bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lead foreign body in a cat's bladder
Authors: Andre P. G. , Jackson O. F. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe follow‐up history for 2 years, of a sterile lead implant (air‐gun pellet) in a cat's bladder, shows that this does not form the nucleus for calculus formation.Résumé. Après avoir suivi pendant deux ans l'implant stérile d'un plomb (plomb pour carabine à air comprimé) dans la vessie d'un chat, on a pu conclure qu'il ne sert pas de noyau lorsque se forme un calcul.Zusammenfassung. Die sich über 2 Jahre erstreckende Beobachtung eines sterilen Bleiimplantats (Luftgewehrgeschoss) in der Blase einer Katze zeigt, dass dieses nicht den Kern einer Calculusbildung abgab.
Exploring the origin and degree of genetic isolation of Anopheles gambiae from the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, potential sites for testing transgenic‐based vector control
Authors: Marshall Jonathon C. , Pinto João , Charlwood Jacques Derek , Gentile Gabriele , Santolamazza Federica , Simard Frèdèric , Della Torre Alessandra , Donnelly Martin J. , Caccone Adalgisa 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe evolutionary processes at play between island and mainland populations of the malaria mosquito vector Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto are of great interest as islands may be suitable sites for preliminary application of transgenic‐based vector control strategies. São Tomé and Príncipe, located off the West African coast, have received such attention in recent years. This study investigates the degree of isolation of An. gambiae s.s. populations between these islands and the mainland based on mitochondrial and ribosomal DNA molecular data. We identify possible continental localities from which these island populations derived. For these purposes, we used FST values, haplotype networks, and nested clade analysis to estimate migration rates and patterns. Haplotypes from both markers are geographically widespread across the African continent. Results indicate that the populations from São Tomé and Príncipe are relatively isolated from continental African populations, suggesting they are promising sites for test releases of transgenic individuals. These island populations are possibly derived from two separate continental migrations. This result is discussed in the context of the history of the African slave trade with respect to São Tomé and Príncipe.
Aspects of healthcare utilisation in self‐reported obstructive lung disease
Authors: Nielsen Rune , Johannessen Ane , Bakke Per Sigvald , Askildsen Jan Erik , Omenaas Ernst Reidar , Gulsvik Amund 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIntroduction:  Utilisation of healthcare resources because of pulmonary diseases have previously been presented according to lung function or symptom severity. We aimed to compare the associations of symptoms and lung function to healthcare and social service utilisation in subjects with self‐reported obstructive lung diseases (OLDs) (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, emphysema).Materials and Methods:  Of 2819 participants aged 27–82 years in the Hordaland County Respiratory Health Survey, 200 subjects (7.1%) self‐reported OLD. They answered 13 questions on respiratory symptoms and 5 questions on use of healthcare and social services. Altogether, 161 participants (81%) completed post‐bronchodilation spirometry.Results:  Use of anti‐asthmatic drugs, regular physician's appointment, sick leave payment for the last 12 months, hospital admission for the last 12 months and disability pension were reported by 68%, 63%, 18%, 8% and 7% of those with self‐reported OLD, respectively. Twenty per cent of subjects with self‐reported OLD had not received any healthcare or social services. In adjusted multivariate logistic regression analyses, increase in the respiratory symptom score was significantly associated with more healthcare and social services. Lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s in % predicted, however, was not significantly associated with more use of healthcare and social services.Conclusion:  The majority (80%) of subjects in a general population with self‐reported OLD received healthcare services. The utilisation of healthcare and social services was strongly associated to the burden of respiratory symptoms, and, to a lesser degree, to the level and pattern of lung function.Please cite this paper as: Nielsen R, Johannessen A, Bakke PS, Askildsen JE, Omenaas ER and Gulsvik A. Aspects of healthcare utilisation in self‐reported obstructive lung disease. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2009; 3: 34–41.
