bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OBJECTIVES AND CONSTRAINTS IN FEDERAL WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1
Authors: Lord William B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Water Resources Council's Principles and Standards stipulate that plans should be formulated to meet national, regional, state, and local needs or problems. It is not clear, however, how appropriate consideration can be given to both national objectives (NED and EQ) and local needs and problems.Two methods of incorporating national objectives and local problem solving into water resources planning are examined. They are plan formulation primarily in pursuit of national objectives, and plan formulation to solve local problems, but constrained by national objectives. The first of these methods is the approach which is becoming increasingly explicit in the development and elaboration of the Water Resources Council's Principles and Standards.The analysis indicates that the Water Resources Council's approach is neither the most practical nor the most desirable of the two methods examined. It creates unnecessary difficulties and fails to achieve its purpose. Plan formulation to solve local problems, but constrained by national objectives not only describes what field planners actually do, but is also more practial and more desirable.
EVALUATING DIRECT BENEFIT ESTIMATION PROCEDURES FOR IRRIGATION PROJECTS: A SIMPLIFIED APPROACH1
Authors: Cory Dennis C. , Daubert John 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An integral part of evaluating the net benefits generated by an existing or proposed irrigation project is the assessment of the associated impacts in commodity markets. Traditionally, these impacts have been measured by either assuming no change in commodity prices and calculating net returns to project farmers, or by allowing commodity prices to fall in accordance with a given elasticity of demand and subtracting commodity production costs from the associated area under the commodity demand curve. In either case, it is implicitly assumed that supply is perfectly inelastic.This article establishes that traditional approaches to measuring direct benefits are biased. Formulae are presented for calculating the maximum absolute and relative error which may result from using these techniques as a function of project size. Direct benefit estimates are then evaluated for three irrigation projects in Nebraska, illustrating how these results can be used to improve project evaluation procedures.
COMPUTATION OF RUNOFF REDUCTION CAUSED BY FARM PONDS1
Authors: Schoof Russell R. , Gander Gene A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A two‐parameter farm pond storage index, FPSI, was Used to adjust computed surface. runoff using the partial area runoff contribution resulting from runoff captured by farm ponds. The validity of the index method was tested by fitting a continuous accounting version of the Soil Conservation Service curve number procedure to surface runoff data from each of three watersheds, first with and then without the FPSI routine. Evapotranspiration computed with the Jensen‐Haise method and rainfall were input to the model. A linear relationship was assumed between the storage index and the portion of the controlled drainage area that was contributing to runoff.Adjusting the computed runoff with the FPSI reduced the coefficient of variation of monthly measured versus computed surface runoff for each of the three watersheds. The correlation coefficients for the same comparisons were increased. The annual predicted surface runoff Was improved for 12 of the 17 station years of data tested.The farm pond storage index could be used with any surface runoff model to improve the prediction of runoff from watersheds with drainage areas greater than 1 square mile and with about 20 percent or more of the drainage area controlled by farm ponds.
PHOSPHORUS LOADING TO A MOUNTAIN RESERVOIR IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Siegfried Clifford A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:Phosphorus loading from precipitation and more than a dozen tributaries of Big Beat Lake, Woman, was determined for the period from January to December 1978. Direct precipitation contributed 1120 kg·P·yr‐1 (0.096 g P·m‐2·yr‐1) while tributary runoff contributed 21,560 kg for a total P loading of 1.84 g P·m‐2 Rathbone creek, although accounting for only 4 percent of the hydro‐logic input to Big Bear Lake, contributed >27 percent of the annual phosphorus load. Phosphorus loading increased with increased impervious geology and increased development. Nitrogen loading exhibited similar loading patterns. Big Beat Lake is currently eutrophic and is likely to remain eutrophic. Calculations based on Vollenweider's critical phosphorus loading concept indicated that tributary P‐loading would have to be reduced by >95 percent to achieve mesotrophic conditions. The completion of Big Bear Dam created a “naturally” eutrophic re mix which dl require proper management to enhance its resource potential.
