bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of various hand hygiene regimes on removal and/or destruction ofEscherichia colion hands
Authors: Courtenay Monique , Ramirez Lina , Cox Beth , Han Inyee , Jiang Xiuping , Dawson Paul 
Published: December 2005

AbstractVarious hand hygiene techniques have been recommended by sanitarians. In the USA, the National Restaurant Association (NRA) ServSafe®program guidelines include a recommended hand washing regime. The ServSafe regime was compared to rinsing with warm and cool water and no washing/rinsing for bare hands and gloves after exposure to ground beef (approximately 106 cells/g) or liquid solution (approximately 106 cells/mL) contaminated with an ampicillin‐resistantEscherichia coliJM 109 strain.The efficacy of alcohol‐based hand sanitizers to replace hand washing was also evaluated. ServSafe, warm water rinse and cool water rinse reducedE. colicells on hands by 98.0, 64.4 and 42.8% log10 cfu/mL, resulting in <1, 1.4, and 2,1 log10 cfu/mLE. colion hands, respectively, from 3.6 log10 cfu/mL on unwashed hands. When vinyl food service gloves were worn during the hand washing treatments, gloves retained more bacteria than when only hands were rinsed or washed. From 2.9 to 3.4 log10 cfu/mL remained on hands when ethanol‐based sanitizers were used instead of hand washing. Of all hand washing treatments tested in these experiments, the US NRA recommended method was most effective (P < 0.05) in removingE. colifrom hands and the levels remaining after this method were below the threshold of detection (<10 cfu/hand).
Proposed mechanisms of action for retinoid derivatives in the treatment of skin aging
Authors: Sorg Olivier , Kuenzli Stéphane , Kaya Gürkan , Saurat Jean‐Hilaire 
Published: December 2005

SummarySkin aging (intrinsic aging) and photoaging (extrinsic aging) involve a similar process that leads to the typical creased appearance of the skin, with the progressive loss of its physical and biologic properties. Photoaging is a premature skin aging caused by long‐term exposure to the ultraviolet B radiations of the sun, and is more frequently associated to skin cancer than intrinsic aging. Retinoids are natural and synthetic vitamin A derivatives. They are lipophilic molecules and penetrate the epidermis easily. Their biologically active forms can modulate gene expression by binding to nuclear receptors and then to specific DNA sequences. Because of their ability to modulate genes involved in cellular differentiation and proliferation, they appear as good candidates to treat and prevent photoaging. Hyaluronate and collagen, two major constituents of the dermis, are progressively decreased and altered during aging. Various retinoids were shown to increase their synthesis and concentration in the skin and reduce their rate of degradation. Furthermore, retinoids share a common chemical structure containing several conjugated double bonds that enable them to trap free radicals and absorb UV radiations from the sun, thereby protecting cellular targets such as DNA, lipid membranes, or proteins by preventing direct photochemical damage or UV‐induced oxidative stress. Therefore, retinoids may be beneficial in treating skin aging and photoaging because of their biologic, chemical, and physical properties, which act at several levels.
Silk sericin as a moisturizer: an in vivo study
Authors: Padamwar Mahesh N , Pawar Atmaram P , Daithankar Aarti V , Mahadik K R 
Published: December 2005

SummaryBackground  Excessive transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is the one of the causes of dry skin, and skin moisturizers have been used to overcome it.Aim  The purpose of this research was to study the moisturizing effect of sericin, a silk protein. Because silk sericin has resemblance with the natural moisturizing factor (NMF), it has been studied for its application in skin cosmetics.Methods  Sericin gels were prepared using sericin solution and with pluronic and carbopol as stabilizers. The gels were applied on the skin of healthy human volunteers and its moisturizing efficiency was evaluated by measuring the skin hydroxyproline content, impedance, TEWL, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results.Results  Decrease in skin impedance, increase in hydroxyproline level, and hydration of epidermal cells revealed the moisturizing effect of sericin, whereas decrease in the value of TEWL may be attributed to occlusive effect, which prevents water loss from the upper layer of the skin. Skin surface topography revealed the smoothness of the upper layer of the skin as a result of moisturization.Conclusion  Increase in the intrinsic moisturization of skin by sericin may be attributed to restoration of the amino acids and its occlusive effect. Thus, it would become a promising and important moisturizing ingredient in moisturizing formulations.
A retrospective study of the efficacy of intense pulsed light for the treatment of dermatologic disorders presenting to a cosmetic skin clinic
Authors: Myers Paul , Bowler Patrick , Hills Samantha 
Published: December 2005

