bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ionic Control of the Longitudinal Flagellum in Ceratium tripos (Dinoflagellida)1
Authors: Maruyama Tadashi 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTIn order to answer the question of how two dissimilar flagellar motions, retraction and undulation, of the longitudinal flagellum in Ceratium tripos are regulated, the effects of cationic milieu, calcium ionophore, calcium channel blockers and some anesthetics on the motion of the longitudinal flagellum were studied. The flagellum retracted and was installed in the sulcus in high K+, high Ca2+, low Na+‐ASW (artificial sea water), and low Mg2+‐ASW. Although Ca2+ ionophore X537A induced the retraction, it also induced disintegration of the flagellum. The Ca2+ channel blocker, La3+, prevented the retraction effectively in high K+‐ASW and in low Mg2+‐ASW but did not affect it in low Na−‐ASW or in high Ca2+‐ASW. Ruthenium red (RR), on the other hand, prevented the retraction in high Ca2+‐ASW, low Na+‐ASW, and low Mg2+‐ASW but did not suppress the retraction induced in high K+‐ASW. The organic Ca2+ antagonist, verapamil, or the local anesthetics, dibucaine and papaveline, did not prevent the retraction effectively in any ASW. These data suggest that the flagellum retracts when external Ca2+ enters into the flagellum. The dissimilar actions of La3+ and RR suggest that there may be two different sites for Ca2+ influx which have different affinity for La3+ or RR.
Oral Ultrastructure and Oral Development of the Misaligned Undulating Membrane Mutant of Tetrahymena thermophila1
Authors: Lansing Timothy J. , Franker Joseph , Jenkins Leslie M. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe misaligned undulating membrane (mum) mutant of Tetrahymena thermophila is a non‐conditional, single gene recessive mutation. The major effect of the mum mutation is the production of multiple undulating membrane (UM) fragments in the oral apparatus (OA). The ultrastructure of the UM fragments of mum OAs is identical to that of the single UM of wild‐type OAs. Analysis of OA development at midbody using a combination of light microscopy of protargol‐stained cells and SEM of demembranated whole cells showed that the phenotypic effect of the mum mutation first becomes evident during mid to late stage 4 and is fully manifested in early stage 5. The effect of the mutation involves a proliferation of excess basal bodies in the UM field. Subsequent events in the development of the mum OA from mid to late stage 5 are identical to those in wild‐type OAs. This study suggests that the mum mutation establishes conditions that allow the production of multiple UMs and thus reveals that the UM field is competent for the complete and coordinated development of several adjacent UMs. This level of regional control is not clearly evident when a single UM is present.The comparison of development of wild‐type and mum OAs required an extensive reanalysis of stages 4 and 5 of normal oral development. On the basis of current and previous observations, we propose a new and more subdivided staging system for oral development in Tetrahymena.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Developmental Stages of Malpighamoeba mellificae Prell in the Honey Bee
Authors: Liu T. P. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTPrimary trophozoites of Malpighamoeba mellificae Prell in the process of penetrating the cell membrane were found among the brush border of epithelial cells of the midgut of Apis mellifera L. They were long and slender with an average diameter of 3.68 μm. Their surfaces had some wrinkles and the cytoplasm contained some vesicles. Secondary trophozoites were found in the lumen of Malpighian tubules. Their size was variable and their shapes were highly irregular; some had pseudopodia. The smooth surface of trophozoites possessed numerous small protrusions and pits. Mature cysts were small and oval‐shaped; they measured from 2.65 times 3.62‐3.4 times 4.6 μm. Their surface was usually smooth but some had wrinkles.
New Wild Tetrahymena from Southeast Asia, China, and North America, Including T. malaccensis, T. asiatica, T. nanneyi, T. caudata, and T. silvana n. spp.
Authors: Simon Ellen M. , Meyer E. Barbara , Preparata Rosa Maria 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTTetrahymena of the T. pyriformis complex collected from varied habitats in Malaysia, Thailand, and The People's Republic of China include strains of the micronucleate species T. americanis and T. canadensis and the amicronucleate T. Pyriformis and T. elliotti. Two new breeding species are described—T. malaccensis from Malaysia and T. asiatica from China and Thailand. Two wild selfers from China and some of the amicronucleate strains from all three countries fall into isozymic groups similar to named micronucleate and amicronucleate species. The T. patula complex is represented by two groups of clones from Malaysia that fit the morphological description of T. vorax. They, however, have radically different isozymic electrophoretic patterns and both groups differ from those of previously described T. vorax. As their molecules indicate relationships to other “T. vorax” strains as distant as that between T. vorax and T. leucophrys, they are considered to be new species, T. caudata and T. silvana. A third new breeding species, T. nanneyi, was identified among strains previously collected in North America. Viable immature progeny were obtained from the new strains of the five breeding species. Maximum temperature tolerances were determined for the new strains of four of the breeding species.
