bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends of Abdominal Adiposity in White, Black, and Mexican‐American Adults, 1988 to 2000
Authors: Okosun Ike S. , Choi Simon T. , Boltri John M. , Parish David C. , Chandra K.M. Dinesh , Dever G.E. Alan , Lucas Amy 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To describe changes in the distribution of waist circumference (WC) and abdominal obesity (AO) in white, black, and Mexican‐American adults from 1988 through 2000.Research Methods and Procedures: Nationally representative cross‐sectional surveys of adults 20 to 79 years of age were examined using data from U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys of 1988 to 1994 and 1999 to 2000. AO was defined as WC ≥102 cm in men and ≥88 cm in women.Results: There was a gradient of increasing WC and AO with increasing age in both study periods in whites and blacks. In men, the average increase between the study periods in overall WC in whites, blacks, and Mexican Americans were 3, 3.3, and 3.4 cm, respectively. The corresponding values in women were 2.4, 5.3, and 3.7 cm, respectively. In men, the percentage change in prevalence of AO between 1988 and 2000 ranged from 5.5% in Mexican‐American men to 8.2% in white men. In women, there was a 1.7% decrease in AO in Mexican Americans, whereas there was an increase of 6.3% for whites and 7% for blacks.Discussion: Despite increased understanding of the need for screening and treatment for obesity, this study indicates increasing prevalence of AO in white and black Americans. Without concerted effort to reduce the prevalence of overall obesity, the increasing prevalence of AO is likely to lead to increased prevalence of metabolic syndromes in the United States. Our results highlight the need to design evidence‐based programs that show promise for long‐term health behavior changes to facilitate the prevention of AO and related comorbidities.
Impact of Objective and Subjective Social Status on Obesity in a Biracial Cohort of Adolescents
Authors: Goodman Elizabeth , Adler Nancy E. , Daniels Stephen R. , Morrison John A. , Slap Gail B. , Dolan Lawrence M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To characterize the associations between socioeconomic status (SES), two levels of subjective social status (SSS), and adolescent obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: Cross‐sectional study of 1491 black and white adolescents attending public school in a suburban school district in Greater Cincinnati, Ohio. BMI ≥95th percentile derived from measured height and weight defined overweight. Students rated SSS on separate 10‐point scales for society and school. A parent provided information on parent education and household income for SES.Results: Although there were no sex differences in SES, black students were more likely to come from families with less well‐educated parents and lower incomes (p < 0.001). Black girls had the lowest societal SSS (p = 0.003), lowest school SSS (p = 0.046), and highest BMI (p < 0.001). Prevalence of overweight was highest among black girls (26.0%) and boys (26.2%), intermediate for white boys (17.2%), and least for white girls (11.6%). Logistic regression modeling revealed that parent education, household income, and school SSS were each associated with overweight. In a fully adjusted model, school SSS retained its association to overweight (odds ratio, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.06, 1.26) independent of SES. The association of school SSS was strongest among white girls, intermediate for white and black boys, and absent for black girls.Discussion: Perceptions of social stratification are independently associated with overweight. There were important racial and sex differences in the social status‐overweight association. SSS in the more immediate, local reference group, the school, had the strongest association to overweight.
Relationship among Habitual Tea Consumption, Percent Body Fat, and Body Fat Distribution
Authors: Wu Chih‐Hsing , Lu Feng‐Hwa , Chang Chin‐Song , Chang Tsui‐Chen , Wang Ru‐Hsueh , Chang Chih‐Jen 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To disclose the possible relationship between habitual tea consumption and changes in total body fat and fat distribution in humans.Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional survey of 1210 epidemiologically sampled adults (569 men and 641 women) were enrolled in our study. Tea consumption and other lifestyle characteristics were obtained by structured questionnaires. Percent body fat (BF%) was measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Body fat distribution was assessed using waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR).Results: Among the 1103 analyzed subjects, 473 adults (42.9%) consumed tea once or more per week for at least 6 months. The habitual tea drinkers were male‐dominant, more frequently current smokers, and alcohol or coffee drinkers than the nonhabitual tea drinkers. Habitual tea drinkers for more than 10 years showed a 19.6% reduction in BF% and a 2.1% reduction in WHR compared with nonhabitual tea drinkers. The multiple stepwise regression models revealed that men, older age, higher BMI, and current smokers were positive factors for BF% and WHR. In contrast, longer duration of habitual tea consumption and higher total physical activity were negative factors for BF%. Longer duration of habitual tea consumption, higher socioeconomic status, and premenopausal status were negative factors for WHR.Discussion: An inverse relationship may exist among habitual tea consumption, BF%, and body fat distribution, especially for subjects who have maintained the habit of tea consumption for more than 10 years.
