bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The king and the rule of law
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter concentrates on five aspects of the royal prerogative which potentially enabled kings to interfere with the ordinary rule of law. Writs of protection allowed those on royal service to avoid civil legal proceedings against them for a year; attempts to extend their scope were resisted by the judges. The extent to which the king was bound by legislation which did not expressly refer to him was a matter for the common law to decide, but it was sometimes controversial. The king also claimed a prerogative power to dispense with penal statutes by patents non obstante, though the common law restricted this to ‘mala prohibita’; the extent of the power occasioned major debates under Charles II and James II. The prerogative power to stay civil proceedings by the writ non procedendo rege inconsulto was deployed by Francis Bacon as attorney-general in two notorious cases in 1615–16 which brought Sir Edward Coke into conflict with James I. Finally, martial law allowed civilian as well as military troublemakers to be sentenced to death without jury trial; though sometimes proclaimed in peace-time emergencies, it was finally held to be contrary to Magna Carta.
The High Court of Parliament
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The texts in this chapter relate to the institution of parliament as both a legislature and a court. Parliaments themselves enacted that sessions should be frequent, though this did not in practice restrain the king’s prerogative until the end of the seventeenth century. The notion that a parliament represented the whole realm meant that the assent of the commons was necessary for legislation, and also that everyone was deemed aware of legislation even if it was not published. The extent to which the courts could pronounce on proceedings in parliament was debatable, though the King’s Bench entered into a detailed investigation of parliamentary procedure in 1455. The Lords had an ordinary jurisdiction to review King’s Bench judgments by writ of error, but their claim to hear cases at first instance, and to hear appeals from the Chancery, resulted in a prolonged dispute with the Commons in 1667–75. The jurisdiction to try the right to a peerage was also disputed in 1694. A claim by the Commons to imprison without trial for sedition was challenged in the 1650s. Several heated disputes concerning elections came before the courts, including Ashby v White (1703) in which damages were awarded for refusing to record a vote.
The Church and its jurisdiction
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
It was always accepted that the Church had spiritual jurisdiction in England, but because of the ultimate de facto authority of the Roman Curia it was regarded as partly foreign and a potential threat to the king’s temporal power. The jurisdictional boundary was clarified by a royal measure of 1285 and guarded by the king’s judges, who issued writs of prohibition to keep Church courts within the agreed limits. Although it was settled in 1164 that disputes about advowsons were for the king’s courts, this was not accepted by the Roman Curia. Complaints about papal encroachments in this context led to strong legislation in the fourteenth century, including ‘praemunire’, with the ultimate threat of expulsion from the king’s protection, imprisonment, and forfeiture of property. Importing papal bulls which interfered with royal jurisdiction was made a crime, and the courts also declined to accept excommunications by the pope. In 1529 Cardinal Wolsey was convicted of exercising jurisdiction as a papal legate contrary to the medieval legislation, and there followed the statutory measures of 1533–34 which abolished all papal authority in England and reformed the heresy jurisdiction. The last execution for heresy was in 1612. A new bone of contention, occasioned by the Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 1530s, concerned tithe jurisdiction. This led to a torrent of prohibitions, a protest by Archbishop Bancroft in the Privy Council, and a dramatic confrontation between James I and Chief Justice Coke in 1608.
Local authority and jurisdiction
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter concerns the review of local authority and jurisdiction during a period when local government was largely managed by courts. The first series of texts indicates the scope of franchisal jurisdiction and how it was controlled by quo warranto. The next series relates to cities and boroughs. Their powers of imprisonment were challenged in the sixteenth century by habeas corpus, sometimes relying on Magna Carta. Shortly after 1600 mandamus was developed as a ‘writ of restitution’ for deprived aldermen and officials, and during the century it enjoyed increasing popularity for various purposes, some of them unconnected with municipal government. County administration was in the hands of the justices of the peace, and during the seventeenth century their orders came to be reviewable by certiorari. Commissioners of sewers also had wide powers affecting landowners, including powers of taxation and the making of bye-laws. From the 1640s their orders likewise became subject to certiorari. The chapter ends with three university cases. One laid down the principle that a private jurisdiction is bound to apply the common law and not Roman law. The others confirmed two basic principles of natural justice: that a judge should not act in his own cause, and that a party was entitled to an opportunity to be heard.
