bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of canine leproid granuloma syndrome: preliminary findings in seven dogs
Authors: MALIK R , MARTIN P , WIGNEY D , SWAN D , SATTLER PS , CIBILIC D , ALLEN J , MITCHELL DH , CHEN SCA , HUGHES MS , LOVE DN 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine effective treatment strategies for patients with refractory canine leproid granuloma syndrome.Design Multi‐institutional retrospective/prospective case series using client‐owned dogs.Procedure Seven dogs (four Boxers, one Dobermann, one Bullmastiff and one Bullmastiff cross‐bred; ages 3 to 11 years) with leproid granulomas were treated successfully using a variety of treatment regimens. These cases were recruited because: lesions were either widely distributed over the dog; progressive, despite routine therapy, or were associated with particularly disfiguring lesions. The treatment regimen evolved during the course of the clinical study.Results Combination therapy using rifampicin (5 to 15 mg/kg PO, every 24 h) and clarithromycin (8 to 24 mg/kg PO daily; dose divided every 8 or every 12 h) was used most frequently and proved to be effective and free from side effects. Total daily doses of clarithromycin in excess of 14 mg/kg were considered optimal and long treatment courses, in the order of 1 to 3 months, were used. Combination therapy using rifampicin (25 mg/kg; that is, higher than the recommended dose) and clofazimine was effective in one case, but resulted in hepatotoxicity. A topical formulation of clofazimine in petroleum jelly was used as an adjunct to oral rifampicin and doxycycline in another patient treated successfully.Conclusion Based on our evolving clinical experience, a combination of rifampicin (10 to 15 mg/kg PO, every 24 h) and clarithromycin (15 to 25 mg/kg PO total daily dose; given divided every 8 to 12 h) is currently recommended for treating severe or refractory cases of canine leproid granuloma syndrome. Treatment should be continued (typically for 4 to 8 weeks) until lesions are substantially reduced in size and ideally until lesions have resolved completely. A topical formulation, containing clofazimine in petroleum jelly may be used as an adjunct to systemic drug therapy. Further work is required to determine the most cost effective treatment regimen for this condition.
Cardiovascular and haemodynamic effects of intramuscular doses of xylazine in conscious sheep
Authors: GRANT C , UPTON RN 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine if a commonly used analgesic dose of xylazine has detrimental cardiovascular or haemodynamic effects in sheep.Design A physiological study following intramuscular administration of xylazine.Procedure Xylazine (50 μg/kg) was injected intramuscularly into six healthy Merino ewes. For 60 min heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac output were recorded; arterial blood samples for the measurement of blood gas tensions were also collected.Results There were no significant changes in heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, cardiac output or arterial carbon dioxide tension. A slight degree of arterial hypoxaemia was noted with a 10% reduction in arterial oxygen tension values at 30 min.Conclusion The minimal changes to cardiovascular and respiratory values in this study verify the safety of previously suggested analgesic dosing regimens for sheep. Previously reported hypoxaemic effects in sheep as a result of intravenous xylazine administration appear to be reduced as a result of intramuscular administration.
Outbreak of foetal infection with bovine pestivirus in a central Queensland beef herd
Authors: TAYLOR LF , RODWELL BJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective To describe a significant outbreak of foetal infection and subsequent losses due to bovine pestivirus on a 5200 ha beef breeding and fattening property in central Queensland.Description of the herd The affected herd consisted of 656 cows, including 269 recently purchased cows, and 221 heifers that were joined in December/January 1995/96. There were approximately 2500 cattle on the property.Investigation Following the purchase of 269 cows in October 1995, which were mingled with the existing cow herd, losses were experienced due to foetal infection with bovine pestivirus. These losses were recorded between 1996 and 1999 as: reduced pregnancy rates, losses between pregnancy testing (midpregnancy) and branding (calves averaged 3 months‐of‐age), losses due to pneumonia and ill‐thrift between branding and approximately 12 months‐of‐age, and losses due to ill‐thrift and the chronic wasting form of mucosal disease thereafter. All surviving calves were tested for bovine pestivirus in 1997 at an average of 10 months. Fifty‐three calves were identified as persistently infected with bovine pestivirus. A further 110 calf losses could reasonably be attributed to bovine pestivirus infection.Persistently infected cattle were always unthrifty compared to their virus negative counterparts. Only one persistently infected calf was identified, on the basis of severe ill thrift, in the 1997 birth cohort and none in 1998.Conclusions This outbreak of foetal infection with bovine pestivirus resulted in significant production losses. These losses were recorded over the three years subsequent to the outbreak. Significant numbers of persistently infected calves were not evident among calves born in the two years after this outbreak.
