bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Binge Pattern of Alcohol Consumption During Pregnancy and Childhood Mental Health Outcomes: Longitudinal Population-Based Study
Authors: Sayal Kapil , Heron Jon , Golding Jean , Alati Rosa , Smith George Davey , Gray Ron , Emond Alan 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE. Patterns of alcohol consumption during pregnancy such as episodes of binge drinking may be as important as average levels of consumption in conferring risk for later childhood mental health and learning problems. However, it can be difficult to distinguish risk resulting from episodic or regular background levels of drinking. This large study investigates whether patterns of alcohol consumption are independently associated with child mental health and cognitive outcomes, whether there are gender differences in risk, and whether occasional episodes of higher levels of drinking carry any risk in the absence of regular daily drinking during pregnancy.
METHODS. This prospective, population-based study used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. We investigated the relationships between a binge pattern of alcohol use (consumption of ≥4 drinks in a day) in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and childhood mental health problems at 47 and 81 months of age (n = 6355 and 5599, respectively). In a subgroup, we also investigated these relationships with child IQ at 49 months of age (n = 924).
RESULTS. After controlling for a range of prenatal and postnatal factors, any episodes of consuming ≥4 drinks in a day were independently associated with higher risks for mental health problems (especially hyperactivity/inattention) in girls at the age of 47 months and in both genders at 81 months. There was no association with IQ scores at 49 months after adjustment for confounders. The consumption of ≥4 drinks in a day continued to carry risk for mental health problems (especially hyperactivity/inattention) in the absence of regular daily drinking.
CONCLUSIONS. The consumption of ≥4 drinks in a day on an occasional basis during pregnancy may increase risk for child mental health problems in the absence of moderate daily levels of drinking. The main risks seem to relate to hyperactivity and inattention problems.
Parental Smoking and Adolescent Smoking Initiation: An Intergenerational Perspective on Tobacco Control
Authors: Gilman Stephen E. , Rende Richard , Boergers Julie , Abrams David B. , Buka Stephen L. , Clark Melissa A. , Colby Suzanne M. , Hitsman Brian , Kazura Alessandra N. , Lipsitt Lewis P. , Lloyd-Richardson Elizabeth E. , Rogers Michelle L. , Stanton Cassandra A. , Stroud Laura R. , Niaura Raymond S. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE. Adolescence is an important period of risk for the development of lifelong smoking behaviors. Compelling, although inconsistent, evidence suggests a relationship between parental smoking and the risk of smoking initiation during adolescence. This study investigates unresolved issues concerning the strength and nature of the association between parent smoking and offspring smoking initiation.
METHODS. We enrolled 564 adolescents aged 12 to 17, along with 1 of their parents, into the New England Family Study between 2001 and 2004. Lifetime smoking histories were obtained from parents and their adolescent offspring. Discrete-time survival analysis was used to investigate the influence of parental smoking histories on the risk of adolescent smoking initiation.
RESULTS. Parental smoking was associated with a significantly higher risk of smoking initiation in adolescent offspring. In addition, the likelihood of offspring smoking initiation increased with the number of smoking parents and the duration of exposure to parental smoking, suggesting a dose-response relationship between parental smoking and offspring smoking. Offspring of parents who had quit smoking were no more likely to smoke than offspring of parents who had never smoked. The effects of parental smoking on offspring initiation differed by sex (with a stronger effect of fathers' smoking on boys than girls), developmental period (with a stronger effect of parental smoking before the adolescent was age 13 than afterward), and residence of parents (with effects of fathers' smoking being dependent on living in the same household as the adolescent). Parental smoking was also associated with stronger negative reactions to adolescents' first cigarette, a potential marker of the risk of progression to higher levels of use.
CONCLUSIONS. Parental smoking is an important source of vulnerability to smoking initiation among adolescents, and parental smoking cessation might attenuate this vulnerability.
Varicella Vaccination and Ischemic Stroke in Children: Is There an Association?
Authors: Donahue James G. , Kieke Burney A. , Yih W. Katherine , Berger Nicholas R. , McCauley Jeremy S. , Baggs James , Zangwill Kenneth M. , Baxter Roger , Eriksen Eileen M. , Glanz Jason M. , Hambidge Simon J. , Klein Nicola P. , Lewis Edwin M. , Marcy S. Michael , Naleway Allison L. , Nordin James D. , Ray Paula , Belongia Edward A. ,   for the Vaccine Safety DataLink Team
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND. Ischemic stroke is a known complication of varicella disease. Although there have been case reports of ischemic stroke after varicella vaccination, the existence and magnitude of any vaccine-associated risk has not been determined.
