bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mutation patterns of amino acid tandem repeats in the human proteome
Authors: Mularoni Loris , Guigó Roderic , Albà M Mar 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Background
Amino acid tandem repeats are found in nearly one-fifth of human proteins. Abnormal expansion of these regions is associated with several human disorders. To gain further insight into the mutational mechanisms that operate in this type of sequence, we have analyzed a large number of mutation variants derived from human expressed sequence tags (ESTs).

Results
We identified 137 polymorphic variants in 115 different amino acid tandem repeats. Of these, 77 contained amino acid substitutions and 60 contained gaps (expansions or contractions of the repeat unit). The analysis showed that at least about 21% of the repeats might be polymorphic in humans. We compared the mutations found in different types of amino acid repeats and in adjacent regions. Overall, repeats showed a five-fold increase in the number of gap mutations compared to adjacent regions, reflecting the action of slippage within the repetitive structures. Gap and substitution mutations were very differently distributed between different amino acid repeat types. Among repeats containing gap variants we identified several disease and candidate disease genes.

Conclusion
This is the first report at a genome-wide scale of the types of mutations occurring in the amino acid repeat component of the human proteome. We show that the mutational dynamics of different amino acid repeat types are very diverse. We provide a list of loci with highly variable repeat structures, some of which may be potentially involved in disease.
Changes in muscle compartment pressure after cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Símonardóttir Líney , Torfason Bjarni , Stefánsson Einar , Magnússon Jónas 
Published: April 2006

Purpose: Hemodilution and inflammation lead to edema and increased muscle compartment pressure after cardiac surgery. The aim of this study was to find whether muscle compartment pressure was affected by the addition of albumin and mannitol to the pump prime, heparin coating or leukocyte depletion. Additionally, we studied the relationship between intraocular pressure and lower leg muscle compartment pressure. Edema during and following cardiac surgery is due to hemodynamic, osmotic and inflammatory changes, according to Starling’s Law. We attempted to influence the osmotic balance and reduce the inflammatory response in order to reduce the edema. Methods: Thirty-six patients who underwent cardiac surgery were randomly allocated into four groups. Group A received albumin and mannitol into the pump prime. Group B had an, heparin-coated perfusion system, Group C had a leukocyte-depletion arterial line filter and Group D was the control group, where intraocular pressure was also measured. Results: Lower leg muscle compartment pressure increased significantly during and after cardiac surgery in all groups, but this increase was significantly less in Group A than in the control group 24 h after surgery. No correlation was found between muscular compartment pressure and intraocular pressure. The intraocular pressure profile is different from the muscular compartment pressure and recovers much faster. Conclusion: Lower leg muscle compartment pressure and intraocular pressure behave differently during and after cardiac surgery. Albumin and mannitol added to the pump prime decreases muscle compartment pressure after cardiac surgery.
Nurse prescribing from the community nurse's perspective
Authors: Luker Karen A , McHugh Gretl A 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Since 1994, district nurses and health visitors in the United Kingdom have been able to prescribe from a limited formulary. Items which are prescribed by these nurses are wound care products, incontinence appliances and medicinal preparations such as paracetamol and emollients. There is a planned expansion of prescribing by nurses, in terms of both the range of products and drugs that are prescribable and the types of nurses eligible for training for this new role.

Objective
To investigate patterns of nurse prescribing among community nurses in three primary care trusts in the United Kingdom.

Methods
Postal survey to 164 community nurses who were qualified to prescribe. Responses were received from 129 (79 per cent) with 35 nurses identifying themselves as not prescribing and excluded from the sample; 93 (72 per cent) of the questionnaires were entered on a database for analysis.

