bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health Benefits of Increases in Alcohol and Cigarette Taxes
Authors: GROSSMAN MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

SummaryExcise taxes on alcohol and cigarettes imposed by the Federal government of the United States have been very stable since 1951. This paper summarizes research that shows that increased taxation, which results in higher prices, would discourage alcohol abuse and cigarette smoking. One striking finding is that a policy to raise the Federal excise tax on beer in line with the rate of inflation over the last three decades would cut motor vehicle fatalities of 18 to 20 year olds, many of which are alcohol‐related, by about 15%, saving more than 1,000 lives per year. A second is that over 800,000 premature deaths in the cohort of Americans 12 years and older in 1984 would be averted if the Federal excise tax on cigarettes were restored to its real value in 1951.
An Economist in ‘Alcohol Policy Country’
Authors: VAN IWAARDEN M. J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe use of alcohol in the Netherlands more than tripled between 1960 and 1980. As a consequence also alcohol abuse increased substantially and caused problems for the drinker, the family and for society as a whole. These problems resulted in higher costs of the health care, the police and judicial system, and the labour force. The central aim of Dutch alcohol control policy is to prevent the health and social risks which result from alcohol consumption. More education, efficient treatment and new legislation are the main policy instruments. What can economics contribute in this respect? What is the perspective for prevention during the next decade?
The Influence of Advertising on Tobacco Consumption: a reply to Jackson & Ekelund
Authors: HARRISON ROBIN , CHETWYND JANE , BRODIE RODERICK J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper re‐examines the model for quarterly cigarette consumption presented earlier (Chetwynd et al., 1988) in the light of criticisms by Jackson & Ekelund of a number of possible deficiencies in the econometric procedures employed. A thorough interrogation of the model has been pursued using a comprehensive battery of econometric testing procedures which go beyond those suggested by Jackson & Ekelund. The model is found to perform well against all of these tests and the original conclusions drawn from the model are sustained, including the significant impact of advertising on aggregate cigarette consumption.
There is No Convincing Evidence for a Relationship Between Cigarette Advertising and Consumption
Authors: BODDEWYN J. J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA recent New Zealand study can be challenged on the grounds of inadequate theorization, questionable modelling and operationalization, and the ignoring of contradictory data. Therefore, its public‐policy implications in terms of curbing or banning tobacco promotion are highly dubious.
Psychological Profile of Social Drinkers
Authors: ROBSON PHILIP 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn a cross‐sectional study, the psychological profile of light social drinkers was compared with that of heavy social drinkers and alcohol‐dependent patients who showed no evidence of clinical depression. The selection of psychological tests was based on the hypothesis that alcohol abuse and depression may sometimes be different expressions of the same disorder, and that the relationship between the two disorders may in pan be explicable in terms of shared psychological vulnerability factors. The tyests chosen were those thought most likely to predict vulnerability to depression. Dependent patients demonstrated significantly greater distortion of cognitive style than heavy social drinkers, who in turn rated significantly higher than light drinkers. Heavy social drinkers occupied a middle ground with regard to psychological profile between light drinkers and ‘alcoholics’, sharing some attributes with each. Possible implication for interventions by general practitioners are discussed.
Alcoholism Among Outpatients of a Rural District General Hospital in Kenya
Authors: NIELSEN M. F. J. , RESNICK C. A. , ACUDA S. W. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis article presents the results of a study of alcoholism among outpatients of a rural district hospital in Kenya. One hundred and twelve outpatients aged 18 years or over attending Kisii District Hospital were interviewed using the alcohol section of the Diagnostic Instrument Schedule (DIS). The participants consisted of 56 males and 56 females. Of these, 54% of the males and 25% of the females met the DIS criteria for alcohol abuse and/or alcoholism. Those classified as alcoholics differed significantly from the non‐alcoholics on variables associated with sex, age, past marital state, religion and types of alcoholic drinks consumed. No significant differences were found with respect to present marital state, education, occupation, family size, age of first intoxication or physical illness.
