bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ACTION OF INSULIN ON THE COMPOSITION OF CELLS AND MEDIUM DURING CULTURE OF CHICK HEART EXPLANTS
Authors: LESLIE I. , PAUL J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Cultures of heart tissue from 13-day chick embryos have been grown for periods of 6 days in a medium of embryo extract and serum and in the presence of varying concentrations of insulin.
2. Doses of 1–3 i.u. insulin/ml. medium greatly stimulate the formation of phospholipids (LP), ribonucleic acid (RNA), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein nitrogen (PN). This growth-promoting action of insulin is accompanied by a rise in the RNA : DNA ratio, and in the ratio of RNA to PN in the cells.
3. At doses of 1 × 10−2 i.u./ml. medium insulin increases the formation of LP, RNA and DNA, but there is no growth-promoting action with 1 × 10−4 i.u./ml. Insulins of British and Danish origin act similarly, and the presence of the hyperglycaemic factor associated with insulin (in a specially prepared extract) appears to have no action on the growing explants.
4. With higher concentrations of insulin, enhanced synthesis is accompanied by increased glucose utilization and by a pronounced fall in pyruvate content of the medium. The α-ketoglutaric acid level in the medium is unaffected by these changes.
5. It is concluded that insulin has a direct growth-promoting action on these embryonic cells, and that it stimulates increased energy production and general synthesis through its control over pyruvate metabolism.
THE RELEASE OF POSTERIOR PITUITARY ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE BY ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE
Authors: DEXTER D. , STONER H. B. , GREEN H. N. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The antidiuretic effect of small doses of adenosine triphosphate has been confirmed in both the rat and the rabbit after intravenous, intraperitoneal and intramuscular injection. This action of adenosine triphosphate, which closely resembles that of 'pitressin', was shared, to a lesser degree, by related compounds possessing either a —6NH2 or a —P2O7 group.
The effect could not be explained in terms of pre-renal deviation of water, either by failure of absorption, or by the formation of an exudate at the site of injection. Nor could it be explained by an alteration in renal haemodynamics, since the blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate were unaffected by the intraperitoneal doses used. Noxious afferent stimuli were also excluded as causative factors.
The antidiuretic action of adenosine triphosphate was inhibited by removal of the neurohypophysis and was accompanied by a fall in the antidiuretic hormone content of the posterior lobe of the pituitary.
The plasma and urine of the adenosine triphosphate-treated rats contained an antidiuretic substance which behaved like 'pitressin'.
In the rabbit, doses of adenosine triphosphate below the threshold for intravenous injection, caused marked changes in the rate of water excretion on intracarotid injection. The direction of the response depended on the state of hydration in the same way as the response to 'pitressin'.
The antidiuretic effect of small doses of adenosine triphosphate is thought to be due to the liberation of antidiuretic hormone from the posterior lobe of the pituitary. After large doses of adenosine triphosphate the cardiovascular and the other changes accompanying the state of shock will contribute to the effect.
THE SECRETION OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE IN RESPONSE TO HAEMORRHAGE AND THE FATE OF VASOPRESSIN IN ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: GINSBURG M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The antidiuretic potency of arterial blood from adrenalectomized rats was greater than that from intact rats, but only if 2 or more ml. of blood were taken from each rat. It is concluded that the amounts of posterior pituitary antidiuretic hormone released during haemorrhage are greater in adrenalectomized than in intact rats.
2. The effect of haemorrhage on the antidiuretic potency of blood in adrenalectomized rats treated with sodium chloride or cortisone was not different from that in intact rats.
3. The disappearance of intravenously injected vasopressin (100 mU/100 g body weight) was retarded after adrenalectomy. Up to 48 hr after adrenalectomy this was due to a reduced capacity of the kidneys to remove vasopressin from the circulation.
4. Treatment with cortisone increased the rate of disappearance of vasopressin in adrenalectomized rats, but the rate was not restored to that observed in intact animals.
5. Treatment with sodium chloride did not affect the rate at which vasopressin was removed from the circulation of adrenalectomized rats.
6. The excretion of an antidiuretic agent in the urine which followed intravenous injection of vasopressin (100 mU/100 g) 48 hr after adrenalectomy was equivalent to 2·1% of the dose. This compared with an excretion of 6·7% of the dose in intact animals.
