bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studying of the Dynamic Behavior of Pile Cushioning Materials in Pile Driving
Authors: Zhou L , Lao W 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The dynamic behavior of cushioning materials such as hardwood, particle board, pinewood, asbestos-rubber board, and disk springs are fully characterized by different experimental methods. These include static elastic modulus by static loading, dynamic elastic modulus by natural frequency using the cantilever method, dynamic stress-strain curve method, dynamic recovery coefficient by normal impact between a spherule and a plate, and the pile-driving test in a sand pit. The experimental results show that the relationships between dynamic stresses and strains of the pinewood and asbestos-rubber board are quite different compared with the static ones and subsequently result in greater elastic modulus and recovery coefficients. In comparison to the minor effect on reducing pile-driving stresses of the pile body for pinewood, disk springs are a preferred cushioning material because of their stable dynamic properties that can greatly reduce the driving compressive stresses of the pile body.
Hydrophilic Characterization of Automotive Brake Fluid
Authors: Kao M-J , Tien D-C , Ting C-C , Tsung T-T 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
This paper presents significant experimental data for hydrophilic characterization of automotive brake fluids. A novel technique is developed for these measurements. Because brake fluid is well known as a hygroscopic fluid, its molecular O-H structure easily allows hydrogen bonding with hydromolecules, e.g., H2O. The moist brake fluid reduces the boiling point and moreover causes the deterioration of the functionality of the brake system. A proximal linear relationship between moisture content and its corresponding resistance for DOT3 brake fluid is found in this study, which uses the signal input of the electronic control unit (ECU) of the brake system. The applied technology of measurement is especially developed in the laboratory, which consists of two functions; the moisture meter and the automatic prewarning system. This instrument changes the controlling conception of a brake system from a passive regular check of brake fluid to an active prewarning for the drivers.
Moralische Wahrheit und moralisches Wissen. Plädoyer für einen sparsamen Wahrheitsbegriff in der Metaethik
Authors: Schrader Ralph 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Im Anschluss an eine Kritik von Habermas' Unterscheidung der Geltungsansprüche der Wahrheit und Richtigkeit vertritt der Autor die These, dass normative und evaluative Aussagen in prinzipiell gleicher Weise als wahr und objektiv betrachtet werden können wie deskriptive. Gezielt wird auf einen moralischen Objektivismus und eine schwache Variante des moralischen Realismus, starke ontologische Folgerungen werden allerdings nicht gezogen. Hauptsächlich diskutiert werden die metaethischen Arbeiten von Crispin Wright, Hilary Putnam und John McDowell.
Auf der Suche nach der ästhetischen Erfahrung. Von der Analyse zum Eros
Authors: Shusterman Richard 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Durch eine Untersuchung der verschiedenen Konzeptionen und Elemente, die im Begriff der ästhetischen Erfahrung angelegt sind, und durch die Unterscheidung der mit ihnen verbundenen Logiken und Ziele versucht der Beitrag, zu einem besseren Verständnis der vielfältigen semantischen und evaluativen Dimensionen dieses Begriffs zu gelangen. Dabei wird zudem für eine Anerkennung der ästhetischen Dimension sexueller (oder erotischer) Erfahrungen plädiert, die gewöhnlich aus dem Bereich der ästhetischen Erfahrung ausgeschlossen werden.
Über den Neid. Eine phänomenologische Untersuchung
Authors: Vendrell Ferran Íngrid 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Der Aufsatz unternimmt eine phänomenologische Analyse des Neides. Was ist Neid? Wie unterscheidet sich Neid von ähnlichen Emotionen? Was sind seine Hauptmerkmale? Was wird geneidet, und wen beneiden wir? Diese Fragen dienen als Ausgangspunkt der Untersuchung. In ihrem Verlauf richtet die Autorin ihre Aufmerksamkeit auf die Persönlichkeitsstruktur, die für den Neid charakteristisch ist, und untersucht einen extremen Fall der Emotion: den ontologischen Neid oder Existenzialneid.
