bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The neuroprotective effects of the Wlds gene are correlated with proteasome expression rather than apoptosis
Authors: Simonin Yannick , Ferrer‐Alcon Marcelino , Ferri Anna , Kato Ann C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Wlds gene (slow Wallerian degeneration) specifically delays axonal degeneration following injury and in several models of neurodegenerative diseases. It thus provides an interesting tool to study mechanisms of neurodegeneration. We previously crossed the Wlds mice with a mouse mutant that has a motoneuron disease (pmn for progressive motor neuronopathy) and showed that the Wlds gene prevented axonal loss, increased the life‐span and prolonged the survival of the motoneuron cell bodies. In this study we show that spinal motoneurons of pmn/pmn mice, as opposed to axons, die by apoptosis that cannot be prevented by the Wlds gene. However, this same gene could partially rescue the proteasome impairment observed in motoneuron cell bodies and axons of pmn/pmn mice. We conclude that the neuroprotective effect of the Wlds gene is not related to an inhibition of apoptosis but could possibly be linked to a regulation in proteasome expression.
Behavioral and neuroanatomical correlates of white matter asymmetries in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Hopkins William D. , Taglialatela Jared P. , Dunham Leslie , Pierre Peter 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAlthough behavioral and brain asymmetries have been documented in non‐human primates, lateralization in cortical connectivity as reflected in white matter has not been described in any species, despite the intrinsic theoretical interest in white matter expansion during primate brain evolution. Here we report evidence of population‐level leftward asymmetries in the white matter of chimpanzees. We further report that lateralization in white matter correlates with their handedness as well as neuroanatomical asymmetries in the precentral gyrus. These findings suggest that chimpanzees show asymmetries in cortical connectivity and these may serve as the foundation for morphological and behavioral laterality in primates, including humans.
Neonatal functional blockade of the entorhinal cortex results in disruption of accumbal dopaminergic responses observed in latent inhibition paradigm in adult rats
Authors: Peterschmitt Y. , Meyer F. , Louilot A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractLatent inhibition (LI) has been found to be disrupted in non‐treated patients with schizophrenia. Dopaminergic (DAergic) dysfunctioning is generally acknowledged to occur in schizophrenia. Various abnormalities in the entorhinal cortex (ENT) have been described in patients with schizophrenia. Numerous data also suggest that schizophrenia has a neurodevelopmental origin. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that reversible inactivation of the ENT during neonatal development results in disrupted DA responses characteristic of LI in adult rats. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) was microinjected locally in the left ENT at postnatal day 8 (PND8). DA variations were recorded in the dorsomedial shell and core parts of the nucleus accumbens (Nacc) using in vivo voltammetry in freely‐moving grown‐up rats in a LI paradigm. In the first session the animals were pre‐exposed (PE) to the conditional stimulus (banana odour) alone. In the second they were aversively conditioned to banana odour. In the third (test) session the following results were obtained in PE animals subjected to temporary inactivation of the ENT at PND8: (1) aversive behaviour was observed in TTX–PE conditioned animals; (2) DA variations in the dorsomedial shell and core parts of the Nacc were similar in TTX–PE and non‐pre‐exposed conditioned rats.These findings strongly suggest that neonatal disconnection of the ENT disrupts LI in adult animals. They may further our understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Domain‐related differentiation of working memory in the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) frontal cortex: a positron emission tomography study
Authors: Kojima T. , Onoe H. , Hikosaka K. , Tsutsui K. , Tsukada H. , Watanabe M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) is important for working memory (WM) task performance. Neuropsychological and neurophysiological studies in monkeys suggest that the lateral prefrontal cortex is functionally segregated based on the working memory domain (spatial vs. non‐spatial). However, this is not supported by most human neuroimaging studies, and the discrepancy might be due to differences in methods and/or species (monkey neuropsychology/physiology vs. human neuroimaging). We used positron emission topography to examine the functional segregation of the lateral prefrontal cortex of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) that showed near 100% accuracy on spatial and non‐spatial working memory tasks. Compared with activity during the non‐working memory control tasks, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) was more active during the non‐spatial, but not during the spatial, working memory task, although a muscimol microinjection into the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex significantly impaired the performance of both working memory tasks. A direct comparison of the brain activity between the two working memory tasks revealed no differences within the lateral prefrontal cortex, whereas the premotor area was more active during the spatial working memory task. Comparing the delay‐specific activity, which did not include task‐associated stimulus/response‐related activity, revealed more spatial working memory‐related activity in the posterior parietal and premotor areas, and more non‐spatial working memory‐related activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. These results suggest that working memory in the monkey brain is segregated based on domain, not within the lateral prefrontal cortex but rather between the posterior parietal‐premotor areas and the dorsolateral prefrontal‐hippocampus areas.
