bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unexplained Spontaneous Regression and Alpha‐interferon as Treatment for Metastatic Renal Carcinoma
Authors: OLIVER R. T. D. , NETHERSELL A. B. W. , BOTTOMLEY J. M. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— A series of 73 patients with measurable metastatic disease referred to a tertiary referral centre for consideration for an experimental treatment protocol were entered into a surveillance protocol in order to establish the incidence of spontaneous regression. Initially, patients were taken off the study if metastases showed > 25% increase in products of bidimensional measurement but with increasing confidence patients went into therapy protocols only following the development of symptomatic progression. We observed 3 complete and 2 partial unexplained spontaneous regressions and a further 4 patients had prolonged stable disease for more than 12 months.A group of 21 patients on progression subsequently received treatment with alpha‐interferon (Wellferon) as part of a multicentre study which included an additional 61 cases; 12 responded (3 surveillance relapse patients and 9 others). Patients with lung metastases only had the highest response rate (10/17 compared with 5 unexplained responses seen in 38 such patients on surveillance). These results confirm that alpha‐interferon is active against metastatic renal carcinoma and that the responses are not totally explicable by spontaneous regression.
Transvaginal Ultrasound in the Assessment of Bladder Volumes in Women: Preliminary Report
Authors: HAYLEN B. T. , FRAZER M.I. , SUTHERST J. R. , WEST C. R. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Transvaginal linear array ultrasound is described as a method of measuring bladder volumes in the range 2 to 175 ml, overcoming the limitations of abdominal ultrasound at these smaller (though clinically important) volumes.The mean error over the range 10 to 175 ml was 23%. Statistical analysis of preliminary data obtained by this technique shows that bladder volume in ml can be calculated by the formula:Volume = 5.9 × (height × depth) ‐ 14.6 ml(95% confidence limits=±37 ml)
Circannual Rhythmicity in the Occurrence of Idiopathic Priapism in North‐Western India
Authors: MANDAL A. K. , VAIDYANATHAN S. , KRISHAN K. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— A group of 26 patients who were operated upon for idiopathic priapism between 1972 and 1986 were classified according to the date on which they attended hospital. During the same 15‐year period 150 patients with penile cancer were treated and they served as controls.The data were analysed for circannual rhythmicity (365.25 days = 360° and 0°= 22 December. This revealed a significant circannual rhythmicity in the occurrence of idiopathic priapism, with the acrophase located on 2 August. There was a significantly higher incidence of idiopathic priapism between April and September.
Effect of Suprapubic Operation on Urethral Closure Evaluation by Single Cough Urethrocystometry
Authors: PENTTINEN J. , KÄÄR K. , KAUPPILA A. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— To evaluate urodynamic effects of modified Burch colposuspension, 24 patients with stress urinary incontinence were investigated before and 6 to 9 months after the operation. A new method of urodynamic evaluation was performed using a multitransducer‐catheter, 5 microtransducers inside the urethra and 1 in the bladder, connected to a computer and graphic plotter. Single coughs were analysed with the catheter in a fixed position and the patient in the standing position.The operation, which was successful, in all but 1 patient, did not alter urethral pressure at rest, but urethral closure pressure at stress after the operation (mean 45.0 cm H2O (SD 21.6)) was significantly higher (P < 0.005) than the – 3.6 cm H2O (SD 10.2) recorded before the operation.The pressure transmission ratio was less than 100% in 22 patients before the operation and more than 100% in 18 patients afterwards, the pre‐and post‐operative mean values being 78.9% (SD 11.9) and 109.5% (SD 17.2) respectively (P < 0.0005).Burch colposuspension markedly improves urethral closure function as evaluated by this method, which analyses the pressure data at different points of the urethra and bladder during one single cough.
