bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Xenopus fibrillin is expressed in the organizer and is the earliest component of matrix at the developing notochord‐somite boundary
Authors: Skoglund P. , Dzamba B. , Coffman C.R. , Harris W.A. , Keller R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe identify a Xenopus fibrillin homolog (XF), and show that its earliest developmental expression is in presumptive dorsal mesoderm at gastrulation, and that XF expression is regulated by mesoderm‐inducing factors in animal cap assays. XF protein is also first detected in presumptive mesoderm, but is concentrated specifically into extracellular‐matrix structures that begin to develop de novo by mid‐gastrulation at both of the bilateral presumptive notochord‐somite boundaries. Later in embryogenesis, XF protein is localized to the extracellular matrix at tissue boundaries, where it is found surrounding the notochord, the somites, and the neural tube, as well as under the epidermis. This pattern of protein deposition combines to give the appearance of an “embryonic skeleton,” suggesting that one role for XF is to serve as a mechanical element in the embryo prior to bone deposition. Developmental Dynamics 235:1974–1983, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stromal Hoxa5 function controls the growth and differentiation of mammary alveolar epithelium
Authors: Garin Élisabeth , Lemieux Margot , Coulombe Yan , Robinson Gertraud W. , Jeannotte Lucie 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecent progress has enlightened the involvement of Hox genes in organogenesis. Several Hox genes are expressed in normal and neoplastic mammary glands. Using Hoxa5 mutant mice, we showed that Hoxa5−/− females present nursing defects. Characterization of the Hoxa5−/− mammary gland phenotype reveals changes in proliferation and differentiation of the epithelium of nulliparous and pregnant Hoxa5−/− females that precede the abnormal secretory activity at parturition. These defects likely underlie the incapacity of Hoxa5−/− dams to properly feed their pups. Hoxa5 expression is restricted to the mammary stroma at specific stages of mammary gland development. The loss of Hoxa5 function causes accelerated lobuloalveolar epithelium development, a phenotype that can be rescued upon grafting of mutant mammary epithelium into wild‐type fat pads. Conversely, reciprocal grafting experiments demonstrate that Hoxa5−/− stroma cannot support normal proliferation of wild‐type mammary epithelium. These data establish the essential contribution of Hoxa5 to mammary epithelium instruction by means of mesenchymal–epithelial crosstalk. Developmental Dynamics 235:1858–1871, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Second‐Generation Dendrimer with Six 2,9‐Dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline Units as Ligand for Copper‐Catalyzed Reactions
Authors: Lüning Ulrich , Eggert Jan P. W. , Hagemann Kathrin 
Published: April 2006

Abstract2,9‐Dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (neocuproine, 1) has been attached to dendritic structures through its 5‐position providing a trimer 7 and the hexamers 11 and 12. The copper‐binding capability of the hexamer 12 has been studied, and the 6:1 complex has been used to catalyze the Cu+‐promoted substitution of an iodoarene 14 to give an aryl ether 15. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Stereoselective Synthesis of the Monomeric Unit of SCH 351448
Authors: Backes J. René , Koert Ulrich 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe monomeric unit of the macrodiolide SCH 351448 has been synthesized from three building blocks. Strategic disconnections were chosen between C21–C22 (Wittig) and C10–C11 (stereoselective aldol). The cis configuration of both 2,6‐disubstituted tetrahydropyran rings was established by a stereoselective cationic reduction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Extracellular tumor DNA in plasma and overall survival in breast cancer patients
Authors: Garcia Jose M. , Garcia Vanesa , Silva Javier , Peña Cristina , Dominguez Gemma , Sanchez Antonio , Sanfrutos Luis , Provencio Mariano , Millan Isabel , Chaparro Dolores , España Pilar , Bonilla Felix 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this study, we examined whether free DNA extracted from the plasma of breast cancer patients, characterized as tumor DNA, could predict the overall survival (OS) of breast cancer patients. In total, 147 patients and 35 healthy controls were studied. Plasma DNA was assessed in the same way as tumor DNA, following identification of similar alterations in polymorphic markers and TP53 gene mutations. Although OS was the main focus of this study, recurrence