bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experienced reality in somatic patients more than 65 years old
Authors: Aggernes A. , Myschetzky A. 
Published: August 2007

Eight experienced qulities of reality were examined in relation to five sorts of experience in 15 demented patients in clear states of consciousness (the CSC group), and in 15 patients in disturbed states of consciousness (the DSC group), Many more abnormal reality qualities appeared in the DSC than in the CSC group. In the DSC patients the tendency to experiencel non‐existent fantasy items as being real was so much greater than in the CSC patients that it will be of value in differential diagnosis if it is confirmed in other patient materials. In DSC patients, furthermore, positive qualities of sensation were found attached to many experiences of items which were not present in the actual stimulus field‐ even in patients who were not clinically hallucinated.The reliability of the results was controlled by having each patient evaluated by two psychiatrists.
Evaluation of the combination of tryptophan and ECT in the treatment of depression
Authors: D'Elia G. , Lehmann J. , Raotma H. 
Published: August 2007

A double‐blind evaluation of the antidepressant efficacy of treatment with a combination of orally administered L‐tryptophan (L‐TP) and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was made in patients suffering from endogenous depression. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups, one treated with L‐TP (6 g daily) and unilateral ECT, the other with placebo and unilateral ECT. L‐TP treatment was initiated at least 1 day before the first ECT and terminated 4 days after the last ECT.There was a good agreement between the two groups in several measures of antidepressant efficacy: doctors' and patients' ratings of depressive symptoms, and doctors' global rating of therapeutic effect 4 days and 1 month after the last ECT. In the L‐TP group, however, there was a significantly better effect on retardation symptoms in the nurses' rating scale. This difference, which is not consistent with other measures of amelioration, contributes, at most, to a marginal therapeutic addition to the antidepressant effect of ECT. It is concluded that oral administration of L‐TP, in the dose of 6 g daily, is not of practical value for potentiating the antidepressant efficacy of ECT.
Female alcoholics
Authors: Dahlgren L. , Myrhed M. 
Published: August 2007

The aim of this study has been to describe the different ways in which 100 alcoholics of each sex sought treatment, with special reference to the females. In addition, some psychiatric and social characteristics of the two groups of patients are presented.A significantly higher number of the females were admitted as a result of an acute complication: unconsciousness, suicide attempt, confusion, neurological disorders, etc., while the males generally sought treatment under less dramatic circumstances. As the patients selected were early cases, most had not been treated before, but in those with previous in‐patient psychiatric treatment a diagnosis without an alcohol connection was significantly more common among the women. Drug abuse was considerably more frequent among the female as compared with the male alcoholics, and the specific lonely drinking pattern was also more common among the women. A striking difference between the sexes appeared with respect to partner: more than one‐half of the married women had alcoholic husbands. The corresponding figure for the married men amounted to about 10 %.
The effects of liver disease and aging on the disposition of diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, oxazepam and lorazepam in man
Authors: WILKINSON G. R. 
Published: August 2007

The benzodiazepines constitute a class of drugs of considerable disparity in a number of potentially clinically important ways. They are also used so widely that the characteristics of the patient population important in overall drug responsiveness vary considerably, also. The possibility, therefore, exists that one drug may have more desirable qualities than another related benzodiazepine when used in a particular group of patients. A clinical response has both pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic components, and as an initial exploration of the latter hypothesis the disposition of a number of benzodiazepines has been investigated with respect to the effects of aging and liver disease on the involved processes.Considerable differences exist between the drugs when studied in a group of young and old individuals aged usually below 30 and above 60 years. With diazepam and chlordiazepoxide aging leads to a 3‐ to 6‐fold prolongation in the elimination half‐life from about 20–30 hours to 60–80 hours and 6–8 hours to 30–36 hours, respectively. In both cases this involves an age‐related increase in the distribution volume, but in addition the plasma clearance of chlordiazepoxide decreases about 3‐fold. In contrast, the removal of both oxazepam and lorazepam from the body, appears to be unaffected by aging, whether expressed by the half‐life or plasma clearance.Similar differences between these drugs also exist with respect to the effects of liver disease on their disposition. Cirrhosis produces a 2‐ to 3‐fold increase in the half‐life of both diazepam and chlordiazepoxide relative to age‐matched controls. The predominant cause of this is a significant reduction in plasma clearance but the distribution of the drugs is slightly increased due to a reduction in plasma binding. Acute viral hepatitis has a similar but slightly smaller effect upon plasma clearance, which is reversible upon clinical recovery. Neither of these diseases has a significant effect on the disposition of oxazepam and lorazepam.The aging process and liver disease, therefore, affect the disposition of these closely related benzodiazepines quite differently. The fact that the pharmacokinetics of benzodiazepines which are eliminated by glucuroni‐dation are relatively unaffected by the investigated disease processes suggests that they may be more clinically advantageous than perhaps similar drugs which are oxidatively metabolized. However, well designed clinical studies including assessment of any pharmacodynamic alterations will be required to test whether this is indeed correct.
Lithium concentrations in saliva, plasma and red blood cells of patients given lithium acetate
Authors: Evrard J.‐L. , Baumann P. , (‐Bally) R. Pera , Peters‐Haefeli L. 
Published: August 2007

