bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FIRST REPORT OF THE AUSTRALIAN CORNEAL GRAFT REGISTRY
Authors: Williams K. A. , Sawyer M. , Alfrich S. J. , Joseph L. , White M. , Coster D. J. , Mahmood M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract In the Australian Corneal Graft Registry's first 18 months of operation, May 1985 to November 1986, data supplied by 53 surgeons relating to 322 graft recipients have been entered and analysed with respect to: the most common presenting diseases (primarily keratoconus, bullous keratopathy and corneal opacities), risk factors (especially prior sensitisation to HLA antigens, corneal vascularisation, past or present anterior segment inflammation and history of raised intraocular pressure [IOP]), donor and recipient sex, cause of donor death, storage procedures for donor eyes, operative procedures accompanying the grafts themselves, and preliminary indications of overall graft survival by actuarial analysis. It is hoped that the establishment of this Registry will not only reinforce the use of actuarial graft survival analysis as the method of choice for transplantation surgeons wishing to monitor the survival of their patients and grafts, but will also provide a useful service for the Australian ophthalmic community in general.
IDENTIFICATION OF FACTORS LIMITING THE ACTION OF THE HORIZONTAL RECTI MUSCLES A GUIDE TO THE AVOIDANCE OF GROSS LIMITATION OF ADDUCTION OR ABDUCTION AFTER SQUINT SURGERY
Authors: Glllles W.E. , Strang N. , Brooks A. M. v. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Limitation of the action of the medial rectus muscle will cause limitation of adduction of the eye just as limitation of the lateral rectus will cause limitation of abduction. factors limiting the action of the medial rectus are: (i) loss of ability of the muscle to contract beyond a certain proportion of its length; (ii) limitation of relaxation of the antagonist lateral rectus and fascia/ connections; (iii) innervational factors seen most obviously m Duane's syndrome, but also possibly active with various vertical anomalies; and (iv) loss of mechanical advantage or torque as the eye rotates inward. Using A scan the last factor may be assessed for a particular eye. There will be no loss of torque until the muscle passes a tangential point where its line of action is tangential to the globe, but torque will then be lost progressively until it becomes negligible as the null point is approached. At the null point the muscle has no torque, being perpendicular to the globe, and it marks the point where the oculomotor axis joining the centre of rotation of the eye and the apex of the orbit intersects the globe. The first three factors may be assessed clinically by measuring the adduction of the eye in degrees, and for 50 normal patients (100 eyes) the mean was 44°, standard deviation 3°. The tangential point for an average eye lies 54° behind the medial rectus muscle so for normal adduction there is no loss of torque in full adduction. The loss of torque for small recessions of the medial rectus is negligible, but for very large recessions it will be about 50% in full adduction and this is accompanied by a loss of gearing as the amount of contraction of the muscle to produce a similar rotation becomes less. Similar factors affect the action of the lateral rectus muscle, but underaction is less common probably due to the greater wrap‐around effect, stressing the importance of these geometric factors.
