bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conveying information about adjective meanings in spoken discourse
Authors: CORRIGAN ROBERTA 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTThis study examined information about adjective meanings available in adults' spoken discourse in the original 27 CHILDES corpora of typically developing English-speaking children. In order to increase the probability that adjectives would be novel to children to whom they were addressed, onlyrareadjectives were examined (those that occurred ⩽5 times in the corpus,N=878). Contexts surrounding adjectives (±3 utterances on either side of the target) were scored for linguistic clues to meaning, including related language, compare/contrast and evaluative information. Linguistic contexts contained more information in adult–child conversations than in adult–adult conversations. There were differences among information categories. For example, explicit definitions were relatively rare compared to other types of information and were far less frequent than reported in structured laboratory situations. Findings highlight the importance of looking at adult input in situations where teaching word meaning is not an explicit goal.
LIGHT STIMULATED STARCH DEGRADATION IN PLASTIDS AND LEAF MORPHOGENESIS*†
Authors: Klein W. H. , Price L. , Mitrakos K. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe problem of chlorophyll synthesis cannot be completely isolated from the many other physiological processes occurring in the plant cell. Exogenous and endogenous factors which have a profound effect on the developing chlorophyll synthesizing mechanism primarily manifest themselves in the development of plastids. As the proplastid matures, at various stages of its development it becomes subject to new environmental influences. This is evident through the variable response observed with ageing. The germinating seedling and its proplastids do not exhibit the photosensitive response that is found in slightly older plants. Tt would appear, therefore, that during the ontogeny of these light responsive organelles, the various endo‐ and exoplastid biochemical systems which enable them to function in their eventual role as synthesizing centers within the cell are not organized simultaneously, but rather follow a sequence of developmental steps. Finally, when these systems are all complete, the plastid is poised for dynamic changes to occur under the influence of radiant energy.The preliminary data presented have indicated a partially light dependent carbohydrate degradatioii in etiolated seedlings. These changes may be of considerable significance i n explaining various photomorphogenic responses. Most particularly, the light induced disappearance of starch from the developing plastid is readily observed and may be bio‐chemically determined in less than 12 hr. Further details on the kinetics and time course of this light induced degradation of starch may establish the fundamental nature of this reaction in its role in the many cellular morphological responses.
APPLICATION OF THE EXCITON MODEL TO MONO‐MOLECULAR LAMELLAR SYSTEMS*
Authors: Hochstrasser Robin M. , Kasha Michael 
Published: January 2008

Summary The molecular exciton model is applied to specific mono‐molecular lamellar structures. For a variety of in‐plane and out‐of‐plane arrangements of transition dipoles exciton‐band energy level diagrams and specific formulas are given. These results permit a quantitative comparison of the absorption spectrum of a monomolecular lamellar aggregate with that of the single molecule. The experimental parameters are the dipole length of the absorption band studied in the single molecule, the intermolecular distance of molecular centers in the lamella, and geometrical parameters. The dipole‐dipole interaction sums are given in several cases with an accuracy of two percent. The Appendix summarizes the functional expressions in terms of lattice parameters in each case.It is suggested that these results can be used as a starting point in the elucidation of molecular ultrastructure in lamellar systems, and the interpretations of the mechanisms of excitation energy transfer.
CHEMILUMINESCENT EMISSION FROM THE REACTIONS OF VOLATILE SILICON COMPOUNDS AND ACTIVE NITROGEN*
Authors: Schofield K. , Broida H. P. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract— A spectroscopic investigation has been made of the chemiluminescent emission from atomic flames produced by the addition of volatile silicon compounds to active nitrogen. Of seven such additives, SiCI6 proved to be the most intense source for SiN emission. The two electronic systems of SiN, the B2Σ‐X2Σ and C‐A2II, were detected both in the reaction vessel glow and also in an intense glow from a liquid nitrogen trap.An analysis of the relative vibration populations in the B2Σ electronic state of SiN showed large population inversions with a maximum population in the v= 5 level. A strong rotational perturbation of the B2Σ‐X2Σ SiN system at v'= 4 in the K' = 13, 14, 19 and 21 levels indicated a leakage occurring from these perturbed levels into those of the perturbing state.The finding that bands of the C‐A2II system of SiN in the trap glow were enhanced in intensity relative to the B2Σ‐X2Σ system has made a reinvestigation of the system possible. New bands of this system are reported and an analysis shows the need to increase the original numbering of v“ by one.Two new and unidentified spectra have been recorded which result from the addition of silicon compounds to active nitrogen—a green system in the 5180 to 6020 Å region. produced by SiCI4, and an orange chemiluminescence, 5540 to 7250 Å. through the addition of SiBr4.
