bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic and extrinsic rewards in a nonformal environmental education program
Authors: Price Emily A. , Vining Joanne , Saunders Carol D. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHumans are surrounded by threats to the environment, many of their own making. The severity of environmental problems will not decrease unless action is taken to develop and encourage greater environmentally responsible behavior (ERB) in the general populace. Environmental education (EE) is one method for strengthening precursors to ERB such as knowledge and attitudes, but research on the connection is currently unclear. In this paper we present the results of a study investigating the role played by rewards in encouraging ERB precursors for adults and children involved in a zoo‐based Nature Swap program. We used semistructured interviews to question 91 participants, including 38 children, 38 adult guardians, and 15 staff members regarding the importance of rewards in the program. We content analyzed the interviews to identify and describe major themes and then coded them. We found that adult guardians and Play Partners perceived intrinsic and extrinsic rewards as aiding in maintaining motivation and interest in the nonformal Nature Swap program. In addition, both children and adult companion participants in the program mentioned strengthened precursors to ERB. Overall we found that adult companions perceived that children who participated in the program spent more quality time outdoors and had a heightened awareness of their surroundings as a result of program‐based rewards. Implications for other EE and conservation education programs are discussed. Zoo Biol 28:361–376, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study of color stability of tall oil fatty acids through isolation and characterization of minor constituents
Authors: Min David B. S. , Lin Sherman S. , Chang Stephen S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMinor constituents in high quality tall oil fatty acids have been isolated successfully by liquid column chromatography, using silicic acid as the adsorbent. The minor constituents contained two types of compounds: those which were noneffective and those which were effective in causing the darkening of tall oil fatty acids during heating. The former consisted oftrans‐3,5‐dimethoxystilbene and rosin acids. The latter was separated into numerous fractions by the combination of chemical methods, silicic acid column chromatography, and low temperature fractional crystallization. The fractions were characterized by functional group analyses, chemical reactions, and UV and IR spectrometric methods. Most of the fractions contained two‐three times as much oxygen in the molecule as the original sample and were highly oxidized fatty acids. They had mol wt ranging 300–551 and contained double bonds, carbonyl, ester, peroxide, and hydroxyl groups. The effect of these minor constituents upon the color stability of tall oil fatty acids during heating was postulated as being due to the hydroxyl groups located in the α‐position to the double bond in the molecule.
Toxicology and biochemistry of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene
Authors: Branen A. L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractButylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene are used extensively as food antioxidants. It is estimated that man consumes ca. 0.1 mg/kg body wt daily of these antioxidants. At levels 500 times this level (50 mg/kg/day), both butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene appear to be free of any obviously injurious effects. However, at larger doses (500 mg/kg/day), both butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene result in certain pathological, enzyme, and lipid alterations in both rodents and monkeys, and butylated hydroxytoluene, in some cases, has been reported to have certain teratogenic and carcinogenic effects upon rodents. These alterations appear to differ markedly between rodents and monkeys, apparently as a result of differences which exist in the metabolism and excretion of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene by these two species. However, in both animal species, the alterations appear to be physiological responses which are reversible upon removal of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene from the diet. Long term chronic ingestion of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene may be beneficial in sparing vitamin E and in modifying the acute toxicity of a number of mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals.
