bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the stability of Escherichia coli O157:H7 survival in manure‐amended soils with different management histories
Authors: Semenov Alexander V. , Franz Eelco , Van Overbeek Leo , Termorshuizen Aad J. , Van Bruggen Ariena H. C. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThe objective of this study is to describe survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 populations in manure‐amended soils in terms of population stability, i.e. the temporal variation around the decline curve, in relation to soil characteristics indicative of soil health. Cow manure inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 was mixed with 18 pairs of organically and conventionally managed soils (10% of manure, kg kg−1). For four of the soil pairs, also three different manure densities (5%, 10% and 20%) were compared. All soil–manure mixtures were incubated for 2 months, and population densities of E. coli O157:H7 were quantified weekly. De‐trending of survival data was done by modified logistic regression. The residual values were used to assess variation in the changes of E. coli O157:H7 populations by performing the approximate entropy (ApEn) procedure. The term irregularity is used to describe this variation in ApEn literature. On average, the decline of E. coli O157:H7 was more irregular in conventional and loamy soils than in organic and sandy soils (P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis of irregularity of E. coli O157:H7 survival on 13 soil characteristics showed a positive relation with the ratio of copiotrophic/oligotrophic bacteria, suggesting greater instability at higher available substrate concentrations. Incremental rates of manure application significantly changed the irregularity for conventional soils only. Estimation of temporal variation of enteropathogen populations by the ApEn procedure can increase the accuracy of predicted survival time and may form an important indication for soil health.
Internal capital market subsidies and industry downturns
Authors: Brown Charles A. , McNeil Chris R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe examine whether multisegment firms tend to subsidize operations doing business in industries that experience a major downturn in investment opportunities. The results provide little evidence of subsidization. The likelihood of discontinuation of multisegment operations in these industries does not statistically differ from that of single‐segment operations. Similarly, patterns of capital expenditures after the shock do not materially deviate between multisegment and single‐segment operations. These results indicate that the internal capital markets of multisegment firms are no less (and no more) efficient than that of single‐segment firms in their reaction to a shock to investment opportunities.
Critical periods and catastrophic interference effects in the development of self‐organizing feature maps
Authors: Richardson Fiona M. , Thomas Michael S.C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe use of self‐organizing feature maps (SOFM) in models of cognitive development has frequently been associated with explanations ofcriticalorsensitive periods. By contrast, error‐driven connectionist models of development have been linked withcatastrophic interferencebetween new knowledge and old knowledge. We introduce a set of simulations that systematically evaluate the conditions under which SOFMs demonstrate critical/sensitive periods in development versus those under which they display interference effects. We explored the relative contribution of network parameters (for example, whether learning rate and neighbourhood reduce across training), the representational resources available to the network, and the similarity between old and new knowledge in determining the functional plasticity of the maps. The SOFMs that achieved the best discrimination and topographic organization also exhibited sensitive periods in development while showing lower plasticity and hence limited interference. However, fast developing, coarser SOFMs also produced topologically organized representations, while permanently retaining their plasticity. We argue that the impact of map organization on behaviour must be interpreted in terms of the cognitive processes that the map is driving.
ON SEMIPARAMETRIC REGRESSION WITH O'SULLIVAN PENALIZED SPLINES
Authors: Wand M. P. , Ormerod J. T. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryAn exposition on the use of O'Sullivan penalized splines in contemporary semiparametric regression, including mixed model and Bayesian formulations, is presented. O'Sullivan penalized splines are similar to P‐splines, but have the advantage of being a direct generalization of smoothing splines. Exact expressions for the O'Sullivan penalty matrix are obtained. Comparisons between the two types of splines reveal that O'Sullivan penalized splines more closely mimic the natural boundary behaviour of smoothing splines. Implementation in modern computing environments such as Matlab, r and bugs is discussed.
