bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous administration of hepatitis B and yellow fever vaccines
Authors: Yvonnet B. , Coursaget P. , Deubel V. , Diop‐Mar I. , Digoutte J. P. , Chiron J. P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn most developing countries, hepatitis B prevention is carried out early in life. In these countries, mobile immunization teams have a limited number of sessions to devote to each rural community; simultaneous administration of multiple antigens is thus normal practice. We compared the immune responses of Senegalese children to the separate or simultaneous injections of yellow fever and hepatitis B vaccines. Injections were given at the time of booster injection for hepatitis B vaccine. Yellow fever antibodies were detected in similar proportions in infants immunized with either yellow fever vaccine alone or yellow fever and hepatitis B vaccines simultaneously. However, a lower proportion of high yellow fever antibody levels were observed when the two vaccines were injected simultaneously. No reduction in the anamnestic response of antibodies against the surface antigen of hepatitis B virus (anti‐HBs) was observed when yellow fever vaccine was injected at the same time as the booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine. Since no untoward reactions were noted, it is concluded that hepatitis B and yellow fever vaccines can be administered at the same time.
Isolation of variants of lymphocytopathic retroviruses from the peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with ARC or AIDS
Authors: Rübsamen‐Waigmann H. , Becker W. B. , Helm E. B. , Brodt R. , Fischer H. , Henco K. , Brede H. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLAV/HTLV‐III/AAV viruses were isolated from 20 German patients with ARC/ AIDS in order to investigate strain variation. Virus was isolated from the peripheral blood and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in umbilical cord peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) cultures. Isolates were identified by their cytopathic effect (CPE), by reverse transcriptase assays on cell‐free infected culture supernatant fluid (SNF), and one or more of the following: immunofluorescence assays on infected cells for viral antigen using HTLV‐I11 reference sera, Western blot analysis of cell‐free infected culture SNF, electron microscopy of infected cells, and Southern blot restriction analysis and specific HTLV‐I11 probing of DNA extracted from infected cultured PBL. The isolates could be classified into three groups according to differences in growth rate and cytopathic effect: Most showed what was regarded as the typical CPE, while some either grew rapidly and induced a striking CPE and others grew slowly with minimal CPE. In one patient, virus producing typical CPE was isolated from the peripheral blood while the isolate from his filtered cell‐free CSF produced atypical slow CPE, suggesting that antigenic variation may occur with persistent infection or that superinfection may occur. Southern blot DNA restriction analysis of the DNA of three selected isolates showed that two of the isolates were similar but that the restriction pattern of all three differed from patterns previously published. Our results supplement the accumulating evidence of genetic variation among LAV/HTLV‐I11 strains. The extent of this variation needs to be evaluated for any effect on the sensitivity of diagnostic tests, on the strategy of vaccine development, on tissue tropism by altering the viral surface receptor‐binding sites, and possibly on the development of specific chemotherapy.
Detection of IgM antibodies against rubella virus: Comparison of two indirect ellsas and an anti‐IgM capture immunoassay
Authors: Enders Gisela , Knotek Frank 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA commercial antibody capture enzyme immunoassay (Rubenz M) was compared to two commercial indirect enzyme immunoassays (Enzygnost IgM, Rubazyme‐M) for the detection of rubella‐specific IgM. Five hundred and fifty‐two sera collected between the day of onset and 272 days after the onset of the exanthem of primary rubella were tested. Rubenz M was more sensitive early and late after the onset of the exanthem than the two indirect ELISAs. Rubenz M also appeared more sensitive when 240 sera were examined from patients with possible rubella in pregnancy, reinfection in pregnancy, suspected intrauterine infection, and recent vaccination. However, 5.5% of 968 pregnant women with no history of rubellalike symptoms or recent vaccination, the majority with elevated HAI titers, gave a low‐positive or borderline result with Rubenz M. None of these women delivered a congenitally infected child. Therefore, borderline and low‐positive results must be interpreted with caution, as for any assay for rubella‐specific IgM.
