bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An analysis of selection on a colour polymorphism in the northern leopard frog
Authors: HOFFMAN ERIC A. , SCHUELER FREDERICK W. , JONES ADAM G. , BLOUIN MICHAEL S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the role of selection in the maintenance of a dorsal colour polymorphism in natural populations of the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens. We determined genetic structure both spatially and temporally from a suite of putatively neutral molecular markers and tested whether or not the colour locus exhibited patterns of genetic variation that differed from those of the neutral loci. Spatial genetic structure at the colour locus was indistinguishable from structure at neutral loci [95% confidence intervals of FST (neutral) = (0.07, 0.35), FST (colour locus) = 0.114]. In the temporal analysis, we found that the variance among populations in the change in allele frequency at the colour locus (equal to 0.004) lies within the 95% confidence intervals for the variance among populations in changes in allele frequencies at neutral loci. In light of our inability to show evidence for the selective maintenance of the colour polymorphism, we used computer simulations to infer the power of our spatial and temporal techniques to detect selection. The computer simulations showed that although the strength of selection (s) would need to be relatively strong to have been detected by the temporal approach (s = 0.1–0.4, depending on the model tested), the spatial analysis would have detected all but weak selection (s = 0.01–0.04, depending on the model tested). This study illustrates the importance of using a locus comparison approach to detect evidence for selective maintenance before conducting studies to measure the selective mechanisms maintaining a polymorphism.
Anti‐p97/VCP Antibodies: An Autoantibody Marker for a Subset of Primary Biliary Cirrhosis Patients with Milder Disease?
Authors: Miyachi K. , Hosaka H. , Nakamura N. , Miyakawa H. , Mimori T. , Shibata M. , Matsushima S. , Chinoh H. , Horigome T. , Hankins R. W. , Zhang M. , Fritzler M. J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe previously reported that 12.5% of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) sera reacted with a 95 kDa cytosol protein (p95c) that was subsequently identified as a p97/valosin‐containing protein (VCP). The clinical features and course of the six anti‐p97/VCP‐positive PBC patients with Scheuer's stage 1 and 2 liver biopsies were monitored for an average of 15 years. This group was compared with 50 PBC patients that did not have detectable anti‐VCP. Autoantibodies to a full‐length recombinant p97/VCP were assayed by immunoprecipitation. All six PBC patients with anti‐VCP had antibodies to the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex‐E2 antigen as measured by an addressable laser bead immunoassay. The first was a male with no evidence of liver failure that died of cerebral infarction at the age of 85. The second was a 73‐year‐old female with Hashimoto's thyroiditis who has remained clinically stable without ursodeoxycolic acid (UDCA) treatment. Although the third had no HCV antibodies, he developed hepatocellular carcinoma at the age of 76 and died of renal failure at 78. The fourth was a 50‐year‐old female who remained clinically stable during follow‐up and the fifth with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and stable liver function following UCDA treatment. The sixth was a male patient presenting a mild clinical course. The clinical course of these patients was in contrast to the 50 comparison group PBC patients who did not have anti‐p97/VCP. As the six PBC patients with anti‐p97/VCP antibodies had slowly progressive liver disease and no mortality related to autoimmune liver disease, our observations suggest that this autoantibody might be an indicator of a favourable prognosis.
