bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ZIMMERMANN REACTION
Authors: Roy Alexander B 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe specificity of the Zimmermann reaction has been investigated using a range of substituted 17‐oxosteroids. It has been shown that 16‐halogenated 17‐oxosteroids give the reaction but that an alkyl or a hydroxyl group at position 16 prevents the reaction, as also does unsaturation in the d ring of the steroid. During the reaction with 16‐halogenated 17‐oxosteroids halogen is eliminated. The Zimmermann compounds from a number of steroids have been isolated and partly purified. From spectroscopic studies it is suggested that structures (II) and (IV) below represent the ionised and unionised compounds respectively.
STUDIES ON THE FRACTIONS OF THE VENOM OF THE SEA SNAKE ENHYDRINA SCHISTOSA
Authors: Carey JE , Wright EA 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe toxic factor of the venom of Enhydrina schistosa has been isolated by dialysis and column chromatography. The results demonstrate that the lecithinase activity of the whole venom is not associated with the toxic fraction.Antiserum to the toxic factor will neutralise the toxicity of large doses of the whole venom.
THE MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF SERUM FOLIC ACID ACTIVITY
Authors: Davis RE , Kelly A 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA microbiological assay for serum folic acid activity using Lactobacillus casei as the test organism is described. The method uses ascorbic acid to protect the folic acid‐like activity of serum and is sensitive enough to differentiate between sera from normal and folic acid‐deficient subjects without overlap. One hundred normal sera have been assayed and fall within the range 2·7–18·5 mμg./ml. There does not appear to be a significant difference between male and female serum levels.
A COMPARISON OF THE METABOLISM OF PALMITIC, OLEIC AND LINOLEIC ACIDS INCORPORATED INTO CHYLOMICRON TRIGLYCERIDES
Authors: Simpson‐Morgan MW , Morris Bede 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe metabolism of chylomicron triglycerides containing predominantly palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids has been studied in intact rats and in isolated perfused rats’ livers using 14C‐labelled chylomicrons. In intact rats infused continuously with labelled chylomicrons the rate of excretion of 14CO2reached a relative plateau during the second hour of the infusion. The rate of excretion of 14CO2 in the third and fourth hours of the infusion showed that about 40 p.c. of the labelled fat was converted to CO2 as it was infused. It was found that significantly less palmitic acid was oxidized to CO2 than oleic or linoleic acids. This difference was, however, small. About 4 p.c. of the radioactivity of the infused labelled fat underwent recycling and subsequent oxidation once the relative plateau was reached.In experiments with perfused livers there was no significant difference in the rate of uptake or oxidation of palmitic, oleic or linoleic acids incorporated into chylomicrons. Significantly more linoleic acid than oleic or palmitic acid was incorporated into the phospholipids of the perfusate. The results showed that the rate of oxidation of palmitic, oleic or linoleic acids incorporated into chylomicrons can be used as a measure of the overall rate of oxidation of chylomicron triglycerides.
IRON ABSORPTION FROM THE INTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Cantrill Shirley , Walsh RJ 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe mean haemoglobin value of a group of rats was increased by transfusions of concentrated red cells. Absorption from a test dose of iron‐59 was significantly less than the amount absorbed by untreated control animals. The reduced absorption may be a direct result of the polycythaemia or the result of the depressed erythropoietic activity following the transfusion.Rats exposed to an atmosphere with a reduced oxygen content absorbed more iron than did rats breathing air or air with 5 p.c. CO2. Hypoxia may act directly on the intestinal mucosal cell or through an intermediary compound.
THE FORCE OF CONTRACTION OF THE RABBIT PAPILLARY MUSCLE PREPARATION AS A FUNCTION OF THE FREQUENCY AND PATTERN OF STIMULATION
Authors: Bautovich G , Gibb DB , Johnson EA 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe relationship between peak tension developed during a twitch in isolated rabbit papillary muscle and the frequency and pattern of stimulation has been examined. The muscle was subjected to a short train of stimuli followed by n single α‐stimulus; this pattern of stimuli was repeated at regular intervals. The experimental variables were the frequency and number of stimuli in the train, the time interval after the end of the train and the α‐stimulus, and the rest period between each stimulus pattern. The peak tension of the response to the α‐stimulus as a function of these four variables was determined in a number of ways and a tentative mathematical model is formulated which describes this aspect of the results.The response to the stimuli of the train is considered in relationship to the model and the form of model which could describe these and other results is discussed.
