bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Mg‐L‐Ascorbyl‐2‐Phosphate as a Vitamin C Source in Shrimp Diets
Authors: Shigueno Kunihiko , Itoh Shinobu 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTo overcome the lability of vitamin C (L‐ascorbic acid or L‐AsA), an essential nutrient of shrimp diets, the efficacy of Mg‐L‐ascorbyl‐2‐phosphate (MAP), a relatively stable derivative of L‐AsA, was examined.Groups of juvenile Penaeus japonicus were fed five different test diets containing different amounts of MAP for 100 days, to determine if MAP could be utilized by shrimp. Normal growth was observed on test groups fed diets containing 1,078, 430 and 215 mg MAP per kg, whereas mass mortality occurred in populations fed diets containing 43 and 0 mg MAP per kg. The dead shrimp found in the latter two treatments exhibited blackened lesions underneath the exoskeleton. The symptom looked similar to what was reported in previous papers as L‐AsA deficiency syndrome. The feeding experiment suggests that MAP can be utilized by P.japonicus as a suitable replacement for L‐AsA, and a supplement of 215 to 430 mg in 1 kg is sufficient to prevent clinical signs of vitamin C deficiency.Repeated measurements of remaining L‐AsA and MAP, made after diet processing and storage, demonstrated that MAP was significantly more stable than L‐AsA and was less prone to leaching in sea water.
Sex‐Reversal of Oreochromis aureus by Immersion in Mibolerone, a Synthetic Steroid1
Authors: Torrans Les , Meriwether Frank , Lowell Fran , Wyatt Bill , Gwinup Paul D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMibolerone (MI), a synthetic steroid, was used to sex‐reverse undifferentiated Oreochromis aureus fry. Fry were exposed to 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, or 1.0 ppm MI in static‐water solutions for five weeks (immersion treatments) or were fed a diet containing 1.0 ppm MI for four weeks in a flow‐through system. Following hormone treatment, the fish were grown to over 60 mm total length prior to sex determination using gonadal squash examination.Fish immersed in 1.0, 0.6, or 0.3 ppm MI had average tissue MI concentrations of 14.4, 5.6, and 3.3 ppm, respectively. Immersion in either 1.0 or 0.6 ppm MI for five weeks resulted in an average of 82% males and 18% ovo‐testicular fish (inter‐sex fish) with no gonadal females being produced. Exposure to 0.3 ppm MI resulted in 78.7% males, 20.7% ovo‐testicular fish, and 0.7% gonadal females. Feeding a diet containing 1.0 ppm MI resulted in 85% males, 11% ovo‐testicular fish, and 4% gonadal females. Fry growth and survival were negatively correlated with the MI concentration of the immersion treatments.Exposing tilapia fry to static‐water solutions of 0.6 ppm MI for five weeks appears to be a feasible method of eliminating the production of functional females. Immersion solutions should be changed at least weekly to maintain an effective hormone concentration.
An Estimate of the Dietary Lysine Requirement of Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus
Authors: Brown Paul B. , Davis D. Allen , Robinson Ed H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractQuadruplicate groups of juvenile red drum (initial mean weight 2.7 g; 20 fish per replicate) were fed experimental diets containing 35% crude protein and graded levels of lysine for eight weeks. Lysine concentration in the basal diet was 1.2% and was supplied by a combination of peanut meal and shrimp‐head meal. The basal diet was supplemented with lysine‐HCI to provide 1.6, 2.0, and 2.4% lysine. Each of these diets contained an essential amino acid (EAA) premix. Two additional diets were formulated to contain 1.2 and 2.4% lysine without the EAA premix. Weight gain and feed efficiency (FE) data indicated between 1.2 and 1.6% dietary lysine was adequate. However, serum lysine concentrations indicated 1.6–2.0% lysine was required. Fish fed 1.2 or 2.4% lysine, without the EAA premix, exhibited reduced weight gain and feed efficiency. Results indicated that red drum were able to utilize crystalline amino acids when incorporated into diets containing intact protein and, when lysine was adequate, the proteins were deficient in at least one other essential amino acid. It is recommended that a dietary lysine level of 5.7% of the dietary protein be used in formulating red drum diets.
