bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
7 Where Integers Come From
Authors: Leslie Alan M. , Gallistel C. R. , Gelman Rochel 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the innate basis of our concepts of the positive integers. In practice, real valued variables are never exactly equal; nor is it easy to specify an algorithm for establishing exact equality between two random Gaussian variables. Furthermore, because number concepts must support arithmetic inference, a necessary part of the psychological foundations is the integer concept ONE. ONE is required because it is the multiplicative identity element for which no other value, approximate or exact, can be substituted. Moreover, ONE is required by the successor function, which generates all the other positive integers. It is argued that an essential constraint on any proposal for discrete (integer-valued rather than real-valued) mental symbols is computational compatibility with the real- (or rational-) valued mental magnitudes that represent continuous quantity. These constraints rule out most current proposals that postulate systems of discrete numerons or other symbols representing only very small numbers. Alternative proposals are considered.
15 Innate Constraints on Judgment and Decision‐Making?
Authors: Santos Laurie R. , Lakshminarayanan Venkat 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores the possibility that human judgment and decision-making heuristics may have an innate component. It begins by providing a brief review of this heuristic approach, exploring what little is known about the role of experience in the emergence of these biases over the course of human development. It then reviews how a comparative-developmental approach allows us to address directly which aspects of our heuristics are innate, universal, and evolutionarily ancient. It adopts insights from comparative cognition to investigate origins of two classic judgmental biases — loss aversion and reference dependence. It presents evidence that humans and nonhumans exhibit analogous judgmental biases previously thought to be uniquely human, and further argues that these shared behaviours result from a common and possibly innate ancestry. The chapter concludes by postulating that examining the innateness of seemingly maladaptive behaviours such as reference dependence and loss aversion may provide insight into the psychological machinery that drives both accurate and biased decision-making.
17 Some Innate Foundations of Social and Moral Cognition
Authors: Wynn Karen 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the innate basis of social cognition in young infants. It reviews evidence showing that infants not only have a set of innate expectations regarding the behaviour of inanimate objects, but also a set of expectations about the properties and likely behaviour of intentional agents. It discusses recent evidence showing not only that young infants' understanding of agency is genuinely mentalistic in character (in particular, involving ascriptions of goals and intentions to agents, rather than just behavioural tendencies), but also that they evaluate agents and their actions as ‘good’ or ‘bad’ from an early age.
A Theology of Criticism
Authors: Murphy Michael P. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The turn of the millennium has brought with it a vigorous revival in the interdisciplinary study of theology and art. The notion of a Catholic imagination, however, as a specific category of aesthetics, lacks thematic and theological coherence. More often, the idea of a Catholic imagination functions at this time as a deeply felt intuition about the organic connections that exist among theological insights, cultural background, and literary expression. The book explores the many ways that the theological work of Hans Urs von Balthasar (1905–1988) provides the model, content, and optic for demonstrating the credibility and range of a Catholic imagination. Since Balthasar views arts and literatures precisely as theologies, the book surveys a broad array of poetry, drama, fiction, and film and sets these readings against the central aspects of Balthasar's theological program. A major consequence of this study is the recovery of the legitimate place of a distinct “theological imagination” in the critical study of literary and narrative art. The book also argues that Balthasar's voice both complements and challenges contemporary critical theory and contends that postmodern interpretive methodology, with its careful critique of entrenched philosophical assumptions and reiterated codes of meaning, is not the threat to theological meaning that many fear. On the contrary, postmodernism can provide both literary critics and theologians alike with the tools that assess, challenge, and celebrate the theological imagination as it is depicted in literary art today.
Hippocampal place fields
Authors: Gray Jeffrey A. , McNaughton Neil 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Possibly the most influential view of the hippocampus has been that it processes spatial information and that the firing patterns of its cells represent ‘place fields’. While ‘place field’ is often a succinct way of describing the pattern of firing, this chapter reviews a variety of data showing that hippocampal fields are not uniquely spatial. Even more spatially correlated fields have properties that are inconsistent with encoding of position in spatial coordinates and are, instead, consistent with the firing of hippocampal cells when particular goals are available. On this view, cells that fire in the same place may be encoding quite different goals — and do so to allow the hippocampus to detect goal conflict.
