bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nulliparity and Fracture Risk in Older Women: The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures
Authors: Hillier Teresa A , Rizzo Joanne H , Pedula Kathryn L , Stone Katie L , Cauley Jane A , Bauer Doug C , Cummings Steven R 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Whether nulliparity increases fracture risk is unclear from prior studies, which are limited by small samples or lack of measured bone mineral density. No study has evaluated whether the effect of parity differs by skeletal site. We prospectively analyzed the relationship of parity to the risk of incident nontraumatic hip, spine, and wrist fractures in 9704 women aged 65 years or older participating in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures to determine if parity reduces postmenopausal fracture risk, and if so, if this risk reduction is (1) greater at weight-bearing skeletal sites and (2) independent of bone mineral density. Parity was ascertained by self-report. Incident hip and wrist fractures were determined by physician adjudication of radiology reports (mean follow-up, 9.8 years) and spine fractures by morphometric criteria on serial radiographs. The relationship of parity to hip and wrist fracture was assessed by proportional hazards models. Spine fracture risk was evaluated by logistic regression. Compared with parous women, nulliparous women (n = 1835, 19%) had an increased risk of hip and spine, but not wrist, fractures. In multivariate models, parity remained a significant predictor only for hip fracture. Nulliparous women had a 44% increased risk of hip fractures independent of hip bone mineral density (hazards ratio, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.17-1.78). Among parous women, each additional birth reduced hip fracture risk by 9% (p = 0.03). Additionally, there were no differences in mean total hip, spine, or radial bone mineral density values between nulliparous and parous women after multivariate adjustment. In conclusion, childbearing reduces hip fracture risk by means that may be independent of hip bone mineral density.
A Longitudinal Study of the Effect of Subcutaneous Estrogen Replacement on Bone in Young Women With Turner's Syndrome
Authors: Khastgir Gautam , Studd John WW , Fox Simon W , Jones Julia , Alaghband-Zadeh Jamshid , Chow Jade WM 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
It is desirable that young women with primary ovarian failure achieve normal peak bone mass to reduce the subsequent risk of osteoporosis, and that there are management strategies to replace bone that is already lost. While estrogen (E2) is generally considered to prevent bone loss by suppressing bone resorption, it is now recognized that estrogen also exerts an anabolic effect on the human skeleton. In this study, we tested whether estrogen could increase bone mass in women with primary ovarian failure. We studied the mechanism underlying this by analyzing biochemical markers of bone turnover and iliac crest biopsy specimens obtained before and 3 years after E2 replacement. Twenty-one women with Turner's syndrome, aged 20-40 years, were studied. The T scores of bone mineral density at lumbar spine and proximal femur at baseline were −1.4 and -1.1, respectively. Hormone replacement was given as subcutaneous E2 implants (50 mg every 6 months) with oral medroxy progesterone. Serum E2 levels increased incrementally from 87.5 pM at baseline to 323, 506, 647, and 713 pM after 6 months and 1, 2, and 3 years of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), respectively. The bone mineral density at the lumbar spine and proximal femur increased after 3 years to T scores of -0.2 and -0.4, respectively. The cancellous bone volume increased significantly from 13.4% to 18.8%. There was a decrease in activation frequency, but the active formation period was increased by HRT. There was a significant increase in the wall thickness from 33.4 μm at baseline to 40.9 μm after 3 years of HRT, reflecting an increase in bone formed at individual remodeling units. Although there was an early increase in biochemical markers of bone formation, these declined thereafter. Our results show that estrogen is capable of exerting an anabolic effect in the skeleton of young women with Turner's syndrome and low bone mass.
Bone Malformations in Interleukin-18 Transgenic Mice
Authors: Kawase Yusuke , Hoshino Tomoaki , Yokota Koichi , Kuzuhara Akemi , Nakamura Masanori , Maeda Yu , Nishiwaki Eiji , Zenmyo Michihisa , Hiraoka Koji , Aizawa Hisamichi , Yoshino Kohichiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The in vivo effects of IL-18 on bone metabolism were investigated by histopathology in IL-18 transgenic mice. Deformed cortical bone and decreased turnover rate of lumbar trabecular bone are consistent with increased expression of IFN-γ and IL-18 in the bone marrow.
