bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of a histidine‐excess diet on cholesterol synthesis and degradation in rats
Authors: Hitomi‐Ohmura Eri , Amano Nobuyuki , Aoyama Yoritaka , Yoshida Akira 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFeeding a diet high in excess histidine (5% L‐histidine) resulted in hypercholesterolemia and enlargement of the liver in rats. To clarify the mechanism of the hypercho‐lesterolemia cholesterol synthesis and degradation were followed. We found that hepatic 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase activity in histidine‐excess diet rats was significantly higher than in rats fed a basal diet. Incorporation of [3H]water into cholesterol of liver slices from rats fed the histidine‐excess diet was higher than incorporation into liver slices from rats fed the basal diet (expressed per liver per 100 g body weight).In vivo incorporation of [3H]water into hepatic cholesterol was also higher, but the incorporation into cholesterol of the small intestine was lower in histidine‐fed rats than in rats fed the basal diet (expressed per liver per 100 g body weight). Hepatic cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase activity was similar in both groups. The data suggest that the hypercholester‐olemia caused by histidine‐excess diet appears to be due to the stimulation of cholesterol synthesis in the liver.
Influence of dietary fatty acids on the glycerophospholipid composition in organs of cod (gadus morhua)
Authors: Lie Øyvind , Hemre Gro‐Ingunn , Lambertsen Georg 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCod (mean start weight of 26 g) were fed three diets for 15 months, each based on a dry pellet coated at a level of 9g/100 g with soybean oil, capelin oil or sardine oil. The fatty acid compositions of neutral lipids and four glycerophospholipids of white muscle, liver, gills and heart were determined. The fatty acid composition of dietary lipids influenced the composition of neutral lipids in all organs. Linoleic acid (18∶2n−6) from soybean oil was selectively incorporated into phosphatidylcholine of the four tissues. Similar levels of 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were found in all organs from cod fed capelin oil and sardine oil in spite of highly differentiated feed fatty acid levels. The polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of phosphatidylinositol was least influenced by dietary lipids. The preferred monoenic fatty acid in phospholipids of cod was 18∶1n−9, independent of dietary intake, whereas the longer chain monoenoic acids seemed to be preferentially catabolized. The results suggest that 20∶4n−6 as well as 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 fatty acids are essential for cod.
New phospholipid fatty acids from the marine spongeCinachyrella alloclada uliczka
Authors: Barnathan Gilles , Mirallès Joseph , Gaydou Emile M. , Boury‐Esnault Nicole , Kornprobst Jean‐Michel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of phospholipids from the Senegalese spongeCinachyrella alloclada was examined. Two new fatty acids not hitherto found in nature, namely 10,13‐octadecadienoic acid and 16‐tricosenoic acid, were identified. 8‐Hexadecenoic, 13‐nonadecenoic and 5,9,13‐trimethyltretradecanoic fatty acids were also found for the first time in sponges. The latter compound (1.4% of the total fatty acid mixture), an isoprenoid fatty acid, accompanies the major fatty acid 4,8,12‐trimethyltridecanoic acid (19.7%). The monomethyl branched fatty acids (22%) identified include 23‐methylpentacosanoic acid (anteiso‐26∶0), not previously observed in sponged. The major long‐chain fatty acids encountered were the known 17‐tetracosenoic 19‐heptacosadienoic and 5,9,23‐tricontatrienoic acid. Some sixty fatty acids were identified as methyl esters andN‐acyl pyrrolidides by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Humans, lipids and evolution
Authors: Eaton S. Boyd 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe genetically ordered physiology of contemporary humans was selected over eons of evolutionary experience for a nutritional pattern affording much less fat, particularly less saturated fat. Current dietary recommendations do not accord exactly with those generated by an understanding of prior hominoid/hominid evolution. Similarly, widely advocated standards for serum cholesterol values fail to match those observed in recently studied hunter‐gatherers, whose experience represents the closest living approximation of “natural” human lipid metabolism. The evolutionary paradigm suggests that fats should comprise 20–25% of total energy intake, that the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fat should exceed 1.0, and that total serum cholesterol levels should be below 150 mg/dL (∼4 mM/L).
