bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective attention to affective value alters how the brain processes taste stimuli
Authors: Grabenhorst Fabian , Rolls Edmund T. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractHow does selective attention to affect influence sensory processing? In an fMRI investigation, when subjects were instructed to remember and rate the pleasantness of a taste stimulus, 0.1 m monosodium glutamate, activations were greater in the medial orbitofrontal and pregenual cingulate cortex than when subjects were instructed to remember and rate the intensity of the taste. When the subjects were instructed to remember and rate the intensity, activations were greater in the insular taste cortex. An interaction analysis showed that this dissociation of taste processing, depending on whether attention to pleasantness or intensity was relevant, was highly significant (P < 0.0002). Thus, depending on the context in which tastes are presented and whether affect is relevant, the brain responds to a taste differently. These findings show that, when attention is paid to affective value, the brain systems engaged to represent the sensory stimulus of taste are different from those engaged when attention is directed to the physical properties of a stimulus such as its intensity. This differential biasing of brain regions engaged in processing a sensory stimulus, depending on whether the cognitive demand is for affect‐related vs. more sensory‐related processing, may be an important aspect of cognition and attention. This has many implications for understanding the effects not only of taste but also of other sensory stimuli.
Tyrosine hydroxylase cells appearing in the mouse striatum after dopamine denervation are likely to be projection neurones regulated by l‐DOPA
Authors: Darmopil Sanja , Muñetón‐Gómez Vilma C. , De Ceballos María L. , Bernson Miya , Moratalla Rosario 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐immunoreactive (ir) neurones are detected in the striatum of animals after dopamine depletion and also in human parkinsonian patients. Although there is extensive evidence for TH‐ir neurones in the lesioned rodent striatum, there are few details regarding the molecular phenotype of these neurones, regulation of their TH expression after l‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA) treatment and their function. In the present study, we examined the time‐course of appearance of TH‐ir neurones in the mouse striatum after 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) lesion and determined their molecular phenotype. We found that TH‐ir neurones appeared in the striatum as early as 3 days after a 6‐OHDA lesion. By 1 week after the lesion, the number of TH‐ir neurones started to decrease and this decrease progressed significantly over time. Treatment with L‐DOPA increased both the number of TH‐ir neurones and the intensity of their immunolabelling. The TH‐ir neurones that appear after the 6‐OHDA lesion in the striatum are not newly generated cells as they did not incorporate 5‐bromo‐2‐deoxyuridine. We found that the vast majority of TH‐ir neurones colocalized with dynorphin and enkephalin, suggesting that they are projection neurones of the direct and indirect striatal output pathways. TH‐ir neurones did not express the dopamine transporter but half of them expressed amino acid decarboxylase, an enzyme required for dopamine synthesis. Finally, striatal TH‐ir neurones are functionally active, expressing the neuronal activation marker FosB in response to L‐DOPA treatment. Promotion of these striatal TH‐ir neurones may be beneficial in Parkinson's disease, particularly in the early stages when dopamine denervation is incomplete.
Postsynaptic and differential localization to neuronal subtypes of protocadherin β16 in the mammalian central nervous system
Authors: Junghans Dirk , Heidenreich Matthias , Hack Iris , Taylor Verdon , Frotscher Michael , Kemler Rolf 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe formation of synapses is dependent on the expression of surface adhesion molecules that facilitate correct recognition, stabilization and function. The more than 60 clustered protocadherins (Pcdhα, Pcdhβ and Pcdhγ) identified in human and mouse have attracted considerable attention because of their clustered genomic organization and the potential role of α‐ and γ‐Pcdhs in allocating a neuronal surface code specifying synaptic connectivity. Here, we investigated whether β‐Pcdhs also contribute to these processes. By performing RT‐PCR, we found a striking parallel onset of expression of many β‐Pcdhs around the onset of neurogenesis and wide expression in the central nervous system. We generated antibodies specific to Pcdhb16 and showed