bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Claims and Distributions
Authors: Branch Dr. Ben S. , Ray Hugh M. , Russell Robin 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores the process for determining the validity and priority of claims and for making distributions on those claims. This includes the liquidator's role in investigating and, if circumstances warrant, filing a claim objection to reduce or disallow the claim. Various bankruptcy concepts involved in this process such as administrative claims, the absolute priority rule, and substantive consolidation are discussed along with the mechanics of making distributions. The chapter concludes with an example of the resolution of a contested IRS tax claim through the negotiation of a reduction.
Receiverships and Assignments for the Benefits of Creditors
Authors: Branch Dr. Ben S. , Ray Hugh M. , Russell Robin 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the avenues for liquidating a failed business outside of bankruptcy. While liquidations involving companies of any significant size are typically accomplished through bankruptcy, state, and federal equity receiverships and assignments for the benefit of creditors provide alternatives for smaller more localized liquidations. These approaches are more informal and less restrictive than bankruptcy. The roles of the assignor and receiver as liquidator, including duties, costs, powers, and compensation are reviewed. The right of the assignor or receiver to pursue actions under the applicable state Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act is also discussed.
Self-Transformations
Authors: Heyes Cressida J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis book argues that we live in an age of somatic subjects, whose authentic identity must be represented through the body. When a perceived mismatch between inner self and outer form occurs, technologies can step in to change the flesh. Drawing on Wittgenstein's objections to the idea of a private language, and on Foucault's critical account of normalization, this book shows how we have been led to think of ourselves in this way, and suggests that breaking the hold of this picture of the self will be central to our freedom. How should we work on ourselves when so often the kind of self we are urged to be is itself a product of normalization? This question is answered through three case studies that analyze feminist interpretations of transgender politics, the allure of weight-loss dieting, and representations of cosmetic surgery patients. Mixing philosophical argument with personal narrative and analysis of popular culture, the book moves from engagement with Leslie Feinberg on trans liberation, to an auto-ethnography of Weight Watchers meetings, to a reading of Extreme Makeover, to the author's own practice of yoga. The book draws on philosophy, sociology, medicine, cultural studies, and psychology to suggest that these examples, in different ways, are connected to the picture of the somatic subject. Working on the self can both generate new skills and make us more docile; enhance our pleasures and narrow our possibilities; encourage us to take care of ourselves while increasing our dependence on experts. Self transformation through the body can limit us and liberate us at the same time. To move beyond this paradox, the book concludes by arguing that Foucault's last work on ethics provides untapped resources for understanding how we might use our embodied agency to change ourselves for the better.
1 Pictures of the Self
Authors: Heyes Cressida J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis chapter argues that the contemporary Western understanding of the relationship between the body and self is subject to a number of “pictures” that mark significant constraints on our ability to imagine alternative ways of caring for ourselves and others, hence on our self-government, and ultimately on our freedom. Two related pictures are used to explain how the somatic individual has come to dominate ways of understanding the self. The first is a picture in which we have an inner depth and authenticity that the outer (in this case, the flesh) must represent. This is a model of the self in general (selves as objects with an inner essence) and also of each self in particular. In their different ways, both Ludwig Wittgenstein and Michel Foucault challenge this picture, the former primarily through his private language argument, and the latter through his genealogical method. The second picture is one of power, and is characterized by the view that power is a substance, power is held and exercised by a sovereign who rules over us, and power is a force external to the self, whose primary purpose is repressive.
2 Feminist Solidarity after Queer Theory
Authors: Heyes Cressida J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis chapter addresses the issue of how — in theory and in practice — feminism should engage bisexuality, intersexuality, transsexuality, transgender, and other emergent identities (or anti-identities) that reconfigure both conventional and conventionally feminist understandings of sex, gender, and sexuality. How feminists should imagine and create communities that take the institutions and practices of sex, gender, and sexuality to be politically relevant to freedom, or how might such communities incorporate our manifest and intransigent diversity, and build solidarity, is discussed with reference to the leitmotif of transgender. A critical analysis is made of two very different feminist texts: the 1994 reissue of Janice Raymond's notorious The Transsexual Empire: The Making of the She-Male (originally published in 1979) and Bernice Hausman's 1995 book Changing Sex: Transsexualism, Technology, and the Idea of Gender. This chapter shows that the differences between the ethical and political dilemmas faced by feminists who are transgendered and those who are not are not as great as some theorists have suggested.
