bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the behavioral response of spawning chum salmon to elevated discharges from Bonneville Dam, Columbia river, USA
Authors: Tiffan Kenneth F. , Haskell Craig A. , Kock Tobias J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractChum salmon Oncorhynchus keta that spawn in main‐stem habitats below Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River, USA, are periodically subjected to elevated discharges that may alter spawning behaviour. We investigated behavioural responses of spawning chum salmon to increased water velocities associated with experimental increases in tailwater elevation using acoustic telemetry and a dual‐frequency identification sonar. Chum salmon primarily remained near their redds at base tailwater elevations (3.5 m above mean sea level), but displayed different movement and behavioural responses as elevations were increased to either 4.1 or 4.7 m for 8‐h periods. When velocities remained suitable (<0.8 m s−1) during elevated‐tailwater tests, female chum salmon remained near their redds but exhibited reduced digging activity as water velocities increased. However, when velocities exceeded 0.8 m s−1, the females that remained on their redds exhibited increased swimming activity and digging virtually ceased. Female and male chum salmon that left their redds when velocities became unsuitable moved mean distances ranging from 32 to 58 m to occupy suitable velocities, but returned to their redds after tailwaters returned to base levels. Spawning events (i.e. egg deposition) were observed for five of nine pairs of chum salmon following tests indicating any disruptions to normal behaviour caused by elevated tailwaters were likely temporary. We believe a chum salmon's decision to either remain on, or leave, its redd during periods of unsuitably high water velocities reflects time invested in the redd and the associated energetic costs it is willing to incur. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation and characterisation of NiAl‐Ti coating on nickel‐based superalloy B1900
Authors: Shahriari F. , Ashrafizadeh F. , Saatchi A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAlumina‐former coatings have been known as the best surface engineering approach to combat high temperature corrosion in gas turbine industry. In this investigation, attempts have been made to obtain a titanium‐modified aluminide coating with improved protective properties. Modification has been achieved by introducing titanium in the coating composition by a two‐stage coating treatment; titanium coating and subsequent aluminising. The modified coatings were characterised and compared with simple aluminides by means of electron metallography, depth elemental profiling and x‐ray diffraction techniques. Experimental results indicated that pre‐titanising diffusion treatment is an effective route to modify chemical composition of simple aluminide coating. The final microstructure of the coating was β‐NiAl matrix with titanium‐bearing precipitates mainly distributed in near surface layers. The mechanism of the coating formation is discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iron monosulfide (FeS) oxidation by dissolved oxygen: characteristics of the product layer
Authors: Chiriţǎ Paul 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSamples of FeS were oxidized by oxygen‐bearing acidic solutions at 25 °C and different initial pH values (2.75 ≤ pH ≤ 3.45). The reacted FeS samples were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms measurements, and FT‐Raman spectroscopy. A sulfur rich phase (layer) is inferred to be form on reacting FeS surface based on sequential extraction with acidic chromium(II) chloride solutions. The sulfur‐rich layer (SRL) formed on oxidized FeS samples is traversed by various mesopores with average pore size < 450Å. It is reasonable to assume that the mesopores facilitate the migration of iron and sulfur from FeS structure into solution across SRL. The FT‐Raman spectra of oxidized FeS samples show an intense peak at 162 cm−1, which can be attributed to SRL developed on FeS surface. A model for SRL development on FeS during its oxidation by dissolved oxygen has been proposed from the present results and previous studies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TFAA chemical derivatization and XPS. Analysis of OH and NHx polymers
