bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
It's Time to Quit Teaching FORTRAN to Engineers
Authors: Murtha J. A. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper examines the avowed purposes of studying FORTRAN and the types of problems solved by FORTRAN programming. It argues that the goals are not achieved and that the problems can be solved with spreadsheets, with the bonus of simple graphics and attractive output. An alternative proposal is aimed at helping students achieve computer literacy while developing skills and attitudes that would constantly reinforce engineering concepts and would facilitate report writing, both in school and later in their professions. Oil and gas companies will expect their engineers to be computer-literate, to communicate with a broader range of professionals, and to participate in complex decision processes. These engineers should be grounded in engineering fundamentals and communication skills and feel perfectly at home with a PC or workstation. Few will be expected to write source code. Spreadsheets, word processors, electronic mail, and commercial software will be the universal tools of the near future.
Use of Computers To Perform Old Log Analysis
Authors: Barrett D. G. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
In the past, old gamma ray neutron (GRN) (1940's to 1960's) and old electric (E) logs were not widely used for detailed log analysis because performing this task accurately is manpower intensive. Recent developments in computer hardware and software have made it feasible to digitize and analyze old logs to obtain more accurate reservoir parameters for fields developed from the 1930's to the 1960's before modern logs were available. This paper describes a computer-based method to rescale old GRN and E logs efficiently, then perform shale volume, effective porosity, bulk volume water (BVW), and water saturation calculations. This method leads to more accurate reservoir characterization and reserves determination. Using the computer simplifies this task and reduces the cost enough that old fields may be studied that otherwise might not be economically feasible to study.
Shaly Sand Advisor: Creating a Program To Provide Expert Help
Authors: Walsh J. W. , Brown S. L. , Asquith G. B. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Engineering programs often are a collaborative effort between engineers, managers, and software designers. This paper chronicles how a microcomputer program for analyzing well logs from shaly sand formations evolved when an "expert" was used not only to provide technical information but also to aid in developing the overall program structure.
Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Ihara Masaru , Yanai Koji , Takao Shingo 
Published: December 2007

SummaryFlow in horizontal wells and two-phase flow interaction with the reservoir were investigated experimentally and theoretically. Two-phase flow behavior has been recognized as one of the most important problems in production engineering. We designed and constructed a new test facility suitable for acquiring data on the relationship between pressure drop and liquid holdup along the well and fluid influx from the reservoir. For the theoretical work, an initial model was proposed to describe the flow behavior in a horizontal well configuration. The model uses the inflow-performance-relationship (IPR) approach and empirical correlations or mechanistic models for wellbore hydraulics. Although good agreement was found between the model and experimental data, a new IPR apart from the extension of Darcy's law must be investigated extensively to aid in the proper design of horizontal wells.
Real-Time Monitoring Provides Insight Into Flow Dynamics During Foam Cementing
Authors: Purvis D. L. , Smith D. D. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Use of computer systems for on-site and postjob analysis of cementing operations has proved effective for improving quality control and increasing the probability of successful primary cementing. This paper outlines the steps needed to measure surface parameters accurately and model changing downhole conditions during foam cementing. The equations used to calculate downhole flow dynamics and the algorithms used are presented.
Horizontal Systems Technology for Shallow Site Remediation
Authors: Karlsson Haraldur 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Innovations in drilling and completion technology for horizontal well bores maximize the hydrologic benefits of horizontal wells for aquifer remediation. In many hydrologic scenarios, horizontal wells exhibit groundwater flow characteristics, drawdown distribution, and contaminant capture capabilities superior to those of vertical wells. In addition, comparison of installation, operation, and maintenance costs for vertical and horizontal groundwater-recovery systems reveals substantial savings engendered by horizontal wells, despite higher drilling costs. Development of a casing drilling and completion system, described in detail in this paper, has allowed the environmental industry to begin reaping the benefits of horizontal wells, which include safer, more efficient remediation operations.

Introduction
Much of the pollution in the U.S. is buried in the subsurface, where such cleanup methods as excavation or vertical wells have been applied to extract contaminated soil and groundwater. These methods have disadvantages with regard to effectiveness and cost; however, horizontal drilling, a proven oilfield technology, allows well constructions that capture large areas of contamination, which shortens the remediation period and reduces operation and maintenance costs. In addition, the system described here offers particular safety advantages.
Recent public demand for cleaner air, soil, and water has led to increased federal and private-sector spending on remediation. Horizontal wellbore technology may reduce long-term remediation budgets, as numerical modeling studies indicate.

