bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Number Forms in the Brain
Authors: Tang Joey , Ward Jamie , Butterworth Brian 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Mental images of number lines, Galton's “number forms” (NF), are a useful way of investigating the relation between number and space. Here we report the first neuroimaging study of number-form synesthesia, investigating 10 synesthetes with NFs going from left to right compared with matched controls. Neuroimaging with functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed no difference in brain activation during a task focused on number magnitude but, in a comparable task on number order, synesthetes showed additional activations in the left and right posterior intraparietal sulci, suggesting that NFs are essentially ordinal in nature. Our results suggest that there are separate but partially overlapping neural circuits for the processing of ordinal and cardinal numbers, irrespective of the presence of an NF, but a core region in the anterior intraparietal sulcus representing (cardinal) number meaning appears to be activated autonomously, irrespective of task. This article provides an important extension beyond previous studies that have focused on word-color or grapheme-color synesthesia.
Maintenance of genetic variation in automictic root-knot nematodes
Authors: Pijnacker Laas , van der Beek (Hans) 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDifferences in amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) between isolates and between mono-female lines of facultative automictic Meloidogyne hapla race A and obligate apomictic M. incognita were determined to test the hypothesis that inverted meiosis occurs. DNA of the parthenogenetic nematode lines were extracted from juveniles, which had been propagated for two generations, allowing males in M. hapla lines to be formed and fertilisation to take place. Based on AFLP analysis, the genetic distance between mono-female lines of M. incognita appeared to be almost nil. By contrast, the genetic distance between isolates and between mono-female lines after seven generations of parthenogenesis of M. hapla was larger. The genetic distance between two mono-female lines of M. hapla, after one generation of parthenogenesis and originating from one line with six generations of parthenogenesis, was larger than the distance between M. incognita lines and the smallest distance between M. hapla lines. The numbers of DNA fragments appeared to be equally variable between lines within a single M. hapla isolate as between various isolates of M. hapla. This maintenance of genetic variation in M. hapla is likely to be caused by the combination of post-reduction in an inverted meiosis, due to chromosomes with diffuse centromeres, and the fusion of the haploid products of the second meiotic division.
Trichodoridae (Nematoda: Triplonchida) from the Tara National Park, Serbia, and proposal of Trichodorus pseudobursatus n. sp.
Authors: Decraemer Wilfrida , de la Peña Eduardo , Radivojević Milan 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA survey for plant-root parasites in Tara National Park, Serbia, revealed the widespread occurrence of Trichodoridae, present in nearly one-third of the samples. Several species appeared to belong to the Trichodorus aequalis species complex sensu Loof (1973). The taxonomic value of the observed variations in diagnostic features within this species complex is discussed. A new species Trichodorus pseudobursatus n. sp. is described. It is characterised by males with a nearly straight habitus, two ventromedian cervical papillae anterior to the secretory-excretory pore, medium-sized and mostly straight spicules with wider manubrium continuous with the blade; blade with a smooth narrower part with a few bristles at mid-spicule, followed by a wider striated posterior part devoid of bristles. Females are characterised by a large, well developed pear-shaped vagina with medium-sized, rounded triangular and well separated vaginal sclerotised pieces in lateral optical view. In addition to the diagnostic morphological features, differentiation of the new species from other Serbian morphotypes of the Trichodorus sparsus species complex was supported by canonical discriminant analyses (CDA). Additional information is provided for T. sparsus and three T. aff. sparsus morphotypes from Serbia. The discovery of the genus Trichodorus in Serbia represents a new geographical record.
Heterorhabditis safricana n. sp. (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from South Africa
Authors: Tiedt Louwrence , Nguyen Khuong , de Waal Jeanne , Malan Antoinette 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDuring a survey for entomopathogenic nematodes in the Western Cape Province of South Africa, a new species in the genus Heterorhabditis was collected from a peach orchard. The nematode was trapped by the insect-baiting technique using last instar larvae of Galleria mellonella. The infective juvenile of the new species differs from the morphologically closest species, H. marelatus, in shorter body length 600 (550-676) vs 685 (588-700) μm and the shorter tail of 93 (86-108) vs 107 (99-117) μm. It differs from all other species in the vulva pattern of hermaphroditic female. The genital papillae of the male H. safricana n. sp. are typical for species in the megidis-group (three papillae in terminal group). The average length of the gubernaculum is longer than that of all other species (24 vs 19-23 μm) and the gubernaculum length as a percentage of spicule length (53.9) is less than that of H. mexicana (56), similar to that of H. floridensis (53.8), but larger than that of all others (51 or less). For molecular characterisation, the species closest to H. safricana n. sp. is H. marelatus. The length of the ITS rDNA sequence of the new species is characterised by 995 base pairs, identical to that of H. marelatus, but differs from this species by 25 aligned positions, seven of which are unambiguous autapomorphies. Phylogenetic trees show further evidence of a separate species status for H. safricana n. sp.
