bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence Of Tillage On Soil Aeration
Authors: Khan A. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAir‐ porosity of soil can be altered by tillage. Therefore, it plays a significant role in protecting plants against deficient aeration during critical periods of their life cycle. The effect of five tillage treatments (mouldboard, cultivator, rotary tiller, wedge and zero tillage) and three mulch treatments (paddy straw, rice husk and bare) on the soil oxygen diffusion rate (ODR) during the various growth phases of peanut crop (Arachis Hypogaea L.) were investigated on a lateritic sandy loam soil (utilsol). These experiments were conducted for two consecutive seasons. ODR values were higher in tilled plots. Among tillage treatments, the highest ODR was recorded under mouldboard (60.51 × 10‐8 g cm‐2 min‐1), followed closely by cultivator (57.65 × 10‐8g cm‐2 min‐1), and it was lowest under rotary tiller (46.29 × 10‐8 g cm‐2 min‐1). During the later growth stages and also in lower soil depths, the differences between the values of ODR narrowed down. Among mulch treatments, plots with rice husk (53.98 × 10‐8 g cm‐2 min‐1), had the higher ODR values. Bulk density was lower, whereas total and aeration porosity were higher, under mouldboard and cultivator. Soil temperatures were also higher under mouldboard and cultivator tilled plots.
The Nutritive Value and Yield of Alfalfa in Relation to Nitrogen Fertilization on Sulphur Industry Reclaimed Lands
Authors: Pucekand T. R. , Pys J. B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe yield and nutritive value of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), cultivated together with grasses under conditions of various nitrogen fertilization with simultaneous excess of potentially available sulphate sulphur in subsoil, were determined. The study was carried out on reclaimed lands of sulphur bore‐hole mine. The levels of basic nutrients, total sulphur and selected micro‐ and macro elements were determined. The relations between mineral constiruents were calculated, taking into account particularly Nt:St and Ca:P ratios. No significant differences were found between average yields of alfalfa biomass obtained with various nitrogen treatments. Average contents of total nitrogen, true protein and non‐protein nutrients (NPN) as well as Ca:P ratio showed significant differences between varied levels of nitrogen fertilization (P < 0.05). The nitrogen fertilization above an application rate of 25 kg N ha‐1 caused a decrease in crude protein level, an increase in non‐protein nutrient content and a reduction of true protein percentage in total protein fraction. A deficiency of potassium and phosphorous in soil as well as in dry matter of alfalfa was stated. The potassium content in alfalfa was linearly negatively correlated with the accumulation of non protein nutrients (P < 0.01). The accumulation of total sulphur and selected micro elements in alfalfa did not exceed the permissible forage levels.
Effects of Timing of Drought Stress on Abscission and Dry Matter Partitioning of Short‐duration Pigeonpea
Authors: Lopez F. B. , Chauhan Y. S. , Johansen C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractShoot dry mass partitioning and cumulative abscission of leaf, flowers and pods were determined for nine short‐duration pigeonpea genotypes grown with adequate soil moisture throughout growth (control), or subjected to water stress during the late vegetative and flowering (stress 1), flowering and early pod development (stress 2), or pod fill (stress 3) growth stages. The total cumulative dry mass of abscised plant parts was lower for determinate genotypes, but it increased to a greater extent under water stress than that for indeterminate genotypes, with stress 2 having the greatest and stress 3 die least effects. The dry mass contribution of pods to total abscission was ≤ 5%, and not signiflcantiy affected by water stress, while the contribution of leaves increased and mat of flowers decreased. Stress 3 had no significant effects on abscission dry mass totals or components. Reduction in shoot dry mass under water stress was most pronounced for genotypes in die early pod development stage, and the dry mass contribution of leaves generally decreased and that of pods increased under stress 1 and stress 2. With similar abscission levels, the shoot dry mass of genotype ICPL 151, was similar to, or greater than, that of hybrid ICPH 9, under stress 1 and stress 2, and the contribution of pods to shoot dry mass was lower for hybrid ICPH 9 under both stress treatments. Genotypic differences in drought resistance were likely due to differences in the leaf area maintenance during, and in the recovery of dry mass and pod production following, water stress periods.
