bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE MINERAL CONSTITUTION OF VARIOUS CERAMIC CLAYS*
Authors: Grim R. E. , Bray R. H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe mineral constitution of samples of ball clay, china clay, Vallendar clay, flint clay, diaspore, shales, brick clays, and fuller's earth has been determined by means of optical, chemical, and X‐ray analyses following supercentrifuge fractionation. This technique permits the mineralogical identification of the constituents of the finest fractions, i.e., the so‐called colloid fractions of clay materials. Each of the clays investigated, with the exception of diaspore, is essentially composed of one or more of the group of minerals known as the clay minerals, of which kaolinite, beidellite, montmorillonite, and a sericite‐like mica are the most important.On the basis of the foregoing analytical data, the distribution of clay minerals in clays of different types and in different size grade fractions is investigated. The relation between the clay mineral constitution and physical properties is also briefly considered.Base‐exchange capacity determinations are presented and their significance in relation to the mineral composition and physical properties of clays is discussed.
THE CONSTITUTION OF LEAD OXIDE‐SILICA GLASSES: I, ATOMIC ARRANGEMENT*
Authors: Bair George J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA series of lead oxide‐silica glasses varying in composition from 10 to 60 mol % of PbO was prepared and diffraction patterns were obtained. The observed intensity curves derived from these patterns were matched with curves calculated from assumed structures by means of the scattering equation of Zernicke and Prins. The atomic arrangement finally derived consists of a continuous, randomly oriented, three‐dimensional network of silicon‐oxygen tetrahedrons and lead atoms. There was no indication of molecular or aggregate formation and no discrete atomic grouping of this nature was postulated to explain the X‐ray evidence. The study of this series of glasses further substantiates the results obtained by Warren and Loring for soda‐silica glasses and is in accord with Zachariasen's picture of glass.
THE USE OF MODELS FOR STUDYING THE CIRCULATION IN GLASS TANKS*
Authors: Buckingham Edgar 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe conditions that must be satisfied in a model experiment, in order to ensure that the circulation at the liquid in the model shall be similar to that of the molten glass in a full‐sized tank, are deduced from the general theory of models, by the aid of several simplifying assumptions.A discussion of the conditions shows that it will probably, though not certainly, be impracticable to satisfy all of them; and the discussion serves as a warning against the premature acceptance of conclusions from model experiments in which the required conditions were not satisfied.
SUPER‐CERAMIC BUILDING MEMBERS*
Authors: Anderegg F. O. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCeramic masonry units, properly formed of suitable raw materials and well fired, are characterized by high compressive strengths. When assembled into building members their usefulness ordinarily is limited by the weakness of mortar joints; even the inclusion of reinforcing in a mortar joint fails to develop the potentialities of the high compressive strengths and stiffness available in the units. Prestressing does, in effect, change part of the excess compressive strength into tensile strength, permitting much better application of materials, whether in beams or in columns. In the former, the underside is placed initially under compression while, even in columns, suitable prestressing reduces the buckling tendency of slender members which otherwise would cause failure far short of the compressive‐strength potentialities. Analysis of the prestressing and loading operations is secured with the aid of celluloid models and polarized light.
THE EFFECT OF REPLACING DOLOMITIC LIME BY BARYTA UPON SOME PROPERTIES OF GLASS*
Authors: Wessels Vincent E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effect of replacing dolomitic lime, both in weight percentage and molecularly, by baryta upon the chemical durability, softening temperature, coefficient of linear expansion, density, index of refraction, elasticity, and several other properties was studied. Discussions of the methods, apparatus, and results are included.
NOTES ON MISSOURI HALLOYSITE*
Authors: Zvanut Frank J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA brief discussion of the properties of halloysite is presented, together with the results of tests made on the firing behavior of halloysite from Lawrence County, Mo. The high refractoriness, apparent colloidal nature, and excellent white color are the outstanding favorable qualities, while the extreme firing shrinkage appears to be the only unfavorable feature.
