bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water for Vietnama
Authors: Harned D. W. , Ramaeker M. H. , Rasmussen W. C. , Burgh John A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe build‐up of American military force in Vietnam has necessitated a massive well‐drilling program.Engineering investigations were carried on concurrently with drilling to evaluate various related water resources.Water quality problems including salt‐water encroachment existed in many areas.Between July 1966 and September 1967. 48 test holes and 233 successful 8 inch wells were drilled. The average producing well yielded 95 gpm.
Public Service and Public Relationsa
Authors: Stein Russell B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMost State ground‐water programs can be grouped under three headings: basic data collection, answering requests, and research and report writing. In Ohio the staff consists of four geologists, two hydrologists, and one field inspector. Most time is spent collecting basic data and answering requests for assistance.(1) Basic data collection: It is the responsibility of one hydrologist to maintain and coordinate the 150 State observation wells. The field inspector is responsible for seeing that well logs are submitted by well drillers in accordance with State law. The inspector is a geologist who works closely with the drillers; he is also active in the Ohio Well ‐Drillers Association, and prepares a quarterly newsletter. A highly organized well‐log file system is maintained, and there is a field location program whereby well locations are plotted on large‐scale maps. A ground‐water quality sampling program is in operation. A network of 20 existing production wells in strategic areas was established for observing seasonal and annual changes in ground‐water quality. A monthly summary of water‐supply conditions across the Scace is published.(2) Answering requests: Of the 2,000 requests answered each year, approximately 80 percent involve domestic wells. The remaining inquiries are from industries, municipalities, schools, developers, State agencies, and various commercial or recreational interests. In answering requests a report summarizing hydrogeology and ground‐water availability is prepared. For large ground‐water developments that are not State‐financed the services of a consultant are recommended.(3) Research: Much research in the public interest is concerned with problems and potential problems in ground‐water pollution.
Microbial Problems in Ground Watera
Authors: Robeck Gordon G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis article contains a summary of a few disease out‐breaks caused by ground‐water contamination, and the difficulties in designing and monitoring for effective quality control. There is a discussion of problems associated with large basin recharge with treated sewage. For instance, do we have adequate microbial indicators? Or will the nitrate concentration build up if there is a semiclosed circuit involved? Chlorination of well water withdrawn for domestic use is advocated as good insurance for microbial control.
Measuring Underground‐Explosion Effects on Water Levels in Surrounding Aquifersa
Authors: Garber M. S. , Wollitz L. E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTUnderground detonations may produce observable effects in surrounding aquifers and wells. The nature and the duration of the effect at any observation point seem to depend on several factors such as the amount of energy released by the detonation, the geologic environment, the position of the buried explosive device in relation to the saturated zone, aquifer characteristics, and the distance from point of detonation. Precise measurement of these effects in wells presented numerous technical problems and resulted in the development of specialized techniques. Initially, these effects were observed by measuring the fluctuation of the free water surface in wells. The current technique employs high‐resolution pressure transducers deep in the water column. Pneumatic packers may be used to restrict the movement of water into the well. Data are recorded on high‐speed oscillographs.
Effects of Large‐Scale Mining Withdrawals of Ground Watera
Authors: Peek Harry M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractExpanding water requirements during recent years have intensified development of the productive sedimentary aquifers of the North Carolina Coastal Plain. The effects of this development emphasize the local and regional limitations of the aquifer system and the need for an effective management program.Withdrawal of about 60 million gallons per day from the Castle Hayne limestone, the most productive unit of the principal artesian aquifer of the area, began in July 1965 at a phosphate mine adjacent to the Pamlico River in Beaufort County. Within a few months, the artesian head was lowered below sea level in an area of about 800 square miles, and to more than 100 feet below sea level in the immediate vicinity of pumping. Under these conditions the aquifer became vulnerable to encroachment of saline water from (1) areas of natural occurrence of brackish water in the limestone member of the aquifer; (2) leakage of brackish surface water through the confining beds; and (3) vertical movement of brackish water from the underlying sand member of the aquifer.The dramatic and “overnight” effects of the large withdrawals at the mine site and the threat of damage to the aquifer created sufficient public concern so that legislation was passed by the 1967 General Assembly, giving the Board of Water and Air Resources authority to regulate ground‐water withdrawals as needed to protect the aquifers of the State. An adequate management program can be accomplished that will not only protect the aquifer but will improve the development potential. The development of such a management program requires a thorough knowledge of the hydrology of the aquifer system, the objective of studies in progress. The implementation of the program will require the support of an informed public.
