bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Growth Projection System for Uneven-aged Northern Hardwoods
Authors: Moser John W. , Tubbs Carl H. , Jacobs Rodney D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A model for the simulation of growth on mature, uneven-aged northern hardwood stands composed principally of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) was evaluated with independent data. The model provides estimates of basal area, volume, and number of trees by size classes for ingrowth, survivor growth, and mortality. The test data were obtained from cutting-cycle and residual-density studies. Comparisons indicate that basal area and volume are more accurately predicted than is number of trees. Generally, however, the results demonstrate the utility of the model in forest management.
Recreation Benefit Estimation: A Discussion Summary
Authors: King David A. , Davis Lawrence S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A discussion, of which this article is the summary, indicates there is agreement on the theory, concepts, and need for implementing methods of estimating nonmarket benefits of recreation on public lands. There is also agreement that further research is needed to improve estimation of recreation benefit. Disagreements relate to the ease of implementation and the degree to which results must be qualified.
Increased Growth of White Fir After a Douglas-fir Tussock Moth Outbreak
Authors: Wickman Boyd E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
For 36 years after an outbreak of Douglas-fir tussock moth Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough), radial growth of defoliated white fir trees, Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl., was significantly greater than that of non-defoliated host trees nearby. The increased growth was probably due to the thinning effect of tree mortality and increased nutrient cycling.
Timber Situation in the United States--1952-2030
Authors: Hair Dwight 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In response to projected increases in population, economic activity, and income, future demands for timber from domestic forests will grow rapidly. If timber owners continue to respond to price and inventory changes and manage their lands much as they have in the recent past, supplies show much slower increases. This means that large increases in relative prices of stumpage and most timber products will be necessary to balance demands and supplies. The rise in relative prices will have substantial and adverse effects on the timber processing industries, timber-based employment and income, consumers of wood products, and the environment. Such impacts are not inevitable--there are many opportunities to greatly increase and extend timber supplies, and the investments in these opportunities promise to be profitable from the standpoint of society and the economy.
Wilderness Decisions: Values and Challenges to Science
Authors: Cutler M. Rupert 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The United States has made significant progress in wilderness preservation, and future progress will continue at a pace determined by public demand. Resource professionals are now engaged in the difficult task of designing sound working principles for wilderness management. Success here is critical to the continued value of these areas as a scientific resource, as well as a recreational and spiritual resource for all. By helping ease pressures for energy and other resources found on wilderness lands, and by studying emerging problems, science can aid vitally in maintaining these values of wilderness.
Concept for Southern Pine Plantation Operation in the Year 2020
Authors: Koch Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Fertilization, close spacing, very early thinning, and application of new harvesting and manufacturing technology could yield-over a 35-year rotation-146 tons per acre (ovendry basis) of pulp, 2-by-4 studs, random-length conventional lumber, millwork and structural laminated wood, long-wide structural lumber laminated from veneer, sheathing plywood, structural flakeboard, and animal food supplement (muka). At $200 per product ton (ovendry basis, 1979 dollars), each acre could yield a gross realization of about $29,200 of these products per 35-year rotation; additionally, about 47 tons (ovendry basis) of fuel would be harvested over the 35-year rotation.
Riparian Landowners' Attitudes Toward a State Wild River Program
Authors: Roggenbuck Joseph W. , Kushman Karen G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Riparian landowners along three forested and state wild rivers in Wisconsin were found to have "adequate" knowledge of official policy on protecting the streams in their natural, undeveloped, and free-flowing condition, but had misconceptions about state policy regarding use, development, and activities on lands adjacent to the streams. Landowners supported protection policies for the streams themselves, but disagreed with policies for protecting the river corridor. River problems were not perceived as severe, but landowners were concerned about the social impacts of heavy recreation use. They favored innovative and light-handed management approaches. Finally, absentee landowners were more supportive of the wild river program than were resident owners.
Sealed Bidding and Activity of Outside Bidders for National Forest Timber
Authors: Haynes Richard W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Activity of outside bidders increased in western Washington and western Oregon daring the first nine months of 1977, when the National Forest Management Act made sealed bidding the prevalent form of timber sale. Participation of outside bidders increased the prices over those received under localized patterns of oral bidding during the period from July 1974 through June 1976. These conclusions are from an analysis of all national forest timber sales taking place in Washington and Oregon during the periods mentioned.