EQUATIONS AND QUADRANT CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE HEAT AND AIR REQUIREMENTS OF CONTINUOUS DRIERS*
Authors: Wilson Hewitt , Skinner Kenneth G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEquations were derived for determining the heat and air requirements of continuous driers or for given periods in a periodic drier. The four types of calculations are as follows: (1) heat balance for the drier from temperature, humidity, and weight data; (2) heat and air requirements when all data are known or assumed with the exception of the humidity or saturation of the exit vapor; (3) the saturation of the exit vapor under the conditions of (2); (4) temperature required of the hot entering air when all other data are known or assumed. Quadrant charts are given for the graphical solution of the equations. A psychrometric chart and a chart for converting metric to English units are also given.
PURIFICATION OF KAOLIN: SOME DATA ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF QUARTZ AND MUSCOVITE*
Authors: Wilson Hewitt , Middleton George J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis report covers a review and correlation of previous theoretical and laboratory research of falling particles with some data on the settling of quartz and muscovite grains of variable shape and particle size in water, with and without vacuum and alkali treatment. Stokes’law and Richards’data were checked. The greatest factor which produced a variation in rate of fall was incomplete dispersion of the particles. Complete dispersion with alkali gave the best correlation with theoretical calculations.
PARTICLE PACKING AND PARTICLE SHAPE*
Authors: White H. E. , Walton S. F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSpherical particles of equal size theoretically may be packed in five different ways, e.g. (1) cubical with a theoretical void space of 47.64%, (2) single‐staggered or cubical‐tetrahedral with a theoretical void space of 39.55%, (3) double‐staggered with a theoretical void space of 30.20%, (4) pyramidal, and (5) tetrahedral; the void spaces in the latter two are identical, 25.95%.Secondary, ternary, quaternary, and quinary spheres each set smaller than its predecessor, may be fitted into the voids in this last type of packing and the voids reduced theoretically to 14.9%.The use of very fine filler in the remaining voids will then reduce the voids theoretically to 3.9%.The use of particles of elliptical shape does not appear to reduce the porosity, but cylindrical‐shaped particles, if properly arranged, would reduce the porosity below that possible with spheres.The practical application of these theoretical methods of packing was studied, and the possibility of crushing ceramic materials to spherical shapes is discussed with particular emphasis on the higher‐priced materials such as fused alumina, mullite (fused, synthetic, and natural), chromite, magnesite, forsterite, silicon carbide, and also silica, owing to the particular rounded character of natural sand grains.Study of experimental work shows the possibility of approaching the theoretical densest packing arrangement by the use of spherical‐shaped grains. Allowance must be made in some instances for the porosity of the grains themselves.Surface areas can be calculated and the bonding mediums proportioned accordingly. Some commercial refractories investigated, which have relatively low porosity, seem to have taken advantage of a careful study of the laws of particle packing, both in the manner of packing of the grog grains and in the shape of the grains themselves.
PART III, STUDY OF PRIMARY NORTH CAROLINA KAOLINS AND LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS IN REFINING TO PRODUCE A MATERIAL SUITABLE FOR USE IN VITREOUS WHITEWARE
Authors: Gould R. E. , Hedquist A. J. , Boyd W. B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFifty‐one samples of crude North Carolina kaolin from different locations were tested by screen analysis, microscopic examination, and settling tests. Yields appeared to vary widely in the same deposit and from one deposit to another. There were indications that the ultimate products from different yield crudes would be similar in most respects and that if refined by using electrolytes the product would have good characteristics.A recent geological survey indicates an available known tonnage sufficient to last for many years.A description is given of laboratory refining which yielded a product that probably can be at least partially substituted for English kaolin.
PART IV, DEVELOPMENT OF A TRUE PORCELAIN OR CHINA‐TYPE VITREOUS DINNERWARE BODY USING AMERICAN MATERIALS
Authors: Gould R. E. , Hedquist A. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSpecifications are given for an improved body of the true porcelain or china type to include as many as possible of the desirable characteristics without increasing materially the production costs.Steps in the development of such a body are described. The resultant composition appears to meet the specifications in nearly all cases.
