bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Swimming Performance of Brook Trout after Simulated Catch-and-Release Angling: Looking for Air Exposure Thresholds
Authors: Schreer Jason F. , Resch Dayna M. , Gately Malachy L. , Cooke Steven J. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Air exposure has been hypothesized as one of the primary stressors present during catch-and-release angling. However, there are few studies that systematically vary air exposure duration and evaluate the consequences on individual fish. Here, we evaluated the short-term, sublethal effects of exercise (to simulate angling) and air exposure on the swimming performance of hatchery brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis at 10°C. The duration of the angling event (i.e., chasing the fish by hand) was held constant at 30 s, while air exposure duration was systematically varied between 0, 30, 60, and 120 s. The results showed that air exposures of 60 s or less did not affect swimming performance. However, air exposure of 120 s resulted in a dramatic (∼75%) reduction in swimming performance. In fact, nearly half of the fish held out of the water for 120 s were unwilling or unable to swim at all. No mortality was observed after any of the treatments (fish were monitored for 3 months). This work suggests that fish possess air exposure thresholds that, once exceeded, result in performance impairments. Fish released after extended air exposure may become easy prey for predators or could be displaced downstream by flows in fluvial environments. We conclude that air exposure should be restricted to less than 60 s and ideally should be avoided entirely.
Thin Film Solar Cells: Materials Science at Interfaces
Authors: Fritsche J. , Klein A. , Jaegermann W. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractInterfaces are important for the efficiencies of thin film solar cells. In particular for polycrystalline chalcogenide semiconductors as Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 and CdTe the existing physical concepts, which describe the electronic properties of semiconductor interfaces, are not sufficient. The increased complexity is mostly due to the non‐abruptness of the interfaces and the strong tendency for the formation of defects. For the CdTe thin film solar cell a very relevant interface for their operation and efficiency is the CdTe/CdS semiconductor hetero junction. The properties of the semiconductor interfaces have been characterised systematically with photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS/UPS) in integrated ultra high vacuum (UHV) systems for sample preparation and analysis. Withal the key topic is the experimental determination of the band alignment at the semiconductor interfaces. For high efficiency CdTe solar cell production CdCl2 activation is of major importance. The effects of the CdCl2 treatment step on CdTe solar cells had been not completely understood so far. To investigate its influence the activation process has been transferred into the integrated UHV system. We will report about chemical and electronic modifications of the CdTe/CdS hetero interface due to in‐situ CdCl2 activation performing sputter depth profiles in combination with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
Synthesis and Properties of Photoisomerizable Derivatives of Isosorbide and Their Use in Cholesteric Filters
Authors: Lub J. , Nijssen W. P. M. , Wegh R. T. , Vogels J. P. A. , Ferrer A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the synthesis of photoisomerizable derivatives of isosorbide. These derivatives contain a stilbene or cinnamate moiety and can therefore be used as photoisomerizable chiral compounds in cholesteric liquid‐crystalline mixtures. The reflection wavelength of cholesteric layers made from these mixtures is increased by UV irradiation due to the fact that theZ‐isomers of these derivatives exhibit a lower helical twisting power than the correspondingE‐isomers. The cinnamate derivatives are very suitable for use in cholesteric color filters that find application in liquid‐crystal displays.
Posttranslationale Proteinmodifikation: die Chemie der Proteomdiversifizierung
Authors: Walsh Christopher T. , Garneau‐Tsodikova Sylvie , Gatto Gregory J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractDie Vielfalt an kovalenten Proteinvarianten (das Proteom) übersteigt bei weitem die Zahl an Proteinen, die sich aus der Codierkapazität der DNA ableitet. Ursache für diese Diversität sind gerichtete posttranslationale Modifikationen. Unter den Enzymen, die solche Modifikationen ausführen, finden sich etwa 500 humane Proteinkinasen, 150 Proteinphosphatasen und 500 Proteasen. Die Hauptarten der kovalenten Proteinmodifikationen – Phosphorylierung, Acetylierung, Glycosylierung, Methylierung und Ubiquitinierung – können nach der modifizierten Aminosäureseitenkette, dem modifizierenden Enzym und dem Grad an Reversibilität klassifiziert werden. Auch chemische Ereignisse wie das Proteinspleißen, die Reifung des grünen Fluoreszenzproteins und die Selbstaktivierung des Proteasoms zählen zu den posttranslationalen Modifikationen. Ein gründliches Verständnis von Umfang und Muster der posttranslationalen Modifikationen vermittelt Einblicke in die Funktion und Dynamik eukaryotischer Proteomzusammensetzungen.
