bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cervical bruit: Sound spectral analysis related to severity of carotid arterial disease
Authors: Tavel Morton E. , Bates John R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCervical bruits may signal the presence of high‐grade narrowing of arterial supply to the brain. Previous small studies have suggested that severe arterial stenosis may produce bruits that persist longer and contain a greater proportion of higher‐frequency sound spectral components. This study included 96 patients referred for duplex/Doppler testing after cervical bruits had been detected. With the use of a stethoscope equipped with wireless communication to an ordinary handheld computer, we recorded these bruits, analyzed peak sound frequencies and the durations of sound persistence > 200 Hz, and correlated them with Doppler velocities. Overall, the durations and peak frequencies within the bruits correlated significantly with the peak Doppler derived velocities, that is, severity of arterial obstruction. In the presence of high‐grade arterial stenosis (peak Doppler velocity > 200 cm/s), bruits regularly possessed either high peak frequencies or prolonged signal durations with a sensitivity approaching 90%. Bruits containing lower and nonsustained peak frequencies were uncommonly associated with severe arterial obstruction. Only well‐transmitted bruits with frequencies reaching 200 Hz could be analyzed satisfactorily. In conclusion, we confirm earlier observations that peak frequencies and duration of arterial bruits correlate significantly with severity of underlying arterial obstruction. Equipment used is inexpensive, convenient, and portable. This method provides an objective means for confirming and quantifying subjective auditory impressions of bruits gained at the bedside. It can provide assistance in selecting patients for further testing and as a means for serial follow‐up of individuals with known disease.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of chinese patients with cholesterol crystal embolism after coronary intervention
Authors: Meng Lei , Huo Yong , Ho Wa , Liu Zhao‐Ping 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground: Cholesterol crystal embolism (CCE) is a complication of atherosclerosis. Vascular surgery, vascular angiography, and anticoagulation have been identified as inciting factors.Hypothesis: This paper sought to analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with CCE after percutaneous coronary intervention.Methods: Six patients with atherosclerosis presenting with simultaneous occurrence of acute renal failure and peripheral ischemic changes were diagnosed with CCE and their clinical data were analyzed.Results: The average age of the patients was 72 years. Most had risk factors of atherosclerosis such as hypertension, diabetes, and smoking. The levels of serum creatinine increased progressively after coronary angiography. All patients had concomitant skin lesions, including blue toes. Cholesterol crystal emboli were found in arterioles by cutaneous biopsy in one patient. All patients received statins and two of these received dialysis therapy. Three patients died and three remained in chronic renal failure.Conclusion: Since CCE is a severe complication of coronary intervention, special attention should be paid to this disease.
p63 expression as a new prognostic marker in Merkel cell carcinoma
Authors: Asioli Sofia , Righi Alberto , Volante Marco , Eusebi Vincenzo , Bussolati Gianni 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine skin tumor, mostly affecting elderly individuals. The histogenesis of this rare tumor as well as its prognostic criteria are a matter of dispute.METHODS.An immunohistochemical analysis of markers of proliferation (Ki‐67/MIB‐1), neuroendocrine differentiation (chromogranin A and synaptophysin), and basal cell differentiation (p63) was performed in a series of 47 cases of MCC. The significance of pathologic data and of immunoreactivity with different markers was evaluated using the chi‐square test. Survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan‐Meyer method. The survival difference was estimated using the Wilcoxon or Mantel‐Cox test.RESULTS.Immunohistochemical evidence of neuroendocrine differentiation and immunopositivity for cytokeratin 20 were observed in all cases, whereas positivity for p63 was detected in approximately half of the cases (25 of 47 cases; 53.2%). Cases that were positive for p63 demonstrated a more aggressive clinical course than those that were negative (Z value of 2.93;P= .0003; hazards ratio of 22.22).CONCLUSIONS.Data from the current study indicate that p63 expression is associated with a worse prognosis in patients with MCC and represents a new independent marker of clinical evolution. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
A study of the volatile organic compounds exhaled by lung cancer cells in vitro for breath diagnosis
Authors: Chen Xing , Xu Fengjuan , Wang Yue , Pan Yuefeng , Lu Deji , Wang Ping , Ying Kejing , Chen Enguo , Zhang Weimin 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.The specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) exhaled by lung cancer cells in the microenvironment are the source biomarkers of lung cancer and also serve as direct evidence that the diagnosis of lung cancer by breath is possible. However, to the authors' knowledge, few articles published to date have provided accurate VOCs in the microenvironment, thereby leading to different points of view with regard to searching for biomarkers in the breath from lung cancer patients In this article, an innovative pathologic analysis method of lung cancer and the early diagnosis of lung cancer at the cellular level were introduced for this purpose.METHODS.Solid‐phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography is used as the detection system to determine the VOCs in the culture medium of several target cells, including different kinds of lung cancer cells, bronchial epithelial cells, tastebud cells, osteogenic cells, and lipocytes. As a result, each kind of cells has a unique chromatogram. There are 4 special VOCs that were found to exist in all culture mediums of lung cancer cells, which are the metabolic products of lung cancer cells and can be viewed as markers of lung cancer.RESULTS.The authors were able to determine a correlation between VOCs in the metabolic products of lung cancer cells and VOCs in the breath of lung cancer patients, some of whom had stage I and II disease, and eventually hope to certify the biomarkers in the breath of lung cancer patients.CONCLUSIONS.This research is significant and provides the basis for the noninvasive detection and the breath diagnosis of lung cancer using an electronic nose. Cancer 2007; 110:835–44. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Color Changes of Dyeings in Spectrophotometers Using Heterochromatic Illumination
