bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the feasibility of a three‐point bending setup for the validation of (fatigue) damage models for thin composite laminates
Authors: De Baere I. , Van Paepegem W. , Degrieck J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAfter developing a damage model, validation of this model is a necessity. This validation should preferably be done under loading conditions which are different from the ones used for the development of the model. This study investigates whether a three‐point bending setup is suited for the validation of fatigue material models for thin fiber‐reinforced composites with a low bending stiffness, developed in uniaxial loading conditions. First, the three‐point bending setup, which can be used for both single‐sided and fully reversed loading, is discussed. Then, some results of experiments are presented. This is followed by the numerical modeling of the bending setup. It may be concluded that the three‐point bending setup, although with very interesting loading conditions, is not ideally suited for model validation, due to the complicated and time‐consuming numerical simulation. The material used for this study was a carbon fabric‐reinforced polyphenylene sulphide. POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
An EPR investigation of conductive polyaniline–poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐acrylic acid) blends
Authors: Wu K.H. , Lai Y.S. , Shih C.C. , Wang G.P. , Yang C.C. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA conductive blend of polyaniline (PANI) with sodium form poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐acrylic acid) copolymer (PMMAA) was prepared by in situ dispersion polymerization. The PANI‐PMMAA blends were characterized with UV–vis, FTIR, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra. The effects of PANI and temperature on the electronic properties of the PANI‐PMMAA blends were studied with EPR technique. The PANI and temperature affect the intermolecular interaction between PANI and PMMAA and then determines the EPR parameters (A/B ratio, g factor, T2, ΔHpp, Ns, and lineshape). POLYM. COMPOS., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Structural heart defects associated with an increased nuchal translucency: 9 years experience in a referral centre
Authors: Clur S. A. , Mathijssen I. B. , Pajkrt E. , Cook A. , Laurini R. N. , Ottenkamp J. , Bilardo C. M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the congenital heart disease (CHD) found in association with an increased nuchal translucency (NT) at 11–14 weeks of gestation in chromosomally normal and abnormal fetuses.MethodsPatients referred from January 1998 until May 2007 with an increased NT (≥95th percentile) where CHD was diagnosed were included. Chromosome analysis, fetal and postnatal echocardiography were performed. A postmortem examination followed pregnancy termination when possible.ResultsMajor CHD was identified in 68 of 967 fetuses with an increased NT (median NT 4.8 mm, range 2.5–22 mm).Major CHD was found in 34 of 693 fetuses (4.9%) with a normal karyotype and increased NT (median 5.2 mm, range 2.5–9.6 mm). CHD frequency increased from 1.9%, with NT between 2.5 and 3.5 mm, to 27.7% when NT was ≥ 6.5 mm. Septal defects predominated (20%) when NT was ⩽3.5 mm. With NT > 3.5 mm an equal distribution of CHD types was seen.Major CHD was identified in 34 of the 274 fetuses with an abnormal karyotype and increased NT (median 4.2 mm, range 2.5–22 mm).ConclusionsA variety of CHD is associated with an increased NT in the first trimester of pregnancy. Conotruncal defects, branchial arch derivative defects, left and right obstructive lesions (inflow and outflow) and shunts were seen. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly(phenylene sulfide) magnetic composites. II. Crystallization, thermal, and viscoelastic properties
Authors: Wu Defeng , Wu Lanfeng , Gao Fei , Zhang Ming , Yan Changhao 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPoly(phenylene sulfide)/ferrosoferric oxide composites (PPS/Fe3O4) with various loading levels were prepared by melt compounding. The crystallization, thermal, and viscoelastic properties were characterized respectively by the DSC, DMA, TGA and parallel plate rheometer. The results reveal that the well‐dispersed Fe3O4 particle restricts the segmental motion of polymer chain, leading to a remarkable increase of the glass transition temperature and thermal stability of the PPS due to the strong physical association and interactions between particles and matrix. The presence of the Fe3O4 particles, however, can not facilitate crystallization of PPS, because the particles only play the role of inert filler and have no heterogeneous nucleating effect. The crystallization kinetics, as a result, decreases with increasing particles loadings due to the increasing restriction of the chain mobility and high viscosity. In addition, the rheological percolated network of the Fe3O4 particles is very sensitive to the steady shear deformation, and also to the temperature. The network structure is easily broken by the steady shear flow due to the sharply reduced particle–particle interactions. However, the percolation threshold reduces with increase of temperature, because those interactions are temperature‐dependent. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Organic/inorganic hybrid bismaleimide resin with octa(aminophenyl)silsesquioxane
