bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real options for precautionary fisheries management
Authors: Fenichel Eli P , Tsao Jean I , Jones Michael L , Hickling Graham J 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe 1996 Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) ‘Guidelines on the Precautionary Approach to Fisheries and Species Introduction’ raise important issues for fisheries managers, but fail to prescribe an approach for risk management. The distinguishing characteristics of the ‘precautionary approach’ are the inclusion of uncertainty and ‘an elaboration on the burden of proof’. The FAO precautionary approach emphasizes that managers should be risk‐averse, but does not provide tools for determining the appropriate degree of risk aversion. Consequently, application of the precautionary approach often leads to decision‐making based onad hocsafety margins. These safety margins are seldom chosen with explicit consideration of trade‐offs. If the emphasis was shifted to choosing between competing uncertainties, then managers could manage risk. By attempting to avoid risk, managers may gain exposure to other risks and perhaps miss valuable opportunities. We place fishery management problems within the rubric of ‘real investment’ problems, and compare and contrast the consideration of risk by alternative investment frameworks. We show that traditional investment frameworks are inappropriate for fishery management, and furthermore, that traditional precautionary approaches are arbitrary and without basis in decision theory. Quantitative decision‐making techniques, such as formal decision analysis (FDA), enable integration of competing hypotheses that help alleviate burden‐of‐proof issues. These techniques help analysts consider sources of uncertainty. FDA, however, can still be subject to arbitrary safety margins because such analyses often focus on determining which strategies best achieve, or avoid, targets that have been established without complete consideration of trade‐offs. A managerial finance approach, real options analysis (ROA), is an alternative and complementary decision‐making technique that enables managers to compute precautionary adjustments that couple the size of the ‘safety margin’ with the amount of uncertainty, thereby optimizing risk exposure and avoiding the need for arbitrary safety margins. We illustrate the advantages of an approach that combines FDA and ROA, using a heuristic example about a decision to re‐introduce Atlantic salmon (Salmo salarL.) into Lake Ontario. Finally, we provide guidance on applying ROA to other fishery problems. The precautionary approach requires that managers consider risk, but considering risk is not the same as managing it. Here ROA is useful.
Shortcomings of Composite Resins in Class V Restorations
Authors: Davidson C. L. , Kemp‐Scholte C. M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYApart from the esthetic characteristics of the Class V restoration, the adhesive marginal integrity requires full attention. Due to the inherent curing contraction of the restoratives, cervical dislodgment of the restoration that causes overhang and leakage is very likely to occur. Application of materials with a certain strain capacity will reduce the problems.
Dentin Bonding Systems: The Latest Generation
Authors: Gwinnett A. John 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYSeveral points should be kept in mind regarding the content of this paper. First, laboratory data may not be an accurate predictor of clinical success, particularly with regard to dentin bonding agents. Methods to evaluate bond strength and bond integrity through marginal leakage studies are not conducted on comparable models. Bond strength is measured on a one‐dimensional model, whereas leakage is assessed on a three‐dimensional model. A system may show creditable bond strength values, but may allow leakage. The problem does not necessarily lie in the model, but in the current resin formulations. It has been shown that shrinkage of the resin during polymerization may not disrupt the dentin‐resin bond in a one dimensional physical test model, but may be of significant magnitude to do so in a three‐dimensional one. The latter is similar to that encountered in the clinical situation and may help to explain the lack of clinical success with earlier systems. These systems showed creditable bond strength data, but all exhibited gap formation and leakage when three‐dimensional preparations were evaluated. Insufficient data are available in the area to draw any conclusions regarding the latest generation of bonding agents, which produce greater bond strengths and may resist disruption from polymerization shrinkage.The second point to be made is that laboratory investigations have seldom taken into account the physiologic status of dentin encountered clinically. This tissue together with the pulp are morphologically and physiologically inseparable. Of special interest is the role of dentinal fluid and the hydration state of dentin. Only recently have models been developed to study the influence of dentinal fluid flow on adhesion to dentin. The hydration state of collagen significantly affects its cohesive strength. Such influences may have been underestimated. It may be particularly pertinent with this latest generation of bonding agents since pretreatment opens tubules and would consequently increase fluid flow.The third point relates to the integrity of the dentin‐resin bond and, indeed, the integrity of the hard‐ and soft‐tissue tooth complexes as a whole. Laboratory tests may involve thermal cycling to stress the integrity of a bond, but very seldom has cyclical physical stress been introduced. Class V erosion lesions may provide the ultimate challenge to a bonded restoration for the lesion itself is believed to be the result of tissue degradation through localized stress concentration. More research is needed in this important area. The dental tissues deform microscopically under load, a property important to their survival, for example, cusps flex. It may seem a noble idea to bond a bulk of resin to enamel and dentin in order to strengthen the anatomic unit, but it must be remembered that the physical properties of current restorative materials do not match those of dentin and enamel, which differ even between themselves. There is much research, both laboratory and clinical, yet to be done.
Patients' Perceptions of Health, Chronic Illness, and Nursing Diagnoses
Authors: Loomis Maxine E. , Conco Diana 
Published: February 2008