Background
Extraction of contaminated groundwater from aquifers or vapor-phase contaminants from vadose soil zones is based on the same engineering principles as production of oil and gas from reservoirs. Horizontal wells have increased recovery efficiency in hydrocarbon reservoirs. Similarly, horizontal wells have significant advantages over vertical wells in contaminated soils and aquifers. In addition, horizontal wellbore technology will open avenues of innovative remediation technologies in R&D.
Drilling Long Salt Sections Along the U.S. Gulf Coast
Authors: Barker J. W. , Feland K. W. , Tsao Y-H. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
As the petroleum industry has matured along the U.S. gulf coast, the need to drill long salt sections to reach hydrocarbons has increased. This paper summarizes the special techniques that have been developed to drill long salt sections and reviews case histories where long salt sections have been successfully drilled. A new analytical equation to predict the rate of salt creep into a wellbore is also presented.
API Tubular Ovality and Stresses in Horizontal Wells With a Finite-Element Method
Authors: Akgun Ferda , Mitchell Bill J. , Huttelmaier H-Peter 
Published: December 2007

Summary
A finite-element program, ANS YS, was used to determine the change in physical dimensions of oilfield tubulars and the growth of stresses in their walls as these tubulars were run and landed into a drillhole. Ovalities and axial and tangential stresses modeled with a finite-element method (FEM) are presented in easy-to-use charts for 7- and 95/8-in.-OD API casing. Axial bending stresses with the FEM are are compared with those under Lubinski's bending equation and the classic beam-bending equation.
South Belridge Tulare Simulation Study: Steamflood in a Heterogeneous Stratified Reservoir
Authors: Chiou R. C. S. , Weinstein H. G. , Smith R. C. , Barrett R. A. , DuBois D. P. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Thermal reservoir simulation is used to develop an operational strategy for the Tulare sand of the South Belridge field. History matching of an ongoing steamflood that has been in operation since 1981 is used to test the validity of the model. The primary purpose of the simulation study is to evaluate and design the optimum steamflood for an expansion project in the undeveloped, southern portion of the field. The simulation model also is used to study operating policy options for current operations as well as for new development. This study results in the recommendation that a 5-acre, nine-spot pattern be developed for the Southern Expansion Project. Study of operating policy shows that steamflood performance can be improved by shutting in marginal producing layers and optionally cutting back the steam-injection rate.
A Mechanistic Investigation of Waterflood Diversion Using Foamed Gels
Authors: Miller Matthew J. , Fogler H. Scott 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Although gel treatments have gained acceptance for injection well profile modification, high treatment cost and potential loss of low permeability zone injectivity curbs implementation. This study investigates an in-situ generated foamed gel barrier that is well suited for long-term waterflood diversion because it provides an intermediate degree of plugging, yet requires substantially less polymer than bulk gels. Microvisual observations indicate foamed gel barriers are initially impermeable but break down when the pressure exceeds a critical value. This critical pressure that initiates breakdown varies with foam quality, permeability, and gel properties.
Pressure-Transient Behavior in a Reservoir With a Finite-Conductivity Fault
Authors: Abbaszadeh Maghsood , Cinco-Ley Heber 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAn analytical solution for transient-pressure behavior of an active well near a nonintersecting finite-conductivity fault of infinite length is presented. Flow along and across the fault plane is considered. Type curves in terms of fault skin factor and conductivity are presented for various reservoir mobility and diffusivity ratios on two sides of the fault. Pressure derivatives exhibit a negative unit slope line followed by quarter-slope bilinear flow characteristics for high-fault conductivities. A special method is presented to calculate distance to conductive faults based on a Cartesian plot of pressure derivative vs. reciprocal of shut-in time. Finally, a field pressure-buildup test from a faulted reservoir is analyzed by the model.
Generalization of Wellbore Effects in Pressure-Transient Analysis
Authors: Fair Walter 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Wellbore effects have been recognized as being important in the analysis of pressure-transient tests for many years. Other works have evaluated the effects of wellbore storage and phase redistribution on pressure-transient response, and analysis methods that account for these effects are well known. It is also known, however, that other wellbore phenomena may affect pressure-transient response, but little has been presented that evaluates or generalizes wellbore phenomena in common pressure-transient tests.
This paper presents an analysis of generalized wellbore phenomena, including both mass-related and momentum effects, shows how these are incorporated into general solutions of the diffusivity equation, and provides general guidelines for recognizing these effects in pressure-transient data. In addition, it is shown that the phase redistribution formulation for pressure-transient analysis is actually a special case of wellbore mass-related phenomena, which has much wider applicability than previously realized. Besides general methods for accounting for wellbore phenomena, analytical pressure solutions are also presented for several situations, including heating or cooling of wellbore fluids, phase changes in the wellbore, and inertial effects owing to rapid acceleration or deceleration of wellbore fluids.
Conditional Simulation Method for Reservoir Description Using Spatial and Well-Performance Constraints
Authors: Hird Kirk B. , Kalkar Mohan G. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThis paper describes a conditional simulation technique that constrains areal permeability fields to typical statistical information and indirectly to waterflood well performance. Near-well effective permeability and reservoir connectivity characteristics are used as indirect well-performance constraints. Results are validated by examining simulated waterflood performance of a five-spot pattern. This technique can be used to reduce the uncertainty of future well performance significantly. Additionally, the effect of alternative operating scenarios, such as infill drilling, can be evaluated more realistically.
Dynamic Filtration of Invert-Emulsion Muds
Authors: Jiao Di , Sharma M. M. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryDynamic-filtration experiments conducted on oil-based muds show that the dynamic-filtration rate is much higher than API filtration rates. The use of water-wet solids results in very poor-quality external mudcakes and high fluid-loss rates. Better external mudcakes are formed by mixing equal parts organophilic clay and mud. Filtration-loss-control additives (asphalt mineral pitches) do not reduce the equilibrium filtration rate, but do reduce spurt loss and limit solids invasion. In brine-saturated rocks, the invasion rate for oil-based muds is significantly smaller than for water-based muds because capillary pressure prevents the oil phase from entering the core in oil-based muds. Oil-based mudcakes are softer and more shear-sensitive than water-based mudcakes. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photomicrographs indicate that oil-based mudcakes consist of individual water droplets coated with clay particles. This cake structure gives rise to the low permeability and shear sensitivity of oil-based muds.
Safety Initiatives Enhance Integrity of Offshore Platform Operations
Authors: Gilbert D.L. , Mayhew R.E. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Following an in-house survey team's review of Exxon Co. U.S.A.'s offshore operations in the Gulf of Mexico, the Offshore Div. Risk Evaluation and Control (RECON) team initiated a number of upgrade programs directed at preventing an accident potentially resulting in injury, damage, or pollution; providing effective response if an accident should occur; and providing for safe and timely platform abandonment if the accident escalates beyond control. This paper describes the gulfwide procedural and equipment enhancements undertaken to address these three areas of personnel safety.

