bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of internal structure changes in black human hair keratin fibers with aging using Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Kuzuhara Akio , Fujiwara Nobuki , Hori Teruo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTo investigate the internal structure changes in virgin black human hair keratin fibers due to aging, the structure of cross‐sections at various depths of virgin black human hair (sections of new growth hair: 2 mm from the scalp) from a group of eight Japanese females in their twenties and another group of eight Japanese females in their fifties were analyzed using Raman spectroscopy. For the first time, we have succeeded in recording the Raman spectra of virgin black human hair, which had been impossible due to high melanin granule content. The key points of this method are to cross‐section hair samples to a thickness of 1.50‐μm, to select points at various depths of the cortex with the fewest possible melanin granules, and to optimize laser power, cross slit width as well as total acquisition time. The reproducibility of the Raman bands, namely the α‐helix (α) content, the β‐sheet and/or random coil (β/R) content, the disulfide (SS) content, and random coil content of two adjoining cross‐sections of a single hair keratin fiber was clearly good. The SS content of virgin black human hair from the Japanese females in their fifties for the cortex region decreased compared with that of the Japanese females in their twenties. On the other hand, the β/R and α contents of the cortex region did not change. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 87: 134–140, 2007.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Evaluation of the influence of the internal aqueous solvent structure on electrostatic interactions at the protein‐solvent interface by nonlocal continuum electrostatic approach
Authors: Rubinstein Alexander , Sherman Simon 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe dielectric properties of the polar solvent on the protein‐solvent interface at small intercharge distances are still poorly explored. To deconvolute this problem and to evaluate the pair‐wise electrostatic interaction (PEI) energies of the point charges located at the protein‐solvent interface we used a nonlocal (NL) electrostatic approach along with a static NL dielectric response function of water. The influence of the aqueous solvent microstructure (determined by a strong nonelectrostatic correlation effect between water dipoles within the orientational Debye polarization mode) on electrostatic interactions at the interface was studied in our work. It was shown that the PEI energies can be significantly higher than the energies evaluated by the classical (local) consideration, treating water molecules as belonging to the bulk solvent with a high dielectric constant. Our analysis points to the existence of a rather extended, effective low‐dielectric interfacial water shell on the protein surface. The main dielectric properties of this shell (effective thickness together with distance‐ and orientation‐dependent dielectric permittivity function) were evaluated. The dramatic role of this shell was demonstrated when estimating the protein association rate constants. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 87: 149–164, 2007.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Enhanced arsenic accumulation by engineered yeast cells expressing Arabidopsis thaliana phytochelatin synthase
Authors: Singh Shailendra , Lee Wonkyu , DaSilva Nancy A. , Mulchandani Ashok , Chen Wilfred 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPhytochelatins (PCs) are naturally occurring peptides with high‐binding capabilities for a wide range of heavy metals including arsenic (As). PCs are enzymatically synthesized by phytochelatin synthases and contain a (γ‐Glu‐Cys)n moiety terminated by a Gly residue that makes them relatively proteolysis resistant. In this study, PCs were introduced by expressing Arabidopsis thaliana Phytochelatin Synthase (AtPCS) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae for enhanced As accumulation and removal. PCs production in yeast resulted in six times higher As accumulation as compared to the control strain under a wide range of As concentrations. For the high‐arsenic concentration, PCs production led to a substantial decrease in levels of PC precursors such as glutathione (GSH) and γ‐glutamyl cysteine (γ‐EC). The levels of As(III) accumulation were found to be similar between AtPCS‐expressing wild type strain and AtPCS‐expressing acr3Δ strain lacking the arsenic efflux system, suggesting that the arsenic uptake may become limiting. This is further supported by the roughly 1:3 stoichiometric ratio between arsenic and PC2 (n = 2) level (comparing with a theoretical value of 1:2), indicating an excess availability of PCs inside the cells. However, at lower As(III) concentration, PC production became limiting and an additive effect on arsenic accumulation was observed for strain lacking the efflux system. More importantly, even resting cells expressing AtPCS pre‐cultured in Zn2+ enriched media showed PCs production and two times higher arsenic removal than the control strain. These results open up the possibility of using cells expressing AtPCS as an inexpensive sorbent for the removal of toxic arsenic. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 333–340. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Studies on neurosteroids XXII. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric method for profiling rat brain 3‐oxo‐4‐ene‐neuroactive steroids
Authors: Higashi Tatsuya , Nagahama Akihiro , Mukai Yoshiyuki , Shimada Kazutake 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA sensitive liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometric (LC–ESI–MS/MS) method for the simultaneous determination of five 3‐oxo‐4‐ene‐neuroactive steroids, i.e. androstenedione, testosterone (T), progesterone (PROG), 20α‐dihydroprogesterone and 20β‐dihydroprogesterone, in rat brain has been developed and validated. The brain steroids were extracted with methanol‐acetic acid, purified using solid‐phase extraction cartridges and subjected to LC–ESI–MS/MS. The method does not require derivatization. Deuterium‐labeled T and PROG were used as the internal standards, and quantification was based on the selected reaction monitoring mode. This method allowed the reproducible and accurate quantification of the brain neuroactive steroids using 100 mg of tissue; the intra‐ and inter‐assay relative standard deviations were below 4.7 and 4.3%, respectively, and the accuracy values were 97.6–103.2% for all the steroids. The limits of quantitation were 0.1 ng/g tissue for all the steroids. The application of this developed method for the analysis of changes in the brain neuroactive steroid levels by immobilization stress is also presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sentinel lymph node in vulvar cancer
Authors: Hauspy Jan , Beiner Mario , Harley Ian , Ehrlich Lisa , Rasty Golnar , Covens Allan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility, efficacy, and accuracy of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) procedure in vulvar cancer.METHODS.From April 2004 to September 2006, all patients with vulvar cancer, clinical stages I and II, underwent SLN detection, followed by a complete inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy. Demographic, surgical, and pathologic data on all patients were prospectively entered in a database.RESULTS.Forty‐two patients underwent the SLN procedure. One patient was excluded from further analysis due to metastases to the vulva. The detection rate for at least 1 SLN per patient was 95%, with bilateral SLNs detected in 46% of patients. There was a trend toward improved ability to detect bilateral SLNs and proximity of the cancer to the midline (r= 0.996;P= .057). No contralateral SLNs were identified in patients with lateral vulvar lesions (>1 cm from the midline). For ‘close‐to‐midline’ (≤1 cm from the midline) lesions, SLNs were detected in 93% of ipsilateral groins and bilateral SLNs were found in 46% of patients, whereas lesions abutting the midline had unilateral and bilateral SLN detected in 100% and 93%, respectively. Sixteen of 41 patients (39%) and 18 of 68 groins (26%) revealed metastatic disease in the lymph nodes; all were correctly identified by the SLN procedure. There were no false‐negative SLN results.CONCLUSIONS.SLN dissection is feasible and safe to perform in vulvar cancer. The ability to identify bilateral sentinel inguinal lymph nodes appears to be related to the proximity of the vulvar cancer to the midline. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Colocalization of somatostatin receptor subtypes (SSTR1–5) with somatostatin, NADPH‐diaphorase (NADPH‐d), and tyrosine hydroxylase in the rat hypothalamus
