bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF REPEATED FIELD APPLICATIONS OF FOUR HERBICIDES ON THE EVOLUTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND MINERALIZATION OF NITROGEN IN SOIL
Authors: GROSSBARD E. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe effect of repeated annual applications over 7‐8 years of MCPA, triallate, simazine and linuron to field plots on the evolution of CO2 and mineralization of nitrogen in soil samples incubated in the laboratory is described. The plots were either cropped and treated with standard doses, or uncropped and sprayed with doses 3‐4 times above the level used in agricultural practice. While the applications of MCPA and tri‐allate did not exert any inhibitory effects in soils from the uncropped plots those of simazine and linuron led to a lowering in CO2 output in several instances and in mineral N on infrequent occasions. These effects are assumed to be the result of a difference in the content of easily‐degradable organic matter between the treated plots and the controls. A direct anti‐microbial action of the two herbicides is not very probable because in laboratory experiments with simazine up to 512 ppm the output of CO2 and the mineralization of N was not affected while linuron at 500 ppm gave only a minor depression in CO2 evolution. Effects on soil fertility are unknown but seem unlikely in view of the small extent and infrequency of the reductions observed. On the cropped plots the MCPA and tri‐allate treatment showed no effects. With linuron and simazine a significant lowering in respiration and mineralization of N occurred on single occasions only, during a 5‐year period.
KINETICS OF DICHLOBENIL DEGRADATION IN SOIL
Authors: MONTGOMERY M. , YU TE C. , FREED V. H. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. The rates of degradation of dichlobenil (2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile) in soil were determined at 67 and 267°C. The degradation followed first‐order kinetics but at 67°C this occurred after an initial lag period of 10 weeks. The half‐lives were 28 weeks (+ 10 weeks lag) at 6.7°C and 19 weeks at 26.7°C. The activation energy for the decomposition was the relatively low value of 3.57 kcal/mole, indicating that the degradation of dichlobenil is not as markedly affected by temperature as that of many other herbicides. The only detectable metabolite was 2,6‐dichlorobenzamide, a compound that should have a substantially lower vapour pressure and a higher affinity for surfaces than the parent compound.Cinétique de la dégradation du dichlobénil dans le solRésumé. Les taux de dégradation du dichlobénil (2,6‐dichlorobenzonitrile) dans le sol ont été détermines à 6,7 et 26,7°C. La déSgradation suivit une loi cinétique du premier ordre, mais à 6,7°C ceci se produisit aprés une période initiate de latence de 10 semaines. Les demi‐vies furent de 28 semaines (plus 10 semaines de latence) a 6,7°C et 19 semaines à. 26,7°C. L'énergie d'activation pour la décomposition s'établit à la valeur relativement faible de 3,57 kcal/mole; ceci indique que la dégradation du dichlobénil n'est pas aussi profondément affcctée par la température quc celle de beaucoup d'autres herbicides. Le seul métabolite detectable fut le 2,6‐dichlorobenzamide, composé qui devrait avoir une pression de vapeur notablement plus faible et une affinité plus grande pour les surfaces que le composé apparenté.Kinetik des Dichlohenil‐Abbaus im BodenZusammenfassung. Es wurde die Abbaugeschwindigkeit von Dichlobenil (2,6‐Dichlorbenzonitril) im Boden bei 6,7°C und 26,7°C bestinimt. Der Abbau entsprach einer Reaktion erster Ordnung. Bei 6,7°G setzte der Abbau nach einer lag‐Phase von 10 Wochen ein. Die Halbwertzeiten betrugen 28 Wochen (+10 Wochen lag‐Phase) bei 6,7°C und 19 Wochen bei 26,7°C. Die Aktivierungsenergie war verhältnisniässig niedrig und betrug 3,57 Kcal/Mol und zeigt, dass der Abbau von Dichlobenil durch Temperatur nicht so stark beeinflusst wird wie bei vielen anderen Herbiziden. Der einzige nachweisbare Metabolit war 2,6‐Dichlorbenzamid, der einen wcsentlich nieddgeren Dampfdruck und eine grössere Affinität gegenüber Oberfiächen haben dürfte als die ursprüngliche Verbindung.
