bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel DNA Analog for Potential Gene Regulating Agent. A Convenient Synthesis of α-Oligodeoxyribonucleotide Phosphorothioate Bearing 3′-Monophosphate
Authors: Shinozuka Kazuo , Morita Tsutomu , Hirota Yoshiki , Sawai Hiroaki 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
α-2′-Deoxyoctathymydilic acid phosphorothioate analog bearing 3′-monophosphate was conveniently synthesized via phosphoramidite method using a riboadenosine attached Teflon-based solid support. The obtained oligomer exhibited enhanced stability toward the digestion by common nucleases.
Superconducting Transition of a Grease-Coated Crystal of κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu[N(CN)2]Cl
Authors: Kobayashi Hayao , Bun Kozo , Miyamoto Akihito , Naito Toshio , Kato Reizo , Kobayashi Akiko , Williams Jack M 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Superconducting transition of the grease-coated crystal of κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu[N(CN)2]Cl has been confirmed. There are at least three types of these crystals with different resistivity behaviors, of which the crystal exhibiting a resistivity anomaly around 50 K, undergoes a superconducting transition at 12.5 K, when it is coated with Apiezon L grease.
Tetiakis(trimethylsilyl)silane-Mediated Photochemical Alkylation of Heteroaromatic Bases with Alkyl Halides
Authors: Togo Hideo , Hayashi Ken , Yokoyama Masataka 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Alkyl halides reacted with protonated heteroaromatic bases in the presence of tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)silane (TTMS) under irradiation with high pressure mercury lamp to give the corresponding alkylated heteroaromatic bases. This is the first report on the photochemical use of TTMS for organic synthesis.
Feasibility of Standardization of Serum C-Peptide Immunoassays with Isotope-Dilution Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Rodríguez Cabaleiro Diego , Stöckl Dietmar , Kaufman Jean M , Fiers Tom , Thienpont Linda M 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Background: Serum C-peptide concentrations reflect pancreatic function in different clinical and diagnostic settings; however, the utility of C-peptide testing is limited by the lack of standardized commercial immunoassays. Standardization can best be done by split-sample comparison with a hierarchically higher reference measurement procedure with a set of native sera. For serum peptides, isotope-dilution liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (ID-LC/MS) is recommended as a reference measurement procedure.
Methods: We evaluated the analytical performance characteristics of an ID-LC/tandem MS procedure for measurement of serum C-peptide after a 2-step solid-phase extraction. To investigate the feasibility of this procedure for use in standardization, we also performed a method comparison with 3 representative commercial assays.
Results: The ID-LC/tandem MS procedure showed maximum within-run, between-run, and total CVs on dedicated sera (C-peptide concentrations, 1.6 and 4.0 μg/L) of 2.1%, 2.5%, and 2.9%, respectively; an accuracy of 94.6%–104.1%; a minimum trueness of 98.1% (95% confidence interval, 96.2%–100.0%), and limits of quantification and detection of 0.15 and 0.03 μg/L, respectively. Deming linear regression analysis of the method-comparison data showed that the immunoassays correlated well with ID-MS and were specific, but lacked intercomparability and trueness. We propose that the deficiencies can be resolved by recalibration on the basis of the method comparison.
Conclusions: The ID-LC/tandem MS procedure is suitable for specific and accurate measurement of basal and stimulated serum concentrations of proinsulin C-peptide fragment 33–63 and is suitable for use in standardization of C-peptide immunoassays.
Increased Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A as a Marker for Peripheral Atherosclerosis: Results from the Linz Peripheral Arterial Disease Study
Authors: Mueller Thomas , Dieplinger Benjamin , Poelz Werner , Haltmayer Meinhard 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Background: The aim of the present investigation was to test the hypothesis that pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), a zinc-binding metalloproteinase implicated in acute coronary syndrome, is associated with atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease (PAD).
Methods: The study comprised 433 patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic PAD (i.e., chronic limb ischemia) and 433 controls matched to the patients with PAD in a 1:1 design by sex, age (±2 years), and diabetes mellitus status. Serum PAPP-A concentrations were measured with an enzymatically amplified 2-step sandwich-type immunoassay.
