bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution and Probable Source of Nitrate in Ground Water of Paradise Valley, Arizona
Authors: Silver Burr A. , Fielden John R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTField investigations in Paradise Valley, Arizona, conducted during 1974 and 1977, delineated areas of ground water with up to 132 mg/1 nitrate. Two alternative interpretations are developed as to possible sources of the excess nitrate. The first is a conventional interpretation identifying the use of nitrogenous fertilizers as the primary source and disposal of treated waste‐water effluent as a secondary source. An alternative interpretation identifies the source as a sand and gravel unit that is interpreted as a braided‐stream deposit, located about 152 m (500 ft) below the land surface. The source of the nitrate may have been NH4Cl leached from tuffs in the adjacent Superstition Mountains, subsequently oxidized to nitrate and deposited in abandoned channels of the braided‐stream complex. At present, it is not possible to make a definitive choice among the possible nitrate sources.
Well‐Water Quality Changes Correlated with Well Pumping Time and Aquifer Parameters—Fresno, Californiaa
Authors: Nightingale Harry I. , Bianchi William C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTGround‐water chemical quality in alluvial valleys can be stratified, which can cause well‐water quality to vary with pumping time, especially after a pump shutdown of several hours. These changes in chemical quality could have public health implications for automatically controlled high‐capacity municipal water wells that pump directly into the distribution mains.For a large number of municipal wells, the shapes of the curves for the change‐in‐specific electrical conductivity and the NO3‐N content of well water during the first 96 minutes of constant rate pumping are reported after a 24‐hour shutdown as compared with “steady‐state” quality. The variables recovery‐transmissivity, well specific capacity, type of well construction, and equivalent specific yield of aquifer computed from driller's logs of the bore holes were considered in the analysis.The results showed that well‐water quality vs. time curves vary in shape and are related mainly to the well depth and the depth to the perforations. The “steady‐state” specific electrical conductivity and NO3‐N values were significantly correlated to each other and inversely to recovery‐transmissivity and equivalent specific yield. The specific capacity of wells was related to the recovery‐transmissivity and to type of well construction.
THE “CHEAT SHEET”: A NEW TOOL FOR THE FIELD EVALUATION OF WELLS BY STEP‐TESTING
Authors: Kelly Jack E. , Anderson Keith E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTStep‐testing of wells penetrating a jointed, fractured, sometimes cavernous limestone‐dolomite artesian aquifer showed characteristic patterns of extreme variation in specific capacity at different discharge rates. The application of principles developed by Jacob for well‐loss determinations, and subsequent modifications by others, did not yield meaningful results. It was found that a log‐log relationship between discharge and drawdown, through a large number of steps, could be used to evaluate the degree of nonlinear head losses in and near the well bore and make possible the extrapolation of drawdowns at higher discharge rates. This technique also has been used to estimate transmissivity which, in at least one instance, was confirmed by the subsequent evaluation of observation‐well data by both straight‐line and type‐curve methods. The easy use and rapid initial evaluation of test data afforded by this method gave rise to the name “Cheat Sheet.”
Experimental Determination of Thermoplastic Casing Collapse Pressures
Authors: Johnson Roy C. , Kurt Carl E. , Dunham George F. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA major potential failure mode of thermoplastic well casing is collapse. The casing may be subjected to a collapsing pressure during grouting operations, backfilling, well development or simply from lateral soil pressure. Since the strength of thermoplastic materials significantly decreases at elevated temperatures, it is important to know how casing collapse resistance varies with temperature.A series of experiments have been performed to determine the collapse resistance of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) and acrilonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) well casing over a wide range of temperature. Results indicate that collapse resistance is inversely proportional to a function of the outside diameter‐to‐wall thickness ratio as indicated in the ASTM F480 standard and that collapse resistance decreases by approximately ½ psi per degree Fahrenheit increase in temperature above room temperature.
Problems of Rationally Draining the Poleyes Marshesa
Authors: Petrov Ye. G. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTComprehensive, steady‐state investigations were carried out on plots adjoining drained tracts in Byelorussia's southern marshified lowlands, plots encompassing different plant cover, types of soil and ground‐water levels, to ascertain the influence of ground‐water level and its fluctuations on the formulation and productiveness of forest, field and meadow verdure.It was established that when the ground‐water level diverged—higher or lower—from optimum (i.e., depth approximately equal to the height of the capillary lift), productiveness of plants fell; that intensive utilization and drying of peat bog soils led, as a rule, to mineralization of the peat and air and water erosion (the lower the level falls the more intensively mineralization proceeds). It is calculated that with cultivated crops the loss of peat is some 10 tons per hectare per year, 5‐6 with cereals and 2‐3 with grasses.Lowering the ground‐water level on any area leads to changed levels on adjacent areas, the ground waters being elements of a unified system. In the sandy soils most widespread in the Byelorussian lowlands, lowering of ground‐water level perceptible in the vital activities of plants occurs up to 2 kilometers from the drained tract. In all cases reductions in ground‐water level and in the duration and height of flooding led to degradation of the meadows.It is concluded that comprehensive calculations on the possible harmful effects of drainage reclamation‐caused changes in a large territory's hydrological regime are a prerequisite for rational utilization of the land and maximum productiveness and preservation of the natural landscape.
