bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydraulic Fracture Orientation and Production/Injection Induced Reservoir Stress Changes in Diatomite Waterfloods
Authors: Wright C. A. , Conant R. A. , Golich G. M. , Bondor P. L. , Murer A. S. , Dobie C. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Waterflooding of California’s diatomite reservoirs has been extensively employed for two reasons: (1) to increase total recovery, and (2) to mitigate the potentially catastrophic effects of reservoir compaction and the resulting surface subsidence. Waterflooding has typically striven to replace each barrel of produced fluid with a barrel of injected water in order to achieve "zero net voidage". The extremely low permeability of the diatomite reservoirs, however, results in the generation of very significant reservoir pressure gradients during waterflooding, even under zero net voidage conditions. These extreme gradients in reservoir pressure, together with the reservoir compaction, result in significant changes in the local reservoir stress field. These local stress perturbations can, in turn, result in reorientation of hydraulic fractures on infill wells and possibly contribute significantly to the potential for wellbore casing failure.
This paper summarizes the (preliminary) findings from extensive field studies of hydraulic fracture orientation in diatomite waterfloods and related efforts to monitor the induced surface subsidence. Included are case studies from the Belridge and Lost Hills diatomite reservoirs. The primary purpose of the paper is to document a large volume of tiltmeter hydraulic fracture orientation data that demonstrates waterflood-induced fracture reorientation—a phenomenon not previously considered in waterflood development planning. Also included is a brief overview of three possible mechanisms for the observed waterflood fracture reorientation. A discussion section details efforts to isolate the operative mechanism(s) from the most extensive case study, as well as suggesting a possible strategy for detecting and possibly mitigating some of the adverse effects of production/injection induced reservoir stress changes — reservoir compaction and surface subsidence as well as fracture reorientation.
Coiled Tubing Deployment of 3.5 " Tubing To Be Used As Offshore Gas Pipeline
Authors: Mabry Sam , Walker Rohan , Benge Carl 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the past innumerable pipelines, both onshore and offshore, have been replaced by a variety of methods. These have ranged from replacement of the pipeline to a sliplining of it by different means. These methods have different advantages and disadvantages due to the circumstances in which it is implemented. Several have environmental drawbacks and others suffer as a result of the large amount of equipment and personnel required to perform them.
In order to minimize the time required to install a replacement gas pipeline SWEPI investigated the possibility of using coil tubing for this application. Upon presenting the scenario to Schlumberger Dowell the project left the realm of conjecture and began to be viewed as a viable option .
The project consisted of the installation of one 3.5″ coil tubing slip liner and two communications cables in the existing 8″ gas production pipeline from SWEPT s Platform Emmy to the onshore receiving area at SWEPI's Huntington Beach Production Unit, Huntington Beach, California.
This paper details the operational and design considerations that were involved in the project and illustrates one of the methods that have caused coil tubing to be such an innovative and indeed integral segment of well servicing.
Total Well Management - A Methodology for Minimizing Production Cost of Beam Pumped Wells
Authors: Podio A. L. , McCoy J. N. , Becker Dieter 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A procedure is described that allows an operator to identify those beam pumped wells which are operating at reduced efficiency. The logical sequence of steps to be followed in acquiring performance data such as power, dynamometer, fluid level, etc. and the criteria to be used in determining the causes of inefficiency are presented with the objective of reducing the time and effort required to perform the analysis.
An Application of Crosswell Tomography Using a Hydrophone Receiver Array to Monitor Steam Migration in an Unconsolidated, Heavy-oil Sandstone, West Coalinga Field, California
Authors: Blevens D. M. , Fairborn J. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Two crosswell tomography surveys were conducted in the vicinity of a new infill steam injector with the primary objective of monitoring steam (heat) migration within a thick, unconsolidated, heavy-oil, sandstone reservoir. The crosswell tomography detected heat-induced velocity decreases between the two surveys, the first conducted just before steam injection and the second conducted approximately three months later. Difference plots from the two surveys clearly define areas with temperature change and contact temperature logs corroborate the zone of peak change. The crosswell tomography data and the inferred steam migration characteristics halted an operational strategy for the steam drive and were later a factor in the abandonment of continuous steam injection.
The second objective of the crosswell tomography project was to demonstrate the viability and cost-reduction benefits of a hydrophone receiver array in an unconsolidated reservoir. This project represents one of the first applications of hydrophone receivers in such an environment. Data quality from the hydrophones proved adequate for first-arrival (P-wave) tomography although, it is likely reduced from that obtainable with geophones. As a benefit, acquisition costs for this trial were dramatically less than estimates using geophones.
