bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cybernetics And Management By Systems In Petroleum Exploration And Production
Authors: Hinterhuber Hans 
Published: December 2007

HINTERHUBER, HANS, Member AIME, AGIP SpA, Direzione Mineraria, San Donato, Milan, Italy
This paper was prepared for the European Regional Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Milan, Italy, April 4–6, 1968. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal, provided agreement to give proper credit is made. provided agreement to give proper credit is made. Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
This paper will:develop certain basic concepts about the nature of cybernetics,show how these relate to the management by systems,demonstrate how management by systems applies to the most efficient operation of petroleum exploration and production, andsuggest some possible exploration strategies for use at possible exploration strategies for use at different management levels.

Introduction
The vast growth in size, complexity, and diversity of operations of the modern petroleum company has made the managerial petroleum company has made the managerial function exceedingly difficult, but even more essential to the success of the enterprise. Modern petroleum exploration and production is characterized by its ever-increasing specialization, necessitated by the enormous amount of data, the complexity of techniques and of theoretical structures within every field.
Asphaltene Deposit Removal: Long-Lasting Treatment With a Co-Solvent
Authors: Trbovich M. G. , King G. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Introduction
Asphaltene problems are increasing on a wide scale in the petroleum industry. The deposition of these materials has been increasingly noted in production wells of CO2 floods and in miscible drive floods, after acid stimulations in asphaltic crude oil formations, and as pressures in older fields near the depletion point.
Many reservoirs produce without evidence of asphaltenes until the oil stability is disturbed. After the initial problems with asphaltenes, even those caused by a single use, catalytic behaving stimulus such as an acid job, many wells continue to exhibit problems long after operations return to normal.
Numerous remedies to remove asphaltic deposits and stabilization methods to control the deposition have been tried with varying amounts of success. This paper presents a review of the mechanisms that contribute to asphaltene precipitation and laboratory and field results of a class of solvent/stabilizer chemicals that has shown very good performance in removing asphaltic deposits, restoring production, and in preventing some upsets for extended periods of time.
Rock Properties of Berea Sandstone, Baker Dolomite, and Indiana Limestone
Authors: Churcher P. L. , French P. R. , Shaw J. C. , Schramm L. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A complete understanding of the various rock properties is essential in determining the rockfluid interactions that take place during coreflood experiments. Although Berea sandstone, Baker dolomite and Indiana limestone have been used by the petroleum industry as reference materials, very few data have been reported in the literature regarding their basic rock properties. This paper contains petrographic and petrophysical data for these rock types. Twelve representative samples were selected to study the variability and the relationship of several rock properties, including mineral content, grain and pore size, porosity, permeability, specific surface area, mercury capillary pressure, and electrokinetic properties.
The results indicate: 1) the Upper Berea sandstone samples studied exhibit correlations between porosity, permeability, specific surface area, and various parameters obtained from the mercury capillary pressure analyses that may be used to predict certain rock properties, 2) Baker dolomite and Indiana limestone contain a small amount of clays and organic matter, 3) These carbonates show a bimodal pore throat size distribution based on mercury capillary pressure analyses, and 4) The surface charges of these rocks are very dependent on the brine composition and pH.
The specific surface area and surface charge data can be used to determine the amount of chemical retention during corefloods using these or similar reservoir rocks. This information is necessary to optimize chemical processes used in the oilfield.
Aqueous Tracers for Oilfield Applications
Authors: Hutchins R. D. , Dovan H. T. , Sandiford B. B. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
As an oil field matures, the need for reservoir information increases. Improved geological descriptions are frequently necessary for the implementation of numerical modelling or improved oil recovery techniques. Frequently this description can be enhanced by tracer studies. Detecting the location of faults between wells is one specific use for tracing fluid flow. Tracer studies have also been used to complement the information provided by other reservoir characterization methods such as pulse and interference testing. The primary importance of tracer testing is that it provides direct proof that fluid flow has progressed from point A to point B, showing that communication paths exist. In addition, measured tracer breakthrough times are quite useful for inferring the flow characteristics of the reservoir. If the tracer program is poorly designed, the apparent absence of tracer detection at point B may lead to incorrect decisions affecting the management of the reservoir. We will discuss the proper selection and usage of chemicals for tracer testing. Limitations and precautions for individual chemicals will be demonstrated with test data from several field tests. The objective of a tracer test design must be known before a proper test can be implemented. Environmental aspects and analysis of certain tracer materials will also be addressed.