EFFECTS OF SIMPLE LIPIDS ON THE PHAGOCYTIC PROPERTIES OF PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: Cooper GN , West Dawn 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYUsing an in vitro phagocytic system, stimulation of macrophage activity following exposure of mouse peritoneal cells to glyceryl trioleate (triolein) suspension has been found. The stimulation is time‐ and dose‐dependent, maximum effects on 2 × 106 cells being obtained with 50 μg. triolein for 60 minutes. Larger doses of triolein are not immediately stimulatory but following prolonged incubation the cells eventually develop significant activity. The stimulation is due to contact between the cells and triolein particles and is independent of the degree of opsonization of the organisms by normal animal sera.
THE ANTAGONISM OF METHYL PHENIDATE AND IPRONIAZID TO BULBOCAPNINE CATATONIA IN THE RAT
Authors: Glow Peter H 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThere is a striking similarity in the psychomotor effects of reserpine and bulbocapnine. Details are given for a simple behavioural test for measuring psychomotor activity. It was found that methyl phenidate has some potency as an antagonist to the catatonic‐like action of bulbocapnine. Iproniazid was ineffective.
ACTIVATION OF HAGEMAN FACTOR BY SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Authors: Margolis J 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe effect of suspensions of saturated fatty acids or oleic acid on the coagulation of plasma and on the release of plasma kinin was determined by quantitative methods. The activity of the saturated series (C8‐C22) increases enormously with the length of the carbon chain. Oleic acid is practically inactive. Evidence is presented that the reaction is mediated by adsorption and activation of Hageman factor by the fatty acid micelles. The differences between the activity of the fatty acids are related to the physical conditions at the surface of the particles.
HAEMADSORPTION BY UNINOCULATED CULTURES OF MONKEY KIDNEY EPITHELIUM
Authors: White David O 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA high proportion of the batches of monkey kidney cells commercially available in Australia carry a haemadsorbing virus, the properties of which are described. The virus appears to be identical with or very closely related to SV‐5. Since diagnostic laboratories usually rely on the haemadsorption technique for the isolation of the viruses of para‐influenza, influenza and mumps from the respiratory tract of man and animals, the presence of this agent may seriously complicate the interpretation of results. The problem can be partially overcome by the routine incorporation of SV‐5 antiserum in cell culture media. However, since SV‐5 appears also to cause human infection, it is not practicable to try to isolate this virus from man in tissue which already contains it. For this and other reasons discussed it is suggested that monkey kidney can no longer be considered the tissue of choice for the isolation of respiratory viruses and should be replaced by another cell type.
PULMONARY DAMAGE DUE TO HIGH PRESSURE OXYGEN BREATHING IN RATS
Authors: Jamieson Dana , van den Brenk HAS 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe dehydrogenase activities of rat lung, brain and liver were measured before and after exposure of rats to oxygen at 60 p.s.i. gauge pressure (OHP). The rate of methylene blue coupled oxidation of lung tissue was progressively decreased by OHP with an approximately 50 p.c. decline in activity following one hour exposure of animals to OHP. Pentobarbital sodium or cysteamine, administered prior to exposure to OHP, prevented the inhibition of enzyme activity. Death by anoxia had no effect on the dehydrogenase activity of lung tissue.No decrease in the rate of methylene blue coupled oxidation occurred in brain or liver tissue of rats exposed to OHP.
PAS‐POSITIVE RETICULUM CELLS IN THE THYMUS CORTEX OF HIGH AND LOW LEUKAEMIA STRAINS OF MICE
Authors: Metcalf D , Ishidate M 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA study has been made of the size, frequency and histochemical reactions of PAS‐positive reticulum cells in the thymus cortex of high‐ and low‐leukaemia strain mice.In high‐leukaemia strain thymus glands there were three times as many mitoses in lymphocytes surrounding these cells as in lymphocytes elsewhere in the thymus. The incidence of early stages of mitosis was also higher in PAS cell‐associated mitoses than in mitoses elsewhere in the thymus. In low‐leukaemia strain thymus glands the association of PAS cell and lymphocyte mitoses was less evident.The development of PAS cells in thymus grafts was related to the age of the thymus graft and not affected by circulating factors in the host animal.