Lithium concentrations in saliva, plasma and red blood cells were measured in: 1) six hospitalized patients under long‐term lithium therapy, at 2, 5, 9 and 24 hours after oral doses of 24 mEq Liacetate and 2 or 12 hours after 8 mEq Li acetate; and 2) 10 outpatients under chronic lithium treatment at two occasions 8 days apart.With changing plasma concentrations, [Li] saliva varied without any notable time lag. [Li] saliva was always much higher than [Li] plasma. The ratio [Li] saliva/ [Li] plasma water averaged 3.2 ± 0.2 in 62 determinations, but varied widely at different times after oral lithium in the same individuals and less widely between different individuals. “Prediction” of plasma lithium concentration from measured [Li] saliva appears hazardous, and may provide reliable indications only if [Li] saliva is measured repeatedly. Salivary lithium concentrations were not correlated with either potassium or sodium concentrations. Lithium concentrations in red blood cells were always lower than in plasma: [Li] red blood cell water/ [Li] plasma water averaged 0.37 ± 0.03. With changing plasma concentrations, rise and fall of red blood cell lithium lagged considerably behind plasma changes. This resulted in a rise of the red blood cell/plasma concentration ratio from a very low value 2 hours after an oral dose to a rather high value 24 hours after an oral dose.
Amoxapine versus amitriptyline in endogenous depression
Authors: Fruensgaard K. , Hansen C. Eggert , Korsgaard S. , Nymgaard K. , Vaag U. H. 
Published: August 2007

A new antidepressant, amoxapine, which is a dibenzoxazepine derivative, was compared with amitriptyline in a randomised double‐blind trial. Forty‐eight patients were included and 41 completed a 4‐week treatment. Most of the patients were maintained on 150 mg daily. Assessments were made by the Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression (HAM‐D), Nurses' Observation Scale for In‐patient Evaluation (NOSIE), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale and Patient's Self‐Evaluation.The total HAM‐D score was considerably reduced in the majority of the patients. Amitriptyline was the most effective with regard to symptoms included in the factor Sleep Disturbances and ‐ secondary maybe ‐ towards some items included in the factor Somatization. For the remaining items, including the items of the factors Anxiety/Depression and Apathy, the last score was lower in the amoxapine group than in those treated with amitriptyline. Among the unipolar cases the amoxapine treated patients were more satisfied with regard to efficacy (P= 6.3 %). The frequency of side effects such as tremor and dizziness was considerably lower in the amoxapine group. In total, the side effects lasted longer in the amitriptyline group.We conclude that amoxapine seems to be an effective antidepressant with a low frequency of side effects.
Influence of D‐ or DL‐propranolol and chlorpromazine on habituation of phasic electrodermal responses in schizophrenia
Authors: Gruzelier J. H. , Hirsch S. R. , Weller M. , Murphy C. 
Published: August 2007

dextro Propranolol was found to share the properties of the racemate in facilitating habituation of the electrodermal orienting reflex in schizophrenic patients. This effect appeared independent of influences on levels of skin conductance and non‐specific responses. Chlorpromazine did not normalise orienting activity.If the findings from open clinical studies that D‐propranolol has anti‐psychotic properties are confirmed, the fact that dextro propranolol has only minimal cardiovascular effects may give it important advantages as an anti‐psychotic agent. Controlled clinical studies to prove its therapeutic action and neurobiological studies to determine its central mechanisms of action are warranted.
Amphetamine addiction and pregnancy
Authors: Larsson G. , Eriksson M. , Zetterström R. 
Published: August 2007

