bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Vaccinia Virus F13L YPPL Motif Is Required for Efficient Release of Extracellular Enveloped Virus
Authors: Honeychurch Kady M. , Yang Guang , Jordan Robert , Hruby Dennis E. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT
The Tyr-X-X-Leu (YxxL) motif of the vaccinia virus F13L protein was examined for late (L) domain activity. The ability of an F13L deletion virus to form plaques was restored by PCR products containing single alanine substitutions within the motif and a YAAL construct but not by constructs lacking both the Y and L residues. Recombinant viruses possessing alanine substitutions in place of the tyrosine or the leucine residue in the YxxL motif demonstrated small, asymmetrical plaques. RNA interference-dependent depletion of Alix and TSG101 (host proteins involved in L domain-dependent protein trafficking) diminished extracellular enveloped virion production to various degrees, suggesting that the YxxL motif is a genuine L domain.
Functional Foxp3+CD4+CD25(Bright+)“Natural” Regulatory T Cells Are Abundant in Rabbit Conjunctiva and Suppress Virus-Specific CD4+and CD8+Effector T Cells during Ocular Herpes Infection
Authors: Nesburn Anthony B. , Bettahi Ilham , Dasgupta Gargi , Chentoufi Alami Aziz , Zhang Xiuli , You Sylvaine , Morishige Naoyuki , Wahlert Andrew J. , Brown Donald J. , Jester James V. , Wechsler Steven L. , BenMohamed Lbachir 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTWe studied the phenotype and distribution of “naturally” occurring CD4+CD25+T regulatory cells (CD4+CD25+nTregcells) resident in rabbit conjunctiva, the main T-cell inductive site of the ocular mucosal immune system, and we investigated their suppressive capacities using herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-specific effector T (Teff) cells induced during ocular infection. The expression of CD4, CD25, CTLA4, GITR, and Foxp3 was examined by reverse transcription-PCR, Western blotting, and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis in CD45+pan-leukocytes isolated from conjunctiva, spleen, and peripheral blood monocyte cells (PBMC) of HSV-1-infected and uninfected rabbits. Normal conjunctiva showed a higher frequency of CD4+CD25(Bright+)T cells than did spleen and PBMC. These cells expressed high levels of Foxp3, GITR, and CTLA4 molecules. CD4+CD25(Bright+)T cells were localized continuously along the upper and lower palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, throughout the epithelium and substantia propria. Conjunctiva-derived CD4+CD25(Bright+)T cells, but not CD4+CD25(low)T cells, efficiently suppressed HSV-specific CD4+and CD8+Teffcells. The CD4+CD25(Bright+)T-cell-mediated suppression was effective on both peripheral blood and conjunctiva infiltrating Teffcells and was cell-cell contact dependent but independent of interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor β. Interestingly, during an ocular herpes infection, there was a selective increase in the frequency and suppressive capacity of Foxp3+CD4+CD25(Bright+)T cells in conjunctiva but not in the spleen or in peripheral blood. Altogether, these results provide the first evidence that functional Foxp3+CD4+CD25(Bright+)Tregcells accumulate in the conjunctiva. It remains to be determined whether conjunctiva CD4+CD25+nTregcells affect the topical/mucosal delivery of subunit vaccines that stimulate the ocular mucosal immune system.
BAG3, a Host Cochaperone, Facilitates Varicella-Zoster Virus Replication
Authors: Kyratsous Christos A. , Silverstein Saul J. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) establishes a lifelong latent infection in the dorsal root ganglia of the host. During latency, a subset of virus-encoded regulatory proteins is detected; however, they are excluded from the nucleus. ORF29p, a single-stranded DNA binding protein, is one of these latency-associated proteins. We searched for cell proteins that interact with ORF29p and identified BAG3. BAG3, Hsp70/Hsc70, and Hsp90 colocalize with ORF29p in nuclear transcription/replication factories during lytic replication of VZV. Pharmacological intercession of Hsp90 activity with ansamycin antibiotics or depletion of BAG3 by small interfering RNA results in inhibition of virus replication. Replication in BAG3-depleted cell lines is restored by complementation with exogenous BAG3. Alteration of host chaperone activity provides a novel means of regulating virus replication.
