bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utility of artificial intelligence‐based large language models in ophthalmic care
Authors: Biswas Sayantan , Davies Leon N. , Sheppard Amy L. , Logan Nicola S. , Wolffsohn James S. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractPurposeWith the introduction of ChatGPT, artificial intelligence (AI)‐based large language models (LLMs) are rapidly becoming popular within the scientific community. They use natural language processing to generate human‐like responses to queries. However, the application of LLMs and comparison of the abilities among different LLMs with their human counterparts in ophthalmic care remain under‐reported.Recent FindingsHitherto, studies in eye care have demonstrated the utility of ChatGPT in generating patient information, clinical diagnosis and passing ophthalmology question‐based examinations, among others. LLMs' performance (median accuracy, %) is influenced by factors such as the iteration, prompts utilised and the domain. Human expert (86%) demonstrated the highest proficiency in disease diagnosis, while ChatGPT‐4 outperformed others in ophthalmology examinations (75.9%), symptom triaging (98%) and providing information and answering questions (84.6%). LLMs exhibited superior performance in general ophthalmology but reduced accuracy in ophthalmic subspecialties. Although AI‐based LLMs like ChatGPT are deemed more efficient than their human counterparts, these AIs are constrained by their nonspecific and outdated training, no access to current knowledge, generation of plausible‐sounding ‘fake’ responses or hallucinations, inability to process images, lack of critical literature analysis and ethical and copyright issues. A comprehensive evaluation of recently published studies is crucial to deepen understanding of LLMs and the potential of these AI‐based LLMs.SummaryOphthalmic care professionals should undertake a conservative approach when using AI, as human judgement remains essential for clinical decision‐making and monitoring the accuracy of information. This review identified the ophthalmic applications and potential usages which need further exploration. With the advancement of LLMs, setting standards for benchmarking and promoting best practices is crucial. Potential clinical deployment requires the evaluation of these LLMs to move away from artificial settings, delve into clinical trials and determine their usefulness in the real world.
Evaluation of an algorithm‐guided photoplethysmography for atrial fibrillation burden using a smartwatch
Authors: Zhao Zixu , Li Qifan , Li Sitong , Guo Qi , Bo Xiaowen , Kong Xiangyi , Xia Shijun , Li Xin , Dai Wenli , Guo Lizhu , Liu Xiaoxia , Jiang Chao , Guo Xueyuan , Liu Nian , Li Songnan , Zuo Song , Sang Caihua , Long Deyong , Dong Jianzeng , Ma Changsheng 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBackgroundWearable devices based on the PPG algorithm can detect atrial fibrillation (AF) effectively. However, further investigation of its application on long‐term, continuous monitoring of AF burden is warranted.MethodThe performance of a smartwatch with continuous photoplethysmography (PPG) and PPG‐based algorithms for AF burden estimation was evaluated in a prospective study enrolling AF patients admitted to Beijing Anzhen Hospital for catheter ablation from September to November 2022. A continuous Electrocardiograph patch (ECG) was used as the reference device to validate algorithm performance for AF detection in 30‐s intervals.ResultsA total of 578669 non‐overlapping 30‐s intervals for PPG and ECG each from 245 eligible patients were generated. An interval‐level sensitivity of PPG was 96.3% (95% CI 96.2%–96.4%), and specificity was 99.5% (95% CI 99.5%–99.6%) for the estimation of AF burden. AF burden estimation by PPG was highly correlated with AF burden calculated by ECG via Pearson correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.996) with a mean difference of ‐0.59 (95% limits of agreement, ‐7.9% to 6.7%). The subgroup study showed the robust performance of the algorithm in different subgroups, including heart rate and different hours of the day.ConclusionOur results showed the smartwatch with an algorithm‐based PPG monitor has good accuracy and stability in continuously monitoring AF burden compared with ECG patch monitors, indicating its potential for diagnosing and managing AF.
