bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
F. Max Muller and a. B. Keith: "Twaddle", the "Stupid" Myth, and the Disease of Indology
Authors: Tull Herman 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDespite the recent scrutinization of the history of Indology (under the guise of its parent Orientalism), Indology in the latter half of the nineteenth century, the period when scholars in the West completed the first serious assessment of the Veda, remains largely unexplored. This period's legacy-dictionaries, critical editions, grammars, translations, and even academic chairs-remains the backbone of Vedic studies to this day. The nature of Indology during this period is reflected with special clarity in the work of F. Max Müller and A. B. Keith. Müller's editio princeps of the Rgvedasamhitā, and Keith's magnum opus, The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads, represent the beginning and end points of Indology-with its peculiar emphasis on the Vedic texts-during this period. Müller and Keith are also exemplars of what is perhaps the most curious feature of Indology in the latter half of the nineteenth century, namely, the often begrudging marriage of German and British scholarship. The discomfort that arose from this alliance was sharpened by the subject matter itself, India, into what might be termed the disease (appropriating Müller's term) of Indology. This disease, which combined alternating phases of awe and revulsion toward the Indian tradition, can be seen in the approach Indologists of the last century took to the Vedic texts; by representing the earliest portions of the Vedic tradition as belonging to their own glorified past, they separated it (and further affirmed their appropriation of it) from the later Hindu (beginning with its representation in the Brāhmana-texts) tradition-a tradition they characterized, and abandoned, as nothing more than "twaddle" and "stupid" myths.
Primitive Religion in Dutch Religious Studies
Authors: Leertouwer Lammert 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the twentieth century, Dutch religious studies have been decisively influenced by two external factors: the vicissitudes of the Netherlands as a major colonial power and the gradually declining impact of theology upon the intellectual discourse. In this paper, the notion "primitive religion", representing an apposite test-case, is examined, as it is used by four influential scholars in the field: C.P. Tiele, G. Van der Leeuw, Th.P. Van Baaren and F. Sierksma.
You Shall Not Kill. Hierarchies of Norms in Ancient Rome1
Authors: Rüpke Jörg 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDifferent kinds of norms regulate the problem of killing in Rome, custom and law being the most important of them. This survey is extended by an analysis of the exceptions to the general ban on killing: capital punishment, killing in sacred contexts and in war. Religion plays a specific legitimizing role in offering models of killing as well as in enciphering hierarchic structures of the Roman society. Stories like the one of the Horatii (Dion. H. 3,12-22) offer an insight into the processes of legitimization and their changing patterns. Furthermore, exempla literature is an important instrument of reflecting-and teaching-the solution of conflicts of norms by narrative hierarchization.
Manichaeism in the Early Sasanian Empire
Authors: Hutter Manfred 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIt is well-known that Mani knew Christian Gnosticism, Zoroastrianism and also a little of Buddhism and used different items from these religions. As we can see from the Šäbuhragän, the central themes of Mani's teachings at the Sasanian court were the "two principles" and the "three times", but he reworked them and brought them close to Zurwanism, because King Šäbuhr did not favour 'orthodox' Zoroastrianism but 'heretical' Zurwanism. Thus Manichaeism could flourish for thirty years within the Sasanian empire. After Šäbuhr's death the Zoroastrian priest Kirdir gained influence at the court, thus Manichaeism -and Zurwanism-met restrictions which finally led to Mani's death. In consequence Manichaeism and Zurwanism, which always favoured universalism, were put aside in order to establish Zoroastrianism as a nationalistic religion in Iran.
