bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A rapid method for the prediction of germinability of French beans*
Authors: PANDEY D. K. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYSun‐dried French bean seeds, moisture content 10 ± 0·8%, aged at ambient temperature for 2 months, 1, 2, 3 and 4 yr were incubated in hot water at 58 × 1°C for 30 min. Buffering capacity of incubation water (IWBC) due to solutes leaked out into hot water was highly correlated with electrolyte leakage into single seed steep water. The IWBC was examined for its ability to predict seed quality of ageing stocks. The technique does not require any instrument. Thus it may prove useful as a rapid, simple, inexpensive and highly predictive vigour test.
The effect of powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. avenae) on yield, yield components and grain quality of spring oats
Authors: RODERICK H. W. , JONES I. T. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYYield components and grain quality were investigated on eight cultivars of spring oats with known differences in adult plant resistance to mildew and with different fungicide treatments. Losses in grain yield caused by mildew could be accounted for mainly by reductions in numbers of fertile panicles and thousand grain weights. The proportion of grain yield to total biomass, (harvest index) was also reduced. There were no effects of treatment on the concentration of fatty acids in the grain, the proportions of the component fatty acids, the percentage content of grain protein or the specific weights. However, correlation analysis of the data revealed that percentage protein contents and specific weights were negatively correlated with levels of mildew. There were significant genetic differences between cultivars in all of the yield and quality characteristics but no fungicide treatment/cultivar interactions.
Effects of ammonium‐N on development and infectivity of the take‐all fungus
Authors: COTTERILL P. J. , SIVASITHAMPARAM K. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYEffects of applications of a mixture of ammonium sulphate and mono‐ammonium phosphate and of ammonium nitrate on the incidence of take‐all disease of wheat (caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici) and on subsequent inoculum levels were studied in field and glasshouse experiments. In a field experiment in Western Australia, on a sandy soil at pH 5·4, nitrogen applications had no detectable effect on disease severity at anthesis, but ammonium sulphate treatment increased the number of propagules of the pathogen in the soil. In a pot experiment, in which seed was sown in the field experiment soils, disease was greater in soil from plots treated with ammonium sulphate and least in soil from the nil‐nitrogen plots, reflecting the respective inoculum levels in the field plot. However, treatment of the soils of lower inoculum with ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate during this pot experiment decreased disease. A second pot experiment confirmed the effectiveness of ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate in reducing take‐all at lower inoculum levels, and their ineffectiveness at higher inoculum levels.
Production and use of cDNA clones from arabis mosaic virus
Authors: JELKMANN W. , MAISS E. , BREYEL E. , CASPER R. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYArabis mosaic virus (AMV) genomic RNAs were converted to dsDNA and cloned into bacterial plasmids. Insert sizes of cDNA clones ranged from 0·2 to 3·2 kbp. Restriction enzyme mapping identified clones representing at least 90% of the RNA‐2 genome. A 0·9 kbp clone specific to RNA‐1 was also identified. Northern blot hybridisations of AMV RNAs with clones from either RNA‐1 or RNA‐2 showed no cross reactions. The sensitivity of virus detection in dot hybridisation was 15 pg of purified genomic RNA and 40 pg of purified virus particles. The possibility of using cDNA clones for the detection of AMV in strawberry sap was demonstrated. Two AMV dsRNAs corresponding to genomic RNAs in size were isolated from infected cucumber plants and reacted in hybridisation experiments.
Relationships among strains of bean common mosaic virus and blackeye cowpea mosaic virus ‐ members of the potyvirus group
Authors: LANA ALLAN FEMI , LOHUIS H. , BOS L. , DIJKSTRA JEANNE 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIn host‐range studies, bean common mosaic virus strains (BCMV‐NL1, ‐NL3 and ‐NY 15) usually induced distinct systemic symptoms in susceptible bean cultivars and latent infection in several Vigna genotypes (except NY15 which gave mosaic symptoms in the latter), while blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (B1CMV‐W) caused distinct systemic symptoms in several Vigna genotypes and only weak systemic symptoms in a few bean genotypes only. Biologically, B1CMV‐W was closest to BCMV‐NY15 and less close to ‐NL1. When using antisera to the three BCMV strains and five strains of B1CMV (including a strain originally considered cowpea aphid‐borne mosaic virus CAMV‐Mor) in SDS‐immunodiffusion and ELISA, BCMV‐NL1 and ‐NY15 were found to be closely related to each other and to BICMV‐Fla, ‐NR and ‐W, and less closely to BICMV‐Ind and ‐Mor. Serological relationships of BCMV‐NL1 and ‐NY15 to BCMV‐ NL3 were more distant, which is in line with the biological distinction of NL3 in causing temperature‐independent necrosis in bean cultivars with the necrosis gene I. PAGE analysis of coat proteins revealed that the three strains of BCMV and B1 CMV‐W have similar but non‐identical molecular masses. Although molecular hybridisation may further elucidate quantitative relationships between potyvir‐uses, variation within and among the potyviruses may continue to pose problems in their classification and identification.
