bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Residues of atrazine, simazine, linuron and diuron after repeated annual applications in a peach orchard
Authors: MARRIAGE P. B. , SAIDAK W. J. , VON STRYK F. G. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryAnnual applications of the herbicides atrazine, simazine, linuron and diuron at 45 kg/ha were made to the same plots for 9 consecutive years from 1963 to 1971 in a peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.) orchard located on sandy loam soil near Harrow, Ontario. Soil samples from these plots were collected in late October for the last 3 years (1969–1971) and trees were cut down in December, 1969. Herbicide residues were determined by bioassays based on the fresh and dry weight of oats (Avena sativa L.) and in one year results were confirmed by chemical analysis. Significant accumulation of herbicides was not observed. The maximum residue levels measured in October over the 3 years of sampling were 7′3 kg/ha for diuron, 3–8 kg/ha for linuron, 1–6 kg/ha for simazine and 04 kg/ha for atrazine in the top 15 cm of the soil profile. Simazine and atrazine showed a rapid decrease in amount after treatment but diuron and linuron were degraded more slowly. Measurable residues of all herbicides were confined to the upper 15 cm of the soil profile and the majority of herbicide remained in the 0–5‐cm soil layer. Oats were planted in the orchard plots from 1972 to 1974 to follow the disappearance of the herbicides. All herbicides caused highly significant yield decreases in 1972, atrazine causing the least (38%) and diuron the greatest (86%) reductions. Diuron reduced the yield of oats in 1973 and caused a highly significant decrease in the weight of young oat plants in 1974.
The selective control of grasses in red clover (Trifolium pratense) and lucerne (Medicago sativa) crops by carbetamide and propyzamide
Authors: HAGGAR R.J. , OSWALD A.K. 
Published: July 2006

RésuméCarbetamide at doses up to 3 kg/ha and propyzamide at 1–25 kg/ha applied in February to two crops each of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) caused no crop damage to either species. Flowering of red clover was substantially increased by both herbicides. Lolium perenne (L.) and Lolium midriflorum (Lam.) in red clover were completely controlled by carbetamide at less than 2 kg/ha; removal of these grasses resulted in significant increases in yield of red clover. Poa aimtia (L.) and other grasses were less well controlled in the lucerne crops. Le déskerhage sélectif contre les graminées dans le trèfle rouge (Trifotium pratense) et la luzerne (Medicago sativa) acec le carbétamide et le propyzamide.Le carbétamide à des doses allant jusqu'à 3 kg/ha et le propyzamide à 1,25 kg/ha appliqués en février à deux cultures de tréfle rouge (Trifolium pratense L.) et de luzerne (Medicago sativa L.) n'ont pas causé de dommages à ces deux espèces. La floraison du trèfle rouge a été notablement accrue par les deux herbicides. Lolium perenne (L.) et Lolium muliljiorum (Lam.) ont été complètement détruits par le carbétamide à moins de 2 kg/ha. L'élimination de ces deux mauvaises herbes a provoqué des augmentations sjgnificatives de rendement du trèfle rouge. Poa annua (L.) et d'autres graminées ont été moins bien combattues dans les cultures de luzerne.
Etude des phénomènes de sorption entre deux triazines herbicides et des acides humiques
Authors: GAILLARDON P. 
Published: July 2006

RésuméLa terbutryne est très adsorbée par les acides humiques tandis que l'atrazine l'est peu, cn milieu acide seulement. L'influence du pH sur l'adsorption et l'effet compétitif des cations Ca2+, Al3+ et Fe3+ montrent que la forme protonée des molécules des deux herbicides peut être adsorbée selon un mécanisme du type échange d'ions; la forme neutre des molécules de terbutryne pourrail être adsorbée selon d'autres mécanismes. La désorption de la terbutryne s'accompagne d'un phénomène d'hystéqerésis plus marqué dans le cas des molécules neutres et, en milieu acide, le calcium manifcste un faible pouvoir de déplacement vis‐à‐vis de l'herbicide adsorbé.
Effects of some phenylurea herbicides on photosynthesis of two wheat varieties
Authors: EVELING D. W. , EISA M. Z. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:A range of plant species was treated with three commercial herbicides to which a cuticule‐damaging kaolin was added. The addition of the kaolin resulted in increased phytotoxicity for Coleus blumei Benth., Phaseolus vulgaris L. and young leaves of Taraxacum offcinale Weber in laboratory and field trials, but failed significantly to increase phytotokicity for twelve common weed species.
