bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alkali‐modified soy protein with improved adhesive and hydrophobic properties
Authors: Hettiarachchy N. S. , Kalapathy U. , Myers D. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAdhesive and hydrophobic properties of alkalimodified soy protein (AMSP) and trypsin‐modified soy protein (TMSP) on wood were investigated. Modifying soy protein (i) under moderate alkaline conditions (pH 10.0 at 50°C) and (ii) with trypsin, enhanced adhesive strengths (730 and 743 N, respectively) compared with unmodified soy protein (340 N). Hydrophobicities of AMSP, TMSP, and unmodified soy protein isolate by sodium dodecyl sulfate binding and 1‐anilino‐8‐naphthalene sulfonate methods were 7.6, 6.4, 5.0 and 39, 27, 13, respectively. Modified soy protein adhesives with higher hydrophobicities (AMSP and TMSP) had enhanced water‐resistance properties.
Fuel properties of tallow and soybean oil esters
Authors: Ali Yusuf , Hanna Milford A. , Cuppett Susan L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFuel properties of beef tallow, soybean oil, their esters, and blends with No. 2 diesel fuel and ethanol were determined. Fuel properties tested were viscosity, specific gravity, API gravity, distillation ranges, calculated cetane index, energy content, flash point, water content, sulfur content, carbon residue, particulate matter, acid value, copper‐strip corrosion test, ash content, melting point, cloud point, and pour point. Gas‐chromatographic analyses of tallow, soybean oil, and their esters were performed to determine their major constituents. Viscosities of soybean oil and tallow were significantly reduced by esterification. Other fuel properties of the esters and their blends with No. 2 diesel fuel and ethanol were similar to the properties of No. 2 diesel fuel.
Selective hydrolysis of polyunsaturated fatty acid‐containing oil withGeotrichum candidum lipase
Authors: Shimada Yuji , Maruyama Kazuaki , Nakamura Masaki , Nakayama Suguru , Sughihara Akio , Tominaga Yoshio 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), can be concentrated in glycerides by hydrolyzing tuna oil withGeotrichum candidum lipase, the main components in the resulting oil being triglycerides. The reaction mechanism of this selective hydrolysis was investigated. Although the lipase acted well on the esters of oleic, linoleic, and α‐linolenic acids, it did not affect the esters of γ‐linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, EPA, and DHA as much. The action of PUFA‐glycerides was mono‐> di‐ > triglycerides. Furthermore, the condensation of PUFA‐partial glycerides and PUFA occurred even in the presence of a large amount of water, and the partial glycerides converted to the triglycerides by transacylation. These results suggested that the PUFA‐rich triglycerides were accumulated in the glyceride fraction by the following mechanism: The PUFA‐partial glycerides generated by the hydrolysis were converted to PUFA‐triglycerides by condensation and transacylation reactions. As the PUFA‐triglycerides formed were the poor substrates of lipase, they were accumulated in the reaction mixture.
Composition of the oil in palm kernel fromElaeis guineensis
Authors: Siew Wai‐Lin , Chong Chiew‐Let , Tan Yew‐Ai 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe composition of oil from the outer, middle, and inner section of palm kernel had been evaluated by gas‐liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The composition was not homogenous throughout the kernel and was found to be more unsaturated in the outer kernel. The inner core of the kernel is less unsaturated, having a higher lauric content. The variation in the iodine value from the outer to inner section of the kernel suggested that composition of palm kernel oil was affected by the kernel size. This was found to be true, as small kernels tend to have oil with higher iodine value than do larger kernels.
Effects of dietary fat and fatty acids on sterol balance in hamsters
Authors: Cohen Bertram I. , Ayyad Nariman , Mikami Takahiro , Mikami Yasuko , Mosbach Erwin H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSterol balance studies, using both isotopic and chromatographic techniques, were carried out in hamsters fed semipurified diets to detect changes in sterol metabolism during the early period of the lithogenic stimulus. The balance studies examined animals in the first two weeks on the experimental lithogenic diets. The variables were as follows: dose of cholesterol (group 1, 0.05% vs. group 2, 0.2%); dietary fat (fatty acid) (group 2, butterfat vs. group 4, palmitic acid); source of hamster [group 2, Sasco (Omaha, NE) vs. group 3, Charles River (Wilmington, MA)]; average weight of animals (group 4, 60 g vs. group 5, 119 g). Animals in groups 1, 2, 3 and 5 maintained almost constant weight throughout the two‐week balance study. Liver and plasma cholesterol levels increased in groups 2–5 with increasing dose of dietary cholesterol. The highest levels were found in group 4 (liver cholesterol, 32.7 mg/g; plasma cholesterol, 367 mg/dL). Sterol balance measurements showed that bile acid synthesis remained low (range 0.55–1.01 mg/d) for all groups regardless of the intake of dietary cholesterol (range, 3.27–20.90 mg/d). The dietary cholesterol absorbed from the intestine (range, 2.91–18.91 mg/d) was stored in the liver; this storage was reflected in the negative values for cholesterol balance for all groups (range, −0.70 to −14.97 mg/d). These studies did not reveal any correlations between parameters of sterol balance and cholelithiasis.
Measurements of frying fat deterioration: A brief review
Authors: Fritsch C. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMany factors affect the rate of deterioration of a fat used for deep fat frying. Because of the complexity of the problem, there is no single procedure which will yield reliable results in all situations. Determination of total polar materials in a frying fat provides the most reliable measure of the extent of deterioration in most cases. For monitoring a frying operation in which there is no dilution of the frying fat by the fat in the food being fried, the change in the dielectric constant is the simplest of the methods judged reliable. Free fatty acid determinations by titration and peroxide value are not recommended procedures for measuring frying fat deterioration.
Sepsis: Prognostic Role of Apoptosis Regulators in Gastrointestinal Cells
Authors: Messaris Evangelos , Kekis Panagiotis , Memos Nicolaos , Chatzigianni Emmy , Menenakos Evangelos , Leandros Emanuel , Konstadoulakis Manousos M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBackgroundIntestinal epithelial cell apoptosis has been reported in sepsis as a mechanism of organ failure. The aim of this study was to clarify the role of apoptosis‐regulating proteins (bcl‐2, bax, cytochrome‐c, and caspase‐8) in septic rats by studying their expression in gastric and intestinal epithelial cells.MethodsAdult Wistar rats were subjected to the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis and randomly divided into two study groups. Sixty‐two animals were sacrificed 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 h post‐procedure, and 50 animals served as the survival study group. Sham‐operated animals (n = 40) were used as controls. Gastric and intestinal tissue was excised, and immunohistochemical detection of bcl‐2, bax, cytochrome‐c, and caspase‐8 protein expression was performed.ResultsIn gastric mucosa, sepsis induced upregulation of bax and downregulation of caspase‐8 expression (p = 0.053 and p = 0.05, respectively). Both bax and caspase‐8 were upregulated as early as 6 h post CLP and progressively decreased (p = 0.001, p = 0.004 respectively). In contrast, the expression of the anti‐apoptotic bcl‐2 was upregulated progressively during the sepsis syndrome (p = 0.03). In intestine, sepsis induced a fourfold upregulation of the cytoprotective bcl‐2 (p = 0.0001), accompanied by a remarkable increase in bax (p = 0.002) and caspase‐8 (p = 0.0001) expression and a decrease in cytochrome‐c expression (p = 0.02). The time distribution of the apoptosis regulators followed the same pattern as in gastric tissue, showing an upregulation of the proapoptotic bax and cytochrome c (p = 0.04) during the early phases and a progressively increased expression of bcl‐2 during the late phases (p = 0.0001). Bax expression in gastric epithelium of subjects with septic syndrome was detrimental to survival (p = 0.0001), whereas the expression of the cytoprotective bcl‐2 in intestinal epithelium appeared to favor a good prognosis (p = 0.0001).ConclusionsSepsis results in alterations of apoptosis regulators in gastrointestinal cells. Alterations of bax and bcl‐2 expression in gastric and intestinal epithelial cells may predict the outcome in septic rats.
Effect of Low Shear Stress on Permeability and Occludin Expression in Porcine Artery Endothelial Cells
Authors: Conklin Brian S. , Vito Raymond P. , Chen Changyi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIntroductionAlthough both fluid shear stress and mass transport of atherogenic substances into the vascular wall are known to be important factors in atherogenesis, there has been little research on the effect of shear stress on vascular permeability. Therefore, the effects of shear stress on the permeability of arteries and the expression of the endothelial cell tight junction molecule occludin, an important regulator of vascular permeability, were investigated.MethodsPorcine carotid arteries were perfusion cultured ex vivo with low (1.5 dyne/cm2) or physiologic (15 dyne/cm2) shear stress and 100 mmHg pressure for 24 hours. Subsequently, 20 nm gold particles in solution were infused into the lumen of vessels at 100 mmHg for 30 minutes. Frozen sections were then cut and stained for gold particles. Image analysis was used to determine the density of the particles in the vessel walls. The expression of endothelial cell occludin mRNA and protein were determined using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and Western blotting, respectively.ResultsPermeability results showed a 2.8‐fold increase in the apparent permeability of vessels cultured with low versus physiologic shear stress. RT‐PCR and Western blotting results showed significant decreases in occludin mRNA and protein expression at 12 and 24 hours in vessels cultured with low versus physiologic shear stress.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that low shear stress increases vascular permeability in porcine carotid arteries, possibly owing to decreased occludin expression. These results may have implications in the preferential formation of atherosclerotic vascular disease adjacent to branches and bifurcations where low mean shear stresses may occur.
Dietary supplementation withtrans-11- andtrans-12-18 : 1 increasescis-9,trans-11-conjugated linoleic acid in human immune cells, but without effects on biomarkers of immune function and inflammation
Authors: Kuhnt Katrin , Kraft Jana , Vogelsang Heinz , Eder Klaus , Kratzsch Jürgen , Jahreis Gerhard 
Published: March 2007

