bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scale‐sensitive fractal analysis of the surface roughness of bloomed chocolate
Authors: Briones Vilbett , Brown Christopher A. , Aguilera José M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe surface roughness of stored chocolate bars was studied by scanning laser microscopy and area‐scale fractal analysis. Topographic data were expressed by the statistical average roughness (Sa), by two parameters from area‐scale analyses—the fractal complexity (Asfc) and the scale of the rough‐to‐smooth transition (SRC)—and by the relative area as a function of scale. The roughness measured with Asfc showed extremely low correlation with the SRC, indicating that these two parameters can be considered to be independent. Asfc appeared to have some correlation (R2=0.82) with the Sa, indicating that for these data Asfc and Sa are somewhat related. As surface roughness (Asfc) increased during storage, gloss decreased in a linear fashion (R2=0.96), which is consistent with the proposal that surface roughness is intimately related to gloss. The scales of observation from about 0.5 to 100 μm2 were characteristic of the fat bloom interaction with chocolate surface and with the gloss. Fractal analysis provides parameters (Asfc and relative area) that are better than conventional arithmetic mean roughness for describing the surface changes during storage of chocolate. Both the complexity (Asfc) and the relative areas showed strong correlations with gloss (0.96 and 0.94, respectively), which is consistent with a facet‐based scattering model.
Antioxidant activity of almonds and their by‐products in food model systems
Authors: Wijeratne Subhashinee S. K. , Amarowicz Ryszard , Shahidi Fereidoon 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAntioxidant activities of almond whole seed, brown skin, and green shell cover extracts, at 100 and 200 ppm quercetin equivalents, were evaluated using a cooked comminuted pork model, a β‐carotene‐linoleate model, and a bulk stripped corn oil system. Retention of β‐carotene in a β‐carotene‐linoleate model system by almond whole seed, brown skin, and green shell cover extracts was 84–96, 74–83, and 71–93%, respectively. In a bulk stripped corn oil system, green shell cover extract performed better than brown skin and whole seed extracts in inhibiting the formation of both primary and secondary oxidation products. In a cooked comminuted pork model system, green shell cover and brown skin extracts inhibited the formation of TBARS, total volatiles, and hexanal more effectively than did the whole seed extract. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of caffeic, ferulic, p‐coumaric, and sinapic acids as the major phenolic acids in all three almond extracts examined.
Bond quality of soy‐based phenolic adhesives in southern pine plywood
Authors: Yang In , Kuo Monlin , Myers Deland J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIncreased demand for wood adhesives, environmental concerns, and the uncertainty of continuing availability of petrochemicals have led to recent attention on protein‐based adhesives. This study was conducted to investigate the glue bond qualities of soy‐based phenolic adhesive resins for southern pine plywood. Two types of soy‐based resins were formulated and tested. The first was made by cross‐linking soy flour with phenol‐formaldehyde (pf) resins at neutral pH. The second type was obtained by cross‐linking soy flour hydrolyzates with pf resin under alkaline conditions. Plywood bonded with the neutral phenolic soy resins containing 70% soy flour and 30% 1.6 g/cm2 pf without the use of extenders and fillers compared favorably with the traditional southern pine pf glue mixes. Plywood bonded with alkaline phenolic soy resins, containing 40 or 50% 0.5 g/cm2 PF with the addition of extender (19% corn‐cob powder), provided better adhesive glue bond properties than traditional southern pine pf glue mixes. These results suggest that soy‐based phenolic adhesive resins have potential for the production of exterior southern pine plywood.
Optimization of the chemoenzymatic epoxidation of soybean oil
Authors: Vlček Tomáš , Petrović Zoran S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe lipase Candida antarctica (Novozyme 435) immobilized on acrylic resin was used as an unconventional catalyst for in situ epoxidation of soybean oil. The reactions were carried out in toluene. The peracid used for converting TG double bonds to oxirane groups was formed by reaction of FFA and hydrogen peroxide. The reaction conditions were optimized by varying the lipase concentration, solvent concentration, molar ratio of hydrogen peroxide to double bond, oleic acid concentration, and reaction temperature. The kinetic study showed that 100% conversion of double bonds to epoxides can be obtained after 4 h. The addition of free acids was not required for the reaction to proceed to conversions exceeding 80%, presumably owing to generation of FFA by hydrolysis of soybean oil. The enzyme catalyst was found to deteriorate after repeated runs.