Mesure rapide du coefficient de diffusion de l'atrazine en solution aqueuse
Authors: CALVET RAOUL 
Published: July 2006

Résumé:Une méthode est décrite pour la mesure du coefficient de diffusion. Elle est simple à mettre en oeuvre et ne nécessite pas de molécules marquées par un isotope radioactif. Appliquée à l'atrazine en solution aqueuse, elle indique un coefficient d'autodiffusion d'environ 5,6. 10−6 cm2 s−1, légèrement inférieur à celui mentionné dans la littérature.
Spread of weeds from a roadside into sclerophyll forests at Dartmouth, Australia
Authors: Amor R. L. , STEVENS P. L. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The extent to which alien plants have spread from an old roadside into three sclerophyll forest communities was measured at a new dam site in Victoria, Australia. The data are discussed in terms of the possible spread of weeds at sites disturbed by the dam construction and subsequent tourist activities.The frequency of alien plants in the forests declines with increasing distance from the road, and was correlated with the reduction in diffuse light. Wetter communities were more heavily colonized than drier communities. Rubus procerus P. J. Muell. and Hypochoeris radicata L. were the most successful colonizers. R. procerus, which has become a major weed in the area, was most common near wet sites such as gullies and old water races formerly used for gold mining.
Long‐term effects of herbicides on the photosynthetic apparatus I. Influence of diuron, triazines and pyridazinones
Authors: BÖGER P. , SCHLUE U. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Long‐term effects of herbicides on the photosynthetic membrane system were investigated. For this purpose the unicellular alga Bumilleriopsis filiformis was grown in liquid culture in the presence of sublethal concentrations of diuron, atrazine, metribuzin, and some substituted pyridazinones. This allowed reproducible growth conditions, exact dosing of herbicides, and also the preparation of functionally active cell‐free photosynthetic systems.The electron transport system of cells grown in the presence of ureas and triazine derivatives is not impaired at all, wherea scultivation with pyridazinones damages their photosynthetic redox system. In addition, a strong bleaching effect is observed, whereas the first group of herbicides enhance chlorophyll formation.
An experimental, tractor‐mounted, very low volume uniform‐drop‐size sprayer
Authors: TAYLOR W. A. , MERRITT C. R. , DRINKWATER J. A. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The design, construction and performance of an experimental tractor‐mounted machine to apply herbicides to small field plots is described. The machine has five spray units, each with five rotating discs. Uniform sized drops in the range from 150 to 350 μm can be produced with lipophilic, hydrophilic and emulsifiable formulations. Spray volumes can be varied from 5 to 120 1/ha. A preliminary assessment of the physical performance of the machine is presented.
Application of bioassay techniques to herbicide investigations
Authors: HOROWITZ M. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Bioassay techniques used in herbicide studies are based on the response of chosen organisms, superior plants or microorganisms, to the chemical. Various means of assessment are used: germination, weight or size of plant parts, modifications in physiological activities such as photosynthesis and transpiration, and typical symptoms. Several special bioassays are described. Dose‐response relations are affected by the age of the indicator plant and environmental conditions of growth. Results can be estimated visually or by objective measurements; for correct interpretation appropriate controls and standards must be included in each experiment. Examples are given of bioassay procedures developed to investigate various aspects of herbicide behaviour: soil effects, dissipation from the soil surface, movement in soil, degradation and persistence.
Factors affecting seedling establishment and survival of Echium plantagineum L., Trifolium subterraneum L. and Lolium rigidum Gaud.
Authors: PIGGIN C.M. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Echium plantagineum L. is a widespread, persistent, and often dominant volunteer species in southern Australia. This paper describes glasshouse and field studies investigating its seedling establishment and that of two commonly associated species, Trifolium subterraneum L. and Lolium rigidum Gaud.In the glasshouse, all species established successfully from sowing depths ranging from 0 to 2.5 cm, and L. rigidum was favoured over the other species when sown on the soil surface (0 cm) and at 7.6cm. In the field, survival of established seedlings during moisture stress was higher for E. plantagineum than T. subterraneum. Seedling‘drought resistance’appeared to be related to rate of root penetration, but not seed size.Prolific germination after summer and early autumn rains, when temperatures are high, and high seedling survival during moisture stress, explain why E. plantagineum is favoured over T. subterraneum in years with early or‘false’seasonal breaks. T. subterraneum can establish successfully in years with early breaks, but is favoured over E. plantagineum in years with later breaks.
