bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lysosomal membrane stability in laboratory- and field-exposed terrestrial isopods Porcellio scaber (Isopoda, Crustacea)
Authors: Nolde Nataša , Drobne Damjana , Valant Janez , Padovan Ingrid , Horvat Milena 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Two established methods for assessment of the cytotoxicity of contaminants, the lysosomal latency (LL) assay and the neutral red retention (NRR) assay, were successfully applied to in toto digestive gland tubes (hepatopancreas) of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber (Isopoda, Crustacea). In vitro exposure of isolated gland tubes to copper was used as a positive control to determine the performance of the two methods. Lysosomal latency and the NRR assay were then used on in vivo (via food) laboratory-exposed animals and on field populations. Arbitrarily selected criteria for determination of the fitness of P. scaber were set on the basis of lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) as assessed with in toto digestive gland tubes. Decreased LMS was detected in animals from all polluted sites, but cytotoxicity data were not in agreement with concentrations of pollutants. Lysosomal membrane stability in the digestive gland tubes of animals from an environment in Idrija, Slovenia that was highly polluted with mercury (260 μg/g dry wt food and 1,600 μg/g dry wt soil) was less affected than LMS in laboratory animals fed with 5 and 50 μg Hg/g dry weight for 3 d. This probably indicates tolerance of P. scaber to mercury in the mercury-polluted environment and/or lower bioavailability of environmental mercury. In animals from the vicinity of a thermal power plant with environmental mercury concentrations three to four orders of magnitude lower than those in Idrija, LMS was severely affected. In general, the LL assay was more sensitive than the NRR assay. The LMS assay conducted on digestive gland tubes of terrestrial isopods is highly recommended for integrated biomarker studies.
Effect of leaching and aging on the bioavailability of lead to the springtail Folsomia candida
Authors: Lock Koen , Waegeneers Nadia , Smolders Erik , Criel Peggy , Van Eeckhout Hilde , Janssen Colin R. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Because it is unclear if leaching can account for differences in metal bioavailability observed between metal-spiked soils and historically contaminated field soils, we simultaneously assessed Pb toxicity to the springtail Folsomia candida in three transects of Pb-contaminated soils and in leached and unleached soils spiked at similar total Pb concentrations. Total Pb concentrations of 3,877 mg/kg dry weight and higher always caused significant effects on F. candida reproduction in the spiked soils. In the transects, only the soil with the highest Pb concentration of 14,436 mg/kg dry weight significantly affected reproduction. When expressed as pore-water concentrations, reproduction was never significantly affected at Pb concentrations of 0.539 mg/L, whereas reproduction was always significantly affected at Pb concentrations of 0.678 mg/L and higher, independent of the soil treatment. These results indicate that pore-water Pb concentrations can explain, at least in part, the observed differences in the toxicity data expressed as total Pb concentrations. Leaching after the spiking procedure only caused small differences in Pb toxicity and, therefore, cannot account for toxicity differences between laboratory-spiked soils and historically contaminated field soils.
Multiscale Data Integration With Markov Random Fields and Markov Chain Monte Carlo: A Field Application in the Middle East
Authors: Malallah Adel , Perez Hector , Datta-Gupta Akhil , Alamoudi Waleed 
Published: July 2006