SummaryBackground  One hundred seven patients presenting to a cosmetic skin clinic were treated with intense pulsed light (IPL) over a 12‐month period. The main categories of patients offered treatment were those with vascular problems such as rosacea, facial telangiectasia, and spider nevi; pigmentation disorders such as solar damage, lentigines, and hyperpigmentation; and assorted problems such as scarring and poikiloderma.Methods  Each patient who entered into the study had the full medical history taken and a dermatologic assessment. Polaroid photographs were taken and the images used for comparison before and after treatment. Outcomes were assessed by physicians’ global assessment and a patients’ postal questionnaire. Patients were treated with a Lumina IPL (Lynton Lasers Ltd) using a multiple pulsing facility with variable interpulse spacing, incorporating a 585‐nm head. Fluence levels varied between 10 and 40 J/cm2, although the average fluence over all patients was 25 J/cm2. The delay was set between 10 and 30 ms and two to four pulses were used.Results  Excellent results were seen in 80% of patients treated. There was a high patient satisfaction rate and low prevalence of side effects.Conclusions  IPL has been shown to provide a safe and effective noninvasive treatment for a wide range of dermatologic disorders and is suitable for wider use in primary care.
Evidence for three distinct classes of ‘typical’, ‘psychotic’ and ‘dual’ mania: results from the EMBLEM study
Authors: Haro J. M. , van Os J. , Vieta E. , Reed C. , Lorenzo M. , Goetz I. ,   the EMBLEM Advisory Board
Published: December 2005

Objective:  To describe patients included in the European Mania in Bipolar Longitudinal Evaluation of Medication (EMBLEM) study and to assess and clinically validate the presence of clinical subtypes of patients with acute mania.Method:  The EMBLEM study is a 2‐year prospective, observational study on the treatment and outcome of patients who are treated for a manic or mixed episode. Latent Class Analysis was used to define discrete groups of patients at baseline.Results:  Three groups were identified: ‘typical mania’ (59% of patients); ‘psychotic mania’ (27%) with more severe mania and presence of psychotic symptoms; and ‘dual mania’ (13%) with a high proportion of substance abuse. Patient groups differed in age of onset, social functioning and service needs.Conclusion:  Dual mania represents a distinct and not infrequent subgroup of patients with mania. The exclusion of patients with comorbid substance problems from clinical trials creates a gap in our knowledge on treatment effectiveness.
Prospective investigations of the prodromal state of schizophrenia: review of studies
Authors: Olsen K. A. , Rosenbaum B. 
Published: December 2005