Programmable Hand Calculator Programs for Pumping and Injection Wells:
Authors: Warner Don L. , Yow M. Gene 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTProgrammable calculator programs have been given previously for the calculation of head or pressure change resulting from the pumping from or injection into wells completely penetrating fully confined or semiconfined aquifers. Programs are documented here for wells partially penetrating a fully confined aquifer. The programs are for the TI 59 card programmable calculator.
Computer Models in Ground‐Water Exploration
Authors: Remson Irwin , Gorelick Steven M. , Fliegner Julianne F. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTFour case histories illustrate the various roles that digital computer simulation models can play in ground‐water exploration. The case histories describe their use in evaluating aquifer parameters and characteristics, in estimating ground‐water recharge, in resolving data inconsistencies, and in determining the optimal allocation of exploration funds. The models are especially useful in identifying data deficiencies and inconsistencies.
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATIONS DURING DRILLING OF A DEEP DISPOSAL WELL IN DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA
Authors: Singh Udai P. , Sprout C. Ross 
Published: July 2006

Abstract.A test‐injection well was drilled to a depth of 3,200 feet (976 m) to determine the feasibility of deep underground injection of 50 mgd (190,000 m 3/day) ADF of secondary treated waste water in south Dade County, Florida. Geological formation samples and water samples were collected and analyzed during the drilling of the well and geophysical logging was performed in the well at several stages. At this site, the Floridan aquifer extends from a depth of 920 feet (281 m) to 1,680 feet (512 m) and generally consists of limestone which is fossiliferous in part. Water from this aquifer is brackish, with chlorides ranging from 700 mg/l at the top to 15,000 mg/l at the bottom. The strata from 1,680 feet (512 m) to 2,790 feet (851 m) are essentially nonwater‐producing and act as a confining bed between the Floridan aquifer and the Boulder Zone.The Boulder Zone begins at 2,790 feet (851 m) in depth and consists of a very hard, fractured, cavernous, dark dolomite. The water from this aquifer is very similar to sea water. The subsurface temperature gradient at this site is reversed from the normal gradient, cooling with depth at an average rate of approximately 0.4° F (0.22°C) per 100 feet (30 m). The injection zone extends from approximately 2,830 feet (863 m) to 2,920 feet (891 m) in depth. Results of pumping tests indicate that the Boulder Zone is very transmissive and has a good confining bed above it.
AN OCCURRENCE OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE GROUND WATER IN JORDAN
Authors: Saines Marvin , Dickson Peter , Lambert Paul 
Published: July 2006

Abstract.Calcium hydroxide ground‐water seepage, highly mineralized, with a pH measured as high as 12.7 has been discovered in the Yarmouk Valley of Jordan. The origin of the seepage is rainfall recharge through over 100 meters of portlandite‐rich rock. The portlandite [Ca(OH)2] was formed by thermal metamorphism of calcite due to (spontaneous) combustion of organic‐rich marl and limestone. The pH is believed to be the highest ever reported for natural ground water.
Modification of an Electronic Downhole Water Sampler
Authors: Idler Gerald E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA common problem with a downhole water sampler consisting of a reservoir for fluids and a remote controlled motor‐operated piston valve assembly has been sample contamination due to damage or destruction of the O‐ring seal on the piston of the sampler. O‐ring damage results from shaving by sharp edges in the entry‐ports area or from erosion by high fluid velocities through the entry ports when sampling at depths below water level greater than 2,500 feet (762 meters). Beveling of sharp edges in the entry ports and modification of the piston by installation of a needle valve and seat solved the problem of O‐ring damage and resultant loss of sample integrity. Other modifications include a high pressure needle valve in the removable reservoir chamber bottom that allows the reservoir to be drained while pressurized, and an O‐ring piston in the reservoir chamber that permits collection of water samples that are essentially free from contamination by surface air. With the latter modifications, the sampler can also be used for injecting brine or other tracers in quantities as large as 34 fluid ounces (1 liter).