THE DETERMINATION OF OESTROGENS IN BODY FLUIDS
Authors: BRAUNSBERG HANNELORE , STERN MARGARET I. , SWYER G. I. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A micro-method is described for the chromatographic separation of oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol from a phenolic extract of body fluids. The stationary phase is 3·1n aqueous sodium hydroxide held by Celite 535 as the supporting medium. Oestrone and oestradiol are eluted with benzene:petroleum ether, b.p. 60–80° C, 4:1 (v/v), and oestriol with a 17:3-chloroform:butanol mixture.
A diagram of the apparatus used is shown. The elution pattern, and data showing how it changes with temperature, are included.
CHANGES IN THE BONE AND CARTILAGE OF THE SYMPHYSIS PUBIS OF THE MOUSE DURING PREGNANCY AND AFTER PARTURITION, AS REVEALED BY METACHROMATIC STAINING AND THE PERIODIC ACID-SCHIFF TECHNIQUE
Authors: HALL KATHLEEN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A re-investigation has been made of the histological changes in the tissues of the symphysis pubis of the mouse during the first pregnancy and after parturition, using the techniques of metachromatic staining with toluidine blue, the McManus-Hotchkiss periodic acid-Schiff (p.a.s.) reaction, and basophilic staining with haematoxylin.
During the last week of pregnancy two maj or changes take place: (1) resorption of the anteromedial bony walls of the innominates leading to shortening of the symphysis, and (2) transformation of the symphysial cartilage, manifested by loss of metachromasia and basophilia and ability to react with p.a.s., leading to ultimate disappearance of stainable chondroid matrix and its replacement first by argyrophil and then by collagenous connective tissue. Further resorption of bone from the symphysial walls of the innominates and, probably, retention of fluid in the newly formed connective tissue helps to widen the interpubic gap.
After parturition, the collagenous connective tissue which had replaced the cartilage and resorbed bone reverts to a mesenchyme-like tissue, the cells of which differentiate into osteoblasts or chondroblasts or haemopoietic cells. Cartilage differentiates by deposition of metachromatic chondroid matrix around chondroblasts, the matrix becoming more and more metachromatic, p.a.s.-positive and basophilic. Bone differentiates, first in connective tissue, later by endochondral ossification. Marrow begins to differentiate even before the bone which will confine it is laid down.
The effect of hyaluronidase on metachromasia, basophilia and reaction to p.a.s. of the symphysial tissues is described, and its significance discussed in relation to the pregnancy and post-partum changes.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENAL STEROIDS ON THE GROWTH OF THE MAMMARY GLANDS, UTERI, THYMUS AND ADRENAL GLANDS OF INTACT, OVARIECTOMIZED AND OESTRONE-TREATED OVARIECTOMIZED MICE
Authors: FLUX D. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Cortisone (Kendall's compound E) acetate inhibited the growth of the mammary glands (mammae) of intact and oestrone-treated ovariectomized CHI mice, both the growth in area and increase in the number of duct junctions of the mammae being affected. Kendall's compound A acetate, Kendall's compound F and Reichstein's compound S acetate had effects on the mammae which were similar qualitatively to those of cortisone acetate, but differed quantitatively. DCA, on the other hand, acted synergistically with oestrone to increase the total area of the mammae and the number of side branches of the duct systems, but did not cause the growth of alveoli. When used alone, neither cortisone acetate nor compound S acetate affected the mammae of ovariectomized mice, while DCA caused duct growth in about half of the mice to which it was given.
DCA and Reichstein's compound S acetate, both alone and in combination with oestrone, increased the weights of the uteri of ovariectomized mice. Compound S acetate increased the weight of the uteri of mice given 0·02 μg oestrone daily, but not of those given 0·01 μg daily.
Cortisone acetate at a dose of 100 μg daily, but not of 50 μg inhibited body growth and reduced the size of the adrenal glands. At both dose levels it caused a decrease in the weight of the thymus glands. Kendall's compounds A (acetate), F and B and Reichstein's compound S acetate, at the doses used, did not affect body weight, but did reduce the weight of the thymus gland, and all, except compound B (which was used only at a low dose), reduced adrenal gland weight.
ACTH did not affect the mammae of ovariectomized mice when given alone, but inhibited oestrone-induced growth of the mammae in ovariectomized mice. It caused an increase in the weight of the adrenal gland and decreased the weight of the thymus, but did not affect that of the uterus either in ovariectomized or oestrone-treated ovariectomized mice.
