bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of increasing inertia upon vertical ground reaction forces and temporal kinematics during locomotion
Authors: De Witt John K. , Hagan R. Donald , Cromwell Ronita L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY
The addition of inertia to exercising astronauts could increase ground reaction forces and potentially provide a greater health benefit. However,conflicting results have been reported regarding the adaptations to additional mass (inertia) without additional net weight (gravitational force) during locomotion. We examined the effect of increasing inertia while maintaining net gravitational force on vertical ground reaction forces and temporal kinematics during walking and running. Vertical ground reaction force was measured for 10 healthy adults (five male/five female) during walking (1.34 m s–1) and running (3.13 m s–1) using a force-measuring treadmill. Subjects completed locomotion at normal weight and mass and at 10, 20, 30 and 40% of added inertial force. The added gravitational force was relieved with overhead suspension, so that the net force between the subject and treadmill at rest remained equal to 100% body weight. Ground reaction forces were affected by the added inertial force, but not to the magnitude predicted by the increase in mass, suggesting that adaptations in motion occurred. Vertical ground reaction force production and adaptations in gait temporal kinematics were different between walking and running. Peak vertical impact forces and loading rates increased with increased inertia during walking, and decreased during running. As inertia increased, peak vertical propulsive forces decreased during walking and did not change during running. Stride time increased during walking and running,and contact time increased during running. The increased inertial forces were utilized independently from gravitational forces by the motor control system when determining coordination strategies.
Biochemical and functional characterization of the actin-binding activity of the B subunit of yeast vacuolar H+-ATPase
Authors: Zuo Jian , Vergara Sandra , Kohno Shinya , Holliday L. Shannon 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYVacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) is a fundamentally important enzyme in eukaryotic cells that is responsible for acidification of endocytic compartments. The B subunits of V-ATPases from mammals and tobacco hornworm have been shown to bind actin filaments. Actin-binding activity by the B subunit is required for targeting V-ATPases to the plasma membrane of osteoclasts. Bacterially expressed B subunit from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae bound actin filaments with a Kd of 195 nmol l–1. The actin-binding domain of the B subunit was altered by mutations that reduced or eliminated the actin-binding activity. Mutants assembled properly with endogenous yeast subunits when expressed in B subunit-null yeast and bafilomycin-sensitive ATPase activity was not significantly different from yeast transformed with wild-type B subunit. Yeast containing the mutant subunits grew as well at pH 7.5 as wild-type. Screening null yeast or null yeast transformed with wild-type or mutant B subunits with sub-lethal doses of various drugs revealed that yeast containing the mutant B subunits were more sensitive to cycloheximide and wortmannin than those transformed with wild-type B subunits. These results suggest that actin-binding activity confers on the B subunit of yeast a function that is distinct from its role in the enzymatic activity of the proton pump.
Identification of novel genes includingDermo-1, a marker of dermal differentiation, expressed in trout somitic external cells
Authors: Dumont Emmanuelle , Rallière Cecile , Rescan Pierre-Yves 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe external cell layer that surrounds the fish primary myotome provides the myogenic precursors necessary for muscle growth, suggesting that this epithelium is equivalent to the amniote dermomyotome. In this study we report the identification of a trout orthologue of the dermal marker Dermo-1, and show that trout somitic external cells, which are all potentially myogenic as indicated by the transcription of Pax7 gene,express Dermo-1. This finding and our previous observation that external cells express collagen I show that these cells have dermis-related characteristics in addition to exhibiting myogenic features. In an effort to identify novel genes expressed in the external cell epithelium we performed an in situ hybridisation screen and found both collectin sub-family member 12,a transmembrane C-type lectin, and Seraf, an EGF-like repeat autocrine factor. In situ hybridisation of staged trout embryos revealed that the expression of Dermo-1, collectin sub-family member 12 and Seraf within the external cell layer epithelium was preceded by a complex temporal and spatial expression pattern in the early somite.
