bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microstructural Aspects of Corrosion and Hydrogen Ingress in Zr-2.5Nb
Authors: Urbanic VF , Griffiths M 
Published: April 2008

Zr-2.5Nb alloy pressure tubes for CANDU® reactors are nominally extruded at 815°C, cold-worked about 27%, and stress-relieved at 400°C for 24 h. The resulting structure consists of elongated α-Zr grains interspersed with a network of thin β-Zr filaments. Corrosion tests on unirradiated and preirradiated material have investigated the effects of microstructure and microchemistry on corrosion and hydrogen ingress. In two-phase (α-Zr+β-Zr) structures, the corrosion and hydrogen pickup increases with increasing volume fraction of β-Zr. Corrosion is highest for single β-phase material although hydrogen pickup reverts to a minimum value. Tests on alloys with low Nb concentration show that the optimum corrosion resistance occurs at a Nb content of about 0.1 wt% Nb. Thermal aging the metastable two-phase structure reduces corrosion and is consistent with a lower β-phase volume fraction and a lower concentration of Nb in the α-phase.
Cold working the as-extruded two-phase structure up to about 80%, prior to stress relieving, reduces the out-reactor corrosion by about a factor of two. However, in-reactor, the benefits of cold work are negligible since there is a suppression of corrosion in irradiated Zr-2.5Nb that dominates all other effects. Irradiation results in an increase in dislocation density due to dislocation loop formation and also enhances the progression to an equilibrium α-phase composition manifested by the appearance of Nb-rich precipitates. Both of these effects of irradiation on microstructure are associated with improved corrosion properties based on tests of materials with controlled microstructures and microchemistry. Any thermally induced decomposition of the α-phase, resulting from the stress-relief heat-treatment, is slowed or even reversed by irradiation, depending on flux and temperature, and is therefore unlikely to have a significant effect on corrosion of irradiated materials. One of the most important factors leading to improved corrosion properties in Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubing seems to be the precipitation of β-Nb particles and the concomitant reduction of Nb in the matrix of the α-Zr grains during irradiation. Apart from any direct effects of cold-working or dislocation loop formation, it is likely that increased dislocation densities will also enhance Nb precipitation.
Corrosion of Electron-Irradiated Zr-2.5Nb and Zircaloy-2
Authors: Woo OT , McDougall GM , Hutcheon RM , Urbanic VF , Griffiths M , Coleman CE 
Published: April 2008

We used 10-MeV electrons to rapidly produce radiation damage in zirconium alloys, investigated whether electrons produced the same microstructural changes as neutrons, then performed post-irradiation corrosion tests to determine whether electron-irradiated materials displayed similar corrosion behavior to neutron-irradiated materials.
Two irradiations were completed using 10-MeV electrons with the beam normal to thin disks of material of a diameter slightly larger than the beam. The beam distribution and disk cooling were designed to produce radial temperature and dose distributions having maxima at the disk center. A high-temperature irradiation was performed on annealed Zr-2.5Nb disks, achieving a central dose of 1.3 dpa and at a central temperature of ≈450°C. After irradiation, the samples contained needle-like β-Nb precipitates in the α-Zr matrix similar to those produced by neutrons. A low-temperature irradiation was performed on half-moon disks of Zr-2.5Nb and Zircaloy-2 pressure tube materials at 310°C central temperature and 1.3-dpa central dose. Dislocation loops were observed, again similar to those produced in neutron-irradiated materials.
Some of the high-temperature electron-irradiated disks were exposed to 300°C moist air (saturated with D2O), and in separate tests, high- and low-temperature irradiated disks were corroded in 300°C D2O (11.0 pD at room temperature) in an autoclave. Measurements of oxide thickness by Fourier Transform Infrared Reflectance (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that electron irradiation reduced the corrosion rate of Zr-2.5Nb compared with that of unirradiated material, as observed for neutron irradiation. For exposures to moist air and to D2O, the theoretical deuterium uptakes for the electron-irradiated materials were, respectively, about 4 times and 1.5 to 2 times those for the unirradiated materials. This is also in good agreement with results for neutron-irradiated pressure tube materials. Thus, 10-MeV electrons produced the same corrosion behavior as fast neutrons in post-irradiation corrosion tests of Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube materials. For Zircaloy-2, the corrosion rates were the same for both electron-irradiated and unirradiated materials, similar to those observed for neutron-irradiated Zircaloy-4.
Correlation Between Characteristics of Oxide Films Formed on Zr Alloys in BWRs and Corrosion Performance
Authors: Nanikawa S , Etoh Y , Shimada S , Kubo T , Ito K , Harada H 
Published: April 2008

