bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substrate porosity enhances chondrocyte attachment, spreading, and cartilage tissue formationin vitro
Authors: Spiteri C. G. , Pilliar R. M. , Kandel R. A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTissue engineering is being explored as a new approach to treat damaged cartilage. As the biomaterial used may influence tissue formation, the effects of substrate geometry on chondrocyte behaviorin vitrowere examined. Articular chondrocytes were isolated and cultured on the surface of smooth, rough, porous‐coated, and fully porous Ti‐6Al‐4V substrates. The percentage of chondrocytes that attached to each substrate at 24 h was determined. After 24 and 72 h, chondrocytes were visualized by scanning electron microscopy and cell areas were measured. Collagen and proteoglycan accumulation within the first 24 h was determined by incorporation with [3H]‐proline and [35S]‐SO4, respectively. Chondrocyte attachment as well as matrix accumulation was enhanced as substrate surface area increased. Cell areas on the fully porous substrate were over four times greater than on any other substrate by 72 h in culture. After 8 weeks in culture, a continuous layer of cartilaginous tissue formed only on the surface of the fully porous substrate. This suggests that fully porous Ti‐6Al‐4V substrates provide the conditions that favor cartilage tissue formation by influencing cell attachment and extent of cell spreading. Understanding how substrate porosity influences chondrocyte behavior may help identify methods to further enhance cartilage tissue formationin vitro. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Bioactivity in in situ hydroxyapatite–polycaprolactone composites
Authors: Verma Devendra , Katti Kalpana , Katti Dinesh 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn our previous work, hydroxyapatite (HAP) was synthesized under two conditions: one in the presence of polyacrylic acid (in situ HAP) and the other in the absence of polyacrylic acid (ex situ HAP). Composites of both HAPs with polycaprolactone (PCL) were investigated for their applicability as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. In the current work, bioactivity of these composites has been investigated by soaking them in simulated body fluid for different intervals of time. Nucleation and growth mechanism of apatite on these composites has also been investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study suggests that although apatite growth starts with an intermediate phase, it completely transforms to HAP after 4 days of soaking. Nanoindentation results suggest that the apatite growing on in situ HAP/PCL composites has much higher hardness and elastic modulus as compared to the apatite growing on ex situ HAP/PCL composites. The apatite grown on the ex situ composites has a net‐like interconnected structure. The observed differences in mechanical properties and morphology of apatite have been described on the basis of nucleation mechanisms. The nucleation of apatite on the in situ HAP/PCL composites proceeds through the formation of a complex between Ca2+ and COO− groups; on the other hand, nucleation occurs because of dissolution reaction of apatite in ex situ HAP/PCL composites. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Rural behavioral health services for children and adolescents: An ecological and community psychology analysis
Authors: Heflinger Craig Anne , Christens Brian 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWhile psychology has tended to focus on urban issues in research and practice, rural areas have undergone a series of changes in recent years that have increased the need for behavioral health services. A variety of social and economic factors has contributed both to the increasing needs and to the inability of the existing services to meet them. In this article, the authors survey the literature on rural behavioral health issues, focusing on children and adolescents, to highlight the status of knowledge and approaches to intervention. A conceptual rubric based on the social ecological perspective is used. First, what is known about rural behavioral health and health care for youth is described at the ontogenetic, micro‐, meso‐, and macrosystem levels. Strategies that have been proposed to address problems in rural behavioral health care are also presented at the different levels. General principles for future intervention and research are proposed that recognize the unique context of rural communities, use local knowledge and ideas, incorporate the efforts of informal systems of care using a strength‐based approach, and identify and work toward solving the macrosystem issues that underlie rural health problems. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Depression and welfare reform: From barriers to inclusion
Authors: Lewis Dan A. , Lee Bong Joo , Altenbernd Lisa M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe authors identify ways to facilitate work among current and recent welfare recipients with mental illness. Their analysis assesses the relationship between a particular mental illness, depression, and labor force involvement in a statewide sample of welfare recipients, identifies the factors that promote work for those with depression, and describes the positive and negative correlates of work among this group. This study is a building block in understanding how depression and work are related among current and recent welfare recipients and what factors impede or facilitate substantive involvement in society for those with depression. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gift giving: A community paradigm
Authors: Hollenbeck Candice R. , Peters Cara , Zinkhan George M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTo date, the marketing literature on gift giving has focused on two approaches or paradigms—economic and relational exchange. This study adopts a different perspective, proposing a community paradigm to provide a holistic view of gift giving. The data (based on 20 in‐depth interviews and 2 group interviews) suggest that, on the Internet, social networks of relationships cohere into gift‐giving communities that influence the purchasing of gifts. Findings about online gift giving are presented according to three community themes: (a) shared rituals and traditions, (b) shared values, and (c) shared responsibilities. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative proteomic profiling of pancreatic cancer juice
