bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ad hoc on‐demand multipath distance vector routing
Authors: Marina Mahesh K. , Das Samir R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe develop an on‐demand, multipath distance vector routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. Specifically, we propose multipath extensions to a well‐studied single path routing protocol known as ad hoc on‐demand distance vector (AODV). The resulting protocol is referred to as ad hoc on‐demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV). The protocol guarantees loop freedom and disjointness of alternate paths. Performance comparison of AOMDV with AODV using ns‐2 simulations shows that AOMDV is able to effectively cope with mobility‐induced route failures. In particular, it reduces the packet loss by up to 40% and achieves a remarkable improvement in the end‐to‐end delay (often more than a factor of two). AOMDV also reduces routing overhead by about 30% by reducing the frequency of route discovery operations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing quality of service provisioning in wireless ad hoc networks using service vector paradigm
Authors: Gozupek Didem , Papavassiliou Symeon , Ansari Nirwan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEmerging real‐time communications and multimedia applications necessitate the provisioning of Quality of Service (QoS) in Internet. Recently, a new concept, referred to asservice vector, has been introduced to enhance the end‐to‐end QoS granularity, and at the same time, maintain the simplicity and scalability feature of the current differentiated services (DiffServ) networks. This work extends this concept to wireless ad hoc networks and proposes a cross‐layer architecture based on the combination of delay‐bounded wireless link level scheduling and the network layer service vector concept, resulting in significant power savings and finer end‐to‐end QoS granularity. The impact of various traffic arrival distributions and flows with different QoS requirements on the performance of this cross‐layer architecture is also investigated and evaluated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Latino adolescents’ mental health: Exploring the interrelations among discrimination, ethnic identity, cultural orientation, self‐esteem, and depressive symptoms
Authors: Umaña‐Taylor Adriana J. , Updegraff Kimberly A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGuided by a risk and resilience framework, the current study used cross‐sectional data to examine the degree to which Latino adolescents’ (N=274; M age=16.3; 47.1% female) self‐esteem, ethnic identity, and cultural orientations mediated or moderated the relation between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms. Utilizing a multiple group comparison approach, path analyses indicated that higher levels of ethnic identity exploration and resolution significantly predicted higher levels of self‐esteem for both boys and girls. Furthermore, self‐esteem partially mediated the relation between perceived discrimination and adolescents’ depressive symptoms. Additional analyses revealed that boys’ cultural orientations moderated the relation between perceived discrimination and both self‐esteem and depressive symptoms. Taken together, findings indicated that various aspects of the self (i.e. self‐esteem, ethnic identity, cultural orientations) can protect and/or enhance the risks associated with discrimination.
Effectiveness of local anaesthesia (clonidine and fentanyl) infiltration for post-submucosal resection pain relief: a randomized, double-blinded clinical trial
Authors: Naja M Z , El-Rajab M , Kabalan W , Itani M T , Kharma K , Al Tannir M A , Ziade M F 
Published: October 2006

Background: Submucosal resection is accompanied by significant post-operative pain and discomfort. The aim of this randomized, double-blinded clinical trial was to study the efficacy of a local block anaesthetic, delivered after induction of general anaesthesia, in reducing post-operative pain.Methods: Patients aged 16 years and over who were scheduled for elective submucosal resection were randomly assigned to receive either standardized general anaesthesia, general anaesthesia with local anaesthetic infiltration or general anaesthesia with placebo infiltration. Haemodynamic stability, intra-operative blood loss, post-operative pain (over a seven day follow-up period), analgesics consumption, hospital stay, and the patient's and surgeon's levels of satisfaction were assessed.Results: We found significantly lower results for pack removal pain score, volume of intra-operative blood loss, number of patients suffering from headache, altered dental sensation or nasal pain, number of patients who consumed analgesics, and length of hospital stay, comparing the infiltration group with the general anaesthesia and placebo groups (p<0.05).Conclusion: This clinical trial showed that infiltration with the local anaesthetics fentanyl and clonidine substantially reduced post-operative pain and shortened patients' hospital stay.
