bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the structures inside truth-table degrees
Authors: Stephan Frank 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe following theorems on the structure inside nonrecursive truth-table degrees are established: Dëgtev's result that the number of bounded truth-table degrees inside a truth-table degree is at least two is improved by showing that this number is infinite. There are even infinite chains and antichains of bounded truth-table degrees inside every truth-table degree. The latter implies an affirmative answer to the following question of Jockusch: does every truth-table degree contain an infinite antichain of many-one degrees? Some but not all truth-table degrees have a least bounded truth-table degree. The technique to construct such a degree is used to solve an open problem of Beigel, Gasarch and Owings: there are Turing degrees (constructed as hyperimmune-free truth-table degrees) which consist only of 2-subjective sets and therefore do not contain any objective set. Furthermore, a truth-table degree consisting of three positive degrees is constructed where one positive degree consists of enumerable semirecursive sets, one of coenumerable semirecursive sets and one of sets, which are neither enumerable nor coenumerable nor semirecursive. So Jockusch's result that there are at least three positive degrees inside a truth-table degree is optimal. The number of positive degrees inside a truth-table degree can also be some other odd integer as for example nineteen, but it is never an even finite number.
Number systems with simplicity hierarchies: a generalization of Conway's theory of surreal numbers
Authors: Ehrlich Philip 
Published: May 2006

Introduction. In his monograph On Numbers and Games [7], J. H. Conway introduced a real-closed field containing the reals and the ordinals as well as a great many other numbers including ω, ω, /2, 1/ω, and ω − π to name only a few. Indeed, this particular real-closed field, which Conway calls No, is so remarkably inclusive that, subject to the proviso that numbers—construed here as members of ordered “number” fields—be individually definable in terms of sets of von Neumann-Bernays-Gödel set theory with Global Choice, henceforth NBG [cf. 21, Ch. 4], it may be said to contain “All Numbers Great and Small.” In this respect, No bears much the same relation to ordered fields that the system of real numbers bears to Archimedean ordered fields. This can be made precise by saying that whereas the ordered field of reals is (up to isomorphism) the unique homogeneous universal Archimedean ordered field, No is (up to isomorphism) the unique homogeneous universal orderedfield [14]; also see [10], [12], [13].However, in addition to its distinguished structure as an ordered field, No has a rich hierarchical structure that (implicitly) emerges from the recursive clauses in terms of which it is defined. This algebraico-tree-theoretic structure, or simplicity hierarchy, as we have called it [15], depends upon No's (implicit) structure as a lexicographically ordered binary tree and arises from the fact that the sums and products of any two members of the tree are the simplest possible elements of the tree consistent with No's structure as an ordered group and an ordered field, respectively, it being understood that x is simpler than y just in case x is a predecessor of y in the tree.
Forbidden subgraphs and forbidden substructures
Authors: Cherlin Gregory , Shi Niandong 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe problem of the existence of a universal structure omitting a finite set of forbidden substructures is reducible to the corresponding problem in the category of graphs with a vertex coloring by two colors. It is not known whether this problem reduces further to the category of ordinary graphs. It is also not known whether these problems are decidable.
Expansion of a model of a weakly o-minimal theory by a family of unary predicates
Authors: Baizhanov Bektur Sembiuly 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA subsetA⊆Mof a totally ordered structureMis said to beconvex, if for anya, b∈A: [a<b→ ∀t(a<tb→t∈A)]. A complete theory of first order isweakly o-minimal(M. Dickmann [D]) if any modelMis totally ordered by some ∅-definable formula and any subset ofMwhich is definable with parameters fromMis a finite union of convex sets. We prove here that for any modelMof a weakly o-minimal theoryT. any expansionM+ofMby a family of unary predicates has a weakly o-minimal theory iff the set of all realizations of each predicate is a union of a finite number of convex sets (Theorem 63). that solves the Problem of Cherlin-Macpherson-Marker-Steinhorn [MMS] for the class of weakly o-minimal theories.
The Measurement and Motivation of Atypical Opinion in a Certain Group
Authors: Allport Floyd H. , Hartman D. A. 
Published: May 2006