Interleukin (IL)-18 has been demonstrated to inhibit osteoclastogenesis in an in vitro co-culture system. We investigated the effects of IL-18 overexpression on bone metabolism by comparing bone characteristics in male IL-18 transgenic (TG) mice, which secrete mature murine IL-18 from their B- and T-cells, and their wildtype littermates (WT). Histopathological analysis revealed that the cortical bone of the femur was thinner and more deformed in IL-18 TG mice. Bone histomorphometry showed that the cortical bone area of the mid-diaphysis of the femur and the trabecular bone volume of the lumbar vertebrae were significantly reduced in IL-18 TG mice. IL-18 TG mice also exhibited significantly fewer osteoclasts and a reduced bone formation rate in the trabecular bones of their lumbar vertebrae. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction amplification of bone marrow cell mRNA revealed that interferon (IFN)-γ mRNA expression was significantly increased, whereas IL-4 mRNA expression was significantly reduced, in IL-18 TG mice. However, the expression ratio of receptor activator of NFκB ligand and osteoprotegerin mRNA was not significantly altered. Thus, deformed cortical bone and a decreased turnover rate of lumbar trabecular bone are characteristic of IL-18 TG mice, and these features might be associated with the increased expression of IFN-γ and IL-18 in the bone marrow.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Restores Mineralization in Glucocorticoid-Inhibited MC3T3-E1 Osteoblast Cultures
Authors: Luppen Cynthia A , Smith Elisheva , Spevak Lyudmila , Boskey Adele L , Frenkel Baruch 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The anti-glucocorticoid potential of BMP-2 in osteoblasts was tested in MC3T3-E1 cells using dexamethasone (1 μM) and rhBMP-2 (10 or 100 ng/ml). rhBMP-2 restored mineralization but not condensation or collagen accumulation. These results demonstrate the potential and limitations of BMPs in counteracting glucocorticoids.
Introduction: Pharmacologic glucocorticoids (GCs) inhibit osteoblast function and induce osteoporosis. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) stimulate osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Here we tested the anti-glucocorticoid potential of BMP-2 in cultured osteoblasts.
Materials and Methods: MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with dexamethasone (DEX; 1 μM) and/or recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2; 10 or 100 ng/ml). Culture progression was characterized by cell cycle profiling, biochemical assays for DNA, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), collagen, and calcium, and by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of osteoblast phenotypic mRNAs. Mineralization was characterized by Alizarin red and von Kossa staining and by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Results: DEX inhibited differentiation-related cell cycle, nodule formation, collagen accumulation, osteocalcin, and BMP-2 gene expression as well as mineralization. Replenishment of GC-inhibited cultures with 10 or 100 ng/ml rhBMP-2 dramatically rescued mineral deposition. The rhBMP-2-rescued mineral was bone-like apatite nearly identical to the mineral of control cultures. The rhBMP-2 rescue was associated with increased mRNA levels for α1(I) collagen, osteocalcin, and Cbfa1 types I and II, as well as ALP activity. In contrast, rhBMP-2 did not rescue the GC-inhibited differentiation-related cell cycle, nodule formation, or collagen accumulation. When administered alone, rhBMP-2 also increased the mRNA levels for α1(I) collagen, osteocalcin, and Cbfa1 types I and II, as well as ALP activity. However, treatment with rhBMP-2 alone inhibited cell cycle progression, nodule formation, and collagen accumulation. Surprisingly, in contrast to its rescue of mineralization in DEX-treated cultures, rhBMP-2 inhibited mineralization in the absence of DEX. In parallel to its bimodal effect on mineralization, rhBMP-2 stimulated endogenous BMP-2 mRNA in the presence of DEX, but inhibited endogenous BMP-2 mRNA in the absence of DEX.