Sex‐Reversal of Oreochromis aureus by Immersion in Mibolerone, a Synthetic Steroid 1
Authors: Torrans Les , Meriwether Frank , Lowell Fran , Wyatt Bill , Gwinup Paul D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMibolerone (MI), a synthetic steroid, was used to sex‐reverse undifferentiated Oreochromis aureus fry. Fry were exposed to 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, or 1.0 ppm MI in static‐water solutions for five weeks (immersion treatments) or were fed a diet containing 1.0 ppm MI for four weeks in a flow‐through system. Following hormone treatment, the fish were grown to over 60 mm total length prior to sex determination using gonadal squash examination.Fish immersed in 1.0, 0.6, or 0.3 ppm MI had average tissue MI concentrations of 14.4, 5.6, and 3.3 ppm, respectively. Immersion in either 1.0 or 0.6 ppm MI for five weeks resulted in an average of 82% males and 18% ovo‐testicular fish (inter‐sex fish) with no gonadal females being produced. Exposure to 0.3 ppm MI resulted in 78.7% males, 20.7% ovo‐testicular fish, and 0.7% gonadal females. Feeding a diet containing 1.0 ppm MI resulted in 85% males, 11% ovo‐testicular fish, and 4% gonadal females. Fry growth and survival were negatively correlated with the MI concentration of the immersion treatments.Exposing tilapia fry to static‐water solutions of 0.6 ppm MI for five weeks appears to be a feasible method of eliminating the production of functional females. Immersion solutions should be changed at least weekly to maintain an effective hormone concentration.
Chemical Budgets for Polyethylene‐lined, Brackishwater Ponds
Authors: Daniels Harry V. , Boyd Claude E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBudgets for water, nitrogen, phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were estimated from May to October 1986 in three 0.09 ha ponds stocked with striped bass Morone saxatilis (Walbaum). Ponds were lined with highdensity polyethylene sheeting to prevent seepage. Pond bottoms, except for side slopes, were covered with soil. Total rainfall roughly equalled evaporation. Liner runoff augmented rainfall inflow by 43%. The largest source of nitrogen input was feed ‐88% of the measured input. Overflow was the greatest measured loss of nitrogen. Denitrification and ammonia volatilization apparently removed large amounts of nitrogen. Feed applications and runoff were the major phosphorus inputs. Fish harvest and uptake by mud represented the major losses of phosphorus. The production of each kilogram of fish required 2.09kg of feed and released to the water, as metabolic waste, 118.55g nitrogen, 1.2g phosphorus, and 1.67kg COD. Metabolic wastes from fish resulted in the production of an additional 3.71kg of COD in phytoplankton and benthic algae. Thus, 1kg of live striped bass resulted in a total of 5.38kg of COD. Benthic respiration exceeded respiration of microorganisms in the water column. Total respiration exceeded oxygen produced by photosynthesis, but diffusion of oxygen from the atmosphere into the ponds was sufficient to maintain adequate DO concentrations for fish survival.
A Standard Reference Diet for Crustacean Nutrition Research.: III. Effects on Weight Gain and Amino Acid Composition of Whole Body and Tail Muscle of Juvenile Prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii1
Authors: Reed Laurieann , D'Abramo Louis R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo proposed standard reference diets for use in studies of crustacean nutrition were evaluated using newly metamorphosed postlarvae of the fresh water prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, After 90 days, no significant differences in mean whole wet weight or time interval between successive molts of the two dietary treatment group existed. The dietary amino acid composition of each diet and the corresponding amino acid composition of either the whole body or tail muscle tissue were highly correlated. There was a poor correlation between the dietary amino acid composition and the free amino acid composition of whole body and tail muscle tissue. Both diets could adequately serve as reference diets for nutritional studies with juvenile M. rosenbergii.
Plasma Chemistries of Nitrite Stressed Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar
Authors: Bowser Paul R. , Wooster Gregory A. , Aluisio Anita L. , Blue Julia T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPlasma chemistries were measured in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to elevated nitrite concentrations in an attempt to identify those parameters of potential value as early predictors of nitrite stress in a water‐reuse system. The most notable finding was a decrease in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity with increasing time of exposure to elevated nitrite concentrations. Chloride was found to have a protective effect against nitrite toxicity as indicated by higher ALP activities and lower percent methemoglobin in fish exposed to elevated nitrite concentrations at the higher of two chloride concentrations.
