bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interfacial chemistry in self-assembled nanoscale materials with structural orderin
Authors: Liu Jun , Fryxell Glen E. , Qian Maoxu , Wang Li-Qiong , Wang Yong 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
This paper discusses the interfacial chemistry encountered in the self-assembly of ordered nanoscale materials based on surfactant liquid crystalline structures. The paper contains three sections. The first section gives a brief introduction to the interfacial chemistry in the co-assembly of surfactants and inorganic materials. The second section discusses the formation of inorganic–inorganic nanocomposites, the properties of such materials, and the interfacial atomic structures. The last section discusses hybrid nanoscale materials with functional monolayers, their interfacial chemistry, and their potential applications.
Localized-density-matrix method and its application to nanomaterials
Authors: Chen GuanHua , Yokojima Satoshi , Liang WanZhen , Wang XiuJun 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The localized-density-matrix (LDM) method has been developed to calculate the excited state properties of very large systems containing thousands of atoms. It is particularly suitable for simulating the dynamic electronic processes in nanoscale materials, and has been applied to poly(p-phenylenevynelene) (PPV) aggregates and carbon nanotubes. Absorption spectra of PPVs and carbon nanotubes have been calculated and compared to the experiments.
Core/shell-structured bimetallic nanocluster catalysts for visible-light-induced electron transfer
Authors: Toshima Naoki 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
It has been found that the bimetallic nanoclusters often have so-called core/shell structure if they are prepared by alcohol-reduction of two kinds of noble metal ions in the presence of a water-soluble polymer like poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrolidone)(PVP), and that the core/ shell structured bimetallic nanoclusters have much higher catalytic activity than the corresponding monometallic nanoclusters. Here, several kinds of monometallic and bimetallic nanoclusters are synthesized by the similar method, and the catalyses are measured. Thus, the colloidal dispersions of Au, Pt, Pd, Rh, and Ru monometallic, and Au/Pt, Au/Pd, Au/Rh, and Pt/Ru bimetallic nanoclusters were synthesized and applied as the catalysts for visible-light- induced hydrogen generation. The core/shell structures are analyzed mainly by UV–vis spectra. The rate of electron transfer from the methyl viologen cation radical to the metal nanoclusters is proportional to the hydrogen generation rate at the steady state. All the electrons accepted by the metal nanoclusters are used for the hydrogen generation. Both electron transfer and hydrogen generation rates increase when the bimetallic nanoclusters are used in place of the corresponding monometallic nanoclusters. The most active catalysts were Au/Rh and Pt/Ru bimetallic nanoclusters.
Names for inorganic radicals (IUPAC Recommendations 2000)
Authors: Koppenol W. H. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Introduction: Knowledge of the properties and reactivities of stable inorganic radicals was obtained decades ago through gas-phase studies of various oxides of halogens, sulfur, and nitrogen. More recently, pulse radiolysis and flash photolysis techniques developed in the 1960s made it possible to study short-lived radicals, such as hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms, and hydroxyl radicals. Because of the high time-resolution of these techniques, absorption spectra and redox properties of these inorganic radicals could be determined. The interest in radicals increased when it was shown that superoxide, or dioxide(1-), is formed in vivo. The discovery that in aerobic organisms enzymes catalyze the disproportionation of this radical resulted in new areas of research, such as radical biology and radicals in medicine. Interest in simple radicals was further boosted most recently by the remarkable observation that the radical nitrogen monoxide is formed enzymatically from the amino acid arginine. Radicals are important in a variety of catalytic processes and in the atmospheric gas and liquid phases; furthermore, a substantial number of inorganic radicals have been observed in interstellar gas clouds.

