bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Further investigations into the potentiation of infection by intra-articular injection of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan and the effect of filtration and intra-articular injection of amikacin
Authors: Gustafson Scott B. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Jones Robert L. , Dixon-White Heidi E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (psgag) recently have been reported to potentiate the infectivity of Staphylococcus aureus in horses with experimentally induced septic arthritis. Four groups of 8 horses each had 1 midcarpal joint injected with approximately 33 viable colony-forming units (cfu) of S aureus plus either 1 ml of saline solution (group 1), 250 mg of psgag (group 2), 250 mg of psgag passed through a 0.6-μm filter (group 3), or 250 mg of psgag plus 125 mg of amikacin (group 4). Horses that developed clinical signs consistent with sepsis were euthanatized, and samples were collected at necropsy. Horses that survived had samples obtained by use of arthroscopy at days 13 and 14 after injection. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 1 group-1 horse, 8 group-2 horses, and 7 of 7 group-3 horses that met protocol, but was not isolated from any group-4 horses. All 16 aforementioned horses had clinical signs, results of synovial fluid analysis, and gross pathologic and synovial membrane histopathologic findings that were consistent with septic arthritis. Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (250 mg) increased the infectivity of 33 cfu of S aureus (P = 0.001); filtering the psgag had no effect. Intra-articular injection of 125 mg of amikacin immediately after inoculating the joint with 33 cfu of S aureus significantly (P = 0.001) decreased potentiation of infection by the psgag.
Reference ranges for hematologic and serum biochemical values in llamas (Lama glama)
Authors: Fowler Murray E. , Zinkl Joseph G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hematologic and serum biochemical values were determined in 174 llamas of all age groups and both sexes from ranches in California and Nevada.
Compared with hematologic values for horses and cattle, llama erythrocytes were more numerous (10.1 to 17.3 × 106/μl), but the pcv was lower (25 to 45%) because the smaller elliptical cells pack tighter. The mean corpuscular volume was half that of horses and cattle (22 to 29.5 fl). The mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was higher (38.9 to 46.2 g/dl), and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin slightly lower (9.6 to 12.6 pg). Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle and horses, with the exception of triiodothyronine (48 to 468 ng/dl) and thyroxin (9.8 to 30 μg/dl), which are up to 10 times higher than values for other domestic species.
Detection of Brucella abortus in mammalian tissue, using biotinylated, whole genomic DNA as a molecular probe
Authors: Hopper B. Russell , Sanborn Mark R. , Bantle John A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A method has been developed for the detection of Brucella abortus in complex tissue homogenates. The technique uses tissue homogenization in the presence of sucrose and Triton X-100 and subsequent filtration through a 5-μm pore size filter to remove mammalian nuclei and cellular debris. The dna from the bacteria is then extracted, dot blotted onto nitrocellulose, and hybridized with a biotinylated probe of B abortus strain 19 dna. In the present study, BALB/C mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with either 109 or 1011 B abortus strain 2308S organisms. After 6 days, the mice were euthanatized by cervical dislocation and the livers were removed, weighed, and the appearance of each was noted. The tissues were homogenized, and a viable cell count was performed to determine the number of bacteria in each organ. The dna was extracted, blotted onto nitrocellulose, and hybridized with the Brucella probe. The biotin label was detected by use of a commercially available streptavidin/alkaline phosphatase system. In control experiments, the technique detected 105 organisms in a mixture of bacteria and 1 g of rat liver. The technique also detected 107 B abortus organisms/g of tissue from experimentally inoculated mice. The probe was specific for Brucella and had no affinity for contaminating bovine or bacterial dna.
Microvascular circulation of the ascending colon in horses
Authors: Snyder Jack R. , Tyler Walter S. , Pascoe John R. , Olander Harvey J. , Bleifer Dana R. , Hinds Dave M. , Neves John W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Microvascular circulation of the ascending colon in healthy horses was studied using microangiography, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The pelvic flexure with 30 cm of ventral and dorsal colon attached was removed from 14 adult horses immediately after horses were euthanatized. The lumen was flushed with warm water, and this section of the ascending colon was placed in a 37-C bath of isotonic NaCl. In sections from 8 horses, colic vessels were perfused with a radio-opaque medium for microangiography. After angiographic evaluation, tissue sections were prepared for light microscopic observation, using standard histologic methods. In sections from 6 horses, injection replicas were made by perfusing the vessels with 2 types of plastics. The results of microangiography, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy of vascular replicas were correlated, providing a comprehensive documentation of the microvasculature of the ascending colon at the pelvic flexure.