PART VII, EXPERIMENTAL ELECTRICAL FIRING OF TRUE PORCELAIN AND CHINA‐TYPE BODIES MADE FROM AMERICAN MATERIALS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF SUITABLE SCHEDULES
Authors: Gould By R. E. , Hedquist A. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHollow and flat ware of the average hotel china composition and maturing temperature and a modified hotel china or porcelain body maturing at cone 14 were fired at different rates under different atmospheric conditions. It was found that flat ware in bungs must be fired slower than the hollow ware, which was to be expected. Schedules for firing flat and hollow ware together are given. Some of the troubles which may be encountered through wrong schedules are noted. The effect of a reducing atmosphere introduced into the kiln while the ware was still porous was found to be a lengthening of the range between zero absorption and overfiring as well as an improvement in the white color of the fired piece.
THE CONTROL OF CRYSTALLINE GLAZES*
Authors: Norton By F. H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this investigation there is carried out the carefully controlled heat treatment of a single crystalline glaze in which both the crystallizing and growth velocity were determined for the four types of crystal produced. It was found possible to produce crystals at any desired location by seeding; their size could be controlled by the growing time and their shape by the growing temperature. Commercial production of crystalline glazes is possible if close temperature control is maintained.
III, Influence of Pallets on the Quality of Clay Products*
Authors: Schurecht H. G. , Lampman C. Major 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe retarding effects of surfaces of drying pallets to shrinkage of ceramic products are known to exert important influences on the quality of some ware. In retarding the shrinkage, strains are set up in the body which decrease the strength and in some cases cause cracking of the ware. Wooden surfaces, when tested along the grain, proved to be less injurious than steel or glass. The effect was much greater on lean than on highly plastic clays. Reducing the friction and adherence of the clay to steel pallets by covering them with sand, cardboard, or grease produced marked improvements in strength. Drying the ware under imposed loads also lowered the quality of the ware, but in some cases this effect was not as great as that produced by substituting steel for wooden pallets. The use of drying pallets with as low frictional resistance as possible will solve many drying problems in the heavy clay products industries.
ELASTIC AND VISCOUS PROPERTIES OF SEVERAL SODA‐SILICA GLASSES IN THE ANNEALING RANGE OF TEMPERATURE*
Authors: Taylor Nelson W. , Dear Paul S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMeasurements have been made on “stabilized” glass fibers of five compositions in the system soda‐silica, at several temperatures in the annealing range, to obtain the viscosity, Young's modulus for instantaneous and total elasticity, and the. rate of delayed elastic distortion for each glass. Values for the activation energy for viscous flow and delayed elastic distortion have been derived from the temperature coefficients. An ionic theory of the elastic and viscous processes and a discussion of binding energies in the system soda silica are presented.
SURFACE TENSION OF VARIOUS MOLTEN GLASSES*
Authors: Badger A. E. , Parmelee C. W. , Williams A. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSurface‐tension measurements were made on a series of molten glasses at 1200° and 1350°C, using the maximum bubble‐pressure method. A base glass was chosen with the composition of 17.4% Na2O, 10.1% CaO, 72.5% SiO2, or 1.4 Na2O: 0.9 CaO:6.0 SiO2, to which 0.030 gram‐atom of various elements in the form of their oxides was added.An increase in surface tension was produced by Li, Si, Ca, Ra, Mn, Ni, Co, Fe, Zn, Al, Mg, Ce, and Zr. A decrease was produced by Ti, Na, B, K, Pb, and V. The values at 1200°C ranged from 235 dynes per centimeter for the glass containing vanadium, to 320 dynes per centimeter for the zirconium‐containing glass; the base glass had a value of 304 dynes per centimeter. The surface‐tension values at 1350°C were generally slightly less. Surface‐tension results for various analyzed commercial glasses are given also for temperatures of 1200° and 1350°C.