Effect of temperature programming on the performance of urea inclusion compound‐based free fatty acid fractionation
Authors: Hayes Douglas G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of cooling rate on the degree of removal of saturated acyl groups from FFA derived from canola oil and the isolation of di‐ and polyunsaturated acyl groups from FFA derived from vegetable and fish oil, respectively, during urea inclusion compound (UIC)‐based fractionation was investigated. Traditionally, slow cooling has been used (ca.−1°C min−1). A more rapid cooling rate (−47°C min−1) produced UIC crystals of similar morphology and thermodynamic properties, but of a size an order of magnitude smaller than the UIC formed during slow cooling. Fractionations used only renewable materials (urea, FFA, and 95% ethanol as solvent) and benign operating conditions (ambient pressure, 25–75°C, and neutral pH). When the recovery of FFA (in the solvent‐rich phase) was relatively high (>60%), the selectivity of UIC‐based fractionation toward the inclusion of saturated FFA and against polyunsaturated FFA was not affected by the cooling rate. In contrast, when the FFA recovery was low, representing cases in which an increase of the PUFA purity is a more important economic goal, a slower cooling rate resulted in a significantly greater discrimination against PUFA groups, hence to a FFA product with a measurably greater purity.
Reaction chemistry of gossypol and its derivatives
Authors: Kenar James A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGossypol, a complex polyphenolic compound, is a naturally occurring highly colored yellow pigment found in the small intercellular pigment glands in the leaves, stems, roots, and seed of cotton plants. In cottonseed, gossypol contributes to its toxicity and therefore it is regarded as an unwanted processing component. It was not until its antitumor and male infertility activities were discovered that gossypol was considered as a valueadded natural product from cottonseed with useful physiological and chemical properties. These serendipitous discoveries created much excitement, and an enormous amount of research on gossypol has ensued. Since then, much research has focused on the preparation of suitable gossypol derivatives for medicinal applications. This review summarizes current knowledge about gossypol, its stereochemistry, tautomerism, and the many varied reactions the gossypol molecule can undergo.
Tocopherol—An intrinsic component of sunflower seed oil bodies
Authors: Fisk Ian D. , White Daniel A. , Carvalho Andre , Gray David A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOil bodies were removed from mature sunflower through wet grinding followed by filtration then centrifugation and recovered as the buoyant fraction. Washing this fraction with buffer (water‐washed oil bodies, WWOB) or 9 M urea (urea‐washed oil bodies, UWOB) resulted in the removal of extraneous proteins. SDS‐PAGE of the proteins still associated with the oil body fraction after washing indicated that this effect was particularly dramatic with urea washing. Thirty‐eight percent of the total seed tocopherol was recovered in WWOB after only one cycle of oil body recovery. The total phenolic content (TPC) of differentially washed sunflower seed oil bodies was used as a marker for the nonspecific association of phenolic compounds to oil bodies. This value decreased with increased removal of proteins from oil bodies, whereas the converse was true for tocopherol values, which increased from 214 mg total tocopherol kg−1 WWOB [dry wt basis (dwb)] to 392 mg total tocopherol kg−1 UWOB (dwb). The ratio of the four tocopherol isomers remained constant in the seed and oil body preparations (α:β:γ:δ approximately 94∶5∶0.5∶0.5). This work provides evidence that an intrinsic population of tocopherol molecules exists in the oil bodies of mature sunflower seeds.
