bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dimethylfumarate Impairs Melanoma Growth and Metastasis
Authors: Loewe Robert , Valero Teresa , Kremling Silvia , Pratscher Barbara , Kunstfeld Rainer , Pehamberger Hubert , Petzelbauer Peter 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Dimethylfumarate (DMF) inhibits signals transmitted by Rel proteins and is used for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis, but potential effects of DMF on tumor progression have yet not been analyzed. We show that DMF reduced melanoma growth and metastasis in severe combined immunodeficient mouse models. To identify targets of DMF action, we analyzed mRNA expression in DMF-treated melanomas by gene chip arrays. Using BiblioSphere software for data analysis, significantly regulated genes were mapped to Gene Ontology terms cell death, cell growth, and cell cycle. Indeed, we found that DMF inhibited proliferation of human melanoma cells A375 and M24met in vitro. The cell cycle was arrested at the G2-M boundary. Moreover, DMF was proapoptotic, as shown by cell cycle analysis and by Annexin V and Apo2.7 staining. These results were confirmed in vivo. DMF reduced proliferation rates of tumor cells as assessed by Ki-67 immunostaining and increased apoptosis as assessed by terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining. In conclusion, DMF is antiproliferative and proapoptotic and reduces melanoma growth and metastasis in animal models. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11888-96)
Pathophysiologic Effects of Vascular-Targeting Agents and the Implications for Combination with Conventional Therapies
Authors: Horsman Michael R. , Siemann Dietmar W. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA functional vascular supply is critical for the continued growth and development of solid tumors. It also plays a major role in metastatic spread of tumor cells. This importance has led to the concept of targeting the vasculature of the tumor as a form of cancer therapy. Two major types of vascular-targeting agent (VTA) have now emerged: those that prevent the angiogenic development of the neovasculature of the tumor and those that specifically damage the already established tumor vascular supply. When used alone neither approach readily leads to tumor control, and so, for VTAs to be most successful in the clinic they will need to be combined with more conventional therapies. However, by affecting the tumor vascular supply, these VTAs should induce pathophysiologic changes in variables, such as blood flow, pH, and oxygenation. Such changes could have negative or positive influences on the tumor response to more conventional therapies. This review aims to discuss the pathophysiologic changes induced by VTAs and the implications of these effects on the potential use of VTAs in combined modality therapy. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11520-39)
Human Kallikrein 8 Protease Confers a Favorable Clinical Outcome in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer by Suppressing Tumor Cell Invasiveness
Authors: Sher Yuh-Pyng , Chou Cheng-Chung , Chou Ruey-Hwang , Wu Han-Ming , Wayne Chang Wun-Shaing , Chen Chun-Houh , Yang Pan-Chyr , Wu Cheng-Wen , Yu Chia-Li , Peck Konan 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe human kallikrein 8 (KLK8) gene, a member of the human tissue kallikrein gene family, encodes a serine protease. The KLK8 protein (hK8) is known to be a favorable prognostic marker in ovarian cancer, but the biological basis of this is not understood. We found that overexpressing the KLK8 gene in highly invasive lung cancer cell lines suppresses their invasiveness. This role in invasiveness was further confirmed by the fact that inhibition of endogenous KLK8 expression with a specific short hairpin RNA reduced cancer cell invasiveness. In situ degradation and cell adhesion assays showed that proteins produced from KLK8 splice variants modify the extracellular microenvironment by cleaving fibronectin. DNA microarray experiments and staining of cells for actin filaments revealed that the degradation of fibronectin by hK8 suppresses integrin signaling and retards cancer cell motility by inhibiting actin polymerization. In addition, studies in a mouse model coupled with the detection of circulating tumor cells by quantitative PCR for the human Alu sequence showed that KLK8 suppresses tumor growth and invasion in vivo. Finally, studies of clinical specimens from patients with non–small cell lung cancer showed that the time to postoperative recurrence was longer for early-stage patients (stages I and II) with high KLK8 expression (mean, 49.9 months) than for patients with low KLK8 expression (mean, 22.9 months). Collectively, these findings show that KLK8 expression confers a favorable clinical outcome in non–small cell lung cancer by suppressing tumor cell invasiveness. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(24): 11763-70)
A Review of Predictability Studies of Atlantic Sector Climate on Decadal Time Scales
Authors: Latif M. , Collins M. , Pohlmann H. , Keenlyside N. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
This review paper discusses the physical basis and the potential for decadal climate predictability over the Atlantic and its adjacent land areas. Many observational and modeling studies describe pronounced decadal and multidecadal variability in the Atlantic Ocean. However, it still needs to be quantified to which extent the variations in the ocean drive variations in the atmosphere and over land. In particular, although a clear impact of the Tropics on the midlatitudes has been demonstrated, it is unclear if and how the extratropical atmosphere responds to midlatitudinal sea surface temperature anomalies.
