bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-paced exercise is less physically challenging than enforced constant pace exercise of the same intensity: influence of complex central metabolic control
Authors: Lander P J , Butterly R J , Edwards A M 
Published: February 2009

Objective:To examine whether self-pacing reduces the physiological challenge of performing 5000 m rowing ergometry exercise in comparison with a matched-intensity exercise condition in which a constant effort pacing strategy is enforced.Methods:Nine healthy well-trained male participants volunteered to participate in three 5000 m rowing conditions (two submaximal and one maximal conditions) in an individualised order. In the submaximal conditions, participants were required to (1) perform 5000 m at a constant rating of perceived exertion (RPE 15-Hard) (SubRPE) or (2) perform 5000 m at an enforced constant pace equivalent to the mean power output (PO) of the SubRPE condition (SubEXT). A maximal condition (MaxTT) was included to disguise the purpose of the study and to facilitate an element of randomisation in the test sequence. Dynamic intratest responses were assessed every 30s: PO, Vo2, iEMG, core (Tc) and skin temperatures (Tsk).Results:There was no difference between performance times of the two submaximal trials. The mean PO represented 83.83 (SD 8.88)% (SubRPE) and 83.40 (8.84)% (SubEXT) of the mean MaxTT power output. Tc(SubRPE:38.46 (0.23)°C, SubEXT:38.72 (0.36)°C; p<0.01), post-test BLa (SubRPE:5.24 (2.18), SubEXT:6.19 (2.51) mmol/l; p<0.05) and iEMG (p<0.05) were significantly elevated in SubEXT compared with SubRPE. There were no differences in the dynamics of HR or Vo2between SubEXT and SubRPE. The intratest stroke-to-stroke variability of power output was significantly greater in the SubRPE condition compared with SubEXT (p<0.01).Conclusions:Enforced constant paced exercise presents a significantly greater physiological challenge than self-paced exercise. The ability to dynamically self-pace effort via manipulations of power output during exercise is an important behavioural response to homeostatic challenges and thus forms an integral part of a complex central regulatory process.
Overweight, obesity and risk of work disability: a cohort study of construction workers in Germany
Authors: Claessen H , Arndt V , Drath C , Brenner H 
Published: February 2009

Objectives:Although obesity and permanent work disability impose a great burden on the individual and are very costly for society, data on the impact of being overweight on occupational disability are sparse, especially in men who work hard physically. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of body mass index (BMI) with work disability among construction workers.Methods:The association between BMI and work disability was examined during a mean follow-up period of 10.8 years in a cohort of 16 875 male construction workers in Württemberg, Germany, who participated in routine occupational health examinations from 1986 to 1992. Hazard ratios were calculated with normal weight (20.0–22.4 kg/m2) as reference using the Cox proportional hazards model, after adjustment for potential confounding factors.Results:Overall, a U-shaped association of BMI with all-cause work disability (total number = 3064 cases) was observed, with the lowest risk of disabilities at BMI levels between 25 and 27.4 kg/m2. Strong positive associations were observed between BMI and work disability due to osteoarthritis or cardiovascular diseases, whereas BMI was inversely related to work disability due to cancer, even after exclusion of the first 3 years of follow-up.Conclusions:Moderate overweight is not associated with increased risk of work disability among construction workers, but obesity increases the risk of work disability due to osteoarthritis and cardiovascular disease.
Unstable angina following anaphylaxis
Authors: Ameratunga R , Webster M , Patel H 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA 55-year-old woman developed unstable angina following an episode of severe anaphylaxis which was treated with 0.5 mg intramuscular epinephrine (adrenaline). The exact cause of her ongoing unstable angina was uncertain but may have reflected either vasospasm superimposed upon an area of atherosclerotic coronary disease, or vasospasm induced plaque rupture. Four weeks later, she had a second episode of anaphylaxis, and suffered a cardiac arrest after receiving a bolus of intravenous epinephrine. This case illustrates the importance of careful assessment of patients after anaphylaxis, both to prevent recurrence and to treat complications from the episode. It highlights the dangers of intravenous epinephrine in treating anaphylaxis outside anaesthetic and intensively monitored settings.