Authors: Chen Ru , Pan Sheng , Yi Eugene C. , Donohoe Samuel , Bronner Mary P. , Potter John D. , Goodlett David R. , Aebersold Ruedi , Brentnall Teresa A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPancreatic juice is an exceptionally rich source of cancer‐specific proteins shed from cancerous ductal cells into the pancreatic juice. Quantitative proteomic analysis of the proteins specific to pancreatic cancer juice has not previously been reported. We used isotope‐code affinity tag (ICAT) technology and MS/MS to perform quantitative protein profiling of pancreatic juice from pancreatic cancer patients and normal controls. ICAT technology coupled with MS/MS allows the systematic study of the proteome and measures the protein abundance in pancreatic juice with the potential for development of biomarkers. A total of 105 proteins were identified and quantified in the pancreatic juice from a pancreatic cancer patient, of which 30 proteins showed abundance changes of at least twofold in pancreatic cancer juice compared to normal controls. Many of these proteins have been externally validated. This is the first comprehensive study of the pancreatic juice proteome by quantitative global protein profiling, and the study reveals numerous proteins that are shown for the first time to be associated with pancreatic cancer, providing candidates for diagnostic biomarkers. One of the identified proteins, insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐2 was further validated by Western blotting to be elevated in pancreatic cancer juice and overexpressed in pancreatic cancer tissue.
Proteomic analysis of Brucella abortus cell envelope and identification of immunogenic candidate proteins for vaccine development
Authors: Connolly Joseph P. , Comerci Diego , Alefantis Timothy G. , Walz Alexander , Quan Marian , Chafin Ryan , Grewal Paul , Mujer Cesar V. , Ugalde Rodolfo A. , DelVecchio Vito G. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBrucella abortus is the etiologic agent of bovine brucellosis and causes a chronic disease in humans known as undulant fever. In livestock the disease is characterized by abortion and sterility. Live, attenuated vaccines such as S19 and RB51 have been used to control the spread of the disease in animals; however, they are considered unsafe for human use and they induce abortion in pregnant cattle. For the development of a safer and equally efficacious vaccine, immunoproteomics was utilized to identify novel candidate proteins from B. abortus cell envelope (CE). A total of 163 proteins were identified using 2‐DE with MALDI‐TOF MS and LC‐MS/MS. Some of the major protein components include outer‐membrane protein (OMP) 25, OMP31, Omp2b porin, and 60 kDa chaperonin GroEL. 2‐DE Western blot analyses probed with antiserum from bovine and a human patient infected with Brucella identified several new immunogenic proteins such as fumarate reductase flavoprotein subunit, F0F1‐type ATP synthase α subunit, and cysteine synthase A. The elucidation of the immunome of B. abortus CE identified a number of candidate proteins for developing vaccines against Brucella infection in bovine and humans.
Single or multiple injections of methamphetamine increased dopamine turnover but did not decrease tyrosine hydroxylase levels or cleave caspase‐3 in caudate‐putamen
Authors: Pereira Frederico Costa , Lourenço Elita Santos , Borges Fernanda , Morgadinho Teresa , Ribeiro Carlos Fontes , Macedo Tice Reis , Ali Syed F. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractMethamphetamine (METH), leading to striatal dopamine (DA) nerve terminal toxicity in mammals, is also thought to induce apoptosis of striatal neurons in rodents. We investigated the acute effects induced by multiple injections of METH (4 × 5 mg/kg, i.p.) at 2‐h intervals or a single injection of METH (20 mg/kg, i.p.) on terminal dopaminergic toxicity markers, including DA levels, DA turnover, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in rat caudate‐putamen (CPu). We further investigated whether both treatment paradigms would change Bax and activate caspase‐3 expression, thus triggering striatal apoptotic mitochondria‐dependent biochemical cascades. The first injection of METH (5 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a significant release of DA that peaked 30 min and stayed above control levels up to 1.5 h within CPu. In another set of experiments, rats were killed 1 and 24 h following the last injection, for tissue DA and metabolite content measurement and Western blot analysis (24 h). Multiple doses induced DA depletion and increased turnover at both endpoints. Single‐dose METH reproduced these effects at 24 h; however, turnover was significantly higher than that evoked by the multiple doses at 24 h. Although both paradigms evoked similar DA depletion, however, none of the dosing regimens induced changes in TH expression at 24 h. The former paradigm produced an increase in Bax expression in CPu not sufficient to induce cleavage of caspase‐3 proenzyme at 24 h. This study suggests that both paradigm induced changes in striatal dopaminergic markers that are independent of terminal degeneration and striatal apoptotic mitochondria‐dependent caspase‐3 driven cascade within 24 h. Synapse 60:185–193, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pre‐ and postsynaptic contributions to age‐related alterations in corticostriatal synaptic plasticity
Authors: Akopian G. , Walsh J.P. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAging creates deficits in motor performance related to changes in striatal processing of cortical information. This study describes age‐related changes in corticostriatal snaptic plasticity and associated mechanisms, which may contribute to declines in motor behavior. Intracellular recordings revealed an age‐related decrease in the expression of paired‐pulse, posttetanic, and long‐term potentiation (LTP). The age‐related difference in LTP was associated with reduced sensitivity to block of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the aged population. These age‐related changes could not be explained by increased L‐type Ca2+channel activity, since block of L‐type Ca2+ channels with nifedipine increased rather than decreased the age‐related difference in long‐term plasticity. Age‐related increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulation were also ruled out, since application of H2O2 produced changes in synaptic function that were opposite to trends seen in aging, and addition of the antioxidant Trolox‐C had a larger effect on long‐term plasticity in young rats than in older rats. A robust age‐related difference in long‐term synaptic plasticity was found by studying synaptic plasticity following the blocking of D2 receptors with l‐sulpiride, which may involve age‐difference in NMDA receptor function. l‐sulpiride consistently enabled a slow development of LTP at young (but not aged) corticostriatal synapses. However, No age differences were found in the sensitivity to the addition of the D2 receptor agonist quinpirole. These findings provide evidence for age‐induced changes in the release properties of cortical terminals and in the functioning of postsynaptic striatal NMDA receptors, which may contribute to age‐related deficits in striatum control of movement. Synapse 60:223–238, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reasoning under uncertainty: heuristic judgments in patients with persecutory delusions or depression
Authors: CORCORAN RHIANNON , CUMMINS SINEAD , ROWSE GEORGINA , MOORE ROSIE , BLACKWOOD NIGEL , HOWARD ROBERT , KINDERMAN PETER , BENTALL RICHARD P. 
Published: May 2006