Taxation and purveyance
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The principal forms of non-feudal revenue which the common law sanctioned were customs, impositions, and purveyance. Although those were circumscribed by medieval legislation, the extent to which the government could lawfully impose new forms of taxation without parliamentary consent became a major issue. Since the sanction for non-payment was imprisonment, the development of habeas corpus provided a mechanism for challenge in the case of purveyance. In the case of impositions and ship-money, payment could be enforced by an information in the Exchequer, and there the challenges were unsuccessful. The decision by a bare majority of judges in the ship-money case to allow a non-statutory species of tax, notwithstanding the abolition of prerogative taxation by the Petition of Right 1628, was overturned by parliament in 1641. The question whether the king could grant exemptions from parliamentary taxation, on the footing that he was only waiving in advance what was payable to him, was discussed at length in 1441 without a reported conclusion; but such patents were frequently granted to religious houses and accepted by the Exchequer.
Treason
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Treason was a common-law offence, but clarity was introduced by a statutory definition of 1351 which is still in force. A point not addressed by the statute was whether, and in what circumstances, an alien could commit treason; this was discussed in a number of cases, and the answer rested on the concept of temporary or local allegiance. Despite the statute of 1351, which forbade the invention of new treasons, a series of judicial decisions extended treason to include constructive compassings of the king’s death, for instance by prognosticating the length of his life or planning to depose him, and constructive levyings of war, for instance by local insurrections to redress grievances by usurping powers of government. Treason by levying war required an ‘overt act’. According to Coke’s unpublished report of Lord Cobham’s case (1604), the judges at first thought that a confession could itself be an overt act to prove compassing, but the report was later altered to invert this opinion; it is not clear whether the change was in the judges’ opinion itself or in Coke’s knowledge of it. The question of when, or to what extent, spoken or written words could constitute an overt act remained controversial.
Homicide
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Apart from petit treason (killing a husband or master) and the regulation of punishments, homicide was governed by the common law. This chapter begins with expositions of the medieval law of homicide in Bracton and in inns of court readings. Subsequent case law touched on problems of causation and the artificial concept of malice aforethought, including implied malice and transferred malice. Manslaughter was usually characterised as a sudden killing, as in a fight with no previous malice, but it could also include causing death by dangerous activities; here there was a difficult borderline to draw between manslaughter and misadventure (which was not capital). What might otherwise be considered murder might be reduced to manslaughter if there was sudden provocation, but this did not include mere words or trivial affronts. There are also cases concerning the plea of self-defence, including defence of the home.
The boundaries of English law
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the boundaries of English law and the application of English law outside the realm. The Admiralty had exclusive jurisdiction over matters arising on the high seas, but not on land overseas. Wales was annexed to the English crown in the thirteenth century and under Henry VIII brought within the same legal system, but with separate courts. Ireland was subject to the common law from the thirteenth century, but it had its own parliament and in 1541 was declared a separate kingdom, ‘united and knit to the imperial crown’ of England. The kingdoms of England and Scotland were united under one sovereign (James I and VI) in 1603, though not for juridical purposes. It was held by all the judges in 1607 that Scots born after the union (the post-nati) were not aliens in English law and could therefore own land in England. The Act of Union with Scotland in 1707 created the United Kingdom of Great Britain, with a single parliament, but preserved the separate jurisdictions. It was confirmed in seventeenth-century decisions that English law could be imposed on colonies and plantations acquired by conquest, though some places were allowed to establish their own law. In some special cases the English courts exercised jurisdiction over matters arising outside the dominions of the crown.
Special relativity
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The isometry group of the Euclidean model of space permits the existence of solid bodies remaining isometric to themselves under motions. In Galileo–Newton spacetime, lengths can be measured by comparison with a standard metre, a piece of metal deposited in Sèvres. For distances that are too large to be compared directly with a copy of the standard metre, one can use properties of Euclidean geometry, such as triangulation. The existence of clocks measuring absolute time is predicted by the periodic phenomena resulting from Newtonian dynamics.
General Relativity
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Besides his desire to reconcile Special Relativity, valid when gravitational effects are negligible, and Newton’s law of gravitation, Einstein was led to his theory by physical facts and new ideas. We will not try in this book to follow Einstein’s long path (1907–1915) of discovery of General Relativity and the Einstein equations. Their mathematics rely on Lorentzian differential geometry, now a well-understood subject
The Einstein equations
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
There are spacetime frames where at a given point, or even along a given spacetime curve, they cancel each other. This statement is in agreement with the weak Einstein equivalence principle, which concerns the motion of one test particle. However, in contrast to inertial forces in Newtonian theory, which disappear in inertial frames (without canceling gravitation), there are no reference frames defined on an open set of a spacetime of General Relativity where all the connection coefficients vanish, except if the metric is flat, i.e. free of gravitation. In Einstein gravity, the existence of a non-zero gravitational field manifests itself by the curvature of the spacetime metric.
