bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Breast‐Feeding with and without Formula Use on the Risk of Obesity at 4 Years of Age
Authors: Bogen Debra L. , Hanusa Barbara H. , Whitaker Robert C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the minimal duration of breast‐feeding required to protect against later obesity, whether the concurrent use of formula lessened any protective effect of breast‐feeding, and what maternal or child characteristics might modify the association between breast‐feeding and child obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: This was a retrospective cohort study. Participants were 73, 458 white and black low‐income children followed from birth through 4 years of age. Obesity at age 4 years was defined as measured BMI ≥ 95th percentile. Feeding exposure was based on breast‐feeding duration and the age of formula initiation. Covariates were obtained from the children's birth certificates.Results: At age 4 years, the prevalence of obesity was 11.5%. Only 16% of children were breast‐fed 8 weeks or longer. Breast‐feeding was associated with a reduced risk of obesity only in white children whose mothers had not smoked in pregnancy. In this subgroup, the reduction in obesity risk (adjusted odds ratio, 95% confidence interval), compared with those never breast‐fed, occurred only for children who were breast‐fed at least 16 weeks without formula (0.71, 0.56 to 0.92) or at least 26 weeks with concurrent formula (0.70, 0.61 to 0.81). Among whites whose mothers smoked in pregnancy and among blacks, breast‐feeding was not associated with a reduced risk of obesity at age 4 years.Discussion: In a population of low‐income children, breast‐feeding was associated with a reduced risk of obesity at age 4 years only among whites whose mothers did not smoke in pregnancy and only when breast‐feeding continued for at least 16 weeks without formula or at least 26 weeks with formula.
Do Psychosocial Variables Predict Weight Loss or Mental Health after Obesity Surgery? A Systematic Review
Authors: Herpertz S. , Kielmann R. , Wolf A.M. , Hebebrand J. , Senf W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to present a systematic review of psychological and psychosocial predictors of weight loss and mental health after bariatric surgery. This systematic review included all controlled and noncontrolled trials of the last 2 decades with either a retrospective or prospective design and a follow‐up period of at least 1 year.Research Methods and Procedures: The relevant literature was identified by a search of computerized databases. All articles published in English and German between 1980 and 2002 were reviewed.Results: Using the above inclusion/exclusion criteria, 29 articles were identified focusing on psychosocial predictors of weight loss and mental health after obesity surgery.Discussion: Personality traits have no predictive value for the postoperative course of weight or mental state. Apart from serious psychiatric disorders including personality disorders, psychiatric comorbidity seems to be of more predictive value for mental and physical well‐being as two essential aspects of quality of life than for weight loss postsurgery. However, depressive and anxiety symptoms as correlates of psychological stress with regard to obesity seem to be positive predictors of weight loss postsurgery. The severity of the symptoms or the disorder is more relevant for the outcome of obesity surgery than the specificity of the symptoms. It is also not solely the consumption of distinct “forbidden” foods, such as sweets or soft drinks, but rather a general hypercaloric eating behavior, either as an expression of the patient's inadequate compliance or a dysregulation in energy balance, which is associated with a poor weight loss postsurgery.
S 23521 Decreases Food Intake and Body Weight Gain in Diet‐Induced Obese Rats
Authors: Claret Marc , Corominola Helena , Canals Ignasi , Nadal Belén , Chavanieu Alain , Pfeiffer Bruno , Renard Pierre , Gorostiaga Carmen , Delagrange Philippe , Grassy Gérard , Gomis Ramon 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the effect of S 23521, a new glucagon‐like peptide‐1‐(7‐36) amide analogue, on food intake and body weight gain in obese rats, as well as on gene expression of several proteins involved in energy homeostasis.Research Methods and Procedures: Lean and diet‐induced obese rats were treated with either S 23521 or vehicle. S 23521 was given either intraperitoneally (10 or 100 μg/kg) or subcutaneously (100 μg/kg) for 14 and 20 days, respectively. Because the low‐dose treatment did not affect food intake and body weight, the subcutaneous treatment at high dose was selected to test the effect on selected end‐points.Results: Treated obese rats significantly decreased their cumulative energy intake in relation to vehicle‐treated counterparts (3401 ± 65 vs. 3898 ± 72 kcal/kg per 20 days; p < 0.05). Moreover, their body weight gain was reduced by 110%, adiposity was reduced by 20%, and plasma triglyceride levels were reduced by 38%. The treatment also improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity of obese rats. Regarding gene expression, no changes in uncoupling protein‐1, uncoupling protein‐3, leptin, resistin, and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐γ were observed.Discussion: S 23521 is an effective glucagon‐like peptide‐1‐(7‐36) amide analogue, which induced a decrease in energy intake, body weight, and adiposity in a rat model of diet‐induced obesity. In addition, the treatment also improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity of obese rats. These results strongly support S 23521 as a putative molecule for the treatment of obesity.
