bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bulk Recycling Models with Incomplete Vertical Mixing. Part I: Conceptual Framework and Models
Authors: Burde Georgy I. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A conceptual framework, within which the bulk recycling models could incorporate the effects related to an incomplete vertical mixing of water in the tropospheric column, is developed. As an example, the bulk model with the modified well-mixed atmosphere condition, incorporating the “fast recycling” process, is constructed. The model contains a tunable, spatially varying parameter K that characterizes the level of the incomplete vertical mixing effects. The simplified analytical models based on the modified well-mixed atmosphere condition are developed. The analysis of the simplified model results shows that the regional recycling ratio may depend significantly on the average of K, but it depends only slightly on the rate of variation of K, which indicates that models with a constant K can be used instead of the variable K model.
Maintenance of the Boreal Forest Rainbelts during Northern Summer
Authors: Yoon Jin-Ho , Chen Tsing-Chang 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
It is not unreasonable to expect that boreal forests that exist along 60°N in the Eurasian and North American continents were created and are maintained by warm seasonal rainfall. As revealed from satellite observations and various precipitation sources, zonally elongated rainbelts appear along these forests. Previous studies show that a relationship may exist between the frontal zone along the Arctic seaboard and regional patterns of high-latitude precipitation. It was observed by this study that baroclinic zones associated with strong Arctic westerlies coincide with minor storm tracks and boreal forest rainbelts only in eastern Canada. In contrast, this coincidence does not occur in northern Europe, eastern Siberia, and the Alaska–Pacific coast, because boreal forest rainbelts in these regions are located farther south of strong Arctic westerlies and ahead of high-latitude troughs over central Eurasia, the Bering Sea, the Labrador Sea, and the Norwegian Sea. Therefore, instead of baroclinicity along strong Arctic westerlies, favorable environments for the formation of minor storm tracks are developed by positive vorticity advections ahead of these high-latitude troughs. The water vapor budget analyses performed with NCEP and Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-1) reanalyses show that the boreal forest rainbelts are essentially maintained by the convergence of water vapor flux associated with transient disturbances at high latitudes.
Trends in Total and Extreme South American Rainfall in 1960–2000 and Links with Sea Surface Temperature
Authors: Haylock M. R. , Peterson T. C. , Alves L. M. , Ambrizzi T. , Anunciação Y. M. T. , Baez J. , Barros V. R. , Berlato M. A. , Bidegain M. , Coronel G. , Corradi V. , Garcia V. J. , Grimm A. M. , Karoly D. , Marengo J. A. , Marino M. B. , Moncunill D. F. , Nechet D. , Quintana J. , Rebello E. , Rusticucci M. , Santos J. L. , Trebejo I. , Vincent L. A. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A weeklong workshop in Brazil in August 2004 provided the opportunity for 28 scientists from southern South America to examine daily rainfall observations to determine changes in both total and extreme rainfall. Twelve annual indices of daily rainfall were calculated over the period 1960 to 2000, examining changes to both the entire distribution as well as the extremes. Maps of trends in the 12 rainfall indices showed large regions of coherent change, with many stations showing statistically significant changes in some of the indices. The pattern of trends for the extremes was generally the same as that for total annual rainfall, with a change to wetter conditions in Ecuador and northern Peru and the region of southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and northern and central Argentina. A decrease was observed in southern Peru and southern Chile, with the latter showing significant decreases in many indices. A canonical correlation analysis between each of the indices and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) revealed two large-scale patterns that have contributed to the observed trends in the rainfall indices. A coupled pattern with ENSO-like SST loadings and rainfall loadings showing similarities with the pattern of the observed trend reveals that the change to a generally more negative Southern Oscillation index (SOI) has had an important effect on regional rainfall trends. A significant decrease in many of the rainfall indices at several stations in southern Chile and Argentina can be explained by a canonical pattern reflecting a weakening of the continental trough leading to a southward shift in storm tracks. This latter signal is a change that has been seen at similar latitudes in other parts of the Southern Hemisphere. A similar analysis was carried out for eastern Brazil using gridded indices calculated from 354 stations from the Global Historical Climatology Network (GHCN) database. The observed trend toward wetter conditions in the southwest and drier conditions in the northeast could again be explained by changes in ENSO.
