bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cottonseed oil pigments: Fractionation by means of molecular sieves, countercurrent distribution, and low‐temperature crystallization
Authors: Verberg Gerald , McCall Elizabeth R. , O'Connor Robert T. , Dollear F. G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCrude cottonseed oils were shown to have spectra of two types, those exhibiting a single maximum at about 360 mμ and those exhibiting a double maxima at about 375 and 400 mμ. Gossypol and cottonseed oil pigments which absorb below about 375 mμ are trapped by molecular sieve No. 13X, appear in the hydrophilic phase in countercurrent distribution of the oil between 95% ethanol and isooctane, and are found in the liquid fraction on crystallization of oil from acetone at −63°C. Those pigments not admitted by molecular sieve No. 13X are found in the hydrophobic phase in countercurrent distribution and in the solid fraction from low‐temperature crystallization. Only countercurrent distribution achieved separation of both types of pigments from the triglycerides. Insufficient quantities of pigments were isolated for any extensive characterization. Use of large‐scale apparatus would appear to make it possible to separate the pigments for characterization and evaluation of their relation to the refining properties of oils.
Surfactants for oil recovery
Authors: Ahearn G. P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThere is estimated to be about 250 billion barrels of oil in this country that are currently deemed economically unrecoverable. With conventional recovery techniques it is possible to recover about 47% of the estimated total oil in place, and steady improvement in technology may eventually bring crude oil recovery up to 65% of the oil in place. It is apparent that oil recovery is a relatively inefficient process. Therefore, in light of the increasing costs of finding and drilling for new oil, there is an enormous economic incentive to recover even a fraction of the vast amount of oil left behind in our existing reservoirs. Water injection has been the most successful additional recovery process developed in the last century. It is estimated that by 1975, 41% of the nation’s crude output will be recovered by this technique. For years the idea of developing a chemical that could be added to the injected water to increase ultimate oil recovery has intrigued the entire industry. This paper deals with recent attempts by the industry to develop surfactants to recover the oil that remains after conventional recovery operations. The requirements for developing an effective surfactant are discussed in detail and the chemist’s role in assisting in this development is highlighted.
Evaluation of enzymes for laundry products
Authors: Cayle Theodore 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCurrently the two classes of enzymes finding favor as detergent additives are the proteases and amylases. Data are presented showing some of the desirable characteristics such enzymes must possess to be successfully employed as laundry products. Whereas it is easy to determine the activity of the enzymes with test tube assays using homogeneous substrates, translation to a practical method for laboratory evaluation in which apparent laundering ability is correlated with enzyme content has proved to be more difficult. Data are presented showing that, whereas EMPA 116 test fabric (uniformly stained with blood, milk and Japanese ink) is suitable for establishing the effectiveness of detergents containing proteases, the commonly employed EMPA 112 (stained with cocoa, milk and sugar) used for evaluating amylase‐containing products is a poor choice for this purpose. This appears to be because both cocoa and milk contain proteins serving to bind the stains to the cloth. Accordingly, EMPA 112 responds to protease as well as amylase. An experimental test fabric, uniformly stained with starch and lampblack, has been prepared and has proved to respond solely to the amylase present in detergent formulations. Thus, it is now possible to evaluate the effectiveness of the amylase component in laundry products, independent of the influence of other enzyme systems that might also be present.
Development of screening tests for hard surface cleaners: I. Artificial soil removal from linoleum surfaces
Authors: Adler R. R. , Albin T. B. , Finger B. M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA quantitative method for evaluating performance of hard surface cleaners has been developed based on a series of modifications of previously proposed tests. The principle involves the mechanical cleaning of artificially soiled linoleum with a Gardner Straight Line Washability Machine. A quantitative estimation of the relative cleaning efficiency is determined photometrically and results are expressed as per cent return to original whiteness. Statistical evaluations have shown the method to be reproducible and applicable for discerning differences in formulations, concentration and surfactant structure. The test method details are described and experimental results showing ethylene oxide content optimization of commercial linear primary alcohol‐based nonionics, as well as builder effects, are presented.