SummaryIntegrating multiresolution data sources into high-resolution reservoir models for accurate performance forecasting is an outstanding challenge in reservoir characterization. Well logs, cores, and seismic and production data scan different length scales of heterogeneity and have different degrees of precision. Current geostatistical techniques for data integration rely on a stationarity assumption that often is not borne out by field data. Geologic processes can vary abruptly and systematically over the domain of interest. In addition, geostatistical methods require modeling and specification of variograms that can often be difficult to obtain in field situations.In this paper, we present a case study from the Middle East to demonstrate the feasibility of a hierarchical approach to spatial modeling based on Markov random fields (MRFs) and multiresolution algorithms in image analysis. The field is located in Saudi Arabia, south of Riyadh, and produces hydrocarbons from the Unayzah formation, a late Permian siliclastic reservoir. Our proposed approach provides a powerful framework for data integration accounting for the scale and precision of different data types. Unlike their geostatistical counterparts, which simultaneously specify distributions across the entire field, the MRFs are based on a collection of full conditional distributions that rely on the local neighborhood of each element. This critical focus on local specification provides several advantages: (a) MRFs are far more computationally tractable and are ideally suited to simulation-based computation such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods, and (b) model extensions to account for nonstationarities, discontinuity, and varying spatial properties at various scales of resolution are accessible in the MRFs.We construct fine-scale porosity distribution from well and seismic data, explicitly accounting for the varying scale and precision of the data types. First, we derive a relationship between the neutron porosity and the seismic amplitudes. Second, we integrate the seismically derived coarse-scale porosity with fine-scale well data to generate a 3D fieldwide porosity distribution using MRF. The field application demonstrates the feasibility of this emerging technology for practical reservoir characterization.
PVT Properties and Viscosity Correlations for Gulf of Mexico Oils
Authors: Dindoruk Birol , Christman Peter G. 
Published: July 2006

Summary
New empirical pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) correlations for Gulf of Mexico (GOM) oils have been developed as a function of commonly available field data. Correlations have been developed for the following:
Bubblepoint pressure. Solution gas/oil ratio (GOR) at bubblepoint pressure. Oil formation volume factor (FVF) at bubblepoint pressure. Undersaturated isothermal oil compressibility. Dead-oil viscosity. Saturated-oil viscosity. Undersaturated-oil viscosity.
For the development of correlations, we have covered a wide range of data. More than 100 PVT reports from the GOM have been used in the development of correlations. Two of the published correlations (those of Standing1 and Petrosky and Farshad2) were tested with our GOM data set. Proposed correlations of this study predicted the PVT properties of GOM oils better than the correlations published in the literature, even when the coefficients of the published correlations are tuned. Using the correlations of this study, we have written a simple program that can generate PVT data sets for use in reservoir simulation. Laboratory-measured differential-liberation data for two different oil samples were also compared against our empirically generated differential-liberation data.
Experimental Study of Gas Slippage in Two-Phase Flow
Authors: Li Kewen , Horne Roland N. 
Published: July 2006

Summary
Gas slippage in single-phase gas flow (the Klinkenberg effect) has been investigated extensively. Few papers, however, have been published on the gas slippage in gas/liquid two-phase flow. The gas relative permeabilities at water saturations close to the residual value have been found to be significantly greater than 1 in both nitrogen/water and steam/water flow through rocks. These values became less than 1 after the calculation was calibrated by taking the two-phase gas slip effect into consideration. The gas relative permeabilities have been measured at different mean pore pressures, and the values of two-phase gas slip factors have been computed at different water saturations. The effects of temperature on both nitrogen and steam slip factors also have been studied and compared. These data have then been used to conduct a calibration to obtain intrinsic gas relative permeabilities that do not vary with the test pressures. It has been found from the present work that neglecting the two-phase gas slip effect may overestimate gas relative permeabilities. It is the intrinsic gas relative permeabilities instead of those measured at low test pressures that should be used in numerical simulation or other reservoir-engineering calculations.
Latin America and the Inversion of United States Stereotypes in the 1920s and 1930s: The Case of Culture and Nature
Authors: Pike Fredrick B. 
Published: July 2006

In this essay I describe some often ignored North American modes of perceiving Latin Americans; and I suggest that a change in these modes contributed to the Good Neighbor era (1933-1945). I do not presume to argue that shifting attitudes and perceptions should be seen as the principal factors in shaping the Good Neighbor policy. Anyone concerned with the primary determinants of that policy must turn to security and economic considerations. Still, an intellectual—and, really, a psychological—phenomenon of shifting perceptions and stereotypes among North Americans accounted for some of the enthusiasm with which they greeted what they took to be a new approach to Latin America.In its central thrust this essay suggests that in hemispheric relations, seen from the north-of-the-Rio-Grande perspective, the United States stands generally for culture and Latin America for nature. Symbolizing the capitalist culture of the Yankees, shaped by their struggle to subdue wilderness and nature, has been the white male, often portrayed by Uncle Sam. In contrast, Latin America has been symbolized by Indians, blacks, women, children, and also the idle poor: people assumed to lack the capitalist urge constantly to tame, dominate, and uplift nature.
The Presidency of Nicolas Geffrard of Haiti
Authors: Baur John E. 
Published: July 2006

