bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A POLYMYXIN‐CLOTH ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY SYSTEM FOR SALMONELLA O SEROGROUP IDENTIFICATION 4
Authors: WANG HAIYAN , BLAIS BURTON W. , YAMAZAKI HIROSHI 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTA simple method is described for the serological identification of Salmonella O antigens by capture of the lipopolysaccharide antigens on polymyxin‐coated polyester cloth followed by immunoenzymatic detection of the captured O antigens using rabbit Salmonella O antisera and an anti‐rabbit IgG‐peroxidase conjugate. By using a strip of polymyxin‐coated cloth, it was possible to characterize a given isolate with multiple antisera dot blotted on the strip. Conversely, the same format enabled the simultaneous characterization of multiple isolates with a given antiserum on a single strip. This method was much less cumbersome and time‐consuming than the traditional agglutination technique, and utilized very little of the antisera.
USE OF POLYMYXIN B IN A CAPTURE ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY FOR DETECTION OF SALMONELLAE SPP. LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE
Authors: NIELSEN K. , TSANG R. , D'AOUST J.‐Y. , GARCIA M. , SURUJBALLI O. , HENNING D. , BROOKS B. , KELLY W. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTA capture enzyme immunoassay for detection of salmonellae sp. lipopolysaccharide was developed. The assay made use of polymyxin B sulfate, passively attached to a polystyrene matrix, to capture lipopolysaccharide. Bound lipopolysaccharride was then detected with a monoclonal antibody, specific for salmonellae spp. followed by goat antimouse antibody conjugated with horseradish peroxidase.The analytical sensitivity of the assay was approximately 1 ng/ml of lipopolysaccharide. The results are comparable to those obtained with a competitive enzyme immunoassay previously developed. The sensitivity of the polymyxin B assay decreased to 4–5 ng/ml when the salmonellae spp. lipopolysaccharide was mixed with 1–100 μg/ml of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, while this level of heterogeneous lipopolysaccharide, did not decrease the sensitivity of the competitive enzyme immunoassay.The polymyxin B capture assay was advantageous in that polymyxin B is a standardized reagent that is relatively inexpensive and does not require extensive preparation or containment facilities. The assay is robust; however, because of the light sensitivity of polymyxin B, its stickiness to other reagents and interference by other lipopolysaccharides, this assay requires careful attention to detail and may therefore be an unsuitable assay for field use.
EFFECT OF ENRICHMENT PROCEDURES ON THE STABILITY OF THE VIRULENCE PLASMID AND VIRULENCE‐ASSOCIATED CHARACTERISTICS IN YERSINIA ENTEROCOLITICA1
Authors: BHADURI SAUMYA 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis report presents information on the effects of five current enrichment procedures including trypticase soy broth, phosphate buffered saline, peptone enriched phosphate buffered saline, phosphate buffered saline with sorbitol and bile salts and MacConkey broth on the stability of virulence plasmid in Yersinia enterocolitica. Virulence assays using crytal violet binding, low calcium response, Congo red uptake, hydrophobicity by latex particle agglutination, and autoagglutination as well as plasmid DNA analysis showed that Y. enterocolitica did not lose the virulence plasmid during isolation at 28C and the cells remained virulent. Moreover, postenrichment treatment with alkali to reduce competing microflora, when used in conjunction with these five enrichment techniques, did not cause the loss of the virulence plasmid, thus providing a way to selectively isolate this pathogen.
A SIMPLE AND RAPID METHOD FOR THE DETECTION AND ENUMERATION OF PHAGES OF BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS HSP40 IN FOODS AND SEWAGE1
Authors: KONE KARIM , FUNG D.Y.C. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe phage‐host model of Bacteroides fragilis HSP40 has been documented as a potential index of human sewage and enteroviruses in sewage samples. However, this organism is an obligate anaerobe, which significantly limits the convenience of this model. The objectives of this study were to develop a simple method for the detection and enumeration of phages of B. fragilis HSP40 without using cumbersome anaerobic methods, to compare the novel method to the standard plaque assay (PA), and to enumerate phages naturally occurring in foods and sewage using both methods. Oxyrase enzymeTM (OE) was used at 0.5 U/ml in the growth medium of B. fragilis HSP40 before aerobic incubation. A double tube for phage (DTP) was developed and compared to the standard PA throughout the study. An enrichment procedure for samples was tested using 0.5 U/ml OE. Results indicated that the DTP could detect plaque forming units (PFU) of phages of B. fragilis HSP40 within 12–18h, with a sensitivity of 1 PFU/ml. The need for anaerobic incubation was totally eliminated by using OE and applying the DTP. Phage counts using DTP and PA were highly correlated (R2= 0.99–1.00) in spiked peptone water and ground beef. Enrichment of samples with OE enhanced phage recovery from spiked ground beef. With the DTP and PA, phages of B. fragilis HSP40 were detected from sewage, oysters, mushrooms and chicken. No such phage was detected from fresh ground beef before and after enrichment with either method. The DTP method was simpler than the PA, and it can be recommended for rapid screening of foods for fecal contamination and potential presence of viruses.
