bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Starting Materials in the Synthesis of (Ga1−xZnx)(N1−xOx) Solid Solution on Its Photocatalytic Activity for Overall Water Splitting under Visible Light
Authors: Hisatomi Takashi , Maeda Kazuhiko , Lu Daling , Domen Kazunari 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIt all depends on the ingredients: The physicochemical properties of (Ga1−xZnx)(N1−xOx), including its particle size, are dependent on the particle size of the ZnO precursor. The relationship between the physicochemical properties and photocatalytic performance of (Ga1−xZnx)(N1−xOx) for overall water splitting under visible light was investigated to identify suitable starting materials of the catalyst.magnified imageThe influence of starting materials on the physicochemical and photocatalytic properties of (Ga1−xZnx)(N1−xOx) were investigated in an attempt to optimize the preparation conditions. The catalyst was successfully prepared by nitriding a starting mixture of ZnO and Ga2O3. A mixture of metallic zinc and GaN, however, did not afford the desired compound. The crystallinity, surface area, composition, and absorption characteristics of the resultant (Ga1−xZnx)(N1−xOx) solid solution are found to be dependent on the morphology of ZnO but largely insensitive to the choice of Ga2O3 polymorph. The use of coarser‐grained ZnO results in a coarser‐grained catalyst with elevated zinc and oxygen content and reduced uniformity in composition and crystallinity. The results demonstrate the importance of selecting appropriate ZnO and Ga2O3 starting materials for maximizing the photocatalytic activity of (Ga1−xZnx)(N1−xOx) for overall water splitting under visible light.
Controlled light exposure microscopy reveals dynamic telomere microterritories throughout the cell cycle
Authors: De Vos Winnok H. , Hoebe R. A. , Joss G. H. , Haffmans W. , Baatout S. , Van Oostveldt P. , Manders E. M. M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTelomeres are complex end structures that confer functional integrity and positional stability to human chromosomes. Despite their critical importance, there is no clear view on telomere organization in cycling human cells and their dynamic behavior throughout the cell cycle. We investigated spatiotemporal organization of telomeres in living human ECV‐304 cells stably expressing telomere binding proteins TRF1 and TRF2 fused to mCitrine using four dimensional microscopy. We thereby made use of controlled light exposure microscopy (CLEM), a novel technology that strongly reduces photodamage by limiting excitation in parts of the image where full exposure is not needed. We found that telomeres share small territories where they dynamically associate. These territories are preferentially positioned at the interface of chromatin domains. TRF1 and TRF2 are abundantly present in these territories but not firmly bound. At the onset of mitosis, the bulk of TRF protein dissociates from telomere regions, territories disintegrate and individual telomeres become faintly visible. The combination of stable cell lines, CLEM and cytometry proved essential in providing novel insights in compartment‐based nuclear organization and may serve as a model approach for investigating telomere‐driven genome‐instability and studying long‐term nuclear dynamics. © 2008 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Quantification of cardiomyocyte contraction based on image correlation analysis
Authors: Kamgoué A. , Ohayon J. , Usson Y. , Riou L. , Tracqui P. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractQuantification of cardiomyocyte contraction is usually obtained by measuring globally cell shortening from the displacement of cell extremities. We developed a correlation‐based optical flow method, which correlates the whole‐cell temporal pattern with a precise quantification of the intracellular strain wave at the sarcomeres level. A two‐dimensional image correlation analysis of cardiomyocytes phase‐contrast images was developed to extract local cell deformations from videomicroscopy time‐lapse sequences. Test images, synthesized from known intensity displacement fields, were first used to validate the method. Intracellular strain fields were then computed from videomicroscopy time‐lapse sequences of single adult and neonatal cardiomyocytes. The propagation of the sarcomeres contraction–relaxation wave during cell contraction has been successfully quantified. The time‐varying patterns of intracellular displacement were obtained accurately, even when cardiomyocyte bending occurred in pace with contraction. Interestingly, the characterization of the successive 2D displacement fields show a direct quantification of the variation with time of intracellular strains anywhere in the cell. The proposed method enables a quantitative analysis of cardiomyocyte contraction without requiring wave tracking with the use of fluorescent calcium probes. Thus, our algorithmic approach provides a fast and efficient tool for analyzing the correlation between global cell dynamical behavior and mechanosensitive intracellular processes. © 2008 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Novel agents to override imatinib resistance mechanisms
Authors: Yokota Asumi , Kimura Shinya 
Published: December 2008

AbstractChronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a disorder of hematopoietic stem cells that results from the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) created through translocation of human chromosomes 9 and 22. The resulting Bcr‐Abl fusion protein has constitutively high tyrosine kinase activity that causes transformation of hematopoietic stem cells. Imatinib mesylate (IM) was developed as a specific Bcr‐Abl kinase inhibitor and is efficacious in treating Ph‐chromosome‐positive (Ph+) leukemias such as CML and Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Within a few years of its introduction to the clinic, IM has dramatically altered the first‐line therapy for CML. Although most newly diagnosed CML patients in the chronic phase (CP) achieved durable responses when treated with IM, resistance to IM has become a major problem in patients with advanced‐stage disease. The most important mechanism of IM resistance are point mutations within the Abl kinase domain; therefore, there is an urgent need for novel agents that can inhibit mutated Bcr‐Abl. In this review, we describe novel Bcr‐Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors, the so‐called “Super Gleevec” inhibitors. Drug Dev Res 69:398–406, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of drugs against hormone‐refractory prostate cancer
Authors: Kageyama Yukio 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe development of novel drugs for prostate cancer refractory to androgen deprivation therapy has been of great interest due to the lack of effective treatment modalities that can prolong the survival of such patients. The recent introduction of docetaxel‐based combination chemotherapy has been a breakthrough with a modest, but significant, survival benefit. However, the improved survival period measured in months is far from ideal considering the non‐negligible adverse events associated with docetaxel. Thus, numerous preclinical and clinical studies have been conducted to explore more favorable approaches to hormone‐refractory prostate cancer. The novel agents under investigation include new chemotherapeutic drugs, drugs targeting signal transduction pathways, apoptosis modulators, drugs targeting the tumor microenvironment, molecular chaperone inhibitors, and dietary ingredients. Unfortunately, none of these agents have shown superior single‐agent activity relative to docetaxel‐based therapy to date. Therefore, developing the most effective combination therapies of new agents and docetaxel‐based chemotherapy seems to be a reasonable approach until novel agents that can overcome the drug resistance of hormone‐refractory prostate cancer cells emerge. Drug Dev Res 69:431–450, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Persistent Alkylgallium Peroxides – Synthesis of the Cage Compound Na4[(Ga‐R)3(O2)3(O)]2(Et2O)(DABCO) [R = CH(SiMe3)2]
Authors: Uhl Werner , Halvagar Mohammad R. , Rogel Friedhelm , Massa Werner 
Published: December 2008

AbstractReaction of Na[H3Ga‐CH(SiMe3)2] (1) with the adduct (H2O2)2·DABCO affords the alkylgallium peroxide Na4[(Ga‐R)3(O2)3(O)]2(Et2O)(DABCO) (2) [R = CH(SiMe3)2] by hydrogen release. Compound 2 possesses oxidizing peroxo groups in close proximity to reducing Ga–C bonds and a higher thermal stability than the analogous lithium peroxo complex. In the solid state a cage compound is formed in which two Ga3(O2)3 heterocycles are bridged by four sodium atoms. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Advances in enantioselective separations using electromigration capillary techniques
Authors: Preinerstorfer Beatrix , Lämmerhofer Michael , Lindner Wolfgang 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe most recent literature dealing with enantioselective separations and stereoselective analyses of chiral entities including especially pharmaceuticals, phytochemicals, biochemicals, agrochemicals, fine chemicals and specific test compounds by electromigration techniques such as CE, MEKC, MEEKC, CEC and microchip CE is reviewed. The review covers literature from 2007 until mid‐2008, i.e. studies that were published after the appearance of the latest review article on that topic in Electrophoresis by Gübitz and Schmid (see Electrophoresis 2007, 28, 114). Particular attention is given to the description of new chiral selector systems, studies on separation mechanisms and applications in the above‐specified electromigration techniques.
Heart‐cutting 2‐D CE using multiple detection points for chiral analysis of native amino acids
Authors: Anouti Suzanne , Vandenabeele‐Trambouze Odile , Koval Dušan , Cottet Hervé 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA new methodology based on heart‐cutting 2‐D CE in a single capillary was developed for the chiral separation of a mixture of 22 underivatized amino acids. The first dimension is performed in an achiral BGE (2.3 M acetic acid, pH 2.1) allowing the separation of the analytes as a function of their charge‐to‐radius ratio. A selected fraction from the first dimension is then separated in the second dimension in the presence of a chiral selector (+)‐(18‐crown‐6)‐2,3,11,12‐tetracarboxylic acid. Since the introduction of the second electrolyte is performed by pressure mobilization, capillaries with small id of 10 μm are used to limit the peak broadening due to Taylor dispersion. Double capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector is used for monitoring the selection and the isolation of the fraction at the different steps of the analysis (voltage and pressure mobilization steps). This double detection allows calculating the voltage and pressure stop times in real‐time analysis. This new methodology is applied with success for the chiral separation of different amino acids (d,l‐Tyr, d,l‐Trp and d,l‐Thr) contained in a mixture of 22 native amino acids.