Are the demographics for squamous cell cancer in the head and neck changing in the United Kingdom?
Authors: Hassan M A , Lund V J , Howard D J , Sacker A A 
Published: October 2006

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is well known to be more common in men than women. Smoking and alcohol are the key risk factors causing such malignancies and there are several publications which have suggested that the prevalence of these diseases is increasing more in women than in men in western countries due to increased smoking and alcohol use.We collected our data at the Institute of Laryngology and Otology from the last 45 years and analysed the disease ratios in male to female patients in different sites within the head and neck. Our results revealed a decreasing male to female ratio, though this was not statistically significant. However, it draws attention to the increasing number of women with head and neck cancer, which may reflect their increasing use of cigarettes and alcohol.
Process Technology for Production and Recovery of Heterologous Proteins with Pichia pastoris
Authors: Jahic Mehmedalija , Veide Andres , Charoenrat Theppanya , Teeri Tuula , Enfors Sven‐Olof 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDevelopments in process techniques for production and recovery of heterologous proteins with Pichia pastoris are presented. Limitations for the standard techniques are described, and alternative techniques that solve the limitations problems are reviewed together with the methods that resulted in higher productivity of the P. pastoris processes. The main limitations are proteolysis of the secreted products and cell death in the high cell density bioreactor cultures. As a consequence, both low productivity and lower quality of the feedstock for downstream processing are achieved in processes hampered with these problems. Methods for exploring proteolysis and cell death are also presented. Solving the problems makes the conditions for downstream processing superior for the P. pastoris expression systems compared to other systems, which either need complex media or rely on intracellular production. These improved conditions allow for interfacing of cultivation with downstream processing in an integrated fashion.
Combining functional and linkage disequilibrium information in the selection of tag SNPs
Authors: Sham P. C. , Ao S. I. , Kwan J. S. H. , Kao P. , Cheung F. , Fong P. Y. , Ng M. K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSummary: We have developed an online program, WCLUSTAG, for tag SNP selection that allows the user to specify variable tagging thresholds for different SNPs. Tag SNPs are selected such that a SNP with user-specified tagging threshold C will have a minimum R2 of C with at least one tag SNP. This flexible feature is useful for researchers who wish to prioritize genomic regions or SNPs in an association study.Availability: The online WCLUSTAG program is available atContact: mng@math.hkbu.edu.hk
Carbohydrate-Binding Module of a Rice Endo-β-1,4-glycanase, OsCel9A , Expressed in Auxin-Induced Lateral Root Primordia, is Post-Translationally Truncated
Authors: Yoshida Kouki , Imaizumi Nobuyuki , Kaneko Satoshi , Kawagoe Yasushi , Tagiri Akemi , Tanaka Hiroshi , Nishitani Kazuhiko , Komae Kozo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe report the cloning of a glycoside hydrolase family (GHF) 9 gene of rice ( Oryza sativa L. cv. Sasanishiki), OsCel9A , corresponding to the auxin-induced 51 kDa endo-1,4-β-glucanase (EGase). This enzyme reveals a broad substrate specificity with respect to sugar backbones (glucose and xylose) in β-1,4-glycans of type II cell wall. OsCel9A encodes a 640 amino acid polypeptide and is an ortholog of TomCel8 , a tomato EGase containing a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) 2 sequence at its C-terminus. The expression of four rice EGase genes including OsCel9A showed different patterns of organ specificity and responses to auxin. OsCel9A was preferentially expressed during the initiation of lateral roots or subcultured root calli, but was hardly expressed during auxin-induced coleoptile elongation or in seed calli, in contrast to OsCel9D , a KORRIGAN ( KOR ) homolog. In situ localization of OsCel9A transcripts demonstrated that its expression was specifically up-regulated in lateral root primordia (LRP). Northern blotting analysis showed the presence of a single product of OsCel9A . In contrast, both mass spectrometric analyses of peptide fragments from purified 51 kDa EGase proteins and immunogel blot analysis of EGase proteins in root extracts using two antibodies against internal peptide sequences of OsCel9A revealed that the entire CBM2 region was post-translationally truncated from the 67 kDa nascent protein to generate 51 kDa EGase isoforms. Analyses of auxin concentration and time course dependence of accumulation of two EGase isoforms suggested that the translation and post-translational CBM2 truncation of the OsCel9A gene may participate in lateral root development.
