bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ and Adipose Tissue—Understanding Obesity-Related Changes in Regulation of Lipid and Glucose Metabolism
Authors: Sharma Arya M. , Staels Bart 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Context: Adipose tissue is a metabolically dynamic organ, serving as a buffer to control fatty acid flux and a regulator of endocrine function. In obese subjects, and those with type 2 diabetes or the metabolic syndrome, adipose tissue function is altered (i.e. adipocytes display morphological differences alongside aberrant endocrine and metabolic function and low-grade inflammation).
Evidence Acquisition: Articles on the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in adipose tissue of healthy individuals and those with obesity, metabolic syndrome, or type 2 diabetes were sourced using MEDLINE (1990–2006).
Evidence Synthesis: Articles were assessed to provide a comprehensive overview of how PPARγ-activating ligands improve adipose tissue function, and how this links to improvements in insulin resistance and the progression to type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis.
Conclusions: PPARγ is highly expressed in adipose tissue, where its activation with thiazolidinediones alters fat topography and adipocyte phenotype and up-regulates genes involved in fatty acid metabolism and triglyceride storage. Furthermore, PPARγ activation is associated with potentially beneficial effects on the expression and secretion of a range of factors, including adiponectin, resistin, IL-6, TNFα, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and angiotensinogen, as well as a reduction in plasma nonesterified fatty acid supply. The effects of PPARγ also extend to macrophages, where they suppress production of inflammatory mediators. As such, PPARγ activation appears to have a beneficial effect on the relationship between the macrophage and adipocyte that is distorted in obesity. Thus, PPARγ-activating ligands improve adipose tissue function and may have a role in preventing progression of insulin resistance to diabetes and endothelial dysfunction to atherosclerosis.
Counseling the Oncology Patient
Authors: Vall Emily Du , Lash Stephen D. , Grabenstein John D. , Watson Ralph R. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract: The clinical pharmacist of today has developed a broad knowledge base in the areas of cancer chemotherapy and the associated ancillary therapies. In spite of this expertise, most are ill-prepared for a face-to-face interaction with the cancer patient. Difficult situations may tempt the pharmacist to avoid contact with the cancer patient and confine his talents to areas in which he feels more comfortable. However, the pharmacist is in a unique situation in that he is accessible, informed, and respected by the patient. Pharmacists must assume the responsibility of ensuring that the cancer patient receives the full benefit of this expertise, which can only be accomplished through appropriate communication skills. This editorial explores some of the techniques and common pitfalls that await the pharmacist in his day-to-day practice.
Inhaled Amphotericin B for Prophylaxis Against Invasive Aspergillus Infections
Authors: Mohammad Rima A , Klein Kristin C 
Published: December 2006

Objective: To evaluate the available literature describing the use of inhaled amphotericin B for prophylaxis of invasive Aspergillus spp. infections. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search was conducted (1966–July 2006) using the key terms amphotericin B, inhaled amphotericin B, Aspergillus spp., invasive aspergillosis, solid-organ transplant, neutropenia, and inhalation. Review of the reference lists of the identified articles was also performed. Study Selection And Data Extraction: Study selection included published trials, case reports, and case series of humans with hematologic disease and solid-organ transplant who used inhaled amphotericin B in the prevention of invasive Aspergillus infections. Data Synthesis: Inhaled amphotericin B has been evaluated for the prevention of invasive aspergillosis (IA) infections in neutropenic patients and certain solid-organ transplant recipients. Use of inhaled amphotericin B seems to reduce the incidence of IA in these patients; however, some of the clinical evidence was limited by factors such as small sample sizes, lack of statistical analyses, and lack of power to detect a difference between prophylaxis and control groups. Although the clinical evidence supporting the use of inhaled amphotericin B has some limitations, its use still may be beneficial for the prophylaxis of invasive Aspergillus infections, especially in solid-organ transplant recipients where the evidence is strongest. Conclusions: Invasive Aspergillus infections are becoming more prevalent in high-risk populations (eg, patients with malignancies, following bone marrow transplantation, or following solid-organ transplantation). The mortality rates associated with IA are great in these populations, making prophylaxis an important consideration. Inhaled amphotericin B has recently come into vogue as an option for prophylaxis against IA. Some of the data available supports the use of inhaled amphotericin B for the prevention of IA while providing evidence of fewer drug interactions and toxicities associated with other antifungal agents.
Community Pharmacy Services in Portugal
Authors: Costa Suzete , Santos Cristina , Silveira João 
Published: December 2006

