bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Rights - the Property of the Nation State or a Concern for the International Community? A Study of the Soviet Positions Concerning UN Protection of Civil and Political Rights since 1975
Authors: Bergesen Helge Ole 
Published: March 2007

Bergesen, H. O. Human Rights - the Property of the Nation State or a Concern for the International Community? A Study of the Soviet Positions Concerning UN Protection of Civil and Political Rights since 1975. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 239-254. The paper analyzes Soviet policy - in general and in concrete cases - as regards the role of UN bodies in the protection of civil and political human rights. The empirical analysis shows that the main Soviet concern is to hinder any development in the direction of independent UN investigations into violations of human rights in specific countries and subsequent UN action to restore respect for those rights. However, the USSR is not opposed to UN bodies expressing their opinion about the human rights situation in specific countries, since resolutions do not unleash an unpredictable machinery of impartial fact-finding. The USSR clearly considers civil and political rights a state property. International organizations, like UN bodies, do not even have the right to inquire into a state's dealings with this property.
Prediction and Foreign Policy Heritage
Authors: Stenelo Lars-Göran 
Published: March 2007

Stenelo, L.-G. Prediction and Foreign Pclicy Heritage. Cooperation and Conflict, XVI, 1981, 3-17. The author attempts to demonstrate that certain modes of prediction may have a conservat ory and stabilizing effect on the foreign policy of a state, and cause the foreign policy actor to accept the political heritage from previous generations of decision-makers. U.S. Vietnam policy is used as an illustrative case. The hereditary mechanisms treated are strategic evaluation systems, historical analogies, and theories such as the U.S. Domino Theory and Aggression Theory. It seems possible to discern a chain of hereditary links with the strategic evaluation systems maintaining a unifying function. Theories are less sensitive to disturbance and hence more capable of survival than single historical analogies.
Natural Gas: New Dimensions of Norwegian Foreign Policy
Authors: Saeter Martin 
Published: March 2007

Saeter, M. Natural Gas: New Dimensions of Norwegian Foreign Policy. Cooperation and Conflict, XVII, 1982, 139-150. The author analyses the foreign policy aspects of Norwegian natural gas policy in a regional European perspective. The focus is on the development of a regional West European pipeline gas supply system as part of a more wide-ranging economic and political cooperation of a long-term character. Because the main sources of such a gas supply system are Norway, the Soviet Union, and Algeria, and because huge pipelines from these countries to Western Europe constitute the concrete basis of the system, there are important political considerations involved. Especially the prospect of bring ing gas by pipeline through Sweden to the Continent brings the interface of East West, Nordic, and West European dimensions into focus. Finally, possibilities for Norwegian-Soviet energy cooperation are discussed.
The Brandt Report as a Development Strategy
Authors: Pedersen Vita Søgaard , Gebert Peter 
Published: March 2007

Søgaard Pedersen, V. and Gebert, P. The Brandt Report as a Development Strategy. Cooperation and Conflict, XX, 1985, 41-57. This article deals with the proposal by the first Brandt Report for a development strategy for the Third World. Emphasis is laid on the analysis of the Brandt Com mission's recommendations for international and national reforms on the statement about interdependence and mutual interests. The analysis of the development strategy has been carried out in order to examine whether the recommendations of the Brandt Report are sufficient to fulfil its goals. One point is that interdependence as a conception is inadequate for understanding the complex international relations and the underlying dynamics. The statement about the existence of mutual interests is partly too inaccurate and partly exaggerated. The central element in the development model of the Brandt Report is an export-oriented industrialization, which has to be combined with a strategy for solving the Basic Needs of the populations. From our point of view, which is based on a Marxist analysis, it is not likely that this model could solve the development problems of most developing countries. One of the major problems is that the Brandt Report does not deal with the problem of political power.
Transnational Corporations as Global Political Actors: A Literature Review
Authors: Uhlin Anders 
Published: March 2007

Uhlin, A. Transnational Corporations as Global Political Actors: A Literature Review. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIII, 1988, 231-247. The primary aim of this research note is to present an inventory of propositions and findings concerning TNCs as global political actors. As a framework for this analysis I will classify the literature into three main groups and some subgroups. The three main theoretical schools compared are liberal theory, mercantilist theory and theories of imperialism. Several aspects of the autonomy and power of TNCs, as proponents of different theoretical schools see it, are analysed. The domain and scope of TNC power are discussed and several power bases are listed. Constraints that prevent the potential power of TNCs from being implemented are discussed and TNC instruments for exercising power are listed as well. The scope of the theoretical perspectives used to study TNCs varies. There is need for a synthesis between the actor-oriented liberal approaches and the structural and system-oriented theories of imperialism.
Economic Recovery versus Containment: The Anglo-American Controversy over East—West Trade, 1947-51
Authors: Sørensen Vibeke 
Published: March 2007

