bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nature of Transnational Alliances in Women’s Associations in the Maghreb
Authors: Labidi Lilia 
Published: March 2007

This paper analyzes how the discourse of the independent Tunisian feminist movement of the 1980s brought new visibility and appreciation to the early feminists of the 1930s, 40s, and 50s, and how it revived tensions that had arisen during the earlier period. The paper also examines how, in a transnational context, the construction of an anthropology of culture by women of the region and the establishment of a Maghrebi women’s network enabled the torch of women’s rights to pass from women in Tunisia, where the Personal Status Code (PSC) was a model for the region, to women in Morocco, whose activities led to a reform of the Moroccan personal status code (the Mudawwana) in 2003.
The discourse of the second generation of Tunisian women, which emerged, unlike that of women in other Arab Muslim countries, in a post-independence context wherein they benefited from an oft-amended PSC that awarded them numerous rights, required that they not only demand new rights but also develop a discourse different from that of the state. However, as Tunisian feminist discourse was becoming institutionalized (e.g. with the publication of the magazine Nissa) in the face of a growing Islamist movement which, strengthened by the transnational Islamist dynamic, was calling for a referendum on the PSC, its promulgator, President Habib Bourguiba, was deposed. The second Republic chose to continue the policy of the first, and brought the women’s movement into association with other Tunisian political forces in a “National Pact” to safeguard the PSC, thereby turning the majority of Tunisian women into protectors of the state.
Silver‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylation: Allyltrimethoxysilane as a Remarkable Reagent
Authors: Yamamoto Hisashi , Wadamoto Manabu 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRecently, there have been some reports on the use of allyltrimethoxysilane for enantioselective allylation with various metal fluorides or a combination of chiral complex and fluoride anion. These reactions can be applied not only to aldehydes but also to ketones and imines. In this Focus Review we discuss the development of asymmetric allylation with allyltrimethoxysilane catalyzed by chiral silver complexes.
Labdane Diterpenoid Glycosides from Aster veitchianus
Authors: Li Er‐Wei , Gao Xue , Gao Kun , Jia Zhong‐Jian 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFour new labdane‐type rhamnopyranosides derived from 13‐epimanool, compounds 1–4, with differently acetylated sugar moieties, were isolated from A. veitchianus. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated by chemical transformation, spectroscopic and mass‐spectrometric analyses (IR, 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, HR‐ESI‐MS), as well as by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (compound 1). The isolates 2–4 were investigated for their cytotoxic properties against cultured human hepatoma (SMMC‐7721), ovarian neoplasm (HO‐8910), and leukemia (HL‐60) cells, and for their antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus.
Functional [6]Pericyclynes: Synthesis through [14+4] and [8+10] Cyclization Strategies
Authors: Saccavini Catherine , Tedeschi Christine , Maurette Luc , Sui‐Seng Christine , Zou Chunhai , Soleilhavoup Michèle , Vendier Laure , Chauvin Remi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCritical analysis of possible strategies for the synthesis of novel carbo‐benzene derivatives suggests several [(18−n)+n] routes for the preparation of hexaoxy[6]pericyclyne precursors. Beyond the previously attempted [9+9] symmetrical scheme (n=9), the a priori most selective strategies are those for which n=1, 4, 7, 10, 13, and 16. They involve a cyclizing double‐propargylation of a C18−n ω‐bis‐terminal‐skipped oligoyne containing (19−n)/3 triple bonds with a Cn ω‐dicarbonyl‐skipped oligoyne containing (n−1)/3 triple bonds. To complement the previously used [11+7] strategy, the [14+4] and [8+10] strategies were thus explored. They proved to be efficient, affording seven novel hexaoxy[6]pericyclynes corresponding to six different substitution patterns. These compounds were obtained in 7–15 steps as mixtures of stereoisomers. Thus, by using dibenzoylacetylene as the C4 electrophile, a [14+4] strategy allowed the synthesis of two hexaphenyl representatives with two or four free carbinol vertices. This approach also afforded tetraphenyl representatives in which the two remaining carbinoxy vertices were substituted with either two alkynyl or one 4‐anisyl and one 4‐pyridyl groups. By using the hexacarbonyldicobalt complex of butynedial as the C4 electrophile, a [14+4] strategy also allowed the isolation of a tetraphenylhexaoxy[6]pericyclyne with two adjacent unsubstituted carbinol vertices. A regioisomer with two opposite unsubstituted carbinol vertices was obtained through an [8+10] strategy and its oxidation afforded the corresponding pericyclynedione. Several attempts at synthesizing diphenylhexaoxy[6]pericyclynes with four unsubstituted carbinoxy vertices are described. Only an [8+10] strategy allowed the generation of a fragile diphenylhexaoxy[6]pericyclyne with four adjacent unsubstituted carbinoxy vertices, which could be partly characterized. These results show that the synthesis of the nonsubstituted hexahydroxy[6]pericyclyne, the ring carbo‐mer of [6]cyclitol, is a difficult challenge.