Die Welt eines Films
Authors: Conant James 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Am Beispiel des Films „Lady in the Lake” (1947) führt der Aufsatz Aspekte vor, die die Welt eines Films auszeichnen. „Lady in the Lake”, argumentiert der Autor, scheitert in fundamentaler Hinsicht daran, ein Film zu sein. Bei der Beschreibung dieses Scheiterns werde deutlich, was einen Film ausmache. Der Kern des Scheiterns bestehe darin, dass es „Lady in the Lake” nicht gelinge, dem Zuschauer die Erfahrung einer visuellen Absorption zu ermöglichen. Dadurch, dass die Schauspieler im Film den Zuschauer direkt adressieren, unterminieren sie das Vermögen des Zuschauers, sie als Figuren wahrzunehmen, die die narrative Welt eines Films bewohnen.
Formvergleich zweier Objekte an unterschiedlichen Standorten mit digitaler Holografie (Shape Comparison between two Objects at Different Locations with Digital Holography)
Authors: Baumbach Torsten , Kopylow Christoph von , Jüptner Werner , Osten Wolfgang 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
In diesem Beitrag wird ein neues Verfahren zum Zweck des interferometrischen Formvergleichs mit einem nominell identischen Objekt vorgestellt. Bei dem Verfahren wird nicht vorausgesetzt, dass die zu vergleichenden Objekte dieselbe Mikrostruktur der Oberfläche aufweisen und am selben Ort physisch vorhanden sind. Durch die Anwendung der digitalen Holografie in Verbindung mit elektrisch ansteuerbaren Lichtmodulatoren zur optischen Rekonstruktion von digitalen Hologrammen ergeben sich neue Möglichkeiten der aktiven Wellenfrontmodifikation.
Analogue and Digital Holography: Absolute and Comparative Measurements and Measuring Range Extension (Analoge und Digitale Holografie: Absolute und vergleichende Messungen sowie Messbereichserweiterungen)
Authors: Füzessy Zoltan , Gyimesi Ferenc , Kornis Janos , Raczkevi Bela , Borbely Venczel , Gombkötö Balazs 
Published: March 2006

Summary
In the paper a brief survey of research at the Department is given that had a twofold aim: to support the project DISCO in indirect and direct ways as well. In this respect the physical state of the art of the analogue basis of DISCO is discussed: principle of the comparative technique named difference holographic interferometry (DHI) is analysed and applications for comparative deformation and shape control in analogue holography are presented. Peculiarities of holographic illumination as well as requirements for repositioning of the master and test objects at comparative measurements are treated. Investigations of the measuring range extension in holographic interferometry are described. Detailed analysis is devoted to the puzzle-read-out extension technique. Finally, application of the principles of DHI in comparative deformation control by digital holography and the developed portable laboratory device for comparative deformation control are presented.
Spatial Light Modulators Based on Reflective Micro-Displays (Auf reflektiven Mikrodisplays basierende SMLs (Spatial Light Modulators))
Authors: Osten Stefan , Krüger Sven , Steinhoff Alexander 
Published: March 2006

Summary
Spatial Light Modulator (SLM) systems for phase modulation of coherent light sources are mainly MEMS- (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) or LCD- (Liquid Crystal Display) based. Driving forces for this technology are mainly the consumer electronics industry leading to high-resolution reflective micro-displays. These days panels with 1920 × 1200 pixel are available. The pixel pitch goes down to 8 microns, the devices can handle also high power applications and show an almost analogue modulation of the light either in amplitude or phase.
The phase modulating properties of these devices enable a light efficient optical reconstruction of digital holographic data or active wave front control.
