bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global change research
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Early in 1989 William R. Graham, then Science Advisor to President Bush, asked AGU to review Our Changing Planet: The FY 1990 Research Plan, a report from the Committee on Earth Sciences (CES) (Eos, February 28, p. 140). AGU agreed to the request and President Don Anderson set up a panel to conduct the review and draft an AGU position. Although the plan was released in late August instead of early July as expected, the panel acted expeditiously and did a substantive review that was approved by Council.The details of the research plan and AGU review are significant. Even more significant is the importance the federal government is giving global change planning. CES, chaired by Dallas Peck, head of the U.S. Geological Survey, is leading this effort and providing a valuable service by getting the planning off on the right foot. Considering all the agencies whose cooperation is required, the CES management challenges appear as great as the technical challenges. The agencies deserve the help of all of us; it's in this spirit that the AGU review was done.
Did mud contribute to freeway collapse?
Authors: Hough Susan E. , Friberg Paul A. , Busby Robert , Field Edward F. , Jacob Klaus H. , Borcherdt Roger D. 
Published: October 2006

At least 41 people were killed October 17 when the upper tier of the Nimitz Freeway in Oakland, Calif., collapsed during the Ms = 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake. Seismologists studying aftershocks concluded that soil conditions and resulting ground motion amplification were important in the failure of the structure and should be considered in the reconstruction of the highway.Structural design weaknesses in the two‐tiered freeway, known as the Cypress structure, had been identified before the tragedy. The seismologists, from Lamont Doherty Geological Observatory in Palisades, N.Y., and the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park, Calif., found that the collapsed section was built on fill over Bay mud. A southern section of the Cypress structure built on alluvium of Quaternary age did not collapse (see Figure 1).
Effects of man on the Mississippi River
Authors: Bush Susan M. 
Published: October 2006

Concern over the negative effects of the enhancement of the Mississippi River continues to rise, and scientists speaking at the Geological Society of America meeting held in St. Louis, Mo., November 6–9, addressed some of those concerns. “Enhancement” covers engineered changes to the river, such as channel alignment, meander cutoff, and levee construction.Changes in the Lower Mississippi River are of particular interest because the river supplies water and transportation. Problems include water pollution, loss of wetlands, decrease in fish population, and the erosion of protective barrier islands. Robert E. Rentschler of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss., discussed the response of the river to 200 years of engineering activities. However, Roger T. Saucier, alsc with the Corps of Engineers, noted that humans have been altering the river for their own use for at least 12,000 years, passively by burning, land clearing, and selective exploitation, which caused surface erosion and vegetation changes; and actively, by stream diversions and structural constructions.
Submarine fans
Authors: Bush Susan M. 
Published: October 2006

Seisimic evidence from a study of 35‐m.y.‐old sediment contradicts the prevailing theory that bottom currents are the main cause of sediment distribution patterns and the shape of the continental rise.In the research area 200 miles offshore from New Jersey to Cape Hatteras, N.C., Stanley D. Locker of the University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, has found that submarine fans and deep‐sea sediment drifts may develop simultaneously as companion systems. He presented his work at the Geological Society of America meeting in St. Louis, Mo., November 6–9.
Coordinating Global Seismic Network observations
Authors: Engdahl E. R. 
Published: October 2006

Precise travel‐time observations of earthquake waves are necessary to constrain the asperhical structure of Earth. To enhance international cooperation in collecting and disseminating measurements made at observatories in the global seismic network, the International Seismological Observing Period (ISOP) project has been started.The International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI) organized a workshop in August in Istanbul, Turkey, at the 1989 IASPEI General Assembly, with support from UNESCO. About 50 scientists from the international seismological community came, to evaluate the past performance of the global seismic network, review technological advances, and organize the project.
Environmental magnetism in Australia and Papua New Guinea
Authors: Clark Robin L. 
Published: October 2006

Paleomagnetic and rock magnetic research in Australia has for some time been among the best in the world, mainly through the work of groups at the Australian National University (ANU), the Bureau of Mineral Resources (BMR) and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO). Environmental magnetism is a relatively new field, but one that is developing rapidly in Australia, as elsewhere. This report outlines both past and present research and suggests some future directions.Environmental magnetism in the Australian region began as an adjunct to paleomagnetic studies of lake sediments in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea (PNG) [Thompson and Oldfield, 1978; Oldfield et al, 1980] and in Western Victoria [Barton and Polach, 1980]. In both cases, magnetic susceptibility and some remanence measurements were used for core correlation.
Streams storing salt
Authors: Bush Susan M. 
Published: October 2006

