bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review: Implications of In Vitro Research on the Effect of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy Under Hypoxic Conditions
Authors: Wouters An , Pauwels Bea , Lardon Filip , Vermorken Jan B. 
Published: June 2007

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Argue why hypoxic regions in solid tumors often contain viable cells that are intrinsically more resistant to treatment with radiotherapy or chemotherapy.Describe how exposure of cells or cell lines to hypoxic conditions has major implications on multiple intracellular pathways.Evaluate the importance of investigating chemoradiotherapy combinations in vitro under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Amifostine: The First Selective-Target and Broad-Spectrum Radioprotector
Authors: Kouvaris John R. , Kouloulias Vassilis E. , Vlahos Lampros J. 
Published: June 2007

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Select appropriate multidisciplinary treatment regimens and cytoprotection for clinical trials for patients with head and neck cancer.Identify radiation toxicity for the head and neck, lung, and pelvic irradiated areas.Describe the cytoprotective effect of amifostine against radiation toxicity.
CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Receptivity to Tobacco Advertising and Promotions Among Young Adolescents as a Predictor of Established Smoking in Young Adulthood
Authors: Gilpin Elizabeth A. , White Martha M. , Messer Karen , Pierce John P. 
Published: June 2007

Objectives. We investigated whether receptivity to tobacco advertising and promotions during young adolescence predicts young adult smoking 6 years later. Methods. Two longitudinal cohorts of adolescents drawn from the 1993 and 1996 versions of the California Tobacco Surveys were followed 3 and 6 years later. At baseline, adolescents were aged 12 to 15 years and were not established smokers. The outcome measure was established smoking at final follow-up. Receptivity to cigarette advertising and promotions was included in a multivariate logistic regression analysis along with demographic and other variables. Results. The rate of established smoking at follow-up was significantly greater among members of the 1993 through 1999 cohort (21.0%) than among members of the 1996 through 2002 cohort (15.6%). However, in both cohorts, having a favorite cigarette advertisement and owning or being willing to use a tobacco promotional item showed nearly identical adjusted odds of future adult smoking (1.46 and 1.84, respectively). Conclusions. Despite the success of tobacco control efforts in reducing youth smoking, tobacco marketing remains a potent influence on whether young adolescents become established smokers in young adulthood (18–21 years of age).
Disparities in Smoking Between the Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Population and the General Population in California
Authors: Gruskin Elisabeth P. , Greenwood Gregory L. , Matevia Marilyn , Pollack Lance M. , Bye Larry L. 
Published: June 2007

Objectives. We conducted a large, population-based study to assess tobacco use in California’s lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) population. Methods. Standard measures of tobacco use from 2 separate, statewide household-based studies were used to compare basic prevalence rates in the LGB population and the general population in California. Data were derived from a 2003–2004 survey of LGB individuals living in California as well as from the 2002 version of the California Tobacco Survey, which gathered data on the state’s general population. Results. Smoking prevalence rates were higher in our sample of lesbians, bisexual women, and women who have sex with women than among women in the general California population. In the case of men, the only significant difference was that rates were higher among gay men than among men in the general population. Disparities in tobacco use between the LGB population and the general population were still evident after we controlled for key demographic variables and in comparisons with other tobacco use indicators such as average cigarette consumption. Conclusions. Tobacco control efforts targeting the LGB population are needed to reduce this group’s high rate of cigarette smoking.
Use of Consumer Survey Data to Target Cessation Messages to Smokers Through Mass Media
Authors: Nelson David E. , Gallogly Meg , Pederson Linda L. , Barry Matthew , McGoldrick Daniel , Maibach Edward W. 
Published: June 2007