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to determine whether varicella vaccination is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke and encephalitis in children within 12 months after vaccination.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. We conducted a retrospective cohort study based on computerized data from children 11 months through 17 years old enrolled for ≥12 months in the Vaccine Safety DataLink from 1991 through 2004. International Classification of Disease codes identified cases of ischemic stroke (433–436, 437.1, 437.4, 437.6, 437.8–437.9) and encephalitis (052.0, 323.5, 323.8–9). Cox regression was used to model the risk in the 12 months after vaccination relative to all other person-time. Covariates included calendar time, gender, and stroke risk factors (eg, sickle cell disease).
RESULTS. Varicella vaccine was administered to 35.3% of the 3.2 million children in the cohort. There were 203 new inpatient ischemic stroke diagnoses, including 8 that occurred within 12 months after vaccination; there was no temporal clustering. The adjusted stroke hazard ratio was not elevated during any of the time periods in the 12 months after vaccination. Stroke was strongly associated with known risk factors such as sickle cell disease and cardiac disease. None of the 243 encephalitis cases occurred during the first 30 days after vaccination, and there was no association between encephalitis and varicella vaccination at any time in the 12 months after vaccination.
CONCLUSION. Our retrospective cohort study of &gt;3 million children found no association between varicella vaccine and ischemic stroke.
Usual Source of Care and Unmet Need Among Vulnerable Children: 1998–2006
Authors: Hoilette Leesha K. , Clark Sarah J. , Gebremariam Achamyeleh , Davis Matthew M. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to identify the proportions of publicly (Medicaid and State Child Health Insurance Program) insured and uninsured children who did not identify a usual source of care from 1998 to 2006, spanning the State Children's Health Insurance Program (1997 to present) and the President's Health Center Initiative (2002 to present), and to characterize unmet medical need as it relates to insurance and a usual source of care for publicly insured and uninsured children.
METHODS. We conducted a secondary data analysis of multiple years of the National Health Interview Survey. We identified the proportion of publicly insured and uninsured children aged 0 to 17 years who did not identify a usual source of care and stratified according to the site of care. We described the odds of reporting an unmet medical need according to insurance status and usual source of care, compared with privately insured children with a usual source of care. Sample weights were used to derive national estimates.
RESULTS. From 1998 through 2006, there were significant increases in the proportions of children enrolled in Medicaid (16.7%–24.5%) and the State Child Health Insurance Program (2.0%–5.3%). The proportion of uninsured children has remained stable from 2002 to 2006 at ∼10%. However, the proportion of uninsured reporting no usual source of care increased from 17.8% to 23.3%. Hispanic children had significant increases in the proportions of the uninsured and reporting no usual source of care by 2006. Hispanics constituted the largest proportion in both groups. Uninsured children and children without a usual source of care reported the highest odds of unmet need. Among the insured, publicly insured children had twice the odds of reporting an unmet need compared with privately insured children.
CONCLUSIONS. During the State Child Health Insurance Program and the President's Health Center Initiative, growing proportions of uninsured children reported no usual source of care. Unmet medical need was the highest for the uninsured and those without a usual source of care. These findings suggest that initiatives designed to improve access to care must combine broadened insurance coverage with enhanced access to usual sources of care.
Diagnosis and Management of Acute Sinusitis by Pediatricians
Authors: McQuillan Lon , Crane Lori A. , Kempe Allison 
Published: January 2009

BACKGROUND. Acute sinusitis is frequently diagnosed in young children, yet little is known regarding pediatrician practices surrounding its diagnosis and management.OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this work was to describe how pediatricians diagnose and manage nonsevere acute sinusitis in otherwise healthy children ≤6 years of age.METHODS. We used a mail survey administered from June to August 2007 to a national random sample of 750 general pediatricians from the American Medical Association Master File.RESULTS. The response rate was 45% (N = 271). Pediatricians reported first considering acute sinusitis at the ages of 0 to 5 (6%), 6 to 11 (17%), 12 to 23 (36%), 24 to 35 (21%), and ≥36 (20%) months. Symptoms thought to be “very important” in the diagnosis of acute sinusitis included prolonged symptom duration (93%), purulent rhinorrhea (55%), and nasal congestion (43%); 60% reported that symptom duration is more important than symptom combination. Symptom durations expected before considering the diagnosis were 1 to 6 (3%), 7 to 9 (17%), 10 to 13 (37%), 14 to 16 (38%), and ≥17 (6%) days. Fifty-eight percent reported using sinus computed tomography scans “occasionally” or more often in the diagnosis of acute sinusitis. Ninety-six percent reported treating acute sinusitis with an antibiotic “frequently” or “always.” Fifty-three percent reported using contingency antibiotic prescriptions “occasionally” or more often for acute sinusitis. Adjuvants used “frequently” or “always” included saline washes (44%), systemic decongestants (28%), nasal corticosteroids (20%), and systemic antihistamines (13%).CONCLUSIONS. We found significant variation in the age at which pediatricians begin considering the diagnosis of nonsevere acute sinusitis in children. Most pediatricians consider symptom duration the most important diagnostic factor. The majority of pediatricians use sinus computed tomography imaging at least occasionally in young children with nonsevere symptoms despite its limitations in this clinical setting. Although poorly understood, the use of contingency antibiotic prescriptions is common. Lastly, the use of systemic decongestants and antihistamines in young children is reported, a practice that needs to be reexamined in light of recent Food and Drug Administration warnings regarding their safety.
