bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
6 The Promise of Calvin's Theology of Participation
Authors: Todd Billings J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter briefly assesses the significance of the preceding chapters for the ongoing Gift discussion, as well as evaluates the criticisms and promise of Calvin's theology of participation in Christ. It argues that Calvin's theology of participation in Christ emerges from an exegesis of scripture that gives an important place to the images of participation, adoption, and engrafting. Calvin weaves these images together with a Pauline logic developed from his reading of Romans, and extends his use of these images of participation through his exegesis of other scriptural books and his reading of the church fathers. His theology of participation is also distinctive in relation to contemporary discussion because it brings together what are usually held apart: organic images of transformation into Christlikeness by the indwelling of the Spirit with forensic images of God's free pardon; a strong account of humanity's sin with a soteriology based on the restoration of a primal uniting communion with God.
Marginalization
Authors: Kallendorf Craig 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on Francesco Filelfo, a humanist scholar who was well known in the 15th century and whose mastery of Latin scholarship should have positioned him at the centre of power and privilege. He chose to advertise his skill by imitating the Aeneid, but the Aeneid he saw was not the straightforward one that was being presented by the first generations of humanist schoolmasters.
3 Revolution
Authors: Kallendorf Craig 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter considers three key assaults on the Ancien Régime: those of Oliver Cromwell in the 17th century; the American colonies at the end of the 18th; and the French citizenry, from the assault on the Bastille to the rise of Napoleon. In each case, an imitation of the Aeneid develops into an effort to come to terms with rapid political and social change. In the case of Paradise Lost, John Milton produced a poem that reveals all the complexities of the Restoration and his efforts to find a place within it, while in the case of the Columbiad, the production and revision of the poem show how Joel Barlow succeeded in creating an epic that articulates the values of a new revolutionary society. The third poem, the little-known Virgile en France of Victor Alexandre Chrétien Le Plat du Temple, makes the Aeneid, traditionally seen as a pro-imperial poem, into an allegory of the establishment of the French republic.
Conclusion
Authors: Kallendorf Craig 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis concluding chapter presents some final thoughts on the reading and translation of the Aeneid. It argues that we need to become more sophisticated in the way we analyse the relationship between two works of literature. It suggests that considerably more work needs to be done on the relationship between what is done in the schools and what is produced as ‘high culture’ by the graduates of those schools. The model provided by the Aeneid and its early modern progeny suggests that adopting a work of literature as a school text can become a proverbial two-edged sword. On the one hand, the fact that every educated person knew the Aeneid for hundreds of years provided opportunities that were fully exploited by writers like Le Plat, who parodied Virgil with the confidence that their work would be understood and appreciated in ways that are simply not possible today. On the other hand, the Aeneid was such a ubiquitous part of early modern culture that, as late as the 1970s, readers of Shakespeare's The Tempest simply failed to see it as the central subtext that it is now widely recognized to be.
SUPERFLUIDITY AND CHARGE CARRIERS
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter briefly summarizes the main features of superfluid helium. The Landau velocity criterion for the onset of superfluidity is discussed, and the spectrum of the elementary excitations is shown. A brief introductory description of the structure of electrons and positive He2 + ions in the liquid explains why they are chosen by researchers as probes to test the microscopic properties of superfluidity, and to study quantum hydrodynamics.
THE STRUCTURE OF IONS
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe interaction of electrons and positive ions with liquid helium is very strong and locally modifies the environment. Positive ions polarize the surrounding fluid. Electrostriction produces such a large pressure increase near the ion that the melting transition appears at a distance of a few Ångstroms from the ion. The ion is surrounded by a solvation shell of solid helium-ice called a snowball. On the other hand, electrons interact with the electronic clouds of the atoms of the liquid via short-range exchange repulsion forces. As a consequence, electrons are encompassed by an empty cavity of approximately 20 Ångstroms in diameter. This chapter describes how thermodynamics and quantum mechanics allows the researchers to calculate the charge structures.
OTHER RELEVANT EXPERIMENTS WITH NEGATIVE IONS
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractNegative ions in liquid helium are electron bubbles. The electron inside the empty cavity is a physical realization of the particle-in-the-box problem described in textbooks on basic quantum mechanics. Spectroscopic experiments described in this chapter have directly measured the quantized level of the electron localized in the bubble. Another interesting physical problem is what happens when the electron bubble approaches the liquid-vapor interface. It is known that electrons are released from the bubble into the vapor. Experiments and theory are aimed at understanding if the electron directly tunnels into the vapor or if it diffuses over the barrier. Recent theoretical works favor the model of direct tunneling, provided that the distribution function of the bubbles is not of the Boltzmann type.