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY‐BASED ELISAS FOR THE DETECTION OF BACTERIAL SPORES 1
Authors: QUINLAN JENNIFER J. , FOEGEDING PEGGY M. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Monoclonal antibodies against bacterial spores were used to develop ELISAs to detect a range of spores. ELISAs utilizing anti‐Bacillus spore antibodies detected spores of Bacillus megaterium ATCC 12872, Bacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 7953, Bacillus subtilis var. globigii and Bacillus cereus T. They did not detect Bacillus subtilis A, Bacillus coagulans ATCC 56177 or Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 9789. One ELISA utilizing anti‐Clostridium spore antibodies detected spores of Desulfotomaculum nigrificans ATCC 7946, Clostridium perfringens ATCC 3624 and B. stearothermophilus ATCC 7953, but not spores of Clostridum sporogenes PA3679 or Clostridium botulinum 62A. Whole milk, skim milk, gelatin and starch all interfered to some degree with the abilities of the assays to detect spores. Neither centrifugation nor immunomagnetic bead separation provided sufficient concentration of spores from the food matrix to be applicable to the ELISAs developed.These results demonstrate the ability to detect a range of spores using monoclonal antibody‐based ELISAs. Such assays may, however, be limited by sensitivity and interference from food components.
DETECTION AND ENUMERATION OF H2S+ BACTERIA: APPLICATION TO SHEWANELLA PUTREFACIENS (CIP)
Authors: MALLE P. , VALLÉ M. , DEMARQUE P. , EB P. , TAILLIEZ R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractH2S+ bacteria responsible for the degradation of sulfur‐containing amino acids of fish muscle are currently little used to evaluate the microbiological pal quality of fish. Shewanella putrefaciens greatly predominates in this flora, and was therefore used to define a suitable culture method and medium. Inoculations by the Spiral surface method at 25C, with an incubation of 72h, gave the best counts on a medium containing two sources of sulfur (organic and inorganic) for H2S+ bacteria. The culture medium and the NaCl concentration were determinant in the evaluation of this flora. At present there is no standard medium which meets these requirements.
APPLICATION OF POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION‐OLIGONUCLEOTIDE LIGATION ASSAY FOR THE DETECTION OF SALMONELLAE IN PROCESSED MEAT, POULTRY, FISH, AND PET FOODS
Authors: STONE G.G. , CHENGAPPA M.M. , HAYS M.P. , OBERST R.D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe have tested a rapid and sensitive DNA‐based assay for the detection of Salmonella serovars in a number of different processed meat, fish, poultry, and pet food samples. This technique uses an enrichment broth cultivation followed by a Salmonella‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA) to specifically detect amplified PCR products in an ELISA‐based microtiter plate format. The combined cultivation and PCR‐OLA techniques were compared with a conventional culture method and with DNA hybridizations of PCR products for the detection of Salmonella bacteria. Eighty‐one different processed meat, poultry, and pet food samples were screened for the presence of Salmonella serovars after 24 h and 48 h of enrichment broth cultivation. After 24 h of incubation, one ground turkey sample was positive by both culture and PCR‐OLA (100% sensitivity and 100% specificity). After 48 h of incubation, two additional samples (ground beef and a dog food sample) were positive by both culture and PCR‐OLA (100% sensitivity and 100% specificity), and three other samples (two ground beef samples and one ground turkey) were positive only by PCR‐OLA (96.1% specificity). All positive PCR‐OLA results were confirmed in DNA hybridizations with an oligonucleotide specific for the amplified PCR product. When compared to conventional culture, the combined 48 h enrichment and PCR‐OLA had a positive predictive value of 50% and a negative predictive value of 100%. We concluded that a combined cultivation and PCR‐OLA could be used as a sensitive and specific presumptive screening method for detecting Salmonella serovars in processed meat, fish, poultry, and pet foods.
