bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The contribution of cancellous bone to long bone strength and rigidity
Authors: Ruff Christopher B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA recent article (Burr and Piotrowski, 1982) suggested that structural analyses of long bone cross‐sectional geometry will be inaccurate and should be considered inappropriate when cancellous bone accounts for 10–15% or more of the cross‐sectional area. Consideration of material property differences between compact and cancellous bone, however, indicates that even significant proportions of cancellous bone (10–40% of total cross‐sectional area) will very likely have negligible effects on bone strength and rigidity, and can be effectively ignored in geometrical analyses of diaphyseal sections. In metaphyseal and epiphyseal regions, however, geometric analyses of section properties such as area moments of inertia are inappropriate, both because of significant trabecular bone effects, and because of the inherent constraints of mechanical beam models.
Relation of cranial base flexure to cranial form and mandibular position
Authors: Anderson Donald , Popovich Frank 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFrom the annually examined sample of the Burlington Growth Centre, the 10% of the boys and girls with the largest, most open cranial base angles were contrasted with the 10% with the smallest, most closed cranial base angles at ages 4, 8, 12, and 16 years with respect to cranial length, width and height, cranial base length, mandibular condyle position, and Angle Class of occlusion. Both groups had crania of similar length, width, and cephalic index, and similar anterior cranial base length. The children with the flattest cranial bases had significantly larger upper cranial height, but much smaller lower cranial height, and as a result had smaller total cranial height than the children with the most closed cranial base angles. Children with the flattest cranial bases had a slightly shorter posterior cranial base region, and the mandibular condyles were located further backward and upward. These children showed a strong tendency to Class II molar relationships. The condyles of the closed cranial base angle groups were more forward and downward, but none of the children had Class III occlusions, and most were normal or Class I. These results do not support the views of Weidenreich (1943, 1945, 1946, 1947), Enlow with others (1973, 1975, 1980) and Lavelle with others (1977, 1979), but agree with the findings of Björk (1955) in 20‐year‐old males.
Studies of endemic cretinism in Papua New Guinea: Digital and palmar dermatoglyphic patterns
Authors: Larrick James W. , Plato C. C. , Hornabrook R. W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe have tested the hypothesis that the abnormal development of the central nervous system seen in endemic cretinism might be accompanied by concurrent abnormal dermatoglyphic patterns. We compared digital and palmar dermatoglyphics of normal individuals and endemic cretins inhabiting the Huon Peninsula of Papua New Guinea. The population sampled from the Irumu River Valley included 118 males and 114 females with 22 male cretins and 23 female cretins. The population sampled from the Wantoat River Valley included 72 males and 38 females with 12 male cretins. No pathognomonic patterns were found that could identify the endemic cretin subpopulation. However, the occurrence of a number of differences between controls and cretins suggests that subtle changes in dermatoglyphic patterns accompany the anomalous development of the CNS secondary to maternal iodine deficiency. We discuss the significance of these findings and compare the dermatoglyphic patterns of normal Irumu and Wantoat natives and 21 other populations of Papua New Guinea.
The Lake Ndutu cranium and early Homo Sapiens in Africa
Authors: Rightmire G. Philip 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe partial cranium from Lake Ndutu, near Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania, has generally been viewed as Homo erectus, although points of similarity to H. sapiens have also been recognized. Bones of the vault are in fact quite thick, and the cranium is small. Length and breadth dimensions are comparable to those of earlier H. erectus from Koobi Fora and Ileret, and the Ndutu individual is more similar in size to O.H. 12 than to O.H. 9. Unfortunately, the facial skeleton and frontal bone are very incomplete, and little useful information can be obtained from these parts of the existing reconstruction. The parietals are also damaged, but the left temporal is more satisfactorily preserved, and the occiput is nearly complete. Occipital morphology, mastoid shape, and characteristics of the glenoid cavity and tympanic plate probably provide the best available guide to affinities of the Ndutu hominid. In many of these features the cranium resembles Broken Hill, Elandsfontein, and other African fossils referred to archaic H. sapiens. There are some similarities to modern humans also, but no ties to the Neanderthals of Europe. Allocation of Ndutu to an African subspecies of H. sapiens seems most appropriate, even if the pattern of relationships between such archaic populations and recent humans is still unclear.