Authors: Hoffmann Konrad 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn Spectrophotometers using heterochromatic illumination (so‐called reversed optics), total spectral radiance factor curves of textile dyeings showed marked changes on repeated measurements, approaching equilibrium after 15–20 min. For reactive dyes on cotton, color differences as large as 5 Adams‐Nickerson (AN) units were observed between the first and last measurements; for disperse dyes on polyester, the differences were below 2 AN units. They result from evaporation of water from the substrate— hence, “hygrochromism” —and place a principal limit on measurement accuracy of hygroscopic fabrics when using polychromatic illumination.
Color Popularity in Automotive Finishes
Authors: Hall Jon 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn the automotive industry, decisions must be made years in advance of a car's actual appearance on the road. While many figures are kept on current and past sales, they can only reflect general trends and not specific colors. This article does not ignore the presence of sales figures. It presents an alternative view of color popularity that is future seeking rather than statistically tied. Popularity is seen as a potential rather than a recorded fact, and this outlook is the basis for projecting programs for the future. There are no figures which accurately reflect which colors were handled with good taste in the total design of an automobile. This article does not cover all of the complex ramifications of automotive color, but does suggest through several examples the kind of thinking that goes into developing a palette of colors offered for use in a future production year. Above all, styling is not just a process of adding up the figures andfunneling out the future.
Measurement of Luminance Factor
Authors: Saunders S. B. , Grum F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLuminance factor of a diffusing material is defined as the ratio of the luminance of the surface of the material to that of a perfect (Lambertian) diffuser under specified conditions of illuminance and angle of view. Measurement of this quantity has always been rather difficult, involving visual photometric measurements at widely different levels of illuminance. A physical method of measuring luminance factor is described which has given more repeatable results and better interlaboratory agreement than the former visual method.
Comparison of Colorant‐Formulation Methods
Authors: Minato Sachie 
Published: June 2007

AbstractVarious colorant‐formulation methods were compared by their probabilities for accuracy of color prediction after pseudo‐generalizing their previously developed piecemeal forms to a constant form by two methods: one is the reference‐color method by which the scattering coefficient of a colored material can be estimated; the other is the colorani‐mixture‐equation which determines a linear relationship of the optical property given by a color‐recipe equation between colorants to be used in a matching mixture. A result from the comparison of the methods is that one form of the Love‐Oglesby‐Gailey equation, (K/S) = (0.9 ‐ R)2/R, has considerable usefulness for computer‐color‐matching (CCM).
1976 Remeasurement of NBS Spectrophotometer‐Integrator Filters
Authors: Eckerle K. L. , Venable W. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSets of five colored‐glass filters, identified as Standard Reference Materials 2101 through 2105 and intended for checking the performance of spectrophotometer‐integrator systems, have been issued by NBS for many years. Highaccuracy transmittance measurements were performed on a set of the colored filters designated Master Set No. 3 by using a reference spectrophotometer constructed at NBS. A comparison of the new values with the original data obtained in 1962 for Master Set No. 3 shows agreement to within the experimental uncertainties of the 1962 measurements.
A study in black: The cielab and cieluv L* function for very low values of Y
Authors: Stenius Åke S:son 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFour approximations to the CIELAB and CIELUV metric lightness function L* for values of Y < 1% have been examined. It is shown that the requirement of equality in both value and first derivative at the point of transfer results in considerably poorer fit to the Munsell Renotation Value function than approximations that do not demand continuity at the point of transfer.
Comparison of chromatic‐adaptation transforms
Authors: Bartleson C. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEight methods of chromatic‐adaptation transformation have been compared as part of a CIE activity. Variability among the methods is about ten times as great as that for color matching in terms of radii of ellipses. There appear to be two general classes of prediction. One class agrees in whole or in part with the von Kries coefficient rule. The other does not. CIE TC 1.3 Subcommittee 2 on Chromatic Adaptation, is anxious to determine which of the two classes of prediction best represents practical observations of the influence of chromatic adaptation on color appearances.
