bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infants of mothers with depressive symptoms: Electroencephalographic and behavioral findings related to attachment status
Authors: Dawson Geraldine , Klinger Laura Grofer , Panagiotides Heracles , Spieker Susan , Frey Karin 
Published: October 2008

AbstractEvidence suggests that the left frontal region is specialized for the expression of positive emotions, such as joy, whereas the right frontal region is specialized for certain negative emotions, such as distress. We previously reported that infants of mothers with depressive symptoms exhibited atypical patterns of frontal electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. We now extend these findings by examining the combined influence of maternal depression and attachment security on the infant's behavior and brain activity. Participants were 26 infants, 11–17 months of age, and their mothers. Twelve mothers reported elevated levels of depressive symptoms. Attachment behavior was observed in the traditional Strange Situation. While left and right, frontal and parietal EEG was recorded, infants were exposed to a baseline and three emotion-eliciting conditions (play with mother, stranger approach, maternal separation). During baseline and the condition designed to elicit positive emotion (play with mother), securely attached infants of symptomatic mothers exhibited reduced left frontal brain activity, compared to securely attached infants of nonsymptomatic mothers. During maternal separation, the most robust finding was that infants of symptomatic mothers, regardless of their attachment classification, exhibited reduced right frontal activity and lower levels of behavioral distress. The results suggest that both the mother's emotional well-being and her attachment relationship with her infant can influence infant frontal brain activity and affective behavior.
Child maltreatment and vulnerability to depression
Authors: Toth Sheree L. , Manly Jody Todd , Cicchetti Dante 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis investigation explored differences in depressive symptomatology among low-socioeconomic status children aged 7–12 years from abusive (N = 46), neglectful (N = 35), and nonmaltreating (N = 72) homes. Measures of aggression and self-esteem also were included. Children from abusive homes evidenced significantly more depressive symptomatology than children from either neglectful or nonmaltreating families. Additionally, children from physically abusive homes exhibited lower self-esteem than did nonmaltreated children. While significant differences among groups on aggression did not emerge, all groups evidenced higher levels of acting out behaviors than would be expected in a nonclinic group of children. Results were discussed in terms of the effects of physical abuse on depression and the importance of intervening to prevent the deleterious effects of abuse. Additionally, the impact of neglect and poverty status on the presence of aggression was discussed.
Cognitive, life stress, and interpersonal approaches to a developmental psychopathology model of depression
Authors: Hammen Constance 
Published: October 2008

AbstractOne pathway to depression in children and adults is hypothesized to result from complex transactions among cognitive, stress, and interpersonal variables. Cognitive vulnerability includes not only appraisals of events and circumstances that emphasize personal unworthiness and incompetence, but also underlying beliefs and “working models” of the self and others. Such cognitions arise in part in the context of maladaptive attachment relations with the parents and may be reinforced by interpersonal incompetencies and difficulties in peer, family, and social relationships. Stressful conditions in early life and throughout development may undermine or erode the development of effective coping competencies. Moreover, maladaptive cognitions about the self and others, and ineffective coping competencies, may contribute to the occurrence of stressful events and circumstances —and these in turn may trigger depressive reactions. For many depressed people with chronic or recurrent depression, therefore, developmental processes play critical roles in the origin and continuation of the disorder.
Research on children of affectively ill parents: Some considerations for theory and research on normal development
Authors: Radke-Yarrow Marian , Zahn-Waxler Carolyn 
Published: October 2008