Prophets, Seers, and Politics in Greece, Israel, and Early Modern Europe
Authors: Bremmer Jan N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAfter a short introduction on the study of the history of religions at Groningen, this paper analyses the relationship between prophets (seers) and political power. Concentrating on Greece, Israel and early modern Europe it poses three questions. First, do seers operate independently of political rulers? Secondly, does the influence of prophets change when the political structure changes? Thirdly, does the medium of prophecy remain constant or does it change over time? In Greece, seers were closely connected with the political elite, especially the kings. As their main function was the legitimation of choices, their public influence started to wane with the rise of democracy and public political debate. In Israel we can note the concomitant rise of the king and decline of the prophet, who remains only influential from the margin of society. At the same time, we can see the gradual disappearance of ecstasy among the prophets and the growing influence of writing. After the return from exile the growing importance of the Torah led to a gradual merger of prophets and priests. Finally, in early modern Europe prophecy flourished especially in the Protestant areas, but lost ground in the seventeenth century through the centralisation of power, the introduction of the printing press, and the changing intellectual climate. In my conclusion I stress the importance of the histoire événementielle for the history of religions and ask for more interest in the religious history of Europe.
Ancient Greek and Zulu Sacrificial Ritual a Comparative Analysis
Authors: Lambert Michael 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this paper, ancient Greek and Zulu sacrificial ritual are compared in order to test the validity of Burkert's hypothesis about the origins and function of sacrifice. Similarities and differences between the two ritual systems are analysed. The Zulus do not clearly differentiate between Olympian and chthonic deities and sacrifices and seem to sacrifice exclusively to or for the shades or ancestors. The absence of a fully-developed ancestor cult in ancient Greek religion (the cult of heroes and the cult of the dead bear some resemblance to one) seems to reflect the nature of a pólis culture which cuts across the boundaries of tribes and phratries: no such culture is evident amongst the Zulus and ancestor cult thus reflects the lineage and kinship system characterising Zulu life. Burkert believes that sacrifice has its origins in the ritualisation of the palaeolithic hunt. Crucial aspects of the theory do not seem to be validated by Zulu thought-patterns: e.g. there is little or no trace of guilt or anxiety at ritual killings, a guilt which might be expected from a people deeply attached to their animals, often personified in praises addressed to them. Following G.S. Kirk, this paper attempts to illustrate that composite accounts of both ancient Greek and Zulu sacrifice acquire misleading emotional resonances which individual sacrifices might not have. This comparative study does not disprove Burkert's theory, but attempts to demonstrate that explanations offered in terms of origins or formative antecedents are fraught with speculative problems and throw no light on the motivation for sacrifice.
A Venture in Critical Islamic Historiography and the Significance of Its Failure
Authors: Qasim Zaman Muhammad 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe concern to acquaint the Muslims of India with the earliest history of Islam, and to help them become better Muslims, has characterised the Nadwat alUlamā's historical scholarship since its inception in 1894. This paper concentrates on a monumental study of the life and achievement of the Prophet, the Sīrat al-Nabī, (7 vols., 1918-1980), produced by two distinguished scholars associated with the Nadwa. Planned as an authoritative presentation of the Prophet Muhammad's life, the Sīrat al-Nabī sought to answer Western scholarly criticisms on the Prophet, and remove all religious doubts perceived as having an unsettling effect on Muslims in British India. A clearly reformist concern, viz. to invigorate the Muslims' religious identity by reaffirming their link with their sacred history, guided the conception and execution of the project. Although there initially was a conspicuous concern to maintain high standards of critical historiography, it was gradually nudged out by the reformist outlook. By the time the Siyar-i Sahāba series was initiated in the 1930s-with the purpose of showing how the Prophet's life and conduct shaped those of his Companions, who in their own right could thus serve as moral guides-virtually all pretensions to critical historiography had manifestly been abandoned. Historiography had given way, the more glaringly in the Siyar-i Sahāba, to hagiography. For all its methodological and other deficiencies, however, the Sīra historiography of the Nadwa is of importance for two main reasons: it has served as a vehicle for the expression of reformist concerns, a way of responding to the dilemmas which the authors of these works perceived as confronting Indian Muslims; and it has been a medium through which a continuing effort has been made to acquaint Muslims with their sacred past, and with Islam itself.
