bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sampling systems for on-stream x-rayanalysers in ore-dressing plants
Authors: Hughes D.V. 
Published: August 2008

Sampling systems for on-stream analysers in ore-dressing plants must be designed to take into account the requirements of the analyser and the conditions prevailing in the process. The accuracy of the analysis provided by the analyser is determined by process factors such as ore type and grinding. For process control and development, the required sample accuracy is a relative sampling error less than 1%. Static primary samplers give acceptable accuracy for normal sulphide ores up to a particle size of 85% - 150μm. This covers the needs of most small-to-medium size concentrators. The size of the sample error in static samplers is discussed. Other methods available are immersion of the analyser probe and the use of automatic samplers. Experience of both is reported.
Factors affecting the reliability of microelectronics in severe offshore environments
Authors: Buchanan G. , Whittington H.W. 
Published: August 2008

The feasibility of large, unmanned, offshore wind and wave energy convertors will be greatly enhanced by the availability of highly reliable electronic systems to provide on-board control and condition monitoring systems. However, there is a danger that the extreme environmental conditions found offshore will adversely affect the reliability of electronic systems. This paper quantifies the reduction in reliability to be expected due to the offshore environment and also compares the environmental effect with all other known factors which can reduce the reliability of electronic components and systems. It is concluded that, important as the environmental factor is, its effect can be swamped by other factors such as equipment temperature and packaging technique. The design of reliable electronic systems for use offshore is possible without incurring military-type costs by following a few basic design rules. Ideally, offshore systems should be designed from the component level up, following these rules, rather than by simply sealing 'onshore systems' in watertight boxes.
On-line mass spectrometry: a review
Authors: Scrivens J.H. 
Published: August 2008

The technique of on-line mass spectrometry is placed in its historical context indicating how increased reliability of vacuum systems and electronic developments have led to its reinstatement as a viable on-line analytical tool. The basic principles of mass spectrometry are discussed, indicating how the instruments may be classified with reference to their source, analyser and detector components. The advantages of using mass spectrometry for process analysis are discussed. A survey of the literature concerning on-line mass spectrometry is given, indicating its range of applications. The current limitations of the various types of commercial instrument available are discussed, and some opinions are expressed as to the likely future development of the instrumentation. Computer control and data processing are particularly relevant in this technique, and a review of current philosophies is undertaken together with an indication of their implications in the cost and efficiency of a total instrument package. A view is expressed of the current status of the technique as a practical process instrument indicating maintenance calibration and technical supervision requirements.
Positive-displacement meters for liquids
Authors: Baker Roger C. , Morris M. Vivien 
Published: August 2008

After brief descriptions of the most common industrial types of meter and a review of the relevant literature, various aspects of a typical meter are analysed. These include the effects of temperature, pressure and orientation. A governing equation is derived and the behaviour of calibrators is analysed. Dimensions of a typical meter design are used to obtain values for coefficients in the governing equation and the expansion due to changes in temperature and pressure. Consideration is given to the causes of 'back-slip'. The paper includes a general discussion of instrument accuracy, slippage tests and the use of the derivations for developing a computational prediction.
The detection and location of foreign metal objects i n conveyed products
Authors: Abbas H.J. , Brewster R.L. 
Published: August 2008

The efficiency of materials-processing plants can be seriously affected by the presence of foreign metal objects in the process material. Such objects can arise from machine damage or by contamination before processing begins. The work was originally motivated by a requirement to detect the presence of tramp iron in coal for use in electricity-power generating stations to prevent damage to coal-crushing machinery. There are many other applications, however, in which contamination by metal objects may have serious repercussions. This paper describes an inductive-loop detector apparatus that not only detects the presence of metallic objects but is also able to discriminate between ferrous and non-ferrous objects and to locate the position of the object on both the length and the width of the conveyor belt. This permits ferrous objects to be located within non-ferrous metals and vice-versa, and also makes the removal of the object a relatively simple matter. Details of the loop design are given, together with details of the signal processing required to give the type and position information relating to the foreign metal object. Some results of tests carried out on the laboratory prototype are included at the end of the paper.
The dynamic modelling of differential pressure transmitters
Authors: Cartledge Jane , Bentley J.P. 
Published: August 2008