Visual Quality and the Cost of Growing Timber
Authors: Fight Roger D. , Randall Robert M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The cost of enhancing the visual quality of forestlands under multiple-use management can be determined by comparing the cost of managing under alternative regimes with different degrees of visual enhancement. The result of such an analysis on the Mt. Hood National Forest has been expressed as a cost per acre per year to achieve the visual enhancement and as an increased cost per thousand cubic feet of wood produced.
World Forestry: Small Private Forests in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Oedekoven Karl 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A half-million private owners hold 44 percent of the forestland in the Federal Republic of Germany. Their tracts average 15 acres and though growing stock is about equal to that on public lands the volume tends to be in young age classes. A 1969 law favored establishment of cooperatives to counter the disadvantages of fragmented ownership and small tracts, and federal and state governments offer direct financial aid. Cooperatives now represent more than half of the total area in forests of less than 250 acres. They have brought about improvements in management and will be an important part of future forest policy.
Continuing Education and Certification of Silviculturists in the USDA Forest Service
Authors: Puuri Carl R. , Weinmann Raymond G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Various regions of the USDA Forest Service offer advanced training and certification of silviculturists. Each region developed its own program, usually in conjunction with one or more forestry schools. Though all programs have the central aim of improving applied silviculture, variations are wide. National standards, flexible enough to be adjusted to regional conditions, have recently been set.
Technician Status in the Society of American Foresters: Decision '81
Authors: Rudolph Victor J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
By referendum in 1970, SAF allowed technicians to become members but did not give them voting rights. Another referendum in 1973 failed to produce a two-thirds majority in favor of extending the vote. A Task Force on Forest Technicians was formed in 1976 and, after seeking comments from SAF sections and chapters, recommended voting membership and development of a plan for accrediting two-year technician training programs. In SAF's 1978 Member Opinion Survey, respondents inclined to the view that the nonvoting status should be continued but also strongly favored a referendum to decide the matter. Accordingly, the Council directed that a poll be held in the fall of 1981.
Arid Land Resource Inventories: Developing Cost-Efficient Methods
Authors: Lund H. Gyde , Deloya Miguel Caballero 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
An international workshop held at La Paz. Mexico, in late 1980 concentrated on developing cost-efficient inventories for the arid regions of the world. Over 205 participants from 14 countries attended to discuss characteristics of the arid lands, inventory challenges and research needs. Papers were presented on planning techniques, classification systems, remote sensing and mapping, sampling strategies, measurement procedures, and resource analysis. A proceedings volume will be published.
Acid Rain: Facts and Fallacies
Authors: Hornbeck James W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Acid rain is a complex environmental problem that is hard to define in terms of sources and effects. Major sources are thought to be atmospheric emissions, mostly from urban sources, although exact locations and the means by which emissions are transformed to acid rain are not entirely clear. Lack of long-term records has made it difficult to determine how fast rainfall acidity is changing, and whether the problem is intensifying or spreading. Although the sources of acid rain are thought to be largely urban, long-range transport of emissions by weather systems has made acid rain a potential threat to forest and aquatic ecosystems in rural settings. Major concerns are an increased rate of acidification of soils and lakes and possible damage to the cuticular layer protecting foliar organs. When coupled with the complex interactions of ecosystems. the gradual effects of acid rain are extremely difficult to quantify. Foresters must stay abreast of this environmental problem and help ensure that any impacts are minimized.
"Interpreting the Realizable Rate of Return": A Reply
Authors: Schallau C. H. , Wirth M. E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Klemperer states that the realizable-rate-of-return criterion is "unsuitable for comparing investments of different lives, unless investments are adjusted to a common time horizon." This response notes that such adjustments are necessary regardless of investment criterion. An example is provided to show the consistency of RRR and the net present value criteria when used to rank investment opportunities having unequal lives.
Is Urban Forestry Education Ready for the Future?
Authors: Andresen John W. , Johnson Curtis 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Between 1975 and 1980 the number of North American university undergraduate courses identified by "urban forestry" in the course title or catalogue description increased from 11 to 20, with 9 more planned for the immediate future. Graduate courses advanced from six to eight in the same period. Instructors' multi-disciplinary backgrounds, comprehensive urban forestry course content, and well-balanced curricula incorporating courses from sister disciplines seem to ensure a high quality education for potential urban foresters throughout North America. More attention must be given to recruiting and retaining minority students who could promote social solidarity through inner-city "greening" programs.
