bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The program animation system PASTIS
Authors: Müller Heinrich , Winckler Jörg , Grzybek Stefan , Otte Matthias , Stoll Bertram , Equoy Frederic , Higelin Nicolas 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe software animation system PASTIS (Program Animation System with Interactive Solutions) for program animation with emphasis on the visualization of the dynamic behaviour of algorithms and data structures is presented. Its main properties are unmodified source code of the visualized program, concurrent multiple views on algorithms and data structures, and interactive alterations of views during run time. PASTIS is distinguished by high modularity and strict separation of its components. This makes it particularly suitable for distributed computing environments. The interface between program and animation is a relational data model. Animations are directed by a single tuple, or sets of tuples, called relations, or sets of relations, called networks. Animations can be nested hierarchically. A prototype of PASTIS was implemented under UnixUnix is a trademark of AT&T.
using the GNU source level debugger gdb and the X‐window system.
Three‐dimensional texture generator supervised by a small number of parameters
Authors: Gourret J. P. , Afflard P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper we give a method for generating surface appearances with a maximum number of 15 supervising parameters. Surfaces are made up of fast spatial changes (high spatial frequencies) and slow spatial changes (low spatial frequencies). The generator is a mixture of several techniques generally used in image synthesis, image animation, in CAD and in signal processing.A model for generating fish scales is actually under development. The flexibility of the method makes it suitable for many other applications, such as 3D regular patterns, tissue‐like texture, etc.
A cell‐transverse display algorithm for regular and rectilinear 3D grid data
Authors: Doi Akio , Koide Akio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper proposes an efficient direct imaging algorithm for constructing iso‐surfaces from regular and rectilinear 3D grid data in scientific and engineering visualization. The basic idea is to generate and draw polygons simultaneously by processing the cells spanned by grids in decreasing order of distance from the current viewpoint. Iso‐surfaces are generated in five or six tetrahedrons into which the cells are subdivided, and are sent to a graphics device or drawn into a frame buffer on the fly. The execution order of each of the tetrahedrons is identical and is determined by the current viewpoint. Since the algorithm does not need to store intermediate polyhedral data and does not require a depth buffer memory for hidden surface removal, it is applicable to a large quantity of data on a 3D grid, such as computed tomography (CT) data. It is also particularly powerful for semi‐transparent display, because transparency calculation can be reduced to image compositing operations if the polygons are drawn in order of their z‐depth from the current viewpoint.
Multilevel use of coherence for complex radiosity environments
Authors: Vilaplana Josep , Pueyo Xavier 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe performance of radiosity algorithms has been improved in recent years by means of using coherence when evaluating the visibility function for form factor computation. We present here a brief characterization of the uses of coherence for this goal. The characterization includes both previously proposed techniques and unexplored ones. Afterwards we propose new uses of coherence for visibility computation in form factor determination and we discuss the results of its implementation.
Cuticular lipids of insects: II. Hydrocarbons of the cockroachesPeriplaneta australasiae, Periplaneta brunnea andPeriplaneta fuliginosa
Authors: Jackson Larry L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe major cuticular hydrocarbons of the cockroachesPeriplaneta australasiae, Periplaneta brunnea andPeriplaneta fuliginosa aren‐tricosane,cis‐9‐tricosene, 3‐methyltricosane, 11‐methyltricosane and 13‐methylpentacosane. There are as yet unexplained quantitative differences between the hydrocarbon compositions of males and females ofP. australasiae andP. fuliginosa, cis‐9‐tricosene being a major hydrocarbon of the males only. A series of mono‐methyl internally branched hydrocarbons ranging in chain length from 23 to 26 carbons with the methyl branch on the 13th carbon from one end was observed. Minor quantities of other hydrocarbons have been identified.
Metabolic fate of epoxycholesterol in the rat
Authors: Fioriti J. A. , Kanuk M. J. , George M. , Sims R. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rate of disappearance of intubated epoxycholesterol from the rat gastro‐intestinal tract has been determined. The loss of this sterol is accompanied by the appearance of a sterol metabolite. This was isolated by preparative GLC and TLC and identified by mass spectrometry as 5α‐cholestan‐3β‐5α, 6‐β‐triol.
The densities of three classes of marine lipids in relation to their possible role as hydrostatic agents
Authors: Lewis R. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWax esters, diacyl glycerol ethers and triglycerides were isolated from marine oils by preparative thin layer chromatography. Their densities indicated that wax esters would nearly equal squalene in effectiveness as a bouyant agent and that diacyl glycerol ethers would surpass triglycerides. Their compositions were listed to permit comparison with lipids from other sources.
Metabolic studies in isolated rat liver cells: II. Biosynthesis of serum low density lipoproteins and its regulation
Authors: Capuzzi David M. , Margolis Simeon 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDispersed rat liver cells were used for study of protein and serum lipoprotein synthesis. Cellular leucine incorporatein was tested in the presence of various cofactors, buffers and inhibitors.14C‐leucine was incorporated into cellular protein at an active rate for 1 hr. Incorporation was more rapid in the presence of succinate, MgCl2, phosphate and nicotinamide, but these cofactors were not absolutely required. The liver cells also incorporated labeled leucine into lower density lipoproteins (1DL) and released the newly labeled 1DL into the incubation medium. Puromycin strongly inhibited the production of cellular protein and 1DL. The mode of cellular regulation of 1DL synthesis was examined. The rate of 1DL production was selectively enhanced by short term alimentation with dietary triglyceride or by the addition of a mixture of lipogenic cofactors to incubated liver cells. The utility of isolated liver cells as a preparation for metabolic control studies is discussed.
Postnatal changes in the phospholipid composition of livers from young lambs
Authors: Noble R. C. , Steele W. , Moore J. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe total lipids were extracted from the livers of newborn lambs, from the livers of lambs during the first week after birth and from the livers of adult sheep. After separation from the nonphospholipids on columns of silicic acid the phospholipids were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and quantitative gas liquid chromatography. In all samples phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine together accounted for about 80% of the total liver phospholipids. The phosphatidyl choline‐phosphatidyl ethanolamine ratio in the livers of the newborn lambs was markedly less than the ratio in the livers of the adult sheep. Moreover there was a pronounced increase in the phosphatidyl cholinephosphatidyl ethanolamine ratio in the livers of the lambs during the first week after birth. In the liver phospholipids of the lambs the concentration of phosphatidyl inositol was lower and the concentrations of phosphatidyl serine and sphingomyelin were greater than the corresponding concentrations in the liver phospholipids of the adult sheep. It is proposed that the change in the phosphatidyl choline‐phosphatidyl ethanolamine ratio in the livers of the lambs during the first week after birth is due, at least in part, to the marked change that occurs in the linoleic acid‐arachidonic acid ratio in the tissues of the lamb during this period.