ION TRANSPORT AT PHASE TRANSITIONS
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAt T=2.17 K and P=0, liquid helium undergoes the superfluid transition. Dose this transition belong to the same universality class of the usual liquid-vapor transition? This question has been addressed in experiments in which the ion mobility has been studied. It appears that the mobility is not singular at the transition though its slope appears to be infinite. The explanation for this result is given by solving the Navier-Stokes equations for a granular fluid composed by interwoven islands of normal fluid and superfluid. Investigations of the ion mobility at the melting transition have put into evidence the existence of an electrostriction-induced, superfluid transition in the liquid surrounding the positive ions.
ION TRANSPORT IN SUPERFLUID 3HE
Authors: Borghesani A.F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractFor T &lt; 2.73 mK, liquid 3He becomes superfluid because of the formation of atomic Cooper pairs. The Pauli exclusion principle keeps atoms at a distance from each other so that the pair has non negligible angular momentum. The pairing is anisotropic, giving origin to a very rich phase diagram of the superfluid. The pairing anisotropy affects the ion mobility, which also turns out to be anisotropic. The richness of the superfluid phase diagram is reflected in the ion transport properties. The presence of anisotropy and textures makes theory extremely complicated. Magnetic fields modify both phase diagram and ion mobility. Vortices are also present in the superfluid in a much greater variety of types than in 4He. This fact has made experiments very difficult, and, in fact, their number is small.
Social Democracy Inside Out
Authors: Rueda David 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe analysis in this book disputes entrenched interpretations of the comparative political economy of industrialized democracies. It questions, in particular, the widely-held assumption that social democratic governments will defend the interests of labour. The evidence shows that labour has become split into two clearly differentiated constituencies: those with secure employment (insiders) and those without (outsiders). The book focuses on three policy areas: employment protection (representing the main concern of insiders), and active and passive labour market policies (the main concern of outsiders). The main thrust of the argument is that the goals of social democratic parties are often best served by pursuing policies that benefit only insiders. The implication of the book's insider-outsider model is that social democratic government is associated with higher levels of employment protection legislation but not with labour market policy. The book also argues that there are factors that can reduce insider-outsider differences and weaken their influence on social democratic governments. These hypotheses are explored through the triangulation of different methodologies. The book provides an analysis of surveys and macrodata and a detailed comparison of three case-studies: Spain, the UK, and the Netherlands.
6 Unemployment Vulnerability and Active Labor Market Policies
Authors: Rueda David 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter analyses how the interaction between government partisanship and unemployment vulnerability affect the politics of active labour market policies (ALMPs) in Spain, the Netherlands, and the UK. The analysis of the Spanish case shows that government partisanship does not affect ALMPs. Social democratic governments in Spain have not promoted higher levels of ALMPs compared with conservative ones. Developments in the Netherlands are remarkably similar to those in Spain. The analysis of the UK case shows a clear temporal division. During the 1970s and 1980s, government partisanship did not affect a general disinterest in ALMPs. Employers did not want them, unions had incentives not to pay too much attention to them, and Conservative and Labour governments had no reason to favour them. High levels of insider protection made the Labour Party indifferent to ALMPs until the arrival of Margaret Thatcher. The decrease in insider protection promoted by the conservative governments of Thatcher and Major facilitated a new interest in ALMPs by insiders and the emergence of Blair's Third Way (defined as a Labour strategy with employment promotion as a preeminent goal).
7 Partisanship, Institutions, and Social Policy
Authors: Rueda David 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines how the interaction between government partisanship and corporatism affects social policy in Spain, the Netherlands, and the UK. It is shown that in a noncorporatist country such as Spain, the policies of the PSOE governments lacked a clear social dimension. ALMPs were considered secondary to other political objectives (such as inflation reduction or labour market flexibilization). In the Netherlands, corporatism promoted much higher levels of social policy, but, as in Spain, the influence of government partisanship was not obvious. The UK case shows that before the 1980s, both parties had engaged in expansive welfare measures. The electoral victory of Margaret Thatcher signaled the beginning of a period in which governments of both parties would limit social policy. It is shown that the Conservative governments of Thatcher and Major pursued policies directed to the retrenchment of the welfare state.
