bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who Remains Celibate?
Authors: Kiernan Kathleen E. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryWho are the men and women who are single in their mid-30s? This study, which uses life history data for a British cohort born in 1946, shows that an important minority are ‘handicapped’ and these adults are cared for primarily by their families, in particular by elderly parents. Celibates tend to be more introverted, ambitious and to have older marrying parents than their ever-married peers. Single women differ from single men. The women are more likely to be of higher ability, to be graduates and to be in high status occupations whilst single men are more likely to be members of the lowest social class or unemployed. The great majority of single people live either with their parents or on their own.
Contraception after Childbirth in Thailand
Authors: Kodel John , Kamnuansilpa Peerasit 
Published: July 2008

SummaryResults from a 1984 national survey indicate that the large majority of Thai women initiate contraception soon after giving birth. Among sterilized women, the vast majority undergo the operation during the immediate post-partum period and thus avoid the risks of subsequent unwanted pregnancy. Rates of initiation of other methods are unusually high at and immediately following the time at which menses return, and hence only modest proportions of Thai women remain at risk of unwanted pregnancy for very long after the birth of a child.
Inbreeding Levels in Khartoum
Authors: Saha N. , Sheikh F. S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryInbreeding coefficients were calculated from data on spouse relationships in a sample of 4833 marriages comprising 345 from three Nilotic tribes, 302 from two indigenous Negroid tribes, and 4186 from several Arab and other tribes. The average inbreeding coefficients were 0·0081 to 0·0145 in Nilotic tribes, 0·0251 to 0·0269 in indigenous Negroids, and 0·0286 to 0·0430 in Arab tribes. First cousin unions constituted about half of all the consanguineous marriages and the pattern of first cousin marriages was similar in all three groups. The inbreeding coefficient for the entire sample was 0·0317.
The Effect of Migration on Maximum Opportunity for Selection
Authors: Masaki Motofumi 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe effect of migration on the maximum opportunity for selection is analysed using koseki data, the Japanese family registration records, of a village population in a small island. When selection intensity is divided into two components, migration greatly influences the variance of the mortality component of the original formula. The difference in selection intensity, with and without allowance for migration, is conspicuous in the recent cohort; the intensity, with a migration component, shows a consistent increase, whereas it declined in the original formula. The implications of this are discussed in the context of the genetic structure of a population of small size, changing rapidly over time.
Measurement of Post-Partum Amenorrhoea in Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman M. Mujibur 
Published: July 2008

SummaryReported information on the duration of post-partum amenorrhoea usually shows considerable number preference, particularly at 6-monthly intervals. This paper presents a technique for smoothing such amenorrhoea data using a modified exponential curve. An attempt has also been made to estimate the average number of months a mother is expected to remain amenorrhoeic.
Birth Order and Health Status in a British National Sample
Authors: Kaplan Bernice A. , Mascie-Taylor C. G. N. , Boldsen Jesper 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAnalysis of British National Child Development Study data corroborates the long held views that first born children tend to get more medical surveillance than those of later birth order, and that there is a direct relationship between achieved family size and social status.
Correlation Between Subsequent Lengths of Postpartum Amenorrhoea in a Prospective Study of Breast-Feeding Women in Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Ford Kathleen 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe relationship between subsequent lengths of lactational amenorrhoea for individual women in a prospective study of breast-feeding women in Bangladesh was studied. The data indicate that previous length of amenorrhoea has significant predictive value for the subsequent length of amenorrhoea. Information on previous experience with lactational amenorrhoea should be therefore incorporated into guidelines for the introduction of family planning during lactation.
Given Name Relationships Support Surname ‘Genetics’: A Note and Correction
Authors: Lasker Gabriel W. , Raspe Pamela D. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAnalysis of a further four samples of first names in the index of marriages registered in England and Wales in the first 3 months of 1975 support the claim that there is no significant difference of ‘between’ versus ‘within’ registration district Ri. Since given names show none of the localisation seen in surnames, the surname geography is ascribable to genetic rather than cultural factors of personal naming. The correct formulations for coefficient of relationship by isonymy are given.
Pre-Marital Fertility in Liberia
Authors: Parr Nicholas J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis analysis of the 1986 Liberia Demographic and Health Survey data finds remarkably high fertility levels among women who have never married or lived with a man, reflecting widespread pre-marital sex and a lack of use of contraception. It is found that single Liberian women are more likely to foster out children than married Liberian women of the same age.
A Survey of Papua New Guinean Parturients at the Port Moresby General Hospital: Family Planning
Authors: Klufio Cecil A. , Amoa Apeawusu B. , Kariwiga Grace 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA survey of 673 consecutive Papua New Guinean parturients at the Port Moresby General Hospital, in May and June 1990, showed that 28% had ever used a family planning (FP) method, chiefly a hormonal method (93% of ever-users). Only seventeen of 239 (7·1%) nulliparae had ever used an FP method, compared with 170 of 434 (39·2%) parous subjects. Education of mother and of husband were independently and significantly associated with FP ever-use. Seventeen (4·9%) of 347 women who had a surviving child, had not breast-fed the child. The interval between the birth of the surviving child and the start of the index pregnancy was significantly associated with the duration of breast-feeding; the longer the duration of breast-feeding, the longer the inter birth interval.
Demographic and Sociocultural Factors Influencing Contraceptive Use in Uganda
Authors: Agyei William K. A. , Migadde Micheal 
Published: July 2008

