bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The psychosocial aspects of inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Drossman Douglas A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe role of psychosocial factors in the understanding of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been a major area of clinical interest and psychosomatic research. This paper explores the scientific basis for the following contentions: (1) psychosocial factors such as stressful life events are associated with symptom onset and exacerbation; (2) research in brain‐gut peptides and the new fields of psychoimmunology and psychoneuroendocrinology may establish the physiological basis for this clinical observation; (3) while there is no proof for the psychosomatic specificity hypothesis, certain psychodynamic observations, particularly conflicts relating to real or threatened loss and extreme dependency with parental figures, are frequently observed; (4) there is a higher prevalence of psychiatric disorders (particularly depression) among patients with Crohn's disease; (5) the psychosocial impact of these disorders may be considerable, yet patient adjustment and perceived quality of life is generally favourable.
Infertility as a marital crisis
Authors: Humphrey Michael 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFor many couples infertility is a major trauma, particularly when the fault occurs in the male. Donor insemination provides a simple means of relieving this stress but may conceal a morass of emotional complexity. Counselling of the couple is essential to ensure their own future and that of the children. The diagnosis of marital infertility can be shattering to a man's self‐esteem and indirectly to the woman also. A further problem may arise in deciding what to tell the child in later life. It is encouraging that help is available for those who may be involved in this neglected area of human distress.
Research programme on breakdown in human adaptation to stress
Authors: Steptoe Andrew 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe research programme on Breakdown in Human Adaptation, initiated by the Medical and Public Health Research Committee of the Commission of the European Communities, is described. The aims of the programme are to encourage transnational, multidisciplinary research on the problems of stress and human adaptation, with particular emphasis on cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal disease and performance decrement in transport operations. The organization of the programme is outlined and its progress to date is summarized.
A prospective study of the relationship between breast cancer and life events, type A behaviour, social support and coping skills
Authors: Cooper C. L. , Cooper R. F. Davies , Faragher E. B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo thousand one hundred and sixty‐three women completed an extensive set of psychosocial measures prior to a breast examination. These women were subsequently diagnosed as having cancer, a cyst, benign breast disease or normal breasts. It was found that the cancer group had experienced significantly more loss‐ or illness‐related events, perceived life events generally as more stressful, used fewer and poorer coping skills and were significantly lower on type A behaviour.
Psychotropic drugs and epilepsy
Authors: Mendez Mario F. , Cummings Jeffrey L. , Benson D. Frank 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPsychotropic drug use in epileptics requires special considerations, since many such drugs lower the seizure threshold. Stress associated with epilepsy often produces psychiatric problems, so that psychotropic drug therapy may be required. Side‐effects of the anticonvulsant drugs themselves must also be considered, as must psychotropic‐anticonvulsant interactions. Other seizure risk factors must be taken into account, but nevertheless psychotropic drug therapy should not be denied to the epileptic when it is specifically indicated. This paper outlines the precautions that need to be taken under such circumstances.
Exercise as a buffer against organizational stress
Authors: Pavett Cynthia M. , Butler Mark , Marcinik Edward J. , Hodgdon James A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis field study was designed to examine the impact of an organizationally sponsored exercise program on attitudes and self‐perceptions under shipboard conditions. Pre‐ and postsurvey data were collected from 245 Navy and Marine Corps men participating in either experimental circuit weight‐training (N= 111) or control (N=134) groups. Survey measures included: (1) attitudes towards the organization; (2) perceptions of performance, health, self‐esteem and stress; and (3) turnover intent.Results indicate that organizational commitment, satisfaction and internal work motivation declined significantly during the study period. Reported job stress decreased significantly during the study for the exercise group while increasing among control group members. No significant (p<0.05) time or group by time effects for indices of self‐perception were observed.Findings suggest that organizationally induced stress: (1) affects attitudes towards the organization in a negative direction; and (2) is attenuated somewhat by involvement in an exercise program.
Hormone changes in stress
Authors: Delahunt John W. , Mellsop Graham 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTypically stressors produce rises in catecholamines, ACTH, cortisol, growth hormone, prolactin and vasopressin. These are accompanied by falls in testosterone and thyroid hormones. Adrenaline is probably the immediate stress‐responsive hormone, increasing arousal, inducing metabolic changes and affecting haematological factors in preparation for the ‘fight or flight’ response. Cortisol seems to be the most useful hormone to monitor graded responses to a variety of stressors, its actions including anti‐inflammatory. counter‐regulatory fuel metabolism, salt and water handling and cardiovascular support. Differing physical stressors influence the hypothalamic glucocorticoid feedback‐responsive centres in differing ways. It seems likely that the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) may be a simple measure of stress response and not of depression. The future for research into mechanisms of stress responses would appear to be rather brighter than that for the DST in depression.
