bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
R408 – Management of the Parathyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Gérald Valette , Potard Gaël , Martins‐Carvalho Christine , Gac Marie‐Suzanne Le , Marianowski Remi 
Published: August 2008

ProblemManagement of parathyroid carcinoma.Methods2 cases of parathyroid carcinoma managed in Brest Hospital, Ear, Nose and Throat Service (France).ResultsThrough a review of the literature we discuss the initial surgical treatment for this rare tumor, which has a strong potential of local recurrence or metastasis (fifty percent).ConclusionThe treatment of the parathyroid carcinoma is surgical. It requires a total ablation of the parathyroid tumor, of the homolateral thyroid lobe, of the homolateral recurrent nodular tissues and of sticking tissues.SignificanceA large ablation is required.
R413 – KITENIN Enhances Invasion and Metastasis in FOM Cancer Model
Authors: Lee Joon Kyoo 
Published: August 2008

ProblemKAI1 is a metastatic suppressor gene. The expression of KAI1 in cancer cells results in reduced cell motility and invasiveness. A cDNA clone of VANGL1, a member of the tetraspanin protein family that specifically interacts with the COOH‐terminal cytoplasm domain of KAI1, was isolated and renamed KITENIN (KAI1 COOH‐terminal interacting tetraspanin). KITENIN is reported to promote metastasis in a mouse colon cancer model. The purpose of this study was to investigate tumor invasiveness and early lung metastasis by KITENIN in murine floor of mouth cancer model.MethodsThe cDNA of KITENIN and the vector only were transfected into the SCC VII (mouse squamous cell carcinoma cell line) cells. The transfections were performed using the FuGENE 6 transfection reagent. The suspension of 5 × 105/? viable KITENIN‐ or vector‐transfected SCC VII cells were injected into the floor of mouth of C3H/HeJ syngeneic mice deep to the mylohyoid muscle via an intra‐oral approach. From the 1st week to 6th week after injection, tumor, lung, liver, and brain tissues were obtained from six mice each group every week and were evaluated under the light microscope.ResultsOn each group, the tumor invaded to superficial musculature of floor of mouth, deep musculature of floor of mouth, salivary gland, perineural tissue, bone, and skin sequentially. Lung metastases started from peripheral and localized region and moved to central and diffuse lung tissues. Earlier and more aggressive tumor invasion to deep floor of mouth musculature, salivary gland, perineural tissue, bone, and skin was observed in KITENIN‐transfected group than in vector group. Earlier and more diffuse lung metastasis was observed in KITENIN group.ConclusionKITENIN enhanced tumor invasion and lung metastasis in murine floor of mouth squamous carcinoma model.SignificanceAn antisense KITENIN strategy could be used to inhibit distant metastasis and progression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.SupportThis study was supported by a grant CUHRICM‐CRI07038‐1.
R416 – Bipolar Cautery: Sunderland Third Degree Nerve Injury Model
Authors: Moradzadeh Arash , Brenner Michael Joel , Whitlock Elizabeth , Luciano Janina Paula Delpilar , Myckatyn Terence Michael , Daniel Hunter , Tong Alice , Mackinnon Susan E. 
Published: August 2008

ProblemThe prognosis of bipolar electrocautery nerve injury is unpredictable because few experiments compare it to characterized nerve injury models.Methods16 Lewis rats were randomized to sciatic crush or bipolar cautery and at 21 days evaluated with nerve morphometry and walking tack analysis. Double transgenic Thy1‐CFP/S100‐GFP mice were used to serially image axonal regeneration and Schwann cells (SC) over time following injury.ResultsIn rats, bipolar cautery injury shows greater disruption of myelin and neurofilament architecture at the injury site. There is decreased total nerve fiber counts distal to the injury (p<0.05). Walking track analysis demonstrates functional recovery after crush, but not after cautery injury. Serial imaging of mice, shows axonal regeneration starting at week 1 after crush, but late, partial axonal regeneration in the cautery group; these findings were reflected in endplate reinnervation at 42 days.ConclusionResults suggest that a Sunderland type 3 injury, characterized by slow, variable, incomplete recovery, results from a bipolar electrocautery injury.SignificanceBipolar cautery injuries can be observed without immediate surgical intervention.
R418 – Temsirolimus Preferentially Targets Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Nathan Cherie Ann O , Ekshyyan Oleksandr , Dennis D'Antoni Carmichael , Clark Cheryl , Youhua Rong , Xiaohua Rong , Abreo Fleurette 
Published: August 2008

