bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adsorption and desorption properties of the chelating membranes prepared from the PE films
Authors: Yamada Kazunori , Nagano Ryoichi , Hirata Mitsuo 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe chelating membranes for adsorption of metal ions were prepared by the photografting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto a polyethylene (PE) film and the subsequent modification of the resultant GMA‐grafted PE (PE‐g‐PGMA) films with disodium iminodiacetate in an aqueous solution of 55% DMSO at 80°C. The adsorption and desorption properties of the iminodiacetate (IDA) group‐appended PE‐g‐PGMA (IDA‐(PE‐g‐PGMA)) films to Cu2+ ions were investigated as functions of the grafted amount, pH value, Cu2+ ion concentration, and temperature. The amount of adsorbed Cu2+ ions increased with an increase in the pH value in the range of 1.0–5.0. The time required to reach the equilibrium adsorption decreased with an increase in the temperature, although the degree of adsorption stayed almost constant. The amount of Cu2+ ions desorbed from the (IDA‐(PE‐g‐PGMA)) films increased and the time required to reach the equilibrium desorption decreased with an increase in the HCl concentration. About 100% of Cu2+ ions were desorbed in the aqueous HCl solutions of more than 0.5M. The amounts of adsorbed and desorbed Cu2+ ions were almost the same in each cyclic process of adsorption in a CuCl2 buffer at pH 5.0 and desorption in an aqueous 1.0M HCl solution. These results indicate that the IDA‐(PE‐g‐PGMA) films can be applied to a repeatedly generative chelating membrane for adsorption and desorption of metal ions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99:1895–1902, 2006
Chitosan/clay nanocomposite film preparation and characterization
Authors: Xu Yixiang , Ren Xi , Hanna Milford A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractNanocomposites of chitosan and nanoclays (MMT‐Na+ and Cloisite 30B) were prepared by solvent casting. The structural properties, thermal behaviors, and mechanical properties were characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry analyses, and an Instron universal testing machine. XRD and TEM results indicated that an exfoliated structure was formed with addition of small amounts of MMT‐Na+ to the chitosan matrix. Intercalation along with some exfoliation occurred with up to 5 wt % MMT‐Na+. Micro‐scale composite (tactoids) formed when Cloisite 30B was added to the chitosan matrix. Surface roughness increased with addition of a small amount of clay. Tensile strength of a chitosan film was enhanced and elongation‐at‐break decreased with addition of clay into the chitosan matrix. Melt behavior and thermal stability did not change significantly with addition of clays. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1684–1691, 2006
4‐Acetamidophenyl acrylate copolymers with acrylonitrile and N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone: Synthesis, characterization, and reactivity ratios
Authors: Reddy B. S. R. , Balasubramaniam S. , Suriyan M. R. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract4‐Acetamidophenyl acrylate (APA) was synthesized and characterized by IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies. Homo‐ and copolymers of APA with acrylonitrile (AN) and N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NVP) were prepared by a free radical polymerization. All the copolymer compositions have been determined by 1H NMR technique, and the reactivity ratios of the monomer pairs have been evaluated using the linearization methods Fineman–Ross, Kelen–Tudos, and extended Kelen–Tudos. Nonlinear error‐in‐variable model (EVM) method was used to compare the reactivity ratios. The reactivity ratios for copoly(APA–AN) system were APA(r1) = 0.70 and AN(r2) = 0.333, and for copoly(APA–NVP) system the values were APA(r1) = 4.99 and NVP(r2) = 0.019. Thermal stability and molecular weights of the copolymers are reported. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1919–1927, 2006
Influences of the polymerization ingredients on the porous morphology of soap‐free poly(methyl methacrylate/ethyl acrylate/methacrylic acid) seeded latex particles
Authors: Kang Kai , Kan Cheng You , Du Yi , Liu De Shan 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMonodispersed soap‐free poly(methyl methacrylate/ethyl acrylate/methacrylic acid) latex particles were synthesized by the seeded emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, and methacrylic acid (MAA), and particles with a porous morphology were obtained after an alkali posttreatment. The effects of the unsaturated acid and crosslinking agent on the properties and morphology of the latex particles were investigated. The results showed that the particle size decreased and its distribution widened when the concentration of MAA was greater than 10.0 mol % or the concentration of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) was greater than 1.5%. When more than 4.0 mol % MAA was used, a porous structure could be detected clearly under a transmission electron microscope, and the particle volume and pore size first gradually increased to a maximum and then decreased rapidly with an increase in the MAA concentration. The porous morphology disappeared completely as the MAA concentration reached 16.0 mol %. A multihollow morphology was generated when the EGDMA concentration exceeded 1.0%, and the particle volume decreased monotonously with the concentration of EGDMA increased. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1934–1939, 2006
Effect of alkylammonium salt on the dispersion and properties of Poly(p‐phenylene sulfide)/clay nanocomposites via melt intercalation
