bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome in a sample of patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: Van Winkel Ruud , De Hert Marc , Van Eyck Dominique , Hanssens Linda , Wampers Martien , Scheen Andre , Peuskens Joseph 
Published: February 2008

Objectives:  The presence of metabolic abnormalities is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. There are limited data on the prevalence of the metabolic abnormalities in disorders other than schizophrenia in which antipsychotic medication is part of routine treatment.Methods:  Sixty consecutive patients with bipolar disorder (BD) at our university psychiatric hospital and affiliate services were entered in an extensive prospective metabolic study including an oral glucose tolerance test. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was assessed based on the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Protocol (ATP‐III) criteria, the adapted ATP‐III criteria using a fasting glucose threshold of 100 mg/dL, and the recently proposed criteria from the International Diabetes Federation (IDF).Results:  The analysis of 60 patients showed a prevalence of the metabolic syndrome of 16.7% (ATP‐III), 18.3% (adapted ATP‐III) and 30.0% (IDF), respectively. A total of 6.7% of the patients met criteria for diabetes and 23.3% for pre‐diabetic abnormalities.Conclusions:  The metabolic syndrome and glucose abnormalities are highly prevalent among patients with BD. They represent an important risk for cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Assessment of the presence and monitoring of metabolic abnormalities and its associated risks should be part of the clinical management of patients with BD.
Chronotype distribution in bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia in a Korean sample
Authors: Ahn Yong Min , Chang Jaeseung , Joo Yeon Ho , Kim Seong Chan , Lee Kyu Young , Kim Yong Sik 
Published: February 2008

Objectives:  Although a broad range of circadian rhythm variations have been reported, analyses of chronotypes in bipolar I disorder (BDI) and schizophrenia are rare. The present study aimed to investigate specific chronotype patterns in BDI and schizophrenia compared with healthy subjects.Methods:  All patients were clinically stable and recruited from the outpatient clinics of Seoul National University Hospital. They were diagnosed according to DSM‐IV criteria. ‘Morningness/eveningness’, a chronotype correlated with circadian phase, was evaluated using the Composite Scale of Morningness (CSM) among 92 patients with BDI, 113 patients with schizophrenia (SZ), and 95 control individuals.Results:  The CSM scores were significantly correlated with age in the control group, but a significant correlation with age was not observed in the schizophrenia or BDI groups. After controlling for age, there were significant differences between the BDI and control groups. The SZ patients did not differ from the BDI or control groups.Conclusions:  In this Korean sample, patients with BDI showed a significantly greater preference for ‘eveningness’ (including delayed sleep timing) than control individuals. The influences of pharmacotherapy or clinical status on CSM scores need to be clarified.
The past and future influence of geographic information systems on hybrid zone, phylogeographic and speciation research
Authors: SWENSON N. G. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractOver the past two decades geographers have developed an increasingly sophisticated technology termed a geographic information system (GIS). A GIS has the ability to store, map and analyse spatial data. The powerful analytical capabilities of a GIS could serve to enhance our understanding of the spatial component of the evolutionary process. In particular, phylogeographers, hybrid zone and speciation researchers could benefit enormously from incorporating this sophisticated technology from the discipline of geography, as they have done so readily from other disciplines (e.g. genetics). Indeed, an increasing number of researchers in these fields are beginning to include GIS analyses into their research programmes. Some of this integration has taken the form of analysing the spatial relationship between populations and hybrid zones. Several other researchers have also begun to incorporate GIS into their work through the use of GIS‐based niche models. These models estimate a multidimensional niche for a species using known geo‐referenced populations and digital climate maps. Here, I review the recent integration of GIS and GIS‐based predictive niche models into the above evolutionary sub‐disciplines. I also describe evolutionary analyses that could be further enhanced through the implementation of GIS.