PEA3 Is Necessary for Optimal Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor–Stimulated Matrix Metalloproteinase Expression and Invasion of Ovarian Tumor Cells
Authors: Cowden Dahl Karen D. , Zeineldin Reema , Hudson Laurie G. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Elevated expression of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) is detected in human ovarian tumors and is associated with decreased recurrence-free and overall survival. EGFR activation affects tumor progression in part by promoting tumor invasion through the induction of prometastatic matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). PEA3, an ETS family transcription factor, is elevated in advanced and metastatic ovarian cancer and regulates MMPs in various cell types, therefore, we investigated whether PEA3 is required for the EGFR-dependent induction of MMP mRNA. MMP-9 and MMP-14 mRNA levels were selectively increased in response to EGFR activity in ovarian tumor cells. EGFR activation resulted in nuclear accumulation of PEA3 and direct binding of PEA3, but not the related protein ETS-1, to the endogenous MMP-9 and MMP-14 promoters. Furthermore, PEA3 overexpression was sufficient to induce MMP-9 and MMP-14 mRNA, tumor cell migration, and invasion, suggesting that PEA3 is an important contributor to the metastatic phenotype. Additionally, inhibition of PEA3 expression via short interfering RNA reduced the EGF induction of MMP-9 and MMP-14 gene expression by 92% and 50%, respectively, and impaired EGF-stimulated tumor cell invasion. These results suggest that PEA3 is regulated by EGFR and that the elevated PEA3 expression detected in human ovarian cancer may divert cells to a more invasive phenotype by regulating MMP-9 and MMP-14. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(5):413–21)
Anglican Women: Empowering Each other to Further God's Kingdom
Authors: Donovan Mary Sudman 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTIn February 2006, women from every province of the Anglican Communion gathered in New York for the annual meeting of the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women. Once assembled, they established an organizational structure to perpetuate their gathering and called for an expanded women's presence on all Anglican Communion governing bodies. This article traces the development of the group, showing how a few women used the political structures of the Anglican Communion–the Anglican Observer at the United Nations, the Anglican Consultative Council and the International Anglican Women's Network–to assemble Anglican women. It demonstrates that the experience of meeting together became a source of empowerment for the participants and analyzes the factors contributing to the venture's success so that they might serve as models for the Anglican Communion as it struggles to maintain unity while embracing diversity.
Monastic Wisdom Theology: Insights from William of St Thierry
Authors: Lord Andrew 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTAnglicanism has seen a revived interest in monasticism alongside a desire to develop contemporary forms of theological education. These two concerns have much in common given the educational aspects of monasticism, and yet little has been done to bring them together. This article explores the theological method of William of St Thierry and considers the contribution it makes to an ‘Anglican way’ of theological education for today. In particular, his aim to develop theology that engages the reader with God in such a way as to promote virtue brings together the intellectual, worship and pastoral aspects of theological education. His contribution can help deepen an Anglican way and challenge new monastic communities to engage with theology. It also contributes to the development of ‘wisdom theology’ that concerns a number of contemporary theologians.
Julius – a template based supplementary electronic health record system
Authors: Chen Rong , Enberg Gösta , Klein Gunnar O 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

Background
EHR systems are widely used in hospitals and primary care centres but it is usually difficult to share information and to collect patient data for clinical research. This is partly due to the different proprietary information models and inconsistent data quality. Our objective was to provide a more flexible solution enabling the clinicians to define which data to be recorded and shared for both routine documentation and clinical studies. The data should be possible to reuse through a common set of variable definitions providing a consistent nomenclature and validation of data. Another objective was that the templates used for the data entry and presentation should be possible to use in combination with the existing EHR systems.

