bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of exercise on gastric volume and pH in the proximal portion of the stomach of horses
Authors: Lorenzo-Figueras Mireia , Merritt Alfred M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To assess effects of exercise on a treadmill with changes in gastric volume and pH in the proximal portion of the stomach of horses.Animals—3 healthy adult horses.Procedure—A polyester bag of approximately 1,600 mL was placed into the proximal portion of the stomach of each horse via a nasogastric tube. Changes in bag volume, determined by an electronic barostat, were recorded before, during, and after a training session on a treadmill with and without prior withholding of food. In separate experiments, pH in the proximal portion of the stomach was continuously recorded during exercise for fed and food-withheld conditions. Finally, changes in intra-abdominal and intragastric pressure were simultaneously recorded during a training session.Results—Bag volume rapidly decreased to nearly zero during trotting and galloping. Conversely, a return to walking resulted in a sharp increase in volume and a return to pre-exercise values. Intragastric and intraabdominal pressures increased almost in parallel with walking, trotting, galloping, and galloping on a slope. Gastric pH decreased rapidly to < 4 at the beginning of walking, continued to decrease during trotting and galloping, and remained low until a return to walking.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increased intra-abdominal pressure during intense exercise in horses causes gastric compression, pushing acidic contents into the proximal, squamous-lined region of the stomach. Increased duration of acid exposure directly related to daily duration of exercise may be the reason that squamous lesions tend to develop or worsen when horses are in intensive training programs. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1481–1487)
Effects of initial handling and training on autonomic nervous function in young Thoroughbreds
Authors: Ohmura Hajime , Hiraga Atsushi , Aida Hiroko , Kuwahara Masayoshi , Tsubone Hirokazu 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the effects of initial handling and training on autonomic nervous functions in young Thoroughbreds.Animals—63 healthy Thoroughbreds.Procedure—All horses were trained to be handled and initially ridden in September of the yearling year and then trained until the following April by conventional training regimens. To obtain the heart rate (HR), electrocardiograms were recorded in the stable before initial handling and training and following 7 months of training; variations in HR were then evaluated from the power spectrum in terms of the low frequency (LF; 0.01 to 0.07 Hz) power and high frequency (HF; 0.07 to 0.6 Hz) power as indices of autonomic nervous activity. To evaluate the fitness, the V200 (velocity at HR of 200 beat/min), which is reflective of the aerobic capacity of the horse, was measured.Results—Mean (± SE) resting HR decreased significantly from 41.5 ± 0.8 to 38.7 ± 0.4 beat/min following 7 months of training. The LF power of horses increased significantly from 1,037 ± 128 milliseconds2in September of the yearling year to 2,944 ± 223 milliseconds2in the following April. Similarly, the HF power increased significantly from 326 ± 30 milliseconds2to 576 ± 39 milliseconds2at the corresponding time points. The V200increased significantly following training.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increases in LF and HF powers indicate that parasympathetic nervous activity increases in horses by 7 months of training. The decrease in resting HR may be dependent on the training-induced increase of parasympathetic nervous activity in Thoroughbreds. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1488–1491)
In vitro investigation of the effects of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors on contractile activity of the equine dorsal and ventral colon