Generation and Characterization of Functional Cardiomyocytes from Rhesus Monkey Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Schwanke Kristin , Wunderlich Stephanie , Reppel Michael , Winkler Monica E. , Matzkies Matthias , Groos Stephanie , Itskovitz-Eldor Joseph , Simon André R. , Hescheler Jürgen , Haverich Axel , Martin Ulrich 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from mice and humans (hESCs) have been shown to be able to efficiently differentiate toward cardiomyocytes (CMs). Because murine ESCs and hESCs do not allow for establishment of pre-clinical allogeneic transplantation models, the aim of our study was to generate functional CMs from rhesus monkey ESCs (rESCs). Although formation of ectodermal and neuronal/glial cells appears to be the default pathway of the rESC line R366.4, we were able to change this commitment and to direct generation of endodermal/mesodermal cells and further differentiation toward CMs. Differentiation of rESCs resulted in an average of 18% of spontaneously contracting embryoid bodies (EBs) from rESCs. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses demonstrated expression of marker genes typical for endoderm, mesoderm, cardiac mesoderm, and CMs, including brachyury, goosecoid, Tbx-5, Tbx-20, Mesp1, Nkx2.5, GATA-4, FOG-2, Mlc2a, MLC2v, ANF, and α-MHC in rESC-derived CMs. Immunohistological and ultrastructural studies showed expression of CM-typical proteins, including sarcomeric actinin, troponin T, titin, connexin 43, and cross-striated muscle fibrils. Electrophysiological studies by means of multielectrode arrays revealed evidence of functionality, electrical coupling, and β-adrenergic signaling of the generated CMs. This is the first study demonstrating generation of functional CMs derived from rESCs. In contrast to hESCs, rESCs allow for establishment of pre-clinical allogeneic transplantation models. Moreover, rESC-derived CMs represent a cell source for the development of high-throughput assays for cardiac safety pharmacology.
Neural Precursors Derived from Embryonic Stem Cells, but Not Those from Fetal Ventral Mesencephalon, Maintain the Potential to Differentiate into Dopaminergic Neurons After Expansion In Vitro
Authors: Chung Sangmi , Shin Byoung-Soo , Hwang Michelle , Lardaro Thomas , Kang Un Jung , Isacson Ole , Kim Kwang-Soo 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Neural precursors (NPs) derived from ventral mesencephalon (VM) normally generate dopaminergic (DA) neurons in vivo but lose their potential to differentiate into DA neurons during mitogenic expansion in vitro, hampering their efficient use as a transplantable and experimental cell source. Because embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived NPs (ES NP) do not go through the same maturation process during in vitro expansion, we hypothesized that expanded ES NPs may maintain their potential to differentiate into DA neurons. To address this, we expanded NPs derived from mouse embryonic day-12.5 (E12.5) VM or ES cells and compared their developmental properties. Interestingly, expanded ES NPs fully sustain their ability to differentiate to the neuronal as well as to the DA fate. In sharp contrast, VM NPs almost completely lost their ability to become neurons and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive (TH+) neurons after expansion. Expanded ES NP-derived TH+ neurons coexpressed additional DA markers such as dopa decarboxylase and DAT (dopamine transporter). Furthermore, they also expressed other midbrain DA markers, including Nurr1 and Pitx3, and released significant amounts of DA. We also found that these ES NPs can be cryopreserved without losing their proliferative and developmental potential. Finally, we tested the in vivo characteristics of the expanded NPs derived from J1 ES cells with low passage number. When transplanted into the mouse striatum, the expanded NPs as well as control NPs efficiently generated DA neurons expressing mature DA markers, with approximately 10% tumor formation in both cases. We conclude that ES NPs maintain their developmental potential during in vitro expansion, whereas mouse E12.5 VM NPs do not.
Building a reusable test collection for question answering
Authors: Lin Jimmy , Katz Boris 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn contrast to traditional information retrieval systems, which return ranked lists of documents that users must manually browse through, a question answering system attempts to directly answer natural language questions posed by the user. Although such systems possess language‐processing capabilities, they still rely on traditional document retrieval techniques to generate an initial candidate set of documents. In this article, the authors argue that document retrieval for question answering represents a task different from retrieving documents in response to more general retrospective information needs. Thus, to guide future system development, specialized question answering test collections must be constructed. They show that the current evaluation resources have major shortcomings; to remedy the situation, they have manually created a small, reusable question answering test collection for research purposes. In this article they describe their methodology for building this test collection and discuss issues they encountered regarding the notion of “answer correctness.”