Fatty acids, tocols, and carotenoids in pulp oil of three sea buckthorn species (Hippophae rhamnoides, H. salicifolia, and H. tibetana) grown in the Indian Himalayas
Authors: Ranjith A. , Kumar K. Sarin , Venugopalan V. V. , Arumughan C. , Sawhney R. C. , Singh Virendra 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSea buckthorn berries from Hippophae rhamnoides, H. tibetana, and H. salicifolia were collected from the cold deserts of the Himalayas (Lahaul, Ladakh, and Spiti; India) and characterized in terms of the FA, carotenoid, tocopherol, and tocotrienol composition in their pulp oil. These varied from species to species. Total carotenoids ranged from 692 to 3420 mg/kg in pulp oils of fresh berries, and total tocols, from 666 to 1788 mg/kg. Hippophae salicifolia berries contained substantially lower amounts of pulp oil, with lower levels of carotenoids and tocopherols. There was little difference in the proportion of individual tocols in pulp among the three species. α‐Tocopherol alone constituted 40–60% of total pulp tocols in berries. Pulp oils had palmitoleic acid (32–53%) as the most abundant FA followed by palmitic (25–35%), oleic (8–26%), linoleic (5–16%), and linolenic (0.6–2.6%) acids, with the highest deviation observed in the proportion of palmitoleic acid in these berries. Hippophae rhamnoides and H. tibetana contained the highest amount of the lipophilic carotenoids and tocols. Hippophae salicifolia berries had higher amounts of lipophobic constituents such as vitamin C and flavonols.
Pheophytin α degradation products as useful indices in the quality control of virgin olive oil
Authors: Anniva Christina , Grigoriadou Despina , Psomiadou Eleni , Tsimidou Maria Z. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn previous studies we reported the presence of compounds with spectral characteristics similar to pheophytin α (Pheo α), which often accompany the Pheo α peak in the chromatographic profile of virgin olive oils (VOO) at 410 nm under normal‐phase HPLC conditions. The occurrence and levels of these compounds were found to be affected by storage conditions of the oil samples. In the present study we investigated whether the major Pheo a degradation products, identified as pyropheophytin α (coeluting with the respective epimer) and 132‐OH‐pheophytin α, could be used as estimates of VOO history. The content of Pheo α and its degradation products was determined for a great number of authentic olive oil samples of unknown history. Results are discussed in comparison with other quality indices (e.g., antioxidant content) when necessary. High amounts of the pyro form (20–30% of total pheophytins) were related to thermal abuse or lengthy storage. The presence of allomers indicated oxygen availability. The levels of these products, 0–20% of the total pheophytin content for 62% of the samples, seemed to be influenced by the presence of pro‐ and antioxidants. When low levels of Pheo α are not accompanied by other degradation products, light exposure for a certain period of storage can be assumed.
Determination of trace manganese and Ni in neem oil by ETA‐AAS with emulsion sample introduction
Authors: Benzo Z. , Zoltan T. , Murillo M. , Quintal M. , Salas J. , Marcano E. , Gómez C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn emulsion‐based method was developed as an alternative for the introduction of oil‐based samples into a graphite furnace to produce a more rapid, precise, and accurate method of analysis. The combination of emulsion sampling and electrothermal atomization for atomic absorption spectroscopy was developed and then applied to the determination of Ni and manganese in neem oil from Venezuela. The optimal concentration of neem oil in the emulsion was 30 and 4% for Ni and Mn, respectively, based on the metal concentration of the neem oil. The stability of the emulsion as a function of time was evaluated. The use of aqueous calibration solutions and the accuracy attained using this method make it attractive for the analysis of oil samples. The metal recovery was between 97 and 101%. Based on the emulsion method, the neem oil samples had 1.39 and 0.21 mg of Mn and Ni per kg of oil, respectively. The wet digestion method indicated a Mn and Ni concentration in the neem oil sample of 1.42 and 0.24 mg/kg, respectively.
Phase‐equilibrium modeling in the hydrogenation of vegetable oils and derivatives
Authors: Pereda Selva , Rovetto Laura , Bottini Susana B. , Brignole Esteban A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe main tool needed to carry out phase‐equilibrium engineering of a given process is an adequate thermodynamic model adjusted to the range of process operating conditions of the working system. In the present work the Group Contribution with Association Equation of State (GCA‐EoS) is used to model the phase behavior of reacting mixtures typical of the hydrogenation of vegetable oils and derivatives at supercritical or high‐pressure conditions.