Growth of Ground‐Water Mound in Response to Recharge
Authors: Rao N. H. , Sarma P.B.S. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIt was proposed that the horizontal extent of the ground‐water mound is limited for finite times of recharge from strip basins even in infinite aquifers. A method of identifying the extent of the ground‐water mound using solutions of the equation of flow for finite aquifers was suggested. These solutions were obtained using two different procedures of linearization, those of Baumann and Hantush, and Laplace transforms. The resulting expressions were of a general nature and the equations of Hantush for infinite aquifers were shown to follow as a special case. The range of validity of the two procedures of linearization was tested using experimental results from sand tank models of finite aquifers, available in literature. The Baumann linearization was valid (correct to within ±5 percent of experimental values) up to a water table rise less than 0.4 times the initial height of the water table. The Hantush linearization was valid (correct to within ±2 percent of experimental values) for the entire range of water table rise studied, i.e. up to three times the initial height of the water table. The Hantush procedure was thus shown to have wider applicability. However, both procedures were found to yield results which have satisfactory agreement with experimental results over larger ranges than earlier reported for infinite aquifers.The effect of variation of the horizontal extent of the recharge mound on the water table profile was studied by treating the limit of the horizontal mound itself as a parameter. The water table rise was computed using the Hantush linearization procedure for different values of the ratio B/L (B/L = 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and ∞) where 2B is the horizontal extent of the mound and 2L the width of the recharge strip. The finite extent of the ground‐water mound in an infinite aquifer was given by that value of B/L for which the predicted profile was identical to that produced when B/L =∞.
Ground‐Water Quality Changes During Exploitation
Authors: Blaszyk Tadeusz , Gorski Josef 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTConsiderable changes in water quality have been observed in ground water pumped from wells in quaternary formations in Poland. These changes include increases in dissolved calcium, sulfate, iron and manganese.Experimental results indicate that dissolved‐solids' increases are influenced by the introduction of oxygen into the hydrogeochemical environment during pumping.The oxidation of sulfur compounds produces acid, which increases the solubility of numerous chemical compounds. Bacterial catalysis of some reactions is indicated.
THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY EVALUATES ITS GROUND‐WATER RESOURCES
Authors: Fried J. J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe Commission of European Communities has completed the evaluation of the ground‐water resources of the Community. Directed by the author, the study is the first multinational water resources evaluation, performed by nine consultants representing the nine Member States. Comprising 152 maps at the scale of 1/500,000 and ten reports, it appears to be the first complete survey of ground water at that scale for most Member States.
WASTE IMPOUNDMENT ASSESSMENT IN THE STATE OF INDIANA
Authors: Walsh J. J. , Gillespie D. P. , Schauf F. J. , Silka L. R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA waste impoundment is a pit, pond, or lagoon used for the storage, treatment, or disposal of wastes. Because they may contain hazardous wastes and are often sited in permeable soils, waste impoundments pose athreat to the nation's ground‐water resources. Out of the need for better protection of ground water, a nationwide program on waste impoundments was developed by the U.S. Environ mental Protection Agency (EPA). The purpose of this study was to develop a data base on impoundment numbers, locations, operations, and contamination potential which would aid in the establishment of an appropriate ground‐water protection program.The primary objectives of the Indiana waste impoundment project included: (1) to perform an inventory of waste impoundments in the State through file reviews and inspector interviews, and (2) to rate each waste impoundment inventoried on the basis of its ground‐water contamination potential.Data collected on this project demonstrate that waste impoundments do pose high contamination potentials. For example, depths to ground water at impoundments averaged only 13 ft (3.8 m) and approximately 20 percent of impoundments are located atop sand and gravel or limestone. Furthermore, 1,781 sites (94 percent) are within 1 mile (1.6 km) of water supplies and 95 (5 percent) of these are less than 600 ft (220 m) upgradient from drinking‐water wells.
FLOWMETER ANALYSIS AT RAFT RIVER, IDAHO
Authors: Schimschal Ulrich 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA quantitative evaluation of borehole‐impeller flowmeter data leads to estimated field hydraulic conductivity. Data were obtained during an injection test of a geothermal well at the Raft River geothermal test site in Idaho. Both stationary and trolling calibrations of the flowmeter were made in the well. Methods were developed to adjust for variations in hole diameter, impeller speed, and trolling speed. These methods were applied to evaluate water losses into the formation as a function of depth. Application of the techniques is restricted to aquifers below the water table. The flowmeter data were digitized and processed by the computer to obtain plots of apparent field hydraulic conductivity versus depth.
Predictive Depositional Model for Glacial Aquifers
Authors: Stewart Mark T. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn an investigation of the hydrogeology of bedrock valley fills in northeastern Wisconsin, it was determined that the yield and spatial distribution of glacial aquifers are controlled by bedrock topography and glacial geology. Lithologic control for identification and classification of aquifer units was obtained from several hundred drillers' logs calibrated by auger borings and interviews. Transmissivities of drift aquifers calculated from specific capacity tests using Jacob's equation agree well with estimates made from lithologic logs. Seismic refraction and gravity surveys were coupled with well log data to derive a bedrock elevation map. Vertical variability maps calculated from the lithologic logs show that bedrock topography strongly influences the distribution and character of glacial units, and clearly delineate the two glacial aquifer types present, valley and morainal units. Morainal units parallel the Late Wisconsin end moraine trends, while valley units are perpendicular to the moraines. The morainal units are small ice‐contact features such as kames, fans, and deltas. The valley units are stream deposits and may have been deposited subglacially. Valley aquifers are the most productive units. Using lithologic and geophysical data, and statistical analysis, a predictive depositional model can be proposed. This conceptual model allows knowledge of bedrock topography to be coupled with glacial geology to predict the spatial distribution of glacial aquifers.