Ultrastructure and Description of a New Species of Telomyxa (Microspora: Telomyxidae) from the Semiaquatic Beetle, Ora texana Champ. (Coleoptera: Helodidae)1
Authors: Hazard E. I. , Federici B. A. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTA new species of the uncommon microsporidian genus Telomyxa (Microspora: Telomyxidae) has been found parasitizing the larval fat body of the semiaquatic beetle, Ora texana. In this species, the sporogonic sequence results in the formation of sporocysts measuring 7.7 times 6.5 μm that contain two crested uninucleate spores (averaging 5.7 times 2.2 μm). The spores are essentially oblong/ovate, tapering toward the anterior end and remaining bound together after sporogony by a persistent accessory membrane or sporocyst. The two spores in the sporocyst are produced by an unusual morphogenetic sequence in which, after one mitosis, the binucleate sporont elongates, forming two lobes that fold toward one another and cleave along a central plane, forming two parallel sporoblasts. The general ultrastructural features of this process are described, and diagnostic characters of this new species of Telomyxa are presented.
Caryospora cobrae n. sp. from the Indian Cobra Naja naja Linnaeus
Authors: Nandi Rina 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTOocysts of Caryospora cobrae n. sp. were isolated from an Indian cobra, Naja naja Linnaeus from West Bengal, India. The sporulated oocysts were spherical to subspherical, 16.5‐19.5 times 16.5‐18.0 μm, and had a micropyle but lacked a polar granule and oocysl residuum. The sporocysts were piriform, measuring 12.0‐16.5 times 9.0−12.8 μm; a Stieda body and sporocyst residuum were present.
The Cytology of Sheep Rumen Ciliates. II. Ultrastructure of Eudiplodinium maggii1
Authors: Furness D. N. , Butler R. D. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe anterior adoral zone of syncilia (AZS) of Eudiplodinium maggii is mounted on an extrusible peristome within a vestibulum. The peristome contains cytopharyngeal components derived from the infraciliature. These components include a crescent‐shaped palisade of nematodesmata, two types of sub‐membrane cytopharyngeal ribbons, and an ensheathing fibrous layer enclosing a phagoplasmic zone containing the other components. A convoluted esophagus is continuous with and extends from the posterior of the cytopharynx adjacent to the macronucleus. A posterior cytoproct has specialized cytoplasm around it and associated myoneme‐like elements. The skeletal plate is composed of finely granular platelets and lies under the cortex ventral to the macronucleus. The endoplasm is separated from the ectoplasm by a fibrous boundary layer. The cortex has an external glycocalyx, a membranous layer, epiplasm, and microtubular and microfilament layers. The AZS infraciliature is of the usual cntodiniomorph type, kinetosomes linked by a sub‐kinetosomal rod and with associated bifurcated kinetodesma, postciliary and transverse microtubules‐the latter extending into the cytopharynx—nematodesmata, and a fibrous reticulum. A possible vestigial, somatic infraciliature consisting of short, barren kinetosomes with associated basal and cortex‐directed microtubules and a periodic incomplete fiber, is found subcortically throughout the cell.
Paramoeba invadens n. sp. (Amoebida, Paramoebidae), a Pathogenic Amoeba from the Sea Urchin, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, in Eastern Canada1
Authors: JONES G. M. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTParamoeba invadens n. sp. is described from sea urchin tissues and from culture. Amoebae are 20–40 μm in length with an irregular hyaline region producing short subpseudopodia. One parasome per cell is present. The parasome is bipolar with basophilic, Feulgen‐positive poles and a Feulgen‐negative median segment. The fine structure of the parasome resembles those in other species of Paramoeba and the surface of the amoeba is plain with no hairs or scales. Amoebae dislodged from tissues often adopt a semifloating form; floating forms have been seen in culture. Amoebae circulate within lumina of the water vascular system and can migrate readily into or out of tissues.