Dietary fat and breast cancer risk: The feasibility of a clinical trial of breast cancer prevention
Authors: Boyd N. F. , Cousins M. , Lockwood G. , Tritchler D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAnimal experimental evidence and human ecological data suggest that dietary fat intake is related to breast cancer risk. Epidemiological studies within countries have given inconsistent results but are limited by the restricted range of dietary intake found in Western populations and by error in the measurement of fat consumption. Experimental evidence, derived from controlled clinical trials in which the range of fat intake is increased beyond that seen in most Western populations, is capable of overcoming this limitation of observational epidemiology, and would provide the strongest evidence available concerning the relationship of dietary fat intake to breast cancer risk. Further, such trials are the only means likely to answer the question of whether breast cancer risk in high‐risk subjects can be modified by changing dietary fat intake. We describe here several aspects of the feasibility of an experimental approach to this problem, including the identification of subjects at increased risk for breast cancer, and the demonstration that such subjects will enter a clinical trial of dietary fat reduction and comply with a low‐fat diet. It is shown that subjects can be recruited and retained in such trials, that satisfactory dietary compliance can be achieved over at least 24 mon and that the subjects selected are at demonstrably increased risk of breast cancer. This finding indicates that it is feasible to test the dietary fat‐breast cancer hypothesis experimentally by means of a clinical trial.
Human milk in disease: Lipid Composition
Authors: Hamosh Margit , Bitman Joel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDifferences in the lipid composition of human milk have been described in maternal diseases known to affect fat metabolism. Diseases such as diabetes, cystic fibrosis, hypobetalipoproteinemia and Type I hyperlipoproteinemia affect the quantity and quality of human milk fat. Increased fatty acid chain elongation and changes in desaturation (especially Δ6 desaturase), as well as changes in lipid class composition, have been shown in diabetes and cystic fibrosis, whereas compensatory increases in medium‐chain fatty acids have been described in hypobetalipoproteinemia and Type I hyperlipoproteinemia. It is important to realize that these observations were made either on single women or on very small groups of women. In infant diseases, such as breast milk jaundice and ectopic eczema, changes in polyunsaturated fatty acids in maternal milk have been described.
Effect of fish oil on the fatty acid composition of human milk and maternal and infant erythrocytes
Authors: Henderson Robin A. , Jensen Robert G. , Lammi‐Keefe Carol J. , Ferris Ann M. , Dardick Kenneth R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo examine the effect of fish oil supplementation on the fatty acid (FA) composition of human milk and maternal and infant erythrocytes, five lactating women were supplemented with 6 g of fish oil daily for 21d. Usual maternal diets contained 1,147 mg of total n−3 FA, with 120 mg from very long‐chain (>C18) n−3 FA. Supplementation increased dietary levels to 3,092 mg of total n−3 FA and 2,006 mg of very long‐chain n−3 FA. Milk samples were collected daily, prior to fish oil ingestion, and at 4‐h intervals on days 1, 7, 14 and 21. Milk n−3 FA content increased within 8 h and reached steady state levels within one week. The n−6 fatty acid content decreased. Erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic acid content increased from 0.24% to 1.4% (P<0.01) in mothers and from 0.11% to 0.70% (P<0.05) in infants. Docosapentaenoic acid increased from 1.4% to 2.2% (P<0.05) in mothers and from 0.30% to 0.78% (P<0.01) in infants. There was no significant change in docosahexaenoic acid or n−6 fatty acid content. Maternal platelet aggregation responses were variable. No differences in milk or plasma tocopherol levels were noted.