Cellular toxicity of oxycholesterols
Authors: Wielkoszyński Tomasz , Gawron Katarzyna , Strzelczyk Joanna , Bodzek Piotr , Zalewska‐Ziob Marzena , Trapp Gizela , Srebniak Małgorzata , Wiczkowski Andrzej 
Published: March 2006

AbstractOxycholesterols (OS) are formed from cholesterol or its immediate precursors by enzymatic or free radical action in vivo, or they may be derived from food. OS exhibit a wide spectrum of biological activities. In OS cytotoxicity, several mechanisms seem to be involved: e.g. inhibition of HMG‐CoA reductase activity, antiproliferative action, apoptosis induction, replacement of cholesterol by OS in membranes followed by changes in cellular membrane structure and functionality, and immune system functions alteration. Furthermore, OS may be mutagenic and carcinogenic and may serve as intracellular signaling or regulatory molecules. Here we review OS cellular activities with special attention to the cytotoxic action in vivo and in vitro using experimental models. BioEssays 28: 387–398, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Unbalanced alternative splicing and its significance in cancer
Authors: Venables Julian P. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAlternative pre‐mRNA splicing leads to distinct products of gene expression in development and disease. Antagonistic splice variants of genes involved in differentiation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis often exist in a delicate equilibrium that is found to be perturbed in tumours. In several recent examples, splice variants that are overexpressed in cancer are expressed as hyper‐oncogenic proteins, which often correlate with poor prognosis, thus suggesting improved diagnosis and follow up treatment. Global gene expression technologies are just beginning to decipher the interplay between alternatively spliced isoforms and protein‐splicing factors that will lead to identification of the mutations in these trans‐acting factors responsible for pathogenic alternative splicing in cancer. BioEssays 28: 378–386, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determinants of immediate and long‐term results of subclavian and innominate artery angioplasty
Authors: Przewlocki Tadeusz , Kablak‐Ziembicka Anna , Pieniazek Piotr , Musialek Piotr , Kadzielski Andrzej , Zalewski Jaroslaw , Kozanecki Artur , Tracz Wieslawa 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground: Percutaneous angioplasty (PTA) is widely used in the treatment of subclavian/innominate artery obstruction, but factors of long‐term PTA outcome are poorly understood. Our aim was to evaluate the efficiency of PTA on symptom resolution and identify determinants of long‐term outcome. Methods and Results: Seventy‐six lesions were treated in 75 patients (58.7% men) aged 60 ± 8.5 years. PTA was successful in 70 (93.3%) patients, including 58/58 (100%) stenotic lesions and 13/18 (72.2%) occlusions. The mean stenosis grade (QCA) was reduced from 78.9% ± 16.6% to 13.5% ± 10.7% (P < 0.01). A great majority of lesions (87.1%) were stented. In 5 (7.1%) high‐risk lesions a proximal or distal neuroprotection system was used. There were no strokes or embolic events. Minor complications occurred in 7 (9.3%) cases. Fifty‐seven (89%) of 64 symptomatic patients had complete symptom resolution. The mean follow‐up was 24.4 ± 15.5 months (up to 66 months). Ten restenoses (15.6%), including 9 (13.8%) in‐stent restenoses and 1 (16.7%) restenosis after balloon angioplasty, were diagnosed in 64 patients and followed up for at least 6 months. Nine symptomatic restenoses were successfully treated with repeated angioplasty. Cox multivariable analysis revealed the following independent predictors of restenosis: implantation of more than one stent (P = 0.005), low stent diameter (P = 0.088), and postprocedural systolic blood pressure difference between upper extremities (P = 0.044). Conclusions: PTA is a safe and effective method for the treatment of the subclavian/innominate artery obstruction and leads to symptom resolution in majority of patients. Restenosis is not frequent and it can be effectively treated with repeat angioplasty. Low stent diameter, implantation of two stents, and upper limb systolic blood pressure difference are independent predictors of restenosis. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel Zwitterionic Reverse Micelles for Encapsulation of Proteins in Low‐Viscosity Media
Authors: Doussin Sylvain , Birlirakis Nicolas , Georgin Dominique , Taran Frédéric , Berthault Patrick 
Published: March 2006

AbstractLarge proteins remain inaccessible to structural NMR studies because of their unfavorable relaxation properties. Their solubilization in the aqueous core of reverse micelles, in a low‐viscosity medium, represents a promising approach, provided that their native tertiary structure is maintained. However, the use of classical ionic surfactants may lead to protein unfolding, due to strong electrostatic interactions between the polar head groups and the protein charges. To design reverse micelles in which these interactions are weakened, a new zwitterionic surfactant molecule was synthesized and studied by high‐resolution NMR spectroscopy, for which cytochrome C and 15N‐labeled ubiquitin were used as guest candidates. At different ionization states, both proteins are encapsulated in the absence of salts or other additives, in a folded conformation similar to the native one.
