bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional hysterosonography versus hysteroscopy for the detection of intracavitary uterine abnormalities
Authors: Makris N. , Kalmantis K. , Skartados N. , Papadimitriou A. , Mantzaris G. , Antsaklis A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjective: To compare 3‐dimentional hysterosonography (3‐DHS) and diagnostic hysteroscopy for the evaluation of intrauterine lesions. Methods: In this prospective study 124 women with suspected intrauterine abnormality on 2‐D ultrasonography or on hysterosalpingography were scheduled to undergo hysteroscopy, 3‐DHS, and 3‐D power Doppler (3‐DPD) examination. However, 3‐DHS could not be performed in 3 of the women because of cervical stenosis. The sensitivity and specificity of 3‐DHS and 3‐DPD were compared with those of hysteroscopy. Results: Of the 121 women found to have an intracavitary abnormality, 20 had polyps, 11 had myomas, 2 had Müllerian duct anomalies, and 6 had synechiae on hysteroscopy. There was agreement between hysteroscopy and 3‐DHS in 19 of the polyp cases, 11 of the myoma cases, 2 of the Müllerian anomaly cases, and 4 of the synechiae cases. Examination with 3‐DHS and 3‐DPD reached a sensitivity of 91.9% and specificity of 98.8%, with a positive predictive value of 97.1% and a negative predictive value of 96.5%, respectively. Conclusions: Examination with 3‐DHS and 3‐DPD both allows for accurate assessment of intrauterine abnormalities.
Cervical ripening with the Foley catheter
Authors: Cromi A. , Ghezzi F. , Tomera S. , Uccella S. , Lischetti B. , Bolis P.F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjective: To evaluate maternal and neonatal outcomes in a large series of patients undergoing cervical ripening with a Foley catheter. Methods: The database of the Labor and Delivery Unit of the University of a teaching hospital in Italy was used to identify consecutive patients with a Bishop score (BS) of 4 or less who underwent pre‐induction cervical ripening with a Foley catheter. The main outcome measures were clinical chorioamnionitis, endometritis, and suspected and culture‐proven neonatal sepsis. Results: Of 602 women undergoing cervical ripening with a Foley catheter, 160 (26.6%) went into active labor without additional interventions. Oxytocin was administered immediately after removal of the Foley catheter in 188 (31.2%) of the women, and 254 (42.2%) required an application of prostaglandin E2 vaginal gel. The cesarean delivery rate was 25.6%. The median time to delivery was 1469 min (range, 94–3350 min). Of the women who gave birth vaginally, 225 (50.2%) were delivered within 24 h. Clinical chorioamnionitis and postpartum endometritis occurred in 3 (0.5%) and 6 (1.0%) of the women, respectively. Neonatal sepsis was suspected in 4 (0.7%) of the newborns but blood culture results were negative in all cases. Conclusion: Transcervical use of the Foley catheter is safe for pre‐induction cervical ripening, and the associated risk of maternal or perinatal infections is negligible.
Intrauterine lidocaine plus buccal misoprostol in the endometrial biopsy
Authors: Güney M. , Oral B. , Mungan T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the efficacy of intrauterine lidocaine plus buccal misoprostol in reducing the discomfort caused by endometrial biopsy with a suction curette. Methods: In this double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial 126 women undergoing endometrial biopsy were administered a 200‐μg tablet of misoprostol buccally, followed by a 5‐mL uterine instillation of either of 2% lidocaine or a saline solution. The main outcome measures were the intensity of pain during, immediately following, and 20 min following the biopsy, as assessed on a 10‐cm visual analog scale. Statistical analysis was performed using the Friedman test with the Bonferroni correction, the t test, and the χ2 test. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the study and control groups in mean age, parity, or relevant medical history. A statistically significant difference in pain scores was noted in premenopausal women during the procedure (lidocaine, 4.93 ± 1.67; placebo, 6.17 ± 1.26; P < 0.001) as well as immediately later (lidocaine, 4.12 ± 1.14 vs. placebo, 5.42 ± 1.08; P < 0.001) and 20 min later (lidocaine, 3.60 ± 1.10; placebo, 4.22 ± 1.46; P < 0.001). No significant differences in pain scores were observed in postmenopausal women for any of the 3 time points (6.72 ± 2.01, 5.18 ± 1.22, and 4.56 ± 0.80, respectively; P > 0.05). The number needed to treat was 2.6 (95% confidence interval, 1.9–4.8). Conclusion: Intrauterine lidocaine plus buccal misoprostol appears to be effective in decreasing pain in premenopausal women undergoing endometrial biopsy with a suction curette.
