bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synoptic weather conditions inducing long‐distance immigration of planthoppers, Sogatella furcifera Horvath and Nilaparvata lugens Stal
Authors: KISIMOTO R. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Adults and nymphs of Sogatella furcifera and Nilaparvata lugens are serious pests of growing rice in Japan. They appear in June and July but their origin was unknown. Inflow of warm and humid air from the south was shown to favour the appearance of planthoppers. The air inflow was associated with the passage of depressions along the frontal zone, called Bai‐u in the Far East.
Immigrations were categorized as mass or minor according to the density of immigrants surveyed by various traps. The mass immigrations were induced by the passage of depressions which emerged in the central part of the Chinese continent between 25 °N and 35 °N and proceeded eastwards between the observation point and about 600 km north. Warm and humid south west winds blew, on average, for 19.3 h at an average wind speed of 32.9 km/h. When the route digressed a little north or south, minor immigrations, with only S.furcifera in half the cases, occurred.
Minor immigration types were categorized into a long‐lasting type which appeared in the final stage of the rainy season, a mass immigration typemodified by the location of a typhoon in the south, and a minor type near the frontal line occurring without the passage of recognizable depressions.
The greatest aerial densities of immigrants were estimated as three to seven per 103m3 in S.furcifera and one to two per 103 m3 in N.Iugens. Female immigrants were mostly unmated.
All the depressions that appeared in June and July 1967–72 were analysed and twenty‐nine (76.3%) out of thirty‐eight originating in the central part of the Chinese continent, caused immigrations. Yearly fluctuations of planthopper infestations in Japan were shown to depend on the yearly fluctuations of the route of depressions associated with the migration of the planthoppers.
Ichneumonoidea (Hymenoptera) parasitic upon leaf‐mining insects of the orders Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera
Authors: SHAW M. R. , ASKEW R. R. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Rearing records of fourteen species of Braconidae and thirteen species of Ichneumonidae from leaf‐mining insects of the orders Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera are presented.
Braconidae are more abundant and specialized than Ichneumonidae in the parasite faunas of leafminers on both deciduous trees and low‐growing plants.
Although seldom comprising a major element in the parasite complex on deciduous trees, Braconidae are sometimes numerically the dominant parasites on low‐growing plants.
Apanteles circumscriptus associated with Fagaceae is shown to reproduce thelytokously.
The searching behaviour of Anthocoris confusus (Reuter) in relation to prey density and plant surface topography
Authors: EVANS H. F. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

The searching behaviour of A.confusus females was investigated in an artificial arena.
Females showed an increase in the frequency of turning movements following feeding and this concentrated search in a small area. As a result more prey were found in areas where prey distribution was clumped.
If no prey was encountered within 5–8 min the search track straightened out.
First and second instar nymphs searching on broad bean plants moved faster on the undersides of leaves which were the sites most likely to support aphid populations. A considerable proportion of available time was wasted in periods of inactivity.
It was concluded that while plant topography strongly influences search pattern, the underlying trend demonstrated in these experiments was of advantage to predators searching for colonial prey.
Identification of immature aphids by chromatography
Authors: HENDERSON I. F. , LOXDALE H. D. , GREENWOOD SUSAN P. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Immature apterae of five species of cereal aphid were distinguished by ultraviolet examination of chromatograms of their fluorescent pigments.
Non‐expert examiners could identify Metopolophium dirhodum, Sitobion fragariae and Rhopalosiphumpadi with a mean reliability of 98, 83 and 71% respectively; Metopolophium festucae and Sitobion avenae could be separated from the rest but not from each other.
All species gave consistent chromatograms whether reared on oats or on wheat: some species produced atypical traces if reared on certain grasses.
