bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban Air Pollution in Developing Countries: Problems and Policies
Authors: Krupnick Alan J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAir pollution control in developing countries has received less attention than other environmental issues such as deforestation and water pollution. However, in the midst of a worsening air-pollution situation, the policy response has been slow, and tends to be based on command-and-control rather than economic incentives. Among point sources: coal-burning for industrial processes and domestic uses is the chief source of SO2 and particulates; the use of biofuels also adds to particulate emissions. Among mobile sources, diesel trucks and buses generate significant amounts of particulates; the rapid increase in the number of vehicles, especially those using two-stroke engines, also contribute significantly to CO, SO2, and NO2 levels. Various arguments against the use of economic incentives for the control of point source pollution are discussed, and these suggest that most of these challenges are not insurmountable. The range of options for control of mobile sources of pollution is also briefly discussed. Transportation controls and changing the incentives to make public transport more attractive and improve vehicle maintenance are considered.
Menander
Authors: Heath Malcolm 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book reassesses the late 3rd-century Greek rhetorician Menander of Laodicea (Menander Rhetor). Menander is generally regarded as a specialist in epideictic, as such, he is often considered an exemplary rhetorician of an age which saw the triumph of epideictic eloquence. But detailed examination of the fragments shows that he was an expert on judicial and deliberative oratory whose most influential work was a commentary on Demosthenes. Source-critical analysis of the Demosthenes scholia shows that his commentary can be partially reconstructed. The book presents its reassessment of Menander’s significance in the context of a new reconstruction of the history of later Greek rhetoric, ranging from the theoretical innovations of the 2nd century AD to the comparatively unknown sophists of 5th-century Alexandria. Particular attention is given to the evolving structure of the rhetorical curriculum and to the practices of the rhetorical education, with an emphasis on the practical orientation of training in rhetoric and its predominant focus on techniques of forensic and deliberative oratory. These characteristics of rhetorical teaching raise questions about the nature and functions of rhetoric in this period. It is argued that rhetoric was concerned fundamentally with teaching students how to devise arguments and articulate them in a persuasive way, and that these skills still had a direct application in the subsequent careers of the rhetoricians’ pupils.
Autobiographical Writing and British Literature 1783-1834
Authors: Treadwell James 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The book describes and analyses the condition of autobiographical writing in Britain during the Romantic period. As well as chapter-length studies of major autobiographical works by Coleridge, Byron, and Lamb, it provides a wide-ranging account of the rapidly expanding field of published self-writing during the period. The book also demonstrates that the category of ‘autobiography’ emerged in the literary public sphere during these years, and that instances of autobiographical writing need to be read in relation to the conditions under which they were circulated and read. Part I deals with the emergence of a sense of genre: the idea of autobiography, as it made its way into the literary environment. Part II examines how the anxieties and restrictions attendant upon the idea of self-writing are reflected in published texts, which present themselves as autobiographies. Part III focuses on readings of autobiographical works, exploring some examples of their representations of the situation of self-writing, and considering what sort of readings are involved when we interpret a given text as an autobiography. Overall, the book emphasizes the uncertain and contested transactions between Romantic autobiographical writing and the literary public sphere.
Integrating Electrical Power Systems
Authors: Tell Fredrik 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter deals with the management of the development, production, and marketing of electrical power systems. In considering the history of the electrical manufacturing industry, the aim is to outline general patterns of systems integration during different stages of the product life-cycle of electrical power systems. The chapter discusses how different degrees of complexity relating to organization, technology, and markets affect the capability needs of various forms of systems integration during different stages in the life cycle of electrical power systems manufacture.
Specialization and Systems Integration
Authors: Pavitt Keith 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter argues that the Systems Integration firms are progressively replacing the large, established manufacturing firm, described by Penrose and Chandler, as the major motor of technical change in advanced, high-wage countries. This shift reflects in part the unexpected difficulties faced by large industrial firms in exploiting new technological opportunities. It also reflects the following combined effects of advances in IT and globalization: the acceleration of offshore manufacturing, facilitated by improvements in monitoring and control in modular interfaces, and in the transmission of codified skills; modularity; and digitally-based systems.
Modularity and Outsourcing
Authors: Sako Mari 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter takes the automobile industry as an empirical setting for clarification of the concept of modularity in product architecture. Three arenas of modularity: Modularity in Design, Modularity in Production, and Modularity in Use are discussed as presenting alternative criteria for making boundary choices in complex products. The chapter moves on to understanding strategic drivers for pushing the product architecture towards modularity. It then considers the implications of these different paths for industry dynamics (in particular the power balance between customer and supplier companies) and supply chain management.