Stereospecific hydration of unsaturated fatty acids by bacteria
Authors: Wallen L. L. , Davis E. N. , Wu Y. V. , Rohwedder W. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThree new 10‐hydroxy fatty acids, all optically active, have been prepared by the anaerobic microbiological hydration of acis‐9 double bond. Substrates that formed these new hydroxy fatty acids are linoleic, linolenic, and ricinoleic acids. The hydroxyl group has the D configuration and the methyl esters are levorotatory. Infrared, mass spectral, specific rotation and ultraviolet data on these compounds were determined. There was no migration of the unreated double bonds at C12 and C15 in linoleic or linolenic acids. The presence of a double bond in the 10‐hydroxy fatty acids significantly increased the optical rotation of the methyl esters. The hydratase enzyme showed unusual specificity among Δ9 unsaturated acids. While it hydrates methylene interrupted and hydroxy unsaturated acids, it failed to hydrate either 9‐decenoic, 12,13‐epoxy‐ or 12‐keto‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic acids or sterculic acid.
Lipid monolayers: Mechanisms of protein penetration with regard to membrane models
Authors: Colacicco Giuseppe 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of lipid and protein on the properties of the air‐water interface is analyzed with the view to formulate a mechanism of interaction of protein with lipid monolayers. The increase in surface pressure (ΔΠ) and the quantity of protein incorporated in the lipid film after injection of protein under lipid monolayers were studied as a function of both lipid structure and protein structure. With rabbit γ‐globulin, the values of ΔΠ were cholesterol > phosphatidyl choline > sphingomyelin. Similar results were obtained with ribonuclease, lysozyme and serum albumin. The quantities of protein found in films of either cholesterol or phosphatidyl choline (egg lecithin) were much larger than those calculated from a geometric model in which a protein monolayer occupies the area made available by the compressed lipid. Arguments are produced against penetration based on simple mechanisms of compressibility of the lipid film. The mechanisms operating in the incorporation of protein into lipid monolayers are grouped into three categories: (a) free penetration, typical of lecithin; (b) binding‐mediated penetration, typical of cholesterol and some glycosphingolipids; and (c) binding‐inhibited penetration, typical of the albumin‐ganglioside system and a specific lipid hapten‐antibody system. A model is described in which nonspecific protein interacts with polymeric lecithin structures (surface micelles). In the sequence of events X»Y»Z, the globular protein X is activated into the expanded or extended form Y by contact with the lipid and then restructured into a compact form Z with release of water and free energy. The resulting lipid‐protein assembly has a mosaic structure in which lipid and protein polar surfaces are exposed to water. Accessibility of lecithin to phospholipase A is consistent with the model and with current views on the state of protein in biological membranes; according to such views, protein is more likely structured inside the lipid milieu and not simply denatured on the lipid‐water interface.
Lipoxygenase fromZea mays: 9‐d‐hydroperoxy‐trans‐10,cis‐12‐octadecadienoic acid from linoleic acid
Authors: Gardner H. W. , Weisleder D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLipoxygenase from the germ of corn,Zea mays, oxidized linoleic acid to primarily 9‐d‐hydroperoxy‐trans‐10,cis‐12‐octadecadienoic acid.
Reactions of dimethyl sulfoxide with sulfonate esters of fatty alcohols. I. Synthesis of higher saturated and unsaturated fatty aldehydes
Authors: Mahadevan V. , Phillips F. , Lundberg W. O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLong‐chain saturated fatty aldehydes (C10 to C18), as well as the C18 unsaturated aldehydes (oleyl, linoleyl, and linolenyl), were synthesized in good yields by the selective oxidation of the sulfonate esters of the corresponding alcohols with dimethyl sulfoxide in the presence of sodium bicarbonate. Chromatographic procedures for the isolation of the pure aldehydes from the reaction mixtures are described. The purity of the aldehydes was ascertained by thin‐layer chromatography, melting points of their 2,4‐dinitrophenyl hydrazones, infrared spectra and other physical methods.
Stearyl CoA as a precursor of oleic acid and glycerolipids in mammary microsomes from lactating bovine: Possible regulatory step in milk triglyceride synthesis
Authors: Kinsella J. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe stearyl desaturase of lactating bovine mammary tissue is located in the microsomes and requires activated fatty acid and NADH for activity. Other enzymes, acyl‐transferase(s) and deacylase which apparently compete with the desaturase for substrate are also present. Both the substrate 1‐14C‐stearyl CoA and the oleic acid produced by desaturase are esterified into the various lipid classes. The oleic acid is preferentially acylated into positionsn‐3 of the triglycerides andsn‐2 of the phosphatidylcholine. Experimental conditions causing reduced desaturase activity depressed triglyceride synthesis, and stimulation of desaturation by NADH L−α GP, acidic pH, 5.6, was accompanied by increased incorporation of radioactive fatty acids into the triglycerides. These data indicated that desaturase and glyceride acyl transferase were located contiguously within the microsomal membranes. The possibility that desaturase activity might control triglyceride synthesis in vivo is discussed. It was observed that mammary tissue from nonlactating cows 1–2 weeks and 2 days prior to calving lacked or possessed very low stearyl desaturase activity.
Synergistic effects of pravastatin and pioglitazone in renal tubular epithelial cells induced by transforming growth factor‐β1
Authors: Wei Jia‐li , Ma Chun‐yang , Zhang Yang‐De , Li Yiming 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRecent studies suggest that treatment with PPAR‐γ agonists and statins have beneficial effects on renal disease. However, the combined effects of PPAR‐γ agonists and statins in human renal epithelial cells are unknown. Our present study revealed that there were synergistic effects of pravastatin and pioglitazone in the expression of alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), fibronectin (FN), plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) and collagen 1 in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells induced by transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1). The beneficial effects of combined therapy against renal tubular epithelial cell injury are attributed, at least in part, to the inhibition of transdifferentiation, extracellular matrix deposition and cytokine production.
Trends in Anesthesia-related Death and Brain Damage
Authors: Cheney Frederick W. , Posner Karen L. , Lee Lorri A. , Caplan Robert A. , Domino Karen B. 
Published: November 2006