SERUM VITAMIN B12 CONCENTRATIONS IN THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINE
Authors: Pitney WR 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA survey of serum vitamin B12 concentrations has been performed on aborigines living in the following four areas of Western Australia: Warburton Range, Derby, Halls Creek and North Kimberley. In each area, serum B12 concentrations showed a range and mean greater than that of a white control population. In each area, values approximated to a normal logarithmic distribution. There was no correlation between serum B12 concentration and age, sex, lactation, yaws infection, the concentration of serum protein fractions and irondeficiency anaemia. It is considered probable that the high serum B12 levels are due to an increased amount of B12 binding protein in the plasma and related in some way to the altered plasma protein synthesis in the aborigine.
PANTOTHENIC ACID AND VITAMIN B12 IN THE LIVER OF SHEEP
Authors: Dawbarn Mary C , Forsyth Heather , Kilpatrick Diana 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYTen ewes were fed for nine months on a cobalt‐deficient ration of wheaten hay chaff and gluten. Four of the animals were given cobalt throughout the whole period. The remaining six animals were given cobalt for the last two months only. Three of the ewes in the + cobalt group were pair fed with three in the ‐ cobalt group.Biopsy samples of liver were taken at the beginning and end of the nine months period and at three intermediate times. Vitamin B12 was measured in the liver samples by the L. leichmannii assay method. Pantothenic acid was measured by means of microbiological assays with L. plantarum and L. casei. Total pantothenic acid, which was taken as a measure of coenzyme A, was measured after splitting its bound forms with alkaline phosphatase and a pigeon liver enzyme preparation. Free pantothenic acid, measured in half the liver plugs, averaged 2·5 p.c. of the total pantothenic acid (range 0·6–4·3 p.c.).Deprivation of cobalt led to a marked lowering of liver vitamin B12 (from a mean value of 1·05 μg./gm. to a mean value of 0·12 μg./gm. in 6 months. The mean concentration rose to 0·48 μg./gm. two months after administration of cobalt.In six months of cobalt deprivation the pantothenic acid concentration in the livers of all the deficient sheep rose, the mean increase being 70 p.c. This change was reversible; two months after giving cobalt the pantothenic acid concentration had fallen again.Statistical analysis of the data for the pair‐fed sheep showed that there was a highly significant difference between the pantothenic acid concentrations in the livers of the sheep in the positive and negative groups, when the latter had been cobalt‐deficient for six months and seven months. The elevated pantothenic acid concentration was associated with a vitamin B12, concentration of about 0·1 μg./gm. of liver.There was no great or consistent difference between pantothenic acid measurements made by the two microbiological assay methods.
THE STAPHYLOCOCCAL INTERFERENCE EFFECT
Authors: Pawlyszyn G 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYStaphylococcus albus has a genus specific component, probably a polysaccharide, which has the property of sensitising sheep and mouse erythrocytes for haemagglutination and of producing an interference type of protection in mice. Antibodies to this component can be detected in sera of rabbits immunised with either Staphlyococcus aureus or Staphylococcus albus.Although both albus and aureus strains could produce the “interference” effect, only the latter organism was found to be able to produce protective antibodies. Such antibodies could be removed from the immune serum by absorption with Staphylococcus albus organisms, suggesting that this strain possesses a hapten‐like substance which is a part of the complete protective antigen present in the aureus strain. The possibility that the hapten‐like substance is the component which produces interference protection is being considered.