The Anti-Individualistic Ideology of Hellenistic Culture1
Authors: Martin Luther H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHistorical generalizations are invariably shaped by modern cultural values. One of the dominant values of modern Western culture is individualism, the origins of which tend to be claimed by historians for their own domains of research, with examples extending from sixth-century B.C. Greece through modern Europe. The generalization about a Hellenistic period of history, first made in the nineteenth-century, clearly reflects this value of individualism which became, consequently, part of the scholarly convention about the culture of this period. With reference to the thought, religious practice, and material culture of the period, this article argues to the contrary that neither Hellenistic idea nor ideal can be held to value in any way an individualistic view of the self. Alexander the Great and the Athenian general Alcibiades were typical examples of individualism taken to task by philosophers. Hellenistic ethics seem, rather, to have been dominated by a social principle of "Socratic care". Similarly, Hellenistic religions, including the early Christian associations, defined their raison d'être on the basis of distinctive social claims. One Christian tradition even explicitly employed the Hellenistic ethical principle of "Socratic care" as its distinctive criterion. Finally, the well-known Hellenistic terracotta figurines, often adduced as examples of Hellenistic individualism, were, in fact, mass-produced and were employed in ritual, i.e., collective, contexts. Whereas the socio-political transformations that characterize Hellenistic culture did challenge traditional collective bases for identity, the intellectual, religious and artistic expressions of this culture all confirm an anti-individualistic character for the alternative social strategies of identity produced during this period.
The Politics of Animal Protection: A Research Agenda
Authors: Garner Robert 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article seeks to provide a research agenda for the study of animal protection politics. It looks firstly at the animal protection movement's organization and maintenance in the context of Olson's theory of collective action. While existing research suggests that activists tend to be recruited because of the purposive and expressive benefits they offer rather than the material ones emphasized by Olson, these alternative forms of selective incentives can hinder the achievement of the movement's goals. Secondly, the article outlines alternative models of policy-making and shows how they might be operationalized to explain the development of animal welfare policy-making in Britain and the United States. Preliminary observations suggest thatBritain's animal welfare record is more substantial because policy communities have been able to manage and limit change through concessions and cooptation. No such mechanism is available in the American political system where the greater openness and fragmentation often results in severe confrontation and ultimately, stalemate.
Differences and Similarities in Humans' Perceptions of the Thinking and Feeling of a Dog and a Boy
Authors: Lee Rasmussen Jeffrey , Rajecki D.W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCollege students' perceptions of companion dog mentality were systematically compared with perceptions of human child mentality. Independent groups of respondents rated capacities of a dog or a boy on 12 categories of thinking and 30 items of remorseful feelings for misbehavior. The boy received superior ratings for so-called "complex" (but not "simple") thinking categories and "upper level" (but not "lower level") remorse items. Even so, there were strong associations between dog and boy means across all 12 thinking categories (r = .74) and all 30 remorse items (r = .72). Thus elements of thinking and feeling that were judged likely (or not) for the boy were also relatively likely (or not) for the dog. These several comparisons were taken to indicate that whereas the dog and boy were perceived by subjects as having mentalities that were quantitatively different, those respective mentalities were nevertheless viewed as qualitatively similar. Findings were discussed in terms of social-cognition theories of anthropomorphism.
Personality and Attitudes toward the Treatment of Animals
Authors: Herzog Harold A. , Mathews Steve 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe authors examined the relationship between personality and attitudes toward the treatment of animals by administering the Sixteen Personality Factor Inventory and the Animal Attitudes Scale to 99 college students. The personality scales were only weakly related to attitudes about animal welfare issues. Two personality factors, sensitivity and imaginativeness, were significantly correlated with attitudes towards animals. Gender and sensitivity explained 25% of the variance in attitudes, with most of the variance accounted for by gender.