Background
The authors used the American Society of Anesthesiologists Closed Claims Project database to determine changes in the proportion of claims for death or permanent brain damage over a 26-yr period and to identify factors associated with the observed changes.

Methods
The Closed Claims Project is a structured evaluation of adverse outcomes from 6,894 closed anesthesia malpractice claims. Trends in the proportion of claims for death or permanent brain damage between 1975 and 2000 were analyzed.

Results
Claims for death or brain damage decreased between 1975 and 2000 (odds ratio, 0.95 per year; 95% confidence interval, 0.94-0.96; P < 0.01). The overall downward trend did not seem to be affected by the use of pulse oximetry and end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring, which began in 1986. The use of these monitors increased from 6% in 1985 to 70% in 1989, and thereafter varied from 63% to 83% through the year 2000. During 1986-2000, respiratory damaging events decreased while cardiovascular damaging events increased, so that by 1992, respiratory and cardiovascular damaging events occurred in approximately the same proportion (28%), a trend that continued through 2000.

Conclusion
The significant decrease in the proportion of claims for death or permanent brain damage from 1975 through 2000 seems to be unrelated to a marked increase in the proportion of claims where pulse oximetry and end-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring were used. After the introduction and use of these monitors, there was a significant reduction in the proportion of respiratory and an increase in the proportion of cardiovascular damaging events responsible for death or permanent brain damage.
Survey of Anesthesia-related Mortality in France
Authors: Lienhart André , Auroy Yves , Péquignot Françoise , Benhamou Dan , Warszawski Josiane , Bovet Martine , Jougla Eric 
Published: November 2006

Background
This study describes a nationwide survey that estimates the number and characteristics of anesthesia-related deaths for the year 1999.

