bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: Center case review
Authors: Lauenstein Thomas C. , Salman Khalil , Morreira Roger , Tata Sudha , Tudorascu Dana , Baramidze George , Singh‐Parker Sareeta , Martin Diego R. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPurposeTo retrospectively analyze nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) cases at our center, to determine prior gadolinium based contrast agent (GBCA) administration and to evaluate possible common risk factors for the development of NSF by reviewing laboratory data and concurrent medications.Materials and MethodsA total of four data bases (pathology, MRI, dialysis, and medical records) were cross‐referenced for identification and evaluation of NSF patients. Medical history of NSF patients was assessed as for previous deep venous thrombosis (DVT), surgery, or infections. Laboratory data (creatinine, anion gap, calcium, phosphorus, and albumin) as well as concurrent medication were evaluated. Findings were compared to those of a control group of non‐NSF dialysis patients.ResultsBetween October 2003 and February 2007 a total of nine NSF cases were identified. All patients had undergone contrast‐enhanced MRI prior to the diagnosis of NSF. Only one gadolinium chelate had been used at our MRI center (Omniscan®, gadodiamide; GE Healthcare). Of nine patients, eight were receiving dialysis at the time of the MRI scan. During the same time 312 dialysis patients received gadodiamide. Thus, the prevalence of NSF within dialysis patients exposed to gadodiamide was 2.6%. NSF patients presented with a higher creatinine and anion gap than the control patients. Other laboratory values as well as medication did not show a significant difference. There were no patterns regarding previous history of DVT, surgery, or infection in the NSF group.ConclusionOur findings are consistent with the previously reported association between gadodiamide exposure and NSF. All NSF patients had severe renal insufficiency with glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 30 (highest GFR = 25 mL/minute) at the time of last gadodiamide administration, and on average had received 71 mL of gadodiamide over an average of 2.9 administrations. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:1198–1203. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Numerically‐simulated induced electric field and current density within a human model located close to a z‐gradient coil
Authors: Li Yan , Hand Jeff W. , Wills Tim , Hajnal Jo V. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPurposeTo simulate exposure (e.g., during interventional procedures) of a worker close to an operating MR scanner by calculating electric fields and current density within an anatomically realistic body model due to a z‐gradient coil and to compare results with safety guidelines and European Directive 2004/40/EC.Materials and MethodsElectric field and current density in an adult male model located at three positions within the range 0.19–0.44 m from the end of a generic z‐gradient coil were calculated using the time‐domain finite integration technique (FIT). Frequency scaling was used in which quasistatic conditions were assumed and results obtained at 1 MHz (assuming tissue conductivity values at 1 kHz) were scaled to 1 kHz.ResultsCurrent density (averaged over 1 cm2) in central nervous system (CNS) tissues up to 20.6 mA m−2 and electric fields (averaged over 5 mm) up to 4.1 V m−1 were predicted for a gradient of 10 mT m−1 and slew rate of 10 T m−1 second−1.ConclusionCompliance with 2004/40/EC, and with basic restriction values of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) C95.6‐2002, was predicted only at impracticably low gradients/slew rates in the ranges 4.9–9.1 mT m−1/4.9–9.1 T m−1 second−1 and 5–21 mT m−1/5–21 T m−1 second−1, respectively. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:1286–1295. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induced magnetic field gradients and forces in the human head in MRI
Authors: Tomasi Dardo G. , Wang Ruiliang 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPurposeTo map the induced magnetic field gradients and estimate the magnetic force in the human head during magnetic resonance imaging at 4 Tesla (T).Materials and MethodsThe magnetic field distribution in the human head was measured using two gradient‐echo experiments with different echo times. The phase of the complex image ratio removed the wrapping artifact, characteristic of phase images, and was used to map the magnetic field distribution and calculate the accurate maps of the magnetic field gradients in the human head.ResultsThe time‐independent gradient fields induced by air/tissue interfaces in the head can be 50 times larger than those resulting from the magnetic field inhomogeneity of the MRI magnet. However, the associated magnetic force in the brain is by far smaller than the gravitational force.ConclusionThe induced gradient fields increase the magnetic force on tissues. However, even for tissue components with large magnetic susceptibility such as iron‐containing proteins, this force is negligible compared with the gravitational force. Therefore, this study suggests that static and uniform magnetic fields do not have a significant risk for the tissues in the head. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:1340–1345. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Claustrophobia during magnetic resonance imaging: Cohort study in over 55,000 patients