Gait characteristics of two macaques, with emphasis on relationships with speed
Authors: Vilensky Joel A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe gait of a juvenile rhesus monkey as he walked, ran, underwent a run–gallop transition, and galloped on a motor‐driven treadmill is described. Additionally, gait data for an adult animal during walking are also presented. Footfall sequences, stride durations, and absolute and relative swing and stance durations for all four limbs are reported, and, where possible, correlated with speed. Furthermore, support patterns and delays between footfalls are presented as a function of speed. The analysis revealed many similarities with previous studies on both primates and other species, but additionally demonstrated that the fore‐ and hindlimbs may not relate to speed in an identical manner and that galloping is initiated asymmetrically by a single diagonal couplet. The implications of these results in terms of understanding the neural mechanisms by which quadrupeds increase speed are discussed.
Functional implications of skeletal diversity in two South American tamarins
Authors: Glassman David M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between positional behavior and morphology for two closely related South American tamarin species, Saguinus fuscicollis illigeri and Saguinus oedipus oedipus. Although never systematically documented, the two species are suspected of exhibiting highly similar yet subtly different locomotor behaviors with a greater propensity for climbing, springing, and more powerful leaping in S. oedipus. Fourteen measurements reflecting biomechanical structuring were taken from the postcranial skeleton of 28 individuals of each species. The data were reduced to principal component scores and subjected to a multiple analysis of variance to determine the extent of intergroup skeletal variation. Areas of significant skeletal diversity were interpreted functionally. The results suggest that the differences in functional patterning among the two species is consistent with the behavioral hypothesis. It is concluded that subtle changes in positional behavior may be capable of altering skeletal morphology.
Multiple discriminant function analysis of sex and race in the postcranial skeleton
Authors: Dibennardo Robert , Taylor James V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTerry Collection femora and innominates of 260 American Whites and Blacks (65 males and 65 females of each race) were analyzed by multiple discriminant function analysis. A stepwise procedure produced three optimal discriminant functions using 15 of our 32 measurements. These functions correctly identified 95% of the sample. The first two–one for sex and one for race–are statistically and biologically significant and form the basis of our analysis. The sexing function manifested both size and shape elements. Prominent among the former was joint size–acetabular diameter and epicondylar diameter of the femur. The shape elements included form of the greater sciatic notch and of the inferomedial aspect of the pubic body. The racing function highlighted a pattern of greater innominate dimensions, exclusive of the acetabular joint, in Whites. This was in contrast to the greater length of the Black femur. Overall, the function seems to express the established differences between the races in the ratio of lower limb length to torso length. While these functions have been applied successfully to forensic cases with confirmed identifications, questions regarding the breadth of applicability of discriminant functions make it desirable to validate our results on new material from the Terry and other collections.
Models for lineal effects in rhesus group fissions
Authors: Buettner‐Janusch J. , Olivier T. J. , Ober C. L. , Chepkosade B. D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGene distributions in daughter groups produced by three rhesus monkey group fissions are analyzed. Data employed are for the Tf, 6PGD, and CA II electrophoretic marker systems in the fissions producing new daughter groups F and M, F and O, and J and N in the Cayo Santiago rhesus colony. Wide variations in FST values were observed among the different markers in the various fissions. Overall, the observed FST values exceeded predictions of simple random fissioning models. However, on average, observations on electrophoretic markers fitted well with predicted values from lineal fissioning models. One of these lineal fissioning models, a simulation, incorporated the propagation of alleles in the matrilines of the fissioning groups. The second, an algebraic expression, utilized group sizes and average kinship values as parameters.