Authors: Van Hoogmoed Linda M. , Snyder Jack R. , Harmon Faye A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the effect of 2 cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors on contractile activity of the circular smooth muscle layer of the equine dorsal and ventral colon.Sample Population—Samples of the dorsal and ventral colon obtained from 10 healthy horses.Procedure—Full-thickness tissue samples were collected from the dorsal colon in the area of the diaphragmatic flexure and the ventral colon in the area of the sternal flexure. Samples were cut into strips oriented along the fibers of the circular muscle layer and mounted in a tissue bath system for determination of contractile strength. Incremental amounts of etodolac, nabumetone, and indomethacin were added, and contractile activity was recorded.Results—Response of the dorsal and ventral colon to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) was variable. Indomethacin induced the greatest reduction in contractile activity, followed by nabumetone. For etodolac, the difference from baseline values was only significantly reduced at the highest concentration used (1 × 10–5M) for the ventral colon.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The NSAIDs that are designed to target the COX-2 isoform appeared to have variable effects on the contractile activity of the equine dorsal and ventral colon. Etodolac appeared to have the least effect on contractile activity, compared with the effects attributable to nabumetone, and would potentially have the fewest adverse effects relative to motility of the dorsal and ventral colon. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1496–1500)
In vitro biomechanical study of rotational stabilizers of the canine elbow joint
Authors: Talcott Kent W. , Schulz Kurt S. , Kass Philip H. , Mason David R. , Stover Susan M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To develop a model for measuring rotary stability of the canine elbow joint and to evaluate the relative contribution of the anconeal process (AN), lateral collateral ligament (LCL), and medial collateral ligament (MCL).Sample Population—18 forelimbs from 12 canine cadavers.Procedure—Forelimbs were allocated to 3 experimental groups (6 forelimbs/group). Each intact forelimb was placed in extension at an angle of 135° and cycled 50 times from –16° (pronation) to +28° (supination) in a continuous manner at 2.0 Hz. Cycling was repeated following sectioning of the structure of interest (group 1, AN; group 2, LCL; and group 3, MCL). Torque at –12° (pronation) and +18° (supination) was measured for each intact and experimentally sectioned limb. A Student t test was performed to compare torque values obtained from intact verses experimentally sectioned limbs and for comparison with established criteria for differentiation of primary (≥ 33%), secondary (10 to 33%), and tertiary rotational stabilizers (< 10%).Results—In pronation, the AN was the only primary stabilizer (65%). For supination, the LCL was a primary stabilizer (48%), AN was a secondary stabilizer (24%), and MCL was a tertiary stabilizer (7%).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—With the elbow joint in extension at an angle of 135°, the AN is a primary rotational stabilizer in pronation, and the LCL is a primary stabilizer in supination. Disruption of the AN or LCL may affect rotary range of motion or compromise stability of the elbow joint in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1520–1526)
Aldose reductase activity and glucose-related opacities in incubated lenses from dogs and cats
Authors: Richter Marianne , Guscetti Franco , Spiess Bernhard 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine responses of canine and feline lenses to incubation in a medium with a high glucose concentration.Sample Population—Lenses from 35 dogs and 26 cats.Procedure—Glucose concentrations were measured in paired lenses from 25 dogs and 17 cats after incubation for 14 days in high-glucose (30 mmol of glucose/ L) or control (6 mmol of glucose/L) medium. Aldose reductase activity was measured spectrophotometrically in the incubated lenses and in freshly frozen lenses from 10 dogs and 9 cats. Two lenses of each group were studied histologically.Results—Canine and feline lenses in high-glucose medium developed glucose-specific opacities of variable localization and extent. Canine lenses developed equatorial vacuoles, but severity of the lesions was not associated with the age of the dog. Lenses from young cats (≤ 4 years old) developed extensive posterior cortical opacities, whereas those from older cats (> 4 years old) did not. Glucose concentrations were similar in all lenses incubated in high-glucose medium; however aldose reductase activity was significantly lower in lenses from older cats, compared with lenses from young cats and from dogs.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—High aldose reductase activity and glucose-related opacities suggest a central role for this enzyme in the pathogenesis of diabetic cataracts in dogs and cats. Because onset of diabetes mellitus usually occurs in cats > 7 years of age, low activity of aldose reductase in lenses of older cats may explain why diabetic cataracts are rare in this species despite hyperglycemia. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1591–1597)
Pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in donkeys, mules, and horses
Authors: Peck Kenneth E. , Matthews Nora S. , Taylor Tex S. , Mealey Katrina L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare serum disposition of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim after IV administration to donkeys, mules, and horses.Animals—5 donkeys, 5 mules, and 3 horses.Procedure—Blood samples were collected before (time 0) and 5, 15, 30, and 45 minutes and 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 24 hours after IV administration of sulfamethoxazole (12.5 mg/kg) and trimethoprim (2.5 mg/kg). Serum was analyzed in triplicate with high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim concentrations. Serum concentration-time curve for each animal was analyzed separately to estimate noncompartmental pharmacokinetic variables.Results—Clearance of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in donkeys was significantly faster than in mules or horses. In donkeys, mean residence time (MRT) of sulfamethoxazole (2.5 hours) was less than half the MRT in mules (6.2 hours); MRT of trimethoprim in donkeys (0.8 hours) was half that in horses (1.5 hours). Volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss) for sulfamethoxazole did not differ, but Vdss of trimethoprim was significantly greater in horses than mules or donkeys. Area under the curve for sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim was higher in mules than in horses or donkeys.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dosing intervals for IV administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in horses may not be appropriate for use in donkeys or mules. Donkeys eliminate the drugs rapidly, compared with horses. Ratios of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole optimum for antibacterial activity are maintained for only a short duration in horses, donkeys, and mules. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:349–353)
Dynamics of porcine circovirus type 2 infection in a herd of pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome
Authors: Rodríguez-Arrioja Gabriela M. , Segalés Joaquim , Calsamiglia Maria , Resendes Ana R. , Balasch Mònica , Plana-Durán Juan , Casal Jordi , Domingo Mariano 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine the pattern of infection for
porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in a herd of pigs with
postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome
(PMWS).

Animals—29 sows and 250 pigs.

Procedure—Blood samples were collected from all
3-, 7-, and 12-week old pigs and 59 pigs at 28 weeks
of age. Pigs that died during the study were necropsied.
Porcine parvovirus and PCV2 antibodies were
assayed. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was
used to detect PCV2 genome in serum of selected
pigs.

Results—The PMWS started when pigs were 8
weeks old, with a prevalence of 30% in 8- to 10-weekold
pigs. Eighty-three pigs died during the period
between 3 and 12 weeks of age. Microscopic lesions
consistent with PMWS were observed, and PCV2
nucleic acid was detected (50 of 68 pigs). Antibodies
to PCV2 decreased from 3 to 7 weeks of age,
increased at 12 weeks of age, and were maintained
until 28 weeks of age. One sow had a positive result
for PCR of serum. Nine, 37, and 8 pigs had PCV2
genome in serum obtained at 7, 12, and 28 weeks of
age, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Infection with
PCV2 coincided with severe clinical signs; however,
infected 28-week-old pigs did not have evidence of
disease. Immunity declined over time in young pigs.
A long duration of PCV2 viremia was apparent in a
high percentage of infected pigs, which may affect
transmission and persistence of the virus in a herd.
(Am J Vet Res 2002;63:354–357).