Seed‐borne cucumber mosaic virus infection of narrow‐leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) in Western Australia
Authors: JONES R. A. C. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIn 1986 in Western Australia, cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infection was widespread in breeders' selections of narrow‐leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), and in collections of lupin cvs and wild L. angustifolius lines. When seed of some of these selections and cvs was sown, seed‐borne CMV was detected in seedlings. Infection of F1 progenies was traced to use of infected parent plants. CMV was also widespread in 25 seed crops of the new lupin cv. Wandoo but not in 42 seed crops of the new cv. Danja. When samples of the seed sown in 1986 were tested, CMV was detected in 3 ‐ 34% of seedlings of cv. Wandoo but in none of cv. Danja. Following intensive roguing of symptom‐bearing plants in the 1986 seed crop of new lupin cv. Gungurru, the level of seedling infection with CMV in seed samples after harvest was 0·1‐0·2%. CMV was detected in 6 ‐ 8%, 0·6‐5% and 0 ‐ 18% of seedlings from seed samples of established lupin cvs Chittick, Yandee and Illyarrie respectively. Highest levels of seed transmission were in seed from crops grown in high rainfall areas.When a sample of cv. Wandoo seed was graded for size by sieving, CMV was detected in seedlings grown from seed in all grades, but the smallest grade contained the highest level of infection. When seed was collected from pods at different positions on plants in a CMV‐infected crop of cv. Illyarrie, seed from primary pods transmitted the virus to seedlings at a 3% rate, seed from first order lateral pods at 8% while seed from second and third order lateral pods transmitted at 13%. Examination of CMV‐infected lupin crops indicated that seed‐infected plants competed poorly and tended to be shaded out in dense crops but to survive in sparse crops. In 1987 during drought conditions after seeding, plant mortality was greater with seed‐infected seedlings than with healthy seedlings despite wide plant spacing.An isolate of CMV from subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) induced severer symptoms in lupins than four isolates from lupin; only the subterranean clover isolate prevented seed production. In tests at one lupin breeding site, CMV was found in 15 species of weeds and volunteer legumes. Fumaria officinalis, Stachys arvensis and volunteer lupins were most frequently infected.
Production and some characteristics of monoclonal antibodies against beet necrotic yellow vein virus
Authors: TORRANCE L. , PEAD M. T. , BUXTON G. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYFour rat monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) were produced. In indirect ELISA, all four MAbs reacted strongly with BNYVV infected plant leaf extracts (19 isolates from eight countries) but they did not react with beet soil‐borne virus (BSBV), an unnamed rod‐shaped soil‐borne beet virus isolate (86 ‐ 109) from Sweden or barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV). However, two of the MAbs, MAFF 6 and MAFF 7 did not detect BNYVV in ELISA of infected sugar beet roots whereas MAbs MAFF 8 and MAFF 9 did detect virus in root extracts.In electro‐blot immunoassay (EBIA), MAFF 6 and MAFF 7 readily detected BNYVV coat protein from leaf extracts whereas MAFF 8 and MAFF 9 reacted only weakly. None of the MAbs reacted with BSBV, 86 ‐ 109, BSMV or plum pox virus in EBIA. MAFF 6 coated BNYVV particles which were trapped from infected leaf or root sap on to electron microscope grids by polyclonal antibodies. MAFF 6 was partially purified from tissue culture supernatant fluid by cation exchange chromatography and the preparation used to coat microtitre plates and successfully trap BNYVV in ELISA of leaf sap extracts.