Objective:  The paper presents a comprehensive overview of prospective studies monitoring or intervening in the pre‐onset phase of first episode psychosis.Method:  A systematic literature search was conducted and supplemented by a manual search. All relevant studies were ordered and intensively reviewed according to specified criteria. Methodological and conceptual issues are discussed.Results:  Reports of 23 prospective studies were found, some describing subsamples of larger samples. Major methodological and conceptual divergences exist.Conclusion:  Applied criteria detect individuals with a significantly increased risk of psychosis within the schizophrenia spectrum, but these criteria are only validated on clinical populations. The significance of differences in sample‐characteristics is unclear. Most study samples are small. Results are preliminary and in need of further research before they constitute a realistic knowledge base. Methodological and conceptual issues should not be underestimated.
Pure‐Phase Transport and Dissolution of TCE in Sedimentary Rock Saprolite
Authors: Lenczewski M. , McKay L. , Pitner A. , Driese S. , Vulava V. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe objective of this study was to experimentally determine the influence of pore structure on the transport and dissolution of trichloroethylene (TCE) in clay‐rich saprolite. In order to simulate a “spill,” pure‐phase TCE containing a water‐insoluble fluorescent dye was injected into two heterogeneous 24‐cm‐diameter by 37‐cm‐long undisturbed columns of water‐saturated saprolite. TCE entry occurred at capillary pressures of 2.7 and 4.0 kPa. Ten or 28 d after injection, the column was sliced horizontally into three sections and visually examined. The distribution of fluorescent dye indicated that pure‐phase TCE migrated mainly through fractures in the shale saprolite and through fine root holes or other macropores in the limestone saprolite residuum. Analysis of saprolite subsamples indicated that TCE was present throughout much of the saprolite column but usually at concentrations less than the solubility of TCE. This spreading was caused by diffusion, which also contributed to the rapid dissolution of TCE in the fractures and macropores. Modeling was carried out using previously published dissolution and diffusion equations. The calculations confirm that rapid disappearance of immiscible TCE can occur in this type of material because of the small size of fracture or macropore openings and the high porosity of the fine‐grained material. This study indicates that industrial solvents can readily enter fractures and macropores in otherwise very fine‐grained subsoils and then rapidly dissolve and diffuse into the fine‐pore structure, fromc which they may be very difficult to remove.
The species‐area relationship in the hoverfly (Diptera, Syrphidae) communities of forest fragments in southern France
Authors: Ouin Annie , Sarthou Jean‐Pierre , Bouyjou Bernard , Deconchat Marc , Lacombe Jean‐Paul , Monteil Claude 
Published: December 2005

The effect of forest fragmentation was studied in hoverfly communities of 54 isolated forests (0.14–171 ha) in south west France. The positive relationship between species richness and wood patch area was investigated by testing the three hypotheses usually put forward to explain it: 1) the sampling effect hypothesis, 2) the patch heterogeneity hypothesis, 3) the hypothesis of equilibrium between distance from other patch (colonisation) and surface area of the patch (extinction). The syrphid species were divided into 3 ecological groups, based on larval biology as summarized in the “Syrph the Net” database: non forest species, facultative forest species and forest species. A total of 3317 adults belonging to 100 species, were captured in the 86 Malaise traps. Eight species were non forest (N=16), 65 facultative forest (N=2803) and 27 forest species (N=498).Comparison of the slopes of the species‐area curves for species richness and species density per forest patch showed a strong sampling effect in the species‐area relationship. Wood patch heterogeneity increased with wood patch area and positively influenced hoverflies richness. Less isolated wood patches presented high richness of forest species and low richness of non forest species. Only forest species richness seemed to respond to the equilibrium between surface area and isolation. Depending on which hypothesis explained best the species‐area relationship, management recommendations to mitigate fragmentation effects were formulated at various spatial scales and for different stakeholders.
Performance of Media for Recovering Stressed Cells of
Enterobacter sakazakii
as Determined Using Spiral Plating and Ecometric Techniques
Authors: Gurtler J. B. , Beuchat L. R. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACT

A study was done to determine the performance of differential, selective media for supporting resuscitation and colony development by stressed cells of
Enterobacter sakazakii
. Cells of four strains of
E. sakazakii
isolated from powdered infant formula were exposed to five stress conditions: heat (55°C for 5 min), freezing (−20°C for 24 h, thawed, frozen again at −20°C for 2 h, thawed), acidic pH (3.54), alkaline pH (11.25), and desiccation in powdered infant formula (water activity, 0.25; 21°C for 31 days). Control and stressed cells were spiral plated on tryptic soy agar supplemented with 0.1% pyruvate (TSAP, a nonselective control medium); Leuschner, Baird, Donald, and Cox (LBDC) agar (a differential, nonselective medium); Oh and Kang agar (OK); fecal coliform agar (FCA); Druggan-Forsythe-Iversen (DFI) medium; violet red bile glucose (VRBG) agar; and
Enterobacteriaceae
enrichment (EE) agar. With the exception of desiccation-stressed cells, suspensions of stressed cells were also plated on these media and on R&F
Enterobacter sakazakii
chromogenic plating (RF) medium using the ecometric technique. The order of performance of media for recovering control and heat-, freeze-, acid-, and alkaline-stressed cells by spiral plating was TSAP > LBDC > FCA > OK, VRBG > DFI > EE; the general order for recovering desiccated cells was TSAP, LBDC, FCA, OK > DFI, VRBG, EE. Using the ecometric technique, the general order of growth indices of stressed cells was TSAP, LBDC > FCA > RF, VRBG, OK > DFI, EE. The results indicate that differential, selective media vary greatly in their abilities to support resuscitation and colony formation by stressed cells of
E. sakazakii
. The orders of performance of media for recovering stressed cells were similar using spiral plating and ecometric techniques, but results from spiral plating should be considered more conclusive.
Genomic Comparison of Plant Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic
Serratia marcescens
Strains by Suppressive Subtractive Hybridization
Authors: Zhang Q. , Melcher U. , Zhou L. , Najar F. Z. , Roe B. A. , Fletcher J. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACT

Cucurbit yellow vine disease (CYVD) is caused by disease-associated
Serratia marcescens
strains that have phenotypes significantly different from those of nonphytopathogenic strains. To identify the genetic differences responsible for pathogenicity-related phenotypes, we used a suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) strategy.
S. marcescens
strain Z01-A, isolated from CYVD-affected zucchini, was used as the tester, whereas rice endophytic
S. marcescens
strain R02-A (IRBG 502) was used as the driver. SSH revealed 48 sequences, ranging from 200 to 700 bp, that were present in Z01-A but absent in R02-A. Sequence analysis showed that a large proportion of these sequences resembled genes involved in synthesis of surface structures. By construction of a fosmid library, followed by colony hybridization, selection, and DNA sequencing, a phage gene cluster and a genome island containing a fimbrial-gene cluster were identified. Arrayed dot hybridization showed that the conservation of subtracted sequences among CYVD pathogenic and nonpathogenic
S. marcescens
strains varied. Thirty-four sequences were present only in pathogenic strains. Primers were designed based on one Z01-A-specific sequence, A79, and used in a multiplex PCR to discriminate between
S. marcescens
strains causing CYVD and those from other ecological niches.
Genetic Similarity of Flag Shoot and Ascospore Subpopulations of
Erysiphe necator
in Italy
Authors: Cortesi Paolo , Mazzoleni Anna , Pizzatti Cristina , Milgroom Michael G. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACT

The overwintering mode of the grape powdery mildew fungus,
Erysiphe necator
(syn.
Uncinula necator
), as mycelium in dormant buds (resulting in symptoms known as flag shoots) or as ascospores in cleistothecia, affects the temporal dynamics of epidemics early in the growing season. We tested whether distinct genetic groups (I and III) identified previously in
E. necator
correlate to overwintering modes in two vineyards in Tuscany, Italy, to determine whether diagnostic genetic markers could be used to predict overwintering. Samples from one vineyard were collected from flag shoots; the other vineyard, 60 km away, had no flag shoots, and mildew colonies were assumed to be derived from ascospores. Genetic markers putatively diagnostic for groups I and III showed that both types were common in the flag shoot subpopulation. Both genetic types were found in the ascospore population, although group III was dominant. We did not find strong genetic differentiation between the two subpopulations based on inter-simple sequence repeat markers. Although there was significant (
P
< 0.001) genetic differentiation between these subpopulations in 1997 and when 1997 and 1998 subpopulations were pooled (θ = 0.214 and 0.150, respectively), no differentiation was evident between vineyards in 1998 (θ = 0.138,
P
= 0.872). Moreover, we did not observe distinct lineages corresponding to overwintering modes, as observed in previous studies. We could not determine if differentiation resulted from biological differences or restricted gene flow between the two vineyards. Our samples were taken from both subpopulations early in the epidemic, while previous studies confounded overwintering mode and sampling time. These results do not support a strong correlation between overwintering and genetic groups, highlighting the need to base population biology studies on sound biological and epidemiological knowledge.
Cofactor Dependence in Furan Reduction by
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
in Fermentation of Acid-Hydrolyzed Lignocellulose
Authors: Nilsson Anneli , Gorwa-Grauslund Marie F. , Hahn-Hägerdal Bärbel , Lidén Gunnar 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACT

A decreased fermentation rate due to inhibition is a significant problem for economic conversion of acid-pretreated lignocellulose hydrolysates to ethanol, since the inhibition gives rise to a requirement for separate detoxification steps. Together with acetic acid, the sugar degradation products furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural are the inhibiting compounds found at the highest concentrations in hydrolysates. These aldehydes have been shown to affect both the specific growth rate and the rate of fermentation by yeast. Two strains of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
with different abilities to ferment inhibiting hydrolysates were evaluated in fermentations of a dilute acid hydrolysate from spruce, and the reducing activities for furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural were determined. Crude cell extracts of a hydrolysate-tolerant strain (TMB3000) converted both furfural and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural to the corresponding alcohol at a rate that was severalfold higher than the rate observed for cell extracts of a less tolerant strain (CBS 8066), thereby confirming that there is a correlation between the fermentation rate in a lignocellulosic hydrolysate and the bioconversion capacity of a strain. The in vitro NADH-dependent furfural reduction capacity of TMB3000 was three times higher than that of CBS 8066 (1,200 mU/mg protein and 370 mU/mg protein, respectively) in fed-batch experiments. Furthermore, the inhibitor-tolerant strain TMB3000 displayed a previously unknown NADH-dependent reducing activity for 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (400 mU/mg protein during fed-batch fermentation of hydrolysates). No corresponding activity was found in strain CBS 8066 (<2 mU/mg). The ability to reduce 5-hydroxymethyl furfural is an important characteristic for the development of yeast strains with increased tolerance to lignocellulosic hydrolysates.
Signature-Tagged Transposon Mutagenesis Studies Demonstrate the Dynamic Nature of Cecal Colonization of 2-Week-Old Chickens by
Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Grant Andrew J. , Coward Christopher , Jones Michael A. , Woodall Claire A. , Barrow Paul A. , Maskell Duncan J. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACT

We have constructed plasmids to be used for in vitro signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) of
Campylobacter jejuni
and used these to generate STM libraries in three different strains. Statistical analysis of the transposon insertion sites in the
C. jejuni
NCTC 11168 chromosome and the plasmids of strain 81-176 indicated that their distribution was not uniform. Visual inspection of the distribution suggested that deviation from uniformity was not due to preferential integration of the transposon into a limited number of hot spots but rather that there was a bias towards insertions around the origin. We screened pools of mutants from the STM libraries for their ability to colonize the ceca of 2-week-old chickens harboring a standardized gut flora. We observed high-frequency random loss of colonization proficient mutants. When cohoused birds were individually inoculated with different tagged mutants, random loss of colonization-proficient mutants was similarly observed, as was extensive bird-to-bird transmission of mutants. This indicates that the nature of campylobacter colonization in chickens is complex and dynamic, and we hypothesize that bottlenecks in the colonization process and between-bird transmission account for these observations.
Distribution of Typical Freshwater Bacterial Groups Is Associated with pH, Temperature, and Lake Water Retention Time
Authors: Lindström Eva S. , Kamst-Van Agterveld Miranda P. , Zwart Gabriel 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACT

The distribution of 15 typical freshwater bacterial groups in 15 diverse lakes in northern Europe was investigated using reverse line blot hybridization. Statistical evaluation of the data in relation to the characteristics of the lakes showed that pH, temperature, and the theoretical hydrological retention time of the lakes were most strongly related to variations in the distribution of bacterial taxa. This suggests that pH and temperature are steering factors in the selection of taxa and supports the notion that communities in lakes with short water turnover times are influenced by the input of bacterial cells from the drainage areas. Within the beta subdivision of the
Proteobacteria
(
Betaproteobacteria
), as well as within the divisions
Actinobacteria
and
Verrucomicrobia
, different subgroups were associated differently with environmental variables.