bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Candidates and Competition: Variability in Ideological Voting in U.S. Senate Elections*
Authors: Gershtenson Joseph 
Published: January 2009

Objectives. In choosing candidates to support in congressional elections, voters consider both policy and nonpolicy factors. However, the relative importance of incumbency or presidential approval versus candidates' ideological platforms likely varies across elections. Specifically, stiffer electoral competition should encourage ideology‐based voting because candidate information is more plentiful. In contrast, incumbents' ability to garner votes simply by virtue of already holding office should depress proximity voting in elections with incumbents.Methods. Using data from the 1988–1992 Pooled Senate Election Study, I estimate logistic regression models of individual vote choice.Results. I find that open‐seat elections do promote the use of candidate ideological proximity in the voting calculus but that the effects of election competitiveness are less clear.Conclusions. The findings have important implications for normative democratic theory, for our constitutional framework, and for elite behavior and aggregate‐level electoral outcomes.
Are Ballot Order Effects Heterogeneous?*
Authors: King Amy , Leigh Andrew 
Published: January 2009

Objective. Past research on ballot order effects has typically focused on the average benefit a candidate receives if placed at the top of the ballot. This study addresses a gap in the literature by examining the possibility that a simple average may mask systematic differences in how the ballot order effect varies across candidates and voters.Methods. Using data from all Australian federal elections between 1984 and 2004, a sample that covers 1,187 separate electoral contests and 7,113 candidate × election observations, this study estimates the effect of ballot order on a candidate's share of the primary vote. To determine whether ballot order effects differ across voters as well as candidates, the study also makes use of electorate‐level demographic data from the 1996 and 2001 Australian censuses.Results. The results of these estimations indicate that being placed first on the ballot increases a candidate's vote share by about 1 percentage point. As a proportion of their total vote, this effect is much larger for independents and minor parties than for major parties. The ballot order effect appears to be similar for male and female candidates, and does not show strong trends upward or downward over the 20‐year period covered by our study. Across electorates, the ballot order effect is higher in places where voters are younger and fluency in English is lower.Conclusions. A statistically significant ballot order effect was a consistent feature of Australian federal elections between 1984 and 2004. Moreover, this study challenges the assumption that ballot order effects are homogenous, and finds that the effect of being placed atop the ballot varies across both candidates and voters.
Choosing Constituent Cues: Reference Group Influence on Clergy Political Speech*
Authors: Calfano Brian Robert 
Published: January 2009

Objective.Though constituent reference groups have been shown to impact clergy political behavior, studies have largely cast group influence as a fixed effect. In an update of how specific constituent groups may affect clergy political speech, I assess whether clergy intentionally select cues from specific constituencies in determining whether to sermonize on an issue of political controversy.Method.Data were collected from a 2006 survey of clergy in the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). I use a series of maximum likelihood models to determine the effect of group cues on clergy behavior.Results.Results show that clergy look to cues from both their congregations and denominational leaders when electing to deliver a sermon. What is more, clergy report feeling pressure from their congregational constituencies to behave in ways that they do not prefer. This pressure also impacts their decision to sermonize.Conclusion.Taken together, these findings suggest that clergy, who are beginning to receive systematic attention for their role as framers and motivators of political deliberation among their followers, are subject to the influence of varied constituencies in exercising this deliberative role.
The Negative Effects of Populism on Gay and Lesbian Rights*
Authors: Pappas Christine , Mendez Jeanette , Herrick Rebekah 
Published: January 2009

Objective. The objective of this article is to examine the degree to which populist features of state governments affect minority interests, particularly gays, lesbians, and bisexuals (GLB)Method. We examine the effects of specific institutional features that affect state government responsiveness to majority preferences on GLB policies: bans on same‐sex marriage and hate crime. We also control for variations in political environment.Results. Features that increase popular control over policy making and policymakers advance anti‐GLB policies but have little effect on pro‐GLB policies; however, legislative term limits have the opposite effect. Further, constituency size and senators' term length increases both types of policies.Conclusions. The findings indicate that an unpopular minority is likely to be harmed by populist features that increase the role of citizens and may be helped by features that shield legislators from majoritarian preferences.
The Interaction of Race and Gender: Changing Gender‐Role Attitudes, 1974–2006*
Authors: Scott Carter J. , Corra Mamadi , Carter Shannon K. 
Published: January 2009