Authors: Huang Fuwei , Rong Zhuxia , Shen Xuening , Huang Farong , Du Lei , Li Zhongping 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOcta(aminophenyl)silsesquioxane (OAPS) was prepared in two steps by the nitration of octaphenylsilsesquioxane (OPS) in fuming nitric acid to form octa(nitrophenyl)silsesquioxane (ONPS), followed by the mild reduction of ONPS with Pd/C as a catalyst. OPS, ONPS and OAPS were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, and 29Si NMR techniques. Modification of a bismaleimide (BMI) resin with OAPS and dipropargyl ether of bisphenol A (DPBPA) was investigated. The modified resins, OAPS/DPBPA/BMI, were characterized with DSC, FTIR and rheology analyses. The results showed that the modified resins have good processability. The DMA results indicated that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the cured OAPS/DPBPA/BMI hybrid resins reached 350°C. The decomposition temperature (Td5) of the cured resins decreased but the char yield (Yc, 800°C) increased as the OAPS loading increased, especially in air. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
New PVK‐based nonlinear optical polymers: Enhanced nonlinearity and improved transparency
Authors: Li Zhong'an , Dong Shoucheng , Li Pengcheng , Li Zhen , Ye Cheng , Qin Jingui 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA series of poly(vinylcarbazole)‐based polymers containing sulfonyl‐based nonlinear optical chromophores as the side chains were prepared conveniently through a postfunctionalization approach. In the polymers, the subtle structure of the chromophore moieties could be easily modified by the introduction of different isolation group, to adjust the property of the resultant polymers. The polymers exhibited good optical transparency, besides their good processability and thermal stability. The poled polymer films exhibited large second harmonic generation (SHG) coefficients of d33 values (up to 28.6 pm/V) with excellent thermal stability (about 90% of the maximal SHG coefficients remain at ∼ 110 °C). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 2983–2993, 2008
Phosphorus‐containing telechelic polyester‐based ionomer: Facile synthesis and antidripping effects
Authors: Ge Xin‐Guo , Wang Chuan , Hu Zhi , Xiang Xing , Wang Jun‐Sheng , Wang De‐Yi , Liu Cong‐Ping , Wang Yu‐Zhong 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe ionomer concept was introduced to the field of flame‐retardant polyesters for the first time. The ionic monomer, sodium salt of 2‐hydroxyethyl 3‐(phenylphosphinyl)propionate (SHPPP), was synthesized by selective esterification of 3‐(hydroxyphenylphosphinyl)propionic acid with ethylene glycol, followed by neutralization with sodium carbonate anhydrous. SHPPP was characterized with 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Poly(ethylene terephthalate)‐based ionomers containing terminal units derived from this ionic monomer, were synthesized by melt polycondensation. The chemical structure of the ionomers was characterized with 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectroscopy. The effects of SHPPP on the thermal properties and melting behaviors of the ionomers were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The flammability of the ionomers was characterized by the limiting oxygen index test. The test results show that the ionomers themselves possess both excellent flame retardancy and antidripping properties. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 2994–3006, 2008
Surfactant‐free synthesis of amphiphilic diblock copolymer in aqueous phase by a self‐stability process
Authors: Ji Jing , Yan Lifeng , Xie Dinghai 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAmphiphilic polymeric particles with hydrophobic cores and hydrophilic shells were prepared via living radical emulsion polymerization of styrene using a water‐soluble poly(acrylamide)‐based macro‐RAFT agent in aqueous solution in the absence of any surfactants. Firstly, the homopolymerization of acrylamide (AM) was carried out in aqueous phase by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerization (RAFT) using a trithiocarbonate as a chain transfer agent. Then the PAM‐based macro‐RAFT agent has been used as a water‐soluble macromolecular chain transfer agent in the batch emulsion polymerization of Styrene (St) free of surfactants. The RAFT controlled growth of hydrophobic block led to the formation of well‐defined