bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transforming growth factor‐β1 and interleukin‐10 in breast milk and development of atopic diseases in infants
Authors: Rigotti E. , Piacentini G. L. , Ress M. , Pigozzi R. , Boner A. L. , Peroni D. G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground
Precise relationship between breastfeeding and infant allergy is poorly understood.Objective
Aim was to quantify TGF‐β1 and IL‐10 in colostrum and mature milk from allergic and non‐allergic mothers and to verify relationship with allergic disease development.Methods
Mothers (13 allergics, nine controls) of 22 newborns participated to prospective study on development of children atopy. Colostrum and mature milk were assayed for TGF‐β1 and IL‐10 by ELISA. Children underwent paediatrician evaluation at 6 months of life.Results
Data are presented as median values and range. A significant difference in concentration of TGF‐β1 between colostrum (330, range 0–3400 pg/mL) and mature milk (215, range 0–2400 pg/mL) was observed in samples from allergic mothers (P=0.015). In mature milk TGF‐β1 was significantly lower in allergic (215, range 0–2400 pg/mL) than in non‐allergic mothers (1059, range 0–6250 pg/mL) (P=0.015). IL‐10 was weakly expressed without significant differences between allergic (4.8, range 0–42 and 9.5, range 0–42 pg/mL in colostrum and in mature milk) and non‐allergic mothers (0, range 0–42 pg/mL in colostrum and 0, range 0–42 pg/mL in mature milk). After 6 months 46% infants from allergic mothers, but none from controls, presented atopic dermatitis.Conclusion
TGF‐β1 was significantly less secreted in mature milk of allergic mothers, while no difference in IL‐10 was found. Particular cytokine patterns in milk could influence development of atopic diseases. Further immunological studies in this field are necessary.
Radioimmunoassayable methotrexate concentrations in plasma and skin exudate of patients with psoriasis
Authors: BOOMLA K. , AHERNE G.W. , GREAVES M.W. , QUINTON M. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
Radioimmunoassay is a rapid, convenient, specific and sensitive method of measuring methotrexate (MTX) levels in plasma and skin exudate. Chronic users have a delayed peak level compared to recently treated patients. MTX levels in skin exudate approximate to those in plasma. Only 50% of plasma MTX is free, whereas almost all is free in skin exudate.
LAUFZEITMESSUNGEN AN BOHRKERNEN UND GESTEINSPROBEN MIT ELEKTRONISCHEN MITTELN*
Authors: BAULE HEINRICH 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSupersonic pulses are transmitted into rock samples and cylindrical drill cores of about 10 cm to about 100 cm in length by a magnetostrictive driver attached to one end. The pulses are received at any chosen distance along the core by a small crystal geophone resting on the specimen. The beginning of the supersonic pulse and the wave form of the received disturbance, together with the marks of an accurate timer by a quartz clock, are made visual and stationary on the screen of a cathode‐ray oscillograph and the travel‐time is measured. Thus the core is picked up at different distances and a travel‐time curve is drawn from which the velocity of the waves is determined.The method is interpreted and the measuring device described. Graphs give several travel‐time curves of different rock samples, drill cores, metal rods and rods of other solid materials. The elastic moduli E of the samples are communicated, and an example is given for determining Poisson's ratio S from longitudinal and transversal velocities on two cores of sandstone.
A STUDY OF WELL VELOCITY DATA IN NORTH WEST GERMANY*
Authors: MÜHLEN W. VON ZUR , TUCHEL G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe article is based on data from 74 seismic well velocity surveys in N.W. Germany.The effect of overburden is illustrated by means of diagrams representing interval velocities against depth. To eliminate observational errors and lithological variations from well to well, interval velocities from about the same depth are averaged. Thus, relatively uniform curves are obtained for lower Tertiary, Upper Cretaceous, and Lower Cretaceous (Albian), making the effect of overburden better evident than from individual observations. The vertical gradient of velocity for these geological sections are given. Furthermore, they are compared with curves for Lower Tertiary and Cretaceous obtained in N. America. Due to its high lime content, the Upper Cretaceous of N.W. Germany has a much higher velocity than that observed in the Cretaceous of N. America. The curves for shales of the Lower Tertiary and Lower Cretaceous (Albian), however, are similar in both countries. In older formations, on the other hand, e.g. Jurassic and Triassic, lithologic character has the dominant influence and the effect of overburden is rather small and often scarcely noticeable.The data considered cover a depth range down to 2,700 meters. The interval velocities are generally based on the use of various equal intervals.