Positional specificity of gastric hydrolysis of long‐chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of seal milk triglycerides
Authors: Iverson Sara J. , Sampugna Joseph , Oftedal Olav T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLong‐chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n−3 PUFA) of marine oils are important dietary components for both infants and adults, and are incorporated into milks following maternal dietary intake. However, little is known about the hydrolysis of these PUFA from milk triglycerides (TG) by lipases in suckling young. Seals, like humans, possess gastric lipase; however, the milk lipids of seals and sea lions are almost devoid of the readily hydrolyzable medium‐chain fatty acids, and are characterized by a large percentage (10–30%) of n−3 PUFA. Gastric hydrolysis of milk lipids was studiedin vivo in suckling pups of three species (the California sea lion, the harp seal and the hooded seal) in order to elucidate the actions and specificity of gastric lipases on milk TG in relation to fatty acid composition and TG structure. Regardless of milk fat content (31–61% fat) or extent of gastric hydrolysis (10–56%), the same fatty acids were preferentially released in all three species, as determined by their relative enrichment in the free fatty acid (FFA) fraction. In addition to 16∶1 and 18∶0, these were the PUFA of 18 carbons and longer, except for 22∶6n−3. Levels of 20∶5n−3 were most notably enriched in FFA, at up to five times that found in the TG. Although 22∶6n−3 was apparently also released from the TG (reduced in the diglyceride), it was also notably reduced in FFA. Positional analysis of milk TG based on the products of Grignard hydrolysis revealed that these PUFA, including 22∶6n−3, were preferentially esterified at the α‐position of the TG, and that the fatty acids not released during gastric hydrolysis were located at thesn‐2 position. The extreme reduction of 22∶6n−3 and enrichment of 20∶5n−3 in FFA is discussed. Results from this study are consistent with reports that gastric lipase acts stereo‐specifically to release fatty acids at the α‐positions (sn−3,sn−1). We conclude that the n−3 PUFA in milk are efficiently hydrolyzed by gastric lipase and that this has important implications for digestion of milks enriched in PUFA by neonates in general.
n−3 Fatty acid requirements of the newborn
Authors: Innis Sheila M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhether docosahexaenoic acid (22∶6n−3) is an essential nutrient for term or preterm infants, or if not, the quantity of dietary linolenic acid (18∶3n−3) needed to support sufficient synthesis of 22∶6n−3 for assimilation in the central nervous system is unknown. Infants fed formulas have lower plasma and red blood cell (RBC) levels of 22∶6n−3 than breast fed infants. No relationship between the intake of 18∶3n−3 in formula (0.8 or 4.5% of fatty acids, 18∶2n−6/18∶3n−3 ratio 35∶1 or 7∶1, respectively) and the infant's RBC 22∶6n−3 was found. Premature infants (<33 wk gestation) also showed a decrease in RBC 22∶6n−3 during feeding with formula containing 18∶3n−3 as the only n−3 fatty acid. However, a marked decrease in plasma and RBC 22∶6n−3 occurred between premature birth and the start of full enteral feeding at 1–2 wk of age. This was not reversed by breast milk or formula feeding. Piglets, which are appropriate for studies of infant lipid metabolism, had decreased brain synaptic plasma membrane, retina and liver 22∶6n−3 and increased 22∶5n−6 when fed formula with 0.8% fatty acids (0.3% of kcal) as 18∶3n−3. Formula with 4.0% fatty acids (1.7% of kcal) as 18∶3n−3 resulted in similar accretion of 22∶6n−3 in the organs compared to milk fed animals. The studies suggest the dietary requirement for 18∶3n−3 in term animals in energy balance exceeds 0.3% diet kcal. Studies in the premature infants suggest 18∶3n−3 may be oxidized rather than desaturated to 22∶6n−3 if energy requirements are not met, and that due to early lipid restriction and later rapid growth, premature infants may have higher dietary n−3 requirements than term infants.
Essentiality of dietary ω3 fatty acids for premature infants: Plasma and red blood cell fatty acid composition
Authors: Hoffman Dennis R. , Uauy Ricardo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPre‐term infants, that are not breast‐fed, are deprived of vital intrauterine fat accretion during late pregnancy and must rely on formula to obtain fatty acids essential for normal development, particularly of the visual system. Preterm infants (30 wk postconception) receiving human milk were compared to infants given one of the following formulae: Formula A was a commercial preterm formula with predominantly 18∶2ω6 (24.2%) and low (0.5%) 18∶3ω3; Formula B was based on soy oil and contained similar 18∶2ω6 levels (20%) and high 18∶3ω3 (2.7%); Formula C was also a soy oil‐based formula (20% 18∶2, 1.4% 18∶3) but was supplemented with marine oil to provide ω3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCP) at a level (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, 0.35%) equivalent to human milk. At entry (10 days of age), the fatty acid composition of plasma and red blood cell (RBC) membrane lipids of the formula groups were identical. By 36 wk postconception, the DHA content in lipids of group A was significantly reduced compared to that in the human milk and marine oil formula groups. Omega‐3 LCP results were further amplified by 57 wk with compensatory increases in 22∶5ω6 in both plasma and RBC lipids. Provision of 2.7% α‐linolenic acid in formula group B was sufficient to maintain 22∶6ω3 levels equivalent to those in human milk‐fed infants at 36 wk but not at 57 wk. Effects on the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and fragility of RBC attributable to the marine oil supplementation were negligible. The results support the essentiality of ω3 fatty acids for preterm infants to obtain fatty acid profiles comparable to infants receiving human milk. Formula for preterm infants should be supplemented with ω3 fatty acids including LCP.
