bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Ocean Observation Systems on Ocean Analysis and Seasonal Forecasts
Authors: Vidard A. , Anderson D. L. T. , Balmaseda M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The relative merits of the Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean (TAO)/Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network (TAO/TRITON) and Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic mooring networks, the Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) expendable bathythermograph (XBT) network, and the Argo float network are evaluated through their impact on ocean analyses and seasonal forecast skill. An ocean analysis is performed in which all available data are assimilated. In two additional experiments the moorings and the VOS datasets are withheld from the assimilation. To estimate the impact on seasonal forecast skill, the set of ocean analyses is then used to initialize a corresponding set of coupled ocean–atmosphere model forecasts. A further set of experiments is conducted to assess the impact of the more recent Argo array. A key parameter for seasonal forecast initialization is the depth of the thermocline in the tropical Pacific. This depth is quite similar in all of the experiments that involve data assimilation, but withdrawing the TAO data has a bigger effect than withdrawing XBT data, especially in the eastern half of the basin. The forecasts mainly indicate that the TAO/TRITON in situ temperature observations are essential to obtain optimum forecast skill. They are best combined with XBT, however, because this results in better predictions for the west Pacific. Furthermore, the XBTs play an important role in the North Atlantic. The ocean data assimilation performs less well in the tropical Atlantic. This may be partly a result of not having adequate observations of salinity.
Involvement of mast cells in IL-12/23 p40 production is essential for survival from polymicrobial infections
Authors: Nakano Nobuhiro , Nishiyama Chiharu , Kanada Shunsuke , Niwa Yusuke , Shimokawa Naomi , Ushio Hiroko , Nishiyama Makoto , Okumura Ko , Ogawa Hideoki 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInterleukin-12 (IL-12), a heterodimeric cytokine (p35/p40) produced mainly from macrophages and dendritic cells, is an important regulator of T-helper 1 cell responses and for host defense. We found that interferon (IFN) consensus sequence binding protein (ICSBP), which is a transcription factor essential for the expression of p40, was expressed in mouse bone marrow–derived mast cells (BMMCs). The transcription levels of p35 and p40 were increased by stimulation of BMMCs with IFN-γ/lipopolysaccharide (LPS). IL-12 was secreted from BMMCs in response to LPS but not by FcϵRI cross-linking. The p40 levels in the peritoneal cavity of mast cell–deficient W/Wv and W/Wv reconstituted with p40−/− BMMCs were significantly lower than those of WBB6F1+/+ and wild-type (WT) BMMC-reconstituted W/Wv in the acute septic peritonitis model. The survival rate of W/Wv reconstituted with p40−/− BMMCs was significantly decreased compared to those of WBB6F1+/+ and WT-BMMC–reconstituted W/Wv, which was due to reduced production of IFN-γ and subsequent impaired activation of neutrophils in the peritoneal cavity. Survival rate of p40−/− mice was also restored by adoptive transfer of WT-BMMCs. These results demonstrate that mast cells play a significant role in the production of IL-12 required for host defense. This is the first report to demonstrate that mast cells are a crucial source of functional IL-12.
