bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Circulating ghrelin levels after food intake during different phases of the migrating motor complex in man
Authors: Schmidt P. T. , Degerblad M. , Lindström E. , Sundqvist M. , Näslund E. , Gillberg P. G. , Husebye E. , Theodorsson E. , Hellström P. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground  The timing of the migrating motor complexes (MMC) at food intake may influence gastric emptying and release of regulatory hormones. This report studies the relationships between phases I (motor quiescence) and II (intermediate frequency contractions) of MMC and prandial gut hormone response.Materials and methods  Seven fasting volunteers ingested a meal during phase I or II of MMC verified by manometry, using paracetamol as a marker for gastric emptying. Blood was sampled before, during and 210 min after food intake for analysis of ghrelin, motilin, insulin and paracetamol.Results  The basal level of ghrelin during phase I was 127·5 ± 25·4 pmol L−1 and during phase II was 132·4 ± 24·8 pmol L−1. After food intake during phase I, ghrelin fell to 77·2 ± 10 pmol L−1; in phase II it fell to 82·7 ± 17·8 pmol L−1 within 60 min and returned to baseline levels after 120 min. Baseline levels of motilin were 16 ± 2 pmol L−1 and 18 ± 3 pmol L−1 during phases I and II, respectively. After food, motilin decreased to 8·5 ± 0·7 pmol L−1 and 8·7 ± 1·0 pmol L−1 within 60 min and returned to baseline after 90 min. Insulin levels in phases I and II were 8·1 ± 1·2 mU L−1 and 8·6 ± 0·7 mU L−1, respectively, reaching 138·9 ± 35·6 mU L−1 and 167·4 ± 30·0 mU L−1 at 45 min postprandially.Conclusions  The nutritional status of the gastrointestinal tract at food intake had only a limited impact on plasma ghrelin. After food intake, plasma ghrelin drops, similar to motilin, and resumes preprandial levels within 120 min.
Intraguild predation reduces redundancy of predator species in multiple predator assemblage
Authors: GRIFFEN BLAINE D. , BYERS JAMES E. 
Published: June 2006

Summary

Interference between predator species frequently decreases predation rates, lowering the risk of predation for shared prey. However, such interference can also occur between conspecific predators.
Therefore, to understand the importance of predator biodiversity and the degree that predator species can be considered functionally interchangeable, we determined the degree of additivity and redundancy of predators in multiple‐ and single‐species combinations.
We show that interference between two invasive species of predatory crabs, Carcinus maenas and Hemigrapsus sanguineus, reduced the risk of predation for shared amphipod prey, and had redundant per capita effects in most multiple‐ and single‐species predator combinations.
However, when predator combinations with the potential for intraguild predation were examined, predator interference increased and predator redundancy decreased.
Our study indicates that trophic structure is important in determining how the effects of predator species combine and demonstrates the utility of determining the redundancy, as well as the additivity, of multiple predator species.
Quantitative analysis of dental microwear in threespine stickleback: a new approach to analysis of trophic ecology in aquatic vertebrates
Authors: PURNELL MARK A. , HART PAUL J. B. , BAINES DAVID C. , BELL MICHAEL A. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThe threespine sticklebackGasterosteus aculeatusis an important model organism in studies of genomic and phenotypic evolution, adaptation and speciation. FossilGasterosteusoffer the potential to test models derived from studies of extant fishes over true evolutionary time‐scales. Competition for food resources, for example, plays an important part in stickleback speciation, causing divergence in food gathering traits and ecological character displacement, but it is not possible to test this model in fossils because evidence of diet is almost never preserved.We demonstrate here that quantitative analysis of dental microwear, a technique previously applied only to mammals, provides a reliable guide to the dietary preferences of stickleback. Teeth from stickleback raised under laboratory conditions exhibit microwear patterns that vary systematically according to substrate coarseness and whether fishes feed onDaphniawithin the water column, or on chironomid larvae from the bottom. Furthermore, microwear data exhibit a progressive shift in their distribution that tracks differences in experimental feeding treatments.Microwear in wild populations also exhibits a relationship with feeding. In blind assessments of trophic niche based on microwear patterns we were able to correctly assign all but one equivocal population to trophic group. Microwear data from wild stickleback exhibit a shift in distribution comparable with that observed across the range of treatments in the laboratory and these allow populations to be ranked according to the degree to which they approach fully benthic or fully limnetic feeding.Our results demonstrate that microwear has the potential to be a powerful tool in the analysis of fish trophic ecology, particularly in the analysis of species pairs and niche differentiation. It has advantages over the trophic snapshot provided by analysis of stomach contents in that microwear reflects feeding and food preferences over a longer period of time, and can be applied where these data are unavailable. Furthermore, it is applicable to extinct organisms and fossils, allowing the role of trophic ecology, niche partitioning and competition over evolutionary time‐scales to be investigated for the first time.