The Unveiling of Hidden T‐Cell Determinants of a Native Antigen by Defined Mediators of Inflammation: Implications for the Pathogenesis of Autoimmunity
Authors: Jiang X. , Moudgil K. D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA major hypothesis for the induction of autoimmunity invokes the enhanced display of previously hidden (cryptic) epitopes under inflammatory conditions leading to the activation of self‐reactive T cells. However, there is meager data that directly validate the influence of specific immune mediators on the upregulation of the presentation of cryptic determinants in vivo. We tested the effect on well‐defined cryptic epitopes of hen eggwhite lysozyme (HEL) of the availability locally of a cytokine (IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10, TNF‐α or granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor) at the antigen delivery site, or of the pretreatment of the immunogen with a cathepsin (Cat B, D, L or S) prior to use in vivo. Each of the three mouse strains (H‐2b/d/k) tested revealed a unique profile of T‐cell reactivity to different cryptic epitopes of HEL in response to a particular cytokine or cathepsin. These results provide proof of principle for the reversal of crypticity of self‐epitopes by immune mediators in the local milieu. Moreover, co‐immunization with an antigen and a cytokine offers a simple and reliable tool for studying the role of cryptic epitopes in autoimmunity. Our results also strengthen the rationale for the use of inhibitors of cytokine/cathepsin activity in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
No difference in HIV incidence and sexual behaviour between out‐migrants and residents in rural Manicaland, Zimbabwe
Authors: Mundandi Costandino , Vissers Debby , Voeten Hélène , Habbema Dik , Gregson Simon 
Published: April 2006

SummaryObjectives  Migration is associated with HIV infection, but the relationship has been mostly assessed in cross‐sectional studies. In a prospective study, we investigated whether out‐migrants are a selection of high‐risk individuals and whether rural‐to‐urban migration results in risky sexual behaviour for HIV incidence.Methods  A population cohort was enrolled in a stratified household census in four different community types in Manicaland, east Zimbabwe, between July 1998 and February 2000, and followed‐up after 3 years. Out‐migrants to the national capital (Harare), the provincial capital (Mutare) and other study areas were followed‐up. A structured questionnaire was administered and an HIV test was conducted at each interview. HIV prevalence and sexual risk behaviour at baseline, and HIV incidence and sexual behaviour during follow‐up were compared for out‐migrants and residents.Results  At baseline, future migrants were significantly younger, better educated and more likely to be single than residents. For males, migration was highest from subsistence farming areas and roadside trading centres and lowest from estates. After adjusting for age, education, marital status and location, there were no differences in HIV prevalence and sexual risk behaviour between future migrants and residents at baseline, for either sex. No significant differences in HIV incidence or sexual behaviour during follow‐up were detected between rural‐to‐urban out‐migrants and residents.Conclusions  Out‐migrants from rural Zimbabwe did not have higher levels of HIV infection or sexual risk behaviour than residents either before or after they moved. These findings may be related to the mature stage of the HIV epidemic and the social and living conditions of migrants in Zimbabwean cities.
Seasonal variation and high multiplicity of first Plasmodium falciparum infections in children from a holoendemic area in Ghana, West Africa
Authors: Kobbe Robin , Neuhoff Rieke , Marks Florian , Adjei Samuel , Langefeld Iris , Von Reden Claudia , Adjei Ohene , Meyer Christian G. , May Jürgen 
Published: April 2006

SummaryObjective  To assess the prevalence and multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in Ghanaian infants.Method  In an epidemiological study in an area holoendemic for malaria in Ghana, the prevalence and multiplicity of P. falciparum infections (MOI) were assessed in 1069 three month‐old infants by typing of the genes encoding the merozoite surface proteins 1 and 2 (msp‐1, msp‐2) over a recruitment period of one year. Alleles were amplified using allele family‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and determined according to their length polymorphisms on a genetic analyzer.Results  The occurrence of early infections was dependent on the season (month‐stratified prevalence 6.4–29.0%). Diversity of msp‐alleles was extensive and significantly higher in the dry than in the rainy season.Conclusions  The level of infection prevalence and the high multiplicity of infections (median 4, maximum 14 strains per isolate) in the first months of life indicate early contacts with parasites exhibiting a wide repertoire of antigens and, most likely, multiple infections per single mosquito bite.
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis results in oxidative and nitrosative stress in ascitic fluid
Authors: Natarajan Sathish Kumar , Mukhopadhya Ashis , Ramachandran Anup , Amalanathan Sophia , Kurian George , Balasubramanian Kunissery A 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a major complication of liver cirrhosis and accounts for significant mortality. Although oxygen free radicals and nitric oxide been implicated in the pathophysiology of liver cirrhosis, information on their role during the development of SBP is scarce. This study examined these active species in ascitic fluid from patients with SBP, and in response to treatment.Methods:  Forty‐nine consecutive patients with cirrhosis and ascitic fluid neutrophil counts less than 250/cumm were studied as controls. Another 21 patients whose ascitic neutrophil count exceeded 250/cumm were treated as cases. Ascitic fluid was collected from these patients at entry and 48 h after treatment with antibiotics. Nitrate and markers of oxidative stress such as malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl content and total and protein thiols were measured.Results:  A significant increase in malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl levels was seen in ascites from patients with SBP when compared to controls. This was accompanied by a decrease in total thiols and protein thiols. In addition, there was a significant increase in ascitic fluid nitrate in patients with SBP when compared to control patients. After antibiotic treatment, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl and nitrate levels dropped back towards control values, and total thiols also recovered.Conclusions:  This study demonstrated the presence of oxidative stress in ascitic fluid from patients with SBP, and showed that ascitic fluid nitrate may be a marker for diagnosing SBP and a useful index in determining therapeutic response to antibiotic treatment.