Measurement of current changes in land levels as input to long‐term planning for flood risk management along the Thames estuary
Authors: Bingley R.M. , Teferle F.N. , Orliac E.J. , Dodson A.H. , Williams S.D.P. , Blackman D.L. , Baker T.F. , Riedmann M. , Haynes M. , Press N. , Aldiss D.T. , Burke H.C. , Chacksfield B.C. , Tragheim D. , Tarrant O. , Tanner S. , Reeder T. , Lavery S. , Meadowcroft I. , Surendran S. , Goudie J.R. , Richardson D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractLong‐term planning for flood risk management in coastal and estuarine areas requires timely and reliable information on changes in land and sea levels. In this paper we describe how we have produced a detailed, high‐resolution map of current changes in land levels for the Thames region, and carried out a new assessment of the changes in sea level relative to the land along the Thames Estuary over the past few decades/past century. We conclude the paper by considering the potential benefits of extended monitoring for the long‐term planning of flood and coastal defences in that region.
Lobbyistes et législation sur le lobbyisme : que nous apprend la récente expérience québécoise?
Authors: Yates Stéphanie , Beauchamp Michel 
Published: October 2008

Sommaire: Dans un contexte où un nombre croissant de gouvernements, en Europe comme en Amérique du Nord, entendent resserrer les règles en matière d'encadrement du lobbyisme, les auteurs se penchent sur les réactions des lobbyistes québécois envers la loi sur la transparence et l'éthique en matière de lobbyisme, adoptée au Québec en 2002. Reposant sur l'examen de près de trente entretiens menés un an après l'adoption de la loi ainsi que sur celui d'un imposant corpus documentaire, leur analyse fait ressortir que les modalités de la Loi, en particulier celles liées à l'inscription au registre des lobbyistes, entraînent une lourdeur bureaucratique peu propice au respect de la législation. Il ressort également que la loi, dont le principal objectif est d'affermir la confiance des citoyens envers les titulaires de charges publiques et des institutions démocratiques au sein desquelles ils œuvrent, influencera sans doute très peu la perception de la population à l'endroit de l'intégrité des acteurs de la sphère politique, y compris les lobbyistes. Par ailleurs, il semble qu'une simplification du processus d'inscription au registre, ainsi que l'élargissement du nombre de personnes assujetties à la loi (les organisations sans but lucratif étant nommément visées) soient des mesures susceptibles de favoriser la hausse de confiance des citoyens envers les institutions démocratiques et les acteurs qui y sont associés.Abstract: In a context where an increasing number of governments, in both Europe and North America, are planning to tighten the lobbying rules, the authors focus on the reactions of Quebec lobbyists to the Lobbying Transparency and Ethics Act, which was enacted in Quebec in 2002. Based on an examination of close to thirty interviews conducted one year after the enactment of the act, as well as the study of an important corpus of documents, their analysis indicates that the terms of the act, specifically those with reference to the registration in the Registry of Lobbyists, create bureaucratic red tape that makes enforcement of the law unlikely. It is also clear that the act, the main purpose of which is to build the public's trust in those who hold public office and the democratic institutions in which they work, will have presumably very little influence over the public's perception of the integrity of the players in the political sphere, including lobbyists. Furthermore, it would seem that simplifying the registry process, as well as broadening the scope of the legislation's applicability (specifically to include non‐profit organizations), would have the effect of increasing the public's level of confidence in the democratic institutions and the players associated with them.
