bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complete Spinal Cord Injury Treatment Using Autologous Bone Marrow Cell Transplantation and Bone Marrow Stimulation with Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor: Phase I/II Clinical Trial
Authors: Yoon Seung Hwan , Shim Yu Shik , Park Yong Hoon , Chung Jong Kwon , Nam Jung Hyun , Kim Myung Ok , Park Hyung Chun , Park So Ra , Min Byoung-Hyun , Kim Eun Young , Choi Byung Hyune , Park Hyeonseon , Ha Yoon 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
To assess the safety and therapeutic efficacy of autologous human bone marrow cell (BMC) transplantation and the administration of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a phase I/II open-label and nonrandomized study was conducted on 35 complete spinal cord injury patients. The BMCs were transplanted by injection into the surrounding area of the spinal cord injury site within 14 injury days (n = 17), between 14 days and 8 weeks (n = 6), and at more than 8 weeks (n = 12) after injury. In the control group, all patients (n = 13) were treated only with conventional decompression and fusion surgery without BMC transplantation. The patients underwent preoperative and follow-up neurological assessment using the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS), electrophysiological monitoring, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The mean follow-up period was 10.4 months after injury. At 4 months, the MRI analysis showed the enlargement of spinal cords and the small enhancement of the cell implantation sites, which were not any adverse lesions such as malignant transformation, hemorrhage, new cysts, or infections. Furthermore, the BMC transplantation and GM-CSF administration were not associated with any serious adverse clinical events increasing morbidities. The AIS grade increased in 30.4% of the acute and subacute treated patients (AIS A to B or C), whereas no significant improvement was observed in the chronic treatment group. Increasing neuropathic pain during the treatment and tumor formation at the site of transplantation are still remaining to be investigated. Long-term and large scale multicenter clinical study is required to determine its precise therapeutic effect.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Contribution of Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells to Endometrium and Endometriosis
Authors: Du Hongling , Taylor Hugh S. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) can differentiate into nonhematopoietic cells, suggesting that BMDCs may contribute to the maintenance of multiple tissues. Donor-derived bone marrow cells have been identified in human uterine endometrium. Here, two murine models were used to investigate the contribution of nonendometrial stem cells to endometrium. We investigate whether BMDCs can localize to uterine endometrium and to endometriosis. After bone marrow transplantation, male donor-derived bone marrow cells were found in the uterine endometrium of female mice. Although uncommon (&lt;0.01%), these cells can differentiate into epithelial cells. After generation of experimental endometriosis by ectopic endometrial implantation in the peritoneal cavity, bone marrow from LacZ transgenic mice was used for transplantation. LacZ expressing cells were found in the wild-type ectopic endometrium implanted in the peritoneal cavity of hysterectomized LacZ transgenic mice. The repopulation of endometrium with bone marrow-derived stem cells may be important to normal endometrial physiology and also may help to explain the cellular basis for the high long-term failure of conservative alternatives to hysterectomy. The examination of a sexually dimorphic organ such as the uterus demonstrates the ability of male bone marrow, which cannot harbor circulating endometrial cells, to generate endometrium de novo and proves their mesenchymal stem cell origin. Finding Y chromosome bearing endometrial cells demonstrates the potential to recapitulate embryonic developmental pathways that were never activated in males; BMDCs may have vast regenerative capacity. Additionally, the ability of stem cells to engraft endometriosis has implications for the origin and progression of this disease. Ectopic differentiation of stem cells may be a novel mechanism of disease.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Clonal Analysis of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation into Teratomas
Authors: Blum Barak , Benvenisty Nissim 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (HESCs) can be studied in vivo through the induction of teratomas in immune-deficient mice. Cells within the teratomas differentiate into all three embryonic germ layers. However, the exact nature of the proliferation and differentiation of HESCs within the teratoma is not fully characterized, and it is not clear whether the differentiation is cell autonomous or affected by neighboring cells. Here, we establish a genetic approach to study the clonality of differentiation in teratomas using a mixture of HESC lines. We first demonstrate, by means of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation, that cell proliferation occurs throughout the teratoma, and that there are no clusters of undifferentiated-proliferating cells. Using a combination of laser capture microdissection and DNA fingerprinting analysis, we show that different cell lines contribute mutually to the same distinctive tissue structures. Further support for the nonclonal differentiation within the teratoma was achieved by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of sex chromosomes. We therefore suggest that in vivo differentiation of HESCs is polyclonal and, thus, may not be cell autonomous, stressing the need for a three-dimensional growth in order to achieve complex differentiation of HESCs.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Effects on Sexual Risk Behavior and STD Rate of Brief HIV/STD Prevention Interventions for African American Women in Primary Care Settings
Authors: Jemmott Loretta Sweet , Jemmott John B. , O’Leary Ann 
Published: April 2007

