bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcome of fetuses with antenatally diagnosed short femur
Authors: Papageorghiou A. T. , Fratelli N. , Leslie K. , Bhide A. , Thilaganathan B. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the outcome of fetuses diagnosed with short femur length at the time of the routine anomaly scan.MethodsThis was a retrospective review of all pregnancies referred to a tertiary referral unit with fetal femur length below the 5th centile for gestation at 18–24 weeks of gestation. All patients had undergone pregnancy dating and assessment of the risk of chromosomal abnormalities by measurement of fetal nuchal translucency at 11 to 13 + 6 weeks.ResultsOver 5 years, 129 cases were evaluated. Detailed ultrasound examination showed associated fetal abnormalities in 46 (36%) cases, and these were classified as non‐isolated. In this group, skeletal dysplasias (n = 16), chromosomal abnormalities (n = 10) and genetic syndromes (n = 4) were the most common associations. In contrast, there were no cases of chromosomal abnormalities or skeletal dysplasia in the 83 (64%) isolated cases. Early severe intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) with abnormal umbilical artery Doppler findings and delivery before 37 weeks occurred in 33/83 (40%) cases with isolated short femur, and 90% of these had abnormal uterine artery Doppler findings at the time of presentation. These pregnancies also had high rates of pre‐eclampsia (36%) and intrauterine death (33%). Those with normal uterine artery Doppler imaging were at low risk for these complications.ConclusionsIn a population previously screened by first‐trimester fetal nuchal translucency measurement, the finding of isolated short femur at 18–24 weeks is unlikely to be due to aneuploidy. Severe IUGR associated with high mortality occurs in 40%, making uterine artery Doppler evaluation a useful clinical tool. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved separation of natural oil triglycerides by liquid chromatography using columns packed with 3‐μm particles
Authors: Dong M. W. , Dicesare J. L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractVery high‐resolution separations of triglycerides in various natural oils have been demonstrated by liquid chromatography using short columns packed with 3‐μm alkyl bonded‐phase particles. Analysis times range from 8 to 16 min without prior sample clean‐up. The primary detector used was a refractive index detector having low dispersive characteristics. Both the high efficiency of the columns and the selectivity of the 3‐μ packing material contribute to the separation of several critical pairs of triglycerides. A substantial reduction in analysis time was also achieved. An ultraviolet detector operated at 220 nm was used to illustrate an alternative detection approach.
Separation of fatty acid methyl esters on the basis of the number of double bonds using alumina plates
Authors: Lowry R. R. , Tinsley I. J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe separation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) on the basis of the number of double bonds present in the molecule was accom‐plished using thin layer chromatography (TLC) on alumina. Hexane was used as the solvent in a continuous development mode using modified tanks. The separations were verified by gas liquid chroma‐tography (GLC) and retention of structural integrity was confirmed by infrared analysis fortrans isomerization and by ozonolysis‐GLC for double bond position.
Comparative evaluation of solvent extraction methods for the determination of neutral and polar lipids in beef
Authors: Sahasrabudhe M. R. , Smallbone B. W. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSamples of lean (< 5% fat), medium (13–15%) and high‐fat (> 20%) ground beef were extracted for total lipid by 4 methods of wet extraction employing chloroform/methanol (CM), n‐hexane/iso‐propanol (HIP) and ethyl alcohol/ethyl ether (AE), and by 3 methods of soxhlet extraction of freeze‐dried material by petroleum ether (PE) or eithyl ether (EE), CM and methylene chloride/ methanol (MM). The purified lipid was fractionated into neutral and polar lipid fractions by silicic acid chromatography and the fractions were analyzed for fatty acid distribution by gas liquid chroma‐tography (GLC). The soxhlet procedure employing either PE or EE extracted less than 75% of total lipid, 89% of triglycérides and 15% of polar lipids from lean beef as compared to other methods, and as the fat content increased from 3 to 20%, extracted amounts of polar lipid which increased to 40% of that extracted by other methods. The fatty acid distribution of the fractionated triglycerides and polar lipids was generally within experimental error for each frac‐tion, irrespective of the method of extraction. The percentages of 16:0 and 18:1 were significantly less in polar lipids than in trigly‐cerides. In addition to significantly higher percentage of 18:2, the polar lipids contained up to 20% of long‐chain fatty acids not detected in triglycerides. The soxhlet procedures with CM or MM were as effective as wet extraction procedures in extracting neutral and polar lipids.
