bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of several Zipf‐type distributions in their goodness of fit to language data
Authors: Krevitt Beth , Griffith Belver C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRaw language data dealing with frequency of letters, phonemes, words and categories were transformed to determine the goodness of fit of such obtained data to several Zipf‐type distributions: log percentage‐log rank, percentage‐Whitworth, log percentage‐linear rank, and linear percentage‐log rank. For comparison, 9 sets of 50 three‐digit random numbers and the 9 sets of intervals created by assuming those numbers to be randomly dissecting a line, were ordered by size, as in a Zipl distribution, and tested as if they were raw language data. Two distinct types of frequency distributions seem to emerge in language data with the lesser studied type applying to phonemes, letters, and conceptual data being fit by the Whitworth or loglinear (Linear percentage vs. log rank) distributions and words by the hyperbolic (Log percentage vs. log rank) distribution.
Two modes of computer assisted instruction in a library reference course
Authors: Starks David D. , Horn Barbara J. , Slavens Thomas P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a set of computer based teaching materials within a graduate library reference course. Evaluation of the materials and techniques was conducted both for the purpose of revision and also to determine the overall effectiveness of the materials as integral parts of the course.Techniques and findings were reported illustrating how evaluation during the formative stages enabled the instructor to selectively revise the materials. Evaluation of the materials as aids to student learning within the course revealed that they were effective in teaching some aspects of the material although student attitudes toward computer techniques tended to become more negative.Implications of the techniques and results were discussed.
Issues in information technology in the United States
Authors: Meadow Charles T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper is a survey of a number of issues that are concerned with information science, of importance outside the field as well as within, and generally caused by or related to changes in technology. Issues are considered in four broad categories, those concerned with computers, communications, image recording and information content. Their importance lies in the fact that how they are resolved will affect the transition of the United States from a primarily industrial to a post industrial society. The intent of the article is to present the issues and their possible impact rather than to offer solutions.
A cost model for evaluating information retrieval systems
Authors: Cooper Michael D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper develops a mathematical model for use in studying how to minimize the cost of operating a mechanized retrieval system. Through the use of cost analysis, the model provides a method for comparative evaluation between information retrieval systems. The cost model divides the costs of a retrieval system into two components: system costs and user costs. In addition, it suggests that a trade off exists between the performance level of the system and the combination of user and system time that is expended in working with the system. With this approach it is possible to determine the allocation of user and system. This minimizes the total cost of operating the system. This allocation is done for a given performance level and for a given cost per unit of user and system time.
On‐line serials control system in a large biomedical library: 1) Description of the system
Authors: Fayollat James 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn on‐line serials control system with particular emphasis on storage and maintenance concepts is described. The system, operational since January, 1971, has evolved from a former batch card system and remains completely compatible with it. The system allows real‐time display and updating of all elements of the file. Consequently all check‐in, bindery, and claims operations, as well as new entries and data field changes are accomplished on a real‐time basis. All programs are in PL/1. Required equipment is an IBM time‐shared facility with 100 K memory available for the applications programs, and IBM 2260 display units.This article is the first of three. The second is concerned with an analysis of inverted file retrieval features and the third compares the operation of the on‐line with the batch system, comparable manual operations, and discusses costs.
1972 student paper award man‐machine interface: Frustration
Authors: Melnyk Vera 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAs an exploration of the frustration of users of an online interactive retrieval system, students from the School of Library Science of Syracuse University participated in an experiment using an experimental reference retrieval system for library literature on the IBM system 360/50. The searching consisted of sample searches using key‐words. The data base contained library literature citations for the year 1970.In the control group, students were instructed to locate literature related to library management and information retrieval systems. The particular terms in the search and the format were outlined in an instruction session before the students used the system.The experimental group was not restricted to a sample search, or specified search terms, but the format of the searches were to be the same as the control group.It was anticipated that significant variations in the behavior of the users would be displayed and identified by comparing measures of behavior as the man‐computer interaction proceeded through the search process.
