bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dialysis Rounds A Dialysis Case Presentation and Discussion Edited by Roger A. Rodby: Severe Lactic Acidosis Treated with Prolonged Hemodialysis: Recovery After Massive Overdoses of Metformin
Authors: Guo Peter Y. F. , Storsley Leroy J. , Finkle S. Neil 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTWe report two cases of severe lactic acidosis due to massive metformin ingestion. The first case was a 37‐year‐old man who was discovered several hours after ingesting 45 g of metformin. He had severe lactic acidosis (blood pH 6.81bicarbonate 4 mEq/Llactate 25.7 mEq/L). Despite intravenous bicarbonate therapyhe decompensated and was placed on a combination of hemodialysis and charcoal hemoperfusion for a continuous time of 25 hours. His hospital course was complicated by acute renal failure requiring a period of intermittent hemodialysis. He has since made a complete recovery. The second case was a 53‐year‐old man who ingested 50 g of metformin. He also presented with severe lactic acidosis (blood pH 6.85bicarbonate 3 mEq/L and lactate 28.4 mEq/L) and deteriorated despite intravenous bicarbonate therapy. He was placed on hemodialysis as a continuous therapy for 21 hours. His hospital course was complicated by acute renal failure requiring a period of intermittent hemodialysis. He has subsequently made a complete recovery. Metformin‐associated lactic acidosis carries a high mortality rate. Prolonged hemodialysis should be considered as an early treatment option in these cases.
Similar attractiveness of maize volatiles induced by Helicoverpa armigera and Pseudaletia separata to the generalist parasitoid Campoletis chlorideae
Authors: Yan Zeng‐Guang , Wang Chen‐Zhu 
Published: January 2006

Abstract Campoletis chlorideae Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a major larval endoparasitoid of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), also attacks many other noctuid caterpillars. We investigated the attractiveness of H. armigera‐ and Pseudaletia separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)‐infested maize [Zea mays L. (Poaceae)] plants to C. chlorideae, and analyzed the volatiles emitted from infested plants and undamaged plants. Considering the reported specific induction of plant volatiles by elicitors in the caterpillar regurgitant, we also tested the response of the parasitoid to mechanically damaged plants treated with caterpillar regurgitant or water and measured the volatiles released by these plants. In wind‐tunnel bioassays, C. chlorideae was strongly attracted to herbivore‐induced maize volatiles. Mechanically damaged plants, whether they were treated with caterpillar regurgitant or water, were more attractive to the parasitoid than undamaged plants. The parasitoid did not distinguish between maize seedlings infested by the two noctuid insects, nor did they show a difference in attraction to mechanically damaged plants treated with caterpillar regurgitant or water. Coupled gas chromatography–mass spectrometer (GC‐MS) analysis revealed that 15 compounds were commonly emitted by herbivore‐infested and mechanically damaged maize plants, whereas only two compounds were released in minor amounts from undamaged plants. Infestation by H. armigera specifically induced four terpenoids, β‐pinene, β‐myrcene, D‐limonene, and (E)‐nerolidol, which were not induced by infestation of P. separata and mechanical damage, plus caterpillar regurgitant or water. Two compounds, geranyl acetate and β‐sesquiphellandrene, were also induced by the infestation of H. armigera, but not by the infestation of P. separata. All treated maize plants released volatiles in significantly larger total amounts than did undamaged plants. Maize plants infested by H. armigera emitted greater amounts of volatiles than plants infested by P. separata. The treatment with caterpillar regurgitant resulted in larger amounts of volatile emission than the treatment with water did in mechanically damaged plants. The amounts of emissions of individual compounds were also different between differently treated plants.
