bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of Information Obtained from Investigation of 20 Distressed Exterior Brickwork Walls Built in a Severe Weathering Region of the USA
Authors: Chin IR 
Published: March 2009

The investigation of 20 distressed brickwork walls built in a severe weathering region of the USA revealed that the lack of expansion joints to accommodate movements of the wall and structure is the major cause of distress in brickwork walls as is documented in the literature of the masonry industry. Other significant findings found during the investigation that are not as well documented are as follows: 1. Deterioration of brick in walls due to exposure to severe weathering is rare even among brick that meets ASTM Grade SW by alternate considerations. 2. Deterioration of mortar in walls due to exposure to severe weathering is rare in non air-entrained portland cement lime (PCL), mortar, and in air-entrained masonry cement (MC) mortar. 3. Efflorescence occurred in 35 percent of the distressed brickwork walls investigated. 4. Water leakage into the interior of the building occurred in 20 percent of the distressed brickwork walls investigated. 5. There is no obvious correlation between the use of Type M, S, or N mortar, the use of PCL or MC mortar, or the air-entrainment content of mortar with the types of distress conditions that occurred in the brickwork walls investigated.
The information obtained from the 20 distressed brickwork walls investigated can be used to minimize the development of distressed conditions in new brickwork walls, and to study methods to improve the performance and durability of brickwork.
Improved Method for Testing Grout used as Masonry Cell Fill
Authors: O'Leary JS 
Published: March 2009

Currently, ASTM C 1019 “Standard Method of Sampling and Testing Grout” governs the compression testing of grout used in masonry construction. This test method utilizes masonry units from the project as the mold to cast the grout specimens for compressive strength testing, thereby accounting for the absorption of the masonry units and its corresponding affect on compressive strength of the test specimens. However, due to the cost, time, materials, space and laboratory ability required for this test, many times the owner or contractor opts for standard concrete cylindrical specimens cast in nonabsorbent molds.
This research investigates the use of a low cost, efficient, single unit mold which produces compressive strength results within an acceptable range of that produced by the ASTM C 1019 specimens. With the current method, many physical defects are inherent with the specimens, such as a concave end, non-square cross-section, ends not perpendicular to axis, and sloped ends. The proposed method will eliminate these types of problems and yield more consistent results with much greater ease and lower cost.
A Capillary Suction Model for Concrete Masonry and Its Application to Integral Water-Repellent Masonry
Authors: Karkare MV , Walloch CT 
Published: March 2009

Capillary suction plays a major role in water transport and redistribution after water comes in contact with the face of masonry structures. This paper proposes a new test method to characterize the capillary suction properties of concrete masonry units.
Water capillary suction data for both concrete block and Type S portland cement-lime mortar containing different amounts of integral water-repellent (IWR) admixtures are presented. An empirical two-parameter power law model is proposed to fit the test data. The effect of IWR admixture dosage rates on the model parameters and water repellent characteristics of the masonry components is discussed. The significance of the parameter values is also explained. The testing showed that as IWR dosage rate increases, capillary suction decreases. At commonly used IWR admixture dosages, the reduction in capillary suction of the masonry exceeded 80% at 24 h. It was also demonstrated how the model parameters can be used to determine the optimum admixture dosage range.
A Concept for Remote Sensing Data Selection and Method Selection
Authors: Fung KB , Robson MA 
Published: March 2009

