bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘What is Happening in Europe?’ Richard Stokes, Fascism, and the Anti‐War Movement in the British Labour Party during the Second World War and After
Authors: CROWCROFT ROBERT 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article analyses the political career of the Labour Party MP Richard Rapier Stokes, one of the leading anti‐war agitators in Britain during the Second World War. Stokes was a highly unconventional politician: not only was he more fearful of the threat posed by the Soviet Union than Nazi Germany but he was actually a fascist fellow‐traveller and a member of numerous fascist groups. Campaigning to halt the struggle between Britain and Germany in the late 1930s and early 1940s, Stokes became a prominent figure in extremist politics. Yet, he also came to lead the traditional pacifist element of the Labour Party through the Parliamentary Peace Aims Group that he founded to argue his case. The nature of his political sympathies has not previously been appreciated. After the war, Stokes worked with European anti‐communist groups, comprised largely of fascists, before serving briefly in the cabinet towards the end of the 1945–51 Labour government. This article seeks to reconstruct the career of this neglected figure and integrate him within the literature of both the Labour Party and extremist politics.
What Isn't History? The Nature and Enjoyment of History in the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: MORTIMER IAN 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFor decades historians have worked against a backdrop of questions about the nature of their discipline. Since the 1970s this backdrop, influenced by postmodernism, has increasingly been in conflict with their work. Yet relatively few attempts have been made to justify history theoretically. This article attempts to do so in a universally applicable way. It does not directly engage with any particular philosophical critique; rather it attempts to transcend such critiques by redefining history, relocating it from an exclusively professional domain to a wider public one, and relating it to those who ‘enjoy’ it. In order to facilitate this relocation, the concept of ‘free history’– the totality of possible human engagements with the evidence relating to a past event or state of being – is introduced. This allows historical research to be contextualized as the relationship between the public on the one hand and, on the other, those extant objects and texts which can be located at certain points along the central axis of time. In this way, free history highlights the importance of public trust in historians and the crucial role played by objects and texts in limiting the possible re‐descriptions of the past. This trust, it is argued, combined with public interest, amounts to a social mandate for historians to explore and write about the past, enabling society to gain a view of itself over time, not just in the mirror of the present moment.
Extending Gregory VII's ‘Friendship Network’: Social Contacts in Late Eleventh‐Century France
Authors: RENNIE KRISTON R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn the last quarter of the eleventh century, the Roman Church had a capable ruler and defender in Pope Gregory VII (1073–85). Despite his otherwise charismatic authority, however, Gregory's ability to extend his influence beyond the papacy's more immediate control of Rome and the Campagna was limited. Filling this administrative and legal gap was the emerging office of legation, developing ad hoc under Gregory VII in matters of reform and law. Papal legates such as the French representative, Bishop Hugh of Die (later archbishop of Lyons), became crucial figures in the machinery of papal government. They assumed a vital role in the transmission of reforming legislation north of the Alps while effectively widening Gregory VII's ‘friendship network’ to encompass influential members of the local and regional clerical and lay elite. With the assistance of this ecclesiastical office, moreover, the papacy significantly enhanced its opportunity for social contacts, thereby strengthening its hold on the more distant provinces of Western Christendom. By focusing on existing and growing social networks in late eleventh‐century France, this article examines Hugh of Die's role as an instrument of church reform, and assesses this legate's impact on the larger papal reform initiative in France.
Col2a1 lineage tracing reveals that the meniscus of the knee joint has a complex cellular origin
Authors: Hyde Gareth , Boot‐Handford Raymond P. , Wallis Gillian A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe knee joint consists of multiple interacting tissues that are prone to injury‐ and disease‐related degeneration. Although much is known about the structure and function of the knee's constituent tissues, relatively little is known about their cellular origin and the mechanisms governing their segregation. To investigate the origin and segregation of knee tissues in vivo we performed lineage tracing using a Col2a1‐Cre/R26R mouse model system and compared the data obtained with actual Col2a1 expression. These studies demonstrated that at E13.5 the interzone at the presumptive joint site forms when cells within the Col2a1‐expressing anlagen cease expression of Col2a1 and not through cellular invasion into the anlagen. Later in development these interzone cells form the cruciate ligament and inner medial meniscus of the knee. At E14.5, after interzone formation, cells that had never expressed Col2a1 appeared in the joint and formed the lateral meniscus. Furthermore, cells with a Col2a1‐positive expression history combined with the negative cells to form the medial meniscus. The invading cells started to express Col2a1 1 week after birth, resulting in all cells within the meniscus synthesizing collagen II. These findings support a model of knee development in which cells present in the original anlagen combine with invading cells in the formation of this complex joint.
