bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF DIETARY XYLITOL ON THE ABILITY OF RAT CAECAL FLORA TO METABOLISE XYLITOL
Authors: Krishnan Ravi , Wilkinson Irene , Joyce Linda , Rofe Allan M , Bais Renze , Conyers Robert AJ , Edwards John B 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effect of dietary xylitol on the ability of the rat caecal flora to metabolise xylitol was investigated. Xylitol metabolism in micro‐organisms has generally been assessed in terms of pH change and acid production which are often insensitive in demonstrating low rates of substrate utilisation. Using a rapid and sensitive radioisotopic assay, in which 14CO2 production from |U‐14C| xylitol was measured, it was possible to show that the caecal microflora obtained from rats can metabolise xylitol. This activity was increased 10, 15, 30 and 40‐fold in the caecal flora taken from rats fed diets containing 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% xylitol, respectively.Using the caecal microflora of normally fed rats, the order of 14CO2 production from 14C‐labelled sugars and sugar alcohols was glucose > fructose > xylose > sorbitol ⩾ xylitol. The feeding of glucose and fructose did not alter the 14CO2 producing activities, whereas xylose feeding increased xylose metabolism, sorbitol feeding increased sorbitol and xylitol metabolism, xylitol feeding increased sorbitol, xylose and its own metaboiism and arabitol feeding increased xylose and sorbitol metabolism. Marked changes were also observed in the population of the caecal flora of xylitol‐fed rats, with increases in the number of gram‐positive bacteria, compared to rats on a normal diet. Possible mechanisms for these effects involve mutation, selection of micro‐organisms capable of metabolising sugar alcohols, and the induction of enzymes involved in sugar alcohol metabolism.
ARBOVIRUSES OF COASTAL SOUTH‐EASTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Marshall Ian D , Woodroofe Gwendolyn M , Gard Geoff P 
Published: November 2007

SummaryDuring investigations of epidemic polyarthritis at Nelson Bay, New South Wales, 12 strains of Ross River virus, the causative agent, were recovered from pools of mosquitoes. In addition, the mosquito pools yielded 9 strains of the flavivirus Edge Hill, 4 strains of a bunyavirus, Gan Gan, 1 strain of an orbivirus Tilligerry, and 1 strain of an ungrouped probable arbovirus, Yacaaba. The latter 3 viruses were found to be antigenically distinct from previously recorded arboviruses.A case of epidemic polyarthritis probably contracted at Bawley Point, approximately 400 kilometres south of Nelson Bay on the south coast of New South Wales, is recorded. Mosquitoes collected in the nearby Termeil State Forest one year later yielded a strain of Ross River virus and 5 strains of a previously undescribed ungrouped togavirus, Termeil.The extent of arboviral activity in temperate coastal areas of south‐eastern Australia was unexpected.
HAEMAGGLUTININS AND LYSINS IN PLANTS AND THEIR APPLICATION IN CHARACTERISING HUMAN AND ANIMAL RED CELLS
Authors: Roy S , Bhalla V 
Published: November 2007

SummarySaline extracts of 207 seed varieties belonging to 53 families were tested for haemagglutinating and haemolytic activity against the erythrocytes of eleven vertebrate species (man, monkey, rabbit, rat, goat, sheep, cow, buffalo, horse, mule and fowl). Of these, 85 seed extracts showed haemagglutinating activity and 49 seed extracts showed haemolytic activity against the red cells of one or more animal species. Several seed extracts were found to react in a species specific manner agglutinating or lysing the red cells exclusively of one animal species each. The possible practical application of the species specific plant agglutinins and haemolysins in characterising the red cells of different animal species is discussed.
WOUND CONTRACTION. A QUANTITATIVE INTERPRETATION
Authors: Snowden John M 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe behaviour of dressed excisional wounds in a number of species (man, rabbit, rat and mouse) has been analysed. The change in wound area with time due to contraction was found to be consistent with a constant linear rate of movement of the wound margins. The linear rate of movement of the wound margins is shown to be an appropriate parameter for the quantitative comparison of rates of contraction. This parameter can be calculated from the slope of the (area)½ versus time plots.
