bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of High‐Rate Nitrification for the Pretreatment of Ammoniacal Digested Sludge Liquors
Authors: Barnes L. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAnaerobic sludge digestion reduces most of the organic nitrogen in raw sludge to ammonia. Where the digested sludge is dewatered, the ammonia in the liquors can represent up to 25% of the total ammonia load on the receiving wastewater‐treatment plant. This can cause problems with compliance and also limit the throughput of the digestion plant. The paper describes how Anglian Water addressed this problem at Cliff Quay wastewater‐treatment plant, Ipswich by installing the AmtreatTM high‐rate nitrifying process. The reasons for the necessity to reduce the ammonia load to the plant are presented and the rationale behind the selection of this solution is outlined. The AmtreatTM plant is described and its performance is evaluated. The Cliff Quay site is the first application of this process to a municipal wastewater‐treatment plant in the UK, although there are several installations operating with industrial effluents.
Leakage Targets and Socio‐Economic Efficiency
Authors: Bouchart F. J‐C. , Salleh H. M. , Sawkins J. W. , Jowitt P. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring the last few years, the introduction of mandatory leakage targets for UK water companies has had the positive effect of reducing levels of leakage, while requiring the companies to operate at an economic level of leakage. Unfortunately, the determination of company‐specific economic levels of leakage have been a source of disagreement between the water companies and the Government, with the Government view that water companies are not using the true long‐term marginal costs of water abstraction, and therefore are not safeguarding the environment.This paper (a) reviews the model which was used to define the economic level of leakage, (b) argues the case for resource management based on the impact of water abstractions on the socio‐environmental quality of a resource rather than the myopic focus on leakage reductions, (c) presents the concepts of effectiveness and efficiency in relation to socio‐environmental quality, and (d) proposes a new methodology which allows the determination of water abstraction rates while maintaining a desired level of socio‐environmental quality.
Seasonal Forecasting of River Flows in the British Isles Using North Atlantic Pressure Patterns
Authors: Wilby R. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA potentially useful forecasting relationship is demonstrated between the North Atlantic Oscillation index in winter (January‐February) and the following summer (July‐September) monthly mean flows for selected rivers in the British Isles. The relationship was strongest in August when up to 40% of the variance in monthly mean flow may be explained. For two rivers in southern and eastern England, positive phases of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation index were found to precede summer flows which were nearly 50% of long‐term average. A regression equation which was established to predict August flows in the Great Stour produced a correlation score of 0.6 at a lead time of six months. Further research is needed to determine the significance of catchment characteristics and geographic location relative to forecasting skill.
A Coastal Strategy for Edinburgh
Authors: Wallis B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the development of a coastal strategy which is designed to meet (a) regulatory requirements, (b) customer aspirations, and (c) environmental needs of a capital city. The strategy was developed taking into account the needs and views of all stakeholders, and a holistic approach was taken to ensure that the principles of sustainable development are met. The strategy requires a substantial phased capital investment of more than £175 million, and it was essential that a ‘value for money’approach was taken without compromising the achievement of the required standards. This was ensured by the use of ‘value management’, detailed environmental studies, and consultation with customers and other stakeholders.
Development, Flood Risk and the Urban Environment: Experiences from the River Tame
Authors: Webster P. , West J. R. , Gurnell A. M. , Petts G. E. , Sadler J. P. , Forster C. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractExperience and knowledge of river‐restoration schemes are generally available at the reach scale. However, there are problems with the application of this knowledge at the scale of large urbanised catchments which relate to understanding the system and predicting the impact of management strategies. This paper considers problems of developing a perceptive and efficient rehabilitation strategy for a large urbanised catchment, with specific reference to the River Tame in the West Midlands. Consideration is given to (a) rainfall‐runoff relationships, (b) assessment of water quality and ecological status, and (c) predicting the impact of various management strategies.
The Promotion of a Planned Indirect Wastewater Re‐use Scheme in Essex
Authors: Walker D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDuring the last eighty years, Essex and Suffolk Water has had to resort to various innovative water‐storage and river‐transfer schemes to satisfy increasing demands for water in the driest part of the UK. Recently, a series of droughts has emphasised the need for more water. To help meet this need, the company intends to recycle 35 MI/d of Chelmsford treated wastewater, using an £8 million plant to reduce pollutants. In April 2000, the company was granted discharge and abstraction licences by the Environment Agency for the recycling scheme. This paper includes (a) some of the results from several years of pre‐impact baseline data, (b) an outline of pilot trials of the recycling processes, and (c) a brief description of the public consultation which was necessary to promote the scheme.