localization of Pcdhb16 protein in the adult mouse cerebellum, hippocampus and cerebral cortex. Analysing the mouse retina in detail revealed localization of Pcdhb16 to specific cell types and, importantly, subsets of synapses. We show that Pcdhb16 localizes predominantly to postsynaptic compartments and the comparison with Pcdhb22 implies differential localization and functions of individual β‐Pcdhs in the mammalian central nervous system. Moreover, we provide evidence for a role of β‐Pcdhs in the outer segments and connecting cilia of photoreceptors. Our data show for the first time that β‐Pcdhs also localize to specific neuronal subpopulations and synapses, providing support for the hypothesis that clustered Pcdhs are candidate genes for the specification of synaptic connectivity and neuronal networks.
Functional hermaphroditism in teleosts
Authors: De Mitcheson Yvonne Sadovy , Liu Min 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTeleost fishes are characterized by a diversity of sexual patterns. Hermaphroditism, the expression of both male and female reproductive function in a single individual, generates the most curiosity and controversy. Yet diagnosis of this form of sexuality continues to challenge workers, in particular the distinction between functional and non‐functional hermaphroditism. This distinction, reflected as it is in the relationships between gonad form and function, is important if we wish to improve our understanding of the origin of hermaphroditism in the teleosts and of its highly sporadic expression today. Although structure can indicate phylogenetic affinities, it does not always reflect reproductive function, and function is important for understanding adaptation. With resurgent interest in hermaphroditism comes the recognition that understanding sexual pattern is not only important for better knowledge of reproductive biology and ecology but may also elucidate phylogenetic relationships. On the basis of a conservative and clearly defined set of diagnostic criteria, which incorporate new accounts of hermaphroditic species, and by applying an improved understanding of gonadal ontogeny, a comprehensive review and careful re‐examination of all primary literature was conducted. This overview documents the incidence of hermaphroditism in teleosts and explores its phylogenetic distribution, possible origin and range of expression. The review confirms functional hermaphroditism in 27 teleost families in seven orders, predominantly among tropical, marine perciforms in which its diversity of expression is greatest. In families with functional hermaphrodites, the sexual pattern is widespread and often highly variable in expression, even within a single genus or between populations. Based on our understanding of gonadal ontogeny in teleosts and on known phylogenetic interrelationships, the origin of functional hermaphroditism is most parsimoniously explained by a proto‐hermaphroditic condition in teleosts and cyclostomes, constituting a hermaphroditic potential for these groups. Exploitation and expression of this potential appear to be a response to a suite of environmental and biological factors, opportunities and constraints that result in the independent appearance of the hermaphroditic option in many different fish lineages.
Influence of environmental factors on stomatal development
Authors: Casson Stuart , Gray Julie E. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryStomata play a pivotal role in the regulation of gas exchange in flowering plants and are distributed throughout the aerial epidermis. In leaves, the pattern of stomatal distribution is highly variable between species but is regulated by a mechanism that maintains a minimum of one cell spacing between stomata. In Arabidopsis, a number of the genetic components of this mechanism have been identified and include, SDD1, EPF1 and the putative receptors TMM and the ERECTA‐gene family. A mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase signalling cascade is believed to act downstream of these putative receptors while a number of transcription factors including SPCH, MUTE and FAMA have been identified that control consecutive steps of stomatal development. The environment also has significant effects on stomatal development. In a number of species both light intensity and CO2 concentrations have been shown to influence the frequency at which stomata develop on leaves. Long‐distance signalling mechanisms have been implicated in these environmental responses with the conditions sensed by mature leaves determining the stomatal frequency in developing leaves. Thus, changes in the environment appear to act by modulating the developmental and patterning pathways to determine stomatal frequency.