Arginase I–Producing Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Renal Cell Carcinoma Are a Subpopulation of Activated Granulocytes
Authors: Rodriguez Paulo C. , Ernstoff Marc S. , Hernandez Claudia , Atkins Michael , Zabaleta Jovanny , Sierra Rosa , Ochoa Augusto C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMyeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) producing arginase I are increased in the peripheral blood of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MDSC inhibit T-cell function by reducing the availability of l-arginine and are therefore considered an important tumor escape mechanism. We aimed to determine the origin of arginase I–producing MDSC in RCC patients and to identify the mechanisms used to deplete extracellular l-arginine. The results show that human MDSC are a subpopulation of activated polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells expressing high levels of CD66b, CD11b, and VEGFR1 and low levels of CD62L and CD16. In contrast to murine MDSC, human MDSC do not deplete l-arginine by increasing its uptake but instead release arginase I into the circulation. Activation of normal PMN induces phenotypic and functional changes similar to MDSC and also promotes the release of arginase I from intracellular granules. Interestingly, although activation of normal PMN usually ends with apoptosis, MDSC showed no increase in apoptosis compared with autologous PMN or PMN obtained from normal controls. High levels of VEGF have been shown to increase suppressor immature myeloid dendritic cells in cancer patients. Treatment of RCC patients with anti-VEGF antibody bevacizumab, however, did not reduce the accumulation of MDSC in peripheral blood. In contrast, the addition of interleukin-2 to the treatment increased the number of MDSC in peripheral blood and the plasma levels of arginase I. These results may provide new insights on the mechanisms of tumor-induced anergy/tolerance and may help explain why some immunotherapies fail to induce an antitumor response. [Cancer Res 2009;69(4):1553–60]
Normality in Husserl and Foucault
Authors: Gyllenhammer Paul 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHusserl and Foucault appear to have little in common when it comes to the question of normality. Husserl often discusses the emergence or constitution of norms from a subjective perspective whereas Foucault targets norms as a coercive problem. But if we recognize that the body is the locus of concern for both thinkers, then we can see that Husserl's interest in norm optimization is at home with Foucault's genealogical critique of bio-power. The essay draws a line of comparison between Husserl and Foucault around the idea of an optimizing practice.
Ageing and Personhood in Twenty-First Century Europe: A Challenge to Religion
Authors: Coleman Peter 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe nature and experience of human ageing is changing as people come to live longer lives both as active 'young-old' and dependent 'old-old'. Europe is in the forefront of population ageing and stands in great need of a creative response at many levels, including from religious bodies. There needs to be recognition that older Europeans benefit less than in the past from the elder's traditional religious role of witnessing and transmitting faith. Indeed in some European countries older people can be greatly troubled in their own faith yet pastorally unsupported as Christian churches focus on evangelizing the reluctant young. Pastoral theology needs to be developed to encourage creative responses to the older person's isolation, which can be cultural and spiritual as well as physical. Possibly the greatest challenge is to respond effectively to the rising numbers entering the fourth age in a state of dementia. In this respect western Christianity has much to learn from the Eastern Orthodox tradition, which lays less emphasis on rationality as the criterion for human and moral status, and more on the person in relationship. Even if we forget who we are, we can and should be remembered by others, and in the last analysis are remembered by God.
Faith-Based Organizing—A Justice Ministry: A Strategy for Ministry
Authors: Galluzzo Gregory 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFirst, this article challenges some of the assumptions about churches and charity, and secondly it offers an alternative vision for church. Along the way, the article draws on the work of notable scholars in the fields of faith-based and community organizing, and discusses some prominent case-studies. In short, the article argues that justice ministry is an essential strategy towards building a healthy church congregation.