Arteries branched from mesenteric colic vessels approximately every 2 cm toward the colonic tissue. Immediately after branching, arterial vessels formed an anastomotic plexus, the colonic rete. However, each branch from the colic vessel eventually continued into the colonic tissue. A second set of vessels originated from the colonic rete and supplied the mesenteric lymph nodes. Arterial vessels penetrated the tunica muscularis into the submucosa 3 to 4 cm toward the antimesenteric border forming a submucosal vascular network. From the submucosal arterioles, branching took place at right angles to supply the mucosal capillaries. Capillaries surrounded the colonic glands and anastomosed at the luminal surface, forming a superficial luminal honeycomb-appearing vascular plexus. Venules, sparsely distributed, drained the superficial plexus. Arterial venous anastomoses were not observed within the mucosa.
Distribution of cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers in the lacrimal glands of dogs
Authors: Powell Cynthia C. , Martin Charles L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The distribution of postganglionic autonomic nerve fibers in the lacrimal gland and gland of the third eyelid of dogs was studied by use of histochemical techniques. Adrenergic nerve distribution was identified by use of the sucrose-potassium phosphate-glyoxylic acid technique. A loose network of adrenergic nerves was found throughout the interstitium around acini and blood vessels and in vessel walls. Acetylcholinesterase staining was used to identify cholinergic nerve fibers. A cholinergic distribution pattern around acini and blood vessels similar to the adrenergic pattern was found, although the cholinergic innervation appeared more dense than the adrenergic. In the gland of the third eyelid, mucus-secreting lobules and lipid-secreting lobules appeared to be equally innervated by parasympathetic fibers. These lobules could not be differentiated when the sucrose-potassium phosphate-glyoxylic acid technique was used. The techniques used in this study could not demonstrate whether direct contact was made by either cholinergic or adrenergic nerve fibers with secretory or myoepithelial cells. The presence of both nerve fiber types around acini suggests an interrelationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system in lacrimal gland secretion in dogs.
Postnatal development of the photoreceptor inner segment of the retina in dogs
Authors: Miller William W. , Albert R. A. , Boosinger Timothy R. , Holloway Clarke L. , Simpson Steven T. , Tojvio-Kinnucan M. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In dogs, the retina develops during the postnatal period in a manner similar to that in other animals born with closed eyelids. Photoreceptor inner segments are initially observed as a cytoplasmic bulge protruding sclerad through the external limiting membrane. Outer segment formation begins when a centriole within the inner segment attaches to the distal inner segment cell membrane. A few round mitochondria are observed within the early inner segments. As maturation proceeds, the number of mitochondria within the inner segments increases and the mitochondria elongate, orienting parallel to the long axis of the inner segment.
Induction of Escherichia coli mastitis in cows fed selenium-deficient or selenium-supplemented diets
Authors: Erskine R. J. , Eberhart R. J. , Grasso P. J. , Scholz R. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ten Holstein heifers were fed a selenium-deficient (SeD) diet (0.04 mg of Se/kg on a total ration dry-matter basis) 3 months before calving and throughout their first lactation. A selenium-supplemented (SeS) diet (2 mg of Se/head/d) was fed to a group of 10 heifers. In about the 14th week of lactation, the cows were challenge-exposed to Escherichia coli by administering 15 to 40 colony-forming units (cfu) into 1 mammary gland. Selenium concentration (μg/ml) in blood around the time of challenge exposure was 0.033 ± 0.002 (mean ± sem) in SeD and 0.132 ± 0.006 in SeS cows. Infections were established in all challenge-exposed quarters. The frequency of quarter atrophy and agalactia, and reduction in whole-udder milk yield in the first 4 days after challenge exposure, were greater (P < 0.05) in the SeD cows.