Soil enrichment studies with nitralin
Authors: SIEDSCHLAG E. W. , CAMPER N. D. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Soil enrichment studies were conducted with nitralin [4‐(methylsulfonyl)‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropylaniline] with and without exogenous carbon and nitrogen. Bacterial isolates obtained were placed into three categories. Eight fungal isolates, notably Fusarium and Penicillium sp., were obtained from the enriched soil culture. Only one bacterial isolate (Erwinia trachelphila) and no fungal isolates appeared to degrade nitralin. The degradation product isolated was tentatively identified by TLC and radioautography as 4‐(methylsulfonyl)‐2,6‐dinitrophenol. No 14CO2 evolution from ring‐labelled nitralin was detected from any isolates tested.
Interactions between soil‐applied herbicides in the roots of some legume species
Authors: O'DONOVAN J. T. , PRENDEVILLE G. N. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The effects on plant growth of applying trifluralin or nitralin combination with simazine, atrazine, prometryne and linuron to the upper 5‐cm root region of vetch (Vicia sativa L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and soybean (Glycine max) were investigated. Foliar injury due to herbicides of the second group was markedly reduced in each species by simultaneous treatment with trifluralin or nitralin both of which inhibited lateral root growth without affecting aerial plant growth or tap root extension growth. This inhibition of lateral root growth in roots treated with trifluralin or nitralin was associated with reduced uptake and subsequent transport to the foliage of 14C‐labelled simazine in vetch and pea and 14C‐labelled atrazine in soybean. This probably accounted for the reduction in simazine and atrazine phytotoxicity.In the presence of trifluralin or nitralin comparatively higher amounts of radioactivity were retained in the roots of pea and soybean and this reduced the amount of 14C available for transport to the foliage. This was not evident in vetch.
Changes in the translocation and distribution of 2, 4, 5‐T in blackberry (Rubus procerus P. J. Muell.) with time
Authors: RICHARDSON R. G. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The distribution of 2.4,5‐T in Rubus procerus P. J. Muell. was measured 24 h and 7 days after application to the leaves at 60% of the normal concentration used in the field. There was no significant difference in the amount translocated at these times. At 24 h after treatment there was a very large concentration gradient across the crown but 6 days later the concentration gradient was much smaller. It was concluded that, at the rate used, the amount of 2,4,5‐T translocated to the roots was insufficient to prevent regeneration from the root system.
Weed competition in irrigated cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in the Sudan Gezira
Authors: DRENNAN D. S. H. , JENNINGS E. A. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Losses of crop yield due to weed competition in unweeded plots averaged nearly 60% of weed‐free yields in cotton and 70% in groundnuts. Weed competition was not directly related to weed groundcover but was dependent on the seasonal growing conditions. The critical period of weed competition in both crops was the 6 weeks between 4 and 10 weeks after crop emergence. During this period cotton could tolerate up to 25% weed groundcover without appreciable loss in crop yield. Groundnuts could tolerate not more than 10% weed cover before yield loss occurred. A main factor in achieving standards of weed control within these limits was preventing the early growth of monocotyledonous weed species: pre‐sowing application of trifluralin and benfiuralin provided this over a wide range of growing conditions.
Control of bracken (Pteridium esculentum G. Forst (Cockayne)) in pasture with asulam
Authors: MARTIN R. J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Asulam was tested for the control of bracken in non‐arable pasture on the North Coast of New South Wales between 1971 and 1976. Satisfactory results were obtained with applications between April and early July, providing treated fronds were mature. The degree of control varied between years and sites. Rates of 4–8 kg a.i./ha reduced frond numbers from 70 to 100% after 6 months but recovery commenced as early as 9–12 months after application. Whole plants and sections of rhizome were excavated 4, 6 and 9 months after treatment and a sequence of events is described for the effect of asulam on bracken. The effects of frond maturity, frond density and frost are discussed in relation to herbicide effectiveness and ecological implications of the results are discussed in relation to increasing productivity of bracken‐infested pasture.
