bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of the radioactivity in sugar beet plants treated with [14C]aldicarb
Authors: Rouchaud Jean , Moons Chantal , Meyer Joseph A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSugar beet plants were grown in the field, after in‐furrow application of [14C]aldicarb (3 kg of aldicarb ha−1) at planting. Some plants (the growing plants) were harvested 99 days after sowing and the rest (the ripe plants) 196 days after sowing. The percentages of the weights of [14C]aldicarb equivalents (the total aldicarb plus aldicarb sulphoxide and sulphone, plus all the other metabolites of [14C]aldicarb which contain 14C, expressed as aldicarb equivalents) incorporated into the beet plants, relative to the weight applied to the soil, were 2.8 and 1.8, respectively for the growing and ripe plants. The concentrations of [14C]aldicarb equivalents (mg kg−1 fresh weight) in the growing and ripe plants, respectively were: blades of the external leaves, 3.16 and 0.93; blades of the internal leaves, 0.63 and 0.68; petioles of the external leaves, 0.51 and 0.26; petioles of the internal leaves, 0.15 and 0.05; crowns, 0.14 and 0.15; roots, 0.16 and 0.13. The proportions of the extractable aldicarb plus aldicarb sulphoxide and aldicarb sulphone determined by gas‐liquid chromatography (expressed as aldicarb equivalents) relative to [14C]aldicarb equivalents, in the external and internal leaf blades of the growing beets, were 56 and 60%, respectively; these values declined to 25 and 19%, respectively in the ripe plants. The proportion was 21 % or less in all other parts of the growing and ripe plants.
β‐cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of pyrethroids
Authors: Yamamoto Izuru , Katsuda Yoshio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPyrethroids are more stable to practical conditions when included in β‐cyclodextrin, particularly because photodecomposition is reduced. Though inclusion sometimes decreases the contact insecticidal activity, the innate activity is regenerated under conditions which release the free pyrethroids. Stabilised dust and wettable powder formulations of natural pyrethrins show promising insecticidal effects to certain pest insects.
The uptake of metabolites of permethrin by plants grown in soil treated with [14C]permethrin
Authors: Leahey John P. , Carpenter Paul K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSugar beet, wheat, lettuce and cotton were grown in soil treated with [14C]permethrin, the crops being sown at intervals of 30, 60 and 120 days after treatment of the soil. The uptake of radioactive residues into these crops was measured. Low radioactive residues (up to 0.86 μg g−1) were detected in the mature plants sown 30 days after soil treatment, and this uptake declined significantly as the interval between soil treatment and sowing increased. Metabolites derived from the acid moiety of the permethrin molecule were shown to constitute the greater part of the residue transferring from the soil to the crops. (1RS)‐cis‐ and (1RS)‐trans‐3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐ 2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and 3‐(2,2‐dichlorovinyl)‐1‐methylcyclopropane‐1,2‐dicarboxylic acid were identified as the major acidic metabolites. The latter compound is a metabolite of permethrin which has not previously been identified in soil or plants.
The uptake, translocation and metabolism of epronaz in selected species
Authors: Mellis Jill M. , Kirkwood Ralph C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe absorption, translocation and metabolism of the selective pre‐ or early post‐ emergence herbicide epronaz (N‐ethyl‐N‐propyl‐3‐propylsulphonyl‐1,2,4‐triazole‐1‐carboxamide) were investigated using selected crop and weed species. The pattern of tolerance to epronaz of both germinating seeds and 10‐day‐old plants grown in nutrient solution, was found to be soybean (Glycine max L.) > maize (Zea mays L.) > cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) > rice (Oryza sativa L.) > barnyard grass [Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) Beauv.]. In all species, absorption and translocation of 14C from a nutrient solution containing [14C]epronaz (0.02 μCi ml−1) increased with time. Autoradiographic and liquid scintillation analysis indicated the presence of radioactivity in the apical regions of all species after 4 h. Interspecies variation in uptake and distribution did not appear to be a major factor explaining selectivity, although the resistance of cotton may be partly due to compartmentalisation of 14C in the lysigenous glands in stem and leaves. Analysis of extracts from plants treated with [14C]epronaz indicated the presence of epronaz, its major degradation product [3‐propylsulphonyl‐l,2,4‐triazole (BTS 28 768)] and certain unknown radio‐labelled compounds. The major metabolite (Unknown I) was believed to be a conjugate of certain plant components with either epronaz or BTS 28 768. The rate of formation of Unknown I corresponded to the relative resistance and susceptibility to epronaz of soybean, rice and barnyardgrass. The level of the herbicide remained much higher in cotton than in the other species, possibly reflecting compartmentalisation and inactivation of epronaz in the lysigenous glands. For maize, high levels of uptake, exudation and degradation in the nutrient solution were recorded.
