bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hospital nurse administrators in Japan: a feminist dimensional analysis
Authors: Brandi C. L. , Naito A. 
Published: January 2006

Background: Nursing administration research is scarce in Japan during a time when health care is rapidly reforming and baccalaureate and graduate nursing programmes are rapidly developing. Additionally, nursing administration content relies heavily on Western and non‐nursing theories, some of which have been criticized for male bias.Purpose: The purpose of this article is to present key findings from a qualitative study that explored the perspectives or viewpoints of 16 Japanese senior female nurse administrators in hospitals in order to learn what was happening in their working situations and how they were managing.Design and methods: This feminist study used dimensional analysis strategies for data collection and analysis. Semi‐structured, tape‐recorded interviews were conducted by both researchers in Japanese, transcribed into Japanese, and translated into English.Results and discussion: The resulting explanatory matrix portrayed a story of 16 nurse administrators, most of whom were able successfully to enact a management role in a context of role ambiguity that was congruent with their relational values and beliefs. Important conditions influencing value‐based role enactment included organization mission and purpose, organization structure, nurse–doctor relationships, participant‐supervisor relationships, and personal attributes. Many participants were able to overcome barriers in these categories using strategies of tempered radicalism and consequently made positive organizational changes.Conclusions: Advanced formal education, better organizational support, and a raised consciousness among nurses that views nurses and midwives as equal partners with other professionals will enable Japanese nurse administrators to help advance patient‐centred care and nursing development and empowerment.
The Rule of Law in the Realm and the Province of New York: Prelude to the American Revolution
Authors: JOHNSON HERBERT A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBritish and American views of public law have diverged greatly over the past two hundred years. This article examines the evolution of New York's adherence to the rule of fundamental law and the use of colonial common law courts to protect the rights of New York subjects against the prerogative power of the crown. As a conquered province from 1664 to 1683, New York was denied a legislature. Thereafter the colonial legislative bodies were active in making unsuccessful attempts to claim their birthright as Englishmen. In England the Glorious Revolution represented a major step in the development of parliamentary supremacy. In New York, however, it facilitated an ethnic insurrection followed by the realization that English governmental policy mandated the denial of basic rights of Englishmen to colonial residents. The Glorious Revolution simply made it possible for parliament, as well as the crown, to regulate colonial affairs without any constitutional restrictions prior to 1774. In terms of constitutional dynamics in eighteenth‐century England, continued imperial rule through an untrammelled royal prerogative substantially increased the political power and revenues of the crown. Failing to consider the impact of monarchial power in a growing empire, the 1688–9 Convention Parliament laid the foundation for an unbalanced British government in the middle of the eighteenth century. Deprived of patronage and extraordinary revenues at home, the monarchs turned to regulation of their empire and to reaping increased financial benefit. Both of these unintended consequences of the Glorious Revolution threatened parliamentary supremacy, even as parliament's new‐found power began to undermine the rule of law in the empire.
Of Spies, Refugees and Hostile Propaganda: How Austria dealt with the Hungarian Crisis of 1956
Authors: GRANVILLE JOHANNA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAustrian historians have traditionally highlighted the positive effects that the Hungarian crisis of 1956 had on their country, forcing it to implement the neutrality it had won just one year earlier. Archival documents, however, reveal the negative ‘spillover’ effects of the crisis, at least in the short run. In fact, the crisis hindered Austria's ability to further the cause of Hungarian freedom. It forced Austria to seek substantial financial and logistical help from other countries. Finally, the crisis worsened Austria's relations with both Hungary and the Soviet Union, thereby undoing the progress made after the State Treaty was signed in May 1955. The Khrushchev and Kádár regimes exploited the issues of border incidents, espionage, discrimination against international organizations, delay in repatriating refugees, and anti‐communist propaganda to accuse Austria of violating neutrality, thereby throwing Austria onto the defensive and reducing the negative impact of the Soviet Union's aggression against its own ally, Hungary. It was hard enough for Austria to remain neutral in the cold war period in general, let alone during an actual ‘hot war’– especially when the country was new at exercising neutrality, when the crisis was right on its border, and when the population adhered to western democratic values.
Hydraulic observations from a 1 year fluid production test in the 4000 m deep KTB pilot borehole
Authors: GRÄSLE W. , KESSELS W. , KÜMPEL H.‐J. , LI X. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA long‐term pump test was conducted in the KTB pilot borehole (KTB‐VB), located in the Oberpfalz area, Germany. It produced 22 300 m3 of formation fluid. Initially, fluid production rate was 29 l min−1 for 4 months, but was then raised to an average of 57 l min−1 for eight more months. The aim of this study was to examine the fluid parameters and hydraulic properties of fractured, crystalline crusts as part of the new KTB programme ‘Energy and Fluid Transport in Continental Fault Systems’. KTB‐VB has an open‐hole section from 3850 to 4000 m depth that is in hydraulic contact with a prominent continental fault system in the area, called SE2. Salinity and temperature of the fluid inside the borehole, and consequently hydrostatic pressure, changed significantly throughout the test. Influence of these quantities on variations in fluid density had to be taken into account for interpretation of the pump test. Modelling of the pressure response related to the pumping was achieved assuming the validity of linear Darcy flow and permeability to be independent of the flow rate. Following the principle ‘minimum in model dimension’, we first examined whether the pressure response can be explained by an equivalent model where rock properties around the borehole are axially symmetric. Calculations show that the observed pressure data in KTB‐VB can in fact be reproduced through such a configuration. For the period of high pumping rate (57 l min−1) and the following recovery phase, the resulting parameters are 2.4 × 10−13 m3 in hydraulic transmissivity and 3.7 × 10−9 m Pa−1 in storativity for radial distances up to 187 m, and 4.7 × 10−14 m3 and 6.0 × 10−9 m Pa−1, respectively, for radial distances between 187 and 1200 m. The former pair of values mainly reflect the hydraulic properties of the fault zone SE2. For a more realistic hydraulic study on a greater scale, program FEFLOW was used. Parameter values were obtained by matching the calculated induced pressure signal to fluid‐level variations observed in the KTB main hole (KTB‐HB) located at 200 m radial distance from KTB‐VB. KTB‐HB is uncased from 9031 to 9100 m and shows indications of leakage in the casing at depths 5200–5600 m. Analysis of the pressure record and hydraulic modelling suggest the existence of a weak hydraulic communication between the two boreholes, probably at depths around the leakage. Hydraulic modelling of a major slug‐test in KTB‐HB that was run during the pumping in KTB‐VB reveals the effective transmissivity of the connected formation to be 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower than the one determined for the SE2 fault zone.
Dynamic of the genetic structure of bacterial and fungal communities at different developmental stages of Medicago truncatula Gaertn. cv. Jemalong line J5
Authors: Mougel C. , Offre P. , Ranjard L. , Corberand T. , Gamalero E. , Robin C. , Lemanceau P. 
Published: January 2006

