bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonspeech Oral Motor Treatment Issues Related to Children With Developmental Speech Sound Disorders
Authors: Ruscello Dennis M. 
Published: July 2008

PurposeThis article examines nonspeech oral motor treatments (NSOMTs) in the population of clients with developmental speech sound disorders. NSOMTs are a collection of nonspeech methods and procedures that claim to influence tongue, lip, and jaw resting postures; increase strength; improve muscle tone; facilitate range of motion; and develop muscle control. In the case of developmental speech sound disorders, NSOMTs are employed before or simultaneous with actual speech production treatment.MethodFirst, NSOMTs are defined for the reader, and there is a discussion of NSOMTs under the categories of active muscle exercise, passive muscle exercise, and sensory stimulation. Second, different theories underlying NSOMTs along with the implications of the theories are discussed. Finally, a review of pertinent investigations is presented.ResultsThe application of NSOMTs is questionable due to a number of reservations that include (a) the implied cause of developmental speech sound disorders, (b) neurophysiologic differences between the limbs and oral musculature, (c) the development of new theories of movement and movement control, and (d) the paucity of research literature concerning NSOMTs.Clinical ImplicationThere is no substantive evidence to support NSOMTs as interventions for children with developmental speech sound disorders.
Lahemaa: The Paradox of the USSR's First National Park*
Authors: Smurr Robert W. 
Published: June 2008

[A] place belongs forever to whoever claims it the hardest, remembers it most obsessively, wrenches it from itself, shapes it, renders it, loves it so radically that he remakes it in his own image.Joan Didion, TheWhite AlbumThe residents of Lahemaa have evolved into Lahemaa folk, who look upon the park with the eyes of a caretaker, who preserve and protect it … [they] have developed a keen interest in looking after their home and environment.Ilmar Epner, “15 aastat Lahemaa Rahvusparkii”
The optimized interpolation of fish positions and speeds in an array of fixed acoustic receivers
Authors: Hedger Richard D. , Martin François , Dodson Julian J. , Hatin Daniel , Caron François , Whoriskey Fred G. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Hedger, R. D., Martin, F., Dodson, J, J., Hatin, D., Caron, F., and Whoriskey, F. G. 2008. The optimized interpolation of fish positions and speeds in an array of fixed acoustic receivers. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1248–1259. The principal method for interpolating the positions and speeds of tagged fish within an array of fixed acoustic receivers is the weighted-mean method, which uses a box-kernel estimator, one of the simplest smoothing options available. This study aimed to determine the relative error of alternative, non-parametric regression methods for estimating these parameters. It was achieved by predicting the positions and speeds of three paths made through a dense array of fixed acoustic receivers within a coastal embayment (Gaspé Bay, Québec, Canada) by a boat with a GPS trailing an ultrasonic transmitter. Transmitter positions and speeds were estimated from the receiver data using kernel estimators, with box and normal kernels and the kernel size determined arbitrarily, and by several non-parametric methods, i.e. a kernel estimator, a smoothing spline, and local polynomial regression, with the kernel size or smoothing span determined by cross-validation. Prediction error of the kernel estimator was highly dependent upon kernel size, and a normal kernel produced less error than the box kernel. Of the methods using cross-validation, local polynomial regression produced least error, suggesting it as the optimal method for interpolation. Prediction error was also strongly dependent on array density. The local polynomial regression method was used to determine the movement patterns of a sample of tagged Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolt and kelt, and American eel (Anguilla rostrata). Analysis of the estimates from local polynomial regression suggested that this was a suitable method for monitoring patterns of fish movement.
Perceptions of a mental health questionnaire: the ethics of using population-based controls
Authors: Surkan P J , Steineck G , Kreicbergs U 
Published: June 2008