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Does Not Improve Insulin Tolerance in Mice*
Authors: Hargrave Kimberly M. , Azain Michael J. , Kachman Stephen D. , Miner Jess L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine if the addition or removal of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) would alter insulin tolerances in mice from two genetic lines.Research Methods and Procedures: High metabolic rate (MH) and low metabolic rate (ML) mice were assigned to consume 1) a control diet ad libitum, 2) a control diet at a restricted intake, or 3) a diet containing 1% CLA ad libitum. After 9 weeks, an insulin tolerance test was conducted, and a portion of the mice were killed. All remaining mice consumed the control diet ad libitum. Insulin tolerance tests were conducted 11 and 32 days after the diet change, and mice were killed 3 days after each test. Body fatness, fat pad weights, and serum insulin concentrations of mice were determined at each time‐point. Two follow‐up experiments were also conducted.Results: Restricted mice had insulin sensitivities not different than control mice. CLA‐fed MH mice in experiment 1 were resistant (p < 0.001) to insulin on each day measured. CLA‐fed ML mice were slightly resistant (p = 0.08) to exogenous insulin on day 0 of recovery and not different from control mice on day 11 or 32. Glucose response to insulin in MH mice fed CLA in experiments 2 or 3 did not differ from control mice.Discussion: Mice fed CLA did not have improved insulin tolerances compared with control mice. In some cases, dietary CLA may cause insulin resistance. MH mice seem more sensitive to CLA than ML mice.
Effect of Sibutramine on Weight Loss and Blood Pressure: A Meta‐analysis of Controlled Trials
Authors: Kim Su Hyun , Lee Young Mee , Jee Sun Ha , Nam Chung Mo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Sibutramine causes weight loss by suppressing the appetite and by promoting energy expenditure, but it can also increase blood pressure through a norepinephrine effect. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive meta‐analysis of randomized, controlled trials on the effects of sibutramine on blood pressure and weight loss.Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐one placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, randomized trials of sibutramine were identified using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and a manual search. The effect sizes of sibutramine on weight and systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure changes were estimated. Subgroup analyses were undertaken to explore the relationship between effect sizes and the study characteristics.Results: The effect size of sibutramine on weight change was −1.00 (−1.17 to −0.84), whereas the effect sizes on SBP and DBP changes were 0.16 (0.08 to 0.24) and 0.26 (0.18 to 0.33), respectively. By subgroup analysis, the effect sizes on weight loss were significantly larger when the dosage was ≥15 mg. The effect sizes on increased SBP were significantly larger when the initial body weight was ≥92 kg and the age was <44 years; similarly, the effect sizes on increased DBP were significantly larger when the initial weight was ≥92 kg.Discussion: Sibutramine showed a large effect on weight loss. Because blood pressure was found to be increased slightly, but significantly, sibutramine should be used cautiously in patients with borderline or high blood pressure. Additional studies on its effect on blood pressure are needed.
What's in a Name? Patients’ Preferred Terms for Describing Obesity
Authors: Wadden Thomas A. , Didie Elizabeth 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the terms that obese individuals find undesirable or desirable for their doctors to use to describe excess weight of 27.3 kg (i.e., 50 lb) or more.Research Methods and Procedures: The study surveyed 167 women and 52 men with a mean BMI of 35.3 and 35.1 kg/m2, respectively, who participated in one of two randomized trials on the treatment of obesity. An additional sample consisted of 105 extremely obese women (i.e., mean BMI of 52.5 kg/m2) who sought bariatric surgery. Patients rated the desirability of 11 terms used to describe excess weight. Ratings were made on five‐point scales, ranging from very desirable (+2) to neutral (0) to very undesirable (−2).Results: Obese women (N = 167) rated as undesirable to very undesirable the terms fatness (mean rating = −1.8), excess fat (−1.4), obesity (−1.4), and large size (−1.3). These four terms were rated as significantly more (all p ≤ 0.001) undesirable than the seven remaining descriptors, which included weight, heaviness, BMI, excess weight, unhealthy body weight, weight problem, and unhealthy BMI. The term weight received a mean rating of 1.1, a value significantly more (all p ≤ 0.001) desirable than that for all other descriptors. Highly similar ratings of the terms were provided by obese men (N = 52) and extremely obese women (N = 105).Discussion: Practitioners may wish to avoid the use of potentially derogatory terms such as fatness and obesity when broaching the topic of weight management with patients.
