bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortalities in bobby calves associated with long distance transport
Authors: CAVE JG , CALLINAN APL , WOONTON WK 
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate how distance of transportation and time of year affects mortality of bobby calves. Method The overall mortality of bobby calves transported by road to an abattoir in Northern Victoria was investigated by the analysis of mortality data from 1998 to 2000 from the abattoir records. Results Mortality of bobby calves increased exponentially with distance of transportation to the abattoir. The association between distance travelled and mortality was greatest in August. The increased mortality associated with greater distance travelled occurred during transportation rather than after arrival at the abattoir. The highest mortality of bobby calves was seen in October, followed by September, and the lowest was observed in August. Conclusion Limits on the distance of transportation of bobby calves should be incorporated into future codes of practice to reduce the mortality of bobby calves.
Empowerment and public administration: revolutionary advance or passing fancy?
Authors: Kernaghan Kenneth 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: There is much debate about the usefulness of the concept and practice of empowerment in public sector organizations. It is important, therefore, to examine the origins and meaning of empowerment, the extent to which it has been introduced in Canadian public organizations, and the obstacles to its successful implementation. It is important also to analyse the political and managerial implications of empowering employees and organizations and to assess the compatibility of empowerment with the constitutional convention of ministerial responsibility. Effective implementation of empowerment is a difficult, risky endeavour, but the payoff is likely to be worth the price.Sommaire: Il y a une vive controverse sur le sens et l'utilitéà la fois du concept et de la pratique de la délégation des pouvoirs dans les organismes du secteur public. Il importe done d'examiner les origines et le sens du fait que l'on accorde une plus grande autonomie personnelle aux fonctionnaires, la mesure dans laquelle ceci a déjàété mis en oeuvre dans les organismes publics au Canada, ainsi que les obstacles s'opposant au succès de cette démarche. Il importe également d'analyser les conséquences politiques et gestionnelles de cette dévolution d'autorité aux employés et aux organisations, et d'évaluer la compatibilité de ce processus avec le principe constitutionnel de la responsabilité ministérielle. La mise en oeuvre efficace de ce processus de délégation des pouvoirs est difficile et risquée, mais le résultat en vaut probablement la chandelle.
Partnership and public administration: conceptual and practical considerations
Authors: Kernaghan Kenneth 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: In recent years, there has been a proliferation of partnerships involving public organizations. The use of partnerships has evolved from an ad hoc response to particular problems to a general approach to problem‐solving and to improving the efficiency, effectiveness, and responsiveness of public organizations. Partnerships are also used to empower individuals, groups, and organizations outside government by enabling them to make a genuine contribution to government decisions affecting them. It is important, therefore, to explain the meaning and types of partnership, to examine their purposes, benefits, and participants, and to assess their political implications. In‐depth evaluative studies of partnerships are scarce, but there are enough data on partnerships and enough sufficient and theoretical materials on inter‐organizational relations in general to formulate hypotheses about the requirements for successful partnerships.Sommaire: Au cours des dernieres annees, on a assiste a une proliferation des partenariats impliquant des organismes publics. Leur utilisation a evolue, passant de la simple reponse concue pour un probleme particulier a une approche generate visant a resoudre les problemes et a ameliorer l'efficacite et la receptivite des organismes publics. Cette forme d'association sert aussi a deleguer davantage de pouvoirs aux particuliers, aux groupes et aux organismes non‐gouvernementaux en leur permettant de contribuer vraiment aux decisions gouvernementales qui les touchent. II importe done d'expliquer la signification et les differents types de partenariats, d'examiner leurs objectifs, leurs avantages et leurs participants, et d'evaluer aussi leurs repercussions politiques. Les etudes sur ce sujet sont rares, mais il existe a cet egard suffisamment de donnees et de materiel conceptuel et theorique sur les relations interorganisationnelles en general, pour pouvoir formuler des hypotheses sur les elements qui garantissent la reussite d'une association en partenariat.
Training police for intercultural sensitivity: a critical review and discussion of the research
Authors: Ungerleider Charles S. , McGregor Josette 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Conventional wisdom suggests police officers are insensitive towards members of cultural groups different from their own and, thus, are in need of training. This paper uses meta‐analysis to examine the educational interventions that have been used to modify police attitudes towards others.Sommaire: On s'entend generalement pour dire que les agents de police montrent peu de sensibilite envers les membres de groupes culturels differents du leur, et qu'ils ont done besoin d'y etre sensibilises. Le present article fait appel a la meta‐analyse pour examiner les types de formation auxquels on a fait appel pour faire evoluer l'attitude de la police envers les autres.
