bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Method for the Determination of Blood Pressure in Intact Dogs
Authors: OBEL NILS J. , SCHMITERLÖW CARL G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A new method for the estimation of the blood pressure in intact dogs is described. A cuff is applied round one of the forearms and a photoelectric cell is used to indicate the beginning of the passage of the blood stream through the distal part of the leg (where a local vasotlilatation, necessarv to give distinct pulsations, is caused by pricking in histamine into the skin). By means of an amplifier and a mirror galvanometer the pulsations are projected upon a screen attached to the scale of an Hg‐manometer.When comparing the values obtained with this indirect method and the values obtained with the usual direct mercury manometer method a fairly close agreement was observed.The method allows frequent estimations of the blood pressure for long periods in intact, unanaesthetized dogs.
Anti‐Sympathetic Action of Sympathomimetic Amines
Authors: ÅSTRÖM A. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The effect of fourteen sympathomimetic amines has been studied on isolated strips of rabbit's intestine with special regard to their ability to antagonize the inhibition produced by adrenaline and l‐nor‐adrenaline as well as by electrical stimulation of the mesenteric nerves.For the sake of discussion the amines have been divided into three classes and each class described.The anti‐sympathetic property earlier reported for ephedrine and l‐N‐ethylephedrine has proven to be a rather common characteristin of the synipathoininietic amines. The only amines which did not have the anti‐sympathetic action were the dihydroxy‐phenyl substitutesi. e. adrenaline, arterenol, and aludrin (boehringer). The anti‐sympathetic action that was sometimes observed for adrenaline and aludrin has been ascribed to some derivatives formed during the ositlization of these compounds.d‐ and l‐forms of ephedrine and benzedrine have proven to be almost identical in their effects upon the intestine per se, as well as in respect to the anti‐sympathetic action. This has been considered as an argument against the allline oxidase theory.The anti‐sympathetic action of the sympathomimetic amines has Leen briefly discussed upon a chemical basis. The idea is propounded that the anti‐sympathetic action of these amines is an example of phanuacological competition.
Colorimetric Determination of Noradrenaline and Adrenaline
Authors: von EULER U. S. , HAMBERG ULLA 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

A colorimetric method for quantitative determination of noradrenaline is described.
Determination of the oxidation rate at various pH for noradrenaline and adrenaline has shown that adrenochrome formation is complete after 1½ minutes at pH 4 whereas only some 10 p. c. of the maximal amount of noradrenochrome has been formed during the same time at pH 4. Noradrenochrome formation is complete in 2 minutes at pH 6.
For routine determination adrenaline was oxidized at pH 4 for 1 1/2 minutes and noradrenaline at pH 6 for 3 minutes. Before removing excess iodine with thiosulphate the reaction may be adjusted to pH 4, where the bleaching effect of excess thiosulphate was minimal.
A method for differential determination of adrenaline and noradrenaline depending on the different oxidation rates at pH 4 and 6 for the two substances is described. This method has been successfully applied to suprarenal extracts.
The greater stability of noradrenaline in solution against oxidation as compared with adrenaline appears to be of practical value for example in solutions of local anaesthetics.
The Water Taste in the Frog
Authors: ANDERSSON BENGT , ZOTTERMAN YNGVE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The tongue of the common Swedish frog (R. temp.) has been shown to contain receptors which respond to distilled water or to very dilute NaCl solutions, the threshold of the latter being below 0.05%.These receptors are discharging fairly large nerve fibres. The discharge can easily be distinguished from that of the acid receptors as these are connected to nerve fibres of a smaller diameter.Adaptation of the water receptors is relatively slow, being completed within 5 minutes.Isolated fibres responding to slightly hypotonic and hypertonic NaCl solutions do not respond to the application of distilled water. The water response seems thus to be mediated by specific nerve fibres, which are of fairly large diameter.