Three‐, six‐ and nine‐carbon ozonolysis products from cottonseed oil and crudechlorella lipids
Authors: Burris N. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTwo naturally occurring lipids were subjected to ozonolysis. Isolated cottonseed oil and crude, mixed lipid extracts of the algaChlorella yielded three‐, six‐, and nine‐carbon compounds. Both mono‐and difunctional acids and aldehydes were quantifiable. Monofunctional C9 compounds occur in higher than expected yields, apparently at the expense of difunctional C3 and C9 compounds. Yields of the compounds of interest varied from ca. 35 to 150%, depending on exact conditions. The possibility of utilizing ozonolysis of natural lipids for the production of reactive organic chemicals helps justify further research in algal lipid production.
Determination of selenium, arsenic, iodine and bromine in fish, plant and mammalian oils by cyclic instrumental neutron activation analysis
Authors: Elson C. M. , Ackman R. G. , Chatt A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe concentrations of arsenic, selenium, iodine and bromine in a series of fish, plant and mammalian oils have been determined by cyclic instrumental neutron activation analysis (CINAA). Crude fish oils contain between 0.047 and 0.151 μg Se g−1, 2.36–14.5 μg As g−1, 2.36–9.63 μg Br g−1 and 0.97–4.76 μgI g−1. Seal oil contains the same four elements, but at levels below the lower end of the fish oil ranges. Iodine, bromine and arsenic were not detected in rape‐seed or soybean oils and the concentration of selenium varied from < 0.010 to 0.042 μg g−1. The levels of selenium, iodine and bromine are reduced markedly by hydrogenation of the menhaden oils. The CINAA method yielded results which were in agreement with pub‐lished values obtained by other methods. The technique was rapid, requiring minimal sample manipulation, and was essentially free from interferences.
Cyclopropenoid fatty acids in seed oils ofurena repanda andthespesia lampas
Authors: Ahmad M. S. , Ahmad M. U. , Rauf A. , Osman S. M. , Ballantine J. A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSeed oils ofUrena repanda andThespesia lampas (Malvaceae) were found to contain malvalic (2.6, 0.6%) and sterculic (1.1, 2.1%) acids, respectively, besides the normal fatty acids. Cooccurrence of these two acids were established by gas Chromatographic analysis of silver nitrate/methanol‐treated methyl esters usingSterculia foetida esters as a reference standard.
Determination of titanium dioxide in soaps by furnace atomic absorption spectrometry
Authors: Lercari C. , Sartorel B. , Sedea L. , Toninelli G. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA procedure for the determination of titanium dioxide in soaps by furnace atomic absorption spectrometry is described. The method has the advantage of being rapid and simple. After the soap is dispersed in water, the titanium dioxide content is determined directly without any preliminary treatment with acids and bases to solubilize the titanium dioxide.
High pressure liquid chromatography of alpha olefin sulfonates
Authors: Johannessen R. O. , DeWitt W. J. , Smith R. S. , Tuvell M. E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAlpha olefin sulfonates (AOS) are a complex mixture of the positional isomers of hydroxyalkane sulfonates, alkene sulfonates, and disulfonates. This paper describes a qualitative method for separating these various components by reverse‐phase high pressure liquid chromatography. The column utilized was a DuPont Zorbax TMS (4.6 mm × 25 cm) with a water/methanol (25:75, v/v) mobile phase containing sodium nitrate at a concentration of 0.4M. The hydroxyalkane sulfonate and alkene sulfonate peaks were identified using laboratory prepared standards. The disulfonate peaks were located using controlled sulfonation conditions. More work needs to be done to separate an overlap of C16 3‐hydroxyalkane sulfonate and C14 2‐alkene sulfonate in 1416 AOS. However, if studies are based on single carbon number AOS samples, the overlap of these peaks can be avoided. This method can be utilized as a qualitative tool for the comparison of sulfonation runs, the identification of AOS within a detergent, or the identfication of the olefin type used for sulfonation.
