bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STORING UP TROUBLE: DOES ACCUMULATION OF INTRAMYOCELLULAR TRIGLYCERIDE PROTECT SKELETAL MUSCLE FROM INSULIN RESISTANCE?
Authors: Watt Matthew J 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARY

Insulin resistance occurs when normal amounts of insulin are inadequate to produce a normal insulin response from cells. This is important in the context of whole‐body glucose homeostasis because skeletal muscle is the main tissue for insulin‐stimulated glucose disposal.
In obesity, lipid deposition in peripheral tissues, such as skeletal muscle, is linked to the activation of stress kinases and the development of insulin resistance. Accumulation of intramyocellular triglyceride (IMTG) is positively associated with insulin resistance; however, it is unknown whether IMTG causes insulin resistance or protects cells from insulin resistance by preventing the accrual of bioactive lipid metabolites.
The role of IMTG in the development of insulin resistance is not resolved. Stable overexpression of the triglyceride lipase adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) reduced IMTG content in myotubes, but resulted in a concomitant increase in diacylglycerol (DAG) and ceramide and caused insulin resistance. Increasing TG content by muscle‐specific overexpression of diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) 1 protected mice from insulin resistance. Conversely, overexpression of DGAT2 in glycolytic muscle resulted in accumulation of TG and ceramide and insulin resistance in these tissues. This was sufficient to induce whole‐body insulin and glucose insensitivity.
It is unlikely that IMTG causes cause insulin resistance directly. Instead, it appears as though TG accumulates in skeletal muscle to sequester fatty acids and to protect from the deleterious actions of lipids, such as ceramide and DAG. Whether lipase inhibitors are viable therapeutics to prevent obesity induced insulin resistance is unknown, but future studies examining tissue‐specific ATGL/hormone‐sensitive lipase knockouts will hopefully resolve this question.
Five‐Year Evaluation of Lifecore Restore® Implants: A Retrospective Comparison with Nobel Biocare MK II® Implants
Authors: Kallus Thomas , Bessing Christer , Homsi George , Eklund Inger 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTPurpose: The purpose of this study was to compare survival rates and marginal bone resorption of the Lifecore (LC) Restore® Implant System with the benchmark Nobel Biocare (NB) MK II® Implant System.Materials and Methods: All implants were inserted by the same surgeon and all radiological analyses were performed by the same radiologist. Two hundred ninety LC implants were analyzed radiologically after 1 year and compared with the same number of NB implants serving as a historical reference group. After 5 years, 200 LC implants could be compared with 224 NB implants. Each implant was monitored for exposed threads, as compared with the baseline registrations.Results: No significant differences were found between the two implant systems regarding survival rates (LC 100% and NB 99.2%). Considering the findings of this study, the two implant systems compared might be regarded as clones. Nevertheless, because of dissimilar onset of threads, about 1 mm more implant‐retaining bone anchorage is gained with the Lifecore Restore Implants as compared with NB MK II Implants.Conclusions: Based on the assumption that >3 exposed NB threads correspond to >4 exposed LC threads, significantly more bone loss (p < .01) could be demonstrated for the NB implants after 5 years. Thus, it may be justified to consider the differences in implant design to have a decisive clinical relevance.
Very late antigen-4 function of myeloblasts correlates with improved overall survival for patients with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Becker Pamela S. , Kopecky Kenneth J. , Wilks Adrianne N. , Chien Sylvia , Harlan John M. , Willman Cheryl L. , Petersdorf Stephen H. , Stirewalt Derek L. , Papayannopoulou Thalia , Appelbaum Frederick R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAdhesion of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts in the bone marrow microenvironment confers protection from chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. One mechanism for retention of blasts within the bone marrow is adhesion via very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), the α4β1 integrin heterodimer that binds to its main ligands, fibronectin, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). To examine the relationship of functional expression of VLA-4 to prognosis in AML, we studied marrow samples from 175 adult AML patients who underwent induction chemotherapy with anthracycline and cytarabine on Southwest Oncology Group trials. The studies included flow cytometry and functional in vitro assays for ligand binding and maximal β1 activation. VLA-4 expression varied widely, with mean expression 60.6% for α4, and was not significantly associated with response to chemotherapy, relapse-free, or overall survival (OS). However, increased binding of soluble VCAM-1 via VLA-4 was significantly associated with longer OS, corrected for age (P = .033). Estimated 5-year OS was 31% (95% confidence interval, 14%-48%) in 30 patients with soluble VCAM-1 binding greater than or equal to 40%, compared with 10% (confidence interval, 3%-17%) in 72 patients with lower binding. Adhesion and migratory properties of AML blasts thus appear to influence chemosensitivity and therefore may be therapeutic targets.