The Excystment Process in the Ciliate Euplotes muscicola: An Integrated Light and Scanning Electron Microscopic Study1
Authors: RAWLINSON NANCY G. , GATES MICHAEL A. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTResting cysts and the excystment process in the freshwater ciliate Euplotes muscicola were studied by both light and scanning electron microscopy. Groups of distinctly crested resting cysts adhere to the substrate. Silver‐stained preparations reveal surface conservation of dorsal kinetosomes and dorsal argyrome while ventral organelles are directed inward. Excystment involves the development of an expanding excystment vacuole concurrent with a localized thinning on the dorsal cyst wall surface. Cells exit through the pre‐formed ostiole, mid‐dorsal region first, initially by the force of cytoplasmic streaming, but later aided by cirral movement. Newly emerged cells retain the excystment vacuole and show no dorsal ridging. As the cell expels its excystment vacuole and partially unfolds, normal trophont morphology is re‐established. Both cyst structure and cyst typology have implications for hypotrich taxonomy.
A New Species of Perezia (Microsporida: Pereziidae) from the Argentine Grasshopper Dichroplus elongatus (Orthoptera: Acrididae)1
Authors: LANGE CARLOS E. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe new microsporidium (Microsporida: Pereziidae), Perezia dichroplusae n. sp., infects the epithelial cells of the Malpighian tubules of the Argentine grasshopper Dichroplus elongatus. Characteristics of the pathogen include the following: development in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm; bi‐, tetra‐, and sometimes multinucleate diplokaryotic meronts, rounded or elongate in shape; unikaryotic sporonts and sporogonial plasmodia, elongate in shape; sporoblasts and spores uninucleated; spores highly variable in size (1.6–6.7 by 1.0–2.7 μm, x̄= 3.5 ± 0.09 by 1.5 ± 0.02, n = 100) with eight or fewer polar tube coils and showing a posterior electron‐dense inclusion body.
Evidence for Phosphorylation of the Extracellular Acid Phosphatase of Leishmania donovani1
Authors: LOVELACE JAMES K. , GOTTLIEB MICHAEL 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe presence of two phosphorylated molecular species in the culture supernatants of axenically cultivated Leishmania donovani promastigotes was demonstrated by biosynthetically labeling cultures with [32P]phosphate. One of these species was resolved into two bands with Mr's of 149,000 and 97,000 by dissociating polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and copurified with the extracellular acid phosphatase activity produced by the promastigotes. The site of phosphorylation of the extracellular acid phosphatase is not yet known.
Observations on Opisthonecta henneguyi Fauré‐Fremiet: Infraciliature, Argyrome, and Myonemic System
Authors: GUINEA A. , FERNÁNDEZ‐GALIANO D. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe infraciliature, argyrome, and myonemic system of Opisthonecta henneguyi have been examined after impregnation with the Fernández‐Galiano silver impregnation method. The oral infraciliature is formed by one haplokinety and three polykineties while the aboral infraciliature is formed by the trochal band—six kinetosomes wide—and the scopula. The trochal band has three fibrillar systems: orally directed fibers, aboral fibers, and oblique fibers. The argyrome is formed by 90 to 135 fine circular striations, which cover the whole organism with the exception of the peristome. The myonemic system is located in two regions: the oral and the aboral ones. The oral myonemic system is formed by a fibrous ring which surrounds the peristome underneath the spiral of the peristomial infraciliature and by a group of fibers which depart from the peristomial disc. The aboral myonemic system is much simpler, and it is formed by fibers which extend radially from the scopula. Biometrical characterizations of the vegetative cells and living cysts were also made, and our data are compared with the results obtained previously by other authors.
The Fine Structure of the Paralabial Organelle in the Rumen Ciliate Ophryoscolex purkinjei Stein, 1858
Authors: SCHRENK HANS‐GÜNTHER , BARDELE CHRISTIAN F. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe paralabial organelle of the rumen ciliate Ophryoscolex purkinjei, located on the ventral side of the ciliophor, is a highly specialized part of the somatic cortex. It consists of alternating rows of short modified cilia and thin pellicular folds which form a ridge‐like structure. The central “top kinety” is composed of monokinetids which bear cilia with 9 + 2 axonemes and 2 μm in length. The top kinety is accompanied by a comb‐shaped fold on its distal side and by a broad wedge‐shaped fold on its proximal side. To both sides there follow two or three lateral kineties made of dikinetids. The anterior kinetosome of each pair bears a clavate cilium, only 0.5–0.7 μm in length and with a 9 + 0 axoneme while the cilium of the posterior kinetosome is even shorter. Lateral folds with numerous microtubules cover these lateral kineties and rows of barren basal bodies. The fine structure of this supposed sensory organelle show a basic pattern in four other ophryoscolecids, and its increasing complexity parallels the suggested phylogenetic line of evolution of these ciliates.
