bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adiponectin But Not Resistin Is Associated with Insulin Resistance‐Related Phenotypes in Baboons
Authors: Tejero M. Elizabeth , Freeland‐Graves Jeanne H. , Proffitt J. Michael , Peebles Kyle W. , Cai Guowen , Cole Shelley A. , Comuzzie Anthony G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: The hormones adiponectin and resistin have been associated with insulin resistance. This paper analyzed the potential relationship between adiponectin and resistin and insulin resistance‐related phenotypes in baboons.Research Methods and Procedures: One hundred eight adult baboons (84 female and 24 male) were studied. Weight was measured, and a blood sample was collected under fasting conditions for plasma and monocyte isolation. Fasting glucose, insulin, C‐peptide, and adiponectin levels in plasma were measured by standard methods. Insulin resistance was calculated by the homeostasis model assessment index. Resistin mRNA abundance in monocytes was determined by real‐time quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Data were clustered by weight tertiles for statistical analysis.Results: As observed in humans, the insulin resistance‐related phenotypes were related to weight, plasma levels of adiponectin, and C‐peptide. No significant relationship between resistin circulating levels or expression in monocytes and insulin resistance‐related phenotypes was found in baboons.Discussion: These findings suggest that resistin is not associated with insulin resistance. However, previous observations of relationships among weight, adiponectin, and insulin resistance are confirmed.
Obesity in Insulin Receptor Substrate‐2–Deficient Mice: Disrupted Control of Arcuate Nucleus Neuropeptides
Authors: Masaki Takayuki , Chiba Seiichi , Noguchi Hitoshi , Yasuda Tohru , Tobe Kazuyuki , Suzuki Ryo , Kadowaki Takashi , Yoshimatsu Hironobu 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: Disturbances in insulin signaling have been shown to induce obesity and/or hyperphagia in brain insulin receptor or insulin receptor substrate‐2 (IRS‐2) knockout (KO) mice. This study aimed to examine the central and peripheral mechanisms underlying the phenotype in IRS‐2 KO mice.Research Methods and Procedures: We measured the histological characterization of adipose tissues, mRNA levels of pro‐opiomelanocortin, agouti‐related protein, and neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus and uncoupling proteins (UCPs) in peripheral tissues of IRS‐2 KO mice.Results: Female IRS‐2 KO mice showed increased daily food intake. Body weight and adiposity were increased in both sexes, although these differences were more pronounced in female than in male IRS‐2 KO mice. Both male and female IRS‐2 KO mice showed decreased UCP1 mRNA expression in brown adipose tissue with defective thermoregulation, and UCP2 mRNA expression was increased in the white adipose tissue of female knockout mice. Furthermore, arcuate nucleus mRNA expression of pro‐opiomelanocortin, was decreased in both male and female IRS‐2 KO mice, whereas expression of agouti‐related protein and neuropeptide Y were increased in female IRS‐2 KO mice.Discussion: In IRS‐2 KO mice, disrupted control of hypothalamic neuropeptide levels and UCP mRNA expression may contribute to the development of obesity.
Control of Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor γ2 Stability and Activity by SUMOylation
Authors: Floyd Z. Elizabeth , Stephens Jacqueline M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine whether small ubiquitin‐related modifier (SUMO)ylation of lysine 107 plays a role in regulating the activity of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ).Research Methods and Procedures: Transient expression of wild‐type and K107R‐PPARγ2 in the NIH 3T3 fibroblast cell line was carried out in conjunction with half‐life studies, luciferase activity assays, and indirect immunofluorescence localization studies. Additional in vitro analysis was carried out using recombinant SUMOylation pathway proteins along with in vitro transcribed and translated wild‐type or K107R‐PPARγ2 to examine the SUMO‐1 modification state of wild‐type and SUMO‐deficient K107R‐PPARγ2.Results: While examining PPARγ2 for potential ubiquitylation sites, we identified a strong consensus site for SUMO modification that contains lysine 107. In vitro, SUMOylation studies showed that lysine 107 of PPARγ2 is a major SUMOylation site and that at least one other SUMOylation site is present in PPARγ. In addition, our results demonstrated that SUMO‐1 affects PPARγ stability and transcriptional activity but not the nuclear localization of PPARγ.Discussion: These results indicated that SUMOylation plays a role in regulating PPARγ, both indirectly and directly by modification of lysine 107. Because PPARγ is regulated in numerous animal models of obesity, understanding the covalent modifications of PPARγ may enhance our understanding of the metabolic syndrome.
