bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual Behavior of Single Adult American Women
Authors: Lindberg Laura Duberstein , Singh Susheela 
Published: March 2008

CONTEXT:  Public policies promoting abstinence until marriage attempt to influence the sexual behavior of the more than 18 million American women who are currently single. An analysis of these women’s behavior is needed to inform policies that are responsive to their sexual and reproductive health needs. METHODS:  Sexual behaviors, risk factors and reproductive health needs were examined among a nationally representative sample of 6,493 women aged 20–44 from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Paired t tests were used to assess differences among single, married and cohabiting women by selected demographic, behavioral and risk measures. RESULTS:  Thirty‐six percent of women aged 20–44 are single, and nine in 10 single women are sexually experienced. Seventy percent of the latter women are currently sexually active; on average, they had intercourse in seven of the last 12 months. A higher proportion of single women (22%) than of cohabiting (9%) or married women (2%) have had two or more partners in the past year, and half of single women are at risk of unintended pregnancy. Furthermore, single women and cohabiting women are more likely to lack health insurance than are married women (21–25% vs. 12%). CONCLUSIONS:  Because of the high level of sexual activity among single adult women, providers must address their reproductive health care needs and offer appropriate counseling and services. Government policies aimed at encouraging adult women to have sex only within marriage appear out of touch with the reality of the sexual behavior of single women.
Effects of a School‐Based, Theory‐Driven HIV and Pregnancy Prevention Curriculum
Authors: Zimmerman Rick S. , Cupp Pamela K. , Donohew Lewis , Kristin Sionéan C. , Feist‐Price Sonja , Helme Donald 
Published: March 2008

CONTEXT:  Although a number of interventions are effective at reducing risky adolescent sexual behavior, it may be possible to make them even more effective by addressing adolescents’ approaches to risk‐taking. METHODS:  Schools were assigned to teach one of three curricula in a quasi‐experimental intervention study: the school’s standard pregnancy and HIV prevention curriculum; the Reducing the Risk curriculum; or a modified Reducing the Risk curriculum, adapted for high sensation seekers and impulsive decision makers. A sample of 1,944 students from 17 schools was surveyed at three time points between 1995 and 1997. Mixed models regression and logistic regression were used to examine the difference in impact among curricula. RESULTS:  Differences in the impact of the original and modified Reducing the Risk interventions were not significant for the total sample or for high sensation seekers and impulsive decision makers separately. Students from both intervention groups demonstrated short‐term improvements in knowledge; students who received their schools’ standard curriculum were significantly more likely than those assigned to either intervention to have initiated sexual intercourse by the third time point (odds ratio, 2.4). CONCLUSION:  More work is necessary to understand the best ways to design classroom messages that will be effective in reducing the risk behaviors of high sensation seekers and impulsive decision makers.
Geo-cultural proximity, genre exposure, and cultivation
Authors: Hetsroni Amir 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This work investigates the influence of geo-cultural proximity and exposure to news and crime-action drama on the cultivation effect. A content analysis of prime-time programming (N = 63 hours) was used to compose questions about the prevalence of policemen, lawyers, and salesmen in the USA and Israel. A sample of 655 students answered the questions. Viewing of American programming is significantly correlated with a tendency to hold a biased estimation of the prevalence of all three occupations in America in a manner that resembles the world of TV content. Viewing of Israeli programs has no such impact. Viewing of news and crime-action drama and general viewing have no systematic influence on the estimations made about any of the countries.