Encystment in the Hypotrichous Ciliate Paraurostyla weissei: Ultrastructure and Cytochemistry1
Authors: DELGADO PILAR , CALVO PURIFICACION , TORRES ANTONIO 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe cyst wall of Paraurostyla weissei consists of four morphologically distinct layers. It shows an ultrastructure and composition similar to that of the previously described kinetosome‐resorbing cysts, and its cytoplasm displays characteristics of “urostylid‐type” cysts. Therefore it is possible to consider it a “transition ciliate” between Stichotrichina and Sporadotrichina.
The Kinetid Structures of the Choreotrichous Ciliate Strobilidium velox and an Assessment of Its Evolutionary Lineage1
Authors: GRIM J. NORMAN 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe ciliary (kinetid) structures of the ciliate Strobilidium velox have been examined with scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Somatic kineties consist of a linear row of kinetosomes (monokinetids) and short cilia lying partially beneath a thin fold of cytoplasm. The only fibrillar kinetid structure extending from the kinetosomes is a transverse ribbon of microtubules. The paroral membrane is a single‐file polykinetid possessing a possible transverse ribbon of microtubules and a nematodesma. The oral polykinetids or membranelles are complex, with microtubules extending from both anterior and posterior rows of cilia. While the kinetid structures do not satisfy the criteria for the order Choreotrichida, they are similar to the tintinnids in several other relevant ways. Strobilidium velox is proposed to be an unusual ciliate that is an exception to the concept that somatic kinetids are conservative and reliable phylogenetic indicator structures.
Electrophoretic Characterization of Members of the Crypthecodinium cohnii (Dinophyceae) Species Complex1
Authors: BEAM CARL A. , HIMES MARION 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTEighty‐seven axenic clones of the colorless inshore dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii were found by mating experiments to fall into 52 sibling species, seven wide ranging (two possibly global)—called major sibling species—and 45 found only once—minor sibling species. Electrophoretic analysis of three soluble enzymes from these strains revealed the following: 1) Despite some polymorphism most members of major sibling species closely resemble one another electrophoretically. 2) Major sibling species and most minor ones are electrophoretically distinct. 3) Sharing of electromorphs is sufficiently extensive, however, that no major sibling species is totally unrelated to all others. 4) Some minor sibling species are electrophoretically indistinguishable from a member of a major sibling species or from one another, suggesting recent origin by sexual isolation in situ. 5) Other minor sibling species differ from majors by one, two, or all three of the enzymes studied. A “model” of sexual isolation and diversification is offered.
New Observations on First‐Generation Merogony of Eimeria tuskegeensis in Sigmodon hispidus1
Authors: GARGUS ELIZABETH B. , SUNDERMANN CHRISTINE A. , LINDSAY DAVID S. , BLAGBURN BYRON L. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTFirst‐generation development of Eimeria tuskegeensis was evaluated using light microscopy. Sporozoite‐shaped meronts containing a prominent refractile body were observed in small intestinal cells of an experimentally infected cotton rat at 24 h post inoculation (PI). Mature spherical or subspherical meronts containing crescent‐shaped merozoites were observed at 36 h PI. Refractile bodies were observed in some of these merozoites. Sporozoite‐shaped meronts that were isolated from host intestinal cells and inoculated onto human fetal lung cell cultures penetrated the cultured cells by 2 h PI. A mature, subspherical, first‐generation meront containing seven merozoites was observed at 9 h PI in cell culture, indicating that sporozoite‐shaped meronts isolated from the host retained their infectivity.