Polymorphism and growth behavior of low‐trans fat blends formulated with and without emulsifiers
Authors: Cerdeira Marina , Martini Silvana , Candal Roberto J. , Herrera María L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPolymorphism and growth behavior of blends of a high‐melting fraction of milk fat (HMF) and sunflower oil (SFO) formulated with and without the addition of sucrose esters (SE) P‐170, P‐1670, and S‐170 were studied by pulsed 1H NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and polarized light microscopy. The effect of SE on the solid content maximum (Smax) or crystallization rate was observed only at low supercooling (values of ΔT below 15°C). The Avrami kn decreased as n values increased, indicating that SE inhibited growth and impeded nucleation. Addition of SFO modified the polymorphic behavior of milk fat, most likely owing to the increase in the C54 fraction (mostly 18∶1 cis) in crystals composition. P‐170 and S‐170 modified the polymorphic behavior of HMF when it crystallized in the α‐form or in blends with up to 40% SFO at all crystallization temperatures (Tc) selected. Addition of P‐170 and S‐170 favored crystallization in the β′‐form, and the appearance of the β‐form was delayed. P‐1670 had no effect on polymorphism. When HMF and the blends were crystallized under dynamic conditions, addition of P‐170 and S‐170 markedly decreased crystal sizes. P‐1670, however, showed no effect on microstructure.
Phase behavior of model lipid systems: Solubility of high‐melting fats in low‐melting fats
Authors: Zhou Yuqing , Hartel Richard W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe solubility behavior of three high‐melting fats (tripalmitin sample, PPP‐S; cocoa butter‐stearin, CB‐S; and palm oil‐stearin, PO‐S) in five low‐melting fats (tricaprylin, CCC; canola oil; sunflower oil; lard‐olein, LD‐O; and palm oil‐olein, PO‐O) was studied. To create the solubility curve, the high‐melting fat was first equilibrated in the low‐melting model lipid system between 25 and 62.5°C for 1 wk. The amount of high‐melting fat dissolved in the low‐melting model lipid system was then determined by analyzing TAG compositions in the liquid phase using GC. The low‐melting CCC formed partial solid solutions with each of the high‐melting fats as a result of its very short chain length. PPP‐S formed an ideal solution in all of the low‐melting fats except CCC. The mixtures of CB‐S/LD‐O, CB‐S/PO‐O, and PO‐S/LD‐O deviated from ideality, illustrating closer interactions between TAG from CB‐S and PO‐S and those from LD‐O or PO‐O. The melting temperature and heat of fusion of the high‐melting fats calculated from the Hildebrand equation was very close to those determined by DSC.
Frying quality and oxidative stability of two unconventional oils
Authors: Mariod Abdalbasit , Matthäus Bertrand , Eichner K. , Hussein Ismail H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe behavior of crude Sclerocarya birrea kernel oil (SCO) and Sorghum bug (Agonoscelis pubescens) oil (SBO) during deep‐frying of par‐fried potatoes was studied with regard to chemical, physical, and sensory parameters, such as content of FFA, tocopherols, polar compounds, oligomer TG, volatile compounds, oxidative stability, and total oxidation (TOTOX) value. Palm olein was used for comparison. Whereas potatoes fried in SCO that had been used for 24 h of deep‐frying at 175°C were still suitable for human consumption, potatoes prepared in SBO that had been used for 6 to 12 h were not, considering the sensory evaluation. In looking at the chemical and physical parameters, SBO exceeded the limits, after no later than 18 h of use, for the amount of polar compounds, oligomer TG, and FFA recommended by the German Society of Fat Sciences (DGF) as criteria for the rejection of used frying oils. In contrast to SBO, SCO oil did not exceed the limits for the content of polar compounds and oligomer TG during the frying experiment. Only the amount of FFA was exceeded; this was because the amount of FFA at the beginning of the experiment was higher than for refined oils. The results showed that both oils were suitable for deep‐frying of potatoes, but remarkable differences in the time during which both oils produced palatable products were found.
Isolation and melting properties of branched‐chain esters from lanolin
Authors: Yao Linxing , Hammond Earl G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSaturated branched FA and their derivatives are both biodegradable and stable to oxidation. Their m.p. are expected to be enough lower than their straight‐chain counterparts to make them ideal as biolubricants. But physical property data for branched fatty esters are limited. In this study, a complex mixture of branched methyl esters was obtained from lanolin through saponification, extraction of unsaponifiables, and methylation. Hydroxy compounds were removed by chromatography on alumina. Vacuum spinning‐band distillation separated the mixture roughly by chain length. Countercurrent urea complex formation and low‐temperature crystallization separated even‐chain iso‐and odd‐chain anteiso‐methyl esters of chain lengths 14 through 18 at >95% purity. Transesterification was used to convert methyl esters to isopropyl esters. The m.p. and heat of fusion of each ester were determined by DSC. NMR was used to verify the structure of branched esters.