Farewell to Empiricism
Authors: Ho Dien 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
In Lecture 2 of The Empirical Stance, Bas van Fraassen argues that empiricism cannot be construed as a simple philosophical position; instead, he suggests that empiricism should be thought of as a stance. In the last section of the lecture, van Fraassen hints at the possibility that many other philosophical positions (e.g., materialism) are in fact stances if these positions are to survive as coherent views. This chapter points out some unsettling ramifications of van Fraassen's general thesis. The first section reconstructs van Fraassen's arguments against traditional empiricism. The second section offers an extension of his critique of empiricism to philosophy at large. The final section examines the consequences of van Fraassen's generalized thesis and how philosophy will survive in light of it.
Legitimacy in International Society
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe word ‘legitimacy’ is seldom far from the lips of practitioners of international affairs. The legitimacy of recent events — such as the wars in Kosovo and Iraq, the post-September 11 war on terror, and instances of humanitarian intervention — have been endlessly debated around the globe. And yet the academic discipline of IR has largely neglected this concept. This book asks that legitimacy be taken seriously, both as a facet of international behaviour with practical consequences, and as a theoretical concept necessary for understanding that behaviour. It offers an historical and theoretical account of international legitimacy. It argues that the development of principles of legitimacy lie at the heart of what is meant by an international society, and in so doing fills a notable void in English school accounts of the subject. The book's conclusion, in the end, is that legitimacy matters, but in a complex way. Legitimacy is not to be discovered simply by straightforward application of other norms, such as legality and morality. Instead, legitimacy is an inherently political condition. What determines its attainability or not is as much the general political condition of international society at any one moment, as the conformity of its specific actions to set normative principles.
3 Westphalia: The Origins of International Legitimacy?
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn 1648, a peace settlement was struck at Westphalia that combined the Münster Treaties (the Empire and France) and Osnabrück (the Empire and Sweden). This settlement has long enjoyed iconic status in the study of international relations. This chapter examines the notion of society as constituted by mutual recognition, and on a procedural principle of international consensus. Many of the terms of the treaties touched upon these issues of rightful membership and rightful conduct. More fundamentally, what was at stake in Westphalia was the capacity of an international forum, acting for an embryonic international society, to stake out a position on these matters at all. Evidence in support of such an interpretation is investigated.
The Versailles Settlement: The Making of an Illegitimate Order?
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses the Versailles Settlement after World War I. The Versailles is tainted with inaugurating order considered to be illegitimate. It stressed the conditions of rightful membership of international society, but in such a way that this domestic test undermined its simultaneous attempt to integrate the vanquished states into the new system. As far as its treatment of the international dimensions of legitimacy was concerned, Versailles faced problems in finding any effective consensus, around its treatment of Germany specifically, and in the procedural aspects of the treaty negotiations more generally. These features compounded the underlying problems that already awaited the peacemakers. The war had been of such magnitude — affecting so many lives directly, creating both domestic and international divisions, and engendering insatiable expectations of the peace — that the peacemakers were all but impotent to deal sensibly with its consequences. This was not a settlement in which the peacemakers carelessly let the opportunity for consensus–building slip through their fingers: the basic problem of Versailles was that no such consensus could possibly be found.
Foreword: Toward an Era of Longevity and Wealth
Authors: Fogel Robert W. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This foreword provides an overview of demographic development during the past three centuries, as life expectancy and per-capita growth of GDP have increased dramatically. Due to the intense interplay between physiological improvement and technological advances, humans have increased their body size by more than 50% in the past two centuries, and the betterment of general sanitation, reduction of air pollution in the cities, and higher food intake have improved life expectancy. It is argued that demographers have consistently underestimated the impact of such improvements and, consequently, have underestimated gains in life expectancy. With more workers living longer and healthier lives, men in Western countries have four times more leisure than they did a century ago, and this trend will continue. This achievement has devastating financial implications for already overburdened social security systems and calls for a careful re-examination of social security to ensure future sustainability.
