bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An intelligent washing machine for the evaluation of laundry detergents
Authors: Trowbridge J. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA computer‐controlled washer can be programmed to evaluate automatically a large number of washing compositions for soil removal. Variable amounts of as many as six different detergent components are added with metering pumps. A continuous roll of soiled cloth passes through a washer and past a reflectance meter onto a take‐up reel. Washing action is provided by a vertical reciprocating shaft attached to a plate which rubs on the fabric while tension is maintained by a spring‐loaded roller. The length of the wash, number of rinses and addition of components is controlled by the computer program. Upon completion of the wash and rinse cycle, the fabric is advanced about 10 cm. Washed areas appear as lighter colored bands on the fabric. In one mode of operation a large factorial experiment is programmed in advance. After an initial calibration of metering pumps the apparatus runs unattended. In another mode, the computer receives feedback from the reflectance meter and a simplex procedure is used to determine the direction of maximum cleaning. Following the execution of a small number of initially programmed washes, the computer selects the succeeding wash compositions.
How to choose cationics for fabric softeners
Authors: Ackerman Jeannene A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe choice of a cationic fabric softener for rinse, wash and dryer cycle applications is based upon an understanding of the physical and performance differences of the softeners. These differences are primarily governed by composition of fatty alkyl groups rather than differences in chemical types. In general, the more saturated alkyl fatty groups make softeners more difficult to handle and disperse but are the best for softening fabric. Unsaturation improves handling, rewet, and ease of formulation.
Comparison of radiolytic compounds from saturated and unsaturated triglycerides and fatty acids
Authors: Vajdi M. , Nawar W. W. , Merritt C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFormation of certain radiolysis products from palmitic acid, oleic acid, tripalmitin and triolein has provided a means for comparing the radiolytic effects in saturated and unsaturated triglycerides and fatty acids. These substances were chosen to represent the major constituents of fat found in beef. Fractionation and concentration of radiolytic compounds from the irradiated samples was accomplished by the means of size exclusion chromatography. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed using a combined GC/MS computer system. In addition to the primary radiolytic compounds, recombination products of relatively high molecular weight and various propanediol diesters from the corresponding glyceryl moities were identified. Quantitative analyses indicated a greater yield of various radiolytic compounds from free fatty acids than from the corresponding triglycerides. Similarly, radiolytic compounds were produced in greater quantities from the saturated fats than the unsaturated fats. Most of the radiolytic compounds identified in this study have not been previously reported.
Studies on characterization and variation in triglyceride fatty acids from punt/us sarana body lipids
Authors: Mitra R. , Dua R. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBody lipids of P. sarana of four different sizes were fractionated into phospholipids, neutral lipids, nonsaponifiables, total fatty acids, polyunsaturated, monounsaturated and saturated fatty acid fractions. Percentage composition of each fraction was determined. The triglyceride fatty acids were identified by thin layer and gas liquid chromatography. C8 to C23 fatty acids including both odd numbered and branched chain acids were detected. The major constituents were C14, C15, C16, C16:1, C18 C18:1, C18:2, C18:3; forty‐three other acids were detected in lower proportions. Composition of each fatty acids and their variation with size have been discussed.tP. sarana body lipids in general showed a behavior typical of fresh water fish by having a higher percentage of saturated C16 and unsaturated C18 acids and a lower percentage of unsaturated C20 acid.
The Determination of alkene sulfonates in olefin sulfonates by ozone titration
Authors: Mcclure J. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA simple and rapid method is described for the deter mination of alkene‐1‐sulfonates in α‐olefin sulfonates (AOS). AOS are primarily mixtures (detergent range) of sodium salts of alkene‐1‐sulfonates (mixture of double bond position isomers) and hydroxyalkane‐1‐sulfonates plus small amounts of disulfonates in a 30‐40% aqueous solution. The analysis consists of titrating the sample in 98% acetic acid‐2% water solution with a stream of ozone to an indicator endpoint (Rouge Organol B.S.) which is detected photometrically. In tests with model compounds, a long carbon chain alkene‐1‐sulfonate, sodium hexadecene‐1‐sulfonate, and a 1‐alkene‐1‐sulfonate, sodium 1‐propene‐l‐sulfonate, were quantitatively determined with no interference from a hydroxyalkane‐1‐sulfonate, sodium hydroxytetradecane‐1‐sulfonate. In contrast, an alternative method of determining unsaturation, Brown hydrogenation, does not quickly and quantitatively determine 1‐alkene‐1‐sulfonates.
