bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMBUSTION IN KILNS BURNING REFRACTORY WARE1
Authors: Sherman Ralph A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe results are presented of a study of the process of combustion in kilns burning refractory wares, using coal as fuel. The work was undertaken in connection with the investigation of burning problems in the manufacture of refractories, conducted by the Bureau of Mines in cooperation with the Refractories Manufacturers Association.
STRENGTH, ABSORPTION AND FREEZING RESISTANCE OF HOLLOW BUILDING TILE1
Authors: Foster H. D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the test methods and gives a summary of the compressive strength and absorption determinations of nearly 350 tests of tile selected from twenty five representative sources. A preliminary report of the resistance to freezing and thawing of tile from seventeen representative sources is also given. The following conclusions were made: (a) The weight of tile per unit of solid material varies from 20 to 30%. (b) The weight per unit volume of material is closely related to the absorption and decreases as the absorption increases. (c) The strength of tile varies with the type of raw material used. (d) The unit strength based on gross area of an end construction tile tested on edge is 38% of that obtained when tested on end. (e) The relation between strength and absorption is not linear but a plotted curve shows increasing gain in strength with a decrease in absorption. (f) Color cannot be taken as indicative of strength. (g) The modulus of elasticity varies from 1,600,000 to 6,060,000 and is approximately directly proportional to the strength and inversely proportional to the absorption. (h) An absorption of 16% apparently marks a very definite line in the resistance of tile to freezing and thawing
BRICK AT LESS COST1
Authors: Richardson W. D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTLowering cost of making brick should increase their use. This is a function of the AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY. Drying brick in kiln is practical and economical. Adapted to clays that stand rapid drying and for common brick, paving brick and stiff‐mud fire brick. History of kiln‐drying system. Open‐top continuous compartment kiln best adapted for system. Description of system in plant at New Hope, Pa. Saving in labor, damage to brick on cars and in deterioration of cars. More compact plant, all under roof.
WASTE HEAT DRIERS FOR WHITEWARE
Authors: Walker Thomas C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis drier is so constructed that the flow of air is transverse to the tunnel. A fan produces a change of air four to six times per minute, drying ten tons of filter‐pressed clay in twenty‐four hours. The drier may obtain its heat either from the kilns, glass or bisque or steam coils, or the use of both.
GAS AS FUEL FOR VITREOUS ENAMELING1
Authors: Clark H. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe typical furnace described has a burning chamber four feet wide, ten feet long and thirty‐four inches high, no muffle being necessary. The furnace is of the intermittent type. All the details of normal production are given together with a resume of the surprisingly low total cost per hour. A comparison of the average hourly production on 24‐ and 22‐hour bases is given. Also several suggestions are made that will materially effect additional economies in the use of gas for vitreous enameling.
VARIATIONS IN GLASS CAUSED BY HEAT TREATMENT1
Authors: Tool A. Q. , Eichlin C. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe exothermic and endothermic effects detectable from the forms of the heating curves of a glass vary in magnitude depending on the previous heat treatment. With many of the common glasses, these variations bear a relatively simple relation to any changes in this treatment, but with others the relationship is not so easily established. Some glasses which are exceptional in this respect have a rather high silica content. It is shown in this paper that the previous heat treatment is always the chief determining factor in these variations. It should be possible therefore to obtain considerable information relative to the treatment a glass sample has received by simply studying such curves. It should also be possible to study in the same way, the relative effectiveness of the various heat treatments which may appear desirable.It is further shown that the density is affected by the heat treatment and in the discussion reasons are given for believing that many of the other properties of glass may be varied by the same means. In this connection some speculative views as to the nature of glass are included as aids toward explaining effects already observed and also for suggesting others which should be sought.
CASTING CONTROL1
Authors: Gerber Albert C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTCasting bodies can be toned to a point of success by a proper manipulation of carefully chosen clays, with particular emphasis upon the china clays. A simple casting test will shed light on their individual casting properties. Regulation of casting salts and slip density, and the employment of grog in casting bodies offer means for a certain amount of control, but the preëminent qualifications of a good casting body are a balanced clay content and a correct ratio of clay content to non‐plastics.