Death by Decapitation: A Case Study of the Scientific Definition of Animal Welfare
Authors: Carbone Lawrence G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAssessments of animal experience and consciousness are embedded in all issues of animal welfare policy, and the field of animal welfare science has been developed to make these evaluations. In light of modern studies of the social construction of scientific knowledge, it is surprising how little attention has been paid to date on how crucial evaluations about animals are made. In this paper, I begin to fill that gap by presenting a historical case study of the attempt to define the pain and distress of one common practice in animal research-the use of the tabletop guillotine to decapitate laboratory rodents. I describe the negotiations involved in reaching consensus on the meaning of the available data and caution animal care and use committees that they should always work with the realization that our scientific knowledge of what animals experience is partial and provisional knowledge at best.
Contesting Moral Capital in Campaigns Against Animal Liberation
Authors: Munro Lyle 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article addresses a countermovement to the animal liberation movement and its campaigns against vivisection, factory farming, and recreational hunting in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. As moderate welfarists, pragmatic animal liberationists (Singer 1975), and radical abolitionists who advocate animal rights, animal protectionists campaign for animals. The countermovement defends acts that animal protectionists decry. Meanwhile, sociologists accord little study to interplay between the movements (Meyer & Staggenborg, 1996). In Buechler's and Cylke's collection of 34 papers on social movements (1997), only one paper focused on countermovements, describing the connection between social movement and countermovement as "a continuous dialect of social change" (Mottl, 1980). Although extensive writings exist on the main campaigns of the animal liberation movement, little scholarly material exists on the defenses mounted by the countermovement. This article examines key elements of a values war, a struggle over moral capital waged by animal protectionists and their countermovement opponents.
New Light On the Mahāyāna-Śraddhotpāda Śāstra
Authors: Liebenthal Walter 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe have found allusions to the following texts: I. Pre-Bodhiruci translations. 1. Shih-chu tuan-chieh ching T. 309, trsl. Fo-nien. 2. Śrīmālādevī-simhanāda T. 353, trsl. Gunabhadra. 3. Bodhisattva-bhŪmi T. 1581, trsl. Dharmaksema. 4. Nirvāna SŪtra T. 374, trsl. same. 5. Pratyutpanna-samādhi T. 417, trsl. Lokaksema. 6. Samyuktābhidharma-sāra T. 1552, trsl. Sanghavarman *) II. Bodhiruci translations. I. DaśabhŪmika Sāstra T. 1522, trsl. 511.
Studies in the Grammar of Early Archaic Chinese
Authors: Dobson W.A.C.H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. Wei occurs between formally complete sentences, with equal probability of indicating coordinate or conditioned sequence. (Empirically replaceable without change of reference in LAC by yu or tsê ). 2. Wei introduces Time and Place indications. (Empirically replaceable in EAC without change of reference by tsai ). 3. Wei occurs in delegation of agency. (Empirically EAC "Verb/ Delegating Agent/wei" = LAC "Agent/wei/Agent/Verb"). 4. Wei determines verb for modality "wishing and willing" (cf. subjunctive use of in LAC). 5. Wei occurs as restrictive of nouns, "to the exclusion of all else", only", or verbs "merely", and of post-posited elements via the verb "only" (as also it is preserved unchanged in LAC). 6. Wei occurs as verb "to think of", "ponder over" (cf. szu ) and "to wish for, yearn for" (cf. yüan ) (cf. LAC yi-wei "think of as"). 7. Wei occurs as copula in determinative sentences in regular (A/B), reversed (B/A) and modal forms. (Replaceable by shih in LAC where wei as copula is modal). 8. Wei is polar counterpart of fei "it is not so" contra "it is so"; "it is not because" contra "it is because". (Replaceable by shih in LAC, which does not occur in this usage in EAC). 9. Wei, in cause and consequence sequences, introduces cause, whether cause is distributed as wei/cause/consequence, or consequence/wei/cause, or Agent/wei cause/verb (cf. use of wei in LAC in causal sequences).
T'an-Tz'u andT'an-Tz'u nArratives
Authors: Sung Marina H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study represents a first attempt to draw attention to the existence of two distinct genres within the corpus of texts commonly labelled t'an-tz'u. It is a call for detailed research into the largely overlooked genre of t'an-tz'u narrative. Evidence has been given that formidable confusion concerning these works in verse and prose clouds even present-day scholarship and literary criticism. Clear distinctions exist between the development of t'an-tz'u scripts as they have come down to us within the art of Chinese storytelling, and the narratives by known authors whose conscious embrace of t'an-tz'u form imbued literary works having much in common with Chinese novels with a Dickensian mass-appeal.
