bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ceramics Tensile Grip
Authors: Larsen CG 
Published: March 2009

Minimizing bending strain in tension tests has become increasingly important over the last few years with the advent of testing very brittle materials such as ceramics. There are many different ways to minimize bending strain m a tension test, but the most popular method is to allow the grip ends to move freely, or float.
This paper discusses a new tensile grip that uses a captive volume of oil to support the tensile load applied to the specimen. The portion of the grip that is attached to the specimen is allowed to float on a captive volume of oil so that very little bending moment is applied to the specimen. Other factors that contribute to bending stress are discussed in relation to achieving a tension test with a minimum of bending strain.
Data is presented showing the capability of the grip. This data has been manipulated to differentiate between the bending strain caused by the grip versus the bending strain caused by eccentricities within the test specimen. The results are shown as percent bending strain of axial strain versus axial load.
This paper discusses the function, logistics of use, and experimental test results of this new tensile grip. The results show that this grip is capable of producing accurate test results with even very brittle materials.
Influence of Size Distribution on Droplet Mean Diameter Obtained by Ensemble Light Scattering
Authors: Presser C , Gupta AK , Dobbins RA , Semerjian HG 
Published: March 2009

Measurements with a phase/Doppler interferometric (PDI) single-particle-counting system and the ensemble light-scattering/polarization ratio (ESPR) technique have been carried out in a kerosene spray, introduced vertically upwards into coflowing nonswirling and swirling air flow fields. The droplet mean sizes, determined using the ensemble technique, were found to be smaller than those obtained with the PDI system. Determination of the Sauter mean diameter (D32) for each technique is based on different assumptions which may have an influence on the results. One assumption for the ensemble light-scattering measurements is the form of the droplet size distribution, which in this case incorporates a monomodal log-normal distribution function (LNDF) of prescribed skewness. Measurements taken with the phase/Doppler system have indicated the presence of both positively skewed monomodal profiles with long tails (along the centerline) and bimodal distributions (near the spray boundary). Our results indicate that the LNDF can adequately represent monomodal size distributions found near the spray centerline. Near the spray boundary, the combination of two monomodal log-normal distribution functions is used to represent the measured bimodal size distributions.To investigate the effect of size distribution on the measurement of droplet size, several different monomodal distribution functions with varying degrees of skewness were examined, as well as a bimodal distribution function. Calculations for the ESPR technique using a log-normal distribution function are evaluated with measured PDI size distributions, and the dependence of polarization ratio on D32 is examined. The results indicate that the geometric mean diameter and the complex refractive index have a significant influence on the polarization ratio, while the geometric standard deviation and the integration limits in droplet size have a small effect. The polarization ratio, however, does not change dramatically if the value of these parameters is kept within the range of interest and the assumed size distribution remains similar to that measured. Therefore, the differences in the measured droplet size cannot be solely attributed to the uncertainties in the size distribution.
Volatile Agent Monitoring
Authors: Whitcher C 
Published: March 2009

A case for routine monitoring of volatile anesthetic agents (halocarbons) is based on presumptions of enhanced patient safety, quality patient care, and economy. The patient under anesthesia stands to benefit when halocarbon concentrations in anesthetic gas mixtures are precisely known. Although dial settings of halocarbon vaporizers may roughly approximate halocarbon concentrations present in anesthetic breathing systems, several factors contribute to discrepancies between dial-set concentrations and directly measured concentrations. These discrepancies are often clinically significant. The variables causing discrepancies are complex, being influenced by multiple factors such as the duration of anesthesia, flow rates of gases employed with halocarbons, and vaporizer accuracy. These variables are often difficult to predict and correct for. Therefore, the continuous monitoring of halocarbon concentrations in anesthetic breathing systems offers the most viable method of assessing the halocarbon concentrations present.
Halometry is likely to prove cost-effective on at least two counts, including facilitation of economical reduced flow-rate anesthetic techniques, which conserve expensive halocarbons, and decreased anesthetic mishaps due to over- and underdosage, which may reduce litigation and insurance rates.
Halometers are readily available for routine use. Clinically useful features include frequency response sufficient for breath-by-breath analysis, as end-tidal concentrations are related to anesthetic depth. Readability to two significant figures is also useful. The capability of specific agent recognition seems important primarily when vaporizers are easily misfilled with wrong agents. The overall complexity of patient monitoring need not be objectionably increased by routine halometry. The time may be appropriate for a halometry standard.
The Application of Supercritical Fluid Capillary Chromatography to the Analysis of Appendix-VIII and IX Compounds
Authors: Pospisil PA , Marcus MF , Kobus MA 
Published: March 2009