AbstractResearch in developmental psychopathology is used to examine and propose questions, concepts, and methods in the investigation of child development in the contexts of dysfunctional and well families. The adequacy of the data base for investigating the course of development, representing the socialization process, and identifying individualities and universals in development is discussed. A number of research issues that have been studied primarily in developmental psychopathology are recommended as relevant to normal child development. Multidomain and multisource longitudinal data are proposed as the means for better delineating development and for testing alternative models of developmental processes. Examples of data and experience are drawn from longitudinal studies of affectively ill parents and their children. Differences in the perspectives and approaches of normal child development research and developmental child psychopathology are discussed. The usefulness of thinking of two disciplines, normal child development and child development psychopathology, is questioned.
Once more with feeling: Affect and language in atypical populations
Authors: Reilly Judy , Klima Edward S. , Bellugi Ursula 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe study of clearly identifiable patterns of atypical development can inform normal development in significant ways. Delayed or deviant development puts in high relief not only the sequence of development but also the individual components. This article presents the results of studies that compare adolescents with Williams syndrome, a rare metabolic neurodevelopmental disorder resulting in mental retardation, with cognitively matched adolescents with Down syndrome. We investigate the interaction between affect and language through storytelling. In contrast to the adolescents with Down syndrome, the Williams syndrome subjects tell coherent and complex narratives that make extensive use of affective prosody. Furthermore, stories from the Williams but not the Down subjects are infused with lexically encoded narrative evaluative devices that enrich the referential content of the stories. This contrast in expressivity between two matched atypical groups provides an unusual perspective on the underlying structure of the social cognitive domain.
Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity
Authors: Masten Ann S. , Best Karin M. , Garmezy Norman 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article reviews the research on resilience in order to delineate its significance and potential for understanding normal development. Resilience refers to the process of, capacity for, or outcome of successful adaptation despite challenging or threatening circumstances. Three resilience phenomena are reviewed: (a) good outcomes in high-risk children, (b) sustained competence in children under stress, and (c) recovery from trauma. It is concluded that human psychological development is highly buffered and that long-lasting consequences of adversity usually are associated with either organic damage or severe interference in the normative protective processes embedded in the caregiving system. Children who experience chronic adversity fare better or recover more successfully when they have a positive relationship with a competent adult, they are good learners and problem-solvers, they are engaging to other people, and they have areas of competence and perceived efficacy valued by self or society. Future studies of resilience will need to focus on processes that facilitate adaptation. Such studies have the potential to illuminate the range and self-righting properties of, constraints on, and linkages among different aspects of cognitive, emotional, and social development.
Another look at imitation in autism
Authors: Charman Tony , Baron-Cohen Simon 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSeveral authors have recently suggested that imitation may be a developmental “precursor” of a theory of mind and have linked impaired imitation in children with autism to their failure to develop a theory of mind. The present study investigated early-emerging procedural and gestural imitation abilities in children with autism. Children with autism were found to have intact basic-level gestural and procedural imitation. We discuss these results in terms of their relation to a specific developmental delay hypothesis of autism and re-assess the status of imitation as a developmental precursor of a theory of mind.
‘Rustic and Rude’: Hiring Fairs and their Critics in East Yorkshire c. 1850–75
Authors: Moses Gary 
Published: October 2008

In 1850, The Yorkshireman, a radical newspaper, offered the following analysis of York's annual Martinmas Hiring Fair:Martinmas Fair … is an evil which increases crime, causes the profligate waste of money, adds greatly to the already large number of inmates within the walls of our House of Correction, and so increases the City expenses by their maintenance and the necessary increase of the police force to preserve the public from robbery, without conferring a benefit on the public in any way.
Nostalgia, Gender, and the Countryside: Placing the ‘Land Girl’ in First World War Britain
Authors: Grayzel Susan R. 
Published: October 2008

In December 1917, an article in the Daily Chronicle, entitled ‘The New Land Lady’, stated that:One of the good things which may issue from this war is a revival of the old English countryside.The happy village may be born again.If this reformation should come, it will be the work of the women.The nostalgia evident in this call for women's wartime ‘return’ to the land to restore a lost, pastoral idyll during an event more usually associated with modernity raises several questions. What meanings can be attached to the ways in which women agricultural workers were seen as the key to a ‘rural revival’ and thus as crucial to a revitalized nation during the First World War? And what are we to make of the seemingly contradictory appeal to women radically to leave their presumably urban and suburban homes and conservatively to restore the countryside?As Raymond Williams pointed out, this emblematic English countryside has always been placed in a more ideal past, and the desires to return to or to preserve the allegedly unchanging patterns of land and the lives attached to it are integral to the problem of modernization itself. More recently, Alun Howkins has argued that the ideology and ‘ideal’ of England and Englishness have remained essentially ‘rural,’ and that in 1914 this was the vision of Englishness that ‘went into battle'. However, one might certainly be forgiven for assuming that the creation of the Women's Land Army and the resulting appearance of urban women in trousers, breeches and puttees in villages throughout Britain would herald something more like a ‘transformation’ than a ‘revival’.
Landscape Preservation, ‘advertising disfigurement’, and English National Identity c. 1890–1914
Authors: Readman Paul 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn the late Victorian and Edwardian periods, anxieties developed about the impact of advertisements on the English landscape. Large posters and hoardings in rural areas were increasingly seen as having a damaging effect on the scenic beauties of the country, and a campaign to have their use restricted was started up in the 1890s. This article focuses on that campaign, and on the activities and ideology of the organisation (the National Society for Checking the Abuses of Public Advertising — SCAPA) which spearheaded it. In doing so, it seeks to engage with the wider historiographical debate about the nature of ‘Englishness’ in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Through an examination of the agenda of SCAPA and other preservationist bodies (such as the National Trust), it suggests that it is misleading to conclude that English culture in this period was pervaded by backward-looking ‘rural-nostalgic’ obsessions. However, it also emphasises that English national identity was nonetheless to an important extent related to ideas about land and landscape. It does not do to write off phenomena like opposition to the ‘disfigurement’ of picturesque English scenery as insignificant, the concern only of a very marginal section of elite culture.
Imagining the Fishing: Artists and Fishermen in Late Nineteenth Century Cornwall
Authors: Deacon Bernard 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe focus of postmodernist historians on language and representation clashes with the more traditional approach of the social historian to material structures and processes. This article adopts the suggestion of Wahrman that a ‘space of possibilities’ exists where these apparently competing perspectives might be connected. The concept of a ‘space of possibilities’ is pursued through a case study of a marginal group, the fishing communities of west Cornwall in the late nineteenth century. The article explores points of contact and contrast between the artistic and the fishing communities, between the painterly gaze and the subjects of that gaze. It is proposed that, while the artistic colonies and their representations might be explained as a result of discourses reproduced in the centre, their specific choice of location in Cornwall can also be related to the local economic and social history that granted them a space of possibilities.
Ghazali's Chapter on Divine Power in the Iqtiṣād
Authors: Marmura Michael E. 
Published: October 2008

