bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specific Knockdown of OCT4 in Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Inducible Short Hairpin RNA Interference
Authors: Zafarana Gaetano , Avery Stuart R. , Avery Katie , Moore Harry D. , Andrews Peter W. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Manipulation of gene function in embryonic stem cells by either over expression or downregulation is critical for understanding their subsequent cell fate. We have developed a tetracycline-inducible short hairpin RNA interference (shRNAi) for human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and demonstrated doxycycline dose-dependent knockdown of the transcription factor OCT4 and the cell surface antigen β2-microglobulin. The induced knockdown of OCT4 resulted in rapid differentiation of hESCs with a significant increase in transcription of genes associated with trophoblast and endoderm lineages, the extent of which was controlled by the degree of induction. Transgene toxicity, which may occur in conditional over-expression strategies with hESCs, was not observed with wild-type Tet repressor protein. The system allows efficient, reversible, and long-term downregulation of target genes in hESCs and enables the generation of stable transfectants for the knockdown of genes essential for cell survival and self-renewal, not necessarily possible by nonconditional shRNAi methods.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Promotes Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Migration to the Ischemic Myocardium via Upregulation of Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1α
Authors: Li Na , Lu Xiangru , Zhao Xiaohui , Xiang Fu-Li , Xenocostas Anargyros , Karmazyn Morris , Feng Qingping 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the host myocardium on bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) migration to the ischemic myocardium and whether stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) contributes to eNOS-mediated MSC migration. MSCs and coronary microvascular endothelial cells were isolated from adult wild-type (WT) mouse bone marrow and hearts, respectively. Cultured neonatal cardiomyocytes from WT, eNOS−/−, and eNOS overexpressing transgenic (Tg) mice were subjected to anoxia and reoxygenation (A/R), and the conditioned medium was used as a chemoattractant for in vitro transendothelial migration assay. MSC migration was decreased in the presence of conditioned medium derived from eNOS−/− cardiomyocytes but increased in the presence of eNOS-Tg conditioned medium. SDF-1α expression was decreased in eNOS−/− but increased in eNOS-Tg cardiomyocytes following A/R and in the myocardium following ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). SDF-1α expression was cGMP-dependent as inhibition of soluble guanylyl cyclase decreased SDF-1α expression in WT cardiomyocytes. MSCs expressed very low levels of eNOS proteins compared with the adult myocardium. To examine MSC migration in vivo, MSCs derived from mice expressing enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP+) were intravenously administered to WT mice subjected to myocardial I/R. EGFP+ cells in the ischemic region were decreased in eNOS−/− but increased in eNOS-Tg compared with WT hearts. MSC treatment improved cardiac function following I/R in WT but not in eNOS−/− mice. In conclusion, eNOS in the host myocardium promotes MSC migration to the ischemic myocardium and improves cardiac function through cGMP-dependent increases in SDF-1α expression.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Sterols and Fatty Acids of Two Caesalpiniaceae
Authors: Miralles J. , Diallo N. , Gaydou E. , Kornprobst J. M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSeed oils ofCassia hirsuta andC. tora L., two Caesalpiniaceae belonging to the Leguminoseae family, contain small amounts of malvalic and sterculic acids. Sterol composition was determined by capillary GLC and GC/MS; 15 sterols were identified. In addition to the usual δ‐5 sterols, high levels of δ‐7 sterols and small amounts of saturated sterols were found.
Lipase Catalyzed Transesterification of Unsaturated Lipids in a Microemulsion
Authors: Osterberg E. , Blomstrom A. ‐C. , Holmberg K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA series of triglycerides having varying degrees of unsaturation of the acyl groups has been transesterified with stearic acid. It is shown that the position of the double bonds, not the degree of unsaturation, is the decisive factor in the rate of reaction. A A‐6 double bond, which is present in petroselinic acid and ylinolenic acid, prevents reaction. Unsymmetrical triglycerides containing only one acyl group with δ‐6 unsaturation reacts regiospecifically with the A‐6 acyl group facing away from the enzyme. γ‐Linolenic acid can be incorporated into an unhindered triglyceride through lipase catalyzed transesterification, indicating that the active site can in fact accommodate a δ‐6 fatty acid, although not the corresponding triglyceride.
Chromatographic studies on fatty acid dinners: Gas‐liquid chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography and thin‐layer chromatography
Authors: Christopoulou C. N. , Perkins E. G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMethods for separation of various structural entities of dimers from heated fats and oils are not yet available. A series of dimers, representative of these, which may be formed in thermal oxidative reactions of fats and oils have recently been made available. In this study, the results of the analysis of a mixture of standard synthetic dimers, differing in polarity and structure, by packed column and capillary gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) are presented. The HPLC method is based on the use of a octadecyl‐bonded reverse phase column with acetone actonitrile (1:1, v/v) as the mobile phase with refractive index detection.
Phospholipids of environmentally stressed soybean seeds
Authors: Dornbos D. L. , Mullen R. E. , Hammond E. G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractProtein and oil content of the soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed and the fatty acid composition of the oil can be altered by environmental stress. The objective of this study was to characterize the composition of the phospholipid (PL) from soybean seeds after exposure to drought and high temperature during seed fill. Drought stress was imposed on greenhouse‐grown soybean plants at temperatures of 28 and 33‡C after the beginning of seed fill and was maintained throughout the seed‐fill period. The fatty acid composition of each PL class was altered by drought and high temperature. With phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, which composed 89% of the separated PL, greater proportions of 16:0 and 18:0 and lesser proportions of 18:2 and 18:3 were present in soybean seeds exposed to high temperature and severe drought. More linolenic acid and less palmitic acid were present in phosphatidylinositol. The changes were comparable to those of the triglyceride because of high temperature. The elevated temperature increased the proportion of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylinositol and decreased that of phosphatidylethanolamine. The effect of drought and high temperature stress on PL class and fatty acid composition has important implications on the quality of soybean seed oil and lecithin and on the ability of the seed to maintain optimum rates of metabolism in the development and germination environment.
Reverse osmosis membrane characteristics for partitioning triglyceride‐solvent mixtures
Authors: Kuk M. S. , Hron R. J. , Abraham G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractResidual free gossypol in hexane‐extracted cottonseed meal is a frequent concern of the feed industry. It is known that ethanol can efficiently extract the gossypol from cottonseed. However, regeneration of ethanol from ethanol‐rich miscellas by conventional evaporation is costly, due to the high latent heat of ethanol. As an alternative to the evaporative regeneration, reverse osmosis (RO) has been investigated. It was found that commercially available RO membranes which have pore diameter around 20 A‡ (evaluated with deionized water flux) or less perform the necessary partitioning. Among the commercially available RO membranes, cellulose acetate (CA) type membranes with a nominal MWCO (molecular weight cutoff) value between 500 and 1000 were found to be efficient in partitioning the cottonseed triglycerides from the base solvent, but were not chemically compatible with the base solvent. RO membranes made from aromatic polyamide (PA) with MWCO value 1000 were found to have both the chemical stability and the necessary pore characteristics. Experimental results indicated the potential use of RO membranes for the regeneration of ethanol from ethanol miscellas. The required membrane pore characteristics and applicable permeate flux equations are discussed.
The use of distilled water in the achievement of local hemostasis during surgery
Authors: van den Tillaart S. A. H. M. , Busard M. P. H. , Trimbos J. B. M. Z. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDistilled water is used worldwide to check on hemostasis at the end of pelvic oncological operations. Nevertheless, reports about this method are lacking. The aim of this study was to explain the method and to discuss possible side effects. After the addition of distilled water to the surgically exposed pelvis, rapid lysis of erythrocytes results in a transparent fluid in which a small source of bleeding is easily recognizable. A possible side effect of the lavage might be contribution to the formation of peritoneal adhesions by confusing the abdominal defence system. Systemic side effects are not to be expected. Although tumour cells might suffer from hypotonic distilled water lavage, the current use of distilled water at the end of surgery is probably not effective to lyse tumour cells. Our findings support the ongoing use of distilled water lavage to achieve hemostasis after extensive pelvic surgery.
Future risk of diabetes in mother and child after gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Damm Peter 
Published: January 2009

AbstractGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication with increased maternal and perinatal morbidity. However, significant long‐term morbidity also exists for the mother and offspring. Women with previous GDM have a very high risk of developing overt diabetes, primarily type 2 diabetes, later in life. Moreover, the risk of the metabolic syndrome is increased 3‐fold in these women. Their offspring have an 8‐fold risk of diabetes/prediabetes at 19–27 years of age. Thus, GDM is part of a vicious circle which increases the development of diabetes in the coming generations.
Pregnancy and diabetes scenario around the world: China
Authors: Ma Ronald C.W. , Chan Juliana C.N. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAsians adopting a modern lifestyle have a higher risk of diabetes than their white counterparts living in high‐income countries. Asian ethnicity is an independent risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which is associated with a 2‐fold increased risk of diabetes. In this burgeoning epidemic of diabetes, 40 million people in China are affected, with the most rapid rate of increase in disease prevalence in the young to middle‐aged group. This rising trend of young onset diabetes is largely driven by the rising prevalence of childhood obesity/metabolic syndrome. In Asia, both low and high birth weights are independent risk factors for diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Apart from the high prevalence of maternal history of diabetes in women with diabetes, the metabolic milieu of GDM may have long‐term effects on the metabolic profile and future risk of diabetes in the offspring. This complex interplay between environmental, genetic, and perinatal factors puts both mothers with a history of GDM and their offspring at risk of diabetes and metabolic syndrome, thus setting up a vicious cycle of “diabetes begetting diabetes.” Given the public health burden of diabetes in low‐income nations such as China, there is an urgent need to design and implement large‐scale awareness and intervention programs targeted at these mother–offspring pairs to interrupt this transgenerational effect of diabetes and the socioeconomic and humanistic impacts.
Limitations to the deficit attenuation hypothesis: Aging and decision making
Authors: Healey M. Karl , Hasher Lynn 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe deficit attenuation hypothesis is the proposal that age related declines in basic cognitive functions often result in compensatory changes in decision making strategies. However, the patterns of cognitive changes across the adult life span are complex: Many cognitive abilities change across the adult life span while others do not. Some of the cognitive changes will be detrimental to decision making, others will have no impact and still others may actually improve decision making. We illustrate the complexity of the impact of cognition on aging and decision making with examples from working and long‐term memory and use these to suggest boundary conditions for the deficit attenuation hypothesis.
The Adequacy of the Law of Torts
Authors: Wright Cecil A. 
Published: January 2009

