bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A probit analysis program for the personal computer
Authors: Schoofs Gary M. , Willhite Calvin C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractApplication software for economical and convenient calculation of median effective doses, confidence limits, potency ratios and slopes of quantal dose‐response curves using a microcomputer is presented. The PASCAL language program is stored on diskette and it is compatible with many commercially available microcomputer systems. The program will simultaneously calculate the parameters for up to 20 different treatments and a total of 100 doses. Comparisons between the results of calculations of the LD50 of thiopental in mice using the PASCAL program, a modem‐accessed commercially available probit analysis program and three, widely accepted manual calculation methods are made. The results of calculations of parallelism and the potency ratio between thiopental and phenobarbital‐induced death in mice are shown.
The acute toxicity of coal liquefaction‐derived materials
Authors: McKee R. H. , Biles R. W. , Kapp R. W. , Hinz J. P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe acute toxicity of a series of potential streams from the EDS coal liquefaction process have been assessed in animal bioassays. In general, the materials present minimal acute toxic hazards. However, there was some evidence of ocular and dermal irritation. These results indicate that eye and dermal contact should be minimized, particularly when the process streams contain high concentrations of phenolic materials.
Quantitation of specific myeloid cells in rat bone marrow measured by in vitro35S‐sulphate incorporation
Authors: Wright A. F. , Rose M. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA biochemical measurement which can be used for quantitation of specific early myeloid cells in rat bone marrow has been developed. This measurement consists of a rapid, simple assay for the in vitro quantitation of 35S‐sulphate incorporation into rat bone marrow cells. Incubation of bone marrow cells with 35S‐sulphate led to a time‐dependent increase in radioactivity obtained in perchloric acid insoluble fractions of bone marrow cell suspensions. This incorporation was inhibited by cyanide and puromycin. Autoradiography has demonstrated the radiolabel to be specifically associated with immature cells of the myeloid series. The cells most active in this respect were eosinophils. When rats were treated with endotoxin, the rate of 35S‐sulphate incorporation was increased. Cell number measurements, using conventional histopathology and a Coulter Counter, demonstrated that endotoxin caused an initial release of mature granulocytes from the bone marrow. The regeneration of this mature population in the marrow was rapid, and was characterized by an increase in the number of immature cells and a concomitant increase in the rate of 35S‐sulphate incorporation measured in preparations of bone marrow cells in vitro. Furthermore, this response to endotoxin has demonstrated that Coulter Counting techniques can be used to distinguish specific populations of cells (e.g. mature granulocytes) within the bone marrow.
Lung oedema – microscopic detection
Authors: Hammond T. G. , Mobbs M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDuring routine inhalation toxicity studies, microscopic examination of tissues from iungs which have shown small, but statistically significant increases, in organ weight has failed to show evidence of any pathological change. Historically, increases, thought to be due to mild oedema, have been difficult to identify microscopically. A method suitable for dealing with large numbers of rodents has been developed, which can detect microscopically changes associated with small increases in lung weight. The lungs were inflated with formalin vapour and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Histological processing methods were varied to obtain the best demonstration of oedema. Fixation methods were compared using α‐naphthylthiourea‐induced oedematous lungs. The left lobe was inflated with formalin vapour and the rest of the lung was distended with 10% buffered formalin. The best demonstration of oedema followed formalin vapour fixation. Evidence of oedema, indicated by lung weight increases of approximately 10%, was seen microscopically in formalin‐vapour‐fixed lungs, but was not seen in the lobes distended with 10% buffered formalin. Application of this technique to other species including cats and dogs has also proved successful.
Excretion and peripheral metabolism of 1, 2‐3H‐testosterone and androgens in rats following intoxication with organophosphorous insecticides 1 — acute exposure
Authors: Gradowska‐Olszewska Iwona , Brzezinski Jacek , Rusiecki Wladyslaw 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of methylbromphenvinfos (MBFV) and fenitrothion on androgen levels, excretion and peripheral metabolism were studied in male rats. The insecticides were administered orally in high, single doses. Plasma testosterone levels and urinary excretion of 11‐deoxy‐17‐ketosteroids had increased 24 and 48 h after MBVF administration. During the same time period, fenitrothion reduced plasma and urine androgens, but after 72 h significant increases in steroid levels and excretion were apparent. Investigation of the peripheral metabolism of 3H‐testosterone indicated that fenitrothion markedly diminished the urinary excretion of 3H‐androstenedione during the first 48 h and then increased its level after 72 h. Simultaneously, 3H‐testosterone elimination was increased during the first 24–48 h and then decreased after 72 h. These data suggest that MBFV and fenithrothion in high doses can produce significant alteration in physiological hormonal balance of the male reproductive system.
