bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preventing Type 2 Diabetes After Gestational Diabetes
Authors: Case Jayne , Willoughby Deborah , Haley-Zitlin Vivian , Maybee Pat 
Published: November 2006

Purpose The purposes of this article are to examine the epidemiology of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and subsequent type 2 diabetes, identify risk factors for the development of GDM and subsequent type 2 diabetes, discuss protocols for postpartum screening, and recommend evidence-based interventions to delay or prevent type 2 diabetes after GDM. Methods A review of the research literature from 1995 to 2005 concerning gestational diabetes was done using MEDLINE, CINAHL, National Institutes of Health, and American Diabetes Association internet resources. The criteria set for selection included the following: the research explored risk factors for and epidemiology of gestational diabetes, the relationship of gestational diabetes and the subsequent development of type 2 diabetes, and/or the prevention of type 2 diabetes after GDM. Results Women with pregnancies complicated by GDM are at increased risk for subsequent development of type 2 diabetes. Research suggests that modification of lifestyle-based risk factors including obesity, poor nutrition, and lack of exercise can delay or prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes in these women. However, there is evidence that recommended postpartum screening protocols for women with GDM are not being followed; hence, those women at high risk for type 2 diabetes are not identified, and no intervention is undertaken to reduce their risks. Conclusions Diabetes educators must play an integral role in increasing awareness of the need for postpartum screening and intervention for women with gestational diabetes. Only with early identification and intensive intervention can the devastating toll of diabetes be averted for many of these women.
Glucose and Cardiac Risk Factor Control in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Chyun Deborah , Lacey Kimberly O. , Katten Deborah M. , Talley Sandra , Price Wendie J. , Davey Janice A. , Melkus Gail D. 
Published: November 2006

Purpose The purpose of this descriptive study was to describe attainment of glucose and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factor goals and to identify factors that were associated with successful goal achievement. Methods A cross-sectional survey enrolled 110 subjects with type 2 diabetes undergoing screening for asymptomatic myocardial ischemia. Results Many participants had HbA1c levels ≥7% (45%), and 46% to 79% were not meeting goals for CHD risk reduction. Individual factors of age, gender, and anxiety; the illness-related factor of lipid-lowering therapy; and the family-related factor of living alone were independently associated with 1 of the 7 outcomes under study. Illness-related factors of a longer duration of diabetes were strongly associated with glucose and blood pressure control, insulin use with glucose control and waist circumference, and antihypertensive use with blood pressure, triglycerides, and body mass index. Family-related factors of higher income were significantly associated with poorer glucose control and higher body mass index, while higher levels of perceived support by family and friends were associated with a lower risk of not meeting lipid goals. However, individual factors, represented by several aspects of personal model beliefs (exercising regularly, testing glucose, and checking one’s feet) and physical activity, were consistently related to lipid and weight control. Conclusions A variety of factors were associated with control of blood glucose and CHD risk factors, suggesting that a one-size-fits-all approach to multiple risk factor reduction efforts may not result in goal attainment.
Trends in the Prescribing of Oral Agents for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the United States, 1990-2001
Authors: Skaer Tracy L. , Sclar David A. , Robison Linda M. 
Published: November 2006

PurposeThe objectives of the present study were (1) to discern trends in the prescribing of oral pharmacotherapy for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in the United States during the years 1990 through 2001 and (2) to examine the mediating role of primary health insurance coverage on patients’ access to pharmaceutical innovation for the management of type 2 DM.MethodsData from the US National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) for the years 1990 through 2001 were used for this analysis.ResultsNational estimates of the number of office-based visits documenting a diagnosis of type 2 DM and the prescribing of an oral medication for glycemic control increased from 7 871 283 in 1990 to 13 730 886 in 2001 (a 74.4% increase). A significantly higher proportion of patients covered by private health insurance were prescribed a newer agent, either alone or as part of a combination regimen of oral agents, as compared to patients covered by either Medicare or Medicaid (ϰ2 ≤ .001).ConclusionsOver the time frame of 1995 through 2001, access to pharmaceutical innovation for the management of type 2 DM was mediated by the patient’s primary source of health insurance coverage. Future research will need to discern the effect of observed differences in the prescribing of oral agents for the management of type 2 DM on both clinical and economic outcomes and, in light of ongoing discussion regarding health care reform in the United States, to foster clinically rational and equitable access to pharmaceutical innovation.
