bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Five Aspects Meal Model: a tool for developing meal services in restaurants
Authors: Gustafsson Inga‐Britt , Öström Åsa , Johansson Jesper , Mossberg Lena 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPreparing, planning and serving meals require several important steps before you can enjoy a meal. The meal takes place in a room (room), where the consumer meets waiters and other consumers (meeting), and where dishes and drinks (products) are served. Backstage there are several rules, laws and economic and management resources (management control system) that are needed to make the meal possible and make the experience an entirety as a meal (entirety – expressing an atmosphere). These five factors are the major ones for developing meal service in restaurants, and together form the Five Aspects Meal Model (FAMM). Several studies have shown that the context of a meal is important for the acceptance and consumption of a meal. Accordingly, the context has to include the food product itself, the consumer and the environment. These three factors need to be considered in an integrated manner, because they affect each other. A qualitative study of restaurant consumers found that there are at least eight main categories of importance for the experience of the meal: restaurant atmosphere, core items of consumption, restaurant scene, personal service encounter, staff quality, visitors, restaurant decision process and individual circumstances. These categories can easily be related to the ‘Five Aspects Meal Model’. The essence of each factor is dependent upon different forms of knowledge, such as science, practical‐productive, aesthetical and ethical.
Ecological impact of application of wastewater biosolids to agricultural soil
Authors: Rogers Michael , Smith Stephen R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThere has been little investigation of the ecological interactions between major organisms brought about by the application of wastewater biosolids to agricultural soil. This paper provides an overview of the possible effects of biosolids application on these ecosystems by using what is known about the ecology and diversity of microbial populations in soil and biosolids. Areas considered include interactions between indigenous and introduced bacterial populations, impacts of biosolids application on soil protozoa and the role of phages in bacterial population dynamics. These ecological processes are particularly relevant, for instance, to increase an understanding of the fundamental mechanisms responsible for inactivation of potentially infectious enteric microorganisms in biosolids‐amended agricultural soil.
Influence of humic substances on the ultraviolet disinfection of surface waters
Authors: Alkan Ufuk , Teksoy Arzu , Ateşli Ahu , Başkaya Hüseyin Savaş 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe efficiency of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection and the regrowth potential of total coliforms were investigated in humic waters. Experiments were conducted according to an experimental design in which a UV radiation dose range of 68–681 mW s/cm2 was applied to waters containing various concentrations (0–10 mg/L) of fulvic acid. Experimental results strongly suggested that the harmful effect of UV radiation on bacteria was diminished in humic waters due to absorption of UV light. Increasing concentrations of fulvic acid appeared to enhance its influence with elevated doses of UV radiation. Measured inactivation responses were on the order of 1–6 log10 units for the UV dose range used. Comparison of k (inactivation coefficient) values for nonhumic water to highly humic water indicated that k decreased proportionally as the fulvic acid concentration of water was increased. The results of dark‐incubation tests indicated significant regrowth of bacteria in fulvic acid‐containing waters.
Integrated regulation – experiences of IPPC in England and Wales
Authors: Gray J. , James T. , Dickson J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEnvironmental regulators around the world are seeking out new ways to regulate polluting industries that can deliver higher levels of environmental protection without increasing overall cost. Integrated regulation has been shown to offer many advantages over traditional single‐media approaches and this has led to its widespread uptake across the European Union (EU). The United Kingdom (UK) is seen as a leader in the field, having been progressing towards full integration for over 15 years. This paper seeks to share some of the experiences gained by the Environment Agency for England and Wales, with others struggling with the complex policy, technical and legal issues that will be encountered along the way.