Enhanced growth in NS0 cells expressing aminoglycoside phosphotransferase is associated with changes in metabolism, productivity, and apoptosis
Authors: Veraitch Farlan S. , Al‐Rubeai Mohamed 
Published: November 2005

AbstractPrior work has reported that cotransfecting a gene of interest with the selectable marker neo can seriously perturb a number of cellular processes. In this study the influence of the neo gene on the growth, death, and metabolism of a murine myeloma NS0 cell line, expressing a chimeric antibody, was investigated. A pool of neo transfectants, 6A1‐NEO, was selected with 500 µg/mL G418. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed that 6A1‐NEO contained, on average, three copies of the neo gene per cell. Batch cultivation of 6A1‐NEO showed that there was a 36% increase in maximum viable cell concentration, a 20% increase in the maximum apparent growth rate, and a 134% increase in cumulative cell hours as compared with the parent, 6A1‐(100)3. Batch cultivation of five randomly selected clones illustrated that 6A1‐NEO's advantage over the parent was not due to clonal variation. Neither the use of G418 during the selection process nor the cultivation of cells in the presence of G418 were responsible. This implied that the neo gene product, APH(3′)‐II, was causing the changes in proliferative capacity. Analysis of the cell cycle revealed that there were no differences in the distribution of cells in the G1, S, and G2 phases. When cell growth was synchronized, there were no observed differences in cell‐cycle duration. 6A1‐NEO resisted the onset of apoptosis during the growth phase. Consequently, there was a larger viable population of 6A1‐NEO cells available for proliferation as compared with the parent. However, 6A1‐NEO died at the same rate as the parent when resuspended in spent media or after treatment with staurosporin. Expression of the anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐2 was upregulated in 6A1‐NEO, indicating that APH(3′)‐II could be acting by modulating endogenous gene expression. Analysis of key metabolites showed that 6A1‐NEO's specific glucose consumption rate was 133% higher, whilst its specific glutamate consumption rate was 45% lower than the parent. 6A1‐NEO's efficient utilization of glutamate and shift towards glucose metabolism may have contributed to the rise in proliferative capacity. However, this was accompanied by a 70% drop in the specific antibody production rate. These results show that the increase in growth rate and proliferative capacity caused by the expression of recombinant APH(3′)‐II was associated with changes in metabolism, apoptosis, and endogenous gene expression. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Process modeling of in situ‐adsorption of a bacterial lipase
Authors: Millitzer Marcus , Wenzig Edda , Peukert Wolfgang 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn situ adsorption, known as an in situ‐roduct removal (ISPR) technique for low molecular mass bioproducts, was in this study applied to a bacterial exoenzyme proving that this method is also suitable for the separation of macromolecules like proteins. For this, adsorbent particles were added to growing cultures of Staphylococcus carnosus rec., therefore both production and adsorption occurred simultaneously in shaking flasks, stirred tank, or airlift bioreactor as the chosen types of fermenters. The exoenzyme lipase adsorbed rapidly and, after separating cells and adsorbents, desorbed in a packed bed column. Up to 85% of the produced lipase were recovered, fractions of these had been concentrated up to the factor 20 and purified up to a factor of 40 by the procedure. By using the airlift bioreactor an enhancement of biomass production was observed, but the necessity of the addition of an anti‐foam reagent resulted in higher product losses in adsorption as well as in desorption. Production and adsorption kinetics have been modeled and applied to in situ‐adsorption. The model was used to perform a parameter study in which the influence of biological and physical parameters as well as process parameters on discontinuous and continuous in situ‐adsorption was investigated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Potential application of monolith packed columns as bioreactors, control of biofilm formation