This descriptive, exploratory study sought to determine how persons with chronic health problems define their experiences of health and illness and to collect information from these subjects regarding their ability to identify their health problems on the list of NANDA‐approved nursing diagnoses. A convenience sample of 19 subjects was interviewed using qualitative triangu‐lation methods. Subjects defined experiences of health in terms of their abilities to perform functions independently. Illness was defined primarily in terms of physical symptoms. Thirteen subjects identified self‐initiated activities oriented toward alleviation of physical symptoms as strategies for helping themselves get better or feel better when “sick.”Subjects were able to use nursing diagnoses to identify their health problems, selecting 61 of the 106 NANDA‐approved diagnoses. Data related to subject‐selected diagnoses are compared with available NANDA diagnoses by taxonomy category and nurse‐interviewer diagnoses. Moving, Perceiving, and Valuing were the taxonomy categories that were most frequently identified by this sample. A new nursing diagnosis of altered nutrition: regimentation (in timing, amounts, and types of food), as well as the need for additional diagnostic development in the areas of urinary frequency, disrupted relationships, and medications were identified by the subjects. Finally, the researchers propose the development of nursing diagnoses that foster health promotion and illness prevention based on the health orientation of this sample, despite their chronic health problems.
New Diagnosis: Caregiver Role Strain
Authors: Burns Catherine , Archbold Patricia , Stewart Barbara , Shelton Kathleen 
Published: February 2008

Caregiver role strain is a new diagnosis accepted by NANDA in 1992. The diagnosis is a well‐described family phenomenon that can be measured and predicted. Sources of variance for the various defining characteristics have been identified. The diagnosis is also important to society. Nurses can play a significant part in reducing the role strain caregivers feel or preventing its occurrence.Summary Caregiver role strain is an important diagnosis to add to the nursing taxonomy. It is a phenomenon that has been well‐described and studied from many perspectives. It can be measured and identified by nurses. It can be predicted, and interventions can be instituted to diminish its effects or decrease the likelihood of its onset. It is a diagnosis that has boundaries and can be distinguished from other kinds of family problems related to health and illness of family members. It is also a significant issue in society that needs to be addressed by nurses working in many settings and roles.
Restoring Power Through Nursing Intervention
Authors: Kubsch Sylvia , Wichowski Harriet Conley 
Published: February 2008

PURPOSE. To test the effectiveness of seven therapeutic nursing interventions in alleviating powerlessness in chronically ill clients was tested.METHODS. Part I of the study tested the Holistic Power Model, developed by the researchers, in a pilot study. Part II compared the effectiveness of seven therapeutic nursing interventions to decisional control in alleviating powerless in experimental (N = 25) and control groups (N = 25).FINDINGS. An inverse relationship was found between power resource scores and the perception of powerlessness. There was a significant difference in perceived powerlessness between the experimental and control groups following intervention.CONCLUSIONS. Utilization of specific therapeutic nursing interventions is more effective in alleviating perceived powerlessness than utilizing the interventions of decisional control.
Dungan Model of Dynamic Integration
Authors: Dungan Joyce M. 
Published: February 2008