Contents:

1. Introduction
2. Definitions
3. Nomenclature

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Coordination nomenclature

3.2.1. Selection of the central atom

3.2.2. Radicals with net charges

3.2.3. Attached atoms or groups of atoms

3.2.4. The radical dot

3.2.5. Examples

3.3. Substitutive nomenclature
Species-selective determination of selenium compounds in biological materials (Technical Report)
Authors: Lobinski R. , Edmonds J. S. , Suzuki K. T. , Uden P. C. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
There is substantial evidence of the complexity of selenium speciation in living organisms and of the importance of the selective determination of the particular species of this element in order to understand its metabolism and biological significance in clinical chemistry, biology, toxicology, and nutrition. The state-of-the-art of analytical techniques available for this purpose is critically evaluated with particular emphasis on the element-selective detection and identification of the detected selenium compounds. Whereas there are a number of techniques available that are able to detect various selenium species in living organisms selectively, few techniques exist that are able to identify and to characterize the species detected.
Thermodynamic characterization of high-temperature superconductors in the yttrium-barium-copper-oxygen system. The Y123 solid solution (Technical Report)
Authors: Voronin G. F. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The aim of this report is to inform the chemical community about a self-consistent thermodynamic data set for the YBa2 Cu3 O6+z (1 ≥ z ≥ 0) solid solution, that is well known as the Y123 phase and possesses superconducting properties at z~1 and low temperatures. About 3300 experimental points obtained in 240 miscellaneous experiments published in 78 papers have been processed simultaneously in order to obtain the most reliable Gibbs energy function of the Y123 phase in the temperature range from 250 to 1300 K and pressures up to 100 kbar. A function is recommended for approximation of the Gibbs energy, which has 16 adjustable parameters. All other thermodynamic properties of the Y123 solution, including the conditions for its internal stability, can be derived from the assessed Gibbs energy. Brief descriptions of the thermodynamic model, experimental and data assessment methods as well as examples of self-consistent thermodynamic data applications are given.
Properties and units in the clinical laboratory sciences. Part XII. Properties and units in clinical pharmacology and toxicology (Technical Report) (IFCC-IUPAC 1999)
Authors: Olesen Henrik , Cowan David , De La Torre Rafael , Bruunshuus Ivan , Rohde Morten , Kenny Desmond 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The term designating a substance being an active ingredient of a drug may be a generic name, a nonproprietary name, a registered trade name, a fantasy name, or other. This causes difficulties in the transmission of requests and reports on properties for such substances in biological fluids to and from the clinical laboratories, and in the collating of this information from different sources.
The document comprises a list of properties of drugs in biological fluids for use in electronic transmission systems. Systematic names are presented together with a code value for each.
Effects of vitamin C supplementation in human volunteers with a range of cholesterol levels on biomarkers of oxygen radical-generated damage
Authors: Anderson D. , Phillips B. J. , Yu Tian-Wei , Edwards A. J. , Ayesh R. , Butterworth K. R. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Twenty-four men and 24 women, all nonsmoking, and maintaining normal dietary habits were assigned to 3 groups of 16. Each group comprising 4 males with "low" cholesterol levels (<6 mmol/L) matched for age and build with 4 males with "high" cholesterol levels (>6 mmol/L) and 8 similarly matched females. A three-treatment, three-treatment period, cross-over design was adopted. The three treatments were placebo, 60 mg vitamin C/day (the recommended daily allowance) and 6 g vitamin C/day for 14 days with 6 weeks between treatments. Blood samples were taken at the end of each treatment period. Vitamin C supplementation significantly increased plasma vitamin C concentrations and total antioxidant capacity, but did not affect cholesterol status or plasma ras p21 protein levels. There was a nonsignificant dose-related decrease in plasma lipid peroxidation breakdown products. DNA damage, measured in lymphocytes by the Comet assay and chromosome aberration test, was not increased after vitamin C supplementation. Sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide (in the Comet assay) was also unaffected, but sensitivity to chromosome aberration induced by bleomycin was increased by supplementation. A significant gender difference was found in plasma vitamin C levels, antioxidant capacity, and number of chromosome aberrations. Results were independent of low and high cholesterol status.