During the early days of 1859, Port-au-Prince was busy with holiday celebrations, dramatic addresses and colorful events. Haitians possess a certain genius for properly observing a great day, and indeed it seemed that halcyon days had at last arrived in the Caribbean. Before the national legislature that April came a new president, a man for all the people. He was a person of medium height, rather slender and very erect and dignified. A mixture of Negro and mulatto elements, the new national hero had a very dark complexion, gray hairs befitting his fifty-three years, and courteous airs. In fact, his decorum was striking, set off as it was with a quiet gentleness, polish and evident idealism that seemed almost out of place in a Haitian warrior who had just dethroned an emperor.The ownerless imperial crown, symbolic of the recently defunct regime, was brought before the restorer of the old Republic. Fittingly, the chief executive employed allegory to express his adventure into reform. After a long, flowery speech denouncing the exiled Emperor Faustin I, President Nicolas Fabre Geffrard swore fidelity to the popular government, announced some preliminary political changes, and took up a small gavel. With this he struck the crown three times, condemning the magnificent diadem and its regime as he inaugurated the Republic which must not waver. From that day on the crown of Soulouque became a museum piece, but what is symbolized could not be so easily defeated and discarded.
The Positivist Philosophy in Mexican Education, 1867-1873
Authors: Delmez Albert J. 
Published: July 2006

Positivism in educational thought in 1867 was the rational expression of a liberating philosophy which had been operating upon the Mexican scene from the turn of the century. Under the aegis of liberalism educational theory had moved slowly forward, but application had lagged far behind. This situation was not an unnatural consequence of the chaotic conditions which obtained after the achievement of independence. Independence had brought political freedom, but the masses, economically and culturally, had gained little.As early as 1823 educators had clamored for popular education, and although public education was given some consideration during succeeding administrations, hopes of realizing changes in education were lost within the maelstrom of social and political intrigues. The control of education was thus left in the hands of individuals, many of whom were not fit to be teachers, or to the Church, whose attention to education was greatly lessened by the growing Church-State question.
Silvio Romero and the Evolution of Literary Criticism in Brazil
Authors: Lima Alceu Amoroso 
Published: July 2006

REATION AND CRITICISM, in literature, are two complementary activities. Once I asked a poet what was the meaning of one of his poems, and his answer was this: “I don’t know. Such a task belongs to you, the critics, not to us, the poets.”Modern aesthetics is dominated by the conception that art is nothing but a question of expression and does not have any reference to communication. This is a consequence of the sway that Hegel’s philosophy continues to exert over the modern world.
More about the Wood-Beach at Recife
Authors: Smith Robert C. 
Published: July 2006

In the october, 1949, issue of THE AMERICAS the present writer published an article on the wood-beach at Recife in Brazil as it existed in late colonial days. To this the editor very kindly added the subtitle “A Contribution to the Economic History of Brazil.” Since the article appeared I have received a number of communications from historians in Brazil and in Portugal who commented with such interest upon the subject that I feel justified in soliciting more space in THE AMERICAS in order to present a discovery I have recently made. Since it concerns the authorship of the extraordinary watercolor around which the article was written, it is of vital importance to the subject.The old wood-beach in the harbor of Recife, the capital of the rich colonial captaincy of Pernambuco, was the storage place for the valuable shipments of tropical woods to Portugal and other parts of the Portuguese Empire, which constituted a major element in Brazilian eighteenth-century trading. In the Arquivo Militar of Rio de Janeiro there is a view of the area showing in great detail the warehouse, the government and other buildings that surrounded it, as well as men working on the shore and loading ships that lie at anchor in the harbor. This watercolor, which was published in THE AMERICAS, is signed by José de Oliveira Barbosa and dated 1788. The author gave as his only identification the phrase “of the Regiment of Olinda.” Since an examination of the records of this regiment in the year 1788, which are now at the Arquivo Histórico Colonial in Lisbon, failed to show Barbosa’s name among the officers, I reached the conclusion that at that time the man did not have the rank of officer and so stated in my article.
The Trial of the Ecclesiastics in the Inconfidência Mineira
Authors: Ennes Ernesto 
Published: July 2006

