bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nomenclatural solutions in the Gesneriaceae
Authors: Feuillet Christian 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFeuillet, C.: Nomenclatural solutions in the Gesneriaceae. ‐ Taxon 42: 105‐109. 1993. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.Following the rejection of the spelling Jankaea versus Jancaea, a new spelling is given for the name of intergeneric hybrids. A new nothogeneric name, ×Coracaea Feuillet, is established, with a new combination, ×C. bluemelii (Halda) Feuillet. The case of the overlooked generic name Columnea Raf. is presented. The status of Aikinia Wall. vs. Aikinia R. Br. is discussed. Arctocalyx Fenzl and Gesnera Mart. are typified.
Platycodoneae, a new tribe in Campanulaceae
Authors: Yeo P. F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryYeo, P. F.: Platycodoneae, a new tribe in Campanulaceae. ‐ Taxon 42: 109. 1993. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.A new tribe, Platycodoneae, is described in Campanulaceae; it is equivalent to subtribe Platycodoninae Schönland.
General Committee Report 4
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNicolson, D. H.: General Committee Report 4. ‐ Taxon 42: 110‐111. 1993. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.The General Committee approves proposals recommended by Bryophyta Committee Report 1 (9) and Spermatophyta Committee Report 37 (12, including a confusability decision). One decision not to recommend is returned to the Spermatophyta Committee for reconsideration under new instructions.
ON DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL FORMS OF COLEOCHAETE (CHAROPHYCEAE) SPECIES DESCRIBED BY PRINGSHEIM
Authors: Szymańska Hanna 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe dimensions of typical forms of six species of Coleochaete: C. scutata, C. pulvinata, C. soluta, C. divergens, C. irregularis, and C. orbicularis, have been continuously overestimated due to a misinterpretation of an original account by Pringsheim (1860). In this paper correct dimensions are given, and ‘small’ forms of the species are discussed, most of them being found superfluous.
The typification of Piptolepis Sch. Bip. (Compositae), nom cons.
Authors: Jeffrey C. , Hind D. J. N. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryJeffrey, C. J. & Hind, D. J. N.: The typification of Piptolepis Sch. Bip. (Compositae), nom cons. – Taxon 43: 94‐96. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.To maintain stability of the generic name for this characteristic Brazilian taxon, the original and correct type citation should be used. It is recommended that the type citation in Appendix IIIA of the Code be corrected to: “Piptolepis ericoides Sch. Bip., Jahresber. Pollichia 20/21: 383. 1863”, lectotypified here.
A reappraisal of the generic status of Liparia and Priestleya (Fabaceae)
Authors: Schutte Anne Lise , Van Wyk Ben‐Erik 
Published: April 2006

SummarySchutte, A. L. & Van Wyk, B‐E.: A reappraisal of the generic status of Liparia and Priestleya (Fabaceae). – Taxon 43: 573‐582. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The generic delimitation of Liparia L. and Priestleya DC. (Fabaceae, tribe Liparieae) is reevaluated. Traditionally the shape and size of the carinal lobe of the calyx, the shape of the keel petals and the number of flowers per inflorescence were used as diagnostic characters. A study of morphological and alkaloid variation indicates that the two genera run much into one another. Differences in inflorescence and floral structure can be attributed to adaptations to different pollination strategies. The unique combination of major alkaloids occurring in both genera also suggests that they are congeneric. Priestleya is therefore placed into synonymy under Liparia. The nomenclature, synonymy and typification of the genus and the 14 species recognized are presented, and some necessary new combinations are made.
Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Anotrichium tenue and related species (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Cormaci Mario , Furnari Giovanni , Pizzuto Fabio 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCormaci, M., Furnari, G. & Pizzuto, F.: Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Anotrichium tenue and related species (Ceramiaceae, Rhodophyta). – Taxon 43: 633‐637. 1994. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Two distinct species, differing mainly in tetrasporangial features, have been confused under the name Anotrichium tenue. In true A. tenue the tetrasporangia are borne terminally on a small number (5‐8) of whorled pedicels. In the other, A. secundum, comb, nov., the tetrasporangia are borne subterminally and adaxially on a relatively large number (8‐50) of whorled pedicels.