Enhancement Program Objectives
The RECON team, formed in Oct. 1989, addressed issues involved in the enhancement of personnel safety at offshore platforms. The team divided its efforts into three basic categories: accident prevention, response/control, and platform abandonment.
To reduce the probability of an incident (fire or hydrocarbon release), a number of procedural issues were addressed and modified. Simultaneous-operations procedures were rewritten and expanded, and training was provided to enhance employee understanding. Safety-systems operating guidelines were revised to communicate management expectations more effectively, to introduce control procedures, and to minimize the bypassing of safety devices. Equipment lockout/tag-out guidelines also were expanded to underscore the importance of this maintenance requirement. The frequency and level of investigation regarding emergency shutdown testing were increased to levels appropriate to ensure operation in a real emergency. Pipeline riser inspection and protection were enhanced. Additionally, a releasable fusible device was developed to allow closure of wellhead surface safety valves (SSV's) in a situation without fire when they are locked open during wireline operations.
Several emergency response issues were addressed. Emergency response training involving scenario drills was developed, conducted, and implemented. Platform firewater systems were upgraded, and fire response training was enhanced. Alarm, communications, and emergency lighting systems were upgraded and expanded. Orientation of personnel regarding emergency procedures and equipment was improved through the development of site-specific orientation brochures and tours, as well as the production of a new orientation video for first-time visitors.
KGEOFLOW: A New Reactive Transport Simulator for Sandstone Matrix Acidizing
Authors: Sevougian S. David , Lake Larry W. , Schechter Robert S. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper reports on the first modeling of sandstone matrix acidization using a comprehensive geochemical simulator based on the partial local equilibrium assumption. This new model allows any combination of kinetic and equilibrium reactions involving any number of chemical species, which greatly increases the simulator's predictive abilities compared to existing sandstone acidizing models. The new simulator, KGEOFLOW, which is applicable to a variety of reactive transport processes in petroleum reservoirs, is used to predict optimal acid injection rates based on the amount of mineral dissolution and precipitation.
Stimulation Results in the Giddings (Austin Chalk) Field
Authors: Meehan D. N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
So called "water-fracs" have obtained excellent results in the Austin Chalk formation of Giddings field. This inexpensive treatment uses high volumes of water but no proppant. The reasons the treatment is successful include imbibition, gravity drainage, skin damage removal, and repressurization of the reservoir to enhance recovery. Union Pacific Resources Co. (UPRC) has treated about 250 vertical and 150 horizontal wells with very high economic success rates. Incremental recoveries from horizontal well water fracs alone exceed 5 million bbl of oil equivalent (6 Mcf = 1 bbl).
Determination of Steam Quality and Flow Rate Using Pressure Data From an Orifice Meter and a Critical Flowmeter
Authors: Chien Sze-Foo , Schrodt James L. G. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA method for measurement of steam quality and flow rate has been developed, laboratory tested, and packaged for thermal EOR applications. The method consists of an orifice flow meter in series with a critical flow meter. The flow through the orifice is subcritical. The critical-flow meter can be a static choke, a venturi, a nozzle, or a thick orifice, etc. Steam flow rate equations for orifice flow and for critical flow were established with empirically derived constants. These two equations were combined and solved to determine the steam quality and flow rate.The basic mechanical parts of the measurement system are rugged and inexpensive. The pressure transmitters and flow computer are portable and can be used for spot checks or for continuous monitoring. The steam quality and flow rate information obtained make it possible to evaluate the performance of steam distribution systems and thus to identify where modifications to the distribution system piping are needed.
High-Velocity Flow in Porous Media
Authors: Firoozabadi Abbas , Thomas L. K. , Todd Bert 
Published: December 2007