Analysis of remote sensing imagery in the past has consisted of processing a single image from a single sensor. Capabilities now exist to use more than one data source in a single interpretation (such as multi-sensor integration, multi-temporal analysis, interpretations of combined raster-vector overlays). As more data sources become available, data sets become more pluralized, creating two key challenges in the related analysis. The first challenge is to integrate and manage the physical data and metadata as individual data sources and as compound datasets. The second challenge is to select data subsets and related analysis methodologies which are best suited to solve given problems. It is obvious that a dataset consisting of both an optical image and a microwave image will require different analysis methods for each subset, to meet similar goals. In the less extreme case of a dataset containing both spaceborne and airborne optical images, different methods would apply due to their different resolutions and spectral properties.
Current and potential operational users could have very high demands for remote sensing data if they were provided with appropriate interpretation tools. These users would not be interested in the process of choosing analysis methods for their data, they would be more concerned with which method was actually used, and its result compared to the specified input criteria. Ultimately they would not be concerned with even choosing the data, but rather would provide a goal of their desired result for driving the decision of which data to select.
In this paper, a technique is presented for addressing high-level criteria for analyzing remote sensing data. The technique consists of selecting methods most likely to achieve the result from among several known candidates.
Conceptualization and Characterization of Ground-Water Systems Using Geographic Information Systems
Authors: Kolm KE 
Published: March 2009

The correlation and synthesis of a variety of two- and three-dimensional data is necessary to conceptualize and characterize ground-water flow systems in regional or site-specific areas. This paper presents an integrated, multidisciplinary, step-wise approach for conceptualizing, characterizing, and numerically simulating ground-water flow systems using Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
The method presented involves seven iterative steps that can be accomplished manually or by using GIS: 1) Data gathering and preparation; 2) Field (on-site) conceptualization; 3) Surface characterization; 4) Subsurface characterization; 5) Hydrogeologic model characterization; 6) Hydrologic system characterization; and 7) Numerical model simulation. GIS may be used for: 1) data management, analysis, and visualization; 2) the integration of diverse data sources; 3) rapid development, visualization, and testing of alternative hydrogeologic and hydrologic system models; 4) the incorporation of contouring, attribute tables, and statistical analysis during data analysis and model development; and 5) the integration of basic and interpreted data bases with numerical modeling for purposes of model design, parameter discretization, statistical evaluation, and sensitivity analysis.
Previous Skiing Injuries in Alpine Olympic Racers
Authors: Ekeland A , Nordsletten L , Lystad H , Lereim I 
Published: March 2009

Previous serious skiing injuries were recorded among the participants in the alpine diciplines of the 1994 Olympic Winter Games in Lillehammer, Norway.
Fifty-four racers answered the questionnaire (reply percentage of 21%). Seventy-two percent of the racers had suffered one or more serious skiing injuries previously. The knee accounted for 43% of the injuries, followed by the lower leg (10%) and the head (8%). Forty-two percent of the women and 10% of the men (p &lt; 0.01) had suffered a rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Thirty-six percent of the racers had been injured in downhill, and 21% in each of the three other alpine disciplines. Sixty-two percent reported to be recovered completely from their injuries.
In conclusion, about three fourths of Olympic racers have suffered a previous skiing injury. Female racers were more prone to ACL ruptures than male racers.
Experimental Case Study with a Modified Ski Boot: Does the Spoiler Design Influence Muscle Activity and Kinematics During Landing?
Authors: Senner V , Schaff P 
Published: March 2009

For the investigation of the boot-induced anterior cruciate ligament injury an experimental case study with a prototype ski boot was performed. The back spoiler of this boot was designed to yield by only a few degrees when a certain level of backward moment was reached. A mechanic switch was used to activate or to block this mechanism. Over a prepared hill, a single subject performed ten jumps with an activated mechanism and ten jumps with a blocked spoiler mechanism in randomized order. During the jump and landing, an electromyograph (EMG) of eight lower extremity muscles was recorded and synchronized to two S-VHS cameras that were located for two-dimensional kinematic analysis. The goal of these experiments was to quantify the muscular and kinematic effects caused by the new spoiler characteristics and also to establish a method for their judgment.
For the quantification of the muscular effects, an activity quotient was defined and, for the analysis of the kinematics, the time history of three body angles and their variation between the trials were found to be appropriate. The results of this case study revealed clear differences between the two treatments. In particular, the activity quotient of the hamstring muscles showed a remarkable increase with the spoiler mechanism activated. The findings encourage further investigations in this direction, for example, a randomized field study using the derived method.
Electromechanical Ski Release Binding with Mechanical Backup
Authors: Hull ML , Swanstrom M , Wade B 
Published: March 2009

