bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
p16INK4A is a robust in vivo biomarker of cellular aging in human skin
Authors: Ressler Sigrun , Bartkova Jirina , Niederegger Harald , Bartek Jiri , Scharffetter‐Kochanek Karin , Jansen‐Dürr Pidder , Wlaschek Meinhard 
Published: August 2006

SummaryThe cell‐cycle regulating gene, p16INK4A, encoding an inhibitor of cyclin‐dependent kinases 4 and 6, is considered to play an important role in cellular aging and in premature senescence. Although there is an age‐dependent increase of p16INK4A expression in human fibroblast senescence in vitro, no data are available regarding the age dependency of p16INK4A in vivo. To determine whether p16INK4A expression in human skin correlates with donor age, p16INK4A expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry as well as the expression of the p16INK4A repressor BMI1. Samples from the age groups 0–20, 21–70, and 71–95 years were selected from a bank of healthy human skin. We show that the number of p16INK4A positive cells is significantly higher in elderly individuals compared to the younger age groups. The number of p16INK4A positive cells was found to be increased in both epidermis and dermis, compartments with strictly different proliferative activities. BMI1 gene expression was significantly down‐regulated with increasing donor age, whereas no striking age differences were observed for Ki67. In immunofluorescence co‐expression studies, Ki67‐positive cells were negative for p16INK4A and BMI1‐expressing cells also stained negatively for Ki67. In conclusion, we provide for the first time evidence that p16INK4A expression directly correlates with chronological aging of human skin in vivo. p16INK4A therefore is a biomarker for human aging in vivo. The data reported here suggest a model for changes in regulatory gene expression that drive aging in human skin.
Threshold Concepts and Their Use in Rangeland Management and Restoration: The Good, the Bad, and the Insidious
Authors: Bestelmeyer Brandon T. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract Ecological thresholds describe abrupt changes in ecological properties in time or space. In rangeland management, thresholds reflect changes in vegetation and soils that are expensive or impossible to reverse. The threshold concept has catalyzed important advances in rangeland management thinking, but it has also introduced two classes of drawbacks. First, the ambiguity of the term “threshold” and the desire for simplicity in its application has led to an overemphasis on classification thresholds, such as vegetation cover values. Uncritical use of classification thresholds may lead to the abandonment of management efforts in land areas that would otherwise benefit from intervention. Second, it is possible that the invocation of thresholds and irreversible degradation may eventually result in the wholesale conversion of land areas that would have been recoverable or served important societal functions, such as biodiversity maintenance, that are not reflected in threshold definitions. I conclude with a recommendation to clarify the nature of thresholds by defining the relationships among pattern, process, and degradation and distinguishing preventive thresholds from restoration thresholds. We must also broaden the attributes used to define states and thresholds.
Seven‐Year Survival of Perennial Herbaceous Transplants in Temperate Woodland Restoration
Authors: Mottl Larissa M. , Mabry Cathy M. , Farrar Donald R. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract Little is known about restoring the perennial herbaceous understory of Midwestern deciduous woodlands, despite the significant and widespread degradation of remnants due to human activities. Because many woodland understory species have reproductive characters that make reestablishment from seed slow or difficult, we investigated transplanting as a strategy for introducing 24 species to a degraded early‐successional woodland in central Iowa, U.S.A. Plants were planted in single‐species groups of generally four individuals, and then monitored for survival five times over a 7‐year period, and for flowering during the first year. After 7 years, persistence of these groups was 57% averaged across species. Survival in years 5–7 does not reflect individuals that spread beyond the original planting units by self‐sowing or vegetative spread and is therefore a minimum estimate of the abundance of many species at the site. Mean percent flowering was 72% across single‐species groups for 15 species monitored. We consider these survival and flowering rates acceptable indicators of establishment success, especially given drought conditions at our site in the first few years and lack of weed control beyond the first year, and evidence that transplanted species were establishing outside the original planting locations. Additional work is needed to investigate regional differences in transplant success, and methods for sustainable production of species are not suitable for introduction by seed. We caution that our results do not necessarily apply to the restoration of rare species.