Improved Calculation of Casing Strains and Stresses in a Steam Injector Well Simulator
Authors: Rodríguez-Prada Héctor 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the modifications implemented in a steam-injection well simulator to model casing strains and stresses produced by the injection/production of hot fluids. These modifications allow the calculation of the axial, radial and hoop stresses, and the axial and radial displacements induced by temperature and pressure changes. With these calculations, it is possible to predict tension and compression failures and casing bursts or collapses, produced by excessive pressures and temperatures. The calculations take into account the thermal and mechanical effects simultaneously.
The recommended API calculation is only valid for inner diameter-thickness ratios larger than 20, but since casings with an inner diameter-thickness ratio of less than 20 are not uncommon, an expression was developed to calculate the maximum burst resistance for any casing thickness. The energy distortion theory was used in the analysis of the combined stresses. All of these calculations can be carried out at any point along the casing and with any boundary conditions.
Comparisons with other models reveal several differences. The calculated stress values differ because other models do not consider the effects of the reactions at the fixed points, and do not report the radial and hoop stresses, which are important for the cementation.
A good prediction of the casing strains and stresses provide valuable information to avoid possible well failures which are very costly and time consuming.
3D Fluid Flow Behavior in Heterogeneous Porous Media Characterized by Geostatistical Method
Authors: Guérillot D. R. , Lemouzy P. , Ravenne Christian , Galli Alain 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An accurate understanding of the internal architecture of a reservoir is required to improve production forecasts. Due to the lack of information between wells, a geostatistical model is used to generate equiprobable lithofacies simulations between wells. Then, after assigning petrophysical parameters to these lithofacies, 3D fluid flow simulations are performed in these 3D geometries.
Variations of the geostatistical parameters implies differences on the production forecasts. Before giving some comments on die fluid flow behavior, the geological investigations and the main characteristics of the geostatistical model are recalled.
For an actual case, a methodology is proposed for a better integration of the geology into the reservoir evaluation process. The multidisciplinary approach proposed is illustred on synthetic examples.
An Improved Method for Heavy Oil Fields Production and Cost Optimization
Authors: Uzcategui Elio Antonio , Vasquez Hebert Ramon 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Electricity, pumps and rig time are the major costs associated with beam pump artificial lifting method in heavy crude oil.
In reducing operation costs, which are mainly associated with sand production, high viscosity, high GOR and rod flotation, Maraven has successfully tested the progressive cavity pump in Bolivar Coast fields.
The application of the method has reduced energy consumption over 60%, increased well production an average of 12% and reduced rig activity more than 40% in extraheavy and heavy type crude oils. This equipment was also tested in extraheavy oil slanted wells with excellent results.
The application of this method through an in house computer program has saved 10 million dollars/year in Maraven operational costs. It is expected to extend this program to other areas.
Laboratory Development of Emulsion Technology for Pipeline Transportation of Viscous Crude Oils
Authors: Chien Sze-Foo 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Emulsion pipeline technology is a simple and cost-effective method for transporting viscous crude oils. A drastic reduction in the apparent viscosity of the oil-in-water emulsion makes this technology feasible.
This paper presents and discusses the laboratory experiments to explore emulsion properties that will be the basis for the design and operation of the emulsion pipeline. Examples are presented to show the characteristics of the test results. A list of publications and U.S. Patents associated with the emulsion pipeline technology is included.
Evaluation of Full Wave Sonic Data by Analysis of Instantaneous Characteristics and Colorgrams
Authors: Knize Stanislav 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Evaluation of full wave sonic (FWS) data for rock properties such as fractures and dipping boundaries often requires qualitative analysis of visually distinct wave patterns. Conventional waveform plots do not reveal all the information available from FWS data. With the application of an analytical method called "Instantaneous Waveform Characteristics" (IWC) analysis and with the use of color encoded displays called "colorgrams", additional FWS characteristics, helpful to formation description, can be observed and interrelated.
The characteristics used in the IWC analysis are the instantaneous phase, the instantaneous frequency, and the complex waveform magnitude called "sonic transmissivity". Changes in these characteristics as observed in the colorgrams are excellent qualitative, locally sensitive, indicators of variations in rock properties. The transmissivity indicates formation attenuation, especially in fractured intervals. The instantaneous phase enhances the reflections from fractures and boundaries, and reveals their presence and dip. The instantaneous frequency shows the effects of dispersion due to abrupt changes within the formation.
The application of the IWC analytical method is demonstrated with several examples. The IWC colorgrams from three different wells are displayed and analysed: a test well with core information, a naturally fractured well, and a cased hole before and after hydraulic fracturing. All these examples illustrate how the IWC method, enhanced with colorgrams, broadens our analytical understanding of FWS well log data, provides new fracture and dip indicators, and assists in geological interpretation.