ProblemThe mTOR pathway, a central regulator of cell metabolism, proliferation, and survival, is activated in a 100% of HNSCC. We have previously shown the mTOR inhibitor CCI‐779 (temsirolimus; rapamycin analogue) inhibits growth of FaDu HNSCC in vitro and in vivo and significantly reduced microvessel density in HNSCC xenografts. Hence to study stromal effects of temsirolimus, FaDu cells were stably transfected with rapamycin resistant mTOR (rr‐mTOR) to elucidate anti‐tumor mechanisms of temsirolimus.MethodsFaDu cells stably transfected with control vector or rr‐mTOR. HNSCC tumor xenografts were established in nude mice by subcutaneous injection of control vector transfected (cv‐FaDu) or rr‐mTOR transfected (rr‐FaDu) cells. Temsirolimus (5 mg/kg) was evaluated in mice treated for 3 weeks. PCR analysis of the 5′‐end of an exogenous rr‐mTOR sequence was performed on DNA isolated from explanted tumor tissues.ResultsGrowth of cv‐FaDu was suppressed by rapamycin (100 ng/ml), while the rr‐FaDu clone was insensitive. PCR assay yielded the expected 246 b.p. product in rr‐FaDu, but not in cv‐FaDu xenografts indicating the presence of the exogenous rr‐mTOR coding sequence in rr‐FaDu xenograft tumor tissues. Temsirolimus inhibited growth of cv‐FaDu and rr‐FaDu xenograft tumors and was comparable in both groups suggesting the ‘anti‐tumor’ activity of the drug in vivo is predominantly a consequence of its anti‐stromal effects.ConclusionResults of this study suggest tumor growth inhibitory effects of temsirolimus on HNSCC xenografts are mediated mainly by the anti‐stromal activity of the drug rather than by direct anti‐tumor effect alone.SignificanceUnderstanding the mechanism of action of mTOR inhibition is important in the management of HNSCC as the Akt/mTOR pathway is activated in 100% of HNSCC.SupportThis work was supported by NCI grant R01CA102363 to Cherie‐Ann O. Nathan.
R419 – Surgery with Molecular Fluorescence Imaging Guidance
Authors: Nguyen Quyen To , Olson Emilia , Aguilera Todd A. , Vorasubin Nopawan , Jiang Tao , Tsien Roger Y. 
Published: August 2008

ProblemCurrently, surgical excision of tumors is dependent on the surgeon's ability to differentiate tumor from normal tissue using non‐quantifiable criteria such as tumor location, texture, color, relationship to surrounding structures etc. Under these circumstances, the ability to detect/treat micro‐metastases and residual tumors in real time is limited.MethodsWe have developed a more objective means of visualizing tumor markers utilizing a novel strategy for selectively delivering molecules to cancer cells using activatable cell‐penetrating peptides (ACPPs), in which the fluorescently labeled cell‐penetrating peptide (CPP) is coupled via a cleavable linker to a peptide that inhibits the uptake of the CPP. Upon exposure to proteases secreted by tumor, especially matrix‐metalloproteinases, the linker is cleaved, dissociating the inhibitory peptide and allowing the CPP to bind to and enter tumor cells.ResultsWe injected Cy5‐labeled ACPP into transgenic mice with spontaneous tumors as well as mice xenografted with human cancer cell lines (including sarcoma and carcinoma derived from larynx, breast and prostate). All tumors retain the Cy5 label to a greater extent than normal tissues. Furthermore, xenografts derived from cancer cell lines that were stably transfected with GFP or RFP show colocalization of the FP marker with the Cy5‐labeled ACPPs. Finally, in the same mouse models, tumors excised using ACPP guided molecular imaging showed improved completeness of tumor removal as quantified by Alu PCR.ConclusionWe have developed a novel method for molecular imaging of tumors in vivo using ACPPs. Using this technique, we were able to improve completeness of tumor excision in murine models.SignificanceThis technique will help to improve complete resection of tumor at the time of surgery, thereby reducing patient morbidity in terms of total time under anesthesia and residual tumor as well as reducing operating room costs.SupportK08 EB008122 from NIH‐NIBIB to Quyen Nguyen. Era of Hope Innovator Award from Department of Defense to Roger Tsien.
R420 – Radiation Induces TGF‐β and Blocks MyoD Causing Fibrosis
Authors: Peng Grace Lee , Masood Rizwan , Sinha Uttam K 
Published: August 2008

