bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcome of penile prosthesis implantation for treating erectile dysfunction: experience with 504 procedures
Authors: MINERVINI ANDREA , RALPH DAVID J. , PRYOR JOHN P. 
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the outcome of penile prosthesis surgery for different types of prosthesis.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe notes of 447 men who had 504 penile prosthesis implanted between August 1975 and December 2000 were evaluated. Of the prostheses inserted, 393 were malleable, 81 were three‐piece inflatable and 30 were self‐contained hydraulic prostheses. The mean (range) age of the men was 52 (21–78) years; 404 men had primary implants and 43 had revision surgery after operations at other institutions. The mean follow‐up was 50  (1–297) months.RESULTSOf the 447 men, 22 were lost to follow‐up immediately after surgery. The most serious postoperative complications were infection (8%) and erosion (5%), which was more common in diabetic patients (10%) and after pelvic trauma with a urethral injury (21%). Of 482 prostheses, 21 failed mechanically (4%) and revision surgery was needed for 5% of the prostheses inserted (24/482). Overall, 89% (377/425) of men could have sexual intercourse and 344 (81%) were satisfied with the results.CONCLUSIONSOf the men implanted with a penile prosthesis, 81% were satisfied with the outcome and an even higher proportion were satisfied with the inflatable prostheses. Dissatisfaction was mainly due to complications that resulted in removal of the prosthesis.
Long‐term therapy with the dual 5α‐reductase inhibitor dutasteride is well tolerated in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: SCHULMAN CLAUDE , POMMERVILLE PETER , HÖFNER KLAUS , WACHS BARTON 
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVETo examine the long‐term (4‐year) safety and tolerability of dutasteride in the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).PATIENTS AND METHODSPatients who completed the double‐blind phase of three dutasteride Phase III studies were eligible to enter a 2‐year open‐label extension, during which all patients received dutasteride 0.5 mg. Safety was assessed, including adverse‐event reporting, clinical laboratory assessments, yearly physical examinations, and vital sign assessments.RESULTSIn all, 2340 patients entered the open‐label phase, 1188 of whom previously received dutasteride during the double‐blind phase of the study. The most common drug‐related adverse events (occurring in ≥ 1%) were effects on sexual function, which decreased with a longer duration of therapy. Gynaecomastia was reported in a small percentage of men throughout the 4‐year study period. The incidence of individual sexual functional adverse events that led to withdrawal was ≤ 1% (0.3–1.0%) during the 4‐year study period. Dutasteride had no relevant effects on vital signs or clinical laboratory variables.CONCLUSIONThese data show that dutasteride is well tolerated during long‐term use for the treatment of symptomatic BPH.
A 3‐year review of The British Association of Urological Surgeons Section of Endourology Laparoscopic Nephrectomy Audit
Authors: DAVENPORT KIM , TIMONEY ANTHONY G. , KEELEY FRANCIS X. , JOYCE ADRIAN , DOWNEY PAUL ,   THE MEMBERS OF THE BAUS SECTION OF ENDOUROLOGY
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVETo report and compare the data obtained from the BAUS UK national laparoscopic nephrectomy audit over the past 3 years.METHODSEach year, consultants performing laparoscopic nephrectomy are invited to submit prospectively collected data on all patients so treated at their centres. The data from each centre is entered into a nationally established database using a standard data‐collection sheet. The indications for surgery, and data during and after surgery are collected. Since 2001, data were reported on 1294 laparoscopic nephrectomies.RESULTSOver the 3 years, the number of centres returning data has increased from 25 to 48. In 2002, data on 263 nephrectomies were returned; by 2004, this had increased to 598. In all three audits, most cases were for nonfunctioning kidneys and renal cell carcinoma, with transitional cell carcinoma and stones forming a smaller proportion. Over the 3 years, the mean (range) operative duration has reduced from 173 (89–335) to 166 (42–395) min. The median postoperative stay remained at 4–5 days, with a wide range reflecting other than clinical reasons for delayed discharge. The mortality rate remained low, at 0.7% and 0.2%, respectively, for 2002 and 2004. The mean conversion rate remained at 6–8% and the mean complication rate at 17–21%, but the proportion of major complications reduced from 10% to 4%. The transfusion rate also reduced from 10% to 7%. The operative duration, transfusion and conversion rates were higher in those centres performing fewer than 12 cases/year than in those performing at least one case per month.CONCLUSIONThe BAUS laparoscopic nephrectomy audit is an effective method for ensuring both the safe and widespread implementation of this relatively new technique to the UK, and compliance with internationally accepted standards. This audit has shown differences in clinical outcomes in favour of high‐volume centres, which may help to inform decisions about the centralization of urological laparoscopy services.