Authors: Ebrahimi Sirous , Kleerebezem R. , Kreutzer M.T. , Kapteijn F. , Moulijn J.A. , Heijnen J.J. , van Loosdrecht M.C.M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractMonolith reactors combine good mass transfer characteristics with low‐pressure drop, the principle factors affecting the cost effectiveness of industrial processes. Recently, these specific features of the monolith reactors have drawn the attention toward the application of the monolith reactor in multiphase reaction systems. In this study, we explore the potential application of monolith reactors as bioreactor requiring gas–liquid mass transfer for substrate supply. It is demonstrated on theoretical grounds that the monolith reactor is a competitive alternative to conventional gas–liquid bioreactors such as stirred tanks, packed beds, and airlift bioreactors because it allows for a significant reduction of the energy dissipation that is normally required for gas–liquid contacting. A potential problem of monolith reactors for biological processes is clogging due to biofilm formation. This paper presents experimental results of a study into the formation and possible removal of biofilms during operation of a monolith reactor as suspended cells bioreactor. The results indicate that biofilm formation may be minimized and postponed by a proper choice of operating conditions. Periodic biofilm removal could straightforwardly be achieved by rinsing with water at moderate pressures and allows for stable operation for prolonged periods of time. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relaxometric Study of Copper [15]Metallacrown‐5 Gadolinium Complexes Derived from α‐Aminohydroxamic Acids
Authors: Parac‐Vogt Tatjana N. , Pacco Antoine , Nockemann Peter , Laurent Sophie , Muller Robert N. , Wickleder Mathias , Meyer Gerd , Vander Elst Luce , Binnemans Koen 
Published: November 2005

AbstractProton nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) profiles were recorded between 0.24 mT and 1.4 T for lanthanum(III)‐ and gadolinium(III)‐containing [15]metallacrown‐5 complexes derived from α‐aminohydroxamic acids and with copper(II) as the ring metal. The influence of the different R‐groups on the proton relaxivity was investigated, and a linear relationship between the relaxivity and the molecular mass of the metallacrown complex was found. The selectivity of the metallacrown complexes was tested by transmetalation experiments with zinc(II) ions. The crystal structure of the copper [15]metallacrown‐5 gadolinium complex with glycine hydroximate ligands is reported.
Aminolysis of 2,4‐Dinitrophenyl X‐Substituted Benzoates and Y‐Substituted Phenyl Benzoates in MeCN: Effect of the Reaction Medium on Rate and Mechanism
Authors: Um Ik‐Hwan , Jeon Sang‐Eun , Seok Jin‐Ah 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSecond‐order rate constants (kN) have been determined spectrophotometrically for the reactions of 2,4‐dinitrophenyl X‐substituted benzoates (1 a–f) and Y‐substituted phenyl benzoates (2 a–h) with a series of alicyclic secondary amines in MeCN at 25.0±0.1 °C. The kN values are only slightly larger in MeCN than in H2O, although the amines studied are approximately 8 pKa units more basic in the aprotic solvent than in H2O. The Yukawa–Tsuno plot for the aminolysis of 1 a–f is linear, indicating that the electronic nature of the substituent X in the nonleaving group does not affect the rate‐determining step (RDS) or reaction mechanism. The Hammett correlation with σ− constants also exhibits good linearity with a large slope (ρY=3.54) for the reactions of 2 a–h with piperidine, implying that the leaving‐group departure occurs at the rate‐determining step. Aminolysis of 2,4‐dinitrophenyl benzoate (1 c) results in a linear Brønsted‐type plot with a βnuc value of 0.40, suggesting that bond formation between the attacking amine and the carbonyl carbon atom of 1 c is little advanced in the transition state (TS). A concerted mechanism is proposed for the aminolysis of 1 a–f in MeCN. The medium change from H2O to MeCN appears to force the reaction to proceed concertedly by decreasing the stability of the zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate (T±) in aprotic solvent.
(S)‐Selective Kinetic Resolution and Chemoenzymatic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols
Authors: Borén Linnéa , Martín‐Matute Belén , Xu Yongmei , Córdova Armando , Bäckvall Jan‐E. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract(S)‐Selective kinetic resolution was achieved through the use of a commercially available protease, which was activated with a combination of two different surfactants. The kinetic resolution (KR) process was optimized with respect to activation of the protease and to the acyl donor. The KR proved to be compatible with a range of functionalized sec‐alcohols, giving good to high enantiomeric ratio values (up to >200). The enzymatic resolution was combined with a ruthenium‐catalyzed racemization to give an (S)‐selective dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of sec‐alcohols. The DKR process works under very mild reaction conditions to give the corresponding esters in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities.
