bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A “SMART” MULTI‐MISSION UNMANNED FREE SWIMMING SUBMERSIBLE
Authors: JOHNSON H.A. , VERDERESE A.J. , HANSEN R.J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe rapid escalation of ship and personnel costs for deep ocean search, scientific data gathering, and other important missions require an alternate vehicle to perform these missions inexpensively. Recent advances in technology, particularly in computer sciences, indicate that these missions, which presently require expensive ship time or are dangerous, may be undertaken by a “smart” unmanned free swimming submersible. The following are some of the characteristics which are desirable for this “smart fish”: a) ability to search for man‐made objects using pattern recognition, signature, and artificial intelligence techniques; b) energy conservation techniques which will permit high endurance; c) accurate navigation; d) adaptability to the environment (such as ocean current and bottom) by use of appropriate sensors and computing capability; and e) the ability to be preprogrammed to meet the mission, track, and performance requirements.The Naval Research Laboratory, which has had previous experience with a towed instrumented vehicle in the THRESHER and SCORPION searches and has collaborated with other activities in operations that involved manned submersibles, is presently engaged in developing a research demonstration vehicle which will be tested in 1978. It is anticipated that this would constitute the first phase in the evolutionary development of a “smart” vehicle providing considerable improvement in performance and cost.
SHIP DESIGN MARGINS‐ISSUES AND IMPACTS
Authors: HOCKBERGER WILLIAM A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe generally accepted categories of Design and Construction Margins and Future Growth Margins are discussed briefly, and a third major category, Assurance Margins, is introduced and discussed in more detail. The connection between Assurance Margins and the probability of successful performance is shown. The feasibility of reducing margins to reduce ship size and cost is examined.Following a brief discussion of certain significant aspects of a version of the Naval Ship Engineering Center DD07 destroyer computer synthesis model and of the baseline ship employed, the results of some computer studies of margin impacts on that baseline ship are presented and interpreted. Changes in margins on weight, vertical center of gravity, space, accommodations, propulsion power, and electrical power are investigated and their impacts expressed primarily as changes in full load displacement and in acquisition cost. The effects of combinations of margins are illustrated, and attempts are made to explain the mechanisms by which interactions occur.
AUTOMATIC PASSIVE LOW LIGHT LEVEL TELEVISION GUN‐DIRECTOR RANGEFINDER
Authors: FELDMAN SIDNEY , BARTON GEORGE G. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTOn many Navy ships, gunnery is directed and controlled using radar and stereoscopic optical rangefinders. Radar is rapid, automatic, functional day and night, but is subject to limitations, especially at low angles of elevation. The stereoscopic optical rangefinder, because of its superior resolution, supplements radar with information on imagery and identification of target and gunnery accuracy through observation of the shell bursts relative to the target. Also, under Emission Control conditions, the passive rangefinder substitutes for radar. However, rangefinder usefulness is limited because 1) it requires sufficient daylight illumination and weather clarity, 2) there is a shortage of Fleet personnel with good stereoscopic perception, and 3) operator mechanical manipulation of the rangefinder optics makes it too slow for ranging on high‐speed aircraft.To improve the rangefinder utility, a passive day/night Low Light Level Television Rangefinder System has been proposed that will provide an image of the target and automatically display range in digital format on cathode ray tubes. Without modifying the stereoscopic range‐finder and with appropriate external optics, the range‐finder can be adapted to operate with the low light level television camera. Automatic ranging, which eliminates the operator, is obtained with new electronic TV time‐scanning circuitry which will provide rapid, continuous digital range. Ranging on high‐speed aircraft will be possible.The gun‐director rangefinder is, at times, used for general navigation, collision avoidance, stationkeeping, surveillance, etc. The Low Light Level Television Range‐finder System will provide night and automatic ranging capabilities for these applications.
COST ESTIMATING—A CRUCIAL FUNCTION OF THE SHIP ACQUISITION PROCESS
Authors: DREWRY JOHN T. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is several fold: a) to identify the important roles of cost estimating in the ship acquisition process, b) to explain the complexity of estimating the costs of naval ships, and c) to identify existing and potential problems with estimations of budget costs and to propose solutions to these problems.Recommendations to improve the Navy's cost estimating effectiveness by building a data base from actual return costs, developing and utilizing parametric cost models, continuously updating and validating cost estimating models, planning budget submittals to occur after all major characteristics are determined, staffing the cost estimating function with numbers and quality of personnel commensurate with the importance of its role, organizing with a higher costing authority responsible for setting policy. Recommendations are also made to integrate total ship program estimates with “satellite” cost estimating offices in the various engineering organizations responsible for performing detailed estimates, to budget with integrity by submitting only budget figures consistent with the cost estimates, and to exercise stringent change control once the budgetary cost constraint is set by allowing only those changes which correct engineering deficiencies or which are compensated in costs by other changes.