Objective: To describe the status and outline the trends of community pharmacy services in the Portuguese healthcare system. Findings: The legal framework for Portuguese pharmacies includes geographic and demographic criteria for opening pharmacies and restricting ownership to pharmacists. Since 1975, pharmacy owners have been organized under one association, the Portuguese National Pharmacy Association, which has dealt with pharmacy development over the past 20 years. Securing the economic sustainability of pharmacies was the first milestone. Investing in information software and communication technologies and modernizing the architecture of pharmacies was the next step. Then, professional services such as point-of-care measurements, drug waste management, and needle exchange services were developed. The methadone substitution program was introduced at a later date. Finally, major comprehensive services, including disease management/pharmaceutical care programs, were implemented. Discussion: All Portuguese pharmacies are independent, which means that the decision to provide different services and the extent to which they are attained vary from pharmacy to pharmacy. Recent political changes seem to reinforce the need to pursue the strategies already defined—to expand the traditional scope of pharmacy business to a wider range of health services. Conclusions: Achievements that have been accomplished and strategies that are in place reflect a high level of organization and unity among Portuguese pharmacies. From a global perspective, pharmacies are reorganizing to be able to compete against other possible agents and are preparing to expand their scope of intervention.
Combined Organ Failure with Combination Antihyperlipidemic Treatment: A Case of Hepatic Injury and Acute Renal Failure
Authors: Akoglu Hadim , Yilmaz Rahmi , Kirkpantur Alper , Arici Mustafa , Altun Bulent , Turgan Cetin 
Published: December 2006

Objective:To report a case of acute hepatic injury and acute renal failure secondary to rhabdomyolysis associated with fluvastatin–gemfibrozil combination therapy for hyperlipidemia.Case Summary:A 56-year-old woman with a history of hyperlipidemia presented with fatigue, weakness in her lower extremities, and red-colored urine. One month prior, she had started combination therapy of fluvastatin 80 mg/day and gemfibrozil 1200 mg/day. On physical examination, she had a serious loss of motor function in the upper and lower extremities. Her laboratory tests revealed severe liver enzyme elevation and abnormal renal function. Abdominal ultrasound did not show hepatic cholestasis, renal parenchymal abnormality, or obstruction.Discussion:Statins and fibric acid derivatives have complementary effects on mixed hyperlipidemia. However, such combination therapy increases the risk of myopathy, which may result in life-threatening rhabdomyolysis. Several reports have suggested that combination fluvastatin–gemfibrozil therapy is both effective and safe in mixed lipid disorders. In our patient, severe rhabdomyolysis with serious hepatocellular injury was observed one month after the combination antihyperlipidemic therapy was started. Assessment with the Naranjo probability scale determined that an adverse drug reaction was probable. The mechanism of this combined toxicity is difficult to clarify, although in vivo and in vitro studies to date have reported considerable data concerning antihyperlipidemic drug interactions.Conclusions:Clinicians should carefully consider the risks and benefits of treating dyslipidemia with fluvastatin–gemlibrozil combination therapy.
Past, Present, and Future Therapies for Clostridium difficile–Associated Disease
Authors: Surowiec Dorothy , Kuyumjian Arpi G , Wynd Michael A , Cicogna Cristina E 
Published: December 2006

Objective: To describe and examine the past, present, and potential future treatment options for Clostridium difficile–associated disease (CDAD). Data Sources: A PubMed search, restricted to English-language articles concerning CDAD, was conducted (1965–October 2006) using the key words Clostridium difficile, diarrhea, vancomycin, metronidazole, immunoglobulin, and recurrence. Additional references were located through review of the bibliographies of cited articles and by visiting www.clinicaltrials.gov . Study Selection and Data Extraction: Articles related to the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of CDAD, as well as articles addressing current issues related to CDAD, were included. Data Synthesis: There have been many investigations into CDAD because of the recent increased incidence and morbidity and mortality of the disease. Various studies examining the changing epidemiology and pathogenicity of C. difficile, as well as new therapies for CDAD with agents such as tolevamer and nitazoxanide, are ongoing. In addition, researchers are investigating probiotics and vaccines to evaluate their effectiveness in preventing CDAD and/or preventing recurrences of CDAD. Studies assessing therapies for refractory CDAD are lacking, although case reports have been published citing treatment strategies using vancomycin enemas, intravenous metronidazole, colestipol and cholestyramine, fecal enemas, bowel irrigation, and immunoglobulin. Furthermore, judicious use of antimicrobials, contact precautions, and adequate environmental cleaning are being evaluated in healthcare institutions as methods for controlling and preventing the spread of C. difficile. Conclusions: Oral metronidazole is the drug of choice for an initial CDAD episode. Oral vancomycin is an option for patients who cannot take or fail treatment with oral metronidazole. Clinical trials are necessary to define the therapy for initial CDAD that is most appropriate and produces lower recurrence rates compared with oral metronidazole or vancomycin treatment. Moreover, appropriate treatment for patients with multiple recurrences of or refractory CDAD needs to be determined. More studies are also needed assessing prevention of recurrences of CDAD.
Teaching to the Test…Not! Balancing Best Practice and Testing Requirements in Writing
Authors: Higgins Betty , Miller Melinda , Wegmann Susan 
Published: December 2006