Terms denoting political attitudes, such as ‘conservative,’ ‘liberal,’ ‘radical,’ and ‘reactionary,’ have long been familiar both in popular usage and in the language of political science. Though sufficiently understood for ordinary discourse, their use is likely to lead to a confusion between a political opinion and the type of person who holds the opinion. There is considerable agreement as to what is meant by a radical view; but is there such a thing as a radical type of personality? If there is, we need a method for the measurement and identification of such individuals. If not (and psychologists are becoming increasingly suspicious of type classifications), we must ask what psychological characteristics in individuals are the most likely to produce a radical trend in political and social convictions. The same observation holds for the other familiar attitudes upon public questions.A logical procedure would seem to be, first, to measure the distribution of public opinion in a representative sample, and secondly, to select from the various regions of this distribution (conservative, radical, and the like) a sufficient number of individuals for detailed study of the motives and traits of their personalities which give rise to the opinions they hold. This paper will be devoted to a preliminary report on the results of such a study.
Vicious circle principle and the paradoxes
Authors: Jaakko K. , Hintikka J. 
Published: May 2006

This note is a sequel to the previous paper of mine which was entitled Identity, variables, and impredicative definitions and published in this Journal, vol. 21 (1956), pp. 225–245. That early paper served to call attention to the dependency of the set-theoretic paradoxes on the interpretation of the variables that may occur in the critical abstraction principle:where K is a well-formed formula containing free occurrences of y but not those of x.A partial reinterpretation of the variables occurring in the above formalization of the abstraction principle yields Frege's unsuccessful way out of Russell's antinomy:with the same kind of K as above. Another gives us the alternative schemawhere K+ is obtained from a K of the kind described above by replacing every well-formed part of the form (∃z)L by (∃z)(z≠x & L) and every well-formed part of the form (z)L by (z)(z≠x ⊃ L). Still a third choice of an interpretation yields the schemawhere K+ is subject to the same conditions as in (1) and z1, z2, …, zk are all the free variables of (2). These three interpretations are only some of the most conspicuous ones among a multitude of possible ways of interpreting the variables that may occur in the abstraction principle.
A definition of existence in terms of abstraction and disjunction
Authors: Fitch Frederic B. 
Published: May 2006

Greater economy can be effected in the primitive rules for the system K of basic logic by defining the existence operator ‘E’ in terms of two-place abstraction and the disjunction operator ‘V’. This amounts to defining ‘E’ in terms of ‘ε’, ‘έ’, ‘o, ‘ό’, ‘W’ and ‘V’, since the first five of these six operators are used for defining two-place abstraction.We assume that the class Y of atomic U-expressions has only a single member ‘σ’. Similar methods can be used if Y had some other finite number of members, or even an infinite number of members provided that they are ordered into a sequence by a recursive relation represented in K. In order to define ‘E’ we begin by defining an operator ‘D’ such thatHere ‘a’ may be thought of as an existence operator that provides existence quantification over some finite class of entities denoted by a class A of U-expressions. In other words, suppose that ‘a’ is such that ‘ab’ is in K if and only if, for some ‘e’ in A, ‘be’ is in K. Then ‘Dab’ is in K if and only if, for some ‘e and ‘f’ in A, ‘be’ or ‘b(ef)’ is in K; and ‘a’, ‘Da’, ‘D(Da)’, and so on, can be regarded as existence operators that provide for existence quantification over successively wider and wider finite classes. In particular, if ‘a’ is ‘εσ’, then A would be the class Y having ‘σ’ as its only member, and we can define the unrestricted existence operator ‘E’ in such a way that ‘Eb’ is in K if and only if some one of ‘εσb’, ‘D(εσ)b’, ‘D(D(εσ))b’, and so on, is in K.
Theory of models with generalized atomic formulas
Authors: Jerome Keisler H. 
Published: May 2006

IntroductionWe shall prove the following theorem, which gives a necessary and sufficient condition for an elementary class to be characterized by a set of sentences having a prescribed number of alternations of quantifiers. A finite sequence of relational systems is said to be a sandwich of order n if each is an elementary extension of (i ≦ n—2), and each is an extension of (i ≦ n—2). If K is an elementary class, then the statements (i) and (ii) are equivalent for each fixed natural number n.
Income Level and Impaired Kidney Function Among Working Adults in Japan
Authors: Ishimura Nana , Inoue Kosuke , Maruyama Shiko , Nakamura Sayaka , Kondo Naoki 
Published: March 2024

ImportanceChronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health issue, affecting 850 million people worldwide. Although previous studies have shown the association between socioeconomic status and CKD, little is known about whether this association exists in countries such as Japan where universal health coverage has been mostly achieved.ObjectiveTo identify any association of income-based disparity with development of impaired kidney function among the working population of Japan.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis was a nationwide retrospective cohort study of adults aged 34 to 74 years who were enrolled in the Japan Health Insurance Association insurance program, which covers approximately 40% of the working-age population (30 million enrollees) in Japan. Participants whose estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) had been measured at least twice from 2015 to 2022 were included in the analysis, which was conducted from September 1, 2021, to March 31, 2023.ExposureIndividual income levels (deciles) in the fiscal year 2015.Main Outcomes and MeasuresOdds ratios were calculated for rapid CKD progression (defined as an annual eGFR decline of more than 5 mL/min/1.73 m2), and hazard ratios, for the initiation of kidney replacement therapy (dialysis or kidney transplant) by income level deciles in the fiscal year 2015.ResultsThe study population totaled 5 591 060 individuals (mean [SD] age, 49.2 [9.3] years) of whom 33.4% were female. After adjusting for potential confounders, the lowest income decile (lowest 10th percentile) demonstrated a greater risk of rapid CKD progression (adjusted odds ratio, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.67-1.73) and a greater risk of kidney replacement therapy initiation (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.47-1.86) compared with the highest income decile (top 10th percentile). A negative monotonic association was more pronounced among males and individuals without diabetes and was observed in individuals with early (CKD stage 1-2) and advanced (CKD stage 3-5) disease.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this retrospective cohort study suggest that, even in countries with universal health coverage, there may be a large income-based disparity in the risk of rapid CKD progression and initiation of kidney replacement therapy. These findings highlight the importance of adapting CKD prevention and management strategies according to an individual’s socioeconomic status, even when basic health care services are financially guaranteed.
Eyes of the beholders: Multi‐method relationships between internalizing and externalizing symptom dimensions and aggression risk
Authors: Bozzay Melanie L. , Bresin Konrad , Brown Meaghan E. , Mekawi Yara , Verona Edelyn 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAlthough aggression occurs across a range of disorders, associations between dimensions of psychopathology and self‐ and other‐directed aggression are not well understood. Investigating associations between psychopathology dimensions and aggression helps further understanding about the etiology of aggression, and ultimately, can inform intervention and prevention strategies. This study adopted a multi‐method approach to examine associations between internalizing and externalizing dimensions of psychopathology and self‐ and other‐directed aggression as a function of reporter (participant and informant) and modality of aggression measurement (subjective and objective). Participants were an unselected sample of 151 racially diverse adults recruited from the community. Dimensions of psychopathology were assessed using interview and questionnaire reports from participants and collateral informants, and forms of aggression were measured via subjective reports and an objective, laboratory aggression paradigm. Analyses of participant‐reported psychological symptom data consistently linked externalizing symptoms to other‐directed aggression, and internalizing symptoms to self‐directed aggression. Results across informant and participant reporters replicated prior findings showing a significant interaction between internalizing and externalizing dimensions in predicting intimate partner violence. Most other effects in informant models were nonsignificant. The findings uncover consistency in and replicability of relationships between dimensions of psychopathology and certain manifestations of aggression and highlight the importance of examining multiple forms of aggression in etiological research. Examining aggression through a transdiagnostic lens can help us better understand and intervene upon processes implicated in devasting forms of self‐ and other‐directed aggression.
Micro‐diffusely abnormal white matter: An early multiple sclerosis lesion phase with intensified myelin blistering
Authors: Luchicchi Antonio , Muñoz‐Gonzalez Gema , Halperin Saar T. , Strijbis Eva , van Dijk Laura H. M. , Foutiadou Chrisa , Uriac Florence , Bouman Piet M. , Schouten Maxime A. N. , Plemel Jason , 't Hart Bert A. , Geurts Jeroen J. G. , Schenk Geert J. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractObjectiveMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic central nervous system disease whose white matter lesion origin remains debated. Recently, we reported subtle changes in the MS normal appearing white matter (NAWM), presenting with an increase in myelin blisters and myelin protein citrullination, which may recapitulate some of the prodromal degenerative processes involved in MS pathogenesis. Here, to clarify the relevance of these changes for subsequent MS myelin degeneration we explored their prevalence in WM regions characterized by subtly reduced myelination (dubbed as micro‐diffusely abnormal white matter, mDAWM).MethodsWe used an in‐depth (immuno)histochemistry approach in 27 MS donors with histological presence of mDAWM and 5 controls. An antibody panel against degenerative markers was combined and the presence of myelin/axonal aberrations was analyzed and compared with the NAWM from the same cases/slices/regions.ResultsmDAWM‐defined areas exhibit ill‐defined borders, no signs of Wallerian degeneration, and they associate with visible veins. Remarkably, such areas present with augmented myelin blister frequency, enhanced prevalence of polar myelin phospholipids, citrullination, and degradation of myelin basic protein (MBP) when compared with the NAWM. Furthermore, enhanced reactivity of microglia/macrophages against citrullinated MBP was also observed in this tissue.InterpretationWe report a new histologically defined early phase in MS lesion formation, namely mDAWM, which lacks signs of Wallerian pathology. These results support the prelesional nature of the mDAWM. We conceptualize that evolution to pathologically evident lesions comprises the previously documented imbalance of axo‐myelinic units (myelin blistering) leading to their degeneration and immune system activation by released myelin components.
Risk of Coccidioidomycosis Infection Among Individuals Using Biologic Response Modifiers, Corticosteroids, and Oral Small Molecules
Authors: Wilson Debbie L. , Zhou Lili , Sudano Dominick G. , Ashbeck Erin L. , Kwoh C. Kent , Krebs Lindy , Sheer Amy , Smith James , Tudeen Michael , Lo‐Ciganic Wei‐Hsuan 
Published: March 2024

