bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geometrische Isomerenpaare mit bevorzugter cis‐Struktur, II. Die cis‐trans‐Isomerie beim 2‐Brom‐1‐jod‐äthylen
Authors: Viehe Heinz Günter , Franchimont Edgard 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEntgegen Literaturangaben kommt dem einzigen bisher bekannten 2‐Brom‐1‐jod‐äthylen trans‐Struktur zu. Dessen thermische Isomerisierung führt nicht nur zum Gleichgewicht mit dem cis‐Isomeren, das gaschromatographisch abtrennbar ist und dessen Eigenschaften beschrieben werden, sondern auch durch intermolekularen Halogenaustausch zu einem von allen Seiten erreichbaren Gleichgewicht der Isomerenpaare des 1.2‐Dijod‐ und des 2‐Brom‐1‐jod‐äthylens. Gleichgewichtsmessungen für das 2‐Brom‐1‐jod‐äthylen bei 175 und 225° lassen bei Raumtemperatur knapp 50% cis‐Gehalt abschätzen. Somit ist beim 2‐Brom‐1‐jod‐äthylen die Grenze erreicht für die cis‐Bevorzugung in der Reihe der zehn 1.2‐Dihalogen‐äthylene, von denen nur das Dijod‐äthylen bei Normaltemperatur ausgeprägt auf der trans‐Seite liegt. Sein Cis‐Isomeres wurde erstmals rein dargestellt.
Über die Herstellung von Bis‐phosphinigsäureestern und anderer Bis‐phosphorverbindungen
Authors: Steininger Erwin 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAus bifunktionellen aliphatischen Grignard‐Verbindungen und Phosphonigsäure‐esterchlorien werden Oligomethylen‐bis‐phosphinigsäureester, aus p‐Phenylen‐dilithium und Dimtehylamino‐chlorphosphenin P.P′‐Bis‐[dimethylamino]‐p‐phenylen‐diphosphine gewonnen, deren Äthanolyse zu p‐Phenylen‐bis‐phosphiniten führt. – Die Chlorierung sekundärer Benzyl‐ und p‐Xylylen‐bis‐phosphinite waren nicht rein erhältlich. Als Zwischenverbindungen bzw. Modellsubstanzen werden einige neue sekundäre Phosphine und Diphosphine, Chlorphosphine und Bis‐chlorphosphine, Bis‐dimethylaminophosphine, Phos‐phinsäureester und Bis‐phosphinsäureester hergestellt. Ferner werden Benzyl‐phosphinigsäureester, bis‐tertiäre und erstmalig bis‐sekundäre Phosphinoxide erhalten.
Mutterkorn‐Farbstoffe, V. Synthese und Wessely‐Moser‐Umlagerung von 8.8′‐und 6.6′‐Bichromonylen
Authors: Franck Burchard , Baumann Gert 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUnter Ausnutzung einer neuen Variante der WESSELY‐MOSER‐Umlagerung wurden erstmalig Derivate des 8.8′‐Bichromonyls dargestellt, die als Modelverbindungen für Konstitutionsermittlung des Mutterkorn‐Farbstoffes Secalonsäure von Bedeutung sind.
Additionsprodukte von Halogenwasserstoffen oder aromatischen Aminen an Cyanoform
Authors: Allenstein Eckhard 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie Konstitution bereits bekannter1) 1: 1‐Addukte zwischen Cyanoform und Halogenwasserstoff wird mit Hilfe der Infrarotspektren auch deuterierter Verbindungen unter Bestätigung einer älteren Strukturannahme II2) geklärt. Die Konstitution V einer unter Wasserausschluß dargestellten Tris‐bromwasserstoff‐Verbindung des Cyanoforms ergibt sich aus der vorangegangenen Strukturuntersuchung verwandter Verbindungen3). Die Additionsreaktionen aromatischer Amine verlaufen den Reaktionen der Halogenwasserstoffe mit Cyanoform analog. Durch thermische Umlagerung cyanoformsaurer Salze des Anilins und seiner Derivate entstehen N‐phenyl‐substituierte 1.1‐Diamino‐2.2‐dicyan‐äthylen‐Derivate (IX). Durch weitere Umsetzung von IX mit Aniliniumchlorid bei höherer Temperatur in der Schmelze wird ein Salz gebildet, für das eine den Tris‐halogenwasserstoff‐Verbindungen des Cyanoforms entsprechende Konstitution X wahrscheinlich ist.
