bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Blossom Blight and Green Fruit Rot of Sweet Cherry Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Oregon
Authors: Serdani M. , Spotts R. A. 
Published: July 2007

During May and June of 2006, ‘Lapins’ sweet cherry (Prunus avium) trees were observed with white fungal growth on blossoms and young fruit in two commercial orchards in central Oregon (Wasco County). Entire blossom clusters and 30% of fruit clusters were affected. Rot on the fruit was firm, light brown, and covered the entire fruit, extending halfway down the pedicel. Affected blossoms were light brown and stuck to adjacent fruit and blossoms. Six disease samples from fruit, four samples from pedicels, and four samples from blossoms were surface sterilized and plated on potato dextrose agar acidified with lactic acid ([APDA] 1.5%). A white fungus producing sclerotia measuring 4 to 8 mm in diameter was recovered from all the samples after 10 days on APDA at 25°C. Koch's postulates were satisfied by inoculating green, pea-sized ‘Lapins’ cherry fruit with mycelial plugs colonized by the white fungus. Symptoms and signs similar to those seen in the orchard were produced. The same sclerotium-producing fungus was recovered from all inoculated fruit. The pathogen was identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary on the basis of the size of sclerotia and nested PCR using fungal universal primer pair ITS4/ITS5 and S. sclerotiorum-specific primer pair SSFWD/SSREV (2). A negative control, devoid of DNA templates in the reaction mix, was included in the PCR assay. S. sclerotiorum is endemic on wheat in Wasco County. The affected orchards were surrounded by wheat fields in which snow mold disease that is caused by S. sclerotiorum was particularly serious in the spring of 2006 compared with previous years. Rot on cherries was first observed and very severe in May of 2005, with symptoms and signs mainly on leaves of all trees across 45 ha. New symptoms continued to appear on cherry until mid-June. During 2006, most symptoms and signs were on fruit with some leaf spotting. Both years had unusually wet springs with 12.2 cm of rainfall received from April to June 2005 and 12.4 cm from April to June 2006, which is well above the 6.81 cm average for the previous 5 years. S. sclerotiorum causes green fruit rot of stone fruits, including almond, apricot (3), nectarine, and peach (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. sclerotiorum causing blossom blight and green fruit rot on sweet cherry in Oregon. References: (1) K. M. Flint. Green fruit rot. Page 15 in: Compendium of Stone Fruit Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 1995. (2) J. Freeman et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 108:877, 2002. (3) R. E. Smith. Phytopathology 31:407, 1931.
Occurrence of Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus Causing Onion Soft Rot in the Columbia Basin of Washington State
Authors: Schroeder B. K. , Rogers J. D. , Johnson D. A. , Pelter G. 
Published: July 2007

Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus, a causal agent of onion (Allium cepa L.) soft rot, was originally isolated from Walla Walla sweet onion bulbs grown in Oregon and subsequently isolated from onion throughout the southeast Washington onion-growing area, but was not found to be infecting dry bulb storage onions grown in central Washington (1). During September of 2001, a yeast was isolated from dry storage onion bulbs (cv. Teton) grown under sprinkler irrigation in central Washington, exhibiting soft rot symptoms and identified to be K. marxianus var. marxianus (2). Koch's postulate was completed using cv. Teton bulbs surface disinfested with 0.5% NaOCl for 2 min. This isolate and four isolates of Kluyveromyces marxianus var. marxianus (1) were cultured on potato dextrose agar and resuspended to an OD600 = 0.3 (approximately 105 CFU/ml). One-half of a milliliter of each isolate was inoculated to onion using the cut bulb method with three replicates and incubated in a moist chamber at 25°C for 7 days. Onion slices inoculated with the new isolate exhibited soft rot symptoms similar to those caused by the known isolates while no symptoms were observed for the water control. The yeast reisolated from symptomatic tissue was confirmed to be K. marxianus var. marxianus (2). The identification of K. marxianus var. marxianus infecting dry bulb storage onions grown in the Columbia Basin is of interest because the disease can be confused with bacterial soft rot and could become a serious problem in this important storage onion-growing region. References: (1) D. A. Johnson et al. Plant Dis. 72:359, 1988. (2) N. J. W. Kreger-van Rig, ed. The Yeasts: A Taxonomic Study. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1984.
Effects of climatic change and eutrophication on the glacial relict, Mysis relicta, in Lough Neagh
Authors: GRIFFITHS DAVID 
Published: July 2007

