bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contribution of runt‐related transcription factor 2 to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis in mice after induction of knee joint instability
Authors: Kamekura Satoru , Kawasaki Yosuke , Hoshi Kazuto , Shimoaka Takashi , Chikuda Hirotaka , Maruyama Zenjiro , Komori Toshihisa , Sato Shingo , Takeda Shu , Karsenty Gerard , Nakamura Kozo , Chung Ung‐il , Kawaguchi Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectiveBy producing instability in mouse knee joints, we attempted to determine the involvement of runt‐related transcription factor 2 (RUNX‐2), which is required for chondrocyte hypertrophy, in the development of osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsAn experimental mouse OA model was created by surgical transection of the medial collateral ligament and resection of the medial meniscus of the knee joints of heterozygous RUNX‐2–deficient (Runx2+/−) mice and wild‐type littermates. Cartilage destruction and osteophyte formation in the medial tibial cartilage were compared by histologic and radiographic analyses. Localization of type X collagen and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP‐13) was examined by immunohistochemistry. Localization of RUNX‐2 was determined by X‐Gal staining in heterozygous RUNX‐2–deficient mice with the lacZ gene insertion at the Runx2‐deletion site (Runx2+/lacZ). Messenger RNA levels of type X collagen, MMP‐13, and RUNX‐2 were examined by real‐time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction analysis.ResultsRUNX‐2 was induced in the articular cartilage of wild‐type mice at the early stage of OA, almost simultaneously with type X collagen but earlier than MMP‐13. Runx2+/− and Runx2+/lacZ mice showed normal skeletal development and articular cartilage; however, after induction of knee joint instability, they exhibited decreased cartilage destruction and osteophyte formation, along with reduced type X collagen and MMP‐13 expression, as compared with wild‐type mice.ConclusionRUNX‐2 contributes to the pathogenesis of OA through chondrocyte hypertrophy and matrix breakdown after the induction of joint instability.
FDA's Critical Path Initiative: A Perspective on Contributions of Biostatistics
Authors: O'Neill R. T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis article describes the motivation for, description of, and the objectives and plans for the FDA's initiative that was introduced in March of 2004 by way of a report titled ‘Innovation or Stagnation? – Challenge and Opportunity on the Critical Path to New Medical Products’. The FDA initiative is very much an outreach effort and a wake‐up call to many constituencies to contribute and partner to improve the product development process and thereby to contribute to the success rate of new products that will benefit the public. We discuss in general terms where some of the opportunities and challenges exist for the discipline of biostatistics to make contributions to this effort over the next few years. In particular, guidance development in five areas is considered as is the need to devote new energy and efforts to quantitative risk assessment and safety evaluation, an area that has lagged the attention received in the efficacy evaluation area. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Confirmatory Clinical Trials with an Adaptive Design
Authors: Koch Armin 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAdaptive designs are one of the most promising developments in statistics with applications to clinical trials. Obviously, knowledge at the beginning of a clinical trial will always be limited. Thus it may seem logical that the knowledge from accumulating information should be used to optimize the design of the trial. This paper discusses conditions under which this may be possible in phase III clinical trials where the principal aim is confirmation of hypotheses that have been developed in earlier stages of drug development. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Long‐term performance of peat biofilters treating ethyl acetate, toluene, and its mixture in air
Authors: Alvarez‐Hornos F. Javier , Gabaldón Carmen , Martínez‐Soria Vicente , Marzal Paula , Penya‐roja Josep‐Manuel , Izquierdo Marta 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThree laboratory‐scale peat biofilters were operated at 90 s empty bed residence time (EBRT) for over a year. Biodegradation of ethyl acetate, toluene, or a 1:1 mixture were investigated. In first stage, inlet concentration was progressively increased from 0.4 to 4.5 g/m3. The maximum elimination capacity (EC) found for ethyl acetate was 190 gC/m3·h, and it was not affected by toluene. The maximum EC found for toluene as a sole contaminant was 150 gC/m3·h, but the presence of ethyl acetate decreased the toluene maximum EC to 80 gC/m3·h. From respirometry monitoring, values of 3.19 g CO2/gC and 3.06 g CO2/gC for pure ethyl acetate and pure toluene, respectively, were found, with overall yield coefficients of 0.13 