A keyword system for small information centers
Authors: Weinert Hartmut H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA uniterm keyword system is explained which is thought to be suitable for small information centers operated by a staff of one or two. The intrinsic problems experienced with uniterm keywords are overcome by the introduction of the “specifier,” a means of indexing which provides for the variation of the meaning of uniterm keywords without introducing multi‐term or additional ones. A geographical index, using names of continents, or groups of countries and a specifier, provides for retrieval by regions as well as easy amendments when political changes occur. The system consists of 477 keywords, 27 specifiers and 53 geographical terms. It has been developed in the National Institute for Road Research of the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, for road research documentation, and has been in efficient operation for some time. The underlying principles are thought to be equally applicable to other fields.
A general statistical model for estimating future demand levels of data‐base utilization within an information retrieval organization
Authors: Ware Glenn O. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA statistical model for characterizing the growth patterns of data base utilization and for estimating future utilization levels of demand has been developed for information retrieval organizations. The model developed is γ = β (1‐e−at) where γ is the number of users of a data base at time †, and α and β are parameters to be estimated. Illustrations of the model applied to a typical information retrieval organization are given and discussed.
Models of index searching and retrieval effectiveness of keyword‐in‐context indexes
Authors: Yerkey A. Neil 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe retrieval effectiveness of Keyword‐In‐Context indexing is sought using a simple search simulation which constrains the “user” to approach a KWIC index with subject keywords and references dictated by a conventional index. This study shows that a KWIC index will allow retrieval of at least 50% of the articles found in a conventional index, if the former is approached with the same subject concepts as are 100% successful in the latter. A comparison of several KWIC index studies, using various methodologies, tends to show retrievability ratios of 35%‐70%.
Scientific and technological information systems in the Soviet Union
Authors: Kirson Benjamin L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe effective use of scientific and technological information is today's society is of paramount importance and has, therefore, become a subject which is receiving worldwide attention. Not much is known at present about the organization and structure of the Soviet Unions' information systems. However, more and more, interest by the United States government inthe Soviets' activities in the area is evident. It is the purpose of the communication to bojectively review and summarise the present state‐of‐the‐art of science and technological information systems within the Soviet Union.
On the dimensionality of users' attitudes toward on‐line retrieval systems—A replication?
Authors: Katzer Jeffrey , Moell Patricia 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThere is some evidence which suggests that users' attitudes toward on‐line interactive retrieval systems may be multi‐dimensional (1). Because this earlier work was based upon a factor analysis of the data (a procedure with well‐known test‐retest difficulties), it was essential that a replication be attempted. To this end we repeated a previous study with a new population of SUPARS II (Syracuse University Psychological Abstracts Retrieval Service) users.
Scientific elitism and the information system of science
Authors: Amick Daniel James 
Published: June 2007

AbstractScientific elitism must be viewed as a multidimensional phenomenon. Ten variables of elitism are considered and a principal components factor analysis is used to scale this multivariate domain. Two significant dimensions of elitism were found; one in basic and one in applied science. Sociometric techniques were used to identify the elite of a scientific discipline in a large metropolitan area.An abstract analytical continuum, the scientific mission, was generated using a Thurstone‐type scale. The scientific mission is a higher order concept and subsumes both idealized polar types of basic and applied science. A scientist's scale score reflects his professional interests and the breadth of his interest space. There is a distinct tendency for elites to cluster at the basic research end of the continuum.It was found that: (a) the ten variables of elitism provide a scale that successfully discriminates between elites and non‐elites; (b) elites process more information than non‐elites; (c) elites had more narrowly defined, less diffuse interest spaces than non‐elites; and (d) elites prefer literature‐oriented methods of procuring scientific information as opposed to person‐oriented methods.
SOLAR: A storage and on‐line automatic retrieval system
Authors: Mitchell P. C. , Rickman J. T. , Walden W. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSOLAR is an interactive Storage and On‐Line Automatic Retrieval system which is operational at Washington State University. It can run continuously with virtually any mix of tasks in a general purpose computing environment. Complete document abstracts may be interactively reviewed on‐line or printed offline at the searcher's request. SOLAR simultaneously supports up to 37 data bases and multiple users in an interactive search environment without a dedicated computer or even a large dedicated region of core.