THE CHANGES WHICH TAKE PLACE IN SILICA BRICK DURING THEIR USE IN OPEN‐HEARTH FURNACES1
Authors: Rees W. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA test on silica brick during their use in open‐hearth furnaces is described. Four zones of varying characteristics in a silica brick are noted. A table presents the changes composition and refractoriness which take place in brick used in basic and acid open‐hearth furnaces. With highly converted brick, durability may be promoted indirectly greater structural stability of the roof.
TERRA COTTA IN ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN1
Authors: Laurence F. S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTEmphasis is made of the use of terra cotta as an artistic and decorative material. Its successful use demands an architecturally educated talent and a ceramic chemist who appreciates texture, hue and the required colors. The tendency to employ terra cotta to bring out effects of stone masonry design is shown.
NOTES ON TERRA COTTA BODY SHRINKAGE1
Authors: Larkin P. G. , Curry E. R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTNotes on method of preparing a terra cotta body, proportioning by volume and using unground material, and method of preparing body, proportioning with ground materials, using disc feeders, are given. Notes on checking laboratory work with these two methods and variation in shrinkage due to amount of water in the body are also considered.
PRESENT AND FUTURE WALLS FOR USE AGAINST MOLTEN GLASS1
Authors: Montgomery Robert J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe early glass pot was made of German clay, which, because of its lack of refractoriness, was later mixed with Missouri fire clay. The war made it necessary to substitute American bond clay for the German which was still used. The batch drifted from one of high silica, such as that obtained with all German clay, to one of comparatively low silica without its being realized. While German clay is now available, it is recognized to be unnecessary.Aside from going back to a high silica pot and the use of porcelain pots for special glasses, little progress has been made in pot composition. The pot of the future will probably be of clay, but of white firing clays, carefully selected. The structure will be uniform, rather fine grained with greater refractoriness, depending upon greater freedom from impurities. Its chemical composition will be suited to the composition of the glass melted and the temperature of the furnace. The density will be under control and will depend upon the fluidity of the glass at the temperature of melting.
THE USE OF MUFFLE TUNNEL KILNS FOR THE “ARCHING” OF PLATE GLASS POTS1
Authors: Dressler P. d'H. , Strommer L. T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTMuffle tunnel kilns have now been in use for five years for the purpose of preheating or “arching” plate glass pots. The use of this type of equipment has brought about substantial savings in labor and fuel, and has increased the average life of the pots by approximately 21%.
THE EFFECT OF RED HEARTS IN FIRE CLAY BRICK1
Authors: Booze M. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTLaboratory tests made on two brands of fire clay brick indicate that red hearts, which are normally considered as being detrimental, add to both the hot and cold strength and would not be objectionable except in furnaces operated at a low temperature, and in which spalling is an important item. Results of load, reheating and spalling tests are given, together with porosity and iron oxide determinations. A short discussion of the causes of red hearts is also included.
FINE STONEWARE FROM FLINT CLAY
Authors: Cox Paul E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTBased on an observation by Karl Langenbeck1 in his “Chemistry of Pottery” a fine and very dense stoneware fired at cone 9 has been developed with a Missouri flint clay as the principal raw material. The resulting product is non‐absorbing, tough, and a very satisfactory body for ball mill jars, fine art stoneware, and any work where such a body is desired. Plasticity is equal to that of any standard that may be chosen and the body mixture can readily be thrown on the potter's wheel. Control of plasticity can readily be had so that such a body is available for use by any process. The color when fired is that of a poor grade of hard porcelain.