Suppression of ovarian progesterone production in dairy cows using an implant of GnRH‐agonist (deslorelin) for the purpose of evaluating progesterone metabolism
Authors: RABIEE AR , MACMILLAN KL , SCHWARZENBERGER F , THALLER D , RATHBONE MJ , TRIGG TE 
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate the potential of an implant of a GnRH‐agonist (deslorelin) to create a progesterone free animal suitable for studying progesterone (P4) metabolism in intact cows by measuring blood P4 and faecal P4 metabolites. Methods Experiment 1: Eighteen non‐lactating cycling Holstein‐Friesian cows, 4 to 7 years old, were allocated to one of three groups to study plasma P4 concentrations preceding an intravaginal insert. These groups comprised: i) a deslorelin group (GnRH‐agonist implanted); ii) a PGF group receiving two injections of prostaglandin (PGF2a) 12 days apart; and, iii) an ovariectomised (OVX) group. An intravaginal device (CIDR) was inserted into the vagina of each animal and left in place for 11 days. Plasma P4 concentrations were measured during the study period.Experiment 2: Twelve non‐lactating cycling Holstein‐Friesian cows, 4 to7 years old, were allocated to two groups: i) a deslorelin group (GnRH‐agonist implanted); and ii) an ovariectomised group. Plasma P4 and faecal P4 metabolites (20‐oxo‐pregnanes, 20a‐OH and 20b‐OH) were monitored for a period of 5 weeks. Results Experiment 1: Average plasma P4 concentration did not differ between the three groups (1.28, 1.43 and 1.55 ng/mL for deslorelin, OVX and PGF cows, respectively, P = 0.8) during the period of supplementation.Experiment 2: There was no difference in plasma P4 (mean plasma P4 < 0.02 ng/mL, P = 0.9) and faecal P4 metabolites between deslorelin and OVX cows 2 weeks after the implantation (P = 0.7). Conclusions These data showed that a GnRH‐agonist (deslorelin) implant may be used as an alternative to ovariectomy to create a progesterone free animal suitable for studying the metabolism of administered P4.
Canine coronavirus in Australian dogs
Authors: NAYLOR MJ , MONCKTON RP , LEHRBACH PR , DEANE EM 
Published: March 2008

Objective To estimate the frequency of serum antibodies (IgG and IgM) to canine coronavirus (CCV) in the Australian dog population and evaluate the role of CCV as a causative agent of gastroenteritis. Design A serological survey of antibodies to CCV among different dog populations. Procedure The development and characterisation of an indirect ELISA for the detection of antibodies (IgG and IgM) to CCV was undertaken. Sera collected from both diarrhoeal and non‐diarrhoeal dogs from various populations throughout Australia were tested for these antibodies to CCV. Results Serum samples (1396) collected from 1984 to 1998 were tested for the presence of IgG antibodies to CCV. Samples were divided into two categories on the basis of the number of dogs housed together. The groups were either an open population containing dogs housed as groups of three or less, or kennel populations. Sera from 15.8% of the open population and 40.8% of kennelled dogs were positive for CCV antibodies. The prevalence of antibodies varied from zero to 76% in kennelled dogs. About 23% of 128 dogs positive for IgG antibodies to CCV were also positive for IgM antibodies to CCV, indicating recent CCV infection. Of those dogs that were presented with clinical signs of gastroenteritis such as diarrhoea and vomiting(n = 29), 85% were positive in the IgM ELISA and 85.7% in the IgG ELISA for antibodies to CCV. In comparison, for those dogs presented without any history of gastroenteritis only 15% were positive for IgM and 30% positive for IgG. Conclusion Serological evidence indicates that infection with CCV in dogs is widespread throughout the Australian mainland. The prevalence of antibodies varies greatly among different populations, with an average of 40.8% positive in kennelled populations and 15.8% in the open population.