Key findings
Prescribing costs for district nurses ranged from £7.65 to £18,053 (median £2,023.64) and for health visitors from £0.73 to £2,556 (median £42.77) for a 12-month period. Nineteen per cent (n=28) of community nurses had decided not to prescribe even though they were trained to do so. Infrastructures and mechanisms to support nurses with nurse prescribing have been slow to emerge. Nurses perceived that their ability to prescribe was benefiting their patients and that they were providing better care. Community nurses cautiously welcomed the proposed extension of nurse prescribing.

Conclusions
Nurse prescribing has allowed community nurses more autonomy in managing a patient's total care. Our findings suggest that around one-quarter of nurses qualified to prescribe are not doing so. With the imminent extension of nurse prescribing for other nurses, action is needed by primary care trusts to put structures in place to ensure that nurses take on board this extension and challenge to their role.
Significant Formation of 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine in Photoirradiation of “Photo-Fenton Reagent” with Calf Thymus DNA and L 5178Y cells
Authors: Matsugo Seiichi , Kumaki Satoshi , Shimasaki Choichiro , Mori Toshiaki , Saito Isao 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A significant formation of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was observed in photoirradiation of “photo-Fenton reagent” (1) with calf thymus DNA in maximum yield of 1.1%. The ten-fold enhancement of the formation of 8-OHdG compared to the control level was observed in photoirradiation of L5178Y cells with 1. The 8-OHdG formation well corresponds to the site specific DNA-cleaving activity of 1 upon photoirradiation.
A New Class of Metal-Dependent Selective Anion Carrier. PH-Controlled Up-Hill Transport of SCN− by Formation of Transition-Metal Complex
Authors: Araki Koji , Lee Sung Kil , Otsuki Joe , Seno Manabu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In the presence of appropriate pH-gradient across an organic liquid membrane, selective up-hill transport of SCN− through the membrane was efficiently mediated by 6,6′-bis(4-hexylbenzoylamino)-2,2′-bipyridine upon complex formation with CuII, in which the metal center served as an SCN−-selective binding site while pH-switched dissociation-association of the amide proton(s) of the ligand regulated uptake and release of SCN−.
Preparation and Properties of 7-(1,3-Dithiol-2-ylidene)-7H-cyclopenta[1,2-b;4,3-b′] dithiophenes and Their Polymers
Authors: Kozaki Masatoshi , Tanaka Shoji , Yamashita Yoshiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The title 1,3-dithiole compounds which were synthesized using a Wittig-Hornor reaction have a planar structure with both inter- and intramolecular short S···S contacts. Their electrochemical oxidation gave polythiophene derivatives which have lower oxidation potentials than polythiophene and the conductivity of the nonsubstituted derivative was 3.5 × 10−3 S cm−1.
Evaluation of Acidity of CO2 in Protic Media. Carboxylation of Reduced Quinone
Authors: Tanaka Hiroaki , Nagao Hirotaka , Tanaka Koji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In order to evaluate the acidity of CO2 in protic media, interaction of CO2 with reduced 2,3,5,6-tetramethylquinone (TMQ) was investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry in CH3CN, CH3OH, and CH3CN / H2O. Predominant carboxylation of TMQ in CH3OH and CH3CN / H2O (9:1 v/v) indicates that the acidity of CO2 is almost equivalent or stronger than that of proton in those media.
Ytterbium Catalyzed Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes and Ketones by Means of Iodosylbenzene
Authors: Yokoo Toshiaki , Matsumoto Kozo , Oshima Koichiro , Utimoto Kiitiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Treatment of a 1,2-dichloroethane solution of various alcohols with iodosylbenzene in the presence of a catalytic amount of ytterbium(III) nitrate provided the corresponding carbonyl compounds in good to excellent yields.
Cyclopropylidene Dianion Equivalent. Preparation of 1,1-Dilithio-2,2-diphenylcyclopropane
Authors: Oku Akira , Ose Yasuyoshi , Kamada Tohru , Yoshida Tomohiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The title compound was prepared by the treatment of the corresponding 1,1-dibromocyclopropane with lithium naphthalene radical anion (Li-C10H8). Trapping of the dilithio compound by chlorotrimethylsilane provided evidence for its highly basic profile which can compete with silylation.