ISOLATION OF MURRAY VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS AND OTHER ARBOVIRUSES IN THE ORD RIVER VALLEY 1972–1976
Authors: Liehne PFS , Anderson S , Stanley NF , Liehne CG , Wright AE , Chan KH , Leivers S , Britten DK , Hamilton NP 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThis paper summarizes the isolation of arboviruses from mosquitoes collected in the Ord Valley between 1972 and 1976. A total of one hundred and ninety five strains of at least fifteen antigenically distinct viruses have been isolated. Seven of these isolates appear to be ‘new’ antigenic types, and several are undergoing further testing. These are three new rhabdoviruses (Kununurra [OR194], a virus provisionally named Kimberley [OR250] and OR189 [provisionally named Parry's Creek]), three ungrouped, non‐haemagglutinating viruses (OR379, OR512, OR869) and a virus (OR540) which reacts to Poly Anopheles A world grouping fluid. The remaining viruses have been previously identified in Australia. These include Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE), Kunjin, Kokobera, Sindbis, Koongol, Wongal, Wongorr and a virus in the Corriparta serological group. The most important finding of these studies is that MVE displays an annually recurrent pattern of activity with a peak seasonal transmission rate at the end of the wet monsoon. This is the first definition of a probable endemic focus of MVE activity in Australia. The major vector for the majority of the viruses isolated was, by inference, Culex annulirostris. However, Aedeomyia catasticta was implicated as a major vector of the Corriparta group virus.
MUSCLE LIPIDS IN DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Authors: Pearce PH , Johnsen RD , Wysocki SJ , Kakulas BA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe lipids of muscle and adipose tissue from normal males and of muscle from males with Duchenne muscular dystrophy were investigated. Triglyceride, the major neutral lipid, showed similar fatty acid compositions in all tissues examined. When the phospholipids of dystrophic muscle and of normal adipose tissue were compared with those of normal muscle, it was found that there was an increase in the proportion of sphingomyelin in dystrophic muscle, while adipose tissue had higher proportions of sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine but lower choline phosphoglyceride. In dystrophic muscle only small alterations from normal were observed in the fatty acid compositions of the individual phospholipids, whereas the phospholipids of adipose tissue had quite distinctive fatty acid compositions. An atrophic muscle sample resulting from poliomyelitis consisted almost entirely of connective tissue and fat and had a phospholipid composition similar to that of adipose tissue. From a comparison of the results for all the types of tissue studied, it is evident that the increase in sphingomyelin in dystrophic muscle biopsies and the changes in the fatty acid compositions of individual phospholipids may be accounted for by the increased amounts of fat and connective tissue which are present in dystrophic muscle samples.In a case each of polymyositis, limb girdle muscular dystrophy and an autosomal recessive form of muscular dystrophy, the results obtained for the phospholipid composition of the muscle sample were also normal or consistent with some contamination from fat and connective tissue.
H‐2 RESTRICTION PATTERN OF SECONDARY INFLUENZA VIRUS‐IMMUNE CYTOLYTIC T CELLS
Authors: Ertl Hildegund Christa Johanna 
Published: November 2007

SummaryStimulation of murine spleen lymphocytes of the H‐2d and H‐2q haplotype with influenza A/WSN virus results in the generation of T‐effector lymphocytes which lyse infected H‐2b target cells in addition to infected H‐2d target cells. Cross‐reactive lysis of infected H‐2d and H‐2b target cells is due to the action of single Tc clones as shown by adsorption on macrophages and limiting dilution assay.
EXOTOXlNS OF AEROMONAS HYDROPHILA
Authors: Burke Valerie , Robinson Jennifer , Atkinson HM , Dibley Michael , Berry RJ , Gracey Michael 
Published: November 2007

SummaryEighty of 103 strains of Aeromonas hydrophila cultured at 100 rev./min produced heat‐labile enterotoxins detected using the suckling mouse assay. Results in intestinal perfusion agreed with the suckling mouse test in all strains tested by both methods. Enterotoxic activity correlated with haemolysin and cytotoxin production, but 4% of strains would have been wrongly classified using haemolysin assay in place of the suckling mouse test and 11% misclassified on the basis of cytotoxin assay. There was a significant association between haemolytic and cytotoxic activity, but 15% of strains produced only one of these toxins. Haemolysin, cytotoxin and enterotoxin were not always associated in a given isolate. The time of appearance of exotoxins during bacterial growth and the effects of dialysis, hearing and proteolytic enzymes also suggest that haemolysins, cytotoxin and enterotoxins of Aeromonas hydrophila are separate toxins and not different manifestations of the same toxin.
