bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The successful resolution of armed hostage/barricade events in schools: A qualitative analysis
Authors: Daniels Jeffrey A. , Bradley Mary C. , Cramer Daniel P. , Winkler Amy J. , Kinebrew Kisha , Crockett Deleska 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article explores the perceptions and reactions of school and law enforcement personnel in the successful resolution of armed hostage and barricade events in schools. A total of 12 individuals from three schools were interviewed to determine (1) their salient roles related to the situations, (2) facilitative systemic conditions, (3) to what they attributed the successful resolution, and (4) their advice to other school professionals. Results suggest that establishment of trusting relationships between school personnel and all students is essential in successfully resolving school hostage and barricade events. In addition, respondents discussed the importance of awareness, training, and communications in resolving such events. Implications for school staff are included, along with limitations and future research directions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of interspersing rates on students performance on and preferences for mathematics assignments: Testing the discrete task completion hypothesis
Authors: Cates Gary L. , Erkfritz Karyn N. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe current study investigated the discreet task completion hypothesis presented by C. H. Skinner (2002) by investigating how the rate of interspersing affects performance on and preferences for academic assignments. Specifically, 70 sixth‐, seventh‐, and eighth‐grade students were presented with four assignment pairs of multiplication problems. Each pair consisted of a control assignment (i.e., no interspersing) and an experimental assignment (i.e., interspersing) that interspersed at one of four rates (i.e., no interspersing, every other problem, every third problem, or every fifth problem). After working on each assignment pair, assignment acceptability was measured. Results indicated that although students completed the same number of target problems with the same level of accuracy within assignment pairs, total problem completion rates were affected by the rate of interspersing. In addition, students' acceptability of the assignments was strongly related to the discrepancy in total problems completed across assignment types within assignment pairs. Discussion focuses on predicting students' preferences for academic assignments, implications for practitioners, and directions for future research. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The learning and study strategies of college students with ADHD
Authors: Reaser Abigail , Prevatt Frances , Petscher Yaacov , Proctor Briley 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study compared learning and study strategies of students with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to two groups: college students with learning disabilities (LD) and college students without disabilities. In addition, strengths and weaknesses within the ADHD group were examined on the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory, 2nd edition (LASSI; C.E. Weinstein & D.R. Palmer, 2002). The LASSI was also evaluated as a predictive measure for academic achievement for college students with ADHD compared to other students. Results indicate that several important differences may exist in the learning and study strategies of students with ADHD versus students with LD and students without disabilities. However, the LASSI may not be a useful tool for predicting academic achievement for college students with ADHD. Interventions for working with students with ADHD are given. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Optically active electrochromism in polyanilines
Authors: Goto Hiromasa 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe electrochemically driven control of the natural optical activity of polyanilines bearing chiral camphorsulfonic acid is reported. Aniline was polymerized in the presence of camphorsulfonic acid by oxidative electrochemical polymerization in water to afford polyanilines containing (+)‐ or (−)‐camphorsulfonic acid. This research elucidated that the polymerization, with cyclic voltammetry scanning up to 1.1 V, produced consistent optically active polyanilines. The polyaniline films thus prepared showed intense and tunable optical activity based on electrochemical reduction/oxidation in a 0.1 M sulfuric acid aqueous solution. The circular dichroism and optical rotation angle of the polymer were tunable by the appropriate adjustment of an externally applied potential as a form of optical modulation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2085–2090, 2007
Dispersion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and n‐butyl acrylate
Authors: Jiang Sheng , Sudol E. David , Dimonie Victoria L. , El‐Aasser Mohamed S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn the dispersion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and n‐butyl acrylate (BA), the particle size increases with an increasing MMA fraction in the comonomer. The power dependence of the particle size on the initiator concentration also increases with an increasing MMA concentration. Similar to what can be found in the homopolymerizations, two populations can be observed in the molecular weight distributions of the copolymers. Core–shell structured particles with a poly(methyl methacrylate)‐rich core and a poly(n‐butyl acrylate)‐rich shell result from the copolymerizations because of the significantly different reactivity ratios. The reaction rates of the dispersion copolymerization are lower than those of the homopolymerization of BA and close to or lower than those of the homopolymerization of MMA, depending on the ratio of the monomers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2105–2112, 2007