Log10 peak bacterial concentrations in milk were higher (P < 0.05) in SeD (7.63 ± 0.34 cfu/ml) than in SeS cows (5.57 ± 0.66 cfu/ml). Mean log bacterial concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) from 12 to 20 hours after challenge exposure in SeD than in SeS cows. Duration of infection was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in SeD (162.0 ± 12.0) than in SeS cows (114.4 ± 18.0 hours).
Milk somatic cell counts increased significantly more slowly (P < 0.05) in SeD than in SeS cows from 8 to 16 hours after challenge exposure. Ratios of milk somatic cells to bacteria in milk were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in SeD than in SeS cows at 12 and 16 hours after challenge exposure.
Effects of colostral antibody on susceptibility of calves to Cryptosporidium parvurn infection
Authors: Harp James A. , Woodmansee Douglas B. , Moon Harley W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of colostral antibody on susceptibility of calves to Cryptosporidium parvum infection were examined. Six calves were fed pooled colostrum that contained C parvum antibody, 6 times daily (at 4-hour intervals) for 7 days and then milk replacer for 7 days. Colostrum was obtained from healthy cows or cows inoculated parenterally with C parvum oocysts before parturition. Antibody content was determined in serum and colostrum whey, using an elisa for anticryptosporidia immunoglobulin. Six calves were fed colostrum from healthy cows 1 time, and then milk replacer 6 times daily for 14 days. On day 1, all calves were challenge exposed with C parvum, po, and were monitored daily for diarrhea and oocyst shedding. Bovine colostrum containing specific antibody to C parvum, at elisa titers up to 10,240, was not effective in protecting calves against challenge exposure to C parvum.
Tracheal mucus transport rate in healthy horses
Authors: Sweeney Corinne Raphel 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Tracheal mucus transport rates were measured over a 10-minute period in 20 healthy horses twice in 24 hours. The mean rate was 1.93 ± 0.55 cm/min on day 1 and 1.99 ± 0.49 cm/min 24 hours later. The mean difference between day 1 and day 2 (0.06 ± 0.42 cm/min) was not significant (P = 0.55). The range on day 1 was 1.12 to 2.9 cm/min and 1.11 to 2.89 cm/min on day 2.
Mathematic model for the population biology of rabies in raccoons in the mid-Atlantic states
Authors: Coyne Michael J. , Smith Gary , McAllister Fiona E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A series of coupled differential equations was used to model the temporal dynamics of rabies in raccoons in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The model takes explicit account of the development of natural immunity to rabies and was used to evaluate culling and vaccination elimination strategies. For habitats typical of the mid-Atlantic states, and given the assumptions of the model, it was estimated that elimination of rabies in raccoons by culling may involve the annual removal of over 32% of the raccoon population or the yearly vaccination of up to 99% of the susceptible fraction. Assuming a constant marginal cost for both culling and vaccination, the model suggests that, whatever the actual cost of each method, the cheapest strategy will always involve either culling or vaccination alone. A combined strategy of culling and vaccination will be cheaper than culling alone only when the per capita cost of vaccination is around one-fifth or less the per capita cost of culling.
Serum uric acid concentrations in horses heterozygous for combined immunodeficiency
Authors: Kettler Michelle K. , Weil Michael R. , Perryman Lance E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum uric acid concentrations were determined in horses known to be carriers of combined immunodeficiency gene(s) and in presumed noncarrier horses. Uric acid concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.005) in carrier horses than in presumed noncarrier horses. However, there was some overlap in serum uric acid concentrations between carrier and presumed noncarrier horses.
Protection of mice against Brucella abortus infection by inoculation with monoclonal antibodies recognizing Brucella O-antigen
Authors: Phillips Marshall , Deyoe Billy L. , Canning Peter C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Monoclonal antibodies recognizing the O-polysaccharide portion of Brucella abortus strain 2308 provided BALB/c mice with passive protection against challenge exposure with the homologous strain. Numbers of colony-forming organisms in the spleen were reduced by IgM and IgG monoclonal antibodies. Active immunization of mice, using B abortus 2308S lipopolysaccharide, resulted in production of IgM antibody at 14 days. Clearance of organisms in the actively immunized mice after challenge exposure at 14 days was nearly identical to that in passively immunized mice. Mice either passively or actively immunized were effectively protected from 0 to 28 days. Bacterial colonization of the spleen was observed to increase in both groups of mice at 56 days and indicated that humoral responses were effective in eliminating the organism in the early stages of infection, but other immune mechanisms were necessary for protection of mice in the later stage of infection with virulent strains of B abortus.
