bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal characteristics of diurnal precipitation variation in Kraków (South Poland)
Authors: Twardosz Robert 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the diurnal cycle of liquid precipitation using the amplitude and phase of two precipitation characteristics: frequency and totals. A uniquely long set of uniform hourly precipitation data from Kraków (South Poland) was used. This vast and reliable basic material was collected by the author using pluviographic data covering the period 1886–2002. The role of precipitation type in forming the general diurnal cycle of precipitation was discussed. Two precipitation types, frontal and air mass, were taken into consideration. The role of particular air masses (polar maritime and polar continental) and atmospheric fronts (warm and cold fronts) in the 24‐h precipitation cycle was determined. The frontal and air mass precipitation events were identified using a documentation of synoptic situations by Niedźwiedź over the area of southern Poland for the 1951–2002 period.Depending on the precipitation characteristic (frequency or totals), season of the year and precipitation type, the diurnal precipitation cycle may have one or two modes. The bimodality of the distribution occurs mainly for air mass precipitation. The morning maximum of precipitation frequency in all seasons of the year mimics the diurnal variation of precipitation in maritime polar air masses. Precipitation concentration in the afternoon hours is determined mainly by the intensity of processes in the cold front zone and in the homogeneous polar continental and maritime air masses. Significant differences in precipitation distribution in cold and warm fronts are connected with the time of precipitation concentration within the diurnal period. The type of atmospheric front determines the layout of precipitation clouds, intensity of precipitation formation and the velocity of front movement. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
From protection to innovation: BT's journey in corporate social responsibility
Authors: Blake Janet 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBritish telecommunications giant BT demonstrates that corporate social responsibility (CSR) extends well beyond just being a “good guy.” The author traces the three stages of evolution of BT's CSR efforts—protector, builder, and innovator—noting the value drivers for the company and some of BT's initiatives and accomplishments at each stage. Several of BT's initiatives are examples of Europeancompanies' leading‐edge efforts in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and creating new “bottom of the pyramid” products and services for developing countries that are also sustainable solutions for reducing poverty. Having proven the business case time and again, BT now leverages its CSR competencies into marketplace innovations and sustainable solutions with long‐term benefits for us all. © 2006 BT Group plc.
Real Madrid football club: A new model of business organization for sports clubs in Spain
Authors: Callejo Miguel Blanco , Forcadell Francisco Javier 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWorld soccer clubs, constrained by their inability to increase their income from their traditional businesses, have begun to adopt strategies to transform themselves into modern sports and media companies. Under the recent presidency of Florentino Pérez, the Spanish football club Real Madrid presents a good example of the application of this expanded vision. One of the fundamental pillars of this model has involved designing and implementing a new marketing strategy aimed at strengthening the value of the club's brand. The adoption of this model has resulted in a significant increase in income from marketing. Undeniably, in this area, Real Madrid has become the leader in world soccer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of a novel biomaterial for intrasubstance muscle laceration repair
Authors: Crow Bradley D. , Haltom J. Douglas , Carson William L. , Greene Walter B. , Cook James L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe authors compare the effects of small intestinal submucosa (SIS) treatment to suture repair with respect to histologic and functional outcomes for complete muscle lacerations in a rabbit model. The authors hypothesized that SIS treatment of full‐thickness muscle belly lacerations would significantly improve muscle function, strength, and regeneration compared to the current standard‐of‐care treatment. Muscle belly lacerations were created in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) of both hind limbs of each rabbit. After randomization, lacerations were left unrepaired (n = 48) or repaired using a 4‐0 Prolene modified Kessler stitch (n = 48). A flap of SIS graft was sutured into half (n = 24 each) of the repaired and unrepaired muscles forming four study groups. Suture repair with SIS augmentation of complete muscle lacerations resulted in healed tissue that most closely resembled normal muscle in terms of morphology and function when compared to current standard‐of‐care treatments. Active force production in this group reached 79% of uninjured controls 12 weeks after surgery. SIS may have important clinical advantages over suture repair alone and warrants further clinical study. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 2007
The balance between endotoxin accumulation and clearance during particle‐induced osteolysis in murine calvaria