A DEVICE FOR OVERCOMING THE EFFECTS OF STATIC ON SEISMIC SHOT SIGNALS*
Authors: ROBERTS F. A. , DENNISON A. T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWhen refraction time signals are transmitted over a radio link between shooter and observer there is a serious risk of interference from electrical storms. This risk can be minimised by sending a series of signals at fixed time intervals and the paper describes a simple device which will do this with the required accuracy.
BEITRAG ZUR INTERPRETATION VON SCHWEREBILDERN MIT HILFE HöHERER ABLEITUNGEN*
Authors: KOSBAHN B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFor the treatment of the problems involved in the interpretation of gravity pictures this paper gives a formula that holds generally for any potential function. It provides an extended applicability of the relation used by Elkins for the computation of the second derivative, and also yields an analogous relation to derivatives of higher order of the gravity field.This relation has not been utilized to determine in details the course of the derivatives of higher order in a plane, but is merely applied to points of comparatively extreme curvature of the isogams where the differential values present a ratio favourable to the “noise level”. By this method the values of the derivatives of higher order will not be determined themselves but only the ratio's responsible for the depth of divergence in comparison with the course of an anomaly of masses replaced by points.It is shown by examples of intercalated masses that the divergence points are important and by law related to the form and position of the density contrasts themselves.An analysis of the total gravity picture is made possible by progressing from elements close to the surface to deeper ones. In this way the fundamental features of the earth's crust will be obtained. The application of the analysis process to a gravity anomaly actually measured in Northwest Germany is given.
LAUFZEITANOMALIEN IM BEREICH EINER STöRUNG*
Authors: RÜHMKORF HANS ALBERT 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe measurement of well velocity data in the well of Scheibenhardt I has shown that it is possible to observe a well noticeable measurable increase of the travel time of seismic waves when approaching a disturbance. The tectonic event of the disturbance is combined in this case with a disorder (shattering) of the layers without subsequent cementation.The significance of these anomalies for reflection seismics is discussed. When existing they will then overlap the diffraction, treated by Th. Krey.
CERTITUDE DES RÉSULTATS DE LA PROSPECTION GÉOPHYSIQUE*
Authors: MATSCHINSKI M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe writer classifies problems of geophysical interpretation. He distinguishes four fundamental problems and indicates the methods of solving them. Among these methods he refers to classical methods and methods based on the writer's theoretical work.The geophysical examples are developed, as well as the very simple numerical examples. Methods of enumeration are also referred to. The whole object is to show that the practical application of the geophysical methods suggested will not give prospectors any difficulty.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES CONCERNING THE VERTICAL GRADIENT AND SECOND DERIVATIVE METHODS OF GRAVITY INTERPRETATION*
Authors: ROSENBACH OTTO 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn the first part of the present paper we shall investigate the possibility of localising highly situated inclined faults with the aid of the vertical gradient and the second derivative in the direction of the vertical. Since these quantities have been computed from gravity values by means of formulae of approximation we shall have to study the question as to their applicability for possible quantitative interpretation. Particular caution should be exercised when making the usual comparison with theoretical test examples. For three effects have to be taken into account which result from the application of the formulae of approximation:

The extreme values appear more or less smoothed out
Extremal abscissae are being displaced
The results are influenced by the orientation of the grid which forms the basis of the calculation.