Cytochrome P4501A and associated mixed-function oxidase induction in fish as a biomarker for toxic carcinogenic pollutants in the aquatic environment
Authors: Arinç Emel , Sen Alaattin , Bozcaarmutlu Azra 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) present in polluted environment induce cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) isozyme in fish, which in turn results in a marked increased production of carcinogenic metabolites from PAHs. The induction of hepatic CYP1A in fish by certain classes of chemicals has been suggested as an early warning system, a "most sensitive biological response" for assessing environmental contamination conditions. This has implications for human fish consumption, as well as for the health status of aquatic organisms. Correlation between elevated CYP1A and altered steroid metabolism and decreased reproductive success has been pointed out. The induction of CYP1A and associated enzyme activities has now been confirmed in a number of field studies. Cases where these biomarkers have been studied in field conditions will be presented. Special emphasis will be given to field studies in which the induction of CYP1A activity, 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activities and immunochemical detection of CYP1A in leaping mullet and common sole are used as a biomarker for PAH- and/or PCB-type pollutants along the Izmir Bay on the Aegean Sea.
Role of neuronal nitric oxide in methamphetamine neurotoxicity and protection by nNOS inhibitor
Authors: Desaiah D. , Reddy S. L. N. , Imam S. Z. , Ali S. F. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a potent psychostimulant known to produce neurotoxicity. The dopaminergic pathway is particularly sensitive to METH. Recent studies showed that 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), a selective inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), provided protection against METH neurotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo. The present studies were conducted to determine the nNOS activity in various regions of the brain of young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with different doses of METH. Rats were injected ip with 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg and 24 h after the rats were sacrificed and the brain regions (hippocampus, frontal cortex, and cerebellum) were quickly dissected. The cytosolic fractions were prepared, and the nNOS activity was determined using the 3H-citrulline assay. The results showed that nNOS activity was significantly increased in all three brain regions of rats treated with METH. The increase was dose dependent reaching a maximum of 40-100% over the control values. Rats treated with 7NI 30 min prior to METH injection provided protection against the toxicity and also showed a reduction of nNOS activity. The activation of nNOS is known to increase the synthesis of NO which is involved in the regulation of several neurotransmitter pathways including catecholaminergic system. Reducing the METH-induced production of NO by pretreatment with selective inhibitor of nNOS, 7-NI, provided protection against METH neurotoxicity.
Risk assessment. Principles and consequences
Authors: Purchase I. F. H. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Risk assessment is an important tool in deciding how to allocate resources to controlling risks. In most cases it is based on hazard data derived from animal experiments and on exposure data from an assessment of the likely or actual exposure of the population of interest. Recent advances have improved the understanding of the use of the no adverse effect level (NOAEL) and safety factor for risk assessment by providing a scientific justification of the 100-fold safety factor. Concern about the risks of exposure by various routes simultaneously (aggregate exposure) and the risks of exposure to mixtures (cumulative risk assessment) have lead to new approaches to these issues. For many years, risk assessment of genotoxic carcinogens has relied on low-dose extrapolation using mathematical models. Recently, these methods are being reconsidered and, in some cases, replaced with the NOAEL/safety factor approach combined with all information on the mechanism of action and the magnitude of the response. It is vitally important to ensure that risk assessment provides accurate and unbiased estimates of risk of exposure so that appropriate measures can be taken to control the risks.
Sectional hair testing. Judicial and clinical applications
