bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Data Protection, Genetics and Patents for Biotechnology
Authors: Beyleveld Deryck , Taylor Mark 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis paper has three parts. In Part One, we argue that while biological samples and genetic information extracted from them are not (in terms of Directive 95/46/EC) personal data in and of themselves, each is capable of being personal data in appropriate contexts. In Part Two, we argue that if this is correct, then the requirement for sources of human biological samples to give informed consent for any use of their samples (which the European Court of Justice has maintained to be a fundamental principle of EC law but not one to be enforced via patent law) must be enforced by data protection law in the EU. Finally, in Part Three, we consider the implications of our position for the capacity of Directive 95/46/EC to adequately protect third party interests given the shared nature of genetic data.
Dangerous Patients and Duties to Warn: a European Human Rights Perspective
Authors: Gavaghan Colin 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe recent case of David Bradley, who shot and killed four members of his family after telling his doctor he 'wanted to kill someone', has raised the question of whether a healthcare professional could ever be held liable for failing to take steps to constrain a potentially dangerous patient. Until recently, it was considered that the United Kingdom courts would be reluctant to impose a duty to protect third parties. However, the European Court of Human Rights' decision in Osman v UK — while not directly concerning healthcare professionals — has opened the door for just such a duty. When this duty will arise, and how it can be discharged, remain challenging questions. Furthermore, healthcare professionals face the unenviable task of balancing competing duties, in which the rights — and safety — of their patients must also be borne in mind.
Public Trust and Privacy in Shared Electronic Health Records
Authors: Rynning Elisabeth 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe development of information and communication technology in health care, also called eHealth, is expected to improve patient safety and facilitate more efficient use of limited resources. The introduction of electronic health records (EHRs) can make possible immediate, even automatic transfer of patient data, for health care as well as other purposes, across any kind of institutional, regional or national border. Data can thus be shared and used more effectively for quality assurance, disease surveillance, public health monitoring and research. eHealth may also facilitate patient access to health information and medical treatment, and is seen as an effective tool for patient empowerment. At the same time, eHealth solutions may jeopardize both patient safety and patients' rights, unless carefully designed and used with discretion. The success of EHR systems will depend on public trust in their compatibility with fundamental rights, such as privacy and confidentiality. Shared European EHR systems require interoperability not only with regard to technological and semantic standards, but also concerning legal, social and cultural aspects. Since the area of privacy and medical confidentiality is far from harmonized across Europe, we are faced with a diversity that will make fully shared EHR systems a considerable challenge.
A Profiling Float’s Sense of Ice
Authors: Klatt Olaf , Boebel Olaf , Fahrbach Eberhard 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The Argo project intends to continuously monitor temperature and salinity of the upper 2000 m of the global ocean by use of autonomous, vertically profiling floats. They are currently generating the largest oceanographic dataset that ever existed, covering most of the world’s oceans. However, the use of these instruments in the polar oceans is seriously impeded by the presence of sea ice, as floats are hindered from transmitting their profile data or, even more seriously, potentially damaged when ascending to, or being at, the ice-covered sea surface. The authors present a cost neutral ice sensing algorithm (ISA), which alerts for the likely presence of sea ice. In this event, the profile is aborted and no surfacing attempted. To retrospectively track floats that actively remained under the sea ice because of ISA, acoustic tracking via the RAFOS technique was tested in the Weddell Sea. Last but not least, the most recent version of floats features the option of interim storage of profiles that could not be transmitted in real time (iStore). With these three developments, the ice-compatible float system to reliably extend Argo into the Antarctic Ocean in the near future was completed. Additional improvement might include using faster satellite communication links (Iridium or Argos 3) to reduce the float’s risk-prone surface drift.