Authors: Pippig Falko , Sarghini Sanaa , Holländer Andreas , Paulussen Sabine , Terryn Herman 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe determination of functional groups on complex polymer surfaces by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can be improved considerably by derivatization reactions. Simple polymers containing hydroxyl groups or amino groups were investigated as reference materials for the derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA).‐1 Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB), poly(allylamine) (PAAm), and poly(diallyl amine) (PDAAm) were derivatized using TFAA and analyzed with XPS. Polyethylene (PE) was used as an independent external reference for the binding energy (BE). Applying this procedure, the BE scales of all measurements were referenced to the carbon atoms of PE. It was found that the BE of the CF3 component in the C1s region is different when bonded as an acetate or as an amide. The CF3 BE is also influenced by the density of these groups in the polymer molecule. In TFAA‐PVA, where every second main chain carbon atom carries a trifluoroacetate (TFAc) group, the BE is 294.3 eV while in TFAA‐PVB with only isolated groups, the BE is 293.6 eV. The BE of the CF3 component in the trifluoroacetamides (TFAAms) prepared from PAAm and PDAAm was found to be 292.5 and 292.3 eV, respectively. Compared with the analog fluorine free compounds, the BE is shifted toward higher values also for the ester carbon atom, the amide carbon atom, and the carbon atom to which the ester or amide is bonded.The data suggest that the gas phase reaction of TFAA with a polymer surface is diffusion limited. The actual ester or amide formation is a fast reaction and runs as a wave into the surface. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Polyphenylene Molecular Wires by Surface‐Confined Polymerization
Authors: Lipton‐Duffin J. A. , Ivasenko O. , Perepichka D. F. , Rosei F. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe surface‐mediated synthesis of epitaxially aligned and separated polyphenylene lines on Cu(110) by exploiting the Ullmann dehalogenation reaction is reported. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) show that the C‐I bonds of 1,4‐diiodobenzene and 1,3‐diiodobenzene (C6H4I2) are catalytically cleaved when dosed onto the surface. Subsequent annealing transforms the copper‐bound phenylene intermediates into covalent conjugated structures: linear chains of poly(p‐phenylene) for 1,4‐diiodobenzene and zigzag chains of poly(m‐phenylene) as well as macrocyclic oligomers in the case of 1,3‐diiodobenzene. The chains are strongly bound to the surface (likely through CCu bonds at the chain‐ends) while the macrocycles are very mobile and can only be imaged by STM at low temperature. The detached halogens adsorb on the surface and separate the polymer chains from each other.
Directed Differentiation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Generates Active Motor Neurons
Authors: Karumbayaram Saravanan , Novitch Bennett G. , Patterson Michaela , Umbach Joy A. , Richter Laura , Lindgren Anne , Conway Anne E. , Clark Amander T. , Goldman Steve A. , Plath Kathrin , Wiedau-pazos Martina , Kornblum Harley I. , Lowry William E. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The potential for directed differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells to functional postmitotic neuronal phenotypes is unknown. Following methods shown to be effective at generating motor neurons from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), we found that once specified to a neural lineage, human iPS cells could be differentiated to form motor neurons with a similar efficiency as hESCs. Human iPS-derived cells appeared to follow a normal developmental progression associated with motor neuron formation and possessed prototypical electrophysiological properties. This is the first demonstration that human iPS-derived cells are able to generate electrically active motor neurons. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using iPS-derived motor neuron progenitors and motor neurons in regenerative medicine applications and in vitro modeling of motor neuron diseases.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Unusual presentation of propionic acidaemia as isolated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Lee T. M. , Addonizio L. J. , Barshop B. A. , Chung W. K. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryPropionic acidaemia (PA) is an autosomal recessive disease that results from deficiency of propionyl‐CoA carboxylase (PCC). In the majority of reported cases, the phenotype includes metabolic acidosis and/or neurological deficits. We report on a 14‐year‐old Asian‐American male with PA who presented with isolated cardiomyopathy without any documented episodes of metabolic acidosis or evidence of any neurocognitive deficits. On routine metabolic screening, the patient was found to have urine organic acids suggestive of PA. Biochemical and genetic characterization confirmed a PCC deficiency with two novel mutations in PCCB: IVS7 + 2 T > G (c.763 + 2 T > G) and p.R410Q (c.1229 G > A). Residual enzyme activity likely explains our patient's mild phenotype. Splicing mutations tend to result in a milder phenotype as these mutations may still produce small amounts of normal enzyme. In addition, the similar p.R410W mutation has been shown to have partial residual activity. Moreover, this case illustrates that a thorough metabolic evaluation should be performed in both paediatric and adult patients with cardiomyopathy. Such an evaluation has important implications for clinical management and genetic counselling.