Protein N‐glycosylation in Archaea: defining Haloferax volcanii genes involved in S‐layer glycoprotein glycosylation
Authors: Abu‐Qarn Mehtap , Eichler Jerry 
Published: June 2006

SummaryIn this study, characterization of the N‐glycosylation process in the haloarchaea Haloferax volcanii was undertaken. Initially, putative Hfx. volcanii homologues of genes involved in eukaryal or bacterial N‐glycosylation were identified by bioinformatics. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) confirmed that the proposed N‐glycosylation genes are transcribed, indicative of true proteins being encoded. Where families of related gene sequences were detected, differential transcription of family members under a variety of physiological and environmental conditions was shown. Gene deletions point to certain genes, like alg11, as being essential yet revealed that others, such as the two versions of alg5, are not. Deletion of alg5‐A did, however, lead to slower growth and interfered with surface (S)‐layer glycoprotein glycosylation, as detected by modified migration on SDS‐PAGE and glycostaining approaches. As deletion of stt3, the only component of the oligosaccharide transferase complex detected in Archaea, did not affect cell viability, it appears that N‐glycosylation is not essential in Hfx. volcanii. Deletion of stt3 did, nonetheless, hinder both cell growth and S‐layer glycoprotein glycosylation. Thus, with genes putatively involved in Hfx. volcanii protein glycosylation identified and the ability to address the roles played by the encoded polypeptides in modifying a reporter glycoprotein, the steps of the archaeal N‐glycosylation pathway can be defined.
Ternary complex formation between HvMYBS3 and other factors involved in transcriptional control in barley seeds
Authors: Rubio‐Somoza I. , Martinez M. , Abraham Z. , Diaz I. , Carbonero P. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThe SHAQKYF R1MYB transcription factor (TF) HvMYBS3 from barley is an activator of gene expression both during endosperm development and in aleurone cells upon seed germination. Its mRNA was detected as early as 10 days after flowering in developing barley endosperm, with a peak at 18 days, and in aleurone cells at 8 h after water imbibition, as shown by Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses. The HvMYBS3 protein expressed in bacteria binds to oligonucleotides containing a GATA core derived from the promoters of: (i) the developing endosperm gene Itr1 (5′‐GATAAGATA‐3′) encoding trypsin inhibitor BTI‐CMe, and (ii) the post‐germinating aleurone gene Amy6.4 (5′‐TATCCAC‐3′/5′‐GTGGATA‐3′) encoding a high‐pI α‐amylase. Transient expression experiments in co‐bombarded developing endosperms and in barley aleurone layers demonstrated that HvMYBS3 trans‐activated transcription both from Itr1 and Amy6.4 promoters, in contrast with a previously reported seed‐expressed R1MYB, HvMCB1, which was an activator of Itr1 and a transcriptional repressor of the Amy6.4 gene. In the yeast three‐hybrid system, the HvMYBS3 protein formed a ternary complex with BPBF and BLZ2, two important seed TFs. However, no binary interactions could be detected between HvMYBS3 and BLZ2 or between HvMYBS3 and BPBF.
Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
Authors: Dinesh D. , Baker B. , Carter J. M. 
Published: June 2006

summary.  Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare acquired haemolytic anaemia. Cardiac bypass surgery in patients with PNH may be complicated by aggravation of haemolysis in addition to increased risk of infection, renal failure, bleeding and thrombosis.We describe a case of uncomplicated cardiopulmonary bypass surgery for aortic valve replacement and aortoplasty in a patient with PNH and discuss some recommendations to reduce the risk of peri‐operative complications.
Sperm competition in a fish with external fertilization: the contribution of sperm number, speed and length
Authors: Stoltz J. A. , Neff B. D. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The role of sperm number and quality in male competitiveness was investigated using in vitro fertilization experiments with bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). Bluegill males use one of three mating tactics: ‘sneakers’, which streak spawn; ‘satellites’, which mimic females; and ‘parentals’, which are territorial. The in vitro experiments mimicked natural spawning by incorporating these males’ mean proximity to eggs and timing of sperm release. Using a maximum-likelihood algorithm, raffle equations were fit to paternity data, which revealed a strong effect of sperm number on male competitiveness. There was no difference in sperm flagellum length, curvilinear swim speed or path linearity among the three male mating types, and these traits did not explain any additional variation in male competitiveness. It was estimated that, given closer proximity to eggs, satellites need release only 0.34 times as many sperm as parentals to obtain equal paternity. Despite being farther from the eggs and releasing sperm about half a second after parentals, sneakers need only release 0.58 times as many sperm as parentals to obtain equal paternity. Thus, the increased competitiveness of sneakers’ sperm must come from a component of sperm quality other than speed or length.
Factors affecting mortality and morbidity in patients with peptic ulcer perforation
Authors: Kocer Belma , Surmeli Suleyman , Solak Cem , Unal Bulent , Bozkurt Betul , Yildirim Osman , Dolapci Mete , Cengiz Omer 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground and Aim:  With the introduction of H2 receptor antagonists and proton pump inhibitors, the incidence of elective surgery for peptic ulcer (PU) diseases has decreased, although complications of PU such as perforation and bleeding have remained fairly constant. The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors that predict morbidity and mortality in patients with perforated PU.Methods:  The records of 269 patients who were operated on for perforated PU were reviewed retrospectively. The following factors were analyzed in terms of morbidity and mortality: age >65 years; gender; associated medical illness; chronic ingestion of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, aspirin, corticosteroids or immunosuppressants; alcohol ingestion and smoking habits; American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) status; season; delayed operation; site of ulcer perforation; and shock on admission and type of operation.Results:  There were 30 female (11.16%) and 239 male (88.84%) patients. Seventy‐one (26.4%) patients had associated diseases. Simple closure was performed in 257 (95.5%) patients; 12 patients (4.5%) underwent definitive operations. A total of 108 postoperative complications were present in 65 (24.2%) patients. Twenty‐three patients died (8.55%). Multivariate analysis showed that only age, ASA score, treatment delay, presence of shock and definitive operation were independent predictors of mortality. Significant risk factors that led to morbidity were ASA status, time of surgery, season, presence of shock and type of surgery. There was a significant difference concerning morbidity and mortality between simple closure of the perforation and definitive surgery.Conclusions:  Age, delayed surgery, presence of shock, ASA risk and definitive surgery are factors significantly associated with fatal outcomes in patients undergoing emergency surgery for perforated PU. Therefore, proper resuscitation from shock, improving ASA grade, decreasing delay and reserving definitive surgery for selected patients is needed to improve overall results.
