bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential resistance to cell entry by porcine endogenous retrovirus subgroup A in rodent species
Authors: Mattiuzzo Giada , Matouskova Magda , Takeuchi Yasuhiro 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Background
The risk of zoonotic infection by porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) has been highlighted in the context of pig-to-human xenotransplantation. The use of receptors for cell entry often determines the host range of retroviruses. A human-tropic PERV subgroup, PERV-A, can enter human cells through either of two homologous multitransmembrane proteins, huPAR-1 and huPAR-2. Here, we characterised human PARs and their homologues in the PERV-A resistant rodent species, mouse and rat (muPAR and ratPAR, respectively).

Results
Upon exogenous expression in PERV-A resistant cells, human and rat PARs, but not muPAR, conferred PERV-A sensitivity. Exogenously expressed ratPAR binds PERV-A Env and allows PERV-A infection with equivalent efficiency to that of huPAR-1. Endogenous ratPAR expression in rat cell lines appeared to be too low for PERV-A infection. In contrast, the presence of Pro at position 109 in muPAR was identified to be the determinant for PERV-A resistance. Pro109. was shown to be located in the second extracellular loop (ECL2) and affected PERV-A Env binding to PAR molecules.

Conclusion
The basis of resistance to PERV-A infection in two rodent species is different. Identification of a single a.a. mutation in muPAR, which is responsible for mouse cell resistance to PERV-A highlighted the importance of ECL-2 for the viral receptor function.
Effect of prolonged intravenous glucose and essential amino acid infusion on nitrogen balance, muscle protein degradation and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme gene expression in calves
Authors: Sadiq Fouzia , Crompton Leslie A , Scaife Jes R , Lomax Michael A 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Background
Intravenous infusions of glucose and amino acids increase both nitrogen balance and muscle accretion. We hypothesised that co-infusion of glucose (to stimulate insulin) and essential amino acids (EAA) would act additively to improve nitrogen balance by decreasing muscle protein degradation in association with alterations in muscle expression of components of the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway.

Methods
We examined the effect of a 5 day intravenous infusions of saline, glucose, EAA and glucose + EAA, on urinary nitrogen excretion and muscle protein degradation. We carried out the study in 6 restrained calves since ruminants offer the advantage that muscle protein degradation can be assessed by excretion of 3 methyl-histidine and multiple muscle biopsies can be taken from the same animal. On the final day of infusion blood samples were taken for hormone and metabolite measurement and muscle biopsies for expression of ubiquitin, the 14-kDa E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, and proteasome sub-units C2 and C8.

Results
On day 5 of glucose infusion, plasma glucose, insulin and IGF-1 concentrations were increased while urea nitrogen excretion and myofibrillar protein degradation was decreased. Co-infusion of glucose + EAA prevented the loss of urinary nitrogen observed with EAA infusions alone and enhanced the increase in plasma IGF-1 concentration but there was no synergistic effect of glucose + EAA on the decrease in myofibrillar protein degradation. Muscle mRNA expression of the ubiquitin conjugating enzyme, 14-kDa E2 and proteasome sub-unit C2 were significantly decreased, after glucose but not amino acid infusions, and there was no further response to the combined infusions of glucose + EAA.

Conclusion
Prolonged glucose infusion decreases myofibrillar protein degradation, prevents the excretion of infused EAA, and acts additively with EAA to increase plasma IGF-1 and improve net nitrogen balance. There was no evidence of synergistic effects between glucose + EAA infusion on muscle protein degradation or expression of components of the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway.
Assessment of three-dimensional set-up errors in conventional head and neck radiotherapy using electronic portal imaging device
Authors: Gupta Tejpal , Chopra Supriya , Kadam Avinash , Agarwal Jai Prakash , Devi P Reena , Ghosh-Laskar Sarbani , Dinshaw Ketayun Ardeshir 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Background
Set-up errors are an inherent part of radiation treatment process. Coverage of target volume is a direct function of set-up margins, which should be optimized to prevent inadvertent irradiation of adjacent normal tissues. The aim of this study was to evaluate three-dimensional (3D) set-up errors and propose optimum margins for target volume coverage in head and neck radiotherapy.

Methods
The dataset consisted of 93 pairs of orthogonal simulator and corresponding portal images on which 558 point positions were measured to calculate translational displacement in 25 patients undergoing conventional head and neck radiotherapy with antero-lateral wedge pair technique. Mean displacements, population systematic (Σ) and random (σ) errors and 3D vector of displacement was calculated. Set-up margins were calculated using published margin recipes.

