bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disestablishment of the Church: Discussion with Jose Casanova from a Canadian Point of View
Authors: Lefebvre Solange 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This International Report describes the Canadian relationship between religions and civil society, with special attention to the Francophone Roman Catholics. The primary purpose is to present an overview of Canadian research in sociology and practical theology as it relates to this subject and to interpret the social and theological processes of disestablishment. The author presents statistical reports on religious affiliation in Canada and a social-historical description of Francophone Roman Catholics. Drawing upon this data, she analyzes the complex relationships between religion, particularly Christianity, and civil society in Canada, with particular attention to Quebec. This discussion opens into an analysis of Jose Casanova's secularization theories within the context of French Canada. This analysis reveals some of the positive and negative functions that the Catholic Church can play in history and the multiple consequences of the current secularization process. It also uncovers some of the theological resources needed to face the decline in religious institutions and to cope with the disestablishment process in Canada and elsewhere.
Australian Developments With Regard To Regulation of Embryonic Stem Cell Research and Therapeutic Human Cloning
Authors: Otlowski Margaret 
Published: March 2008

AbstractStem cell research involving the use of embryos has been controversial in Australia and internationally, and at times has triggered emotive debates. This is because isolation of embryonic stem cells inevitably entails destruction of the embryo. Controversy is also fuelled by the interconnection between this debate and the debate about human cloning. Although there is by no means a consensus on the approach that should be taken to the regulation of this area, there is at least wide acceptance of the significant potential of stem cell research and the need to ensure that scientific progress in this field is not stymied by overly restrictive laws. The aim of this paper is to sketch the background to the regulation in Australia of stem cell research and human cloning, and to outline the current regulatory model as modified by amending legislation in 2006 to permit so called ‘therapeutic cloning’.
‘Hunting is not just for blood-thirsty toffs’: The Countryside Alliance and the visual rhetoric of a poster campaign
Authors: Burridge Joseph 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper draws upon insights from discursive and rhetorical psychology, and studies that take seriously the notion that visual materials contain arguments, to explore the rhetorical construction of a set of posters used by the British Countryside Alliance in their unsuccessful campaign against the ban upon hunting with dogs. It examines how versions of opposing arguments are constructed and countered through forms of stake inoculation, which are linked to the Bakhtinian conception of ‘heteroglossic engagement’. Specifically, it focuses upon the ways in which the posters juxtapose discursive and visual elements to argue that those in favor of hunting are not who their opponents think they are—something pursued by setting up and then undermining a characterization of opposing accounts. This regularity of practice, along with the organization's claim that hunt supporters are a ‘minority of ordinary people’, is related to other literature that attends to the rhetorical significance of ‘ordinariness’.
Sorting pupils in a report-card meeting: Categorization in a situated activity system
Authors: Mazeland Harrie , Berenst Jan 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe teaching team that we examine during a report-card meeting works with a finely tuned measurement system for accountably deciding on pupils' future school careers. A substantial part of the sorting work is routinized and is based upon pupil results produced during the school year. But there are also pupils with overall scores that set them in a discussion zone. The discussions about such disputable cases are not only revealing as to what kind of criteria the teachers use for assessing pupils, they also make observable the descriptive practices the teaching team uses for granting access to higher-level schools within the highly differentiated high-school system in the Netherlands. We examine a descriptive practice the teachers use for characterizing a pupil in order to take a position in the discussion about which school type suits him best. The focus is on membership-categorization practices that typify pupils and on the criteria that account for membership-category ascription. We show that the way the teachers cast their assessments of pupils has to be analyzed within the situated activity system that organizes the decision making in the report-card meeting.
Once more with feeling: Utterance and social structure
Authors: Skidmore David 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn this paper, I examine three theoretical sources on the relationship between language use and social structure. I identify common themes which link the concepts of symbolic capital (Bourdieu), social semiotic (Halliday), and ideologeme (Medvedev) and which lead to a critique of the structuralist tradition of semiotic theory. I explore the significance of speech prosody as an integral part of speech communication, and suggest that the utterance needs to be seen as a complex whole in which the structural and dynamic elements of speech are functionally combined. I illustrate this position through the analysis of a sequence of naturalistic dialogue, highlighting aspects of prosodic orientation between speakers and discussing its semiotic significance. I suggest that the mediating concept of speech genre can be used to understand how fluent conversation has both a structured and an improvisatory character. I conclude by suggesting that the activity of producing an utterance in everyday speech may be seen in terms of a musical analogy as performing a variation on a traditional theme. In closing, I identify a number of topics in this field on which our knowledge remains underdeveloped and indicate lines of enquiry for future research.
Die mittelbare Täterschaft und das System der Tatbeteiligung im koreanischen StGB
Authors: Son Misuk 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

