bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Representative process sampling for reliable data analysis—a tutorial
Authors: Petersen Lars , Esbensen Kim H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractProcess sampling of moving streams of particulate matter, fluids and slurries (over time or space) or stationary one‐dimensional (1‐D) lots is often carried out according to existing tradition or protocol not taking the theory of sampling (TOS) into account. In many situations, sampling errors (sampling variances) can be reduced greatly however, and sampling biases can be eliminated completely, by respecting a simple set of rules and guidelines provided by TOS. A systematic approach for description of process heterogeneity furnishes in‐depth knowledge about the specific variability of any 1‐D lot. The variogram and its derived auxiliary functions together with a set of error generating functions provide critical information on:—process variation over time or space,—the number of extracted increments to composite into a final, optimal sample,—the frequency with which to extract increments—and which sampling scheme will be optimal (random, stratified random or systematic selection). In addition variography will delineate cyclic behaviors as well as long‐term trends thereby ensuring that future sampling will not accidentally be performed with a sampling rate coincident with the frequency of any hidden cycle, eliminating the risk of underestimating process variation. A brief description of selected hardware for extraction of samples from 1‐D lots is provided in order to illustrate the key issues to consider when installing new, or optimizing existing sampling devices and procedures. A number of practical examples illustrate the use of TOS and variography to design optimal sampling protocols for a variety of typical process situations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization and prediction of solute properties in methanol–water association by chemometrics analysis of solvation data
Authors: Hemmateenejad Bahram 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMethanol–water binary mixtures have been characterized as a ternary or quaternary system composed of unassociated methanol (M) and water (W) and one or two methanol–water complex (MW). Identification of the methanol–water association was performed by chemometrics analysis of some solvent‐related properties of binary methanol–water mixtures with compositions between 0 and 100% volume percent of methanol. Abstract factor analysis of the solvation data identified three chemical species in the solvent mixtures that can be attributed to the pure methanol and water solvents and a MW association. The stoichiometric molar ratio of the W:M associate was investigated by the multivariate curve resolution‐alternative least squares (MCR‐ALS) of the solvation data and the resulted concentration profiles of the solvent species implied a 1:1 molar ratio for the M:W association. The equilibrium constant of the formation of the M–W association was determined by MCR‐ALS and iterative rank annihilation factor analysis (RAFA) to be equal to 13.72. The solvation data of the pure M–W cluster was calculated by target factor analysis (TFA) procedure. Higher hydrogen‐bond basicity and lower hydrogen‐bond acidity was obtained for the MW solvent in comparison with both the M and W solvents. The proposed model was employed to calculate the acidity constant and HPLC capacity factors of some solutes in the MW cluster. Interestingly, the solutes were found to be stronger acid in relative to pure methanol and water. Finally, the specific solute–solvent interactions and preferential solvation of the solutes were explained by the non‐modeled solute‐related data. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The control of microtubule stability in vitro and in transfected cells by MAP1B and SCG10
Authors: Bondallaz Percy , Barbier Anne , Soehrman Sophia , Grenningloh Gabriele , Riederer Beat M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn neurons, the regulation of microtubules plays an important role for neurite outgrowth, axonal elongation, and growth cone steering. SCG10 family proteins are the only known neuronal proteins that have a strong destabilizing effect, are highly enriched in growth cones and are thought to play an important role during axonal elongation. MAP1B, a microtubule‐stabilizing protein, is found in growth cones as well, therefore it was important to test their effect on microtubules in the presence of both proteins. We used recombinant proteins in microtubule assembly assays and in transfected COS‐7 cells to analyze their combined effects in vitro and in living cells, respectively. Individually, both proteins showed their expected activities in microtubule stabilization and destruction respectively. In MAP1B/SCG10 double‐transfected cells, MAP1B could not protect microtubules from SCG10‐induced disassembly in most cells, in particular not in cells that contained high levels of SCG10. This suggests that SCG10 is more potent to destabilize microtubules than MAP1B to rescue them. In microtubule assembly assays, MAP1B promoted microtubule formation at a ratio of 1 MAP1B per 70 tubulin dimers while a ratio of 1 SCG10 per two tubulin dimers was needed to destroy microtubules. In addition to its known binding to tubulin dimers, SCG10 binds also to purified microtubules in growth cones of dorsal root ganglion neurons in culture. In conclusion, neuronal microtubules are regulated by antagonistic effects of MAP1B and SCG10 and a fine tuning of the balance of these proteins may be critical for the regulation of microtubule dynamics in growth cones. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Significant regional variation in adequacy of lymph node assessment and survival in gastric cancer