The electric resistance of oxide films formed on various Zr alloys in steam at 673 K and in BWRs were measured by an a-c impedance method to investigate the mobilities of the electric charges. The effects of oxide microstructure on transport of electric charges were investigated by TEM.
Impedance responses differed significantly between unirradiated pre- and post-transition films, although TEM observations gave no clear difference in crystal shapes and sizes of the oxide films. The results of a-c impedance measurements showed that the pre-transition oxide films had a fairly low electronic conductivity. This high resistance corresponded to the presence of a space charge layer near the outer surface of the oxide films which was in contact with the electrolyte. On the other hand, electronic conductivity of post-transition oxide films was about a thousand times higher than that of the pre-transition films.
The a-c impedance method was applied to ten kinds of Zr alloys irradiated in a BWR for four cycles. Only high Fe,Ni/Zry-2 and high Fe/Zry-2 alloys indicated responses similar to those of unirradiated pre-transition oxide films. This implied good corrosion performance for up to four irradiation cycles without oxidation rate transition. Furthermore, the alloys whose oxide had a lower electronic conductivity showed a smaller weight gain.
Constructing Smooth Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Pavements
Authors: Gardiner MS 
Published: April 2008

Description
Ten peer-reviewed papers give you a timely look at HMA smoothness measurements, specifications, and equipment. Evidence shows that pavements constructed with low roughness measurements perform longer with fewer needed maintenance activities than pavements with a higher level of initial roughness. This collection of papers, written by industry experts, provides an overview of the current approaches to constructing smooth HMA pavements.
Three sections cover:
State Agency Perspective—provides insight into both the history of the development and the implementation of ride quality specifications for new hot mix asphalt pavements in Alabama, Arizona, New Jersey, Virginia, and Tennessee. These papers highlight the wide range of differences in equipment and approaches used to quantify HMA smoothness by state agencies across the country. This information will provide the readers with insight into complexities associated with developing and implementing ride quality specifications.
National and International Perspectives—uses analysis of the Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) national pavement database to determine the affect of various construction alternatives on the smoothness of the final HMA surface. It also presents correlation equations that relate the traditional, but slow, method of measuring roughness with a hand-operated profilograph to that measured with the state-of-the-art vehicle-mounted. A second paper compares the use of six devices for measuring roughness on recently constructed Taiwan highways. This information will prove especially useful for agencies faced with assessing ride quality in confined urban areas.
Equipment Comparisons, Materials Considerations, and Analyses—focuses on how various HMA mixtures, friction courses, and construction practices influence smoothness measurements and pavement quality; and compares the results obtained from an inclinometer profiler and a vehicle mounted profiler when used to test a wide range of HMA mixtures. Correlations between construction practices and their influence on roughness are also presented. It also discusses a new method for analyzing the raw profile obtained by a wide range of profilers. This analysis method can be used to improve data processing for any equipment that collects the raw profile
This new publication is a valuable technical resource for
• Consulting and Paving Design Firms
• Pavement Design Engineers
• Asphalt Suppliers and Contractors
• Federal, State, and Local Government Personnel involved with Road and Highway Management and Development
• Asphalt Researchers
Resilient Modulus Testing for Pavement Components
Authors: Durham GN , DeGroff WL , Marr WA 
Published: April 2008