For a practical instance it was possible to locate a well under troublesome circumstances. This well is situated on the downthrown side of an inclined fault, the depth of the upthrown side being known as a result of another well.We shall show in the second part of the present paper how small, deeply situated structures may be recognised in the diagrams of the vertical gradient and of the second derivative. In the case of two practical instances the effect of these structures is rendered unrecognisable in the isogam map in view of regional influences. The results according to the formulae of Baranov, Elkins and Rosenbach are contrasted with each other.
SOME REMARKS ON THE ERRORS IN THE CALCULATION OF THE VERTICAL GRADIENT OF GRAVITY*
Authors: BARANOV V. , TASSENCOURT J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn a previous paper by the first author a method has been presented for computing the first vertical derivative of the gravity field or of the magnetic field. In the present paper an analysis is given of the errors in the first vertical derivative that result when the latter is computed by the above method. Two sorts of errors are considered. Firstly, the error in the first vertical derivative that results from the errors in interpolating between isogam lines on the Bouguer anomaly map. Secondly, the error in the first vertical derivative that results from the approximations upon which the computation method is based. The conclusion is reached that both sorts of error are only of minor importance.
DÉTERMINATION DES SALINITÉS DES EAUX DANS LE SOUS‐SOL DU ZUIDERZEE PAR PROSPECTION GÉOPHYSIQUE*
Authors: VOLKER A. , DIJKSTRA J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe paper describes the determination of the chlorine content of deep ground water by means of the direct resistivity method using the Wenner electrode configuration. The purpose was to investigate the distribution of salinity in the brackish waters within a permeable sand of thickness 250 metres and which forms the deeper subsoil of the Ysselmeer areas.Such a knowledge is of great value, firstly because the seepage of salt water into the proposed deep “polders” may reduce the crop yield, and secondly because it allows areas, where potable waters may occur, to be delineated.To test the method, measurements were made near existing boreholes which extended to a depth of 350 metres. From these borings water samples from various depths were collected and it was found that the resistivity pl of the porewater was closely related to their chlorine content. The resistivity p of the saturated sand was determined from the geo‐electrical measurements. It was found that the resistivity p was given by p= 4, 5 pl. From this relation, which is independent of the salinity, the chlorine content of the porewater could be estimated. These results are in close agreement with those of other observers. In the area p varied from 1 to 200 ohmmetres corresponding to a chlorine content changing from 12.000 to 15 mg per litre.The method was adapted for working over water. Each of fourteen insulated conductors in a special cable terminated in an electrode, and these electrodes were spaced along the cable so that nine different Wenner spacings could be selected. The electrode separations varied from 44 metres up to 306 metres.
KONSTRUKTIVE DARSTELLUNG VON SEISMISCHEN HORIZONTEN UNTER BEROCKSICHTIGUNG DER STRAHLENBRECHUNG IM RAUM*
Authors: BAUMGARTE J. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe paper describes a geometrical construction which allows the reflecting or refracting Tsoundaries to be derived from seismic time observations.In reflection work the construction makes use of the ray reflected from the boundary at normal incidence. For constant velocities of the beds, or for a linear increase of velocity with depth, the method leads to the construction of successive envelopes from which the reflecting interface and the rays are obtained. By using the idea of “stretching fictitious rays”, the construction requires ruler and compasses only and is applicable to both plane and curved boundaries with any strike direction and in any number.The same principles can be applied to refraction problems and again the. construction of successive envelopes allows the indirect or Mintrop wave to be defined. The position of the refracting boundary and the velocity can be derived immediately. As in the reflection method any number of plane boundaries with any strike can be dealt with.An appendix discusses the use of the method in reflection work with any type of velocity distribution.
ELECTRICAL HAZARDS IN SEISMIC PROSPECTING*
Authors: SELEM A. M. , MERLINI E. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTHazards due to powerlines, radiotransmitters and self‐potentials in connection with weather conditions are considered. Voltage and current values are given for several measurements made under the most severe conditions of circuit arrangements. The necessity of general safety precautions is stressed.
