bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pilot plant studies on extracting cottonseed with methylene chloride
Authors: Johnson L. A. , Farnsworth J. T. , Sadek N. Z. , Chamkasem N. , Lusas E. W. , Reid B. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe practical feasibility of using methylene chloride to extract oil, aflatoxin and gossypol simultaneously from cottonseed flakes was demonstrated in a 56‐hr experimental run using a pilot‐scale, continuous extractor. Nine different trials varying in extraction time, solvent:flake ratio, flake preparation method and blending with 5% ethanol were evaluated. Residual oil contents were lower than typically achieved in extraction with hexane. Aflatoxin contents of the meals were reduced by 73–92% of the level in cottonseed meats, making possible the upgrading of a large portion of cottonseed meal that otherwise would exceed current action levels. Because gossypol also was extracted, it was possible to produce cottonseed meal that was well suited for use in poultry feeds, especially when a blend of 5% ethanol in methylene chloride was used. Meal desolventized easily, and residual levels of methylene chloride were generally less than 12 ppm. The oil was refined and bleached to acceptable quality standards, and no residual aflatoxin was detected in alkali‐refined oil.
Built‐in lubrication on cotton fabrics
Authors: Benerito Ruth R. , McKelvey John B. , Berni Ralph J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPartial cotton esters of long chain fatty acids of low degrees of substitution (D.S.<0.20) have been prepared by a variety of methods. In particular, the effects of the introduction of a stearoyl or an oleoyl group into the cellulose matrix on fabric properties, such as softness of hand and wrinkle recovery, have been studied. Attempts have been made to compare fabric properties of partial esters of like D.S. prepared by various methods of esterification and effect of a chemically attached alkanoyl group with effect of the same group deposited or adsorbed on the surface of the cotton fabric. Consideration has been given to the size of the alkyl group, its orientation on the surface of the fiber and its hydrophobicity. Data indicate that resistance to abtasion of cottons chemically modified with long chain alkyl groups is reduced whenever the finished fabric has high dry wrinkle recovery. High dry wrinkle recovery is obtained after esterification of cotton in nonaqueous media. Improvement in resistance to abrasion is pronounced when the alkyl group has not been chemically combined with the cellulose matrix in the absence of water, and usually is obtained when the finished cottons possess only high wet wrinkle recovery.
The solubility of water in edible oils and fats above 100 C
Authors: Hilder M. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe solubilities of water in rapeseed and coconut oils have been determined at temperatures between 90 and 160 C. Oil samples were equilibrated with water vapor under conditions of constant temperature and humidity. The equilibrium water content was determined by means of the Karl Fischer titration method. Solubility was found to be independent of the type of oil when expressed in terms of the mole fraction, in agreement with previous work at temperatures below 100 C. An equation is given relating solubility and temperature between 0–250 C.
Surface active agents from isopropenyl esters: Acylation of isethionic acid and N‐methyltaurine
Authors: Bistline R. G. , Rothman E. S. , Serota S. , Stirton A. J. , Wrigley A. N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAcylation of sodium isethionate with isopropenyl stearate at 200 C for 30 min gave a 95% yield of sodium 2‐sulfoethyl stearate, acetone being the only byproduct. Acylation of N‐methyltaurine at 200 C for 90 min gave a 95% yield of N‐methyl‐N‐(2‐sulfoethyl) stearamide sodium salt. Corresponding surface active derivatives were also prepared from pelargonic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, oleic, phenylstearic and hydrogenated tallow fatty acids from their respective isopropenyl esters. Detergency, foam height, wetting time, lime soap dispersing power, critical micelle concentration and other surfactant properties were evaluated. Optimum properties were found at the C14−C18 fatty acid chain length. Unsaturation or branching increased solubility. The 2‐sulfoethyl esters were similar to the N‐methyl‐N‐(2‐sulfoethyl) amides in foam height, wetting ability and lime soap dispersing power, superior to the N‐methyl‐N‐(2‐sulfoethyl) amides in detergency, but inferior in calcium stability and less stable to acid and alkali. Both compounds are readily biodegraded. The fatty isopropenyl ester synthesis has an advantage in yield and purity of the product and could increase the utilization of the 2‐sulfoethyl esters and N‐methyl‐N‐(2‐sulfoethyl) amides in many applications.