Geographic variation and effect of area-level poverty rate on colorectal cancer screening
Authors: Lian Min , Schootman Mario , Yun Shumei 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackgroundWith a secular trend of increasing colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, concerns about disparities in CRC screening also have been rising. It is unclear if CRC screening varies geographically, if area-level poverty rate affects CRC screening, and if individual-level characteristics mediate the area-level effects on CRC screening.MethodsUsing 2006 Missouri Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data, a multilevel study was conducted to examine geographic variation and the effect of area-level poverty rate on CRC screening use among persons age 50 or older. Individuals were nested within ZIP codes (ZIP5 areas), which in turn, were nested within aggregations of ZIP codes (ZIP3 areas). Six groups of individual-level covariates were considered as potential mediators.ResultsAn estimated 51.8% of Missourians aged 50 or older adhered to CRC screening recommendations. Nearly 15% of the total variation in CRC screening lay between ZIP5 areas. Persons residing in ZIP5 areas with ≥ 10% of poverty rate had lower odds of CRC screening use than those residing in ZIP5 areas with <10% poverty rate (unadjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.69; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.58–0.81; adjusted OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67–0.98). Persons who resided in ZIP3 areas with ≥ 20% poverty rate also had lower odds of following CRC screening guidelines than those residing in ZIP3 areas with <20% poverty rate (unadjusted OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.52–0.83; adjusted OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.50–0.83). Obesity, history of depression/anxiety and access to care were associated with CRC screening, but did not mediate the effect of area-level poverty on CRC screening.ConclusionLarge geographic variation of CRC screening exists in Missouri. Area-level poverty rate, independent of individual-level characteristics, is a significant predictor of CRC screening, but it only explains a small portion of the geographic heterogeneity of CRC screening. Individual-level factors we examined do not mediate the effect of the area-level poverty rate on CRC screening. Future studies should identify other area- and individual-level characteristics associated with CRC screening in Missouri.
A Dual Role for Oncostatin M Signaling in the Differentiation and Death of Mammary Epithelial Cells in Vivo
Authors: Tiffen Paul G. , Omidvar Nader , Marquez-Almuina Nuria , Croston Dawn , Watson Christine J. , Clarkson Richard W. E. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractRecent studies in breast cancer cell lines have shown that oncostatin M (OSM) not only inhibits proliferation but also promotes cell detachment and enhances cell motility. In this study, we have looked at the role of OSM signaling in nontransformed mouse mammary epithelial cells in vitro using the KIM-2 mammary epithelial cell line and in vivo using OSM receptor (OSMR)-deficient mice. OSM and its receptor were up-regulated approximately 2 d after the onset of postlactational mammary regression, in response to leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3). This resulted in sustained STAT3 activity, increased epithelial apoptosis, and enhanced clearance of epithelial structures during the remodeling phase of mammary involution. Concurrently, OSM signaling precipitated the dephosphorylation of STAT5 and repressed expression of the milk protein genes β-casein and whey acidic protein (WAP). Similarly, during pregnancy, OSM signaling suppressed β-casein and WAP gene expression. In vitro, OSM but not LIF persistently down-regulated phosphorylated (p)-STAT5, even in the continued presence of prolactin. OSM also promoted the expression of metalloproteinases MMP3, MMP12, and MMP14, which, in vitro, were responsible for OSM-specific apoptosis. Thus, the sequential activation of IL-6-related cytokines during mammary involution culminates in an OSM-dependent repression of epithelial-specific gene expression and the potentiation of epithelial cell extinction mediated, at least in part, by the reciprocal regulation of p-STAT5 and p-STAT3.