FRIGIDA LIKE 2Is a Functional Allele in Landsbergerectaand Compensates for a Nonsense Allele ofFRIGIDA LIKE 1
Authors: Schläppi Michael R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Landsberg erecta (Ler) accession of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has a weak allele of the floral inhibitor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). FLC-Ler is weakly up-regulated by the active San Feliu-2 (Sf2) allele of FRIGIDA (FRI-Sf2), resulting in a moderately late-flowering phenotype. By contrast, the Columbia (Col) allele of FLC is strongly up-regulated by FRI-Sf2, resulting in a very late-flowering phenotype. In Col, the FRI-related gene FRI LIKE 1 (FRL1) is required for FRI-mediated up-regulation of FLC. It is shown here that in Ler, the FRL1-related gene FRI LIKE 2 (FRL2), but not FRL1, is required for FRI-mediated up-regulation of FLC. FRL1-Ler is shown to be a nonsense allele of FRL1 due to a naturally occurring premature stop codon in the middle of the conceptual protein sequence, suggesting that FRL1-Ler is nonfunctional. Compared to FRL2-Col, FRL2-Ler has two amino acid changes in the conceptual protein sequence. Plants homozygous for FRI-Sf2, FLC-Ler, FRL1-Ler, and FRL2-Col have no detectable FLC expression, resulting in an extremely early flowering phenotype. Transformation of a genomic fragment of FRL2-Ler, but not of FRL2-Col, into a recombinant inbred line derived from these plants restores both FRI-mediated up-regulation of FLC expression and a late-flowering phenotype, indicating that FRL2-Ler is the functional allele of FRL2. Taken together, these results suggest that in the two different Arabidopsis accessions Col and Ler, either FRL1 or FRL2, but not both, is functional and required for FRI-mediated up-regulation of FLC.
Environment or Development? Lifetime Net CO2 Exchange and Control of the Expression of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism inMesembryanthemum crystallinum
Authors: Winter Klaus , Holtum Joseph A.M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe relative influence of plant age and environmental stress signals in triggering a shift from C3 photosynthesis to Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in the annual halophytic C3-CAM species Mesembryanthemum crystallinum was explored by continuously monitoring net CO2 exchange of whole shoots from the seedling stage until seed set. Plants exposed to high salinity (400 mm NaCl) in hydroponic culture solution or grown in saline-droughted soil acquired between 11% and 24% of their carbon via net dark CO2 uptake involving CAM. In contrast, plants grown under nonsaline, well-watered conditions were capable of completing their life cycle by operating in the C3 mode without ever exhibiting net CO2 uptake at night. These observations are not consistent with the widely expressed view that the induction of CAM by high salinity in M. crystallinum represents an acceleration of preprogrammed developmental processes. Rather, our study demonstrates that the induction of the CAM pathway for carbon acquisition in M. crystallinum is under environmental control.