Although the mechanisms behind the decadal to multidecadal variability in the Atlantic sector are still controversial, there is some consensus that some of the longer-term multidecadal variability is driven by variations in the thermohaline circulation. The variations in the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation appear to be predictable one to two decades ahead, as shown by a number of perfect model predictability experiments. The next few decades will be dominated by these multidecadal variations, although the effects of anthropogenic climate change are likely to introduce trends. Some impact of the variations of the thermohaline circulation on the atmosphere has been demonstrated in some studies so that useful decadal predictions with economic benefit may be possible.
The Impact of Cloud Radiative Feedback, Remote ENSO Forcing, and Entrainment on the Persistence of North Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies
Authors: Park Sungsu , Alexander Michael A. , Deser Clara 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The influence of cloud radiative feedback, remote ENSO heat flux forcing, and oceanic entrainment on persisting North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies is investigated using a stochastically forced ocean mixed layer model. The stochastic heat flux is estimated from an atmospheric general circulation model, the seasonally varying radiative feedback parameter and remote ENSO forcing are obtained from observations, and entrainment is derived from the observed mean seasonal cycle of ocean mixed layer depth. Persistence is examined via SST autocorrelations in the western, central, and subtropical eastern North Pacific and for the leading pattern of variability across the basin. The contribution of clouds, ENSO, and entrainment to SST persistence is evaluated by comparing simulations with and without each term.
The SST autocorrelation structure in the model closely resembles nature: the pattern correlation between the two is 0.87–0.9 in the three regions and for the basinwide analyses, and 0.35–0.66 after subtracting an exponential function representing the background damping resulting from air–sea heat fluxes. Positive radiative feedback enhances SST autocorrelations (∼0.1–0.3) from late spring to summer in the central and western Pacific and from late summer to fall in the subtropical eastern Pacific. The influence of the remote ENSO forcing on SST autocorrelation varies with season and location with a maximum impact on the correlation magnitude of 0.2–0.3. The winter-to-winter recurrence of higher autocorrelations is caused by entrainment, which generally suppresses SST variability but returns thermal anomalies sequestered beneath the mixed layer in summer back to the surface in the following fall/winter. This reemergence mechanism enhances SST autocorrelation by ∼0.3 at lags of 9–12 months from the previous winter in the western and central Pacific, but only slightly enhances autocorrelation (∼0.1) in the subtropical eastern Pacific.
The impact of clouds, ENSO, and entrainment on the autocorrelation structure of the basinwide SST anomaly pattern is similar to that in the western region. ENSO’s impact on the basinwide North Pacific SST autocorrelation in an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to an ocean mixed layer model with observed SSTs specified in the tropical Pacific is very similar to the results from the stochastic model developed here.
On the identity of Poonahlite with Mesolite
Authors: Bowman H. L. 
Published: December 2006

Among the zeolite specimens from the neighbourhood of Bombay in the Oxford University Collection are several of the well-known type, showing pale green crystals of apophyllite associated with white stilbite and white silky needles labelled as ‘poonahlite’, on a matrix of purplish-brown amygdaloid, with a layer of a bluish-green, earthy mineral lining the amygdules and underlying the zeolites.The name poonahlite was originally given by H. J. Brooke, in 1831, to a mineral occurring on specimens which he had received from Henry Heuland. He states that the poonahlite formed slender crystals accompanying apophyllite from Poonah, and was at first taken for mesotype or needlestone, but that it had a prism-angle of 92° 20′.
