bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the mechanism of lubrication in starch–oil composite dry film lubricants
Authors: Biresaw G. , Kenar J. A. , Kurth T. L. , Felker F. C. , Erhan S. M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe boundary coefficient of friction (COF) of starch–oil composite dry film lubricants was investigated as a function of starch type (waxy vs. normal purified food grade corn starch), oil chemistry (hexadecane vs. oleic acid and various vegetable oils), and starch‐to‐oil ratio. Based on the results, a mechanism of starch–oil interaction in these composites was proposed. According to the proposed mechanism: (a) the oil in the composite is distributed between the bulk and the surface of the starch; and (b) the fraction of the oil trapped in the bulk and that adsorbed on the surface are related to each other by an equilibrium constant, and are functions of the total oil concentration in the composite. In line with the proposed mechanism, an adsorption model was used to quantify the free energy of adsorption (ΔGads) of the polar oils onto the starch surface. The analysis gave ΔGads values that were higher than those reported for the adsorption of the same polar oils onto steel surfaces. This result is consistent with the effect of the relative surface energies of steel and starch on the adsorption of polar oils. The adsorption property of the non‐polar hexadecane relative to the polar oils was estimated by comparing their interfacial tensions with starch. The result showed a higher interfacial tension for hexadecane–starch than that for the polar oil–starch composites. This result predicts a relatively poorer compatibility with, and, hence, poorer adsorption of hexadecane onto starch leading to higher COF, as was observed in the friction measurements. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Camptocormia induced by atypical antipsychotics and resolved by electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Vela Lydia , Jiménez Morón Diego , Sánchez Carmen , Pareja Juan Antonio , Barón Manuel 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe present a depressive patient who developed mild parkinsonian signs and camptocormia after the introduction of olanzapine. She had been treated before with other antipsychotic drugs. When camptocormia was diagnosed, olanzapine was withdrawn and levodopa was introduced. Depressive symptoms got worse and electroconvulsive therapy was tried. When the treatment was completed, her depression substantially improved and her posture became completely upright. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Denoising of complex MRI data by wavelet‐domain filtering: Application to high‐b‐value diffusion‐weighted imaging
Authors: Wirestam Ronnie , Bibic Adnan , Lätt Jimmy , Brockstedt Sara , Ståhlberg Freddy 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe Rician distribution of noise in magnitude magnetic resonance (MR) images is particularly problematic in low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) regions. The Rician noise distribution causes a nonzero minimum signal in the image, which is often referred to as the rectified noise floor. True low signal is likely to be concealed in the noise, and quantification is severely hampered in low‐SNR regions. To address this problem we performed noise reduction (or denoising) by Wiener‐like filtering in the wavelet domain. The filtering was applied to complex MRI data before construction of the magnitude image. The noise‐reduction algorithm was applied to simulated and experimental diffusion‐weighted (DW) images. Denoising considerably reduced the signal standard deviation (SD, by up to 87% in simulated images) and decreased the background noise floor (by approximately a factor of 6 in simulated and experimental images). Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonlinear phase correction of navigated multi‐coil diffusion images
Authors: Atkinson David , Counsell Serena , Hajnal Joseph V. , Batchelor Philip G. , Hill Derek L.G. , Larkman David J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCardiac pulsatility causes a nonrigid motion of the brain. In multi‐shot diffusion imaging this leads to spatially varying phase changes that must be corrected. A conjugate gradient based reconstruction is presented that includes phase changes measured using two‐dimensional navigator echoes, coil sensitivity information, navigator‐determined weightings, and data from multiple coils and averages.A multi‐shot echo planar sequence was used to image brain regions where pulsatile motion is not uniform. Reduced susceptibility artifacts were observed compared to a clinical single‐shot sequence. In a higher slice, fiber directions derived from single‐shot data show distortions from anatomical scans by as much as 7 mm compared to less than 2 mm for our multi‐shot reconstructions. The reduced distortions imply that phase encoding can be applied in the shorter left–right direction, enabling time savings through the use of a rectangular field of view. Higher resolution diffusion imaging in the spine permits visualization of a nerve root. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of the maturity and functionality of tumor vasculature by MRI: Correlation between BOLD‐MRI and DCE‐MRI using P792 in experimental fibrosarcoma tumors