The paper describes the dynamic modelling of two force-balance differential-pressure transmitters, one pneumatic and one electronic. In both cases an experimental transmitter transfer function is found from frequency response tests. This is then compared with a theoretical transfer function calculated from the differential equations describing the principles of transmitter operation. The theoretical transfer function for the pneumatic transmitter is fourth order; there is reasonable agreement between theoretical and experimental transfer-function coefficients. A more detailed model of the adjustable fluid damping mechanism is necessary for closer agreement to be obtained. The theoretical transfer function describing the electronic transmitter is third order, with close agreement between experimental and theoretical transfer-function coefficients. The bandwidth of the electronic differential-pressure transmitter tested was between 0 and 0.3 Hz compared with a bandwidth of between 0 and 3 Hz for the pneumatic transmitter. This large difference is mainly attributable to the electronic transmitter having a larger damping constant and a demodulator low-pass filter with a long time constant.
The scope of metrology in industry and manpower needs
Authors: Jones O.C. 
Published: August 2008

A modern industrial society depends upon the availability of a sound metrological infrastructure for its success. In the UK this is provided by the metrologists and standards laboratories that contribute to the National Measurement System. Although it is known that the total cost of measurement activity is very high, there is a surprising dearth of detailed information about the numbers of metrologists in the NMS, their qualifications, and the roles that they play. Consequently, although there is general agreement as to the existence of a shortage of skilled metrologists, it is not clear what should be done to rectify the situation. In this paper the role of the metrologist is first briefly discussed. It is concluded that recent rapid advances in technology have created the need for a new breed of gnetralagist, who must combine the traditional skills of his predecessors with a more flexible approach and a greater breadth of coverage. He must also be computer literate. Estimates are then presented for both the total number of metrologists in the NMS and the number that should be trained annually.
A low-order modelling method for Z-domain transfer functions
Authors: Morgan C. 
Published: August 2008

When digital computer-based parameter estimation techniques are used to identify linear, dynamic systems, the results are usually obtained in the form of a high order Z-domain transfer function. For many practical applications, however, a model transfer function of second or third order is sufficient to represent the prominent features of the system dynamics. A computationally simple transfer function reduction method, based on the Matsuburu time delay theorem, is presented herein. This method is compared with a recently reported Padé approximation approach in both the time and frequency domains.
Software Reviews : AIDA (Apple Interactive Data Analysis)
Authors: Serow William J. 
Published: August 2008

AIDA is a statistics package designed for use by owners of the Apple II family desk-top computer. The program performs a standard set of descriptive statistics, some bivariate measures of statistical inference, and multiple linear regression. With at least 64K, the program can handle about 16,500 data points in memory. Social scientists who are Apple users and wish to perform statistical analysis on their desktops have long been at a comparative disadvantage relative to colleagues with IBM or IBM-compatible hardware. While numerous relatively sophisticated packages are available for the latter type system, Apple users have had little choice in terms of available software. As far as this reviewer is aware, the most comprehensive statistics package available for the Apple has been DAISY which, while easy to use and fairly powerful (up to stepwise multiple regression), is quite limited in the number of data points it can handle (maximum about 2800). AIDA is capable of handling larger data sets (over 16,000 cells in cases of 64K or more memory).
Legal discourse and linguistic incongruities in Bardell vs. Pickwick: an analysis of address and reference strategies in The Pickwick Papers trial scene
Authors: Cecconi Elisabetta 
Published: August 2008