A LOW‐FREQUENCY REFRACTION GEOPHONE*
Authors: JONES W. M. , DENNISON A. T. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a highly portable geophone, designed for large‐scale refraction surveying, which uses a novel suspension system to obtain a natural frequency of about 1.85 c/s. The nominal output is 0.7 volts/cm/second into a 500 ohm load, the damping then being 0.7 of critical. Some typical recorded arrivals obtained with this geophone are illustrated.
DÉTERMINATION DE LA POSITION DANS ĽESPACE D'UN MIROIR SITUÉ SOUS UN RÉFRACTEUR SÉPARANT DEUX MILIEUX DE VITESSES DIFFÉRENTES, À PARTIR DES DONNÉES D'UN TIR EN CROIX ISOLÉ*
Authors: FAVRE B. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe problem is considered of how to determine, from dip shooting data, the position in space of a reflecting horizon located underneath a refracting interface between two media of different velocities.The author proposes a combination between a geometric solution and an analytic one, to obtain the quickest result.
SOME THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS ON THE USE OF MULTIPLE GEOPHONES ARRANGED LINEARLY ALONG THE LINE OF TRAVERSE*
Authors: HALES F. W. , EDWARDS T. E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn analytical treatment is given of the response of linear arrays of multiple geophones, as a function of the direction of incidence of the wave and of the wave frequency. The relation between the response and the direction of incidence may be quite complicated, the response being zero in several directions. As a function of wave frequency, the response may also have several zero values within the frequency band in which reflections are expectable. This would result in a serious modification of the filter characteristics of the amplifier. It is shown, however, how such a modification of the filter characteristics may be avoided by a judicious choice of the number and the spacing of the geophones in a multiple group.
TUNIS TO LISBON AIRBORNE MAGNETOMETER PROFILE
Authors: AGOCS W. B. , ISAACS K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe results of an 805‐mile (1300 km) airborne magnetometer profile flown across Tunisia and Algeria, from Tunis to the coast west of Oran, across north‐western Spanish Morocco and Tangier, and across south central Portugal to Lisbon are presented. The general geology of the zone over which the profile was flown is shown with the magnetic variations. Depth, structural and rock type interpretations have been made from the magnetic control. The depth values are believed to be high due to angle of the flight line with respect to the probable maximum gradient of the magnetic anomalies. However, depth values are given in all of the basins of possible interest.
APPLICATION OF DELAY AND INTERCEPT TIMES IN THE INTERPRETATION OF MULTILAYER REFRACTION TIME DISTANCE CURVES*
Authors: WYROBEK S. M. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe well known quantities, delay and intercept times, can be made fully useful in the interpretation of multilayer refraction problems dealing with small undulating dips.The identification of the individual refractors is made by the use of reciprocal and intercept times and by applying an additional and useful relationship, namely that the delay time profile between two shot‐points should match the half‐intercept time profile when calculated using the true velocity of the refractor.With a suitable arrangement of shot‐points this relation permits us to obtain the true horizontal velocity of a refractor from one direction of shooting only.Presentation of the refraction results in the form of time sections, similar to those used in reflection surveys, is often desirable. These sections can be converted easily into depth sections, once the overburden velocities are defined.The use of the method is limited not only by the dip, but also by the depth of the refractor. Deep refractors can be, however, worked out by this method, by reducing a multilayer problem to that of two layers, using again the delay times.
SEISMIC EFFICIENCY OF EXPLOSIVES*
Authors: RICHARD Henri , PIEUCHOT Maurice 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe parameters which characterize an explosive are derived from laboratory tests and none is directly usable for seismic purposes. Another one, derived from field experiments is proposed in this paper. It allows the comparison of two different explosives. The test must be conducted with care. Precautions concerning the equipment and the shot point detailed. The first available results suggest that the new parameter does not depend on the size of the charge nor on the shooting conditions, though the experimental data are not numerous enough to allow a general statement. It is shown how a coefficient of seismic efficiency can be used for selecting an explosive; and considerable amounts of money can be saved by the best choice. More studies on the generation of artificial seismic waves would be highly profitable.