The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Cloud Profiling Radars: Second-Generation Sampling Strategies, Processing, and Cloud Data Products
Authors: Kollias Pavlos , Miller Mark A. , Luke Edward P. , Johnson Karen L. , Clothiaux Eugene E. , Moran Kenneth P. , Widener Kevin B. , Albrecht Bruce A. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program operates millimeter-wavelength cloud radars in several climatologically distinct regions. The digital signal processors for these radars were recently upgraded and allow for enhancements in the operational parameters running on them. Recent evaluations of millimeter-wavelength cloud radar signal processing performance relative to the range of cloud dynamical and microphysical conditions encountered at the ARM Program sites have indicated that improvements are necessary, including significant improvement in temporal resolution (i.e., less than 1 s for dwell and 2 s for dwell and processing), wider Nyquist velocities, operational dealiasing of the recorded spectra, removal of pulse compression while sampling the boundary layer, and continuous recording of Doppler spectra. A new set of millimeter-wavelength cloud radar operational modes that incorporate these enhancements is presented. A significant change in radar sampling is the introduction of an uneven mode sequence with 50% of the sampling time dedicated to the lower atmosphere, allowing for detailed characterization of boundary layer clouds. The changes in the operational modes have a substantial impact on the postprocessing algorithms that are used to extract cloud information from the radar data. New methods for postprocessing of recorded Doppler spectra are presented that result in more accurate identification of radar clutter (e.g., insects) and extraction of turbulence and microphysical information. Results of recent studies on the error characteristics of derived Doppler moments are included so that uncertainty estimates are now included with the moments. The microscale data product based on the increased temporal resolution of the millimeter-wavelength cloud radars is described. It contains the number of local maxima in each Doppler spectrum, the Doppler moments of the primary peak, uncertainty estimates for the Doppler moments of the primary peak, Doppler moment shape parameters (e.g., skewness and kurtosis), and clear-air clutter flags.
Comparison between Backscatter Lidar and Radiosonde Measurements of the Diurnal and Nocturnal Stratification in the Lower Troposphere
Authors: Martucci Giovanni , Matthey Renaud , Mitev Valentin , Richner Hans 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA collection of boundary layer heights has been derived from measurements performed by a ground-based backscatter lidar in Neuchâtel, Switzerland (47.000°N, 6.967°E, 485 m ASL). A dataset of 98 cases have been collected during 2 yr. From these data, 61 are noon and 37 are midnight cases. The following two different schemes were used to retrieve the mixed layer depth and the height of the residual layer from the measurements: the gradient and variance methods. The obtained values were compared with those derived from the potential temperature profiles as computed from radiosonde data. For nocturnal cases, the height of the first aerosol layer above the residual layer was also compared to the corresponding potential temperature value. Correlation coefficients between lidar and radiosonde in both convective and stable conditions are between 0.88 and 0.97.
Discrimination of Bird and Insect Radar Echoes in Clear Air Using High-Resolution Radars
Authors: Martin William J. , Shapiro Alan 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The source of clear-air reflectivity from operational and research meteorological radars has been a subject of much debate and study over the entire history of radar meteorology. Recent studies have suggested that bird migrations routinely contaminate wind profiles obtained at night, while historical studies have suggested insects as the main source of such nocturnal clear-air echoes. This study analyzes two cases of nocturnal clear-air return using data from operational Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) and X- and W-band research radars. The research radars have sufficient resolution to resolve the echo as point targets in some cases. By examining the radar cross section of the resolved point targets, and by determining the target density, it is found for both cases of nocturnal clear-air echoes that the targets are almost certainly insects. The analysis of the dependence of the echo strength on radar wavelength also supports this conclusion.
Skill Assessment of Resolving Ocean Surface Current Structure Using Compact-Antenna-Style HF Radar and the MUSIC Direction-Finding Algorithm
Authors: de Paolo Tony , Terrill Eric 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
A skill analysis of the Multiple Signal Characterization (MUSIC) algorithm used in compact-antenna-style HF radar ocean current radial velocity/bearing determination is performed using simulation. The simulation is based upon three collocated antennas (two cross loops and a monopole with ideal gain patterns) in a geometry similar to the 25-MHz SeaSonde HF radar commercially available from Coastal Ocean Dynamics Applications Radar (CODAR) Ocean Sensors, Palo Alto, California. The simulations consider wind wave/current scenarios of varying complexity to provide insight to the accuracy of surface current retrievals and the inherent limitations of the technique, with a focus on the capabilities of the MUSIC algorithm itself. The influence of second-order scatter, interference, and stationary target scatter are not considered. Simple error reduction techniques are explored and their impacts quantified to aid in operational system configuration and encourage areas of further research. Increases in skill between 55% and 100% using spatial averaging, and between 14% and 33% using temporal averaging, are realized, highlighting the utility of these techniques. When these error-flagging and averaging techniques are employed, individual range cell skill metrics are found to be as high as 0.94 for simple currents at a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), while more complex currents achieve a maximum skill metric of 0.72 for the same SNR. These simulations, conducted under ideal conditions, provide insight to understanding the variables, which influence the accuracy of surface currents retrieved using MUSIC.