Confirmation of the existence of alloparasitoids in nature – host relationships of an Australian Coccophagus species that parasitizes mealy bugs
Authors: Walter G.H. , Abeeluck D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractHeteronomous hyperparasitoids are parasitic wasps with sex‐related host relationships that are unique to a group of genera in the chalcidoid family Aphelinidae. Females are primary parasitoids of various sedentary bugs (mainly, scale insects, mealy bugs, and whiteflies). Males, in contrast, are hyperparasitic, and they frequently develop at the expense of female conspecifics. Alloparasitoids constitute a special category of heteronomous hyperparasitoids, for their males never develop through female conspecifics. The existence of alloparasitic host relationships and the utility of the category ‘alloparasitoid’ have both been questioned. Here, we present results that confirm the existence of the alloparasitic way of life among heteronomous aphelinids. We investigated an undescribed species of Coccophagus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), an Australian parasitoid that attacks the introduced lantana mealy bug, Phenacoccus parvus Morrison (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in Queensland. A year‐long field survey regularly returned large numbers of female Coccophagus spec. near gurneyi individuals from P. parvus (total n = 4212), but only few males (n = 11). Males emerged from samples only when the encyrtid parasitoid Anagyrus diversicornis (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was present in samples in relatively high numbers. Laboratory oviposition tests confirmed that A. diversicornis is a male host and showed that males do not develop at the expense of conspecific females. Other studies show that males are attracted in numbers to virgin females held in cages above mealy bug‐infested Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. (Verbenaceae) in the field, demonstrating that they are common in the population as a whole. This confirms that the males need hosts other than conspecific females and that their usual hosts are present outside of the lantana/P. parvus system. The implications of these results for developing a realistic classification of heteronomous host relationships are discussed.
Modernist Studies and the Bildungsroman: A Historical Survey of Critical Trends
Authors: Boes Tobias 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe term Bildungsroman, or “novel of formation,” remains at once one of the most vexing, but also one of the most fruitful contributions that German letters have made to the international vocabulary of literary studies. This article presents a survey of critical trends in Bildungsroman studies, from the early twentieth century to the present, but with an emphasis on scholarship from the last decade. Special attention is paid to work done in modernist studies. The article is divided into three parts. The first presents a broad historical overview and explores the problems raised by diverging critical traditions in Germany and the English‐speaking world. The second focuses on the rise of feminist and historicist modes of inquiry between 1980 and 1995. The final part explores some of the most recent contributions to the genre, with special emphasis on colonial and post‐colonial studies.
Probing dark matter with X-ray binaries
Authors: Dehnen Walter , King Andrew 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs), which occur in old stellar populations, have velocities exceeding those of their parent distribution by at least 20 km s−1. This makes them ideal probes for dark matter, in particular in dwarf spheroidals (dSph), where the LMXBs should penetrate well outside the visible galaxy. We argue that the most likely explanation of the observation of LMXBs in the Sculptor dSph by Maccarone et al. is the presence of a dark matter halo of ≳109 M⊙, corresponding to a total-mass to light ratio of ≳600 (M/LV)⊙. In this case there should be an extended halo of LMXBs which may be observable.
A STUDY ON SUITABILITY OF FOUR ENRICHMENT BROTHS FOR PCR‐BASED DETECTION OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES FROM RAW MEAT
Authors: BALAMURUGAN J. , BHILEGAONKAR K.N. , AGARWAL R.K. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT Four enrichment broths were evaluated for their compatibility with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of Listeria monocytogenes from raw meat after single‐step enrichment. Standardized PCR protocols for listeriolysin O (hlyA) gene were used for the species‐specific identification of L. monocytogenes. Four broths, namely, modified University of Vermont broth (MUVM), Listeria enrichment broth (LEB), Fraser broth (FB) and polymyxin, acriflavin, lithium chloride, ceftazidime, aesculin, mannitol, egg yolk broth (PALCAM) , were inoculated with L. monocytogenes. The enriched cultures were subjected for PCR. Similarly, meat samples were artificially spiked with various concentrations of L. monocytogenes, these spiked samples were enriched in the above‐mentioned four broths and subjected to PCR to determine the medium that was most compatible for PCR‐based detection of L. monocytogenes. The aliquots taken during different incubation periods were subjected to three different procedures for the concentration of the target organism for use in PCR. Results revealed that MUVM was better than other broths for the detection of L. monocytogenes by both PCR and cultural method; moreover, it was able to support the growth of as low as 10 cfu/g of meat. Concentration of the target organisms by centrifugation and washing with PCR buffer was the most suitable method for improving PCR performance for detection of L. monocytogenes. Goat (n = 67) and buffalo (n = 45) meat samples from local markets were also screened by both PCR and cultural method to validate the results obtained from the spiking studies. Both results were in agreement in spiking studies as well as screening of market meat samples.
