bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metastases to parotid nodes
Authors: Nichols R. D. , Pinnock L. A. , Szymanowski R. T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe differential diagnosis of masses in the preauricular and retromandibular regions includes a number of diseases in addition to primary tumors of the parotid. The lesions most commonly misdiagnosed as parotid tumors are intraparotid lymph nodes involved with inflammatory or neoplastic disease. Metastatic tumors in parotid nodes are unusual but must be considered. We present 12 patients with isolated metastases to parotid lymph nodes. Nine of the patients had primary tumors in the local afferent lymphatic bed. Three patients had metastases from unknown or distant sites. The majority of tumors that metastasize to the parotid are of cutaneous origin. Six of the patients had squamous cell carcinomas, three had adenocarcinomas, two melanomas and one a small cell carcinoma. The treatment of parotid metastases from local tumors is surgical removal of the parotid and associated regional nodes with postoperative irradiation therapy in certain instances. Management of the facial nerve should follow those principles appropriate for primary parotid tumors.
Malignant melanoma of the oral cavity: Review of 10 cases
Authors: McCaffrey Thomas V. , Neel H. Bryan , Gaffey Thomas A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOral malignant melanoma is uncommon, comprising less than 1% of all malignant melanomas. Consequently, few cases have been reported from any one institution. We report 10 cases of malignant melanoma of the oral cavity seen at the Mayo Clinic between 1905 and 1979.
Studies in transtracheal ventilation catheters
Authors: Rone Craig A. , Pavlin Edward G. , Cummings Charles W. , Weymuller Ernest A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA study was undertaken to assess the applicability of transtracheal ventilation in the instance of total upper airway obstruction. The effect of transtracheal jet ventilation through a variety of inflow catheters in the dog was studied. Arterial blood gas values, intratracheal pressure and minute ventilation were compared. Deflation of the airway through an array of outflow needles was independently assessed. Hypercapnia, decreased minute ventilation, and prolonged inspiratory and expiratory durations impaired use of the smallest catheters. A dual‐lumen needle, to provide exclusive respiratory access and support was then designed based on the preliminary data. Prolonged transtracheal jet ventilation with a totally obstructed upper airway was successfully conducted in a live canine subject. A review of the literature is presented.
Microbial adherence to and disinfection of laryngoscopes used in office practice
Authors: Abramson Allan L. , Gilberto Eileen , Mullooly Virginia , France Kenneth , Alperstein Phyllis , Isenberg Henry D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study reports the appropriate disinfection methods for flexible and rigid laryngoscopes when used in an outpatient setting. This investigation presents evidence that an appreciable number of laryngoscopes are contaminated during use. A brief tap water rinse serves to eliminate gross soil of host origin known to interfere with disinfectant efficacy. Disinfection with 3.2% glutaraldehyde (Cidexplus) for 10 minutes effectively eliminated microbial contaminants. Since potentially harmful microorganisms were included among the more than 100 isolates during our baseline experiments, the need to eliminate bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa from laryngoscopes is obvious and can be attained readily.
Large-Scale Genome-Wide Linkage Analysis for Loci Linked to BMD at Different Skeletal Sites in Extreme Selected Sibships
Authors: Hsu Yi-Hsiang , Xu Xin , Terwedow Henry A , Niu Tianhua , Hong Xuimei , Wu Di , Wang Lihua , Brain Joseph D , Bouxsein Mary L , Cummings Steve R , Rosen Cliff J , Xu Xiping 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Few genome-wide linkage studies of osteoporosis have been conducted in the Asian population. We performed a genome-wide scan involving 3093 adult siblings with at least one sib-pair extremely concordant or discordant for hip BMD. Our results indicated four genome-wide significant QTLs for BMD. In comparison with 12 previous reported linkage studies, we reveal novel linkage regions that have reaching global significance.
Introduction: The genetic basis for osteoporosis has been firmly established, but efforts to identify genes associated with this complex trait have been incomplete, especially in Asian populations. The purpose of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for BMD in a Chinese population.