g dry biomass produced per gram ethyl acetate consumed and 0.28 g dry biomass produced per gram toluene consumed. CO2 production in the 1:1 mixture was successfully simulated. Dynamics of living and dead cells were monitored in four sections of the biofilters. Concentrations ranged between 2.6 × 109 and 3.0 × 1010 cells per gram‐dry peat for total bacteria, and 2.4 × 109–1.9 × 1010 cells per gram‐dry peat for living bacteria. At high loads loss of bacterial density in the inlet zones, and increase in the dead cells percentages up to 60% was observed. In second stage, long‐term performance at an inlet concentration of 1.5 g/m3 was evaluated to show the process feasibility. Good agreement with previous data was obtained in terms of EC and CO2 production. Restoration of living cells proportion was also observed. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:651–660. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of compounds released during pretreatment of wheat straw on microbial growth and enzymatic hydrolysis rates
Authors: Panagiotou Gianni , Olsson Lisbeth 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn the process of producing ethanol from lignocellulosic materials such as wheat straw, compounds that can act inhibitory to enzymatic hydrolysis and to cellular growth may be generated during the pretreatment. Ethanol production was evaluated on pretreated wheat straw hydrolysate using four different recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, CPB.CR4, CPB.CB4, F12, and FLX. The fermentation performance of the four S. cerevisiae strains was tested in hydrolysate of wheat straw that has been pretreated at high dry matter content (220 g/L dry matter). The results clearly showed that F12 was the most robust strain, whereas the other three strains were strongly inhibited when the fraction of hydrolysate in the fermentation medium was higher than 60% (v/v). Furthermore, the impact of different lignin derivatives commonly found in the hydrolysate of pretreated wheat straw, was tested on two different enzyme mixtures, a mixture of Celluclast 1.5 L FG and Novozym 188 (3:1) and one crude enzyme preparation produced from Penicillium brasilianum IBT 20888. From all the potential inhibiting compounds that were tested, formic acid had the most severe influence on the hydrolysis rate resulting in a complete inactivation of the two enzyme mixtures. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 250–258. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scale up of a viscous fungal fermentation: Application of scale‐up criteria with regime analysis and operating boundary conditions
Authors: Pollard D.J. , Kirschner T.F. , Hunt G.R. , Tong I.‐T. , Stieber R. , Salmon P.M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe scale up of the novel, pharmaceutically important pneumocandin (B0), from the filamentous fungus Glarea lozoyensis was successfully completed from pilot scale (0.07, 0.8, and 19 m3) to production scale (57 m3). This was accomplished, despite dissimilar reactor geometry, employing a combination of scale‐up criteria, process sensitivity studies, and regime analysis using characteristic time constants for both oxygen mass transfer and bulk mixing. Dissolved oxygen tension, separated from the influence of agitation by gas blending at the 0.07 m3‐scale, had a marked influence on the concentrations of pneumocandin analogs with different levels of hydroxylation, and these concentrations were used as an indicator of bulk mixing upon scale up. The profound impact of dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) (low and high levels) on analog formation dictated the use of constant DOT, at 80% air saturation, as a scale‐up criterion. As a result kLa, Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and hence the OTR were held constant, which were effectively conserved across the scales, while the use of other criterion such as Pg/VL, or mixing time were less effective. Production scale (57 m3) mixing times were found to be faster than those at 19 m3 due to a difference in liquid height/tank diameter ratio (HL/DT). Regime analysis at 19 and 57 m3 for bulk mixing (tc) and oxygen transfer (1/kLa) showed that oxygen transfer was the rate‐limiting step for this highly shear thinning fermentation, providing additional support for the choice of scale‐up criterion. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 307–317. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Liquefaction of lignocellulose at high‐solids concentrations