MEDIEVAL EUROPEAN POTTERY1
Authors: Sherwood Robert F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with pottery and porcelain from the time of the Fall of Rome through the sixteenth century. Italian pottery before the Renaissance and Majolica ware are discussed under Italian pottery. French pottery is classed under the two heads of Faience and Palissy ware. The influence of the Moors and Arabs upon Spanish pottery and also the origin of Majolica ware is taken up under Spanish pottery. The pottery of England before the Norman period and after the Norman Conquest is discussed. The pottery of Central Europe is dealt with under the head of German pottery. Porcelain is discussed from 200 B.C. on through its introduction into Europe and up to the earliest imitations of porcelain in the sixteenth century.
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MULLITE IN FIRED CLAYS BY AN X‐RAY METHOD1
Authors: Navias Louis 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTFiring clays alone or with fluxes to high temperatures results in the formation of mullite crystals in a highly siliceous vitreous mass. Quantitatively, the extent to which mullite in clays is developed by firing to cone 10 has been determined for Ivory Fat English ball clay, Great Beam ball clay, Jernigan Tennessee ball clay, M. & M. English ball clay and A‐1 English china clay.The method consisted in procuring X‐ray patterns by the powder method of the clays fired with feldspar as a flux, using mullite as a reference material. The intensities of the lines in these photographic films were then compared with the intensities of lines obtained from a series of mullite and feldspar mixtures, fired to vitrify the flux.The results given in Table II indicate that each clay develops the maximum quantity of mullite in crystalline form, which the chemical composition of the clay allows.
A METHOD OF CONTROL OF ENAMEL FOR DIPPING FLAT WARE1
Authors: Fusselbaugh R. R. , Sweely B. T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTDevelopment of varying specific gravity to control the dipping consistency of ground coat. The necessity of constant mill load and milling. Most efficient milling reached when 1/2% of glass was retained on 150‐mesh screen.
A SLIP PAINTING PROCESS SUITED TO THE CRAFTSMAN WHOSE EQUIPMENT IS LIMITED1
Authors: Cox D. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe raw materials of the common stoneware business are used. The temperature needed is that of the maturing point of Albany slip, or cones 6 to 9. The kiln should be one designed to stand up under rather high temperatures. The ware is essentially once fired common stoneware decorated with a slip painting process.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE DRYING PROPERTIES OF CLAYS1
Authors: Lindsay D. C. , Wadleigh W. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis is a preliminary report. After calling attention to some phenomena brought out, the authors discuss the effects of shape, temperature, vapor pressure, humidity and the velocity of air currents as affecting the rate of drying. It is shown that evaporation from the clay sample is directly proportional to surface area exposed per unit weight of the dry clay body and that successful drying is a function of the rate of drying, but a different function for each different type of clay. Data are presented on the relation of transverse breaking strength to residual moisture content for each of several typical clays. The causes of the varying types of drying injuries are pointed out, sample drying schedules are given and a method is suggested whereby the clayworker may without great expense quickly work out for himself in the laboratory the most rapid and safe drying schedules possible for his particular type of material regardless of its character or its source, and to alter his drying practice so as to overcome present difficulties. Brief descriptions are given of the drying cabinet used and of a simple weighing device for automatically indicating, through loss of weight, the amount of moisture already evaporated and the amount of shrinkage the clay has undergone at any moment of observation during the drying process. The information supplied should operate to bring about a reduction in production costs of clay products, and hence of selling prices, to the ultimate consumer. A brief outline of the proposed extension of the investigation is given in the conclusion.
REFRACTORY REQUIREMENTS IN THE GRAY IRON FOUNDRY1
Authors: Moldenke Richard 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe author calls attention to the lack of information on foundry refractories on the part of both foundrymen and makers of refractory materials. The applications of these materials in foundry practice are enumerated, and the requirements detailed sufficiently to enable the manufacturer to selcct the proper grades of brick and clay for cupola and air furnace operation, as well as for the lining up of ladles.
