bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1 Foundations of the Schenker Project
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBasic aspects of Schenker's later thought can be traced to the 1890s, when Schenker was active in composition, performance, and music criticism. This chapter situates these activities in the contemporary Viennese context, emphasizing the relationship between Schenker and Eduard Hanslick. It outlines aspects of the idealist philosophy which coloured his thinking and criticizes recent approaches to the philosophical dimension of Schenker's thought. It traces the changes in Schenker's thinking about music — and in particular the concept of musical “logic” — that underpinned the development of his later theory. Much of the discussion is focussed round his early essay “The spirit of musical technique’ (1895), a new translation of which (by William Pastille) is included as an appendix.
2 The Reluctant Modernist
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMusic editing formed a key part of Schenker's programme to restore the values and practices of classical musical culture. Taking as its starting point Schenker's treatise on ornamentation (1903), this chapter pursues an extended comparison between his work and the contemporary Viennese debate about ornamentation in the visual arts and particularly architecture: the aim is to set Schenker's thought in its broad cultural context and to locate the tension between its modernist and conservative dimensions. A similar tension can be found in the architectural and critical practice of Adolf Loos, while key aspects of Schenker's thought resonate with the writing of the art historian Aloïs Riegl.
5 Beyond Assimilation
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: September 2008

AbstractOften seen as the summation of Schenker's work but in fact an extreme development of its tendencies towards abstraction, Free Composition (1935) can be understood as a form of “inner emigration”, a withdrawal from an increasingly tolerable sociopolitical situation; this is illustrated by a comparison between Free Composition and Adalbert Stifter's novel, The Indian Summer. It is this tendency towards abstraction, as well as the emigration during the 1930s of many of Schenker's (predominantly Jewish) pupils to North America, that enabled Schenker's theory to take root in the positivist atmosphere of post-war American academia. In its Americanized form, Schenkerian theory lost contact with the social and arguably even the musical values that had originally informed it. The purpose of this book is to recapture these dimensions of Schenker's thought and so argue for more broadly conceived Schenkerian practice.
Why This Book?
Authors: Schimmel Solomon 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter explains the author's motives for writing this book, which originated in his being raised as an Orthodox Jew, to which he was deeply committed from early childhood until adulthood. He received an intensive education in traditional Jewish religious life, literature, and belief, at home and in yeshivot (Jewish parochial schools), but from a young age harbored doubts about the core theological belief of Orthodoxy that the Pentateuch was revealed by God to Moses at Mount Sinai. Upon exposure to modern biblical scholarship, philosophical and literary critiques of religion, and modern biology and science he eventually concluded, in his early twenties, that he could no longer believe that which he had been taught from childhood. The chapter describes the emotional effects and social consequences of losing a faith which one loves (and in some respects continues to love), and the intellectual freedom earned by rejecting Orthodox beliefs and becoming a heretic.
Faith, Revelation, and Reason
Authors: Schimmel Solomon 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines medieval and modern views about the meanings of reason, belief, faith, revelation, and truth, and the relationships between them. It provides moving testimony from a devout Christian of her sense of the presence of Christ in her life, which trumps rational doubt about the existence of God, and skeptics' reflections on reports of divine revelation and of personal experience of the divine. It discusses how religious apologists attempts to prove the truth of their belief in the divine authorship of the Bible or the Koran in the face of overwhelming evidence and logic against it. It challenges the claims of fundamentalists that the Bible and the Koran are paragons of ethics and morality, pointing to immoral or unethical teachings and ambiguities in them. The chapter then examines and critiques the Kuzari argument offered by Orthodox Jews to substantiate their belief that God revealed the Pentateuch to Moses at Sinai.
Christian Biblical Fundamentalism
Authors: Schimmel Solomon 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the doctrine of biblical inerrancy, the belief in the physical resurrection of Jesus, and the theology and practices of serpent‐handling sects. This chapter points out the irrationality and circularity of the ‘proofs’ for ‘biblical inerrancy’ put forth by the evangelical Protestant theologian, Grudem. It then examines the claims of the fundamentalist Craig for the historicity of the physical resurrection of Jesus, and the views of the philosopher Flew, the New Testament scholar Ehrman, and the psychologist Kent, who provide naturalistic, non‐miraculous explanations for the origin and spread of the belief in Jesus' resurrection. The chapter, using Ralph Hood's concept of ‘intratextuality’ examines how members of the Pentecostal Church of God (Of Prophecy) sect, led by Hensley, derive from the Bible a mandate to handle venomous snakes in order to prove their Christian faith, and explains why their way of reading and interpreting the Bible makes no sense.