Radiation‐induced bystander effects in vivo are epigenetically regulated in a tissue‐specific manner
Authors: Ilnytskyy Yaroslav , Koturbash Igor , Kovalchuk Olga 
Published: December 2008

AbstractExposure of animal body parts to ionizing radiation (IR) can lead to molecular changes in distant shielded “bystander” tissues and organs. Nevertheless, tissue specificity of bystander responses within the same organism has not been examined in detail. Studies on in vivo bystander effect conducted so far analyzed changes induced by single‐dose exposure. The potential of fractionated irradiation to induce bystander effects in vivo has never been studied. We analyzed changes in global DNA methylation and microRNAome in skin and spleen of animals subjected to single‐dose (acute or fractionated) whole‐body or cranial exposure to 0.5 Gy of X‐rays. We found that IR‐induced DNA methylation changes in bystander spleen and skin were distinct. Acute radiation exposure resulted in a significant loss of global DNA methylation in the exposed and bystander spleen 6 hr, 96 hr, and 14 days after irradiation. Fractionated irradiation led to hypomethylation in bystander spleen 6 hr after whole‐body exposure, and 6 hr, 96 hr, and 14 days after cranial irradiation. Contrarily, changes in the skin of the same animals were seen only 6 hr after acute whole‐body and head exposure. DNA hypomethylation observed in spleen was paralleled by a reduction of methyl‐binding protein MeCP2 expression. Irradiation also induced tissue‐specific microRNAome alterations in skin and spleen. For the first time, we have shown that IR‐induced epigenetic bystander effects that occur in the same organism are triggered by both acute and fractionated exposure and are very distinct in different bystander organs. Future studies are clearly needed to address organismal and carcinogenic repercussions of those changes. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel germline mutation in Big Blue® mice
Authors: Crabbe Rory A. , Prtenjaca Anita , Tarnowski Heather E. , Hill Kathleen A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe Big Blue® lacI mutation detection assay is well validated and has permitted detailed analysis of spontaneous mutations in individual tissues over the lifespan of the mouse. In a recent assay of spontaneous mutations, a novel lacI mutation (C354T) recurred in six of seven mutants with a second mutation. The frequency of spontaneous doublets (mutants with two nontandem mutations) was elevated 2.7‐fold over that previously reported (Hill KA et al., [2004b]: Mutat Res 554:223–240) for normal tissues (6.3 × 10−7 herein vs. 2.36 × 10−7). The average spacing between mutations in the doublets (237 bp) was greater than previously reported for spontaneous doublets. The frequency of C354T as a “hitchhiker” mutation in doublets was consistent with a germline mutation in one of 38 mutation targets in the Big Blue mouse genome. C354T is a missense mutation at a CpG dinucleotide producing a conservative amino acid change (Ala109Val) and a very light blue mutant phenotype. Mutant phenotypes of doublets with C354T were typical of the second mutation. C354T was observed in mutants from five tissues of five Big Blue mice. A bidirectional‐PCR amplification of specific alleles (Bi‐PASA) assay detected C354T in genomic DNA from multiple tissues of five Big Blue mice. These observations are consistent with a novel lacI C354T germline mutation in Big Blue mice that introduces a significant artifact in the analysis of spontaneous mutations. This finding reiterates the importance of identifying all mutations and examining new mutations in the context of our increasingly detailed knowledge of features of spontaneous murine mutations. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation capacity building in complex organizations
Authors: Taylor‐Powell Ellen , Boyd Heather H. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEvaluation capacity building, or ECB, is an area of great interest within the field of evaluation as well as in Extension evaluation. Internal Extension evaluators have long offered training and technical assistance to help Extension educators conduct evaluation. Today ECB in Extension encompasses myriad activities and processes to advance evaluation practice and evaluative thinking. They can be described in a three‐component framework: professional development, resources and supports, and organizational environment. This chapter describes the Extension experience, highlighting practices and challenges within each component, and presents the case of logic model dissemination as an illustration. The authors discuss the distinction between evaluator and ECB practitioner and call for clarity in purpose, role delineation, and expectations. They include a simple logic model for evaluating ECB, which focuses on linking ECB investments to individual, team, program, and organizational change. The authors conclude with a list of their own learnings and reflections as they have faced the challenges and many rewards of building evaluation capacity in complex organizations. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
White‐matter abnormalities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A diffusion tensor imaging study
Authors: Silk Timothy J. , Vance Alasdair , Rinehart Nicole , Bradshaw John L. , Cunnington Ross 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCurrent evidence suggests that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) involves dysfunction in wide functional networks of brain areas associated with attention and cognition. This study examines the structural integrity of white‐matter neural pathways, which underpin these functional networks, connecting fronto‐striatal and fronto‐parietal circuits, in children with ADHD. Fifteen right‐handed 8 to 18‐year‐old males with ADHD‐combined type and 15 right‐handed, age, verbal, and performance IQ‐matched, healthy males underwent diffusion tensor imaging. A recent method of tract‐based spatial statistics was used to examine fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity within major white‐matter pathways throughout the whole‐brain. White‐matter abnormalities were found in several distinct clusters within left fronto‐temporal regions and right parietal‐occipital regions. Specifically, participants with ADHD showed greater FA in white‐matter regions underlying inferior parietal, occipito‐parietal, inferior frontal, and inferior temporal cortex. Secondly, eigenvalue analysis suggests that the difference in FA in ADHD may relate to a lesser degree of neural branching within key white‐matter pathways. Tractography methods showed these regions to generally form part of white‐matter pathways connecting prefrontal and parieto‐occipital areas with the striatum and the cerebellum. Our findings demonstrate anomalous white‐matter development in ADHD in distinct cortical regions that have previously been shown to be dysfunctional or hypoactive in fMRI studies of ADHD. These data add to an emerging picture of abnormal development within fronto‐parietal cortical networks that may underpin the cognitive and attentional disturbances associated with ADHD. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is a preserved functional reserve a mechanism limiting clinical impairment in pediatric MS patients?
