bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maria Mavroudi, A Byzantine book on dream interpretation. The Oneirocriticon of Achmet and its Arabic sources
Authors: Gutas Dimitri 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The Byzantine dreambook known in the tradition as The Oneirocriticon of Achmet has had a long and influential history both in its field and in scholarship. It is the longest of the eight surviving Byzantine books on dream interpretation, and most likely also the oldest. It was compiled during the Macedonian renaissance—specifically, the two termini of 843 and 1075 can be established—possibly in the reign of Leo VI (r. 886–912), to whom it may have been dedicated, and possibly through the influence of his Arab minister Samonas. It was translated early into Latin, in 1176 (by contrast, the famous ancient dreambook of Artemidorus was not translated until 1539), and “through this translation found its way into several European and vernacular languages from the late thirteenth century onward” (p. 4). The scholarly study of the work began in 1577, with the preface Johann Loewenklau wrote for his Latin translation of the Greek text, and continued apace to this day. The book by Maria Mavroudi under review here, from which this information is taken (chapter 1), is the latest in a long series of studies. It is also the most exhaustive and meticulous in its research and the first fully to take into account, in a professional and exemplary manner, the Arabic sources of the work. Exhaustive, but perhaps also exhausting—one may object that 471 pages of text (exclusive of prefatory material and bibliographies and indices) for a study of a mere dreambook may be too many, though apparently necessary, for Mavroudi's book contends against the weight of previous scholarship and offers much needed correctives.
Dionysios Ch. Stathakopoulos, Famine and pestilence in the late Roman and early Byzantine Empire. A systematic survey of subsistence crises and epidemics
Authors: Meier Mischa 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Die überarbeitete Wiener Dissertation erhebt den Anspruch, einen grundsätzlichen Fortschritt in der Forschung darzustellen. Stathakopoulos (S.) geht es darum, die Bedeutung von Versorgungskrisen und epidemischen Krankheiten im spätantik-frühbyzantinischen Reich während eines Zeitraumes von 284 bis 750 herauszuarbeiten. Sein Buch soll dabei einen gesunden Mittelweg zwischen allzu großer Vernachlässigung dieser Faktoren und unkritischer Sensationshistorie beschreiten – der Verf. lehnt in diesem Fall insbesondere die übertriebenen und nur wenig fundierten Thesen von D. Keys mit Recht ab (2). Es handele sich, so S. über seine Arbeit, um die erste Behandlung der Spätantike unter dem Blickwinkel von Hungerkrisen und Epidemien; seine Untersuchung basiere „on an exhaustive catalogue recording all such phenomena from 284 to 750. It is meant to offer a complementary view of this period beyond the turmoil of political and military history, and comments on themes such as continuity and change of social and economic structures and mentalities“ (2). Damit versucht S. zentrale Fragen anzugehen und in aktuellen Diskussionen Stellung zu beziehen. Der Autor hat neben den literarischen Quellen auch das epigraphische und papyrologische Material herangezogen (vgl. 10f.) und weist mehrfach darauf hin, wichtige Anregungen aus der Annales-Schule erhalten zu haben (etwa 4, 12). Ebenso selbstbewußt wird das Ziel der Untersuchung dargelegt: „We can, however, expect that certain patterns concerning the causes, effects and reaction within the phenomenon, or combinations of the above that are common in many cases will emerge – in short, that a typology of crises will be revealed“ (13f.).
Panayotis L. Vocotopoulos, Byzantine illuminated manuscripts of the Patriarchate of Jerusalem
Authors: Tsamakda Vasiliki 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Der großformatige, luxuriöse Band ist die englische Fassung des im gleichen Jahr erschienen griechischen Werkes mit dem Titel: Mιϰϱογϱαφίες των Βνςαντινών Χειϱογϱάφων τον Πατϱιαϱχείον Ιεϱοσολύμων. Der Autor stellt in diesem Buch 23 illuminierte Handschriften des griechisch-orthodoxen Patriarchats in Jerusalem vor, die vom 11. bis zum 15. Jh. datieren.