Improving Access to Quality Diabetes Education in a Rural State
Authors: Butcher Marcene K. , Gilman Judy , Meszaros Jane Fitch , Bjorsness Deb , Madison Mary , McDowall Janet M. , Oser Carrie S. , Johnson Elizabeth A. , Harwell Todd S. , Helgerson Steven D. , Gohdes Dorothy 
Published: November 2006

Purpose Diabetes self-management education (DSME) is an integral component of diabetes care; however, skilled educators and recognized programs are not uniformly available in rural communities. Methods To increase access to quality DSME, the Montana Diabetes Control Program and the Montana chapter of the American Association of Diabetes Educators developed a mentoring program with 3 levels: basic, intermediate, and advanced. All participants were assisted by a volunteer certified diabetes educator (CDE) mentor. In addition, the program provided technical support for recognition through the American Diabetes Association and the Indian Health Service. Results From 2000 to 2005, 90 individuals participated; 76% were nurses and 21% dietitians. Twenty-seven of the 90 enrollees (30%) completed their structured option, and 13 achieved CDE certification. Most provided services in frontier counties (66%). Statewide, the number of CDEs in Montana increased 46% from 52 in 2000 to 76 in 2005. Twenty-five of the 30 facilities that received technical assistance achieved recognition. Statewide, the number of recognized education programs increased from 2 in 2000 to 22 in 2005. Twelve (55%) of these programs were located in frontier counties. Conclusions Mentoring and technical support is an effective method to increase personnel skills for DSME and to increase access to quality education programs in rural areas.
Bone Stress Injuries of the Ankle and Foot
Authors: Niva Maria H. , Sormaala Markus J. , Kiuru Martti J. , Haataja Riina , Ahovuo Juhani A. , Pihlajamaki Harri K. 
Published: November 2006

Background No comprehensive studies of bone stress injuries in the ankle and foot based on magnetic resonance imaging findings have been published. Purpose Using magnetic resonance imaging findings to assess incidence, location, and type of bone stress injuries of the ankle and foot in military conscripts with ankle and/or foot pain. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods All patients with ankle or foot pain, negative findings on plain radiography, and magnetic resonance images obtained of the ankle or foot were included in this 86-month study. Magnetic resonance images with bone stress injury findings were re-evaluated regarding location and injury type. Based on the number of conscripts within the hospital catchment area, the person-based incidence of bone stress injuries was calculated. Results One hundred thirty-one conscripts displayed 378 bone stress injuries in 142 ankles and feet imaged, the incidence being 126 per 100 000 person-years. This incidence represents the stress injuries not diagnosable with radiographs and requiring magnetic resonance images. Of injuries, 57.7% occurred in the tarsal and 35.7% in the metatarsal bones. Multiple bone stress injuries in 1 foot were found in 63% of the cases. The calcaneus and fifth metatarsal bone were usually affected alone. Injuries to the other bones of the foot were usually associated with at least 1 other stress injury. The talus and calcaneus were the most commonly affected single bones. High-grade bone stress injury (grade IV-V) with a fracture line on magnetic resonance images occurred in 12% (talus, calcaneus), and low-grade injury (grade I-III) presented only as edema in 88% of the cases. Conclusion Multiple, various-stage bone stress injuries of the ankle and foot may occur simultaneously in physically active young adults. When considering injuries that were missed by plain radiographs but detected by magnetic resonance imaging, the bones most often affected were the tarsal bones, of which the talus and calcaneus were the most prominent single bones and most common locations for higher grade (IV-V) bone stress injuries. With use of magnetic resonance imaging, early detection and grading of bone stress injuries are available, which enable early and appropriate injury management.