Kinematics of slow turn maneuvering in the fruit batCynopterus brachyotis
Authors: Iriarte-Díaz José , Swartz Sharon M. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYManeuvering abilities have long been considered key factors that influence habitat selection and foraging strategies in bats. To date, however, very little experimental work has been carried out to understand the mechanisms that bats use to perform maneuvers. In the present study, we examined the kinematics of slow-speed turning flight in the lesser short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus brachyotis, to understand the basic mechanics employed to perform maneuvers and to compare them with previous findings in bats and other flying organisms. Four individuals were trained to fly in L-shaped flight enclosure that required them to make a 90 deg. turn midway through each flight. Flights were recorded with three low-light, high-speed videocameras,allowing the three-dimensional reconstruction of the body and wing kinematics. For any flying organisms, turning requires changes of the direction of travel and the reorientation of the body around the center of mass to maintain the alignment with the flight direction. In C. brachyotis, changes in body orientation (i.e. heading) took place during upstroke and preceded the changes in flight direction, which were restricted to the downstroke portion of the wingbeat cycle. Mean change in flight direction was significantly correlated to the mean heading angular velocity at the beginning of the downstroke and to the mean bank angle during downstroke, although only heading velocity was significant when both variables were considered. Body reorientation prior to changes in direction might be a mechanism to maintain the head and body aligned with the direction of travel and, thus, maximizing spatial accuracy in three-dimensionally complex environments.
Design of Laterally Loaded Driven Piles Using the Flat Dilatometer
Authors: Robertson PK , Davies MP , Campanella RG 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The nonlinear subgrade reaction method (P-y curves) is widely used for the design of laterally loaded piles. This method replaces the soil reaction with a series of independent nonlinear Winkler springs.
A preliminary semi-empirical approach for the determination of P-y curves using data obtained from a flat dilatometer test (DMT) is presented and evaluated. A brief description of the equipment, testing procedures, and the theory that enables the family of P-y curves to be determined are presented. The P-y curves are used as input for an existing finite-difference program, which calculates pile deflection versus depth at various lateral loads.
An evaluation of the proposed method is presented using data from three full-scale laterally loaded test piles. A comparison and discussion are provided between the predicted and measured behavior of the piles during lateral loading.
Effect of Rigid Boundaries on Measurement of Particle Concentration
Authors: Hardin B 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Soil specimens are often formed by placement in a mold with rigid boundaries, followed by striking off a plane surface with a rigid straightedge. These rigid boundaries and plane surfaces interrupt the packing of particles causing the measured void ratio to be greater than the value away from the boundary. A theory for boundary effects has been derived considering regular packings of uniform sized particles. For a cubical container, the difference between measured and true void ratios is proportional to the ratio of particle size to cube side length. Definition of an equivalent side length permits application of the theory to volumes with boundaries of arbitrary shape. Tests indicate that the theory works for angular particles and for graded materials providing particle size is represented by the size for which 10% of the particles (by mass) are finer. For container sizes normally used in practice, boundary effects are negligible for silt and clay soils and for cohesionless soils containing more than 10% finer than 0.074 mm.
A Procedure for Determining Volumetric Shrinkage of an Unsaturated Soil
Authors: Sibley JW , Williams DJ 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Measurement of unsaturated soil volumes can be used to monitor drying shrinkage and allows calculation of the volumetric air content/moisture content relationship. From this relationship, the onset of significant desaturation can be established as a bound to the validity of conventional soil testing under saturated conditions and of conventional analysis procedures for the particular soil.