An X-Ray study of schultenite
Authors: Claringbull G. F. 
Published: December 2006

In 1926 schultenite from Tsumeb, Otavi, South-West Africa, was described as a new mineral by L. J. Spencer and related to the compound PbHAsO4. The specimen on which the original description was based is still unique in the British Museum collection and was used for the present study. There appears to be no record in the literature that the mineral has been discovered in any other localityFor the X-ray examination rather small fragments (less than 0·1 × 0·05 mm.) were broken from pieces of crystals since all the available crystals were too large and the material has a high absorption to X-rays. Single crystal rotation, oscillation, and Weissenberg photographs in 6-cm. diameter cameras with Cu-Kα radiation as well as Laue photographs (crystal-plate distance 4 cm.) with tungsten radiation were used to derive the unit-cell dimensions and space-group.
John Henry Heuland
Authors: Russell Arthur 
Published: December 2006

John Henry Heuland, Fellow of the Geological Society, mineral collector and dealer of 25 King Street, St. James's, London, was born in 1778. He moved in 1839 to 31 Red Lion Square, London, where he remained until after 1850. Few details of his life are known, but his sale catalogues and his intense activity as a collector and dealer during the period when it was fashionable to form collections of minerals have secured him an important place in the historical archives of mineralogy.In what year Heuland began to deal in minerals is uncertain, but it was before 1804 when we have a record of his buying in Lisbon. He subsequently travelled through France, Germany, Sweden, and Russia, collecting and buying minerals wherever possible. About the year 1806 he came into the possession of a fine collection of nfinerals which had been formed on the Continent between the years 1766 and 1806 by his uncle Mr. Jacob Forster.
Manganese-iron garnet from Otjosondu, South-West Africa
Authors: Vermaas F. H. S. 
Published: December 2006

Garnets rich in manganese and iron, associated with bariumfelspars, have been reported by de Villiers from the manganese ores of Otjosondu, South-West Africa, in which they occur as the most abundant silicate mineral. The farm Otjosondu is 80 miles NE. of Okahandja, a railway station on the line between Windhoek and Walvis.One specimen (referred to as no. 1), of which de Villiers published a chemical analysis, is massive and of a somewhat dark-yellowish colour. The material is traversed by veinlets of hyalophane (Cn9), about 0.5 mm. broad.
The structures of the plagioclase felspars: VI. Natural intermediate plagioclases
Authors: Gay P. 
Published: December 2006

SummarySpecimens from some forty different localities over the composition range from about 20 % An to about 70 % An have been examined by X-ray single-crystal methods. The majority of these specimens show the normal intermediate plagioclase pattern characterized by weak pairs of subsidiary layer-lines of variable separation. It has been found that the separation of these layer-lines is a linear function of composition over the whole composition range. Further, this range is found to extend to more soda-rich compositions than was formerly believed, whilst the limits of the range are approximately defined by the compositions at which the separations of the subsidiary layer-lines about either thea- or theb-axes become zero.The anomalous patterns shown by some specimens are discussed, and it is shown that most of these may be interpreted in terms of the previous geological history of the specimens.A comparison of the present results with those obtained by previous workers in this field is made, and it is shown how the principal points of difference may be resolved. An account of the phase relationships of the low-temperature plagioclase series is given, and the problems arising from the present work are discussed.
The section CaSiO3-MgSiO3-Al2O3
Authors: Segnit E. R. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryPhase relationships in the section CaSiO3-MgSiO3-Al2O3 through the quaternary system CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 have been determined. The bearing of the results on the genesis of aluminous pyroxenes and associated minerals in metamorphic rocks is discussed.
Some new occurrences of gonnardite
Authors: Meixner H. , Hey M. H. , Moss A. A. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThis zeolite, hitherto recorded only from Chaux de Bergonne, France, has been found as zoned spherules with thomsonite (var. faroelite), on specimens from Aci Castello and Aci Trezza, Sicily, and Capo di Bove, Rome, from Weilberg, Rhineland, and from Klöch, Styria. Three chemical analyses confirm previous results; optical data suggest some variation in composition within a spherule. There is a striking resemblance between X-ray fibre photographs of gonnardite and of thomsonite, and between X-ray powder photographs of gonnardire and of natrolite. The Klöch occurrence, where the gonnardite is accompanied by phillipsite, is described in detail.
