bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Holocene climate change in the Bransfield Basin, Antarctic Peninsula: evidence from sediment and diatom analysis
Authors: Heroy David C. , Sjunneskog Charlotte , Anderson John B. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe present the first study from the Bransfield Basin that extends through the Holocene, recording the variable climate history back to the decoupling of the ice sheet from the continental shelf ~10 650 calendar years before present (cal yrbp). Detailed sediment analysis reveals three stratigraphic units in PC-61 concomitant with three sedimentary environments, similar to sedimentary facies reported elsewhere: 1) subglacial, 2) glacial proximal/sub-ice shelf, and 3) open marine. These interpretations are based on a variety of sedimentological criteria, supported by ten AMS radiocarbon dates and detailed diatom analysis. We note two significant volcanic ash layers (tephra) at 3870 and 5500 cal yrbpfrom nearby Deception Island. Based on diatom assemblage analysis, we identify five separate climate regimes, highlighting a significantly shorter Mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum than reported by other studies (6800–5900 cal yrbp). This period is marked by the highestEucampia antarcticavar.antarcticaandFragilariopsis curtaabundance, total diatom abundance, sediment accumulation rates, and low magnetic susceptibility. We also identify a less pronounced Neoglacial period relative to other studies, which includes an increase ofCocconeis/Rhizosoleniaspp. assemblage related to unstable surface water conditions. Such observations probably reflect important regional variations in atmospheric or ocean circulation patterns.
INFECTION OF WILD BIRDS WITH WHATAROA VIRUS IN SOUTH WESTLAND, NEW ZEALAND, 1964–1969
Authors: Miles JAR , Ross RW , Austin FJ , Maguire T , Macnamara FN , Ross Lesley M 
Published: November 2007

SummaryWhataroa virus was enzootic in the survey area in South Westland from 1964 until 1989. In the 1965–66 season there was a sharp increase in the proportion of birds having virus neutralizing antibody. The virus appears to be maintained by thrushes, as the proportion of these birds having virus neutralizing antibody was relatively constant from season to season. All other bird species except blackbirds had low immunity rates in the enzootic seasons and high immunity rates in the epizootic season.
THE EFFECT OF SEROTONIN AND POTASSIUM ON CORTICOSTERONE AND ALDOSTERONE PRODUCTION BY ISOLATED ZONA GLOMERULOSA CELLS OF THE RAT ADRENAL CORTEX
Authors: Tait Sylvia AS , Tait JF , Bradley JES 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effects of serotonin (10−8−10−4M) and of changes in potassium concentration (2 to 13 mM), singly and in combination, on steroid output in vitro by isolated cells, have been examined. These cells were mainly zona glomerulosa, prepared from capsules of the rat adrenal.Corticosterone and aldosterone were estimated by a simple and rapid radio‐immunoassay procedure using antibodies developed against these two steroids. It was found possible to measure both steroids in the unchromatographed extract of the incubation medium by adding 4‐14C corticosterone and 3H aldosterone as recover indicators.The results showed that corticosterone and aldosterone outputs increased with increasing doses of serotonin to a constant maximum output at about 10−6M. The outputs of both steroids increased with the concentration of [K+] from 2 mM (the lowest concentration tested) to reach a maximum at 8·4 mM and then declined. The addition of 10−4M serotonin at different [K+] concentrations further increased the outputs of both steroids to reach a maximum at 5·9 mM [K+]. Addition of serotonin bad little or no effect at 8·4 and 13 nM [K+]. However, it was found that corticosterone and aldosterone production were consistently higher at 5·9 mM [K+] plus serotonin than at 8·4 mM [K+] without serotonin.One possible interpretation is that at low [K+] concentrations, both [K+] and serotonin act to stimulate steroid output, possibly by the same mechanism. However. [K+] inhibits at high concentrations whereas serotonin does not.
HAEMOPOIETIC PRECURSOR CELLS IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPOPLASTIC MARROW FAILURE
Authors: Morley A , Blake J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryFollowing a period of treatment with busulphan, mice sustained a prolonged or permanent residual injury to the marrow. This was characterized by a decrease in number of pluripotential stem cells (CFU) and granulocytic progenitor cells (CFC). Eventually, many mice developed frank marrow failure, and when this had occurred the numbers of CFU and CFC were found to be even more markedly depressed.