THE HUMAN PINEAL GLAND: A REVIEW OF THE “THIRD EYE”AND THE EFFECT OF LIGHT
Authors: M. Booth FRANCES 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe human pineal gland is an extremely active neuroendocrine transducer Environmental light acts through the retina and entrains the pineal gland's circadian rhythms by way of the hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system Light depresses pinealocyte activityIt is possible to do without the pineal, but this tiny gland is considered to be the “regulator of regulators” and important In general homeostasis. A direct retino‐hypothalamic pathway is probably involved, and a system of synchronising potentially independent oscillators is postulated
ACUTE MACULAR NEURORETINOPATHY
Authors: L. Ralt JULIAN , O'day JUSTIN 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe presentation of bilateral incongruous paracentral scotomata in an otherwise well 27 year old woman was found to correspond to dark red‐brown, wedge‐shaped lesions surrounding the macula Like previously described cases of acute macular neuroretinopathy, these lesions seemed to be located in the superficial retina and appeared to be associated with oral contraceptive use and a recent history of viral illnessAt follow‐up 8 months after presentation the scotomata were persistent and unchanged No treatment is known
SOLAR RETINOPATHY: ITS SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE AGEING EYE AND THE YOUNGER PSEUDOPHAKIC PATIENT
Authors: Hunyor A. B. L. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract The sun is the main source of ultraviolet (UV). visible and infrared radiation reaching our atmosphere. The short wavelength components of the sun's spectrum have been shown to have deleterious effects on the retinal photoreceptors. These effects are photochemical and mostly not thermal in nature. Except in early life, most of the ultraviolet (300.400 nm) is effectively filtered out by the lens which in later life also filters out considerable proportions of shorter visible wavelengths to 450 nm. The photochemical effects are mediated by the production of free radicals from the interaction of oxygen, photons and receptor molecules. These radicals attack, among others, polyunsaturated fatty acid components of cell membranes which may eventually degenerate. Protective mechanisms within the receptors and the adjacent pigment epithelium may be overwhelmed in the presence of high retinal irradiances over prolonged periods of time–as may occur in aphakic and pseudophakic eyes. The cone system, with a much slower replacement rate of light‐sensitive membranes. is more likely to suffer permanent damage than the rod system, with predictable consequences. The above considerations have special relevance in old patients because of their age‐compromised retinas, and in the younger patient who may be rendered aphakic or pseudophakic and faces a prolonged period of exposure to excessive UV irradiation as a consequence. Protection for the retina, whether by sunglasses or UV‐absorbing intraocular lenses, as appropriate, is recommended.
VITRECTOMY TECHNIQUES IN THE TREATMENT OF GIANT RETINAL TEARS: A FLEXIBLE APPROACH
Authors: CAIRNS JAMES D. , FRACO WILLIAM G. CAMPBELL 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe describe a flexible approach employing vitrectomy, scleral buckling and intraocular tamponading agents in the treatment of giant retinal tears. Intraocular gas without a buckle was used in the 10 least complicated cases. In five eyes we considered a scleral buckle to be necessary in addition to gas tamponade. Silicone oil was selected as the primary tamponading agent in the six most complex cases with PVR and in five re‐operations. The overall anatomical success rate was 71 % of which 73% had a final visual acuity of at least 6/60 and 60% achieved 6/18 or better.
A COMPARISON OF CORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL MORPHOLOGY IN CORNEA GUTTATA, FUCHS‘ DYSTROPHY AND BULLOUS KERATOPATHY
Authors: BROOKS ANNE M. V. , GRANT GLENYS , GILLIES W. E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractChanges on corneal endothelial specular microscopy were compared in 14 patients with cornea guttata, 4 patients with Fuchs' corneal dystrophy and 19 patients with various forms of bullous keratopathy. The patients with cornea guttata showed well marked guttae 1 to 6 endothelial cells in diameter in the endothelial mosaic and in the relief mode while the endothelial mosaic was usually otherwise within normal limits. In 2 patients with Fuchs' dystrophy the endothelium could be examined, showing gross guttae but a few areas of relatively normal endothelial cells. The unaffected eye of 3 other patients snowed findings similar to cornea guttata, but with some reduction in endothelial cell count in 2 patients. The patients with bullous keratopathy fell into 2 groups, one with gross reduction in cell count in a markedly abnormal endothelial cell mosaic, the other a mixed group with moderate reduction in cell count and numerous guttae. Some miscellaneous cases included one of aphakic peripheral bullous keratopathy, one associated with cyclitis and aphakia and 2 with idiopathic non‐surgical bullous keratopathy. We believe the corneal endothelium is not grossly abnormal away from the guttae in Fuchs' dystrophy, but the gross guttata formation determines the endothelial dysfunction.