Salinity levels in the Colorado River have increased dramatically during the past century, both from natural sources such as surface erosion and saline springs, and from industrial and municipal sources. Since the Colorado provides water for more than 22 million people and 1.7 million acres of irrigation, salinity levels are a primary issue and have caused environmental problems for the United States and Mexico.Stanley Schumm, a geomorphologist at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, has studied the Colorado River basin for the past 20 years and has shown that the Colorado and other streams in the southwest are recovering from a period of climatic fluctuations, human activities and grazing practices in the late 1800s that caused accelerated erosion and deep channel incision. Channel incision allowed large amounts of sediment to be deposited in the Colorado from its tributaries. Gradually, the tributary channels widened, stabilized, and formed new floodplains.
Pb‐Zn deposits by tectonic expulsion?
Authors: Bush Susan M. 
Published: October 2006

The tectonic expulsion of fluids theory could explain the presence of lead‐zinc ores in sedimentary rocks. Originally proposed in 1986 by Jack Oliver, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., the theory is based on the subduction of tectonic plates, where hot mineral‐bearing fluids would be expelled from the subduction zone to circulate in overlying sediments during a continent‐continent collision.The problem with Oliver's idea is that formation ages of some lead‐zinc deposits are older than the formation ages of mountains close to the deposits. According to the theory, the age of the mountains would equal the age of mineralization.
Loma Prieta research
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The National Science Foundation is inviting proposals for scientific research related to the October 17 Loma Prieta earthquake. The program is being funded through the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program.Deadline for submission of proposals is January 25. Proposals may be submitted for studies in seismology, geodesy, engineering geology, engineering seismology, structural engineering, and economic and societal aspects of the Loma Prieta earthquake.
World stress map: International workshop on the European contribution
Authors: Mastin Larry , Müller, Birgit , Zoback Mary Lou 
Published: October 2006

Ever since the recognition of plate tectonics as a major Earth process, maps of the orientation of stress in Earth's crust have given us one of the most direct clues to the forces that drive plate movements. We now know from these maps that stress orientations are consistent on a regional scale, that the boundaries between provinces of uniform stress direction generally coincide with major physiographic and structural boundaries, and that for many regions the orientation of the maximum compressive horizontal stress generally coincides with directions of plate motion [e.g., Zoback and Zoback, 1989].On a regional scale, maps of crustal stress have provided striking evidence of the low strength of plate margin at the San Andreas Fault in California [M. D. Zoback et al, 1988]. In industry, maps of stress orientations have been used to plan secondary recovery projects for oil and gas [Bell and Babcock, 1986] and evaluate seismic risk near critical facilities [e.g., Stock et al., 1985].
Climate and water
Authors: Lemmela Risto , Kuusisto E. 
Published: October 2006

The International Conference on Climate and Water was held in Helsinki, Finland from September 11‐15, 1989 and was attended by 250 specialists from 28 countries. It was convened by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) under the auspices of the Organization's Regional Association VI (Europe). The majority of the participants and scientific papers were from European countries; experts did, however, attend from as far away as Africa, India, the United States, and Australia.The organizers of the conference were Ministry of the Environment, Finland; Academy of Finland; National Committee for the International Hydrological Programme (IHP) and the Research Council for the Environmental Sciences; Finnish National Board of Waters and the Environment; Finnish Meteorological Institute and World Meteorological Organization. The cosponsors were the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA).
Geotechnical applications
Authors: Paillet F. L. 
Published: October 2006

Committee D18 on Soil a n d Rock of the American Society for Testing and Materials held the symposium Geotechnical Applications of Geophysics June 29 in St. Louis, Mo.Cochaired by Wayne Saunders, ICF, Inc., Fairfax, Va., and Fred Paillet, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo., 15 papers were presented from authors from Canada, Japan, and the United States.
Ozone hole deep but not deepest
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

Despite early reports of a record‐setting depletion, the 1989 Antarctic ozone hole was not quite as persistent or long‐lived as in 1987.The hole began to develop at the beginning of September, when temperatures dropped to −92°C to −93°C, more than cold enough for the formation of polar stratospheric clouds at about 17 km, in the heart of the ozone layer. Then, in the presence of sunlight, chlorine‐bearing compounds derived from anthropogenic chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) reacted on the clouds and began to rapidly destroy large amounts of ozone. Because the temperatures were one to two degrees colder and ozone depletion slightly faster than in early September 1987, there were predictions that this year's hole might be the largest yet. In 1987 more than 99% of the ozone at altitudes of 14–18 km over Antarctica was destroyed. Dobson spectrophotometers that measure total ozone in a column of atmosphere showed that t h e overall depletion was 50% in 1987; background ozone levels vary between 250 and 300 Dobson units (DU), and the lowest levels recorded in 1987 were about 125 DU. Concentrations continued below 200 DU well into November.
A moving atlas
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