RESIDENTIAL WATER DEMAND: A POOLED, TIME SERIES, CROSS SECTION STUDY OF MALMÖ, SWEDEN1
Authors: Hanke Steve H. , Mare Lennart de 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:Shortcoming associated with past water demand studies are evaluated. To overcome these shortcomings, pooled, time series, cross section data from ‐6, Sweden, are used in an ordinary Least squares analysis to estimate the demand for residential water. Elasticities for five variables, including price and income, are estimated. An approach for the conduct of future water demand studies is suggested.
RIVERINE TRANSPORT OF NUTRIENTS AND DETRITUS TO THE APALACHICOLA BAY ESTUARY, FLORIDA1
Authors: Elder John F. , Mattraw Harold C. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Applachicola River basin in northwest Florida covers an area of 3,100 square kilometers. Fifteen percent of the area is a dense bottomland hardwood forest which is periodically flooded. The annual leaf‐litter fall from the flood‐plain trees is a potential source of nutrients and detritus which eventually can flow into Apalachicola Bay. Transport of such material is dependent on the periodic inundation of the flood plain. The U.S. Geological Survey Apalachicola Rim Quality Assessment measured a total organic carbon flux of 2.1 × 105 metric tons during the one‐year period from June 3, 1979, to June 2,1980. Fluxes of total nitrogen and phosphorus during the same year were 2.1 × lo4 and 1.7 × lo3 metric tons, respectively.Flood characteirstics, such as prior hydrologic conditions, extent, and timing, are important in determining the amount and forms of materials transported. The 1980 spring flood produced a fourfold discharge increase over the annual mean outflow of 800 cubic meters per second. Nutrient concentrations varied little with discharge, but the 86‐day spring flood accounted for 53, 60, 48, and 56 percent of the annual flux of total organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, respectively. In 1980, the flood peaks, rather than the rise or recession, accounted for maximum nutrient and detritus transport.
TIDAL POWER GENERATION UTILIZING ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE OR AIR RECIRCULATION1
Authors: Jhun Bonghan 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper presents research conducted on tidal power generation utilizig atmospheric pressure or air recirculation. The proposed methods in this paper differ from conventional methods. That is, they require simple and relatively inexpensive power generating facilities that would convert the potential energy of the tides into kine tic energy of air for driving the air turbines in a power plant.The characteristics of the new methods are as follows: (1) in tidal power generation utilizing the atmospheric pressure, the air pressure exerted on an air turbine can be maintained at 1 atm regardless of the water head; (2) in tidal power generation utilizing the air recirculation, the air pressure exerted on an air turbine can be made twice as high as the available water head; (3) higher tidal energy conversion efficiency can be obtained by flowing larger quantities of water in a shorter time period; (4) the generating turbines can be located at a convenient place remote from the reservoir; and (5) equipment corrosion due to salt is minimized.
ESTIMATION OF PRE‐ AND POST‐DEVELOPMENT NONPOINT WATER QUALITY LOADINGS1
Authors: Shahane Ashok N. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A simple procedure for estimating pre‐ and post‐development water quality loadings from residential communities is discussed. The procedure deals with: (a) gathering basic water quality loading numbers observed by others at several watersheds with various land uses; (b) obtaining the breakdown of proposed land uses at various phases of the community development; and (c) estimating pre‐ and post‐development water quality loading numbers by taking the weighted average of the basic loading numbers in terms of areal coverages of different land uses at various phases of development. Results of this simplified procedure have been verified indirectly by comparing them with the estimates derived independently through a more fundamental but time‐consuming approach.The procedure was used to evaluate the anticipated water quality impact of two future residential communities in South Florida by analyzing four water quality parameters: Suspended Soils (SS), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5). Although computation of loading numbers with mixed land uses is not an exact science at the present time, the recommended approach appears to be the best available technique to analyze quantitatively the water quality‐quantity‐land use interactions.