A Practical Assessment of the Use of Particle Counters for Monitoring the Risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia
Authors: Wilson R. , Morse A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper describes a project which was carried out to establish whether particle counts can be used to predict the risk of Cryptosporidium and Giardia breakthrough at a large water‐treatment works. The project was based at a direct river‐abstraction works which treats up to 120 MI/d. On‐line particle counters were installed following three of the rapid‐gravity filters, and a fourth counter was used to measure particles in spot samples of raw and clarified water.There was a clear relationship between particle counts and the occasional low‐level (oo)cyst (crypto oocysts and giardia cysts) occurrence in the filter samples, and no (oo)cysts were found in the final water. There appear to be complex inter‐relationships between particle counts and other parameters such as raw‐water conditions, environmental factors and treatment‐plant variables.
Managing the Impact of Tourism on the Environment
Authors: Reeves N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTourism is now the world's largest industry, generating earnings of £285 billion/annum. In recent years, the tourism sector has become a significant contributor to the wealth of the UK and represents about 7% of the workforce. Greater mobility and more leisure time has led to greater car use, many more short‐term movements of people, and increasing pressure on the transport infrastructure. Consequently, there is real concern about the effect of increased tourist activity on the environment and how the challenge of sustainable tourism can be achieved. This paper examines how the tourism industry is addressing that challenge by balancing the benefits of tourist activity without compromising the environment. In Wales, the Wales Tourist Board is committed to sustainable tourism, and its approach is offered as an example of achievement and how conflicting demands can be resolved.
The Use of Biosolids and Other Organic Substances in the Creation of Soil‐Forming Materials
Authors: Chambers B. , Royle S. , Hadden S. , Maslen S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes an experiment which was carried out at a landfill site in north Lincolnshire to investigate the use of biosolids and other organic materials in soil formation. The following organic amendments were incorporated into the surface of the on‐site geological clay to form ‘topsoil’treatments: (i) nil, (ii) biosolids (digested cake), (iii) waste peat/compost, and (iv) composted green waste. The biosolids were applied at a rate of 70 tDS/ha and all the organic materials were incorporated to a depth of 150 mm. The organic amendments reduced the topsoil bulk density and increased plant available water supply and soil water infiltration rates. Topsoil organic matter, total nitrogen and extractable phosphorus concentrations, biomass nitrogen, readily mineralisable organic nitrogen and soil respiration rates were also increased. Additionally, the biosolids application increased topsoil aggregate stability and soil surface strength.
Development and Application of a Method to Appraise Acid Waters in Wales
Authors: Brookes A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes an appraisal methodology which has been developed and applied specifically to identify options for alleviating surface‐water acidification in Wales in the short, medium and longer terms. It involves screening and scoping of options, ranging from those that might result in environmental improvement several years on from a policy change, to more immediate measures with results that can be seen on the ground ‐ albeit only at a local level. The method relies on gaining consensus from a wide range of experts and involves (a) identification of options, (b) deciding on decision factors, (c) elicitation of scores for the impacts of each option on particular issues/decision factors, and (d) trade‐off analysis using a non‐parametric statistical technique. It is hoped that the lessons derived from this case study will be of use in further development and application of the methodology.
Drought‐Intensity Duration and Frequency Analysis: A Case Study of Western Uganda
Authors: Rugumayo A. I. , Mwebaze D. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes (a) drought occurrences in two selected climatic zones of western Uganda and (b) examines the meteorological aspects of drought where rainfall is the main parameter of interest. Rainfall data from various stations in each climatic zone were checked for consistency using the double mass curve technique, and one representative station from each climatic zone was selected. Two probability distributions: normal and log‐normal were fitted to the data, and the log‐normal distribution provided a better fit in each case. Drought volumes, return periods, intensities, and severity indexes were determined for each climatic zone. The annual potential evapotranspiration was also calculated and plotted against the rainfall to give the soil‐moisture deficit. From the results of the analysis it was observed that droughts of a higher severity occurred in Kasese compared with Mbarara.
Lowland Stream Restoration in Denmark: Background and Examples
Authors: Neilsen M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSince 1982, Danish legislation on streams and drainage has included clauses which make it possible to implement river restoration. In this paper, the Danish shift in policy from drainage to the return of wetlands is described. To illustrate the new beginning on catchment management, two major river‐restoration schemes, i.e. the River Brede demonstration project and the River Skjern Nature project, are presented. Both projects have been implemented and consist of many parts, including (a) returning the straight, regulated rivers back to their former meanders, (b) introducing better hydraulic interaction between the river and its meadows, and (c) establishing former lakes, bogs, ponds and marshes. Also, an increase in security against flooding has resulted, as the regulated ‘water‐motorways’have become more natural, with buffer‐zones and retention of water in the restored features.