Host‐specificity amongst arthropods ectoparasitic upon mammals and birds in the New Hebrides
Authors: MARSHALL ADRIAN G. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Examination of 606 mammals of seventeen species and 959 birds of thirty‐three species yielded sixty‐three species or species groups of ectoparasitic arthropod. These included eighteen species of Acari, twenty‐five species or species groups of Phthiraptera, eighteen species of Diptera Pupipara, and two species of Siphonaptera. These are listed with their hosts and island localities, and host associations noted.
Host specificity amongst ectoparasitic insects is discussed, and the insects classified into four groups of decreasing specificity.
Several broad factors likely to encourage specificity are noted, and it is concluded that the wide diversity of specificity observed is caused by complex interaction of these factors.
The migrations of the hesperid butterfly,Andronymous neanderPlötz, in Africa
Authors: WILLIAMS C. B. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe records of migration ofAndronymus neanderin Africa are summarized and mapped.The present known distribution suggests a possible difference between their behaviour in East and West Africa.At Amani, in North‐East Tanzania, migrations of millions of individuals were recorded flying SW in March, April and May; their direction of flight was independent of the direction of the wind in nine different years.
Factors determining the distribution of sycamore aphids on sycamore leaves during summer
Authors: DIXON A. F. G. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

In summer the sycamore aphid's responses to gravity, light direction and intensity and unidentified features of a leaf's surface result in the aphid settling and feeding on the undersurface of leaves.
At this time the petioles are a poor source of food and are not colonized.
Removal of leaf laminae results in premature abscission of the petioles. Prior to abscission the petioles become senescent and a richer food source than the laminae of mature leaves, and are colonized by aphids.
Mutual interference between predatory anthocorids
Authors: EVANS H. F. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

The way in which the predator Anthocoris confusus reacts to the presence of other individuals of the same species is described.
Mutual interference between adult A.confusus leads to a density‐dependent decrease in egg production, due mainly to an increased tendency to migrate from areas of high predator density.
Even when ten first instar predators were present in a 2 cm diameter cage they did not interfere with each other unless the amount of food available was inadequate for survival.
Mutual interference between A.confusus adults promotes stability in populations of the predator and will lead to even exploitation of an unevenly distributed food source.
Deterrent chemicals as a basis of oligophagy in Locusta migratoria (L.)
Authors: BERNAYS E. A. , CHAPMAN R. F. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. (1) One hundred and two plants were offered to locust nymphs after a 5 h period without food. Large meals were only taken on grasses and on Juncus. Most dicotyledons were totally rejected.(2) All the plants which were relatively unpalatable yielded an extract which reduced the amount eaten, but no inhibition of feeding was induced by extracts of plants which were freely eaten. Very few of the extracts increased the amount eaten.(3) Over 100 chemicals, mostly non‐nutritional, known to occur in leaves, were tested for their inhibitory effect on feeding. Some had no effect, but most progressively inhibited feeding as their concentration was increased until no feeding at all occurred. Chemicals of many classes had this effect, but alkaloids and monoterpenoids were the most consistently deterrent at the lowest concentrations.(4) It is concluded that the failure to eat most plants results from the presence in the leaves of one or more chemicals in amounts which inhibit feeding. Grasses and a few other plants are readily acceptable because they do not contain deterrent chemicals in sufficient quantity to limit feeding.
Swarming behaviour in the Australian beetle, Heteronyx obesus, with notes on related species
Authors: MORGAN F. DAVID 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. (1) Heteronyx obesus swarmed about twice annually on evenings when relative humidity was > 80% and temperature was at or above 20°C at 19.30 hours local time.(2) Swarms were characterized by the frenzied, random flight of their component insects, and the clustering of males about females on vertical structures.(3) Early the following morning beetles searched for pasture containing favoured food plants, and then burrowed into the soil near them.(4) Adults did not ingest food before, during or for several days after swarming; the oesophagus and crop of all insects dissected was distended with gas, probably air. This condition appeared to be associated with pre‐flight behaviour of individuals.(5) The post‐swarm activity was concerned with feeding, dispersal, maturation of eggs and oviposition.(6) The distribution of individuals of the next generation was strongly influenced by presence in the sward of favoured food (sorrel, Rumex species) of the adults.