Electropolymerization Conditions for Producing Insulator Polypyrrole Films
Authors: Osaka Tetsuya , Momma Toshiyuki , Kanagawa Himeko 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
By using the electropolymerization of pyrrole from aqueous solutions of Na2CO3 for NaHCO3, flat and pinhole-less insulating films were obtained due to the self-leveling and self-saturation effects. The influences of the supporting electrolyte and of the additive (N-methylpyrrole) to the NaOH polymerization solution were also investigated to produce the insulating PPy films having some different properties.
An Efficient Backbone Amide Nitrogen Alkylation of RA-VII, an Antitumor Cyclic Hexapeptide
Authors: Itokawa Hideji , Suzuki Jin , Hitotsuyanagi Yukio , Kondo Kazuyuki , Takeya Koichi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
RA-VII, a potent antitumor cyclic hexapeptide, was effectively alkylated under the phase-transfer condition to afford [N-dialkylaminoethyl-Ala2]RA-VII derivatives without racemization.
High-Performance Separation and Determination of Co(III) and Ni(II) Chelates of 4-(2-Pyridylazo)resorcinol at Femtomole Levels by Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Iki Nobuhiko , Hoshino Hitoshi , Yotsuyanagi Takao 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Separation of 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol (PAR) and its chelates of CoIII, FeII, NiII, and VV was accomplished within 6 min by simple capillary electrophoresis (CE) with a spectrophotometric detection. The detection limits, defined as 3σ of base-line noise were 1.80 × 10−7 mol dm−3 for CoIII and 1.41 × 10−7 mol dm−3 for NiII chelates, and those on a mass basis were 1.08 fmol (63.6 fg) and 0.84 fmol (49.3 fg) in 6.0 × 10−9 dm3 sample, respectively. A guideline on the ligand design for the CE system is also obtained from the pH dependence of the separation behavior of PAR chelates.
External Ligand - Exchange in Cyclometalated Complexes Possessing Pd(II)-C(sp3) Bond
Authors: Yoneda Akio , Ouchi Mikio , Hakushi Tadao , Newkome George R , Fronczek Frank R 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A stable class of σ- bonded palladium(II) complexes was synthesized from exchange of the external pyridine ligand upon treatment with excess of metronidazole. The crystal structure of metronidazole[2-{2,2-bis(methoxycarbonyl)ethyl}-8-quinolinol-C, N, O]palladium(II) was determined by the X-ray analysis.
Weighting Functions in Order to Modify the Isotropic Character of the Steric Constant Ωs. Its Application to the Hydrolyses of Carboxamides
Authors: Akai Ikuo , Sakakibara Kazuhisa , Hirota Minoru 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In order to take into account the preferred direction of the access of reagents, weighting functions were introduced in the calculation of Ωs. A p-orbital-shaped weighting function served to improve the correlation of Ωs with the rates of the hydrolyses of alkanecarboxamides and related compounds.
Bis(methylthio) Substituted Unsymmetrical 2,5-Bis(1′,3′-dithiol-2′-ylidene)-1,3,4,6-tetrathiapentalenes
Authors: Misaki Yohji , Nishikawa Hiroyuki , Yamabe Tokio , Mori Takehiko , Inokuchi Hiroo , Mori Hatsumi , Tanaka Shoji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The title compounds (2) were synthesized as the donor components for organic conductors, and preparation and electrical properties of their cation radical salts were investigated. Among various cation radical salts obtained so far, AsF6 salt of ethylenedithio-2 and SbF6 salt of ethylenedioxy-2 showed metallic temperature dependence of conductivities down to 0.6 K.