PHOTOLYSIS OF FLUORODIFEN
Authors: EASTIN E. F. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. A dry film or p.‐nitrophenyl‐α,α,α:‐trifluoro‐2‐nitro‐2‐tolyl ether (fluorodifen) decomposed rapidly under ultraviolet (2537 run) irradiation in the laboratory. Photolysis under growth chamber lights was slower. One major photolysis product (probably a polymer of fluorodifen) and several minor products were detected.Photolyse du flurodifeneRésumé. Un film sec de p‐nitrophényl‐α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2‐nitro‐p‐tolyl äther (fluorodifènc) a été rapidement décomposé sous une irradiation dans l'ultra‐violet (253,7 nm) au laboratoire. La photolyse sous l'éclairage des chambres elimatisées fut plus lente. Un produit important de la photolyse (probablement un polyméie du fluorodiféne) et plusieurs produits secondaires ont été détectés.Photolyse von FluorodifenZusammenfassung. Ein trockener Film von p‐Nitrophenyl‐α,α,α‐trifiuor‐2‐nitro‐p‐tolyläther (Fluorodifen) zersetzte sich im Laboratorium schnell bei Bestrahlung mit ultraviolettem Licht (253,7 nm). Unter Klimakammerlampen war die Photolyse lang‐samer. Es konnten ein Hauptprodukt der Photolyse (wahrscheinlich ein Polymer von Fluorodifen) sowie mehrere Nebenprodukte festgestellt werden.
ZUM METABOLISMUS VON FLURENOL‐n‐BUTYLESTER IN HÖHEREN PFLANZEN*
Authors: WOTSCHOKOWSKY M. 
Published: July 2006

Zusammenfassung. Durch Blattapplikation des 14C‐markierten Flurenol‐n‐butylesters an Phaseolus vulgaris wurde die Metabolisiening dieses systemischen Wirkstoffs unter‐sucht. Die Struktur zweier isomerer β‐Glucoside wurde aufgeklärt, und vier weitere polare Metaboliten wurden isoliert und charakterisiert.Metabolism of flurenol‐n‐butyl ester in higher plants
GRASS CONTROL IN NEWLY‐SOWN LEGUMES WITH TRIFLURALIN AND CARBETAMIDE
Authors: BROCK J. L. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Two trials comparing grass control by trifluralin and carbetamide in autumn‐sown legumes (Trifolium subterraneum L., T. pratense L., T. repens L., T. dubium L. and Lotus pedunculatus Cav.) were conducted. Trifluralin was used pre‐sowing and carbetamide both pre‐sowing and post‐emergence.Both herbicides gave good control of Lolium perenne L. and Poa annuaL. at rates of 0·5 and 1·0 kg/ha a.i. for trifluralin and carbetamide respectively. Carbetamide showed no toxicity to any of the legumes up to 2·0 kg/ha except for Lotus pedunculatus at that rate, whereas trifluralin was toxic to all species at 2·0 kg/ha. Neither herbicide controlled broad‐leaved weeds.The results are discussed in terms of the effects of soil fertility, plant age and maturity on the activity of these herbicides.La lutte contre les graminées adventices avec la trifluraline et le carbétamide dans les légumineuses récemment semées
EFFECT OF CHLORTHAL DIMETHYL ON OAT AND FOXTAIL SEEDLING ANATOMY*
Authors: SHAYBANY BIJAN , ANDERSON J. L. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. The root and shoot growth of oat (Avena sativa L.) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.) were generally reduced proportionately to the concentration of chlorthal dimethyl applied. Foxtail shoot growth was stimulated by a concentration of 2 ppm. Cells in the shoot and root meristems of treated plants were completely disarranged and considerably hypertrophied. Differentiation was irregular and extended nearer the apices in tissue of treated seedlings than in normal tissue. Histochemical tests showed that the amount of starch, proteins and nucleic acids in seedling tissue decreased with an increase of chlorthal dimethyl concentration, whereas the endosperm of the seeds retained more starch and protein than the controls. The walls of shoot nieristem and root epidermal cells were thickened or altered so as to stain more intensely than corresponding cells in untreated tissue.Effet du diméthyle chlorthal sur l'anatomie des plantules d'avoine et de séaire
NUTRIENT FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF TWO CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES OF ARGEMONE
Authors: RAMAKRISHNAN P. S. , GUPTA USHA 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Argemone mexicana L. and A. ochroleuca Sweet., two closely related species that often co‐exist in the same habitat, showed different responses to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Total yield, shoot: root ratios and nutrient uptake all differed. The significance of these results is discussed and it is concluded that the differences not only permit the species to exist in ecologically distinct habitats but also allow them both to survive in apparent co‐existence. Facteurs de la nutrition influençant la distribution de deux espéces très voisines d'Argemone