Prognostic impact of immunohistochemically defined germinal center phenotype in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients treated with immunochemotherapy
Authors: Nyman Heidi , Adde Magdalena , Karjalainen-Lindsberg Marja-Liisa , Taskinen Minna , Berglund Mattias , Amini Rose-Marie , Blomqvist Carl , Enblad Gunilla , Leppä Sirpa 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGerminal center (GC) and non-GC phenotypes are predictors of outcome in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and can be used to stratify chemotherapy-treated patients into low- and high-risk groups. To determine how combination of rituximab with chemotherapy influences GC-associated clinical outcome, GC and non-GC phenotypes were identified immunohistochemically from samples of 90 de novo DLBCL patients treated with rituximab in combination with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone)–like regimen (immunochemotherapy). One hundred and four patients previously treated with chemotherapy served as a control group. Consistent with previous studies, chemotherapy-treated patients with immunohistochemically defined GC phenotype displayed a significantly better overall (OS) and failure-free survival (FFS) than the non-GC group (OS, 70% vs 47%, P = .012; FFS, 59% vs 30%, P = .001). In contrast, immunohistochemically defined GC phenotype did not predict outcome in immunochemotherapy-treated patients (OS, 77% vs 76%, P = ns; FFS, 68% vs 63%, P = ns). In comparison, International Prognostic Index (IPI) could separate the high-risk patients from low- and intermediate-risk groups (OS, 84% vs 63%, P = .030; FFS, 79% vs 52%, P = .028). We conclude that rituximab in combination with chemotherapy seems to eliminate the prognostic value of immunohistochemically defined GC- and non-GC phenotypes in DLBCL.
Preanalytical mRNA Stabilization of Whole Bone Marrow Samples
Authors: Langebrake Claudia , Günther Kalle , Lauber Jürgen , Reinhardt Dirk 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Background: Gene expression profiling is a useful tool for cancer diagnosis and basic research. A major limitation is that, even during short-term storage of native specimens of peripheral blood or bone marrow (BM) and/or RNA isolation, significant changes of gene expression pattern can occur because of gene induction, repression, and RNA degradation.
Methods: We investigated the effectiveness of a newly developed RNA stabilization and preparation system for BM specimens (PAXgene™ Bone Marrow RNA System) over time. We analyzed 256 RNA samples, processed from 64 BM specimens.
Results: Although the overall RNA yield (normalized to 1 × 107 leukocytes) was not different, the RNA preparation using unstabilized reference samples had an ∼3 times higher failure rate. With the PAXgene system, we observed significantly higher RNA integrity compared with the reference RNA preparation system (P &lt;0.01). In the stabilized samples, we found very high pairwise correlation in gene expression (ΔΔCT 0.16–0.53) for the analyzed genes (GATA1, RUNX1, NCAM1, and SPI1) after 48-h storage compared with immediate preparation of RNA (2 h after BM collection). However, we found major differences in half of the analyzed genes using the reference RNA isolation procedure (ΔΔCT 1.07 and 1.32).
Conclusions: The PAXgene system is able to stabilize RNA from clinical BM samples and is suitable to isolate high-quality and -quantity RNA.
Organically Doped Metals—A New Approach to Metal Catalysis: Enhanced Ag‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Methanol
Authors: Shter G. E. , Behar‐Levy H. , Gelman V. , Grader G. S. , Avnir D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe report here a new approach for the modification of the performance of metal catalysts: organic doping of the metal. Specifically, we report that the doping of Ag with Congo Red (CR@Ag) significantly improves the performance of Ag as a catalyst for methanol oxidation to formaldehyde, outperforming both pure Ag and CR‐coated Ag (CR/Ag) in terms of lowering the temperature needed for maximal conversion by 100 °C, lowering the temperature by 200 °C to reach the maximal selectivity (aldehyde formation), and increasing the maximal space velocity by a factor of two. We were led to this discovery by a detailed investigation of the thermal behavior (thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis and mass spectroscopy) of CR@Ag under an oxidative atmosphere, which has indicated that the metal is strongly catalyzing the CR oxidation, and which pointed to the relevant temperature for activation of the catalyst.
Cover Picture: Bright White‐Light Emission from Semiconductor Nanocrystals: by Chance and by Design (Adv. Mater. 4/2007)
Authors: Sapra S. , Mayilo S. , Klar T. A. , Rogach A. L. , Feldmann J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOnionlike core/shell/shell (CdSe/ZnS/CdSe) nanocrystals are designed to emit in the yellow–orange regime from the CdSe core and in the blue regime from the CdSe shell. By changing the synthesis parameters, the intensity of emission from the shell can be varied, thereby tuning the shade of the emitted light, as reported Sameer Sapra and co‐workers on p. 569.