In this article I intend to show how Pickwick's trial in Dickens's novel The Pickwick Papers is characterized by a strategic use of address and reference forms that produce effects of discoursal incongruities during the opening and the evidence phase of the proceeding. The analysis reveals Dickens's ability to exploit socio-pragmatic features of the speaker—addressee and speaker—referent—addressee relationships in order to foreground the lawyers' manipulative discourse behaviour towards their addressees and referents. In so doing, the writer undermines the assumption according to which the courtroom is a polite setting characterized by the exchange of mutual respect and deference between participants. The manipulation of address strategies is mainly accomplished by violating the sociolinguistic rules expected in the legal setting or by producing a disjunction between the conventional meaning of honorifics and the speaker's pragmatic intention. The result is that many of the honorifics in the text assume a sarcastic function that contrasts with the politic behaviour prescribed by the courtroom. The manipulation of reference strategies, on the other hand, is accomplished by means of a skilful selection of words for the description of persons and events in a way congenial to the story as claimed and supported by the speaker, no matter how far from the truth this may be. Text evidence shows how the lawyer's referent-term selection denigrates the defendant and creates a mismatch between the reader's expectation of formal politeness in the courtroom and the interrogator's strategic use of a controlled but finally effective rudeness.
Can Apophatic Theology be Applied to Goddessing as Well as to God?
Authors: daCosta Jacqueline 
Published: August 2008

There is a device used particularly in Orthodox Christian theology known as apophatic theology. In this God is spoken of only in 'negating concepts' to emphasize the inability of language to adequately describe the nature of deity. My question is whether there is any way in which this concept, used as it is to underline the 'otherness' of a transcendental god, can be applied to a thealogy of Goddess. This'way of negation' figures prominently in mystical theology, where it is often associated with the 'way of union'. Historically, many mystics believed in the possibility of a true union with God achieved through a vision of divine light. This light leads us towards Sophia, or Wisdom, arguably an ancient goddess predating the Jewish Yhwh. Thus theology and thealogy can be reconciled in this concept of light traced back to its pagan beginnings and apophasty can be applied to an 'intransitive' goddess such as Nisaba-Nidaba.
Double Internal Mammary Grafting
Authors: Yakirevich V. , Vidne B.A. 
Published: August 2008

A four-year experience with 50 patients who underwent coronary re vascularization with bilateral inter nal mammary artery (IMA) and supplemental saphenous vein grafts is presented. A total of 175 grafts were performed (3.2 per patient). All IMA grafts were used in situ. In 12 patients, the right IMA was placed through the transverse sinus to revas cularize the circumflex artery and the left IMA was placed to the LAD. In the remaining 38 patients, both IMAs were used to revascularize the LAD and RCA. No hospital deaths occurred. There were no sternal in fections. Postoperative complications included reexploration for bleeding (2) and diaphragmatic dysfunction (1). Late follow-up was completed in all patients. Forty-five of those fol lowed up for between six months and three and a half years were asympto matic. Exercise stress tests were per formed in 47 patients. The test results were negative in 45 patients and positive in 2. The authors conclude that bilat eral IMA grafting can be accom plished with low operative risk while providing excellent long-term results.
The Role of Ankle Thromboembolectomy and Lytic Therapy in the Reversal of End Stage Foot Ischemia
Authors: Swersky Robert B. 
Published: August 2008

Over the past five years, 11 pa tients have presented with severe ischemic changes of the distalmost portion of the lower extremity or foot. In each instance, the patient was initially managed with a femoral or popliteal approach to restore circula tion more distally. However, the is chemic changes persisted and pro gressed. It was only by approaching the ischemic area in a more direct fashion, by exposing the posterior ti bial artery and the dorsalis pedis ar tery, that this foot ischemia could be reversed. With ankle thromboembolec tomy, 8 of 11 patients had significant return of circulation to the involved foot or toes, allowing for partial or complete salvage of these limbs. In 10 of the 11 cases, a Fogarty balloon thromboembolectomy, vein patch an gioplasty, and heparin infusion were sufficient to restore the circulation. However, in 1 patient, local infusion of streptokinase into both rethrom bectomized inflow vessels was suc cessful in lysing the microcirculation of the forefoot and subsequently re versing the ischemia. It was concluded from this series that an aggressive surgical approach to the pedal vessels is warranted in the proper setting and that additional evaluation of intraoperative throm bolytic maneuvers involving the microcirculation of the forefoot may improve foot salvage.
Complications of Laser-Assisted Angioplasty: Recognition, Classification and Treatment
Authors: Diethrich Edward B. , Timbadia Ela , Bahadir Ilhan 
Published: August 2008

