bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three Leonardo Riddles
Authors: Pedretti Carlo 
Published: April 2006

In my catalogue of the drawings of Leonardo da Vinci and his school in the Royal Library at Turin, I transcribe the mysterious marginal note on fol. 14 of the Codex on the Flight of Birds as follows:porterassi neve / di state ne lochi / chaldi tolta dallal/te cime de monti / essi lasciera ca/dere nelle feste / delle piaze nel / tenpo della state (Snow in summer shall be gathered on the high mountain peaks and carried to warm places, and there be let to fall down, when festivals are held in the piazzas in the time of summer).While Luigi Firpo in his admirable introduction to the catalogue interprets this note as implying an industrial application of the airplane, I now propose to connect it to the well-known series of so-calledprofetie.Unfortunately, the catalogue was already printed when the solution of this little mystery came to me.
Thomas More andRichard III
Authors: Donno Elizabeth Story 
Published: April 2006

And yet beside all the faults that [Saint German] bringeth in under “some say” and “they say,” some that himself sayth without any “some say” be such as some say that he can never prove, and some, they say, be plain and open false.Sir Thomas More,The ApologyDespite the attention that has been devoted in the last fifty years to Sir Thomas More's account of Richard III, both in terms of texts and interpretation, the difficulties that surround that baffling work continue to perplex and tease the reader—at least this reader. As A. F. Pollard observed in 1933, the problems relating to it are manifold: its authorship, its sources, the date of its composition, the circumstances of its publication, the relation of the English to the Latin versions, the absence of any original autograph, the variations in the printed texts, the motive of its conception, and the reason for its unfinished state and abrupt termination.
Elegance as a Concept in Sixteenth-Century Music Criticism*
Authors: Harrán Don 
Published: April 2006

”… et vere sciunt cantilenas ornare, in ipsis omnes omnium affectus exprimere, et quod in Musico summum est, et elegantissimum vident … “Adrian Coclico, Compendium musices (1552)The notion of music as a form of speech is a commonplace. Without arguing the difficult questions whether music is patterned after speech or itself constitutes its own language, it should be remembered that the main vocabulary for describing the structure and content of music has been drawn from the artes dicendi. The present report deals with a small, but significant part of this vocabulary: the term elegance along with various synonyms and antonyms borrowed from grammar and rhetoric and applied to music, in a number of writings, from classical times onwards.
Merit in Courtly Literature: Castiglione, Rabelais, Marguerite de Navarre, and Le Caron
Authors: Langer Ullrich 
Published: April 2006

Spesse volte mi viene un dubbio, s'é dato dal nascimento (come nell'altre cose ancora) ch'i Principi siano propitii & favorevoli verso questi, iniqui & crudeli verso quegli altri, o se pure è posto nella industria nostra…. (Francesco Sansovino,Propositioni in materia di cose di Stato, Vinegia, 1583, fol. 110)Castiglione'sLibro del cortegiano(1528) and Renaissance courtesy literature in general chart an uneven course between the description of an illustrious courtly ideal never fully incarnate and the establishment of a set of rules enabling courtly practice and prescription. These two intentions, one roughly Platonic and the other roughly Aristotelian, are in the end contradictory, for the more substantial the ideal becomes, the less can it accommodate varying experience and therefore practice. The impulse to set forth an ideal as something outside of variety through which experience is to be judged is incompatible with the production of that ideal through the experiential mean of varying extremes.
Marguerite de Navarre and the Androgynous Portrait of Francois Ier*
Authors: Meyer Barbara Hochstetler 
Published: April 2006