Alcohol Research at the Hjellestad Clinic
Authors: LABERG JON CHRISTIAN , FAUSKE SVERRE , LØBERG TOR 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTreatment and research efforts at the Hjellestad Clinic are based on a biobehavioural model of the addictions. The treatment program encompasses life‐style changes and relapse prevention, and extensive assessment for the purpose of the treatment choices. The clinic is treating nearly 1500 patients a year. Psychological and medical research projects have included experimental drinking studies, psychopharmacological and biomedical studies, treatment evaluations, studies of neuropsychological assessment, studies of personality subtypes, studies of violence related to alcohol and drugs, and investigations of women alcoholics. A new research laboratory houses an experimental bar, and state‐of‐the‐art facilities for psychophysiological and neuropsychological testing. The Hjellestad Clinic is the only Norwegian centre for clinical and experimental research on the addictions from a psycho‐physiological as well as behavioral and cognitive perspective. In addition, a national educational program offers theoretical and practical training for professionals and paraprofessionals in the addictions in co‐operation with the University of Bergen. Training in the addictions and internships for psychology students at the University of Bergen is provided at the Clinic. The centre has established connections with centres in Scandinavia, England, Canada and the U.S., through visiting scholars and study trips. (The centre has an especially strong liaison with the Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies.)
The Relationship Between Crime and Opioid Use⋆
Authors: HAMMERSLEY RICHARD , FORSYTH ALASDAIR , MORRISON VALERIE , DAVIES JOHN B. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAccepting that opioid use and crime are associated and develop together, amongst opioid‐using criminals the need for opioids may cause crime on a day‐to‐day basis or both may tend to be determined by some other set of factors. Previous studies have either failed to allow for such other factors, or have failed to compare opioid users to adequate control groups. From interviews with 151 Scottish prisoners and non‐prisoners, divided into five drug‐using groups: (1) alcohol only; (2) cannabis and alcohol; (3) other drugs but not opioids; (4) moderate opioids; (5) heavy opioids, data were obtained on drug use frequency, crime frequency and a variety of other variables. It was found that: (1) there were no differences between incarcerated and non‐incarcerated opioid users, in fact incarceration had no substantial effects on other variables; (2) heavy opioid users committed crimes significantly more frequently than did moderate opioid users, non‐opioid poly drug users, cannabis users or alcohol users. But, moderate opioid users did not commit crimes significantly more frequently than did the other groups; (3) other drugs were related to crime. Polydrug use (including cannabis use) was more related to theft and delinquency than was opioid use. Alcohol use was related to fraud; (4) there were larger explanations of crime than opioid use—criminal experience and polydrug use—and crime was a better explanation of opioid use variance than opioid use was of crime. It is concluded that need for opioids did not simply cause crime. Rather, crime and opioid use tended to influence each other. However, this relationship was not special to opioids but, depending on historical circumstances, could—and to some extent does—apply to any drug. In consequence, society's treatment of drug‐using criminals needs to deal with drug use and crime together.
An Epidemic of Opium Dependence Among Asian Refugees in Minnesota: characteristics and causes
Authors: Westermeyer Joseph , Lyfoung Touxa , Neider John 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAfter several decades absence, opium smoking has reappeared in the U.S. Introduced by Indochinese refugees in the early 1980's, it has spread to several regions of the country. In this report the characteristics of refugee opium addicts is described. In addition, the factors contributing to a fertile situation for opium addiction are presented. Finally, implications of these findings and remedial recommendations are suggested.