Authors: Kumar Ujendra 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe hypothalamus is a major site of somatostatin (SST) production and action. SST is synthesized in several hypothalamic nuclei and involved in a variety of functions. Using SST receptor (SSTR)‐specific antibodies, we localized SSTR subtypes in the rat hypothalamus. In addition, we also demonstrated SSTRs colocalization with SST, NADPH‐diaphorase (NADPH‐d), and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). SSTR1 is strongly localized in neurons in all major hypothalamic nuclei as well as in nerve fibers in the zona externa of the median eminence and the ependyma of the third ventricle. SSTR2 is also well expressed in most regions but with a relatively lower abundance in comparison to SSTR1. In contrast, SSTR3 is localized primarily in the paraventricular nucleus, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, and median eminence. SSTR4‐like immunoreactivity is mainly confined to the arcuate nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, median eminence, and ependymal cells of third ventricle, with the rare SSTR4‐positive neuron in the paraventricular nucleus. SSTR5 is the least expressed subtype occurring only in few cells in the inner layer of the median eminence. Overall, SSTR1 is the predominant subtype, followed by SSTR2, 4, 3, and 5. Combined immunofluorescence, immunocytochemistry, and histochemistry were used to demonstrate SSTRs colocalization with SST, TH, and NADPH‐d. SSTRs colocalization with SST, TH, and NADPH‐d displays in a region and receptor specificity. Colocalization of SST and NADPH‐d with SSTRs in hypothalamic regions was similar, suggesting that SST and NADPH‐d producing cells are same. In contrast, TH was selectively coexpressed with SSTRs in the hypothalamus in a receptor‐specific manner. Taken together, these data suggest that SSTRs may interact with NADPH‐d and TH to exert a physiological role in concert within the hypothalamus. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:185–205, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rate of convergence of the mean curvature flow
Authors: Sesum Natasa 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe study the flow Mt of a smooth, strictly convex hypersurface by its mean curvature in ℝn + 1. The surface remains smooth and convex, shrinking monotonically until it disappears at a critical time T and point x* (which is due to Huisken). This is equivalent to saying that the corresponding rescaled mean curvature flow converges to a sphere Sn of radius √n. In this paper we will study the rate of exponential convergence of a rescaled flow. We will present here a method that tells us that the rate of the exponential decay is at least 2/n. We can define the “arrival time” u of a smooth, strictly convex, n‐dimensional hypersurface as it moves with normal velocity equal to its mean curvature via u(x) = t if x ∈ Mt for x ∈ Int(M0). Huisken proved that, for n ≥ 2, u(x) is C2 near x*. The case n = 1 has been treated by Kohn and Serfaty [11]; they proved C3‐regularity of u. As a consequence of the obtained rate of convergence of the mean curvature flow, we prove that u is not necessarily C3 near x* for n ≥ 2. We also show that the obtained rate of convergence 2/n, which arises from linearizing a mean curvature flow, is the optimal one, at least for n ≥ 2. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Collector Probe Measurements of Impurity Fluxes Injected into the Plasma of the T‐10 Tokamak
Authors: Hildebrandt D. , Grote H. , Herrmann A. , Laux M. , Pech P. , Reiner H.‐D. , Wolff H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt is shown that the efflux of impurities injected into the core plasma can be detected by collector probes in the scrape‐off plasma. The time evolution, orientation and radial dependences of these effluxes allow to conclude on the impurity confinement in the core plasma and the scrape‐off plasma. Moreover, recycling effects can also be measured.
A Covariant Hierarchy of Kinetic Equations for Classical Particles and Fields
Authors: De Jagher P. C. , Sluijter F. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt is shown that several problems, that are met when constructing a covariant statistical theory, can be circumverted demanding that only the resulting equation for the macroscopic entities are covariant whereas only mathematical meaning is ascribed to concepts as phase space and ensemble density. Accordingly a hierarchy of equations for averaged particle distributions and fields and their correlations is derived.
Divertor Plasma Analysis with Collisions
Authors: Dimoff K. , Parbhakar K. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe high recycling mode of divertor operation is found to depend on the spatial temperature gradient along the divertor length falling within limits set by the ratio of collision frequency with respect to ionization rate. An analytic expression for the neutral particle density necessary to sustain this mode is at least an order of magnitude greater at the divertor throat than previously assumed.