Sensitivity to direction and orientation of random dot stereobars in the monkey visual cortex
Authors: Gonzalez Francisco , Romero Maria C. , Castro Adrian F. , Bermudez Maria A. , Perez Rogelio 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe are able to judge the direction of movement and orientation of objects because they have contrast‐defined edges. However, we are also able to perceive the orientation and direction of movement of stereobars made of random dot stereograms in the absence of contrast‐defined edges. We recorded 207 disparity‐sensitive cells from visual areas V1 and V2 of two Macaca mulatta monkeys while performing an attentive fixation task. Luminance defined bars and random‐dot stereo‐defined bars were used to assess direction and orientation selectivity of these cells. Orientation and direction preference for luminance bars and for stereobars showed a statistically significant relationship (r = 0.83, P < 0.01 for direction; r = 0.63, P < 0.01 for orientation). However, disparity‐sensitive cells from these areas seem to be more sensitive to luminance than to stereobars regarding orientation and direction of movement. Similar results were obtained when the two areas were considered separately. Our results show that cells in areas V1 and V2 of the monkey visual cortex are able to detect the orientation and direction of movement of stereobars in a manner similar to those of luminance‐defined bars. This finding is relevant because to detect the direction and orientation of stereobars a comparison between left and right eye inputs is required.
Institutional investment flows and the determinants of top fund manager turnover
Authors: Dishi Elor , Gallagher David R. , Parwada Jerry T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study examines how the termination of superannuation investment mandates contributes to the departure of top fund managers in companies delegated the portfolio management role. Terminations of superannuation plan mandates increase the probability of a fund company changing the responsible fund manager. Objective‐adjusted returns are also significant managerial turnover considerations. These results illustrate that significant losses of superannuation fund clients act as an external control mechanism in the investment management industry that complements internal managerial performance measures.
Factors influencing organizations to improve data quality in their information systems
Authors: Tee Sing What , Bowen Paul L. , Doyle Peta , Rohde Fiona H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAlthough managers consider accurate, timely and relevant information as critical to the quality of their decisions, evidence of large variations in data quality abounds. This research examines factors influencing the level of data quality within a target organization. The results indicate that management's commitment to data quality and the presence of data quality champions strongly influence data quality in the target organization. The results also show that the managers of the participating organization are committed to achieving and maintaining high data quality. However, changing work processes and establishing a data quality awareness culture are required to motivate further improvements to data quality.
Accountability and value enhancement roles of corporate governance
Authors: Koh Ping‐Sheng , Laplante Stacie Kelley , Tong Yen H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe examine the twin roles of accountability and value enhancement of corporate governance in the context of financial reporting. We investigate the accountability role by examining the association between governance structures and abnormal accruals, and the value enhancement role by investigating the association between abnormal accruals explained by governance structures and future performance. We differentiate between governance mechanisms that have direct roles in the financial reporting process (audit related) from mechanisms that have indirect roles (board related). We find that independent and active audit committees and independent boards are important governance attributes for financial reporting. We show that both audit‐related and board‐related governance structures are value enhancing.