The psycho‐social backgrounds of 69 amphetamine‐addicted mothers were investigated in order to find indicators which might be applicable in predicting the addicted women's chances of adaptation to motherhood. Of these 69 women, 17 stopped taking drugs in the first months of gestation when they realized that they were pregnant (Group 1). The remaining 52 women continued taking drugs throughout pregnancy (Group 2). There was no difference between the groups as to number of years of addiction, or other drugs used except that more women in Group 2 abused alcohol at the same time.A large proportion of the women in both Groups 1 and 2 were, as children, known to the local social welfare agencies because of their unsatisfactory home conditions. In Group 2, psychiatric illness and drug abuse were more common among parents and siblings than in Group 1. In spite of this, the women in Group 2 had, on the average, been placed in a foster home at a significantly older age. Significantly more women in Group 2 also had a poorer educational background and a criminal record including more serious crimes.At the time of their current pregnancy the women in Group 1 had a more stable social situation with regard to permanent dwelling, work and relationship with non‐addicted friends.
Factors influencing seizure duration and number of seizures applied in unilateral electroconvulsive therapy ANAESTHETICS AND BENZODIAZEPINES
Authors: Sand Strömgren L. , Dahl J. , Fjeldborg N. , Thomsen A. 
Published: August 2007

A certain minimum in the duration of seizures appears to be a condition for a satisfactory therapeutic effect in ECT. The aim of the present investigation is to elucidate the importance of some factors which may influence the seizure duration.In a controlled double‐blind investigation with crossover, carried out on 19 patients, thiopentone and methohexitone were compared as anaesthetics for unilateral ECT. No differences were found between the anaesthetics regarding duration of seizures, number of treatments with insufficient seizure duration or amount of energy applied. Blood pressure measured after the seizure was slightly higher with thiopentone than with methohexitone. The findings provide no basis for a preference between thiopentone and methohexitone as anaesthetic for ECT.In a retrospective investigation concerning seizure duration in unilateral ECT, patients given benzodiazepines during the treatment period were compared with patients who received no such medication. The benzodiazepine group showed shorter seizure duration, more cases with insufficient seizure duration and a need for a greater number of treatments. Benzodiazepines should be administered with caution during ECT, as they can impair the efficacy of treatments and consequently prolong the treatment period.
Chemoprophylaxis of depressions An attempt to compare lithium with 5‐hydroxytryptophan
Authors: Praag H. M. Van , De Haan S. 
Published: August 2007

There are indications that the group of vital (‘endogenous’) depressions encompasses a subgroup with central 5‐HT deficiency and that this factor contributes to the development of the (or some) depressive symptoms instead of resulting from them. In a majority of patients the suspected S‐HT deficiency persists even when the depressive symptoms have disappeared and the medication has been discontinued. This led us to the hypothesis that the disturbed central 5‐HT metabolism is not a direct causal, but a predisposing factor. If this is true, then abolition of the suspected 5‐HT deficiency, for example with the aid of 5‐HTP, can be expected to have a prophylactic effect. This hypothesis was investigated in this study and confirmed. 5‐HTP reduces the relapse rate in recurrent vital depressions with a unipolar and those with a bipolar course. This effect would seem to be most pronounced in patients whose disorders of central 5‐HT metabolism are persistent. Tentatively it was concluded that 5‐HTP seems to be inferior to lithium in bipolar patients and at least equivalent to lithium in unipolar patients. This problem, however, is still under investigation.5‐HTP prophylaxis is the first aimed (i.e. pathological substrate‐oriented) type of chemoprophylaxis known in psychiatry.
The antidepressant efficacy of zimelidine and maprotiline
Authors: Montgomery S. A. , Rani S. J. , Mcauley R. , Roy D. , Montgomery D. B. 
Published: August 2007