Immunoperoxidase evaluation of pneumonic lesions induced by Pasteurella multocida in calves
Authors: Haritani M. , Narita M. , Murata H. , Hashimoto K. , Takizawa T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To evaluate the relationship between pneumonic lesions and distribution of bacteria, lungs from calves inoculated with Pasteurella multocida were examined histologically by use of immunoperoxidase technique. Pneumonic lesions fundamentally consisted of bronchopneumonia with fibrinopurulent pleuritis. The lesions were confirmed to be associated with inoculated P multocida, using the immunoperoxidase technique. The P multocida antigen was detected not only in the bacterial clusters in the lesions, but also in the cytoplasm of infiltrating neutrophils and macrophages. Further, immunoelectron microscopy indicated that the inoculated bacteria generally were phagocytosed and digested by neutrophils.
Pulmonary disposition and pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of chloramphenicol in healthy fasted adult horses
Authors: Dedecker Lana , Ceriotti Serena , Mora-Pereira Mariano , Knych Heather K. , Zuber Emily , Lascola Kara M. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Objective
To describe and compare the pulmonary and plasma pharmacokinetics of different oral formulations of chloramphenicol administered as a single dose to healthy adult horses.

Methods
A single dose of chloramphenicol was administered to 6 healthy, university-owned fasted adult horses IV (25 mg/kg), orally as commercial tablets (50 mg/kg), or orally or intragastrically as compounded suspension (50 mg/kg), according to a randomized crossover protocol. Plasma was collected 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes and 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after drug administration. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid was collected after 1, 4, and 8 hours and processed to obtain pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) and the BAL cell pellet (BALc). Chloramphenicol concentrations were determined by means of liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in plasma, PELF, and BALc. Data were used for plasma noncompartmental analysis and calculation of apparent PELF and BALc concentrations.

Results
Chloramphenicol concentrations were higher in the PELF than in plasma, irrespective of formulation and administration route (IV, orally, or intragastrically). Compounded suspension administered intragastrically yielded higher maximum concentration and drug exposure than administered orally, with a relative bioavailability of 79%. After oral administration, no significant differences were found between compounded suspension and commercial tablets.

Conclusions
Oral administration of chloramphenicol achieved pulmonary concentrations ≥ 2 and 4 µg/mL for at least 4 hours (50% to 75% of a 6- to 8-hour dosing interval) in 4 out of 5 treated horses.

Clinical Relevance
Pulmonary pharmacokinetics can be used by practitioners to judiciously select an antimicrobial for the treatment of complex equine pneumonia cases.
Toxicoinfectious Botulism in Foals and Adult Horses
Authors: Swerczek T. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Toxicoinfectious botulism was proved to be the cause of a neuromuscular paralytic syndrome in foals and adult horses. In eight successive cases, Clostridium botulinum type B was isolated at necropsy. Foals were either found dead without premonitory signs of illness or, most often, they had signs of progressive and symmetric motor paralysis. Stilted gait, muscular tremors, and the inability to stand longer than 4 to 5 minutes were the salient clinical signs. Other clinical manifestations included dysphagia, constipation, mydriasis, and frequent urination. As the disease progressed, dyspnea with extension of the head and neck, tachycardia, and respiratory arrest occurred. Death occurred most often 24 to 72 hours after the onset of clinical signs. The most consistent postmortem findings were congestion and edema of the lungs and excessive pericardial fluid, which contained free-floating strands of fibrin. Gastric ulcers, foci of necrosis in the liver, abscesses in the navel and lungs, and wounds of the skin and muscle were predisposing sites for development of toxicoinetectious botulism.
