bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Oral Rehydration Solution by Whole‐Gut Perfusion in Rats: Effect of Osmolarity, Sodium Concentration and Resistant Starch
Authors: Subramanya Sandeep , Ramakrishna Balakrishnan S , Binder Henry J , Farthing Michael J , Young Graeme P 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTBackground:Reduced osmolarity oral rehydration solution (ORS) improved small bowel absorption of fluid and electrolytes in segmental perfusion in experimental animals; this was borne out in clinical practice. Adding amylase‐resistant starch (RS) to ORS is expected to increase colonic fluid absorption. This study used combined small and large bowel perfusion to evaluate combinations of reduced osmolarity and starch in ORS.Methods:Single‐pass steady‐state perfusions of the whole gut at 30 mL/h, using the nonabsorbable marker 14C‐polyethylene glycol 4000, were performed in Wistar rats after exposure to cholera toxin or Escherichia coli heat‐stable enterotoxin (STa).Results:Steady state was established within 90 minutes after commencing perfusion. Net secretion of water, sodium and chloride induced by cholera toxin was partially reversed by standard glucose‐ORS (G‐ORS). Substituting glucose in G‐ORS with RS (RS‐ORS) substantially increased net water absorption (P < 0.001) as did reduced osmolarity ORS (RO‐ORS) (P < 0.001); addition of RS to RO‐ORS further increased water absorption (P < 0.001). In STa‐treated intestine, RO‐ORS and RS‐ORS significantly improved water absorption compared to G‐ORS (P < 0.005). RO‐ and RS‐RO‐ORS did not significantly augment net electrolyte absorption compared with G‐ORS. RS‐ORS was associated with highest net absorption of sodium and chloride compared with all other groups.Conclusions:RS increased net water (and sodium) absorption from isosmolar and reduced osmolar ORS consistent with increased absorption by the colon. RS in reduced osmolar ORS may have advantages to reduce severity of diarrhea and prevent hyponatremia in severe diarrhea and may be applicable to diarrhea of different etiologies.
Positron Emission Tomography Study of the Alterations in Brain Distribution of [11C]Methamphetamine in Methamphetamine‐Sensitized Doga
Authors: NAKAMURA HITOSHI , HISHINUMA TAKANORI , TOMIOKA YOSHIHISA , IDO TATSUO , IWATA REN , FUNAKI YOSHIHITO , ITOH MASATOSHI , FUJIWARA TAKEHIKO , YANAI KAZUHIKO , SATO MITSUMOTO , NUMACHI YOHTARO , YOSHIDA SUMIKO , MIZUGAKI MICHINAO 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYWe newly prepared a MAP‐sensitized dog by repeated MAP treatment and studied the brain distribution of [11C]MAP in the normal and the MAP‐sensitized dog using PET. The maximal level of accumulation of [11C]MAP in the sensitized dog brain was 1.4 times higher than that in the control. No difference was found in the metabolism of MAP between the two conditions. The significant increase of [11C]MAP in the MAP‐sensitized brain indicates that subchronic MAP administration causes some functional change in the uptake site of MAP. The pharmacokinetic change may, in part, account for behavioral sensitization.
Shape Theory for Arbitrary C*‐algebras
Authors: ČERIN ZVONKO 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT:In this paper, we describe the *‐shape category Sh* with objects C*‐algebras and with morphisms *‐homotopy classes of fundamental *‐sequences. In other words, we shall define shape theory for arbitrary C*‐algebras. All previous descriptions of shape theories for C*‐algebras only work with separable C*‐algebras. Our method is formally similar to the original Borsuk's description of the shape category of compact metric spaces and uses the *ε‐homomorphisms which are the nonexpansive functions that satisfy conditions of the *‐homomorphism only approximately.
Weak P‐points and Cancellation in βS
Authors: FILALI MAHMOUD 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT:Let S be a cancellative semigroup and let βS be the Stone‐Čech compactification of S. Then βS is a semigroup with an operation which extends that of S and which is continuous only in one variable. The points s of S are easily shown to be right (left) cancellative in βS, i.e., ys and zs (sy and sz) are different elements of βS whenever y and z are. It is known that such a property is not valid for all the elements of βS\S. However, we will see that the set of points in βS\S which are cancellative in βS is dense in βS\S. In particular, we will see that the (weak) p‐points of βS\S, which are contained in the closure of some countable subset of S, are (right) cancellative in βS.