The effect of toner surface structure on color gamut
Authors: Ruckdeschel F. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn analytical model is presented which describes the overall absorption properties of layers of fused toners having thickness variations. The model deals explicitly with collimated‐ and diffuse‐light transmission conditions and the results are applied to transparencies and opaque copy. Significant losses in maximum optical density and color gamut are shown to occur under practical conditions. The color‐gamut loss can be partially regained with significant increases in toner mass per unit area. The conclusion is that a laminar toner/paper structure offers significant color‐gamut and materials‐consumption advantages.
The spectro sensor—A new generation spectrophotometer
Authors: Stanziola Ralph , Momiroff Boris , Hemmendinger Henry 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA system is described which consolidates into a single unit the facilities required for color measurement, for spectrophotometric and colorimetric computations, and for formulation predictions and adjustments. This system represents a new generation of instrumentation, in which the design of the optical, mechanical, and electronic components is completely integrated with the data‐handling facilities which are required for the efficient application of colorimetry to industrial processes. It utilizes an integrating sphere with simulated daylight illumination, a wavelength‐selecting disk consisting of a continuously variable interference filter, and silicon photodetectors, On‐line data processing is executed by a high‐speed digital computer.
Judd's contributions to color metrics and evaluation of color differences
Authors: Macadam David L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe contributions of Dr. Deane Brewster Judd to colorimetry extended over five decades. Among the most crucial contributions to the development of modern colorimetry were his studies of colorimetric purity, relations among color‐mixture and luminosity data, visual sensibility to color differences, uniform chromaticity diagrams, Munsell notation and renotation, color names, color blindness and anomalies, color‐vision theory, and uniform color scales.
Color Metrics: Facts and Formulae
Authors: Friele L. F. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe backgrounds of the FCM metric, which was presented at Color 77, are discussed. Analysis of color‐discrimination data [threshold as well as color‐difference scaling data] and interpretation in terms of present conceptions on zonal processing of primary stimulations leads to principles that have to be respected by any metric. The FCM metric is a mathematical approximation of these principles. This metric presents a color‐order system in L a b rectangular coordinates, which links up with the Munsell System. However, it is not a uniform color space. Difference scaling is handled by the FCM color‐difference metric. The CIELAB formula is in serious conflict with several of the principles developed.
Analysis of colour‐scaling data
Authors: Troscianko T. S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThere is a need for standardization of the mathematical treatment applied to data generated by magnitude estimation techniques in colour scaling, in which hue, saturation [colourjulness]. and absolute or relative brightness are scaled by observers. An aspect of data analysis which has not been considered adequately is the method employed in averaging scaled data points in hue‐saturation space. This article suggests a possible approach: averaging on the assumption of global cylindrical polar coordinates describing hue and saturation, with rectangular Cartesian coordinates assumed for each individual cluster of points to be averaged. The method described here generates concentration ellipses which can be used to give discrimination data in any direction. The question of interobserver normalization is also addressed, as well as that of accuracy limitations of the proposed method.
Matrix Partitioning Applied to Colorant Formulation with Four or More Dyes
Authors: Holdaway H. W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlgorithms for formulating colorant combinations of more than three dyes are based on a process of conditioned‐least‐squares minimization. Using a technique of matrix partitioning, rather than the classical procedure which uses undetermined Lagrangian multipliers, it is possible to reduce the problem to a lower‐order one of unconstrained minimization followed by matrix substitution. The system also yields a correction matrix which may be employed to improve the metameric match of a trial dyeing by adjusting the first three dyes of the set. The algorithms have been incorporated into a colour‐matching program using a PDP11‐VO3 minicomputer. Included in a number of subroutines for matrix manipulation is one called GINV, which produces a generalized inverse with features designed to achieve best possible accuracy. It is demonstrated that the generalized inverse provides versatility without requiring elaborate modifications of programming, since the generalized inverse may be directly applied to solving least‐squares problems. This feature may be useful when setting up the initial recipe approximation for more than three dyes, and it can yield directly the best approximation to a tristimulus match where the colour to be matched calls for two dyes or a single dye.
Brightness and Luminance of Light‐Emitting Diodes: Influence of Size and Defocus
Authors: Ronchi Lucia Rositani , Macii R. , Stefanacci S. R. , Bassan M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWhen a narrow‐band source is compared to a white source, through a simultaneous brightness match, the equibrightness condition does not necessarily imply that the luminances of the two sources coincide. This known fact is now checked by using as sources red and green light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), compared to CIE source A. In addition, we check some predictions concerning the influence of saturation, wavelength dependence, and small‐field effects. Some problems related to eye‐lens accommodation are attacked by taking into account the chromatic aberration of the eye and the unpredictable role of psychological factors in determining the wavelength focused on the retina. Their influence on the brightness‐luminance ratio is quantified.