Authors: Baudelet Christine , Cron Gregory O. , Gallez Bernard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractUsing hypercapnia and carbogen as functional markers of vessel maturation and function, we compared blood oxygen level‐dependent (BOLD) contrast with standard dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE)‐MRI quantitative parameters in murine fibrosarcoma. Our results show that there was no correlation between vessel maturity and contrast‐agent uptake rate (KinTrans) or contrast agent efflux rate (kep). In addition, DCE‐MRI provided higher estimates of the fraction of functional tumor compared to BOLD‐MRI. The two putative markers of regional vascular density, i.e., the magnitude of BOLD signal change during carbogen challenge (VF) and the fractional plasma volume found by DCE‐MRI (Vp), were only weakly correlated (r2 = 0.02–0.14). Furthermore, VF showed no correlation with KinTrans. A positive correlation was observed (r2 = 0.75) between mean tumor VF and kep, but only when averaged over the whole tumor (which includes tumor regions completely unperfused by the gadolinium (Gd) contrast agent). This would merely reveal a relationship between perfusion status and the capacity to respond to carbogen breathing. In conclusion, characterizations of tumor microvasculature imaging using BOLD‐MRI and DCE‐MRI appear to be largely complementary, given the weak correlations between their corresponding derived parameters. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dual vessel arterial spin labeling scheme for regional perfusion imaging
Authors: Zimine Ivan , Petersen Esben Thade , Golay Xavier 
Published: September 2006

AbstractRegional perfusion imaging (RPI) based on pulsed arterial spin labeling and angulated inversion slabs has been recently proposed. The technique allows mapping of individual brain perfusion territories of the major feeding arteries and could become a valuable clinical tool for evaluation of patients with cerebrovascular diseases. Here we propose a new labeling scheme for RPI where lateral and posterior circulations are labeled simultaneously. Two scans instead of three are sufficient to obtain the same perfusion territories as in the original approach, allowing for a 33% reduction in the total RPI protocol time. Moreover, the position of the inversion slabs with respect to vascular anatomy facilitates the planning and allows potentially better labeling efficiency. The new approach was tested on seven healthy volunteers and compared to the original labeling scheme. The results showed that the same perfusion territories and regional CBF values can be obtained. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bladder sensation in peripheral nerve lesions
Authors: Yamaguchi Chiharu , Sakakibara Ryuji , Uchiyama Tomoyuki , Liu Zhi , Yamamoto Tatsuya , Ito Takashi , Awa Yusuke , Yamamoto Kaori , Kinou Mika , Yamanishi Tomonori , Nomura Fumio , Hattori Takamichi 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo present bladder sensory data of three common peripheral nerve lesions (e.g., distal, intermediate/focal, and proximal).MethodsWe measured first sensation (FS) and bladder capacity (BC) (not exceeding 600 ml) in 71 patients with peripheral nerve lesions: 35 diabetic neuropathy (D group), 6 post‐pelvic surgery (S), and 27 cauda equina syndrome due to lumbar spondylosis (L). We excluded those with detrusor overactivity or low compliance that might affect bladder sensation.ResultsThe mean FS was 301.7 ml (D), 271.3 ml (S), and 189.4 ml (L), with the largest being in the D group (P < 0.05); the mean BC was 495.2, 475.4, and 391.4 ml, with the largest being in the D group (P < 0.05); who commonly had less frequent toileting. The mean post‐void residual volume was 106.5, 29.0, and 42.0 ml; the values tended to increase along with BC. In the D group, the mean FS in patients with skin hypoalgesia as detected by pin prick and in those without it was 407.8 and 210.0 ml. The percentage of patients with FS < 100 ml was 5.7%, 0%, and 7.4%, respectively, who commonly had urinary urgency and frequency.ConclusionsBladder sensation is affected in diabetic neuropathy more severely than in intermediate/proximal lesions, together with somatic sensory disturbance. Bladder sensory disturbance leads to less frequent toileting, resulting in bladder over‐distension and large post‐void residuals. A small proportion of patients with peripheral nerve lesions develop urinary urgency, presumably reflecting irritation of the afferent nerve fibers or the urothelium. Neurourol. Urodynam. 25:763–769, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic resonance imaging of gadolinium‐labeled pancreatic islets for experimental transplantation