Four Horsemen of the NIPF Apocalypse
Authors: Foster Bennett B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Investments in timber production generally return at rates as high as or higher than those for most alternatives. The riskiness of these investments is often greatly overstated. Rotations that yield profitable timber crops are not unduly long; they are comparable to periods for Individual Retirement Accounts. Regeneration costs need not be prohibitive if available management and cost-share assistance is accepted. If foresters convince themselves of these facts they will increase their effectiveness in dealing with nonindustrial private forest landowners.
Construction Lumber From Hybrid Aspen Plantations In the Central States
Authors: Hall R. B. , Hilton G. D. , Maynard C. A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
As judged from an Iowa study, the growth of Leuce section hybrid poplars for sawlog production seems attractive. Volume growth estimates for two clones at age 22 averaged 259 ft.³ per acre annually. Lumber from the hybrids was as strong as or stronger than that of Populus grandidentata in all properties tested except compression parallel to the grain. Seasoning and machining properties were normal. Plantation culture of these hybrids on upland sites that are currently producing little might contribute significantly to meeting lumber needs in the Central States.
Preferences of Backpackers and River Runners for Allocation Techniques
Authors: Shelby Bo , Danley Mark S. , Gibbs Kenneth C. , Petersen Margaret E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In a questionnaire study, river runners and back-packers in Oregon reacted most favorably to pricing and reservation as means of allocating scarce recreation resources. Differences in reactions to three other alternatives (lottery, queuing, and merit) apparently reflected differences in the characteristics of the areas and types of recreation studied.
Managerial Skills as Viewed by Forest Supervisors
Authors: Koten Donald E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A panel of 20 forest supervisors, selected within four regions of the USDA Forest Service, ranked a total of 21 skills as important in carrying out their managerial responsibilities. The three skills ranked as presently most important were anticipating and analyzing critical issues, working with other disciplines, and developing and setting goals and priorities. Anticipating and analyzing critical issues and working with other disciplines were judged to be best enhanced by on-the-job training, while setting goals and priorities was viewed as a skill readily enhanced by formal development programs. Skills in evaluating alternatives and managing change were expected to be increasingly important in the future.
How Michigan Prevented Another Monongahela
Authors: Hacker Jan J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Lessons from the 1976 Monongahela clearcutting incident were successfully applied by the Forest Management Division of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources to resolve a similar controversy in Michigan. A citizens' group, outraged by clearcutting near their homes, organized to challenge the division's cutting policies. The agency used six tactics successfully to resolve the issue: (1) The usual chain of command was bypassed. (2) Contact with the public was established and maintained. (3) The citizens' group was analyzed thoroughly and its complaints recognized. (4) Technical specialists were used where needed. (5) The Forest Management Division used every available opportunity to present its case. (6) Action was taken so the public saw the effect its concerns had on management. These general tactics can be applied to a variety of situations in which agency policies may conflict with citizens' desires. The techniques can serve as a base upon which foresters and other resource professionals, primarily trained in technical aspects of their work, can improve on an increasingly important part of their jobs.
Rates of Return: Internal or Composite?
Authors: Foster Bennett B. , Brooks George N. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The composite rate of return is apparently joining the more familiar internal rate of return as a measure of economic efficiency. Some analysts suggest that the composite rate replace the internal rate. Others are proceeding as if the replacement has already been approved. It would be an economic tragedy if this were allowed to happen. The composite rate is an erroneous measure that can easily lead to confusing or even absurd conclusions. The internal rate of return is the only valid, single-investment rate of return measure. Because it can now be easily calculated with any computer and many hand-held calculators, the internal rate of return should become a standard analytical measure for all forestry investments.
Demonstrating Timber Management Practices Through Audience Participation
Authors: Martin George L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A procedure is described for having an audience participate in a demonstration of timber management. It is designed to let the members of the audience discover the rationale for the management practices, while maintaining their interest and attention. The audience is asked to help simulate a forest, and each person receives a unique work sheet containing growth and yield information for an individual tree. The benefits of thinning or selection cutting are demonstrated by "harvesting" some of the simulated trees and "growing" the forest for 10 years. The demonstration illustrates the effects of competition on the survival and growth of individual trees, and touches on some economic aspects of timber management.
Writing and the Forestry Curriculum
Authors: Blank Gary B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
At North Carolina State University forestry faculty members incorporate writing instruction in technical courses and provide team evaluations of student papers. Results include improved student attitudes and understanding concerning report writing, gains in stylistic and grammatical performance, and increasingly functional reports. Faculties who wish to improve student writing must consistently and frequently demand that students communicate their knowledge in realistic reporting situations, and must teach effective use of data and literature and encourage verbal precision and adaptation of style to audience.