Tallow alkanolamides: Preparation and effect on surfactant solutions
Authors: Weil J. K. , Parris N. , Noble W. R. , Smith F. D. , Stirton A. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOxyalkylation of N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) amides and N,N‐bis‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) amides gave products which were valuable as detergent additives and detergent intermediates. Oxyalkylation of simple amides was difficult to carry out, and the product contained large quantities of unreacted amide which had an adverse effect on surfactant properties. Amides with short oxyalkyl chains and long fatty chains were not soluble by themselves but were solubilized by aqueous detergent solutions and had characteristic “Krafft Points.” This temperature, at which the mixed solution became clear, was independent of detergent used, amide to detergent ratio up to 1.4, total concentration, and water hardness. Krafft point of poorly soluble detergents such as sodium octadecyl sulfate and disodium α‐sulfostearate was lowered by mixing with alkanolamides. N,N‐Bis‐(hydroxyethyl)‐hexadecanamide and the oxyalkylated products of N,N‐bis‐(hydroxyethyl) hexadecanamide and N,N‐bis‐(hydroxyethyl) octadecanamide increased the viscosity of solutions of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and sodium dodecyl sulfate in the same was as the N,N‐bis‐(hydroxyethyl) amide prepared from coconut oil. Foam stabilizing properties ere observed for some of oxyethylated amides. One per cent N,N‐bis‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) oleamide and 2‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)‐ethyloleamide formed petrolatum‐water emulsions which were stable for more than a month.
Diels‐Alder adducts from safflower oil fatty acids
Authors: Balakrishna R. S. , Murthy B. G. K. , Aggarwal J. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMethyl esters of alkali‐isomerized safflower oil fatty acids after elaidinization with sulfur were treated with styrene in the presence of hydroquinone, with or without solvents. A combination of column chromatography and gas liquid chromatography techniques was employed for the estimation of the methyl esters of unreacted fatty acids, Diels‐Alder adduct and polymers in the reaction products. Maximum yield of the Diels‐Alder adduct (26.6%) was obtained when the elaidinized methyl esters of the fatty acids were treated with 1.5 moles of styrene per mole of linoleic acid in safflower oil fatty acids at 200–210 C for 6 hr. The methyl ester of the adduct was isolated in about 90% purity from the reaction product by vacuum distillation followed by solvent fractionation. The butyl ester of the adduct and the epoxy derivative of the methyl ester adduct were prepared and characterized.
Edible protein products from cruciferae seed meals
Authors: Sims R. P. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRape, crambe and mustard seed are compared with respect to properties of the fixed oil, nature of the mustard oils and properties of the seed protein. Rapeseed (Brassica campestris andB. napus) has benefited greatly from plant breeding; the erucic acid content of the fixed oil and the level of glucosinolates can now be selected. Crambe seed (Crambe abyssinica), however, is still high in erucic acid and in glucosinolates. The glucosinolate patterns of the mustards are naturally simple. Procedures for preparing edible flours and isolates from rape, crambe and mustard seed are described. With mustard (B. hirta, juncea andnigra), the glucosinolate hydrolysis products are volatile and steamstripping yields a bland flour. With rape and crambe seeds, the intact glucosinolates must be removed; aqueous extraction is practicable. The physical, chemical and nutritional properties of some of the meals, flours and isolates prepared from cruciferae seed are described.
Lipids in Cruciferae: VIII. The fatty acid composition of seeds of some wild or partially domesticated species
Authors: Appelqvist L. ‐A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA total of 75 seed samples of 29 species of Cruciferae have been analyzed for fatty acid composition by gas chromatography. All but three species contained erucic acid in the seed oils at levels ranging from 1% to 57%. Linolenic acid was present in all samples; the levels ranged from 2% to 55%. A considerable variation in fatty acid patterns was observed at the intraspecific level forSinapis arvensis. Species from five of the generas studied may have potential as new crops, namelyBarbarea, Conringia, Erysimum, Hesperis andSisymbrium.