Dispersion and the size composition of the aerial insect fauna
Authors: HESPENHEIDE HENRY A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Beetles sampled in Louisiana at higher levels in the atmosphere were significantly smaller than those sampled at lower levels, which suggests that passive buoyancy is important in high altitude dispersal.2. A model of long‐range dispersal is suggested which combines both active flight and passive buoyancy.
Food conversion efficiency of a parasitic wasp, Nemeritis canescens
Authors: HOWELL J. , FISHER R. C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The calorific efficiency with which N. canescens converts the larva of E. kuehniella into its own tissues has been measured by microbomb calorimetry.2. The calorific values found for Ephestia larvae are high in comparison with those of other insects and may be associated with their high fat content.3. The growth efficiency of 61% achieved by Nemeritis is sustained by the higher assimilation efficiency of 94%, owing to the parasitoid's habit of feeding directly on the host's haemolymph.4. The overall efficiency of conversion of adult moth (host) to adult ichneumonid (parasitoid) is of the order of 59% which is broadly representative of endoparasitoids and higher than that achieved by true predators.
Analysis of solitariness in a parasite—host system (Muscidifurax raptor, Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae—Ceratitis capitata, Diptera: Tephritidae)*
Authors: PODOLER H. , MENDEL Z. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The behaviour of the parasite Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders was studied when searching for hosts, puparia of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). At low density females tend to avoid encountering parasitized hosts. This tendency decreases as density of searching females increases.2. The proportional avoidance of superparasitism was calculated and the effect of increasing number of encounters per host on this parameter was analysed.3. The mechanisms of solitariness were studied. These mechanisms include: outer marking of the hosts by the female parasite and deliberate physical attack of the newly hatched larvae to eliminate as yet unhatched eggs.4. In cases of intraspecific competition between larvae, young first or second instar larvae usually have the advantage over older larvae.
The role of substrate preparation in the symbiosis between the leaf‐cutting ant Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) and its food fungus
Authors: QUINLAN R. J. , CHERRETT J. M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. In laboratory nests the ants thoroughly licked leaf fragments by a rasping action of their glossa before inoculating the food fungus. The extent of this licking varied with the substrate and was influenced by the thickness of surface leaf waxes and by the chemical attractiveness of the substrate.2. Microscopy and wettability studies showed that licking removes the wax layer present on leaves. It also removes or inhibits micro‐organisms present.3. Chemically de‐waxed and decontaminated leaves and ant‐licked leaves proved the best substrates for artificially culturing the ant fungus.4. The process of substrate preparation circumvents some of the normal defence mechanisms of green plants against fungal attack. The ant fungus thus utilizes nutritionally richer resources of green leaves normally available only to specialized parasitic fungi, rather than the nutritionally inferior shed leaves normally available to saprophytic fungi.
Problems of orientation associated with cocoon‐spinning by Nemeritis
Authors: SALT GEORGE 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Larvae of Nemeritis that have reached full growth in a caterpillar of Ephestia invariably push the host remains towards the closed end of the host cocoon and pupate with their heads towards the open end. Larvae reaching full growth in a pupal host are usually orientated in the same direction, but occasionally in reverse.2. The parasitoid does not orientate itself by direct reference to the host cocoon but in relation to the final position of the host. The host remains are probably used as a point of reference.3. As the parasitoid spins its own cocoon, it isolates itself from some external stimuli and has need of a new point of reference. It provides this by incorporating guide marks, in the form of areas of specially woven threads, in successive layers of its cocoon.4. The final mark, on the innermost layer, not only indicates the anterior end of the cocoon, but also may help the adult to bite its way out.5. The presence of similar marks has been observed in the cocoons of five other species of Ichneumonidae, representing the two subfamilies Ophioninae and Cryptinae.6. The significance of these provisions for correct orientation of ichneumon wasps is briefly discussed.