Sørensen, V. Economic Recovery versus Containment: The Anglo-American Con troversy over East-West Trade, 1947-51. Cooperation and Conflict, XXIV, 1989, 69- 97. The article examines the Anglo-American controversy over economic warfare between 1947 and 1951, and aims to show that Britain's rejection of economic warfare as strategy for the containment of the Soviet Union was directly connected to the British economy's dependency on east-west trade and that the acceptance of economic warfare in 1950/51 was not part of the changed security preferences which led to British rearmament in August 1950, but a consequence of the American Congress's decision in 1951 to link military aid directly to east-west trade. As such, the article's conclusions tend to support Adler-Karlsson's (1968) classical argument that considerations for economic and military aid determined Western Europe's acceptance of economic warfare between 1950 and 1953/54. However, the article also shows that the US administration's leverage with respect to Britain and Western Europe was significantly constrained by considerations for the NATO Alliance and the US international economic regime and that it was the administration's attempt to defend its discretionary powers over foreign aid against an increasingly hostile Congress which was responsible for the administration's coercion of its most important NATO partner in 1951. Thus, the article concludes that the use of economic sanctions in 1950/51 should not be seen as a re-assessment of the utility of coercion as an option for US policy, but as a historical accident of the McCarthy years which confirms the political liability of coercion as an instrument for US international power in the post-war period.
PLAN your Public Relations Program
Authors: Bliss Robert L. 
Published: March 2007

Every hotel man worth his salt is an able public relations technician. He has to be; no enterprise benefits more from good public relations than the hotel, and none suffers so severely from bad. But a serious weakness of more than one hotel manager is the fact that he is a better day-to-day public relations performer than he is a planner. There may be some question down on the farm as to which comes first: the hen or the egg. But in public relations there is no question that the plan comes ahead of the program. The purpose of this article is to discuss some long-range thinking essential to good public re lations-the solid foundations of planning on which solid performance can build a hotel's repu tation to full advantage.-RLB
California Research at the Crossroads
Authors: Martinson Robert 
Published: March 2007

Palmer's critique of "What Works?" is a strong defense of what was best in the California tradition of "recidivism only" research; it is also a stubborn refusal to take the step forward from that kind of thinking to the era of "social planning" re search. The primary reason for the impact of "What Works?" is the extraordinary gap between the claims of success made by proponents of various treatments and the reality revealed by good research. Palmer bases his critique on grounds of research methods. In doing so, he makes an interpretation error by construing as "studies" the "efforts" Martinson mentions in his conclusion. In fact, "effort" represents an independent variable category; this use of the term does not justify Palmer's statement that Martinson inaccurately described individual studies, whose results had been favorable or partially favorable, as being few and isolated exceptions. The table in which Palmer tabulates 48 per cent of the research studies as having at least partially positive results is meaningless; it includes findings from studies of "interventions" as dissimilar as probation placement and castration. Palmer does not understand the difficulties of summarizing a body of research findings. The problem lies in drawing together often conflicting findings from individual studies which differ in the degree of reliance that can be placed on their conclusions. It is essential to weigh the evi dence and not merely count the studies. The real conclusion of "What Works?" is that the addition of isolated treatment elements to a system in which a given flow of offenders has generated a gross rate of recidivism has very little effect in changing this rate of recidivism. To continue the search for treatment that will reduce the recidivism rate of the "middle base expectancy" group or that will show differential effects for that group is to become trapped in a dead end. The essence of the new "social plan ning" epoch is a change in the dependent variable from recidivism to the crime rate (combined with cost). The public does not care whether a program will demonstrate that the experimental group shows a lower recidivism rate than a con trol group; rather, it wants to know whether the program re duced the overall crime rate. To ask "which methods work best for which types of offenders and under what conditions or in what types of settings" is to impose the narrowest of questions on the search for knowledge. The economists, too, do not live in Palmer's world of "types" of offenders. To them, recidivism is an aspect o f occupational choice strength ened by the atrophy of skills and opportunity for legitimate work that occurs during a stay in prison. The aim of future research will be to create the knowledge needed to reduce crime. It must combine the analytical skills of the economist, the jurisprudence of the lawyer, the sociol ogy of the life span, and the analysis of systems. Traditional "evaluation" will play a modest but declining role.
Concern with Theory in Correctional Evaluation Research
Authors: Glaser Daniel 
Published: March 2007