Summary

The genetic structure of bacterial and fungal communities was characterized in the rhizosphere of Medicago truncatula Gaertn. cv. Jemalong line J5 at five developmental stages (three vegetative and two reproductive stages), and in three compartments (bulk soil, rhizosphere soil and root tissues).
The genetic structure of microbial communities was determined by cultivation‐independent methods using directly extracted DNA that was characterized by automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA).
Principal component analyses (PCA) indicate that, for all developmental stages, the genetic structure of microbial communities differed significantly by compartment, with a major shift in the community in root tissues corresponding to the most intimate compartment with the plant.
Differences were also recorded during plant development, the most significant being observed during the transition between vegetative and reproductive stages. Throughout this period, plants were shown to establish the highest level of symbiotic association (mycorrhization, nodulation) with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobia. During the reproductive stages, the dynamics of the genetic structure differed between bacterial and fungal communities. At the last reproductive stage, the genetic structure of bacterial communities became close to that recorded during the first vegetative stages, suggesting a resilience phenomenon, whereas the genetic structure of fungal communities remained different from the vegetative stages and also from the early reproductive stages, suggesting a persistence of the rhizosphere effect.
Microelectrode array studies of basal and potassium‐evoked release ofl‐glutamate in the anesthetized rat brain
Authors: Day B. K. , Pomerleau F. , Burmeister J. J. , Huettl P. , Gerhardt G. A. 
Published: January 2006