EVIDENCE FOR HIGH ENERGY STORAGE INTERMEDIATES IN BIOLUMINESCENCE
Authors: Hastings J. Woodland , Gibson Q. H. , Greenwood C. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The bioluminescent enzyme from Photobacterium fischeri is normally activated in vifro by reaction with FMNH2 and O2. in the presence of a long‐chain aldehyde. Emission from enzyme intermediates in this reaction continues for several seconds, and if the mixture is frozen just after initiation of the reaction, this presumptive emission may be delayed until the system is warmed again. Light is then emitted in a fashion analogous to thermo‐luminescent emission, with a maximum intensity at — 10°C. The experiments described here show that the total amount of light which is emitted under these conditions no longer depends so much upon aldehyde, a relatively high quantum yield being obtained both with and without aldehyde.It is further shown that bioluminescence may be activated by light, populating it is believed, the same state which is responsible for the emission in the case of the FMNH2‐induced emission. The light‐induced reaction does not depend on flavin in the enzyme preparations, nor does the activation spectrum resemble that of a flavoprotein. Activation may be carried out in the solid state at temperatures down to at least — 100°C, and so does not involve the diffusion of large molecules. It is proposed that energy storage takes place by charge separation, and that the excited state from which emission takes place is associated with charge recombination.
ELECTRONIC FACTORS IN THE PHOTODIMERIZATION OF THYMINE
Authors: PULLMAN B. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The role that quantum chemistry has played in the understanding of the photochemistry of pyrimidines is outlined. A variety of increasingly sophisticated calculations have shown that electronic excitation is localized largely at the double bond between carbons 5 and 6, which is the position of photodimerization in thymine. So far, the theoretical procedures have not been sufficient to permit a distinction between different multiplicities for the excited levels, but refer only to a “first excited state”. A discussion is given of why more extended calculations are necessary before any statement can be made as to whether it is the singlet or the triplet that is involved in thymine photodimerization.RESUMENEl rol que la química cuántica ha jugado en la comprensíon de la fotoquímica de las pirimidinas ha sido delineado. Una gran variedad de cálculos cada vez más sofisticados ha mostrado que la excitatíon electrónica está localizada en la doble unión C‐5‐C‐6, la cual es la posición de dimerización en la timina. Hasta el presente, los procedimientos teóricos no han sido suficientes para permitir una distinción entre diferentes multiplicidades para los niveles excitados, pero se refieren solo al primer estado excitado o por lo menos al nivel triplete. Se presenta una discusión para justificar la necesidad de cálculos más extensivos antes de que se pueda sacar la conclusión de si es el estado triplete o el singuiete el que está envuelto en la fotodimerización de la timina.
EXCITED STATE PRECURSORS OF THYMINE PHOTODIMERS
Authors: LAMOLA A. A. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract—The literature pertaining to mechanisms of thymine photodimerization is reviewed along with relevant spectroscopic data on thymine and DNA. New experiments on thymine photodimerization which employed sensitizers and quenchers as well as luminescence spectroscopy are described. The systems studied include thymine in ice and in fluid water and acetoni‐trile; isolated pairs of thymine molecules in frozen glasses at 77°K; TpT; and DNA. It is concluded that, depending on the particular reaction conditions, thymine and thymine derivatives undergo photodimerization by pathways which involve the triplet state or by pathways which involve only the excited singlet state.RESUMENSe revee la literature publicada sobre los mecanismos de fotodimerización de la timina juntamente con los interesantes datos espectroscópicos de timina y ADN. Se describen nuevos experimentos de fotodimerización de la timina empleando sensitizadores y represores. Los sistemas estudiados incluyen: timina en hielo, y en agua fluida y acetonitrilo; pares aislados de moléculas de timina en vidrios rígidos a 77°K; poli dT; y ADN. Se ha demostrado que dependiente de las condiciones particulares de la reaccion la timina y sus derivados sufren dimerización por caminos que involucran el estado triplete o el estado singulete.
