bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advanced Ultrasonic Scanning Tool and Evaluation Methods Improve and Standardize Casing Inspection
Authors: Frisch G. , Mandal B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Evaluating the inner and outer condition of casing has been problematic. Typical casing inspection logging tools such as calipers, phase-shift tools, and flux-leakage devices often have been unable to function mechanically in larger size casing. Additionally, small pipe defects can go unnoticed due to poor azimuthal resolution of the measurements or to the averaging techniques, in both casing and risers, using previous casing inspection methods.
The high horizontal (radial) and vertical sampling rates of ultrasonic devices can provide precise casing inspection for most casing sizes. Use of a navigation package permits data to be corrected for orientation and tool rotation. Data such as casing inner diameter and radius, casing ovality, and 40 to 200 caliper traces may be recorded in real time in conventional or imaging log formats, permit monitoring over time. This allows easier monitoring of the deterioration in specific regions of the casing.
With the use of risers for sub-sea trees and large casing in the deep offshore arena, the problems of pipe inspection are escalated. Riser monitoring represents one of the unique and economically important applications of this tool. Previous attempts at using conventionally configured ultrasonic scanning tools to evaluate large casing have been unsuccessful because the significant distance between the tool transducer and the casing wall causes the reflected signals to be highly attenuated and virtually unusable. Therefore, a new large-radius adjustable scanning head was developed for use with the ultrasonic scanning tool. Its inclusion allows the positioning of an ultrasonic transducer at an optimum distance from an inspection target, such as the wall of a casing or a marine riser, to provide consistent and accurate internal measurements in large-diameter casing. This tool and head combination has successfully monitored risers with an internal diameter larger than 19 ½ inches
New real-time and post processing analytical procedures correct for tool position and are required to accurately detect and measure casing wear. These processes will provide a "quality grade" for each joint of downhole casing. Improved processing software provides two- and three-dimensional images, a tabular listing of evaluation results, automatic counting of joints, and segmented data plots.
Several field logs illustrate a range of wellbore conditions and casing damage. The ultrasonic scanning tool provides both quantitative and qualitative evaluation and diagnosis of casing problems.
Extending the Influence of Real Options: Problems and Opportunities
Authors: Luehrman Timothy A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Investments in oil and gas are subjected to increasingly sophisticated financial analyses. Real option valuation is prominent among the new financial analytical tools being applied prospectively to projects in the industry. This paper begins with the observation that many real option analyses are formally, technically correct and yet clearly lack substantial influence on decisions and ongoing project management. The paper considers possible explanations for this lack of influence, including aspects of model design and construction, organizational structure, training, and corporate communication habits. The paper explores two problems in more detail. First, the mathematically powerful assumption of optimal exercise is built into all real-option models, yet it clearly over-simplifies corporate behavior. The paper cites recent advances in corporate finance theory to show why corporations sometimes fail to exercise options optimally. These include insights from research on agency costs, information asymmetries, and corporate governance. When these problems acquire first-order significance they tend to undermine the credibility of an otherwise sound model. Second, there is a dissonance between the established language of capital budgeting (essentially cash flows and discount rates) and the language of real options, which is still evolving, but which must at a minimum accommodate changes over time in key variables and the phenomenon of active rather than passive management. The paper concludes with practical suggestions for surmounting or skirting these obstacles, drawn from the author's experience as an academic and consultant in the field of real option valuation.
General Solution for Option Analysis and Valuation Using a Branching Monte Carlo Method
Authors: Whiteside M. W. , Drown C. , Levy G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The oil industry regularly applies decision tree analysis for the evaluation of single decisions involving discrete uncertainty. Decision processes, such as the evaluation of appraisal drilling or a flexible oilfield development, that require the resolution of continuous uncertainty and the evaluation of multiple sequential decisions, are difficult to analyse using conventional decision tree methods and require the application of alternative techniques.
This paper presents a solution to the problem using a branching Monte Carlo method that is derived from option theory. This method can be applied to a large class of problems involving an indefinite number of uncertain variables and multiple sequential decisions.
An example of the method is presented for the evaluation of a multi-well appraisal program and it is shown that this method can be used for optimal appraisal planning. The paper proposes the application of a resource learning factor, which is a measure of the resource uncertainty reduction from gaining additional information. This learning factor can be derived from historical records of many oil companies.
