bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Loss of Services to Loss of Support: The Wrongful Death Statutes, the Origins of Modern Tort Law, and the Making of the Nineteenth-Century Family
Authors: Witt John Fabian 
Published: July 2006

The wrongful death statutes enacted in most states during the mid-nineteenth century have long represented a classic moment in the narrative of American legal history. Historians have not observed, however, that American wrongful death statutes amended the English act on which they were modeled to introduce a gender asymmetry peculiar to the United States. Led by New York, most American jurisdictions limited wrongful death actions to “the widow and next of kin” of the decedent, categories that did not include husbands of deceased wives. Thus, a wife could bring a wrongful death action for the death of her husband, but a husband could not bring a wrongful death action on his own behalf for the death of his wife.
The wrongful death statutes represent a heretofore unrecognized conjuncture of the beginnings of the modem law of torts with the nineteenth-century legal reconstruction of the family. The statutes mowed accident litigation away from an eighteenth-century model of masters suing for loss of the services of a servant, slave, wife, or child, toward the now more familiar model of suits for loss of wages and support. Moreover, the gender asymmetry of the statutes embodied and reproduced a new nineteenth-century conception of the family in which men worked as free laborers and women were confined to relatively narrow domestic roles, removed from the market and dependent for their support on the wages of their husbands. Indeed, the statutes anticipated by over half a century the American welfare state's two-track approach to support for wage-earning men and dependent women.
From Betrayal to Violence: Dante's Inferno and the Social Construction of Crime
Authors: Chevigny Paul G. 
Published: July 2006

This essay reflects on contemporary justifications for the grading of crimes, especially the conception that the gravity of crimes is rooted in “desert,” understood to depend particularly on the offender's state of mind and to a lesser extent on the harm done or threatened to society.
Drawing on Dante's Inferno, the essay shows how the gravity of crimes is socially constructed. For reasons rooted in the sociopolitical forces, as well as the philosophy and law of his day, Dante found the crimes most deserving of punishment to be those of betrayal of trust. He conceived such crimes to be the most deliberate and to do the most damage to the social fabric. Contemporary law has found that crimes of betrayal are generally less deserving of punishment than crimes of violence; the essay shows how social and historical forces, including even the traditions upon which Dante drew, have shaped this choice. In the course of grading crimes in this way, the law has altered its conceptions of “intent” as well as of harm to society so radically that the notion of “desert” has lost much of its coherence. The importance of trust in modern society, moreover, has been misunderstood in the contemporary grading of crimes.
Detecting oxygen consumption in the proximity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells using self‐assembled fluorescent nanosensors
Authors: Kuang Yina , Walt David R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe describe a strategy for the preparation and self‐assembly of fluorescent nanosensors onto Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell surfaces for dynamically measuring oxygen concentration in the proximity of living cells. Amine functionalized polystyrene nanobeads were impregnated with an oxygen‐sensitive ruthenium(II) complex and the beads' surface was coated with polyethylenimine. The resulting nanosensors were assembled on individual S. cerevisiae cells in a controlled manner at physiological pH for continuously monitoring oxygen consumption. This approach exemplifies a general scheme for assembling fluorescent nanosensors on cells for the non‐invasive, reversible, and real‐time measurement of other physiologically relevant processes, such as the efflux of protons and carbon dioxide, or the influx of glucose. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 318–325. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Functionalization of nanoparticles for dispersion in polymers and assembly in fluids
Authors: Glogowski Elizabeth , Tangirala Ravisubhash , Russell Thomas P. , Emrick Todd 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe fluorescent, magnetic, and conductive properties of nanoparticles can transform polymer‐based materials into composites with higher levels of sophistication than found in polymers alone. The ligand chemistry of nanoparticles is critically important in the development of polymer–nanoparticle composites to prevent nanoparticle aggregation and direct their assembly within polymers. Nanoparticle ligands can also prevent aggregation in solution and direct the assembly of nanoparticles at fluid–fluid interfaces, where interfacial chemistries can be performed to provide new routes to ultrathin composite sheets and capsules. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5076–5086, 2006
