bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of rotational molding using adaptive fuzzy systems
Authors: Abu‐Al‐Nadi D. I. , Abu‐Fara D. I. , Rawabdeh I. , Crawford R. J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractRotational molding is a method for manufacturing hollow plastic parts. In the work reported here, adaptive fuzzy logic techniques have been used to relate the machine oven temperature to other manipulated parameters of the process. The objective is to design a reliable control system for the rotational molding process. An adaptive fuzzy network was developed to correlate changes in oven temperature to changes in the opening of the control valve on the fuel system. The network parameters were optimized using real‐valued genetic algorithms. This network gave good results when its performance was compared with experimental data from a commercial rotational molding machine. The network was successfully utilized to design a control system, which works well in regard to set point tracking and load rejection. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24: 266–277, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20047
Low‐temperature modeling of the time‐temperature shift factor for polycarbonate
Authors: Fan Bingfeng , Kazmer David O. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractFunctions are proposed to model the time‐temperature shift factor at temperatures below the glass transition temperature (Tg) for certain amorphous polymers, which increases linearly with the decrease of temperature at temperatures just below Tg in a log‐linear plot, but shows an inflection with the slope concave downward at lower temperatures further below Tg. These functions have a varying number of parameters and offer different behaviors with increasing complexity. Three of the functions are tested with the experimental data of two grades of polycarbonate. The tests show that these functions may be suitable for different sets of experimental data. This study is not intended to model the structural recovery of glassy polymers. Instead, it is intended to provide empirical equations that may be useful for modeling equilibrium and nonequilibrium behaviors of the glassy polymers. Coupled with structural recovery theory, the proposed equations may be incorporated into simulations to predict long‐term properties of polymers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 24: 278–287, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/adv.20049
Optimal operation of GaN thin film epitaxy employing control vector parametrization
Authors: Varshney Amit , Armaou Antonios 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAn approach that links nonlinear model reduction techniques with control vector parametrization‐based schemes is presented, to efficiently solve dynamic constraint optimization problems arising in the context of spatially‐distributed processes governed by highly‐dissipative nonlinear partial‐differential equations (PDEs), utilizing standard nonlinear programming techniques. The method of weighted residuals with empirical eigenfunctions (obtained via Karhunen‐Loève expansion) as basis functions is employed for spatial discretization together with control vector parametrization formulation for temporal discretization. The stimulus for the earlier approach is provided by the presence of low order dominant dynamics in the case of highly dissipative parabolic PDEs. Spatial discretization based on these few dominant modes (which are elegantly captured by empirical eigenfunctions) takes into account the actual spatiotemporal behavior of the PDE which cannot be captured using finite difference or finite element techniques with a small number of discretization points/elements. The proposed approach is used to compute the optimal operating profile of a metallorganic vapor‐phase epitaxy process for the production of GaN thin films, with the objective to minimize the spatial nonuniformity of the deposited film across the substrate surface by adequately manipulating the spatiotemporal concentration profiles of Ga and N precursors at the reactor inlet. It is demonstrated that the reduced order optimization problem thus formulated using the proposed approach for nonlinear order reduction results in considerable savings of computational resources and is simultaneously accurate. It is demonstrated that by optimally changing the precursor concentration across the reactor inlet it is possible to reduce the thickness nonuniformity of the deposited film from a nominal 33% to 3.1%. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Modeling the invisible college
Authors: Zuccala Alesia 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis article addresses the invisible college concept with the intent of developing a consensus regarding its definition. Emphasis is placed on the term as it was defined and used in Derek de Solla Price's work (1963, 1986) and reviewed on the basis of its thematic progress in past research over the years. Special attention is given to Lievrouw's (1990) article concerning thestructureversussocial processproblem to show that both conditions are essential to the invisible college and may be reconciled. A new definition of the invisible college is also introduced, including a proposed research model. With this model, researchers are encouraged to study the invisible college by focusing on three critical components—thesubject specialty, the scientists associal actors, and theinformation use environment(IUE)
A lexical knowledge base approach for English–Chinese cross‐language information retrieval
Authors: Chen Jiangping 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis study proposes and explores a natural language processing‐ (NLP) based strategy to address out‐of‐dictionary and vocabulary mismatch problems in query translation based English–Chinese Cross‐Language Information Retrieval (EC‐CLIR). The strategy, named the LKB approach, is to construct a lexical knowledge base (LKB) and to use it for query translation. In this article, the author describes the LKB construction process, which customizes available translation resources based on the document collection of the EC‐CLIR system. The evaluation shows that the LKB approach is very promising. It consistently increased the percentage of correct translations and decreased the percentage of missing translations in addition to effectively detecting the vocabulary gap between the document collection and the translation resource of the system. The comparative analysis of the top EC‐CLIR results using the LKB and two other translation resources demonstrates that the LKB approach has produced significant improvement in EC‐CLIR performance compared to performance using the original translation resource without customization. It has also achieved the same level of performance as a sophisticated machine translation system. The study concludes that the LKB approach has the potential to be an empirical model for developing real‐world CLIR systems. Linguistic knowledge and NLP techniques, if appropriately used, can improve the effectiveness of English–Chinese cross‐language information retrieval.
