bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modular development of certified program verifiers with a proof assistant,
Authors: CHLIPALA ADAM 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe report on an experience using the Coq proof assistant to develop a program verification tool with a machine-checked proof of full correctness. The verifier is able to prove memory safety of x86 machine code programs compiled from code that uses algebraic datatypes. The tool's soundness theorem is expressed in terms of the bit-level semantics of x86 programs, so its correctness depends on very few assumptions. We take advantage of Coq's support for programming with dependent types and modules in the structure of the development. The approach is based on developing a library of reusable functors for transforming a verifier at one level of abstraction into a verifier at a lower level. Using this library, it is possible to prototype a verifier based on a new type system with a minimal amount of work, while obtaining a very strong soundness theorem about the final product.
Response of oriental white storks Ciconia boyciana to the accumulative impact of anthropogenic habitat destruction and possible Allee effect
Authors: Liu Hui-Yu , Lin Zhen-Shan , Liu Hong-Yu 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe Oriental White Stork Ciconia boyciana is threatened with extinction due to anthropogenic habitat destruction. The scaling of its environmental capacity (K) with number of patches (P) has been studied and its response to the cumulative impact of anthropogenic habitat destruction has been simulated by a non-autonomous population model for single species. The results are: 1) The scaling index of environmental capacity of the Oriental White Stork to number of patches is 0.9768, i.e., K∝P0.9768. 2) By designing different scenarios to improve habitat quality, we find that it is more beneficial for the long-term persistence of the Oriental White Stork to increase average patch size than to increase the number of patches, if the total area of habitat remains the same. 3) If the Allee effect is significant, the Oriental White Stork is a ‘living dead’ species – one which is doomed to local extinction. To avoid extinction, habitat quality must be considerably improved.
Predictors of breast-feeding in a developing country: results of a prospective cohort study
Authors: Al-Sahab Ban , Tamim Hala , Mumtaz Ghina , Khawaja Marwan , Khogali Mustafa , Afifi Rima , Nassif Yolla , Yunis Khalid A ,   for the National Collaborative Perinatal Neonatal Network (NCPNN)
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectiveData on the prevalence and predictors of breast-feeding remain scarce in Lebanon. Moreover, no study has previously addressed the effect of the paediatrician’s sex on breast-feeding. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence and predictors of breast-feeding at 1 and 4 months of infant age while exploring the potential role of the sex of the paediatrician.DesignProspective cohort study. Predictors of breast-feeding significant at the bivariate level were tested at 1 and 4 months through two stepwise regression models.SettingInfants were enrolled through the clinics and dispensaries of 117 paediatricians located in Beirut, Lebanon, and its suburbs.SubjectsA total of 1320 healthy newborn infants born between August 2001 and February 2002 were prospectively followed during the first year.FindingsBreast-feeding rates at 1 and 4 months were 56·3 % and 24·7 %, respectively. Early discharge, high parity and religion were significantly associated with higher breast-feeding rates at 1 and 4 months of age. Maternal age proved significant only at 1 month, while maternal working status and sex of the paediatrician were significant at 4 months. A novel finding of our study was the positive effect of female paediatricians on breast-feeding continuation until 4 months of age (OR = 1·49; 95 % CI 1·03, 2·15).ConclusionsBreast-feeding rates are low at 1 and 4 months of infant age in Beirut. Further research to investigate the interactions between female physicians and lactating mothers in maintaining breast-feeding in other populations is warranted. The results constitute the basis for designing interventions targeting policy makers, health professionals and mothers.