TOPIC. The Dungan Model of Dynamic Integration (DMDI), which views humans as having three synergistic dimensions of body, mind, and spirit.PURPOSE. To present a new nursing model for practice and education.SOURCE. This is the author's model and it is composed of concepts and constructs that are well‐documented in nursing literature.CONCLUSIONS. Dynamic Integration is a broad conceptual model that allows for testing a number of mid‐range theories to add to the science and discipline of nursing.
Noun Phrases for Nursing Diagnoses
Authors: Sparks Sheila M. 
Published: February 2008

TOPIC. The use of noun phrases for nursing diagnoses instead of the current mixture of phrases and clausesPURPOSE. This article reviews the current list of qualifiers; discusses language clarity, precision, grammatical concerns; and defines noun phrases.SOURCE. Literature reviewCONCLUSIONS. The author proposes a list of qualifiers to replace the current list, and recommends a revised list of nursing diagnoses using noun phrases to improve their clinical usefulness, allow for alphabetization, and enhance clarity.
Children's Spiritual Response: Validation of the Nursing Diagnosis Spiritual Distress
Authors: Pehler Shelly‐Rae 
Published: February 2008

PURPOSE. The dimension of spirituality is woven into client phenomena, which nurses diagnose and treat, yet previous research identifies that nurses do not know if the nursing diagnosis of spiritual distress describes the spiritual response(s) found in children.METHODS. A descriptive study using a modification of Fehring's (1987) model for nursing diagnosis validation with board‐certified chaplains as the expert participants (N = 26). FINDINGS.
Only two of the defining characteristics in the 13–18 year‐old‐group met the criteria for “major,” as defined by Fehring (1987). As the ages of the children increased, the more likely defining characteristics met the criteria for “minor.” Participants offered suggestions for clarifying the definition, described additional defining characteristics found in children, and identified situations in which chaplains are called upon to assess spirituality. CONCLUSIONS. The results of this research add to the knowledge of spiritual responses in children.
Risk for Suicide and Risk for Violence: A Case for Separating the Current Violence Diagnoses
Authors: Smith Janet E. , Early Jane A. , Green Patricia T. , Lauck Donna L. , Oblaczynski Catherine , Smochek Mary Rose , Wright Gertrude 
Published: February 2008

PURPOSE. To identify accurate descriptive terms for risk for violence and risk for suicide and to provide operational definitions for these termsMETHODS. The Delphi technique, with two rounds, was used to differentiate the operational definitions that represent risk for suicide from those that represent risk for violence. The expert panel consisted of 23 healthcare professionals with a minimum of a master's degree. In addition to the expert panel, a control group (N = 11) participated to assess content validity.FINDINGS. Thirty‐six definitions were agreed upon for suicide, 39 for violence.CONCLUSIONS. These definitions represent the basic distinctions between the two behavioral manifestations.
Utilization of Nursing Diagnosis in Three Australian Hospitals
Authors: King Virginia M. , Chard Mary E. , Elliot Tess 
Published: February 2008

PURPOSE.
To document nursing diagnoses on nursing care plans in an Australian context where NANDA nursing diagnoses were utilized. METHODS.
An audit of 198 nursing care plans at three selected hospitals by three university lecturers involved in teaching nursing diagnosis. FINDINGS.
Pain was the nursing diagnosis most often documented; the majority of other diagnoses pertained to physical problems experienced by patients. CONCLUSIONS.
The results of this research add to the knowledge of nursing diagnosis utilization and have implications for the provision of nursing care and its teaching and research.
Nursing Assessment of Altered Sexuality: A Review of Salient Factors and Objective Measures
Authors: LeMone Priscilla , Jones Donna 
Published: February 2008

