bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synergistic effect of heartwood extractives and quaternary ammonium compounds on termite resistance of treated wood
Authors: Hwang Won‐Joung , Kartal S Nami , Yoshimura Tsuyoshi , Imamura Yuji 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study evaluates the synergistic effect of wood extractives and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) on the resistance to termites of several treated wood species. Wood specimens from different natural durability classes were extracted with either hot water alone or hot water + ethanol/benzene. The extracted and unextracted wood specimens were treated with either didecyldimethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (DBF) or commercial didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) solutions and then exposed to subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, for 3 weeks under laboratory conditions. The results showed that extractives of the heartwood portions of the wood species contributed to increased resistance against termite attack in the presence of either DBF or DDAC wood preservatives. The synergistic effect of wood extractives and DBF was much clearer with Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco and Tsuga heterophylla Sarg wood samples. Further studies are needed for a better understanding of the synergism between wood extractives and either DBF or DDAC using both the sapwood and heartwood portions of the same wood species. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Internal friction peak associated with the ordering process in B2 FeAl alloys
Authors: Wu J. , Han F. S. , Hao G. L. , Wang Q. Z. , Gao Z. Y. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe internal friction behaviors of B2 FeAl alloys were examined to understand the correlation between the ordering and the movement of the atomic defects. A new internal friction peak was found at around 540 °C and 570 °C in the oil‐quenched Fe57Al43 and Fe47Al53 alloys, respectively, while in the furnace‐cooled specimens, the peak disappeared. The peak has the typical phase transition characters, and it is suggested that the peak probably originates from the elevation of the degree of order, which is caused by the jump of antisite atoms to their own sublattice sites by means of the nearest neighboring vacancies. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Desorption electrospray ionization using an Orbitrap mass spectrometer: exact mass measurements on drugs and peptides
Authors: Hu Qizhi , Talaty Nari , Noll Robert J. , Cooks R. Graham 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDesorption electrospray ionization (DESI) is implemented on an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The ion source is described and applications which utilize the high‐resolution capabilities of the Orbitrap are emphasized, including the characterization of peptides and active ingredients in pharmaceutical tablets. Measurements are made in less than 1 s at a resolution of 60 000. The implications of the data for the mechanisms of DESI are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cost detectability and stability of adaptive control systems
Authors: Wang R. , Paul A. , Stefanovic M. , Safonov M. G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHysteresis switching adaptive control systems designed using certain types of 𝔏2𝔢‐gain‐type cost functions are shown to be robustly stabilizing if and only if certain plant‐independent conditions are satisfied by the candidate controllers. These properties ensure closed‐loop stability for the switched multicontroller adaptive control (MCAC) system whenever stabilization is feasible. The result is asafe adaptive control system, which has the property that closing the adaptive loop can never induce instability provided only that at least one of the candidate controllers is capable of stabilizing the plant. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tree‐structured gatekeeping tests in clinical trials with hierarchically ordered multiple objectives
Authors: Dmitrienko Alex , Wiens Brian L. , Tamhane Ajit C. , Wang Xin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper discusses a new class of multiple testing procedures, tree‐structured gatekeeping procedures, with clinical trial applications. These procedures arise in clinical trials with hierarchically ordered multiple objectives, for example, in the context of multiple dose–control tests with logical restrictions or analysis of multiple endpoints. The proposed approach is based on the principle of closed testing and generalizes the serial and parallel gatekeeping approaches developed by Westfall and Krishen (J. Statist. Planning Infer. 2001; 99:25–41) and Dmitrienko et al. (Statist. Med. 2003; 22:2387–2400). The proposed testing methodology is illustrated using a clinical trial with multiple endpoints (primary, secondary and tertiary) and multiple objectives (superiority and non‐inferiority testing) as well as a dose‐finding trial with multiple endpoints. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐2 (TIMP‐2) location in the ventral, lateral, dorsal and anterior lobes of rat prostate by immunohistochemistry
Authors: Delella Flávia K. , Justulin Luis A. , Felisbino Sérgio L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMatrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) play a major role in extracellular matrix component degradation in several normal and abnormal tissue situations; they are also found in human seminal plasma. MMPs have been found in rat prostate secretions and are nearly lobe specific in expression pattern. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether TIMP‐2, like other semen components, is expressed differently from different rat prostatic lobes. Immunohistochemical staining was performed in both young and adult rat ventral (VP), lateral (LP), dorsal (DP), and anterior (AP) prostatic lobes and confirmed by western blotting. TIMP‐2 expression was found in the epithelial cells in the following sequence: LP > AP > DP > VP, in both young and adult rats. In this study, 100% of adult LP presented histological signs of prostatitis, where TIMP‐2 immunostaining was positive in normal epithelium even with intraluminal neutrophils, but was reduced or absent in the epithelium with intraepithelial leukocytes or with periductal stroma disorganization associated with mononuclear cell infiltration. However, TIMP‐2 expression in LP was not induced by prostatitis, since younger rat LPs were also strongly TIMP‐2 positive. The distal and intermediate VP regions were TIMP‐2 negative, but the proximal regions were strongly stained. Western blotting results confirmed the high TIMP‐2 expression in the LP lobe. Thus, TIMP‐2 is expressed differently between the prostatic lobes and is another nearly lobe‐specific protein, which plays a role in the regulation of MMP activity in seminal plasma and glandular homeostasis. TIMP‐2 is also another regional ductal variation of VP. Further studies should address whether TIMP‐2 expression is related to the highest incidence of rat LP prostatitis and adenocarcinoma.
Metamorphism of Precambrian–Palaeozoic schists of the Menderes core series and contact relationships with Proterozoic orthogneisses of the western Çine Massif, Anatolide belt, western Turkey
Authors: RÉGNIER JEAN-LUC , MEZGER JOCHEN E. , PASSCHIER CEES W. 
Published: October 2006