Hemodynamic effect of iopromide in pancreas-duodenum transplanted rats
Authors: Linder G. , Carlsson P. -O. , Källskog Ö. , Hansell P. , Jansson L. , Källskog V. 
Published: November 2007

Background: Radiological contrast media (CM) have been suggested to be able to impair pancreatic microcirculation, especially in acute pancreatitis. Purpose: To evaluate the effects of the low-osmolar CM iopromide on total pancreatic and especially islet blood perfusion after whole pancreas transplantation. Material and Methods: Rats receiving a pancreas-duodenum transplantation 2 days earlier, i.e., with graft pancreatitis, were injected with iopromide. Blood perfusion measurements were then made with a microsphere technique. Results: The graft blood perfusion was decreased in control rats when compared to the endogenous pancreas. Administration of iopromide increased both total pancreatic and islet blood perfusion in the grafted pancreas, but not in the endogenous gland. No effects on blood perfusion to either the native or transplanted duodenum were seen after iopromide administration. Conclusion: Iopromide increases the blood perfusion of a whole pancreas transplant 2 days after implantation, i.e., when graft pancreatitis is present. The consequences of this CM-induced hyperperfusion for graft pancreatic function remain to be established.
Contribution of Caridina nilotica (Roux) in the Dagaa Fishery in Lake Victoria, Tanzania
Authors: Budeba Y. L. , Cowx I. G. 
Published: November 2007

The contribution of Caridina nilotica in the Rastrineobola argentea (dagaa) fishery was assessed at nine beaches in the Tanzanian part of Lake Victoria from May, 2001 to April, 2002. Additional data on dagaa and Caridina catches from Sweya beach between October, 2000 and April, 2001 were also included. Two main methods are used to catch R. argentea and Caridina in the Tanzanian waters of Lake Victoria: mosquito seine nets (5 mm and 10 mm mesh sizes) and catamaran lift nets (8 mm mesh sizes). The majority of the beaches used mosquito seine nets as the main gear; lift net fishing was dominant at Igombe and Busekera beaches.
Between May, 2001 and April, 2002, 157,390 t of dagaa were harvested in the Tanzanian waters of Lake Victoria; mosquito seine nets harvested 139,674 t (89%) compared with 17,716 t by lift nets (11%). CPUE was 244 and 337 kg boat− 1 day− 1 respectively for lift nets and mosquito seine nets. A total of 17,326 t of Caridina was harvested in the Tanzanian waters of Lake Victoria during the same period. More Caridina was harvested by mosquito seine nets (95%) than by lift nets (5%). Catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE; kg boat−1 day−1) for Caridina ranged between 1.87 and 45 kg boat−1 day−1, and varied with respect to location, time and fishing method. Sweya beach exhibited the highest CPUE and the lowest was at Nyangómbe beach. High CPUEs for Caridina were found during the rainy season at Sweya, Igombe, Kome and Busekera beaches. The rest of the beaches exhibited high CPUE during the dry season. CPUE of Caridina in lift nets was greater than in mosquito seines at Igombe and Busekera beaches. However, CPUE for dagaa at Igombe was higher for mosquito seines than lift nets. Reasons for these differences are unknown but probably relate to the location of fishing, particularly between inshore and offshore locations. Haplochromine cichlids were also abundant in the R. argentea catches at Igombe beach. The highest CPUE for haplochromines was at Igombe in January, 2002 and the lowest in June, 2001 (average CPUE for haplochromine cichlids at Igombe was 736 ± 746 kg boat−1 day−1 for lift nets). The total haplochromine catch for the region was estimated at 53,446 t. The carapace length (mm CL) distribution of Caridina in R. argentea commercial catches ranged between 1.5 mm CL and 8 mm CL depending on the gear used.