Five-year changes in adiposity and cardio-metabolic risk factors among Guatemalan young adults
Authors: Gregory Cria O , Martorell Reynaldo , Venkat Narayan KM , Ramirez-Zea Manuel , Stein Aryeh D 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackgroundRapidly transitioning societies are experiencing dramatic increases in obesity and cardio-metabolic risk; however, few prospective studies from developing countries have quantified these increases or described their joint relationships.MethodsWe collected dietary, physical activity, demographic, anthropometric and cardio-metabolic risk factor data from 376 Guatemalan young adults in 1997–98 (aged 20–29 years) and in 2002–04 (aged 25–34 years).ResultsIn total, 42 % of men and 56 % of women experienced weight gain >5 kg in 5 years. Percent body fat (%BF) and waist circumference (WC) increased by 4·2 % points and 5·5 cm among men, and 3·2 % points and 3·4 cm among women, respectively. Five-year increases in both %BF and WC were associated with lower physical activity, urban residence and shorter height among men but not among women (test for heterogeneityP< 0·05 for residence and physical activity). Changes in %BF and WC and concomitant changes in cardio-metabolic risk factors were similar for men and women. In standardised regression, change in %BF was associated with changes in TAG (β=0·19; 95 % CI 0·08, 0·30), total:HDL cholesterol (β=0·22; 95 % CI 0·12, 0·33) and systolic (β=0·22; 95 % CI 0·12, 0·33) and diastolic (β=0·18; 95 % CI 0·08, 0·28) blood pressure, but not with glucose; associations were similar for WC.ConclusionsOver 5 years this relatively young population of Guatemalan adults experienced rapid increases in multiple measures of adiposity, which were associated with adverse changes in lipid and blood pressure levels.
Yesterday’s dinner, tomorrow’s weather, today’s news? US newspaper coverage of food system contributions to climate change
Authors: Neff Roni A , Chan Iris L , Smith Katherine Clegg 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackgroundThere is strong evidence that what we eat and how it is produced affects climate change.ObjectiveThe present paper examines coverage of food system contributions to climate change in top US newspapers.DesignUsing a sample of sixteen leading US newspapers from September 2005 to January 2008, two coders identified ‘food and climate change’ and ‘climate change’ articles based on specified criteria. Analyses examined variation across time and newspaper, the level of content relevant to food systems’ contributions to climate change, and how such content was framed.ResultsThere were 4582 ‘climate change’ articles in these newspapers during this period. Of these, 2·4 % mentioned food or agriculture contributions, with 0·4 % coded as substantially focused on the issue and 0·5 % mentioning food animal contributions. The level of content on food contributions to climate change increased across time. Articles initially addressed the issue primarily in individual terms, expanding to address business and government responsibility more in later articles.ConclusionsUS newspaper coverage of food systems’ effects on climate change during the study period increased, but still did not reflect the increasingly solid evidence of the importance of these effects. Increased coverage may lead to responses by individuals, industry and government. Based on co-benefits with nutritional public health messages and climate change’s food security threats, the public health nutrition community has an important role to play in elaborating and disseminating information about food and climate change for the US media.
Relationship of parental characteristics and feeding practices to overweight in infants and young children in Beijing, China
Authors: Jingxiong Jiang , Rosenqvist Urban , Huishan Wang , Koletzko Bert , Guangli Lian , Jing Huang , Greiner Ted 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackgroundChildhood obesity has become a major public health problem in many countries. To explore the risk factors of overweight in infants and young children might be helpful in developing an early overweight intervention strategy.ObjectiveTo assess the prevalence of overweight and the relationship of parental characteristics and feeding practices to overweight in infants and young children in Beijing, China.DesignData on weight and length/height were collected on 4654 children aged 1–35 months in twelve communities in Beijing from a cross-sectional study. Overweight was defined as weight-for-length/height ≥2sdabove the median of the WHO reference. Two hundred and fifteen families with overweight children and 215 families with normal-weight children were interviewed using a questionnaire to obtain feeding practices.ResultsThe overall prevalence of overweight was 4·7 %. Both parental overweight and low parental education were significantly higher among overweight than normal-weight children. The total energy intake was significantly higher in overweight than in normal-weight children at 12–35 months of age. Compared with normal-weight children, significantly fewer overweight children were breast-fed for at least 4 months. Overweight children were also more likely to have been introduced to infant formula and semi-solid foods during the first 4 months.ConclusionEarly prevention strategies should include feeding practices identified as putting children at risk of obesity. These include early cessation of breast-feeding and premature introduction of other foods.
Sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics are associated with antioxidant intake and the consumption of their dietary sources during pregnancy
Authors: Uusitalo Liisa , Uusitalo Ulla , Ovaskainen Marja-Leena , Niinistö Sari , Kronberg-Kippilä Carina , Marjamäki Liisa , Ahonen Suvi , Kenward Mike G , Knip Mikael , Veijola Riitta , Virtanen Suvi M 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo analyse the associations of selected sociodemographic and lifestyle factors with the intake of antioxidant nutrients and consumption of their main dietary sources among pregnant women.DesignA population-based cohort study. Dietary intake during pregnancy was assessed by a self-administered FFQ one to three months after the delivery.SettingType 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) Project.SubjectsSubjects comprised 3730 women (70·1 % of those invited) who entered the DIPP Nutrition Study after delivering a child at increased genetic risk for type 1 diabetes at the university hospitals in Oulu and Tampere, Finland, 1997–2002.ResultsAll sociodemographic and lifestyle factors studied showed significant associations with antioxidant intake in multiple regression models adjusting for all other factors. Older and more educated women tended to have higher intake of most antioxidants. Parity was positively associated with retinol intake and inversely with vitamin C intake. Smokers had lower intakes of most antioxidants. Only the partner’s education was positively associated with high intake of fruits, whereas own education was positively associated with berry consumption. Vegetable consumption was positively associated with partner’s education except for women with academic education, who tended to have high vegetable consumption irrespective of partner’s education.ConclusionsYoung women, smokers and those with a low education are at risk for low antioxidant intake and non-optimal food choices during pregnancy.
LabelHash: A Flexible and Extensible Method for Matching Structural Motifs
Authors: Moll Mark , Kavraki Lydia 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThere is an increasing number of proteins with known structure but unknown function. Determining their function would have a significant impact on understanding diseases and designing new therapeutics. Computational methods can facilitate function determination by identifying proteins that have high structural and chemical similarity. Below, we will briefly describe LabelHash, a new method for partial structure comparison. In partial structure comparison, the goal is to find the best geometric and chemical similarity between a set of 3D points called a motif and a subset of a set of 3D points called the target. Both the motif and targets are represented as sets of labeled 3D points. A motif is ideally composed of the functionally most-relevant residues in a binding site. The labels denote the type of residue. Motif points can have multiple labels to denote that substitutions are allowed. Any subset of the target that has labels that are compatible with the motif’s labels is called a match. The aim is to find statistically significant matches to a structural motif. Our method preprocesses a background database of targets such as a non-redundant subset of the Protein Data Bank in such a way that we can look up in constant time partial matches to a motif. Using a variant of the previously described match augmentation algorithm (1), we obtain complete matches to our motif. The nonparametric statistical model developed by (2,3) corrects for any bias introduced by our algorithm. This bias is introduced by excluding matches that do not satisfy certain geometric constraints for efficiency reasons.
Cerebellar Cortex, Purkinje Cell Layer
Authors:   Allen Institute for Brain Science, Wright Emily , Ng Lydia , Guillozet-Bongaarts Angela 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis report contains a summary of expression patterns for genes that are enriched in the Purkinje cell layer (CBXpu) of the cerebellum. All data is derived from the Allen Brain Atlas (ABA) in situ hybridization mouse project. The structure's location and morphological characteristics in the mouse brain are described using the Nissl data found in the Allen Reference Atlas. Using an established algorithm, the expression values of the CBXpu were compared to the values of its larger parent structure, in this case the cerebellar cortex, for the purpose of extracting regionally selective gene expression data. The highest ranking genes were manually curated and verified. 50 genes were then selected and compiled for expression analysis. The experimental data for each gene may be accessed via the links provided; additional data in the sagittal plane may also be accessed using the ABA. A gene ontology table (derived from DAVID Bioinformatics Resources 2007) is also included, highlighting possible functions of the 50 genes selected for this report.