Preparation of tertiary amine derivatives from commercially available alcohols and their properties as surfactants
Authors: Takehara Kikuo , Okajima Shigeaki , Agawa Toshio , Komori Saburo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHigher tertiary amines were prepared by transalkylation of triethylamine with commercially available alcohols such as Tergitol 15‐S‐3 and tridecyl alcohol. This reaction carried out at 250–300 C and 20 kg/cm2 initial hydrogen pressure, using Cu−Cr−Mn−O catalyst, gave about 80% yield of higher alkyl tertiary amines. Tertiary amine hydrochlorides, quaternary ammonium bromides and amine oxides were prepared from these tertiary amines. Specific surface tension, wetting power, foaming power and foam stability were measured. The characteristic properties with respect to tertiary amine derivatives containing ether linkages were observed. These products have excellent wetting power, reduced surface tension, low foaming power and unstable foam.
Simultaneous recovery of wax and oil from rice bran by filtration‐extraction
Authors: Pominski Joseph , Eaves P. H. , Vix H. L. E. , Gastrock E. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryHard rice waxes of high melting points have been obtained directly from rice bran while simultaneously producing oil. These waxes were produced by the following two methods. 1. selective cold hexane‐extraction of cooked rice bran to remove the oil, hot hexane‐extraction to remove the wax, chilling of the hot miscella and separation of the precipitated wax by centrifugation; 2. single hot hexane‐extraction of raw or cooked rice bran, hot water washing and chilling of the miscella, separation of the wax precipitate by settling or centrifugation, and multiple cold hexane‐washings of the wax. Wax can also be processed from rice oil settlings by the latter method after a miscella has been prepared. The cold extraction‐hot extraction method should be preferable as a process when conducted on a single continuous filtration‐extraction unit without reslurrying. Indications are that oil refining losses may be decreased by this method. Yields of rice wax varied from 0.22 to 0.31% of the original rice bran, or 1.29 to 1.82% of the extracted oil.
Influence of variety and environment on the iodine value of cottonseed oil
Authors: Stansbury Mack F. , Hoffpauir Carroll L. , Hopper T. H. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryData are reported on the variation of the iodine value of the oil from the seed of eight varieties of cotton grown at 13 locations during three years. Analysis of variance showed the influence of variety and of station‐years to be highly significant statistically. Iodine value was found to be negatively correlated with the temperatures. The highest correlation was obtained for the period of maturation (35 days before the bolls open) when the oil is being synthesized. The coefficients for the relations with mean temperatures were higher than those for maximum and minimum temperatures.Simple correlations for the relations between iodine value of the oils from seed of individual varieties and mean temperatures during two periods of boll and seed development were negative and highly significant. For the maturation period (35 days before boll opening) and the combined periods for squaring, fiber elongation, and maturation (73 days before boll opening) the average reductions in iodine value per °F. increase in temperature were found to be 0.760 and 1.172 units, respectively. Of the eight varieties investigated, temperature influenced the iodine value of the oil least for Stoneville 2B and most for Coker Wilds.
Physical and functional properties of some higher alkyl polyglucosides
Authors: Hughes Francis A. , Lew Baak W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe higher alkyl polyglucosides are a new class of nonionic surfactants which can be formulated to give properties ranging from soft greases to hard glassy water‐soluble solids melting from about 30 C to above 300 C and which are insoluble in common organic solvents. The aqueous solutions do not exhibit inverse solubility with temperature or concentration. They show low eye and skin irritation and a very low degree of toxicity (LD50 greater than 35 g/kg). They have a bland taste, are good foamers with low surface tension, are compatible with inorganic detergent builders, and are biodegradable. They show good functionality in various applications such as detergents, food emulsifiers, cosmetic surfactants, pharmaceutical granulating agents and industrial emulsifiers.
9‐Aminononanamide and nylon‐9 from azelaaldehydic derivatives of soybean oil
Authors: Kohlhase W. L. , Pryde E. H. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract9‐Aminononamide, a potential intermediate for nylon‐9, was prepared from soybean oil via alkyl soyate, aldehyde oil or soybean amides. All three routes involved various sequences for reductive ozonolysis, reductive amination and ammonolysis. The preferred route is through the alkyl soyates, although the other two have fewer steps. The amino amide is a water‐soluble, strongly basic solid that rapidly absorbs atmospheric carbon dioxide and is readily hydrolyzed to 9‐aminononanoic acid. Although the amino amide is selfpolymerizable in limited degree, the preferred monomer for nylon‐9 is the amino acid. Other new compounds prepared and characterized include azelaaldehydamide, bis(8‐carbamoyloctyl)amine; N‐(8‐carbamoyloctyl)‐8‐methoxycarbonyloctylamine; 9‐hydroxynonanamide; and dimers of the amino amide and the amino ester.