Further, the paper compares the active option of appraisal with the passive option of waiting for prices to increase that is more commonly considered in the option literature. It is shown that where an active resource discovery process is followed the active option dominates the passive price option.
Improving Investment Decisions Using a Stochastic Integrated Asset Model
Authors: Begg S. H. , Bratvold R. B. , Campbell J. M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper addresses the need for a holistic, integrated approach to assessing the impacts of uncertainty on oil and gas investment decision-making. We argue that this cannot be accomplished effectively by just adding a capability to deal with uncertainty to classical, rigorous models of all the components that contribute to an investment decision evaluation. Further, we suggest that such an approach, if feasible, is not desirable. Instead, we propose the concept of a Stochastic Integrated Asset Model (SIAM) embedded in a decision support system. This approach involves trading-off some technical rigor for a more complete and accurate assessment of the impacts of uncertainty on the investment decision-making process. The main elements of the system are: simplified component models for each domain; Monte Carlo simulation engine; modeling language for customization, incorporation of interdependencies between components, implementation of decision logic and updating information as a result of learning. We illustrate how such a system identifies which uncertainties impact the decision the most; values the acquisition of information (data, technical analysis) and encourages flexibility in go-forward plans to mitigate and/or exploit uncertainties. Further applications are to the optimization of development plans, real options valuation and the generation of consistent, risked cash flows for input to portfolio analysis. We believe that application of such a system results in a true value-driven focus to the work of multi-disciplinary asset teams through its ability to integrate the technical and business aspects of decisions.
Risk Evaluation For Recompletion and Sidetrack Developments in Oil Fields
Authors: Lerche I. , Mudford B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
There are two very similar problems in development of an oil field related to recompletion or to sidetrack of an existing producing well to an undeveloped horizon or fault block. In both cases, one has drilled and is producing an horizon, and one also knows from exploration drilling that a shallower horizon, or an adjacent fault block is present that is oilbearing. As the first horizon progressively yields its recoverable reserves, corporate attention shifts to the question of producing the remaining horizon in order to bolster cash flow.
There is some risk that the recompletion or sidetrack will fail, so there is a chance that one will stop production in the currently producing zone and also fail to get production from the new zone. The economic question of interest concerns the expectation of total recoverable oil and the likely cash flow that could accrue. In other words, the economic potential of the recompletion or sidetrack must be tied to the chances of success and failure. The economic worth of a sidetrack or recompletion are frequently evaluated by using deterministic decision tree analyses to determine the expected monetary value (EMV) generated by the new expenditure. This technique can be extended in several ways as is shown here. Firstly, with deterministic inputs into the decision tree, one can estimate the uncertainty in the EMV, and the probability of exceeding some minimum value. Secondly, with uncertainty in the inputs, such as cost and production, one can calculate the full net present value distribution, both approximately and using Monte Carlo simulation. The second case provides a realistic view of the uncertainty in the economic potential of the recompletion or sidetrack, given inherent uncertainties in the project. Some examples are presented to illustrate these points succinctly and sharply.
An Investigation of Risk and Probability in a Portfolio Management Context
Authors: DuBois James R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The oil and gas industry often makes investment decisions based on expected value numbers. This can be quite misleading, particularly when programs are small and time frames for evaluation are short. Expected value numbers must be tempered with the knowledge of the probabilities of meeting target values on an annual basis to give a true picture of future expectations.
Most portfolio models use some sort of risk function in building models, so it is often assumed that, by choosing a low risk portfolio, we are choosing a portfolio with a high probability of meeting our metric targets. This is not usually the case. Risk and probability are quite different concepts. In fact, as we show with examples, a low risk portfolio will often have poorer probabilities of meeting some metric targets than will a high-risk portfolio.
At present, portfolio models generally do not use probabilities or confidence levels in the formulation of the portfolios on the efficient frontier, although these probabilities can be calculated after the fact. Models are being developed that will soon be able to use these confidence levels in forming portfolios. In the mean time, there are a few ways to influence probabilities within a portfolio model, and one of these is illustrated. The methods of influencing probabilities will always be part of the portfolio manager's tool kit and will provide the foundation for the next generation portfolio analysis.