Kritik der Tatherrschaftslehre
Authors: Haas Volker 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

I. Einleitung

Die Theorie der Tatherrschaft, die ganz maßgeblich von Roxin ausgearbeitet und kasuistisch ausgeformt worden ist, stellt in Deutschland gegenwärtig noch die ganz herrschende Doktrin im Bereich der strafrechtlichen Beteiligungslehre dar. Partiell wird sie nunmehr auch von der Rechtsprechung anerkannt, wie sich am deutlichsten in der Übernahme der Rechtsfigur der mittelbaren Täterschaft kraft organisierter Machtapparate in den Mauerschützenfällen zeigt. Ihr unaufhaltsam scheinender Siegeszug ist jedoch in jüngster Zeit etwas ins Stocken geraten. Zu beobachten ist zunehmende Kritik, die allerdings weniger das Lehrgebäude in seinen Grundfesten insgesamt, sondern vielmehr einzelne seiner Facetten betrifft. Es besteht daher Anlass, die Voraussetzungen und Annahmen zu hinterfragen, auf denen die Tatherrschaftslehre als Ganzes fußt. Im Folgenden soll zunächst in einem ersten Schritt kurz skizziert werden, auf welche Weise die Tatherrschaftslehre ein Gegenmodell zum subjektiven Täterbegriff einerseits und zum formalobjektiven Täterbegriff andererseits entworfen hat, um dann in einem zweiten Schritt Unstimmigkeiten der Tatherrschaftslehre aufzuzeigen. Abschließend werden einige Konsequenzen skizziert, die sich aus den geäußerten Bedenken ergeben. Insbesondere wird versucht zu begründen, dass wir des Rückgriffs auf den berechtigten Nukleus der subjektiven Lehre (wenn auch in modifizierter Gestalt) durchaus bedürfen.
One-Month Adherence in Children With New-Onset Epilepsy: White-Coat Compliance Does Not Occur
Authors: Modi Avani C. , Morita Diego A. , Glauser Tracy A. 
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVES. Adherence to antiepileptic drug therapy plays an important role in the effectiveness of pharmacologic treatment of epilepsy. The purpose of this study was to use an objective measure of adherence to (1) document patterns of adherence for the first month of therapy for children with new-onset epilepsy, (2) examine differences in adherence by demographic and epilepsy variables, and (3) determine whether treatment adherence improves for a short time before a clinic visit (eg, “white-coat compliance”).
METHODS. Participants included 35 children with new-onset epilepsy (mean age: 7.2 years; 34% female; 66% white) and their caregivers. Children had a diagnosis of partial (60%), generalized (29%), or unclassified (11%) epilepsy. Adherence to treatment was electronically monitored with Medication Event Monitoring System TrackCap, starting with the first antiepileptic drug dose. Adherence was calculated across a 1-month period and for the 1, 3, and 5 days before and 3 days after the clinic appointment.
RESULTS. Adherence for the first month of treatment in children with new-onset epilepsy was 79.4%. One-month adherence was higher in children of married parents and those with higher socioeconomic status but did not correlate with child's gender, age, epilepsy type, prescribed medication, seizure frequency, or length of time since seizure onset. Adherence across the entire 1-month period was not different from adherence for the 1, 3, or 5 days before or 3 days after the clinic visit.
CONCLUSIONS. Poor adherence seen for children with new-onset epilepsy during the first month of antiepileptic drug therapy is a cause for concern. Several demographic variables influence adherence to treatment, whereas the proximity to a clinic visit does not. Additional studies are needed to document whether this trend continues longitudinally and determine the clinical impact of poor adherence.