To better protect skiers against injuries to both the lower leg and the knee, releasable bindings that offer certain performance capabilities over current designs are warranted. Two capabilities that would be of immediate benefit are: (1) maintaining a consistent release level in twist in the presence of combined loads; and (2) releasing the heelpiece based on the anterior/posterior (A/P) bending moment transmitted by the leg. A third capability that may be worthwhile is modulating the release level in twist depending on the degree of contraction in muscles crossing the knee. Thus, the objective of this work was to design a binding that offered these capabilities through electronic control of binding release yet at the same time provided a conventional mechanical backup in the event of electronic failure.
To fulfill the objective, a conventional ski binding was modified. Modifications included integrating dynamometers into the toepiece, anti-friction device (AFD), and heelpiece. The toepiece sensor indicates the twisting moment while the AFD and heelpiece sensors indicate the anterior bending moment transmitted by the leg. To gain electronic control of binding release, a solenoid actuated mechanism was added that translated the heelpiece rearward along the ski to decouple the boot from the binding. Otherwise, the binding allowed normal mechanical function. Prototype testing confirmed the ability of the dynamometers to accurately measure desired loads in the presence of extraneous loads and the reliability of the solenoid actuated mechanism in releasing the boot under loads typical of skiing. Thus, this work demonstrated the feasibility of hybrid electromechanical/mechanical releasable bindings. Such a demonstration should encourage the development of designs for commercial use.
Cut Protection Performance Test for Measuring Cut Resistance of Materials Used in Protective Clothing
Authors: Tejani N , Blocker RW , Schiffelbein P , Rivet E 
Published: March 2009

A new test method for measuring cut resistance of materials used in protective clothing has been developed. The test method, Cut Protection Performance Test (CPPT), determines cut resistance of a material by measuring its ability to resist the cutting action of a sharp blade under a load. Cut resistance is described as the reference load — the load required to cut the material a distance of 25 mm.
The relative cut resistance of various materials, ranging from thin latex to reinforced composite structures, is examined by comparing their respective reference loads. For most materials, correlation coefficients of 0.75 or better are observed, while composite materials give lower correlation coefficients. The lower correlation is explained by analysis of model fabrics and is attributed to the non-homogeneous nature of the composite materials.
An interlaboratory test program was conducted to determine precision of the test method. The test results showed that despite variability in the predicted values, all seven laboratories consistently ranked the relative cut resistance of ten materials; the method can be used to distinguish cut resistance of various commercial materials. The results of the precision calculations for repeatability and reproducibility are also presented.
ASTM task group F23.20.02 has concluded that the CPP test method is significantly better than the earlier test methods; the test method has been balloted by the main committee for adoption.
Performance of Chemical Protective Gloves in the Film and Print Processing Industry
Authors: Sun QJ , Laing RM , Niven BE , Wilson CA 
Published: March 2009

Implicit in the sale of many items of protective clothing is the assumption that they can be cleaned and reused, and that protection of the human body will continue to be provided when the particular products are worn again. However, few products have been assessed with respect to deleterious effects of repeated use and cleaning. There is a statutory requirement in New Zealand that protective clothing for use in workplaces be designed, manufactured, tested, and used so as to give adequate protection from the harm against which it is intended to protect when maintained properly (during and between uses) and in accordance with its use [1, 2]. That is, effects of use and care on performance need to be known.
The purpose of this study was to ascertain effects which repeated use have on performance of chemical protective gloves for one workplace application. Practices for hand protection in a New Zealand sample of print and film processing industries (n = 149) were identified, and performance of a selection of gloves used (nitrile, polyvinyl chloride dipped, disposable polyvinyl chloride film) was examined in the laboratory (tested against methyl ethyl ketone, isopropyl alcohol and Blanket Wash No. 2) as new and after use in the field. Product performance and failure are discussed.
Downhill Skiing Injuries in Lapland, Sweden: A Survey Including Alcohol Monitoring and One-Year Follow-up
Authors: Made C , Elmqvist L-G 
Published: March 2009