Results: The entire study sample included 612 male and 254 female patients with a median age of 68 years. The median PAPP-A value was higher in the patients with PAD than in the referents (0.81 vs 0.64 mU/L; P &lt;0.001). After we adjusted for several possible confounding variables with multivariable logistic regression, odds ratios for PAD were 1.59 (95% confidence interval, 1.00–2.52; P = 0.049), 2.28 (1.45–3.61; P &lt;0.001), and 2.86 (1.78–4.59; P &lt;0.001) in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartiles of serum PAPP-A concentrations compared with the first quartile. In the present study, PAPP-A added to the predictive value of other markers commonly in use.
Conclusions: PAPP-A was associated with atherosclerotic PAD in the elderly sample studied. Because atherosclerotic PAD is considered an indicator of systemic atherosclerotic disease in elderly patients, the present results indicate that circulating PAPP-A may be a marker for systemic atherosclerotic disease.
Ozone and UV Radiation over Southern South America: Climatology and Anomalies
Authors: Diaz S. , Camilión C. , Deferrari G. , Fuenzalida H. , Armstrong R. , Booth C. , Paladini A. , Cabrera S. , Casiccia C. , Lovengreen C. , Pedroni J. , Rosales A. , Zagarese H. , Vernet M. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTOzone and UV radiation were analyzed at eight stations from tropical to sub‐Antarctic regions in South America. Ground UV irradiances were measured by multichannel radiometers as part of the Inter American Institute for Global Change Radiation network. The irradiance channels used for this study were centered at 305 nm (for UV‐B measurements) and 340 nm (for UV‐A measurements). Results were presented as daily maximum irradiances, as monthly averaged, daily integrated irradiances and as the ratio of 305 nm to 340 nm. These findings are the first to be based on a long time series of semispectral data from the southern region of South America. As expected, the UV‐B channel and total column ozone varied with latitude. The pattern of the UV‐A channel was more complex because of local atmospheric conditions. Total column ozone levels of <220 Dobson Units were observed at all sites. Analysis of autocorrelations showed a larger persistence of total column ozone level than irradiance. A decreasing cross‐correlation coefficient between 305 and 340 nm and an increasing cross‐correlation coefficient between 305 nm and ozone were observed at higher latitudes, indicating that factors such as cloud cover tend to dominate at northern sites and that ozone levels tend to dominate at southern sites. These results highlight the value of long‐term monitoring of radiation with multichannel radio‐meters to determine climatological data and evaluate the combination of factors affecting ground UV radiation.
The Photochemistry of a bis‐Crown Ether Based on Benzobis(thiazole) and Its Alkaline Earth Metal Cation Complexes
Authors: Fedorov Yu. , Fedorova O. , Schepel N. , Alfimov M. , Turek A. M. , Saltiel J. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTIrradiation of acetonitrile solutions of the bis‐crown ether E,E‐2,7‐bis[2‐(6,7,9,10,12,13,15,16‐octahydro‐5,8,11,14,17‐pentaoxabenzocyclopentadecen‐2‐yl)vinyl]‐benzo[1,2‐d;3,4‐d′]bisthiazole (hereafter, 1) gives efficient E→Z photoisomerization (initial φtrans°Cis= 0.48), leading to λexc‐dependent quasi‐photostationary states composed primarily of E,Z and E,E isomer mixtures. Further irradiation gives [2 + 2]‐cycloadducts of 1. In the presence of Ba2+ ions, essentially quantitative formation of 2:2 complexes, 12· (Ba2+)2 controls the photochemical outcome. E → Z photoisomerization of the ligand is entirely suppressed and efficient intramolecular [2 + 2]‐photocycloaddition in the complexes leads to cyclobutane dimers of 1 (φCB= 0.26). The reactivity of 1 in the presence of Mg2+ ions for which 1:2 complex formation dominates gives both cis‐trans photoisomerization and enhanced photocycloaddition.