Utility of Total Lower Extremity Radiography Investigation of Nonweight Bearing in the Young Child
Authors: Baron Christopher M. , Seekins Jayne , Hernanz-Schulman Marta , Yu Chang , Kan J. Herman 
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this work was to determine the utility of total lower extremity radiographs versus dedicated tibia radiographs in the evaluation of the young child presenting with nonweight bearing without localizing signs.METHODS. This was an institutional review board-approved retrospective review of 263 consecutive patients between the ages of 9 months and 4 years who were referred for total lower extremity radiography between September 29, 2001, and November 7, 2006. Among these, a total of 133 study subjects met inclusion criteria of presentation with nonweight bearing without localizing signs or history of previous trauma. The control population was selected from 1089 consecutive patients between the ages of 9 months and 4 years evaluated from January 5, 1999 and December 8, 2006, who had only tibia radiographs at presentation. From this group, a final control population of 128 patients was selected with similar presentation of nonweight bearing without localizing signs or history of previous trauma. Causes of nonweight bearing were recorded for both groups based on radiograph findings and additional studies performed during workup.RESULTS. At initial presentation, fractures were present in 13 study patients (9.8%) and in 23 control patients (17.9%). Total fractures (when including follow-up) were present in 14 study patients (10.5%) and in 26 control patients (20.3%). Fractures were located in the tibia alone in 100% of patients in the study group. Extratibial fracture (metatarsal) was present in 1 patient in the control group (0.7%). Among the study group, additional diagnoses included rickets (n = 1), cerebellar ataxia (n = 1), and discitis with epidural abscess (n = 1).CONCLUSIONS. Our study findings indicate that the diagnostic value of total lower extremity radiography is similar to dedicated tibia radiography in the workup of the nonweight-bearing young child without trauma history or localizing signs. Radiation and cost savings can be realized by reserving additional radiographs for patients with high clinical suspicion and normal findings on dedicated tibia radiography.
A Case-Based Approach to Understand the Complexity of Causal Connections Related to Well Integrity Problems
Authors: Abdollahi J. , Carlsen I. M. , Randhol P. , Tenold E. , Haga H. B. , Jakobsen T. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This paper demonstrates the applicability of a combined Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) and Model-Based Reasoning (MBR) methodology for diagnosis of well integrity problems. Through 18 selected cases, it is shown how previous solved cases and experience can be systemized and used for new and unsolved cases. Researchers at SINTEF Petroleum Research have assisted Norsk Hydro (now StatoilHydro) in their work to understand the causal connections of leaking wells at the Norwegian Continental Shelf. Norsk Hydro's database, including both leaking and non-leaking wells, has formed the basis for this work. A chronological documentation of the well activities, observations, actions and outcomes during the well life-cycle has been studied. The experience from this study shows that implementing and demonstrating this methodology is a time consuming process. This is due to the novelty of this methodology to the petroleum industry and the lack of a defined template. The main challenge for further tool development is related to the encoding for formulating the cases in question.
Capillary-Tube Technology in Downhole Pressure Acquisition and its Application in Campos Basin, Brazil
Authors: Cassarà Pier Giovanni , Almanza Edgar , Burgoa Juan Carlos , Ringgenberg Paul 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
A capillary-tube realtime data acquisition system has been installed in the BG-16 Petrobras Well, located at Bagre Field, Campos Basin, Brazil to acquire downhole pressure data in real time. Petrobras considers cost-effectiveness, safety, and reliability as important requirements for any downhole pressure monitoring system. Therefore, any new technologies that offer the possibility of improving these criteria are considered for trial by Petrobrás.
This paper discusses the results of the first use of the capillary-tubing downhole monitoring system in Brazil to collect reservoir information for pressure transient analysis during flowing and surface shut-in periods. The results are then compared with reservoir information collected by other methods; i.e., downhole pressure gauges and memory gauges, to allow evaluation of the performance of this system against other data-acquisition techniques.
The results attained from use of this system illustrate the benefits of this application for long-term continuous reservoir monitoring. The system not only provided the engineers with the capability to determine the reservoir geometry and to make future field development decisions based in the analysis of the information collected during the reservoir evaluation, but also, it allowed the analysis of two transients at different moments during the production life of the evaluated well to be made.
These enhancements resulted in improved economics, more extensive reservoir knowledge, operational efficiency, and greater safety both for the involved personnel and the environment to be realized.
US Chemical Safety Board: Fatal Oilfield Investigation and Industry Lessons Learned
Authors: Banks Johnnie 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This Case Study examines an explosion at the Partridge-Raleigh oilfield in Raleigh, Mississippi. The incident occurred at about 8:30 a.m. on June 5, 2006, when Stringer's Oilfield Services contract workers were installing pipe from two production tanks to a third (figure 1). Welding sparks ignited flammable vapor escaping from an open-ended pipe about four feet from the contractors' welding activity on tank 4. The explosion killed three workers who were standing on top of tanks 3 and 4. A fourth worker was seriously injured.