TOPIC.
Nursing assessment of altered sexuality. PURPOSE.
To review salient factors affecting assessment and objective measures available for use in assessment. SOURCE.
Literature specific to nursing assessment of sexuality and to instruments measuring altered sexuality. CONCLUSIONS.
Many standards of care include the assessment of sexuality, and nurses believe it to be an important aspect of care. However, the assessment of altered sexuality does not often occur in actual practice. The use of an objective measure of sexuality is recommended for both initial and on‐going assessments in acute‐care and community‐based settings.
Nursing Diagnoses in Patients With Leukemia
Authors: Courtens A.M. , Abu‐Saad H. Huijer 
Published: February 2008

PURPOSE. To identify and describe nursing diagnoses, their related factors, and defining characteristics, in hospitalized leukemia patients and to categorize these nursing diagnoses within Functional Health Patterns.METHODS. Content analysis of 15 nursing records and interviews with 7 oncology nurses working on a hematology/oncology ward in a University hospital in Maastricht, the Netherlands.FINDINGS. In the leukemia population, 47 nursing diagnoses with their associated characteristics were identified and classified within 10 Functional Health Patterns. Most of the nursing diagnoses were related to the Nutritional‐Metabolic, the Cognitive‐Perceptual, Activity‐Exercise, the Role‐Relationship, and the Coping‐Stress‐Tolerance patterns.CONCLUSIONS. Results describe the nursing care needs of patients with leukemia. Since the study used a small sample, results should be interpreted with caution. Further research is recommended.
Teaching Baccalaureate Nursing Students to Project Outcomes to Nursing Interventions
Authors: Chase Susan K. 
Published: February 2008

PURPOSE. To develop an innovative method of teaching baccalaureate nursing students to plan for and recognize outcomes to specific nursing interventions.METHODS. A case study design that measured the effectiveness of a teaching innovation. Tools for students (N = 8) to use during clinical practice included an Intervention‐Outcome Analysis Tool and a Nursing Clinical Outcomes Tool.FINDINGS. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation data were presented that showed growth in the ability to set and meet patient outcomes during the semester.CONCLUSIONS. Thinking in terms of outcomes moved students beyond problem solving in their clinical thinking and assisted them to learn to develop individualized outcome statements for their patients.
Nursing Diagnoses and Interventions for Post‐Acute‐Phase Battered Women
Authors: Carlson‐Catalano Judy 
Published: February 2008

PURPOSE. To identify nursing diagnoses and interventions applicable for post‐acute‐phase battered women.METHODS. Eight battered women were interviewed twice for 2 hours. Gordon's functional health patterns provided the framework for data collection.FINDINGS. Fifty‐three nursing diagnoses and 52 nursing interventions were indicated in the data; 24 nursing diagnoses and 26 nursing interventions were present in all participants' data.CONCLUSIONS. With the use of comprehensive interventions, nurses can make a major contribution to society by enabling battered women to move to a more protected lifestyle.
Nursing Diagnosis in the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP)
Authors: Wake Madeline , Coenen Amy 
Published: February 2008

TOPIC. International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) Classification of Nursing Phenomena.PURPOSE. Provide a historical review of nursing diagnosis in the developing ICNP.SOURCES. Literature, meeting notes, and experienceCONCLUSION. The development of the ICNP has benefited from contributions of many. Continued refinement depends on participation of nurses globally
The Influence of Nursing Diagnosis on Information Processing by Undergraduate Students
Authors: da Cruz Diná de Almeida Lopes Monteiro , Arcuri Edna Apparecida Moura 
Published: February 2008

PURPOSE.To examine the influence of a nursing diagnosis course on the information processing by undergraduate students. METHODS.A quasi‐experimental study conducted with two groups (experimental, n = 15; control, n = 22) of undergraduate nursing students, subjecting only one to a nursing diagnosis course. The students' ability to identify, cluster, and name clusters of relevant data were compared between and within groups. FINDINGS.After the course, the experimental group performed better than the control group in the three activities studied. CONCLUSIONS.The results of this study suggest that the nursing diagnosis content in teaching favors clinical reasoning to determine the patient's nursing care.
Beyond Knowledge Deficit to a Proposal for Information‐Seeking Behaviors
Authors: Conley Virginia M. 
Published: February 2008

