bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intranasal Zinc and Anosmia: The Zinc‐Induced Anosmia Syndrome
Authors: Alexander Thomas H. , Davidson Terence M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractObjective: Commercial preparations of intranasal zinc gluconate gel are marketed as a remedy for the common cold. However, intranasal zinc has been reported as a cause of anosmia in humans and animals. Seventeen patients presenting with anosmia after the use of intranasal zinc gluconate are described.Methods: The authors conducted a retrospective case series of patients presenting to a nasal dysfunction clinic and conducted complete history and physical examination on all patients, including nasal endoscopy. All patients underwent detailed odor threshold and identification testing.Results: Threshold and identification testing revealed impaired olfaction in all patients. Inflammatory and traumatic causes of anosmia were excluded based on history, physical examination, and imaging. All patients diagnosed with zinc‐induced anosmia or hyposmia reported sniffing deeply when applying the gel. This was followed by an immediate sensation of burning lasting minutes to hours. Loss of sense of smell was then perceived within 48 hours. Seven of 17 patients never developed symptoms of an upper respiratory infection.Conclusions: The zinc‐induced anosmia syndrome, characterized by squirt, sniff, burn, and anosmia, occurs after the exposure of olfactory epithelium to zinc cation. It can be distinguished from postviral anosmia based on history.
Searching the Literature Using Medical Subject Headings versus Text Word with PubMed
Authors: Chang Angela A. , Heskett Karen M. , Davidson Terence M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis: This study was conducted to investigate the performance of two search strategies in the retrieval of information from the National Library of Medicine (NLM) on otolaryngology–head and neck surgery related conditions and diagnoses using PubMed.Methods: Two search strategies—one based on the use of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and the second based on text word searching—were compared.Results: The MeSH search provided a more efficient search than the text word search.Conclusions: Head and neck surgeons can most efficiently search the NLM using PubMed as a search engine by initiating the search with MeSH terms. Once a key article is identified, the searcher should use the “Related Articles” feature.
Cochlear Preservation After Meningitis: An Animal Model Confirmation of Adjunctive Steroid Therapy
Authors: Addison John , Kim Harold H. , Richter Claus‐Peter 
Published: February 2006

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis: The objective of the present study was to determine whether treating pneumococcal meningitis with a combined antibiotic and steroid regime will prevent cochlear damage, a common pneumococcal meningitis side effect.Study Design: This was a prospective animal study.Methods: Gerbils were randomly assigned to three experimental groups. Animals in group 1, the control animals, received intrathecal saline injections. Animals in groups 2 and 3 received intrathecal injections of Streptococcus pneumoniae to induce meningitis. Although group 2 solely was treated for 7 days with intraperitoneal penicillin injections (48,0000 units), group 3 received, in addition to the antibiotic for 4 days, 0.5 mg/kg intraperitoneal dexamethasone injections. Three months after the meningitis was induced, the animals' cochlear function was determined using auditory brainstem responses (ABRs). Fifteen frequencies were tested, five octaves at three steps per octave between 2 and 50 kHz.Results: ABR thresholds were significantly elevated only in group 2. When compared with group 1, ABR thresholds were 19 dB higher (P < .05). Frequencies at the low‐frequency end of the hearing range were affected more than the midfrequencies. Animals that received dexamethasone had 2‐dB higher thresholds than the control group (P > .05).Conclusions: Dexamethasone therapy in conjunction with antibiotic therapy preserves cochlear function in cases of S. pneumoniae meningitis in the Mongolian gerbil model.
Early Laryngeal Inhalation Injury and its Correlation with Late Sequelae
Authors: Valdez Tulio A. , Desai Urmen , Ruhl Charles M. , Nigri Peter T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractObjective: Inhalation injury can permanently alter normal laryngeal function. The aim of this study was to examine the early changes in voice, swallowing, and breathing in laryngeal inhalation injuries.Study Design: This was a prospective analysis of nine patients with inhalation injuries at a tertiary care institution.Methods: Laryngeal function of patients admitted for inhalation injury requiring intubation was documented using videostroboscopy and swallowing evaluation by the speech pathology service. Bronchoscopy was used to classify the degree of inhalation injury. Association among total body surface area, facial burns, severity of laryngotracheal injuries, and loss of function was attempted.Results: All three patients with severe tracheal inhalation injury presented persistent hoarseness at 1‐year follow up with abnormal videostroboscopy findings. No association was found between inhalation injury and total body surface area burned. None of the patients in this series presented permanent swallowing dysfunction.Conclusion: The otolaryngologist plays an important role in the initial and long‐term management of inhalation injuries. Inhalation injuries should be managed in a multidisciplinary fashion. There may be a correlation between the degree of tracheal injury and laryngeal injury and hoarseness.