If correctional evaluation research is to contribute to the accumulation of practical knowledge, it should be designed to test abstract behavioral science principles that explain why a particular type of program should change the future conduct of a specific category of clientele. Focus on such theory leads to nontraditional types of sampling, designed to apply principles to only those cases for which they are relevant rather than to whatever mix one happens to encounter at a particular setting at one moment in its history. In addition, organizational theory must be applied and tested to see whether—in the social, psychological, and political context where a program is studied—the clients have the experience that the behavioral science theory assumes the program is giving them.
Did Health Improvement Programmes improve in their first two years?
Authors: Abbott Stephen , Gillam Stephen 
Published: March 2007

Objective This study sought to track the development of Health Improvement Programmes (HImPs) from 1999 to 2000. Design A documentary analysis of pairs of HImPs produced by 26 health authorities in 1999 and 2000. Method A structured analytic tool was devised, based on government guidance on the content of HImPs. Results HImPs have become longer, and include more priorities. Health promotion and public health priorities are less commonly chosen than those with a disease focus, particularly those in 'Saving Lives: Our Healthier Nation'. There has been a decrease in the quantity of supporting data provided (health needs assessment, financial resources, existing services), and the role of Primary Care Groups and Trusts (PCG/Ts) is not given central emphasis. There is an increase in target-setting and in clarification about roles and responsibilities among partners, and commitment to the principle of public consultation about the local National Health Service (NHS). Conclusion Although the scope of HImPs has broadened, and some components are now presented in more detail, it is not clear that these documents embody more achievable strategies. With so many priorities requiring attention, it seems likely that politically important issues (such as waiting lists) will take precedence over the promotion of population health.
Health promotion specialists and the multidisciplinary public health agenda: Implications for postgraduate education
Authors: Scriven Angela 
Published: March 2007

Objective To identify the postgraduate educational needs of health promotion specialists that have emerged as a result of recent public health policy induced changes to roles and functions. Design A questionnaire survey that combines closed and open-ended questions to generate quantitative and qualitative data. Setting A national study with respondents drawn from health promotion services across England. Methods A total of 222 health promotion specialist from a wide geographical spread responded to a postal survey which asked them to map out their current competencies against the draft National Standards for Specialist Practice in Public Health and to state their education and training needs. Results Education and training needs are in line with public health specialist rather than health promotion functions and encompass management and health assessment competencies. Conclusion Health promotion specialists are experiencing a range of policy-induced changes that are impacting on their remits. Their needs relating to education and training in strategic public health specialist roles have challenging implications for postgraduate educational provision.
Skin cancer prevention in early childhood: An evaluation of a health education intervention among students in a preschool vocational programme
Authors: Jansson Bjarne , Boldeman Cecilia , Dal Henrik , Ullen Henrik 
Published: March 2007

Objective To evaluate the effects on knowledge and attitudes towards the protection of children from ultraviolet (UV) exposure among students in a preschool vocational programme. The analyses included gender and socioeconomic differences, and changes in the response pattern during the intervention period. Setting Upper secondary schools in the Child and Recreation Study Programme, Stockholm County, Sweden. Method Swedish school authorities run a vocational study programme for students aged 16-19 who have opted for work in preschool services. A lesson on UV protection (2 x 45-minutes) given by an external specialist in cancer prevention was integrated in the curriculum. A questionnaire was administered immediately after the lesson to assess attitudes to tanning and cognitive impact regarding UV protection of children. Field conditions allowed pretesting only for 24/1389 students. Resampling techniques were therefore applied by simulation of missing pretest values, and compared with classic pretesting by parametric and nonparametric tests. Results Independent of the individual students' own attitudes towards UV exposure, the protection of children from sunburn was reported as important. Increased learning could be observed among female students. Females also reported a significantly greater interest than males in protecting children. No significant differences between socioeconomically disadvantaged areas and others were observed. During the evaluation period 1996-1999 the response pattern varied significantly due to rainy or sunny summer periods prior to the intervention. Finally, there was no significant difference between the mean values of the 1000 simulations for each statement, compared to the mean value of the 24 pretest values.
In a class of its own: Introducing a new tool for understanding adolescents' perceptions of the world of drugs
Authors: McWhirter Jenny M , Young Amanda J , Wetton Noreen 
Published: March 2007