Eulerian-Eulerian Modeling of Disperse Two-Phase Flow in a Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone
Authors: Reyes-Gutiérrez Miguel A. , Rojas-Solórzano Luis R. , Marín-Moreno Juan C. , Meléndez-Ramírez Antonio J. , Colmenares José 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
This work presents a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study of a two-phase flow field in a gas-liquid cylindrical cyclone (GLCC) using CFX4.3™, a commercial code based on the finite volume method. The numerical analysis was made for air-water mixtures at near atmospheric conditions, while both liquid and gas flow rates were changed. The two-phase flow behavior is modeled using an Eulerian-Eulerian approach, considering both phases as an interpenetrating continuum. This method computed the inter-phase phenomena by including a source term in the momentum equation to consider the drag between the liquid and gas phases. The gas phase is modeled as a bimodal bubble size distribution to allow for the presence of free- and entrapment gas, simultaneously. The results (free surface shape and liquid angular velocity) show a reasonable match with experimental data. The CFD technique here proposed demonstrates to satisfactorily reproduce angular velocities of the phases and their spatial distribution inside the GLCC. Computed results also proved to be useful in forecasting bubble and droplet trajectories, from which gas carry under (GCU) and liquid carry over might be estimated. Nevertheless, moderate differences found between the computed GCU and experimental measurements suggest that new adjustments may be done to the numerical model to improve its accuracy.
SU‐FF‐T‐358: PlanCheck: A System for Routine Clinical Comparison of IMRT Treatment Plans with Monte Carlo Recalculations
Authors: Zakaryan K , Cui J , Alaly J , El Naqa I , Simon J , Simon W , Low D , Deasy J 
Published: July 2006

Purpose: Current IMRT QA methods are cumbersome and are not comprehensive. The purpose of the PlanCheck dose recalculation system is to provide independent verification that MLC leaf‐sequences generated by commercial treatment planning system will result in an acceptable dose. Method and Materials: The PlanCheck Beam Commissioning process was developed for medical linear accelerators and includes modeling of the photon energy spectra, off‐axis softening, electron contamination, flattening filter and penumbra blurring. The Monte Carlo beam parameters are derived by fitting treatment planning dose in water and to the measured dose. The system will regenerate the dose for each treatment and for the whole planned dose utilizing the Monte Carlo engine based on beam sequence DICOM/RTOG information imported into PlanCheck. The comparison metrics, including dose‐volume histogram comparisons, report the validation quality and dose agreement. Results: Monte Carlo commissioning was tested for Varian Linear Accelerator (Clinac 2100) for 2×2 cm2, 5×5 cm2, 10×10 cm2 and 20×20 cm2 open fields in water for 6MV, 10MV and 18MV photon beam. The profiles and comparison results show good agreement for Eclipse (Varian) open field dose in water. The IMRT treatment plans from systems such as XiO (CMS), Eclipse (Varian) and Pinnacle (Phillips) were tested with Plancheck for dose agreement with Monte Carlo Dose and found to show adequate agreement. Conclusion: PlanCheck Monte Carlo calculations shows good overall agreement with treatment planning results except for regions with complex heterogeneities. Sun Nuclear Corporation is currently developing this product for intensive commercial use. The system dose engine is currently in process of integration with a 64‐bit/16‐node calculation cluster, which we expect will make the typical IMRT plan calculation time 30 minutes or less for the total planned 3D dose.This research was partially supported by NIH grant R01 CA90445 and a grant from Sun Nuclear, Corp.