Disposable Gold Electrodes with Reproducible Area Using Recordable CDs and Toner Masks
Authors: Lowinsohn Denise , Richter Eduardo M. , Angnes Lúcio , Bertotti Mauro 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe fabrication and characterization of very cheap disposable gold disk electrodes with reproducible area is reported. The innovation of the proposed procedure is the use of toner masks to define reproducible areas on uniform gold surfaces obtained from recordable compact disks (CD‐R). Toner masks are drawn in a laser printer and heat transferred to gold surfaces, defining exactly the electrodes area. The electrochemical behavior of these disposable electrodes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry in Fe(CN)64− solutions. The relative standard deviation for signals obtained from 10 different gold electrodes was below 1 %. The size of the disk electrodes can be easily controlled, as attested by voltammetric responses recorded by using electrodes with radii varying from 0.5 to 3.0 mm. The advantages of using this kind of electrode for analytical measurements of substances that strongly adsorb on the electrode surface such as cysteine are also addressed.
Altered expression of thin filament‐associated proteins in hypertrophied urinary bladder smooth muscle
Authors: Mannikarottu Anita S. , DiSanto Michael E. , Zderic Stephen A. , Wein Alan J. , Chacko Samuel 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAimsObstruction of the urinary bladder outlet induces detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) hypertrophy. The goal of this study was to determine whether the composition of thin filament‐associated proteins, known to play important roles in cytoskeletal structure and/or the regulation of contraction, is altered in DSM during hypertrophy.MethodsDSM hypertrophy was induced in male rabbits by partial ligation of the urethra. Sham‐operated rabbits served as a control. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and real‐time PCR revealed a significant increase in the expression of mRNAs for basic (h1) calponin (CaP), and α‐isoform of tropomyosin (Tm) in hypertrophied DSM compared to controls. Western blotting and two‐dimensional (2‐D) gel electrophoresis showed enhanced expression of these proteins and also a significant increase in the expression of β‐non muscle and γ‐smooth muscle actin in the DSM from obstructed bladders, while α‐actin remained constant.ResultsEnhanced expression of these proteins in the DSM from obstructed bladders was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Double immunostaining with Cap/Tm and α/β‐actin‐specific antibodies showed co‐localization of these proteins in myocytes. Colocalization of smooth muscle specific myosin and CaP to cytoplasmic filaments in cells dissociated from the hypertrophied DSM indicated that these cells are differentiated smooth muscle cells.ConclusionsThe change in the isoforms of actin, Cap, and Tm may be part of the molecular mechanism for bladder compensation in increased urethral resistance. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A combined urodynamic and electrophysiological study of diabetic cystopathy
Authors: Rapidi Christina‐Anastasia , Karandreas Nikos , Katsifotis Charilaos , Benroubi Marianna , Petropoulou Konstantina , Theodorou Charalambos 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study is to compare urodynamics and electrophysiological studies in the diagnosis of diabetic cystopathy.Materials and MethodsIn this prospective study are included twenty six patients with diabetes mellitus diagnosed at least since 5 years; 17 patients with diabetes type II and 9 with type I. They were divided in two groups in respect to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and signs suggestive of lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) according to the ICS standardization. Patients with LUTS/LUTD were included in Group A and patients without LUTS/LUTD in Group B. Patients underwent different studies: urodynamic, somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) of tibial and pudendal nerves, bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR), bulbocavernosus muscles' electromyography and motor evoked potentials after transcranial magnetic stimulation to indirectly investigate bladder's innervation.ResultsAbnormal urodynamics were found in 13 patients of group A (92.9%) and in 5 of group B (47.1%). This difference was statistically significant (P = 0.009). Abnormally prolonged latency of P40 of tibial SSEP was found in 11 patients of group A (78.6%) and in 4 of group B (33.3%) and this difference was also statistically significant (P = 0.04). Differences between the two groups concerning: i) peripheral polyneuropathy; ii) pudendal SSEP, iii) dysfunction of central nervous system and iv) abnormal BCR were not statistically significant.ConclusionThe study of tibial SSEP is an easily performed test and it is well correlated to abnormal urodynamics in diabetic patients with and without LUTD/LUTS. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A non‐linear programming approach to kinematic shakedown analysis of composite materials
