bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Fresh Organic Matter of Straw on Microbiological Parameters of Sod-Podzolic Soil
Authors: Nikitin D. A. , Semenov M. V. , Ksenofontova N. A. , Tkhakakhova A. K. , Rusakova I. V. , Lukin S. M. 
Published: April 2024

The loss of soil organic matter (SOM) due to agricultural land use has a negative impact on soil properties and is one of the major contributors to the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. An appropriate way for simultaneous restoration of POM stocks and deposition of sequestered carbon is the straw application to the soil. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of straw on the quantitative indicators of different groups of microorganisms in sod-podzolic soil (Umbric Retisol) in a long-term field experiment. Introduction of straw increased microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) by 1.25–2 times, with the greatest increase in microbial biomass observed in the variants without fertilizer. Basal respiration and respiration coefficient (qCO2) increased in the row: control NPK NPK + straw straw. Application of straw increased the gene copy number of fungi and bacteria up to 2 times and archaea up to 1.5 times. Mineral fertilizer application without straw reduced qCO2, fungi biomass and archaeal gene copy number by 1.5–3.0 times. The fungi/bacteria ratio varied from 4 to 15 determined by fluorescent microscopy and from 0.17 to 0.33 by quantitative PCR. The lowest values of fungi/bacteria ratios were found in soils with the application of mineral fertilizers, and the highest – with the incorporation of straw. Thus, the regular introduction of fresh organic matter of straw is an important technological procedure to increase the microbiological activity of soil and leveling the negative impact of mineral fertilizers on soil microbiota.
Short-Term Dynamics of CO<sub>2</sub> Emission and Carbon Content in Urban Soil Structures in the Steppe Zone
Authors: Gorbov S. N. , Vasenev V. I. , Minaeva E. N. , Tagiverdiev S. S. , Skripnikov P. N. , Bezuglova O. S. 
Published: April 2024

Сonstructed Technosols are an important component of urban green infrastructure whose role in the carbon balance of urban ecosystems remains poorly understood. The dynamics of carbon stocks and CO2 emissions of soil structures depend on both bioclimatic conditions and the parameters of the construction – the substrates used, the composition and thickness of the layers. The carbon stock dynamics and CO2 emission were studied on constructozems of different composition established at the “Experimental Station for Study of Soil Constructs” in the Botanical Garden of the Southern Federal University (Rostov-on-Don). The station consists of 15 self-contained sites, which present 5 different variants of soil constructions created using substrates traditionally used for landscaping and beautification tasks in the cities of the steppe zone. The Haplic Chernozems, located on a placor plot in the vicinity of the Experimental Station, was studied as a background area. Monitoring studies over two seasons (from September 2020 to December 2022) allowed the seasonal dynamics of organic and inorganic carbon content and CO2 emissions to be compared for the different soil design options in comparison with the background. In all constructions created on the basis of humus-accumulative horizons of chernozems, a marked dependence of CO2 emission on air (at p 0.05 for construction 2 r = 0.76, construction 3 – r = 0.82, construction 4 – r = 0.76, construction 5 – r = 0.49) and soil (at p 0.05 for construction 2 r = 0.58, construction 3 – r = 0.74, construction 4 – r = 0.75, construction 5 – r = 0.68) and soil (at p 0.05 for construction 2 r = 0.58, construction 3 – r = 0.74, construction 4 – r = 0.75, construction 5 – r = 0.68) was noted. The biomass stocks of lawn grasses growing on the constructions were determined, and a positive correlation between the CO2 emission and the growth of the above–ground biomass (for construction 2 a moderate correlation (r = 0.48, p 0.05), for constructions 3 and 4 a marked correlation (r = 0.5, p 0.05; r = 0.68, p 0.05), and for construction 5 a high correlation (r = 0.75, p 0.05) was noted. The dynamics of the stock of various forms of carbon in the first year of operation of the structures were studied. Based on the comparison of carbon fluxes and stocks, it is shown that lawn ecosystems in the early stages of constructozem cannot be considered as net carbon stock sites in the temperate continental climate of Rostov-on-Don.
Soils and Carbon Pools on Shungite Rocks of South Karelia under Different Types of Land Use
Authors: Dubrovina I. A. , Moshkina E. V. , Tuyunen A. V. , Genikova N. V. , Karpechko A. Yu. , Medvedeva M. V. 
Published: April 2024

