bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Response of Two Wheat Genotypes to Nitrogen Supply. I. Ontogenic Changes in Laminae Growth and Photosynthesis
Authors: Sivasankar A. , Lakkineni K. C. , Jain Vanita , Kumar P. A. , Abrol Y. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo wheat genotypes viz. Uniculm ‘gigas’ (VI) and Kalyansona (V2) were raised till maturity with low (N1) and adequate (N2) nitrogen levels supplied at 30 and 120kg ha−1, respectively. Laminae, numbering 1–8 on the main shoot, were examined for various parameters at weekly intervals from emergence through senescence. N1 resulted in gradual reduction in laminae growth from 5th leaf onwards with maximum effect on flag and penultimate laminae of both the genotypes. Chlorophyll concentration, soluble protein, rubisco concentration and rubisco activity in response to low N supply was reduced in the top two laminae in V2. Pn rate varied little with leaf position in wheat at adequate N supply. In V2, low N supply resulted in the reduction of laminae N content by about 25% with corresponding reduction in Pn rates in the penultimate and flag laminae. VI, in contrast, exhibited no significant change in leaf N concentration and hence maintained similar Pn rates at both levels of N supply throughout the ontogeny.It is concluded that the two genotypes responded differently to N supply in relation to laminae growth and photosynthesis. Uniculm ‘Gigas’ (VI) responded to low N with large reduction in laminae size, adequately maintaining the metabolic constituents such as chlorophyll, soluble protein, rubisco and laminae N concentration and Kalyansona (V2), in contrast, responded with small changes in laminae size and greater reduction in synthesis and maintenance of the metabolic constituents.
Effect of Water Stress on Biochemical and Physiological Characteristics of Oat Genotypes
Authors: Chandra A. , Bhatt R. K. , Misra L. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractActivities of enzymes catalase, peroxidase, and level of total soluble proteins were studied in two genotypes (JHO 884, JHO 888) of oat (Avena sativa L.) subjected to water stress for 1, 3, and 4 days by withholding water in a pot culture experiment. No change was observed in the level of total soluble proteins at early stage but it increased significantly at higher magnitude of water stress. Increase in catalase activity was noticed in JHO 884 whereas reverse trend was observed in JHO 888 at highest level of stress. The JHO 884 genotype showed increase in peroxidase activity from the first day of water stress. Results suggest that the efficiency level of antioxidant system is found different in these two genotypes.
Nitrogen Mineralization Rates and Kinetics in Soils Freshly Amended with Green Manures
Authors: Dinesh R. , Dubey R. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLong term incubation studies to determine the nitrogen (N) mineralization rates and kinetics in soils freshly amended with some commonly used green manures such asSesbania rostrata. Gliricidia maculata. Leucaena leucocephalaandAzolla pinnataare scarce. A long term aerobic study was, therefore, conducted by incubating soils freshly amended with the above‐mentioned green manures in PVC columns at 35 ± 1 C and with 0.01 Mpa moisture content. The soils were then leached at periodic intervals for up to 36 weeks.The N‐mineralization rates were greatest during the first week and decreased with time in all soils. The green manure amended soils leached 247 mg kg−1more NO3+ NO2– N than the unamended control. In general, the total N mineralized (mean 61%) was almost twice that of net N mineralized (mean 30%) in the amended soils. The percent N mineralized (total and net), however, varied with the nature of green manure incorporated into the soil. It was greatest in the soil amended with sesbania and lowest in the soil amended with azolla. The kinetic parameters derived using the double exponential model indicated that green manure amended soils possessed significantly higher N‐mineralization potentials and rate constants compared to the unamended control. The kinetic parameters also varied with the nature of green manure incorporated into the soil. Among the various parameters lignin content, lignin to N ratio and lignin + polyphenol to N ratio of the green manures were the key factors governing the rate of decomposition and subsequent N mineralization from the amended soils.