Triglyceride characteristics of cocoa butter from cacao fruit matured in a microclimate of elevated temperature
Authors: Lehrian D. W. , Keeney P. G. , Butler D. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGenerally, the melting characteristic of cocoa butter is relatively constant. However, softer than normal butter is sometimes encountered. In Brazil the occurrence of soft butter has been correlated with mean daily temperature during the cropping season. The temperature effect was, therefore, studied more fully by positioning heat lamps near fruit of cacao to create a microclimate of elevated temperature during the most active period of lipid biosynthesis. As determined by differential scanning calorimetry, cocoa butter from these fruits, contained more solid fat at 16 C, and 20 C and 24 C than butter from control fruit matured in a normally lower temperature climate. The temperature effect on softness was in accordance with differences found in triglyceride types. S2U and SU2 triglycerides from heat‐exposed samples were 88.5% and 8.9%, respectively, compared to 79.3% and 18.3% for cocoa butter from control fruit. Additional evidence of differences due to growth temperature was obtained by analysis of triglyceride fractions separated by high‐performance liquid chromatography.
Spectrophotometric studies of rice bran oil and mustard oil mixtures: I
Authors: Jha J. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractVisible spectra between 520\s‐700 nm of unbleached mustard oil, rice bran oil and their 10 mixtures are reported. Mustard oil shows its characteristic band at 671.5 nm, and rice bran oil shows two characteristic bands at 550 and 564 nm and a contour centered at about 656 nm. The 564 nm band starts emerging in mixtures even by the 5% presence of rice bran oil and takes its well resolved shape at higher ratios. The 671.5 nm mustard oil band shows uniform hypsochromic shift up to 40% of rice bran oil, and at higher concentrations this shifting becomes irregular. An approximate estimation of rice bran oil adulteration in mustard oil can be made by observing the shifted position of 671.5 nm band.
Surface active betaines as protective agents against denaturation of an enzyme by alkyl sulfate detergents
Authors: Ernst R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA homologous series of higher alkyl sulfate surfactants inactivate β‐fructofuranosidase (invertase) at levels coinciding with their critical micelle concentrations. It was possible to renature the enzyme by passing it through an anion exchange column. This inactivation was prevented by surface active betaines present at equimolar or higher concentrations than those of the anionics. Effective surfactant betaines include those with carboxylate, sulfonate, or phosphate radicals in their zwitterions. Betaines lacking surface active properties did not prevent denaturation indicating that the effects are due to comicellization. Studies with enzymes may point to appropriate anionic/zwitterionic surfactant ratios in solubilization procedures or detergent applications where biological properties must be preserved and anionic surfactants are required as components.
Fatty acid amides and anilides, syntheses and antimicrobial properties
Authors: Bistline {jrJr.} R. G. , Maurer E. W. , Smith F. D. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA series of fatty acid amides anilides was prepared and a number of compounds in the series were found to be highly active against gram positive bacteria but ineffective against gram negative organisms. The N,N‐dimethyl‐ and N,N‐diethylamides of C12‐C14 fatty acids had minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 100 ppm or less. Substituted anilides of C6‐C11 fatty acids were active when the following groups were attached to the aromatic ring: 3,4‐dichloro, 3‐nitro, 4‐nitro, 5‐chloro‐2‐hydroxy, 4‐chloro‐3‐nitro, and 2‐hydroxy‐5‐nitro. Some of these compounds had a MIC value of 0.1 ppm. Significantly, the presence of soap did not reduce the activity of these bacteriostats, whereas polysorbate 80 at high concentrations deactivated the compounds.