The value of the number of duct junctions per unit area as an index of mammary gland architecture is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE INGESTION ON THE ADRENALINE AND NORADRENALINE LEVELS IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: WEIL-MALHERBE H. , BONE A. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The ingestion of 50 g glucose by fasting subjects led to an increase of the concentration of adrenaline in venous plasma amounting to a mean value of 55% after 10 min. The effect was almost as marked 5 min after the glucose meal when the mean blood sugar level had only gone up by 3%. During the period 10–60 min after the glucose meal the concentration of adrenaline in the plasma gradually returned to its initial value.
2. The concentration of noradrenaline in the plasma was not significantly changed after a glucose meal.
3. The ingestion of 50 g fructose by fasting subjects was without effect on the concentration of adrenaline or noradrenaline in the plasma.
4. A glucose meal given 15 min before an intravenous injection of insulin slightly modified the effect of insulin on the concentration of adrenaline by delaying its initial fall and also its subsequent recovery.
It is suggested that the rise in the level of adrenaline after a glucose meal is caused by a decrease in the hepatic utilization of the hormone.
AN APPLICATION OF PATTERSON'S TEST FOR DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE TO THE M.R.C. [1951] ESTIMATION OF URINARY 17-KETOSTEROIDS
Authors: TÁRNOKY A. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. A standardized form of Patterson's test is applicable to the 17-ketosteroid extract obtained by the M.R.C. [1951] method.
2. Various expressions for recording the results are compared with a view to excluding the effect of chromogens which would otherwise interfere with this test.
3. The method adopted in this laboratory involves reading the extinction of a test solution with two different colour filters.
4. Limiting values are proposed for using this expression in the interpretation of the test in suspected cases of adrenocortical neoplasm. These values are derived from a consideration of tests using normal and abnormal urines, and solutions containing androsterone and dehydroepiandrosterone.
5. The visible and near-ultra-violet absorption spectra of the coloured final solutions are recorded.
THE SECRETION OF ALDOSTERONE AND CORTICOSTERONE BY THE RAT ADRENAL
Authors: SINGER BERTHA , STACK-DUNNE M. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. A potent mineralocorticoid has been detected in a paper-chromatographic fraction of extracts of blood from the rat's adrenal vein. The active fraction contains a substance with the same RF and soda-fluorescence reaction as aldosterone, and is present in a concentration corresponding to the observed biological activity.
2. Intact rats subject to surgical stress secrete aldosterone (aldosterone-like material) equivalent to about 45 μg DCA, and 150 μg corticosterone/adrenal/kg/hr, with a ratio of 0·30/1. Treatment with DCA for 7 days or feeding a potassium-deficient diet for 4 weeks reduces aldosterone by more than 90% without altering corticosterone; the ratio is reduced to about 0·014/1 after induction of the potassium deficiency, and to 0·044/1 after DCA treatment.
3. Hypophysectomized rats secrete about 7·8 μg DCA equivalent of aldosterone and 2 μg corticosterone, giving a ratio of 3·65/1. In rats 2 days after hypophysectomy, or in rats 7 or 14 days after hypophysectomy and injected daily with corticotrophin, acute stimulation with corticotrophin leads to a greater proportional increase in the secretion of corticosterone than that of aldosterone and results in levels of both comparable with those in intact rats. In the rats 7 days after operation but not maintained on corticotrophin, acute corticotrophin stimulation (see text, p. 134) raises aldosterone to the levels in intact rats, but corticosterone is increased only in about the same proportion as aldosterone and the ratio remains similar to that in untreated hypophysectomized rats.
4. It is concluded that the rates of secretion of aldosterone and corticosterone by the rat adrenal vary independently, the ratio depending on the state of the animal.
5. In a single experiment, treatment of hypophysectomized rats with DCA and corticotrophin for 7 days resulted in inhibition of aldosterone secretion analogous to the effect observed in intact rats. This experiment suggests that the action of DCA can occur in the absence of the pituitary. It is possible also that the effect of potassium deficiency on adrenal secretion can occur in the absence of the pituitary.
THE EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE AND CORTICOTROPHIN UPON THE ADRENAL WEIGHT AND ADRENOCORTICAL MITOTIC ACTIVITY IN THE HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RAT
Authors: CATER D. B. , STACK-DUNNE M. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Treatment of rats 17–24 days after hypophysectomy with pituitary growth hormone for 3 days causes a definite, although limited, increase in adrenal weight. When growth hormone and corticotrophin are given simultaneously, the increase in adrenal weight is greater than the sum of the effects with the hormones separately. The larger the dose of corticotrophin the greater the synergic effect.