EFFECT OF IRON AND ITS COMPOUNDS ON THE COLOR AND PROPERTIES OF CERAMIC ENGOBES AND MATERIALS*
Authors: McVay T. N. , Parmelee C. W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIron compounds were introduced into engobes of varying clay, silica, and feldspar content by (1) direct additions of commercial iron oxide, (2) adsorption from ferric hydroxide sols, (3) use of stains composed of calcined mixtures of ferric and aluminum hydroxides, (4) addition of silica gel in which ferric hydroxide was precipitated, and (5) precipitation with ammonia as the hydroxide from ferric chloride. Methods (4) and (5) were the most satisfactory. Buff colors were obtained with engobes of high clay, browns with high silica, and reds with high feldspar contents. A general study was made of the coloring of ceramic materials by iron oxide, and it was found that the particle size of these materials as well as that of the ferric oxide was of primary importance. An investigation of the effect of gases on the iron oxide present in engobes gave results that are in agreement with the work done on the oxides of iron at the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.
INFLUENCE OF COMPOSITIONS OF UNDERSLIPS, GLAZES, AND BODIES ON BLISTERING AND OTHER GLAŹE DEFECT́S*
Authors: Schurecht H. G. , McMahon J. F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe adhesion between underslip and body or glaze is frequently broken in spots as a result of air being forced to the surfaces during the spraying of successive wet coats of slip or glaze. These breaks, which do not always heal in firing, develop defects known as blisters, pinholes, and round bare spots. This tendency may be reduced (1) by increasing the percentage of plastic clay in the underslip; (2) by spraying the underslip thinner; (3) by selecting more suitable ball clays; (4) by changing the raw materials and compositions of glazes; and (5) by using coarse in place of fine‐grained bodies. It was found that blistering developed on bisque as well as on raw bodies. Many correlated glaze defects not visible on the dry specimens first appear after firing.
SECONDARY EXPANSION IN REFRACTORY CLAYS*
Authors: Everhart J. O. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA large number of refractory clays show secondary or after‐expansion with a marked increase in volume, usually occurring in the range from cones 6 to 14. Data presented in this paper were secured in an investigation made by the Ohio State University Engineering Experiment Station on twenty‐one representative clays from Missouri, Ohio, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania. The findings indicate that the expansion is caused by opening up the natural lamination or bedding planes in the clay grains. Two methods for reducing or eliminating the expansion are given. Data concerning chemical analyses, petrographic examinations, and X‐ray studies are presented.
COMPARISON OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF COKE‐OVEN LINERS MADE FROM EASTERN AND WESTERN QUARTZITE*
Authors: Austin J. B. , Pierce R. H. H. , Lundberg Walter O. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe results of a set of comparative measurements of thermal conductivity carried out on “eastern” and “western” silica coke‐oven liners made by the same process show that the western brick is the better conductor by approximately 15%. This difference is quantitatively explained by the difference in porosity between the two kinds of brick. Only minor differences in thermal expansion were found.
APPLICATION OF THE RECIRCULATING GAS‐TUBE FIRING SYSTEM TO CONTINUOUS DECORATING KILNS*
Authors: Dressler Philip 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn 1936, recirculating‐type gas tubes, fired by a Kemp carburetor system, were substituted in a continuous decorating kiln for electric heating elements. Operating results, after a six months’period, established the equivalent gas and electricity requirements and showed satisfactory operating results. A second continuous kiln fired by the same system has also been constructed. The application of heating to different types of circular and straight kilns is discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF FACTORS CAUSING STRAINS IN TRUE HARD‐FIRE PORCELAIN FLATWARE AND A PRACTICAL MEANS FOR THEIR ELIMINATION IN PRODUCTION
Authors: Gould R. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA description of the manufacture of thin, true porcelain flatware is given together with experiments which were carried on to determine the factors involving the strains. It was found that, by observing definite rules in the manufacture, a high percentage of straight flatware could be produced and maintained in full production. It was concluded that the manufacture of thin porcelain dinnerware in the United States by European methods would have a doubt fid success, principally because of the expense involved in making flatware.
