bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Crystal Structure of 1:1 Complexes of (s)-(−)-10,10′-Dihydroxy-9,9′-biphenanthryl with (S)-(−)-Methyl 2-Chloropropionate and (S)-(−)-Methyl 3-Chloro-2-hydroxybutyrate
Authors: Lee Gene-Hsiang , Wang Yu , Tanaka Koichi , Toda Fumio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In order to clarify the reason for high chiral recognition ability of optically active 10,10′-dihydroxy-9,9′-biphenanthryl to guest compounds, X-ray crystal structural study of the title complex was carried out.
Uptake of NO Gas by YBa2Cu3Oy
Authors: Tabata Kenji , Fukuda Hiroshi , Kohiki Shigemi , Mizuno Noritaka , Misono Makoto 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A large quantity (2.5–3 in molar ratio) of NO was taken up from gas phase by YBa2Cu3Oy (y=6.88) at 573 K, and desorbed mostly as NO at 773 K. The rate of uptake at 573 K increased with the increase in the concentration of coexisting O2 upto 8%, or by treating the sample in N2 above 850 K. The addition of Pd (0.1%) to YBa2Cu3Oy greatly accelerated the rate of NO uptake.
3-Substituted-γ-butyrolactones from 5-Trimethylsilyl-2-cyclohexenone. Synthesis of (−)-Enterolactone
Authors: Asaoka Morio , Fujii Naoaki , Shima Kunihisa , Takei Hisashi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
1,4-Adducts of 5-trimethylsilyl-2-cyclohexenone (1) with Grignard reagents were converted to various hexanoate derivatives and γ-butyrolactones. Starting from optically pure 1, (−)-enterolactone (Factor X) was synthesized.
Redox Behavior of Simple Vitamin B12 Model Complexes with Cobalt–Carbon Bonds and Catalytic Carbon-Skeleton Rearrangements
Authors: Murakami Yukito , Hisaeda Yoshio , Fan Sheng-Di , Matsuda Yoshihisa 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The cobalt complex of 2,10-diethyl-3,9-dipropyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazaundeca-1,3,8,10-tetraene-1,11-diol catalyzed electrolyses of alkyl halides with electron-withdrawing groups at the β-position to afford rearrangement products via oxidation of the corresponding dialkylated complexes as intermediates.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Alkyl Substituted Lactones by Enantioselective and Chemoselective Alkylation of Formylesters with Dialkylzincs Using N,N-Dibutylnorephedrine
Authors: Soai Kenso , Yokoyama Shuji , Hayasaka Tomoiki , Ebihara Katsumi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Optically active 4-alkyl-γ-butyrolactones and 5-alkyl-δ-valerolactones were obtained in high enantiomeric excesses (85–95% e.e.) from the catalytic asymmetric alkylation of 3- and 4-formylesters with dialkylzincs using N,N-dibutylnorephedrine as catalyst.
CNDO-Electrostatic Potential Maps for α-Cyclodextrin
Authors: Sakurai Minoru , Kitagawa Masaki , Hoshi Hajime , Inoue Yoshio , Chûjô Riichirô 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
On the basis of electrostatic potential maps of α-cyclodextrin(α-CD), the origin of the large dipole moment of α-CD is explained. It is also pointed out that electrostatic properties inside the cavity vary dramatically depending on the conformation of the macrocyclic ring of α-CD.
Assignment of Absolute Configuration for Virantmycin and Synthesis of Its Antipode
Authors: Morimoto Yoshiki , Oda Kaoko , Shirahama Haruhisa , Matsumoto Takeshi , Omura Satoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A total synthesis of antipodal virantmycin was accomplished starting from p-aminobenzoic acid. Absolute stereochemistry of the natural one was shown to be 2S, 3R.
KrF Excimer Laser-induced Dehydrochlorination of 1,2-Dichloropropane
Authors: Ouchi Akihiko , Niino Hiroyuki , Yabe Akira , Kawakaml Haruhiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Dehydrochlorination of 1,2-dichloropropane was conducted with and without irradiation of KrF excimer laser (248 nm). It afforded four products, cis-1-, trans-1-, 2-, and 3-chloropropene. The reaction was remarkably accelerated with irradiation of laser especially at the low temperatures.
An Efficient Electrochemical Coupling of Allylic Halides by Using a Copper Anode
Authors: Tokuda Masao , Endate Kazuhiro , Suginome Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A new electrolytic method for an efficient coupling of allylic halides by the use of a copper anode and a platinum cathode in the presence of sodium iodide is described. A method which avoids a loss of the copper anode owing to dissolution is also described.