A Climatological Monsoon Break in Rainfall over Indochina—A Singularity in the Seasonal March of the Asian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Takahashi Hiroshi G. , Yasunari Tetsuzo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This study investigated the climatological pentad mean annual cycle of rainfall in Thailand and the associated atmospheric circulation fields. The data used included two different data of rainfall: rain gauge data for Thailand from the Thai Meteorological Department and satellite-derived rainfall data from the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP).
Climatological mean pentad values of rainfall taken over 50 yr clearly show a distinct climatological monsoon break (CMB) occurring over Thailand in late June. The occurrence of the CMB coincides with a drastic change of large-scale monsoon circulation in the seasonal march. The CMB is a significant singularity in the seasonal march of the Southeast Asia monsoon, which divides the rainy season into the early monsoon and the later monsoon over the Indochina Peninsula.
A quasi-stationary ridge dynamically induced by the north–south-oriented mountain range in Indochina is likely to cause the CMB. The formation of the strong ridge over the mountain ranges of Indochina is preceded by a sudden enhancement (northward expansion) of the upstream monsoon westerlies along a latitudinal band between 15° and 20°N in late June. The CMB also has an impact downstream. The orographically induced stationary Rossby waves enhance the cyclonic circulation to the lee of Indochina, and over the South China Sea. The enhancement of cyclonic circulation may be responsible for the summer monsoon rains peaking in late June over the South China Sea and the western North Pacific, and in the baiu front.
Effects of Averaging and Separating Soil Moisture and Temperature in the Presence of Snow Cover in a SVAT and Hydrological Model for a Southern Ontario, Canada, Watershed
Authors: Fassnacht S. R. , Yang Z-L. , Snelgrove K. R. , Soulis E. D. , Kouwen N. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The energy and water balances at the earth's surface are dramatically influenced by the presence of snow cover. Therefore, soil temperature and moisture for snow-covered and snow-free areas can be very different. In computing these soil state variables, many land surface schemes in climate models do not explicitly distinguish between snow-covered and snow-free areas. Even if they do, some schemes average these state variables to calculate grid-mean energy fluxes and these averaged state variables are then used at the beginning of the next time step. This latter approach introduces a numerical error in that heat is redistributed from snow-free areas to snow-covered areas, resulting in a more rapid snowmelt. This study focuses on the latter approach and examines the sensitivity of soil moisture and streamflow to the treatment of the soil state variables in the presence of snow cover by using WATCLASS, a land surface scheme linked with a hydrologic model. The model was tested for the 1993 snowmelt period on the Upper Grand River in Southern Ontario, Canada. The results show that a more realistic simulation of streamflow can be obtained by keeping track of the soil states in snow-covered and snow-free areas.
Passive Acoustic Determination of Wave-Breaking Events and Their Severity across the Spectrum
Authors: Manasseh Richard , Babanin Alexander V. , Forbes Cameron , Rickards Kate , Bobevski Irena , Ooi Andrew 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A passive acoustic method of detecting breaking waves of different scales has been developed. The method also showed promise for measuring breaking severity.
Sounds were measured by a subsurface hydrophone in various wind and wave states. A video record of the surface was made simultaneously. Individual sound pulses corresponding to the many individual bubble formations during wave-breaking events typically last only a few tens of milliseconds. Each time a sound-level threshold was exceeded, the acoustic signal was captured over a brief window typical of a bubble formation pulse, registering one count. Each pulse was also analyzed to determine the likely bubble size generating the pulse.
Using the time series of counts and visual observations of the video record, the sound-level threshold that detected bubble formations at a rate optimally discriminating between breaking and nonbreaking waves was determined by a classification-accuracy analysis. This diagnosis of breaking waves was found to be approximately 70%–75% accurate once the optimum threshold had been determined.