Azonal organo-accumulative soils (Umbrisols) on shungite rocks and the influence of type of land use on their properties and ecosystem carbon stocks were investigated. Сhanges in soil profile structure, basic agrochemical and microbiological indicators of upper horizons, Corg and Cmik stocks in a meter layer of soils and sites carbon pool structure were analyzed. Pine forest as a control, arable land, hayfield, as well as young alder and middle-aged mixed forest were studied. Land use change does not lead to a significant transformation of the properties of shungite soils in contrast to zonal soils. The removal of stones has the greatest influence, leading to the formation of developed arable horizons. The soils are characterized by a high stony, a weak-divided thin profile, low density values, and a pH close to neutral. The wide range of Corg content values from 1.6% to 11.7% is due to the heterogeneous composition of parent rocks. Agricultural development contributes to the accumulation of exchangeable bases, available potassium and phosphorus, the content of which are initially increased in schungite soils. All sites are characterized by a high rate of organic matter mineralization (C/N ratio not higher than 17). A small content of Cmic (84–245 mg C/kg) was noted in the soils, which may be due to the low availability of substrate because of lithogenic origin of carbon and the increased concentrations of heavy metals and lanthanides in schungite rocks. The structure of Corg and Сmic stocks depends on carbon content, keep of stones and presence of dense bedrock. Soil organic carbon stocks range from 17–251 t C/ha, while Cmic stocks range from 6–43 g C/m2. The total ecosystem carbon stocks are maximum in hayfield (259 t C/ha) and minimum in young forest (74 t C/ha). The stocks of carbon in the sites of arable land, middle-aged and control forests are within 169–211 t C/ha.
Stocks of <i>Onobrychis</i> (Fabaceae) Raw Materials in the Republic of Azerbaijan
Authors: Isaev J. I. , Jafarova Sh. B. , Мammadova N. H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract—The distribution areas and resources of Onobrychis Hill species (the sainfoins) in Azerbaijan were studied. The areas of thickets and the volumes of potential annual harvesting of 19 species, out of 22 common for Azerbaijan, were determined. It was found that sainfoins occupy an area of 1059.6 ha. The biological stock of the above-ground (herb and shoots) and underground (roots) parts in the studied areas is 291.133, 33.715 kg and 317.003 kg, respectively; the exploitable volume is 198.490, 22.371 kg and 214.834 kg, respectively; the potential volume of annual harvesting is 44.624, 14.321 and 5.593 kg of air-dry raw materials, respectively.
Effect Of Exogenous IAA and BAP on the Metabolism in the Adhesion Zone Cells of the Pea Seegling Roots (<i>Pisum sativum</i> L.) in the Initial Periods of Interaction with <i>Rhizobium</i><span style="text-decoration: underline"> </span><i>leguminosarum</i> bv. <i>viceae</i>
Authors: Makarova L. E. , Akimova G. P. , Ischenko A. A. , Bizikov P. A. , Kopyrtina T. V. 
Published: April 2024

In the adhesion zone of the etiolated pea seedling roots, located at a distance of 5–15 mm from its apex, 1 and 24 hours after inoculation with the bacteria Rhizobium, the effect of exogenous 10–11 M indol-acetic acid (IAA) and 10–9 M 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) on cell metabolism was investigated. The inoculated seedlings were used as control that is not exposed to the action of phytohormones. Phytohormone-induced changes in the activity of soluble and cell wall-related peroxidases (PO) and polyphenol oxidases (PPO), tissue concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), “soluble” (extracted by ethyl acetate and n-butanol) and “insoluble” phenolic compounds (PCs), flavonoids are discussed. The analysis of the obtained results shows that in both observation periods, the exogenous effect of the IAA enhanced protective responses in the cells of the adhesion zone, and the action of BAP weakened them. It is shown that the differences in the metabolism of adhesion zone cells resulting from the action of exogenous BAP and IAA are related to their diametrically opposite effect on nodulation.
Probiotic Properties of Saccharomycetes (Review)
Authors: Ryabtsevа S. A. , Khramtsov A. G. , Sazanova S. N. , Budkevich R. O. , Fedortsov N. M. , Veziryan A. A. 
Published: April 2024