Lack of synergistic effect between arsenic, mercury and ethyl methane sulfonate on the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in mice
Authors: Poma K. , Kirsch‐Volders M. , Susanne C. , Degraeve N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe influence of arsenic and mercury on the frequency of chromosome aberrations induced by ethylmethane sulfonate was studied in mice. No synergistic effects could be demonstrated in somatic and germ cells of mice given a combined treatment of arsenic trioxide solution (As2O3, 12 mg per kg body weight) or of mercuric chloride solution (HgCl2, 6 mg per kg body weight) with ethylmethane sulfonate (EMS, 200 mg per kg body weight).
Morphological and immunocytochemical study of rat pancreatic beta cell changes induced by cyclizine
Authors: Hanai Nobuo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWistar rats were treated daily with cyclizine (50–75 mg kg−1) and autopsied every week until the eighth week of the treatment. Although no evident change could be detected by either serum analysis or by light microscopy from the first week to the fourth week, electron microscopy revealed that beta cells showed depletion of secretory granules and cystic dilation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum from the first week. A significantly higher level of plasma glucose and a lower level of plasma insulin than those of untreated rats were recognized from the fifth week. A diabetic pattern was also observed in the glucose tolerance test which was conducted at the seventh week. From the sixth week, large cytoplasmic vacuoles were observed light microscopically in islet cells. Electron microscopic examination revealed that the vacuoles originated from the rough endoplasmic reticulum in beta cells, while no prominent change was found on the Golgi apparatus. In addition to the above findings, immunocytochemical study with anti‐insulin serum demonstrated that the staining intensity of the beta cell cytoplasm became weaker (as judged by light microscopy) from the fifth week, but large cytoplasmic vacuoles were stained positively under both the light microscope (PAP method) and the electron microscope (enzyme‐labelled antibody method). These findings suggested that the depletion of secretory granules and accumulation of insulin or its precursor in the rough endoplasmic reticulum occurred in beta cells. The diabetogenic effect of cyclizine on rats is discussed with reference to the immunocytochemical findings.
Effects of vincristine, maytansine, and cis‐platinum on behavioral and electrophysiological indices of neurotoxicity in the rat
Authors: Rebert Charles S. , Pryor Gordon T. , Frick M. Suzanne 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of the antineoplastic drugs vincristine, maytansine and cis‐platinum were studied to determine the appropriateness of a behavioral and electrophysiological test battery for characterizing the neurotoxicity of such therapeutic compounds. Single‐ and repeated‐dose studies in rats were performed initially, to establish doses for the subchronic neurobehavioral study. Measurements obtained in the subchronic study included body weight, rectal temperature, forelimb and hindlimb grip strengths; performance of a multisensory conditional avoidance response task and other behavioral tests; and a series of evoked responses (ventral caudal nerve action potential, brainstem auditory response and responses from other modalities). The drugs were injected intraperitoneally 5 days per week for 7 weeks. The rats were tested weekly during baseline, treatment and recovery phases. Each drug caused a different pattern of effects, but they all altered body weight, rectal temperature, peripheral nerve conduction velocity, the somatosensory evoked potential and undifferentiated motor activity. cis‐Platinum was the most toxic, and maytansine was the least toxic. The results indicated that some elements of the test battery were useful for evaluating the neurotoxicity of anticancer drugs. However, other tests – notably, a test of negative geotaxis and the cortical auditory evoked response – were unreliable.