In a double‐blind group comparison study of 39 patients with primary depressive illness zimelidine in a dose of 200 mg at night demonstrated the same order of antidepressant efficacy as maprotiline in a dose of 150 mg at night after either two or four weeks treatment measured by the amelioration or final score on the Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS) and on the Montgomery & Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS).Both zimelidine and maprotiline demonstrated significant antidepressant activity at 2 weeks compared with 2 weeks prior treatment with placebo measured by amelioration on HRS (paired t 4.1 P < 0.001, t 2.7 P < 0.02) or MADRS (paired t 3.5 P < 0.005, t 5.1 P < 0.001).An item analysis of the MADRS showed significantly better sleep and appetite in the maprotiline‐treated group compared with the zimelidinetreated group which is in accord with the pharmacology of the two compounds.
Rating of anxiety, depression and vulnerability
Authors: Hassanyeh F. , Eccleston D. , Davison K. 
Published: August 2007

A new self‐rating scale is presented, which incorporates items on anxiety, depression and vulnerability.A high correlation was obtained between its depression scale and the Beck Depression Inventory, and between its vulnerability scale and the Neuroticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.The new anxiety scale differentiated patients with anxiety neurosis from those with depression.
Cis(Z)‐clopenthixol and haloperidol in chronic schizophrenic patients ‐ a double‐blind clinical multicentre investigation
Authors: Heikkilä L. , Laitinen J. , Vartiainen H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSixty‐three chronic schizophrenic in‐patients were included in the double‐blind, double‐dummy clinical trial comparing antipsychotic activity and side effects of cis(Z)‐clopenthixol and haloperidol. Test treatment was administered at least 8 and in most cases 12 weeks with clinical evaluations including BPRS, NOSIE‐30, CGI and single side effects done at weeks 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12. The average end‐of‐trial doses were 40 mg cis(Z)‐clopenthixol and 10 mg haloperidol. Statistically significant improvements of total BPRS‐score and Thinking disturbance were registered with both drugs from week 2 onwards. At week 12 when 36 patients were receiving test treatment total BPRS‐score was reduced by 31% in the cis(Z)‐clopenthixol group and by 17% in the haloperidol group. At week 4 Thinking disturbance was reduced by 32% in the cis(Z)‐clopenthixol group and by 16% in the haloperidol group ‐ these findings constituted the only significant difference between test drugs. Compared to the BPRS‐results less improvements and no differences between test drugs were registered with NOSIE‐30 and CGI. Any trends towards different frequency and severity of side effects were in the favour of cis(Z)‐clopenthixol.
Serum levels of the isomers of clopenthixol in patients given cis(Z)‐clopenthixol or cis(Z)/trans(E)‐clopenthixol
Authors: Aaes‐Jørgensen T. , Gravem A. , Jørgensen A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe serum levels of the two geometric isomers of clopenthixol and N‐dealkylated clopenthixol were estimated in 9 patients, who received cis(Z)‐clopenthixol (Cisordinolr̀, Clopixolr̀ tabl.) in one period and the double dose of cis(Z)/trans(E)‐clopenthixol (Sordinolr̀, Ciatylr̀) in another period. Nearly equal concentrations of the neuroleptically active isomer, cis(Z)‐clopenthixol, were found in the two periods. This finding is in agreement with the clinical experience, but in disagreement with the administered amounts of cis(Z)‐clopenthixol, which were larger when the cis(Z)‐isomer was given alone. Highly significant correlations were found between dose and mean serum level of cis(Z)‐clopenthixol and between dose and area under the serum concentration curves for 8 of the patients, the ninth patient, who had received additional medication showed deviating results. No indication of transformation of cis(Z)‐clopenthixol into trans(E)‐clopenthixol or vice versa was found. Trans(E)‐clopenthixol was found in the serum samples even after administration for one week with the cis(Z)‐clopenthixol tablets indicating a relatively long half‐life of the trans(E)‐isomer. The cis(Z)‐isomer of N‐dealkyl clopenthixol was found in about the same concentration as cis(Z)‐clopenthixol in both periods, while trans(E)‐N‐dealkyl clopenthixol occurred in about 4 times higher concentrations in patients who had either been given cis(Z)/trans(E)‐clopenthixol before they went into the study or had received it in the first period of the study.
Classification and diagnosis of depression