Long‐term efficacy and safety of alfuzosin 10 mg once daily: a 2‐year experience in ‘real‐life’ practice
Authors: ELHILALI MOSTAFA , EMBERTON MARK , MATZKIN HAIM , Van MOORSELAAR R. JEROEN A. , HARTUNG RUDOLF , HARVING NIELS , ALCARAZ ANTONIO , VALLANCIEN GUY ,   for the ALF‐ONE Study Group
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVETo assess the 2‐year efficacy and safety of alfuzosin 10 mg once daily, a selective α1‐adrenoceptor antagonist, in men complaining of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), in ‘real life’ practice.PATIENTS AND METHODSIn all, 839 European men with LUTS (mean age 67.3 years) were enrolled by general practitioners in a 2‐year open‐label study with alfuzosin 10 mg once daily. They were asked to complete the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), its appended eighth question (bother score), and the five domains (sexual drive, erection, ejaculation, problem assessment, and overall satisfaction) of the Brief Male Sexual Function Inventory (BSFI). The results were analysed at the endpoint in the intent‐to‐treat population.RESULTSAt the endpoint the total IPSS improved by 7 points (−38.5%) from baseline (P < 0.001) with 76.9% and 49.7% of men having an improvement of ≥ 3 points and >6 points, respectively. There were also significant improvements in nocturia (−0.9, −30%; P < 0.001) and bother score (−1.8, −43%; P < 0.001) from baseline. Most patients (56%) perceived symptom relief within the first 2 weeks of treatment. All BSFI domains significantly improved from baseline (P < 0.05; <0.001 for overall satisfaction) and these improvements were more marked in men with severe LUTS at baseline. Alfuzosin 10 mg was well tolerated; the most common adverse event related to vasodilatation was dizziness/postural dizziness (3.1%). Ejaculatory disorders were uncommon (0.3%). Changes in blood pressure remained marginal, including in elderly men and those receiving antihypertensive agents.CONCLUSIONSAlfuzosin 10 mg administered for 2 years in real practice is effective in improving LUTS and quality of life, and is well tolerated from a cardiovascular perspective, including in elderly men and those receiving antihypertensive co‐medication. Ejaculatory disorders are uncommon. Alfuzosin may even slightly improve various domains of sexual function, such as sexual drive, erection, ejaculation and satisfaction with sexual life.
Residual Analysis for Spatial Point Processes (with Discussion)
Authors: Baddeley A. , Turner R. , Møller J. , Hazelton M. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryWe define residuals for point process models fitted to spatial point pattern data, and we propose diagnostic plots based on them. The residuals apply to any point process model that has a conditional intensity; the model may exhibit spatial heterogeneity, interpoint interaction and dependence on spatial covariates. Some existing ad hoc methods for model checking (quadrat counts, scan statistic, kernel smoothed intensity and Berman's diagnostic) are recovered as special cases. Diagnostic tools are developed systematically, by using an analogy between our spatial residuals and the usual residuals for (non-spatial) generalized linear models. The conditional intensity λ plays the role of the mean response. This makes it possible to adapt existing knowledge about model validation for generalized linear models to the spatial point process context, giving recommendations for diagnostic plots. A plot of smoothed residuals against spatial location, or against a spatial covariate, is effective in diagnosing spatial trend or co-variate effects. Q–Q-plots of the residuals are effective in diagnosing interpoint interaction.