A System for Planning and Scheduling Wate Resources Studies and Construction Projectsa
Authors: LeRoux E. F. , Jorgensen D. G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA simplification of the two most commonly used methods of network planning and scheduling is ideally suited to the planning and evaluation of both water resources studies and construction projects. The project planning diagrams illustrate the system for scheduling of project activities and the relation of each activity to the others.
The Ground‐Water Situation in Ohioa
Authors: Norris Stanley E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTPresent ground‐water use in Ohio, approximately 650mgd (million gallons per day) amounts to about 5 percent of the water that enters the ground‐water reservoirs. The largest ground‐water supplies are developed where natural concentrations of water occur, chiefly in the watercourse aquifers, which consist of sand and gravel of glacial origin (outwash) in the valleys of the major streams. Other important aquifers are glacial outwash in upland areas and in the buried Teays Valley system, the limestone and dolomite aquifers in western Ohio, and sandstone and shale aquifers in the eastern half of the State.Future outlook is that more of the increasing water demand will be met from ground‐water sources. Ground‐water supplies will be developed at many new sites, and aquifers in areas already heavily pumped will be made to yield more water by the drilling of additional wells and recharging the aquifers artificially. Large quantities of ground water in storage, virtually unexploited, could be used for temporary low‐flow augmentation of streams. Management of ground‐water resources will be needed to help solve supply and distribution problems, and to resolve conflicts between users. Among future problems will be those arising from underground disposal of wastes, a practice which is expected to grow substantially from enforcement of water‐quality standards for streams, set under the Federal Water Quality Act of 1965.
Design and Operation of an Inexpensive Sensitive Piezometer with Short Timelaga
Authors: Allman David W. , Williams Roy E. , Stephenson Gordon R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe growing number of ground‐water research projects that are based primarily on potential distribution data has stimulated the development of several new types of potential measuring, instruments. The primary requirements for these instruments are longevity, precision, sensitivity, and short timelag. Ease of installation, minimum maintenance, low capital investment, and provision of a continuous record are equally desirable. Generally, available instruments will satisfy two or three, but not all of these requirements.The need for a piezometer possessing all these characteristics was encountered during a flow‐system study beneath an irrigated field. A piezometer subsequently was designed which combines the sensitivity of a Kecke electrical water‐level sensing device with the continuous record provided by a Stevens Type F, graphic recorder. Replacement of the standard Keck sensing “Bob” with a probe specifically designed for small diameter pipes (5/16‐inch I.D.),* provides instrumentation with a short timelag. The absence of a diaphragm and strain gauges enhances longevity. The device is inexpensive, simple and easily installed. Samples of well water for chemical analysis may also be obtained from the piezometers.
Casing Detector and Self‐Potential Loggera
Authors: Frimpter Michael H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA simple and rapid method of determining casing length and permeable zones in wells tapping bedrock can be useful to well drillers and hydrologists. A device consisting of a galvanometer, a reel of insulated wire, and a copper electrode locates the casing depth, changes of lithology, and permeable zones. The small‐diameter electrode permits measurement through well‐seal access ports avoiding the expensive and time‐consuming procedure of removing the seal and drop pipes to measure casing depth with a magnet. The measured electromotive force changes rapidly when the electrode passes the end of casing. Thus, the depth of casing is easily determined from the length of wire payed out. Changes in electromotive force measured within the uncased part of a well frequently indicate permeable zones, thereby aiding in choice of the most efficient drop‐pipe length, and also yielding useful information for hydrogeologic studies.
Steady‐State Lateral Movement of Water Through the Unsaturated Zone of an Unconfined Aquifera
Authors: Mobasheri F. , Shahbazi M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn a steady‐state condition the lateral flow rate through the unsaturated zone of an unconfined aquifer increases with a decreasing rate as the depth of the unsaturated zone increases while hydraulic gradient is kept constant. This flow rate reaches a maximum as the depth of the zone is increased. This maximum flow rate is computed by various methods such as an aquifer model, graphical integration of the characteristic hydraulic conductivity curve and a flow net diagram. Based on these calculations a simple method is outlined for estimation of steady‐state flow rate through the unsaturated zone of an unconfined aquifer. It is also concluded that in shallow unconfined aquifers the contribution of the flow through the unsaturated zone to the total lateral flow can be significant.