Potential for Sewage Sludge Co‐Combustion in the UK Based on German Experience
Authors: Barber W. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIncreasingly strict legislation, escalating costs and external pressures are causing the water industry to look for alternative strategies to agricultural recycling for the disposal of biosolids. Although the development of the ‘safe sludge matrix’has encouraged agricultural recycling, negative press has hampered this outlet and public perception is seen as a major threat. Accordingly, many water companies are looking towards thermal‐reduction technologies and have invested in thermal dryers and sludge incinerators; however, such technology has high capital costs and complex maintenance and operator requirements. An alternative method, i.e. co‐combustion, is becoming more popular in mainland Europe. Unlike incineration/drying, the capital expenditure is low and operator/maintenance risks are minimised.This paper (i) discusses a case study in which 40 000 dry tonnes of sludge per annum have been successfully combusted since 1996, and (ii) explores how this experience could be applied in a UK situation.
Effectiveness of Secondary Digesters as a Pathogen Controller in Winter
Authors: Le M. S. , Mayhew M. E. , Back P. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA revision of the Regulations regarding the use of sewage sludge in agriculture has forced a change in emphasis in sludge treatment from stabilisation to achieving pathogen kill. Previous work carried out by United Utilities Service Delivery highlighted temperature as being a key factor in pathogen kill in mesophilic anaerobic digestion and a possible important factor in pathogen destruction in secondary digestion, which is normally carried out in large open tanks where temperature control is not possible. It was found that temperature is a key factor in the rate of pathogen de‐activation under isothermal conditions. However, in the full‐scale secondary digester trial under winter conditions it was found that there was a significant difference between the surface temperature and the bulk temperature within the sludge; at the surface the temperature decreased more quickly. There was no significant difference between the performance of the ‘old’and ‘new’design of concrete tank with respect to wall thickness, cooling rates and E. coli reduction rate. The glass‐coated steel‐tank design showed a marked increase in the cooling rate and, despite the low ambient temperatures and fluctuating sludge temperature, a minimum 1‐log reduction in E. coli was achieved.
A NOVEL CATALYTIC SYSTEM FOR THE OXIDATIVE DESTRUCTION OF TOXIC ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATERS
Authors: Ishtchenko V. V. , Huddersman K. D. , Vitkovskaya R. F. , Tereschenko L. Y. , Romanova E. P. , Rumynskaya I. G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis work describes a novel heterogeneous oxidation catalyst which is analogous to the homogeneous‐phase Fentons reagent for the successful destruction of a range of organic pollutants. The catalyst is a polyacrylonitrile fibre which was modified to incorporate ligatinggroups, resulting in a transition metal cation being firmly fixed onto the fibre. The novelty of the catalyst resides in its open‐knit mesh structure. In the presence of hydrogen peroxide, the catalyst containing ferric ions (as the active site) is shown to rapidly decompose phenol in addition to (a) the anthraquinone dyes: acid blue 45, carminic acid and reactive blue 19, and (b) the azo‐dye drimarine red K. B. The decomposition reaction was followed by ultraviolet spectroscopy, and the distribution of ferric ions on the external surface of the fibre was examined by a scanning electron microscope. The mechanical properties of the fibre were found to have decreased on modification but were still sufficient for the manufacture and commercial exploitation of the fibre.
WATER CONSERVATION AND ITS PERCEPTION IN PALESTINE: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Mimi Z. A. , Ziara M. , Nigim H. H. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper describes a pilot project, based upon a specific approach for encouraging effective water use in schools. The project included (a) constructing two low‐cost sewage‐treatment plants for irrigation water re‐use in two schools, and (b) conducting an awareness campaign for effective water use in fifteen schools in the Jenin rural area. Data show that the campaign increased the pupils' knowledge of water and positively impacted on attitudes and practices.Statistical analysis demonstrates that good knowledge and positive attitudes in students will result in improved effective water use. The schools with pilot sewage‐treatment plants for irrigation water re‐use benefited the most and encouraged students to modify their water‐use practices.