No adequate reports from signifi cant patient populations exist on the nature and extent of complications from peripheral laser-assisted angio plasty. To define and enumerate these adverse reactions, data were col lected from 770 procedures per formed on 400 patients in a sixteen- month period. Arteries treated were: 133 iliac (17%), 418 femoral (54%), 121 popliteal (16%), 73 tibial/pero neal (9%), and 25 grafts (3%). Complications, similar to those of standard angioplasty, were identified and classified according to cause: la ser, access method, or the angioplasty procedure with its attendant equip ment (balloons, etc). The types of morbidity observed were: perfora tion/dissection (54 cases, 7%), acute thrombosis (38, 5%), spasm (5, 0.7%), false aneurysm at the punc ture site (15, 2%), embolism (1, 0.1%), and hematoma (115, 15%). Because perforation is the most significant intraoperative complica tion, a standardized system has been devised to bring uniformity to its doc umentation and reporting. The three-part classification is based on the arterial pathology producing the probe's deviation and on the ramifi cations of the aberrancy. In addition to recognition and classification, prudent treatment of an evolving complication can often salvage the procedure. Treatment modalities for the common complica tions and preventive measures to avert them have been identified and incorporated into the treatment pro tocol.
Retained Foreign Bodies, The Cause of Postmidsternotomy Sinuses: Case Reports
Authors: Weiss Jerry , Herman Oscar , Siegman-Igra Yardena , Shafir Raphael 
Published: August 2008

Postmidsternotomy chronic si nuses have received little attention in the literature. They are usually not a life-threatening complication but may sometimes lead to grave condi tions such as acute mediastinitis, in fection of prosthetic valves or vascu lar grafts, and sternal osteomyelitis. Most patients suffering from this problem usually undergo several un successful surgical interventions ow ing to failure to recognize the under lying cause in the first place. The cause of the sinus is nearly always a foreign body situated deep within the tissues from the time of the original operation. The authors believe that it is of utmost importance that the ex tent of the sinus be demonstrated prior to surgery by sinogram or other imaging techniques. Unless the for eign object is identified and removed, the sinus will recur. Over the last four years, they treated 70 patients with postmid sternotomy complications; 14 of them had sternal sinuses. In each of the 14, some grade of wound infection oc curred at the immediate postopera tive period following the original op eration. In all cases, a foreign body was identified prior to or during ex ploration and removed. These in cluded wires, pacemaker electrodes, silk sutures, a Teflon pledget, and a piece of steridrape. Follow-up, rang ing up to twenty-seven months, shows no recurrence of the sinuses.
Revascularization of Severely Ischemic Limbs by Staged Arteriovenous Reversal
Authors: Sun Jian-Min , Zhang Pei-Hua 
Published: August 2008

Having succeeded in salvaging severely ischemic canine hindlimbs by staged arteriovenous reversal, the authors then successfully treated, from January, 1984, to June, 1986, 33 patients with a total of 39 lower extremities by this approach, except for 1 limb. According to the different levels of the extensive and diffuse arterial occlusion, the arteriovenous reversal was formed on three different sites: (1) high-deep reversal, produced between the external iliac, com mon femoral, or superficial femoral artery and the superficial femoral vein; (2) low-deep reversal, made between the distal popliteal artery and the tibiopero neal venous trunk; and (3) superficial reversal, established between the distal popliteal artery and the distal portion of the long saphenous vein. As of April, 1988, these limbs have been followed up for twenty-three to fifty-five months. Except for 1, the postoperative results of the patients in this series are excellent or good. The authors suggest that the staged arteriovenous reversal is a new and ef fective approach in the treatment of extensive arterial occlusive disease of the limb.
Post Traumatic Occlusion of the Aortic Isthmus—Case Report
Authors: Antoine Ph. , Defraigne J.O. , Grenade Th. , Limet R. 
Published: August 2008