Methods
Death certificates from the French national mortality database were selected from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes using a variable sampling fraction. Medical certifiers were sent a questionnaire (response rate, 97%), and the anesthesiologist in charge was offered a peer review (acceptance rate, 97%). Files were reviewed to determine the mechanism of each perioperative death and its relation to anesthesia. Mortality rates were calculated using the number of anesthetic procedures estimated from a national 1996 survey and compared with a previous (1978-1982) nationwide study.

Results
Among the 4,200 certificates analyzed, 256 led to a detailed evaluation. The death rates totally or partially related to anesthesia for 1999 were 0.69 in 100,000 (95% confidence interval, 0.22-1.2 in 100,000) and 4.7 in 100,000 (3.1-6.3 in 100,000), respectively. The death rate increased from 0.4 to 55 in 100,000 for American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I and IV patients, respectively. Rates increased with increasing age. Although concerns regarding aspiration of gastric contents remain, intraoperative hypotension and anemia associated with postoperative ischemic complications were the associated factors most often encountered. Deviations from standard practice and organizational failure were often found to be associated with death.

Conclusion
In comparison with data from a previous nationwide study (1978-1982), the anesthesia-related mortality rate in France seems to be reduced 10-fold in 1999. Much remains to be done to improve compliance of physicians to standard practice and to improve the anesthetic system process.
A Phase I, Two-center Study of the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Dexmedetomidine in Children
Authors: Petroz Guy C. , Sikich Nancy , James Michael , van Dyk Hanlie , Shafer Steven L. , Schily Markus , Lerman Jerrold 
Published: November 2006

Background
To investigate dexmedetomidine in children, the authors performed an open-label study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine.

Methods
Thirty-six children were assigned to three groups; 24 received dexmedetomidine and 12 received no drug. Three doses of dexmedetomidine, 2, 4, and 6 microg x kg x h, were infused for 10 min. Cardiorespiratory responses and sedation were recorded for 24 h. Plasma concentrations of dexmedetomidine were collected for 24 h and analyzed. Pharmacokinetic variables were determined using nonlinear mixed effects modeling (NONMEM program). Cardiorespiratory responses were analyzed.

Results
Thirty-six children completed the study. There was an apparent difference in the pharmacokinetics between Canadian and South African children. The derived volumes and clearances in the Canadian children were V1 = 0.81 l/kg, V2 = 1.0 l/kg, Cl1 (systemic clearance) = 0.013 l x kg x min, Cl2 = 0.030 l x kg x min. The intersubject variabilities for V1, V2, and Cl1 were 45%, 38%, and 22%, respectively. Plasma concentrations in South African children were 29% less than in Canadian children. The volumes and clearances in the South African children were 29% larger. The terminal half-life was 110 min (1.8 h). Median absolute prediction error for the two-compartment mammillary model was 18%. Heart rate and systolic blood pressure decreased with time and with increasing doses of dexmedetomidine. Respiratory rate and oxygen saturation (in air) were maintained. Sedation was transient.

Conclusion
The pharmacokinetics of dexmedetomidine in children are predictable with a terminal half-life of 1.8 h. Hemodynamic responses decreased with increasing doses of dexmedetomidine. Respiratory responses were maintained, whereas sedation was transient.
Forehead Pulse Oximetry
Authors: Agashe Geeta S. , Coakley Joseph , Mannheimer Paul D. 
Published: November 2006

Background
This study investigated whether a tensioning headband that applies up to 20 mmHg pressure over a forehead pulse oximetry sensor could improve arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation reading accuracy in presence of venous pooling and pulsations at the forehead site.

Methods
Healthy volunteers were studied breathing room air in supine and various levels of negative incline (Trendelenburg position) using the forehead sensor with the headband adjusted to its maximum and minimum recommended pressure limits. Saturation readings obtained from the forehead sensor with the subjects supine and the headband in place were used as a baseline to compare the effects of negative incline on reading accuracy when using and not using the headband. Occurrences of false low-saturation readings detected by forehead sensors were compared with those from digit sensors.

Results
No difference was observed between saturation readings obtained from the forehead sensor in supine and negative incline positions when the headband was applied. Forehead sensor readings obtained while subjects were inclined and the headband was not used were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the supine readings. There was no statistically significant difference between the digit and forehead sensor in reporting false low-saturation readings when the headband was applied, regardless of body incline.

Conclusions
Application of up to 20 mmHg pressure on the forehead pulse oximetry sensor using an elastic tensioning headband significantly reduced reading errors and provided consistent performance when subjects were placed between supine and up to 15 degrees head-down incline (Trendelenburg position).