Methods
We have designed and developed a template based system (called Julius) that was integrated with existing EHR systems. The system is driven by the medical domain knowledge defined by clinicians in the form of templates and variable definitions stored in a common data repository. The system architecture consists of three layers. The presentation layer is purely web-based, which facilitates integration with existing EHR products. The domain layer consists of the template design system, a variable/clinical concept definition system, the transformation and validation logic all implemented in Java. The data source layer utilizes an object relational mapping tool and a relational database.

Results
The Julius system has been implemented, tested and deployed to three health care units in Stockholm, Sweden. The initial responses from the pilot users were positive. The template system facilitates patient data collection in many ways. The experience of using the template system suggests that enabling the clinicians to be in control of the system, is a good way to add supplementary functionality to the present EHR systems.

Conclusion
The approach of the template system in combination with various local EHR systems can facilitate the sharing and reuse of validated clinical information from different health care units. However, future system developments for these purposes should consider using the openEHR/CEN models with shareable archetypes.
Different pH requirements are associated with divergent inhibitory effects of chloroquine on human and avian influenza A viruses
Authors: Di Trani Livia , Savarino Andrea , Campitelli Laura , Norelli Sandro , Puzelli Simona , D'Ostilio Daniela , Vignolo Edoardo , Donatelli Isabella , Cassone Antonio 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Chloroquine is a 4-aminoquinoline previously used in malaria therapy and now becoming an emerging investigational antiviral drug due to its broad spectrum of antiviral activities. To explore whether the low pH-dependency of influenza A viruses might affect the antiviral effects of chloroquine at clinically achievable concentrations, we tested the antiviral effects of this drug on selected human and avian viruses belonging to different subtypes and displaying different pH requirements. Results showed a correlation between the responses to chloroquine and NH4Cl, a lysosomotropic agent known to increase the pH of intracellular vesicles. Time-of-addition experiments showed that the inhibitory effect of chloroquine was maximal when the drug had been added at the time of infection and was lost after 2 h post-infection. This timing approximately corresponds to that of virus/cell fusion. Moreover, there was a clear correlation between the EC50 of chloroquine in vitro and the electrostatic potential of the HA subunit (HA2) mediating the virus/cell fusion process. Overall, the present study highlights the critical importance of a host cell factor such as intravesicular pH in determining the anti-influenza activity of chloroquine and other lysosomotropic agents.
Concurrent pulmonary zygomycosis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: a case report
Authors: Patel Tejal , Clifton Ian J , Kastelik Jack A , Peckham Daniel G 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
A non-smoking 77-year old gentleman of Indian origin was admitted with a 4-month history of intermittent night sweats, haemoptysis and 6 kg of weight loss. CT scan of thorax demonstrated a 2.5 cm mass in the right middle lobe with multiple small nodules within the right lung and confirmed the presence of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes.
Fibreoptic bronchoscopy demonstrated a distorted right main bronchus, anterior shift of the right upper lobe and occlusion of the right middle lobe bronchus with a black necrotic ulcer. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was found in the bronchoalveolar lavage and histology demonstrated numerous fungal hyphae with a morphological appearance of zygomycetes within necrotic areas of tissue. Medical management with anti-fungal and anti-mycobacterial treatment was instigated as the patient's pre-existing IHD did not permit surgical intervention. Subsequently CT imaging following completion of therapy demonstrated improvement of the mass and a resolution of the associated nodules. The patient has been followed for 6 months to date and there has been no recurrence of symptoms. Recent bronchoalveolar lavage cultures have been negative for M. tuberculosis and zygomycetes.