EFFECT OF ENTERIC MICRO‐ORGANISMS ON INTESTINAL SUGAR AND FATTY ACID ABSORPTION
Authors: Burke Valerie , Houghton M , Gracey M 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effect of micro‐organisms contaminating the upper intestinal contents of malnourished children on intestinal absorption of 3–0 methyl‐α‐D‐glucopyranose (3‐M.G.) and oleic acid was studied in rats in vivo. Oleic acid absorption was unaffected by non‐pathogenic E. coli but decreased by E. coli 0111, Salmonella paratyphi B. Shigella sonnei and Candida sp. This effect was probably explained by intestinal secretion diluting the test solution leading to a decreased diffusion gradient for solubilised fatty acid.Inhibition of sugar absorption occurred with bacterial suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, E. coli and Candida sp. and cell‐free preparations of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, a nonpathogenic E. coli, Proteus sp. Klebsiella sp. Pseudomonas sp. and Candida sp. These effects were not explained by dilution of the test solution. This indicates that numerous micro‐organisms and, in some instances, their cell‐free preparations can interfere with intestinal active sugar transport. These findings may be relevant to the production of malabsorption in malnourished children who have a wide variety of micro‐organisms contaminating their upper intestinal contents.
LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE TRANSMISSION OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS BY AEDES (FINLAYA) NOTOSCRIPTUS (DIPT., CULICIDAE)
Authors: Russell RC , Mukwaya LG , Lule M 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAedes (Finlaya) notoscriptus (Skuse), a mosquito which occupies a similar ecological niche to Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L), the urban vector of yellow fever virus, was screened as a possible vector of this disease. The results indicate that almost certainly Ae. notoscriptus is refractory to the virus and could not act as a vector if yellow fever were introduced to Australia.
ANTIGENICALLY DISTINCT STRAINS OF ROSS RIVER VIRUS FROM NORTH QUEENSLAND AND COASTAL NEW SOUTH WALES
Authors: Woodroofe Gwendolyn , Marshall Ian D , Taylor William P 
Published: November 2007

SummaryRoss River virus strains recovered from north Queensland and the central coast of New South Wales can be clearly discriminated by the use of a short incubation haemagglutination inhibition test. Antigenic homology of strains within these regions and heterology between the regions seem unaffected by time, passage history, adaptation to laboratory mice and the nature of the original source material yielding the strains. It is concluded that the two antigenic types are enzootic to their respective regions and that they have evolved in isolation from a common ancestral virus. A short incubation complement fixation test was found to be more sensitive than the haemagglutination inhibition test in attempts to characterize the virus type inducing convalescent antibody in humans and horses.
IMMUNITY TO NEMATOSPIROIDES DUBIUS: CELL AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH THE ONSET OF IMMUNITY IN MICE
Authors: Prowse SJ , Ey PL , Jenkin CR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effect of one or more immunising infections on the susceptibility of mice to a subsequent challenge dose of Nematospiroides dubius larvae has been investigated. Following a single infection, animals developed a partial resistance characterized by their capacity to kill no more than half of the challenge dose of larvae. This low decree of immunity prevailed for some weeks after initial infection. A second immunising infection was found to induce a sudden increase in resistance such that at least 95% of a subsequent challenge dose of larvae was killed. This increase occurred 6 to 8 days after the second immunisation. Similar results were observed for mice immunised orally or intravenously. During the course of immunisations, absolute and differential cell levels in the blood and peritoneum as well as serum concentrations of the various immunoglobulin classes were determined. The results are considered in terms of the possible involvement of two distinct mechanisms of immunity to N dubius, one requiring the participation of macrophages and the other, eosinophils.
CYTOTOXIC AND PROLIFERATIVE LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSES TO ALLOGENEIC AND XENOGENEIC ANTIGENS IN VITRO
Authors: Woolnough James A , Misko Ihor S , Lafferty Kevin J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn vitro lymphoproliferative responses to foreign histocompatibility antigens are phylogenetically restricted. Responses occur most readily to allogeneic or closely related xenogeneic leucocytes, but not to unrelated xenogeneic cells. Specific cytotoxic T cell responses to foreign histocompatibility antigens show the same phylogenetic restriction. This tack of xenoreactivity is not due to a lack of precursor cells for the xenoantigens; guinea‐pig lymphocytes, although normally unresponsive to mouse antigens, have a similar precursor frequency for these antigens as do lymphocytes of allogeneic mouse strains. Specific cytotoxic responses of guinea‐pig lymphocytes to mouse antigens can be generated if a factor released from con A stimulated guinea‐pig spleen cells is added to the culture medium. The factor produced by con A‐activated spleen cells (CS) is also phylogenetically restricted in its action; CS must be obtained from animals homologous with the donor of the responding lymphocytes.