FOOD‐HANDLING PRACTICES OF IRISH BEEF CONSUMERS
Authors: MAHON DENISE , COWAN CATHAL , HENCHION MAEVE , FANNING MARTIN 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT Illnesses from foodborne pathogens are one of the most widespread public health concerns worldwide. Because of the more frequent contamination of foods of animal origin with these pathogens, these foods have an inherent food safety risk and require caution when handling. Minced beef, with its large surface area and its moist and nutritive flesh, is particularly susceptible to contamination. This study was designed to investigate consumer food‐handling practices in regard to minced beef. A sample of 485 minced beef consumers, who were also the main shoppers and food handlers in their homes, were interviewed. It was found out that many failed to store minced beef on the correct shelf of the fridge and to use the correct procedures for defrosting meat. These should be the focus of future food safety campaigns, especially targeting those with lower education levels and from lower socio‐economic groups.
EFFECTS OF CETYLPYRIDINIUM CHLORIDE, LACTIC ACID AND SODIUM BENZOATE ON POPULATIONS OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ON BEEF
Authors: ÖZDEMIR HAYDAR , GÜCÜKOĞLU ALI , PAMUK ŞEBNEM 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT The effects of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), lactic acid (LA) and sodium benzoate (SB) on the Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus populations on beef were evaluated. Samples of longissimus dorsi beef muscle inoculated with L. monocytogenes and S. aureus were dipped into 0.5, 2.0 and 0.3% of CPC, LA and SB, respectively, or an equal mix of any two solutions for 15 s at 35C ± 1. CPC demonstrated 1.93 and 2.15 log reductions of L. monocytogenes and S. aureus, respectively, on the fifth day of refrigerated storage, whereas LA reduced L. monocytogenes and S. aureus by 1.72 and 0.99 log, respectively. Results indicated that the single intervention of CPC and LA solutions were more effective than mixed solutions of these decontaminants to reduce the pathogens of concern on beef.
Drug Resistance in Leishmaniasis
Authors: Croft Simon L. , Sundar Shyam , Fairlamb Alan H. 
Published: January 2006

SUMMARY
Leishmaniasis is a complex disease, with visceral and cutaneous manifestations, and is caused by over 15 different species of the protozoan parasite genus Leishmania. There are significant differences in the sensitivity of these species both to the standard drugs, for example, pentavalent antimonials and miltefosine, and those on clinical trial, for example, paromomycin. Over 60% of patients with visceral leishmaniasis in Bihar State, India, do not respond to treatment with pentavalent antimonials. This is now considered to be due to acquired resistance. Although this class of drugs has been used for over 60 years for leishmaniasis treatment, it is only in the past 2 years that the mechanisms of action and resistance have been identified, related to drug metabolism, thiol metabolism, and drug efflux. With the introduction of new therapies, including miltefosine in 2002 and paromomycin in 2005-2006, it is essential that there be a strategy to prevent the emergence of resistance to new drugs; combination therapy, monitoring of therapy, and improved diagnostics could play an essential role in this strategy.
Prospects for Vaccine Prevention of Meningococcal Infection
Authors: Harrison Lee H. 
Published: January 2006

SUMMARYNeisseria meningitidisis the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States and worldwide. A serogroup A/C/W-135/Y polysaccharide meningococcal vaccine has been licensed in the United States since 1981 but has not been used universally outside of the military. On 14 January 2005, a polysaccharide conjugate vaccine that covers meningococcal serogroups A, C, W-135, and Y was licensed in the United States for 11- to 55-year-olds and is now recommended for the routine immunization of adolescents and other high-risk groups. This review covers the changing epidemiology of meningococcal disease in the United States, issues related to vaccine prevention, and recommendations on the use of the new vaccine.