Health‐Related Quality of Life after Polypectomy with and without Additional Surgery
Authors: Browne John Patrick , Hopkins Claire , Slack Robert , Topham John , Reeves Barnaby , Lund Valerie , Brown Peter , Copley Lynn , van der Meulen Jan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study was to compare the health‐related quality of life of patients undergoing simple polypectomy with that of patients undergoing polypectomy with additional surgery.Study Design: This was a prospective, multicenter cohort study of adults undergoing sinonasal surgery.Methods: Eight hundred forty‐four patients received simple polypectomy and 1,004 patients received polypectomy with additional surgery. Health‐related quality of life was compared at 12 and 36 months after surgery using the Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22). Total SNOT‐22 scores may range from zero to 110 with lower scores representing better outcomes. We used linear regression to adjust postoperative SNOT‐22 scores for baseline characteristics. When comparing the difference between the two surgical techniques, positive SNOT‐22 scores represent a better outcome for those undergoing additional surgery.Results: There were only small differences between the two groups at 12 months (difference in SNOT‐22 −0.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −2.3–1.3; P = .58) and 36 months after surgery (difference −2.1; 95% CI = −4.4–0.2; P = .08). The additional surgery group had a slightly higher risk of excessive perioperative bleeding (8.6% vs. 6.0%; P = .04) but a slightly lower risk of revision surgery within 36 months (10.4% vs. 13.3%; P = .12).Conclusions: Nasal polypectomy with additional surgery seems to have no benefit over simple polypectomy in terms of health‐related quality of life improvement for patients with nasal polyposis.
Incongruence between Histologic and Endoscopic Diagnoses of Barrett's Esophagus Using Transnasal Esophagoscopy
Authors: Halum Stacey L. , Postma Gregory N. , Bates Dwight D. , Koufman Jamie A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractObjectives: The symptoms, patterns of reflux, and clinical manifestations of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) differ from those of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in many ways. The purposes of this study were to determine the prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in patients with LPR using transnasal esophagoscopy (TNE) and to determine if there is agreement between TNE clinical findings and pathology results when using TNE for Barrett's screening.Study Design: This study involved a retrospective review of the records of 200 consecutive patients with LPR undergoing esophageal screening.Methods: The prevalence of patients with findings clinically suspicious for Barrett's and the biopsy results for those patients were reviewed.Results: Of the 200 patients with LPR who were screened with TNE, 10% (20 of 200) had findings suspicious for Barrett's esophagus, and, of those, only 30% (six of 20) had biopsy‐proven Barrett's metaplasia.Conclusion: Although TNE may be a useful screening tool for Barrett's, there is incongruence between TNE findings and biopsy results, which likely reflects suboptimal biopsy methods with TNE. New biopsy techniques such as the CDx brush biopsy may enhance the sensitivity of TNE biopsies, and future studies are needed in this area.