Säureamid‐Reaktionen, XXXVII. Über die Umsetzungen on Amidinen mit Formylierungsmitteln: Synthesen 2.4‐disubstituierter s‐Triazine
Authors: Bredereck Hellmut , Effenberger Franz , Hofmann Alfred 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBei der Umsetzung von Amidinen mit Formylierungsmitteln (Ameisensäureäthylester, Dimethylformamid‐diäthylacetal) entstehen nicht die erwarteten Formylamidine, sondern 2.4‐disubstituierte s‐Triazine.
Reaktionen mit Natrium‐triphenylthiosilanolat
Authors: Birkofer Leonhard , Ritter Alfred , Goller Heinz 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNatrium‐triphenylthiosilanolat (Ib), aus Triphenylthiosilanol und Natrium, wird mit Alkylhalogeniden in s‐Alkyl‐thiosilanolate übergeführt. Durch Umsetzung on I b mit Triphenylchorsilan bzw. Triphenylchlormethan gelangt man zu Hexaphenyldisilthian (II) bzw. Triphenylmethyl‐triphenylsilyl‐thian (III). Dehydrierung on I b mit Jod ergibt Bis‐[triphenylslyl]‐dithian (IV), das mit Na zu I b und mit Phenyllithium zu tetraphenylsilan, Lithium‐triphenylthiosilanolat und Lithium‐thiophenolat reduziert wird.
Über Nitroacetimidsäure‐ester
Authors: Ried Walter , Sinharay Akhileswar 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNitroacetonitril konnte im Gegensatz zu den Angaben on STEINKOPF und MALINOWSKI1) in Nitroacetimidsäure‐ester umgewandelt werden. Mit diesem Ester Wurden verschiedene Synthesen von heterocyclen durchgeführt.
2.3‐Diacetyl‐naphthalin
Authors: Ried Walter , Schön Manfred 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAus Naphthalin‐dialdehyd‐(2.3) entsteht mit Methylmagnesiumbromid 2.3‐Bis‐[α‐hydroxy‐äthyl]‐naphthalin, das durch Oxydation mit KMnO4 in 2.3‐Deacetylnaphthalin übergeführt wird. Die Konstitution wird durch typischen Farbreaktionen mit die für aromatische o‐Dicarbonylverbindungen typischen Farbreaktionen mit Aminosäuren und primären Aminen gestützt.
Über Ergebnisse der Permethylierung der Ganlioside GI und GII
Authors: Kuhn Richard , Egge Heinz 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie Ganglioside GI und GII aus Rindergehirn sowie das durch Parmethyliert. Die nach Methanolyse gebildeten‐methylglykoside der Hexosen und des Galaktosamins wurden an den freien OH‐und NH2‐Gruppen acetyliert und durch Gaschromatographie deren Mengenverhältnisse quantitative bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse sichern die Strukturformeln Für die Ganglioside GI und GII – Für 2 Verschieden methyl bzw. Methyl‐acetyl‐Derivate der Galaktose und Glucose werden die Retentionszeiten und Retention sindices angegeben.
Strukturaufklärung und Synthese einer Thiophenverbindung aus Chrysanthemum frutescens L
Authors: Winterfeldt Ekkehard 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie Konstitution I für eine Thiophenverbindung aus Chrysanthemum frutescens L. wird aufgestellt und durch Synthese bewiesen. Die starke Alkaliempfindlichkeit solcher Systeme wird mit der der Benzolanalogen verglichen. Der Unterschied in der sauren Solvolyse bei Methoxystyrol und den im Laufe der Synthese erhaltenen Thiophennalogen läßt sich durch die stärkere Donator Wirkung des Thiophens erklären.