Immigrant stress
Authors: Creed Francis 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe literature concerning psychiatric illness among immigrants is reviewed. Most studies of severe psychiatric illness have been concerned with hospital admission rates and not measured social stressors. Limited knowledge of the different paths to admission means that such rates cannot provide a reliable comparison between rates of illness between immigrant and native populations. Predisposition to develop psychotic illness appears to be as important as the stress of migration.Community studies of social stressors among immigrants have generally not made accurate measures of psychiatric illness. They indicate that distress is related to certain aspects of the migration process, eg loss of role and drop in the social class; but other factors, such as marital or housing difficulties, are similar to those found in non‐migrant populations. A few life‐event studies have been able to differentiate stressors occurring at the time of migration and those which occur some years later. The latter indicated continuing difficulties in adapting to the new country but it is not clear how often this leads to definite Psychiatric illness.
Acute and chronic stress in cardiothoracic anaesthetists
Authors: Rick Terry , Acton Susan , Payne Roy 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA distinction is made between acute and chronic stress in the workplace. The distinction leads on to two types of question: (1) How does the one relate to the other? (2) Is it possible to distinguish between acute and chronic stress physiologically? Preliminary attempts to tackle the latter question are reported. The subjects were anaesthetists on a cardiothoracic unit and the physiological measures taken were urinary cortisol and salivary flowrate. Perceived stress and arousal were monitored using self‐report techniques. Among the results obtained were the following:

Self‐reported arousal was higher in the morning than the afternoon.
The level of arousal was associated with salivary flow, flow being weaker when arousal was higher and vice versa.
Self‐reports of stress were associated with higher than average urinary cortisol levels.
The mean level of urinary cortisol over 24 hours was significantly higher for the group than that found in the general population.
The psychosocial environment and the cellular immunity in the pregnant patient
Authors: Herrera J. A. , Alvarado J. P. , Martinez J. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSeventy‐two patients were studied with pregnancies of more than 32 weeks, 38 (52.7%) of whom developed either premature labour or pregnancy‐induced hypertension and who were admitted to the high‐risk pregnancy unit of the university hospital in Cali, Colombia.The remaining 34 (47.3%) patients had normal pregnancies and were recruited from smaller hospitals (Selva and Siloi.) in the same city of Cali.Each patient's clinical history included: 1. The level of stress and social support affecting the course of the patient's pregnancy. 2. The patient's lymphocyte activity measured by lymphocyte count on peripheral blood smear. 3. Late hypersensitivity to candidin, all patients having a previous history of candida infection with a positive KOH from a fresh smear. A higher level of stress was found in patients with an obstetric disorder (p < 0.005) in whom the relative risk to develop the disorder was 5.1 (95 per cent confidence limits 1.7‐15.6).When the patient had a high level of stress and the social support was inadequate, the relative risk increased to 10.2 (95 per cent confidence limits 1.3−79.0). Absolute lymphopenia was more frequent in those patients with an obstetric disorder (p < 0.02) and in 79% of these patients an associated negative candidin test was found.72.7% of the patients with a high level of stress and with inadequate social support showed depression of lymphocyte activity as shown by a negative candidin test combined with absolute lymphopenia in the peripheral blood smear lymphocyte count (< 1500 lymphocytes). Psychosocial stimuli, early environmental influences and genetic factors when interacting in a dynamic form, facilitated the depression of lymphocyte activity in those patients with a high level of stress plus inadequate social support. This may be related to the higher relative risk to develop an obstetric disorder shown by this group of patients. The above considerations may induce us to consider both a low socio‐economic status and adolescent pregnancy as risk factors in the obstetric patient. These factors are generators of stress when patients do not have adequate social support in their family or community environment.
Emotional cognizance & the type a behaviour pattern: Urinary catecholamine excretion and self‐reported frequency of emotional signs/symptoms
Authors: Ketterer Mark W. , Brenner George , Hammersly Gail , Rymas Kimberlee 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThirty‐eight, first year osteopathic medical students provided a morning and afternoon urine sample (analyzed for norepinephrine and dopamine) on a school day. Change from morning baseline served as a measure of naturally induced arousal (i.e., „stress”︁) to a routine school day. They were also asked to fill out questionnaires assessing mood state during the morning session and, during the afternoon session, Type A Behavior, the frequency of 61 signs/symptoms of emotional arousal since the morning session and control data. One hundred and twenty‐two Emotional Dyscognizance Indices (cross‐sample t‐scores for the two urinary amine measures minus t‐scores for the 61 emotional frequency scores) were calculated. Each was then correlated with the Type A measure and 21 (17.2%) proved positive and statistically significant (p < .05). None were negative and statistically significant. The probability of such a finding is less than .001. Current results are consistent with the hypothesis of a heightened sympathoadrenomedullary arousal threshold for experiencing a given intensity of negative emotion in the Type A person. Such emotional dyscognizance would cause problems for both diagnosis and treatment.