Political efficacy and the perceived influence of urban and rural residents
Authors: Rowland Emily , Duff Jeremy , Lee Juheon 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWhile political scientists have long studied citizens' political efficacy as an important indicator of attitudes toward government, less attention has been devoted to the efficacy of rural or urban residents, which is important given the intensifying rural–urban divide in American society. This study fills this gap by analyzing the 2020 American National Election Studies. Using ordered logistic regression, this study finds that (1) city residents tend to believe that small towns and rural areas have too much influence on government; (2) residents of small towns and rural areas demonstrate lower levels of external efficacy than city residents; and (3) people who believe that small towns and rural areas have too much influence tend to demonstrate high external and internal efficacies, a tendency that is clearer in cities than in other community types. These findings reflect mutual in‐group bias and place‐based resentment between rural and urban residents in American society.Related ArticlesPeterson, Holly L., Mark K. McBeth, and Michael D. Jones. 2020. “Policy Process Theory for Rural Studies: Navigating Context and Generalization in Rural Policy.” Politics & Policy 48(4): 576–617. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12366.Shortall, Sally, and Margaret Alston. 2016. “To Rural Proof or Not to Rural Proof: A Comparative Analysis.” Politics & Policy 44(1): 35–55. https://doi‐org.libproxy.usouthal.edu/10.1111/polp.12144.Smith‐Walter, Aaron, Holly L. Peterson, Michael D. Jones, and Ashley Nicole Reynolds Marshall. 2016. “Gun Stories: How Evidence Shapes Firearm Policy in the United States.” Politics & Policy 44(6): 1053–88. https://doi‐org.libproxy.usouthal.edu/10.1111/polp.12187.
“Teach us to feel proud of all of our identities”: Time and space in an American queer Jewish liturgy
Authors: Ben‐Lulu Elazar 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSince the late 1960s, the American Jewish community has worked to find creative ways to include lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, Queer+ (LGBTQ+) people in community practices and Jewish liturgy. The pioneering egalitarian denomination was and remains the Reform Jewish Movement, which promotes and supports gender equality and sexual diversity. This paper proposes a typology of queer Jewish liturgy based on classification into two categories: time and space. By exploring these specific categories, the texts expose a bipolar relationship between LGBTQ+s and divine individuals, LGBTQ+s and heterosexual/cisgender individuals, and LGBTQ+s and themselves. By analyzing particular queer prayers, I argue that this liturgy, created by American Jewish clergy, is characterized by inherent structural contradictions, which reflect tendencies and changes not only in non‐halachic Jewish communities but also in queer ideology and gay politics. Thus, the textual dimension is revealed as a vivid landscape that characterizes the dynamics of LGBTQ+ Jewish people between temporal, fragile, and safe spaces, painful memories and proud feelings, and victim consciousness and social agency.
The need for an historical theology of women deacons in the early church
Authors: Wilson Laura 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis article briefly surveys the historical evidence of Byzantine deaconesses and trends in modern research on the order. By drawing attention to the detrimental effects of research bias, the value of an historical theology of deaconesses becomes clear. The diaconate, like all the major orders, evolved throughout the early Christian period reflecting an adaptation to changing circumstances. Historical deaconesses should be interpreted by the theology of their own time and place, rather than through the lens of the more limited liturgical role of the modern diaconate. Does theological continuity exist between the apostolicdiakoniaand the ordination and vesting of deaconesses in the eighth century? An historical theology of this enigmatic, yet canonical ministry will reveal the varied iterations of deaconesses extended the ministry of the apostles and bishops into women's spheres in a manner consistent with the Church's enduring theology and mission.