A first pan‐Arctic assessment of the influence of glaciation, permafrost, topography and peatlands on northern hemisphere lake distribution
Authors: Smith Laurence C. , Sheng Yongwei , MacDonald Glen M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe locations of ∼200 000 large northern hemisphere lakes (sized 0.1 to 50 km2, northwards of ∼45°N latitude) are intersected with new global databases on topography, permafrost, peatlands and LGM glaciation to identify some first‐order controls on lake abundance and land area fraction at the pan‐Arctic scale. Of the variables examined here, glaciation history and the presence of some form of permafrost appear most important to the existence of lakes. Lake densities and area fractions average ∼300–350% greater in glaciated (versus unglaciated) terrain, and ∼100–170% greater in permafrost‐ influenced (versus permafrost‐free) terrain. The presence of peatlands is associated with additional ∼40–80% increases in lake density and ∼10–50% increases in area fraction. On average, lakes are most abundant in glaciated, permafrost peatlands (∼14.4 lakes/1000 km2) and least abundant in unglaciated, permafrost‐free terrain (∼1.2 lakes/1000 km2). Lake statistics are surprisingly similar across continuous, discontinuous and sporadic permafrost zones, decrease modestly in isolated permafrost, and drop sharply in the absence of permafrost. A simple calculation based on ‘space‐for‐time’ substitution for all glaciated/lowland terrain (∼2.7 × 107 km2, of which ∼48% is currently in some state of permafrost) suggests that in a ‘permafrost‐free’ Arctic, the number of lakes could be reduced from ∼192 000 to 103 000 (−46%) and their total inundation area reduced from ∼560 000 to 325 000 km2 (−42%). A more realistic scenario of thawed discontinuous, sporadic and isolated permafrost only, with a +10% lake increase in continuous permafrost and no change in permafrost‐free areas suggests reductions to ∼155 000 lakes (−15%) and ∼476 000 km2 (−15%), respectively. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular domain organization of BldD, an essential transcriptional regulator for developmental process ofStreptomyces coelicolorA3(2)
Authors: Lee Chang‐Jin , Won Hyung‐Sik , Kim Jeong‐Mok , Lee Bong‐Jin , Kang Sa‐Ouk 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA homodimeric protein, BldD is a key regulator for developmental process ofStreptomyces coelicolorand thebldDmutant exhibits severely pleiotropic defects in the antibiotic production and morphological differentiation of the bacterium. In the present work, we approached domain organization of BldD, to structurally and functionally characterize the protein as a DNA‐binding protein. We first observed a proteolytic cleavage of BldD by the cytoplasmic extracts ofS. coelicolor, which was highly dependent on the developmental stage of the bacterium. The resulting fragment of BldD was identified by mass spectrometry as the N‐terminal domain resistant to the proteolysis. Recombinant proteins corresponding to the intact BldD, the N‐terminal domain (residues 1–79) and the rest part (C‐terminal domain; residues 80–167) were used for comparative analyses by several spectroscopic, thermodynamic, and biochemical experiments, respectively. The results of circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies certified each of the two determined domains could be regarded as an individual folding unit possessing an independent thermodynamic cooperativity. Structural interaction between the two domains was little observed in the DNA‐free and DNA‐bound states. Strikingly, it was revealed by gel permeation chromatography, chemical crosslink, gel mobility shift, and NMR‐monitored DNA‐binding experiments, that only the N‐terminal domain is responsible for the dimerization as well as DNA‐binding of BldD. Detailed inspection of the present results suggests that BldD function in a unique and complicated mode to totally regulate the diverse developmental stages ofS. coelicolor. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stepwise prediction of conformational discontinuous B‐cell epitopes using the Mapitope algorithm
Authors: Bublil Erez M. , Freund Natalia Tarnovitski , Mayrose Itay , Penn Osnat , Roitburd‐Berman Anna , Rubinstein Nimrod D. , Pupko Tal , Gershoni Jonathan M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMapping the epitope of an antibody is of great interest, since it contributes much to our understanding of the mechanisms of molecular recognition and provides the basis for rational vaccine design. Here we present Mapitope, a computer algorithm for epitope mapping. The algorithm input is a set of affinity isolated peptides obtained by screening phage display peptide‐libraries with the antibody of interest. The output is usually 1–3 epitope candidates on the surface of the atomic structure of the antigen. We have systematically tested the performance of Mapitope by assessing the effect of the algorithm parameters on the final prediction. Thus, we have examined the effect of the statistical threshold (ST) parameter, relating to the frequency distribution and enrichment of amino acid pairs from the isolated peptides and the D (distance) and E (exposure) parameters which relate to the physical parameters of the antigen. Two model systems were analyzed in which the antibody of interest had previously been co‐crystallized with the antigen and thus the epitope is a given. The Mapitope algorithm successfully predicted the epitopes in both models. Accordingly, we formulated a stepwise paradigm for the prediction of discontinuous conformational epitopes using peptides obtained from screening phage display libraries. We applied this paradigm to successfully predict the epitope of the Trastuzumab antibody on the surface of the Her‐2/neu receptor in a third model system. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Can Batesian mimicry help plants to deter herbivores?