Measuring the Heaviness of Smoking: using self‐reported time to the first cigarette of the day and number of cigarettes smoked per day
Authors: HEATHERTON TODD F. , KOZLOWSKI LYNN T. , FRECKER RICHARD C. , RICKERT WILLIAM , ROBINSON JACK 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTwo simple self‐report measures have been used to assess the heaviness of smoking,‘number of cigarettes per day’(CPD) and‘time to the first cigarette of the day’(TTF). Little attention, however, has been given to the precise method of scoring this information. Using biochemical indicators of heaviness of smoking (alveolar carbon monoxide and cotinine), we explore the optimum data transformations for regression analysis and categorical analysis. We suggest a four category scoring scheme for both time to the first cigarette of the day (5, 6–30, 31–60 and 61 + mm) and average daily consumption of cigarettes (1–10, 11–20, 21–30, 31 + cigarettes) as the most powerful and practical categorical scoring of these variables. Due to possible ceiling effects on biochemical measures, we suggest using logarithmic transformations of CPD or TTF for regression or correlation analyses.
Cross‐cultural Study of Alcohol Behaviour Among Singapore College Students
Authors: HONG ONG TECK , ISRALOWITZ RICHARD E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTo test the hypothesis that Singapore Indian college students would experience higher rates of drinking problem behaviour than their Chinese counterparts, the Engs and Hanson questionnaire was administered to 767 Chinese and 185 Indian undergraduate students. The significant differences in drinking problems found between Indian and Chinese students were interpreted as reflected a higher level of anomie among the Indians in terms of their drinking norms. Singapore Indian students' alcohol‐related problem behaviours, however, are considerably less than those found in college students from western countries.
Reasons for Smoking and Severity of Residual Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms When Using Nicotine Chewing Gum
Authors: NIAURA RAYMOND , GOLDSTEIN MICHAEL G. , WARD KENNETH D. , ABRAMS DAVID B. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPrior to smoking cessation treatment using nicotine chewing gum, 65 smokers completed the Horn Reasons for Smoking Test, the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire and were assessed on measures of smoking history including saliva cotinine concentration. These measures were used to predict severity of residual nicotine withdrawal symptoms and urges to smoke assessed on a daily basis during the first 2 weeks of attempted abstinence. Univariate analyses indicated that smoking for reasons of handling, craving and to cope with negative affect correlated positively with both residual withdrawal symptoms and urges during the first week. Smoking for reasons of stimulation and habit were also correlated positively with residual withdrawal, and smoking for pleasure correlated with urges to smoke. After controlling for concurrent level of nicotine gum use, analyses suggested that only smoking for reasons of stimulation predicted residual withdrawal. Urges to smoke were positively related to level of smoking during treatment and also to smoking for reasons of craving and handling. Thus, it appears that individual differences in reasons for smoking influence severity of residual nicotine withdrawal symptoms and urges to smoke while chewing nicotine gum. The findings for stimulation smoking and withdrawal are discussed in terms of the reinforcing properties of nicotine with different routes of administration.
Primary Health Care and the Addictions: where to start and where to go*
Authors: POLLAK BENNO 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe development of community services for problem drinkers is briefly traced over the last 40 years. The numbers of drinkers in need of advice and treatment far exceeds the available resources. Family practice would be an ideal place in which to further primary care and prevention but lack of time, knowledge and motivation for probing into patients' drinking habits detract from the potential. A pilot study of opportunistic screening in general practice is described whereby a yellow label affixed to a patient's medical record card registers the average weekly alcohol intake. In a sample of 400 patients, 16% were high or intermediate risk drinkers. Each high risk drinker presented with a medical condition which could, in either aetiology or management, be related to high consumption. By discussing this, patients were often motivated to drink less or abstain. Various suggestions are made how better medical training and education could improve the diagnosis and treatment of drinking problems.
Class A Drug Users: prevalence and characteristics in Greater Nottingham
Authors: GIGGS JOHN , BEAN PHILIP , WHYNES DAVID , WILKINSON CHRISTINE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper reports on the prevalence of known Class A drug use in Greater Nottingham, a large urbanized area with a population of 472,285 in 1981. Use of a multi‐agency enumeration technique identified only 170 users during 1985–86, giving an annual prevalence of 0.45 per 1000 of the adult population. The rates for opioid use and injected amphetamine use were 0.27 and 0.14 per 1000. Geographical analysis of the intra‐urban residential distributions of the drug users identified statistically significant variations with the greatest concentrations occurring in the inner city residential areas, in neighbourhoods fringing major surburban shopping centres, and several council estates. Ecological analysis established statistically significant links between drug use and multiple deprivation, adult unemployment and crime.