Testicular Size in Infertile Men: Relationship to Semen Characteristics and Hormonal Blood Levels
Authors: BUJAN L. , MIEUSSET R. , MANSAT A. , MOATTI J. P. , MONDINAT C. , PONTONNIER F. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Testicular volume was assessed in 1029 infertile men and found to be normal in 704; 71 patients had unilateral and 213 had bilateral testicular hypotrophy; 4 had unilateral and 37 had bilateral atrophy. Sperm count and motility decreased in accordance with testicular volume. The lowest mean sperm counts and lowest mean motility percentages were found in patients with bilateral testicular atrophy. An increase in mean FSH and LH was also significantly linked to decreasing testicular volume; the increase in the former was not related to a drop in sperm count.A significant correlation was found between testicular volume and spermatogenesis and testicular volume is considered to be a reliable indicator of testicular function.
Urothelial Tumours of the Upper Urinary Tract
Authors: KIRKALI Z. , MOFFAT L. E. F. , DEANE R. F. , KYLE K. F. , GRAHAM A. G. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— We present a retrospective 10 year analysis of 76 patients with urothelial tumours of the upper urinary tract. Patients older than 65 years, and female patients, presented with more advanced stages and had a worse prognosis. The grade and stage of the tumour has the greatest impact on survival. No conclusions can be drawn on the efficacy of various types of surgery, but simple nephrectomy gave a 5‐year survival of 68%, with a stump recurrence rate of 15%.We observed that patients with urothelial tumours had 4 fold increased chance of developing gastrointestinal cancer.
Maximum and Average Urine Flow Rates in Normal Male and Female Populations—the Liverposl Nomograms
Authors: HAYLEN B. T. , ASHBY DEBORAH , SUTHERST J. R. , FRAZER M. I. , WEST C. R. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The study of voiding in men and women has been handicapped by the lack of a normal reference range covering urinary flow rates over a wide range of voided volumes.Normal volunteers (331 males and 249 females) were studied. Each voided once into a calibrated Dantec Urodyn 1000 mictiograph. On a second occasion 282 men and 46 women voided. The maximum and average urine flow rates of the first voids in both sexes were compared with the respective voided volumes.Nomogram charts, in centile form, for both the maximum and average urine flow rates were constructed using statistical transformations of the data. Males showed a significant decline in both urinary flow rates with age, although there was no statistically significant variation in either urine flow rate with respect to first versus repeated voiding. Females showed no statistically significant variation in either urine flow rate with respect to age, parity or first versus repeated voiding.The maximum and average urine flow rates in both sexes showed an equally strong relationship to voided volume. No artificial restriction of voided volume, erg. minimum 200 ml, appeared appropriate. These nomograms offer reference ranges for both maximum and average urinary flow rates in both sexes covering a wide range of voided volumes (15–600 ml).
Study of Appropriate Antibiotic Therapy in Transurethral Prostatectomy
Authors: KIELY E. A. , McCORMACK T. , CAFFERKEY M. T. , FALKINER F. R. , BUTLER M. R. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Septicaemia is the commonest cause of morbidity and mortality following transurethral prostatectomy. Routine blind antibiotic prophylaxis is not always effective and there is a tendency to over‐use potent new and expensive antimicrobials. Attempts to “sterilise” the urine pre‐operatively are also expensive and disruptive. However, appropriate treatment/prophylaxis can be administered economically using rapidly obtained laboratory results. We describe here a technique of routine direct antibiotic sensitivity testing (DST) of the patient's urine pre‐operatively and before catheter removal. Such testing can be performed by junior medical staff in a ward side‐room. An appropriate antibiotic may then be administered parenterally 1 h before surgery or catheter removal.A total of 102 consecutive patients underwent TURP and only 1 of those with infected urine became septicaemic. In this instance, an appropriate antibiotic had been incorrectly given orally before removal of the catheter.If the antibiotic sensitivities of a patient's urine are known, and an appropriate antibiotic is given parenterally 1 h pre‐operatively or before catheter removal, the incidence of septicaemia following transurethral surgery may be significantly reduced.