Materials and Methods: We performed a genome-wide scan involving 3093 siblings 25–64 years of age from 941 families, with at least one sib-pair extreme concordant or discordant for total hip BMD from a large community-based cohort (n = 23,327) in Anhui, China. Linkage analysis was performed on BMD residuals adjusted for age, height, weight, occupation, cigarette smoking, physical activity, and alcohol consumption using the revised Haseman-Elston regression-based linkage model.
Results: Our results revealed significant QTLs on chromosome 7p21.2 for femoral neck BMD (LOD = 3.68) and on chromosome 2q24.3 for total hip BMD (LOD = 3.65). Suggestive linkage regions were found to overlap among different skeletal sites on chromosomes 2q, 7p, and 16q. Sex-specific linkage analysis further revealed a significant QTL for lumbar spine BMD on chromosome 13q21.1 (LOD = 3.62) in women only. When performing multivariate linkage analysis by combining BMDs at four skeletal sites (i.e., whole body, total hip, femoral neck, and lumbar spine BMD), an additional significant QTL was found at chromosome 5q21.2 (LOD = 4.56). None of these significant QTLs found in our study overlapped with major QTLs reported by other studies.
Conclusions: This study reveals four novel QTLs in a Chinese population and suggests that BMD at different skeletal sites may also share common genetic determinants.
Large-Scale Population-Based Study Shows No Association Between Common Polymorphisms of the TGFB1 Gene and BMD in Women
Authors: McGuigan Fiona EA , Macdonald Helen M , Bassiti Amelia , Farmer Rosemary , Bear Stuart , Stewart Alison , Black Alison , Fraser William D , Welsh Findlay , Reid David M , Ralston Stuart H 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The TGFB1 gene is a strong functional candidate for regulating genetic susceptibility to osteoporosis. We studied five common polymorphisms of TGFB1 in relation to osteoporosis-related phenotypes in a population-based cohort of 2975 British women, but found no significant association with bone mass, bone loss, bone markers, or fracture.
Introduction: The gene encoding TGFB1 is a strong functional candidate for genetic susceptibility to osteoporosis. Several polymorphisms have been identified in TGFB1, and previous work has suggested that allelic variants of TGFB1 may regulate BMD and susceptibility to osteoporotic fracture.
Materials and Methods: We studied the relationship between common polymorphisms of TGFB1 and several osteoporosis-related phenotypes including BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck, measured by DXA; bone loss over a 6-year period; biochemical markers of bone turnover (urinary free deoxypyridinoline and free pyridinoline/creatinine ratio and serum N-terminal propeptide of type 1 collagen), and fractures in a population-based study of 2975 women from the United Kingdom. Participants were genotyped for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TGFB1 promoter (G-800A; rs1800468; C-509T; rs1800469), exon 1 (T29C; rs1982073 and G74C; rs1982073); and exon 5 (C788T; rs1800471) on PCR-generated fragments of genomic DNA. Haplotypes were constructed from genotype data using the PHASE software program, and genotypes and haplotypes were related to the phenotypes of interest using general linear model ANOVA, with correction for confounding factors including age, height, weight, menopausal status, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use, physical activity score, and dietary calcium intake.
Results: The polymorphisms were in strong linkage disequilibrium, and four common haplotypes accounted for &gt;95% of alleles at the locus. There was no association between individual SNPs and BMD, bone loss, or biochemical markers of bone turnover. Haplotype analysis showed a nominally significant association with femoral neck BMD (p = 0.042) and with incident osteoporotic fracture (p = 0.013), but these were not significant after correcting for multiple testing.
Conclusions: Common polymorphic variants of the TGFB1 gene did not influence BMD or bone loss in this population.
Reduced Recombination Rate and Genetic Differentiation Between the M and S Forms ofAnopheles gambiaes.s.