Dietary fat composition and tocopherol requirement: I. Lack of correlation between nutritional indices and results of in vitro peroxide hemolysis tests
Authors: Alfin‐Slater R. B. , Hansen H. , Morris R. S. , Melnick D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn general, the native tocopherols in polyunsaturated vegetable oils such as cottonseed oil, corn oil and their lightly hydrogenated products include sufficient vitamin E for growth, reproduction, lactation and normal lipid metabolism in the rat. The administration of vitamin E to animals fed diets deficient in essential fatty acids (e.g., a hydrogenated coconut oil or a fat‐free diet) does not stimulate growth or reproductive performance per se, although testes development in the male rats is improved and some improvement in lipid metabolism is also noted. Hemolysis of the erythrocytes in vitro by hydrogen peroxide is increased in animals on diets rich (30%) in polyunsaturated vegetable oils or on diets providing no essential fatty acids at all. However, the conditions of the in vitro hemolysis test are not related to those in vivo and the in vitro test is not a measure of erythrocyte fragility. In addition, the in vitro hemolysis test does not necessarily reflect plasma tocopherol levels nor an abnormal nutritional state as a result of subsistence on high linoleate, low tocopherol intake, but rather measures the susceptibility to oxidation of a labile biological substrate and indicates the effective balance between potentially oxidizable lipids (polyunsaturates) in the stroma of the red blood cell and the antioxidant present (tocopherol or vitamin E). The labile lipid substrate may be either of exogenous origin (diet) or may be formed endogenously through tissue synthesis (as a result of an essential fatty acid deficiency). It is concluded that the in vitro hemolysis test may not be a valid indicator of vitamin E nutriture unless it is used in conjunction with other nutritional tests.
Margarine oil formulation and control
Authors: Haighton A. J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe spreadability of margarine and butter can be measured in a simple and fast way by the cone‐penetration method. A comparison of this method with the Prentice extrusion technique showed that the cone‐penetration method is more accurate; the correlation coefficient between the results of the two methods is ≥0.95; and both methods give an equally fair prediction of consumer assessment.
Thiol esters of long‐chain acids and long‐chain alkanethiols
Authors: Sasin Richard , Ashley William F. , Manning Joseph W. , Paolini Albert , Sasin George S. 
Published: August 2007

Summaryn‐Nonyl throughn‐octadecyl thiol esters of lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids are being reported for the first time. The four series of thiol esters show an alternation of melting points. The melting points of the even members fall on a single ascending curve. The melting points of the odd members fall on two separate ascending curves.
Solution hold‐up as a factor in oilseed extractor design
Authors: Keane J. D. , Smith C. T. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryHold‐up of solution by the solids undergoing extraction has been shown to be an important factor in the design of percolation extraction systems. By means of a laboratory technique, hold‐up was measured for a wide variety of prepared oilseeds. Empirical correlations of the data were obtained, and their significance was illustrated in a sample design calculation.
The metabolism of triglycerides containing cis and trans octadecenoic fatty acids
Authors: Allen R. R. , Kiess A. A. , Johnston Patricia V. , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryWeanling rats were fed diets containing triglycerides composed of bothcis andtrans fatty acids for 16 days. The animals were sacrificed, and the lipides were extracted quantitatively from the heart, liver, feces, and the rest of the carcass. Infrared analyses were carried out to determine the fate of thetrans acids.Trans acids with the double bond either in the 8 or 9 position are metabolized efficiently by the rat organism.