Real-Time PCR in Clinical Microbiology: Applications for Routine Laboratory Testing
Authors: Espy M. J. , Uhl J. R. , Sloan L. M. , Buckwalter S. P. , Jones M. F. , Vetter E. A. , Yao J. D. C. , Wengenack N. L. , Rosenblatt J. E. , Cockerill F. R. , Smith T. F. 
Published: January 2006

SUMMARYReal-time PCR has revolutionized the way clinical microbiology laboratories diagnose many human microbial infections. This testing method combines PCR chemistry with fluorescent probe detection of amplified product in the same reaction vessel. In general, both PCR and amplified product detection are completed in an hour or less, which is considerably faster than conventional PCR detection methods. Real-time PCR assays provide sensitivity and specificity equivalent to that of conventional PCR combined with Southern blot analysis, and since amplification and detection steps are performed in the same closed vessel, the risk of releasing amplified nucleic acids into the environment is negligible. The combination of excellent sensitivity and specificity, low contamination risk, and speed has made real-time PCR technology an appealing alternative to culture- or immunoassay-based testing methods for diagnosing many infectious diseases. This review focuses on the application of real-time PCR in the clinical microbiology laboratory.
Assessing Progress in the Third Quest of the Historical Jesus
Authors: Evans Craig 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAlthough historical-Jesus research in the last three decades has produced a great deal of divergent results, one is able to discern several important areas of progress. Perhaps the most important gain is in a renewed appreciation of the Judaic character of Jesus, his mission, and his world. New source material and more nuanced, contextual methodology have sharpened Jesus' profile as a Galilean Jew, standing in the tradition of Israel's redemption and restoration.
Rheology of latex films bonded to wood: influence of cross-linking
Authors: López-Suevos Francisco , E. Frazier Charles 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Parallel-plate rheological analysis was conducted on two types of cross-linking poly(vinyl acetate) latex films: dry freestanding films, and dry films bonded directly to wood (composites). For each sample type, three levels of cross-linking were used: (1) little or no cross-linking of unaltered latex; (2) substantial cross-linking through AlCl3 catalysis of N-methylolacrylamide co-monomer; and (3) greater cross-linking from a phenol-formaldehyde resol additive, in addition to AlCl3 catalysis. Simple thermal scans revealed a strong wood/adhesive interaction; wood increased the base polymer T
g by ∼5°C in all adhesives. Relative to the simple thermal scans, time-temperature master curves provided more insight and information about the wood/adhesive interaction. Storage modulus and tan δ master curves both indicated that wood retarded adhesive cross-linking. Using time-temperature superposition, a segmental coupling analysis demonstrated that wood actually narrowed the breadth of the glass transition, or reduced segmental coupling. Cross-linking influenced segmental coupling, but in a fashion that was dependent on the presence or absence of wood. Wood-induced reductions in cross-linking and in segmental coupling were attributed to the diffusion of water-soluble reactive compounds away from the adhesive layer and into the bulk wood. Time/temperature equivalence provides a sensitive means to detect interactions between wood and viscoelastic adhesives.
Retrospective Measurement of Neutron Activation within the Pressure Circuit Steelwork of a Magnox Reactor and Comparison with Prediction
Authors: Thornton DA , Thiruarooran C , Allen DA , Harris AM , Holmes CG , Harvey CR 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
This paper describes a retrospective measurement of neutron activation rates within steel standpipe penetrations of the pressure circuit of the Wylfa nuclear power plant. This was carried out in support of neutron dose calculations. Samples were taken from a length of irradiated thermocouple cable and counted for the fast neutron reactions 54Fe(n,p) 54Mn, and 58Ni(n,p) 58Co, and the thermal neutron reactions 59Co(n,γ) 60Co, 58Fe(n,γ) 59Fe, and 50Cr(n,γ) 50Cr. By isolating clean sheath material and performing elemental analysis, it was possible to obtain absolute neutron flux data from the measurements over a broad range of locations. The measured data were compared with results obtained from a Monte Carlo calculation performed with the code mcbend. Structure observed within the measured and calculated thermal neutron flux distributions was used to confirm the position of the thermocouple samples relative to the reactor geometry. The measurements show that the calculations consistently over-predict fast and thermal neutron reactions. It is concluded that the model predicts spectra without significant bias, and consequently, that the standpipe dose recommendations are similarly over-predicted.
