bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Altitude Illness in Skiers: A Worldwide Concern
Authors: Bovard RS , Schoene RB 
Published: March 2009

Altitude illness, or acute mountain sickness (AMS), is a common affliction among skiers at elevations between 2000 and 4000 m (about 6500–13 000 ft) (moderate altitude). Studies show that at least one in four persons going to these elevations will develop AMS, more than half of whom will be forced to reduce their activities. The constellation of symptoms associated with this entity ranges from minor inconvenience to debilitating or even fatal episodes in a small number of cases. Many ski resorts and associations have in the past been reluctant to educate skiers about AMS because of the potential economic loss from fear of the sickness. Yet the magnitude of the problem suggests that the cost to the ski industry of not educating skiers about AMS is significantly greater in the long run.
In 1991, however, the Colorado Department of Health, the Colorado Department of Tourism, and Colorado Ski Country—USA, in conjunction with the Colorado Altitude Research Institute (CARI) in Keystone, collaborated on an informational statement to educate skiers about problems associated with fast ascent to altitude. This consortium of health care, tourism, and ski industry leaders is unique and serves as a model for other high-altitude communities.
The interest in promoting greater skier safety and enjoyment, however, is a worldwide concern, whether one skies in the Rocky Mountains, the Andes, or the Alps. The purpose of this paper is to encourage the education of persons of all nationalities who ski or exercise above 2000 m (6561 ft) about altitude illness.
Fuzzy Logic Control of Bioadaptive Ski Binding Release
Authors: Crawford RP , Mote CD 
Published: March 2009

The relationships between moments predicted at the frequent sites of injury during snow skiing and “high” and “low” electromyographic measures and weight bearing in the leg are used to develop a ski binding release algorithm that continuously controls the retention setting. The algorithm is based on concepts of fuzzy logic. Simulations of the performance of the algorithm, tested with data collected during 101 ski test runs in field experiments, revealed nine different actual release/retention actions than occurred with the conventional binding during the experiments. In five cases where the conventional binding released possibly prematurely, the simulated algorithm did not predict release. In two cases when the subject fell during moderate weight bearing and muscle contraction, the conventional binding did not release and the algorithm predicted twist release.
The algorithm demonstrates promise to address simultaneously some of the key problems of inadvertent and inadequate binding release. These results suggest that reduction of the number of inadvertent releases requires better prediction of the forces and moments at the sites of potential injury, and binding designs that reduce the retention threshold during intervals of low weight bearing and muscle contraction may also better control the forces and moments at the sites of potential injury.
The Snowboarder's Talus Fracture
Authors: Paul CC , Janes PC 
Published: March 2009

A four-year nonrandomized retrospective clinical study was instituted to ascertain the pattern of injuries sustained by participants of snowboarding. One thousand four hundred and fifteen questionnaires representing 1507 physician-seen and diagnosed snowboarding injuries were collected from 1988 through 1992.
Forty-eight participants reported lateral ankle pain and were diagnosed with a fracture of the lateral process of the talus. Twenty-three of the 48 patients participated in a follow-up questionnaire detailing their treatment, current pain level, and function.
All of the fractures were intra-articular and into the posterior facet of the talocalcaneal joint. Diagnosis often required tomograms, computerized tomography (CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies to detail fragment size, displacement, and degree of comminution.
Four patients underwent early open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) with three excellent and one good short-term result. The remaining 19 were treated with casting, splinting or limited weight bearing or both. Fifteen of those treated nonoperatively reported varying degrees of symptoms without complete recovery, including four patients who have been diagnosed with a symptomatic nonunion requiring further treatment. One fracture was diagnosed more than two years after the original injury.
This fracture may be easily missed on X-ray, making diagnosis difficult; thus an aggressive diagnostic approach is recommended. Large or significantly displaced fractures may respond better to more aggressive treatment, including early ORIF or excision.
Fiber/Matrix Interface Effect on Monotonic and Fatigue Behavior of Unidirectional Carbon/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Large-Toumi B , Salvia M , Vincent L 
Published: March 2009