Evaluation of a Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Method for Mouse Whole Body Composition Analysis
Authors: Tinsley Frank C. , Taicher Gersh Z. , Heiman Mark L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate applicability, precision, and accuracy of a new quantitative magnetic resonance (QMR) analysis for whole body composition of conscious live mice.Research Methods and Procedures: Repeated measures of body composition were made by QMR, DXA, and classic chemical analysis of carcass using live and dead mice with different body compositions. Caloric lean and dense diets were used to produce changes in body composition. In addition, different strains of mice representing widely diverse populations were analyzed.Results: Precision was found to be better for QMR than for DXA. The coefficient of variation for fat ranged from 0.34% to 0.71% compared with 3.06% to 12.60% for DXA. Changes in body composition in response to dietary manipulation were easily detected using QMR. An increase in fat mass of 0.6 gram after 1 week (p < 0.01) was demonstrated in the absence of hyperphagia or a change in mean body weight.Discussion: QMR and DXA detected similar fat content, but the improved precision afforded by QMR compared with DXA and chemical analysis allowed detection of a significant difference in body fat after 7 days of consuming a diet rich in fat even though average body weight did not significantly change. QMR provides a very precise, accurate, fast, and easy‐to‐use method for determining fat and lean tissue of mice without the need for anesthesia. Its ability to detect differences with great precision should be of value when characterizing phenotype and studying regulation of body composition brought about by pharmacological and dietary interventions in energy homeostasis.
Quantitative Body Composition Analysis in Awake Mice and Rats by Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry
Authors: Künnecke Basil , Verry Philippe , Bénardeau Agnès , Von Kienlin Markus 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Magnetic resonance (MR) relaxometry has recently been introduced for noninvasive body composition analysis in awake mice. The purpose of the present study was to extend the method to rats and to introduce calibration procedures that render MR relaxometry fully quantitative.Research Methods and Procedures: Proton T2 MR relaxometry at 4.7 Tesla was used for body composition analyses in 700 awake mice and 400 rats of different strains and conditions. Relaxograms calculated from the signal decays observed with multi‐spin‐echo acquisition provided well‐separated contributions of tissue water and fat. Analysis of fat composition was carried out in vivo using 13C‐MR spectroscopy. Evolution of body composition in rats was assessed during drug treatment.Results: MR relaxometry for noninvasive body composition analysis in laboratory rodents was implemented on a standard MR scanner, and a throughput of >30 animals per hour was achieved. Excellent linearity and reproducibility with coefficients of variance as low as 2.5% and 1.7% were obtained in mice and rats, respectively. The lean mass‐to‐water ratio (mice, 1.35 ± 0.03; rats, 1.39 ± 0.04) and the proton density of fat (mice, 8.1 ± 0.2; rats, 8.9 ± 0.2 g/mol) were determined from cross‐sectional data. Fat composition analysis by 13C‐MR spectroscopy corroborated these findings and yielded information on the average acyl chain length (16.3 ± 1.6) and contributions of saturated (27 ± 3%), monounsaturated (22 ± 2%), and polyunsaturated (51 ± 3%) fatty acids. Longitudinal assessments in rats treated with sibutramine and dexfenfluramine showed dose‐related changes in body composition.Discussion: T2 MR relaxometry backed by solid calibration provides a powerful means for rapid quantitative body composition analysis in awake mice and rats that is suitable for serial investigations in pharmaceutical research.
