bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of porosity on deuterium retention in titanium thin film
Authors: Das Basanta Kumar , Das Rashmita , Prathap C , Verma Rishi , Sharma Archana 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The absorption process of deuterium in titanium was studied in titanium film produced in two different types of copper substrate, one was a polished copper substrate and the other one was chemically etched copper substrate. Titanium film was produced by thermal evaporation method. It was activated at a temperature of 500 °C followed by deuteration at room temperature. Titanium film was characterized by XRD for crystallographic information, SEM for surface morphology, RGA for deuterium desorption studies and weight measurement for D/Ti ratio. The difference in porosity of both the samples is confirmed from XRD analysis and SEM images. Different diffusion process is observed in two different substrates from the RGA spectra. Presence of multiple trap sites in the thin film of both the substrates is observed from the RGA spectra. From the weight measurement, D/Ti ratio in polished substrate is found to be 1.03 whereas in case of chemically etched substrate it is 1.54.
Substrate temperature dependent crystal structure and deep-ultraviolet photodetection of ZnGa2O4 thin films
*
Authors: Liu Jia-Hang , Li Lei , Zhang Fan , Qi Ya-Ping , Wu Zhen-Ping , Tang Wei-Hua 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Zinc gallate (ZnGa2O4) is a promising material for deep-ultraviolet (DUV) photodetectors, owing to its wide bandgap and high transparency. However, the effect of substrate temperature on the structural and optical properties of ZnGa2O4 thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering is not well understood. Here, we report a systematic study of the influence of substrate temperature on the crystal quality, stoichiometry, bandgap, and photodetection performance of ZnGa2O4 thin films deposited on sapphire substrates. We find that the films undergo a phase transition from amorphous to polycrystalline at 300 °C, and then to single crystalline at 500 °C, accompanied by an increase in the bandgap from 4.6 to 4.9 eV. We also fabricate metal-semiconductor–metal photodetectors based on the ZnGa2O4 thin films with Ti/Au electrodes, which exhibit excellent Ohmic contact and high light-to-dark current ratio. The photodetectors show remarkable and stable DUV response, with the highest performance achieved at a substrate temperature of 650 °C. Our results demonstrate the crucial role of substrate temperature in tailoring the crystal structure and DUV photodetection of ZnGa2O4 thin films, and provide a facile route for optimizing their performance.
Resolution Enhancement of SOHO/MDI Magnetograms
Authors: Qin Ying , Ji Kai-Fan , Liu Hui , Yu Xiao-Guang 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Research on the solar magnetic field and its effects on solar dynamo mechanisms and space weather events has benefited from the continual improvements in instrument resolution and measurement frequency. The augmentation and assimilation of historical observational data timelines also play a significant role in understanding the patterns of solar magnetic field variation. Within the realm of astronomical data processing, super-resolution (SR) reconstruction refers to the process of using a substantial corpus of training data to learn the nonlinear mapping between low-resolution (LR) and high-resolution (HR) images, thereby achieving higher-resolution astronomical images. This paper is an application study in high-dimensional nonlinear regression. Deep learning models were employed to perform SR modeling on SOHO/MDI magnetograms and SDO/HMI magnetograms, thus reliably achieving resolution enhancement of full-disk SOHO/MDI magnetograms and enhancing the image resolution to obtain more detailed information. For this study, a data set comprising 9717 pairs of data from 2010 April to 2011 February was used as the training set, 1332 pairs from 2011 March were used as the validation set and 1034 pairs from 2011 April were used as the test set. After data preprocessing, we randomly cropped 128 × 128 sub-images as the LR cases from the full-disk MDI magnetograms, and the corresponding 512 × 512 sub-images as HR ones from the HMI full-disk magnetograms for model training. The tests conducted have shown that the study successfully produced reliable 4× SR reconstruction of full-disk MDI magnetograms. The MESR model’s results (0.911) were highly correlated with the target HMI magnetographs as indicated by the correlation coefficient values. Furthermore, the method achieved the best PSNR, SSIM, MAE and RMSE values, indicating that the MESR model can effectively reconstruct magnetograms.