THE STAPHYLOCOCCAL INTERFERENCE EFFECT
Authors: Pawlyszyn G , Gulasekharam J 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYAn injection of bacterial supernatant from pathogenic or non‐pathogenic staphylococci produces in mice a high degree of early and transient protection against staphylococcal infection and a low degree of protection against infection by other organisms. Similar results were obtained with purified fractions of the staphylococcal supernatant. A Pseudomonas preparation, however, gave an equally high degree of protection against staphylococcal and Bacillus friedlander infections.Mice protected with staphylococcal supernatant, when given an injection of zymosan 24 hours before being subsequently infected, showed a marked decrease of resistance to staphylococcal infection and an increase of resistance to infection by B. friedlander. Similar treatment with zymosan had little effect on the degree of protection in mice immunised with Pseudomonas culture supernatant. Zymosan alone, given under the conditions of the above test, had no effect on the susceptibility of the mice to staphylococcal or B. friedlander infection.Results of these investigations suggest that the staphylococcus has a specific component, which enables it to stimulate a protective mechanism which is different from that involved in the non‐specific resistance induced by Gram‐negative organisms.
EXAMINATION OF THE ALKALOIDS OF LUPINUS DIGITATUS FORSK. FOR HEPATOTOXIC EFFECTS IN THE RAT
Authors: Peterson JE 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe alkaloids d‐epilupinine, d‐epilupinine‐N‐oxide and LV‐1 from Lupinus digitatus Forsk., the West Australian blue lupin, were administered to rats by intraperitoneal injection three times weekly at dose rates of 0·1 and 0·33 LD50 (based on acute toxicity) for periods of 6 to 25 weeks. Particular examination was made for evidence of hepatotoxic effects. None of the alkaloids produced liver damage in rats on a normal diet or on a diet restricted in its content of lipotropic factors. These findings are discussed in relation to lupinosis of sheep.
GLUCOSE METABOLISM OF THE AVIAN EGG
Authors: van Deth JHMG 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThe concentrations and total amounts of glucose in the different parts of the avian egg were measured during incubation. Eggs of Pekin‐Campbell ducks and of Australorp and White Leghorn chickens were used. Although there were differences between the species examined the general trend was the same. The results suggest that glucose is not the only source of energy during the beginning embryonic development. The glucose concentrations in blood, amniotic and allantoic fluids start at a high level, fall to a lower level, which is maintained for a week, and then rise again during the last period of incubation. The maximum amounts of glucose and of water in the amniotic and allantoic fluids occur at different stages of incubation. The formation and resorption of the amniotic fluid are discussed in relation to these data.
THE ADHESION OF LEUCOCYTES TO VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM
Authors: McGovern VJ , Bloomfield D 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYInjury, traumatic or by injection of chemical substances, to the adventitia of the rat's femoral vein was followed after 11/2 hours by aggregation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes to the apparently normal endothelial surface of the vessel. Sub‐thrombotic injury to the endothelium, however, was followed by adhesion of leucocytes almost immediately to the injured area and within 30 minutes, leucocytes adhered also to apparently normal endothelium in the line of flow immediately beyond the injured area. These observations lead to the supposition that the aggregation of leucocytes upon apparently normal endothelium may be due to a substance released from the site of injury which either confers upon the endothelial surface an attraction for leucocytes or else neutralizes the power to repel them.
THE ACTIONS OF TACRINE AND AMIPHENAZOLE ON ACETYLCHOLINE METABOLISM IN THE GUINEA PIG ILEUM
Authors: de la Lande IS , Porter RB 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYTacrine and amiphenazole increase the excitability of the electrically‐stimulated ileum and restore excitability after depression by morphine. These effects are accompanied by inhibition of cholinesterase. Neither drug prevents the inhibitory action of morphine on acetylcholine release; hence it is concluded that the interaction of morphine and amiphenazole or tacrine on the electrically‐stimulated ileum is non‐specific, and in the case of tacrine, results from its effects on cholinesterase.The evidence that the excitatory action of amiphenazole on the ileum is a consequence of its action on cholinesterase is less clear. The drug does not increase sensitivity to acetylcholine, and instead depresses its output. Although tacrine also depresses the output of acetylcholine the effect is seen only in concentrations approximately one thousandfold greater than those producing equivalent inhibition of cholinesterase.Attention is drawn to the kinetics of inhibition of cholinesterase by tacrine as a factor which may influence its physiological actions.