Effects of pentoxifylline on pulmonary function and results of cytologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in horses with recurrent airway obstruction
Authors: Léguillette Renaud , Désévaux Cyril , Lavoie Jean-Pierre 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives—To determine the effects of pentoxifylline (PTX) administration on lung function and results of cytologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in horses affected by recurrent airway obstruction (RAO).Animals—10 RAO-affected horses.Procedures—6 horses were orally administered PTX (16 g) mixed with corn syrup, and 4 horses were administered corn syrup alone, twice daily for 14 days. Pulmonary function was evaluated before administration (day 0) and on days 8 and 15. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed on days 0 and 15. Reversibility of airway obstruction was assessed by measuring pulmonary function before and after administration of atropine (0.02 mg/kg, IV). Serum concentration of PTX was measured in 4 horses 30 minutes and 2 and 4 hours after administration of PTX on days 1, 2, 3, 7, and 14.Results—Administration of PTX to RAO-affected horses resulted in a decrease in elastance value on day 8 and on elastance and resistance (RL) values on days 8 and 15. Results for cytologic examination of BAL fluid obtained on day 15 did not differ significantly, compared with values for day 0. Values of RLdecreased in all horses following administration of atropine. When mixed in corn syrup and administered orally, PTX was poorly absorbed in horses, and there was noticeable variation in serum PTX concentrations over time and among horses.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Based on these results, it can be concluded that administration of PTX at high doses improved respiratory function of RAO-affected horses maintained in an unfavorable environment. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:459–463)
Phenotypic variation of FXN compound heterozygotes in a Friedreich ataxia cohort
Authors: Shen Megan M. , Rummey Christian , Lynch David R. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjectiveMost individuals with Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) have homozygous GAA triplet repeat expansions in the FXN gene, correlating with a typical phenotype of ataxia and cardiomyopathy. A minority are compound heterozygotes carrying a GAA expansion on one allele and a mutation on the other. The study aim was to examine phenotypic variation among compound heterozygotes.MethodsData on FXN mutations were obtained from the Friedreich Ataxia Clinical Outcome Measures Study (FA‐COMS). We compared clinical features in a single‐site FA‐COMS cohort of 51 compound heterozygous and 358 homozygous patients, including quantitative measures of cardiac, neurologic, and visual disease progression.ResultsNon‐GAA repeat mutations were associated with reduced cardiac disease, and patients with minimal/no function mutations otherwise had a typical FRDA phenotype but with significantly more severe progression. The partial function mutation group was characterized by relative sparing of bulbar and upper limb function, as well as particularly low cardiac involvement. Other clinical features in this group, including optic atrophy and diabetes mellitus, varied widely depending on the specific type of partial function mutation.InterpretationThese data support that the typical FRDA phenotype is driven by frataxin deficiency, especially severe in compound heterozygotes with minimal/no function mutations, whereas the heterogeneous presentations of those with partial function mutations may indicate other contributing factors to FRDA pathogenesis.
Predicting the impact of CPAP on brain health: A study using the sleep EEG‐derived brain age index
Authors: Yook Soonhyun , Park Hea Ree , Joo Eun Yeon , Kim Hosung 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjectiveThis longitudinal study investigated potential positive impact of CPAP treatment on brain health in individuals with obstructive sleep Apnea (OSA). To allow this, we aimed to employ sleep electroencephalogram (EEG)‐derived brain age index (BAI) to quantify CPAP's impact on brain health and identify individually varying CPAP effects on brain aging using machine learning approaches.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed CPAP‐treated (n = 98) and untreated OSA patients (n = 88) with a minimum 12‐month follow‐up of polysomnography. BAI was calculated by subtracting chronological age from the predicted brain age. To investigate BAI changes before and after CPAP treatment, we compared annual ΔBAI between CPAP‐treated and untreated OSA patients. To identify individually varying CPAP effectiveness and factors influencing CPAP effectiveness, machine learning approaches were employed to predict which patient displayed positive outcomes (negative annual ΔBAI) based on their baseline clinical features.ResultsCPAP‐treated group showed lower annual ΔBAI than untreated (−0.6 ± 2.7 vs. 0.3 ± 2.6 years, p < 0.05). This BAI reduction with CPAP was reproduced independently in the Apnea, Bariatric surgery, and CPAP study cohort. Patients with more severe OSA at baseline displayed more positive annual ΔBAI (=accelerated brain aging) when untreated and displayed more negative annual ΔBAI (=decelerated brain aging) when CPAP‐treated. Machine learning models achieved high accuracy (up to 86%) in predicting CPAP outcomes.Interpretation.CPAP treatment can alleviate brain aging in OSA, especially in severe cases. Sleep EEG‐derived BAI has potential to assess CPAP's impact on brain health. The study provides insights into CPAP's effects and underscores BAI‐based predictive modeling's utility in OSA management.