A Comparison of Tropical and Midlatitude Thunderstorm Evolution in Response to Wind Shear
Authors: Wissmeier Ulrike , Goler Robert 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The influence of vertical wind shear on storm development within a tropical environment is studied with the aid of two numerical models and compared with that in simulations of midlatitude storms. The simulations show that larger wind shears are required in a tropical environment than in a midlatitude environment for a storm of given updraft velocity to split. This finding is supported by the experience of forecasters at the Australian Bureau of Meteorology Regional Forecasting Centre in Darwin that the operational storm forecasting tools developed for midlatitude storms overforecast supercells within the tropics.
That tropical storms require higher shears to split can be attributed either to the larger gust front speed or to the earlier gust front occurrence compared to those in the midlatitudes. A fast gust front cuts off the storm from the warm moist inflow and the updraft has little or no time to split. In the cases where the midtropospheric relative humidity is larger in the tropics or comparable with that in the midlatitudes, the total liquid water and ice content within the deeper tropical storms is larger than in the midlatitude storms, causing a stronger downdraft. In other words, the main contribution to the negative buoyancy of the downdraft is the water loading rather than the evaporative cooling. When a tropical storm is simulated in an environment with smaller midtropospheric relative humidity than in the midlatitudes, the amount of liquid water and ice within the storm is comparable to that within the midlatitude storm. Intense evaporation within the tropical storm then leads to a stronger negative buoyancy than in the midlatitude storm, causing a stronger downdraft and thus an earlier or a faster-spreading gust front.
At higher shears in the tropics, entrainment reduces the storm depth and thus water loading, resulting in a delayed gust front initiation and/or reduction of the gust front speed, which then allows storm splitting to occur.
Customization of RegCM3 Regional Climate Model for Eastern Africa and a Tropical Indian Ocean Domain
Authors: Davis Neil , Bowden Jared , Semazzi Fredrick , Xie Lian , Önol Bariş 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Rainfall is a driving factor of climate in the tropics and needs to be properly represented within a climate model. This study customizes the precipitation processes over the tropical regions of eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) Regional Climate Model (RegCM3). The convective schemes of Grell with closures Arakawa–Schubert (Grell–AS)/Fritch–Chappel (Grell–FC) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology–Emanuel (MIT–EMAN) were compared to determine the most realistic spatial distribution of rainfall and partitioning of convective/stratiform rainfall when compared to observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). Both Grell–AS and Grell–FC underpredicted convective rainfall rates over land, while over the ocean Grell–FC (Grell–AS) over- (under-) estimates convective rainfall. MIT–EMAN provides the most realistic pardoning and spatial distribution of convective rainfall despite the tendency for overestimating total rainfall. MIT–EMAN was used to further customize the subgrid explicit moisture scheme (SUBEX). Sensitivity tests were performed on the gridbox relative humidity threshold for cloudiness (RHmin) and the autoconversion scale factor (Cacs). An RHmin value of 60% (RHmin-60) reduced the amount of total rainfall over five heterogeneous rainfall regions in eastern Africa, with most of the reduction coming from the convective rainfall. Then, Cacs sensitivity tests improved upon the total rainfall amounts and convective stratiform partitioning compared to RHmin-60. Based upon all sensitivity simulations performed, the combination of the MIT–EMAN convective scheme, RHmin-60, and halving the model default value (0.4) of Cacs provided the most realistic simulation in terms of spatial distribution, convective partition, rainfall totals, and temperature bias when compared to observations.
Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Air Temperature Variability: 1840–2007*
Authors: Box Jason E. , Yang Lei , Bromwich David H. , Bai Le-Sheng 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Meteorological station records and regional climate model output are combined to develop a continuous 168-yr (1840–2007) spatial reconstruction of monthly, seasonal, and annual mean Greenland ice sheet near-surface air temperatures. Independent observations are used to assess and compensate for systematic errors in the model output. Uncertainty is quantified using residual nonsystematic error. Spatial and temporal temperature variability is investigated on seasonal and annual time scales. It is found that volcanic cooling episodes are concentrated in winter and along the western ice sheet slope. Interdecadal warming trends coincide with an absence of major volcanic eruptions. Year 2003 was the only year of 1840–2007 with a warm anomaly that exceeds three standard deviations from the 1951–80 base period. The annual whole ice sheet 1919–32 warming trend is 33% greater in magnitude than the 1994–2007 warming. The recent warming was, however, stronger along western Greenland in autumn and southern Greenland in winter. Spring trends marked the 1920s warming onset, while autumn leads the 1994–2007 warming. In contrast to the 1920s warming, the 1994–2007 warming has not surpassed the Northern Hemisphere anomaly. An additional 1.0°–1.5°C of annual mean warming would be needed for Greenland to be in phase with the Northern Hemispheric pattern. Thus, it is expected that the ice sheet melt rates and mass deficit will continue to grow in the early twenty-first century as Greenland’s climate catches up with the Northern Hemisphere warming trend and the Arctic climate warms according to global climate model predictions.
Investigating Spatial Downscaling of Satellite Rainfall Data for Streamflow Simulation in a Medium-Sized Basin
Authors: Rahman Sayma , Bagtzoglou Amvrossios C. , Hossain Faisal , Tang Ling , Yarbrough Lance D. , Easson Greg 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate spatial downscaling of satellite rainfall data for streamflow prediction in a medium-sized (970 km2) river basin prone to flooding. The spatial downscaling scheme used in the study was based on the principle of scale invariance. It reproduced the rainfall variability at finer scales while being conditioned on the large-scale rainfall. Two Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM)-based real-time global satellite rainfall products were analyzed: 1) the infrared (IR)-based 3B41RT product available at 1 hourly and 0.25° scales and 2) the combined passive microwave (PMW) and IR-based 3B42RT product available at 3 hourly and 0.25° scales. The conceptual Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) was used for the simulation of streamflow. It was found that propagation of spatially downscaled satellite rainfall in the hydrologic model increased simulation uncertainty in streamflow as rainfall grid scales became smaller than 0.25°. The streamflow simulation uncertainty for satellite downscaling was found to be very similar to that for ground validation Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) downscaling at any given scale, indicating that the effectiveness of the spatial downscaling scheme is not influenced by rainfall data type. Closer inspection at the subbasin level revealed that the limitation of the selected spatial downscaling scheme to preserve the mean rainfall intensity for irregularly sized drainage units was responsible for the increase in simulation uncertainty as scales became smaller. Although the findings should not be construed as a generalization for spatial downscaling schemes, there is a need for more rigorous hydrometeorological assessment of downscaled satellite rainfall data prior to institutionalizing its use for real-time streamflow simulation over ungauged basins.
Focus and the Interpretation of Pitch Accent: Disambiguating Embedded Questions
Authors: Schafer Amy , Carlson Katy , Clifton Harles , Frazier Lyn 
Published: February 2009

It has been suggested that prosodic disambiguation of sentences is largely a matter of prosodic phrasing. Ambiguities can be resolved if a prosodic break aligns with a major syntactic boundary of one structure but not another. The placement of pitch accents is viewed as playing only a supporting role (cf. Price, Ostendorf, Shattuck-Huffnagel, & Fong, 1991). This view of prosodic disambiguation does not apply tho all structures of a language. We report five experiments studying ambiguous sentences like (i) and (ii): (i) I asked the pretty little girl WHO is cold. I asked the pretty little girl who is COLD. (ii) Joshua began to wonder WHEN his girlfriend got a tattoo. Joshua began to wonder when his girl friend got a TATTOO. The presence of a prominent pitch accent on the interrogative constituent ( who, when) biased listeners to a emmbedded question interpretation whereas its absence biased thhem to a relative clause(i) or temporal adjunct(ii) analysis. The results suggest that accent, like prosodic breaks, can play a central role in guiding sentence comprehension.