Typhoid Intestinal Perforations: Twenty‐six Year Experience
Authors: Atamanalp S. Selcuk , Aydinli Bulent , Ozturk Gurkan , Oren Durkaya , Basoglu Mahmut , Yildirgan M. Ilhan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundTyphoid fever (TF) is a severe febrile illness caused by Salmonella typhi. One of the most lethal complications of TF is ileal perforation (TIP). Although the mortality of associated with TIP has decreased slightly over the past decade, it is still high.Methods and ResultsThe records of the 82 surgically treated patients with TIP were evaluated retrospectively. There were 64 men with the mean age of 36.3 years (range: 7–68 years). In surgical treatment, debridement with primary closure was performed in 32 patients (39.0%), and wedge resection with primary closure was performed in 9 (11. 0%), resection with primary anastomosis in 9 (11.0%), and resection with ileostomy in 32 (39.0%). The most common postoperative complication was wound infection, which occurred in 24 patients (29.3%). The overall morbidity was highest in the ileostomy group. The overall mortality was 11.0% (9 patients). Age, gender, number, and localization of the perforations (p > 0.05) were not found to affect mortality, but prolonged preoperative period (p < 0.001), extended peritoneal contamination (p < 0.01), and ileostomy procedure (p < 0.001) were found to influence the increase in mortality.ConclusionsEarly and appropriate surgical intervention with effective preoperative and postoperative care may improve survival in TIP.
Economics and the Laparoscopic Surgery Learning Curve: Comparison with Open Surgery for Rectosigmoid Cancer
Authors: Park Jun‐Seok , Kang Sung‐Bum , Kim Sung‐Wook , Cheon Gui‐Neum 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundWide‐ranging costs of laparoscopic surgery (LAP) are associated with variations in the experience levels of surgeons. There is no available report on the changes of economic outcomes relative to the LAP learning curve in the treatment of colorectal cancer. In the present study, we have compared changes in economic outcomes according to the LAP learning curve with the economic outcomes of open surgery (OS) for rectosigmoid cancer.MethodsA total of 197 patients with rectosigmoid cancer were included in this analysis; 116 received LAP and 81 received OS. Scatter of operative times demonstrated an early learning period of 37 cases in LAP. The following outcomes were compared between LAP and OS during the early learning period and experienced periods; operating room (OR) costs, OR‐related hospital profit, total hospital charge, and patient payment. During the median interval of two periods according to the laparoscopic surgery learning curve, there was an inflation rate of about 10% on the medical charges such as operation, radiology, laboratory, and admission fee.ResultsOperating room costs were significantly higher after LAP during the two periods, but the median difference between LAP and OS decreased during the experienced period ($3,055 to $1,850). With increasing operative experience in LAP, the OR‐related hospital deficit improved (−$1,072 to−$840). Total hospital charges were significantly higher for LAP than for OS in the early learning period (p < 0.05), but they were similar in the experienced period ($7,983/patient versus $7,045/patient, p > 0.05). During the experienced period, patients paid a lower surcharge for LAP ($1,885–$1,118).ConclusionsTotal hospital charges for laparoscopic surgery were substantially higher than those of open surgery during the early learning period, but become similar during the experienced period. The shortening of the learning period is a critical factor for achieving cost‐effective laparoscopic surgery.