Authors: Tsatsakis Aristidis M. , Tzatzarakis Manolis 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Modern sophisticated analytical tools have enabled toxicologists to investigate hair specimens for the presence of drugs. Although great sensitivity and specificity in hair analysis have been already achieved, some concerns about bias due to hair color, lack of reference materials, and dose versus concentration relationship make the quantitative data sometimes debatable. The most commonly held opinion in this field nowadays indicates that hair analysis has sufficient scientific validity. Experts should always be aware and take into account limitations of hair analysis results and its evaluation. Unresolved scientific issues, however, should not obstruct the admissibility of strongly positive test results. Recent applications of hair testing include forensic investigations, epidemiological studies, gestational drug exposure, legal issues, clinical drug monitoring, and historical research. In this paper, the use of sectional hair tests to assess exposure to drugs of abuse (evaluation of toxicomania) and to assess compliance with carbamazepine, phenytoin and valproic acid therapy regime is presented. We conclude that hair drug versus time profiles give strong evidence that confirm chronic abuse, the diagnosis of drugs of abuse poisoning, and the state of addiction (toxicomania). Additionally, they may be used as a marker of the dosage history and the compliance of patients under long-term treatment with carbamazepine and phenytoin.
Cleaner industrial processes using hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Sanderson William R. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Recent research progress in catalytic systems for potential use with hydrogen peroxide in industrial chemical synthesis is reviewed, with special focus on work published in the last five years. The main types of chemistry employed are critically appraised regarding their suitability for industrial exploitation. The most significant catalyst types are discussed in terms of the positive features identified to date, and the obstacles yet to be surmounted in order to become more widely adopted. It is believed that fully inorganic systems have more scope for commercialization than those containing organic ligands or supports, however robust. Critical targets are larger-pore analogs of titanium silicalite TS-1, more exploration of smectite-based materials, effective immobilization of activated metal peroxo systems, and improvements in design and manipulation of polyoxometallate compounds. Cooperation between branches of chemistry that have not traditionally worked closely together is advocated.
Heteropolyacids. Versatile green catalysts usable in a variety of reaction media
Authors: Misono Makoto , Ono Izumi , Koyano Gaku , Aoshima Atsushi 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Basic characteristics of heteropolyacids as green catalysts are overviewed, focusing on the various reaction fields in which the heteropolyacid catalysts function as acid and oxidation catalysts, and then two industrial processes which were made very green by the use of heteropolyacid catalysts in liquid biphase systems are described. In this context an interesting new reaction field formed at the interfacial layer of a solid heteropolyacid and liquid has also been reported.
Free radicals in synthesis. Clean reagents affording oxidative or reductive termination
Authors: Murphy John A. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Neurotoxic organotin reagents currently play a key role in radical chemistry. As a result, this is an important area for development of new clean replacement reactions. The pharmaceutical industry in particular has had to avoid use of radical methodology for the formation of carbon_carbon bonds for this reason. With the current dawn in green chemistry, a host of new clean radical methods is beginning to flourish. Our aim has been to develop new nontoxic methodology for carbon_carbon bond formation by radical chemistry, which would provide either reductive termination (giving a hydrogen atom to the ultimate radical, as happens with tributyltin hydride), or oxidative functionalization, installing a useful polar group at the site of the ultimate radical. Two methods for effecting radical reactions in an environmentally friendly way are presented: (i) The tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-mediated radical-polar crossover reaction converts arenediazonium salts to aryl radicals, which have sufficient lifetime to cyclize onto alkenes—the resulting alkyl radicals couple with TTF+• to afford sulfonium salts which, in turn, undergo solvolysis to alcohols, ethers or amides. The method provides the key step in a synthesis of (±)-aspidospermidine. (ii) Hypophosphite salts and hypophosphorous acid, on the other hand, form C_C bonds with reductive termination. These economical reagents afford radicals efficiently, starting from aryl iodides, alkyl bromides, and alkyl iodides, and give very easy separation of products from by-products.
Biocatalysis. Biological systems for the production of chemicals
Authors: Held M. , Schmid A. , van Beilen J. B. , Witholt B. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Biocatalysis harnesses the catalytic potential of enzymes to produce building blocks and end-products for the pharmaceutical and chemical industry. Located at the interface between fermentation processes and petrol-based chemistry, biotransformation processes broaden the toolbox for bioconversion of organic compounds to functionalized products.