Native Plant Regeneration on Abandoned Desert Farmland: Effects of Irrigation, Soil Preparation, and Amendments on Seedling Establishment
Authors: Banerjee Monisha J. , Gerhart Vanda J. , Glenn Edward P. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract Direct seeding methods to revegetate abandoned farmland were tested at a desert site west of Phoenix, Arizona. Native seeds were broadcast onto plots prepared by mulching, imprinting, chiseling, and fertilizing with phosphorous in a split‐plot design. Each main plot was split into subplots that were not irrigated, irrigated with saline (3.25 dS/m) well water, or irrigated and hand weeded of Salsola iberica. Native seeds germinated poorly on all treatments, and three annual exotic weeds (Brassica nigra, S. iberica, and Schismus spp.) dominated the plots. None of the main plot treatments (mulching, imprinting, chiseling, or fertilizing) had a significant effect on seed germination or canopy cover. Irrigation increased plant cover on plots, but weeds dominated the cover (<4% native species, up to 50% weeds). Near the end of the second growing season a seed bank study was conducted in the greenhouse. Undisturbed desert soil had relatively few weed seeds and more native plant seeds than the disturbed agricultural soil samples, which had few viable native seeds and were dominated by Schismus spp., B. nigra, and S. iberica. The results illustrate the difficulty of establishing native plants on abandoned desert farmland due to the dominance of weedy species, the presence of salts in the soil, and the lack of adequate soil moisture in the treatments without supplemental irrigation.
Determining the Optimal Sowing Density for a Mixture of Native Plants Used to Revegetate Degraded Ecosystems
Authors: Burton Carla M. , Burton Philip J. , Hebda Richard , Turner Nancy J. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract No standardized, objective methodology exists for optimizing seeding rates when establishing herbaceous plant cover for pastures, hay fields, ecological restoration, or other revegetation activities. Seeding densities, fertilizer use, season of seeding, and the interaction of these treatments were tested using native plants on degraded sites in northern British Columbia, Canada. A mixture of 20% Achillea millefolium, 20% Carex aenea, 20% Elymus glaucus, 20% Festuca occidentalis, 16% Geum macrophyllum, and 4% Lupinus polyphyllus seed was applied at 0, 375, 750, 1,500, 3,000, and 6,000 pure live seed (PLS) per m2 in 2.5 × 2.5–m rototilled test plots, established in the fall and spring, with and without fertilizer. There was no significant difference in plant cover of sown species between fall seeding and spring seeding, and few treatment interactions were identified in the first 2 years after sowing. There was no significant difference in cover between seed densities of 3,000 and 6,000 PLS/m2 in the first year, nor among 1,500, 3,000, and 6,000 PLS/m2 treatments in the second year. Seed densities as low as 375 PLS/m2 produced year 2 plant cover equivalent to that observed at 3,000 PLS/m2 in year 1. Plots sown to seed densities less than or equal to 750 PLS/m2 generally exhibited an increase (infilling) in plant density from year 1 to year 2, whereas plots sown to seed densities greater than or equal to 1,500 PLS/m2 generally exhibited a decrease (density‐dependent mortality) in plant density. These results imply a most efficient sowing density between 750 and 1,500 PLS/m2 (corresponding to 190–301 established plants.m−2 after two growing seasons). It is suggested that net changes in plant populations observed over a range of sowing densities are a robust and objective means of determining optimal sowing densities for the establishment of herbaceous perennials.