Conclusions: Suppression of BMP-2 gene expression plays a pivotal role in GC inhibition of osteoblast differentiation. However, the inability of rhBMP-2 to rescue the entire osteoblast phenotype suggests BMP-2-independent inhibitory effects of GCs. BMP-2 exerts both positive and negative effects on osteoblasts, possibly depending on the differentiation stage and/or the existing BMP signaling.
Modeling the Formation and Growth of Cracks from Cold-Worked Holes
Authors: Fujimoto WT 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
First generation crack formation and crack growth predictive approaches for cold-worked holes—based on the growth of a single noninteracting crack in a stationary residual stress field—fail to account fully for the physical mechanisms by which cracks form and grow from cold-worked holes. This failure leads in many cases to large differences between predicted and actual lives. Factors not accounted for in first generation approaches include the following: 1. 3-D nature of residual stress field due to mandrel pull-through. 2. Multistage crack growth involving a progressively spreading system of cracks. 3. Multiple potential initial crack sites, and the effect of site upon the multistage crack growth path. 4. Relaxation of the residual stress field due to overloads/underloads, or due to cyclic reyielding from crack growth. 5. Interaction of the hole with adjacent structural elements for multilayer joints. A physics-based second generation methodology for accounting for these factors is described. This methodology separates into individual building blocks each of the various mechanisms controlling the formation and relaxation of residual stresses, and the nucleation and progression of a system of cracks. Because it explicitly models each of these mechanisms, it is capable of eliminating or reducing the uncertainty over the life improvement potential of the cold-working process, allowing the full potential of cold-working to alleviate the aging aircraft problem to be untapped.
An Examination of Environmental Factors Associated with Myxobolus cerebralis Infection of Wild Trout in Pennsylvania
Authors: Kaeser Adam J. , Rasmussen Charlotte , Sharpe William E. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Salmonid whirling disease, caused by the myxosporean parasite Myxobolus cerebralis, was first observed in the United States in 1956 in central Pennsylvania. The parasite was subsequently discovered at several culture facilities throughout the state, and widespread distribution of this parasite via the stocking of subclinically infected brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, and brown trout Salmo trutta has been assumed. Although no monitoring of wild populations occurred until the late 1970s, it is a common belief that epizootics of whirling disease, now realized in the Intermountain West, are unlikely to have occurred in Pennsylvania. We conducted a review of historical information and a synoptic survey aimed at identifying factors that may prevent whirling disease outbreak in this region, reasoning that such information might be useful in identifying management strategies for populations affected by this parasite. Here we present data on parasite prevalence, fish populations, stream attributes, and the genetics of Tubifex tubifex (the obligate oligochaete host for the parasite) to evaluate various hypotheses proposed for low whirling disease impact in the region. We did not find clear associations between factors such as stream gradient, the genetics of T. tubifex populations, or the composition of resident trout populations and the pattern of M. cerebralis occurrence in Pennsylvania. We suggest that this pattern may be best explained by the association between T. tubifex host populations and point sources of organic enrichment. The potential restriction of T. tubifex populations to locations near sources of organic enrichment may be a factor in explaining why whirling disease has not been observed to cause population declines among wild trout in this region and should be further investigated.
Tagging Juvenile Pacific Lamprey with Passive Integrated Transponders: Methodology, Short-Term Mortality, and Influence on Swimming Performance
Authors: Mueller Robert P. , Moursund Russell A. , Bleich Matthew D. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the feasibility (i.e., efficiency and nonintrusiveness) of tagging juvenile Pacific lampreys Lampetra tridentata with passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags and to determine any associated impacts on survivorship and swimming ability. Juvenile Pacific lampreys were obtained from the John Day Dam fish collection facility and tests were conducted at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in 2001 and 2002. A new PIT-tagging procedure was used to inject 12-mm tags 5 mm posterior to the gill openings. Lampreys were allowed to recover for 3–4 d following surgery before postmortality and swimming tests were conducted. The PIT tagging procedure during 2001 did not include a suture, and 2.6% of the tags were shed after 40 d. During 2002 a single suture was used to close the opening after inserting a tag, and no tag shedding was observed. Overall short-term mortality rates for lampreys 120–155 mm (total length) held for 40 d at 8°C was 2.2% for tagged and 2.7% for untagged fish. Mortality increased significantly when tagged and untagged groups were held in warmer (19–23°C) river water: 50% for tagged and 60% for untagged animals. Lengths did not significantly affect survival for either the tagged or untagged group held in warm water. A fungal infection was observed to be the cause of death when water temperature increased. Swimming tests to determine any adverse effects due to tag insertion showed no significant difference (P = 0.12) between tagged and untagged lampreys for mean burst speed; however, maximum burst speeds were significantly lower for the PIT-tagged group.