Mental health surveys are used extensively in epidemiological research worldwide. The ethical questions that arise regarding their risk of causing psychological distress or other potential harm have not been studied in the general population. We have investigated how study participants serving as controls in a population-based study perceived an anonymous postal questionnaire focusing on mental health and wellbeing. Parents were contacted from the Swedish Census Bureau as part of a larger follow-up study on palliative care conducted in 2001. Eligible parents had a child of the same gender, year of birth and were from the same counties in Sweden as parents who had lost a child to cancer.Five percent reported being negatively affected. The principle negative effect on participants was that self-reflection reminded them of their difficulties. Of the 418 respondents, 52% reported that they were positively affected by study participation and 95% perceived the inquiry as valuable. These findings support the use of population-based controls in future research.
Overexpression of eNOS prevents the development of renovascular hypertension in mice
Authors: Gava Agata L. , Peotta Veronica A. , Cabral Antonio M. , Vasquez Elisardo C. , Meyrelles Silvana S. 
Published: July 2008

Gene therapy has become an important tool for understanding several cardiovascular diseases. In the present study we investigated the effects of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) overexpression on renovascular hypertension. Experiments were carried out in C57BL/6 mice randomly assigned to either a two-kidney one-clip (2K1C) hypertension group or a sham-operated group. At the same time surgery was carried out, both 2K1C and sham mice received an intravenous injection of recombinant adenovirus expressing the functional gene eNOS or the reporter gene β-galactosidase (β-gal). Fourteen days later, arterial pressure, baroreflex sensitivity, and cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic tone were evaluated in conscious mice. Measurement of mean arterial pressure showed arterial hypertension in 2K1C-βgal mice compared with sham-βgal mice (121 ± 3 vs. 96 ± 2 mm Hg, p < 0.01), which was prevented by eNOS overexpression (2K1C-eNOS 100 ± 4 vs. sham-eNOS 99 ± 3 mm Hg). Linear regression analysis of the reflex tachycardia response to sodium nitroprusside-induced hypotension showed that baroreflex sensitivity was significantly attenuated in 2K1C-βgal mice (5.8 ± 0.5 vs. sham-βgal 8.0 ± 0.8 beats·min–1·mm Hg–1, p < 0.05), but this decrease was not prevented by eNOS overexpression (2K1C-eNOS 7.2 ± 0.5 vs. sham-eNOS 8.8 ± 0.7 beats·min–1·mm Hg–1, p < 0.05). The cardiac sympathetic tone was augmented and the vagal tone was reduced in 2K1C-βgal (152 ± 17 and 45 ± 12 beats·min–1, respectively) compared with sham-βgal mice (112 ± 6 and 89 ± 7 beats·min–1, respectively), and similar results were observed in 2K1C-eNOS mice compared with sham-eNOS. The data indicate that eNOS overexpression was able to prevent the development of 2K1C renovascular hypertension in mice, without affecting other characteristic cardiovascular dysfunctions.
Inhibitory effects of astragaloside IV on ovalbumin-induced chronic experimental asthma
Authors: Du Qiang , Chen Zhen , Zhou Lin-fu , Zhang Qian , Huang Mao , Yin Kai-sheng 
Published: July 2008

Astragaloside IV, a new cycloartane-type triterpene glycoside extract of Astragalus membranaceus Bunge, has been identified for its potent immunoregulatory, antiinflammatory, and antifibrotic actions. Here we investigated whether astragaloside IV could suppress the progression of airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and airway remodeling in a murine model of chronic asthma. BALB/c mice sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) were chronically challenged with aerosolized OVA for 8 weeks. Astragaloside IV was orally administered at a dose of 50 mg·kg–1·day–1 during each OVA challenge. Astragaloside IV treatment resulted in significant reduction of eosinophilic airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and total immunoglobulin E levels in serum. Furthermore, astragaloside IV treatment markedly inhibited airway remodeling, including subepithelial fibrosis, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and goblet cell hyperplasia. In addition, the expression of transforming growth factor-β1 in the lung was also reduced by astragaloside IV. These data indicate that astragaloside IV may mitigate the development of characteristic features in chronic experimental asthma.
WEAKENED CONDITIONS OF ADMISSIBILITY OF SURFACE FORCES APPLIED TO LINEARLY ELASTIC MEMBRANE SHELLS
Authors: LUCE ROBERT , POUTOUS CÉCILE , THOMAS JEAN-MARIE 
Published: July 2008