SummaryBivariate and multivariate analyses of the influence of demographic and sociocultural factors on contraceptive knowledge, attitudes and practice among currently married respondents in Uganda show that: (1) contraceptive knowledge is widespread, even among women with no education; (ii) the majority of the respondents have favourable attitudes towards contraceptive use; (iii) the level of contraceptive use is low in comparison with knowledge and attitudes. Post-primary education, ethnicity, residence, the presence of the spouse in the household and discussion of family planning with spouse were strong predictors of knowledge and favourable attitudes towards contraception. Secondary or higher education, discussion of family planning with spouse and urban residence strongly influenced contraceptive use, but child mortality did not. The use of condoms as a behavioural change to avoid contracting HIV/AIDS was low. The results suggest that, particularly in rural areas, family planning services are not meeting the needs of potential clients.
Religion and Fertility in the Outer Hebrides
Authors: Clegg E. J. , Cross J. F. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryEstimates of fertility in Protestant Barra and Catholic Harris, islands in the Outer Hebrides, over the period 1856–1985, show that in both islands fertility declined, although marital fertility was generally greater than in Scotland as a whole, and illegitimate fertility was less. However, in Barra during 1966–75 there were pronounced rises in all the indices; illegitimate fertility showed the smallest rise. The publication of the papal encyclical Humanae Vitae may have played a part in this change in fertility, although other, probably local, factors must have been acting, as the first rise in numbers of births occurred before the publication of the encyclical. Other than this transient rise, the religious difference between Harris and Barra had little effect on changes in fertility over the whole period.Indices of proportions married showed declines until after World War 2, followed by steep increases. The marked decline in fertility in both islands may be due in part to this low nuptiality. In addition, a trend of occupation away from traditional crofting and fishing towards more skilled mercantile and professional employment may have played a role.
Patterns of Cortisol and Adrenaline Variation in Australian Aboriginal Communities of the Kimberley Region
Authors: Schmitt Lincoln H. , Harrison G. Ainsworth , Spargo Randolph M. , Pollard Tessa , Ungpakorn Giles 
Published: July 2008

SummaryUrinary cortisol and adrenaline excretion rates were measured in three Australian Aboriginal communities in the Kimberley region in the north-west of the country. The three communities, Derby, Kalumburu and Kupungarri, differ in size and remoteness and some lifestyle parameters. Cortisol excretion rate is associated with age and urine flow rate, but there is no association with smoking or the consumption of alcohol. All three communities show very high cortisol excretion rates compared to a sample of UK (Oxford) residents and there are also differences between the three communities. Adrenaline excretion rate also shows associations with age and urine flow rate, but not with smoking. Aboriginal people in the Kimberley region excrete adrenaline at a slightly higher rate than that found in Oxford, which itself is high by world standards. There are no marked differences between communities in their adrenaline excretion rates. Alcohol drinkers in Derby, where alcohol is freely available, have higher adrenaline output than non-drinkers.
A Triplet Maternity in a Reduced Population with Excessive Twinning
Authors: Sheets John W. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn 1991 a triplet maternity of same-sex (FFF) occurred in a depopulated community of Argyll, Scotland, with a history of excessive, same-sex twinning. Due to a stillbirth and its confidentiality, the maternity was recorded as a twin birth. Using public registers may result in underestimation of rates for higher multiple conceptions and births in local districts.
Prolonged lactation and family spacing in Rwanda
Authors: Bonte M. , van Balen H. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryData were collected from 368 Rwanda women, 50 non-lactating and 318 lactating, to determine the effect of lactation on conception rate and the return of menstruation. During lactation the majority of conceptions were found to be delayed by some 15 months, but the family spacing effect was maximal during the first 9 months. By 27 months after delivery the contraceptive effect of lactation can be assumed to have largely disappeared.
Studies on the fertility of radiologists
Authors: Czeizel A. , Bene E. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryReproductive performance and some of the more important features of their progeny were studied in 755 radiologists and in 346 laboratorians as controls in order to investigate the possible genetic injuriousness of ionizing radiation. Significant differences were found only in fertility: the fertility of female radiologists was significantly lower than that of the female laboratorians and of the wives of male radiologists. This phenomenon is probably explained by a more extended use of the methods of birth control by female radiologists due to roentgenophobia.
Intervals between births in families containing one set of twins
Authors: Wyshak Grace 
Published: July 2008