The tectonic setting of the southern Menderes Massif, part of the western Anatolide belt in western Turkey, is characterized by the exhumation of deeper crustal levels onto the upper crust during the Eocene. The lowermost tectonic units of the Menderes Massif are exposed in the Çine Massif, where Proterozoic basement orthogneisses of the Çine nappe are in tectonic contact with Palaeozoic metasedimentary rocks of the Selimiye nappe. In the southern Çine Massif, orthogneiss and metasedimentary rocks are separated by the southerly dipping Selimiye shear zone, preserving top-to-the-S shearing under greenschist facies conditions. In contrast, in the western Çine Massif, the orthogneiss is deformed and mylonitic near the contact with the metasedimentary rocks. The geometry of the mylonite zone and the observed shear directions change from north to southwest. In the north, the mylonite zone dips shallowly to the north, with top-to-the-N shear sense indicators showing northward thrusting of the orthogneiss over the metasedimentary rocks. In the southwest, the mylonite zone resembles a steep N–S striking strike-slip shear zone associated with top-to-the-SSW sense of shear. Overall, the geometry of the mylonite shear zone is consistent with northward movement of the orthogneiss relative to the metasedimentary rocks. Different shear senses are attributed to strain partitioning.AFM diagrams and P–T pseudosections with mineral parageneses of metasedimentary rocks of the Selimiye nappe and metasedimentary enclaves within the orthogneiss of the Çine nappe indicate a single Barrovian-type metamorphism. An earlier higher pressure phase is evident from staurolite–chloritoid inclusions in garnets of the Çine nappe, suggesting a clockwise P–T path. A similar path is inferred for the Selimiye nappe. Index minerals and the sequence of mineral parageneses point to a single amphibolite facies metamorphic event affecting metasedimentary rocks of both nappes, which predates Eocene emplacement of the high pressure–low temperature Lycian and Cycladic blueschist nappes. Northward thrusting of the orthogneiss onto the metasedimentary rocks of the Selimiye nappe is coeval with amphibolite facies metamorphism. Recently postulated polymetamorphism cannot be supported by this study. Petrological data provide no evidence for burial of the lower units of the Menderes Massif to depth greater than 30 km during closure of the Neo-Tethys. A major pre-Eocene tectonic event associated with top-to-the-N thrusting and Barrovian-type metamorphism could lend support to the idea of a Neo-Tethys (sensu stricto) suture south of the Menderes Massif and below the Lycian nappes.
Edward Teller Lectures—Lasers and Inertial Fusion Energy, Heinrich Hora and George H. Miley, eds.
Authors: Hoffmann Dieter H.H. 
Published: October 2006