Objective. The purpose of this article is to assess over‐time trends in the interactive effects of gender and race on attitudes toward the changing roles of women in U.S. society.Methods. This article uses data from the 1974–2006 General Social Survey. Gender‐role attitudes are measured using two composite indices of traditionalism.Results. We find black females tend to hold less traditional gender‐role attitudes than their black male, white male, and white female counterparts. Black and white males tend to hold similar attitudes toward women entering politics, but differ significantly in their attitudes toward women working outside the home and its impact on children. Assessing over‐time trends, we find the difference between black females and the other social groups to be generally diminishing. This convergence is more pronounced for white and black females. The difference in attitudes toward women entering politics between black females and white males, on the other hand, appears to be maintaining over time.Conclusions. These findings support the idea that the labor force participation for women may have provided the groundwork for the evolution of attitudes for men and women. As white women in particular increase participation in the workforce, ideologies regarding the place of women in U.S. society have shifted.
Leader Creativity as a Predictor of Leading Change in Organizations1
Authors: Matthew Cynthia Trapani 
Published: January 2009

This investigation examined leader creativity, broadly conceptualized as a confluence of personal attributes, as a predictor of leading change in organizations. Because organizational change occurs primarily in the social system in support of the technical system, the role of social‐emotional competency was also examined. Two correlational studies were conducted in samples of U.S. Army officers. As predicted, leader creativity was a significant predictor of leading change. Creativity measures explained 42% of the variance in leading change performance measures in novice officers and 71% of the variance in early‐ to mid‐career officers. Social‐emotional competency was also a significant predictor of leading change, but less than creativity.“The art of the creative leader is the art of institution‐building, the reworking of human and technological materials to fashion an organization that embodies new and enduring values” (Selznick, 1957, pp. 152–153).
Do input subsidy programs “crowd in” or “crowd out” commercial market development? Modeling fertilizer demand in a two‐channel marketing system
Authors: Xu Zhiying , Burke William J. , Jayne Thomas S. , Govereh Jones 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMany governments in developing countries distribute fertilizer at subsidized prices in an effort to stimulate small farmers' agricultural productivity and food security. Prior fertilizer demand studies have largely failed to account for the effects of government programs on farmers' commercial purchases. Using a double hurdle model and nationally representative rural household panel data in Zambia, we distinguish between these sources and measure the contemporaneous “crowding in” and “crowding out” effects of government input programs on commercial fertilizer sales. Where the private sector is relatively active and average wealth is higher (areas seemingly more likely to be targeted by government programs), results indicate that subsidies have substantially crowded out the private sector, in some cases to the point that such programs could actually lower overall fertilizer use. On the other hand, in poorer areas where the private sector is relatively inactive, subsidies help to generate demand and crowd in private sector retailers. Empirical studies explicitly modeling farmers' fertilizer purchase behavior within a dual marketing framework can provide important insights for agricultural policy discussions in developing countries.
Technology change as a policy response to promote changes in land management for environmental benefits
Authors: Pannell David J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA previous study developed a framework for choosing among groups of policy mechanisms for encouraging environmentally beneficial land‐use change. The framework highlights that these choices should depend on the relative levels of private (or internal) net benefits, and public (or external) net benefits. Incentive‐based mechanisms (polluter‐pays and/or beneficiary‐pays) and extension need to be targeted carefully to appropriate projects—where private net benefits are close to zero, and/or public net benefits are more extremely positive or negative. This article focuses on policy mechanisms that alter the net benefits of changing land management, including R&D to develop new technologies, and training to improve the skill of landholders at using existing technologies. These policy options are now treated more comprehensively within the public benefits: private benefits framework. Benefits of technology‐change projects can include reductions in the opportunity cost of compliance with environmental programs, increases in the public benefits of a particular type of land‐use change, or improvements in private net benefits, resulting in public benefits through greater or more rapid adoption by private landholders. From an environmental management perspective, technology development is most relevant where public net benefits of land use change are positive and private net benefits are negative, but not highly negative. There is a set of projects for which technology change is the only viable alternative to no action, highlighting the importance of technology change in these cases.
Implant system for guiding a new layer of bone. Computed microtomography and histomorphometric analysis in the rabbit mandible