Manolis CHATZIDAKIS/Ioanna BITHA, Corpus of the Byzantine wall-paintings of Greece. The Island of Kythera
Authors: Tsamakda Vasiliki 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Der Band ist der erste eines Corpus, das von der Akademie von Athen geplant und herausgegeben wird. Das Ziel ist, alle byzantinischen Fresken Griechenlands in mehreren Bänden zu publizieren. Im vorliegenden Band werden die Fresken der Insel Kythera vorgestellt. Die griechische Version dieses Bandes erschien bereits 1997 unter dem Titel: Ευϱετήϱιο Βυζαντινών Τοιχογϱαφιών Κυθήϱων.
Sensory Augmented Computing and its Potential for Human–Computer Interaction (Sensorunterstützte Computersysteme und deren Potenzial für die Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion)
Authors: Schiele Bernt 
Published: February 2008

Summary
The vision of ambient intelligence is to embed computing and communication capabilities into nearly everything, namely the environment, objects, or even clothing. Even though there have been great advances in mobile computing and communication in general many important research issues remain. A particularly challenging research topic is the question of how to interact unobtrusively and in a seamless way with users in a mobile setting. In order to realize the vision of ambient intelligence context awareness is often seen as a means to make the computing tasks sensitive to the situation and the user's needs. Ultimately, context awareness may support and enable seamless interaction and communication between human users and pervasive computing environments. This paper gives a taxonomy and an overview of research in sensing for ambient intelligence. It also discusses open and fundamental challenges which need to be addressed.
Καὶ σαφῶς τύραννος ἦν: Xenophon's Account of Euphron of Sicyon
Authors: Lewis Sian 
Published: February 2008

AbstractXenophon's account of Euphron, tyrant at Sicyon from 368 to 366, appears to present him as a typical fourth-century ‘new tyrant’, dependent on mercenaries and concerned solely with his own power. But why did Xenophon choose to recount Euphron's actions and fate at such length, and why does he insist so strongly that he was a tyrant? Xenophon's interest in Euphron is part of his general approach to tyranny in theHellenica, which depicts a series of individuals and regimes, all described as tyrannies. The model of tyranny with which Xenophon operates is broader and more inclusive than we would expect, contrasting with the narrow, constitutional idea of tyranny defined by Aristotle. Understanding this has two consequences. It allows us to appreciate Euphron in a new light, giving credit to the positive tradition about his support for the Sicyonian democracy and his posthumous heroization; we can see the debate which existed in his own time about his role and position. It also raises the question of why Xenophon recognized tyranny in so many places, and was so keen to emphasize his construction of these regimes. We need to situate him within the evolution of ideas about tyranny, since the concept of tyranny is largely constructed by historians: Herodotus ‘created’ tyranny in the aftermath of the Persian Wars, while Thucydides developed the concept from the individual to the general, as this better fitted his Athenocentric model. Xenophon, in contrast, was reflecting contemporary debates over the interpretation of different types of ruler and regime, and developing his own theory of tyranny. Therefore to see a ‘new tyranny’ movement in the fourth century is misplaced: an examination of Euphron reveals the complexities of self-presentation in fourth-century Greek politics.
Apology30b 2-4: Socrates, money, and the grammar of γίγνεσθαι
Authors: Burnyeat M.F. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe framework of this paper is a defence of Burnet's construal ofApology30b 2-4. Socrates does not claim, as he is standardly translated, that virtue makes you rich, but that virtue makes money and everything else good for you. This view of the relation between virtue and wealth is paralleled in dialogues of every period, and a sophisticated development of it appears in Aristotle. My philological defence of the philosophically preferable translation extends recent scholarly work on εἶναι in Plato and Aristotle to γίγνεσθαι, which is the main verb in the disputed sentence. When attached to a subject, both verbs make a complete statement on their own, but a statement that is further completableby adding a complement. The important point is that the addition of a complement does not change the meaning of the verb from existence to the copula. Proving this is a lengthy task which takes me into some of the deeper reaches of Platonic and Aristotelian ontology, and into discussion of whether Greek ever acquired a verb that corresponds to modern verbs of existence. I conclude that even when later authors such as Philo Judaeus, Sextus Empiricus and Plotinus debate what we naturally translate as issues of existence, none of the verbs they use (εἶναι, ὑπάρχειν, ὑφεστηκέναι) can be said to have existential meaning.