Authors: Zou Hao , Xu Wei , Zhang Qing , Fu Qiang 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTo explore the possibility of making poly(p‐phenylene sulfide) (PPS) nanocomposites via melt intercalation and improving the mechanical properties of PPS, in this study we first modified clay (montmorillonite) with alkylammonium salt by cation exchange and then mixed the modified clay together with the PPS matrix by twin‐screw extrusion. Because the PPS/clay composites were made at a high temperature (300°C), thermogravimetric analysis experiments were carried out first to check the thermal stability of the alkylammonium salt treated clay and the obtained composites. Possible degradation of the alkylammonium salt during processing caused a decrease in the interlayer spacing of the clay. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction were used to investigate the dispersion of the clay sheet in the matrix. The clay layers were homogeneously dispersed in the PPS matrix with a nanometer scale, and an exfoliated structure was achieved at a low load of clay. The alkylammonium salt modifier enhanced the interaction between the PPS and clay on the one hand, but on the other hand, it also acted as a plasticizer and caused decreases in the glass‐transition temperature and tensile properties. More work is needed to find a modifier and processing conditions by which the modifier can help the dispersion of clay and also be completely degraded after the formation of an exfoliated structure. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1724–1731, 2006
Application of time–temperature superposition principle to polymer transition kinetics
Authors: Cheng Rongshi , Yang Hu 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe time–temperature equivalence equation is deduced simply in view of the transition kinetics of a polymer. The independent variables time and temperature are separated in the two sides of the resulting equation. Thus, a physical property of the polymer, which is temperature dependent, can be matched with the theoretical calculated curve from a supposed model of transition kinetics in which only time is involved as the independent variable. By comparing different models, one may judge which model is probably more correct. The procedure of data fitting is described. As an application example, the measured viscosity data at different temperatures for the coil–globule transition of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) in aqueous solution is tested to judge its transition mechanism. A transition mechanism involving a two‐stage reversible reaction fits the experimental data in a satisfactory way. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1767–1772, 2006
Essential work of fracture evaluation of fracture behavior of glass bead filled linear low‐density polyethylene
Authors: Yang Wei , Xie Bang‐Hu , Shi Wei , Li Zhong‐Ming , Liu Zheng‐Ying , Chen Jun , Yang Ming‐Bo 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe effect of the glass bead (GB) size and bead content on the fracture behavior of GB‐filled linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) composites was evaluated by means of the essential work of fracture (EWF). The results indicated the specific EWF (we) is lower for the composites than that of pure LLDPE and the obtained we values do not show significant differences for the filled samples with different GB diameters. The non‐EWF or plastic work (βwp) also decreased with the addition of GBs, indicating that less energy is absorbed during the fracture process for the composites filled with different diameter GBs. For the composites filled with GBs of different contents, the we decreased with increasing GB contents and the βwp that was higher than that of pure LLDPE at relatively low contents also decreased with the content of GBs. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1781–1787, 2006
Electrodialytic removal of nitrates and hardness from simulated mixtures using ion‐exchange membranes
Authors: Nataraj S. K. , Hosamani K. M. , Aminabhavi T. M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA novel electrodialysis (ED) pilot plant unit coupled with a membrane stack containing 11 cation‐exchange and 10 anion‐exchange membranes is used for the removal of nitrates and hardness from simulated aqueous mixtures containing salts that are usually encountered in brackish water. The removal of high nitrates and water hardness is performed in 150 min of ED under three constant applied voltages at room temperature. The limiting current density is obtained for sodium nitrate and calcium chloride mixtures in dilute solution. In order to check the efficacy of the ED method, parameters like the applied potential are varied at constant flow rates. The efficiency of the ED method depends on the applied potential. Possible applications of ED are discussed for the removal of contaminants below the minimum contaminant level of drinking water. The ED method used here is satisfactory to produce good quality drinking water from a simulated mixture by removing the unwanted ions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 1788–1794, 2006
Expression of caveolin‐1 in the rat temporomandibular joint
Authors: Nozawa‐Inoue Kayoko , Suzuki Akiko , Amizuka Norio , Maeda Takeyasu 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis immunocytochemical study revealed the expression of caveolin‐1, a major protein of caveolae, in the rat temporomandibular joint. In the synovial lining layer, immunoreactive products for caveolin‐1 were detected on the cell membrane of the fibroblast‐like type B cells, as confirmed by immunocytochemistry for heat shock protein 25. The cells in the articular disk, the articular layer, and zone of proliferation of the mandibular condyle also showed intense immunoreactions for caveolin‐1. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Specializations of the granular prefrontal cortex of primates: Implications for cognitive processing