poly(acrylamide)‐copolystyrene amphiphilic copolymer, which was able to work as a polymeric stabilizer (self‐stability). Finally, very stable latex was prepared, having no visible phase separation for several months. FTIR and 1H‐NMR measurements showed that the product was the block copolymer PAM‐co‐PS in the form of stable latex. Atomic force microscope (AFM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies indicated that the nanoparticles have a narrow particle size distribution and the average particle hydrodynamic radius was kept in the diameter of 58 nm. Core‐shell structure of the copolymer was also recorded by TEM. The mechanism of the self‐stability of polymer particles during the polymerization in the absence of surfactants was studied. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 3098–3107, 2008
The outcome of infants younger than 6 months requiring ventilation for pneumonia caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Goussard P. , Gie R.P. , Kling S. , Schaaf H.S. , Kritzinger F. , Andronikou S. , Beyers N. , Rossouw G.J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIntroductionThe outcome of young infants (<6 months) being ventilated for respiratory failure caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) has not been recorded.Patients and MethodsA descriptive study of children <6 months admitted to the PICU from 1 February 1999 to 31 December 2005 with MTB causing respiratory failure.ResultsSeventeen infants were ventilated for respiratory failure caused by MTB: ten had ventilatory respiratory failure and seven had hypoxic failure. An index case was found in 47%. All chest radiographs (CXRs) were highly suggestive of tuberculosis. MTB was cultured in 15 cases. In the other two cases MTB was confirmed by histopathology. The median duration of ventilation was 6 days (range: 1–35 days) with a median PaO2/FiO2 of 85 and ventilatory index of 58. Transthoracic glandular enucleation was required to facilitate extubation in six babies. All the infants survived. At 6‐month follow‐up 35% had a normal CXR and all were asymptomatic. One child had CXR changes suggestive of bronchiectasis but was asymptomatic.ConclusionThe outcome of infants <6 months ventilated for respiratory failure caused by MTB is very good if TB is recognized timeously and appropriate management started. The diagnosis of TB in these infants can be made with a high index of suspicion and careful evaluation of the CXR. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2008; 43:505–510. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
RAD001 (Everolimus) inhibits growth of prostate cancer in the bone and the inhibitory effects are increased by combination with docetaxel and zoledronic acid
Authors: Morgan Todd M. , Pitts Tiffany E.M. , Gross Ted S. , Poliachik Sandra L. , Vessella Robert L. , Corey Eva 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIntroductionmTOR activity is increased in advanced prostate cancer (CaP) as a result of a high rate of PTEN mutations. RAD001 (Everolimus) is a new orally available mTOR inhibitor. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of RAD001 on the growth of CaP in the bone, both alone and in combination with docetaxel and zoledronic acid.MethodsC4‐2 CaP cells were injected into tibiae of mice and the animals were treated with RAD001, docetaxel, and zoledronic acid alone or in combination. Histomorphometrical analysis, serum PSA measurements, bone mineral density (BMD), and µCT were used to determine the effects of treatment on tumor and bone.ResultsAll three agents alone decreased tumor volume, and RAD001 and docetaxel also decreased levels of serum PSA by 68% and 65%, respectively (both P < 0.01). Combinations of the agents were more effective in decreasing tumor volume than single agents. Three‐drug treatment showed the greatest effect: 64% inhibition versus control (P < 0.01). Treatment with RAD001 interfered with the weight loss associated with growth of this tumor in the bone (non‐RAD001 groups: 4.0% decrease in body weight, P = 0.0014; RAD001 groups: increase of 3.6% in body weight, P = 0.0037).ConclusionsRAD001 inhibited growth of C4‐2 cells in bone, an effect augmented by addition of docetaxel and zoledronic acid. Moreover RAD001 had a significant impact on maintenance of body weight. RAD001 may hold promise for its effects on both metastatic CaP and the important syndrome of tumor cachexia. Prostate 68:861–871, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell‐Surface labeling and internalization by a fluorescent inhibitor of prostate‐specific membrane antigen