Supercritical fluid chromatographic technology was used to successfully chromatograph over 270 Appendix VIII and IX compounds on a single column, within one hour. Retention times, response factors and chromatographic conditions for the analysis of a very broad range of compound classes are presented.
The Appendix VIII and IX lists define the compounds of major regulatory importance in a broad range of solid wastes and groundwater. They include upwards of several hundred organic substances, covering a broad compositional, polarity, volatility, thermal and hydrolytic stability ranges. Some of the entries are mixtures such as coal tar, creosote, cresols, PCB'S, aflatoxins, and dioxins, which may contain hundreds of individual components. Significant numbers of these compounds can be difficult to determine by existing analytical techniques because of their lack of volatility and low thermal stability. The application of this technology will cost reduce and streamline existing practices and open new avenues of analytical research in the areas of improved calibration and confirmatory analysis.
Volatile Organic Sample Preservation for a Soil, Sediment or Waste
Authors: Urban MJ , Smith JS , Schultz EK , Dickinson RK 
Published: March 2009

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are rapidly volatilized from moist soil and sediment. Losses in VOC concentrations can amount to as much as three orders of magnitude during the sampling, transportation, storage, and analytical processes. These losses usually occur during various sample handling procedures. Use of a narrow-mouth sample container such as a 40 mL volatile organic analysis (VOA) vial necessitates breaking up the soil sample, thus increasing surface area and VOC losses.
Laboratory sample preparation procedures also lead to VOC losses.There is headspace loss when the sample jar is opened. Stirring the sample promotes VOC losses, and the weighing process can lose major amounts of VOCs because of the small sample sizes recommended for purge and trap VOC analysis.
In this study to minimize the losses of VOCs due to sample handling, the soil VOCs were preserved with methanol in the field. The U.S. EPA Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) medium level VOC analytical methodology with minor changes was then followed for quantitative measurement.
In a site investigation where seven chlorinated chemicals were present, samples were taken from a split spoon using both the 40 mL VOA vial soil sampling and the methanol field preserved sampling methods. The analyses of these samples indicated a difference of approximately two orders of magnitude between the two methodologies. The methanol method gives results that are more accurate and representative of the environmental field conditions. However, the detection limit is about 250 μg/Kg. The theoretical detection limit for low level VOC analysis using CLP methodology is 5 μg/Kg, however, given the documented VOC losses of approximately two orders of magnitude this low level detection limit specification is misleading. After accounting for potential VOC losses due to sample handling the methanol preparation methodology appears to be more applicable to measurement of low levels of VOCs in soil than existing procedures.
A Comparison of the Performance Characteristics of Sorbent Column Packing Materials Used for Purgeable Organics Analysis
Authors: Weston CA , Speis D , Albert RP 
Published: March 2009

The use of silica gel as a component of the sorbent column trap for the determination of volatile organics by GC/MS (SW-846 Method 8240) has been found to lead to water vapor buildup in the instrument vacuum system which results in loss of sensitivity, inaccuracies in the data and in some cases automatic shutdown of the MS due to excess pressure in the ion source.
Several alternative sorbent trap packings have been investigated as a means of alleviating the detrimental effects resulting from the retention of excess water vapor in the GC/MS system. The most successful combinations have excluded silica gel as a sorbent column component.
Instrument response data were generated for the volatile organic target compounds listed on the USEPA Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) and several gaseous Freons using sorbent traps with and without silica gel. Method detection limits were experimentally determined on each trapping system and evaluated for statistically significant differences. Statistical comparisons of trapping efficiency were also performed for the two systems. The method calibration requirements (SPCC and CCC) were evaluated against the method criteria for the silica gelfree sorbent column.
Statistically significant deviations in silica gel-free trap performance were minor and did not adversely affect the achievement of the method performance criteria for SW-846 Method 8240.
Validation of a Microwave Digestion Method for Solid Wastes
Authors: Binstock DA , Grohse PM , Gaskill A , Sellers C 
Published: March 2009