Long‐term effects of herbicides on the photosynthetic apparatus II. Investigations on bentazone inhibition
Authors: BÖGER P. , BEESE B. , MILLER R. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Non‐cyclic electron transport by isolated chloroplasts from the alga Bumilleriopsis is inhibited by bentazone, while the activity of photosystem I is not affected. Chloroplast material isolated from cells grown for several days in the presence of bentazone also shows inhibition of photosystem II activity, similar to the decreased cellular photosynthesis. A slow partial recovery is possible, whereas it is fast and complete after exposure of cells or isolated chloroplasts to the herbicide for some hours only. Irreversibility of longterm inhibition could be a metabolic process which brings about the binding of bentazone (or an active derivative) to the thylakoids in vivo, but not in vitro.
The effect of herbicides on respiration and transformation of nitrogen in two soils I. Metribuzin and glyphosate
Authors: MARSH J. A. P. , DAVIES H. A. , GROSSBARD E. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The effects of metribuzin and glyphosate at 100 ppm on carbon dioxide evolution and nitrogen transformation in two soils have been investigated in the laboratory. Both herbicides reduced CO2 evolution from Boddington Barn soil (organic carbon content 1.5%, pH 6.6) at some dates, but neither gave any consistent effects on Triangle soil (organic carbon content 4.0%, pH 5.1). Both metribuzin and glyphosate stimulated mineralization of nitrogen for at least 9 weeks. Only metribuzin on Triangle soil gave any indication of inhibition of nitrification. Metribuzin degraded more rapidly in Triangle soil than in Boddington Barn.
Instrumental methods for the analysis of herbicide residues*
Authors: JAKCZYK H. J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Instrumental techniques for the residue analysis of herbicides in soil, water and plant material are reviewed. Various analytical methods, including gas chromatography using different detector systems, thin‐layer chromatography, colorimetry, spectroscopy, as well as the use of labelled compounds for the evaluation of residue methods, are discussed.
Effect of 2,4‐D on the water‐soluble carbohydrate content of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.) leaves
Authors: IRVINE A. M. , FORBES J.C. , DRAPER S.R. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Leaves of Senecio jacobaea plants sprayed with 2,4‐D had a higher water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content than unsprayed leaves 9–14 days after spraying. Insofar as WSC is a measure of palatability, this implies an increased risk of Senecio poisoning in grazing cattle for more than 14 days after spraying with growth regulator herbicides. Total unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloid content may also be increased by 2,4‐D, making the plant more toxic.
The phytotoxicity of various herbicides in two sandy loam soils and the effect of liming
Authors: RICHARDSON W. G. , BANTING J. D. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The phytotoxicity of five soil‐acting herbicides was investigated in two sandy loam soils and that of a further five herbicides in one of these soils. The effect of liming on phytotoxicity was also examined. Metoxuron, fenuron, metribuzin and fluometuron were more active in Boddington Barn soil than in Bledington soil. Prometryne was similar in effect in both soils. Liming significantly increased the effect of metoxuron in Boddington Barn soil and metoxuron, atraton, difenoxuron and metribuzin in Bledington soil. Monolinuron was less toxic in limed Bledington soil. Reasons for these differences have not been determined.
Persistence and movement of terbacil in peach orchard soil after repeated annual applications*
Authors: MARRIAGE P. B. , KHAN S. U. , SAIDAK W. J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Terbacil (5‐chloro‐6‐methyl‐3‐butyluracil) residues did not accumulate in peach orchard soil after seven consecutive annual spring applications of the herbicide at the rate of 4.5 kg/ha although carry‐over of terbacil from year to year occurred. Terbacil was lost by degradation and leaching and the time required for a 50% decrease in surface soil concentration was 5–7 months in the sandy loam soil. The major part of the residues was found in the upper 15 cm of the soil profile and smaller amounts were detected to a depth of 60 cm. Terbacil leached readily in prepared columns of sandy loam soil in proportion to the amount of water added. The residual levels of terbacil in the orchard were phytotoxic to oats planted 3 years after the last application.