Fetal acid‐base and neonatal status after general and neuraxial anesthesia for elective cesarean section
Authors: Tonni G. , Ferrari B. , De Felice C. , Ventura A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjective: To analyze the relation between fetal acid‐base and neonatal status in an observational cohort study of 900 consecutive women with singleton pregnancies at term undergoing elective cesarean section. Methods: The women were divided into 3 groups according to the type of anesthesia administered. Fetal acid‐base status was assessed from umbilical cord blood (both artery and vein) and intermediate neonatal outcome was noted. Results: Epidural anesthesia was associated with the highest pH. The lowest pH and the highest pC02 values were associated with spinal anesthesia. Although maternal general anesthesia was associated with the highest values for partial pressure and saturation of oxygen in umbilical arterial blood, the newborns were more likely to be depressed than those born following spinal (P = 0.0016) or epidural (P = 0.0002) anesthesia. Conclusions: If fetal oxygenation is the goal, general anesthesia provides the highest values for partial pressure and saturation of oxygen in umbilical arterial blood. However, epidural anesthesia was associated with better fetal and neonatal status than either spinal or general anesthesia.
What drives the market value of firms in the defense industry?
Authors: Capelle‐Blancard Gunther , Couderc Nicolas 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article assesses the relative importance of different types of news in driving significant stock price changes in the defense industry. We implement a systematic event study with the 58 largest publicly listed companies in the defense industry, over the time period 1995–2005. We first identify, for each firm, the statistically significant abnormal returns over the time period. Then, we look for information releases likely to cause such stock price movements. Most of the key drivers in the defense industry are the same as in other industries (key role of formal earnings announcements and analysts’ recommendations) but we also identify some specific features, in particular the influence of geopolitical events and the relevance and frequency of bids and contracts on stock prices. Finally, we examine the impact of the September 11 terrorist attacks on defense firms.
Defence and firm financial structure in France
Authors: Belin Jean , Guille Marianne 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEuropean defence firms are progressively being privatized and the recourse to private finance in the defence sector is increasing. We use data on French firms to examine at the firm level the impact of defence dependence on firms' financial structure at the end of a period characterised by a decline of defence purchasing. In terms of leverage and financial ratios, we find many significant differences between defence and non‐defence firms but also between different categories of defence firms. The results provide some support for the hypothesis of a relationship between defence dependence and financial structure.
Increased satiety after intake of a chocolate milk drink compared with a carbonated beverage, but no difference in subsequent ad libitum lunch intake
Authors: Harper Angela , James Anita , Flint Anne , Astrup Arne 
Published: February 2007

The rising rate of obesity has been blamed on increased consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks, such as carbonated sodas, which fail to satisfy hunger. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect on appetite and energy intake of a sugar-sweetened beverage (cola) and a chocolate milk drink, matched for energy content and volume. It was hypothesised that chocolate milk may be more satiating because of its protein content. Twenty-two healthy young men (age 23 (sd 1·8) years) of normal weight (BMI 22·2 (sd 1·5) kg/m2) were recruited to the randomised cross-over study. Visual analogue scales were used to record subjective appetite ratings every 30 min on each of two test days. A drink of 500 ml cola or chocolate milk (900 kJ) was ingested 30 min before an ad libitum lunch. Satiety and fullness were significantly greater (P = 0·0007, P = 0·0004, respectively) 30 min after chocolate milk than after cola. Ratings of prospective consumption and hunger were significantly greater after cola than after chocolate milk, both immediately after preload intake (P = 0·008, P = 0·01, respectively) and 30 min afterwards (P = 0·004, P = 0·01, respectively). There was no significant difference (P = 0·42) in ad libitum lunch intake after ingestion of chocolate milk (3145 (sd 1268) kJ) compared with cola (3286 (sd 1346) kJ). The results support the hypothesis that sweetened soft drinks are different from milk products in their impact on short-term hunger and satiety, although differences in subjective appetite scores were not translated into differences in energy intake.