Acoustic features contributing to the individuality of wild agile gibbon (Hylobates agilis agilis) songs
Authors: Oyakawa Chisako , Koda Hiroki , Sugiura Hideki 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe examined acoustic individuality in wild agile gibbon Hylobates agilis agilis and determined the acoustic variables that contribute to individual discrimination using multivariate analyses. We recorded 125 female‐specific songs (great calls) from six groups in west Sumatra and measured 58 acoustic variables for each great call. We performed principal component analysis to summarize the 58 variables into six acoustic principal components (PCs). Generally, each PC corresponded to a part of the great call. Significant individual differences were found across six individual gibbons in each of the six PCs. Moreover, strong acoustic individuality was found in the introductory and climax parts of the great call. In contrast, the terminal part contributed little to individual identification. Discriminant analysis showed that these PCs contributed to individual discrimination with high repeatability. Although we cannot conclude that agile gibbon use these acoustic components for individual discrimination, they are potential candidates for individual recognition. Am. J. Primatol. 69:777–790, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characteristics and regulation of the ovarian cycle in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops)
Authors: Molskness Theodore A. , Hess David L. , Maginnis Gwen M. , Wright Jay W. , Fanton John W. , Stouffer Richard L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study was designed to evaluate the timecourse of ovarian and pituitary endocrine events throughout the menstrual cycle in the vervet monkey, and whether circulating luteinizing hormone (LH) or the uterus regulates the functional lifespan of the vervet corpus luteum. Daily saphenous blood samples were collected from adult females (1) during spontaneous menstrual cycles (n= 7), and (2) during cycles in which a gonadotropin‐releasing hormone antagonist (acyline) was administered for 3 days at midluteal phase (n= 3), and (3) for 30 days following recovery from hysterectomy (n= 4). Estradiol (E) and progesterone (P) levels were assayed using electrochemoluminescent assays. Gonadotropin levels were measured by radioimmunoassay using reagents developed for the assay of follicle‐stimulating hormone and LH in macaques. Spontaneous cycles exhibited a midcycleErise (476±49 pg/ml), engendering an LH surge, 12±1 days after onset of menses, followed by a luteal phase with peakPlevels of 4.7±0.9 ng/ml. Histologic evaluation of the ovaries at late follicular phase or early luteal phase revealed the presence of a single, large Graafian follicle or developing corpus luteum, respectively. Acyline treatment caused a significant (P<0.05) decline inPlevels (2.9±0.5 vs 0.5±0.3 ng/ml, 0 vs 48 h post‐treatment) and premature menstruation compared with untreated controls (P<0.05). Hysterectomy had no apparent effect on the monthly pattern or levels of circulatingEorP. Thus, the characteristics and regulation of the ovarian cycle in vervets appear similar to those in women and macaques, with cyclicity dependent on pituitary gonadotropin hormones and independent of a uterine luteolytic factor. Am. J. Primatol. 69:890–900, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioral thermoregulation of wild Japanese macaques: comparisons between two subpopulations
Authors: Hanya Goro , Kiyono Mieko , Hayaishi Shuhei 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe studied the behavioral thermoregulation of Japanese macaques in two troops that live in the coniferous (1,000–1,200 m in elevation) and coastal forests (0–200 m in elevation) of Yakushima. Frequency of sunbathing, huddling, and microhabitat selection during inactivity was compared. The difference in mean annual air temperature between the forests was more than 7°C. In both forests, when the weather was clear, macaques spent more time being inactive in the sunshine in winter than in autumn. In winter, they huddled more often when it was clear than when cloudy. Microhabitat selection to stay in the sunshine during winter differed between the two forests. In winter, macaques spent more time inactive in open habitats in the coniferous forest and in the trees in the coastal forest than in autumn, respectively. This difference is related to the lower crown height in the coastal forest and the large open habitats (logged area) available only in the coniferous forest. In winter, skin temperature measured by temperature‐sensitive transmitters was 1.32–1.71°C higher when sunbathing, and 0.83–4.75°C higher when huddling than staying in the shade without huddling. In winter, the proportion with which they stayed in the sunshine or huddled in winter did not differ between the two forests, in spite of the difference in air temperature. This suggests that Japanese macaques respond to seasonal changes in air temperature, not the absolute temperature, and that they acclimatize themselves to thermal conditions that require behavioral thermoregulation only during the season when thermoregulation is most costly. Am. J. Primatol. 69:802–815, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Socio‐sexual behavior of female northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus)