Any attempt to evaluate the adequacy or inadequacy of tort law in general is bound to fail unless the scope of inquiry is severely limited. All attempts to find some unifying principle have failed. In light of the diverse interests involved which may be political, domestic or economic, and the purposes to be achieved, which may range from the quasi-criminal to determination of title to property, it would be a miracle of intellectual abstraction if it were otherwise.To confine inquiry to “accidental” injuries, i.e., those arising as a by-product of some lawful activity carried on for reasons other than the invasion of a plaintiff's interest, is helpful but not satis-factory. For example, “accidental” injury to a person's privacy, honour or reputation could fall in this category. While issues of “strict liability” or liability for “fault” permeate this field and have, in England and Canada, been developed by the courts in favour of the former, public interest in freedom to disseminate news and the encouragement of freedom of speech is an important factor here which makes it impossible to compare other branches of the law where there is no counterpart. Here too legislation is playing an important role. By statute in England attempts have been made to mitigate some of the harsher features of strict liability by eliminating damages and substituting an “offer of amends” for accidental and non-negligent defamation. While legislation in Canada has been widespread, particularly with regard to the total or partial abolition of the distinction between libel and slander, such legislation has nowhere changed the strict liability of the common law.
Mens Rea in Manslaughter
Authors: Turpin C. C. 
Published: January 2009

That the much agitated question of mens rea in manslaughter should again be essayed may require some justification. Such is readily found in the deplorable circumstance that this major crime remains obscure and controversial in its most important aspect. Decisions may be found to support any of a variety of views about the presence, absence or nature of the mental element in manslaughter; textbooks on criminal law differ widely on the question; and student, teacher, practitioner, and doubtless also sometimes judge, are left in bewilderment by the abundance and variety of dicta, argument and opinion on the subject. This may seem good reason for not adding another view, but the writer is persuaded that, upon the basis of much valuable inquiry carried out in recent years by a number of workers in the field, it is now possible to state in reasonably clear and confident terms what is that element which, together with the actus reus of killing, constitutes the crime of manslaughter in English law. The writer would begin by acknowledging his indebtedness in particular to various writings of Dr. Turner, Dr. Glanville Williams and Professor Hart. They are not to blame for what follows; but whatever illumination this article may shed is the result of his study of their work.Encouragement to write this article was derived from the following passage in Russell on Crime:“It is … incumbent upon writers, especially in matters of general principle, whenever there appears to be a lack of precision in the authorities, to make concrete suggestions for the removal of doubts and difficulties.
Trouble on Oiled Waters: Problems of The Wagon Mound (No. 2)
Authors: Dias R. W. M. 
Published: January 2009

“yet from those flames No light, but rather darkness visible” (Milton)The foreseeable consequences of spilling a large quantity of furnace oil from the ss. Wagon Mound into Sydney Harbour have been in dispute now in two separate appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The cases will go down to posterity as The Wagon Mound (No. 1) and The Wagon Mound (No. 2). What was certainly not foreseeable was the complex forensic tangle to which the decisions have led.
Land Charges and Notice
Authors: Bailey S. J. 
Published: January 2009