Objective. The substantial literature examining social reasoning in people with delusions has, to date, neglected the commonest form of decision making in daily life. We address this imbalance by reporting here the findings of the first study to explore heuristic reasoning in people with persecutory delusions.Method. People with active or remitted paranoid delusions, depressed and healthy adults performed two novel heuristic reasoning tasks that varied in emotional valence.Results. The findings indicated that people with persecutory delusions displayed biases during heuristic reasoning that were most obvious when reasoning about threatening and positive material. Clear similarities existed between the currently paranoid group and the depressed group in terms of their reasoning about the likelihood of events happening to them, with both groups tending to believe that pleasant things would not happen to them. However, only the currently paranoid group showed an increased tendency to view other people as threatening.Conclusion. This study has initiated the exploration of heuristic reasoning in paranoia and depression. The findings have therapeutic utility and future work could focus on the differentiation of paranoia and depression at a cognitive level.
FATIGUE CRACK NUCLEATION IN METALS
Authors: Lin T. H. , Ito Y. M. 
Published: May 2006

One of the unanswered questions in the study of fatigue is how cracks nucleate at stresses far below the static fracture strength. Previous theories show possible qualitative mechanisms that may operate in a crystal at room and low temperatures but none provides a quantitiative theory of this phenomenon. We show here a quantitative mechanism of fatigue crack initiation.
With a small initial stress field, two closely located thin slices slide in opposite directions under cyclic loading. The increase of the local plastic strain with cycles of loading is calculated. The local plastic shear strain, positive in one slice and negative in the other, reaches 100 per cent at the free surface in a few hundred cycles. These large strains clearly cause the start of an extrusion or intrusion and fatigue crack nucleation.
ON THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE: THE BINDING OF CYCLIC-3′,5′-ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE TO AN ADRENAL CORTICAL PROTEIN
Authors: Gill Gordon N. , Garren Leonard D. 
Published: May 2006