Sublethal effects of selected insecticides on fecundity and wing dimorphism of green peach aphid (Hom., Aphididae)
Authors: Wang X.‐Y. , Yang Z.‐Q. , Shen Z.‐R. , Lu J. , Xu W.‐B. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractEffects of sublethal concentrations (LC25) of six insecticides (imidacloprid, rotenone, fenvalerate, abamectin, pirimicarb and azadirachtin) on fecundity and wing dimorphism of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), were studied both under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. In the laboratory, aphid reproduction reduced by 44.29% and 54.01% when rotenone and abamectin treatments were applied at sublethal dose, respectively, and sublethal fenvalerate application resulted in markedly lower average reproduction per female per day compared with control. Reproductive duration of aphid treated with abamectin significantly decreased by 44.19%. But in the greenhouse, there were no evident differences in the aphid fecundity and reproductive duration between treatments and control. Life‐table parameters also demonstrated that the six insecticides at sublethal doses did not stimulate the aphid reproductive potential. In the laboratory, after being exposed to sublethal doses of imidacloprid and fenvalerate, the proportions of alate progeny in aphid progeny were significantly higher than that of the control. In the greenhouse, percentages of alate offspring from the mother aphids treated with imidacloprid, fenvalerate and abamectin increased pronouncedly compared with control. Mortality rates of offspring in the nymphal stages from adults treated with insecticides revealed no significant changes between laboratory and greenhouse. The developmental time in days of the offspring varied in all treatments. Mechanisms of insecticide‐induced resurgence are discussed.
Immunolocalization and Histocytopathological Effects of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni on Naturally Infected Leaf and Fruit Tissues of Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch)
Authors: Aarrouf J. , Garcin A. , Lizzi Y. , Maâtaoui M. El 
Published: February 2008

AbstractImmunofluorescence and cytohistochemical studies have been performed to understand the host–parasite relationships in the pathosystem: peach–Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (Xap). Using a commercial immunodetection kit, Xap cells were specifically identified in tissues from infected leaves and fruits. Sections from infected leaves showed that the pathogen penetrates the mesophyll via stomata and develops in the intercellular spaces where it degrades the cell wall components. This leads to cell collapse and consequently to the formation of necrotic lesions. The same events have been noted in sections from infected fruits. However, the contaminated zones of mesocarp parenchyma exhibited cell dedifferentiation and generated somatic embryo‐like structures. Sections from midrib samples collected at different distances from infected lamina revealed the presence of Xap cells in the sieve tubes and xylem suggesting a systemic trafficking of the pathogen. The results are discussed in terms of cytological effects and epidemiology of Xap.
A MODEL OF FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH AFTER AN OVERLOAD IN D16T Al‐ALLOY SUBJECTED TO BIAXIAL CYCLIC LOADS AT VARIOUS R‐RATIOS
Authors: Shaniavski A. A. , Orlov E. F. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract— Fatigue crack growth after a biaxial overload has been investigated. The crack retardation parameters, ND, and, aD, do not have monotonous dependencies on the biaxial stress ratio, λ, because the shear stress, τIII, acting in the perpendicular direction of the specimen face, influenced the values of these parameters.It has been found that the plastic zone size parameters, rab, and Δ, do not increase monotonously with increasing λ ratio. The plastic zone size in the crack growth direction, rho=aD13, was calculated on the basis of newly proposed relations.Crack growth after an overload was simulated on the basis of the equivalent mode I stress intensity factor, ICC, invoking a unified kinetic diagram and calculated crack increments, aD13 and aD=Δc, where Δc is the maximum value of the calculated size of plastic zone. The experimental data for crack growth after an overload had good agreement with the calculated data.