Authors: Slotman Michel A , Reimer Lisa J , Thiemann Tara , Dolo Guimogo , Fondjo Etienne , Lanzaro Gregory C 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGenetic differentiation between the largely sympatric molecular forms M and S of Anopheles gambiae appears mostly limited to division 6 and part of division 5 of the X chromosome. This region is adjacent to the centromere and includes the rDNA that was used to define these forms. This localized differentiation between populations that experience gene flow strongly suggests that this region contains genes responsible for reproductive isolation. Regions adjacent to centromeres are known to experience less recombination in several species and it has recently been suggested that low recombination rates can facilitate the accumulation and maintenance of isolation genes in partially isolated populations. Therefore, we measured the recombination rate in division 5D/6 directly and estimate that it is at least 16-fold reduced across this region compared to the remainder of the X chromosome. Additionally, sequence data from four loci from field-collected mosquitoes from several West African countries show very strong differentiation between the molecular forms in division 5D/6, whereas none was observed in two loci elsewhere on the X chromosome. Furthermore, genetic variation was substantially lower in division 5D/6 compared to the two reference loci, and the inferred genealogies of the division 5D/6 genes show patterns consistent with selective sweeps. This suggests that the reduced recombination rate has increased the effect of selection on this region and that our data are consistent with the hypothesis that reduced recombination rates can play a role in the accumulation of isolation genes in the face of gene flow.
Identification of Selective Sweeps Using a Dynamically Adjusted Number of Linked Microsatellites
Authors: Wiehe Thomas , Nolte Viola , Zivkovic Daniel , Schlötterer Christian 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
There is currently large interest in distinguishing the signatures of genetic variation produced by demographic events from those produced by natural selection. We propose a simple multilocus statistical test to identify candidate sites of selective sweeps with high power. The test is based on the variability profile measured in an array of linked microsatellites. We also show that the analysis of flanking markers drastically reduces the number of false positives among the candidates that are identified in a genomewide survey of unlinked loci and find that this property is maintained in many population-bottleneck scenarios. However, for a certain range of intermediately severe population bottlenecks we find genomic signatures that are very similar to those produced by a selective sweep. While in these worst-case scenarios the power of the proposed test remains high, the false-positive rate reaches values close to 50%. Hence, selective sweeps may be hard to identify even if multiple linked loci are analyzed. Nevertheless, the integration of information from multiple linked loci always leads to a considerable reduction of the false-positive rate compared to a genome scan of unlinked loci. We discuss the application of this test to experimental data from Drosophila melanogaster.
Two Unlinked Double-Strand Breaks Can Induce Reciprocal Exchanges in Plant Genomes via Homologous Recombination and Nonhomologous End Joining
Authors: Pacher Michael , Schmidt-Puchta Waltraud , Puchta Holger 
Published: October 2006

AbstractUsing the rare-cutting endonuclease I-SceI we were able to demonstrate before that the repair of a single double-strand break (DSB) in a plant genome can be mutagenic due to insertions and deletions. However, during replication or due to irradiation several breaks might be induced simultaneously. To analyze the mutagenic potential of such a situation we established an experimental system in tobacco harboring two unlinked transgenes, each carrying an I-SceI site. After transient expression of I-SceI a kanamycin-resistance marker could be restored by joining two previously unlinked broken ends, either by homologous recombination (HR) or by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). Indeed, we were able to recover HR and NHEJ events with similar frequencies. Despite the fact that no selection was applied for joining the two other ends, the respective linkage could be detected in most cases tested, demonstrating that the respective exchanges were reciprocal. The frequencies obtained indicate that DSB-induced translocation is up to two orders of magnitude more frequent in somatic cells than ectopic gene conversion. Thus, DSB-induced reciprocal exchanges might play a significant role in plant genome evolution. The technique applied in this study may also be useful for the controlled exchange of unlinked sequences in plant genomes.