and disease‐free survival (DFS) were also analyzed. In 61 of the 142 patients, with an average 58 months of follow‐up, a similar molecular signature in tumor and plasma DNA was detected. OS was 71% (95% CI, 61%–81%), and distribution as regards tumor plasma DNA was 59% (95% CI, 45%–73%) for positive cases and 83% (95% CI, 73%–93%) for negative cases (P = 0.01). Univariate analysis revealed a predictive value for tumor plasma DNA (P = 0.018) hazard ratio (HR) 2.5 (95% CI, 1.2–5.3), while multivariate analysis did not (P = 0.3), HR 1.6 (95% CI, 0.6–4.4). DFS was 37% (95% CI, 19%–55%) for positive patients and 75% (95% CI, 57%–93%) for negative patients (P = 0.005). Among the 35 recurrences observed, 25 were positive for tumor plasma DNA and 10 were negative, (P < 0.001). These results indicate that tumor plasma DNA at diagnosis can serve as a prognostic marker of the OS of breast cancer patients. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The v‐MFG test: investigating maternal, offspring and maternal‐fetal genetic incompatibility effects on disease and viability
Authors: Hsieh Hsin‐Ju , Palmer Christina G.S. , Harney Sinead , Newton Julia L. , Wordsworth Paul , Brown Matthew A. , Sinsheimer Janet S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe MFG test is a family‐based association test that detects genetic effects contributing to disease in offspring, including offspring allelic effects, maternal allelic effects and MFG incompatibility effects. Like many other family‐based association tests, it assumes that the offspring survival and the offspring‐parent genotypes are conditionally independent provided the offspring is affected. However, when the putative disease‐increasing locus can affect another competing phenotype, for example, offspring viability, the conditional independence assumption fails and these tests could lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the role of the gene in disease. We propose the v‐MFG test to adjust for the genetic effects on one phenotype, e.g., viability, when testing the effects of that locus on another phenotype, e.g., disease. Using genotype data from nuclear families containing parents and at least one affected offspring, the v‐MFG test models the distribution of family genotypes conditional on offspring phenotypes. It simultaneously estimates genetic effects on two phenotypes, viability and disease. Simulations show that the v‐MFG test produces accurate genetic effect estimates on disease as well as on viability under several different scenarios. It generates accurate type‐I error rates and provides adequate power with moderate sample sizes to detect genetic effects on disease risk when viability is reduced. We demonstrate the v‐MFG test with HLA‐DRB1 data from study participants with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their parents, we show that the v‐MFG test successfully detects an MFG incompatibility effect on RA while simultaneously adjusting for a possible viability loss. Genet. Epidemiol. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age affects ERK1/2 and NRF2 signaling in the regulation of GCLC expression
Authors: Li Muyao , Liu Rui‐Ming , Timblin Cynthia R. , Meyer Suzanne G. , Mossman Brooke T. , Fukagawa Naomi K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe previously reported that activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) DNA binding activity was increased in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from old rats when exposed to high glucose or tumor necrosis factor (TNF‐α) (Li et al., 2003. J Cell Physiol 197:418–425). We have now examined the relationship between the age‐dependent activation of the ERK1/2–AP‐1 pathway and modulation of constitutive gene expression of the catalytic subunit of glutamate‐cysteine ligase (GCLC) in response to high glucose and TNF‐α. GCLC mRNA levels were higher in VSMC from old rats compared to young, a pattern consistent with its protein levels. To determine whether age‐related activation of ERK1/2‐AP‐1 signaling is responsible for the up‐regulation of GCLC, the MEK inhibitors, PD98059 and U0126, were used to block ERK1/2 in VSMC from old rats. An increase in GCLC with inhibitors was observed, diminishing the likelihood of ERK1/2‐AP‐1 activation as the up‐regulating signal for GCLC. However, the transcription factor Nrf2 was higher in nuclei and accompanied by increased Nrf2‐ARE binding in VSMC from old rats. Furthermore, MEK inhibitors increased nuclear Nrf2 and Nrf2/ARE binding. These data suggest opposing effects of Nrf2 and ERK1/2 signaling in the modulation of GCLC expression in old animals. J. Cell. Physiol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Formal gas‐phase polar [4 + 1+] cycloaddition of ionized methylene to α‐dicarbonyl compounds: synthesis of 2‐unsubstituted 1,3‐dioxoles