Cardiac Vagal Afferent Fibres in the Cat and the Frog
Authors: NEIL ERIC , ZOTTERMAN YNGVE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Further evidence has been obtained that the large afferent fibres of the cardiac vagus derive from endings of auricular origin. These nerve endings act as stretch receptors and display a common mode of action.It has been proven that the cardiac depressor reflex is elicited only by the stimulation of small fibres of the δ‐type of cardiac origin.It has been shown that the auricles of the frog's heart possess stretch receptors of the same type as those found in the cat.
Studies on tlie Pharmacological Effects of Trimethyl‐, Mcthylethyl‐ and Trietlhyl‐plienylammonium
Authors: WRETLIND K. A. J. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The pharmacological properties of trimethyl‐, dimethylethyl‐, methyldiethyl‐ and triethyl‐phenylammonium have been investigated.The toxicity of the substances in mice and rabbits was determined. The cause of death in all the cases appeared to be peripheral paralysis of respiration.Trimethyl‐, dimethylethyl‐ and methyldiethyl‐phenylammo‐nium had a parasympathicomimetie effect on the blood‐pressure. The parasympathicomimetic activity diminished as the number of ethyl radicals increased.Triethylphenylammonium decreased the blood‐pressure. This effect was not reversed by atropin.Trimethyl‐, dimethylethyl‐ and methyldiethyl‐phenylammo‐nium had a “nicotinic‐stimulating” action. This effect too diminished according as the number of ethyl radicals increased. Triethylphenylammonium had no “nicotinic‐stimulating” action.All the substances had a paralyzing effect on the sympathetic ganglion. It was most marked in dimethyl‐ and triethylphenylammonium and least in trimethylphenylammonium.All the substances examined have shown, in muscle‐nerve preparations, a curariform effect. The effect was strongest in the trimethyl compound and diminished according as the number of ethylradicals increased.The effect of these substances on the isolated rabbit heart have been tested.The syntheses of trimethyl‐, dimethylethyl‐, methyldiethyl‐ and triethyl‐phenylammonium iodides have been described.
The Effect of Menthol on the Thermoreceptors
Authors: HENSEL HERBERT , ZOTTERMAN YNGVE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The discharge of specific cold and warm fibres in the lingual nerve of the cat has been studied in response to the application of menthol solutions and to exactly defined thermal stimuli on the tongue.Aqueous menthol solutions of 1: 10,000 lead to strong stationary discharge of the tongue's cold receptors at constant warm temperatures at which there without menthol is no discharge. At lower temperatures at which the cold receptors are stationary discharging without menthol, this substance produces a great increase of the stationary cold impulse frequency.The effect of menthol can be completely compensated for by sudden heating or by keeping the tongue at a constant higher temperature as these measures can cause the cold impulses elicited by menthol to disappear entirely. Thus it is not simply the question of a chemical “inadequate” stimulation of the cold receptors but of a sensitization of the thermal effect.Our experiments have not given any evidence that menthol exerts any corresponding action on the warm receptors.The threshold of the menthol effect lies between a concentration 1: 1,000,000 and 1: 500,000. It is thus likely that the action of menthol concerns some enzymatic process in the cold receptors.
Studies on Animal Lactase
Authors: HEILSKOV N. S. CHR. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.On the basis of determinations of lactase activity performed on human foetuses, cows and rabbits of different age it is possible to establish that the ventricle, colon and pancreas do not contain any lactase. Bile from calves is free from lactase. The experiments on human foetuses show that there is lactase in the wall of the small intestine from the 5th month of intrauterine life. The activity is found to rise with increasing intrauterine life.In cows and rabbits the lactase activity in the mucous membrane of the small intestine is largest in quite young animals. The amount decreases in distal direction of the small intestine and with increasing age.Continued administration of lactose to the food until 15 weeks after birth is unable to preserve the lactase activity in the mucous membrane of the small intestine from rabbits.
Heparinocytes and Hibernation in the Hedgehog
Authors: HÄRMÄ RAIJA , SUOMALAINEN PAAVO 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Heparinocytes or Ehrlich's mast‐cells are numerous in the small intestine and lungs round the bronchial branches in the hedgehog.Their number is increased during hibernation, but is also large in artificial hibernation and in animals just woken from hibernation.Judging from the increase in the number of heparinocytes and their histological appearance, heparin secretion is greater than normal in hibernation, when the heart rate in the hedgehog is greatly reduced.