A case of occlusion of the thoracic aorta after traumatic rupture of the aortic isthmus is presented. Despite successful operation with restoration of distal pulses, death occurred because of the prolonged preoperative period of ischemia, with severe postoper ative uncontrolled acidosis, hepatic and mesenteric ischemia, and paraplegia. Death following traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta is usally related to rapid exsanguination but rarely to ischemia after aortic occlusion by the peri- aortic hematoma.
Operative Management of Symptomatic MB
Authors: Yee Edward S. 
Published: August 2008

The relationships between coronary myocardial bridging (MB) and clinical symptoms have been controversial. Five young male patients underwent testing for symptomatic MB, manifested as angina with evidence of ischemia or sudden death. Preoperative testing included atrial stimulation studies for evidence of lactate extraction and serial cardiac catheterization. Positive lactate production and/or extensive milking (>90%) of the proximal left anerior descending artery (LAD) were documented in 4 patients, who were, therefore, treated surgically by supra-arterial myotomy. Associated intraoperative mapping and endocardial resection were required for significant anterior aneurysm and scars. Postopera tive studies demonstrated resolution of the milking and/or intracoronary gradi ents. The remaining patient had recurrent sudden death, but negative lactate study, and was treated by automatic internal cardiac defibrillator (AICD). Symptomatic young patients can present with pathologic compression of the proximal LAD from extensive MB. Complete supra-arterial myotomies were successful treatments. Other adjunctive surgical procedures: (1) mapping, (2) endocardial resection, and/or (3) AICD, were based on their preoperative stress testing and intraoperative findings.
Tibial Artery Revascularization Utilizing Microscopic Vascular Technique
Authors: Tomikawa Masaki , Ueyama Takeshi , Yokokawa Masayasu , Hashimoto Hideki , Yamamoto Keiichi 
Published: August 2008

During the past six years and nine months, tibial artery revasculariza tion was performed for 42 cases (47 limbs) utilizing the transmicroscopic vascular technique. The operations for limb salvage of the clinical stages III and IV accounted for 89.4% of all operations. Fifty-two operations were per formed in all, including 3 secondary and 1 tertiary operative procedures. Each distal anastomosis on a tibial artery was completed with a continu ous polypropylene 7-0 suture with the aid of an operative microscope, mag nifying by 5 to 10 times. The greater saphenous vein was used as bypass and patch materials in all cases. Of 37 bypasses, classical reversed graft was adopted for 33 bypasses, includ ing 7 sequential bypasses, while 4 by passes were the in situ graft. Com bined revascularization was per formed simultaneously for 6 limbs and secondarily for 7 limbs for the purpose of improving the inflow. Forty-two cases were successfully followed up for one to eighty-one months postoperatively (24.1 months in average). There was neither opera tive death nor hospital death, but late death due to malignant tumor and thrombotic disease occurred in 5 cases. Early bypass occlusion was ob served in 1 limb and late occlusion in 9 limbs. In 4 limbs with late occlu sion, blood flow was restored satis factorily by additional operation. Amputation was performed on 1 limb with late occlusion. The primary cu mulative patency rate by Kaplan- Meier curve was 95.6% for six months, 85.0% for one year, and 65.0% for five years. The secondary rate was 95.6%, 87.7%, and 84.2% respectively. The transmicroscopic surgical technique can positively reduce anas tomotic troubles during revascular ization of infrapopliteal vessels, and it appears that this technique is a use ful means of maintaining the long term patency of the bypass to infra popliteal vessels and, together with sequential bypass or the combined operation, to the inflow.