bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of victim gender, victim sexual orientation, victim response and respondent gender on judgements of blame in a hypothetical adolescent rape
Authors: Davies Michelle , Rogers Paul , Whitelegg Lisa 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. Few studies have examined the judgements made towards adolescent rape victims, and none have investigated attributions towards gay male or lesbian adolescents. The current study examined the effects victim gender, victim sexual orientation, victim response, and respondent gender, on attributions of blame in the depicted rape of a 15‐year old adolescent.Methods. A total of 164 respondents read details of this assault before completing 15 attribution judgments.Results. Respondents were expected to attribute more blame to a victim who was male, gay, and who failed to resist the perpetrator. Male respondents were also expected to be more blaming of the victim than females. Overall these hypotheses were supported.Conclusion. Results are discussed in relation to the role gender stereotypes and homophobia play within attributions blame in sexual assault cases. Specifically, it seems male adolescent rape victims are subjected to the same negative stereotypes as male adult victims. Implications and ideas for future research are considered.
Concentrations of C-Reactive Protein and B-Type Natriuretic Peptide 30 Days after Acute Coronary Syndromes Independently Predict Hospitalization for Heart Failure and Cardiovascular Death
Authors: Scirica Benjamin M , Cannon Christopher P , Sabatine Marc S , Jarolim Petr , Sloane Sarah , Rifai Nader , Braunwald Eugene , Morrow David A ,   for the PROVE IT–TIMI 22 Investigators
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Background: Heart failure (HF) is an important cause of morbidity in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). C-reactive protein (CRP) has been implicated in experimental models as exacerbating myocardial injury, but data regarding the clinical relationship of high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) concentrations with the risk of HF after ACS are few.
Methods: PROVE IT–TIMI 22 randomized 4162 patients who had been stabilized after ACS to either intensive or moderate statin therapy. hsCRP and BNP were measured 30 days after randomization. Hospitalizations for HF and cardiovascular death occurring after day 30 were assessed for a mean follow-up of 24 months.
Results: Patients who developed HF had higher concentrations of hsCRP (3.7 mg/L vs 1.9 mg/L, P &lt; 0.001) and BNP (59 ng/L vs 22 ng/L, P &lt; 0.0001). HF increased in a stepwise manner with hsCRP quartile [adjusted hazard ratio (HRadj) for Q4 vs Q1, 2.5; P = 0.01] and BNP quartile (HRadj for Q4 vs Q1, 5.8; P &lt; 0.001), with similar results obtained for HF and cardiovascular death. In a multivariable analysis, higher concentrations of hsCRP and BNP were both independently associated with HF [HRadj, 1.9 for hsCRP &gt;2.0 mg/L (P = 0.01) and 4.2 for BNP &gt;80 ng/L (P &lt; 0.001)]. Patients with increases in both markers were at the greatest risk of HF, compared with patients without an increased marker concentration (HRadj, 8.3; P = 0.01). The benefit of intensive statin therapy in reducing HF was consistent among all patients, regardless of hsCRP or BNP concentration.
Conclusions: Both hsCRP and BNP measured 30 days after ACS are independently associated with the risk of HF and cardiovascular death, with the greatest risk occurring when both markers are increased.
Evolution of the relation between human society and urban water from ancient roman times to modern urbanization
Authors: Monteleone Maria Carmela 
Published: December 2008

The acceptance of water structures into cities in varying degrees dates back to the first human agglomerations, water being essential to life. The impact of those systems and technologies on the surrounding environment and its evolution up to modern times is the object of this paper, concerning the comparison between ancient Roman water culture, the Roman empire being a place where water was first made available on a mass scale, and the modern concepts of urban water systems planning.
The comparison considers the functionalities and social values attributed to water in the urban spaces, and methods used to learn and practice technologies. The result is a vision of water that is not limited to the idea of a human need to maintain life, but also as an essence for life renovation and well being, that can be useful in the process of rebalancing the relationship between human communities and the other species and elements living within human agglomerations.