Typification and the names of fossil plants – a review and discussion
Authors: Fensome Robert A. , Jansonius Jan , Skog Judith E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFensome, R. A., Jansonius, J. & Skog, J. E.: Typification and names of fossil plants – a review and discussion. – Taxon 47: 695‐702. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The rules surrounding the designation of nomenclatural types to fossil plant taxa, including the definitions of the various kinds of type and the related requirements for valid publication, are found in several provisions of the International code of botanical nomenclature. In part because of the necessarily piecemeal nature of these rules, problems and ambiguities in interpretation have arisen that merit discussion. These problems and ambiguities include: the definition of the term lectotype; the use of isotypes and epitypes; the appropriate treatment of macrofossil types that are represented by more than one specimen; the application of Article 37.4 and the citation of collectors' names; the nature of the type of a generic name; the definition of “original material”; and the imperative to indicate the repository of a type. In our view, the increasing rate of change of the Code, which would reach a climax with the possible introduction of a BioCode, is also promoting ambiguities, and hence potential instability in plant nomenclature.
Lectotypification of 16 species names in Doronicum (Asteraceae, Senecioneae)
Authors: Fernández Inés Álvarez , Feliner Gonzalo Nieto 
Published: April 2006

SummaryÁlvarez Fernández, I. & Nieto Feliner, G.: Lectotypification of 16 species names in Doronicum (Asteraceae, Senecioneae). ‐‐ Taxon 48: 801‐806. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.16 binomials in Doronicum are lectotypified. All are either accepted names of species or basionyms of accepted subspecies names, in a forthcoming taxonomic revision of the genus.
Paleobotany: some aspects of non‐flowering and flowering plant evolution
Authors: Dilcher David L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDilcher, D. L.: Paleobotany: some aspects of non‐flowering and flowering plant evolution. ‐Taxon 50: 697–711. 2001. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.When an examination of some aspects of the evolution of vascular land plants is made across broad sweeps of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Tertiary time, three basic patterns occur in unrelated groups in vascular land plant evolution: independent evolution of similar morphologies, nearly contemporaneous evolution of similar structures and strategies, and repeated evolution of similar features or strategies at different times. Examples are given in non‐flowering plants and also in the evolution of angiosperms. A database is presented to illustrate the presence of angiosperms in the Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous fossil record and the diversity and abundance of organs recovered from these early angiosperms. These data are presented as working documents with the anticipation that they may grow into a major database for interested scholars world‐wide.
The contribution of micromorphology to the taxonomy and fossil record of the Myricaceae
Authors: Ferguson David K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryFerguson, D. K.: The contribution of micromorphology to the taxonomy and fossil record of the Myricaceae. – Taxon 47: 333‐335.1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Micromorphological characters assist in the circumscription of the family Myricaceae and can be used to distinguish the segregate genera. The fossil record is based on leaf compressions, fruits and pollen grains. In the Tertiary the commonest genus was Myrica sensu stricto.
Intermediacy between Grindelia chiloensis and Haplopappus pectinatus (Astereae, Asteraceae)
Authors: Bartoli Adriana , Tortosa Roberto D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBartoli, A. & Tortosa, R. D.: Intermediacy between Grindelia chiloensis and Haplopappus pectinatus (Astereae, Asteraceae). – Taxon 47: 337‐345. 1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Intermediate specimens between Grindelia chiloensis and Haplopappus pectinatus occur in Patagonia (Argentina). They were analysed using the methods proposed by Wells (distance diagram) and Wilson (character count procedure). With both methods the hypothesis of hybridity is supported. A close proximity of H. pectinatus to the genus Grindelia is also suggested by a high percentage of stainable pollen grains in the putative hybrids, chromosome morphology, and achene anatomy. Based on such evidence, the new combination G. anethifolia (H. pectinatus Phil., non G. pedinata Baker) is proposed.