Long‐term Antibiotic Treatment of Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis. Effect on Bacterial Flora
Authors: BERGMAN B. , WEDREN H. , Holm S. E. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
The bacterial flora in patients referred with chronic bacterial prostatitis were studied. Only 13% had Gram‐negative bacteria in significant numbers but 43% had Gram‐positives using the same criteria. Half of the patients were symptom‐free by the end of a 12‐week course of antibiotics and remained so after 6 months; in one‐third the symptoms were unchanged 6 months after completing treatment. The relief of symptoms correlated with the disappearance of white blood cells in the expressed prostatic secretion (EPS) and with a lowered pH in the EPS.Thus only 1 of the 14 patients without symptoms at 6 months had a significant growth of bacteria at the prostatic level, whereas 7 of 10 patients with unchanged symptoms had a significant bacterial colonisation. Although the initially infecting organism was eliminated in about half of the patients, new Gram‐positive bacteria were isolated after treatment in 13 of 29 patients; 12 of these resolved spontaneously within 6 months. Five patients with Gram‐positive bacteria were colonised with new Gram‐negatives at the end of treatment. Two healed spontaneously but 3 remained colonised with Gram‐negatives at the end of the follow‐up period. These findings make it likely that many patients infected with Gram‐positive bacteria benefit from antibiotic treatment. However, disturbances in the bacterial flora by antibiotic treatment may facilitate invasion by new types of bacteria.
Neurophysiological Assessment of the Central Motor Pathway to the External Urethral Sphincter in Man
Authors: THIRY A. J. , DELTENRE P. F. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
A recently developed neurophysiological method by which the motor cortex in man can be electrically stimulated has been applied to the assessment of the central motor pathway to the external urethral sphincter. It was observed that there was parallel activation of the anal sphincter, the pelvic floor and the lower limb muscles, voluntary facilitation and marked inhibition during micturition.This method can be used to assess the volitional and the various segmental and suprasegmental influences on the behaviour of the external urethral sphincter. Unfortunately, the poor tolerance of subjects to the scalp sensations caused by the electrical stimulus is a major limitation to its clinical use, though this should be obviated by the introduction of a cortical magnetic stimulator.
Ambulatory Monitoring of Bladder Pressures in Patients with Low Compliance as a Result of Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction
Authors: WEBB R. J. , STYLES ROSEMARY A. , GRIFFITHS C. J. , RAMSDEN P. D. , NEAL D. E. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
A group of 28 patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction and low bladder compliance was studied using medium fill cystometry (CMG) and ambulatory monitoring (AM) during natural bladder filling. The aims of the study were to compare the 2 techniques and to determine if ambulatory monitoring might be useful in predicting upper tract dilatation.AM demonstrated significantly lower end filling pressures compared with CMG. Phasic detrusor contractions were found more commonly during AM and the frequency of phasic detrusor contractions during AM was associated significantly with poor compliance identified during CMG.Patients with upper tract dilatation had significantly greater residual urine volumes, higher pressure rises during CMG and higher frequencies of phasic detrusor contractions compared with those patients with normal upper tracts.The high pressures seen at the end of a medium fill CMG were not found during AM and therefore are unlikely to be the underlying explanation of upper tract dilatation in such patients.
Penile Venous Drainage in Erectile Dysfunction. Anatomical, Radiological and Functional Considerations
Authors: ABOSEIF S. R. , BREZA J. , LUE T. F. , TANAGHO E. A. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
To elucidate further the penile venous anatomy and its role in the haemodynamics of erection, we performed pharmacological cavernometry and cavernography in 95 patients with venogenic impotence and in 12 patients with psychogenic impotence. The findings were correlated with those of dissection in 10 adult male cadavers. Cavernography confirmed that the main venous drainage of the corpora cavernosa is via the cavernous veins, with additional drainage through the crural, circumflex and deep dorsal veins and demonstrated that, in patients with venogenic impotence, the cavernous veins are the common site of leakage.Cavernometry provided valuable parameters for the quantification of the degree of venous leakage. Detailed knowledge of the penile venous system and cavernometry and cavernography are essential for the proper diagnosis and treatment of patients with venogenic impotence.