ProblemOne of the main treatment modalities for head and neck cancer (HNC) is post‐operative radiation therapy (RT). Patients undergoing RT develop dysphagia due not only to salivary gland damage, but also scarring of the pharyngeal and strap musculature. We have compared the levels of TGF‐β in the strap muscle samples in patients at the beginning and end of their RT and found that TGF‐β may contribute to excessive fibrosis by blocking MyoD expression, a gene necessary in muscle differentiation and repair. A second part of this study views the effects of concurrent transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) during RT on TGF‐β and MyoD levels. Our objective is to examine not only the effects muscle repair post‐radiation, but also to view the effects of electrical stimulation during concurrent radiation therapy on the expression of TGF‐β and MyoD.MethodsWe used muscle samples from patients of various stages of HNC pre‐radiation and post‐radiation, with some receiving NMES during RT. The TGF‐β and MyoD expression were measured using western blotting and immunohistochemistry staining.ResultsTGF‐β expression was higher in all samples post RT as compared to non‐radiated controls. In addition, there is decreased fibrosis seen in patients who have undergone RT and concurrent NMES as compared to patients who underwent RT alone. We also observed that those patient specimens with higher TGF‐β showed lower expression of MyoD than patients with lower TGF‐β expression.ConclusionRT induced higher TGF‐β which blocked MyoD expression and muscle differentiation, inducing fibrosis. We hope to study different techniques of electrical stimulation during patients' RT in order to optimize the stimulation.SignificanceUnderstanding the mechanism through fibrosis develops can help us to increase the quality of life of patients who successfully undergo cancer research and eradication with radiation therapy. Practicing transcutaneous NMES can help to decrease the dysphagia seen in patients using RT.
R421 – Ubc9: A Novel Marker of Lymph Nodes Metastases in SCCHN
Authors: Ronen Ohad , Malone James P , Ran Sophia 
Published: August 2008

ProblemLymph node metastases (LNM) are the single most significant prognostic factor in squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (SCCHN). Therapy often relies on the ability to detect disease in cervical lymph nodes. We previously demonstrated that Ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme (Ubc9), an enzyme involved in post‐translational modification, is over‐expressed in SCCHN compared to peritumoral adjacent mucosa. Furthermore, Ubc9 is not expressed in normal mucosa. The present study was designed to examine the expression of Ubc9 in SCCHN LNM and to determine whether Ubc9 may serve as a marker.MethodsA portion of primary tumor, normal adjacent mucosa, when available, and metastatic lymph nodes were harvested from patients with a histologic diagnosis of SCCHN. Tissue specimens were immediately snap‐frozen in liquid nitrogen. The frozen tissue specimens were stained with antibodies to Ubc9 using standard Immunohistochemical techniques.ResultsTwelve patients with SCCHN LNM were available for staining. Sites of primary tumor specimens included larynx (n=7) and oropharynx (n=3). All of the lymph nodes had strong expression of Ubc9 in the metastatic deposits of SCCHN but not in the surrounding lymph node tissue.ConclusionDetection of Ubc9 expression in cervical lymph nodes from patients with SCCHN may serve as a distinct molecular marker for the presence of lymph node metastases. The findings also suggest that Ubc9 plays an important role in tumorigenesis and possibly tumor progression of head and neck squamous cell cancer. Further exploration of Ubc9 in head and neck cancer is warranted.SignificanceUbc9 expression in SCCHN LNM can increase the sensitivity of diagnosis in the primary site as well as in suspected lymph node metastases. Early and accurate diagnosis of LNM can potentially improve regional control of the disease.SupportPart of the study was supported by a grant from SIU School of Medicine.
R425 – Association of CD44 v6 and v10 Isoforms In HNSCC Progression
Authors: Wang Steven J , De Heer Anne‐Martine 
Published: August 2008