Bayes Factors Based on Test Statistics
Authors: Johnson Valen E. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryTraditionally, the use of Bayes factors has required the specification of proper prior distributions on model parameters that are implicit to both null and alternative hypotheses. I describe an approach to defining Bayes factors based on modelling test statistics. Because the distributions of test statistics do not depend on unknown model parameters, this approach eliminates much of the subjectivity that is normally associated with the definition of Bayes factors. For standard test statistics, including the χ2-, F-, t- and z-statistics, the values of Bayes factors that result from this approach have simple, closed form expressions.
Evaluating Emotional Literacy in Schools: The Development of the School Emotional Environment for Learning Survey
Authors: Haddon Alice , Goodman Harriet , Park James , Crick Ruth Deakin 
Published: November 2005

This paper describes the development of the School Emotional Environment for Learning Survey, an instrument for evaluating the perceived level of emotional literacy of the school as an organization. It elicits student and staff perceptions of their affective experience of being a part of the school community. It was designed to look at the extent to which a school enables members of its community to interact in a manner that builds an understanding of their own and others' emotions, which can then be used to shape their actions. Emotional literacy is seen here as a potential in everyone that is contingent on the interaction between a person and their social context, rather than a capacity that is either present or absent in the individual.Qualitative data were collected from an ethnographic case study of two schools using closed‐ and open‐ended questionnaires, semi‐structured interviews, focus groups, a draw‐and‐write exercise and participant observation. The data were used to generate grounded theory and to build a theoretical framework for organizational emotional literacy. This theoretical framework is described as the CORE framework, addressing the domains of communication, relationships, organization and emotional experience. These domains are then characterized by particular qualities and values that are described in the ‘matrix of emotional literacy’. This framework and matrix were then used to develop a questionnaire, which was trialed as a tool to audit the level of emotional literacy in both primary and secondary schools.
Do Firms Rebalance Their Capital Structures?
Authors: LEARY MARK T. , ROBERTS MICHAEL R. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTWe empirically examine whether firms engage in a dynamic rebalancing of their capital structures while allowing for costly adjustment. We begin by showing that the presence of adjustment costs has significant implications for corporate financial policy and the interpretation of previous empirical results. After confirming that financing behavior is consistent with the presence of adjustment costs, we find that firms actively rebalance their leverage to stay within an optimal range. Our evidence suggests that the persistent effect of shocks on leverage observed in previous studies is more likely due to adjustment costs than indifference toward capital structure.
CEO Overconfidence and Corporate Investment
Authors: MALMENDIER ULRIKE , TATE GEOFFREY 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTWe argue that managerial overconfidence can account for corporate investment distortions. Overconfident managers overestimate the returns to their investment projects and view external funds as unduly costly. Thus, they overinvest when they have abundant internal funds, but curtail investment when they require external financing. We test the overconfidence hypothesis, using panel data on personal portfolio and corporate investment decisions of Forbes 500 CEOs. We classify CEOs as overconfident if they persistently fail to reduce their personal exposure to company‐specific risk. We find that investment of overconfident CEOs is significantly more responsive to cash flow, particularly in equity‐dependent firms.
Investment Bank Reputation and the Price and Quality of Underwriting Services
Authors: FANG LILY HUA 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTThe relation between investment bank reputation and the price and quality of bond underwriting services is studied here. After controlling for endogeneity in issuer–underwriter matching, I find that reputable banks obtain lower yields and charge higher fees, but issuers' net proceeds are higher. These relations are pronounced in the junk‐bond category, in which reputable banks' underwriting criteria are most stringent. These findings suggest that banks' underwriting decisions reflect reputation concerns, and are thus informative of issue quality. They also suggest that economic rents are earned on reputation, and thereby provide continued incentives for underwriters to maintain reputation.
Thy Neighbor's Portfolio: Word‐of‐Mouth Effects in the Holdings and Trades of Money Managers
Authors: HONG HARRISON , KUBIK JEFFREY D. , STEIN JEREMY C. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTA mutual fund manager is more likely to buy (or sell) a particular stock in any quarter if other managers in the same city are buying (or selling) that same stock. This pattern shows up even when the fund manager and the stock in question are located far apart, so it is distinct from anything having to do with local preference. The evidence can be interpreted in terms of an epidemic model in which investors spread information about stocks to one another by word of mouth.
