bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Karnes Kevin C. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the calls made by Eduard Hanslick and Guido Adler to transform the study of music after the model of the natural sciences in light of statements on science and historical study published by Wilhelm Windelband, Moriz Thausing, and other 19th-century theorists of method. It argues that polemics such as Hanslick's On the Musically Beautiful inspired and reflected considerable confusion and disagreement among critics and scholars with respect to methodologies and ideologies of music research. It examines Adler's use of the term Musikwissenschaft or the “science of music,” arguing that he intended it to connote not the literal emulation of research methods associated with the natural sciences but the application of a mode of investigation that valorized empirical observation and inductive reasoning. It concludes by suggesting that many late-century writers on music, including Hanslick, Schenker, and Adler himself, harbored ambivalent attitudes toward such scientifically inspired approaches and methods.
CHAPTER ONE FORGOTTEN HISTORIES AND UNCERTAIN LEGACIES
Authors: Karnes Kevin C. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter offers a substantial reevaluation of Hanslick's work by situating it at the center of late 19th-century debates about the future of the discipline he helped to found. Hired by the University of Vienna in 1856 to advance an empiricist movement in art-historical study inspired by the work of the philosopher Johann Friedrich Herbart, Hanslick veered sharply from the Herbartian path within a decade of his appointment. Giving up his attempts to expand his formalist treatise On the Musically Beautiful into a systematic aesthetics in the 1860s, he determined to dedicate himself to the study of cultural history in the post-Hegelian tradition of August Wilhelm Ambros, as evidenced in his second book, History of Concert Life in Vienna (1869). The chapter concludes by arguing that it was Hanslick's abandonment of Herbartianism, rather than his early formalism, that defined his reputation among university colleagues during the final quarter of the century.
CHAPTER TWO MUSIC CRITICISM AS LIVING HISTORY
Authors: Karnes Kevin C. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter takes a close look at Hanslick's writings published after his abandonment of Austrian Herbartianism in the mid-1860s. It argues that Hanslick, after producing a Hegelian history of Viennese musical life in 1869, soon rejected Hegel's philosophy of history as well, and spent his remaining thirty-four years elaborating a novel and avowedly subjective historiography of music that placed the experiences of the listening subject at the center of the historical narrative. Examining the contents of his resulting twelve books, which he collectively called a “living history” of Viennese concert life, the chapter suggests that the latter project constituted Hanslick's contribution to a broad and diffuse movement among some late-century historians and philosophers—including Nietzsche, Windelband, and Jacob Burckhardt—who questioned the pretense to objectivity in the work of their positivist colleagues and insisted upon the inherently subjective nature of all historical observations.
CHAPTER THREE MUSIC ANALYSIS AS CRITICAL METHOD
Authors: Karnes Kevin C. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines Schenker's analytical reviews of Brahms's songs, Op. 107, and choral pieces, Op. 104 (1891–92), in light of the disciplinary debates considered in the previous chapters. It argues that Schenker adopted a hermeneutic approach to analysis and criticism in an attempt to elucidate the structure and significance of Brahms's work, and invoked theories of musical structure and meaning that are distinctly Wagnerian. The chapter suggests that this pairing of critical agenda and analytical strategy was inspired by Schenker's desire to illuminate the effects of Brahms's genius in his work, and, more broadly, by his sense that his fellow critics' fascination with scientifically inspired modes of musical inquiry had hindered their appreciation of that genius and limited the broad cultural relevance of their work. In Wagner, it concludes, Schenker found a theoretical foundation for his self-consciously subjective explorations.
CHAPTER FOUR COMPOSER, CRITIC, AND THE PROBLEM OF CREATIVITY
Authors: Karnes Kevin C. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter argues that Schenker, despite his misgivings about positivist scholarship, appreciated its promise with respect to the study of the creative process. In his earliest essays, he had toyed with an array of speculative theories of artistic creativity indebted to Wagner, E. T. A. Hoffmann, and a host of Romantic writers. Sometime around 1895, however, he made a radical turn, disavowing all speculative approaches to the subject and lobbying his readers to assume a self-consciously realistic and empirical perspective by considering only those insights into the compositional act provided by the sketches and reminiscences of practicing composers. This new emphasis in Schenker's writings made clear his newly found sympathies with the positivist spirit famously exemplified in Gustav Nottebohm's studies of Beethoven's sketchbooks. However, this empiricist strain of thought was fleeting; within a decade, Schenker would disavow it and again embrace a purely metaphysical notion of the creative mind.