Trends in the Association between Obesity and Socioeconomic Status in U.S. Adults: 1971 to 2000
Authors: Zhang Qi , Wang Youfa 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To study the secular trends in the disparity of obesity across socioeconomic status (SES) groups among U.S. adults.Research Methods and Procedures: We used national representative data collected in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys conducted in 1971 to 1974, 1976 to 1980, 1988 to 1994, and 1999 to 2000 from 28, 543 adults 20 to 60 years old. Obesity was defined based on BMI calculated using measured weight and height. Trends in the relationship between obesity and education levels were analyzed controlling for age, gender, and ethnicity.Results: The disparity in obesity across SES (less than high school, high school, and college or above to indicate low, medium, and high SES, respectively) has decreased over the past 3 decades. In National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys I (1971 to 1974), there was as much as a 50% relative difference in the obesity prevalence across the three groups, but by 1999 to 2000, it decreased to 14%. This trend was more pronounced in women. The trends of diminishing disparities in obesity were also revealed by our logistic and linear regression analyses. The odds ratio converged to 1 from the 1970s to 2000. In most sociodemographic groups, the relationship between BMI and SES (coefficients) has been weakened over time.Discussion: The association between SES and obesity has been weakened over the past 3 decades, when the prevalence of obesity increased dramatically. There are considerable variations in the changes in the associations across gender and ethnic groups. Our findings suggest that individual characteristics are not likely the main cause of the current obesity epidemic in the U.S., whereas social‐environmental factors play an important role. Strategies for obesity prevention and management should target all SES groups from a societal perspective.
Topiramate: Long‐Term Maintenance of Weight Loss Induced by a Low‐Calorie Diet in Obese Subjects
Authors: Astrup Arne , Caterson Ian , Zelissen Pierre , Guy‐Grand Bernard , Carruba Michele , Levy Brian , Sun Xiang , Fitchet Martin ,   OBES‐004 Study Group
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the safety and efficacy of topiramate (TPM) for maintaining weight following a low‐calorie diet.Research Methods and Procedures: Obese subjects (30 ≤ BMI < 50 kg/m2) 18 to 75 years old received a low‐calorie diet for 8 weeks. Those who lost ≥8% of their initial weight received TPM (96 or 192 mg/d) or placebo; all were on a lifestyle modification plan. Sixty weeks of medication were planned. Sponsor ended study early to develop a new controlled‐release formulation with the potential to enhance tolerability and simplify dosing in this patient population. Efficacy was analyzed in subjects who completed 44 weeks of treatment before study termination.Results: Of the 701 subjects enrolled, 80% lost ≥8% of their initial body weight and were randomized; 293 were analyzed for efficacy. Most withdrawals were due to premature termination of the study. Subjects receiving TPM lost 15.4% (96 mg/d) and 16.5% (192 mg/d) of their enrollment weight by week 44, compared with 8.9% in the placebo group (p< 0.001). Subjects on TPM continued to lose weight after the run‐in, whereas those on placebo regained weight. Significantly more TPM subjects lost 5%, 10%, or 15% of their randomization weight than placebo. Most adverse events were related to the central nervous system.Discussion: During a treatment period of 44 weeks, TPM was generally well tolerated, and subjects maintained weight loss initially achieved by a low‐calorie diet—and produced additional clinically significant weight loss beyond that achieved by a low‐calorie diet.