Radiological Changes and Circulating Immune Complexes in Patients with Urinary Schistosomiasis
Authors: CAUDA R. , CRUCIANI E. , LAGHI V. , FINI D. , TRESALTI E. , SILVERIO F. Dl , ORTONA L. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
The degree of infection and the urographic picture was correlated to the presence and level of circulating immune complexes (CICs) in 69 patients affected by urinary schistosomiasis. Patients were divided into 2 groups: those eliminating less and those eliminating more than 25 eggs/10 ml of urine. Radiological changes in the urinary tract were present in 67% of patients, the most frequent finding being single or multiple filling defects in the bladder. CICs were present in 39 patients. A positive correlation was found between the presence and level of CICs and the output of Schistosoma haematobium eggs, as well as between the presence of CIC and single or multiple filling defects of the bladder.Our findings indicated that CICs were present in patients with urinary schistosomiasis, but the different incidence in patients with a large egg output and radiological filling defects suggests a possible pathogenic role only in the earlier phase of the infection.
Relationship between Detrusor Pressure and Urinary Flow Rate in Males with an Intraurethral Prostatic Spiral
Authors: NIELSEN K. K. , KROMANN‐ANDERSEN B. , NORDLING J. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
Six patients with acute urinary retention and 2 with prostatic obstruction and urge incontinence were treated with an intraurethral prostatic spiral and underwent pressure‐flow studies 51 days (median) later.Evaluation of pressure‐flow parameters and pressure‐flow plots by different methods gave conflicting results regarding the presence of intravesical obstruction; 6 patients showed no voiding symptoms and in 2 patients only moderate irritative symptoms remained.The spiral allowed unobstructed voiding and is a good alternative to an indwelling urethral catheter. We recommend insertion of a spiral in patients with urinary retention if the waiting period for TURP is long or if the patient is unfit for surgery.
A Search for Infectious Agents in Chronic Abacterial Prostatitis Using Ultrasound Guided Biopsy
Authors: DOBLE A. , THOMAS B. J. , FURR P. M. , WALKER M. M. , HARRIS J. R. W. , WITHEROW R. O'N. , TAYLOR‐ROBINSON D. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
A series of 60 patients with a diagnosis of chronic abacterial prostatitis, as defined by the Stamey procedure, was studied by transrectal prostatic ultrasound and subsequent transperineal biopsy of the abnormal areas of the prostate in order to ascertain the role of micro‐organisms in this condition.Histological assessment revealed a chronic inflammatory infiltrate, generally of low grade, in 53 patients (88%). Organisms were isolated from the prostatic tissue of only 9 patients (15%) and were considered to be contaminants from the perineal skin, since treatment with an appropriate antimicrobial agent failed to alter symptoms or affect the leucocyte count in the urine or prostatic fluid. Chronic abacterial prostatitis may be a non‐organismal inflammatory process.
Residual Urine Volumes in a Normal Female Population: Application of Transvaginal Ultrasound
Authors: HAYLEN B.T. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
The volume of residual urine in a normal female population has not been studied and consequently no clear definition of its upper limit exists.Transvaginal ultrasound has been described as a method of identifying and measuring small bladder volumes in the range 2 to 175 ml. This allows the measurement of residual urine volumes without the need for catheterisation.Fifty‐three women, who were attending for colposcopic examination agreed to take part in the study. They were deemed normal after denying specific urinary symptoms. Immediately following voiding, transvaginal sonocystography was used to measure residual urine.Forty‐five women were found to empty their bladders completely (under 2 ml residual urine). The mean residual volume was 4.8 ml. The upper limit of normal for residual urine volume (taken at the 90th centile) was 10 ml.
Verification of the Accuracy and Range of Transvaginal Ultrasound in Measuring Bladder Volumes in Women
Authors: HAYLEN B. T. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
Transvaginal ultrasound has been presented as a technique for measuring bladder volumes in women in the range 2 to 175 ml, thus overcoming the limitations of abdominal ultrasound at these smaller, though clinically important volumes. The mean error of the technique in a preliminary study using known volumes from 10 to 175 ml was 23%.The present study used the unknown bladder volumes of 41 women undergoing gynaecological surgery who required initial urethral catheterisation. The bladder volumes predicted by transvaginal ultrasound were compared with the volumes obtained when the bladder was emptied by urethral catheterisation. The mean accuracy rate was 24% and the optimum range was 50 to 200 ml.The applications of this technique to the measurement of residual urine in clinical practice include the management of women with voiding difficulties and monitoring women who are either self‐catheterising or who have indwelling suprapubic catheters.