Cell structure of developing downfeathers in the zebrafinch with emphasis on barb ridge morphogenesis
Authors: Alibardi L. , Sawyer R. H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe present ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study on the embryonic feathers of the zebrafinch, an altricial passerine bird, describes cellular differentiation of developing downfeathers. Barb ridges are folds of the original epidermis of the embryonic feather germ in which the basal–apical polarity of epidermal cells is upset. The result is the loss of most germinal activity of basal cells of the barb ridges so that only the embryonic epidermal layers remain. The more external layer is the primary periderm, followed by 4–6 layers of inner‐periderm cells that mature into feather sheath and barb vane ridge cells. The following layer, the subperiderm, produces a small type of beta‐keratin typical of feathers. In barb ridges, the subperiderm layer is displaced to form barbule plates and barb cells. The formation of branching barbules occurs by the presence of barb vane ridge cells that function as spacers between barbule cells. The fourth layer is homologous to the germinal layer of the epidermis, but in barb ridges it rapidly loses the germinal capability and becomes the cyclindrical layer of marginal plates. The study indicates that a necrotic process determines the carving out of the final feather shape, although apoptosis may also play a role. In fact, after barb and barbule cells have formed a keratinized syncitium, retraction of the vascular bed determines anoxia with the resultant necrosis of all feather cells. Only those of the keratinized syncitium remain to form the feather while supportive cells disappear. The sheath covering the barb and barbule syncitium is lost by the formation of a sloughing layer following degeneration of external barb ridge vane cells and loss of the sheath. It is proposed that the evolution of the morphogenetic process of barb ridge formation was peculiar to tubular outgrowths of the integument of archosaurian reptiles that evolved into birds. Once established in the embryonic programmes of skin morphogenesis of ancient birds, variations in the process of barb ridge morphogenesis allowed the fusion of ridges into large or branched ridges that originated the rachis. This process produced pennaceous feathers, among which were those later used for flight. The present study stresses that the morphogenetic process of barb ridge formation determines the concomitant appearance of barbs and barbules. As a consequence, intermediate forms of evolving feathers with only barbs but not barbules are unlikely or are derived from alteration of the above basic morphogenetic mechanism.
Evaluation of Antitumoral Properties of the Protease Inhibitor Indinavir in a Murine Model of Hepatocarcinoma
Authors: Esposito Vincenzo , Palescandolo Emanuele , Spugnini Enrico P. , Montesarchio Vincenzo , De Luca Antonio , Cardillo Irene , Cortese Giancarlo , Baldi Alfonso , Chirianni Antonio 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Purpose: Accumulating evidences show a higher incidence of hepatic neoplasm in HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)–coinfected individuals compared with HCV-monoinfected patients. Treatment with HIV-1 protease inhibitors inhibited cancer-promoted angiogenesis in HIV-infected patients affected by Kaposi sarcoma. We aimed to evaluate the antineoplastic potential activities of the protease inhibitor indinavir (Crixivan) in in vitro and in vivo hepatocarcinoma models.
Experimental Design: We analyzed effects of indinavir on cell growth and invasiveness in Huh7 and SK-HEP-1 hepatocarcinoma cell lines and on in vivo tumor growth of the same cells in nude mice. Morphologic and molecular analyses on explanted tumors were carried out to evaluate vascularization and apoptosis.
Results: We observed a reduced ability to invade an in vitro extracellular matrix for both cell lines treated with indinavir compared with controls (P = 0,001). Moreover, indinavir treatment was able to inhibit matrix metalloproteinase-2 proteolytic activation, whereas there was no effect on cell proliferation. The drug was also able to delay in vivo tumor growth. The inhibition of tumor growth was statistically significant from days 6 to 21 (P = 0.004 and P = 0.003, respectively). Moreover, the drug showed antiangiogenic and proapoptotic actions, as revealed by vessel count and apoptotic index by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase–mediated nick end labeling in explanted tumors. Finally, treatment with indinavir did not block the production of vascular endothelial growth factor in the tumors.
Conclusion: Indinavir could be helpful to prevent the development of hepatocarcinomas in HIV/HCV–coinfected individuals. In view of the current trend to substitute protease inhibitors with other antiretroviral agents, this information may have clinical implications.