A Rapid Method for Measuring Freezing Resistance in Crop Plants
Authors: Herzog H. , Olszewski A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe objective of this study was to develop a technique based on chlorophyll fluorescence to assess freezing injury and resistance of leaves. Optimization was done with faba bean leaves and applicability to other crops was examined at winter and spring with types of barley, oats, rape and faba beans. Selected leaves from young hardened beans were subjected to standardized freezing tests with different minimum temperatures (Tmin) and fluorescence was monitored. After a dark period basic fluorescence (FO was induced by 0.2 μmol m−2 s−1 pulsed red light and maximum fluorescence (Fm) was assayed at different light intensities. 1500 μmol m−2 s−1 rendered to give the maximum possible output of Fm and best differentiation of differently damaged leaves by Fn=Fm ‐ FO. Leaf temperature during measurement and during a short storage (± 2 h) should be kept at about 0°C to avoid biases between differently damaged leaves. The measuring spot on the leaf must be standardized since fluorescence response differed at the tip and base of a leaflet, but not between the two leaflets of a faba bean leaf. The applicability of Frr (ratio of Fr of stressed to unstressed leaves) as a measure of resistance was demonstrated by comparison of winter hardiness of cultivars with freezing resistance calculated from the relationship of Fvr and the Tmin used in freezing tests.
Factors Affecting Growth and Harvest Index in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Varieties Differing in Time of Flowering and Maturity
Authors: Chandra R. , Polisetty R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThree varieties of Pea (Pimm sativum L.) viz. EC33866 (early), P‐116 (medium) and T‐163 (late), differing in their flowering and maturity times, were taken for this study. The early variety recorded lower dry matter, CO2 exchange rate and lower yield. The harvest index (HI) was the highest (44 %) in this variety. Though medium and late varieties did not differ significantly in dry matter accumulation and pod yield, they differed in their HI. The HI in the medium variety is 42 % but in the late variety it is only 36%.The late variety maintained high leaf area, leaf dry weight, high shoot/root, shoot/nodule and root/nodule ratios, increased nodule dry weight and maximum glycolate oxidase activity. But acetylene reduction activity was low, and the harvest index was lowest. On the other hand, in the early variety the dry matter accumulation was lowest but HI was highest. The major reasons for high HI in this variety were translocation of photosynthates to reproductive organs and lower photorespiration as indicated by low glycolate oxidase activity.
Soil Microbial Biomass and Enzyme Activities as Influenced by Organic Manure Incorporation into Soils of a Rice‐Rice System
Authors: Dinesh R. , Dubey R. P. , Prasad G. Shyam 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA fertilizer management study involving incorporation of poultry manure, farm yard manure, sesbania and gliricidia into soils of a rice‐rice system was initiated in May 1993. In order to determine the effects of organic manure incorporation on soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity, soils were collected from the respective plots at the end of the second rice crop in February 1996. and were incubated with and without the respective organic manure at the rate of 15 Mg ha−1at 25°C, under submergence. The total viable microbial counts, bacteria, actinomycetes, N flush, biomass C and activities of urease, amidase, acid and alkaline phosphatase, dehydrogenase and L‐glutaminase were determined after 60 days of incubation.Soils freshly amended and soils previously amended with organic manures registered significantly greater microbial biomass and enzyme activity than the unamended control. The microbial biomass and enzyme activity, however, varied with the type of organic manure incorporated into the soil. Except for acid phosphatase, which showed slight inhibition, all the other enzymes were activated to different degrees by organic manure incorporation. A significant and positive relationship of enzyme activity with organic C and total N suggested that the addition of organic manure to soils increased C turnover, N availability and microbial activity which in turn led to greater enzyme synthesis and accumulation in the soil matrix.
Interactive Effect of Nitrogen and Sulphur on Growth and Yield of Rape‐seed‐Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern. and Coss. and Brassica campestris L.) Genotypes
Authors: Ahmad A. , Abraham G. , Gandotra N. , Abrol Y. P. , Abdin M. Z. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA simple randomized field experiment was conducted to assess the growth and yield of rape‐seed‐mustard in relation to sulphur and nitrogen interaction. Three levels of sulphur (0, 40 and 60 kg ha−1) in combination with three levels of nitrogen (60, 100 and 150 kg ha−1) were tested as treatments, T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5. Results indicated significant favourable effects of sulphur and nitrogen, when applied together, on yield components, seed and oil yield. Maximum response was observed with treatment T3 (having S and N of 40 and 100 kg ha1, respectively). Percentage oil content of seed was maximal at T4 (having S and N of 60 and 100 kg ha1) in both cultivars. The increase in N dose from 100 to 150 kg ha−1 without any change in applied S, i.e. 60 kg ha1 (T5), decreased the percentage oil content. The seed and oil yield, however, were similar to T3. Favourable responses of S and N interaction on leaf area index, rate of photosynthesis and biomass production were also observed.