Authors: Elston Guy N. , Benavides‐Piccione Ruth , Elston Alejandra , Zietsch Bendan , Defelipe Javier , Manger Paul , Casagrande Vivien , Kaas Jon H. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe biological underpinnings of human intelligence remain enigmatic. There remains the greatest confusion and controversy regarding mechanisms that enable humans to conceptualize, plan, and prioritize, and why they are set apart from other animals in their cognitive abilities. Here we demonstrate that the basic neuronal building block of the cerebral cortex, the pyramidal cell, is characterized by marked differences in structure among primate species. Moreover, comparison of the complexity of neuron structure with the size of the cortical area/region in which the cells are located revealed that trends in the granular prefrontal cortex (gPFC) were dramatically different to those in visual cortex. More specifically, pyramidal cells in the gPFC of humans had a disproportionately high number of spines. As neuron structure determines both its biophysical properties and connectivity, differences in the complexity in dendritic structure observed here endow neurons with different computational abilities. Furthermore, cortical circuits composed of neurons with distinguishable morphologies will likely be characterized by different functional capabilities. We propose that 1. circuitry in V1, V2, and gPFC within any given species differs in its functional capabilities and 2. there are dramatic differences in the functional capabilities of gPFC circuitry in different species, which are central to the different cognitive styles of primates. In particular, the highly branched, spinous neurons in the human gPFC may be a key component of human intelligence. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pattern of infliximab utilization in rheumatoid arthritis patients at an academic medical center
Authors: Agarwal Sandeep K. , Maier Agnes L. , Chibnik Lori B. , Coblyn Jonathan S. , Fossel Anne , Lee Ryan , Fanikos John , Fiumara Karen , Lowry Colleen , Weinblatt Michael E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the pattern of use of infliximab with an emphasis on treatment escalation and the durability of infliximab use in the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in an academic setting.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of pharmacy and medical records of 183 patients with RA who received at least 1 infliximab infusion at the infusion centers of the Brigham and Women's Hospital. Treatment escalation was defined as an increase in the dosage of infliximab to >3 mg/kg and/or a decrease in the dosing interval to <7 weeks between infusions.ResultsA total of 183 patients with RA received infliximab infusions for a mean ± SD duration of 58.2 ± 56.6 weeks. Infliximab was discontinued in 48% of the patients during the first year of therapy and in 67% of the patients overall. A total of 126 patients had a treatment escalation, including 25 patients with a dose increase, 35 patients with a decrease in the interval, and 66 patients with both. Infliximab treatment was associated with a decrease in corticosteroid and methotrexate doses. Patients who had a treatment escalation were more likely to continue infliximab infusions compared with patients without a treatment escalation (odds ratio 2.0, 95% confidence interval 1.0–4.1).ConclusionThe use of infliximab may be an effective treatment for RA; however, a substantial number of patients will discontinue its use. Treatment escalation is commonly used in the management of RA with infliximab and is associated with longer duration of infliximab use.
Pain as a mediator of sleep problems in arthritis and other chronic conditions
Authors: Power J. Denise , Perruccio Anthony V. , Badley Elizabeth M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the associations between arthritis and insomnia symptoms and unrefreshing sleep, as well as the role of pain as a mediator of these relationships.MethodsAnalyses were conducted on the cross‐sectional, nationally representative, weighted sample of adults ≥18 years of age (n = 118,336) in the 2000/2001 Canadian Community Health Survey. Four logistic regression models were estimated for each sleep problem (model 1: arthritis only; model 2: model 1 + sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, and other chronic conditions; model 3: model 2 + mental health [stress, depression]; and model 4: model 3 + pain). Mediation by pain was quantified by the percentage change in the effect of arthritis on a particular sleep problem by comparing models 3 and 4.ResultsThe prevalence of insomnia symptoms and unrefreshing sleep in persons with arthritis was 24.8% and 11.9%, respectively. These estimates are twice as high as those for persons without arthritis. In multivariate regression analyses, the addition of pain decreased the effect of arthritis by 53% (insomnia symptoms) and 64% (unrefreshing sleep). The effect of arthritis was still statistically significant in these models, suggesting that pain is a partial mediator of these relationships.ConclusionInsomnia symptoms and unrefreshing sleep affect a considerable proportion of individuals with arthritis. Pain mediates a substantial amount of the relationship between arthritis and sleep problems. Better pain management could significantly improve sleep in individuals with arthritis.