Objectives. We tested the efficacy of brief HIV/sexually transmitted disease (STD) risk-reduction interventions for African American women in primary care settings. Methods. In a randomized controlled trial, 564 African American women recruited at a Newark, NJ, inner-city women’s health clinic were assigned to a 20-minute one-on-one HIV/STD behavioral skill-building intervention, 200-minute group HIV/STD behavioral skill-building intervention, 20-minute one-on-one HIV/STD information intervention, 200-minute group HIV/STD information intervention, or 200-minute health intervention control group. Primary outcomes were self-reported sexual behaviors in the previous 3 months; secondary outcome was STD incidence. Results. At 12-month follow-up, participants in the skill-building interventions reported less unprotected sexual intercourse than did participants in the information interventions (Cohen’s d [d]=0.23, P=.02), reported a greater proportion of protected sexual intercourse than did information intervention participants (d=0.21, P=.05) and control participants (d=0.24, P=.03), and were less likely to test positive for an STD than were control participants (d=0.20, P=.03). Conclusions. This study suggests that brief single-session, one-on-one or group skill-building interventions may reduce HIV/STD risk behaviors and STD morbidity among inner-city African American women in primary care settings.
Association Between Condom Use at Sexual Debut and Subsequent Sexual Trajectories: A Longitudinal Study Using Biomarkers
Authors: Shafii Taraneh , Stovel Katherine , Holmes King 
Published: April 2007

Objectives. We compared subsequent sexual behaviors and risk of sexually transmitted infections among adolescents who did and did not use a condom at their sexual debut. Methods. We derived data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, which followed a sample of 4018 sexually active adolescents between 1994 and 2002. During waves I, II, and III of the study, data on sexual behavior were gathered, and at wave III urine specimens were collected to test for sexually transmitted infections. Results. Among interviewed adolescents, those who reported condom use at their debut were more likely than those who did not use condoms at their debut to report condom use at their most recent intercourse (on average 6.8 years after sexual debut), and they were only half as likely to test positive for chlamydia or gonorrhea (adjusted odds ratio=0.50; 95% confidence interval=0.26, 0.95). Reported lifetime numbers of sexual partners did not differ between the 2 groups. Conclusions. Adolescents who use condoms at their sexual debut do not report more sexual partners, are more likely to engage in subsequent protective behaviors, and experience fewer sexually transmitted infections than do adolescents who do not use condoms at their sexual debut.
Trends in Primary and Secondary Syphilis Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in the United States
Authors: Heffelfinger James D. , Swint Emmett B. , Berman Stuart M. , Weinstock Hillard S. 
Published: April 2007

Objectives. We assessed the epidemiology of primary and secondary syphilis in the United States and estimated the percentages of cases occurring among men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods. We reviewed US syphilis surveillance data from 1990 through 2003. We estimated the number of cases occurring among MSM by modeling changes in the ratio of syphilis cases among men to cases among women. Results. During 1990 through 2000, the rate of primary and secondary syphilis decreased 90% overall, declining 90% among men and 89% among women. The overall rate increased 19% between 2000 and 2003, reflecting a 62% increase among men and a 53% decrease among women. In 2003, an estimated 62% of reported cases occurred among MSM. Conclusions. Increasing syphilis cases among MSM account for most of the recent overall increase in rates and may be a harbinger of increasing rates of HIV infection among MSM. National efforts are under way to improve monitoring of syphilis trends, better understand factors associated with the observed increases, and improve efforts to prevent syphilis transmission.
Mycoplasma genitalium Among Young Adults in the United States: An Emerging Sexually Transmitted Infection
Authors: Manhart Lisa E. , Holmes King K. , Hughes James P. , Houston Laura S. , Totten Patricia A. 
Published: April 2007