Stress and health dysfunctions: The importance of health education
Authors: Livingston Ivor Lensworth 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStress, especially of a chronic nature, poses problems for the health of people in contemporary societies. In consequence, there is an increasing need for emphasis on health education as a means of controlling and reducing stress in everyday life. To accomplish this, the importance of predisposing and mediating factors must be considered and a number of stress intervention programs are possible. Amongst these are various means to modify life style and knowledge of various social and environmental factors can contribute to this. As complete avoidance from stress is not possible, the public and particularly the high at‐risk segment of the population, should have the means to obtain education concerning stress and health dysfunctions.
Stress and the heart: The sleep factor
Authors: Partinen Markku 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSinus arrhythmia, sinus pauses and A‐V blocks may occur during REM sleep, during which an increase in the variability of blood pressure and heart rate occurs. Peak mortality for myocardial infarction (MI) occurs between 4.00 and 7.00 am and there is a circadian variation in myocardial ischaemia. The incidence of MI is higher in those sleeping more than nine hours as compared to those sleeping 7‐8 hours, while those sleeping less than six hours have more symptomatic coronary heart disease (CHD). Poor sleep quality also increases the risk of CHD and seems to be an indicator of mental and somatic disease. Other major factors are obesity and snoring, since habitual snoring increases the risk of hypertension and CHD. During obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) the pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures rise, straining the heart, and hypoxaemia increases vulnerability to fatal arrhythmias. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is another risk factor and part of the association between CHD and sleep disturbances could be explained even by modifications in lipoprotein catabolism.
Sources of stress and ways of coping in junior house officers
Authors: Firth‐Cozens Jenny , Morrison Leslie A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study uses a qualitative approach to look at stress and coping in a group of 173 pre‐registration doctors. Asking them to describe a recent stressful event and the way they coped with it revealed the largest group of events to concern death, followed by relationships with senior doctors, mistakes seen as personally caused, and overwork. The majority of coping strategies involved tackling the problem or asking for help. From longitudinal data on this sample a consistently stressed group was isolated and shown to report significantly more perceived mistakes than a consistently unstressed group, and to try to cope with the event significantly more by dismissing it from their minds. No sex differences were found. The implications for medical training and future impairment are discussed.
Men and women of the personnel profession: Some differences and similarities in their stress
Authors: Nelson Debra L. , Quick James Campbell , Hitt Michael A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMale (n = 248) and female (n = 195) personnel professionals responded to a stress at work survey. The results indicate that females report more stress from organizational politics than do males. However, females report no more stress than males concerning work/home conflicts or career progress. Females do report significantly higher levels of distress than do males, both psychologically and physiologically. And, males report significantly higher levels of exercise and sports activity than do females.
Patient burnout—Behaviour of young adults undergoing orthodontic treatment
Authors: Brezniak Naphtali , Ben‐Ya'Ir Shimon 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBurnout is a well‐documented phenonmenon in the literature of organizational behaviour and industrial psychology. Currently, it is being recognized in many other fields. As far as we know, the concept of burnout has not been applied in the context of the patient‐doctor relationship. Orthodontics is a specialty in dentistry in which long‐term patient cooperation is a major factor affecting treatment success. This article attempts to discuss some dominant burnout models taken from organizational behaviour and industrial psychology and apply them to orthodontic patient non‐cooperation. Stressor characteristics, the burnout process and the burnout psychological syndrome are described. Means of identifying potential burnout patients, and preventing this phenomenon are discussed. This model is proposed as applicable to other fields of medicine where long‐term patient‐therapist interaction is required.
Psychological reactions to thermography and mammography
Authors: Bartolucci Giovanna , Savron Gianni , Fava Giovanni A. , Grandi Silvana , Trombini Giancarlo , Orlandi Camillo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPsychological distress and illness attitudes were investigated in women undergoing thermography and mammography by means of two self‐rating scales: the Symptom Questionnaire (SQ) and the Illness Attitude Scales (IAS). After receiving normal results from thermography, a significant decrease in anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, hostility, worry about illness, concern about pain, and fear of dying took place. Women who, because of the thermography results, required mammography, displayed significantly less distress and fewer fears before mammography than before thermography.