On Upper Weightable Spaces
Authors: SCHELLEKENS M. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT:The weightable quasi‐pseudo‐metric spaces have been introduced by Matthews as part of the study of the denotational semantics of dataflow networks (e.g., [6] and [7]). The study of these spaces has been continued in the context of Nonsymmetric Topology by Künzi and Vajner [4], [5]. We introduce and motivate the class of upper weightable quasi‐pseudometric spaces. The relationship with the development of a topological foundation for the complexity analysis of programs [10] is discussed, which leads to the study of the weightable optimal (quasi‐pseudo‐metric) join semilattices.
Covering Dimension from Large Sets
Authors: STONE A.H. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT:The notion of “covering dimension” involves coverings by “small enough” sets; how small is “enough” is investigated for the n‐cube and spherical n‐ball. The results are applied to give a partial answer to a question of J. Tišer about the existence of σ‐discrete open covers of metric spaces (X, ρ) in which the n‐th discrete system consists of sets of small diameters.
Maximally Almost Periodic Groups and a Theorem of Glicksberga
Authors: WU TA SUN , RIGGINS LEMUEL 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT:It is well known that if G is a locally compact Abelian group (LCA group) with Bohr compactification (β(G), σ) then σ(G) is normal in β(G) and, by a beautiful theorem of Glicksberg, we have that A⊂σ(G) is compact if and only if σ–1(A) ⊂G is compact. The aim of this paper is to study maximally almost periodic (MAP) groups which have these properties and the results obtained are as follows. (1) If G is a σ‐compact locally compact MAP group with Bohr compactification (β(G), σ) and σ(G) is normal in β(G), then for each gεβ(G), the automorphism induced by σ and conjugation by g is actually a topological isomorphism. (2) A finite extension of a LCA group is a MAP group and it has the property that A⊂σ(G) is compact if and only if σ–1(A) ⊂G is compact, and (3) A discrete MAP group G with Bohr compactification (β(G), σ) satisfying both of the properties being considered must be Abelian by finite, i.e., a finite extension of an Abelian group.
ONITSHA WOMEN
Authors: HENDERSON HELEN KREIDER 
Published: December 2006

The Onitsha Igbo (Ibo), whose traditional community is situated on the banks of the Niger River in Southeastern Nigeria, are a linguistic subgroup of the over twenty million Igbo‐speaking peoples. In 1962 (when I conducted my dissertation research), the city of Onitsha was estimated to have a population of 80,000 persons, of which possibly 10,000 were indigenes, i.e., members of localized patrilineages in the Onitsha Inland Town community. The majority of the rest were non‐Onitsha Igbo‐speaking peoples, primarily from the areas to the east and south. When I visited Onitsha in 1992, some residents estimated that the population of the entire city was close to one million, of which perhaps 25,000 (or more) were Onitsha indigenes. When I peak of Onitsha people in this paper, I am referring to persons who call themselves by that name (ndi‐onicha) and identify their home as the Onitsha Inland Town.The city of Onitsha is famous for its large market and is a major center of commercial activities in Nigeria. There is some agricultural activity in household gardens (especially in the Inland Town), and in farm lands outside the main urban center. Much traditional farm land, however, has now been turned over to modern residences and enterprises.The city of Onitsha is also known for having excellent secondary schools and a highly literate population. Many Onitsha people have been prominent in the government prior to and since Independence in 1960. Indeed, the first Governor General of Nigeria, Nnamdi Azikiwe, was an Onitsha man. Although a number of Onitsha indigenes work in other regions of Nigeria, the United Kingdom, and the United States, many continue to support their relatives in the Inland Town and participate in traditional activities.At the end of the 19th century, the Onitsha king and chiefs had great political power: even in the early 1960s the Onitsha king was the president of the Onitsha City Council. At present, the Onitsha women are in a minority as market traders, and the traditional shrines of the Inland Town are jeopardized by city development which is largely under the control of non‐Onitsha Igbos.The traditional ceremonial cycle is still observed by many Onitsha people who are also affiliated with Christian churches. A number of women in recent years have been asking the king to appoint an Omu (“queen”) to represent their interests—the position having remained vacant throughout this century.