Policies and Characteristics of the Preschool Environment and Physical Activity of Young Children
Authors: Dowda Marsha , Brown William H. , McIver Kerry L. , Pfeiffer Karin A. , O'Neill Jennifer R. , Addy Cheryl L. , Pate Russell R. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to examine policies and characteristics of preschools and the extent to which they influence the physical activity of 3- to 5-year-old children during the preschool day.
METHODS. A total of 299 children from 20 preschools wore accelerometers for an average of 8.1 hours/day (SD: 1.5 hours/day), for 5.5 days (SD: 2.1 days). A researcher completed the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale-Revised for each preschool to assess quality. Classrooms and playgrounds were measured, and the preschool director was interviewed about physical activity policies. For each policy or characteristic, preschools were divided into 2 groups on the basis of whether the characteristic/policy was presumed to promote or not promote physical activity.
RESULTS. Children spent fewer minutes per hour in sedentary activity and more minutes per hour in moderate/vigorous physical activity in preschools that had higher quality scores, less fixed playground equipment, more portable playground equipment, lower use of electronic media, and larger playgrounds. Five preschools had all 5 of these characteristics, and children in those preschools had significantly more moderate/vigorous physical activity minutes per hour and fewer sedentary minutes per hour compared with children in the other preschools.
CONCLUSION. Children in the top 5 physical activity–promoting preschools accumulated &gt;60 minutes of moderate/vigorous physical activity per day, compared with the children in the other preschools, who accumulated &lt;60 minutes of moderate/vigorous physical activity per day.
Neonatal Palliative Care Attitude Scale: Development of an Instrument to Measure the Barriers to and Facilitators of Palliative Care in Neonatal Nursing
Authors: Kain Victoria , Gardner Glenn , Yates Patsy 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE. The aim of this research project was to obtain an understanding of the barriers to and facilitators of providing palliative care in neonatal nursing. This article reports the first phase of this research: to develop and administer an instrument to measure the attitudes of neonatal nurses to palliative care.
METHODS. The instrument developed for this research (the Neonatal Palliative Care Attitude Scale) underwent face and content validity testing with an expert panel and was pilot tested to establish temporal stability. It was then administered to a population sample of 1285 neonatal nurses in Australian NICUs, with a response rate of 50% (N = 645). Exploratory factor-analysis techniques were conducted to identify scales and subscales of the instrument.
RESULTS. Data-reduction techniques using principal components analysis were used. Using the criteria of eigenvalues being &gt;1, the items in the Neonatal Palliative Care Attitude Scale extracted 6 factors, which accounted for 48.1% of the variance among the items. By further examining the questions within each factor and the Cronbach's α of items loading on each factor, factors were accepted or rejected. This resulted in acceptance of 3 factors indicating the barriers to and facilitators of palliative care practice. The constructs represented by these factors indicated barriers to and facilitators of palliative care practice relating to (1) the organization in which the nurse practices, (2) the available resources to support a palliative model of care, and (3) the technological imperatives and parental demands.
CONCLUSIONS. The subscales identified by this analysis identified items that measured both barriers to and facilitators of palliative care practice in neonatal nursing. While establishing preliminary reliability of the instrument by using exploratory factor-analysis techniques, further testing of this instrument with different samples of neonatal nurses is necessary using a confirmatory factor-analysis approach.
Rate of Suicide in Patients Taking Montelukast
Authors: Jick Hershel , Hagberg Katrina Wilcox , Egger Pascal 
Published: January 2009

Study Objective. To estimate the rate of suicide in patients taking montelukast.Design. Population‐based cohort study.Data Source. United Kingdom General Practice Research Database.Patients. A total of 23,500 patients who had received at least one prescription for montelukast in the cumulative data from February 1998‐March 2007.Measurements and Main Results. Rate of suicide was to be calculated as number of suicides divided by person‐time at risk. Person‐time of montelukast exposure was accrued for each patient as a cumulative duration of all prescriptions. The 23,500 patients had received 252,593 prescriptions for montelukast, representing 21,050 person‐years at risk for suicide. We then sought to identify all cases that had a computer‐recorded diagnosis of suicide; however, no cases of suicide were found in patients exposed to montelukast during our time frame.Conclusion. The risk of suicide attributable to montelukast, if present at all, is extremely low in users.
