bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Swelling and Mowosubstitution On the Strength of Cross-Linked Cotton
Authors: Gagliardi D. D'. , Wehner A. 
Published: March 2007

The reduction in the wear resistance of cotton fabrics in wrinkle-resistant, wash-and- wear, and durable press garments is shown to be related to the lowering of fiber, yarn, and fabric toughness resulting from concentrated cross-linking of limited regions of the cellulose polymer network. Various approaches which have been suggested for improv ing over-all toughness in cotton fabrics are reviewed and discussed. A new concept is presented for achieving major improvements in tensile strength, elongation, tear strength, toughness, flexing resistance, and surface abrasion resistance of wrinkle- resistant cotton fabrics. This concept involves the swelling of cotton fibers to increase the sites for chemical reactions, introduction of bulky, plasticizing side groups, and, finally, cross-linking the distended polymer network to achieve more uniformly placed cross links than is possible in existing methods. Preliminary experimental data are presented for several cases which help to support the above concept. Both by sequential swelling, substitution, and cross-linking and also by one-step reaction with fiber-reactive swelling agents, it is demonstrated that substantial improvements may be obtained in all or some of the various fabric mechanical properties. Studies are described on the characterization of the swelling effect of various organic structures and on the synthesis of cellulose-reactive monofunctional and polyfunctional swelling analogs. Aqueous solutions of increasing concentrations of such compounds are shown to produce variously shaped swelling-concentration curves. When cross-linking swellable, substituted cotton fabrics, much less strength and toughness reduction is produced than is normally obtained in unmodified cotton. Some esterifica tion reactions, however, themselves produce some strength loss prior to cross-linking and need to be improved. Others, such as carbamylation, ethoxylation, and grafting have given higher strength retention. In some cases, substantial increases in both flex and surface abrasion resistance have been produced. This work is continuing in attempts to synthesize the most efficient monofunctional and difunctional cellulose swelling and reactive pair of reagents.
Wet-Fixation DP Process—Polymer Deposition1
Authors: Hollies Norman R. S. 
Published: March 2007

When made into simulated cuffs and laundered twenty times, twill fabric given a wet-fixation treatment was found to abrade quite differently from twill finished by a pad-dry-cure process. Sections of these fabrics examined in the electron microscope revealed an even distribution of resin in the wet-fixed samples and little tendency for fibrillation from beating or washing. The expansion techniques of the SURDD applied to these sections revealed a tight bonding of cellulose layers in the wet-fixed samples. Samples from the same treatments examined in the transmission-interference microscope revealed a definite loss in internal birefringence in the wet-fixed samples and a smaller loss in the pad-dry-cure samples, revealing again a difference in degree of penetration of the resins from the two systems. In addition, with this means of viewing in which the treated fibers appear in brilliant interference colors, there was clear indication of sub stantial polymer formation inside the fibers given the wet-fixation treatment. This is possible because the refractive index of these fiber sections can be measured directly, and this technique provides an interesting avenue for future studies of resin-treated cottons of optimum performance. Both types of treated cotton were observed in replica experiments, each showing a fiber surface coating, presumably of resin, masking the surface striations of untreated cotton. Strength and elongation measurements on yarns and fibers from these same samples revealed, however, that neither treatment resulted in measurable interfiber sticking or bonding. Instead, the differences in strength and elongation noted in the fabrics were even more pronounced in the yarns and fibers of each. Only the wet-fixed samples retained a substantial portion of the original cotton fiber strength and elongation properties. If these particular changes in cotton introduced by the wet-fixation process are the main ones responsible for the enhanced performance of treated fabrics, then it appears that there may be several routes to placing resins in the right location in cotton for effective use. Vapor-phase grafting may, indeed, be an example of such a variation.
Wet-Fixation Durable-Press Process—Reactions with Cellulose
Authors: O'Brien S. James , Hagan Patricia M. , Nakajima William N. , Roth Phillip B. , White David 
Published: March 2007