Alcohol consumption and distinct molecular pathways to colorectal cancer
Authors: Bongaerts Brenda W. C. , de Goeij Anton F. P. M. , de Vogel Stefan , van den Brandt Piet A. , Goldbohm R. Alexandra , Weijenberg Matty P. 
Published: February 2007

High alcohol consumption is related to colorectal cancer (CRC). Our objective was to study associations between alcohol consumption and risk of CRC according to characteristics of aetiological pathways: the chromosomal instability (CIN) and the microsatellite instability (MIN) pathway. We classified CIN+ tumours (tumours with either a truncating APC mutation, an activating K-ras mutation or overexpression of p53), MIN+ tumours (tumours lacking hMLH1 expression) and CIN− /MIN− tumours (tumours without these defects). In the Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer, 120 852 men and women, aged 55–69 years, completed a questionnaire on risk factors for cancer at baseline (1986). Case–cohort analyses were conducted using 573 CRC cases with complete data after 7·3 years of follow-up, excluding the first 2·3 years. Adjusted incidence rate ratios (RR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. Compared with abstaining, alcohol consumption of ≥ 30 g/d was positively associated with the risk of CRC irrespective of genetic or molecular aberrations present, although statistical significance was not reached (RR 1·35 (95 % CI 0·9–2·0) for the CIN+ tumours, RR 1·59 (95 % CI 0·4–5·8) for the MIN+ tumours and RR 1.15 (95 % CI 0·5–2·7) for the CIN− /MIN− tumours). Beer, wine and liquor consumption were, independent of their alcoholic content, not consistently associated with the risk of CRC within the defined subgroups. In conclusion, our results indicate that a daily alcohol consumption of ≥ 30 g is associated with an increase in risk of CRC, independent of the presence or absence of the studied characteristics of different aetiological pathways.
The fatty acid composition of muscle and adipose tissue of steers offered unwilted or wilted grass silage supplemented with sunflower oil and fishoil
Authors: Noci F. , Monahan F. J. , Scollan N. D. , Moloney A. P. 
Published: February 2007

The effects of the type of grass silage and dietary inclusion of fish oil (FO) on the fatty acid profile of bovine intramuscular and subcutaneous adipose tissue were investigated. Eighty Friesian steers were assigned (n10) to unwilted or wilted silage, and to one of four rations which contained, per kg, 80 g of sunflower oil and either 0, 10, 20 or 40 g of FO replacing lard. Animals were slaughtered after 108 d and the fatty acid profile of the neutral, polar and total lipid fractions of theM. longissimus dorsi, and the total lipid fraction of the subcutaneous adipose tissue were determined. Wilting of grass prior to ensiling increased the concentration of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in intramuscular total lipid (P < 0·01), but did not affect then-6:n-3 PUFA ratio. Increasing FO supply linearly increased (P < 0·05) the concentration of thecis-9,trans-11 andtrans-10,cis-12 isomers of CLA andtrans-11 18 : 1 predominantly in the neutral lipid fraction of intramuscular total lipid, and linearly decreased then-6:n-3 PUFA ratio. Wilting of grass prior to ensiling increased the concentration of CLA in subcutaneous adipose tissue (P < 0·001), while increasing FO supply linearly increased the concentration ofcis-9,trans-11 CLA. From a human nutrition perspective, increasing the level of FO in the ration or wilting of grass prior to ensiling appear to modify the fatty acid composition of beef muscle favourably. However, the health implications of associated increases intransfatty acids remain to be elucidated.
