bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of colonies of Anaplasma marginale in the midgut of Rhipicephalus simus
Authors: Potgieter Fred T. , Kocan Katherine M. , McNew R. W. , Ewing S. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Rhipicephalus simus nymphs were allowed to feed on a cow experimentally infected with the BW-strain of Anaplasma marginale from Republic of South Africa, and they were studied as adults. Colonies were demonstrated by light microscopy in midgut epithelial cells of adult ticks that were unfed (as adults), incubated, or prefed for 72 hours on a cow. The colonies occurred in 5 different morphologic types (1 to 5) that were similar to those described previously for a Virginia isolate of A marginale in Dermacentor andersoni. The colony density (number of colonies/0.001 mm2 midgut tissue examined) ranged from 0 to 2.0 and was highest in unfed ticks that were not incubated (mean 0.566).
Colonies observed by light microscopy were sectioned for study with the electron microscope. The colonies contained both electron-dense forms and reticulated forms. The organisms in type 2 and 3 colonies appeared to be attached to one another, and those in type 4 and 5 colonies occurred separately. Small particles were seen within the limiting membrane of some organisms. A few colonies contained a dense matrix and were surrounded by many small electron-dense particles.
Sequential response of milk leukocytes, albumin, immunoglobulins, monovalent ions, citrate, and lactose in cows given infusions of Escherichia coli endotoxin into the mammary gland
Authors: Guidry A. J. , Ost M. , Mather I. H. , Shainline W. E. , Weinland B. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Changes in concentrations of both the cellular and the humoral components of milk are known to occur during mastitis. This study was conducted to determine temporal changes in the concentrations of leukocytes, albumin, immunoglobulins (Ig), monovalent ions, lactose, and citrate in milk during the initial phases of simulated mastitis. Ten cows whose udders were pathogen free and had milk leukocyte counts of < 0.5 × 106/ml were used. Two dosages of Escherichia coli endotoxin were administered to simulate various degrees of mastitis. Two quarters in each cow were infused with the endotoxin and the other 2 served as controls. Quarter milk samples were collected frequently before and after infusion.
Within 2 hours after infusion of a 100-µg dose of endotoxin, clinical mastitis was observed in most of the infused quarters. Leukocytes, albumin, IgG1, and conductivity showed significant increases. Values before infusion and at postinfusion (pi) hour 2 were as follows: leukocytes, 0.33 and 3.65 × 106/ml, respectively; albumin, 0.38 and 4.49 mg/ml; IgG1, 0.34 and 0.79 mg/ml; and conductivity, 6.0 and 6.9 mmho. Average of the peak values and their average relative time of appearance after infusion were as follows: leukocytes, 28.82 × 106/ml at 16 hours; albumin, 9.37 mg/ml at 4 hours; IgG1, 1.35 mg/ml at 4 hours; and conductivity, 95.5 mmho at 10 hours. The IgG1 values tended to remain high in the presence of rapidly declining albumin concentrations, indicating the possibility of an active, rather than a passive, transfer of IgG1 from the circulation.
The response to the 10-µg dose of endotoxin ranged from subclinical to clinically mild mastitis with lesser cellular and humoral responses.
Seminal shedding of bluetongue virus in experimentally infected mature bulls
Authors: Bowen R. A. , Howard T. H. , Entwistle K. W. , Pickett B. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sixteen bulls ranging in age from 2 to 11 years were experimentally inoculated with bluetongue virus to investigate the frequency and duration of seminal shedding of the virus. All bulls developed typical viremia, lasting 21 to 58 days, and they seroconverted 2 to 3 weeks after inoculation. Virus isolation was attempted from a total of 232 ejaculates, 163 (70%) of which were collected during the period of viremia.
Bluetongue virus was not isolated from any of the ejaculates collected from 11 of the 16 bulls. Virus was isolated from 9 of 52 ejaculates collected from the other 5 bulls during the period of viremia. In no instance was virus isolated from semen without concurrent isolation from blood.