ObjectiveThe study objective was to examine associations between the use of biologic response modifiers (BRMs), corticosteroids, and oral small molecules (OSMs) and subsequent coccidioidomycosis infection risk among US Medicare beneficiaries with rheumatic or autoimmune diseases.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study used US 2011 to 2016 Medicare claims data. We identified geographic areas with endemic coccidioidomycosis (≥25 cases per 10,000 beneficiaries). Among beneficiaries having any rheumatic/autoimmune diseases, we identified those initiating BRMs, corticosteroids, and OSMs. Based on refill days supplied, we created time‐varying exposure variables for BRMs, corticosteroids, and OSMs with a 90‐day lag period after drug cessation. We examined BRMs, corticosteroids, and OSMs and subsequent coccidioidomycosis infection risk using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression.ResultsAmong 135,237 beneficiaries (mean age: 67.8 years; White race: 83.1%; Black race: 3.6%), 5,065 had rheumatic or autoimmune diseases, of which 107 individuals were diagnosed with coccidioidomycosis during the study period (6.1 per 1,000 person‐years). Increased risk of coccidioidomycosis was observed among beneficiaries prescribed any BRMs (17.7 per 1,000 person‐years; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.94; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18–13.16), followed by individuals treated with only corticosteroids (12.2 per 1,000 person‐years; aHR 2.29; 95% CI 1.05–5.03) compared to those treated with only OSMs (4.2 per 1,000 person‐years). The rate of those treated with only OSMs was the same as that of beneficiaries without these medications.ConclusionIncidence of coccidioidomycosis was low among 2011 to 2016 Medicare beneficiaries with rheumatic or autoimmune diseases. BRM and corticosteroid users may have higher risks of coccidioidomycosis compared to nonusers, warranting consideration of screening for patients on BRMs and corticosteroids in coccidioidomycosis endemic areas.
Touchless Thermosensation Enabled by Flexible Infrared Photothermoelectric Detector for Temperature Prewarning Function of Electronic Skin
Authors: Guo Xiaohan , Lu Xiaowei , Jiang Peng , Bao Xinhe 
Published: March 2024