Nutritional programming of disease: unravelling the mechanism
Authors: Langley‐Evans Simon C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNutritional programming is the process through which variation in the quality or quantity of nutrients consumed during pregnancy exerts permanent effects upon the developing fetus. Programming of fetal development is considered to be an important risk factor for non‐communicable diseases of adulthood, including coronary heart disease and other disorders related to insulin resistance. The study of programming in relation to disease processes has been advanced by development of animal models, which have utilized restriction or over‐feeding of specific nutrients in either rodents or sheep. These consistently demonstrate the biological plausibility of the nutritional programming hypothesis and, importantly, provide tools with which to examine the mechanisms through which programming may occur. Studies of animals subject to undernutritionin uterogenerally exhibit changes in the structure of key organs such as the kidney, heart and brain. These appear consistent with remodelling of development, associated with disruption of cellular proliferation and differentiation. Whilst the causal pathways which extend from this tissue remodelling to disease can be easily understood, the processes which lead to this disordered organ development are poorly defined. Even minor variation in maternal nutritional status is capable of producing important shifts in the fetal environment. It is suggested that these environmental changes are associated with altered expression of key genes, which are responsible for driving the tissue remodelling response and future disease risk. Nutrition‐related factors may drive these processes by disturbing placental function, including control of materno‐fetal endocrine exchanges, or the epigenetic regulation of gene expression.
Oxygen, the Janus gas; its effects on human placental development and function
Authors: Burton Graham J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe accumulation of oxygen in the earth's atmosphere enabled metabolic pathways based on high‐energy electron transfers that were capable of sustaining complex multicellular organisms to evolve. This advance came at a price, however, for the high reactivity of oxygen posed a major challenge as biological molecules became susceptible to oxidative damage, resulting in potential loss of function. Many extant physiological systems are therefore adapted, and homeostatically regulated, to supply sufficient oxygen to meet energy demands whilst also protecting cells, and mitochondria in particular, from excessive concentrations that could lead to oxidative damage. The invasive form of implantation displayed by the human conceptus presents particular challenges in this respect. During the first trimester, the conceptus develops in a low oxygen environment that favours organogenesis in the embryo, and cell proliferation and angiogenesis in the placenta. Later in pregnancy, higher oxygen concentrations are required to support the rapid growth of the fetus. This transition, which appears unique to the human placenta, must be negotiated safely for a successful pregnancy. Normally, onset of the maternal placental circulation is a progressive periphery‐centre phenomenon, and is associated with extensive villous regression to form the chorion laeve. In cases of miscarriage, onset of the circulation is both precocious and disorganized, and excessive placental oxidative stress and villous regression undoubtedly contribute to loss of the pregnancy. Comparison of experimental and in vivo data indicates that fluctuations in placental oxygen concentration are a more powerful stimulus for the generation of oxidative stress than chronic hypoxia alone. Placental oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress appear to play key roles in the pathophysiology of complications of pregnancy, such as intrauterine growth restriction and preeclampsia, through their adverse impacts on placental function and growth. Establishing an inviolable maternal blood supply for the second and third trimesters is therefore one of the most crucial aspects of human placentation.
Geometry of the semicircular canals and extraocular muscles in rodents, lagomorphs, felids and modern humans
Authors: Cox Philip G. , Jeffery Nathan 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe vestibulo‐ocular reflex (VOR) exacts compensatory movements of the extraocular muscles in response to stimulation of the semicircular canals to allow gaze fixation during head movements. In this study, the spatial relationships of these muscles and canals were investigated to assess their relative alignments in mammalian species commonly used in studies of the VOR. The head region of each specimen was scanned using magnetic resonance imaging and 28 anatomical landmarks were recorded from the images to define the six extraocular muscles and the anatomical planes of the three semicircular canals. The vector rotation of a semicircular canal that does not stimulate either of its two sister canals, referred to as the prime direction, was also calculated as an estimate of the maximal response plane. Significant misalignments were found between the extraocular muscles and the canals by which they are principally stimulated in most of the species under study. The deviations from parallel orientation were most pronounced in the human and rabbit samples. There were also significant departures from orthogonality between the semicircular canals in most species. Only the guinea pig displayed no significant difference from 90° in any of its three inter‐canal angles, although humans and rabbits deviated from orthogonality in just one semicircular canal pair – the anterior and posterior canals. The prime directions were found to deviate considerably from the anatomical canal planes (by over 20° in rats). However, these deviations were not always compensatory, i.e. prime planes were not always more closely aligned with the muscle planes. Results support the view that the vestibular frame remains relatively stable and that the spatial mismatch with the extraocular co‐ordinate frame is principally driven by realignment of the muscles as a result of changes in the position of the orbits within the skull (orbital convergence and frontation).
