bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How TRW Automotive helps global virtual teams perform at the top of their game
Authors: Duckworth Holly 
Published: October 2008

AbstractGlobal virtual teams have the deck stacked against them: long distances, cultural differences, lack of social cues to help gauge each other's trustworthiness—and leaders unprepared to deal with these challenges. What such teams need for success are special leadership, consistent work practices, and keen attention to communication and building trust through a focus on member commitment and competency. TRW Automotive trains its continuous improvement leaders on how to apply the Goals, Roles, Processes, and Interpersonal Relationships (GRPI) Model with their far‐flung virtual project members to create the all‐important interdependent relationships and team cohesion in the absence of face‐to‐face interactions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of organic/inorganic hybrid star polymers of 2,2,3,4,4,4‐hexafluorobutyl methacrylate and octa(aminophenyl)silsesquioxane nano‐cage made via atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Hussain H. , Tan B. H. , Gudipati C. S. , Xaio Y. , Liu Y. , Davis Thomas P. , He C.B. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWell‐defined organic/inorganic hybrid fluorinated star polymers were synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of 2,2,3,4,4,4‐hexafluorobutyl methacrylate (HFBMA) using octa(aminophenyl)silsesquioxane (OAPS) nano‐cage as initiator. For this purpose, OAPS was transformed into ATRP initiator by reacting with 2‐bromoisobutyrylbromide. ATR polymerization of HFBMA was carried out in trifluorotoluene at 75 °C using CuCl/2,2‐bipyridine or N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine as catalyst system. GPC and 1H NMR data confirmed the synthesis of OAPS/PHFBMA hybrid star polymer. Kinetics of the ATR polymerization of HFBMA using OAPS nano‐cage initiator was also investigated. The OAPS/PHFBMA hybrid stars were found to be molecularly dispersed in solution (THF); however, TEM micrographs revealed the formation of spherical particles of ∼ 120–180 nm by the OAPS/PHFBMA hybrid star polymer after solvent evaporation. Thermal characterization of the nanocomposites by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed a slightly higher glass transition temperature (Tg) (when compared with the linear PHFBMA) of higher molecular weight OAPS/PHFBMA hybrid star polymers. In contrast, lower Tg than the linear PHFBMA was observed for OAPS/PHFBMA of relatively lower molecular weight (but higher than the linear PHFBMA). Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) showed a significant retardation (by ∼60 °C) in thermal decomposition of nanocomposites when compared with the linear PHFBMA. Additionally, surface properties were evaluated by measuring the contact angles of water on polymer surfaces. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7287–7298, 2008
Titanium tetrachloride supported on atom transfer radical polymerized poly(methyl acrylate‐co‐1‐octene) as catalyst for ethylene polymerization
Authors: Kaur Sukhdeep , Singh Gurmeet , Gupta Virendra K. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractEthylene polymerizations were performed using catalyst based on titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) supported on synthesized poly(methyl acrylate‐co‐1‐octene) (PMO). Three catalysts were synthesized by varying TiCl4/PMO weight ratio in chlorobenzene resulting in incorporation of titanium in different percentage as determined by UV‐vis spectroscopy. The coordination of titanium with the copolymer matrix was confirmed by FTIR studies. The catalysts morphology as observed by SEM was found to be round shaped with even distributions of titanium and chlorine on the surface of catalyst. Their performance was evaluated for atmospheric polymerization of ethylene in n‐hexane using triethylaluminum as cocatalyst. Catalyst with titanium incorporation corresponding to 2.8 wt % showed maximum activity. Polyethylenes obtained were characterized for melting temperature, molecular weight, morphology and microstructure. The polymeric support utilized for TiCl4 was synthesized using activators regenerated by electron transfer (ARGET) Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) of methyl acrylate (MA) and 1‐octene (Oct) with Cu(0)/CuBr2/tris(2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl)amine (Me6TREN) as catalyst and ethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate (EBriB) as initiator at 80 °C. The copolymer poly(methyl acrylate‐1‐octene; PMO) obtained showed monomodal curve in Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) with polydispersity of 1.37 and copolymer composition (1H NMR; FMA) of 0.75. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7299–7309, 2008