Authors: Coburn Natalie G. , Swallow Carol J. , Kiss Alex , Law Calvin 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDLymph node (LN) status is a major determinant of prognosis and treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma. The 1997 American Joint Commission on Cancer/Union Internationale Contre le Cancer guidelines were revised, requiring examination of ≥15 LN for staging.METHODSWe investigated compliance with these guidelines and the correlation with overall survival (OS) by analyzing 10,807 resected gastric cancers in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database, 1988–2002. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were constructed; survival was compared by using Cox proportional hazards.RESULTSOverall, 29% of cases had ≥15 LN examined. After 1997, the median number of LN assessed increased from 9 to 10 (P < .0001). Factors predictive of adequate LN assessment (ALNA) were higher stage, worse grade, age <74 years, later year of diagnosis, nonwhite race, more extensive surgery, female sex, and SEER region. Differences in the rate of ALNA between regions were noted, ranging from 19.7–53% (P < .0001). Of T1N0 patients, 19% had ALNA. Improved OS was predicted by earlier stage, lower grade, marital status, Asian race, younger age, T‐stage, female sex, SEER region, and ALNA. Median OS was highest in the region with the best ALNA rate and worst in the region with the lowest (33 mos vs. 17 mos, P < .0001). Inadequate LN assessment led to poorer survival at every stage (P < .001).CONCLUSIONThe overwhelming majority of patients have an inadequate LN assessment. ALNA was associated with improved OS, with significant variation across regions. Understaging due to inadequate LN assessment may affect eligibility for adjuvant therapy. Education is required to improve LN retrieval. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Multiple states based temporal consistency for dynamic verification of fixed‐time constraints in Grid workflow systems
Authors: Chen Jinjun , Yang Yun 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTo verify fixed‐time constraints in Grid workflow systems, consistency and inconsistency conditions have been defined in conventional verification work. However, with a view of the run‐time uncertainty of activity completion duration, we argue that, although the conventional consistency condition is feasible, the conventional inconsistency condition is too restrictive and covers several different states. These states, which are handled conventionally by the same exception handling, should be handled differently for the purpose of cost saving. Therefore, in this paper, we divide conventional inconsistency into weak consistency, weak inconsistency and strong inconsistency and treat conventional consistency as strong consistency. Correspondingly, we develop some algorithms on how to verify them. Based on this, for weak consistency we present a method on how to adjust it to strong consistency by using mean activity time redundancy and temporal dependency between fixed‐time constraints. For weak inconsistency, we analyse briefly why it can be handled by simpler and more cost‐saving exception handling while for strong inconsistency, the conventional exception handling remains deployed. The final quantitative evaluation demonstrates that our research can achieve better cost‐effectiveness than the conventional work. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diastereopure Cationic NCN‐Pincer Palladium Complexes with Square Planar η4‐N,C,N,O Coordination
Authors: Gosiewska Silvia , Herreras Martinez Sara , Lutz Martin , Spek Anthony L. , van Koten Gerard , Klein Gebbink Robertus J. M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNeutral NCN‐pincer palladium bromide complex 2 containing the monoanionic, enantiopure pincer ligand 2,6‐bis{[(S)‐2‐hydroxymethyl‐1‐pyrrolidinyl]methyl}phenyl bromide (1) with bis‐ortho‐(S)‐prolinol substituents was synthesized and isolated as a mixture of three stereoisomers [(SN,SN,SC,SC), (RN,SN,SC,SC), and (RN,RN,SC,SC)] in a 1:1:1 ratio. Upon abstraction of the bromide ion from the unresolved mixture of 2, single diastereoisomers of the cationic complexes [3]BF4 and [3]PF6, respectively, were formed with a uniqueη4‐N,C,N,O coordination mode of ligand 1. X‐ray crystal structure determination established the intramolecularη4‐N,C,N,O coordination of 1 to palladium where the typical mer‐η3‐N,C,N pincer coordination is accompanied by coordination of one of the hydroxy groups of the (S)‐prolinol moieties. The water molecule that was cocrystallized in the crystal structure of [3]PF6 does not coordinate to palladium, but instead is involved in a hydrogen bonding network. The catalytic potential of both cationic complexes, [3]BF4 and [3]PF6, was tested in an aldol reaction of aldehydes with methyl isocyanoacetate to yield the oxazoline products as racemic mixtures.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A novel type of deletion in the CDKN2A gene identified in a melanoma‐prone family