A model of Fe3+-kaolinite, Al3+-goethite, Al3+-hematite equilibria in laterites
Authors: Trolard F. , Tardy Y. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe distribution of Fe3+-kaolinite, Al-goethite and Al-hematite and their contents of Fe and Al in bauxites and ferricretes are controlled by water activity, dissolved silica activity, temperature and particle size. The proposed model, based on ideal solid-solution equilibria in the Fe2O3-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O system, takes into account water and silica activities. By using the same considerations as those previously developed for the Fe2O3-Al2O3-H2O system, the model calculates the amounts of coexisting phases, Al or Fe substitution ratios in goethite, hematite or kaolinite, and the stability field distributions of the minerals under various conditions. Thermodynamic equilibrium conditions and element distributions within the mineral constituents are shown to be dependent on the parameters cited above. The model yields results compatible with natural observations on lateritic profiles.
Rare earth distribution and its correlation with clay mineralogy in the clay-sized fraction of Cretaceous and Pliocene sediments (central Portugal)
Authors: Prudêncio M. I. , Figueiredo M. O. , Cabral J. M. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe REE contents in the clay-sized fractions of nineteen Cretaceous and Pliocene continental sediments, Portugal, were found to be correlated with kaolinite. No correlation is apparent between clay mineralogy and La/Lu or Eu/Sm ratios. The Eu anomaly is generally smaller (or even absent) in the clay-sized fraction than in the corresponding whole sediment, probably due to a greater ability of the clay minerals to accommodate Eu (as Eu2+) rather than the other REE released during weathering.
Differential heat of water adsorption for montmorillonite, kaolinite and allophane
Authors: Iwata S. , Izumi F. , Tsukamoto A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDifferential heat of water vapour adsorption for Cs+-saturated montmorillonite, kaolinite and allophane was measured over a low relative humidity range from 10−4 to 10−1. Two interactions (clay surface atom-water and counterion-water) are mainly involved in the water vapour adsorption process. To assess the affinity of water to the clay surface, the amounts of adsorbed water and the differential heat due to Cs+ were estimated from equilibrium constants in the gas phase reactions. It is tentatively concluded that (i) a dominant role of water adsorption due to the Cs+-water interaction in the adsorption process is evident only for montmorillonite; (ii) the affinity of water to the clay surface is strongest for allophane and weakest for montmorillonite.
Bayerite, Al(OH)3, from Raoul Island, Kermadec Group, South Pacific
Authors: Rodgers K. A. , Gregory M. R. , Cooney R. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBayerite forms a cascading, travertine-like deposit over volcanic tuffs on Raoul Island in the South Pacific where it is produced from episodic discharge of spent, caustic aluminate solutions from a hydrogen generator. Textural evidence indicates microbial activity has possibly been involved in formation of the hydroxide, as well as sodium carbonate aluminate, present in minor amounts. X-ray powder diffraction and infrared spectral studies failed to give confident identification of the bayerite, the identity being confirmed by laser Raman spectroscopy. A high quality spectrum was obtained extending from 3280 to 3680 cm−1 and from 100 to 1000 cm−1.
Glutamic acid deamination in the presence of montmorillonite
Authors: Naidja A. , Siffert B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGlutamic acid deamination was realized in the absence and in the presence of montmorillonite saturated with various metallic cations (Na+, Mn2+, Cu2+). The catalytic activity depends upon the interlayer exchangeable cation and the pH of the suspension. A maximum was observed near pH = 5–6. In the presence of the enzyme l-glutamate dehydrogenase and the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, glutamic acid transforms into α-ketoglutaric acid, but in the presence of montmorillonite, it yields α-hydroxyglutaric acid and traces of butyric acid. However, kinetic and reaction yield are significantly reduced compared to the biological system.
Composition, stabilization, and light absorption of Fe(II)Fe(III) hydroxy-carbonate (‘green rust’)
Authors: Hansen H. C. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe chemical composition of the pyroaurite-type compound Fe(II)Fe(III) hydroxy-carbonate (‘green rust’) synthesised from freshly precipitated ferrihydrite and Fe(II) chloride solution at pH 7.0 (‘induced hydrolysis’) was determined. The compound was nearly stoichiometric, with the formula the Fe(II):Fe(III) ratio being independent of the Fe(II):Fe(III) ratio in the initial reaction mixture. It shows all the XRD peaks reported for this compound. Visible-near IR shows a broad peak at 650 nm which is ascribable to intervalence charge transfer and therefore the absorbance maximum decreases with increasing degree of oxidation. Wetting the material with compounds containing hydroxyl groups (such as glycerol or glucose) retards the oxidation of the otherwise very oxidation-sensitive compound. Similar polar organic compounds may stabilize the Fe(II)Fe(III) hydroxy-carbonate in wet soils. The importance of the green rust phase as an intermediate in the formation and transformation reactions of oxides and oxyhydroxides of iron in natural environments should not be ignored.
