bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
14 Polanyian, Regulationist, and Autopoieticist Reflections on States and Markets and their Implications for the Knowledge‐Based Economy
Authors: Jessop Bob 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines Polanyi's substantive institutionalist analysis of market economies, market societies, and state intervention in the light of two later schools: the Parisian regulation approach to contemporary capitalism and systems-theoretical accounts of the market economy as an autopoietic system. All three regard the modern economy as an operationally autonomous system that is nonetheless socially embedded and needful of complex forms of social regulation. For each, an adequate account of economic activities should explore how they are related to the wider social environment; how they are embedded in a wider nexus of social institutions; how the latter assist in reproducing the capitalist (or market) economy; and how their development is coupled to these and other environing institutions. The chapter presents their respective accounts of economic institutedness and embeddedness, and then discusses the stability and reproducibility of the capitalist economy, paying particular attention to governance and meta-governance.
15 Pierre Bourdieu, a Theoretician of Change? The View fromRégulationTheory
Authors: Boyer Robert 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the relationship between regulation theory and Bourdieu's sociology. Bourdieu's detractors have often taken the titles of his works at face value. While these titles may effectively underline the permanent nature of the reproduction of social roles, Bourdieu's argument is not an attempt to reduce each field's logic to the purely economic level. Bourdieu's defenders have not given sufficient attention to the profoundly dynamic character of his research that effectively forms a totality: from his studies of the Béarn and Kabylia, to his analysis of the market for the single-family house, moving through similar analyses of literature, art, and state nobility. The chapter develops a theme that régulation theory and Bourdieu's sociology are related. On the one hand, regulationist research has turned to the concept of habitus, a term borrowed from Bourdieu, as an alternative to the theory of rational choice as found in economics and the social sciences. On the other hand, both programmes of research can be added to those analyses of contemporary society that set out from a critical evaluation of Marxian insights. They also share this basic hypothesis: that life in society is made possible by the way in which institutions are constructed, just as economic activity is organized by the mode of régulation.
A Modish Name
Authors: Scholar Richard 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter traces the word history of the je-ne-sais-quoi by examining its precursors and cognates in Latin and Romance languages, the various non-substantival French phrases to which it is closely related, and its rise to the height of linguistic fashion in 17th-century France and England. It adopts a ‘mentalist’ rather than a rigorously ‘nominalist’ approach to the je-ne-sais-quoi, using it as a lexical tracer of a particular movement of the mind. It sketches a semantic definition (or ‘ideal-type’) of the je-ne-sais-quoi, arguing that the word comes above all to designate a certain something experienced by individual human subjects that cannot be explained. The first surviving treatment of the je-ne-sais-quoi as a topic — by the lexicographer and writer of polite prose, Dominique Bouhours, in 1671 — is offered along with evidence from early modern dictionaries in support of this claim.
A Secret of Nature? Descartes and the Philosophers
Authors: Scholar Richard 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
It is commonly said in the early modern period that elusive qualities draw natural bodies together. This chapter offers a critical history of attempts to explain such preternatural forces in natural philosophy. It argues that the je-ne-sais-quoi appears as a key term in the vernacular debate about occult qualities and other secrets of nature, and that it becomes a site of lexical conflict between traditionalists (especially Jesuit natural philosophers) and so-called ‘new’ philosophers (Bacon, Descartes, Leibniz, and Newton). Its appearance in this context is best understood as a symptom of the crisis that besets scholastic natural philosophy in the 17th century. The je-ne-sais-quoi offers in this way a point of entry into central debates of the period known as the ‘Scientific Revolution’. Not only does the word help articulate philosophical discussions about preternatural phenomena, but those discussions also offer access to the nature of the je-ne-sais-quoi itself.
The Stroke of Passion: Pascal and the Poets
Authors: Scholar Richard 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
It is commonly said that elusive forces draw individual human beings into passionate relations with one another. This chapter identifies three tendencies towards the je-ne-sais-quoi in the realm of the passions, and argues that these three tendencies correspond loosely to the term's history. The first part deals with Descartes and other philosophers who attempt to draw the je-ne-sais-quoi into, or to exclude it from, a systematic theory. The second part of the chapter is devoted to those early modern writers (Corneille, Pascal, La Rochefoucauld, Molière, Racine, and others) who describe a strange sympathy that springs not from any rational choice but from an inexplicable mutual passion. This falls upon the subject at one stroke and, or so the poets say at the term's moment of lexical currency, as a certain je-ne-sais-quoi. The third part of the chapter looks at those writers (Regnard among others) who come to exploit the term as a fashionable instrument of persuasion.