Use of Standardized Outcome Measures in Physical Therapist Practice: Perceptions and Applications
Authors: Jette Diane U , Halbert James , Iverson Courtney , Miceli Erin , Shah Palak 
Published: December 2008

Background
Standardized instruments for measuring patients' activity limitations and participation restrictions have been advocated for use by rehabilitation professionals for many years. The available literature provides few recent reports of the use of these measures by physical therapists in the United States.

Objective
The primary purpose of this study was to determine: (1) the extent of the use of standardized outcome measures and (2) perceptions regarding their benefits and barriers to their use. A secondary purpose was to examine factors associated with their use among physical therapists in clinical practice.

Design
The study used an observational design.

Methods
A survey questionnaire comprising items regarding the use and perceived benefits and barriers of standardized outcome measures was sent to 1,000 randomly selected members of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA).

Results
Forty-eight percent of participants used standardized outcome measures. The majority of participants (&gt;90%) who used such measures believed that they enhanced communication with patients and helped direct the plan of care. The most frequently reported reasons for not using such measures included length of time for patients to complete them, length of time for clinicians to analyze the data, and difficulty for patients in completing them independently. Use of standardized outcome measures was related to specialty certification status, practice setting, and the age of the majority of patients treated.

Limitations
The limitations included an unvalidated survey for data collection and a sample limited to APTA members.

Conclusions
Despite more than a decade of development and testing of standardized outcome measures appropriate for various conditions and practice settings, physical therapists have some distance to go in implementing their use routinely in most clinical settings. Based on the perceived barriers, alterations in practice management strategies and the instruments themselves may be necessary to increase their use.
Radiographic analysis of trochlear notch sclerosis in the diagnosis of osteoarthritis secondary to medial coronoid disease
Authors: Carrera I. , Carmichael S. , Heller J. , Hammond G. , Draffan D. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryTrochlear notch sclerosis (TNS) as assessed by radiography has been shown to be increased in elbow dysplasia (ED) associated medial coronoid process disease (MCD). The aims of this study were to investigate whether two defined radiographic tests evaluating TNS would increase the sensitivity of detecting osteoarthritis secondary to MCD, and to assess whether there was a correlation between increasing TNS with severity of MCD. Sixty-one dogs with MCD (121 elbows) were selected from the imaging database. The controls were nine cadavers (18 disease-free elbows). Standard International Elbow Working Group radiographs and CT scans were taken of each elbow. Plain radiographs were analysed using various assessments: osteophyte grade (0–3), coronoid grade (0–3), TNS descriptive grade (0–3) and TNS ratio. The TNS ratio was calculated from the depth of ulnar sclerosis at the level of the disto-cranial margin of the humeral condyles divided by the cranio-caudal ulna depth. The TNS descriptive assessment and ratio both increased the overall sensitivity of diagnosing osteoarthritis secondary to MCD above the other radiographic tests. The sensitivity of the TNS ratio at <0.3 mm was 91%-96% and the TNS descriptive assessment was 77%-96%. Radio-graphic TNS significantly increased with increasing severity of coronoid disease grade as evaluated by CT p<0.01. The finding that TNS increases the sensitivity of diagnosing osteoarthritis secondary to MCD is valuable to those that have neither a CT scanner nor arthroscopy readily available. The assessments described in this study are easy to apply and do not require any sophisticated technology in order to detect sclerosis.
Comparative study of vertebral fractures and luxations in dogs and cats
Authors: Lang J. , Jaggy A. , Spreng D. , Doherr M. G. , Forterre F. , Bali M. S. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe purpose of this retrospective study was to compare patterns of vertebral fractures and luxations in 42 cats and 47 dogs, and to evaluate the impact of species-related differences on clinical outcome. Data regarding aetiology, neurological status, radiographic appearance and follow-up were compared between the groups. The thoracolumbar (Th3-L3) area was the most commonly affected location in both cats (49%) and dogs (58%). No lesions were observed in the cervical vertebral segments in cats, and none of the cats showed any signs of a Schiff-Sherrington syndrome. Vertebral luxations were significantly more frequent in dogs (20%) than in cats (6%), whereas combined fracture-luxations occurred significantly more often in cats (65%) than in dogs (37%). Caudal vertebral segment displacement was mostly dorsal in cats and ventral in dogs, with a significant difference in direction between cats and large dogs. The clinical outcome did not differ significantly between the two populations, and was poor in most cases (cats: 61%; dogs: 56%). The degree of dislocation and axis deviation were both significantly associated with a worse outcome in dogs, but not in cats. Although several differences in vertebral fractures and luxation patterns exist between cats and dogs, these generally do not seem to affect outcome.
