bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sulfation and sulfonation
Authors: Paulson M. H. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryPatent and technical literature contain a wide variety of references to sulfation and sulfonation. Many of these relate to methods specific for individual compounds or substituted functional groups, or to involved methods undesirable for commercial plant operation. Other references relate to gross methods wherein simplicity of operation is unrestricted by close product quality specifications. Sulfation and sulfonation for detergent manufacture fall in between these examples, being relatively straight‐forward operations but subject to the strict requirements of good color and low residual oil content in the finished detergent. From the process standpoint, good color and low oil content tend to be opposing requirements. To achieve both requires careful selection and control of the process variables. There still remains much room for improvement in the techniques of detergent manufacture directed toward the economical use of time, equipment, and materials. Since this industry is relatively new and highly competitive, such developments may be expected.
Studies on some chemical aspects of kusum oil
Authors: Kundu M. K. , Bandyopadhyay C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractChemical methods, chromatography and infrared spectroscopy have been applied to ascertain the location and nature of the cyanogenic compounds in kusum oil. Observations indicate the cyanogenic compounds to be a part of glyceride molecules in which one of the hydroxyl groups of the latter is bonded to the cyanogenic compound through an ether linkage. Chromatographic behavior of the isolated cyanogenic compounds further indicates that at least two glyceride molecules are involved. These glycerides are predominantly esterified with saturated fatty acids.
New process for the production of better quality rapeseed oil and meal: II. Detoxification and dehulling of rapeseeds — feasibility study
Authors: Eapen K. E. , Tape N. W. , Sims R. P. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFeasibility studies have shown that a white, bland, defatted, thioglucoside‐free flour can be prepared from rapeseed. The thioglucosides, the precursors of toxic principles, present in rapeseeds are removed by aqueous extraction. The key operations, boiling of the seed followed by wet‐grinding and aqueous extraction, help in the removal of seed coat from the rapeseed. Although aqueous extraction results in the loss of solids, the quality of the end products is good and may offset the loss.
Fatty acids of cows' milk. A. Techniques employed in supplementing gas‐liquid chromatography for identification of fatty acids
Authors: Magidman Paul , Herb S. F. , Barford R. A. , Riemenschneider R. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMilk fat methyl esters were subjected to distillation and silicic acid column chromatography to provide fractions of less complexity for gas‐liquid chromatographic analysis. It was still necessary however to employ supplemental techniques for identification. Chromatograms were obtained with polyester columns of different polarity on all the fractions and necessary reference samples. While many of the components were identified in the usual way by plots of relative retention time versus number of carbon atoms, iodine values for total unsaturation and ultraviolet spectrophotometry for conjugated and nonconjugated polyunsaturated acids were essential for positive identification of some components. Similarly, examination by infrared spectrophotometry confirmed the presence or absence of conjugated diene ascis‐trans, trans‐trans or both. Isolatedtrans or terminal double bonds were also determined in this way. Gas‐liquid chromatograms of some fractions showed incompletely resolved peaks attributable to the presence of methyl esters of odd‐carbon atom, branched‐chain, and unsaturated acids. Hydrogenation and rechromatographing provided more positive determination of the structure of these components. Further confirmation of identity of some peaks on the chromatogram was achieved by collection of the appropriate fractions and examination of the collected material. At least 60 fatty acids were identified, including several not previously reported, such as odd‐numbered carbon chain length monoethenoid acids from C15 to C23.