High‐stakes testing and accountability in the United States cloak the real purpose of assessment—diagnosing learning to inform instruction. Standardized testing drives curricula in many states. Teachers may feel pressured to “teach to the test,” although they know it is not best practice.The authors discuss how using several evidence‐based approaches to writing instruction—writing workshop and the witing process, 6 + 1 Traits, and modes of writing—can accomplish two goals: providing high‐quality instruction, and preparing students for success in standardized writing tests. They stress that assessment is a component of instruction, not an end unto itself, and that the goal of instruction is to produce lifelong learners, not test takers.
Inspiring Young Scientists With Great Books
Authors: Brassell Danny 
Published: December 2006

In an effort to increase her students' interest in science, a teacher in an underresourced school secured large donations of science‐related books for her classroom of second‐language learners. By balancing her science classroom library and read‐alouds with a number of interesting nonfiction trade books and storybooks, the teacher tried to enhance her students' reading comprehension and vocabulary skills, as well as their passion for science.Students announced what scientific subjects interested them, and the teacher tried to provide them with corresponding books and activities. The teacher found that this responsive teaching approach empowered her students to take a more active part in their learning, and students' interest in reading and—more specifically—science skyrocketed. Tips for how teachers can obtain free or substantially discounted books and use science information texts in their teaching are provided.
Parent–child talk and children's memory for stressful events
Authors: Peterson Carole , Sales Jessica McDermott , Rees Michelle , Fivush Robyn 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe relationship between parents' styles of talking about past events with their children and children's recall of stressful events was explored. In this investigation, 2‐ to 5‐year‐old children's recall of injuries requiring hospital emergency room treatment was assessed within a few days of the injury and again 2 years later, along with the way their parents reminisced with them about the event. Correlational analyses showed that age and parental reminiscing style were consistently related to child memory; regression analyses showed that although age was most important, parents who were more elaborative had children who recalled more during their initial interview about the harder‐to‐remember hospital event. Thus, an elaborative parental style may help children's recall of even highly salient and stressful events. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ESR and FTIR studies on electron beam‐irradiated low‐density polyethylene blends
Authors: Ali Z. I. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractLow‐density polyethylene (LDPE) composites modified with a resin based on ethylene/methacrylic acid copolymer (surlyn) and/or citric acid were electron beam‐irradiated and investigated by electron spin resonance (ESR) at room temperature. ESR studies were carried out directly after irradiation and after various time intervals up to 72 h postirradiation. The irradiated samples showed the ESR spectrum of seven lines that was assigned to the formation of allyl radical. The nature and yield of the allyl radical of the different LDPE samples were analyzed as a function of time after irradiation. Also, the radical concentration, decay, decay rate, and kinetics of radical decay were evaluated. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis at a series of different temperatures upon cooling from room temperature to −175°C and the reverse heating to +125°C was also carried out. The structural changes while cooling and heating of LDPE samples were investigated using FTIR spectrometry. The results showed that cooling of unirradiated LDPE samples to −175°C results in a decrease of the intensities of IR bands. However, heating the samples from −175°C up to +125°C led to a consequence increase in the intensities of the IR bands. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 3461–3469, 2007
Donor‐Bound Glycosylation for Various Glycosyl Acceptors: Bidirectional Solid‐Phase Semisynthesis of Vancomycin and Its Derivatives
Authors: Doi Takayuki , Kinbara Atsushi , Inoue Hitoshi , Takahashi Takashi 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe glycosidation of a polymer‐supported glycosyl donor, N‐phenyltrifluoroacetimidate, with various glycosyl acceptors is reported. The application of the polymer‐supported N‐phenyltrifluoroacetimidate is demonstrated in the synthesis of vancomycin derivatives. 2‐O‐[2‐(azidomethyl)benzoyl]glycosyl imidate was attached to a polymer support at the 6‐position by a phenylsulfonate linked with a C13 alkyl spacer. Solid‐phase glycosidation with a vancomycin aglycon, selective deprotection of the 2‐(azidomethyl)benzoyl group, and glycosylation of the resulting 2‐hydroxy group with a vancosamine unit were performed. Nucleophilic cleavage from the polymer support with acetate, chloride, azido, and thioacetate ions provided vancomycin derivatives in pure form after simple purification. The semisynthesis of vancomycin was achieved by deprotection of the acetate derivative.
Screening for novel PAX3 polymorphisms and risks of spina bifida
Authors: Lu Wei , Zhu Huiping , Wen Shu , Laurent Cecile , Shaw Gary M. , Lammer Edward J. , Finnell Richard H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND:PAX3 plays an important role in mammalian embryonic development. Known mutations in PAX3 are etiologically associated with Waardenburg syndrome and syndromic neural tube defects (NTDs). Mutations in the murine homologue, pax3, are responsible for the phenotype of splotch mice, in which nullizygotes are 100% penetrant for NTDs. METHODS: The study sample included 74 infants with spina bifida (cases) and 87 nonmalformed infant controls. The conserved paired‐box domain as well as the upstream genomic region of PAX3 were subjected to resequencing and those identified SNPs were evaluated as haplotypes. The associations of haplotypes for selected gene regions and the risks of spina bifida were further studied. RESULTS: Nineteen SNPs were observed; 15 observed in controls had been submitted to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database with allele frequencies. The PAX3 gene variant T‐1186C (rs16863657) and its related haplotype, TCTCCGCCC of nine SNPs, were found to be associated with an increased risk of spina bifida, with an OR of 3.5 (95% CI: 1.2–10.0) among Hispanic Whites. CONCLUSIONS: Our analyses indicated that PAX3 SNPs were not strong risk factors for human spina bifida. However, additional follow‐up of the PAX3 gene variant T‐1186C (rs16863657) and its related haplotype, TCTCCGCCC, may be important in other populations. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Outcome following bypass, and proximal and distal ligation of popliteal aneurysms
Authors: Box B , Adamson M , Magee T R , Galland R B 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to describe early and late results of proximal and distal ligation for popliteal aneurysm (PA), combined with bypass, with particular reference to the fate of the excluded aneurysm.