Authors: Jørgensen Henning , Vibe‐Pedersen Jakob , Larsen Jan , Felby Claus 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTo improve process economics of the lignocellulose to ethanol process a reactor system for enzymatic liquefaction and saccharification at high‐solids concentrations was developed. The technology is based on free fall mixing employing a horizontally placed drum with a horizontal rotating shaft mounted with paddlers for mixing. Enzymatic liquefaction and saccharification of pretreated wheat straw was tested with up to 40% (w/w) initial DM. In less than 10 h, the structure of the material was changed from intact straw particles (length 1–5 cm) into a paste/liquid that could be pumped. Tests revealed no significant effect of mixing speed in the range 3.3–11.5 rpm on the glucose conversion after 24 h and ethanol yield after subsequent fermentation for 48 h. Low‐power inputs for mixing are therefore possible. Liquefaction and saccharification for 96 h using an enzyme loading of 7 FPU/g·DM and 40% DM resulted in a glucose concentration of 86 g/kg. Experiments conducted at 2%–40% (w/w) initial DM revealed that cellulose and hemicellulose conversion decreased almost linearly with increasing DM. Performing the experiments as simultaneous saccharification and fermentation also revealed a decrease in ethanol yield at increasing initial DM. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was capable of fermenting hydrolysates up to 40% DM. The highest ethanol concentration, 48 g/kg, was obtained using 35% (w/w) DM. Liquefaction of biomass with this reactor system unlocks the possibility of 10% (w/w) ethanol in the fermentation broth in future lignocellulose to ethanol plants. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:862–870. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of the AlkS/PalkB‐expression system as an efficient tool for the production of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli fed‐batch fermentations
Authors: Makart Stefan , Heinemann Matthias , Panke Sven 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe availability of suitable, well‐characterized, and robust expression systems remains an essential requirement for successful metabolic engineering and recombinant protein production. We investigated the suitability of the Pseudomonas putida GPo1‐derived AlkS/PalkB expression system in strictly aqueous cultures. By applying the apolar inducer dicyclopropylketone (DCPK) to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) from this system in Escherichia coli and analyzing the resulting cultures on single‐cell level by flow cytometry, we found that this expression system gives rise to a homogeneous population of cells, even though the overall system is expected to have a positive feed‐back element in the expression of the regulatory gene alkS. Overexpressing E. coli's serine hydroxymethyltransferase gene glyA, we showed that the system was already fully turned on at inducer concentrations as low as 0.005% (v/v). This allows efficient mass production of recombinant enzymes even though DCPK concentrations decreased from 0.05% to 0.01% over the course of a fully aerated cultivation in aqueous medium. Therefore, we elaborated the optimum induction procedure for production of the biocatalytically promising serine hydroxymethyltransferase and found volumetric and specific productivity to increase with specific growth rate in glucose‐limited fed‐batch cultures. Acetate excretion as a result of recombinant protein production could be avoided in an optimized fermentation protocol by switching earlier to a linear feed. This protocol resulted in a production of a final cell dry weight (CDW) concentration of 52 g/L, producing recombinant GlyA with a maximum specific activity of 6.3 U/mg total protein. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 326–336. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Charge‐Induced Reversible Rearrangement of Endohedral Fullerenes: Electrochemistry of Tridysprosium Nitride Clusterfullerenes Dy3N@C2n (2n=78, 80)
Authors: Yang Shangfeng , Zalibera Michal , Rapta Peter , Dunsch Lothar 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe electrochemistry of three new clusterfullerenes Dy3N@C2n (2n=78, 80), namely two isomers of Dy3N@C80 (I and II) as well as Dy3N@C78 (II), have been studied systematically including their redox‐reaction mechanism. The cyclic voltammogram of Dy3N@C80 (I) (Ih) exhibits two electrochemically irreversible but chemically reversible reduction steps and one reversible oxidation step. Such a redox pattern is quite different from that of Sc3N@C80 (I), and this can be understood by considering the difference in the charge transfer from the encaged cluster to the cage. A double‐square reaction scheme is proposed to explain the observed redox‐reaction behavior, which involves the charge‐induced reversible rearrangement of the Dy3N@C80 (I) monoanion. The first oxidation potential of Dy3N@C80 (II) (D5h) has a negative shift of 290 mV relative to that of Dy3N@C80 (I) (Ih), indicating that lowering the molecular symmetry of the clusterfullerene cage results in a prominent increase in the electron‐donating property. The first and second reduction potentials of Dy3N@C78 (II) are negatively shifted relative to those of Dy3N@C80 (I, II), pointing to the former's lowered electron‐accepting ability. The significant difference in the electrochemical energy gaps of Dy3N@C80 (I), Dy3N@C80 (II), and Dy3N@C78 (II) is consistent with the difference in their optical energy gaps.