Urine Screening for Abused Drugs in New Admissions to a VA Hospital
Authors: McMILLAN D. E. , NEWTON J. E. O. , CANNON D. J. , METZER W.S. , PAIGE S. R. , SUMMERS B. N. , FODY E. P. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe urine samples from two groups of Veteran's Administration patients newly admitted to general psychiatry units were screened in 1985 and in 1987–88 for abused drugs. The results were compared Kith urine samples from controls with similar age distributions admitted to an alcohol and drug abuse unit or to medical‐surgical units. About 40% of all newly admitted patients were positive for one or more controlled drugs, but there were no significant differences among patient groups in the percentage of urine samples positive for these drugs. Marijuana and benzodiazepines were delected frequently in all patient groups and often in combination, although opiates also were frequently detected in the urine samples from the medical‐surgical patients. There was a clear decrease in drug‐positive samples with age in all patient groups, much of which could be accounted for by decreased marijuana detection.
Changes in the Psychological Defence System as a Function of Alcohol Intoxication in Men
Authors: GUSTAFSON R. , KÄLLMÉN H. 
Published: January 2006

SummarySocial drinking young men participated in an experiment exploring whether acute alcohol intoxication affects the characteristics of the psychological defence structure. It was found that a moderate alcohol dose (1.0 ml of 100% alcohol/kg body weight) increased the overall level of defence activity compared to a sober Control group and as measured by the Defence Mechanism Test. This increase was mainly due to a significant increase in the defence mechanism Isolation. Gender differences in this respect and the implications of this shift in the defence structure for the understanding of intoxicated behavior and motives for drinking were discussed.
Gamblers' Self‐Perceptions of the Determinants of Impaired Control
Authors: CORLESS TONY , DICKERSON MARK 
Published: January 2006

SummaryImpaired control occupies a focal position in the medical model perspective of pathological gambling and is central to the concept of addictive processes generally. Nonetheless there have been few studies on self‐control in gambling behaviour. A questionnaire was developed to measure subjectively assessed self‐control in poker machine players. This Self‐Control Scale comprised a framework adopted from Cameron (1985) distinguishing between (i) the likelihood of starting a session and continuing a session, and (ii) internal and external determinants. The Scale and a descriptive questionnaire on demographics and actual gambling behaviour was administered to 26 problem gamblers and 40 players of different levels of involvement. The results indicated that the Scale had acceptable internal consistency and validity. The Scale effectively discriminated between problem and non‐problem players. The differences on specific items between low‐frequency, high‐frequency and problem groups were incorporated into a hypothetical developmental progression. Negative emotions such as frustration and depression and the belief in chasing (Lesieur, 1979, 1984) were perceived to be the most significant determinants of impaired control problem gamblers.
Antenatal Urinary Screening for Drugs of Addiction: usefulness of sideroom testing?
Authors: CONDIE R. G. , BROWN S. S. , AKHTER M. I. , SHEEHAN T. M. T. , PORTER LYN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryBased on a pilot study of 400 samples at our Antenatal Clinic (which yielded 3.5% positives when assessed for amphetamines, cannabinoids and opiates) 600 consecutive patients attending Antenatal Booking Clinic had urine samples tested in the sideroom for amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine metabolites, methadone and opiates using the Syva EMIT ETS apparatus. Positive samples were checked in the West Midlands Regional Laboratory for Toxicology, initially by EMIT‐dau on a second ETS instrument and then by thin layer and gas chromatography. Two per cent produced a total of 14 positive EMIT results. Cocaine metabolites and methandone were not detected. Four specimens could not be confirmed as positive. In one sample, amphetamine‐like compounds were isolated but not identified. Positive identification was made in the remaining seven specimens (two cannabinoid, two pseudoephedrine, one pseudoephedrine plus dihydrocodeine and two dihydrocodeine). There was a serious problem of false positive results observed in the initial sideroom testing. The value of sideroom testing for drugs of abuse was assessed in relation to the technical problems and to the small rate of drug positive samples.