Increasing the Effectiveness of Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) Control in Wet Meadow Restorations
Authors: Adams Carrie Reinhardt , Galatowitsch Susan M. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract Restoration practices are often based on trial and error or anecdotal information because data from controlled experiments are not available. In wet meadow restorations of the upper Midwest United States, Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) is controlled with spring burning and spring glyphosate herbicide applications, but the relative effectiveness of either treatment with respect to P. arundinacea growth and life history has not been assessed. We designed a multiyear field experiment to evaluate effects of burning and herbicide application timings on P. arundinacea populations. Burning did not reduce P. arundinacea biomass but reduced the P. arundinacea seed bank, potentially limiting recolonization of P. arundinacea. Glyphosate applications in late August and late September were more effective than in mid‐May (due to enhanced glyphosate translocation to rhizomes), such that two mid‐May applications reduced P. arundinacea biomass to a level equivalent to that achieved by one late‐season application. Phalaris. arundinacea recolonized rapidly from the seed bank and, in plots that received suboptimally timed (mid‐May) herbicide, from rhizomes. Establishment of native species was very low, likely due to competition with recolonizing P. arundinacea. Unplanted species (from the seed bank and refugial populations) accounted for the majority of non‐P. arundinacea biomass. Recolonization of other species was strongly limited by a threshold level of P. arundinacea biomass. Adequate site preparation (over multiple growing seasons) and aftercare (selective removal of P. arundinacea) will be the key to facilitating subsequent wet meadow vegetation establishment. This research provides an example of the importance of experimental evidence as the basis to improve the efficiency of restoration practices.
Testing a Passive Revegetation Approach for Restoring Coastal Plain Depression Wetlands
Authors: De Steven Diane , Sharitz Rebecca R. , Singer Julian H. , Barton Christopher D. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract Restoration of coastal plain depressions, a biologically significant and threatened wetland type of the southeastern United States, has received little systematic research. Within the context of an experimental project designed to evaluate several restoration approaches, we tested whether successful revegetation can be achieved by passive methods (recruitment from seed banks or seed dispersal) that allow for wetland “self‐design” in response to hydrologic recovery. For 16 forested depressions that historically had been drained and altered, drainage ditches were plugged to reestablish natural ponding regimes, and the successional forest was harvested to open the sites and promote establishment of emergent wetland vegetation. We sampled seed bank and vegetation composition 1 year before restoration and monitored vegetation response for 3 years after. Following forest removal and ditch plugging, the restored wetlands quickly developed a dense cover of herbaceous plant species, of which roughly half were wetland species. Seed banks were a major source of wetland species for early revegetation. However, hydrologic recovery was slowed by a prolonged drought, which allowed nonwetland plant species to establish from seed banks and dispersal or to regrow after site harvest. Some nonwetland species were later suppressed by ponded conditions in the third year, but resprouting woody plants persisted and could alter the future trajectory of revegetation. Some characteristic wetland species were largely absent in the restored sites, indicating that passive methods may not fully replicate the composition of reference systems. Passive revegetation was partially successful, but regional droughts present inherent challenges to restoring depressional wetlands whose hydrologic regimes are strongly controlled by rainfall variability.
Increased permeability for polyethylene glycols through skin compromised by sodium lauryl sulphate
Authors: Jakasa Ivone , Verberk Maarten M. , Bunge Annette L. , Kruse Jacob , Kezic Sanja 
Published: August 2006

Abstract:  In this in vivo human study we assessed the influence of skin damage by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) on percutaneous penetration of polyethylene glycols (PEGs) of different molecular weights (MW).Percutaneous penetration of PEGs was determined using tape stripping of the stratum corneum (SC). The forearm skin of volunteers was pretreated with 5% w/w SLS for 4 h, and 24 h later patches with PEGs were applied for 6 h. The penetration parameters were deduced by data regression to Fick's law for unsteady‐state diffusion.The trans‐epidermal water loss (TEWL) increased after SLS treatment from 6.3 ± 2.1 to 17.9 ± 8.7 g/m2/h. The diffusion coefficient for all PEGs was increased in the SLS‐damaged skin. The increase was smaller for higher MW. In addition, the partition coefficient of PEGs between SC and water was larger in the SLS‐compromised skin and showed a tendency to increase with MW. The permeability coefficient decreased gradually with increasing MW of PEGs in both control and SLS‐compromised skin. SLS caused a threefold increase in the permeability coefficient for all MWs ranging in control skin from 0.34 to 0.70 × 10−5 cm/h and in the SLS‐compromised skin from 1.20 to 2.09 × 10−5 cm/h for MW of 590–282 Da.The results of this study show the deleterious effect of SLS on the skin barrier for hydrophilic PEGs. A defective skin barrier will facilitate absorption of other chemicals and local skin effects.