Authors: Malt U. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT ‐ There is no general concensus how to classify and diagnose depressive disorders. The main reason is disagreement regarding etiology. This is reflected in the several theoretical models of depression which has been proposed.On the other hand, a reliable way of characterizing groups of patients that can be used by both clinicians and researchers, is necessary both for communication and progress of research.Facing this situation, the inclusion of etiological theories in classification of depression obviously would be an obstacle to the use of such a classfication system by clinicians of various theoretical orientation at current. Thus, a classification system which describes the clinical features of the mental disorders comprehensively and at the lowest order of inference necessary to identify the disorder in a reliable way is needed.The third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM‐III) represents such a classification system.By providing operational diagnostic criteria for each diagnosis, DSM‐III represents a major achievement of classification in clinical psychiatry and research. This paper will present the classification of depression and the problem of differential diagnosis as outlined in DSM‐III. Further, the validity of the DSM‐III classification of depression will be discussed with reference to some recent research findings on biopsychosocial and treatment aspects of depressive disorders.
Dimensions of child‐rearing practices: Factor structure of the EMBU
Authors: Ross M. W. , Clayer J. R. , Campbell R. L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTMeasurement of the dimensions of parental‐rearing practices was undertaken using an English form of the EMBU inventory, which was administered to 282 non‐clinical subjects. Results indicated that eight of the 14 subscales of the EMBU could be identified on oblique factor analysis, and that six other dimensions were specific to Mother or Father. Results suggest that method of factor extraction plays an important part in number of dimensions of child‐rearing practices identified, and that it may be appropriate to assume that dimensions of parental rearing are correlated rather than independent.
Mixed anxiety/depressive illness in general practice: A therapeutic comparison of nomifensine with fluphenazine/nortriptyline
Authors: Valle‐Jones J. C. , Craven J. R. , Wallis T. D. , Schiff A. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of the dopamine agonist antidepressant drug, nomifensine, on mixed anxiety/depressive states in general practice was assessed by means of a double‐blind comparison with a standard fluphenazine/nortriptyline preparation. 57 patients were randomly allocated to 4 weeks’ treatment with either nomifensine 25‐50 mg taken three times daily, or a tablet containing 1.5 mg fluphenazine with 30 mg nortriptyline (Motipres® taken once daily. The overall response to both treatments was satisfactory, but Motipres was significantly superior (P < 0.01) to nomifensine in the relief of fatigue and loss of energy, irritability, poor concentration and difficulty in coping, and there was also evidence of greater relief of depressive symptoms. In mixed anxiety/deprssive states in general practice, nomifensine offers no advantage over a simple one tablet daily Motipress regimen.
Mianserin is better tolerated and more effective in depression than a nomifensine‐clobazam combination: a double‐blind study
Authors: Levin Aubrey , Schlebusch Lourens 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTPatients suffering from depression (mostly depressive neurosis) were admitted to a double‐blind study which compared the efficacy of a combination of nomifensine and clobazam with mianserin. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impression Scale, physicians' assessments, Global Improvement and Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale for side‐effects. Assessments were made before admission to the trial and on days 3, 7, 14 and 21. Forty patients were randomly allocated to two treatment groups. A case is made against polypharmacy and in particular against the use of benzodiazepine combinations in depression. Nineteen patients on nomifensine‐clobazam and 14 on mianserin completed the three‐week trial. At 7, 14 and 21 days, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) total scores were significantly improved for mianserin when compared with nomifensine‐clobazam. Similarly, at 7 and 14 days the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) total scores were significantly better for mianserin thanfor the nomifensine‐clobazam combination. There were also significant improvements for mianserin on the HDRS sub‐scales of anxiety somatization, cognitive disturbance and sleep disturbance. There were no significant differences for HDRS somatic symptoms between treatment groups. Drowsiness was the most common side‐effect in both groups. The incidence of total side‐effects was 74% for nomifensine‐clobazam and 71% for the mianserin group.