CHAPTER FIVE A SCIENCE OF MUSIC FOR AN AMBIVALENT AGE
Authors: Karnes Kevin C. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter elaborates a revisionist portrait of Guido Adler as a writer deeply troubled by the implications of an increasingly scientific culture for the vitality of his nation's artistic life. It does this by examining Adler's attempt to respond, in his turn-of-the-century work, to an array of Wagner- and Nietzsche-inspired critiques of science and historical study. In an important yet largely forgotten corrective to his earlier positivist polemics, Adler rejected the programmatic assertions of Thausing, Philipp Spitta, and other positivist historians, and argued instead that musicologists must work to advance historical understanding not as an end in itself but in the service of composers, who would in turn work to transform historical styles and idioms into the “living” music of the present. The chapter concludes by suggesting that Adler's revised program for his discipline was exemplified in his advocacy of the work of Mahler, Schoenberg, and other contemporary artists.
CHAPTER SIX GERMAN MUSIC IN AN AGE OF POSITIVISM
Authors: Karnes Kevin C. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter considers the nationalist underpinnings of late-century musicology by examining the diverse and even contradictory cultural associations that Adler forged through the medium of his work. In his publications on the medieval origins of harmony, Adler distanced himself from attempts to claim exclusively Germanic origins for polyphonic phenomena. But in essays on Bach, Handel, and Mozart, penned in the mid-1880s, he indulged a brand of cultural chauvinism associated with Wagner and his followers. In his work on the Monuments of Music in Austria series of editions, Adler embraced a supranational vision of Austrian cultural identity endorsed by Habsburg officialdom, yet in his 1904 monograph on Wagner he declined to engage the composer's most inflammatory statements on race and identity. Each of these cases illuminates Adler's response to a specific crisis that shook his society, and together they testify to the difficulties of defining the German in the late-century musicological discourse.
EPILOGUE
Authors: Karnes Kevin C. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the reception of trends in the late 19th-century musicological discourse over the course of the next half-century and considers the politicization of these trends under the pressures of new ideological realities. It compares the reception of Arnold Schoenberg's empiricist accounts of the creative process, which were widely hailed in the postwar years, with the instinctual and later neglected accounts of the once-influential theorist Ernst Kurth. It suggests that the reception of these figures' work reflects the intellectual climate of postwar German and North American academe, in which subjective and irrationalist modes of humanistic inquiry were widely associated with the Nazi reception of Nietzsche and Wagner. The stringent positivism characteristic of much musicological work in the postwar years, it suggests in conclusion, seems to constitute a radical reinterpretation of nineteenth-century trends, undertaken within this new ideological context.
The Physics of Warm Nuclei
Authors: Hofmann Helmut 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis book offers a survey of nuclear physics at low energies and discusses similarities to mesoscopic systems. It addresses systems at finite excitations of the internal degrees of freedom where collective motion exhibits features typical of transport processes for small and isolated systems. The importance of quantum aspects is investigated both with respect to the microscopic damping mechanism and to the nature of the transport equations. It is vital to account for nuclear collective motion being self-sustained, which in the end implies a highly nonlinear coupling between internal and collective degrees of freedom, a feature which in the literature all too often is ignored. The book is to be considered self-contained. The first part introduces basic elements of nuclear physics and guides to a modern understanding of collective motion as a transport process. This overview is supplemented in the second part with more advanced approaches to nuclear dynamics. The third part deals with special aspects of mesoscopic systems for which close analogies with nuclear physics are given. In the fourth part, the theoretical tools are discussed in greater detail. These include nuclear reaction theory, thermostatics and statistical mechanics, linear response theory, functional integrals, and various aspects of transport theory.
Elementary concepts of nuclear physics
Authors: Hofmann Helmut 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter describes the basic concepts of nuclear models beginning with the bare force between two nucleons and ending with the complex configurations of the many-body system. For example those encountered in the optical model or in Niels Bohr's pictures of the compound nucleus and the liquid drop model. The role of sub-nuclear degrees of freedom is briefly considered. Elementary many-body properties related to independent particle motion are analyzed for the Fermi gas, and two-body correlations implied by the Pauli principle are introduced. Basic properties of nuclear reactions are explained and the relevance of the nucleonic mean free path is examined, for instance with respect to transport properties of collective motion. The Bethe-Weizsäcker-formula for nuclear masses is shown and the deformed liquid drop model is presented.
