bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant vitamins supplementation and mortality: A randomized trial in head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Bairati Isabelle , Meyer François , Jobin Edith , Gélinas Michel , Fortin André , Nabid Abdenour , Brochet François , Têtu Bernard 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThere has been concern that long‐term supplementation with high‐dose antioxidant vitamins, especially vitamin E (α‐tocopherol), may increase all‐cause mortality. We conducted a randomized controlled trial with α‐tocopherol (400 IU/day) and β‐carotene (30 mg/day) supplements among 540 head and neck cancer patients treated by radiation therapy. Supplementation with β‐carotene was discontinued during the trial. The supplements were given during radiation therapy and for 3 additional years. During the follow‐up (median 6.5 years), 179 deaths were recorded. All death certificates were obtained. All‐cause and cause‐specific mortality rates were compared between the 2 arms of the trial by Cox regression. All‐cause mortality was significantly increased in the supplement arm: hazard ratio: 1.38, 95% confidence interval 1.03–1.85. Cause‐specific mortality rates tended to be higher in the supplement arm than in the placebo arm. Our results concur with previous reports to suggest that high‐dose vitamin E could be harmful. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coffee consumption and stomach cancer risk in a cohort of Swedish women
Authors: Larsson Susanna C. , Giovannucci Edward , Wolk Alicja 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFew prospective studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and risk of stomach cancer, and the findings have been inconsistent. We prospectively investigated the association of long‐term coffee consumption with risk of stomach cancer in a population‐based cohort study of 61,433 Swedish women. Information on coffee consumption was collected with a food‐frequency questionnaire at baseline (1987–1990) and updated in 1997. During a mean follow‐up of 15.7 years from 1987 through June 2005, 160 incident cases of stomach cancer were diagnosed. Coffee consumption was positively associated with the risk of stomach cancer. Compared to women who consumed 1 or fewer cups of coffee per day, the multivariate hazard ratios were 1.49 (95% = 0.97–2.27) for women who drank 2–3 cups per day and 1.86 (95% CI = 1.07–3.25) for those who drank 4 or more cups per day (pfor trend = 0.01). An increase of 1 cup of coffee per day was associated with a statistically significant 22% increased risk of stomach cancer (hazard ratio = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.05–1.42). These prospective data suggest that coffee consumption may increase the risk of stomach cancer in a dose–response manner. This finding needs to be confirmed in other prospective studies. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lifetime of alumina‐ and zirconia ceramics used for crown and bridge restorations
Authors: Tinschert Joachim , Natt Gerd , Mohrbotter Nina , Spiekermann Hubertus , Schulze Karen A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe lifetime of a ceramic is dependent on the presence of incidental cracks and their gradual propagation under the conditions of the oral cavity. The objective of this study was to examine the long‐term strength of glass‐infiltrated alumina‐ and various zirconia ceramics currently used in CAD/CAM systems to manufacture crown and bridge frameworks. Fracture mechanics were applied to determine characteristic strength (σo), Weibull modulus (m), fracture toughness (KIc), and the subcritical crack growth parameters n and B. Based on these parameters, lifetime diagrams were generated which allowed the evaluation of the long‐term behavior. The results showed that in a moist environment, the glass‐infiltrated alumina‐ and some zirconia ceramics have a high susceptibility to subcritical crack growth. Zirconia ceramics with an alumina oxide content of 0.25 wt %, however, exhibited the highest initial and most favorable long‐term strength, and should therefore be suitable for crown and bridge restorations. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Transformation of 3DP gypsum model to HA by treating in ammonium phosphate solution
Authors: Lowmunkong Rungnapa , Sohmura Taiji , Takahashi Junzo , Suzuki Yumiko , Matsuya Shigeki , Ishikawa Kunio 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThree‐dimensional printing (3DP) is a CAD/CAM built‐up using ink‐jet printing technique. Commercially available 3DP system can form only gypsum model and not for bioceramics. On the other hand, transformation of hardened gypsum into hydroxyapatite (HA) by treatment in ammonium phosphate solution was found lately. In the present study, transformation of the 3DP gypsum block to HA was attempted. However, the fabricated 3DP block was soluble in water. To insolubilize, it was heated at 300°C for 10 min, and then, gypsum was transformed to calcium sulfate hemihydrate, CaSO4 · 0.5H2O. The 3D block was immersed in 1M (NH4)3PO4 · 3H2O solution at 80°C for 1–24 h, and the transformation into HA within 4 h was ascertained. A heat‐treated plaster of Paris (POP) block was also investigated for comparison. The unheated POP block consisting of gypsum dihydrate took 24 h to complete the transformation, while the heat‐treated POP consisting calcium sulfate hemihydrate promoted the transformation into HA; but the transformed thickness in the block was less than the 3DP block. This is probably due to higher solubility of the hemihydrate than gypsum dihydrate. Accelerated transformation of the 3DP block was also caused by its porous structure, which enabled an easy penetration of the phosphate solution. With the present method, it is possible to transform the fabricated gypsum by 3D printing that is adaptive to the osseous defect into HA prostheses or scaffold. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Sequential anaerobic/aerobic biological treatment of olive mill wastewater and municipal wastewater