Outcome of Patients with HER2-Positive Advanced Breast Cancer Progressing During Trastuzumab-Based Therapy
Authors: Montemurro Filippo , Donadio Michela , Clavarezza Matteo , Redana Stefania , Jacomuzzi Maria Elena , Valabrega Giorgio , Danese Saverio , Vietti-Ramus Guido , Durando Antonio , Venturini Marco , Aglietta Massimo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
We sought to describe patterns of treatment and clinical outcome in patients with HER2-positive advanced breast cancer progressing on trastuzumab-based therapy. One hundred eighty-four consecutive HER2-positive advanced breast cancer patients received trastuzumab-based therapy between September 1999 and September 2004. Patients were followed up until death or May 2005. For patients progressing on trastuzumab-based therapy, we calculated the response rate (RR) to the first post-progression treatment, overall survival (OS) from the first administration of trastuzumab, time to second progression (TT-SP), and post-progression survival (PPS), according to treatment. At the time of this analysis, 132 patients had progressed on trastuzumab-based therapy, and 89 had died. Of the progressing patients, 21 experienced rapid progression and could not receive additional anticancer treatments;40 patients continued trastuzumab either alone (12 patients with isolated central nervous system progression), with chemotherapy (23 patients), or with endocrine therapy (5 patients); and 71 stopped trastuzumab and received chemotherapy (61 patients) or endocrine therapy (10 patients) as the first post-progression treatment. Excluding patients with rapid progression, clinical outcomes were similar whether trastuzumab was continued or not, in terms of RR (18% and 27%, respectively), OS (31 and 30 months, respectively), TT-SP (6 and 7 months, respectively), and PPS (21 and 19 months, respectively). The clinical outcome of patients with HER2-positive advanced breast cancer progressing during trastuzumab-based therapy might not be influenced by continuing trastuzumab. The optimal therapeutic strategy in this setting of patients needs evaluation in randomized trials.
Chemotherapeutic Approaches for Targeting Cell Death Pathways
Authors: Ricci M. Stacey , Zong Wei-Xing 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLearning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: List the multiple cell death pathways that are activated in response to chemotherapeutic agents.Identify signaling molecules involved and morphological changes that occur in the different types of cell death pathways.Describe mechanisms targeted by novel chemotherapeutic agents.Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.comFor several decades, apoptosis has taken center stage as the principal mechanism of programmed cell death in mammalian tissues. It also has been increasingly noted that conventional chemotherapeutic agents not only elicit apoptosis but other forms of nonapoptotic death such as necrosis, autophagy, mitotic catastrophe, and senescence. This review presents background on the signaling pathways involved in the different cell death outcomes. A re-examination of what we know about chemotherapy-induced death is vitally important in light of new understanding of nonapoptotic cell death signaling pathways. If we can precisely activate or inhibit molecules that mediate the diversity of cell death outcomes, perhaps we can succeed in more effective and less toxic chemotherapeutic regimens.
Burkitt's Lymphoma: Clinicopathologic Features and Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Ferry Judith A. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the events leading to the initial identification and description of Burkitt's lymphoma and the discovery of its association with the Epstein-Barr virus.Outline the WHO Classification of Burkitt's lymphoma, including the clinical and pathological variants of this lymphoma.Discuss the treatment strategies used for treating Burkitt's lymphoma.List the criteria for establishing a diagnosis of Burkitt's lymphoma and discuss the entities that may enter its differential diagnosis.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Burkitt's lymphoma is a highly aggressive lymphoma identified and described in the last century by Denis Burkitt in Africa, in areas endemic for malaria. Since its description in African children, it has been recognized outside areas with endemic malaria, frequently also in children as well as among individuals with an underlying immunodeficiency. Since its initial designation as Burkitt's lymphoma, this type of lymphoma and lymphomas closely resembling it have received a variety of names in different classifications of lymphomas and leukemias: undifferentiated lymphoma, Burkitt's and non-Burkitt's type in the modified Rappaport Classification, malignant lymphoma, small non-cleaved cell, Burkitt's type in the Working Formulation, Burkitt's lymphoma and high-grade B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt-like in the REAL Classification, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia, L3 type in the FAB Classification. With the publication of the WHO Classification of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tumors, the nomenclature of this lymphoma has come full circle, and it is once again known simply as Burkitt's lymphoma. In recent years, efforts have focused on improving therapy for this rapidly proliferating neoplasm while minimizing, to the extent possible, treatment-associated toxicity. These efforts have led to the development of high-intensity, short-duration combination chemotherapy that has proven extremely effective for a high proportion of Burkitt's lymphoma patients. The differential diagnosis of Burkitt's lymphoma is broad, and precise diagnosis based on histologic, immunophenotypic, and genetic features remains the critical first step in planning appropriate therapy.
