bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stalin in Focus
Authors: Von Laue Theodore H. 
Published: April 2006

“As a writer, I would like to examine what kind of soil the personality cult arose from, what social causes produced it. After all, one cannot explain everything in terms of Stalin's individual peculiarities. The philosophers ought to give an explanation.”Elizar Maltsev (quoted in Roy Medvedev's Political Diary)Parading under an innocuous title, this essay intends to disarm some of the extreme tensions that still surround the image of Stalin. The disarming, as Elizar Maltsev suggested, has to take a philosophical turn, reaching from the political and biographical data of the specialists into the larger issues of politics and morality that agitate an age of global interdependence and escalate the nuclear arms race. In times like the present, scholarship and a broad concern for the drift of events should overlap. Put differently, this essay tries to enlist the philosophical and historical faculties necessary to examine — and to do so humanely — the harsh context in which Stalinism operated.
Acculturation in Tatarstan: The Case of the Sabantui Festival
Authors: Rorlich Azade-Ayşe 
Published: April 2006

No culture enjoys a perfect integration or a static equilibrium of its component traits. The diffusion of features of culture is a constant and crucial dynamic process. Acculturation, as a process of change dominated by the mutual influence of different cultures in close contact, is especially suited to interdisciplinary scrutiny. The study of acculturation is equally challenging for the linguist, the ethnographer, the anthropologist, and the historian interested in investigating processes and forms of cultural change, cultural integration, and causes for the selective receptivity of cultures.The multinational character of Soviet society against the background of its socioeconomic and ideological homogeneity renders a special quality to the dynamic tension between unity and diversity, especially with regard to culture, cultural change, and integration. Consequently, an investigation of acculturation as a component of the broader ethnic processes is not only justified, but imperative.
The Economic Costs of the GULag Archipelago
Authors: Hunter Holland 
Published: April 2006

Professor Rosefielde makes at least two important points: some official Soviet physical output series really were (and are) exaggerated, and output expansion in the 1930s was not based on a surplus extracted from agriculture. But his valiant efforts lack a sense of proportion, and his exaggerated claims weaken his case.His version of the “standard theory,” for example, appears to confuse intentions with actuality. It seems to me that informed Western consensus about events between 1928 and 1940 runs as follows: Soviet output increases were obtained through very large increments of labor and fixed capital, without much contribution from technological progress.
Utopianism versus Revolutionary Heroism in Bolshevik Policy: The Proletarian Culture Debate
Authors: Mc Clelland James C. 
Published: April 2006

Art … is a most powerful weapon for the organisation of collective forces and, in a class society, of class forces.A. A. BogdanovThe place of art is in the rear of the historic advance.L. D. TrotskyThe statements in the epigraph reflect contrasting attitudes toward the question of the possibility, desirability, and urgency of creating a "proletarian culture" during the years immediately following the Bolshevik seizure of power. Even more, they reflect basically opposing priorities concerning the most important and immediate steps to be taken in order to promote the revolutionary transformation of Soviet society as a whole.
The Stalinist Mentality and the Higher Learning
Authors: Joravsky David 
Published: April 2006

“Mentality” has become a fashionable term among historians, as a supposedly neutral way of pointing to a pattern of beliefs that are typical of a particular group. “Mentality” seems to avoid the metaphysical mystery of phrases like “the spirit of Russia,” or the Marxist anger in the term “ideology,” which carries a charge of grandiose delusion, of self-interest disguised as universal truth. In deference to fashion and to the goal of irenic discourse, let us use the word “mentality,” though we know that new words do not remove old difficulties.A central difficulty is the facile assumption that ideology and practicality are elemental contraries, that the conflict between them shapes the evolving mentality of communist regimes. This essay on Soviet history rests on a different assumption: that practicality is itself an ideological concept which can be understood only by reference to particular historical contexts. It is an illusion to imagine that practicality can be defined by reference to technics, a supposedly autonomous force that pulls all societies into a single anthill system. That technological fantasy has subverted the grand ideological theories of previous centuries and increasingly undermines even academic theorizing about human beings. Ideologists become servile functionaries — “public relations experts,” as we say in the West — while academics are reduced to other forms of technical expertise and to purely decorative functions. Soviet history presents an extreme version of that characteristic triumph of “pragmatism” in the twentieth century. To a large extent, I shall try to show, such “pragmatism” is mythic self-delusion, a way of avoiding dangerous threeway conflicts of forthright political rule, openly avowed ideological prophecy, and relentlessly quizzical higher learning.
Production Collectives and Communes and the “Imperatives” of Soviet Industrialization, 1929-1931
Authors: Siegelbaum Lewis 
Published: April 2006