Systems Integration in the US Defence Industry
Authors: Gholz Eugene 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
A number of different kind of organizations in the US defence industry claim expertise in systems integration, including major prime contractors that build weapons systems, for-profit and non-profit technical advisors, and government laboratories and organizations that manage weapons acquisition. This chapter describes the supply and demand structure for the various types of systems integration capabilities. It considers various ways of measuring the quality of systems integration capabilities, including the limits of regulatory standards enforcement and of non-market competition among systems integration organizations. It proposes ways to preserve vital systems integration capability in a political economic environment that normally favours spending on production, rather than on project management expertise.
Gellius and the Roman Antiquarian Tradition
Authors: Stevenson Andrew J. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter considers Gellius' relation to Roman antiquarianism, whose supreme exponent was Varro and which provided the supposedly factual background to everyday life. Although not himself an antiquarian scholar, he retails much antiquarian and other scholarship, and is indebted to scholarly methods and habits. These include the use of etymologies, contents-lists, careful naming of sources, the use of rubrics, the question-and-answer process, research including the study of inscriptions as well as books, emphasis on detail, and the presentation of alternative views. Antiquarianism studied the Roman past in terms of persons, places, times, and things, being concerned with public life both political and religious, and also with private institutions and the law. Its original purpose of fitting their readers for civic life had mutated by Gellius' day (the sheer pleasure of learning apart) into facilitating elite Romans' self-definition as Romans.
Corruption, Fraud, and Corporate Governance: A Report on Enron
Authors: Windolf Paul 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter revisits the Enron scandal through a Weberian lens. It reminds us that the ‘spirit of capitalism' is not about avarice and greed, but precisely about the transformation of these irrational compulsions, and the rational and tempered pursuit of gain through appropriate institutions. It draws on classic sociology for defining corruption as misapplication of codes of conduct across social realms that should be regulated by different codes (the economic, political, and science realms) and fraud as the breach of trust. It highlights how under some common conditions in modern economies, such as information asymmetries and intangible assets, if the prevailing system code is strictly economic, the opportunity structure for fraud and corruption can only be increased.
Collective Representation and Participation
Authors: Colling Trevor , Gunnigle Paddy , Quintanilla Javier , Tempel Anne 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter analyses policies on collective representation and participation in the case study companies. It argues that a marked preference for non-union approaches is a significant feature of US multinationals, strongly embedded within the US business system, that frequently affects the nature of wider HR policies. The nature of corporate orientations to industrial relations in the case study companies is examined, and how these preferences translate into the relations of bargaining and representation in the significantly different host country systems of the UK, Ireland, Germany, and Spain is analysed. The most determined attempts to avoid union influence are found in Germany and Spain. Although newer plants in Ireland and the UK tended to be non-union, there was notable pragmatism in dealing with trade unions at enterprise level. This suggests that opposition to national regulatory norms may turn on the extent to which they challenge the enterprise-based regulation systems preferred by American companies.
Organizational Knowledge in the Making
Authors: Patriotta Gerardo 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Knowledge is a very seductive, but elusive concept. Following the wider debate about the emergence of the information age and the knowledge society, recent years have seen an explosion of writings about organizational knowledge from different disciplinary and theoretical perspectives. Yet, theoretical development has not always been accompanied by sound empirical research. Methodologies for studying knowledge as an empirical phenomenon are still lagging behind. This book aims to fill the gap between theory, method, and practice by developing a phenomenological approach to the study of knowing in the context of organizing. The book contributes to the fields of strategy and organization in three ways. First, it provides a critical review of the concepts, debates, and epistemological assumptions underpinning existing theories of organizational knowledge. Second, it develops a methodological framework for studying knowledge processes as an empirical phenomenon that is based on three methodological lenses: time, breakdowns, and narratives. Third, drawing on the three-lens framework, the book presents a phenomenological enquiry on knowing and organizing processes within two large car-manufacturing plants at Fiat Auto, Italy. The book highlights the need to re-think organizational knowledge from an action-based perspective, and suggests a new vocabulary for understanding knowledge-oriented phenomena in organizations.