Description
Nineteen peer-reviewed papers address the latest issues affecting the resilient modulus test and use of the test results. Resilient modulus indicates the stiffness of a soil under controlled confinement conditions and repeated loading. The test is intended to simulate the stress conditions that occur in the base and subgrade of a pavement system.
Papers cover:
• Repeatability of the test by testing replicated test specimens under the same conditions.
• Background of test startup and QC procedures
• Review of the LTPP test program
• Effect of water content and pore water pressure buildup on the resilient modulus of unsaturated and saturated cohesive soils
• Importance of the value of resilient modulus on required pavement thickness
This book is a valuable resource for highway engineers, geotechnical engineers, laboratory personnel who conduct pavement tests, pavement designers, and foundation engineers.
Contaminated Sediments: Characterization, Evaluation, Mitigation/Restoration, and Management Strategy Performance
Authors: Locat J , Cloutier RG , Chaney R , Demars K 
Published: April 2008

Description
This new publication reviews recent advances in contaminated sediments-management-related research and focuses on the engineering aspects of contaminant transport, erosion, stability, monitoring, and modeling. It identifies both established and innovative physico-chemical and biological tests and methods used to characterize and evaluate properties and behavior of contaminated sediments, as well as the potential for contaminant transfer. This data reflects recent work carried out on large coastal investigations and on natural and artificial capping of contaminated sediments.
Twenty-three peer-reviewed papers cover:
Sediment Characterization of contaminated sediments has become more and more complex. It involves ex situ techniques from standard tests (e.g., physical properties) to biological analysis in addition to all the chemical analyses, but also in situ ones like erodability tests.
Mitigation and Restoration Methods are diversified and touch on many different environments from river sediments and harbor lagoons to land reclamation. They involve techniques ranging from the use of geotextiles and geocomposites to selective sequential extraction methods
Monitoring and Performance aspects of contaminated sediments are largely supported by extensive site investigations, like the Southern California project, but also by the development of modeling tools.
In addition, four peer-reviewed papers in this volume summarize a five-year research effort aimed at evaluating the performance of a catastrophic capping layer resulting from the major 1996 Saguenay flood disaster that proved to be very beneficial to the Saguenay Fjord environment and ecosystem by covering most of the ancient contaminated sediments.
Audience: This book is an invaluable resource for environmental engineers and scientists, water quality engineers, soil scientists, geotechnical engineers, and environmentalists, educators, and legislators.
Effects of Radiation on Materials: 21st International Symposium
Authors: Grossbeck ML , Allen TR , Lott RG , Kumar AS 
Published: April 2008

Description
Fifty-nine peer-reviewed papers provide the latest international research on nuclear materials.
Although the primary focus is on pressure vessel steels, including mechanical properties and microstructures, it contains papers on the latest research on fundamentals of radiation effects in materials as well as on stainless steels and nonferrous alloys. It has a truly international flavor containing twenty-six papers from outside the United States.
Sections cover:
• Austenitic Stainless Steels
• Pressure Vessel Steels—Properties and Mechanisms
• Pressure Vessel Steels—Analysis and Prediction
• Ferritic Steels—Model and Low Activation Alloys
• Swelling and Irradiation Creep
• Radiation Effects
• Radiation-Induced Segregation and Transmutation
• Measurement Techniques and Modeling Studies
• Radiation-Induced Segregation and Transmutation
• Measurement Techniques and Modeling Studies
• Ceramic Materials
• Vanadium Alloys
• Zirconium and Copper Alloys
Technology of Floor Maintenance and Current Trends
Authors: Schalitz WJ 
Published: April 2008