The method was then used for detailed analysis of wave-breaking properties across the spectrum. When applied to real field data, a breaking probability distribution could be obtained. This is the rate of occurrence of wave-breaking events at different wave scales. With support from a separate, laboratory experiment, the estimated bubble size is argued to be dependent on the severity of wave breaking and thus to provide information on the energy loss due to the breaking at the measured spectral frequencies. A combination of the breaking probability distribution and the bubble size could lead to direct estimates of spectral distribution of wave dissipation.
Low-Frequency Sea Level Variability and the Inverted Barometer Effect
Authors: Ponte Rui M. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
For a dynamical interpretation of sea level records, estimates are needed of the isostatic, or so-called inverted barometer, signals (ηib) associated with the ocean response to atmospheric loading. Seasonal and longer-period ηib signals are evaluated over the global ocean for the period 1958–2000 using monthly sea level pressure fields from two different atmospheric reanalyses. Variability and linear trends in ηib agree well for the two reanalyses in most regions but less so over the Southern Ocean, where uncertainties in ηib seem to be largest. The standard deviation of ηib ranges from &lt;1 cm in equatorial regions to &gt;7 cm in the regions of the Aleutian and Iceland lows and parts of the Southern and Arctic Oceans. When compared to a global tide gauge dataset, both seasonal and interannual ηib signals are found to contribute importantly to the sea level variance in many mid- and high-latitude records, with seasonal signals important as well in tropical records from India and Southeast Asia. For these records, subtracting ηib from the data can lead to changes in variance of 40% or more. Over the period of study, linear trends in ηib are mostly negative at low and midlatitudes and can cause negative biases in tide gauge estimates of global mean sea level rise that are comparable in magnitude to the effects of postglacial rebound. In agreement with previous findings, ηib signals are found to introduce anomalous behavior in local records (e.g., substantially weaker upward trends in the Mediterranean), and their removal can also reduce formal trend uncertainties. Accounting for ηib effects can be even more important when analyzing relatively short (decadal) records, such as those available from satellite altimetry.
Phased-Array Design for Biological Clutter Rejection: Simulation and Experimental Validation
Authors: Cheong B. L. , Hoffman M. W. , Palmer R. D. , Frasier Stephen J. , López-Dekker F. J. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This paper highlights recent results obtained with the Turbulent Eddy Profiler (TEP), which was developed by the University of Massachusetts. This unique 915-MHz radar has up to 64 spatially separated receiving elements, each with an independent receiver. The calibrated raw data provided by this array could be processed using sophisticated imaging algorithms to resolve the horizontal structures within each range gate. After collecting all of the closely spaced horizontal slices, the TEP radar can produce three-dimensional images of echo power, radial velocity, and spectral width. From the radial velocity measurements, it is possible to estimate the three-dimensional wind with high horizontal and vertical resolution. Given the flexibility of the TEP system, various array configurations are possible. In the present work exploitation of the flexibility of TEP is attempted to enhance the rejection of clutter from unwanted biological targets. From statistical studies, most biological clutter results from targets outside the main imaging field of view, that is, the sidelobes and grating lobes (if they exist) of the receiving beam. Because the TEP array's minimum receiver separation exceeds the spatial Nyquist sampling requirement, substantial possibilities for grating-lobe clutter exist and are observed in actual array data. When imaging over the transmit beam volume, the receiving array main lobe is scanned over a ±12.5° region. This scanning also sweeps the grating lobes over a wide angular region, virtually guaranteeing that a biological scatterer outside of the main beam will appear somewhere in the imaged volume. This paper focuses on suppressing pointlike targets in the grating-lobe regions. With a subtle change to the standard TEP array hardware configuration, it is shown via simulations and actual experimental observations (collected in June 2003) that adaptive beamforming methods can subsequently be used to significantly suppress the effects of point targets on the wind field estimates. These pointlike targets can be birds or planes with strong reflectivity. By pointlike the authors mean its appearance is a distinct point (up to the imaging resolution) in the images. The pointlike strong reflectivity signature exploits the capability of adaptive beamforming to suppress the interference using the new array configuration. It should be noted that this same array configuration does not exhibit this beneficial effect when standard Fourier beamforming is employed.