Trans-fatty acid intake is associated with an increased risk of CHD and diabetes. The effects of singletrans-fatty acid isomers are largely unexplored. The present study examined the effects of a 6-week supplementation with twotrans-18 : 1 isomers (trans-11 andtrans-12) in human subjects on immune cells, several inflammatory and immunological biomarkers (for example, IL, TNFα, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, prostacyclin, phagocytic process). Following a 2-week adaptation period without supplements, the test group (n12) received vaccenic acid (trans-11-18:1) andtrans-12-18 : 1 in equal amounts (6·0 g/d) for 6 weeks. The control group (n12) consumed an oil withouttrans-fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA). Samples were collected at the end of both periods.Trans-11- andtrans-12-18 : 1 were significantly increased in cellular lipids. The endogenous synthesis ofcis-9,trans-11-CLA fromtrans-11-18 : 1 was demonstratedviaincreased CLA in cellular lipids of the test group. Generally,trans-isomer supplementation did not affect either inflammatory biomarkers (for example, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα) or immune function (for example, phagocytosis) during the present study. The dietary supplementation oftrans-11- andtrans-12-18 : 1 (6 g/d) and their accumulation in leucocytes had no effects on biomarkers of inflammation and immune function. However, because of the limited data on the safety oftrans-fatty acid intake and effects of individualtransisomers on human health (for example,trans-9-18 : 1,trans-10-18 : 1) at present, it is prudent to reducetrans-fat intake in general.
Major dietary patterns and cardiovascular risk factors from childhood to adulthood. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
Authors: Mikkilä Vera , Räsänen Leena , Raitakari Olli T. , Marniemi Jukka , Pietinen Pirjo , Rönnemaa Tapani , Viikari Jorma 
Published: March 2007