A CLOSED‐FORM EXPRESSION FOR THE PEARSON TYPE IV DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION
Authors: Willink R. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryA closed‐form expression is presented for the probability integral of the Pearson Type IV distribution, and a corresponding method of evaluation is given. This analysis addresses a long‐standing gap in the theory of the Pearson system of distributions. In addition, a simple derivation is given of an expression for the normalizing constant in the Type IV integral.
Global Current Account Imbalances: American Fiscal Policy versus East Asian Savings*
Authors: Chinn Menzie D. , Ito Hiro 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe consider the origins of global current account imbalances. We first discuss how the expansion of the US current account deficit and the decrease in global real interest rates can be reconciled with the widespread view that American expansionary fiscal policy is partly the source of current trends. We then investigate empirically the medium‐term determinants of the current account using a model that controls for factors related to institutional development. In addition to the conventional macroeconomic factors, we examine a series of environmental factors, including the degree of financial openness and the extent of legal development. We find that for industrial countries, the government budget balance is an important determinant of the current account balance; the budget balance coefficient is 0.10 to 0.49 depending on model specifications. These varying estimates lead us to conclude that fiscal factors might be as important as excess savings arising from East Asia.
The Role of Fiscal Policy in a Monetary Union: are National Automatic Stabilizers Effective?*
Authors: Colciago Andrea , Ropele Tiziano , Muscatelli V. Anton , Tirelli Patrizio 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe assess the role of national fiscal policies, as automatic stabilizers, within a monetary union. We use a two‐country New Keynesian DSGE model, incorporating non‐Ricardian consumers and a home bias in national consumption. Fiscal policy directly stabilizes non‐Ricardian agents' consumption. By doing so it contributes to the reduction in the volatility of variables such as output, wage inflation, and real interest rates. Our analysis of country‐specific shocks does not suggest potential inter‐country conflicts (as long as policies are constrained within the automatic stabilizers framework). However, we detect a potential conflict between the two consumer groups, because fiscal policy may raise optimizing agents' consumption volatility.
Sharing Money Creation in a Monetary Union*
Authors: Auray Stéphane , Eyquem Aurélien , Hamiache Gérard , Poutineau Jean‐Christophe 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHow to share money creation among the members of the European Monetary Union? To address this issue, we construct a two‐country New Open‐economy Macroeconomics model of an asymmetric monetary union with an incomplete financial market and home bias in consumption. We consider two sharing rules consistent with the current regulations of the European System of Central Banks. First, each participating National Central Bank supplies half of the European Central Bank determined money creation in the monetary union. Secondly, each National Central Bank adapts the national increase in money demand, under the constraint that the total money creation in the union does not exceed the level determined by the ECB for the whole union. We show that the current sharing rule, which ignores countries’ heterogeneity, is superior in terms of welfare. The key role of the current account is emphasized. It proves an efficient decentralized mechanism for allocation of money.
Similarity between Early and Middle Adolescent Close Friends’ Beliefs about Personal Jurisdiction
Authors: Daddis Christopher 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSimilarity in close friends’ beliefs about personal jurisdiction was examined using questionnaires and interviews with 162 early (Mage = 11.82) and middle (Mage = 15.68) adolescents who were matched with reciprocally nominated close friends. Using the framework of social domain theory, beliefs about personal jurisdiction were assessed for personal, social conventional, prudential, and multifaceted issues. As hypothesized, close friends were more similar than non‐friends in their ratings of legitimate parental authority and the degree of harm and consequences to others for prudential and multifaceted issues. Also as expected, friends were similar in their justifications for the legitimacy of parental authority over multifaceted issues. Similarity was moderated by age, direct discussion, and friendship duration; effects varied according to the domain of the issue. Results were discussed in terms of peers’ influence on adolescents’ push for increased autonomy.