Preparation of HPLC chiral packing materials using cellulose tris(4‐methylbenzoate) for the separation of chrysanthemate isomers
Authors: Yamamoto Chiyo , Yamada Kenji , Motoya Kahori , Kamiya Yuichiro , Kamigaito Masami , Okamoto Yoshio , Aratani Tadatoshi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe investigated the separation of chrysanthemate isomers (1), particularly the (1R)‐trans form, by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using polysaccharide derivatives, such as the phenylcarbamates and benzoates of cellulose and amylose, as the chiral stationary phases (CSPs). The chiral packing materials (CPMs) having a high chiral recognition for the chrysanthemic acid ethyl ester (1a) were prepared by coating cellulose tris(4‐methylbenzoate) (2a) dissolved in solvents containing methyl benzoate or acetophenone as an additive on silica gel. The separation factor for 1a significantly depended on the preparation conditions of CPM 2a, such as the coating amount of 2a and the type and amount of additives. The chiral recognition ability created by imprinting the additives was lost when the CPM was heated at a high temperature, and was recovered by contacting it with the additive in a packed column. The structural change in 2a during these treatments was not clearly detected by spectroscopic methods. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5087–5097, 2006
Genomic and Genetic Characterization of RiceCen3Reveals Extensive Transcription and Evolutionary Implications of a Complex Centromere
Authors: Yan Huihuang , Ito Hidetaka , Nobuta Kan , Ouyang Shu , Jin Weiwei , Tian Shulan , Lu Cheng , Venu R.C. , Wang Guo-liang , Green Pamela J. , Wing Rod A. , Buell C. Robin , Meyers Blake C. , Jiang Jiming 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe centromere is the chromosomal site for assembly of the kinetochore where spindle fibers attach during cell division. In most multicellular eukaryotes, centromeres are composed of long tracts of satellite repeats that are recalcitrant to sequencing and fine-scale genetic mapping. Here, we report the genomic and genetic characterization of the complete centromere of rice (Oryza sativa) chromosome 3. Using a DNA fiber-fluorescence in situ hybridization approach, we demonstrated that the centromere of chromosome 3 (Cen3) contains ∼441 kb of the centromeric satellite repeat CentO. Cen3 includes an ∼1,881-kb domain associated with the centromeric histone CENH3. This CENH3-associated chromatin domain is embedded within a 3113-kb region that lacks genetic recombination. Extensive transcription was detected within the CENH3 binding domain based on comprehensive annotation of protein-coding genes coupled with empirical measurements of mRNA levels using RT-PCR and massively parallel signature sequencing. Genes &lt;10 kb from the CentO satellite array were expressed in several rice tissues and displayed histone modification patterns consistent with euchromatin, suggesting that rice centromeric chromatin accommodates normal gene expression. These results support the hypothesis that centromeres can evolve from gene-containing genomic regions.
THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS ROTATIONS ON COARSE‐TEXTURED SOILS AT CHAPMAN AND WONGAN HILLS RESEARCH STATIONS, WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: NEWTON K. , DROVER D. P. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe effect of four wheat rotations on the water stability of the aggregates, organic carbon, porosity relations, and depth of penetration of a penetrometer at Chapman and Wongan Hills Research Stations is discussed. These rotations compare continuous wheat, fallow‐wheat, fallow‐wheat‐pasture, and fallow wheat‐z years lupins. The soils are coarse‐textured.Significant correlations were obtained between several measurements of structure. These include organic carbon and aggregation, organic carbon, and capillary porosity. Non‐capillary porosity is correlated with penetrometer readings.No such relation was found with total porosity. Wetting and drying of the soil and the action of growing plant roots are considered the two main factors contributing to the physical condition of the soil, and fallowing is considered to be the principal agent causing loss of structure.Water‐stable aggregates were demonstrated in the lateritic sandplain soils from Wongan Hills. These soils have been usually regarded as structureless. Variations in the content of coarse sand considerably obscured the results from this locality.
A FIELD METHOD OF MEASURING SOIL/METAL FRICTION
Authors: PAYNE P. C. J. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA method is described for measuring the mean value of soil/implement friction over a given depth in the field. The results of experiments using this technique indicate that the simple laws of friction are applicable to soil/metal interfaces, provided that allowance is made for the existence of an adhesive component which is independent of the applied normal load.