The Value of Urethral Sphincter Electromyography in the Differential Diagnosis of Parkinsonism
Authors: EARDLEY I. , QUINN N. P. , FOWLER C. J. , KIRBY R. S. , PARKHOUSE H. F. , MARSDEN C. D. , BANNISTER R. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
A series of 54 patients presenting with parkinsonism underwent clinical assessment and urethral sphincter electromyography (EMG).After clinical assessment, 26 were thought to be suffering from probable multiple system atrophy (MSA), 15 were thought to have possible MSA and 13 were diagnosed as having probable idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD).Of those with probable MSA, 16 were found to have an abnormal urethral sphincter EMG. In the group with possible MSA, only 5 patients had an abnormal EMG while in the group with probable IPD, only 1 patient had an abnormal EMG.It was concluded that urethral sphincter electromyography provides a useful method of distinguishing between idiopathic Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. It also provides a means of identifying those patients with parkinsonism whose incontinence may well be worsened, or in whom incontinence may develop following lower urinary tract surgery.
Prevalence and Significance of Urethral Instability in Women with Detrusor Instability
Authors: WISE B. G. , CARDOZO LINDA D. , CUTNER A. , BENNESS C. J. , BURTON G. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The phenomenon of urethral instability has been poorly defined and its significance is disputed. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and significance of urethral instability in a group of women with idiopathic detrusor instability. Urethral instability was defined as a spontaneous fall in maximum urethral pressure of one‐third or more, in the absence of detrusor activity, over a 2‐min period. Urethral instability occurred in 42% of patients with detrusor instability and was strongly associated with the sequence of relaxation of the urethra prior to unprovoked detrusor contraction. Women with detrusor instability and a stable urethra exhibited primary contraction of the detrusor. The symptom of stress incontinence was more common in women with urethral instability.Women with detrusor instability may be subdivided into 2 groups on the basis of urethral instability, the presence of which suggests a primary dysfunction of the urethra. Such patients may derive more benefit from treatment with an alpha adrenoceptor agonist in addition to (or instead of) standard anticholinergic therapy.
Activity Patterns of Pubococcygeal Muscles in Nulliparous Continent Women
Authors: DEINDL F. M. , VODUSEK D. B. , HESSE U. , SCHUSSLER B. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Simultaneous electromyographic (EMG) recordings from the left and right pubococcygeal muscles were obtained in 10 continent nulliparous women (aged 22–32 years) via wire electrodes inserted percutaneously. During relaxation, sustained motor unit firing was obtained in 14 and no EMG activity in 4 of the 20 recorded muscle sites. During voluntary squeeze, stopping urine in midstream and coughing there was always bilateral recruitment of motor units that was gradual in the recording sites with ongoing EMG activity and brisk in the sites without EMG activity; the 2 different patterns of activity were called “tonic” and “phasic” respectively. Voluntary squeeze led to activation of motor units sustained for 26 to 647 s (median 193.9) with the bladder empty and 25 to 600 s (median 198.4) with a full bladder. A marked decrease in ongoing tonic motor unit activity was seen during the attempt to urinate. Bladder filling caused an increase in tonic activity in 7 females bilaterally and in 1 unilaterally, whereas there was no change in 3 women.During the Valsalva manoeuvre, simultaneous motor unit recruitment was seen in all subjects bilaterally with the bladder empty and in all but one with the bladder full: in the latter case the motor unit recruitment with an empty bladder changed into simultaneous bilateral inhibition of firing of motor units with a full bladder (both in the supine and erect position); this pattern changed to bilateral recruitment of motor units again after bladder emptying.It is important to be familiar with the normal patterns of activity of the pubococcygeal muscles in continent nulliparous women since the denervation injury caused by childbirth might not only weaken these muscles but also influence their behaviour.