Initiating coverage, broker reputation and management earnings forecasts in Australia
Authors: Brown Rob , Chan Howard W. H. , Kee Ho Yew 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe examine more than 5000 recommendations made by Australian brokers in the period 1996–2001. We find evidence that initiating recommendations produce greater share price responses than continuing recommendations, particularly for hold, underperform and sell recommendations. We also find evidence that initiating recommendations made by higher‐reputation brokers and those made in the absence of a management earnings forecast attract different share price responses. Finally, we find that share price responses to initiating recommendations, conditional on the market consensus recommendation, are significantly different to continuing recommendations.
Place‐Based versus People‐Based Geographic Information Science
Authors: Miller Harvey 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGeographic information science and technologies are revolutionizing basic and applied science by allowing integrated holistic approaches to the analysis of geographic locations and their attributes. However, the increasing mobility and connectivity of many people in the world means that the relationships between people and place are becoming more subtle and complex, rendering a place‐based perspective incomplete. This article discusses the need to move beyond a place‐based perspective in geographic information science to include a people‐based perspective (i.e., the individual in space and time). It reviews the theories and technologies that can support the people‐based perspective and provides some example applications of the people‐based perspective.
Geographic Information Systems and Medical Geography: Toward a New Synergy
Authors: Sui Daniel Z. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe past decade has witnessed wide‐ranging applications of geographic information systems (GIS) in public health. The literature on GIS and medical geography has predominantly focused on how GIS can be applied as analytical and visualization tools to examine the geographic aspects of disease and health services. While GIS applications in medical geography are important and have been growing rapidly, this article argues that advances in medical geography can also have significant implications on the further development of GIScience. This article presents a comprehensive review of the reciprocal interaction between GIS and medical geography, and calls for a new synergy between both fields in future research and education efforts.
Rivers in the Solar System: Water Is Not the Only Fluid Flow on Planetary Bodies
Authors: Komatsu Goro 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWater, either in liquid or ice form, is the most common fluid that forms channels and valleys on Earth. Lava flows also make channels. The responsible fluid is generally clear on Earth because the process of formation tends to be observable. Channels and valley landforms are widespread on surfaces of planetary bodies, but their formation processes are not normally observable in action. Therefore, planetary geologists rely on geomorphology and knowledge of the environment to infer the nature of the fluid that produced these features. A wide range of fluid flows, including water, lava of various compositions, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons, have been proposed for the genesis of channels and valleys on the Moon, Venus, Mars, Io, and Titan.
The Geographies of Disability: Reflections on the Development of a Sub‐Discipline
Authors: Imrie Rob , Edwards Claire 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGeographers’ interest in the subject of disability has traditionally been confined to particular parts of the discipline, and usually been of marginal interest to most academics. This has mirrored a broader antipathy to the study of disability in the social sciences although, in recent years, geographical scholarship about space, place and disability has proliferated. In this review article, we outline and assess the significance of this trend, and we comment on the importance of theoretical and methodological developments in the sub‐discipline. In doing so, we anticipate the ways in which studies of geography and disability are likely to evolve.
Expression of vascular endothelial‐cadherin in human hepatocellular carcinoma tissues
Authors: Kato Kenichirou , Takada Tadahiro , Fukusato Toshio 
Published: April 2007

Aim:  Angiogenesis is important in tumor growth and progression to metastasis. Vascular endothelial (VE)‐cadherin is an endothelial cell‐specific cadherin required for angiogenesis, but its expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues has not been examined.Methods:  Expression of VE‐cadherin was analyzed in 31 HCC frozen tissue specimens by immunohistochemical and immunoelectron microscopic procedures. In addition, the association of its expression with clinicopathological parameters was investigated to determine the possible diagnostic or predictive value of VE‐cadherin expression in neoplastic and non‐neoplastic liver lesions.Results:  Immunoreactive VE‐cadherin expression was faint or barely detectable on sinusoidal endothelial cells of normal liver but was evident on sinusoidal or capillary endothelium of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and HCC tissues. VE‐cadherin expression was more intense on capillary endothelium of HCC tissues in 26 (84%) of 31 patients than on sinusoidal endothelium of surrounding non‐tumorous liver tissues with chronic liver diseases. The intensity or intracapillary extent of positive stain for VE‐cadherin on capillary endothelium of HCC tissues was significantly associated with tumor size, capsular invasion and tumor cell differentiation in HCC.Conclusions:  Intense VE‐cadherin expression was evident in capillary endothelium of HCC tissues, giving the first indication of association with clinicopathological features of HCC patients.