Bone mineral density in bulimic women – influence of endocrine factors and previous anorexia
Authors: Naessén Sabine , Carlström Kjell , Glant Rolf , Jacobsson Hans , Hirschberg Angelica Lindén 
Published: July 2006

Objective: Data concerning bone mineral density (BMD) in bulimia nervosa are contradictory and include both low and normal values. The aim of the present study was to elucidate possible endocrine-and nutrition-related factors predicting BMD in bulimic women.
Design: Cross-sectional study.
Methods: Seventy-seven bulimic patients and 56 age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy controls were examined with respect to BMD (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) and to serum levels of hormones and metabolic factors.
Results: Bulimics had significantly lower spinal BMD and higher frequency of osteopenia in the total body than controls. Furthermore, bulimic women had significantly lower levels of estradiol-17β and free thyroxine and significantly higher cortisol levels compared with controls. Among the bulimics, 31.2% had present menstrual disturbance, 51.9% had a history of amenorrhea and 23.4% had previous anorexia nervosa. Subgroups of bulimics with a history of amenorrhea and previous anorexia nervosa had significantly lower total and spinal BMD than controls, whereas those without such history did not differ from the controls. In univariate analysis, a history of amenorrhea, cortisol, testosterone, previous anorexia nervosa, and BMI showed significant associations with spinal BMD. Multiple regression analysis including all significant variables revealed previous anorexia nervosa to be the strongest determinant of spinal BMD, accounting for 34% of the variance, while associations between endocrine factors and BMI disappeared.
Conclusions: Low bone mass in bulimics may be explained by previous anorexia nervosa, whereas endocrine variables related to BMD seem to be secondary determinants that are dependent on previous anorexia nervosa and BMI.
Glycosaminoglycans increase levels of free and bioactive IGF-I in vitro
Authors: Møller Anne Vestergård , Jørgensen Søren Peter , Chen Jian-Wen , Larnkjær Anni , Ledet Thomas , Flyvbjerg Allan , Frystyk Jan 
Published: July 2006

Background: It is unclear how IGFs become separated from their IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) in vivo. However, the IGFBPs possess binding sites for glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and interaction with GAGs alters IGFBP ligand affinity. Accordingly, GAGs may control IGF bioavailability. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of GAGs on serum levels of free and bioactive IGF-I, total IGF-I, and IGFBPs in vitro.
Methods: Serum was incubated with increasing concentrations of six different GAGs (heparin, tinzaparin (Innohep®), dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, non-anticoagulant (nac) heparin, and nac low-molecular weight heparin). To investigate for reversibility, heparin was co-incubated with protamine sulfate (PS). Finally, the effect of heparin was studied in serum from pregnant and post partum women, normal subjects and patients with type 1 diabetes.
Results: All GAGs increased free IGF-I in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.0001), whereas total IGF-I and IGFBP levels remained unchanged. However, the potency of the GAGs differed significantly (P < 0.0001) and did not relate to their anti-coagulating activity. The effect of heparin on free IGF-I was fully reversed by PS. Heparin increased free and bioactive IGF-I in all tested sera (P < 0.0001), but the increase was most pronounced in samples from pregnant women (P < 0.0001).
Conclusion: All tested GAGs stimulated the release of free and bioactive IGF-I in several types of serum, most likely by reversible interaction with the IGFBPs. The effect was most pronounced in pregnancy sera, which are characterized by extensive IGFBP-3 proteolysis. Our findings support the view that GAGs localized in the vessel wall and attached to the extracellular matrix control IGF-I tissue accessibility and bioactivity.
Development of a Linkage Map and Mapping of Phenotypic Polymorphisms in a Free-Living Population of Soay Sheep (Ovis aries)
Authors: Beraldi Dario , McRae Allan F , Gratten Jacob , Slate Jon , Visscher Peter M , Pemberton Josephine M 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn understanding of the determinants of trait variation and the selective forces acting on it in natural populations would give insights into the process of evolution. The combination of long-term studies of individuals living in the wild and better genomic resources for nonmodel organisms makes achieving this goal feasible. This article reports the development of a complete linkage map in a pedigree of free-living Soay sheep on St. Kilda and its application to mapping the loci responsible for three morphological polymorphisms for which the maintenance of variation demands explanation. The map was derived from 251 microsatellite and four allozyme markers and covers 3350 cM (∼90% of the sheep genome) at ∼15-cM intervals. Marker order was consistent with the published sheep map with the exception of one region on chromosome 1 and one on chromosome 12. Coat color maps to chromosome 2 where a strong candidate gene, tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TYRP1), has also been mapped. Coat pattern maps to chromosome 13, close to the candidate locus Agouti. Horn type maps to chromosome 10, a location similar to that previously identified in domestic sheep. These findings represent an advance in the dissection of the genetic diversity in the wild and provide the foundation for QTL analyses in the study population.