Chlorfenprop‐methyl: its hydrolysis in vivo and in vitro and a new principle for selective herbicidal action
Authors: FEDTKE CARL , SCHMIDT ROBERT R. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Chlorfenprop‐mèthyl is hydrolysed completely as soon as it penetrates the leaf in sensitive as well as in resistant plants. The product of hydrolysis chlorfenprop presumably is the herbicidally active compound. The in vitro hydrolysing activity has been characterized.The behaviour of the herbicide in a system for the detection of rapid herbicidal activity (leaching system) and in three auxin‐dependent systems leads to the conclusion, that a difference at the site of action is the basis for the observed herbicidal selectivity.
A review of foliar absorption and translocation of 2,4‐D and 2,4,5‐T
Authors: RICHARDSON R. G. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:This review is restricted to an examination of the literature on the environmental and chemical factors that affect foliar absorption and translocation of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) and 2,4,5‐trichloro‐phenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5‐T) by plants. Most of the papers covered by this review have been published since 1965. Earlier works have been reviewed elsewhere by other authors (Currier & Dybing, 1959; Sargent, 1965; Franke, 1967; Robertson & Kirkwood, 1969; Hull, 1970). Often absorption and translocation of herbicides are considered together; here the two will be considered separately wherever possible.
A comparison of the tolerance by winter wheat of herbicide mixtures containing dicamba and 2,3,6‐TBA, or ioxynil
Authors: TOTTMAN D. R. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The tolerance by winter wheat of two types of herbicide was examined in field experiments over 3 years. When overdosed or sprayed late, an ioxynil + mecoprop mixture had a greater margin of safety to the crop than mixtures containing dicamba or 2,3,6‐TBA.Herbicide mixtures containing MCPA, applied before the leaf sheaths of the crop began to extend in the spring caused ear deformities. Spraying dicamba mixtures when the crop was jointing resulted in narrowed ears and shrivelled grain, In one experiment the latter effect was produced by a dicamba mixture, at twice the recommended dose, when sprayed on any of ten dates, covering crop development stages from 6‐leaves through to jointing.Varieties differed in their tolerance of the dicamba mixtures; Maris Ranger was most sensitive but part of this difference could have been due to differences in the stage of development of the varieties at the time of spraying.
Effects of competition, herbicides and activated carbon on establishment of Australian grasses
Authors: HAGON M. W. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:The establishment of four Australian native grasses, Themeda australis (R.Br) Stapf, Bothriochloa macra (Steud) S.T. Blake, Danthonia spp. and Stipa bigeniculata Hughes, was investigated in a weedy soil under glasshouse conditions at Canberra, Australia. The presence of weeds (approximately 3500/m2) significantly reduced the percentage emergence of Danthonia and Stipa but had no effect on Themeda, Bothriochloa or the pasture species Lolium perenne L. (ryegrass). The percentage reduction in dry matter production after 8 weeks in the presence of weeds was less for Themeda and Bothriochloa (65%) than for Stipa and ryegrass (80%), while Danthonia production was reduced by over 90% Chlorthal‐dimethyl at 6 or 12 kg/ha reduced the number of emerged seedlings of Danthonia and Stipa but had no effect on emergence of Themeda and Bothriochloa. Diuron at 4 and 16 kg/ha was toxic to seedlings of all four species. The application of activated carbon as a band or a seed pellet overcame the toxic effects of both herbicides, at least at the lower rates of application. The results are discussed in relation to the establishment of native grasses on urban areas requiring low maintenance.
Water utilization by S‐ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate treated wheat
Authors: WILKINSON R. E. , KARUNEN P. 
Published: July 2006

Summary:Wheat (Triticum aesticum L. var. Holley) was grown in 0.5 Hoaglands complete mineral nutrient solution containing sub‐toxic concentrations of S‐ethyl dipropyl‐thiocarbamate (EPTC) (0, 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, or 0.5mg/1). Total fresh and dry plant weights per pot decreasedas EPTC concentration increased. Leaf fresh and dry weight per pot decreased as EPTC concentration increased. Root fresh weight per pot was not greatly influenced by EPTC and dry weight per pot was statistically significantly decreased at the 0.5 mg/l EPTC concentration. Total plant water utilization and leaf water contents (mg/g DW) decreased as EPTC concentration increased, but evapotranspiration (ml/g FW or DW) per unit leaf tissue was increased to ca 145% of the untreated wheat. This increased evapotranspiration explains an EPTC induced accumulation of 14C‐atrazine in leaves beyond the detoxification level which ultimately resulted in atrazine injury in EPTC pretreated plants.