SummaryData for 6910 families each containing one set of twins have been obtained from genealogical records in the Archives of the Mormon Church in Salt Lake City and analysed according to intervals between births. The findings indicate that intervals following singleton females are shorter than those following singleton males, particularly in sibships in which the sex ratio (excluding twins) is high. This relationship holds, with few exceptions, when sibship size is held constant and whatever the sex of the following child. There is no evidence in these data that the interval between births is shorter when the children are of the same sex. Our most striking finding is that twins tend to be preceded by an unusually long interval.
Attempted suicide and the experience of violence
Authors: Whitlock F. A. , Broadhurst A. D. 
Published: July 2008

SummarySome of the literature on the interrelationships between suicidal acts, accidents, surgical operations and other forms of violent experience is reviewed.It was postulated that persons making suicidal attempts would, more commonly than non-suicidal controls, have encountered violent experiences during their life-time. To test this hypothesis, 50 persons attempting suicide were compared with 50 non-suicidal psychiatric patients and with 50 healthy persons attending a chest clinic. The groups were matched for age, sex and social class.Using a questionnaire, all relevant data were recorded. Classes of violent experience were graded numerically on a basis of severity and on the degree of responsibility of the person involved. It was found that the suicidal patients had significantly higher violence scores than either control group, a finding which remained significant when previous suicidal attempts were excluded from the score. The possible implications of this finding are discussed.
Multiple births in Australia, 1944–63
Authors: Pollard G. N. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryFrom statistics on Australian confinements during the period 1944–63 it seems that the following conclusions can legitimately be drawn:(1) The proportion of multiple births increases with increasing age of mother up to about age 37, turns, and decreases thereafter.(2) The proportion of multiple births increases with increasing age of father up to about age 34–38 and is fairly constant thereafter.(3) The variation with age of father, however, only arises because of the high correlation with age of mother which is the determining factor.(4) The proportion of multiple confinements increases with birth order. This effect holds for all ages of mother except those over 40 where there is no significant variation.(5) The proportion of multiple confinements decreases from the first year of marriage to the second, then increases steadily to a maximum after about 15 years of marriage and then decreases slightly.(6) The proportion of binovular twins increases steadily with increasing age of mother up to about age 37, turns, and thereafter decreases steadily.(7) The proportion of monovular twins increases slightly with increasing age of mother up to about age 37 and is fairly constant thereafter.(8) From the small amount of data it appears that the proportion of triplets also increases with increasing age of mother.
Biological Aspects of a High Socio-Economic Group
Authors: Gibson John B. 
Published: July 2008

Data are presented on the social backgrounds and IQs of a sample of scientists, their male sibs and their fathers. The range of IQ in the scientists is similar to the range of scores expected of the higher 25% of a representative general population sample.The IQs of the scientists showed a positive correlation with social class. Differences in IQ between the scientists and their fathers in each social class are related to the distance the scientists have moved up the social scale. In the twenty-two families in which the IQs of the father and two male sibs are known the upwardly mobile sibs tend to have higher IQs than the non-mobile or downwardly mobile sibs.In Class II there is evidence that stabilizing selection operates on IQ to maintain the mean IQ level. The effect on social stratification of such selection, together with increased educational opportunity, is discussed.
The Hull Family Survey
Authors: Peel John 
Published: July 2008