2. The action of growth hormone on the adrenal is characterized by a striking stimulation of cell division with relatively little effect on adrenal weight. Corticotrophin also stimulates adrenocortical mitotic activity, but to obtain mitotic activity equivalent to that with growth hormone, doses must be given sufficient to cause a great increase in adrenal weight. This is true whether corticotrophin is injected in saline or in a beeswax/arachis oil mixture.
3. The characteristic activity of each preparation in stimulating the adrenal can be expressed in terms of a quotient, Qmw, the ratio of mitosis-stimulating activity to increase of adrenal weight in a single test. This index is effectively independent of the absolute responses. For growth hormone, Qmw is high; for biologically pure corticotrophin, it is low. Artificial mixtures of the two hormones give intermediate values of the quotient; crude corticotrophin preparations give values higher than those for purified preparations.
RESPONSES OF HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS TO STRESS
Authors: BADRICK F. E. , BRIMBLECOMBE R. W. , REISS M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Rats stressed by swimming in cold water (15° C) show a considerably decreased uptake of 32P by the thyroid gland, which is comparable with the decrease in the uptake of 131I. The 32P uptake of the adrenals is increased.
These changes are independent of the anterior lobe of the pituitary, since they also occur after hypophysectomy. It is assumed that they are caused by the increased production of vaso-constrictor substances, since treatment with adrenaline produced identical changes in the function of thyroid and adrenals in both intact and hypophysectomized rats.
The significance of these changes in formulating a concept of the physiological reaction of the organism to conditions of stress is discussed.
MAINTENANCE OF CORPORA LUTEA IN SHEEP WITH LACTOGENIC HORMONE
Authors: MOORE W. W. , NALBANDOV A. V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Prolactin given to sheep has a luteotrophic effect. In anoestrous ewes, in which ovulations were caused by pregnant mares' serum (PMS) injections, the majority of corpora lutea were maintained in a functional state for 20 and 30 days with daily prolactin treatment. In the absence of prolactin, corpora lutea degenerated rapidly and completely.
Prolactin injected into ewes with freshly ovulated follicles, beginning with the 2nd day of the cycle, caused cycles to be prolonged to about 26 days in five out of ten ewes. Ovulation was suppressed during this time. In the remaining five ewes prolactin had no effect, and neither heat nor ovulation was postponed.
In anoestrous ewes prolactin caused the larger follicles present in the ovaries to be heavily luteinized. By contrast, follicles of ewes treated with prolactin during the breeding season were not luteinized. The reason for this difference in response is not known.
THE ASSAY OF GONADOTROPHIN FROM URINE OF NON-PREGNANT HUMAN SUBJECTS
Authors: BROWN P. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Two convenient bioassays of urinary gonadotrophins, using immature mice, are described.
The first is based upon the initial doubling of uterine weight.
The second, using the ovarian weight response, attempts to increase specificity to follicle stimulating hormone by priming with human chorionic gonadotrophin.
The usefulness of both methods is discussed, and the influence of non-specific impurities during the assay of urinary extracts is stressed.
THE INFLUENCE OF METHYLANDROSTENEDIOL ON THE PROTEIN FRACTIONS AND ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY OF MUSCLES OF THE RAT
Authors: KORNER A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Injection of methylandrostenediol (MAD) into normal rats caused no significant change in the protein content of the myofibrillar,sarcoplasmic or collagen fractions of the acromiotrapezius, diaphragm, heart, masseter or quadriceps muscles.
2. No change was found in the granular adenosinetriphosphatase (ATP-ase) activity of the muscles but the myofibrillar ATP-ase activity of the acromiotrapezius and quadriceps muscles was, however, significantly reduced by MAD treatment.
3. It is concluded that when the acromiotrapezius and quadriceps muscles grow under MAD stimulation the myosin fraction of the muscle laid down does not consist only of normal myosin.