Phylogenetic analysis of 1.5 Mbp and platypus EST data refute the Marsupionta hypothesis and unequivocally support Monotremata as sister group to Marsupialia/Placentalia
Authors: Kullberg Morgan , Hallström Björn M. , Arnason Ulfur , Janke Axel 
Published: February 2008

The extant mammalian groups Monotremata, Marsupialia and Placentalia are, according to the ‘Theria’ hypothesis, traditionally classified into two subclasses. The subclass Prototheria includes the monotremes and subclass Theria marsupials and placental mammals. Based on some morphological and molecular data, an alternative proposition, the Marsupionta hypothesis, favours a sister group relationship between monotremes and marsupials to the exclusion of placental mammals. Phylogenetic analyses of single genes and even multiple gene alignments have not yet been able to conclusively resolve this basal mammalian divergence. We have examined this problem using one data set composed of expressed sequence tags (EST) and another containing 1 510 509 nucleotide (nt) sites from 1358 inferred cDNA genomic sequences. All analyses of the concatenated sequences unambiguously supported the Theria hypothesis. The Marsupionta hypothesis was rejected with high statistical confidence from both data sets. In spite of the strong support for Theria, a non‐negligible number of single genes supported either of the two alternative hypotheses. The divergence between monotremes and therian mammals was estimated to have taken place 168–178 Mya, a dating compatible with the fossil record. Considering the long common evolutionary branch of therians, it is surprising that sequence data from many thousand amino acid sites were needed to conclusively resolve their relationship to monotremes. This finding draws attention to other mammalian divergences that have been taken as unequivocally settled based on much smaller alignments. EST data provide a comprehensive random sample of protein coding sequences and an economic way to produce large amounts of data for phylogenetic analysis of species for which genomic sequences are not yet available.
Encouraging outlook for recovery of a once severely exploited marine megaherbivore
Authors: Chaloupka Milani , Bjorndal Karen A. , Balazs George H. , Bolten Alan B. , Ehrhart Llewellyn M. , Limpus Colin J. , Suganuma Hiroyuki , Troëng Sebastian , Yamaguchi Manami 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTAim  To critically review the status of the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) using the best available scientific studies as there is a prevailing view that this species is globally endangered and its marine ecosystem functions compromised.Location  Ogasawara (Japan), Hawaii (USA), Great Barrier Reef (Australia), Florida (USA), Tortuguero (Costa Rica).Methods  We compiled seasonal nesting activity data from all reliable continuous long‐term studies (> 25 years), which comprised data series for six of the world's major green turtle rookeries. We estimated the underlying time‐specific trend in these six rookery‐specific nester or nest abundance series using a generalized smoothing spline regression approach.Results  Estimated rates of nesting population increase ranged from c. 4–14% per annum over the past two to three decades. These rates varied considerably among the rookeries, reflecting the level of historical exploitation. Similar increases in nesting population were also evident for many other green turtle stocks that have been monitored for shorter durations than the long‐term studies presented here.Main conclusions  We show that six of the major green turtle nesting populations in the world have been increasing over the past two to three decades following protection from human hazards such as exploitation of eggs and turtles. This population recovery or rebound capacity is encouraging and suggests that the green turtle is not on the brink of global extinction even though some stocks have been seriously depleted and are still below historical abundance levels. This demonstrates that relatively simple conservation strategies can have a profound effect on the recovery of once‐depleted green turtle stocks and presumably the restoration of their ecological function as major marine consumers.
3‐Acetonyl‐3‐hydroxyoxindole: a new inducer of systemic acquired resistance in plants
Authors: Li Yanmei , Zhang Zhongkai , Jia Yantao , Shen Yuemao , He Hongping , Fang Rongxiang , Chen Xiaoying , Hao Xiaojiang 
Published: February 2008

SummarySystemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible defence mechanism which plays a central role in protecting plants from microbial pathogen attack. Guided by bioassays, a new chemical inducer of SAR was isolated from the extracts of Strobilanthes cusia and identified to be 3‐acetonyl‐3‐hydroxyoxindole (AHO), a derivative of isatin. Tobacco plants treated with AHO exhibited enhanced resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and to the fungal pathogen Erysiphe cichoracearum (powdery mildew), accompanied by increased levels of pathogenesis‐related gene 1 (PR‐1) expression, salicylic acid (SA) accumulation and phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase activity. To study the mode of action of AHO, its ability to induce PR‐1 expression and TMV resistance in nahG transgenic plants expressing salicylate hydroxylase, which prevents the accumulation of SA, was analysed. AHO treatment did not induce TMV resistance or PR‐1 expression in nahG transgenic plants, suggesting that AHO acts upstream of SA in the SAR signalling pathway. In addition, using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry, five AHO‐induced plant proteins were identified which were homologous to the effector proteins with which SA interacts. Our data suggest that AHO may represent a novel class of inducer that stimulates SA‐mediated defence responses.