ProblemThe CD44 family of receptors includes multiple variant isoforms, several of which have been linked to tumor progression. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of CD44 v6‐ and v10‐containing isoforms in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) progression.MethodsA laboratory investigation utilizing a panel of 13 HNSCC cell lines and clinical tissue specimens from a series of 82 patients with HNSCC was performed.ResultsImmunohistochemical analysis of 82 primary HNSCC tumors and 24 metastatic lymph nodes revealed expression of CD44 v6 and v10 variants. A greater proportion of metastatic lymph nodes vs. primary tumors demonstrated strong expression of CD44 v6 (18/24 vs. 26/82) and CD44 v10 (14/24 vs. 16/82), while expression of standard CD44 was not significantly different in metastatic lymph nodes and primary tumors (10/24 vs 60/82). In addition, greater than expected expression of CD44 v10 was found among 14 specimens obtained from patients previously treated with chemoradiation. To further analyze the role of these CD44 variants in HNSCC progression, HNSCC cell lines were selected on the basis of their CD44 v6 and v10 expression. A HNSCC cell line without CD44 expression and cells of the same variant‐expressing cell lines transfected with short‐hairpin RNA for CD44 were used as controls. Compared to controls, HNSCC cells expressing CD44 v6‐containing isoforms demonstrated increased hyaluronan‐mediated tumor cell growth and migration. Furthermore, HNSCC cells expressing CD44 v10‐containing isoforms demonstrated increased hyaluronan‐mediated cisplatin resistance.ConclusionCD44 v6‐ and v10‐containing isoforms are associated with HNSCC progression.SignificanceCD44 v6‐ and v10‐containing isoforms may be useful tumor markers and targets for HNSCC therapy.SupportThis work was supported by an AAO‐HNS/AHNS Young Investigator Award.
R427 – Mechanism Producing Subglottic Air Pressure While Swallowing
Authors: Gross Roxanne D , Carrau Ricardo L , William Slivka , Smith Libby J 
Published: August 2008

ProblemThe importance of positive subglottic air pressure during swallowing has been recognized, yet no experiment has sought to determine the mechanism that generates this pressure. We hypothesized that transpulmonary recoil forces are responsible for this pressure. Objective: To compare direct subglottic air pressure measurements obtained while swallowing at different lung volumes with airway pressures obtained by total respiratory system recoil measurements.MethodsDirect measurement of subglottic air pressure during swallowing was obtained via a percutaneous puncture of the cricothyroid membrane. Tidal volumes were measured via a heated pneumotachometer as the subjects breathed through a nasal mask. Next, to model swallowing, airway pressures were measured at the mouth by occluding the airflow for a duration consistent with true vocal fold closure during swallowing. Passive exhalation was used to mimic the central inhibition of respiratory muscles that occurs during the swallow.ResultsRegression analyses on the combined data showed strong linear relationships between lung volumes (X) and airway pressures (Y) with overall goodness of fit which were highly significant (p values less than 0.00001). R Square values ranged from 0.78 to 0.91.ConclusionThe subglottic air pressure during a swallow is likely generated by transpulmonary recoil forces that dominate when respiratory muscles are inhibited. The degree of subglottic pressure produced is directly related to lung volume.SignificanceThe influence of the respiratory phase, lung volume, and available transpulmonary recoil pressure may alter the effects of therapeutic interventions intended to increase subglottic pressure such as tracheostomy tube occlusion and decannulation.SupportUPMC Competitive Medical Research Fund, Greater Pittsburgh Chapter, National Parkinson's Foundation.
R428 – Evaluation of an Endoscope With an Ultra‐wide Field of View
Authors: Gurey Lowell , Shapshay Stanley M , Simkulet Michelle , Smith; Haibo Liu Jason E 
Published: August 2008

ProblemThe objective of this project is to establish if an advantage exists in using the C‐View ‘trademark’ endoscope compared to a typical 0‐degree Hopkins rod‐lens telescope. The C‐View ‘trademark’ endoscope is a novel design that provides a field of view up to ‘plus‐minus’ 135‐degrees about the optical axis and 360‐degrees panoramically.MethodsA cadaveric sheep glottis and trachea was examined using both a 4‐mm Hopkins rod‐lens telescope and a C‐View ‘trademark’ endoscope (under development by Inter‐Science, Inc., Troy, NY). At this time, the C‐View ‘trademark’ endoscope prototype performs optical imaging only and does not include a means of internal illumination. Therefore, a separate external illumination source was used. Video taken during these examinations was analyzed and still images were obtained using the video editing software included with our stroboscopy tower (KayPentax Model 9295, Lincoln Park, NJ).ResultsThe C‐View ‘trademark’‐based endoscope offers a sizable increase in field of view. Mucosal findings on the tracheal wall that could not be appreciated with the standard 0‐degree model were readily apparent using this endoscope.ConclusionThe C‐View ‘trademark’ endoscope has enormous potential in the field of diagnostic endoscopy by creating a new working environment with an unmatched ultra‐wide field of view. At this point, its use in living models or patients cannot be assessed without further development of the endoscope's illumination subsystem.SignificanceThe true potential of this endoscopic system may not be fully realized until a prototype is developed which includes adequate illumination capabilities. Once perfected, this system will provide an enlarged field of view to any endoscopic surgeon or diagnostician. In the field of otolaryngology, this system has potential clinical relevance in many areas, including sinus endoscopy, laryngoscopy/tracheoscopy, esophagoscopy, and skull base surgery. Furture studies will assess manipulation of instruments in this new environment.
R431 – Current Practice in Laryngeal Videostroboscopy
Authors: Long Jennifer L , Chhetri Dinesh K , Gerratt Bruce R , Berke Gerald S 
Published: August 2008