The theological foundations of Ghazali's causal theory are fully expressed in the chapter on the attribute of divine power in his al-Iqtiṣād fi al-I'tiqād (Moderation in Belief). The basic doctrine which he proclaims and argues for is that divine power, an attribute additional to the divine essence, is one and pervasive. It does not consist of a multiplicity of powers that produce a multiplicity of effects, but is a unitary direct cause of each and every created existent. In a defense of the doctrine of kasb (acquisition), Ghazali argues (a) that power in all animate creatures is created directly (i.e. without intermediaries) by God and (b) that there is created with it the object of power, normally, but erroneously regarded as its effect: the object of power is in fact directly created by God. It exists with the created power, but not by it. In his critique of the Mu'tazilite theory of the generated act he again denies that created power has any causal efficacy and denies that inanimate things have any causal efficacy. What one normally regards as the effects of inanimate causes are in reality their concomitants, directly caused by divine power.The discussion of kasb, the longest in the chapter, includes Ghazali's spirited defense of it against possible objections. The defense, however, as will be shown, is not immune against criticism. At the same time, the discussion of kasb, central as it is, has to be understood in the context of the chapter as a whole, whose intricate arguments remain integrated and unified. Hence a brief exposition of the chapter's arguments will first be given, followed by a critical comment on some aspects of Ghazali's defense of kasb. This is then followed by an annotated translation of the entire chapter, a chapter so very basic for the study of Ghazali's position on causality.
Predictors of Body Size Stigmatization in Hispanic Preschool Children
Authors: Rich Shannon S. , Essery Eve V. , Sanborn Charlotte F. , DiMarco Nancy M. , Morales Lauren K. , LeClere Sonia M. 
Published: October 2008

Objective: The purpose of the current study was to verify the occurrence of body size stigmatization in Hispanic preschoolers who are “at risk” for obesity and to examine potential predictors of body size stigmatization.Methods and Procedures: At a local preschool, 70 lower‐socioeconomic, Hispanic caregivers and their preschoolers participated. Preschoolers completed an attribution task including positive and negative adjectives to assess body size stigmatization. Child's perceived size and caregiver's body dissatisfaction were assessed using a line drawing ranging in size from very underweight figures to very overweight figures. Adult and child body indices were then assessed.Results: Body size stigmatization in child participants was observed. Stepwise multiple regressions revealed that child BMI was the only significant predictor of the number of positive adjectives the child assigned to the overweight picture. As child BMI increased, the number of positive adjectives assigned to the overweight picture decreased. Two predictors, caregiver body dissatisfaction with self and caregiver BMI, significantly predicted the number of negative traits the child assigned to the overweight figure. Caregivers with higher BMIs and increased body dissatisfaction were most likely to have children who showed negative body size stigmatization.Discussion: Increasing rates of obesity have not led to greater acceptance of the obese and even children who are at greater risk for obesity show body size stigmatization at early ages. Caregivers are influential in the development of body size stigmatization in children and must be considered in the development of programs aimed at reducing stigmatization and obesity.
The Impact of Weight‐related Victimization on Peer Relationships: The Female Adolescent Perspective
Authors: Griffiths Lucy J. , Page Angie S. 
Published: October 2008