Assessment of Intraoperative Safety in Transoral Robotic Surgery
Authors: Hockstein Neil G. , O'Malley Bert W. , Weinstein Gregory S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIntroduction: Robotic technology has been safely integrated into thoracic and abdominopelvic surgery, and the early experience has been very promising with very rare complications related to robotic device failure. Recently, several reports have documented the technical feasibility of transoral robotic surgery (TORS) with the daVinci Surgical System. Proposed pharyngeal and laryngeal applications include radical tonsillectomy, base‐of‐tongue resection, supraglottic laryngectomy, and phonomicrosurgery. The safety of transoral placement of the robotic endoscope and instruments has not been established. Potential risks specific to the transoral use of the surgical robot include facial skin laceration, tooth injury, mucosal laceration, mandible fracture, cervical spine fracture, and ocular injury. We hypothesize that these particular risks of transoral surgery are similar with robotic assistance compared with conventional transoral surgery.Methods: To test this hypothesis, we attempted to intentionally injure a human cadaver with the daVinci Surgical System by impaling the facial skin and pharyngeal and laryngeal mucosa with the robotic instruments and endoscope. We also attempted to extract or fracture teeth and fracture the cadaver's mandible and cervical spine by applying maximal pressure and torque with the robotic arms. Experiments were documented with still and video photography.Results: Impaling the cadaver's skin and mucosa resulted in only superficial lacerations. Tooth, mandible, and cervical spine fracture could not be achieved.Conclusions: Initial experiments performing TORS on a human cadaver with the daVinci Surgical System demonstrate a safety profile similar to conventional transoral surgery. Additionally, we discuss several strategies to increase patient safety in TORS.
Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in relapsed or refractory anaplastic large cell lymphoma of children and adolescents – a Berlin–Frankfurt–Münster group report
Authors: Woessmann Willi , Peters Christina , Lenhard Meike , Burkhardt Birgit , Sykora Karl‐Walter , Dilloo Dagmar , Kremens Bernhard , Lang Peter , Führer Monika , Kühne Thomas , Parwaresch Reza , Ebell Wolfram , Reiter Alfred 
Published: February 2006

SummaryPatients with refractory or early relapsed anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) have a poor chance of survival. We report 20 children and adolescents with high‐risk relapsed or refractory ALCL who underwent allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We retrospectively analysed 20 patients who relapsed between December 1991 and April 2003 during (six patients) or soon after first‐line Berlin–Frankfurt–Münster‐type chemotherapy (14 patients) and underwent allogeneic HSCT. Nine patients received allogeneic HSCT after the first relapse and 11 after multiple relapses. Eight patients received their transplants from matched sibling donors, eight from unrelated donors and four from haploidentical family donors. The conditioning regimen was based on total body irradiation in 15 patients. Two patients relapsed after allogeneic HSCT and died. Three patients died of transplant‐related toxicity. Event‐free survival at 3 years after allogeneic transplant was 75 ± 10%. There was no influence of donor type or conditioning regimen on outcome. Two of six patients with progressive disease during frontline therapy survived compared with 13/14 patients with a first relapse after frontline therapy. Two of three patients who were transplanted with active lymphoma and all five patients who received allogeneic HSCT for relapse following autologous HSCT survived disease‐free. Allogeneic HSCT is effective and has acceptable toxicity as rescue therapy for high‐risk ALCL relapse. It even offers cure for patients refractory to chemotherapy, suggesting a graft‐versus‐ALCL effect.
Gene expression profiles underlying alternative caste phenotypes in a highly eusocial bee, Melipona quadrifasciata
Authors: Judice C. C. , Carazzole M. F. , Festa F. , Sogayar M. C. , Hartfelder K. , Pereira G. A. G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTo evaluate caste‐biased gene expression in Melipona quadrifasciata, a stingless bee, we generated 1278 ESTs using Representational Difference Analysis. Most annotated sequences were similar to honey bee genes of unknown function. Only few queen‐biased sequences had their putative function assigned by sequence comparison, contrasting with the worker‐biased ESTs. The expression of six annotated genes connected to caste specificity was validated by real time PCR. Interestingly, queens that were developmentally induced by treatment with a juvenile hormone analogue displayed an expression profile clearly different from natural queens for this set of genes. In summary, this study represents an important first step in applying a comparative genomic approach to queen/worker polyphenism in the bee.
Evolution of spider silks: conservation and diversification of the C‐terminus
Authors: Challis R. J. , Goodacre S. L. , Hewitt G. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAnalysis of DNA sequences coding for the C‐terminus of spider silk proteins from a range of spiders suggests that many silk C‐termini share a common origin, and that their physical properties have been highly conserved over several hundred million years. These physical properties are compatible with roles in protein synthesis, silk function and in recruiting accessory proteins. Phylogenetic relationships among different silk genes suggest that any recombination has been insufficient to homogenize the different types of silk gene, which appear to have evolved independently of one another. The types of nucleotide substitutions that have occurred suggest that selection may have operated differently in the various silk lineages. Amino acid sequences of flagelliform silk C‐termini differ substantially from the other types of spider silk studied, but they are expected to have very similar physical properties and may perform a similar function.