It's Not Just Being Popular, it's Knowing it, too: The Role of Self‐perceptions of Status in the Associations between Peer Status and Aggression
Authors: Mayeux Lara , Cillessen Antonius H. N. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractModerators of the well‐established association between status and overt and relational aggression were tested in a four‐year longitudinal sample (N = 358) of high school students. Self‐perceptions of popularity were found to moderate the link between actual peer‐perceived popularity and aggression, with adolescents who were both popular and aware of their popular status, scoring highest on peer‐nominated aggression and showing the greatest increases in aggression over time. Self‐perceptions of liking moderated the associations between social preference and aggression as well. Adolescents who saw themselves as disliked were particularly likely to show increases in aggression over time. The moderating effect of self‐perceptions was further moderated by gender in several cases. Findings are discussed in light of Coie's theory of the development of peer status theory. The social‐cognitive elements of high peer status, particularly of perceived popularity, are also highlighted.
Loving and forgetting: moments of inarticulacy in tribal India*
Authors: Vitebsky Piers 
Published: May 2008

Young Sora in Orissa, India, are ‘forgetting’ their dead. Where the older generation used shamans in trance to negotiate with ancestors in elaborate dialogues, their newly Baptist children refuse to talk to the dead or feed them, leaving their parents afraid to die for fear of neglect. Against a background of contemporary Indian nation‐building, this article examines the differing emotional price paid for this disengagement by two young persons whom the author has known since 1975, as one becomes a Baptist and the other a shaman. Their struggles to be or to become a certain kind of person are revealed through recent extraordinary moments, precipitated by the author's presence, when verbal articulacy fails them. Their conflicts between filial attachment and repudiation, or shamanic vocation and recantation, are explored to show how changes in loving and forgetting can be revealed through new but fleeting forms of inarticulacy.RésuméLes jeunes Sora de l'Orissa, en Inde, sont en train « d'oublier » leurs morts. Alors que les anciennes générations faisaient appel aux chamans en transe pour négocier avec les ancêtres au cours de dialogues élaborés, leurs enfants, convertis au christianisme baptiste, refusent de parler aux morts et de les nourrir, laissant ainsi leurs parents appréhender une mort après laquelle ils seront négligés. Dans le contexte contemporain de la construction de la nation indienne, l'auteur examine le prix émotionnel divergent payé pour ce désengagement par deux jeunes gens qu'il connaît depuis 1975. L'un est devenu baptiste, l'autre chaman. Leur lutte pour être ou devenir un certain type de personne est révélée au cours de récents épisodes sortant de l'ordinaire, catalysés par la présence de l'auteur, où le pouvoir des mots leur fait défaut. Les conflits qu'ils connaissent entre attachement filial et répudiation, entre vocation chamanique et abjuration, sont explorés pour montrer comment les changements dans l'amour et le pardon peuvent être révélés à travers de nouvelles formes fugaces d'inarticulation.
The grey zone: the ‘ordinary’ violence of extraordinary times
Authors: Roy Srila 
Published: May 2008

The article analyses the ‘ordinary’ violence of revolutionary politics, particularly acts of gendered and sexual violence that tend to be neglected in the face of the ‘extraordinariness’ of political terror. Focusing on the extreme left Naxalbari movement of West Bengal, it points to those morally ambiguous ‘grey zones’ that confound the rigid distinctions between victim and victimizer in insurrectionary politics. Public and private recollections of sexual and gender‐based injuries by women activists point to the complex intermeshing of different forms of violence (everyday, political, structural, symbolic) across ‘safe’ and ‘unsafe’ spaces, ‘public’ and ‘private’ worlds, and communities of trust and those of betrayal. In making sense of these memories and their largely secret or ‘untellable’ nature, the article places sexual violence on a continuum of multiple and interrelated forces that are both overt and symbolic, and include a society's ways of mourning some forms of violence and silencing others. The idea of a continuum explores the ‘greyness’ of violence as the very object of anthropological inquiry.RésuméL'article analyse la violence « ordinaire » des politiques révolutionnaires, en particulier les actes de violence sexuée et sexuelle, souvent négligées face au caractère « extraordinaire » de la terreur politique. Dans le cas précis du mouvement d'extrême‐gauche Naxalbari du Bengale occidental, l'auteur pointe les « zones grises » d'ambiguïté morale où les distinctions strictes entre victimes et agresseurs se confondent dans les politiques d'insurrection. Les souvenirs, publics et privés, d'agressions sexuelles et sexuées de femmes activistes mettent en évidence les liens complexes entre différentes formes de violence (quotidienne, politique, structurelle, symbolique) dans les espaces « sûrs » et « à risques », dans le monde « public » et « privé », et les communautés de confiance et de trahison. En recherchant le sens de ces souvenirs et de leur nature en grande partie secrète ou « indicible », l'auteur situe la violence sexuelle dans un continuum de forces multiples et liées, à la fois manifestes et symboliques, qui incluent la façon dont une société déplore certaines formes de violence et en passe d'autres sous silence. L'idée d'un continuum explore le caractère « gris » de la violence comme l'objet même de l'enquête anthropologique.