Health, Safety and Environmental Data Management of Chemicals in a Global Service Company
Authors: Killaars Janine , Solvberg Liv , Webb Alfred 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Service companies that work in different countries in all parts of the world, have a significant challenge with respect to the preparation and quality assurance of HSE (Health, Safety and Environmental) documentation for chemicals. They have to comply with the applicable regional and country specific legislation, customers’ HSE standards and internal HSE standards. Besides these requirements an important issue is the different interpretation of the HSE data by authorities.
Internal HSE processes are used to obtain and evaluate compositional and HSE-information on all chemical products. Accurate compositional information is needed to assess the chemical on its HSE properties, prepare the HSE documentation and to submit the product to the authorities. The quality and consistency of this information is maintained by following the established chemical compliance system, and by maintaining close communication between HSE Chemical Compliance, Procurement and the Product Service Line.
To streamline these processes in a logical way it is crucial to have procedures and systems in place that can handle all applicable HSE information and documentation. The software must be tailor-made for the specific requirements, and easy to use and maintain, as it must be kept updated according to the continuous changes in both the product portfolio and in the different legislation.
This paper describes an approach as to how the HSE data for chemicals can be managed and what processes and systems are being used. The following topics are discussed:
Processes used to introduce new products Processes used to maintain chemical consistency Processes used to attain local chemical HSE compliance Handling of compositional and regulatory information HSE documentation requirements and procedures HOCNF (Harmonized Offshore Notification Format) management MSDS (Material Safety Datasheet) management
HOCNFs are a North-Sea requirement. This document contains the compositional and environmental data for chemicals that are used offshore in the North Sea. MSDSs are used worldwide and have different formats and labelling requirements.
Overviews of the different systems are given as well as database set-ups and how they are linked.
Multiple Controls on Petroleum Biodegradation and Impact on Oil Quality
Authors: Wenger Lloyd M. , Davis Cara L. , Isaksen Gary H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Biodegradation of oils in nature is important in reservoirs cooler than approximately 80° C. Oils from shallower, cooler reservoirs tend to be progressively more biodegraded than those in deeper, hotter reservoirs. Increasing levels of biodegradation generally cause a decline in oil quality, diminishing the producibility and value of the oil as API gravity and distillate yields decrease; and viscosity, sulfur, asphaltene, metals, vacuum residua, and total acid number increase. For a specific hydrocarbon system (similar source type and level of maturity), general trends exist for oil quality parameters versus present-day reservoir temperature &lt; 80° C. However, additional controls on biodegradation may have significant effects, making pre-drill prediction of oil quality difficult.
It has long been observed that fresh, oxygenated waters in contact with reservoir oil can cause extensive aerobic biodegradation. More recently it has been recognized that anaerobic sulfate-reducing and fermenting bacteria can also degrade petroleum. Highly saline formation waters may inhibit bacterial degradation and effectively shield oils from oil-quality deterioration. The timing of hydrocarbon charge(s) and the post-charge temperature history of the reservoir can have major effects on oil quality. Currently charging reservoirs may overwhelm the ability of bacteria to degrade the oil, resulting in better-than-anticipated oil quality. Fresh charge to reservoirs containing previously degraded oil will upgrade oil quality. Calibrated methods of oil quality risking, based on a detailed evaluation of reservoir charge and temperature history and local controls on biodegradation, need to be developed on a play and prospect basis.
Application of "Lab-on-a-chip" Technology to the Upstream Petroleum Industry
Authors: Mohanty Kishore K. , Saputelli Luigi A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The success of integrated circuit chips in replacing large vacuum-tube operated computing machines has inspired biologists, chemists and engineers to study miniaturization of other devices in the last few years. Microelectromechanical (MEM) devices are being developed as miniature sensors and actuators. Biochips (DNA microchip arrays) are being developed to analyze hundreds (to thousands) of DNA fragments in parallel. "Microfluidics" and "microreaction" technology are being developed to downsize chemical and biochemical reactions and analysis. These devices consist of microns-size channels, valves, reactors and actuators etc. on silicon-like wafers and thus termed "Lab-on-a-chip". This paper reviews these developments that are primarily outside the petroleum industry. The advantage and disadvantage of this technology is discussed along with potential applications in the upstream petroleum industry. The breakthroughs needed for practical application are outlined. Miniaturization of chemical analysis can lead to new downhole equipments. It can also lead to smaller samples and faster fluid analysis.