Continuous Humidity Monitoring in a Tropical Region with the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar
Authors: Furumoto Jun-ichi , Tsuda Toshitaka , Iwai Satoshi , Kozu Toshiaki 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A radar remote sensing technique that estimates humidity profiles using a wind profiler is applied to the equatorial atmosphere radar (EAR) to monitor detailed humidity variations in tropical regions. Turbulence echo power intensity is related to the vertical refractive index gradient squared (M2). Here, M is primarily determined by the vertical gradient of specific humidity in the lower troposphere. These relations are employed to estimate a humidity profile.
EAR is a 47-MHz very high frequency (VHF) atmospheric radar installed at KotoTabang in West Sumatra, Indonesia. A humidity-profiling method, which was recently developed for the middle- and upper-atmosphere (MU) radar, was applied to EAR. The aim was to test this new method with a larger dataset observed in the tropical region, where detailed humidity variations have not been fully revealed. EAR observations were carried out in November 2002. Turbulence echoes from one vertical and four oblique beams were obtained with time and height resolutions of 3 min and 150 m, respectively. Spano and Ghebrebrhan's optimized 16-bit code was used for EAR in the entire height range in order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio of the turbulence observation. The effects of pulse compression and coherent and incoherent integrations were removed from the echo power intensity. Because the echo power intensity with the vertical beam was affected by partial reflection, M2 was averaged over four oblique beams.
The humidity profiles were estimated using EAR at heights of 1.5–7.5 km. Below 3.0 km the sensitivity of the EAR receiver decreased and the radar-derived |M| was also reduced. Thus, the radar-derived |M| below 3.0 km was adjusted by multiplying the reduction factor calculated from the comparisons with radiosonde results in the campaign period. In this analysis, time-interpolated temperature profiles of radiosonde observations were used to estimate humidity profiles. Detailed variations of humidity corresponded well to rain distribution observed simultaneously with the L-band boundary layer radar (BLR) and the X-band radar, and to the cloud bottom height observed with a ceilometer.
IAC ETH Goniospectrometer: A Tool for Hyperspectral HDRF Measurements
Authors: Bourgeois C. Saskia , Ohmura Atsumu , Schroff Karl , Frei Hans-Jörg , Calanca Pierluigi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This work presents a new field goniospectrometer developed at the Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science (IAC) of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH; Switzerland). The goniospectrometer was built to study the hemispherical directional reflectance factor (HDRF) of snow, but can also be applied to other surfaces with moderate surface roughness.
The IAC ETH goniospectrometer measures HDRFs with high spatial resolution. The goniometer is exclusively built of straight parts, thus ensuring a high pointing accuracy. The two robotic arms are controlled automatically with step motors, whereby the step size can be defined by the user. With the default grid size of 15° in zenith and azimuth, the time needed to collect one complete HDRF dataset is 11 min, corresponding to a change of less than 4° in solar zenith and azimuth angles.
The spectrometer comprises two probes. The first probe is equipped with a 3° foreoptic and is used for taking a spectrum of the reflected radiance; the second is placed on a tripod, has a 2π foreoptic, and simultaneously records a spectrum of the incoming irradiance. Both probes measure in the spectral range from 350 to 1050 nm, with a resolution of approximately 3 nm at around 700 nm.
The performance of the new goniospectrometer was tested at the Greenland Environmental Observatory Summit Station (72°35′N, 34°30′W, 3203 m ASL) during the summer of 2004.
Seeing What is There in Spite of Ourselves: George Tyrrell, John Dominic Crossan, and Robert Frost on Faces in Deep Wells
Authors: Poirier John 
Published: April 2006

AbstractJohn Dominic Crossan recently used Robert Frost's poem ‘For Once, Then, Something’ to illustrate (and partially refute) the familiar charge that historical Jesus scholars have seen a reflection of their own faces looking down into the depths of a well rather than any sort of purchase on the historical Jesus. In so doing, Crossan has misunderstood both Frost's poem and the intention behind the original wellgazer metaphor as coined by George Tyrrell. Although there is little indication that Crossan has applied his newly honed ‘interactivism’ at any point in his work, the problems with the epistemology that he renders are too great to ignore. This article also notes problems with epistemologies advanced by other historical Jesus scholars.