Muslim Koranic Fundamentalism
Authors: Schimmel Solomon 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the Islamic belief that the Koran (Qur'an) was authored by Allah and revealed to Muhammad via the angel Gabriel, and dissects the alleged ‘proofs’ for Koranic divinity. The chapter presents nine arguments against this belief, among which are the Koran's internal contradictions, obvious dependence on Judaism, and Jewish and Christian traditions, factual errors, superstitious beliefs, and inclusion of unethical and immoral teachings. The chapter discusses the danger posed to democratic societies and values by fundamentalist Muslims who seek to impose Qur'anic and Sharia law and values on non‐Muslim societies, while noting that some Muslims advocate democracy and religious freedom. The chapter discusses the absurd claim of some Muslims that the Koran contains scientific knowledge that was not discovered in the West until recently, and the belief in Koranic inimitability (Ijaz al Koran), and analyzes the psychology of Muslims who make irrational claims and profess irrational beliefs.
Acquiring and Protecting Unreasonable Beliefs
Authors: Schimmel Solomon 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines how people acquire religious beliefs and protect them even when they are irrational. It integrates insights from psychology (Festinger on cognitive dissonance; Hinde on the persistence of religious beliefs), anthropology (Evans‐Pritchard on primitive religion; Boyer on evolution and religion), cultural history (Marsden on ‘creationism’), and social theory. It examines existential, social, and emotional functions served by religion, and how theology develops (unconvincing) bulwarks against challenges to religious beliefs. It analyzes defense mechanisms of believers, and eleven attitudes towards ‘truth’ of fundamentalists of the Abrahamic faiths, and notes similarities between theology and magical beliefs. The chapter debates a religious philosopher who is a critic of ‘evidentialism,’ and discusses the role that evidence and reason should play in making religious commitments about how to lead one's own and how to educate one's children. The chapter considers eighteen factors that can contribute to the loss of religious belief and faith.
On “Defundamentalizing” Fundamentalists
Authors: Schimmel Solomon 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This concluding chapter points out some of the negative consequences of scriptural fundamentalisms such as homophobia, gender inequality; religious intolerance; self‐righteousness; intellectual dishonesty; deprivation of children from important scientific knowledge, and in some cases, advocacy of violence against ‘non‐believers.’ It also discusses positive aspects of fundamentalist communities, and their legitimate criticism of and disdain for certain vapid or decadent aspects of American and Western culture, values, and behaviors. The chapter discusses the ethics of undermining the religious beliefs of scriptural fundamentalists. When, why, and where is it appropriate or even obligatory to attempt to do so, and when is it wrong to do so? It concludes that there are times when combating fundamentalism and defending freedom of speech and of thought is essential for the good and welfare of American society and notes his intention to develop a detailed plan for how to ‘defundamentalize fundamentalists.’
Evangelical vs. Liberal
Authors: Wellman James K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe book is the first in-depth ethnographic study of churched religion in the Pacific Northwest. It describes and explains how Protestant churches survive and thrive in the most unchurched region of the country. The study is based on nearly 450 interviews from thirty-four vital liberal and evangelical Protestant churches in the Pacific Northwest. These two sets of congregations embody separate moral worldviews and the study shows how these moral worldviews conflict, compete, and, on rare occasions, find common ground in five areas: ideology; religious beliefs; organizational and ritual life; mission (both local and international), and finally, how each relates to the politics of the region and nation. Evangelicals have dominated the public discourse on American religious life and politics over the last decade; it has become popular to accuse them of advocating an American theocracy. There was no evidence for this claim in the data from this study. Evangelicals do want influence — focusing intense energy on a political culture to nurture families — but they express the same intense distrust of the government that was found among liberals. Moreover, the study found relative disinterest on the part of liberals in influencing the public square. There was little consensus among liberals in protesting the Iraq War. Nonetheless, liberals were committed to a “moral culture” like evangelicals, though with distinctively different values — embracing a culture of inclusiveness and hospitality for homosexuals, the homeless, and the hungry.
The Origins of the American Evangelical Subculture
Authors: Wellman Jr. James K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter defines and outlines the development of the American evangelical subculture, beginning with the fundamentalists of the early twentieth century, paralleled by the Holiness and Pentecostal movement, followed in turn by the mid‐20th century neoevangelicals, led by Billy Graham, which culminates in an American evangelical culture that supports a strong civic gospel. This civil religion emphasizes the Christian origins of the US; the difficulty of being Christian and politically liberal; the importance of a strong military that deters evil, and finally the support of religious, economic, and political freedoms at home and abroad.