Authors: Freilich Martin , Shafer David , Wei Mei , Kompalli Rajeswari , Adams Douglas , Kuhn Liisa 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjective: To prove the concept that an implant system with osteoconductive surface characteristics and an osteoinductive scaffold material has the capacity to guide vertical supracrestal bone growth in a rabbit mandible onlay model.Material and methods: Thirteen adult white New Zealand rabbits each received custom‐designed dental implants. All implants had sandblasted, acid‐etched (SLA™) surfaces, with the coronal aspect (3 mm) of each implant was left outside the lateral aspect of posterior mandibular bone, but covered by periosteum, muscle, subcutaneous tissue, and skin. Bone formation around implants placed adjacent to osteoinductive demineralized bone matrix (DBM) scaffolds were compared with contralateral implants without scaffolds in six rabbits using micro‐CT imaging. Bone formation around implants with scaffolds from seven additional rabbits was measured using both micro‐CT imaging and quantitative histology.Results: At 8 weeks, new supracrestal bone was seen adjacent to all implants placed with DBM and two implants without DBM. The mean supracrestal bone heights achieved for implants with and without DBM scaffolds as measured by micro‐CT was 2.1±0.9 and 0.8±0.9 mm, respectively (P=0.008). Histomorphometric analysis illustrated that supracrestal bone‐to‐implant contact for implants with DBM scaffolds was 58.1±14% and that mean supracrestal bone height was 2.4±0.6 mm.Conclusions: Successful implant‐guided supracrestal osteogenesis has been demonstrated in a rabbit model with the combined use of osteoconductive implant surfaces, an osteoinductive scaffold, and a device that prevents soft tissue downgrowth and provides scaffold stabilization.
A randomized, controlled clinical trial to evaluate a new membrane for guided bone regeneration around dental implants
Authors: Jung Ronald E. , Hälg Gian A. , Thoma Daniel S. , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjectives: The use of barrier membranes in guided bone regeneration (GBR) procedures for the treatment of alveolar bone defects is common practice. The objective of this study was to test whether a synthetic bioresorbable polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel membrane could result in a similar amount of vertical bone fill as a standard collagen membrane, both combined with a membrane supporting material.Material and methods: The study enrolled 37 patients requiring implant treatment with an expected osseous defect in the posterior maxilla or mandible. After raising a mucoperiosteal flap, the implant sites were prepared and dental implants placed. The defect height was then measured and defects <3 mm were excluded from the study. Defects were grafted with bovine bone mineral and randomly covered with either a collagen membrane (control group, 18 patients) or a PEG hydrogel membrane (test group, 19 patients), which is applied as a liquid. After a healing period of 6 months, surgical re‐entry was performed and the change in vertical bone height from baseline evaluated.Results: Well‐vascularized hard tissue was apparent at all sites and the regenerated bone was similar to the surrounding native bone. Mean vertical defect fill after 6 months was 5.63±1.84 mm at test sites and 4.25±1.16 mm at control sites, and the mean defect fills were 94.9% and 96.4% at test and control sites, respectively. More soft tissue complications were observed with the PEG membrane (e.g., delayed or incomplete wound healing) but all sites recovered uneventfully.Conclusions: The new PEG hydrogel membrane was as successful as a standard collagen membrane in the treatment of bony dehiscence defects around dental implants with simplified clinical handling.
Long‐term effects of magnetron‐sputtered calcium phosphate coating on osseointegration of dental implants in non‐human primates
Authors: Alexander Fügl , Christian Ulm , Stefan Tangl , Christoph Vasak , Reinhard Gruber , Georg Watzek 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjectives:To determine the effect of magnetron‐sputtered calcium phosphate coating of implants on the later stages of osseointegration in a non‐human primate model.Material and methods:Eighteen and 20 implants with a 0.1 μm amorphous calcium phosphate coating and a turned surface, respectively, were inserted in the anterior upper and lower jaw of adult non‐human primates. Following a 7.5 months healing period, one part of the implants remained in the submerged position. The other part of implants was connected to healing abutments to allow peri‐implant inflammation to occur. After another 20 months, histologic and histomorphometric analysis of the peri‐implant area was performed.Results:Submerged implants with a calcium phosphate coating and a turned surface showed no signs of an inflammatory reaction. The histomorphometric parameters ‘bone volume per tissue volume’ (BV/TV) and ‘bone‐to‐implant contacts’ (BIC) were not affected by calcium phosphate coating. Non‐submerged implants of both groups showed occasionally signs of inflammation at the implant–abutment junction. Histomorphometric analysis revealed that the distance between the implant–abutment junction and the most coronal level (where bone was attached to the implant) as well as BV/TV and BIC were independent from the surface modification.Conclusion:Our results show that dental implants with calcium phosphate coating behave similar to turned implants independently whether they are connected to healing abutments or remain submerged. Ultra‐thin calcium phosphate coating can combine the positive effects of calcium phosphate during the early stage of osseointegration without causing impairment of the later stages.
A novel Brucella isolate in association with two cases of stillbirth in non‐human primates – first report
Authors: Schlabritz‐Loutsevitch Natalia E. , Whatmore Adrian M. , Quance Christine R. , Koylass Mark S. , Cummins L. Bill , Dick Jr Edward J. , Snider Cathy L. , Cappelli David , Ebersole Jeffrey L. , Nathanielsz Peter W. , Hubbard Gene B. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackground  Brucellosis is veterinary and human health problem.Methods  A 13‐year‐old wild caught multiparous and an 8‐year‐old colony‐born nulliparous baboon had stillbirths in the second trimester of pregnancy. Culture isolates from both postpartum uteruses were characterized using traditional biochemical analysis, PCR, and multilocus sequencing.Results  The isolates morphologically resembled Brucella although their phenotypic characteristics were not consistent with any currently described species. The isolates represent a novel lineage within the genus with unique alleles, not previously seen in surveys of greater than 300 isolates representing the known diversity of the genus, present at 5/9 loci examined.Conclusions  The described cases are to the best of our knowledge the first presentation of a naturally acquired Brucella infection in non‐human primates associated with stillbirths from the same colony where Brucella seropositivity in the baboons was described 45 years ago. The organism appears to represent a previously undescribed Brucella species.
Tissue viability imaging: mapping skin erythema
Authors: Zhai Hongbo , Chan Heidi P. , Farahmand Sara , Nilsson Gert E. , Maibach Howard I. 
Published: January 2009