Immunosuppression in goats inoculated with parainfluenza type 3 virus
Authors: Kennedy-Stoskopf Suzanne , Narayan Opendra , Hirsch Robert L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The humoral and cellular immune responses of goats experimentally infected with an ovine isolate of parainfluenza type 3 virus (pi-3) were examined. Virus neutralization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine antibody in the serum and csf. Lymphocyte stimulation, measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation into peripheral blood leukocytes, was used to determine cellular responses to phytomitogens and virus. There were significant suppression of peripheral blood leukocyte responses to T-cell mitogens early in the course of infection and delayed onset of virus-specific cell-mediated immunity. Delay in antibody formation did not occur. The suppression of mitogen response has been reported with other paramyxovirus infections. The importance of the suppressed cellular immune response for potentiating other infective agents is discussed.
Metabolism and renal handling of sodium arsenate in dogs
Authors: Tsukamoto Hidekazu , Parker H. R. , Peoples S. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Renal handling of sodium arsenate was studied in 5 dogs. Using a low dose (0.73 mg/kg of body weight) of sodium arsenate given iv, variable arsenite concentrations were detected in plasma and urine. Using a medium dose (7.33 mg/kg), the renal tubule cells were determined to be the probable sites of reabsorption of arsenate, reduction of arsenate to arsenite, and secretion or diffusion of the latter into urine. However, using a high dose (14.66 mg/kg), despite a similar pattern of reduction of arsenate to arsenite, marked reabsorption of arsenite into plasma took place instead of secretion or diffusion into urine. Because of reabsorption, the amount of arsenite in plasma (18.4 ± 3.5% of the total As) was about 3 times higher than that measured during the medium dose experiment (6.0 ± 1.0%).
During the clearance experiments which lasted 110 minutes, only 40% to 45% of the arsenate infused was excreted in urine, and a minimal amount of dimethylarsinic acid (dmaa) was detected. In contrast, by the next day, dmaa was the major metabolite excreted in urine, This excretion of As as dmaa was partly due to delayed excretion of 55% to 60% As that was stored in the body and was subsequently metabolized.
Rapid identification of dominant Brucella antigens, using a microagglutination test
Authors: Hennager Steven G. , Harris S. K. , Ewalt Darla R. , Jarnagin Jerald L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A microagglutination test was used to identify Brucella dominant antigens from 400 Brucella and non-Brucella cultures. There was 100% agreement between microagglutination and tube agglutination tests in identifying dominant antigen.
Hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia during xylazine-ketamine anesthesia in Thoroughbred horses
Authors: Tranquilli W. J. , Thurmon J. C. , Neff-Davis C. A. , Davis L. E. , Benson G. J. , Hoffman W. , Lock T. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations in Thoroughbreds administered xylazine hydrochloride (1.1 mg/kg; iv) and ketamine hydrochloride (2.2 mg/kg; iv) at dosages sufficient to induce short periods of recumbency and anesthesia were measured. Samples of blood were collected from 6 adult horses before, during, and after the anesthetic period. Plasma glucose (mg/dl) was significantly increased above control (−30 minute concentration) from 15 to 150 minutes after xylazine administration with the peak value occurring at 30 minutes. Serum insulin (μU/ml) was significantly decreased from control from 5 to 90 minutes after xylazine administration, with the nadir occurring at 15 minutes. The alterations in plasma glucose and serum insulin concentrations in xylazine-ketamine-anesthetized horses were similar to the changes in xylazine-sedated horses.
Michel's medium as a preservative for immunofluorescent staining of cutaneous biopsy specimens in dogs and cats
Authors: Caciolo Paul L. , Hurvitz Arthur I. , Nesbitt Gene H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Paired 3-mm skin biopsy specimens from 24 dogs and 11 cats with suspected autoimmune dermatopathies were stained with fluorescein-conjugated antisera. In each case, 1 specimen was immediately embedded in optimum cutting temperature compound, quick frozen to −30 C, processed, stained, and examined. The other sample was placed in Michel's transport medium, held for 7 days, and then processed, stained, and examined. The location, quality, and intensity of immunofluorescent staining (when positive) were then compared in the 2 specimens. There were no differences in the staining patterns between the specimens processed immediately and those held in Michel's medium, thus demonstrating the validity of preserving canine and feline skin biopsy specimens in Michel's medium for immunofluorescent examination.