Identification of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 by polymerase chain reaction
Authors: VARRASSO A , DYNON K , FICORILLI N , HARTLEY CA , STUDDERT MJ , DRUMMER HE 
Published: March 2008

Objective To develop and validate specific, sensitive and rapid (< 8 hour) diagnostic tests using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of abortion and respiratory disease caused by equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1; equine abortion virus) and EHV4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus).Design Primer sets based on nucleotide sequences encoding glycoprotein H (gH) of EHV1 and gB of EHV4 were designed and used in single round and second round (seminested) PCRs, and in a multiplex PCR for the diagnosis of EHV1 and EHV4 infections.Methods Oligonucleotide primers were designed for each virus, PCR conditions were defined and the specificity and sensitivity of the assays were determined. The tests were applied to tissue samples from aborted equine foetuses and to nasopharyngeal swabs from horses with acute febrile respiratory disease.Results Individual single round and a second round (seminested) EHV1 and EHV4 PCRs were specific in that EHV1 primers amplified all (n = 30) EHV1 isolates and did not amplify EHV4. Similarly EHV4 primers amplified all (n = 6) EHV4 isolates and did not amplify EHV1. Both PCRs were sensitive in that the first round EHV1 PCR detected 1220 molecules of EHV1 plasmid DNA and the first round EHV4 PCR detected 7280 molecules of EHV4 plasmid DNA. The EHV1 second round PCR was 100 times more sensitive in that it detected 12 molecules of EHV1 DNA and the EHV4 second round PCR was 1000 times more sensitive in that it detected 8 molecules of EHV4 DNA. There was a high correlation between detection of EHV1 by virus isolation and PCR when tissue samples from 71 aborted foetuses were examined; all samples positive by virus isolation were positive by PCR. Similarly the EHV4 PCR was at least as sensitive as virus isolation when applied to nasaopharyngeal swabs from horses with respiratory disease in that all samples positive by virus isolation were also positive by PCR.Conclusion Individual single round and second round (seminested) PCRs and a seminested multiplex PCR were developed that enabled reliable, rapid detection of EHV1 and EHV4 in aborted foetal tissues and nasopharyngeal swab samples.
The effect of three different doses of sodium pentosan polysulphate on haematological and haemostatic variables in adult horses
Authors: DART AJ , PERKINS N , DOWLING BA , BATTERHAM T , LIVINGSTON C , HODGSON DR 
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate the effects of three different doses of sodium pentosan polysulphate (PPS) on haematological and haemostatic variables in adult horses.Design Eight adult standardbred horses were used. All horses received a single injection of 0, 3, 6, and 10 mg/kg of PPS at the beginning of each treatment week for 4 weeks so that by the end of the study all horses had received all four doses of PPS. Blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 168 h after each weekly injection of PPS. Variables measured were packed cell volume, haemoglobin, red blood cell count, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, platelet count, white cell count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, eosinophil count, monocyte count, serum protein, fibrinogen, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT). Data were analysed using an ANOVA. Significance was set at P < 0.05.Results There was a dose‐dependent increase in PTT. A significant increase in PTT occurrred in all treatment groups when compared to horses receiving 0 mg/kg in which there was no change over time. The PTT values all returned to baseline by 48 h after treatment. The mean neutrophil count was higher 3 h after treatment when compared to time 0. Horses receiving 3 mg/kg of PPS had a higher lymphocyte count 4 h after injection, and those receiving 6 and 10 mg/kg had higher counts at 3,4,6 and 8 h after injection when compared to time 0. At 8 h after injection horses receiving 6 and 10 mg PPS had higher lymphocyte counts than horses not receiving PPS.Conclusions PPS causes a dose‐dependent prolongation of PTT in horses. At the dose rates currently recommended for treatment of joint problems in horses this increase was small and remained elevated from baseline for up to 24 h. Based on these findings doses of PPS up to 3 mg/kg should not be administered to horses within 24 h of high stress activities or where physical injury may occur.