Word Order in Greek Tragic Dialogue
Authors: Dik Helma 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This book approaches word order in Greek tragic dialogue from the perspective of language rather than metre. The tragic poets engaged in mimesis of natural dialogue; therefore the analysis of the linguistic characteristics of the dialogue precedes exploration of the metrical dimension, on the assumption that poets would not be overly constrained by the iambic trimeter, which, after all, was the most natural speaking verse according to Aristotle. The book analyses the word order of tragic dialogue in pragmatic terms, arguing that, in sentences, words functioning as Topic (the ‘starting point’ of an utterance) or Focus (the most salient piece of information) will come early, and that other less important words will follow. Similarly, the position of adjectives within noun phrases is analysed as a function of their relative salience rather than in terms of their semantics. This approach aims to account for word order in sentences generally, but it also allows for a new interpretation of familiar phenomena in Greek, such as ‘postponed interrogatives’. The book concludes with a commentary on the word order in four passages of Sophocles' Electra.
Sound Change and the History of English
Authors: Smith Jeremy 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book addresses the question: why do sound changes happen when and where they do? It discusses the origins of a series of sound changes in English. It relates the arguments to larger questions about the nature of explanation in history and historical linguistics, and examines the interplay between sound change and social change. Drawing on the latest research in linguistics and history, it shows how insights in one field illuminate the other. After the opening chapter describing the book's approach and a general theoretical framework for the study of sound-change, the book discusses problems of evidence and considers the nature of phonological processes. It then presents detailed investigations of major sound-changes from three transitional periods: first, when English emerged as a language distinct from the other West Germanic varieties; secondly, during the transition from Old to Middle English; and thirdly, during the time when Middle English evolved into Modern English.
The open innovation model: Implications for innovation in Japan
Authors: Chesbrough Henry W. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores the implications of the transition from closed to open innovation over the past two decades, which Japanese companies have been relatively late to address. Examples of the fate of similar US companies are given. On the one hand, the wide dispersion of critical knowledge for innovation is ignored at great risk. On the other, alternative paths to market for internal ideas may be ignored at great loss. Strategies for dealing with ‘false negatives’ are explored — which at first look unpromising but later turn out to be valuable — including the time-honoured Japanese practice of spin-offs.
A novel knowledge-based approach to design inorganic-binding peptides
Authors: Oren Ersin Emre , Tamerler Candan , Sahin Deniz , Hnilova Marketa , Seker Urartu Ozgur Safak , Sarikaya Mehmet , Samudrala Ram 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMotivation: The discovery of solid-binding peptide sequences is accelerating along with their practical applications in biotechnology and materials sciences. A better understanding of the relationships between the peptide sequences and their binding affinities or specificities will enable further design of novel peptides with selected properties of interest both in engineering and medicine.Results: A bioinformatics approach was developed to classify peptides selected by in vivo techniques according to their inorganic solid-binding properties. Our approach performs all-against-all comparisons of experimentally selected peptides with short amino acid sequences that were categorized for their binding affinity and scores the alignments using sequence similarity scoring matrices. We generated novel scoring matrices that optimize the similarities within the strong-binding peptide sequences and the differences between the strong- and weak-binding peptide sequences. Using the scoring matrices thus generated, a given peptide is classified based on the sequence similarity to a set of experimentally selected peptides. We demonstrate the new approach by classifying experimentally characterized quartz-binding peptides and computationally designing new sequences with specific affinities. Experimental verifications of binding of these computationally designed peptides confirm our predictions with high accuracy. We further show that our approach is a general one and can be used to design new sequences that bind to a given inorganic solid with predictable and enhanced affinity.Contact: sarikaya@u.washington.edu or ram@compbio.washington.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary Material containing, the quartz-binding peptide sequences, additional results and the specific scoring matrices are available at Bioinformatics online.
First Report of a Bacterial Leaf and Fruit Spot of Cashew Nut (Anacardium occidentale) Caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae in Brazil
Authors: Viana F. M. P. , Cardoso J. E. , Saraiva H. A. O. , Ferreira M. A. S. V. , Mariano R. L. R. , Trindade L. C. 