This paper deals with the study of the influence of fiber/matrix interface on the fatigue behavior of unidirectional carbon/epoxy composites. These materials are based on a T300/DGEBA/DDM system and the sizing nature, fiber oxidation, and degree of cure are varied independently. The interfacial properties were evaluated by the microdebonding test. The results show the good adhesion developed in our systems. The epoxy specific sizing increases the interfacial strength and the lack of oxidation treatment slightly decreases it.
In three-point bending, the failures of the composites all appear on the compressive side, due to undesirable fiber kinking phenomena. To overcome these difficulties, which are linked to the compressive effects of the loading nose, a compression bending test was adapted to perform monotonic as well as fatigue tests. Under this configuration, progressive failure initiates on the tensile side and slowly propagates through the thickness of the sample. The Wöhler's curves can be plotted with moderate scattering. They are very flat, in comparison to the GFRP curves, and thus show the excellent fatigue behavior of these materials.
The effect of the interface on both the monotonic and cyclic behaviors is clearly pointed out. The lack of fiber oxidation increases the monotonic properties without changing the fatigue resistance significantly. On the other hand, a slight matrix under-cure leads to a better intrinsic fatigue resistance but to smaller properties-to-failure. The analysis of both monotonic and cyclic properties reveals the existence of different optima depending on the interfacial properties. The “best” interface does not exist; it is a function of both the fiber/matrix system properties and the mechanical performance studied.
Engine Coolant Technology, Performance, and Life for Light-Duty Applications
Authors: Turcotte DE , Lockwood FE , Pfitzner KK , Meszaros LL , Listebarger JK 
Published: March 2009

Recently there has been interest by motor vehicle manufacturers in developing longer-lived automotive engine coolants with an emphasis on organic acid technology (OAT) [1]. Paradoxically, the lifetime of conventional technology remains largely undefined. Concerns arising from the depleting nature of silicate have led to modern conservative change recommendations of 30 000 to 50 000 miles (∼48 279 to 80 464 km) [2].
In the present work, laboratory bench test, engine dynamometer and vehicle service data from traditional silicate, hybrid and nonsilicate coolants are compared and contrasted. A new electrochemical test is used to examine passivation kinetics on aluminum. It is shown that performance and lifetime are independent of chemistry and cannot be generalized. Examples include an American silicate coolant with excellent performance on high-heat-rejecting aluminum (80 W/cm2), European and American silicate coolants with performance defined lifetimes in excess of 300 000 miles (482 790 km), and an OAT coolant with laboratory high lead solder protection. It is concluded that the primary benefit of OAT is to meet global specifications that include chemical limitations.
Conceptual Modeling of a Well-Developed Alluvial Basin
Authors: Williams D , Johnson NM , Fowler AC 
Published: March 2009

The alluvial basin of northern Santa Clara Valley in central California has undergone extensive ground water development since early this century. Typical of many alluvial basins in the Western United States, the basin consists of coalesced fans deposits with little lateral continuity among individual sand and gravel zones.
The discontinuous lithology of Santa Clara Valley Basin, coupled with the sometimes minimalist lithologic logs provided by water well drillers, frustrate our attempts to use geology as a surrogate for defining the hydrostratigraphy and resultant model layers. Our alternative approach uses well completion data, supplemented by geologic data, to define depths of water-bearing zones. This method of defining hydrostratigraphy assumes that water well drillers typically recognize and successfully locate preferential depths for producing ground water.
We grouped well completion data from approximately 400 wells into basin subareas, based on general basin geology. Within each subarea, well screen abundance was graphed by depth. The screen-interval abundance graphs, supplemented with existing geologic interpretations, provided the basis of our hydrostratigraphic interpretation.
Screen-interval abundance suggested that the previously accepted three layer conceptual model of the Santa Clara Valley Basin could be divided into six hydrogeologic layers. We interpolated the six layers identified in each subarea to form basinwide layers, primarily based on ground water flow patterns and depth, with secondary consideration to geology. Geologic data and aquifer test data provided the basis for zoned hydrologic parameters in each layer. This method of estimating hydrostratigraphy, and subsequent model layers, results in a bias for placing well screens in individual model layers. This bias aids model calibration by associating historical water levels with individual model layers.
This six layer conceptual model provided a basis for a numerical flow model that successfully simulated ground water flow conditions in the Santa Clara Valley. Existing ground water maps showed important flow features that previous model attempts, incorporating simpler conceptual models, could not simulate. By reconciling the simpler conceptual models with our new conceptual model, we demonstrated that the important flow features were simulated, even though no single model layer reproduced the flow features observed on the existing ground water maps.
Groundwater Modeling Using an Integrated Large-Capacity Finite-Element Model for Multiple Aquifer Groundwater Flow
Authors: Eddebbarh A , Carlson F , Hemker CJ 
Published: March 2009