THE EFFECT OF IRON DEFICIENCY, PROTEIN DEFICIENCY AND DEXAMETHASONE ON INFECTION, RE‐INFECTION AND TREATMENT OF GIARDIA MURIS IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Duncombe VM , Bolin TD , Davis M , Fagan MR , Davis AE 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe association between nutrient deficiencies, steroid administration, anti‐flagellate therapy and giardiasis was examined using the Giardia muris/mouse model. Administration of steroids to BALB/c mice resulted in persisting high levels of infection with G. muris, whereas untreated animals were able to eliminate this parasite. In addition, steroid treatment significantly reduced the efficacy of anti‐flagellate therapy. Protein‐deficient mice eliminated the parasite at the same rate as mice on an optimum diet and also developed strong acquired resistance to re‐infection. A similar pattern was observed in iron‐deficient mice, except that the number of parasites that became established during the first 2 weeks of infection was significantly reduced. Thus, there was no evidence of synergism between iron and protein deficiency and infection in this model.
MANNOSIDOSIS: PATTERNS OF STORAGE AND URINARY EXCRETION OF OLIGOSACCHARIDES IN THE BOVINE MODEL
Authors: Jolly RD , Slack PM , Winter PJ , Murphy CE 
Published: November 2007

SummaryMannose and glucosamine‐containing oligosaccharides were extracted from tissues of variously aged calves with mannosidosis. Whereas storage in the brain, and to a lesser extent in the pancreas and lymph nodes, was cumulative. that in the liver was relatively stable over the time period followed. It is suggested that in this latter organ the 15–20% residual α‐mannosidase activity attributable to the mutant enzyme might be sufficient to normalise function. In the kidney, levels actually fell over the first 15–20 weeks of life and thereafter remained constant. It is postulated that, in foetal life, storage is cumulative but, after birth, storage material is lost from the kidney into the urine by degeneration and/or desquamation of renal tubular cells. From 20 weeks the amount lost is in equilibrium with that formed or absorbed by the tubular cells.
ISOLATION OF A GROUP OF GLYCOLIPID TOXINS FROM SEEDHEADS OF ANNUAL RYEGRASS Lolium rigidum GAUD.) INFECTED BY Corynebacterium rathayi
Authors: Vogel P , Petterson DS , Berry PH , Frahn JL , Anderton N , Cockrum PA , Edgar JA , Jago MV , Lanigan GW , Payne AL , Culvenor CCJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA group of highly toxic compounds was isolated from galled seedheads of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) containing Corynebacterium rathayi. Purified extracts were resolved by reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography into eight main fractions which have been partially characterised and shown to be toxic to nursling rats. A mixture of the toxins also produced clinical signs and brain lesions in Iambs consistent with annual ryegrass toxicity. The name ‘corynetoxin’ is tentatively proposed for the series, individual members being designated according to their order of elution from the high performance liquid chromatography column as corynetoxins 1 to 8. The two main fractions are corynetoxins 3 and 4 of which the former has been crystallised. They appear to be of glycolipid character, 3‐hydroxyheptadecanoic acid and a C6 amino sugar being identified among the hydrolysis products of corynetoxin 3, and heptadec‐2‐enoic acid and a C6 amino sugar from corynetoxin 4.
SENSITIVITY AND RESISTANCE OF HUMAN MELANOMA CELLS TO ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Authors: Lavin Martin F , Good Michael , Counsilman Caroline , Kidson Chev 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA human melanoma cell line (MM253) was found to be sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, having a Do of 1.0 J/m2 when cloned on plastic culture dishes and a Do of 2·3 J/m2 when cloned in agar. These figures are much lower than those obtained for all other human melanoma cell lines studied in this laboratory (Do of 32–40 J/m2) and demonstrate that MM253 is unusually UV sensitive. The increased level of UV sensitivity in MM253 is not due to a reduced capacity for excision of pyrimidine dimers, repair of DNA single‐strand breaks or elongation of newly‐synthesized DNA strands when comparison is made with a UV‐resistant melanoma cell line.