The techniques that are typically used to prepare RCRA wastes for analysis for metals and other elements are generally relatively time consuming, requiring several hours to several days to complete. They also often involve the use of acid digestions and thermal decomposition steps which may result in analyte losses, incomplete recoveries, or sample contamination. These limitations are well known to the analytical community and to the end users of these data in the U.S. EPA, States, and industry. The resulting inefficiency of these techniques reduces laboratory sample throughput, drives up the cost of analytical testing and impedes decisionmaking. Given these concerns, the OSW Methods Section is interested in developing cost-effective sample preparation techniques for metals and other elements in environmental and process waste samples. Once developed, these techniques can then be written as methods for inclusion in the U.S. EPA “Test Methods for Evaluation of Solid Waste” (SW-846) [1] and made available to the user community.
A microwave-assisted sample preparation method for determining elements in solid waste has been developed (Method 3051). This paper reports on the validation of this method by a collaborative study to determine its precision and accuracy. Both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the method were assessed. Qualitative factors evaluated were ease of use and time requirements. Quantitative factors evaluated were the bias and the precision (single laboratory and total). The method was compared with U.S. EPA Method 3050, an open-vessel, hot plate digestion method.
Leachability of Chemicals from Hazardous Waste Land Treatment Sites
Authors: Erickson DC , Rogers LA , Loehr RC 
Published: March 2009

Chemicals in soil are subjected to environmental factors which may influence their mobility. Climatic stress can alter soil structure and chemical retaining properties and low pH can influence chemical mobility. The Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) is being used to assess chemical mobility. The objectives of this research were to: (a) determine the leachability of specific metals and organics from soils at hazardous waste land treatment sites using the TCLP, (b) evaluate the mobility of hazardous constituents as a function of soil depth for these sites, and (c) determine the effects of weathering cycles on the leachability of these constituents.
Soils from several hazardous waste land treatment sites initially were characterized for selected metals and organics and their mobility determined using the TCLP. The soils then were subjected to repetitive freeze/thaw and wet/dry cycles, and retested using the TCLP to determine whether significant changes in chemical mobility were caused by the weathering action. Metals analyses for both the weathered and non-weathered samples indicated that, of the six metals tested, only zinc exceeded background levels consistently. No clear differences were detected when metal concentrations in TCLP extracts from weathered and nonweathered samples were compared. Organic compounds were not detected in either sets of extracts.
Residual Fuel Oil as Potential Source of Groundwater Contamination
Authors: Davani B , Sanders B , Jungclaus GA 
Published: March 2009

As part of the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) continuing effort to develop the basis for listing certain refinery wastes as hazardous, fuel oil tank bottoms were characterized for semivolatile organic compounds including selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
No. 6 fuel oil samples were collected from four areas, one in Kansas City and three in Northern California. Soxhlet extraction with methylene chloride, followed by fractionation on alumina, were used to isolate the PAHs in fuel oil samples. The sample extracts were analyzed by high resolution gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Total selected PAH concentrations in the fuel oil samples ranged from 71 to 6,560 ug/g. Higher concentrations of other aromatic compounds including alkylated PAHs and sulfur-containing aromatic hydrocarbons were also detected in the samples.
Additionally, laboratory-scale soils columns (2 cm ID and approximately 10 cm long) were used to model the transport of oily waste in the subsurface and potential migration into the groundwater. In one set of the experiments, the oil was introduced on the top of the soil using a disposable minipipet and was then allowed to migrate freely. In the second set of experiments, the soil columns were subjected to a small pressure using pure nitrogen gas. All the studies were conducted at room temperature and the soil columns were saturated with water prior to the addition of the fuel oil.
Several oil mobility studies were performed with fine and coarse soil. The fine soils initially showed no visible mobility for the fuel oil sample during the 17-day experimental period. However, additional experiments using oil/soil ratios of 1:1 and 1:2 (30 g of soil) showed movement of the fuel oil through the entire length of the fine soil column (10 cm). The oil moved through the coarse sandy soil column and also eluted from the coarse column when the same oil/soil ratios as above were used. The fuel oil passed through the columns with little absorption (in a matter of minutes or hours) when the columns were pressurized at approximately 20 psi with nitrogen gas.
In a related study, several Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, “TCLP” experiments[1] were conducted to assess the feasibility of using TCLP for this type of oily waste and to compare the TCLP results with the corresponding soil column studies. In light of the results obtained in this set of experiments, the applicability of TCLP to this type of oily waste must be cautioned. Furthermore, due to dissimilar processes and experimental conditions involved in the TCLP and column studies, it was concluded that comparison of the two procedures may not be appropriate.
The Definition and Classification of Hazardous Waste Matrices
Authors: Pospisil PA , Marcus MF 
Published: March 2009