Lamentation and loss: expressions of caring by contemporary surgical nurses
Authors: Enns Carol , Gregory David 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTitle.  Lamentation and loss: expressions of caring by contemporary surgical nurses Aim.  This paper is a report of a phenomenological study of caring from the perspective of nurses working on surgical wards.Background.  While care and caring are complex foundational nursing concepts which have received considerable and ongoing attention from theorists, researchers and clinicians, there has been little research into caring on surgical units.Method.  A convenience sample of ten nurses working on surgical units in a public teaching hospital in Canada was interviewed using van Manen's phenomenological approach. Data were collected during 2001 using semi‐structured interviews.Findings.  The major theme of lamentation and loss was identified from the data. Participants revealed a dichotomous tension between what caring should be and what actually occurs. This tension was pervasive and generated lament – an expression of grief and mourning for the loss of caring. The essential structures supporting this theme included lack of time, lack of caring support, tasking, increased acuity, lack of continuity of care, emotional divestment and not caring for each other. Loss and sadness were articulated and participants lamented and grieved about the loss of care in contemporary practice.Conclusion.  The forces and influences described by participants undermined caring in the new practice milieu. If this is a glimpse of the future, then the values of the nursing profession may be under siege. Caring as the central core, the essence or unifying concept of nursing may be subject to marginalization in contemporary practice.
Specialist nurses for older people: implications from UK development sites
Authors: Reed Jan , Inglis Pam , Cook Glenda , Clarke Charlotte , Cook Margaret 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTitle.  Specialist nurses for older people: implications from UK development sites Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to explore the development of specialist staffing for older people in six case study sites in the United Kingdom.Background.  In the United Kingdom there has been some concern about the health care available to older people, leading to the development of a National Service Framework. A key theme of this framework is the development of specialist staff skilled in providing services tailored to the needs of older people.Method.  A soft systems methodology was used in 2004–2005 to carry out interviews with key people, including specialist nurses for older people, other service providers, patients and informal carers (n = 132) in six case study sites identified from a national questionnaire. Interviewees were asked to describe their perceptions of the development, its history and its impact.Findings.  The development of specialist nursing services seemed to be shaped by national policy drivers for service development, which may not have been directly linked to the needs of older people. The ideal qualities of a specialist nurse for older people were described by participants as including not only knowledge and skills, but also personal characteristics.Conclusion.  While progress has been made in establishing specialist posts, much remains to be explored about the roles of postholders, the qualities needed, and the support and preparation required. While advanced practice is a professional aspiration, a number of questions arise about the development of nursing as a self‐directing profession in diverse international settings. Theories of specialist nursing practice also need to address the tensions between universal and local models and to consider theories about nursing older people.
The epidural space is deeper in elderly and obese patients in the Japanese population
Authors: Adachi Y. U. , Sanjo Y. , Sato S. 
Published: April 2007

Background:  Epidural anaesthesia is an efficient method of providing both regional anaesthesia and post‐operative pain relief. Detection of the epidural space is critical, but it is difficult to predict the depth of the epidural space. Published results are inconsistent. We retrospectively investigated the differences in the depth of the epidural space depending on the puncture site, approach type and physical findings of patients.Methods:  All surgical patients from 1994 to 2005 were included in the study and 4964 cases were analysed. The recorded distance from the needle tip to the skin surface was defined as the depth of the epidural. The differences in the depth were compared according to the puncture site, level and approach. We then searched for the factors determining the depth using multivariate regression analysis.Results:  The depth in upper thoracic sites (T1/2–T9/10) was 5.0 (1.0) cm [mean (SD), n= 465] via the midline approach and 5.2 (1.0) cm (n= 1226) via the paramedian approach. For lumbar sites, the depth was 4.1 (0.9) cm (n= 1835) via the midline approach and 4.6 (1.0) cm (n= 298) via the paramedian approach. In the multivariate regression analysis, patient age, body weight and more cephalad puncture were significantly and positively correlated with the depth at thoracic sites.Conclusions:  The epidural space was deeper at upper thoracic sites than lower thoracic or lumbar sites. The depth with the paramedian approach was greater than with the midline approach at both sites. Patient age and weight were positive factors for depth.