In the weeks preceding the incident, Stringer's workers had relocated tanks 3 and 4 from other oilfield sites on the Partridge-Raleigh property to the #9 well site. On the day of the incident, the four workers were completing the piping connection between the tanks.
To connect the piping from tank 3 to tank 4, the workers had to weld a pipe fitting onto the side of, and a few inches below the top of, tank 4. To prepare for the welding operation, they removed the access hatch at the base of tank 4 and entered the tank to remove the crude oil residue. Then they flushed the tank with fresh water and allowed hydrocarbon vapor to evaporate for several days. They did not clean out or purge tanks 2 and 3.
Deepwater Bitumen Drilling: What Happened Downhole?
Authors: Han Gang , Hunter Keith , Ressler Jamie , Osmond Jerry 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Bitumen formations have posed significant challenges to deepwater Gulf of Mexico drilling operations. Many operators such as ConocoPhilips (Spa Prospect), Chevron (Big Foot), BP (Mad Dog) have reported bitumen encounters and associated significant costs. The current consensus is to avoid bitumen formations as much as possible. However, fundamental questions still remain unclear and controversial. For example, what bitumen behaves at in-situ conditions (i.e. high stress and high temperature), what shape is bitumen formation, what mechanisms drive bitumen into wellbore.
This paper highlights a part of comprehensive efforts to drill through the bitumen encountered in a deepwater Gulf of Mexico field. A series of lab tests have been done to investigate the effect of temperature, pressure, and drilling fluids on bitumen mechanical behaviors. A material model for in-situ bitumen is therefore derived and applied in detailed 3D numerical analyses. At reservoir scale, the numerical models analyze the stress and deformation inside and around the bitumen formations with different lateral extensions and thickness, and evaluate the stability of various bitumen shapes at in-situ conditions. At wellbore scale, 3D models are used to study the factors of bitumen mobilization, including overburden stress, bitumen stress, and borehole pressure. The relative importance of each factor has been quantified.
One of the key findings is the role of overburden in bitumen mobilization. We find that, for the bitumen encountered adjacent to the salt body, the radial stress gradient (i.e. horizontal if well is vertical) is dominant to flow the bitumen at the beginning after borehole introduction. The overburden effect becomes evident later. Further, both mechanisms result in stress concentrations within short distance around the wellbore. Another finding contradictory to previous publications is the mud pressure required to stop bitumen movement. The simulations indicate for the bitumen studied in this paper as long as the mud pressure at the bitumen formation reaches the level of in-situ minimum horizontal stress (i.e. fracture gradient instead of overburden gradient), the bitumen stops moving. However, even 0.25ppg mud pressure fluctuation may trigger the mobilization again.
These studies improve the understandings of in-situ bitumen and near-wellbore bitumen flow conditions, and may help to develop a successful strategy to drill through.
Complex Extended-Reach Drilling to Exploit Reservoirs in Environmentally Sensitive Area, Offshore California
Authors: Hertfelder Gary P. , Menge Mathias , Patel Max , Ruszka Jon 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The marine environment offshore California is an environmentally sensitive location. To minimise environmental impact, platforms installed in the 1980's continue to be utilised for field development without the requirement to install additional jackets or disturb the seabed with subsea completions and flow lines. As the field developments continued, extended reach drilling (ERD) techniques were developed and employed to exploit the outer reaches of the fields and develop new satellite deposits. In order to fully utilise the capabilities of the existing platforms and as they became slot constrained, ERD sidetracks from existing ERD wells became necessary. Some of these sidetracks required highly complex three-dimensional profiles to reach the new targets.
This paper discusses some of the challenges drilling offshore California and how the use of extended reach drilling techniques allowed full utilisation of available drilling infrastructure while minimising environmental impact. Also discussed is the specialist drilling technologies employed on these challenging wells together with lessons learned, illustrated with examples from real wells.