Enantioselective resolution of thyroxine hormone by high‐performance liquid chromatography utilizing a highly fluorescent chiral tagging reagent
Authors: Jin Dongri , Zhang Meina , Jin Shanji , Lee Min‐Kwon , Song Goon‐Cheol , Back Gernho , Lee Yong‐Ill 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA highly fluorescent chiral tagging reagent, 4‐(3‐isothiocyanatopyrrolidin‐1‐yl)‐7‐(N,N‐dimethylaminosulfonyl‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole, [R(−)‐DBD‐PyNCS], was employed to develop an indirect resolution method for efficient separation of thyroxine enantiomers,D‐T4 and L‐T4. The reaction of R(−)‐DBD‐PyNCS with the thyroxine enantiomers proceeds effectively at 40°C for 20 min in the presence of basic medium to produce the corresponding pair of diastereomers. No racemization occurs during the tagging reaction under the optimized conditions. Various experimental parameters for derivatization reaction including the species of catalyst, the concentration of tagging reagent and reaction temperatures, have been examined to get a highest yield for T4 derivatives. The structure of T4 derivatives was identified based on ESI‐MS/MS measurements in negative mode. The efficient separation of D‐, L‐T4 derivatives was achieved by isocratic elution with water‐acetonitrile mobile phase containing 1% AcOH on a reversed phase column utilizing a conventional fluorescence detector. The resolution (Rs) value of the diastereomers derived from thyroxine was 5.1. The calibration curves of both the D‐T4 and L‐T4 were linear over the concentration range of 0.1–20 μg/ml. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) for both D‐T4 and L‐T4 were 0.2 ng per injection. The proposed method was applied to the determination of D‐T4 and L‐T4 in pharmaceutical formulations and human serum samples. Chirality 19:625–631, 2007 © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of tumor affinity of mono‐[123I]iodohypericin and mono‐[123I]iodoprotohypericin in a mouse model with a RIF‐1 tumor
Authors: Fonge Humphrey , Van de Putte Marie , Huyghe Dieter , Bormans Guy , Ni Yicheng , de Witte Peter , Verbruggen Alfons 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this study we have compared the tumour‐seeking properties of mono‐[123I]iodoprotohypericin and mono‐[123I]iodohypericin in C3H mice with a subcutaneous radiation‐induced fibrosarcoma‐1 tumor. After intravenous injection, both tracers were rapidly cleared from all organs and were retained by the tumors. There was no significant difference in tumor uptake of the two tracers at all studied time points (p > 0.05). To study the plausible mechanism of hypericin and mono‐iodohypericin uptake in tumor, their plasma binding profile was investigated. Both agents show high affinity for low‐density lipoproteins and to a lesser extent high‐density lipoproteins and other heavy proteins. Mono‐[123I]iodohypericin appears to be more promising as a tumor diagnostic agent, given its faster clearance from all organs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A stochastic Lagrangian representation of the three‐dimensional incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations
Authors: Constantin Peter , Iyer Gautam 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this paper we derive a probabilistic representation of the deterministic three‐dimensional Navier‐Stokes equations based on stochastic Lagrangian paths. The particle trajectories obey SDEs driven by a uniform Wiener process; the inviscid Weber formula for the Euler equations of ideal fluids is used to recover the velocity field. This method admits a self‐contained proof of local existence for the nonlinear stochastic system and can be extended to formulate stochastic representations of related hydrodynamic‐type equations, including viscous Burgers equations and Lagrangian‐averaged Navier‐Stokes alpha models. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Local authorities, climate change and small and medium enterprises: identifying effective policy instruments to reduce energy use and carbon emissions
Authors: Bradford Jaryn , Fraser Evan D. G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses potential policy options available to local and municipal authorities, to achieve reductions in energy usage and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs). Researchers conducted surveys with 112 SMEs, and the results have been used to disaggregate the category of ‘SME’ into sub‐sectors based on industrial sector, two measurements of employee size and annual turnover. A statistical analysis identifies key characteristics and behaviours of the sub‐sectors of firms and discusses the type of policy measure these groups of SMEs would probably respond to. The key results of the research indicate that categories of firms differ in terms of energy use behaviours, internal constraints and attitudes toward possible policy options. The paper presents a ‘policy matrix’ to represent the most and least likely policy options to achieve energy savings from different categories of SMEs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids—novel cell permeant and red fluorescing DNA probes