Chemical components of Aspergillus‐type Douchi, a Chinese traditional fermented soybean product, change during the fermentation process
Authors: Zhang Jian‐Hua , Tatsumi Eizo , Fan Jun‐Feng , Li Li‐Te 
Published: November 2007

SummaryDouchi, a traditional fermented soybean product that originated in China, has been consumed since ancient times as a food seasoning. The influence of fermentation on the chemical components of naturally fermented douchi and Aspergillus egypticus pure‐cultured douchi was investigated. Changes in per cent and/or concentration of amino‐type nitrogen, total acid, reducing sugar, organic acid, amino acids (AA) and isoflavone, along with the neutral protease and β‐glucosidase activities during the fermentation, were analysed. The results indicated that fermentation had a significant effect on the concentration of chemical components. The concentration of all free amino acids (FAA) increased gradually during fermentation, to a maximum of 109.54 mg g−1 in 15‐day fermented products. The main organic acids in douchi are 7.788 and 17.778 mg g−1, respectively. During fermentation, the contents of daidzin and genistin decreased from 160.7 and 207.9 to 7.54 and 24.12 μg g−1 respectively. Daidzein and genistein increased from 18.2 and 16.9 to 63.4 and 84.6 μg g−1, respectively.
The binding of the flavour of lactones by soya protein, amino acids and casein
Authors: Gkionakis George A. , David Anthony Taylor Keith , Ahmad John , Heliopoulos George 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe binding of certain lactones to soya protein isolate, amino acids and casein in different concentrations was investigated using capillary column gas chromatography. The analysis of lactones was conducted by solid phase microextraction and by the standard method of headspace analysis. The percentage of binding of lactones γ‐9, γ‐10, δ‐10 and δ‐11 on the soya protein is almost the same. According to the Klotz equation, the bound ligand concentration was calculated as the number of moles of ligand bound per mole of protein. γ‐lactones are bound less than δ‐lactones and that the competitive binding ability of lactones δ‐11 and γ‐10 is similar. δ‐11 has a greater binding capacity with each of the amino acids used and with casein than γ‐10 because of its greater ability to form hydrophobic binding than γ‐10. The techniques of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy confirmed that the binding of the ligand on the protein substrate was attributed to secondary bonds, such as hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic bonds and van der Waals forces.
Effect of modified atmosphere on methanol extractable Phenolics of persimmon modified atmosphere effect on persommon phenolics
Authors: Bibi Nizakat , Khattak Amal B. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryPersimmon fruits were exposed to ethanol and nitrogen atmosphere for half (E1 and N1), one (E2 and N2) and 2 h (E3 and N3), stored for 5 weeks at ambient temperature and analyzed weekly for different phenolic compounds responsible for astringency and sensory characteristics. Methanol soluble proanthocyanidine content decreased significantly (P  0.05) from 7.2 (E1 week 1) to 1.0 ΔA550 g−1 (E3week 5) with ethanol treatment and from 6.8 (N1 week 1) to 3.0 ΔA550 g−1 (N1 week 5) with nitrogen treatment. The losses in leucoanthocyanidine content were maximum with ethanol‐ and nitrogen‐treated samples for 2 h. Total phenols in control decreased from 0.5% to 0.2% (E3) and 0.3% (N3) during 1st week. The methanol soluble sinapine content of control samples decreased significantly from 0.05% to 0.02% with 2 h ethanol and nitrogen atmosphere during 1st week of storage. The lowest values for catechin content were observed for all treatments at the end of 5 weeks storage. The data on sensory evaluation revealed highest score with N3 treatment and storage when compared with other treatments, reflecting improvement in sensory properties because of decrease in astringency.
Biochemical aspects in two minimally processed lettuces upon storage
Authors: Tavarini Silvia , Degl'Innocenti Elena , Pardossi Alberto , Guidi Lucia 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe browning process was studied in two cultivars of minimally processed lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata cv. Verpia and Lactuca sativa var. acephala cv. Lollo Rossa). The analyses were carried out upon storage at 4 °C in the dark. The first interesting result was the resistance to browning of excised leaves of Lollo Rossa, that did not present the typical symptoms of browning. Another important characteristic of Lollo Rossa lettuce was the higher antioxidant ability before storage. The results of biochemical characteristics obtained in this experiment did not show clear evidence supporting the biochemical model of tissue browning involving the sequential synthesis of phenolics and quinones that are regulated, respectively, by phenyl alanine ammonia‐lyase, polyphenol oxidase and/or peroxidase.