Celluy qui dit ta grace, eloquence & scavoirNe estre plus grands que humains, de pres ne t'a peu veoirEt à qui ton parler ne sent divinitéDe termes et propos n'entend la gravità.De l'Empire du Monde est ta presence digne,Et ta voix ne dit chose humaine, mais divine.Combien doncques diray l'Ame pleine de grace,Si outre les Mortelz tu as parolle et Face?Clement Marot, EpigrammePoem Bestowing upon François IER the essence of divinity was not a flattering aberration but an example of imagery that became emblematic of his long reign. As Anne-Marie Lecoq has shown in her incisive analyses of many laudatory illuminated treatises and poems and extravagant royal entries with theatrical enactments, the king was glorified by an allegorical symbolism often intricately interwoven with Christian typology as deemed appropriate, indeed necessary, for “un roi très chrétien” who was the brave, virtuous, pious elect of God.
Flemish versus Netherlandish: A Discourse of Nationalism
Authors: Deam Lisa 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis essay shows how scholarship on fifteenth-century Flemish panel painting became intertwined with efforts at national identity-building in nineteenth and early twentieth-century Europe. Paintings such as Jan van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece were not only dispersed across regional and national boundaries, but were intellectually appropriated for competing national programs. The paintings consequently became a site of conflict between the Latin and Germanic traditions. These conflicts are clearly visible through the shifting terminology of this art, variously claimed as “Flemish” and “Netherlandish.” Such nationalist discourses shaped future scholarship on Flemish painting and contributed to its perceived inferiority vis-à-vis the Southern artistic tradition.
Women, Charity and Community in Early Modern Venice: The Casa delle Zitelle
Authors: Chojnacka Monica 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article examines the Casa delle Zitelle, a charitable institution for young women at risk of falling into prostitution, in early modern Venice. Founded by a group of deeply religious noblewomen, the Casa reflected the social anxieties of the time that linked social ills to prostitution, as well as a new spirit of social activism inspired by religious conviction on the part of the city's elite. The Casa also created a new type of female community that drew both on familial structures and the traditional female networks that were characteristic of Venetian neighborhoods.
Christian Pessimism on the Walls of the Vatican Galleria delle carte geografiche
Authors: Goffart Walter 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Vatican Map Gallery (1579-81) contains fifty-one historical paintings in its vault and twenty-three historical vignettes on its monumental maps of Italy. Inspired by an early-Christian conception of the past, the vault paintings illustrate a "perfect" history, typified by saints' miracles. The contrasting vignettes demand more painstaking interpretation. Embedded in geography, they appear to exemplify a terrestrial history (reminiscent of Orosius) that, when not bathed in blood, teaches the vanity of earthbound strivings. Maps for history did not again take this form.
Luisa de Carvajal's Counter-Reformation Journey to Selfhood (1566-1614)
Authors: Rhodes Elizabeth 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLuisa de Carvajal y Mendoza, a wealthy Spanish noblewoman, lived as a missionary in London preaching, teaching, and doing charitable work on behalf of the Catholic underground from 1605 to 1614. Although the early loss of her parents and other close family members in rapid succession and the abuses she suffered at the hands of her guardian uncle might appear to have disadvantaged her, Carvajal transformed her misfortunes into advantages by using them to intensify her embrace of penitential piety and traditional Catholic virtues as exemplified by saints' lives. Her manifestation of those virtues inspired religious authorities to accept her as a missionary, against substantial odds. She thus provides evidence of how Counter-Reformation practices and beliefs facilitated some exceptional women's achievements.
Leonardo Bruni, Florentine Traitor? Bruni, the Medici, and an Aretine Conspiracy of 1437*
Authors: Field Arthur 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study weighs the evidence for Leonardo Bruni's estrangement from the emerging Medici party (from the 1420s) and the Medici regime (from 1434). Bruni had ties to both the Mediceans and their oligarch opponents, although ties with the latter appear to be stronger, particularly in terms of Bruni's humanist relations. While Bruni stayed on as Chancellor of Florence when the Medici took over in 1434, some recent studies suggest that the Medicean government was making things difficult for him. The study finally reproduces a report from the Milanese Chancery of 1437 stating that Bruni will support a rebellion in Arezzo against Florence, which will result in the "destruction and ruin of the Florentines."
"Pleasure Reconciled to Virtue": William Cavendish, Ben Jonson, and the Decorative Scheme of Bolsover Castle*
Authors: Raylor Timothy 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe iconography of Bolsover Castle is much appreciated but little understood. This is because we have not recognized its dynamic, theatrical character, which centers on — indeed, implies the presence of its seventeenth-century owner, William Cavendish, duke of Newcastle. Read in terms of Cavendish's self-conception as a figure of patriachal authority and Herculean passions, the castle emerges as a witty apologia for its owner — and perhaps even as a site for the pursuit of his amours. This reading sheds new light upon the relationship between Cavendish, Bolsover, and Ben Jonson, who provided the text for a royal visit to Bolsover in 1634.
Environmental Security and Freshwater Resources: Ecosystem Regime Building
Authors: Brunnée Jutta , Toope Stephen J. 
Published: April 2006