Achyrothalamus reduced to Erythrocephalum (Asteraceae, Mutisieae)
Authors: Ortiz Santiago , Coutinho Antonio P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryOrtiz, S. & Coutinho, A. P.: Achyrothalamus reduced to Erythrocephalum (Asteraceae, Mutisieae). – Taxon 50: 389–403. 2001. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The monotypic genus Achyrothalamus has been conventionally distinguished from Erythrocephalum principally by the absence of a pappus and the presence of phyllaries with entire margins. However, a critical re‐examination of 83 morphological and anatomical characters, and a detailed study of the pollen of the two genera, suggest that recognition of Achyrothalamus as a distinct genus is unjustified. We thus propose Achyrothalamus as a synonym of Erythrocephalum with the new combination E. marginatum.
Distribution and diagnostic characters of Nassella (Poaceae: Stipeae)
Authors: Barkworth Mary E. , Torres María Amelia 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBarkworth, M. E. & Torres, M. A.: Distribution and diagnostic characters of Nassella (Poaceae: Stipeae). – Taxon 50: 439–468. 2001. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Nassella sensu lato includes 116 species, making it one of the largest genera in tribe Stipeae. Argentina has the largest number of species, 72, with the greatest concentration being in the northwestern part of the country. Bolivia, Chile, and Uruguay have 26, 27, and 27 species, respectively. Other South American countries in which the genus is present are Brazil (18 species), Colombia (8), Ecuador (9), Paraguay (4), Peru (18), and Venezuela (2). Guatemala has two species, but Costa Rica only one. Mexico has eight native species, five of which also grow in the United States. One additional species grows in both the United States and Canada. Sixty species are known only from one country; one species, N. mexicana, grows in eight countries. Several new distribution records are documented: N. caespitosa, N. elata, N. leptothera and N. punensis for Bolivia, N. pauciciliata and N. spegazzinii for Brazil, N. airoides, N. argentinensis, N. spegazzinii for Paraguay, and N. tucumana (= N. asperifolia) for Peru. Three new combinations are presented: N. burkartii, N. ligularis, and N. quinqueciliata. Two recently transferred species, N. barrancaensis and N. brachychaeta, are excluded from the genus and N. asperifolia, N. bonariensis, and N. amethystina are placed in synonymy. Tables summarising the distribution of Nassella and its morphological variation are presented.
Naming the groups: developing a stable and efficient nomenclature
Authors: McNeill John 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMcNeill, J.: Naming the groups: developing a stable and efficient nomenclature. – Taxon 49: 705–720. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The binomial system of botanical nomenclature has existed for almost 250 years, the principle of a taxon having a single correct name determined on the basis of priority of publication was formalized almost 150 years ago, and the type method for the application of scientific names of plants has had international acceptance for almost 75 years. In this historic time‐frame, the achievements of the past 50 years are outlined and the question posed as to whether the next 50 years hold any prospect of change, and indeed whether any change is possible or even desirable. The requirement of botanical nomenclature to provide a stable, unambiguous reference system for plant information implies an inherent conservatism of rules and procedures—even the smallest change to the Code, however beneficial it may be in general, is virtually certain to have some destabilizing effect. Despite this truism, it is suggested that the next few years will see quite major change. One of the least of these may be the development of a separate specialist nomenclature for communication about major phyletic lineages, not so dissimilar in practice from the specialist nomenclature currently in existence for the micro‐variants important in cultivated plants. Bionomenclature provides the mechanism for communication about the elements of taxonomy—elements that generally seek to reflect the greatest information on patterns of biodiversity. It will continue to communicate the general information content of taxa effectively, only if it evolves to take fuller advantage of the opportunities of the electronic age. The historical tendency to improve the rules of nomenclature by continuous “tinkering” with the Code needs to give way to a recognition that stability and simplicity are key requirements of users of names (amongst whom professional biologists are a relatively small minority), and that web access to authoritative lists will generally be their preferred approach to answering the nomenclatural questions that arise in study and use of plants, animals and micro‐organisms. To remain relevant, the botanical Code, like the bacteriological, and now, to a degree, the zoological, must provide mechanisms for the endorsement of nomenclatural lists that represent the products of sound scholarship.
The identity of Dicoma bangueolensis (Asteraceae)
Authors: Ortiz Santiago , Rodríguez‐Oubiña Juan 
Published: April 2006

SummaryOrtiz, S. & Rodríguez‐Oubiña, J.: The identity of Dicoma bangueolensis (Asteraceae). – Taxon 45: 519‐520. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Dicoma bangueolensis, lectotypified here, is a common species of Somalia, not of Tanzania as fraudulently claimed by Muschler in the protologue.