ProblemVideostroboscopy is a valuable diagnostic tool in laryngology and voice disorders, offering additional information about vocal fold vibration that standard examination cannot detect. However, videostroboscopic data reported in current literature varies widely between authors. This study summarizes the applications of stroboscopy in recent research, and identifies reported stroboscopic parameters. Given the apparent lack of consensus, we consider the indications for and meaningful interpretation of videostroboscopy.MethodsReview of 133 articles obtained from a Pubmed search with keywords “stroboscopy” and “voice” and limited to the English language and human subjects.ResultsStroboscopy was reported in diverse clinical situations including paralysis, sulcus, benign glottic lesions, dysphonia, and in normal subjects. Most studies did not use a validated stroboscopy evaluation scale, instead choosing unique evaluation points. The numerous descriptive terms could be grouped into a few general parameters. The only parameter addressed in all articles was vocal fold closure, but with various differing criteria rating the quality or configuration of closure. Other common parameters included the mucosal wave, supraglottic effort, and vibration. However, mucosal wave symmetry and regularity of vibration were not universally addressed. Voice outcomes, if measured, were commonly reported without correlation to stroboscopic findings.ConclusionRecent literature presents diverse approaches to videostroboscopy. Some studies conducted a thorough examination of stroboscopic parameters, but others neglected key points. Stroboscopy was performed in several reports of glottic mass lesions or unilateral paralysis, even though vibratory dysfunction may be dwarfed relative to those greater derangements in causing dysphonia.SignificanceWe submit a set of parameters for thorough videostroboscopy evaluation. We stress that videostroboscopy must be considered in the context of the voice and standard laryngeal exam.
R432 – Gene Expression of the Remodeling Rat Vocal Fold Wound
Authors: Ohno Tsunehisa , French Lesley C. , Rousseau Bernard 
Published: August 2008

ProblemThe authors investigated the expression of key extracellular matrix genes after vocal fold wounding in a rat model to better understand the reparative mechanisms of tissue repair during the remodeling phase of vocal fold injury.MethodsBilateral vocal fold wounds were created in 30 rats. Injured vocal fold specimens were harvested 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days after wounding. 5 unwounded rats were used to establish baseline for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The authors used real‐time PCR to quantify messenger RNA expression of procollagen type I, III, interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1 beta), decorin, and hyaluronan synthase (HAS) −1, −2, and −3. Analysis of variance was used to detect main effects for gene expression. Post‐hoc tests were used to make comparisons between time points.ResultsProcollagen type I expression was decreased from baseline on post‐injury day 1, 28, and 56. Procollagen type III was decreased on post‐injury day 1 and 56, and increased from baseline on post‐injury day 14. IL‐1 beta expression was increased from baseline on post‐injury day 1, 3, and 7. Decorin expression was decreased from baseline on post‐injury day 1, 3, 7, and 56. HAS‐1 expression was decreased from baseline at all post‐injury time points. HAS‐2 expression was increased from baseline on post‐injury day 3, and decreased from baseline on post‐injury day 14, 28, and 56. HAS‐3 expression was decreased from baseline on post‐injury day 1, 28, and 56.ConclusionFindings provide temporal changes in the expression of key extracellular matrix genes during a remodeling phase of vocal fold injury in a rat wound model.SignificanceVocal fold wound models provide a means for investigating tissue reparative processes and molecular mechanisms controlling synthesis and degradation of the vocal fold extracellular matrix.SupportVanderbilt University Medical Center.