Response of Wheat and Barley during Germination to Seed Osmopriming at Different Water Potential
Authors: Al‐Karaki Ghazi N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPre‐sowing osmotic seed treatments were evaluated as a means of improving water uptake and germination performance of wheat (Triticum durum L. cv. Hourani‐27) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. ACSAD 176) under four levels of water potential (0, –0.4, –0.8 and –1.2 MPa) created by using polyethylene glycol 8000. Seeds were osmoprimed in aerated solutions of 0.0, 0.2, 0.4 or 0.6 M KCl at 24 ± 2°C overnight and then rinsed and dried. Rate of water uptake by seeds was higher in osmoprimed than untreated seeds of both crops regardless of the water potential level. Decreasing water potential (more stress) adversely affected rate of water uptake in seeds of both crops. Seeds osmopriming increased germination percentage and decreased time to 50% germination at high water potentials (low stress), whereas the germination at low water potentials (more stress) was not affected by osmopriming treatments. The effect of osmopriming on rate of water uptake, germination percentage, and time to 50% germination was more pronounced in wheat than in barley. Reduction in the lag time of imbibition may be accounted for in part by some germination rate enhancement in the osmopriming treatments. Fresh weight and length of shoots (plumules) and roots (radicles) were enhanced in osmoprimed seeds in comparison to untreated seeds, in both crops at high water potentials (0 and – 0.4 MPa). As water potential in the medium decreased, these traits were inversely affected regardless of osmopriming treatment. Longer roots in wheat compared to barley were noted in the positive osmopriming treatments at high water potentials (0 and – 0.4). These results might indicate that wheat is more responsive than barley at relatively high water potentials to osmopriming through rapid penetrating root system.
Richards Plant Growth Model
Authors: Gregorczyk A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this paper, the Richards function in the form y(t) = A(I +be−kt)1/(1‐m) was used to precisely analyze plant growth. The first, second and third derivative formulae of the above function were given. A new parameter, G12= f(m) was derived, enabling the calculation of the coordinates of critical points which mark the principal growth phases. The coefficients of Richards model describing the dry matter accumulation in buckwheat plants were numerically calculated. The growth curve, growth rate curve and the growth acceleration curve were also drawn, A high usefulness of approximation of the growth process of buckwheat plants by means of Richards function was confirmed statistically.
Characterization of a Novel RING Finger Gene OsRFP1, which is Induced by Ethylene, Salicylic Acid and Blast Fungus Infection in Rice
Authors: Zhou Shanyue , Zhao Wensheng , Li Hui , Guo Zejian , Peng You‐Liang 
Published: April 2008

Abstract OsRFP1, a C3H2C3‐type zinc finger gene, was isolated through screening a blast‐induced rice cDNA library. The full‐length cDNA of the OsRFP1 gene is 1393 bp with an open reading frame (ORF) encoding 302 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence of OsRFP1 contains an N‐terminal Pfam:zf‐CHY domain and a C‐terminal C3H2C3‐type RING signature. OsRFP1 was found localizing in the nucleus based on the fluorescence emitted by OsRFP1‐GFP fusion protein expressed in onion epidermal cells. GAL4 DNA‐binding vector pBD‐containing OsRFP1 could activate expression of the reporter genes of His/Ade/LacZ in yeast strain AH109 indicating that OsRFP1 has the transcriptional activation activity. RNA blot analysis showed that expression of the OsRFP1 gene was significantly induced by ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA) and blast fungus infection. Together, these results indicate that the OsRFP1 may function as a transcriptional regulator in ET‐dependent signal pathway in plant defense.