Leukocyte Migration in Adipose Tissue of Mice Null for ICAM‐1 and Mac‐1 Adhesion Receptors
Authors: Robker Rebecca L. , Collins Robert G. , Beaudet Arthur L. , Mersmann Harry J. , Smith C. Wayne 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine whether the leukocyte adhesion receptors ICAM‐1 and Mac‐1, regulators of immune cell migration, have an intrinsic role within adipose tissue by 1) analyzing the expression of ICAM‐1 in adipose tissue, 2) identifying leukocyte populations within adipose tissue, and 3) determining whether ICAM‐1 and Mac‐1 mutant mice exhibit abnormal numbers of adipose tissue leukocytes.Research Methods and Procedures: Wild‐type, ICAM‐1−/−, and Mac‐1−/− mice were fed a long‐term high‐fat diet. ICAM‐1 expression was analyzed by Northern blot and immunohistochemistry. Leukocytes within adipose tissue were identified by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry.Results: ICAM‐1 was expressed in adipose tissue and localized to the vascular endothelium. Macrophages and lymphocytes were prevalent within the stromal‐vascular cell fraction of adipose tissue, and gender‐specific differences were observed, with adipose tissue from female mice containing significantly more macrophages than tissue from male mice. Numbers of leukocytes in ICAM‐1−/− and Mac‐1−/− mice were not different from wild‐types, however, indicating that these adhesion receptors are not required for leukocyte migration into adipose tissue.Discussion: Our results documented leukocyte populations within adipose tissue, which may be involved in the development of heightened inflammation that is characteristic of obesity.
High Prepregnancy BMI Increases the Risk of Postpartum Anemia
Authors: Bodnar Lisa M. , Siega‐Riz Anna Maria , Cogswell Mary E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the independent effect of prepregnancy BMI on the risk of postpartum anemia.Research Methods and Procedures: Pregnant women from North Carolina who enrolled in the Iron Supplementation Study at their first prenatal visit at <20 weeks gestation and who delivered a live infant were followed to the postpartum visit (n = 439). BMI had a curvilinear relation in the logit of postpartum anemia; therefore, a restricted quadratic spline with three knots at the inflection points was used to specify BMI. Multiple log binomial regression was used to quantify the relation between prepregnancy BMI and postpartum anemia after adjusting for maternal ethnicity/race, education, smoking, initial hemoglobin concentration, and prenatal iron supplementation.Results: Prevalence of postpartum anemia was 19.1%. After adjusting for confounders, we found that risk of postpartum anemia was similar for women with BMI values from 17 to 24 compared with women with a BMI of 20. Adjusted relative risk increased as BMI increased from 24 to 38. Women with a BMI of 28 had ∼1.8 times the postpartum anemia risk of a woman with a BMI of 20 (95% confidence interval 1.3, 2.5), and obese women with a BMI of 36 had ∼2.8 times the risk (95% confidence interval 1.7, 4.7).Discussion: These data suggest that high prepregnancy BMI substantially increases the risk of postpartum anemia. Postpartum anemia screening and iron supplementation of overweight and obese women may be warranted.
Gender, Race, and Obesity‐Related Quality of Life at Extreme Levels of Obesity
Authors: White Marney A. , O'Neil Patrick M. , Kolotkin Ronette L. , Byrne T. Karl 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Research investigating obesity‐related quality of life (QOL) has shown that at increasing levels of overweight, individuals report more impaired QOL. Further, some research has indicated that white women suffer more impairment than men and African Americans. The current study sought to expand the existing literature by investigating an extreme subsample of the obese population. It was expected that participants in the current study would report more impaired obesity‐related QOL than in previous research conducted with less obese individuals. It was also hypothesized that race and gender groups would differ in obesity‐related QOL and that the relationship between degree of overweight and QOL would not be consistent across race and gender groups.Research Methods and Procedures: Impact of Weight on Quality of Life Questionnaire‐Lite Version data were collected from 512 individuals seeking gastric bypass surgery (mean BMI = 53.3)Results: Results confirmed the study hypotheses. In general, white women reported the most QOL impairment, despite having significantly lower BMI than other race/gender groups. Compared with previous studies, the observed relationships between BMI and QOL were somewhat attenuated.Discussion: Various domains of QOL may be differentially affected by degree of obesity; these relationships are not homogeneous throughout the obese population.