Measured and simulated behaviour of aldicarb and its oxidation products in fallow soils
Authors: Bromilow Richard H. , Leistra Minze 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAldicarb and its oxidation product aldoxycarb (aldicarb sulphone) were applied separately to columns of fallow, sandy loam soils under field conditions. The breakdown and movement of these compounds were monitored, as was the behaviour of aldicarb sulphoxide and aldoxycarb formed by oxidation of the applied aldicarb. The behaviour of these compounds was simulated by a computer model using laboratory data for adsorption and rates of degradation in soil. The model simulated the observed behaviour reasonably well, although redistribution of chemicals was often more rapid than predicted. Production of aldoxycarb from the sulphoxide was less in the field than was expected from the laboratory incubations. Accumulation of chemicals near the soil surface in dry periods was overestimated, indicating that the processes occurring under these conditions are not well described by the model. About 4 months after application, only aldoxycarb, in small amounts, remained in the soils.
Automatic night‐time spraying with droplets of small size against Helicoverpa armigera (Hb.) adults on cotton
Authors: Hugh Rendell C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA description is given of the design and construction of an automated portable sprayer and its effect when releasing small amounts of a 5% permethrin (cis: trans ratio 40:60) ultra‐low‐volume formulation over cotton at night from a fixed position. The infestation of Helicoverpa armigera (Hb.) on the treated plot is compared with that on control plots which were sprayed uniformly with the same amount of insecticide per unit area once a week, or with dimethoate. Using droplets with a volume‐median‐diameter (v.m.d.) of 40‐50 μm, air movements gave a non‐uniform deposition of insecticide around the fixed sprayer position, and an observable effect up to 20 m downwind. When compared with the controls, the plot sprayed nightly had very high oviposition on plants near to the sprayer and an unusually large number of eggs laid in groups. The overall level of insect control was best on the plot sprayed weekly and uniformly with the permethrin formulation, using larger (80‐μm v.m.d.) droplets.
Fate of [14C]daminozide and [14C]maleic hydrazide in American elm (Ulmus americana L.)
Authors: Domir Subhash C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRadiolabelled daminozide and maleic hydrazide (MH) were injected into American elm seedlings, kept in nutrient solution, to determine their translocation pattern and metabolic fate. Both compounds were rapidly translocated to all parts of the plant. After 21 days, 13% of the applied 14C was exuded into the nutrient solution from the roots of the plants treated with MH. Using gel‐filtration and thin‐layer chromatographic techniques, it was determined that daminozide did not form any metabolite, and that MH was converted into a MH‐sugar complex. A significant amount of 14C was unextractable from the plant tissue.
The metabolism of [14C]aldicarb in the leaves of sugar beet plants
Authors: Rouchaud Jean , Moons Chantal , Meyer Joseph A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSugar beet plants were grown in the field, after in‐furrow application of [14C]aldicarb (3 kg of aldicarb ha−1) at planting. The ripe sugar beet plants were harvested, and the blades and petioles of the leaves were analysed separately. In the whole leaves, 15% of the 14C (all the percentages of 14C are relative to the total 14C incorporated into the whole leaves) was insoluble in ethanol+ water (1+1 by volume), 31% was organo‐soluble (and thus unconjugated in the leaves), and 54% was water‐soluble (mainly conjugated to plant constituents). The weights and concentrations (as aldicarb equivalents) of various identified metabolites of aldicarb, incorporated into the leaves, were determined; no aldicarb, as such, was detected.
An evaluation of the persistence in soil of two non‐chlorinated insecticides analogous to DDT
Authors: Kimber Ronald W. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo insecticides 1,1‐bis(4‐ethoxyphenyl)‐2‐nitrobutane (ENB) and 1,1‐bis(4‐ethoxyphenyl)‐2‐nitropropane (ENP), at concentrations varying from 0.4‐40 mg kg−1 have been examined for persistence in three soils. The proportions of the original compounds recovered decreased rapidly in a clay loam (falling to 50% in 2‐6 weeks), decreased slowly in a sand (falling to 50% in 16‐64 weeks) and decreased variably in a heavy clay (falling to 50% in 2‐10 weeks). After the initial phase, the proportion recovered generally decreased at a slower rate. Breakdown of ENP appeared to proceed via a stepwise oxidation to give 1,1‐bis(4‐ethoxyphenyl)propan‐2‐one and 4,4′‐diethoxybenzophenone. These products were readily broken down under aerobic conditions and were isolated only from waterlogged or sterile soil. Experiments under sterile conditions indicated that biological breakdown was a major factor and that chemical breakdown was specifically surface‐activated.