Reappraisal of Cololejeunea ceratilobula, C. formosana, and C. reineckeana (Hepaticae, Lejeuneaceae)
Authors: Rui‐Liang Zhu , Ling So May 
Published: April 2006

SummaryZhu, R.‐L. & So, M. L.: Reappraisal of Cololejeunea ceratilobula, C. formosana, and C. reineckeana (Hepaticae, Lejeuneaceae). – Taxon 47: 839‐842. 1998. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Cololejeunea formosana Mizut., whose correct name is C. ceratilobula (P. C. Chen) R. M. Schust., was earlier considered as synonymous with C. reineckeana Steph. but belongs to C. subg. Chlorocolea, whereas C. reineckeana is a member of C. subg. Pedinolejeunea. A description and illustration of C. reineckeana are provided.
Transfers from Amaryllis to Hippeastrum (Amaryllidaceae)
Authors: Meerow Alan W. , Van Scheepen Johan , Dutilh Julie H. A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMeerow, A. W., Van Scheepen, J. & Dutilh, J. H. A.: Transfers from Amaryllis to Hippeastrum (Amaryllidaceae). – Taxon 46: 15‐19. 1997. – ISSN 0040‐0262.42 species transfers are made from Amaryllis to Hippeastrum in accord with the decision, at the Fourteenth International Botanical Congress in 1987, on the application of the former name to a South African genus. This completes the validation of combinations required in Hippeastrum, and will thus aid nomenclatural clarity and enable botanists and horticulturists to refer to these species by their correct names.
A method to establish and revise descriptive data sets over the Internet
Authors: Hagedorn Gregor , Rambold Gerhard 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHagedorn, G. & Rambold, G.: A method to establish and revise descriptive data sets over the internet. ‐ Taxon 49: 517–528. 2000. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.In science, the internet is used at present mostly as an electronic publishing tool. It is highly desirable to increasingly use it as a working and production tool for collaborative projects in taxonomy and biodiversity as well. The method described here requires neither programming nor web‐server expertise. Provided that the DELTA data standard is used, projects can be imported into the DeltaAccess database application. Using HTML data submission forms automatically generated from the database, projects can then be established and interactively revised over the internet. The forms permit adding new information as well as revising existing information. They are user‐platform independent and require only standard web browser functionality. This standard‐based approach avoids the repeated development of tools for using the internet as a working space. The DeltaAccess application is distributed over the internet under a General Public License.
A new online bibliographic database of proposals for conservation and rejection of botanical names
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryNicolson, D. H.: A new online bibliographic database of proposals for conservation and rejection of botanical names. ‐ Taxon 49: 549–554. 2000. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262.As of mid‐2000 over 4,400 proposals have been made to conserve and/or reject botanical names, almost all at the rank of family, genus or species. Information on all proposals has been compiled, including the author and places of publication of each proposal, as well as the place of publication of the report on the proposals by the Committees for particular groups, the General Committee report, where cited in a Synopsis of Proposals, where ratified by a Congress, and where each of the approved proposals first appeared in a Code. With nearly 3000 of these names already in the Code the success rate of proposals approaches two‐thirds. This compiled information is accessible and searchable online: <http://persoon.si.edu/codes/props/>.
Extending Gower's general coefficient of similarity to ordinal characters
Authors: Podani János 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPodani, J.: Extending Gower's general coefficient of similarity to ordinal characters. – Taxon 48: 331‐340. 1999. – ISSN 0040‐0262.The possibilities of calculating similarity based on ordinal characters are evaluated by distinguishing subtypes of the ordinal scale. Multivariate analysis is most problematic when ordinal variables appear together with other scale types in the data. This difficulty is solved by extending Gower's general coefficient of similarity to ordinal data types, facilitating cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling. Two alternatives, a non‐metric and a metric version, are offered. The modified formula implies that ordinal variables are equally weighted with the others, and that partially and fully ranked data are both applicable, due to the inherent standardisation procedure. A morphological data set derived for the moss genus Tortula illustrates the new approach.