AbstractArtificial skin, endowed with the capability to perceive thermal stimuli without physical contact, will bring innovative interactive experiences into smart robotics and augmented reality. The implementation of touchless thermosensation, responding to both hot and cold stimuli, relies on the construction of a flexible infrared detector operating in the long‐wavelength infrared range to capture the spontaneous thermal radiation. This imposes rigorous requirements on the photodetection performance and mechanical flexibility of the detector. Herein, a flexible and wearable infrared detector is presented, on basis of the photothermoelectric coupling of the tellurium‐based thermoelectric multilayer film and the infrared‐absorbing polyimide substrate. By suppressing the optical reflection loss and aligning the destructive interference position with the absorption peak of polyimide, the fabricated thermopile detector exhibits high sensitivity to the thermal radiation over a broad source temperature range from −50 to 110 °C, even capable of resolving 0.05 °C temperature change. Spatially resolved radiation distribution sensing is also achieved by constructing an integrated thermopile array. Furthermore, an established temperature prewarning system is demonstrated for soft robotic gripper, enabling the identification of noxious thermal stimuli in a contactless manner. A feasible strategy is offered here to integrate the infrared detection technique into the sensory modality of electronic skin.
Systems thinking: fostering collaboration and connections to strengthen the field. A conversation with Umberta Telfener
Authors: Amorin‐Woods Deisy , Telfener Umberta 
Published: March 2024

AbstractUmberta Telfener is a highly respected figure known for her diverse contributions to various facets of family and systemic therapy. Her leadership style has earned her a reputation as somewhat of a ‘cultural anthropologist,’ reflecting her aptitude for creating connections, establishing relationships, and developing partnerships. Her unique ‘Umberta style’ is known for boundless energy, active leadership, and fierce commitment to challenging the status quo. Despite being in office for just a year at the European Family Therapy Association (EFTA), Umberta has conceived and developed numerous projects, establishing networks with practitioners, and systemic thinkers across the world. Rooted in classical philosophical training, her pursuit aligns with the systematic study of fundamental questions about existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language. Umberta's role reminds one of a ‘Chasqui,’ a Quechua term for a ‘messenger,’ which aptly describes her agile networking skills. She actively communicates and shares vital messages, supporting the international community of systemic practitioners. This paper is based on an in‐person conversation held in July 2023 at Umberta's country home in Tuscany. Our discussion delves into her extensive professional experience, from training at the Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic, being mentored by Boscolo and Cecchin in Milan, to her leadership role as the current EFTA president. Umberta reflects on early pioneers who influenced her thinking and her impactful work with systems.
Synthesis of random copolymers of styrene and arylamino substituted styrenes and their sensitivities towards nitroaromatics
Authors: Eddin Mohamad Zen , Zhilina Ekaterina F. , Chuvashov Roman D. , Dubovik Alyona I. , Mekhaev Alexandr V. , Chistyakov Konstantin A. , Pervova Marina G. , Kodess Mikhail I. , Ezhikova Marina A. , Baranova Anna A. , Khokhlov Konstantin O. , Rusinov Gennady L. , Verbitskiy Egor V. , Charushin Valery N. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractRandom copolymers of styrene and substituted styrenes bearing arylamino substituents as fluorophore units have been obtained. Their photophysical properties have been investigated by measuring absorption and emission spectra as in solutions as solid‐state. All copolymers proved to possess absolute quantum yields up to 0.39 in solution and up to 0.05 in solid‐state, depending on their fluorophore substituents. Fluorescence studies have shown that these copolymers show a highly sensitive response towards a diversity of nitroaromatic compounds, both in solutions and in a vapor phase. The detection limits for these compounds towards model nitroaromatic explosives in dichloromethane solution proved to be in the range from 10−6 to 10−7 mol/L. The fluorescent materials prepared by electrospinning of synthesized copolymers have been evaluated as sensor materials for detecting nitrobenzene vapor for our hand‐made sniffer with detection limits of 0.5 ppm during 100‐s exposure to the vapor.