Objective To describe the use of (draw, describe and write', a tool for exploring how adolescents perceive and explain their understanding of the world of drugs, as used in the development of the Blueprint project. Design A cross-sectional study using a specifically designed research tool, including drawing and open-ended questions, used with young people aged 11-13 years to record their understanding of drug use. Setting Eight secondary schools in four areas of England. Method Open-ended questionnaire: 'Draw, describe and write' is an illuminative method based on constructivist/interpretivist approaches. Respondents were invited to'describe or draw' a young person who uses drugs. Further open-ended questions explored the drugs used, the context of drug use and the risks and benefits to the young person and the respondent. Results A response rate of 85 per cent was achieved. A random sample were analysed. The results provide a valuable insight into how 11-13 year olds perceive and understand drug use by young people. The method is acceptable to young people and their teachers and is strongly inclusive. This tool will be useful in curriculum development and in evaluation of drug education intervention studies for pupils of secondary school age range. Conclusion The method could be used in further studies where it is important to understand young people's perceptions of the complex context of the drug using world in which they are growing up.
Pumping up the pressure: A qualitative evaluation of a workplace health promotion initiative for male employees
Authors: Lomas Libby , McLuskey John 
Published: March 2007

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of a workplace health promotion initiative. Design Blood pressure screening was taken into the workplace setting for all staff members who wished to take part. Male participants were then invited to take part in a qualitative evaluation of the initiative. Setting The evaluation was undertaken in various work locations of an acute NHS Hospital Trust. Method One-to-one semi-structured interviews took place with 14 men in order to examine the men's perceptions of their experience, to evaluate the impact of blood pressure screening in the workplace on men's health decision-making processes, and to identify ways in which health interventions can be improved and developed. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim and the analysis of the data was undertaken manually using thematic analysis. Results The key themes emerging were issues relating to convenience of location, health decision-making processes, beneficial outcomes for participants and the organisation, perceptions of the health professional, expectations surrounding the Occupational Health Department and the men's knowledge and awareness of blood pressure testing. Conclusion The men liked the convenience of the workplace location and the forum this created for discussion of other health issues with a health professional, who they respected. The men held a variety of expectations in terms of what the Occupational Health department could offer, and indeed, the need for clarification of this emerged as a key aspect for future service development.
Fitness instructors: How does their knowledge on weight loss measure up?
Authors: Forsyth Glenys , Handcock Phil , Rose Elaine , Jenkins Carolyn 
Published: March 2007

Objective To examine the knowledge, approaches and attitudes of fitness instructors dealing with clients seeking weight loss advice. Design A qualitative project whereby semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten fitness instructors representing a range of qual ifications, work settings and years of experience. Setting Interviews were conducted at neutral sites identified by participants. Methods Interviews explored participants' knowledge on weight related issues including the etiology and consequences of obesity, the exercise strategies used for weight loss, and also professional development issues. All interviews were audio taped and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using an inductive process where ideas of a similar nature were categorised into 'raw themes'. Two researchers independently analysed transcripts to establish trustworthiness. Results Findings revealed that inconsistencies appeared to exist with participants' development and delivery of a weight management programme. In some cases fitness instructors were not adequately prepared for dealing with overweight and obese clients. Conclusion The findings provide further argument for the need for a system of accreditation of fitness instructors within New Zealand (NZ) that provides the public with some measure of quality assurance.
Nutrition Health Promotion in Schools in the UK: Learning from Food Standards Agency Funded Schools Research
Authors: Woolfe Jennifer , Stockley Lynn 
Published: March 2007

Objective To test the feasibility and effectiveness of dietary change interventions in UK school-based settings. This overview draws out the main lessons that were learnt from these studies, for both practitioners and researchers. Design A review and analysis of the final reports from five studies commissioned by the Food Standards Agency. Setting Primary and secondary schools throughout the UK. Results For practitioners the studies highlighted: the importance of considering the future sustainability of interventions from the outset; the difficulty in successfully involving parents; the importance of actively engaging schools, and the support of committed individuals. They also bore out the contribution that a child-centred approach can have on increasing the acceptability of an intervention to children. For researchers, one of the most important issues that emerged was the need for an accepted research framework for public health interventions. In addition, there were several experimental design issues that flawed some of the studies. Assessing dietary intake in children proved challenging, and both guidance and the development of valid dietary assessment tools would be invaluable to future work in the area. This also applied to the measurement of nutrition knowledge and physical activity in children. Conclusion The five studies focused on different approaches and topics. However, all have the potential to be incorporated into the type of health promoting whole school approach which systematic reviews have indicated is the most effective way of changing behaviour. In England this is the approach adopted by schools achieving the healthy eating strand of the National Healthy Schools Standard (NHSS).