Monte Carlo Calculation of the Effective Penetration Velocity of Re‐Cycling Neutrals in Jet
Authors: Simonini R. , Spence J. , Stangeby P. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMeasured plasma density and temperature profiles have been used as input to a 3‐D Monte Carlo neutral code, NIMBUS, to calculate an effective recycling velocity of neutral deuterium from the JET limiters of ∼1.5×104 m/s (2.5 eV). This result quantitatively explains the observed relation between edge density and central density in JET ohmic discharges. It is found that ≲ 30% of the total ionization occurs within the SOL.
Probe Measurements of Wave Fluctuations Excited in Glow Discharges
Authors: Ohe K. , Tsunoda X. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFluctuations of the electric field, the charged particle density, the electron temperature and the plasma potential are simultaneously measured by a probe in the positive column of helium glow discharge at a few torr gas pressure by exciting a small amplitude ionization wave. It is proposed that these values can be determined by analyzing the probe current.
Ozone Synthesis in an Electric Discharge between Ferroelectric Electrodes at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Opalinska T. , Szymanski A. , Sabadil H. , Wagner H.‐E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper deals with studies of the ozone synthesis by means of an ac discharge (50 Hz) between two parallel ferroelectric plates under radial oxygen flow conditions at atmospheric pressure. Bariumtitanate based ceramic with ϵ ∽ 6000 was used as ferroelectric material. An important feature of this kind of the discharge is the fact that the operating voltage is well one order of magnitude smaller than that of the silent discharge usually used for the O3 production. Examples of I — U characteristics are discussed. The absorption of light at 253.7 nm wavelength was used to determine [O3] within and downstream of the discharge as function of the O2 flow rate. These results have been examined in terms of a kinetic investigation of the O3 synthesis based on the so‐called plug flow model including the particle balance equations of electrons, O atoms, O2 and O3 molecules, respectively. Thus, the measured decrease of [O3] with increasing flow rate can be explained by the increasing influence of the loss of O3 by convection on the particle balance of O3. Furthermore it is shown that inside the plasma reactor [O3] increases with the radius r. Therefore the data for measured spatial average of [O3] inside the discharge are lower than that of [O3] in the flowing afterglow. The last values are identical with that of [O3] at the exit of the discharge.
Electron Energy Distribution Functions in He‐CO DC Laser Mixture: The Role of Superelastic Electronic Collisions
Authors: Gorse C. , Paniccia F. , Ricard A. , Capitelli M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractElectron energy distribution functions (EDF) in He — CO mixtures have been calculated by solving the Boltzmann equation including superelastic vibrational and electronic collisions. The latter include the metastable states CO(a3II) and He(3S). The results show that the presence of superelastic electronic collisions strongly affect EDF. In particular small concentrations of He(3S) modify the shape of EDF, by creating different structures. The net result is the dramatic dependence of electronic and ionization rate coefficients on the concentrations of He(3S) and CO(a3II), while the vibrational rate coefficients are practically unaffected by the presence of these states.
A Pair of Coupled Equations for High Frequency Langmuir Wave and Low Frequency Potential
Authors: Bhakta J. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA coupled pair of nonlinear equations for the amplitude modulated Langmuir wave and the associated low frequency electric potential wave have been derived by relaxing quasineutrality condition of the frequency motion. Solitary wave solutions exist. It is found that the small correction term due to ion pressure changes the amplitude of the solitary wave.
On the Gravitational Instability of an Ionized Magnetized Rotating Plasma Flowing Through a Porous Medium with other Transport Processes and the Suspended Particles
Authors: Vyas M. K. , Chhajlani B. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effects of suspended particles and the finite thermal and electrical conductivities on the magnetogravitational instability of an ionized rotating plasma through a porous medium have been investigated, under varying assumptions of the rotational axis and the modes of propagation. In all the cases it is observed that the Jeans' criterion determines the condition of instability with some modifications due to various parameters. The effects of rotation, the medium porosity, and the mass concentration of the suspended particles on instability condition have been removed by (1) magnetic field for longitudinal mode of propagation with perpendicular rotational axis, and (2) viscosity for transverse propagation with rotational axis parallel to the magnetic field. The mass concentration reduces the effects of rotation. Thermal conductivity replaces the adiabatic velocity of sound by the isothermal one, whereas the effect of the finite electrical conductivity is to delink the alignment between the magnetic field and the plasma. Porosity reduces the effects of both the magnetic field and the rotation, on Jeans' criterion.