The purpose of the review is to summarize and analyze information on the molecular genetic basis and methods for studying the probiotic activity of Saccharomycetes fungi, the mechanisms of their physiological action, and their application in biotechnology. The relevance of research in this area is confirmed by the dynamics of the growth of publications. The effectiveness of Saccharomyces boulardii in the treatment and prevention of diarrhea of various etiologies, relapses of C. difficile infection, side effects of H. pylori infection therapy has been established with a high level of evidence. Genetic, cytological, cultural and biochemical features of S. boulardii determine their probiotic activity. Other Saccharomyces strains with probiotic potential are most often isolated from national fermented plant and dairy products. A unified methodology for studying the probiotic properties of yeast has not yet been created; clinical trials involving people are needed to confirm their status. Promising probiotics are strains of the species S. cerevisiae and K. marxianus, which have an international safety status. Possible mechanisms of physiological action of Saccharomycetes include antimicrobial and antitoxic, trophic, antisecretory and anti-inflammatory effects. Some of the mechanisms of yeast probiotic action differ from those of bacteria, and not all of them are yet understood. Saccharomycetes probiotics can be used to improve the biological value, quality and safety of food products.
Cyclodextrin Glucanotransferase of Alkalophilic Strain <i>Caldalkalibacillus mannanilyticus</i> IB-OR17-B1
Authors: Milman P. Yu. , Gilvanova E. A. , Aktuganov G. E. 
Published: April 2024

Extracellular cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase, K.F.2.1.19) was characterized for the first time in a strain of bacteria of the species Caldalkalibacillus mannanilyticus IB-OR17-B1. The enzyme was isolated from the culture supernatant using ultrafiltration and affinity adsorption on corn starch. The specific activity of the CGTase was increased in 18-fold as a result of purification with the enzyme yield 56%. The molecular mass of the purified enzyme was 70 kDa according to the denaturing electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The CGTase of C. mannanilyticus IB-OR17-B1 demonstrated a maximal cyclizing activity under pH 8 and temperature 60°C, respectively, and it was stable in the pH range 7–10 and temperatures ≤70°C. The thermal stability of the enzyme under 70°C increased by 10–15% in the presence 5–10 mM of calcium and magnesium salts. The cations of Ag+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and Fe3+ in concentration 5 mM inhibited a CGTase activity by 90, 26, 23, 18 and 11%, respectively. The purified CGTase under optimal conditions and enzyme-substrate ratio 1 U/g converted a potato starch during 24 h to mixture of α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrins with mass ratio 38.8 : 52.6 : 8.6 and yield 42%.
Thorium Concentrations in Terrestrial and Freshwater Organisms: A Review of the World Data
Authors: Fesenko S. V. , Emlyutina E. S. 
Published: April 2024

An overview of data on thorium concentrations in terrestrial animals, as well as freshwater organisms is presented. Concentrations of 232Th in both animals and fish vary widely, reflecting environmental thorium concentrations. Thorium concentrations in the regions with a normal thorium background in animal tissues were in a range from 0.9 × 10–4 to 2.1 × 10–2 Bq/kg, and from 3.1 × 10–2 to 1.4 × 10–1 Bq/ kg in the areas with high thorium concentrations in the soil. Significantly higher values were observed in wild animals’ tissues. The highest 232Th concentrations were found to be in the skeleton, followed by lungs, kidneys, liver and finally muscles. It has been shown that thorium accumulation is higher in species occupying a higher position in the trophic chains. In areas with normal thorium background, the concentration of 232Th in fish can reach 1.0 × 10–1 Bq/kg (fresh mass), and in areas of high thorium background this value can be up to 100 times higher. The obtained results show the importance of study on the thorium transfer along the food chains and the need to consider observed regularities when assessing the consequences of radioactive contamination of the environment.
Dependence of the Translocation Frequency in Blood Lymphocytes on the Dose and Age at the Onset of Exposure in Residents of the Techa Riverside Settlements
Authors: Tolstykh E. I. , Vozilova A. V. , Degteva M. O. , Akleev A. V. 
Published: April 2024