Light‐Harvesting Metallosupramolecular Squares Composed of Perylene Bisimide Walls and Fluorescent Antenna Dyes
Authors: You Chang‐Cheng , Hippius Catharina , Grüne Matthias , Würthner Frank 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe fluorescent dye 4‐dimethylamino‐1,8‐naphthalimide was incorporated at the bay area of N,N′‐bispyridyl perylene bisimide to afford a fourfold‐functionalized perylene bisimide ligand. Through self‐assembly directed by metal‐ion coordination, a multichromophore supramolecular entity composed of sixteen dimethylaminonaphthalimide antennas and a perylene bisimide‐walled square core was subsequently constructed from this linear ditopic ligand and 90° metal corner [Pd(dppp)](OTf)2 (dppp=1,3‐bis(diphenylphosphino)propane; OTf=trifluoromethanesulfonate) in good yield. The isolated metallosupramolecular square was characterized by elemental analysis and 1H, 13C, and 31P{1H} NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Furthermore, by means of 1H NMR diffusion‐ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) the dimension of this assembly was evaluated by employing a previously reported perylene bisimide ligand and its square assembly as references. The results obtained confirm the square framework of the current assembly. The optical properties of this multichromophore dye assembly were investigated by UV/Vis and steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. It was revealed that light captured by dimethylaminonaphthalimide antennas could be efficiently transported to the perylene bisimide core by a fluorescence resonance mechanism (energy‐transfer efficiency E=95 %), and this resulted in almost exclusive detection of intense perylene bisimide emission, irrespective of the excitation wavelength applied. The present square scaffold containing aminonaphthalimide antenna dyes exhibits more than seven times higher fluorescence quantum yield (Φfl=0.37) than a previously reported pyrene‐bearing perylene bisimide‐walled square (Φfl=0.05). Thus, this multichromophore square assembly with aminonaphthalimide antenna dyes is an artificial model for the cyclic light‐harvesting complexes in purple bacteria.
Na+/Ca2+ exchanger modulates the flagellar wave pattern for the regulation of motility activation and chemotaxis in the ascidian spermatozoa
Authors: Shiba Kogiku , Márián Teréz , Krasznai Zoltan , Baba Shoji A. , Morisawa Masaaki , Yoshida Manabu 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIon channels and ion exchangers are known to be important participants in various aspects of sperm physiology, e.g. motility activation, chemotaxis, the maintenance of motility and the acrosome reaction in the sperm. We report here on a role of the K+‐independent Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) on ascidian sperm. Reverse‐transcriptase PCR reveals that the NCX is expressed in the testis while immunoblotting and immunolocalization demonstrate that the NCX exists on the sperm in the ascidian Ciona savignyi and C. intestinalis. A potent blocker of the NCX, KB‐R7943 was found to block sperm‐activating and ‐attracting factor (SAAF)‐induced motility activation, sperm motility and sperm chemotaxis. We further analyzed the effects of this blocker on motility parameters such as the flagellar waveform, curvature, beat frequency, amplitude and wavelength of the sperm flagella. Inhibition of the NCX caused two distinct effects: a low concentration of KB‐R7943 induced symmetric bending, whereas a high concentration of KB‐R7943 resulted in asymmetric flagellar bending. These findings suggest that the NCX plays important roles in the regulation of SAAF‐induced sperm chemotaxis, motility activation and motility maintenance in the ascidian. This study provides new information toward an understanding of Ca2+ transport systems in sperm motility and chemotaxis. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NMR and Electrochemical Study on Lithium Oligoether Sulfate in Polymeric and Liquid Electrolytes
Authors: Chauvin Christophe , Alloin Fannie , Judeinstein Patrick , Perez del Valle Carlos , Sanchez Jean‐Yves 
Published: July 2006

AbstractElectrolytes based on lithium oligoether sulfate, and dissolved in liquid or polymer solvents, are studied. Their properties in term of ionic conductivities, transference numbers, diffusion coefficients, and electrochemical stabilities are reported. The comparison between NMR and electrochemical data, that is, transference numbers and conductivities, provides important information about the existence of ion pairs and aggregates. A fairly good agreement can be noticed between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energies and the stability of the salts towards oxidation in relation with the length of the oligoether tail.