Authors: Massei Giovanna , Cotterill Jane V , Coats Julia C , Bryning Gareth , Cowan Dave P 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSeveral authors have suggested that edible plants could avoid herbivory by mimicking olfactory cues of toxic plants. However, very few studies have been carried out to test this hypothesis. The aims of the present study were to identify the volatiles of three clover species and to test whether a species lacking chemical defences, such as red clover, could avoid being grazed by rabbits by mimicking the volatiles of the cyanogenic white clover. Two main volatiles were identified in all three clover species, and a further two volatiles were present in white clover only. Rabbits presented with a choice between white clover, red clover and red clover sprayed with white clover extract ate significantly more red clover than white or white‐flavoured red clover. The results suggest that the volatiles of toxic plants could be used and exploited as a source of natural, safe and effective repellents to control the impact of pest herbivores on plants. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Repellence of the red bud borer Resseliella oculiperda from grafted apple trees by impregnation of rubber budding strips with essential oils
Authors: van Tol Rob WHM , Swarts Henk J , van der Linden Anton , Visser JH 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe red bud borer Resseliella oculiperda (Rübs.) is a pest insect of apple trees when rootstocks are grafted with scion buds by ‘shield budding’. The female midges are attracted to the wounds of the grafted buds where they lay their eggs. The larvae feed on the cambium and destroy the buds completely or partially, leading to bad union of the buds with the rootstocks. Budding strips are used very often by growers to bind scion buds to rootstocks. These strips cannot prevent midges from reaching the damaged tissue. Chemical treatments applied to the grafts and other types of strip do not provide better protection against the pest and may cause other risks for growers. In orchard experiments in 2000 and 2001, the authors evaluated the repellent action provided by three essential oils and five compounds of plant origin against the midges by impregnating budding strips with them. The essential oils of lavender, Lavandula angustifolia (P. Mill.), and α‐terpineol decreased the infestation of buds by more than 95 and 80% respectively. The other potential repellents tested [the essential oil of Juniperus virginiana (L.), citronellal, the essential oil of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl, R‐carvone, linalool and R‐fenchone] decreased infestation by 67, 66, 51, 45, 37 and 25% respectively. The formulation and commercial development of budding strips impregnated with lavender oil is discussed. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Two‐colour spectroscopy of ZnSe:Cr
Authors: Ivanov Vitalii Yu. , Godlewski Marek , Gregorkiewicz Tom 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBased on two‐colour spectroscopy, we identify origin of infrared emissions in Cr doped ZnSe. Near infrared emission at about 0.98 μm is related to Cr2+ intra‐shell process. Optical memory effect is observed related to metastability of light induced Cr1+ population. This effect can be used for optical detection of THz radiation. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural properties of ZnO polymorphs
Authors: Wróbel Jan , Piechota Jacek 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe first principles calculations by using the plane‐wave pseudopotential method in the scheme of density functional theory were performed for polymorphs of ZnO: wurzite‐, zinc‐blende‐, rocksalt‐structures, and yet experimentally undiscovered CsCl‐structure. The elastic behavior and the stability of the structures are investigated and compared to experimental data, where available. For each structure, electronic properties are calculated within the LDA+U approximation. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photo‐induced changes of photoconductivity and exciton luminescence in ZnO crystals
Authors: Markevich I. V. , Kushnirenko V. I. , Bulakh B. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn ZnO crystals, the drop of photoconductivity as well as the change of exciton luminescence intensity and spectrum shape were found to occur under light irradiation in 300–800 K temperature range. The initial characteristics were restored with time in dark. Observed effects were shown to result from the variation of shallow donor density in the surface layer of the crystal. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modification of the photoluminescence characteristics of CdZnTe/ZnTe QWs by CdTe monolayer film insertion
Authors: Borkovska L. V. , Korsunska N. O. , Sadofyev Yu. G. , Beyer R. , Weber J. , Kryshtab T. , Andraca‐Adame J. A. , Kazakov I. P. , Kushnirenko V. I. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn present work, the influence of single monolayer CdTe film insertion on the luminescence and structural characteristics of CdZnTe/ZnTe quantum well (QW) was investigated by the photoluminescence (PL) and the high resolution X‐ray diffraction (HRXRD) methods. The structures were grown by MBE on GaAs substrate and contained Cd0.4Zn0.6Te QW of 8 nm thickness with or without 1 monolayer CdTe film embedded in the middle of QW. The low temperature PL investigations showed that insertion of CdTe layer resulted in a “blue” shift of the QW PL peak position, in the two times narrowing of the QW PL band and one order of value increase of its intensity. Temperature dependencies of the QW PL spectra as well as time‐resolved PL investigations indicated that these changes are caused by the increase of shallow localized state density and the decrease of deep one. The degradation of interface quality as well as the change of the QW composition were found by the HRXRD profiles. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The effect of oxygen content on the electrical characteristics of ZnO