Interaction in distance‐learning courses
Authors: Bouhnik Dan , Marcus Tali 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe article provides an in‐depth analysis of previous literature that led to the understanding of the four interactive components of “e” learning and how we can utilize these components to maximize the positive and minimize the negative results of “e” learning. The four interactive dimensions of “e” learning are the following three originally described in Moore's editorial (1989): (1) interaction with the content, (2) interaction with the instructor, (3) interaction with the students, and an additional new fourth dimension, interaction with the system, which considered all of the new computer technology since his article. In our viewpoint we will highlight the impact that this fourth technological interactive dimension has on the results of “e” learning. The question then is not “to ‘e’ or not to ‘e’,” since “e” learning is already an essential factor of our contemporary learning environment. The question is how to “e”, based on the understanding of the four interactive components of “e” learning, and the understanding that these four types of interactions are different from the ones we are accustomed to in the traditional learning environment.
Recent advances in the application of capillary electromigration methods for food analysis
Authors: Cifuentes Alejandro 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis article reviews the latest developments in the application of capillary electromigration methods for the analysis of foods and food components. Nowadays, methods based on CE techniques are becoming widely used in food analytical and research laboratories. This review covers the application of CE to analyze amino acids, biogenic amines, peptides, proteins, DNAs, carbohydrates, phenols, polyphenols, pigments, toxins, pesticides, vitamins, additives, small organic and inorganic ions, chiral compounds, and other compounds in foods, as well as to investigate food interactions and food processing. The use of microchips as well as other foreseen trends in CE analysis of foods is discussed. Papers that were published during the period June 2002–June 2005 are included following the previous review by Frazier and Papadopoulou (Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 4095–4105).
Epidemiology of esophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Pera Manuel , Manterola Carlos , Vidal Oscar , Grande Luis 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has risen rapidly over the past 25 years in the United States as well as in several Western European countries. This increase had been most dramatic among white males. The majority of these cancers arise from a background of premalignant Barrett esophagus. However, less than 10% of the patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma were known to have Barrett esophagus previously. It is uncertain which risk factors contribute to the increasing incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma, although gastroesophageal reflux disease, cigarette smoking, and obesity have been implicated. Whereas infection with Helicobacter pylori and use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs are associated with reduced risk, low intakes of fruit, vegetables, and cereal fibers seem to increase the risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Presently there is no evidence that strongly supports any specific strategy to screen a subgroup of the population at risk for Barrett esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;92:151–159. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differences and similarities of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction
Authors: Marsman W.A. , Tytgat G.N.J. , Ten Kate F.J.W. , van Lanschot J.J.B. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractDuring the last few decades there has been an alarming rise in the incidence of tumors originating at the esophagogastric junction (EGJ) [1]. The reason for this is unknown. Tumors of the EGJ can be categorized in two types of cancer divided according to their anatomical origin: distal esophageal adenocarcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia. However, due to their location, in the transitional zone of the esophagus and stomach, there is constant debate about the proper classification, staging, and management of these tumors. The etiology of distal esophageal adenocarcinoma is clearly related to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and the development of a Barrett's esophagus [2]. The etiology of adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia is less well understood. In the present paper, we will discuss the clinical characteristics and clinical management of esophagogastric tumors. Special attention will be given to differences and similarities of adenocarcinomas of the gastric cardia and distal esophagus. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;92:160–168. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The molecular biology of esophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Koppert Linetta B. , Wijnhoven Bas P.L. , van Dekken Herman , Tilanus Hugo W. , Dinjens Winand N.M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBackgroundBarrett's esophagus is an acquired metaplastic change that occurs in the distal esophagus secondary to chronic gastroesophageal reflux. This premalignant condition forms the most important risk factor for developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, which is an extremely aggressive tumor with a 5‐year survival rate of less than 25%. Carcinomas that arise in the setting of Barrett's esophagus are thought to develop as part of the metaplasia–dysplasia–carcinoma sequence.ObjectiveTo review the current knowledge on the genomic alterations involved in the development of Barrett's esophagus and its progression to dysplasia and/or