Levels and components of resistance to Amphorophora idaei in raspberry cultivars containing different resistance genes
Authors: BIRCH A. N. E. , JONES A. T. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYLevels and components of resistance to Amphorophora idaei in raspberry cultivars containing different A. idaei resistance genes were studied under infestation tunnel, glasshouse and laboratory conditions. Each test consistently ranked raspberry cultivars, with increasing levels of resistance in the order, non‐resistant (cv. Mailing Jewel), resistant cultivars containing minor genes, major gene A1, gene A10 (red raspberry) and gene A10 (black raspberry) respectively. Resistance was expressed in three different ways; decreased alatae settling and feeding, decreased apterae settling and decreased aphid fecundity and rate of nymphal development.Following exposure to a large population of alatae, significantly fewer aphids settled on A1, A10 and to a lesser extent, minor gene‐containing cultivars, compared to cv. Mailing Jewel. More alatae settled on the top than the bottom zone of non‐resistant, minor gene resistant and two of four A1‐containing cultivars; alatae settling was low on all zones of A10‐containing raspberries. Aphid fecundity and nymph development patterns on different cultivars and resistance classes were similar to those found for alatae settling. After 7 days reproduction more than 30% of the nymphs developed to third or fourth instar on cv. Mailing Jewel, whilst on minor gene and major gene‐containing cultivars the total number of nymphs and the proportion of later instars decreased. On resistant cultivars the nymphs were found mainly on the middle and bottom leaf zones, compared to cv. Mailing Jewel. A rapid (48 h) screening test using floating leaflets was developed and, on the basis of apterae settling, ranked cultivars reliably; it was particularly effective in distinguishing moderate and strong resistance to strain 1 A. idaei.Gene A1‐containing cultivars bred in England were much more resistant to strain 1 A. idaei than those bred in Scotland. Possible reasons for this difference are discussed, in relation to modified screening procedures and to the control of the viruses transmitted by this aphid vector.
Field studies of leaf development and expansion in the leek (Allium porrum)
Authors: HAY R. K. M. , BROWN JANETTE R. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYAn analysis of leek leaf development and expansion was carried out over three seasons using field‐grown plants of three varieties which were directly sown at different dates or transplanted from controlled conditions. In all cases, successive leaves appeared (tip visible) at equal intervals of accumulated temperature. Detailed analysis of a single sowing in 1985 showed that the regularity of leaf appearance was a consequence of the coordinated response to accumulated temperature of leaf initiation (plastochron 100°C days > 0°C) and leaf blade and sheath extension. For each successive leaf, an additional 32°C days were required between initiation and appearance to allow for the linear increase in ‘sheath’ height, giving a phyllochron of 132°C days. Direct measurement of leaf extension before and after leaf appearance, and of the length of the leaf extension zone, confirmed that the rate of leaf extension, in terms of accumulated tempeature, was constant, and independent of leaf number. However, there were differences between seasons and between varieties in the responses of leaf appearance, leaf extension and ‘sheath’ length to accumulated temperature. It was concluded that the simple ontogenetic increase in leaf dimensions, which was a feature of all the crops studied, was a consequence of the progressive increase in the duration of leaf expansion.
Some characteristics of monoclonal antibodies to a British M A V‐like isolate of barley yellow dwarf virus
Authors: PEAD M. T. , TORRANCE L. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYRat monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for a British F (MAV‐like) isolate of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) were produced and studied. In indirect ELISA using an antiserum to BYDV‐F to trap virus from infected sap, the MAbs were shown to be specific for MAV‐like isolates of BYDV from Britain, USA and Sweden but, in this test, they did not detect PAV‐, RPV‐, SGV‐ or RMV‐ like isolates of BYDV. In similar tests using homologous antisera to trap the viruses, the MAbs did not detect BYDV‐PAV or ‐RPV or two other luteoviruses (potato leafroll and beet western yellows). One of the MAbs (MAFF 2) was partially purified from ascitic fluid, and used successfully in ELISA as a coating antibody and when conjugated to the enzyme alkaline phosphatase. Also, MAFF 2 successfully trapped BYDV‐F particles when used to coat electron microscope grids. In indirect ELISA using three MAbs (MAFF 2, MAC 91 and MAC 92) it was possible to type the three major strain groups of BYDV, viz. MAV, PAV and RPV‐like strains from Britain, USA and Europe.
Identification of an isolate of bean common mosaic virus from the Transvaal and Natal
Authors: EDINGTON B. R. , WHITLOCK V. H. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe BCMV isolates most common in the Transvaal and Natal were identified from field collected samples. The isolates belong to pathogenicity group V, to which the recessive gene bcl2confers resistance.