Addition of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids to formula for very low birth weight infants
Authors: Clandinin M. T. , Garg M. L. , Parrott A. , Van Aerde J. , Hervada A. , Lien E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThirty‐four premature infants who were appropriate for gestational age and weighing less than 1500 g at birth were fed “preemie” SMA‐24 formula, “preemie” SMA‐24 formula manufactured to contain C20 and C22 ω6 and ω3 fatty acids (LCPE‐SMA), or expressed milk (EBM). Blood samples were drawn from a small arm vein during the first week of life and after 28 days of feeding. The fatty acid content of plasma phospholipids was determined. Infants fed SMA‐24 had a high content of 18∶2ω6 in plasma phospholipids. Feeding LCPE‐SMA normalized plasma phospholipid levels of C20 and C22 ω6 and ω3 fatty acids to be similar to levels of C20 and C22 ω6 and ω3 fatty acids found in infants fed EBM, and significantly higher than characteristic levels for infants fed SMA‐24. Feeding LCPE‐SMA or EBM results in a balanced incorporation of C20 and C22 ω6 and ω3 fatty acids into phospholipids derived from the liver or perhaps the small intestine.
First year growth of preterm infants fed standard compared to marine oil n−3 supplemented formula
Authors: Carlson Susan E. , Cooke Richard J. , Werkman Susan H. , Tolley Elizabeth A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVery low birth weight (VLBW) infants (748–1390 g, n=65) were randomly assigned to receive control or marine oil‐supplemented formula when they achieved intakes >454 kJ (110 kcal)/kg/d of a formula designed for VLBW infants. Study formulas with or without marine oil were provided until 79 wk of postconceptional age (PCA), first in a formula designed for preterm infants followed by a formula designed for term infants. Infants were studied at regular intervals through 92 wk PCA. Weight, length, and head circumference were determined by standardized prodedures and normalized to the National Center for Health Statistics figures for growth of infants born at term of the same age and gender. Mean normalized weight, weight‐to‐length, and head circumference were greatest at 48 wk and decreased thereafter. The decline in normalized weight was greater in infants fed the marine oil‐supplemented formula. Beginning at 40 wk, marine oil‐supplemented infants compared to controls had significantly poorer Z‐scores for weight, length and head circumference. In addition, birth order (negatively) and maternal height (positively) influenced weight and length achievement in infancy as shown previously in infants born at term.
Lactation curves and effect of pup removal on milk fat of C57BI/6J mice fed different diet fats
Authors: Teter Beverly B. , Sampugna Joseph , Keeney Mark 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGroups of C57BI/6J mice, fed either acis (C‐Diet) ortrans diet (T‐Diet) were milked without preconditioning at 6, 8, 10 and 12 dayspostpartum. On day 10, groups of mice were also milked 4, 6 and 18 h after separation of the pups. Except for the 18‐h separation, all T‐Diet fed animals produced milk of lower fat content than did the C‐Diet animals (P<0.001) throughout the lactation period measured. In the C‐Diet mice, the 6‐h separation period resulted in a decrease (P<0.03) in fat, but the diet‐depressed milk fat of T‐Diet animals was not decreased further until the 18‐h separation period. Milk volume increased as lactation progressed and was greatly increased as a result, of preconditioning (P<‐0.001), even at 4 h of separation when fat was not reduced, and was always greater for T‐Diet animals. Within diet groups, fatty acid composition was similar throughout the lactation period studied and was not affected by preconditioning, except in the 18‐h separation period, whende novo fatty acids were significantly reduced (P≤0.05). The data are consistent with the hypothesis that preconditioning results in lowered milk fat values and that preconditioning techniques can explain discrepancies in literature values for murine milk fat.
