bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Dietary Minerals and Pigment on Somatic Growth of Juvenile Green Sea Urchins, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis
Authors: Kennedy Edward J. , Robinson Shawn M. C. , Parsons G. Jay , Castell John D. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract This study investigated the effects of dietary minerals and pigments in prepared diets on the somatic growth performance of wild and hatchery‐reared juvenile green sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, by two feeding trials. In the first feeding trial, a modified Bernhart‐Tomerelli salt mix (BT) at 0, 1.5, 3, 6, and 15% dry mass and a Shur‐Gain/Maple Leaf Foods mineral mix at 3 and 6% dry mass were used to test for mineral effects. Pigment effects were tested by incorporating 1.25% Algro™ to the prepared diets (i.e., 250 mg of beta‐carotene per kilogram of diet). Sea urchins (13–15 mm of initial test diameter [TD]) collected from the wild were fed the prepared diets over 154 d. The sea urchins that were fed the pigmented diets had significantly greater test growth than those fed the nonpigmented diets, and mineral concentration in the pigmented diets was directly related to juvenile size at the end of the feeding trial. A sample of juveniles from each treatment group was sacrificed to determine test, gonad, and gut yields and ash concentrations. Ash concentrations in the test and gonad were higher for juveniles fed pigmented diets than for those fed nonpigmented diets with similar mineral concentration, suggesting an interaction between minerals and pigments within the juvenile sea urchins. The second feeding trail used two size cohorts of hatchery‐reared juveniles ranging from 1–2 mm and 2–3 mm of initial TD to compare the growth of sea urchins fed either the pigmented diet with 15% BT (i.e., the best diet in the first feeding trial) or kelp, Laminaria longicruris, over 159 d. Growth performance was similar for both cohorts, indicating no size effect, but the juveniles fed the prepared diet were significantly larger at the end of the feeding trial than those fed kelp. This suggests that prepared diets with pigment and high mineral concentration can outperform kelp, and be utilized for juvenile green sea urchins to increase test growth.
Feeding Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Diets Amended with Refined Marine Fish Oil Elevates Omega‐3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids in Fillets
Authors: Manning Bruce B. , Li Menghe H. , Robinson Edwin H. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract Channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, 88.4 ± 2.6 g/fish, were fed a basal diet amended with 4% of three processed menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus, oils. These were compared with basal diets amended with 4% corn oil or 4% canola oil. Three replicate aquaria of nine fish each were fed assigned diets twice daily. At 6 wk, fish were group weighed, fillets were collected for sensory evaluation, fatty acid analysis by gas chromatography (GC). In a second study, catfish, 118.8 ± 3.2 g/fish, were stocked into fifteen 0.04‐ha earthen ponds and fed once daily for 16 wk one of four diets containing 2 or 4% of either catfish offal oil or refined (RF) menhaden oil. At harvest, fillets were saved for sensory evaluation and fatty acid analysis. Results showed no significant (P > 0.05) differences among treatments for aquarium study and pond study variables such as weight gain, fillet proximate analysis, or pond production. GC analysis showed that levels of omega‐3 (n‐3) highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in fillet lipid were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated for fish fed menhaden oil diets. Sensory evaluation revealed that fillets from fish fed RF menhaden oil had satisfactory flavor and could be a source of n‐3 HUFA for humans.