Ask and you will receive: how question type influences quantity and quality of online discussions
Authors: Bradley Megan E. , Thom Lindsay R. , Hayes Jennifer , Hay Cindy 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis study examined how question types influenced the quantity and quality of undergraduate students' online submissions. Discussion questions were structured based on one of six question types: direct link, course link, brainstorm, limited focal, open focal and application. Transcripts of eight online discussions involving 114 participants were analysed on these dependent variables: word count, degree of answer completion, and level of higher‐order thinking. Results indicated the question types differentially influenced students' submissions on all dependent variables. Limited focal question type, followed by brainstorm, open focal and direct link types, was most influential for word count and degree of answer completion. Course link, brainstorm and direct link types were most influential in generating higher‐order thinking, although students mainly engaged in lower‐order thinking across all question types.
Aspirational Legalism and the Role of the Equality and Human Rights Commission in Equality Policy
Authors: MABBETT DEBORAH 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper looks at the role of the EHRC in the wider context of measures to promote equality in the welfare state, and highlights two major problems. First, social policy uses categories which are derived from empirical social analysis and processes of policy design, while anti‐discrimination and equality ‘grounds’ (such as gender and ethnic origin) are drawn from the mutual recognition and political mobilisation of groups. The intersection of these two epistemologies can produce progressive social reforms, but it can also result in sterile political competition between groups. Second, equality law makes rights‐based claims which are deliberately abstracted from the problem of aggregating rights into a manageable set of claims on scarce resources. This may be a strength in pursuing remedies for individual injustice, but it is a weakness in advancing wider ambitions to combat disadvantage affecting large social groups.
New kinship, Islam, and the liberal tradition: sexual morality and new reproductive technology in Lebanon
Authors: Clarke Morgan 
Published: February 2008

Recent kinship studies take interest in new reproductive technologies (NRT) such as in vitro fertilization. Such studies are frequently situated within a larger body of work, ‘the new kinship studies’, that follows David Schneider in challenging the notion of ‘natural’ foundations of kinship. In the course of my own research into NRT in Lebanon, I found many examples of the ‘elective’, non‐biogenetic relations that are foregrounded in these recent kinship studies. However, such relations are confidential, in public conformity to an ethic of sexual propriety. Sexual morality is also a central theme of political polemic in the wider Middle East, locally perceived as under threat from ‘Western immorality’. I suggest that we should be wary of an ethnocentric over‐emphasis on data challenging such notions of propriety. Further, the role of sexual morality in the constitution of kinship might usefully form a more prominent part of the theoretical agenda.RésuméLes études récentes sur la parenté s’intéressent aux techniques de procréation médicalement assistée telles que la fécondation in vitro. Ces études s’inscrivent souvent dans un travail plus large, « les nouvelles études de la parenté», qui remettent en question, avec David Schneider, la notion de fondement « naturel » de la parenté. Au cours de ses propres recherches sur la procréation médicalement assistée au Liban, l’auteur a relevé de nombreux exemples de relations électives, d’origine non biologique, inscrites dans ces études récentes sur la parenté. Ces relations sont toutefois confidentielles, et la vie publique se conforme à une éthique de la moralité sexuelle. Celle‐ci est également un thème central de polémiques politiques dans le Moyen‐Orient, localement perçu comme menacé par « l’immoralité occidentale ». L’auteur suggère qu’il faut se défier de l’insistance ethnocentrique sur les données remettant en question ces notions de correction. Il serait en outre utile d’accorder une plus grande place dans l’agenda des travaux théoriques au rôle de la moralité sexuelle dans la constitution du lien de parenté.