Marked difference in membrane-protein-binding properties of the two isoforms of protein 4.1R expressed at early and late stages of erythroid differentiation
Authors: Nunomura Wataru , Parra Marilyn , Hebiguchi Miwa , Sawada Ken-Ichi , Mohandas Narla , Takakuwa Yuichi 
Published: August 2008

Two major isoforms of protein 4.1R, a 135 kDa isoform (4.1R135) and an 80 kDa isoform (4.1R80), are expressed at distinct stages of terminal erythroid differentiation. The 4.1R135 isoform is exclusively expressed in early erythroblasts and is not present in mature erythrocytes, whereas the 4.1R80 isoform is expressed at late stages of erythroid differentiation and is the principal component of mature erythrocytes. These two isoforms differ in that the 4.1R135 isoform includes an additional 209 amino acids designated as the HP (head-piece) at the N-terminus of 4.1R80. In the present study, we performed detailed characterization of the interactions of the two 4.1R isoforms with various membrane-binding partners and identified several isoform-specific differences. Although both 4.1R135 and 4.1R80 bound to cytoplasmic domains of GPC (glycophorin C) and band 3, there is an order of magnitude difference in the binding affinities. Furthermore, although both isoforms bound CaM (calmodulin), the binding of 4.1R80 was Ca2+-independent, whereas the binding of 4.1R135 was strongly Ca2+-dependent. The HP of 4.1R135 mediates this Ca2+-dependent binding. Ca2+-saturated CaM completely inhibited the binding of 4.1R135 to GPC, whereas it strongly reduced the affinity of its binding to band 3. Interestingly, in spite of the absence of spectrin-binding activity, the 4.1R135 isoform was able to assemble on to the membrane of early erythroblasts suggesting that its ability to bind to membrane proteins is sufficient for its membrane localization. These findings enable us to offer potential new insights into the differential contribution of 4.1R isoforms to membrane assembly during terminal erythroid differentiation.
A model of the differentation and relative incidence of glandular versus squamous cell neoplasia of the uterine cervix: Connection between incidence and etiology
Authors: LEPPÄLUOTO PENTTI A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIt has remained unclear why cervical adenocarcinoma, as observed in consecutive screening, has rapidly increased during the past decades, while at the same time both that of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and the combined toll of adeno‐ and SCC have consistently decreased. Here it is argued that this might be ascribed to coitus‐related changes in the cervicovaginal milieu, where the target cells become infected through a coital act. Frequent alterations in vaginal acidity and changing sexual habits in the era after the oral contraceptive pills and even after the introduction of erectile dysfunction medication, contribute to the pathogenetic scene.
IVF pregnancies: Neonatal outcomes after the new Italian law on assisted reproduction technology (law 40/2004)
Authors: CASERTA DONATELLA , MARCI ROBERTO , TATONE CARLA , SCHIMBERNI MAURO , VAQUERO ELENA , LAZZARIN NATALIA , FAZI ALESSANDRA , MOSCARINI MASSIMO 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjective. To compare maternal and neonatal outcome of pregnancies achieved by assisted reproduction technique (ART) according to the guidelines of the newly established Italian ART law 40/2004, with that of naturally conceived. Design. Three hundred and sixty‐four ART pregnancies and 304 naturally conceived pregnancies were analyzed in terms of the incidence of obstetric complications and perinatal outcome. Control group was enrolled prospectively after being matched for an extensive number of maternal characteristics. Results. Among singletons, ART pregnancies when compared to naturally conceived pregnancies showed a higher incidence of pregnancy loss (23.4% versus 10.5%) and a lower mean birth weight. A higher but not significant incidence of small for gestational age fetuses was observed in ART pregnancies, compared to those from normally conceived pregnancies (7.2% versus 2.7%). Moreover, the ART pregnancies showed a slightly, but nonetheless significantly shorter mean gestational age (38.6 versus 39.3 weeks) and more frequent preterm deliveries (11%) than the control group (2.7%). No difference was found in terms of other obstetric complications such as pregnancy‐induced hypertension, gestational diabetes and placental abruption. Neonatal outcome was similar in both groups. Conclusion. Although the obstetric outcome among singleton ART pregnancies was good, these patients should be considered obstetric risk cases. The different frequency of complications is not related to maternal age or parity and could be the consequence of infertility or the procedures by which these women conceived. The reasons are, however, unclear and further studies are necessary.
