bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in Alcohol Consumption and Violent Deaths
Authors: SKOG OLE‐JØRGEN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAlcohol intoxication plays a significant role in many kinds of violent deaths. In the present study an attempt is made to test the hypothesis that the strong increase in alcohol consumption in Norway after World War II has had a significant effect on rates of violent deaths. The method used is indirect, and consists of analysing trends in alcohol consumption in relation to trends in rates of violent deaths. The data were obtained from official statistics. Rates of violent deaths turned out to have increased only slightly during this period. It is shown that this does not necessarily contradict the hypothesis. When modern statistical techniques for time series analysis are utilized, a significant correlation between changes in alcohol consumption and rates of violent deaths is uncovered. The data suggest that there has been a fairly strong increase in rates of alcohol‐related violent deaths, and hence that non‐alcoholic violent deaths, have been decreasing. As a partial test of the validity of this result, age‐ and sex‐specific mortality rates are analysed in relation to per capita alcohol consumption in order to see how the alleged increase was distributed across strata, As was expected, the increase turned out to be particularly strong among males, while among females the relationship was much weaker, and not statistically significant in the adult female population at large. Also according to expectations, there were no significant effects in the older age groups. For females, a significant effect could be demonstrated in the age group 15–60 years, and the effect was about one fourth of the effect among males. This difference corresponds to the sex differences with respect to consumption levels, according to survey data. In the younger age groups the effect was stronger than expected, and this may be due to the fact that the increase in alcohol consumption has been higher among adolescents and young adults than in the rest of the population. From the model fitted to the data it was calculated that among adult Norwegian males alcohol related deaths have increased from about (standard errors in parentheses) 25 (8)% of all violent deaths in the early 1950's to about 50 (15)% in the late 1970's. Independent evidence from several prevalence studies is compatible with these results, but suggests that the true figures are probably closer to the lower limits than the higher limits. The decrease in non‐alcoholic violent deaths implied by this result is corroborated by the fact that industrial accidents have gone down from one third to one sixth of all violent deaths during this period, and in Norway 90–95% of these accidents are non‐alcoholic.
Bulimic Alcoholics: some features of a clinical sub‐group
Authors: LACEY J. HUBERT , MOURELI E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTwenty‐seven alcoholic women were interviewed about their drinking and eating habits. Eleven (40%) gave a present or past history of major binge eating. Compared with the non‐bulimic alcoholics, they were significantly younger and heavier and reported the onset of problem drinking at an earlier age. Most describe their binge eating as occurring before the onset of problem drinking. There was no association between bout drinking and binge eating. Bulimic alcoholics were less likely to have alcoholic fathers. It is suggested that bulimic alcoholics form a sub‐group similar to the multiple impulse form of bulimia nervosa in that they have distinct clinical features and a poorer response to treatment.
The Measurement of Opiate Dependence
Authors: SUTHERLAND GAY , EDWARDS GRIFFITH , TAYLOR COLIN , PHILLIPS GRANIA , GOSSOP MICHAEL , BRADY RONALD 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe application of a dimensional concept of dependence which has received much attention over recent years in relation to alcohol, is explored here in relation to opiate dependence. A Severity of Opiate Dependence Questionnaire (SODQ) was completed by 98 subjects attending a New York drug treatment clinic. The factor structure of this questionnaire was explored and a strong first factor (39% of variance) identified which loaded on items conceptually related to a dimensional opiate dependence syndrome. Some preliminary investigation was made of issues relating to validity: SODQ correlated significantly with ‘number affixes a day’ and with a subjective measure of dependence (OSDQ), but not with quantity of heroin used or milestones in drug career. Research leads are discussed.
Disadvantages to Imposing the Goal of Abstinence on Problem Drinkers: an empirical study
Authors: SANCHEZ‐CRAIG MARTHA , LEI HAU 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe contribution of pretreatment and within treatment drinking to outcome was investigated in a group of problem drinkers attending treatment for the first time. In a previous analysis no overall significant difference in outcome was observed between 35 clients randomly assigned to the goal of abstinence (AB), and 35 assigned to a controlled drinking condition (CD). Despite the negative result, it was noted that pretreatment consumption levels were correlated with outcome levels in the AB but not in the CD condition. Scatter plots indicated that this might be because of unexpected substantial reductions in drinking by some heavy drinkers in the CD group. Formal evaluation of this hypothesis was undertaken by splitting the clients at the median (Heavier versus Lighter) of pretreatment weekly consumption (48.5 drinks), and using a logit analysis to assess whether being a Lighter or a Heavier drinker at intake affected the odds of (a) complying with the treatment requirements regarding drinking, and (b) being a moderate drinker after treatment. The results showed that the Lighter group had better chances of becoming moderate drinkers after treatment than the Heavier group. For Lighter clients no significant difference was found between the AB and CD groups. In contrast, among the Heavier clients those assigned to the CD programme were consistently more successful in accomplishing their goals within treatment. More of them were moderate drinkers (64% versus 43%) at follow‐up, but this was not statistically significant. In other words, the AB programme failed in promoting abstinence among clients generally, and was not very helpful in promoting moderate drinking among the Heavier drinkers. An additional finding indicated that being abstinent or not during the first 3 weeks of treatment made little difference in the client's chance of being a moderate drinker during the 6 months following treatment. This chance, however, was significantly different depending on whether the client was a moderate drinker or not during the remaining 3 weeks of treatment. We interpret these results as strongly suggesting that controlled‐drinking programmes (which include the option of aiming for abstinence) should be offered to problem drinkers like our clients.