The reaction of mercaptoacetic acid with methyl linoleate and linoleic acid
Authors: Fore Sara P. , O'Connor Robert T. , Goldblatt Leo A. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe reaction of mercaptoacetic acid with methyl linoleate and with linoleic acid was investigated. The reaction proceeded at low and erratic rates, with and without catalysts, such as peroxides at various temperatures, but could be accelerated by use of a large excess of mercaptoacetic acid.Addition of 1 mole of mercaptoacetic acid to 1 mole of methyl linoleate resulted in a product containing about 40% of mono‐adduct. Ozonolysis of the purified mono‐adduct yielded approximately equimolar quantities of caproic and azelaic acids, indicating that addition occurred about equally at the 9,10‐ and 12,13‐ethylenic bonds. The dicarboxylic acid and the dimethyl ester of the mono‐adduct and the tricarboxylic acid and trimethyl ester of the di‐adduct of linoleic acid and mercaptoacetic acid were prepared, and the infrared spectra and some physical and chemical characteristics of these products were determined.The infrared spectra of the reaction products were obtained and correlated with functional groups which give rise to them. Bands at about 7.8 and 8.8 μ, commonly observed in long chain acids and esters and ascribed to C−O vibrations, are intensified in the sulfur‐containing reaction products, suggesting characteristic absorption of C−S compounds at almost identical wavelengths.The formation of adducts was accompanied by a high degree of isomerization of the unreacted ethylenic bonds from thecis to thetrans form both in the mono‐adduct and in unreacted methyl linoleate. The methyl linoleate recovered contained about 12% diene conjugation, but catalytic quantities of mercaptoacetic acid were not effective in inducing conjugation.
The synthesis of 2‐heptenal
Authors: Radlove S. B. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA new synthesis for the preparation of 2‐heptenal which should be applicable to other α‐β unsaturated aldehydes is described. The constants of the 2‐heptenal prepared by this procedure support the data presented by Delaby and Guillot‐Allégre.
The effect of gamma radiation on the hydrogenation of cottonseed oil
Authors: Albright Lyle F. , Harrison Lawrence J. , Sesonske Alexander 
Published: August 2007

Summary and ConclusionsHydrogenation of cottonseed oil occurred at slower rates of reaction in agamma radiation field of Cobalt 60 than comparable nonirradiated runs. Thegamma radiation apparently degraded the triglycerides to form poisons for the nickel catalyst. Free fatty acids and possible carbonyls were probably the poisons produced. The degree of selectivity andcis‐trans isomerization that occurred during hydrogenation were unaffected by thegamma radiation.
Intrauterine growth retardation and placental vacuolization as presenting features in a case of GM1 gangliosidosis
Authors: Brunetti‐Pierri Nicola , Mian Asad , Luetchke Rebecca , Graham Brett H. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryDiagnosis of GM1 gangliosidosis (OMIM 230500) is usually based on the presence of physical signs of storage such as coarse facial features, corneal clouding, cherry red macula, hepatosplenomegaly and skeletal dysostosis. More rarely it can present as nonimmune hydrops. We describe a male patient with GM1 gangliosidosis born to healthy first‐cousin parents of Indian Asian descent. The disease was recognized on the basis of diffuse vacuolization of cyto‐ and syncytiotrophoblasts, stromal cells and amniocytes on histological analysis of the placenta. The placental examination was prompted by the prenatal detection of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and oligohydramnios at 32 weeks of gestation. The diagnosis of GM1 gangliosidosis was supported by both biochemical and molecular data. The β‐galactosidase enzymatic activity on leukocytes was severely reduced, while the neuraminidase activity on fibroblasts was normal, thereby excluding galactosialidosis. The molecular analysis of the β‐galactosidase gene (GLB1) revealed a previously unreported splicing mutation (IVS1+2 insT) in homozygous state. Our case further illustrates the value of histological examination of the placenta in the diagnosis of lysosomal storage disorders and shows that either hydrops or IUGR can be presenting features of GM1 gangliosidosis in the neonatal period.
Food-based dietary guidelines: some assumptions tested for the Netherlands
Authors: Löwik M. R. H. , Hulshof K. F. A. M. , Brussaard J. H. 