RESISTANCE AND ABROGATION OF RESISTANCE TO CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS IN RECONSTITUTED BALB/c NUDE MICE
Authors: Mitchell Graham F , Curtis Joan M , Scollay Roland G , Handman Emanuela 
Published: November 2007

SummaryNormal BALB/c mice and hypothymic BALB/c nude mice are highly susceptible to infection with an isolate of the intramacrophage protozoan parasite, Leishmania tropica, developing severe cutaneous disease. Nude mice reconstituted with large numbers of BALB/c lymphoid cells are also susceptible but are resistant when injected with low numbers of cells (e.g. 5 × 106 spleen plus mesenteric lymph node cells). Susceptibility to chronic cutaneous disease is thus quite different in minimally reconstituted BALB/c nude mice than in BALB/c mice with a normal or near‐normal complement of T cells. Recovered minimally reconstituted nudes are susceptible to reinfection but, again, lesions heal.The minimally reconstituted, resistant nude mouse has been used as a screen for cellular and serum components which may contribute to chronicity of cutaneous disease in infected BALB/c mice. low numbers of T cell‐enriched spleen cells from chronically infected BALB/c mice are not protective in nude mice and, in fact, abrogate the protective effect of low numbers of syngeneic normal mouse spleen cells in a mix experiment. Treatment of chronically infected mouse spleen cells with anti‐ly2 reagents does not affect the capacity of the cells to abrogate resistance. A proportion of minimally reconstituted nude mice were susceptible to cutaneous disease after multiple injections of serum from chronically infected mice. However, this abrogation of resistance differed from that mediated by cells of chronically infected mice in being inconsistent.The results suggest that T cell‐dependent immune responses (but perhaps not Ly2+ T8 cell‐dependent effects) contribute to chronicity of infection in genetically susceptible BALB/c mice and inhibit healing of lesions in this mouse strain. Although the possibility is raised by the data, no compelling evidence was obtained in this series of experiments that TH cell‐dependent ‘blocking antibodies’, or other serum components, are involved in perpetuating chronic disease in BALB/c mice.
Pulmonary artery diameters measured by multidetector-row computed tomography in healthy adults
Authors: Bozlar U. , Ors F. , Deniz O. , Uzun M. , Gumus S. , Ugurel M. S. , Yazar F. , Tayfun C. 
Published: November 2007

Background: The range of the diameters of pulmonary arteries (PA) is not fully shown in the current literature. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the thorax might be used for measuring diameters of the PA. Purpose: To determine the diameters of PAs in subjects with normal PA pressure by using thoracic CT. Material and Methods: 126 subjects aged between 19 and 46 years, having normal thoracic CTs (5-mm slice thickness) and normal PA pressures (⩽25 mmHg, determined by echocardiography), were included in the study. The diameters of the main, right, and left PAs were measured by using multidetector CT. Results: The main PA diameters of all the subjects showed a normal distribution, and the mean was 24.0±2.8 mm. The main PA diameters in male and female subjects also showed a normal distribution. The difference between the sexes for the main PA diameters was not significant ( P = 0.08). There were correlations between main PA diameter and body-mass index (BMI) ( R = 0.41, P = 0.001) and weight ( R = 0.34, P = 0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between main PA diameter and height ( R = 0.05, P = 0.6). Conclusion: This study suggests that diameters of the main PA and its main branches show a normal distribution in subjects having normal PA pressures. Based on our findings, the upper limits of the main, right, and left PA diameters are 29.5 mm, 19.8 mm, and 22.1 mm, respectively, in healthy adults.
Cervical lymph node metastases of unknown origin: primary tumor detection with whole-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography
Authors: Nassenstein K. , Veit-Haibach P. , Stergar H. , Gutzeit A. , Freudenberg L. , Kuehl H. , Fischer M. , Barkhausen J. , Bockisch A. , Antoch G. 