An Objective Method for Measurement of Sedentary Behavior in 3‐ to 4‐Year Olds
Authors: Reilly John J. , Coyle Jennifer , Kelly Louise , Burke Genevieve , Grant Stanley , Paton James Y. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To test the ability of accelerometry to quantify sedentary behavior in 3‐ to 4‐year‐old children.Research Methods and Procedures: We developed a cut‐off for accelerometry output (validation study) in 30 healthy 3 to 4 year olds, which provided highest sensitivity and specificity for the detection of sedentary behavior relative to a criterion method of measurement, direct observation using the children's physical activity form. We then cross‐validated the cut‐off in an independent sample of healthy 3 to 4 year olds (n = 52).Results: In the validation study, optimal sensitivity and specificity for the detection of sedentary behavior were obtained at an accelerometry output cut‐off of <1100 counts/min. In the cross‐validation, sensitivity was 83%: 438/528 inactive minutes were correctly classified. Specificity was 82%: 1251/1526 noninactive minutes were correctly classified using this cut‐off.Discussion: Sedentary behavior can be quantified objectively in young children using accelerometry. This new technique could be considered for a wide variety of applications in the etiology, prevention, and treatment of childhood obesity.
Labor Saved, Calories Lost: The Energetic Impact of Domestic Labor‐saving Devices
Authors: Lanningham‐Foster Lorraine , Nysse Lana J. , Levine James A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: As the prevalence of obesity has increased, so has sedentariness. Progressive sedentariness has been attributed to greater use of labor saving devices, such as washing machines, and less nonexercise walking (e.g., walking to work). However, there is a paucity of data to support this conclusion. In this study, we address the hypothesis that domestic mechanization of daily tasks has resulted in less energy expenditure compared with performing the same tasks manually.Research Methods and Procedures: Energy expenditure was measured in four groups of subjects (122 healthy adult men and women total) from Rochester, Minnesota. Energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry while subjects performed structured tasks such as cleaning dishes and clothes, stair climbing, and work‐associated transportation, and these values were compared with the respective mechanized activity.Results: Energy expenditure was significantly greater and numerically substantial when daily domestic tasks were performed without the aid of machines or equipment (clothes washing: 45 ± 14 vs. 27 ± 9 kcal/d; dish washing: 80 ± 28 vs. 54 ± 19 kcal/d; transportation to work: 83 ± 17 vs. 25 ± 3 kcal/d; stair climbing: 11 ± 7 vs. 3 ± 1 kcal/d; p < 0.05). The combined impact of domestic mechanization was substantial and equaled 111 kcal/d.Discussion: The magnitude of the energetic impact of the mechanized tasks we studied was sufficiently great to contribute to the positive energy balance associated with weight gain. Efforts focused on reversing sedentariness have the potential to impact obesity.
Impact of Weight Loss and Regain on Quality of Life: Mirror Image or Differential Effect?