The nature and extent of the reactions involved in the two-step, wet-fixation durable- press process of Getchell and other processes have been determined by means of a perio date oxidation method. The wet-fixation, durable-press process is shown to differ from the acid colloid process and other wet-fixation procedures. The variations show up in terms of the concentration of the methoxymethylol compound and reactant fixed on the fiber and the extent to which covalent crosslinking of cellulose occurs. The results indicate that in the wet-fixation, durable-press process the methoxy methylmelamine results in only a relatively low degree of cross-linking, but it is, never theless, durably fixed to the fabric, probably as a low molecular-weight polymer. It also appears to interact with and moderate the strong cross-linking tendency of the reactant. Predrying the fabric before wet-fixation leads to a greater degree of cross linking. The nature of the reactant influences the results obtained. The degree of methoxymethylation of the melamine compound also has an effect on the final result which appears to be related to the ability of the methoxymethylmelamine to resist the rinsing (neutralization) step after wet fixation which, in turn, appears to be related to the tendency of the various methoxymethylmelamines to form low polymers.
Relation of Intermicellar Bonding and Some Mechanical Properties of Swollen Cotton Fibers
Authors: de Boer J.J. , Borsten H. 
Published: March 2007

An attempt has been made to define the course of the load—elongation curves of cotton fibers as a function of three variables. The physical meaning of these variables has been traced. They can be described as orientation f0, coherence n/nT and easily ac cessible and easily broken bonds m0/ nT. Afterwards an analysis has been made of the load—elongation curves of differently treated fibers and it has been established as to how far the tensile strength, the elongation at break, as well as the elastic properties might be predicted from the values of the variables. Finally, attention has been paid to the causal coherence of these mechanical properties and the derived physical quantities. 1 Fafegraph-Stein, München-Gladbach.
Chemical Investigation of the Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids and Sulfur Content of Persulfate-Oxidized Wool
Authors: Kantouch A. , Bendak A. 
Published: March 2007

The sulfur content and the sulfur-containing amino acids in wool are greatly affected by oxidation with persulfate. The sulfur content apparently increased due to uptake of sulfate radicals by the wool as a result of the persulfate treatment. This could be reversed by a bicarbonate treatment, and the real trend is a decrease of sulfur with increasing the oxygen consumption. Cystine decreased rapidly in the early stages; with further treatment, no further loss in cystine can be detected. Methionine and its oxidation products could not be detected in the oxidized wool, while lanthionine is only found as traces in the persulfate- treated wool at alkaline pH values. Infrared spectroscopy, carried out to detect other oxidation products without hydrolysis of the wool, gave bands due to sulfoxide, sulfinic, and sulfonic acid groups in the persulfate-oxidized wool. Cysteic acid was found in the hydrolyzate of the persulfate-oxidized wool and could be estimated ionophoretically. Cysteic acid content increased with the degree of oxidation and was found to attain a limiting value of 7.5% at an oxygen consumption of more than 4.30.
Studies in Wool Yellowing
Authors: Holt L.A. , Inglis A.S. , Lennox F.G. 
Published: March 2007

When wool which has been yellowed by irradiation with a fluorescent sunlamp is bleached with hydrogen peroxide, its susceptibility to subsequent photochemical yellow ing is increased. In addition, its strength is diminished and three successive irradiations and peroxide bleachings reduce the tensile strength to a quarter of its original value. Bleaching with peroxide followed by hydrosulfite causes losses of strength and chemical changes similar to those produced by peroxide alone. On the other hand, susceptibility to yellowing by heating dry or in pH 8 buffer is not increased by previous heating and peroxide bleaching nor is there any appreciable loss in strength. Saturation of the peroxide solution with sodium chloride reduces its bleaching action but has little effect on the fall in tensile strength during repeated alternate uv yellowing and bleaching. Impregnation of wool with thiourea and formaldehyde to retard uv yellowing confers some protection against loss in strength but also diminishes the bleaching effect of peroxide. The concentration of thiol plus disulfide groups is progressively lowered by the successive bleachings, regardless of the method used for yellowing. The concentration of "apparent thiol" groups is increased sharply by each uv treatment, and to a small extent by dry heating, but not by heating in pH 8 buffer.
Knitting Performance of Wool Yarns: Instrumentation Studies 1
Authors: Knapton James J. F. 
Published: March 2007