Levels of lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase in plasma of fluoride‐treated rabbits
Authors: Nedeljković M. , Matović V. , Soldatović D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of different concentrations of fluoride (as sodium fluoride) on the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27) and creatine kinase (CK, EC 2.7.3.2) in rabbit plasma was investigated in vivo and in vitro. Rabbits were dosed orally, for 30 days, with fluoride at 2, 10 or 20 mg per kg body weight as sodium fluoride. LDH and CK levels were determined at 10‐day intervals during the treatment. Fluoride, depending on the applied dose, inhibited, had no effect or stimulated the investigated enzymes in vivo. On the other hand, fluoride had no effect on the activity of LDH and CK in vitro.
The nephrotoxicity for mice of deisopropylngaione, a minor furanoid component of toxic myoporaceous essential oils
Authors: Lee J. S. , Seawright A. A. , Hrdlicka J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDeisopropylngaione (DIN) is one of a family of hepatotoxic furanosesquiterpenoid essential oils which is found in small amounts (5%) in the leaves of some specimens of the Australian plant Myoporum deserti. DIN differs from other furanoid myoporaceous essential oils in that it also causes lesions in the lungs and kidneys. At the near LD50 dose rate of 150 mg kg−1 given by intraperitoneal injection, DIN is able to cause lethal renal proximal tubular necrosis without causing significant injury to the liver and lungs in adult male mice. Following dosing, there is an increase in kidney weight due mainly to increase in water content which reaches a maximum within 16–24 h. This is accompanied by degeneration and necrosis of the proximal tubular epithelium, with proteinuria and glucosuria lasting up to 9 days in non‐lethally affected mice. Marked body weight loss due to the intoxication causes a marked increase in the kidney weight:body weight ratio lasting between 9 and 18 days. Residual lesions are still present in the kidneys at 32 days, but recovery is eventually complete. DIN is structurally similar to the sweet potato toxic furan 4‐ipomeanol and, like the latter, is probably injurious to the kidneys through toxic metabolism by the cytochrome‐P450‐containing monooxygenases of the proximal tubular epithelium. Although slight renal injury is occasionally observed in livestock poisoned by myoporaceous plants, it is unlikely that DIN is the cause. So far, DIN, like 4‐ipomeanol, appears to be unequivocally nephrotoxic only for the male mouse.
Pre‐clinical toxicology of nitazoxanide – a new antiparasitic compound
Authors: Murphy James R. , Friedmann Jean‐Charles 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe acute and subchronic toxicological effects of nitazoxanide were investigated at levels near and in excess of the therapeutic dose in rats, mice, dogs and cats. Single oral gavage doses of 0.625–10 g per kg body weight were administered to rats and mice. Single oral doses of 1–10 g per kg body weight were administered in capsules to dogs and cats. Acute oral LD50 values were greater than 10 g kg−1 in rats, dogs and cats, and 1.4 g kg−1 in mice. Systemic toxicity was evaluated in a repeated dose study in rats at doses of 50, 150 and 450 mg per kg per day for 14 weeks. The highest dose group exhibited intense salivation, increased liver and spleen weight, and decreased thymus weights. Variances between control and treated organ weights were not confirmed by histopathological evaluation. Nitazoxanide was negative when tested in the Ames Salmonella assay using five tester strains with and without metabolic activation at levels from 1 to 100 mg per plate. The drug was also shown to be non‐irritating in a test for eye irritation potential.
Nuclear enlargement – an early change produced in mouse epidermis by carcinogenic chemicals applied topically in the presence of a promoter
Authors: Ingram Andrew John , Grasso Paul 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA series of 27 compounds, including 11 polycyclic hydrocarbons, 8 proximate carcinogens and 8 other compounds, were tested for their ability to induce epidermal nuclear enlargement in mouse skin. The materials were applied topically in methyl ethyl ketone containing 0.1% croton oil, repetitively for 3 days. Nuclear enlargement present on the fourth day was determined with the aid of a Quantiment image‐analysing computer. The results obtained indicated a close correlation between the topical carcinogenicity of the test compounds and their ability to induce epidermal nuclear enlargement in the presence of croton oil.