Principles for the use of macrocyclic lactones to minimise selection for resistance
Authors: DOBSON RJ , BESIER RB , BARNES EH , LOVE SCJ , VIZARD A , BELL K , Le JAMBRE LF 
Published: March 2008

Objective To provide principles for the appropriate use of avermectin/milbemycin or macrocyclic lactone (ML) anthelmintics in sheep, to ensure effective worm control and to minimise selection for ML resistance. Strategy The principles were based on an assessment of the information currently available. The MLs were categorised into three groups (ivermectin [IVM], abamectin [ABA] and moxidectin [MOX]) based on structural differences, persistence and efficacy against ML resistant strains. The reported order of activity or efficacy against ML resistant worm strains was IVM<ABA<MOX. General treatment schemes were considered for Australian conditions and were divided into the following situations: 1. quarantine treatment, 2. treatment on/to clean pasture, 3. treatment on/to safe pasture, 4. treatment on/to moderate/heavily contaminated pasture. For each of these situations a strategy was considered for farms where ML resistance was present or absent. It was assumed that resistance commonly occurs in some or all other broad spectrum anthelmintics, and even where ML resistance has been detected, the ML group remains the most effective. The guidelines provided are general and it is expected that state agencies and sheep/veterinary advisers would give specific advice to suit their environments and drug resistance/worm problems. Conclusions The primary recommendation is to use a mixture of effective drugs when treating sheep. However, unless the combination treatment is highly effective it is unlikely to delay selection for ML resistance if sheep are being treated and moved to a clean or safe pasture. Where possible, reliance on the ML anthelmintics should be reduced by not using them every year, not using them in low risk stock or by using narrow spectrum and low efficacy drugs such as naphthalophos when appropriate. Anthelmintic treatment should be given as part of a strategic worm control program. It is suggested that IVM‐oral and IVM‐capsules should not be used when ML resistance is present. In this situation MOX or ABA should be used in combination with other drugs, provided that the chosen ML is effective against the resistant parasite. It is essential to monitor the efficacy of ML and drug combinations by post‐treatment worm egg counts, particularly when ML resistance has been detected.
Genotyping Shorthorn cattle for generalised glycogenosis
Authors: DENNIS JA , HEALY PJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective To develop a procedure for routine genotyping of Shorthorn cattle for the generalised glycogenosis allele in exon 18 of the acidic α‐glucosidase gene.Procedure Allele‐specific amplification and double mismatch amplification procedures for the discrimination of the exon 18 alleles were evaluated using leucocytes and hair roots as sources of target DNA.Results Allele‐specific amplification was effective for genotyping Shorthorn cattle at the 2454 site when purified DNA was used as target for the polymerase chain reaction. However, when the target DNA was derived from hair roots, differences in the relative yield of wild‐type and mutant amplicons were observed. The double mismatch amplification procedure was effective in genotyping all subjects, independent of the source of DNA. The unique cleavage sites for Drd I and Psh A I within exon 18 are present and absent respectively in the wildtype amplicon, and are lost and acquired, respectively, in the mutant amplicon. In addition, the Drd I and Psh A I mismatching cleavage sites incorporated into the primers serve as internal controls for Drd I and Psh A I cleavage.Conclusion The double Drd I /Psh A I mismatch amplification procedure using hair root samples as the source of DNA is a robust method for genotyping Shorthorns for generalised glycogenosis.