Authors: Dewey Marc , Schink Tania , Dewey Charles F. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate whether MR scanners with acoustic noise reduction and a short magnetic bore reduce the rate of claustrophobic reactions.Materials and MethodsWe performed a cohort study in an outpatient setting, enrolling a total of 55,734 consecutive patients referred for MRI of any part of the body based on a clinical indication. Imaging was performed using a conventional MR scanner (42,998 patients) and a recently developed MR scanner (12,736 patients) with 97% acoustic noise reduction and a short bore. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for the nonrandomized design.ResultsIn addition to those undergoing head‐first examinations, female and middle‐aged patients were significantly more likely to develop claustrophobia in the logistic regression analysis (P < 0.001). The rate of claustrophobic reactions was significantly lower with the recent MR scanner (0.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.6–0.9%) than with the conventional scanner (2.1%; 95% CI, 2.0–2.3%; P < 0.001) with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 3.1 (95% CI, 2.5–3.9) and a number needed to treat of 72 (95% CI, 63–85).ConclusionThe incidence of claustrophobia may be reduced by a factor of 3 when recently‐developed MR scanners are used. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:1322–1327. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electromagnetic and modeling analyses of an implanted device at 3 and 7 Tesla
Authors: Ibrahim Tamer S. , Tang Lin , Kangarlu Alayar , Abraham Roney 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPurposeTo study the specific absorption rates (SAR) associated with implantable devices at 3T and 7T.Materials and MethodsStudies were carried out utilizing a finite difference time domain (FDTD) model that treats the radio frequency (RF) coil and an anatomically detailed human head mesh as a single system. Analyses were performed at 3T and 7T for different orientations and positions of an implanted (in the brain) aneurysm clip. Studies were also performed for two different types of FDTD mesh of the same aneurysm clip.ResultsThe results showed that: 1) the electromagnetic effects of implanting the aneurysm clip (in the brain) is mostly local on SARs; and 2) orientations of the implanted aneurysm clip have considerable effect on the local SARs near the implanted clip; the level of such an effect can also vary significantly between 3T and 7T.ConclusionIn general, the presented study shows that the local SARs (in 1 g and in 10 g of tissue) near the implanted aneurysm clip are lower than the peak SARs (due to the standard RF coil operation) in other regions of the human head mesh/brain. For specific orientations, however, if the aneurysm clip is implanted in a region in which the brain peak‐SAR occurs due the standard RF coil operation, the brain peak SAR increases further. This is more prevalent at 7T compared to 3T. Additionally, it was also found that basic structured and Cartesian FDTD modeling produces relatively higher local SARs than that obtained with simple non‐Cartesian FDTD modeling. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:1362–1367. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Safety of human MRI at static fields above the FDA 8T guideline: Sodium imaging at 9.4T does not affect vital signs or cognitive ability
Authors: Atkinson Ian C. , Renteria Laura , Burd Holly , Pliskin Neil H. , Thulborn Keith R. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPurposeTo assess whether exposure to a 9.4T static magnetic field during sodium imaging at 105.92 MHz affects human vital signs and cognitive function.Materials and MethodsMeasurements of human vital signs and cognitive ability made before and after exposure to a 9.4T MR scanner and a mock scanner with no magnetic field are compared using a protocol approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).ResultsExposure to a 9.4T static magnetic field during sodium imaging did not result in a statistically significant change in the vital signs or cognitive ability of healthy normal volunteers.ConclusionVital sign and cognitive ability measurements made before and after sodium imaging at 9.4T suggest that performing human MRI at 105.92 MHz in a 9.4T static magnetic field does not pose a health risk. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:1222–1227. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thresholds for perceiving metallic taste at high magnetic field