The Adaptive Markets Hypothesis
Authors: Lo Andrew W. , Zhang Ruixun 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Adaptive Markets Hypothesis (AMH) presents a new narrative that reconciles rational behaviour with periods of temporary financial insanity, and provides a formal and systematic exposition of the theory of the AMH and its many applications. In this narrative, intelligent but fallible investors learn from and adapt to changing environments. Financial markets may not always be efficient, but they are usually competitive and adaptive, varying in their degree of efficiency as investor populations and the financial environment change over time. This book describes how the AMH can make sense of market turmoil during crises, regardless of whether they have been induced by technological, financial, or public health factors, as well as the emergence and popularity of the efficient markets hypothesis (EMH) in the decades prior to these crises. The AMH is not an alternative to the EMH, but rather a broader framework that includes the EMH as a subset. Under stable, stationary, and predictable economic conditions, markets generally work well, and the EMH serves as a reasonably good approximation to reality. Under more dynamic and stochastic environments, the EMH becomes less plausible and behavioural anomalies emerge. The AMH provides an integrated and logically consistent framework for reconciling these disparate perspectives. For practitioners, the AMH offers practical insights with respect to investing in an economic climate of uncertainty and market turmoil. This book provides several applications including the analysis of hedge funds—the ‘Galápagos Islands’ of the financial industry—the ‘Quant Meltdown’ of August 2007, and the adaptation of financial institutions in the face of technological advances and changes in the financial industry’s competitive landscape.
Group Selection
Authors: Lo Andrew W. , Zhang Ruixun 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 4 we use the workhorse binary choice model of Chapter 2 to show that what appears to be group selection may, in fact, simply be the consequence of natural selection occurring in stochastic environments with reproductive risks that are correlated across individuals. Those individuals with highly correlated risks will appear to form ‘groups’, even if their actions are, in fact, totally autonomous, mindless, and, prior to natural selection, uniformly randomly distributed in the population. This framework implies that a separate theory of group selection is not strictly necessary to explain observed phenomena such as altruism and cooperation. At the same time, it shows that the concept of group selection does captures a unique aspect of evolution—selection with correlated reproductive risk—that may be sufficiently widespread and interesting to warrant the use of a separate term for the phenomenon.
Fear, Greed, and Financial Crises
Authors: Lo Andrew W. , Zhang Ruixun 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 11 describes recent research from the neurosciences literature on fear and reward learning, mirror neurons, theory of mind, and the link between emotion and rational behaviour. Historical accounts of financial crises suggest that fear and greed are the common denominators of these disruptive events. Periods of unchecked greed eventually lead to excessive leverage and unsustainable asset-price levels, and the inevitable collapse results in unbridled fear, which must subside before any recovery is possible. The cognitive neurosciences may provide some new insights into this boom–bust pattern through a deeper understanding of the dynamics of emotion and human behaviour. By exploring the neuroscientific basis of cognition and behaviour, we may be able to identify more fundamental drivers of financial crises, and improve our models and methods for dealing with them.
Maximizing Relative versus Absolute Wealth
Authors: Lo Andrew W. , Zhang Ruixun 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 15 we propose an evolutionary framework for optimal portfolio growth theory in which investors subject to environmental pressures allocate their wealth between two assets. Different investor behaviours survive in different environments when considering both absolute wealth and relative wealth between investors. When investors maximize their relative wealth, the Kelly criterion is optimal only under certain conditions, which are identified. The initial relative wealth plays a critical role in determining the deviation of optimal behaviour from the Kelly criterion, regardless of whether the investor is myopic across a single time period or maximizing wealth over an infinite horizon. These results are related to population genetics, and their testable implications using experimental evolution methods are discussed.
What Happened to the Quants in August 2007?
Authors: Lo Andrew W. , Zhang Ruixun 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 17, we use the simulated returns of a specific set of long/short equity portfolios to understand what happened to quantitative hedge funds during the month of August 2007, when they all experienced large losses at the same time. Using five valuation factors to construct simulated returns, we find evidence that the ‘Quant Meltdown’ of August 2007 began in July and continued until the end of 2007. The simulation of a high-frequency market-making strategy exhibited significant losses during the week of 6 August 2007, but was profitable before and after, suggesting that the financial dislocation was due to market-wide deleveraging among an entire subsector of hedge funds, as well as a sudden withdrawal of market-making risk capital that started on 8 August. Two unwinds are identified—one on 1 August, starting at 10:45am ET and ending at 11:30am ET, and a second at the open on 6 August, ending at 1:00pm ET—that began with stocks in the financial sector long book-to-market and short earnings momentum.
Regulation and Adaptive Markets
Authors: Lo Andrew W. , Zhang Ruixun 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 20 we propose a framework for regulatory reform that begins with the observation that financial manias and panics cannot be legislated away, and may be an unavoidable aspect of modern capitalism. Like hurricanes and other forces of nature, market bubbles and crashes cannot be entirely eliminated, but their most destructive consequences can be greatly mitigated with proper preparation. In fact, the most damaging effects of financial crises come not from loss of wealth, but rather from those who are unprepared for such losses, and panic in response. This perspective has several implications for regulatory reforms centred around the need for greater transparency, improved measures of systemic risk, more adaptive regulations, including counter-cyclical leverage constraints, and more emphasis on financial literacy starting in high school, including certifications for expertise in financial engineering for the senior management and directors of all financial institutions.