There and Back Again: Building Systems That Integrate, Interface, and Interact with the Human Body
Authors: Boys Alexander J. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSince Dr. Theodor Schwann posed the extension of Cell Theory to mammals in 1839, scientists have dreamt up ways to interface with and influence the cells. Recently, considerable ground in this area is gained, particularly in the scope of bioelectronics. New advances in this area have provided with a means to record electrical activity from cells, examining neural firing or epithelial barrier integrity, and stimulate cells through applied electrical fields. Many of these applications utilize invasive implantation systems to perform this interaction in close proximity to the cells in question. Traditionally, the body's immune system fights back against these systems through the foreign body response, limiting the efficacy of long‐term interactions. New technologies in tissue engineering, biomaterials science, and bioelectronics offer the potential to circumvent the foreign body response and create stable long‐term biological interfaces. Looking ahead, the next advancements in the biomedical sciences can truly integrate, interface, and interact with the human body.
Design and Selection of High Entropy Alloys for Hardmetal Matrix Applications Using a Coupled Machine Learning and Calculation of Phase Diagrams Methodology
Authors: Berry Joshua , Snell Robert , Anderson Magnus , Owen Lewis R. , Messé Olivier M. D. M. , Todd Iain , Christofidou Katerina A. 
Published: February 2024

This study aims to utilize a combined machine learning (ML) and CALculation of PHAse Diagrams (CALPHAD) methodology to design hardmetal matrix phases for metal‐forming applications that can serve as the basis for carbide reinforcement. The vast compositional space that high entropy alloys (HEAs) occupy offers a promising avenue to satisfy the application design criteria of wear resistance and ductility. To efficiently explore this space, random forest ML models are constructed and trained from publicly available experimental HEA databases to make phase constitution and hardness predictions. Interrogation of the ML models constructed reveals accuracies >78.7% and a mean absolute error of 66.1 HV for phase and hardness predictions respectively. Six promising alloy compositions, extracted from the ML predictions and CALPHAD calculations, are experimentally fabricated and tested. The hardness predictions are found to be systematically under‐ and overpredicted depending on the alloy microstructure. In parallel, the phase classification models are found to lack sensitivity toward additional intermetallic phase formation. Despite the discrepancies identified between ML and experimental results, the fabricated compositions show promise for further experimental evaluation. These discrepancies are believed to be directly associated with the available databases but, importantly, have highlighted several avenues for both ML and database development.
Interventional Hydrogel Microsphere Controlled‐Releasing Curcumin for Photothermal Therapy against Endometriosis
Authors: Liu Xuemin , Yan Shengtao , Wu Hongliang , Chen Ming , Dai Hao , Wang Zhenxing , Chai Muyuan , Hu Qingyu , Li Dongdong , Chen Lei , Diao Ruiying , Chen Shi , Wang Liping , Shi Xuetao 
Published: February 2024

AbstractEndometriosis is a prevalent gynecological disorder characterized by the presence of endometrial‐like tissue outside the uterus, causing chronic pelvic pain, painful periods, and infertility. Despite the common use of hormone therapy and surgical lesion excision in its treatment, there remain significant postoperative risks and potential side effects, with a high recurrence rate. An efficient nonsurgical treatment for this condition is therefore urgently needed. In this study, an interventional hydrogel microsphere with near‐infrared (NIR)‐controlled curcumin release is developed for the non‐invasive thermal therapy of endometriosis. The hydrogel microspheres demonstrate good biocompatibility and photothermal activities, causing the death of endometrial stromal cells under NIR and controlled curcumin (Cur) release. When injected into endometriotic lesions and stimulated by NIR light, the interventional hydrogel microspheres (Cur‐FeHMPs) can raise the temperature of the endometriotic lesions to 43.65 °C, inducing endometriotic lesion elimination. Furthermore, the controlled curcumin release from the interventional hydrogel inhibits the proinflammatory environment in endometriosis. The Cur‐FeHMPs in combination with NIR present a novel strategy for endometriosis treatment.