Results
The mean displacement in antero-posterior (AP), medio-lateral (ML) and supero-inferior (SI) direction was -0.25 mm (-6.50 to +7.70 mm), -0.48 mm (-5.50 to +7.80 mm) and +0.45 mm (-7.30 to +7.40 mm) respectively. Ninety three percent of the displacements were within 5 mm in all three cardinal directions. Population systematic (Σ) and random errors (σ) were 0.96, 0.98 and 1.20 mm and 1.94, 1.97 and 2.48 mm in AP, ML and SI direction respectively. The mean 3D vector of displacement was 3.84 cm. Using van Herk's formula, the clinical target volume to planning target volume margins were 3.76, 3.83 and 4.74 mm in AP, ML and SI direction respectively.

Conclusion
The present study report compares well with published set-up error data relevant to head and neck radiotherapy practice. The set-up margins were <5 mm in all directions. Caution is warranted against adopting generic margin recipes as different margin generating recipes lead to a different probability of target volume coverage.
Insulin-related decrease in cerebral glucose despite normoglycemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Schlenk Florian , Graetz Daniela , Nagel Alexandra , Schmidt Maren , Sarrafzadeh Asita S 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Introduction
Hyperglycaemia following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with complications and impaired neurological recovery. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of insulin treatment for glucose control on cerebral metabolism in SAH patients.

Methods
This prospective, nonrandomized study was conducted in 31 SAH patients in an intensive care unit (age 52 ± 10 years, World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grade 2.9 ± 1.6). A microdialysis catheter was inserted into the vascular territory of the aneurysm after clipping. Blood glucose levels above 140 mg/dl were treated with intravenous insulin and the microdialysates were analyzed hourly for the first 12 hours of infusion.

Results
No hypoglycaemia occurred. Twenty-four patients were treated with insulin for glucose control. Higher age and World Federation of Neurological Surgeons score were risk factors for need for insulin treatment (P < 0.05). Although blood glucose remained stable after initiation of insulin infusion, insulin induced a significant decrease in cerebral glucose at 3 hours after onset of the infusion until the end of the observation period (P < 0.05), reflecting high glucose utilization. The lactate:pyruvate ratio and glutamate did not increase, excluding ischaemia as possible cause of the decrease in glucose. Glycerol tended toward higher values at the end of the observation period (9 to 12 hours), reflecting either tissue damage after SAH or the beginning of cellular distress after insulin infusion.

Conclusion
Higher SAH grade was among the risk factors for need for insulin. Intensive glycaemic control using insulin induced a decrease of cerebral glucose and a slight increase in glycerol, though blood glucose remained normal. Future studies might detect relevant metabolic derangements when insulin treatment starts at low cerebral glucose levels, and may allow us to design a strategy for avoidance of insulin-induced metabolic crisis in SAH patients.
Prospective Oral Mucositis Audit: Oral Mucositis in Patients Receiving High-Dose Melphalan or BEAM Conditioning Chemotherapy—European Blood and Marrow Transplantation Mucositis Advisory Group
Authors: Blijlevens Nicole , Schwenkglenks Matthias , Bacon Pamela , D'Addio Alessandra , Einsele Hermann , Maertens Johan , Niederwieser Dietger , Rabitsch Werner , Roosaar Ann , Ruutu Tapani , Schouten Harry , Stone Rebecca , Vokurka Samuel , Quinn Barry , McCann Shaun 
Published: February 2008