OPTIMIZATION OF CULTURE CONDITIONS FOR ENUMERATION OF H2S BACTERIA IN THE FLESH OF SEAFISH
Authors: MALLE P. , VALLE M. , EB P. , TAILLIEZ R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractH2S bacteria of seafish flesh are weakly halophilic and require on average 1.68% NaCl according to statistical studies. Enumeration is optimal on PCA‐H2S(a PCA medium supplemented with sulfur sources and increased NaCl concentrations) incubated at 25C. Total aerobic bacteria can be counted simultaneously on this medium. The proportion of H2S bacteria relative to total aerobic bacteria increased slightly during prolonged storage of the fish, but was highly variable. Models relating H2S bacterial counts to spoilage of fish are sigmoidal and showed that when the count exceeds 10,000 CFU/g, whole or filleted fish stored in ice at 0C are unfit for consumption. Shewanella putrefaciens accounted for 69% of the H2S bacteria at the fifth day of storage and 100% at the fifteenth.
COMPARISON OF THE MILLIPORE DIGITAL TOTAL COUNT SYSTEM AND STANDARD MEMBRANE FILTRATION PROCEDURE TO ENUMERATE MICROORGANISMS IN WATER SAMPLES FROM COSMETIC/PHARMACEUTICAL ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: SCALICI C. , SMALLS S. , BLUMBERG S. , ENGLISH D. , JIMENEZ L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA study was performed to compare the Millipore Digital Total Count System with a standard membrane filtration procedure in enumerating the number of microorganisms present in several types of water samples (e.g., Hot/Cold Deionized, Tap, and RO/Ultra Filtration). Water samples were collected over a 4 month period. Statistical data analysis demonstrated an overall correlation of greater than 82% between the two test methodologies. The linearity of the microbial counts between both test methods was compared by artificially contaminating sterile water samples with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The linearity of the microbial counts between both methods was found to be greater than 96%. The Millipore Digital Total Count System was found to be comparable to the standard membrane filtration method in determining the number of microorganisms in a water sample. In conclusion, the Millipore Digital Total Count System was able to provide a 24 h enumeration of microorganisms present in a water sample. This rapid enumeration allows for a faster quality evaluation of water samples from an industrial water system that is used in the manufacture of cosmetic/pharmaceutical products.
APPLICABILITY OF RAPID METHODS FOR DETECTION OF SALMONELLA SPP. IN POULTRY FEEDS: A REVIEW
Authors: RICKE S.C. , PILLAI S.D. , NORTON R.A. , MACIOROWSKI K.G. , JONES F.T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe rapid detection of pathogenic microbial species in feed is of paramount importance considering its implications for animal production and food safety. More sensitive and rapid detection of contaminated feedstuffs may lead to more selective and therefore less expensive treatment of feeds, reduced rates of transmission to a poultry host and reduced carcass contamination. In order to interrupt the cycle of Salmonella spp. transmission from feed to poultry to the consumer, more rapid detection methods to monitor these sources are needed that provide conclusive results within the time frame of feed mixing or broiler processing. Within the last decade, new variations of selective media have been investigated to increase selectivity without reducing Salmonella spp. recovery. Immunological assay methods may also decrease assay time from 96 h to within 24–30 h. But all commercially available methods still require 16 to 57 h for preenrichment, enrichment, and in some cases, postenrichment to recover sublethally injured cells before the assay can be performed. Among the molecular methods that are currently available, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) represents a tremendous potential for the detection of low levels of pathogenic bacteria. Once optimized, rapid methods may be used to quickly, reliably and inexpensively screen a variety of feedstuffs and feed components for the presence of Salmonella spp., with the goal of minimizing both the cost of feed treatment and the horizontal transmission of Salmonella spp. from feed to poultry.