Dispersion relation for azimuthal electromagnetic surface waves on a magnetized annular plasma in a metal waveguide with coaxial anisotropic dielectric inner coating
Authors: DARYANOOSH S. , MEHDIAN H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe dispersion relation of azimuthal electromagnetic surface waves on a magnetized annular plasma surrounded by a metallic cylindrical coaxial anisotropic dielectric lined waveguide is obtained. The thickness of the dielectric and its location in the waveguide are studied with respect to their effects on the number of spectra observed. The graphs of frequency spectra against the ratio of radii of the annular plasma and η = ωpe/Ωe are plotted. Finally, surface E-modes for coaxial anisotropic and isotropic dielectrics have been investigated.
Cruelty's rewards: The gratifications of perpetrators and spectators
Authors: Nell Victor 
Published: February 2007

Cruelty is the deliberate infliction of physical or psychological pain on other living creatures, sometimes indifferently, but often with delight. Though cruelty is an overwhelming presence in the world, there is no neurobiological or psychological explanation for its ubiquity and reward value. This target article attempts to provide such explanations by describing three stages in the development of cruelty. Stage 1 is the development of the predatory adaptation from the Palaeozoic to the ethology of predation in canids, felids, and primates. Stage 2, through palaeontological and anthropological evidence, traces the emergence of the hunting adaptation in the Pliocene, its development in early hominids, and its emotional loading in surviving forager societies. This adaptation provides an explanation for the powerful emotions – high arousal and strong affect – evoked by the pain-blood-death complex. Stage 3 is the emergence of cruelty about 1.5 million years ago as a hominid behavioural repertoire that promoted fitness through the maintenance of personal and social power. The resulting cultural elaborations of cruelty in war, in sacrificial rites, and as entertainment are examined to show the historical and cross-cultural stability of the uses of cruelty for punishment, amusement, and social control.Effective violence prevention must begin with perpetrators, not victims. If the upstream approaches to violence prevention advocated by the public-health model are to be effective, psychologists must be able to provide violence prevention workers with a fine-grained understanding of perpetrator gratifications. This is a distasteful task that will compel researchers to interact with torturers and abusers, and to acknowledge that their gratifications are rooted in a common human past. It is nonetheless an essential step in developing effective strategies for the primary prevention of violence.
What good are facts? The “drug” value of money as an exemplar of all non-instrumental value
Authors: Ainslie George 
Published: February 2007

An emotional value for money is clearly demonstrable beyond its value for getting goods, but this value need not be ascribed to human preparedness for altruism or play. Emotion is a motivated process, and our temptation to “overgraze” positive emotions selects for emotional patterns that are paced by adequately rare occasions. As a much-competed-for tool, money makes an excellent occasion for emotional reward – a prize with value beyond its tool value – but this is true also of the other facts by which we pace our emotions.
Cruelty and the psychology of history
Authors: Nell Victor 
Published: February 2007

This response deals with seven of the major challenges the commentators have raised to the target article. First, I show that the historical-anecdotal method I have followed has its roots in sociology, and that there is a strong case for the development of a “psychology of history.” Next, the observational data suggesting that intentional cruelty cannot be restricted to humans is rebutted on the grounds that cruelty requires not only an intention to inflict pain, but to do so because that pain would cause the victim to suffer – which requires a theory of mind. Third, in the light of the commentaries, I recognise that not only predation but also intraspecific aggression contributes to the development of cruelty. Fourth, I contrast nativists and environmentalists, the former regarding cruelty as a universal human capacity and the latter holding the view that cruelty is acquired through social learning, and argue that there is an otherworldly quality to the environmentalist view. I then show (the fifth challenge) that the target article does generate testable hypotheses. Sixth is a consideration of the implications of the target article for the re-admission of the concept of evil to the psychological lexicon; and seventh, a consideration of the commentaries which note that the cultivation of compassion is a tool for the prevention of cruelty. The last section of the response replies to questions of detail and rebuts some misrepresentations of my argument.