Regulation of phosphate homeostasis by the phosphatonins and other novel mediators
Authors: Shaikh Aisha , Berndt Theresa , Kumar Rajiv 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA variety of factors regulate the efficiency of phosphate absorption in the intestine and phosphate reabsorption in kidney. Apart from the well-known regulators of phosphate homeostasis, namely parathyroid hormone (PTH) and the vitamin D–endocrine system, a number of peptides collectively known as the “phosphatonins” have been recently identified as a result of the study of various diseases associated with hypophosphatemia. These factors, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (sFRP-4), fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF-7) and matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE), have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of various hypophosphatemic and hyperphosphatemic disorders, such as oncogenic osteomalacia, X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets, autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets, autosomal recessive hypophosphatemia and tumoral calcinosis. Whether these factors are true hormones, in the sense that they are regulated by the intake of dietary phosphorus and the needs of the organism for higher or lower amounts of phosphorus, remains to be firmly established in humans. Additionally, new information demonstrates that the intestine “senses” luminal concentrations of phosphate and regulates the excretion of phosphate in the kidney by elaborating novel factors that alter renal phosphate reabsorption.
Challenges in Supporting Community Implementation of Science‐based Programs: A Critical Review of Local Partnerships for Success Plans
Authors: Julian David A. , Ross Melissa , Partridge Charles 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper provides the opportunity to consider local challenges to implementing science‐based programs. Wandersman et al. (American Journal of Community Psychology 2008) define three systems necessary to effectively implement science‐based programming. These systems include the Prevention Support System, which is responsible for assisting communities in implementing effective practices; the Prevention Research System, which is responsible for developing and packaging prevention programming; and the Prevention Delivery System, which is responsible for delivering services. The authors conduct a content analysis related to six county level efforts to implement science‐based programs in Ohio. These counties are part of a larger Ohio initiative referred to as Partnerships for Success. The authors suggest that local officials are quite skilled at accessing the Prevention Research System and providers at the local level represent an effective service delivery system. The authors contend that the Prevention Support System in these counties is capable of enhancing several functions related to local infrastructure but is deficient in other important elements.
Role of Parenting Relationship Quality in Communicating about Maternal BRCA1/2 Genetic Test Results with Children
Authors: DeMarco Tiffani A. , Peshkin Beth N. , Valdimarsdottir Heiddis B. , Patenaude Andrea F. , Schneider Katherine A. , Tercyak Kenneth P. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIt is known that many mothers rapidly share the results of their BRCA1/2 genetic testing with their children, especially adolescent children. What is less known is the extent to which these mothers may engage fathers in a discussion concerning genetic counseling and the anticipated disclosure of genetic test results to children, or seek shared decision making in this context. This short communication addresses this issue by first examining mothers’ and fathers’ discussions concerning a research study of family communication. In our view, this conversation likely served as a precursor to, and proxy indicator of, maternal receptivity to partner input regarding the genetic counseling/testing‐results disclosure process. We further evaluated how the quality of the parenting relationship is associated with mothers’ decisions to include or not include the child's father in this study. Finally, this report addresses potential ways in which the genetic counselor may be able to facilitate parental communication regarding the evolving process of disclosure of genetic information to children and adolescents.