On interrelationships of the sciences and technology as expressed by a categorized list of journals and modified by a classification system
Authors: Moore J. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe interrelationships of the branches of the sciences and technology are analyzed by means of linkages derived from the listing of journals under more than one subject category in the list “Source Journals Arranged by Category” from the Science Citation Index®–1970. These subject categories are then grouped together on the basis of the Dewey Decimal Classification in order that the broader fields of science and technology might also be analyzed. Both the nature and the strength of the linkages are considered. It is concluded that both intuitively and in comparison with a previous paper on the subject in which the data was derived by means of citation analysis the findings are of sufficient validity and interest to warrant further investigation using a more precisely constructed subject category listing. Implications are seen for collection development and for collection organization and classification in libraries and other information centers concerned with the subject areas of science and technology.
Journal citations in Master's Theses: One measurement of a journal collection
Authors: Chambers George R. , Healey James S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe authors examined the journal citations that appeared in Education and English theses at the University of Rhode Island. The purpose of the investigation was to develop one means of measuring the use of the collection. Additionally, the study looks at the use/cost aspect and closes by noting some of the implications of the study for more rational decision‐making and inter‐library cooperation.
Trends in manpower needs in information science from 1967 to 1982
Authors: Gupta Anand B. , Shirey Donald L. , Debons Anthony 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Interdisciplinary Doctoral Program in Information Science (IDIS) at the University of Pittsburgh conducted a survey of the need for professionals in information science at three levels of education; B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. About 6,000 questionnaires were sent to potential employers randomly selected from lists of industrial concerns, government agencies, research and educational organizations, defense contractors, and professional associations. A brief survey of the field of information science and a summary of the manpower needs are given.
A discriminant function index for information system evaluation
Authors: Carmon James L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA Discriminant Function Index is proposed for use in the evaluation of information storage and retrieval systems which takes into account the interdependencies between the measured variables and the relative value placed on these variables by the system evaluator. The single number which results, the Index, is proportional to the true value of the individual information system and provides a means of comparing components of individual systems or independent systems. The proposed index is of the form I =b1x1 + b2x2 + b3x3 +…+ bnxn where the xi are measured variables of system performance (e.g., precision, recall, rank recall, log precision, cost, etc.) and the bi take values that will maximize the correlation, rIG, between the index, I, and the true value of the system, G. The prediction of G from the variables is obtained through multiple regression techniques. Application of the index is illustrated through use of data reported in the literature.
Opinion paper. an affirmative statement on copyright debate
Authors: Tallman Johanna E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe roles of the government, author, publisher, library, user, public, and foreign countries are linked to the basic issue of the resolution as well as to the broader implications of the copyright problem. The major contention is that, since the government supports research and publication for the benefit of the public, this information should be disseminated at a minimum cost with maximum accessibility, at no extra profit to the publisher. Fiscal implications relate higher costs of publications to library budgetary limitations as basic reasons for subscription cuts. Data and citations from various sources are used to support the arguments for the affirmative of the resolution.
Indexing and automatic significance analysis
Authors: Steinacker Ivo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIntellectual indexing proceeds on three levels: The selection of phrases occurring in the document text (sequential indexing), the posting of specific phrases from the text to generic descriptors (generic indexing), and the choice of descriptors which are implicit to the document text (symbolic indexing). Automation has been attempted on all three levels: by concordance and autoposting. Here an algorithm is proposed to solve the problem of sequential indexing which does not use any grammatical or semantic analysis, but follows the principle of emulating human judgement by evaluation of machine‐recognizable attributes of structured word assemblies (text). The algorithm is based on producing “text cuts” of a few words in length and ordering them alphabetically. Afterwards, every “text cut” which appears with a certain limit frequency or above is considered significant (by human standards). The algorithm has been applied to a text body of about 220,000 words from the NASA bibliographic file and an “established” dictionary of significant terms has been created by this algorithm. As any phrase not occurring in the established dictionary is not suppressed, but posted to a floating dictionary, from which it may, if usage increases above the limit frequency, be transferred to the established dictionary, the algorithm presents a tool for the creation and maintenance of a “self‐adaptive” data base of text information.