Analysis of Pumping Test Data Using Marquardt Algorithm
Authors: Chander Subhash , Kapoor P. N. , Goyal S. K. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTMarquardt algorithm has been used for estimating aquifer parameters from pump test data in nonleaky and leaky aquifers. It emerges from the study that in spite of poor initial estimates, the convergence is quick; and the residual square error, for the difference between the observed drawdowns and those calculated from parameters estimated using Marquardt algorithm and the known methods, is minimum in the case of Marquardt estimates.
Estimation of Calcium Sulfate Solution Rate and Effective Aquifer Surface Area in a Ground‐Water System Near Carlsbad, New Mexico
Authors: Claassen Hans C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe geochemistry of a very permeable ground‐water system containing calcium sulfate was studied to determine the present rate of dissolution. An estimate was made of the chemical composition of water recharging the system and the difference between that estimate and the composition of the ground water in the system was used to determine the minimum amount of calcium sulfate being dissolved under existing hydrologic conditions. This result was used, with published data on rates of calcium‐sulfate dissolution, to determine the effective surface area involved in solution processes. Results indicate that flow in this system is through large solution openings, which are growing larger at a rate of a few tens of millimeters per year.
Atoll Island Hydrology
Authors: Wheatcraft Stephen W. , Buddemeier Robert W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTEnjebi Island on Enewetak Atoll has been the site of extensive hydrological, geological and geophysical studies. Tidal lag, tidal efficiency and water levels have been measured in 24 wells ranging in depth from one m to 90 m (3–290 ft). Hydraulic conductivity has been measured both on laboratory samples and by aquifer testing in the field. Theoretical ground‐water tidal responses have been calculated using a model based on horizontal propagation of tidal signals. Comparison of field observations and model results indicates that the observed results are not consistent with horizontal tidal propagation and that the hydraulics of the system are probably controlled by vertical coupling between the unconsolidated surface aquifer and an underlying aquifer of more permeable limestone. Results from other islands of Enewetak, Bikini and Kwajelein Atolls are comparable, and suggest that vertical transport between layered aquifers is an important feature of atoll ground‐water hydrology at least throughout the northern Marshall Islands.
A PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF STATE GROUND‐WATER LAWS
Authors: Wickersham Ginia 
Published: July 2006

Abstract.A preliminary survey of ground‐water laws in 24 States reveals a variety of control measures being utilized to manage the nation's ground‐water resources. One important technique is the establishment of ground‐water quality standards. Four States and one territory presently have ground‐water quality standards in effect. Other control measures include well permits, limits on use, designation of critical areas, and licensing of well drillers.New comprehensive ground‐water legislation is being considered in western States, particularly California and Arizona. In California, the emphasis is on continued local control. In Arizona, a new ground‐water law requires strict mandatory conservation for the entire State. The Arizona Ground Water Management Act, if successful, may be a model law for other States to emulate.
An Assessment of Current Standards for Selenium in Drinking Water
Authors: Hammer Mark J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTSelenium is a trace metal naturally occurring in soils derived from some sedimentary rocks. Upon oxidation to the selenate ion, it can percolate to ground water and be assimilated by plants. Effects upon human health have not been clearly established—a low selenium diet is beneficial, while high doses can produce undesirable physical manifestations. Neither extreme dietary deficiency nor toxicity is apparent in the human population of the United States. The maximum contaminant level of 10 μg/1 adopted in the National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations is not justified by recent studies and should not be enforced by the Environmental Protection Agency without new scientific evidence demonstrating that naturally occurring selenium is a health hazard.0
Inverse Solutions of the Theis Equation Determined with Programmable Calculators
Authors: Grimestad Garry 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis is the second of two articles on calculator programs for inverse solutions of the Theis equation.Newton's method is used to develop an iteration formula for the determination of transmissivity and storage coefficient values from a combined Theissian expression that incorporates the information contained in two independent aquifer test data point sets.The algorithm is used in a polynomial‐based program for Hewlett Packard HP 67/97 calculators that is designed to process data corresponding to the full practical range of Theis well function arguments and to accept measurements from one or two observation wells, or from entirely different tests of a given aquifer. Program modifications providing for series‐based well function calculations are appended, and example calculations are shown.