Studies on the impact of single nutrients on the risk of CVD have often given inconclusive results. Recent research on dietary patterns has offered promising information on the effects of diet as a whole on the risk of CVD. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study is an ongoing, prospective cohort study with a 21-year follow-up to date. The subjects were children and adolescents at baseline (3–18 years, n 1768) and adults at the latest follow-up study (24–39 years, n 1037). We investigated the associations between two major dietary patterns and several risk factors for CVD. In longitudinal analyses with repeated measurements, using multivariate mixed linear regression models, the traditional dietary pattern (characterised by high consumption of rye, potatoes, butter, sausages, milk and coffee) was independently associated with total and LDL cholesterol concentrations, apolipoprotein B and C-reactive protein concentrations among both genders, and also with systolic blood pressure and insulin levels among women and concentrations of homocysteine among men (P < 0·05 for all). A dietary pattern reflecting more health-conscious food choices (such as high consumption of vegetables, legumes and nuts, tea, rye, cheese and other dairy products, and alcoholic beverages) was inversely, but less strongly associated with cardiovascular risk factors. Our results support earlier findings that dietary patterns have a role in the development of CVD.
Flavanone plasma pharmacokinetics from blood orange juice in human subjects
Authors: Gardana Claudio , Guarnieri Serena , Riso Patrizia , Simonetti Paolo , Porrini Marisa 
Published: March 2007