Role of turbulent separatrix tangle in the improvement of the integrated pedestal and heat exhaust issue for stationary-operation tokamak fusion reactors
Authors: Chang C.S. , Ku S. , Hager R. , Choi J. , Pugmire D. , Klasky S. , Loarte A. , Pitts R.A 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The magnetic separatrix surface is designed to provide the final and critical confinement to the hot stationary-operation core plasma in modern tokamak reactors in the absence of an external magnetic perturbation (MP) or transient magneto-hydrodynamic perturbation, while diverting the exhaust heat to divertor plates. All the stationary operational boundary plasma studies and reactor designs have been performed under this assumption. However, there has been a long-standing suspicion that a stationary-operation tokamak plasma even without external MPs or edge localized modes (ELMs) activities may not have a stable closed separatrix surface, especially near the magnetic X-point. Here, the first gyrokinetic numerical observation is reported that the divertor separatrix surface, due to homoclinic tangles caused by intrinsic electromagnetic turbulence, is not a stable closed surface in a stationary operation phase even without MPs or ELMs. Unlike the MP- or ELM-driven homoclinic tangles that could cause deleterious effects to core confinement or divertor plates, it is found that the micro-turbulence driven homoclinic tangles could connect the divertor plasma to the pedestal plasma in a constructive way by broadening the divertor heat-exhaust footprint and weakening the pedestal slope to the ELM-safe direction. Micro-turbulent homoclinic tangles can open a new research direction in understanding and controlling these two most troublesome and non-locally connected edge-plasma issues in a tokamak fusion reactor.
Optical modeling of atmospheric black carbon aerosol ensembles with complex particle morphology
Authors: Wu Yu , Zheng Lijuan , Wu Yuhan , Wang Zeyu , Guo Yanming 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Black carbon (BC) aerosol is one of the most important factor in global warming. BC radiative forcing remains unconstrained, mainly because of the uncertain parameterizations of its absorption and scattering properties in the atmosphere. The single sphere model is widely used in current climate assessment of BC aerosols due to its computational convenience, however, their complex morphologies in particle level are excessively simplified which leads to computed inaccuracy. In this study, we present a dynamic model for optical calculations of BC aerosol ensembles considering their complex fractal aggregate morphologies with the constraint of max monomer numbers (N
s, max) and radius (a
max). We show that the simulation accuracy of the dynamic model with suitable values of N
s, max and a
max may achieve ∼95% while the computation time may reduce to ∼6%. We find that optical properties of BC aerosol ensembles can be simulated for higher accuracy or faster calculation by performing different selections of monomer numbers and radius in their size distributions. This method enables extensive and accurate optical calculations of BC particles with complex morphologies, which would be useful for the remote sensing inversion and the assessment of climate.
Uniform vs. uneven lighting: Accommodation of multiple users’ preferences in study rooms
Authors: Gkolompia Evdoxia Iro 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Uniform lighting in public spaces like study rooms in libraries, is still a common practice. However, uniformly lit spaces are unable to simultaneously meet the needs of multiple users and can create dull environments. The objective of this research is to analyze users’ behavior under different lighting conditions in study rooms and investigate whether alternative lighting designs, which step away from uniformity, could be more beneficial than uniform lighting, from a human performance and well-being perspective. A uniformly lit study room in the library of KTH was chosen as the main case study of this investigation and was thoroughly analyzed and evaluated through qualitative and quantitative research. Under the initial hypothesis that the lighting in this study room does not meet its users’ needs and fails to create an inspiring and comfortable environment, three additional study rooms in different Swedish libraries were comparatively analyzed through observations, interviews, and questionnaires, so as to better understand individual users’ needs and lighting preferences in study rooms. The research revealed the existence of various types of users with different personal preferences regarding lighting in order to feel comfortable and alert. A new conceptual lighting proposal is presented for the study room in KTH library, following an uneven lighting approach that utilizes different lighting zones to accommodate individual needs and affect the sense of comfort, alertness, and ultimately, the well-being of multiple types of users.
The Use of Immersive Light-Based Art for Well-Being
Authors: Godley L , Frasso R , Igoe T , Erel Y , LeNoir J 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper presents the findings of ‘Waiting Room - Immersive Art for Well-being,’ an exhibition of various dynamic light art installations that investigated the potential impact of this work on viewers’ sense of well-being in a mock healthcare setting. Research shows that exposure to art impacts human health, improving overall healthcare experiences, resulting in shortened hospital stays, improved recovery time, and reduced need for pain management. The purpose of this study was to determine if exposure to dynamic light art has an impact on overall well-being. Qualitative data were collected using electronic questionnaires associated with 11 different dynamic light art installations. Open-ended questions explored how participants perceived and valued the presence of and engagement with dynamic light art installations and captured their views on the potential benefit of exposure. Visitors took part in questionnaires to obtain feedback on user experience, the length of exposure/engagement, and the effect the experience had on them. Overwhelmingly, users reported a sense of “calm” and “peacefulness” after spending time with the dynamic light art. One hundred ninety-five responses were collected. This study allowed us to gain a better understanding of how dynamic light art may be used to ameliorate stress and anxiety in spaces where users are confined for periods, as well as identifying key areas for future research, such as particular aspects of the installations or sub-populations that may particularly benefit from this type of intervention. This investigation leads to further studies exploring how exposure to dynamic light art may impact patients, visitors, and family members in various healthcare settings to determine if the perceptions and experiences vary by type of installation. Additionally, this work will inform future explorations of adaptations to dynamic light art, i.e., dynamic and interactive technologies on viewer experience.