THE ANISOTROPIC HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF SOIL
Authors: CHILDS E. C. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryWhen discussing soils with anisotropic hydraulic conductivity it is usual to assume for simplicity that the three directions in which the principal conductivities may be specified are mutually perpendicular, i.e. they may be taken as the axes of a system of rectangular Cartesian coordinates. It is usually readily agreed that this assumption is plausible since the structural fissuring to which anisotropy is due is, in nature, predominantly horizontal and vertical. It is shown here that the assumed property is in no way dependent upon such restrictions of direction of the contributory fissures, but that provided the conductivities of the individual contributors themselves are characterized by mutually perpendicular axes, then any combination of the contributors in any directions results in a total conductivity which also has three mutually perpendicular axes.
NON‐SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN‐FIXING BACTERIA IN SOIL
Authors: PARKER C. A. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe total nitrogen content of a field soil was increased when rye grass or medic was grown on it, and also when cane sugar was added. Both grass and medic yielded substantial amounts of nitrogen in top material in addition to the soil nitrogen gains. With the grass treatment the increased nitrogen of the soil and the plant nitrogen together amounted to at least 165 Ib. per acre over a 3‐year period, and appeared to be the result of biological nitrogen fixation. It is concluded that the free‐living nitrogen‐fixing micro‐organisms can make important contributions to the nitrogen economy of certain soils.The probable inhibition of non‐symbiotic nitrogen fixation by excessive soil aeration is discussed.
FEATURES OF NITRATE ACCUMULATION IN UGANDA SOIL*
Authors: CALDER E. A. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe accumulation of nitrate in unenriched tropical soil is not specially favoured by any stable moisture content between the limits of 15 per cent. and waterlogging. Change of moisture status during drying is accompanied by the appearance of much more NO3 than under steady moisture conditions. Fluctuation of moisture status about an optimum average of 22–23 per cent. seems likely to provide the most favourable conditions.The increase in NO3—N occurs without equivalent loss in Kjeldahl‐N, suggesting that ammonia for nitrification may be excreted from cells of a nitrogen‐fixing system.The biological operatives are highly resistant to drought, rapidly reviving in the presence of water, functionally related to a nitrogen‐fixing system, responsive in some undefined manner to a soil‐moisture content of 22–23 per cent., and insensitive to penicillin.
THE PHOSPHATE STATUS OF IRISH SOILS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO FARMING SYSTEMS
Authors: McDONNELL PATRICK M. , WALSH THOMAS 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe phosphorus status of selected permanent pasture and tillage soils has been examined by a fractionation technique. This has shown a distinct difference between the soils especially with regard to the organic‐phosphorus fraction. Some of the reasons for these differences are discussed.The readily available phosphorus level of a highly productive, permanent pasture soil which has received no phosphatic fertilizer for years was found to be good, indicating a satisfactory mineralization of organic phosphorus which was the only form in which this nutrient was added. Irrespective of whether phosphorus was added in the organic or inorganic form there was an appreciable accumulation in the surface 3 in. of permanent pasture, indicating stabilization of applied phosphorus in that zone. Adsorbed phosphorus constituted a relatively small proportion of the inorganic phosphorus, the latter faction varying but slightly in the different soils.A comparison between Morgan's solution (sodium acetate‐acetic acid) and other extractants showed that this solution provides a good index of phosphorus availability, when the P value of the extract is regarded as an intensity value.When phosphorus fractionation studies were carried out on four soils in hydrologic sequence and occurring in close proximity in an area unmanured for about a century, distinct differences in phosphorus categories were found. These differences were especially striking between the impeded and free‐draining members. They were further explored through the medium of fractionation studies on different textural fractions. The main difference was found in the organic‐phosphorus level and was associated with the fine‐clay fraction.The general significance of the results in relation to farming systems, the phosphorus cycle and methods designed to determine the phosphorus status of soils, is discussed.