Evaluation of Semipurified Test Diets for Tilapia zillii Fingerlings
Authors: El‐Sayed Abdel‐Fattah M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to evaluate semipurified test diets for Tilapia zillii fingerlings. Four isocaloric (300 kcal dietary energy/100 g) diets containing casein (at 30 and 39%). casein supplemented with L‐arginine (Arg) and casein/gelatin mixture as protein sources were fed to triplicate groups of T. zillii fingerlings at a daily rate of 3% of their body weight for 6 weeks. When casein was fed as the sole dietary protein source at 30% level, fish growth, feed conversion efficiency (FC) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly reduced. Those variables were significantly improved when casein was supplemented with Arg. The group of fish fed casein/gelatin diet showed the best growth and feed utilization. When casein was increased to 39% to meet the Arg requirement, fish growth and feed conversion were not significantly different from those of fish fed casein/gelatin diet, while PER and protein production value (PPV) were significantly reduced. These results indicated that casein/gelatin is superior to casein or casein/Arg as a protein source in semipurified test diets for T. zillii fingerlings.
Nutrient Concentrations of Catfish Feces and Practical Diets After Immersion in Water
Authors: Brow Paul B. , Robinson Edwin H. , Finne Gunnar 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA study was conducted to quantify changes in the proximate components of fish feces and feeds when immersed in water for varying time periods. Catfish feces, a floating catfish diet, and a sinking trout diet were immersed for 5, 10, 20, 40, or 80 minutes. Dry matter losses were noted for all samples after immersion in water. There was a disproportionate loss of crude protein, ash, and nitrogen free extract (NFE) from the catfish fecal samples, ash and ether extract from the floating catfish feed, and NFE from the sinking trout feed. The losses noted would change crude protein, ether extract, NFE, and energy digestion coefficients by less than 7%, but ash and crude fiber digestion coefficients could change by as much as 23 and 35%, respectively. The ash concentration of unimmersed catfish feces indicated that this component may be a reliable indicator of nutrient digestibility in catfish.
An Ecological Foodniche Concept as a Proxy for Fish‐Pond Stocking Rates in Integrated Aquacultural Farming for Malaysia
Authors: Clonts Howard A. , Jolly Curtis M. , Alsagoff Syed Abdulkadir L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe merits of integrated aquaculture farming (IAF) as a strategy for bolstering income for the rural poor have been recognized, but the economic efficiency and sustainability are yet to be determined. The effects of one species on another and the economic benefits, net of government support, have not been critically evaluated. The concept of a foodniche for alternative species in an aquatic environment has not been properly tested in an economic setting. Thus, this report reflects the results of applying the technique of mixed integer linear programming to determine the optimum combination of species within the context of a foodniche. The objective also included maximizing revenues, with minimal external input requirements, for a representative small Malaysian wet‐rice farm. It was found that the foodniche concept permitted flexibility in stocking rates, and that farmers could actually stock species at the exact rate that was optimal for profit, instead of standard fixed rates. Also, government subsidies for pond construction were essential for IAF success. The net revenues from IAF were low without interest‐free loans for pond construction.
The Use of Decapsulated Cysts of the Brine Shrimp Artemia as Direct Food for Carp Cyprinus carpio L. Larvae
Authors: Vanhaecke Paul , Vrieze Lieven De , Tackaert Wim , Sorgeloos Patrick 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDecapsulated Arremia cysts have been evaluated as a direct food source for larvae of the carp Cyprinus carpio L. All decapsulated cyst diets gave excellent survival of carp larvae during the first two weeks of culturing. Unlike traditionally brine‐stored decapsulated cysts, dried Artemia embryos provided growth results comparable to those obtained with freshly hatched Artemia nauplii. Furthermore, except for Artemia embryos that lost their hatchability after long‐term storage in air, several other inactivation treatments, simulating improper harvesting and processing of cysts, did not produce a significant decrease in the nutritional quality of the decapsulated cysts.Using decapsulated cysts 89 a direct food source for carp larvae, instead of nauplii, the quantity of cysts needed can be reduced by about 25% to 35% after one and two weeks of culturing, respectively. Moreover, the use of decapsulated cysts advances the possible commercialition of poor‐hatching and less expensive cyst products for culture of carp larvae.