THE EPITHELIAL BRUSH BORDER Na+/H+ EXCHANGER NHE3 ASSOCIATES WITH THE ACTIN CYTOSKELETON BY BINDING TO EZRIN DIRECTLY AND VIA PDZ DOMAIN‐CONTAINING Na+/H+ EXCHANGER REGULATORY FACTOR (NHERF) PROTEINS
Authors: Cha Boyoung , Donowitz Mark 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARY

The Na+/H+ exchanger NHE3 associates with the actin cytoskeleton by binding ezrin both directly and indirectly. Both types of interaction are necessary for acute regulation of NHE3. Most acute regulation of NHE3 occurs by changes in trafficking via effects on exocytosis and/or endocytosis. However, NHE3 activity can also be regulated without changing the surface expression of NHE3 (change in turnover number).
A positive amino acid cluster in the a‐helical juxtamembrane region in the COOH‐terminus of NHE3 (amino acids K516, R520 and R527) is necessary for binding to the protein 4.1, ezrin, radixin, moesin (FERM) domain III of ezrin. Direct binding of NHE3 to ezrin is necessary for many aspects of basal trafficking, including basal exocytosis, delivery from the synthetic pathway and movement of NHE3 in the brush border (BB), which probably contributes to endocytosis over a prolonged period of time.
In addition, NHE3 binds indirectly to ezrin. The PDZ domain‐containing proteins Na+/H+ exchanger regulatory factor (NHERF) 1 and NHERF2, as intermediates in linking NHE3 to ezrin, are necessary for many aspects of NHE3 regulation. The binding of NHERF–ezrin/radixin/moesin to NHE3 occurs in the cytosolic domain of NHE3 between amino acids 475 and 689. This NHERF binding is involved in the formation of the NHE3 complex and restricts NHE3 mobility in the BB. However, it is dynamic; for example, changing in some cases of signalling. Furthermore, NHERF binding is necessary for lysophosphatidic acid stimulation of NHE3 and inhibition of NHE3 by Ca2+, cAMP and cGMP.
INDICATORS OF DEHYDRATION AND HAEMOCONCENTRATION ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PREVALENCE AND SEVERITY OF CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Authors: Rasouli Mehdi , Kiasari Asadollah Mohseni , Arab Shahin 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARY

The vascular endothelium is injured by blood flow abnormalities exacerbated by different risk factors, including markers of haemoconcentration. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between markers of haemoconcentration and dehydration and the prevalence and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD).
Subjects in the present study (189 men and 126 women) were classified as either CAD cases or controls according to the results of coronary angiography. The severity of CAD was scored on the basis of the number and the extent of lesions on coronary arteries. Serum electrolytes, osmolality and haematological parameters were measured.
Compared with control subjects, patient with CAD had increased levels of serum osmolality, calculated osmolality, tonicity, sodium, glucose and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Significant differences were also observed in the haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration, but not in erythrocyte counts and total serum protein. On multiple logistic regression analysis adjusting for major risk factors, serum osmolality, glucose and BUN exhibited significant associations with CAD, but the correlations were lessened by diabetes. Analysis using anova showed a significant correlation between serum osmolality, sodium, glucose and BUN and the severity of CAD. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves, as a relative measure of the test's efficiency, was the highest and significant for serum osmolality, BUN and glucose.
The results indicate that some of the markers of dehydration and haemoconcentration are associated significantly with the prevalence and severity of CAD, but the independence of these correlations is questioned. These markers may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
HYPERHOMOCYSTEINAEMIA‐INDUCED CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES IN RATS
Authors: Resstel Leonardo BM , De Andrade Claudia R , Haddad Renato , Eberlin Marcos N , De Oliveira Ana M , Corrêa Fernando MA 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARY

Increased plasma homocysteine content and increased blood pressure are independently associated with higher cardiovascular risks. The present study was designed to determine the effects of hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcys) on the activity of the cardiovascular system in rats.
Using male Wistar rats, the effect of moderate HHcys, induced by treating rats with dl‐homocysteine thiolactone (DL‐HT; 1 g/kg per day) for 15 days, on arterial blood pressure, heart rate, baroreflex and vascular reactivity was determined.