Authors: Possamai Carla B. , Young Robert J. , Mendes Sergio L. , Strier Karen B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFemale northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) are known to engage in frequent copulations with multiple partners, a pattern that in other primates has been attributed to various functions such as confusing paternity, reducing male aggression, or ensuring fertilization. However, in some female primates, promiscuity is restricted to times when conceptions are unlikely. We investigated whether female northern muriquis might exhibit a similarly mixed strategy by examining their mating, social, and activity patterns during their conception cycles versus other times. Systematic behavioral data were collected during an 18‐month period between August 2001 and February 2003 on 13 adult females in a well‐studied group at the RPPN‐Feliciano Miguel Abdala, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Females mated on an average of 12.5±7.9 days during the study period, and spent significantly less time resting and engaging in non‐sexual social behaviors, and significantly more time in sexual behaviors on days that they copulated than on days they did not. Three of the eight females for which sufficient data were available copulated significantly more often with their spatially closest non‐kin associates, and four of five females that could be analyzed copulated significantly more often with their most frequent non‐kin embrace partners. Comparisons between conception and non‐conception periods revealed no differences in female activity budgets or in either the number of copulations or the number of different mating partners per female. Our results suggest that some females mate preferentially with close associates and social partners, but there is no indication that females alter their behavior during the cycles in which they conceive. Am. J. Primatol. 69:766–776, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hematological changes in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) during eight months' adaptation to captivity
Authors: Kagira J.M. , Ngotho M. , Thuita J.K. , Maina N.W. , Hau J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study investigated fluctuations in hematological values of 50 wild‐caught vervet monkeys (African green monkeys, grivets, Chlorocebus aethiops) during habituation to captivity. The monkeys were categorized into four groups according to age and sex viz adult males, adult females, juvenile males, and juvenile females. The erythrocyte values were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the adult males than in the other animals. There was an increase in most of the erythrocyte parameters studied during the monitoring period with the most significant being hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular volume. However, the red cell distribution widths, which were higher in adult females, declined. The total white blood cell (WBC) counts, which were higher in adult females than in the other animals, were closely correlated with granulocytes counts. The WBC levels decreased in all the animals throughout the 8 months study, indicating gradually decreasing stress, but they were relatively stable in males. The platelet counts declined significantly (P<0.05) and at 8 months post capture the counts were higher in females than in males. The juvenile female platelet counts were relatively stable during the monitoring period. The maintenance of the monkeys on an improved stable diet and in environment‐controlled housing combined with progressing psycho‐physiological adaptation may be important factors for the gradual improvements of the hematological values recorded. There were wide variations in these between individual animals emphasizing the need for long adaptation combined with establishment of individual baseline values before experimental studies. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1053–1063, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Woodward–Doering/Rabe–Kindler Total Synthesis of Quinine: Setting the Record Straight
Authors: Seeman Jeffrey I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn 1918, Paul Rabe and Karl Kindler reported the three‐step conversion of d‐quinotoxine into quinine. In 1944 Robert B. Woodward and William von Eggers Doering reported the total synthesis of homomeroquinene and d‐quinotoxine from 7‐hydroxyisoquinoline. Based on the transformations by Rabe and Kindler, Woodward and Doering asserted the “Total Synthesis of Quinine” (the title of their 1944 and 1945 papers). In 2000 and 2001, Gilbert Stork concluded that the claim by Woodward and Doering is a “myth” because they had synthesized only homomeroquinene and d‐quinotoxine; no synthetic quinine had been made in Cambridge. In fact, Rabe and Kindler never published the experimental details of their conversion of d‐quinotoxine into quinine. This Review presents the results of a detailed examination of the synthesis of cinchona alkaloids, and previously unpublished material combined with unpublished material and numerous interviews give insight into the lives of the personalities in this nearly 100‐year saga.