PHOTOLYSIS OF CYSTINE IN THE PRESENCE OF AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS
Authors: DOSE KLAUS 
Published: January 2008

ResumenSe dan evidencias para explicar los distintos rendimientos cuánticos de fotólisis con lux u.v. para distintos residuos de cisteina en lisozima e insulina. En sistemas modelos de mezclas de aminoácidos, el aminoácido triptofano muestra un marcado aumento en el rendimiento cuántico en la fotólisis de la cisteina. La fotosensibilidad de los residuos de cisteina en la lisozima se interpretan usando la conformación terciaria de la enzima la cual provee una relación espacial entre los residuos de triptofano y cisteina.
THE PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF THE AZOALKANES†
Authors: COLLIER SUSAN S. , SLATER DAVID H. , CALVERT JACK G. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract— New evidence is presented to help define the nature of the excited states and the primary processes involved in the gas phase photolysis of the azoalkanes. Kinetic data derived from direct and sensitized photolysis of azoisobutane are presented. The present data and other published data are considered in the formulation of the suggested mechanism.RESUMENSe presenta una nuevo evidencia que ayuda a deflnir la naturaleza de los estados excitados y de los procesos primarios que involucran la fotólisis en fase gaseosa de log azoalquenos. Se exponen datos cinéticos obtenidos a partir de la fotólisis directa ya sensitivizada del azoisobutano. Los datos presentes y otros publicados están considerados en laformulación del sugerido mecanismo.
Interview with Chris Kyriakakis
Authors: Lee Newton , Kyriakakis Chris 
Published: January 2008

Chris Kyriakakis is Associate Professor of Audio Signal Processing at the University of Southern California's Viterbi School of Engineering, and he is Deputy Director of the Integrated Media Systems Center (IMSC), a National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center. He is also Chief Technology Officer/Founder of Audyssey Laboratories, Inc. a cutting-edge audio company that delivers algorithms for improving sound in homes, theaters, portable devices, and automobiles. He is the recipient of a 2006 World Technology Award. In the video interview, you will hear his answers to the following questions:
1. You have conducted research on the impact of music on perceived emotion of film. Can you tell us what it is about?
2. You are the co-founder of the Immersive Audio Laboratory at the USC Integrated Media Systems Center. What are some of the cutting-edge research projects at your Lab?
3. You have co-founded Audyssey Laboratories to commercialize your research projects. What is the biggest challenge in transforming research ideas into commercial products?
4. You won the 2006 World Technology Award last year. Congratulations! How do you envision changing the world for the better by means of new technologies?
Interview with David Wertheimer
Authors: Lee Newton , Wertheimer David 
Published: January 2008

David Wertheimer is Executive Director of the Entertainment Technology Center (ETC) at the University of Southern California. Prior to his ETC post, he was the executive director of USC's Institute for Creative Technologies. His experience also includes terms as the president of the Digital Entertainment division of Paramount Pictures; founder and CEO of WireBreak Entertainment; and technology and business management positions at Oracle and NeXT. In the video interview, you will hear answers to the following questions:
1. What are the technological and sociological implications of providing content to consumers who desire it at any time and any place?
2. You once said that "The world of interactivity and entertainment is converging." Would you like to elaborate on your statement?