TOPIC.Nursing assessment of knowledge or informational needs. PURPOSE.To present a brief evolutionary analysis of knowledge deficit in terms of its significance, application, and use, and to present a proposed diagnosis, “information‐seeking behaviors.” SOURCES.Literature review of knowledge deficit and “information‐seeking behaviors.” CONCLUSIONS. Knowledge deficit is a nursing diagnosis that is significant for identifying a patient's need for education or knowledge. Its application has revealed limitations to validity and subsequent use. “Information‐seeking behaviors” is proposed as an alternative diagnosis. Antecedents and defining characteristics are presented and areas for future research proposed.
Powerlessness Regarding Health‐Service Barriers: Construction of an Instrument
Authors: Dunn Joan Dolce 
Published: February 2008

PURPOSE.The purpose of the study was to develop a scale to calculate college students' powerlessness regarding health service barriers (PHSB). METHODS.Scale items were generated to represent two domains of interest: powerlessness and college students' powerlessness regarding health service barriers. The final 20‐item instrument was subjected to multiple measures of validity with college students and panels of nurse experts in the area of nursing diagnosis. Reliability was assessed by two samples (n = 92 and n = 33) of college‐age students. A final administration was conducted with 197 college students. FINDINGS.The PHSB scale was determined to be an accurate and consistent measure. CONCLUSIONS.This instrument will provide a reliable and valid measure to conduct research.
A Validation Study Using the Case‐Control Method of the Nursing Diagnosis High Risk for Aspiration
Authors: Wooldridge Judith , Herman JoAnne , Garrison Carol , Haddock Sue , Massey Jean , Tavakoli Abbas 
Published: February 2008

PURPOSE. To develop further the nursing diagnosis risk for aspiration by determining risk factors present in patients who aspirated. METHODS.
The case‐control design was used to compare cases (n = 131) and controls (n = 206) on past and present exposures thought to be risk factors for aspiration. Data were analyzed using univariate and multiple logistic regression. FINDINGS.
The following risk factors were statistically significant and comprise the final model: altered level of consciousness, metoclopramide (known to accelerate gastric emptying), vomiting, seizures, and unable to change own position. CONCLUSIONS.
The risk factors of altered level of consciousness and delayed gastric emptying are currently included in the NANDA taxonomy for the nursing diagnosis risk for aspiration. These risk factors are not included in the taxonomy: vomiting, seizures, and unable to change own position. Results of the study have been submitted to the Diagnosis Review Committee for consideration to further develop this diagnosis.
Application of the Neuman Systems Model to Teaching Health Assessment and Nursing Process
Authors: McHolm Frances A. , Geib Kathleen M. 
Published: February 2008

TOPIC.
A nursing theory framework for teaching health assessment. PURPOSE.
To improve teaching of health assessment and nursing process to beginning‐level baccalaureate nursing students. SOURCES.
The Assessment and Analysis Guideline Tool, published and unpublished literature, personal observation, and faculty feedback were used in tool development. CONCLUSIONS.
Faculty concluded that students who could envision the connection of the Neuman Systems Model and NANDA nursing diagnoses through the nursing process would be better able to understand the nursing model and choose appropriate nursing diagnoses for client care.
Processes and Methodologies for Research Validation of Nursing Diagnoses
Authors: Whitley Georgia Griffith 
Published: February 2008

TOPIC. Research validation of nursing diagnoses. PURPOSE. To provide a historical review of processes and methodologies for research validation of nursing diagnoses and suggested directions for future nursing diagnosis research. SOURCES.
Nursing diagnosis research methodologies and processes from the Invitational Conference on Research Methods for Validating Nursing Diagnoses, Nursing Diagnosis: The Journal of Nursing Language and Classification, and the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) conference proceedings for the first through the 12th conferences. CONCLUSIONS.
Future nursing diagnosis research should include concept analysis, expert validation, clinical validation, instrument development, larger studies, powerful statistical analyses, replication and comparison of studies, and concerted efforts to support group research activities that target priority areas of research.