Authors: Biancone Luigi , Crich Simonetta Geninatti , Cantaluppi Vincenzo , Romanazzi Giuseppe Mauriello , Russo Simona , Scalabrino Elisa , Esposito Giovanna , Figliolini Federico , Beltramo Silvia , Perin Paolo Cavallo , Segoloni Giuseppe Paolo , Aime Silvio , Camussi Giovanni 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNew imaging techniques that couple anatomical resolution to sensitivity may greatly contribute to improving islet transplantation. In the present work, a report is given of the direct detection of islets by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after ex vivo cell labeling with the MRI T1 contrast agent GdHPDO3A. Experiments on mouse and human islets demonstrated well‐tolerated uptake of GdHPDO3A, based on morphology, viability, glucose‐dependent insulin response and apoptosis/toxicity gene array profile. GdHPDO3A loading was sufficient for in vitro MRI cell detection. In vivo isotransplanted mouse islets into the kidney capsule and xenotransplanted human islets within the mouse liver were detected. Imaging specificity was supported by the absence of signal in unlabeled islet transplants, its persistence upon using fat‐suppression MRI protocols and the colocalization with the transplanted islets. In conclusion, direct islet imaging with high spatial and contrast resolution after labeling with GdHPDO3A is demonstrated, allowing visualization of kidney subcapsular mouse islet grafts and intrahepatic human islet xenografts. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of information and communication technology (ICT) and perceived health in adolescence: The role of sleeping habits and waking‐time tiredness
Authors: Punamäki Raija‐Leena , Wallenius Marjut , Nygård Clase‐Håkan , Saarni Lea , Rimpelä Arja 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe first aim for this paper was to examine gender and age differences in the intensity of usage of information and communication technology (ICT: computer for digital playing, writing and e‐mailing and communication, and Internet surfing, and mobile phone). Second, we modelled the possible mediating role of sleeping habits and waking‐time tiredness in the association between ICT usage and perceived health (health complaints, musculoskeletal symptoms, health status). The participants were 7292 Finns aged 12, 14, 16 and 18 years responding to a postal enquiry (response rate 70%). The results showed that boys played digital games and used Internet more often than girls, whose mobile phone usage was more intensive. Structural equation model analyses substantiated the mediating hypothesis: intensive ICT‐usage was associated with poor perceived health particularly or only when it negatively affected sleeping habits, which in turn was associated with increased waking‐time tiredness. The associations were gender‐specific especially among older adolescents (16‐ and 18‐year olds). Intensive computer usage forms a risk for boys’, and intensive mobile phone usage for girls’ perceived health through the mediating links. Girls were vulnerable to the negative consequences of intensive mobile phone usage, as it associated with perceived health complaints and musculoskeletal symptoms both directly and through deteriorated sleep and increased waking‐time tiredness. The results of gender‐specific ICT usage and vulnerability are discussed as reflecting gendered psychophysiological, psychological and social developmental demands.
The dynamics of autocratic coercion after the Cold War
Authors: Way Lucan A. , Levitsky Steven 
Published: September 2006

This article examines coercive capacity and its impact on autocratic regime stability in the context of post-Soviet Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, and Ukraine. In the post-Cold War era, different types of coercive acts require different types of state power. First, high intensity and risky measures – such as firing on large crowds or stealing elections – necessitate high degrees of cohesion or compliance within the state apparatus. Second, effective low intensity measures – including the surveillance and infiltration of opposition, and various forms of less visible police harassment – require extensive state scope or a well-trained state apparatus that penetrates large parts of society.Coercive state capacity, rooted in cohesion and scope, has often been more important than opposition strength in determining whether autocrats fall or remain in power. Thus, the regime in Armenia that was backed by a highly cohesive state with extensive scope was able to maintain power in the face of highly mobilized opposition challenges. By contrast, regimes in Georgia where the state lacked cohesion and scope fell in the face of even weakly mobilized opposition. Relatively high scope but only moderate cohesion in Belarus and Ukraine has made autocratic regimes in these countries generally more effective at low intensity coercion to prevent the emergence of opposition than at high intensity coercion necessary to face down serious opposition challenges.