Contents

Summary
1

I.
Introduction
2

II.
Stomatal patterning in leaves
2

III.
The genetic control of stomatal development
4

IV.
The cell cycle and stomatal development
7

V.
Environmental influences on stomatal pattern
8

VI.
Systemic signals and stomatal development
10

VII.
Conclusions
11

Acknowledgements
12

References
12
Effect of rock fragment cover on interrill soil erosion from bare soils in Western Andalusia, Spain
Authors: Martínez‐Zavala L. , Jordán A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIt is known that rock fragments on the surface of soils can enhance infiltration and protect the soil against rainfall erosion. However, the effect of rock fragments in natural forest soils is less well understood. In this article, we studied the influence of rock fragment cover on run‐off, infiltration and interrill soil erosion under simulated rainfall on natural bare soils in a Spanish dehesa (managed holm oak woodland). We studied 60 plots with different rock fragment cover ranging from 3% to 85% under three simulated rainfall intensities (50, 100 and 150 mm/h). Surface run‐off appeared later and sediment yield values were smaller in soils with greater rock fragment cover. Rock fragment cover also increased infiltration rates. The final infiltration rates were 54–98% at a rainfall intensity of 50 mm/h, 31–88% at 100 mm/h and 20–80% at 150 mm/h. The interrill soil loss rates were decreased by rock fragment cover and increased with rainfall intensity. The soil loss rate was always small (0.02–1 Mg ha/h) when rock fragment cover was 75% or more. Rock fragment cover was related to soil loss rate by an exponential function.
Circalunar and ultralunar periodicities in women with partial seizures
Authors: Quigg Mark , Fowler Kristen M. , Herzog Andrew G. ,   the NIH Progesterone Trial Study Group
Published: February 2008

Summary
Purpose: Little consensus exists for the definition of catamenial epilepsy. Few studies have evaluated the periodicity of seizures to test the hypothesis that seizures in women have periodic patterns of occurrence independent of a priori hormonal considerations. In the present study, we determined seizure periodicity according to a “menstrual clock” provided by a common phase marker of the onset of menses.
Methods: Seizure and menstrual diaries of ∼3 months duration were obtained from women enrolled in a trial of hormonal therapy for localization‐related epilepsy. Midluteal progesterone levels identified ovulatory (≥5 ng/ml, OC) from anovulatory cycles (AC). Individual cycles were normalized to a common phase and period (day 0 = menses onset, intervening days = 28 bins). Periodicity of combined data was estimated with cosinor‐nonlinear least squares analysis. Best‐fit rhythms were estimated with 95% confidence limits.
Results: 100 patients provided 3344 seizures within 293 cycles (77% OC, 20% AC, indeterminate 3%). OC seizures displayed a circalunar rhythm with peak phase of occurrence at onset of menses. AC seizures also featured a circalunar rhythm that peaked at menses onset but also had ultralunar rhythms of ∼14 and ∼9 days.
Discussion: Seizures in women with epilepsy occur in circalunar rhythms. OC and AC seizures differ in seizure timing with the latter occurring in ultralunar rhythms in addition to the predominant circalunar rhythm. This finding supports the existence of catamenial epilepsy and differences in patterns of seizure occurrence between OC and AC.
The maestro don Gonzalo Rodríguez‐Lafora
Authors: Nanduri Anish S. , Kaushal Neal , Clusmann Hans , Binder Devin K. 
Published: February 2008