Natural history of the respiratory involvement in Anderson–Fabry disease
Authors: Magage S. , Lubanda J.‐C. , Susa Z. , Bultas J. , Karetová D. , Dobrovolný R. , Hřebíček M. , Germain D. P. , Linhart A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryBackground:Anderson–Fabry disease (AFD) is an X‐linked disorder caused by deficient activity of enzyme α‐galactosidase A, resulting in the accumulation of glycosphingolipids within lysosomes. Pulmonary involvement in AFD has previously been documented, but until now has been studied only in a few series of patients without any longitudinal follow‐up. The aim of this study was to compare spirometric changes in AFD patients with a matched control population and to follow the subsequent progression of the disease.Materials and methods:Fifty individuals (27 women, 23 men, mean age 40±14 years) with AFD from 14 families underwent a static spirometric examination under standard conditions. A set of indices was compared with that of the control population. Out of this cohort, 39 individuals not receiving enzyme replacement therapy were longitudinally evaluated (median follow‐up time 24 months).Results:A clinically significant reduction in spirometric parameters, corresponding to mild to severe airway obstruction, was observed in 26% of women and 61% of men. During the serial follow‐up, a significant (p<0.05) age‐dependent reduction of predicted %FVC and %FEV1 values was observed in male patients, while the influence of age was not seen in female patients. The %FEF25–75 values decreased by similar degrees in men and women and in older and younger patients, indicating that progressive bronchial disease affects the small airways first.Conclusions:We have demonstrated a clinically relevant age‐ and sex‐dependent progressive pulmonary involvement in AFD patients. The effects of enzyme replacement therapy on pulmonary involvement remain to be demonstrated.
Cystic fibrosis: Benefits and clinical outcome
Authors: McKay K. O. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryDiagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common life‐limiting recessive genetic condition in the caucasian population, via NBS is now occurring in many regions of the world. There is evidence that newborn screening (NBS) for CF may prevent malnutrition in infants with pancreatic‐insufficient CF and may have an impact upon later growth and development. Progression of lung disease in CF is the major determinant of quality of life and of survival. There is no clear evidence of an advantage for those diagnosed by NBS programmes in terms of the progression of lung disease as measured by lung function. Some studies show better preservation of lung function, while others fail to show such an outcome. This is also true for respiratory infections and acquisition of the most significant respiratory pathogen in CF—Pseudomonas aeruginosa. There is, however, evidence that an advantage may be accrued by early diagnosis made possible by NBS in terms of lung disease as measured by pulmonary imaging. Those diagnosed via NBS have an apparent advantage in terms of a reduction in the number and duration of hospitalizations, particularly in infancy, as well as the need for antibiotic usage. There is also evidence from a number of sources for a lifetime survival advantage for those with CF diagnosed via NBS programmes, with the most significant advantage being for survival during infancy.
Modeling the Management of a Flexor Sheath Ganglion
Authors: Xu Ping , Lan Ling , McCabe Steven J 
Published: July 2007

Introduction In a published cost analysis of the management of flexor sheath ganglia, it was found that two attempts at aspiration, followed by surgical removal for those who failed, was the least costly alternative. We used this report as a template to create a model of the management that could be used in decision analysis. Method Using the published cohort study as a guide, a decision tree and Markov model of the management of flexor sheath ganglia were created. Results When compared to the results of a large cohort of patients reported in the literature, we accurately modeled the management of flexor sheath ganglia using both approaches. Discussion Creating a model of the management of a disease provides the opportunity to understand and explore questions efficiently and inexpensively. Many disorders of the upper extremity have commonality in their management, making the modeling approach attractive and potentially very valuable. This simple example illustrates two common methods used and is important because it builds confidence in the method by accurately modeling actual clinical experience.
Oleoyl‐Estrone Treatment to Late Pregnant and Mid‐Lactating Rats Affects the Expression of Lipid Metabolism Genes
Authors: García‐Peláez Beatriz , Vilà Ruth , Remesar Xavier 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine whether OE treatment affects the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism under two physiological conditions: late pregnancy and mid‐lactation, both characterized by lipid mobilization. Samples of periovarian and retroperitoneal adipose tissue from 21‐day pregnant or 15‐day lactating dams were used. The expression of LPL, FATP1, FABP4, HSL, ACC1, FAS, PEPCK, GLUT4, PDK4, SREBP1c, adiponutrin and leptin, were compared with their expression in virgin rats. In pregnant rats, FABP4, HSL, PEPCK and PDK4 were over expressed in the periovarian site compared to virgin rats, whereas adiponutrin, FAS, GLUT4 and SREBP1c were underexpressed; the retroperitoneal fat depot showed a similar pattern but ACC1 and leptin were also underexpressed. OE treatment caused a generalized decrease in gene expression in both adipose depots. In lactating dams, the gene expression profile at the periovarian depot was similar to that observed in pregnant rats. OE treatment mimicked the trend observed in pregnant rats, although the intensity of the gene expression changes was lower. After OE treatment, the retroperitoneal adipose depot showed a completely different pattern since the values were close to those of virgin rats. These results corroborate that OE effects in adipose tissue, lowering lipids and depressing their metabolism, already described under other physiological situations, can be also found in late pregnancy and lactation.
