bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standardization of Methodology for Chemical Functions in Starch Derivatives. Part 2
Authors: Mitchell G. , Wijnberg A. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe work of Work Group 3, of the International Standards Organization Technical Committee 93 (ISO/TC 93/WG3), concerning the determination of functional groups in starch derivatives, has been progressed. The Netherlands Normalisatie Instituut (NNI) is the secretariat and Part I of this paper outlined the total work programme and reported the finalised work on acetyl and carboxyl functions.Following modifications, the available methodology for the adipyl function was improved, and has been validated. The methodology for the determination of the carboxymethyl function by titration of the carboxyl group, has also been refined and validated by collaborative testing. Draft International Standards have been made of these two methods so that they can be voted on by members of ISO and the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) in a parallel process.Work on the hydroxypropyl function has not yet come to a successful conclusion. A colorimetric method showed poor reproducibility, due probably to its empirical nature; little support was found for gas chromatographic methods. However, the use of proton NMR might yield a satisfactory means. While all members of the Work Group are not equipped with the required instrument, a preliminary study will be done with the help of other laboratories.
Structural Aspects of Partially Acetylated Degraded Amylopectins — A 13C NMR Study
Authors: Falk Heinz , Stanek Michael , Wutka Reinhold 
Published: November 2006

Abstract13C NMR signal assignments were achieved for amylose and amylopectin triacetates and a series of partially acetylated, acid degraded amylopectin derivatives. Using the relative intensities of several of these signals for the latter materials the following could be deduced. First, within the molar substitution range of 0.47 and 0.72 the acetylation of partially degraded amylopectins takes place randomly distributed at all glucan moieties of the polysaccharide. Second, the probabilities of substitutions of hydroxyl groups in positions 2, 3, and 6 of a discrete glucan moiety are equivalent.
Physicochemical Properties and Functionality of Highly Carboxymethylated Starch
Authors: Kwon Kisung , Auh Joong Hyuck , Kim Jeong‐Weon , Park Kwan Hwa , Park Chan Heun , Ko Cheul Jong 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHighly carboxymethylated potato starches (HCMS) with various degrees of substitution ranging 0.48‐0.60 were produced and their physicochemical and functional properties were examined. The degree of substitution could be increased by prior treatment of starch with acid, although the longer the treatment the percentage of low molecular weight starches increased slightly. HCMS showed a pseudoplastic flow having the power law index less than 1.0. HCMS swelled readily in cold water (15°C), formed a clear solution, and were resistant to retrogradation. The viscosity of HCMS prepared without or with 15min acid treatment was similar or higher than that of native starch at the beginning of amylography, however, it decreased gradually from the rest of the stage. HCMS prepared with longer acid treatments exhibited extremely low viscosity throughout the test period. The digestibility of HCMS by α‐amylase decreased greatly in proportional to the degree of substitution. Scanning electron microscopic observation revealed fine fissures and grooves on the surface of HCMS granules, suggesting part of amylose has been leached by the acid treatment.
Evaluating Sodium Salts as Pushing Agents on High‐Performance Anion‐Exchange Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection for Maltodextrin Analysis
Authors: Lu Ting‐Jang , Lacourse William R. , Jane Jay‐Lin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSodium hydroxide and sodium salts of acetate, nitrate and sulfate were chosen as pushing agents for maltodextrin analysis by high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC‐PAD). Different concentrations of sodium hydroxide solution, 100 mM to 500 mM, were used for direct detection of maltodextrins on a set of gold working and saturated calomel reference electrodes. Chromatographic capacity factors, k′, of maltodextrins increased as molecular size increased. Sodium hydroxide alone was not adequate for an optimal maltodextrin separation. Sodium salts of acetate, nitrate, and sulfate were tested as pushing agents.The salts were compatible with the system, increased the separation selectivity and enhanced the detector response of PAD. The ability of pushing agents to decrease k′ followed the order of sulfate > nitrate > acetate > hydroxide. After being eluted with pushing agents, the column regeneration time of CarboPac PA1 was 180, 240 and 360 min for the acetate, nitrate, and sulfate salts, respectively. An alternate process to shorten the regeneration time for maltodextrin separation was demonstrated. Sodium azide, as a preservative, did not affect the separation and quantification of the analysis. Sodium nitrate was the best pushing agent for the homologous maltodextrin separation.
