bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aberrant Crypt Foci as Precursors of the Dysplasia-Carcinoma Sequence in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Kukitsu Takehiro , Takayama Tetsuji , Miyanishi Koji , Nobuoka Atsushi , Katsuki Shinichi , Sato Yasushi , Takimoto Rishu , Matsunaga Takuya , Kato Junji , Sonoda Tomoko , Sakamaki Sumio , Niitsu Yoshiro 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Purpose: Long-standing ulcerative colitis (UC) predisposes patients to the development of colorectal cancer, but surveillance of colitis-associated cancer by detecting the precancerous lesion dysplasia is often difficult because of its rare occurrence and normal-looking appearance. In sporadic colorectal cancer, aberrant crypt foci (ACF) have been reported by many investigators to be precursor lesions of the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. In the present study, we analyzed the genetic background of ACF to determine whether they could be precursors for dysplasia, and we examined the usefulness of endoscopic examination of ACF as a surrogate marker for surveillance of colitis-associated cancer.
Experimental Design: ACF were examined in 28 UC patients (19 patients with UC alone and 9 patients with UC and dysplasia; 2 of those patients with dysplasia also had cancer) using magnifying endoscopy. K-ras, APC, and p53 mutations were analyzed by two-step PCR RFLP, in vitro–synthesized protein assay, and single-strand conformation polymorphism, respectively. Methylation of p16 was analyzed by methylation-specific PCR.
Results: ACF that appeared distinct endoscopically and histologically were identified in 27 out of 28 UC patients. They were negative for K-ras, APC, and p53 mutations but were frequently positive for p16 methylation (8 of 11; 73%). In dysplasia, K-ras and APC mutations were negative but p53 mutation (3 of 5; 60%) and p16 methylation (3 of 5; 60%) were positive. There was a significant stepwise increase in the number of ACF from patients with UC alone to patients with dysplasia and to patients with cancer. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed significant correlations between ACF and dysplasia.
Conclusions: We have disclosed an ACF-dysplasia-cancer sequence in colitis-associated carcinogenesis similar to the ACF-adenoma-carcinoma sequence in sporadic colon carcinogenesis. This study suggests the use of ACF instead of dysplasia for the surveillance of colitis cancer and warrants further evaluation of ACF as a surveillance marker in large-scale studies.
Bjerknes Compensation at High Northern Latitudes: The Ocean Forcing the Atmosphere
Authors: van der Swaluw E. , Drijfhout S. S. , Hazeleger W. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The mechanisms for Bjerknes compensation of heat transport variations through the atmosphere and ocean on decadal time scales are investigated, using data output from a preindustrial control run of the Third Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere General Circulation Model (HadCM3). It has recently been shown that Bjerknes compensation occurs on decadal time scales in a long preindustrial control run of HadCM3. This result is elaborated on by performing lead/lag correlations of the atmospheric and oceanic heat transports. By using statistical analysis, Bjerknes compensation is observed on decadal time scales at latitudes between 50° and 80°N. A maximum compensation rate of ∼55% occurs at 70°N. At this latitude, the correlation rate peaks when the ocean leads the atmosphere by one year. The mechanisms by which Bjerknes compensation occurs at this latitude are investigated. Anomalies in oceanic heat transport appear to be associated with variations in the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC). The associated sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are in general too weak to assert a significant impact on the atmosphere. At 70°N, however, such SST anomalies are a prelude to the transition from sea ice coverage to open water after which the associated changes in heat exchange with the atmosphere are strong enough to force an atmospheric response. Because of the presence of a strong MOC component in the Atlantic Ocean, this interaction is confined to the region where the northeast Atlantic and Arctic Oceans connect. The atmospheric response to increased (decreased) heating from below is a decreased (increased) poleward temperature gradient, leading to a decreased (increased) heat transport by baroclinic eddies. The anomalous thermal low that is set up by heating from the ocean is associated with anomalous advection of cold air from the Greenland landmass.