There cannot be any doubt that the confusion in the minds of individual Party members concerning Marxian socialism and their infatuation with the egalitarian tendencies of agricultural communes are as like as two peas to the petty bourgeois views of our “Leftist” blockheads, who at one time idealized the agricultural communes to such an extent that they even tried to implant the commune in the factories, where skilled and unskilled worker, each working at his trade, “had to put his wages into the common fund which was then shared out equally. We know what harm these infantile egalitarian exercises of our “Leftist” blockheads caused our industry.Stalin, 1934Now, brother, we don't toady. Nobody sucks up to the foreman.N. Pogodin, Bakunin commune, Baltic Shipyards
Vestnik Evropyand the Polish Question in the Reign of Alexander II
Authors: Pogorelskin Alexis E. 
Published: April 2006

Writing from Italy in the summer of 1904, the noted jurist V. D. Spasowicz lamented the assassination of the minister of interior V. K. Pleve: “The news of the catastrophe with Pleve has reached us … I regard it … as a pity because at least under him the Polish question could be raised.“Spasowicz spoke with authority on the Polish question. Himself a Pole, he had closely observed the painful evolution of the issue for fifty years. It was not only a difficult issue to raise, but defenders of Poland in Russian society were rare. The same was true of the Russian press where few publications were willing to support the Poles. The prominent liberal journalVestnik Evropy,for which Spasowicz himself wrote, was an exception. After 1871 it emerged as a critic of the government's program of Russification in the Congress Kingdom.
The Elusive Litvinov Memoirs
Authors: Danielson Elena S. 
Published: April 2006

Conflicting accounts about the autobiographical writings of Soviet Foreign Minister Maksim Litvinov have circulated for decades. Some of the confusion can be clarified by an examination of the correspondence of his British wife Ivy Low Litvinov. On 7 December 1941, when Litvinov arrived in Washington, D.C., as the new Soviet ambassador, he was accompanied by Ivy. The American Left, which had lionized him during his previous United States visit to negotiate recognition of the Soviet Union in 1933, welcomed both Litvinovs with high enthusiasm in the 1940s. In the United States for the first time, she renewed acquaintance with various American intellectuals, whom she had met over the years in Moscow. Among them was the writer Joseph Freeman, one of the editors of the radical communist journal New Masses.Ivy wrote frequently from her embassy quarters in Washington to Freeman, her closest confidant, who lived in New York. Those letters that have been preserved provide a sense of Maksim Litvinov's tenuous position as a diplomat, indispensable for negotiating with the west but also unmanageable within the Soviet leadership.
Lenin and the Question of Private Trade in Soviet Russia
Authors: Ball Alan 
Published: April 2006

Few official changes of course in the Soviet Union have been as dramatic as the adoption of the New Economic Policy (NEP) in 1921. Supplanting what had come to be called War Communism (1918-1920)—a boiling mixture of revolutionary euphoria, bitter civil war, foreign intervention, economic collapse, and growing peasant unrest—NEP represented a new departure in many areas of Soviet life. First and foremost, eyewitnesses were struck by the legalization of a considerable amount of private economic activity, in contrast to the harsh measures adopted by the Bolsheviks against the private sector during War Communism.While this change seemed an improvement to most foreigners on the scene (and undoubtedly to most Russians), revolutionaries of diverse hues regarded the legalization of private trade in 1921 as a clear signal that the Bolsheviks had jettisoned the ideals of the Revolution.
The Cult of Saint Sergius of Radonezh and Its Political Uses
Authors: Miller David B. 
Published: April 2006