THE REACTION BETWEEN PHOSPHATE AND PHOSPHATE‐FIXING SOILS
Authors: LEAVER J. P. , RUSSELL E. W. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryPhosphate‐fixing soils and hydrated iron and aluminium oxides have their power of sorbing phosphate reduced if they are pretreated with reagents forming insoluble or unionized compounds with iron and aluminium ions. Soils sorb many more milliequivalents of these blocking reagents than correspond to the drop in their phosphate‐sorbing power, and it does not seem to be possible for a soil to sorb so much of one of these reagents that it ceases to sorb phosphate. Blocking reagents such as potassium ferrocyanide and 8‐hydroxy‐quinoline cannot be used to distinguish hydrated iron from aluminium oxides as the agents causing this phosphate sorption.Soils which have been treated with hydrosulphite to remove some of the free hydrated iron and aluminium oxides still sorb phosphate, but this sorption is reduced to a very low value if the soil is then treated with a blocking reagent. The fulvic acid fraction of soil organic matter is a good blocking agent. Fulvic acid and blocking reagents such as aluminon and alizarin S cause the soils to deflocculate in 0.1 N sodium acetate.
STUDIES ON THE BASALTIC SOILS OF NORTHERN IRELAND
Authors: McAleese D. M. , McConaghy S. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe cation‐exchange capacities of soil separates, isolated by the International soda method and decantation from five basaltic soil profiles were determined by the neutral normal ammonium‐acetate method of Schollenberger and Simon. The exchange capacities of the clays ranged from 41 to 60 m.e. per cent. The results suggest the presence of clays of the illitic type. Silt separates were found to have high cation‐exchange capacities, sometimes greater than those for corresponding clays. The fine sands also exhibited appreciable exchange capacities, the highest again being found usually in the lowest horizon of the profile. Values as high as 20 m.e. per 100 g. were obtained for some of the coarse sands.Part of the exchange capacity of the separates greater than 2 μ in effective diameter is undoubtedly due to the presence of some clay contaminant, but the actual silt and sand particles also comprise material with considerable exchange capacity.
TURKISH FOREST SOILS
Authors: MITCHELL W. A. , IRMAK A. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryAn account of the distribution and botanical composition of Turkish forests is given along with analyses of some typical soil profiles. Extreme variations in climate have a strong influence on the country, and over large areas the low rainfall is a limiting factor for plant growth. The position is aggravated by soil erosion which has followed clearance of wood land. The result of mineralogical analyses of the clay fractions are discussed with reference to soil type, parent material, cation‐exchange capacity, drainage and productivity of the soils.
FEATURES OF SOME SEMI‐ARID SOILS IN THE DISTRICT OF KHARTOUM, SUDAN
Authors: WORRALL G. A. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe topographic, climate, geological, and vegetational setting of khartoum is briefly described. The field characterstics of the mail soil group, the High Level Dark Clays, are given, and the secondary minerals, the curved structures, and the interpenetrating horizons are described in some detail and their origins discussed. It is suggested that some features may be fossil.Laboratory analyses show that the distribution of moisture, soluble salts, and sodium in the profile is uniform, with maxima in the second or third foot. Values in the top 6 in. are always low. The salts consist mainly of sulphate and chloride in the subsoil and of bicarbonate near the surface.The soil is strongly alkaline and consistently verylow in organic nitrogen in all horizons.The coarsest fractions of the soil consist chiefly of secondary minerals with some quartz, but as the fractions become finer, quartz grains become increasingly abundant. The chemical and minerals composition of the calcareous concretions is given, and they are shown to have formed by replacement. The habit and crystallography of the fibrous and lens gypsum is described and its mode of formation discussed. Microscopic examination of the minerals of the fine fraction showed that, as the content of the light minerals consisted almost entirely of quartz and that the percentage of heavy minerals in the total fine sand averages only 4.3 percent., considerable weathring of the primary minerals must have occurred. From the species and proportions of the heavy minerals present, it is suggested that much of the material may have come from Sudan sources, and that colluviation may have played a large part in its formation.The classification of the soil is discussed, and the name ‘Solonized Sub‐tropical Black Earth’ proposed.