An infectious and selectable full‐length replicon system with hepatitis C virus JFH‐1 strain
Authors: Date Tomoko , Miyamoto Michiko , Kato Takanobu , Morikawa Kenichi , Murayama Asako , Akazawa Daisuke , Tanabe Junichi , Sone Saburo , Mizokami Masashi , Wakita Takaji 
Published: April 2007

Aim:  The hepatitis C virus (HCV) strain JFH‐1 was cloned from a patient with fulminant hepatitis. A JFH‐1 subgenomic replicon and full‐length JFH‐1 RNA efficiently replicate in cultured cells. In this study, an infectious, selectable HCV replicon containing full‐length JFH‐1 cDNA was constructed.Methods:  The full‐genome replicon was constructed using the neomycin‐resistant gene, EMCV IRES and wild‐type JFH‐1 cDNA. Huh7 cells were transfected with RNA synthesized in vitro, and then cultured with G418. Independent colonies were cloned to establish cell lines that replicate the full‐length HCV replicon.Results:  HCV RNA replication was detected in each isolated cell line. HCV proteins and HCV RNA were secreted into culture medium, and exhibited identical density profiles. Interestingly, culture supernatants of the replicon cells were infectious for naïve Huh7 cells. Long‐term culture did not affect replication of replicon RNA in the replicon cells, but it reduced core protein secretion and infectivity of culture supernatant. Culture supernatant obtained after serial passage of replicon virus was infectious for Huh7 cells.Conclusions:  Selectable infection was established using HCV replicon containing full‐length genotype 2a JFH‐1 cDNA. This system might be useful for HCV research.
Iteration Scheme with Perturbed Mapping for Common Fixed Points of a Finite Family of Nonexpansive Mappings
Authors: Liou Yeong-Cheng , Yao Yonghong , Chen Rudong 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe propose an iteration scheme with perturbed mapping for approximation of common fixed points of a finite family of nonexpansive mappings "Equation missing". We show that the proposed iteration scheme converges to the common fixed point "Equation missing" which solves some variational inequality.
Iterative Approximation to Convex Feasibility Problems in Banach Space
Authors: Chang Shih-Sen , Yao Jen-Chih , Kim Jong Kyu , Yang Li 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe convex feasibility problem (CFP) of finding a point in the nonempty intersection "Equation missing" is considered, where "Equation missing" is an integer and each "Equation missing" is assumed to be the fixed point set of a nonexpansive mapping "Equation missing", where "Equation missing" is a reflexive Banach space with a weakly sequentially continuous duality mapping. By using viscosity approximation methods for a finite family of nonexpansive mappings, it is shown that for any given contractive mapping "Equation missing", where "Equation missing" is a nonempty closed convex subset of "Equation missing" and for any given "Equation missing" the iterative scheme "Equation missing" is strongly convergent to a solution of (CFP), if and only if "Equation missing" and "Equation missing" satisfy certain conditions, where "Equation missing" and "Equation missing" is a sunny nonexpansive retraction of "Equation missing" onto "Equation missing". The results presented in the paper extend and improve some recent results in Xu (2004), O'Hara et al. (2003), Song and Chen (2006), Bauschke (1996), Browder (1967), Halpern (1967), Jung (2005), Lions (1977), Moudafi (2000), Reich (1980), Wittmann (1992), Reich (1994).