I. Einleitung

Das koreanische Strafrecht hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten unter großen Anstrengungen bedeutende wissenschaftliche Fortschritte gemacht. In der gegenwärtigen Strafrechtswissenschaft ist die Tendenz zu beobachten, das Strafrecht unabhängig von fremder Dogmatik souverän neu aufzubauen und von innen heraus auf eine neue Grundlage zu stellen: Der erste Schritt auf diesem Weg müsse vor allem sein, die bisher trotz der kulturellen Unterschiede und des unterschiedlichen Wortlauts der deutschen Dogmatik oft unkritisch angenäherten und danach ausgelegten Gesetzesnormen des koreanischen Strafrechts gesetzestreu und historisch auszulegen. Aus diesen Gründen sind einige neu erschienene Lehrbücher mit bewusster Distanzierung zur deutschen Lehre geschrieben worden. Das Dilemma war und ist dabei stets das nur schwer auflösbare Spannungsverhältnis zwischen der Rechtswissenschaft und dem geltenden positiven Recht. Bloß gesetzestreu sein zu wollen, ohne einen allgemeinen Rechtsbegriff zu besitzen, ist blind und eine vorpositive kritische Auslegung ohne Rücksicht auf das geltende Recht wäre ohne Maßstäbe.
Amino Acid Cerebrospinal Fluid/Plasma Ratios in Children: Influence of Age, Gender, and Antiepileptic Medication
Authors: Scholl-Bürgi Sabine , Haberlandt Edda , Heinz-Erian Peter , Deisenhammer Florian , Albrecht Ursula , Sigl Sara Baumgartner , Rauchenzauner Markus , Ulmer Hanno , Karall Daniela 
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to investigate the influence of age, gender, and antiepileptic therapy on amino acid cerebrospinal fluid/plasma ratios in children.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. Concentrations of 17 amino acids measured by ion-exchange chromatography with ninhydrin detection in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid from 68 patients with neurologic diseases were used to calculate their cerebrospinal fluid/plasma ratios (70 measurements; 28 female patients [29 punctures] and 40 male patients [41 punctures]). Age dependence and the effects of gender and antiepileptic medication on amino acid cerebrospinal fluid/plasma ratios were investigated by linear multiple regression analysis, and nonstandardized predicted mean values for 2 age groups were calculated (cutoff: 3 years old).
RESULTS. The cerebrospinal fluid/plasma ratios ranged between 0.02 for glycine and 0.93 for glutamine. Age had a significant influence on cerebrospinal fluid/plasma ratios for valine, isoleucine, leucine, and tyrosine, with higher ratios in younger children. Gender had a significant influence only on the glutamine cerebrospinal fluid/plasma ratio (female patients had lower ratios). Cerebrospinal fluid/plasma ratios of glutamine and tyrosine were significantly elevated by valproate therapy and those of serine, asparagine, glutamine, valine, methionine, and phenylalanine by phenobarbital therapy. No significant influence of age, gender, and antiepileptic drugs was detectable on cerebrospinal fluid/plasma ratios of threonine, proline, glycine, alanine, histidine, ornithine, lysine, and arginine.
CONCLUSIONS. Cerebrospinal fluid/plasma ratios, especially for essential neutral amino acids and for serine, asparagine, and glutamine were influenced to different degrees by age, gender, and antiepileptic therapy.
Myoplasty for Congenital Macrostomia
Authors: Gleizal Arnaud , Wan Derrick C. , Kwan Matthew D. , Beziat Jean-Luc 
Published: March 2008

