bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ETHNICITY, NATIONALISM, RACE, MINORITY: A SEMANTIC/ONOMANTIC EXERCISE (PART ONE)
Authors: Riggs Fred W. 
Published: March 2007

All social scientists (including sociologists) face mounting ambiguity in their use of keywords because new meanings are continuously stipulated for them by scholars unwilling to coin new terms and face resulting criticisms. The established procedure for handling this situation is to apply semantic analysis of texts in order to identify the various important meanings of any given term, hoping that users will be able to keep them in mind when they find these words in their various theoretical and research contexts, and in the context of diverse discourse communities. The `onomantic' method, which seeks to add unambiguous terms to the ambiguous ones, provides a procedure for disambiguating texts: in addition to whatever terms a writer would naturally wish to use, it becomes possible to provide a supplementary term that can easily remove the ambiguity. In order to illustrate this procedure and, at the same time, to contribute to the development of the vocabulary for ethnicity research, concrete examples are offered. Five important meanings of ethnicity are identified, in a hierarchical relationship to each other: the generic concept; modern and pre-modern senses; the main pre-modern sense, and one of the modern senses. Unequivocal terms for each of these meanings of ethnicity are proposed. Overlapping terms like minority, race, and nationalism are also examined. The distinctions between numerical minority/majority; and politically dominant/marginalised are clarified so as to propose terms that can be used, for example, to refer to dominant minorities, marginalised minorities, and `non-ethnic minorities'. Similarly, the many overlapping senses of nationalism and race will be discussed and unequivocal terms suggested for each of them in Part Two, in the next issue.
The Octahedral Manipulator: Geometry and Mobility
Authors: Hunt K.H. , McAree P.R. 
Published: March 2007

In most of the practical six-actuator, in-parallel manipulators, the octahedral form is either taken as it stands or is approximated. Yet considerable theoretical attention is paid in the literature to more general forms. Here we touch on the general form, and describe some aspects of its behavior that vitiate strongly against its adoption as a pattern for a realistic manipulator. We reach the conclusion that the structure for in-parallel manipulators must be triangulated as fully as possible, so leading to the octahedral form. In describing some of the geometrical properties of the general octahedron, we show how they apply to manipulators. We examine in detail the special configurations at which the 6 x 6 matrix of leg lines is singular, presenting results from the point of view of geometry in preference to analysis. In extending and enlarging on some known properties, a few behavioral surprises materialize. In studying special configurations, we start with the most general situation, and every other case derives from this. Our coverage is more comprehensive than any that we have found. We bring to light material that is, we think, of significant use to a designer.
A Complete Algorithm for Fixture Loading
Authors: Yu Kyeonah , Goldberg Ken Y. 
Published: March 2007

A fixture is a device for locating and holding parts. Since the initial position and orientation of a part may be uncertain, the act of loading the part into the fixture must compensate for this uncertainty. Machinists often refer to the 3-2-1 rule: place the part onto 3-point contact with a horizontal support plane, slide the part along this plane into 2-point contact with the fixture, then translate along this edge until a 1-point contact uniquely locates the part. Finally, apply clamps (Mani and Wilson 1988; Chou, Chandru, and Barash 1989). This rule of thumb implicitly assumes both sensing and compliance: applied forces change as contacts are detected. In this paper, we geometrically formalize robotic fixture loading as a sensor-based compliant assembly problem and give a complete planning algorithm. We consider the class of modular fixtures that use three locators and one clamp (Brost and Goldberg 1996), and discuss a class of robot commands that cause the part to slide and rotate in the support plane. Sensing is achieved with binary contact sensors on each lo cator ; compliance is achieved with a passive spring-loaded mechanism at the robot end effector. We extend the theory of sensor-based compliant motion planning (Lozano-Perez, Ma son, and Taylor 1984; Erdmann 1986) to generalized polyg onal C-spaces, and give a complete planning algorithm: it is guaranteed to find a loading plan when one exists and to return a negative report otherwise. We report on experiments using the resulting plans. Finally, we use this formalization to prove a sufficient condition for the 3-2-1 rule.
Early Social Assistance for Juveniles at Risk
Authors: Scholte Evert M. , Smit Monika 
Published: March 2007