COST LEVERAGES IN SHIP DESIGN
Authors: CLARKE HORACE D. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTExamples of the application of “Design‐to‐Cost” are presented in the framework of the recent Naval Sea Systems Command Instruction, “Design‐to‐Cost” Guide for Ship Acquisition. The central theme of these examples is the determination of cost leverages for “Design‐to‐Cost” savings. To date such cost savings have concentrated in the area of highly visible military characteristics and have not seriously impacted the remainder of the ship design.Reduction in not‐so‐visible design margins, practices, and criteria also offer practical cost savings. Ship design margins should be established in consideration of cost leverages as well as by reason of uncertainty and lack of design definition. Subsystem design practices should be established in consideration of cost leverages contained in their performance margins.It is concluded that an engineering definition of “Design‐to‐Cost” should be the specification of margins, practices, and criteria for the design of a particular ship in its budget environment followed by design control to assure that the specifications are met.
FRACTURE DESIGN CRITERIA FOR STRUCTURAL ADHESIVE BONDING‐PROMISE AND PROBLEMS
Authors: BASCOM WILLARD D. , COTTINGTON ROBERT L. , TIMMONS CARTER O. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe joining of load bearing structures using organic resin adhesives is an established technology in aircraft, spacecraft, and automobile construction and is being considered in ship construction; especially for hydrofoil and other advanced craft. The failure analysis of structural adhesive joints must be based on fracture criteria since these joints fail by linear elastic brittle fracture. Accordingly, the Navy has supported work over the past decade on developing an adhesive fracture test methodology and data base.Recent work at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) had demonstrated that fracture testing of structural adhesive joints is fundamentally more complex than the fracture testing of monolithic structures. Specifically, there is a very strong bond thickness effect; and more importantly, testing must be done under combined stress conditions. Opening‐mode (cleavage) tests alone are not sufficient. A study of the adhesive fracture behavior of structural adhesives has established why this additional testing is necessary. Work remains to be done on developing analytical relationships for the effect of joint geometry on adhesive fracture behavior.
DESIGN APPRAISAL—DD‐963
Authors: RAINS DEAN A. , BEYER KENNETH M. , KEENE W.P. , LINDGREN J.R. , MOGIL E. , PAGE T.E. , UNTERSHINE J. , YOUNGWORTH J.F. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe design of the DD 963 Class destroyers embodies much new naval engineering technology. Several papers in the past have discussed its design. This paper evaluates this design compared to expected performance. This evaluation is based on component tests, special tests, and dock and sea trial results. The evaluation will cover the performance of the hull, power plant, noise control, weapons, electronics, auxiliaries, and crew and logistical support. The significance of designing for modernization and conversion also will be discussed.
U.S. MERCHANT MARINE OPERATIONS
Authors: KYLE BURTON T. , BRYAN ROBERT A. , SPARKS CHARLES J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIn the October 1976 issue of the Journal, Kiss and Coffiman described the “Ships in the U.S. Merchant Marine.” In the December 1976 issue, Bollock and Connors discussed the “Men of the Merchant Marine.” With these papers as background, the operations of the U.S. Merchant Marine are now presented as the final paper of the series describing the U.S. Merchant Marine; its ships, men, and operations. In this paper the various transport services provided by the U.S. Merchant Marine are described. An historical overview of the development of the U.S. Merchant Marine Fleet over the last forty‐years is coupled with an analysis of the participation of U.S. flag ships in the Nation's commerce. The objective and the progress made under the Merchant Marine Act of 1970, b also examined as well as its effect on the carriage of a substantial portion of the Nation's foreign waterborne commerce. A discussion of the domestic trades is also included.
DR. HOVAGAARD AND THE NAVIES
Authors: POTTER JAMES H. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTDr. William Hovgaard is remembered affectionately as the founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Postgraduate Program for the officers of the U.S. Corps of Naval Constructors. Prior to this, however, he had completed an extensive and useful career as an officer in the Royal Danish Navy.The lasting dement in this or any man is in the contributions he makes to the permanent scientific and professional literature. Dr. Hovgaard spanned the field of applied mechanics and made many original contributions, and he was certainly the greatest authority on warship design of his generation.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN OIL—WATER POLLUTION MONITORING SYSTEM
Authors: TYLER BRUCE , GONGAWARE WILLIAM , HOULIHAN THOMAS M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe prototype of an automatic oil pollution monitor was built and tested. In the system developed, a “Direct Difference Method of Total Organic Carbon Determination” was utilized to ascertain oil concentrations. Using this monitor, it was possible to specify the concentration of any oil, independent of type, in a known water sample. In the final phases of the study, preliminary investigation on prototype improvements and oil concentration determinations in bilge water were initiated.