The ecology of terrestrial invertebrates on Pacific salmon carcasses
Authors: Hocking Morgan D. , Ring Richard A. , Reimchen Thomas E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn coastal streams throughout the north Pacific region, spawning salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) subsidize terrestrial communities with their nutrients and carcasses. We document the previously unreported composition and ecology of terrestrial invertebrates using salmon carcasses in forest habitats from two high salmon density watersheds in coastal British Columbia. From experimental placement of 186 carcasses, terrestrial Diptera‐dominated salmon carcass decay (85.5% of carcasses). Overall, we recorded over 60 species from salmon carcasses, including saprophagous Diptera and Coleoptera (15 spp.), dipteran predators (eight spp.) and parasitoids (four spp.), and opportunistic predators, scavengers, and detritivores (24 spp.). Using stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon, we reconstruct the dietary niches of select species relative to salmon muscle tissue and previously sampled non‐salmon feeding invertebrate species. From comparisons across seasons, sampling locations and larval and adult life stages, we find evidence for a diet of salmon tissue in flies (Calliphora terraenovae and Dryomyza anilis), and beetles (Nicrophorus investigator and Anthobium fimetarium). The parasitic wasps Alysia alticola and Atractodes sp. had the highest levels of enrichment of all species, representing their larval diet of fly larvae that have fed on salmon carcasses 1 year prior to adult wasp sampling. Temporal and spatial isotopic variation in insect indicator species varies by species mobility and the pathway of salmon nutrient uptake. Cataloguing these associations may be useful for developing indices of intact salmon runs, bear foraging, and subsequent nutrient transfer in coastal watersheds.
Tapered ZnO Whiskers: {hkil}-Specific Mosaic Twinning VLS Growth from a Partially Molten Bottom Source
Authors: Huang Bang-Hao , Shen Pouyan , Chen Shuei-Yuan 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Zn particulates overlaid with wurtzite (W)-type ZnO condensates having nearly orthogonal "Equation missing" and "Equation missing" facets were found to self-catalyze unusual tapered W-ZnO whiskers upon isothermal atmospheric annealing, i.e., thermal oxidation, at 600 °C. Analytical electron microscopic observations indicated that such whiskers formed tapered slabs having mosaic "Equation missing" and "Equation missing" twinned domains. The tapered whiskers can be rationalized by an alternative vapor–liquid–solid growth, i.e., {hkil}-specific coalescence twinning growth from the ZnO condensates taking advantage of a partially molten bottom source of Zn and the adsorption of atoms at the whisker tips and ledges under the influence of capillarity effect. The tapered whiskers having strong photoluminescence at 391 nm and with a considerable flexibility could have potential applications.
Interaction Between an Anionic and an Amphoteric Surfactant. Part II: Precipitation
Authors: Soontravanich Sukhwan , Walsh Sarah , Scamehorn John F. , Harwell Jeffrey H. , Sabatini David A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractUse of amphoteric and anionic surfactants is very common in practical formulations such as shampoos and hand dishwashing products. Precipitation of mixtures of dimethyldodecylamine oxide (DDAO) as an amphoteric surfactant and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an anionic surfactant were studied at different pH levels. The DDAO is a pH‐sensitive surfactant and its protonation can be expressed in terms of a pKa similar to an acid dissociation constant. The protonated form of DDAO carries a positive charge and precipitates with the oppositely charged SDS. Therefore, precipitation phase boundaries are pH dependent due to the varying degree of DDAO protonation. By combining the use of regular solution theory and the pseudophase separation model to describe micellar mixing nonidealities with the precipitate solubility product constant and the protonation dissociation constant, a model to predict the precipitation phase boundary is presented here. The model agrees well with experimental phase boundaries at different pH levels.