Multiple Upstream Signals Converge on the Adaptor Protein Mst50 in Magnaporthe grisea
Authors: Park Gyungsoon , Xue Chaoyang , Zhao Xinhua , Kim Yangseon , Orbach Marc , Xu Jin-Rong 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea) forms a highly specialized infection structure for plant penetration, the appressorium, the formation and growth of which are regulated by the Mst11-Mst7-Pmk1 mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. We characterized the MST50 gene that directly interacts with both MST11 and MST7. Similar to the mst11 mutant, the mst50 mutant was defective in appressorium formation, sensitive to osmotic stresses, and nonpathogenic. Expressing a dominant active MST7 allele in mst50 complemented its defects in appressorium but not lesion formation. The sterile α-motif (SAM) domain of Mst50 was essential for its interaction with Mst11 and for appressorium formation. Although the SAM and Ras-association domain (RAD) of Mst50 were dispensable for its interaction with Mst7, deletion of RAD reduced appressorium formation and virulence on rice (Oryza sativa) seedlings. The interaction between Mst50 and Mst7 or Mst11 was detected by coimmunoprecipitation assays in developing appressoria. Mst50 also interacts with Ras1, Ras2, Cdc42, and Mgb1 in yeast two-hybrid assays. Expressing a dominant active RAS2 allele in the wild-type strain but not in mst50 stimulated abnormal appressorium formation. These results indicate that MST50 functions as an adaptor protein interacting with multiple upstream components and plays critical roles in activating the Pmk1 cascade for appressorium formation and plant infection in M. grisea.
BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINOTRANSFERASE4 Is Part of the Chain Elongation Pathway in the Biosynthesis of Methionine-Derived Glucosinolates inArabidopsis
Authors: Schuster Joachim , Knill Tanja , Reichelt Michael , Gershenzon Jonathan , Binder Stefan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAs part of our analysis of branched-chain amino acid metabolism in plants, we analyzed the function of Arabidopsis thaliana BRANCHED-CHAIN AMINOTRANSFERASE4 (BCAT4). Recombinant BCAT4 showed high efficiency with Met and its derivatives and the corresponding 2-oxo acids, suggesting its participation in the chain elongation pathway of Met-derived glucosinolate biosynthesis. This was substantiated by in vivo analysis of two BCAT4 T-DNA knockout mutants, in which Met-derived aliphatic glucosinolate accumulation is reduced by ∼50%. The increase in free Met and S-methylmethionine levels in these mutants, together with in vitro substrate specificity, strongly implicate BCAT4 in catalysis of the initial deamination of Met to 4-methylthio-2-oxobutyrate. BCAT4 transcription is induced by wounding and is predominantly observed in the phloem. BCAT4 transcript accumulation also follows a diurnal rhythm, and green fluorescent protein tagging experiments and subcellular protein fractions show that BCAT4 is located in the cytosol. The assignment of BCAT4 to the Met chain elongation pathway documents the close evolutionary relationship of this pathway to Leu biosynthesis. In addition to BCAT4, the enzyme methylthioalkylmalate synthase 1 has been recruited for the Met chain elongation pathway from a gene family involved in Leu formation. This suggests that the two pathways have a common evolutionary origin.
Stage specific gene expression of serpins and their cognate proteases during myeloid differentiation
Authors: Missen Melinda A. , Haylock David , Whitty Genevieve , Medcalf Robert L. , Coughlin Paul B. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryProteases and their serpin inhibitors are abundantly expressed in haemopoietic and peripheral blood cells. There is, however, relatively little information about the role played by serpins in the control of protease activity within these cells and in the pericellular region. The observation that mutations in the neutrophil elastase gene, which cause cyclic and severe congenital neutropenia, are associated with protease maldistribution gives some clue as to the potential importance of inhibitor proteins. To begin to address the role of protease/inhibitor balance in blood cells we used reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to examine protease and serpin gene expression in mature peripheral blood cells, differentiating haemopoietic progenitors, leukaemic blasts and haemopoietic cell lines. The results demonstrate stage‐specific expression of proteases together with widespread expression of intra‐ and extra‐cellular serpins. The elastase inhibitors monocyte neutrophil elastase inhibitor (MNEI) and antitrypsin (AT) showed overlapping expression. MNEI is predominantly expressed in early haemopoietic progenitors while antitrypsin is mainly expressed in more mature myeloid precursors, peripheral blood granulocytes and mononuclear cells. Our results give an overall picture of serpin and protease gene expression and draws attention to the potential importance of elastase regulators at all stages of myelopoiesis.