Characterization of hARD2, a processed hARD1 gene duplicate, encoding a human protein N-α-acetyltransferase
Authors: Arnesen Thomas , Betts Matthew J , Pendino Frédéric , Liberles David A , Anderson Dave , Caro Jaime , Kong Xianguo , Varhaug Jan E , Lillehaug Johan R 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Protein acetylation is increasingly recognized as an important mechanism regulating a variety of cellular functions. Several human protein acetyltransferases have been characterized, most of them catalyzing ε-acetylation of histones and transcription factors. We recently described the human protein acetyltransferase hARD1 (h uman Ar rest D efective 1). hARD1 interacts with NATH (N-A cetyl T ransferase H uman) forming a complex expressing protein N-terminal α-acetylation activity.

Results
We here describe a human protein, hARD2, with 81 % sequence identity to hARD1. The gene encoding hARD2 most likely originates from a eutherian mammal specific retrotransposition event. hARD2 mRNA and protein are expressed in several human cell lines. Immunoprecipitation experiments show that hARD2 protein potentially interacts with NATH, suggesting that hARD2-NATH complexes may be responsible for protein N-α-acetylation in human cells. In NB4 cells undergoing retinoic acid mediated differentiation, the level of endogenous hARD1 and NATH protein decreases while the level of hARD2 protein is stable.

Conclusion
A human protein N-α-acetyltransferase is herein described. ARD2 potentially complements the functions of ARD1, adding more flexibility and complexity to protein N-α-acetylation in human cells as compared to lower organisms which only have one ARD.
Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane to Propene over Cobalt Molybdate Catalysts
Authors: Yoon Young Seek , Fujikawa Nobuo , Ueda Wataru , Moro-Oka Yoshihiko 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Cobalt molybdates showed high catalytic activities for the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propene. Composition of the catalyst strongly affects surface acidic properties, resulting in a drastic activity change. Co0.95 MoO4 calcined at 550 °C showed the highest catalytic performance, giving 60% selectivity to propene at 19% conversion of propane.
Epoxidation of Alkenes with O2 Catalyzed by EuCl3 under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Yamanaka Ichiro , Nakagaki Katsumi , Akimoto Takashi , Otsuka Kiyoshi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
EuCl3 dissolved in a mixture of propanoic acid and 1,2-dichloroethane catalyzed the epoxidation of 1-hexene (81.4% selectivity, 5.34% yield for 1 h) with O2 in the presence of Zn powder at 40 °C. The epoxidation was also catalyzed by LaCl3 (0.75% yield) and SmCl3 (0.57% yield), but CeCl3 (0.08% yield) was inactive. Epoxidations of styrene and cyclohexene were also promoted by the EuCl3-catalytic system.
A Novel Synthesis of α,β,γ,δ-Unsaturated Selenoamides by Using [3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Alkynyl Propargyl Selenides in the Presence of Diethylamine
Authors: Shimada Kazuaki , Akimoto Satoru , Itoh Hideki , Nakamura Hidenori , Takikawa Yuji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
[3,3] Sigmatropic rearrangement of alkynyl propargyl selenides in the presence of an excess amount of Et2NH afforded N,N-diethyl-2,4-pentadieneselenoamides in modest yields.
Two-Dimensional Arrangement or Polynuclear Metal Complexes in the Interlayer of Multibilayer Cast Films
Authors: Ichinose Izumi , Asai Tsutomu , Yoshimura Satoru , Kimizuka Nobuo , Kunitake Toyoki 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Anionic vanadium complex, [V10O28]6−, and cationic cadmium complex, [Cd10(SCH2CH2OH)16]4+, were incorporated into oppositely-charged multibilayer cast films, respectively, by the ion-exchange method. The composite films possessed regular multilayer structures with alternating organic and inorganic layers.
Farnesyl Diphosphate Synthase Reactions of Geranyl Diphosphate Analogues Having Oxygen Atoms in Their Alkyl Chains
Authors: Maki Yuji , Satoh Hikaru , Kurihara Masayo , Endo Takae , Watanabe Gotaro , Ogura Kyozo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Seven geranyl diphosphate analogues having oxygen atoms in their alkyl chains were synthesized and examined for their reactivities as substrates in the reaction catalyzed by pig liver farnesyl diphosphate synthase. All of these compounds acted as substrates to give farnesyl diphosphate analogues. It was suggested that the enzyme cavity for the geranyl moiety is tolerant enough to accommodate alkyl moieties containing oxygen atoms.