Authors: Tatro Joscelyn M. , Taki Naoya , Islam Andrew S. , Goldberg Victor M. , Rimnac Clare M. , Doerschuk Claire M. , Stewart Matthew C. , Greenfield Edward M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBacterial endotoxin may contribute to aseptic loosening of orthopedic implants even in the absence of clinical or microbiological evidence of infection. One potential source of endotoxin during aseptic loosening is systemically circulating endotoxin, derived from intestinal flora, minor infections, or dental procedures, that may bind to wear particles. The current study demonstrates that systemically derived endotoxin accumulates when ‘endotoxin‐free’ titanium and polyethylene particles are implanted on murine calvaria. Time‐course experiments and experiments using germ‐free mice rule out the possibility that the observed endotoxin accumulation may be due to bacterial contamination. In contrast, endotoxin is cleared from titanium particles that originally carry high amounts of adherent endotoxin. The mechanism of endotoxin clearance is not dependent on induction of a respiratory burst. Taken together, these results indicate that a balance between endotoxin accumulation and endotoxin clearance controls the steady‐state level of endotoxin surrounding orthopedic wear particles implanted on murine calvaria. This balance may regulate the rate of osteolysis in the murine calvaria model as well as in patients with aseptic loosening. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 2007
Oxidative stress‐induced c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) activation in tendon cells upregulates MMP1 mRNA and protein expression
Authors: Wang Fang , Murrell George A.C. , Wang Min‐Xia 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo explore the potential mechanisms of tendon degeneration, we investigated the role of c‐Jun N‐terminal Kinase (JNK) activation and the regulation of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) in tendon matrix degradation under oxidative stress. JNK and MMP1 activity in samples from normal and ruptured human supraspinatus tendons was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Real‐time quantitative PCR was utilized to evaluate MMP1 mRNA expression and Western blotting for MMP1 and JNK protein detection. JNK activation and increased MMP1 activity were found in the torn human supraspinatus tendon tissue, as well as in human tendon cells under in vitro oxidative stress. Inhibition of JNK prevented MMP1 overexpression in oxidative stressed human tendon cells. Results from the current study indicated that stress activated JNK plays an important role in tendon matrix degradation, possibly through upregulating of MMP1. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
In vivo three‐dimensional skeletal alignment analysis of the hindfoot valgus deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Liu Hongbo , Sugamoto Kazuomi , Itohara Tomonobu , Tomita Tetsuya , Hashimoto Jun , Yoshikawa Hideki 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to analyze the skeletal alignment of the hindfoot valgus deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using bone models reconstructed from three‐dimensional computerized tomography data. Computed tomography was performed on 21 feet of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and magnetic resonance imaging was taken of 10 normal feet of eight volunteers. An image processing system was used to create bone models and analyze the three‐dimensional displacement of the calcaneus, talus, navicular, and cuboid bones. With a standard coordinate system in the distal tibia and a local coordinate system in each bone of the hindfoot, three rotational parameters and three translational parameters were used to evaluate the relative displacement. The talus showed plantar flexion. Both the calcaneus and navicular bones had valgus and lateral shift displacements. However, the cuboid had no displacement relative to the calcaneus, and the navicular showed no displacement relative to the cuboid. The calcaneus, navicular, and cuboid bones have the same pattern of deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This three‐dimensional image‐based technique successfully quantified the hindfoot valgus deformity resulting from rheumatoid arthritis and is beneficial for better understanding the deformity pathomechanism. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Short‐term immunosuppression and surgical neoangiogenesis with host vessels maintains long‐term viability of vascularized bone allografts
Authors: Pelzer Michael , Larsen Mikko , Chung Yang‐Guk , Ohno Teruyasu , Platt Jeffrey L. , Friedrich Patricia F. , Bishop Allen T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCurrently available methods to reconstruct large skeletal defects have limitations. These include nonunion and stress fractures in structural allografts, and inability to match the size, shape, and/or strength of most recipient sites using vascularized fibular autografts. Prosthetic diaphyseal replacements may loosen or produce periprosthetic fractures. Transplantation of living allogenic bone would enable matching donor bone to the recipient site, combined with the desirable healing and remodeling properties of living bone. We propose a novel method by which the transplantation of such tissue might be done without the risks of life‐long immunosuppression, using surgical neoangiogenesis to develop a new host‐derived osseous blood supply. We performed vascularized femoral allografts from 86 female Dark Agouti donor rats to male Piebald Virol Glaxo recipients across a major histocompatibility (MHC) barrier. In addition to microvascular reconstruction of the nutrient vessel, we surgically implanted a host arteriovenous (AV) bundle into the medullary canal to promote host vessel neoangiogenesis. Independent variables included patency of the implanted AV bundle, and use of 2 weeks' FK‐506 immunosuppression. After 18 weeks, bone blood flow was measured, and neoangiogenic capillary density quantified. Bone blood flow and capillary density were significantly greater in transiently immunosuppressed recipients with a patent AV pedicle. We conclude that neoangiogenesis from implanted host‐derived AV‐bundles, combined with short‐term immunosuppression maintains blood flow in vascularized bone allografts, and offers potential for clinical application. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 2007