Objective: Obesity is associated with undesirable psychological and social consequences. This qualitative study examined the relationship between obesity and victimization, and the impact this has on peer relationships.Methods and Procedures: Five obese female adolescents participated in multiple, semi‐structured, in‐depth interviews. Interview transcriptions were analyzed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA).Results: Weight‐related victimization experiences were common and their impact on peer relationships was complex. Low self‐confidence, isolation, and peer anxiety were all identified as resulting from victimization and were all barriers to developing peer relationships. Participants sought protection from victimization by seeking the “ideal” nonjudgmental empathetic best friend(s) and supportive family members to shield them from negative experiences. However there was also evidence that, while they were guarded with their own feelings, the experience of victimization increased empathy in these obese female adolescents.Discussion: Social and psychological consequences of obesity in female adolescents are widespread, suggesting the importance of listening to those affected. Peer relationships have the opportunity to both amplify and reduce the psychological impact of living with obesity and victimization. Greater understanding of the social networks of obese adolescents and their impact on well‐being is needed, as well as methods to reduce negative experiences through childhood obesity treatment and school‐based prevention programs.
Fighting Fat: How Do Fat Stereotypes Influence Beliefs About Physical Education?
Authors: Greenleaf Christy , Martin Scott B. , Rhea Debbie 
Published: October 2008

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine college students’ beliefs about youth obesity, the roles of schools and physical education in addressing obesity, and the training they receive to work with overweight youth.Methods and Procedure: Physical education–related (n = 212) and nonphysical education–related (n = 218) majors completed a demographic questionnaire, a Modified Fat Stereotypes Questionnaire (M‐FSQ), and a Perceptions of Physical Education Questionnaire. On the basis of M‐FSQ scores, participants were identified as endorsing stereotypes (n = 360) or not endorsing stereotypes (n = 70).Results: The importance of youth being normal weight was rated most highly among participants in physical education–related majors and among those who endorsed fat stereotypes. Participants who endorsed fat stereotypes, compared to those who did not, were more likely to believe that all school professionals should be involved in treating childhood obesity. Participants who endorsed fat stereotypes, compared to those who did not, more strongly agreed that physical educators should be role models by maintaining normal weight and educating parents on childhood obesity, and PE classes should focus on lifelong fitness. No group differences in perceived competencies to develop exercise, weight loss, nutritional, and educational programs for overweight youth were found.Discussion: Future research is needed to determine the extent to which these types of differences result from educational curricula that link weight and health and, possibly, reinforce negative stereotypes of overweight children. Methods for effectively intervening in educational training environments to reduce fat stereotypes among preprofessionals need to be investigated.
Teasing, Disordered Eating Behaviors, and Psychological Morbidities Among Overweight Adolescents
Authors: Libbey Heather P. , Story Mary T. , Neumark‐Sztainer Dianne R. , Boutelle Kerri N. 
Published: October 2008

Objective: To assess whether weight‐related teasing is associated with weight control behaviors, disordered eating thoughts and behaviors, and psychological comorbidities in overweight adolescents.Methods and Procedures: A sample of 46 male and 84 female adolescents completed a survey assessing teasing frequency, sources of teasing (peers and family), weight control behaviors, disordered eating thoughts and behaviors, depression, anxiety, anger, and self‐esteem.Results: Frequent teasing by both family and peers was associated with greater disordered eating thoughts and behaviors, depression, anxiety, anger, and decreased self‐esteem. The more that adolescents were bothered by peer and family teasing, the more often they reported a greater value on thinness, higher levels of anxiety, lower self‐esteem, and their self‐assessment was influenced by their weight and shape. Higher levels of teasing frequency and being bothered by teasing were related to greater odds of adolescents endorsing severe levels of binge eating behaviors and depressive symptomolgy.Discussion: Overweight adolescents teased about their weight are at risk for disordered eating thoughts and behaviors and psychological morbidities. Health‐care providers should involve parents and youth in discussing teasing concerns. Furthermore, parents, schools, and communities should consider enacting policies to decrease or prohibit teasing. Future research is needed to further explore relationships between teasing and psychological functioning.