The Interaction Between Surfactants and 2‐Hydroxy‐3‐(N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐dodecylammonium)‐propyloxy Starches
Authors: Jonhed Anna , Järnström Lars 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe phase behavior of temperature‐responsive hydrophobically modified starches and the interaction between oxidized potato amylose and hydrophobically modified potato amylopectin have been investigated by rheology, turbidity measurements and differential scanning calorimetry. When oxidized amylose was mixed with hydrophobically modified amylopectin, a viscosity peak was observed, indicative of a guest‐host interaction between the oxidized amylose and the hydrophobically modified amylopectin. A series of oxidized and hydrophobically modified potato starches were investigated in the presence of an anionic and cationic surfactant. A coil‐helix transition of the investigated starches was observed in the presence of surfactant, with the exception of a cationic surfactant combined with a hydrophobically modified zwitterionic starch of high positive net charge. The destabilizing mechanism (the phase separation) of the hydrophobically modified starches was studied as well as the difference in stabilizing capacity between the investigated cationic and anionic surfactants.
Retrogradation of Ethylenebisformamide and Sorbitol Plasticized Corn Starch (ESPTPS)
Authors: Yang Jin‐hui , Yu Jiu‐gao , Ma Xiao‐fei 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral thermoplastic starches (TPSs), i.e. ethylenebisformamide, sorbitol and ethylene‐sorbitol plasticized (EPTPS, SPTPS and ESPTPS) were prepared and their retrogradation was investigated by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). These studies revealed that the mixture of ethylenebisformamide (E) and sorbitol (S) was a good plasticizer for corn starch, restraining the retrogradation of the TPSs. The mechanical properties were also investigated of the TPSs after conditioning for 150 days at ambient atmosphere. It indicated that TPS produced by mixed plasticizer possessed better mechanical properties than TPS produced using a single plasticizer (ethylenebisformamide or sorbitol). From the analysis of X‐ray, FT‐IR and SEM data it was hypothesized that some interaction between ethylenebisformamide and sorbitol occurred, which could prevent the plasticizer form separating out of the TPS matrix. As a result, the retrogradation of ESPTPS was limited, resulting in better mechanical properties compared with those of EPTPS and SPTPS.
An Aqueous Film‐coating Formulation based on Sodium Carboxymethyl Mungbean Starch
Authors: Kittipongpatana Ornanong S. , Chaichanasak Nadda , Kanchongkittipoan Sitanan , Panturat Akanit , Taekanmark Tipawan , Kittipongpatana Nisit 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNo abstracts.
Physicochemical Properties of Pin Oak (Quercus palustris Muenchh.) Acorn Starch
Authors: Stevenson David G. , Jane Jay‐lin , Inglett George E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhysicochemical properties of acorn (Quercus palustris) starch were studied. Acorn starch granules were spherical or ovoid, with diameters ranging from 3–17 μm. Acorn starch exhibited A‐type X‐ray diffraction pattern, an apparent amylose content of 43.4% and absolute amylose content of 31.4%. Relative to other A‐type starches, acorn amylopectin had a comparable weight‐average molar mass (3.9×108 g/mol), gyration radius (288 nm) and density (16.3 g mol−1nm−3). Average amylopectin branch chain‐length corresponded to DP 25.5. Onset gelatinization temperature was 65.0°C and peak gelatinization temperature was considerably higher (73.7°C). The enthalpy change of gelatinization was very high compared to non‐mutant starches (20.8 J/g). An amylose‐lipid thermal transition was not observed. Starch retrograded for 7 d at 4°C had very high peak melting temperature (54.2°C) relative to other A‐type starches. Final (260 RVU) and setback (138 RVU) viscosity of an 8% acorn starch paste was high relative to other starches and pasting temperature was 71.5°C.