DETECTION OF TYPE A BOTULINAL TOXIN‐PRODUCING ORGANISMS SUBCULTURED FROM CHEESE USING AN AMPLIFIED ELISA SYSTEM
Authors: FERREIRA JOSEPH L. , CRAWFORD RONALD G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMascarpone cheese implicated in a botulism outbreak was examined for preformed and cultural botulinal toxins using the mouse bioassay. The cheese was also assayed for cultural toxins and for the most probable number (MPN) of toxin‐producing organisms/g using an amplified ELISA. No preformed botulinal toxins were discovered in the cheese samples (pH range 5.84‐5.86) using the mouse bioassay. However, after cheese subculture in tryptone‐peptone‐glucose‐yeast extract broth, type A botulinal toxin‐producing organisms that formed more than 10,000 MLD (mouse lethal dose)/mL in culture were detected. The ELISA results also revealed that type A toxin was present in the culture with a sensitivity of ∼ 10 MLD/mL. The MPN of type A toxin‐producing organisms/g in 12 cheese samples examined ranged from < 0.3‐9.33. No ELISA cross‐reactivity was noted between the type A toxic cultures and other types (B, E, or F). The ELISA sensitivity was ∼5 MLD/mL casein buffer using purified type A neurotoxin. The advantages of the ELISA test are that the toxin type and approximate lethal dose can be determined within one day compared to the mouse bioassay which takes 3–5 days.
OPTIMAL PURIFICATION AND SENSITIVE QUANTIFICATION OF DNA FROM FECAL SAMPLES
Authors: JENSEN A.N. , HOORFAR J. 
Published: May 2007

Application of reliable, rapid and sensitive methods to laboratory diagnosis of zoonotic infections continues to challenge microbiological laboratories. The recovery of DNA from a swine fecal sample and a bacterial culture extracted by a conventional phenol‐chloroform extraction method was compared to a rapid silica‐membrane spin‐column method (DNeasy Tissue or QIAamp Stool Kit, QIAGEN GmbH). The two spin column methods yielded 3.5 and 2.7 μg of DNA, respectively, when the elution volume was 200 μL, compared to 1.3 and 1.5 μg of DNA, respectively, with the phenol‐chloroform method.In addition, the detection range of λ‐DNA of a spectrophotometric and a fluorometric (PicoGreen) method was compared. The PicoGreen showed a quantification limit of 1 ng/mL, consistent triplicate measurements, and finally a linear relationship between the concentrations of DNA standards and the fluorescence readings (R2= 0.99 and R2= 1.00).In conclusion, silica‐membrane columns can provide a more convenient and less hazardous alternative to the conventional phenol‐based method. The results have implication for further improvement of sensitive amplification methods for laboratory diagnosis.
ENUMERATING 3MTM PETRIFILMTM AEROBIC COUNT PLATES USING THE PETRISCAN® AUTOMATED COLONY COUNTER
Authors: GARRY EILEEN , PESTA MEREDITH , WILLIAMS PATRICK 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTIn the food and dairy industries, aerobic plate counts are determined by a time‐consuming and laborious hand‐counting method. The PetriScan ® automated colony counter was developed to improve efficiency in the microbiology laboratory. In this study, colony counts of food, dairy, and milk products plated on 3MTM PetrifilmTM Aerobic Count Plates were compared using both automated and manual count plate methods. For sample variation, 16 different food, dairy, and milk products were used. Samples were prepared and serially diluted using Butterfield's diluent according to approved AOAC methods and APHA's Standard Methods. Plates were inoculated, incubated, and counted according to AOAC methods. For data collection, plates with counts between 5 and 300 colonies were included. A total of 55 low (5–30), 29 medium (31–100), and 23 high (101–300) count plates were used. Duplicate results were recorded for both methods; hand counts were tallied by two scientists. The duplicates of the mean log values for manual counts varied by 0.0005 and 0.0007, and the duplicates for the automated counts varied by 0.0011. The mean log value difference between the automated and manual counts for pooled data was 0.035. The correlation coefficient for the regression line comparing the automated and manual count methods for pooled data was 0.98. The regression equation was y = 0.9257x + 0.0781. These results demonstrate that the PetriScan® automated colony counter is a comparable and practical alternative to the standard method of manually counting plates.