The cubic period-distance relation for the Kate reversible pendulum
Authors: Rossi Michele , Zaninetti Lorenzo 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
We describe the correct cubic relation between the mass configuration of a Kater reversible pendulum and its period of oscillation. From an analysis of its solutions we conclude that there could be as many as three distinct mass configurations for which the periods of small oscillations about the two pivots of the pendulum have the same value. We also discuss a real compound Kater pendulum that realizes this property.
Factors associated with recurrence and metastasis in sacrococcygeal teratoma
Authors: Derikx J P M , De Backer A , van de Schoot L , Aronson D C , de Langen Z J , van den Hoonaard T L , Bax N M A , van der Staak F , van Heurn L W E 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
Sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is a relatively uncommon tumour, with a high risk of recurrence and metastasis. The factors associated with recurrence and metastatic disease were studied.

Methods
A retrospective review was conducted of 173 children with SCT treated between January 1970 and February 2003 at the paediatric surgical centres in the Netherlands. Risk factors were identified by univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results
Eight children died shortly after birth or around the time of operation. Nine children, all over 18 months old, had metastases at presentation. Four teratomas with metastasis showed mature histology of the primary tumour. Nineteen children had recurrence of SCT a median interval of 10 months (range 32 days to 35 months) after primary surgery. Risk factors for recurrence were pathologically confirmed incomplete resection (odds ratio (OR) 6·54 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 2·11 to 20·31)), immature histology (OR 5·74 (95 per cent c.i. 1·49 to 22·05)) and malignant histology (OR 12·83 (95 per cent c.i. 3·27 to 50·43)). Size, Altman classification, age and decade of diagnosis were not risk factors for recurrence. One-third of the recurrences showed a shift towards histological immaturity or malignancy, compared with the primary tumour. Seven patients died after recurrence, five with malignant disease.

Conclusion
This national study showed that SCT recurred in 11 per cent of the children within 3 years of operation. Risk factors were immature and malignant histology, or incomplete resection. Mature teratoma has the biological capability to become malignant.
Polymere Hydrogele in der Abdichtungstechnik – Untersuchungen zum Quellungsdruck
Authors: Wack H. , Ulbricht M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPolymere Hydrogele werden in der letzten Zeit vermehrt auch im Bereich der Abdichtungstechnik eingesetzt. Die Anwendung der Materialien erfolgt dabei zumeist empirisch und basiert auf dem Quellungsdruck, den die Polymere bei der Aufquellung in einem fest vorgegebenen Volumen entwickeln. Die hier entwickelte Methode der Bestimmung des Quellungsdrucks bei vorgegebenem Endvolumen der Quellung ist für detaillierte Untersuchungen, wie sie im Hinblick auf die Optimierung von Materialien für die Abdichtungstechnik notwendig sind, sehr gut anwendbar. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht sie auch mechanistische Aussagen zum Stofftransport während des Quellungsprozesses.
Anregungen für eine präzisere Formelsprache in der Organischen Chemie
Authors: Fernberg Nicole , Martens Jürgen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFormeln, Symbole und Zeichen sind essentiell für die Verständigung innerhalb der Chemie. Die Formelsprache ist ein wichtiger Bestandteil der Fachsprache der Chemie und damit bedeutend für das Verständnis fachwissenschaftlicher Zusammenhänge. Sie stellt daher auch ein allgemeines Lernziel des Chemieunterrichtes dar.