THE CONTROL OF BROAD‐LEAVED DOCK (RUMEX OBTUSIFOLIUS L.) IN NEWLY‐SOWN RED CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L.) WITH TRIFLURALIN, CARBETAMIDE AND ASULAM
Authors: BROCK J. L. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Trifluralin (2,6‐dinitro‐NN‐dipropyl‐4‐trifluoromethylaniline) pre‐sowing, and carbetamide (d‐N‐ethyl‐2‐(phenylcarbamoyloxy)propionamide) and asulam (N‐(4‐aminobenzenesulphonyl)methylcarbamate) pre‐sowing or post‐emergence were evaluated for the control of Rumex obtusifolius L. in autumn‐sown red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). All herbicides gave good control of if. obtusifolius from seed. Asulam at 2 or 4 kg/ha gave the best control of R. obtusifolius from rootstocks, followed by trifluralin at 1 kg/ha and carbetamide at 2 kg/ha. Poa annua L. was controlled by trifluralin and carbetamide but not by asulam. The results are interpreted in terms of the mode of action and method of application of the herbicides. La lutte contre la Patience sauvage (Rumex obtusifolius L.) dans un semis récent de trèfle rouge (Trifolium pratense L.) avec la trifluraline, le carbétamide et l'asulame
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF THE SELECTIVE HERBICIDE CHLORFENPROP‐METHYL
Authors: FEDTKE CARL 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Chlorfenprop‐methyl, the active ingredient of the selective herbicide BIDISIN®, induces autolysis in the leaves of Avena fatua L. During this process the cellular hydrolytic enzynnes, normally inactive, degrade the polymeric proteins, starch and nucleic acids, leading to breakdown of the plant. The basic metabolic processes of respiration, photosynthesis, protein synthesis and RNA synthesis are not inhibited by chlorfenprop‐methyl but become inactivated during autolysis.Méemisme d'action de l'herbicide sélectif chlorfenprop‐méthyle
FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE TOLERANCE OF BLACKCURRANTS TO SIMAZINE
Authors: SHONE M. G. T. , WOOD ANN V. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Evidence is presented that blackcurrants show a considerable tolerance to simazine when the entire root system is exposed to a uniform concentration of the herbicide in sand and water culture. The tolerance of this species under field conditions does not therefore seem to be primarily due to root development being limited in the surface soil to which simazine is applied. Accordingly, experiments were carried out using simazine, labelled in the ring with 14C, to determine whether there were restrictions to the uptake of the herbicide by the roots and its translocation to the xylem sap and leaves, and whether there was extensive breakdown of simazine in the plant. The results of these experiments are compared with those on two susceptible species, barley and marrow.Although simazine appeared to be metabolized to a greater extent in blackcurrants, and was less readily translocated from the roots, than in the susceptible species, a substantial proportion of the labelled material in the leaves was present as unchanged simazine. Studies on the effects of simazine on the rate of transpiration of detached leaves of the three species suggested that in blackcurrants there was a restriction to movement of the herbicide from the conducting tissue in the leaves to the mesophyll; this was confirmed by autoradiographs. It is suggested that this restriction, combined with partial breakdown of the herbicide in the leaves, may be responsible for the tolerance of blackcurrants to simazine.Résistance du cassissier à la simazine
METABOLISM OF MONURON IN EXCISED LEAVES OF CORN AND BEAN PLANTS*