‘Licence’ and Genocide in the East: Reflections on Localised Eliminationist Violence during the First Stages of ‘Operation Barbarossa’ (1941)
Authors: Kallis Aristotle 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFrom the moment that Nazi Germany launched its attack on the Soviet Union in 1941, a pandemonium of violence seized many areas of Eastern Europe. The crimes of theEinsatzgruppenand ofWehrmachttroops are well‐documented. The brutality, however, of the pogroms in 1941, their frequency and geographic scope, the level of local participation in the acts, the vehemence with which they were carried out and the almost ritualistic ‘carnivalesque’ qualities of the spectacle, all point to deeper, more complex agencies at work. This paper explores the notion of ‘licence’ as the primary facilitator of genocidal violence in the eastern territories immediately after the launch of Operation Barbarossa. It argues that this ‘licence’ should be understood as a crucialfacilitatorof already formed (if latent or contained) violent eliminationist predispositions and intentions. This in turn helped demolish political, social and moral impediments to violent behaviour and catalysed a veritable ‘carnival’ of elimination against particular ‘others’, in which ‘ordinary’ people joined much more for ideological, cultural and/or rational reasons than because of blind conformity or coercion.
Nationalism, Exclusion and Violence: A Territorial Approach
Authors: Etherington John Robert 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNationalism can be understood as a doctrine of territorial political legitimacy, in the sense that demands for national self‐government necessarily involve claims over a given territory. Such claims are ultimately justified by establishing a relationship of mutual belonging between the nation and ‘its’ territory. This makes nationalism intrinsically exclusionary and potentially violent, since purely civic nations become impossible in practice. Shared political and social values on their own fail to bind nation and territory together, and as such the nation's ‘home’ might be anywhere, and thus, in a world of competing political claims over territory, nowhere. Ethnic elements of national identity are therefore necessary if an exclusive relationship is to be established between the nation and ‘its’ territory. These arguments are illustrated by analysing a series of nationalisms that have been traditionally considered to be ‘civic,’ such as those found in the United States, Canada and England.
Ethnoregionalism, Multicultural Nationalism and the Idea of the European Third Way
Authors: Spektorowski Alberto 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWhile the idea of a Europe of its peoples, or a post‐nation‐state ‘regionalist Europe’ is largely applauded by liberal, radical democratic, and post‐colonial theorists, who welcome this development as an antidote to narrow nationalism, ideologues of the New Right had adopted this idea to their exclusionist political design. Based on what can be defined as ‘multiculturalism of the Right’, the New Right proposes a new European nationalist resurrection based upon the idea of the reemergence of multiple European organic identities that would set a cultural barrier against immigrant communities. In order to elaborate this plan the New Right makes use of the intellectual contribution of old anti‐liberal integralist sources at the fringes of fascism. The latter set the path for a European ‘third way’ in the 1930s and the New Right attempts to reestablish this trend in a post‐modern Europe. This article does not claim that Europe of the peoples is an anti‐liberal project, but asks to heed ‘unexpected’ political uses of the idea.
Violent Nationalism in Catholic Communities: The Provisional IRA and ETA
Authors: Rooney Nicola 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper will examine how the Provisional IRA and Euzkadi Ta Askatasuna ‐ Basque Country and Freedom ‐ (ETA) sought to legitimise and gain support for a campaign of urban guerrilla warfare by casting themselves in the role of defenders of a Catholic community. The need to reconcile the acceptance of violent action and Catholic religious beliefs led to a strong emphasis on the morality of the struggle waged by both groups during the early years of their existence. Interestingly, this definition of morality was grounded in Catholic teaching, forcing both organisations to challenge the leadership of the ecclesiastical authorities.
The Role of (ETA) Violence in the Construction of Nationalism in Spain and the Basque Country
Authors: Maskaliūnaitė Asta 
Published: October 2008

AbstractUsing the theoretical concepts of the discourse theory of Laclau and Mouffe, the author discusses the different ways in which three political parties in Spain ‐ PP, PSOE and PNV ‐ construct their discourse in relation to the nation and violence. It is claimed that the PP has developed a discourse based on chains of equivalence, one of which has the nation as a nodal point and the other ‐ the (ETA) violence. These chains are not just political but also ethical constructions. The PSOE bases its discourse on the logic of difference, which attempts to expand the political field to include more and more elements, but sometimes fails to renegotiate some important concepts. The PNV is in a constant fluctuation between the sovereignist position of a permanent struggle to preserve the Basque identity and to liberate the Basque Country and the autonomist position where the logic of difference is employed and only violence is left aside.