Chromosomal aberrations and fetotoxic effects of atmospheric arsenic exposure in mice
Authors: Nagymajtényi L. , Selypes A. , Berencsi G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFetal chromosomal damage and toxicity were investigated in mice exposed to the atmospheric concentrations of 28.5 mg m−3, 2.9 mg m−3 and 0.26 mg m−3 of arsenic for 4 h per day on the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th days of gestation. On the 18th day, the fetuses were removed, and the following parameters were examined: the number of dead fetuses, retardation in growth, osteogenesis and chromosomal aberrations in liver cells. It was found that exposure to As2O3 at 28.5 mg m−3 caused fetotoxic effects and chromosomal damage, while the two lower exposures produced no significant changes with the exception of a slight decrease (9.9 and 3.1%, respectively) in fetal weight.
Hepatotoxicity in albino rats exposed ton‐octane andn‐nonane
Authors: Khan Sumsullah , Pandya K. P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEffects ofn‐octane andn‐nonane (1 ml per kg body weight daily) on hepatic and serum enzymes, which reflect abnormal liver function and concentration of lipid and nucleic acid (serum and liver), were studied after 2 and 7 days intraperitoneal administration to albino rats. Decreased activities of serum acetylcholine esterase and carboxyl esterase were observed, together with an increase in FDP aldolase activity. Significant decrease in the concentration of albumin, total protein, and total and esterified cholesterol in serum have been noted aftern‐octane andn‐nonane administration for 7 days. Also, free cholesterol content of liver was elevated significantly after solvents exposure.
Preclinical toxicity of the new antineoplastic agent, ametantrone acetate, in mice and dogs
Authors: Watkins J. R. , Kim S. N. , Jayasekara U. , Anderson J. A. , Fitzgerald J. E. , de la Iglesia F. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAmetantrone acetate (anthracenedione diacetate, NSC 287513) is an experimental antineoplastic agent with activity against a comprehensive panel of solid transplantable tumors in mice. The studies reported here were aimed at establishing the toxicologic profile of this drug. Studies in mice and dogs were carried out to establish tolerable levels. In mice, LD10, LD50 and LD90 values were respectively, 26, 35 and 47 mg kg−1 28 days following single intravenous injection and 22, 67 and 206 mg kg−1 14 days after single intraperitoneal injection. Hemorrhage and necrosis of the small intestine occurred in intercurrent deaths. A 5‐day, consecutive intraperitoneal dosing study yielded 28 day, LD10, LD50 and LD90 values of 18, 21 and 26 mg kg−1, respectively, in mice. Bone marrow hypoplasia, lymphoid depletion and focal cardiac changes were observed in animals which died during the 28‐day postdose observation period. In dogs, single intravenous injections repeated twice at intervals of 3–8 weeks resulted in leukopenia and thrombocytopenia at a dose of 2.71 mg kg−1 and decreased myeloid : erythroid ratios at a dose of 0.68 mg kg−1. Five consecutive daily intravenous injections in dogs of 0.7 mg kg−1 induced significant clinical and laboratory signs of toxicity but 0.35 mg kg−1 day−1 was tolerated. In dogs, bone marrow, lymphoid tissue and gastrointestinal tract in both sexes and gonads in the males were target organs for toxicity. Clinical signs and clinical laboratory abnormalities abated in surviving mice and dogs. The spectrum of tissue changes induced by ametantrone was qualitatively similar to that elicited with other intercalating agents.
In vivo percutaneous absorption studies of volatile solvents in hairless mice. I. Description of a skin‐depot
Authors: Susten A. S. , Dames B. L. , Niemeier R. W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA stainless‐steel skin‐depot is discussed that may be used during short‐term studies to measure directly percutaneous absorption of radiolabeled, volatile chemicals through the skin of unanesthetized, unrestrained hairless mice. The skin‐depot is glued to the backs of the mice using cynaocrylate glue. The top portion of the depot contains activated charcoal (or other sorbent) to capture for analysis the portion of the test chemical which normally evaporates from the treatment site. This allows the use of metabolism cages for the capture of expired breath, as well as urine and feces. Thus, dermal absorption of the test chemical can be summed directly from the radioactivity found in excreta (urine and feces), the animal carcass (including the skin treatment site) and expired breath.