On the Instabilities of the Collisionless and Non‐Magnetized Active Plasmas
Authors: Krstić S. R. , Milić B. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSpontaneously excited instabilities in a uniform, collisionless and non‐magnetized active plasma are studied, under the assumption that the polarisability of its active constituent is due to transitions of only one optical electron between two inversely populated energy levels. The attention is focused on non‐resonant situations in which the modal frequencies of the excited waves differ significantly from the frequency of coherent electromagnetic radiation arising due to the presence of the active constituent. The longitudinal (‘acoustic’) waves in both low and high phase velocity domains, as well as the transverse (‘optical’) waves, are investigated. It is shown that the instabilities excited are most frequently aperiodical, and appear within, a comparatively large wavelength range. Their amplitude increments are evaluated. Under certain particular conditions, specified in the paper, the instabilities turn out to be periodical and to appear in very narrow wavelength bands only. Their modal frequencies and amplitude increments are also evaluated.
A Review of Anode Phenomena in Vacuum Arcs
Authors: Miller H. Craig 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses are modes at the anode, experimental results pertinent to anode phenomena, and theoretical explanations of anode phenomena.A vacuum are can exhibit five anode discharge modes: (1) a low current mode in which the anode is basically passive, acting only as a collector of particles emitted from the cathode; (2) a second low current mode that can occur if the electrode material is readily sputtered (a flux of sputtered atoms will be emitted by the anode); (3) a footpoint mode, characterized by the appearance of one or more small luminous spots on the anode (footpoints are generally much cooler than the true anode spots present in the last two modes); (4) an anode spot mode in which one large or several small anode spots are present (such spots are very luminous, have a temperature near the atmospheric boiling point of the anode material, and are a copious source of vapor and ions); and (5) an intense are mode where an anode spot is present, but accompanied by severe cathode erosion.The are voltage is relatively low and quiet in the two low current modes and the intense are mode. It is usually high and noisy in the footpoint mode, and it can be either in the anode spot mode. Anode erosion is low, indeed negative, in the two low current modes, and it is low to moderate in the footpoint mode. Severe anode erosion occurs in both the anode spot and intense are modes.The dominant mechanism controlling the formation of an anode spot appears to depend upon the electrode geometry, the electrode material, and the current waveform of the particular vacuum are being considered. In specific experimental conditions, either magnetic constriction in the gap plasma, or gross anode melting, or local anode evaporation can trigger the transition. However, the most probable explanation of anode spot formation is a combination theory, which considers magnetic constriction in the plasma together with the fluxes of material from the anode and cathode as well as the thermal, electrical, and geometric effects of the anode in analyzing the behavior of the anode and the nearby plasma.
Some Remarks on the Calculation of Standard Thermodynamic Functions of Diatomic Molecules in SF6 Plasma
Authors: Bartl J. , Bartlovà M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractApplying the Mayer's and Geppert‐Mayer's method and the method of direct summation the standard thermodynamic functions of some typical diatomic molecules present in SF6 plasma were calculated. There are given STF data in the temperature region from 100 0 to 15 000K. Some problems of the determination of the STF are discussed.
Indirect Abel Inversions by Power Series and SALS
Authors: Shimizu T. , Horigome T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDerivative‐free Abel inversions named here as ‘Indirect’ method is proved to be far superior to conventional ‘Direct’ method involving derivative term, by numerical experiments. With powerful least‐square fitting method named SALS developed at computer center of Tokyo University, and simple power‐series expansions of emission coefficient e(r) is sufficient without any iterations nor deconvolutions. 10‐test functions often used in literatures are treated and the result of numerical experiments show reconstructions reached to the ultimate of computer precisions.