Memory and the septo-hippocampal system
Authors: Gray Jeffrey A. , McNaughton Neil 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter reviews data on amnesia in humans and other animals. It argues that hippocampal ‘amnesia’ does not result from changes in a particular type of memory and does not depend primarily on effects of delay and context. Relational memory, configural memory, semantic encoding, recognition memory, working memory, temporal buffering, and spatial memory are all shown to fail as an explanation of hippocampal sensitivity of learning and memory. The nature of hippocampal deficits, both in tasks involving memory and those involving innate responses, are more consistent with the view that hippocampal damage removes the capacity to select between strongly competing, conflicting goals by increased avoidance of one of the alternatives — in many memory tasks this adds up to the capacity to eliminate interference of whatever origin.
The state of the art in electronic digital computing in Britain and the United States (1947)
Authors: Huskey Harry D. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents a report by Harry D. Huskey. Huskey came to the NPL ACE Section in January 1947 from the United States, where he had been involved with the ENIAC and its projected successor, the EDVAC. Shortly after Huskey's arrival Womersley suggested that he visit Manchester and Cambridge and prepare a report that set out the status of each of the several computer projects in Britain and the United States. Topics covered here include memory, input and output, computing machine, logical aspects, and checking.
The Evolution of Flowers
Authors: Glover Beverley J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractFlowers are relatively recent innovations. The first land plants arose around 470 million years ago, but fossil evidence indicates that only after another 340 million years did the angiosperms (flowering plants) appear. However, following their appearance in the fossil record of the early Cretaceous period, the angiosperms spread geographically from their point of origin in the tropics and diversified dramatically to become the ecologically dominant plant group in the great majority of terrestrial habitats. This extraordinary radiation into an enormous range of morphological diversity took a mere 40 million years. This chapter examines the origin of the flowering plants, and then looks in detail at those first flowers, considering their morphology, their development, and their diversification.
The Autonomous Pathways for Floral Inhibition and Induction
Authors: Glover Beverley J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe autonomous pathways for floral inhibition and induction are central to the entire process of floral transition in Arabidopsis. The floral inhibition pathway acts throughout the plant's life to ensure flowering does not occur until the appropriate environmental, developmental, and physiological cues have been received. The inhibition pathway operates through a single protein repressing the transcription of genes necessary for the floral transition to occur at the shoot apical meristem. The autonomous induction pathway is equally essential to the life history of a weedy annual. Unlike long-lived perennial plants, Arabidopsis does not have the option to delay flowering indefinitely until perfect environmental conditions are perceived. Instead, the autonomous induction pathway acts antagonistically to the inhibition pathway to ensure that the plant flowers eventually, irrespective of a lack of inductive environmental signals.
Changes at the Shoot Apical Meristem in Response to Floral Induction
Authors: Glover Beverley J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter considers the changes that occur at the shoot apical meristem once the decision to flower has been taken by the plant. These changes involve the expression of a succession of floral meristem identity genes, which convert the meristem to the reproductive state. Floral meristem identity genes can be defined as those genes that specify the floral fate of lateral meristems arising from a reproductive shoot apical meristem. At the same time, it is important that apical meristem indeterminacy is maintained, to allow multiple flowers to be produced. Later chapters in this section will analyse the development of the floral organs from a floral meristem, and the development of the all-important gametes within the reproductive organs themselves.
Enhancing Flower Colour
Authors: Glover Beverley J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe production of coloured tissues, particularly insect-attracting petals, depends upon the synthesis of pigments. Plants are able to mix, modify and enhance pigments to produce a vast array of final petal colours. These colours are usually distributed across the flower in patterns, which vary in their degree of regularity and complexity between different species. While colour contrast is much more important than pattern for attracting pollinators from a distance, pattern becomes important at close range and allows animals to distinguish between flowers of different species and to learn to ‘handle’ flowers. This chapter considers the effects of mixing pigments together, the regulation of pigment distribution in the flower, and the use of metals, pH, and cell shape to modify the final colour of the flower.