Purpose The Prospective Oral Mucositis Audit assessed the incidence, duration, and determinants of severe oral mucositis (OM; WHO oral toxicity scale grades 3 to 4) in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) receiving high-dose conditioning chemotherapy before autologous stem-cell transplantation. Patients and Methods Patients with MM (n = 109; mean age, 57 ± 8 years) or NHL (n = 88; mean age, 50 ± 13 years) were treated with high-dose melphalan (200 mg/m2) or carmustine 300 mg/m2, etoposide 800 mg/m2, cytarabine 800 to 1,600 mg/m2, and melphalan 140 mg/m2 chemotherapy, respectively, in 25 European centers. OM assessments were made daily until 30 days after transplantation or hospital discharge. High quality of OM assessment was ensured by an intensive training program. Results Severe OM occurred in 46% (95% CI, 36% to 56%) of patients with MM and 42% (95% CI, 32% to 53%) of patients with NHL, with a mean duration of 5.3 days (95% CI, 4.4 to 6.1 days) and 5.5 days (95% CI, 4.5 to 6.7 days), respectively. Time from start of conditioning to peak OM score was 12.1 ± 2.6 and 14.6 ± 2.4 days. Severe OM risk and/or duration was significantly associated with higher chemotherapy dose per kilogram of body weight and poor performance status, but in contrast with some previous reports, this was not related to age. Conclusion Severe OM is more common in the transplantation setting than previously reported, justifying effective preventative and therapeutic measures.
Photo-Induced State Conversion Mechanism of an Optically Durable Molecular Memory with Controlled Hydrogen Bonding: A Spin–Orbit CI Study of [{Co(2,2′-biimidazole)(C6H4O2)(NH3)2}2]
Authors: Mori Hirotoshi , Miyoshi Eisaku 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The possibility for photon-mode memory writing of [{Co(Hbim)(C6H4O2)(NH3)2}2] (Hbim = 2,2′-biimidazole) is examined from results obtained by spin–orbit complete active space configuration interaction (SO-CASCI) calculations. The spin-crossover phenomenon in the proton–electron-coupled complex monomer [Co(Hbim)(C6H4O2)(NH3)2] is a key process in memory writing to the complex dimer. We found a possibility of an efficient spin-crossover in the monomer. UV (ca. 300 nm) irradiation of the monomer 1A′ state leads to a spin-crossover into the high-spin 5A′ state. The back photoreaction from the 5A′ to 1A′ state is also possible with vis (ca. 600–700 nm) excitation. In these spin-crossover and back spin-crossover reactions, the intermediate triplet states, 13A″ and 23A″, are found to participate.
Dimensionality of Aromaticity
Authors: Aihara Jun-ichi 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Aromaticity has been viewed as multidimensional, because different scales of aromaticity sometimes make different predictions as to the aromaticity of a polycyclic π-system. Our graph theory of aromaticity and ring-current diamagnetism enables us to interpret magnetic scales of aromaticity in terms of aromatic stabilization energy (ASE). We have now no reason to regard any magnetic scale of aromaticity as a scale orthogonal to the energetic ones. Aromaticity is one-dimensional in this sense and should in principle be described in terms of ASE. Other scales of aromaticity, such as geometric ones, must likewise reflect ASE to varying extents, although it is not easy to interpret them analytically in energetic terms.
A Damped Oscillator Model for Infrared Spectra of Formamide in the Liquid State
Authors: Kanesaka Isao , Mitsuhashi Eiji 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Infrared spectra of formamide are wholly simulated for the in-plane modes on the basis of a damped oscillator model, where force constants and intensity parameters and damping constants defined in every Cartesian displacement coordinate are simultaneously adjusted. Band constants evaluated from the damped oscillator model are compared with those observed. The present analysis reveals the relation in band widths among all vibrational modes, in other words, the origin of band widths. Large values of the damping constant on H in the NH2 group result from inter-molecular interactions, i.e., hydrogen bonds. Unexpected results of the damping constants on O, C, and N are discussed with van der Waals forces and intra-molecular interactions.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Conducting Properties of Heterobimetallic Salts of Cyanoiminomethanedithiolate Ligand
Authors: Singh Nanhai , Singh Bandana 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Heterobimetallic ion-pair complexes of the type [M(bpy)3][M′(cdc)2] (M = Fe2+, Co2+, and Ni2+; M′ = Ni2+ and Cu2+; bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, cdc2− = cyanoiminomethanedithiolate (C2N2S22−)) have been synthesized by reacting a solution of K2[M′(cdc)2] with [M(bpy)3]X2 (X = Cl− and SO42−) in equimolar ratio. These complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, solution conductance, and magnetic susceptibility measurements, IR, 1H and 13C NMR, ESR, and UV–visible spectroscopies and pressed pellet conductivity technique. Three of these salts show behavior of semiconductors in the 295–443 K temperature range while the remaining are insulators. The lowering of the ν(C≡N) frequency in I2-doped products of these complexes as compared to the parent complexes clearly reveals interaction of the C≡N group of the ligand cdc2− resulting in decrease in ν(C≡N) bond order and in turn partial reduction of I2. The I2-doped products of the majority of the complexes show enhanced room-temperature conductivity and exhibit semiconducting behavior.