Relationships between a critical life event and eating behaviour in high‐school students
Authors: Michaud Cl. , Kahn J. P. , Musse N. , Burlet C. , Nicolas J. P. , Mejean L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study describes the impact of a major school examination on eating behaviour in 225 high‐school students 15–19 years old where each student served as his own control. Food eaten was recorded on the day of an examination (D0) and on a control day (D7) identical to the former but without a stressful school event. Results revealed that the total energy intake (2225 ± 49 kcal vs 2074 ± 48 kcal; p ⩽ 0.01) and amount of fat in the diet (38.3 ± 0.5 per cent vs 36.8 ± 0.6 per cent; p ⩽ 0.05) were significantly increased on the day of the examination. Energy intake in girls was affected by the stressful event (+ 135 kcal; p ⩽ 0.05) while the level of fat in the diet was modified in boys (+ 1.9 per cent; p ⩽ 0.05) on day D0. The ninetieth and tenth percentiles for the energy variable showed that students who had low‐energy intake on the control day increased their intake on the day of the examination while students whose energy input was high on the control day decreased consumption on the day of the examination. These results suggest that a major stressful event in school may induce significant changes in eating habits in high‐school students.
Measuring life events: The problem of variability within event categories
Authors: Dohrenwend Bruce P. , Link Bruce G. , Kern Rochelle , Shrout Patrick E. , Markowitz Jeffrey 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOne approach to measuring the magnitude and other characteristics of stressful life events has been to obtain subjective ratings of the events from the individuals whose stress experiences are being studied. Unfortunately, while useful for a number of purposes, subjective ratings are not independent of the personal dispositions of the individuals. This problem is especially severe in case/control studied of mental health outcomes, where it is highly likely to confound the measurement of supposed cause and effect. Two other approaches have been developed. One is Holmes and Rahe's use of rating by judges of lists of various categories of events. The other is George Brown's use of ratings by research team members of detailed material on the nature and circumstances of each event to determine its ‘contextual threat’. While the Brown approach, like the subjective rating approach, deals with the problem of intracategory variability in the Holmes and Rahe and other list methods, it has problems of its own. In this article, we examine the nature of these problems and recommend another approach to reducing intraevent category variability. Our recommendations are based on the results of an interview study of a general population sample consisting of 429 adults.
Epidemiological problem analysis: A new approach to the measurement of stress
Authors: Fisher Shirley , Elder Leona 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article is concerned with the development of a new approach to the measurement of stress. The realization that the experience of stressful life events might be related to ill‐health led to the development of the life‐events scale by Holmes and Rahe.1 However, the failure to take note of contextual factors restricts the predictive power of the scale. Although Brown2 developed a technique for assessing contextual and personal factors, no objective way of incorporating these as weightings into a life‐event scale has evolved and the personal factors are themselves complex and difficult to define. A solution is to regard self‐reported stressful problems as fundamental indicators of the existence of particular stress experiences. Epidemiological problem analysis involves such an approach and is so called because a single life event is analysed in terms of the microstructure of component personal problems, thus providing the epidemiology of a particular life stress.
Conceptualizing and measuring life stress: Problems, principles, procedures, progress
Authors: Monroe Scott M. , Roberts John E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLife stress has long been a popular explanation for physical and mental disorders. Despite the intuitive appeal of the premise that adverse circumstances predispose to disease, stress research has been hindered by problems in defining and measuring the construct. In the present article these shortcomings are outlined and examples are provided to illustrate many of the basic principles involved. It is suggested that the complexity of human lives and the multifaceted nature of life stress pose ambitious demands in the assessment of life stress. Advantages and disadvantages of currently available procedures are discussed. Finally, recent advances in theory and practice based upon these procedures are outlined. Through such approaches, the assessment of life stress may more closely approximate the complexity inherent in the ongoing lives of people, without sacrificing the rigor required for a scientific understanding of the concept and its consequences.
Major and daily stress and psychopathology: On the adequacy of the definitions and methods
Authors: Wagner Barry M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA number of the most frequently used measures of major and daily stress are critically examined in an effort to untangle some of the knotty questions facing the field of stress research: (a) how adequate are the prevailing definitions of stress; (b) how well do the measures operationalize these definitions; (c) which definitions and methods are most appropriate for use in studies seeking to document and explain the relations of stress with dysfunction? Suggestions are offered for measurement directions leading to a more fully‐developed process model of stress.