Gravitational Waves
Authors: Maggiore Michele 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This book deals with all aspects of gravitational-wave physics, both theoretical and experimental. This first volume deals with gravitational wave (GW) theory and experiments. Part I discusses the theory of GWs, re-deriving afresh and in a coherent way all the results presented. Both the geometrical and the field-theoretical approach to general relativity are discussed. The generation of GWs is discussed first in linearized theory (including the general multipole expansion) and then within the post-Newtonian formalism. Many important calculations (inspiral of compact binaries, GW emission by rotating or precessing bodies, infall into black holes, etc.) are presented. The observation of GWs emission from the change in the orbital period of binary pulsar, such as the Hulse-Taylor pulsar and the double pulsar, is also explained, and the pulsar timing formula is derived. Part II discusses the principles of GW experiments, going into the detail of the functioning of both interferometers and resonant-mass detectors. One chapter is devoted to the data analysis techniques relevant for GW experiments.
Retrieving the Dynamic Personalism of Aquinas
Authors: Klein Terrance W. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the contributions of Aquinas, arguing that his work remains trenchantly pertinent, though it stands in need of three retrievals to prevent contemporary distortions. The first considers the meaning of ‘nature’in Thomas's thought, which is a way of asking about God's relationship to the world. The second retrieval concerns the ultimate meaning of ‘form’ in Thomistic thought. Aquinas spoke of grace as an accidental modification of form (ST I-II q. 110 a. 2). The fact that very few words in that phrase mean anything to the modern ear explains an ‘upward ontological drift’ in popular recapitulations of the saint's work. The chapter concludes with a third retrieval, an examination of the neglected, noetic character of grace in the thought of Aquinas, or how it is that what Wittgenstein called ‘the world’ begins to speak.
2 The Contingent Nature of National Business Systems: Types of States and Complementary Institutions
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the four ideal types of states (arm's length, dominant developmental, business corporatist, and inclusive corporatist) that combine with particular features of allied institutions to constitute particular institutional regimes. It argues that the national specificity and distinctiveness of business systems depends on the extent to which characteristics of states and related institutions are complementary in their implications for firms and markets, as well as the active structuring and coordination of interest groups and their interrelationships with state agencies. As long as the nation state remains the primary unit of political competition and legitimacy, and the definer and upholder of private property rights, in addition to being the predominant influence on labour market institutions, many characteristics of business systems will continue to vary significantly across national boundaries.
6 The Institutional Structuring of Organizational Capabilities: Variations in Authority Sharing and Organizational Careers
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores the connection between institutional frameworks and variations in authority sharing and organizational careers, such that firms in contrasting institutional contexts are encouraged to develop different kinds of capabilities. These capabilities affect firms' competitive effectiveness in different sub-sectors, especially their ability to develop cumulative or radical innovations, such that economies with contrasting institutional arrangements develop relative strengths and weaknesses in different kinds of industries. In particular, employers' establishment of distinctive types of organizational careers in variously coordinated market economies influence employees' willingness to commit themselves to the continuous improvement of firms' knowledge and collective problem solving capacities, and hence enhance companies' learning capabilities.
9 Project‐Based Firms: New Organizational Form or Variations on a Theme?
Authors: Whitley Richard 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter analyses the growing significance of inter-firm networks and project-based firms in many industries, which some claim heralds major changes in dominant economic forms. Rather than assuming that all such enterprises are basically the same, the chapter distinguishes between four ideal types of project-based firms in terms of the singularity of their goals, on the one hand, and the separation and stability of the division of labour, on the other hand. These ideal types vary in their importance across subsectors with different output characteristics, such as appropriability, modularity, and technological cumulativeness, and processes, such as client involvement. They also are more or less likely to become prevalent in contrasting institutional environments, which means that the establishment of the Silicon Valley type of economic organization as the dominant form is improbable in many societies.
Introduction
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter introduces the nobility in England and the Netherlands, and the role of war in the relationship between the princes and noblemen. Though noble land-holding and political influence varied from region to region, both polities had an elite of wealthy lords — often influential at court — as provincial governors or lords lieutenant, and as the leaders of affinities among the gentry or lesser nobility. The Percy earls of Northumberland were great lords in the north of England, and the Howard dukes of Norfolk and earls of Surrey office-holders at court, with estates concentrated in the south. The Croÿ counts of Roeulx confronted the French as governors of Artois and Flanders, while the Egmond counts of Buren held lands on the borders of Holland and Brabant, and mostly campaigned against Guelders.