Objectives. We sought to determine the prevalence of and risk factors associated with Mycoplasma genitalium infection in a nationally representative sample of young adults in the United States. Methods. Urine specimens from 1714 women and 1218 men who participated in Wave III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N=14322) were tested for M genitalium. Poststratification sampling weights were used to generate nationally representative estimates. Results. The prevalence of M genitalium was 1.0% compared with 0.4%, 4.2%, and 2.3% for gonococcal, chlamydial, and trichomonal infections, respectively. No M genitalium–positive individuals reported symptoms of discharge. M genitalium prevalence among those who reported vaginal intercourse was 1.1% compared with 0.05% among those who did not. In multivariate analyses, M genitalium prevalence was 11 times higher among respondents who reported living with a sexual partner, 7 times higher among Blacks, and 4 times higher among those who used condoms during their last vaginal intercourse. Prevalence of M genitalium increased by 10% for each additional sexual partner. Conclusions. M genitalium was more prevalent than Neisseria gonorrhoeae but less prevalent than Chlamydia trachomatis, and it was strongly associated with sexual activity.
Tip of the Iceberg: Young Men Who Have Sex With Men, the Internet, and HIV Risk
Authors: Garofalo Robert , Herrick Amy , Mustanski Brian S. , Donenberg Geri Rachel 
Published: April 2007

Objectives. We examined the prevalence of Internet use for meeting sexual partners (Internet partners) and HIV risk behaviors associated with this use among young men who have sex with men (aged 16–24 years). Methods. A sample of 270 young men who have sex with men completed a computer-assisted survey. We used bivariate χ2 analyses and hierarchical logistic regression to assess factors associated with Internet-facilitated sexual encounters. Results. Using the Internet to meet sexual partners was common; 48% of our sample had sexual relations with a partner they met online. Of these, only 53% used condoms consistently, and 47% reported having sexual partners older (>4 years) than themselves. Regression analyses showed increased age, White race/ethnicity, history of unprotected anal intercourse, multiple anal intercourse partners, and engaging in sexual activity at a sex club or a bathhouse were associated with meeting sexual partners through the Internet. Only history of unprotected anal intercourse was associated with risky sexual behaviors with Internet partners (P<0.025). Conclusions. Young men who have sex with men and who seek partners online also engage in other behaviors that place them at risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections.
The Effect of Social Support on Mental and Behavioral Outcomes Among Adolescents With Parents With HIV/AIDS
Authors: Lee Sung-Jae , Detels Roger , Rotheram-Borus Mary Jane , Duan Naihua 
Published: April 2007

Objectives. We examined the associations between social support and mental and behavioral outcomes among adolescents whose parents were infected with or died of HIV/AIDS. Methods. Families (parents who were HIV infected and their adolescent children) were randomly assigned to a coping skills intervention or a standard care group. After completing the intervention, the parents and adolescents were assessed for 2 years. Results. Adolescents who had more social support providers reported significantly lower levels of depression and fewer conduct problems; adolescents who had more negative influence from role models reported more behavior problems. Reductions in depression, multiple problem behaviors, and conduct problems were significantly associated with better social support. Conclusions. Our findings underscore the complex relations between social support and mental and behavioral outcomes among adolescents affected by HIV/AIDS. Future prevention programs must focus on increasing social support to reduce negative outcomes among adolescents affected by HIV/AIDS as well as the need to reduce influence from negative role models.
Women Who Report Having Sex With Women: British National Probability Data on Prevalence, Sexual Behaviors, and Health Outcomes
Authors: Mercer Catherine H. , Bailey Julia V. , Johnson Anne M. , Erens Bob , Wellings Kaye , Fenton Kevin A. , Copas Andrew J. 
Published: April 2007