Authors: Liu Tiancheng , Wu Lisa Y. , Kazak Marat , Berkman Clifford E. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBACKROUNDProstate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) remains an attractive target for imaging and therapeutic applications for prostate cancer. Recent efforts have been made to conjugate inhibitors of PSMA with imaging agents. Compared to antibodies, small‐molecule inhibitors of PSMA possess apparent advantages for in vivo applications. To date, there are no reports on the cellular fate of such constructs once bound the extracellular domain of PSMA. The present study was focused on precisely defining the binding specificity, time‐dependent internalization, cellular localization, and retention of inhibitor conjugates targeted to PSMA on LNCaP cells. A novel fluorescent inhibitor was prepared as a model to examine these processes.METHODSFluorescence microscopy of LNCaP and PC‐3 cell lines was used to monitor the specificity, time‐dependent internalization, cellular localization, and retention of a fluorescent PSMA inhibitor.RESULTSFluorescent inhibitor 2 was found to be a potent inhibitor (IC50 = 0.35 nM) of purified PSMA. Its high affinity for PSMA on living cells was confirmed by antibody blocking and competitive binding experiments. Specificity for LNCaP cells was demonstrated as no labeling by 2 was observed for negative control PC‐3 cells. Internalization of 2 by viable LNCaP cells was detected after 30 min incubation at 37°C, followed by accumulation in the perinuclear endosomes. It was noted that internalized fluorescent inhibitor can be retained within endosomes for up to 150 min without loss of signal.CONCLUSIONSOur results suggest that potent, small‐molecule inhibitors of PSMA can be utilized as carriers for targeted delivery for prostate cancer for future imaging and therapeutic applications. Prostate 68:955–964, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytokine profiling of prostatic fluid from cancerous prostate glands identifies cytokines associated with extent of tumor and inflammation
Authors: Fujita Kazutoshi , Ewing Charles M. , Sokoll Lori J. , Elliott Debra J. , Cunningham Mark , De Marzo Angelo M. , Isaacs William B. , Pavlovich Christian P. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackgroundCytokines are key mediators of inflammation that may relate to prostate cancer initiation and progression, and that may be useful markers of prostatic neoplasia and related inflammation. In order to better understand the relationship between cytokines and prostate cancer, we profiled cytokines in prostatic fluids obtained from cancerous prostate glands and correlated them to both cancer status and inflammatory grade.MethodsProstatic fluid was collected from fresh radical prostatectomy specimens and analyzed by cytokine antibody microarray. For comparison, cases were selected from patients with either minimal or extensive cancer volume on final pathology. Among the cytokines with the greatest difference between the tumor volume groups, eight had their levels quantitated by ELISA. In addition, the grade of prostatic inflammation by neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes was scored for each case and examined for correlations with cytokine levels.ResultsAmong 174 cytokines analyzed, HGF was the most increased (6.57‐fold), and along with IL18Bpa was significantly elevated in patients with extensive disease compared to those with minimal disease. IL17, GITR, and ICAM‐1 were elevated in specimens with significant neutrophilic inflammation into gland lumina, and IL18Bpa, IL17, GITR, and ICAM‐1 were elevated in specimens with significant lymphocytic inflammation in prostatic stroma.ConclusionsProstatic fluid cytokines were identified that may be useful for early cancer detection and prognostication efforts and for assessment of prostatic inflammation, particularly if they can be found not only in prostatic fluids obtained ex vivo, but in expressed prostatic secretions or urine samples from men with prostates still in situ. Prostate 68:872–882, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endothelial cells support the growth of prostate tissue in vivo
Authors: Bates Michael , Kovalenko Bruce , Wilson E. Lynette , Moscatelli David 
Published: March 2008

AbstractINTRODUCTIONThe contribution of vascular endothelial cells to prostate growth has not been investigated. We examined whether endothelial cells support growth of prostate tissue when co‐inoculated with prostate epithelial cells under the renal capsule.METHODSVascular endothelial cells were isolated from mice and co‐inoculated under the renal capsule with a prostate luminal or basal epithelial cell line. After 60 days, kidneys were examined for growth of prostate tissue. Prostatic tissues were examined by immunohistochemistry for expression of cytokeratins 5 and 8, and vascular density was determined. To determine if increased expression of VEGF‐A would increase prostatic growth, transfected endothelial cells overexpressing VEGF‐A were co‐inoculated with the prostate luminal or basal epithelial lines.RESULTSCo‐inoculation of endothelial cells and prostate luminal or basal epithelial cells resulted in significant growth of prostatic tissue, whereas inoculation of any of the cell lines alone resulted in little growth. The growths from co‐inoculation of endothelial cells and luminal epithelial cells contained duct‐like structures that stained with antibodies to cytokeratin 8, whereas those from co‐inoculation of endothelial cells and basal epithelial cells contained cords of cells that stained with antibodies to cytokeratin 5. Overexpression of VEGF‐A had no effect on growth of the prostatic tissues.CONCLUSIONEndothelial cells contribute to the growth of prostatic epithelial cells. Prostate 68:893–901, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of composer and ORCHESTRAR