Measurement of soil volumes over the full range of drying shrinkage is difficult because the soil is liquid at high-moisture contents, but changes to a deformed, cracked, unsaturated solid when dry. The method of volume measurement should be accurate and consistent, since it is used to calculate small changes in the small volumes of air present in the soil. Ideally, it should not stress the specimen or interfere with drying. Further, the method should be capable of distinguishing any volumes of air in exterior cracks or depressions in the soil surface. Finally, the method should be easily repeatable to enable progressive measurements of soil volume during the drying process. A simple, fast method of soil specimen volume measurement is described, based on measurement of displaced volumes of toluene in a pycnometer-like flask. It is compared with a method of calculating volumes from one-dimensional measurements of specimen length and moisture content during drying.
Repair of an Earthquake Damaged Building Façade in Coordination with FEMA: A Case Study Including Stabilization, Evaluation, Historically Sensitive Restoration, and Hazard Mitigation
Authors: Hendryx C. , Vlotho S. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The Nisqually Earthquake struck Washington State in February 2001, damaging the facade of the historic Bush Hotel, located in Seattle’s International District. During the seismic event, sections of exterior cement plaster parge cladding and clay block infill fell from the structure onto the sidewalk below. This paper outlines the failures of the 1920s era concrete frame and hollow-core clay block infill exterior wall assembly, the multi-faceted approach designed to implement a historically sensitive repair in coordination with FEMA regulations, and addresses mitigation of potential future hazards. Prompt evaluation of the life safety threat was conducted, and sprayed-in-place polyurethane foam was used as a unique method to stabilize and temporarily weatherize portions of exterior walls. Various techniques were used to evaluate exterior walls and quantify the extent of damage including hammer sounding, invasive testing, mapping, and CAD-assisted measurements in a rigorous process to meet FEMA funding requirements. Damage to the exterior walls included delaminated and cracked stucco cladding, crushed hollow-core clay block infill panels, and cracked and spalled concrete. A multitude of factors were addressed in the Construction Documents including: restoring exterior walls to pre-earthquake conditions; maintaining the historical fabric of the building’s appearance; coordination with FEMA and historic review agencies; repair to hollow-core clay block without in-kind material readily available; restoration of an exterior mural; performing work in a busy downtown setting with the building fully occupied; and addressing removal of lead-containing coatings. Importantly, a plan for mitigation of potential hazards was designed and implemented utilizing anchors to secure clay block infill panels to the structure, in order for wall sections to better resist possible future earthquakes. Methodology and examples for the synthesis of well-coordinated Contract Documents for such a complicated project are addressed. Evaluation of successes and challenges in coordination with FEMA, design, and repair methods are also provided.
The Use of the Foam Index Test to Predict Air-Entraining Admixture Dosage in Concrete Containing Fly Ash: Part III—Development of a Standard Test Method: Proportions of Materials
Authors: Harris Nathan J. , Hover Kenneth C. , Folliard Kevin J. , Ley M. Tyler 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The foam index test can be useful for predicting air-entraining admixture (AEA) dosage in concrete or for evaluating AEA interaction with other mixture ingredients. The test is sensitive to several factors including total water content, water-cementitious materials ratio, ash-cementitious materials ratio, and others. This study isolates several key factors and examines their influence on foam index test results. Recommendations for a standard test are proposed.
Influence of Residual Stresses on Fretting Fatigue Life Prediction in Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Golden Patrick J. , Buchanan Dennis , Naboulsi Sam 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate life prediction methodologies involving fretting fatigue of turbine engine materials with advanced surface treatments. Fretting fatigue tests were performed on Ti-6Al-4V dovetail specimens with and without advanced surface treatments. These tests were representative of the conditions found in a turbine engine blade to disk attachment. Laser shock processing and low plasticity burnishing have been shown to produce deep compressive residual stresses with relatively little cold work. Testing showed these advanced surface treatments improved fretting fatigue strength by approximately 50 %. In addition to advanced surface treatments, several specimens were also coated with diamond-like carbon applied through a nonline-of-sight process capable of coating small dovetail slots in an engine disk. Testing with this coating alone and combined with advanced surface treatments also significantly improved fretting fatigue strength due to a decreased coefficient of friction along with the compressive residual stresses. This work presents a mechanics based lifing analysis of these tests that takes into account the local plasticity and the redistribution of residual stresses due to the contact loading. The use of superposition of the residual stresses into the contact stress analysis results in unconservative crack growth life predictions. Finite element analyses were conducted to predict the redistribution of residual stresses due to the contact loading. The redistributed residual stresses were used to make improved crack growth life predictions when possible. The results showed very little redistribution of residual stresses for the advanced surface treatments, however, a significant change in shot peened residual stress gradients was predicted.