Authors: Gizgis Nikolaos , Georgiou Maria , Diamadopoulos Evan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis work investigated the efficiency of the combined anaerobic/aerobic biological co‐treatment of olive mill wastewater and primary municipal wastewater. A laboratory‐scale (6.5 L) upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactor received a mixture of olive mill wastewater and primary municipal wastewater at a loading rate ranging between 3 and 7 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD) m−3 day−1. The input COD concentration ranged between 1800 and 4400 mg L−1. The anaerobic reactor was operated at mesophilic conditions (35 °C). The effluent organic load was between 400 and 600 mg COD L−1, while the suspended solids removal efficiency varied between 75 and 95%. Average biogas production ranged between 3 and 4 L g−1 COD removed. The anaerobic reactor effluent was further treated in a laboratory‐scale activated sludge treatment plant. Aerobic treatment reduced the organic load even further to 85–175 mg COD L−1. However, the final effluent still retained a significant level of colour. Removal of colour was possible by ozonation or coagulation. Finally, the treated effluent was non‐ecotoxic, as indicated by the Daphnia magna toxicity test. This treatment method showed that it is feasible to treat olive mill wastewater in a municipal wastewater treatment plant by means of a high‐rate anaerobic reactor located between the primary clarifier and the aeration tank. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
A conserved role for the nodal signaling pathway in the establishment of dorso‐ventral and left–right axes in deuterostomes
Authors: Duboc Véronique , Lepage Thierry 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNodal factors play crucial roles during embryogenesis of chordates. They have been implicated in a number of developmental processes, including mesoderm and endoderm formation and patterning of the embryo along the anterior–posterior and left–right axes. We have analyzed the function of the Nodal signaling pathway during the embryogenesis of the sea urchin, a non‐chordate organism. We found that Nodal signaling plays a central role in axis specification in the sea urchin, but surprisingly, its first main role appears to be in ectoderm patterning and not in specification of the endoderm and mesoderm germ layers as in vertebrates. Starting at the early blastula stage, sea urchin nodal is expressed in the presumptive oral ectoderm where it controls the formation of the oral–aboral axis. A second conserved role for nodal signaling during vertebrate evolution is its involvement in the establishment of left–right asymmetries. Sea urchin larvae exhibit profound left–right asymmetry with the formation of the adult rudiment occurring only on the left side. We found that a nodal/lefty/pitx2 gene cassette regulates left–right asymmetry in the sea urchin but that intriguingly, the expression of these genes is reversed compared to vertebrates. We have shown that Nodal signals emitted from the right ectoderm of the larva regulate the asymmetrical morphogenesis of the coelomic pouches by inhibiting rudiment formation on the right side of the larva. This result shows that the mechanisms responsible for patterning the left–right axis are conserved in echinoderms and that this role for nodal is conserved among the deuterostomes. We will discuss the implications regarding the reference axes of the sea urchin and the ancestral function of the nodal gene in the last section of this review. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 310B:41–53, 2008. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of (meth)acrylate Block Copolymers by Ligated Anionic Polymerization
Authors: Vlček Petr , Čadová Eva , Janata Miroslav , Látalová Petra , Toman Luděk , Kříž Jaroslav , Kurková Dana 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSynthetic potential of the ligated anionic polymerization (LAP) of acrylic and metacrylic esters initiated with methyl 2‐lithioisobutyrate (MIB‐Li) in the presence of an excess of alkali metal tert‐alkoxides (prevailingly Li tert‐butoxide) is presented. tert‐Alkoxides form with ester‐enolates, like MIB‐Li, cross‐aggregates of various composition, which tailor the environment of growing chain‐ends, lower their nucleophilicity and restrict in this way the extent of side reactions, in particular self‐termination of growing macroanions by back‐biting reaction. Thus, stability of polymethacrylate living chains is sufficiently high for methacrylate and acrylate block copolymers to be synthesized. In the case of acrylate polymerization, reaction conditions must be optimized due to their high tendency to self‐termination.