Resistin, Adiponectin, Ghrelin, Leptin, and Proinflammatory Cytokines: Relationships in Obesity
Authors: Vendrell Joan , Broch Montserrat , Vilarrasa Nuria , Molina Ana , Gómez Jose Manuel , Gutiérrez Cristina , Simón Immaculada , Soler Joan , Richart Cristóbal 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To evaluate interactions among leptin, adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin, and proinflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6)] in nonmorbid and morbid obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: We measured these hormones by immunoenzyme or radiometric assays in 117 nonmorbid and 57 morbidly obese patients, and in a subgroup of 34 morbidly obese patients before and 6 months after gastric bypass surgery. Insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment, lipid profile, and anthropometrical measurements were also performed in all patients.Results: Average plasma lipids in morbidly obese patients were elevated. IL‐6, leptin, adiponectin, and resistin were increased and ghrelin was decreased in morbidly obese compared with nonmorbidly obese subjects. After adjusting for age, gender, and BMI in nonmorbidly obese, adiponectin was positively associated with HDLc and gender and negatively with weight (β = −0.38, p < 0.001). Leptin and resistin correlated positively with soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNFR) 1 (β = 0.24, p = 0.01 and β = 0.28, p = 0.007). In the morbidly obese patients, resistin and ghrelin were positively associated with sTNFR2 (β = 0.39, p = 0.008 and β = 0.39, p = 0.01). In the surgically treated morbidly obese group, body weight decreased significantly and was best predicted by resistin concentrations before surgery (β = 0.45, p = 0.024). Plasma lipids, insulin resistance, leptin, sTNFR1, and IL‐6 decreased and adiponectin and ghrelin increased significantly. Insulin resistance improved after weight loss and correlated with high adiponectin levels.Discussion: TNFα receptors were involved in the regulatory endocrine system of body adiposity independently of leptin and resistin axis in nonmorbidly obese patients. Our results suggest coordinated roles of adiponectin, resistin, and ghrelin in the modulation of the obesity proinflammatory environment and that resistin levels before surgery treatment are predictive of the extent of weight loss after bypass surgery.
The Effect of CYP19 and COMT Polymorphisms on Exercise‐Induced Fat Loss in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Tworoger Shelley S. , Chubak Jessica , Aiello Erin J. , Yasui Yutaka , Ulrich Cornelia M. , Farin Federico M. , Stapleton Patricia L. , Irwin Melinda L. , Potter John D. , Schwartz Robert S. , McTiernan Anne 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective:To examine whether genetic polymorphisms in CYP19 [intron 4 (TTTA)n; n = 7 to 13 and a 3‐base pair deletion, which is in strong linkage disequilibrium with the seven repeat] and COMT (Val108/158Met) modified the change in BMI, total and percentage body fat, or subcutaneous and intra‐abdominal fat during a year‐long exercise intervention trial. These genes metabolize estrogens and androgens, which are important in body fat regulation.Research Methods and Procedures: A randomized intervention trial was used, with an intervention goal of 225 min/wk of moderate‐intensity exercise for one year. Participants (n = 173) were postmenopausal, 50 to 75 years old, sedentary, overweight or obese, and not taking hormone therapy at baseline.Results: Exercisers with two vs. no CYP19 11‐repeat alleles had a larger decrease in total fat (−3.1 kg vs. −0.5 kg, respectively, p = 0.01) and percentage body fat (−2.4% vs. −0.6%, respectively, p = 0.001). Exercisers with the COMT Met/Met vs. Val/Val genotype had a smaller decrease in percentage fat (−0.7% vs. −1.9%, respectively, p = 0.05). Among exercisers, women with the COMT Val/Val genotype and at least one copy of the CYP19 11‐repeat allele vs. those with neither genotype/allele had a significantly larger decrease in BMI (−1.0 vs. +0.1 kg/m2, respectively, p = 0.009), total fat (−2.9 vs. −0.5 kg, respectively, p = 0.004), and percentage body fat (−2.6% vs. −0.4%, respectively, p < 0.001).Discussion: Genetic polymorphisms in CYP19 and COMT may be important for body fat regulation and possibly modify the effect of exercise on fat loss in postmenopausal women.