Evaluation of age effect on the frequency of radiation-induced translocations, registered using FISH in circulating T-lymphocytes in the long-term period after exposure, is both of theoretical and practical interest for the purposes of biodosimetry. The objective of our study was to analyze the dose dependence of the translocation frequency in the peripheral blood T-lymphocytes in donors of different age who were exposed in the Techa Riverside settlements (n = 197). In cytogenetic studies, whole chromosome painting probes were used to stain three pairs of chromosomes. A total of 104,721 genome equivalents (GE) were calculated and 2,540 translocations were found. For each donor, the individual absorbed doses in organs and tissues at the time of blood sampling were calculated using the Techa River Dosimetry System. In addition, doses to T-lymphocytes and their progenitors were calculated using the innovative modelling approach with due account of age related-dynamics of T-lymphocytes. The age dependence of the translocation frequency was associated particularly with these doses. The main sources of donor exposure were 89,90Sr, accumulating in bones and irradiating the bone marrow almost locally. To assess the parameters of the dose-effect relationship, linear regression model was used. After taking into account background values, the lowest frequency of translocations per 1000 GE per Gy was found in donors aged 0–5 years at the time of exposure (9.3 ± 1.3), which is statistically significantly lower than in children aged 6–18 years (15.3 ± 1.5), but not in adults (11.9 ± 2.9). The value for adults (18 years) was characterized by the maximum scatter, but was close to the values obtained in an international study of nuclear enterprise personnel after external exposure (11.6 ± 1.6). The values of the background translocation frequencies registered in various age groups correspond to the published data obtained in a joint international study on unexposed donors. We have also confirmed the absence of sex-effect on the frequency of translocations.
Metabolic Correction of Cerebral Radiation Syndrome in Small and Large Animals
Authors: Vasin M. V. , Ilyin L. A. , Chernov Yu. N. , Ushakov I. B. 
Published: April 2024

In experiments on mice, rats, guinea pigs and dogs, the effectiveness of metabolic correction of cerebral radiation syndrome with nicotinic and succinic acids and Esseentiale was evaluated. The animals were totally exposed to 5–8 and 16–20 MeV pulsed electron flux at doses of 85–110 or 500–570 Gy or to gamma irradiation at a dose of 100 Gy. The frequency and time of ataxia and convulsions, as well as the dynamics of animal death after radiation were recorded. Nicotinic and succinic acids (500 mg/kg each) and Esseenciale (20 mg/kg by nicotinamide) reduced the frequency and delayed the onset of ataxia and seizures equally in both small laboratory animals and dogs. In experiments on rats after exposure at a dose of 100 Gy under the influence of radiation and Essentiale, there was no significant change in animal cognitive function according to the decision-making test at the first presentation of a new deposit.
Three-Color FISH Method: A Comparison of Retrospective Cytogenetic Dose Estimations in Different Patients Undergoing Acute Emergency Irradiation
Authors: Lomonosova E. E. , Nugis V. Yu. , Kozlova M. G. , Nikitina V. A. , Galstyan I. A. , Snigiryova G. P. 
Published: April 2024

This work presents the results of the use of three-color FISH-staining of chromosomes (DNA probes to 1, 4 and 12 pairs of chromosomes) for the cytogenetic study of peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures of four patients at different times after irradiation in various emergency situations. All victims had initial dose estimations: one by EPR signal in the tooth enamel (1.12 Gy) and three by the dicentric frequencies (1.9; 3.2 and 4.3 Gy). There was a strong significant linear correlation between the observed translocation frequencies and the initial dose estimations. Retrospective indication of the dose by translocation frequencies was carried out with the help of own dose-effect curve, the obtained on the basis of experiments with the irradiation of blood of healthy donors in vitro. At the same time, dose estimates in the long terms after irradiation in three of these patients with the greatest lesion were significantly lower than they were established earlier (1.26; 2.06 and 2.47 Gy). The coincidence of the initial and repeated results was observed only in one remaining patient.
The Use of Crystals with an Asymmetric Reflection Geometry to Measure the Parameters of Electron Beams
Authors: Berdnichenko A. V. , Vnukov I. E. , Goponov Y. A. , Takabayashi Y. 
Published: April 2024