Clay mineral distribution related to rift activity, sea-level changes and paleoceanography in the Cretaceous of the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Thiry M. , Jacquin T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe distribution of clay minerals from the N and S Atlantic Cretaceous deep-sea sediments is related to rifting, sea-floor spreading, sea-level variations and paleoceanography. Four main clay mineral suites were identified: two are inherited and indicative of ocean geodynamics, whereas the others result from transformation and authigenesis and are diagnostic of Cretaceous oceanic depositional environments. Illite and chlorite, together with interstratified illite-smectite and smectite occur above the sea-floor basalts and illustrate the contribution of volcanoclastic materials of basaltic origin to the sediments. Kaolinite, with variable amounts of illite, chlorite, smectite and interstratified minerals, indicates detrital inputs from continents near the platform margins. Kaolinite decreases upward in the series due to open marine environments and basin deepening. It may increase in volume during specific time intervals corresponding to periods of falling sea-level during which overall facies regression and erosion of the surrounding platforms occurred. Smectite is the most abundant clay mineral in the Cretaceous deep-sea sediments. Smectite-rich deposits correlate with periods of relatively low sedimentation rates. As paleoweathering profiles and basal deposits at the bottom of Cretaceous transgressive formations are mostly kaolinitic, smectite cannot have been inherited from the continents. Smectite is therefore believed to have formed in the ocean by transformation and recrystallization of detrital materials during early diagenesis. Because of the slow rate of silicate reactions, transformation of clay minerals requires a long residence time of the particles at the water/sediment interface; this explains the relationships between the observed increases in smectite with long-term sea-level rises that tend to starve the basinal settings of sedimentation. Palygorskite, along with dolomite, is relatively common in the N and S Atlantic Cretaceous sediments. It is not detrital because correlative shelf deposits are devoid of palygorskite. Palygorskite is diagnostic of Mg-rich environments and is indicative of the warm and hypersaline bottom waters of the Cretaceous Atlantic ocean.
Local Structure of Ferrihydrite and Feroxyhite by Exafs Spectroscopy
Authors: Manceau A. , Drits V. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSynthetic 2-line and 6-line ferrihydrite and feroxyhite samples prepared from ferric salt solutions have been investigated by EXAFS spectroscopy. All these materials have been found to be short-range ordered, consisting of Fe octahedra linked by comers, edges, and faces. Their local structures are related to those of well-crystallized (oxyhydr)oxides, and the absence of hkl reflections in some samples is attributed to the small size of coherent scattering domains. The presence of face sharings indicates that these materials have structural similarities with hematite. Based on Fe-Fe distances and the analysis of the static disorder, it has been concluded that the local structure of feroxyhite is close to that of hematite, whereas ferrihydrite has common structural features with both hematite (αFe203) and cdβFeOOFI. The local structure of ferrihydrite thus differs from that of aqueous Fe polymers obtained by the partial hydrolysis of ferric nitrate and chloride solutions. Differences of local structures among hydrous Fe oxides and aqueous polymers have been interpreted on the basis of a room temperature stability phase diagram established for well-crystallized (oxyhydr)oxides.
Structure of Feroxyhite as Determined by Simulation of X-Ray Diffraction Curves
Authors: Drits V. A. , Sakharov B. A. , Manceau A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPowder X-ray diffraction (XRD) curves were calculated for the different structural models so far proposed for feroxyhite (δFeOOH). The influence on XRD features of different structural parameters, including site occupancy of Fe atoms, atomic coordinates, content and distribution of stacking faults, and dimension of coherent scattering domains, were considered. On the basis of agreement between experimental and simulated curves it is shown that δFeOOH is a mixture of feroxyhite proper and ultradispersed hematite in the 9 : 1 volume ratio. Feroxyhite proper consists of hexagonal close packing of anions containing 5% stacking faults. Iron atoms occupy only octahedral sites and are distributed in such a way that face-sharing filled octahedral pairs regularly alternate with vacant octahedral pairs along the c axis. This distribution of Fe atoms is quite similar to that established by Patrat et al. (1983), but in each pair, Fe atoms are displaced by the same value of 0.3 Å in opposite directions away from the centre of their octahedron. Nearest Fe-Fe distances calculated for the model proposed (2.88, 3.01, 3-39 and 3-73 Å) practically coincide with those found by EXAFS spectroscopy for the same sample (2-91, 3.04, 3.41 and 3.7-3.8 Å).