Potential Treatment of Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis by Brain‐Specific Delivery of Trifluorothymidine Using a Dihydropyridine ⇆ Pyridinium Salt Type Redox Delivery System
Authors: Rand Kenneth H. , Bodor Nicholas , Ei Koussi Alaaeldin A. , Raad Issam , Miyake Akio , Houck Herbert , Gildersteeve Nancy 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA newly described, drug‐carrier delivery system in which a lipophilic derivative is enzymatically converted to a hydrophilic compound was used to treat experimental herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis. Because trifluorothymidine (TFT) does not cross the blood brain barrier, the lipophilic dihydropyridine derivative 3 ′hyphen;(N‐methyl‐ 1, 4‐dihydronicotinoyl)hyphen;5hyphen;'pivaloyltrifluorothymidine (DHTFT) was synthesized and characterized by HPLC. After intravenous administration of 20 mg/kg of DHTFT to rats, the quaternary, intermediate compound 3'‐N‐methyl‐1,4‐nicotinoyltrifluorothymidine was measured at levels of 7–8 m̈/g brain at 1 hour and 13.5 ± 0.8 m̈g/g brain at 4 hours. This compound had antiviral activity equivalent to that of TFT against HSV‐1 in a plaque reduction assay (ID 50 = 0.5–1.0 m̈g/ml), either directly or by conversion to TFT. Although survival was not prolonged in a rat model of HSV encephalitis, a statistically significant reduction in titer of HSV/g brain was achieved with daily intravenous treatment with DHTFT. TFT was not detected in brains of rats at 1 and 4 hours after intravenous DHTFT, but a low level was observed at 18 hours, 0.3 ± 0.05 pg/g brain. These data suggest that the lipophilic compound DHTFT or a lipophilic metabolite crossed the blood brain barrier and was converted to a quaternary.
Lack of Complement‐Dependent Cytolytic Antibodies in Hepatitis A Virus Infection
Authors: Gabriel Peter , Vallbracht Angelika , Flehmig Bertram 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSera collected from patients with acute hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection and convalescent sera were examined for cytolytic activity against HAV‐infected human‐embryo lung fibroblasts (HAV carrier fibroblasts).Using the 51chromium release assay, no complement dependent antibody mediated cytolytic activity against HAV carrier cells could be detected. In control experiments with identical cell strains, anti‐herpes simplex virus (HSV) positive sera and complement caused specific lysis of HSV type 1 infected target cells.The data presented here do not support the hypothesis that in the possible immunopathogenesis of HAV infection, complement‐dependent cytolytic antibodies play an essential role.
Monoclonal Radioimmunoassay for Hepatitis B Surface Antigen in Sera of Children With Acute Leukemia
Authors: Locasciulli A. , Schiavon E. , Masera G. , Pontisso P. , Sala E. , Chemello L. , Alberti A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was detected by a monoclonal antibody radioimmunoassay in sera from five of 43 children (11.6%) with acute leukemia, who were negative by conventional assay. None of the nine positive sera had evidence of reactivity for HBV‐DNA or DNA‐polymerase activity. No correlation was found between the presence of HBsAg in serum by monoclonal RIA and the behaviour of anti‐viral antibodies. Twenty‐two children could be studied for liver HBsAg by immunofluorescence, and nine of them (40.9%) were positive, including three patients having HBsAg reactivity in serum. These data indicate that monoclonal antibodies increase the sensitivity of RIA for the detection of serum HBsAg in children with acute leukemia, who previously have frequently been found to have an atypical hepatitis B virus (HBV) serology.
Significance of Postnatal Mother‐to‐Child Transmission of Human T‐lymphotropic Virus Type‐I on the Development of Adult T‐cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
Authors: Sugiyama Hidenori , Doi Hiroshi , Yamaguchi Kyoko , Tsuji Yoshiro , Miyamoto Tsutomu , Hino Shigeo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn order to shed light on the mode of HTLV‐I infection by mother‐to‐child transmission, we examined sera of school children in a highly endemic town on two separate occasions at a 6‐year interval. The carrier rates in ages 15–17, 8.7 and 2.1%, were significantly higher than that in ages 6–8, 1.7 and 0.4%, in studies. The latter survey showed a significantly lower carrier rate in each age group. Moreover, the carrier rates of those students born in 1965–1967 and 1968–1970 were stable in the interval. The data suggested that carrier rates of children at certian ages are reflected by the date of birth rather than by age.A prospective survey of children born of carrier mothers found the overall carrier rate to be approximately 25%, which did not increase with their age. There was no sexual difference in the carrier rate of children: 5/25 in male and 9/34 in females (χ2 = 0.3). Carrier mothers could be separated into two groups: HTLV‐I antigen‐positive mothers and negative mothers. Nine out of 19 antigen‐positive mothers (47%) and 2 of 19 antigen‐negative mothers (11 %) had carrier children (χ2 = 6.3). Twelve of 30 children born of antigen‐positive carrier mothers (40%) were carriers, in contrast to 2 of 24 children (8%) of antigen‐negative mothers (χ2 = 7.8). Furthermore, 12 of 14 carrier children (86%) were of antigen‐positive mothers. This suggests that postnatal but early transmission of HTLV‐I plays a significant role in the maintenance of HTLV‐I endemy and the development of adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma.