Recent trends in breast cancer incidence rates by age and tumor characteristics among U.S. women
Authors: Jemal Ahmedin , Ward Elizabeth , Thun Michael J 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Introduction
A recent abstract presented in a breast cancer symposium attributed the sharp decrease in female breast cancer incidence rates from 2002 to 2003 in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registries of the United States to the reduced use of hormone replacement therapy since July 2002. However, this hypothesis does not explain the decrease that began in 1999 in the age-standardized incidence rate of invasive breast cancer in the nine oldest SEER cancer registry areas, although the trend through 2003 was not statistically significant. In this paper, we examine temporal trends in invasive and in situ female breast cancer by age, stage, tumor size, and estrogen receptor/progestin receptor (ER/PR) status in the nine oldest SEER cancer registry areas and consider the implication of these trends in relation to risk factors and screening.

Methods
We performed a joinpoint regression analysis to fit a series of joined straight lines to the trends in age-adjusted rates and described the resultant trends (slope) by annual percentage change (two-sided, P < 0.05).

Results
A plot of the age-specific rates of invasive breast cancer shows a decrease in all 5-year age groups from 45 years and above between 1999 and 2003 and sharp decreases largely confined to ER+ tumors in age groups from 50 to 69 years between 2002 and 2003. In joinpoint analyses by tumor size and stage, incidence rates decreased for small tumors (less than or equal to 2 cm) by 4.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2% to 7.8%) per year from 2000 through 2003 and for localized disease by 3.1% (95% CI, 1.2% to 5.0%) per year from 1999 through 2003. No decrease in incidence was observed for larger tumors or advanced-stage disease during the corresponding periods. Rates for in situ disease were stable from 2000 through 2003 after increasing rapidly since 1981.

Conclusion
Two distinct patterns are observed in breast cancer trends. The downturn in incidence rates in all age groups above 45 years suggests a period effect that is consistent with saturation in screening mammography. The sharp decrease in incidence from 2002 to 2003 that occurred in women 50 to 69 years old who predominantly, but not exclusively, had ER+ tumors may reflect the early benefit of the reduced use of hormone replacement therapy.
The Formation of International Treaties
Authors: Fon Vincy , Parisi Francesco 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This paper develops a stylized model of international treaty formation and analyzes the different modalities with which states can become part of an international treaty according to the procedures set forth by the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. We consider the rules governing accession to international treaties, distinguishing between three situations: (i) Treaties for which acceptance of a new member requires unanimous approval of the signatory states with an amendment of the original treaty agreement (closed treaties); (ii) Treaties where acceptance of a new member is made possible through approval by a majority of the existing member states (semi-open treaties); and (iii) Treaties where the original member states have agreed to leave the treaty open for accession by other states (open treaties).
Endogenous Corruption in a Federation
Authors: Plekhanov Alexander 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The paper shows that corruption at the federal level may be contagious for regional governments suggesting that federal structure of the government may be one of the reasons for persistence of corruption. The analysis reveals that well-informed voters may rationally forego their chance to elect a benevolent government and vote for rent-seeking politicians instead. Whereas most models of the political rent seeking in a federation make assumptions about exogenous and independent levels of capture of the central and regional governments the present paper endogenizes the incidence of corruption in a federation.
Distinctive amino acid residue periodicities in terminal sequences of type III and type I secreted proteins from proteobacteria
Authors: Andersone Inara , Zikmanis Peteris 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Fourier transform (FT) method was applied to specify the distribution of 14 predefined groups of amino acids (64 residues) at both termini of annotated type III and type I secreted proteins from proteobacteria. Type I proteins displayed a higher occurrence of significant periodicities at both C-and N-termini, indicating potent features to discriminate between secretion types, particularly by the use of variables selected from the full periodicity profiles at 19 orders of FT. The Fishers linear discriminant analysis, together with the stepwise selection of variables throughout equal pairs of combinations for all predefined groups of residues, revealed the C-terminal harmonics of aromatic (HFWY) and aliphatic (VLIA) residues as a set of strong predictor variables to classify both types of secreted proteins with an accuracy of 100% for original grouped cases and 96.4% for cross-validated grouped cases. The prediction accuracy of proposed discriminant function was estimated by repeated k-fold cross-validation procedures where the original data set was randomly divided into k subsets, with one of the k-subsets serving as the test set and the remaining data forming the training set. The average error rate computed across all k-trials and repeats did not exceed that of leave-one-out procedure. The proposed set of predictor variables could be used to assess the compatibility between secretion pathways and secretion substrates of proteobacteria by means of discriminant analysis.