Demographics, Culture, and Religion of the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Wellman Jr. James K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter gives an overview of the social and religious demographics of the Pacific Northwest region, pointing out discontinuity with the rest of the nation, with only a little over thirty percent of Washington and Oregon affiliated with religious organizations, nearly half the national average. The overall cultural ethos of the region is a combination of more traditional political conservatives, who have maintained a natural resource economy, more recently joined by technology entrepreneurs expressing a libertarian ethic that rewards risk and new ideas. This mobile and transient group fits well with the entrepreneurial evangelicals, who focus on growth, create communities, and accommodate modern technology in their services and organizations.
Religion, Identity, and Moral Logics
Authors: Wellman Jr. James K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents the theory of moral worldviews of each subculture; moral worldviews are not instrumental but organic — more like onions than tools. Each moral worldview has multiple layers, beginning with core allegiances; followed by moral values; moral projects, and aesthetic tastes and preferences. The closer that layers are to the core the more absolute and certain they are held, the further away, the more negotiable they are. For evangelicals, a personal, intimate relationship to Jesus Christ is the core; for liberals, the core is more a principle of inclusiveness and hospitality, exemplified more by Jesus ministry and actions than by Jesus as a god object.
Religious Ritual and Organizational Dynamics
Authors: Wellman Jr. James K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractRitual activity and organizational dynamics are habits of practice embodying the ways groups and individuals function, pray, organize, and interact, including their participation on the Web. Organizational dynamics in each group are compared on how they relate to each other in communities; in liberal groups, more informal though intimate; in evangelical groups, focusing on families and small group work. Patterns of family and approaches to gender are compared, with liberals more egalitarian and evangelicals more traditional in their approaches. Finally, on leadership, the charismatic makeup of evangelical churches is contrasted with the more bureaucratic and functionary aspects of the liberal congregational leadership style.
Religion and Politics
Authors: Wellman Jr. James K. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter argues that religion and state are “isomorphic,” that is they mirror, react, and respond to each other. Each shapes group identities and each mobilizes group action and thus, they inevitably move in relation to each other, sometimes in tandem and sometimes antagonistically. The chapter then compares to the two groups on issues of abortion, environment, gay marriage, and the Iraq War. There is some agreement on abortion, and little or no difference on the environment. On gay marriage and the Iraq War differences are pronounced and strongly held.
The Environmental Movement in the United States
Authors: Peterson Russell W. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the excesses of the Industrial Revolution and the explosion of the human population as the issues that showed us the devastating impact that human activities could have on the earth. It traces the environmental movement through the 20th century, noting that it gained an ethic and a mission with two important mid-century publications: Aldo Leopold's Sand County Almanac in 1949 and Rachel Carson's Silent Spring. It reviews the life and accomplishments of Lee Talbot, a key player in the development of US environmental policy and practice.
International Environmental Policy: Some Recollections and Reflections
Authors: Train Russell E. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter identifies the 1960s and 1970s as a period of groundbreaking efforts in environmental protection and awareness, and traces the history of environmental conservation in Africa and the United States during this period. In Africa, the development of important private organizations, such as the African Wildlife Leadership Foundation and others, resulted in improvements in conservation of African wildlife. In the United States, environmental organizations and helpful politicians brought about changes in environmental policy that continue to guide the nation's environmental conservation efforts.
The Global 2000 Report and Its Aftermath
Authors: Speth James Gustave 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Global 2000 Report. This report was prepared at the request of President Jimmy Carter in the late 1970s and originally suggested by Lee Talbot, then chief scientist for the CEQ. The report predicted trends that might unfold between 1980 and 2000 in population and the environment if societies were to continue on their current paths. Global 2000 effectively moved global-scale environmental challenges into American politics. Many of its projections proved correct, at least approximately.
Protected Areas: Science, Policy, and Management to Meet the Challenges of Global Change in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Miller Kenton R. , Victor Barber Charles 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter argues that while about 12% of the world's land surface area (about 17 million km2) has been officially “protected”, the challenge of the 21st century is to make these protected areas into something more than areas on a map. The ecosystem services provided by protected areas—timber, fodder, biodiversity protection, and clean water, for example—must be recognized by both national and local communities. Protected areas benefit the poor through watershed protection, small-scale forestry projects that provide employment, and protection from both flood and drought. Although conservation once had a reputation as a concern of the rich and well connected, a new model, poverty reduction through conservation, has emerged.