A new hominid parietal from Bodo, middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia
Authors: Asfaw Berhane 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA piece of left parietal of a Middle Pleistocene hominid, recovered from the Upper Bodo Sand Unit, in the Middle Awash, Ethiopia, is described anatomically and compared to Middle Pleistocene hominids and modern Homo sapiens. It bears several primitive features and has important implications for the original Bodo skull, found at the same stratigraphic level in the same area. The new fossil skull represents a different individual from the original Bodo skull.
A morphometric and taxonomic assessment of a hominine femur from the lower member, Koobi Fora, Lake Turkana
Authors: Kennedy G. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPrevious research by this author and others has indicated that species‐level differentiation within the hominines can be detected in the femur. The femoral shaft of Homo erectus, relative to H. sapiens, demonstrates small anteroposterior diameters, a distally placed point of minimum shaft breadth, and increased cortical thickness resulting in medullary stenosis. This pattern has been identified in specimens from Choukoutien (I and IV), Olduvai (OH 28), and Lake Turkana (KNM ER 737). Findings reported here include anatomical comparisons and univariate and multivariate analyses based on external and internal shaft morphology. These results indicate that the femoral pattern characteristic of H. erectus can be identified in KNM ER 1481a recovered at Lake Turkana below the KBS tuff. Recent dating of that tuff indicates a date of ca. 1.8 mya, thereby yielding a date for KNM ER 1481a of ≏ 2.0 mya. Known H. erectus femora extend over a broad span and yet show very low, variability; this pronounced stasis would strongly suggest that, at least in this portion of the postcranium, H. erectus was in a period of profound morphological stasis.
Fluctuating asymmetry in molar dimensions and discrete morphological traits in Pima Indians
Authors: Noss John F. , Scott G. Richard , Potter Rosario H. Yap , Dahlberg Albert A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAsymmetry in mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters and in eight morphologic crown traits of permanent first and second molars was analyzed in a large Pima Indian sample. Analysis of antimeric differences indicates no consistent evidence for directional asymmetry in Pima molars for either dimensions or morphologic traits. Second molars show greater degrees of metric and morphologic asymmetry than first molars. There is no conclusive evidence for either sex differences in magnitude of asymmetry or relationships between tooth size and morphologic asymmetry. Nonparametric correlations computed between asymmetry in crown dimensions and morphological traits show no significant interaction except where morphological trait development affected crown measurements. The distributions of antimeric differences for dimensional and morphologic traits demonstrate significant leptokurtic deviations from normality. This indicates fluctuating asymmetry in Pima Indians may result from several different sources of developmental variation.
Airport noise exposure and the postnatal growth of children
Authors: Schell Lawrence M. , Norelli Richard J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTo determine whether chronic exposure to airport noise affects children, a study was conducted of the physical growth of children, aged 5–13 years, from two communities, one exposed to airport noise (n = 148) and another, not exposed (n = 102). Ten standard anthropometric measurements were made according to U.S. Health Examination Survey guidelines, and information on the social and biological characteristics of each family was collected in interviews. Hotelling's T2‐tests were performed comparing the noise‐exposed and nonnoise‐exposed samples. There was no significant difference between the sample for measurements of social and biological characteristics of the families (including socioeconomic status and maternal reproductive history). Parental anthropometrics differed significantly (T2 = 24.32, P = 0.0001) as did child anthropometrics (T2 = 21.01, P = 0.032). For the child anthropometrics, noise‐exposed children's slightly smaller measures of body bulk, together with their larger facial breadths, contributed to the significant T2. When the entire sample (n = 250) was analyzed by multiple linear regression, noise exposure was a significant predictor only of male triceps and subscapular skinfolds. For these two variables, and most other anthropometrics, however, the beta coefficients were negative for both sexes. In order to include information on covariance structure among all variables, a canonical correlation analysis was performed. Noise exposure loaded negatively on the third canonical variate and was paired with positively loaded measures of body bulk. Taken together, the three analyses suggest that while there is some evidence for a slight effect of airport noise on measures of body bulk for males in this sample, most measures of postnatal growth for both males and females were unaffected by the noise levels experienced.