Effect of a biological response modifier on cellular death mechanisms at drying off
Authors: Dallard Bibliana E , Baravalle Celina , Ortega Hugo , Ruffino Valeria , Heffel Silvia , Calvinho Luis F 
Published: May 2008

Agents that increase natural protective mechanisms have been proposed for prevention and treatment of intramammary infections. The objective of this study was to describe the effects of a single intramammary infusion of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-based biological response modifier (BRM) on cellular death mechanism in uninfected andStaphylococcus aureus-infected bovine mammary glands during involution. Three groups of 12 cows, each one including 6Staph. aureus-infected and 6 uninfected, were infused in two mammary quarters with BRM or placebo and slaughtered at 7, 14 and 21 d of involution. In infected quarters, BRM treatment produced a significant increase in percent of stained epithelial cells for the apoptosis-promoting protein Bax at every observation period. In addition, BRM produced a significant increase of immunostained stromal cells for Bax compared with placebo-treated quarters. BRM treatment produced an increase in percentages of epithelial cells staining with active caspase-3 at 7 d and 14 d of involution compared with placebo-treated quarters and a significant decrease in percentages of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL)-positive epithelial cells at 7 d and 21 d of involution. In addition, BRM treatment caused an increase in percentage of stromal cells immunostaining for active caspase-3 and TUNEL. An increase of active caspase-3 and TUNEL epithelial and stromal cell immunostaining was observed inStaph. aureus-infected compared with uninfected quarters. Cellular proliferation, determined by Ki-67 immunostaining, was increased in epithelial and stromal cells fromStaph. aureus-infected compared with uninfected quarters at every observation period. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of mammary cell death in uninfected andStaph. aureus-infected bovine mammary gland during involution and illustrate the effects of LPS-based BRM on apoptosis and cell proliferation during mammary involution.
Calcium-enriched goats' milk aids recovery of iron status better than calcium-enriched cows' milk, in rats with nutritional ferropenic anaemia
Authors: Nestares Teresa , Barrionuevo Mercedes , Díaz-Castro Javier , López-Aliaga Inmaculada , Alférez Ma José M , Campos Margarita S 
Published: May 2008

Ca-Fe interactions are known, but no studies are available about the effects of Ca-enriched goat or cow milk on Fe status in nutritional ferropenic anaemia (NFA). To examine this matter, control and Fe-deficient rats were fed for 14 d with goat or cow milk diets containing either normal or high Ca content (5000 or 10 000 mg/kg diet), and different indices and parameters related to iron status were measured. The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) and the Fe retention/intake (R/I) ratio were higher in control and anaemic rats fed goat milk diet (G diet), despite high-Ca content. Ca enrichment decreased Fe stores in liver and sternum in anaemic rats fed cow milk diet (C diet), however G diet did not modify Fe content in the organs studied in control and anaemic rats. In anaemic rats, Ca-supplementation decreased haematocrit, but platelets and serum Fe were not affected, however, in control rats platelets increased except for Ca-enriched G diet, this fact reveals that Ca-Fe interaction is minimized with G diet. Serum ferritin was always higher in rats fed Gvs. C diet, both in control and anaemic rats fed either normal or Ca-enriched diets. Ca-supplementation decreased ferritin levels in control and anaemic rats fed C diet and also, though to a lesser extent, in those given the G diet. This indicates that with this G diet there is a better recovery of body Fe stores in anaemic rats, despite Ca-supplementation. In this study it is noteworthy that despite high Ca content, a goat milk diet resulted in minimal Ca-Fe interactions and did not adversely affect Fe status in rats with NFA.
Effects of supplemental dietary fatty acids on milk yield and fatty acid composition in high and medium yielding cows
Authors: Weisbjerg Martin Riis , Wiking Lars , Kristensen Niels Bastian , Lund Peter 
Published: May 2008

The present study tested the hypothesis that supplemental dietary fatty acids (FA) affect the energy corrected milk yield in proportion to the milk production level of dairy cows, and increase both long chain FA proportion of milk FA and milk fat globule diameter. Sixteen Danish Holstein cows were divided into four 4×4 Latin squares with two squares of medium yielding cows (32·2 kg energy corrected milk (ECM)/d; 158 days in milk (DIM)) and two squares of high yielding cows (40·0 kg ECM/d; 74 DIM). Experimental length was 12 weeks, with three weeks for each of the four periods. The four treatments were no supplementation (17 g FA/kg dry matter (DM)) and three diets with supplemented FA (29, 40, and 52 g total FA/kg DM, respectively) obtained by substituting barley with Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) fat. Diets were offered as total mixed rations with 63% grass/clover silage (DM basis). Dry matter intake decreased with increasing FA supplementation, but net energy intake was not affected. The general linear responses to 10 g/kg DM increase in FA level were 1·1 kg ECM (P<0·0001), 0·061 kg milk fat (P<0·0001), 0·012 kg milk protein (P=0·09) and 0·052 kg lactose (P=0·0002) per day, and linear responses in milk composition were 0·39 g fat (P=0·07), −0·71 g protein (P<0·0001) and 0·05 g lactose (P=0·3) per kg milk, and 0·092 μm (P<0·0001) in milk fat average globule diameter. Fatty acid supplementation decreased short- and medium-chain FA and C16:0 and increased C18:1 proportions of total FA in milk. Supplemental dietary FA increased ECM yield but not in proportion to production level as anticipated, and increased average FA chain length and milk fat globule diameter.