Indirect lighting in Contemplative Spaces – an Endless Depth
Authors: Mirson Juan Carlos 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper explores the relationship between indirect lighting and contemplative spaces. Through an examination of notable architectural works, the study identifies a consistent preference for hidden light sources in contemplative spaces across various religions and eras. The research begins by defining the fundamental aspects of contemplation and its correlation with architecture. This is followed by a bibliographic survey of indirectly illuminated contemplative spaces. Within this investigation, three approaches to understanding these spaces are considered. Firstly, the conceptual ideas that architects sought to infuse into their creations; secondly, sensory descriptions provided by experts aimed at elucidating the luminous atmospheres of these locations. Lastly, the study delves into these diverse themes through the lens of phenomenology, highlighting perceptual peculiarities such as the predominance of sight, the significance of peripheral stimuli, and hapticity. This offers insights into the relationship between specific attributes of indirect lighting and transcendental architectural experiences. The consistent suggestion of perceiving endless depth in contemplative spaces prompts a brief discussion on the essence of our perception of depth. This study underscores light’s significance as a tool to connect with architectural spaces, transforming them into realms of imagination and awe.
Embedding sustainability into the design of street lighting
Authors: Wåseth H I , Safi J , Nielsen T K , Bayr U , Johansen N , Fjeldaas E , Christensen T 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Light pollution is an increasing problem and Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) affects nature in many ways. The Norwegian Road Authorities (SVV) initiated a collaboration with the Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy (NIBIO) and the University of South-Eastern Norway (USN) to find measures that can help reduce the negative impacts of road lighting on the environment and nature. While USN has looked more generally at sustainable lighting design and ways to reduce the negative effects of road lighting, NIBIO has focused on how road lighting affects insects. We study how the light from roads contributes to light pollution, with the final aim to know more about what measures most effectively reduce the negative effects of road lighting. In this pilot study of light levels in two transects beside a road, the results show that the light levels decreased relatively fast as the distance to the light source increased. Thus, the direct light from the road lighting might not be the most prominent addition to the light pollution in the open landscape. On the other hand, the measurements showed some light influence from the road up to around 160 meters from the road, although the levels were low. While the light was below the detection limit, the light source was visible as a point source at a very large distance. This observation addresses the question of whether organisms are influenced by the average light energy per area, or the intensity of a source as observed from a distance (irradiance vs. radiance). Additional sources of light pollution may affect the result, such as unshielded private light sources and sky glow. This project aims to find measures that can help reduce the negative impacts of road lighting on the environment and nature. We study how the light from roads contributes to different components of light pollution, like skyglow, light trespass and luminance from the light source.
A Framework for Optimizing Lighting in Animal Shelters for Domestic Cats
Authors: Baertlein Kendall , Scheib Jennifer , Baker Kyri 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this project, we aim to enable designers to optimize lighting conditions for domestic cats in animal shelters. Specifically, we developed an optimization framework that controls the spectral power distribution (SPD) of light sources and returns the effect on feline visual perception. In our model, we used standard light source SPDs and predicted light reflected from different surfaces within an animal shelter. The reflected SPDs were combined with the known brightness sensitivity of domestic cats across the visible light spectrum to develop an understanding of cats’ visual experience in the shelter under different lighting conditions. The optimization framework then minimizes the difference between a desired lighting effect (here, daylight) and a modeled effect using a set of light source SPDs. Initial results demonstrate that by using slightly more advanced lighting design and control, shelters can potentially improve the visual experience for cats.
Skynative – brings daylight into the depths of buildings
Authors: Hauer Martin , Knoflach Christian , Kissling Elise , Mehlhorn Lutz , Gross Judith 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
There are various ways of directing daylight into the interior of a building or a room. In cooperation with BASF, Bartenbach has developed a prototype of a horizontal daylight duct integrated into the suspended ceiling that efficiently transports daylight from the outside into the underexposed “core” of a building. “Skynative” is the name of the system, named after BASF spin-off Skynative® UG, which is working on market integration as well as continuous improvement of the system in an open research collaboration with Bartenbach. In this paper, the system concept development, simulation-based application studies as well as the setup of a real-scale mock-up, including results from a long-term performance monitoring at the premises at Bartenbach, are presented. First potential application projects are shown, and the system efficiency is discussed.