English Interest in the Treatment of Alcoholism in the United States During the Early 1870's
Authors: BROWN EDWARD M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn 1872 Donald Dalyrmple, chairman of the House of Commons Select Committee on Habitual Drunkards, invited Joseph Parrish and Daniel Dodge, representing the American Association for the Cure of Inebriety, to testify before his committee. Dalyrmple believed that these Americans would give testimony about the treatment of inebriety in the United States which would support his efforts to pass a law establishing the authority to confine drunkards, under medical certificate, for as long as might be necessary to cure them. His witnesses did not disappoint him because they also had the optimistic assumption that the authority to confine inebriates would contribute to their cure. If, however, Dalrymple's committee had paid more attention to ironies in the testimony of these witnesses, heard testimony from other members of the AACI, who held different views that these witnesses, or known more about the early history of the inebriate asylum in the United States, they might have reached different conclusions than they did.
Replacement of a Prescribing Service by an Opiate‐free Day Programme in a Glasgow Drug Clinic
Authors: DRUMMOND D. COLIN , TAYLOR JOHN A. , MULLIN PATRICK J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryFollowing a change in clinic policy from prescribing to non‐prescribing in 1983, patients attending an opiate‐free day programme differ significantly from a group which was previously described attending a methadone prescribing clinic in the same location, between 1981 and 1982. The opiate‐free programme patients were younger, more likely to be single and living with parents. They reported a similar level of criminality and drug‐related illness at a younger age and tended to approach the opiate‐free programme earlier in their drug career. Patients with a longer history of drug taking attend as often as those with a short history. Other factors influencing attendance are discussed. It is concluded that the younger opiate taker is more likely to approach an opiate‐free day programme than a methadone prescribing clinic.
Personality and Drinking Behaviour in Medical Students
Authors: FALKOWSKI JAN , HATCHER SIMON , SONDHI RAVI , FONG KWON , YOUNG KASZE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA survey of the quantity and frequency of drinking amongst medical students was carried out and correlated with personality traits. A positive correlation was found between the quantity of drinking and certain personality traits, particularly for women. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.
T Lymphocyte Subsets in Parenteral and Non‐parenteral Heroin Abusers in Britain
Authors: NOVICK DAVID M. , TREGENZA GILLIAN S. , SOLINAS ANTONIO , NEWMAN ROBERT G. , GHODSE A. HAMID , MRCPSYCH  , THOMAS HOWARD C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryParenteral drug abusers comprise the second largest group of patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). To determine whether heroin abusers in Britain had immunologic abnormalities similar to those seen in AIDS, we determined T lymphocyte subsets in 14 parenteral heroin abusers and 10 non‐parenteral heroin abusers. No significant differences were found in T4/T8 ratios or in the absolute numbers of T3, T4, or T8‐positive cells. These results suggest that neither narcotic drugs nor repeated exposure to unsterile injectable substances are responsible for low T4/T8 ratios in parenteral drug abusers with AIDS.
Alcoholism and Eating Disorders in Women of Fertile Age
Authors: BEARY M. D. , LACEY J. H. , MERRY JULIUS 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTwenty consecutive alcoholic women aged 40 or under were compared with 20 age‐matched bulimia nervosa patients and 17 age‐matched controls using a semi‐structured interview. Thirty‐five per cent of the alcoholics had a previous major eating disorder. Fifty per cent of the bulimics either abused (40%) alcohol or used it to excess (10%). Weight variables were not different between alcoholics and bulimics but were significantly different front controls in both groups. Also alcoholism presented many years after the onset of bulimia. One hundred and twelve consecutive bulimia nervosa patients were studied by the same interview. Reported alcohol abuse and excess usage increased with age to 50% by the age of 35 and may be even higher by 40. A history of an eating disorder should alert physicians to the diagnosis of future alcoholism.