Authors: Cavin Ian D. , Glover Paul M. , Bowtell Richard W. , Gowland Penny A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPurposeTo perform an initial characterization of the metallic taste effect observed by some workers when moving around an MRI scanner.Materials and MethodsA total of 21 subjects performed controlled movements in the stray field of a 7‐T scanner. Rates of change of magnetic flux were recorded during the study using a custom‐built three‐axis coil unit connected to a data logger.ResultsRelatively normal movements could generate switched fields of 2 T/second. Of the 21 subjects, 12 detected a metallic taste, but the threshold at which it was perceived varied greatly between subjects, with the minimum dB/dt value at which such a taste was detected being 1.3 T/second. The threshold also depended on the direction of movement.ConclusionThis study indicates that 50% of subjects will perceive a metallic taste for head shaking with a period of 1.5 seconds (magnetic field in an anterior/posterior direction) causing a dB/dt of 2.3 ± 0.3 T/second. The presence of dental fillings is not a requirement for the sensation of metallic taste. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:1357–1361. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Numerical study of currents in workers induced by body‐motion around high‐ultrahigh field MRI magnets
Authors: Stuart Crozier  , Trakic Adnan , Wang Hua , Liu Feng 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPurposeTo numerically evaluate the electric field/current density magnitudes and spatial distributions in healthcare workers when moving through strong, nonuniform static magnetic fields generated by the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system and to understand the relationship between the field characteristics and levels/distributions of induced field quantities.Materials and MethodsTissue‐equivalent, whole‐body male and female voxel phantoms are engaged to model the workers at various positions and variety of body motions around three real superconducting magnets with field strengths of 1.5T, 4T, and 7T. The numerical calculations of induced fields are based on an efficient, quasistatic finite‐difference scheme.ResultsThe simulations show that it is possible to induce electric fields/current densities above levels recommended by International Commission for Non‐ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards when the worker is moving very close to the imager. The results indicate that the worker should be at least ∼0.5–1.0 m axially away from the cryostat end for field strengths between 1.5–7T to limit the exposure according to the standards when moving at a nominal 1 m second−1.ConclusionTo comply with international safety regulations, workers either need to be restricted in their access to certain areas around the magnet or to ensure slow movement in specified regions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:1261–1277. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Robust flat waves with a uniform feed using a randomized local search
Authors: Keller Brian , Lopes Leo 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPlacement of radar emitters in non‐uniformly spaced radar arrays typically involves optimizing the placement of a fixed number of emitter elements across the array. This paper explores optimizing for a flat wave under uniform feed where the number of emitter elements is not fixed. A randomized local search algorithm is used to generate an emitter design, and a greedy search is used to find the optimal solution in that neighborhood. This technique results in a near‐field wave with less than 1 dB of amplitude ripple and less than 8 degrees of phase ripple across a width of 50λ. The designs chosen are robust in the sense that solutions with neighboring pixels on are also of high quality. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm can also find array designs that generate flat waves that are not parallel to the emitter array. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A SPICEanalog behavioral model of two‐port devices with arbitrary port impedances based on theS‐parameters extracted from time‐domain field responses
Authors: Du Huilian , Gorcea Dan , So Poman P. M. , Hoefer Wolfgang J. R. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe present a new procedure for extracting generalizedS‐parameters from the 3D time‐domain field analysis of microwave components that have ports with different and arbitrary reference impedances. The proposed approach has been implemented in the 3D TLM environment for transient circuit simulation. The accuracy of this method has been validated by comparing TLM simulation results with theoretical predictions. We then describe a general analog behavioral model (ABM) for two‐port networks with different port impedances, characterized by its generalizedS‐parameters. Such an ABM has been implemented in the PSPICEenvironment for transient circuit simulation. This model has been validated by comparing its time response with the original TLM field simulation. The described modeling approach can be used to build field‐based behavioral models for SPICE‐based circuit simulators. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Versican and brevican are expressed with distinct pathology in neonatal hypoxic‐ischemic injury