DESIGNING WOMEN, CAMEROON
Authors: BARLEY NIGEL 
Published: December 2006

The Dowayos are a montagnard people numbering some 15,000 and living in the Poli prefecture of North Cameroon. They speak a language that has been classed as Niger‐Congo. Culturally and linguistically, they subdivide themselves into highland and lowland groups, though the distinction is hard to maintain. Dominated as they are by Muslim Fulani groups, there are two paths to modernity: Islamicization or Christianity—though many young people hold fast to the traditional ancestral cult. Subsistence is based on the cultivation of millet but men hunt and keep cattle. There are specialist (unclean) male smiths and female potters as in other parts of West Africa, but other specialist groups also exist, such as “true cultivators” and “hunters” who have to observe numerous prohibitions.Groups of brothers tend to herd and live together; and geographical distance is often an approximate measure of kin propinquity. A man's foremost friends will be drawn from among those he was circumcised with, a woman's from the girls who began menstruating in the same year as herself. Chiefs were imposed by the French colonial authorities but traditionally the important people were rich men who could organize expensive festivals. Poorer people could associate themselves with these and so fulfill otherwise impossible ritual obligations. Above all other powers were the chiefs of the rain and the earth who organized the annual cycle and controlled the weather and the crops.
Identification of Biomarkers Modulated by the Rexinoid LGD1069 (Bexarotene) in Human Breast Cells Using Oligonucleotide Arrays
Authors: Kim Hee-Tae , Kong Gu , DeNardo David , Li Yuxin , Uray Ivan , Pal Sunita , Mohsin Syed , Hilsenbeck Susan G. , Bissonnette Reid , Lamph William W. , Johnson Karen , Brown Powel H. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Retinoids have been found to be promising chemopreventive agents that play an important role in regulating cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. The action of retinoids is mediated by retinoid receptors (retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors), which are nuclear transcription factors that, when bound to retinoids, regulate gene expression. LGD1069 is a highly selective RXR agonist that has reduced toxicity compared with retinoids. Our previous studies have shown that RXR-selective ligands (or “rexinoids”), including LGD1069, can inhibit the growth of normal and malignant breast cells and can suppress the development of breast cancer in transgenic mice. For the current study, we attempted to identify biomarkers of the chemopreventive effect of the RXR-selective retinoid LGD1069. In these experiments, we used Affymetrix microarrays to identify target genes that were modulated by LGD1069 in normal human breast cells. Affymetrix and dChip analysis identified more than 100 genes that were up-regulated or down-regulated by LGD1069 treatment. We then tested 16 of these genes in validation experiments using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and Western blotting of independently prepared samples, and found that 15 of 16 genes were modulated in a similar manner in these validation experiments as in the microarray experiments. Genes found to be regulated include known retinoid-regulated genes, growth regulatory genes, transcription factors, and differentiation markers. We then showed that the expression of several of these rexinoid-regulated biomarkers is modulated in vivo in mammary glands from mice treated with LGD1069. These critical growth-regulating proteins will be promising targets of future agents for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 12009-18)
The Tumor Metastasis Suppressor Gene Drg-1 Down-regulates the Expression of Activating Transcription Factor 3 in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sucharita , Wang Ying , Zhan Rui , Pai Sudha K. , Watabe Misako , Iiizumi Megumi , Furuta Eiji , Mohinta Sonia , Liu Wen , Hirota Shigeru , Hosobe Sadahiro , Tsukada Taisei , Miura Kunio , Takano Yukio , Saito Ken , Commes Therese , Piquemal David , Hai Tsonwin , Watabe Kounosuke 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The tumor metastasis suppressor gene Drg-1 has been shown to suppress metastasis without affecting tumorigenicity in immunodeficient mouse models of prostate and colon cancer. Expression of Drg-1 has also been found to have a significant inverse correlation with metastasis or invasiveness in various types of human cancer. However, how Drg-1 exerts its metastasis suppressor function remains unknown. In the present study, to elucidate the mechanism of action of the Drg-1 gene, we did a microarray analysis and found that induction of Drg-1 significantly inhibited the expression of activating transcription factor (ATF) 3, a member of the ATF/cyclic AMP–responsive