Synthese und Struktur des tetrameren Tris(trimethylsilyl)silylindium(I) und neuer silylsubstituierter Indiumverbindungen
Authors: Bühler Martina , Linti Gerald 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSynthesis and Structure of Tetrameric Tris(trimethylsilyl)indium(I) and of New Silyl substituted Indium CompoundsThe reaction of InCp* with [LiSi(SiMe3)3·3thf] yielded in the first silylsubstituted tetrahedrane of indium [In4{Si(SiMe3)3}4] (1). It crystallizes together with [In{Si(SiMe3)3}3] (2) in dark green crystals. Colourless crystals of [Li(OH)(OSiMe3)In{Si(SiMe3)3}2]2 (3) were isolated as a byproduct from this reaction. It's structural core are three connected four membered rings made up of In‐, Li‐ and O‐atoms. From the reaction of [InOSO2CF3] with [LiSi(SiMe3)3·3thf] colourless crystals of [In{Si(SiMe3)3}2OSO2CF3·thf] (4) were isolated. InCp* reacted with [LiSiMe(SiMe3)2·3thf] to form the orange‐coloured monoindane [In{SiMe(SiMe3)2}3] (5). 1 – 4 were characterized by X‐ray crystal structure analyses.
APhytophthora infestansCystatin-Like Protein Targets a Novel Tomato Papain-Like Apoplastic Protease
Authors: Tian Miaoying , Win Joe , Song Jing , van der Hoorn Renier , van der Knaap Esther , Kamoun Sophien 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThere is emerging evidence that the proteolytic machinery of plants plays important roles in defense against pathogens. The oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans, the agent of the devastating late blight disease of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and potato (Solanum tuberosum), has evolved an arsenal of protease inhibitors to overcome the action of host proteases. Previously, we described a family of 14 Kazal-like extracellular serine protease inhibitors from P. infestans. Among these, EPI1 and EPI10 bind and inhibit the pathogenesis-related (PR) P69B subtilisin-like serine protease of tomato. Here, we describe EPIC1 to EPIC4, a new family of P. infestans secreted proteins with similarity to cystatin-like protease inhibitor domains. Among these, the epiC1 and epiC2 genes lacked orthologs in Phytophthora sojae and Phytophthora ramorum, were relatively fast-evolving within P. infestans, and were up-regulated during infection of tomato, suggesting a role during P. infestans-host interactions. Biochemical functional analyses revealed that EPIC2B interacts with and inhibits a novel papain-like extracellular cysteine protease, termed Phytophthora Inhibited Protease 1 (PIP1). Characterization of PIP1 revealed that it is a PR protein closely related to Rcr3, a tomato apoplastic cysteine protease that functions in fungal resistance. Altogether, this and earlier studies suggest that interplay between host proteases of diverse catalytic families and pathogen inhibitors is a general defense-counterdefense process in plant-pathogen interactions.
A Heat-Inducible Transcription Factor, HsfA2, Is Required for Extension of Acquired Thermotolerance in Arabidopsis
Authors: Charng Yee-yung , Liu Hsiang-chin , Liu Nai-yu , Chi Wen-tzu , Wang Chun-neng , Chang Shih-hsun , Wang Tsu-tsuen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe expression of heat shock proteins (Hsps) induced by nonlethal heat treatment confers acquired thermotolerance (AT) to organisms against subsequent challenges of otherwise lethal temperature. After the stress signal is removed, AT gradually decays, with decreased Hsps during recovery. AT of sufficient duration is critical for sessile organisms such as plants to survive repeated heat stress in their environment, but little is known regarding its regulation. To identify potential regulatory components, we took a reverse genetics approach by screening for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) T-DNA insertion mutants that show decreased thermotolerance after a long recovery (2 d) under nonstress conditions following an acclimation heat treatment. Among the tested mutants corresponding to 48 heat-induced genes, only the heat shock transcription factor HsfA2 knockout mutant showed an obvious phenotype. Following pretreatment at 37°C, the mutant line was more sensitive to severe heat stress than the wild type after long but not short recovery periods, and this could be complemented by the introduction of a wild-type copy of the HsfA2 gene. Quantitative hypocotyl elongation assay also revealed that AT decayed faster in the absence of HsfA2. Significant reduction in the transcript levels of several highly heat-inducible genes was observed in HsfA2 knockout plants after 4 h recovery or 2 h prolonged heat stress. Immunoblot analysis showed that Hsa32 and class I small Hsp were less abundant in the mutant than in the wild type after long recovery. Our results suggest that HsfA2 as a heat-inducible transactivator sustains the expression of Hsp genes and extends the duration of AT in Arabidopsis.