1.3‐Dipolare Cycloadditionen, XXV. Der Nachweis des freien Diphenylnitrilimins als Zwischenstufe bei Cycloadditionen
Authors: Clovis James S. , Eckell Albrecht , Huisgen Rolf , Sustmann Reiner 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRasche Folgereaktionen vereitelten bislang die Isolierung substituierter Nitrilimine. Benz‐phenylhydrazid‐chlorid (3) tauscht nur in Anwesenheit von Triäthylamin mit Triäthylammoniumchlorid‐36Cl das Chlor aus. Identische Orientierungsverhältnisse bei Cycloadditionen an Zimtsäure‐methylester bzw. Crotonsäure‐methylester sowie übereinstimmende Konkurrenzkonstanten bei der Umsetzung mit Dipolarophilen‐Paaren beweisen das Auftreten ein und derselben Zwischenstufe bei folgenden Reaktionen: Thermolyse und Photolyse des 2.5‐Diphenyl‐tetrazols (1), Umsetzungen von Benz‐phenylhydrazid‐chlorid (3) mit tert. Amin sowie von [α‐Nitro‐benzyliden]‐phenylhydrazin (8) mit Triäthylamin und Natriumjodid. Nur das freie Diphenylnitrilimin genügt den strukturellen Anforderungen.
Organische Schwefelverbindungen, 73. Die säurekatalysierte, drucklose Umsetzung aliphatischer Ketone und β‐Oxo‐carbonsäureester mit Schwefelwasserstoff
Authors: Bleisch Siegfried , Mayer Roland 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBei der Einwirkung von Schwefelwasserstoff auf β‐Oxo‐carbonsäureester (1) entstehen nicht nur β‐Thioxo‐carbonsäureester (2), sondern auch β.β‐Dimercapto‐carbonsäureester (3). Die Bildung der geminalen Dithiole 3 ist stark temperaturabhängig und wird am Beispiel des Acetessigesters näher erläutert. – Auch die Art der Reaktionsprodukte der säurekatalysierten Umsetzung einfacher aliphatischer Ketone mit Schwefelwasserstoff ändert sich mit der Temperatur. Zwischen −80 und −40° entstehen vorrangig monomere Thione 8, um −25° geminale Dithiole des Typs 7. Eingehend werden die Verhältnisse beim Di‐n‐propylketon beschrieben.
Asterane, II. Synthese und Hydrierung von Triasteran, Tetracyclo[3.3.1.02.8.04.6]nonan
Authors: Musso Hans , Biethan Uwe 
Published: June 2007

AbstractZwei unabhängige Wege führen zum Triasteran (1). Aus endo‐Δ3‐Norcaren‐carbonsäure‐(7) (10) wird über das Diazoketon 12 Triasteranon (13) erhalten, in dem eine maximale Konjugation der Carbonylgruppe mit den Cyclopropanringen vorliegt und dessen Wolff‐Kishner‐Reduktion Triasteran (1) als Hauptprodukt liefert. In geringer Ausbeute entsteht 1 bei der alkalischen Zersetzung des Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonandion‐(2.6)‐bis‐tosylhydrazons (27), die vorwiegend Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonadien‐(2.6) (29) und Tricyclo[3.3.1.02.8]nonen‐(3) (30) ergibt. – Die katalytische Hydrierung des Triasterans (1) erfolgt sehr langsam zu Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonan (31) und Tricyclo[3.3.1.02.8]nonan (32), das seinerseits in Bicyclo[3.3.1]‐ und ‐[3.2.2]nonan (31 und 33) übergeführt wird.
Cyansäureester, XI. Reaktionen von Bromcyan und Cyansäure‐arylestern mit carbanionenaktiven Phosphorverbindungen
Authors: Martin Dieter , Niclas Hans‐Joachim 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBromcyan überträgt seine Nitrilgruppe unter Umylidierung zu 4a–c, auf Triphenylphosphin‐alkoxycarbonylmethylene (1a, b), und Triphenylphosphin‐cyanmethylen (1c). Triphenyl‐phosphin‐benzoylmethylen (1d), wird unter denselben Bedingungen bromiert (9), und cyaniert (6). In Gegenwart von Triäthylamin wirkt Bromcyan auf 1a, und 1b, ausschließlich bromierend. ‐ Durch Arylcyanate werden die Phosphor‐ylene 1, cyaniert (4a–d). Die dabei durchlaufenen Imidsäure‐arylester‐Zwischenstufen lassen sich bei Verwendung von 1a, und 1b unter Bildung von Triphenyl‐[2.4‐diaryloxy‐6‐oxo‐5.6‐dihydro‐pyrimidinyliden‐(5)]‐phosphoranen (16) abfangen. – Phosphonsäure‐diäthylester‐Anionen liefern mit Arylcyanaten Cyanmethan‐phosphonsäure‐diäthylester (19).