element binding protein family of transcription factors. We also showed that Drg-1 attenuated the endogenous level of ATF3 mRNA and protein in prostate cancer cells, whereas Drg-1 small interfering RNA up-regulated the ATF3 expression. Furthermore, Drg-1 suppressed the promoter activity of the ATF3 gene, indicating that Drg-1 regulates ATF3 expression at the transcriptional level. Our immunohistochemical analysis on prostate cancer specimens revealed that nuclear expression of ATF3 was inversely correlated to Drg-1 expression and positively correlated to metastases. Consistently, we have found that ATF3 overexpression promoted invasiveness of prostate tumor cells in vitro, whereas Drg-1 suppressed the invasive ability of these cells. More importantly, overexpression of ATF3 in prostate cancer cells significantly enhanced spontaneous lung metastasis of these cells without affecting primary tumorigenicity in a severe combined immunodeficient mouse model. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that Drg-1 suppresses metastasis of prostate tumor cells, at least in part, by inhibiting the invasive ability of the cells via down-regulation of the expression of the ATF3 gene. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11983-90)
A Systematic Assessment of Common Genetic Variation in CYP11A and Risk of Breast Cancer
Authors: Setiawan Veronica Wendy , Cheng Iona , Stram Daniel O. , Giorgi Elena , Pike Malcolm C. , Van Den Berg David , Pooler Loreall , Burtt Noel P. , Le Marchand Loic , Altshuler David , Hirschhorn Joel , Henderson Brian E. , Haiman Christopher A. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
CYP11A catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of sex-steroid hormones. In this study, we employed a systematic approach that involved gene resequencing and a haplotype-based analysis to investigate the relationship between common variation in CYP11A and breast cancer risk among African-Americans, Latinas, Japanese-Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Whites in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Resequencing in a multiethnic panel of 95 advanced breast cancer cases revealed no common missense variant (≥5% frequency). Common haplotype patterns were assessed by genotyping 36 densely spaced single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning 67 kb of the CYP11A locus in a multiethnic panel of subjects (n = 349; 1 SNP/1.86 kb on average). We identified one to two regions of strong linkage disequilibrium in these populations. Twelve tagging SNPs were selected to predict the common haplotypes (≥5% frequency) in these regions with high probability (average Rh2 = 0.94) and were examined in a breast cancer case-control study in the Multiethnic Cohort Study (1,615 cases and 1,962 controls). A global test for differences in risk according to common haplotypes over the locus was statistically significant (P = 0.006), as were associations with haplotypes in each block (block 1 global test, P = 0.008; haplotype 1D, effect per haplotype copy, odds ratios, 1.23; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.48) and block 2 (global test, P = 0.016; haplotype 2F odds ratios, 1.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.15–2.01). These haplotypes were most common in Japanese-Americans and Native Hawaiians, followed by Whites then Latinas, and were rare in African-Americans (&lt;5% frequency); the haplotype effects on risk across each group were homogeneous. Based on these findings, CYP11A deserves further consideration as a candidate breast cancer susceptibility gene. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 12019-25)
Sorafenib Blocks the RAF/MEK/ERK Pathway, Inhibits Tumor Angiogenesis, and Induces Tumor Cell Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Model PLC/PRF/5
Authors: Liu Li , Cao Yichen , Chen Charles , Zhang Xiaomei , McNabola Angela , Wilkie Dean , Wilhelm Scott , Lynch Mark , Carter Christopher 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Angiogenesis and signaling through the RAF/mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)/ERK cascade have been reported to play important roles in the development of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Sorafenib (BAY 43-9006, Nexavar) is a multikinase inhibitor with activity against Raf kinase and several receptor tyrosine kinases, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), FLT3, Ret, and c-Kit. In this study, we investigated the in vitro effects of sorafenib on PLC/PRF/5 and HepG2 HCC cells and the in vivo antitumor efficacy and mechanism of action on PLC/PRF/5 human tumor xenografts in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Sorafenib inhibited the phosphorylation of MEK and ERK and down-regulated cyclin D1 levels in these two cell lines. Sorafenib also reduced the phosphorylation level of eIF4E and down-regulated