cancer.ResultsSeveral changes in gene structure, gene expression, and protein structure are associated with the progression of Barrett's esophagus to adenocarcinoma. Accumulation of these changes seems to be essential, rather than the exact sequence of these changes. Multiple molecular pathways are involved and interact with each other. Alterations in tumor suppressor genes, amongst which p53 and p16, are early events in the metaplasia–dysplasia–adenocarcinoma sequence, followed by loss of cell cycle checkpoints. Ongoing genomic instability leads to cumulative genetic errors and thereby the generation of multiple clones of transformed cells.ConclusionsWithin the multistep process of esophageal adenocarcinogenesis, to date no single molecular marker came forward able to predict who will and who will not develop cancer in the setting of Barrett's esophagus. Instead, panels of markers need to be developed in the future allowing to indicate disease progression. Identification of crucial molecular pathways involved in esophageal adenocarcinogenesis would ultimately improve therapy and facilitate development of new treatment strategies. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;92:169–190. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy
Authors: Kuipers E.J. , Haringsma J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractWithin the gastrointestinal tract, there is no shorter segment with a higher cancer incidence than the gastro‐esophageal junction. Flexible endoscopy is the mainstay for diagnosis of early and advanced esophageal adenocarcinoma, for the treatment of early lesions, and also for the palliation of advanced cancer. New developments in endoscopy aim to improve the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer. These include high resolution and magnification endoscopy in combination with chromendoscopy, and techniques based on modulation of the features of light bundles, such as narrow band imaging, fluorescence endoscopy, and elastic scattering spectroscopy. The value of these techniques for the surveillance of distal esophageal neoplasia needs further study. Furthermore, new methods of tissue sampling and evaluation are being studied to augment identification and staging of patients at risk for cancer. Finally, newer instruments may decrease patient burden during endoscopy, making screening and surveillance more acceptable from a patient's perspective. This review discusses the new developments in flexible endoscopy for diagnosis and therapy of early and advanced and advanced esophageal adenocarcinoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;92:203–209. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surgery for early stage esophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Stein H.J. , von Rahden B.H.A. , Feith M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractCurrent treatment recommendations for early esophageal adenocarcinoma range from radical esophagectomy with extensive lymphadenectomy, limited surgical resection with/without regional lymphadenectomy to endoscopic mucosectomy or ablation. A comparison of treatment associated morbidity, tumor recurrence rates, and functional outcome suggests that none of these alternatives can be universally recommended. Rather, an individualized strategy should be employed based on depth of tumor penetration into the mucosa/submucosa, presence of lymph node metastases, multicentricity of tumor growth, length of the underlying Barrett mucosa and comorbidity of the affected patient. Endoscopic mucosectomy may suffice for an isolated focus of high‐grade neoplasia or mucosal cancer, provided the neoplasia and underlying Barrett mucosa can be removed completely. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for tumors invading the submucosa, multicentric tumors and recurrence after endoscopic mucosectomy. The extent of surgical resection must be guided by the length of the Barrett mucosa. In most instances a complete tumor resection and removal of the entire Barrett mucosa can be achieved by a limited transabdominal approach, and therefore subtotal esophagectomy may not be necessary. Application of the sentinel node technology may in the future allow to limit systematic lymphadenectomy to the rather small subgroup of patients who in fact have lymph node metastases. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;92:210–217. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surgical techniques
Authors: Lerut T. , Coosemans W. , Decker G. , De Leyn P. , Moons J. , Nafteux P. , Van Raemdonck D. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAdenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) has shown a remarkable increase during recent decades. Most patients are present with advanced stage disease, reflecting transmural growth and metastasis to lymph nodes at the time of diagnosis. Moreover, the pattern of lymph node dissemination is chaotic and difficult to predict, and despite the use of modern technology (e.g., spiral CT, EUS, FDG‐PET), clinical staging remains suboptimal. These shortcomings in staging, as well as in different attitudes toward extent of resection and lymphadenectomy, are reflected by a great variation in surgical techniques, which are discussed in this review. As to the results, primary surgery can currently be performed with low mortality, below 5% in high volume centers. Hospital mortality and morbidity are mainly related to pulmonary complications and anastomotic leaks, the latter mostly resolving under conservative treatment. Overall 5‐year survival varies between 10% and 59%. As expected the most important prognostic determinants are completeness of resection (R0 vs. R1–R2) and lymph node status (N0, N1). R0 resection currently offers 5‐year survival rates of over 40%. Five‐year survival figures for node‐negative (N0) patients exceed 70%, and even for node‐positive (N1), patients reach 25%. It is not known whether performing a three‐field lymph node dissection is beneficial for patients with adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus. With overall 5‐year survival currently exceeding 30%–40%, these figures should be the gold standard against which all other therapeutic modalities are compared. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;92:218–229. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neoadjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy for esophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Mooney M.M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe poor outcome associated with surgical resection alone for most patients with locoregional esophageal cancer has generated intensive investigation of combined‐modality treatment approaches that include systemic chemotherapy. This review discusses the current role of chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, given in either the pre‐operative (neoadjuvant) or post‐operative (adjuvant) setting compared to surgery alone, highlighting the results of large, randomized clinical trials that included patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus as well as some of the approaches being evaluated with novel therapies in earlier phase clinical trials. Although no definitive recommendations for pre‐operative or post‐operative treatment can be made for patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus based on outcomes reported in randomized clinical trials performed to date, the results from these trials suggest chemotherapy or chemoradiation in the peri‐operative period may have benefit, especially in certain sub‐groups. Newer, more effective agents are needed as well as methods to identify which tumors will respond to therapy. Improvement in outcomes for patients with this disease will require rigorous evaluation of newer multi‐modality regimens in well‐designed and appropriately powered clinical trials. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;92:230–238. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radiation and chemoradiation therapy for esophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Bosset Jean‐Franois , Lorchel F. , Mantion G. , Buffet J. , Créhange G. , Bosset M. , Chaigneau L. , Servagi S. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe aims of preoperative chemoradiation therapy (preop‐CRT) for esophageal adenocarcinoma are to reduce incomplete local resection (R1,R2), local and systemic recurrences that are reported in up to 30% of patients who undergo surgery alone. Phase II studies of preop‐CRT, with radiation doses in the 40–50 Gy range, and concurrent chemotherapy with 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU)–cisplatin ± paclitaxel, or cisplatin–paclitaxel, have reported subsequent RO resection rates of 80%–100%, with tumor sterilization achieved in 8%–49% of cases, and consequently improved local control. New chemotherapy regimens omitting 5‐FU have reduced the incidence of severe esophagitis, unplanned hospitalization, with comparable efficacy. Among three randomised trials that compared preop‐CRT to surgery alone, one shown a debatable survival advantage. Reducing local recurrence rates lead to a switch to more distant failures, and increasing the radiation dose beyond 45 Gy appears to be of little value. However, it should be remembered that preop‐CRT has associated toxicity, and may increase postoperative mortality. Novel strategies, which include induction with chemotherapy followed by preop‐CRT, and for radiation therapy, three dimensional conformation techniques, image fusioning, and improved definition of treatment volumes, are still considered experimental and should be tested in specialized centers. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;92:239–245. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Palliative therapy
Authors: Homs Marjolein Y.V. , Kuipers Ernst J. , Siersema Peter D. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThere are a wide variety of palliative treatments for esophageal cancer. The aim of most treatments is to maintain oral food intake, which should stabilize or even improve quality of life. Stent placement is currently the most widely used treatment modality for palliation of dysphagia from esophageal cancer. Stent placement offers a rapid relief of dysphagia, however, the rate of complications (late hemorrhage) and recurrent dysphagia (stent migration, tumor overgrowth) is relatively high. The scientific evidence to advocate the use of anti‐reflux stents for the prevention of gastro‐esophageal reflux is currently too low. Photodynamic therapy is mostly used in North America; however, due to the high costs of the treatment, the long‐lasting side effects and the necessity of repeated treatments, it is not an ideal treatment for palliation of malignant dysphagia. Nd:YAG laser is a relatively effective and safe treatment modality, although laser treatment is also expensive, technically difficult and requiring repeated treatment sessions at 4–6 weeks intervals. Single dose brachytherapy compares favorably to stent placement in long‐term effectiveness and safety. Effective treatment strategies are probably 12 Gy given in one fraction or 16 Gy given in two fractions. Palliative chemotherapy offers response rates in recent trials (including partial and complete responses) ranging from 35% to 50%. Whether palliative chemotherapy also results in a survival benefit is not established yet. For clinical trials on palliation of esophageal cancer, the measurement of quality of life is an important outcome measure. The cancer‐specific EORTC QLQ‐C30 and the esophageal cancer‐specific EORTC‐OES‐18 are validated measures for establishing quality of life status. For the future, a multimodality approach with stent placement or brachytherapy in combination with chemotherapy may be indicated. J. Surg. Oncol. 2005;92:246–256. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.