Multidetector computed tomography cholangiography with multiplanar reformation for the assessment of patients with biliary obstruction
Authors: Kim Hong Joo , Park Dong Il , Park Jung Ho , Cho Yong Kyun , Sohn Chong Il , Jeon Woo Kyu , Kim Byung Ik , Kim Seung Kwon 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground:  We sought to evaluate the diagnostic use of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) cholangiography with multiplanar reformation (MPR) for the assessment of patients with biliary obstruction.Methods:  MDCT cholangiography with the MPR technique was performed in 58 patients who were thought to have biliary obstruction. No cholangiographic contrast agent was administered. MRCP in 24 patients, Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in 46 patients and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) in 24 patients were performed. Eighteen patients underwent biopsy or surgery. The findings on MDCT cholangiography were compared with those of MRCP, ERCP, PTC, biopsy or surgery.Results:  The findings of MDCT cholangiography were as follows: choledocholithiasis (n = 34, 56.7%), malignant stricture (n = 14, 23.3%), benign stricture (n = 1, 1.7%), and cholelithiasis (n = 11, 18.3%). A small common bile duct (CBD) stone in one patient could not be detected on MDCT cholangiography. One patient with a small stone in distal CBD detected on MDCT cholangiography had no stone on ERCP. Two patients with initial diagnoses of CBD stones by MDCT cholangiography were disclosed to have malignant bile duct stricture by reference examination. The sensitivity and specificity of MDCT cholangiography for the diagnosis of bile duct stones were 96.9% and 96.2%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of MDCT cholangiography for the diagnosis of bile duct stricture were 85.7% and 100%, respectively. The overall accuracy of MDCT cholangiography for the diagnoses of the causes of biliary obstruction was 89.8%.Conclusion:  MDCT cholangiography with the MPR technique is a fast and non‐invasive technique with relatively high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnoses of the causes of biliary obstruction.
Resource availability and habitat use by mantled howling monkeys in a Nicaraguan coffee plantation: can agroforests serve as core habitat for a forest mammal?
Authors: Williams‐Guillén K. , McCann C. , Martínez Sánchez J. C. , Koontz F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAlthough shade coffee plantations are potentially valuable habitats for wildlife conservation, little information exists on the extent to which they provide resident wildlife populations with resources necessary for survival and reproduction. A 14‐month study of the ecology of mantled howling monkeysAlouatta palliataliving in a Nicaraguan shade coffee plantation was therefore conducted. Trees were surveyed at randomly located enumeration points in the coffee plantation and monitored for phenophase production to characterize resource availability. Day‐long focal animal follows were used to characterize the ranging and habitat preferences of the howlers. The study site had a diverse canopy, with over 60 tree species providing shade for coffee cultivation; high tree diversity ensured year‐round availability of the howlers' preferred foods. Howlers did not avoid feeding or ranging in areas of shade coffee cultivation. However, when foraging in coffee they favored large shade trees for feeding and were less likely to use areas of shade coffee with small trees and fewer arboreal pathways. Results suggest, in conjunction with controls on hunting and protection of nearby forests, that shade coffee can serve as alternate wildlife habitat and corridors between forest fragments for howling monkeys and possibly other forest mammals. Specific management recommendations to improve the conservation value of shade coffee for primates are made and the potential role of coffee plantations in primate conservation at a regional scale are discussed.
Estimating population density from indirect sign: track counts and the Formozov–Malyshev–Pereleshin formula
Authors: Stephens P. A. , Zaumyslova O. Yu. , Miquelle D. G. , Myslenkov A. I. , Hayward G. D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFor many purposes it is often desirable to estimate animal population densities over large areas. Where total counts are not possible and sightings are relatively rare, a range of methods exists to estimate densities from indirect sign. Such methods are frequently unreliable and usually require independent calibration or confirmation. We present an analytical method for estimating population density from track counts. The method, widely known in the Russian Federation but not in the English language scientific literature, requires counts of tracks of known age, together with estimates of animal daily travel distances. We use simulations to verify the theoretical basis of the approach and to indicate potential precision that may be achieved. We illustrate application of the approach using a large data set on ungulate track counts in the Russian Far East. We suggest that under most circumstances, nonparametric bootstrapping will be the most appropriate method for deriving estimates of confidence intervals about density estimates. As with other approaches to estimating density from indirect sign, the method that we discuss is vulnerable to violations of an array of underlying assumptions. However, it is easily applied and could represent an important method by which the relationship between indices of abundance and absolute density can be understood.