Effect of Triumphetta cordifolia on body weight and blood lipids in normolipidemic guinea pigs
Authors: Ngondi J.L. , Makamto S.C. , Etame S.L. , Oben J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study was performed to investigate whether an aqueous extract of Triumphetta cordifolia (75 mg/kg) could prevent obesity and hyperlipemia in guinea pigs receiving 1 ml palm kernel oil extract once a day p.o. for 21 days. The effect was assessed by measuring the body weight gain, plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL‐cholesterol levels as well as liver cholesterol. Oral treatment with the aqueous extract of Triumphetta cordifolia reduced body weight after 7 days of treatment (7.42±2.9%) and 12.7±3.4% (P< 0.01) at 21 days. Triglyceride levels of Triumphetta cordifolia and normal control group were lower than control (P<0.05). The aqueous extract of Triumphetta cordifolia induced showed a weight loss and anti‐hyperlipemic properties. Drug Dev. Res. 66:200–203, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and evaluation of glycyrrhetic acid‐containing microparticles as an anti‐hepatotoxic system
Authors: Onishi Hiraku , Takahashi Hiroaki , Machida Yoshiharu 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMicroparticulate dosage forms for liver‐specific delivery of a liver‐protective drug, glycyrrhetic acid (GLA), were prepared and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Poly(DL‐lactic acid‐co‐glycolic acid (7:3, mol/mol)) microparticles, produced by the combination of emulsification‐solvent evaporation and sonication and washed using the mixture of methanol‐phosphate buffered saline pH 7.4 (3:7, v/v), showed a diameter of approximately 1.0 µm, moderate drug content, and prolonged drug release, and were used for in vivo analyses. The long‐term pharmacokinetic profiles in plasma and liver were investigated after i.v. administration. The microparticles gave much higher GLA concentration in the liver than did GLA solution, and maintained plasma and liver concentrations of GLA at levels of >1 and 3 mg/mL, respectively, for at least 6 days. Furthermore, therapeutic effect against consecutive carbon tetrachloride‐induced murine hepatitis was evaluated based on the plasma level of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) after i.v. administration. The microparticles with 10 mg GLA maintained liver‐protective effect for approximately 1 week, while the GLA solution with the same dose was scarcely effective from 3 days after the administration. These data suggest that the microparticles should be useful as a prolonged liver‐protective system. Drug Dev. Res. 66:189–199, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interferon regulatory factor‐1 gene deletion decreases glomerulonephritis in MRL/lpr mice
Authors: Reilly Christopher M. , Olgun Selen , Goodwin David , Gogal Robert M. , Santo Arben , Romesburg Jason W. , Ansar Ahmed S. , Gilkeson Gary S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractTo investigate the role of interferon regulatory factor‐1 (IRF‐1) in the development of lupus nephritis, IRF‐1–/– genotype mice were bred onto the MRL/lpJfaslpr (MRL/lpr) background. We examined kidney mesangial cell function and disease progression. Endpoints evaluated included inflammatory mediators, autoantibody production, immune complex deposition, renal pathology, T cell subset analysis, and duration of survival. Mesangial cells cultured from IRF‐1–/– mice produced significantly lower levels of nitric oxide and IL‐12 but not TNF‐α when stimulated with LPS + IFN‐γ. IRF‐1–/– mice showed less aggravated dermatitis compared to the wild‐type mice. Anti‐double‐stranded DNA production and proteinuria were significantly decreased in IRF‐1–/– mice compared to IRF‐1+/+ mice. IgG and C3 deposition as well as glomerulonephritis were decreased in IRF‐1–/– mice at 26 wk of age compared to the IRF‐1+/+ mice. Splenic CD4–CD8–CD44+ T cells were decreased while CD4+CD25+ T cells were increased in the IRF‐1–/– mice when compared to IRF‐1+/+ mice. Survival rates (ED50) were 22 wk for IRF‐1+/+ mice and 45 wk for IRF‐1–/– mice. These findings suggest an important role of IRF‐1 in mediating renal disease in MRL/lpr mice.