A Climatology of the Tropospheric Thermal Stratification Using Saturation Potential Vorticity
Authors: Korty Robert L. , Schneider Tapio 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe condition of convective neutrality is assessed in the troposphere by calculating the saturation potential vorticity P* from reanalysis data. Regions of the atmosphere in which saturation entropy is constant along isosurfaces of absolute angular momentum, a state indicative of slantwise-convective neutrality, have values of P* equal to zero. In a global reanalysis dataset spanning the years 1970–2004, tropospheric regions are identified in which P* is near zero, implying that vertical convection or slantwise convection may be important in determining the local thermal stratification. Convectively neutral air masses are common not only in the Tropics but also in higher latitudes, for example, over midlatitude continents in summer and in storm tracks over oceans in winter. Large-scale eddies appear to stabilize parts of the lower troposphere, particularly in winter.
A Possible Constraint on Regional Precipitation Intensity Changes under Global Warming
Authors: Gutowski W. J. , Takle E. S. , Kozak K. A. , Patton J. C. , Arritt R. W. , Christensen J. H. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Changes in daily precipitation versus intensity under a global warming scenario in two regional climate simulations of the United States show a well-recognized feature of more intense precipitation. More important, by resolving the precipitation intensity spectrum, the changes show a relatively simple pattern for nearly all regions and seasons examined whereby nearly all high-intensity daily precipitation contributes a larger fraction of the total precipitation, and nearly all low-intensity precipitation contributes a reduced fraction. The percentile separating relative decrease from relative increase occurs around the 70th percentile of cumulative precipitation, irrespective of the governing precipitation processes or which model produced the simulation. Changes in normalized distributions display these features much more consistently than distribution changes without normalization.
Further analysis suggests that this consistent response in precipitation intensity may be a consequence of the intensity spectrum’s adherence to a gamma distribution. Under the gamma distribution, when the total precipitation or number of precipitation days changes, there is a single transition between precipitation rates that contribute relatively more to the total and rates that contribute relatively less. The behavior is roughly the same as the results of the numerical models and is insensitive to characteristics of the baseline climate, such as average precipitation, frequency of rain days, and the shape parameter of the precipitation’s gamma distribution. Changes in the normalized precipitation distribution give a more consistent constraint on how precipitation intensity may change when climate changes than do changes in the nonnormalized distribution. The analysis does not apply to extreme precipitation for which the theory of statistical extremes more likely provides the appropriate description.
Comparative Analysis of the Local Observation-Based (LOB) Method and the Nonparametric Regression-Based Method for Gridded Bias Correction in Mesoscale Weather Forecasting
Authors: Gel Yulia R. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The comparative analysis of three methods for objective grid-based bias removal in mesoscale numerical weather prediction models is considered. The first technique is the local observation-based (LOB) method that extends further the approaches of several recent studies and is focused on utilizing the information obtained from meteorological stations or neighbor grid points in the proximity of a site of interest. The bias at a site of interest might then be considered as a spatiotemporal function of the weighted information on the past biases observed in the cluster of neighbors during a certain time window. The second method is an extension of model output statistics (MOS), combining several modern multiple regression techniques such as the classification and regression trees (CARTs) and the alternative conditional expectation (ACE) and, therefore, is named the CART–ACE method. The CART–ACE method allows representing possible nonlinear aspects of the bias in a parsimonious linearized statistical model. Finally, the third considered method is a natural combination of the LOB and CART–ACE methods in which the information provided by the LOB method is interpreted as an extra predictor in the regression model of the CART–ACE method. The proposed methods are illustrated by a case study of an observation-based verification and bias correction of fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) 48-h surface temperature, that is, 2-m temperature, forecasts over the Pacific Northwest.