Edward Teller Lectures—Lasers and Inertial Fusion Energy, Heinrich Hora and George H. Miley, eds. Foreword by E.M. Campbell. First edition. Imperial College Press, London, 365 pp. US $63.00 ISBN: 1-86094-468-XSince 1991, the Edward Teller Medal is awarded to individual researchers in recognition of their respective pioneering experimental or theoretical work in the field of intense laser and particle beam physics, and physics application of high power drivers, which is exactly the field that the journalLaser and Particle Beamscovers in great detail. Motivation of this research field is the investigation of properties of high energy density matter with the ultimate goal to achieve inertial fusion in the laboratory under reproducible conditions, and to develop a scientific basis for inertial fusion energy.
Young students, satellites aid understanding of climate‐biosphere link
Authors: White Michael A. , Schwartz Mark D. , Running Steven W. 
Published: October 2006

Data collected by young students from kindergarten through high school are being combined with satellite data to develop a more consistent understanding of the intimate connection between climate dynamics and the terrestrial biosphere. Comparison of the two sets of data involving the onset of budburst among trees and other vegetation has been extremely encouraging.Surface‐atmosphere interactions involving exchanges of carbon, water, and energy are strongly affected by interannual variability in the timing and length of the vegetation growing season, and satellite remote sensing has the unique ability to consistently monitor global spatiotemporal variability in growing season dynamics. But without a clear picture of how satellite information (Figure 1) relates to ground conditions, the application of satellite growing season estimates for monitoring of climate‐vegetation interactions, calculation of energy budgets, and large‐scale ecological modeling is extremely limited.The integrated phenological analysis of field data, satellite observations, and climate advocated by Schwartz [1998], for example, has been primarily limited by the lack of geographically extensive and consistently measured phenology databases.
Galileo spacecraft returns stunning findings about Io
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Since its insertion into orbit around Jupiter in December 1995, NASA's Galileo spacecraft has provided scientists with startling data about great thunderstorms on the planet, the origin of Jupiter's rings, possible oceans on the moons of Europa and Callisto, and the turbulent life of the moon Io, a fiery, colorfully scarred orb with more than 100 active volcanoes that makes it the most volcanically active body known in the Solar System.During victory laps near the end of the workhorse's extended mission, Galileo recently risked radiation damage from the Jovian system for two dramatic swoops near Io. The spacecraft closely observed volcanic features there, many of which are named for mythological and cultural figures associated with heat, fire, thunder, and the underworld.
NOAA highlights severe weather incidents of the century
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

With the turning of the calendar, a number of groups have announced their man or woman of the century or even of the millennium, while others have issued top 10 lists.In mid‐December the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration released its list of the top U.S. and global weather, water, and climate events of the 20th century.
Former Congressional Science Fellow covers science for the British Embassy
Authors: Folger Peter 
Published: October 2006