Validation of Qiongzhuea and correlated species names (Gramineae, Bambusoideae)
Authors: Hsueh C. J. , Yi Tong‐pei , Li De‐zhu 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHsueh, C. J., Yi, T. P. & Li, D. Z.: Validation of Qiongzhuea and correlated species names (Gramineae, Bambusoideae). – Taxon 45: 217‐221. 1996. – ISSN 0040‐0262.Qiongzhuea, when first published, was based on “Q. tumidinoda” as designated type. However, the latter name was not validly published because two different type specimens were cited, therefore the generic name, and all specific names that were subsequently published under it, are not valildly published either. A new name for Q. tumidinoda was later validated by Ohrnberger under Chimonobambusa, C. tumidissinoda, whereas the generic name still needs to be validated. The terms and conditions are here met for validating the name Qiongzhuea, and all species names concerned, under the provisions of the Code.
PhyloCode ­ pain, no gain
Authors: Forey Peter L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe PhyloCode suggests that by adopting its rules, taxonomists will gain clarity, uniqueness and stability compared with the use of Linnaean Taxonomy. This claim is questioned here by suggesting (1) that replacing the Types of Linnaean Taxonomy with the Specifiers of PhyloCode increases the complexity of decisions which have to be made, some of which go beyond nomenclature; (2) deciding which PhyloCode definition of a name to use demands knowledge of phylogenetic support and likelihood of future changes in ideas of relationships; (3) Phylogenetic Nomenclature will have limited value because it names only monophyletic groups, and (4) confusion over naming taxa is not avoided by the PhyloCode and can lead to problems when used alongside Linnaean Taxonomy. The problems concerning Linnaean rank and raised by Phylogenetic Nomenclature are upheld.
Green algae (Chlorophyta) of desert microbiotic crusts: diversity of North American taxa
Authors: Lewis Louise A. , Flechtner Valerie R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractGreen algae are present in desert soils as components of microbiotic communities that also include cyanobacteria and other prokaryotes, lichens, non­lichenized fungi, invertebrates, and other photosynthetic eukaryotes such as diatoms, eustigmatophytes, and xanthophytes. The green algae that occur in crusts are morphologically simple unicells, packets of cells, or weak filaments, yet represent a diverse assemblage of taxa spanning the classes Chlorophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, and Charophyceae. As part of an ongoing study of the biodiversity of microbiotic crust communities in the western United States and Northern Mexico, a large number of green algae were isolated and characterized morphologically and genetically. Phylogenetic analyses using ribosomal RNA gene sequence data have greatly aided our understanding of the diversity and evolution of desert green algae. Our results indicate that desert green algae evolved from aquatic green algae at least five independent times. In addition, the desert green algae are derived from freshwater, not marine, green ancestors. Some lineages of green algae have a high proportion of desert taxa, while other lineages thus far have no known desert representatives. Many of the isolates are likely to be new taxa. These taxa represent independent lineages of green plants that have evolved to inhabit desert environments. Because they are distinct from but phylogenetically related to embryophyte taxa, these other "land plants" can offer important biochemical and physiological comparisons to desert­dwelling embryophytes.
Does Compulsory School Attendance Affect Schooling and Earnings?
Authors: Angrist Joshua D. , Krueger Alan B. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
We establish that season of birth is related to educational attainment because of school start age policy and compulsory school attendance laws. Individuals born in the beginning of the year start school at an older age, and can therefore drop out after completing less schooling than individuals born near the end of the year. Roughly 25 percent of potential dropouts remain in school because of compulsory schooling laws. We estimate the impact of compulsory schooling on earnings by using quarter of birth as an instrument for education. The instrumental variables estimate of the return to education is close to the ordinary least squares estimate, suggesting that there is little bias in conventional estimates.
Equilibrium distributions for an open migration process
Authors: Whittle P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWe consider a system of colonies in which migration, immigration and emigration take place according to a fairly general rule. Necessary and sufficient conditions for equilibrium are given in the theorem of Section (3). The equilibrium distribution of colony numbers is determined by Equations (7) and (9); the colony sizes are thus statistically independent in equilibrium.Attention is also paid to the case where one colony becomes a “bottleneck” to circulation, when equilibrium changes character