An animated atlas designed for use with personal computers and color monitors will be published in 1992.The software package will graphically display land vegetation information from the U.S. NOAA‐7 satellite, ocean productivity data from the Coastal Zone Color Scanner aboard the NASA Nimbus 7, images from the French SPOT 1 and ocean information from the Japanese MOS 1, as well as other statistics on population dynamics, cloud cover, and precipitation. Animation of images over extended periods of time will enable viewers to watch changes on a planetary scale.
Proposed international facility in Antarctica
Authors: Inan U. S. , Rycroft M. J. 
Published: October 2006

An international workshop was held at Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., April 24–28, to define the scientific and engineering requirements for a new international ELF/VLF wave injection facility to be placed in Antarctica.The workshop was sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation, and more than 25 scientists from five countries attended. Discussions covered recent scientific results of wave injection experiments, outstanding questions that lie ahead, and opportunities for international collaboration. Considerations agreed upon by workshop participants follow.
Seventy Years of Radio Science, Technology, Standards, and Measurement at the National Bureau of Standards
Authors: Gillmor C. Stewart 
Published: October 2006

This large volume describes all the forms of radio research done at the National Bureau of Standards (now, National Institute of Standards and Technology) from its founding in 1901 until about 1980. The volume truly reflects its subtitle; it describes in great detail research in radio propagation and all its connections with geophysics and geospace, but also radio as instrument for discovery and application in meteorology, navigation, and in standards of measurement and testing in electronics.The book is a bit unwieldy and some of its chapters will be of most interest to former NBS employees. For example, there is a lengthy chapter on the transfer of radio research work from Washington, D.C, to Boulder, Colo., in the early 1950s, complete with photostat of the quit claim deed to NBS from the Boulder Chamber of Commerce. On the other hand, radio research developed and flourished in this country in the early days at industrial (Bell Telephone, General Electric, Westinghouse) and government (NBS, Naval Research Laboratory) labs more than in academia, and it is very interesting to learn how the labs interacted and to read details of the organizational structure. I can attest personally to the great difficulties in locating materials concerning radio history. While we have numerous volumes devoted to certain popular radio heroes, little is available concerning government radio pioneers such as L. W. Austin, who directed the U.S. Navy's radio research for many years while situated physically at the Bureau of Standards, or J. H. Dellinger, long‐time chief of the Radio Section and head spokesman on radio for the U.S. government until the 1930s.
GeoSync expands
Authors: Sutton Steve 
Published: October 2006

To advance the application of synchrotron radiation in the geosciences, Earth scientists have formed GeoSync International. GSI, an expansion of GeoSync America, which was established at a meeting hosted by Argonne National Laboratory in January 1988, is the culmination of several informal meetings including one associated with a symposium held at the European Union of Geosciences meeting in Strasbourg, France, in March.When they met August 6 at Stanford University, Gordon E. Brown, Jr., of Stanford, Georges Calas of Laboratoire de Mineralogie Cristallographie in Paris, and J.V. Smith and Ian M. Steele of the University of Chicago decided that GSI should have three geographically convenient divisions: GeoSync Asia (GSAS), GeoSync Europe/Africa (GSEA) and GeoSync America (GSAM). Such an organization will help GSI in its goals to coordinate development of experimental stations on the synchrotrons around the world to attain rapid development at minimal cost, disseminate information by organizing symposia, study institutes and review articles, publish news about GeoSync activities, and coordinate with other disciplines in the materials sciences (sensu lato).
Hurricane Hugo briefing
Authors: Bush Susan M. 
Published: October 2006

The effects of Hurricane Hugo could have been much worse, in terms of lives lost and structural damage, according to postdisaster study teams. As part of the National Research Council's Committee on Natural Disasters, teams were sent to the disaster sites almost immediately after Hugo struck on September 18.Meteorologists, wind engineers, coastal geologists, civil engineers, structural engineers, and other members of the study teams presented their findings at a briefing held November 28 in Washington, D.C.
Hydrometeorology of Rocky Mountain floods
Authors: Jarrett Robert D. 
Published: October 2006

Climatology and flood hydrology of the Rocky Mountains were the topics of a workshop held in Lakewood, Colo., October 4–5, 1990. Ninety‐one people participated in the workshop, which was organized by Robert Jarrett, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver; John Liou, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Denver; and Doug Laiho, Delta Environmental Consultants, Boulder, representing the American Society of Civil Engineers.The workshop was held to address some of the recognized complexities in the hydrometeorology of floods in the Rocky Mountains. The complexities are caused by the effects of rough mountain terrain on meteorology, snowmelt and rainfall flooding, and limited rainfall and streamflow data. The current theories and methods used to estimate flood flows in the Rocky Mountains, particularly estimation of the probable maximum precipitation (PMP) and the probable maximum flood (PMF), have been questioned by hydrologists and engineers for some time. Purposes of the workshop were to review the current understanding and ongoing research of floods—both frequent and extreme, including the PMF, in the Rocky Mountains; to bring together scientists, engineers, and flood‐plain managers in government, industry, consulting firms, and universities; and to provide a mechanism for the exchange of ideas and technology between climatologists, meteorologists, hydrologists, engineers, and managers.
[Comment on “Labor pains at subduction's birth” by William Ward Maggs, and “Macquarie Earthquake of May 23, 1989” by Barbara Romanowicz and Goran Ekstrom] Earthquake update
Authors: McCue Kevin 
Published: October 2006