Light and Emotional Architecture: An Embodied Experience
Authors: Muro R 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The presented explorative research focuses on the phenomenological relationship and emotional impact of light within architectural spaces, grounded in a pilot study and literature review. Serving as the foundational framework for a Ph.D., this study aspires to decipher the role of light in Emotional Architecture—a term introduced by the German artist Mathias Goeritz in his 1953 architectural manifesto crafted in Mexico. This multidimensional pilot study employs experiential observation and structured interviews, complemented with qualitative and quantitative documentation, all anchored by literature-based insights. Set in the Barragán House, which served as both the studio and residence for the renowned Mexican architect Luis Barragán since 1948, the study endeavours to elucidate how architectural nuances—like form, materials, colours, and arrangements—affect lighting conditions, subsequently shaping human emotions and experiences. Through twenty-two interviews, the research captured perceived atmospheres and the inherent intentionality of affordances in architecture, revealing a strong correlation between spatial impact on observers and light-related experiences. The interplay between these elements suggests a compelling avenue for implementing Emotional Architecture conducive to both individual and societal sustainable development.
A review study of space perception and navigation of people with low vision: is simulated low vision a reliable methodology?
Authors: Dong Jingying , Karmann Caroline 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The inclusion of visually impaired participants in research protocols concerning their perception of space and navigation is essential for the reliability of the results, given the strategies developed by the people concerned in everyday life. However, the diversity of visual impairments, the scarcity of participants and possible safety issues due to obstacles in the physical space induce limitations and prompt researchers to look into alternative methodologies. Simulated low vision is seen as an option. This method involves sighted participants wearing goggles with customized filters or watching processed images in virtual environments. The objective of this study is to investigate the reliability of simulated low vision as a research method to describe the space perception and navigation of people with visual impairment. We conducted a literature review and identified 36 quantitative studies on low vision spatial performance involving multiple user groups. Simulated low vision proved effective in small-scale spatial ability evaluation, such as object detection and distance estimation, but remained challenging regarding large-scale capacity, such as navigation with mobility requirement. Advances in virtual environments suggest that they are a good alternative to goggles and screen displays because of their precision in mimicking ocular problems in simulation settings. Finally, the use of head-mounted-display (HMD) by people with real low vision could open up the possibility of greater testing in safer and controlled conditions, but requires confirmation of the validity of the protocols.
Mechanisms of Aesthetics: On the Perception of Materials and Their Properties.
Authors: Weninger Johannes , Arnst Isabel , Dick Maximilian , Ascher Martina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The visual perception of material surface qualities holds immense importance in our daily lives, serving as the foundation for various environmental interpretations and behavioural adaptations. These encompass critical safety aspects, like assessing floor safety or food freshness, to appreciating intricate sculptural illusions, such as delicately draped fabric in marble statues. Particularly for products with high aesthetic value, perceived properties play a significant role in subjectively attributing material worth. Given the vast array of material surfaces and the pivotal role of lighting in the overall visual perception process, this presents a major challenge for lighting planners and designers. Currently, the achievement of aesthetic effects in architectural spaces heavily relies on the opinions and experiences of professionals, as there are no specific guidelines for combining materials with different lighting concepts. Hence, decoding the connection between physical properties and their subjective interpretations becomes crucial in facilitating the objective planning of materials. In this study, more than 600 materials were systematically examined to explore the interaction between perceived material properties and the resulting aesthetic effects. The resulting perception model establishes a direct link between objectively assigned and subjectively perceived material properties. These findings hold promise in contributing to both a more accurate evaluation and prediction of material appearances in the long term.
Exploring daylight in two different hemispheres: Sweden and Uruguay: a comparative study of daylight as a formgiver and its impact on visual comfort
Authors: Borgia Carolina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Daylight’s critical significance for both the built and natural domains underscores its potential to enhance energy efficiency and environmental sustainability in architecture. This study presents a careful exploration, using a tailored case study, to reveal diverse strategies for leveraging daylight’s inherent attributes as a building material. Integrated climate adaptation serves as the bedrock of architectural projects, fostering regenerative development as well as liveable and sustainable spaces. This research delves into daylight’s complexities, positioning it as a primary input in early architectural stages. Through comprehensive analysis in Uruguay and Sweden, this study highlights the interplay of daylight’s effects. An experimental cabin serves as a focal case study, bolstered by Climate Studio software, yielding a thorough daylight analysis across these locations. The synthesis of academic and practical approaches underscores daylight’s pivotal role in shaping sustainable built environments.