We have previously argued that international environmental law does not adequately promote environmental security because it has failed to adopt an ecosystem orientation.
In this paper we suggest that environmental security in the context of freshwater resources can only be achieved through a sophisticated understanding of regime formation
and elaboration, linked with a determined pursuit of ecosystem orientation. Our underlying assumptions are twofold. First, the protection of shared water supplies is a “good” worth promoting, whether for intrinsic or instrumental reasons. Second, whenever a resource is shared, particularly a resource that can easily be exhausted or degraded,disputes between the states involved are inevitable. Perhaps surprisingly, we have suggested that the security dimension of the problem relates not only to the potential for disputes, but also—even primarily—to the first of our underlying assumptions. Thus,scarcities of resources should also cause concern when they threaten to undermine either the way of life of a given human population or internal structures of governance and activity through the fostering of subnational conflict and the significant reduction of options for action. In this sense we agree with Richard Ullman's now-famous attempt to redefine the very concept of security. In his view, and ours, a threat to security includes
[any] action or sequence of events that (1) threatens drastically and over a relatively brief span of time to degrade the quality of life for the inhabitants of a state, or (2) threatens significantly to narrow the policy choices available to the government of a state or to private, nongovernmental entities (persons, groups, corporations)within the state.
Jurisprudence of the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission: Iran Claims
Authors: Lillich Richard B. , Bederman David J. 
Published: April 2006

The Foreign Claims Settlement Commission (Commission or FCSC) was granted jurisdiction to determine the validity and amounts of certain claims by U.S. nationals against Iran by the Iran Claims Act and the 1990 Settlement Agreement (lump sum settlement) between the United States and Iran. The Iran Claims Act, a 1985 statute enacted in anticipation of the lump sum agreement settling U.S. “small claims” against Iran, required the Commission to apply:
(1)the terms of any settlement agreement [lump sum settlement];(2)the relevant provisions of the Declarations of the Government of the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria of January 19, 1981, giving consideration to interpretations thereof by the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal; and(3)applicable principles of international law, justice, and equity.
Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law
Authors: (Leich) Marian Nash 
Published: April 2006

On March 3,1997, President William J. Clinton transmitted to the Senate for its advice and consent to ratification as a treaty the Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Hong Kong for the Surrender of Fugitive Offenders, signed at Hong Kong on December 20,1996. In his letter of transmittal, President Clinton pointed out that, upon its entry into force, the Agreement would “enhance cooperation between the law enforcement communities of the United States and Hong Kong, and … provide a framework and basic protections for extraditions after the reversion of Hong Kong to the sovereignty of the People’s Republic of China on July 1, 1997.” The President continued:
Given the absence of an extradition treaty with the People’s Republic of China, this Treaty would provide the means to continue an extradition relationship with Hong Kong after reversion and avoid a gap in law enforcement. It will thereby make a significant contribution to international law enforcement efforts.The provisions of this Agreement follow generally the form and content of extradition treaties recently concluded by the United States. In addition, the Agreement contains several provisions specially designed in light of the particular status of Hong Kong. The Agreement’s basic protections for fugitives are also made expressly applicable to fugitives surrendered by the two parties before the new treaty enters into force.
NATO Status of Forces Agreement—primary right to exercise jurisdiction—offenses committed in performance of official duty—judicial review of characterization of such offenses—double jeopardy
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Ciampi Annalisa 
Published: April 2006