Use of two transcription starts in the G6PD gene of the bark beetle Ips typographus
Authors: Doleželová E. , Žurovec M. , Böhmová M. , Sehnal F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe enzyme glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) of the bark beetle Ips typographus is derived from a gene that includes eight exons and spans over 7100 nucleotides (nt). By means of two transcription starts, the gene generates two mRNA isoforms that are present in similar amounts in the larvae, pupae and adults. The A isoform includes exon IA of 115 nt, which is followed by intron 1a extending to position 3457 of the gene. The B mRNA isoform begins with exon IB (100 nt) that occupies positions 3291–3390 within the 1a intron. Exons II to VII are included in both mRNA isoforms. The gene contains 31.6% (36.5% in the translated region) of the GC nucleotides. Two transcription starts and the exon/intron organization distinguish bark beetle G6PD from the homologous genes known in other insects. Two enzyme variants were detected in the protein extracts of individual bark beetles but their relationship to the A and B mRNA isoforms is uncertain.
A novel guanylyl cyclase receptor, BdmGC‐1, is highly expressed during the development of the oriental fruit flyBactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)
Authors: Chang J.‐C. , Yang R.‐B. , Chen Y.‐H. , Lu K.‐H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA novel receptor guanylyl cyclase (GC) has been identified from the oriental fruit flyBactrocera dorsalis(Hendel) and has been designated BdmGC‐1. Protein domain analysis revealed that BdmGC‐1 possesses a characteristic domain organization similar to all known receptor GCs but with a unique carboxyl‐terminal extension. When overexpressed in 293T cells, BdmGC‐1 manifests as a cell‐surface glycoprotein with a marked cGMP‐generating activity but is unresponsive to all ligands known to activate mammalian receptor GCs. BdmGC‐1 mRNAs were highly expressed during development but had low or no expression in adult tissues. On the basis of its unique sequence and distinct developmental expression pattern, BdmGC‐1 represents a novel receptor GC that may play a critical role during the development ofB. dorsalis.
Distribution and prevalence of Wolbachia in introduced populations of the fire ant Solenopsis invicta
Authors: Bouwma A. M. , Ahrens M. E. , DeHeer C. J. , DeWayne Shoemaker D. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract Wolbachia are intracellular bacteria that induce phenotypic effects in many arthropod hosts to enhance their own transmission within host populations. Wolbachia commonly infect the Red Imported Fire Ant, Solenopsis invicta, in native South American populations. A previous study failed to detect Wolbachia in fire ants from the introduced range in the USA. We conducted an extensive study of individuals collected from 1157 nests from 10 widespread geographical populations in the USA. Wolbachia were detected in ants from two nearby populations in southern Mississippi, with different variants (wsp gene sequences) infecting ants from colonies of the multiple‐queen (polygyne) vs. single‐queen (monogyne) social forms. The parsimonious explanation for the presence of Wolbachia in introduced S. invicta is that there have been one or more recent introductions of Wolbachia‐infected fire ants into the southern USA.
Nur, a nickel‐responsive regulator of the Fur family, regulates superoxide dismutases and nickel transport in Streptomyces coelicolor
Authors: Ahn Bo‐Eun , Cha Joonseok , Lee Eun‐Jin , Han Ah‐Reum , Thompson Charles J. , Roe Jung‐Hye 
Published: February 2006

SummaryNickel serves as a cofactor for various microbial enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD) found in Streptomyces spp. In Streptomyces coelicolor, nickel represses and induces production of Fe‐containing and Ni‐containing SODs, respectively, primarily at the transcriptional level. We identified the nickel‐responsive regulator (Nur), a Fur (ferric‐uptake regulator) homologue, which binds to the promoter region of the sodF gene encoding FeSOD in the presence of nickel. Disruption of the nur gene caused constitutive expression of FeSOD and no induction of NiSOD in the presence of nickel. The intracellular level of nickel was higher in a Δnur mutant than in the wild type, suggesting that Nur also regulates nickel uptake in S. coelicolor. A putative nickel‐transporter gene cluster (nikABCDE) was identified in the genome database. Its transcription was negatively regulated by Nur in the presence of nickel. Purified Nur protein bound to the nikA promoter region in a nickel‐dependent way. These results support the action of Nur as a regulator of nickel homeostasis and antioxidative response in S. coelicolor, and add a novel nickel‐responsive member to the list of versatile metal‐specific regulators of the Fur family.