An unusual cassiterite paragenesis and its genetic implications
Authors: Lawrence L. J. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryIn the Torrington district of New South Wales the cassiterite occurs almost entirely in hydrothermal veins, with galena, blende, quartz, and chlorite; sometimes it replaces crinoid stems and gastropods. In the Madman vein, however, the cassiterite is associated with adularia, both minerals encrusting quartz. These observations suggest that the tin came in as alkali stannate solutions.
The system diopside-anorthite—åkermanite
Authors: Christiaan De Wys E. , Foster Wilfrid R. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe high-temperature phase equilibrium relationships in the system diopside-anorthite—åkermanite have been investigated by the quenching method. This system may be regarded as essentially a simple eutectic system. The eutectic is located at the composition 9 diopside:44 anorthite:47 åkermanite (by weight) and at a temperature of 1226° C. Åkermanite is a stable phase at least as low as this temperature. Triclinic anorthite is the only form of CaAl2Si2O8 encountered in the liquidus range of temperatures.
Bonchevite, PbBi4S7, a new mineral
Authors: Kostov Ivan 
Published: December 2006

SummaryIn quartz-seheelite veins traversing rocks from the metamorphic complex in the Central Rhodopian mountains, a mineral was found closely resembling bismuthinite. Its composition is Bi 66·62 %, Pb15·50 %, Cu 0·85 %, and S 16·71 %, corresponding to the formula PbBi4S7. It is orthorhombic, long prismatic to acicular with an axial ratioa:b:c= 0·9004:1:0·3249. Observed forms: {110}, {100}, {010}, and {011}. Sp. gr. 6·92. Hardness about 2 1/2. Displays a perfect cleavage along {100}. It is distinctly anisotropic. Strongest X-ray intensities: 3·50 Å. (10), 3·08 (8), 1·939 (8), 2·78 (6), 1·733 (6), 2·50 (5). The name is after the eminent Bulgarian mineralogist and petrographer G. Bonchev.
New techniques for the universal stage. II. The determination of the 2V when only one optic axis is accessible
Authors: Joel N. , Muir I. D. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryWhen one optic axis of a biaxial crystal has been located accurately by the usual orthoseopic or conoscopic methods, the second may be located by determining the extinction positions at normal incidence and applying the Biot-Fresnel construction. When use is made of the extinction directions associated with two or more wave normals inclined to the section, this method gives more reliable values of the optic axial angle than can be obtained by the doubling of the angle V over the pole of a bisectrix. If the optic axes have been located with sufficient accuracy by this procedure, then this also determines the orientation of the indicatrix.
The effect of composition and structural state on the rhombic section and pericline twins of plagioclase felspars
Authors: Smith J. V. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe position of the rhombic section of plagioclase felspars, as calculated from the measured cell dimensions, has been shown to vary with the structural state, the variation from high- to low-temperature forms being most pronounced for albite. The theoretical composition plane of pericline twins is the rhombic section. If the structural state or the composition of the felspar changes after twinning has occurred, the cell dimensions and hence the rhombic section will change; however, the composition plane of the pericline twin will probably remain unchanged unless recrystallization occurs, or perhaps if the felspar is subjected to strong stress. Thus the observed pericline composition plane need not coincide with the rhombic section. Comparison of observed composition planes with the corresponding calculated rhombie sections shows that some of them do indeed differ and the differences have been used to provide information on the changes occurring subsequent to the establishment of the pericline twins. The interpretation is complicated by the occurrence of the acline-A twin, whose composition plane is {001}, for the rhombie section of plagioclase felspars from An0to An60may coincide with {001} if the structural state of inversion has a particular value. When the observed composition would agree with both pericline and acline-A twinning, the new termb-axis twinhas been used.