The antioxidant activity of 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxybenzyl derivatives
Authors: Kim D. H. , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractVarious electron donating groups such as alkoxyl, alkylthio, and alkylamino groups were used to replace a hydrogen atom of the para‐methyl group of 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol, BHT. The antioxidant activity of these 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxybenzyl derivatives in stripped corn oil at 79.5°±1.0C was measured on the basis of the length of the induction period. A modified peroxide determination was devised and used in the present study. The overall average of the per cent accuracy, based on the standard error, was 2.5%.The results indicated that the tertiary methyl and ethylamine derivatives had the strongest potency among all compounds tested. Both amine derivatives were able to prolong the induction period of the corn oil twice as much as BHT. The alkoxyl derivatives were as effective as BHT. The alkylthio derivatives showed stronger activity than either BHT or the alkoxyl derivatives. The secondary alkylamine derivatives, except the n‐hexadecylamine derivative, demonstrated nearly the same degree of potency as BHT. However, the n‐hexadecylamine derivative exhibited far stronger activity than either the three lower alkylamine derivatives or BHT. In all three homologous series, the methyl derivatives showed significantly lower activity than the ethyl or n‐propyl derivatives. Differences between the ethyl and n‐propyl derivatives were not significant. 3,5‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxybenzylpyridinium bromide acted as a prooxidant. An attempt has been made to explain the variation in activity of these derivatives in terms of the inductive effect exerted by the nucleophilic substituents and/or in terms of the structural features of the derivatives.
Diesters and diamides ofa‐sulfopalmitic anda‐sulfostearic acids
Authors: Weil J. K. , Stirton A. J. , Bistline R. G. 
Published: May 2007

Abstractα‐Methylsulfopalmitic acid and dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and isomeric methyl butyl esters of α‐sulfopalmitic and stearic acids were prepared and characterized. Reaction of a silver salt with an alkyl iodide was preferred to the acid chloride method found to involve competing side reactions. Diamides of α‐sulfopalmitic and stearic acids were prepared from ammonia, ethanolamine, and isopropanolamine by an acid chloride method. Infrared spectra of representative compunds are discussed.
Alkyd resins modified with cyclic fatty acids a preliminary evaluation
Authors: Miller W. R. , Teeter H. M. , Schwab A. W. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlkyd resins were modified to 50% oil length with crude, flash‐distilled, and 78% pure cyclic fatty acids. These resins were compared with ones modified with naturally occurring fatty acids and with vegetable oils. Those modified with the cyclic acids process more rapidly than those prepared with linseed, safflower, or soybean fatty acids, and they also have good nonyellowing properties. Resins modified with 78% pure cyclic acids show definite improvement in drying time, hardness, and chemical resistance in air‐dried films, and an almost equal improvement in baked films, over resins obtained with the other modifiers. Distilled cyclic acids also improve alkyd resins although not to the extent that pure acids do. Both give resins superior to commercial oil‐modified resins under the test conditions. Resins with crude cyclic acids are as good in air‐dried films as are the others, but are poorer in baked films.
Metal soaps of wool wax acids as stabilizers for plasticized polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Eisner Abner , Noble W. R. , Scanlan J. T. , Palm W. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCopper, magnesium, lead, nickel, cobalt, manganese, iron, chromium, cadmium, and barium soaps of the wool wax acid fraction have been tested as stabilizers for plasticized polyvinyl chloride polymers. Barium, cadmium, and lead soaps performed well in the light stability evaluations. In the heat aging tests barium, magnesium, lead, and nickel soaps were superior while cadmium, and manganese soaps performed poorly. The copper, cobalt, iron, and chromium soaps were ineffective.Two tests for stability were employed: an accelerated light aging test and an accelerated heat aging test. Combinations of barium and cadmium soaps were tested for synergistic effects and found to be more effective as stabilizers than the individual soaps. Soaps made from fractions of acids by partitioning the whole wool wax acid fraction were also tested. Neither the hydroxy nor the non‐hydroxy acid fraction soaps had as goad stabilizing properties for PVC as those of the whole acid fraction.
The preparation and properties of some synthetic glycerides
Authors: Jackson J. E. , Lundberg W. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn a study of the use of tritylglycerols as starting materials for synthesis of mono‐ or diglycerides and mixed triglycerides, it was found that acyl migration can be minimized or prevented by detritylation in petroleum ether, avoiding contact with polar solvents or contaminants. Under conditions favoring acyl migration, tetrabromostearoyl radicals were found to migrate less readily than stearoyl radicals.