Public Prosecutor v. Ashby. Judgment No. 161/98.Court of Trento, Italy, July 13, 1998.On February 3, 1998, a U.S. Marine EA-6B aircraft, redeployed at Aviano air base as part of Operation Deliberate Guard in support of the multinational Stabilization Force (SFOR) in Bosnia, was on a low-level training mission over northern Italy when it severed the wires of the cable car at the Cermis ski resort near Cavalese, causing the deaths of twenty people. Because the exercise of criminal action is mandatory under Article 112 of the Italian Constitution, the public prosecutor decided that he had to institute preliminary investigations immediately, with a view to determining whether to prosecute. On July 13, 1998, an Italian judge, in a preliminary hearing, rejected the prosecutor's request that seven U.S. servicemen stand trial for the cable-car accident. The judge found that, under Article VII, paragraph 3(a) (ii) of the NATO Status of Forces Agreement (NATO SOFA), the United States, as the sending state, had the primary right to exercise jurisdiction over the case and that jurisdiction had not been waived. Accordingly, the judge dismissed the case.
State responsibility in private civil action—sovereign immunity—immunity for jus cogens violations— belligerent occupation—peace treaties
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Bantekas Ilias 
Published: April 2006

Prefecture of Voiotia v. Federal Republic of Germany. Case No. 137/1997.Court of First Instance of Leivadia, Greece, October 30, 1997.On November 27, 1995, the Prefecture of Voiotia (soudiern Greece) and other claimants, in their individual capacity, brought a claim of indemnity before the Court of First Instance of Leivadia against the German state. The plaintiffs based their claims on atrocities (willful murder and destruction of private property) committed by German occupation forces against the persons and property of die village of Distomo in Voiotia on June 10, 1944. They sought compensation for the material and mental damage suffered as a result of those atrocities, which were specifically described in their briefs. The Greek Foreign Office forwarded the complaint to the German Foreign Office, which rejected and returned it to the Greek Embassy on the grounds that the suit impaired the sovereign rights of the German state. Germany was not represented at trial. The court awarded damages to the individual claimants of 9,448,105,000 drachmas (approximately $30 million).
Aristotelians, Platonists, and the Missing Ockhamists: Philosophical Liberty in Pre-Reformation Italy
Authors: Monfasani John 
Published: April 2006

Sherlock Holmes Once Solved A mystery because a dog did not bark. Similarly, to understand the relatively wide freedom enjoyed by philosophers in pre-Reformation Italy, we have to understand as much what was there as what was not. The absent Ockhamists are critical to the tale. But more central are the Aristotelians, and, more specifically, Aristotelians of an Averroistic stamp, who were unquestionably there.Despite their doctrine of the unicity of the intellect, their consequent rejection of personal immortality as philosophically tenable, their denial of creation, and their determination to divorce philosophical discourse from the requirements of faith which provoked several condemnations at Paris and Oxford in the later thirteenth century, Averroists thrived in Renaissance Italy.
Montaigne's Consubstantial Book
Authors: Boyle Marjorie O'Rourke 
Published: April 2006