Reservoir Management Employing Smart Wells: A Review
Authors: Glandt Carlos A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA well equipped with intelligent components is considered "smart" only whenit maximizes its value over the life of the project. The definition of the adequate level of intelligence is the outcome of a multidisciplinary discussion that focuses on the well and reservoir management. To effectively realize the value associated with these technologies, Shell set up a Global Implementation Smart Wells Team at its E&P Technical Center. Jointly with asset teams from around the world, it has reviewed more than 80 projects over the last 3 years. The main result of this work is a faster and more-meaningful implementation effectively realizing the value associated with these technologies. An important by product of this work is a list of identified well and reservoir opportunities in which smart completions can add significant value. This paper reviews these opportunities and provides selected examples.
Wrongful Treatment of Prisoners: A Case Study of Ch'ing Legal Practice
Authors: Harrison Judy Feldman 
Published: April 2006

A Study of the Ch'ing legal system, the culmination of the experience of many dynasties, provides clues to the understanding of Chinese political behavior before extensive Western contact. For this period, the decisions of the Board of Punishments (hsing-fu) recorded in the collection of cases known as theHsing-an hui-lanform an important body of law. Of these, the cases pertaining to the illegal punishment of prisoners by government officials are particularly interesting. An analysis of thirty of these cases suggests answers to the following questions: 1) Did the Board of Punishments have the attributes of an independent law court? 2) Was the law which the Board of Punishments applied internally consistent and capable of growth ? 3) Was protection from official brutality adequately guaranteed by law?The Board of Punishments, one of the six ministries of the central government, was the formal organ most responsible for the administration of justice. In judicial matters, it served as a buffer between the provincial authorities on the one hand and the emperor on the other.
Unity and Diversity of Russian and Chinese Industrial Wage Policies
Authors: Schran Peter 
Published: April 2006

While Russian and Chinese wage and distribution policies in general differ from each other in terms of specific provisions and regulations, they are also generically very similar, if not identical. To provide some insight into the nature of this unity and diversity of policy, it seems best to discuss first the distributive implications of their common ideological reference, i.e. Marxist-Leninist doctrine.Distributive Strategy and TacticsBoth the Russians and the Chinese deal with any human action as a process of material transformation, and consequently view the totality of man's actions as a chain of material transformation processes, conditioned by the distribution of ownership of the means of production as the determinant of social relations of production. Both hold that while human action is governed objectively by material and social nature and its laws, it is determined subjectively by man's technical and social awareness and thus by man's technical and social experiences. Both assert that man's increasing comprehension of nature and its laws manifests itself in increasing accumulation and in enlarged reproduction, i.e., in economic growth. Both aim for the unity of objectivity and subjectivity, i.e., for the complete reproduction of nature by man at the earliest possible moment, and both strive therefore for the most rapidly enlarging accumulation over time.
The Case for the Integrity of Sinology
Authors: Mote Frederick W. 
Published: April 2006

Sinology, and the case for theintegrityof it: the one key word in that phrase has been as hard to define as the other has been to achieve in practice. If we can scarcely define it, and if there is no hope of achieving it for the masses, why then talk about it at all in the year 1964?I believe we can try to define Sinology, and we can point to some who have achieved it in practice. It might have seemed wisest to ask someone who has at least come close to achieving the Sinological ideal to be its spokesman on this panel. And, in fact, I urged that course upon Mr. Skinner when he first asked me to participate. He ruled that out, not so much perhaps for fear that we'd have to import one, or that such a one could be expected to speak in an unintelligible accent and would read footnotes in seven languages from original sources only—but perhaps, anomalous as it is, from the justifiable fear that the real Sinologist might speak in a way that would confuse his own green and well-worked fields with the entire province, or his own home province with the whole realm. And integrity is what we are here to talk about. For it is thatintegralityof the whole realm, or world, of Chinese studies that I think should define Sinology. Therefore, let someone who thinks he sees a meaningful and universal ideal, but who does not expect the ideal to be judged by himself, discuss it with the freedom that can come from having nothing personal to defend. Otherwise, it would be indeed presumptuous for me to appear here as the spokesman for Sinology; this dilemma of the spokesman vis-à-vis his subject today clearly is one that does not afflict my colleagues on this panel (for reasons at least partially nattering to them all).