Dialectal Variation in the Lexical Tone System of Ma'ya
Authors: Remijsen Bert 
Published: February 2009

This paper deals with dialectal variation in the lexical tone system of Ma'ya, an Austronesian language featuring three lexically contrastive tonemes (High, Rise, and Fall). Representative acoustic data were collected from the Misool, Salawati, and Laganyan dialects, and on the basis of these data, an account is given of their tone systems, and of how these tone systems compare to one another. The objective of this investigation is to gain insight in diachronic development in lexical tone systems. The Rise toneme features the most variation, both within and between dialects. Evidence is presented that the diachronic, between-dialectvariation in the Rise toneme is due to synchronic between-context variation (cf. Ohala, 1989). While this synchronic variation is still evident in the Salawati dialect, the two other dialects developed in radically different directions. In the Misool dialect, the generalization of one of the realizations of the Rise triggered a push-chain style tonal change, in which another toneme, the Fall, shifted upward in the tonal space, ensuring perceptual contrast. In the Laganyan dialect, on the other hand, the tonal contrast between the Fall and the Rise is lost in one context. The Laganyan dialect also developed a boundary tone which only surfaces when the syllable with which it is associated has a voiced coda.
“In the world of the tradition, I was unimagined”: Negotiation of identities in cross-cultural autobiographies
Authors: Pavlenko Aneta 
Published: February 2009

The present paper focuses on an unusual linguistic minority — contemporary American writers for whom English is a second language. The study examines ways in which these writers position and reposition themselves with regard to their multiple languages and identities in autobiographic narratives. The analysis of the narratives demonstrates that five main aspects of identity may be subject to renegotiation in the process of second language socialization: linguistic, racial and ethnic, cultural, gender, and social identities. It is argued that written—and, in particular, published—texts represent ideal discursive spaces for negotiation of identities, spaces where accents may be erased and the writers' voices imbued with authority. Furthermore, it is argued that the importance of cross-cultural autobiographies by bilingual writers is not simply in ways in which this writing allows the authors to reinvent themselves but rather in ways in which it allows second language(L2) users to assume legitimate ownership of their L2 and to provide the readers with new meanings, perspectives, and images of “being American—and bilingual” in the postmodern world.
Keep the Focus on the Family
Authors: Crawford Doreen Anne 
Published: February 2009

Children’s nurses deal with the family on a daily basis. There are manytheories about the family, and there is good supporting evidence focusing on the family as it interacts with healthcare professionals. Modern technology and the structure of today’s society haveinfluenced the way families function. This article considers some of the cornerstone theories about the family, looks at family stages, relates these to the healthcare setting and in particular examines the family under stress. Each family is (or has the potential to be) a unique dynamic, functional system of childrearing, care and support for its members. Children are often admitted to hospital for short periods or can be discharged home while still fairly dependent. This can mean a heavy family commitment, and how the family functions results in several issues for children’s nurses to reflect on. It is too simplistic to state that standards of care depend on how the family copes under pressure, but undoubtedly this would have some influence. Children’s nurses need to be able to assess the family in order to promote coping and to equip the family to deal with the stresses of extraordinary care demands, which can result in having a sick or dependent child at home. The aim should be to enable the family to find the caring experience a positive one and to be able to keep a balance and a quality to family life so that all the family members’ needs are met.
The politics of ‘new’ men’s lifestyle magazines
Authors: Stevenson Nick , Jackson Peter , Brooks Kate 
Published: February 2009

The article seeks to ask some ‘political’ questions in respect of the recent publishing success of men’s lifestyle magazines. What implications does the mass popularity of such magazines have for the social construction of masculinity, and how might we account for their success among young men? In particular we focus upon the content of the magazines, and seek to understand what is genuinely ‘new’ about them. In this respect we discuss the magazines’ visual nature, their focus upon heterosexual relationships and their use of irony and cynicism. We conclude that a ‘political’ reading of the magazines would mean that they are the cultural response to social change, rather than a backlash to feminism or harmless fun.