Small Diameter Wells Drilled by Jet‐Percussion Methoda
Authors: Matlock W. G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObservation wells and access holes for neutron probe use were drilled by a jet‐percussion drill rig in coarse alluvial material near Tucson, Arizona. The method combines the jetting action which effectively removes loose materials with the percussion necessary to break up tighter formations and large particles. A unique feature of the equipment is the provision for simultaneous drilling and driving the casing to keep the hole open in loose formations. Washed samples of the material being drilled can be obtained from the recirculating water system. Drilling rates were from seven to ten feet per hour, and costs including casing were less than $1.50 per foot. Maximum depth is about 100 feet.Hydrologic study of a ground‐water reservoir requires access to the aquifer. Observations are made where the water table intersects the land surface, such as at springs or seeps, or through existing wells. However, wells are not always found in desired locations or are pumped so heavily that their usefulness as observation wells is impaired. Measurements are also made in the unsaturated zone with neutron moisture measuring equipment, which requires a small diameter cased access hole for the neutron probe.An observation well needs a diameter only large enough for access by measuring devices and must be immediately responsive to changes in aquifer water level. For neutron probe use, the required diameter is about two inches, and the well must have no significant effect on moisture movement in the unsaturated zone. To meet these requirements the drilling process should have no lasting effect on the formation surrounding the well. Finally, since the wells have no economic utility, construction cost must be low.A network of observation wells and neutron probe access holes was drilled as part of a project to evaluate the natural recharge from Rillito Creek near Tucson, Arizona. The formation along the creek bed is a coarse alluvial outwash containing almost no clay, considerable running sand, and some large gravel and boulders. Commercial churn (percussion) and hydraulic rotary drills, commonly used for drilling in this area, were first tried but encountered much difficulty in the loose materials.Previous investigators used jetting equipment drill small diameter holes in a variety of alluvi formations (Cederstrom and Tibbitts, 1961; Bowma: 1911; and Pillsbury and Christiansen, 1947). Howeve in most cases, either open hole drilling was used because the fine material content and the limited numb. of boulders or large gravel particles made this methc possible, or drilling mud was used to maintain th hole. The jetting method uses water pumped unde pressure through hollow rods and a drill bit to loose the material and carry it to the surface. The jettin water receives little aid from the drill in loosenin the material to be removed. Usually the drill cutting are settled out in a tank or basin, and the water i recirculated.
Well Screens and Gravel Packsa
Authors: Blair A. Hunter 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe purpose of well screens and gravel packs is to maintain open access within the aquifer ensuring that thorough development of the well is not impeded by sand. Where a well draws on unconsolidated sands and gravels, or other friable materials, the installation of a screen and pack is essential.The use of correctly designed equipment is important and this paper represents a review of the diverse types available, but does not set out to make any recommendations.Well screen designs should incorporate the following features:

Minimum entrance velocity.
Maximum open area of screen.
Correct design of slots to minimize blockages.
Slot size should match aquifer or gravel pack medium.
Screen material should be corrosion resistant.
Screen should allow for periodic maintenance.

Commercial well screens fall into various categories according to their slot designs. A slot shape, offering the maximum open area consistent with strength, is a priority and the material used in screen manufacture has an important bearing on this. Blockage of screens may be caused by chemical deposition formed by precipitation or corrosion products, and coated screens have been introduced seeking to inhibit this.Gravel packs should include the following design features:

Sand free operation after development.
Give lowest possible resistance to permeation.
Offer low entrance velocities.
Be resistant to chemical attack and have an efficient service life.

The gravel pack should ensure that the completed well operates free of sand; thus the particle size of the pack depends upon the particle size of the aquifer. Gravel pack design should be guided by standard sieve analysis.It is evident from the variety of claims made for well screens and gravel packs that further research is necessary. It is suggested that the following points need further investigation:

Improved design of nonblocking opening.
Design consideration of screen resistance to chemical attack.
Best type of gravel and optimum thickness of the pack.
Head loss through the screen and pack.
Effects of a Concentrated Acid on Water Chemistry and Water Use in a Pleistocene Outwash Aquifera
Authors: Grubb Hayes F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA break in a waste‐discharge line associated with a 49‐foot rise in stage of the Ohio River in March 1967 allowed an undetermined volume of 22 percent hydrochloric acid to enter the Pleistocene outwash aquifer used by a Kentucky industry. Chloride concentrations in excess of 30,000 mg/l (milligrams per liter) were observed in the water discharged from the industrial well nearest the break in the waste‐discharge line. Chlorides ranged from 5–26 mg/l in water pumped from this area prior to intensive development. Other changes in water chemistry such as an increase in iron from 5 mg/l to 9,600 mg/1 indicate a dissolution of the aquifer materials. Movement of the highly mineralized water in response to river stage and pumping of the industrial wells has forced the industry to change its water‐supply system. Three wells, approximately 600 feet from the river, were the primary water source prior to March 1967. By March 1968, the well nearest the acid source was abandoned, the remaining two wells near the river were used in a supplemental capacity and a fourth well 1,500 feet from the river plus a new well were the primary water sources. Fluctuations of chlorides in an industrial well near the river for a 16‐month period indicate a persistent body of highly miner alized water near the acid source. Movement of this water body appears to be regulated at low river stages by the inclined surface of the New Albany Shale bedrock.