Objectives. We estimated the prevalence of same-sex experience among women and compared women reporting sex with women and men and women reporting sex exclusively with women with women reporting sex exclusively with men, in terms of sociodemographics and sexual, reproductive, and general health risk behaviors and outcomes. Methods. We used a British probability survey (n=6399 women, aged 16 to 44 years) conducted from 1999 to 2001 with face-to-face interviewing and computer-assisted self-interviewing. Results. We found that 4.9% of the women reported same-sex partner(s) ever; 2.8% reported sex with women in the past 5 years (n=178); 85.0% of these women also reported male partner(s) in this time. Compared with women who reported sex exclusively with men, women who reported sex with women and men reported significantly greater male partner numbers, unsafe sex, smoking, alcohol consumption, and intravenous drug use and had an increased likelihood of induced abortion and sexually transmitted infection diagnoses (age-adjusted odds ratios=3.07 and 4.41, respectively). Conclusions. For women, a history of sex with women may be a marker for increased risk of adverse sexual, reproductive, and general health outcomes compared with women who reported sex exclusively with men. A nonjudgmental review of female patients’ sexual history should help practitioners discuss risks that women may face.
Racial/Ethnic and Age Disparities in HIV Prevalence and Disease Progression Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in the United States
Authors: Hall H. Irene , Byers Robert H. , Ling Qiang , Espinoza Lorena 
Published: April 2007

Objectives. We examined HIV diagnosis rates and disease progression among men who have sex with men (MSM) according to race/ethnicity and age. Methods. Using data obtained from the national HIV/AIDS surveillance system, we examined trends in HIV diagnosis rates for 2001 through 2004 using Poisson regression. We used a standardized Kaplan–Meier method to determine differences in time of progression from HIV to AIDS and AIDS survival. Results. HIV diagnosis rates were higher for Black and Hispanic than for White MSM, but trends within age groups from 2001 to 2004 did not differ by race/ethnicity. Diagnosis rates increased among MSM aged 13 to 19 years (14% per year), 20 to 24 years (13%), 25 to 29 years, and 40 to 54 years (3%–6%; P≤ .01 for each). The percentage of MSM who did not have AIDS 3 years after HIV diagnosis was lower among Black (66.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI]=66.1, 67.4) and Hispanic (68.1%; 95% CI=67.5, 68.8) than among White MSM (74.7%; 95% CI=74.2, 75.1). Three-year survival after AIDS diagnosis was lower for Black than for White or Hispanic MSM. Conclusions. HIV prevention efforts should target young and middle-aged MSM and must offer early diagnosis and treatment for all MSM.
Men’s Extramarital Sexuality in Rural Papua New Guinea
Authors: Wardlow Holly 
Published: April 2007

Married women in rural Papua New Guinea are at risk for HIV primarily because of their husbands’ extramarital relationships. Labor migration puts these men in social contexts that encourage infidelity. Moreover, many men do not view sexual fidelity as necessary for achieving a happy marriage, but they view drinking and “looking for women” as important for male friendships. Although fear of HIV infection is increasing, the concern that men most often articulated about the consequences of extramarital infidelity was possible violent retaliation for “stealing” another man’s wife. Therefore, divorced or separated women who exchange sex for money are considered to be “safe” partners. Interventions that promote fidelity will fail in the absence of a social and economic infrastructure that supports fidelity.
Using Continuous Glucose Monitoring to Measure the Frequency of Low Glucose Values When Using Biphasic Insulin Aspart 30 Compared With Biphasic Human Insulin 30
Authors: McNally Paul G. , Dean John D. , Morris Andrew D. , Wilkinson Peter D. , Compion Gerhard , Heller Simon R. 
Published: April 2007

