bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimates of the cancer burden in Europe from radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident
Authors: Cardis Elisabeth , Krewski Daniel , Boniol Mathieu , Drozdovitch Vladimir , Darby Sarah C. , Gilbert Ethel S. , Akiba Suminori , Benichou Jacques , Ferlay Jacques , Gandini Sara , Hill Catherine , Howe Geoffrey , Kesminiene Ausrele , Moser Mirjana , Sanchez Marie , Storm Hans , Voisin Laurent , Boyle Peter 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Chernobyl accident, which occurred April 26, 1986, resulted in a large release of radionuclides, which were deposited over a very wide area, particularly in Europe. Although an increased risk of thyroid cancer in exposed children has been clearly demonstrated in the most contaminated regions, the impact of the accident on the risk of other cancers as well as elsewhere in Europe is less clear. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the human cancer burden in Europe as a whole from radioactive fallout from the accident. Average country‐ and region‐specific whole‐body and thyroid doses from Chernobyl were estimated using new dosimetric models and radiological data. Numbers of cancer cases and deaths possibly attributable to radiation from Chernobyl were estimated, applying state‐of‐the‐art risk models derived from studies of other irradiated populations. Simultaneously, trends in cancer incidence and mortality were examined over time and by dose level. The risk projections suggest that by now Chernobyl may have caused about 1,000 cases of thyroid cancer and 4,000 cases of other cancers in Europe, representing about 0.01% of all incident cancers since the accident. Models predict that by 2065 about 16,000 (95% UI 3,400–72,000) cases of thyroid cancer and 25,000 (95% UI 11,000–59,000) cases of other cancers may be expected due to radiation from the accident, whereas several hundred million cancer cases are expected from other causes. Although these estimates are subject to considerable uncertainty, they provide an indication of the order of magnitude of the possible impact of the Chernobyl accident. It is unlikely that the cancer burden from the largest radiological accident to date could be detected by monitoring national cancer statistics. Indeed, results of analyses of time trends in cancer incidence and mortality in Europe do not, at present, indicate any increase in cancer rates—other than of thyroid cancer in the most contaminated regions—that can be clearly attributed to radiation from the Chernobyl accident. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SYBR green and TaqMan real‐time PCR assays are equivalent for the diagnosis of dengue virus type 3 infections
Authors: Gomes‐Ruiz Alessandra Cristina , Nascimento Renata Teodoro , de Paula Sérgio Oliveira , da Fonseca Benedito Antônio Lopes 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDengue is the most important arthropod‐borne viral disease in the world. A rapid diagnostic test for dengue is warranted, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction may improve diagnosis. TaqMan and Sybr Green systems were evaluated for the diagnosis of dengue virus type 3 (DENV‐3) infections. Out of 77 patients with clinical suspicion of dengue infection, specific IgM antibodies were detected in 40 patients. DENV‐3 was detected and quantitated in 17 IgM‐positive samples by both systems. These assays were shown to be rapid, and specific for detection of DENV‐3, and that for diagnostic purposes, there is no difference between these two assays. J. Med. Virol. 78:760–763, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationships between sea‐level pressure and sea‐level height in the Camargue (French Mediterranean coast) by Vincent Moron and Albin Ullmann, pages 1531–1540, Volume 25, Issue 11, 2005
Authors: Moron Vincent 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA statistical study of daily maximum sea‐level height at one station (Grau de la Dent) in the Camargue (Rhône delta, French Mediterranean coast) and daily sea‐level pressure (SLP) at 12 h UTC over the eastern North Atlantic is used to identify the meteorological conditions associated with sea‐level variations in the Camargue for the winters 1974–1975 to 2000–2001. Mean SLP composites during and 5 days before major surge events (defined as those with a daily maximum sea‐level height > 80 cm) suggest the dominant influence of storms, moving northwest to southeast across the North Atlantic and strengthening as they approach the Bay of Biscay. During such storms, strong onshore winds may persist for up to 4–5 days. These winds tend to strengthen from 3 days to 1 day before the surge events. The mean October–March correlation between daily maximum sea‐level height in the Camargue and SLP averaged over the Bay of Biscay (10°W–0° , 40° –50°N) is strong (r = − 0.69). A methodology is developed for assessing the low frequency SLP variability impact on sea‐level height in the Camargue. A cross‐validated linear regression is used to hindcast the interannual and intraseasonal variability of the monthly 75th and 90th percentiles of the daily maximum sea‐level height from the monthly mean SLP over the Bay of Biscay. The linear correlation between the cross‐validated hindcast and observed time series is 0.83 (0.77) for the 75th (90th) percentile over the 1974–1975 to 2000–2001 period. The mean bias error, reflecting systematic errors in predicting the monthly percentiles, is close to zero. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society.
Validation of the oral mucositis assessment scale in pediatric cancer
Authors: Sung Lillian , Tomlinson George A. , Greenberg Mark L. , Koren Gideon , Judd Peter , Ota Sylvia , Feldman Brian M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundOur objective was to examine the construct validity of the Oral Mucositis Assessment Scale (OMAS) in children receiving doxorubicin chemotherapy.MethodsChildren between 6 and 18 years of age with cancer receiving doxorubicin‐containing chemotherapy were included. OMAS was measured on days 7, 10, 14, and 17 after chemotherapy. Other measures of mucositis obtained concurrent with OMAS were the World Health Organization (WHO) mucositis scale and pain visual analogue scale (VAS). We also recorded analgesia administration.ResultsSixteen children were studied for 45 post‐chemotherapy cycles and 156 OMAS assessments were performed. OMAS was moderately correlated with WHO scores (r = 0.56; P = 0.0006) whereas correlation with the pain VAS was fair (r = 0.37; P = 0.002). OMAS also had fair correlation with the number of doses of topical analgesia (r = 0.43; P = 0.001) and with the cumulative dose of opioid analgesia (r = 0.38; P = 0.003).ConclusionsThe OMAS is valid for use in mucositis clinical trials for children at least 6 years of age. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;49:149–153. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of molecular architecture on quiescent and shear‐induced crystallization of polyethylene
Authors: Bustos Frédéric , Cassagnau Philippe , Fulchiron René 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe aim of this work is to investigate the effect of the molecular structure of polyethylene on the crystallization kinetics. In static conditions, the increase of the degree of branching leads to the decrease of the crystallization temperature, the melting temperature, and the crystallinity. Indeed, the crystal thickness is controlled by the length of PE segments between branching. The effect of preshear on crystallization kinetics was studied by following the dynamic modulus along the time after a treatment of constant shear rate. Particularly, the effect of the shear rate was investigated. The enhancement of crystallization kinetics appears directly linked to the relaxation time of the melt polymer. Expressed by the Weissenberg number, a “master curve” is obtained independent of the amount and length of branching, leading to the conclusion that the nucleation due to shear is conditioned by the molecular architecture mainly via its effect on the relaxation time. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1597–1607, 2006
Coherence between large-scale jet-mixing structure and its pressure field
Authors: Davis M. R. 
Published: April 2006