Nuclear matter as a Fermi liquid
Authors: Hofmann Helmut 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the significance of two body interactions to many-body properties, beginning with a schematic model showing the relevance of short-range correlations beyond those of the Fermi gas. These correlations are studied within Brueckner theory and the help of the Bethe-Goldstone equation, mainly for nuclear matter proper but extensions to finite temperature are presented. Effective forces of Skyrme type are derived through an expansion of the G-matrix to small relative momenta. This scheme hinges essentially on the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approximation, for which results for binding energy and equilibrium density are presented. An alternative variational method based on Jastrow functions is sketched, which demonstrates the necessity for considering effective three body forces. The concept of the nuclear equation of state is presented and parameterized by Skyrme forces with density dependent parameters. Finally, a semi-classical transport theory is presented which accounts for statistical collisions of the nucleons.
Independent particles and quasiparticles in finite nuclei
Authors: Hofmann Helmut 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins with an explanation of the application of Hartree-Fock for effective two-body forces. The benefits of exploiting those of Skyrme type are demonstrated and other interactions are presented, such as the Gogny force or others of separable nature. Phenomenological single particle potentials are introduced, which in many practical applications of the shell model may replace those of the self-consistent mean field: the oscillator potential, its modification in the Nilsson model, the Woods-Saxon and the folded-Yukawa potential. These contain a spin-orbit interaction, and for deformed nuclei, they deviate from the spherical shape. Finally, pair correlations are described at zero and finite temperature, and the usefulness of effective separable pairing forces is shown. The relevance of the gap parameter on the quasi-particle excitations is described.
From the shell model to the compound nucleus
Authors: Hofmann Helmut 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines nuclear properties that are related to the presence of interactions residual to the mean field. The elementary features of random matrix theory are explained, and the Wigner form of nearest level spacings in Gaussian ensembles is derived and compared with experimental evidence. Examples from nuclear physics and other chaotic and complex systems are shown. The spreading of states into more complicated configurations is described within a schematic model. For the general case, strength functions are introduced and their mathematical structure is explained. The energy dependence of single particle widths is discussed and compared with information from experiments. Inferences are drawn on the validity of the independent-particle model. For a time-dependent description, recurrent versus irreversible behavior is studied.
Shell effects and Strutinsky renormalization
Authors: Hofmann Helmut 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn finite nuclei, the shell effects of the independent particle model are manifest for states in the neighborhood of the Fermi level. Guided by the Strutinsky energy theorem, this fact is exploited in the Strutinsky method by renormalizing the macroscopic liquid drop energy through a shell correction. This chapter presents details of this method in its various facets, discusses consequences for the deformation energy, and provides numerical examples. The relation of the fluctuating part of the level density to periodic orbit theory (POT) is explained. An extension to finite temperature is presented. For the model of a strictly harmonic variation of the level density with energy, useful analytic formulas for the temperature dependence of thermal quantities of interest are derived, such as free energy or entropy; comparisons with the general case are given, both analytically in the spirit of POT and numerically.
Average collective motion of small amplitude
Authors: Hofmann Helmut 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on collective motion of isoscalar nature parameterized by shape variables. The equations of motion are derived from energy conservation as implied by self-consistency. A basic ingredient is the variation of the total static energy with deformation, which at finite thermal excitations has to be calculated for constant entropy. Linear response theory is exploited for the dynamics, especially for separating reactive and dissipative forces. Response functions for intrinsic, nucleonic motion are distinguished from those for collective dynamics. The origin of irreversible behavior due to the decay of simple to more complicated nucleonic configurations is described in detail. In practical applications, dressed single particle states are used in their dependence on temperature. The variation of the transport coefficients for inertia and friction with T obtained this way is confronted with that given in various other models, like in the diabatic one, in common RPA, in the random matrix model, or in the liquid drop model and for wall friction. Implications on rotational motion are discussed.
Transport theory of nuclear collective motion
Authors: Hofmann Helmut 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter develops a quantal transport theory for non-linear nuclear collective motion, the coordinates of which are functionals of the nucleonic degrees of freedom, the latter being interpreted as ‘heat bath’. Introduced on the mean field level the collective variables must be quantized. This is accomplished through the Bohm-Pines method, which leads to an extended Hamiltonian for the entire system. On this basis, transport equations are deduced through a non-perturbative Nakajima-Zwanzig procedure. This scheme is carried out within a locally harmonic approximation, in which all collective forces are linearized locally and in which Gaussian forms are used for propagators of Wigner functions. The diffusion coefficients are determined by the quantal fluctuation dissipation theorem, which for unstable modes requires appropriate analytic continuations. This scheme breaks down below a critical value of temperature identical to that found in the Caldeira-Leggett model for real time propagation. Fundamental properties of these propagators are studied.