Reconstructing PSA testing patterns between black and white men in the US from Medicare claims and the National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Mariotto Angela B. , Etzioni Ruth , Krapcho Martin , Feuer Eric J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Frequencies of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) test administration were not actively monitored on a national level during the first decade of PSA testing. The objectives of this article were to reconstruct patterns of PSA testing between black and white men in the US and to determine the extent of any racial disparity in PSA use.METHODS.Data from the 2000 National Health Interview Survey were used to model the adoption of PSA and to estimate the distribution of age at first test. Longitudinal Medicare claims data were used to estimate the distribution of intervals between tests. The rates of initial and subsequent tests were then combined by simulation to reconstruct individual screening histories. Results are from the reconstructed model.RESULTS.Overall, 45% of white men and 43% of black men within ages 40–84 years had at least 1 PSA test by the year 2000. The authors found that among older men, whites adopted PSA screening earlier than blacks, whereas among younger men, this trend was reversed, with blacks adopting screening earlier than whites. Annual testing frequencies generated by the simulation model were higher for white men aged ≥60 years and higher for black men aged <60 years.CONCLUSIONS.Findings indicated fairly similar patterns overall of PSA testing for blacks and whites. These similarities indicated that racial disparity in PSA testing is probably not a major factor behind current racial differences in prostate cancer mortality rates and declines. Knowledge of patterns of screening is important to an understanding of the impact of population screening on cancer incidence and mortality, but retrospective data sources have significant limitations when used to estimate these patterns of care. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
An optimal method of DNA silver staining in polyacrylamide gels
Authors: Ji Yun‐Tao , Qu Chang‐Qing , Cao Bin‐Yun 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA silver staining technique has widely been used to detect DNA fragments with high sensitivity on polyacrylamide gels. The conventional procedure of the silver staining is tedious, which takes about 40–60 min and needs five or six kinds of chemicals and four kinds of solutions. Although our previous improved method reduced several steps, it still needed six kinds of chemicals. The objective of this study was to improve further the existing procedures and develop an optimal method for DNA silver staining on polyacrylamide gels. The novel procedure could be completed with only four chemicals and two solutions within 20 min. The steps of ethanol, acetic acid, and nitric acid precession before silver impregnation have been eliminated and the minimal AgNO3 dose has been used in this up‐to‐date method. The polyacrylamide gel of the DNA sliver staining displayed a golden yellow and transparent background with high sensitivity. The minimum 0.44 and 3.5 ng of DNA amount could be detected in denaturing and nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel, respectively. This result indicated that our optimal method can save time and cost, and still keep a high sensitivity for DNA staining in polyacrylamide gels.
Lack of genotoxicity induced by endogenous and synthetic female sex hormones in peripheral blood cells detected by alkaline comet assay
Authors: Braz Mariana Gobbo , Salvadori Daisy Maria Favero 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe etiology of hormone‐induced cancers has been considered to be a combination of genotoxic and epigenetic events. Currently, the Comet assay is widely used for detecting genotoxicity because it is relatively simple, sensitive, and capable of detecting various kinds of DNA damage. The present study evaluates the genotoxic potential of endogenous and synthetic sex hormones, as detected by the Comet assay. Blood cells were obtained from 12 nonsmoking and 12 smoking women with regular menstrual cycles and from 12 nonsmoking women taking low‐dose oral contraceptives (OC). Peripheral blood samples were collected at three phases of the menstrual cycle (early follicular, mean follicular, and luteal phases), or at three different moments of oral contraceptive intake. Three blood samples were also collected from 12 healthy nonsmoking men, at the same time as oral contraceptive users. Results showed no significant difference in the level of DNA damage among the three moments of the menstrual cycle either in nonsmoking and smoking women, or between them. No significant difference in DNA damage was also observed among oral contraceptive users, nonusers, and men. Together, these data indicate lack of genotoxicity induced by the physiological level of the female sex hormones and OC as assessed by the alkaline Comet assay. In conclusion, normal fluctuation in endogenous sex hormones and use of low‐doses of oral contraceptive should not interfere with Comet assay data when this technique is used for human biomonitoring. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Environmental risk assessment in the Tuscany region: a proposal