A schlieren system has been arranged to sense the total fluctuation over a cross-section of the flow and thus becomes very sensitive to large-scale azimuthally coherent structures in the flow. For a natural unexcited jet it is found that there is a concentration of the large-scale structure at a characteristic Strouhal number which is not sensitive to the beam thickness and which reduces progressively with distance from the nozzle. This large-scale structure exhibits a coherence of over 70 % with the near-field pressure and convects at between 75 % and 95 % of the jet velocity. The coherence between the potential core-pressure field and the large-scale structure downstream increases rapidly with distance from the nozzle exit plane, rather limited coherence being found at the exit plane for these observations at a jet-exit Mach number Mj = 0·7. Movement of a central microphone from x = 0 to x = 2D introduced a solid centre body over the first 2·5 diameters of flow and gave rise to a set of discrete components in the flow structure in the range 0.6 < S < 1·4.With harmonic excitation at S = 1·12 a subharmonic at S = 0·55 occurs at x/D = 3 and a second at S = 0.26, x/D = 6. The flow cross-sectional-average sensing thus appears to show up the vortex-pairing mechanism at greater distances from the nozzle than is easily detectable by other means. Under strong impulse excitation a set of discrete components was observed in a transient response extending over times of 400D/Uj. These had a strongest component which decreases more rapidly in Strouhal number with distance than that associated with natural or harmonically excited conditions.
Simplified theory of the near-wall turbulent layer of Newtonian and drag-reducing fluids
Authors: Goldshtik M. A. , Zametalin V. V. , Shtern V. N. 
Published: April 2006