Life Cycle of Culicospora magna (Kudo, 1920) (Microsporida: Culicosporidae) in Culex restuans Theobald with Special Reference to Sexuality1
Authors: BECNEL JAMES J. , HAZARD EDWIN I. , FUKUDA TOKUO , SPRAGUE VICTOR 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe life cycle of Culicospora magna (Kudo, 1920) Weiser, 1977, consists of two major developmental sequences that alternate in host individuals of successive generations, each of the sequences starting with a sporoplasm and ending with spores. The first sequence occurs in larval, pupal, and adult stages of a parental generation of the host mosquito, Culex restuans Theobald; it begins with a sporoplasm from an ingested uninucleate spore and progresses through stages in gametogony, plasmogamy, nuclear association, merogony, karyogamy, and disporous sporulation with production of binucleate spores that discharge sporoplasms into the oocytes. The second sequence occurs in egg and larval stages of a filial generation of the same host species; it begins with the binucleate sporoplasm that entered the egg, includes stages in merogony, nuclear dissociation, and mictosporous sporulation, and ends with uninucleate spores. These spores are released into the environment following death of the host and are capable of infecting new parental generation host individuals. The life cycle is conceived as an alternation of generations related to haploidy and diploidy in the nuclei, the transition from haploidy to diploidy occurring with nuclear association and the transition from diploidy to haploidy occurring with nuclear dissociation.
The Glyceryl Ethers of Paramecium Phospholipids and Phosphonolipids1
Authors: Kaneshiro Edna S. , Meyer Kaniaulono B. , Rhoads Dennis E. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTTwo glyceryl ethers, 1‐O‐hexadecyl glycerol and 1‐O‐cis‐octadec‐11‐enyl glycerol, chimyl and paramecyl alcohol respectively, were quantified in total phospholipids and five glycerophospholipid classes from cells and cilia of the ciliated protozoon Parammecium tetraurelia. The ether content of 2‐aminoethyl phosphonoglycerolipid was 85–90 mole %. Concentrations of ethers were greatest in the ethanolamine phosphonolipids > phosphatidylcholines > phosphatidylserines > phosphatidylethanolamines > phosphatidylinositols. The glyceryl ether concentrations in total cellular phospholipids increased with culture age in P. tetraurelia and P. multimteronucleatum cells. The glyceryl ether concentrations in the phospholipids of P. tetraurelia cilia remained constant from mid log to stationary phase of culture growth. Paramecium tetraurelia phospholipid glyceryl ether concentrations were made greater by supplementation of cultures with chimyl alcohol.
Identification of a Developmentally Regulated Calcium‐Binding Protein in Trypanosoma brucei1
Authors: Ruben Larry 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTCalcium ions mediate cellular activity by binding to specific cellular proteins. The following study systematically examines the cellular complement of calcium‐binding proteins in different cell fractions and life cycle stages of Trypanosoma brucei. Using a 45Ca‐gel overlay procedure, eight calcium‐binding proteins were consistently observed. The majority of proteins were cytosolic (84, 70, 64, 22, and 15 kd) while the remainder (55, 46, and 29 kd) were particulate. Although calmodulin was detected amongst the calcium‐binding proteins, it did not represent the majority of calcium‐binding activity. Of special interest was the 46 kd calcium‐binding protein which was associated with 3‐fold more calcium in cultured procyclic forms than in slender bloodstream forms. By contrast, promastigote forms of Leishmania mexicana did not contain the 46 kd calcium‐binding protein. These data suggest that responsiveness to calcium signals may vary during the trypanosome life cycle as a result of changes in the cellular complement of calcium‐binding proteins.
Studies on the Development of Metacyclic Trypanosoma brucei sspp. Cultivated at 27°C with Insect Cell Lines1
Authors: Kaminsky Ronald , Beaudoin Esther , Cunningham Isabel 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTWhen transformed procyclic trypanosomes of three stocks of Trypanosoma brucei brucei and one stock of T. b. rhodesiense were grown at 27°C in 25‐cm2 flasks containing Anopheles gambiae cells, some of them developed into forms infective for mice. Infectivity titrations on trypanosome suspensions revealed that up to 2.8 × 105 metacyclic forms per ml could be produced, and the cultures remained infective for varying periods of up to 72 days when they were terminated. Of the various culture media tested, a mixture of three volumes of trypanosome medium and one volume of Anopheles medium was the most successful. Control cultures of trypanosomes grown in medium without cells were generally not infective, but two of the stocks gave rise to a few sporadic infections. Trypanosome populations could be subpassaged in the Anopheles cell cultures without loss of infectivity. Metacyclic forms separated from infective cultures by DEAE‐cellulose columns had a surface coat.