3 Foucault Goes to Weight Watchers (Redux)
Authors: Heyes Cressida J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis chapter argues that weight-loss dieting is not only a quest for the ideal body, but also a process of working on the self, marketed and sold to women with particular resonance, that cleverly deploys the discourse self-care feminists have long encouraged. The Use of Pleasure, volume 2 of History of Sexuality, is remarkable for its section on dietetics, in which Michel Foucault details certain practices of the ancient Greeks and Romans with regard to regimen as “an art of living”. Contemporary weight-loss dieting both appropriates and debases the forms of rapport a soi Foucault identifies. This chapter supplements existing critical accounts of dieting, which typically rely on the central explanatory concepts either of “false consciousness” or of “docile bodies” to understand better its enabling moments. Such moments exemplify Foucault's thesis that the growth of capabilities occurs in tandem with the intensification of power relations. The author recounts her ten-month experience in participating in Weight Watchers — the largest and best known commercial weight-loss program in the world.
4 Aesthetic Surgery, Aesthetic Ethics
Authors: Heyes Cressida J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis chapter shows how cosmetic surgery has evolved to becoming regarded as part of the “normal” process in the quest for identity transformation, arguing that an inner self is externalized so that the aesthetic body can better represent the person within. It also believes that feminist ethical engagement will need to respond to this talk of self-transformation in kind, providing a way of responding to the suffering cosmetic surgery claims to alleviate, and recognizing the necessity and potential of working on the self as a feminist strategy. Feminists need a richer ethical grammar and vocabulary for talking about our own desires and suffering in this context. This demand for a feminist ethical language arises in part from nearly a century of cultural manufacture of a psychology for potential cosmetic surgery recipients. Cosmetic surgery bears a peculiar burden of justification unlike other medical subspecialties. In some cases the rubric of “reconstructive” procedures can be employed — repairing a cleft palate, rebuilding a face after tumor removal, or grafting skin to burns are all seen as legitimate medical measures that have necessary functional and social effects.
5 Somaesthetics for the Normalized Body
Authors: Heyes Cressida J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis chapter spells out how we might work on our embodied selves in ways that advance our freedom. To make this work, it is necessary to return to Michel Foucault's later writing, and reconstruct in its most useful form the kind of ethics he endorses as well as the underdeveloped possibilities for a normatively inflected politics of the body to which it might inspire. Specifically, this chapter argues for what Richard Shusterman has termed “somaesthetics” as strategies of resistance to normalization. Examples of dieting or cosmetic surgeries demonstrate how asketic language is superficially deployed against normalization when in fact it often reinforces it. Finally, this chapter articulates some practices of working on oneself as an embodied subject that refuse the habituated trajectories of normalization and gesture toward an art of living which greater embodies freedom.
Expression in Speech
Authors: Tatham Mark , Morton Katherine 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis book is about the nature of expression in speech. It is a comprehensive exploration of how such expression is produced and understood, and of how the emotional content of spoken words may be analysed, modelled, tested, and synthesized. Listeners can interpret tone-of-voice, assess emotional pitch, and effortlessly detect the finest modulations of speaker attitude; yet these processes present almost intractable difficulties to the researchers seeking to identify and understand them. In seeking to explain the production and perception of emotive content, the book reviews the potential of biological and cognitive models. It examines how the features that make up the speech production and perception systems have been studied by biologists, psychologists, and linguists, and assesses how far biological, behavioural, and linguistic models generate hypotheses that provide insights into the nature of expressive speech.
Expression in Synthetic Speech
Authors: Tatham Mark , Morton Katherine 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis chapter emphasizes the distinction between intelligible synthetic speech and natural-sounding synthetic speech: expressive and emotive content contribute greatly to naturalness. All natural speech has expressive content; no natural speech is ever neutral. It follows that synthetic speech must incorporate expressive and emotive content in order to create natural-sounding speech, although the acoustic parameters of expression have not been adequately determined. The advantages and disadvantages of formant and concatenative synthesis for synthesizing expressive and emotive content are outlined.
The State of the Art
Authors: Tatham Mark , Morton Katherine 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the transfer of the parameters of natural expression to synthesis systems following current inadequate descriptions of natural speech, which highlights problems in deriving adequate descriptions of expression and emotion. Voice quality, timing, and pitch contour all contribute — but quantifying these observations is currently incomplete and open to further research. Defining emotion in terms of acoustic correlates is discussed along with the variability in speech to which emotive content contributes. The non-uniqueness of acoustic correlates is emphasized, and the need for differentiating between high-level and low-level synthesis in the theoretical underpinning is discussed.