A Sign of Quality: Bouhours and the Polite Circle
Authors: Scholar Richard 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines uses of the je-ne-sais-quoi in polite literature, particularly Bouhours and his contemporary the Chevalier de Méré, to refer to an imperceptible sign of social quality and distinction. It argues that the ruling class under Louis XIV in the third quarter of the 17th-century comes to cultivate ever subtler signs of cultural quality in order to distinguish itself from those it wishes to exclude, and that the je-ne-sais-quoi encapsulates this élitist process. The polite circle makes and distributes the je-ne-sais-quoi as an inherent quality among its members and their works. The term settles in late 17th-century culture, neither as a force of nature nor as a stroke of passion, but as a collective fabrication. It lends itself, as a result, to ridicule and satire in Congreve, Fielding, and other English authors of the late 17th and early 18th centuries, as well as their French contemporaries.
Beyond Pre-History: The Case of Shakespeare
Authors: Scholar Richard 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter ends the book by suggesting that the je-ne-sais-quoi might be developed into a critical method for the comparative analysis of literary texts. It offers, as one example of what such an approach might yield, a close reading of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream (c. 1595). Shakespeare stands outside the history of the je-ne-sais-quoi, a stranger on its threshold, while effortlessly revealing his mastery of its themes and forms. A Midsummer Night's Dream exemplifies that mastery. Bottom's dream is a bottomless comic encounter with a certain something in human relations that cannot be explained and that leaves Bottom stammering for words. It is suggested that the play itself has itself the quality of the je-ne-sais-quoi, moving away from the term's history in order to remain faithful to the thing itself.
Pre-Aryan India1
Authors: Lal Deepak 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of the geographical environment of Pre-Aryan India. It then discusses the emergence of pastoralism and agriculture, this is followed by a look at the development of the Indus valley civilization. This was the first urban civilization on the subcontinent, which was based on the agriculture and animal husbandry of the Indus flood-plain which appears to have been similar to that of recent centuries in the Indus valley.
An Economic Rationale for the Hindu Social System
Authors: Lal Deepak 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter sketches an economic theory which might be able to explain both the origins and the resilience of the Hindu social system as expressed in its twin pillars: the caste system and the village “community”. It considers another novel aspect of Hindu customs — its ban on cow slaughter. It focuses on the north, in particular on the Indo-Gangetic plain, which was the crucible of Hinduism, and its social expression in the caste system. The chapter also outlines the variant of the Hindu social system that was established in the southern peninsula by about the 6th to 9th centuries AD, and the reasons for the form it took.
Muslim India
Authors: Lal Deepak 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMuslim India dates from the establishment of the first Turkish sultanate in AD 1206 in northern India, ending with the decline of the Moghul empire after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707. This chapter is divided into three parts, covering the polity, society, and economy under Muslim India. It argues that Islam failed to alter the underlying parameters of the economy, society, and polity established in ancient India. Although there were some changes in institutions, these for the most part reinforced the conditions yielding the so-called “Hindu equilibrium” on the subcontinent.
Polity and Society in British India
Authors: Lal Deepak 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter addresses the question of whether the British succeeded in altering the living conditions of the mass of the Indian people, and whether this latest foreign assault on the Hindu equilibrium established at the beginning of the Christian era was any more successful in altering the basic parameters of India's polity, society, and economy than its predecessor. The British conquest of India was virtually completed by 1818. Acquired by a band of foreign merchants, Britain's Indian empire at that date ran along the coast from Bengal to Gujarat except for the territorial pockets of Portuguese Goa and French Pondicherry, which were in the hands of the other two European powers who had established footholds in India's coastal economies.
The Economy under the Raj, III: Trade and Industry
Authors: Lal Deepak 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins with an examination of why the commercialization of agriculture and the integration of the Indian economy into the world economy did not lead to a greater spurt in the development of cash crop agriculture and exports in India as compared with other colonial tropical countries. It then considers the record of Indian industry under the Raj. It discusses the damage done by the policy of protection — from the 1920s onwards — to the prospects of growth of Indian manufactured exports, and the exchange rate policy followed by the Raj.
On Policy: From a Revenue to a Market Economy
Authors: Lal Deepak 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter outlines the major policy changes that are required to develop India and shatter the age-old Hindu equilibrium. It explains why the natural propensities of Indian rulers have made the adoption of these policies so difficult. The chapter then provides a more explicit statement of the general theoretical perspective which underlies this book in a formal model of the predatory state.