Reservoir Conformance: Tracking Gas/Water Contacts via Capillary Shockwave Fronts
Authors: Goldsberry Fred L. , Holland Jeffrey T. , Gross William E. , Wildenstein Rudy C. , Salzman David L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Much of the technology developed in the oil industry today is the result of cooperative engineering research efforts between operating companies with a problem and a technology developer with a potential solution. Often all parties discover the unexpected in the course of making physical measurements. In this case, the data captured showed the advancement in time of the limit singularity associated with a gas/water contact. The purpose of this paper is to share knowledge that may be useful to other operators, particularly those with permanent pressure gauge completions in oil and gas wells, or those operators who may use precision pressure gauges to monitor the flowing tubing pressure of a gas well.
The authors’ companies have engaged in joint reservoir evaluation efforts to resolve rapidly declining production behavior in gas wells. The efforts were based upon pressure transient well evaluations utilizing the capillary shock front theory to map the gas cap at the time of the test. Two examples are presented that illustrate water contact boundary progression just prior to the onset of water production in each of the wells. The joint efforts have resulted in a better understanding of how to use operational shut-ins to monitor gas/water contacts from the inception of flow to the point of water encroachment. The goals of this effort are to see the end coming and perhaps delay the end in order to maximize well production. The secondary goal is to predict the end so as to avoid unnecessary post mortem efforts to repair a well that has watered-out.
The first case is a test of a deep well in Louisiana that was being evaluated for rapidly declining pressure and flow rate. The second well was offshore in the Gulf of Mexico that was being evaluated for geology and remaining reserves. The movement of the limit contacts over time is illustrated with a sequential limit mapping presentation. A second test is presented to show an overlay of two tests performed two weeks apart, just before the well watered out.
Use of Laser Technology for the Treatment of Asphaltene Deposition in Carbonate Formation
Authors: Zekri Abdulrazag Y. , Shedid Shedid A. , Alkashef Hassan 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Crude oils produced in many parts of the world contain asphaltenes. Asphaltenes plugging is a well-known cause of near-wellbore formation damage. The deposition phenomenon of asphaltene is mainly due to thermodynamic changes. Asphaltene deposition leads to production loss and requires expensive and in many times environmentally unfriendly corrective measures. This project proposes a novel technique for cleaning asphaltenes with laser energy. A laboratory laser diode modules was used to perform experiments. A two-inch column of bitumen/powdered limestone mixture was placed on top of a powdered limestone column in a flow cell, and the flow rates were measured before and after the laser treatment. The rate was correlated with permeability of this powdered limestone column in absence of bitumen. In a second series of experiments, actual consolidated limestone cores were subjected to flow of asphaltenic crude to simulate the damage process (i.e. permeability reduction). The damaged cores were subjected to laser treatments at various laser intensity and treatment time intervals.
Experiment results indicated that asphaltene get disrupted after exposure to laser energy. However, the maximum amount of cleaning was noticed after an exposure of one hour and at a higher laser intensity. The increased flow rate measured employing the powdered limestone column after treatment can be used in an oil field to disrupt, or desegregate asphaltene from the vicinity of oil production wells. However, the simultaneous pumping is required during the laser treatment to avoid the reprecipitation of the disrupted asphaltene. The laser cleaning technique appears to be disrupting the maltenes that form a continuous phase providing adhesive and ductile properties to the dispersed asphaltene. The proposed technique provides environmental friendly process and advanced technological breakthrough for treating asphaltene deposition in the petroleum industry.
MEMS-Based Corrosion and Stress Sensors for Non-Destructive Structural Evaluation
Authors: Morse J. , Laskowski B. , Wilson A. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A system utilizing multiple types of microsensors for monitoring corrosion, fatigue, and failure in high value structures is described. Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques enabled through microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensor approaches allow monitoring of the occurrence and rate of corrosion under sealants coated (painted) surfaces and other inaccessible areas. Using MEMS technology it is now possible to integrate and package sensors with associated CMOS control circuitry onto a single semiconductor chip. These sensors can provide information on the presence of stress, fatigue, corrosion, and micro-crack formation in structures being monitored. This combination of data provides critical assessment of structural health, leading to predictions of failure occurring. Two types of sensor devices will be discussed, along with results from specific applications.