Emotion in Speech Synthesis
Authors: Tatham Mark , Morton Katherine 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis chapter emphasizes the notion that human speech is listener-centred; speech is intended to be heard and understood. Adding expressive and emotive content provides the listener with information about the speaker’s identity (gender, age, education, etc.), the speaker’s attitude and feelings toward the listener, and the nature of what is being said. Adding this to synthesis presents problems, including determining the most useful type of synthesizer, incorporating a proposed prosodic wrapper for speech, linking parameters of emotive content with acoustic parameters, and with underlying theory constructs such as category labels or parameters for driving the synthesizer. The relationship between high- and low-level synthesis, and how to incorporate a range of emotive content and voice quality are discussed.
The Speech Technology Perspective
Authors: Tatham Mark , Morton Katherine 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis chapter describes a variety of current synthesis systems, including formant and concatenative systems, and the problems associated with unit selection. The success of these systems is discussed in terms of the standard parameterizable features of speech: acoustic formants, amplitude, timing and rate, fundamental frequency, etc. The cognitive constructs to which the physical parameters are related are described: voice quality, loudness, rhythm, duration, and pitch. Variability in speech, the obverse process, and automatic speech recognition are also discussed.
The Beginnings of a Generalized Model of Expression
Authors: Tatham Mark , Morton Katherine 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis chapter defines expressive speech as used in this book. The concept of a composite acoustic waveform is presented, consisting of two components: the basic message and expression. The speaker plans an utterance, a listener assigns labels to that utterance, and arrives at a percept which recovers the intended message. This differs from other models which do not emphasize the assignment of labels or symbolic representation to the waveform. Another difference is the proposal that speaking occurs within an overall expressive wrapper. Short term and long term expression is discussed and the role of the listener is emphasized.
Twin‐Screw Extrusion Processing of Feed Blends Containing Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS)
Authors: Chevanan Nehru , Rosentrater Kurt A. , Muthukumarappan Kasiviswanathan 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTExtrusion trials were conducted with varying levels of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) along with soy flour, corn flour, fish meal, vitamin mix, mineral mix, and net protein content adjusted to 28% using a Wenger TX‐52 twin‐screw extruder. The properties of extrudates were studied in experiments conducted using a full‐factorial design with three levels of DDGS content, two levels of moisture content, and two levels of screw speed. Increasing the DDGS content from 20 to 60% resulted in a 36.7% decrease in the radial expansion, leading to a 159 and 61.4% increase in the unit density and bulk density of the extrudates, respectively. Increasing the DDGS content resulted in a significant increase in the water absorption index (WAI) but a significant decrease in the water solubility index (WSI) of the extrudates. Changing the screw speed and moisture content had no significant effect on the radial expansion ratio but resulted in a significant difference in the bulk density of the extrudates, which may be due to the occurrence of longitudinal expansion. Even though changing the moisture content and screw speed had no significant effect on the WSI of the extrudates, significant differences in the WAI of the extrudates were observed. The ingredient components in the blend and moisture content had an influence on the color changes of the extrudates, as did the biochemical changes occurring inside the barrel during processing. Overall, it was determined that DDGS could be included at a rate of up to 60% using twin‐screw extrusion, and that viable pelleted floating feeds can be produced.
Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Starches from Sieve Fractions of Oat Flour Compared with Whole and Pin‐Milled Flour
Authors: Stevenson David G. , Jane Jay‐lin , Inglett George E. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTOne oat cultivar grown in Idaho (three field sites) was pin‐milled and separated by sieving to investigate whether starch from oat bran differs from the remainder of kernel. Ground oat particles were classified into three sieve fractions: 300–850 μm, 150–300 μm and <150 μm). β‐Glucan content in sieve fractions was analyzed and starch was extracted from kernels without milling and from kernels of each sieve fraction. β‐Glucan contents of 300–850, 150–300, and <150 μm sieve fractions were 4.2, 2.3, and 0.8%, respectively. Therefore, starch in bran (300–850 μm sieve fraction) and endosperm (<150 μm sieve fraction) were separated. Starch isolated from entire kernels had significantly higher apparent and absolute amylose content than starch from the 300–850 μm sieve fraction. Starch from different sieve fractions was not significantly different in the apparent amylose, absolute amylose, amylopectin molecular weight, gyration radii, starch gelatinization, and amylose‐lipid complex thermal transition temperatures. Starch from the 150–300 μm sieve fraction had significantly lower peak, final, and setback viscosity compared with the starch isolated from the 300–850 μm and <150 μm sieve fractions. Starch removed from the oat bran fraction during β‐glucan enrichment may have different applications compared with starch obtained from other kernel compartments. Because pin‐milling decreased apparent amylose content and shortened amylopectin branch chains, its potential to alter starch structure should be considered.