Observations on Trends and Issues in Global Conservation
Authors: Teer James G. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses seven trends and issues in global conservation: (1) the emergence of ecology as a science, (2) the proliferation and influence of nongovernmental organizations, (3) sustainable use, (4) the transfer of ownership of wildlife to the private sector, (5) game farming and ranching, (6) development of ecotourism and nonconsumptive uses of wildlife, and (7) the strategy of saving what is useful to human society. It argues that although we face many challenges in global conservation, not all the news about its current state of global conservation is bad. Some wildlife populations have recovered to nuisance levels (e.g., white-tailed deer, elk, turkeys). Because of advances in ecology and related disciplines, conservation has become based more on science and less on opinion.
Half Century of American Range Ecology and Management: A Retrospective
Authors: Wagner Frederic H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the development of the livestock industry and grazing management and policy in the United States. It describes the climatic and vegetative conditions in the four major beef-producing regions in the United States: the Southeast, the Great Plains, the Intermountain West, and the California grasslands. It also discusses grazing ecology and grazing systems, addressing the effects on plant community structure (plant succession and the development of holistic management), the effects on plant community production, and the multiple life-form vegetation concept of the Intermountain West.
Policy Failures in African Rangeland Development
Authors: Lusigi Walter J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses seven key policy failures that have contributed to deterioration of rangelands in English-speaking East Africa. These are (1) land tenure policy issues, (2) anti-pastoral colonial policies, (3) wildlife management policies, (4) institutional policy issues, (5) poverty alleviation policies, (6) rangeland-specific fiscal policy issues, and (7) policies on diversification of rangeland economies. It urges the adoption of innovative policies that recognize the complexity of linkages between pastoral people and their environment. National parks and game reserves must be accepted by local rangeland people to be successful. Planning must be based on an appropriate consideration of cultural, political, and socioeconomic factors, in addition to ecological factors. Conservation objectives must be balanced against short- and long-term local human needs, and the conservation program implemented in a manner that is acceptable to the local African population.
The Role of Science and Scientists in Changing Forest Service Management Relative to Sustainability
Authors: Thomas Jack Ward , Burchfield James A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the development of the concept of sustainability as applied to the management of the national forests in the United States. It traces the development and application of sustainability policy regarding the national forests to the concept (incorporated into the Organic Act of 1897) that national forests would be established to provide a continuous supply of timber, thereby implying sustainability. The development of the National Forest Service is also described.
Marine Mammal Conservation
Authors: Twiss John R. , Hofman Robert J. , Reynolds III John E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the US Marine Mammal Commission, the principles of marine mammal management and conservation associated with it, and the status and conservation issues involved with varying groups of marine mammals. It shows that much of the past several decades' history of marine mammal conservation is reflected in the background, content, and implementation of, and changes to, the US Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA). Key provisions of the MMPA are described, including the functions and composition of the Marine Mammal Commission and its Committee of Scientific Advisors, both of which the act established. How the optimum sustainable population determinations evolved, and the development of the ecosystem approach to marine conservation are discussed.
Marine Wildlife Policy: Underlying Ideologies
Authors: Weber Michael L. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the ideologies that underlie and play a major role in determining the policies of government, management, and even science. Ideology is defined as “the body of doctrines, myths, and beliefs that guides an individual, social movement, institution, class, or large group”. Prior to the 1970s, the policies for marine wildlife were dominated by an ideology of abundance. The passage of the MMPA introduced a counterideology, the ideology of scarcity. The factors leading to the passage of the MMPA are discussed.
Overcoming Barriers to Interdisciplinary Approaches to Sustainable Development
Authors: Christoffersen Leif E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the importance of integrating the environmental sciences with the social sciences, as well as the fact that this rarely happens. By definition, sustainable development implies an interdisciplinary approach. However, very little progress has been made in developing the framework for actual interdisciplinary work. The parallels between the lack of integration of social and conservation sciences and between economic and social development are described.
Resource Wars
Authors: Clay Jason 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses how indigenous nations have affected conservation efforts, and how conservation efforts have affected indigenous nations. Nations are distinct from states; they are composed of culturally distinct groups, usually different from the majority culture in the country where they reside. States tend to be recent creations, while nations have existed for hundreds or thousands of years. Unfortunately, the world's states by and large have not supported the nations that reside within their boundaries. This is a loss to the entire world, as by refusing to acknowledge and empower their nations, states have eliminated vast stores of knowledge about the sustainable use of the earth's resources.