Summary Gonzalo Rodríguez‐Lafora (1886–1971) was an influential Spanish neurologist, and has been called the last of Cajal's great Spanish disciples. Of course, he is best known now for describing (in 1911) the intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in “Lafora disease.” In total, he published ∼200 papers covering a wide range of subjects in neurology, psychiatry, and neuropathology. He made seminal contributions not only to the clinical and scientific literature but also to the training of many noted disciples who paid him due homage as a true “maestro.” Throughout his intellectual endeavors, Lafora manifested a singular purpose and intensity and a burning devotion to scientific honesty.
Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment options for skin and soft tissue infection caused by community‐acquired methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Farley Jason E. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractPurpose: This article reviews the evolving epidemiology of community‐acquired methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA‐MRSA) and the appropriate outpatient management of CA‐MRSA skin and soft tissue infection. Further, the paper will provide the basis upon which an individualized patient educational plan may be developed.Data Sources: To complete this review, a search of English language publications was conducted through Medline and CINAHL databases (1966–2006).Conclusions: The epidemiology of CA‐MRSA is becoming increasingly complex. Research that addresses the impact of this organism in high‐risk populations and within families is urgently needed.Implications for Practice: Nurse practitioners must remain informed of the epidemiology of common and emerging drug‐resistant organisms in their patient populations.
Early structural adaptations to unloading in the human calf muscles
Authors: Seynnes O. R. , Maganaris C. N. , De Boer M. D. , Di Prampero P. E. , Narici M. V. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAim:  The present study investigated the influence of muscle architectural changes on muscle torque during 3‐week unilateral lower limb suspension (ULLS).Methods:  Plantarflexion maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), soleus (SOL), gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and lateralis (GL) muscle volume (VOL), GL fascicle length (Lf) and pennation angle (θ), physiological cross‐sectional area (PCSA), and electromyographic (EMG) activity were assessed in eight healthy men (aged 19 ± 0 years) after days 14 and 23 of ULLS.Results:  After 14 day of ULLS, MVC and SOL EMG decreased (P < 0.05) by 10% and 29%, respectively, but did not further decline between days 14 and 23. SOL, GM and GL muscle VOL decreased by 5%, 6% and 5%, respectively (P < 0.05), on day 14, and by 7% (SOL), 10% (GM) and 6% (GL) on day 23. In GL, θ and Lf were reduced by 3% (P < 0.05) and 2% (NS), respectively, on day 14, and by 5% (P < 0.05) and 4% (P < 0.05), respectively, on day 23. Consequently, GL PCSA declined by 3% (P < 0.05) on day 14, but did not further decrease on day 23. Similarly, the 7% (P < 0.05) loss in GL force/PCSA observed on day 14 persisted until the end of the unloading period.Conclusion:  These findings suggest that rapid muscle architecture remodelling occurs with lower limb unloading in humans, with changes occurring within 14 days of weight bearing removal. These adaptations, mitigating the decline in muscle PCSA, might protect from a larger loss of muscle force.
Major Topics of the Hadith
Authors: Lucas Scott C. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractHadiths – reports of what the Prophet Muhammad said, did, or tacitly approved – have exerted an extraordinary influence on Muslims for over a millennium. Despite the significance of this literature, its contents remain largely inaccessible to non‐Arabic readers, in part due to many Western scholars’ preoccupation with the question of its authenticity rather than the function of hadith in Islamic thought. This article provides an overview of the contents of the canonical Sunni hadith collections along with a sample of ethical hadiths in idiomatic English.
Cold Monsters and Ecological Leviathans: Reflections on the Relationships between States and the Environment
Authors: Whitehead Mark 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe relationship between state administrations and environmental issues has been an enduring concern of geographers, environmentalists, philosophers, sociologists and political scientists for a considerable length of time. This article provides a critical review of approaches to the study of state–environment relations across of a range of different disciplines. While states have been criticised as either ineffectual, unjust, or even irrelevant managers of socio‐environmental relations in the modern world, this article argues that states continue to play a significant role within a range of environmental issues at a number of different scales. In order to explore the contested role of the state within contemporary environmental affairs, this article outlines three broad sets of approaches to state–environment relations: normative perspectives, critical approaches and notions of environmental governmentality. It is asserted that approaches adopting theories of environmental governmentality offer a critical, but highly creative, framework in and through which to study the contemporary entanglements of states and the environment.