Published: November 2007

Background: Identification of primary tumor in patients with cervical lymph node metastasis of unknown primary (MUO) has a great impact on therapy approach and potentially on patient prognosis. Purpose: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of combined positron emission tomography (PET)/computer tomography (CT) for primary tumor detection in cervical metastases of unknown origin compared to PET, CT, and PET+CT side-by-side evaluation. Material and Methods: 39 consecutive patients (eight women, 31 men; mean age 59.9±11.2 years) with MUO were enrolled in this study. PET/CT images were obtained 1 hour after injection of 350 MBq of fluorodeoxyglucose. Oral and intravenous contrast agents were administered in all patients to ensure diagnostic CT data. Fused PET/CT data were evaluated for primary tumor detection. Diagnostic accuracy was calculated and compared with CT alone, PET alone, and side-by-side PET+CT evaluation. Statistical analysis of differences in diagnostic performance between the different imaging procedures was based on the McNemar test. Results: Fused PET/CT depicted the primary tumor in 11 of 39 (28%) patients. In 28 (72%) patients, the primary tumor remained occult. CT revealed the primary in five (13%), PET alone in 10 (26%), and side-by-side evaluation of PET+CT in 10 (26%) of 39 patients. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the imaging modalities. Conclusion: PET, side-by-side PET+CT, and PET/CT revealed similar detection rates for primary tumors in cervical MUO patients. Therefore, cervical metastases of an unknown primary may be assessed with either of these imaging modalities. Detection rates with CT were substantially lower. Thus, inclusion of functional data for assessment of cervical MUO patients must be recommended.
Mutagenic analysis of Potato Virus X movement protein (TGBp1) and the coat protein (CP): in vitro TGBp1–CP binding and viral RNA translation activation
Authors: ZAYAKINA OLGA , ARKHIPENKO MARINA , KOZLOVSKY STANISLAV , NIKITIN NIKOLAI , SMIRNOV ALEXANDER , SUSI PETRI , RODIONOVA NINA , KARPOVA OLGA , ATABEKOV JOSEPH 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYPreviously, we have shown that encapsidated Potato virus X (PVX) RNA was non‐translatable in vitro, but could be converted into a translatable form by binding of the PVX movement protein TGBp1 to one end of the virion or by coat protein (CP) phosphorylation. Here, a mutagenic analysis of PVX CP and TGBp1 was used to identify the regions involved in TGBp1–CP binding and translational activation of PVX RNA by TGBp1. It was found that the C‐terminal (C‐ter) 10/18 amino acids region was not essential for virus‐like particle (VP) assembly from CP and RNA. However, the VPs assembled from the CP lacking C‐ter 10/18 amino acids were incapable of TGBp1 binding and being translationally activated. It was suggested that the 10‐amino‐acid C‐ter regions of protein subunits located at one end of a polar helical PVX particle contain a domain accessible to TGBp1 binding and PVX remodelling. The non‐translatable particles assembled from the C‐ter mutant CP could be converted into a translatable form by CP phosphorylation. The TGBp1–CP binding activity was preserved unless a conservative motif IV was removed from TGBp1. By contrast, TGBp1‐dependent activation of PVX RNA translation was abolished by deletions of various NTPase/helicase conservative motifs and their combinations. The motif IV might be essential for TGBp1–CP binding, but insufficient for PVX RNA translation activation. The evidence to discriminate between these two events, i.e. TGBp1 binding to the CP‐helix and TGBp1‐dependent RNA translation activation, is discussed.
Effect of storage on the gel‐forming properties of yam‐containing surimi gels
Authors: Chung Yun‐Chin , Chiang Been‐Huang , Chen Pei‐Chun , Huang Po‐Chun , Hsu Cheng‐Kuang 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe breaking forces, deformations and water‐holding capacities of pollock surimi gels (PSG) containing 20% fresh Tainung No. 1 (TNG1) yam (Dioscorea alata) stored at room temperature, 17 and 10 °C, were determined for 12 weeks to evaluate the feasibility of using fresh yam as a healthy ingredient and an alternative source for starch in surimi seafoods. The results showed that the texture properties of TNG1‐PSG decreased during storage regardless of the storage temperatures, except for an insignificant change found in the water‐holding capacity at 10 °C. Most changes in the texture properties occurred within 1 week, thus the use of fresh TNG1 immediately after harvest is required for producing TNG1‐PSG with good texture properties. Frozen storage of TNG‐PSG was also undertaken at −20 °C for 6 months. After 6‐months of storage, the breaking force and water‐holding capacity of TNG1‐PSG decreased by about 22% and 19%, respectively.