Die Ertragsentwicklung von Wintergetreide und Zuckerrüben bei dauerhafter Senkung des N‐Düngungsniveaus
Authors: Becker K.‐W. , Bruss A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Effects of Long‐term Fertilizer N Reduction on Winter Grain and Sugar Beet Yields The results of recent field experiments concerning the effect of long‐term N‐reduction on the yield and quality of sugar beet, winter wheat and winter barley on plots which had previously had received ample amounts of N are studied in this paper.The yield and quality of crops harvested on plots where N‐dressings had been reduced for 6–8 years were similar to those of crops grown on plots where N‐application had been reduced for only 1 year. Grain yield of winter wheat and winter barley grown without any N‐application decreased to about 60 % of amounts normally harvested under local conditions with recommended N dressings, whereas the white sugar yield still remained at 90 %. The yields decreased slightly with an increase in the duration of the experiments. Yields of both cereals and beets remained constant within each level of fertilization, even 6 years after inition of trials with 50, 75 and 125 % of locally recommended N dressings.On plots that did not receive nitrogen fertilization, N‐contents of grain were between 1.5 and 1.7 % for winter wheat and 1.0 and 1.6 % N for winter barley. These contents remained constant over a trial period of 6 years. The amount of annual export of 55–91 kg N/ha also remained constant. Limited N availability causes a decrease in grain protein content rather than in grain yield.Compared to winter grain species, sugar beet (with 74–117 kg N/ha in the beet body) could realize the highest annual export of nitrogen from the plot. Differences in annual N export existing between the various locations of the plots cannot be explained by differences in soil quality. Continuous high yields that were found even without any N‐dressings may be explained by asymbiotic N‐fixation, deposition of atmospheric N and a progressive decrease in soil N with 17–56 kg N/ha removed from soil resources annually.
β‐Glucangehalt in den Karyopsen von Hafersorten in Abhängigkeit des Anbaujahres und der Stickstoffversorgung
Authors: Baur S. K. , Geisler G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract β‐glucan content in caryopses of oat varieties with regard to cultivation year and nitrogen level.The positive effects of (1–3), (1–4)‐β‐D‐glucans on the health of human beings gave reason to investigate the production of these compounds in caryopses of oat and their dependence on genetic and environmental conditions. The caryopses of 18 German oat varieties and the effect of three nitrogen rates were tested for 2 years. The β‐glucan content (% DM) depends on the oat variety and is influenced by prevailing climatic conditions during the test year. With increasing nitrogen fertilization, the β‐glucan content (% DM) increases. The β‐glucan‐ranking of oat varieties is more or less stable in different environments.
Performance of Selected Strains of ‘Farro’ (Triticum monococcum L., Triticum dicoccum Schübler, Triticum Spelta L.) and Durum Wheat (Triticum Durum Desf. cv. Trinakria) in the Difficult Flat Environment of Southern Italy
Authors: Codianni P. , Ronga G. , DI Fonzo N. , Troccoli A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of three species of unhulled‐wheat (Triticum monococcum L., Triticum dicoccum Schubler and Triticum spelta L.) with respect to durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf. cv. Trinakria) in southern Italy's flat environment.As far as yield is concerned, the mean yield was significantly different among species. Durum wheat yielded 16.1 %, 37.6% and 69.5 % more than dicoccum, spelta and monococcum species, respectively.Among unhulled‐wheat species, only Triticum dicoccum showed some similarity with durum wheat, such as one‐thousand kernels weight, plant height and number of spikes per m2.Among the factors studied, the days to reach heading represented the factor that mostly influenced yield
Temperature Effects on the Duration of the Spikelet Growth Phase and Spikelet Abortion in Barley
Authors: Kernich G. C. , Halloran G. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAbove optimal temperatures in cereals, when measured in thermal time units (°Cd) can lead to underprediction of developmental events by models, particularly when cereals are sown late in Mediterranean‐type environments or grown under subtropical conditions. Our objective was to assess the effects of high temperatures on the length of the spikelet growth phase, the number of spikelet nodes per spike and level of spikelet abortion in spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The spikelet growth phase (from the end of the spikelet initiation phase to anthesis) of three cultivars, ‘Bandulla’, ‘Schooner’ and ‘Weeah’ was subjected to two temperature regimes. In the first of two sowings, the mean daily maximum temperature for one regime was 24 °C (maintained for 6 h daily) and the mean daily minimum was 8 °C (24/8 °C). The second temperature regime was 27/17 °C. Corresponding temperatures for the second sowing, which was subjected to slightly longer photoperiods, were 26/8 °C and 26/17°C, respectively. The duration of the spikelet growth phase was longer for 27/17 °C than for 24/8 °C in the first sowing when measured in calendar time (d). In the second sowing, the duration of the spikelet growth phase was slightly shorter under the higher temperature regime (d). The duration of the spikelet growth phase (in°Cd) was greatly increased by the higher temperature treatment in both sowings. In the first sowing, the percentage of aborted spikelets was greater at HT than at LT for Bandulla and Weeah at both sowing times and the duration of the spikelet growth phase increased with higher night temperatures, suggesting that length of the spikelet growth phase was not the sole factor responsible for the proportion of aborted spikelets.