Patterns of cancer in geographic and endogamous subdivisions of the Hutterite Brethren of Canada
Authors: Morgan Kenneth , Holmes T. Mary , Grace Michael , Kemel Sam , Robson Diane 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Hutterite Brethren comprise a religious isolate and live on communal agricultural farms (colonies) in North America. In 1976 there were approximately 15,000 Canadian Brethren living in 179 colonies of the three endogamous subdivisions, the Dariusleut, Lehrerleut, and Schmiedeleut. Dariusleut and Lehrerleut colonies are located in both Alberta and Saskatchewan, and the Schmiedeleut are in Manitoba. Brethren were identified on population‐based cancer registries of the three Prairie Provinces and among death registrations in the vital statistics of Alberta and Saskatchewan. The method of ascertainment was by a search for the 15 contemporary surnames and verification by address. 89 male and 91 female Brethren were identified who had cancer during the period, 1956–1975. The numbers of observed cancers were less than expected from provincial incidence rates for males and females in each province. The largest deficits were for female Brethren in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. There is a marked deficiency of cancer of the uterine cervix among female Brethren. In males there is a significant deficit of lung cancer. The Hutterite way of life contributes to a low risk for cancers of smoking‐associated sites. However, there is evidence that male Brethren in Alberta may be at relatively increased risk for stomach cancer and leukemias. The site distribution patterns of cancers among the three endogamous leut are similar.
Epidemiology and genetics of neural tube defects: An application of the Utah genealogical data base
Authors: Jorde L. B. , Fineman R. M. , Martin R. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe distribution and prevalence of births with neural tube defects in Utah from 1940 to 1979 are analyzed with regard to prevalence rates, secondary sex ratios, seasonality, yearly rates, and time–space clustering. The overall prevalence rate of 1.00 per thousand live births is comparable to that of other populations in the western United States. Analysis of sex ratios indicates a substantially higher proportion of females than males. No significant secular trends or time–space clustering are observed. No seasonality is seen for spina bifida; however, the anencephaly cases are delivered more frequently in the early spring and fall months. Following linkage of the neural tube defect cases to the Utah Genealogical Data Base, application of the genealogical index method shows substantial familial clustering of the disease. The average inbreeding coefficient of the neural tube defect cases is not elevated over that of matched controls. The empirical recurrence risk for the disease is calculated to be 3%, and the heritability estimate is 70%. Likelihood analysis of pedigrees containing spina bifida occulta and spina bifida cystica indicates that they may segregate as an autosomal dominant trait with a penetrance of 75%.
Genetic epidemiology
Authors: Roberts D. F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFrom the papers in this symposium, an attempt is made to establish the scope and aim of genetic epidemiology. Specifically, its objective is seen as the elucidation of the role of genetic factors in the etiology of a disease whose distribution is related to individual genetic constitution and population genetic structure. A study of multiple sclerosis in the Orkney Islands provides an example.
Genetic and evolutionary implications in peptic ulcer disease
Authors: Petersen Gloria M. , Rotter Jerome I. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe evidence for a genetic component in peptic ulcer disease has been based on twin, family, and blood group studies. A polygenic model for the inheritance of peptic ulcers has been displaced by a genetic heterogeneity model based on several lines of evidence, some of the most powerful being recent work using subclinical markers. One marker in particular, an elevated level of serum pepsinogen I (PG I), a pepsin precursor produced by the gastric mucosa, secreted into the stomach lumen and also appearing in the bloodstream, has been found to be associated with a subgroup of duodenal ulcer patients. Segregation analysis of elevated serum PG I in duodenal ulcer sibships demonstrates familial aggregation consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance. Elevated PG I is also accompanied by gastric hyperacidity and presumably indicates those individuals with an increased mass of chief and parietal cells, and thus an increased capacity for peptic activity, an important element in the pathogenesis of ulcer disease. An evolutionary hypothesis based on selection for peptic activity and acidity is offered to explain several of the epidemiologic and genetic elements of this group of chronic diseases.