Authors: Engel Scott G. , Crosby Ross D. , Kolotkin Ronette L. , Hartley Guilford G. , Williams G. Rhys , Wonderlich Stephen A. , Mitchell James E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To compare the impact of weight regain and weight loss on health‐related quality of life.Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects were 122 (106 women, 16 men) overweight and obese participants in a weight reduction program (phentermine‐fenfluramine and dietary counseling) who had initially lost at least 5% of their total body weight and then regained at least 5% of their weight during the follow‐up period. Follow‐up periods ranged from 10 to 41 months (mean, 28 months). Participants completed the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life‐Lite, an obesity‐specific health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) measure, at 3‐month intervals.Results: Mean BMI at baseline was 40.9 ± 6.6 kg/m2 (range, 29.2 to 63.7 kg/m2). Average weight loss from entry was 18.8 ± 6.7% (range, 6.0% to 43.7%), and average regain was 10.1 ±4.4% of baseline weight (range, 5.0% to 30.6%). The effects of weight regain on HRQOL mirrored the effects of weight loss—rates of HRQOL change were similar in magnitude but different in direction for comparable weight loss and regain. Those with more severe initial impairments in HRQOL experienced greater improvements in HRQOL during weight loss as well as greater deterioration during weight regain than those with less severe impairments.Discussion: Weight loss and regain produced mirror image changes in HRQOL. The initial severity of HRQOL impairment had a greater impact on the magnitude of HRQOL change than the direction of weight change. Findings underscore the importance of maintaining weight loss for the purposes of retaining obesity‐specific HRQOL benefits.
Endothelial Dysfunction in Obesity and Insulin Resistance: A Road to Diabetes and Heart Disease
Authors: Caballero A. Enrique 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction closely coexist throughout the natural history of type 2 diabetes. They all can be identified not only in people with type 2 diabetes, but also in various groups at risk for the disease, such as individuals with impaired glucose tolerance, family history of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, prior gestational diabetes, or polycystic ovary syndrome. Whereas their evident association cannot fully establish a cause‐effect relationship, fascinating mechanisms that bring them closer together than ever before are rapidly emerging. Central or abdominal obesity leads to insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction through fat‐derived metabolic products, hormones, and cytokines. Insulin resistance leads to endothelial dysfunction through the frequent association with traditional cardiovascular risk factors and through some more direct novel mechanisms. Some specific and shared insulin signaling abnormalities in muscle, fat, and endothelial cells, as well as some new genetic and nontraditional factors, may contribute to this interesting association. Some recent clinical studies demonstrate that nonpharmacological and pharmacological strategies targeting obesity and/or insulin resistance ameliorate endothelial function and low‐grade inflammation. All these findings have added a new dimension to the association of obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction that may become a key target in the prevention of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Economic Analysis of a School‐Based Obesity Prevention Program
Authors: Wang Li Yan , Yang Quanhe , Lowry Richard , Wechsler Howell 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the cost‐effectiveness and cost‐benefit of Planet Health, a school‐based intervention designed to reduce obesity in youth of middle‐school age children.Research Methods and Procedures: Standard cost‐effectiveness analysis methods and a societal perspective were used in this study. Three categories of costs were measured: intervention costs, medical care costs associated with adulthood overweight, and costs of productivity loss associated with adulthood overweight. Health outcome was measured as cases of adulthood overweight prevented and quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) saved. Cost‐effectiveness ratio was measured as the ratio of net intervention costs to the total number of QALYs saved, and net‐benefit was measured as costs averted by the intervention minus program costs.Results: Under base‐case assumptions, at an intervention cost of $33, 677 or $14 per student per year, the program would prevent an estimated 1.9% of the female students (5.8 of 310) from becoming overweight adults. As a result, an estimated 4.1 QALYs would be saved by the program, and society could expect to save an estimated $15, 887 in medical care costs and $25, 104 in loss of productivity costs. These findings translated to a cost of $4305 per QALY saved and a net saving of $7313 to society. Results remained cost‐effective under all scenarios considered and remained cost‐saving under most scenarios.Discussion: The Planet Health program is cost‐effective and cost‐saving as implemented. School‐based prevention programs of this type are likely to be cost‐effective uses of public funds and warrant careful consideration by policy makers and program planners.