Effect of Meloidogyne hapla on multi-purpose use of oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus)
Authors: Mennan Sevilhan , Ngouajio Mathieu , Melakeberhan Haddish , Dudek Thomas 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOilseed radish (OSR; Raphanus sativus), which can be used as a trap, cover or biofumigant when incorporated as a green manure crop, has potential for managing soil-borne biotic factors such as Meloidogyne hapla. However, exploiting the multi-purpose traits of OSR requires careful understanding of the biology of M. hapla and the prevailing soil conditions. When an OSR Line 'RO4S-PSOSR', and cv. Diakon grown in 300 cm3 of sandy, loamy sand or muck soils were inoculated with 3000 eggs of M. hapla populations (collected from the three soil types) and maintained for approximately 500 degree days (DD, base 10°C), all nematodes completed their life cycle in both hosts, with significantly more nematodes infecting OSR plants in the sandy soil. When cvs Diakon and Rutgers tomato (standard susceptible species) were grown under the same conditions with an inoculum of 2000 eggs per pot, infection was greatest in the sandy soils. Oilseed radish shoot growth was significantly lower in the sandy soil compared with muck or loamy sand soils. While the effect of soil type on OSR growth and M. hapla population densities is to be expected, the nematodes' completion of a life cycle at about 450-500 DD suggests that OSR hosts like cv. Diakon may be best used as a trap crop and plants should be terminated before the nematode completes a life cycle.
Atypical Thermodynamic Profiles in Hurricanes
Authors: Barnes Gary M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The global positioning system dropwindsondes deployed in Hurricane Bonnie on 26 August 1998 with supporting deployments in Hurricanes Mitch (1998) and Humberto (2001) are used to identify three unusual thermodynamic structures in the lower-cloud and subcloud layers. Two of these structures impact the energy content of the inflow and therefore the intensity of the hurricane. First, positive lapse rates of equivalent potential temperature are found near the top of the inflow. These layers insulate the inflow from the negative impacts of entrainment mixing and promote rapid energy increases, especially near the eyewall. The second structure is a rapid decrease of equivalent potential temperature adjacent to the sea surface. This is essentially a prominent surface layer that owes its existence to both higher moisture content and a superadiabatic lapse rate. The steep lapse rate most often occurs under and near the eyewall where wind speeds at the surface exceed hurricane force. The author speculates that water loading from spray increases the residence time of air parcels in the surface layer, contributing to the creation of this structure. The third feature is a moist absolutely unstable layer previously identified by Bryan and Fritsch for the midlatitudes. These layers are found adjacent to the eyewall, in rainbands, and in the hub cloud within the eye and are evidence of mesoscale or vortex-scale convergence and the very modest instabilities often found in the core of a hurricane.
Tests of an Ensemble Kalman Filter for Mesoscale and Regional-Scale Data Assimilation. Part III: Comparison with 3DVAR in a Real-Data Case Study
Authors: Meng Zhiyong , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The feasibility of using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) for mesoscale and regional-scale data assimilation has been demonstrated in the authors’ recent studies via observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) both under a perfect-model assumption and in the presence of significant model error. The current study extends the EnKF to assimilate real-data observations for a warm-season mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) event on 10–12 June 2003. Direct comparison between the EnKF and a three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system, both implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF), is carried out. It is found that the EnKF consistently performs better than the 3DVAR method by assimilating either individual or multiple data sources (i.e., sounding, surface, and wind profiler) for this MCV event. Background error covariance plays an important role in the performance of both the EnKF and the 3DVAR system. Proper covariance inflation and the use of different combinations of physical parameterization schemes in different ensemble members (the so-called multischeme ensemble) can significantly improve the EnKF performance. The 3DVAR system can benefit substantially from using short-term ensembles to improve the prior estimate (with the ensemble mean). Noticeable improvement is also achieved by including some flow dependence in the background error covariance of 3DVAR.