Estimates of Additive Genetic Effects, Maternal Genetic Effects, Individual Heterosis, Maternal Heterosis, and Egg Cytoplasmic Effects for Growth in Tilapia nilotica
Authors: Tave Douglas , Smitherman R. Oneal , Jayaprakas V. , Kuhlers Daryl L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractLengths and weights of Auburn University‐Egypt and Auburn University‐Ivory Coast strains of Tilapia nilotica and their F1 F2, and backcross hybrids were analyzed by multiple regression to estimate strain additive genetic effects, strain maternal genetic effects, individual heterosis (specific combining ability), maternal heterosis, and strain egg cytoplasmic effects for growth to determine why heterosis of the F2 and backcross hybrids was greater than that of the FI hybrids. Individual heterosis and maternal heterosis made the greatest contributions to growth. The F2 and backcross hybrids were larger than the F1 hybrids because of maternal heterosis. Regression coefficients were used to predict growth for any possible hybrid combination. Egypt ♀× Ivory Coast ♂ FI hybrid females backcrossed to Egypt males and Egypt ♀× Ivory Coast ♂ F2 hybrids were the largest groups evaluated in this study and were also predicted to have faster growth rates than any other possible Egypt‐Ivory Coast hybrid.
Intertidal Growth and Survival of Northern Quahogs Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus 1758) and Atlantic Surf Clams Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn 1817) in Georgia
Authors: Walker Randal L. , Heffernan Peter B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis work reports on the effects of intertidal planting heights upon the growth and survival of the northern quahog, Mereenaria mercenaria (L.) and the Atlantic sod clam, Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn), in the castal waters of Georgia. Quahogs (N = 100 per cage) at 19.5 mm in shell length were planted in replicate cages (N = 3) placed at the spring (SLW), mean (MLW), one (+1), two (+2), and three (+3) hours above mean low water mark. Surf clams (N = 200 per cage) at 41.5 mm in shell length were placed in replicate cages (N = 3) deployed, as above, in all sites except +3. Quahogs grown at the SLW mark after 15 months were significantly larger than clams planted at other tidal heights. Quahogs planted at the MLW mark were significantly greater in shell length than those planted at the +3, +2, and +1 marks. Clams at the upper three sites were not significantly different in size. An inverse relationship between clam growth and intertidal planting height was evident among surf clams. Surf clams grown at the SLW mark for six months were signplificmtly larger than those at the MLW mark which were larger than those grown at the +1 above MLW mark. No significant differences in quahog survival were detected between intertidal planting sites. There was no significant difference in surf clam survival between SLW (77.5%) and MLW (61%) marks, but there was significantly lower survival at the +1 mark (15%) and no survival at the +2 mark.
Enzymes Present in Pancreatic Extracts of the Dolphin Coryphaena hippurus
Authors: Divakaran S. , Ostorowski Anthony C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPancreatic extract of adult dolphin Coryphaena hippurus was found to have a broad range of proteolytic activity with two peaks, one at pH 5–6 and another at pH 10, when casein was used as a substrate. Enzymes similar in activity to those of pepsin, trypsin, amylase, lipase and collagenase were detected in the extracts by the use of specific chromogenic substrates for each enzyme. The relationship between these enzyme activities, and the formulation of diets for culture of this species, is discussed.
Maturation and Spawning of the White ShrimpPenaeus schmittiBurkenroad, 1936, Under Large Scale Rearing Conditions
Authors: de Siqueira Bueno Sérgio Luiz 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the reproductive performance ofPenueus schmittikept under controlled conditions in a maturation facility of a commercial shrimp farm. A total of 369 females and 368 males of wildP. schmittiwere used to form 9 broodstock groups. Unilateral ablation was performed on females only. Although females were not tagged, the total number of mated females (N =533) indicates that rematuration of the ovaries did occur. Only 9 mated females (1.69%) did not spawn and only 22 mated females (4.20%) of the remaining 524 cases did not produce viable spawns. These results indicate that a large number of viable spawns (94.18%) can be expected fromP. schmitti. A minimum latency period of 6 days for the ovaries to attain full development was observed twice. The highest mating frequency occurred between the 46th and 60th days after unilateral ablation, but mating frequency remained above 2% until the 90th day. The average number of nauplii/female/spawn was 78,961 (N =524) and the average fertilization rate of the eggs was 73.12% (N =297). Usually when the pair of the spermatophores is dislodged from the thelycum of the mated female, a small sperm mass still remains between the third pair of walking legs. This condition did not show any negative effect on the fertilization rate of the eggs and nauplii production. Mating behavior displayed byP. schmittiis also described and includes three distinctive phases: a) chasing, b) mating and c) post‐mating chase.