The knitting performance of a yarn, in terms of the work Ty required to knit the yarn into jersey fabric, is measured hy use of a sensitive torque transducer located on the driving shaft of an experimental knitting machine. Using this technique, the knitting per formances of a variety of worsted wool yarns are studied, and the effects of input tension, yarn/metal friction, yarn/yarn friction, twist level, and the WURLAN shrink-resist treatment on knitting performance are investigated. By the use of a mathematical analysis, the knitting behavior of a worsted yarn with changes in input tension is shown to be essentially similar to that predicted. Under normal commercial knitting conditions, Ty is directly proportional to yarn/metal friction but independent of yarn/yarn friction. It is proposed that if the coefficient of yarn/metal friction ≤ 0.2, little trouble will be encountered in the knitting of wool yarns, and that the sometimes irregular appearance of knitted wool fabrics may be attributed to both spin ning irregularity and the magnitude of yarn/metal friction. The knitting performance of a multi-filament nylon yarn is also shown to be dependent on yarn/metal friction. The use of yarn feeding devices at the standard knit construction reduces Ty at any input tension, confirming that higher knitting speeds, increased efficiencies, and more regular fabric are attainable. The effect of yarn/metal friction on knitting performance is substantially decreased by the use of positive feed. An increase in twist factor from 1.8 to 2.8 had little effect on Ty, although slightly increased values are found for high- twist yarns. However, the WURLAN interfacial-polymerization wool shrink-resist treatment increased T y as much as 60% at normal input tensions. This effect seemed to be unrelated to measured changes in yarn/metal friction and yarn flexural rigidity, but could possibly be due to changes in yarn/yarn friction. Some interesting observations of the mechanical performance of knitting machinery are also reported in this paper.
Sonic and Ultrasonic Irradiation of Cotton Fibers
Authors: Boucher R.M.G. , Staples M.L. 
Published: March 2007

An investigation was made of the effects of exposure to sonic and ultrasonic energy on the physical and chemical properties of Deltapine and Acala 4-42 cotton irradiated in partially degassed water. From the results of more than 1300 different tests, it appears that some of the cotton fibers properties can be modified. However, the main changes observed to date appear to be of a physical and not of a chemical nature. Cavitation, specially vaporous cavitation, has been singled out as the main factor responsible for fibers modification. Frequency and acoustic energy density in the liquid phase play a key role only because they indirectly control the intensity of cavitation phenomena. The importance of sample size for uniform irradiation has also been stressed. Irradia tion around 30 kcps with an energy density of 20 watts/liter and a cavitation activity of 220 cavits lead to strong fiber surface modifications and fibers entanglement after a few hours of insonation. Evidence of severe fibrillation has been established not only by optical and electron microscopic techniques but also through alkali swelling tests and Micronaire readings. Generally speaking the Deltapine variety of cotton grown under conditions of natural rainfall seems slightly more susceptible to cavitation effects than Acala 4-42 grown under irrigated conditions. It has also been clearly established that contrary to nonirradiated fibers, ultrasonically treated cotton enables to make paper sheets of acceptable tensile strength. From both the theoretical and experimental viewpoint a rather promising avenue seems to have been opened for future large scale ultrasonic fibrillating of fibers suspension. On the negative side we must mention that due to absorption phenomena high-power sonic irradiation does not seem a very promising tool for trash removal from raw cotton.
The Behavior of Fabrics in Shear
Authors: Spivak S.M. , Treloar L.R.G. 
Published: March 2007