Subclass reactivity to epstein‐barr virus capsid antigen in primary and reactivated EBV infections
Authors: Linde Annika , Wahren Britta , Andersson Jan , Lundgren GÖRan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA new method for analysis of virus‐specific Immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses was developed using indirect immunofluorescence. Three hundred thirty‐three serum samples from patients with different types of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐associated diseases and healthy controls were examined for subclass distribution to the virus capsid antigen (EBV VCA). EBV‐VCA‐expressing cell preparations were incubated with patient serum followed by monoclonal antibodies to human IgG1 through IgG4 and labelled anti‐mouse IgG. Virus‐specific IgG1 was found to be the dominant antibody. The titers for IgG1 and total Ig to EBV VCA correlated well. EBV VCA‐specific IgG2 was not found. EBV VCA‐specific IgG3 in a titer of ≥ 10 was found in 33% of healthy seropositive donors, in 97% of patients with suspected reactivated EBV infection, and in 100% of symptomatic patients with suspected reactivated EBV infection. EBV VCA specific IgG3 occurred in 90% of placebo‐treated compared to 30% in long‐term acyclovir‐treated bone marrow transplant recipients, indicating more frequent reactivations in the former group. IgG4 to VCA was infrequently found in seropositive persons. In serum samples from patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and high EBV VCA Ig and IgA titers, IgG4 to VCA was always present. Analysis of EBV VCA specific IgG subclasses seems to be valuable for the diagnosis of reactivated EBV infection.
Dynamics and impact of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in North India
Authors: Nayak N. C. , Panda S. K. , Bhan M. K. , Guha D. K. , Zuckerman A. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe magnitude and significance of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) were assessed in infants of 8,575 women, of whom 3.7% were seropositive for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). The e antigen of HBV (HBeAg) was found in 7.8% of these carriers, the antibody to HBeAg (anti‐HBe) was found in 30.1 % of them, and HBsAg alone was found in 62.1 % of them. The estimated incidence of HBsAg positivity by 6 months of age in infants of carrier women was significantly (P >.001) higher than in controls (18.6% vs 3.0%). Transmission was most frequent (87.5%) if the carrier mother was HBeAg positive and was much less so if she was positive for anti‐HBe (17.5%) or for HBsAg alone (9.6%). Toward the end of infancy incidence of HBsAg positivity among offspring of carriers and among controls was not different. Most infants positive for HBsAg and HBeAg continued with the infection beyond 6 months of age. It is estimated that about one‐third of the adult asymptomatic HBV carriers in India evolve directly from perinatal infection, while the majority become infected during childhood or early adulthood.
Qualitative analysis of the humoral immune response to the “a” determinant of HBs antigen after inoculation with plasma‐derived or recombinant vaccine
Authors: Waters J. A. , O'Rourke S. M. , Thomas H. C. , Richardson S. C. , Papaevangelou G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCompetitive inhibition assays using monoclonal antibodies reacting with defined sequence of the “a” determinant of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) indicate that the humoral response to plasma‐derived and recombinant HBsAg vaccine is similar in quantitative and qualitative terms. Both vaccines evoke an antibody response to the RFHBs 1 epitope, which is known in animal experiments to be protective.