‘Have You Seen Any Good Films Lately?’ Geopolitics, International Relations and Film
Authors: Dodds Klaus 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis article explores the intersection between geopolitics, international relations and film. The first section examines how popular geopolitics and related areas of International Relations have engaged with film and Hollywood. Thereafter, it considers the interrelationship between Hollywood, the Bush administration and the post‐9/11 era in an attempt to better understand some of the contours of the military‐industrial‐media‐entertainment complex. At times of crisis, Hollywood has often been more than willing and able to produce and market films designed to ‘raise’ national morale and spirit. Finally, the article considers the challenge of researching audience reactions and the potential of a variety of sources, including interviews and online commentary to facilitate such discussions further.
The Pro‐oxidant Effects of Interactions of Ascorbate with Photoexcited Melanin Fade Away with Aging of the Retina†
Authors: Różanowski Bartosz , Burke Janice , Sarna Tadeusz , Różanowska Małgorzata 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTPhotoexcited melanin from retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has been shown to induce photo‐oxidation of ascorbate with concomitant generation of hydrogen peroxide. The aim of this study was to test whether the age‐related changes in melanin content and distribution in the RPE affect the susceptibility of RPE cells to ascorbate‐mediated photo‐oxidation. Our results demonstrate that there is an age‐dependent shift in the pathways with which ascorbate interacts in human RPE. In young RPE, melanin–ascorbate interactions may lead to pro‐oxidant effects, but in the aged there is no net increase in photo‐oxidation in the presence of ascorbate in comparison with samples without ascorbate. However, as ascorbate undergoes light‐induced depletion and photogenerates ascorbyl free radical in the old RPE cells with initial yields similar to that observed for young RPE, an influence of ascorbate on oxidation pathways is revealed in the old RPE as well. Interestingly, the pro‐oxidant effects of photoexcited melanolipofuscin–ascorbate interactions are greater than for photoexcited melanosomes when normalized to the same melanin content. The pro‐oxidant effects of photoexcited melanin–ascorbate interactions are strongly dependent on the irradiation wavelength, this being the greatest for the shortest wavelength studied (340 nm) and steeply decreasing with increasing wavelength but still detectable even at 600 nm.
Phytochemicals for Prevention of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation‐induced Damages†
Authors: Adhami Vaqar M. , Syed Deeba N. , Khan Naghma , Afaq Farrukh 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWhile solar light is indispensable for sustenance of life, excessive exposure can cause several skin‐related disorders. The UV part of solar radiation, in particular, is linked to disorders ranging from mild inflammatory effects of the skin to as serious as causing several different types of cancers. Changes in lifestyle together with depletion in the atmospheric ozone layer during the last few decades have led to an increase in the incidence of skin cancer. Skin cancers consisting of basal and squamous cell carcinomas are especially linked to the UVB part of solar radiation. Reducing excessive exposure to solar radiation is desirable; however, as this approach is unavoidable, it is suggested that other novel strategies be developed to reduce the effects of solar radiation to skin. One approach to reduce the harmful effects of solar radiation is through the use of phytochemicals, an approach that is popularly known as “Photochemoprotection.” In recent years many phytochemicals with potential antioxidant properties have been identified and found to be photoprotective in nature. We describe here some of the most popular phytochemicals being studied that have the potential to reduce the harmful effects associated with solar UV radiation.
The oral mucosa: a model of wound healing with reduced scarring
Authors: Enoch S. , Moseley R. , Stephens P. , Thomas D.W. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis article reviews our understanding of the mechanisms involved in wound healing following injury. Models of preferential healing are described in the foetal skin, aged skin and the oral mucosa. The mechanisms underpinning the improved scarring observed in the oral mucosa are described and the role of resident fibroblasts, in mediating reduced scarring, is discussed.
Supersymmetry of the chiral de Rham complex
Authors: Ben-Zvi David , Heluani Reimundo , Szczesny Matthew 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe present a superfield formulation of the chiral de Rham complex (CDR), as introduced by Malikov, Schechtman and Vaintrob in 1999, in the setting of a general smooth manifold, and use it to endow CDR with superconformal structures of geometric origin. Given a Riemannian metric, we construct an N=1 structure on CDR (action of the N=1 super-Virasoro, or Neveu–Schwarz, algebra). If the metric is Kähler, and the manifold Ricci-flat, this is augmented to an N=2 structure. Finally, if the manifold is hyperkähler, we obtain an N=4 structure. The superconformal structures are constructed directly from the Levi-Civita connection. These structures provide an analog for CDR of the extended supersymmetries of nonlinear σ-models.