Methods
Of a cohort of 116 patients with PAs, 66 were treated with bypass and ligation. Graft patency was determined by duplex surveillance. In addition, 17 patients with bypassed PAs underwent a total of 33 duplex scans to determine flow within the aneurysm and change in size.

Results
For initially patent PAs, 3-, 5- and 8-year primary bypass graft patency was 78, 78 and 51 per cent respectively. These rates were not statistically significantly different from those following bypass for thrombosed PA, 3- and 5-year primary patency being 72 and 65 per cent respectively. No PA produced further symptoms after bypass and ligation. No flow was seen in any aneurysm at follow-up. Only one showed an increase in size.

Conclusion
Proximal and distal ligation with bypass produced satisfactory long-term patency with good exclusion of the PA.
Three‐Coordinate Metal Centers in Extended Transition Metal Oxides.
Authors: Bowman Amy , Allix Mathieu , Pelloquin Denis , Rosseinsky Matthew J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two‐Dimensional Lanthanide Heteropolyvanadates of Manganese(IV) and Nickel(IV) Containing Two Types of Heteropoly Anions with 1:13 and 1:12 Stoichiometry.
Authors: Liu Shuxia , Li Dehui , Xie Linhua , Cheng Haiyan , Zhao Xinyu , Su Zhongmin 
Published: December 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Novel 1D Organic—Inorganic Hybrid Based on Alternating Heteropolyanions [GeMo12O40]4‐ and Isopolyanions [Mo6O22]8‐.
Authors: Wang Jing‐Ping , Du Xiao‐Di , Niu Jing‐Yang 
Published: December 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The New Ternary Boride Mg8Pt4B and the New Intermetallic Compound PtMg2.
Authors: Schmitt Ruth , Glaser Jochen , Meyer H.‐Juergen 
Published: December 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Effective Approach for the Immobilization of Chiral Mn(III) Salen Complexes Through a Supported Ionic Liquid Phase.
Authors: Lou Lan‐Lan , Yu Kai , Ding Fei , Zhou Wei , Peng Xiaojie , Liu Shuangxi 
Published: December 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Nitroallylation of Arylmetallics with Cyclic Nitroallyl Acetates and Applications in Organic Synthesis.
Authors: Dong Lin , Xu Yan‐Jun , Yuan Wei‐Cheng , Cui Xin , Cun Lin‐Feng , Gong Liu‐Zhu 
Published: December 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
β‐Disubstituted Allylic Chlorides: Substrates for the Cu‐Catalyzed Asymmetric SN2′ Reaction.
Authors: Falciola Caroline A. , Tissot‐Croset Karine , Alexaxis Alexandre 
Published: December 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
BiCl3‐Catalyzed Propargylic Substitution Reaction of Propargylic Alcohols with C‐, O‐, S‐ and N‐Centered Nucleophiles.
Authors: Zhan Zhuang‐ping , Yang Wen‐zhen , Yang Rui‐feng , Yu Jing‐liang , Li Jun‐ping , Liu Hui‐juan 
Published: December 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sequential N‐Acylamide Methylenation—Enamide Ring‐Closing Metathesis: Construction of Benzo‐Fused Nitrogen Heterocycles.
Authors: Bennasar M. Lluisa , Roca Tomas , Monerris Manuel , Garcia‐Diaz Davinia 
Published: December 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Allylzincations of Internal Alkynes.
Authors: Yasui Hiroto , Nishikawa Toshihiro , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro 
Published: December 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.