No Chapter in Brazilian history has received more attention or is better known in all its details than the story of the “Inconfidência Mineira.” Nor has any theme been the subject of more partisan study or greater disagreement.Innumerable documents pertaining to the topic have long been known and studied, discussed and published, both in Brazil and Portugal. These range from the correspondence between Thomas Jefferson and José Joaquim da Maia, to the work known as “The Last Moments of Tiradentes, by the friar who assisted him as confessor,” attributed to Frei Raimundo de Penaforte. In Brazil alone we may refer to the seven volumes of the “Autos de Devassas da Inconfidência” in the Arquivo Público; the two large volumes of the Manuscript Division of the Biblioteca Nacional; the documents in the Historical Section of the Arquivo Público, and those in the Arquivo Público of Minas Gerais. There are many published documents to be found scattered throughout journals and reviews, such as the documents edited by Melo Morais in Brasil Histórico, by Barão Homem de Melo in the Revista do Instituto Histórico Brasileiro, by Melo de Moares Filho in the Arquivo do Distrito Federal, and many others. Many eminent historians, from Joaquim Norberto de Sousa e Silva to Lúcio José dos Santos, have given to the matter their most careful attention.
The Indians of America and Christianity
Authors: Moreno Wigberto Jiménez 
Published: July 2006

This is a very broad topic and its treatment is quite complex. The time necessary to complete a systematic search of the pertinent literature, which is very rich and very dispersed, was lacking to us. For these reasons, we do not hope to offer here more than some considerations based on certain cases which can be considered as symptomatic.The area which we shall study extends in area from New Mexico to Chiapas and in time from the conquest of Tenochtitlan completed in 1521 to that of Tamaulipas, completed in 1755. Moreover, we shall make some reference in passing to the actual state of Christianity among certain groups of indigenes.
Three Centuries of Missionary Work in Northern Brazil: Franciscan Province of St. Anthony, 1657-1957
Authors: Willeke Venâncio 
Published: July 2006

In the words of the Brazilian historian, “Brazil was born Franciscan,” since it was a Franciscan, Frei Henrique Soares de Coimbra, and his confreres, who said the first Holy Mass on Brazilian soil in 1500.After that, in 1516, two anonymous Franciscans were massacred by the Indians near Porto Seguro. Various groups of Franciscans in Brazil are mentioned during the rest of the sixteenth century, until, in 1584, Fr. Francisco Gonzaga, while visiting Portugal in his capacity as Minister General, and presiding at the provincial chapter of the Franciscan Province of St. Anthony in Portugal, decreed the founding of the custody, or minor-province, of St. Anthony in Brazil. He did this over the objections of some of the friars assisting at the chapter, who thought their numbers too small to think of founding a new mission.
The Author of the Mexican Council Catechisms
Authors: Burrus Ernest J. 
Published: July 2006

In colonial times four ecclesiastical Councils were held in Mexico City: in 1555, 1565, 1585, and in 1771. Their decisions and enactments affected directly the extensive territory of New Spain and indirectly that of the Philippines.The last two of these Councils ordered the publishing of three catechisms, of which two were actually printed. The 1585 Council decreed the publishing of a catechism, which, as we shall see, was taken over substantially by the 1771 Council for its lay catechism and partially also for its parochial manual.
John Barrett's Plan to Mediate the Mexican Revolution
Authors: Prisco Salvatore 
Published: July 2006