GLASS REINFORCED PLASTIC (GRP) PIPING FOR SHIPBOARD APPLICATIONS
Authors: WILHELMI GEORGE F. , SCHAB HENRY W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe widespread acceptance of Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) Piping by industry has not been paralleled by Navy shipboard applications due to lack of technical information concerning performance characteristics of the material in the shipboard environment. The need for a corrosion—free, lightweight, low cost alternative to metallic piping materials aboard advanced Navy ships provided an opportunity to begin investigations with GRP Piping in the areas of fire performance, mechanical properties, cyclic fatigue characteristics, shock performance, flexible compatible couplings, erosion resistance, marine fouling control systems, and joint inspection techniques.Results of investigations to date have provided encouragement for current applications of GRP Piping in advanced Navy ships, and for future applications throughout the entire surface—ship fleet. Several diversified GRP pipe, fitting, and joining concepts employed by various manufacturers are currently being investigated to provide the performance criteria necessary to develop a military specification ensuring required characteristics for general shipboard service.
VERTICAL ATTITUDE TAKE—OFF AND LANDING (VATOL) REMOTELY PILOTED DEMONSTRATION VEHICLE
Authors: EILERTSON WARREN H. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe paper discusses the advantages of one approach to vertical launch and recovery of Navy RPV's and future manned Navy fighter aircraft – Vertical Attitude Take—Off and Landing (VATOL). It describes the current threat imposed on the Fleet by the advent of high speed cruise missiles and the advantages of aircraft dispersal via V/STOL operations. Details of a demonstration vehicle constructed to investigate VATOL shipboard operations are presented. The status of tethered hover flight tests recently completed at DTNSRDC is discussed.
POST—TENSIONED REINFORCED CONCRETE AS APPLIED TO SHIP DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
Authors: ERTNER JAMES D. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTPost—tensioned reinforced concrete is a material which integrates the advantages of concrete, steel, reinforced concrete, and prestressed concrete. Unlike ferro—cement (which has been limited to small boats), post—tensioned reinforced concrete has the potential for being applied to the construction of larger ships, such as Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) Tankers. An investigation of material selection, engineering properties, permissible stresses under loading, and design considerations (such as cracking, corrison, and concrete cover thickness) is followed by the application of post—tensioned reinforced concrete to a Tanker midship section. There are several key parameters in the design of such a midship section, the three with the greatest impact on section modulus being concrete area, total steel area, and modular ratio. One particularly significant conclusion is that, for a constant moment of inertia, the weight of a midship section can be reduced by increasing the modular ratio while decreasing the steel area and/or the concrete area. Furthermore, the steel stresses increase considerably, whereas the concrete tensile stress (the critical stress in post—tensioned reinforced concrete structures) is virtually unaffected.
THE MERCHANT SHIP NAVAL AUGMENTATION PROGRAM (MSNAP)
Authors: BENEN LAWRENCE 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIn the past two decades the U.S. Overseas Supply Base structure has greatly diminished, stretching the supply lines to deployed Navy forces. At the same time rapidly rising shipbuilding costs have caused new combatant ship construction to squeeze out new replenishment ship construction. The result is longer supply lines with fewer assets to support them. Merchant ships show great promise in augmenting Navy replenishment ships in some situations, but now have no interface capability for “at—sea” transfer of dry cargo. The aim of the Merchant Ship Naval Augmentation Program (MSNAP) is to provide adapter packages that provide a merchant ship with this capability on short notice and with inexpensive components. Some conceptual component designs have been developed, and limited feasibility testing has been conducted. However, many of the critical problems yet remain to be solved by the Naval Engineering Community.
EXPLORA TOR Y DEVELOPMENT: SHIPS, SUBMARINES, AND BOATS
Authors: VITTUCCI ROCCO V. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Navy's Exploratory Development Program for Ships, Submarines and Boats it at the cutting edge of the new technologies needed to create advanced types of naval vehicles. It also includes efforts to overcome deficiencies and to upgrade the capabilities of existing ships and craft. Better ships do not come easily!This paper describes some of the efforts now underway to develop the Navy's ships of the future by first developing and demonstrating the technology needed to upgrade each characteristic vital to unproved naval vehicles.We need ships that are: more seaworthy – yet smaller; lighter – but stronger; faster – though using less fuel; more reliable – but less costly! In order to achieve dozens of such contradictory improvements, tins Exploratory Development Program looks for answers in the fields of: advanced vehicle concepts, fluid dynamics, structures, naval vehicle control, electrical energy conversion, main propulsion machinery, auxiliary shipboard machinery, personnel protection, damage control, and ship silencing. Specific examples of the work in these fields are provided together with some fed for how this interesting program operates.