Effect of Split Nitrogen Application on Growth and Yield of Wheat (T. aestivum L.) Genotypes with Different N‐Assimilation Potential
Authors: Abdin M. Z. , Bansal K. C. , Abrol Y. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA field experiment was conducted with different nitrogen regimes to assess the growth and yield performance of wheat genotypes which differ in nitrate assimilation potential. Genotypic differences in biomass accumulation were observed at different growth stages. The nitrogen treatment had little effect on biomass accumulation at early stages of growth, while at later stages of growth there was enhanced biomass accumulation when N was applied in more than two splits. On an average, genotypes with high nitrate reductase activity (the ‘HNR’ genotypes) accumulated 14.2 % more biomass than the genotypes with low nitrate reductase activity (‘LNR’ genotypes) when an extra dose (40 kg N ha−1) of nitrogen was given at the time of anthesis. The application of nitrogen in more than two splits increased grain yield of both ‘HNR’ and ‘LNR’ genotypes mainly by increasing grain weight per ear. The application of an extra dose of nitrogen (40 kg N ha−1) at the time of anthesis increased grain yield of ‘HNR’ genotypes by 38.5 % as compared to ‘LNR’ genotypes.
Effects of Low Temperature Treatment at Seedling Stage on Soybean Growth, Development and Final Yield
Authors: Skrudlik G. , Kościelniak J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe after effect of continuous and variable chilling temperatures acting periodically for 7 days at seedling stage (day/night: 2/2°C, 5/5°C, 15/2°C, 15/5°C, 15/15°C and control–22/18°C) on growth, development and final yield of soybean cultivar Polan and Progres were investigated. The temperature decrease lengthened the duration of the vegetation period before flowering for both cultivars, which allowed compensation for the reduced–as an effect of chilling–rate of daily increments in the leaf area and the dry weight of the above‐ground parts of the plants. The most important symptom of chilling treatment was a considerable increase in the number of axillary branches after flowering, which caused an increase in the dry weight of plants. The subsequent reaction of the growth of leaves to chilling at seedling stage was, after flowering, variety dependent. The area of leaves bigger at Polan or similar to control at Progres ensured good seed filling in an increased number of pods developed on axillary branches. Chill‐induced delay in plants development allowed the avoidance of low temperature occurring during flowering in this experiment. This chilling during flowering was one of the reasons of worse‐pod setting and reduction of seeds per pod number at control plants.
Relation Between Pattern of Development of Wheat Seedlings and Growth Rate of Leaves, Tillers and Roots
Authors: Schipper J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRelation between pattern of development of wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L. Fiori et Paol.) and growth rate of leaves, tillers and roots.In two glasshouse and two phytotron experiments, the early growth and development of spring wheat and unvernalized autumn wheat in long and short days was observed by frequent assessments of dry weight of shoots and roots and by daily measurements of length and dry weight of individual leaves. In an additional experiment, the pattern of dry matter distribution during germination was studied.The rate of leaf emergence and appearance was decelerated by short days in spring wheat and by long days in unvernalized autumn wheat.The growth rate of individual leaves showed a pattern of successive reductions and accelerations, being highly synchronized between leaves and clearly related to the succession in emergence of leaves and tillers.Growth rates of main shoot and tillers were apparently synchronized, while those of the seminal root system appeared to show an oppositional pattern as compared to the shoot.It is suggested that variation in the growth rate of existing organs is based on hormone controlled variation in meristematic activity, which is influenced by day length and the state of vernalization of the plant.