Authors: Li H. X. , Yu H. S. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractUsing a Representative volume element (RVE) to represent the microstructure of periodic composite materials, this paper develops a non‐linear numerical technique to calculate the macroscopic shakedown domains of composites subjected to cyclic loads. The shakedown analysis is performed using homogenization theory and the displacement‐based finite element method. With the aid of homogenization theory, the classical kinematic shakedown theorem is generalized to incorporate the microstructure of composites. Using an associated flow rule, the plastic dissipation power for an ellipsoid yield criterion is expressed in terms of the kinematically admissible velocity. By means of non‐linear mathematical programming techniques, a finite element formulation of kinematic shakedown analysis is then developed leading to a non‐linear mathematical programming problem subject to only a small number of equality constraints. The objective function corresponds to the plastic dissipation power which is to be minimized and an upper bound to the shakedown load of a composite is then obtained. An effective, direct iterative algorithm is proposed to solve the non‐linear programming problem. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed numerical method have been validated by several numerical examples. This can serve as a useful numerical tool for developing engineering design methods involving composite materials. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fracture toughness of polymers in the ductile‐to‐brittle transition region: Statistical approach and lower bound determination
Authors: Cocco R. G. , Frontini P. M. , Perez Ipiña J. E. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA method available in literature was adapted and proposed for treating scatter and nonlinearity effects in fracture toughness of polymers in the ductile‐to‐brittle transition regime. The materials used were polypropylene homopolymer (PPH) and a polypropylene‐elastomeric polyolefin blend (PPH/POes 20 wt %), at room temperature and at 20‐mm/min test rate. Under such conditions, the fracture toughness presents a large scatter and a mean value can not be used as a design parameter because it leads to toughness overestimation. Then, there is a need to find a threshold of toughness, as a safe characteristic value for design. The toughness was evaluated by using the J‐integral approach. Large sets of specimens, 53 samples per each material, were tested with the purpose to reveal a reliable tendency in fracture behavior. As the toughness was considered nonuniform throughout the material, a weakest link model was assumed, and then results were analyzed statistically by means of a three‐parameter Weibull model (3P‐W). The PPH responded well to this 3P‐W model, whereas some deviations from the original model were observed in the PPH/POes blend. However, lower‐bound toughness values could be determined for both materials by censoring nonvalid data (Δa > 0.1b0). From an engineering point of view, the results are very encouraging, since this methodology allows to obtain a threshold of fracture toughness from a given population, that is suitable to characterize the material fracture toughness at a given temperature and strain rate. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 3674–3684, 2005
Interaction of doxorubicin and idarubicin with red blood cells from acute myeloid leukaemia patients
Authors: Marczak Agnieszka , Kowalczyk Aleksandra , Wrzesień‐Kus´ Agata , Robak Tadeusz , Jóźwiak Zofia 
Published: November 2005

AbstractDoxorubicin (DOX) and idarubicin (IDA) are anthracycline antibiotics, widely used in human cancer treatment. The present study addressed the effects of these two drugs on lipid bilayer fluidity, protein conformation and microviscosity in erythrocytes from acute myeloid leukaemia patients, using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy and fluorescence measurements. Only DOX caused statistically significant changes in the parameters examined. Within 30 min of drug injection, changes were observed in the fluidity of the hydrophobic parts of the lipid bilayer and erythrocyte membrane protein conformation. These changes persisted for up to 24 h. Analysis of the EPR Tempamine spectrum also showed that the microviscosity of the erythrocyte interior increased during the early stages of the drug effect. Idarubicin, in contrast, caused no identifiable change in any of the parameters studied and therefore seems to be safe for erythrocytes. We conclude that IDA is markedly less toxic than DOX to erythrocytes from acute myeloid leukaemia patients.