In the early 1980's, preventive social welfare intervention programmes for juveniles 'at psycho-social risk' were developed in the Netherlands. This article presents the evaluation of one of these programs-the Prejop prevention experiment in the Hague. Relevant aspects of the method of assistance used in this programme are: early detection of juveniles 'at risk' by detectives of the juvenile police in close collaboration with social workers of the prevention programme, start of social assistance directly after the police contact, quick referral to a branch of the mental health system most capable of handling the problems at hand. For Dutch juveniles the programme reduced family malfunctioning, delinquent behavior and the amount of returns to police notice. For juveniles from ethnic minorities the programme was less beneficial. It is concluded that early social welfare intervention is a promising perspective in the area of delinquency prevention.
Time, Understanding, and Will
Authors: Balaban Oded 
Published: March 2007

In the passage from the Enneads devoted to discussing and defining the nature of time, it is written that first one must experience eternity, which, as everyone knows, is the model and archetype of time. This initial warning, which is especially serious because we trust in its sincerity, appears to wipe out all hope of finding common ground with its author.Jorge Luis Borges, History of EternitySo let us leave the Platonists to wander off down a blind alley. Poor simpletons, they think they will find the secret of discourse about time in the link with eternity. Whereas I, who am powerless in the face of eternity, would prefer to ask: what link can be retained, in discourse about time, between past, present, and future? If there is some link, can the three kinds of time break free of their mutual bonds? Can predicting the future, a time that will be but has never existed before, be disconnected from what determines the future as a product of what already exists and what has already existed? Can the past be what it once was or will it always be what each age decides it should have been?
De Interpretatione: Commented Biography of Euclid
Authors: Toth Imre 
Published: March 2007

It is said that all philosophy is nothing other than a commentary on Plato.Maybe.But was not Plato himself a commentary on Parmenides, Heraclitus, the Pythagoreans, and the Sophists, not to mention Socrates?And conversely, too, the Commentary on Aristotle composed by St Thomas was not the personal philosophy of Thomas Aquinas? Or then again, do Proclus’ Commentarii in primum Euclidis Elementorum librum not embody a new and original neoplatonic philosophy of mathematics?
The Monstrous as the Paradigm of Modernity? Or Frankenstein, Myth of the Birth of the Contemporary
Authors: Vacquin Monette 
Published: March 2007

‘Do you see this egg? It is with this that all the theological schools and all the churches of the Earth will be overturned.’Diderot, Entretien avec d'Alembert (Conversation with d'Alembert)About fifteen years ago I took a journey through the famous work of Mary Shelley, and the interpretation of her warning call. Let me say briefly why I am interested in Mary Shelley.At the beginning of the 80s I was invited by a journal to reflect on what was totally new at that time: the birth of children conceived asexually and outside the body by in vitro fertilization. At that time very little work existed on these issues, though they were soon to generate a great deal of ink. The only publications to have appeared were Jacques Testart's very first book, De l'éprouvette au bébé spectacle (From the test tube to the miracle baby), and René Frydman's L'irrésistible désir de naissance (The irresistible desire for birth).
Is Homo Donator a Homo Moralis?
Authors: Godbout Jacques T. 
Published: March 2007

Like many interested in the gift, I have to confess to having always experienced a certain attraction for methodological individualism. Through its way of approaching social actors, methodological individualism introduces the actor's concern: what are the sound principles which account for the behaviour of the actors that are observed? This is the question which individualism compels us constantly to ask. Admittedly, its response is almost always the same: self-interest. As R.H. Frank wrote:
Most [economists’] texts mention at the outset that our rational choice model takes peoples’ tastes as given. They may be altruists, sadists, masochists; or they may be concerned solely with advancing their own material interests. But having said that, most texts then proceed to ignore all motives other than material self-interest.(Frank, 1994, p. xxiii)
The Idea of Nostalgia
Authors: Starobinski Jean 
Published: March 2007

In tracing the history of emotions and of mentalities, one is immediately confronted with a question of method resulting from the interplay of emotions and language.The emotions whose history we wish to retrace are accessible to us only from the time when they find expression, verbally or by other means. For the critic, for the historian, an emotion exists only beyond the point at which it attains a linguistic status. No facet of an emotion can be traced before it is named, before it is designated and expressed. It is not, then, the emotion itself which comes before us; only that part which has passed into a given form of expression can be of interest to the historian.
Son of Angola
Authors: Bastos Waldemar 
Published: March 2007

*SufferingWhy so much pain/Why so much hate/When we are brothers/And should offer a hand?/Look at the suffering/Look at the torment/Coming from within/Our land is dying./Look at the suffering/Look at the torment/Coming from within/Our land suffers too much./Look at this mother/She has no more tears/She has nothing left to lament/Our land is dying. /Angola is so great/So rich and so beautiful/Let there be a place for all of us and for those who love it (bis)./Long live Angola/Long live Angola/Long live Angola
Structure and ‘Details’
Authors: Guille-Escuret Georges 
Published: March 2007