Regulation of implant surface cell adhesion: characterization and quantification of S‐phase primary osteoblast adhesions on biomimetic nanoscale substrates
Authors: Biggs Manus J.P. , Richards R.G. , Gadegaard N. , Wilkinson C.D.W. , Dalby M.J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIntegration of an orthopedic prosthesis for bone repair must be associated with osseointegration and implant fixation, an ideal that can be approached via topographical modification of the implant/bone interface. It is thought that osteoblasts use cellular extensions to gather spatial information of the topographical surroundings prior to adhesion formation and cellular flattening. Focal adhesions (FAs) are dynamic structures associated with the actin cytoskeleton that form adhesion plaques of clustered integrin receptors that function in coupling the cell cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix (ECM). FAs contain structural and signalling molecules crucial to cell adhesion and survival. To investigate the effects of ordered nanotopographies on osteoblast adhesion formation, primary human osteoblasts (HOBs) were cultured on experimental substrates possessing a defined array of nanoscale pits. Nickel shims of controlled nanopit dimension and configuration were fabricated by electron beam lithography and transferred to polycarbonate (PC) discs via injection molding. Nanopits measuring 120 nm diameter and 100 nm in depth with 300 nm center–center spacing were fabricated in three unique geometric conformations: square, hexagonal, and near‐square (300 nm spaced pits in square pattern, but with ±50 nm disorder). Immunofluorescent labeling of vinculin allowed HOB adhesion complexes to be visualized and quantified by image software. Perhipheral adhesions as well as those within the perinuclear region were observed, and adhesion length and number were seen to vary on nanopit substrates relative to smooth PC. S‐phase cells on experimental substrates were identified with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunofluorescent detection, allowing adhesion quantification to be conducted on a uniform flattened population of cells within the S‐phase of the cell cycle. Findings of this study demonstrate the disruptive effects of ordered nanopits on adhesion formation and the role the conformation of nanofeatures plays in modulating these effects. Highly ordered arrays of nanopits resulted in decreased adhesion formation and a reduction in adhesion length, while introducing a degree of controlled disorder present in near‐square arrays, was shown to increase focal adhesion formation and size. HOBs were also shown to be affected morphologicaly by the presence and conformation of nanopits. Ordered arrays affected cellular spreading, and induced an elongated cellular phenotype, indicative of increased motility, while near‐square nanopit symmetries induced HOB spreading. It is postulated that nanopits affect osteoblast–substrate adhesion by directly or indirectly affecting adhesion complex formation, a phenomenon dependent on nanopit dimension and conformation. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:273–282, 2007
Raman identification of green and blue pigments in Etruscan polychromes on architectural terracotta panels
Authors: Bordignon F. , Postorino P. , Dore P. , Trojsi G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMicro‐Raman measurements were performed on two Etruscan polychromes on architectural terracotta panels now on display at the Villa Giulia Etruscan Museum in Rome. These painted panels, dated from 530 to 520 B.C., are of particular interest because of the unusual presence of green and blue layers. Etruscans in the Archaic Age indeed mainly used white, red, and black colours for painted terracotta panels. Raman spectra allowed the analytical identification of green (malachite) and blue (Egyptian blue) pigments employed by Etruscans for this kind of artistic production. This finding provides evidence for a larger use of malachite and Egyptian blue, previously well documented only in Etruscan wall paintings. The use of different pigments to obtain different colour tones has been also observed. Egyptian blue is indeed mixed with malachite to obtain different green tones, and a black pigment seems to have been applied over the Egyptian blue layer to obtain a dark blue tone. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
IR, Raman and SERS spectra of 5‐sulphosalicylic acid dihydrate
Authors: Varghese Hema Tresa , Panicker C. Yohannan , Philip Daizy 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIR, Raman and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of 5‐sulphosalicylic acid were recorded and analysed. The vibrational wavenumbers were computed by density functional theoretical (DFT) method using B3LYP/6–31G* basis. The bands due to the stretching modes CO, CS and SO2 are intense in the SERS spectrum. The CH stretching mode also appears in the SERS spectrum. The molecule is found to adsorb through both the carboxyl and sulphonyl groups. A possible tilted orientation of the molecule is suggested. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monocarboxylate transporter expression is associated with the absorption of benzoic acid in human intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Haughton Emma , Clifford Michael N , Sharp Paul 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA diet rich in fruit and vegetables is associated with a decreased risk of developing a number of chronic diseases including colon cancer. The active components of the diet which exert these protective effects are unknown but may include small aromatic and phenolic acids. To elicit a physiological response, these acids must first be absorbed by the intestinal epithelium and the present study has focussed on one potential absorptive pathway—the monocarboxylate transporter MCT1. Using Caco‐2 cells (a human intestinal cell line) we have established that benzoic acid uptake is pH‐dependent (resulting in intracellular acidification) and is enhanced in cells expressing higher levels of MCT1 protein. A number of monohydroxybenzoic acids (including salicylic acid) also induced a decrease in intracellular pH which was of a similar magnitude to that elicited by benzoic acid itself, suggesting that they may all be substrates for the same transport pathway. The role of these small organic acids in maintaining normal cell physiology remains to be fully explored. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of storage conditions on the accumulation of ferulic acid derivatives in white asparagus cell walls
Authors: Jaramillo Sara , Rodríguez Rocío , Jiménez Ana , Guillén Rafael , Fernández‐Bolaños Juan , Heredia Antonia 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhite asparagus cell walls have shown to contain important amounts of phenolics, including ferulic acid and its dimers and trimers. It has been suggested that these phenolic compounds are mainly responsible for cross‐linking the different cell wall polymers related to asparagus hardening. During post‐harvest storage, the asparagus texture and the amount of cell wall phenolics increased significantly. In the present work, the effect of post‐harvest storage conditions on the accumulation of ferulic acid and its derivatives has been investigated. Three different storage conditions were used: keeping the spears in aerobic conditions at room temperature (ART) and at 4 °C (A4 °C), and in anaerobic conditions at room temperature (AnRT). A direct relationship between phenol accumulation and increases in texture was observed, and these changes are dependent on temperature and storage atmosphere. An increase in temperature led to a higher amount of cell wall phenolics and the absence of oxygen in the storage atmosphere delayed their accumulation. The evolution of ferulic dimers during the three storage conditions suggests a relevant role of 8‐O‐4′‐diFA and 8,5′‐BAdiFA in white asparagus hardening. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Blue and red light combination LED phototherapy for acne vulgaris in patients with skin phototype IV
Authors: Lee Seung Yoon , You Chung Eui , Park Mi Youn 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesBlue light is effective for acne treatment, inducing photodynamic destruction of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes). This study was designed to investigate the efficacy of combined blue and red light‐emitting diode (LED) phototherapy for acne vulgaris.Materials and MethodsTwenty‐four patients with mild to moderately severe facial acne were treated with quasimonochromatic LED devices, alternating blue (415 nm) and red (633 nm) light. The treatment was performed twice a week for 4 weeks. Objective assays of the skin condition were carried out before and after treatment at each treatment session. Clinical assessments were conducted before treatment, after the 2nd, 4th, and 6th treatment sessions and at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after the final treatment by grading and lesion counting.ResultsThe final mean percentage improvements in non‐inflammatory and inflammatory lesions were 34.28% and 77.93%, respectively. Instrumental measurements indicated that the melanin levels significantly decreased after treatment. Brightened skin tone and improved skin texture were spontaneously reported by 14 patients.ConclusionBlue and red light combination LED phototherapy is an effective, safe and non‐painful treatment for mild to moderately severe acne vulgaris, particularly for papulopustular acne lesions. Lasers Surg. Med. 39:180–188, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nanoindentation and Morphological Studies of Epoxy Nanocomposites
Authors: Shen Lu , Wang Lei , Liu Tianxi , He Chaobin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSummary: This paper investigates the mechanical properties of the epoxy–organoclay nanocomposites by the nanoindentation technique. The nanocomposites were prepared by in situ polymerization and a mixture of exfoliated and intercalated composites structure was obtained as evidenced by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The hardness, elastic modulus, and the creep behavior of the nanocomposites have been evaluated as a function of clay concentration. It has been found that incorporation of 7.5 wt.‐% of clay nanofiller enhances the elastic modulus and hardness of the epoxy matrix by about 20 and 6%, respectively. The elastic modulus data calculated from indentation experiments are comparable with those obtained from a tensile test. An optimum clay loading level was found to be 2.5 wt.‐% to maximum enhance the creep resistance of the epoxy matrix. The lowered creep resistance with higher clay loading could be due to the reduced crosslinking density near the clay surface caused by the plasticizing effect from the pending of alkyl ammonium chains on the clay surface. An attempt has been made to correlate the fracture toughness of the nanocomposites with the ratio of modulus to hardness obtained from nanoindentation experiments.Ratio of modulus to hardness (E/H) and the fracture toughness (KIC) versus clay loading for the epoxy nanocomposites.magnified imageRatio of modulus to hardness (E/H) and the fracture toughness (KIC) versus clay loading for the epoxy nanocomposites.