Concentrations of testosterone in canine serum during late anestrus, proestrus, estrus, and early diestrus
Authors: Olson P. N. , Bowen R. A. , Behrendt M. D. , Olson J. D. , Nett T. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum testosterone concentrations in samples collected daily from 6 bitches for at least 60 days before the onset of diestrus were determined by radioimmunoassay. Mean serum concentrations (± SEM) of testosterone ranged from 31 ± 11 to 141 ± 63 pg/ml during late anestrus. Mean testosterone concentrations during proestrus ranged from 106 ± 29 to 239 ± 113 pg/ml, with the highest concentration (526 ± 225 pg/ml) occurring the day of the preovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone.
Although the ovaries may be sites of production during late anestrus, proestrus, estrus, and early diestrus, further investigation is necessary to determine whether testosterone has an important physiologic or endocrinologic function in the bitch (ie, sexual behavior, vaginal hypertrophy, and luteinizing hormone surge).
Concentrations of progesterone and luteinizing hormone in the serum of diestrous bitches before and after hysterectomy
Authors: Olson P. N. , Bowen R. A. , Behrendt M. D. , Olson J. D. , Nett T. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Blood was collected from 6 adult bitches (3 pregnant and 3 nonpregnant) daily for 59 days after the onset of diestrus, and serum progesterone concentrations were determined. The bitches were hysterectomized at various times during diestrus [diestrus day (dd) 5, 15, or 25] to determine whether the uterus has a role in maintaining luteal function in the pregnant or nonpregnant bitch. Concentrations of serum luteinizing hormone (lh) were also measured to determine whether lh concentrations decrease when luteal function abates (experiment 1). All 6 bitches in experiment 1 had progesterone concentrations > 1.0 ng/ml during the 2-month period, indicating that neither the pregnant nor nonpregnant uterus was necessary for maintaining luteal function in the bitch. Concentrations of lh appeared to increase in the serum of 5 of the 6 bitches when progesterone concentrations were declining, indicating that cessation of luteal function does not appear to result from a lack of lh.
Blood was collected from the 6 bitches used in experiment 1 twice weekly during the 2nd diestrus after hysterectomy (experiment 2) to determine whether alterations in luteal function that might be observed during experiment 1 were due to some aspect of the surgical procedure, rather than to absence of a uterus. Progesterone concentrations in the serum were lower (P < 0.05) during the 10 days after surgery in the 2 bitches hysterectomized on dd 5 than in the 4 bitches remaining intact during this period (experiment 1). In contrast, a similar decrease was not apparent when blood was collected from these same 2 bitches twice weekly during a similar period in the 2nd diestrus after hysterectomy (experiment 2). Therefore, some aspect of the surgical procedure, rather than removal of a uterine luteotropin, probably accounted for the temporary decrease in progesterone concentrations in the serum of the 2 bitches hysterectomized on dd 5.
Seemingly, neither the pregnant nor nonpregnant uterus was necessary for maintaining luteal function in the bitch and luteal function does not appear to cease due to a lack of lh. Anesthesia, surgical manipulation of the uterus, or reduction of arterial blood supply to developing corpora lutea may result in depressed luteal function when bitches are hysterectomized early in diestrus.
Diagnosis of naturally occurring Fasciola hepatica infections in cattle with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Wescott R. B. , Farrell C. J. , Shen D. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sera from 100 herds of cattle located in the state of Washington were examined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for antibody to Fasciola hepatica in a screening procedure that included 5 to 10 samples/herd. Twenty-eight herds contained infected cattle and F hepatica was most prevalent in 3 distinct geographic areas. Subsequent retesting of all sera available from 14 herds (mean of 109 samples/herd) revealed that the screening procedure correctly detected 7 of 7 operations in which > 40% of samples were positive or suspect and 3 of 3 operations in which 12% to 13% of the samples were positive or suspect. One of 3 herds considered negative after screening was found to contain a few (7%) positive samples and 1 herd considered possibly infected was negative on retest. These results were compared with those obtained by fecal examination for F hepatica eggs in 9 of the 14 herds. A good correlation (5 of 5) was found in which a high percentage (48% to 85%) of sera were positive or suspect. Fasciola eggs were not found in samples from 2 herds with few (7% to 12%) positive or suspect sera or in 2 herds that were negative by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Application of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Brucella antigens in vaginal discharge of cows
Authors: Chen I-Ming , Thoen Charles O. , Pietz Donald E. , Harrington Rube 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for detecting Brucella abortus. Carbodiimide cyanamide was used as an antigen-coupling agent and NH4Cl was used to neutralize residual active charges present on the cuvette surface. Suitable elisa reactions were observed in vaginal swabs placed in phosphate-buffered saline solution. The elisa described may be useful under controlled laboratory conditions for detecting B abortus-infected cows shedding bacteria in vaginal secretions.