Following the two notes in Eos on the recent great earthquake on the Macquarie Ridge (“Labor Pains at Subduction's Birth,” by William Ward Maggs, June 13, p. 650, and “Macquarie Earthquake of May 23, 1989,” by Barbara Romanowicz and Goran Ekstrom, July 11, p. 700), we would like to put the record straight on minor comments in the articles.Tsunami: Indeed, a tsunami was generated and recorded on at least four tide gages along the coast of southeastern Australia, southeast Tasmania and southeastern New South Wales. The peak‐to‐trough amplitude was very small, 0.3 m, barely above the normal harbor seiche at each ot the tide gage sites. The duration of the wave train in Sydney harbor was seven hours.
Coupled ocean‐atmosphere models: 21st International Liege Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics
Authors: Weinstein Alan I. , McDonald B. Edward 
Published: October 2006

Global‐scale ocean dynamics related to El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) was the focus of the 21st International Colloquium on Ocean Dynamics. ENSO provides modelers a great deal of data revealing correlation between sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and atmospheric pressure differentials in the tropics. (See Enfield [1989] for an excellent review of the data.)The meeting was held May 8–12, 1989, at the University of Liege, Belgium. More than 50 scientists attended, from Australia, Belgium, Canada, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, People's Republic of China, Spain, U.K., U.S., and U.S.S.R.
Continental Flood Basalts
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Continental flood basalts have been receiving considerable scientific attention lately. Recent publications have focused on several particular flood‐basalt provinces (Brito‐Arctic, Karoo, Parana', Deccan, and Columbia Plateau), and much attention has been given to the proposed connection between flood‐basalt volcanism, bolide impacts, and mass extinctions. The editor of Continental Flood Basalts, J. D. Macdougall, conceived the book to assemble in a single volume, from a vast and scattered literature, an overview of each major post‐Cambrian flood‐basalt province.Continental Flood Basalts has 10 chapters; nine treat individual flood‐basalt provinces, and a summary chapter compares and contrasts continental flood‐basalts and mid‐oceanic ridge basalts. Specifically, the chapters address the Columbia River basalt, the northwest United States including the Columbia River basalt, the Ethiopian Province, the North Atlantic Tertiary Province, the Deccan Traps, the Parana' Basin, the Karoo Province, the Siberian Platform, and Cenozoic basaltic rocks in eastern China. Each chapter is written by one or more individuals with an extensive background in the province.
Regional seismic networks upgrade encouraged
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

A partnership between the U.S. National Seismic Network (USNSN)—planned by the U.S. Geological Survey for implementation in the early 1990s—and a group of modernized, independently run regional seismic networks is recommended by the National Research Council in their recent report, “Assessing the Nation's Earthquakes: The Health and Future of Regional Seismograph Networks.” The panel that prepared the report said that together, the facilities would constitute a National Seismic System, a satellite‐based network capable of systematically monitoring and analyzing earthquakes throughout the nation within minutes of their occurrence.Regional seismic networks are arrays of tens to hundreds of seismic stations targeted chiefly on seismically active regions. They provide a broad range of data and information, which can be applied to public safety and emergency management, quantification of hazard and risk assessment associated with natural and human‐induced earthquakes, surveillance of underground nuclear explosions, basic research on earthquake mechanics and dynamics, seismic wave propagation, seismotectonic processes, earthquake forecasting and prediction, and properties and composition of the crust and the internal structure of the Earth.
2nd SEDI Symposium Held
Authors: Loper D. 
Published: October 2006

Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism were the emphasis of the second SEDI (Study of the Earth's Deep Interior) symposium, “Reversals, Secular Variation and Dynamo Theory,” convened by Gary Glatzmaier and Paul Roberts at St. Johns College, Santa Fe, N.Mex., August, 6–10, 1990. The program included sessions on structure of the core and lower mantle and on mineral physics.The organizers and participants of the meeting wish to thank the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics and the Center for Nonlinear Studies at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, the Center for Earth and Planetary Interiors at the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Geophysics Program of the Earth Sciences Division of the National Science Foundation for their support of the symposium. What follows is a condensed summary of some of the highlights of the symposium, compiled by J . Bloxham, M. Brown, J . Cain, D. Fearn, D. Loper, and R. Merrill. A more complete summary is available from David Loper, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute, B‐153, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306‐3017.