the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1 in a MEK/ERK–independent manner. Consistent with the effects on both MEK/ERK–dependent and MEK/ERK–independent signaling pathways, sorafenib inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in both HCC cell lines. In the PLC/PRF/5 xenograft model, sorafenib tosylate dosed at 10 mg/kg inhibited tumor growth by 49%. At 30 mg/kg, sorafenib tosylate produced complete tumor growth inhibition. A dose of 100 mg/kg produced partial tumor regressions in 50% of the mice. In mechanism of action studies, sorafenib inhibited the phosphorylation of both ERK and eIF4E, reduced the microvessel area (assessed by CD34 immunohistochemistry), and induced tumor cell apoptosis (assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated nick end labeling) in PLC/PRF/5 tumor xenografts. These results suggest that the antitumor activity of sorafenib in HCC models may be attributed to inhibition of tumor angiogenesis (VEGFR and PDGFR) and direct effects on tumor cell proliferation/survival (Raf kinase signaling-dependent and signaling-independent mechanisms). (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11851-8)
Amplification and Overexpression ofCTTN(EMS1) Contribute to the Metastasis of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Promoting Cell Migration and Anoikis Resistance
Authors: Luo Man-Li , Shen Xiao-Ming , Zhang Yu , Wei Fang , Xu Xin , Cai Yan , Zhang Xun , Sun Yun-Tian , Zhan Qi-Min , Wu Min , Wang Ming-Rong 
Published: December 2006

AbstractGain of chromosome 11q13 is a common event in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The cortactin gene (CTTN, also EMS1), located at 11q13, plays a pivotal role in coupling membrane dynamics to cortical actin assembly. This gene has been implicated in the motility of several types of cells. In the present study, we found that the amplification and overexpression of the CTTN gene was associated with lymph node metastasis in ESCC. Functional analysis by small interfering RNA–mediated silencing of CTTN revealed that in addition to the effect on cell migration, CTTN influenced cell invasiveness by anoikis resistance. In vivo assay showed that inhibition of CTTN expression also decreased tumor growth and lung metastasis of ESCC cells. At the molecular level, we showed for the first time that the protective role of CTTN in anoikis resistance was correlated with the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Overall, the data suggest that CTTN is an oncogene in the 11q13 amplicon and exerts functions on tumor metastasis in ESCC. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11690-9)
DNA Methylation Pathway Alterations in an Autochthonous Murine Model of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Morey Shannon R. , Smiraglia Dominic J. , James Smitha R. , Yu Jihnhee , Moser Michael T. , Foster Barbara A. , Karpf Adam R. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
We examined the DNA methylation pathway in an autochthonous murine prostate cancer model, transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP). We observed that, compared with strain-matched normal prostates, primary and metastatic TRAMP tumors display increased cytosine DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt) activity, Dnmt1 and Dnmt3b protein expression, and Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, and Dnmt3b mRNA expression. Increased expression of Dnmt genes correlates with increased expression of cyclin A and E2F target genes, implicating increased cell proliferation and Rb inactivation in Dnmt overexpression. We analyzed DNA methylation in TRAMP and found that global levels of 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine are unaltered, whereas specific tumors display centromeric repeat hypomethylation. To interrogate locus-specific methylation, we did restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS) on normal prostates and primary tumors. In primary tumors, 2.3% of ∼1,200 analyzed loci display aberrant DNA hypermethylation, whereas a considerably smaller number of events show hypomethylation. The pattern of RLGS changes was nonrandom, indicating a coordinated methylation defect. Two specific genes identified by RLGS were studied in detail. Surprisingly, methylation of a downstream exon of p16(INK4a) (p16) was the highest frequency hypermethylation event identified in TRAMP, where it is associated with increased p16 mRNA and protein expression. In contrast, hypermethylation of the 5′ CpG island region of the homeobox gene Irx3 in TRAMP is associated with reduced gene expression. In summary, our data reveal a systemic DNA methylation pathway defect in TRAMP reminiscent of human prostate cancer, supporting the use of this model to investigate the functional role of DNA methylation pathway alterations in prostate cancer development. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11659-67)