Authors: Dolan Michael A. , Keil Matthias , Baker David S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAlthough the number of known protein structures is increasing, the number of protein sequences without determined structures is still much larger. Three‐dimensional (3D) protein structure information helps in the understanding of functional mechanisms, but solving structures by X‐ray crystallography or NMR is often a lengthy and difficult process. A relatively fast way of determining a protein's 3D structure is to construct a computer model using homologous sequence and structure information. Much work has gone into algorithms that comprise the ORCHESTRAR homology modeling program in the SYBYL software package. This novel homology modeling tool combines algorithms for modeling conserved cores, variable regions, and side chains. The paradigm of using existing knowledge from multiple templates and the underlying protein environment knowledgebase is used in all of these algorithms, and will become even more powerful as the number of experimentally derived protein structures increases. To determine how ORCHESTRAR compares to Composer (a broadly used, but an older tool), homology models of 18 proteins were constructed using each program so that a detailed comparison of each step in the modeling process could be carried out. Proteins modeled include kinases, dihydrofolate reductase, HIV protease, and factor Xa. In almost all cases ORCHESTRAR produces models with lower root‐mean‐squared deviation (RMSD) values when compared with structures determined by X‐ray crystallography or NMR. Moreover, ORCHESTRAR produced a homology model for three target sequences where Composer failed to produce any. Data for RMSD comparisons between structurally conserved cores, structurally variable regions, side‐chain conformations are presented, as well as analyses of active site and protein–protein interface configurations. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Power factor correction circuit application using AlGaN/GaN HFETs
Authors: Yoshida Seikoh , Masuda Mitsuru , Niiyama Yuki , Kambayashi Hiroshi , Nomura Takehiko , Ikeda Nariaki 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe demonstrated the application of a power factor correction (PFC) circuit using AlGaN/GaN HFETs for the first time. The AlGaN/GaN HFET with a large current and a high breakdown voltage operation was fabricated. That is, the maximum drain current was over 50 A, and the minimum on‐resistance was less than 70 mohm. The breakdown voltage was over 600 V. Using these HFETs, an AC‐DC converter with a power factor correction (PFC) circuit was fabricated. Irregular input waves of AC current and voltage were converted to very smooth input sign waves of AC voltage and current. The power factor was over 99%. Using this circuit, AC 100 V was successfully converted to DC 200 V. the output conversion efficiency from AC input to DC output was 93%. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of AlGaAs cladding layer on GaInNAs/GaAs MQW p‐i‐n photodetector
Authors: Chen Y. F. , Chen W. C. , Chuang R. W. , Su Y. K. , Tsai H. L. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe electronic properties of GaInNAs/GaAs multiple‐quantum‐well (MQW) p‐i‐n photodetector with AlGaAs cladding layer have been studied. By applying a higher band gap Al0.3Ga0.7As to the photodetector, a substantial reduction in dark current was observed owing to an inherent difficulty for holes to surmount the high potential barrier between MQW and the cladding layer heterojunction under a reverse bias. The dark current obtained was as low as 4.1 pA at ‐3.5 V for a device with Al0.3Ga0.7As cladding layer as compared to 22 μA also at ‐3.5 V for a similar device without the Al0.3Ga0.7As cladding layer. The photo/dark current contrast ratios obtained were 4.2×104 and 11, respectively, for devices with and without an Al0.3Ga0.7As cladding layer at ‐3.5 V. In addition, peak responsivity of 1 mA/W was measured at around 1150 nm. Two orders of magnitude increase in the rejection ratio were realized between 1150 and 1250 nm at ‐2.0 V. The GaInNAs/GaAs MQW p‐i‐n photodetector was demonstrated with the AlGaAs cladding layer potentially providing a higher photo/dark current contrast ratio and higher responsivity rejection ratio. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)