This paper describes the main findings of the first stage in a planned longitudinal study of marriage and family planning amongstarepresentative sample of recently married couples in a northern city. The long-term aim of the research is to evaluate, by means of interivews repeated at successive 5-year intervals in the lives of these couples, the relationship between intended and achieved family size and to assess the factors associated with relative success and failure. The initial series of interviews provides much new information on patterns of mate selection, marriage and family planning intentions; it also represents the only recent survey of contraceptive behaviour during the first year of marriage.The major determinants of family-building behaviour are assessed and, amongst these, religion is found to be the most significant. Its effects are, however, mitigated by considerable marrying out amongst Catholics. The notion of the married couple as a rational decision-making unit in matters of family planning is supported by this survey and there is a rela tionship between desired family size and the efficacy of contraceptive usage. Two points of major methodological interest in fertility analysis are dis cussed.
Standardization Procedures in the Analysis of Cross-National Variations in Illegitimacy Measures
Authors: Hartley Shirley Foster 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAlthough an interest in illegitimacy as a societal phenomenon is often limited by the scarcity of data, we may utilize recognized procedures of standardization in estimating illegitimacy ratios and rates where none are reported.When we know only the age-specific marital status of women in the childbearing years (15 to 44) we may utilize age-specific legitimate and illegitimate fertility rates of the high and low illegitimacy countries, Jamaica and Japan, to estimate the range within which a national ratio would fall. In all there are sixty-eight major countries of the world for which we have that minimum data on age and marital status of females.Some of those countries also report the number and percentage of illegitimate births but offer no information on age-specific rates. In those cases we may compare the ratios produced by the four model sets of rates (run against actual age and marital status for the sixty-eight nations) with the ratio actually reported by individual countries. Where the ratio produced by a model matches the reported ratio, with similar crude birth rates, we may assume similar age-specific legitimate and illegitimate fertility rates. Even where there is no perfect match we still learn something of the general pattern of rates.Finally, the output of the standardization procedure also allows a comparison of the relative importance of marital status versus differential illegitimate fertility rates in determining the percentage of births out of wedlock.While we must recognize the problems inherent in international comparisons of illegitimacy, the subject is of such significance that we cannot and we need not wait for more, or more perfect, data to be available. Rather, an increased interest in maximizing whatever comparative data we do find, may, in itself, aid in the improvement of methods and reliability of collection and publication of relevant information.
The Relationship of the Post-Ovulatory Phase of The Menstrual Cycle to Total Cycle Length
Authors: Bailey Judith , Marshall John 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe basal body temperature was recorded by 1353 healthy fertile women aged 18 to 49 years inclusive through 12,247 cycles. The post-ovulatory (hyperthermic) phase of the cycle was significantly longer by 1·31 days in cycles with a slow or staircase rise of temperature than in cycles with an acute rise. The hyperthermic phase increased in length in a rectilinear fashion from 10 to 13 days as the total cycle length rose from 22 to 29 days; over total cycle lengths from 29 to 33 days the length of the hyperthermic phase remained around 13 days.
Growth of the Asai child of the Madang district of New Guinea
Authors: Malcolm L. A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA total of 249 children and 805 adults living in the Asai valley of the New Guinea highlands was examined and measured for height, weight, sitting height and skinfold thickness. Mean ages for groups of children were calculated from regression equations of height on age for different dental stages.The growth of the Asai child in all measured parameters is slower than that reported from any other world situation. The relationship between the growth of the Asai child and adult size confirms the finding, previously reported for New Guinean populations, that adult stature in a traditional society is proportionally related to, and possibly determined by, the growth rate of children in that society.Adult stature, which is at the lower end of the range for New Guinean populations, falls slightly with age, due to a decrease in trunk length. Weights and skinfold thickness, in common with other New Guinean populations, show a progressive fall with age.The role of malnutrition in the slow growth pattern is discussed and evidence is presented from New Guinean and other studies to support the hypothesis that natural selection for slow growth and shorter adult height occurs in conditions of nutritional deprivation.
Projections of the growth of the coloured immigrant population of England and Wales
Authors: Thomas C. J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn this paper an attempt is made to indicate how the number of coloured people in England and Wales might be expected to grow in the future. The best available estimate of the initial distribution by sex and age of the coloured population would appear to be that prepared by the Institute of Race Relations and this has been used by the author. Suitable assumptions are made regarding the fertility of the immigrants and possible rates of immigration. The calculations are illustrative, with the objective of providing a framework within which a discussion of the growth of the coloured immigrant community of Britain can proceed. The results obtained are summarized in Table 3.
Social class and marriage patterns in some Oxfordshire populations
Authors: Harrison G. A. , Hiorns R. W. , Küchemann C. F. 
Published: July 2008

A study has been made from parish records of the patterns of marital movement from 1837 to the present day in the Otmoor region of Oxfordshire. The social classes of brides and grooms have been taken into account.It is shown that the spatial mobility of the different classes is markedly different, and in the earlier part of the period this difference is evident even on a very local scale. Social class distributions themselves vary according to population size and this variation affects the nature of marital exchange between the different populations in the area. Spatially exogamous as compared with endogamous grooms, however, do not appear to differ in their preferences for the social class of brides. There is marked assortative marriage for social class in Classes II and IV but both brides and grooms of Class III, especially in the present century, choose their partners more or less randomly with respect to social class.