The binding of cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) within the adrenal cortical cell was studied. Cyclic AMP binds specifically to a protein which is associated predominantly with the microsomal fraction of the cell.
The binding protein was purified approximately 100-fold.
A MOLECULAR TIME SCALE FOR HUMAN EVOLUTION
Authors: Wilson A. C. , Sarich V. M. 
Published: May 2006

We discuss published molecular evidence concerning the relationship of man to African apes and Old World monkeys. Quantitative comparisons of their serum albumins, transferrins, hemoglobins, and DNA show that man is genetically much more similar to the African apes than to the Old World monkeys.
The amino acid sequences of hemoglobins from humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and rhesus monkeys are consistent with the hypothesis that the probability of an amino acid substitution occurring in a given interval of time is the same for every hemoglobin lineage. This allows the use of these data as a hemoglobin evolutionary clock, just as we have previously done with the albumins. It is shown that concordance exists between the hemoglobin and albumin results and that both support the suggestion that the human lineage diverged from that leading to the African apes far more recently than is generally supposed. Considering both the albumin and hemoglobin data, we would set the most probable date at 4 to 5 million years.
THE EFFECTS OF CENTRALLY ACTING DRUGS ON TREMOR IN MONKEYS WITH MESENCEPHALIC LESIONS
Authors: Goldstein M. , Battista A. F. , Nakatani S. , Anagnoste B. 
Published: May 2006

The effects of centrally acting drugs on tremor were investigated in monkeys with ventromedial tegmental lesions exhibiting hypokinesia or hypokinesia and tremor. In monkeys with resting tremor, the administration of DL-5-HTP (5-hydroxytryptophan) or of DL-DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) relieves the tremor, but the simultaneous administration of DL-5-HTP or DL-DOPA and atropine results in a much more pronounced relief. These results point to an imbalance between the cholinergic and adrenergic-serotonergic systems in parkinsonism.
In monkeys exhibiting hypokinesia, the administration of harmaline evokes a marked resting tremor of the extremities contralateral to the tegmental lesion. The production of tremor by harmaline is not abolished by lowering the striatal amine levels with specific inhibitors of amine synthesis. Administration of DL-5-HTP protects monkeys from tremors induced by harmaline, which might affect the functions of the central nervous system by interaction with receptors for serotonin. The present results further demonstrate the apparent role of biogenic amines in the extrapyramidal dysfunctions.
Dynamics of Systems with Large Number of Degrees of Freedom and Generalized Transformation Theory
Authors: Prigogine I. , George C. , Henin F. 
Published: May 2006