Authors: Meurer Eduardo C. , Cabrini Liliane G. , Gozzo Fabio C. , Eberlin Marcos N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIon/molecule reactions of +CH2 OCH2· with α‐dicarbonyl compounds were performed via pentaquadrupole mass spectrometry. Besides the previously known [3+ + 2] 1,3‐cycloaddition reaction that forms cyclic 1,3‐dioxonium ions, an unprecedented reaction proceeding formally by [4 + 1+] cycloaddition of ionized methylene (CH2+·) to the α‐dicarbonyl compounds occurs competitively, leading to the gas‐phase synthesis of several ionized 2‐unsubstituted 1,3‐dioxoles. This novel cycloaddition reaction may therefore be added to the set of methods available for the synthesis of 1,3‐dioxoles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photodynamic therapy: Combined modality approaches targeting the tumor microenvironment
Authors: Gomer Charles J. , Ferrario Angela , Luna Marian , Rucker Natalie , Wong Sam 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPhotodynamic therapy causes direct cytotoxicity to malignant cells within a tumor. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can also have both direct and indirect effects upon various non‐malignant components of the tumor microenvironment. This action can lead to PDT‐mediated angiogenesis and inflammation, which are emerging as important determinants of PDT responsiveness.Study Design/Materials and MethodsPreclinical studies have been performed to document how PDT modulates the tumor microenvironment. The expression, function, and treatment relevance of angiogenic growth factors, proteinases, and inflammatory molecules have been monitored following PDT using mouse tumor models.ResultsPhotofrin‐mediated PDT was shown to be a strong activator of VEGF, MMPs, and COX‐2 derived prostaglandins within the tumor microenvironment. Inhibitors that target these angiogenic and pro‐survival molecules can enhance the effectiveness of PDT.ConclusionsImprovements in PDT tumor responsiveness may be achieved by employing combined modality regimens targeting malignant cells as well as treatment‐induced angiogenesis and/or inflammation. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diabetic ketoacidosis precipitated by subacute (De Quervain's) thyroiditis
Authors: Talapatra I , Tymms DJ 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is often precipitated by another illness. Less common causes are rarely sought. We describe the case of a 48‐year‐old man with diabetic ketoacidosis. When transferred from intravenous insulin infusion to subcutaneous insulin, his requirements were higher than usual. Liver function tests were abnormal but recurrence of his previously treated carcinoma colon was excluded by investigation. His thyroid hormone levels were markedly elevated, but fell rapidly to hypothyroid levels even after his initial carbimazole therapy was discontinued, suggesting a diagnosis of subacute thyroiditis. His insulin requirements fell on resolving the hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism was probably the main precipitant of his DKA but was not identified at presentation. We recommend that hyperthyroidism is excluded in patients presenting with ketoacidosis when the precipitating cause is unclear. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐stepwise GMR and layers magnetic reversal in uniaxial Fe/Cr superlattices
Authors: Ustinov V. V. , Milyaev M. A. , Romashev L. N. , Krinitsina T. P. , Burkhanov A. M. , Lauter‐Pasyuk V. V. , Lauter H. J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe investigated the structure, magnetic and magnetoresistive properties of the antiferromagnetically coupled superlattices [Fe(85Å)/Cr(t , Å)]12 with the Cr layers thickness tCr =12.4 and 13.6 Å grown simultaneously on (100)MgO and (211)MgO substrates. It is shown that (211)MgO substrate is appropriate for the growth of (210)Fe/Cr multilayers with a strong uniaxial in‐plane anisotropy. The stepwise behavior of magnetization and magnetoresistance is revealed in the case when the magnetic field is applied along the easy axis in the film plane of the (211)MgO/[(210)Fe/Cr]12 superlattices. The steps on the M (H ) and ΔR (H )/R dependences are caused by the flip of magnetic moments of individual Fe layers. The qualitative information about the sequence of spin‐flip transitions is extracted from the comparative analysis of magnetization and magnetoresistance data. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Partiality and Nondeterminacy in Program Proofs
Authors: Morris Joseph M. , Bunkenburg Alexander 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.