DYNAMICS OF SEDIMENT‐ASSOCIATED METALS IN A HIGHLY URBANISED CATCHMENT: BRADFORD, WEST YORKSHIRE
Authors: Old G. H. , Leeks G. J. L. , Packman J. C. , Stokes N. , Williams N. D. , Smith B. P. G. , Hewitt E. J. , Lewis S. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTUrban watercourses are potential hazards because of their rapid flow changes, poor water quality and contaminated sediments. This study is a preliminary field investigation into fine sediment‐associated metal contamination and its transport dynamics in a highly urbanised catchment in West Yorkshire, UK. Spatial and temporal changes in the concentration of channel‐bed sediment‐associated metals are investigated, and the fluxes of selected suspended sediment‐associated metals, during an extreme high flow event, are determined. Channel‐bed sediments were more contaminated at the most heavily urbanised sites. Data suggest that contaminated bed sediments could accumulate and possibly become increasingly contaminated between high‐flow events, prior to being flushed from the system. Fluxes of contaminated suspended sediments were very high at the peak of the high flow event. The spatial and temporal dynamics of contaminated fine sediment which were identified in this study could inform planners with regard to future monitoring strategies.
THE RESTORATION OF WOODS MILL LAKE
Authors: Hayes E. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTWoods Mill Lake is the centrepiece of a nature reserve at Henfield in Sussex, UK. During the last forty years, the lake has undergone a succession of changes, and this has resulted in loss of depth and encroachment of the reed‐bed. In the summer months the large carp population was suffering stress due to shallow water. The problem of silt excavation required extensive discussion with statutory agencies: in addition, the work had to be scheduled around nesting birds, breeding newts and school visits. This paper (a) discusses the complexity of the work which was undertaken, and (b) provides an analysis of the fish population which was removed from the lake.
STORMWATER QUALITY ASSOCIATED WITH A FULL SILT TRAP DISCHARGING INTO AN URBAN WATERCOURSE
Authors: Scholz M. , Zettel S. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe aim of this project was to assess the influence of a full silt trap on the quality of stormwater which was discharged into an urban watercourse. The average SS concentrations of the outflow were 2.0 and 34.1 mg/l during dry‐weather and wet‐weather conditions, respectively, and SS concentrations of up to 141.6 mg/l were recorded during storms. Treated stormwater SS concentrations were often high, compared with secondary sewage‐treatment standards of ≤30 mg/l. Pollutants accumulated in the silt trap.
A FRAMEWORK FOR CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT APPLIED TO A UK WATER RESOURCE PROBLEM
Authors: Connell Richenda K , Willows Robert , Harman Jacquelyn , Merrett Stephen 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTClimate risk management is a new and evolving area and many decisions are likely to be affected by climate risks over the long‐term. This paper presents a decision‐making framework designed for managing climate alongside nonclimate risk factors. The framework describes a process that should help identify and manage these risks. It can be used to help decision‐makers answer questions about whether adaptation is required, and, if so, which measures should be implemented. Adaptive management is recommended as a useful approach for dealing with climate and other uncertainties. This paper describes an application of the framework to a water resources case study. Feedback from training workshops based on four different case studies suggests the framework provides at minimum a useful (post‐hoc) decision analysis tool. Potential users, who include planners, consultants and policy‐makers have been largely positive about the prospective utility of the framework.
VALIDATION OF BNR (BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL) PLANT
Authors: Hale C. , Kaur K. , Jones N. , Oliver B. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTLlangefni WwTW receives discharge from the rural town of Llangefni and the local industrial estate and to date this is the first and only BNR plant in Wales. The consents from March 2003 included a reduction in ammonia (NH4_N) to 1.5 mg/l, suspended solids to 20 mg/l (SS) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) to 7 mg/l and included a new Phosphate (PO4_P) standard of 2 mg/l. The process selected to meet the new consents was Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) and was unusual as it was for a small, rural wastewater treatment plant that receives about 26% of its flow from an industrial estate.During commissioning, the plant produced an average phosphate concentration of 1.0 mg/l and an ammonia concentration of 0.7 mg/l. It was confirmed that to achieve consistent phosphate removal a BOD:P ratio greater than 20:1 is required along with a high VFA (Volatile Fatty Acids) concentration of 200–300 mg/l.
MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MUNICIPAL WATER TREATMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES: PART II
Authors: Purcell P. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe remarkable progress made in the early 20th century in improving the microbiological quality of municipal drinking water supplies is undoubtedly one of the most important factors contributing to the improved health and life expectancy of the developed world during that century. The paper highlights perceived milestones in the 19th and early 20th centuries in the scientific and technological developments in municipal water treatment practice, particularly in relation to the improvements in the chemical and biological quality of drinking water supplies. The paper concludes by summarizing key developments in the methods of measuring water quality and in the improvements in drinking water quality standards during that period.