Chapter 2 The Chilean Pension Reform Turns 25: Lessons from the Social Protection Survey
Authors: de Mesa Alberto Arenas , Bravo David , Behrman Jere R. , Mitchell Olivia S. , Todd Petra E. , Otero Andres , Skog Jeremy , Vasquez Javiera , Velez-Grajales Viviana 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter introduces the Encuesta de Previsión Social (EPS, or Social Protection Survey), a recently developed longitudinal survey of individual respondents that provides invaluable new information for microeconomic analyses of key aspects of the Chilean pension system, and illustrates some of the analyses possible with these data. Initiated in 2002, the EPS fielded a follow-up round in 2004; additional survey waves were scheduled for 2006 and every two years thereafter (funding permitting). In addition, the research team has worked to link respondent records to a wide range of historical administrative files on contribution patterns, benefit payments, and other program features. Among the findings is that participation rates are much higher with automatic enrolment in retirement plans than with opt-in enrolment. Many individuals view the employer default savings option as an implicit endorsement of both the contribution rate and the distribution of funds. Default choices are not neutral; they play a role in every stage of the lifetime savings cycle, including savings plan participation, contributions, asset allocation, rollovers, and decumulation.
Chapter 4 The Gender Impact of Social Security Reform in Latin America
Authors: James Estelle , Edwards Alejandra Cox , Wong Rebeca 
Published: January 2008

AbstractOver the past two decades many countries have adopted multipillar pension systems that include both a public DB and a private DC pillar. Critics of these pension reforms argue that the tight link between payroll contributions and benefits in the DC pillar produce lower pensions for women. In contrast, supporters of these reforms argue that multipillar systems remove distortions that favour men and permit a more targeted public pillar that help women. This chapter examines the differential impact on genders of the new and old systems in Chile, Argentina, and Mexico. In all three cases, the new social security system includes two mandatory components: privately managed funded individual accounts (DC) and a publicly managed and financed safety net. Women accumulate retirement funds and private annuities from the DC pillar of the multipillar systems that are only 30-40% of those of men. This effect can be mitigated by introducing two critical elements into the new systems: (a) targeting the new public pillars toward low earners, because the majority of low earners are women, and (b) restricting payout provisions such as joint annuity requirements. With these modifications, total lifetime retirement benefits for women would reach 60-80% of those for men. For ‘full-career’ married women, they would equal or exceed benefits of men.
Chapter 6 Reflections on Pension Reform in the Americas: From ‘Averting the Old-Age Crisis’ to ‘Keeping the Promise of Old-Age Security’ and Beyond
Authors: James Estelle , Packard Truman , Holzmann Robert 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins by presenting Estelle James' points of discussion if she were to cowrite a sequel to Averting the Old Age Crisis. Truman Packard then summarizes some of the issues raised in Keeping the Promise of Social Security in Latin America and highlights the most important points for pension policymakers. In particular, this chapter addresses the issues of low coverage and the expected outcome of pension reforms. The World Bank's framework for pension systems and reform is discussed.
Chapter 7 Bounded Rationality in Latin-American Pension Reform
Authors: Weyland Kurt 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the decision-making process surrounding pension reform in Latin America. It argues decision to emulate the Chilean model did not follow the procedures of full, ‘economic’ rationality. Rather they were shaped by shortcuts of bounded rationality. Instead of proactively scanning the international environment for the relevant information, experts and policymakers mostly reacted to information about Chilean-style privatization that happened to be available to them. Rather than conducting systematic, balanced, cost-benefit analyses of this innovation, many of them were overly impressed by the initial success of Chile's private pension funds and used associative reasoning in depicting social security privatization as the main cause for the dramatic increase in domestic savings and productive investment and the resulting growth boom experienced by Chile. Furthermore, instead of thoroughly adapting the Chilean import to their own country's requirements, decision-makers in a number of countries stayed strikingly close to the original. Thus, these pension reformers did not apply the principles of comprehensive rationality, but displayed the three principal shortcuts documented by cognitive psychologists in innumerable experiments and field studies: the heuristics of availability, representativeness, and anchoring.
Chapter 15 The Pension System in Argentina
Authors: Rofman Rafael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses pension reform in Argentina. Argentina instituted a major pension reform in 1994 following an extremely serious macroeconomic crisis. Partly inspired by Chile's experience, it replaced its PAYGO system with a mixed model that incorporated elements of both public and private systems. It is argued that the pension reform was actually a combination of four separate but interdependent reforms: a number of parametric changes, which resulted in stricter requirements for receiving benefits; a shift from a DB formula tying benefits to previous earnings to a DC structure; a re-introduction of a funded scheme; and a set of institutional changes that created both pension fund management firms and public supervisory agencies. Coverage rates as well as indirect economic effects, such as the impact on capital and labour markets are considered, and key policy challenges with respect to coverage, institutional design and efficiency, and system fragmentation are reviewed. While these issues were exacerbated by the 2001-2 financial crisis, it is shown that the pension funds have produced reasonable returns over time.