Summary1. The glacial relict, Mysis relicta, which occurs mainly in unproductive cold water habitats, shows increased mortality rates in temperatures above 16–18 °C. Using a 12‐year data set the growth, mortality and fat stores of Mysis in Lough Neagh, an increasingly hypertrophic lake which lacks a thermal refuge and which is subject to warming, were investigated.2. Mysis showed a significant reduction in fat stores on reaching sexual maturity, contrary to studies elsewhere.3. The contributions of temperature and eutrophication (total phosphorus, chlorophyll‐a concentrations) to growth, mortality and the timing and duration of developmental events were investigated by regression.4. Water temperatures rose between 1994 and 2005 and the time when temperatures exceeded 16 °C doubled over this period. Juvenile and adult growth rates declined and the duration of the juvenile stage increased in warmer years. Eutrophication also affected these variables but, in general, to a lesser extent than temperature.5. Year class strength (YCS) declined by a factor of 10 over the study period. YCS was independent of temperature up to 2000 °C degree days (>4 °C) but declined steeply above that point. Temperature was more important than eutrophication in predicting mortality and YCS. YCS was positively correlated with the length of time water temperature was below 7 °C, the upper temperature for Mysis breeding.6. An established bioenergetic model predicted that water temperature and the timing of embryo release would have appreciable effects on Mysis viability. It also indicated that Mysis would lose mass at summer temperatures, consistent with the observed fat decline.
Evaluation of the biliary tract: The value of performing magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in conjunction with a 3‐D spoiled gradient‐echo gadolinium enhanced dynamic sequence
Authors: Kim SJ , Kim S , Kim CW , Lee TH , Lee JW , Lee SH , Choo KS , Kim GH 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe 3‐D gradient‐echo (GRE) sequence allows thinner sections and better resolution of biliary obstruction. When the presence of biliary obstruction is identified using magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, the addition of the 3‐D GRE sequence may be helpful for diagnosing biliary obstruction. By showing the changes in the bile duct wall, within the duct lumen and around the bile duct, this technique can be helpful for distinguishing benign from malignant stricture as well as a stone from an enhancing intraluminal mass.
Outbreak of
Mycobacterium massiliense
Infection Associated with Intramuscular Injections
Authors: Kim Hee-Youn , Yun Yeo-Jun , Park Chan Geun , Lee Dong Han , Cho Yong Kyun , Park Byung Joo , Joo Sae-Ick , Kim Eui-Chong , Hur Young Joo , Kim Bum-Joon , Kook Yoon-Hoh 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

Twelve strains of a rapidly growing
Mycobacterium
species were isolated from an outbreak associated with intramuscular injections of an antimicrobial agent and were identified by comparative sequence analysis of
rpoB
and
hsp65
. These isolates were identified as
Mycobacterium massiliense
(100% similarity).
Islamic Finance Law as an Emergent Legal System
Authors: Foster Nicholas 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe recent growth in Islamic finance has drawn attention to the alleged "uncertainty" of the sharia, highlighted in 2004 by the Beximco case. On the institutional level, various organisations are addressing the issue; there are also "organic" tendencies towards standardisation. These phenomena are combining with others to form a new legal system, albeit one with particular characteristics.This system has matured sufficiently to merit categorisation as a separate field of study and practice: Islamic Finance Law.
Patient choice promotes adherence in preventive treatment for latent tuberculosis
Authors: Rennie T. W. , Bothamley G. H. , Engova D. , Bates I. P. 
Published: July 2007

The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of patient choice on completion rates and adverse drug reactions for patients treated for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) using 3-month rifampicin and isoniazid treatment (3RH) or 6-month isoniazid treatment (6H).Data for all patients treated using 3RH or 6H for LTBI between 1998 and 2004 were analysed. In total, 675 patients attended for chemoprophylaxis. Of these, 314 received 3RH and 277 received 6H. From April 1, 2000, patients were offered a choice of regimen; 53.5% completed the regimen successfully, a further 10.3% potentially completed it successfully and 36.2% failed to complete treatment.Logistic regression analysis suggested that successful completion was more likely in patients who were younger (an association that was lost after removing all patients aged <16 yrs), were offered a choice of regimen and attended all clinic visits before commencing treatment. Treatment was discontinued due to adverse reactions in 16 (5.1%) patients who were prescribed 3RH and 16 (5.8%) who were prescribed 6H. Treatment failure was most likely during the first 4 weeks of treatment for both regimens. At 13 weeks of treatment, more patients taking 6H had stopped compared with those completing the 3RH regimen. Drug costs were greater using 6H compared with 3RH.In conclusion, offering a choice of regimen improves completion. Most patients chose the 3-month rifampicin and isoniazid treatment over the 6-month isoniazid treatment. Adverse drug reaction rates between the two regimens were similar.
Pulmonary hypertension in patients with pulmonary fibrosis awaiting lung transplant
Authors: Shorr A. F. , Wainright J. L. , Cors C. S. , Lettieri C. J. , Nathan S. D. 
Published: July 2007