Smectite to Illite Conversion in Bentonites and Shales of the East Slovak Basin
Authors: Šucha V. , Kraust I. , Gerthofferová H. , Peteš J. , Sereková M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe conversion of smectite to illite has been studied in buried bentonites and shales of the East Slovak Neogene Basin, using X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscopy. A good correlation was observed in both rock types between the content of expandable layers in interstratified illite-smectite (I-S) minerals and burial depth (temperature), with shales from a given depth being markedly more illitic than bentonties. This difference disappeared at a depth of ~3 km, which represents a temperature of ~150°C The diameter of fundamental illite particles increased with decreasing expandability. Potassium fixation together with neoformation appear to be the mechanisms of conversion of smectite to illite.
Lithium-Bearing Hydrothermal Alteration Phyllosilicates Related to Portalet Fluorite Ore (Pyrenees, Huesca, Spain)
Authors: Gonzlez Lopez J. M. , Subias Pirez I. , Fernandez-Nieto C. , Gonzalez I. Fanlo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhyllosilicate associations in hydrothermally altered fluorite ore bodies are: Li-chlorite ± pyrophyllite ± interstratified minerals ± muscovite +± kaolinite. Chlorites, the main alteration minerals, are dioctahedral, d060 = 1.489-1-490/~,, of Ia polytype. The structural formulae indicate substitution of AI for Si from 0.61-0.78 atoms. The total octahedral occupancy ranges from 4.52-4-71 atoms, with 0.49-0-69 Li atoms per half cell unit. This composition indicates that the chlorites are intermediate members of the donbassite-cookeite series proposed by Sudo (1978). The mineralogical associations and textural relations suggest that after intensive silicification which produced alkali alteration under acid conditions, pyrophyllite was produced at the expense of muscovite and then Li-bearing donbassite formed from the pyrophyllite. The Li needed for the formation of the chlorites could be genetically related to granitic batholiths which occur close to the fluorite ores.
Depth-Dependent Transformation of Kaolinite to Dickite In Sandstones of the Norwegian Continental Shelf
Authors: Ehrenberg S. N. , Aagaard P. , Wilson M. J. , Fraser A. R. , Duthie D. M. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractReplacement of kaolinite by dickite has been observed to occur with increasing depth of burial in sandstones from three different basins on the Norwegian continental shelf. In the Garn Formation (Middle Jurassic) of Haltenbanken, samples from 1.4-2-7 km below the sea floor (110°C) contain kaolinite, whereas deeper than 3.2 km (130°C) mainly dickite is present. In the Statfjord Formation (Late Triassic-Early Jurassic) from Gullfaks and Gullfaks Sør Fields, transformation of kaolinite to dickite occurs at ~3.1 km below the sea floor (120°C) From the Stø and Nordmela Formations (Lower to Middle Jurassic) to the Troms Area, kaolin polytypes have been identified in only two shallow and two deep samples, but the results are consistent with the transformation depth determined in two other areas studied. These occurrences are significant because they allow the temperature of the kaolinite/dickite transformation to be established with greater confidence than had been possible previously. Also the observation of this transformation in all three areas so far examined indicates that it may be a general and predictable feature of kaolinbearing sandstones worldwide and therefore a potentially reliable paleogeothermometer. In most cases, the kaolinite occurs as relatively large vermicular crystals, whereas dickite forms more euhedral, blockier crystals. This morphological difference, together with the nature of the structural difference in octahedral occupancy between the kaolinite and dickite, suggests that the transformation occurs by dissolution and reprecipitation, rather then in the solid state.