Preparation of Titania Nanotube Thin Films by Langmuir–Blodgett Technique
Authors: Takahashi Masashi , Okada Yuichi , Kobayashi Koichi 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Preparation of thin titania nanotube films has been attempted using Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique. The resulting LB monolayer exhibited closely packed arrangement of the nanotube bundles in a monoparticulate layer on the solid substrate. Also, domain structure due to strong lateral interaction among the bundles lying side-by-side was observed even for the LB films deposited at a low surface pressure. Moreover, multilayer deposition of the monoparticulate films provided precise control of the film thickness.
Phosphine-dependent Stereoselective Nucleophilic Reaction to Bicyclic Bis-μ-dichloro-η3-allylpalladium Complexes
Authors: Ogawa Ryohei , Nakajima Takayuki , Shimizu Isao 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The effects on ligands in nucleophilic reaction of η3-allylpalladium chloride dimers were studied. Reaction of steroid 1 with Na2PdCl4 in concentrated HCl under CO gave the cis,trans-bis-μ-dichloro-η3-allylpalladium complex 2 after recrystallization. Reaction of 2 with malonate anion in the presence of PPh3 afforded trans-3 in 65% yield. When Dppe was used, cis-3 was obtained as the major product. In nucleophilic reactions of bicyclic η3-allylpalladium chloride complex 4a or 4b with PPh3, cis-5 was the major product. However, the reaction with Dppe gave trans-5 predominantly. The stereochemistry in the nucleophilic reaction of η3-allylpalladium chloride dimer is dependent on the added phosphines.
Stereoselective Insertion of Rhodium Carbenoid to Water under Control with Intramolecular Participation of Hydroxy Group
Authors: Sugimura Takashi , Nagai Takao 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
A chiral diazo ester having a hydroxy group in the proper geometry produces an adduct with water up to 92% de upon treatment with a rhodium catalyst. This high stereoselectivity is attributable to the intramolecular hydrogen bond between the internal hydroxy group and the rhodium carbenoid.
Solution-processible Fluorinated Carbazole Derivative for Phosphorescent Organic Light-emitting Diodes
Authors: Ge Ziyi , Hayakawa Teruaki , Ando Shinji , Ueda Mitsuru , Akiike Toshiyuki , Miyamoto Hidetoshi , Kajita Toru , Kakimoto Masa-aki 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
A fluorinated carbazole, 9,9′-[2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-4,4′-diyl]bis(9H-carbazole) (6FCBP) was prepared, which exhibited better solubility compared to the well-known hole-transporting material 4,4′-bis(carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl (CBP). 6FCBP was employed to fabricate OLEDs by spin coating or vacuum deposition with excellent performance.
Activation and Dehydrogenative Silylation of the C–H Bonds of Phosphine-coordinated Ruthenium in Lu/Ru Heteromultimetallic Hydride Complexes
Authors: Shima Takanori , Hou Zhaomin 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The reaction of half-sandwich lutetium dialkyl complex Cp∗Lu(CH2SiMe3)2(THF) (Cp∗= C5Me5) with ruthenium–trihydrido–phosphine complexes Cp∗Ru(PR3)H3 (R3 = Ph3, Ph2Me, PhMe2, and Me3) at 50 °C afforded the corresponding Lu/Ru heterobimetallic dihydride complexes, which was accompanied by selective C–H bond activation of the phosphine ligand. The reaction of such a resulting phosphinomethyl-bridged Lu/Ru complex with PhSiH3 led to selective dehydrogenative silylation at the “CH2” unit.
Morbidity and Mortality Associated With Paget's Disease of Bone: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Wermers Robert A , Tiegs Robert D , Atkinson Elizabeth J , Achenbach Sara J , Melton L Joseph 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Introduction: Limited information is available about the clinical features of Paget's disease of bone among unselected patients in the community. We examined morbidity and mortality associated with this condition in a large inception cohort of Olmsted County, MN, residents with a new diagnosis of Paget's disease from 1950 through 1994.
Materials and Methods: Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the impact of various covariates on death.
Results: Paget's disease of bone was diagnosed in 236 Olmsted County residents (mean age at diagnosis, 69.6 yr; 55% men). The majority were symptomatic at diagnosis (58%), and the proportion with symptoms did not change from the prescreening era (1950 to June 1974) to the postscreening era (July 1974–1994). Most patients had polyostotic disease (72%), and the pelvis (67%), vertebra (41%), and femur (31%) were the most common sites of involvement. Skeletal complications attributable to Paget's disease included bowing deformities (7.6%), fracture of pagetic bone (9.7%), and osteosarcoma (0.4%). Osteoarthritis was observed in 73% of patients, and 11% had a hip or knee replacement. Nonskeletal complications related to Paget's disease included cranial nerve (0.4%), peripheral nerve (1.7%), and nerve root (3.8%) compression, basilar invagination (2.1%), hypercalcemia (5.2%), and congestive heart failure (3.0%). Hearing loss, noted in 61%, was significantly higher than previously reported.