CALIBRATION OF SNYDER COEFFICIENTS FOR PENNSYLVANIA1
Authors: Miller Arthur C. , Kerr Sonja N. , Spaeder Donald J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Unit hydrograph theory is one of the most widely used techniques to predict surface runoff. The present study is concerned with the Snyder unit hydrograph and the calibration of the Snyder coefficients for Pennsylvania.Twenty‐seven study basins were selected, located randomly across the state. With the rainfall and runoff recorded for several events for each basin (more than 500 events were analyzed) unit hydrographs were calculated and the Snyder coefficients determined. A map of the coefficients was drawn to illustrate the variability in the coefficients and two equations using multiple regression theory were developed. The unexplained variability of the coefficients suggests that upper and lower bounds on the peak flow might be placed on storm hydrographs developed for ungaged watersheds.
ASPEN CLEARCUTTING INCREASES SNOWMELT AND STORM FLOW PEAKS IN NORTH CENTRAL MINNESOTA1
Authors: Verry Elon S. , Lewis Jeffrey R. , Brooks Kenneth N. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Clearcutting aspen from the upland portion of an upland peatland watershed in north central Minnesota caused snowmelt peak discharge to increase 11 to 143 percent. Rainfall peak discharge size increased as much as 250 percent during the first two years after clearcutting, then decreased toward precutting levels in subsequent years. Storm flow volumes from rain during the first two years increased as much as 170 percent but declined to preharvest volumes in the third year. Snowmelt volumes did not significantly change. Snowmelt peak discharge occurred about four to five days earlier after clearcutting, but the timing of storm flow from rainfall was not changed.Snowmelt peaks remained above precut size for nine years after clearcutting on an area undergoing natural regeneration to aspen saplings. Partial cutting ‐ up to approximately one‐half of the watershed ‐ reduced peak snowmelt discharge because melt was desynchronized in cleared and forested parts. Clearing more than 2/3 of the watershed caused snowmelt flood peak size to double during years with snow packs in excess of seven inches of water that remained until a day when maximum air temperatures exceeded 60d̀F.
POTENTIAL FOR AUGMENTING WATER YIELD THROUGH FOREST PRACTICES IN WESTERN WASHINGTON AND WESTERN OREGON1
Authors: Harr R. Dennis 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWestern Washington and western Oregon comprise a water‐rich region that has a very uneven annual distribution of both precipitation and streamflow. Highest demand for water coincides with lowest streamflow levels between July 1 and September 30 when less than 5 percent of annual water yield occurs. Increases in annual water yield in small, experimental watersheds in the region have ranged up to 600 mm after entire watersheds were logged and up to 300 mm in watersheds that were 25 to 30 percent logged. Most of the increase has occurred during the fall‐winter rainy season, and yield increases have been largest during the wettest years. Estimated sustained increases in water yield from most large watersheds subject to sustained yield forest management are at best only 3‐6 percent of unaugmented flows. Realistically, watersheds in this region will not be managed to produce more water. Water yield augmentation will continue to be only a small and variable by‐product of logging. The utility of water yield augmentation is limited by its size and by its occurrence relative to the time of water demand. In some local areas, reduction of fog interception and drip or establishment of riparian phreatophytic hardwoods may reduce summer flows.
STREAM WASTE ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY ANALYSIS USING REAERATION COEFFICIENTS MEASURED BY TRACER TECHNIQUES1
Authors: Liu Clark C. K. , Fok Yu‐Si 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAtmospheric reaeration is a natural mechanism of oxygen transfer from the atmosphere to a water body. In practice, stream water quality models are developed with reaeration coefficients (K2) estimated by predictive equations. This leads to uncertainties in modeling analysis because these equations are empirical in nature and may yield greatly different K2 values for the same stream. Values of K2 may be adjusted in model calibration, but unfortunately, values of other model parameters are no less easy to identify and require adjustment in model calibration as well. Therefore, validity of a stream model would be enhanced significantly if K2 could be determined directly and reliably. In this research, values of K2 in the Canandaiqua Outlet in Central New York have been measured by using a gas tracer method. A successful modeling analysis was conducted using these K2 values. As a result, effluent limitations of several waste water discharges into the Outlet were established. It was concluded that field measurements of reaeration rate would improve modeling results significantly, and that the gas tracer method can be easily incorporated into intensive water quality surveys normally required for stream modeling.