Preparation of Closed Macroporous Al2O3 Membranes with a Three-dimensionally Ordered Structure
Authors: Zhao Kui , Fan Yiqun , Wang Rong , Xu Nanping 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
3D-ordered closed macroporous Al2O3 was prepared by the codeposition method using PMMA as the template and Al2O3 colloidal particles as the building block. The ordered closed structure of the macroporous Al2O3 was affected by the pH value of the dispersions, the volume ratio of the PMMA and Al2O3 particles, and the feature of the template’s surface charge.
A Novel Luminescent Organogel Containing Dysprosium Ions Quenched by Gel-to-sol Transition
Authors: Wang QianMing , Ogawa Keishiro , Toma Kazunori , Tamiaki Hitoshi 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
A synthetic amphiphilic gallamide bearing three hydrophobic tetradecyl chains and a hydrophilic triethoxysilyl group formed a gel in ethanol at room temperature, which complexed with dysprosium ions to show an “on–off” switchable emission property at the phase-transition point (ca. 48 °C).
Electronic encounters: fathers' experiences of parental support
Authors: Nyström Kerstin , Öhrling Kerstin 
Published: March 2008

Summary A group of fathers met regularly during their child's first year through an e-meeting portal. (This was part of a larger study which was designed to describe mothers' and fathers' experiences of an intervention to provide parental support.) The technology allowed meetings by web-based videoconferencing, both one-to-one and in groups. The leader of the electronic encounters was a man with comprehensive experience in leading parental support groups with fathers. The fathers were interviewed using a narrative approach twice, once midway through the study and once at the end. Qualitative content analysis was applied to the interview data and three categories were identified: being unfamiliar and insecure talking about fatherhood, sharing experiences and being confirmed, and being supported and limited by the electronic encounters. Most fruitful and rewarding in the meetings was the fathers sharing other fathers' experiences. It was important to talk about things they did not talk to others about. Some fathers expressed a wish for more structure in the meetings. The fathers in this study expressed a wish to meet other fathers in a support group during the whole childhood period.
Spazio geografico, etnografia ed evangelizzazione nella Synagoge di Ippolito
Authors: Andrei Osvalda 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The article offers a contribution to the discussion raised by P. Nautin about the identity of the author of the several works transmitted under the name of ‘Hippolytus’ and argues that the Synagoge (Chronicon) of 235 A.D. is the work of Hippolytus (so-called ‘oriental’ or ‘exegete’), not simply identical with the author of the Elenchos (Refutatio omnium haeresium). The article observes that the long section on the Diamerismos-Stadiasmos (Synagoge 43-613) shares the polemical thrust against Iulius Africanus's Chronographiae as well as the theological profile of the ‘Logostheologie’ of Hippolytus. Besides this coherence of the Synagoge there are important divergences in the work. There is a “partitioning/populating” of the earth by

θνη, χ

ραι and ν

σοι (Synagoge 44-52.56-197) (developed in opposition to Celsus's Alethes Logos by the interpretation of Gen 10) and – apart from this – a prosopographical ethnography according to languages intended to be an interpretation of Gen 11 (Synagoge 199-201), that is completed using geoethnographic material (Synagoge 202-238) and an itinerarium of the Mediterranean Sea (Synagoge 240-613). Thus, while the Diamerismos of the author of the Elenchos (the first part, i.e. Synagoge 45-195) aims to illustrate the universal ethnographic movement starting after the Flood, the Diamerismos of Hippolytus (the second part, i.e. Synagoge 198-239) introduces an ethnic-linguistic “division/fragmentation” starting with Babel and perpetuating itself in the history. For Hippolytus, only a new human and divine initiative, of course that of the incarnate Logos and the transmission of the gospel all over the world, will overcome this “sin of division”. Hence, thanks to its combination of exegetic and literary features, Hippolytus's descriptio temporum links the universal dimension of time (the scheme of 6000 years) with the universal dimension of space. This combination has a great significance in the development of Christian chronography.
Praetextatus – Verteidiger des römischen Glaubens? Zur gesellschaftlichen (Neu-)Inszenierung römischer Religion in Macrobius' Saturnalien
Authors: Frateantonio Christa 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The Christianisation of the Roman Empire in the late decades of the 4th century stopped the public celebration of traditional feasts as the Saturnalia. That's why Macrobius, proconsul Africae in 410 and praefectus praetorio Italiae in 430, wrote his Saturnalia, describing a convivium with scholarly discussions and aristocratic behaviour. The feast of the Saturnalia itself is extensively discussed, and in this way, the Roman religion is the subject of long explanations. Between the fictive persons introduced by Macrobius the person of Euangelus is the only one who is not knowing the rules of Saturnalia and the background of the Roman religion. Perhaps the name of Euangelus is similar to “euangelium” not only by chance, but the person named Euangelus can be considered as a representative of Christianity, considered as rude and uneducated person. So, perhaps Marcobius wrote his Saturnalia supporting the ideas of a pagan and noble culture which is superior to the new Christian culture. In this way, the Saturnalia are probably a kind of pagan “counter-concept” discussing several subjects claimed by Christian theology as strong evidence for the superiority of Christianity.