Behaviour evolution of automotive connectors
Authors: Abdi R El , Benjemaa N , Beloufa M A 
Published: March 2008

Automotive connector ageing has been studied in the literature, but none of these studies is completely satisfactory for finding the relation between the insertion force, the contact surface, and the spring deflection and wear after several insertion phases. The main objective of this work is to find and establish a correlation between insertion parameters and wear behaviour using numerical and experimental approaches. This study is concerned with automotive connectors made of copper with a tin coating of thickness 2 μm. The evolution of the insertion force, spring deflection, and contact surface versus the insertion—extraction operation number will provide information about the connector wear behaviour. Using a microbalance, the mass of the sample was determined before and after the experimental insertion test, to quantify the mass loss and the wear evolution. In addition, the wear shape was analysed. The connector includes four spring lamellae on each side and the pin has a flat shape. Owing to the friction effect and after several insertion—extraction tests, eight tracks are visible. Using a scanning profilometer, the length, the depth, and the width of the track can be measured. At the same time, a numerical analysis using the finite element code Ansys is used with an elastoplastic behaviour law to find the fatigue law, to measure the contact surface, and to predict the wearing surface for the materials employed, which can support a long connector use period. The selected assumptions introduced in the numerical modelling lead to a good correlation with the experimental results.
Oxophenalenoxyl: Novel stable neutral radicals with a unique spin-delocalized nature depending on topological symmetries and redox states
Authors: Morita Yasushi , Nishida Shinsuke , Kawai Junya , Takui Takeji , Nakasuji Kazuhiro 
Published: March 2008

AbstractStable organic open-shell systems have attracted much attention in the field of molecule-based magnetism. We have been exploring novel stable neutral radicals based on a phenalenyl system known as an odd-alternant hydrocarbon π-radical with a highly spin-delocalized nature. Recently, we have designed and synthesized novel oxophenalenoxyl neutral radical systems possessing two oxygen atoms on the phenalenyl skeleton. These systems are unique in comprising some topological isomers depending on the positions of oxygen substituents on the phenalenyl skeleton. The isomers exhibit different topological symmetries of spin density distributions (spin topological symmetry control). In addition, two-stage one-electron reductions of these systems give the corresponding radical dianions, which show remarkably different topological symmetries of a spin-delocalized nature from those of the neutral radical systems (redox-based spin diversity). In this paper, we discuss the unique spin-delocalized nature of 3-, 4-, and 6-oxophenalenoxyl systems in view of the topological symmetry and redox ability, emphasizing the results from the radical dianion of 4-oxophenalenoxyl system from both experimental and theoretical sides.
Perfluoroalkyl-annelated conjugated systems toward n-type organic semiconductors
Authors: Ie Yutaka , Umemoto Yoshikazu , Nitani Masashi , Aso Yoshio 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The syntheses of perfluoroalkyl-annelated conjugated units: hexafluorocyclopenta[c]thiophene, 4,4-difluoro-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene, and 6,6,12,12-tetrafluoroindeno[3,2-b]fluorine, and these-containing oligomers have been accomplished. The annelation of the perfluoroalkyl groups effectively lowers the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitral (LUMO) energy levels without disrupting the effective conjugation of the backbones, which was unambiguously clarified by spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements as well as X-ray analysis. The perfluoroalkyl-annelated oligothiophenes exhibited n-type semiconducting behavior with field-effect electron mobility up to 0.018 cm2 V-1 s-1.
Development of a Multiplexed Urine Assay for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Vener Tatiana , Derecho Carlo , Baden Jonathan , Wang Haiying , Rajpurohit Yashoda , Skelton Joanne , Mehrotra Jyoti , Varde Shobha , Chowdary Dondapati , Stallings Walt , Leibovich Bradley , Robin Howard , Pelzer Alexandre , Schäfer Georg , Auprich Marco , Mannweiler Sebastian , Amersdorfer Peter , Mazumder Abhijit 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Background: Several studies have demonstrated the value of DNA methylation in urine-based assays for prostate cancer diagnosis. However, a multicenter validation with a clinical prototype has not been published.