In Tärnaby/Hemavan, a ski area in Lapland/Sweden, all downhill skiing-injured patients examined at the local medical facility, Tärnaby Sjukstuga, were registered 1990–92. A questionnaire was filled out, the patients' expiration breath was tested by an Alcolmeter SD-2®, and a one-year follow-up was performed by questionnaire. Four hundred eighty-one patients (59% male), mean age 22.9, were included. Injured parts of the body were knee 28%, lower leg and head 10.8%, thumb 8.3%, and forearm 8.1%. The most common diagnoses were fractures 23.6% and knee sprains 23.2%. Classification according to the abbreviated injury scale (AIS) 1 to 5 resulted in 95% as 1–2, 5% as 3–4; one skier had an AIS of 5. On the day of accident 1.1% had used alcohol compared to 5% in a control group of 60 noninjured skiers. The one-year follow-up questionnaire was answered by 58%; 29% of the respondents had symptoms.
Alcohol is a factor of no importance in the incidence of ski injuries at Tärnaby/Hemavan. One third of the follow-up group had enduring symptoms.
Regression Models of Forces and Moments at Potential Sites of Injury Along the Leg in Skiing
Authors: Yee AG , Mote CD 
Published: March 2009

Regression models that predict anterior-posterior moment at the boot top (Myb), anterior-posterior force on the tibia (Fxkb), varus-valgus moment at the knee (Mxk), and torsional moment along the tibia (Mzkb) are developed using data from slalom skiing runs for a 15-subject sample. The regressor variables are the lateral and vertical force components measured at the toe and heel bindings. The Myb and Mxk regression model coefficients, standard deviations, and correlation coefficients (r) are dependent on the distance from the center of ankle flexion to the boot top (lb) and to the knee (lk).
It is recommended that the vertical and lateral force components at the toe and heel bindings be considered in future binding designs, because (i) these four force components are the smallest set of forces measured at the bindings required to predict Myb, Fxkb, Mxk, and Mzkb with correlation coefficient r &gt; 0.9 for this subject sample, and (ii) measurements of additional force or moment components do not necessarily increase model accuracy enough to warrant the increased model complexity.
Larger lb (with lb &lt; 0.4 m) likely increases the capability of the state-of-the-art heel binding to control Myb for this subject sample, because the standard deviation decreases as lb increases for the regression model.
The regression models are applied to skiing runs during which slalom turning, forward/backward leaning, falling, and jumping maneuvers are executed by the subjects. The average mean residuals and average standard deviations of residuals (s) are shown graphically as measures of regression model accuracy over these different skiing motions. The average standard deviation of residual of the regression models can vary by more than 100% when the models are applied to different skiing motions. Thus, caution must be exercised if the models are extrapolated to different skiing conditions where no verification of model accuracy exists.
Effects of Snow and Air Conditions on Ski Friction
Authors: Nachbauer W , Schröcksnadel P , Lackinger B 
Published: March 2009