Some blood orange juice (BOJ) flavanones may have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, hypolipidaemic, vasoprotective and anticarcinogenic properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of hesperetin and naringenin in human subjects after BOJ intake. In a cross-over study, seven healthy female volunteers consumed 150 and 300 ml BOJ corresponding to about 51–102 mg hesperetin and to 6–12 mg naringenin, respectively. Plasma samples were collected before, each hour for 8 h and 24 h after BOJ administration and analysed for their content of hesperetin and naringenin by liquid chromatography–MS/MS. The plasma concentrations of these compounds were dose dependent and the peak concentration (Cmax) was reached in 5·1 (sd0·6) h after BOJ intake. TheCmaxof hesperetin was 43·4 (sd32·4) and 79·8 (sd60·1) ng/ml after 150 and 300 ml intake, respectively. For naringenin the plasma peak was 16·4 (sd11·9) and 34·0 (sd20·6) ng/ml. Moreover, the conjugated forms of these flavanones represent more than 95 % of the plasma concentration. The results indicate that both hesperetin and naringenin are bioavailable after BOJ intake; naringenin seemingly more so than hesperetin.
Voluntary Association Activity in Quebec and English Canada: Assessing the Effects of Region and Language
Authors: Hwang Monica , Andersen Robert , Grabb Edward 
Published: March 2007

Abstract.This paper presents the first multivariate analysis of the combined effects of region and language on voluntary association membership in Canada. National survey data from 2000 indicate that Quebecers have the lowest average number of memberships, with Western Canadians highest and Atlantic and Ontario residents in between. Preliminary results also confirm that francophones report fewer memberships than anglophones. Findings from Poisson regression models, however, indicate a significant interaction between region and language: francophones have lower membership levels only in Quebec, and in Western Canada have higher levels than anglophones or allophones. These results hold even with controls for a number of possible explanatory factors suggested in the literature, including religious and socioeconomic differences across the regions and language groups. The implications for understanding patterns of voluntary association activity in Canada are discussed.Résumé.Cet article présente la première analyse multivariable des effets combinés de la région et de la langue sur l'adhésion d'aux associations volontaires au Canada. Les données nationales de 2000 indiquent que les Québécois ont le plus bas nombre moyen d'adhésions, avec les Canadiens de l'Ouest plus hauts et des résidants de la région atlantique et de l'Ontario entre les deux. Les résultats préliminaires confirment que les francophones ont moins d'adhésions que les anglophones. Les résultats indiquent une interaction significative entre la région et la langue: les francophones ont moins d'adhésion seulement au Québec; dans le Canada de l'Ouest les francophones ont plus d'adhésion que les anglophones et les allophones. Ces résultats se tiennent même avec contrôle d'un certain nombre de facteurs explicatifs possibles suggérés dans la littérature, y compris des différences religieuses et socio-économiques à travers les régions et les groupes linguistic. Nous discutons les implications quant aux modèles d'association volontaire au Canada.
Authorizing Humanitarian Intervention: Hard Choices in Saving Strangers
Authors: Badescu Cristina G. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract.In recent years, the question of authorization for the use of force for humanitarian purposes has become more contentious than ever. Participants on both sides of the debate, namely those rejecting any exception to the requirement for UN authorization and the proponents of surpassing this in cases of exceptional humanitarian emergencies, do not seem to have reached any consensus. This article examines these opposing arguments, their legal interpretations, and tests the theoretical assumptions against state practice through a review of the record of humanitarian interventions since the 1990s. The final purpose is to assess two of the most promising alternatives for authorization: the UN and regional organizations. This analysis suggests some implications of the debate for the perception of the UN role in authorizing interventions, in addition to determining the need for alternative mechanisms to authorize interventions for humanitarian purposes.Résumé.Dans les dernières années, la question de l'autorisation du recours à la force dans des missions à but humanitaire est devenu un sujet particulièrement contesté de l'actualité. Les participants aux deux côtés du débat, ceux qui rejettent toute exception à l'autorisation préalable des Nations Unies et ceux qui proposent de court-circuiter l'ONU dans des situations humanitaires d'une urgence exceptionnelle seulement, ne semblent pas pourvoir atteindre de consensus. Cet article examime ces deux vues opposées et leurs interprétations juridiques et met leurs hypothèses théoriques à l'épreuve de la pratique en considérant les missions humanitaires entreprises depuis 1990. Le but ultime consiste à évaluer deux des alternatives d'autorisation les plus prometteuses : celle des Nations Unies et celle d'organisations régionales. Cette analyse suggère certaines implications du débat quant à la perception du rôle des Nations Unies dans le processus d'autorisation des interventions et révèle, d'autre part, le besoin de mécanismes nouveaux pour autoriser ces missions humanitaires.
Torsion freeness of symmetric powers of ideals
Authors: Tchernev Alexandre 
Published: March 2007