One hundred years ago, on the occasion of the five hundredth anniversary of the death of Saint Sergius of Radonezh, Vasilii Osipovich Kliuchevskii delivered the principal address to the Moscow Theological Academy. With his first tortuously long sentence the historian created an imaginary continuum, transcending time, between his audience and the saint. His words bear repeating:While entering the gates of the Sergius Lavra in the midst of a wave of people devoutly crossing themselves, one sometimes wonders: why is there not and has there never been in this monastery some special witness with a serene, immutable gaze, like some old Russian chronicler, to observe and, with an exact, impassive hand to record “who hath sought moral guidance in the Russian land“; to do so in the same manner year in, year out, from century to century as if he were one and the same person, remaining alive for centuries? Such an eternal and immortal observer could tell how for five hundred years people have worshiped at the grave of the Venerable Sergius, what thoughts and feelings they have carried with them when they returned to all corners of the Russian land.
Orientalist Variations on the Theme "Balkans": Symbolic Geography in Recent Yugoslav Cultural Politics
Authors: Bakić-Hayden Milica , Hayden Robert M. 
Published: April 2006

At first we were confused. The East thought that we were West, while the West considered us to be East. Some of us misunderstood our place in this clash of currents, so they cried that we belong to neither side, and others that we belong exclusively to one side or the other. But I tell you, Irinej, we are doomed by fate to be the East on the West, and the West on the East, to acknowledge only heavenly Jerusalem beyond us, and here on earth-no one.–St. Sava to Irinej, 13th centurySince the early 1980s, the crisis of Yugoslav society has been brought to public awareness through discussions in the mass media, both within Yugoslavia and outside of the country. While the causes of the crisis were initially analyzed within the framework of the ideology of Yugoslav self-management socialism, the past several years have seen increasing use by politicians and writers from the northwestern parts of the country of an orientalist rhetoric that relies for its force on an ontological and epistemological distinction between (north)west and (south)east
Superego as Literary Subtext: Story and Structure in Mikhail Zoshchenko'sBefore Sunrise
Authors: May Rachel 
Published: April 2006

For should we not always consider a work's starting point as a significant “lead” into our interpretation of the work's motivation? Thus…I would have the Decameron read, not as a series of hilarious stories, but as a series of hilarious storiestold during a plague.–Kenneth BurkeMikhail Zoshchenko spent his literary life playing discourses off against one another. In his early miniatures, the cacophony of peasant brogue, tradesmen's dialects, propaganda clichés and bureaucratese was controlled and masterful. In his longer works, the mixture of scientific style and mundane or satirical anecdote often seemed to take on a life of its own. Nowhere is this more true than inBefore Sunrise.
Wyatt et le rondeau
Authors: Françon Marcel 
Published: April 2006

Du Rondeau, Berdan a dit: ‘Before Clément Marot the rondeau … was a name loosely applied to a large number of forms having little more than the use of the refrain in common… . In the jardin de Plaisance, in rondeau form, L'Infortuné gives his directions:Par et, pour, mats, donq, par, cart, quantNe se doibt rondeau commencerQui ne scait son fait despencerA bien conclure et rimacerOu de plat fauldra ou de cantActeurs seront celuy mocquantQui rondeau cuidera passerSans bien rentrer et compasser.Par et etc.Plusiers s'abusent en pensantQue rondeau soit bon pour rentrerMais non chascun couplet porterDoibt sens parfaict et suspenserClos et ouuert non suspensantPar et etc.'Berdan indique, en note, qu'il cite ce texte d'aprés Fabri [Le Grand et Vrai Art de Pleine Rhétorique, introd.
The Extent and Nature of the Use of Classical Sources in Villalón's El scholástico
Authors: Kiger Jean Moore 
Published: April 2006