Homeric masculinity: ἠνορέη and ἀγηνορίη
Authors: Graziosi Barbara , Haubold Johannes 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis article investigates concepts of masculinity in the Homeric poems by focusing on two words: ὴνοαέη and ἀγηνορίη. We argue that whereas ήνορέη is a positive quality best understood as ‘manliness’, άγηνορίη denotes ‘excessive manliness’ in a pejorative sense. By comparing the use of these two terms we claim that it is possible to explore what constitutes proper, as opposed to excessive, masculinity in the Homeric poems.Our analysis of ἠνορέη and άγηνορίη suggests that some current views of Homeric masculinity need to be reconsidered. Whereas much recent scholarship has emphasized the individualism of ‘the Homeric hero’, we suggest that individualistic behaviour on the part of men is presented as a serious problem in the Homeric poems. As well as the use of the terms ἠνορέη and άγηνορίη, the frequent injunctions to ‘be men’ found in the poems confirm that solidarity with other men is an important aspect of Homeric masculinity.Our analysis also shows that the language of masculinity is employed very differently in theIliadand theOdyssey.In theIliad, excessive manliness is typically displayed by an individual who fails to show solidarity with other men on the battlefield. In theOdyssey, the suitors are standardly designated as ‘excessively manly’ for coveting another man's wife. In both poems, normative definitions of masculinity seek to regulate proper relationships among men.
Estimating the number of classes in multiple populations: A geometric analysis
Authors: Mao Chang Xuan , Lindsay Bruce G. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe authors study estimation of the total number of classes present in multiple overlapping populations. They show that the number of classes is identifiable in a nonparametric mixture model of multivariate Poisson densities. Unusual phenomena occur in both point estimation and confidence inference for the parameter defined as the odds of a class being unidentified in the data. Consequently only one‐sided confidence intervals are available for the number of classes.
Asymptotic normality of the posterior given a statistic
Authors: Yuan Ao , Clarke Bertrand 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe authors establish the asymptotic normality and determine the limiting variance of the posterior density for a multivariate parameter, given the value of a consistent and asymptotically Gaussian statistic satisfying a uniform local central limit theorem. Their proof is given in the continuous case but generalizes to lattice‐valued random variables. It hinges on a uniform Edgeworth expansion used to control the behaviour of the conditioning statistic. They provide examples and show how their result can help in identifying reference priors.
Model diagnostics for smoothing spline ANOVA models
Authors: Gu Chong 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe author proposes some simple diagnostics for assessing the necessity of selected terms in smoothing spline ANOVA models. The elimination of practically insignificant terms generally enhances the interpretability of the estimates and sometimes may also have inferential implications. The diagnostics are derived from Kullback‐Leibler geometry and are illustrated in the settings of regression, probability density estimation, and hazard rate estimation.
Bayesian randomized clinical trials: A decision‐theoretic sequential design
Authors: Christen J.Andres , MÜLLER Peter , Wathen Kyle , Wolf Judith 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe authors propose a Bayesian decision‐theoretic framework justifying randomization in clinical trials. Noting that the decision maker is often unable or unwilling to specify a unique utility function, they develop a sequential myopic design that includes randomization justified by the consideration of a set of utility functions. Randomization is introduced over all nondominated treatments, allowing for interim removal of treatments and early stopping. The authors illustrate their approach in the context of a study to find the optimal dose of pegylated interferon for platinum resistant ovarian cancer. They also develop an algorithm to implement their methodology in a phase II clinical trial comparing several competing experimental treatments.
Morality and the Market in China: Some Contemporary Views
Authors: Hanafin John J. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract:A significant effect of China’s rejection of a planned economy for a free market is the stimulus this has given to discussion of the relationship between morality and the market. Some Chinese believe that the introduction of a market economy has had a negative effect on public morality. Others disagree and maintain that it has had only a positive effect. Besides this particular debate there are two others. In the first of these debates, it is maintained on the one side that conduct in the market is amoral and essentially contractual or transactional in nature: a boundary must be drawn between economic conduct and conduct in other spheres of social life. Against this it is argued that ethical norms apply equally to all aspects of social life including the economy. In the second debate one side holds that the market engenders its own “ethical” norms. In opposition it is argued that the moral categories articulated in moral philosophy are applicable to behaviour in the market.