THE PRESENTATION OF ACUTE GLAUCOMA IN PSEUDOEXFOLIATION OF THE LENS CAPSULE
Authors: GILLIES W. E. , BROOKS ANNE M. V. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractUp to 25% of patients with pseudoexfoliation of the tens capsule (PXF) and glaucoma may present with an acute rise in intraocular pressure (IOP) but the majority of these are not due to angle closure glaucoma. A series of 139 cases with acute presentation of PXF is described; this comprised 86 cases of acute open angle PXF glaucoma (9 bilateral), 18 cases of acute angle closure glaucoma with PXF, 21 cases of neovascular glaucoma with PXF and 14 cases of absolute PXF glaucoma. Males suffered acute open‐angle PXF glaucoma and absolute PXF glaucoma significantly more frequently than females. The anterior chamber depth was 2.2 mm or less in all eyes having acute angle closure glaucoma with PXF but few cases with acute open‐angle PXF glaucoma had a shallow anterior chamber, this difference being highly statistically significant (P < 0.001). The response to medical treatment was poor in most cases, while surgical treatment was successful in lowering IOP in the majority of cases. Argon laser trabeculoplasty was less successful with a risk of late high rise in IOP.
PRIMARY EYELID MALIGNANT MELANOMA ASSOCIATED WITH PRIMARY CONJUNCTIVAL MALIGNANT MELANOMA
Authors: GIBLIN M. E. , SHIELDS C. L. , SHIELDS J. A. , EAGLE R. C. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTwo patients presented with the unusual occurrence of isolated foci of malignant melanoma of the upper eyelid and ipsilateral inferior conjunctiva. Neither patient had clinical evidence of primary acquired conjunctival melanosis, but in one case there was histopathologic evidence of this condition. The clinical features, histopathologic findings, and possible significance of this unusual occurrence are discussed.
Supranuclear disorders of eye movement
Authors: Milder D. G. , Billson F. A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractEye movements are the result of activity in discrete systems. Saccades and smooth pursuit movements respond to target position and target velocity respectively. Compensatory responses to movements that alter the position of the eyes in space depend upon the vestibular and optokinetic systems. Vergence movements allow fusion and binocular vision.Eye movement abnormalities of supranuclear origin may be divided into nystagmus, other ocular oscillations, saccadic dysfunction, smooth pursuit dysfunction, gaze palsy, tonic deviation, and vergence disability.An algorithm for the analysis of supranuclear eye movement disorders is presented.
Surgical management of oculomotor nerve palsy with lateral rectus transplantation to the medial side of globe.
Authors: FRACO J. Norton Taylor 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAn operation for complete third nerve paralysis involving lateral rectus muscle transplantation to the medial side of the globe as a basic procedure is described. An inferior rectus muscle recession plus resection of an apparent completely paralysed medial rectus was subsequently performed at a second stage operation. The results appeared to be an improvement on previous surgery, particularly in terms of ocular motility, with almost full adduction of the operated eye being achieved. This adduction movement occurred as part of a normal conjugate movement of the two eyes, and the question arises as to the responsible muscles, with some evidence to suggest that relearned action of the transplanted lateral rectus muscle may be implicated. Finally, a Fasanella‐Servat procedure as a third stage operation appeared to be adequate to correct the ptosis.
Spontaneous resolution of primary congenital glaucoma
Authors: FRACO Patrick Lockie , FRACO James Elder 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe report a further four cases of spontaneously resolved primary congenital glaucoma, including one case seen bath prior and subsequent to the resolution. This condition is detected usually in eyes with megalocornea, which are later found to have breaks in Descemets membrane. Two other patients also had this diagnosis made, but later developed active glaucoma, requiring surgical treatment, indicating the need for continued observation of apparently abortive forms of congenital glaucoma.
The clinical grading of lens opacities
Authors: Taylor Hugh R. , West Sheila K. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA simple system has been developed for the clinical grading of the presence and severity of lens opacities. The densities of nuclear opacities as seen on clinical slit‐lamp examination are graded in comparison with a set of standard photographs. The extent of cortical opacities seen on retroillumination is estimated in terms of segments involved. The dimensions of posterior subcapsular opacities are measured using the slit beam. Inter‐and intra‐observer trials were conducted with three observers. Twenty subjects were selected to provide a range of lens opacities. Weighted Kappa statistics for intraobserver agreement for these three types of opacities range between 0.58 and 1.00 and for intraobserver agreement between 0.41 and 0.71. This clinical grading system shows good reproducibility and compares well with the grading of lens opacities in photographs. It should prove to be of considerable use in clinical and epidemiological studies of cataract.