Outcomes Associated with Vasoactive Therapy in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
Authors: Arnold Lindsay M. , Crouch Michael A. , Carroll Norman V , Oinonen Michael J. 
Published: July 2006

Study Objectives. To describe the clinical management of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) in patients receiving intravenous treatment with dobutamine, milrinone, or nesiritide, and to evaluate differences, based on treatment received, in the in‐hospital mortality rate, length of stay (LOS), total health care costs, and 30‐day hospital readmission rate.Design. Retrospective cohort analysis.Data Source. University HealthSystem Consortium (UHC) Clinical Database Pharmacy, a database with information from 32 academic hospitals.Patients. Two thousand one hundred thirty patients with ADHF who received dobutamine (1311 patients), milrinone (433), or nesiritide (386).Measurements and Main Results. Patients with ADHF were categorized according to the vasoactive therapy received. To evaluate baseline characteristics, χ2 analysis was used; logistic regression was employed to assess the relationships between drug therapy and in‐hospital mortality rates, and multivariate linear regression was used to assess whether drug therapy was related to LOS and total health care costs. All regression analyses controlled for age, sex, race, region of the United States where the hospital was located, primary payer for the hospital stay, UHC patient severity class, and chronic renal failure. In‐hospital mortality rates were 10.2%, 7.9%, and 2.9% in the dobutamine, milrinone, and nesiritide groups, respectively. This resulted in an adjusted odds ratio for death of 3.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8–6.8) for dobutamine and 3.9 (95% CI 1.8–8.3) for milrinone (p<0.0001). Compared with inotropic therapy (dobutamine and milrinone), mean LOS in the hospital and the intensive care unit were lower with nesiritide (p<0.001). Total health care costs were lowest with nesiritide, but this reached statistical significance only when compared with milrinone (p<0.001). Thirty‐day hospital readmission rates with dobutamine, milrinone, and nesiritide were 5.0%, 9.5%, and 3.9%, respectively (p=NS).Conclusion. Nesiritide therapy was associated with a lower in‐hospital mortality rate and shorter LOS compared with dobutamine and milrinone. In addition, total health care costs with nesiritide were decreased compared with milrinone. These observations need to be validated by a randomized controlled trial.
Representation of Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease in Clinical Trials of Cardiovascular Disease Medications
Authors: Colombijn Julia M. T. , Idema Demy L. , van Beem Sanne , Blokland Anna Marthe , van der Braak Kim , Handoko M. Louis , in ’t Veld Linde F. Huis , Kaul Tabea , Kolagasigil-Akdemir Nurda , Kusters Mike P. T. , Meijvis Sabine C. A. , Oosting Ilse J. , Spijker Rene , Bots Michiel L. , Hooft Lotty , Verhaar Marianne C. , Vernooij Robin W. M. 
Published: March 2024

ImportancePatients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at high risk for cardiovascular disease, but their systematic underrepresentation in cardiovascular randomized clinical trials (RCTs) limits the generation of appropriate evidence to guide cardiovascular risk management (CVRM).ObjectiveTo evaluate the underrepresentation of patients with CKD in cardiovascular RCTs, and to highlight evidence gaps in CVRM medications in this population.Evidence ReviewA systematic search was conducted in ClinicalTrials.gov from February 2000 through October 2021 for RCTs with full-text publications. If no full-text publications were found in ClinicalTrials.gov, MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar were also searched. Eligible RCTs were those evaluating the effectiveness of antiplatelets, anticoagulants, blood pressure–lowering drugs, glucose-lowering drugs, or cholesterol-lowering drugs in adults with cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular risk factors. Trials with a sample size of fewer than 100 patients were excluded.FindingsIn total, 1194 RCTs involving 2 207 677 participants (mean [SD] age, 63 [6] years; 1 343 970 males [64%]) were included. Since 2000, the percentage of cardiovascular RCTs excluding patients with CKD has increased from 66% to 79% (74% overall [884 RCTs]). In 864 RCTs (72%), more patients were excluded than anticipated on safety grounds (63% [306] of trials required no dose adjustment, and 79% [561] required dose adjustment). In total, 158 RCTs (13%) reported results for patients with CKD separately (eg, in subgroup analyses). Significant evidence gaps exist in most CVRM interventions for patients with CKD, particularly for those with CKD stages 4 to 5. Twenty-three RCTs (2%) reported results for patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m2, 15 RCTs (1%) reported for patients receiving dialysis, and 1 RCT (0.1%) reported for recipients of kidney transplant.Conclusions and RelevanceResults of this systematic review suggest that representation of patients with CKD in cardiovascular RCTs has not improved in the past 2 decades and that these RCTs excluded more patients with CKD than expected on safety grounds. Lack of reporting or underreporting of results for this patient population is associated with evidence gaps in the effectiveness of most CVRM medications in patients with all stages of CKD, particularly CKD stages 4 to 5.