Media and the Making of Modern Germany
Authors: Ross Corey 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Few developments in the industrial era have had a greater impact on everyday social life than the explosion of the mass media and commercial entertainments. Few developments have more profoundly shaped the nature of modern politics. Nowhere in Europe were the tensions and controversies surrounding the rise of mass culture more politically charged than in Germany — debates that fatefully played into the hands of the radical right. This book provides an account of the expansion of the mass media in Germany up to the Second World War. In essence, it provides a social history of mass culture by investigating the role and impact of film, radio, recorded music, popular press, and advertising on everyday leisure as well as on shifting patterns of social distinction. Furthermore, it also analyses the political implications of these changes as part of a radically altered public sphere. Straddling the Imperial, Weimar, and Nazi periods, it shows how the social effects and meaning of mass culture were by no means straightforward or ‘standardizing’, but rather changed under different political and economic circumstances. By locating the rapid expansion of communications and commercial entertainments firmly within their broader historical context, it sheds light on the relationship between mass media, social change, and political culture during this tumultuous period in German history.
The Rise of the Mass Media: Modern Communications and Cultural Traditions in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Ross Corey 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of the rise of the commercial media in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and their complex inter-relationship with existing cultural traditions in Germany. After briefly surveying the social and economic pre-conditions underlying the growth of the new media, it analyses how they intermingled with existing cultural forms and practices, and how media producers sought to identify with perceived audiences. Though this process entailed a number of innovations, the need to build on older, ‘safe’ traditions drawn from the theatre or music hall profoundly shaped how the media and commercial entertainments were perceived by both producers and consumers alike. Arguing that the new media did not so much displace these traditions as reconfigure them, this section then briefly considers the threat this reconfiguration posed to cultural authority, and the various arguments of articulate critics that were advanced against it.
Technology and Purchasing Power: Media Availability and Audiences
Authors: Ross Corey 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter shifts the focus away from elites and their concerns about the mass media towards the actual distribution and patterns of usage among media audiences. It shows that the availability of the different media and the constitution of their audiences were profoundly shaped by technological limitations, commercial considerations, cultural attitudes, and household budgets. Focusing above all on the Weimar era, it briefly reconstructs the social topography of cinema and radio audiences, and how they changed over this period. By highlighting the limited extent of radio usage and the many divides within the cinema audience, it demonstrates that the rise of the mass media did not necessarily signal an inexorable trend towards a more universal ‘mass culture’ that bulldozed class boundaries and flattened cultural distinctions in German society.
Meeting Demand: Consumer Preference and Social Difference
Authors: Ross Corey 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter moves beyond the question of availability to consider how patterns of uptake, different programme offerings, and different audience preferences reflected the social distinctions in Weimar society. By focusing on the highly fragmented press landscape in Germany, the problems of popularizing the radio programme, and the disparate fare on offer in different types of cinema, it demonstrates that audiences were certainly not the passive and amorphous entity many contemporary reformers had in mind when they devised their schemes to uplift popular tastes. Rather, ‘mass culture’ during the 1920s was mediated through older structures of region, class, neighbourhood, and gender, and how people partook in it was powerfully moulded by these social factors.
Media Publics Between Fragmentation and Integration
Authors: Ross Corey 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter argues that the potential of the mass media to open a more universal public sphere was by no means linear or straightforward, but was accompanied by a simultaneous process of differentiation that reflected the highly variegated market for entertainment and information. Rather, these processes had a wide range of possible social implications, including the potential to unite or to divide audiences, to weaken or reproduce existing social distinctions and, of course, to create new ones. In addition, it shows that different media exerted quite different effects within the rapidly changing public sphere. In sum, the modern media and commercial entertainment, despite their underlying ‘democratic’ logic, were not the culturally ‘standardizing’ and socially ‘levelling’ forces so often conjured by contemporaries and historians alike.
Propaganda and the Modern Public
Authors: Ross Corey 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the relationship between the expansion of modern media and the changing nature of popular politics. Even before the First World War, the gradual emergence of new patterns of perception and expectation promoted by the media had profound implications for processes of popular political mobilization. How political elites sought to adapt to these developments, and how their efforts were related to evolving currents within the realm of commercial advertising, is the central subject. The chapter surveys the wide-ranging German discourse on public opinion, propaganda and the nature of political leadership during and after the First World War, which strongly influenced conceptions of political mobilization.