The dimorphic diaspore model Aethionema arabicum (Brassicaceae): Distinct molecular and morphological control of responses to parental and germination temperatures
Authors: Chandler Jake O , Wilhelmsson Per K I , Fernandez-Pozo Noe , Graeber Kai , Arshad Waheed , Pérez Marta , Steinbrecher Tina , Ullrich Kristian K , Nguyen Thu-Phuong , Mérai Zsuzsanna , Mummenhoff Klaus , Theißen Günter , Strnad Miroslav , Scheid Ortrun Mittelsten , Schranz M Eric , Petřík Ivan , Tarkowská Danuše , Novák Ondřej , Rensing Stefan A , Leubner-Metzger Gerhard 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Plants in habitats with unpredictable conditions often have diversified bet-hedging strategies that ensure fitness over a wider range of variable environmental factors. A striking example is the diaspore (seed and fruit) heteromorphism that evolved to maximize species survival in Aethionema arabicum (Brassicaceae) in which external and endogenous triggers allow the production of two distinct diaspores on the same plant. Using this dimorphic diaspore model, we identified contrasting molecular, biophysical, and ecophysiological mechanisms in the germination responses to different temperatures of the mucilaginous seeds (M+ seed morphs), the dispersed indehiscent fruits (IND fruit morphs), and the bare non-mucilaginous M− seeds obtained by pericarp (fruit coat) removal from IND fruits. Large-scale comparative transcriptome and hormone analyses of M+ seeds, IND fruits, and M− seeds provided comprehensive datasets for their distinct thermal responses. Morph-specific differences in co-expressed gene modules in seeds, as well as in seed and pericarp hormone contents, identified a role of the IND pericarp in imposing coat dormancy by generating hypoxia affecting abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity. This involved expression of morph-specific transcription factors, hypoxia response, and cell wall remodeling genes, as well as altered ABA metabolism, transport, and signaling. Parental temperature affected ABA contents and ABA-related gene expression and altered IND pericarp biomechanical properties. Elucidating the molecular framework underlying the diaspore heteromorphism can provide insight into developmental responses to globally changing temperatures.
Plant enhancers exhibit both cooperative and additive interactions among their functional elements
Authors: Jores Tobias , Tonnies Jackson , Mueth Nicholas A , Romanowski Andrés , Fields Stanley , Cuperus Josh T , Queitsch Christine 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Enhancers are cis-regulatory elements that shape gene expression in response to numerous developmental and environmental cues. In animals, several models have been proposed to explain how enhancers integrate the activity of multiple transcription factors. However, it remains largely unclear how plant enhancers integrate transcription factor activity. Here, we use Plant STARR-seq to characterize 3 light-responsive plant enhancers—AB80, Cab-1, and rbcS-E9—derived from genes associated with photosynthesis. Saturation mutagenesis revealed mutations, many of which clustered in short regions, that strongly reduced enhancer activity in the light, in the dark, or in both conditions. When tested in the light, these mutation-sensitive regions did not function on their own; rather, cooperative interactions with other such regions were required for full activity. Epistatic interactions occurred between mutations in adjacent mutation-sensitive regions, and the spacing and order of mutation-sensitive regions in synthetic enhancers affected enhancer activity. In contrast, when tested in the dark, mutation-sensitive regions acted independently and additively in conferring enhancer activity. Taken together, this work demonstrates that plant enhancers show evidence for both cooperative and additive interactions among their functional elements. This knowledge can be harnessed to design strong, condition-specific synthetic enhancers.
A Lattice Formulation of Weyl Fermions on a Single Curved Surface
Authors: Aoki Shoto , Fukaya Hidenori , Kan Naoto 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIn the standard lattice domain-wall fermion formulation, one needs two flat domain-walls where both of the left- and right-handed massless modes appear. In this work we investigate a single domain-wall system with a nontrivial curved background. Specifically we consider a massive fermion on a 3D square lattice, whose domain-wall is a 2D sphere. In the free theory, we find that a single Weyl fermion is localized at the wall and it feels gravity through the induced spin connection. With a topologically nontrivial U(1) link gauge field, however, we find a zero mode with the opposite chirality localized at the center where the gauge field is singular. In the latter case, the low-energy effective theory is not chiral but vectorlike. We discuss how to circumvent this obstacle in formulating lattice chiral gauge theory in the single domain-wall fermion system.