Religion versus Peace: A False Dichotomy
Authors: Omer Atalia 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe article argues that in contexts of ethno‐national conflicts, questions of peace and justice may entail negotiations not only over resources, territory and power but also over identity, symbols and memory. In fact, it is suggested that the latter set of negotiations may present the most vital nexus and even precondition for engaging in a sustainable and substantive process of peace‐building. It is here that subaltern narratives and religious sources may play a significant role in reframing the terms of the conflict and reinterpreting the parameters of peace and justice. The first part of the article draws on a diversity of scholarly resources in order to develop a dynamic set of criteria for evaluating the justness of peace frameworks. The second part consists in applying these criteria for the specific analysis of the secularist liberal Zionist peace camp and the central assumptions underlying its ‘visions of peace’.
Pakistani Nationalism and the State Marginalisation of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan
Authors: Saeed Sadia 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between nationalism, state formation, and the marginalisation of national minorities through an historical focus on Pakistani state's relationship with the Ahmadiyya community, a self‐defined minority sect of Islam. In 1974, a constitutional amendment was enacted that effectively rendered the Ahmadiyya community a non‐Muslim minority, in spite of claims by the community that it was Muslim and hence not a minority. This paper attempts to account for this anti‐Ahmadiyya state legislation by arguing that the genealogy of the idea of a Pakistani state is key for understanding the politics of exclusion of the Ahmadiyya community from ‘Muslim citizenship’ ‐ that is, who is and isn't a Muslim.
Redirecting Violence: The Finnish Flag as a Sacrificial Symbol, 1917–1945
Authors: Tepora Tuomas 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPremised on the interplay between national fags, violence and sacrifice, this article sheds new light on the significance of fag culture in nation‐building. It specifically highlights the role of the Finnish fag in directing violence outwards from Finnish society after the Civil War of 1918. The new national flag introduced after the war came to symbolise an ideal of oneness which found its expression in a propagated willingness to make sacrifices for the collective. The memory of fratricidal violence was externalised from the national space and transferred onto the red fags associated with Soviet Russia. During the Second World War the symbolically unifying ‘sacrifice’ was transformed into real sacrifice, giving birth to a new symbolism of the Finnish fag. The article concludes that national fags have an important role in societies' boundary formation, connecting civil society to the state, as well as the individual to the public realm.
National Antisemitism in Russia during the ‘Years of Crisis’, 1914–1922
Authors: Herbeck Ulrich 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn the period between 1914 and 1922 Russia experienced an enormous upsurge of violent antisemitism. In just one year, an estimated 60,000 to 200,000 Jews were killed in the wave of pogroms that swept through the Ukraine in 1919. Antisemitism must be considered as key element of an emergent nationalism which, in the phase of crisis and breakup of the Russian empire, was on the verge of replacing the imperialist ideology of the old Russian ruling elite. During this period, anticommunism and antisemitism merged to form the imagery or myth of ‘Judeo‐Bolshevism’. Russian nationalist ‘White’ officers, an important part of the Russian Orthodox Church, Ukrainian nationalists and various peasant movements were united in their opposition to what they called ‘Jewish rule under the guise of Bolshevism’. ‘Judeo‐Bolshevism’ must be analysed as a crucial aspect of Russian nationalist ideology of the time.
General‐use polymerase chain reaction primers for amplification and direct sequencing of enolase, a single‐copy nuclear gene, from different animal phyla
Authors: KELLY RYAN P. , PALUMBI STEPHEN R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn contrast to mitochondrial DNA, remarkably few general‐use primer sets are available for single‐copy nuclear genes across animal phyla. Here, we present a primer set that yields ac. 364‐bp coding fragment of the metabolic gene enolase, which includes an intron in some taxa. In species where introns are absent or have few insertions/deletions, the amplified fragment can be sequenced directly for phylogenetic or population analysis. Between‐species variation in the coding region occurs widely at third codon positions, even between closely related taxa, making the fragment useful for species‐level systematics. In low gene‐flow species, the primers may also be of use for population genetics, as intraspecific polymorphisms occur at several silent positions in the taxa examined.