Effects of Light, Different Growth Media, Temperature and Salt Concentrations on Germination of Cotton Seeds (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Nazilli 87)
Authors: Tort N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted to study the effects of light, different growth media, temperature, and salt concentrations on the germination ratio, mean germination period, and the beginning of germination of cotton seeds, Gossypium hirsutum L., cv. Nazilli 87. All factors considerably affected the germination rate of cotton seeds, ranging from 47% at darkness to 96% at 16 h of artificial light. The mean germination period varied from 5.6 days at 15°C and 1.3 days at 30°C under illumination and lasted longer at dark. The germination ratio was 94 % without additional salt and decreased from 63 % at salt concentration of 175 mM NaCl 1−1 to only 8.7 % at 300 mM 1−1. The mean germination period ranged from 5.28 days to 13.50 days at salt concentrations of 0–300 mM NaCl l−1, respectively.
Respiration and Growth of Sorghum and Sunflower under Predicted Increased Night Temperatures1
Authors: Manunta P. , Kirkham M. B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLittle information exists concerning how crops will respond to the predicted increased night temperatures. The objective of this work was to determine if respiration and growth of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], a C, plant, and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), a C3 plant, are affected when the night temperature is increased by 5°C compared to the long‐term (19 year) average night temperature in June in Kansas. Sorghum and sunflower were grown in two walk‐in growth chambers with either the ambient night temperature (21C) or a high night temperature (26C). Day temperature was the same for all plants (27C). Both sunflower and sorghum had higher respiration rates under the elevated night temperature than under the ambient temperature. The average respiration rate of sunflower grown under elevated night temperature increased by 19% (0.89 vs. 0.75 μmol m−2 s−1) and that of sorghum by 44 % (0.52 vs. 0.36μmol m−2s−1). After 74 days, sunflower plants grown under the ambient night temperature were 30.2 cm taller than sunflower plants grown under the elevated night temperature; sorghum plants under the ambient temperature were 24.8 cm taller. Sunflower plants grown under the elevated night temperature formed flowers one week earlier than those grown under the ambient temperature. Sorghum formed no flowers by 74 days. Results suggest that, if climate change does increase night temperature, respiration will be increased more in C4, than C3 plants.
The Response of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) to Inter‐ and Relay‐cropping with Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Oswald A. , Alkämper J. , Midmore D. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFour sweet potato cultivars were inter‐ and relay‐cropped with maize at two locations in Peru. Increasing interspecific competition drastically reduced tuber yields of all cultivars; fewer tubers m −2 were produced and no tolerant genotype was identified. Likewise the mean tuber weight declined linearly for two cultivars when competition became severe. Shoot development was less affected. Under intense competition the plant top was favoured in assimilate partitioning to the detriment of tuber formation. Overall reduction in assimilate production due to mixed cropping was the major cause of yield loss. Various intercropping combinations were found with the same productivity but distinct proportions of the component crops (sweet potato + maize). Land equivalent ratio (LER) exceeded sole crop productivity only for the combinations with the highest maize yields. Biomass production was clearly increased by intercropping but there was no increment in marketable yields. Relay‐cropping reduced tuber and maize yields and had the lowest productivity of all combinations tested.