The Property Acts of 1925 have restricted in several ways the old equitable doctrine of notice. This article is an attempt to bring together and summarise some of the effects and problems which result from one of the innovations which the Acts introduced to that end.Section 10 of the Land Charges Act, 1925, enacts that certain ‘charges on, or obligations affecting, land’ may be registered as land charges in His Majesty's Land Registry. Some of these registrable charges have long been recognised as imposing an equitable burden upon the land concerned, and for present purposes we may confine our attention to two of them: (i) estate contracts, (ii) restrictive covenants. By ‘estate contract’, the section means a contract by an estate owner to convey or create a legal estate. By ‘restrictive covenant’ it means a covenant or agreement (not made between a lessor and lessee) restrictive of the user of land.Both estate contracts and restrictive covenants are registrable if created after the Act came into force. But those which were already in existence before the Act are subject to a distinction: restrictive covenants older than the Act are not registrable—section 10, indeed, so defines a restrictive covenant (for the purposes of the Act) as to exclude them from the Act entirely; estate contracts older than the Act, however, do sometimes become registrable, namely, ‘if acquired under a conveyance’ (i.e., if the person who has the benefit of the estate contract assigns it) after 1925. This distinction, of course, is important and should be borne in mind.
Consent of Parties andVoluntas Legis
Authors: Dias R. W. M. 
Published: January 2009

Thosewho have commented on the moribund state of consent as a defence in tort have no doubt been eating their words since the decision of the House of Lords inImperial Chemical Industries Ltd. v.Shatwell; though what precisely that case has accomplished is not clear. By regulation 27 (4) of the Quarries (Explosives) Regulations, 1959, a duty was imposed directly on shot-firers (not on employers) to carry out tests only from behind shelter; and breach of it was an offence. Two shot-firers, George and James Shatwell, who knew of the regulation and of their employers’ unsparing efforts to secure compliance in the interests of safety, decided nevertheless to disobey the injunction simply because they could not be bothered to wait until a lead long enough to enable them to test from behind shelter was fetched. Both men were injured when a detonator exploded. George, who was the prime mover in this enterprise, then sued the employers as being vicariously liable for the breach of statutory duty by James.The lower courts reluctantly upheld his claim and rejected the defence of consent on the established ground, derived fromBaddeleyv.Earl GranvilleandWheelerv.New Merton Board Mills Ltd., that this is no answer to a breach of statutory duty. The House of Lords unanimously reversed the decision and held that consent was a defence in these circumstances.BaddeleyandWheelerwere distinguished on the ground that there the statutory duties lay on the employers, whereas here the duty lay on the employees themselves.
The Office of Attorney-General
Authors: Jones Sir Elwyn 
Published: January 2009

One of my famous predecessors, Francis Bacon, once said that the office of Attorney-General was “the painfullest task in the realm.” It fell to another Attorney-General a few centuries later, Sir Patrick Hastings, to say that to be a law officer was to be in hell. I am happy to say that it is only occasionally that I feel like that about it.Although it became a great office of state, its early history is wrapped in obscurity. The basis of the office appears to have been that as the sovereign could not appear in person in his own courts to plead in any case in which he had an interest, an attorney appeared on his behalf. As early as 1243 one Lawrence Del Brok, a professional attorney, was prosecuting pleas of particular concern to the sovereign. In the year 1247 he was paid a regular fee of £20 a year for “suing the King's affairs of his pleas before him.” As the functions of sovereignty became more complex and more extensive, and acquired a more public character, so the role and duties of the Attorney-General became wider. Already by the end of the thirteenth century the duties attaching to the King's Attorney's office had become burden-some. When Richard de Brettiville performed the duties, a medieval clerk added the postscript at the foot of a list of cases in which the King's Attorney was engaged, “Oh Lord, have pity upon Brettiville.”In medieval times the political duties which now fall upon the Attorney-General werecompletely absent.
Practice and Validity
Authors: Simmonds N. E. 
Published: January 2009

The word “practice” does not occur frequently in the pages of H. L. A. Hart's book The Concept of Law. Yet the notion of a practice is, if not the key to the science of jurisprudence, at least the key to the central foundations of Hart's theory. The validity of a law, according to Hart, can be established by reference to certain social (or official) practices: in this way questions of legal validity are separated from questions of moral justification. The theory can profitably be read as a study of the connection between the characteristic forms of legal discourse and the existence of social practices.It is surprising that the already voluminous literature on the Hart v. Dworkin dispute has neglected the issues I intend to raise. One of Dworkin's arguments attacks Hart's claim that the existence of a rule is, in some cases, the existence of a social practice. The argument, if successful, would refute everything Hart has to say about the rule of recognition. Can Hart's theory meet this criticism? I shall sketch the hint of a shadow of an analysis of practices which offers Hart an escape, but an escape which has its price. By adopting something resembling my analysis, Hart can preserve major elements of his theory. I will attempt to isolate those features which are valuable and which can be salvaged. The price that Hart must pay, however, is the abandonment of his extreme positivism. If my suggestions about practices are correct, then the ultimate questions concerning legal validity are moral or political questions.