Immune response of pregnant cows to bovine rotavirus immunization
Authors: Saif Linda J. , Smith K. Larry , Landmeier Bonnie J. , Bohl Edward H. , Theil Kenneth W. , Todhunter Debra A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fifteen pregnant Holstein cows were freely assigned to 3 experimental groups (5 cows in each group). Cows in group I were inoculated im and intramammarily (IMm) with Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC) tissue culture-propagated modified-live Nebraska calf diarrhea bovine rotavirus with added adjuvant (OARDC vaccine-immunized cows). Group II cows were given im injections of a commercial modified-live rotavirus-coronavirus vaccine (commercial vaccine-immunized cows), and the remaining 5 cows were noninoculated controls (group III). Rotavirus antibody in colostrum and milk was mainly associated with immunoglobulin (Ig)G1, and less so with IgG2, IgA, and IgM, as analyzed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), using monospecific anti-bovine IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA sera. In serum, the rotavirus antibody was distributed almost equally between IgG1 and IgG2. The same relationships appeared in both immunized and nonvaccinated cows.
All OARDC vaccine-injected cows had virus-neutralization (vn) and elisa IgG1 rotavirus antibody titers in serum and mammary secretions at significantly increased levels (at least 100-fold; P < 0.05) compared with the titers in groups II (commercial vaccine-immunized cows) and III (controls). Serum, colostrum, and milk antibody titers from these latter 2 groups did not differ statistically. The elisa IgG2, IgA, and IgM rotavirus antibody titers also were significantly greater in mammary secretions from OARDC vaccine-immunized cows than in groups II and III cows. There was a high correlation between elisa IgG1 and vn rotavirus antibody titers for all samples tested (r = 0.97, P < 0.001), but elisa IgG1 antibody titers were consistently higher than vn titers. The elisa IgG1 and vn antibody titers of milk samples collected from cows 30 days after parturition were higher from the OARDC vaccine-immunized cows (elisa IgG1, geometric mean titer (gmt) = 3,511; vn gmt = 1,689) than were titers from the group II cows (elisa IgG1 gmt = 39; vn gmt = 33) or group III cows (elisa IgG1 gmt = 21; vn gmt = 19).
These results indicate that im plus IMm immunization of pregnant cows, using modified-live bovine rotavirus with added adjuvant, may significantly enhance serum, colostrum, and milk rotavirus antibody titers, whereas im vaccinal inoculation of pregnant cows with a commercial modified-live rotavirus-coronavirus vaccine may not.
Structural proteins of equine infectious anemia virus and their antigenic activity
Authors: Nishimura Masaaki , Nakajima Hideo 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Using purified equine infectious anemia (eia) virus labeled with 3H-glucosamine or 14C-protein hydrolysate, structural proteins were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. As a result, 2 glycoproteins and 10 proteins with molecular weights (mol wt) ranging from 12,000 to 115,000 daltons were demonstrated, Of 12 structural proteins, 3 proteins, namely a glycoprotein with mol wt of 76,000 (gp76) and 2 proteins with mol wt of 25,000 (p25) and 12,000 (p12), respectively, had distinct antigenic activity from one another in immunodiffusion. Development of antibodies against gp76 and p25 was compared in infected horses. The antibody to gp76 appeared earlier and stronger than to p25 in horses infected with the homologous virus strain.
The fraction with glycoproteins was found to have hemagglutinating activity which was inhibited by the serum sample from horses infected with equine infectious anemia virus.
Effects of butorphanol, flunixin, levorphanol, morphine, and xylazine in ponies
Authors: Kalpravidh M. , Lumb W. V. , Wright M. , Heath R. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The analgesic and behavioral effects of butorphanol (0.22 mg/kg), flunixin (2.2 mg/kg), levorphanol (0.033 mg/kg), morphine (0.66 mg/kg), and xylazine (2.2 mg/kg), given im were observed in 8 ponies. These ponies were instrumented to measure response objectively to painful superficial and visceral stimuli. Effects on the cardiopulmonary system and rectal temperature also were evaluated in 6 of these ponies. Observations were conducted before drug injection (base-line values) and after injection at 30, 60, 120, 180, and 240 minutes.