Mercury concentrations in blood and feathers of prebreeding forster's terns in relation to space use of san francisco bay, california, usa, habitats
Authors: Ackerman Joshua T , Eagles-Smith Collin A , Takekawa John Y , Bluso Jill D , Adelsbach Terrence L 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
We examined mercury concentrations and space use of prebreeding Forster's terns (Sterna forsteri) in San Francisco Bay, California, USA, to assess factors influencing mercury levels in piscivorous birds. In 2005 and 2006, we collected blood and feathers from 122 Forster's terns and radio-marked and tracked 72 terns to determine locations of dietary mercury uptake. Capture site and capture date were the most important factors explaining variation in blood mercury concentrations (geometric mean ± standard error: 1.09 ± 0.89 μg/g wet wt), followed by sex and year. Accordingly, radiotelemetry data revealed that Forster's terns generally remained near their site of capture and foraged in nearby salt ponds, managed and tidal marshes, and tidal flats. In contrast, capture site and capture date were not important factors explaining variation in feather mercury concentrations, probably because feathers were grown on their wintering grounds several months prior to our sampling. Instead, sex and year were the most important factors explaining mercury concentrations in breast feathers (9.57 ± 8.23 μg/g fresh wt), and sex was the most important factor for head feathers (6.94 ± 7.04 μg/g fresh wt). Overall, 13 and 22% of prebreeding Forster's terns were estimated to be at high risk for deleterious effects due to mercury concentrations in blood (&gt;3.0 μg/g wet wt) and feathers (&gt;20.0 μg/g fresh wt), respectively. Breeding terns are likely to be even more at risk because blood mercury concentrations more than tripled during the 45-d prebreeding time period. These data illustrate the importance of space use and tissue type in interpreting mercury concentrations in birds.
Modeling the toxicity of copper and zinc salts to wheat in 14 soils
Authors: Warne Michael St. John , Heemsbergen Diane , Stevens Darryl , McLaughlin Mike , Cozens Gillian , Whatmuff Mark , Broos Kris , Barry Glenn , Bell Mike , Nash David , Pritchard Deb , Penney Nancy 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Interest is mounting in developing and utilizing soil-specific soil quality guidelines. This requires quantifying the effects that soil physicochemical properties have on various ecotoxicological endpoints, including phytotoxicity. To this end, 14 agricultural soils from Australia with differing soil properties were spiked with copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) salts and used to conduct 21-d plant growth inhibition tests using wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in pot trials. The toxicity of Cu and Zn was similar with 10% effect concentration (EC10) values ranging from 110 to 945 and from 235 to 965 mg/kg, respectively, while the corresponding median effect concentration (EC50) values ranged from 240 to 1,405 and 470 to 1,745 mg/kg, respectively. Copper toxicity values (EC10, EC20, and EC50) were best modeled by the logarithm of cation exchange capacity (CEC) and either soil pH or electrical conductivity. Zinc EC50 and EC20 values were best modeled using the logarithm of CEC, while the EC10 data were best modeled using soil pH and the logarithm of organic carbon. These models generally estimated toxicity within a factor of two of the measured values.
Bioavailability and biodegradation of nonylphenol in sediment determined with chemical and bioanalysis
Authors: de Weert Jasperien , de la Cal Agustina , van den Berg Hans , Murk Albertika , Langenhoff Alette , Rijnaarts Huub , Grotenhuis Tim 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe surfactant nonylphenol (NP) is an endocrine-disrupting compound that is widely spread throughout the environment. Although environmental risk assessments are based on total NP concentrations, only the bioavailable fraction posses an environmental risk. The present study describes the bioavailability and biodegradability of NP over time in contaminated river sediment of a tributary of the Ebro River in Spain. The bioavailable fraction was collected with Tenax TA® beads, and biodegradation was determined in aerobic batch experiments. The presence of NP was analyzed chemically using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and indirectly as estrogenic potency using an in vitro reporter gene assay (ERα-luc assay). Of the total extractable NP in the sediment, 95% ± 1.5% (mean ± standard error) desorbed quickly into the water phase. By aerobic biodegradation, the total extractable NP concentration and the estrogenic activity were reduced by 97% ± 0.5% and 94% ± 2%, respectively. The easily biodegradable fraction equals the potential bioavailable fraction. Only 43 to 86% of the estrogenic activity in the total extractable fraction, as detected in the ERα-luc assay, could be explained by the present NP concentration. This indicates that other estrogenic compounds were present and that their bioavailability and aerobic degradation were similar to that of NP. Therefore, we propose to use NP as an indicator compound to monitor estrogenicity of this Ebro River sediment. To what extent this conclusion holds for other river sediments depends on the composition of the contaminants and/or the nature of these sediments and requires further testing.