Why be Moral in Business? A Rawlsian Approach to Moral Motivation
Authors: Toenjes Richard H. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract:This article puts forth the thesis that the contractualist account of moral justification affords a powerful reply in business contexts to the question why a business person should put ethics above immediate business interests. A brief survey of traditional theories of business ethics and their approaches to moral motivation is presented. These approaches are criticized. A contractualist conception of ethics in the business world is developed, based on the work of John Rawls and Thomas Scanlon. The desire to justify our choices in terms that others can be reasonably expected to accept, or at least in terms that others cannot reasonably reject, is identified and differentiated from other accounts of motivation. It is this desire that constitutes the core motive to be moral in business on the contractualist conception. Implications of this contractualist conception for the theory and practice of business ethics are then discussed.
Alternative Approaches to Applied Ethics: A Response to Carson’s Critique
Authors: Holley David M. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract:Tom Carson’s recent paper on “Deception and Withholding Information in Sales” contains a critique of my contribution to sales ethics. In this response I outline the approach I develop in two earlier papers and address the four criticisms Carson makes. These criticisms are largely based on a misunderstanding of my position. I suggest that our fundamentally different approaches to applied ethics may lie at the root of Carson’s misunderstanding. Carson uses what I call a theory-application model in which the search for justification in terms of fundamental rules is central, while I attempt to contextualize ethical judgments and consider alternative ways of structuring social roles. In contrasting these approaches I raise the question of which way of doing applied ethics is likely to be more fruitful.
Business Ethics and Stakeholder Theory
Authors: Cragg Wesley 
Published: February 2008

Abstract:Stakeholder theorists have typically offered both a business case and an ethics case for business ethics. I evaluate arguments for both approaches and find them wanting. I then shift the focus from ethics to law and ask: “Why should corporations obey the law?” Contrary to what shareholder theories typically imply, neoclassical or profit maximization theories of the firm can offer answers based only on instrumental justifications. Instrumental justifications for obeying the law, however, are pragmatically and normatively incoherent. This is because the modern corporation is a legal artifact. It exists because communities create the legal framework necessary for its existence. Individual corporations can therefore be said to owe their existence to a partnership (what might be called a social contract) between shareholders and governments, a partnership that is itself built on the shared though often implicit understanding that corporations have an unconditional (categorical) obligation both to obey the law and to treat their stakeholders ethically while generating wealth for their shareholders.
Global Corporate Citizenship: Principles to Live and Work By
Authors: Post James E. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract:This paper discusses global corporate citizenship in the twenty-first century. The primary focus is on the responsibility of management educators to foster among students an understanding of the causes and consequences of business activitiy that creates organizational wealth, including the role of stakeholders. The modern corporation is a stakeholder enterprise: stakeholders enable the business to create wealth and require that it distribute wealth appropriately. The stakeholder enterprise model, which has been so economically successful, also implies corporate citizenship responsibilities. The Clarkson Principles are discussed as a means through which educators and managers can better understand and address the challenges of corporate citizenship in the modern world.
Ethics and Incentives: An Evaluation and Development of Stakeholder Theory in the Health Care Industry
Authors: Elms Heather , Berman Shawn , Wicks Andrew C. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract:This paper utilizes a qualitative case study of the health care industry and a recent legal case to demonstrate that stakeholder theory’s focus on ethics, without recognition of the effects of incentives, severely limits the theory’s ability to provide managerial direction and explain managerial behavior. While ethics provide a basis for stakeholder prioritization, incentives influence whether managerial action is consistent with that prioritization. Our health care examples highlight this and other limitations of stakeholder theory and demonstrate the explanatory and directive power added by the inclusion of the interactive effects of ethics and incentives in stakeholder ordering.