We consider a family of linearly elastic shells of the first kind (as defined in [2]), also known as non inhibited pure bending shells [7]. This family is indexed by the half-thickness ε. When ε approaches zero, the averages across the thickness of the shell of the covariant components of the displacement of the points of the shell converge strongly towards the solution of a "2D generalized membrane shell problem" provided the applied forces satisfy admissibility conditions [1,3]. The identification of the admissible applied forces usually requires delicate analysis. In the first part of this paper, we simplify the general admissibility conditions when applied forces h are surface forces only, and obtain conditions that no longer depend on ε [5]: find hαβ = hαβ in L2(ω) such that for all η = (ηi) in V(ω), ∫ω hi ηi dω = ∫ω hαβγαβ(η)dω where ω is a domain of ℝ2, θ is in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is the middle surface of the shells, where (γαβ (η)) is the linearized strain tensor of S and V(ω) = {η ∈ H1(ω), η = 0 on γ0}, the shells being clamped along Γ0 = θ(γ0). In the second part, since the simplified admissibility formulation does not allow to conclude directly to the existence of hαβ, we seek sufficient conditions on h for hαβ to exist in L2(ω). In order to get them, we impose more regularity to hαβ and boundary conditions. Under these assumptions, we can obtain from the weak formulation a system of PDE's with hαβ as unknowns. The existence of solutions depends both on the geometry of the shell and on the choice of h. We carry through the study of four representative geometries of shells and identify in each case a special admissibility functional space for h.
Developing and debugging algebraic specifications for Java classes
Authors: Henkel Johannes , Reichenbach Christoph , Diwan Amer 
Published: July 2008

Modern programs make extensive use of reusable software libraries. For example, a study of a number of large Java applications shows that between 17% and 30% of the classes in those applications use container classes defined in the java.util package. Given this extensive code reuse in Java programs, it is important for the interfaces of reusable classes to be well documented. An interface is well documented if it satisfies the following requirements: (1) the documentation completely describes how to use the interface; (2) the documentation is clear; (3) the documentation is unambiguous; and (4) any deviation between the documentation and the code is machine detectable. Unfortunately, documentation in natural language, which is the norm, does not satisfy the above requirements. Formal specifications can satisfy them but they are difficult to develop, requiring significant effort on the part of programmers.
To address the practical difficulties with formal specifications, we describe and evaluate a tool to help programmers write and debug algebraic specifications. Given an algebraic specification of a class, our interpreter generates a prototype that can be used within an application like a regular Java class. When running an application that uses the prototype, the interpreter prints error messages that tell the developer in which way the specification is incomplete or inconsistent with a hand-coded implementation of the class. We use case studies to demonstrate the usefulness of our system.
Epidemic live streaming
Authors: Bonald Thomas , Massoulié Laurent , Mathieu Fabien , Perino Diego , Twigg Andrew 
Published: July 2008

Several peer-to-peer systems for live streaming have been recently deployed (e.g. CoolStreaming, PPLive, SopCast). These all rely on distributed, epidemic-style dissemination mechanisms. Despite their popularity, the fundamental performance trade-offs of such mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this paper we propose several results that contribute to the understanding of such trade-offs.
Specifically, we prove that the so-called random peer, latest useful chunk mechanism can achieve dissemination at an optimal rate and within an optimal delay, up to an additive constant term. This qualitative result suggests that epidemic live streaming algorithms can achieve near-unbeatable rates and delays. Using mean-field approximations, we also derive recursive formulas for the diffusion function of two schemes referred to as latest blind chunk, random peer and latest blind chunk, random useful peer.
Finally, we provide simulation results that validate the above theoretical results and allow us to compare the performance of various practically interesting diffusion schemes terms of delay, rate, and control overhead. In particular, we identify several peer/chunk selection algorithms that achieve near-optimal performance trade-offs. Moreover, we show that the control overhead needed to implement these algorithms may be reduced by restricting the neighborhood of each peer without substantial performance degradation.
Noncooperative power control and transmission scheduling in wireless collision channels
Authors: Menache Ishai , Shimkin Nahum 
Published: July 2008