A generalized transformation theory which leads to a non-Hamiltonian description of dynamics is introduced. The transformation is such that all averages of observables remain invariant. However, the time evolution of the density matrix can no longer be expressed in terms of a commutator with the Hamiltonian. Therefore such transformations are not canonical in the usual sense. An explicit „two components” representation of the equations of motion is given which has the following properties: (
a
) each of the components satisfies a separate equation of motion, and (
b
) one component satisfies a kinetic equation of a generalized Boltzmann type.

We obtain, therefore, the most remarkable result that the relation between dynamics and statistical mechanics (or thermodynamics) takes a specially transparent and simple form: thermodynamics appears in a precise sense as the random phase approximation of dynamics.
Other problems such as the meaning of diagonalization of the Hamiltonian and definition of excitations will be treated in a forthcoming paper.
Brain-Cell Protein Synthesis Specifically Related to Learning
Authors: Hydén H. , Lange P. W. 
Published: May 2006

The study takes up the problem whether synthesis of certain protein fractions in nerve cells of the hippocampus in rats during the transfer of handedness may be specific for this learning process. Electrophoretic separation of protein was carried out on polyacrylamide gels at the microscale. The investigation encompasses the brain-specific, acidic protein S100 and two protein fractions moving close to the S100 protein during electrophoresis. The protein synthesis was studied during one month of intermittent training of the animals.
The temporal link between behavior and an increase in the synthesis of nerve-cell protein indicates that the protein response is specific for the processes occurring in the hippocampus during learning.
Increase in Preexisting Cellular Antigen-Combining Groups at Different Times after Infection with Different Viruses
Authors: Tarro Giulio , Sabin Albert B. 
Published: May 2006

During the course of experiments designed to determine whether infection of normal cells with certain strains of
Herpesvirus hominis
(HSV) gives rise to a specific neoantigen, presumably characteristic for human malignant cells („HeLa G”), it was found that the seeming appearance of such a new antigen actually represents only an increase in concentration of previously existing normal antigen groups. The complement fixation tests for this antigen were carried out with antibody prepared by McKenna against a fraction, purified with the fluorocarbon genetron, from HeLa cells. This antibody reacted with extracts of tissue culture cells derived from various human malignant tumors and from the spontaneously transformed WISH cell line, originally derived from normal human amnion, but not with cells derived from early-passage cultures of normal human kidney, or from primary cultures of young rabbit kidney or new-born guinea pig kidney.

Infection of rabbit and guinea pig kidney tissue culture cells with HSV strains derived from brain or lip lesions at a high input multiplicity of virus failed to yield the „G” antigen. Infection of human kidney tissue culture cells with the same HSV strains yielded two units of the „G” antigen at 6 hr and 32 units at 24 hr. The conclusion that this was, nevertheless, not a new antigen, but only an increase in amount of preexisting antigen, was based on the demonstration that absorption of the anti-„HeLa G” globulin with uninfected human kidney tissue culture cells completely removed the antibody for the „G” antigen formed during the course of infection with HSV and also that present in uninfected WISH and HEp2 cells.
Infection by the same HSV strains of the human WISH cells which have a small amount of preexisting „G” antigen resulted in an increase which was maximal at 24 hr. Infection of WISH cells with vaccinia virus resulted in a rapid increase of „G” antigen, which was demonstrable at 10 min but not at 3, 6, and 24 hr. Absorption of the anti-„HeLa G” globulin with uninfected WISH cells removed the antibody for the G antigen present in the WISH cells before infection as well as after infection with the herpes and vaccinia viruses, and also the antigen present in human tissue culture cells of malignant origin.