Block copolymer micelles conjugated with anti‐EGFR antibody for targeted delivery of anticancer drug
Authors: Noh Taiho , Kook Yeon Hee , Park Chiyoung , Youn Hyewon , Kim Hana , Oh Eun Tax , Choi Eun Kyung , Park Heon Joo , Kim Chulhee 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAntiepidermal growth factor receptor antibody (anti‐EGFR antibody) was conjugated with the block copolymer micelle based on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) for active targeting to EGFR overexpressing cancer cells. Doxorubicin (DOX) was encapsulated in the core of the block copolymer (MePEG‐b‐PCL) micelle (DOX‐micelle). The mean diameters of the DOX‐micelle and the anti‐EGFR‐PEG‐b‐PCL copolymer micelles loaded with DOX (DOX‐anti‐EGFR‐micelle) were about 25 and 31 nm, respectively. The RKO human colorectal cancer cells expressing moderate degree of EGFR were incubated with free DOX, DOX‐micelle, or DOX‐anti‐EGFR‐micelle to study the distribution of DOX in the cells. When cells were incubated with free DOX, moderate degree of DOX fluorescence was observed in the nuclei. In the cells treated with DOX‐micelle, the DOX fluorescence intensity in the cytoplasm was much greater than that in the nuclei. On the other hand, the nuclei of the cells treated with DOX‐anti‐EGFR‐micelle exhibited DOX fluorescence intensity similar to that in the cytoplasm. The cytotoxicity of DOX‐anti‐EGFR‐micelle to induce apoptosis in RKO cells was significantly greater than that of free DOX or DOX‐micelle. These results demonstrated that the presence of anti‐EGFR antibody on the DOX‐micelle surface (DOX‐anti‐EGFR‐micelle) increased the internalization of the DOX‐micelle and nuclear accumulation of DOX, and enhanced the DOX‐induced cell death. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7321–7331, 2008
Radical and cationic photopolymerization: New pyrylium and thiopyrylium salt‐based photoinitiating systems
Authors: El‐Roz Mohamad , Lalevée Jacques , Morlet‐Savary Fabrice , Allonas Xavier , Fouassier Jean Pierre 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNew thiopyrylium and pyrylium salt‐based photoinitiating systems for visible light induced free radical polymerization (FRP) or free radical promoted cationic polymerization (FRPCP) under visible lights are presented. The reaction mechanisms are investigated by laser flash photolysis and the structure/reactivity trend is discussed. The abilities of two different classes of coinitiators are investigated (thiols/disulfides and silanes). In FRP, upon irradiation with a xenon lamp (λ > 390 nm), the (thio)pyrylium salts in combination with thiols or disulfides lead to very high polymerization rates, compared to the reference eosin Y/methyldiethanolamine system. In FRPCP, silanes are found much better coinitiators: a high efficiency of the photopolymerization under air is noted. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7369–7375, 2008
Degradation of RAFT polymers in a cyclic ether studied via high resolution ESI‐MS: Implications for synthesis, storage, and end‐group modification
Authors: Gruendling Till , Pickford Russell , Guilhaus Michael , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe report on the detailed mass spectrometric analysis of the degradation products generated during storage of poly(methyl methacrylate) (pMMA) and polystyrene (pSty) carrying cumyldithiobenzoate (CDB) endgroups. Samples were stored in either a cyclic ether (tetrahydrofuran) (THF) or an inert solvent (dichloromethane). The degradation process was followed over a period of 4‐weeks. Degradation rate of the reversible addition fragmentation (RAFT) polymer strongly depends on the hydroperoxide‐content of the solvent. Mass spectrometric evidence supports an unexpected radical degradation mechanism for the pMMA macroRAFT agent. Hydroperoxide functional pMMA was the single product after less than 7 days in high purity THF. No formation of the sulfine/thioester was observed. The identity of the hydroperoxide was unambiguously assigned using accurate mass measurements by Fourier‐Transform ion‐cyclotron‐resonance mass spectrometry together with chemical identification reactions. The hydroperoxide end group formation proceeds efficiently as well as in high yields and thus constitutes a powerful method for end group modification. The degradation pathways of the CDB functional pSty in THF include mainly oxidation towards the sulfine/thioester, with little degradation via thermal elimination of dithiobenzoic acid and subsequent epoxidation. The shelf life of CDB functional polymers is limited even in inert solvent because of this inherent but slow thermal elimination reaction. Because of the short period necessary for the transformation of the functional dithiobenzyl endgroups, substitution of cyclic ethers as solvents for RAFT polymers in synthesis and analysis is strongly suggested. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7447–7461, 2008