Opioid Users' Attitudes Towards and Use of NHS Clinics, General Practitioners and Private Doctors
Authors: BENNETT TREVOR , WRIGHT RICHARD 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe paper reports some of the findings of a study which investigated opioid users' views on and use of available treatment services in Britain. Samples were drawn from among addicts currently receiving a prescription from a National Health Service (NHS) clinic, a general practitioner and a private practitioner and addicts who were currently dependent solely on black‐market supplies. Addicts were interviewed using a combined structured and semi‐structured interview schedule. There was little evidence that users dependent on black‐market sources only had actively rejected available treatment services in the past. The majority of the black‐market users had approached at least one type of doctor in connection with their addiction. Most of the users currently receiving a prescription from a clinic or a general or private practitioner had at some time approached other types of doctor. The main reasons given for not approaching various types of doctor concerned a belief that such doctors were unavailable locally and an expectation that they were unwilling to prescribe opioids. Given a free choice, the majority of addicts said that they would prefer to attend a GP rather than a clinic or private practitioner.
Problem Drinkers in Medical Wards: consumption patterns and disabilities in newly identified male cases
Authors: LLOYD GEOFFREY , CHICK JONATHAN , CROMBIE EVELYN , ANDERSON SALLY 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOne hundred and sixty‐one male medical inpatients were identified as problem drinkers according to criteria previously defined. This paper describes the pattern of their drinking and the associated medical and psychosocial problems. Over half had been admitted with an illness not typically related to alcohol and a similar proportion reported levels of consumption which have previously been considered safe. Classical symptoms of dependence were uncommon but specific enquiry revealed a broad range of social problems related to alcohol. Recognition of this profile is necessary if problem drinkers are to be identified at an early stage and to benefit from counselling.
The Aro Drug Addiction Research and Treatment Centre: a first report
Authors: MAKANJUOLA J. D. A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe Drug Addiction Research and Treatment Centre at Aro Neuro‐Psychiatric Hospital, Abeokuta was established in March 1983. The programmes of the Centre are described and its first year experience reported. During this period, the 52 patients admitted were mostly single, employed and educated, at least to primary school leaving certificate level. Most were students and vehicle drivers, but some other occupational groups were represented. They were referred for treatment by hospital doctors and relatives. Cannabis and alcohol were the two most commonly abused substances. As many as a quarter of the patients, mostly the cannabis abusers, presented with psychotic symptoms. The prescribed specialized treatment is for 8 weeks but many stayed longer due to difficulties with arranging their rehabilitation and after‐care.
Alcohol Use and Depression Among U.S. Hispanics
Authors: CAETANO RAUL 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper reports on the relationship between drinking patterns, alcohol problems and depression among U.S. Hispanics. Subjects comprise a national probability sample of members of this ethnic group. Depression was estimated using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. The results show that depression, drinking and heavier drinking have different sociodemographic correlates. Depression is more common among women, among single respondents and among those with lower income. Drinking and heavier drinking are more frequent among men, among the young and among those with higher income. Problem drinkers have twice the chance of being depressed as compared to all others, and this is independent of sex.
Cognitive‐Behavioural Treatment for Benzodiazepine Dependence: a comparison of gradual versus abrupt cessation of drug intake
Authors: SANCHEZ‐CRAIG MARTHA , CAPPELL HOWARD , BUSTO USOA , KAY GLORIA 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn a double‐blind outpatient trial, long‐term users of therapeutic doses of benzodiazepines seeking treatment were randomly assigned to either gradual tapering of their daily active dose (N = 23) or abrupt cessation of benzodiazepine intake (N = 19). The latter was achieved by substitution of placebo tablets for active benzodiazepines. All subjects received cognitive‐behavioural treatment preceded by a 2‐week baseline period during which they took their benzodiazepine as usual. Both groups received on average about five therapy sessions involving: goal setting, daily self‐monitoring, identification of anxiety‐provoking situations, and development of cognitive and behavioural coping. Placebo subjects showed more prominent withdrawal symptomatology and supplemented more often with their own prescription. At the end of treatment, no significant differences were observed in rates of attrition (30% for drug and 16% for placebo subjects) or in rates of abstinence (30% for drug and 58% for placebo). However, compared to drug subjects, those treated with placebo were significantly more successful in maintaining abstinence throughout the one‐year follow‐up period. It was argued that it may be advantageous to expose patients who are dependent on relatively low doses of benzodiazepines to some withdrawal distress during treatment. A relatively inexperienced therapist became as effective as a highly experienced therapist relatively quickly, thus indicating transferability of the treatment.
Some Characteristics Distinguishing High and Low Dose Users of Benzodiazepines
Authors: PERERA K. M. H. , JENNER F. A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA study is reported which attempts to demonstrate differences between patients who seem to want high doses of benzodiazepines and those apparently content with low doses. The following correlated to some degree with actually taking higher doses: being male, young, drinking largish amounts of caffeine, having had a past problem with alcohol, being unemployed, having had problems at home in childhood, and scoring highly on the psychoticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ), on hysteria in the Crown Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI), and depression in the Anxiety Depression Inventory (ADI).