Characteristics of the population build‐up of the Russian wheat aphid Diuraphis noxia and the effect on wheat yield in the eastern Orange Free State
Authors: AALBERSBERG Y. K. , WESTHUIZEN M. C. VAN DER , HEWITT P. H. 
Published: February 2008

Summary Diuraphis noxia infestations were monitored in early winter and winter wheat during 1983–1985. The aphid population increase was logarithmic in all three years and on both cultivars 100 % infestation levels were recorded. The period of exponential increase in both percentage infestation and in the number of D. noxia per stem took place when the plants had reached the stem elongation stage. The mean number recorded at peak population levels was 150–160 aphids per stem. During the period of plant senescence numbers dropped rapidly. Large reductions in yield were recorded on all infested plants. Single‐plant data showed that yield reductions in the early winter cv. Betta were related to the duration of infestation. Relative to sprayed controls, reduction in kernel mass ranged from 25–80% and in 1000‐kernel mass from 15–45%. However, the yield reductions of the faster‐growing cv. Flamink, appeared to be dependent on the number of aphids per plant during the later growth stages and not the duration of infestation.
Stem canker (Rhizoctonia solani) on five early and seven maincrop potato cultivars I. Infection of shoots, stolons and tubers
Authors: HIDE G. A. , READ P. J. , FIRMAGER JANET P. , HALL SHARON M. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryIn 1983 and 1984, potato seed tubers of five early and seven maincrop cultivars were inoculated with cultures of Rhizoctonia soluni during planting to simulate severe seed infection. Shoot and stolon infection was assessed in June‐August and black scurf on tubers recorded after harvest in October.Almost all shoots of all cultivars had stem canker in both years and disease on shoots, stolons and tubers was more severe in 1984 than in 1983. In 1983 similar amounts of disease developed on all early cultivars and between 11% (Ulster Sceptre) and 32% (Maris Peer) shoots were pruned off. Maris Peer had a stem canker score lower than other cultivars in 1984 but more than half the shoots were pruned off. Shoot pruning on Estima, Ulster Prince and Ulster Sceptre was more common on plants from sprouted than non‐sprouted seed. Between 30 and 50% of stolons were pruned off. After harvest in 1985, black scurf was least prevalent on Arran Comet and Maris Peer tubers and in 1984 on Arran Comet and Estima tubers from non‐sprouted seed.Of the maincrop cultivars, King Edward plants from sprouted seed had many shoots pruned off in both years. Shoot pruning was also prevalent on Maris Piper and Pentland Squire plants from non‐sprouted seed. Record had fewest pruned shoots and stolons and the lowest stem canker score. The disease was more severe on Pentland Crown and Maris Piper plants from non‐sprouted than sprouted seed. Black scurf was most common on Cara and King Edward tubers in 1983 and on King Edward and Record tubers in 1984.In both years few shoots but many tubers were infected on plants from non‐inoculated seed and the significance of this is discussed.
Time‐resolved fluoroimmunoassay of potato virus M with monoclonal antibodies
Authors: JÄRVEKÜLG LILIAN , SõBER JÜRI , SINIJÄRV RIIVO , TOOTS INDREK , SAARMA MART 
Published: February 2008

SummaryMouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for potato virus M (PVM) were prepared and the properties of three of them were studied. MAb M4C1 is IgG2b, it binds with high affinity to PVM coat protein, to purified virus preparations and recognises PVM in infected potato leaves and tubers. MAb M6D5 is IgG2a and also reacts with PVM coat protein, purified PVM and with PVM in potato leaf and tuber extracts. In double‐antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS ELISA) MAbs M4C1 and M6D5 reacted with all 17 PVM isolates tested. MAb M7 is IgG2b and recognises PVM only in indirect dot ELISA on nitrocellulose filters and viral coat protein on Western blots.MAbs against PVM were used as capture antibodies and europium‐labelled MAbs as conjugates in time‐resolved fluoroimmunoassay (EuTRFIA). The standard EuTRFIA curve of PVM detection is approximately linear over a range of PVM concentrations from 0.5 ng/ml to 1000 ng/ml. The lowest PVM concentration detectable in EuTRFIA was 0.5 ng/ml and correspondingly 6 ng/ml in DAS ELISA. The use of the europium chelate label allows PVM detection in potato leaf and tuber sap at dilutions greater than 10‐‐4 with very low background fluorescence. EuTRFIA with MAbs, with either one or two incubations is about 10–20 times more sensitive for PVM detection than is DAS ELISA. PVM and PVX, mixed with healthy potato tuber sap, were simultaneously tested in a single sample at concentrations lower than 10 ng/ml by double‐label TRFIA using europium‐labelled MAbs to PVM and samarium‐labelled MAbs to PVX.