Guide to Educational Opportunities, Publications, and Associations Dealing with Color and Appearance Technology
Authors: Stanziola Ralph 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe following listings are intended to be a guide to courses, seminars, associations, publications, and reference materials pertaining to color and appearance technology. Specific information regarding dates, places, fees, and costs can be obtained by contacting directly the sources listed. While every effort has been made to make the information contained here accurate and complete, the MCCA assumes no responsibility for errors. A future update of this guide is intended, and we invite readers to forward any corrections, additions, changes, etc., to the MCCA offices.
NCS—Natural Color System: A Swedish Standard for Color Notation
Authors: Hård Anders , Sivik Lars 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Natural Color System (NCS) is a psychometric model for color description and also a practical application of Hering's opponent‐color theory. The need for different color‐measurement systems in industry, architecture, design, and research is discussed, together with the importance of having in common a valid language by which all those who work with colors can describe the perceptions of color and color combinations. The origin of the NCS is described with its underlying phenomenological philosophy—color is what we see. NCS is a symbol language which provides various possibilities for describing colors and relationships between them, both by graphical illustrations and by letter–digit notations. Finally, some principles of the Swedish Standards Institution Color Atlas NCS are mentioned; this collection of color samples provides a physical representation of the psychometric of the NCS system for color notation and is now published as a Swedish Standard.
A New Look at the Calculation of Tristimulus Values
Authors: Stearns E. I. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe method of calculating tristimulus values currently recommended by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) consists of summing, over the visible region, terms which involve an approximation over the wavelength interval 1, 5, or 10 nm for which data from standard tables are multiplied by measured spectral radiance factors. It is suggested that this approximation be carried out by integration. Integration can be carried out if the standard data are considered as points on a curve subject to interpolation between listed values and if the spectral radiance factor can be determined by interpolation between measured values. Adoption of this suggestion would lead to more accurate determination of tristimulus values and improved agreement among laboratories.
Visual Evaluation of Daylight Simulators for the Colorimetry of Luminescent Materials
Authors: Chong Tak‐Fu , Billmeyer Fred W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe accuracy of several methods for assessing the colorimetric performance of daylight simulators as practical realizations of CIE standard daylight illuminants such as D65 was studied by visual methods. Eight luminescent samples containing various fluorescent whitening agents were used. Visual differences between sample pairs, each consisting of a luminescent sample and its nonluminescent substrate, were judged under a reference source simulating D65 and six test sources with different ultraviolet content from the reference source but nearly the same spectral irradiance in the visible region. Over 3000 observations were made by eight observers. Visual scale values were derived and compared to indices calculated by five published methods. The results show that four methods based on colorimetric weighting gave significantly better correlations than one based on radiometric weighting, with little choice among them; that the CIELAB color‐difference equation was preferred to CIELUV; and that the choice of 2° or 10° standard observer had no effect.
The Effect of Chromatic Adaptation on Color Rendering
Authors: Schanda J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPresent‐day calculations of color‐rendering index are based on color differences determined using the test light source and a standard illuminant. Chromatic adaptation is corrected by the von Kries transformation and the color differences are calculated in the CIE 1964 uniform color space. The present article discusses the possibility of introducing either the CIE 1976 CIELUV or CIELAB color space for calculating the color differences, and investigates how different forms of chromatic‐adaptation corrections influence the color differences. It is concluded that a change from the present system to a CIELUV color‐space calculation would not affect the color‐rendering indices considerably; changing, however, to other color spaces or to a single reference illuminant with a better chromatic‐adaptation formula (Bartleson‐type chromatic‐adaptation correction) would change the color‐rendering order of some light sources. In the present article some critical samples and light sources are pointed out, where a comparison between the different types of calculations is possible.
Current Regulatory Status of Cadmium Pigments
Authors: Heiser David J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article presents a review of the present federal regulatory situation for a group of materials having particular interest for colorists: the cadmium sulfoselenide pigments. In recent years, use of cadmium has been subject to criticism based on adverse health effects. Accordingly, government has responded, as it has generally to human health and environmental concerns, with a proliferation of regulatory activity. Policies, programs, and rules of the FDA, EPA, and OSHA covering cadmium pigments are reviewed with respect to both current status and near‐term future outlook. Although cadmiums have been and will continue to be caught up in a great many proposals for regulation, the actual level of rules in effect, at least up to the present, has been relatively modest.