Cyclicity in the nearshore marine to coastal, Lower Permian, Pebbley Beach Formation, southern Sydney Basin, Australia: a record of relative sea‐level fluctuations at the close of the Late Palaeozoic Gondwanan ice age
Authors: FIELDING CHRISTOPHER R. , BANN KERRIE L. , MACEACHERN JAMES A. , TYE STUART C. , JONES BRIAN G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Lower Permian (Artinskian to Sakmarian) Pebbley Beach Formation (PBF) of the southernmost Sydney Basin in New South Wales, Australia, records sediment accumulation in shallow marine to coastal environments at the close of the Late Palaeozoic Gondwanan ice age. This paper presents a sequence stratigraphic re‐evaluation of the upper half of the unit based on the integration of sedimentology and ichnology. Ten facies are recognized, separated into two facies associations. Facies Association A (seven facies) comprises variably bioturbated siltstones and sandstones with marine body fossils, interpreted as recording sediment accumulation in open marine environments ranging from lower offshore to middle shoreface water depths. Evidence of deltaic influence is seen in several Association A facies. Facies Association B (three facies) comprises mainly heterolithic, interlaminated and thinly interbedded sandstone and siltstone with some thicker intervals of dark grey, organic‐rich mudstone, some units clearly filling incised channel forms. These facies are interpreted as the deposits of estuarine channels and basins. Throughout the upper half of the formation, erosion surfaces with several metres relief abruptly separate open marine facies of Association A (below) from estuarine facies of Association B (above). Vertical facies changes imply significant basinward shift of environment across these surfaces, and lowering of relative sea level in the order of 50 m. These surfaces can be traced over several kilometres along depositional strike, and are defined as sequence boundaries. On this basis, at least nine sequences have been recognized in the upper half of the formation, each of which is < 10 m thick, condensed, incomplete and top‐truncated. Sequences contain little if any record of the lowstand systems tract, a more substantial transgressive systems tract and a highstand systems tract that is erosionally truncated (or in some cases, missing). This distinctive stacking pattern (which suggests a dominance of retrogradation and progradation over aggradation) and the implied relative sea‐level drop across sequence boundaries of tens of metres are remarkably similar to some other studies of continental margin successions formed under the Neogene icehouse climatic regime. Accordingly, it is suggested that the stratigraphic architecture of the PBF was a result of an Icehouse climate regime characterized by repeated, high‐amplitude cycles of relative sea‐level change.
Data depth, data completeness, and their influence on quantitative genetic estimation in two contrasting bird populations
Authors: Quinn J. L. , Charmantier A. , Garant D. , Sheldon B. C. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Evolutionary biologists increasingly use pedigree-based quantitative genetic methods to address questions about the evolutionary dynamics of traits in wild populations. In many cases, phenotypic data may have been collected only for recent parts of the study. How does this influence the performance of the models used to analyse these data? Here we explore how data depth (number of years) and completeness (number of observations) influence estimates of genetic variance and covariance within the context of an existing pedigree. Using long-term data from the great tit Parus major and the mute swan Cygnus olor, species with different life-histories, we examined the effect of manipulating the amount of data included on quantitative genetic parameter estimates. Manipulating data depth and completeness had little influence on estimated genetic variances, heritabilities, or genetic correlations, but (as expected) did influence confidence in these estimates. Estimated breeding values in the great tit were not influenced by data depth but were in the mute swan, probably because of differences in pedigree structure. Our analyses suggest the ‘rule of thumb’ that data from 3 years and a minimum of 100 individuals per year are needed to estimate genetic parameters with acceptable confidence, and that using pedigree data is worthwhile, even if phenotypes are only available toward the tips of the pedigree.