Thermal‐diffusion fractionation: Oils, fats, and some derivatives
Authors: Seelbach C. W. , Quackenbush F. W. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA number of fats and oils and derivatives there‐from were subjected to thermal diffusion in a column in which one plate was heated with low‐pressure steam and the other cooled with tap water. Triglyceride moved toward the top while glycerol and monoglyceride moved toward the bottom when mixtures containing all components were diffused. Mixed triglycerides showed no tendency to separate; neither did fatty‐acid mixtures which differed only in degree of unsaturation. However when a fatty acid mixture was brominated, subsequent separation was observed.Marked color‐improvement was observed in the top fractions from various crude oils; the colored substances were concentrated exponentially in the bottom fractions. Polymeric substances from partly polymerized oils also concentrated toward the bottom. Some tentative generalizations on types of separations to be expected are discussed.
The rapid separation of aflatoxins on silica gel coated glass cylinders
Authors: Maing Il‐Young , Lillard H. S. , Ayres J. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA chromatographic method is described for the separation of aflatoxins on silica gel coated glass cylinders prepared with a chloroformacetone slurry. This can be done in 35–40 min compared with more than 2 hr for thin layer chromatography (TLC). This method is more rapid, economical and its sensitivity is comparable to TLC.
Extraction of lipids from cottonseed tissue: II. Ultrastructural effects of lipid extraction
Authors: Hensarling T. P. , Yatsu L. Y. , Jacks T. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCottonseed tissue was extracted with chloroform‐methanol‐water, hexane‐acetone‐water, cyloroform‐methanol, hexane‐acetone, hexane and acetone, and then examine with an electron microscope. In all cases, contents of oil‐rich spherosomes were emptied and cell walls remained intact after lipid extraction. In addition, the two water‐containing solvents obtained disruption of intracellular structures. Severalford greater amounts of water‐soluble phophorus compounds were extracted with the water‐containing solvents than with their nonaqueous counterparts.
Distribution of tocopherols within the corn kernel
Authors: Grams G. W. , Blessin C. W. , Inglett G. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe concentration of tocols and tocotrienols in the germ, endosperm and pericarp of the corn kernel was determined after hand dissection of four dent corn hybrids—normal, early maturing, high oil and high lysine (opaque‐2). Among these hybrids the germ fraction contained 70–86% and the endosperm fraction contained 27–115 of the tocopherols extracted from the whole grain. The endosperm fractions contain all of the measurable tocotrienols occurring in whole corn. In the four hybrids analyzed, the germ fraction contained 94–96% of thea‐tocopherol extracted from the whole grain. Concentration ofa‐tocopherol was the highest in the germ fraction of the opaque‐2 hybrid.
Enzymatic determination of citrate in detergent products
Authors: Taraborelli J. A. , Upton R. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA routine analytical procedure employing enzyme methodology has been developed for the determination of the citrate content of commercial detergent products. The enzyme system used is based upon the selective cleavage of citrate by citrate lyase (citrate oxaloacetate lyase; EC 4.1.3.6). One of the products, oxaloacetate, is reduced to malate by malic dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) with the simultaneous oxidation of reduced β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form. The course of the reaction is measured spectrophotometrically. The decrease in absorbance at 340 nm caused by the formation of β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized form, is directly proportional to the concentration of citrate. The accuracy of the method which was determined by recovering citrate spikes into citrate‐free detergent formulations is excellent. The precision of the method (±1.4% [two standard deviations relative to the average]) is adequate for an analysis of this type. Several commercial detergent products containing 10–20% trisodium citrate were assayed by this method.