Between stewardship and sacrifice: agency and economy in a Southern California Charismatic church
Authors: Bialecki Jon 
Published: May 2008

Despite a growing interest in the anthropology of Christianity, the economic practices of the North American‐inspired stream of theologically conservative Evangelical and Pentecostal/Charismatic Christians have received comparatively little attention. Analysing economic practices and forms of musical worship in a middle‐class, mixed‐ethnicity Charismatic ‘Vineyard’ church located in Southern California, this article argues that apparently contradictory aspects of Charismatic Christian economic practice can be understood through use of anthropological ‘spheres of exchange’ theory. Specifically, this article identifies the existence of three different, but interrelated, spheres (secular exchange, stewardship, and sacrifice), each of which has its own guiding assumptions regarding proper morality, agency, and subjectivity for these Charismatic Christians. These differing spheres are used, this article argues, not just to regulate behaviour, but also to allow for moral revaluations of successes and failures, allowing them better to engage as economic actors in the world.RésuméMalgré un intérêt croissant pour l'anthropologie du christianisme, les pratiques économiques du courant évangélique et pentecôtiste charismatique, inspiré par l'Amérique du Nord et théologiquement conservateur, ne bénéficient pas d'une grande attention. Dans une analyse des pratiques économiques et des formes de célébration musicale d'une église charismatique du mouvement « Vineyard » dans le sud de la Californie, regroupant des milieux sociaux et appartenances ethniques mélangés, le présent article avance que les aspects apparemment contradictoires de la pratique économique des chrétiens charismatiques peuvent être comprises par le biais de la théorie anthropologique des « sphères d’échanges ». Plus précisément, il identifie l'existence de trois sphères différentes mais interconnectées (échange séculier, gestion et sacrifice), dont chacune a ses propres hypothèses d'orientation en ce qui concerne la moralité adéquate, le statut d'agent et la subjectivité pour ces chrétiens charismatiques. Selon les auteurs, ces différentes sphères permettent non seulement de réguler les comportements, mais aussi de procéder à une réévaluation morale des succès et des échecs, afin de permettre aux fidèles de s'engager comme acteurs économiques dans le monde.
‘Blog This’: surfing the metropolis and the method of London
Authors: Reed Adam 
Published: May 2008

This article examines the ways in which a group of London webloggers or on‐line journal keepers constitute their city. They claim that their strategies for knowing London are derived from techniques for knowing the Internet. In particular, webloggers adapt the activity and culture of on‐line surfing. The article investigates the method of ‘blogging’ alongside and against the interpretative strategies deployed by urban theorists and sketch writers. It is intended as a contribution to urban anthropology, anthropology of the Internet, the anthropology of knowledge, and the ethnography of London.RésuméL'auteur examine la manière dont un groupe de blogueurs ou d'auteurs de journaux en ligne londoniens constituent leur ville. Il affirme que leurs stratégies pour connaître Londres s'inspirent des techniques employées pour connaître Internet. En particulier, les webloggers ont adapté l'activité et la culture de la navigation en ligne. L'article étudie la méthode de « blogging » parallèlement et en comparaison avec les stratégies interprétatives déployées par les théoriciens de l'urbanisme et les planificateurs. Cet article se veut une contribution à l'anthropologie urbaine, à l'anthropologie de l'Internet, à l'anthropologie de la connaissance et à l'ethnographie de Londres.