Abstractl‐glutamate (Glu) is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system. It plays major roles in normal neurophysiology and many brain disorders by binding to membrane‐bound Glu receptors. To overcome the spatial and temporal limitations encountered in previousin vivoextracellular Glu studies, we employed enzyme‐coated microelectrode arrays to measure both basal and potassium‐evoked release of Glu in the anesthetized rat brain. We also addressed the question of signal identity, which is the predominant criticism of these recording technologies.In vivoself‐referencing recordings demonstrated that our Glu signals were both enzyme‐ and voltage‐dependent, supporting the identity ofl‐glutamate. In addition, basal Glu was actively regulated, tetrodotoxin (TTX)‐dependent, and measured in the low micromolar range (approximately 2 µm) using multiple self‐referencing subtraction approaches for identification of Glu. Moreover, potassium‐evoked Glu release exhibited fast kinetics that were concentration‐dependent and reproducible. These data support the hypothesis that Glu release is highly regulated, requiring detection technologies that must be very close to the synapse and measure on a second‐by‐second basis to best characterize the dynamics of the Glu system.
Blueberry polyphenols increase lifespan and thermotolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Wilson Mark A. , Shukitt‐Hale Barbara , Kalt Wilhelmina , Ingram Donald K. , Joseph James A. , Wolkow Catherine A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe beneficial effects of polyphenol compounds in fruits and vegetables are mainly extrapolated from in vitro studies or short‐term dietary supplementation studies. Due to cost and duration, relatively little is known about whether dietary polyphenols are beneficial in whole animals, particularly with respect to aging. To address this question, we examined the effects of blueberry polyphenols on lifespan and aging of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, a useful organism for such a study. We report that a complex mixture of blueberry polyphenols increased lifespan and slowed aging‐related declines in C. elegans. We also found that these benefits did not just reflect antioxidant activity in these compounds. For instance, blueberry treatment increased survival during acute heat stress, but was not protective against acute oxidative stress. The blueberry extract consists of three major fractions that all contain antioxidant activity. However, only one fraction, enriched in proanthocyanidin compounds, increased C. elegans lifespan and thermotolerance. To further determine how polyphenols prolonged C. elegans lifespan, we analyzed the genetic requirements for these effects. Prolonged lifespan from this treatment required the presence of a CaMKII pathway that mediates osmotic stress resistance, though not other pathways that affect stress resistance and longevity. In conclusion, polyphenolic compounds in blueberries had robust and reproducible benefits during aging that were separable from antioxidant effects.
Evidence Based Research in CBT with Adolescent Eating Disorders
Authors: Gowers Simon G. 
Published: January 2006

Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is increasingly becoming the treatment of choice for a number of adolescent mental health problems, including depression (Harrington et al., 1998) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), (March, 1995). In considering the role of CBT in the treatment of adolescent eating disorders, it is helpful to review the phenomenology of anorexia and bulimia nervosa in this age group and to assess the theoretical relevance of a cognitive behavioural approach to their management. The evidence base has been reviewed in the recently published National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) Guidelines on the treatment of eating disorders (NICE, 2004). To date, CBT approaches have not been widely tested in controlled trials in this age group. However, a randomised controlled treatment trial is under way in the North West of England (The TOuCAN Trial), in which CBT is an important component of one of the interventions being studied and this will be described.
CORC's Survey of Routine Outcome Monitoring and National CAMHS Dataset Developments: A Response to Johnston and Gower
Authors: Ford Tamsin , Tingay Karen , Wolpert Miranda ,   the CORC Steering Group
Published: January 2006