Objectives. We identified the mass media channels that reach the most cigarette smokers in an attempt to more effectively target smoking cessation messages. Methods. Reach estimates and index scores for smokers were taken from 2002–2003 ConsumerStyles and HealthStyles national surveys of adults (N=11660) to estimate overall and demographic-specific exposure measures for television, radio, newspapers, and magazines. Results. Smokers viewed more television, listened to more radio, and read fewer magazines and newspapers than did nonsmokers. Nearly one third of smokers were regular daytime or late-night television viewers. Selected cable television networks (USA, Lifetime, and Discovery Channel) and selected radio genres, such as classic rock and country, had high reach and were cost-efficient channels for targeting smokers. Conclusions. Certain mass media channels offer efficient opportunities to target smoking cessation messages so they reach relatively large audiences of smokers at relatively low cost. The approach used in this study can be applied to other types of health risk factors to improve health communication planning and increase efficiency of program media expenditures.
The Impact of Clean Indoor Air Exemptions and Preemption Policies on the Prevalence of a Tobacco-Specific Lung Carcinogen Among Nonsmoking Bar and Restaurant Workers
Authors: Stark Michael J. , Rohde Kristen , Maher Julie E. , Pizacani Barbara A. , Dent Clyde W. , Bard Ronda , Carmella Steven G. , Benoit Adam R. , Thomson Nicole M. , Hecht Stephen S. 
Published: June 2007

Objectives. We studied the impact of clean indoor air law exemptions and preemption policies on the prevalence of a tobacco-specific lung carcinogen—4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK)—among nonsmoking bar and restaurant workers. Methods.secondhand smoke were compared with results from participants who were exposed to it. Results. Participants exposed to workplace secondhand smoke were more likely to have any detectable level of NNAL (P=.005) and higher mean levels of NNAL (P < .001) compared with nonexposed participants. Increased levels of NNAL were also associated with hours of a single workplace exposure (P=.005). Conclusions. Nonsmoking employees left unprotected from workplace secondhand smoke exposure had elevated levels of a tobacco-specific carcinogen in their bodies. All workers—including bar and restaurant workers—should be protected from indoor workplace exposure to cancer-causing secondhand smoke.
Quit Attempts and Intention to Quit Cigarette Smoking Among Young Adults in the United States
Authors: Fagan Pebbles , Augustson Erik , Backinger Cathy L. , O’Connell Mary E. , Vollinger Robert E. , Kaufman Annette , Gibson James T. 
Published: June 2007