The role of psychosocial factors in young children's responses to cross‐examination style questioning
Authors: Zajac Rachel , Jury Emma , O'Neill Sarah 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe goal of the present study was to ascertain whether individual differences in self‐esteem, self‐confidence, assertiveness and number of siblings could predict young children's responses to cross‐examination style questioning. Five‐ and 6‐year‐old children (N = 137) participated in a unique staged event and were then interviewed with analogues of direct and cross‐examination. Despite highly accurate direct examination reports, children made a large number of changes to these reports during cross‐examination, resulting in a significant decrease in accuracy. Poor cross‐examination performance was associated with low levels of teacher‐rated self‐confidence, self‐esteem and assertiveness, raising concern that the children who are likely to fare poorly during cross‐examination may be the very children who are most likely to appear as witnesses in the courtroom. Furthermore, number of siblings was inversely related to cross‐examination performance. Further research is required to pinpoint the specific mechanism(s) behind this finding. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced Light‐Harvesting and Photocatalytic Properties in Morph‐TiO2 from Green‐Leaf Biotemplates
Authors: Li Xufan , Fan Tongxiang , Zhou Han , Chow Suk‐Kwun , Zhang Wang , Zhang Di , Guo Qixin , Ogawa Hiroshi 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe unique structure of green leaves endows them with an extremely high light‐harvesting efficiency. In this work, green leaves are applied as biotemplates to synthesize morph‐TiO2. The structural features favorable for light harvesting from the macro‐ to the nanoscale are replicated in morph‐TiO2 through a two‐step infiltration process and the N contained in the original leaves is self‐doped into the resulting samples. The absorbance intensities within the visible‐light range of morph‐TiO2 derived from different leaves increase by 103–258% and the band‐gap‐absorption onsets at the edge of the UV and visible‐light range show a red‐shift of 25–100 nm compared to those in TiO2 without the template. The photocatalytic activity of morph‐TiO2 is also improved, as proven by an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) study and degradation of rhodamine dye under irradiation with UV and visible light. The present work, as a new strategy, is of far‐reaching significance in learning from nature, driving us to make full use of the most‐abundant resources and structure‐introduced functions endowed by nature, opening up possibilities for extensive study of the physical and chemical properties of morph‐structured oxides and extending their potential for use in applications such as solar cells, photocatalysts, photoelectrical devices, and photoinduced sensors.
Two‐Dye Core/Shell Zeolite Nanoparticles: A New Tool for Ratiometric pH Measurements
Authors: Doussineau Tristan , Smaïhi Monique , Mohr Gerhard J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe preparation of core/shell nanoparticles that enable ratiometric pH measurement is described. The core of the nanoparticles consists of a zeolite‐β matrix that exhibits a 3‐hydroxyflavone reference dye within the porous network. Coating an amorphous silica shell containing a fluorosensor around the zeolite through the Stöber process provides pH sensitivity to the nanoparticles. Morphological characterization (dynamic light scattering, transmission electronic microscopy) demonstrates the control of the sensing silica shell around the zeolite cores, leading to highly monodisperse spherical nanoparticles, while structural characterization (wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption) shows the amorphous character of the shell. Spectral characterization via UV/Vis absorption and steady‐state fluorescence shows good pH sensitivity of the resulting nanosensors with a pKa suitable for bioanalytical applications.