Objective: To describe the different myoplasty techniques that could be used for limited commissural reconstruction. Methods: Twelve cases of congenital macrostomia are reported, with different cleft lengths and termination sites. For each case, an orbicular myoplasty was performed, and in the case of extension to the area of the tragus or tonsillar pillars, a masseteric myoplasty or pharyngoplasty was performed. Functional and aesthetic results were analyzed. Results: Functional results were excellent, with normal phonation, facial expression, and deglutition in the case of posterior extension. Aesthetic results were good, with only two cases of skin fasciculation during facial movement. Conclusions: Myoplasty in macrostomia could be limited to an orbicular reorientation in the case of a short cleft or can include a masseteric myoplasty or pharnygoplasty should the cleft extend further. Analyzing 90 reported cases of congenital macrostomia in the world literature, an important point has emerged. In some cases, the cleft could continue sagittally to the tonsillar pillars or laterally, distal to the anterior border of the masseter, to the region of the tragus. Repair in these cases requires reconstruction of the tonsillar pillars and masseteric repair in addition to orbicular removal. No reports in the world literature have referred to these other myoplasties that could be necessary, even if such pathology is very rare. In addition, no classification of congenital macrostomia was found in the world literature. We therefore propose a surgical classification of macrostomia relative to the nature of myoplasty required.
Birth Prevalence of Cleft Lip and Palate in Northern Ireland (1981 to 2000)
Authors: Gregg T. A. , Leonard A. G. , Hayden C. , Howard K. E. , Coyle C. F. 
Published: March 2008

Objective: The prevalence of cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) in Northern Ireland (NI) was last reported for 1980 through 1990. This study was undertaken to update the prevalence of CL/P in NI for the 20-year period 1981 to 2000, to determine the pattern of prevalence, and to report the proportion of different cleft types and sex distribution. Design: Retrospective, population-based analysis. Patients/participants: All live born children with CL/P in NI from 1981 to 2000 were included. A total of 750 cases were identified. Resident births outside NI, stillbirths, abortuses, and children born with atypical orofacial clefts were excluded. Those with syndromes and submucous clefts were included in the study. Results: The overall prevalence of children born with CL/P within NI for the period 1981 to 2000 was 1.47 per 1000 live births, or 1:682. This was consistent with the findings reported by other U.K. studies. There were no significant changes in the prevalence rates over any 5-year period. No significant seasonality trends were noted. Clefts of the palate only were always in the majority. More boys than girls were affected by cleft lip with or without cleft palate. There was a significant left-sided predilection for unilateral clefting of the lip. Conclusions: There have been no significant changes in the birth prevalence of children born with CL/P or the distribution or laterality of cleft type in the NI population during the past 20 years.
Abnormal Maxillary Trapezoid Pattern in Human Fetal Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Kim Soung Min , Lee Young Joon , Lee Sang Shin , Kim Yeon Sook , Lee Suk Keun , Kim Il Bong , Chi Je Geun 
Published: March 2008

Objective: To elucidate abnormal growth patterns of human fetal maxillae with cleft lip and palate (CLP). Subject: A total of 71 fetal maxillae with CLP were obtained from aborted human fetuses. Method: Dimensions of the maxillary trapezoid (MT), formed by the maxillary primary growth centers (MxPGC), were taken from radiographic images. The CLP dimensions were compared with maxillary trapezoid dimensions of normal fetuses from a previous study (Lee et al., 1992). Main Outcome Measures: Cleft lip subjects without a cleft palate, unilateral cleft lip-alveolar cleft or cleft palate (UCL+A/UCLP), and bilateral cleft lip-alveolar cleft or cleft palate (BCL+A/BCLP) displayed abnormal MT patterns. MT abnormalities were most marked in the BCL+A/BCLP cohort. Results: The MT growth of prenatal CLP maxillae was severely arrested, resulting in abnormal MT shape on palatal radiograms. BCL+A/BCLP subjects had a more protruded nasal septum than subjects with other types of CLPs, while UCL+A/UCLP subjects showed severe deviation of the protruded nasal septum toward the noncleft side. Cleft lip-only subjects also exhibited abnormal MT growth. Conclusion: MT is primarily involved in CLPs, so that the MT shape could be utilized as a sensitive indicator for the analysis of maxillary malformation in different types of CLPs.
Hearing Thresholds in Newborns with a Cleft Palate Assessed by Auditory Brain Stem Response
Authors: Viswanathan Narayanan , Vidler Michael , Richard Bruce 
Published: March 2008