Changing Names with Style: Mutual Fund Name Changes and Their Effects on Fund Flows
Authors: COOPER MICHAEL J. , GULEN HUSEYIN , RAU P. RAGHAVENDRA 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTWe examine whether mutual funds change their names to take advantage of current hot investment styles, and what effects these name changes have on inflows to the funds, and to the funds' subsequent returns. We find that the year after a fund changes its name to reflect a current hot style, the fund experiences an average cumulative abnormal flow of 28%, with no improvement in performance. The increase in flows is similar across funds whose holdings match the style implied by their new name and those whose holdings do not, suggesting that investors are irrationally influenced by cosmetic effects.
Debt Maturity, Risk, and Asymmetric Information
Authors: BERGER ALLEN N. , ESPINOSA‐VEGA MARCO A. , FRAME W. SCOTT , MILLER NATHAN H. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTWe test the implications of Flannery's (1986) and Diamond's (1991) models concerning the effects of risk and asymmetric information in determining debt maturity, and we examine the overall importance of informational asymmetries in debt maturity choices. We employ data on over 6,000 commercial loans from 53 large U.S. banks. Our results for low‐risk firms are consistent with the predictions of both theoretical models, but our findings for high‐risk firms conflict with the predictions of Diamond's model and with much of the empirical literature. Our findings also suggest a strong quantitative role for asymmetric information in explaining debt maturity.
Financial Networks: Contagion, Commitment, and Private Sector Bailouts
Authors: LEITNER YARON 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTI develop a model of financial networks in which linkages not only spread contagion, but also induce private sector bailouts, where liquid banks bail out illiquid banks because of the threat of contagion. Introducing this bailout possibility, I show that linkages may be optimal ex ante because they allow banks to obtain some mutual insurance even though formal commitments are impossible. However, in some cases (e.g., when liquidity is concentrated among a small group of banks), the whole network may collapse. I also characterize the optimal network size and apply the results to joint liability arrangements and payment systems.
Financial Market Design and the Equity Premium: Electronic versus Floor Trading
Authors: JAIN PANKAJ K. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTWe assemble the announcement and actual introduction dates of electronic trading by the leading exchanges of 120 countries to examine the impact of automation, controlling for risk factors and economic conditions. Dividend growth models and international CAPM suggest a significant decline in the equity premium, especially in emerging markets. Consistent with this reduction in the equity premium in the long run, there is a positive short‐term price reaction to the switch. Further analysis of trading turnover supports the notion that electronic trading enhances the liquidity and informativeness of stock markets, leading to a reduction in the cost of capital.
Promoting Children's Health Through Understanding of Genetics and Genomics
Authors: Kenner Carole , Gallo Agatha M. , Bryant Kellie D. 
Published: November 2005

Purpose: To describe the effects of genetics and genomics on children's health care.
Organizing Construct: The breakthroughs in the Human Genome Project have great potential for disease prediction, treatment, and prevention in the health care of children with chronic health conditions. Most childhood conditions based on a single gene are influenced by a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors.
Methods: A review of the literature was conducted to determine the most common childhood diseases linked to genetic causes.
Findings: Two examples were selected to depict how a health professional would use genetic knowledge to provide holistic health promotion and disease prevention.
Conclusions: Knowledge of the interaction of the genetic profile coupled with a person's lifestyle, work environment, and family context provide a more holistic picture of a person's health profile. The clinical implications are that this knowledge will provide opportunities for health professionals to advise families on individualized treatment options or to tailor health promotion to future disease states based on genes and their interaction with the environment.
Genomic Influences on Schizophrenia‐Related Neurotransmitter Systems
Authors: Keltner Norman L. 