Bitumen Occurrence & Distribution in Upper Zakum Field
Authors: Arab H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Bitumen was observed in Upper Zakum Field since long time and found to be restricted mainly at the Northeastern margin of the field.
Bitumen occurrence at the Northeastern flank of Upper Zakum Field is originated from bacterial biodegradation and/or water washing of lighter molecular hydrocarbons.
Bitumen definition and recognition can be made by wireline logs as well as by core observation, thin sections, SEM study, polished rock sections under reflected light, and production/injection data aid.
By utilizing the above facilities, the Bitumen distribution in Upper Zakum reservoirs is defined laterally and vertically. As a result, the Bitumen occurrence is increased downwards as well as the Bitumen area which allows to delineate the Bitumen area for each reservoir.
Bitumen as a heavy molecular hydrocarbon is distinguished into two aspects, greasy and dry. In both cases, Bitumen tends to coat and/or fill the pores, hampering the fluid pathway. This consequently, resulted in a low production/injection performance.
Finally, the Bitumen in place has been calculated in the main reservoirs of Thamama 1, 2 & upper part of Thamama 3.
This amount of Bitumen is hardly to be produced, thus, has to be considered separately during any future/injection scheme.
ZADCO Pipeline System: Operational Experience
Authors: Heraiba F. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
ZADCO operates three offshore fields and an onshore oil stabilization, storage and loading center. The facilities in these locations are linked by submarine pipeline network of a total length exceeding 90 0 Km; and sizes which vary from 4 to 48 inch (101-6 mm to 1219 mm).
The analysis of water and sludge samples collected in front of the cleaning pigs indicated possible corrosion in the network. On-line Inspection Survey by "Intelligent" Pig was carried out in the Main Oil Line to evaluate its condition. The survey indicated appreciable amount of metal loss in several locations in the line. As a consequence of these findings; it was decided to run similar surveys in other lines in the network.
The corrosion in the network can be attributed to both microbial effects and the separation of formation water in the low points of the pipeline.
Reservoir Engineering Experience in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Mitwalli Magdi , Singab Ali 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Horizontal Drilling as a new technique is being used in the tight reservoirs of Upper Zakum Field as means of Productivity enhancement. This work is concerned with the reservoir engineering involvement in the selection of the Horizontal Well Location, calculation of expected productivity increase and the analysis of transient test data. The state of art is reviewed, different methods are evaluated and compared with field results. Problems encountered during the interpretation of three tests and areas of concern which need-still-further development are highlighted.
Compositional Simulation Study of Miscible Gas Injection Pilot Project
Authors: Alves F. B. , Mostafa I. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The tight F and D units of the Bu Hasa field, in onshore Abu Dhabi, have undergone limited production, and are considered good candidates for a miscible gas injection project.
A field pilot was implemented with the objective of evaluating the potential of miscible gas displacement as a secondary recovery mechanism in this tight carbonate formation. A compositional simulation model was built to describe the mechanism involved in the process, and to predict the pilot performance.
The Peng-Robinson equation of state was used with a 4 pseudo-components system, based on a 13 components formulation. It was tuned on PVT laboratory data, and produced a good match of experimental results of slim tube tests.
A 3D radial model was constructed to represent the pilot. Simulation results indicate the development and propagation of a miscible front.
After validation by field data, the model will be used to predict the performance of a miscible gas injection development scheme, extended to the whole reservoir.
Planning of a Horizontal Well Offshore Qatar
Authors: Nasrulla I. M. , Rana L. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The main objective of drilling this well was to test the potential of a horizontal well as a powered water injector on Arab D reservoir with the view of optimising on the number of water injectors in the main project of the Idd el Shargi field development.
The major objective of this paper was to examine the practical aspects of drilling this horizontal well. However, due to programme changes, the well was not yet drilled at the time of publication of this report. Nevertheless as the well is expected to be drilled by Dec. 1990, these aspects will be discussed at the SPE Middle East Oil Show (Bahrain 2-5 March, 1991).
This paper will therefore discuss the planning of this well utilising the large radius technique to drill approximately 1500 ft horizontally through the reservoir parallel to the reservoir strike, with emphasis placed on well Design/Casing Scheme, Bottom Hole Assemblies, Directional Surveying, Drilling Fluids, Electrical Logging, Liner Selection and Cementation.