Travel to allies or adversaries? A compositional analysis of U.S. diplomatic visits
Authors: Lee Jonghoon , Kim James D. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjectiveWhen and why do U.S. leaders visit their allies or adversaries? Much of the literature on diplomatic visits treats each visit as an independent observation. In this article, we analyze high‐level diplomatic visits as compositional data based on the assumption that they are scarce political resources.MethodsWe conduct a compositional analysis of U.S. high‐level officials' diplomatic visits between 1950 and 2010.ResultsWe find that U.S. diplomatic visits to its allies are defense‐oriented, so leaders spend more time touring them during their security crises to signal reassurance. Additionally, we find that visits to adversaries are motivated by leaders' domestic political concerns, particularly their high public unpopularity. Visiting a hostile country is a challenging and salient foreign policy task, providing a high‐profile opportunity to improve their domestic image and standing. This effect is particularly significant in a divided government, where leaders turn to foreign policy to maximize domestic political impacts amid domestic gridlock.ConclusionThe findings suggest that U.S. leaders travel to allies and adversaries for distinct strategic purposes. Furthermore, our study suggests that future research on diplomatic visits should use a compositional variable approach to better model the dynamics and competitive nature of travel diplomacy.
An ontology‐based semantic description model of ubiquitous map images
Authors: Jia Fenli , Yang Jian , Ding Linfang , Wang Guangxia , Song Guomin 
Published: February 2024

AbstractMap images with various themes and cartographic representations have become ubiquitous on the Internet. Such ubiquitously and openly accessible data, named ubiquitous map images in this study, are a potential resource for many geographic information applications such as cartographic design. However, there is a semantic gap between the simple physical form and the complex connotation of ubiquitous map images, which hinders their further applications. To mitigate such barrier, this article develops an ontology‐based semantic description model for ubiquitous map images. First, we discuss the design concerns and principles of the semantic description model of ubiquitous map images. Second, three semantic layers of the semantic description model are proposed, that is, image semantic description layer, cognitive tool layer, and information source layer, and detailed semantic description items are defined for each layer. Furthermore, a formalized semantic description model for ubiquitous map images is developed using ontology construction tools, which lays the foundation for automated and fine‐grained reasoning with the information embedded in map images. We construct a small test dataset consisting of weather maps, and use three types of constraints, namely “time‐topic,” “region‐topic,” and “map auxiliary elements” for the semantic retrieval experiments. The experiments show that the proposed semantic ontology model can enable complex semantic retrieval of ubiquitous map images. Finally, the scalability of the model is discussed from three perspectives: the depth of description, the combination with intelligent methods, and the integration with other open knowledge bases. The proposed model provides a semantic label system for applying data‐driven approaches to decode ubiquitous map images, which also paves the path to the development of cartographic theory in the era of information and communications technologies.
Line simplification with sidedness relationship consistency using the constrained total least squares method
Authors: Jin Yanmin , Zhou Lejingyi , Song Zhengxiang , Wei Lingling , Zheng Xinyi , Tong Xiaohua , Yan Xiongfeng 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe simplification of lines plays a crucial role in map generalization and multiscale representation; however, addressing inconsistent sidedness relationships between the simplified lines and their neighboring features poses a persistent challenge. In order to preserve correct and consistent sidedness relationships following simplification, this study introduces a novel line simplification method. This method incorporates topological constraints pertaining to left–right sidedness relationships, formulated as an optimization procedure based on the proposed partial total least squares method with constraints. The primary objective is to minimize the positional difference between the line features before and after simplification, with the sidedness relationship represented as an inequality constraint. Moreover, an optimization algorithm is derived to address the simplification problem effectively while adhering to the specified constraints. The proposed method is then applied to simplify the lines within three distinct datasets. Experimental results validate the efficacy of the proposed method in maintaining sidedness consistency across all tested datasets. In comparison to the Douglas–Peucker (DP) method, the proposed method exhibits minimal vertical displacement variance in the line feature points post‐simplification. Additionally, it achieves a smaller overall positional difference between the simplified and original lines compared to the DP method. These findings underscore the superior performance of the proposed method in maintaining sidedness relationships and minimizing positional differences during the line simplification process.