Authors: Jung E. S. , Kim H. S. , Kong B. H. , Cho H. K. , Park N. K. , Lee H. S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis work presents the influence of the variation of oxygen content in the ZnO films on their electrical characteristics. We applied the post‐thermal annealing in N2 and air ambient to control the oxygen content of ZnO films, which improved crystallinity and optical properties of ZnO films. The oxygen concentration was measured by Auger electron spectroscopy and the electrical characteristics were obtained by Hall measurement in the van der Pauw configuration and transmission line method. As result, it was shown that the electron concentration varies from 1016 to 1021/cm3, while the resistivity from 10−3 to tens ohm‐cm with respect to Zn/O concentration ratio. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mechanisms by which Astragalus membranaceus injection regulates hematopoiesis in myelosuppressed mice
Authors: Zhu Xiao‐Ling , Zhu Bi‐De 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism underlying the effects of Astragalus membranaceus injection (AMI) on myelopoiesis in myelosuppressed mice. At 72 h after cyclophosphamide injection (250 mg/kg), the mice were administered AMI (500 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 6 consecutive days or an equivalent volume of saline as a control. Murine colony‐forming unit‐fibroblast (CFU‐F) formation, production of IL‐6 and GM‐CSF by bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC), and bcl‐2 protein and mRNA expression in BMSC were measured by CFU‐F assay, ELISA, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. The results indicated that AMI improved the hematopoietic microenvironment by enhancing the BMSC survival and proliferation of CFU‐F, production of IL‐6 as well as GM‐CSF by BMSC and bcl‐2 protein and mRNA expression in BMSC, which promoted myelopoiesis. The data may provide a mechanistic basis for applying this ancient Chinese herb to promote hematopoiesis as an efficacious adjuvant therapy against myelosuppression induced by anti‐cancer therapy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The theory of currents through small bridge molecules
Authors: Burrows B. L. , Amos A. T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA model to treat the theory of currents through small bridge molecules connected to leads is constructed using the time‐dependent Schrödinger equation and the wide‐band approximation to treat the leads. It is shown that the behaviour of the current through the bridge may be summarized by considering three time periods: a transient period, a quasi‐steady ‐state period and a decaying period. The results obtained are compared with previous work and in particular it is shown that, under reasonable assumptions, they are in accord with the more conventional time‐independent scattering theory approaches in the steady‐state period. Illustrative calculations are presented for both chain and ring bridge molecules. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Probing the ultrafast photoelectron spectra of Br2 molecule
Authors: Hu Jie , Liu Feng , Meng Qing‐Tian , Han Ke‐Li 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe time‐dependent‐wave‐packet method is applied to study the ionization of Br2 molecule with four ionization processes. The ground state absorption makes the photoelectron to be left in the three final ionic states: Br (X2∑), Br (A2∏u), and Br (B2∑), and each population of these ionic states is related with the laser intensities. The information of the dissociation can be got by analyzing the photoelectron features of the transient wave packet, which also suggests that an ionization process occurs during the dissociation, and the Br atoms that mainly resulted from the dissociation of Br2 (C1∏u) are ionized at later time delays as the dissociation is nearly complete. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Mapping disability‐adjusted life years: a Bayesian hierarchical model framework for burden of disease and injury assessment
Authors: MacNab Ying C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a Bayesian disability‐adjusted life year (DALY) methodology for spatial and spatiotemporal analyses of disease and/or injury burden. A Bayesian disease mapping model framework, which blends together spatial modelling, shared‐component modelling (SCM), temporal modelling, ecological modelling, and non‐linear modelling, is developed for small‐area DALY estimation and inference. In particular, we develop a model framework that enables SCM as well as multivariate CAR modelling of non‐fatal and fatal disease or injury rates and facilitates spline smoothing for non‐linear modelling of temporal rate and risk trends. Using British Columbia (Canada) hospital admission–separation data and vital statistics mortality data on non‐fatal and fatal road traffic injuries to male population age 20–39 for year 1991–2000 and for 84 local health areas and 16 health service delivery areas, spatial and spatiotemporal estimation and inference on years of life lost due to premature death, years lived
with disability, and DALYs are presented. Fully Bayesian estimation and inference, with Markov chain Monte Carlo implementation, are illustrated. We present a methodological framework within which the DALY and the Bayesian disease mapping methodologies interface and intersect. Its development brings the relative importance of premature mortality and disability into the assessment of community health and health needs in order to provide reliable information and evidence for community‐based public health surveillance and evaluation, disease and injury prevention, and resource provision. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.