We propose a simplified theory of a viscous layer in near-wall turbulent flow that determines the mean-velocity profile and integral characteristics of velocity fluctuations. The theory is based on the concepts resulting from the experimental data implying a relatively simple almost-ordered structure of fluctuations in close proximity to the wall. On the basis of data on the greatest contribution to transfer processes made by the part of the spectrum associated with the main size of the observed structures, the turbulent fluctuations are simulated by a three-dimensional running wave whose parameters are found from the problem solution. Mathematically the problem reduces to the solution of linearized Navier-Stokes equations. The no-slip condition is satisfied on the wall, whereas on the outer boundary of a viscous layer the conditions of smooth conjunction with the asymptotic shape of velocity and fluctuation-energy profiles resulting from the dimensional analysis are satisfied. The formulation of the problem is completed by the requirement of maximum curvature of the mean-velocity profile on the outer boundary applied from stability considerations.The solution of the problem does not require any quantitative empirical data, although the conditions of conjunction were formulated according to the well-known concepts obtained experimentally. As a result, the near-wall law for the averaged velocity has been calculated theoretically and is in good agreement with experiment, and the characteristic scales for fluctuations have also been determined. The developed theory is applied to turbulent-flow calculations in Maxwell and Oldroyd media. The elastic properties of fluids are shown to lead to near-wall region reconstruction and its associated drag reduction, as is the case in turbulent flows of dilute polymer solutions. This theory accounts for several features typical of the Toms effect, such as the threshold character of the effect and the decrease in the normal fluctuating velocity. The analysis of the near-wall Oldroyd fluid flow permits us to elucidate several new aspects of the drag-reduction effect. It has been established that the Toms effect does not always result in thickening of the viscous sublayer; on the contrary, the most intense drag reduction takes place without thickening in the viscous sublayer.
Peristaltic pumping in water waves
Authors: Longuet-Higgins M. S. 
Published: April 2006

In this paper we calculate the streaming induced by gravity waves passing over a thin fluid layer, one side of which is rigid while the other is a flexible, inextensible membrane. The problem is relevant to some recent laboratory experiments by Allison (1983) on the pumping action of water waves.On the assumption that the flow is laminar and that the lateral displacement b of the membrane is small compared with the thickness Δ of the fluid layer, we calculate the velocity profile of the streaming U within the layer. This depends on the ratio Δ/δ, where δ is the thickness of the Stokes layers at the upper and lower boundaries. When 0 < Δ/δ > 6 the boundary layers interact strongly and the velocity profile is unimodal. At large values of Δ/δ the profile of U exhibits thin ‘jets’ near the boundaries.The calculated drift velocities agree as regards order of magnitude with those observed. However, the pressure gradients observed were larger than those calculated, due possibly to turbulence, but probably also to finite-amplitude and end-effects.The theory given here can be considered as an extension of the theory of peristaltic pumping to flows at higher Reynolds number.
Measurements near a laminar separation point
Authors: Varty R. L. , Currie I. G. 
Published: April 2006