Physical, Behavioral, and Body Image Characteristics in a Tri‐Racial Group of Adolescent Girls
Authors: Perry Arlette C. , Rosenblatt Evelyn B. , Wang Xuewen 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate physical characteristics, nutrient intake, physical activity level, and body image in white (CC), African‐American (AA), and Hispanic‐American (HA) female adolescents.Research Methods and Procedures: High school volunteers were solicited for this study. Self‐reported information was used to determine subject characteristics, family income, physical activity, body image, and nutrient intake. Physical evaluations were used to determine body mass index, percent body fat, fat distribution, resting heart rate, and blood pressure (BP).Results: Results showed that AA girls displayed significantly higher diastolic BP than HA girls (p = 0.029). CC adolescents showed greater physical activity (p = 0.010) and lower adiposity than HA adolescents (p = 0.048), as well as lower subscapular skinfold than AA adolescents (p = 0.018). AA adolescents selected a higher ideal body size than CC girls (p = 0.038). There was also a significant difference in percentage carbohydrates (p < 0.034) and cholesterol consumed (p < 0.016) among groups, with CC girls showing the highest values for carbohydrates and lowest values for cholesterol intake among groups.Discussion: Given our findings of higher adiposity and lower physical activity levels in HA adolescents and greater diastolic BP levels and subscapular skinfold in AA adolescents, more interventions should be targeted toward improving health‐related variables among minority populations.
Are Sexual Dissatisfaction and Sexual Abuse Associated with Obesity? A Population‐Based Study
Authors: Adolfsson Birgitta , Elofsson Stig , Rössner Stephan , Undén Anna‐Lena 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate whether there is any association between obesity and sexual satisfaction and sexual abuse in a normal population.Research Methods and Procedures: A representative sample of 2810 subjects from a population study was interviewed about sexual satisfaction, sexual abuse, and life satisfaction. The answers from normal weight, overweight, and obese participants were compared. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.Results: Data were presented separately for two age groups, 18 to 49 and 50 to 74 years, and gender. The older group of obese men reported a greater decrease of sexual desire compared with 5 years prior than normal weight men [odds ratios (OR), 2.44; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.4 to 4.3]. The older group of overweight men reported involuntary participation in sexual activities more often than normal weight men (OR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.8). Although older overweight and obese women were diagnosed with a lingering disease (defined as >1 month) more often than normal weight women (overweight: OR, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.3 to 4.4; obese: OR, 4.45; 95% CI, 1.7 to 11.5), there was no difference between BMI groups in satisfaction with physical health.Discussion: Overweight and obese groups seem to be heterogeneous with respect to sexual satisfaction and experiences of sexual abuse. No significant differences were detected between BMI groups, which does not exclude the possibility of significant differences between BMI groups among patients seeking medical attention.
Parent‐Child Feeding Strategies and Their Relationships to Child Eating and Weight Status
Authors: Faith Myles S. , Scanlon Kelley S. , Birch Leann L. , Francis Lori A. , Sherry Bettylou 
Published: April 2008

AbstractParental feeding styles may promote overeating or overweight in children. A comprehensive literature review was undertaken to summarize the associations between parental feeding styles and child eating and weight status. Twenty‐two studies were identified. We systematically coded study attributes and outcomes and tested for patterns of association. Nineteen studies (86%) reported at least one significant association between parental feeding style and child outcome, although study methodology and results varied considerably. Studies measuring parental feeding restriction, as opposed to general feeding control or another feeding domain, were more likely to report positive associations with child eating and weight status. Certain associations differed by gender and by outcome measurement (e.g., rate of eating as opposed to total energy intake). Parental feeding restriction, but no other feeding domain, was associated with increased child eating and weight status. Longitudinal studies are needed to test underlying causal pathways, including bidirectional causal models, and to substantiate findings in the presence of other obesity risk factors.