Choosing a school: the impact of social class on the primary school decision‐making process
Authors: Bussell Helen 
Published: July 2006

AbstractOne of the objectives of recent government educational reform is greater emphasis on parental choice of school. In consequence, schools are increasingly exposed to competition and in order to maintain pupil numbers will have to become more responsive to their customers. This study, drawing from semi‐structured interviews, examines the process of parental choice of primary school. There is a consensus among parents as to the importance of the decision being taken and regarding the influential evaluative criteria. However, during the early stages of the decision‐making process there are variations between different groups of parents, in particular first time choosers and those with a child already at school, but most especially between different socio‐economic groups. Implications for the primary schools' marketing strategy are considered. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications.
Repositioning fundraising in the 21st century
Authors: Nichols Judith E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAlbert Einstein noted ‘Insanity is doing the same thing over and over and expecting a different result’.[Einstein, A., www.brainyquote.com] Unfortunately, too many fundraisers continue to employ the same old methods even when the outcomes are disappointing. (Direct mail not working … add another mailing. Foundations not responding … up the number of proposals going out.) Because change is inevitable, those responsible for development decisions must understand the larger trends that are fuelling the paradigm shift in advancement strategies. This paper provides the background to understand the philanthropic, economic, societal and technological trends that have an impact on fundraising today. Copyright © 2004 Henry Stewart Publications
Nonprofit community increasing nervousness about Year 2000
Authors: Grobman Gary M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNonprofit organisations should consider six aspects of the Year 2000 (Y2K) problem: internal computer system failure, government computer system failure, global economy weakness, logic controller failure, financial institution disruption and fundraising disruptions. Seven suggestions are shared: buy only Y2K‐compliant hardware and software, do not permit staff to install software from home, educate the board and staff and document planning efforts, designate someone to be responsible for Y2K efforts, make an inventory of at‐risk hardware and software and query manufacturers, ensure that outsourced services are Y2K compliant and back up critical data. Seven useful Y2K World Wide Web resources for nonprofit organisations are reviewed. Copyright © 1999 Henry Stewart Publications
Well preserved non‐collagenous extracellular matrix proteins in ancient human bone and teeth
Authors: Schmidt‐Schultz T. H. , Schultz M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAncient bones in a good preservation state, ascertained by microscopic techniques, conserve extracellular matrix proteins over thousands of years. With new techniques, intact extracellular matrix proteins from ancient bones and teeth are extracted and separated by one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional electrophoresis. Proteins were identified in Western blots by special antibodies against different human extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules of bone. We have confirmed different types of ECM human bone molecules such as osteonectin, osteopontin, and alkaline phosphatase with specific antibodies in human bone samples from different age groups. Additionally, we selected bone samples from different cultural time periods, such as the Middle Ages, the Bronze Age and the Late Pre‐Pottery Neolithic Phase (PPNB), and teeth from individuals from the Early Middle Ages and from the Late PPNB. The survival of intact extracellular matrix proteins in ancient bones and teeth dating from recent times to the Late PPNB, and reliable techniques to identify these proteins, present a great challenge to further research. A Match Set with PD‐Quest 7.2 shows that only 16% of protein spots in the teeth are also found in the bone of the same individual. In combination with the results of macro‐ and microscopic investigation, biochemical techniques will help us in obtaining a better understanding of bone and teeth in health and disease. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Public‐private partnerships in international trade: a lobbying effort from passive to aggressive in the USA?
Authors: Schuster Camille , Lundstrom William 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPublic‐private initiatives have been the domain of many governments as they try to shape international trade for their countries. The research presented in this paper indicates that US international businesses are not satisfied with the passive role that has been assumed by the US government and current public‐private partnerships. The evidence suggests that US companies desire a more aggressive role for the federal government in the not too distant future. Public‐private partnerships will be less informational and play an active part in stimulating international trade throughout the world. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications
Sleaze or clear blue water?: the evolution of corporate and pressure group representation at the major UK party conferences
Authors: Harris Phil , Lock Andrew 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThere has been growing academic and public interest in corporate political lobbying in both the UK and EU in recent years. In Britain, links between politicians and commercial interests have been one of the areas examined by the Committee on Standards in Public Life (‘the Nolan Committee’ and now ‘the Neill Committee’). A visible but under‐researched aspect of political lobbying by firms and other groups is the range of activities that take place at annual party conferences. An exhaustive study of these activities at the three main British party conferences between 1994–97 is reported, covering the period from Tony Blair's first appearance as party leader to the aftermath of the 1997 General Election. There is clear growth of visible lobbying, particularly at the Labour conferences, over the period leading up to the election, and a dropping off in 1997; particularly at the Conservative conference. The implications of the results for organisations, and particularly for public affairs practitioners, are considered. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications
Germany: public affairs reinvented
Authors: Behrens Peter‐Alberto 
Published: July 2006