Groundwater computer codes have been used as a tool in a variety of ways in water resources planning, water rights evaluations, and groundwater contamination investigations and remediations. The use of groundwater models is burdened by the complexity of preparing the data input, evaluating model output, and difficulty in representing complex site physical features.
Micro-Fem is a software package composed of several integrated, well-defined parts and integrated programs. The software offers tremendous capabilities in terms of ease of data input preparation, checking the accuracy of the data, performing operations on the different model parameters, graphics display, and presentation and analysis of modeling results.
The Micro-Fem programs are developed to create and analyze a wide range of multilayer steady- and transient-state groundwater flow models with a maximum of 16 layers, 12,500 nodes, and 25,000 elements. The computer is used to replace the laborious finite-element administration and the file editing tasks by means of graphic screen control. The presentation of model results includes water balance calculations, flowlines, and travel time.
For the Centennial Water and Sanitation District (CWSD), groundwater is a key component in their water supply plans. Therefore, CWSD has undertaken a comprehensive groundwater modeling program to manage their groundwater resources.
The three main aquifers of the Denver Basin (Denver, Arapahoe, and Laramie-Fox Hills) developed by the CWSD were modeled using both Micro-Fem and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) finite-difference model, MODFLOW. Results of the two models were compared as well as the time required to prepare data and analyze modeling results. The comparison included model assessment of various scenarios of groundwater development. Also, the models were used to determine well development patterns that minimize water level declines and well replacement costs. Results of the comparison indicated that (1) Micro-Fem predicted heads were close to those predicted by MODFLOW, (2) Micro-Fem predicted pumping well cones of depression were similar to those predicted by MODFLOW, and (3) the time to prepare the input data and to display results was significantly lower than that required by MODFLOW.
Geostatistical Analysis of Hydraulic Conductivity of the Upper Santa Fe Group , Albuquerque Basin, New Mexico
Authors: Ruskauff GJ 
Published: March 2009

A regional groundwater flow model has been developed to be used as a management tool for the Albuquerque Basin. It is crucial to recognize the impact of the inherent uncertainty in aquifer hydrogeology when applying the model, and an understanding of the effects of uncertainty can be accomplished using a probabilistic approach to address the role of natural variability of aquifer properties on management strategies.
Statistical analysis shows that the hydraulic conductivity data is moderately skewed to the right, but is not lognormal. Geostatistical analysis revealed zonal anisotropy oriented due north-south, which is directly related to the flow direction of the ancestral Rio Grande which laid down the Upper Santa Fe Group deposits. The presence of multiple depositional environments within the Upper Santa Fe Group violates the assumption of stationarity. This can be circumvented by choosing the simulation search radius so that local stationarity holds, or by separating the basin into two portions to be simulated separately and then combined for flow model analysis.
Pesticide risk management using indicators for vineyards in the central valley of chile
Authors: Nario Adriana , Capri Ettore , Balderacchi Matteo , Pino Inés , Parada Ana María , Videla Ximena , Luzio Walter , Casanova Manuel , Seguel Oscar 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The Apalta catchment is a wine-producing area of 1300 ha, lying south of Santiago, located in the Colchagua Valley, near Santa Cruz in the VI Region of Chile. The vineyards are planted on slopes of up to 22°, the rows being aligned mainly down the slope. This cropping system and its management lead to a potential contamination of natural resources. To assess the risk of environmental contamination due to the application of pesticides in different pest control strategies, indicators at a field level were derived according to a step-by-step procedure. Using these indicators, runoff was found to be the main process of impact. The different pest control strategies in this catchment caused different potential risks, though these in general were low.
c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase Activity in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue but Not Nuclear Factor-κB Activity in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Is an Independent Determinant of Insulin Resistance in Healthy Individuals
Authors: Sourris Karly C. , Lyons Jasmine G. , de Courten Maximilian P.J. , Dougherty Sonia L. , Henstridge Darren C. , Cooper Mark E. , Hage Michelle , Dart Anthony , Kingwell Bronwyn A. , Forbes Josephine M. , de Courten Barbora 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVEChronic low-grade activation of the immune system (CLAIS) predicts type 2 diabetes via a decrease in insulin sensitivity. Our study investigated potential relationships between nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways—two pathways proposed as the link between CLAIS and insulin resistance.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSAdiposity (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and insulin sensitivity (M, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp) were measured in 22 healthy nondiabetic volunteers (aged 29 ± 11 years, body fat 28 ± 11%). NF-κB activity (DNA-binding assay) and JNK1/2 activity (phosphorylated JNK) were assessed in biopsies of the vastus lateralis muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue and in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) lysates.RESULTSNF-κB activities in PBMCs and muscle were positively associated with WHR after adjustment for age, sex, and percent body fat (both P &lt; 0.05). NF-κB activity in PBMCs was inversely associated with M after adjustment for age, sex, percent body fat, and WHR (P = 0.02) and explained 16% of the variance of M. There were no significant relationships between NF-κB activity and M in muscle or adipose tissue (both NS). Adipose-derived JNK1/2 activity was not associated with obesity (all P&gt; 0.1), although it was inversely related to M (r = −0.54, P &lt; 0.05) and explained 29% of its variance. When both NF-κB and JNK1/2 were examined statistically, only JNK1/2 activity in adipose tissue was a significant determinant of insulin resistance (P = 0.02).CONCLUSIONSJNK1/2 activity in adipose tissue but not NF-κB activity in PBMCs is an independent determinant of insulin resistance in healthy individuals.
Changes in Sleep Patterns, Genetic Susceptibility, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in China
Authors: Diao Tingyue , Liu Kang , Lyu Junrui , Zhou Lue , Yuan Yu , Yang Handong , Wu Tangchun , Zhang Xiaomin 
Published: April 2024