Synergistic effect of interleukin‐6 promoter (IL6 −634C/G) and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1 469K/E) gene polymorphisms on the risk of endometriosis in Japanese women
Authors: Kitawaki Jo , Kiyomizu Miyo , Obayashi Hiroshi , Ohta Mitsuhiro , Ishihara Hiroaki , Hasegawa Goji , Nakamura Naoto , Yoshikawa Toshikazu , Honjo Hideo 
Published: August 2006

Problem  Endometriosis is an immune‐related, chronic inflammatory disease with a polygenic predisposition. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) gene promoter region polymorphism (−634C/G) and the intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) gene 469K/E polymorphism are responsible in part for the genetic susceptibility to endometriosis.Methods of study  The IL‐6 −634C/G and ICAM‐1 469K/E genotypes were determined in 202 patients with endometriosis and 236 control women by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism.Results  There were no differences in the IL‐6 −634C/G or the ICAM‐1 469K/E genotypes and allele frequencies between control women and endometriosis patients collectively, or between control women and each clinical subgroup of endometriosis patients. Interestingly, the frequency of ICAM‐1 EE homozygotes who concomitantly carried the IL‐6 −634G allele was significantly higher in patients with endometriosis (χ2 = 6.458, P = 0.0396, d.f. = 2).Conclusion  Our results suggest that the IL‐6 −634C/G and ICAM‐1 469K/E polymorphisms synergistically affect the susceptibility for endometriosis in the Japanese population.
OC10 Topical pimecrolimus for the treatment of erosive oral lichen planus
Authors: Cedro MK , Chaudhry SI , Porter SR 
Published: August 2006

Introduction  A wide variety of topical and systemic therapies are proposed for the treatment of symptomatic erosive or ulcerative oral lichen planus (OLP). The calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus has been shown to be an effective means of treating OLP recalcitrant to other therapies. More recently, pimecrolimus has also been suggested to be of benefit in the treatment of such disease.Case Summary  A 50‐year‐old male with a 7‐year history of histopathologically proven erosive OLP had been treated with a wide variety of topical and systemic therapies, including tacrolimus ointment. Despite this his condition remained problematic with frequent episodes of severe erosive disease predominantly affecting the buccal mucosa bilaterally. Clinical examination revealed extensive intra‐oral erosive disease, particularly affecting the right buccal mucosa. Twice daily topical application of 1% pimecrolimus ointment (Elidel®) was instituted. This resulted in resolution of his symptoms and a significant improvement in the clinical appearance of his oral lesions within a 2‐month period.Conclusion  Topical pimecrolimus may be an effective therapy for symptomatic erosive or ulcerative OLP recalcitrant to other topical and systemic therapies, including topical tacrolimus. There is a need for appropriate studies to establish the efficacy of pimecrolimus for the treatment of OLP and to ascertain whether topical calcineurin inhibitors increase the malignant potential of OLP.