The Exoribonuclease XRN4 Is a Component of the Ethylene Response Pathway inArabidopsis
Authors: Potuschak Thomas , Vansiri Amérin , Binder Brad M. , Lechner Esther , Vierstra Richard D. , Genschik Pascal 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEXORIBONUCLEASE4 (XRN4), the Arabidopsis thaliana homolog of yeast XRN1, is involved in the degradation of several unstable mRNAs. Although a role for XRN4 in RNA silencing of certain transgenes has been reported, xrn4 mutant plants were found to lack any apparent visible phenotype. Here, we show that XRN4 is allelic to the unidentified components of the ethylene response pathway ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE5/ACC-INSENSITIVE1 (EIN5/AIN1) and EIN7. xrn4 mutant seedlings are ethylene-insensitive as a consequence of the upregulation of EIN3 BINDING F-BOX PROTEIN1 (EBF1) and EBF2 mRNA levels, which encode related F-box proteins involved in the turnover of EIN3 protein, a crucial transcriptional regulator of the ethylene response pathway. Epistasis analysis placed XRN4/EIN5/AIN1 downstream of CTR1 and upstream of EBF1/2. XRN4 does not appear to regulate ethylene signaling via an RNA-INDUCED SILENCING COMPLEX–based RNA silencing mechanism but acts by independent means. The identification of XRN4 as an integral new component in ethylene signaling adds RNA degradation as another posttranscriptional process that modulates the perception of this plant hormone.
Accurate and unambiguous tag-to-gene mapping in serial analysis of gene expression
Authors: Malig Rodrigo , Varela Cristian , Agosin Eduardo , Melo Francisco 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
In this study, we present a robust and reliable computational method for tag-to-gene assignment in serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE). The method relies on current genome information and annotation, incorporation of several new features, and key improvements over alternative methods, all of which are important to determine gene expression levels more accurately. The method provides a complete annotation of potential virtual SAGE tags within a genome, along with an estimation of their confidence for experimental observation that ranks tags that present multiple matches in the genome.

Results
We applied this method to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome, producing the most thorough and accurate annotation of potential virtual SAGE tags that is available today for this organism. The usefulness of this method is exemplified by the significant reduction of ambiguous cases in existing experimental SAGE data. In addition, we report new insights from the analysis of existing SAGE data. First, we found that experimental SAGE tags mapping onto introns, intron-exon boundaries, and non-coding RNA elements are observed in all available SAGE data. Second, a significant fraction of experimental SAGE tags was found to map onto genomic regions currently annotated as intergenic. Third, a significant number of existing experimental SAGE tags for yeast has been derived from truncated cDNAs, which are synthesized through oligo-d(T) priming to internal poly-(A) regions during reverse transcription.

Conclusion
We conclude that an accurate and unambiguous tag mapping process is essential to increase the quality and the amount of information that can be extracted from SAGE experiments. This is supported by the results obtained here and also by the large impact that the erroneous interpretation of these data could have on downstream applications.
Unusual patterns of Monteggia fracture-dislocation
Authors: Kazakos Constantinos J , Galanis Vasilios G , Verettas Dennis-Alexander J , Dimitrakopoulou Alexandra , Polychronidis Alexandros , Simopoulos Constantinos 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
High-energy trauma may result in uncommon open injuries around the elbow joint. The management of these injuries can be difficult.

Case description
Fourteen patients were treated between 1999 and 2003 and their injuries consisted of Monteggia fracture-dislocations combined with segmental fractures of the ulna or fractures of the forearm bones and/or various more complex trauma such as neural injuries, bone comminution and severe soft tissue injuries around the elbow. Eight of them (57%) were multiply injured with severe additional injuries. All patients underwent surgery within first 4–6 hours. Internal fixation, external fixation or a combination of both methods were used to stabilize fractures while open wounds had secondary closure.

Results
Additional operations were required in 6 patients. The functional results according to the Mayo Elbow Performance Index were excellent or good in eleven patients, and fair or poor in the remaining three. The patients with fair and poor results had suffered from severe neural and soft tissue trauma and/or multiple fractures of the upper extremity.