Costs and Rewards
Authors: Gunn Steven , Grummitt David , Cools Hans 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter asks what risks war posed to the nobility and what profits it offered. Captivity and ransom, injury and death were greater threats in the Netherlands, though real enough in England; so was the devastation of estates. The wages of war left most noblemen out of pocket, but they found compensation in other ways: large fees for military posts, profits from prisoners, and plunder were all more important in the Netherlands; titles, lands, and offices from a grateful king more so in England. Similarly successful command seems to have been a more direct route to political influence in the England of Henry VIII, than in the Netherlands of the regents Margaret of Austria and Mary of Hungary.
The Other Virgil
Authors: Kallendorf Craig 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis book tells the story of how a classic like the Aeneid can say different things to different people. As a school text it was generally taught to support the values and ideals of a succession of postclassical societies. But between 1500 and 1800, a number of unusually sensitive readers responded to cues in the text that call into question what the poem appears to be supporting. This book focuses on the literary works written by these readers to show how they used the Aeneid as a model for poems that probed and challenged the dominant values of their society, just as Virgil had done centuries before. Some of these poems are not as well known today as they should be, but others, like Milton's Paradise Lost and Shakespeare's The Tempest, are; in the latter case, the poems can be understood in new ways once their relationship to the ‘other Virgil’ is made clear.
Ions and electrons in liquid helium
Authors: Borghesani Armando Francesco 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn liquid helium, an electron is surrounded by a cavity called an electron bubble of 20 Ångstroms in diameter. A positive helium ion is solvated by an electrostriction induced solid helium-ice shell called a snowball of 7 Ångstroms in diameter. By studying their transport properties, these objects are well suited for the testing of the microscopic properties of superfluidity. At low temperatures and with small electric fields, the drift velocity of the charges depends on their interaction with the elementary excitations of the superfluid: phonons, rotons, and 3He atomic impurities. At higher fields, ions produce quantized vortex rings and vortex lines and studying these sheds light on quantum hydrodynamics. In the fermionic liquid, the 3He isotope ion transport properties display important pieces of information on the coupling of a charge to a Fermi liquid and on the richer topological structure of the superfluid phases appearing at ultralow temperatures. In the normal liquid phases of both isotopes, ions and electrons are used to probe classical hydrodynamics at the λ-transition and at the liquid-vapor transition at which long-range critical fluctuations of the appropriate order parameter occur. Several experiments have investigated the structure of electron bubbles. Electron drift velocity measurements in dense helium gas have elucidated the dynamics of electron bubble formation. This book provides a review of the more than forty-year-long experimental and theoretical research on the transport properties of electrons and ions in liquid and gaseous helium.
MOTION OF CHARGED QUANTIZED VORTEX RINGS IN SUPERFLUID HE II
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter describes the motion of charged quantized vortex rings in superfluid He II. The experimental results are presented and discussed. The striking behavior of the energy-velocity relationship for charged vortex rings is presented in detail. The experimental results give a simple picture of an ion delocalized on the vortex ring circumference. Modern calculations of vortex dynamics have more or less confirmed this naive picture. The measurements of the mobility of the charged vortex rings have elucidated the role of the interaction of the ring with the elementary excitations of the superfluid, and have allowed the researchers to determine the structural characteristics of the rings.
ION TRANSPORT IN NORMAL LIQUID 3HE
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter starts the review of the transport properties of ions and electrons in liquid 3He. In contrast with its 4He bosonic companion, the lighter helium isotope is made of fermions. It is a physical example of a Fermi liquid. It is thus expected that ions couple to the liquid in a peculiar way that can be investigated by studying how they drift under the action of an electric field. The ion transport in normal liquid 3He at high temperatures (T&gt;1 K), well above its superfluid transitions, is discussed.
2 Governments and Policy: The Insider–Outsider Partisanship Model
Authors: Rueda David 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter analyses the transformations in party strategies that result from new voter demands and political-economic conditions. It presents a model that attempts to put together two important but often unrelated literatures: one focusing on electoral competition and the other on comparative political economy institutions. It argues that comparing and identifying social democratic governments with low unemployment and conservative ones with low inflation is not productive. This identification is based on the assumption that labour is disproportionately affected by unemployment, which is inaccurate. It is shown that labour is divided into those with secure employment (insiders) and those without (outsiders) and that the electoral goals of social democratic parties are sometimes best served by pursuing policies that benefit insiders while ignoring the interests of outsiders.