Underrecognized cause diarrhea in solid organ transplant: a report of astroviridae enteritis in liver transplant
Authors: Wilson Parker , Rosenstengle Craig , Spak Cedric 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWe present a case of a 72‐year‐old liver transplant recipient 7 years prior who presents to our hospital with general malaise, fatigue, low‐grade fevers, and watery diarrhea. He was found to have Astrovirus via PCR testing in a comprehensive stool panel. The patient's home mycophenolic acid was held upon admission, while cyclosporine was continued through his hospital stay. Generally, Astroviridae infection is a rarely identified cause of enteritis and even less so in the transplant population. Although reports have been published regarding devastating cases of encephalitis in immunocompromised patients, our patient did not exhibit these symptoms and draws into question the danger of this virus in other immunosuppressed populations. This case helps to better elucidate which patient populations should be approached with caution in the setting of Astroviridae infection.
Variation of TaMyb10 and their function on grain color and pre‐harvest sprouting resistance of wheat
Authors: Lang Jing , Jiang Huayu , Cheng Mengping , Wang Mingwei , Gu Jing , Dong Huixue , Li Maolian , Guo XiaoJiang , Chen Qian , Wang Jirui 
Published: February 2024

SUMMARYPre‐harvest sprouting (PHS) is a significant threat to global food security due to its association with losses in both yield and quality. Among the genes involved in PHS resistance in wheat, PHS‐3D (TaMyb10‐D) plays a crucial role. Here, we characterized the sequence variations of TaMyb10 genes in 416 bread wheat and 302 Aegilops tauschii accessions. Within TaMyb10‐A sequences, we identified a deletion ranging from 214 to 305 bp in the signal and amino acid coding region, present in 61.3% of the accessions. Similarly, 79.3% of the TaMyb10‐B sequences within the third exon region exhibited a 19 bp deletion. Additionally, 40.8% of the accessions lacked the 2.4 Mb fragment (in/del mutations) on Chr3D, where TaMyb10‐D/PHS‐3D was located. Interestingly, the geographical distribution of accessions showed little correlation with the divergence of TaMyb10. TaMyb10‐A‐IIIDele, TaMyb10‐B‐IVDele, and TaMyb10‐D‐VDele genotypes were prevalent in wheat populations across continents. Despite their structural variations, the five distinct protein types exhibited comparable ability to bind the promoters of downstream genes in the flavonoid and ABA pathways, such as CHS, DFR, and NCED. Furthermore, the combination of TaMyb10 homologs was significantly associated with grain color and germination percentages. Accessions exclusively harboring TaMyb10‐D displayed red seed color and reduced germination percentages, indicating the predominant role of TaMyb10‐D compared to TaMyb10‐A and TaMyb10‐B. This comprehensive investigation enhances our understanding of the structural variations and functional divergence of TaMyb10, providing valuable insights and resources for improving PHS resistance in wheat.
Generation of human antibodies targeting human platelet antigen (HPA)‐1a
Authors: Oosterhoff Janita J. , Linty Federica , Visser Remco , de Vos Thijs , Hofstede‐van Egmond Suzanne , van de Weerd Miranda , Porcelijn Leendert , de Haas Masja , van der Schoot Ellen , Vidarsson Gestur 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBackgroundFetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) is a condition during pregnancy, which can lead to thrombocytopenia and a bleeding tendency with intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) being the most concerning complication in the fetus or neonate. An incompatibility between human platelet antigen (HPA)‐1a accounts for the majority of FNAIT cases. Binding of HPA‐1a‐specific alloantibodies to their target on fetal platelets and endothelial cells can induce apoptosis of megakaryocytes, disrupt platelet function, and impair angiogenesis. Currently, there is no screening program to identify pregnancies at risk for severe disease. A better understanding of HPA‐1a‐specific antibody heterogeneity in FNAIT could aid in identifying pathogenic antibody properties linked to severe disease.Study Design and MethodsThis study aimed to isolate HPA‐1a‐specific B‐cells from an HPA‐1a‐alloimmunized pregnant woman. Using fluorescently labeled HPA‐1a‐positive platelets, single B‐cells were sorted and cultured for 10 days to stimulate antibody production. Subsequently, supernatants were tested for the presence of antibodies by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and their reactivity towards HPA‐1a‐positive platelets. Amplification and sequencing of variable regions allowed the generation of monoclonal antibodies using a HEK‐Freestyle‐based expression system.ResultsThree platelet‐specific B‐cells were obtained and cloned of which two were specific for HPA‐1a, named D‐ and M‐204, while the third was specific for HLA class I, which was named L‐204.DiscussionThis study outlined an effective method for the isolation of HPA‐1a‐specific B‐cells and the generation of monoclonal antibodies. Further characterization of these antibodies holds promise for better understanding the pathogenic nature of alloantibodies in FNAIT.