Response of Rice Varieties Grown in Semi‐deepwater Ecosystem to Foliage Pruning and Nitrogen Fertilization
Authors: Sharma A. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractField experiments were conducted at Cuttack, India, in 1992 and 1993 using two semi‐tall (Panidhan and CR 580‐5 of 180 days duration) and two tall (Amulya and CR 626‐26‐2‐3 of 170 days duration), elongating and photosensitive rice varieties to study their response to foliage pruning at varying levels of nasally applied N fertilizer (0, 30, 60 and 90 kg N ha−1). Pruning at the collar level of the topmost leaf was done either once at 90 or 120 days of growth, or twice at both the stages. The crop was sown during the end of May in dry soil and subsequently grown under a semi‐deepwater regime (0–80 cm water depth). The dry weight of pruned foliage was more in the tall than in the semi‐tall varieties and it increased with an increase in the level of N fertilization and delay in pruning. Two prunings produced greater foliage yield than one pruning. Foliage pruning once at 90 days of growth had no effect on the grain yield of all varieties. However, pruning at 120 days of growth decreased the yield of Amulya and CR 626‐26‐2‐3, particularly in 1992, possibly because of less time (25–30 days) available for the crop recovery before flowering. Further, pruning twice at 90 and 120 days of growth reduced the grain yield of all the varieties significantly due to a reduction in their panicle weight. Application of N fertilizer beyond 30 kg N ha−1 did not increase the grain yield under no pruning treatment, but the crop responded significantly up to 60 kg N ha−1 under one pruning and up to 90 kg N ha−1 under two prunings, despite its adverse effect on crop performance. The crop lodging in response to increased N application was delayed by about a fortnight due to foliage pruning but its beneficial effect was not reflected in the grain yield. The results indicated that the green leafy foliage of the tall elongating rice varieties could be harvested 40–50 days before flowering for feeding the cattle without impairing their productivity under semi‐deepwater ecosystem.
Vererbung des β‐Glucangehaltes der Haferkaryopse
Authors: Baur S. K. , Geisler G. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Inheritance process for β‐glucan content in oat caryopsis Due to the fact that there are only few studies concerning β‐glucans in oat caryopsis with regard to plant‐breeding aspects, three oat crosses were performed (cross 19 = low × high, cross 86 = low × low, cross 98 = high × high). In all of the three oat crosses, lower β‐glucan content (% DM) was recorded in F, than in F, indicating that the β‐glucan content (% DM) at a higher heterozygoty grade is lower than at a reduced heterozygoty grade. This points to a dominant inheritance of lower β‐glucan content (% DM). A tendency towards the female β‐glucan content (% DM) could not be proven. Thus, it can be started from a nuclear genetic inheritance of the β‐glucan content (% DM). In most cases, the experiments showed a normal distribution of β‐glucan content (% DM), indicating for several genes a quantitative inheritance of β‐glucan content (% DM). By means of the regression of the F3‐lines to the F2‐plants, the narrow‐sense heritability could be calculated for the cross 86 (h2= 0.51***) and the cross 98 (h2= 0.48***). The heritability for the cross 19 was not significant.
Effect of Defoliation on Growth and Physiological Developments in Tubers of Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.)
Authors: Marambe B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe starch metabolism and hydrolytic enzyme activities in growing tubers of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) in response to defoliation were examined to elucidate the regrowth physiology of the plant. Effects of complete or partial defoliation imposed at 2 or 4 weeks (single defoliation), or 2 and 4 weeks (repeated defoliation) after emergence (WAE) on plant growth were studied.Leaf area and leaf dry weight per plant in the control plots increased with time. In the mother tuber, dry weight and starch content were reduced by 16 % and 18 %, respectively, during the first 2 WAE, and then increased with time. Endoamylase (EC 3.2.1.1) activity of tubers (3.8 units g−1 dry tuber) increased by 42 % during the first 4 WAE, but decreased rapidly up to 8 WAE.Repeated defoliation significantly reduced the regrowth ability of nutsedge tubers when compared to single defoliation and the control. Repeated complete defoliation reduced the leaf area and leaf dry weight by 56 % and 69 %, respectively. The dry weights of mother tuber and total tubers 100 cm −2 were reduced by 41 % and 63 %, respectively, when compared to the control at 8 WAE. Endoamylase activity and starch content in the mother tuber in this treatment were reduced by 72 % and 56 %, respectively. Defoliation did not have any significant effect on the exoamylase activity.Endoamylase is the major starch hydrolysing enzyme in tubers and the activity of this enzyme could be a limiting factor in regrowth of nutsedge tubers. Repeated complete defoliation effectively suppressed the regrowth of purple nutsedge.