Polarization-Sensitive OCT Imaging of Scleral Abnormalities in Eyes With High Myopia and Dome-Shaped Macula
Authors: Ohno-Matsui Kyoko , Igarashi-Yokoi Tae , Azuma Takeshi , Sugisawa Keigo , Xiong Jianping , Takahashi Tomonari , Uramoto Kengo , Kamoi Koju , Okamoto Michiaki , Banerjee Suchandra , Yamanari Masahiro 
Published: March 2024

ImportanceThe relevance of visualizing scleral fiber orientation may offer insights into the pathogenesis of pathologic myopia, including dome-shaped maculopathy (DSM).ObjectiveTo investigate the orientation and density of scleral collagen fibers in highly myopic eyes with and without DSM by polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT).Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis case series included patients with highly myopic eyes (defined as a refractive error ≥6 diopters or an axial length ≥26.5 mm) with and without a DSM examined at a single site in May and June 2019. Analysis was performed from September 2019 to October 2023.ExposuresThe PS-OCT was used to study the birefringence and optic axis of the scleral collagen fibers.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe orientation and optic axis of scleral fibers in inner and outer layers of highly myopic eyes were assessed, and the results were compared between eyes with and without a DSM.ResultsA total of 72 patients (51 [70.8%] female; mean [SD] age, 61.5 [12.8] years) were included, and 89 highly myopic eyes were examined (mean [SD] axial length, 30.4 [1.7] mm); 52 (58.4%) did not have a DSM and 37 (41.6%) had a DSM (10 bidirectional [27.0%] and 27 horizontal [73.0%]). Among the 52 eyes without DSM, the 13 eyes with simple high myopia had primarily inner sclera visible, displaying radially oriented fibers in optic axis images. In contrast, the entire thickness of the sclera was visible in 39 eyes with pathologic myopia. In these eyes, the optic axis images showed vertically oriented fibers within the outer sclera. Eyes presenting with both horizontal and bidirectional DSMs had clusters of fibers with low birefringence at the site of the DSM. In the optic axis images, horizontally or obliquely oriented scleral fibers were aggregated in the inner layer at the DSM. The vertical fibers located posterior to the inner fiber aggregation were not thickened and appeared thin compared with the surrounding areas.Conclusions and RelevanceThis study using PS-OCT revealed inner scleral fiber aggregation without outer scleral thickening at the site of the DSM in highly myopic eyes. Given the common occurrence of scleral pathologies, such as DSM, and staphylomas in eyes with pathologic myopia, recognizing these fiber patterns could be important. These insights may be relevant to developing targeted therapies to address scleral abnormalities early and, thus, mitigate potential damage to the overlying neural tissue.