The rodenticidal activity of reserpine and related compounds
Authors: Meehan Adrian P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe spread of warfarin resistant mice in the early 1970s prompted an urgent search for alternative rodenticides suitable for commercial use. The early success of a stupefying compound, chloralose (alphachloralose), directed research in that direction and led ultimately to the adoption of reserpine as a rodenticide. Laboratory and field trials of reserpine, and some of its naturally occurring and synthetic analogues, against mice and rats, are reported here.
Lack of activity of selected isoflavonoid phytoalexins as protectant fungicides
Authors: Rathmell William G. , Smith David A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeven isoflavonoid phytoalexins were subjected to a series of screening tests used for the routine examination of potential fungicides. The phytoalexins had no appreciable effects on disease intensity in these assays, which encompassed five major crop plants and six pathogens. It seems unlikely that isoflavonoid phytoalexins could be used as conventional fungicides in control programmes against phytopathogens.
Uptake and translocation of fungicides in wheat after seed treatment, as measured by disease response to Fusarium culmorum
Authors: Bateman Geoffrey L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe toxicities of five systemic fungicides [benomyl, carbendazim, methyl 4‐(2‐ aminophenyl)‐3‐thioallophanate (NF48), thiabendazole and thiophanate‐methyl] and of two non‐systemic fungicides (guazatine and phenylmercury acetate) against Fusarium culmorum were compared on agar plates; their performance as seed treatments was measured by inoculating the shoot bases of wheat seedlings with F. culmorum in pot experiments. The two most effective compounds, benomyl and thiabendazole, and the less effective thiophanate‐methyl, were evaluated in further seed treatment experiments in which leaf sheaths and roots of slightly older plants were infected. The three fungicides protected the first leaf sheath for more than 5 weeks, but thiophanate‐methyl was least effective. Against root disease, they were effective when infection was mild, but only thiabendazole significantly controlled severe infection. Bioautography confirmed that fungicide levels in shoots were greater after benomyl and thiabendazole, than after carbendazim and thiophanate‐methyl treatments, and that concentrations of fungicide after benomyl, carbendazim and thiophanate‐methyl treatments generally declined between 5‐13 weeks after treatment. Thiabendazole produced a second fungitoxic component detectable in plants after 34 days.
Preparation and biocidal activity of alkyl phenyl (dichloromethyl)phosphonates
Authors: Dureja Prem , Roy Nripendra K. , Mukerjee Sunil K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeventeen new alkyl (or phenacyl) phenyl (dichloromethyl)phosphonates were synthesised; seven of these showed poor fungicidal activity when tested in vitro against Pyricularia oryzae but some possessed high insecticidal activity against Culex fatigans and Drosophila melanogaster.
The metabolism of [14C] cymoxanil in the rat
Authors: Belasco Irvin J. , Baude Frederic J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA rat, given a single oral dose of [14C] cymoxanil, 1‐(2‐cyano‐2‐methoxyimino‐[2‐14C]‐acetyl)‐3‐ethylurea, eliminated 91% of the radioactivity within 72 h. The urine contained 71%, the faeces 11%, and the expired air about 7% of the radiolabel; no 14C residue was found in the internal organs. Greater than 70% of the radioactivity in the urine was identified. The major metabolite was characterised as glycine, both free and conjugated, as hippuric acid and phenylaceturic acid [N‐(phenylacetyl)‐glycine], and probably in the form of polypeptides of low molecular weight. The other metabolites identified included 2‐cyano‐2‐methoxyiminoacetic acid, 2‐cyano‐2‐hydroxyiminoacetic acid and 1‐ethylimidazolidine‐2, 4, 5‐trione. The minor metabolites included succinic acid and 2‐oxoglutaric acid which indicated reincorporation of metabolic 14C. Cymoxanil, as such, was not detected in the urine.