The Fetish of the “Disciplines”
Authors: Schwartz Benjamin 
Published: April 2006

The following represents an amplification of some rather poorly expressed remarks made at the panel on Chinese Studies and the Disciplines at the recent meeting of the Association for Asian Studies.The essential point (banal but nevertheless true) is that whatever a man's discipline, the broader and deeper his general culture—his “general education,” the more willing he is to bring whatever wisdom he has to bear on the subject he is treating. Whether this wisdom derives from the “methodology” of his discipline or not, it increases the likelihood of his saying something significant. Conversely, the mechanical application of an isolated “discipline” narrowly conceived in terms of a selfcontained “model” or “system” to a culture (whether contemporary or “traditional”) which has not been studied in any of its other aspects by a person of limited culture may lead to sterile and even preposterous results.
Reverend Issachar Jacox Roberts and the Taiping Rebellion
Authors: Teng Yuan Chung 
Published: April 2006

Reverend Issachar Jacox Roberts was, as far as is known, the only Western teacher ever to instruct Hung Hsiu-ch'üan, the leader of the Taiping Rebellion. Aware of his special relationship with Hung, Roberts was for many years enthusiastic about Hung's undertakings. This article is concerned mainly with an account of the dealings between the two men.Born in Tennessee in 1802, Roberts studied at the Furman Theological Institution of South Carolina, and was ordained to the ministry in 1828. He preached for some time in Mississippi, where he owned property said to be worth $30,000. Using this property as a financial base, he organized the Roberts Fund and the China Mission Society. Upon arrival in China in 1837, Roberts took the Chinese name of Lo Hsiao-ch'üan (or Lo Heáou-tseuen). For his first five years in China, the missionary worked among the lepers at Macao. When his income became insufficient for his work there, he labored for a time as a saddler, joined the Baptist Mission in 1841, and in 1846 transferred to the Southern Baptist Convention. In 1844 Roberts, who was the first foreigner to live outside the restricted “factory” area, opened a mission in the city of Canton, which he used as a home base for the following twenty-two years of his missionary work. During this period, he returned to the United States only twice. His connection with the Southern Baptist Convention was dissolved in 1852, and thereafter he worked independently. He finally left China in 1866, and died of leprosy in 1871 at Upper Alton, Illinois.
Adam Smith and Asia
Authors: Lockwood William W. 
Published: April 2006

The great Chinese philosopher Ch'eng Hao (1032–1085) once set forth in a A memorial to the throne a three-point training program for statesmen. His formula for success is as valid today as it was for the Sung emperors nearly a thousandyears ago:understand the principles taught in books;find out the right and wrong in history;know how to deal with men;—more briefly, knowledge and wisdom.
Ryukyu and Southeast Asia
Authors: Sakamaki Shunzō 
Published: April 2006

From about 1373 to 1570, or for nearly two centuries, the kings of Ryukyu engaged in a prosperous and active trade between East and Southeast Asia. Several hundred Ryukyuan ships voyaged to Southeast Asian ports, from Siam to Patani, Malacca, Sumatra, Java, and elsewhere. These were in addition to, and indeed complementary to, hundreds of trading voyages to China, Japan, and Korea.However, there are only scattered references to the Ryukyuan trading expeditions to Southeast Asia in Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese, and Korean records. What is more, Ryukyuan chronicles compiled in the seventeenth century contain only fragmentary notices of these voyages. This was most puzzling to modern scholars, for other records showed that tremendous quantities of goods of southern origin were carried frm Ryukyu to China, Japan, and Korea in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, indicating that there must have been a correspondingly large trade with southern regions. It had to be presumed that in connection with such trade, countless records and documents must have been compiled. And yet the official histories of Ryukyu made only passing mention of old contacts with countries in the southern seas.