OBJECTIVE—Rapid-acting insulin analogs in basal-bolus regimens can reduce nocturnal hypoglycemia, so it is conceivable that twice-daily biphasic insulin analogs might reduce hypoglycemia in patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. We used a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS) and self-reported episodes to investigate differences in the frequency of low glucose values in patients with type 2 diabetes, using either biphasic insulin aspart 30 (BIAsp 30) or biphasic human insulin 30 (BHI 30).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This was a double-blind, two-period, crossover trial involving 160 subjects. After 8 weeks’ run-in, subjects were randomized to the first of two 16-week treatment periods.
RESULTS—No differences in overall incidence of low interstitial glucose (IG) were found. Twenty-four–hour plots of CGMS showed low IG was more frequent at night than during the day and was unrecognized by patients. At night, subjects spent significantly less time (percentage of total CGMS recorded) with IG &lt;3.5 and &lt;2.5 mmol/l during BIAsp 30 than during BHI 30 treatment, respectively (&lt;3.5 mmol/l: 6.36 vs. 7.93% [mean], 0.67 vs. 2.43% [median], P = 0.018; &lt;2.5 mmol/l: 2.35 vs. 2.86% [mean], 0 vs. 0% [median], P = 0.0467). No treatment difference in A1C was observed.
CONCLUSIONS—Overall rates of low glucose over 24 h were not different but were twice as frequent at night than during the day in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Compared with BHI 30, BIAsp 30 was associated with similar low IG readings over 24 h but with fewer nocturnal episodes and less self-reported nocturnal hypoglycemia.
Microvascular Complications in Cystic Fibrosis–Related Diabetes
Authors: Schwarzenberg Sarah Jane , Thomas William , Olsen Timothy W. , Grover Trish , Walk David , Milla Carlos , Moran Antoinette 
Published: April 2007

OBJECTIVE—The incidence of cystic fibrosis–related diabetes (CFRD) and the prevalence of diabetic microvascular complications were determined at the University of Minnesota.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Cystic fibrosis patients have undergone annual oral glucose tolerance testing since 1990. Database review was performed to determine diabetes duration and the results of annual urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (Ualb:Cr) screening and dilated retinal exams. In addition, 59 individuals underwent detailed retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and gastroenterpathy screening.
RESULTS—During 1990–2005, 775 patients aged ≥6 years were followed. CFRD was diagnosed by an oral glucose tolerance test or fasting hyperglycemia in 285 subjects (52% female), 64% of whom had fasting hyperglycemia. Most patients with CFRD without fasting hyperglycemia progressed to CFRD with fasting hyperglycemia over time. No subject with CFRD without fasting hyperglycemia had retinopathy or abnormal Ualb:Cr. In CFRD subjects with fasting hyperglycemia and diabetes for ≥10 years, 14% had microalbuminuria and 16% had retinopathy. Autonomic neuropathy and gastrointestinal symptoms each were seen in 52% and somatic abnormalities in 22% of patients with or without fasting hyperglycemia.
CONCLUSIONS—Diabetic microvascular complications occur in CFRD, although the prevalence of retinopathy and nephropathy appears to be less than that found in other forms of diabetes. Annual complication screening should occur after known diabetes duration of 5 years in patients with CFRD with fasting hyperglycemia.
Rising Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in Children in the U.K.
Authors: Haines Linda , Wan Kay Chong , Lynn Richard , Barrett Timothy G. , Shield Julian P.H. 
Published: April 2007

OBJECTIVE—To estimate the incidence of type 2 diabetes in children &lt;17 years of age and to investigate the relationship of diabetes with increasing childhood obesity in the U.K. and the Republic of Ireland (ROI).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Active monthly reporting of cases by consultant pediatricians occurred through the framework of the British Pediatric Surveillance Unit, with additional reports from specialist diabetes nurses. All children &lt;17 years of age and diagnosed by their clinician as having non–type 1 diabetes from 1 October 2004 to 31 October 2005 were included.
RESULTS—A total of 168 confirmed cases of non–type 1 diabetes were reported, resulting in a national incidence (excluding the ROI) of 1.3 · 100,000−1 · year−1. Of these, 40% were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes giving a minimum incidence of 0.53 · 100,000−1 · year−1. Children of ethnic minorities were greatly overrepresented, with those of black and South-Asian origin (England data only) having an incidence of 3.9 and 1.25 · 100,000−1 · year−1, respectively, compared with 0.35 · 100,000−1 · year−1 in those defined as white. Of those diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, 95% were overweight and 83% obese according to International Obesity Task Force guidelines. Eighty-four percent had a family history of type 2 diabetes.
CONCLUSIONS—Type 2 diabetes is still less common than type 1 diabetes in U.K. children. However, compared with previous prevalence data, the frequency of type 2 diabetes appears to be increasing. Incidence among ethnic minorities is far higher than in whites, as previously described in the U.S. Increased adiposity and family history of type 2 diabetes were strongly associated with the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in U.K. children.