Authors: Rocca Maria A. , Absinta Martina , Ghezzi Angelo , Moiola Lucia , Comi Giancarlo , Filippi Massimo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe evaluated the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) correlates of simple movement performance in patients with pediatric multiple sclerosis (MS) and their relation with the extent of T2 lesion volume (LV), to improve our understanding of the mechanisms leading to their short/medium term favorable clinical course. We obtained fMRI during repetitive flexion‐extension of the last four fingers of the right hand and brain dual‐echo scans from 17 right‐handed patients with pediatric relapsing‐remitting MS and 9 sex‐ and age‐matched right‐handed healthy controls. T2 LV was measured using a local thresholding segmentation technique. fMRI activations and functional connectivity analysis were performed using SPM2. Compared to controls, pediatric MS patients had an increased recruitment of the left (L) primary sensorimotor cortex (SMC). They also showed reduced functional connectivity between the L primary SMC and the L thalamus (P = 0.03), the L insula and the L secondary sensorimotor cortex (SII) (P = 0.02), the supplementary motor area and the L SII (P = 0.02), the L thalamus and the L insula (P = 0.01) and the L thalamus and the L SII (P = 0.003). In patients with pediatric MS, the activity of the L primary SMC was significantly correlated with brain T2 LV (r = 0.78). No correlation was found between coefficients of abnormal connectivity and structural MRI measures. The maintenance of a selective and strictly lateralized pattern of movement‐associated brain activations and a modulation of its functional connections suggest a preserved functional reserve in patients with pediatric MS, which, in turn, might contribute to explain their favorable clinical evolution at short/medium term. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The rtA194T polymerase mutation impacts viral replication and susceptibility to tenofovir in hepatitis B e antigen–positive and hepatitis B e antigen–negative hepatitis B virus strains #
Authors: Amini-Bavil-Olyaee Samad , Herbers Ulf , Sheldon Julie , Luedde Tom , Trautwein Christian , Tacke Frank 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Tenofovir is a new effective treatment option for patients with chronic hepatitis B, but could be potentially hampered by mutations in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase conferring drug resistance. Drug resistance may occur preferentially if long-term administration is required, for example, in patients with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative HBV infection bearing precore (PC) and basal core promoter (BCP) mutations. The rtA194T polymerase mutation has been found in HBV/HIV coinfected patients during tenofovir treatment and may be associated with tenofovir resistance. We generated replication-competent HBV constructs harboring rtA194T alone or in addition to lamivudine (LAM) resistance (rt180M + rtM204V), PC mutations, and BCP mutations and assessed their replicative capacity after transient transfection in human hepatoma cells. The rtA194T polymerase mutation alone or in conjunction with LAM resistance reduced the replication efficiency as compared with wild-type (WT) HBV. In contrast, combination of rtA194T (± LAM resistance) with HBeAg-negative PC or BCP mutants increased the replication capacity of the drug-resistant polymerase mutants, thereby restoring the viral replication to similar levels as WT clones. Clones harboring rtA194T showed partial resistance to tenofovir in vitro and also to LAM but remained susceptible to telbivudine and entecavir. Conclusion: The rtA194T polymerase mutation is associated with partial tenofovir drug resistance and negatively impacts replication competence of HBV constructs. Viral replication, however, can be restored to WT levels, if these polymerase mutations occur together with precore or basic core promoter substitutions as found in HBeAg-negative hepatitis B. Patients with HBeAg-negative chronic HBV infection may therefore be at particular risk when developing drug resistance to tenofovir. Telbivudine or entecavir should be considered as effective alternative treatment options for these patients. (Hepatology 2009.)