Design and Usability of an Open-Source, Low-Cost Flexible Laryngoscope for Resource-Limited Settings
Authors: Srinivasan Yashes , Shamritsky David , Bhatta Asmita , Chou Ellaine , Pham Trang , Sanghvi Yashi , Woolf Lily , Zhang Michael , Odigie Eseosa , Chidziva Clemence , Muganda Erasmus , Zimani Priscilla , de Faria Newton , Rameau Anaïs 
Published: March 2024

ImportanceEndoscopes are paramount to the practice of otolaryngology. To provide physicians in low-middle–income countries with adequate tools to treat otolaryngologic problems, it is necessary to create a low-cost sustainable option.ObjectiveTo describe the design and usability of an open-source, low-cost flexible laryngoscope that addresses the lack of affordable and accessible methods for otolaryngologic visualization in resource-limited settings.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis quality improvement study used a mixed-methods approach, including a technical description of device design as well as quantitative and qualitative survey evaluation of device usability. Engineering involved device design, sourcing or manufacturing individual components, fabricating a prototype, and iterative testing. Key assumptions and needs for the device were identified in collaboration with otolaryngologists in Zimbabwe, and designed and simulated by biomedical engineers in a US university laboratory. Board-certified otolaryngologists at a single US university hospital trialed a completed prototype on simulated airways between May 2023 and June 2023.Main Outcomes and MeasuresTechnical details on the design of the device are provided. Otolaryngologist gave feedback on device characteristics, maneuverability, and visualization using the System Usability Scale, a customized Likert-scale questionnaire (5-point scale), and semistructured interviews.ResultsA functional prototype meeting requirements was completed consisting of a distal-chip camera, spring bending tip, handle housing the control mechanism and electronics, and flexible polyether block amide–coated silicone sheath housing the camera and control wires; an external monitor provided real-time visualization and ability to store data. A total of 14 otolaryngologists participated in the device review. The mean (SD) System Usability Scale score was 88.93 (10.08), suggesting excellent usability. The device was rated highly for ease of set up, physical attributes, image quality, and functionality.Conclusions and RelevanceThis quality improvement study described the design of a novel open-source low-cost flexible laryngoscope that external review with otolaryngologists suggests was usable and feasible in various resource-limited environments. Future work is needed to translate the model into a clinical setting.
Flexible Mini‐Inductors with Ultra‐High Inductance Density Directly Cut from Soft Magnetic Amorphous Alloys by Femtosecond Laser
Authors: Chen Yanan , Zhang Yan , Wang Ji , Chen Zhihao , Cao Xiaowen , Han Fei , Zang Bowen , Xiang Mingliang , Huo Juntao , Zhang Wenwu , Wang Jun‐Qiang 
Published: March 2024

AbstractInductors are indispensable parts in power modules of electronic devices. With the rapid development of flexible and wearable electronic devices, developing flexible micro‐inductors with large energy storage has become an urgent task. In this research, a sophisticated femtosecond laser ablation technique is employed to craft circular spiral mini‐inductors via selective etching of soft magnetic amorphous alloy ribbons. Remarkably, while these inductors possess dimensions akin to human fingerprints, they demonstrate an impressively elevated inductance value of ≈1.15 µH at 1 MHz. The inductance density is ≈280–390 nH mm−2, which is ≈10 times larger than conventional circular spiral inductors and is attributed to the high permeability of the amorphous alloys. Furthermore, the inductors showcase commendable flexibility, marked by stellar elasticity and a bending endurance exceeding 2500 cycles, thanks to the amorphous alloys' superior elastic strain limit. When integrated with an LM2576‐3.3BT buck converter, the fabricated inductor achieved a peak power conversion efficiency nearing 70%. These findings underscore the potential of such flexible mini‐inductors in the landscape of flexible electronics.
Unveiling Confinement Engineering for Achieving High‐Performance Rechargeable Batteries
Authors: Lv Ruixin , Luo Chong , Liu Bingran , Hu Kaikai , Wang Ke , Zheng Longhong , Guo Yafei , Du Jiahao , Li Li , Wu Feng , Chen Renjie 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe confinement effect, restricting materials within nano/sub‐nano spaces, has emerged as an innovative approach for fundamental research in diverse application fields, including chemical engineering, membrane separation, and catalysis. This confinement principle recently presents fresh perspectives on addressing critical challenges in rechargeable batteries. Within spatial confinement, novel microstructures and physiochemical properties have been raised to promote the battery performance. Nevertheless, few clear definitions and specific reviews are available to offer a comprehensive understanding and guide for utilizing the confinement effect in batteries. This review aims to fill this gap by primarily summarizing the categorization of confinement effects across various scales and dimensions within battery systems. Subsequently, the strategic design of confinement environments is proposed to address existing challenges in rechargeable batteries. These solutions involve the manipulation of the physicochemical properties of electrolytes, the regulation of electrochemical activity, and stability of electrodes, and insights into ion transfer mechanisms. Furthermore, specific perspectives are provided to deepen the foundational understanding of the confinement effect for achieving high‐performance rechargeable batteries. Overall, this review emphasizes the transformative potential of confinement effects in tailoring the microstructure and physiochemical properties of electrode materials, highlighting their crucial role in designing novel energy storage devices.