Bile salt stimulated lipase: Comparative studies in ferret milk and lactating mammary gland
Authors: Ellis Lorie A. , Hamosh Margit 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBile salt stimulated lipase (BSSL) activity in 10–20 times higher in ferret milk than in human milk. We have used the ferret to study BSSL activity in lactating mammary gland and in mammary cells isolated by hyaluronidase‐collagenase treatment followed by Ficoll gradient centrifugation. Furthermore, we have compared the characteristics of BSSL in the tissue preparations (homogenate or cells) to BSSL of ferret milk and to BSSL purified from ferret and human milk. The characteristics of BSSL in ferret mammary gland preparations and milk were similar to those of human milk BSSL—absoltue requirement of primary bile salts, pH optimum of 7.5–9.0 stability at pH 3–9 and inhibition by eserine (physostigmine) and by serum. Purified ferret milk BSSL had a lower molecular weight (90kD) than did human milk BSSL (125 kD). There was an 86% homology of theN‐terminal amino acid sequence between BSSL of ferret and of human milk. The marked similarity in characteristics between BSSL in ferret and human milk and the high activity of BSSL in ferret milk (520 U/mL colostrum and 250 U/mL mature milk) indicate that this species is an ideal animal model for the study of the synthesis and secretion of this digestive lipase which constitutes a significant portion (1–2%) of total milk protein.
Oxidative interactions of cholesterol in the milk fat globule membrane
Authors: Kim S. K. , Nawar W. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of oxidative interactions between cholesterol and milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) components,i.e., nonlipid fraction, total lipid, nonpolar lipid and polar lipid, on cholesterol oxidation were studied in the presence and absence of water. In the dry state, cholesterol natively present in MFGM appeared to be protected at 135°C. The nonpolar lipid and nonlipid fraction contributed to the protective effect of MFGM. Added cholesterol accelerated the oxidation of membrane lipid fractions. At 75°C, pure cholesterol and membrane lipid fractions did not show significant interaction. However, cholesterol and other lipids in MFGM were less stable than when these were heated separately. When cholesterol and membrane lipids were mixed in an aqueous medium at 75°C, each accelerated the oxidation of the other. The MFGM exhibited a high protective effect on cholesterol oxidation in an aqueous environment. The nonlipid fraction protected cholesterol against oxidation, whereas the lipid fraction was destructive. In the absence of water, the net balance between these two opposing factors was destructive. The presence of water reversed the balance in favor of protection.
High‐performance liquid chromatography of human milk triacylglycerols and gas chromatography of component fatty acids
Authors: Dotson Karen D. , Jerrell John P. , Picciano Mary Frances , Perkins Edward G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHuman milk triacylglycerols were separated by high‐performance liquid chromatography. A 5‐μ Supelcosil LC‐18 column (Supelco, Inc., Bellefonte, PA) was used with acetone/acetonitrile (64∶36, vol/vol) as mobile phase. Triacylglycerols were tentatively identified based on theoretical carbon number and relative retention time. Despite changes resulting from dietary fat variation, the major component triacylglycerols were those composed of palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. Triacylglycerols with palmitic, stearic and oleic acids were present as minor components. Fatty acids were quantified by gas chromatography relative to an internal standard. Ratios of n−6/n−3 fatty acids were found to be high than previously reported.
Fatty acid composition of black bear (Ursus americanus) milk during and after the period of winter dormancy
Authors: Iverson Sara J. , Oftedal Olav T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBlack bears give birth and lactate during the 2–3‐mon fast of winter dormancy. Thereafter the female emerges from the den with her cubs and begins to feed. We investigated fatty acid patterns of milk from native Pennsylvania black bears during the period of winter dormancy, as well as after den emergence. Throughout winter dormancy, milk fatty acid composition remained relatively constant. The principal fatty acids at all times were 14∶0, 16∶0, 16∶1, 18∶0, 18∶1, 18∶2n−6, 18∶3n−3 and 20∶4n−6. After den emergence, large changes occurred in almost all the fatty acids, particularly in 18∶2n−6 and 18∶3n−3. Large variability among the active free‐ranging animals likely reflected differences in diet. In a carnivore, with apparently limitedde novo synthesis of fatty acids, milk fatty acid composition may be affected by factors such as transition from reliance on stored lipids to feeding, and by temporal changes in dietary intake.