Sampling techniques and preparation of partial life tables for the olive fly, Dacus oleae (Diptera: Trypetidae) in Corfu
Authors: KAPATOS E. , McFADDEN M. W. , PAPPAS S. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. A sampling plan was developed for the immature stages of D.oleae (Gmel.) by analysing data from samples of infested fruits taken during the years 1973, 1974 and 1975.2. The number of samples required to attain a certain precision is largely a function of density, so that the level of sampling can be determined approximately for a given density of immature stages.3. Partial life tables were constructed for the main developmental periods of the successive generations of D.oleae. For most of the year the number of eggs laid, rather than mortality, determined the size of the resulting population of pupae.4. In September mortality of the third larval instar is high, mainly due to parasitism and this decreases considerably the number of pupae produced during this period.
Observations on the biology and ecology of the chrysomelid genus Haltica Geoff, in Britain
Authors: PHILLIPS W. M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Ecological observations were made on four species of the genus Haltica and the life cycle described, with particular reference to H.lythri Aubé.2. The species are usually univoltine although a second egg laying period may occur.3. Post hibernation aggregation behaviour of adulls occurs in the spring and feeding damage is often localized. First instar larvae of H.lythri feed in groups.4. Parasitism by Perilitus sp. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), Degeeria luctuosa Meigen (Diptera, Tachinidae), gregarine protozoa, Nematoda (Mermithidae) and a fungus, Verticillium sp., is reported.5. Hemiptera are important predators of some Haltica species. Eggs of H.lythri were attacked by the mirid Dicyphus epilobii Reuter. Larvae of H.oleracea and H.lythri were preyed upon by the pentatomid Zicrona coerula (L.).6. Feeding tests with carabid beetles suggested that Stomis pumpicatus (Pz) may be a potential predator of larvae of H.lythri.7. Chemical secretions at the tips of spined tubercles of first instar larvae may have a defensive function. Other defence mechanisms are described.
The oviposition biology of siricid woodwasps in Europe
Authors: SPRADBERY J. P. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The oviposition biology of the siricid woodwasps, Sirex noctilio, S.juvencus, S.cyaneus, Urocerus gigas, U.augur, U.fantoma, U.sah and Xeris spectrum was investigated. The fecundity of each siricid species was related to adult size although S.noctilio laid relatively fewer eggs than other species.2. Oviposition drill architecture in host trees is characteristic for the different siricid genera and was found to be related to the length of the ovipositor. The shape of the egg is also characteristic for each genus.3. Species of the symbiotic fungus, Amylostereum, were found to be associated with all species except X. spectrum. The emplacement of fungus in relation to oviposition drills was investigated.4. S.noctilio females have relatively larger mucus glands and reservoirs than other siricid species.5. The response of X.spectrum females to previously infested timber was studied experimentally. A positive response to previously infested timber and Amylostereum inoculated sawdust was demonstrated.6. The longevity of adults, oviposition rates and incubation period of eggs was investigated.7. The results are discussed in relation to the ecology of siricids in Europe and Australia.
Comparative flight performance of the seasonal morphs of the cabbage whitefly, Aleyrodes brassicae (Wlk.), in the laboratory
Authors: IHEAGWAM EMMANUEL UCHE 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The flight capacity of the summer (non‐diapausing) and the winter (diapausing) females of A.brassicae was assessed in terms of the climbing flight directed phototactically toward an overhead source of light in a laboratory flight chamber.2. The summer morph took off only when prodded and its flight bouts were much briefer than those of the winter morph.3. Immediately on take‐off, the summer morph sank in flight and was negatively phototactic in the horizontal plane whereas the winter morph climbed on take‐off, being positively phototactic both vertically and horizontally.4. Three phases of behaviour during flight were observed in the winter morph: a short period of widely fluctuating rate of climb, a long ‘cruising’ phase of steady climbing, and a final erratic phase when the rate of climb had fallen to and below zero.5. In general, the mean rate of climb was significantly higher on re‐take‐off after a landing than immediately before the landing.