Pressing ethical issues relating to clinical pig organ transplantation studies
Authors: Hurst Daniel J. , Cooper David K. C. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractClinical pig heart transplant experiments have been undertaken, and further clinical experiments and/or clinical trials of gene‐edited pig organ xenotransplantation are anticipated. The ethical issues relating to xenotransplantation have been discussed for decades but with little resolution. Consideration of certain ethical issues is more urgent than others, and the need to attain consensus is important. These issues include: (i) patient selection criteria for expanded access and/or clinical trials; (ii) appropriate protection of the patient from xenozoonoses, that is, infections caused by pig microorganisms transferred with the organ graft, (iii) minimization of the risk of a xenozoonosis to bystanders, and (iv) the need for additional public perception studies. We discuss why it is important and urgent to achieve consensus on these ethical issues prior to carrying out further expanded access experiments or initiating formal clinical trials. The ways forward on each issue are proposed.
Conserved mammalian muscle mechanics during eccentric contractions
Authors: Kissane Roger W. P. , Askew Graham N. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSkeletal muscle has a broad range of biomechanical functions, including power generation and energy absorption. These roles are underpinned by the force–velocity relationship, which comprises two distinct components: a concentric and an eccentric force–velocity relationship. The concentric component has been extensively studied across a wide range of muscles with different muscle properties. However, to date, little progress has been made in accurately characterising the eccentric force–velocity relationship in mammalian muscle with varying muscle properties. Consequently, mathematical models of this muscle behaviour are based on a poorly understood phenomenon. Here, we present a comprehensive assessment of the concentric force–velocity and eccentric force–velocity relationships of four mammalian muscles (soleus, extensor digitorum longus, diaphragm and digastric) with varying biomechanical functions, spanning three orders of magnitude in body mass (mouse, rat and rabbits). The force–velocity relationship was characterised using a hyperbolic‐linear equation for the concentric component a hyperbolic equation for the eccentric component, at the same time as measuring the rate of force development in the two phases of force development in relation to eccentric lengthening velocity. We demonstrate that, despite differences in the curvature and plateau height of the eccentric force–velocity relationship, the rates of relative force development were consistent for the two phases of the force–time response during isovelocity lengthening ramps, in relation to lengthening velocity, in the four muscles studied. Our data support the hypothesis that this relationship depends on cross‐bridge and titin activation. Hill‐type musculoskeletal models of the eccentric force–velocity relationship for mammalian muscles should incorporate this biphasic force response.
imageKey points
The capacity of skeletal muscle to generate mechanical work and absorb energy is underpinned by the force–velocity relationship.
Despite identification of the lengthening (eccentric) force–velocity relationship over 80 years ago, no comprehensive study has been undertaken to characterise this relationship in skeletal muscle.
We show that the biphasic force response seen during active muscle lengthening is conserved over three orders of magnitude of mammalian skeletal muscle mass.
Using mice with a small deletion in titin, we show that part of this biphasic force profile in response to muscle lengthening is reliant on normal titin activation.
The rate of force development during muscle stretch may be a more reliable way to describe the forces experienced during eccentric muscle contractions compared to the traditional hyperbolic curve fitting, and functions as a novel predictor of force–velocity characteristics that may be used to better inform hill‐type musculoskeletal models and assess pathophysiological remodelling.