Efficiency of Walking and Stepping: Relationship to Body Fatness
Authors: Chen Kong Y. , Acra Sari A. , Donahue Candice L. , Sun Ming , Buchowski Maciej S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine energetic efficiency of walking and stepping in a heterogeneous normal adult population and its association with body fatness and to assess within‐ and between‐individual variations.Research Methods and Procedures: Using a combination of a whole‐room indirect calorimeter and a large precision force platform, we simultaneously measured minute‐by‐minute energy expenditure (EE) and mechanical work during walking and stepping in healthy adult men (n = 60) and women (n = 85). Efficiency was calculated as a ratio (percentage) of mechanical work and EE of activity. Efficiency of walking and stepping performed at various intensities was compared for reproducibility within the same day (morning and afternoon) and correlated with a subject's characteristics.Results: The efficiency of walking was negatively correlated with body fatness in both men and women at 0.9 to 1.2 m/s but positively correlated with body fatness in men and not correlated in women at the slowest speed tested (0.6 m/s). Efficiency of walking and stepping of various intensities was reproducible during the same day. Compared at similar EE levels, walking was more efficient than stepping (26% to 27% vs. 18% to 22%, p < 0.01). Women were significantly (p < 0.01) more efficient than men during stepping. Age, sex, body mass, fat‐free mass, fitness (maximal oxygen uptake), height, and speed variations contributed to the between‐subject differences in efficiency.Discussion: Obese individuals were less efficient than lean individuals during normal‐speed walking. Significant interindividual variations in efficiency of walking and stepping may be attributed to habituation and physical characteristics such as age, sex, and fitness level.
Computerized Determination of Adipocyte Size
Authors: Björnheden Tom , Jakubowicz Bozena , Levin Max , Odén Birgitta , Edén Staffan , Sjöström Lars , Lönn Malin 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Fat cell size is a fundamental parameter in the study of adipose tissue metabolism, because it markedly influences the cellular rates of metabolism. Previous techniques for the sizing of adipocytes are often complicated or time‐consuming. The aim of this study was to develop a new, computerized method for rapid and accurate determination of adipocyte size in a cell suspension obtained by incubating human or rat adipose tissue biopsies with collagenase.Research Methods and Procedures: The cell suspension was placed between a siliconized glass slide and a cover slip. Using the reference method [designated as (R)], the cell diameters were determined manually using a microscope with a calibrated ocular. The new method presented here [designated as (C)] was based on computerized image analysis.Results: After two well‐defined corrective adjustments, measurements with (R) and (C) agreed very well. The small remaining differences seemed, in fact, to depend on inconsistencies in (R).Discussion: We propose that (C) constitutes a valuable tool to study fat cell size, because this method is fast and allows the assessment of a sufficient number of cells to get reliable data on size distribution. Furthermore, images of cell preparations may be stored for future reference.
The IL‐6 Gene G‐174C Polymorphism Related to Health Indices in Greek Primary School Children
Authors: Dedoussis George V.Z. , Manios Yannis , Choumerianou Despoina M. , Yiannakouris Nikos , Panagiotakos Demosthenes B. , Skenderi Katerina , Zampelas Antonis 
Published: April 2008

AbstractInterleukin‐6 (IL‐6) is a pleiotropic cytokine expressed in many tissues. A polymorphism in the IL‐6 gene, associated with differences in IL‐6 transcription rate, has been recently described. Subjects with the −174GG genotype are prone to lipid abnormalities. We investigated the effect of the G‐174C IL‐6 polymorphism on health indices and lipid values of 184 Greek primary school children. The genotype distribution of the polymorphism was 37.5% for GG and 52.2% and 10.3% for GC and CC, respectively. No differences were observed between genotype distribution and gender (p = 0.37). Boys homozygous for the G allele showed higher triglyceride levels than boys carrying the C allele (86 ± 28 vs. 74 ± 20 mg/dL, p = 0.02) and lower mid‐upper arm muscle circumference (17.46 ± 1.86 vs. 18.91 ± 2.53 cm, p = 0.013). In addition, girls homozygous for the G allele had higher values for suprailiac skinfolds compared with those bearing the C allele (21.28 ± 12.56 vs. 17.09 ± 13.36 mm, p = 0.06). These findings were confirmed by multiple linear regression analysis, after controlling for age, sex, BMI, energy and total fat intake, and weekly physical activity. From the results of the present study, we concluded that individuals homozygous for G allele on the IL‐6 gene have higher values in some parameters associated with obesity.