Water‐soluble dendritic‐conjugated polyfluorenes: Synthesis, characterization, and interactions with DNA
Authors: Yu Minghui , Liu Libing , Wang Shu 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThree generation of Boc‐protected dendritic‐conjugated polyfluorenes (Boc‐PFP‐G0‐2) were synthesized by Suzuki coupling 1,4‐phenyldiboronic ester with dendritic monomers that were synthesized through generation‐by‐generation approach. The gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analyses showed that the weight‐average molecular weight (Mw) of Boc‐PFP‐G0‐2 was in the range of 11,400–20,400 Da with the polydispersity index (PDI) in the range of 1.32–1.96. Treatment of Boc‐protected polymers with 6 M HCl in dioxane yielded cationic dendritic‐conjugated polyfluorenes (PFP‐G0‐2). They were soluble in common polar solvents such as DMSO, DMF, and water with absorption maxima between 345 and 379 nm. The solutions of PFP‐G0‐2 in water were highly fluorescent with emission maxima between 416 and 425 nm. Because higher generation dendrons could prevent the formation of π‐stacking aggregates of backbones of conjugated polymer, the fluorescence quantum efficiencies (QEs) of PFP‐G0‐2 enhance as the dendritic generation grew. The interactions between 25 mer double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) and PFP‐G0‐2 were studied using ethidium bromide (EB) as fluorescent probe. The electrostatic bindings of PFP‐G0‐2 with dsDNA/EB complex result in displacement of EB from DNA double helix to the solution accompanying by a quenching of EB fluorescence. The PFP‐G2 with highest generation of dendritic side chains possessed a highest charge density and could form most stable complex with dsDNA. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7462–7472, 2008
Bismuth halide‐catalyzed polymerizations of ε‐caprolactone
Authors: Lahcini Mohammed , Schwarz Gert , Kricheldorf Hans R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn contrast to BiF3, the other three Bi‐halides catalyzed the ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL) in bulk. A temperature of 140 °C was found to be advantageous for rapid polymerization and optimum molecular weights. At this temperature, the reactivity of the catalysts increases in the order BiCl3 < BiBr3 < BiJ3. Variation of the monomer‐catalyst ratio (M/C) yielded number‐average molecular weights (Mns) up to 80,000 Da (corrected SEC data, 120,000 Da uncorrected), but a proper control of the Mns was not achieved. In addition to CH2OH endgroups, CH2Cl, CH2Br, and CH2J endgroups were detected, but no evidence for a cationic polymerization mechanism was found. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 7483–7490, 2008
Characterization, crystallization kinetics, and melting behavior of poly(ethylene succinate) copolyester containing 10 mol % butylene succinate
Authors: Lu Hsin‐Ying , Lu Shih‐Fu , Chen Ming , Yang Chao‐Sen , Chen Chi He , Tsai Chia‐Jung 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCopolyester was synthesized and characterized as having 89.9 mol % ethylene succinate units and 10.1 mol % butylene succinate units in a random sequence, as revealed by NMR. Isothermal crystallization kinetics was studied in the temperature range (Tc) from 30 to 73 °C using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The melting behavior after isothermal crystallization was investigated using DSC by varying the Tc, the heating rate and the crystallization time. DSC curves showed triple melting peaks. The melting behavior indicates that the upper melting peaks are associated primarily with the melting of lamellar crystals with various stabilities. As the Tc increases, the contribution of recrystallization slowly decreases and finally disappears. A Hoffman‐Weeks linear plot gives an equilibrium melting temperature of 107.0 °C. The spherulite growth of this copolyester from 80 to 20 °C at a cooling rate of 2 or 4 °C/min was monitored and recorded using an optical microscope equipped with a CCD camera. Continuous growth rates between melting and glass transition temperatures can be obtained after curve‐fitting procedures. These data fit well with those data points measured in the isothermal experiments. These data were analyzed with the Hoffman and Lauritzen theory. A regime II → III transition was detected at around 52 °C. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 46: 2431–2442, 2008
Surface phonon polariton modes of wurtzite structure Alx Ga1–xN thin film