In 1911 Francisco I. Madero overthrew the Mexican dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz. Unable to consolidate his initial victory and establish a stable government, Madero presided for sixteen months over the political destruction of the Mexican Republic. Then on February 9, 1913, the counterrevolutionary General Victoriano Huerta came to power following a coup d'etat.Throughout the period of Madero's presidency the United States and the republics of Latin America had attempted without success to encourage stability in the Mexican Government. In order to begin the quest for a steadying influence in Mexico, John Barrett, the Director-General of the Pan American Union and an experienced American diplomat in Latin America, proposed that the international hemispheric organization mediate the situation, and thus work to insure an essentially Mexican solution to a Mexican problem. To this end Barrett sent a series of letters on February 13, 1913, to President Taft, Presidentelect Wilson and the members of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, explaining his plan. To avoid the further decay of the Mexican situation, which could eventually lead the United States to intervene with force, Director-General Barrett proposed that an international commission of mediation be called under the auspices of the Pan American Union.
The Politics of Nativism: Ethnic Prejudice and Political Power in Mato Grosso, 1831-1834
Authors: Seckinger Ron L. 
Published: July 2006

Nativism has proved an enduring theme in the history of the New World. Successive waves of immigration have brought groups of diverse cultural and ethnic origins into intimate contact within the nations of the Americas. The bitter fruit of such contact has frequently been nativism, which here refers to a social movement that seeks to purge elements considered alien to a culture.Nativist movements have usually been directed against latecomers who pose a threat to established groups. In 1798, for example, the Federalist administration of the United States attempted to use popular hostility toward French and Irish immigrants as a weapon against Jefferson's Republican party, which tended to attract new arrivals from Europe. The Alien Acts limited the political activities of immigrants and marked the foreign-born as potential subversives. The Sedition Act was designed to suppress criticism of the administration and indirectly challenged the liberal ideas of the French Revolution.
Estimation of the contribution of the bioluminescent reaction rate and quantum yield to the enhancement of firefly bioluminescence in the presence of cationic liposomes
Authors: Kamidate Tamio , Tani Hirofumi , Ishida Akihiko , Hayashi Masaya 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCationic liposomes containing phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and distearyldimethylammonium chloride (DSDAC) enhanced maximum light emission (BL intensity) and total light emission from the firefly bioluminescence (BL) reaction. The increase in BL intensity was interpreted on the basis of the increase in both BL reaction rate and BL quantum yield (ΦBL) of the BL reaction. The increase in BL reaction rate was due to the increase in the localized concentration of BL reactants on the surface of cationic liposomes by electrostatic interaction. On the other hand, the increase in ΦBL was due to the change of light‐emitting species in the presence of cationic liposomes. Each contribution of BL reaction rate and ΦBL to the enhancement of the BL intensity was estimated by measuring the BL reaction rate and ΦBL in the presence of cationic liposomes containing various amounts of DSDAC. The contribution of the BL reaction rate to the increase in the BL intensity was found to be two‐fold greater than that of ΦBL. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Petroleum Industry Effluents and Other Oxygen‐Demanding Wastes in Niger Delta, Nigeria
Authors: Osuji Leo C. , Uwakwe Augustine A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this article, we review the fundamental phenomenon of oxygenation within the overriding context of petroleum‐industry effluents and the other oxygen demanding wastes in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Drill cuttings, drilling mud (fluids used to stimulate the production processes), and accidental discharges of crude petroleum constitute serious land and water pollution in the oil‐bearing province. Effluents from other industrial establishments such as distilleries, pulp and paper mills, fertilizer plants, and breweries, as well as thermal effluents, plant nutrients (such as nitrates and phosphates), and eroded sediments have also contributed to the pollution of their surrounding environment. Since these wastes are oxygen‐demanding in nature, their impact on the recipient environment can be reversed by the direct application of simple chemistry. The wastes can be reduced, particularly in natural bodies of water, by direct oxidation–reduction processes or simple chemical combinations, acid–base reactions, and solubility equilibria; these are pH‐ and temperature‐dependent. A shift in pH and alkalinity affects the solubility equilibria of Na+, Cl−, SO2−, NO$\rm{ _3^ - }$, HCO$\rm{ _3^ - }$, and PO$\rm{ _4^{3 - } }$, and other ions and compounds.