Authors: LEE SHAW S. , FANG S. C. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. The metabolism of monuron in excised leaves of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., var. Black Valentine) and corn (Zea mays L., var. Batam Cross) were studied with carbonyl‐14C‐labelled monuron. The metabolic conversions of monuron in both plant species were exponential and followed first order reaction kinetics. The metabolism of monuron can be divided into two major pathways: demethylation and hydroxylation. At a monuron concentration of 16 ppm the hydroxylation was dominant in the bean leaves. As the concentration of monuron was increased the participation of the hydroxylation pathway became less probably due to the inhibition of enzymes involved by monuron. The demethylation pathway was not affected by higher monuron concentration. In the corn leaf, however, sequential demethylation was always the major pathway of monuron transformation and there was no inhibitory effect observed on either pathways as the concentration of monuron increased. The following radioactive metabolites were found in the alcohol extract of bean and com leaves receiving carbonyl‐14C‐labelled monuron: N′‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐N‐methylurea, p‐chlorophenylurea, two polypeptide complexes of monuron, one polypeptide complex of N′‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐N‐methylurea and β‐D‐glucosides of N‐(2‐hydroxy‐4‐chlorophenyl) urea, N′‐(2‐hydroxy‐4‐chlorophenyl) N‐methylurea, and N′‐(2‐hydroxy‐4‐chlorophenyl)‐N,N‐dimethylurea. In addition, one minor radioactive peak was found only in the alcohol extract of corn leaves, which yielded four unidentified radioactive metabolites after acid or enzyme hydrolysis with β‐glucosidase.Métabolisme du monuron dans des feuilles excisés de maïs et de haricot
A STUDY OF THE GROWTH OF AGROPYRON REPENS (L) BEAUV. IN A RYEGRASS LEY
Authors: CUSSANS G. W. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. In March 1969 Agropyron repens was planted into the seebded of a spring barley crop undersown with perennial ryegrass cv. S.24. Different fertilizer and cutting treatments were imposed throughout 1970 and 1971 and plots were assessed for A. repens growth at regular intervals up to September 1971. Until the end of June 1971 there was little difference in growth of A. repens under the different treatments, although there was so little growth during much of this period that a high proportion of the rhizome recovered was that produced in the late summer and autumn of 1969, before the ley had fully established.Between early July and mid September 1971 there was considerable rhizome growth on the plots receiving the least intensive cutting treatments, this being most marked at the high nitrogen level.The practical implications of these results for the arable part of a rotation are discussed and three main conclusions are suggested: (1) Regardless of management, a ley is not an effective means of reducing an infestation of A. repens; (2) the sowing of a ley should be preceded by measures to reduce A. repens infestation. Growth of A. repens in the establishment year may be minimised by direct sowing of ryegrass, rather than undersowing; (3) the shallow growth habit of A. repens in a ley points to the need for cultivations as a complement, or as an alternative, to mouldboard ploughing, when the ley is broken. Elude de la croissance d'Agropyron repens (L) Beauv. dans une culture de ray‐grass
NITRALIN AND TRIFLURALIN INCORPORATION BY RAINFALL AND IRRIGATION
Authors: SMITH D. T. , BERNER R. C. , WALTER J. P. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Pigweed (Amaranthus sp.) control was not satisfactory where furrow irrigation was substituted for mechanical incorporation of nitralin or trifluralin on loam. Trifluralin concentrations in soil were twice as high after mechanical incorporation compared to furrow irrigation alone. In some instances, nitralin gave excellent pigweed control when rainfall occurred within 1 day after application. However, weed control was not consistent over a 3‐year period. When herbicides were applied through a sprinkler irrigation system, chemicals were retained in the upper 5 cm of loamy sand and did not leach. However, herbicide distribution was not uniform due to irregular water movement by wind during application. Trifluralin did not control pigweed when applied and incorporated by sprinkler irrigation. Under the same conditions, nitralin gave good to excellent control.Incorporation de la nitraline et de la trifluraline par la pluie et par I'irrigation
VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF HERBICIDES IN SOIL AND THEIR AVAILABILITY TO PLANTS: TREATMENT OF DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS OF THE TOTAL ROOT SYSTEM
Authors: WALKER A. 