Gender‐Specific Association of a Perilipin Gene Haplotype with Obesity Risk in a White Population
Authors: Qi Lu , Shen Haiqing , Larson Ilona , Schaefer Ernst J. , Greenberg Andrew S. , Tregouet David A. , Corella Dolores , Ordovas Jose M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Perilipin is a class of protein‐coating lipid droplets in adipocytes and steroidogenic cells. Our purpose was to examine the association between common single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the perilipin (PLIN) locus and obesity, as well as related phenotypes, in unrelated American adults.Research Methods and Procedures: Four PLIN SNPs (PLIN 6209T>C, 11482G>A, 13041A>G, and 14995A>T) were typed in 734 white subjects (373 men and 361 women) attending a residential lifestyle intervention program. The baseline anthropometric and biochemical measures were used. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2.Results: Multivariate analysis demonstrated that, in women, two of the SNPs (13041A>G, and 14995A>T) were significantly associated with percentage body fat (p = 0.016 for 13041A>G and p = 0.010 for 14995A>T) and waist circumference (p = 0.020 for 13041A>G and p = 0.045 for 14995A>T). Moreover, haplotype analysis using these two SNPs indicated that haplotypes A/T and G/T were both associated with significantly increased obesity risk (odds ratio = 1.76, 95% confidence interval 1.07 to 2.90 for haplotype A/T, and odds ratio = 1.73, 95% confidence interval 1.06 to 2.82 for haplotype G/T) when compared with haplotype A/A. No significant associations between PLIN variations and obesity were found in men.Discussion: Our data support the hypothesis that the PLIN locus may be a significant genetic determinant for obesity risk in whites and that women are more sensitive to the genetic effects of perilipin than men.
A New Dental Approach for Reducing Food Intake
Authors: Walden Heather M. , Martin Corby K. , Ortego Lauren E. , Ryan Donna H. , Williamson Donald A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: A behavioral recommendation for weight loss is reduction of size of bites of food. This “proof of concept” study tested the efficacy of a new, patented, dental approach, the DDS System, for reducing food intake. This removable tool is inserted into the upper palate of the mouth, reducing the size of the oral cavity, thereby potentially reducing bite size.Research Methods and Procedures: Thirty‐two adults (18 to 65 years) with BMI between 27 and 40 were randomly assigned to the control or experimental conditions. Participants ate all meals and stayed between meals at a research center. Day 1 served as baseline for both groups. On Day 2, experimental participants utilized the tool during meals. Changes in subjective ratings of hunger and satiety were measured using visual analog scales before and after each meal.Results: Food intake difference scores were calculated for each participant (Day 2 − Day 1). Analysis of covariance on difference scores, using baseline as a covariate, showed that the experimental group ate significantly less (p < 0.05) on the second day (M = −659.2 kcal/d) compared with the control group (M = −125.9 kcal/d). Analysis of covariance, with ratings on Day 1 as a covariate, revealed that the experimental and control group did not differ on visual analog scale difference scores (premeal − postmeal) from Day 1 to Day 2.Discussion: These findings suggest that use of this tool during meals significantly reduced food intake. This reduction of food intake was not associated with changes in ratings of hunger or satiety.
Child‐Specific Thoracic Gas Volume Prediction Equations for Air‐Displacement Plethysmography
Authors: Fields David A. , Hull Holly R. , Cheline A.J. , Yao Manjiang , Higgins Paul B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To develop child‐specific thoracic gas volume (TGV) prediction equations for use in air‐displacement plethysmography in 6‐ to 17‐year‐old children.Research Methods and Procedures: Study 1 developed TGV prediction equations using anthropometric variables after completing a measured TGV and air‐displacement plethysmography test in 224 healthy boys and girls (11.2 ± 3.2 years, 45.3 ± 18.7 kg, 149.9 ± 18.5 cm). Study 2 cross‐validated the prediction equations in a separate cohort of 62 healthy boys and girls (11.2 ± 3.4 years, 44.2 ± 15.3 kg, 149.4 ± 19.3 cm).Results: In Study 1 (development of TGV prediction equations), the quadratic relationship using height as the independent variable and the measured TGV as the dependent variable yielded the highest adjusted R2 and the lowest SE of estimate in both genders, thus producing the following prediction equations: TGV = 0.00056 × H2 − 0.12422 × H + 8.15194 (boys) and TGV = 0.00044 × H2 − 0.09220 × H + 6.00305 (girls). In Study 2 (cross‐validation), no significant difference between the predicted and measured TGVs (−0.018 ± 0.377 liters) was observed. The regression between the measured TGV and the predicted TGV yielded a slope and intercept that did not significantly differ from the line of identity. Prediction accuracy was good as indicated by a high R2 (0.862) and low SE of estimate (0.369 liters).Discussion: The new child‐specific TGV prediction equations accurately, precisely, and without bias estimated the actual TGV of 6‐ to 17‐year‐old children.