A New Approach to Study of Solvent Effect on Intramolecular Electron Transfer
Authors: Borovkov Victor V , Ishida Akito , Takamuku Setsuo , Sakata Yoshiteru 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
An electron-transfer process in a porphyrin-quinone model compound was studied by steady-state and nanosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy in thirteen solvents with different polarity (εs values ranged from 4.3 to 46.7). Electron-transfer rate constants (ket) and fluorescence quenchings were strongly dependent on the polarity of solvents. The parabolic dependence of ln ket on optical and static dielectric constant term (1/εop − 1/εs) was observed for applied solvents.
Possible Solution to Discord between Void Volume Recovery of Polypeptide and Separation of Drugs with Restricted-access Type Polymer-based Separation Media for HPLC
Authors: Hosoya Ken , Kishii Yutaka , Tanaka Nobuo , Kimata Kazuhiro , Araki Takeo , Kiniwa Hideaki 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Size monodisperse restricted-access and permeable polymer-based separation media were prepared and utilized as HPLC packing materials for void volume recovery of polypeptides and chromatographic separation of drugs. Restricted-access polymer-based packing material gave quantitative recovery of the polypeptide, but separation of some drugs was very poor, while permeable packing material with sufficiently large pores showed good recovery of the polypeptide and also excellent separation of the drugs.
Heterogeneous Liquid Phase Oxidation of Alcohols with Zirconia-Supported Vanadium Oxide as Solid Oxidizing Reagent
Authors: Nakamura Hideo , Matsuhashi Hiromi , Arata Kazushi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
An oxidant in heterogeneous system was obtained by impregnating Zr(OH)4 with NH4VO3 followed by calcination in air at 500 °C; this material (V2O5/ZrO2) converted alcohols into the corresponding aldehydes or ketones at moderate temperatures in solvent.
Surface Modification of Denture to Provide Contamination-Free Ability by Using Silane Coupling Agent Containing Fluorocarbon Chain
Authors: Yoshino Norio , Yamamoto Yasushi , Teranaka Toshio 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Silane coupling agent containing fluorocarbon chain, (1H,1H,2H,2H-henicosafluorododecyl)trimethoxysilane, was applied for the surface modification of some dental materials. The contact angles of water and oleic acid on the modified material surfaces were increased. The modified denture teeth worn in an oral cavity displayed a long-range stain-protecting ability.
A New Preconcentration Method of Hydrophobic Substances in Water Using Polyvinylmethylether as a Thermo-responsive Polymer. Application to Spectrophotometric Determination of a Trace Amount of Phosphate in Natural Water
Authors: Matsubara Chiyo , Kikuchi Nobuyuki , Denpouya Isamu , Takamura Kiyoko 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A new method of concentration and separation for determining trace amounts of phosphate in natural water, using polyvinylmethylether(PVME), one of the thermally reverse polymers, was provided. When the solution was warmed to 45 °C, PVME shrank greatly, so that the phosphomolybdate Malachit Green aggregate stuck to the walls along with PVME.
Synthesis of Polymeric Metalloporphyrin and Their Catalytic Activity in the Oxidation
Authors: Wang Rong Min , Wang Yun Pu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The polymeric porphyrin has been prepared by interfacial polymerization of tetrakis (p-hydroxylphenyl) porphyrin with m-benzene-disulfo chloride. The spectra and catalytic behaviours of its complexes with transition metal (Cu, Zn) have been studied. The cupric complex exhibits higher catalytic activity in oxidation of ethyl benzene, cyclohexene and isobutyl alcohol by O2 without any solvent.
Substituent Effect on Electron Affinity of 2,6-Dimethylnitrobenzene
Authors: Mishima Masaaki , Kang Chul Hyun , Huh Chul , Fujio Mizue , Tsuno Yuho 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Electron affinities have been determined for a series of 2,6-dimethyl-4-substituted nitrobenzenes, where the nitro group is twisted out of the coplanarity with the benzene ring, by measurement of electron transfer equilibria in the gas phase with a pulsed ICR spectrometer. The substituent effect of this system has been found to be in agreement with that of the planar nitrobenzene system.