Cinnoline Derivatives with Biological Activity
Authors: Lewgowd Wieslawa , Stanczak Andrzej 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlthough cinnoline belongs to a family of fairly well known heterocycles, the interest in the study of its derivatives continues. Cinnoline compounds demonstrate interesting bioactivity and many research papers have discussed the biological property, structure‐activity relationship, and applications in medicinal science. Attention has been paid to the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds bearing a cinnoline moiety, mainly because of the interest in their broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. This chronological work summarizes almost all synthetic papers and patents concerning the biological properties of 107 cinnoline derivatives published over the last 50 years with 117 references.
Synthesis, Antiviral, Antituberculostic, and Antibacterial Activities of Some Novel, 4‐(4‐substituted phenyl)‐6‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐2‐(substituted imino)pyrimidines
Authors: Siddiqui Anees A. , Rajesh Ramadoss , Mojahid‐Ul‐Islam  , Alagarsamy Veerachamy , De Clercq Erick 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA variety of novel 4‐(4‐substituted phenyl)‐6‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐2‐substituted imino) pyrimidines were synthesized by reacting 4‐(4‐substituted phenyl)‐6‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐2‐amino pyrimidines with different substituted aromatic aldehydes, coumarin chloroisatin. The 4‐(4‐substituted phenyl)‐6‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐2‐amino pyrimidines were synthesized by reacting 3‐(4′‐substituted phenyl)‐1‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐2‐propen‐1‐ones with guanine hydrochloride. 3‐(4‐Substituted phenyl)‐1‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐2‐propen‐1‐ones were synthesized by reacting 4‐nitroacetophenone with different para‐substituted aromatic aldehydes. Spectral data (IR, NMR, and mass spectra) confirmed the structures of the synthesized compounds. The synthesized compounds were investigated for their antiviral, antituberculostic, and antibacterial activities. The results of antiviral, antituberculostic, and antibacterial activities indicated that the synthesized compounds exhibited mild to potent activities compared to the respective reference standards.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Some Gastrointestinal Sparing Anti‐Inflammatory Aminoethyl Ester Derivatives of Naphthalene‐Based NSAIDs
Authors: Halen Parmeshwari K. , Raval Manisha K. , Chagti Kewal K. , Giridhar Rajani , Yadav Mange R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo overcome the local gastric toxicity associated with use of common non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), some aminoalcohol esters of NSAIDs bearing structural resemblance to the aminoalcohol ester class of anticholinergics were specially designed and synthesized. Besides blocking the acidic carboxyl group to overcome the local gastric irritation, the anticholinergic activity was incorporated with the expected advantage of reducing the gastric toxicity by decreasing gastric acid secretions and motility. Derivatives of naproxen and 6‐methoxy‐2‐napthylacetic acid (6‐MNA) were synthesized. The hydrolysis studies in buffers revealed the majority of the compounds to be sufficiently stable with a high enzymatic susceptibility in 80% human serum. Most of the derivatives exhibited a fairly good anticholinergic action against acetylcholine with a significant reduction in ulcerogenicity while retaining the anti‐inflammatory potency of the parent drug. The combination of anti‐inflammatory and anticholinergic activities, with a simultaneous reduction of the acidic character, may lead to development of therapeutically better compounds than the parent NSAIDs for long‐term oral anti‐inflammatory therapy.