Impact of shoulder, elbow, and knee joint involvement on assessment of rheumatoid arthritis using the American College of Rheumatology Core Data Set
Authors: Tanaka Eiichi , Saito Akira , Kamitsuji Shigeo , Yamada Toru , Nakajima Ayako , Taniguchi Atsuo , Hara Masako , Tomatsu Taisuke , Yamanaka Hisashi , Kamatani Naoyuki 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the most sensitive scoring method for assessment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity using the American College of Rheumatology Core Data Set.MethodsThe subjects were 4,530 patients with RA (mean age 57.9 years, mean disease duration 12.7 years) who participated in a large observational cohort study of RA patients. The 68 joints assessed were classified into 15 joint areas, and each joint variable was categorized based on the presence or absence of swelling or pain in these areas. Multiple linear regression and analysis of variance were used to evaluate the significance of effects of these 15 joint areas on variables for assessment of RA disease activity such as patient's assessment of pain on a visual analog scale (VAS), patient's and physician's global assessment of disease activity on a VAS, HAQ (Health Assessment Questionnaire), and Japanese HAQ.ResultsAlthough the 3 most frequently affected joints were the wrist, metacarpophalangeal joints, and proximal interphalangeal joints, the 5 joints with the largest contributions to all of the variables assessed for disease activity were the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints, followed by the wrist and ankle joints. The combination of shoulder, elbow, and knee joints accounted for approximately 70% of the contribution to all the variables, while addition of the wrist and ankle joints increased this value to approximately 90%.ConclusionScoring for assessment of RA disease activity would be more sensitive if separate joints such as the shoulder, elbow, knee, wrist, and ankle joints were weighted differently.
Oxygen enhances lethal effect of high‐intensity, ultrashort electrical pulses
Authors: Walker Kerfoot , Pakhomova Olga N. , Kolb Juergen , Schoenbach Karl S. , Stuck Bruce E. , Murphy Michael R. , Pakhomov Andrei G. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe study explored the effect of ambient oxygen on mammalian cell survival after exposure to 10 ns duration, high voltage electrical pulses (nsEP, 80–90 or 120–130 kV/cm; 200–400 pulses per exposure). Cell samples were equilibrated with pure nitrogen, atmospheric air, or pure oxygen prior to the nsEP treatment and were returned to the incubator (air + 5% CO2) shortly after the exposure. The experiments established that survival of hypoxic Jurkat and U937 cells exceeded that of air‐equilibrated controls about twofold (P < .01). Conversely, saturation of the medium with oxygen prior to exposure decreased Jurkat cell survival about 1.5 times, P < .01. Attenuation of the cytotoxic effect under hypoxic conditions resembled a well‐known effect of oxygen on cell killing by sparsely ionizing radiations and may be indicative of the similarity of underlying cell damage mechanisms. Bioelectromagnetics 27:221–225, 2006. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Propionate‐regulated high‐yield protein production in Escherichia coli
Authors: Lee Sung Kuk , Keasling Jay D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA new expression system containing the Salmonella enterica prpBCDE promoter (PprpB) responsible for expression of the propionate catabolic genes (prp BCDE) and prpR encoding the positive regulator of this promoter has been developed and tested. The main features of the expression system compared to those based on the bacteriophage T7 promoter are low background expression and high induced expression in Escherichia coli strains BL21, BL21(DE3), MG1655, and W3110. In addition, propionate is an inexpensive, simple‐to‐use, nontoxic inducer that is attractive for large‐scale protein production. Hence, this new system is highly complementary to the widely used T7 promoter‐driven expression systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of evidence‐based interdisciplinary guidelines on testis cancer management
Authors: Schrader Andres Jan , Ohlmann Carsten‐Henning , Rossmanith Sandra , Hofmann Rainer , Heidenreich Axel 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn 1999, interdisciplinary evidence‐based guidelines were elaborated for treatment of germ cell tumors in Germany. The aims of the current study were to analyze failures in diagnosis and therapy and to demonstrate the influence of guidelines on individual therapeutic approaches and clinical outcome. Therefore, patient collectives treated before the introduction of guidelines (Group A, 1990–1999, n = 234) and those thereafter (Group B, 2000–2002, n = 84) were compared for recurrence and survival.METHODSIn both groups, medical and/or surgical treatment and clinical outcome were evaluated for therapeutic mistakes and violations of guidelines. These were analyzed for their clinical consequences.RESULTSThere was no significant difference between groups concerning median age of patients or clinical stage before therapy. Altogether, 27.8% and 8.3% of all patients in Group A and B, respectively, displayed therapeutic mistakes (P < 0.005); 63% of these patients in Group A and 100% of these patients in Group B received an overtreatment. In Group A, 19/234 (8.1%) patients relapsed and 53% of these patients had been treated insufficiently (P < 0.005). Advanced disease caused the death of 3/234 patients in this study. As of this writing, only 3 of 84 (3.6%) patients in Group B have relapsed, and no patient has died because of tumor or consecutive treatment.CONCLUSIONSThe integration of interdisciplinary evidence‐based guidelines for treatment of testicular germ cell tumors has led to significant reduction of both overtreatment and treatment failure and/or relapse that were due to inappropriate primary therapy. Evidence‐based guidelines should serve as internal quality controls in all institutions treating patients with testicular germ cell tumors. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.