Prey distribution, foliage structure, and foraging behavior of insectivorous birds in two oak species (Quercus serrata and Q. variabilis)
Authors: Park Chan‐Ryul , Hino Teruaki , Itô Hiroki 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe examined foraging behaviors of four insectivorous bird species (Great Tit Parus major, Varied Tit P. varius, Long‐tailed Tit Aegithalos caudatus and Japanese White‐eye Zosterops japonica) on the two oak species (Q. serrata and Q. variabilis) in relation to fine‐scale foliage structures, abundance, and distribution of folivorous insects and physical and chemical characteristics of leaves. There was no difference in the mean number of insects for each oak species, but there was a significant difference in the mean biomass. The distance from twigs or branches to leaf tips or blade‐petiole junctions showed that leaves of Q. variabilis were more dispersed than those of Q. serrata. The different size distribution of insects influenced insect sizes selected and foraging maneuvers used by each bird species. Parus major and P.varius fed on beetles (low energy gain) with perch‐gleaning (the most energy‐saving maneuver) from the upper side of leaves on Q. variabilis, whereas they fed on large lepidopteran larvae (high energy gain) from the lower side of leaves on Q. serrata using a variety of maneuvers (including energy‐consuming ones). Both A. caudatus and Z. japonica fed on insects from the lower side of leaves by hang‐gleaning and reach‐gleaning, respectively. These species appeared to be morphologically adapted to the energy‐consuming but more effective maneuvers used to take preys from the undersides of leaves. We hypothesize that differences in foliage structures between closely related species of trees have evolved as a balance between defense against folivorous insects and attraction of insectivorous birds.
Assessing romantic competence in adolescence: The Romantic Competence Interview
Authors: Davila Joanne , Steinberg Sara J. , Miller Melissa Ramsay , Stroud Catherine B. , Starr Lisa R. , Yoneda Athena 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis article presents preliminary psychometric data on the reliability and validity of the newly developed Romantic Competence Interview (RCI). The RCI is an interviewer‐assessed measure designed to assess competence among adolescents regardless of romantic relationship status. Eighty‐three early adolescent girls (m age=13.45 years) recruited from local school districts were administered the RCI along with other measures of social competence, and peer and romantic functioning. Concurrent and 1‐year predictive associations were examined. Results indicated that the RCI was reliably coded and demonstrated good construct validity. Implications for the conceptualization and measurement of romantic competence are discussed, as is the importance of attending to issues of competence early in adolescence.
II. Free Movement of Goods
Authors: Newman Karl , Weatherill Stephen 
Published: February 2008

1. From “Sunday trading” to Keck and MithouardThese Current Developments surveys have consistently been driven to consideration of the Court's attempts to fix the outer limits of Article 30 of the EC Treaty, beyond which national authorities remain exclusively competent to regulate their markets without fear of legal challenge based on Community rules governing the free movement of goods. The high-water mark of judicial interventionism came in the so-called “Sunday trading” cases where the United Kingdom was required to justify against standards recognised by Community law rules governing shop opening hours despite the fact that such rules, although inhibitive of commercial freedom, posed no demonstrable obstacle to the construction of an integrated marketing strategy for the whole territory of the Community.1 In Criminal Proceedings against Keck and Mithouard2 the Court sought to curtail the reach of Article 30. A French rule prohibiting resale at a loss was held unaffected by Article 30. The Court overruled previous decisions, probably including the pair dealing with Sunday trading, although the Court was not explicit. Its intention to refocus the law of the free movement of goods on measures hostile to market integration, rather than those merely oppressive of commercial freedom, was reflected in the formula:
Democratic Legitimacy and the Recognition of States and Governments
Authors: Murphy Sean D. 
Published: February 2008

In a seminal 1992 article Thomas Franck postulated the emergence in international law of a right to democratic governance.1Franck argued that, increasingly, the acceptance of a government by other States turns on whether the government governs with the consent of its people.In supporting this notion, Franck pointed to events such as the 1991 effort by Haitian military and police authorities to overthrow the elected President of Haiti, Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Although those authorities exercised complete control over Haiti, the international community condemned the coup leaders, refused to engage in normal diplomatic relations with them or to seat their representatives at international organisations, and instead continued to recognise the exiled President Aristide as representing the legitimate government of Haiti. Severe economic and ultimately military sanctions were imposed on Haiti, and finally, in 1994, the coup leaders were forced to relinquish power. President Aristide then returned to Haiti to complete his term as president.