A clinical evaluation of equipment which allows the partially sighted and blind to access computer–based information
Authors: Boulton Lesley M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTwenty‐five visually handicapped people, including two who were completely blind, were trialled on recently developed equipment which enables such severely visually impaired people access to the modern computerised world. Twenty‐one of the people found that such equipment would enhance their study, work and recreational capabilities and allow them to utilise computerised technology alongside their normally sighted peers. Two already had equipment sufficient for their needs, and two children were too young to require it at this stage.
Atypical mycobacterial keratitis
Authors: McClellan Kathleen A. , Bernard Penelope J. , Robinson Lyon P. , Meades Kerrie V. , Aylward G. William , Billson Frank A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA case of marginal corneal abscess and hypopyon due to Mycobacterium chelonae is presented. Its therapy is described, followed by a brief discussion of atypical mycobacterial keratitis.
Early and late botulinum toxin treatment of acute sixth nerve palsy
Authors: Murray A. D. N. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTen patients with sixth nerve palsy were treated with botulinum toxin injection to the antagonist nonparetic medial rectus. All patients were followed for a minimum of 14 months after the last injection. Six patients were treated within eight weeks of the onset of the palsy. Within a few days five of the six gained fusion, without the necessity of a marked head turn and none complained of confusing reversal of diplopia. The same five recovered full function. Four patients with no medial rectus contracture on forced duction testing were treated six months or longer after the onset of the palsy and none recovered full function. One of the four patients was permanently over‐corrected despite persistent weakness of the lateral rectus.This preliminary report suggests that early botulinum toxin injection of patients with recent onset (acute) sixth nerve palsy is beneficial. Since some patients may recover spontaneously a randomised double‐blind study is necessary to more precisely determine the effectiveness of this form of therapy. Botulinum toxin does not appear to be effective in facilitating recovery in those cases with poor lateral rectus function six months or longer after the onset of the palsy, even when there is no contracture of the medial rectus.
Vertical offsets of horizontal recti muscles in the management of A and V pattern strabismus
Authors: Scott William E. , Drummond Garry T. , Keech Ronald V. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractVertical transposition of the horizontal rectus muscles is the preferred operation in cases of A and V pattern strabismus in which oblique muscle dysfunction is inadequate to merit oblique surgery. Fifty‐nine patients undergoing standard horizontal surgery with half tendon width vertical offsets and eight patients undergoing two‐thirds to full tendon width offsets were retrospectively studied. Technique for pattern measurement and surgery are discussed. Postoperative data were analysed on a short‐term (less than six weeks) and long‐term (greater than 12 months) basis. Standard horizontal surgery combined with half‐tendon width vertical transposition is shown to be an effective operation for collapsing all subgroups of A and V pattern strabismus when indications are appropriate. The initial correction to within ± 10 D of pattern was 96% over all with 78% remaining collapsed to within ± 10 D over an average 36‐month follow‐up:Recess‐resect, bimedial and bilateral rectus recession operations with offsets are all approximately equally effective in pattern collapse. A graded pattern collapse response was found with greater collapse being related to greater initial pattern. The risk of conversion, from a more desirable pattern (AET, VXT) to a less desirable pattern (AXT, VET) is low (7.3%). For patterns >30 D, three quarters to full‐tendon width offsets were effective in collapsing pattern. For A and V patterns with significant oblique muscle dysfunction, oblique surgery is advocated.
External trabeculotomy in the surgical treatment of congenital glaucoma
Authors: Martin Bruce B. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractRecent advances in ophthalmic microsurgical instrumentation and techniques make ab‐externo trabeculotomy a more attractive alternative to goniotomy in the treatment of congenital glaucoma than was the case in the past. A series of seven consecutive cases (14 eyes) treated by trabeculotomy is presented, with the results of follow‐up over a period of two to seven years.This, and other series, suggests that control of developmental glaucoma may be achieved utilizing fewer procedures when trabeculotomy is employed rather than goniotomy.
Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada syndrome—isolation of cloned T cells with specificity for melanocytes and melanoma cells
Authors: McClellan K. A. , MacDonald M. , Hersey P. , Billson F. A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe pathogenesis of Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada syndrome is poorly understood. A unifying mechanism for its diverse clinical manifestations affecting central nervous system, eye, integument and auditory system has not been found, although many authors have suggested that the features of the disease are the result of autoimmune responses.We performed immunological studies on two patients with Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada syndrome. In one case antibodies to melanoma cells in cytotoxic assay were detected, which it was thought may indicate the presence of antibodies to melanocytes. In the second patient three clones of interieukin‐2‐dependent T cells were isolated which appeared to have specificity in both cytotoxic and proliferative assays to cultured normal melanocytes and to three allogeneic melanoma cells.These findings further support a role for autoimmunity to pigmented cells in the pathogenesis of Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada syndrome. However, the precise role of autoimmunity in this disease is yet to be established.
Inter‐observer comparisons of ophthalmoscopic assessment of diabetic retinopathy
Authors: FRCS R. T. Lienert 
Published: November 2007

AbstractFive hundred patients attending a general diabetic clinic were examined ophthalmoscopically both by a non‐ophthalmic practitioner (NOP) and by an ophthalmologist. The findings were recorded on separate data sheets and the staging of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and grading of diabetic maculopathy by the NOP is compared with that of the ophthalmologist.Comparisons are made for NOPs collectively and for subgroups of NOPs of different levels of experience in ophthalmoscopic assessment of DR. A profile is presented of DR occurring in this diabetic clinic population. The comparison studies show significant variations in ability of different observer groups and also between observers of the same status. It is concluded that an ophthalmologist is a necessary member of a diabetic care team.
Assessment of the corneal endothelium following keratoplasty
Authors: MD Anne M. V. Brooks , AAIPP Glenys Grant , ERACO W. E. Gillies 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe corneal endothelium was assessed following penetrating keratoplasty in a series of 50 patients and eight illustrative cases are described. Assessment disclosed a wide variation in the endothelial cell count and morphology following keratoplasty. In some patients the endothelial cell count was so low and the morphology so abnormal that long‐term survival of the graft was doubtful. In cases with such a low count it is very doubtful, whether the graft will survive a secondary procedure such as cataract extraction or, intraocular lens implantation. Some donor material may carry corneal guttae and the use of such material should be avoided. If the material is good it will withstand inflammatory episodes including graft rejection if treatment is prompt and appropriate. Satisfactory material may be obtained from elderly donors while a young donor does not guarantee suitable material. It is desirable to assess the corneal endothelium of donor material carefully before use.
‘Hot’ corneal grafts—a long‐term study
Authors: BS G. C. Lam MB , FRACO R. L. Cooper 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA six‐year follow‐up of nine of 13 eyes treated by therapeutic keratoplasty for suppurative keratitis is described. One of the thirteen cases died three years after surgery‐and three were lost to follow‐up. Two of the nine refused reoperation after early graft failure. Of the remaining seven, three had retained good functional visual acuity. Three of the penetrating keratoplasties required regrafting two to four years later, when conditions were less critical. Long‐term results indicate that therapeutic keratoplasty may be an alternative modality for the management of suppurative keratitis with satisfactory long‐term optical results.
Risk factors in progression beyond stage 2 retinopathy of prematurity
Authors: Todd David , Kennedy John , Roberts Victor , John Elizabeth 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOf the 96 babies born at less than 30 weeks gestation at Westmead Hospital between January 1986 and December 1987,91 were studied. Of these 37 developed some form of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), with eight babies having stage 3 or worse. We compared the clinical features of these eight babies to a control group of eight babies with stage 2 ROP, having matched for gestational age.Factors of statistical significance in progression beyond stage 2 were male sex and number of days of assisted ventilation. The presence of a patent ductus arteriosus, although not statistically significant, is a factor which we consider to be clinically important. The development of Plus disease is associated with a poor prognosis.