Performance Evaluation of “Duplex Hardened” Bearings for Advanced Turbine Engine Applications
Authors: Streit E , Brock J , Poulin P 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Reliability is one of the most important competitive factors in aeroengines. Engine manufacturers have to provide guarantees for maintenance cost and dispatch reliability. Failures of mainshaft and gearbox bearings can represent a major debit to overall engine reliability. Duplex hardening (conventional hardening followed by special nitriding) has the potential to provide the bearing performance improvements necessary to yield increased engine reliability and reduced cost of ownership. The bearing rig tests performed demonstrate superior performance of duplex hardened M50 and M50NiL bearings over conventional M50 and M50NiL bearings under various operating conditions. Rig tests evaluating a wide range of operating conditions, such as high load, low or boundary lubrication, heavily contaminated lubrication, and oil off were performed. Additional tests were completed to evaluate the spall propagation behavior of duplex hardened bearings in comparison to conventional steel bearings. The results showed that the main benefits of using duplex hardened bearings arise in low or boundary lubrication conditions and contaminated lubrication conditions. The spall propagation tests showed that spall propagation rates are slower for duplex hardened M50 and M50NiL bearing components, hence allowing more time until catastrophic bearing failure in an aeroengine and other applications.
Constructing Genetic Linkage Maps Under a Tetrasomic Model
Authors: Luo Z W , Zhang Ze , Leach Lindsey , Zhang R M , Bradshaw John E , Kearsey M J 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAn international consortium has launched the whole-genome sequencing of potato, the fourth most important food crop in the world. Construction of genetic linkage maps is an inevitable step for taking advantage of the genome projects for the development of novel cultivars in the autotetraploid crop species. However, linkage analysis in autopolyploids, the kernel of linkage map construction, is theoretically challenging and methodologically unavailable in the current literature. We present here a theoretical analysis and a statistical method for tetrasomic linkage analysis with dominant and/or codominant molecular markers. The analysis reveals some essential properties of the tetrasomic model. The method accounts properly for double reduction and incomplete information of marker phenotype in regard to the corresponding phenotype in estimating the coefficients of double reduction and recombination frequency and in testing their significance by using the marker phenotype data. Computer simulation was developed to validate the analysis and the method and a case study with 201 AFLP and SSR markers scored on 228 full-sib individuals of autotetraploid potato is used to illustrate the utility of the method in map construction in autotetraploid species.
Gene Expression From Random Libraries of Yeast Promoters
Authors: Ligr Martin , Siddharthan Rahul , Cross Fredrick R , Siggia Eric D 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Genomewide techniques to assay gene expression and transcription factor binding are in widespread use, but are far from providing predictive rules for the function of regulatory DNA. To investigate more intensively the grammar rules for active regulatory sequence, we made libraries from random ligations of a very restricted set of sequences. Working with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we developed a novel screen based on the sensitivity of ascospores lacking dityrosine to treatment with lytic enzymes. We tested two separate libraries built by random ligation of a single type of activator site either for a well-characterized sporulation factor, Ndt80, or for a new sporulation-specific regulatory site that we identified and several neutral spacer elements. This selective system achieved up to 1:104 enrichment of the artificial sequences that were active during sporulation, allowing a high-throughput analysis of large libraries of synthetic promoters. This is not practical with methods involving direct screening for expression, such as those based on fluorescent reporters. There were very few false positives, since active promoters always passed the screen when retested. The survival rate of our libraries containing roughly equal numbers of spacers and activators was a few percent that of libraries made from activators alone. The sequences of ∼100 examples of active and inactive promoters could not be distinguished by simple binary rules; instead, the best model for the data was a linear regression fit of a quantitative measure of gene activity to multiple features of the regulatory sequence.