 times that of the total number of enterobacteria on the crop one week after manuring. The number of Bacillusspores was 20–40 times higher on manured crops and the number did not decline with time, whereas Clostridium spores, coliforms capable of growing at 44°C and E coli were reduced 6, 40 and 20 times respectively between manuring and harvesting (7 weeks).Mechanical harvesting increased the number of Bacillus spores and coliforms capable of growing at 44°C on NPK fertilised crops probably due to soil contamination. Enterobacteria and lactic acid bacteria increased during wilting. The most representative enterobacteria on wilted crops was a specific biovariant, possibly E agglomerans or Rahnella aquatilis.
Phenolic composition of black tea liquors as a means of predicting price and country of origin
Authors: McDowell Ian , Feakes John , Gay Clifton 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSeventy‐seven black teas from seven countries were analysed by HPLC. The relative levels of the 11 most prominent peaks detected at 380 nm were determined. The teas were priced or scored by professional tea tasters. Statistical analysis of the HPLC results, with principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical variate analysis (CVA), highlighted the characteristic differences in phenolic constituent levels which contributed most powerfully to the discrimination between countries. Multiple regression was used to investigate the relationship between price (or score) and phenolic constituent level. Certain phenolic constituents seem to be important in determining quality but further work is recommended to ensure the significance of the observed trends.
Use of esr spectroscopy for the detection of irradiated whiting (Merlangius merlangus)
Authors: Stewart Eileen M , Stevenson M Hilary , Gray Richard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPreviously frozen whiting were thawed overnight and irradiated the following day with doses of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 kGy, with four replicates per treatment. Four unirradiated whiting were used as controls. The fins, scales and vertebrae were removed from each fish and freeze dried prior to determination of the free radical concentration using electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The spectra which were derived from each of the components could be used to qualitatively detect irradiation. The signal strength increased significantly with increasing irradiation dose for both the vertebrae and fins although the response was more significant for the vertebrae. Thus the technique has potential for the quantification of the irradiation dose received. A further 20 defrosted whiting were irradiated at 5 kGy and an additional four served as unirradiated controls. After irradiation, the samples were stored in four groups each containing one control and five irradiated samples and analysed after storage periods of 0, 7, 14 and 21 days at 3±1°C. This simulates normal storage conditions for fresh fish. The signal from irradiated, freeze dried, ground vertebrae did not change significantly as storage time increased.
Physiological role of glucosinolates in brassica napus. Concentration and distribution pattern of glucosinolates among plant organs during a complete life cycle
Authors: Clossais‐Besnard Nelly , Larher Francois 
Published: October 2006

AbstractConcentrations and distribution of glucosinolates in various organs of rape (Brassica napus L) were examined during major stages of development. Fluctuations in the total content as well as in the individual levels of glucosinolates were investigated in double low Drakkar and high glucosinolate Chine 32 cultivars. The distribution pattern of aliphatic and aromatic glucosinolates between the various organs, as well as the variation in the concentrations of individual glucosinolates during plant development were quite similar between the two cultivars. Peculiar stages of accumulation during the vegetative growth period and the seed maturation period were identified. These stages were followed by periods of intense degradation during flowering, germination and early growth stages of seedlings. Fluctuations in the amount and structure of the glucosinolates in each of these periods suggest a storage function for these compounds which are required at specific stages of development. The involvement of some of these compounds in hormonal control of flowering is also discussed.
Development of microorganisms during cold storage of pea and chickpea tempeh and effect of lactobacillus plantarum on storage microflora
Authors: Ashenafi Mogessie , Busse Martin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe psychrotrophic count and pH of unacidified pea tempeh increased during storage at 4°C and the product was not acceptable after 1 week's storage. Acidification of pea during soaking did not markedly improve the keeping quality of the product. Inoculation of cooked pea with Lactobacillus plantarum resulted in a product with better keeping quality. Unacidified and acidified chickpea tempeh did not spoil within 2 weeks' storage. Inoculation with L plantarum resulted in a product which did not spoil within 3 weeks' storage. Micrococcus and Bacillus spp dominated the flora during storage. Bacillus pumilus was the most frequently isolated Bacillus sp, and the most frequently isolated Micrococcus sp was M varians.
Liquid chromatographic determination of free and total sulphites in fresh sausages
Authors: Paíno‐Campa Gonzalo , Peña‐egido Mjesús , García‐Moreno Concepción 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe present work describes a method for the determination of free and total sulphite in fresh sausages and its implementation on 48 samples. The method includes the extraction of sulphite, both free and total, by dissolution of the sample in a suitable solvent and determination by high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The method is that previously reported by Kim and Kim (J Food Sci 51 1986 1360–1361) improved by certain modifications the principal of which consists of working atpH 10 for the extraction of total sulphite. Use of this pH permits reversible dissociation of the combined sulphite. In reproducibility assays carried out on sausages, variation coefficients of 3.3 and 5% were obtained for free and total sulphite, respectively. To evaluate recovery, sulphite was added to the samples as hydroxymethylsulphonate. Mean recovery was 86.4% with a variation coefficient of 3.8%.In 62% of the sausages analysed, amounts of total sulphites higher than 450 μ SO2 g−1 were found. Among the samples, considerable variation was observed in the distribution of sulphite between the free and combined forms.