The metabolism of benodanil in the rat
Authors: Mitchell Stephen C. , Waring Rosemary H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe metabolism of benodanil (2‐iodobenzanilide) was studied in rats following an oral dose of 150 mg benodanil kg−1 body weight. The major 24‐h urinary metabolite was found to be the 4′‐hydroxy derivative, both free (≈ 5%) and as the glucuronide (≈ 4%) and sulphate (≈ 4%) conjugates. Over a 6‐day period, about 16% of the administered dose was excreted in the urine and about 80% in the faeces. After dosing with [14C]‐ benodanil, blood radioactivity levels were highest 30 min after dosing, with small broader peaks at 4 and 7 h, while biliary activity levels rose slowly to a maximum about 10–12 h after the dose, some 16% being excreted in 24 h as the glucuronide conjugate of the 4′‐hydroxy derivative.
The determination of imazalil on potatoes and its use in controlling potato storage diseases
Authors: Cayley George R. , Hide Geoffrey A. , Tillotson Yvonne 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMethods are described for the extraction and analysis by gas‐liquid and high‐pressure liquid chromatography of the fungicide imazalil, 1‐(β‐allyloxy‐2, 4‐dishlorophenethyl) imidazole, on potatoes. Before storage, over 80% was recovered from potatoes treated with 0.01–3.0 mg imazalil kg−1, with a detection limit of 2 μg kg−1. Imazalil applied to potatoes at 10 g t−1 before storage decreased the incidence of gangrene (Phoma exigua), silver scurf (Helminthosporium solani), skin spot (Polyscytalum pustulans) and black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani), and was at least as effective as thiabendazole applied at 40 g t−1. At 1 g t−1 it also decreased skin spot and silver scurf. Incidence of black dot (Colletotrichum coccodes) was unaffected by these fungicide treatments.
An automatic apparatus for determining the crystallisation temperature of liquid pesticide formulations: Part II
Authors: Gückel Walter , Kästel Roland , Synnatschke Gotthard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn automatic apparatus is described for the determination of the crystallisation temperature of liquid pesticide formulations. Its purpose was to reduce possible errors in such determinations. Depending on whether or not seed crystals were added, different crystallisation temperatures were obtained; an automatic pneumatic seeding device was therefore developed. The influence that the varying times of adding crystals had on the crystallisation temperature is illustrated by examples. Depending on the rate of temperature drop chosen, different crystallisation temperatures were obtained. The lowest rate of temperature drop came closest to the ‘true’ crystallisation temperature. A simple method is also described that allows the simultaneous determination of the crystallisation temperatures of a large number of samples.
The metabolism of 3‐phenoxybenzyl alcohol, a pyrethroid metabolite, in plants
Authors: Roberts Terry R. , Wright A. Neill 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe metabolism and conjugation of 3‐phenoxybenzyl alcohol, a plant metabolite of permethrin and cypermethrin, have been examined in abscised cotton leaves. Mature cotton leaves were treated by petiole uptake of an aqueous solution of [α‐14C]‐3‐phenoxybenzyl alcohol. Initially there was rapid formation of a compound identified as the glucosyl 3‐phenoxybenzyl ether. Subsequently more polar compounds were formed and these were shown to be disaccharide conjugates of the alcohol with glucose and pentose sugars. The alcohol and its mono‐ and disaccharide conjugates were shown to undergo interconversion in cotton leaves, and evidence was obtained from experiments with [14C]glucose for the ready exchange of the glucose units on the conjugates with free glucose in the leaves. No larger carbohydrate conjugates of 3‐phenoxybenzyl alcohol were detected under the conditions used.
The kinetics of insecticide action. Part I: The properties of a mathematical model describing insect pharmacokinetics
Authors: Ford Martyn G. , Greenwood Richard , Thomas Peter J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple two‐compartment model, introducing a parameter (λ) to represent the relative thermodynamic capacities of the compartments, is described for the movement of insecticide from the insect surface (compartment 1) to the region within the insect (compartment 2); loss from compartment 2 is considered. First‐order rate constants are assumed for penetration (kp) and elimination (ke). The differential equations describing the rates of change of insecticide in each compartment after application of insecticide are solved analytically, and terms describing (a) the integrals of mass of compound in each compartment with time after application, (b) time to a maximum level of insecticide in compartment 2, and (c) distribution and loss of compound from the system with time, are derived. Methods for estimating the three parameters of the model (kp, ke and λ) are presented. Further properties of the model with possible toxicological significance have been identified; in particular, the total integral for material in compartment 2 depends only on the elimination rate constant and the applied dose.