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) may complicate idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) but the prevalence of PH in IPF remains undefined. The present authors sought to describe the prevalence of PH in IPF.The lung transplant registry for the USA (January 1995 to June 2004) was analysed and IPF patients who had undergone right heart catheterisation (RHC) were identified. PH was defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (P̄pa) ≥25 mmHg and severe PH as aP̄pa>40 mmHg. Independent factors associated with PH were determined.Of the 3,457 persons listed, 2,525 (73.0%) had undergone RHC. PH affected 46.1% of subjects; ∼9% had severe PH. Variables independently associated with mild-to-moderate PH were as follows: need for oxygen, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (Ppcw) and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Independent factors related to severe PH included the following: carbon dioxide tension, age, FEV1,Ppcw, need for oxygen and ethnicity. A sensitivity analysis in subjects withPpcw<15 mmHg did not appreciably alter the present findings.Pulmonary hypertension is common in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients awaiting lung transplant, but the elevations in mean pulmonary arterial pressure are moderate. Lung volumes alone do not explain the pulmonary hypertension. Given the prevalence of pulmonary hypertension and its relationship with surrogate markers for quality of life (e.g.activities of daily living), future trials of therapies for this may be warranted.
Bilobalide in ginkgo biloba extract is a major substance inducing hepatic CYPs
Authors: Umegaki Keizo , Taki Yuko , Endoh Kaori , Taku Kyoko , Tanabe Hiroki , Shinozuka Kazumasa , Sugiyama Tomomi 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
In a search for substances related to the marked induction of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) by ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), mice were given either GBE (1000 mg kg−1) or fractions of GBE for 5 days. The content and activity of CYPs were induced markedly by a bilobalide-rich fraction, but not by flavonoid-rich fractions. The level of induction by the bilobalide-rich fraction was almost the same as that induced by the unfractionated GBE, suggesting that bilobalide is largely responsible for the CYPs induction. To confirm these findings, mice were given various doses of bilobalide (10.5, 21 and 42 mg kg−1), or GBE (1000 mg kg−1, containing bilobalide at 42 mg kg−1). Treatment with bilobalide induced CYPs markedly and in a dose-dependent manner, and the level of induction was quite similar between bilobalide (42 mg kg−1) and GBE. Treatment with GBE and with bilobalide greatly induced pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylase activity. These findings indicate that bilobalide is the major substance in GBE that induces hepatic CYPs.
The influence of grid geometry on moiré fringe properties
Authors: Zandman F , Holister G. S. , Brcic V 
Published: July 2007

General equations are developed which relate the characteristics of moiré fringes to the geometry of two superposed, dissimilar grid systems. Equations are derived geometrically, assuming the rectilinear propagation of light, and the analysis is restricted to a consideration of linear, periodic, mutually inclined systems. Criteria are established for the production of first and second order fringe systems, and some particular cases of grid geometry are examined in detail. The concepts of mixed grids and hybrid grid combinations are introduced, and the principles and possible applications of fringe sharpening, fringe multiplication and dual sensitivity systems are discussed.
A method of ruling circular diffraction gratings and their use in the moiréa technique of strain analysis
Authors: Fidler R , Nurse P 
Published: July 2007

A method is described for ruling circular diffraction gratings and of using such gratings as strain gauge rosettes suitable for measuring principal strains and indicating principal strain directions. The technique for ruling such gratings is both simple and efficient and can be used to produce good quality gratings with up to 2500 lines per radial inch. With such gratings, strains of 0.01 per cent and upwards should be capable of measurement over a wide range of temperatures.
Non-elastic stresses in composite plates under transient thermal conditions
Authors: Lewis D J , Campbell J S 
Published: July 2007

The successful use of stainless-steel cladding in the pressure vessels of nuclear water reactors is likely to stimulate interest in the applications of composite-plate material. The high cost of using austenitic materials in corrosive conditions could well make the use of clad materials attractive for certain components. A direct solution has been developed for finding the stresses induced by thermal transients in composite plates for equal biaxial stresses. A computer programme has been written and specimen results are shown. Non-elastic effects are included and residual stresses can be found. The programme can be used in any situation where a shell component has material properties varying through the shell thickness, provided that the stress system is equi-biaxial.
Stresses in cylindrical pressure vessels with end closures freely formed by internal pressure
Authors: Fessler H , Thorpe T E 
Published: July 2007

Mild-steel vessels with initially flat ends, having four different thicknesses and various knuckle shapes, have been formed without dies. Similar shapes were obtained by forming at room temperature and at a high temperature with saturated steam as the pressurizing medium. The elastic stresses due to internal pressure in 24 pressure-formed vessels have been analysed using frozen stress photoelastic models. The peak stresses in these shapes are generally lower than in the best torispherical heads of the same head height.
Stress analysis of diesel-engine cylinder heads
Authors: Bertodo R , Carter T J 
Published: July 2007