Authors: Jona Lasinio Giovanna , Divino Fabio , Biggeri Annibale 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this paper we present a first attempt to define a statistically coherent protocol for Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA), considered as a classification problem. Our approach moves from an idea developed in the pattern recognition literature. Several independent classifiers, each working on a subset of the covariates space, produce a set of corresponding units classifications. Then a gate, modulating the partial results, produces a final, combined classification. We propose a combined classification strategy based on rank transformations and Bayesian mixture classifiers. Although the use of Bayesian mixture models in classification problems is quite common in many fields of application, the novelty of our proposal concerns the use of truncated Gaussian components to model the behaviour of the rank variables in a multidimensional setting. We approach the general problem by partitioning the covariate space into several subspaces, each one representing one environmental dimension; we consider three environmental dimensions (Air, Water and Waste), represented by several pressure indicators. The evaluation of environmental risk for the Tuscany municipalities is our motivating example. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic behaviour of framed tubes
Authors: Anderson James C. , Gurfinkel German 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA framed tube, consisting of closely spaced columns connected by deep spandrel beams, is designed in reinforced concrete for building code loads. The members of the frame are proportioned using strength concepts. A planar model of the tube is developed and its behaviour is compared to that of the three‐dimensional structure. The planar model is then used to evaluate the inelastic behaviour of the framed tube when subjected to strong ground motion. The effects of the finite element discretization and the ground motion characteristics are investigated. Results show that ductility requirements of the spandrel beams are minimum at the top and maximum at the bottom of the tube. Ductility requirements in the columns are well controlled and are within acceptable limits. Participation of the higher modes of vibration is significant and requires increasing damping. It also is shown that the increased stiffness due to finite member sizes at a joint cannot be neglected.
Biaxial effects in modelling earthquake response of R/C structures
Authors: Takizawa Haruo , Aoyama Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRecent studies reveal that R/C structural members subjected to biaxial flexure due to two‐dimensional earthquake excitation can deform much more than would be predicted by conventional one‐dimensional response analysis. The biaxial flexure may therefore have a significant effect on the dynamic collapse process of structures subjected to intense ground motions. The present paper is intended to develop a new formulation of the two‐dimensional restoring force model of R/C columns acted upon by biaxial bending moments, and to discuss the dynamic response properties of R/C structures. The model considered is a two‐dimensional extension of various non‐linear models for one‐dimensional response analysis, including the degrading trilinear stiffness model which is one of the simpler idealizations of the restoring force characteristics of flexural‐failure‐type R/C structures. The modelling validity is then examined by comparison with experimental data on the biaxial bending behaviour of R/C columns. Calculations are made to study the role of different system properties on the influence of inelastic biaxial bending on the dynamic structural response. It is shown that the inelastic biaxial effect is generally significant and, in some cases, critical in the case of R/C structures with stiffness‐degrading properties, while the effect is not so important for the non‐degrading inelastic cases.
Seismic design spectra and mapping procedures using hazard analysis based directly on oscillator response
Authors: McGuire Robin K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe calculation of design spectra for building sites threatened by seismic ground motion is approached by considering the maximum responses of linearly elastic oscillators as indicators of ground motion intensity. Attenuation functions describing the distribution of response as a function of earthquake magnitude and distance are derived using 68 components of recorded ground motion as data. With a seismic hazard analysis for several hypothetical building sites, the distributions of maximum oscillator responses to earthquakes of random magnitude and location are calculated, and spectra are drawn to indicate the maximum responses associated with specified probability levels. These spectra are compared to design spectra calculated from published methods of amplifying peak ground motion parameters. The latter spectra are found to be inconsistent in terms of risk for building sites very close and very far from faults. A ground motion parameter defined to be proportional to the maximum response of a 1 Hz, 2 per cent damped linearly elastic oscillator is investigated; this parameter, in conjunction with peak ground acceleration, is found to lead to risk‐consistent design spectra. Through these two parameters, a design earthquake magnitude and design hypocentral distance are defined, for a specified building site and risk level. The use of these parameters in the seismic hazard mapping of a region is illustrated.