Near‐Infrared Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Optical Imaging: Characterization and In Vivo Biodistribution
Authors: Lee Chia‐Hung , Cheng Shih‐Hsun , Wang Yu‐Jing , Chen Yu‐Ching , Chen Nai‐Tzu , Souris Jeffrey , Chen Chin‐Tu , Mou Chung‐Yuan , Yang Chung‐Shi , Lo Leu‐Wei 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe characterization of near‐infrared (NIR) mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) suitable for in vivo optical imaging with high efficiency is presented. Trimethylammonium groups modified MSN (MSN‐TA) with the average size of 50–100 nm was synthesized with incorporation of the TA groups into the framework of MSN. It was further adsorbed with indocyanine green (ICG) by electrostatic attraction to render MSN‐TA‐ICG as an efficient NIR contrast agent for in vivo optical imaging. The studies in stability of MSN‐TA‐ICG against pH indicated the bonding is stable over the range from acidic to physiological pH. The in vivo biodistribution of MSN‐TA‐ICG in anesthetized rat demonstrated a rather strong and stable fluorescence of MSN‐TA‐ICG that prominent in the organ of liver. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging and elemental analysis of silicon further manifested the physical and quantitative residences of MSN‐TA‐ICG in major organs. This is the first report of MSN functionalized with NIR‐ICG capable of optical imaging in vivo.
A Combinatorial Approach for Colorimetric Differentiation of Organic Solvents Based on Conjugated Polymer‐Embedded Electrospun Fibers
Authors: Yoon Jaewon , Jung Young‐Sik , Kim Jong‐Man 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA combinatorial approach for the colorimetric differentiation of organic solvents is developed. A polydiacetylene (PDA)‐embedded electrospun fiber mat, prepared with aminobutyric acid‐derived diacetylene monomer PCDA‐ABA 1, displays colorimetric stability when exposed to common organic solvents. In contrast, a fiber mat prepared with the aniline‐derived diacetylene PCDA‐AN 2 undergoes a solvent‐sensitive color transition. Arrays of PDA‐embedded microfibers are constructed by electrospinning poly(ethylene oxide) solutions containing various ratios of two diacetylene monomers. Unique color patterns are developed when the conjugated polymer‐embedded electrospun fiber arrays are exposed to common organic solvents in a manner which enables direct colorimetric differentiation of the tested solvents.
A Unique Microcracking Process Associated with the Inelastic Deformation of Haversian Bone
Authors: Ebacher Vincent , Wang Rizhi 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSince the discovery of the Haversian system in human bone over three hundred years ago, researchers have been wondering about its mechanical advantages. Despite positive experimental evidences on the intervention of Haversian systems in the fracture process, the contributions of Haversian systems to bone fracture have been obscure. Here a unique microcracking process accompanying the inelastic deformation of Haversian bone is reported that may shine light on its structural advantages over other bones. When compressed transversely, the concentric bone lamellae surrounding each Haversian canal allow multiple radial microcracks and arc‐shaped cracks to develop intralamellarly. Groups of circumferential arc‐shaped microcracks develop in high shear zones and radiate out in oblique directions from each Haversian canal. At the cortical bone level, where the Haversian systems are randomly distributed within the interstitial matrix, multiple nucleations and stable development of such arc‐shaped cracks happen to most Haversian systems progressively. As a result, Haversian bone is not sensitive to the presence of Haversian canals and demonstrates high inelastic strains at macroscopic level.
Shape‐Controlled Synthesis of Pd Nanocrystals in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Lim Byungkwon , Jiang Majiong , Tao Jing , Camargo Pedro H. C. , Zhu Yimei , Xia Younan 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis article provides an overview of recent developments regarding synthesis of Pd nanocrystals with well‐controlled shapes in aqueous solutions. In a solution‐phase synthesis, the final shape taken by a nanocrystal is determined by the twin structures of seeds and the growth rates of different crystallographic facets. Here, the maneuvering of these factors in an aqueous system to achieve shape control for Pd nanocrystals is discussed. L‐ascorbic acid, citric acid, and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) are tested for manipulating the reduction kinetics, with citric acid and Br– ions used as capping agents to selectively promote the formation of {111} and {100} facets, respectively. The distribution of single‐crystal versus multiple‐twinned seeds can be further manipulated by employing or blocking oxidative etching. The shapes obtained for the Pd nanocrystals include truncated octahedron, icosahedron, octahedron, decahedron, hexagonal and triangular plates, rectangular bar, and cube. The ability to control the shape of Pd nanocrystals provides a great opportunity to systematically investigate their catalytic, electrical, and plasmonic properties.