Hyperhomocysteinaemia was observed after 15 days of treatment. Baseline arterial blood pressure and heart rate values of HHcys animals were significantly increased after 15 days of treatment. Plasma homocysteine and cardiovascular parameters returned to control values after termination of treatment. Baroreflex gain was significantly enhanced in HHcys rats. The pressor effect of an i.v. infusion of phenylephrine (50 mg/kg per mL) was decreased in HHcys rats and returned to control values after washout of DL‐HT. Hypotensive responses to i.v. infusions of sodium nitroprusside (70 mg/kg per mL) or acetylcholine (10 mg/kg per mL) were increased in HHcys animals and returned to control values after washout of DL‐HT. The increase in resting arterial blood pressure associated with the moderate HHcys was reversed by treatment with the b1‐adrenoceptor antagonist atenolol, suggesting that HHcys‐related hypertension is related to increase in cardiac sympathetic activity.
The present study showed significantly increased arterial blood pressure, heart rate and baroreflex activity in the early phase of moderate HHcys. In addition, HHcys was associated with alterations of vascular responsiveness to pressor and depressor agents, as well as increased cardiac sympathetic activity. The fact that cardiovascular changes observed in HHcys were reversed after DL‐HT washout indicate that moderate HHcys evokes cardiovascular changes.
INTRAPERITONEAL GLYCEROL INDUCES OXIDATIVE STRESS IN RAT KIDNEY
Authors: Rieger Elenara , Rech Virginia C , Feksa Luciane R , Wannmacher Clovis MD 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARY

Glycerol has been used for the treatment of intracranial hypertension, cerebral oedema and glaucoma. Experimentally, intramuscular administration of hypertonic glycerol solution is used to produce acute renal failure. In this model, glycerol causes rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria, resulting in the development of renal injury. The pathogenesis is thought to involve vascular congestion, the formation of casts and oxidative stress. However, the effect of glycerol itself independent of rhabdomyolysis has not been investigated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of i.p. glycerol on some biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in the kidney of young rats.
Rats received 10 mL/kg, i.p., hypertonic glycerol solution (50% v/v) or saline (NaCl 0.85 g%) followed by 24 h water deprivation. Twenty‐four hours after the administration of glycerol, rats were killed. Creatinine levels and the activity of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined in the plasma. In addition, CK, pyruvate kinase and LDH activity and oxidative stress parameters (free radical formation, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation) were measured in renal tissue.
Glycerol did not alter plasma CK activity and increased plasma creatinine levels, suggesting renal insufficiency and the absence of rhabdomyolysis. Renal CK and pyruvate kinase activity was decreased, suggesting diminution of energy homeostasis in the kidney. Plasma and renal LDH activity was decreased, whereas the formation of free radicals, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation were increased, suggesting oxidative stress.
These results are similar to those described after the intramuscular administration of glycerol. Therefore, it is possible that glycerol may provoke renal lesions by mechanisms other than those induced by rhabdomyolysis.
TISSUE‐ AND FIBRE‐SPECIFIC MODIFICATIONS OF INSULIN‐SIGNALLING MOLECULES IN CARDIAC AND SKELETAL MUSCLE OF DIABETIC RATS
Authors: Ekladous Demiana , Mehdi Mohamad Z , Costa Myriam , Srivastava Ashok K , Chiasson Jean‐Louis , Coderre Lise 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARY

Levels of insulin‐signalling molecules are altered in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetes, a model of Type 1 diabetes. However, the tissue‐specific regulation of these changes and the effect of insulin supplementation on signalling molecule protein levels have not been well characterized.
In the present study, we evaluated the level of proximal insulin‐signalling intermediates in the heart and in red and white gastrocnemius muscles of 2 week diabetic rats and diabetic rats supplemented with insulin.
Diabetes augmented levels of the insulin receptor and the p85 regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase in the red gastrocnemius, but not in the white gastrocnemius or the heart. Furthermore, diabetes reduced insulin receptor substrate‐1 levels in both the red and white gastrocnemius, but not in the heart. Examination of the levels and basal activities of distal insulin‐signalling intermediates (protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)) also failed to reveal a specific pattern in these changes. Thus, diabetes reduced basal ERK1/2 and PKB/Akt phosphorylation in the heart and white gastrocnemius, respectively, whereas it augmented basal p38 MAPK activity in the red gastrocnemius. Insulin supplementation normalized the levels and activities of some but not all proteins.
In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrate that adaptation to STZ‐induced diabetes varies among skeletal muscle fibre types and the heart, emphasizing the complex tissue‐specific responses to diabetes.