3. Can you tell us about the state-of-the-art Digital Content Center that you are building at the ETC?
4. What is the biggest challenge for the ETC today and what is your grand vision for the future of the ETC?
5. What are some of the current activities at the ETC?
Distinctive MicroRNA Profiles Relating to Patient Survival in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Guo Yong , Chen Zhaoli , Zhang Liang , Zhou Fang , Shi Susheng , Feng Xiaoli , Li Baozhong , Meng Xin , Ma Xi , Luo Mingyong , Shao Kang , Li Ning , Qiu Bin , Mitchelson Keith , Cheng Jing , He Jie 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Esophageal cancer is the sixth leading cause of death from cancer and one of the least studied cancers worldwide. The global microRNA expression profile of esophageal cancer has not been reported previously. Here, for the first time, we have investigated expressed microRNAs in cryopreserved esophageal cancer tissues using advanced microRNA microarray techniques. Our microarray analyses identified seven microRNAs that could distinguish malignant esophageal cancer lesions from adjacent normal tissues. Some microRNAs could be correlated with the different clinicopathologic classifications. High expression of hsa-miR-103/107 correlated with poor survival by univariate analysis as well as by multivariate analysis. These results indicate that microRNA expression profiles are important diagnostic and prognostic markers of esophageal cancer, which might be analyzed simply using economical approaches such as reverse transcription-PCR. [Cancer Res 2008;68(1):26–33]
A Vascular Targeted Pan Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Inhibitor Prodrug, SF1126, with Antitumor and Antiangiogenic Activity
Authors: Garlich Joseph R. , De Pradip , Dey Nandini , Su Jing Dong , Peng Xiaodong , Miller Antoinette , Murali Ravoori , Lu Yiling , Mills Gordon B. , Kundra Vikas , Shu H-K. , Peng Qiong , Durden Donald L. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
PTEN and the pan phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1benzopyran-4-one (LY294002) exert significant control over tumor-induced angiogenesis and tumor growth in vivo. The LY294002 compound is not a viable drug candidate due to poor pharmacologic variables of insolubility and short half-life. Herein, we describe the development and antitumor activity of a novel RGDS-conjugated LY294002 prodrug, termed SF1126, which is designed to exhibit increased solubility and bind to specific integrins within the tumor compartment, resulting in enhanced delivery of the active compound to the tumor vasculature and tumor. SF1126 is water soluble, has favorable pharmacokinetics, and is well tolerated in murine systems. The capacity of SF1126 to inhibit U87MG and PC3 tumor growth was enhanced by the RGDS integrin (αvβ3/α5β1) binding component, exhibiting increased activity compared with a false RADS-targeted prodrug, SF1326. Antitumor activity of SF1126 was associated with the pharmacokinetic accumulation of SF1126 in tumor tissue and the pharmacodynamic knockdown of phosphorylated AKT in vivo. Furthermore, SF1126 seems to exhibit both antitumor and antiangiogenic activity. The results support SF1126 as a viable pan PI3K inhibitor for phase I clinical trials in cancer and provide support for a new paradigm, the application of pan PI3K inhibitory prodrugs for the treatment of cancer. [Cancer Res 2008;68(1):206–15]
DNA Protein Kinase–Dependent G2 Checkpoint Revealed following Knockdown of Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated in Human Mammary Epithelial Cells
Authors: Arlander Sonnet J.H. , Greene Bryan T. , Innes Cynthia L. , Paules Richard S. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Members of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase–related kinase family, in particular the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase and the catalytic subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs), regulate cellular responses to DNA double-strand breaks. Increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation (IR) in DNA-PKcs– or ATM-deficient cells emphasizes their important roles in maintaining genome stability. Furthermore, combined knockout of both kinases is synthetically lethal, suggesting functional complementarity. In the current study, using human mammary epithelial cells with ATM levels stably knocked down by &gt;90%, we observed an IR-induced G2 checkpoint that was only slightly attenuated. In marked contrast, this G2 checkpoint was significantly attenuated with either DNA-PK inhibitor treatment or RNA interference knockdown of DNA-PKcs, the catalytic subunit of DNA-PK, indicating that DNA-PK contributes to the G2 checkpoint in these cells. Furthermore, in agreement with the checkpoint attenuation, DNA-PK inhibition in ATM-knockdown cells resulted in reduced signaling of the checkpoint kinase CHK1 as evidenced by reduced CHK1 phosphorylation. Taken together, these results show a DNA-PK–dependent component to the IR-induced G2 checkpoint, in addition to the well-defined ATM-dependent component. This may have important implications for chemotherapeutic strategies for breast cancers. [Cancer Res 2008;68(1):89–97]