Inexpensive Near-IR Sun Photometer for Measuring Total Column Water Vapor
Authors: Brooks David R. , Mims Forrest M. , Roettger Richard 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
An inexpensive two-channel near-IR sun photometer for measuring total atmospheric column water vapor (precipitable water) has been developed for use by the Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) environmental science and education program and other nonspecialists. This instrument detects sunlight in the 940-nm water vapor absorption band with a filtered photodiode and at 825 nm with a near-IR light-emitting diode (LED). The ratio of outputs of these two detectors is related to total column water vapor in the atmosphere. Reference instruments can be calibrated against column atmospheric water vapor data derived from delays in radio signals received at global positioning satellite (GPS) receiver sites and other independent sources. For additional instruments that are optically and physically identical to reference instruments, a single-parameter calibration can be determined by making simultaneous measurements with a reference instrument and forcing the derived precipitable water values to agree. Although the concept of near-IR detection of precipitable water is not new, this paper describes a first attempt at developing a protocol for calibrating large numbers of inexpensive instruments suitable for use by teachers, students, and other nonspecialists.
Specialist psychiatric beds for people with learning disability
Authors: Lyall Ros , Kelly Maria 
Published: August 2007

Aims and MethodTo examine the use of specialist psychiatric beds for people with learning disability, created following the closure of a long-stay institution. Admission and discharge data were examined, including history of previous institutional admission, diagnosis at discharge and number of subsequent readmissions.ResultsOut of 348 admission episodes, 59 were accounted for by 40 patients who were previously resident in the long-stay institution. Most admissions were for new patients from the community. Over time, admissions to the specialist unit decreased when occupancy reached and persisted at 100%, coinciding with a significant rise in admissions of adults with learning disability to general adult psychiatric wards.Clinical ImplicationsResettlement after closure of long-stay learning disability institutions has not been accompanied by a high readmission rate for former residents, but neither has there been a decreasing need for psychiatric beds for those with learning disability and severe psychiatric disturbance. Most of these admissions are for people with learning disability who are relatively new to the service. There has been a persistent problem with full occupancy of these beds, which reflects delayed discharges indicating a lack of community resources and an increasing demand for admission.
Changes to mental healthcare for working age adults: impact of a crisis team and an assertive outreach team
Authors: Keown Patrick , Tacchi Mary Jane , Niemiec Stephen , Hughes John 
Published: August 2007

Aims and MethodTo investigate changes to admissions, compulsory detentions, diagnosis, length of stay and suicides following introduction of crisis resolution home treatment and assertive outreach teams.ResultsThere was a 45% reduction in admissions with an increase in the median length of stay from 15.5 to 25 days. Bed occupancy fell by 22%. The number of suicides remained constant. Detentions under sections 2 and 3 of the Mental Health Act 1983 increased whereas those under sections 5(2) and 5(4) declined.Clinical ImplicationsThe introduction of crisis and assertive outreach teams was followed by a reduction in admissions, particularly short admissions. The impact differed according to gender (reduction in female bed occupancy). This and the increased length of stay need to be considered when determining the number of acute psychiatric beds needed.