Inflammation Markers Predict Increased Weight Gain in Smoking Quitters
Authors: Duncan Bruce B. , Schmidt Maria Inês , Chambless Lloyd E. , Folsom Aaron R. , Heiss Gerardo ,   Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Investigators
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Undesirable weight gain often follows smoking cessation. We investigated whether weight gain after smoking cessation is greater in those with higher levels of inflammatory markers.Research Methods and Procedures: We studied weight gain and risk of a large gain (≥90th percentile) over 3 years in a cohort study of 11, 687 U.S. men and women, 45 to 64 years old, with focus on the 2664 who continued and the 493 who quit smoking.Results: Among new quitters, adjusted weight gain for those in the highest (vs. lowest) quartile of leukocytes was 0.56 kg/yr more (95% confidence interval, 0.17 to 0.95); for those in the highest (vs. lowest) quartile of fibrinogen, 0.60 kg/yr more (95% confidence interval, 0.27 to 0.92; p = 0.02 and 0.001 for adjusted smoking status by leukocyte and smoking status by fibrinogen interaction terms, respectively). In adjusted analyses, the odds ratio for a large gain associated with quitting (vs. continuing) was 6.2 for those in the highest quartile of leukocytes vs. 2.2 for those in the lowest leukocyte quartile (p = 0.03 for smoking status by inflammatory marker interaction). Similarly, the odds ratio for a large gain associated with quitting was 4.5 in the highest fibrinogen quartile vs. 2.5 in the lowest (p = 0. 09 for the interaction term).Discussion: Weight gain after smoking cessation is increased in those with higher baseline levels of leukocytes and fibrinogen. These findings suggest a close relationship between inflammatory mediators and regulators of energy balance that may have important clinical implications.
Leptin Expression in Hypothalamic PVN Reverses Dietary Obesity and Hyperinsulinemia but Stimulates Ghrelin*
Authors: Bagnasco Michela , Dube Michael G. , Katz Adi , Kalra Pushpa S. , Kalra Satya P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: In order to circumvent the multiple peripheral effects of hyperleptinemia and leptin resistance, the efficacy of leptin transgene expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) to reinstate the central energy homeostasis in obesity was examined.Research Methods and Procedures: A recombinant adeno‐associated viral vector encoding either leptin (rAAV‐lep) or green fluorescent protein (rAAV‐GFP) was microinjected into the PVN of obesity‐prone rats consuming a high‐fat diet (HFD).Results: rAAV‐lep, and not rAAV‐GFP, microinjection significantly reduced energy intake and enhanced energy expenditure, thereby resulting in normalization of weight and blood levels of leptin, insulin, free fatty acids, and glucose concomitant with enhanced ghrelin secretion during the extended period of observation.Discussion: Thus, we show, for the first time, that amelioration of leptin insufficiency with enhanced localized leptin availability in the PVN alone can reverse dietary obesity and the attendant hyperinsulinemia and concurrently block the central stimulatory effects of elevated endogenous ghrelin on food intake and adiposity.
Comparison of Hologic QDR‐1000/W and 4500W DXA Scanners in 13‐ to 18‐Year Olds
Authors: Litaker Mark S. , Barbeau Paule , Humphries Matthew C. , Gutin Bernard 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Body composition measurements made using Hologic QDR‐1000/W pencil‐beam and QDR‐4500W fan‐beam scanners (Bedford, MA) were compared in a sample of 13‐ to 18‐year‐old white and black youth (n = 219).Research Methods and Procedures: Total fat (FAT), fat‐free soft tissue (FFST), bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and percent body fat (%BF) were compared between repeated measurements using the QDR‐4500 and between the two scanners using mixed model ANOVA. Intraclass correlation coefficients and Bland‐Altman limits of agreement were used to evaluate inter‐ and intrascanner reliability.Results: Intraclass correlation coefficients for repeated measurements using the QDR‐4500 ranged from 0.997 to 0.999 for FAT, %BF, FFST, and BMC and 0.987 for BMD. Mean measurements made using the two scanners differed significantly for FAT, %BF, BMC, and BMD (p < 0.0001), and scan by sex interactions were significant (all p < 0.0005). There were no significant differences in mean measurements between repeat scans using the QDR‐4500 (all p > 0.19). Limits of agreement for measurements of FAT, FFST, and %BF made using the two scanners were approximately three times as wide as those for two measurements using the QDR‐4500. For lower values of FAT and %BF, the QDR‐4500 gave higher measurements than the QDR‐1000, whereas at higher values, this relationship was reversed. The QDR‐1000 tended to give higher BMC measurements, with larger differences for higher values.Discussion: Using different models of DXA scanners within a study may reduce precision of body composition measurement. This issue needs to be considered in the design of longitudinal studies.