THE EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN CUPOLA PRACTICE ON THE LIFE OF THE REFRACTORY BLOCKS1
Authors: MacKenzie James T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses chemical, mechanical and physical influences acting on cupola linings and their combined effects. A brief description of common practice in lining, preparation and charging of the cupola is followed by a discussion of the effect of the daubing practice, the character of fuel, metal, flux and blast. The principal point of the paper is the injurious effect of oxidation resulting from thin or rusty scrap and from too high velocity of the blast.
EFFECTS OF COMPOSITION ON THE PROPERTIES OF SHEET STEEL ENAMELS1
Authors: Wolfram H. G. , Harrison W. N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe effects produced by the substitution of feldspar for flint and flint for feldspar together with variations in other constituents commonly used in enamels were studied with reference to their resistance to mechanical shock, thermal shock and acid attack. Tests were made on three series of enamels of twenty each which were applied to 8‐ inch steel dinner plates over a standard ground coat. The enamels of the series containing both flint and feldspar were found to be most satisfactory for general use. Results indicate that enamels having certain excellent properties, making them more suitable for special purposes, may be found in the other two series.
THE EARLY STAGES OF THE SCIENCE OF CERAMICS IN AMERICA1
Authors: Lancenbeck Karl 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTMetallurgical operations and growth of white pottery and tile manufacture stimulated search and analyses of desired clays, by state and national departments, after the Civil War. A chemical relation between composition of pottery bodies and glazes was not surmised in English‐speaking countries, until projected by the writer. Finding the idea in operation in current work of Seger, his methods of investigation were applied to American raw materials and ceramic processes during ten years, without followers in any other country but Germany. Native clay resources, white vitreous ware, standardization of production and control were developed independently, and introduced commercially.Growth of the large body of ceramic engineers, obligated by immediate demands for technical results, has prevented true scientific study, of common ceramic phenomena, under known laws of modern physical chemistry. Research is entirely empirical, and hand‐books of constants, available to engineers in other fields, are still impossible. To this need of the profession all should now make systematic contribution.
CONVENTIONAL VERSUS NATURALISTIC DESIGN1
Authors: Yancey Mary Lanier 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTGrowth from the naturalistic to the conventional type of design is the resultant of certain definite causes. The way for this growth among the people has been made smooth by the change from factory production to individual production in the crafts, and by more widely spread art education. Naturalistic design is based on imitation of natural forms and is enjoyed by the average man because of its likeness to life. The result of this satisfaction is a loss of interest and the need for a conventional treatment. Conventionalism is an adaption of natural forms through the addition of the designer's personality. It is interpretation as opposed to fact. Conventionalism is sometimes misrepresented as being a kind of cleverness and inventiveness, and as a way of hiding bad drawing. Correctly understood, however, conventionalism is construction, not invention, and requires more skill in drawing than does mere representation.
NOTES ON THE OPERATION OF DIRECT FIRE TUNNEL KILNS1
Authors: Roehm V. J. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe successful application of the direct fire car tunnel type kiln in firing of semivitreous chinaware is described. The bisque kiln firing to cone 9 one‐half down is 332 feet 11 inches long, the placing height at middle of crown being 6 feet and the placing width 5 feet 1 inch. The glost kiln operating at cone 5 has the same placing height and width as the bisque but the length is 301 feet 1 inch long. The ware is placed in saggers as formerly. Natural gas is used as fuel and is supplied to kiln through Maxon Premix burners; an auxiliary fuel oil system can be used in case the gas is not available.After a year's operation some of the important concliisions drawn are as follows:

The heat distribution is not ideal.
There is no appreciable difference in labor cost a t this plant than in the older ones.
There is a considerable saving in fuel.
The sagger loss is much less than in the older type plants.
The direct fire tunnel kiln has proven siiccessful from the commercial standpoint in manufacturing semi‐vitreous china.
RECUPERATOR OIL SMELTER1
Authors: MacDougall Robert 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA recuperator was built at small cost to serve a unit of two oil‐fired smelters. These smelters have shown a fuel saving of $2500.00 per year over cost of coal for smelters formerly used, besides saving the labor of one man. An improved product results from better furnace control possible with oil fuel and preheated air for combustion.