Analytical chemistry plays a major role in the hazardous waste field, but the hazardous waste analyte/matrix relation generates an additional dimension of sample complexity not encountered in other disciplines. Hazardous waste analytes are clearly defined by regulations; however, no classification systems exist for hazardous waste matrices. This presents a problem when applying regulatory methodology to waste streams, as no information is included as to the methods applicability or suitability.
Twenty four basic hazardous waste classes have been defined based on materials most frequently occurring in waste management operations. The definitions are based on the physico-chemical composition of about 1000 samples received at the CWMI Technical Center. The system can classify 90 to 95 per cent of the samples received within CWMI. Multiphase mixtures can easily fit into the system by considering each phase as a unique matrix. All of the hazardous wastes having waste classification codes can be fit into this system. The development of a uniform, systematic waste classification system provides a viable solution as to which analytical methods are applied to the diverse types of hazardous wastes. This work parallels and facilitates advances in the areas of hazardous materials disposal research, analytical methods development, and QA/QC programs, by providing uniform and realistic reference material classifications.
Deformability of Zirconium-Lined Cladding Tube in Cold Pilgering
Authors: Abe H , Tarui H , Kobayashi T , Honji M , Konishi T 
Published: March 2009

The effect of fabrication parameters on the inner microfissure in the Zr-lined cladding tube has been investigated. The results were as follows: 1. The Q-value during cold pilgering is an important factor for inner fissures. When the Qvalue is larger than 1.5, the tube is subject to the favorable effect on the fissure. 2. The inner fissures are dependent on grain size of the Zr liner. The smaller grain of the mother tube before cold pilgering has a good effect on the inner fissure of the tube after cold pilgering. 3. Pickling before cold pilgering has proven to be important for decreasing defects in the bore of the Zr-lined tube.
These results are very useful for improving and assuring the quality of the Zr-lined cladding tube.
Fracture Toughness of Irradiated Zr-2.5Nb Pressure Tubes from CANDU Reactors
Authors: Chow CK , Coleman CE , Hosbons RR , Davies PH , Griffiths M , Choubey R 
Published: March 2009

About 400 pressure-tubes made of cold-worked Zr-2.5Nb are used in a CANDU power reactor to contain the nuclear fuel and the heat transport fluid, heavy water, at between 250 to 310°C at a pressure of about 10 MPa. The fracture toughness of these tubes is needed to determine if they are fit for service. We have measured the fracture toughness by bursting 450 mm long tube sections and using 17 mm curved compact toughness (C(T)) specimens, employing the J-integral resistance curve method in both cases. The burst test is expensive but it simulates the stress state under which the pressure tubes operate, while the small specimen method is more economical although the interpretation of data is more difficult.
The results indicate that the fracture toughness decreases rapidly during the first few years of operation, but when the fluence reaches about 3 × 1025 n/m2 (E &gt; 1 MeV) the decrease in toughness slows down. The post-irradiation toughness is not affected by either the initial mechanical properties or the difference in irradiation temperatures at the inlet and outlet of the fuel channel.
Although the results from small specimens and the burst tests show the same trend for the decrease of toughness with fluence, the JR curves obtained from the C(T) specimens are more conservative. Reasons for the differences are discussed. The evolution of microstructure during irradiation was also studied in an attempt to correlate the change to fracture toughness.
Investigation of Nodular Corrosion Mechanism for Zircaloy Products
Authors: Wang CT , Eucken CM , Graham RA 
Published: March 2009

Flat mill products of Zircaloy-4 and controlled-chemistry Zircaloy-2 were processed using different rolling schedules in order to generate different textures and other metallurgical conditions. Tubular products of three heats of controlled-chemistry Zircaloy-2 were also processed using various thermo-mechanical parameters and different tube reduction schedules. Samples were taken for 500 and 520°C steam autoclave tests and texture and microstructure examination. Intermetallic precipitates were analyzed for mean diameters and particle size distributions using optical high magnification photographs. Matrix concentrations of Fe, Cr, and Ni were analyzed by electron microprobe with automated stage control.
Results showed that the nodular corrosion resistance for controlled-chemistry Zircaloy-2 was excellent, while that for Zircaloy-4 was rather poor. The Zircaloy-2 tubeshell may be annealed up to 663°C/2h without detriment to the nodular corrosion resistance of the final size tubing if other fabrication variables are properly controlled. The optimum process for tube reducing is a high Q ratio and high percent of reduction in area. Neither β quench nor α + β treatment after tube extrusion is required to produce cladding tube that is free of nodules in 500 or 520°C autoclave tests. Low basal pole densities are generally related to high corrosion weight gains. The accumulated annealing parameter, ΣA, can generally predict the nodular corrosion behavior of the material, but it cannot account for the higher corrosion weight gain at an intermediate stage and lower weight gain at the final size.
The most significant correlation is established between variation in concentrations of iron, chrome, and nickel in Zircaloy-2 and nodular corrosion behavior of the material. A depletion of these elements in the matrix or a large spacing between intermetallic precipitates causes poor nodular corrosion resistance. The positive effect of cold work on the nodular corrosion resistance is attributed to increasing the yield strength of the substrate.