Authors: Knappskog Stian , Geisler Jürgen , Arnesen Thomas , Lillehaug Johan R. , Lønning Per E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractLinkage to the CDKN2A locus has been demonstrated in ∼50% of families with hereditary malignant melanoma but only a subgroup of these harbor identified mutations. We here report a Norwegian melanoma‐prone family with a novel large germline deletion removing 13707 bps of the CDKN2A gene, including exon 1α and approximately half of exon 2. Our finding is the first reported large CDKN2A germline deletion with a breakpoint located within an exon. This type of deletion is not detectable through the direct exon sequencing and may also escape identification by use of multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis. Here, the defect was identified through detection of a truncated p14(ARF) mRNA and loss of p16(INK4a) mRNA expression from the affected allele. Our finding suggests that atypical, large deletions in the CDKN2A gene may explain linkage to the 9p21 chromosome band without identified gene mutations among melanoma‐prone families. Thus, it illustrates the need to include p14(ARF)‐ and p16(INK4a) transcript analysis when searching for unknown mutations within the CDKN2A locus in melanoma‐prone families. Similar deletions with atypical breakpoints may affect other genes involved in cancer disposition, and the need to examine gene transcripts in high‐risk families with no mutation identified through conventional testing should be considered. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BMP and LIF signaling coordinately regulate lineage restriction of radial glia in the developing forebrain
Authors: Li Hedong , Grumet Martin 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe earliest radial glia are neural stem cells that guide neural cell migration away from ventricular zones. Subsequently, radial glia become lineage restricted during development before they differentiate into more mature cell types in the CNS. We have previously shown that subpopulations of radial glial cells express markers for glial and neuronal restricted precursors (GRPs and NRPs) in expression patterns that are temporally and spatially regulated during CNS development. To characterize further the mechanism of this regulation in rat forebrain, we tested whether secreted factors that are present during development effect lineage restriction of radial glia. We show here that in radial glial cultures LIF/CNTF up‐regulates, whereas BMP2 down‐regulates GRP antigens recognized by monoclonal antibodies A2B5/4D4. These activities combined with secretion of BMPs dorsally and LIF/CNTF from the choroid plexus provide an explanation for the graded distribution pattern of A2B5/4D4 in dorso‐lateral ventricular regions in vivo. The regulation by LIF/CNTF of A2B5/4D4 is mediated through the JAK‐STAT pathway. BMP2 promotes expression on radial glial cells of the NRP marker polysialic acid most likely by regulating N‐CAM expression itself, as well as at least one polysialyl transferase responsible for synthesis of polysialic acid on N‐CAM. Taken together, these results suggest that generation of lineage‐restricted precursors is coordinately regulated by gradients of the secreted factors BMPs and LIF/CNTF during development of dorsal forebrain. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Astrogliosis in EAE spinal cord: Derivation from radial glia, and relationships to oligodendroglia
Authors: Bannerman Peter , Hahn Ashleigh , Soulika Athena , Gallo Vittorio , Pleasure David 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA prominent feature of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the accumulation of enlarged, multipolar glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and brain lipid binding protein (BLBP) immunoreactive astroglia within and at the margins of the inflammatory demyelinative lesions. Whether this astrogliosis is due to both astroglial hyperplasia and hypertrophy or solely to astroglial hypertrophy is controversial. We now report that coincident with the first appearance of inflammation and clinical deficits in mice with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG peptide)‐induced EAE, the radially oriented, bipolar, GFAP, and BLBP positive cells (adult radial glia) present in normal spinal cord white matter undergo mitosis and phenotypic transformation to hypertrophic astroglia. To facilitate visualization of relationships between these hypertrophic astroglia and dying and regenerating oligodendroglia, we used mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in cells of the oligodendroglial lineage. During the first week after onset of illness, markedly swollen EGFP+ cells without processes were seen within lesions, whereas EGFP+ cells that expressed immunoreactive cleaved caspase‐3 were uncommon. These observations support the hypothesis that necrosis contributes to oligodendroglial loss early in the course of EAE. Later in the illness, EGFP+ cells accumulated amongst hypertrophic astroglia at the margins of the lesions, while the lesions themselves remained depleted of oligodendroglia, suggesting that migration of oligodendroglial lineage cells into the lesions was retarded by the intense perilesional gliosis. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effectiveness of health management departments of universities that train health managers in Turkey
Authors: Karagoz Sevgul , Balci Ali 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn this research, it was aimed to examine the effectiveness of health management departments of universities that train health managers in Turkey. The study was taken on hand as comparative in respect to positions (lecturers and students) and variables of universities. Organisational effectiveness was attempted to describe in nine dimensions by being inspired from Cameron's study. Factor analysis was used for construction validity of the scale developed by the researcher. For internal consistency and reliability, Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient and item total correlation were applied. A questionnaire was applied on total 207 persons in health management departments that form up the population in Turkey. In analysis of data were descriptive statistics and t‐test used. According to research findings, at university level, lecturers found their departments more effective than their students. The highest effectiveness was perceived at Baskent University (private). In total belonging to each dimension, the perceptions of lecturers realised on a higher level compared to those of students. It was found that the effectiveness, which was the highest dimension, was the organisational health and the ability to acquire source the lowest dimension. Effectiveness level was found to be moderate in general total. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The potential roles of biological soil crusts in dryland hydrologic cycles