THE EFFECTS OF PROLACTIN ADMINISTRATION ON THE INTERNAL RHYTHM OF REPRODUCTION IN MALE BIRDS
Authors: LOFTS B. , MARSHALL A. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A single intramuscular injection of 1 mg (20–25 i.u.) prolactin leads to a metamorphosis of the seminiferous tubules of the avian testis involving inhibition of spermatogenesis, massive steatogenesis in the region occupied by the germinal elements and appearance of profuse cholesterol in the newly formed lipid material. These events appear to be identical with the postnuptial testis metamorphosis that occurs in all birds so far studied, as well as with the condition observed after hypophysectomy. The possible significance of prolactin in the avian sexual cycle (apart from crop-gland development in Columbiformes) is discussed.
PARTICIPATION OF SEMINAL PLASMA DURING THE PASSAGE OF SPERMATOZOA IN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT OF THE PIG AND HORSE
Authors: MANN T. , POLGE C. , ROWSON L. E. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Chemical methods for the analysis of three characteristic constituents of seminal plasma, namely, fructose, citric acid and ergothioneine, were applied in an attempt to evaluate in a quantitative manner the participation of seminal plasma in the passage of sperm along the female reproductive tract of two species, the pig and the horse.
At specified intervals after mating, the reproductive tract of the gilt and the mare, respectively, was exposed, the uterine horns and Fallopian tubes clamped into several segments and the contents of the isolated portions withdrawn for analysis.
In the gilt, about 40 min after mating, the uterine horns were found to be filled with semen containing spermatozoa, as well as fructose, ergothioneine and citric acid, but 6 hr after mating the bulk of sperm and seminal plasma had disappeared. In the mare, 50 min after mating, spermatozoa, ergothioneine and citric acid were recovered from both uterine horns, in proportions resembling those found in fresh stallion semen.
THE INFLUENCE OF SEX HORMONES ON THE WEIGHT OF THE ADRENAL GLAND IN THE RAT
Authors: CARTER SHEILA B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Experiments have been carried out to investigate the effect of sex hormones, particularly oestrogens, on the weight of the adrenal glands in rats.

Female rats

(a) Intact.
Oestrogen had no consistent effect. The adrenal glands may become heavier after treatment with oestradiol dipropionate (ODP) for very short periods (3 days), but may become lighter after longer periods of treatment. The glands were lighter after treatment with testosterone propionate (TP) (1·5 mg daily).

(b) Castrated.
Fifty-three days after spaying the adrenal glands were unchanged. Seventy-five days after operation, their weight had decreased. Oestrogen had no effect when given 1 month after ovariectomy, but caused a loss of weight when treatment was started 2 months after the operation. TP (1·5 mg. daily) also caused a loss of weight.

Male rats

(a) Intact.
The adrenal glands were unaffected by daily treatment with 1·5 mg TP, or with 100μg ODP.

(b) Castrated.
The adrenal glands had gained weight 53 days after orchidectomy. TP caused a loss of weight in castrated rats. ODP had no effect.
STUDIES ON URINARY GONADOTROPHINS AFTER FRACTIONATION BY TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE
Authors: BUTT W. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The chemical properties of a gonadotrophic substance, gonadotrophin A (GA), prepared from human urine, have been studied.
2. Preparations of GA from various sources showed marked differences in biological activity, but not in chemical properties. Highly active preparations, however, showed greater u.v. absorption between the wavelengths of 280 and 295 mμ.
3. Methods are described for the purification of GA by countercurrent distribution and partition chromatography.
THE INFLUENCE OF PITUITARY GROWTH HORMONE ON PLASMA INSULIN ACTIVITY
Authors: RANDLE P. J. , YOUNG F. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The insulin activity of blood plasma has been studied by the application of a method of assay based upon the stimulation of the in vitro uptake of glucose by the isolated rat diaphragm.
Treatment of the intact rat with growth hormone did not significantly alter the insulin activity of the blood plasma. Hypophysectomy of the rat greatly reduced the insulin activity of the plasma, though this fall could be prevented by treatment with growth hormone begun immediately after hypophysectomy.
Treatment with growth hormone of the intact cat, but not of the depancreatized cat receiving a constant dose of insulin, greatly increased the insulin activity of the plasma.
The in vitro addition of growth hormone to human or rat plasma did not alter its insulin activity.
The plasma from cats rendered permanently diabetic by a short period of treatment with growth hormone possessed no significant insulin activity. After the plasma had been repeatedly frozen and thawed, insulin activity was found to be present. No appearance of insulin activity on freezing and thawing was observed with plasma from normal or depancreatized cats.
The significance of the influence of growth hormone upon the secretion of insulin by the pancreas is discussed.