Conclusion
These injuries should be treated as an emergency. The surgeon should apply any available method that can provide stability to the bone fragments and safe handling of the soft tissues giving priority to internal fixation of the fractures. Severe osseous, soft tissue and neural trauma affect the functional results of the elbow region.
Effects of Graphene Layer Size on the Adsorption of Fluids on Graphitized Thermal Carbon Black. A Computer Simulation Study
Authors: Luangkiattikhun P. , Wongkoblap A. , Do D.D. 
Published: November 2006

The adsorption of Lennard-Jones fluids (argon and nitrogen) onto a graphitized thermal carbon black surface was studied with a Grand Canonical Monte Carlo Simulation (GCMC). The surface was assumed to be finite in length and composed of three graphene layers. When the GCMC simulation was used to describe adsorption on a graphite surface, an over-prediction of the isotherm was consistently observed in the pressure regions where the first and second layers are formed. To remove this over-prediction, surface mediation was accounted for to reduce the fluid–fluid interaction. Do and co-workers have introduced the so-called surface-mediation damping factor to correct the over-prediction for the case of a graphite surface of infinite extent, and this approach has yielded a good description of the adsorption isotherm. In this paper, the effects of the finite size of the graphene layer on the adsorption isotherm and how these would affect the extent of the surface mediation were studied. It was found that this finite-surface model provides a better description of the experimental data for graphitized thermal carbon black of high surface area (i.e. small crystallite size) while the infinite-surface model describes data for carbon black of very low surface area (i.e. large crystallite size).
Design of Gold Nanoparticles for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Debouttière P.‐J. , Roux S. , Vocanson F. , Billotey C. , Beuf O. , Favre‐Réguillon A. , Lin Y. , Pellet‐Rostaing S. , Lamartine R. , Perriat P. , Tillement O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractImproving the sensitivity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a powerful non‐invasive medical imaging technique, requires the development of novel contrast agents with a higher efficiency than gadolinium chelates such as DTPA:Gd (DTPA: diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) that are currently used for clinical diagnosis. To achieve this objective, the strategy that we have explored involves the use of gold nanoparticles as carriers for gadolinium chelates. These nanoparticles are obtained by reducing a gold salt in the presence of a dithiolated derivative of DTPA. Characterization of these particles by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), colorimetric titration, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) reveals the presence of a multilayered shell containing about 150 ligands on 2–2.5 nm sized particles. These particles exhibit a high relaxivity (r1 = 585 mM–1 s–1 as compared to 3.0 mM–1 s–1 for DTPA:Gd), rendering them very attractive as contrast agents for MRI.
Projections of somatosensory cortex and frontal eye fields onto incertotectal neurons in the cat
Authors: Perkins Eddie , Warren Susan , Lin Rick C.‐S. , May Paul J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe goal of this study was to determine whether the input‐output characteristics of the zona incerta (ZI) are appropriate for it to serve as a conduit for cortical control over saccade‐related activity in the superior colliculus. The study utilized the neuronal tracers wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) and biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) in the cat. Injections of WGA‐HRP into primary somatosensory cortex (SI) revealed sparse, widespread nontopographic projections throughout ZI. In addition, region‐specific areas of more intense termination were present in ventral ZI, although strict topography was not observed. In comparison, the frontal eye fields (FEF) also projected sparsely throughout ZI, but terminated more heavily, medially, along the border between the two sublaminae. Furthermore, retrogradely labeled incertocortical neurons were observed in both experiments. The relationship of these two cortical projections to incertotectal cells was also directly examined by retrogradely labeling incertotectal cells with WGA‐HRP in animals that had also received cortical BDA injections. Labeled axonal arbors from both SI and FEF had thin, sparsely branched axons with numerous en passant boutons. They formed numerous close associations with the somata and dendrites of WGA‐HRP‐labeled incertotectal cells. In summary, these results indicate that both sensory and motor cortical inputs to ZI display similar morphologies and distributions. In addition, both display close associations with incertotectal cells, suggesting direct synaptic contact. From these data, we conclude that inputs from somatosensory and FEF cortex both play a role in controlling gaze‐related activity in the superior colliculus by way of the inhibitory incertotectal projection. Anat Rec Part A, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.