Visible Implant Elastomer Color Determination, Tag Visibility, and Tag Loss: Potential Sources of Error for Mark–Recapture Studies
Authors: Curtis Janelle M. R. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Errors in visible implant elastomer (VIE) color determination may exert stronger influences on mark–recapture data quality than poor tag visibility and tag loss. I applied individual VIE tags to 567 wild long-snouted seahorses Hippocampus guttulatus using four fluorescent colors (red, orange, green, and yellow). Given VIE tag data were compared with tag data recorded by observers as they released recently tagged individuals back to initial capture locations. During releases, 13.3% of VIE tags were incorrectly read, primarily because of confusions between orange and red markings and between green and yellow markings. Tags were partially invisible in 5% of released individuals; yellow and green markings were the least visible. Whole or partial tag loss was 2.3% within 14 months of tagging. The ability to correctly determine VIE tag colors or detect markings varied among observers and according to the VIE tag color employed, skin color, and shade of the skin color (e.g., light versus dark green). Observer experience did not influence ability to correctly determine VIE colors or detect tags. Pilot studies should precede mark–recapture studies employing multiple VIE colors to identify strategies for reducing confusion among colors in addition to evaluating tag visibility, tag loss, and tag effects on life history rates.
Multicultural Literature and Young Adolescents: A Kaleidoscope of Opportunity
Authors: Landt Susan M. 
Published: April 2006

Adolescents seek to understand who they are and where they belong in the world. Quality young adult literature can familiarize them with a broader view of the world, open doors in their minds, and reveal similarities and differences among a multitude of others who have struggled with similar issues. Literature that provides a range of perspectives can broaden young adolescents' vision of self and the world, providing an avenue for reflection and a means for personal development. Quality multicultural literature can also help to interrupt prejudice and misunderstanding by exposing unacknowledged bias and intolerance. Availability of quality young adult literature written by people with a range of perspectives provides all students with affirming images of self and culture.When selecting multicultural literature, accuracy and authenticity about the cultures portrayed are crucial. Identifying appropriate multicultural literature can be problematic for teachers whose days are already encumbered with multiple tasks. To assist in the process, a guide for evaluating multicultural literature is provided, along with suggestions for substantiating an author's credentials for writing about a specific culture. Examples of quality multicultural literature appropriate for middle‐level students are also included.
Response of Bentgrass Cultivars to Sclerotinia homoeocarpa Isolates Representing 10 Vegetative Compatibility Groups
Authors: Chakraborty Nanda , Chang Taehyun , Casler Michael D. , Jung Geunhwa 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTDollar spot caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F.T. Bennett is a major disease of turfgrass throughout the world. Current control strategies depend heavily on fungicide application. Host resistance is an alternate management strategy, but a thorough understanding of the pathogen and host interaction is required to utilize it successfully. Seventy‐nine clones of 10 cultivars of creeping (A. stolonifera L.), colonial (A. capillaris L.), dryland (A. castellana Boiss. & Reut.), and velvet (A. canina L.) bentgrass species were inoculated with an isolate of S. homoeocarpa in the greenhouse. A large degree of genetic variation in response to S. homoeocarpa at the species, cultivar, and clone levels was detected. In addition, 18 isolates of S. homoeocarpa representing 10 vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) were used to inoculate 12 bentgrass cultivars. Disease severity evaluations showed significant difference among bentgrass cultivars and species in their response to dollar spot. The colonial and velvet bentgrass cultivars were significantly less susceptible to all the isolates of S. homoeocarpa compared to the creeping bentgrass cultivars. The isolates of S. homoeocarpa showed significant differences in levels of aggressiveness. However, data from pathogenicity tests indicated a lack of race‐specific interactions. Therefore, turfgrass breeders should be able to select for resistance to one or a few highly virulent isolates of the pathogen, and obtain resistance to a wide array of isolates.
Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Weed Populations in Glyphosate Treated Soybean
Authors: Ziska Lewis H. , Goins Ernie W. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTAlthough rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is known to stimulate the growth of agronomic weeds, the impact of increasing CO2 on herbicide efficacy has not been elucidated for field‐grown crops. Genetically modified soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (i.e., Round‐up Ready soybean) was grown over a 2‐yr period at ambient and projected levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2, 250 μmol mol−1 above ambient), with and without application of the herbicide, glyphosate [N‐(phosphonomethyl)glycine], to assess the impact of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] on chemical efficacy of weed control. For both years, soybean showed a significant vegetative response to elevated [CO2], but no consistent effect on seed yield. For 2003, weed populations for all treatments consisted entirely of C4 grasses, with no [CO2] effects on weed biomass (unsprayed plots) or glyphosate efficacy (sprayed plots). However, in 2004, weed populations were mixed and included C3 and C4 broadleaves as well as C4 grasses. In this same year, a significant increase in both C3 broadleaf populations and total weed biomass was observed as a function of [CO2] (unsprayed plots). In addition, a [CO2] by glyphosate interaction was observed with significant C3 broadleaf weed biomass remaining after glyphosate application. Overall, these data emphasize the potential consequences for CO2–induced changes in weed populations, biomass, and subsequent glyphosate efficacy in Round‐up Ready soybean.
Chekhov's “Three Sisters” at the Gorky Theatre
Authors: Tovstonogov Georgii 
Published: April 2006

A classic tends to age, disappear from active repertory, and then revive to meet the spiritual needs of a new audience, no less—and sometimes more—than do contemporary plays.In recent years, Soviet theatre has increasingly produced the classics. Plays which not long ago saw little more than a dustrag have become the subject of violent debate, making new names for actors and directors.Venerable academicians, learned literary scholars and theatre historians who have devoted their lives to the study of Russian classics react with divided feelings. They are pleased that their beloved plays once more meet the needs of the day, but are infuriated by what they see as the disrespect of the directors. Some of the older theatre-goers are also unsatisfied with contemporary interpretations of the classics.
Spectacles and Scenarios: A Dramaturgy of Radical Activity
Authors: Baxandall Lee 
Published: April 2006

[A constitutional republic] cannot forever withstand continual carnival on the streets of its cities and the campuses of the nation. Unless sage debate replaces the belligerent strutting now used so extensively, reason will be consumed and the death of logic will surely follow.Vice President Agnew, Honolulu Address to the Young Presidents Organization, May 2, 1969There is so much upheaval in the world, it's more theatrical than the theatre. The theatre is in a state of unrest and we're all trying to find out what its function is.Mildred Dunnock, N.Y. Times, January 18, 1969Action from principle, the perception and the performance of right, changes things and relations; it is essentially revolutionary, and does not consist wholly with anything which was.Henry David Thoreau, “Civil Disobedience”
The Greater Sound
Authors: Gleason Ralph J. 
Published: April 2006

Today, all over the United States, American young people are being spoken to by revolutionists in words they understand, in a style that makes those words acceptable, and through an invisible medium that old professional politicos have not yet picked up on.This medium is the phonograph record, purveyor of bubble gum music and symbol of Elvis Presley's “Houn’ Dog” and the celebrated “Get off of my Blue Suede Shoes” (which John Lennon once called a protest song). One of the leading manufacturers, Columbia Records, runs a series of advertisements in the underground press the theme of which is “The man can't bust our music” and “Know your friends.” The implication aligns “us” against “them,” and the context of the advertising design and illustration is interracial, hippie, pot-smoking youth.Is Columbia for legalization of marijuana? No. Columbia is for making money. Thus the investment in music aimed at long-haired youth.