The effect of heat-setting on the properties of a nylon monofil fabric in shear has been investigated, and considerable changes have been found to occur. These changes particularly depend on whether heat-setting is done with the specimen held at fixed dimensions or allowed free contraction. Photographs of the actual contact area at fila ment crossovers are presented to interpret many of the resulting shear properties. It has also been found that bending properties of the filaments were unaffected by heat-setting, and that the bending stiffness of the filaments may significantly contribute to the fabric shear resistance. In addition, a new dynamic method of measuring the cyclical/energy loss of the fabric in shear has been devised. General agreement was found between loss values thus obtained, and with those obtained by the static method described in an earlier paper (Part I).
Study of the Reversal Phenomenon in the Fibrillar Structure of the Cotton Fiber
Authors: Raes G. , Fransen T. , Verschraege L. 
Published: March 2007

The work presented here is a part of a fundamental study on the nature and origin of structural reversals in cotton fibers and their relation to mechanical properties. Special attention is drawn to the reversal distance distribution. In a first attempt, the observed distribution is adjusted to a combinapon of two Poisson distributions. The rather arti ficial systems which have to be visualized in order to relate the parameters of this com bined distribution with a possible growth model and the fact that no evidence could be found for the existence of two distinct causes for reversal generation, gave rise to certain suspicion about the validity of the proposed adjustment. A more thorough analysis of the observations leads to the conclusion that the observed frequency distribution shows significant periodicities which are presumed to be inherent in the generation of reversals. The distance between two consecutive modi in the fre quency-distribution curve is of the order of 200-250 microns. From these observations and from information in the literature, a fiber growth model has been sugegsted. If this model can be accepted as true, it shows that between visible reversals there must be places in the fiber with structural properties similar to the structure of the visible reversals. In order to corroborate this statement, a new and improved technique has been de veloped to perform more than one tensile test on the same single fiber, with jaw space at zero gauge. Sufficient data have been gathered which indicate that the strength ob served between reversals is about 25% higher than the strength of the same fiber at reversals.
Effect of Fiber Diameter in the Liquid Scintillation Counting of Wool Labeled by Reaction with [2-3H] and [2-14C] Iodoacetic Acid
Authors: Downes A.M. , Till A.R. 
Published: March 2007

Wool samples were labeled by reaction with aqueous solutions containing [2-14C] iodo acetic acid or [2-3H] iodoacetic acid. The counting rate of each sample was measured, firstly, with the 'wool suspended in a liquid scintillation solution (direct method) and, secondly, after oxidizing the same sample and dissolving the products in another liquid scintillation solution. The counting rate determined by the direct method depended on fiber diameter, because of self-absorption of β-particies by the wool, whereas the counting efficiency of the oxidation method was constant. The ratio of the counting rates, direct/ oxidized, for 14C-labeled samples decreased linearly from 1.30 to 0.96 as the mean diameter increased from 14 to 35 μ. With 3H-labeled wool, the inverse ratio, oxidized/ direct, increased linearly from approximately 5.5 to 10.5 with increase in diameter from 14 to 35 μ. It was also shown that wool samples may be labeled with a known amount of 14C by reaction with [2-14C] iodoacetic acid dissolved in a liquid scintillation solution. The results, which show that the reaction occurred uniformly through the fiber, provide the basis for a new method of measuring mean fiber diameter.
Oil Take Up and Removal by Washing from Polyester, Polyester/Cotton Blend and Other Fabrics
Authors: Brown C.B. , Thompson S.H. , Stewart G. 
Published: March 2007