Search for new industrial oils. VII
Authors: Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A. , Glass C. A. , Jones Quentin 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSeed oils from 37 plant species in 18 families have been analyzed for fatty acid composition by the isomerization method. The variability encountered is evidenced by the range in content of component acids: from 0舑23% for apparent linolenic acid, from 8舑74% for apparent linoleic acid, and from 2舑88% for apparent oleic acid. Dimorphecolic acid has been found to the extent of approximately 60% in a second species ofDimorphotheca, D. pluvialis (L.) Moench, and in the closely related species,Osteospermum ecklonis (DC.) T. Norl.O. spinescens Thunb. contained instead 30% of a conjugated triene, presumably the same as the 8,10,12‐octadecatrienoic reported from the relatedCalendula officinalis L. Oils rich in monoenoic acids are mostly in the Umbelliferae and Araliaceae and presumably contain petroselinic acid as well as oleic.
A comparison of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis guinea pig responses using an intravenous or an intradermal route for antigen challenge
Authors: Mottola A. C. , Eldridge L. , Herring V. , Kohler G. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe passive cutaneous anaphylaxis method has been used to evaluate residual antigenicity in castor bean pomace. This paper compares the results obtained using two routes of antigen challenge, intradermal (ID) and intravenous (IV). Passively sensitized guinea pigs were challenged with untreated and steam treated castor meal extract. An analysis of variance of the data shows there was greater variability between pigs within dose for the IV assay method compared to the ID technique. The ID assay also showed greater precision of the potency estimates.
Correlation of the mean‐molecular weights of commercial alkylbenzenes with gas‐liquid chromatographic data
Authors: Silver A. H. , Adam W. H. , Gardner H. M. , Keily H. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGas‐liquid chromatography has been used to estimate the mean‐molecular weights of commercial alkylbenzenes of the polypropylene type. Results obtained chromatographically on samples from several sources correlate well with mean‐molecular weight data determined chemically via the sulfonic acids produced from them.The chromatograms are obtained with a 200‐ft. capillary column coated with Apiezon L grease. Partial resolution of the multicomponent mixtures to yield eighty to one hundred peaks, each possibly representing several components, is achieved. A plot of the logarithms of the relative retention times at the median areas of the chromatograms of narrow‐cut distillation fractions of alkylbenzene vs. their known mean‐molecular weights provides a linear calibrating relationship with a discontinuity at a mean‐molecular weight of ca. 260. This discontinuity distinguishes 舠dodecylbenzenes舡 from the higher molecular weight 舠tetradecylbenzenes舡.
Characterization of cyclopropenoid acids in selected seed oils
Authors: Wilson T. L. , Smith C. R. , Mikolajczak K. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEvidence is provided that sterculic and malvalic acids occur together in seed oils ofSterculia foetida, Hibiscus syriacus, andLavatera trimestris. Sterculia foetida oil contains 54.5% sterculic and 6.7% malvalic acids;Hibiscus syriacus oil contains 16.3% malvalic and 3.4% sterculic; andLavatera trimestris oil contains 7.7% malvalic and 0.6% sterculic acids.Hibiscus syriacus oil also contains 1.5% dihydrosterculic acid. The cyclopropenoid acids were characterized by hydrogenation in conjunction with gas‐liquid chromatography and by oxidation to ॆ‐dioxo acids with subsequent cleavage with peracetic acid. Acetolysis of epoxides in the presence of cyclopropenes was effected by room temperature treatment with acetic acid‐10% sulfuric acid (5蝘2).
The cuticle wax of the Cuban palm,Copernicia hospita
Authors: Kitzke E. D. , Wilder E. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe physical and chemical constants characterizing a previously unreported palm wax are given. These are compared to and are quite similar to those of carnauba. There is also reference to certain gross field characteristics such as leaf size, age at time of flowering, and wax yields. The wax compares favorably with carnauba in typical polish compositions.