Partitioning and matrix-specific toxicity of bifenthrin among sediments and leaf-sourced organic matter
Authors: Maul Jonathan D , Trimble Andrew J , Lydy Michael J 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Synthetic pyrethroids readily partition from the aqueous to the solid phase in aquatic systems. Previous work has focused on pyrethroid partitioning to sediment matrices. Within many aquatic systems, however, other carbon-containing materials are present and can be critically important to certain invertebrate species and ecosystem functioning. For example, some invertebrates readily process leaf material, and these processes may represent an additional route of contaminant exposure. To our knowledge, estimates for partitioning of pyrethroids to these nondissolved organic matter matrices and associated toxicity have not been examined. The objectives of the present study were to examine variation in organic carbon (OC)–based partition coefficient (KOC) among three size fractions of particulate organic matter from sugar maple (Acer saccharum) leaf litter and sediments for the pyrethroid insecticide bifenthrin and to examine variation in toxicity to Hyalella azteca among bifenthrin-bound organic matter matrices and sediment. Log KOC of [14C]bifenthrin was greatest within sediment (6.63 ± 0.23; mean ± standard deviation throughout) and lowest in coarse particulate leaf material (4.86 ± 0.03). The H. azteca median lethal concentration was 0.07, 0.11, and 0.15 μg/g OC for leaf material, sediment, and a 50% mix of leaf and sediment, respectively. Nonoverlapping 95% confidence intervals occurred between the leaf treatment and the leaf–sediment treatment. This pattern was supported in an additional experiment, and at 0.22 μg/g OC, H. azteca survival was greater in the leaf–sediment mixture than in sediment or in leaf material alone (F = 29.5, p &lt; 0.0001). In systems that contain sediment and leaf material, both greater partitioning of bifenthrin to the sediment fraction and preferential use of leaf substrates may drive H. azteca survival.
Public Health Interventions and Overdose-Related Outcomes Among Persons With Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Nataraj Nisha , Rikard S. Michaela , Zhang Kun , Jiang Xinyi , Guy Gery P. , Rice Ketra , Mattson Christine L. , Gladden R. Matthew , Mustaquim Desiree M. , Illg Zachary N. , Seth Puja , Noonan Rita K. , Losby Jan L. 
Published: April 2024

ImportanceGiven the high number of opioid overdose deaths in the US and the complex epidemiology of opioid use disorder (OUD), systems models can serve as a tool to identify opportunities for public health interventions.ObjectiveTo estimate the projected 3-year association between public health interventions and opioid overdose-related outcomes among persons with OUD.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis decision analytical model used a simulation model of the estimated US population aged 12 years and older with OUD that was developed and analyzed between January 2019 and December 2023. The model was parameterized and calibrated using 2019 to 2020 data and used to estimate the relative change in outcomes associated with simulated public health interventions implemented between 2021 and 2023.Main Outcomes and MeasuresProjected OUD and medications for OUD (MOUD) prevalence in 2023 and number of nonfatal and fatal opioid-involved overdoses among persons with OUD between 2021 and 2023.ResultsIn a baseline scenario assuming parameters calibrated using 2019 to 2020 data remained constant, the model projected more than 16 million persons with OUD not receiving MOUD treatment and nearly 1.7 million persons receiving MOUD treatment in 2023. Additionally, the model projected over 5 million nonfatal and over 145 000 fatal opioid-involved overdoses among persons with OUD between 2021 and 2023. When simulating combinations of interventions that involved reducing overdose rates by 50%, the model projected decreases of up to 35.2% in nonfatal and 36.6% in fatal opioid-involved overdoses among persons with OUD. Interventions specific to persons with OUD not currently receiving MOUD treatment demonstrated the greatest reduction in numbers of nonfatal and fatal overdoses. Combinations of interventions that increased MOUD initiation and decreased OUD recurrence were projected to reduce OUD prevalence by up to 23.4%, increase MOUD prevalence by up to 137.1%, and reduce nonfatal and fatal opioid-involved overdoses among persons with OUD by 6.7% and 3.5%, respectively.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this decision analytical model study of persons with OUD, findings suggested that expansion of evidence-based interventions that directly reduce the risk of overdose fatality among persons with OUD, such as through harm reduction efforts, could engender the highest reductions in fatal overdoses in the short-term. Interventions aimed at increasing MOUD initiation and retention of persons in treatment projected considerable improvement in MOUD and OUD prevalence but could require a longer time horizon for substantial reductions in opioid-involved overdoses.