Methods: We developed a multiplexed, quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) assay consisting of 3 methylation markers, GSTP1, RARB, and APC, and an endogenous control, ACTB, in a closed-tube, homogeneous assay format. We tested this format with urine samples collected after digital rectal examination from 234 patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations ≥2.5 μg/L in 2 independent patient cohorts from 9 clinical sites.
Results: In the first cohort of 121 patients, we demonstrated 55% sensitivity and 80% specificity, with area under the curve (AUC) 0.69. In the second independent cohort of 113 patients, we found a comparable sensitivity of 53% and specificity of 76% (AUC 0.65). In the first cohort, as well as in a combined cohort, the MSP assay in conjunction with total PSA, digital rectal examination status, and age improved the AUC without MSP, although the difference was not statistically significant. Importantly, the GSTP1 cycle threshold value demonstrated a good correlation (R = 0.84) with the number of cores found to contain prostate cancer or premalignant lesions on biopsy. Moreover, samples that exhibited methylation for either GSTP1 or RARB typically contained higher tumor volumes at prostatectomy than those samples that did not exhibit methylation.
Conclusions: These data confirm and extend previously reported studies and demonstrate the performance of a clinical prototype assay that should aid urologists in identifying men who should undergo biopsy.
Places of Memory as a Tool for Education: The “Peace in Four Voices Summer Camps” at Monte Sole
Authors: BAIESI NADIA , GIGLI MARZIA , MONICELLI ELENA , PELLIZZOLI ROBERTA 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This essay explores how a place of memory can be used as a crucial tool in peace education activities with students from elementary to high school. It draws on the work of the Peace School of Monte Sole and specifically focuses on the “Peace in Four Voices” summer camp, which brings together youth from conflict regions to foster a culture of peace. The camp is a major activity in the Peace School project, since it is from this ten-year-long experience that the idea of a “Peace School” was conceived of and developed.
The Museum as a Democracy-Building Institution: Reflections on the Shared Journeys Program at the Lower East Side Tenement Museum
Authors: RUSSELL-CIARDI MAGGIE 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The Lower East Side Tenement Museum has embraced the challenge of serving as a democracy-building institution by providing a venue for dialogue about immigration-related issues. It has also, through its Shared Journeys program, involved new immigrants in these dialogues, and so engaged people who are not yet naturalized citizens in the practice of citizenship. In this process, the museum is redefining what it means to be a citizen, and by extension, creating a more inclusive and thus more dynamic democracy.
Activities of Terezín Memorial
Authors: MUNK JAN 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This article describes the challenges the Terezín Memorial faced commemorating the victims of Nazi persecution under a Communist government that suppressed information about the history of Jews, anti-Semitism, and resistance movements in the Czech Lands. It also describes how the gradual political opening in that region has enabled the Terezín Memorial to raise awareness about the suffering that took place in Terezín in the past, as well as about the disastrous consequences of the suppression of freedom, democracy, and human rights.
Jetting of Structural Casing in Deepwater Environments: Job Design and Operational Practices
Authors: Akers T. J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary
Structural casing jetting operations have become commonplace in deepwater environments. Having originated in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), structural casing is now jetted in most deepwater basins in the world. Very little literature has been published regarding jetting practices. The lack of published literature, combined with the complex mechanics and hydraulics of the process and the lack of detailed-soil data at most locations, results in an operation that is heavily dependent on the experience and expertise of the rigsite team. This paper reviews current deepwater structural casing jetting job design and operational practices. Also included are several case histories of jetting failures presented to share learnings with the industry and to stimulate the sharing of learnings and practices.