La revendication du titre “indien” par les Métis du Manitoba, 1860–1870
Authors: O'Toole Darren 
Published: September 2006

Résumé.Après plus de deux décennies, un tribunal manitobain a fixé une date pour entendre l'affaireFMMqui touche à la concession des terres aux Métis selon l'art. 31 de laLoi de 1870 sur le Manitoba. Le politologue Thomas Flanagan répète inlassablement que les Métis ne se sontjamaisdécrits comme peuple aborigène ayant des droits fonciers spéciaux pendant la résistance de 1869–70. Puisqu'il est fort probable que la Couronne se serve encore une fois de la recherche de Flanagan dans l'affaireFMM, le moment est opportun pour réexaminer les arguments de Flanagan. Dans ce but, l'auteur examine ici de plus près certaines des prétentions de Flanagan, notamment celles qui veulent que : 1) les Métis n'aientjamaisrevendiqué le statut de peuple autochtone ou des droits autochtones pendant les événements de 1869–70; 2) les listes de droits ne contiennent aucune référence aux droits aborigènes des Métis; et 3) l'abbé Ritchot i) n'ait eu aucun mandat de négocier l'extinction du titre aborigène des Métis et une concession de terres; ii) n'ait été qu'un délégué parmi trois.Abstract.After more than two decades, a Manitoban court has set a date to hear of theMMFcase which touches on the Métis land grant in s. 31 of theManitoba Act, 1870. Political scientist Thomas Flanagan has continually repeated that the Métisneverdescribed themselves as an Aboriginal people with special land rights during the resistance of 1869–70. As it is quite probable that the Crown will use Flanagan's research in theMMFcase, it is timely to reexamine it. To this end, the author takes a closer look at some of Flanagan's conclusions, most notably those that claim that: 1) the Métisneverclaimed status as an Aboriginal people during the events of 1869–70; 2) the various Bills of Rights contain no reference to the aboriginal rights of the Métis; 3) the abbot Ritchot : i) had no mandate to negotiate the extinction of Métis aboriginal rights and a land grant; ii) was but one of three delegates.
The Forging of Institutional Autonomy: A Comparative Study of Electoral Management Commissions in Africa
Authors: Gazibo Mamoudou 
Published: September 2006

Abstract.Building upon the theoretical framework of new-institutionalism, this article concentrates on electoral management commissions (EMCs), which, though theraison d'êtreof political battles in many African countries, have attracted very little analysis in academic literature. The sample includes seven countries and I concentrate on the issue of forging institutional autonomy. I propose five modes of institutional forging that produce different levels of autonomy. At the same time, I argue that autonomy refers less to legal provisions than to the empiricalself-reinforcingandlock-inprocesses, which may or may not take place depending onpower relationsin the political arena. In turn, however, these differences may explain the contrasting trajectories African states have takenvis-à-visdemocratization.Résumé.Alors qu'elles sont au cœur des luttes politiques dans plusieurs pays africains, les commissions électorales sont peu étudiées dans la littérature sur la démocratisation. Cet article utilise un cadre théorique néo-institutionnel pour analyser les commissions de sept pays en se concentrant spécifiquement sur la question de l'autonomie institutionnelle. Il met à jour cinq modes de création institutionnelle correspondant à différents niveaux d'autonomie qui, en retour, expliquent les trajectoires divergentes des pays en matière de démocratisation. L'autonomie est à rechercher moins dans les prérogatives juridiques que dans les rapports de forces entre acteurs au moment de l'émergence de l'institution et dans les processus subséquents d'autoreproduction institutionnelle.
Quebec: State and Society, 3rd Edition
Authors: Hayday Matthew 
Published: September 2006

Quebec: State and Society, 3rdEdition, Alain-G. Gagnon, ed., Peterborough: Broadview Press,
2004, pp. 500.Alain-G. Gagnon's compilation Quebec: State and Society
has been a very popular staple of political science course syllabi over
the past two decades. Now in its third edition, Gagnon has compiled a
selection of twenty-two original articles by leading scholars in the
social sciences to examine the diverse facets of modern Quebec society and
politics. English-speaking students will benefit greatly from the fact
that fifteen of the essays have been translated from the original French,
which will broaden their exposure to top-level francophone scholarship
(although in some cases the translation is imprecise and contains a number
of Gallicisms). This collection includes some extremely strong
contributions, and a diverse array of perspectives on modern Quebec. Yet
in other respects, particularly in terms of the overall structure of the
book, it suffers from some serious weaknesses that might make it of
questionable suitability for teaching purposes.