NITROGEN STUDIES ON THE IRRIGATED SOILS OF THE SUDAN GEZIRA
Authors: JONES T. A. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe seasonal variation in the organic‐ and nitrate‐nitrogen content of Gezira soil under irrigated rotational cropping has been studied over six successive years. Accent so far has been placed on the cotton phase of the rotations and statistical analysis of the results has shown that the organic‐nitrogen content of the soil is not increased by rotational cropping beyond an equilibrium value which is presumably a function of the environmental conditions.Increase of organic nitrogen in Gezira soil appears to be a function of seasonal conditions. Loss of organic nitrogen in marked excess of what could conceivably be explained by crop uptake is a definite feature. The loss occurs gradually throughout the whole season, giving a minimum organic‐nitrogen content in the soil during the hot dry period of February to May.Accumulation of nitrate‐nitrogen, on the other hand, is dependent on the nature of the rotation and the period of the year. Nitrate accumulates at the beginning of the rainy season when it is rapidly leached to lower soil depths; it also accumulates on the bare fallows during the hot dry season. This latter finding is in accord with the statements of other workers.
A MINERALOGICAL STUDY OF WEATHERING AND SOIL FORMATION FROM OLIVINE BASALT IN NORTHERN IRELAND
Authors: SMITH J. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe composition of a soil profile derived from olivine basalt in Northern Ireland is described with the assistance of a series of diagrams of the cumulative curve type incorporating mineralogical and particle size data. The weathering sequence of primary minerals in the basalt is olivine, labradorite, augite. Olivine alters to vermiculite and labradorite to kaolin. The soil resisted all attempts to achieve complete dispersion and its high state of aggregation is considered to affect its physical properties. The presence of quartz is attributed to glacial contamination.
CHEMICAL STUDIES OF PODZOLIC ILLUVIAL HORIZONS
Authors: MARTIN A. E. , REEVE R. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA study of the effects of concentration of aqueous acetylacetone, extraction time, and of pH on the extraction of organic carbon and sesquioxides from four widely distributed podzol B horizons is reported. Reaction time has little influence on carbon extraction, but increasing reagent concentration causes, in general, an increase in carbon dispersion. Amounts of ether‐extractable Fe and A1 (removed as complexes of acetylacetone) increase directly with both concentration of reagent and time of contact. 0.2 M acetylacetone at pH 7 removes more carbon and in some cases more Al complex than at pH 4–2, but less Fe is extracted at the higher pH value. Pyrophosphate is more efficient than acetylacetone at the same concentration and pH, and tends to extract more Al and carbon, but less Fe. Sedimentation experiments suggest that the proportions of Al, Fe, and SiO2 remaining in some organic‐matter suspensions are physically distinct from the carbon fractions. An indurated iron‐humus pan from New Zealand yelded very small amounts of ether‐extractable Fe, suggesting that Al may play a predominant role in stabilizing the organic matter in this soil. Some of the extraction data given for the other soils suggest that A1 is likely to act in this way and it is suggested that the function of A1 in podzolization, previously assigned a secondary role, has possibly been overlooked.
THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN ADDITIONS ON FERTILIZER‐PHOSPHORUS AVAILABILITY. II1
Authors: RENNIE D. A. , SOPER R. J. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA field and greenhouse study has been made of the effect of nitrogen on the utilization of fertilizer phosphorus by cereal grains. A marked increase in utilization when nitrogen was mixed with either NH4H2PO4 or Ca(H2PO4)2 was shown to occur only when the nitrogen was in the ammonium form. Nitrate sources of nitrogen were relatively ineffective. Placement of nitrogen was important as increased uptake only occurred when the ammonium ion was intimately associated with the phosphorus fertilizer. This stimulative effect of the ammonium ion on phosphorus uptake occurred at a very early stage of crop growth.Rapid ammonium‐ion absorption by young cereal seedlings occurred irrespective of whether the ammonium source of nitrogen was mixed with, or separated from, the phosphorus carrier. Thus the ammonium ion appears to be the dominant factor; it indirectly influences the plant's ability to take up phosphorus, rather than altering in any way the availability of the applied phosphorus fertilizer.