Services for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: national survey
Authors: Edwin Febin , McDonald Joe 
Published: August 2007

Aims and MethodThe aim of the study was to obtain numbers of adult patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on consultant adult and adolescent psychiatrists' case-loads. A brief semi-structured confidential postal questionnaire was sent to 1947 consultant psychiatrists in England and Wales.ResultsThere were 1030 consultants who responded (52.9%), which clearly indicates that there is an increasing demand and need for a service, and the resources, to treat adult ADHD. Only 197 consultants offered a service for adults with ADHD. Adult ADHD is more commonly diagnosed in males (n=995, 73%), and the total number of patients with a diagnosis of adult ADHD was 1345. Most patients were aged 18–25 years (n=209, 54%). The most commonly prescribed stimulant medication was methylphenidate (n=251, 55%).Clinical ImplicationsThere is a clear need to improve services and funding for adults with ADHD. The study shows there are already services available for adult ADHD patients in some areas of the country. However, more research is needed to establish the prevalence of adult ADHD in England and Wales.
Lorazepam prescription and monitoring in acute adult psychiatric wards
Authors: Choke Aislinn , Perumal Mani V. , Howlett Mary 
Published: August 2007

Aims and MethodThis study examines prescription and monitoring of lorazepam on three acute adult psychiatric wards at a university teaching hospital. Retrospective data from 102 consecutive in-patients were analysed.ResultsThere were 83 patients (81.4%) who were prescribed lorazepam, however 45 of these (46%) were never administered it. Indication for lorazepam prescription was documented by the doctor in 35 patients (42.2%). Administration by nursing staff was documented in the medical notes on 86 occasions (60.0%) and on 32 of these (37.0%) the indication was unclear. On 21 occasions (14.7%) more than 2 mg was given; 13.7% of prescriptions were not reviewed and 64% of those reviewed after more than 4 weeks.Clinical ImplicationsLorazepam was overprescribed and inadequately monitored, which may increase the risk of dependence.
A Molecular Gyroscope Having Phenylene Rotator Encased in Three-spoke Silicon-based Stator
Authors: Setaka Wataru , Ohmizu Soichiro , Kabuto Chizuko , Kira Mitsuo 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
A molecular gyroscope which has a phenylene rotator encased in three long siloxaalkane spokes was synthesized. The phenylene ring is observed by X-ray crystallography at three rotational positions around the 1,4-axis between 223–303 K. The area in which the phenylene ring is found is significantly reduced at 173 K owing to the deformation of a siloxaalkane spoke; the temperature-dependent phenylene disorder is reversible.
One-pot Efficient Synthesis of Cbz-protected β-Amino Ketones: Three-component Coupling of Aldehydes, Ketones, and Benzyl Carbamate
Authors: Das Biswanath , Majhi Anjoy , Chowdhury Nikhil , Reddy Kongara Ravinder , Ravikanth Bommena 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
An efficient one-pot three-component reactions of aldehydes, ketones, and benzyl carbamate in the presence of a catalytic amount of (bromodimethyl)sulfonium bromide have been accomplished in short reaction time to afford the corresponding Cbz-protected β-amino ketones in high yields and good diastereoselectivity.
Lipase-catalyzed Separation of Geometrical Isomers: Geraniol–Nerol
Authors: Gupta Pankaj , Taneja Subhash C , Shah Bhahwal A , Sethi Vijay K , Qazi Ghulam N 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The substrate/lipase ratio as well as pH of the buffer medium played important roles in the resolution of geometrical isomeric mixture of geraniol–nerol. Based on the results, an immobilized lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens (PFL) was found effective in selective transesterifications whereas Pseudomonas sp. Lipase (PSL) was found to be useful in hydrolyzing the esters.
Intramolecular Singlet Excited Energy Transfer in a Zinc Porphyrin–Free-base Porphyrin Dyad Linked with an Si–Si σ Bond
Authors: Shibano Yuki , Sasaki Mikio , Kawanishi Yutaka , Araki Yasuyuki , Tsuji Hayato , Ito Osamu , Tamao Kohei 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
We have synthesized the diphenyldisilane-linked zinc porphyrin–free-base porphyrin dyad ZnP–[Si2]–H2P and measured its photophysical properties. These measurements indicate that energy transfer from the ZnP to the H2P moiety occurs at the rate constant of 9.5×109 s−1. The silicon–silicon bond is found to effectively mediate the singlet excited energy transfer.