We consider a wireless collision channel, shared by a finite number of mobile users who transmit to a common base station using a random access protocol. Mobiles are self-optimizing, and wish to minimize their individual average power investment subject to minimum-throughput demand. The channel state between each mobile and the base station is stochastically time-varying and is observed by the mobile prior to transmission. Given the current channel state, a mobile may decide whether to transmit or not, and to determine the transmission power in case of transmission. In this paper, we investigate the properties of the Nash equilibrium of the resulting game in multiuser networks.
We characterize the best-response strategy of the mobile and show that it leads to a "water-filling"-like power allocation. Our equilibrium analysis then reveals that one of the possible equilibria is uniformly best for all mobiles. Furthermore, this equilibrium can be reached by a simple distributed mechanism that does not require specific information on other mobiles' actions. We then explore some additional characteristics of the distributed power control framework. Braess-like paradoxes are reported, where the use of multiple power levels can diminish system capacity and also lead to larger per-user power consumption, compared to the case where a single level only is permitted.
Traffic capacity of multi-cell WLANS
Authors: Bonald Thomas , Ibrahim Ali , Roberts James 
Published: July 2008

Performance of WLANs has been extensively studied during the past few years. While the focus has mostly been on isolated cells, the coverage of WLANs is in practice most often realised through several cells. Cells using the same frequency channel typically interact through the exclusion region enforced by the RTS/CTS mechanism prior to the transmission of any packet.
In this paper, we investigate the impact of this interaction on the overall network capacity under realistic dynamic traffic conditions. Specifically, we represent each cell as a queue and derive the stability condition of the corresponding coupled queuing system. This condition is then used to calculate the network capacity. To gain insight into the particular nature of interference in multi-cell WLANs, we apply our model to a number of simple network topologies and explicitly derive the capacity in several cases. The results notably show that the capacity gain obtained by using M frequency channels can grow significantly faster than M, the rate one might intuitively expect. In addition to stability results, we present an approximate model to derive the impact of network load on the mean transfer rate seen by the users.
Rechtsgeschichtliches Zur Hinrichtung Des Zebedäiden Jakobus (APGxii,2)
Authors: Blinzler Josef 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDie Apostelgeschichte berichtet von der Hinrichtung des Zebedäiden Jakobus nur in einer auffallend knappen Notiz (xii 2) 1). Auch die Kommentare pflegen darüber nicht viel Worte zu verlieren. Und doch gibt der Text dem rechtsgeschichtlich interessierten Leser zu einigen Überlegungen Anlaß.
Classification of Cyclone Tracks over the Apennines and the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Horvath Kristian , Lin Yuh-Lang , Ivančan-Picek Branka 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Cyclones that appear in the Adriatic Sea basin strongly influence the climate and weather conditions in the area. In particular, apart from the usually mild climate, cyclone activity in the Adriatic and the central Mediterranean Sea provide both the main hydrological forcing and the trigger mechanisms for a range of extreme weather phenomena. Therefore, a basic understanding of the cyclogenesis over the Adriatic Sea is essential. In particular, the classification of different types of cyclogenesis in the area is fundamental because it will help the understanding and prediction of the relevant weather phenomena. In this study, based on the analysis of the 4-yr (2002–05) operational European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts T511 dataset, various types of cyclone tracks are classified and the mesocyclogenesis areas in the vicinity of the Adriatic Basin are isolated. This analysis indicates that the following four types of cyclogenesis over the Adriatic Sea can be identified: 1) type A: cyclones connected with preexisting Genoa cyclones [with two subcategories, (A-I) continuous track: Genoa cyclones crossing over the Apennines to the Adriatic Sea, and (A-II) discontinuous track: new surface cyclones generated over the Adriatic Sea under the influence of a parent cyclone generated