Holtzmann's Life of Jesus According to the ‘A’ Source: Part 2
Authors: Kloppenborg John 
Published: April 2006

AbstractH.J. Holtzmann's Die synoptischen Evangelien(1863) is not only regarded as having established Markan priority and the basic contours of the Two Source hypothesis; it also offered a sketch of the life of Jesus based on a Mark-like source that represents a starting point for the so-called ‘Liberal Lives of Jesus’ which prevailed from 1863 until the early 1900s. Holtzmann's ‘Life’ portrayed Jesus as an exemplary personality, and posited psychological development in seven stages in the career of Jesus. This essay discusses the intellectual context leading to Holtzmann's book and then offers an annotated English translation of Holtzmann's ‘Life of Jesus’. This is Part 2 of a two-part essay.
Clinical and consumer guidelines related to the management of childhood fever
Authors: Dixon Gillian , Deehan Donal , Dickson Rumona , Miller Helen , Pegnam-Mason Heidi 
Published: April 2006

Background: The majority of childhood fever episodes are considered part of normal childhood development. However, febrile children frequently present to hospital and general practitioners. Health providers and parents therefore require knowledge on how to manage childhood fever, how to recognise which febrile children are likely to become seriously ill and when to seek urgent medical advice. This information is frequently provided in the form of clinical and/or consumer guidelines. Aim: The aim of this systematic review was to identify and assess clinical and consumer guidelines related to the management of childhood fever. Methods: A comprehensive search strategy included searching electronic clinical databases, guideline databases, Internet searching, contacting paediatric hospitals across the UK, and experts and researchers. Application of inclusion criteria, quality assessment and data extraction were independently conducted by two reviewers. Data is presented in tabular format with narrative discussion. Results: A total of 22 guidelines were identified and included in the review. Five were clinical guidelines and 17 guidelines designed for parents/carers. The results highlight that key markers cannot be identified to help predict which febrile children might become seriously ill. Because childhood fever guidelines also lack comprehensive evidence and offer conflicting recommendations, parents and carers are unlikely to be able to identify such markers. Conclusions: Current clinical and consumer guidelines related to childhood fever are not evidence-based and appear to be produced as consensus statements summarising current care provision. Healthcare workers need to ensure when undertaking the development and dissemination of patient information that they follow appropriate processes to incorporate the most appropriate evidence. Current guidelines fail to provide information on key markers to enable early recognition of seriously ill children. This review also demonstrates that alternative search strategies can prove effective in identifying guidelines for care.
Sorafenib is a potent inhibitor of FIP1L1-PDGFRα and the imatinib-resistant FIP1L1-PDGFRα T674I mutant
Authors: Lierman Els , Folens Cedric , Stover Elizabeth H. , Mentens Nicole , Van Miegroet Helen , Scheers Werner , Boogaerts Marc , Vandenberghe Peter , Marynen Peter , Cools Jan 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The FIP1L1-PDGFRA oncogene is a common cause of chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL), and encodes an activated tyrosine kinase that is inhibited by imatinib. FIP1L1-PDGFRA–positive patients with CEL respond to low-dose imatinib therapy, but resistance due to acquired T674I mutation has been observed. We report here the identification of sorafenib as a potent inhibitor of the FIP1 like 1–platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (FIP1L1-PDGFRα) (T674I) mutant. Sorafenib inhibited the proliferation of FIP1L1-PDGFRα and FIP1L1-PDGFRα(T674I)–transformed Ba/F3 cells and induced apoptosis of the EOL-1 cell line at a low nanomolar concentration. Western blot analysis confirmed that these effects were due to a direct effect on FIP1L1-PDGFRα and FIP1L1-PDGFRα(T674I). Sorafenib was recently approved for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Our data suggest that low doses of sorafenib could be efficient for the treatment of FIP1L1-PDGFRA–positive CEL and could be used to overcome resistance to imatinib associated with the T674I mutation.