A Design Strength Equation for Collapse of Expanded OCTG
Authors: Klever Frans J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Expandable tubulars provide exciting new opportunities for well design and construction. This technology has permitted access to hydrocarbons that could not be reached by conventional drilling techniques. Design tools similar to those available for conventional oil country tubular goods (OCTG) are required to facilitate further dissemination and application of expandable tubulars. In particular, equations for performance properties of expanded pipe are needed.
This paper describes the development of an equation for the design collapse strength of expanded pipe. It is based on the combination of collapse test data and theoretical modeling, and its statistical approach is fully consistent with that used for conventional OCTG described in ISO 10400 (2007). The recipe how to derive the design collapse strength of expanded pipe is also applicable to any particular pipe product that a manufacturer and an end-user may wish to qualify for well use.
Based on an example set of expanded L80 pipes, results are presented describing the collapse data using either a simple power law, or the KT collapse equation that has been recently calibrated to conventional OCTG. By adapting one parameter, the KT model can also model the collapse strength of the expanded pipe data over a range of pipe diameters, wall thicknesses and expansion ratios. The new equation takes account of the effect of internal pressure and axial load on collapse.
The API SC5 RG ET Resource Group on Expandable Tubulars is incorporating the approach presented in this paper into the draft API RP 5-EX Recommended Practice.
New Large Capacity Compact Drawworks for New Builds and Upgrade Jobs
Authors: Kverneland Hege , Moe Magne , Austefjord Arne , Kyllingstad Åge 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
A new drawworks using Permanent Magnet Motor Technology is being developed to make a small and compact drawworks for use on new builds and upgrade jobs. This new technology using an "inside-out" PM-motor integrated in the winch drum was first introduced to the offshore market three years ago, in a manrider winch application. The technology is now adapted to larger horsepower winches such as crane winches and drawworks. This paper will be focusing on the drawworks application reducing size and weight of the drawworks substantially compared with standard drawworks with equivalent hoisting capacity.
Dumbarton Field, UKCS: Rapid Redevelopment of a Complex, Mature North Sea Asset Using New Rotary-Steerable and Geosteering Technologies
Authors: John Ukpe , Tribe Ian , Manson Jim , Stewart Andy , Pendlebury Martin , Ferguson Emily , Melvill Kenneth , Bourgeois Daniel , Lepp Rebecca 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe Dumbarton Field, operated by Maersk Oil North Sea in Block 15/20 has a number of drilling and well placement challenges, which hampered development during the 80's and 90's when operated by the previous owner. These include formation instability, directional-drilling control issues and thin complex reservoirs which are poorly imaged on seismic. Reservoir overburden is fast drilling formations with hard stringers. The field pore-pressure gradient is at 9.07ppg EMW but mud density needed for wellbore stability is greater than 11.6ppg. This resultant high overbalance and other issues such as hole cleaning, complex directional profile, ECD management at high ROPs, can lead to inefficient motor drilling. The soft formations also create limitations for push-the-bit rotary steerable systems to deliver the required directional performance to land wells.To overcome these drilling challenges a new point-the-bit, rotary steerable system with a high dogleg capability has been utilised for successful landing of these wells into reservoir sections without need for pilot holes or mechanical sidetracks. Additionally a new LWD tool that allows monitoring of the distance and direction to formation boundaries up to 15 ft away from the wellbore has been used to proactively guide the wells along the thin oil reservoir units/sands. These tools also enabled the wells to be placed as close to the reservoir roof shales as possible to maximize stand-off from the waterleg and hence increase overall oil recovery. Distance and direction to boundary data displays are intuitive to interpretation allowing better geosteering decisions without compromising ROP and drilling efficiency.Within six months six wells were delivered including three sidetracks (One top hole and two horizontal sections). All wells penetrated more reservoir sand than prognosed and all were drilled faster than prognosed. Initial production testing was higher than expectation.