Objectives. We investigated variables associated with quitting behaviors among current, daily, and nondaily young adult smokers in the United States. Methods. Data from the national 2003 Tobacco Use Special Cessation Supplement to the Current Population Survey were analyzed to identify factors associated with quit attempts and serious intention to quit among young adult smokers aged 18 to 30 years (n=7912). Results. Daily smokers who smoked 20 or more cigarettes per day, had their first cigarette within 30 minutes of waking, and smoked no usual type were less likely than were their comparison groups to have 1 more or quit attempts. Nondaily smokers who were male, Hispanic, and smoked no usual type of cigarette were also less likely than were their comparison groups to report 1 or more quit attempts. Although unemployed nondaily smokers were more likely than were the employed to report intention to quit, nondaily smokers with an annual family income of $25 000 to $49 000 were less likely than were higher-income families to report intention to quit. Conclusions. Nicotine dependence measures were significantly associated with quitting and intention to quit among daily smokers, but sociodemographics were associated with quitting and intention to quit among nondaily smokers.
Photoresponse Properties of CdSe Single‐Nanoribbon Photodetectors
Authors: Jiang Y. , Zhang W. J. , Jie J. S. , Meng X. M. , Fan X. , Lee S.‐T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPhotodetectors are fabricated from individual single‐crystal CdSe nanoribbons, and the photoresponse properties of the devices are studied systematically. The photodetector shows a high sensitivity towards excitation wavelength with a sharp cut‐off at 710 nm, corresponding to the bandgap of CdSe. The device exhibits a high photo‐to‐dark current ratio of five orders of magnitude at 650 nm, and can function with excellent stability, reproducibility, and high response speed (< 1 ms) in a wide range of switching frequency (up to 300 Hz). The photocurrent of the device shows a power‐law dependence on light intensity. This finding together with the analysis of the light intensity‐dependent response speed reveals the existence of various traps at different energy levels (shallow and deep) in the bandgap. Coating with a thin SiO2 isolating layer increases the photocurrent but decreases the response speed of the CdSe nanoribbon, which is attributed to reduction of recombination centers on ribbon surface.
A 2‐Mb critical region implicated in the microcephaly associated with terminal 1q deletion syndrome
Authors: Hill Anthony D. , Chang Bernard S. , Hill R. Sean , Garraway Levi A. , Bodell Adria , Sellers William R. , Walsh Christopher A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPatients with distal deletions of chromosome 1q have a recognizable syndrome that includes microcephaly, hypoplasia or agenesis of the corpus callosum, and psychomotor retardation. Although these symptoms have been attributed to deletions of 1q42‐1q44, the minimal chromosomal region involved has not been identified. Using microsatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, we have mapped the deleted regions in seven patients with terminal deletions of chromosome 1q to define a 2.0‐Mb microcephaly critical region including the 1q43‐1q44 boundary and no more than 11 genes. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overlapping phenotype of Wolf–Hirschhorn and Beckwith–Wiedemann syndromes in a girl with der(4)t(4;11)(pter;pter)
Authors: Mikhail Fady M. , Sathienkijkanchai Achara , Robin Nathaniel H. , Prucka Sandra , Biggerstaff Julie Sanford , Komorowski Jan , Andersson Robin , Bruder Carl E.G. , Piotrowski Arkadiusz , de Ståhl Teresita Diaz , Dumanski Jan P. , Carroll Andrew J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe report on an 8‐month‐old girl with a novel unbalanced chromosomal rearrangement, consisting of a terminal deletion of 4p and a paternal duplication of terminal 11p. Each of these is associated with the well‐known clinical phenotypes of Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) and Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), respectively. She presented for clinical evaluation of dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, atrial septal defect (ASD), and left hydronephrosis. High‐resolution