A METHOD TO INCREASE EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANNING AIRCRAFT CARRIER OVERHAUL
Authors: ZIMMERMANN CLAUS E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe successful planning and subsequent execution of complex ship overhaul repair packages b highly dependent on two basic dements – proper Identification of repair requirements and early establishment of repair responsibility for each deficiency. All other major planning evolutions – material procurement, plan development, Job order Issues, and work scheduling – are heavily influenced by the degree of accomplishment of these two key elements. Although the completeness of repair requirement identification varies widely with the project, in the case of aircraft carrier overhauls the accurate Identification of all repair requirements is further complicated by the complexity and large number of systems and equipments. This paper presents a method for countering the advene effects of these complications and discusses a procedure for integrating both repair identification and establishment of repair responsibility into the aircraft carrier complex overhaul advance planning process via the Ship Alteration and Repair Package (SARP). In addition, it is shown that the described procedure accommodates established practices in aircraft carrier overhaul planning which have already proven effective and also provides coordination to improve total overhaul performance through improvement in the advance planning process.
CHECKOUT OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR SHIPBOARD USE
Authors: GALLANT WILLIAM R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe computer b playing an increasing rale in shipboard operation. One factor limiting its usage it the problem of checking out computer programs before they are delivered to the ship. A lengthy “on—board” checkout is expensive and can tie up a valuable asset. Additional problems often occur on board when the delivered programs are upgraded. Based on 15 years experience, the Author reviews the major areas of concern in testing and evaluating computer programs and discusses approaches that can provide a reasonable confidence that schedules, costs, and performance will be met.The key steps in the development of a computer program are outlined with emphasis on the testing stage. A review of a wide variety of computer programs shows that 40%–50% of the cost of developing a computer program occurs during the checkout and certification phases of program development. Testing is also key to a successful delivery because this is the final step before delivery.The major objectives of testing are established along with the necessary steps to meet these objectives. Several factors affecting the degree of testing which should be accomplished are discussed along with the impact that each has on the planned testing effort. The stages Involved In testing a computer program are defined along with the types of errors which are found, and not found, at each stage. Preparations must be made for changes to the program after delivery and the potential consequences of making changes recognized. Specific steps are developed to reduce the dangers involved in making changes.
LIFE—CYCLE MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT WILL IMPROVE AIRCRAFT CARRIER MA TERIAL CONDITION
Authors: JURGES GLEN 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Material Condition of today's aircraft carriers is declining at an alarming rate. Reversing this trend can be accomplished with a new concept called “Life—Cycle Maintenance Management” – the continuous process of managing a wide variety of maintenance activities throughout the ship's life. This paper advances the organization and key managers, material condition assessment, and methods for scheduling, allocating resources, and controlling approximately 400 maintenance activities. With “Life—Cycle Maintenance Management”, aircraft carrier maintenance is more effective, efficient, and less costly, and Material Condition will meet Fleet Standards.
THE 400HZ. MOTOR—GENERATOR POWER SYSTEMS IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
Authors: NICKLEY ALFRED P. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe success or failnre of any equipment improvement program most be measured in terms of the ultimate benefits derived by the Fleet and whether the resultant benefits were worth the time, effort, and funds expended. In consideration of this criteria, the NAVSEC 400Hz Motor—Generator Power Systems Improvement Program most be deemed a success. Developed in mid–1971 to combat the numerous casualties and excessive downtimes occurring in U.S. Navy surface ships and by concentrating efforts over a four and one—half year period in five major areas related to the problem, the paper discusses how NAVSEC has increased effectively the “on—line” availability of the 400Hz motor—generator power systems.
THE FFG–7 GUIDED MISSLE FRIGATE PROGRAM– MODEL FOR THE FUTURE?
Authors: BEECHER JOHN D. , DiTRAPANI ANTHONY R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTLate in 1970, Admiral E. R. Zumwalt, Chief of Naval Operations, directed that study begin towards development of a new class of ocean escort, now known as the FFG 7 (Oliver Hazard Perry) Class, to take over some of the duties of the Navy's World War II destroyers as these 25 year old ships are retired from the active Fleet. At the same time, the Department of Defense was significantly revising its basic policies for the development and acquisition of major weapons systems, and the FFG became the Navy's first major ship class acquisition under these new policies. These new policies, as announced in DOD Directive 5000.1, along with the program constraints imposed by the CNO, required the development of a philosophy and approach towards design, test and evaluation and acquisition which was significantly different from previous ship procurements. This paper summarizes the overall acquisition, T&E and logistic support plans for the FFG 7 Class as they were developed and implemented to meet these needs and constraints, discusses the ship trial results, and provides a commentary regarding the effectiveness of the approach and future applicability.