Guillain‐barré syndrome and other neurologic syndromes in hepatitis A, B, and non‐A, non‐B
Authors: Tabor Edward 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGuillain‐Barré syndrome and other neurologic syndromes occur rarely as complications of viral hepatitis, although a causal association has not been established. Seven cases of serologically documented hepatitis A have been reported with Guillain‐Barré syndrome; all recovered, with mild neurologic residua in four. Eight cases of serologically documented acute hepatitis B have been reported with Guillain‐Barré syndrome; all recovered, with mild neurologic residua in two. In one case, immune complexes of hepatitis B surface antigen and its antibody were present in the cerebrospinal fluid. Other neurologic syndromes have also been reported in patients with serologically defined viral hepatitis, including mononeuritis, auditory neuritis, and seizures. Chronic hepatitis B and mononeuritis multiplex are found together in 31‐54% of patients with periarteritis nodosa.The mechanisms for these associations are unknown, but may include direct cytotoxicity of the virus or immune‐mediated damage. Vasculitis of the vasa nervorum plays an intermediate role in at least some cases.
Cloning and characterization of BK virus‐related DNA sequences from normal and neoplastic human tissues
Authors: Knepper Janice E. , Dimayorca Giampiero 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDNA homologous to that of the known papovavirus BK was cloned from the high molecular weight DNA of two human tissues: a normal liver and a kidney carcinoma. The clone isolated from human liver consisted of DNA indistinguishable from prototype BK by restriction enzyme analysis that used ten different enzymes. The DNA cloned from the human carcinoma of the kidney was subject to rearrangement in recombination‐deficient bacteria, and exhibited a deletion of a small segment of DNA localized to the BK late region. Restriction fragments representing the BK origin and promoter regions are overrepresented in the tumorderived clone. The possible significance of retrieval of defective viral genomes from tumor tissues is discussed.
Study of the distribution of antibody‐ dependent enhancement determinants on dengue 2 isolates using dengue 2‐derived monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Morens David M. , Larsen Linda K. , Halstead Scott B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDengue 2 (DEN‐2) strains isolated from children during the 1980 metropolitan Bangkok epidemic were shown to possess antigenic homogeneity when studied for determinants mediating antibody‐dependent infection enhancement using DEN‐2 monnoclonal antibodies. All isolates possessed multiple enhancing determinants, but those associated with mild and severe dengue syndromes could not be distinguished. Either the basis of disease severity in dengue is more complex than the mere presence or absence of virus epitopes involved in enhanced infection or enhancing epitopes have differences not detected in this system with monoclonal antibodies raised to the same serotype.
Disease severity‐related antigenic differences in dengue 2 strains detected by dengue 4 monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Morens David M. , Halstead Scott B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLow‐passage epidemic Thai isolates of dengue 2 (DEN‐2) were distinguished on the basis of associated disease severity by detection of virus determinants involved in enhanced macrophage infection when incubated with a panel of monoclonal antibodies derived from a DEN4 strain associated with grade II dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). DEN‐2 strains associated with DHF typically had multiple determinants that were involved in antibody‐dependent enhancement of infection, whereas those associated with uncomplicated disease had few. These data provide further evidence that in epidemic areas where DHF is associated with prior circulation of low‐level monotypic antibody, severe dengue disease could represent antibody‐enhanced infection of human monocyted macrophages.
Protective immunisation against hepatitis B with an internal antigen of the virus
Authors: Murray Kenneth , Bruce Sandra A. , Wingfield Paul , van Eerd Peer , de Reus Arie , Schellekens Huub 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPreparations of hepatitis B virus (HBV) core antigen (HBcAg) synthesised in Escherichia coli have been shown previously to confer partial immunity against infection by the virus Murray, Bruce, Hinnen, Wingfield, van Eerd, de Reus, and Schellekens: EMBO Journal 3: 645–450, 19841. In a further experiment reported here, immunisation of chimpanzees with a similar preparation of HBcAg that had been treated with sodium dodecyl sulphate in order to expose e antigen epitopes was found to protect one animal completely and another quite substantially upon challenge with the virus. The results are used to support the argument for trials in humans of a vaccine against HBV based upon or containing HBcAg and its e antigen derivative, and in discussion of a more general role for internal antigens in generating immunity against viral infection.