Body Fat and Fat‐Free Mass and All‐Cause Mortality
Authors: Bigaard Janne , Frederiksen Kirsten , Tjønneland Anne , Thomsen Birthe Lykke , Overvad Kim , Heitmann Berit Lillienthal , Sørensen Thorkild I.A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate whether the association between BMI and all‐cause mortality could be disentangled into opposite effects of body fat and fat‐free mass (FFM).Research Methods and Procedures: All‐cause mortality was studied in the Danish follow‐up study “Diet, Cancer and Health” with 27, 178 men and 29, 875 women 50 to 64 years old recruited from 1993 to 1997. By the end of year 2001, the median follow‐up was 5.8 years, and 1851 had died. Body composition was assessed by bioelectrical impedance. Cox regression models were used to estimate the relationships among body fat mass index (body fat mass divided by height squared), FFM index (FFM divided by height squared), and mortality. All analyses were adjusted for smoking habits.Results: Men and women showed similar associations. J‐shaped associations were found between body fat mass index and mortality adjusted for FFM and smoking. The mortality rate ratios in the upper part of body fat mass were 1.12 per kg/m2 (95% confidence interval: 1.07, 1.18) in men and 1.06 per kg/m2 (95% confidence interval: 1.02, 1.10) in women. Reversed J‐shaped associations were found between FFM index and mortality with a tendency to level off for high values of FFM.Discussion: Our findings suggest that BMI represents joint but opposite associations of body fat and FFM with mortality. Both high body fat and low FFM are independent predictors of all‐cause mortality.
Lean and Weight Stable: Behavioral Predictors and Psychological Correlates
Authors: Davison Kirsten Krahnstoever , Birch Leann Lipps 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine behavioral characteristics associated with being lean and weight stable during adulthood.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants included 165 white married couples who were part of a larger longitudinal study. Participants’ height and weight were measured on three occasions at 2‐year intervals. Men and women were classified as being lean and weight stable (the target group) if they had a BMI < 25 at baseline and maintained their weight within 5% of baseline at 2nd and 4th year follow‐up. Individuals not fulfilling these criteria were included in the comparison group. Group differences in background characteristics including childhood weight status, BMI at each occasion, dieting history, and mental and physical health history were examined. In addition, multiple measures of dietary intake and physical activity were obtained and used to predict the likelihood of being in the target group.Results: Men (N = 22) and women (N = 36) in the target group had lower mean BMI scores at each occasion, were less overweight during childhood, were less likely to have dieted in the past year, and rated themselves as being more healthy than men and women in the comparison group. No differences were identified in mental health. Relative to the comparison group, women in the target group reported higher levels of physical activity and higher levels of physical activity among their spouses, and men in the target group reported healthier dietary patterns.Discussion: Results from this study suggest that being lean and weight stable in adulthood is linked to childhood weight status in combination with dietary and activity patterns during adulthood.
Pelvic Floor Dysfunction in Morbidly Obese Women: Pilot Study
Authors: Kapoor Dharmesh S. , Davila G. Willy , Rosenthal Raul J. , Ghoniem Gamal M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of obesity on pelvic floor function in women.Research Methods and Procedures: This was a prospective controlled study of 20 morbidly obese female patients planning to undergo gastric bypass surgery and 20 age‐matched female controls. Subjects completed symptom and impact questionnaires, including the Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ‐7), Urogenital Distress Inventory (UDI), the Kobashi Prolapse Symptom Inventory and Quality‐of‐Life Questionnaire (PSI‐QOL), and Index of Female Sexual Function. Data were analyzed with Wilcoxon or ratio χ2 tests.Results: Mean weight was 295.7 ± 87.9 lbs in the study group and 144.79 ± 33.07 lbs in the control group. Mean BMI was 52.65 ±14.49 kg/m2 in the study group and 25.11 ± 5.27 kg/m2 in the control group. According to the IIQ‐7, urinary incontinence significantly affected lifestyle in the study group. The total IIQ‐7 score was also significantly affected in the study group (p = 0.03). The UDI indicated more urinary leakage with activity (p = 0.04) and more incidents of small amounts of leakage (p = 0.02) in the study group. According to the PSI‐QOL, women in the study group experienced constipation more often because of difficulty in emptying the rectum (p = 0.04). The PSI‐QOL score was higher in the study group (6.75 ± 6.84) than in the control group (2.65 ± 3.03; p = 0.04). There were no significant differences between groups regarding sexual function.Discussion: Morbid obesity is associated with a significant negative impact on urogenital health. Sexual function did not seem to be affected in women who are morbidly obese.