Proposing the stroke levity scale: a valid, reliable, simple, and time‐saving measure of stroke severity
Authors: Owolabi M. O. , Platz T. 
Published: May 2008

Background and purpose:  National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) is long and complex. Our objective was to design a valid, reliable, simple, and time‐saving stroke severity scale.Methods:  About 103 and 100 consecutive stroke patients in Berlin (Germany) and Ibadan (Nigeria), respectively were evaluated using the measures listed below. The Stroke Levity Scale (SLS) was calculated as maximum power (0–5) in the dexterous hand + maximum power in the weaker lower limb + mobility score−1(if aphasia present).Results:  It took less than 2 min to administer the SLS in contrast to 8 min for the NIHSS. The SLS showed significant correlation to the NIHSS (ρ = −0.79, P < 0.0001), the modified Rankin Scale (ρ = −0.79, P < 0.0001), and the health‐related quality of life (QOL) in stroke patient’s questionnaire (ρ = 0.78, P < 0.0001). It had Cronbach’s α of 0.75 (Ibadan) and 0.71 (Berlin). The κ‐value for test‐retest reliability was 0.77 with P < 0.0001.Conclusions:  The SLS is a concise, valid, and reliable stroke impairment scale that can be used routinely to monitor outcome in stroke patients. Because it is brief and simple to apply, non‐neurologists can be taught to administer it in addition to QOL and disability scales for stroke survivors without significantly increasing the respondent burden.
Evaluation of activatory and inhibitory natural killer cell receptors in non‐segmental vitiligo: a flow cytometric study
Authors: Basak PY , Adiloglu AK , Koc IG , Tas T , Akkaya VB 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackground  Recent observations established the role of altered cellular immunity and autoimmune hypothesis in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. There have been several reports discussing T‐cell and natural killer (NK) cell populations, but NK cell receptors were not evaluated in vitiligo.Objective  The purpose of this investigation was to assess the role of T and NK cells as well as activatory and inhibitory NK cell receptor alterations in the pathogenesis of vitiligo and whether any aberrations were correlated with clinical findings of the disease.Patients/methods  Fifty‐three patients with non‐segmental vitiligo and 45 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The percentages of lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes and CD3, CD4, CD8, CD14, CD16, CD56, CD45, CD45RA, CD54RO, CD28, CD80, CD94, CD158a, KIR3DL‐1 receptors as well as CD94, CD158a, KIR3DL‐1 receptors on CD16+ cells were detected by using flow cytometry. The patient and control groups were compared in terms of the results of flow cytometric analysis, and the results were assessed regarding the type and activity of vitiligo.Results  The percentages of CD16+CD56+, CD3+CD16+CD56+, CD8+ and CD45RO+ cells were significantly increased in vitiligo group compared with the controls. No difference was detected between the patients and control groups in percentages of CD3+, CD4+, CD3−CD16+CD56+, CD28+, CD45+, CD45RA+, CD94+, CD158a+ and KIR3DL‐1+ cells. The percentage of CD16+CD158a+ cells was significantly decreased in a randomized selected group of vitiligo patients. There were no differences in percentage expression of studied cell surface antigens between patients in the active or stable period. CD3+ cells were significantly increased in generalized form, and CD45RO+ cells were significantly increased in acral/acrofacial form when compared with the other types of vitiligo.Conclusions  These results indicate further evidence for T and NK cell abnormalities in non‐segmental vitiligo. The present data show that NK cell activation may be responsible in the pathogenesis of vitiligo in conformity with decreased inhibitory and increased activatory NK cell receptors.