Variation of refractive index with ionization potential in some isostructural crystals
Authors: Ahrens L. H. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA closer understanding of the causes for the variation of refractive index with change of composition has been sought in terms of certain properties of ions. The study is confined to isostructural ionic crystals. It is assumed that polarization of the anions (usually O2− or F−) makes the principal contribution to the total refractive index effect, and that variation of refractive index is determined mainly by variable anion polarization. Polarization of the anion is controlled largely by the field in which it finds itself which, in turn, depends on the effective force of attraction of the cation: ionization potentials are used for the purpose of comparing such forces. For compounds involving pairs of 8- and 18-electron cations (Mg2+ and Zn2+; Al3+ and Ga3+; Si4+ and Ge4+; Ca2+ and Cd2+) or pairs of transition cations (Zr4+ and Hf4+; Nb5+ and Ta5+; Mo6+ and W6+) refractive indices are higher in the crystal that contains the cation of the element with the higher ionization potential. For larger suites of cations of various types (for example, Mg2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+, radii from 0·65 to 0·80 Å.) the predicted relationship between ionization potential and refractive index holds precisely for the compounds A2SiF6.6H2O (A2+, etc.), but only in part for other compounds; this may be due to the effect of the crystal field on certain 3d transition cations.
Helvine from a lithium pegmatite near Salisbury, Southern Rhodesia
Authors: von Knorring O. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA new occurrence of helvine, the rare manganese end-member of the helvine group, is described. The mineral is found in a granite pegmatite associated with microcline-perthite, petalite, spodumene, muscovite, and spessartine. A chemical analysis of the mineral is given.
The amygdale minerals in the Tertiary lavas of Ireland. II. The distribution of gmelinite
Authors: Walker George P. L. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryMapping of the distribution of zeolites in the Antrinl basalku has revealed that gmelinite is confined to a narrow zone along the eastern seaboard of Antrim. This zone comprises less than 1% of the area of the basalts, but in it gmelinite is extremely abundant. The gmelinite zone is superimposed upon the lava pile, and the minerals in it are clearly later than the laves; it is in the form of a dome, elongated north-west and traceable for 18 or 24 miles in this direction, and is found in the basal parts of the lava pile, locally reaching a height of some 500 feet in the pile. The zone may be related in its position and origin to the Island-magee fault zone. Gmelinite frequently forms a parallel overgrowth on chabazite. Superimposed upon the southern part of the gmclinite zone is a zone of late chabazite and heulandite containing, inter alia, parallel overgrowths of late chabazite on simple or twinned gmelinite.
A dickite with an elongated crystal habit and its dehydroxylation
Authors: Schmidt E. R. , Heckroodt R. O. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryDickite from a new occurrence at Barkly East, Cape Province, is described and compared with a previously unreported dickite from Postmasburg and a dickite from Ouray, Colorado. The Barkly East dickite crystals are elongated in the direction of the a-axis; the ratio of length to width of crystals varies from 3:1 to 16:1. Optical, electron microscopic, X-ray, and thermal data and a chemical analysis are given. The thermogram of the fraction smaller than 2 µ e.s.d.1 is characterized by a single peak at 600°C., while that of fractions larger than 2 µ e.s.d. shows a double endothermal effect. This two-stage dehydroxylation of dickite on heating is attributed to a particle size effect.
The transformation of tobermorite into xonotlite
Authors: Taylor H. F. W. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThis hydrothermal process has been studied using single crystal X-ray methods. A crystal of tobermorite (Ca5Si6O22H10), treated with water at 380° C. and 250 atmospheres, gives a preferred orientation aggregate ofxonotlite (Ca6Si6O17(OH)2), together probably with unoriented silica. The relationship of orientations of product and starting material was established. The change occurs without intermediate dehydration of the tobermorite to the 9·35Å. state. The structural basis of the relationship is discussed, and it is compared with those already reported for the transformations of tobermorite into β-CaSiO3 and of xonotlite into β-CaSiO3. A simple experimental procedure for the single-crystal study of hydrothermal reactions is described.
What is plinthite?
Authors: Sweet Jessie M. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryMany specimens of plinthite, a species described from Co. Antrim by T. Thomson in 1836 and later from Skye by M. F. Heddle, prove to be mixtures of zeolites and hematite. Both original analyses are those of a ferruginous clay (a mixture of hematite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite). The type specimen (Thomson Collection) is a red clay in the montmorillonite group intimately mixed with hematite and a little analcime.