Synthesis of Carbon‐Nanotube Composites Using Supercritical Fluids and Their Potential Applications
Authors: Liu Zhimin , Han Buxing 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCarbon‐nanotube (CNT) composites have attracted a lot of attention because of their potential applications in many fields. Here, recent advances in the synthesis of CNT composites using supercritical fluids (SCFs) are highlighted. SCFs exhibit unique features for the synthesis of composites because of their unusual properties, such as low viscosity, high diffusivity, near‐zero surface tension, and tunability. Preliminary studies show that SCFs show unusual advantages for the synthesis of CNT composites. The morphologies and structures of the resultant CNT composites can be tuned by changing the solvent properties. The SCF methods not only provide a green route for the synthesis of composites, but also result in nanostructures that have not yet been produced by conventional methods. Moreover, the potential applications of the resultant CNT composites are also discussed.
Lanthanide‐Containing Light‐Emitting Organic–Inorganic Hybrids: A Bet on the Future
Authors: Carlos Luís D. , Ferreira Rute A. S. , Bermudez Verónica de Zea , Ribeiro Sidney J. L. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractInterest in lanthanide‐containing organic–inorganic hybrids has grown considerably during the last decade, with the concomitant fabrication of materials with tunable attributes offering modulated properties. The potential of these materials relies on exploiting the synergy between the intrinsic characteristics of sol–gel derived hosts (highly controlled purity, versatile shaping and patterning, excellent optical quality, easy control of the refractive index, photosensitivity, encapsulation of large amounts of isolated emitting centers protected by the host) and the luminescence features of trivalent lanthanide ions (high luminescence quantum yield, narrow bandwidth, long‐lived emission, large Stokes shifts, ligand‐dependent luminescence sensitization). Promising applications may be envisaged, such as light‐emitting devices, active waveguides in the visible and near‐IR spectral regions, active coatings, and bio‐medical actuators and sensors, opening up exciting directions in materials science and related technologies with significant implications in the integration, miniaturization, and multifunctionalization of devices. This review provides an overview of the latest advances in Ln3+‐containing siloxane‐based hybrids, with emphasis on the different possible synthetic strategies, photoluminescence features, empirical determination
Polyurethane‐ and Polystyrene‐Supported 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethyl‐ piperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO); Facile Preparation, Catalytic Oxidation and Application in a Membrane Reactor
Authors: Subhani Muhammad Afzal , Beigi Maryam , Eilbracht Peter 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn this contribution, the facile synthesis of two new polymer‐supported 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (TEMPO) catalysts and their application in the catalytic oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds are described. For attachment of the TEMPO group to the polymer an isocyanate functionalized polymer is chosen. This new approach facilitates the synthesis in comparison with previously existing methods which generally require deprotonation of TEMPO prior to reaction with the polymer. Following this approach, polyurethane (PU)‐ and polystyrene (PS)‐based TEMPO catalysts are prepared in a one‐step reaction from commercially available compounds. Both polymer‐supported catalysts showed promising yields for a variety of substrates using inorganic and/or organic co‐oxidants in biphasic and/or monophasic systems. The recyclability of the corresponding catalysts was studied in repetitive batch experiments using filtration or distillation depending on the support type. Furthermore, application of the homogeneous polyurethane‐supported TEMPO for the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol in a continously operated membrane reactor is demonstrated.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed β‐Alkylation of Secondary Alcohols with Primary Alcohols
Authors: Cheung Hung Wai , Lee Ting Yan , Lui Ho Yin , Yeung Chi Hung , Lau Chak Po 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCyclopentadienyl (Cp), hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borato (Tp), and bipyridine ruthenium complexes were found to be active catalysts for the β‐alkylation of secondary alcohols with primary alcohols. Mechanistic aspects of the Cp and Tp complexes‐catalyzed reactions were investigated; the crucial hydrido complexes were identified. Carbonyl complexes resulting from aldehyde decarbonylation were formed in some cases, and surprisingly, they were also found to be active for the catalytic processes.