Khat: Scientific knowledge and policy issues
Authors: KALIX PETER 
Published: January 2006

Summary The chewing of khat leaves is common in certain countries of East Africa and the Arabian peninsula, and some khat users are subject to psychic dependence on this stimulant. Recently, important progress has been made in understanding the pharmacological basis for the effects of khat. It is now known that the CNS stimulation is mainly due to the presence of the alkaloid cathinone in the leaves, and the results of various in vitro and in vivo experiments indicate that this substance must be considered a ‘natural amphetamine’.The consumption of khat has strongly increased in recent years, and the drug has also made its appearance in Great Britain. In view of these developments, the socio‐economic and health aspects of the khat habit are discussed together with the political issues that they imply.
Alcohol Use Among Khat (Catha) Chewers in Kenya
Authors: OMOLO O. E. , DHADPHALE MANOHAR 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAmong one hundred randomly selected outpatients at the Meru District Hospital in Kenya, 29 (28 men and 1 woman) were Khat chewers. Six of these were ‘heavy’ and 23 ‘moderate’ users. Twenty out of 29 Khat chewers also used alcohol heavily. Consequences of this joint misuse of two potentially addictive drugs are discussed.
Effect on Juvenile Crime of Lowering the Drinking Age in Three Australian States
Authors: SMITH D. IAN , BURVILL PETER W. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryLowering of the legal minimum drinking age to 18 years in two Australian States significantly increased male juvenile crime by 20–25%. In the case of a third State the limited data available yielded similar results. Particularly as the above increases were over and above those for between‐State control groups of the same age, and older control groups within the same State, the findings appeared to be valid. For the females the results varied from State to State. From the view point of preventing alcohol‐related juvenile crime, a 20 or 21 year legal minimum drinking age is preferable to an 18‐year‐old limit.
Alcoholism in Narcotic Addicts with Antisocial Personality
Authors: LEWIS COLLINS E. , HALIKAS JAMES A. , MORSE CAROLYN , RIMMER JOHN D. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis siudy examines the lifetime prevalence of alcoholism in antisocial personality (ASP) men selected for narcotic addiction and in ASP men not selected for narcotic addition. The ASP men selected for narcotic addiction had a lower prevalence of alcoholism than their counterparts not selected for narcotic addiction. Methodological and neuropharmacological explanations for these results are discussed. That narcotic use may interfere with the development of alcoholism in a high risk population correlates with the neurochemical interactions of ethanol and opiates in the central nervous system.
Ophthalmic Naloxone Elicits Abstinence in Opioid‐dependent Subjects
Authors: SANCHEZ‐RAMOS J. R. , SENAY EDWARD C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOphthalmic instillation of naloxone into the conjunctival sac of one eye can elicit bilateral mydriasis in volunteers maintained on daily methadone. Unlike previous reports, signs of a generalized withdrawal syndrome were recorded. Anisocoria was noted in one of the patients but both pupils were dilated relative to baseline. The conclusion drawn was that the ophthalmic naloxone test can elicit a generalized withdrawal syndrome and should not be used routinely to detect the presence of opiate dependence.
Problem‐Behavior Theory, Psychosocial Development, and Adolescent Problem Drinking
Authors: JESSOR RICHARD 
Published: January 2006

SummaryProblem‐Behavior Theory is a social‐psychological framework which helps to explain the nature and development of alcohol abuse, drug misuse and other problem behaviors. The aims of this paper are to present a brief overview of the theory, to review some of the research that has been generated and to appraise the usefulness of the theory when applied to drinking and problem drinking among young people.
Uncontrollable Events and Alcohol Drinking
Authors: VOLPICELLI JOSEPH R. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper presents a new model of alcohol drinking based on the observation that alcohol drinking often occurs following uncontrollable events. The psychological concepts of compensatory opponent process systems and learned helplessness give new insights into the biobehavioral response of organisms to environmental events and how these events can affect alcohol drinking. Finally by integrating these behavioral data with biochemical data which demonstrate that alcohol stimulates endorphin activity, it is proposed that organisms drink alcohol to reduce deficiencies in endorphin activity.
British Drug Policies in the 1980s: a preliminary analysis and suggestions for research
Authors: STIMSON GERRY V. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryFirst, this paper attempts an assessment of recent developments in British drug policies. In the 1980s British drug policies are in a state of transformation in which it appears that medicine is being displaced from a central role, and being replaced by a more extensive and diffuse response involving a broader range of agencies and ideas about drug problems. A more active role is being played by central government, the debate on drugs is becoming politicized, and there is a new emphasis on law enforcement, and legal and penal control. It is now questionable whether the British approach to drug problems is as distinctive as it once was. Given that research on contemporary drug policy is negligible, the second task of this paper is to identify a number of areas and issues worthy of policy analysis.