SCALE MODEL SEISMIC EXPERIMENTS
Authors: HALL S. H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn experimental arrangement is described using an electric spark as source and barium titanate as a detector. Model experiments were made in water with the source mounted above the surface. The effect on the pulse shape on transmission through the air‐water interface and the change of pulse shape with depth were investigated. A number of profiles are presented of reflections from a slate slab immersed in the water with different arrangements of the model and detector.
A TORSION‐MAGNETOMETER FOR MEASURING THE VERTICAL COMPONENT OF THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD*
Authors: HAALCK F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe paper describes a vertical component magnetometer for field work whose magnet system is provided with a torsion axis and in which torsion serves as a standard of measurement. When a measurement is taken the magnetic axis of the system is brought back into the horizontal position by altering the angle of twist (null‐method). The angle of twist is thus a direct measure of the vertical intensity. The instrument is within wide limits independent of the magnetic north‐south direction and may therefore be set up in practically any position. The magnet system is temperature compensated, well damped and provided with an automatic clamping device. With a scale value of 25 gammas per scale division the range of the instrument for direct measurements is 65000 gammas. A tripod of special design enables a measurement to be taken in about one minute. The weight of the torsion magnetometer inclusive of tripod is only 2.9 kg (6.4 lb).
CORRELATION OF ROCK DENSITY DETERMINATIONS FOR GRAVITY SURVEY INTERPRETATION*
Authors: WHETTON J. T. , MYERS J. O , SMITH R. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe results of field and laboratory methods of density determination on a series of Coal Measure, Permian and Triassic rooks are presented and the different methods compared. It is concluded that the most satisfactory method is that of measuring the vertical change of gravity in a mine shaft. Nettleton's method is unsatisfactory to us, due to weathering of the rocks (particularly Magnesian Limestone) and possible effects from drift. Laboratory measurements are of variable value depending on the lithology and source of the samples.A method adopted to solve the problem of finding the true densities for use in a local gravity survey in N.E. England is given.
MODERN TECHNIQUE IN SEISMIC REFLECTION RECORDING*
Authors: ANSTEY N. A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper is presented to the geophysicist concerned with the taking of seismic records in the field. Part I summarises present knowledge of the fundamental seismic process. Part II details the manner in which this knowledge dictates the selection of some of the parameters available to the operator for controlling the quality of the records. The manner in which the recording problem is changed by the advent of magnetic recording and of automatic record computation is also discussed.
QUELQUES CONSIDERATIONS SUR LES MESURES DE VITESSE EFFECTUEES DANS LES PUITS PAR L'AGIP MINERARIA EN ITALIE ET SPECIALEMENT DANS LA PLAINE DU PO *)
Authors: QUARTA F. , MAINO C. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe numerous well velocity measurements carried out in Italy by Agip Mineraria are considered, in an attempt to establish some correlations between the determined velocities and the stratigraphical and lithological characteristics of the formations in which the measurements were made.The distribution of the seismic velocity is discussed especially in relation to depth, age and lithologic composition of the Tertiary formations in the Po Valley.Finally, mention is made of some satisfactory results newly obtained on the basis of such considerations, particularly for the delineation of stratigraphic traps.
DIRECT RECORDING VS. FM RECORDING IN SEISMIC TAPE MACHINES *)
Authors: ERATH LOUIS W. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the two methods of magnetic tape recording used today in the seismic industry. It discusses objectively the characteristics of both methods including historical material, discussion of circuitry, magnetic tape, drive systems, effects of flutter and harmonic distortion, signal transfer and tape transport construction. The paper also includes discussion of noise and reproduction of transient signals. Diagrams illustrating the two recording systems, their frequency response and phase shift characteristics, distortion and noise levels as well as typical wave forms, are also attached.