Published: September 2007

In 2003 and 2004, leaves and young fruits of cashew nut plants showing an undescribed disease symptom were observed on plants of an early-dwarf clone in a commercial orchard in Ceará and Piauí states in northeastern Brazil. Initial symptoms consisted of angular, water-soaked, dark-to-black spots on the leaf and at the mid-rib vein surrounding the leaf veins. Eventually, lesions also extended from the mid-rib to the secondary veins, delineating the vein system of the leaf. In young, green fruits, symptoms were large, dark, oily spots surrounded by conspicuous water-soaked areas. A yellow-pigmented colony was consistently recovered from the lesions on nutrient yeast-extract dextrose agar medium (3 g of meat extract, 5 g of peptone, 10 g of dextrose, 5 g of yeast extract, and 18 g of agar per liter). Physiological tests revealed colonies that were gram negative, strictly aerobic, oxidase negative, catalase positive, lacking fluorescent pigmentation on King's B medium, urea hydrolase negative, and able to grow on yeast dextrose calcium carbonate medium yielding yellow colonies. These tests indicated that the bacterium belonged to the genus Xanthomonas. PCR amplification of bacterial DNA using RST2 (1) and Xcv3R (3) primers resulted in identical band patterns to mango isolates Xanthomonas campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of PCR-amplified products of six isolates of X. campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae was conducted with HaeIII and showed different profile patterns on agarose gel, indicating genetic variability among these isolates. Pathogenicity was demonstrated by gently piercing and misting cashew leaves with a bacterial suspension adjusted to 106 CFU/ml. Inoculated plants were enclosed in plastic bags for 24 h and then incubated in a greenhouse (29 ± 1°C). Control plants were misted with sterile water and treated the same way. After 8 days, foliar symptoms similar to those observed in the field developed on all inoculated plants, and reisolated bacteria were characterized and found to be X. campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae. Control plants remained symptomless. To our knowledge, this is the first description of commercially grown cashew plants as host to X. campestris pv. mangiferaeindicae in Brazil. This disease may pose a serious problem to the cashew-growing industry in Brazil. This bacterial pathogen has been reported on mangoes (Mangifera indica) and cashew in India (2) under the former name of Pseudomonas mangiferae-indicae. References: (1) R. P. Leite, Jr. et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1068, 1994. (2) M. K. Patel et al. Curr. Sci. 17:189, 1948. (3) L. C. Trindade et al. Summa Phytopathol. 33:16, 2007.
First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by a Phoma sp. on Clematis × jackmanii in Italy
Authors: Garibaldi A. , Bertetti D. , Gullino M. L. 
Published: September 2007

The genus Clematis, belonging to the Ranunculaceae family, is widely used in gardens and is very much appreciated for its climbing attitude as well as rich flower production. In the fall of 2006, in a private garden located near Biella (northern Italy), a severe foliar disease was observed on 2-year-old plants of Clematis × jackmanii. Small necrotic spots were observed on the upper and lower sides of infected leaves. At temperatures of 15 to 25°C, spots enlarged to form round areas that were 2 to 7 cm in diameter and well defined by a brown margin. Severely infected leaves wilted without abscising. The disease occurred on 100% of the plants of the C. × jackmanii hybrid in one garden. Stems and flowers were not affected by the disease. From infected leaves, a fungus was consistently isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 25 mg/liter of streptomycin. The fungus was grown on PDA and maintained at 22°C (12-h light, 12-h dark). After 10 days, black pycnidia 132 to 340 μm in diameter developed, releasing abundant hyaline, elliptical, nonseptate, conidia measuring 5.1 to 8.3 (6.8) × 1.6 to 3.4 (2.7) μm. On the basis of its morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as a Phoma sp. (2). The internal transcribed spacer region of rDNA was amplified using primers ITS4/ITS6 (1,3), sequenced (GenBank Accession No. EF566917), and identified as a Phoma sp. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying leaves of healthy 1-year-old potted C. × jackmanii (cvs. Superba, Mrs N. Thomson, and Vagebond) plants with a spore and mycelial suspension (4 × 105 spores or mycelial fragments per ml). Noninoculated plants served as controls. Five plants per cultivar were used for each treatment. Plants were covered with plastic bags for 3 days after inoculation and kept in a growth chamber at 18 to 20°C. Symptoms previously described developed on leaves of all tested cultivars 10 days after inoculation, while control plants remained healthy. On the infected leaves, pycnidia and conidia with the same dimensions and characteristics as previously described were observed. The fungus was consistently reisolated from the lesions of the inoculated plants. The pathogenicity test was carried out twice. The presence of Ascochyta clematidina, then renamed as Phoma clematidina, on Clematis species has been reported in the United States (4) and subsequently in the Netherlands, Britain, and New Zealand. References: (1) S. F. Altschud et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389, 1997. (2) G. H. Boerema and G. J. Bollen. Persoonia 8:111, 1975. (3) D. E. L. Cooke and J. M. Duncan. Mycol. Res. 101:667, 1997. (4) W. O. Gloyer. J. Agric. Res. 4:331, 1915.