SOME OBSERVATIONS IN THE CASTING OF HEAVY ELECTRICAL PORCELAINS1
Authors: Fritz E. H. , Donnenwirta A. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA summary is given of experiences had in the manufacture of heavy and intricate electrical porcelains by the casting process. Some of the subjects discussed are selec‐ tion and test of clays, mixing of casting slip and its control, and several details of the methods used in casting the ware. Special emphasis is placed on the limits established for viscosity and specific gravity of the casting slip and the general proposition that the slip must be within the limits set for viscosity regardless of specific gravity.
THE FAILURE OF THERMOCOUPLE PROTECTION TUBES IN GLASS MELTING FURNACES1
Authors: Insley Herbert 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe unusually rapid failure of thermocouple protection tubes when used in glass furnace atmospheres has been found to be due to reaction of the volatilized alkalis in the atmosphere with the aluminum silicates of the tube. Failure of the tubes is due either to differential thermal contraction between the outer reaction layer and the inner unaltered layer of the tube on cooling or to actual corrosion and dripping away of the tube. It is suggested that the use of a much higher percentage of alumina and lower percentage of silica in the tubes may prevent failures from this cause.
AN X‐RAY STUDY OF CYANITE AND ANDALUSITE1
Authors: Norton John T. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSamples of cyanite and andalusite have been examined by the X‐ray diffraction method, and it has been found that the structures of these two compounds are Merent from one another and from sillimanite. Upon heating, the compounds are converted into another form which gives the diffraction pattern of mullite or sillimanite.
SEGREGATION IN BINS1
Authors: Garve T. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe formation of a cone in filling a bin causes ground materials to segregate. We have shown that bins will empty first through the center where the fine material is located and that the sides, where the coarser particles are, will follow through the center afterwards. This takes place regardless of the shape or the angle of the hopper bottom within practical limits. A retarder in center will somewhat correct segregation. To overcome segregation fully, the aforementioned cone formation must be avoided.
ECONOMICS OF THE CAR TUNNEL KILN
Authors: Carruthers John I. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe advantages of the car tunnel kiln over the periodic kiln claimed by different designers are reviewed. The installation of a car tunnel kiln from an investment standpoint is discussed. Consideration of factory layout, capacity, nature of raw materials and the characteristics of the ware to be fired is essential in planning a tunnel kiln installation. The economic features of tunnel kilns to be investigated before buying are discussed, as are also the problems that may arise in a factory incident to the installation of this type of kiln.
ANALYSIS OF RECENT MEASUREMENTS OF THE VISCOSITY OF GLASSES.—II1
Authors: Fulcher G. S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Viscosity of two series of four component glasses .—The results recently reported by S. English2 are here analyzed by the method used in a previous paper.3 (1) Series 6SiO2, 1.2Na2O, 0.8(CaO+MgO). The temperature at which the difference between the viscosity of a glass and the viscosity of 6SiO2,2Na2O at the same temperature makes a sharp bend is called the aggregation temperature Ta. It seems to correspond to the devitrification temperature. For this series Ta reaches a sharp minimum for the composition 6SiO2, 1.15Na2O, 0.45MgO, 0.39CaO. The viscosity for any temperature also reaches a minimum at or near this composition. (2) Series 6SiO2, 1.1Na2O, 0.9(CaO+Al2O3). The curves are similar to those for the first series, TA reaching a sharp minimum for the composition 6SiO2, 1.11Na2O, 0.81Ca0, 0.14Al2O3.
A METHOD FOR TESTING THE CROSS‐BENDING STRENGTH OF ENAMELS1
Authors: Danielson R. R. , Lindemann W. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTMethods which have been proposed for measuring the strength of enamels, by means of impact tests, are not entirely applicable to enameled flat ware, where the ordinary strains are due to bending of the sheets. An apparatus has been devised by means of which bending stresses can be applied in gradually increasing increments so that the normal behavior of enamels under such stresses can be observed and measured.