Effective High-Density Wellbore Cleaning Fluids: Brine-Based and Solids-Free
Authors: Javora Paul H. , Baccigalopi Glenn , Sanford Jack , Cordeddu Cristina , Qu Qi , Poole Gary , Franklin Bernard 
Published: March 2008

Summary
Displacing drilling mud with clear solids-free completion brine is a critical step during well completion. As we move into deeper waters and drill to deeper depths (greater than 25,000 feet MD), conventional methods and cleaning fluids become a limiting factor in this phase of the operation. Conventional cleaning fluids use fresh water or seawater treated with surfactants to remove wellbore solids and water-wet tubulars. Using low-density cleaning fluids creates a negative differential pressure between the working kill weight fluid and the formation, casing, and cement liners. In many situations, the negative differential pressure cannot be tolerated, and the risk of failure at the liner top, etc., is increased—especially, if the wellbore has not been pressure-integrity tested. Additionally, with increasing rig/spread costs, high pump rates are necessary to decrease the time it takes to perform these operations. The pump rate is indirectly proportional to the pump pressures required. Weighted spacers decrease the overall pressure differential, which allows for higher pumping rates.
To overcome the density limitation of these cleaning fluids, conventional techniques, such as additional hydraulic horsepower, backpressure schedules, the addition of solids to lighter cleaning fluids (e.g., water, seawater), or balancing the weight of the low-density cleaning fluid with a matching higher-density fluid is used. However, each of these "fixes" has inherent limitations and is accompanied with reduced cleanup efficiency. Furthermore, conventional surfactants are not active or effective in high-density brines. New brine-compatible surfactant chemistry and the corresponding balanced-displacement engineering design were developed to overcome limitation of conventional displacement technology.
This paper describes the field applications of new brine-based, high-density, solids-free cleaning fluids in balanced-displacements in deepwater and offshore shelf wells. The new high-density fluids were based on new surfactant technology developed to ensure effective wellbore cleaning, wellbore design parameters, and displacement modeling. In addition, weighted spacers aid in reducing high pump pressures and wellbore pressure differentials. In one case history, a maximum pumping pressure of more than 9,000 psi was expected for conventional water-based displacement but was reduced to a little more than 3,000 psi with the new design. High-density cleaning fluids, with densities up to and greater than 17.5 ppg, have been formulated and used successfully without compromising cleanup efficiency and significantly reducing differential pressures. Results from laboratory development and field applications are presented.
Influence of EDTA, carboxylic acids, amino- and hydroxocarboxylic acids and monosaccharides on the generation of arsines in hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry
Authors: Petrov Panayot , Serafimovska Jožica , Arpadjan Sonja , Tsalev Dimiter , Stafilov Trajče 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The influence of EDTA, carboxylic acids, amino-and hydroxocarboxylic acids, monosaccharides and humic substances on the generation of arsines in hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) was investigated. EDTA (0.02 mol L−1), ascorbic acid (0.02 mol L−1) and glucose or fructose (0.2 mol L−1) are useful additives for levelling sensitivities for As(III), monomethylarsonate (MMA) and dimethylarsinate (DMA). The presence of glycine, malonic, tartaric acids, BICIN and soil humin extracts leads to differences in analytical signal response between these arsenic species. An analytical application to the determination of the sum of As(III), monomethylarsonate (MMA) and dimethylarsinate (DMA) as well as the sum of toxicologically relevant hydride forming arsenic fraction As(III) + As(V) + MMA + DMA in EDTA soil/sediment extracts using continuous flow HGAAS was demonstrated. The limit of detection was 0.2 mg kg−1 As. Within-day and between-day precision were in the range 3–7% and 4–10%, respectively, for arsenic contents of 0.7–25 mg kg−1, with recoveries 95–103%.
Estimation of n-octanol/water partition coefficients of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by quantum chemical descriptors
Authors: Lu Gui-Ning , Tao Xue-Qin , Dang Zhi , Yi Xiao-Yun , Yang Chen 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) modeling is a powerful approach for predicting environmental behavior of organic pollutants with their structure descriptors. This study reports an optimal QSPR model for estimating logarithmic n-octanol/water partition coefficients (log K OW) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Quantum chemical descriptors computed with density functional theory at B3LYP/6-31G(d) level and partial least squares (PLS) analysis with optimizing procedure were used for generating QSPR models for log K OW of PAHs. The squared correlation coefficient (R 2) of the optimal model was 0.990, and the results of crossvalidation test (Q 2cum=0.976) showed this optimal model had high fitting precision and good predictability. The log K OW values predicted by the optimal model are very close to those observed. The PLS analysis indicated that PAHs with larger electronic spatial extent and lower total energy values tend to be more hydrophobic and lipophilic.