Fly Prepupae as a Feedstuff for Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: St‐Hilaire Sophie , Sheppard Craig , Tomberlin Jeffery K , Irving Stephen , Newton Larry , McGuire Mark A , Mosley Erin E , Hardy Ronald W , Sealey Wendy 
Published: March 2007

Abstract Fly larvae may provide an effective method to mitigate two large and growing global concerns: the use of fish meal derived from capture fisheries in aquaculture diets and manure management in livestock and poultry facilities. A 9‐wk feed trial was conducted to determine whether fly larvae could be used as a partial fish meal and fish oil replacement in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, diets. A trout diet was formulated to contain 40% crude protein and 15% fat. Sixty‐seven percent of the protein in the control diet was derived from fish meal, and all the fat was derived from fish oil. Two of the test diets included using the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, prepupae, which are 40% protein and 30% fat, as 25 and 50% replacement for the fish meal component of the control diet. The total protein derived from black soldier fly prepupae in these two test diets was 15 and 34%, respectively. A third test diet included using housefly, Musca domestica, pupae, which is 70% protein and 16% fat, as 25% replacement for the fish meal component of the control diet. Data suggest that a rainbow trout diet where black soldier fly prepupae or housefly pupae constitute 15% of the total protein has no adverse effect on the feed conversion ratio of fish over a 9‐wk feeding period. In addition, the diet with black soldier fly prepupae permitted a 38% reduction in fish oil (i.e., from 13 to 8%); however, fish fed black soldier fly diets low in fish oil had reduced levels of omega‐3 fatty acids in their muscle fillets. The findings from this study suggest that either the black soldier fly or the housefly may be a suitable feedstuff for rainbow trout diets.
Evaluation of Tilapia Effluent with Ion Supplementation for Marine Shrimp Production in a Recirculating Aquaculture System
Authors: Kuhn David D. , Boardman Gregory D. , Craig Steven R. , Flick George J. , McLean Ewen 
Published: March 2007

Abstract Reuse of fish effluent for the culture of marine shrimp, such as Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, could provide an opportunity for the US shrimp farming industry to ease constraints (e.g., environmental concerns and high production costs) that have limited them in the past. In this study under laboratory‐scale conditions, the feasibility of culturing L. vannamei in effluents derived from a commercial facility raising tilapia in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), supplemented with various salt combinations, was compared to the shrimp’s survival and growth in well water supplemented with 17.6 (control) and 0.6 (freshwater treatment) g/L synthetic sea salt. Three independent trials were conducted in RAS in which survival and growth in the control, the freshwater treatment, and two effluent treatments were compared. Water quality during this study was within safe levels and no differences (P < 0.05) between treatments were observed for dissolved oxygen, nitrite, pH, total ammonia nitrogen, and temperature. However, average nitrate and orthophosphate levels were consistently more than an order of magnitude greater in the effluent treatments compared to the control and the freshwater treatments. Survival and growth of shrimp over 6‐wk periods did not vary significantly between the control and the freshwater treatments; however, shrimp tested in the tilapia effluents often exhibited significant effects (P < 0.05) depending on the salts added. In the low‐salinity waters, correlations (P < 0.05) were observed between Ca2+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+, K+, Na+ : K+ and Ca2+ : K+, and shrimp survival and growth. The results of this study revealed that L. vannamei can be raised in tilapia effluent when supplemented with synthetic sea salt (0.6 g/L), CaO (50 mg/L Ca2+), and MgSO4 (30 mg/L Mg2+).
Potassium Adsorption by Bottom Soils in Ponds for Inland Culture of Marine Shrimp in Alabama
Authors: Boyd Christopher A. , Boyd Claude E. , Rouse D. B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPotassium is applied to correct ionic imbalance in pond water for inland culture of marine shrimp in Alabama. This study evaluated the loss of potassium through adsorption by bottom soil. Adsorption by bottom soils of potassium added in fertilizers continued over 4 yr. Exchangeable potassium concentration in bottom soils did not increase after the first year, but potassium loss to bottom soil continued over 4 yr. Laboratory work on soil–water systems contacted bottom soil with potassium‐enriched pond water for 8 mo: nonexchangeable potassium fixation accounted for 75% of potassium adsorption. Soil total potassium adsorption averaged 518 mg/kg. Bottom soil samples exposed to consecutive 50 mg/L potassium solutions (potassium chloride in distilled water) and agitated by shaker led potassium adsorption by soil to decline from 406 mg/kg in first exposure to 70 mg/kg in sixth exposure. During the next six exposures, potassium adsorption was similar, between 61 and 95 mg/kg in each exposure, averaging 1804 mg/kg of potassium. Pond soils contain smectite clay, have a large capacity to adsorb potassium by nonexchange processes, and remove added potassium from water for years. The only reliable way to determine when potassium fertilizer may be added to Alabama inland shrimp ponds is to monitor potassium concentration in water.
Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis
Authors: Salerno Francesco , Gerbes Alexander , Ginès Pere , Wong Florence , Arroyo Vicente 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a serious complication of end-stage liver disease, occurring mainly in patients with advanced cirrhosis and ascites, who have marked circulatory dysfunction,1 as well as in patients with acute liver failure.2 In spite of its functional nature, HRS is associated with a poor prognosis,3 4 and the only effective treatment is liver transplantation.During the 56th Meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, the International Ascites Club held a Focused Study Group (FSG) on HRS for the purpose of reporting the results of an international workshop and to reach a consensus on a new definition, criteria for diagnosis and recommendations on HRS treatment. A similar workshop was held in Chicago in 1994 in which standardised nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for refractory ascites and HRS were established.5 The introduction of innovative treatments and improvements in our understanding of the pathogenesis of HRS during the previous decade led to an increasing need to undertake a new consensus meeting. This paper reports the scientific rationale behind the new definitions and recommendations.The international workshop included four issues debated by four panels of experts (see Acknowledgements). The issues were: (1) evidence-based HRS pathogenesis; (2) treatment of HRS using vasoconstrictors; (3) other HRS treatments using transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt (TIPS) and extracorporeal albumin dialysis (ECAD); and (4) new definitions and diagnostic criteria for HRS and recommendations for its treatment.
UPTAKE AND DIFFUSION OF PHARMACEUTICAL INNOVATIONS IN HEALTH SYSTEMS
Authors: ATUN RIFAT A. , GUROL-URGANCI IPEK , SHERIDAN DESMOND 
Published: March 2007

Multiple interacting factors influence the uptake and diffusion of medicines which are critical to improving health. However, there is a gap in our knowledge on how regulatory policies and other national health systems attributes combine to impact on the utilisation of innovative drugs, and health system goals and objectives. Our review demonstrates that strong regulation adversely affects, access to innovation, reduces incentives for research-based firms to develop innovative products and leads to short- and long-term welfare losses. Short-term efficiency gains from reducing pharmaceutical expenditures may actually increase total healthcare costs, reduce user choice, and in some cases, adversely affect health outcomes. Decision makers need to adopt a holistic approach to policy making, and consider potential impact of regulations on the uptake and diffusion of innovations, innovation systems and health system goals.
PARTNERSHIP AND INNOVATION IN THE LIFE SCIENCES
Authors: KLEYN DOMINIQUE , KITNEY RICHARD , ATUN RIFAT A. 
Published: March 2007

Government support for partnering between BioPharma companies and universities is growing in the UK and some European countries but few studies have explored these partnerships.Through interviews and a survey of key institutions we explored perceptions of key informants on industry and university partnerships. Study participants identified that partnering helped them to increase innovation in R&D and led them to adopt more open approaches to innovation.Organisational structures to coordinate and support partnerships; flexibility in operational management to solve problems in establishing and running these partnerships; leadership, especially by investigators to champion and lead collaborations; developing organisational capabilities of universities; and creation of an enabling environment by governments were identified as the critical success factors for partnering. The challenges faced were identified as lack of funding for university research teams; pressure on pricing from industry partners; disagreements on IP ownership; asymmetry of industry and university capabilities in partnering; and lack of administrative support with excessive bureaucracy from universities.
INNOVATION, PATENTS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Authors: ATUN RIFAT A. , HARVEY IAN , WILD JOFF 
Published: March 2007

Empirical evidence demonstrates the value of intellectual property (IP) in creating economic growth, enhancing productivity and profitability, and increasing enterprise value. Research and Development (R&D) intensive industries, such as the life sciences, where patents are critical to competition, need an enabling environment to institutionalise innovation and IP generation and reward investments in IP. The US has approached IP strategically and created an IP infrastructure. Japan aims to develop into an "IP nation". China has an increasingly well-developed IP system. In contrast, the European Union (EU), which aims to become the world's leading knowledge-based economy, has a fragmented and expensive system of national patents. It lacks an environment which values investment in IP generation and management. Until recently, the EU enjoyed global competitive advantage in the life sciences, but this advantage has been lost. To regain this competitive advantage the EU must invest substantially in R&D, IP generation and commercialisation of these outputs.