A severe citrus tristeza virus isolate causing the collapse of trees of sour orange before virus is detectable throughout the canopy§
Authors: BEN‐ZE'EV I. S. , BAR‐JOSEPH M. , NITZAN Y. , MARCUS RUTH 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA rapidly spreading decline of ‘Minneola’ tangelos, ‘Shamouti’ and ‘Valencia’ sweet oranges grafted on sour orange rootstock in the Morasha area, in the coastal plain of Israel, was found to be caused by a severe ‘seedling yellows’ strain of the citrus tristeza virus (CTV). Repeated ELISA tests revealed great variation in distribution of CTV throughout the canopies, even in declining trees. In a substantial number of the declining trees, samples of up to 10 twigs per tree were not always sufficient for CTV detection. The ELISA values (O.D. 405 nm) in the parts found infected were high, whereas in most of the twigs showing negative ELISA results the virus was absent as indicated by biological indexing. The Morasha strain of CTV was also characterised by rapid annual spread rates. The ratio D/E (the proportion of Declining trees found among ELISA‐positive ones) is proposed as a simple index of strain severity. The epidemiological consequences of the uneven distribution of CTV and rapid decline are discussed.
The occurrence of maize mosaic virus on sorghum in India1
Authors: NAIDU R. A. , HARIKRISHNAN R. , MANOHAR S. K. , REDDY D. V. R. , RATNA A. S. , KING S. B. , BANDYOPADHYAY R. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryA leaf disease of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) characterised by fine discontinuous chlorotic streaks between the veins, was observed on sorghum grown during the 1987/88 post‐rainy season in peninsular India. Early‐infected plants were stunted, had shortened internodes, and produced poorly developed panicles. The virus was transmitted by the delphacid planthopper, Peregrinus maidis. Negatively stained leaf dip preparations contained bullet‐shaped virus particles (208 ± 4.4 × 66 ± 1.0 nm) resembling those of rhabdoviruses. In ultrathin sections, the particles budded through the inner nuclear membrane and were present in the cytoplasm within membrane‐bound vesicles that were apparently contiguous with the distended outer nuclear membrane. A method for purifying the virus was developed utilising polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, Celite filtration and sucrose densitygradient centrifugation. An antiserum was produced in rabbits with a titre of 1/2650 in the precipitin ring interphase test. The virus could be detected in infected sorghum leaf tissues using a direct antigen coating form of enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (DAC‐ELISA). In immuno‐double diffusion tests, the virus reacted positively with antisera to maize mosaic virus (MMV) from Reunion (MMV‐RN) and Hawaii (MMV‐HI), but not with antisera to barley yellow striate mosaic (BYSMV), cereal chlorotic mottle (CCMV), and cynodon chlorotic streak (CCSV) viruses. Thus, the virus isolated from sorghum is designated the MMV‐S isolate. In DAC‐ELISA tests, MMV‐S reacted positively with antisera to MMV‐R, MMV‐HI, MMV‐Florida isolate, CCSV, and CCMV, and weakly with antiserum to BYSMV. SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed four major proteins of relative mass Mr 70 000, 59 000, 32 000 and 28 000. In electro‐blot immunoassay, MMV and CCSV antisera detected the G and N proteins. These data suggest that MMV‐S should be placed in the sonchus yellow net virus subgroup of plant rhabdoviruses.
Incidence of pea seedborne mosaic virus pathotypes in the US National Pisum germplasm collection
Authors: ALCONERO R. , HOCH J. G. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryOne hundred and eighty‐nine isolates of pea seedborne mosaic virus (PSbMV) were obtained from seedlings of 435 pea (Pisum sativum) germplasm introductions originally acquired from India, Turkey, Latin America and Europe. Fifty‐eight per cent of the isolates were identified as belonging to pathotype P‐1, 22% to pathotype P‐4, and 7% to the mild form of the lentil pathotype L‐1. Some isolates could not be classified into any known pathotype and need further study. No isolate appeared to present a threat to peas beyond that already known to exist with previously described forms of the virus.