SU‐FF‐T‐388: Secondary Radiation Doses From CyberKnife SRS/RT
Authors: Yu C 
Published: July 2006

Purpose: Because of extensive use of conventional x‐rays in CyberKnife SRS/RT for treatment tracking and large number of monitor units (MU) in beam delivery, it is of great concerns of potential secondary radiation risks for patients with benign lesions. This study intend to determine the total secondary radiation dose and its components from both Linac and conventional x‐rays, to estimate the risks, and to assist to better manage frequency of x‐rays acquisition for treatment tracking and better guide through the treatment planning. Comparison with other modalities will also be discussed.Method and Materials: A human phantom was constructed from the Accuray head phantom adjacent to a thoracic and pelvic body section from a commercial humanoid phantom. Measurements were taken at the surface and depth for both high‐energy photons and conventional x‐rays, respectively. Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) chips were placed at 0, 10, 20 and 30cm from the pseudo isocenter. At depth, TLD chips were covered with bolus material for backscatter and/or dose buildup.Results: The secondary radiation dose from conventional x‐rays was about 0.1cGy per exposure inside the radiation field and fell off rapidly outside. The secondary dose from the high‐energy photons was approximately 0.6cGy per 100MU at the distance 10cm from the pseudo‐isocenter and fell off gradually. On average, the total secondary dose to a patient under CK SRS/RT would be 84, 42 and 40cGy at 10, 20 and 30cm away from the pseudo‐isocenter, respectively. Conclusion: The secondary radiation dose to a patient under CK SRS/RT could be significant and high as compared to other similar modalities. During patient treatment, the frequency of x‐rays acquisition should be carefully evaluated between the clinical necessity and potential radiation risks. This is also true in the process of treatment plan development during which the number of fractions and MUs would be determined.
SU‐FF‐T‐457: Whole‐Body Dose for Helical Tomotherapy
Authors: Goddu S , Mutic S , Grigsby J , Santanam L , Low D 
Published: July 2006

Purpose: Tomotherapy is a form of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) that utilizes rotating fan beams modulated by a binary‐multileaf collimator. The radiation is delivered either serially or helically as the patient is moved in a craniocaudal sequence for tumor coverage. While Tomotherapy can deliver highly conformal dose distributions, it yields the lowest delivery efficiency (tumor dose per MU) of current IMRT‐delivery options. This relatively low efficiency has the potential for delivering high total‐body doses due to head leakage, so a quantitative evaluation of the whole‐body dose is warranted. Methods and Materials: We conducted this evaluation for a dedicated helical Tomotherapy delivery device (Hi‐Art System®, Tomotherapy Inc) and compared the results against the previously published serial Tomotherapy system (Corvus, NOMOS Corporation) and traditional IMRT whole‐body data. A typical head‐and‐neck treatment plan (2Gy per fraction, 6622MU) was prepared and delivered to a large water‐equivalent phantom. An ADCL‐calibrated large‐volume ionization chamber (A17 Exradin) was used to measure the low doses. The dose was measured at both 1.5cm (dmax) and at the center of the phantom. Results: From 10cm to 48cm from the inferior target edge (the most proximal serial tomotherapy point was at 10 cm), the helical tomotherapy dose was less than 0.5% of the target dose, and was between 20% and 30% of the serial tomotherapy leakage dose. This study showed that the whole‐body dose for the 70Gy is approximately 140mSv. This dose is less than the 560mSv for a 70Gy treatment as published by Followill, et al. (Int.J.Radiat.Oncol.Biol.Phys. 38, 667). Conclusions: This study indicates that the commercial helical Tomotherapy system provides less whole‐body dose than serial Tomotherapy or conventional IMRT. This is probably due to the internal linear accelerator shielding design and the use of 6 MV photons.This work was supported in part by funding from Tomotherapy, Inc.
TU‐C‐330A‐03: Sulci Density Map to Aid in the Use of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient for Therapy Evaluation
Authors: Ewell L , Watchman C 
Published: July 2006

Purpose: To quantify the density and spatial variation of sulci in the human brain so as to more accurately calculate Apparent Diffusion Coefficients (ADCs) for use in radiotherapy evaluation. Methods and Materials: ADCs are calculated for Volumes Of Interest (VOI) using Diffusion Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DWMRI).In the brain, the sulci are the narrow fissures separating convolutions and are filled with CerbroSpinal Fluid (CSF). Since CSF is free fluid, a VOI that contains a high density of sulci should, in principal, have a higher ADC.Using ImageJ (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/), we have analyzed sagittal T1 weighted MR images of a number of patients. The images sets were acquired on one of two different GE MRI machines: 1.5T and 3.0T field strength. We have plotted the normalized pixel standard deviation, as a function of distance from a medial point. We have concentrated on the cerebral hemispheres, superior to the corpus callosum so as to focus on sulci and avoid voxel dissimilarities due to variations in other brain anatomy. Results: Relative to the 25% most medial slices, we see a decrease in the normalized standard deviation of pixel intensity of 13.7% ± 5.6% (SD) of the next 25% of the slices. The most lateral 50% of the slices (25% left and right) had about the same normalized standard deviation as the most medial (increase of 1.0% ± 7.1% (SD)). These results are consistent with the fact that near the periphery of each brain hemisphere, there are more sulci. Conclusion: Sulci density, as measured by normalized standard deviation of pixel intensity, has a substantial variation across the hemispheres of the brain. This fact should be considered when assessing variations in ADCs used for radiotherapy evaluation.