Authors: Zhang L. , Shi J.‐J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe polar phonon polariton modes in a wurtzite thin film structure are theoretically investigated in the present paper. It is confirmed that there are two types of phonon polariton modes, i.e. the surface phonon polariton (SPP) modes and the confined phonon polariton (CPP) modes in wurtzite thin film systems. The frequency ranges of the SPP and CPP modes are discussed in detail. The dispersive equation of the SPP modes is also deduced. Numerical calculations on Alx Ga1–x N thin film structures reveal that, for a given free wave number kt in the x ‐direction, there are two branches of SPP modes in general. The Al concentration x of Alx Ga1–x N materials and the thickness d of the wurtzite thin film have an important influence on the dispersive properties of the polariton modes, especially as the thickness d is small. Our calculated results are completely consistent with the recent experimental observation in Alx Ga1–x N thin film systems. We confirm that the SPP modes observed are the low‐frequency branches of SPP modes. Furthermore, the frequency values of the high‐frequency branches of SPP modes are explicitly given, and a possible method for observing these high‐frequency SPP modes is also brought forward. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
EXAFS analysis of blue luminescence in polyoxytungstate citrate gels
Authors: De Buysser Klaartje , Van Driessche Isabel , Vermeir Pieter , Thuy Tran Thi , Schaubroeck Joseph , Hoste Serge 
Published: October 2008

AbstractRemarkable color changes can be seen when ammonium metatungstate – citric acid gels are submitted to sunlight. The colors strongly depend of the pH values of the precursor solution. Luminescence measurements reveal that gels at pH 7 exhibit a strong blue emission resulting from the presences of WO42– tetrahedra while a slight green emission is due to WO66– octahedra. The shift in equilibrium from octahedral to tetrahedral coordination upon increase in pH is confirmed by detailed EXAFS analysis. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Auxeticity of Calcite and Aragonite polymorphs of CaCO3 and crystals of similar structure
Authors: Aouni Nizar , Wheeler Lewis 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAuxeticity of Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 is explored for the polymorphs commonly known as calcite, which is trigonal, and aragonite, which is orthorhombic. A decomposition of the compliance tensor is presented for the trigonal and orthorhombic classes that simplifies the analysis of extreme values of Lamé compliance and Poisson's ratio. Simple criteria for the determination of auxeticity are proposed and discussed for a wide variety of trigonal and orthorhombic crystals. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Pharmacological and biological screening of ascorbigen: protection against glucose‐induced endothelial cell toxicity
Authors: Joshi Mandar S. , Bauer John A. , Werbovetz Karl A. , Barszcz Todd , Patil Popat N. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCruciferous vegetables contain significant amounts of ascorbigen and related substances with known molecular structures. This study tested the hypothesis that ascorbigen demonstrates antioxidant properties and protects human umbilical cord endothelial cells against hyperglycemic toxicity in vitro. It was observed that ascorbigen, in micromolar concentrations, protected against endothelial cell death from glucose toxicity. Additionally, ascorbigen at 3.0 mm shifted the concentration response curve of l‐phenylephrine to the right, with a reduction in the maximal contractile effects of the agonist. This action was not related to α‐adrenoceptor blockade. Ascorbigen also relaxed the vascular tone induced by l‐phenylephrine, which is not mediated by an endothelial cell nitric oxide‐dependent mechanism. On the guinea‐pig ileum, the spasmogenic effects of carbachol, histamine and serotonin were reduced in the presence of 3 mm ascorbigen. Spasm of the gut induced by the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine, was antagonized by ascorbigen with an IC50 of 286 µm. This natural product also has a weak antiparasitic activity. The cytoprotective effects of ascorbigen may be highly relevant in the optimum physiological regulation of the function and the therapeutic value of this substance in disease settings needs to be further investigated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extracts of Cynomorium songaricum protect SK‐N‐SH human neuroblastoma cells against staurosporine‐induced apoptosis potentially through their radical scavenging activity