Xylazine provided the highest pain threshold for the first 60 minutes and a sedative effect for 105 minutes. The effects for superficial pain and visceral pain persisted 3 hours and 4 hours, respectively. Morphine produced good analgesia for superficial pain (30 minutes), whereas butorphanol provided good effect for visceral pain (4 hours). A slight degree of analgesia for visceral pain was obtained after morphine (1 hour) and levorphanol (4 hours); flunixin did not induce analgesia. Butorphanol, levorphanol, and morphine stimulated motor activity. Behavioral effects did not occur after flunixin was given.
Xylazine decreased systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures. Marked increases in these pressures, heart rate, and respiratory rate were observed after morphine was given. Changes of central venous pressure, rectal temperature, and blood gas values remained within base-line limits after both drugs were given. Butorphanol increased heart rates for 1 hour; flunixin and levorphanol did not alter any of the above values.
Isolation of Haemophilus somnus antigens and their use as vaccines for prevention of bovine thromboembolic meningoencephalitis
Authors: Stephens L. R. , Little P. B. , Wilkie B. N. , Barnum D. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Antigens extracted from Haemophilus somnus were examined for their suitability as vaccines for prevention of thromboembolic meningoencephalitis and as antigens in immunologic tests for detection of susceptible cattle.
Saline extraction of whole H somnus cells produced an outer membrane complex (omc) that contained 2 major antigens when tested against antiserum to intact cells by Immunoelectrophoresis. Anion exchange chromatography was used to separate an anionic antigen (aa) from the more cationic antigen (ca). According to chemical analysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, both aa and ca were complex mixtures—probably, outer membrane fragments. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure serum levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM against aa and ca in cattle vaccinated with whole cells, omc, ca, or aa. Protection of vaccinated cattle was assessed after iv challenge exposure to H somnus.
Moderate IgG and IgM responses occurred when cattle were given 2 vaccinal doses of 0.1 mg or 1.0 mg of whole cells, omc, or aa. Two of 10 cattle given 2 vaccinal doses (1.0 mg) of omc died after iv challenge exposure, whereas 8 of the 10 controls died, indicating significant protection (P < 0.05). All of the 10 cattle given 2 vaccinal doses (1.0 mg) of aa were protected from iv challenge exposure, whereas 5 controls died (P < 0.05). Two vaccinal doses of either 0.1 mg or 1.0 mg of ca produced high IgG and IgM responses. However, 3 of 10 cattle given 2 vaccinal doses (1.0 mg) of ca died after iv challenge exposure, as did 3 of the 10 controls, indicating that ca was not protective. Immunity to antigenic determinants in aa was necessary for protection against experimental thromboembolic meningoencephalitis, but the susceptibility of control or vaccinated cattle could not be predicted from prechallenge anti-aa or anti-ca antibody levels.
Plasma pentachlorophenol concentrations in calves exposed to treated wood in the environment
Authors: Osweiler G. D. , Olesen B. , Rottinghaus G. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six calves were fed grain and hay from a pentachlorophenol (pcp)-treated feeder twice daily. Samples of blood were collected twice a week. Plasma pcp concentrations increased rapidly to a maximum of 1,086 µg/L within 10 days. After the 3rd week, calves were denied access to the treated feeder; pcp values returned rapidly to near base line (before calves were fed from the treated feeder).
After base-line plasma pcp values were reached, 4 of the 6 calves were housed in a total confinement building and exposed (by inhalation) to lumber that was commercially treated with pcp. The building itself was free of structural pcp-treated lumber. The ratio of building volume to treated wood surface was approximately 49 to 1. During the 3 weeks the calves were confined, pcp values did not increase and were markedly lower than those associated with oral exposure to treated wood.
Oral dosing of calves with pcp in capsules—0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg—resulted in maximal plasma pcp values of 1,449 and 9,555 µg/L, respectively.
Oral exposures (feeding from contaminated feeder; capsule) appeared to be more important than inhalation in causing increased plasma pcp concentrations in cattle. Exposure from these sources may be estimated by comparison with experimental values from dose-response studies. Feeding from treated feeders resulted in lower plasma pcp values than did dosing with 0.05 mg/kg daily.