On the controllability of the fifth-order Korteweg–de Vries equation
Authors: Glass O. , Guerrero S. 
Published: February 2009

In this paper, we consider the fifth-order Korteweg–de Vries equation in a bounded interval. We prove that this equation is locally well-posed when endowed with suitable boundary conditions, and establish a result of local controllability to the trajectories.

Résumé
Dans ce papier, nous considérons l'équation de Korteweg–de Vries du cinquième ordre en domaine borné. Nous montrons que l'équation est localement bien posée lorsque l'on impose certaines données au bord, et établissons un résultat de contrôlabilité locale aux trajectoires.
When demand accelerates demand: Trailing the bandwagon
Authors: van Herpen Erica , Pieters Rik , Zeelenberg Marcel 
Published: February 2009

AbstractConsumers generally prefer scarce products, which has been related to their exclusiveness. Currently scarce products, however, are not necessarily exclusive, but could be scarce because many other consumers previously bought them. We propose that consumers also prefer scarce products in this situation, which an appeal to uniqueness cannot explain. Three experiments support our predictions and reveal that scarcity effects even occur when consumers only see traces of others' behavior through emptied shelf space. Furthermore, this bandwagon effect disappears when uniqueness is threatened due to others in close spatial distance.
Feline Uveitis
Authors: Maggs David 
Published: February 2009

Practical relevance Feline uveitis can be a subtle, insidious, painful, vision-threatening disease with causes that can sometimes be fatal. It is essential that clinicians remain alert to its various clinical presentations, thoroughly diagnose cases once detected, and treat the primary cause whenever possible.Clinical challenges In the majority of patients, a cause is not found and aggressive immunomodulating therapy of what may become a chronic or recurrent immune-mediated disease must be instigated. As with immune-mediated diseases elsewhere, this involves local or systemic immunosuppression with slow tapering and frequent monitoring. The aim of this review is to aid diagnosis and therapy of uveitis by likening it to inflammation elsewhere (because it is more similar than it is different) while highlighting differences (because these are helpful).Global importance Feline uveitis is similar in its presentation throughout the world. Although the list of infectious causes may vary in composition or order of likelihood, idiopathic, immune-mediated and neoplastic causes of feline uveitis are universal.Patient group Patients of either gender and all ages and breeds are affected by uveitis.Evidence base Despite the fact that feline uveitis is a serious and common disorder, the peer-reviewed literature regarding this disease is somewhat limited. Approximately half the publications are review articles, case reports or case series. The majority of prospective and retrospective research describes epidemiologic surveys of antibodies, antigens and organism DNA in serum and aqueous humor.
Therapies for Feline Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Roudebush Philip , Polzin David J , Ross Sheri J , Towell Todd L , Adams Larry G , Forrester S Dru 
Published: February 2009

Practical relevance Successful treatment and prevention of kidney disease in pet animals requires a multidimensional approach to identify and eliminate causes or exacerbating factors, provide professional examination and care on a regular basis, and plan and implement a comprehensive treatment program when necessary.Evidence base Over the years, many therapeutic and preventive interventions have been developed or advocated for chronic kidney disease (CKD), but evidence of efficacy or effectiveness is often lacking or highly variable. Accordingly, the main objective of this systematic review was to identify and critically appraise the evidence supporting various approaches to managing feline CKD; namely, fluid therapy, calcitrioi therapy, antihypertensive therapy, ACE inhibitor therapy, erythropoietic hormone replacement therapy, potassium supplementation, antioxidant supplementation, alkalinization therapy, dietary phosphorus restriction and intestinal phosphate binders, therapeutic renal foods, assisted feeding, dialysis and renal transplantation.