‘Concerning all these observations, it may now be concluded that, although on the one hand the two concepts of the individual and of society are very distinct for the purpose of analysis, and although in practice these concepts correspond to clearly opposite trends, it is, however, impossible to move from one to the other to account for psychological or social reality, or to conceive ideal aims which correspond to these two things.’‘Every theory founded on this reduction of one of these two principles to the other, of society to the individual, or the individual to society, is one-sided; and all tenets of this kind are in one sense a veritable mythology.’Marcel Bernés (1901)If we overlook a perceptible dating of the words employed and the style of argumentation, French sociological writings published in the socially and intellectually unsettled climate of the early twentieth century acquire an astonishingly up-to-the-minute appeal at the very end of the twentieth century. It must be said that, on the one hand, the successes of socio-biology, then the cognitive sciences, and, on the other, the spectacular vogue of the extreme relativism accompanying the revival of a perennially nebulous humanism, lead us today to a picture of prevailing theoretical antagonisms which irresistibly conjures up the debates for which, in 1901, the Revue Philosophique provided a forum: when the very Durkehimian Celestin Bougie put ‘biological sociology in the dock’ and Gabriel Tarde was challenged by his ‘hot-headed friend’, Alfred Espinas, the first proposing sociology as a continuation of psychology and the second wanting to place it at the end of a spectrum of natural sciences.
Dependent Development in the Third World in the Decade of Oil
Authors: Almark Barry , Alvarado S. S. 
Published: March 2007

Barry Almark and S. S. Alvarado argue that after a decade of Third World control over oil resources, the economic dependence of most Third World countries has, if anything, increased. Their discussion focuses on the difficulties that confronted the developing countries which import oil while also describing the mixed blessings that high oil prices turned out to be for the oil exporters. The end of the narrative, 1983, finds a developing world with stagnant economic growth where independent Third World policy actions are virtually ruled out by their foreign creditors, both private banks and the governments of the major capitalist countries, the United States above all. Almark and Alvarado thus shift our focus in this collection from problems of the energy sector per se to the impact of energy developments on the economy at large. The focus also shifts from individual case studies to developments affecting whole groups of countries. Indeed, they have sought to discern the common thread in the experience of many countries. As such they have concentrated on telling a story, not in explaining what forces made it happen. However, the underlying determinant of much that they describe seems to be a stagnating world economy, one in which increasingly severe recessions are followed by weaker and briefer recovery periods. A theory about why that is happening and how the situation might further evolve is the subject of the article which follows A lmark and A Ivarado.
Reflections on Group-Analytic Research
Authors: Kartenud Sigmund W. 
Published: March 2007

As a specialized modality of the broader field of group psychotherapy, which in turn is a specialized modality of (psychoanalytic) psychotherapy, group-analytic research must address problems peculiar to group analysis as well as problems encountered in group psychotherapy research and the even more general problems of psychotherapy research. This paper discusses research into group analysis as a clinical discipline, that is, as a mode of psychotherapy for disturbed individuals, leaving aside applied group analysis and group analysis as a method for gaining deeper insight into cultural and community dynamics.
Applying Organization and Management Theory to the Selection of Lower Court Personnel
Authors: Berkson Larry , Hays Steven 
Published: March 2007

While the management of court systems at the state level is a topic of emerging contemporary interest, management at the local level has been substantially neglected. In particular, only nominal attention has been paid to the process by which those vested with actual management authority are selected: chief judges, trial court administrators, and court clerks. The present undertaking represents an initial attempt to fill the void. After reviewing the classical and human relations approaches on how to manage organizations, the authors juxtapose these models on the selection of lower court managerial personnel. Numerous inadequacies are discovered. The authors conclude that each model, taken alone, is insufficient to guide the selection process. Therefore they distill the strengths of the two approaches and construct eclectic alternatives for selecting each group of personnel. The plans generated contemplate both a degree of centralization and a degree of decentralization in the selection process. The authors envision substantive assistance and guidance by state-level officials, including members of the supreme court and the state court administrator. Simultaneously they advance the importance of colleague and subordinate participation in the process. For example, they suggest that both chief judges and trial court administrators be chosen locally, but with the supervision and approval of the supreme court. The authors also treat the sensitive and highly emotional topic of how court clerks should be selected. Acknowledging a trend toward appointment of these officials, they opt for an electoral plan in the face of political reality. They do, however, admonish that stringent qualifications be established for those seeking the office. Although the three alternatives are somewhat unorthodox relative to those adopted by business and industry, they are designed to maximize the quality of managerial personnel within existing constraints of the judicial system.
The Organized Crime Continuum: A Further Specification of a New Conceptual Model
Authors: Hagan Frank E. 
Published: March 2007