Specifications and programs make much use of nondeterministic and/or partial expressions, i.e. expressions which may yield several or no outcomes for some values of their free variables. Traditional 2-valued logics do not comfortably accommodate reasoning about undefined expressions, and do not cater at all for nondeterministic expressions. We seek to rectify this with a 4-valued typed logic
E4
which classifies formulae as either “true”, “false”, “neither true nor false”, or “possibly true, possibly false”. The logic is derived in part from the 2-valued logic
E
and the 3-valued LPF, and preserves most of the theorems of
E
. Indeed, the main result is that nondeterminacy can be added to a logic covering partiality at little cost.
The First World Congress on Formal Methods in the Development of Computing Systems
Authors: Wing Jeanette , Woodcock Jim 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.
Formal methods are coming of age: mathematical techniques and tools are now regarded as an important part of the development process in a wide range of industrial and governmental organisations. A transfer of technology into the mainstream of systems development is slowly, but surely, taking place.
FM'99, the First World Congress on Formal Methods in the Development of Computing Systems, was a result and a measure of this new-found maturity. It brought together an impressive array of industrial and applications-oriented papers that show how formal methods have been used to tackle real problems. The proceedings are published as Volumes 1708 and 1709 in Springer-Verlag's Lecture Notes in Computer Science.
These proceedings are a record of the technical symposium of FM'99. Alongside the papers describing applications of formal methods, you will find technical reports, papers, and abstracts detailing new advances in formal techniques, from mathematical foundations to practical tools.
After the World Congress, we decided that many papers deserved a wider audience, and we created an opportunity for their authors to revise and extend their work. The proceedings contain over one hundred papers, and we decided to publish twelve of them simultaneously in special issues of three journals: Formal Aspects of Computing, Formal Methods in System Design, and IEEE Transactions in Software Engineering. The papers selected are among the best submitted to FM'99, and were subjected to a rigorous second review process involving leading international academic and industrial researchers.
A reappraisal of the population dynamics of the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea, on lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta, in Scotland
Authors: Watt A. D. , Hicks B. J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea, is a defoliating pest of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests in Scotland. This article reviews early and recent research on the population ecology of Panolis flammea and presents an analysis of pupal survey data collected between 1977 and 1993. Research in the 1980s suggested that natural enemies, although effective in preventing P. flammea outbreaks on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), played an insignificant role in the population dynamics of P. flammea on lodgepole pine. However, analysis of pupal survey data showed that delayed density‐dependent action of natural enemies, probably parasitoids, was overlooked during the 1970s and 1980s. Recent research suggests that fungal pathogens are responsible for a decline in the frequency and severity of outbreaks of P. flammea on lodgepole pine. This suggestion, together with the overlooked importance of other natural enemies, indicates that the population ecology of P. flammea in Scotland has changed during the past 20 years and requires a full reappraisal.