Jen'ay pas plus faict mon livre que mon livre m'a faict, livre consubstantiel à son autheur … ” (I have not made my book any more than my book has made me, a book consubstantial with its author). That was no ordinary assertion in plain language. Montaigne explained hisEssaisas “concerned with my own self, an integral part of my life; not concerned with some third-hand extraneous purpose, like all other books.” Its subject was uniquely himself. His usage of the term “consubstantial” projected his design beyond the literary theory of imitation into a theological paradigm of divinity.Acknowledging that “well-known phrase” and “famous declaration,” literary criticism has much interpreted Montaigne's “consubstantial” book. Yet the slight mention of the word itself has been both undocumented and inaccurate.
Product engineering for crystal size distribution
Authors: Hounslow M. J. , Reynolds G. K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractProduct engineering problems are considered that arise in the use of batch crystallization processes. Specifically forward and reverse process functions are identified that in the forward direction enable the calculation of product crystal size distributions (CSDs) from specified operating conditions, and in particular a specified temperature–time (T–t) profile. In the reverse direction the process function calculates the required processing conditions—the T–t profile—needed to make a specified product CSD. A series of example calculations is reported, based on the kinetics of the pentaerythritol–water system, that show that in the presence of nucleation and growth only, the relationship between desired, or target, CSD and required T–t profile is, in practice, unique. It is observed that some such profiles are either impractical or impossible, from which it is possible to conclude that the corresponding target CSD is itself impossible. A further example is considered in which the property function relating the product property (CSD) to the end‐use properties (cake porosity and filtration time) enables the specification of a target CSD and of the process conditions necessary for its production. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Anger expression and lifestyle incongruity interactions on blood pressure in Samoan adults
Authors: Bitton Asaf , McGarvey Stephen T. , Viali Satupaitea 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPrior research on psychosocial stress and blood pressure (BP) in adult Samoans identified the separate influences of lifestyle incongruity and anger expression within the context of societal modernization. The objective of this cross‐sectional study was to determine the interactions between lifestyle incongruity and anger expression on BP in 376 men and women 25–65 years of age from Samoa. Participants were randomly selected from nine villages. Body mass index (BMI) and BP were measured by standard techniques. Anger expression was measured with an adapted version of the Spielberger Inventory. Material lifestyle was assessed by inventory of household items, exposure to news media, and off‐island travel. Occupation and education lifestyle incongruities were calculated by subtracting the standardized lifestyle scale from the standardized occupation and education scales, respectively. Two‐factor analysis of variance models with interactions were estimated within specific subgroups, with age‐ and BMI‐adjusted BP as outcomes. In women <40 years of age with a material lifestyle relatively lower than their educational rank, anger suppression is associated with higher adjusted systolic BP. In young men whose material lifestyle is relatively lower than their occupational rank, those who report frequent experiences of Samoan culture‐specific anger feelings have higher adjusted diastolic BP. We hypothesize that among young women, the higher BP may be due to stress arising from both a normative proscription against emotional expression, and a mismatch between their relatively higher educational level and lower material lifestyle. For young men, higher BP levels may be attributed to expected donations of earnings to the extended family that exceed their own material lifestyle, in combination with more frequent Samoan‐specific feelings of anger. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:369–376, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immobilization of enzymes in microtiter plate scale
Authors: Brandt Bettina , Hidalgo Aurelio , Bornscheuer Uwe T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDifferent immobilization methods were adapted to the 96‐well microtiter plate scale using esterases as model enzymes. The methods tested were based on adsorption, coprecipitation, aggregation and covalent bonding. The protein covered microcrystals proved to be the best method in terms of yield and expressed activity for the test reaction, which was the alcoholysis of p‐nitrophenyl acetate with 1‐propanol under anhydrous conditions.
anti‐Hydrosilylation Reactions of Alkynes Catalyzed by Palladium Nitrate.
Authors: Kim Dong Hwan , Park Young‐ae W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Highly Enantioselective One‐Pot Synthesis of Homoallylic Alcohols via Tandem Asymmetric Allyl Transfer/Olefin Cross Metathesis.
Authors: Lee Cheng‐Hsia Angeline , Loh Teck‐Peng 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalysis by Ionic Liquids: Cyclopropyl Carbinyl Rearrangements Catalyzed by [pmim]Br under Organic Solvent Free Conditions.
Authors: Ranu Brindaban C. , Banerjee Subhash , Das Arijit 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.