Video Camera Log Used for Water Isolation in the Main Body "B" Pool, Elk Hills Field, Kern Co., California-Water and Oil Identification
Authors: Starcher M. G. , Murphy J. R. , Alexander P. D. , Whittaker J. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Main Body ’B’ reservoir in the Elk Hills Field is a peripherally waterflooded, +400’ thick series of layered, turbidite Stevens sands. Permeability variation between layers adversely affects the vertical sweep, resulting in production from lower permeability oil sands dominated by production from higher permeability sands. This paper discusses the unique use of various tools to identify water zones to isolate and oil zones to stimulate. Tools used to identify water and oil entry are discussed with respect to their capabilities of identifying oil and water entry into the wellbore.
Swept and unswept layers are identified and the confidence level to propose a water isolation remedial has been developed; The confidence level is based on the analysis of a video camera log, open hole logs, production logs and production tests. This analysis begins when a candidate well with a high water cut is shut in, and the afterflow is viewed with a video camera. Oil entry is identified and evidence of water entry is inferred. These observations are compared with results from production tests in offsets, electric logs showing processed layers in an offset redrill, and production logs, and a video camera log from the same well. Agreement in the data provides the confidence level regarding what zones to isolate as watered-out and what zones will produce economic oil rates after the remedial.
If results from water isolation remedials are available, these results may also be reported.
Field Test of Acoustic Logs for Measuring Porosity and Oil Saturation in a Mature Waterflood in the Wilmington Field, CA
Authors: Moos Daniel , Hara Scott , Phillips Chris , Hooks Andrew , Tagbor Kwasi 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A field test was carried out in the Wilmington Field, CA. to assess the effectiveness of multi-pole acoustic logs to measure porosity and oil saturation through casing in sands waterflooded for over 40 years. The field test was also designed to assess the production potential of selectively recompleting wells in high water cut areas. The multi-pole acoustic logs offer a promising new method for reservoir characterization, depletion monitoring, and optimizing the recomplete and redrill potential of existing wells. The Department of Energy (DOE) is co-funding a multi-year study to refine the acoustic log analyses, to improve reservoir characterization, and to evaluate the cost effectiveness of various recomplete methods.
A New Semi-Analytical Model for Thermal Recovery Processes
Authors: Pooladi-Darvish Mehran , Tortike W. S. , Ali S. M. Farouq 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Gravity drainage of heated oil in thermal recovery processes is an important mechanism, often resulting in high sweep efficiency with economical rates. A semi-analytical model is developed to predict production rate from heavy oil reservoirs under non-isothermal gravity drainage. This work improves upon the previous ones by accounting for the unsteady-state effects in the heat flow process as well as considering the effect of the moving interface, in cylindrical coordinates. The solution incorporates a Heat Integral Method (HIM) to approximate the 2-D heat transfer in the reservoir. The shape of the oil-steam interface is found as a part of the solution. The predictions of the model are validated against published experimental results. Examples for two Californian heavy oil reservoirs indicate that economical rates with high sweep efficiencies can be obtained from reservoirs under gravity drainage, especially when the surface area of the production well exposed to the reservoir is increased, e.g. by implementing horizontal producers.
A Performance Incentive Contract That Pays Off For All Parties
Authors: Krummrich C. R. , Johnston R. E. , Crist T. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Western Business Unit Bakersfield drilling department of Chevron, U.S.A. Production Company developed a drilling performance incentive contract that was implemented during 1994 in the Lost Hills field of California. The performance incentive contract (PIC) financially rewarded all of the drilling contractor’s rig employees for outperforming pre-established drilling performance goals.
The key elements of the performance incentive program are: 1) Goals that trigger incentives are based on cost categories that are controllable by the drilling team; 2) Goals were established using a database of past years performance; 3) Goals that are not achieved negatively impact the incentive earned in an effort to deter repeated errors; 4) Accidents that occur on the job negatively impact the incentive earned; 6) Administration of the program is not time consuming.
The results of using an incentive contract in the Lost Hills drilling program are; 1) Time and cost of operations are reduced; 2) The results are measurable and repeatable; 3) A team environment develops in which ideas are shared and acted upon by crew members and supervisory personnel.