Authors: Lu Yi , Wang Qingguo , Melzig Matthias F. , Jenett‐Siems Kristina 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn traditional Chinese medicine a number of herbs are used to alleviate the symptoms of aging, among them the stems of Cynomorium songaricum, Cynomoriaceae. This study evaluated the protective effect of different extracts of C. songaricum on staurosporine‐induced apoptotic cell death in SK‐N‐SH neuroblastoma cells. Staurosporine (100 nm) reduced cell viability to about 55%. The ethyl acetate fraction of C. songaricum significantly attenuated staurosporine‐induced cell death at concentrations of 100 and 10 µg/mL. On the other hand, the dichloromethane as well as water fractions showed no protective effects. In order to further analyse the protective mode of action, the superoxide anion scavenging activity of two extracts was evaluated in a xanthine/xanthine oxidase system. In this system, the EtOAc extract showed a good scavenging activity (IC50 value 2.9 µg/mL) without inhibition of xanthine oxidase. In conclusion, the results prove the neuroprotective activity of C. songaricum extracts in vitro, thus supporting its traditional use. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antioxidant properties and xanthine oxidase inhibitory effects of Tamus communis L. root extracts
Authors: Boumerfeg Sabah , Baghiani Abderrahmane , Messaoudi Dalila , Khennouf Seddik , Arrar Lekhmici 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis study was conducted to search for xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitors from the root extracts of Tamus communis L. traditionally used in folk medicine in Algeria. Root extracts with different solvents were screened for purified milk xanthine oxidase inhibition. The root extracts (methanol, chloroform and ethyl acetate) and proteins, obtained in distilled water, inhibited bovine, sheep and human milk XO from three species in a concentration‐dependent manner, with an additional superoxide scavenging capacity, which reached its highest level with ethyl acetate extract (IC50 = 0.15, 0.04 and 0.09 g/L) for bovine XO, sheep XO and human XO, respectively. The antioxidant potential was confirmed with the non‐enzymatic method, total radical‐trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) assay, which showed that the Tamus communis L. extracts have a potential antioxidant activity in the same order obtained by using the reduction of cytochrome c, an enzymatic method, in which the antioxidant activity followed a decreasing order: ethyl acetate extract > chloroform extract > protein. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antidiabetic effect of Olea europaea L. in normal and diabetic rats
Authors: Eidi A. , Eidi M. , Darzi R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe antidiabetic effect of an alcohol extract of olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves was investigated in normal and streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. The oral administration of the olive leaves extract (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 g/kg body wt) for 14 days significantly decreased the serum glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, uric acid, creatinine, aspartate amino transferase (AST) and alanine amino transferase (ALT) while it increased the serum insulin in diabetic rats but not in normal rats (p < 0.05). A comparison was made between the action of olive leaves extract and glibenclamide (600 µg/kg), a known antidiabetic drug. The antidiabetic effect of the extract was more effective than that observed with glibenclamide. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Microstructural Investigations of Organometallic Pd(II) Thiol-Gold Nanoparticles Hybrids
Authors: Vitale Floriana , Vitaliano Rosa , Battocchio Chiara , Fratoddi Ilaria , Giannini Cinzia , Piscopiello Emanuela , Guagliardi Antonella , Cervellino Antonio , Polzonetti Giovanni , Russo MariaVittoria , Tapfer Leander 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
In this work the synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles functionalized by a novel thiol-organometallic complex containing Pd(II) centers is presented. Pd(II) thiol,trans, trans-[dithiolate-dibis(tributylphosphine)dipalladium(II)-4,4′-diethynylbiphenyl] was synthesized and linked to Au nanoparticles by the chemical reduction of a metal salt precursor. The new hybrid made of organometallic Pd(II) thiol-gold nanoparticles, shows through a single S bridge a direct link between Pd(II) and Au nanoparticles. The size-control of the Au nanoparticles (diameter range 2–10 nm) was achieved by choosing the suitable AuCl4
−/thiol molar ratio. The size, strain, shape, and crystalline structure of these functionalized nanoparticles were determined by a full-pattern X-ray powder diffraction analysis, high-resolution TEM, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Photoluminescence spectroscopy measurements of the hybrid system show emission peaks at 418 and 440 nm. The hybrid was exposed to gaseous NO
x
with the aim to evaluate the suitability for applications in sensor devices; XPS measurements permitted to ascertain and investigate the hybrid –gas interaction.