Dissolving biomolecules and modifying biomedical implants with supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Webb Paul B. , Marr Patricia C. , Parsons Andrew J. , Gidda Harmanjit S. , Howdle Steven M. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
We describe two methodologies for dissolving ionic/polar species in scCO2. Both lead to a broadening of the range of applications for scCO2. Fluorinated surfactants may be used to prepare water in carbon dioxide microemulsions to allow solubilization of ionic and biological species. We outline also the preparation of scCO2 soluble metal precursors that can be impregnated efficiently into polymeric substrates. Further processing by heat or UV light leads to metallic particles distributed throughout a polymer substrate. The clean synthesis of such composites can be applied to the development of improved medical implants.
Diels_Alder reactions in water
Authors: Otto Sijbren , Engberts Jan B. F. N. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
This review illustrates how water, as an environmentally friendly solvent, can have significant additional benefits when it is used as a solvent for the Diels_Alder reaction. The mechanism by which the unique properties of water enhance the rate and selectivity are discussed. Also, possibilities for the achievement of further increases in rate and enantioselectivity of aqueous Diels_Alder reactions through Lewis-acid and micellar catalysis are reviewed.
Green Lewis acid catalysis in organic synthesis
Authors: Kobayashi Shū , Manabe Kei 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
New types of Lewis acids as water-stable catalysts have been developed. Metal salts such as rare earth metal triflates can be used in carbon_carbon bond-forming reactions in aqueous media. These salts can be recovered after the reactions and reused. Furthermore, Lewis acid_surfactant-combined catalysts, which can be used for reactions in water without using any organic solvents, have been also developed. Finally, Lewis acid catalysis in supercritical carbon dioxide has been successfully performed. These investigations will contribute to development of environmentally friendly Lewis acid catalysis.
Ionic liquids. Green solvents for the future
Authors: Earle Martyn J. , Seddon Kenneth R. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Ionic liquids, being composed entirely of ions, were once mainly of interest to electrochemists. Recently, however, it has become apparent that, inter alia, their lack of measurable vapor pressure characterizes them as green solvents, and that a wide range of chemical reactions (reviewed here) can be performed in them.
Chemical research needed to improve high-temperature processing of advanced ceramic materials (Technical report)
Authors: Kolar D. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Of the principal classes of engineering materials, ceramics are in many ways the most interesting and challenging. Many properties, or combination, of properties, not achievable with other classes of materials give ceramics enormous technical potential. The main obstacles that prevent the wider use of ceramics include insufficient reliability, reproducibility, and high cost. The physical basis of the processing steps is well established, however, the chemical reactions which occur during the high-temperature processing frequently influence the densification process and microstructure development of ceramics in an unpredictable way. Therefore, an ability to understand and control the chemical processes that occur during ceramic processing are necessary to advance and open up new uses for technical ceramics. The aim of this present report, resulting from discussions of an ad hoc group of ceramists and chemists, is to expose the areas of chemical research that can most benefit the processing, and further the use, of ceramic materials.
Guidelines for preservation of methodological choices in the publication of computational results: B. Semiempirical electronic structure calculations(Technical report)
Authors: Stewart James J. P. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Guidelines are presented to assist authors in preparing manuscripts that describe the results of semiempirical computations. These guidelines are not intended to recommend how semiempirical calculations should be done, but rather to ensure that the reader can have a clear understanding of what actually was done. They are written in a form to facilitate reprinting in original research journals and as information sheets that can be distributed to authors and reviewers.
Microelectrodes. Definitions, characterization, and applications (Technical report)
Authors: Stulík Karel , Amatore Christian , Holub Karel , Marecek Vladimír , Kutner Wlodzimierz 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Theory, preparation,and applications of microelectrodes and microelectrode arrays are critically reviewed, and future trends in the field are outlined. An operational definition of a microelectrode is also recommended.