Immunomodulatory Effects of Levamisole
Authors: Brunner Cindy J. , Muscoplat Charles C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The conditions under which the anthelmintic drug levamisole modulates immune function were reviewed. Treatment with the drug corrects defective leukocyte reactivity and can bring clinical improvement in chronic infections, inflammatory disease, and malignancy. Therapeutic effectiveness depends upon dose, timing, and the patient's immune status, and results are often inconsistent. Levamisole therapy can cause marked but reversible complications, many of which have immunopathologic features.
A Disorder of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep in a Cat
Authors: Hendricks Joan C. , Morrison Adrian R. , Farnbach George L. , Steinberg Sheldon A. , Mann Graziella 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A young female cat with no neurologic abnormality during wakefulness was discovered to have violent motor activity during rapid eye movement sleep. Various characteristics of the disorder, which differentiated these episodes from epileptic seizures, suggested that the movements resulted from an exaggeration of phasic excitation during rapid eye movement sleep.
Clinicopathologic Effects of Rapid Infusion of 5% Sodium Bicarbonate in 5% Dextrose in the Horse
Authors: Rumbaugh G. E. , Carlson G. P. , Harrold Doris 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Clinicopathologic effects of rapid intravenous infusion of 3 L of 5% dextrose in water containing 150 g of sodium bicarbonate were evaluated in 8 clinically normal horses. A highly significant metabolic alkalosis was produced in all the horses. This response was maximal at the end of the 20-minute infusion but persisted for as long as 8 hours. Packed cell volume, total plasma proteins, plasma potassium, and plasma chloride concentration decreased significantly after infusion, while plasma sodium concentration increased significantly. The clinical and clinicopathologic responses of the horses were comparable to those in man and other animal species.
A Comparison of Intrarectal Doppler and Rectal Abdominal Palpation for Pregnancy Testing in Goats
Authors: Ott R. S. , Braun W. F. , Lock T. F. , Memon M. A. , Stowater J. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two methods of pregnancy diagnosis—rectal abdominal palpation and the intrarectal Doppler technique—were compared for accuracy in the female goat (does). Three veterinarians were given a short period of instruction as to the use of these methods, after which 38 does were evaluated by both methods by each veterinarian. The percentage of correct determination for pregnant does ranged from 94% to 100% for examiners using the intrarectal Doppler technique and from 94% to 97% for the rectal abdominal palpation. The percentage of correct determinations for nonpregnant does ranged from 25% to 75% for intrarectal Doppler technique and was 75% for rectal abdominal palpation; however, the number of nonpregnant does was small and did not allow a valid conclusion.
The results indicated that both methods are reasonably accurate for pregnancy diagnosis in does at 55 days or more after breeding and can be learned with only brief training. However, rectal abdominal palpation appears to be more hazardous with respect to rectal injury and abortion and, therefore, would not be the preferred method.
Tetracycline for Oral Treatment of Canine Urinary Tract Infection Caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Ling Gerald V. , Creighton Stanley R. , Ruby Annette L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Oral treatment with tetracycline resulted in bacteriologic cure in 23 of 25 (92%) dogs with urinary tract infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All 25 of the isolates of Pseudomonas spp were susceptible to in vitro concentrations of tetracycline (≤64 µg/ml), well below the mean urine concentrations attained in the urine of clinically normal dogs given standard oral doses of tetracycline.
Anesthesia of Small Kangaroos
Authors: Richardson K. C. , Cullen L. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Small kangaroos were anesthetized, using sodium thiopental iv for induction followed by endotracheal intubation and administration of a halothane and oxygen mixture. Endotracheal intubation in these small kangaroos was difficult, primarily because the long oral cavity prevented adequate visualization of the larynx. Intubation was facilitated by the use of a laryngoscope and a straight wire stylet inserted into the lumen of the endotracheal tube. Blood samples were collected from the median saphenous artery, and analysis showed that statistically significant increases in PO2 and PCO2 had occurred during anesthesia. Only minor variable changes in pH values were recorded. During anesthesia, decreased heart rate and increased mean respiratory rate were accompanied by rapid depression in cloacal temperature.