Monitoring and Evaluation of an Immiscible Gas Injection Pilot in a Massive Carbonate Reservoir with a Strong Water Drive
Authors: Shahsavari D. , Dabbous M. K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the development, monitoring programs and evaluation methodology of a gas injection pilot project carried out in a fractured carbonate reservoir with a strong water drive. Immiscible gas injection was recognized as a potentially viable economic recovery process, and a gas injection pilot was initiated in the field. The reservoir contained an undersaturated, intermediate gravity oil with a recovery of less than 6 percent after 40 years of primary depletion. The major areas of performance that were monitored thoroughly during the gas injection pilot project were:
Production (oil, gas and water) Reservoir pressure H2S concentration of the produced gas Reservoir gas saturation and gas-cap advance
A numerical reservoir simulator was used to history match reservoir performance under gas injection, and to investigate operative reservoir mechanisms which had resulted in improved oil recovery. The results were also used to confirm the validity of assumptions made in the design and performance prediction of the pilot project. The importance of collecting accurate data during the monitoring phase of the pilot was recognized so that meaningful field expansion guidelines and economic evaluation parameters could be established with a reasonable level of confidence. Immiscible gas injection in this watered-out carbonate reservoir resulted insubstantial increases in oil production rates and is expected to double the recoverable reserves from the field.
Digital Processing of Satellite Images of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Sabins F. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
At the request of Saudi Aramco, Chevron Oil Field Research Company digitally processed 40 images acquired by the Landsat thematic mapper system and several images acquired by the SPOT panchromatic system. The images were geologically interpreted to aid Saudi Aramco's exploration program in the region beyond the "Retained Areas" of existing production.
Image processing routines are grouped in the following major categories:
Image Restoration – correct for errors, noise, and distortions introduced while data are acquired, transmitted, and recorded. Image Enhancement – modify impact of the image on the interpreter in order to improve the expression of geologic features. Information Extraction – recognize and display specific geologic attributes of images.
Each processing category includes a number of programs that are employed in various combinations to produce images. The resulting images contributed significantly to Saudi Aramco's successful exploration program.
Geologic Interpretation of Satellite Images, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Wender L. E. , Sabins F. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Digitally processed Landsat thematic mapper images covering the Central Arabian Arch were interpreted to map both regional geology and local anomalies. Two typical local anomalies are described and illustrated. The Shaib Thamamah anomaly is a topographic depression that interrupts the regional dip slope on the upper member of the Aruma Formation (Cretaceous). The lower member of the Aruma Formation is exposed on the floor of the depression. Seismic data show that the Shaib Thamamah Anomaly is a structural terrace underlain by basement faults that grade upward into a gentle anticline. The Raghib Anomaly is a topographic re-entrant in the dip slope of the Sulaiy Formation (Cretaceous). Seismic data show a single fault at depth that grades upward into an anticline and a structural terrace. The Raghib 1 exploratory well was drilled on the local anomaly and the crest of the subsurface anticline; an oil field was discovered in the Unayzah Formation (Pennsylvanian and Permian age). These examples illustrate the importance of Landsat images for oil exploration.
Hydrogen Sulfide Cracking of Downhole Tubulars
Authors: Kermani B. , Martin J. W. , Waite D. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The appropriate choice of materials for well completions in sour fields is an important factor in the economic success of oil and gas activities. The choice is governed by mechanical properties, resistance to both corrosion damage and sulphide stress cracking (SSC), availability and cost. Resistance to SSC is often the principal factor affecting the choice of materials for H2S containing environments, since the occurrence of SSC can result in a catastrophic and potentially hazardous failure. This often necessitates the selection of highly alloyed, highly priced materials. Therefore, it is important to have a method of assessing candidate materials that leads to the most cost-effective choice being made.
An alternative approach has been developed in which the emphasis is put on failure prediction. This approach combines the results of constant extension rate tensile (CERT) testing with fracture mechanic assessments. On the basis of this approach a "fitness for purpose" evaluation of a range of materials has been undertaken, thus allowing the selection of the most suitable/cost-effective material for the intended duty. Furthermore, the present concept has led to a better definition of operational limits of tubular goods for sour service applications over a wide range of testing conditions.
Application Of The Number Concept To Determine Initial Oil-In-Place
Authors: Chatas A.T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Number concept is introduced to define the G-Number and attack the problem of determining initial oil-in-place. A particular solution, corresponding to a given order of particular solution, corresponding to a given order of differentiation, is developed to provide suitable formulas for application. The method is then applied to the Haft Kel Field of Iran to illustrate its effectiveness. In conclusion, the potential application of the G-Number to the problem of oil-in-place is discussed, and the generality of the Number concept with respect to other scientific problems is mentioned.