What is important for patient centred care? A qualitative study about the perceptions of patients with cancer
Authors: Kvåle Kirsti , Bondevik Margareth 
Published: October 2008

Background:  This article deals with one of the themes from interviews in a larger qualitative study about cancer patients' perceptions of good caring. It is widely recognized today that patient centred care is important. Patients' values and perceptions must be acknowledged in order to make care evidence based and to meet the demands of quality improvement processes.Aim:  The aim was to get insight in patients with cancers' perceptions of the importance of being respected as partners and share control of decisions about interventions and management of their health problems and the reasons behind their wishes.Method:  Giorgio's scientific approach to phenomenology was used. Twenty cancer inpatients with various cancer diagnoses at different stages and with different prognoses were interviewed. The sampling was purposive.Ethical issues:  Permission to carry out the research was given by a Regional Committee of Research Ethics in Western Norway and the data collection followed the guidelines of the Data Inspectorate of Norway.Main findings:  The units of meaning identified could be clustered into three themes with significance for patient centred care from patients' perspectives: (1) empowerment (being respected, listened to, given honest information, being valued); (2) shared decision making about the treatment of the disease (discussing the treatment, but letting the doctor decide in the end); and (3) partnership in nursing care.Conclusion:  Health care professionals can practise patient centred care by treating patients with respect, giving honest information, making them feel valued as persons and by inviting them to take part in all decisions about their daily life and care. However, cancer patients' desire to make decisions about their treatments must not be taken for granted. Doctors must find out the extent to which each patient wants to participate and then give the necessary information.
Health‐related self‐assessed quality of life in young people at a Youth Centre in Sweden
Authors: Kristjánsdóttir Jóna , Sundelin Claes , Naessen Tord 
Published: October 2008

Objective:  To study the self‐reported health of young people visiting a Youth Centre (YC) at a University hospital, describe possible gender differences and to compare the results with those in previous Swedish reports on similar age groups using the same instrument.Design:  All young people who visited a YC at a particular, randomly chosen time, were verbally asked to fill out a questionnaire, Short Form 36. The interviews were conducted during a 12‐month period to lessen the impact of seasonal variations.Setting:  A YC at the department for obstetrics and gynaecology, Uppsala University hospital.Participants:  A total of 1495 young people aged 14–25 years who visited the YC.Results:  The study population (n = 1495). Response rate was 96%. This population reported lower overall scores compared with the normative Swedish population from 1992. Further, females scored significantly lower than males on all subscales (p < 0.001), except for ‘Physical Functioning’. The lowest scores were reported for the subscales Vitality, Role Emotional and Mental Health.Conclusion:  This study describes physical functioning and mental health among young people visiting a YC. The results indicate a worsening of the perceived physical and MH in young individuals, especially in young women. Further studies are needed to monitor changes in MH and quality of life over time in this group and assess the effects of interventions. This study enhances the importance of a holistic approach towards health and health promotion comprising both physical and mental health issues.
Sterile water injections as treatment for low‐back pain during labour: A review
Authors: MÅRTENSSON Lena , WALLIN Gunnar 
Published: October 2008

Background:  Some women have severe low‐back pain during childbirth. It has been shown that sterile water injections reduce this pain. This method, which is easy to learn and very cheap can be a good pain relief alternative primarily in countries with limited available pain relief options.Aims:  The aim of this article was to describe published research concerning sterile water injections for treatment of low‐back pain during labour.Methods:  Three databases were searched from their inception until February 2008. The inclusion criteria were trials elucidating the pain relief effect of sterile water injections during childbirth. The search terms were labour, birth, obstetrics, parturient, pregnancy, pain relief, analgesia, injection, papules, blocks and sterile water. The computerised literature searches yielded 64 trials, 55 of which failed to meet our inclusion criteria. We used the Jadad Score Instrument to assess the quality of the remaining nine articles, of which six were of adequate quality.Results:  All studies in this review had similar aims, designs and measurement instruments and they reported good pain relief particularly for low‐back pain during childbirth. In all studies the pain score reduction is approximately 60% and the effect remains up to two hours.Conclusions:  Sterile water injections seem to be a good alternative for low‐back pain during childbirth.