Parenteral antischistosomal therapy: A potential risk factor for hepatitis B infection
Authors: Hyams Kenneth C. , Mansour Moustafa M. , Massoud Ahmed , Dunn Michael A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo study the association between hepatitis B and schistosomiasis, 1,234 Egyptian males, ages 18 to 24, were interviewed, examined, and tested for Schistosoma mansoni infection and HBsAg. Sera from 91 (7.4%) of the study subjects were positive for HBsAg, and S. mansoni was found in the stools of 26.3%. There was no correlation between S. mansoni infection, with or without hepatosplenomegaly, or a history of schistosomiasis, and HBsAg. An association was found between HBsAg positivity and a previous history of parenteral antischistosomal therapy (P < 0.01). The results of the study indicate that parenteral therapy for schistosomiasis may be a risk factor for hepatitis B antigenemia. Further studies are indicated to determine the importance of parenteral therapy in the transmission of hepatitis B.
Hepatitis B virus DNA in asymptomatic HBsAg carriers: Comparison with HBeAg/anti‐HBe status
Authors: Berris Barnet , Sampliner Richard E. , Sooknanan Roy , Feinman S. Victor 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSera of 17 HBeAg positive and 104 anti‐HBe positive asymptomatic HBsAg carriers from two cohorts were tested for HBV DNA. HBV DNA was found in 13 of 17 HBeAg positive carriers (76.5%) and in only 7 of 104 of anti‐HBe positive carriers (6.7%). Eleven of the 17 HBeAg positive carriers were retested for HBV DNA over a period of 7 to 36 months after the initial test. HBV DNA disappeared from the serum in 2 patients in spite of persistence of the HBe antigen. Of the 104 anti‐HBe carriers, 89 were retested for HBV DNA over a period of 6 to 52 months after the initial test. HBV DNA disappeared from the serum in 5 of the 7 who were previously positive for HBV DNA, and persisted in 2. These findings indicate that there is an inconstant relationship between the time of seronversion of HBeAg to anti‐HBe and the disappearance of HBV DNA. In one HBeAg positive patient, HBV DNA, which was absent in the serum on first testing, was present on retesting. This suggests that the presence of HBV DNA in the serum of some patients may be intermittent. The presence of HBV DNA in the serum of some anti‐HBe positive carriers accounts for the finding that they may be infective. All but one of the HBV DNA positive anti‐HBe carriers were born outside North America, most in Asia. HBV DNA were found more frequently in the serum of anti‐HBe positive carriers who had biochemical and histological evidence of liver disease than in carriers without such evidence.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositivity in intravenous (IV) drug abusers in three cities of Italy: Possible natural history of HIV infection in IV drug addicts in Italy
Authors: Titti Fausto , Lazzarin Adriano , Costigliola Paolo , Oliva Carlo , Nicoletti Loredana , Negri Cristina , Ricchi Ennio , Donati Guido , Uberti‐Foppa Caterina , Re Maria Carla , Verani Paola , Chiodo Francesco , Rossi Giovanni B. , Moroni Mauro 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies and the symptoms induced [persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL), AIDS‐related complex (ARC), acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)] was evaluated in several groups of intravenous (IV) drug abusers in three large Italian cities (Milan, Bologna, and Rome). The earliest evidence of seropositivity in sera collected from patients with acute viral hepatitis dates back to 1979 in Milan and to 1981 in Bologna with peaks in 1983 in both cities. In two groups of IV drug addicts on methadone‐maintenance treatment at assistance centers, the prevalence of seropositivity differed sharply between Rome (33.3%) and Milan (69.3%) in 1985. Rates of seroconversion were also found to be higher in Milan than in Bologna and Rome. When a population of IV drug abusers voluntarily attending centers for surveillance of AIDS and/or ARC were investigated, high levels (range 55.2‐81.5%) of seropositivity were found in the three cities. ARC prevalence among seropositives was very high (range 48.144.2% in 1985) in the three cities. The evolution rate to AIDS in Milan was higher among those attending a center for AIDS surveillance (7.4%) than among those attending an assistance center for methadone treatment (0.9%). These data are compatible with the hypothesis that virus infection among IV drug abusers originated in and then spread widely in Northern Italy (Milan first and then Bologna). Both the first appearance and subsequent spread of virus infection are in keeping with the reported occurrence of AIDS cases in the corresponding three regions of Milan, Bologna, and Rome.