Estimating the Ground‐Water Contribution to Storm Runoff by the Electrical Conductance Methoda
Authors: Visocky Adrian P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe feasibility of determining the ground‐water contribution to stream flow during periods of storm runoff by continuous monitoring of a stream's electrical conductance was investigated. Methods involving graphical techniques or ground‐water stage versus base flow rating curves are generally used to determine the ground‐water contribution, but the ground‐water contribution can also be estimated if stream flow and the conductance of surface water and of ground water are known. The conductance method was tested on a 95‐square‐mile basin in north‐central Illinois. Continuous records of stream flow, stream‐flow conductance, and ground‐water stage within the basin were collected. A rating curve of base flow versus mean ground‐water stage was constructed, and ground‐water discharges determined from the rating curve were compared with those computed from conductance data. The conductance method normally gave a lower estimate of the ground‐water contribution than did the rating‐curve method. However, analyses of storms which were preceded by extended dry periods resulted in much lower estimates of ground‐water discharge by the rating‐curve method than by the conductance method. The conductance method offers a simple alternative for use in areas where observation wells are unavailable or where rating curves are difficult to construct.
A Hydrological Approach to Control Acid Mine Pollution for Lake Hope
Authors: Ahmad Moid Uddin 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAcid mine drainage is a serious problem in the Appalachian region. Coal mining has disturbed the natural ground flow system. The mines are continuously being flushed by this disturbed flow system and producing enormous quantity of sulphuric acid. A study of McDaniel Mine has revealed that the flow is lateral and clay layers under the coal do not allow it to leak into the underlying aquifer. A study of water well logs within 10 miles of Todd Mine revealed the existence of three separate aquifers. A pilot plan for Todd Mine is proposed to discharge the uncontaminated water from the upper aquifer to the lower aquifer under the concept of “weeping wells.” The acid discharge from the mine may be stopped. The extension of this scheme may solve the serious problem of pollution of Lake Hope. The concept may further be extended to other areas of the Appalachian region to control acid mine pollution.
A Hydrogeophysical Survey Using Remote‐Sensing Methods from Kawaihae to Kailua‐Kona, Hawaii
Authors: Adams William M. , Peterson Frank L. , Mathur Surendra P. , Lepley Larry K. , Warren Clifton , Huber Richie D. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTSeveral geophysical techniques have been specialized for applications to exploration for ground water in an insular basaltic environment. This article describes a multidisciplinary application of several such techniques to the Kona Coast of Hawaii in Hawaii. Aerial infrared scanning and low‐level aeromagnetic surveys were the major reconnaissance techniques. For detailed study, modified audiomagnetotelluric and D. C. resistivity profiling methods were used. The improved knowledge of subsurface structure confirmed the expectation that no large flows, such as suitable for commercial exploration, occur in that coastal sector.
A Shortcut for Computing Stream Depletion by Wells Using Analog or Digital Modelsa
Authors: Taylor O. James 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTheory indicates that the effect of a discharging well on a nearby stream is independent of the length of the reach. The theory was confirmed using a digital computer model of short and long reaches of a stream‐aquifer system. Digital computations using short reaches of most stream‐aquifer systems will give results comparable in accuracy to one of a long reach with considerably less effort and expense.
Future Demands on Ground Water in Northeastern Illinois
Authors: Schicht Richard J. , Moench Allen F. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTFuture water demands were estimated for each 10‐year interval from 1980 to 2020 for areas in the Chicago region dependent upon ground water as a source of supply. Demands were compared with ground‐water availability to define water deficient areas. Two approaches were considered in developing the ground‐water resource. The first approach limits ground‐water withdrawals to the maximum rate of natural ground‐water recharge that can be induced by pumping. The second approach allows withdrawals to exceed natural recharge. When limiting ground‐water withdrawals to recharge a large part of the region will require importation of water by as early as 1980. With proper pumpage distribution it is conceivable that there is sufficient water that can be withdrawn (mined) in excess of natural recharge to meet demands through the year 2020.
Ground Water in the Aden Sector of Southern Arabiaa
Authors: Cederstrom D. J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA reconnaissance of parts of the former West Aden Protectorate enables a characterization of the dominant hydrologic elements to be made. In this desert environment intermittent streams from the east‐west range of mountains provide considerable water for flood irrigation and groundwater recharge of alluvial fans along the Gulf of Aden. High yield wells are developed in the coastal area and in at least one alluvial area on the back slope facing the Empty Quarter. Ground water in the interior is generally restricted to areas where wadi flow provides occasional recharge. Relatively few rock wells have been drilled in the area. Many wells in the alluvium yield silty water leading to clogging of the wells and undue pump wear.