EEG Source Imaging in Pediatric Epilepsy Surgery: A New Perspective in Presurgical Workup
Authors: Sperli Francesca , Spinelli Laurent , Seeck Margitta , Kurian Mary , Michel Christoph M. , Lantz Göran 
Published: June 2006

Summary:  Purpose: Epilepsy is a relatively frequent disease in children, with considerable impact on cognitive and social life. Successful epilepsy surgery depends on unambiguous focus identification and requires a comprehensive presurgical workup, including several neuroimaging techniques [magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography (PET), and single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)]. These may be difficult to apply in younger or developmentally delayed children or both, requiring sedation, and hence, a significant workforce. Modern electric source imaging (ESI) provides accurate epileptic source‐localization information in most patients, with minimal patient discomfort or need for cooperation. The purpose of the present study was to determine the usefulness of ESI in pediatric EEG recordings performed with routine electrode arrays. Methods: Preoperative EEGs recorded from 19 to 29 scalp electrodes were reviewed, and interictal epileptiform activity was analyzed by using a linear source‐imaging procedure (depth‐weighted minimum norm) in combination with statistical parametric mapping. Results: In 27 (90%) of 30 patients, the ESI correctly localized the epileptogenic region. These numbers compare favorably with the results from other imaging techniques in the same patients (PET, 82%; ictal SPECT, 70%). In extratemporal epilepsy, ESI was correct in all cases, and in temporal lobe epilepsy, in 10 of 13 cases. In two temporal lobe patients showing less‐accurate ESI results, 128‐electrode data could be analyzed, and in both cases, the 128‐electrode ESI was correct. Conclusions: ESI with standard clinical EEG recordings provides excellent localizing information in pediatric patients, in particular in extratemporal lobe epilepsy. The lower yield in temporal lobe epilepsy seems to be due to undersampling of basal temporal areas with routine scalp recordings.
fMRI Lateralization of Expressive Language in Children with Cerebral Lesions
Authors: Anderson Dianne P. , Harvey A. Simon , Saling Michael M. , Anderson Vicki , Kean Michael , Abbott David F. , Wellard R. Mark , Jackson Graeme D. 
Published: June 2006

Summary:  Purpose: Lateralization of language function is crucial to the planning of surgery in children with frontal or temporal lobe lesions. We examined the utility of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as a determinant of lateralization of expressive language in children with cerebral lesions. Methods: fMRI language lateralization was attempted in 35 children (29 with epilepsy) aged 8–18 years with frontal or temporal lobe lesions (28 left hemisphere, five right hemisphere, two bilateral). Axial and coronal fMRI scans through the frontal and temporal lobes were acquired at 1.5 Tesla by using a block‐design, covert word‐generation paradigm. Activation maps were lateralized by blinded visual inspection and quantitative asymmetry indices (hemispheric and inferior frontal regions of interest, at p < 0.001 uncorrected and p < 0.05 Bonferroni corrected). Results: Thirty children showed significant activation in the inferior frontal gyrus. Lateralization by visual inspection was left in 21, right in six, and bilateral in three, and concordant with hemispheric and inferior frontal quantitative lateralization in 93% of cases. Developmental tumors and dysplasias involving the inferior left frontal lobe had activation overlying or abutting the lesion in five of six cases. fMRI language lateralization was corroborated in six children by frontal cortex stimulation or intracarotid amytal testing and indirectly supported by aphasiology in a further six cases. In two children, fMRI language lateralization was bilateral, and corroborative methods of language lateralization were left. Neither lesion lateralization, patient handedness, nor developmental versus acquired nature of the lesion was associated with language lateralization. Involvement of the left inferior or middle frontal gyri increased the likelihood of atypical language lateralization. Conclusions: fMRI lateralizes language in children with cerebral lesions, although caution is needed in interpretation of individual results.