Julius Wagner ‐ Deutschlands erster Professor für Didaktik der Chemie
Authors: Boeck Gisela 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMit Julius Wagner hat es auf Initiative von Wilhelm Ostwald den ersten Versuch gegeben, Chemiedidaktik an einer Universität zu institutionalisieren. Es ist Ostwalds Verdienst gewesen, die Notwendigkeit einer guten Chemielehre in der Schule erkannt zu haben. Eine Voraussetzung dafür ist eine gute Lehrerausbildung. Ostwald hat das laut genug betont und dadurch eine etatmäßige außerordentliche Professur durchgesetzt. Wagner führte die damit verbundenen Lehraufgaben durch. Mit dem Ausscheiden Ostwalds aus der Leipziger Universität hat Wagners wissenschaftliches Engagement nachgelassen, obwohl er seinen Lehrauftrag erfüllte. Damit hatte er der Didaktik aber nicht die Position geschaffen, die es ermöglichte, die außer‐ordentliche Professur in Leipzig weiterzuführen. Erst über 40 Jahre später kam es dort zur Schaffung einer Dozentur für „Methodik des Chemieunterrichts”︁.
Optimization strategies for sediment reduction practices on roads in steep, forested terrain
Authors: Madej Mary Ann , Eschenbach Elizabeth A. , Diaz Carlos , Teasley Rebecca , Baker Kristine 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMany forested steeplands in the western United States display a legacy of disturbances due to timber harvest, mining or wildfires, for example. Such disturbances have caused accelerated hillslope erosion, leading to increased sedimentation in fish‐bearing streams. Several restoration techniques have been implemented to address these problems in mountain catchments, many of which involve the removal of abandoned roads and re‐establishing drainage networks across road prisms. With limited restoration funds to be applied across large catchments, land managers are faced with deciding which areas and problems should be treated first, and by which technique, in order to design the most effective and cost‐effective sediment reduction strategy. Currently most restoration is conducted on a site‐specific scale according to uniform treatment policies. To create catchment‐scale policies for restoration, we developed two optimization models – dynamic programming and genetic algorithms – to determine the most cost‐effective treatment level for roads and stream crossings in a pilot study basin with approximately 700 road segments and crossings. These models considered the trade‐offs between the cost and effectiveness of different restoration strategies to minimize the predicted erosion from all forest roads within a catchment, while meeting a specified budget constraint. The optimal sediment reduction strategies developed by these models performed much better than two strategies of uniform erosion control which are commonly applied to road erosion problems by land managers, with sediment savings increased by an additional 48 to 80 per cent. These optimization models can be used to formulate the most cost‐effective restoration policy for sediment reduction on a catchment scale. Thus, cost savings can be applied to further restoration work within the catchment. Nevertheless, the models are based on erosion rates measured on past restoration sites, and need to be updated as additional monitoring studies evaluate long‐term basin response to erosion control treatments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determining hydraulic resistance in gravel‐bed rivers from the dynamics of their water surfaces
Authors: Cooper James R. , Tait Simon J. , Horoshenkov Kirill V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTraditionally, approaches to account for the effect of the boundary roughness of a gravel‐bed river have used a grain‐size index of the bed surface as a surrogate for hydraulic resistance. The use of a single grain‐size does not take into account the spatial heterogeneity in the bed surface and how this heterogeneity imparts resistance on the flow, nor the way in which this relationship changes with variables such as flow stage. A new technique to remotely quantify hydraulic resistance is proposed. It is based on measuring the dynamics of a river's water surface and relating this to the actual hydraulic resistance created by a rough sediment boundary. The water surface dynamics are measured using a new acoustic technique, grazing angle sound propagation (GRASP). This proposed method to measure hydraulic resistance is based on a greater degree of physical reasoning, and this is discussed in the letter. By measuring acoustically the temporal dynamics of turbulent water surfaces over a water‐worked gravel bed in a laboratory flume, a dependency is demonstrated between the temporal variation in the reflected acoustic pressure and measured hydraulic resistance. It is shown that the standard deviation in acoustic pressure decreases with increasing hydraulic resistance. This is shown to apply for a range of relative submergences and bed slopes that are typical of gravel‐bed rivers. This remote sensing technique is both rapid and inexpensive, and has the potential to be applied to natural river channels and to other environmental turbulent flows, such as overland flows. A whole new class of low‐cost, remote and non‐intrusive instruments could be developed as a result and used in a wide range of hydraulic and hydrological applications. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.