Sensitization of the Submaxillary Gland to Chemical Stimuli
Authors: EMMELIN NILS , MUREN ANDERS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Some types of supersensitivity of the submaxillary gland cells to chemical agents have been studied quantitatively. The increased sensitivity which is obtained after section of the chorda tympani, removal of the superior cervical ganglion, injection of cocaine or prolonged treatment with atropine is shown to be un‐specific. Section of the chorda and treatment with atropine seems to give rise to similar types of supersensitivity, which in many respects differ from the type produced by extirpation of the superior cervical ganglion or injection of cocaine.The expenses of this investigation have been defrayed in part by a grant to one of us (N. E.) from the Swedish Medical Research Council.
Effect of Sympathetic Denervation on the Noradrenaline and Adrenaline Content of the Spleen, Kidney, and Salivary Glands in the Sheep.
Authors: Von EULER U. S. , PURKHOLD. A. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Sectioning of the periarterial nerves to the spleen in the sheep was accompanied by a fall in the noradrenaline content from 3–4 μg per g to less than 0.1 μg per g and in the adrenaline content from 0—0.14 μg per g to 0.02 μg per g or less. By 3–4½ months after denervation the noradrenaline had increased to 0.2–0.4 μg per g indicating some functional regeneration of the nerves.A corresponding reduction in the noradrenaline and adrenaline was also observed in kidney, parotid and submaxillary glands, and in liver. A rise in noradrenaline was observed in the kidney 41/2 months after denervation.The relative decrease in adrenaline after denervation was in many cases less than that of noradrenaline, a result which would be expected if adrenaline derives from chromaffine cells in the organ.
Histamine in Organs and its Relation to the Sympathetic Nerve Supply.
Authors: Von EULER U. S. , PURKHOLD A. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Large differences occur in the amount of histamine in various organs of the cow as of the sheep.A certain relation is apparent between the noradrenaline and histamine amounts in an organ and in the corresponding sympathetic nerve in the cow (Table 2).The histamine content of sheep's nerves is considerably lower than that of the corresponding nerves in the cow.The histamine and noradrenaline content of sheep nerves run roughly parallel. No such parallelism is found in organs (Table 3).Sectioning of the sympathetic nerves to various organs in the sheep was followed by a moderate reduction in the histamine content of the spleen but did not alter the histamine amount in the salivary glands or in the kidney.
Adrenaline and Noradrenaline Content of the Snprarenals of Cats in Chloralose and Morphine‐Ether Anaesthesia
Authors: EMMELIN N. , STRÖMBLAD R. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The content of adrenaline ‐+‐ noradrenaline in the suprarenals changes very little in chloralose anaesthesia; it decreases considerably in morphine‐ether anaesthesia.
Fibrinokinase
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. For the preparation of fibrinokinase of high activating power, fresh pig hearts are needed. The mode of preparation appears to be of minor importance.2. The extent of inactivation of bovine plasmin by fibrinokinase is not directly related to the activating power of the fibrinokinase sample. It appears that a decreased activating power may be caused either by a simple destruction of the activating substance or by its combination with a blocking substance. Only in the last case is a high inactivating power towards plasmin developed.3. Different means were tried without success for accelerating the activation process.4. The low activating power of fibrinokinase towards human plasminogen has been confirmed. On the other hand, streptokinase‐activated human plasmin is inactivated by samples of fibrinokinase apparently in the same manner as is bovine plasmin.
Application of 42K Labelled Red Corpuscles in Blood Tolume Measurements.
Authors: HEVESY G. , NYLIN G. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Red corpuscles were labelled by adding 42KC1 to a blood sample kept at 37o C for 2 hrs. When reinjecting the blood sample to the patient in the course of 1 hr, within the error of the blood volume determination which is 3 %, no change in the activity of the red corpuscles could be observed.Washed labelled red corpuscles injected into the circulation lost in the average 3.5 % of their 42K content in the course of the first hr., while the mean loss per hour in the course of 24 hours was found to be 2.1 %.