Age and sequence of permanent‐tooth emergence among Khasis
Authors: Jaswal Sushma 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe times and emergence of permanent teeth were ascertained by examining 1,263 Khasi children (615 males and 648 females), aged 5 to 15 years. Gingival emergence of the first 28 permanent teeth was recorded and the data were subjected to probit analysis to compute the mean (and standard deviation) emergence time of each individual tooth. Tooth emergence in females was markedly earlier than in males, and canines were most advanced in this respect. Females acquired all their teeth in shorter time span (5.5 years) than males (6.5 years). There were no decisive sex differences in the sequence of tooth emergence. The differences in emergence times between antimeres were statistically nonsignificant. The length of hiatus between two active emergence dental stages was shorter for the maxilla than for the mandible. It occurred between lateral incisor and first premolar in the maxilla of both the sexes, while in case of the mandible, it was spaced between lateral incisor and canine. The Khasis showed early emergence when compared to other populations. The findings support the earlier reports that the controls of deciduous‐tooth emergence continue to play some part in emergence of the permanent dentition, especially the first permanent teeth that emerge.
Skeletal maturity of Japanese children in Western Kyushu
Authors: Takai Shozo , Akiyoshi Toshio 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the skeletal maturity status of Japanese children in Western Kyushu and its variation within Japanese populations. Hand‐wrist skeletal maturity was assessed by the Tanner‐Whitehouse (1975) (TW2) method from radiographs of 500 boys and 485 girls aged from 4 to 15 years. Western Kyushu children showed retarded skeletal maturity scores (RUS, carpals, and 20‐bone) under the age of 12 years for boys and 10 years for girls, and thereafter they were advanced in relation to the British standard. Within Japanese populations the present sample showed delayed maturity compared to Tokyo children, but was close to that of Sapporo children throughout the age range studied. However, the expected effect of secular trend suggested skeletal maturity more advanced for Tokyo children and somewhat advanced one for Sapporo children compared to that of Western Kyushu children.
Interobserver reliability of methods for paleopathological diagnosis of dental caries
Authors: Rudney Joel D. , Katz Ralph V. , Brand John W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThere is disagreement as to whether clinical methods of caries diagnosis will produce reliable results in skeletal material, and studies vary greatly in the extent to which such methods are employed. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to evaluate the interobserver reliability of visual, tactile, and radiographic methods of scoring dental caries in ancient populations. Thirty‐three individuals from a Mogollon skeletal sample were scored on three occasions by pairs of examiners. The first exam employed visual criteria alone. In the second exam, visual methods were supplemented with the dental explorer. For the third exam, mesial and distal surfaces were scored from “intraoral” radiographs. Examiners worked independently, but did calibrate on material from clinical populations prior to the second and third exams. Exams were conducted on a “blind” basis, and analysis was delayed until all exams were completed. Caries scores were expressed as a percentage of total surfaces present per individual. Repeat‐measures ANOVA and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to estimate interobserver reliabilities. For visual scores, ICC = 0.97, and there is no significant difference between examiners (P = 0.897). For visual plus explorer scores, ICC drops to 0.90, and there is a significant difference between examiners (P = 0.003). For the radiographs, ICC = 0.86, and there is no significant difference between observers (P = 0.117). These results suggest that clinical methods are less reliable in skeletal populations. Probable sources of error include postmortem dehydration of carious dentin, confusing radiolucencies engendered by worn or fractured enamel, and inadequate radiologic standards for root caries. These problems can be avoided through reliance on visual criteria.