Conclusions: Compared with white Minnesota residents, overall survival was slightly better than expected (p = 0.010). No clinical risk factors were identified that were associated with an increased risk of death.
Targeted Deletion of the Sclerostin Gene in Mice Results in Increased Bone Formation and Bone Strength
Authors: Li Xiaodong , Ominsky Michael S , Niu Qing-Tian , Sun Ning , Daugherty Betsy , D'Agostin Diane , Kurahara Carole , Gao Yongming , Cao Jin , Gong Jianhua , Asuncion Frank , Barrero Mauricio , Warmington Kelly , Dwyer Denise , Stolina Marina , Morony Sean , Sarosi Ildiko , Kostenuik Paul J , Lacey David L , Simonet W Scott , Ke Hua Zhu , Paszty Chris 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Introduction: Sclerosteosis is a rare high bone mass genetic disorder in humans caused by inactivating mutations in SOST, the gene encoding sclerostin. Based on these data, sclerostin has emerged as a key negative regulator of bone mass. We generated SOST knockout (KO) mice to gain a more detailed understanding of the effects of sclerostin deficiency on bone.
Materials and Methods: Gene targeting was used to inactivate SOST and generate a line of SOST KO mice. Radiography, densitometry, μCT, histomorphometry, and mechanical testing were used to characterize the impact of sclerostin deficiency on bone in male and female mice. Comparisons were made between same sex KO and wildtype (WT) mice.
Results: The results for male and female SOST KO mice were similar, with differences only in the magnitude of some effects. SOST KO mice had increased radiodensity throughout the skeleton, with general skeletal morphology being normal in appearance. DXA analysis of lumbar vertebrae and whole leg showed that there was a significant increase in BMD (&gt;50%) at both sites. μCT analysis of femur showed that bone volume was significantly increased in both the trabecular and cortical compartments. Histomorphometry of trabecular bone revealed a significant increase in osteoblast surface and no significant change in osteoclast surface in SOST KO mice. The bone formation rate in SOST KO mice was significantly increased for trabecular bone (&gt;9-fold) at the distal femur, as well as for the endocortical and periosteal surfaces of the femur midshaft. Mechanical testing of lumbar vertebrae and femur showed that bone strength was significantly increased at both sites in SOST KO mice.
Conclusions: SOST KO mice have a high bone mass phenotype characterized by marked increases in BMD, bone volume, bone formation, and bone strength. These results show that sclerostin is a key negative regulator of a powerful, evolutionarily conserved bone formation pathway that acts on both trabecular and cortical bone.
ODDD-Linked Cx43 Mutants Reduce Endogenous Cx43 Expression and Function in Osteoblasts and Inhibit Late Stage Differentiation
Authors: McLachlan Elizabeth , Plante Isabelle , Shao Qing , Tong Dan , Kidder Gerald M , Bernier Suzanne M , Laird Dale W 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIntroduction: Bone development and modeling requires precise gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC). Oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD) is an autosomal dominant human disease caused by mutations in the gene (GJA1) encoding the gap junction protein, connexin43 (Cx43). The disease is characterized by craniofacial bone deformities and limb abnormalities. It is our hypothesis that Cx43 mutation causes osteoblast dysfunction, which may contribute to the bone phenotype of ODDD.Materials and Methods: We expressed human and mouse ODDD-linked Cx43 mutants in MC3T3-E1 cells and primary mouse osteoblasts by retroviral infection and evaluated their in vitro differentiation as an index of osteoblast function. We compared these findings to the differentiation of osteoblasts isolated from a mouse model of ODDD that harbors a germ line Cx43 mutation and exhibits craniofacial and limb defects mimicking human ODDD. We determined the differentiation status of osteoblasts by analyzing alkaline phosphatase activity and the expression levels of osteoblast markers including bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin.Results: We showed that ODDD-linked Cx43 mutants are loss-of-function and dominant-negative to co-expressed Cx43 and, furthermore, greatly inhibit functional GJIC in osteoblasts. Surprisingly, the mutants had only a minor effect on osteoblast differentiation when introduced into lineage committed cells. In contrast, osteoblasts isolated from the ODDD mouse model exhibited impaired late stage differentiation.Conclusions: Expression of human and mouse ODDD-linked Cx43 mutants failed to significantly impair differentiation in cells predisposed to the osteoblast lineage; however, germ line reduction of Cx43-based GJIC leads to impaired osteoblast differentiation, which may account for the bone phenotypes observed in ODDD patients.