The statistical model for the decay of excited nuclei
Authors: Hofmann Helmut 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of the decay of the compound nucleus by particle emission. Formulas for the transition rates are derived by exploiting basic properties of the T-matrix, such as the concept of microreversibility. Connections with the statistical model of nuclear reactions are established and interpretations in terms of statistical mechanics are given. Finally, the Bohr-Wheeler formula for the fission rate is reviewed and interpreted by considering, amongst others, stability conditions for fission in the liquid drop model.
Pre-equilibrium reactions
Authors: Hofmann Helmut 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn pre-equilibrium reactions, the nuclear complex breaks up before it reaches statistical equilibrium. Such reactions can be described within a time-dependent picture, in which the population and de-population of different classes of configurations is determined by master equations. This chapter describes an illustrative model for reactions with light particles, which elucidates the physics of such processes and allows the derivation of formulas for the fluctuating cross sections. The one for the last of all possible decays may be related to that of the statistical model. As an essential difference, the more general formula contains the formation cross section as a multiplicative factor, and through this depends on the initial channel. In the last section, comparisons are made with more complex theories. An approximate formula for p-h-densities is presented as an intermediate step.
Level densities and nuclear thermometry
Authors: Hofmann Helmut 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBased on the Darwin-Fowler approximation various models for the many-body level density Ω are introduced, critically examined, and confronted with empirical parameterizations. This concerns both the macroscopic limit as well as the case where shell effects are included. Interpretations in the spirit of thermostatics are given. Implications for the use of the temperature concept and of the canonical ensemble are discussed in greater detail. Dependences of Ω on particle number and angular momentum are described. Theoretical approaches are sketched by which Ω can be treated on a microscopic basis, by applying functional integrals or the shell model Monte Carlo method (SMMC), for instance.
Dynamics of fission at finite temperature
Authors: Hofmann Helmut 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents basic schemes of deriving rate formulas from Fokker-Planck equations, following Kramers and Langer but accounting for variable transport coefficients. Langer's derivation involves the imaginary part of the partition function, which is calculated for variable inertia. For over-damped motion, the concept of the mean first passage time is introduced and the associated fission escape time is compared with that given by rate formulas. It is demonstrated how structures in the potential energy may lead to sizable modifications of rates deduced by saddle point approximations. A critical review of transient times and saddle-to-scission times is given in their application to the analysis of experiments. The influence of quantum effects on the fission rate is examined, firstly as determined by the quantal Fokker-Planck equation, secondly by evaluating microscopically the many-body partition function within a functional integral approach. Critical temperatures and comparisons with the Caldeira-Leggett model are discussed.
Heavy-ion collisions at low energies
Authors: Hofmann Helmut 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn this regime heavy ion collisions can be parameterized by shape variables, the evolution of which is determined by transport equations of Fokker-Planck or Langevin type. This chapter describes basic scenarios together with the commonly used input for the equations of motion. Formulas for differential cross sections of deep inelastic reactions and total cross sections for fusion reactions are derived. For the latter, results obtained with microscopic and macroscopic transport coefficients (e.g. from the piston or the wall and window model) are compared with each other, including the case of quantum effects in collective motion. Critical reviews of various theoretical approaches and their assumptions are given for microscopic and macroscopic pictures, with particular emphasis on the challenges one faces especially for nuclear transport.
Metals and quantum wires
Authors: Hofmann Helmut 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses conductivity in metals and semiconductor heterostructures. It aims to exhibit the similarities to nuclear transport problems. Semi-classical transport equations are used and the relaxation time approximation is exploited for the collision term. For metals, several processes are possible whose temperature dependence is discussed, namely electron-electron and electron-phonon collisions and scattering at impurities. The extent to which such features can be taken over to mesoscopic systems, such as quantum wires, is examined. For the two-dimensional electron gas it is shown that the electron transport may behave ballistically and that the conductivity is quantized. The resistance becomes finite because of contacts with leads. This makes up an essential difference from the nuclear case, where no external heat bath exists.
Energy transfer to a system of independent fermions
Authors: Hofmann Helmut 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the rate of energy transfer to a system of independent fermions inside a cavity. It is formulated first for the classical wall picture and then for quantum systems by applying basic formulas of linear response theory and allowing for finite frequencies of the external field. It is shown how wall friction can be regained by suitably energy averaging the strength functions involved. Studies of chaotic billiards are briefly reviewed. The formula of wall friction is derived by introducing a macroscopic limit to the microscopic response functions by way of Strutinsky smoothing defined in analogy to the Strutinsky procedure for the static energy.