AGU's 1997–1998 Congressional Science Fellow Julie Moses works only a few miles from her previous office on Capitol Hill, but instead of helping voters from the 10th Congressional district of Ohio, she keeps alert for science and technology advancements in the United States that could help British citizens. Responding to an advertisement in the Washington Post, Moses found that her experience as a Congressional Fellow, advanced science degree, and experience as a postdoc in the U.K. constituted the right combination of skills for the job at the British Embassy.As one of only two scientists working in the embassy, she keeps alert for ways of promoting breakthroughs by British scientists, and stays abreast of technology transfer opportunities. She also follows American public policy developments that could impact British aerospace and related technology sectors. For example, Moses notes that the congressional report issued this year on the subject of alleged transfers of sensitive missile data and technology to China, known as the Cox Report, has had ramifications for British satellite companies. Moses is also charged with making sure the embassy is prepared for any potential problems with the Y2K transition, including drafting contingency plans for employees “in case the electricity goes off.”
Report recommends spinning off the space station
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

United States research activities on the International Space Station (ISS) should be managed by a private organization rather than by NASA, concludes a January 11 U.S. National Research Council (NRC) report. The report, requested and funded by NASA, responds to a 1998 proposal by NASA to establish a nongovernmental organization to facilitate American ISS research.The new organization should support the space station's research agenda—including planning and scheduling experiments, stimulating commercial research uses of the space station, and serving as an intermediary between NASA and other sources to fund commercial research, according to the report.
USGS helps forecast La Niña effect on U.S. streamflow
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

While many researchers and models have been probing into the impact of the current La Nina weather episode on precipitation and temperature, a new national forecast focuses specifically on this weather anomaly's effect on streamflow in the United States.The forecast outlines probable wet and dry U.S. regions through July 2000. The information, while somewhat general and preliminary, could help some emergency managers and water use managers determine how to prepare for potential high or low stream flows—which could include floods and hydrological drought—and reservoir allocation decisions, according to report coauthor Michael Dettinger, a research hydrologist with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Scientists with the Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the Western Regional Climate Center of the Desert Research Institute also contributed to the study.
New report affirms surface global warming, but falls short of reconciling temperature trends
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A new report by the U.S. National Research Council (NRC) affirms that the global surface temperature on Earth has warmed during the past 20 years. The report, issued on January 13, also says the lower to mid‐troposphere has warmed less than the surface during the past two decades, and that a “substantial disparity remains” between these measurements.“The warming trend in global‐mean surface temperature observations during the past 20 years is undoubtedly real and is substantially greater than the average rate of warming during the twentieth century;” the report, Reconciling Observations of Global Temperature Change, notes. “The disparity between surface and upper air trends in no way invalidates the conclusion that surface temperature has been rising.”
Elements of Physical Hydrology
Authors: Duffy Christopher J. 
Published: October 2006

The problem with writing an introductory textbook with broad appeal in the field of hydrology is that the essential subject has been harvested by so many disciplines that a textbook written for one audience gets little traction in another. For example, engineering hydrology textbooks traditionally emphasize methods and techniques that satisfy the requirements of engineering design. With more or less emphasis, the text usually includes a survey of the mathematics, solutions, empirical prescriptions, and “tools,” while context and meaning of the equations receive a good deal less emphasis.On the other hand, textbooks written from the perspective of environmental science provide a strong dose of concept by dealing with processes in an expository fashion. However, there is a tendency toward dialogue rather than diagnosis and the learner may not get a good sense of the analysis required for solving problems.
Canadian Environment Minister outlines transboundary issues, including air quality
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

In Canada, a land where hockey is king, people might call U.S. transboundary annoyances,such as air pollution, offsides.Smog, according to Canadian Environment Minister David Anderson, recognizes no boundaries. Southern Canada imports 30%–50% of its ground‐level ozone from the United States, and air pollution causes about 1,800 deaths in Canada annually through respiratory distress and other ailments, he said.
Comment [on “New findings about auroras confirm importance of ionosphere in space weather”]
Authors: Hargreaves J. K. 
Published: October 2006