Micromalting triticale: Optimising processing conditions
Authors: Blanchflower Andrea J , Briggs Dennis E 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSmall‐scale trials were carried out to optimise the conditions for micromalting triticale grain, using three varieties grown in the UK. Compared with barley, triticale grains required short steeping periods with a short air rest. They malted rapidly, and produced malts with high hot water extracts after 4 or 5 days' germination. Applications of gibberellic acid and potassium bromate during malting significantly altered the qualities of malts. Gibberellic acid increased hot water extracts, soluble nitrogen levels and malting losses. When the additives were used in combination, high hot water extracts were obtained and malting losses were reduced relative to controls, but unexpectedly the level of total soluble nitrogen was elevated and did not significantly differ from that obtained using gibberellic acid alone. Both additives usefully reduced wort viscosities, which were unacceptably high by barley malt brewing standards. Wort separation from small‐scale mashes was slow.
Combination of mass spectrometry and site‐specific NMR isotope analyses in the characterisation of amino acids
Authors: Vallet Claude , Arendt Margaretha , Mabon Francoise , Naulet Norbert , Martin GéRard J 
Published: October 2006

AbstractExperimental strategies have been developed which make amino acid probes accessible to the NMR study of site‐specific natural isotope fractionation. A multi‐isotope approach, based on combined mass spectrometry determination of hydrogen‐, carbon‐ and nitrogen‐overall isotope contents and on 2H‐NMR determination of site‐specific hydrogen isotope ratios, shows that relatively wide ranges of variation are exhibited by the isotopic parameters of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, proline and lysine samples from different origins. Moreover, relatively large deviations with respect to a random distribution of deuterium among the molecular sites are quantified and compared. A noticeable enantiomeric imbalance at the methylenic site adjacent to the chiral centre is also detected in natural samples of L ‐glutamic and L ‐aspartic acids in particular. The results are analysed in terms of filiation criteria and technological effects. It is shown in particular that the C3 or C4 metabolic origin of the raw materials utilised in fermentation processes can be recognised. Principal component analyses involving the two mean isotopic variables δ13C and δ15N and the three site‐specific variables (D/H)x (D/H)β and (D/H)γ associated with positions α, β and γ of glutamic acids, for example, are helpful for interpreting the main discriminating factors. This approach provides the basis for new applications to origin recognition of fundamental constituents and metabolites of plant or animal species.
Differences in fatty acid composition of fish faeces as determined by two extraction methods
Authors: Takeuchi Toshio , Ackman Robert G , Lall Santosh P 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChloroform‐methanol, a supposedly efficient solvent system for lipid extraction, was applied to heterogeneous samples, respectively fish diets and fish faeces. Comparisons were made of the compositions of the fatty acids prepared from solvent‐recovered lipids with those obtained by total saponification. These show that solvent extraction, followed by saponification prior to fatty acid methyl ester preparation, gives differences attributable to incomplete extraction. Direct sample saponification in ethanolic alkali is recommended if all fatty acids in the diet are of interest.
Phospholipids of marine origin. The lantern fish (Lampanyctodes hectoris)
Authors: de Koning Adrianus J , Evans Anna Alida 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLantern fish of the species Lampanyctodes hectoris were shown to contain phospholipids (10 g kg−1) and non‐phosphorylated lipids (140 g kg−1). The phospholipid fraction consisted of phosphatidyl choline (47% of total phospholipids), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (42%), phosphatidyl serine (3%), phosphatidyl inositol (1%), sphingomyelin (4%), lyso‐phosphatidyl choline (1%) and cardiolipins (2%).Lantern fish (L hectoris) meals normally contain unacceptably high lipid contents (150 g kg−1 and over); this characteristic was found not to be due to a high phospholipid level in the lantern fish.The major fatty acid of the phospholipids was C22:6n‐3 (25% total fatty acids) followed by C16:0 (18%), C18:ln‐9 (16%) and C20:5n‐3 (8%). This distribution was different from that of the non‐phosphorylated lipids where the major fatty acid was C16:0 (21%) followed by C18:ln‐9 (19%), C20:5n‐3 (11%), C20:l (7%) and C22:6n‐3 (7%). The lantern fish press oil and residual meal lipids had fatty acid distributions similar to those of the non‐phosphorylated lipids.