Chiral Organometallic Catalysts in Confined Nanospaces: Significantly Enhanced Enantioselectivity and Stability (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 15/2006)
Authors: Song Choong Eui , Kim Dong Hyun , Choi Doo Seoung 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe cover picture shows a chiral catalyst heterogenized into confined nanospaces of porous materials. The site‐isolation of catalytic sites easily prevents the formation of inactive multinuclear species, consequently increasing the stability and turnover numbers of catalysts. In addition to this enhanced stability, increased enantioselectivity was also found upon immobilization in the confined spaces, due to the confinement effect originating from the interaction of catalyst/substrate with pore surfaces. Details of this chemistry are described in the Microreview by C. E. Song et al. on p. 2927 ff.
An efficient family‐based association test using multiple markers
Authors: Xu Xin , Rakovski Cyril , Xu Xiping , Laird Nan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn genetic association studies, multiple markers are usually employed to cover a genomic region of interest for localizing a trait locus. In this report, we propose a novel multi‐marker family‐based association test (TLC) that linearly combines the single‐marker test statistics using data‐driven weights. We examine the type‐I error rate in a numerical study and compare its power to identify a common trait locus using tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the same haplotype block that the trait locus resides with three competing tests including a global haplotype test (TH), a multi‐marker test similar to the Hotelling‐T2 test for the population‐based data (TMM), and a single‐marker test with Bonferroni's correction for multiple testing (TB). The type‐I error rate of TLC is well maintained in our numeric study. In all the scenarios we examined, TLC is the most powerful, followed by TB. TMM and TH are the poorest. TH and TMM have essentially the same power when parents are available. However, when both parents are missing, TMM is substantially more powerful than TH. We also apply this new test on a data set from a previous association study on nicotine dependence. Genet. Epidemiol. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An unusual complication after aortic valve replacement
Authors: Gupta Rajiv , Jammula Praveen , Huang Ming‐he , Atar Shaul , Ahmad Masood 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPseudoaneurysm of the mitral‐aortic intervalvular fibrosa, though rare, can occur after aortic valve replacement. We report an asymptomatic patient who developed this unusual complication and describe the use of transesophageal and 3‐dimensional echocardiography to help confirm the diagnosis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 34:361–364, 2006
Effects of high‐intensity focused ultrasound on the intervertebral disc: A potential therapy for disc herniations
Authors: Forslund Carina , Persson Johan , Strömqvist Bjorn , Lidgren Lars , McCarthy Ian D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPurpose.To determine the potential application of high‐intensity focused ultrasound for the minimally invasive treatment of herniated intervertebral discs by developing a probe that produces sufficiently high temperature locally to shrink collagen fibers (65–75°C).Materials and Methods.A 5‐mm ultrasound probe was produced with a geometric focal length of 15 mm. The probe produced 2.5 W of acoustic power and was operated at a frequency of 4.1 MHz. Measurements of temperature increase were performed in discs from bovine tails. In vivo experiments were performed to assess histologic changes in the disc as well as in nerve root and muscle.Results.Sufficient temperature increase to produce collagen shrinkage was observed close to the focus of the ultrasound. Temperature measurements in vertebral end plates showed a temperature increase of only 4°C after 60‐second exposure of the disc. In vivo experiments revealed histologic changes in the disc consistent with collagen shrinkage, with no adverse effects seen in surrounding tissues.Conclusions.The experiments demonstrated the feasibility of high‐intensity focused ultrasound in the treatment of contained herniated discs. This technique has several advantages over other thermal treatment modalities. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 34:330–338, 2006
Sonographic and MR findings in 2 cases of intramural pregnancy treated conservatively
Authors: Ko Hyun‐Sun , Lee Young , Lee Hee‐Joong , Park In‐Yang , Chung Dae‐Young , Kim Soo‐Pyung , Park Tai‐Churl , Shin Jong‐Chul 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIntramural pregnancy is extremely rare and difficult to diagnose. Because of the high rate of uterine rupture in most cases, hysterectomy is often necessary. The optimal medical management for this condition is unknown. We report 2 cases of intramural pregnancy diagnosed by pelvic MRI and treated with systemic methotrexate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 34:356–360, 2006