Measurements in the neighbourhood of a laminar separation point at a high subcritical Reynolds number are reported. These results are used to test the validity of various theories relating to laminar separation. It is concluded that the boundary-layer equations are valid in the neighbourhood of the separation point without the existence of a singularity.The velocity field was measured using a dual-beam laser-Doppler anemometer with optical frequency shifting. The wall-shear-stress distribution was measured with a flush-mounted hot-film sensor and the wall-pressure distribution was measured using a strain-gauge pressure sensor. The various terms in the Navier–Stokes equations were evaluated directly from the measurements, permitting the validity of the boundary-layer equations to be established. Proposed solutions for the flow field are compared with the measured flow field.
Third sound: the propagation of waves on the surface of superfluid helium with healing and relaxation
Authors: Johnson R. S. 
Published: April 2006

The propagation of surface waves – that is ‘third’ sound – on superfluid helium is considered. The fluid is treated as a continuum, using the two-fluid model of Landau, and incorporating the effects of healing, relaxation, thermal conductivity and Newtonian viscosity. Under the assumptions only of a small amplitude and long wavelength, a linear theory is developed which includes some discussion of the matching to the outer regions of the vapour. This results in a comprehensive propagation speed for linear waves, although a few properties of the flow are left undetermined at this order. A nonlinear theory is then outlined (without dwelling on the details) which leads to the Burgers equation in an appropriate far field, and enables the leading-order theory to be concluded.Some numerical results, for two temperatures, are presented by first recording the Helmholtz free energy as a polynomial in densities. Owing to the inaccuracies inherent in this procedure, only the equilibrium state can be satisfactorily reproduced, but this is sufficient to predict the onset phenomenon. The propagation speed, as a function of film thickness, is roughly estimated by using the earlier results of Johnson (without healing) suitably doctored to incorporate the new computed superfluid density distributions. The looked-for reduction in the predicted speeds is evident, but the magnitude of this reduction is too large for very thin films. However, it is hoped that the analytical results presented here will prove more effective when a complete and accurate description of the Helmholtz free energy is available.
Shock structure near a wall in pure inert gas and in binary inert-gas mixtures
Authors: Schmidt B. , Seiler F. , Wörner M. 
Published: April 2006

The shock-wave structure close to a wall in pure argon and binary mixtures of noble gases (argon–helium, xenon–helium) is investigated experimentally and numerically in the shock-wave Mach-number range 2·24 ≤ Ms ≤ 9.21. Measured and calculated density profiles are compared, and some conclusions are drawn about the accommodation at the wall and the intermolecular force potential.For binary gas mixtures only a few results are presented. Weak argon signals of the electron-beam-luminescence method on the experimental side and the computer time needed for the numerical simulation allowed the treatment of a few parameter combinations only.
The plane turbulent shear layer with periodic excitation
Authors: Fiedler H. E. , Mensing P. 
Published: April 2006

The influence of periodic excitation on a plane turbulent one-stream shear layer with turbulent separation was investigated. For the qualitative study flow visualization was employed. Quantitative data were obtained with hot-wire anemometry and spectrum analysis. It was found that sinusoidal perturbations with frequencies of order f0 [lsim ] u0/100θ0 (depending on excitation strength), introduced at the trailing edge are always amplified. Maximum amplification factors are observed for the lowest perturbation levels. The frequency and amplitude of excitation determine the downstream location of the amplification maximum in the flow. At sufficient amplitude two-dimensional vortices are formed which subsequently decay without pairing. The development of the periodic r.m.s. values along x follows a universal curve for all frequencies and amplitudes when properly normalized.At high excitation amplitudes the flow development depends strongly on the geometrical conditions of the excitation arrangement at the trailing edge. Thus regular vortex pairing as well as suppression of pairing can be achieved.The excited shear layer has considerably stronger, yet nonlinear, spread than the neutral. The region of vortex formation, irrespective of whether it includes pairing or not, is associated with a step-like increase in width, while after the position of maximum vortex energy, i.e. in the region of decay, the spread is reduced to values below the neutral. There the overall lateral fluctuation energy is increased, while the longitudinal may be decreased as compared with the neutral flow.
The effect of a shear flow on convection in a layer heated non-uniformly from below
Authors: Walton I. C. 
Published: April 2006