The coming carbon market and its impact on the American economy
Authors: Peace Janet , Juliani Timothy 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The likely centerpiece of U.S. legislation to address climate change will be a cap-and-trade program that creates a market for greenhouse gases (GHGs). Whether the onset of a cap-and-trade system and additional complementary policies would provide a benefit or a cost to our economy has been the subject of much modeling and debate. This paper argues that while climate policy does not come without cost, modeling of the Lieberman–Warner Climate Security Act demonstrates that these costs are not substantial and can be mitigated by appropriate policy design. Finally, while a well-designed carbon market will be a large factor in lowering costs and driving innovation, complementary policies will be necessary to induce the technological change required to transition the United States to a low-carbon economy.
Integration of Trichogramma ostriniae releases and habitat modification for suppression of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner) in bell peppers
Authors: Russell Kathleen , Bessin Ric 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA two-year field study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen (T.o.) releases in combination with habitat modification, to enhance biological control of European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, the key pest of bell peppers in Kentucky. A randomized block design with a split-plot treatment arrangement was used in both years. Buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculetum Moench, was inter-planted as a nectar source for the wasps and as an attractant for ECB natural enemies. Sentinel ECB egg masses were placed in each subplot to monitor establishment and dispersal of T. ostriniae within and between plots. Fruit were harvested at maturity, graded according to USDA standards, inspected for insect damage, and dissected to confirm ECB presence when evidence of entry was suspected, to determine percentage of infested fruits. Percent ECB infested fruit was reduced in plots with wasp releases and in plots with buckwheat inter-planted. The interaction of habitat modification and wasp releases significantly reduced pepper damage as a result of the synergy between tactics. Percentage of T. ostriniae parasitized sentinel eggs was significantly higher in wasp release plots compared to non-release plots. T. ostriniae releases used in conjunction with habitat modification for ECB control in bell peppers appears to be a promising alternative to traditional insecticide-based strategies for small-acreage and organic farms. This study displays an example system utilizing conservation biological control at a landscape level for pest suppression.
Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor type 1 associates with AKAP9 (AKAP450 variant) and protein kinase A type IIβ in the Golgi apparatus in cerebellar granule cells
Authors: Collado‐Hilly Mauricette , Coquil Jean‐François 
Published: February 2009

Background information. Interconnections between the Ca2+ and cAMP signalling pathways can determine the specificity and diversity of the cellular effects mediated by these second messengers. Most cAMP effects are mediated by PKA (protein kinase A), which is anchored close to its membranous substrates by AKAPs (A kinase‐anchoring proteins). In many cell types, the activation of InsP3R (inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor), an endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ channel, is a key event of Ca2+ signalling. The phosphorylation of InsP3R1 by PKA stimulates Ca2+ mobilization. This control is thought to be tight, involving the association of PKA with InsP3R1. The InsP3R1 isoform predominates in central nervous tissue and its concentration is highest in the cerebellar microsomes. We investigated the complex formed by InsP3R1 and PKA in this fraction, vith a view to identifying its components and determining its distribution in the cerebellar cortex.Results. Immunoprecipitation experiments showed that InsP3R1 associated with PKA type IIβ and AKAP450, the longer variant of AKAP9, in sheep cerebellar microsomes. The co‐purification of AKAP450 with InsP3R1 on heparin‐agarose provided further evidence of the association of these proteins. Immunohistofluorescence experiments on slices of cerebellar cortex showed that AKAP450 was colocalized with InsP3R1 and RIIβ (regulatory subunit of PKA IIβ) in granule cells, but not in Purkinje cells. AKAP450 was localized in the Golgi apparatus of these two cell types whereas InsP3R1 was detected in this organelle only in granule cells.Conclusions. Taken together these results suggest that InsP3R1 forms a complex with AKAP450 and PKAIIβ, localized in the Golgi apparatus of cerebellar granule cells. In contrast, the association of InsP3R1 with PKA in Purkinje cells would require a different macromolecular complex.