PREPARATION OF A SUBSTANCE HAVING COLICIN F ACTIVITY FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI C.A. 42
Authors: Reeves PR 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYColicin F from E. coli C.A.42 has been purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and column chromatography to 4 × 105 units/mg. This purified material contained approximately 75 p.c. protein and 10 p.c. carbohydrate and was almost homogeneous by starch gel electrophoresis.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF LEUCOCYTIC EMIGRATION AND VASCULAR PERMEABILITY IN RAT SKIN
Authors: Hurley JV 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA combined histological and electron microscopic study of the process of leucocytic emigration in rat skin induced by intradermal injection of homologous serum has been made. By the intravenous injection of colloidal suspensions of carbon black and mercuric sulphide it has been shown that leucocytes may pass through the vessel wall with no concurrent escape of injected particles, and presumptively of plasma proteins. That is, total dissociation between leucocytic emigration and vascular permeability has been demonstrated.Similar studies following histamine injection have confirmed previous reports that “gaps” form between adjacent endothelial cells in vessels in a state of increased permeability. These “gaps” do not allow leucocytes to emigrate in the absence of the appropriate specific stimulus.The significance of the findings on the function of the several layers of the wall of small blood vessels is discussed.
A PLAQUE ASSAY METHOD FOR MURRAY VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS
Authors: Austin FJ 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA method of obtaining plaques with the virus of Murray Valley encephalitis (M.V.E.) is described. Although not as sensitive as mouse titration, the dose response relationship and the uniformity of the tissue culture system make it a satisfactory method for the assay of M.V.E. virus.
THE MICRO‐DETERMINATION OF BLOOD GLUCOSE
Authors: Watson D , Stevenson MEK 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA detailed examination of four modern manual methods for determining blood glucose is presented, and the effects of preservatives, anticoagulants, drugs and some reducing or interfering substances on the estimations are indicated. On grounds of precision, reliability and simplicity, the o‐amino‐toluene condensation method of Hultman and the glucose oxidase‐tolidine method of Watson are the most satisfactory and the Cu‐reduction method of Nelson the least satisfactory means of determining blood sugar in the clinical laboratory. Blood cells from normal and diabetic patients contain 65 p.c. (± 10 p.c.) of the glucose concentration found in the blood plasma of the same subject.
AN UNDESCRIBED UNILATERAL OCULAR REFLEX IN THE DOGFISH SQUALUS ACANTHIAS L.
Authors: Bell JP , Satchell GH 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYIn the dogfish Squalus acanthias, touching or stroking the cornea or the skin around and rostral to the orbit caused the eye to flick towards the caudal margin. The response was strictly ipsilateral and was caused by a contraction of the external rectus muscle. The reflex latency determined from the oscillographic display of strain gauge recordings was 24·3, ± 1·1 msecs, at 15°C. The latency calculated to the time of onset of the muscle action potential was 14·9 ± 0·1 msecs. The eye movements followed a repeated tap stimulus of 10/sec. and showed a ripple of movement on a sustained deviation at 30/sec. The adequate stimulus for the reflex was brushing or tapping: sustained pressure, vibration and heat were not effective. Repetition of the stimulus evoked a facilitated response; evidence is presented that points to a peripheral facilitation at the neuromuscular junction and a central facilitation at interneurons in the central reflex pathway.Eye protective reflexes in two other sharks are described. In Galeorhinus australis Macleay, the eye was covered by a well‐developed nictitating membrane. In Cephaloscyllium isobella Broussonet, the eye was closed mainly by an upward movement of the lower lid. The reflexogenic and facilitatory zones of these two species are described. The reflex in S. acanthias is compared with the sensory blink reflex in higher vertebrates, and it is suggested that the abduction of the eye in this fish serves to protect the cornea from mechanical damage.
THE ESTIMATION OF TESTOSTERONE IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS
Authors: Hudson Bryan , Coghlan John , Dulmanis Ausma , Wintour Marelyn , Ekkel Ida 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYA method is described for the estimation of free testosterone in human peripheral plasma. This method which uses the double isotope dilution derivative principle with C14‐testosterone as marker steroid, H3‐acetic anhydride as deriving agent, shows normal male levels to range from 0.49–0.98 μg./100 ml. and females from less than 0.05 μg./1OO ml. to 0.31 μg./100 ml. The results obtained by this method have been compared with those given by other techniques for the estimation of this steroid hormone.