Patterns, processes and likely causes of the Ordovician trilobite radiation in South China
Authors: Zhiyi Zhou , Wenwei Yuan , Zhiqiang Zhou 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Ordovician genus‐diversity trajectories of trilobites and the radiation patterns previously proposed in South China are reviewed on the basis of an extensive and intensive study of 32 representative collections assigned respectively to thesuecicus,hirundoandclavusgraptolite‐zone intervals and made along shelf environment gradients from 15 re‐measured representative early‐Middle‐Ordovician sections. Analyses of new data indicate that components of the Whiterock Fauna (Paleozoic Evolutionary Fauna) spread across the whole of the environmental spectrum and in general increased steadily through the Ordovician. The major faunal innovations appeared first in the inner shelf during the Early Ordovician and the novelties then expanded seawards into the outer shelf. The Whiterock Fauna first exhibited a higher representation in shallow outer‐shelf faunas and made its early appearance in deep outer‐shelf habitats during the early Middle Ordovician. However, it was not until theclavusinterval (late early Middle Ordovician) that the onset of the major Ordovician radiation or the radiation of the Whiterock Fauna as a whole commenced in deep outer‐shelf environments. From the Darriwilian onwards, members of the Whiterock Fauna had further developed and dominated all environments, but it was not until the Hirnantian that they comprised the whole fauna. The beginning of the radiation in South China was dominated by the expansion of reedocalymenine calymenids, trinucleids and cyclopygids. All of these three trilobite clades had their early diversification centred in high latitude zones of Gondwana. In terms of the macroevolution of trilobites, these specialized trilobites were only diagnostic of a regional Ordovician radiation. All of them represented a subset of the Paleozoic Evolutionary Fauna, which became extinct before or during the latest Ordovician mass extinction and bore no relationships to the Silurian Fauna. Therefore, the Whiterock Fauna of South China only played a minor role in the global macroevolution of the Paleozoic Evolutionary Fauna. As revealed by close investigations, the Ordovician radiation in South China may have been directly triggered by two major transgressive‐regressive cycles during the Tremadoc/Arenig and Lower/Middle Ordovician. The increase of oxygen levels in oceans during the early Middle Ordovician may have provided an essential condition for the radiating fauna to eventually inhabit the new ecological niches of the deep outer shelf. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reversible inactivation of the entorhinal cortex disrupts the establishment and expression of latent inhibition of cued fear conditioning in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Lewis Michael C. , Gould Thomas J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFor latent inhibition, preexposure to a conditioned stimulus (CS) prior to training with an unconditioned stimulus (US) results in decreased conditioned responses (CRs) to the CS at the time of testing. The mechanism by which decreased CRs occurs, however, is unknown; CS preexposure may interfere with subsequent conditioning, or modulate the expression of CRs. Previous research has suggested that the entorhinal cortex (EC) is necessary for latent inhibition of a variety of tasks. However, no studies have specifically compared the role of the EC in acquisition vs. expression of latent inhibition. The present study used reversible inactivation of the EC to address this issue. The GABA agonist muscimol (0.5 μg/side) was directly infused into the EC of mice prior to CS preexposure, training, or testing. Our results indicate that muscimol inactivation of the EC before CS preexposure disrupts latent inhibition of cued fear conditioning. Importantly, this same dose of muscimol did not disrupt cued fear conditioning, nor did it affect latent inhibition when infused into the subiculum. Furthermore, inactivation of the EC at testing disrupted the expression of latent inhibition of cued fear conditioning; that is, CS preexposed mice that received entorhinal cortical muscimol infusion at testing showed CRs compared to saline‐infused CS preexposed mice. These findings suggest that repeated preexposure to the CS during latent inhibition may alter entorhinal cortical activity thereby allowing the EC to exert inhibitory control over the expression of CRs during testing of CS preexposed mice. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human neocortical and hippocampal near‐DC shifts are interconnected
Authors: Fell Juergen , Fritz Navah E. , Burr Wieland , Ludowig Eva , Axmacher Nikolai , Elger Christian E. , Helmstaedter Christoph 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHippocampal DC shifts have been observed under various physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we studied the interconnection of slow shifts (0.01 Hz high‐pass) in surface EEG and hippocampal shifts as emerging in an event‐related EEG biofeedback paradigm. Hippocampal EEG activity was monitored by depth electrodes implanted in four epilepsy patients for presurgical evaluation. Trials were sorted according to the near‐DC shifts occurring at the surface position Cz, which was the feedback electrode, into positive, indistinct (i.e., small or biphasic) and negative shifts. We found significant hippocampal near‐DC shifts being positively or negatively correlated to the shifts in surface EEG in all four patients. The amplitudes of the hippocampal near‐DC shifts were several times larger than the surface shifts. The polarity of the shifts appears to depend on the location of the electrode contacts with respect to the hippocampal subfields. The finding that neocortical and hippocampal near‐DC shifts are interconnected may open new perspectives for the prediction and control of mediotemporal lobe seizures. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.