Utility of phylogenetic studies in the identification ofLeptospirastrains
Authors: RESCH G. , AWAD-MASALMEH M. , BAKOSS P. , JAREKOVÁ J. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYA phylogenetic tree, which distinguishes between the serovars and serogroups of leptospires common in Central Europe was constructed using an established RAPD procedure together with digital reading and evaluation (using different computer software programs) of the generated amplified DNA patterns. The application of this procedure has revealed a consistent correspondence between serogroup and genotype (position in constructed tree) in 69 cases, and serovar and genotype in 72 cases, of wild strains of leptospires. There was an agreement between serovar and genotype in cases of strains of Grippotyphosa, Pomona, Mozdok, Arborea and Sorexjalna as well as between serogroup and genotype in cases of Australis, Bataviae and Sejroe. With the procedure used in this study, it was not possible to distinguish between reference strains of serovars Jalna, Bratislava and Lora (all serogroup Australis) as well as between serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae and Copenhageni (both of serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae). In contrast to this, wild strains belonging to serogroup Sejroe were distributed between Polonica, Istrica, Saxkoebing and Sejroe serovars. Endemic strains of leptospires tested, were also distinguishable.
Structured surveillance of infantile gastroenteritis in East Anglia, UK: incidence of infection with common viral gastroenteric pathogens
Authors: GÓMARA M. ITURRIZA , SIMPSON R. , PERAULT A. M. , REDPATH C. , LORGELLY P. , JOSHI D. , MUGFORD M. , HUGHES C. A. , DALRYMPLE J. , DESSELBERGER U. , GRAY J. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to investigate the burden of disease associated with gastroenteric viruses (rotavirus, norovirus, sapovirus, astrovirus and enteric adenovirus) using structured surveillance of children aged <6 years in the community. Faecal samples were collected between 2000 and 2003 from 685 children with symptoms of gastroenteritis. The children comprised three groups; 223 in the structured surveillance cohort, 203 in a community cohort and 259 in a cohort of hospitalized children. All samples were tested for the presence of viral pathogens using molecular methods. Questionnaires were sent to the parents/carers of the children recruited to the structured surveillance cohort in order to collect data that would allow an estimation of the severity of illness by means of the Vesikari score, and of the cost associated with gastrointestinal disease in this age group. A viral aetiological agent was detected in 53·5% of samples tested. Rotavirus was the most common pathogen found in all three cohorts followed by norovirus and enteric adenoviruses. Multiple viruses were found in 8% of the samples, and commonly involved rotavirus and any other virus. G1P[8] was the most commonly detected rotavirus strain and there was no significant difference in the distribution of rotavirus genotypes among the three cohorts. Analysis of the questionnaires indicated that rotavirus infections were likely to be more severe than any other virus infection, and children from whom a viral pathogen was identified were more likely to require rehydration therapy.
Estimating the burden and cost of infectious intestinal disease in the Maltese community
Authors: GAUCI C. , GILLES H. , O'BRIEN S. , MAMO J. , STABILE I. , RUGGERI F. M. , CALLEJA N. , SPITERI G. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYThe aim of this study was to estimate the burden of infectious intestinal disease (IID) and cost of illness at the community level from a societal aspect. A retrospective, age-stratified cross-sectional telephone study was carried out in Malta in 2004–2005. The number of cases, resources used and cost of resources were computed. The resources involved direct costs (health-care services, stool culture tests, medicines and personal costs) and indirect costs (costs from lost employment by cases and caregivers). This study estimated 0·421 (95% CI 0·092–0·771) separate episodes of IID per person per year in Malta which corresponds to 164 471 (95% CI 35 941–301 205) episodes of IID per year or 450 (95% CI 98–825) episodes of IID each day. The largest proportion of cost is due to provision of health-care services with €10 454 901 [Maltese liri (Lm) 4 558 970] per year; followed by €963 295 (Lm 2 209 393) in lost productivity; €1 286 286 (Lm 561 078) in medicines; €152 335 (Lm 66 452) in stool culture testing and €71 487 (Lm 31 183) in personal costs, giving a total cost of illness of over €16 million (7 million Lm) per year. The burden and cost of IID are high enough to justify efforts to control the illness. Such estimates are important to assess the cost-effectiveness of proposed specific interventions.