Blowdown Optimization for the East Coalinga Extension Field, Coalinga Nose Unit Fresno County, California
Authors: Starzer Michael R. , Tenzer Jeffrey R. , Larson John W. , Bunch Bruce C. , Boehm Mark C. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper will review recent value optimization strategies associated with gas cap blowdown of the East Coalinga Extension Field, Coalinga Nose Unit, Fresno County, California. In addition to forecasting the ultimate recovery under differing blowdown rates and timing, cost of production, market factors and split stream analyses were employed to develop an optimal blowdown scenario. This paper will also review the latest efforts to increase value including the pursuit of investment opportunities, a restructuring of operations and the cessation of the NGL product stream. These efforts during the past few years have resulted in lowering lift cost to less than two dollars per barrel oil equivalent, the lowest cost for California oil fields producing greater than 1000 barrels of oil per day.1
The Coalinga Nose Unit development is jointly owned by four companies: Unocal (operator), Texaco, Mobil and Chevron. Approximately 466 million barrels Of oil have been recovered from the field which is now producing 1,200 barrels of oil and 60 million cubic feet of gas per day from the Gatchell Member of the Lodo Formation. Recovery from the field has been influenced principally by gravity drainage, gas cap expansion, aquifer withdrawal and gas re-injection. Since unitization in 1950, over 1 trillion cubic feet have been produced, the majority of which have been re-injected into the gas cap to maintain reservoir pressure. Water withdrawals of 460 million barrels from the regional aquifer have successfully limited encroachment into the oil band. Gas re-injection, control of aquifer encroachment and favorable reservoir characteristics for gravity drainage have resulted in ultimate recovery approaching 60 percent of original oil in place.
Development Planning and Reservoir Management in the Duri Steam Flood
Authors: Gael B. T. , Gross S. J. , McNaboe G. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The overall objective of reservoir management and development planning for the Duri field is to maximize project value. Key elements of Duri's reservoir management practices include: injecting steam in new patterns at rates up to about 1.2 BCWEPD/NAF* or the maximum rates achievable below fracture pressure; distributing the steam into reservoir layers in proportion to their h𝜙So; maintaining these rates until steam breakthrough occurs in multiple wells in a pattern; then performing injector wellwork to shift steam out of the breakthrough layers while continuing initial rates into the non-breakthrough layers. The area-wide rate reduction schedule caused by these shifts resembles a heat balance (Vogel1) rate reduction schedule. The steam that is shifted out of an old steamflood development area becomes the supply of steam for the start up of a new area. Key elements of Duri's development planning practices include: obtaining sufficient reservoir information to be able to predict performance of all areas in the field; dividing the undeveloped parts of the field into steamflood areas that are logical and will fit the steam availability and construction scheduling constraints of the project; ranking the new projects by their profitability; and installing them at a schedule that matches the steam shifts out of the old areas with the ramp up of the new area so that steam plant capacity is fully utilized. This paper discusses the interrelationships between reservoir management practices, development planning, and the maximization of overall DSF project value.
Diagnosis and Prevention of Norm at Eugene Island 341-A
Authors: Shuler P. J. , Baudoin D. A. , Weintritt D. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
We conducted a field study at Eugene Island 341-A to develop guidelines for the cost-effective prevention of NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials).
The specific objectives of this study are to:
determine the root cause of the NORM problem at this facility, using a wide variety of diagnostic techniques. consider available engineering options to prevent NORM from forming. determine the most cost-effective engineering solution.
An overall objective is to generalize the results and diagnostic techniques developed for Eugene Island 341-A to other production facilities, especially in the Gulf of Mexico.
This study shows that the NORM problem at Eugene Island 341-A stems from mixing incompatible produced waters at the surface. Wells completed in Sand Block A have a water with relatively high barium concentration, those in Sand Block B and C are high in sulfate. When these waters mix (starting in the production headers), barium sulfate forms. Radium that is present in the produced brines co-precipitates with the barium, thus creating a radioactive barium sulfate scale deposit (NORM).
The barium sulfate (and hence NORM) can be prevented by improving the current scale inhibition program. Keys to an effective program are the continual, reliable injection of ah appropriate scale inhibitor at an effective dosage, ahead of the point where scaling conditions begin.
Control of Engine Exhaust Emissions to Meet Present and Future Clean Air Regulations
Authors: Taber Walter R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Increasingly stringent regulations by the EPA and state air quality agencies are making the reduction of exhaust emissions from industrial engines, such as are used in the oil and gas industry, ever more important for their operators. Not only are these regulations getting increasingly strict with time, but there will be both substantial fines and possible criminal penalties for non-compliance in the future.
This presentation describes how harmful exhaust emissions are formed during the combustion process, what the current regulations are in various areas of the country and where they are probably headed in the foreseeable future. It then discusses possible emission reduction strategies in two broad categories, combustion modification and exhaust after treatment, using catalytic converters.