Synthesis of Tris[5-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-thienyl]cyclopropenylium Ion and Its Transformation into the Fully π-Conjugated Dianion
Authors: Komatsu Koichi , Tsuji Ryotaro , Murata Yasujiro , Takeuchi Ken’ich 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Reaction of trichlorocyclopropenylium ion with 2,5-di-t-butyl-4-(2-thienyl)phenol affords the titled cation, which can be transformed into the fully π-conjugated dianion.
Synthesis of Water-Soluble Platinum(II) Complexes Stabilized with Trimethylstibane. Stibane Transfer in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Miyamoto T Ken 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A new series of trimethylstibane-platinum(II) complexes were prepared. They have relatively low thermal stability in solution. The crystal structures of [Pt(SbMe3)4](NO3)2 (where Me = methyl) was determined by X-ray analysis.
Relationship between Gas Sensitivity and Film Structure of SnO2 Thin Film Gas Sensor by Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Kanamori Masaaki , Takeuchi Mitsuhiro , Ohya Yutaka , Takahashi Yasutaka 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Gas sensing properties of SnO2 films prepared by sol-gel method are investigated to be strongly dependent on the firing temperature conditions. The films obtained at 400 °C have much higher sensitivity than those at 800 °C, being attributed to the fact that the crystallite size of the films linearly increased with the firing temperature. Probable mechanisms to explain the sensing properties are discussed.
Syntheses and Properties of Novel Dimeric Tetrathiafulvalenes Linked with an Ethenylene or Ethynylene Spacer
Authors: Otsubo Tetsuo , Kochi Yasutaka , Bitoh Atsushi , Ogura Fumio 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Conjugated dimeric TTFs linked with an ethenylene or ethynylene spacer were prepared as novel electron donors and preferentially formed 1:1 complexes with TCNQF4 and with DDQ, which were more conductive than those of monomeric TTFs.
Synthesis of Non-Natural Branched Polysaccharides. Regioselective Introduction of α-Mannoside Branches into Chitin
Authors: Kurita Keisuke , Kobayashi Masayuki , Munakata Tetsuya , Ishii Shigeru , Nishimura Shin-Ichiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
N-Phthaloyl-chitosan was converted into 3-O-acetyl-6-O-trimethylsilyl-N-phthaloyl-chitosan, which was then subjected to the glycosylation of a peracetylated mannose orthoester to form an α-(1→6) linkage. Subsequent deprotection followed by N-acetylation afforded chitins having mannose branches. The branched chitins were readily soluble in water and showed strong affinity for concanavalin A.
Liquid Crystalline Phases through Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding Formed in a Mixture of Phenol Derivatives and 4,4′-Bipyridine
Authors: Koga Toshiaki , Ohba Hideki , Takase Akira , Sakagami Sakumitsu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Smectic liquid crystalline phases are formed due to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding in a binary mixture of phenol derivatives and 4,4′-bipyridine as the length of the terminal alkyl or alkoxyl chains are increased.
Stereoselective Formation of a 2 : 1 Molecular Complex between α-Cyclodextrin and carbazole-Viologen Linked Compound with a Long Alkyl Chain as the Spacer
Authors: Yonemura Hiroaki , Nojiri Tsuyoshi , Matsuo Taku 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Analysis of 1H NMR spectra revealed a novel mode of complexation between α-cyclodextrin (CD) and a carbazole-viologen linked compound with 16 methylene units in the spacer. The complexation afforded a stable rotaxane-type CD complex, where two α-CDs encased the spacer chain. NOE experiments confirmed selective formation of unique isomer among four possible orientations of the encasing α-CD.
Phthalimidomethyl Group. A New Protecting Group of Thiols
Authors: Gong Young-Dae , Iwasawa Nobuharu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Phthalimidomethyl group is employed as a protecting group of thiols. This group can be introduced to thiols under mild reaction conditions and be removed by treatment with hydrazine hydrate followed by mercuric acetate or cupric acetate.