AROMA INTENSITIES OF VARIOUS WOOD SMOKE FRACTIONS
Authors: MAGA JOSEPH A. , FAPOJUWO OMOLOLU O. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTSubjective aroma intensities were performed on smokes generated from cherry, chestnut, hard maple, white and red oak, apple, hickory and mes‐quite woods. The smokes were separated into total, carbonyl, neutral, basic and phenolic fractions. A sensory panel rated the carbonyl fraction of all smokes, except mesquite, as having the strongest smoke intensity. The aroma of the basic fraction was next in intensity. In the case of mesquite, the phenolic fraction was the most intense. Contrary to the common belief that the phenolic fraction is the primary contributor to smoke aroma in wood smoke, this study showed the carbonyl fraction to be the primary contributor for most woods. Because of the potential health danger associated with smoke‐associated phenolic compounds, this study demonstrated that it would be possible to reduce or eliminate the phenolic fraction in many smoke sources without losing smoke aroma intensity.
DEVELOPMENT OF A TEXTURE PROFILE PANEL FOR EVALUATING RESTRUCTURED BEEF STEAKS VARYING IN MEAT PARTICLE SIZE
Authors: BERRY B. W. , CIVILLE G. V. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTA texture profile panel was developed for measuring textural properties of restructured beef steaks differing in meat particle size. For steaks of different particle sizes, considerable differences existed in the type of sample breakdown and shape of chewed pieces after just two chews. Panelists also found restructured steaks made from large meat particle sizes to be visually more distorted and to contain more gristle than steaks made from small meat particle sizes. Several characteristics (chunkiness after two chews, coarseness of chewed mass at 15 chews) were dropped from the profile over time, while several characteristics (type of sample breakdown and shape of chewed pieces at two chews, size of chewed pieces at 10 chews) not used initially, were added. The texture profile panel approach appears suitable for discerning the textural differences in restructured steaks that can arise from using different meat particle sizes during processing.
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF TEXTURE REFERENCE SCALES
Authors: MUÑOZ ALEJANDRA M. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTStandard texture rating scales of hardness, adhesiveness, fracturability, cohesiveness, and denseness were modified during the training of a Texture Profile panel. New reference materials were selected for each scale to better illustrate the texture characteristics and intensities and to account for previously recommended food products no longer available. In addition, new reference scales for wetness, adhesiveness to lips, roughness, self‐adhesiveness, springiness, cohesiveness of mass, moisture absorption, adhesiveness to teeth, and manual adhesiveness were developed. The application of new texture reference scales reduced the variability among panelists and provided consistent judgments in texture evaluations. Expanded and improved definitions and evaluation procedures for texture attributes are presented. Also, special considerations for the use of reference scales in texture evaluations are discussed.
COMPARISON OF RATING SCALES: SENSITIVITY, REPLICATES AND RELATIVE MEASUREMENT
Authors: LAWLESS HARRY T. , MALONE GILBERT J. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe relative sensitivities of four scaling methods were assessed in central location tests with untrained judges. The scales included category scales, line scales, magnitude estimation, and a hybrid of the line and category scales. Approximate parity was observed among category scales, line scales and the hybrid scale in their ability to differentiate small physical differences. Magnitude estimation was used as efficiently as the other methods by a college population, but less efficiently by a heterogeneous sample of consumers. Judges used the scales with greater accuracy as they became familiar with the range of products to be judged. In spite of relatively small physical differences, subjects used wide ranges of the scales, supporting the view that rating scales are relative, not absolute, measuring instruments.
INTEGRATED COMPUTERIZED SENSORY ANALYSIS
Authors: FINDLAY CHRISTOPHER J. , GULLETT ELIZABETH A. , GENNER DON 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTA computerized sensory analysis system, based on an IBM‐PC compatible local area network, was developed. Panelist input was simplified through the use of a light pen and interactive questionnaire program. The system was integrated to allow preparation of descriptive, hedonic, triangle, structured and unstructured ballots; registration of panelists; collection of data; statistical analysis and report generation. The primary benefits are the simplicity of response for panelists, flexibility for the sensory analyst to design questionnaires and the elimination of time‐consuming manual scoring and data manipulation involved in conventional sensory analysis.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES OF PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSIS
Authors: FEDERER W.T. , MCCULLOCH C.E. , MILES‐MCDERMOTT N.J. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTIn order to provide a deeper understanding of the workings of principal components, four data sets were constructed by taking linear combinations of values of two uncorrelated variables to form the X‐variates for the principal component analysis. These examples are believed useful for aiding researchers in the interpretation of data and they highlight some of the properties and limitations of principal components analyses.