Prevalence of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in Persian cats and related‐breeds in Sydney and Brisbane
Authors: BARRS VR , GUNEW M , FOSTER SF , BEATTY JA , MALIK R 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveA form of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease has been identified in Persian cats and related breeds. Two features make elimination of this disease from future generations an achievable goal: the autosomal dominant mode of inheritance and the availability of a noninvasive technique, renal ultrasonography, to identify affected cats. The aims of this study were; to determine the prevalence of the disease in Persian cats and related breeds in Sydney and Brisbane, to determine any effect of domicile and breed on disease prevalence, to alert veterinary practitioners to the prevalence of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and to propose methods of eliminating the disease from future generations of cattery‐bred cats.DesignTo be included in this scheme, cats had to be of Persian or related breed and be older than 10 months‐of‐age. Younger cats were excluded because of the increased likelihood of a false negative result. Renal ultrasonography was performed using either a Medison 600 with a 7.5 MHz mechanical sector scanner (n = 228, Brisbane) or using an ATL UltraMark‐9 with a 5 to 10 MHz linear array transducer (n = 92, Sydney). The effects of domicile (Sydney versus Brisbane) and breed on the prevalence of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease were tested using two‐tailed Fisher's Exact tests.ResultsA total of 320 cats were tested comprising 230 Persians, 48 Himalayans, 17 Exotics, 14 Burmillas, 6 Ragdolls and 5 Chinchillas. The prevalence of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease in Sydney (45%) and Brisbane (42%) was comparable and no sex predilection was identified. The disease was not detected in Ragdolls, although only a small number was tested. Two of 14 Burmilla cats were positive (14%), demonstrating that long hair coat and brachycephalic features do not segregate with the polycystic kidney disease trait.ConclusionThese results show that the prevalence of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease amongst purebred, long‐haired cats in Australia is currently very high. Ultrasound detection schemes are easy to establish and breeder participation can be encouraged through subsidisation.
Progress towards understanding the spread, detection and control of Mycobacterium avium subsp para‐tuberculosis in animal populations
Authors: WHITTINGTON RJ , SERGEANT ESG 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo review and interpret aspects of the pathogenesis and epidemiology of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) for veterinarians involved in current Johne's disease control programs.ProcedureAn electronic and manual search was undertaken to identify published information which, together with limited unpublished data, was interpreted and summarised.ConclusionsParatuberculosis, a chronic enteropathy of ruminants, is caused byMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosisand is transmitted mainly in faeces to young animals by infected adults, some of which may not have clinical signs. The incubation period is inversely related to the size of the challenge dose but can be extremely prolonged. Clinical cases may not be seen within the economic lifespan of farm animals, particularly when stocking rates are low, pasture is spelled, or when animals are culled at a relatively young age. Other as yet unknown influences may determine the rate of progression or recovery from infection. Paratuberculosis appears in a range of forms from a disease with high prevalence and significant mortality through to one with very low prevalence and little obvious morbidity or mortality. Detection of infected flocks and herds relies on use of laboratory tests. Bacteriological culture of faeces is the most sensitive herd‐level test. The passage of time and repeated testing are the greatest allies in detecting paratuberculosis because infected animals progress in the disease process and most tests are more effective in the later stages of the disease. These factors generally cause the prevalence of paratuberculosis to be underestimated at both herd or flock and regional level. Greater understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis ofM a paratuberculosisinfection is critical in order to design improved diagnostic strategies, assess the feasibility of eradication and develop control options, particularly in small ruminants.
The susceptibility of two species of wallaby to infection with Trypanosoma evansi
Authors: REID SA , HUSEIN A , PARTOUTOMO S , COPEMAN DB 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the susceptibility of the agile wallaby (Macropus agilis) and the dusky pademelon (Thylogale brunii) to infection with Trypanosoma evansi. Method Two agile wallabies and three dusky pademelons were experimentally infected with between 5times104 and 10times104T evansi from a cryopreserved stabilate isolated from an Indonesian buffalo. Animals were observed twice daily for clinical signs and blood was collected every 3 days to determine parasitaemia. Necropsy was conducted on animals that died or were euthanased when in extremis and representative tissue sections examined. Results All wallabies developed a high parasitaemia by 6 days after infection, which persisted until death or euthanasia in extremis, between days 8 and 61. Clinical signs included anorexia, weakness and ataxia. Anaemia occurred in one wallaby that survived for 61 days. Gross pathological changes varied between animals. They included pericarditis, serous atrophy of fat, splenomegaly, ulcerative gastritis and enteritis. Histological changes were characterised by a mononuclear cell infiltration of the connective tissue of most organs with little cellular destruction. Striking lesions were seen in the choroid, heart, stomach and small intestine. Conclusion Agile wallabies and pademelons are highly susceptible to infection with T evansi. Wallabies, therefore, have the potential to spread T evansiwithin New Guinea and Australia if infection is introduced. Mortality is likely to be high thereby acting as an indicator of recent introduction. Histological changes seen in wallabies infected with T evansi are diagnostic for infections occurring in Australia and Papua New Guinea.