Published: November 2005

Purpose: (a) to summarize genomic influences in schizophrenia, (b) to review the molecular genetic profile associated with schizophrenia, (c) to summarize the genetic factors affecting dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitter systems, and (d) to list nursing implications for this knowledge.
Organizing Framework: Schizophrenia and schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders, both clustered in families, arise from both genetic and environmental influences. Schizophrenia does not develop from a single genetic mutation but rather from many genetic alterations acting together.
Conclusions: Studies focused on genetic polymorphisms of neurotransmitter systems pique nurses' interest because pharmacological interventions affecting those systems remain the primary approach to treatment. Atypical antipsychotics have in common the ability to antagonize dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors. This review includes the recent discoveries regarding genetic modifications affecting dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitter systems and their potential as a basis for treatment.
Conceptual Model of Health‐Related Quality of Life
Authors: Ferrans Carol Estwing , Zerwic Julie Johnson , Wilbur Jo Ellen , Larson Janet L. 
Published: November 2005

Purpose: To revise the Wilson and Cleary model of health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), with suggestions for applying each of the components, and to facilitate the use of HRQoL in nursing and health care.Organizing Construct: HRQoL, based on relevant literature over the past 20 years.Methods: The original model was revised in three substantive ways: (a) indicating that biological function is influenced by characteristics of both individuals and environments; (b) deleting nonmedical factors; and (c) deleting the labels on the arrows that tend to restrict characterization of the relationships.Findings: Theoretical background is provided for each of the major components of the model, and examples of instruments to measure them, were added.Conclusions: In quality‐of‐life research, the current challenge is to devise models to clarify the elements of health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) and the causal relationships among them. This revision of Wilson and Cleary's model includes a taxonomy of the variables that often have been used to measure HRQoL. This revision should be useful in research and clinical practice.
Cultural Competence Among Ontario and Michigan Healthcare Providers
Authors: Schim Stephanie Myers , Doorenbos Ardith Z. , Borse Nagesh N. 
Published: November 2005

Purpose: To examine variables associated with cultural competence among urban, hospital‐based healthcare providers in Ontario (Canada) and Michigan (US).
Design and Sample: A cross‐sectional descriptive design with a convenience sample of hospital‐based providers was used. The sample was 145 providers (n=71 Ontario; n=74 Michigan).
Methods: Providers completed a survey which included the Cultural Competence Assessment (CCA) instrument. Regression analysis was used to examine associations.
Findings: Providers with diversity training and higher levels of educational attainment scored significantly higher on cultural awareness and sensitivity and on cultural competence behaviors.
Conclusions: Variables significantly associated with cultural competence included prior training in cultural competency and higher educational attainment among both Ontario and Michigan healthcare providers.
Differences in Survival, Length of Stay, and Discharge Disposition of Older Trauma Patients Admitted to Trauma Centers and Nontrauma Center Hospitals
Authors: Scheetz Linda J. 
Published: November 2005

Purpose: To examine the relationship of level of care (trauma center [TC], nontrauma center [NTC] hospitals) on three outcomes: survival, length of stay, and discharge disposition.
Design: Retrospective secondary analysis of a subset of data (1,418 patients age 65 to 99 years) from a large statewide study in which the purpose was to compare admission patterns (TCs and NTCs) of motor vehicle (MV) trauma patients according to age and sex. The New Jersey UB‐92 Patient Discharge Data for 2000 were used in this analysis.
Methods: Demographic and clinical variables were compared using descriptive data, independent samples t tests, Pearson chi square, and Mann‐Whitney U analyses. Logistic regression and multiple regression analyses were performed to examine relationships between level of care and three outcome variables, survival, length of stay, and discharge disposition, while controlling for age and severity of injury.
Results: NTC admission was the only predictor of survival and discharge to home, but injury severity was the strongest predictor of length of stay, followed by NTC care. The odds of survival and discharge home decreased slightly as age and injury severity increased.
Conclusions: This analysis indicated preliminary evidence that level of care influences survival, length of stay, and discharge disposition. Studies are warranted for researchers to examine the influence of postinjury variables, including complications, stress reaction, and depression on outcomes.