ImportanceThe associations of changes in sleep patterns with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) are not fully elucidated, and whether these associations are modified by genetic susceptibility remains unknown.ObjectivesTo investigate the associations of 5-year changes in sleep patterns with incident CVD and whether genetic susceptibility modifies these associations.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis prospective cohort study of the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort was conducted from 2008 to 2018 in China. Eligible participants included those with complete sleep information at baseline survey (2008-2010) and the first follow-up survey (2013); participants who had no CVD or cancer in 2013 were prospectively assessed until 2018. Statistical analysis was performed in November 2023.ExposuresFive-year changes in sleep patterns (determined by bedtime, sleep duration, sleep quality, and midday napping) between 2008 and 2013, and polygenic risk scores (PRS) for coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke.Main Outcomes and MeasuresIncident CVD, CHD, and stroke were identified from 2013 to 2018. Cox proportional hazards regression models were applied to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs.ResultsAmong 15 306 individuals (mean [SD] age, 65.8 [7.4] years; 8858 [57.9%] female and 6448 male [42.1%]), 5474 (35.78%) had persistent unfavorable sleep patterns and 3946 (25.8%) had persistent favorable sleep patterns. A total of 3669 incident CVD cases were documented, including 2986 CHD cases and 683 stroke cases, over a mean (SD) follow-up of 4.9 (1.5) years. Compared with those with persistent unfavorable sleep patterns, individuals with persistent favorable sleep patterns over 5 years had lower risks of incident CVD (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.73-0.87), CHD (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.76-0.92), and stroke (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.54-0.82) in the subsequent 5-year period. No significant effect modification by PRS was observed for sleep pattern change and CHD or stroke risk. However, sleep pattern changes and PRS were jointly associated with the CHD and stroke risk in a dose-dependent manner, with the lowest risk being among those with persistent favorable sleep patterns combined with low PRS (HR for CHD, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.52-0.82 and HR for stroke, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.29-0.79).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study of middle-aged and older Chinese adults, individuals with persistent favorable sleep patterns had a lower CVD risk, even among those with higher genetic risk. These findings highlight the importance of maintaining favorable sleep patterns for CVD prevention.
Generation of Anterior Segment of the Eye Cells from hiPSCs in Microfluidic Platforms
Authors: Koçak Gamze , Uyulgan Sude , Polatlı Elifsu , Sarı Vedat , Kahveci Burak , Bursali Ahmet , Binokay Leman , Reçber Tuba , Nemutlu Emirhan , Mardinoğlu Adil , Karakülah Gökhan , Utine Canan Aslı , Güven Sinan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractOphthalmic diseases affect many people, causing partial or total loss of vision and a reduced quality of life. The anterior segment of the eye accounts for nearly half of all visual impairment that can lead to blindness. Therefore, there is a growing demand for ocular research and regenerative medicine that specifically targets the anterior segment to improve vision quality. This study aims to generate a microfluidic platform for investigating the formation of the anterior segment of the eye derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) under various spatial‐mechanoresponsive conditions. Microfluidic platforms are developed to examine the effects of dynamic conditions on the generation of hiPSCs‐derived ocular organoids. The differentiation protocol is validated, and mechanoresponsive genes are identified through transcriptomic analysis. Several culture strategies is implemented for the anterior segment of eye cells in a microfluidic chip. hiPSC‐derived cells showed anterior eye cell characteristics in mRNA and protein expression levels under dynamic culture conditions. The expression levels of yes‐associated protein and transcriptional coactivator PDZ binding motif (YAP/TAZ) and PIEZO1, varied depending on the differentiation and growth conditions of the cells, as well as the metabolomic profiles under dynamic culture conditions.
Design of intelligent behavior analysis software based on speaker identity classification algorithm in microgrid mode
Authors: Guo Weijie 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDigital technology still has a low level of intelligence in the microgrid mode of teaching behavior analysis, resulting in the traditional manual observation and recording stage still being used for speaker identity classification, and the efficiency of teaching behavior analysis is also low. In response to the above issues, the research is based on the teacher‐student analysis method and proposes a dual clustering algorithm based on the general background model Gaussian mixture model for speaker identity classification, thereby realizing the development and design of intelligent behavior analysis software. The research results indicate that the average recall rate of behavior transition points in the classroom teaching discourse corpus of the intelligent behavior analysis software is 89.03%, which is better than traditional analysis methods. Therefore, the intelligent behavior analysis software constructed by the dual clustering algorithm has high effectiveness and practicality. The research proposes a method model and implements intelligent visualization for classroom teaching behavior analysis, improving the efficiency of analyzing current microgrid teaching behavior.