Using dairy herd improvement records and clinical mastitis history to identify subclinical mastitis infections at dry-off
Authors: Torres Audrey H , Rajala-Schultz Päivi J , DeGraves Fred J , Hoblet Kent H 
Published: May 2008

Interest in selective dry cow therapy (SDCT) has been increasing owing to concerns over development of antimicrobial resistance. Implementation of SDCT, however, requires a quick and cost-effective on-farm method for identifying cows for treatment and cows that can be left without treatment. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of clinical mastitis (CM) history and somatic cell counts (SCC) from monthly Dairy Herd Improvement (DHI) records in identification of infected and uninfected cows at dry-off. A total of 647 Holstein cows were classified as uninfected or infected at dry-off based on CM history and varying number of monthly SCC records (with three different SCC cut-offs). Cows were considered uninfected based on the following criteria: (1) SCC <100 000 cells/ml and no CM during the lactation; (2) SCC <200 000 cells/ml and no CM during the lactation; (3) as criterion two, but additionally a cow was also considered uninfected if it experienced a case of CM during the first 3 months of the lactation and the SCC was <100 000 cells/ml for the rest of the lactation; (4) SCC <300 000 cells/ml and no CM during the lactation; otherwise they were considered infected. Infected and uninfected cows at dry-off were most efficiently identified using three months' SCC records with a threshold of 200 000 cells/ml for cows without CM during the lactation and a threshold of 100 000 cells/ml during the rest of lactation for cows with CM during the first 90 days in milk. Moreover, this criterion also most efficiently identified cows infected with major pathogens only at dry-off. The success of the criteria used for identifying infected and uninfected cows will, however, depend on herd characteristics, such as prevalence of infection and type of pathogens present in the herd.
“The smuggling of La Francophonie”: Francophone Africans in Anglophone Cape Town (South Africa)
Authors: VIGOUROUX CÉCILE B. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTFocusing on Black Francophone migrants in Cape Town, it is argued that a locally based Francophone identity has emerged in South Africa that questions the institutional discourse of La Francophonie as the organization of French-speaking states. The new identity has little to do with the organization's ideology of a transnational community of people united by a common language and culture. This is shown by deconstructing the category of passeurs de Francophonie (literally ‘smugglers of la Francophonie’ as practice) to which the organization assigns migrants in non-Francophone countries who allegedly spread the French language and Francophone culture. It is argued that the notion of “Francophone” must be grounded empirically and approached in relation to the social environment of the relevant speakers. The post-apartheid South African setting assigns it a meaning different from what it has in Francophone states.
Theory of finite or infinite trees revisited
Authors: DJELLOUL KHALIL , DAO THI-BICH-HANH , FRÜHWIRTH THOM 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe present in this paper a first-order axiomatization of an extended theoryTof finite or infinite trees, built on a signature containing an infinite set of function symbols and a relationfinite(t), which enables to distinguish between finite and infinite trees. We show thatThas at least one model and prove its completeness by giving not only a decision procedure, but a full first-order constraint solver that gives clear and explicit solutions for any first-order constraint satisfaction problem inT. The solver is given in the form of 16 rewriting rules that transform any first-order constraintinto an equivalent disjunction φ of simple formulas such that φ is either the formulatrueor the formulafalseor a formula having at least one free variable, being equivalent neither totruenor tofalseand where the solutions of the free variables are expressed in a clear and explicit way. The correctness of our rules implies the completeness ofT. We also describe an implementation of our algorithm in CHR (Constraint Handling Rules) and compare the performance with an implementation in C++ and that of a recent decision procedure for decomposable theories.