Pregnancy outcomes and intimate partner violence in New Zealand
Authors: FANSLOW Janet , SILVA Martha , WHITEHEAD Anna , ROBINSON Elizabeth 
Published: October 2008

Aim: This study aims to describe pregnancy outcomes for a population‐based sample of New Zealand women, and to explore the relationship between lifetime experience of intimate partner violence (IPV) and two non‐birth pregnancy outcomes: spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) and termination of pregnancy (abortion).Methods: Face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with a random sample of 2391 women who had ever been pregnant, aged 18–64 years old, in two regions (urban and rural). Both outcome measures were determined by asking women if they had ever had a miscarriage or an abortion. Analyses were conducted using logistic regression.Results: Almost one in three ever‐pregnant women reported having at least one miscarriage, and at least one in ten reported terminating a pregnancy. Even controlling for potential confounders, women who had ever experienced IPV were 1.4 times more likely to report they had ever had a miscarriage compared with women who had never experienced violence (P = 0.008), and were 2.5 times more likely to report they had ever had an abortion (P < 0.0001). Ethnicity was significantly associated with experiencing a miscarriage (Asian and Pacific women were less likely compared with European/Pākehā women), and having ever had an abortion (Asian women were 3.5 times more likely compared with Pākehā women).Conclusions: In this population‐based sample, miscarriage was relatively common, as was termination of pregnancy. IPV was significantly associated with both induced and spontaneous abortion. Healthcare settings that see women experiencing these pregnancy outcomes need to be cognisant of the link with current and historical IPV, and be able to respond to women appropriately.
Accuracy of intraoperative frozen section in the diagnosis of ovarian tumors
Authors: YARANDI Fariba , EFTEKHAR Z. , IZADI‐MOOD Narges , SHOJAEI Hadi 
Published: October 2008

Background:  Ovarian neoplasms are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in women. The surgical management of ovarian neoplasms depends on their correct categorisation as benign, borderline and malignant.Aim:  The aim of this study was to determine the clinical benefits of intraoperative frozen section analysis into the surgical management policy of women referred with an adnexal mass suspicious of ovarian cancer.Methods:  A retrospective study of 106 ovarian frozen section results was examined to determine the accuracy of frozen section diagnosis. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value of frozen section were studied.Results:  The overall accuracy to determine the status of malignancy was 93.3%. Sensitivity of the test was highest in the benign groups at 97.4% and lowest in the borderline groups at 25%. The accuracy of frozen section was 80% in serous tumours and 60% in mucinous. There were two (2.5%) false positive, three (10.7%) false negative and two overestimated diagnosis in frozen section examination. Eight malignancies (30.7%) were of metastatic origin, all of which (100%), were correctly identified on frozen section.Conclusion:  Frozen section appears to be an accurate technique for the histopathological diagnosis of ovarian tumours. Some limitations were observed among borderline and mucinous tumours. This emphasises the great value of frozen section in the diagnosis of ovarian tumours.
Fate mapping in embryos of Neoceratodus forsteri reveals cranial neural crest participation in tooth development is conserved from lungfish to tetrapods
Authors: Kundrát Martin , Joss Jean M. P. , Smith Moya M. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYExperimental evidence that the neural crest participates in tooth development in any osteichthyan fish has so far been lacking. Using vital dye cell‐lineage tracking, we demonstrate that trigeminal stream neural crest cells contribute to the dental papilla of developing teeth in the Australian lungfish. Trigeminal neural crest cells labeled before migration have been traced during the earliest stages of tooth development. Neural crest cells from a single midbrain locus were relocated as ectomesenchyme in all developing teeth of the lungfish regardless of their topographical position in the dentition. These cells remain at the dental papilla interface and become cells committed to dentine production. Our findings provide the first cell‐lineage evidence that cranial neural crest is fated to ectomesenchyme for tooth development and dentine production in the living sister‐group to tetrapods. This shows that cranial neural crest contribution to teeth is conserved from this node on the tetrapod phylogeny.