Description
This new ASTM publication gives you the latest information on ALL ASPECTS of floor polish in easy-to-understand terms.
Ten peer-reviewed papers cover:
A thorough review of the chemistry involved in floor polishes and associated coatings.
Coating maintenance and static coefficient of friction (COF) includes papers that clearly define COF and how it is measured correctly in accordance with ASTM standards. There is also a general review of polish maintenance techniques and a critical paper encompassing the relationship between the static COF of newly applied floor polish and that same finish, which has been subjected to various industry standard maintenance techniques over time.
Legal and regulatory issues discusses the legal aspects associated with a slip incidence, as well as the tools to prevent slip incidents. It also includes an actual case history, which provides a meticulous investigative outline for those involved in the discovery phase of a slip claim; and closes with a review of those regulatory issues that currently effect floor polishes.
STP 1448 will help facilities better manage their floor care program, saving them time and money, while improving the overall appearance and safety. It has a broad base of appeal from the formulation chemist developing polishes to the facilities manager who is looking to better manage their floor care program.
Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: 23rd Volume
Authors: Volgas GC , Downer RA , Lopez HB 
Published: April 2008

Description
Twenty-two peer-review papers give you a broad view of where the pesticide industry may be headed. The recent loss of patent protection for many pesticides has created new opportunities for agricultural chemical manufacturers. Spray adjuvant and inert producers must be more creative in the products they offer; and biotechnology and consolidation are putting pressure on all sectors of the industry. All of these changes have forced formulators to better focus their efforts to offer economic benefits to the end users of their products.
Topics cover:
FORMULATION INGREDIENTS showcases new adjuvant formulations and new inert chemistries. Inert suppliers and researchers presented papers introducing novel formulation tools as well as innovative uses for old inert chemistries.
FORMULATION of PESTICIDES for ENHANCED BIOLOGICAL EFFICACY examines new techniques for adding value and improving performance of products.
APPLICATION and DELIVERY SYSTEMS investigates new, more precise delivery techniques to reduce input costs for growers. This section features both equipment and additive technologies intended to reduce off-target spray drift and enhance deposition of applied sprays.
REGULATORY and ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS discusses regulatory and environmental issues, with particular attention to agrochemical and adjuvant formulation.
Ozone and Relative Humidity in Airline Cabins on Polar Routes: Measurements and Physical Symptoms
Authors: de Ree H , Bagshaw M , Simons R , Brown RA 
Published: April 2008

British Airways (BA) and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines (KLM) occasionally receive reports from flight deck and cabin crew of symptoms regarding the respiratory tract and eyes. Dry eyes, dry throat and respiratory discomfort may be a result of low relative humidity or may be due to raised ozone concentrations. It was decided to do a joint study on this subject. On 24 polar flights (12 KLM, 12 BA), ozone levels and relative humidity were measured and questionnaires were completed by crew members.
Ozone and relative humidity were measured on the flight deck. Flight deck and cabin crew members were asked to indicate if physical symptoms were present, before the flight and toward the end of the flight. The measured ozone concentration for both airlines was highly variable. On KLM flights (with catalytic converters) ozone levels were significantly lower than the ozone level on BA flights (no converters). Although BA aircraft used in this study have humidifiers installed for the flight deck, only on three BA flights was the mean relative humidity over 10%. This suggests that the humidifiers may not have been working properly, and no conclusions regarding their effectiveness can be drawn. Most of the crew members showed an increase in physical symptoms during the flight, as was expected. There was, however, no significant relationship between cabin air parameters and reported physical symptoms.
Roofing Research and Standards Development: 5th Volume
Authors: Wallace TJ , Rossiter WJ 
Published: April 2008

Description
Addressing long-standing issues, such as durability, wind resistance, fire resistance, and impact on building energy consumption, this new volume provides ten peer-reviewed papers that provide the latest research results on issues that vitally affect successful long-term roofing performance.
This new publication serves as a valuable resource for all roofing professionals, including contractors, architects, engineers, consultants, building owners, researchers, sales and marketing personnel, product development specialists, and insurers. (ROOF03)
Tissue Engineered Medical Products (TEMPs)
Authors: Schutte E , Picciolo GL , Kaplan D 
Published: April 2008