Objective: To objectively estimate the extent of hearing loss in infants with cleft palate and to measure the incidence of hearing loss. Design: Retrospective consecutive case note review. Setting: Tertiary institutional regional referral center for cleft lip and palate. Patients, Participants: Consecutive cases of 90 infants with cleft palate who underwent auditory brain stem response (ABR) threshold estimation. Interventions: ABR threshold estimation during natural sleep in infants with cleft palate under 2 months of age. Main Outcome Measures: Hearing level thresholds as estimated by auditory brain stem response and categorized as normal (< 25 ≤ 35 dB nHL), mild (> 35 ≤ 45 dB nHL), moderate (> 45 ≤ 65 dB nHL), severe (> 65 ≤ 90 dB nHL), and profound (> 90 dB nHL) hearing loss. Results: Hearing loss was present in 82% of the infants tested. Most of the hearing loss was conductive (89%), mild (86%), and bilateral (84%). Average age of ABR threshold estimation was 48.5 days. In 22% of infants there was an associated syndrome. The mean air conduction thresholds for the right and left ear were 40 and 39.7, respectively. Conclusion: The incidence of hearing loss in a cohort of cleft palate infants has been objectively estimated by auditory brain stem response thresholds and was found to be very high (82%).
A Population-Based Evaluation of Antenatal Diagnosis of Orofacial Clefts
Authors: Russell Kathleen A. , Allen Victoria M. , MacDonald Mary E. , Smith Kirsten , Dodds Linda 
Published: March 2008

Objectives: To evaluate the changes in prevalence and antenatal detection of cleft lip with or without cleft palate and isolated cleft palate and to describe the association between anomalies and rates of antenatal diagnosis in Nova Scotia from 1992 to 2002. Design: This population-based cohort study employed the Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database, the Fetal Anomaly Database, and IWK Cleft Palate Database in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Outcome Measures: Cleft type, mode of diagnosis, and associated abnormalities of orofacial clefts for liveborn infants, stillbirths, and second trimester terminations of pregnancy between 1992 and 2002 were determined. Results: There were 225 fetuses identified as having orofacial clefts. The overall prevalence of clefts was 2.1 in 1000 live births, and this prevalence did not change with time. The overall antenatal detection of cleft lip with or without cleft palate was 23%; however, there was improvement in detection of cleft lip with or without cleft palate from the years 1992 to 1996 (14%) to the years 1997 to 2002 (30%, p  =  .02). No isolated cleft palates were detected antenatally. Associated structural anomalies were seen in 34.2% of cases with orofacial clefts, and chromosomal abnormalities were associated with 9.8%. Conclusions: The prevalence of orofacial clefts in Nova Scotia has not changed from 1992 to 2002. The proportion of antenatally diagnosed cleft lip with or without cleft palate in Nova Scotia is consistent with rates reported in the literature and has increased from 1992 to 2002.
Incidence of Oronasal Fistulae and Velopharyngeal Insufficiency after Cleft Palate Repair: An Audit of 211 Children Born between 1990 and 2004
Authors: Phua Yun Shan , de Chalain Tristan 
Published: March 2008