In an earlier paper (Walton 1982) we showed that, when a fluid layer is heated non-uniformly from below in such a way that the vertical temperature difference maintained across the layer is a slowly varying monotonic function of a horizontal coordinate x, then convection occurs for x > xc, where xc is the point where the local Rayleigh number is equal to the critical value for a uniformly heated layer. Furthermore, the amplitude of the convection increases smoothly from exponentially small values for x [Lt ] xc and asymptotes to a value given by Stuart–Watson theory for x [Gt ] xc.At the present time no solutions of this kind are available for a class of problems in which the onset of instability is heavily influenced by a shear flow (e.g. Görtler vortices in a boundary layer on a curved wall, convection in a heated Blasius boundary layer). In a first step to bridge the gap between these problems and in order to elucidate the difficulties associated with the presence of a shear flow, we investigate the effect of a (weak) shear flow on our earlier convection problem. We show that the onset of convection is delayed and that it appears more suddenly, but still smoothly. The role of horizontal diffusion is shown to be of paramount importance in enabling a solution of this kind to be found, and the implications of these results for instabilities in higher-speed shear flows are discussed.
Simulation of blast waves with tailored explosive charges
Authors: Sanai M. , Lindberg H. E. , Colton J. D. 
Published: April 2006

We have developed a compact and cost-effective shock tube to simulate the static and dynamic pressures of blast waves. The shock tube is open at both ends and is driven by high explosives distributed over a finite length of the tube near one end. The overall charge length is determined by the simulation time of interest, and the charge-density distribution is tailored to produce the pressure-waveform shape desired. For the shock tube to simulate a typical blast wave, the charge density must be highest at the charge front (closest to the test section) and gradually reduced towards the back. The resulting shock tube is an order of magnitude shorter than a conventional dynamic airblast simulator (DABS) in which concentrated explosives are used to drive the shock.Tailored charges designed using this method were built and tested in a simulation development programme sponsored by the U.S. Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA). The pressures measured for several charge distributions agreed very well with SRI's PUFF hydrocode computations and demonstrated the feasibility of the compact simulator under realistic test conditions.
Use of physiological constraints to identify quantitative design principles for gene expression in yeast adaptation to heat shock
Authors: Vilaprinyo Ester , Alves Rui , Sorribas Albert 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Understanding the relationship between gene expression changes, enzyme activity shifts, and the corresponding physiological adaptive response of organisms to environmental cues is crucial in explaining how cells cope with stress. For example, adaptation of yeast to heat shock involves a characteristic profile of changes to the expression levels of genes coding for enzymes of the glycolytic pathway and some of its branches. The experimental determination of changes in gene expression profiles provides a descriptive picture of the adaptive response to stress. However, it does not explain why a particular profile is selected for any given response.

Results
We used mathematical models and analysis of in silico gene expression profiles (GEPs) to understand how changes in gene expression correlate to an efficient response of yeast cells to heat shock. An exhaustive set of GEPs, matched with the corresponding set of enzyme activities, was simulated and analyzed. The effectiveness of each profile in the response to heat shock was evaluated according to relevant physiological and functional criteria. The small subset of GEPs that lead to effective physiological responses after heat shock was identified as the result of the tuning of several evolutionary criteria. The experimentally observed transcriptional changes in response to heat shock belong to this set and can be explained by quantitative design principles at the physiological level that ultimately constrain changes in gene expression.

Conclusion
Our theoretical approach suggests a method for understanding the combined effect of changes in the expression of multiple genes on the activity of metabolic pathways, and consequently on the adaptation of cellular metabolism to heat shock. This method identifies quantitative design principles that facilitate understating the response of the cell to stress.