Stereodynamics of N-Benzyl-N-methyl-9-aminotriptycene
Authors: Yamamoto Gaku , Higuchi Hiroyuki , Yonebayashi Masami , Ojima Juro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Stereodynamics of N-benzyl-N-methyl-9-aminotriptycene is studied by 1H and 13C dynamic NMR spectroscopy. The energy barriers to internal motion are governed by the eclipsing interaction between an N-alkyl group and an o-benzeno bridge of the triptycene moiety together with the intrinsic barrier to nitrogen inversion.
A Novel Electrochemical Oxidation Reactions Utilizing Cyclodextrins. Anodic Oxidation of Indole–Cyclodextrin–Alcohol System
Authors: Suda Kohji , Takanami Toshikatsu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The anodic oxidation of indoles (1) and alcohols (2) in the presence of cyclodextrins gave diindolylmethanes in good yields. Cyclic voltammetry and macro scale electrolyses showed that the reaction was initiated by the oxidation of 2 with an oxidation potential higher than that of 1.
N-Hydroxysuccinimide-promoted Oxidation of Primary Alcohols and Aldehydes to Form Active Esters with Hypervalent(III) Iodine
Authors: Wang Naiwei , Liu Renhua , Xu Qing , Liang Xinmiao 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A simple, mild, and efficient method for the conversion of primary alcohols and aldehydes to N-hydroxysuccinimide esters with (diacetoxyiodo)benzene in high yield is developed. N-Hydroxysuccinimide acts not only as an esterification partner but also as an activator of PhI(OAc)2 in this reaction.
N, N′-dimethyl-N, N′-dibutyl tetradecyl malonamide impregnated magnetic particles for the extraction and separation of radionuclides from nuclear waste streams
Authors: Shaibu B. S. , Reddy M. L. P. , Prabhu D. R. , Kanekar A. S. , Manchanda V. K. 
Published: April 2006

Summary

N, N′-dimethyl-N, N′-dibutyl tetradecyl malonamide (DMDBTDMA) coated magnetic particles are being evaluated for the possible application in the partitioning of actinides, lanthanides and fission products from pure nitric acid solutions as well as from Simulated Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor-High Level Waste (PHWR-SHLW). Uptake profiles of various metal ions, such as Pu(IV), U(VI), Am(III), Eu(III), Sr(II) and Cs(I) were obtained as a function of time and nitric acid concentration by batch studies using DMDBTDMA coated magnetic particles. The order of uptake follows the order Pu(IV)>U(VI)>Am(III)>Eu(III)>Sr(II)∼Cs(I) in both nitric acid and SHLW. The uptake of various trivalent lanthanides was also investigated as a function of nitric acid concentration and found the uptake order as Pr(III)>La(III)>Eu(III)>Tb(III)>Ho(III)>Er(III)>Yb(III)>Lu(III). The sorption capacity of the DMDBTDMA coated magnetic particles with respect to U(VI) and Eu(III) was determined, along with the sorption isotherms to simulate multiple contacts. The maximum sorption capacity of DMDBTDMA coated magnetic particles was found to be 1.58 mmol/g and 0.36 mmol/g for U(VI) and Eu(III), respectively. The adsorption models of Langmuir and Freundlich were fitted to the experimental data and best correlations were obtained for both the models. The Langmuir model predicts a loading capacity of 1.61 mmol/g and 0.37 mmol/g for U(VI) and Eu(III), respectively, which is close to the experimental values. The stability and recycling capacity of the DMDBTDMA coated magnetic particles was also assessed.
Gerald Massey and America
Authors: Hawley Charles Arthur 
Published: April 2006

Gerald Massey, once hailed by Landor as comparable to Keats, to “a chastened Hafiz,” to Shakespeare when at his best in his sonnets, has earned the reward of forgotten prophets. This poet, who espoused the cause of chartism in the England of his day, who worked for the common people, who helped shape democracy, was eclipsed by Tennyson, his contemporary and rival. Massey, who came to the defence of F. D. Maurice with these lines:God bless you, Brave One, in our dearth,Your life shall leave a trailing glory;And round the poor man's homely hearthWe proudly tell your suffering's story,brought to America the seed of the social gospel. It was this same Massey whom George Eliot met and admired in London and later portrayed in Felix Holt, the Radical.