Let

I
I

be an ideal in a Noetherian commutative ring

R
R

with unit, let

k
≥
2

k\ge 2

be an integer, and let

α
k

:

S
k

I
⟶

I
k

\alpha _k\! :\ S_k I\longrightarrow I^k

be the canonical surjective

R
R

-module homomorphism from the

k
k

th symmetric power of

I
I

to the

k
k

th power of

I
I

. When

p
d

R

I
≤
1

\mathrm {pd}_R I\le 1

or when

I
I

is a perfect Gorenstein ideal of grade

3
3

, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for

α
k

\alpha _k

to be an isomorphism in terms of upper bounds for the minimal number of generators of the localisations of

I
I

. When

I
=

m

I=\mathfrak {m}

is a maximal ideal of

R
R

we show that

α
k

\alpha _k

is an isomorphism if and only if

R

m

R_{\mathfrak {m}}

is a regular local ring. In all three cases for

I
I

our results yield that if

α
k

\alpha _k

is an isomorphism, then

α
t

\alpha _t

is also an isomorphism for each

1
≤
t
≤
k

1\le t\le k

.
Real-time Monitoring of Propofol in Expired Air in Humans Undergoing Total Intravenous Anesthesia
Authors: Hornuss Cyrill , Praun Siegfried , Villinger Johannes , Dornauer Albert , Moehnle Patrick , Dolch Michael , Weninger Ernst , Chouker Alexander , Feil Christian , Briegel Josef , Thiel Manfred , Schelling Gustav 
Published: March 2007

Background
The physicochemical properties of propofol could allow diffusion across the alveolocapillary membrane and a measurable degree of pulmonary propofol elimination. The authors tested this hypothesis and showed that propofol can be quantified in expiratory air and that propofol breath concentrations reflect blood concentrations. This could allow real-time monitoring of relative changes in the propofol concentration in arterial blood during total intravenous anesthesia.

Methods
The authors measured gas-phase propofol using a mass spectrometry system based on ion-molecule reactions coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry which provides a highly sensitive method for on-line and off-line measurements of organic and inorganic compounds in gases. In a first sequence of experiments, the authors sampled blood from neurosurgery patients undergoing total intravenous anesthesia and performed propofol headspace determination above the blood sample using an auto-sampler connected to the mass spectrometry system. In a second set of experiments, the mass spectrometry system was connected directly to neurosurgery patients undergoing target-controlled infusion via a T piece inserted between the endotracheal tube and the Y connector of the anesthesia machine, and end-expiratory propofol concentrations were measured on-line.

Results
A close correlation between propofol whole blood concentration and propofol headspace was found (range of Pearson r, 0.846-0.957; P < 0.01; n = 6). End-expiratory propofol signals mirrored whole blood values with close intraindividual correlations between both parameters (range of Pearson r, 0.784-0.985; n = 11).

Conclusion
Ion-molecule reaction mass spectrometry may allow the continuous and noninvasive monitoring of expiratory propofol levels in patients undergoing general anesthesia.