National Judges and Judges Ad Hoc of the International Court of Justice
Authors: Schwebel Stephen M. 
Published: February 2008

When the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice was drafted by an Advisory Committee of Jurists in 1920, a paramount question was, should a judge of the nationality of a State party to the case sit?The sensitivity of the issue was encapsulated by a report of a committee of the Court in 1927 on the occasion of a revision of the Rules of Court. It observed that: “In the attempt to establish international courts of justice, the fundamental problem always has been, and probably always will be, that of the representation of the litigants in the constitution of the tribunal. Of all influences to which men are subject, none is more powerful, more pervasive, or more subtle, than the tie of allegiance that binds them to the land of their homes and kindred and to the great sources of the honours and preferments for which they are so ready to spend their fortunes and to risk their lives. This fact, known to all the world, the [Court's] Statute frankly recognises and deals with.”1
I. Jurisdiction
Authors: Kennett Wendy 
Published: February 2008

The well established rule that an overseas company that establishes a place of business in Great Britain and does not provide an address for service can be served with process at that place of business1 was thrown into confusion by the insertion into the 1985 Companies Act of several new provisions including a new section 694A(2) which provides that process may only be served on a branch “in respect of the carrying on of the business of the branch”.2 The new rules did not purport to change the situation in relation to a place of business falling short of a branch, and thus created the anomaly that it was apparently easier to serve a place of business than a branch. The proper interpretation of these rules arose in Saab v. Saudi American Bank (Court of Appeal, 2 July 1999).3 Before the case was heard by the Court of Appeal, the new Civil Procedure Rules entered into force on 26 April 1999. Under Part 62(2):A company may be served by any method permitted under this Part as an alternative to the methods of service set out in—(a) section 725 of the Companies Act 1985 (service by leaving a document at or posting it to an authorised place);(b) section 695 of that Act (service on overseas companies); and(c) section 694A of that Act (service of documents on companies incorporated outside the UK and Gibraltar and having a branch in Great Britain).Under Part 6.5(6) where a party has not given an address for service, a document may be served on a company not registered in England and Wales at “any place of business of the company within the jurisdiction.”
The Area of “Freedom, Security and Justice” and the European Court of Justice—a Personal View
Authors: Fennelly Nial 
Published: February 2008

The Treaty of Amsterdam enshrines in Article 2 (formerly Article B) of the Treaty on European Union under the new Title I called “Common Provisions” (which contains, with some amendments, the provisions of the former Articles A to F) a new objective for the Union, namely:“to maintain and develop the Union as an area of freedom, security and justice in which the free movement of persons is assured in conjunction with appropriate measures with respect to external border controls, asylum, immigration and the prevention and combating of crime.”
THE RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS LACKING REASONS IN EUROPE: ACCESS TO JUSTICE, FOREIGN COURT AVOIDANCE, AND EFFICIENCY
Authors: Cuniberti Gilles 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe recognition of foreign judgments lacking reasons raises several policy issues. Reason-giving is perceived by the European Court of Human Rights as critical to ensure an effective access to justice. Yet, foreign judgments often lack reasons because the defendant failed to appear before the foreign court, and it may be right to sanction this strategy of foreign court avoidance. Finally, the European Union has begun to implement its policy of efficiency of cross-border enforcement, which commands states to recognize such judgments irrespective of any other consideration. This article explores whether these conflicting issues can be reconciled.
THE CONCLUSION OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS BY THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ESDP
Authors: Sari Aurel 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBetween 2002 and 2007, the Council of the European Union has entered into more than 70 international agreements with third parties pursuant to Article 24 of the Treaty on European Union in order to address various legal and practical matters relating to the conduct of EU crisis management missions in third countries. The purpose of this article is to examine the Council's practice in the implementation of Article 24 of the Treaty and to assess the widely held view that the international agreements concluded under this provision offer conclusive proof of the EU's status as an independent subject of international law. Even though the Council's recent practice does indeed suggest that it concludes international agreements on behalf of the Union as such, this does not lay to rest all uncertainties surrounding the EU's nature as an international legal person.