Autoimmune hepatitis after high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone pulse in RR-MS
Authors: Reuß Reinhard , Retzlaff Kerstin , Vogel Sabine , Franke Folker , Oschmann Patrick 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Three weeks after the administration of intravenous methylprednisolone therapy, a 42-year-old female patient suffering from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RR-MS) presented with a profound elevation of liver transaminases (GOT 485 U/l, GPT 1082 U/l, glutamyl transpeptidase 170 U/l). Liver biopsy revealed a profound, still active hepatitis with portal lymphocytic infiltration and fibrosis. Most likely, existing acute hepatitis was of autoimmune origin and emerged from an immune rebound phenomenon after immunosuppressive therapy.
Lamellar cracks, do they appear during radial compression of wood?
Authors: Rergander Anna , Salmén Lennart 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The development of flexible fibres in the refining of mechanical pulps requires large amounts of energy and it is important to find means of making this process more efficient. One way to obtain flexibility is thought to be by the initiation of cracks parallel to the cell wall. This process was studied during sinusoidal radial compression (10 Hz) of softwood at 20 and 95°C. Sections of compressed specimens were observed in a light microscope, or ESEM (Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope). To create a contrast, i.e. to enhance the damaged areas, Simons' stain was used for light microscopy and swelling in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for ESEM. However, no parallel cracks were observed in any of the compressed specimens by the methods used, even after up to 10000 compressions. There was, however, a slight tendency towards a weakening in the structure at the cell corner area observed as parallel cracks in specimens dried in their compressed state. This could be an indication of the initiation sites for the permanent deformation of fibres in refining.
Fibre characteristics and paper properties of formic acid / peroxyformic acid birch pulps
Authors: Seisto Anu , Poppius-Levlin Krisriina 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The fibre and paper properties of nine unbleached formic acid / peroxyformic acid (MILOX) pulps with kappa number 6-20 were studied and compared with a kraft pulp with kappa number 20. The degree of deformation was greater in the MILOX fibres, affecting the paper properties of the MILOX pulps. The large number of curl and kinks in the MILOX fibres were probably caused mechanically. The MILOX fibres showed greater conformability, resulting in higher paper density. The defects in the MILOX fibres were apparently so severe as to cause fibre breakage during PFI beating of the pulps. As a result of both fibre deformation and breakage, the tensile strengths of the MILOX pulps were lower than that of the reference kraft pulp, and tensile strength development during beating was slower. The tear strength of the best MILOX pulp was lower than that of the kraft pulp when compared at the same tensile index. Fibre deformation in both MILOX and the kraft pulp increased during bleaching. The kinks in the fibres were possibly set into position, giving the bleached MILOX pulps poorer bonding ability and lower paper density. A high degree of fibre defo~mation had the same effect on the tensile strength development of the bleached MILOX pulps as it did in the unbleached state. The light scattering properties of the MlLOX pulps were better than those of the kraft pulp, possibly due to the higher fines content of the MILOX pulps. The results indicate that more attention should be given to mechanical treatments during MILOX pulping in order to bring the strength properties closer to those of kraft pulp.
Dynamic simulation of a thermomechanical pulp refiner
Authors: Horch Alexander , lsaksson Alf J. , Allison Bruce J. , Karlström Anders , Nilsson Lennart 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to describe a model for dynamic simulation of a TMP refiner. The temperature profile along the radius of the refiner, outlet consistency and motor load are considered as outputs of the simulation, whereas the chip screw speed and dilution water flow setpoints are the inputs. The dynamic model of the refiner, as such, has been derived from first principles. The motor load and input dynamics, however, are based on black-box identifications. The model has been implemented in MATLABISIMULINK. Simulations are compared to corresponding data from experiments with the refiner.