CoRoT: pioneer space mission for exoplanet transit search
Authors: Barge Pierre , Baglin Annie , Auvergne Michel ,   the CoRoT team
Published: May 2008

AbstractLed by the CNES space agency the CoRoT mission is born from a joint effort of France, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Germany, Spain and ESA. In orbit around the Earth, CoRoT started its first observations in February 2007 and is, now, regularly producing ten thousand light-curves with a very high accuracy. Performances are better than expected and some Hot Jupiters have already been detected in the raw data. Once the fully corrected data will be delivered, much smaller transits should be detected giving access to the hot Neptunes and the big Terrestrial planet families. We briefly describes the status of the mission, the inflight performance and the ground based program follow up strategy. We also present some preliminary results issued from a first analysis of the data.
Finding Earth-size planets in the habitable zone: theKepler Mission
Authors: Borucki William , Koch David , Basri Gibor , Batalha Natalie , Brown Timothy , Caldwell Douglas , Christensen-Dalsgaard Jørgen , Cochran William , Dunham Edward , Gautier Thomas N. , Geary John , Gilliland Ronald , Jenkins Jon , Kondo Yoji , Latham David , Lissauer Jack J. , Monet David 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTheKepler Missionis a space-based mission whose primary goal is to detect Earth-size and smaller planets in the habitable zone of solar-like stars. The mission will monitor more than 100,000 stars for transits with a differential photometric precision of 20 ppm at V=12 for a 6.5 hour transit. It will also provide asteroseismic results on several thousand dwarf stars. It is specifically designed to continuously observe a single field of view of greater than 100 square degrees for 3.5 or more years.This overview describes the mission design, its goals and capabilities, the measured performance for those photometer components that have now been tested, the Kepler Input Catalog, an overview of the analysis pipeline, the plans for the Follow-up Observing Program to validate the detections and characterize the parent stars, and finally, the plans for the Guest Observer and Astrophysical Data Program.
Extrasolar planet detections with gravitational microlensing
Authors: Mao Shude , Kerins Eamonn , Rattenbury Nicholas J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMicrolensing light curves due to single stars are symmetric and typically last for a month. So far about 4000 microlensing events have been discovered in real-time, the vast majority toward the Galactic centre. The presence of planets around the primary lenses induces deviations in the usual light curve which lasts from hours (for an Earth-mass [M⊕] planet) to days (for a Jupiter-mass [Mj] planet). Currently the survey teams, OGLE and MOA, discover and announce microlensing events in real-time, and follow-up teams (together with the survey teams) monitor selected events intensively (usually with high magnification) in order to identify anomalies caused by planets. So far four extrasolar planets have been discovered using the microlensing technique, with half a dozen new planet candidates identified in 2007 (yet to be published). Future possibilities include a network of wide-field 2m-class telescopes from the ground (which can combine survey and follow-up in the same setup) and a 1m-class survey telescope from space.
Microlensing search for extrasolar planets: observational strategy, discoveries and implications
Authors: Cassan Arnaud , Sumi Takahiro , Kubas Daniel 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMicrolensing has proven to be a valuable tool to search for extrasolar planets of Jovian- to Super-Earth-mass planets at orbits of a few AU. Since planetary signals are of very short duration, an intense and continuous monitoring is required. This is achieved by ground-based networks of telescopes (PLANET/RoboNET, μFUN) following up targets, which are identified as microlensing events by single dedicated telescopes (OGLE, MOA). Microlensing has led to four already published detections of extrasolar planets, one of them being OGLE 2005-BLG-390Lb, a planet of only ∼5.5M⊕orbiting its M-dwarf host star at ∼2.6 AU. Very recent observations (May–September 2007) provided four more planetary candidates, still under study, that will double the number of detections. For non-planetary microlensing events observed from 1995 to 2006 we compute detection efficiency diagrams, which can then be used to derive an estimate of the Galactic abundance of cool planets in the mass regime from Jupiters to Sub-Neptunes.