Mountain Torque Events at the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Egger Joseph , Hoinka Klaus-Peter 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe interaction of large-scale wave systems with the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is investigated by regressing pressure, potential temperature, winds, precipitation, and selected fluxes in winter onto the three components Toi of this massif’s mountain torque on the basis of the 40-yr ECMWF reanalysis (ERA-40) data. Events with respect to the equatorial “Greenwich” axis of the global angular momentum exhibit by far the largest torques (To1,), which essentially represent north–south pressure differences across the TP. The axial torque To3 peaks when the surface pressure is high at the eastern slope of the TP. The torque To2 with respect to the 90°E axis is closely related to To3 with To2 ∼ −To3. The maximum (minimum) of To1 tends to occur about 1 day earlier than the minimum (maximum) of To2. All torque events are initiated by equivalent barotropic perturbations moving eastward along the northern rim of the TP. In general, the initial depression, for example, forms a southward-protruding extension at the eastern slope of the TP and a new high grows near Japan. Later, the perturbation near Japan moves eastward in To2 events but extends northward in To1 events. These flow developments cannot be explained by theories of topographic instability. The observed vertical motion at the lee slope is at best partly consistent with theories of linear quasigeostrophic wave motion along mountain slopes. These findings lead the authors to test the eventual usefulness of linear theories by fitting the linear terms of a novel statistical equation for the potential temperature θ to the observed changes of θ and the torque to the observations. This test indicates that the evolving regression patterns of θ can be explained by linear terms at least in specific domains. In turn, pressure tendency regressions at a selected level can be calculated on the basis of the linear θ tendencies above that level. The formation of the lee trough appears to be mainly caused by horizontal warm-air advection along the slopes, but changes of the potential temperature above the height of the TP also contribute significantly to the pressure changes in the lee. Cold-air advection aloft strengthens the Japan high. “Turbulent” transports appear to be mainly responsible for the decay of the perturbations but data accuracy problems impede the analysis. In particular, the noisiness of the vertical motion fields affects the skill of the linear calculations.
A Numerical Study of the Track Deflection of Supertyphoon Haitang (2005) Prior to Its Landfall in Taiwan
Authors: Jian Guo-Ji , Wu Chun-Chieh 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
A series of numerical simulations are conducted using the advanced research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model with a 4-km fine mesh to examine the physical processes responsible for the significant track deflection and looping motion before the landfall of Supertyphoon Haitang (2005) in Taiwan, which poses a unique scientific and forecasting issue. In the control experiment, a low-level northerly jet induced by the channeling effect forms in the western quadrant of the approaching storm, where the inner-core circulation is constrained by the presence of Taiwan’s terrain. Because of the channeling effect, the strongest winds of the storm are shifted to the western portion of the eyewall. The northerly advection flow (averaged asymmetric winds within 100-km radius) results in a sharp southward turn of the westward-moving storm. The time series of the advection flow shows that the advection wind vectors rotate cyclonically in time and well match the motion of the simulated vortex during the looping process. A sensitivity study of lowering the Taiwan terrain elevations to 70% or 40% of those in the control experiment reduces the southward track deflection and loop amplitude. The experiment with the reduced elevation to 10% of the control experiment does not show a looping track and thus demonstrates the key role of the terrain-induced channeling effect. Experiments applying different values of the structure parameter α illustrate that increasing the strength, size, and translation speed of the initial storm results in a smaller interaction with Taiwan’s terrain and a smaller average steering flow caused by the asymmetric circulation, which leads to a proportionally smaller southward track deflection without making a loop.
Tracer Conservation for Three-Dimensional, Finite-Element, Free-Surface, Ocean Modeling on Moving Prismatic Meshes
Authors: White Laurent , Legat Vincent , Deleersnijder Eric 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Large-scale free-surface ocean models designed to run over climatic time scales are required to globally conserve the volume and any tracer up to machine precision. In addition, local consistency is critical and requires that the discrete tracer equation preserve constants in a closed domain and if there is no tracer source or sink. Local consistency, together with monotonicity, will ensure that no spurious tracer extrema occur. A three-dimensional, finite-element, shallow-water model is presented. The mesh is unstructured in the horizontal, extruded in the third dimension, and made up of multiple layers of prisms. In addition, the mesh is allowed to move in the vertical and adapts itself to the free-surface motions. It is shown that achieving consistency requires a discrete compatibility between the tracer and continuity equations. In addition, to ensure global tracer conservation in a consistent way, a discrete compatibility between the tracer, continuity, and free-surface elevation equations must be fulfilled. It is suggested that this compatibility constraint, together with the use of a numerically stable scheme, severely restricts the choice of usable finite-element spatial discretizations. A consistent and conservative time-stepping algorithm is described for which a unique time step is used. It is suggested that future research is needed in order to design a consistent and conservative split-explicit algorithm. Some illustrative test cases are presented in which the method is shown to satisfy all conservation properties. A few experiments in which consistency breaks down are carried out, and the consequences of this breakdown process are investigated.