Description
Written by an international group of industry experts, regulators, and academics, this new ASTM publication provides the latest data on tissue engineering and the standards available for manufacturing TEMPs.
Twenty-three peer-reviewed papers cover
This new publication serves as a valuable resource for regulators, manufacturers, suppliers, developers, academics, patent examiners, and lawyers.
Durability of Building and Construction Sealants and Adhesives
Authors: Wolf A 
Published: April 2008

Description
Twenty-eight peer-reviewed papers, reflecting the latest information on sealant and adhesive durability, cover:
Field Experience with Sealed Joints and Adhesive Fixations—discusses a novel secondary drainage system for architectural panel walls, consisting of tubes and joint protection collection reservoirs with one-way valves; the retrofitting of a lock strip gasket system on the façade of a twenty-year old building to create a watertight barrier; and structural silicone glazing systems.
Factors Influencing the Durability of Sealed Joints and Adhesive Fixations—examines the influence of polyester powder coating chemistry on the adhesion durability of silicone sealants; water absorption in cold liquid-applied waterproofing; cleaning and preparation of float glass substrates; relationship between elevated moisture conditions in substrates and the ability of sealants to maintain adequate bond strength; and a comparison of the properties of silyl-terminated polyurethanes with those of traditional polyurethanes.
Durability Studies of Sealants and Adhesives—studies the effect of different foam backer rods on the cure and mechanical performance of sealed joints; HVAC sealant longevity; use of biocides in silicone sealants; case histories of horizontal sealant joint failure investigations; resistance of horizontal joints to concentrated loads; and much more.
Development of New Test Methods and Performance Based Specifications—reviews issues related to the mechanical property characterization of sealants; a systematic approach to a performance-based guide for the selection of crack sealants used in airport pavements; the effect of ambient laboratory climate ageing on material properties used in the FEA modeling of silicone sealants; and the key requirements relevant to any service-life-prediction methodology.
Landscape Ecology and Wildlife Habitat Evaluation: Critical Information for Ecological Risk Assessment, Land-Use Management Activities, and Biodiversity Enhancement
Authors: Kapustka L , Galbraith H , Luxon M , Biddinger GR 
Published: April 2008

Description
Eighteen peer-reviewed papers explore the latest information on theoretical and applied ecology, especially as it relates to characterizing environmental risks to wildlife and the requirements of environmental managers.
Until recently, many areas which have low to moderate levels of chemical contamination were subjected to intrusive remediation efforts; the consequence being substantial destruction of existing wildlife habitat and low potential for enhancing better quality habitat at the affected site. This new ASTM publication addresses these issues. Topics cover
Innovations in Controlled Low-Strength Material (Flowable Fill)
Authors: Hitch JL , Howard AK , Baas WP 
Published: April 2008

Description
Get the latest information on Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM), including new design procedures, current research, unique project applications, and innovative installation techniques. Also known as flowable fill, CLSM is used in place of compacted backfill or unsuitable native soil with the most common uses as pipe embedment and backfill. It continues to gain acceptance in the construction industry and helps create higher quality products.
Eleven peer-reviewed papers highlight the innovations in technology, test methods and material science that have occurred during the evolution of CLSM. Sections include:
Innovative Ingredients—explores the use of non-traditional ingredients in CLSM and determines their suitability or limitations.
Engineering Property Analysis—covers the engineering properties for certain applications of CLSM and includes papers that utilize existing ASTM test methods as well as explored new methods to measure parameters, such as excavatibility.
Pipeline Applications—addresses some of the issues related to pipeline design since one of the most common uses for CLSM is pipe backfill.
As an added bonus you get five current ASTM standards on CLSM developed by Committee D18 on Soil and Rock.
This new publication is a valuable resource for engineers (civil, geotechnical, structural, and transportation); contractors; salesmen, technical service managers, and quality control managers for the ready-mix, admixture, cement, and fly ash industries; FHA and EPA field engineers; and university professors.