in the Gulf of Genoa (Genoa cyclones) and moving toward the Adriatic but blocked by the Apennines]; 2) type B: cyclones developed in situ over the Adriatic Sea without any connections with other preexisting cyclones in the surrounding area; 3) type AB: mixed types A and B cyclones, including cases where two cyclones coexist and stride over the Apennines (twin or eyeglass cyclones); and 4) type C: cyclones moving from the Mediterranean Sea, but not from the Gulf of Genoa (non-Genoa cyclones) [with 2 subcategories: (C-I) continuous track: a non-Genoa cyclone is able to cross over the Apennines to the Adriatic Sea continuously, and (C-II) discontinuous track: a non-Genoa cyclone is blocked by the Apennines and a new surface cyclone is generated over the Adriatic Sea]. The relevant dynamics of the above types of cyclones are discussed along with characteristics of the cyclones and their synoptic situations at the lower and upper troposphere.
Comparison of WRF Model-Simulated and MODIS-Derived Cloud Data
Authors: Otkin Jason A. , Greenwald Thomas J. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
In this study, the ability of different combinations of bulk cloud microphysics and planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterization schemes implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model to realistically simulate the wide variety of cloud types associated with an extratropical cyclone is examined. An ensemble of high-resolution model simulations was constructed for this case using four microphysics and two PBL schemes characterized by different levels of complexity. Simulated cloud properties, including cloud optical thickness, cloud water path, cloud-top pressure, and radiative cloud phase, were subsequently compared to cloud data from three Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) overpasses across different portions of the domain. A detailed comparison of the simulated datasets revealed that the PBL and cloud microphysics schemes both exerted a strong influence on the spatial distribution and physical properties of the simulated cloud fields. In particular, the low-level cloud properties were found to be very sensitive to the PBL scheme while the upper-level clouds were sensitive to both the microphysics and PBL schemes. Overall, the simulated cloud properties were broadly similar to the MODIS observations, with the most realistic cloud fields produced by the more sophisticated parameterization schemes.
Response of a Subtropical Stratocumulus-Capped Mixed Layer to Climate and Aerosol Changes
Authors: Caldwell Peter , Bretherton Christopher S. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
In this paper, an idealized framework based on a cloud-topped mixed layer model is developed for investigating feedbacks between subtropical stratocumulus (Sc) and global warming. The two principal control parameters are Sc-region sea surface temperature (SST) and intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) SST (which controls the temperature and mean subsidence profiles above the Sc). The direct effect of CO2 doubling (leaving all other parameters fixed) is tested and found to somewhat reduce liquid water path; discussion of this effect on the SST-change simulations is included. The presence of a cold boundary layer is found to significantly affect the temperature and subsidence rate just above cloud top by enhancing lower-tropospheric diabatic cooling in this region. A simple representation of this effect (easily generalizable to a more realistic boundary layer model) is developed.
Steady-state solutions are analyzed as a function of local and ITCZ SST. Two climate change scenarios are considered. The first scenario is an equal increase of local and ITCZ SSTs. In this case, predicted boundary layer depth and cloud thickness increase. This is found in a simplified context to result from subsidence and entrainment decreases due to increased static stability in a warmer climate. In the second case, local SST change is diagnosed from a surface energy balance under the assumption that ocean heat transport remains unchanged. In this case, predicted boundary layer depth decreases. Cloud continues to thicken with rising ITCZ SST, but at a rate much reduced in comparison to the equal-warming scenario. This cloud shading feedback keeps SST in the Sc region nearly constant as the ITCZ SST increases.
Model sensitivity to aerosol indirect effects is also considered by varying the assumed droplet concentration. The resulting change in liquid water path is small, suggesting a weaker dependence on second indirect effect than found in previous studies.