VIEWS OF WESTERN WHITEWATER FLOATERS TOWARD POSSIBLE SAFETY MEASURES1
Authors: Schomaker John H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTFor a risk recreation activity like whitewater boating, a manager's goal of providing for the health and safety of the visitor may conflict with the goal of providing the opportunity for a satisfying recreation experience. As whitewater river managers face the problem of safety and risks, they should consider what users think about safetyprograms. The views of whitewater boaters toward (1) first aid equipment requirements, (2) signs warning of hazards, (3) aggressive enforcement of the rules, and (4) patrols to assist and regulate users were determined on 13 river segments in the western United States. A test was made of the relation between views toward safety measures and the level of risk and thrills sought by floaters. Conclusions of the study are: (1) river floaters' views toward possible management safety measures are not related to the amount of risk they desire; and (2) floaters, in general, prefer some safety measures to others. If safety measures mean that managers will be more visible on the river, floaters tend to dislike them. Therefore, a manager's approach to safety management should parallel the approach to recreation management in general, and regulation of use should be the minimum necessary to achieve safety objectives.
RELIABILITY OF THE DESIGN STORM CONCEPT IN EVALUATING RUNOFF PEAK FLOW1
Authors: Beaudoin Pierre , Rousselle Jean , Marchi Gilles 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA comparative study was undertaken to evaluate peak runoff flow rates using (1) a continuous series of actual rainfall events and (2) design storms. The ILLUDAS computer model was used to simulate runoff over a catchment within the city of Montreal, Canada. A ten‐year period, five‐minute increment rainfall data base was used to derive peak flow frequency curves. Two types of design storms were analyzed: one derived from intensity duration frequency curves (Chicago type), the other from averaging actual rainfall patterns (Huff type). Antecedent soil moisture conditions were considered in the analyses. It was found that the probability distribution of runoff peak flow was sensitive to the choice of design storm pattern and to the antecedent soil moisture condition. A symmetrical, Chicago‐type design storm with antecedent dry soil moisture produced a flow frequency curve similar to the one obtained from a series of historical rainfall events.
THE NATURE OF LONG RUN COST SAVINGS DUE TO WATER CONSERVATION1
Authors: Walski Thomas M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTSavings in capital, operation, and maintenance costs of new water supply facilities are referred to as “long run foregone costs.” Any conservation measure leads to reduction of water use or loss, however, significant long run foregone costs are realized only when reductions in size or delays in construction of facilities result. In order to accurately evaluate these costs it is necessary to know which facilities are affected and how they are affected (i.e., eliminated, downsized, or delayed). The effects of several levels of conservation on long run fore gone costs for an actual study are presented and some easy to use equations that may be used to calculate such savings are then derived. Some rules are presented to determine if it is more economical to delay construction or downsize facilities.
WATER‐ENERGY LINKAGES IN NEBRASKA1
Authors: Gilliland Martha W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Nebraska is well endowed with water, particularly groundwater, but has few fossil fuel reserves. However, it is located adjacent to states which have almost no water but have enormous quantities of coal and oil shale. Recent court cases facilitate the movement of water from water‐rich states such as Nebraska to water‐short states, such as Colorado and Wyoming. The possibility of an energy‐water partnership exists and raise numerous policy questions.Within Nebraska, energy consumption patterns are similar to those of the nation's, with consumption of electricity in the agricultural sector growing fastest. Water consumption in the state is dominated by agriculture, and future development of groundwater for irrigation is expected to be intense.Although water and energy are both factors of economic production, an equivalent amount of water consumption provides more jobs in the energy industries than in agriculture. Water and energy are also interdependent. Each is required to produce the other and conservation of one will cause conservation of the other. If both agriculture and electricity are involved, such as in irrigation, the conservation effects are synergistic.Current water policy in Nebraska is biased toward agriculture relative to the energy industries and provides little incentive for water conservation. Given recent court cases and economic conditions, the advantages and disadvantages of the sale of water for export or the use of water with Wyoming coal for energy development need to be compared systematically with those of using water only for agriculture.
WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL PUMPAGE IN THE UPPER ST. JOHNS RIVER, FLORIDA1
Authors: Belanger Thomas V. , Vonderen Scott D. Van 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:Several large agricultural pumps, located in the upper St. Johns River Basin, Florida, and representative of the numerous pumps operating in the basin, were monitored during the spring and summer of 1982. These pumps have rated capacities ranging from 36 to 334 ft3/s and drain various quantities of improved pasture, row crop, and citrus land uses. The combined total pumping capacity of the pumps in this study is approximately equal to the average flow at US 192, near Melbourne (691 cfs). Results indicate high nutrient and suspended solids loading to the river, but the relative magnitude of each parameter varies with pump site and date. The row crop/Mary A pump (267 ft3/s capacity) exhibited the poorest water quality of the sampled pumps and appeared to have the greatest pollutional potential. The average suspended solids loading rate from the Mary A pump was high (37,900 Kg/day). The average total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) discharge concentrations at this pump were also high, with values of 3.96 mg/L and 0.79 mg/L, respectively. As expected, nutrient loading rates reflected discharge rates, to a large degree. Average TN loading rates for the pumping stations varied from 86 to 1935 Kg/day while TP loading ranged from 7 to 390 Kg/day. Nutrients from pumping are contributing factors to the increasing aquatic plant growth and algal blooms in the area. Poor quality discharge water, as well as rapid rises in water level from the cumulative discharges resulting in dead marsh vegetation and accompanying oxygen sags, have been suggested as causative factors for fish kills in the area.
DIFFERENTIAL ACCUMULATION OF SELENIUM AMONG AXIAL MUSCLE, REPRODUCTIVE AND LIVER TISSUES OF FOUR WARMWATER FISH SPECIES1
Authors: Sager David R. , Cofield Clarence R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTBluegill (Lepotmis macrochirus), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), white catfish (Ictalurus catus), and channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), collected from an electric power plant cooling reservoir and a municipal water supply reservoir near Roxboro, North Carolina, were analyzed for selenium concentrations in axial muscle, reproductive and liver tissues. Fishes from the municipal water reservoir had lower selenium concentrations (≤0.2‐2.1 μg/g ‐ wet weight) than found in the cooling reservoir fishes (1.6‐70.0 μg/g ‐ wet weight) but similar distributions of concentrations among the tissues was evident. Selenium was differentially accumulated, with higher concentrations in liver tissues (0.7‐70.0 μg/g ‐ wet weight), followed by female reproductive tissues (0.7‐25.0 μg/g ‐ wet weight), axial muscle tissues (≤0.2‐23.0 μg/g ‐ wet weight) and male reproductive tissues (0.2‐7.2 μg/g ‐ wet weight).
THE TENDENCY OF A NEW WATER DISINFECTANT TO PRODUCE TOXIC TRIHALOMETHANES1
Authors: Worley S. D. , Burkett H. D. , Price J. F. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:A new organic N‐chloramine disinfectant (3‐chloro‐4, 4‐dimethyl‐2‐oxazolidinone, agent I) has been compared with calcium hypochlorite as to its tendency to react with organic matter in water to produce toxic trihalomethanes. Agent I reacts much less readily with organic demand than does calcium hypochlorite. This study shows that agent I should be safe to use as a disinfectant for water containing appreciable organic load in either sunlight or darkness. On the other hand, calcium hypochlorite may not be a satisfactory disinfectant from the toxicity standpoint for water which contains organic load which must be stored for extended time periods in either sunlight or darkness.