Published: July 2006

Summary. Uptake of atrazine and linuron by wheat seedlings was measured from different initial distributions of herbicide in the soil. Uptake of both compounds was proportional to the fraction of the total root system exposed to herbicide‐treated soil. It was calculated that under the conditions of the experiments, this factor would offset the reduction in concentration of herbicide in the soil following incorporation of 1 kg/ha to 3, 6 or 9 cm, so that after the same time, the concentrations of herbicide in the plants in the different treatments would be similar.La distribution verticale des herbicides dans le sol et leur disponibilité pour tes plantes: traitement de différentes fractions de l'ensemble du système racinaire total
Some effects of manual and chemical defoliation on the growth and carbohydrate reserves of Panicum repens (L.) Beauv.
Authors: MANIPURA W. B. , SOMARATNE A. 
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: ZusammenfassungIn pot experiments on Panicum repens manual and chemical defoliation at intervals of 2–6 weeks decreased the growth of shoots, roots and new rhizomes and reduced the carbohydrate reserves. The most frequent manual defoliation did not completely suppress growth even when continued for 9 months. The plants were killed, however, by application of paraquat at doses of 0–14‐0′56 kg/ha every 2 weeks for a period of 3 months. It is suggested that repeated mechanical defoliation may help to reduce plant vigour and limit the rate of spread in the field and that it may be possible to develop a method of more permanent control based on repeated application of paraquat.Quelques effets de la ddfoliation manuelle et chimique sur la croissance el les reserves en hydrates de carbone de Panicum repens (L.) Beauv.Dans des expériences en pots sur Panicum repens, des défoliations manuelles et chimiques effectuées à des inter‐valles de 2 à 6 semaines ont diminué la croissance de la partie aérienne, des racines, et des nouveaux rhizomes et ont réduit les réserves en hydrates de carbone. Dans la plupart des cas, Ia défoliation manuelle n'a pas complétement supprimé la croissance, mêmc lorsquété a ete poursuivie pendant 9 mois. Toutefois, les plantes ont été tuées par une application de paraquat à des doses de 0,14 à 0,56 kg/ha, toutes les deux semaines pendant une pédode de 3 mois. Ceci suggére que les défoliations mécaniques répétées peuvent contribuer à la réduction de la vigueur de la plante et à la limitation du taux d'infestation au champ, ce qui rendrait possible l'établissement d'une méthode de lutte plus définitive, basée sur des applications répétées de araquat.Einige Auswirkungen von mechanischer und chemischer Blattabtötung auf das Wachstum und die Kohlehydratreserven von Panicum repens (L.) Beauv.Bei Topfversuchen mit Panicum repens verminderte mechanische und chemische Blattabtötung in AbstSaUden von 2–6 Wochen das Wachstum von Spross, Wurzel und neuen Rhizomen. Ebenso wurden die Kohlehydratreserven herabgesetzt. Die in Abstönden von zwei Wochen durchgeführte mechanische Blattabtötung führte auch nach neun Monaten nicht zu einer vollständigen Unterdrückung des Wachstums. Jedoch wurden die Pftanzen durch Paraquat abgetötet wenn dieses in zweiwöchigem Abstand drei Monate hin‐durch in Aufwandmengen von 0.14–0.56 kg/ha angewandt wurde. Es wird angenommen, dass wiederholte mechanische Blattabtötung dazu beilrägt, die Widerstandsfähigkeit der Pflanzen zu vermindern und die Ausbreitung im Feld zu begrenzen, Es wird der Hoffnung Ausdruck gegeben, dass es möglich sein wird, eine Methode fur länger anhaltende Bekämpfung auf der Grundlage von wiederholt ausge‐brachtem Paiaquat zu entwickeln.