Clonidine Mects Growth Hormone and Growth in Juvenile Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch
Authors: Bates David J. , McKeown Brian A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGrowth hormone concentrations in juvenile cocho salmon were determined after intraperitoneal injections (yearlings; age 1+) and oral treatments (yearlings and fry; age 0+) with clonidine. Weights and lengths were also measured in coho juveniles fed diets supplemented with clonidine.Plasma growth hormone concentration increased significantly (78.2%) 24 h after injection. Yearlings fed clonidine showed a significant increase (136%) in plasma growth hormone after 14 days, and levels remained elevated through 28 days (116%) before dropping to control levels at 42 days. Coho yearlings fed clonidine showed no significant increase in growth compared to controls after 56 days of treatment, but coho fry were significantly heavier (33%) and longer (8%) after 70 days.
Influence of 17‐α‐Methyltestosterone on Red Tilapia Under Two Thermal Regimes
Authors: Killian H. Steven , Kohler Christopher C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFingerling red tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus±O. niloticus) were orally administered 17‐α‐methyltestosterone (MT) under a warmwater (27.0 ± 0.5 C) and coolwater (21.5 ± 0.5 C) thermal regime. In the warmwater experiment, fish received either 0, 1, 5, 10, 30, 60, or 100 mg MT/kg feed for 75 days. In the coolwater experiment, fish received 0, 10, or 60 mg MT/kg feed for 75 days followed by a 34 day withdrawal period. After 75 days, fish receiving 60 mg MT/kg feed (best treatment) in the warmwater and coolwater experiments exhibited significantly higher growth rates than controls by 35.3 and 45.8%, respectively. Likewise, feed conversion among groups receiving 60 mg MT/kg feed in the warmwater and coolwater experiments were significantly better than the controls (1.14 versus 1.30 and 1.44 versus 1.77, respectively). During the withdrawal period, no significant differences in growth rates or feed conversion were observed between the control and treatment groups. MT treatment significantly affected the body composition (whole body and empty carcass) of the red tilapia in both experiments, elevating percent moisture and protein values, but depressing percent fat values. Results demonstrated that incorporation of MT into fingerling diets offers potential for extending the period when tilapias actively feed and grow in temperate climates.
Maturing, Spawning and Egg Collecting of the White ShrimpPenaeus vannameiBoone in a Recirculating System
Authors: Chen Feng , Reid Bart , Arnold C. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA specially designed recirculating system was used to maintainP. vannameibroodstock for maturation, mating and spawning in the same tank. Two groups of different size shrimp were stocked in this system in Phase I (8 May to 5 September 1989) and Phase II (5 September to 5 December 1989). Results showed that this recirculating system was able to maintain good water quality keeping broodstock maturing, mating and spawning with high stocking density (10 shrimp/m2) and low mortality (6%). Seventy‐eight percent of spawned eggs were collected by a submerged egg collector. Mating success was very poor (3.4%) in Phase I even though there was normal spawning frequency. Mating success and nauplii production were much improved in Phase II. During Phase II 104 male and female broodstock housed in a 6 m3tank produced 1.6 ± 106nauplii (with 70% mating success) in three months. This study illustrated that broodstock size was a critical factor of successful mating and fertilization forP. vunnamei, and also, reduction of handling stress and lowered disturbance of the shrimp greatly enhanced the mating success.
Relative Susceptibility of Penaeus aztecus to Baculovirus penaei
Authors: LeBlanc Brian D. , Overstreet Robin M. , Lotz Jeffrey M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractExperimental infections of wild juvenile Penueus azrecus with Baculovinrs penuei (BP) demonstrate similar levels of prevalence as found in the natural environment. Moreover, neither postlarvae nor juveniles of P. setiferus, which rarely exhibit natural infections in the Gulf of Mexico, developed experimental patent infections using routine methods. Six other crustaceans, two of which were penaeids and none of which is a known host, did not develop experimental patent infections either.
Induced Spawning of Nassau Grouper Epinephelus striatus
Authors: Tucker John W. , Parsons J. Eugene , Ebanks Gina C. , Bush Phillippe G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNassau grouper Epinephelus striurus females ovulated 48–51 h after the first of two intramuscular injections of human chorionic gonadotropin given 24 h apart (usually 0.7 IU/gram body weight). Typical spawns contained 400,000–600,000 eggs. With fresh milt and clean water, fertilization rate was 85 and 86%. Survival from fertilization to first feeding for six spawns was 73–94%.