Oil stains of various types are much more easily removed from filament polyester fabric and from filament nylon than from staple polyester fabric or from staple poly ester/cotton blend. Filament polyester fabric takes up only about 20% as much oil from dilute aqueous emulsion as does' staple polyester fabric of approximately similar weight per unit area during side-by-side soiling, and the oil is much more tenaciously held by the staple fabric. In practical wear/wash tests on coats fat-soiled by use in a fish and chip establish ment, filament polyester and filament nylon are easily washed at 48°C and present no problem. Staple polyester and staple polyester/cotton blend fabrics are much more difhcult to clean at 48°C, although satisfactory cleaning is obtained if the staple polyester/cotton blend carries a Cirrasol PT (Permalose T) finish. Washing the untreated staple polyester, staple polyester/cotton blend, and the cotton fabrics at 85°C, instead of 48°C, goes a substantial way towards satisfactory cleaning, although it does not completely solve the problem. The slight creasing produced on these fabrics is removed by light ironing. The difference in behavior between the staple and filament fabrics is not due to differences in surface area, which are comparatively slight. Scanning electron micros copy reveals heavy deposits of fat on the staple fabric, these being largely held between the criss-cross randomly spaced fibers. No such deposits are present on the filament fabric, the fat being mainly on the fibers themselves. In washing, the oil is almost completely removed from the filament fabric, but portions still remain on the staple cloth, largely held in the V-shaped areas where the fibers cross each other.
Sodium Ethylcellulose Sulfate1
Authors: Slowig W.D. , Rowley M.E. 
Published: March 2007

The sulfate ester of ethylcellulose is prepared by reacting sodium acetyl sulfate with a partially ethylated cellulose. After a reaction time of less than 1 hr at room tempera ture, the product is isolated as the sodium salt and washed in isopropanol. The dried material is dense, granular, and free-flowing and has good dry-heat and water-solution stability. The water-soluble sodium ethylcellulose sulfate is also soluble in a variety of organic solvents and solvent mixtures. Solubility characteristics can be altered by proper selection of the starting cellulose ether and the degree of sulfation. This sulfate ester has many possible end uses, because of the unique dual solubility that allows, for coating from volatile solvents. Solvent-cast sheeting is heat-sealable, clear, and water-soluble; it is flexible at low temperature and humidity, when plasti cized with an aliphatic dibasic acid ester. The product is an excellent resin binder for pigments and other solids in both water and water-alcohol. Low-viscosity solutions in organic solvents can be coated and rapidly cured on medicament tablets.
Flexing Fatigue of Glass-Fiber Filter Cloth
Authors: Hicks R.E. , Mandersloot W.G.B. 
Published: March 2007

A flexing endurance test, using a modification of ASTM D643-43 for paper, is suit able for the evaluation of glass-fiber filter cloth. The test can be applied to new cloths and cloths after exposure to heat, this being the major cause of deterioration of the cloth properties in practice. Superior flexing endurance, when new, is not necessarily main tained after heat exposure. The life distribution is log-normal for the texturized-yarn weft direction and bi-modal log-normal for the continuous-filament-yarn warp direction. For the warp, a two-stage mechanism leading to failure is evident from the observed specimen elongations; for the weft, only one stage was observed. The log of life is inversely proportional to the flexing angle, which is explained by considering the flexing angle (proportional to the length of specimen being flexed) as an equivalent of specimen length in axial-stress cycle fatigue.
Some Observations on the Kinetics of Dye Fading
Authors: Giles Charles H. , Johari Devendra P. , Shah Champaklal D. 
Published: March 2007

All lightfading rates of dyed or pigmented materials can be divided into five main classes and some subgroups, according to the shape of the arithmetic plot of rate of loss of dye. The physical condition and environment of the coloring matter appear to be principal factors determinipg the shape; a change in concentration does not usually change the class of fade. Class I fades are approximately first-order curves and are indicative of dye dispersed as single molecules or very small associated units. Class II fades are initially class I but later become linear (zero order), probably because a high proportion of coloring matter either is firmly embedded in the substrate molecules or is present as relatively large associated units. Class III fades resemble the later portion of Class II for similar reasons. Class IV fades have a point of inflection, with a more rapid fade following an initial slow change or even an apparent negative fade, i.e., an increase in depth of color; class V fades accelerate continuously from the start. Both classes IV and V are believed to be the result of combined effects of light and heat on aggregated particles of color. A theoretical treatment of these conditions is given.