How Casuistry and Virtue Ethics Might Break the Ideological Stalemate Troubling Agricultural Biotechnology
Authors: Calkins Martin 
Published: February 2008

Abstract:This article begins by showing how recent controversies over the widespread promotion of artificially gene-altered foods are rooted in opposing ethical and ideological worldviews. It then explains how these contrasting worldviews have led to a practical, ethical, and ideological standoff and, finally, suggests the combined use of casuistry and virtue ethics as a way for both sides to move ahead on this pressing issue.
"I Think I Wrote a Folksong": Popularity and Regional Vernacular Anthems
Authors: Narváez Peter 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe popularity of vernacular song cannot be measured by market research alone. As this article illustrates, such data must be augmented through a knowledge of the emotional investments that regional groups make in appropriating particular songs and performances as their own. In the mid-seventies, Newfoundland songwriter Ron Hynes composed and began publicly performing "Sonny’s Dream." Since then, the song has attained a degree of international popularity, as well as a regional "anthemic" dimension in Atlantic Canada. Anthems are sacrosanct signifiers that express regional social consciousness; they identify common experience through powerful performance and lyrical codes that prompt collective awe. In turn, participants reap rewards of mutual support, assertiveness, and empowerment. A close examination of the lyrics of "Sonny’s Dream" reveals some of the ways that the song’s verbal sentiments have accurately reflected the social concerns and aspirations of Atlantic Canadians.
Readers in the Underworld: Lucretius,De Rerum Natura3.912–1075
Authors: Reinhardt Tobias 
Published: February 2008

Readers have always acknowledged the comparatively clear macrostructure ofDe rerum natura3. It begins with aprooemiumin which is described the terrifying impact which the fear of death has on human lives, as well as the fact that Epicurus has provided a cure against this fear, namely his physical doctrines (1–93). Particular attention is paid to fears of an afterlife in which we have to suffer pain and grief in the underworld; cf., for instance, the programmatic lines 3.37–40 (translation by Ferguson Smith, which will be used throughout):Thisprooemiumis followed by a long passage (94–829) in which Lucretius explains the basics of Epicurean psychology and tries to show that the soul is (like the body) material and hence mortal; this last point is driven home with particular force in II. 417–829 where Lucretius lists twenty-five proofs for the mortality of the soul.
Phylogeny and systematics of Achillea (Asteraceae­Anthemideae) inferred from nrITS and plastid trnL­F DNA sequences
Authors: Guo Yan-Ping , Ehrendorfer Friedrich , Samuel Rosabelle 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe N Hemisphere genus Achillea includes about 130 perennial and allogamous species, is centered in SE Europe/SW Asia, and exhibits a complex phyletic structure due to excessive hybridization and polyploidy. About half of the species and five of the six traditional sections together with several outgroup genera were studied using nrITS and plastid trnL­F DNA sequences. In spite of some discordance, these markers were shown by Maximum Parsimony and Bayesian Inference to be suitable for revealing relationships with generic allies and for distinguishing the main lineages within Achillea. With the inclusion of Otanthus (and possibly Leucocyclus) Achillea s. l. becomes monophyletic and appears as sister to Anacyclus. A basal clade is formed by the xerophytes of Achillea sections Babounya and Santolinoideae in SW Asia together with the Mediterranean coastal Otanthus. Achillea sect. Ptarmica s. l. has to be divided into the meso­ to hygrophytic herbs of A. sect. Ptarmica s. s. in the N Hemisphere and the mountain species of A. sect. Anthemoideae. The latter differentiated in the mountains from NW Anatolia to the Pyrenees, possibly originating from ancestors related to the extant A. ligustica. Finally, taxa of sect. Achillea s. l. (to be merged with A. sect. Filipendulinae) radiated from a center in SE Europe, occupied very different open habitats, and reached an extensive distribution with the very polymorphic polyploid and reticulate complex A. millefolium agg. Here and in other groups of Achillea, various instances of conflicting evidence from nrITS, plastid trnL­F, and morphology point to hybridization and lineage sorting. This means that reticulate evolution is not only involved in recent radiations but must have been active already in the early diversification of the genus.