The View from below : Political Consciousness of the Urban Poor in Ibadan.
Authors: Gutkind Peter C. 
Published: October 2008

P. C. W. Gutkind — La vue d'en bas : la prise de conscience politique chez les citadins pauvres d'Ibadan. Une analyse d'attitudes parmi les couches les plus pauvres de la population urbaine d'Ibadan fait apparaître la prise de conscience d'appartenir à un groupe distinct, et antagoniste, par rapport à l'élite politico-économique et à la petite bourgeoisie nationale. Cette conscience de classe naissante s'accompagne d'une prise de conscience politique, aboutissant actuellement à des positions plutôt réformistes que révotionnaires, qui s'expliquent par des raisons diverses, entre autres le manque de solidarité entre la couche la plus pauvre (talaka) et la couche immédiatement supérieure (mekunnu) de ce prolétariat. Discussion, dans une approche marxiste, de cette formation de classe et des perspectives qu'elle offre.
See infra critical comments of J. Copans and M. Vernière, PP- 37-55.
Migration et société néo-traditionnelle : le cas des Bambara du Jitumu (Mali).
Authors: Amselle Jean-Loup 
Published: October 2008

J.-L. Amselle — Migration and Neo-Traditional Society : The Bambara of Jitumu (Mali).
Labour migration in today's Africa is a phenomenon totally different from pre-colonial movements of population. Neither can it be completely assimilated to apparently similar phenomena in non-African industrial countries. On the one hand, the migrants' motivations are still closely linked with traditional cultural traits such as the junior/elder relationship. On the other hand, while West Africa actually belongs to the sphere of capitalistic domination, the capitalist mode of production does not really apply in its rural areas. The monetarization of local institutions results in a kind of 'money hunger' which must be taken into account when considering how to withdraw such countries from imperialiste domination.
Ségrégation in British West Africa.
Authors: Gale Thomas S. 
Published: October 2008

T.S. Gale — La ségrégation en Afrique occidentale britannique.
Le paysage urbain des colonies britanniques d'Afrique occidentale était assez généralement caractérisé par la séparation physique entre quartier indigène et poste administratif. Cette ségrégation de l'habitat est relativement tardive (début du XXe siècle) et « justifiée », en dépit de l'opposition de la plupart des gouverneurs, en vertu d'arguments sanitaires avancés par les services médicaux qui prétendaient ainsi protéger la santé du personnel européen. Cette politique de ségrégation, dont l'utilité sur le plan de la santé publique est douteuse, a eu des résultats négatifs sur le plan politique, en suscitant très tôt l'hostilité des Africains à qui on voulait l'appliquer.
Are the Okiek really Masai ? or Kipsigis ? Or Kikuyu ?
Authors: Kratz Corinne A. 
Published: October 2008

C. A. Kratz—Les Okiek sont-ils réellement Masai ? ou Kipsigis ? ou Kikuyu ?
Étude des procédés d'auto-identification d'un groupe de chasseurs-collecteurs, les Okiek (plus connus sous le sobriquet péjoratif de Dorobo), aujourd'hui éparpillés parmi les Masai, Kipsigis et Kikuyu dont ils ont adopté certains traits culturels et même, dans une large mesure, les langues. En dépit de la diversité découlant de ces emprunts, et de la date reculée de leur dispersion initiale (c. 1000 A.D.), les Okiek préservent un sentiment d'appartenance commune résultant à la fois de la conservation de thèmes propres (notamment sur le plan rituel) et d'une sorte de volonté collective de contraste avec leurs voisins.