cytogenetic analysis revealed a normal female karyotype, but subtelomeric fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis revealed a der(4)t(4;11)(pter;pter). Both FISH and microarray CGH studies clearly demonstrated that the WHS critical regions 1 and 2 were deleted, and that the BWS imprinted domains (ID) 1 and 2 were duplicated on the der(4). Parental chromosome analysis revealed that the father carried a cryptic balanced t(4;11)(pter;pter). As expected, our patient manifests findings of both WHS (a growth retardation syndrome) and BWS (an overgrowth syndrome). We compare her unique phenotypic features with those that have been reported for both syndromes. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deletion 22q11.2: Report of a complex meiotic mechanism of origin
Authors: Nogueira Sintia Iole , Hacker April M. , Bellucco Fernanda T. S. , Kulikowski Leslie Domenici , Christofolini Denise Maria , Cernach Mirlene C. , Melaragno Maria Isabel , Emanuel Beverly S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe report on the case of a patient with a typical de novo 3 Mb 22q11.2 deletion. Haplotype reconstruction of the family, using polymorphic markers flanking the deleted region, demonstrated a complex mechanism of origin of the deletion, involving one intrachromosomal and two interchromosomal events. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hot compaction of polyoxymethylene. II. Structural characterization
Authors: Al Jebawi K. , Sixou B. , Séguéla R. , Vigier G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe structural characterization of sintered polyoxymethylene was carried out to determine the mechanism of sintering. Thermal behavior and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) of sintered samples reveal that an improvement in either crystal size or perfection, or both, takes place during the sintering process, in comparison with compression‐molding from the melt. The loss modulus data also give evidence of crystal reorganization during sintering that improves the continuity of the crystalline phase and enhances its mechanical contribution. These findings eliminate the occurrence of major melting during sintering. However, the high mobility of the chains in the crystalline phase in the temperature range of the melting onset suggests that short range rearrangements of the chains in the crystalline lamellae are likely to occur during the time of the process. The proposed mechanism of sintering is that of crystallographic welding of crystals from neighboring particles, as a result of the combined effect of plastic flow and temperature during the hot compaction operation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Antibacterial finishing of polyester/cotton blend fabrics using neem (Azadirachta indica): A natural bioactive agent
Authors: Joshi M. , Ali S. Wazed , Rajendran S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe study focused on the development of biofunctional polyester/cotton blend fabric using a natural product. An antimicrobial agent extracted from the seeds of Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) was used for imparting antibacterial property to the blend fabric. Resin and catalyst concentrations were optimized to get the maximum crosslinking in the fabric blends using glyoxal/glycol as a crosslinking agent. The optimized concentrations were used to treat the fabric with the antimicrobial agent along with the crosslinking agent. Quantitative analysis was carried out to measure the antimicrobial activity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. The results showed that the treated fabrics inhibited the growth of Gram‐positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) by more than 90% as compared to the control sample. Antimicrobial activity against Gram‐ positive bacteria was retained up to five machine washes and decreased thereafter. The antibacterial activity was higher against Gram‐positive bacteria as compared to Gram‐ negative bacteria (Proteus vulgaris). The treated fabrics also showed improved crease recovery property although the tensile property showed a marginal decrease. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Shape‐memory polyurethane/multiwalled carbon nanotube fibers
Authors: Meng Qinghao , Hu Jinlian , Zhu Yong 
Published: June 2007