Biological effects of the polymeric residues isolated from autoxidized fats
Authors: Kaunitz Hans , Slanetz Charles A. , Johnson R. E. , Knight H. B. , Saunders D. H. , Swern Daniel 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThere is increasing evidence that the abnormal nutritional properties of highly autoxidized fats are related to the polymers which develop during autoxidation. Lard and cottonseed oil were aerated at 95°C. for 200 hrs. and molecularly distilled; and the residue fractions, non‐volatile at 275 to 300°C., were studied.Diets containing 20% of autoxidatively produced polymeric residue, fed to albino rats, led to diarrhea and rapid death, but when this residue was reduced to 10%, most of the animals were gradually able to tolerate it. At the 4 or 7% level it was well tolerated, but growth was reduced. There were no distinctive histological lesions, and withdrawal of the polymer permitted immediate realimentation without evidence of subsequent injuries.The polymeric residue from autoxidized cottonseed oil exerted a greater growth‐depressant effect than that from lard, and the latter, more than that from a hydrogenated vegetable oil used for deep‐fat frying for 80 hrs. at 190°C. Addition of fresh fat to the polymeric residues decreased their growth‐depressant effect.When rats were fed a measured amount of diet sufficient to maintain their weight, the caloric requirement necessary for weight maintenance gradually decreased. When the dietary fat source consisted of polymeric residue to the extent of 4 to 10%, the caloric requirement for weight maintenance decreased relatively little, if at all. The polymeric residue from autoxidized lard was, in this respect, as effective as that from autoxidized cottonseed oil.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XIII. Formulations with alpha‐olefin sulfonates as lime soap dispersants
Authors: Noble W. R. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHeavy duty household type detergents were formulated from tallow soap‐AOS(α‐olefin sulfonate)‐builder combinations. Various commercial AOS samples were evaluated. These were derived either from closely fractionated α‐olefins such as C14, C16, and C18 or from samples representing broader mol wt ranges such as C14−C16 and C16−C18. The builders incorporated into these combinations were a sodium silicate (Na2O∶SiO2=1∶1.6), sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium citrate, sodium carbonate, and trisodium nitrilotriacetate. Detergency evaluations of 0.2% solutions in 300 ppm hard water (as CaCO3) were determined with three commercial soiled cloths and by a multiwash test in which clean cloth was repeatedly soiled and washed. The relative proportions of soap, AOS, and builder were varied to obtain maximum detergency, and comparisons were made to other soap‐LSDA (lime soap dispersing agents)‐builder combinations as well as to a commercial high phosphate detergent used as a control. Detergency performance of soap‐AOS combinations ranked just below that of the commercial high phosphate detergent control and below that of soap formulations containing sodium methyl α‐sulfotallowate.
Thermal analysis: An alternative method of measuring oil stability
Authors: Hassel R. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPreliminary results using three different thermal analysis techniques to evaluate the relative oxidative stabilities of five vegetable oil samples yielded good correlations with the predicted stabilities by the active oxygen method. The thermal analysis techniques offer the advantages of good quality control time, being less empirical, and requiring limited equipment and operator expertise. In addition, these techniques should be useful in evaluating oil‐processed finished products as well as the oils themselves.
Hydroformylation with recycled rhodium catalyst and one‐step esterification‐acetalation: A process for methyl 9(10)‐methoxymethylenestearate from oleic acid
Authors: Awl R. A. , Frankel E. N. , Pryde E. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPrevious studies on hydroformylation of methyl oleate with rhodium and triphenylphosphine or triphenylphosphite have led to a laboratory process for recycling the precious metal catalyst. Another catalyst recycling process has now been studied as the basis for converting commercially available oleic acid into the enol ether of methyl formylstearate. The process involves one‐step esterification‐acetalation of formylstearic acid made by hydroformylating oleic acid with rhodium and triphenylphosphine. Esterification‐acetalation is done in a recycling system with methanol, an acid‐exchange resin for catalysis, and molecular sieves to remove water from the reaction mixture. The dimethyl acetal methyl ester formed from formylstearic acid is thermally cracked and distilled in one pot to produce the enol ether, methyl methoxymethylenestearate. The soluble rhodium catalyst in the distillation residue is combined with the insoluble catalyst from filtration and recycled for hydroformylation. The product methoxymethylenestearate is a versatile and stable derivative for various potential industrial applications.