Impact Study of AMSR-E Radiances in the NCEP Global Data Assimilation System
Authors: Kazumori Masahiro , Liu Quanhua , Treadon Russ , Derber John C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The impact of radiance observations from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) was investigated in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS). The GDAS used NCEP’s Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) analysis system and the operational NCEP global forecast model. To improve the performance of AMSR-E low-frequency channels, a new microwave ocean emissivity model and its adjoint with respect to the surface wind speed and temperature were developed and incorporated into the assimilation system. The most significant impacts of AMSR-E radiances on the analysis were an increase in temperature of about 0.2 K at 850 hPa at the higher latitudes and a decrease in humidity of about 0.1 g kg−1 at 850 hPa over the ocean when the new emissivity model was used. There was no significant difference in the mean 6-h rainfall in the assimilation cycle. The forecasts made from the assimilation that included the AMSR-E data showed small improvements in the anomaly correlation of geopotential height at 1000 and 500 hPa in the Southern Hemisphere and reductions in the root-mean-square error (RMSE) for 500-hPa geopotential height in the extratropics of both hemispheres. Use of the new emissivity model resulted in improved RMSE for temperature forecasts from 1000 to 100 hPa in the extratropics of both hemispheres. The assimilation of AMSR-E radiances data using the emissivity model improved the track forecast for Hurricane Katrina in the 26 August 2005 case, whereas the assimilation using the NCEP operational emissivity model, FAST Emissivity Model, version 1 (FASTEM-1), degraded it.
Aircraft Observations of a Coastally Trapped Wind Reversal off the California Coast
Authors: Parish Thomas R. , Rahn David A. , Leon David 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The summertime marine atmospheric boundary layer off the California coast is normally characterized by northerly winds associated with the Pacific high. This pattern is occasionally disturbed by episodes of southerly winds and a finger of fog or low stratus adjacent to the coastline extending approximately 100 km offshore. These events propagate northward along the coast with speeds between 5 and 12 m s−1 and have a life span of several days. These occurrences have been referred to as coastally trapped wind reversals (CTWRs), coastally trapped disturbances, or southerly surges. The CTWR event of 22–25 June 2006 was explored by the University of Wyoming King Air research aircraft to document the physical characteristics of the wind reversal in an attempt to infer the forcing mechanisms responsible for the propagation. Two flights from 23 June are presented that are representative of the CTWR during its mature stage. Sawtooth maneuvers depict the CTWR vertical structure, and isobaric legs directly measure the horizontal pressure gradient force (PGF). Observations showed a thickening of the CTWR layer in an alongshore direction to the south. The inversion layer varies throughout the day with the final sawtooth leg depicting clear dynamic destabilization within the inversion layer. A PGF is present at the head of the CTWR that is directed northward. No significant PGF was detected in the cross-shore direction, suggesting that for this case there is little variation in the depth of the marine boundary layer normal to the coast.
Climate Change Impact on Rice Insurance Payouts in Japan
Authors: Iizumi Toshichika , Yokozawa Masayuki , Hayashi Yousay , Kimura Fujio 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The authors constructed the framework for a preliminary assessment of climate change impact on the rice insurance payout in Japan. The framework consisted of various models ranging from climate projection downscaling, rice yield estimation, yield loss assessment, and rice insurance payout estimation. In this study, a simulation was conducted based on the dynamically downscaled regional climate projection with a lateral boundary condition given by the global climate projection of the Meteorological Research Institute Coupled General Circulation Model, version 2 (MRI CGCM2), under the A2 scenario of the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES). Results indicated that rice yield in the 2070s will decrease slightly in central and western Japan and increase in northern Japan. The increase in yield was derived from a significant reduction in yield loss caused by cool-summer damage; on the other hand, the decrease in yield was caused by the increase in yield loss caused by heat stress and the shortening of the growth period induced by the temperature rise. The increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration resulted in an increase in paddy rice biomass because of the fertilization effect; however, the increase in biomass was not enhanced much as a result of shortening of the growth period if early planting was not considered as an adaptation practice. Reflecting such changes in yield, the rice insurance payout significantly decreased in northern Japan but only slightly increased in the areas of central and western Japan. In total, the 9-yr mean payout in Japan in the 2070s decreased to 120.2 billion yen; the value corresponded to 87% of the payout averaged over 9 yr in the 1990s (1991–99).
Changing Expendable Bathythermograph Fall Rates and Their Impact on Estimates of Thermosteric Sea Level Rise
Authors: Wijffels Susan E. , Willis Josh , Domingues Catia M. , Barker Paul , White Neil J. , Gronell Ann , Ridgway Ken , Church John A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA time-varying warm bias in the global XBT data archive is demonstrated to be largely due to changes in the fall rate of XBT probes likely associated with small manufacturing changes at the factory. Deep-reaching XBTs have a different fall rate history than shallow XBTs. Fall rates were fastest in the early 1970s, reached a minimum between 1975 and 1985, reached another maximum in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and have been declining since. Field XBT/CTD intercomparisons and a pseudoprofile technique based on satellite altimetry largely confirm this time history. A global correction is presented and applied to estimates of the thermosteric component of sea level rise. The XBT fall rate minimum from 1975 to 1985 appears as a 10-yr “warm period” in the global ocean in thermosteric sea level and heat content estimates using uncorrected data. Upon correction, the thermosteric sea level curve has reduced decadal variability and a larger, steadier long-term trend.