A Prospective Clinical Study on Titanium Implants in the Zygomatic Arch for Prosthetic Rehabilitation of the Atrophic Edentulous Maxilla with a Follow‐Up of 6 Months to 5 Years
Authors: Aparicio Carlos , Ouazzani Wafaa , Garcia Roberto , Arevalo Xabier , Muela Rosa , Fortes Vanessa 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTBackground  Prosthetic rehabilitation with implant‐supported prostheses in the atrophic edentulous maxilla often requires a bone augmentation procedure to enable implant placement and integration. However, a rigid anchorage can also be achieved by using so‐called zygomatic implants placed in the zygomatic arch in combination with regular implants placed in residual bone.Purpose  The aim of the present study was to report on the clinical outcome of using zygomatic and regular implants for prosthetic rehabilitation of the severely atrophic edentulous maxilla.Materials and Methods  Sixty‐nine consecutive patients with severe maxillary atrophy were, during a 5‐year period, treated with a total of 69 fixed full‐arch prostheses anchored on 435 implants. Of these, 131 were zygomatic implants and 304 were regular implants. Fifty‐seven bridges were screw‐retained and 12 were cemented. The screw‐retained bridges were removed at the examination appointments and each implant was tested for mobility. In addition, the zygomatic implants were subjected to Periotest® (Siemens AG, Bensheim, Germany) measurements. The patients had at the time of this report been followed for at least 6 months up to 5 years in loading.Results  Two regular implants failed during the study period giving a cumulative survival rate of 99.0%. None of the zygomatic implants was removed. All patients received and maintained a fixed full‐arch bridge during the study. Periotest measurements of zygomatic implants showed a decreased Periotest values value with time, indictating an increased stability. Three patients presented with sinusitis 14–27 months postoperatively, which could be resolved with antibiotics. Loosening of the zygomatic implant gold screws was recorded in nine patients. Fracture of one gold screw as well as the prosthesis occurred twice in one patient. Fracture of anterior prosthetic teeth was experienced in four patients.Conclusions  The results from the present study show that the use of zygomatic and regular implants represents a predictable alternative to bone grafting in the rehabilitation of the atrophic edentulous maxilla.
Print Culture, Ephemera, and the Elizabethan News Pamphlet
Authors: Voss Paul J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractScholars have long explored the unparalleled impact of the printing press and the ability of the new technology to disseminate books and ideas. More recently, bibliographers and historians have turned their attention toward ephemera, including news pamphlets and otherad hocpublications. This research continues to yield rich information about the publication of printed matter in the early decades of the printing press. This essay reviews some recent scholarship on this important topic and demonstrates how one rare pamphlet (it survives in only a single copy) displays sophisticated reading practices, encourages questioning of genre, and suggests the importance of ephemeral publications. This pamphlet,A Subtil Practice, confuses the categories of fiction and non‐fiction while participating in a lively discussion about the English involvement in the French civil wars of religion. The contemporary marginalia found in the pamphlet allows us a glimpse of an early response to the pamphlet and a single reaction to the conflated worlds of fiction and non‐fiction.
Weaver Ants Increase Premature Loss of Leaves Used for Nest Construction in Rhizophora Trees1
Authors: Offenberg Joachim , Nielsen Mogens Gissel , Macintosh Donald J. , Aksornkoae Sanit , Havanon Sopon 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT Oecophylla ants utilize living leaves when they construct their nests. We investigated how Oecophylla smaragdina nests in southern Thailand affected leaf performance on the mangrove tree Rhizophora mucronata. Leaves used in nests and neighboring leaves showed a higher rate of premature leaf loss compared to control leaves farther from the nests. However, a tree's total cost due to the higher premature leaf loss was estimated to be approximately between 3‐ and 20‐fold lower than the benefit derived from ant protection, detected in a previous study (Offenberg et al. 2004).
Discovery of a Parasitoid and a Predator of Bat Flies (Diptera: Streblidae) at La Selva, Costa Rica1
Authors: Shockley Floyd W. , Murray Kevin L. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTWhile netting bats to collect streblid bat flies at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, two different natural enemies of streblids were found attacking the bat flies on two species of bats. One was identified as a parasitoid in the hymenopteran family, Braconidae, while the other was a predaceous plant bug in the hemipteran family, Miridae. This is the first description of a natural enemy of streblids being collected in situ (i.e., actively foraging through the hair of the streblid bat host).