Republicans, Radicals, and the Battle of Images
Authors: Ross Corey 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter investigates how republican political elites participated in the discourse discussed in Chapter 7, and how they attempted to devise a more democratic form of public relations distinct from the negative connotations of ‘propaganda’ reverberating after the excesses of the war. The attempt to devise a rational form of democratic ‘instruction’ is discussed. The chapter then analyses the challenge posed by the aggressive and in many ways cutting-edge image campaigns of the radical anti-republican movements, especially the National Socialists, and how both the deepening crisis of the early 1930s and the ‘lessons’ of the wider discourse on propaganda eventually led to a hesitant yet fateful process of re-thinking on these issues within government and democratic circles.
Entertaining the National Community
Authors: Ross Corey 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter shows that the processes of political control and commercial concentration outlined in Chapter 9 dovetailed with Nazi efforts to satisfy audiences with popular, if somewhat circumscribed, entertainment. It goes beyond existing interpretations of Nazi mass culture as a form of political propaganda to consider also the extent to which it matched audience expectations and helped transcend older audience segmentations. Overall, it argues that the reconfiguration of the media and popular entertainment in the Third Reich — though in many ways merely an acceleration of existing trends and at base more destructive than creative — contributed to the increasing convergence of the media and their audiences in the 1930s, and ultimately to a more common cultural frame of reference shared by wider range of social groups.
The Media and the Second World War: From Integration to Disintegration
Authors: Ross Corey 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter shows how the war years witnessed a dramatic intensification of the ongoing tension between the integrative and disaggregating social potential of the mass media. On the one hand, the overall trend towards a more ‘common culture’ saw its apogee during the early years of the war as popular demand for film, radio, and the press soared. On the other hand, after 1942/3 the socially divisive potential of the media once again came to the fore in terms of content as well as the radical shifts in the wider societal context and how the media were consumed by audiences. Whereas the early war years witnessed an unprecedented social integration of audiences, after 1942 patterns of leisure and media consumption reflected the multiplying signs of social disintegration on the German home front.
Conclusion
Authors: Ross Corey 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This concluding chapter draws out a number of themes that run throughout the book. Only by approaching the rise of the media within a longer-term framework and considering what was unique about Germany in international perspective can one adequately appreciate their social role. It advances a number of arguments: that the social and political impact of the media were powerfully influenced by local conditions; that they supported both processes of democratization and populist dictatorship; that their social impact depended on the precise nature of production and consumption; and that the major turning points in the story tended to be periods of upheaval and depression. In many respects mass culture under the Nazis was very much a part of broader trends; what most distinguished it was the violent and racist context in which it operated.
The early days of paleogenetics: connecting molecules to the planet
Authors: Benner Steven A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPaleogenetics was actualized in the 1980s to permit the experimental test of ‘just so stories’ emerging from molecular evolution. Paleogenetics has since grown to support the development of interconnected models for life, from the molecule to the ecosystem. This chapter reviews tools to manage ambiguities in paleogenetics, and how paleogenetics was applied to understand the emerging role of alcohol in the Cretaceous.
Linking sequence to function in drug design with ancestral sequence reconstruction
Authors: Kodra Janos T. , Skovgaard Marie , Madsen Dennis , Liberles David A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMany bioactive peptides and proteins of pharmaceutical interest are found in animal venoms. Nature often reuses scaffolds within protein frameworks to develop new properties. The binding core of the peptide from venomous animals is conserved through species (built on a small number of permissive scaffolds). The same scaffolds are often found in nature in protein, performing other non-toxic functions, and it is likely that such conserved motifs are the result of divergent evolution from a common ancestor protein framework via gene duplication. This chapter describes the use of ancestral sequence reconstruction to identify and reconstruct the evolutionary history of important physiological protein and peptide and to connect their common ancestor to certain venom peptides and proteins. This process helps with identifying which amino acids are important for functioning and which ultimately can be used to engineer new bioactive peptide with tailor made properties.
Probabilistic models and their impact on the accuracy of reconstructed ancestral protein sequences
Authors: Pupko Tal , Doron-Faigenboim Adi , Liberles David A. , Cannarozzi Gina M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractModeling of sequence evolution is fundamental to ancestral sequence reconstruction. Care must be taken in choosing a model, however, as the use of unrealistic models can lead to erroneous conclusions. The choice of model and the effects of assumptions inherent within are discussed in this chapter in terms of their effects on probabilistic ancestral sequence reconstruction. This chapter discusses standard probabilistic models, site rate variation to these models, and deviations from the standard (homogeneous, stationary, reversible) models. Model selection, selecting one model from many, given data, and the comparison of different models are included as well as covarion models, the use of outside information when modeling, and the treatment of gaps.