The Effect of Adrenaline on the Contraction of the Human Heart under Normal Circulatory Conditions
Authors: KJELLBERG SVEN ROLAND , RUDHE ULF , SJÖSTRAND TORGNY 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The effect of the infusion of small doses of adrenaline in man with intact circulation has been studied. The analyses have been made with electrokymography, phonocardiography and electrocardiography.It has been found that adrenaline (1) shortens the isometric contraction phase, (2) accelerates the speed of contraction, (3) increases the systolic emptying of the left ventricle, (4) increases the amplitude of the first and second heart sounds, (5) lowers the diastolic pressure, (6) increases the amplitude of the pulse pressure and (7) usually increases the heart rate. In addition, adrenaline causes an alteration of the T wave of the E.C.G. with a division into two components. One of these components corresponds to the T wave at rest, when correlated to mechanical systole; the other appears to be a positive after‐potential.The effect on the contraction of the left ventricle was produced with the same concentrations in the blood as those that cause a decrease in the resistance in the systemic circulation and affect the metabolism of glucose. With larger doses, causing a more marked elevation in blood pressure, toxic symptoms, such as extrasystoles and auricular fibrillation, were noted. In addition to glycogenolysis and the formation of lactic acid the physiological effects of adrenaline thus appear to consist mainly of adaptation to an increased circulatory response.The increase in the stroke volume of the left ventricle is not associated with any increase in the volume of the heart during diastole. This implies a more complete emptying of the ventricle, i. e. a decrease in its residual blood volume.The results are discussed with reference to the significance of the distribution of the blood when the effects of adrenaline or other factors acting on the circulation are examined.
The Inhibitory Effect of Muscular Exercise on Gastric Secretion.
Authors: HAMIEAR STEN , ÖBRINK. KARL JOHAN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1) Muscular exercise inhibited the gastric secretion in Heiden‐hain pouch dogs both when the secretion was induced by food or by histamine.2) The exercise was thought to liberate a substance which by transfusion could he transferred to a non‐exercised secreting dog where it inhibited the gastric secretion. This was valid when food was used to stimulate the glands, whereas the results were uncertain in cases where histamine was the stimulating agent.3) The enhanced body temperature was not responsible for the inhibition.4) The different shapes of the secretion curves after histamine. and food as well as the other results were discussed.
The Electrical Potentisl Across Isolated Frog Skins and its Dependence on the Permeability of the Skins to Chloride Ions.
Authors: LINDERHOLM. HAKAN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.A number of isolated frog skins with Ringer's solution of the same chemical composition on both sides are investigated by the use of electrical and tracer methods. It is found that there is quite a close negative correlation between the electrical potential of the various skins and the permeability of the skins to chloride ions, expressed as the partial conductance of chloride ions through the skins. The partial conductance of sodium ions and the active transport potential of sodium ions through the skins, which both, together with the partial conductance of chloride ions, mainly determine the magnitude of the electrical potential, on the other hand, vary more or less independently of the potential. Thus the variation in the electrical potential between the various frog skins, which is usually rather great, is essentially dependent on a variation in the partial conductance of chloride ions through the skins. The bearing of this fact on the relation between the electrical potential and the amount of salt transported through the skins is analyzed and discussed with regard to known results.
Ares of Retinal Image and Flicker Fusion Frequency.
Authors: BERGER. CURT 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The increase of flicker fusion frequency as a function of image‐area was investigated with the light‐adapted human fovea. In addition, the effect was studied of three different fields surrounding the flickering light at three illumination intensities, identical for stimulus and field.2. The FFF increased with the logarithm of image area differently with different sizes and with different backgrounds. The slope of increase was 2.1 for small and 14.3 for large image areas when the flickering light was surrounded by a black field. With a white field, the slope was 13.0 for very small image areas, 4.0 for larger and 9.0 for the largest image areas. Experiments with mixed black and white surroundings demonstrate that the background immediately adjacent to the light was decisive in determining gradient differences between background‐effects. These differences were independent of small brightness differences between the test‐object and its surround, and were not attributable to stray light.3. FFF was plotted against image area at three different light intensities. While the whole curve for FFF as a function of image areas was set higher at higher illumination intensities, there was no relative change in FFF as a function of area at different illuminations.4. The varying slopes in the curves relating FFF to image size were attributed to characteristics of the activated foveal units, whether single receptors or “functional units” (cones, activating the same ganglionic cell). The effect of a white background in raising the FFF may be explained by assuming that adjacent receptors are called into interaction by the illuminated surrounding field.