Bortezomib disrupts tumour–dendritic cell interactions in myeloma and lymphoma: therapeutic implications
Authors: Kukreja Anjli , Hutchinson Aisha , Mazumder Amitabha , Vesole David , Angitapalli Revathi , Jagannath Sundar , O'Connor Owen A. , Dhodapkar Madhav V. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryRecent studies have shown that the interactions between tumour and dendritic cells (DCs) promote clonogenic growth of lymphoproliferative tumours, particularly myeloma. The present study showed that the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, disrupts this interaction. Targeting the drug to DCs was required for optimal suppression of tumour growth, including primary myeloma tumour progenitors in clonogenic assays. Bortezomib lead to dose‐dependent induction of apoptosis in both myeloid and plasmacytoid DCs, and the sensitivity of DCs to bortezomib was comparable with that of tumour cells. These data suggest that disruption of tumour–DC interactions may contribute to the clinical effects of bortezomib.
Multi‐agency working: implications for an early‐intervention social work team
Authors: Moran Patricia , Jacobs Catherine , Bunn Amanda , Bifulco Antonia 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThe adoption of multi‐agency working is a key component of the government’s agenda for the reconfiguration of children’s services. This study examined multi‐agency working from the perspective of social workers within an early‐intervention family support team. Qualitative methods were used, involving individual interviews as well as focus groups with a total of 29 professionals within the early‐intervention social work team and its partner agencies. Thematic analysis of transcripts showed a number of challenges to multi‐agency working, which included issues focused on differences in partner agencies’ protocols, as well as issues concerning professional status and identity. Messages for best practice that emerged stress the need for clear protocols and methods of negotiating and reviewing protocols; opportunities for informal as well as formal communication between workers; and adequate financial support and timetabling of service developments. Benefits of multi‐agency working involved enhanced inter‐agency respect and communication, greater understanding of child protection thresholds among partner agencies and fast‐track referrals. Areas requiring further investigation include the blurring of professional boundaries for social workers delivering early‐intervention services in community settings and the outcomes for children of multi‐agency working in early‐intervention services.
Validity and reliability of Infant Neurological International Battery for detection of gross motor developmental delay in Iran
Authors: Soleimani F. , Dadkhah A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackground  Child development screening is important issue for early detection of developmental delay and disability. Children in different environment acquire developmental abilities at different age. In this paper we report the examination of Infant Neurological International Battery (INFANIB) as a screening tool for early detection of gross motor developmental delay in Iran.Methods  In this study, we reported the result of a study which was conducted on 6150 consecutive 4‐ to 18‐month infants who were referred form Karaj Health Network (Tehran Province) over a 12‐month period. A questionnaire was filled for each child, and an evaluation was carried out with INFANIB by occupational therapists. Assessed infants had been classified in three categories: normal, transiently abnormal and abnormal neuro‐development. The transient group infants were divided to normal and abnormal group after 3 months’ follow‐up. The abnormal group was referred to developmental centre for neuro‐developmental examination. For depicting validity of the test, some of the normal, transient and abnormal group was evaluated randomly by paediatrician for neuro‐developmental exam and for reliability of test between paediatrician and occupational therapist 54 infants scored randomly by both of them.Results  The INFANIB was valid for normal and abnormal group with 90% sensitivity, 83% specificity, 79% positive predictive value and 93% negative predictive value (NPV). Also the reliability coefficient between the examiners (paediatrician and occupational therapists) was calculated, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.90.Conclusions  Results indicate that INFANIB is proposed as an appropriate screening test in developing countries such as Iran as a reliable measurement of gross motor developmental delay and short time of performing.