The Impact of Dropwindsonde Data on Typhoon Track Forecasts in DOTSTAR
Authors: Wu Chun-Chieh , Chou Kun-Hsuan , Lin Po-Hsiung , Aberson Sim D. , Peng Melinda S. , Nakazawa Tetsuo 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Starting from 2003, a new typhoon surveillance program, Dropwindsonde Observations for Typhoon Surveillance near the Taiwan Region (DOTSTAR), was launched. During 2004, 10 missions for eight typhoons were conducted successfully with 155 dropwindsondes deployed. In this study, the impact of these dropwindsonde data on tropical cyclone track forecasts has been evaluated with five models (four operational and one research models). All models, except the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) hurricane model, show the positive impact that the dropwindsonde data have on tropical cyclone track forecasts. During the first 72 h, the mean track error reductions in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction’s (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS), the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) of the Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center (FNMOC), and the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA) Global Spectral Model (GSM) are 14%, 14%, and 19%, respectively. The track error reduction in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, in which the initial conditions are directly interpolated from the operational GFS forecast, is 16%. However, the mean track improvement in the GFDL model is a statistically insignificant 3%. The 72-h-average track error reduction from the ensemble mean of the above three global models is 22%, which is consistent with the track forecast improvement in Atlantic tropical cyclones from surveillance missions. In all, despite the fact that the impact of the dropwindsonde data is not statistically significant due to the limited number of DOTSTAR cases in 2004, the overall added value of the dropwindsonde data in improving typhoon track forecasts over the western North Pacific is encouraging. Further progress in the targeted observations of the dropwindsonde surveillances and satellite data, and in the modeling and data assimilation system, is expected to lead to even greater improvement in tropical cyclone track forecasts.
Strengths and Weaknesses of MOS, Running-Mean Bias Removal, and Kalman Filter Techniques for Improving Model Forecasts over the Western United States
Authors: Cheng William Y. Y. , Steenburgh W. James 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Despite improvements in numerical weather prediction, model errors, particularly near the surface, are unavoidable due to imperfect model physics, initial conditions, and boundary conditions. Here, three techniques for improving the accuracy of 2-m temperature, 2-m dewpoint, and 10-m wind forecasts by the Eta/North American Meso (NAM) Model are evaluated: (i) traditional model output statistics (ETAMOS), requiring a relatively long training period; (ii) the Kalman filter (ETAKF), requiring a relatively short initial training period (∼4–5 days); and (iii) 7-day running mean bias removal (ETA7DBR), requiring a 7-day training period. Forecasts based on the ETAKF and ETA7DBR methods were produced for more than 2000 MesoWest observing sites in the western United States. However, the evaluation presented in this study was based on subjective forecaster assessments and objective verification at 145 ETAMOS stations during summer 2004 and winter 2004/05. For the 145-site sample, ETAMOS produces the most accurate cumulative temperature, dewpoint, and wind speed and direction forecasts, followed by ETAKF and ETA7DBR, which have similar accuracy. Selected case studies illustrate that ETAMOS produces superior forecasts when model biases change dramatically, such as during large-scale pattern changes, but that ETAKF and ETA7DBR produce superior forecasts during quiescent cool season patterns when persistent valley and basin cold pools exist. During quiescent warm season patterns, the accuracy of all three methods is similar. Although the improved ETAKF cold pool forecasts are noteworthy, particularly since the Kalman filter can help better define cold pool structure by producing forecasts for locations without long-term records, alternative approaches are needed to improve forecasts during periods when model biases change dramatically.
A journal describing present undertakings, studies and labours
of the ingenious
Authors: Tyrer Peter 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA rationale for maintaining the existence of learned journals is put forward
on the 343rd anniversary of the first such journal, the
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, and it
is argued that the main aim of such journals has hardly changed since this
time. The new-look British Journal of Psychiatry is
intended to educate and instruct, and even entice readers from the
functional and far less romantic online version.