Published: August 2007

Recently, the concept of food-based dietary guidelines has been introduced by WHO and FAO. For this concept, several assumptions were necessary. The validity and potential consequences of some of these assumptions are discussed in this paper on the basis of the Dutch National Food Consumption Surveys. The topics were interrelationships among dietary characteristics, nutrient density, diets in accordance with the guidelines, and food variety.To obtain insight into overall diet quality, a dietary quality index based on nutrients and a food-based quality index based on food groups were created and tested. As expected the results showed that a higher dietary quality index was associated with an improved intake of the nutrients included in the index, in particular a lower intake of total fat and cholesterol. This was related to a lower consumption of cheese, fats and oils, meat and meat products, and a higher consumption of fruit and vegetables. The information obtained with a dietary quality index can be used to assess the feasibility of a particular goal in combination with other relevant goals and to obtain clues or confirmation for recommendations regarding food consumption.The food-based quality index created showed that a combination of several food-based goals (formulated in quantitative terms) was associated with an increase in food consumption, without a clear relevance for the dietary quality. Therefore, the formulation of food-based guidelines should be based on explicitly stated dietary goals. The findings regarding nutrient density were in the direction of what was assumed, namely a positive association between density and absolute intake, although the expected effects were not completely found. The results regarding the association between variety and dietary intake were characterized mainly by differences in quantity rather than dietary quality.The data indicate that energy intake may be an important pitfall in implementing food-based dietary guidelines, that ‘eat a variety of food’ can be an empty slogan and that nutrient density is positively related to the absolute intake of specific micronutrients. Further, the ‘absence’ of interrelationships among risk nutrients indicates that a selection process has to be applied.
FACTORS RELATED TO INBREEDING COMPONENTS FROM ISONYMY IN AN URBAN POPULATION: ARANJUEZ (SPAIN)
Authors: COLANTONIO SONIA E. , FUSTER VICENTE , SANZ GIMENO ALBERTO , REHER DAVID S. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAn isonymic analysis has been carried out using a sample of 1529 reconstituted families residing during 1870–1964 in Aranjuez, an urban area situated south of Madrid, Spain. The random, non-random and total-components inbreeding coefficients from isonymy were obtained and the various combinations of surnames compared in order to infer the patri- or matrilocal pattern of residence. Throughout the period studied the random component of inbreeding (Fr) has not changed, in contrast to the non-random component (Fn), thus suggesting the latter could be responsible for the reduction of total inbreeding. Using several methodological approaches (biplot analysis, α, ν and percentage of immigrants) the predominance of the immigration of grooms was interpreted in terms of Aranjuez as a matrilocal pattern of residence. From this study it can also be concluded that surnames provided by reconstituted families are good estimators of inbreeding and migration.
Management of primary abdominal pregnancy: twelve years of experience in a medical centre
Authors: SHAW SHENG‐WEN , HSU JENN‐JEIH , CHUEH HO‐YEN , HAN CHIEN‐MIN , CHEN FANG‐CHUN , CHANG YAO‐LUNG , CHAO AN‐SHINE , CHENG PO‐JEN , HSIEH T'SANG‐T'ANG , SOONG YUNG‐KUEI 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackground. The aim of this study was to evaluate our institution's 12‐year experience in managing primary abdominal pregnancy by laparotomy or laparoscopy. Methods. We identified 11 cases of primary abdominal pregnancy treated at our institution between January 1994 and December 2005, and separated the cases into 2 groups based on type of surgical management. The outcome measures we evaluated were operative time, blood loss and duration of hospital stay. In addition, the incidence rates for all types of ectopic pregnancy were recorded. Analysis excluded secondary abdominal pregnancy. Results. Of the 11 primary abdominal pregnancies, 6 were treated with laparotomy and 5 with laparoscopy. The laparoscopy group had significantly better results in operative time, blood loss and hospital stay (p<0.05). The difference in gestational age was not significant (p = 0.141), even after excluding the patient whose abdominal pregnancy was only identified after cesarean delivery. Conclusion. Our experience shows a trend toward better management of primary abdominal pregnancy with laparoscopy. These patients had shorter operative time, reduced blood loss, and fewer days in hospital then patients treated with laparotomy. Choice of management should depend on the patient's condition, gestational age of the pregnancy, and the physician's clinical experience.