The prospects of using crystals with asymmetric reflection geometry to determine the transverse size of relativistic electron beams based on the results of measurements of angular distributions of their radiation in a thin crystal for two distances between it and a coordinate detector are discussed. An experimental test of this technique was carried out using an imaging plate as a two-dimensional position-sensitive detector. Measurements were made for the electron energy of 255 MeV and reflection (220) in a silicon crystal with a thickness of 20 microns and a pixel size of 35 × 35 µm2. The distances between the crystal and the detector were 0.5 and 1 m. The obtained values of the horizontal and vertical beam sizes \({{\sigma }_{x}} = 0.32 \pm 0.02\,\,~{\text{mm}}\) and \({{\sigma }_{y}} = 1.35 \pm 0.02~\,\,{\text{mm}}\) are in satisfactory agreement with the measurement results for optical transition radiation. The possibility of characterizing X-ray plates by comparing the measured and calculated PXR angular distributions for several reflecting planes of crystals with an asymmetric reflection geometry and an asymmetry parameter ε less than unity is discussed.
Formation of Zn-Containing Clusters in Implanted Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> Film
Authors: Tereshchenko A. N. , Privezentsev V. V. , Firsov A. A. , Kulikauskas V. S. , Zatekin V. V. , Voronova M. I. 
Published: April 2024

The results of the synthesis and study of Zn-containing clusters at the interface of a Si3N4/Si film implanted with 64Zn+ ions with a dose of 5 × 1016 cm–2 and an energy of 40 are presented. The Si3N4 film was preliminarily deposited on a silicon substrate from chemical vapor. Then, the implanted samples 10 × 10 mm in size were annealed in an oxidizing atmosphere (in air) with a step of 100°C for 1 h at each step in the temperature range 400–800°C. To study the profiles of zinc during annealing, the Rutherford backscattering method was used. The structure and composition of the film were studied using scanning electron microscopy in combination with energy dispersive spectroscopy, as well as photoluminescence. After implantation, individual clusters of metallic zinc with a size of about 100 nm or less were recorded near the surface of the Si3N4 film. It has been established that, during annealing, Zn clusters grow in the sample and the phase of metallic Zn gradually transforms into phases of its oxide ZnO and then, presumably, Zn2SiO4 silicide. After annealing at a temperature of 700°C, which is the most optimal for obtaining the ZnO phase, zinc oxide сlusters about 100 nm in size are formed in the Si3N4 film. A peak appears in the photoluminescence spectrum at a wavelength of 370 nm due to exciton luminescence in zinc oxide. After annealing at 800°C, the ZnO phase degrades and, presumably, the zinc silicide phase Zn2SiO4 is formed.
Isotopic Signature of Precipitation in the Elbrus Region
Authors: Chizhova Ju. N. , Mikhalenko V. N. , Kutuzov S. S. , Shukurov K. A. , Kozachek A. V. 
Published: April 2024

The aim of the work was to study the isotopic characteristics of precipitation to establish the dependence of δ18O values on temperature at the time of precipitation and to get closer to understanding the processes that form the isotopic signature of the Elbrus snow cover and glacial ice. The sampling of precipitation was organized at Azau station, located at the foot of Elbrus at an altitude of 2300 m for the period from May 01.2019 to September 27.2021. The sampling was carried out once a day at 9:00 Moscow time. The air temperature was recorded at the meteorological station in the Terskol village (Roshydromet station No. 4334250). To study the main features of long-range air transport and possible sources of moisture, 5-day back trajectories were reconstructed using the NOAA HYSPLIT_4 trajectory model. The results showed that precipitation in the Elbrus region in winter was associated with the prevailing transfer from the Atlantic, in summer – with the predominance of transfer from the regions of Central Europe, the Mediterranean and Black Seas. The Mediterranean Sea in all seasons was the area from which the air and moisture were transferred to Elbrus. The values of δ18О and δ2Н of precipitation varied from 0.52 to −28.22‰ and from 16.3 to −224.1‰, respectively, revealing regular seasonality with high values of δ18О and δ2Н in summer and low in winter. The deuterium excess varied over a wide range from 24.8 to −14.6‰. All obtained values of δ18О and δ2Н were approximated by the equation δ2Н = 8δ18О + 7.06 (R2 = 0.98), which was close to the global meteoric water line. In general, for 2 years of observations, the relationship between the δ18О values of precipitation and the temperature of the surface air layer was expressed as 0.85‰/°С. Total mean absolute error in the reconstruction of air temperatures from the δ18О value of precipitation was 3.2°С due to objective reasons and also differences in meteorological conditions of two years of observations.