El scholástico, written by Cristóbal de Villalón in the second quarter of the sixteenth century, is a typical philosophical treatise of the Renaissance, the most striking evidence of which is its very extensive employment of figures and learning from Classical literature. All but a handful of the 57I different names which appear in El scholástico, and a large majority of all materials used therein, originated in the period before A.D. 500.A complex treatise, approximately two-thirds the length of the New Testament, El scholástico reflects at once a Renaissance ideal and a classical tradition in its setting, literary form, and format. The dialogue, which is essentially Ciceronian in style (although Villalón states that his models for the dialogue were Plato and Macrobius), represents a lengthy interchange between illustrious contemporary scholars of the University of Salamanca.
The WTO Legal System: Sources of Law
Authors: Palmeter David , Mavroidis Petros C. 
Published: April 2006

Modern discussions of the sources of international law usually begin with a reference to Article 38 (1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which provides:
The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply:
a.international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states;b.international custom as evidence of a general practice accepted as law;c.the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations;d.subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law.
European Community—Maastricht Treaty—delegation of power to international organizations under Danish Constitution—right to democracy—power of Danish courts to review acts by Community organs
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Harck Sten , Olsen Henrik Palmer 
Published: April 2006

Decision Concerning the Maastricht Treaty. 1998 Ugeskrift for Retsvaesen, H 800.Supreme Court of Denmark, April 6, 1998.In this case the Danish Supreme Court decided that the ratification and the incorporation into Danish law of the Maastricht Treaty creating the European Union are consistent with the Danish Constitution of 1953. It also reserved the right for Danish courts to review Community decisions for consistency with the Act on Denmark's accession to the EC Treaty. This decision is of vital importance to Denmark's relationship to the European Community (EC) and to the claims of direct effect and priority of EC law over national constitutions.
Molecular genetic analysis of Wanggu remains, Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Fu Yuqin , Zhao Han , Cui Yinqiu , Zhang Quanchao , Xu Xuelian , Zhou Hui , Zhu Hong 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Wanggu tribe, which contributed significantly to the foundation of the Yuan Dynasty, was one of the groups living on the Mongolian steppes during the Jin‐Yuan period (AD 1127–1368) of Chinese history. However, there has been both archaeological and historical dispute regarding the origin of the ancient tribe. Recently, we discovered human remains of the Wanggu tribe in the Chengbozi cemetery in the Siziwang Banner of Inner Mongolia, China. To investigate the genetic structure of the Wanggu tribe and to trace the origins of the tribe at a molecular level, we analyzed the control‐region sequences and coding regions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the remains by direct sequencing and restriction‐fragment length polymorphism analysis. In combination with mtDNA data of 15 extant Eurasian populations, we performed phylogenetic analysis and multidimensional scaling analysis. Our results show that the genetic structure of the Wanggu tribe in the Jin‐Yuan period is a complex matriline, containing admixture from both Asian and European populations. In addition, we reveal that on the basis of mtDNA data, the ancient tribe may share a recent common ancestor with the Turkic‐speaking Uzbeks and Uighurs. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Volume and process of care in high‐risk cancer surgery