Ecological barcoding of corallivory by second internal transcribed spacer sequences: hosts of coralliophiline gastropods detected by the cnidarian DNA in their stomach
Authors: OLIVERIO MARCO , BARCO ANDREA , MODICA MARIA VITTORIA , RICHTER ALEXANDRA , MARIOTTINI PAOLO 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA cluster (rDNA) is significantly smaller in the Cnidaria (120–260 bp) than in the rest of the Metazoa. ITS2 is one of the fastest evolving DNA regions among those commonly used in molecular systematics and has been proposed as a possible barcoding gene for Cnidaria to replace the currently problematic mitochondrial sequences used. We have reviewed the intraspecific and interspecific variation of ITS2 rRNA sequences in the Anthozoa. We have observed that the lower limits of the interspecific DNA divergence ranges very often overlap with intraspecific ranges, and identical sequences from individuals of different species are not rare. This finding can result in problems similar to those encountered with the mitochondrial COI, and we conclude that ITS2 does not prove significantly better than COI for standard taxonomic DNA barcoding in Anthozoa.However, ITS2 appears to be a promising gene in the ecological DNA barcoding of corallivory, where taxonomic accuracy at genus or even family level may represent a significant improvement of current knowledge. We have successfully amplified and sequenced ITS2 from template DNA extracted from foot muscle and from stomach contents of corallivorous gastropods, and from their anthozoan hosts. The small size of cnidarian ITS2 makes it a very easy and efficient tool for ecological barcoding of associations. Ecological barcoding of corallivory is an indispensable approach to the study of the associations in deep water, where direct observation is severely limited by logistics and costs.
Using return‐on‐investment to guide restoration: a case study from Hawaii
Authors: Goldstein Joshua H. , Pejchar Liba , Daily Gretchen C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractRestoring natural capital is essential for biodiversity and ecosystem services that support human well‐being. Although ecological pathways for restoration are a major area of study, little is known about the economic pathways to which these efforts must be linked. This linkage, however, is important for maximizing return‐on‐investment (ROI) from restoration projects. We developed a general ROI framework to guide investments in restoration. We applied this framework to reforestation of montane pastureland in Hawaii, focusing on two specific conservation targets: native forest birds and understory plants. We found that restoring partial tree cover on pastureland is most attractive for birds, while understory plants require investment in full forest restoration. Nonlinearities in restoration pathways present in Hawaii, and likely elsewhere, generate these substantially different ROI profiles across potential projects. This information can guide the design of policies supporting cost‐effective practices to help ensure that limited resources achieve the greatest impact.
Screening new plant introductions for potential invasiveness: a test of impacts for the United States
Authors: Gordon Doria R. , Gantz Crysta A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe economic, health, and environmental costs of invasive plant species suggest the need for screening systems to reduce the probability of importing new harmful invaders. We assessed 105 plant species introduced to the United States since 1995 using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment system and a secondary screen to evaluate the proportion of species that would have been prohibited from import were such a screening system implemented. These tools are likely to result in correct decisions to accept or reject species of unknown invasive potential over 80% of the time. The species tested spanned temperate and tropical locations of origin and represented all vascular plant life forms with the exception of aquatic plants. We had insufficient data to complete assessment of 4% of the species. None of the remaining 101 species were predicted to become invasive: 88% were predicted to be noninvasive and 12% required further evaluation. On average, we required 8 hours to assess each species. These results, in combination with the savings incurred when likely invaders are identified and prohibited prior to import, suggest that this screening system could be implemented to protect the economy and environment and would be unlikely to significantly preclude opportunities for the horticultural industry.