Arsenic Trioxide Sensitizes Human Glioma Cells, but not Normal Astrocytes, to TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis via CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein Homologous Protein–Dependent DR5 Up-regulation
Authors: Kim Eun Hee , Yoon Mi Jin , Kim Seung U. , Kwon Taeg Kyu , Sohn Seonghyang , Choi Kyeong Sook 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The current study shows that treatment of tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)–resistant glioma cells with a combination of TRAIL and subtoxic doses of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) induces rapid apoptosis. Whereas TRAIL-mediated proteolytic processing of procaspase-3 was partially blocked in glioma cells, treatment with As2O3 efficiently recovered TRAIL-induced activation of caspases. We also found that As2O3 treatment of glioma cells significantly up-regulated DR5, a death receptor of TRAIL. Furthermore, suppression of DR5 expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited As2O3/TRAIL-induced apoptosis of U87MG glioma cells, suggesting that DR5 up-regulation is critical for As2O3-induced sensitization of glioma cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Our results also indicate that an increase in CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) protein levels precedes As2O3-induced DR5 up-regulation. The involvement of CHOP in this process was confirmed by siRNA-mediated CHOP suppression, which not only attenuated As2O3-induced DR5 up-regulation but also inhibited the As2O3-stimulated TRAIL-induced apoptosis. These results therefore suggest that the CHOP-mediated DR5 up-regulation, brought about by As2O3, stimulates the TRAIL-mediated signaling pathway. This in turn leads to complete proteolytic processing of caspase-3, which is partially primed by TRAIL in glioma cells. In contrast to human glioma cells, astrocytes were very resistant to the combined administration of As2O3 and TRAIL, demonstrating the safety of this treatment. In addition, As2O3-mediated up-regulation of CHOP and DR5, as well as partial proteolytic processing of procaspase-3 by TRAIL, was not induced in astrocytes. Taken together, the present results suggest that the combined treatment of glioma cells with As2O3 plus TRAIL may provide an effective and selective therapeutic strategy. [Cancer Res 2008;68(1):266–75]
Capsiate, a Nonpungent Capsaicin-Like Compound, Inhibits Angiogenesis and Vascular Permeability via a Direct Inhibition of Src Kinase Activity
Authors: Pyun Bo-Jeong , Choi Sun , Lee Yoonji , Kim Tae-Woong , Min Jeong-Ki , Kim Yonghak , Kim Byung-Dong , Kim Jeong-Han , Kim Tae-Yoon , Kim Young-Myeong , Kwon Young-Guen 
Published: January 2008

AbstractCapsiate, a nonpungent capsaicin analogue, and its dihydroderivative dihydrocapsiate are the major capsaicinoids of the nonpungent red pepper cultivar CH-19 Sweet. In this study, we report the biological actions and underlying molecular mechanisms of capsiate on angiogenesis and vascular permeability. In vitro, capsiate and dihydrocapsiate inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)–induced proliferation, chemotactic motility, and capillary-like tube formation of primary cultured human endothelial cells. They also inhibited sprouting of endothelial cells in the rat aorta and formation of new blood vessels in the mouse Matrigel plug assay in response to VEGF. Moreover, both compounds blocked VEGF-induced endothelial permeability and loss of vascular endothelial (VE)–cadherin–facilitated endothelial cell-cell junctions. Importantly, capsiate suppressed VEGF-induced activation of Src kinase and phosphorylation of its downstream substrates, such as p125FAK and VE-cadherin, without affecting autophosphorylation of the VEGF receptor KDR/Flk-1. In vitro kinase assay and molecular modeling studies revealed that capsiate inhibits Src kinase activity via its preferential docking to the ATP-binding site of Src kinase. Taken together, these results suggest that capsiate could be useful for blocking pathologic angiogenesis and vascular permeability caused by VEGF. [Cancer Res 2008;68(1):227–35]