Les systèmes électoraux et les modes de scrutin,
3e édition
Authors: Dubé Sébastien 
Published: September 2006

Les systèmes électoraux et les modes de scrutin,
3eédition, Pierre Martin, Paris
: Montchrestien, 2006, 156 pages.Dans la troisième édition de son ouvrage Les
systèmes électoraux et les modes de scrutin, Pierre
Martin avance deux idées principales. La première est que
les modes de scrutin sont les produits des systèmes politiques
“ et vice versa ” (p. 10). Par cette position, l'auteur
rejette le déterminisme sous-jacent à certaines
études sur les modes de scrutin qui tendent à “
surestimer leur effet ” (p. 135). Après tout, analyse-t-il,
“ [l]eur influence sur la structuration des
systèmes partisans et la répartition des votes des
électeurs entre les partis est faible et absolument pas
décisive. ” La deuxième idée,
complémentaire de la précédente, soutient que “
les systèmes partisans résultent principalement de
l'influence de la sociologie et de l'histoire ” (p.
113).
Political Writings
Authors: Wright Joanne H. 
Published: September 2006

Political Writings, Margaret Cavendish (Susan James, ed.),
New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. xxxix, 298.The publication of Margaret Cavendish's Political
Writings is part of a recent effort to make Cavendish's
seventeenth-century works more accessible to students and scholars alike.
Political Writings is a particularly significant addition to this
effort in that it contains two of Cavendish's most explicitly
political texts, A Description of a New World called the Blazing
World (1666), Cavendish's best-known endeavour in utopian
fiction, along with the first modern edition of Orations of Divers
Sorts (1662). Combined with a concise introduction by the
volume's editor, philosopher Susan James, who expertly navigates
Cavendish's many influences and references—ancient and
modern—the book effectively puts Cavendish on the map as a political
thinker. Although the most published Englishwoman of her period, and now
the subject of a veritable growth industry in the fields of early modern
literary and gender history, Margaret Cavendish has received virtually no
attention in the field of political thought. With her inclusion in the
Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought series, there is hope
that Cavendish will now be treated and analyzed, not just as the prolific
writer of drama, poetry and natural philosophy that she was, but as an
incisive thinker who engaged with, and published on, the most vital
political questions facing Civil War and Restoration England.
La démocratie : histoire des idées.
Authors: Breaugh Martin 
Published: September 2006

La démocratie : histoire des idées., Boris
DeWiel, Québec : Les Presses de l'Université Laval,
coll. Zêtêsis, 2005, 270p.“ Ensemble de procédures ”, “ régime
” au sens large du terme, forme de “ sociabilité
humaine ”: la nature de la démocratie demeure l'objet
d'une discussion théorique et pratique d'une importance
primordiale, car il s'agit d'élucider les tenants et les
aboutissants de cet “ horizon indépassable ” de la
politique contemporaine qu'est la démocratie. La
démocratie: histoire des idées s'inscrit
précisément dans ce débat portant sur la nature et
les finalités de la démocratie. Sous couvert d'une
reconstitution intellectuelle de ses principaux enjeux, Boris DeWiel
procède à un plaidoyer en faveur d'une conception de la
démocratie en tant que régime qui accueille le conflit
insoluble des valeurs. S'inscrivant explicitement dans la mouvance
issue de la pensée d'Isaiah Berlin, l'auteur soutient
qu'une compréhension véritable de la démocratie
passe par une reconnaissance du “ pluralisme des valeurs ”,
entendu comme “ la théorie embarrassante selon laquelle le
bien n'est pas monolithique, nos intérêts communs
entrent en conflit les uns avec les autres et, quand ils finissent par se
heurter mutuellement, il n'y a plus de réponses universelles
” (2).