Optimum Stand Prescriptions for Ponderosa Pine
Authors: Hann David W. , Brodie J. Douglas , Riitters Kurt H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Two examples for a northern Arizona ponderosa pine stand illustrate the usefulness of dynamic programming in making silvicultural decisions. The first example analyzes the optimal planting density for bare land, while the second examines the optimal precommercial thinning intensity for a 43-year-old stand. Both examples assume that the manager's primary objective is maximization of the soil expectation value. A number of near-optimal solutions are also provided by the program, and may be preferable when the manager takes account of noneconomic considerations. The optimal solution then provides a standard for cost comparison of these noneconomic considerations.
Evaluating Spatial Feasibility of Harvest Schedules With Simulated Stand-Selection Decisions
Authors: Hokans Rickard H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Harvest schedules that require the cutting of adjacent stands within a limited time period may create openings of sizes that exceed policy restrictions. A procedure has been developed to assist in identifying these excesses within the spatial pattern of a proposed harvest schedule. Further, the system is capable of evaluating the extent of these opening sizes for alternative spatial patterns of harvesting, and for the effects of current selections in future planning periods.
No More Free Books? User Fees and Government Publications
Authors: Walsh Barry W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In April 1981, President Ronald Reagan declared a moratorium on government periodicals, pamphlets, and audio-visual products. Executive departments and agencies submitted control and savings plans to the Office of Management and Budget, resulting in elimination of over 2,000 publications at a savings of $36 million. Cost reduction and recovery measures include ceilings on free books distributed by federal agencies and more titles offered for sale through the Government Printing Office and the National Technical Information Service.
Designing Stable Buffer Strips for Stream Protection
Authors: Steinblums Ivars J. , Froehlich Henry A. , Lyons Joseph K. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
On 40 streamside buffer strips in the Cascade Mountains of western Oregon, stability was a function of one vegetation and six topographic variables, and shading was related to three characteristics of buffer strips and one of adjacent clearcuts. Prediction equations were developed from these relationships to aid assessment of stream protection in proposed harvest designs and to aid rapid evaluation of design modifications. Options can be quantified so that the most suitable design may be chosen.
Economic Analysis of A Tree Improvement Program for Western Larch
Authors: Fins Lauren , Moore James A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
An individual-tree simulation model called Prognosis and an economic subroutine called CHEAPO were used to determine financial rotation ages (in this analysis defined as the age at which net present value is maximized) for stands grown with genetically improved and unimproved western larch (Larix occidentalis) in north Idaho. Three hypothetical but reasonable growth functions were tested on two site classes. Sensitivity analyses showed that the tree improvement investment was likely to be profitable at 4 and 5 percent discount rates on excellent sites and at 4 percent on good sites. The analysis was most sensitive to changes in discount rate, site quality, and cone production rate. It was moderately sensitive to variation in time to seed production, number of productive orchard years, and differences among the assumed biological functions. As the hypothetical growth functions were designed to be conservative, economic gains are likely to be larger than those indicated in the analysis.
Summary of Sediment Yield Data from Forested Land in the United States
Authors: Patric James H. , Evans James O. , Helvey J. David 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Statistical analyses were made on 812 forest soil erosion measurements and estimates of sediment yield in forest streams. More than 100 of those reports showed that streams draining forested land along the Pacific Coast yield far more sediment per unit area of watershed than do streams of forested regions elsewhere in the nation. In the other 700 reports, no significant differences (P=0.05) were found among sediment yields in streams draining predominantly forested land of the eastern United States and of western regions other than the Pacific Coast. About one-third of these eastern and western observations denoted sediment yields not exceeding 0.02 ton per acre per year, and three-fourths of the total did not exceed 0.25 ton. About one-fourth fell between 0.25 and 1.00 ton, and a few exceeded 1.00 ton per acre annually. Nonforest land use within some of the larger watersheds may account for many of the higher sediment yields. These nationwide results are consistent with regional compilations. A long-term average of not more than 0.25 ton per acre per year in streams of the eastern and western United States (but not of the Pacific Coast) can provide a first approximation of sediment yield from predominantly forested land. Amounts derived by prediction equations should be questioned if they greatly exceed 0.25 ton per acre per year.