Authors: Leonardo Christopher C. , Eakin Autumn K. , Ajmo Joanne M. , Gottschall Paul E. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe developing brain is uniquely susceptible to injury after exposure to hypoxia‐ischemia (H‐I). Lecticans are developmentally regulated in formative white matter and exert growth‐inhibitory effects in several adult injury models, yet little is known regarding their role in neonatal H‐I injury. The main objectives of this study were to examine the expression profiles of brevican and versican in rat using a standard H‐I model and to determine whether altered expression was associated with distinct components of white and gray matter pathology. The H‐I procedure in postnatal day 7 rats produced progressive injury limited to the ipsilateral hemisphere. Cresyl violet staining revealed severe cavitary infarctions at 14 and 21 days that were absent at 4 days. Cellular damage, as measured by glial fibrillary acidic protein and fractin immunoreactivity, occurred in cortical and subcortical gray matter at all end points. O4 sulfatide immunoreactivity was reduced in the external capsule, hippocampal fimbria, and corpus striatum at 4 days relative to that contralaterally, suggesting the loss of preoligodendrocytes. Brevican expression was reduced in the cortex and hippocampus at 4 days but was markedly elevated at later end points, localizing to regions of cellular damage both in and proximal to the lesion core. However, versican was reduced in the external capsule 4 days after H‐I, a reduction that was sustained up to 21 days in white matter. These data demonstrate unique expression profiles for lecticans after neonatal H‐I, suggesting brevican deposition is elevated in response to progressive gray matter injury, whereas diminished versican expression may be associated with deep cerebral white matter injury. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How and what to imitate? A sequential model for the imitation of competitive advantages
Authors: Andersén Jim 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Research in competitiveness generally focuses on how competitive advantages can be developed. This is an important area of research, but as a consequence the process of imitation of competitive advantages has become a neglected area of research.
A conceptual sequential model for the imitation of competitive advantages is presented. The model mainly draws on resource‐based theory, provides a holistic view of the imitation process, identifies different hindrances to imitation of competitive advantages, and presents arguments for the scheme chosen.
Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intra‐industry shared cognitions and organizational competitiveness
Authors: Bloodgood James M. , Turnley William H. , Bauerschmidt Alan 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Managers and researchers have long debated the role of industry cognition in guiding strategic change. Still unresolved within this discussion, however, is the degree to which cognition‐based strategic change is directed at being more similar to—and different from—competitors.
This paper uses multi‐source data collected for 380 corrugated box manufacturing plants in the USA to suggest that managers in different cognitive groups within the industry place differing degrees of importance on two fundamental organizational activities, namely: innovation and customer service. More importantly, the extent to which a plant manager's ratings of the importance of these two activities deviated from the cognitive group's norms is found to be negatively related to organizational performance.
Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A pragmatist's perspective on models in manufacturing management: muddles dressed as models
Authors: Walker David S. , Tobias Andrew M. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
With scientific management now in sight of its centenary, the continuing shortage of numerically articulated models in manufacturing management leaves managers only words and concepts with which to work. Those that do exist are overwhelmingly qualitative in nature and many are presented in diagrammatic forms that suggest degrees of insight and rigour far in excess of actuality.
A change of emphasis is required if the area is to develop further. Efforts should be redirected towards quantifying the major variables in typical situations and then building quantitative models for managers to use. Drawing upon their current research into management practices in a wide range of manufacturing organizations in the UK and internationally, the authors identify and criticize three types of models that appear all too frequently in manufacturing management theory.
Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Not just surviving, but thriving: perceived strengths of successful US‐based travel agencies
Authors: Weaver David Bruce , Lawton Laura Jane 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn‐depth interviews with owners of 19 exceptionally successful US‐based travel agencies were analyzed using a ground theory approach to reveal customer service excellence, employee enrichment and effective networking as three core perceived strengths that comprise a theme of ‘relationship building’. The latter is supported by a theme of ‘facilitation’ entailing diligent client selection, a culture of learning, high adaptability (related to technology and product realignment), scale, adherence to business basics, and owner optimism. Together, both themes suggest a macro‐theme of ‘deep commitment’. The results provide guidelines for aspiring travel agency owners. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conjugation of Bioactive Groups to Poly(lactic acid) and Poly[(lactic acid)‐co‐(glycolic acid)] Films
Authors: Prime Emma L. , Cooper‐White Justin J. , Qiao Greg G. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA novel PLA‐based polymer containing reactive pendent ketone or hydroxyl groups was synthesized by the copolymerization of L‐lactide with ε‐caprolactone‐based monomers. The polymer was activated with NPC, resulting in an amine‐reactive polymer which was then cast into thin polymeric films, either alone or as part of a blend with PLGA, before immersion into a solution of the cell adhesion peptide GRGDS in PBS buffer allowed for conjugation of GRGDS to the film surfaces. Subsequent 3T3 fibroblast cell adhesion studies demonstrated an increase in cellular adhesion and spreading over films cast from unmodified PLGA. Hence the new polymer can be used to obtain covalent linkage of amine‐containing molecules to polymer surfaces.magnified image
Copolymers for Hepatocyte‐Specific Targeting Carrying Galactose and Hydrophobic Alkyl Groups
Authors: Hiratsuka Takahiro , Goto Mitsuaki , Kondo Yoshiyuki , Cho Chong‐Su , Akaike Toshihiro 
Published: October 2007

AbstractCore‐forming hydrophobic alkyl groups were incorporated into amphiphilic PVLA to enhance the stability and inclusion ability of the homopolymeric micelles in water. The CAC and hepatocyte targeting in the synthesized P(VLA‐co‐VBH) were investigated in vitro. The CAC of the copolymers decreased and the stability of the copolymeric micelles increased with the incorporation of hydrophobic groups into the homopolymer. The galactose moieties in the copolymer could be recognized by the ASGP‐R of the hepatocytes through a receptor‐mediated mechanism. The copolymers efficiently delivered a water‐insoluble drug to the hepatocytes. Hence, they be used to deliver hydrophobic drugs to cure various liver diseases.magnified image
RAFT‐Based Synthesis and Characterization of ABC versus ACB Triblock Copolymers Containing tert‐Butyl Acrylate, Isoprene, and Styrene Blocks
Authors: Germack David S. , Wooley Karen L. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe syntheses of the ABC and ACB triblock copolymer topological isomers poly(tert‐butyl acrylate)‐block‐polyisoprene‐block‐polystyrene (ABC) and poly(tert‐butyl acrylate)‐block‐polystyrene‐block‐polyisoprene (ACB) using the RAFT‐controlled radical polymerization method are described. The triblock copolymers were isolated with molecular weights on the order of 20 000 Da and molecular weight distributions of 1.3–1.5. The polymers described herein demonstrated thermal decompositions at 200 °C, characteristic of tert‐butyl esters, and their structure and composition were confirmed by a combination of infrared, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopies.magnified image
Single and Double Polymer Layer Arrangements of Acid Groups Containing Cellulose and Basic Groups Containing Polyethyleneimine on Steel
Authors: Plagge Andreas , Adler Hans‐Juergen , Jaehne Evelyn , Paliwoda Grazyna , Rohwerder Michael , Stratmann Martin , Eichhorn Klaus‐Jochen 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper presents the first results of a project aimed at investigating the arrangement of polyelectrolyte layers on unalloyed steel. We studied the structure of double and single polymer layers consisting of cellulose phosphate (HP‐PP‐C) and polyethyleneimine (PEI). Layers were characterized by variable angle ellipsometry, AFM and XPS. In particular, XPS indicated the incorporation of iron ions into cellulose phosphate layers, but, in contrast, these ions could not be observed in PEI layers. Results indicated that the homogeneity and qualitative corrosion performance of double layers (HP‐PP‐C/PEI) on unalloyed steel depend on the deposition of cellulose phosphate at the interface with steel.magnified image