Genetic studies of peanut proteins and oils
Authors: Tai Y. P. , Young Clyde T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSix peanut cultivars (Chico, Argentine, Tennessee Red, Florunner, F334A‐B‐14, and Florida Jumbo) and their F2 seed populations were used to determine the inheritance of protein and oil contents. The results suggested that both protein and oil contents were quantitatively inherited. Calculated correlation coefficients between protein and oil contents were negative and varied from nonsignificant to highly significant in both parental and F2 populations. Three F2 populations, F334 × Tennessee Red, Florida Jumbo × Chico, and F334 × Argentine, plus their parents were studied for genetic behavior of amino acid and fatty acid compositions. The results indicate that these traits also were inherited quantitatively, and the peanuts had the capacity to give a transgressive segregation with some of the amino acids and fatty acids. Correlations among 18 amino acids plus 8 fatty acids suggested a complex system of genetic control among amino acid and fatty acid compositions within each of the peanut cultivars and their F2 progenies.
Solubility and refractometric studies with copper valerate and caproate in nonaqueous solutions
Authors: Mehrotra K. N. , Mehta V. P. , Nagar T. N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe behavior of copper valerate and caproate in nonaqueous solutions has been investigated from solubility and refractometric methods. The apparent heat of solutions demonstrate the existence of micellar aggregates above the Krafft point. The refractive indices of soap solutions in hydrocarbons decrease whereas in alcohols increase with the increase in the soap concentration.
Long‐chain unsaturated alcohols from jojoba oil by sodium reduction
Authors: Molaison L. J. , O'Connor R. T. , Spadaro J. J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryJojoba oil is a liquid wax composed essentially of C20 and C22 straight‐chain monoethylenic acids and alcohols in the form of esters. Sodium reduction of the wax fatty esters in jojoba oil yielded quantitatively a mixture of unsaturated, long‐chain alcohols from the acid moiety of the jojoba oil. Yields of about 91% were obtained in the laboratory‐scale experiments and 82 to 86 for the pilot‐plant experiments. Analytical data, including detailed infrared spectra information, are given for the resulting product alcohols.
Reactions of dienophiles with vegetable oils. I. Reactions of maleic esters with sulfur dioxide catalyst
Authors: Miller W. R. , Bell E. W. , Cowan J. C. , Teeter H. M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryDirect reactions of dibutyl and dimethyl maleate with safflower oil were investigated. When transformed into esters and distilled, the products are generally different from the Diels‐Alder adducts obtained fromtrans,trans‐9,11‐linoleic acid. The differences most probably result from the formation of one or more isomers of the known product, of the substituted succinate, of a transannular lactone, or of a mixture of these and other isomers. No definite assignments of structure can yet be made. In one experiment the Diels‐Alder adduct was obtained as the major product from the reaction of dimethyl maleate with safflower oil.Reactions are best carried out by heating safflower oil to 290° while sweeping it with sulfur dioxide. The maleic ester is then added dropwise, and the product is transesterified and distilled. By this procedure a distillable adduct fraction is obtained in yields up to 70%, based on linoleate. Fumaric esters give similar results. Omission of the sulfur dioxide catalyst greatly reduces the yield.
Advance in fat research in Spain during the last fifty years
Authors: Moreno J. M. Martinez 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionThis summary is necessarily a subjective apraisal, and there may be errors or omissions, for which we apologize.The major point is that Spanish research work in the field of fats (and the same applies to many other fields) has always relied on outstanding figures, who possessed original ideas and developed them within possibilities, which were not indeed always very great. The shortage of material means and the isolation of the few existing research workers made our contribution necessarily small, compared with the work of the rest of the world, which brought about scientific knowledge on fats that we now possess. The almost exclusive concentration on problems connected with olive oil has also greatly limited our scope and also limited the knowledge of Spanish research work abroad.For some years Spain has been launched on a program of complete renewal, both in this field and in other fields of scientific research, and is at present making a great effort to co‐ordinate and increase the material and human resources available for the study of fats.Too little time has passed for the results of this effort to be evaluated, except in a few isolated cases, but we are working enthusiastically. And if we are able in 25 years to attend the Diamond Jubilee of the illustrious American Oil Chemists' Society, we hope we shall be able to report a greater amount of work and more results of real scientific importance than those to which I have drawn your attention.