Viscoelastic properties of lupin proteins produced by ultrafiltration‐diafiltration
Authors: Xu Jingyuan , Mohamed Abdellatif A. , Hojilla‐Evangelista Mila P. , Sessa David J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe linear and nonlinear rheological properties of defatted lupin proteins produced by ultrafiltration‐diafiltration were investigated. Five concentrations ranging from 10 to 30% of the defatted ultrafiltered‐diafiltered (DUD) lupin proteins were prepared. The viscoelastic properties strongly depended on concentrations. Below 12%, the DUD lupin proteins exhibited more fluid‐like behavior. At 15%, lupin proteins became more viscoelastic, and above 20%, the viscoelastic solid‐like properties became stronger. Below 12%, the high‐frequency behaviors of moduli were proportional to ω1/2, as expected for a semiflexible coil. Above 20%, the high‐frequency behaviors of moduli were proportional to ω1/2, indicating a flexible coil. The nonlinear steady shear rheological properties were also concentration‐dependent and showed shear‐thinning behavior, which could be described by a power law constitutive model. The trend of the power law exponent shift is very consistent with the linear viscoelastic behavior change with the lupin protein concentration. These results suggest DUD lupin proteins undergo a structural change between 12 and 20%.
Diastolic dysfunction and autonomic abnormalities in patients with systolic heart failure
Authors: Stein Phyllis K. , Tereshchenko Larisa , Domitrovich Peter P. , Kleiger Robert E. , Perez Alfonso , Deedwania Prakash 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackgroundPatients with systolic heart failure (SHF) often have concomitant diastolic dysfunction (DD). SHF is associated with decreased heart rate variability (HRV), but the impact of degree of DD on HRV in SHF is unclear.Methods and resultsHRV was measured in 139 patients, aged 64±12 years, 74% male, LVEF 30±8%. Patients had stable NYHA class II–III CHF on ACE inhibitors or ATII receptor blockers, with LVEF≤40% and BNP≥200 pg/ml. Subjects underwent 2‐D echocardiography with Doppler assessment and 24‐h Holters. Patients were categorized as having impaired relaxation (E‐deceleration time>2 SD above age‐adjusted normal values (AANV), E/A≤1, systolic/diastolic pulmonary vein flow≥1; N=30), pseudonormal (E‐deceleration time within 2 SD of AANV, E/A=1–2, systolic/diastolic pulmonary vein flow <1 N=25) or restrictive filling patterns (E‐deceleration time>2 SD below AANV or/and E/A ratio≥2; N=84) Differences were adjusted for clinical covariates using UNIANOVA, p<0.05. HRV was reduced and BNP higher in pseudonormal patients compared to impaired relaxation, but this difference was only significant for restrictive vs. impaired filling. Differences remained significant after adjustment for covariates.ConclusionSignificantly more abnormal HRV, reflecting greater cardiac autonomic dysfunction, is associated with restrictive DD compared to impaired relaxation.
Self‐reported pain sensitivity: Lack of correlation with pain threshold and tolerance
Authors: Edwards Robert R. , Fillingim Roger B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMany recent studies and several reviews have highlighted the potential clinical applications of experimental pain testing (e.g., for predicting post‐surgical pain, treatment responsiveness, etc.). However, the implementation of quantitative sensory testing of pain sensitivity on a broad scale is limited by requirements of time, equipment, and expertise, and their associated costs. One reasonable question is whether one can obtain, via self‐report, a valid index of an individual's pain sensitivity and pain tolerance. We analyzed data from a large number of subjects (n=505) who had undergone standardized thermal pain testing, and found that while higher self‐reported pain sensitivity was associated with higher scores on a measure of anxiety, no relationship was observed between subjects’ self‐report of pain sensitivity and subjects’ actual pain threshold or tolerance. These findings suggest that circumventing psychophysical pain testing by assessing individuals’ self‐reported pain sensitivity is unlikely to be a useful strategy.