The Tension Reduction Hypothesis revisited: an alcohol expectancy perspective
Authors: YOUNG ROSS McD. , OEI TIAN P. S. , KNIGHT ROBERT G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe tension reduction hypothesis has been historically and cross‐culturally a predominant explanation of alcohol's effects. However, its validation has been inconsistent. One speculative reason for this inconsistency is a failure to control for preheld alcohol expectancies. Past research may have confounded results due to studying populations mixed regarding their expectations of alcohol's tension reducing effects. Only two studies could be found which have comprehensively attempted to control for tension reduction expectancies, both supporting a modified tension reduction hypothesis which does not offer tension reduction as the only explanation of drinking behaviour. The interaction of pharmacology, expectancy, gender role and situation suggest that tension reduction is of major importance in understanding the drinking of many, but not all, individuals. This is consistent with recent ‘metatheories’ of alcohol use which emphasize the complexity and multiplicity of alcohol's effects. Future theoretical and clinical implications of the revised tension reduction hypothesis and expectancies are briefly discussed.
Types of life events and the onset of alcohol dependence
Authors: GORMAN D. M. , PETERS T. J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryData concerning the occurrence of life events in the year before onset of alcohol dependence were collected front 23 patients recruited from a district general hospital. Both male and female alcohol dependent cases reported significantly more severe life events in the year preceding onset of the disorder than did members of a community comparison group over the same 12‐month period. Events were also classified according to the dimensions of loss’ and ‘danger’, and ‘independence’. The study suggests that individuals may enter the initial stages of alcohol dependence in response to stressful life events.
Maintained controlled drinking following severe alcohol dependence—a case study
Authors: BOOTH P. G. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA case study is presented of a 10‐year follow‐up of a 46‐year‐old alcohol dependent client who chose a goal of controlled drinking on discharge from an ATU. Despite the severity of his problem, the data collected throughout the 10 year period from a variety of sources indicate that he has been successful in maintaining his goal. Variables are suggested which might have been influential in this particular individual's outcome.
Comparison of 7‐day retrospective and prospective alcohol consumption diaries in a female population in Perth, Western Australia—methodological issues
Authors: CORTI BILLIE , BINNS COLIN W. , HOWAT PETER A. , BLAZE‐TEMPLE DEBRA , LO SING KAI 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe summer alcohol consumption of women living in metropolitan Penh was measured using both a retrospective and prospective diary. Overall, 1356 women fully completed both the retrospective and prospective alcohol consumption diaries. The prospective diary yielded a significantly higher level (9%) of consumption (p < 0.00001) compared with the retrospective diary. Although there was no significant difference in the percentage of women drinking at harmful levels (>280 g absolute alcohol per week) between the two diary methods, there did appear to be an important percentage difference (1.9% versus 2.8%) suggesting that the prospective diary did detect a larger percentage of women at risk. This would be both practically and statistically significant in large populations. The heavier the drinker the greater the variability in reported consumption between the two diary weeks. However, it is interesting to note that the direction of the variation depended on which diary was used as the base for classifying women as different types of drinkers. Women who drank at hazardous (140–280 g per week) or harmful (>280 g) levels during the retrospective diary week reported a lower level of consumption during the prospective diary week. Conversely women who drank at hazardous or harmful levels during the prospective diary week reported a lower level of consumption during the retrospective diary week. Possible explanations for these findings are explored and methodological considerations for future studies are discussed.