Effect of transglutaminase and carrageenan on restructured fish products containing dietary fibres
Authors: Cardoso Carlos , Mendes Rogério , Nunes Maria Leonor 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe inclusion of various levels of a microbial transglutaminase or a carrageenan additive to restructured hake products with or without dietary fibre (obtained from inner pea or chicory root) was studied. These experiments were aimed at producing technologically innovative restructured fish products with improved textural and colour properties. It was found that the addition of transglutaminase, up to 0.5% (w/w), favoured better textural properties, particularly, at 0.1% (w/w) level or above. On the other hand, restructured product with a dietary fibre content of 4% (w/w) and carrageenan addition, up to 2% (w/w), exhibited increased hardness. This can be particularly interesting for those products containing chicory root inulins as this fibre presented an adverse effect on hardness. Regarding colour, higher carrageenan contents caused a slight but significant colour change in the product, making it redder (for products containing Swelite and Fibruline) and more yellow (only concerning Swelite).
Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum in lettuce
Authors: Moore John E. , Cherie Millar Beverley , Kenny Fiona , Lowery Colm J. , Xiao LiHua , Rao Juluri R. , Nicholson Vera , Watabe Miyuki , Heaney Neville , Sunnotel Olaf , McCorry Kieran , Rooney Paul J. , Snelling William J. , Dooley James S. G. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryHuman cryptosporidiosis has emerged as an important gastrointestinal infection in the 1990s as a result of the ingestion of mainly contaminated water and to a lesser extent foodstuffs containing the protozoan parasite, Cryptosporidium parvum. This pathogen has particular clinical significance for immunocompromised persons, including AIDS patients and cancer patients receiving toxic chemotherapeutic drug regimens. There have been a limited number of studies performed examining the occurrence of the parasite on vegetables, including lettuce. Detection rates are very dependent on the laboratory isolation technique employed and has ranged from 1.2% to 14.5%. Current best practice of laboratory recovery, isolation and detection methods include detergent removal, oocysts concentration by immunomagnetic separation, followed by a combination of immunofluorescent microscopy and a nested PCR approach. Employment of contaminated non‐potable water in the production of vegetables, particularly lettuce, may represent an important potential source of entry of pathogens into food processing and the human food chain. Given that lettuce is an important constituent of hamburger dressing, and the size of the fast‐food industry, where lettuce is an important constituent, horticultural producers of lettuce should therefore place special emphasis on developing suitable and efficient Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point strategies for the critical control of oocysts depending on the type of unit operation employed and vegetable being processed. This review aims to examine (i) the incidence of C. parvum in vegetables, particularly lettuce and (ii) laboratory detection methods for the isolation and identification of this parasite from lettuce.
Behaviour of some organophosphorus pesticide residues in thyme and stinging nettle tea during infusion process
Authors: Ozbey Ayse , Uygun Umran 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn order to investigate dissipation behaviour of fenitrothion, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos and pirimiphos‐ethyl during infusion process, pesticide‐free dried thyme and stinging nettle leaves were spiked with the pesticides. Infusions were prepared according to the usual process of infusion preparation. The effect of infusion process on the transfer of the pesticides from the spiked herbs leaves into brew was examined at intervals of 5, 10, 15 and 20 min. Residues were determined using gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. The decrease in pesticide levels during infusion was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.05). Transfer of residues decreased considerably with infusion time. The carryover of the residues of dimethoate, which has the highest water solubility, into the infusions was the greatest. Satisfactory relationships were found between water solubility (Ws) and partition coefficient (Kow) of the pesticides with the transfer of pesticides to brewed teas.
Effect of vacuum and relaxation periods and solution concentration on the osmotic dehydration of apples
Authors: Paes Sabrina Silva , Stringari Gustavo Beulke , Laurindo João Borges 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effect of the sucrose solution concentration (SSC) and vacuum–relaxation periods on vacuum osmotic dehydration of apples (Gala var.) was investigated. All experiments were carried out at 30 °C, with SSC ranging from 0 to 65 °Bx. The apple samples with 11.5 ± 1.4 °Bx gained water for an SSC as high as 40 °Bx and gained solids for an SSC as low as 5 °Bx, depending on the applied vacuum and relaxation periods. The results obtained with isotonic solutions indicated that there is an optimum value for the relaxation and vacuum periods. It was shown that the vacuum and relaxation periods can be used to obtain the desired process result, a higher impregnation or a higher dehydration.