The paper reviews the main requirements fulfilled by a cylinder head or cylinder block and outlines the common modes of failure met with in practice. The relative importance of the various loads applied to the head in operation are assessed and a method of predicting their influence on the structural integrity of the component described. The theoretical results obtained from a range of cylinder heads covering engines in the bore range 4 3/8 in (110 mm) to 17 in (430 mm) are shown and the experimental data obtained from verification tests presented. A quick design-assessment criterion is derived and the design-optimization procedure evolved is discussed. It is concluded that on highly rated engines the critical section is usually located at the narrow flame-plate section between adjacent exhaust-valve ports. Failures are mainly due to thermal overload. The cylinder head's rating can be extended by reducing the bottom-deck temperatures and the axial stiffness of the head and by adopting more advantageous materials for the bottom deck. Typical examples are illustrated.
Stresses at openings in the torispherical end closure of a pressure vessel
Authors: Kitching R , Lau K T 
Published: July 2007

In the design of torispherical heads for cylindrical pressure vessels, it would often be desirable to position openings or branch connections in the vicinity of the toroidal portion of the shell, but from strength considerations it is normal practice to avoid doing so. An 18 inch inside-diameter model vessel of this type, with a nominal inside toroidal radius of 1.25 in was used for making strain and hence stress measurements in the shell due to internal pressure. Four unreinforced openings of 3 inch diameter were placed at different positions in the torispherical end and an elastic stress distribution for the shell around each opening was obtained. Distributions of elastic stresses in the shell were compared for the different opening positions with those in the unpierced shell in the toroidal region. Plastic deformations were measured in an over-pressure test and a plastic limit pressure was estimated.
Type 1 energy analysis for the creep of smooth circular pipe bends under combined in-plane bending and internal pressure
Authors: Spence J 
Published: July 2007

Many pipeline systems, in addition to catering for thermal expansion conditions, have to carry internal pressure loading. An approximate theoretical analysis is given for the pure creep of a smooth curved pipe bend under fixed ratios of combined pressure and in-plane bending. The bend is circular in cross-section and of constant thickness. An energy method designated type 1, coupled with a simple n-power constitutive relationship, is used and implemented by direct minimization techniques. Selected deformation and stress results are presented as possible design factors for a number of the geometric and material parameters. For part of the geometric spectrum, large displacement effects are significant and lead to non-steady creep behaviour. Consequently there is not a direct analogy with elasticity, although linear elastic results can nevertheless be identified. Other special cases of loading or geometry are reducible from the general case.
Leakage characteristics of flanged pipe joints
Authors: Fessler H , Perry D A 
Published: July 2007

Standard flanges for five widely differing pressure ratings, having a wide range of different joint surface profiles, were sealed by flat rubber or asbestos gaskets. Different initial bolt tensions were applied and the variation of clamping force with internal pressure was measured up to leakage of the joint. The joint efficiency, defined as: (end thrust due to leakage pressure on bore area of pipe)/(total initial bolting force), is not affected by variations in joint-face surface finish if machining grooves across the joint surface are avoided. Minimum values of joint efficiency are given. The effects of gasket material, width and thickness and number of bolts on joint efficiency are considered.
Elastic-plastic strain distributions at fillet welds
Authors: Elliott K S , Fessler H 
Published: July 2007

Steel plates 25 mm thick were fillet-welded to 50 mm thick plates according to good offshore welding practice. The thinner plates were inclined at 90° or 60° to the thicker ones to represent, at full size, the crown or saddle positions of a structural tubular T joint. Slices 4 mm or 10 mm thick were cut from these weldments and the elastic, elastic-plastic and residual plastic strains in the surfaces of these sections were measured using photoelastic coatings and moiré interferometry. The slices were loaded by tensile forces on the 25 mm wide parts, reacted at pin joints near the ends of the 50 mm wide part. The positions and directions of loading were arranged to load the welds in the same way as in a tubular T joint, loaded in tension. Yielding initiated at the weld toes and could be clearly identified in the moiré fringe patterns. It progressed into the plates, being inhibited by the heat-affected zone. Maximum plastic strains also occurred at the weld toes. Measurements of residual plastic strains showed that the actual strain range, which ‘drives’ fatigue failure, differs from predictions based on elastic analyses. Post-weld heat treatment is beneficial, but extending the weld along the plate reduces the strain concentrations much more.
Towards evidence-based care: the challenge of Making Research Count
Authors: Blewett James 
Published: July 2007

English
In recent years UK governments have increasingly promoted attempts to move towards evidence-based models of care. Within this context there has been a growing interest by policy makers and practitioners in the integration and application of the findings of research to practice, and the subsequent development of initiatives to promote research mindedness among care staff. This article looks at the experience of one of the largest and most longstanding of these projects – Making Research Count. It considers both the successes and challenges the project has faced, and considers these in the wider context of the debate about what is the most effective model of research dissemination in the care sector.