TH‐E‐224C‐04: MMCTP, a Radiotherapy Research Environment for Monte Carlo and Patient‐Specific Treatment Planning
Authors: Alexander A , DeBlois F , Seuntjens J 
Published: July 2006

Purpose: To develop a flexible software package, on low cost hardware with the aim of integrating new patient specific treatment planning with Monte Carlo dose calculation suitable for large‐scale prospective and retrospective treatment planning studies.Programming Philosophy: The McGill Monte Carlo Treatment Planning system (MMCTP) is designed as a software environment for the research development of patient specific treatment planning. The design includes a workstation GUI for treatment planning tools, and anonymous access to standard low cost hardware for MC dose calculation. Results: Before using MMCTP, treatment plans are converted into the so‐called McGill RT format. This new file structure was designed for saving patient plans on the workstation. The current MMCTP features are: (a) DICOM and RTOG imports; (b) transverse/sagittal/coronal slice viewing for contours, CT scans, dose distributions; (c) contouring tools; (d) colour‐wash and isodose line display; (e) DVH analysis, and dose matrix comparison tools; (f) external beam editing; (g) thumbnail CT navigation tool; (h) EGS/Beam calculation and XVMC patient transport for photon and electron beams. MMCTP uses a two‐step process to generate MC dose distributions. The MC module controls egs/Beam and XVMC calculations. Input files, prepared from the beam geometry, are uploaded and run on the cluster using shell commands. Upon completion of XVMC, the GUI downloads individual dose files. Conclusion: The MMCTP GUI provides a flexible research platform for the development of patient specific MC treatment planning for photon and electron external beam radiation therapy. MMCTP uses an internal storage format that is flexible in that it allows for multi‐instance multi‐modality image information useful in the planning process. The visualization, dose matrix operation and DVH tools offer extensive possibility for plan analysis and comparison to plans imported from commercial treatment planning systems through well‐documented image storage protocols such as DICOM.
Sci‐Fri AM General‐07: Dual Isotope SPECT to Track Transplanted Cells in Canine Myocardium Using Molecular Imaging
Authors: Blackwood K , Stodilka R , Sykes J , Prato F 
Published: July 2006

Introduction: Non‐invasive cell tracking techniques that provide repetitive and functional assessments of transplanted cells will be an asset in cell‐based therapies. Specifically, reporter gene (RG) expression may be used to signal certain molecular events as they occur in vivo.Objective: To compare the in vivo kinetics of a radiolabeled reporter probe (RP) specifically targeted by RG expression to a non‐specific radiolabel (NSL) in canine bone marrow cells (BMC). Cells were co‐labeled in vitro, transplanted into normal canine myocardium, and tracked using dual‐isotope SPECT.Methods: Following canine bone marrow harvest (n=1), BMCs were isolated, transfected with RG, and grown in culture for 4 weeks. Transfected cells (5.4×106) were then incubated with RP and NSL followed by direct injection into the left canine ventricle. The recipient of transplanted cells was also the donor. Forty 1‐hr SPECT images were acquired to obtain washout kinetics of RP and NSL. Time activity curves (TAC) were generated from SPECT region of interest analysis. After sacrifice, ex vivo measurements of RP and NSL activity remaining in the myocardium were made with a high purity germanium gamma‐ray well counter.Results: Decay‐corrected TACs demonstrated faster washout kinetics for RP compared to NSL with biological half‐lives of 19 and 39 hours, respectively. This suggests that RP loss is greater than that attributed to cell death alone and demonstrates differences in label stability. Ex vivo tissue analysis confirmed these results.Conclusion: Multispectral SPECT shows potential for monitoring RG stability and expression to follow cell viability and function non‐invasively in large animals.
Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Is a Cytosolic Enzyme inLeishmania majorPromastigotes and Its Overexpression Confers Resistance to Risedronate
Authors: Ortiz-Gómez Aurora , Jiménez Carmen , Estévez Antonio M. , Carrero-Lérida Juana , Ruiz-Pérez Luis M. , González-Pacanowska Dolores 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTFarnesyl diphosphate synthase is the most likely molecular target of aminobisphosphonates (e.g., risedronate), a set of compounds that have been shown to have antiprotozoal activity both in vitro and in vivo. This protein, together with other enzymes involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis, is an attractive drug target, yet little is known about the compartmentalization of the biosynthetic pathway. Here we show the intracellular localization of the enzyme in wild-typeLeishmania majorpromastigote cells and in transfectants overexpressing farnesyl diphosphate synthase by using purified antibodies generated towards a homogenous recombinantLeishmania majorfarnesyl diphosphate synthase protein. Indirect immunofluorescence, together with immunoelectron microscopy, indicated that the enzyme is mainly located in the cytoplasm of both wild-type cells and transfectants. Digitonin titration experiments also confirmed this observation. Hence, while the initial step of isoprenoid biosynthesis catalyzed by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase is located in the mitochondrion, synthesis of farnesyl diphosphate by farnesyl diphosphate synthase is a cytosolic process.Leishmania majorpromastigote transfectants overexpressing farnesyl diphosphate synthase were highly resistant to risedronate, and the degree of resistance correlated with the increase in enzyme activity. Likewise, when resistance was induced by stepwise selection with the drug, the resulting resistant promastigotes exhibited increased levels of farnesyl diphosphate synthase. The overproduction of protein under different conditions of exposure to risedronate further supports the hypothesis that this enzyme is the main target of aminobisphosphonates inLeishmaniacells.
Synergy among Differentially Regulated Repressors of the Ribonucleotide Diphosphate Reductase Genes of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Klinkenberg Lee G. , Webb Travis , Zitomer Richard S. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACT

The Ssn6/Tup1 general repression complex represses transcription of a number of regulons through recruitment by regulon-specific DNA-binding repressors. Rox1 and Mot3 are Ssn6/Tup1-recruiting, DNA-binding proteins that repress the hypoxic genes, and Rfx1 is a Ssn6/Tup1-recruiting, a DNA-binding protein that represses the DNA damage-inducible genes. We previously reported that Rox1 and Mot3 functioned synergistically to repress a subset of the hypoxic genes and that this synergy resulted from an indirect interaction through Ssn6. We report here cross-regulation between Rox1 and Mot3 and Rfx1 in the regulation of the
RNR
genes encoding ribonucleotide diphosphate reductase. Using a set of strains containing single and multiple mutations in the repressor encoding genes and
lacZ
fusions to the
RNR2
to
-4
genes, we demonstrated that Rox1 repressed all three genes and that Mot3 repressed
RNR3
and
RNR4
. Each repressor could act synergistically with the others, and synergy required closely spaced sites. Using artificial constructs containing two repressor sites, we confirmed that all three proteins could function synergistically but that two Rox1 sites or two Rfx1 sites could not. The significance of this synergy lies in the ability to repress gene transcription strongly under normal growth conditions, and yet allow robust induction under conditions that inactivate only one of the repressors. Since the interaction between the proteins is indirect, the evolution of dually regulated genes requires only the acquisition of closely spaced repressor sites.