Eine Studie der Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion, VI. Kinetischer Nachweis des Moleküls C6O6 (Dianhydrid der Äthylentetracarbonsäure)
Authors: Sauer Jürgen , Schröder Barbara , Wiemer Richard 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDas Molekül C6O6 (1) läßt sich nicht durch zweifachen Wasserentzug aus Äthylentetracarbonsäure bereiten. Eine Kinetische Studie der Retro‐Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion seines Addukts an 9.10‐Dialkoxy‐anthracene beweist die Existenzfähigkeit von 1 in Lösung.
Zur Frage der Isomerenbildung bei der Nitrierung einfacher und substituierter Paraffinkohlenwasserstoffe
Authors: Asinger Friedrich , Fell Bernhard , Oltay Ernst , Schnur Peter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie Substitutionsverhältnisse bei der Nitrierung von 1‐ und 2‐Nitro‐n‐octan, 1‐Chlor‐ und 1‐Brom‐n‐octan sowie 1‐Chlor‐n‐decan mit konz. Salpetersäure oder Stickstoffdioxid in der Flüssigphase wurden untersucht. Die relativen Reaktivitäten der primär und sekundär gebundenen Wasserstoffatomtypen eines unsubstituierten n‐Alkans bei der Nitrierung nach Grundmann bei 160° in der Flüssigphase verhalten sich wie etwa 1:20.
Über einige Umsetzungen des 1‐Lactams von 2‐Thio‐hydantoin‐[β‐propionsäure]‐(5)
Authors: Behringer Hans , Schunck Rainer 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie Äthanolyse der 1‐Lactams von 2‐Thio‐hydantoin‐[β‐propionsäure]‐(5) 1 (n = 2) in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin verläuft anomal unter öffnung des Thiohydantoinrings zu dem Thio‐carbamoylester der Struktur 4. Umsetzung des Lactams mit HN3 bei 150° und darauffolgende saure Hydrolyse liefert α,γ‐Diamino‐buttersäure. Das Lactam reagiert nach Friedel‐Crafts mit reaktionsfähigen Aromaten zu 5‐Aroyläthyl‐2‐thio‐hydantoinen 6, deren Entschwefelung mit Raney‐Nickel einen Weg zu γ‐Aroyl‐α‐amino‐buttersäuren 7 eröffnet.
Polyacetylenverbindungen, CXXII. Die Polyine der Gattung Matricaria L
Authors: Bohlmann Ferdinand , Mönch Heinz , Blaszkiewicz Peter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie Untersuchung von 16 Matricaria‐Arten ergibt neben 38 bereits bekannten Verbindungen sechs bisher noch nicht isolierte Substanzen, deren Strukturen geklärt werden. Die Bedeutung der gefundenen Inhaltsstoffe für die Systematik dieser Gattung wird diskutiert.
Peroxygenierung von Acetalen, I. Peroxygenierung 2‐substituierter 1.3‐Dioxolane
Authors: Seyfarth Hans Eberhard , Rieche Alfred , Hesse Albrecht 
Published: June 2007

Abstract1.3‐Dioxolan (1a) und 2‐Alkyl‐1.3‐dioxolane (1b–f) sind sehr leicht peroxygenierbar. Als Primärprodukte der Peroxygenierung wurden die Hydroperoxide (2a–f) isoliert. Diese gehen durch Hydrierung quantitativ in Glykolhalbester über. Unter den Bedingungen der Vakuumdestillation bilden sich die dimeren Peroxide (5) und H2O2.
Organische Peroxide, VI. Die Zerfallsgeschwindigkeit des p‐Methylmercapto‐phenylperessigsäure‐tert.‐butylesters
Authors: Rüchardt Christoph , Böck Harald 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie Zerfallsgeschwindigkeit des p‐Methylmercapto‐phenylperessigsäure‐tert.‐butylesters ist geringer als die des p‐Methoxy‐phenylperessigsäure‐tert.‐butylesters und ordnet sich der früher ermittelten σ+‐Beziehung ein. Dies ist durch einen polaren Effekt im Übergangszustand der Thermolyse, nicht aber durch unterschiedliche Stabilität der entstehenden Benzylradikale deutbar.