In the article, New Findings about Auroras Confirm Importance of Ionosphere in Space Weather (Eos, December 22,1998), the author states that imaging riometers respond mainly to keV electrons. It is more correct to say that they respond mainly to electrons of 10s to 100s keV. The absorption frequently maximizes at about 90 km altitude, and an electron giving maximum production at 90 km must enter the atmosphere with energy about 50 keV. The evidence comes from observations by rocket and by incoherent‐scatter radar, together with direct comparisons between radiowave absorption in the auroral zone and electron spectra measured at geosynchronous orbit.Yamagishi et al. [1998] are quoted as finding that absorption events are far more common in winter than in summer. I have not been able to find this statement in the Yamagishi paper; moreover, conjugate‐point studies show that near the maximum of the absorption zone the events are almost invariably conjugate that is, they are seen in both hemispheres. They do, however, tend to be more intense in the winter hemisphere. Yamagishi et al.s Table 1 gives the numbers of events that are more intense in one hemisphere or the other, and those results are not inconsistent with the earlier work on this point [Hargreaves and Cowley, 1967; Hargreaves, 1969]. Osepian and Smirnova [1997] argue that the seasonal difference may be explained by seasonal changes in the effective recombination coefficient because of variations in the properties of the neutral air.
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Using auroral spectra to detect extraterrestrial life’”]
Authors: Akasofu Syun 
Published: October 2006

I very much appreciate the comments made by Frey on my article and agree with his point that emissions from molecular oxygen are better candidates for the detection of life on any extraterrestrial planet.Indeed, it would be great if auroral science could contribute to the science of searching for extraterrestrial life. I propose that researchers interested in this endeavor form a discussion group.
New earthquake catalog reexamines Hawaii's seismic history
Authors: Wright Thomas L. , Klein Fred W. 
Published: October 2006

On April 2,1868, an earthquake of magnitude 7.9 occurred beneath the southern part of the island of Hawaii. The quake, which was felt throughout all of the Hawaiian Islands, had a Modified Mercalli (MM) intensity of XII near its source.The destruction caused by a quake that large is nearly complete. A landslide triggered by the quake buried a small village, killing 31 people, and a tsunami that swept over coastal settlements added to the death toll.We know as much as we do about this and other early earthquakes thanks to detailed records kept by Hawaiian missionaries, including the remarkable diary maintained by the Lyman family that documented every earthquake felt at their home in Hilo between 1833 and 1917 [Wyss et al., 1992].Our analysis of these and other historical records indicates that Hawaii was at least as intensely seismic in the 19th century and first half of the 20th century as in its more recent past, with 26 M ≥6.0 earthquakes occurring from 1823 to 1903 and 20 M ≥6.0 earthquakes from 1904 to 1959. Just five M ≥6.0 earthquakes occurred from 1960 to 1999. The potential damage caused by a repeat of some of the larger historic events could be catastrophic today
Study group assists in global water cycle program
Authors: Hornberger George M. 
Published: October 2006

The U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) has appointed a Water Cycle Study Group (WCSG),chaired by George Hornberger of the University of Virginia, to advise the USGCRP agencies on development of a Global Water Cycle Program within the USGCRPThe aim is to define a USGCRP initiative for fiscal years 2001 and beyond. In appointing the group, Robert Corell (then chair of the Subcommittee on Global Change Research) noted that “Deficiencies in our understanding of the global water cycle severely handicap efforts to improve climate prediction and guide water resource planning. Central to this initiative is the establishment of a science community‐based research planning process complemented by an enhanced interagency coordination effort to address the content of this effort for FY 2001 and beyond.”The charge to the WCSG is to “formulate a research strategy and scientific plan for investigating the global water cycle, its role in climate, and the fundamental processes that govern the availability and the biogeochemistry of water resources, [and to] develop the strategy and science plan for a national program.” The WCSG is assisted by a parallel Interagency Working Group (IWG), which is charged with coordinating agency activities with the development of the WCSG science plan.The IWG is cochaired by Rick Lawford of NOAA's Office of Global Programs and Robert Schiffer of NASA's Earth Science Enterprise.