Production results, serum cholesterol concentration and carcass composition of broiler chickens fed diets based on bran or inner endosperm from oats with and without enzyme supplementation
Authors: Pettersson Dan , Åman Per 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBroiler chickens were fed diets based on bran or inner endosperm from oats (Avena sativa L), given with or without a supplementary fibre‐degrading enzyme, in order to study the effects of the dietary fibre on production results, carcass composition and serum cholesterol concentration. Enzyme supplementation of the oat‐bran‐based diet significantly improved production results and caused an increase in total serum cholesterol concentration and carcass fat whereas carcass crude protein and water content decreased. On enzyme supplementation of the diet based on inner endosperm, a significant although less pronounced improvement in production results was obtained. Chickens fed the inner endosperm diet generally had higher total serum cholesterol concentrations which increased further on enzyme supplementation. Carcass fat content also increased on enzyme supplementation, and at day 27 chickens fed the enzyme‐supplemented diet based on inner endosperm had the highest carcass fat content in comparison with all other diets. The results show that dietary fibre exerts a greater influence on total serum cholesterol concentration than energy or fat intake since chickens fed the enzyme‐supplemented oat‐bran diet had the highest intake of metabolisable energy and fat but still displayed lower total serum cholesterol concentrations than chickens fed the enzyme‐supplemented low fibre diet based on inner endosperm.
Rapid classification by HPLC of plant pigments in fresh tea (camellia sinensis l) leaf
Authors: Taylor Sarah J , McDowell Ian J 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA simple, rapid and reproducible reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using multiwavelength detectors is described for the separation and classification of carotenoids and chlorophylls present in the fresh leaf of tea (Camellia sinensis L). Classification and tentative identification from retention time and spectral data for 28 pigments from the fresh leaf of tea are presented, eight of which are reported here for the first time.
Studies of the distribution and bioavailability of soil zinc fractions
Authors: Banjoko Victor A , McGrath Stephen P 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis investigation was undertaken to study the distribution and availability of Zn in different soil fractions. The proportions of total Zn present in the soils in exchangeable, organically bound, complexed or adsorbed and residual fractions were determined by sequential extraction with CaCl2, H2O2, EDTA and HCl/HNO3, respectively. Most of the total Zn was, on average, present in the EDTA‐Zn (15.5%) and HCl/HNO3‐Zn (78%) forms. The CaCl2‐Zn and H2O2‐Zn fractions averaged 5.0 and 1.5% of the total Zn respectively. Zinc present in exchangeable (CaCl2‐Zn), organically bound (H2O2‐Zn) and complexed (EDTA‐Zn) forms was closely related to the bioavailability of Zn to maize plants grown on these soils. The residual Zn (HCl/HNO3‐Zn) was not readily available.
New source of α‐eleostearic acid: Ricinocarpus bowmanii and Ricinocarpus tuberculatus seed oils
Authors: Rao K Sundar , Kaluwin C , Jones G P , Rivett D E , Tucker D J 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSeed oils of Ricinocarpus bowmanii F Muell and Ricinocarpus tuberculatus Muell Arg (Euphorbiaceae) were found to contain 60.9 and 46.8% of a‐eleostearic acid (cis‐9, trans‐1 1, trans‐13‐octadecatrienoic acid). a‐Eleostearic acid was identijied and estimated by using a combination of spectroscopic and chromatographic analyses.
Differential response of ducks and chicks to dietary sorghum tannins
Authors: Elkin Robert G , Rogler John C , Sullivan Thomas W 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWhite Pekin ducklings were reared in floor pens and given access to nipple‐type waterers in order to eliminate a feeding behaviour previously observed in battery brooder‐raised ducks in which sorghum tannins were possibly detoxicated by exposure of the ground grain to water. High‐tannin sorghum (HTS)—soya bean meal and low‐tannin sorghum (LTS)—soya bean meal diets, suboptimal in protein, with or without supplemental methionine, and either in dry mash or pellet form, were fed to both day‐old ducks and chicks for either 14 or 17 days, respectively. The chicks were reared in battery brooders. In contrast to previous findings with ducks raised in battery brooders, HTS‐fed ducks reared in floor pens exhibited reduced weight gain and feed efficiency values compared with LTS‐fed ducks. However, the magnitude of the growth depression caused by feeding ducks HTS versus LTS was much less than that observed in chicks fed the identical diets (17 versus 33%, respectively). Methionine supplementation of the HTS diets completely overcame the reduced weight gain in ducks, but feed efficiency values were still significantly poorer than those of ducks fed methionine‐supplemented LTS diets. In contrast, although HTS‐fed chicks responded to dietary methionine supplementation, they still exhibited poorer weight gain and feed eficiency values compared with birds fed LTS diets similarly supplemneted. Increasing the dietary level of supplemental methionine did not result in any further improvement in performance of chicks fed either LTS‐ or HTS‐based diets. It was concluded that, compared with chicken, ducks are less affected by dietary sorghum tannins.