Each of the three types of catalyst substrates are discussed, with the advantages and disadvantages of each, as well as the relative advantages and disadvantages of the two basic catalyst shapes and the four possible catalyst locations.
Performance of (UNS 8028) Production Tubing Material in Sour Service Environment of Khuff Gas Formation
Authors: Al-Maslamani Moh'd 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Khuff gas formation is one of the largest reservoirs of non-associated gas in the world. Recent developments in exploration and production from Khuff gas formation at the Qatar North Field required materials of construction with long periods of production without work over and chemical inhibition.
Gas produced contains corrosive constituents such as 1% H2S, 4% co2 and brine at pressures exceeding 300 barg (CITHP).
For operational reasons, two of the 16 wells drilled were needed to work over after 2 years of service and showed evidence of crevice pitting corrosion and thread galling on the Corrosion Resistance Alloy (CRA) tubing material. Full inspection and analysis of the problem are addressed in this paper.
Reeled Pipelay Cost Reduction Using Workboat-Based Installation
Authors: Hoffman J. G. , El Laithy W. F. , Rothberg R. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Coiled "tubing" is a rapidly growing pipeline technology. Because this technology is relatively new, cost can vary significantly depending on deployment strategies and installation techniques.
Up until recently coiled pipe was used primarily by service companies for coiled tubing workovers. As the technology expanded the industry began using coiled tubing for other applications such as drilling, coring, logging, well cleanout operations and artificial lift. With the recent advent of larger sizes, three and one half inches, it was now possible to consider using coiled tubing as pipelines. The coiled pipe was proving to be a low cost, time saving, economic alternative to conventional welded pipe for flowlines. Coiled pipe applications have been used in 4 to 100 feet of water in the Gulf of Mexico area and the installation techniques have varied significantly. Considerable engineering work has been done in preparation for GUPCO’s first dynamic lay installation for a subsea well tie-in on Ramadan 22. Subsequently GUPCO installed the worlds longest known coiled pipeline on SB 367. This paper will cover the significant findings of that engineering work and present actual field case histories on Egypt’s first two coiled pipeline projects.
Asphaltenes: The Cholesterol of Petroleum
Authors: Kokal Sunil L. , Sayegh Selim G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Asphaltene precipitation and deposition has been recognized to be a significant problem in oil production, transmission, and processing facilities. The precipitation of asphaltenes is caused by a number of factors including changes in pressure, temperature, chemical composition of the crude oil, mixing the oil with diluents or other oils, and during acid stimulation. The precipitated asphaltenes reduces the permeability of the reservoir near the well-bore region causing formation damage and can plug-up the well-bores and well tubings. Deposition of asphaltenic organic scales leads to operational problems, safety hazards and an overall decrease in production efficiency, thereby increasing the cost of oil production.
This paper presents a review of the important factors which affect asphaltene precipitation in petroleum reservoirs and in processing facilities. The nature and characteristics of asphaltenes in the crude oil and their molecular and colloidal properties are discussed. A description of the asphaltene deposition problem manifestations in the reservoir, well bores and well tubings, processing and transportation equipment is presented. Current research work in this area is also discussed.
Laboratory Study of Microbial Cleaning of Oil Spills Under Saudi Environmental Conditions
Authors: El-Sayed A-A. H. , Shebl A. M. , Ramadan M. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
An active strain of Pseudomonas sp. isolated from oil-contaminated soil at the Arabian Gulf was able to utilize the crude oil at a concentration of 5 mg/ml added to sterile Gulf water. Microbial growth and gas chromatographic analysis of the remaining oil were used as a criteria for oil degradation by this strain. The bacteria at a cell density of 105 CFU/ml was able to degrade the crude oil at concentrations ranged from 2.5 to 15 mg/ml in Gulf water samples. At low concentration (2.5 mg/ml), about 70% of crude oil had disappeared within 7 days. At high concentration (15 mg/ml), the extent of oil degradation decreased, where only 50% of the added oil had disappeared. The rate of degradation by the inoculated bacteria was slightly increased by the addition of inorganic nutrients, mainly P or N to the Gulf water. The degradativ capacity of Pseudomonas sp. was optimum when the bacteria was incubated at 25°C, where 47% of the added oil has disappeared within 5 days of incubation. Low cell density (103 CFU/ml) of the degrading bacteria required a long lag period before initiation of oil degradation, whereas high cell density (106 CFU/ml) rapidly degraded oil with a short lag period under the same conditions. This strain could be useful in decontamination of spilled oil in Gulf water if it acts well under field trial test and survived for a reasonable period sufficient for oil biodegradation.