Lysophosphatidic Acid Up-Regulates Expression of Interleukin-8 and -6 in Granulosa-Lutein Cells through Its Receptors and Nuclear Factor-κB Dependent Pathways: Implications for Angiogenesis of Corpus Luteum and Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome
Authors: Chen Shee-Uan , Chou Chia-Hung , Lee Hsinyu , Ho Chi-Hong , Lin Chung-Wu , Yang Yu-Shih 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Context: Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) was found at significant amounts in follicular fluid of preovulatory follicle. The lysophospholipase D activity of serum from women receiving ovarian stimulation was higher than women with natural cycles. Angiogenic cytokines, including IL-6, IL-8, and vascular endothelial growth factor, increased in plasma and ascites of patients with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. The role of LPA in ovarian follicles is unclear.
Objective: Our objective was to investigate the expression of LPA receptors and function of LPA in granulosa-lutein cells.
Design: Granulosa-lutein cells were obtained from women undergoing in vitro fertilization. We examined the expression of LPA receptors using RT-PCR. The effects of LPA on the expression of IL-6, IL-8, and vascular endothelial growth factor were examined. Signal pathways of LPA were delineated. The functions of secretory angiogenic factors were tested using human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
Results: The LPA1, LPA2, and LPA3 receptors’ mRNA was identified in granulosa-lutein cells. LPA enhanced IL-8 and IL-6 expressions in a dose- and time-dependent manner. LPA functioned via LPA receptors, Gi protein, MAPK/ERK, p38, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt, and nuclear factor-κB, and transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor. LPA induced IL-8 and IL-6 through different pathways. LPA-induced IL-8 and IL-6 increased permeability of human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayer.
Conclusions: LPA induces IL-8 and IL-6 expressions through LPA receptors and nuclear factor-κB dependent pathways in granulosa-lutein cells. The LPA in preovulatory follicles may play a role in the angiogenesis of corpus luteum. Large amounts of LPA-induced IL-8 and IL-6 from multiple corpora luteae of stimulated ovaries may be one of the pathophysiological causes of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
Marketing Infant Formula Through Hospitals: the Impact of Commercial Hospital Discharge Packs on Breastfeeding
Authors: Rosenberg Kenneth D. , Eastham Carissa A. , Kasehagen Laurin J. , Sandoval Alfredo P. 
Published: January 2008

Objectives. Commercial hospital discharge packs are commonly given to new mothers at the time of newborn hospital discharge. We evaluated the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the receipt of commercial hospital discharge packs in a population-based sample of Oregon women who initiated breastfeeding before newborn hospital discharge. Methods. We analyzed data from the 2000 and 2001 Oregon Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), a population-based survey of postpartum women (n=3895; unweighted response rate=71.6%). Results. Among women who had initiated breastfeeding, 66.8% reported having received commercial hospital discharge packs. We found that women who received these packs were more likely to exclusively breastfeed for fewer than 10 weeks than were women who had not received the packs (multivariate adjusted odds ratio=1.39; 95% confidence interval=1.05, 1.84). Conclusions. Commercial hospital discharge packs are one of several factors that influence breastfeeding duration and exclusivity. The distribution of these packs to new mothers at hospitals is part of a longstanding marketing campaign by infant formula manufacturers and implies hospital and staff endorsement of infant formula. Commercial hospital discharge pack distribution should be reconsidered in light of its negative impact on exclusive breastfeeding.
A gould type integral with respect to a multisubmeasure
Authors: Gavriluţ Alina 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
In [GOULD, G. G.: Integration over vector-valued measures, Proc. London Math. Soc. (3) 15, (1965), 193–205], G. G. Gould introduced a type of integral of a bounded, real valued function with respect to a finite additive set function taking values in a Banach space, integral which is more general than the Lebesgue one. Recently, A. Precupanu and A. Croitoru gave the generalization, defining a Gould type integral for multimeasures with values in
kc(X), X being a Banach space ([PRECUPANU, A.—CROITORU, A.: A Gould type integral with respect to a multimeasure, I, An. Ştiinţ. Univ. “Al. I. Cuza” Iaşi Secţ. I a Mat. 48 (2002), 165–200]). Taking as starting point this work and [PRECUPANU, A.—CROITORU, A.: A Gould type integral with respect to a multimeasure, II, An. Ştiinţ. Univ. “Al. I. Cuza” Iaşi Secţ. I a Mat. 49 (2003), 183–207], we define here the notion of a Gould type integral with respect to a
bf(X)-valued multisubmeasure, pointing out important properties of it. We also establish that, even if we deal with multisubmeasures, the integral is still a multimeasure.