AbstractReunification, growing international exposure and the move of the capital from Bonn to Berlin are not merely milestones for the major changes that have occurred in German politics since World War II. They are developments that have profoundly affected and continue to affect political life in Germany. The way that political, civic and economic interests engage with the political system has changed, and this raises the question of what public affairs is and can achieve in this context.As practitioner the author observes four main trends. First, public affairs is increasingly being understood in terms of the meaning of the German word ‘Gesellschaftspolitik’. Second, the changing nature of how political issues are being communicated demands a growing expertise from all the players involved. Third, the general feeling among organisations for ‘need to do something political’ does not yet correspond with a specific demand for public affairs services. And last, a market for high profile consultancy‐led public affairs services is still in the making.Public affairs practitioners in Germany will be key in shaping and developing the profile of public affairs as a serious discipline with services and expertise, maturely tailored to local market needs. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications
Issues management as a basis for strategic orientation
Authors: Brønn Peggy Simcic , Brønn Carl 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA firm's strategic orientation is a complex function of many factors that are both internal and external to the organisation, and managerial attempts to exert control over these forces have resulted in a wealth of models and prescriptions for performing the many functions of strategic management. The issues management (IM) approach provides a solid foundation for addressing the important task of environmental monitoring. In this paper, the authors present an alternative view of issues management by focusing attention on the organisational prerequisites for it to be performed properly. This approach is based on the ‘Intelligence – Design – Choice – Implementation – Feedback (Learning) – Intelligence’ model of decision making. The authors argue for a reorientation of issues management in the direction of increased emphasis on the diagnostic (intelligence) activities. Their conclusion is that thinking strategically implies that the organisation actively employs systems thinking as the means for uncovering assumptions, identifying and classifying signals from the environment, and generating and testing hypotheses about the conclusions drawn from this process. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications.
Thoughts on building a just market society
Authors: Thomas Michael 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper explores the tensions that exist in contemporary society between the individual as citizen and the individual as consumer. The power of the global market place can potentially drive the polity, so it is necessary to raise questions about the means to secure a healthy civic and political life. Financial capitalism, knowledge capitalism and social capitalism are explored as a means of understanding the nature of modern market capitalism. Can financial knowledge and social capitalism be turned into a virtuous circle of innovation, growth and social progress? The paper suggests that trust is the glue, the cement of a just society, and the dimensions of this trust are explored. Finally, the paper examines the nature of stakeholder society. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications
The anglicisation of political marketing: how Blair ‘out‐marketed’ Clinton
Authors: Ingram Peter , Lees‐Marshment Jennifer 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDespite increasing academic interest in political marketing, confusion remains over its meaning and scope. Whilst most research focuses on its use in election campaigns, some argue that marketing influences other aspects of political behaviour. This paper contends that a lack of comparative research has contributed to this confusion. Theories derived from country‐specific studies may not be broadly applicable due to the impact of systemic differences. To show this, it analyses the case studies of Clinton in the 1992 US presidential election and Blair in the 1997 UK general election. Comparing the use of marketing in the two cases reveals that while systemic features created the scope for a broader, more coordinated and delivery‐oriented approach in the case of Labour, in both cases marketing influenced the design as well as the presentation of the ‘products’ on offer. This suggests that the potential applications of political marketing are broader than conventional definitions imply. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications.
Policy making in political memoirs — the case of the poll tax
Authors: McGrath Conor 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAs a contemporary means of political communication, those memoirs of participants that offer insights into the formulation of public policy are significant resources for researchers. This is even more so when a range of accounts can be examined together and their assertions tested against each other. The development, implementation and ultimate failure of the Poll Tax is a key element of recent British political history. While historians will eventually have access to the official record, and journalists provided daily coverage at the time, politicians' memoirs can be used by political scientists to describe and then evaluate the operation of the policy‐making process. The Poll Tax is a highly instructive example of the chaos that can result if any political system produces a policy which is under‐researched and not subjected to searching evaluation in parallel with its development. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications.
The evolving profile, qualifications and roles of the senior public affairs officer
Authors: Fleisher Craig S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractLeading a public affairs department or function in North America has become increasingly complex, difficult, and valued in the last decade. The knowledge, skills and abilities (KSAs) to perform this role effectively have undergone a transformation and become reflective of the socio‐political challenges entailed in the fast‐moving, global, information‐intensive economy. The top public affairs officer (PAO) will need to be a strategic thinker who can communicate effectively, have unquestioned integrity, maintain an international perspective, be an effective manager, and have the experience and savvy to navigate the trickiest of public policy processes and structures. These positions can be greatly rewarding for those individuals who are up to the task. Copyright © 2002 Henry Stewart Publications.