The friction of skis on snow appears to be affected by numerous factors, for example, speed, contact area, snow type (temperature, liquid-water content, hardness, texture), and ski properties (stiffness, thermal conductivity, base material, base roughness). Most of the knowledge concerning how friction varies with these factors is from laboratory measurements that do not describe the real skiing situation when skis move at high speed under a diversity of snow conditions. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the influence of a wide range of natural snow and air conditions on the snow friction of a skier gliding down a test course at high speed.
A permanent 342-m-long test run was set up in the ski resort Gschwandtkopf in Seefeld (Tyrol) from January to March 1991. One experienced downhill skier performed 175 runs with the same equipment. The running time of the skier was taken. Maximum skiing speeds up to 30 m/s were reached. For each test run, air temperature and humidity as well as snow variables (snow temperature, liquid-water content, snow density, snow hardness, grain shape, and grain size) were measured.
The results are presented in scattergrams of running time plotted against the environmental variables. Attempts were made to explain the results in context with the basic theory of the friction of snow skis. Though single environmental variables correlate considerably with running time, the results indicate that variations in snow friction cannot be explained by single variables only. Liquid water content was found to be an important snow property. Different frictional processes may dominate on dry and wet snow, respectively. Limitations of the applied method for determining ski-snow friction are discussed.
Influences of Ski Boot Binding System on Load Reduction and Kinematics of Lower Leg During Backward Fall: Dynamic Simulation Using an Anthropometric Dummy
Authors: Senner V , Schaff P , Hauser W 
Published: March 2009

Several studies show a relationship between spoiler stiffness and the resulting loading on the knee during a boot-induced anterior drawer incident. Carrying on the ideas of these investigations, the purpose of our experimental study was to quantify some of the important loading parameters such as the maximum shear force, the horizontal impulse, or the moment of momentum in relation to various settings of spoiler stiffness and different types of bindings (with and without backward release function).
In order to increase the internal validity of the investigation, the authors used an anthropometric dummy that has been presented by Bahniuk et al. A specially designed indoor slope allowed numerous simulations of the centralized backward fall under reproducible conditions to be performed.
This paper describes the experimental setup, explains and discusses the results of the measurements, and finally gives a short overview of the methodical embedding of this study in the authors' longer-termed investigation of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) risk reduction by ski boot design.
Treatment of Cruciate Ligament Injuries in World Cup Racers and Successive Racing Performance
Authors: Ekeland A , Vikne J 
Published: March 2009

Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is considered to be a serious injury in an alpine skiing career. Five Norwegian alpine and freestyle World Cup racers suffered ACL ruptures combined with other knee ligament injuries. Their median age was 25 years (19 to 26 years). Four of the racers were male and one female. All racers underwent surgery within three days of the injury. At a follow-up median of 23 months (15 to 28 months later), all had returned to ski racing. The sagittal knee laxity measured with KT-1000 during maximum manual tibial displacement disclosed a median difference of 3 mm (1 to 8 mm) between the involved and uninvolved knee. The World Cup ranking of the racers was median 7 (2 to 85) before the injury and median 13 (2 to 34) at follow-up.
In conclusion, World Cup ski racers may suffer relatively severe injuries, but racers at this level seem to regain their positions in World Cup competitions after treatment.
Muscle Activity During the Backward Fall—Protection for the ACL?
Authors: Barone MDO , Senner V , Schaff P , Rosemeyer B 
Published: March 2009

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are still seen frequently on the slope. The backward fall may cause an ACL rupture. To reduce the load on the knee, the design of a ski boot with a “giving-way” spoiler is discussed. Past studies have excluded the importance of muscle activity during the backward fall. Therefore, this research tends to determine muscle activity depending on the spoiler flexibility. Electromyographic measurements of six test subjects were combined with a two-dimensional motion analysis under controlled laboratory conditions. One ski boot with a stiff spoiler was compared with three flexible spoiler prototypes. The signal of four muscles (m. vastus med., m. vastus lat., m. biceps fem., m. tibialis ant.) was recorded bilaterally. Analysis of the experiments with the stiff spoiler shows a muscular imbalance between quadriceps and hamstring muscles. Unlike this, the flexible spoiler leads to a more balanced muscle activity pattern. Especially the m. biceps femoris shows more activity.
These results could possibly explain the mismatch of calculated mathematical models with the actual injury mechanism. Additionally, they allow the conclusion that appropriate ski boot design stimulates muscle activity and may protect the knee—in particular the ACL.