Precision, consistency, and reproducibility of blood pressure in diabetic and non‐diabetic pregnancy: the appraisal of repeated measurements
Authors: LAUSZUS FINN FRIIS , ROSGAARD ANNI , LOUSEN THEA , RASMUSSEN OLE WINTHER , KLEBE THOMAS MARTIN , KLEBE JOACHIM G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA monitor (Spacelab 90207) was compared with sphygmomanometric blood pressure (BP) with respect to reproducibility and variations on precision and consistency. Some 133 women with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 59 non‐diabetic women were recruited. During pregnancy, systolic BP was between 6 and 12 mmHg higher in the oscillometric than the auscultatory readings, and diastolic BP was between 1 and 2.6 mmHg. The association of difference with the mean BP disappeared with progression of pregnancy and the repetition of measurements in diabetic pregnancy. The precision, reproducibility, and trend of association over the scale of measurement were improved in the repeated compared to individual measurements, whereas consistency did not improve.
Non‐clinical determinants of planned cesarean delivery in cases of term breech presentation in France
Authors: CARAYOL M. , ZEITLIN J. , ROMAN H. , LE RAY C. , BREART G. , GOFFINET F. ,   FOR THE PREMODA STUDY GROUP, CARAYOL M. , ZEITLIN J. , ROMAN H. , LE RAY C. , BREART G. , GOFFINET F. ,   FOR THE PREMODA STUDY GROUP
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackground. To explore non‐clinical maternal and institutional factors associated with the decision for planned cesarean in cases of breech presentation at term in France, where planned vaginal delivery are recommended by the French College of Gynecologists and Obstetricians (CNGOF) when conditions are optimal. Methods. The analysis included 6,080 women with a live fetus in breech presentation at term, from the PREMODA prospective survey, in 138 French maternity units between 1 June 2001 and 31 May 2002. Women with previous cesarean sections were excluded. The analysis to identify risk factors for planned cesarean used a multilevel logistic model. Results. The planned cesarean rate was 63.5%. The maternal factors most strongly associated with a decision for planned cesarean were parity (adjusted OR: 2.56 (2.29–2.88)) and maternal age ≥35 years (ORa: 1.38 (1.18–1.61)). No association was found between institutional factors, such as maternity size and level of care, although a centre effect was documented (p<0.001). Conclusion. The variation in planned cesarean rates between maternity units was not associated with their structural characteristics, but was related to a characteristic specific to each centre, and, thus, suggests that despite the current guidelines in France, obstetricians have diverse opinions about the best mode of delivery for breech presentations.
A prospective, randomised, controlled trial comparing 3 hour and 24 hour postoperative removal of bladder catheter and vaginal pack following vaginal prolapse surgery
Authors: GLAVIND KARIN , MØRUP LISBETH , MADSEN HANS , GLAVIND JULIE 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackground. The aim of this prospective, randomised, study was to determine whether or not there was a higher incidence of bleeding, reoperation, urinary retention or bacterial count in the urine, depending on whether urinary catheter and vaginal pack was removed 3 h or 24 h after vaginal prolapse surgery. Methods. Some 136 women were randomised into Group 1 (removal of catheter and vaginal pack after 3 h), and Group 2 (removal of catheter and vaginal pack after 24 h). Data on postoperative bleeding, reoperation, and urinary retention were collected. Preoperatively, day after operation, and 14 days after operation, a urine culture was performed. Results. There was no tendency towards more bleeding with early removal of vaginal pack and urinary catheter. No patients in either group were reoperated during the first 48 postoperative hours. Three patients in Group 1 required sterile intermittent catheterisation postoperatively, however, only once in 2 patients. There was a trend towards a higher postoperative bacterial count in patients in Group 2 (p = 0.306). Conclusion. We recommend removing the vaginal pack and urinary catheter after 3 h with careful monitoring of the patient's voiding.