AbstractShape‐memory polyurethane/multiwalled carbon nanotube (SMP–MWNT) composites with various multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) contents were synthesized, and the corresponding SMP–MWNT fibers were prepared by melt spinning. The influence of the MWNT content on the spinnability, fracture morphology, thermal and mechanical properties, and shape‐memory behavior of the shape‐memory polymer was studied. The spinning ability of SMP–MWNTs decreased significantly with increasing MWNT content. When the MWNT content reached 8.0 wt %, the fibers could not be produced because of the poor rheological properties of the composites. The melt‐blending, extrusion, and melt‐spinning processes for the shape‐memory fiber (SMF), particularly at low MWNT contents, caused the nanotubes to distribute homogeneously and preferentially align along the drawing direction of the SMF. The crystallization in the SMF was promoted at low MWNT contents because it acted as a nucleation agent. At high MWNT contents, however, the crystallization was hindered because the movement of the polyurethane chains was restricted. The homogeneously distributed and aligned MWNTs preserved the SMF with high tenacity and initial modulus. The recovery ratio and recovery force were also improved because the MWNTs helped to store the internal elastic energy during stretching and fixing. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Recycled milk pouch and virgin low‐density polyethylene/linear low‐density polyethylene based coir fiber composites
Authors: Choudhury Arup , Kumar Sandeep , Adhikari Basudam 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe viability of the thermomechanical recycling of postconsumer milk pouches [a 50 : 50 low‐density polyethylene/linear low‐density polyethylene (LDPE–LLDPE) blend] and their use as polymeric matrices for coir‐fiber‐reinforced composites were investigated. The mechanical, thermal, morphological, and water absorption properties of recycled milk pouch polymer/coir fiber composites with different treated and untreated fiber contents were evaluated and compared with those of virgin LDPE–LLDPE/coir fiber composites. The water absorption of the composites measured at three different temperatures (25, 45, and 75°C) was found to follow Fickian diffusion. The mechanical properties of the composites significantly deteriorated after water absorption. The recycled polymer/coir fiber composites showed inferior mechanical performances and thermooxidative stability (oxidation induction time and oxidation temperature) in comparison with those observed for virgin polymer/fiber composites. However, a small quantity of a coupling agent (2 wt %) significantly improved all the mechanical, thermal, and moisture‐resistance properties of both types of composites. The overall mechanical performances of the composites containing recycled and virgin polymer matrices were correlated by the phase morphology, as observed with scanning electron microscopy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Zatocoding applied to mechanical organization of knowledge
Authors: Mooers Calvin N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe mechanical organization of knowledge for retrieval of stored information can no longer neglect the developments of point‐to‐point communication theory, since both deal with information and handle it by machines. The most versatile retrieval systems are those which delegate a separate tally to each information item, and which impress marks on the tally for the machine to read and to use for selective purposes. Coding is the relationship between these marks and the intellectual content of the information items. Coding determines the complexity of the selective machine and the utility of the whole process. A set of invariant coding principles is stated which define maximum coding efficiency for any tally selecting machines, and parallels are drawn between these principles and the conclusions of modern point‐to‐point communication theory. Zatocoding is defined—the system which superimposes random subject code patterns on the tally—and it is found to obey each of the invariant principles of coding efficiency while still allowing the simplest possible selector machine structure.
Sorting for chemical groups using Gordon‐Kendall‐Davison ciphers
Authors: Davison W. H. T. , Gordon M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractExisting methods of sorting for all compounds containing a specified chemical group, requiread hoccoding of all such groups; the limitations and disadvantages of these methods are briefly discussed. A new and completely general solution is proposed, using no coding other than the Gordon‐Kendall‐Davison (GKD) ciphers for the compounds.The Electronic Structural Correlator (ESC) which is proposed for this purpose consists of high‐speed, sequence‐controlled electronic digital computer coupled to punched card reading and sorting equipment. The logical and computing programmes for ESC are given in sufficient detail that only simple, logical and arithmetic operations are involved.Such a computer is shown to be somewhat smaller than general‐purpose computers and the time required to carry out the various operations is discussed. Average sorting times should be comparable with those of simple accounting type sorters.In addition to sorting for groups, ESC could detect cipher errors (andcorrectseniority errors), automatically expand contracted forms and carry out computations of additive properties.
Microanalysis of amoxicillin, flucloxacillin, and rifampicin in neonatal plasma
Authors: Pullen J. , Stolk L. M. L. , Neef C. , Zimmermann L. J. I. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSimple and rapid reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatographic assays with ultraviolet detection have been developed and validated for the determination of amoxicillin, flucloxacillin and rifampicin in neonatal plasma. Plasma samples were either precipitated with perchloric acid (amoxicillin) or methanol (rifampicin) or extracted with methylene chloride (flucloxacillin). Precision coefficients of variation and inaccuracy were less than 15% for all three assays. Only small sample volumes (20–40 µL) were required, making the assays suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies in preterm and term neonates. The assays have successfully been applied to analysis of amoxicillin, flucloxacillin and rifampicin in previously published pharmacokinetic studies in neonates. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesh pose‐editing using examples
Authors: Lee Tong‐Yee , Lin Chao‐Hung , Chu Hung‐Kuo , Wang Yu‐Shuen , Yen Shao‐Wei , Tsai Chang‐Rung 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn easy‐to‐use mesh pose‐editing system is presented. We take advantage of both skeleton‐based and example‐based approaches in order to provide an intuitive way for artists to edit mesh poses. Our system automatically extracts the skeletons of the remaining example models once the skeleton of a reference mesh is constructed. In our editing system the desired skeleton can be easily and naturally posed using an inverse kinematics (IK) algorithm incorporated with searching the optimal weights in the defined skeleton space of examples meshes. Eventually, the desired shape with detailed deformation can be constructed by blending the example meshes. Experimental results show that the proposed system provides an easy and intuitive control on mesh pose‐editing. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benzothiazol‐N‐oxide, III. Über die Synthese von 1‐Arylimino‐(SIV)benzothiazol‐2‐carbon‐säure‐ äthylestern
Authors: Wagner Klaus , Ley Kurt , Oehlmann Linthard 
Published: June 2007

Abstract2‐Äthoxycarbonylbenzothiazol‐N‐oxide2) reagieren mit Phenylisocyanat bzw. N‐Sulfinylarylaminen unter CO2‐ bzw. SO2‐abspaltung zu 1‐Arylimino‐(SIV)benzothiazol‐2‐carbonsäure‐ äthylestern (11)3). Ihre Strukturen werden an Hand der spektroskopischen Daten und chemischen Reaktionen diskutiert. Die gleichzeitige Bildung von Isomeren der hetero‐aromatischen Schwefelimine (19) konnte in zwei Fällen experimentell nachgewiesen werden.