Authors: Belnap Jayne 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBiological soil crusts (BSCs) are the dominant living cover in many drylands of the world. They possess many features that can influence different aspects of local hydrologic cycles, including soil porosity, absorptivity, roughness, aggregate stability, texture, pore formation, and water retention. The influence of biological soil crusts on these factors depends on their internal and external structure, which varies with climate, soil, and disturbance history. This paper presents the different types of biological soil crusts, discusses how crust type likely influences various aspects of the hydrologic cycle, and reviews what is known and not known about the influence of biological crusts on sediment production and water infiltration versus runoff in various drylands around the world. Most studies examining the effect of biological soil crusts on local hydrology are done by comparing undisturbed sites with those recently disturbed by the researchers. Unfortunately, this greatly complicates interpretation of the results. Applied disturbances alter many soil features such as soil texture, roughness, aggregate stability, physical crusting, porosity, and bulk density in ways that would not necessarily be the same if crusts were not naturally present. Combined, these studies show little agreement on how biological crusts affect water infiltration or runoff. However, when studies are separated by biological crust type and utilize naturally occurring differences among these types, results indicate that biological crusts in hyperarid regions reduce infiltration and increase runoff, have mixed effects in arid regions, and increase infiltration and reduce runoff in semiarid cool and cold drylands. However, more studies are needed before broad generalizations can be made on how biological crusts affect infiltration and runoff. We especially need studies that control for sub‐surface soil features such as bulk density, micro‐ and macropores, and biological crust structure. Unlike the mixed effects of biological crusts on infiltration and runoff among regions, almost all studies show that biological crusts reduce sediment production, regardless of crust or dryland type.Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Riparian ecohydrology: regulation of water flux from the ground to the atmosphere in the Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico
Authors: Cleverly James R. , Dahm Clifford N. , Thibault James R. , McDonnell Dianne E. , Allred Coonrod Julie E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDuring the previous decade, the south‐western United States has faced declining water resources and escalating forest fires due to long‐term regional drought. Competing demands for water resources require a careful accounting of the basin water budget. Water lost to the atmosphere through riparian evapotranspiration (ET) is believed to rank in the top third of water budget depletions. To better manage depletions in a large river system, patterns of riparian ET must be better understood. This paper provides a general overview of the ecological, hydrological, and atmospheric issues surrounding riparian ET in the Middle Rio Grande (MRG) of New Mexico. Long‐term measurements of ET, water table depth, and micro‐meteorological conditions have been made at sites dominated by native cottonwood (Populus deltoides) forests and non‐native saltcedar (Tamarix chinensis) thickets along the MRG. Over periods longer than one week, groundwater and leaf area index (LAI) dynamics relate well with ET rates. Evapotranspiration from P. deltoides forests was unaffected by annual drought conditions in much of the MRG where the water table is maintained within 3 m of the surface. Evapotranspiration from a dense Tamarix chinensis thicket did not decline with increasing groundwater depth; instead, ET increased by 50%, from 6 mm/day to 9 mm/day, as the water table receded at nearly 7 cm/day. Leaf area index of the T. chinensis thicket, likewise, increased during groundwater decline. Leaf area index can be manipulated as well following removal of non‐native species. When T. chinensis and non‐native Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) were removed from a P. deltoides understory, water salvaged through reduced ET was 26 cm/yr in relation to ET measured at reference sites. To investigate correlates to short‐term variations in ET, stepwise multiple linear regression was used to evaluate atmospheric conditions under which ET is elevated or depressed. At the P. deltoides‐dominated sites, ET anomalies were positively correlated to net radiation (Rn) and negatively correlated to sensible heat flux (H), cross‐corridor wind speed (v), and along‐corridor wind speed (u) (r2 = 0·54). At the T. chinensis‐dominated sites, ET anomalies were positively correlated with Rn, u, the friction coefficient (u*), and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and were negatively correlated to surface humidity scale (q*), daily high and low temperature, H, and precipitation (r2 = 0·66). Both Tamarix and Populus can transpire prodigious quantities of water when conditions are favourable. In the MRG, T. chinensis is preferentially found where summer flooding and cold air drainage occurs, and P. deltoides is preferentially located in areas with shallow groundwater within 2 m of the surface. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.