Relationship of Shelled Corn Fungal Susceptibility to Carbon Dioxide Evolution and Kernel Attributes
Authors: Moog D. J. P. , Stroshine R. L. , Seitz L. M. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTFifty‐one samples of shelled corn were rewetted to 21% wb moisture content (MC) and evaluated for susceptibility to fungal invasion using ergosterol measurements and a test kit that measures carbon dioxide (CO2) evolution. The sample attributes measured were percent germination, electrolyte leakage after soaking in deionized water, percent fines, and percent kernel infection. The difference in ergosterol content before and after incubation at 24°C was used as the standard measure of fungal growth. Differences in CO2 evolution among the samples were consistent with expectations for fungal growth based on storage history. The coefficients of determination (r2) for the linear regression of ergosterol difference with CO2 kit readings were 0.46–0.60. All were statistically significant (α = 0.001) and r2 values were slightly greater when four high‐oil corn samples were removed. These results indicate that the CO2 test can be used to assess fungal susceptibility of rewetted shelled corn, which may also be indicative of its susceptibility before rewetting. The linear regressions of kernel attributes with ergosterol difference (48 < n < 51) that were statistically significant included percent germination, r2 = 0.49 (α = 0.001); electrolyte leakage, r2 = 0.27 (α = 0.001); and percent fines determined with a 4.76‐mm sieve, r2 = 0.12 (α = 0.05).
Effect of Transglutaminase on Properties of Glutenin Macropolymer and Dough Rheology
Authors: Steffolani M. Eugenia , Pérez Gabriela T. , Ribotta Pablo D. , Puppo M. Cecilia , León Alberto Edel 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe effect of transglutaminase (TG) on glutenin macropolymer (GMP) properties could help to understand changes in bread quality. The aim of the present study was to analyze modifications in GMP and dough properties caused by TG addition. Transglutaminase introduced cross‐links to gluten proteins, mainly high molecular weight glutenins. This effect modified the protein structure and markedly increased dough strength. These changes in the structure of glutenins increased SDS solubility and decreased GMP content and GMP storage modulus. However, TG increased GMP particle size, notably at higher doses. TG affected rheological characteristics of dough in that increasing TG doses decreased tan δ, and increased G'. In all the studies conducted, the TG increased GMP polymer size, but contrary to what was expected, this increase did not involve an increase in GMP content. These results confirmed the effect of TG on dough quality and the great differences found with different TG doses.
Relationship Between Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grain Hardness and Wet‐Milling Quality
Authors: Feiz L. , Martin J. M. , Giroux M. J. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTGrain hardness variation has large effects on many different end‐use properties of wheat (Triticum aestivum). The Hardness (Ha) locus consisting of the Puroindoline a and b genes (Pina and Pinb) controls the majority of grain hardness variation. Starch production is a growing end‐use of wheat. The objective of this study was to estimate the differences in starch yield due to natural and transgenically conditioned grain hardness differences. To accomplish this goal, a small‐scale wet‐milling protocol was used to characterize the wet‐milling properties of two independent groups of isogenic materials varying in grain hardness and in Pin expression level. The first group of lines consisted of hard/soft near‐isogenic lines created in cultivars Falcon or Gamenya in which lines carried either the Pina‐D1a (functional) or the Pina‐D1b (null) alleles of Pina. The second group of lines consisted of Pina, Pinb, or Pina and Pinb overexpressing lines created in Hi‐Line, a hard red spring wheat. Soft near‐isogenic lines had higher starch extractability than the hard Pina null counterparts. This difference in starch extractability was more pronounced between Hi‐Line and its transgenic isolines, with highest levels of extractable starch observed in the transgenic isoline with intermediate grain texture. The results demonstrate that the Ha locus and puroindoline expression are both linked to wet‐milling starch yield and that selection for increased Ha function increases starch yield through the enhanced separation of starch granules and the protein matrix during wet milling.
Effect of Transglutaminase on Protein Electrophoretic Pattern of Rice, Soybean, and Rice‐Soybean Blends
Authors: Marco Cristina , Pérez Gabriela , León Alberto E. , Rosell Cristina M. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe interactions taking place in composite dough containing rice flour and soybean proteins (5% w/w) in the presence of transglutaminase, an enzyme with cross‐linking activity, were studied using different electrophoretic analyses. The interaction between rice proteins and soybean proteins was intensified by the formation of new intermolecular covalent bonds catalyzed by transglutaminase and the indirect formation of disulfide bonds among proteins. The main protein fractions involved in those interactions were both β‐conglycinin and glycinin of soybean and the glutelins of the rice flour, although albumins and globulins were also cross‐linked. The addition of soybean proteins to rice flour improves the amino acid balance and they also might play an important role on the rice dough properties because soybean proteins interact with rice proteins, yielding protein aggregates of high molecular weight.