Background:  The CAMHS Outcome Research Consortium has 44 members across Great Britain who are collaborating to introduce routine outcome monitoring into clinical practice.Methods:  Members were surveyed in 2004, in order to establish a baseline against which we could measure progress.Results:  Like Johnston and Gowers, we discovered a wide range of measures were being used, while a third of CORC members were sharing information with clinicians and commissioners, and were using it to develop clinical practice or services.Discussion:  We discuss the constraints brought up by our members and by Johnston and Gowers, as well as recent work in relation to the development of a national CAMHS dataset.
IDENTIFYING REGIME CHANGES IN MARKET VOLATILITY
Authors: Guo Weiyu , Wohar Mark E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA casual inspection of a graph of volatility indexes over time indicates that volatility has undergone infrequent, but significant, shifts in its average level. The purpose of this article is to test for multiple structural breaks in the mean level of market volatility measured by the VIX and VXO, and to identify statistically the dates of these mean shifts. We find evidence of three distinct periods: pre‐1992, 1992–1997, and post‐1997. We find that the mean volatility, as well as its standard deviation, was lowest during 1992–1997. Our findings provide statistical evidence consistent with popular beliefs that market volatility changes over time.
Treatment decisions: A qualitative study with women with gynaecological cancer
Authors: MARKOVIC Milica , MANDERSON Lenore , QUINN Michael 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis qualitative study investigated women's participation in decisions regarding treatment of gynaecological cancer. Thirty women, receiving health care in two tertiary hospitals in Australia, were interviewed face‐to‐face. For women with gynaecological cancer, the most influential factors in treatment decisions are still the surgeon's recommendation and fear of dying from cancer.
Free Radical Damage in Facsimile Synovium: Correlation with Adhesion Formation in Osteoarthritic TMJs
Authors: Sheets Donald W. , Okamoto Toru , Dijkgraaf Leonore C. , Milam Stephen B. , Schmitz John P. , Zardeneta Gustavo 
Published: January 2006

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to use the rat air pouch model of facsimile synovium to evaluate oxidative stress as a primary mechanism in the pathogenesis of degenerative temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disease.
Materials and Methods:
Forty‐nine Sprague‐Dawley adult female rats were used to generate the standard rat air pouch model of facsimile synovium. This was accomplished by daily air injections (20 cc) subdermally through the dorsal skin. Hydrogen peroxide and ferrous iron (components of the Fenton reaction which generate free radicals) were introduced into the pouches of the 4‐, 7‐, and 14‐day groups to generate oxidative stress. Control rats were injected with phosphate‐buffered solution (PBS), pH 7.4. Either N‐acetylcysteine (NAC), a powerful free radical scavenger, or ibuprofen were simultaneously injected with the Fenton reagents into the pouches of the 14‐day treatment groups to modulate free radical‐mediated protein damage to the synovium. Animals were euthanized at appropriate experimental intervals and biopsies obtained from specimens to analyze: (1) proteins' amino acid modification (carbonyl group formation), (2) protein hydrophobicity, (3) detection of low molecular weight protein degradation products, and (4) histological and gross anatomical observations.
Results:
Free radicals introduced into the rat air pouch interacted with synovial tissues causing oxidation and breakdown of proteins. Clinical evidence of adhesion formation consistent with features found in osteoarthritis of the TMJ developed. The groups subjected to oxidative stress experienced statistically significant (p < 0.05) increases in carbonyl formation, carbonyls/protein, and low molecular weight protein fragments. These groups also showed significant (p < 0.05) hydrophobicity changes consistent with free radical attack. Control synovial tissues were statistically undamaged. The 14‐day NAC and ibuprofen treatment groups experienced statistically significant (p < 0.05) decreases in total carbonyl formation, carbonyls/protein, and hydrophobicity. Histological and gross observations in free radical damaged synovium exhibited features consistent with known arthoscopic and arthrocentesis findings in diseased TMJs.
Conclusions:
This study suggests that the rat air pouch model of facsimile synovium develops clinical evidence of adhesions and biochemical signs of protein modification when subjected to free radical attack. NAC and ibuprofen prevented carbonyl formation as well as hydrophobicity changes indicative of oxidative stress damage in facsimile synovium. These findings are consistent with features of degenerative human TMJ disease. Future direction may be taken from this study to postulate new analysis techniques and treatment modalities for patients with degenerative TMJ disease.
Deconstructing home‐based care for mental illness: can one identify the effective ingredients?
Authors: Burns T. , Catty J. , Wright C. 
Published: January 2006