Carathéodory outer measure on IF-sets
Authors: Michalíková Alžbeta 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
In this paper an outer measure on IF-sets is studied as a mapping to the set of all compact subintervals of the unit interval. We characterize the properties of the outer measure by the help of the properties of functions given by the edges of the intervals. Then there are defined measurable elements and there is proved that the family of measurable elements is a lattice. Finally the outer measure induced by a measure is constructed.
Boundedness, one-point extensions and B-extensions
Authors: Caterino Alessandro , Panduri Federico , Vipera M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The general concept of boundedness in a topological space generalizes both metric boundedness and relative compactness. A one-point extension o(ℱ
X) of the space X is naturally associated to each boundedness ℱ
X and every Hausdorff one-point extensions of a space X can be obtained in this way. Imitating this construction, it is possible to define a much more general class of Hausdorff extensions of a locally bounded space with respect to a given boundedness, the so-called B-extensions. In this paper we study separation properties and metrizability of this kind of extension.
The Role of Allergy in the Severity of Nasal Polyposis
Authors: Erbek Selim S. , Erbek Seyra , Topal Ozgul , Cakmak Ozcan 
Published: January 2008

Background Although patients with nasal polyposis frequently exhibit concomitant allergy, there is limited information about the impact of allergy on the severity of nasal polyposis. The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of allergy in the severity of nasal polyposis. Methods Polyp sizes, computed tomography (CT) scores, skin-prick test results, blood total eosinophil count, serum levels of total immunoglobulin E, symptom scores, and recurrences were analyzed in 83 patients with nasal polyposis. The results were compared between allergic and nonallergic patients with nasal polyposis. Results No association was found between the presence of allergy per skin-prick testing and polyp size, CT opacification, symptom scores, or recurrences (p > 0.05). In allergic patients, only the serum total eosinophil count correlated strongly with the results of CT (p = 0.005) but not with other parameters (p > 0.05). Conclusions The results of this study show that, although patients with nasal polyposis frequently have allergies, the presence of allergy does not correlate with polyp size, symptom scores or rate of recurrence.
L’Identité franco-américaine : tendances actuelles dans le sud de la Nouvelle-Angleterre
Authors: Fox Cynthia , Fortin Geneviève , Martin Véronique , Stelling Louis 
Published: January 2008

Abstract:The term “Franco-American” has traditionally been used to identify francophone Canadian immigrants who settled in the northeastern United States between 1840 and 1930. This group established close-knit communities and a network of religious, educational, and social institutions that would allow them to maintain their Catholic faith, their French language, and their traditional way of life over several generations. In the past sixty years, however, the group has experienced rapid change. Researchers debate how Franco-Americans are now to be characterized as a group and, indeed, whether they continue to share a common identity.This study contributes to the discussion through the examination of data gathered during socio-linguistic interviews with 130 Franco-Americans living in four cities : Woonsocket, Rhode Island; Gardner and Southbridge, Massachusetts; and Bristol, Connecticut. A series of quantitative and qualitative analyses of this material leads us to conclude that all of the communities are undergoing assimilation, the rhythm and manner of which differs considerably from one community to another. Although many individuals still use the term “Franco-American” to describe themselves, the meaning of the term is evolving. Group identity may be strong at the level of the individual community but does not appear to exist supra-regionally.