Authors: Slaninová Iva , Slanina Jiří , Táborská Eva 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground:Quaternary benzo[c]phenanthridine alkaloids (QBAs) are naturally occurring compounds isolated from plants in the Fumariaceae, Papaveraceae, Ranunculaceae, and Rutaceae families. In addition to having a wide range of biological activities, they are also attractive for their fluorescent properties. We observed interesting fluorescent characteristics in the QBAs–macarpine (MA), sanguirubine (SR), chelirubine (CHR), sanguilutine (SL), chelilutine (CHL), sanguinarine (SA) and chelerythrine (CHE) after interaction with living cells.Methods:Water stock solutions of the alkaloids (10–100 μg/ml) were added to intact cells, and after a brief incubation the cells were observed. Human cell lines HL60 (human promyelocytic leukemia), HeLa (human cervix adenocarcinoma), and LEP (human lung fibroblasts), and piglet blood were used in the experiments. Blood cells were stained with MA in combination with FITC‐conjugated anti‐CD45 surface marker antibody. Cells were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy and by flow cytometry.Results:All tested alkaloids immediately entered living cells with MA, CHR, and SA binding to DNA. MA showed the best DNA staining properties. Fluorescence microscopy of MA, CHR, and SA stained cells described the nuclear architecture and clearly described chromosomes and apoptotic fragments in living cells. Moreover MA can rapidly represent the cellular DNA content of living cells at a resolution adequate for cell cycle analysis. QBAs were excitable using common argon lasers (488 nm) emitting at a range of 575–755 nm (i.e. fluorescence detectors FL2‐5). Spectral characteristics of MA allow simultaneous surface immunophenotyping.Conclusions:It was shown that MA, CHR, and SA stain nucleic acids in living cells. They can be used as supravital fluorescent DNA probes, both in fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, including multiparameter analysis of peripheral blood and bone marrow. MA binds DNA stochiometrically and can provide information on DNA content. © 2007 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Decoding development in Xenopus tropicalis
Authors: Showell Chris , Conlon Frank L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractXenopus tropicalis is rapidly being adopted as a model organism for developmental biology research and has enormous potential for increasing our understanding of how embryonic development is controlled. In recent years there has been a well‐organized initiative within the Xenopus community, funded largely through the support of the National Institutes of Health in the US, to develop X. tropicalis as a new genetic model system with the potential to impact diverse fields of research. Concerted efforts have been made both to adapt established methodologies for use in X. tropicalis and to develop new techniques. A key resource to come out of these efforts is the genome sequence, produced by the US Department of Energy's Joint Genome Institute and made freely available to the community in draft form for the past three years. In this review, we focus on how advances in X. tropicalis genetics coupled with the sequencing of its genome are likely to form a foundation from which we can build a better understanding of the genetic control of vertebrate development and why, when we already have other vertebrate genetic models, we should want to develop genetic analysis in the frog. genesis 45:418–426, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The development of young infants' intuitions about support
Authors: Baillargeon Renée , Needham Amy , Devos Julie 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPrevious research has shown that 3‐month‐old infants, like adults, expect a box to be stable when it is in full contact with a platform, and to fall when it loses all contact with the platform. Do young infants also have expectations about what should happen when the box is only in partial contact with the platform? The present research was designed to address this question. In Experiment 1, 6.5‐month‐old infants saw two test events: a full‐contact and a partial‐contact test event. In both events, the infants watched the extended finger of a gloved hand push a box along the top of a platform. In the full‐contact event, the box was pushed until its leading edge reached the end of the platform. In the partial‐contact event, the box was pushed until only 15% or 70% of its bottom surface remained on the platform. The infants looked reliably longer at the partial‐than at the full‐contact event when 15%, but not 70%, of the box rested on the platform. These results suggested that the infants were able to judge how much contact was needed between the box and the platform for the box to be stable. A control condition provided evidence for this interpretation. In Experiment 2, 5.5‐ to 6‐month‐old infants were found to look equally at the full‐ and the partial‐contact events, even when only 15% of the box's bottom surface remained on the platform. This result suggested that prior to 6.5 months of age infants perceive any amount of contact between the box and the platform to be sufficient to ensure the box's stability. Interpretations of this developmental sequence are considered in the Conclusion.
Predicting preschool motor and cognitive performance in appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age children born at ≤ 32 weeks gestation
Authors: Langkamp Diane L. , Harris Susan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlthough many follow‐up studies have been performed on preterm infants, little attention has been devoted to prediction of motor skills in the preschool or school years. We studied the relationship of performance on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at a mean corrected age of 21 months to performance on the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities at a mean corrected age of 44.7 months for 43 appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age (AGA) children born at ≤ 32 weeks gestation. Motor scores were stable over time with a significant correlation between the Bayley Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) and the McCarthy Motor subscale (r = 0.60; p = 0.0001). Scores of cognitive abilities also showed a significant correlation between the Bayley Mental Developmental Index (MDI) and the McCarthy General Cognitive Index (r = 0.42; p = 0.009). Small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA), very low‐birthweight (≤ 1500 grams) children scored lower on the McCarthy General Cognitive Index (p = 0.01) and on the Motor subscale (p = 0.047) than the AGA children. We concluded that motor performance of AGA children born at ≤ 32 weeks gestation is stable from toddlerhood to preschool age. We suggest that SGA children be excluded from studies of motor performance of prematurely born children.