Binary Models for Marginal Independence
Authors: Drton Mathias , Richardson Thomas S. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryLog-linear models are a classical tool for the analysis of contingency tables. In particular, the subclass of graphical log-linear models provides a general framework for modelling conditional independences. However, with the exception of special structures, marginal independence hypotheses cannot be accommodated by these traditional models. Focusing on binary variables, we present a model class that provides a framework for modelling marginal independences in contingency tables. The approach that is taken is graphical and draws on analogies with multivariate Gaussian models for marginal independence. For the graphical model representation we use bidirected graphs, which are in the tradition of path diagrams. We show how the models can be parameterized in a simple fashion, and how maximum likelihood estimation can be performed by using a version of the iterated conditional fitting algorithm. Finally we consider combining these models with symmetry restrictions.
Variable Selection in Semiparametric Linear Regression with Censored Data
Authors: Johnson Brent A. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryWe describe two procedures for selecting variables in the semiparametric linear regression model for censored data. One procedure penalizes a vector of estimating equations and simultaneously estimates regression coefficients and selects submodels. A second procedure controls systematically the proportion of unimportant variables through forward selection and the addition of pseudorandom variables. We explore both rank-based statistics and Buckley–James statistics in the setting proposed and evaluate the performance of all methods through extensive simulation studies and one real data set.
Trends in prevalence and outcomes of pregnancy in women with pre‐existing type I and type II diabetes
Authors: Bell R , Bailey K , Cresswell T , Hawthorne G , Critchley J , Lewis‐Barned N ,   Northern Diabetic Pregnancy Survey Steering Group
Published: February 2008

Objective  To describe recent trends in prevalence, outcomes and indicators of care for women with pre‐existing type I or type II diabetes.Design  Regional population‐based survey.Setting  All maternity units in the North of England.Population  A total of 1258 pregnancies in women with pre‐existing diabetes delivered between 1996 and 2004.Methods  Data from the Northern Diabetic Pregnancy Survey. Outcome of pregnancy cross‐validated with the Northern Congenital Abnormality Survey and the Northern Perinatal Mortality Survey.Main outcome measures  Perinatal mortality, congenital anomaly and total adverse perinatal outcome (perinatal mortality and live births with congenital anomaly).Results  The prevalence of pregestational diabetes increased from 3.1 per 1000 births in 1996–98 to 4.7 per 1000 in 2002–04 (test for linear trend, P < 0.0001), driven mainly by a sharp increase in type II diabetes. Perinatal mortality declined from 48 per 1000 births in 1996–98 to 23 per 1000 in 2002–04 (P = 0.064). There was a significant reduction in total adverse perinatal outcome rate (P = 0.0194) from 142 per 1000 in 1996–98 to 86 per 1000 in 2002–04. There were substantial improvements in indicators of care before and during pregnancy and in glycaemic control throughout pregnancy, but indicators of preconceptual care, such as use of folic acid, remained disappointing.Conclusion  We observed improvements in pregnancy care and outcomes for women with diabetes in a region with an established audit and feedback cycle. There remains considerable scope for further improvement, particularly in periconceptual glycaemic control. The rising prevalence of type II diabetes presents a challenge to further improvement.
MORPHOLOGICAL VARIABILITY AND LIFE CYCLE TRAITS OF THE TYPE SPECIES OF THE DIATOM GENUS CHAETOCEROS, C. DICHAETA1
Authors: Assmy Philipp , Hernández‐Becerril David U. , Montresor Marina 
Published: February 2008

Chaetoceros dichaeta Ehrenb. is the type species of the genus Chaetoceros and is one of the dominant planktonic diatom species of the Southern Ocean. A number of varieties and forms have been described for C. dichaeta, which prompted us to investigate the morphological variability in clonal cultures to achieve a better circumscription of the morphological features of this species. We studied eight clonal cultures obtained from the type locality by sequencing the D1‐D3 hypervariable domains of the LSU to assess their genetic identity, following cell‐size reduction and sexual reproduction, and examining the morphological features of cells at different stages of the size reduction process using both LM and EM. Observation of sexual reproduction within clonal strains demonstrated that C. dichaeta is homothallic. The size and morphology of the cells vary considerably during size reduction: cell volume is reduced by over an order of magnitude, and the gradual diminution of the apical axis is accompanied by the elongation of the pervalvar axis. All forms and varieties described for C. dichaeta can be ascribed to the species, with the exception of C. dichaeta f. tenuiformis L. Mangin.