Objective: We present an audit of primary cleft palate surgery at our unit, including rates of oronasal fistula development, speech outcomes, and rates of velopharyngeal insufficiency requiring secondary surgery. Design: A retrospective study of patients with all cleft palate types, born between January 1990 and December 2004, who underwent primary palatoplasty at Middlemore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand. Patients: The study included 211 patients, collectively operated on by five different surgeons. Results: The overall rate of true fistula development was 12.8% over a mean follow-up period of 4 years 10 months. The incidence of true fistulae that required surgical repair was 8.1%. Fistula rates were higher for more severe degrees of clefting but were not affected by gender or type of surgical repair. Overall, 31.8% of the study population had some degree of hypernasality following primary palatoplasty. Secondary surgery for velopharyngeal insufficiency was required in 13.3% of patients. Following surgical correction of velopharyngeal insufficiency, no patients were reported to have appreciable hypernasality and 21.7% were reported to have mild hypernasality, a result comparable to previously published audits. The requirement for secondary surgery was higher in patients with more severe clefts. Conclusion: Our results are comparable to other recent studies. We believe that highly coordinated cleft care helps ensure such outcomes. These data provide a benchmark against which we can measure future performance in our attempts to improve outcomes of cleft repair.
Characteristics of 2733 Cases Diagnosed with Deformational Plagiocephaly and Changes in Risk Factors over Time
Authors: McKinney Christy M. , Cunningham Michael L. , Holt Victoria L. , Leroux Brian , Starr Jacqueline R. 
Published: March 2008

Objectives: To describe infant and maternal characteristics among infants with plagiocephaly and to quantify time trends in potential risk factors for plagiocephaly. Design: Case-only study. We described the characteristics of individuals born between 1987 and 2002. We also compared characteristics of individuals born from 1987 through 1990, before the American Academy of Pediatrics 1992 sleep-position recommendations, with those of individuals born from 1991 to 2002. Setting: Children's Craniofacial Center at Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center in Seattle, Washington. Participants: Subjects included 2733 infants diagnosed with deformational plagiocephaly or brachycephaly before 18 months of age who were born from 1987 to 2002. Main Outcome Measure: Descriptive statistics, odds ratios, and 95% confidence intervals. Results: Among individuals born from 1991 to 2002, 91.6% had occipital-only flattening, 17.2% were brachycephalic, 67.7% were boys, and 9.9% were multiple birth infants. As compared with individuals born from 1987 through 1990, those born from 1991 to 2002 were more apt to be a multiple birth (odds ratio [OR] 3.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.8, 14.1) and to have a mother ≥35 years of age (OR, 3.2; 95% CI, 1.4 to 7.3); they were hospitalized less commonly at birth for 4 or more days (OR, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.06). Conclusions: Several risk factors for plagiocephaly were more common among individuals born after the 1992 American Academy of Pediatrics sleep-position recommendations. These results are consistent with the explanation that supine sleeping modifies the association between such risk factors and plagiocephaly. Further studies with a control group are needed to validate this conclusion.
Caregiver and Patient Reported Outcomes after Repair of Cleft Lip and/or Palate in the Philippines
Authors: Sharp Helen M. , Canady John W. , Ligot Fernando A. C. , Hague Rebecca A. , Gutierrez Johcille , Gutierrez Johnny 
Published: March 2008

Objectives: To establish the feasibility of conducting outcomes research among patients treated during a medical mission and to identify the salient outcomes for patients and caregivers in one region of the Philippines. Design And Setting: Prospective structured interview conducted in or near participants’ homes on the island of Cebu, Philippines. Participants: Individuals who had surgery at least 6 months earlier within the study region were eligible. Recipients of surgery were located from surgical records and by word of mouth. Main Outcome Measures: (1) Proportion of individuals located. (2) Primary outcomes of oral cleft repair identified for the sample. Results: Of 99 people on a surgical list, 52 (53%) were located, eight were excluded (ineligible, unavailable, or inaccessible), and 44 agreed to participate in the study. Ten participants were identified via word of mouth. Seventy-five interviews were conducted (21 caregiver–patient pairs, one adolescent, and 32 caregivers of a child <7 years). Nearly all participants (99%) would encourage others to pursue surgery. Open-ended questions were coded to identify primary outcomes: improved speech (52%), improved eating (25%), social benefits (14%), and improved appearance (6%). Caregivers (50%) and patients (68%) reported that improved speech was the most important change after surgery. Conclusions: Patients and caregivers ascribe positive changes related to cleft surgery. Outcomes research requires cooperation with local professionals who can communicate effectively. These data serve to demonstrate feasibility and as a model for future studies of treatment outcomes in follow-up to international medical missions.