A Study of Deuteronomy Based On Statistical Properties of the Text
Authors: Bee Ronald E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPassages amounting to about 40 % of the text of Deuteronomy, scattered throughout the book, have been analysed and divided into units of text, using methods which have been published in Vetus Testamentum and elsewhere. This article lists the units which have thus been identified, together with certain of their statistical properties. One set of units is shown to be derived from a documentary source and the document in question is identified (adapting a well-known theory) with the law book found by Hilkiah in the Temple and adopted by Josiah as the basis of his reform. Units, both oral and written, composed by a later group of authors who were also responsible for the compiling and editing of the book of Deuteronomy as it now exists, are listed. Evidence for the existence of two further oral strata is also presented. The Decalogue of Dt. v is examined and evidence found for the existence of an earlier and shorter form.
The Case of an Immodest Lady Wrestler in Deuteronomy Xxv 11-12
Authors: Eslinger Lyle 
Published: April 2008

Abstract11 When men fight with one another, and the wife of the one draws near to rescue her husband from the hand of him who is beating him, and puts out her hand and seizes him by the private parts, 12 then you shall cut off her hand; your eye shall have no pity (RSV).
Song of Songs Iii 6-7
Authors: Dirksen P.B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAB The Anchor Bible; AT An American Translation (1923, 1951 15); A TD Das Alte Testament Deutsch; BHS Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia (Stuttgart, 1967/77); BKAT Biblischer Kommentar Altes Testament; COT Commentaar op het Oude Testament; BJér La Bible de Jérusalem (Paris, 1973); Buber M. Buber, Die Schrift verdeutscht (Heidelberg, 1980); CBA The Holy Bible, Translated... by Members of the Catholic Biblical Association of America (Paterson, New Jersey, 1955); GB W. Gesenius and F. Buhl, Hebräisches und Aramäisches Handwörterbuch über das Alte Testament (Berlin/Göttingen/Heidelberg, 1949 17); GK W. Gesenius/E. Kautzsch, Hebräische Grammatik (Leipzig, 1896 16) ; GNB Good News Bible (London, 1976); HAT Handbuch zum A lten Testament; HkA T Handkommentar zum Alten Testament; JerB The Jerusalem Bible (London, 1966); KAT Kommentar zum Alten Testament; KB L. Koehler and W. Baumgartner, Lexicon in Veteris Testamenti Libros (Leiden, 1958, 19743); KHkAT Kurzer Handkommentar zum Alten Testament; Moff. J. Moffatt, A New Translation of the Bible (London, 1950); NBE Nueva Biblica Española (Madrid, 1975); NEB The New English Bible (Oxford, 1970); Pl La Bible, Bibliothèque de la Pléiade (1959); NV Nieuwe Vertaling (Amsterdam, 1951); RSV Revised Standard Version (New York, 1952); SB La Sainte Bible, Version Synodale (Paris, 1929 3); SBMar La Sainte Bible. Texte intégral établi par les moines de Maredsous (1977).
Psalm Xxvi: a Test of Method1
Authors: Bellinger W.H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPs. xxvi is a lament, perhaps from a setting of accusation, and yet various persons could easily appropriate the prayer, persons who are part of a community of faith and who face a similar troubling circumstance. The text centers on the "I-Thou" relationship and on the protection Yahweh offers in the face of trouble. I draw the following theological conclusions: 1. In contrast to the death-giving company of evildoers, the I-Thou relationship between worshiper and Yahweh gives life. 2. This relationship has dimensions connected to the renewal found in the worshipping community and to the significant activity of social justice, "integrity" in Ps. xxvi. 3. An honest dialogue of faith nurtures the relationship between worshiper and Yahweh.