Objective:  Home‐based care for severe mental illness has been the focus of intense research over the last 30 years and has produced mixed results. Replications of Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) in Europe have consistently failed to find these differences and various explanations have been advanced for this.Method:  Studies were compared in context of health care, and then identifying and rating the components of the differing teams rather than simply their designation. Cluster analysis was used for the identification of common service characteristics and regression analysis to test for correlation with reduction in hospitalization.Results:  The nature of the control service may significantly explain the international variation in results. Six regularly occurring features of experimental services were identified from the examination of the components – smaller case loads, regularly visiting at home, a high percentage of contacts at home, responsibility for health and social care, multidisciplinary teams and a psychiatrist integrated in the team. Two of these, regularly visiting at home and responsibility for health and social care, are significantly associated with a reduction in hospitalization.Conclusions:  It is premature to define an optimal configuration for home based care services. The need for introducing differing components of such care will depend on what is currently available locally. Where regular home visiting to psychotic patients plus a broad service model incorporating health and social care objectives are provided, major reductions in in‐patient care are not currently to be anticipated by service reconfigurations.
Intervention effects of supplying homeless individuals with permanent housing: a 3‐year prospective study
Authors: Fichter M. M. , Quadflieg N. 
Published: January 2006

Objective:  To describe the intervention effects of supplying homeless individuals with permanent housing.Method:  In a prospective study, 109 male and 20 female homeless individuals were assessed at baseline and at 1‐ and 3‐year follow‐up concerning mental illness (SCID‐I), psychopathology, global assessment of functioning, emotional lability and alcohol consumption.Results:  A high proportion (86%) of the individuals was able to maintain or improve stability of housing. Only minor changes were observed concerning mental illness and global functioning. Extensive alcohol consumption and high psychopathology increased the risk of losing the stable housing.Conclusion:  The placement of homeless individuals in board and care homes or community housing after social counselling seems to be a necessary measure to remedy homelessness. However, supplying more permanent housing is not sufficient to decisively improve mental health status.
Determinants of quality of life in people with severe mental illness
Authors: Hansson L. 
Published: January 2006

Objective:  The objective of this article was to review some methodological issues in this field and give an overview of empirical research findings with a special focus on factors associated with or affecting subjective quality of life in people with a severe mental illness.Method:  A selective review of relevant scientific literature on quality of life in severe mental illness was conducted.Results:  Subjective quality of life in people with a severe mental illness is only to a lesser extent related to external life conditions. Major determinants are psychopathology, especially symptoms of depression and anxiety, and aspects of the social network. Personality related factors such as self‐esteem are also influential. Comparative studies have further shown that patients in community care settings have a better subjective quality of life than patients in hospital settings.Conclusion:  Efforts to improve subjective quality of life in people with severe mental illness should include a careful monitoring of depressive and anxiety symptoms, and pay particular attention to assessment of and interventions against unmet needs. Further, such interventions should stress a strengthening of the social support of the clients. It is also important to pay attention to mediators of changes in subjective quality of life such as self‐esteem, mastery, autonomy, and self‐efficacy.