Imatinib Mesylate Reduces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Induces Remission of Diabetes indb/dbMice
Authors: Han Myoung Sook , Chung Kun Wook , Cheon Hyae Gyeong , Rhee Sang Dal , Yoon Chang-Hwan , Lee Moon-Kyu , Kim Kwang-Won , Lee Myung-Shik 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE—Imatinib has been reported to induce regression of type 2 diabetes in chronic leukemia patients. However, the mechanism of diabetes amelioration by imatinib is unknown, and it is uncertain whether imatinib has effects on type 2 diabetes itself without other confounding diseases like leukemia. We studied the effect of imatinib on diabetes in db/db mice and investigated possible mechanism's underlying improved glycemic control by imatinib.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance tests were done after daily intraperitoneal injection of 25 mg/kg imatinib into db/db and C57BL/6 mice for 4 weeks. Insulin signaling and endoplasmic reticulum stress responses were studied by Western blotting. β-Cell mass and apoptotic β-cell number were determined by combined terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining and insulin immunohistochemistry. The in vitro effect of imatinib was studied using HepG2 cells.RESULTS—Imatinib induced remission of diabetes in db/db mice and amelioration of insulin resistance. Expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress markers in the liver and adipose tissues of db/db mice, such as phospho-PERK, phospho-eIF2α, TRB3, CHOP, and phospho–c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, was reduced by imatinib. Insulin receptor substrate-1 tyrosine phosphorylation and Akt phosphorylation after insulin administration were improved by imatinib. Serum aminotransferase levels and hepatic triglyceride contents were decreased by imatinib. Pancreatic β-cell mass was increased by imatinib, accompanied by decreased TUNEL+ β-cell and increased BrdU+ β-cell numbers. Imatinib attenuated endoplasmic reticulum stress in hepatoma cells in vitro.CONCLUSIONS—Imatinib ameliorated endoplasmic reticulum stress and induced remission of diabetes in db/db mice. Imatinib or related compounds could be used as therapeutic agents against type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
Relationship Between Baseline Glycemic Control and Cognitive Function in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Authors: Cukierman-Yaffe Tali , Gerstein Hertzel C. , Williamson Jeff D. , Lazar Ronald M. , Lovato Laura , Miller Michael E. , Coker Laura H. , Murray Anne , Sullivan Mark D. , Marcovina Santica M. , Launer Lenore J. ,   for the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes-Memory in Diabetes (ACCORD-MIND) Investigators
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE—Diabetes is associated with cognitive decline and dementia. However, the relationship between the degree of hyperglycemia and cognitive status remains unclear. This was explored using baseline cognitive measures collected in the ongoing Memory in Diabetes (MIND) substudy of the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The relationship of A1C and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels to performance on four cognitive tests was assessed, adjusting for age and other determinants of cognitive status. The tests were the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE), Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, and Stroop Test.RESULTS—A statistically significant age-adjusted association was observed between the A1C level and the score on all four cognitive tests. Specifically, a 1% higher A1C value was associated with a significant 1.75-point lower DSST score (95% CI −1.22 to −2.28; P &lt; 0.0001), a 0.20-point lower MMSE score (−0.11 to −0.28; P &lt; 0.0001), a 0.11-point lower memory score (−0.02 to −0.19, P = 0.0142), and a worse score (i.e., 0.75 s more) on the Stroop Test (1.31–0.19, P = 0.0094). The association between the DSST score and A1C persisted in all multiple linear regression models. FPG was not associated with test performance.CONCLUSIONS—Higher A1C levels are associated with lower cognitive function in individuals with diabetes. The effect of glucose lowering on cognitive function will be determined by the ongoing ACCORD-MIND trial.
Fluorimetric Nerve Gas Sensing Based on Pyrene Imines Incorporated into Films and Sub‐Micrometer Fibers
Authors: Rathfon Jeremy M. , AL‐Badri Zoha M. , Shunmugam Raja , Berry Scott M. , Pabba Santosh , Keynton Robert S. , Cohn Robert W. , Tew Gregory N. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe chemical sensing of nerve gas agents has become an increasingly important goal due to the 1995 terrorist attack in a Tokyo subway as well as national security concerns in regard to world affairs. Chemical detection needs to be sensitive and selective while being facile, portable, and timely. In this paper, a sensing approach using a pyrene imine molecule is presented that is fluorimetric in response. The detection of a chloro‐Sarin surrogate is measured at 5 ppmv in less than 1 second and is highly selective towards halogenated organophosphates. The pyrene imine molecule is incorporated into polystyrene films as well as micrometer and sub‐micrometer fibers. Using both a direct drawing approach and electrospinning, micrometer and nanofibers can be easily manufactured. Applications for functional sensing micrometer and nanofibers are envisioned for optical devices and photonics in addition to solution and airflow sensing devices.