SHIFTED AND SHIFTLESS PARTITION IDENTITIES II
Authors: GARVAN FRANK G. , YESILYURT HAMZA 
Published: March 2007

Let S and T be sets of positive integers and let a be a fixed positive integer. An a-shifted partition identity has the form [Formula: see text] Here p(S,n) is the number partitions of n whose parts are elements of S. For all known nontrivial shifted partition identities, the sets S and T are unions of arithmetic progressions modulo M for some M. In 1987, Andrews found two 1-shifted examples (M = 32, 40) and asked whether there were any more. In 1989, Kalvade responded with a further six. In 2000, the first author found 59 new 1-shifted identities using a computer search and showed how these could be proved using the theory of modular functions. Modular transformation of certain shifted identities leads to shiftless partition identities. Again let a be a fixed positive integer, and S, T be distinct sets of positive integers. A shiftless partition identity has the form [Formula: see text] In this paper, we show, except in one case, how all known 1-shifted and shiftless identities follow from a four-parameter theta-function identity due to Jacobi. New shifted and shiftless partition identities are proved.
Oral Consumption of Pomegranate Fruit Extract Inhibits Growth and Progression of Primary Lung Tumors in Mice
Authors: Khan Naghma , Afaq Farrukh , Kweon Mee-Hyang , Kim KyungMann , Mukhtar Hasan 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
To develop novel mechanism-based preventive approaches for lung cancer, we examined the effect of oral consumption of a human achievable dose of pomegranate fruit extract (PFE) on growth, progression, angiogenesis, and signaling pathways in two mouse lung tumor protocols. Benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] and N-nitroso-tris-chloroethylurea (NTCU) were used to induce lung tumors, and PFE was given in drinking water to A/J mice. Lung tumor yield was examined on the 84th day and 140 days after B(a)P dosing and 240 days after NTCU treatment. Mice treated with PFE and exposed to B(a)P and NTCU had statistically significant lower lung tumor multiplicities than mice treated with carcinogens only. Tumor reduction was 53.9% and 61.6% in the B(a)P + PFE group at 84 and 140 days, respectively, compared with the B(a)P group. The NTCU + PFE group had 65.9% tumor reduction compared with the NTCU group at 240 days. Immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemistry were used to determine effect on cell survival pathways and markers of cellular proliferation and angiogenesis. PFE treatment caused inhibition of (a) activation of nuclear factor-κB and IκBα kinase, (b) degradation and phosphorylation of IκBα, (c) phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase 1/2, and p38), (d) phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p85 and p110), (e) phosphorylation of Akt at Thr308, (f) activation of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, (g) phosphorylation of c-met, and (h) markers of cell proliferation (Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and angiogenesis (inducible nitric oxide synthase, CD31, and vascular endothelial growth factor) in lungs of B(a)P- and NTCU-treated mice. Thus, our data show that PFE significantly inhibits lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice and merits investigation as a chemopreventive agent for human lung cancer. [Cancer Res 2007;67(7):3475–82]
The JAK2 617V>F mutation triggers erythropoietin hypersensitivity and terminal erythroid amplification in primary cells from patients with polycythemia vera
Authors: Dupont Sabrina , Massé Aline , James Chloé , Teyssandier Irène , Lécluse Yann , Larbret Frédéric , Ugo Valérie , Saulnier Patrick , Koscielny Serge , Le Couédic Jean Pierre , Casadevall Nicole , Vainchenker William , Delhommeau François 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The JAK2 617V>F mutation is frequent in polycythemia vera (PV) and essential thrombocythemia (ET). Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we found that high levels of JAK2 617V>F in PV correlate with increased granulocytes and high levels of hemoglobin and endogenous erythroid colony formation. We detected normal progenitors and those that were heterozygous or homozygous for the mutation by genotyping ET and PV clonal immature and committed progenitors. In PV patients, we distinguished homozygous profiles with normal, heterozygous, and homozygous progenitors from heterozygous profiles with only heterozygous and normal progenitors. PV patients with a heterozygous profile had more mutated, committed progenitors than did other PV and ET patients, suggesting a selective amplification of mutated cells in the early phases of hematopoiesis. We demonstrated that mutated erythroid progenitors were more sensitive to erythropoietin than normal progenitors, and that most homozygous erythroid progenitors were erythropoietin independent. Moreover, we observed a greater in vitro erythroid amplification and a selective advantage in vivo for mutated cells in late stages of hematopoiesis. These results suggest that, for PV, erythrocytosis can occur through two mechanisms: terminal erythroid amplification triggered by JAK2 617V>F homozygosity, and a 2-step process including the upstream amplification of heterozygous cells that may involve additional molecular events.