Determination of traces of heavy metals in oils and fats by arc spectrography
Authors: Farhan F. M. , Pazandeh H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA new and simple method is described for direct and simultaneous determination of traces in fats and oils of iron, copper, nickel, lead, silver, aluminum, magnesium, calcium and manganese. Graphite powder is used as spectroscopic buffer and for preparation of standard powders. Using necked cupped carbon electrode and cone shaped counter electrode, a steady DC arc discharge is obtained with graphite matrix. A quartz spectrograph of high resolving power is used for this determination.
Disproportionation of abietic acid: I. Iodine catalyzed reaction at low temperature
Authors: Ishigami M. , Yamane K. , Agawa T. , Ohshiro Y. , Ikeda I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDisproportionation of abietic acid in the presence of equimolar iodine was carried out in benzene at 60 C, and the reaction products were continuously determined by gas‐liquid chromatography as methyl esters. The major peaks were isolated and characterized by mass, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry. Four isomers of dihydroabietic acids, dehydroabietic acid, and small amounts of lactones were detected. Electron spin resonance measurement suggested the intermediacy of free radicals.
A wet method for pure particulate soiling of test cloths for detergency screening tests
Authors: Matson T. P. , Johnson M. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA procedure is presented for soiling detergency test cloths with particulate soil. These cloths offer advantages over most commercial soiled cloths and laboratory soiling procedures in that there is no oily material necessary for dispersion and thereby the testor obtains results which are specific to particulate soil alone. The procedure involves a wet soiling technique, followed by drying and sorting for subsequent detergency evaluation. The soil composition includes Bandybalck clay, iron silicate, and iron oxide. Detergency results are discussed.
Statistical approach to detergency evaluation. Correlation of performance data with gas chromatographic patterns of alkylbenzenes
Authors: Jungermann Eric , Davis G. A. , Beck E. C. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe precision of a standardized detergency test based on the use of a Tergotometer and U.S. Test Cloth was found at a concentration of 0.4 and 0.5%. At these concentrations, the standard deviation was 0.56% soil removal units, and precision at a 95% confidence limit wasŷ1.12% soil removal units.The detergency of some built spray‐dried detergents was examined by this method and found to differ significantly, though chemical compositions were identical. Gas chromatographic analysis of the alkylbenzenes obtained by desulfonation of the alkylbenzene sulfonates indicated small structural variations which correlated with the observed variations in the detergency.
Quantitative estimation of esters by thin‐layer chromatography
Authors: Vioque E. , Holman R. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA method for the analysis of fatty esters employing separation by thin‐layer chromatography and quantitative determinationvia their hydroxamic acids has been developed. Esters of different types are separated on silica gel plates, the spots or zones are scraped from the plates, the esters are extracted from the silica gel, and the iron hydroxamic acid complexes are formed. The latter are then measured by colorimetry.The method is suitable for analysis of mixtures of ordinary, epoxy, monohydroxy, and dihydroxy fatty esters as well as for mixtures of mono‐, di‐, and triglycerides.Used in conjunction with gas chromatography this method permits the fatty acid composition of seed oils containing oxygenated fatty acids to be measured in about 3 hours. The amount required for the total analysis is 1 to 10 mg. per determination, depending upon composition.
The adsorption and chromatography of alkyl benzene sulfonates on charcoal
Authors: Mysels K. J. , Biswas B. , Tuvell M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA chromatographic procedure for the separation and characterization of sodium alkyl benzene sulfonates is outlined. It is based on properly sized activated charcoal and uses methanol with varying amounts of benzene and a small content of ammonia and water. Milligram quantities of surfactants are used and the fractions analyzed colorimetrically. The rationale of the method is established by adsorption measurements which indicate that in this system the surfactant is adsorbed by both van der Waals and ionic forces with strong dependence upon both molecular weight and structure.