Summary
High-velocity gas flow causes a pressure drop greater than that predicted by Darcy's law. This subject has been addressed from a theoretical and an experimental standpoint. The purpose of this paper is to summarize previous literature on this phenomenon and to clarify recent misconceptions that have arisen. Additional flow experiments have been made and analyzed to support the conclusions of this work.
Effect of Wettability and Spreading on Recovery of Waterflood Residual Oil by Immiscible Gasflooding
Authors: Oren Paul E. , Val Pinczewski W. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper investigates the mobilization and recovery of waterflood residual oil by immiscible gasflooding in 2D glass micro-models under strongly oil- and water-wet conditions. Two oil/water/gas systems, one displaying a positive and the other a negative spreading coefficient (oil over water), were used. The results clearly show the importance of fluid/solid and fluid/fluid interactions on tertiary oil recovery. Oil recovery was highest for the oil-wet displacements where the oil formed thick wetting films. Recovery was considerably lower for the positive spreading system under strongly water-wet conditions where the oil was observed to form thin but continuous spreading films. Recovery was lowest for the negative spreading system under strongly water-wet conditions where no oil films were formed.
Openhole Cavity Completions in Coalbed Methane Wells in the San Juan Basin
Authors: Palmer I.D. , Mavor M.J. , Seidle J.P. , Spitler J.L. , Voiz R.F. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Coalbed methane wells in the San Juan basin can be highly profitable, with gas production up to about 10 MMcf/D at depths of about 3,000 ft, if the wells are successfully completed with the openhole cavity technique. We report the first measurement of cavity size (radius of about 5 ft) and shape. A cavity can resemble a cylindrical bookcase with shale ledges like shelves. We also report correlations between successful cavity completions and such reservoir/rock parameters as compressive strength, coal rank, permeability, and reservoir pressure (for example, there is no correlation with the minimum coal compressive strength). In this area, wells completed with the openhole cavity technique often produce roughly 10 times more gas than wells completed with hydraulic fracture stimulations. Wellbore mechanics associated with the cavity - e.g., the enlarged wellbore plus enhanced permeability beyond the cavity - does not seem to explain the cavity/fracture production discrepancy. A number of other possibilities are explored, including permeability anisotropy and completion damage to the reservoir or fracture. Severe damage apparently is associated with hydraulic fracture stimulations in the fairway zone, which would explain their poor performance compared with cavity wells.

Introduction
In 1987, Meridian Inc. began developing properties in Unit 30-6 (Fig. 1) using openhole cavity completions. Sixty-one wells produced gas at an average rate of almost 4 MMcf/D (with some at 10 to 12 MMcf/D) in 1990. In an adjoining unit (NEBU, Fig. 1) Devon Energy Corp. completed almost 100 coalbed methane wells similarly. Again, rates averaged about 4 MMcf/D. A summary of recent cavity completions is given elsewhere.
The openhole cavity completion has become the technique of choice in a sweet spot or high-potential fairway region (Fig. 2). Within the boundary of the fairway, wells with openhole cavity completions produce at 1 MMcf/D or more. The fairway is characterized as an overpressured area with generally thicker coal seams and enhanced natural fracturing.
Storage of Natural Gas as Frozen Hydrate
Authors: Gudmundsson J-S. , Parlaktuna Mahmut , Khokhar A. A. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
The stability of a natural gas hydrate during storage at atmospheric pressure and below-freezing temperatures was studied in the laboratory. The gas hydrate was produced in a stirred vessel at 2- to 6-MPa pressure and temperatures from 0 to 20°C. The hydrate was refrigerated and stored in deep freezers at −5, −10, and −18°C for up to 10 days. The natural gas hydrate remained stable when kept frozen at atmospheric pressure.
Pressure Drops in Horizontal Wells: When Can They Be Ignored?
Authors: Novy R. A. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Frictional losses create a pressure drop within a horizontal wellbore. Should this pressure drop be significant relative to drawdown (the difference in pressure between reservoir and wellbore), the pressure far downhole could nearly equal the pressure in the reservoir. Friction can thus reduce productivity. This paper reports guidelines that indicate whether friction matters in a particular well.