Endless and sometimes fruitless debate continues in the literature regarding a proper definition of organized crime as a concept. Much of this difficulty is associated with thefact that the concept has been viewed at a nominal level of measurement and the question asked: "Is this group and/or its operations an example of organized crime?" A neoteric, continuum (ordinal) model of the concept of "organized crime" suggests that such a question is futile and that an analogy can be drawn with other social science concepts such as "professionalism." A continuum model of organized crime suggests that rather than viewing the concept as a matter of kind (i.e., is it or is it not), it is far more useful to view it as a matter of degree, that is, "To what extent does this group and! or its operations resemble organized crime?"Deriving the key definitional components of organized crime as suggested by a content analysis of selected current authors, the "cosa nostra" is viewed as aprototype (ideal type) of organized crime similar to the status of medicine in the professions, with other criminal organizationsfalling at various points along the continuum. Finally a brief analysis of governmental response to organized crime suggests that use of a generic definition broadens the the scope offederal law enforcement efforts in attacking "organized crime. "
Interpreting the Human Phase Response Curve to Multiple Bright-Light Exposures
Authors: Strogatz Steven H. 
Published: March 2007

Czeisler and his colleagues have recently reported that bright light can induce strong (Type 0) resetting of the human circadian pacemaker. This surprising result shows that the human clock is more responsive to light than has been previously thought. The interpretation of their results is subtle, however, because of an unconventional aspect of their experimental protocol: They measured the phase shift after three, cycles of the bright-light stimulus, rather than after the usual single pulse. A natural question is whether the apparent Type 0 response could reflect the summation of three weaker Type 1 responses to each of the daily light pulses. In this paper I show mathematically that repeated Type 1 resetting cannot account for the observed Type 0 response. This finding corroborates the strong resetting reported by Czeisler et al., and supports their claim that bright light induces strong resetting by crushing the amplitude of the circadian pacemaker. Furthermore, the results indicate that back-to-back light pulses can have a cooperative effect different from that obtained by simple iteration of a phase response curve (PRC). In this sense the resetting response of humans is similar to that of Drosophila, Kalanchoe, and Culex, and is more complex than that predicted by conventional PRC theory. To describe the way in which light resets the human circadian pacemaker, one needs a theory that includes amplitude resetting, as pioneered by Winfree and developed for humans by Kronauer.
Case Study: Rejuvenating an Organization with Team Pay
Authors: Seaman Richard 
Published: March 2007

Team pay can be a progressive and effective compensation component-if it is planned and implemented well. The fact is, companies must jump many hurdles before they can achieve all the benefits that team-based pay promises. Among those hurdles are employee obstacles, including suspicion, confusion, and cynicism; communication glitches; supervisor and manager obstacles, including fear of a loss of power; and executive obstacles, including fear of change and insecurity. Company X found that the best approach for dealing with these obstacles is to explain to employees how market conditions necessitate the new pay system; make sure everyone in the organization knows and recognizes the importance of its purpose; provide training in finance and accounting to eliminate confusion; and constantly check that all systems and structures are in alignment with market conditions and the business strategy.
The Washington State Juvenile Justice System Reform: A Review of Findings
Authors: Schneider Anne Larason , Schram Donna D. 
Published: March 2007

Although many states have altered their juvenile justice systems during the past decade, none has undertaken a reform as far-reaching or complex as that implemented by the state of Washington in 1978. The intent of the Washington system is to hold juveniles accountable for their crimes and, simultaneously, to hold the system accountable for what it does to juveniles. Rehabilitation has been replaced as the fundamental philosophy of the court by a "justice" or "just deserts" model which emphasizes fairness, uniformity and proportionality in the court's response to juvenile offenses. This article summarizes the results of a federally-funded assessment of the reform. The legislation, which included intake and sentencing guidelines based on seriousness of offense, prior offenses and age of the youth, produced many changes in decision-making. The practice of informally adjusting cases at intake, for example, was completely eliminated, and sentences were considerably more uniform and more proportionate in the post-reform era. The overall level of sentence severity, however, was actually reduced at least during the first two years after the law went into effect. Status offenses were removed from court jurisdiction without any noticeable net-widening effect but with considerable relabeling. The effect of these changes on recidivism of offenders or status offenders was almost impossible to determine because of the confounding between changes in system processing and changes in actual behavior of the youths.