The role of complement C3 opsonization, C5a receptor, and CD14 inE. coli-induced up-regulation of granulocyte and monocyte CD11b/CD18 (CR3), phagocytosis, and oxidative burst in human whole blood
Authors: Brekke Ole-Lars , Christiansen Dorte , Fure Hilde , Fung Michael , Mollnes Tom E 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe relative role of complement and CD14 in Escherichia coli-induced leukocyte CD11b up-regulation, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst in human whole blood was examined. The highly specific thrombin inhibitor lepirudin was used as anticoagulant, as it does not affect complement activation. Complement inhibition at the level of C3 (anti-C2 and anti-factor D) and C5 (C5a receptor antagonist and anti-C5/C5a) efficiently inhibited CD11b up-regulation, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst in granulocytes. Monocyte activation was generally less complement-dependent, but when C3 activation was blocked, a pronounced inhibition of phagocytosis and oxidative burst was obtained. Only the combination of anti-C2 and antifactor D blocked E. coli C3 opsonization completely. Whole E. coli, disrupted E. coli, and the C3-convertase activator cobra venom factor up-regulated CD11b rapidly on both cell types, proportional to their complement activation potential in the fluid phase. In comparison, purified LPS at concentrations comparable with that present in the E. coli preparations did not activate complement. Oxidative burst was induced only by whole bacteria. Finally, the combination of complement inhibition and anti-CD14 completely blocked E. coli-induced granulocyte and monocyte CD11b up-regulation and quantitatively, virtually abolished phagocytosis. The results indicate that complement and CD14, despite differential effects on granulocytes and monocytes, are the two crucial, quantitative factors responsible for E. coli-induced CD11b, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst in both cell types.
4-1BB triggers IL-13 production from T cells to limit the polarized, Th1-mediated inflammation
Authors: Shin Su M , Kim Young H , Choi Beom K , Kwon Patrick M , Lee Hyeon-Woo , Kwon Byoung S 
Published: March 2007

Abstract4-1BB (CD137) triggering typically induces Th1 response by increasing IFN-γ from T cells upon TCR ligation. We found recently that 4-1BB costimulation increased the expression of IL-13 from CD4+ T cells, as well as CD8+ T cells. The enhanced IL-13 expression by agonistic anti-4-1BB treatment was mediated via MAPK1/2, PI-3K, JNK, mammalian target of rapamycin, NF-AT, and NF-κB signaling pathways. The signaling for IL-13 induction was similar to that of IFN-γ production by anti-4-1BB treatment in T cells. When the anti-4-1BB-mediated IL-13 expression was tested in an in vivo viral infection model such as HSV-1 and vesicular stomatitis virus, 4-1BB stimulation enhanced IL-13 expression of CD4+ T, rather than CD8+ T cells. Although IL-13 was enhanced by anti-4-1BB treatment, the increased IL-13 did not significantly alter the anti-4-1BB-induced Th1 polarization of T cells—increase of T-bet and decrease of GATA-3. Nevertheless, anti-4-1BB treatment polarized T cells excessively in the absence of IL-13 and even became detrimental to the mice by causing liver inflammation. Therefore, we concluded that IL-13 was coinduced following 4-1BB triggering to maintain the Th1/2 balance of immune response.