QSAR modeling for lipid peroxidation inhibition potential of flavonoids using topological and structural parameters
Authors: Ray Supratim , Sengupta Chandana , Roy Kunal 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
In the present study, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) modeling has been carried out for lipid peroxidation (LPO)-inhibition potential of a set of 27 flavonoids, using structural and topological parameters. For the development of models, three methods were used: (1) stepwise regression, (2) factor analysis followed by multiple linear regressions (FA-MLR) and (3) partial least squares (PLS) analysis. The best equation was obtained from stepwise regression analysis (Q2 = 0.626) considering the leave-oneout prediction statistics.
Motor Learning in Children: Feedback Effects on Skill Acquisition
Authors: Sullivan Katherine J , Kantak Shailesh S , Burtner Patricia A 
Published: March 2008

Background and PurposeReduced feedback during motor skill practice benefits motor learning. However, it is unknown whether these findings can be applied to motor learning in children, given that children have different information-processing capabilities than adults. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different relative frequencies of feedback on skill acquisition in children compared with young adults.SubjectsThe participants were 20 young adults and 20 children.MethodsAll participants practiced 200 trials of a discrete arm movement with specific spatiotemporal parameters. Participants from each group (adults and children) were randomly assigned to either a 100% feedback group or a reduced (62% faded) feedback group. Learning was inferred from the performance on the delayed (24-hour) retention and reacquisition tests.ResultsAll participants improved accuracy and consistency across practice trials. During practice, the adults performed with significantly less error than the children. Adults who practiced with reduced feedback performed with increased consistency during the retention test compared with those who practiced with 100% feedback. In contrast, children who received reduced feedback during practice performed with less accuracy and consistency during the retention test than those who received 100% feedback. However, when feedback was reintroduced during the reacquisition test, the children in the reduced feedback group were able to improve their performance comparable to those in the 100% feedback group.Discussion and ConclusionsDuring motor learning, children use feedback in a manner different from that of adults. To optimize motor learning, children may require longer periods of practice, with feedback reduced more gradually, compared with young adults.
Muscle Activation During Selected Strength Exercises in Women With Chronic Neck Muscle Pain
Authors: Andersen Lars L , Kjær Michael , Andersen Christoffer H , Hansen Peter B , Zebis Mette K , Hansen Klaus , Sjøgaard Gisela 
Published: March 2008

Background and PurposeMuscle-specific strength training has previously been shown to be effective in the rehabilitation of chronic neck muscle pain in women. The aim of this study was to determine the level of activation of the neck and shoulder muscles using surface electromyography (EMG) during selected strengthening exercises in women undergoing rehabilitation for chronic neck muscle pain (defined as a clinical diagnosis of trapezius myalgia).SubjectsThe subjects were 12 female workers (age=30–60 years) with a clinical diagnosis of trapezius myalgia and a mean baseline pain intensity of 5.6 (range=3–8) on a scale of 0 to 9.MethodElectromyographic activity in the trapezius and deltoid muscles was measured during the exercises (lateral raises, upright rows, shrugs, one-arm rows, and reverse flys) and normalized to EMG activity recorded during a maximal voluntary static contraction (MVC).ResultsFor most exercises, the level of muscle activation was relatively high (&gt;60% of MVC), highlighting the effectiveness and specificity of the respective exercises. For the trapezius muscle, the highest level of muscle activation was found during the shrug (102±11% of MVC), lateral raise (97±6% of MVC), and upright row (85±5% of MVC) exercises, but the latter 2 exercises required smaller training loads (3–10 kg) compared with the shrug exercise (20–30 kg).Discussion and ConclusionThe lateral raise and upright row may be suitable alternatives to shrugs during rehabilitation of chronic neck muscle pain. Several of the strength exercises had high activation of neck and shoulder muscles in women with chronic neck pain. These exercises can be used equally in the attempt to achieve a beneficial treatment effect on chronic neck muscle pain.