Bud inhibition of Cyperus rotundus L. tubers by inhibitor β or abscisic acid and the reversal of these effects by N‐6‐benzyl adenine*
Authors: TEO CHRIS K. H. , NISHIMOTO ROY K. , TANG C. S. 
Published: July 2006

Summary: Résumé: ZusammenfassungThe acidic ether fraction of methanol extracts from Cyperus rotundus L. (purple nutsedge) tubers contained inhibitory substances described hereafter as inhibitor β. Inhibitor β inhibited sprouting of excised C. rotundus buds and also the elongation of wheat coleoptiles. The inhibition of bud sprouting by inhibitor β was reversed by the application of N‐6‐benzyl adenine (BA). Applications of abscisic acid (ABA) also inhibited sprouting of the excised buds and this was similarly reversed by BA applications. Chromatographic evidence suggested that inhibitor β mainly consisted of phenolic materials and possibly ABA as a minor component. The role of BA in enhancing sprouting of C rotundus tubers is discussed.Inhibition des bourgeons de bulbes de Cyperus rotundus L. par I'inhibiteur β ou l'acide abscissique et réversion de ces effects par la N‐6‐benzyl adénineLa fraction éther acide d'extraits, par le méthanol. de bulbes de Cyperus rotundus L. contient des substances inhibitrices decrites ci‐après comme I'inhibiteur β. Cet inhibiteur β a inhibé la germination de bulbes isolés de C. rotundus ainsi que l'élongation de coléoptiles de blé. L'inhibition de la germination des bourgeons par I'inhibiteur βété renversée par l'application de la N‐6‐benzyl adénine (B.A.). Des applications d'acide abscissique (ABA) ont également inhibé la germination de bourgeons isolés et cet effet a été lui aussi renversé par des applications de B.A. Les chromatogrammes suggèrent que l'inhibiteur β est principalement constitué par des composés phénoliques et peut‐être par I'ABA comme composant mineur. Le rôle de la B.A. dans l'inhibition de la germination des bulbes de C. rotundus est discuté.Knospenhemmung der Knollen von Cyperus rotundus L. durch Hemmstoff β oder Abscisinsäure und die Umkehrung dieser Effekte durch N‐6‐BenzylmleninDie saure Fraktion aus methanolischen Extrakten von Cyperus rotundus L.‐Knollen enthielten Hemmstoffe, die im folgenden als Hemmstoff β bezeichnet werden. Hemmstoff β hemmte das Sprossen isolierter C. rotundus‐Knospen und die Streckung von Weizenkoleoptilen. Die Hemmung der Knospensprossung durch Hemmstoff β wurde durch An‐wendung von N‐6‐Benzyladenin (BA) aufgehoben. Abscisinsäure (ABA) hemmte auch das Sprossen isolierter Knospen; durch BA wurde es auf ähnliche Weise aufgehoben. Der chromatographische Befund deutet darauf hin. Daß Hemmstoff β sich hauptsächlich aus phenolischen Verbindungen zusammensetzt und möglicherweise in gering‐em Unfang ABA enthält. Die Rolle von BA auf die Förderung der Keimung von C. rotundus‐Knollen wird diskutiert.