Rates of reaction of singlet oxygen with some systemic pyrimidine fungicides and related compounds
Authors: Harkness Garry J. , Wells Clifford H. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRate constants have been measured for the reaction in chloroform solution of singlet oxygen with the fungicides ethirimol (5‐butyl‐2‐ethylamino‐6‐methylpyrimidin‐4‐ol) and dimethirimol (5‐butyl‐2‐dimethylamino‐6‐methylpyrimidin‐4‐ol), and with the compounds 2‐dimethylamino‐5,6‐dimethylpyrimidin‐4‐ol, 2‐dimethylamino‐6‐methylpyrimidin‐4‐ol, 4‐benzyloxy‐2‐dimethylamino‐5,6‐dimethylpyrimidine and 2‐diethylamino‐6‐methylpyrimidin‐4‐ol. The values obtained show that singlet oxygen reacts readily with these compounds; the differences between the rate constant values have been rationalised in terms of the different structural features of the compounds studied. The possibility that singlet oxygen may react with agricultural chemicals under natural conditions is considered.
In‐vivo and in‐vitro studies on DDT uptake and metabolism in susceptible and resistant strains of the mosquito Aedes aegypti L.
Authors: Rathor Hamayun R. , Wood Roger J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwelve strains of Aedes aegypti have been compared for resistance to pp′‐DDT, uptake of pp′‐DDT, and dehydrochlorination of pp′‐DDT to pp′‐DDE in vivo and in vitro both at the larval and adult stages. Resistant larvae were shown to contain significantly more pp′‐DDE than susceptible larvae after a standard exposure to pp′‐DDT but also substantially more pp′‐DDT in an unmetabolised state. There was a small increase in the percentage dehydrochlorinated in vivo in the resistant strains compared with the susceptible strains, but this was not correlated with the level of resistance nor with dehydrochlorination in vitro. However, dehydrochlorination in vitro was correlated with resistance. Adult resistance was correlated positively with dehydrochlorination, both in vivo and in vitro, but the resistant adults did not contain increased levels of unmetabolised DDT. By comparing resistance levels at the two stages, it was found that there were two kinds of resistant strain: four strains of Asian origin and one from West Africa were highly resistant as larvae but showed almost no resistance as adults; five strains from Central and South America were highly resistant at both stages. The different mechanisms of resistance in adults and larvae are discussed in relation to genetic studies.
Residues in blackcurrants, fodder peas, spinach and potatoes treated with sublethal doses of 2,4,5‐T to simulate wind drift damage
Authors: Løkke Hans , Odgaard Peder 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBlackcurrants, treated with 0.1 kg of 2,4,5‐T ha−1 (as esters of mixed C4–C6 alcohols; ‘Tormona 80’), contained 0.1 mg of 2,4,5‐T residues kg−1 in the berries at ripeness 29 days after treatment. Total residues in the berries were not reduced during growth and ripening, although the residue concentrations declined in the same period due to growth dilution. In spinach leaves from old plants, treated with 0.1 kg ha−1, 0.05 mg of 2,4,5‐T kg−1 was found 14 days after treatment. Fodder peas showed no residues (< 0.002 mg kg−1) at harvest 62 days after treatment with 2,4,5‐T esters. After application of 0.1 kg ha−1 on potato plants, the disappearance of 2,4,5‐T was rapid during the first month, but residues were translocated into the tubers and reached a constant level of 0.02 mg kg−1 after 1 month until harvest at 108 days after treatment. In all crops, visible effects were observed after treatment with 0.1 kg ha−1. After the application at 0.01 kg ha−1, phytotoxic effects were observed only in blackcurrants, but negligible residues were found in all the test crops.
Characteristics and implications of knockdown of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans westw. by deltamethrin
Authors: Quinlan Raymond J. , Gatehouse A. Gavin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLow doses of deltamethrin cause prolonged knockdown of the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans morsitans. Fifty per cent of female flies, treated with the LD15‐(48 h) of deltamethrin, failed to regain their capacity for normal flight for 30 h, compared with 6 h for bioresmethrin and 4 h for permethtin at the equivalent dose. Recovery after exposure to tetramethrin occurred within 1 h. The knockdown effect of deltamethrin on males was even more pronounced although, with both sexes, the onset of the effect was delayed for about 3 h. It is suggested that this prolonged knockdown effect of deltamethrin, at extremely low application rates, may make a significant contribution to the effectiveness of the compound against the tsetse fly.