The Triple Negative Paradox: Primary Tumor Chemosensitivity of Breast Cancer Subtypes
Authors: Carey Lisa A. , Dees E. Claire , Sawyer Lynda , Gatti Lisa , Moore Dominic T. , Collichio Frances , Ollila David W. , Sartor Carolyn I. , Graham Mark L. , Perou Charles M. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Purpose: Gene expression analysis identifies several breast cancer subtypes. We examined the relationship of neoadjuvant chemotherapy response to outcome among these breast cancer subtypes.
Experimental Design: We used immunohistochemical profiles [human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive (HER2+)/hormone receptor–negative for HER2+/estrogen receptor–negative (ER−), hormone receptor and HER2− for basal-like, hormone receptor–positive for luminal] to subtype a prospectively maintained data set of patients with breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant anthracycline-based (doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide, AC) chemotherapy. We analyzed each subtype for clinical and pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and examined the relationship of response to distant disease–free survival and overall survival.
Results: Of the 107 patients tested, 34 (32%) were basal-like, 11 (10%) were HER2+/ER−, and 62 (58%) were luminal. After neoadjuvant AC, 75% received subsequent chemotherapy and all received endocrine therapy if hormone receptor–positive. The chemotherapy regimen and pretreatment stage did not differ by subtype. Clinical response to AC was higher among the HER2+/ER− (70%) and basal-like (85%) than the luminal subtypes (47%; P &lt; 0.0001). Pathologic complete response occurred in 36% of HER2+/ER−, 27% of basal-like, and 7% of luminal subtypes (P = 0.01). Despite initial chemosensitivity, patients with the basal-like and HER2+/ER− subtypes had worse distant disease–free survival (P = 0.04) and overall survival (P = 0.02) than those with the luminal subtypes. Regardless of subtype, only 2 of 17 patients with pathologic complete response relapsed. The worse outcome among basal-like and HER+/ER− subtypes was due to higher relapse among those with residual disease (P = 0.003).
Conclusions: Basal-like and HER2+/ER− subtypes are more sensitive to anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy than luminal breast cancers. Patients that had pathologic complete response to chemotherapy had a good prognosis regardless of subtype. The poorer prognosis of basal-like and HER2+/ER− breast cancers could be explained by a higher likelihood of relapse in those patients in whom pathologic complete response was not achieved.
Phase II Trials Published in 2002: A Cross-Specialty Comparison Showing Significant Design Differences between Oncology Trials and Other Medical Specialties
Authors: Michaelis Laura C. , Ratain Mark J. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Purpose: Phase II trials play an essential role in drug development pathway, and their conclusions often impact the decision to embark on large, pivotal trials. However, the determination of agent activity is highly dependent on trial design. Formal comparisons of phase II trial designs across medical specialties are uncommon. We hypothesized that there are significant differences in the design of trials conducted by oncologists and those conducted by other medical and surgical specialties.
Experimental Design: We screened MEDLINE for the abstracts of phase II trials published in 2002. All abstracts were analyzed and classified by a priori defined variables, including study type, intervention, subspecialty, journal impact factor, method of control, and study conclusions.
Results: Our search yielded 703 abstracts of phase II trials published in 2002. A total of 586/703 (83%) were trials on antineoplastic agents. Twenty percent (143/703) of the trials included explicit control subjects. Oncology trials, as compared with all trials done by other specialties, were significantly less likely to use control subjects (13% versus 56%, P &lt; 0.001) and were less likely to conclude that the investigational intervention was safe and efficacious and/or worthy of additional investigation (76% versus 89%, P &lt; 0.01).
Conclusions: There are significant differences in the phase II trials published in oncology compared with those conducted by other medical and surgical specialties. The impact that such differences have on the efficiency of drug development should be investigated.