People and objects affect the quality of vocalizations in infants with down syndrome
Authors: Legerstee Maria , Bowman Thomas G. , Fels Sabina 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe vocalizations of eight infants with Down syndrome were recorded longitudinally in relation to different social and non‐social contexts. The infants were observed biweekly from 8 to 24 weeks and monthly up to 40 weeks. At each visit the infants were presented with their mother, a female stranger, and a rattle puppet, each alternately active and passive. Each condition lasted 60 sec. The results showed that by 4 months of age, the infants produced different types of vocal sounds in relation to environmental contexts. They produced significantly more melodic (speechlike) sounds, vocalic (non‐speechlike) sounds, and emotional (crying, laughing and fussing) sounds when facing people than objects. By 6 months of age, these utterances began to be distinguished between mother and female stranger and active and passive adults. However, within the communicative context the overall amount of vocalic (non‐speechlike) sounds produced was larger than the amount of melodic (speechlike) sounds. It is suggested that this low output of melodic sounds in the overall vocal production of these infants may adversely affect the development of more appropriate vocal behaviour.
The effects of mothers' teasing: Do Japanese infants read their mothers' play intention in teasing?
Authors: Nakano Shigeru , Kanaya Yuko 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe focus of this study was whether an infant can understand the playful intention in the mother's teasing behaviour. The mother's teasing behaviour can elicit playful interaction with the infant on the one hand, or can result in the infant's distress. In other words, teasing may function as the turning‐point in mother‐infant interaction. Thus it was hypothesized that the consequence of mothers' teasing behaviour would be positive or negative depending on the success or failure in communication of both mothers' play intention with play signs and infants' interpretation of the play signs. Subjects were 20 mothers and their infants aged from 10 to 13 months (M = 11 months) who were observed during 10 minutes of free play with toys that evoke minor surprise and/or fearfulness. Results showed that about one‐third of mothers' teasing behaviour elicited the infant's enjoyment. Especially, mothers' playful teasing accompanied by a smile or laugh led most successfully to infant enjoyment. In contrast, mothers' pretence teasing elicited no particular response from infants. These data suggest that around their first birthday infants develop some understanding of the play intention latent in mothers' teasing behaviour.
Infant cry as a graded signal: Experimental modifications of durations of pauses and expiratory sounds alter mothers' perceptions
Authors: Zeskind Philip Sanford , Wilhite Adam , Marshall Timothy R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine experimentally the effects of the temporal structure of infant crying on mothers' perceptions. Eighteen mothers of young infants rated variations of a 10‐sec cry in which durations of all expiratory sounds and pauses were digitally lengthened and shortened by 50%. Results showed a general monotonic effect in which cries with increasingly shorter pauses were perceived to be more arousing, aversive, informative, and rough. Similarly, cries with short expirations were perceived to be more rhythmic and rough than cries with long expirations. The strength of the monotonic effect for pause duration on ratings of urgency interacted with the duration of expiratory sounds such that the combination of short pauses and short expirations created the greatest perceived urgency. This study replicates and extends previous findings which show that gradations in acoustic features of crying are associated with gradations in the intensity of adults' perceptions.
Fear, attachment and affiliation: The interaction of functional systems in 8‐ and 12‐month‐old infants
Authors: Baron Maria Jose Ortiz 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this research fear of strangers has been analysed as it interacts with attachment and affiliation, and in relation to developmental level, in conditions most similar to the natural situations where encounters with unfamiliar persons take place. A total of 30 infants and their mothers participated. The children were divided into two groups (8‐9 and 11‐12 months). Each infant was approached by two females, who, in turn, produced either of two natural sequences. Our results allowed us to confirm the universality of fear and its coexistence and interaction with attachment and affiliation. As far as the role that developmental level plays, it was noted that in the 12‐month‐old infants fear reactions were more intense than in the younger ones. Furthermore, the attachment system was more activated in the older group in the intrusive episodes, but when the threatening nature of the situation decreased, attachment was activated less in the 12‐month‐old group. Another difference was related to control resources. While in the younger infants we observed a tendency to control their own emotional state, the 12‐month‐old infants tried to gain control over the stranger. These results were interpreted by considering the adaptative value of an increase with age of the capacity to evaluate a situation's threat value, of attachment security, and of behavioural resources permitting some control over the stranger's behaviour.