Association between lactate concentration in amniotic fluid and dysfunctional labor
Authors: WIBERG‐ITZEL EVA , PETTERSSON HANS , CNATTINGIUS SVEN , NORDSTRÖM LENNART 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectives. To assess whether there is an association between high lactate concentration in amniotic fluid (AF) and labor dystocia. Design. Prospective observational study. Setting. Labor ward at General South Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Population and methods. Women in active labor attending labor ward, having at least two consecutive measurements of lactate concentration in AF, measured 60 minutes apart. Main outcome measure. Dysfunctional labor, defined as instrumental or operative delivery due to dystocia. Results. Among women with spontaneous vaginal deliveries (n =23) the mean lactate concentration in AF during labor was 8.9 mmol/l (range 6.6–10.8), and among women with operative delivery due to labor dystocia (n =31) the corresponding value was 10.9 mmol/l (range 8.0–16.1) (p<0.001). Of 29 women with a high lactate concentration (≥10.1 mmol/l) in at least two consecutive measures collected at least 60 minutes apart, 25 (86%) were delivered instrumentally/operatively due to dystocia. Using this definition of a positive test, the diagnostic accuracy to predict operative delivery due to dystocia was: sensitivity 81% (25/31), specificity 83% (19/23), positive predictive value 86% (25/29), and negative predictive value 76% (19/25). The likelihood ratio was 5.0 for a positive test and 0.2 for a negative test. Conclusions. High lactate concentration (≥10.1mmol/l) in at least two consecutive samples of AF collected during labor 60 minutes apart is strongly associated with dystocia. This method might be useful in clinical management to identify labor dystocia at an early stage of labor.
From the Cradle of the Nation to the Most Expensive Serbian Word: Changes in Serbian Public Language in the Last Decade of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Šajkaš Marija 
Published: August 2008

We cannot educate our children in the spirit of cosmopolitism, but instruct them to love their homeland instead. We have to put the big ideology in their little heads.Danilo Ž. Marković, Serbian Minister of Education in a speech to school managers of the Banat district, Daily Borba, 19 March 1993The words people use reflect their view of the world. In totalitarian societies the primary goal of a regime's language is to influence public opinion. A closer inspection of the most exploited phrases in Serbian public discourse in the period of the late 1980s until 2000 reveals a strong presence of propagandistic language. Thus, it can be argued that the consequences of Slobodan Milošević's politics are visible not only in the devastation of the people and the country but also in the sphere of Serbian public discourse. It is not only that his politics influenced the language. Rather, it is precisely because of the rich and diversified propaganda language of the regime that Slobodan Milošević's was able to maintain his firm grip on power in Serbia for 13 years.
Over‐the‐counter nicotine replacement therapy: a methodological review of the evidence supporting its effectiveness
Authors: WALSH RAOUL A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractDespite optimistic predictions when nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) was switched to over‐the‐counter (OTC) availability, population surveys have failed to demonstrate a positive impact on long‐term smoking cessation. This review examined the strength of the evidence from randomised trials and comparison group studies supporting the effectiveness of OTCNRT. Twelve eligible studies were identified: OTCNRT was compared with placebo in four studies and with health professional‐delivered NRT in four studies, and four studies involved community‐based minimal intervention NRT. These studies were assessed systematically to determine their methodological quality and generalisibility to ‘real‐world’ conditions of NRT use. The review found a number of issues, including provision of free NRT, heavy cigarette intakes (average 25 daily), high levels of personal interactions (7.6 per subject), lack of blindness assessment and failure of most studies to actively follow‐up all subjects seriously limit the degree to which studies' results can be applied to non‐research OTCNRT users. In addition, several important limitations affecting the meta‐analyses of OTCNRT by Hughes et al. were highlighted. The review concluded that the superiority of OTCNRT over unaided smoking cessation has not been demonstrated convincingly. Future directions for research involve more innovative, rigorous controlled trials and prospective cohort studies where nicotine dependence is assessed adequately.