Authors: Birkmeyer John D. , Sun Yating , Goldfaden Aaron , Birkmeyer Nancy J.O. , Stukel Therese A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlthough relations between procedure volume and operative mortality are well established for high‐risk cancer operations, differences in clinical practice between high‐volume and low‐volume centers are not well understood. The current study was conducted to examine relations between hospital volume, process of care, and operative mortality in cancer surgery.METHODSUsing the Medicare claims database (2000‐2002), we identified all patients undergoing major resections for lung, esophageal, gastric, liver, or pancreatic cancer (n = 71,558). Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative processes of care potentially related to operative mortality were identified from inpatient, outpatient, and physician claims files using appropriate International Classification of Diseases – Clinical Modification (ICD‐9) and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes. We then assessed variation in the use of each process according to hospital volume, adjusting for patient characteristics and procedure type. Study Participants were US Medicare patients. The main outcome measure was specific processes of care.RESULTSRelative to those at low‐volume centers (lowest 20th by volume), patients at high‐volume hospitals (highest 20th) were significantly more likely to undergo stress tests (odds ratio [OR]: 1.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21‐1.87), but not other preoperative imaging tests. They were more likely to see medical or radiation oncologists (OR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.16‐1.62), but not other specialists, preoperatively. Although blood transfusions and use of epidural pain management did not vary significantly by volume, patients at high‐volume hospitals had significantly longer operations and were more likely to receive perioperative invasive monitoring (OR: 2.56, 95% CI: 1.82‐3.60). Differences in measurable processes of care did not explain volume‐related differences in operative mortality to any significant degree.CONCLUSIONSAlthough high‐volume and low‐volume hospitals differ with regard to many aspects of perioperative care, mechanisms underlying volume–outcome relations in high‐risk cancer surgery remain to be identified. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Stepwise Sulfuration of the Terminal Phosphido Complex trans‐[PtCl(PHCy2)2(PCy2)]: Synthesis of [Pt(κ2S,S′‐PS2Cy2)(PHCy2)2]Cl and [Pt(κ2S,S′‐PS2Cy2){κP‐P(S)Cy2}(PHCy2)] and Crystal Structure of [Pt(κ2‐S,S‐PCy2S2)(κ‐S‐PCy2S2)(PHCy2)]
Authors: Gallo Vito , Latronico Mario , Mastrorilli Piero , Nobile Cosimo Francesco , Ciccarella Giuseppe , Englert Ulli 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe terminal phosphido complex trans‐[PtCl(PHCy2)2(PCy2)] (1) has been prepared, exploiting the reversibility of the reaction with HCl, by action of 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) on [PtCl(PHCy2)3]Cl, and its reactivity towards elemental sulfur studied. The first product obtained by reaction of 1 with 1 equiv. of sulfur is trans‐[PtCl(PHCy2)2{κP‐P(S)Cy2}] (2), which rapidly isomerises in halogenated solvents into cis‐[PtCl(PHCy2)2{κP‐P(S)Cy2}] (3). Further addition of sulfur causes the formation of a mixture of [Pt(κ2S,S′‐PS2Cy2)(PHCy2)2]Cl (4) and [Pt(κ2S,S′‐PS2Cy2){κP‐P(S)Cy2}(PHCy2)] (5), which could be selectively synthesised; the first upon sulfuration of pure 3 and the second by reaction of 4 with 1 equiv. of sulfur in the presence of DBU. Complex 5 can be further sulfurated to [Pt(κ2S,S′‐PCy2S2)(κS‐PCy2S2)(PHCy2)] (6), which is fluxional in solution and was also characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
An Efficient and Facile Synthesis of Capsaicin‐Like Compounds as Agonists of the TRPV1 Receptor
Authors: Tran Van H. , Kantharaj Ravi , Roufogalis Basil D. , Duke Colin C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA new versatile synthetic route is described for the preparation of capsaicin‐like molecules which contain an α‐hydroxy ketone functional group mimicking the amide functional group in the capsaicin structure. The key reaction in this synthesis was the formation of α‐(dimethylamino)alkanenitriles as intermediates. These nitriles were successfully prepared from both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes by reaction with dimethylamine and aqueous sodium cyanide. Treatment of the nitriles with lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) followed by reaction with various aldehydes led to the formation of α‐hydroxy ketone compounds, examples of which include 2‐hydroxy‐1‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)dodecan‐3‐one,(5R)‐ and (5S)‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)‐5,9‐dimethyldec‐8‐en‐3‐one, representing novel capsaicin‐like molecules. Formation of (4‐benzyloxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)acetaldehyde was also described from the Wittig reaction of 4‐benzyloxy‐3‐methoxybenzadehyde with an ylide reagent (methoxymethyl)triphenylphosphonium bromide followed by acid hydrolysis to form the title compound. This aldehyde represents a useful precursor for the synthesis of capsaicin‐like structures.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)