A Novel Ruthenium–Quinonoid Complex. Structural, Spectroscopic, and Electrochemical Characterization of Ruthenium(II) Bis(2,2′-bipyridine) Chloranilate
Authors: Ishikawa Ryuta , Kabir Md Khayrul , Adachi Keiichi , Nozaki Koichi , Kawata Satoshi 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
[Ru(bpy)2(CA)]·EtOH (1) (CA2− = chloranilate) has been characterized by X-ray diffractometry, electrochemistry, UV–vis, IR, and Raman spectroscopy. Spectroscopic and theoretical characterization reveal that the chloranilate ligand allows for the fine-tuning of the electronic property of 1.
Oxidative Removal of Heterocyclic Alkyl or Sugar Side Chain by Microwave: A Simple Step to Xanthopterin, 6-Formylpterin, and 3-Hydroxymethyl-2(1H)-quinoxalinone
Authors: Goswami Shyamaprosad , Maity Annada C 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
One-step microwave-assisted oxidative removal of 3-methyl and 3-sugar side chain in 2(1H)-quinoxalinone system by selenium dioxide and sodium periodate respectively resulting 2(1H)-quinoxalinone has been reported. Similarly xanthopterin (as acetyl derivative 11) was isolated from selenium dioxide oxidation of 7-methylxanthopterin. In the absence of adjacent lactam moiety, sodium periodate efficiently oxidizes 2-acetylaminopterin tetrols 7 and 8 to 2-acetylamino-6-formylpterin (16) and the quinoxaline tetrols 9 and 10 respectively to quinoxaline aldehyde 17. However, all the compounds remained unchanged on refluxing with selenium dioxide. The new quinoxalone compounds 15 and 18 were simply synthesized by manganese dioxide oxidation of the completely unprotected 3-substituted sugar of 2(1H)-quinoxalinone 5 and quinoxaline 10 respectively under microwave condition.
Theoretical Determination of Hypervalent Bond Energy of 10–S–3 Sulfurane Derivatives
Authors: Yamauchi Yusuke , Akiba Kin-ya , Nakai Hiromi 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The energy of a 10–S–3 hypervalent, i.e., N–S–N, bond was theoretically determined to be 60.6 kcal/mol using bond energy density analysis with the density functional theory. Upon rotation of the pyrimidine ring of a sulfurane compound, the hypervalent bond is broken. The total energy of the system changes by 15.7 kcal/mol. The broken N–S bond is destabilized by 56.5 kcal/mol, while another is stabilized by 44.2 kcal/mol. The results support previous experimental data.
Conformation Equilibrium of 1,2-Dichloroethane as a Probe for Solvent Properties of Liquid and Supercritical CO2
Authors: Tono-oka Mariko , Nakayama Hideyuki , Ishii Kikujiro 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Gibbs-energy difference between the gauche and trans isomers of 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) in liquid and supercritical (SC) CO2 was investigated using Raman spectroscopy. The gauche isomer was relatively stabilized in these solvents compared with in non-polar organic solvents. This was attributed to the interaction of the dipolar gauche isomer with the quadrupole moment of the CO2 molecule, as well as the local density enhancement in SC CO2. Conformation equilibrium of DCE was suggested to be useful as a probe for studying solvent properties of SC fluids.
Hydrogen-adsorption Properties of a Novel Lantern-type Dinuclear Co(BDC)(DABCO)1⁄2
Authors: Takei Tohru , Ii Takato , Kawashima Jiro , Ohmura Tetsushi , Ichikawa Masao , Hosoe Mitsuya , Shinya Yoshiaki , Kanoya Izuru , Mori Wasuke 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
A three-dimensional (3-D) cobalt coordination polymer Co(BDC)(DABCO)1⁄2 (BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate; DABCO = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane), which has a novel lantern-type structure, was synthesized and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction patterns and elemental analysis. In addition, hydrogen-adsorption characteristics were evaluated at 77 K. The highest measured hydrogen uptake was 2.28 wt % at 77 K and 0.1 MPa for Co(BDC)(DABCO)1⁄2.