The effect of prednisolone on the foetotoxicity of cadmium in pregnant mice
Authors: Selypes A. , Lorencz R. , Berencsi G. , Dési I. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of prednisolone was investigated on the foetoxicity of cadmium. CFLP female mice were given a single i.p. dose of 2.5 mg cadmium (Cd) per kg body weight on day 5 or 9 of gestation. This treatment significantly decreased both the number of live foetuses and foetal weights on day 18 of gestation. Prednisolone (0.1 mg kg−1) given daily from the day of cadmium treatment death, prevented the effects of cadmium on foetal weights in both groups, and on the number of live foetuses when cadmium was given on day 9 of gestation. When Cd was given on day 13 of gestation similar treatment with prednisolone did not influence either litter size or the weights of 1‐day old pups.
Renal effects of aluminium in uraemic rats and in rats with intact kidney function
Authors: Bräunlich H. , Fleck Ch. , Kersten L. , Stein G. , Laske V. , Müller A. , Keil E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect on renal function following administration of aluminium i.p., five times weekly (0.05 or 0.5 mg kg−1 body weight) to partially nephrectomized (5/6 NX) or intact female rats was examined. The observed loss of concentrating ability, characterized by increased urine volume and an increased sodium excretion, as well as increased renal excretion of p‐aminohippurate (demonstrable after low‐dose treatment with nephrotoxins) can be interpreted as an initiation of kidney function injury. No distinct differences in reponse were observed between partially nephrectomized and intact animals.
A correlation of induced mixed‐function oxidase specific activity to C—H bond strengths in partially chlorinated monocyclic hydrocarbons
Authors: Brownlee L. J. , Hollebone B. R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe nature of structure–function relationships between the mixed‐function oxidase (MFO) system and certain chemically related xenobiotics has been studied. The total hepatic induction index has been modified and used to investigate whether the induction of hepatic MFO is primarily a response to molecular shape (entropic) or to the strength of specific carbon–hydrogen bond strength (enthalpic). Using both Sprague‐Dawley male rats and ring doves (Streptopelia risoria) and testing with benzene, 1,2,4‐trichlorobenezene, cyclohexane and γ‐1,2,3,4,5,6,‐hexachlorocyclohexane as both inducers and substrates, a response of the MFO system to substrate C—H bond strength has been found.
Comparative sensitivity of survival‐adjusted chi‐square and normal statistics for the mutagenesis fluctuation assay
Authors: Goodall C. M. , Stephens O. B. , Moore C. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThree statistics for analysis of microtitre plate mutagenesis fluctuation tests were studied by simulation, and in enzyme‐activated assays of dimethylnitrosamine and diethylnitramine. A survival‐adjusted χ2 statistic (‘Gsq’) was compared with Katz's normally distributed statistic (‘Phi’), and with the survival‐independent statistic (‘Zsq’) of Gilbert. When toxicity was either very low or high, the Phi statistic either could not be evaluated over the whole range of possible background mutant frequencies, or sometimes it indicated unusually high levels of statistical significance, even when the other tests were negative. The survival‐adjusted Gsq closely followed the Zsq statistic throughout the experimentally useful range of toxicities and mutant background values, with some improvement in sensitivity. Within the range 80 ± 10% survival approximately, Katz's statistic ‘Phi’ was the most sensitive. The choice of statistical test could affect the estimate of the minimal effective mutagenic concentration by a factor of 10–100. For screening unknowns, both types of test (Phi and Gsq (or Zsq)) may help in detecting suspect pro‐mutagens and in designing a confirmatory assay. Bacterial population statistics are needed to assess the value of statistically positive results.
Toxic response of hamster embryo cells on exposure to mixtures of Ni2+ and benzo(a)pyrene
Authors: Uziel M. , Owen B. , Butler A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractExposure of hamster embryo cells (HEC) to mixtures of benzo(a) pyrene and soluble Ni2+ neutral salts elicits additive responses in the enhanced nucleoside excretion assay. Ni2+ shows no significant excretion response until concentrations near 10 μM are reached. Addition of 0.4 micromolar benzo(a)pyrene and 30 μM, or 325 μM Ni2+ to HEC cultures results in total excretion equal to the sum of excretions induced by the individual chemicals. These observations suggest that excretion of pyrimidines may be a useful measure of biological dosimetry.