The Secretion of Pepsin during the Gastric Phase of Gastric Secretion.
Authors: LINDE. SVEN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Special arrangements made it possible to obtain a constant secretory rate of gastric juice for many hours in Heidenhain pouch dogs, whether stimulated by histamine or food (bone‐dust and meat). It was found that the pepsin output in gastric juice secreted in response to food is not significantly different from that of gastric juice secreted in response to histamine, providing the secretory rates are comparable.In other experiments, four dogs in which a constant secretory rate was obtained by giving food, got bones and hard bread. No significant increase of the secretory rate or the output of pepsin was observed.The instillation of an extract of bone‐dust and meat into the Heidenhain pouch of three dogs did not cause an increased output of pepsin in gastric juice secreted in response to food.In experiments on anaesthetized cats, the pyloric part of the stomach was separated from the main stomach by a suture in volving the mucosa only. When a constant secretory rate of gastric juice from the main stomach was obtained by administering histamine, the extract of bone‐dust and meat was introduced into the pyloric part under pressure. In no case was there an increase of the secretory rate, nor of the output of pepsin.In five other cats the extract was introduced into the main stomach for half an hour during stimulation by histamine. The secretory rate was uninfluenced in all cases, but in two cats there was a slight increase of the output of pepsin in the first 2–3 samples obtained after the instillation.The results are discussed and it is concluded that during the gastric phase of gastric secretion there is probably no humoral or hormonal mechanism activating the pepsin producing cells. The possibility exists that these cells are stimulated directly by the food in contact with the mucosa, maybe through a reflex by the short nerve‐paths. It is suggested that the activity of the peptic cells depends on acetylcholine alone, not only during the cephalic phase but also during the gastric phase of gastric secretion.
The Oxidation of Haemoglobin in the Presence of NaN3.
Authors: SJÖSTRAND. TORGNY 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The formation of haemiglobin azide by adding NaN3 to haemolyzed blood has been studied under varying conditions.The rate of formation is approximately linear until about half of the haemoglobin has been transformed, after which it decreases exponentially.The rate at which haemiglobin azide is formed depends on the O2 tension as well as on the concentration of reduced haemoglobin as is the case with the auto‐oxidization of haemoglobin in an acid reaction. CO can not replace O2 in the formation of Hb+Az.The formation of haemiglobin azide increases linearly with the CO2 tension. It also increases with a change of pH in an acid direction. It increases with the temperature, and there is a linear relation between the logarithm for the rate of formation and the logarithm for absolute temperature.Haemiglobin azide formation is accelerated in the presence of ascorbic acid.There is a direct linear correlation between the rate of haemiglobin azide formation and the dissociation of 0, haemoglobin at a given pO2 and varying pH and temperature.In order to give an explanation for the formation of haernigl,. bin azide it is presumed that H2O2 is formed in connection With the O2 binding to haemoglobin.It would seem that these observations can explain the in vivo decomposition of the haemoglobin molecule as well as the formation of CO in connection therewith.The investigation has been supported by a grant from the Therese and Johan Andersson Memorial Foundation.
A Comparison of Sonie Pharmacological Effects of Acetoplienetidin and N‐Acetyl p‐Amino‐phenol.
Authors: BORÉUS LARS‐OLOF , SANDBERG. FINN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.N‐acetyl p‐amiaophenol was found to exert about the same analgesic and antipyretic action as acetophenetidin but to have a lower toxicity arid a smaller methaemoglobin‐producing effect.