The distribution pattern of herbivory in a beech canopy
Authors: NIELSEN B. OVERGAARD , EJLERSEN A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. (1) The spatial distribution pattern of herbivory by phyllophagous canopy arthropods in a 90‐year‐old beech stand was analysed.(2) Two main patterns of spatial distribution were recorded. The leaf mining moths Phyllonorycter maestingella and Stigmella hemargyrella and the adult weevils Rhynchaenus fagi and Phyllobius argentatus mainly attacked the under‐story and the latter species especially the low canopy in the central part of the stand. Mines of R. fagi chiefly occurred in the top of the overstory canopy or at the fringe of the stand. However, comparable distribution patterns are only expected in mature beech stands composed of distinct overstory and understory layers.(3) The effect of the actual spatial distribution pattern of herbivory on photosynthesis, productivity, and transpiration of beech in the research stand is discussed. It is suggested that in some cases the shade leaves of the understory canopy may cushion the effect of herbivory in the beech stand.
Sinking speeds of falling and flying Aphis fabae Scopoli
Authors: THOMAS A. A. G. , LUDLOW A. R. , KENNEDY J. S. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. The terminal velocities of freshly anaesthetized and weighed, virginoparous alatae were measured by dropping them into updrafts of known speed. For an average specimen weighing about 0.49 mg the terminal velocity was 1.78 ms‐1 with wings closed and 0.82 ms‐1 with wings fully extended horizontally.2. Extrapolating from the known terminal velocities of falling spheres of appropriate density, it is concluded that for inertly falling insects of constant shape the terminal velocity will be substantially lower with the wings extended than with them closed for all sizes of insect and that the horizontal distance travelled during a fall will be correspondingly greater.3. Sudden reflex immobilization and falling was sometimes observed in aphids flying in a laboratory flight chamber, and very occasionally this immobilized state was maintained for many seconds (even during handling) before recovery and renewed flight. There was no evidence of a special falling attitude (‘Fall‐reflexhaltung’) other than a simple ‘frozen flight’ attitude with wings extended horizontally and legs extended fore and aft while the insect spiralled downwards, abdomen first.4. The flying aphid's usual response to a coloured surface below it in the flight chamber was not to cease wing‐beating and fall but to fly downwards, abdomen first, at speeds up to more than 0.7 m s‐1.
Pheromone response and sexual behviour of Cephalcia lariciphila Wachtl (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae)
Authors: BORDEN J. H. , BILLANY D. J. , BRADSHAW J. W. S. , EDWARDS M. , BAKER R. , EVANS D. A. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract. 1. Trapping experiments and observations of sexual behaviour were made on Cephalcia lariciphila in infested larch forests in Hereford and Worcester and Mid‐Glamorgan in early May 1977.2. The results indicated that virgin females and dichloromethane extract of crushed virgin females were highly attractive to males.3. On 17 May males responded to females throughout the warmest part of the day. First response occurred before 09.00 hours, the last after 17.00 hours and peak activity was from 11.00 to 14.00 hours.4. Mated females became unattractive to males within 10 min after mating. When mated females or males were paired with virgin females there was no evidence of an anti‐attractive pheromone or pheromone mask.5. A few males dispersed out of larch into adjacent spruce forests and were captured in virgin female‐baited traps up to 135 m distant from infested larch. Virgin female‐baited traps at 0–0.5 m from the ground captured over seven times the number of males as traps at 1, 2 or 4 m, supporting visual observations that the preferred flight level for males is very near the ground.6. Horizontal board traps with an acetate surface coated with ‘Stikem Special’ were superior to Pherocon IC, vertical board and gypsy moth traps in that order.7. The observations and results suggest that the best applied uses of C. lariciphila pheromone would be in survey and detection, and male disruption techniques.