Use optimization of natural antioxidants in refined, bleached, and deodorized palm olein during repeated deep‐fat frying using response surface methodology
Authors: Jaswir Irwandi , Che Man Yaakob B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn optimization study on the use of oleoresin rosemary extract, sage extract, and citric acid added into refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) palm olein in deep‐fat frying of potato chips was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM). Results showed that oleoresin rosemary extract was the most important factor affecting the sensory acceptability of potato chips. For taste and odor, its effects were highly significant (P<0.01), while for crispiness and overall acceptability, the effects were significant (P<0.05). As for sage extract, the level of this antioxidant had a highly significant (P<0.01) effect on appearance and taste and a significant effect (P<0.05) on odor and overall acceptability, but had no effect on crispiness. Although there was no significant synergistic correlation between citric acid and oleoresin rosemary extract or sage extract at the first order, its second order was significantly (P<0.05) related to taste, crispiness, and overall acceptability. An interaction between oleoresin rosemary and sage extracts also significantly (P<0.05) improved the score of overall acceptability of the potato chips. Contour maps of the sensory scores of potato chips indicated that the optimal points for appearance were achieved using 0.062% oleoresin rosemary extract, 0.066% sage extract, and 0.023% citric acid, while optimal task was achieved with 0.063% oleoresin rosemary extract, 0.075% sage extract, and 0.025% citric acid. With the same sequence of ingredients added into oil, the combinations required to achieve the optimal odor, crispiness, and overall acceptability scores were 0.058‐0.046‐0.026, 0.060‐0.071‐0.022, and 0.060‐0.064‐0.026%, respectively.
Positive solutions for non-homogeneous semilinear elliptic equations with data that changes sign
Authors: Dai Qiuyi , Gu Yonggeng 
Published: July 2007

Let Ω ⊂ RN be a bounded domain. We consider the nonlinear problem

and prove that the existence of positive solutions of the above nonlinear problem is closely related to the existence of non-negative solutions of the following linear problem:
.In particular, if p > (N + 2)/(N − 2), then the existence of positive solutions of nonlinear problem is equivalent to the existence of non-negative solutions of the linear problem (for more details, we refer to theorems 1.2 and 1.3 in § 1 of this paper).
Role of follicle stimulating hormone and epidermal growth factor in the development of porcine preantral follicle in vitro
Authors: Wu Ji , Tian Qi 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe aim of the present study was to assess the role of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), epidermal growth factor (EGF) or a combination of EGF and FSH on the in vitro growth of porcine preantral follicles, estradiol secretion, antrum formation, oocyte maturation and subsequent embryonic development. Porcine preantral follicles were cultured for 3 days in the absence or in the presence of FSH or EGF. Oocytes from these follicles were then matured, fertilized in vitro and embryos were cultured. Estradiol secretion and histological analysis of cultured follicles were also carried out. The results showed that when FSH, or a combination of EGF and FSH, was added to the culture medium, most of preantral follicles grew to antral follicles with high estradiol secretion and the oocytes from these antral follicles could mature, fertilize and develop to the blastocyst stage. Without FSH, or a combination of EGF and FSH, preantral follicles were unable to develop to the antral stage. Histology demonstrated that the resulting follicles were nonantral, estradiol production was reduced and none of their oocytes matured after in vitro maturation. The results indicate the essential role of FSH in promoting in vitro growth of porcine preantral follicle, estradiol secretion, antrum formation, oocyte maturation and subsequent embryonic development. EGF with FSH treatment of porcine preantral follicles improves the quality of oocytes, shown by a higher frequency of embryonic development.