Phenological diversity in tropical forests
Authors: Sakai S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOne of the most intriguing and complex characteristics of reproductive phenology in tropical forests is high diversity within and among forests. To understand such diversity, Newstrom et al. provided a systematic framework for the classification of tropical flowering phenology. They adopted frequency and regularity as criteria with priority, and classified plants in La Selva, Costa Rica, where most plants reproduced more than once a year irregularly. Many other studies have demonstrated annual cycles corresponding to rainfall patterns at the community level in Neotropical forests, including La Selva. On the other hand, supraannual flowering synchronized among various plant species, called general flowering, is known from aseasonal lowland dipterocarp forests in Southeast Asia. Within both forests, a wide spectrum of flowering patterns is found. This range of patterns suggests the great potential of tropical phenological studies to explore the selective pressures on phenology. Various abiotic and biotic factors can be selective agents. The shared pollinators hypothesis suggests that plant species sharing pollinators segregate flowering temporarily to minimize interspecific overlap in flowering times and thus minimize ineffective pollination or competition for pollinators, indicating strong phylogenetic constraints in timing and variation of flowering. Comparison of phenology within and among forests may help our understanding of phenological diversity. Attempts are now being made to develop a common language to communicate concepts and render interpretations of data more compatible among investigators and to create a network to promote comparative studies.
Contrasting scales of oviposition and parasitism in praying mantids
Authors: Fagan W. F. , Folarin A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe report on spatial patterns of parasitism of oothecae (egg cases) of praying mantises (Stagmomantis limbata) by torymid wasps, Podagrion spp. Using collections of mapped mantid oothecae from Riparian sites in the Sonoran desert and Grassland sites in the Chiricahua Mountains (both in Arizona, USA), we characterized the spatial distributions of oothecae and parasitism. The likelihood of an egg case suffering some parasitism was higher at Grassland sites, which had high oothecal densities, than at low‐density Riparian sites. However, experimental isolation of Grassland oothecae to densities comparable to Riparian sites reduced parasitism rates. At Riparian sites, parasitized oothecae exhibited on average the same extent of parasitism as parasitized oothecae at high densities but with much greater variation. Indeed, large fractions of Riparian oothecae suffered both severe (>50%) and light (<20%) parasitism, whereas most parasitized Grassland oothecae suffered intermediate levels of parasitism. Analysis of first nearest neighbor distances indicated that the parasite load of an ootheca did not depend on its immediate isolation. However, extending the analysis to include subsequent nearest neighbors (using a technique from spatial statistics called the R(K) function), we found that even though oothecae of S. limbata were spatially clustered, some oothecae in a (statistically defined) cluster escaped parasitism when overall oothecal densities were low. This pattern suggests that when oothecae are sparsely distributed, Podagrion wasps exploit only a fraction of the oothecae available locally, even though the oothecae are strongly aggregated relative to their overall density. We suggest this lack of congruency in the scales of oothecal deposition and parasitism at low densities (which is absent when oothecae are at high densities) may be explained in part by behavioral aspects of the parasite's reproduction, including increased host fidelity by relatively sedentary female parasites.
Female‐biased operational sex ratio of sexual host fish in a gynogenetic complex of Carassius auratus
Authors: Hakoyama H. , Matsubara N. , Iguchi K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTo study the coexistence of sexual and gynogenetic forms, we examined the population structure of a gynogenetic complex of the Japanese crucian carp, Carassius auratus Temminck et Schlegel, during the April–June reproductive season by collecting 1225 mature fish that migrated from Lake Suwa to a tributary river for spawning. There were more sexual fish (about 80%) than gynogenetic fish in this complex, and the operational sex ratio in the sexual form was female biased (males were about 20%). Mean standard length and body weight of sexual females were larger than those of sexual males. Sex ratio was male biased in smaller fish (standard length, <8.5 cm) but female biased in larger fish (standard length, ≥8.5 cm). We determined age by scale ring marks; the average age of sexual females was higher than that of males, but there was no significant difference in the average age between sexual and gynogenetic females. Sex ratio in the sexual form was more female biased for old than for young fish, and the mean size of sexual females was larger than that of males of the same age. The clear female‐biased sex ratio and age difference between sexual females and males can be explained either by (1) higher mortality of males or by (2) female‐biased sex allocation. The latter process reduces the disadvantage of sex and contributes to the coexistence of sexual and gynogenetic forms.