Synthesis of the Tetrahydrofuran Ring Part of a Marine Toxin Polycavernoside-A
Authors: Hayashi Nobuyuki , Mine Takaaki , Fujiwara Kenshu , Murai Akio 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Construction of the tetrahydrofuran ring part of polycavernoside A, which has been isolated as one of toxic principles from the red alga Polycavernosa tsudai, is described starting from 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diol. The synthesis involves the Sharpless epoxidation and the Evans procedure for introduction of three chiral centers.
Remarkable Rate Enhancement in CO Insertion into Pd-C Bond by Generating Cationic Organopalladium Complexes [PdR(s)L2]+BF4− (R = Alkyl Group, s = Acetone, L = Phosphine Ligands) from Neutral Monoorganopalladium Complexes [PdR(X)L2] (X = Halide)
Authors: Kayaki Yoshihito , Kawataka Futoshi , Shimizu Isao , Yamamoto Akio 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Removal of the halide ligand X in PdR(X)L2 with AgBF4 generates solvent-coordinated cationic organopalladium complexes [PdR(s)L2]BF4 which show much higher reactivities for CO insertion than the parent neutral complexes.
Activation of Methane Promoted by NeohexylPt(II) Complexes. Isolation of MethylPt(II) Complexes
Authors: Miyashita Akira , Saida Yoshiko 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
trans-Pt(CH2CMe2Et)Br(PPh3)2 induced C-H bond activation of CH4 under UV p irradiation leading to trans-PtMeBr(PPh3)2, while H-D exchange reaction of CH4 with D2 or D2SO4 took place in the photochemical reaction system containing Pt(PPh3)4 and neohexyl bromide. A possible reaction mechanism involving radical process is discussed on the basis of radical-trap experiment.
Dinuclear Rhenium(III) Complexes with a Single Oxide Bridge, [Re2(μ-O)Cl2(L)2]2+ (L = 2,2′-Bipyridine or 1,10-Phenanthroline)
Authors: Takahira Takuya , Umakoshi Keisuke , Sasaki Yoichi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Two rhenium(III) complexes with a single oxide bridge, [Re2(μ-O)Cl2(L)2]2+ (L = 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen)) were prepared, and the crystal structure of the phen complex was determined. The complexes show four reversible one-electron redox couples, [Re2(μ-O)Cl2(L)2]0/+/2+/3+/4+ in acetonitrile. Both Re2(III,III) and Re2(III,IV) states of these complexes exhibit strong visible absorption bands.
Interaction between Methylchloroform and Surface Modified Activated Carbon in CF4 Plasma
Authors: Tanada Seiki , Torii Yasuhiro , Nakamura Takeo , Kawasaki Naohito , Tokimoto Toshimitsu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The interaction between methylchloroform and a surface modified activated carbon, which was treated with tetrafluoromethane plasma, was evaluated on the basis of adsorption isotherms and physicochemical properties of the activated carbon. Tetrafluoromethane plasma-treated activated carbon could be used for the complete recovery of methylchloroform.
Enzymatic Hydrolyses of the σ-Symmetric Dicarboxylic Diesters Bearing a Sulfinyl Group as the Prochiral Center
Authors: Tamai Satoshi , Miyauchi Satoru , Morizane Chikako , Miyagi Kaname , Shimizu Hisashi , Kume Masaharu , Sano Sigeki , Shiro Motoo , Nagao Yoshimitsu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Enzymatic hydrolyses of the σ-symmetric dicarboxylic diesters bearing a sulfinyl group as the prochiral center were examined by employing porcine liver esterase and procine pancreatic lipase. Eventually, their chiral half esters were elaborately obtained as the corresponding chiral phenacyl esters. The stereochemistry of the chiral half esters was determined by the X-ray analysis and their chemical correlations.