A HET search for planets around evolved stars
Authors: Niedzielski Andrzej , Wolszczan Alex 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe present our ongoing survey of ∼1000 GK-giants with the 9.2-m Hobby-Eberly Telescope in search for planets around evolved stars. The stars selected for this survey are brighter than 11 mag and are located in the section of the HR-diagram, which is approximately delimited by the main sequence, the instability strip, and the coronal dividing line. We use the High Resolution Spectrograph to obtain stellar spectra for radial velocity measurements with a 4-6 m s−1 precision. So far, the survey has discovered a planetary-mass companion to the K0-giant HD 17092, and it has produced a number of plausible planet candidates around other stars. Together with other similar efforts, our program provides information on planet formation around intermediate mass main sequence-progenitors and it will create the experimental basis with which to study dynamics of planetary systems around evolving stars.
A Korea-Japan planet search program: Current status and discovery of a brown dwarf candidate
Authors: Omiya Masashi , Izumiura Hideyuki , Sato Bun'ei , Yoshida Michitoshi , Kambe Eiji , Toyota Eri , Urakawa Seitaro , Masuda Seiji , Takada-Hidai Masahide , Han Inwoo , Kim Kang-Min , Lee Byeong-Cheol , Yoon Tae Seog 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSince 2005, we have been carrying out a precise radial velocity survey of about 190 intermediate-mass (1.5-5 M⊙) G and K giants at Bohyunsan Optical Astronomy Observatory (BOAO) in Korea and Okayama Astrophysical Observatory (OAO) in Japan, which aims to reveal statistical properties of planetary systems around intermediate-mass stars. We have finished the first screening of 120 stars so far and have identified 5 candidates with large periodic radial velocity variations. One of the candidates turned out to be orbited by a brown dwarf mass companion with minimum mass of 37.6 MJup and semimajor axis of 1.71 AU. The primary star has a mass of 3.9 M⊙, which ranks among the most massive stars with substellar companions. Our discovery may support the current view obtained from results of planet searches around intermediate-mass stars that massive substellar companions tend to form around massive stars.
Photometric follow-up observation of some SuperWASP transiting planet candidates
Authors: Gu Sheng-hong , Cameron Andrew Collier , Wang Xiao-bin , Zhang Li-yun , Fang Xiang-song , Li Xue-jing 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThree SuperWASP transiting planet candidates were observed through R or I filters using the 1-meter telescope and CCD camera of Yunnan Observatory from 2006 to 2007. The relative photometric data were corrected for the systematic errors by means of Tamuz et al. (2005) and Collier Cameron et al. (2006)'s algorithms. The resulting light curves demonstrate that one of three targets is a potential exoplanet candidate, which is worthy to perform further follow-up observation to clarify.
Several problems of exoplanetary orbits determination from radial velocity observations
Authors: Baluev Roman V. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractExisting algorithms of analysis of radial velocity time series are improved for the purposes of extrasolar planets detection and characterizing. Three important effects are considered: the poorly known radial velocity jitter, periodic systematic errors, and statistical bias due to non-linearity of models. Mathematical tools to account for these effects are developed and applied to a number of real planetary systems. In particular, it is shown that two outer planets of HD37124 are likely trapped in the 2/1 resonance. The dwarf star GJ876 may host an extra, Neptune-mass, planet which is in resonance with two giant planets in this system.
Selection effects in Doppler velocity planet searches
Authors: O'Toole Simon , Tinney Chris , Jones Hugh 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe majority of extra-solar planets have been discovered by measuring the Doppler velocities of the host star. Like all exoplanet detection methods, the Doppler method is rife with observational biases. Before any robust comparison of mass, orbital period and eccentricity distributions can be made with theory, a detailed understanding of these selection effects is required, something which up to now is lacking. We present here a progress report on our analysis of the selection effects present in Anglo-Australian Planet Search data, including the methodology used and some preliminary results.