Background: Tissue Viability Imaging (TiVi) is an emerging bioengineering technology intended for two‐dimensional mapping of skin erythema and blanching. Before TiVi can be effectively used in studies of diseased or damaged skin, the variability in normal skin red blood cell concentration (RBCconc) requires evaluation.Objective: To demonstrate how TiVi maps spatial and temporal variations in normal skin RBCconc at the dorsal side of the hand at rest and during post‐occlusive hyperemia.Methods: Short‐term and day‐to‐day variations in skin RBCconc were quantified at the dorsal side of the hand in four healthy volunteers at rest. In a separate study, the increase in skin RBCconc was recorded during post‐occlusive hyperemia.Results: A lower skin RBCconc (179–184 TiVi units) was observed at the back of the hand and base of the thumb compared with areas adjacent to the nailfoldfold region of the fingers (190–213 TiVi units). The short‐term variation (within 70 s) was <2% in all areas of the dorsal side of the hand, while day‐to‐day variations were in the range 5–7% in the back of the hand and up to 10% in areas adjacent to the nailfold region. In the post‐occlusive hyperemia phase, up to a 60% increase in skin RBCconc was observed in the early part of the reactive hyperemia phase. This increase in skin RBCconc successively decreased but remained about 18% above the pre‐occlusion level after 30 min.Conclusion: Establishment of healthy skin RBCconc reference values is important for the design of versatile test procedures for assessment of skin damage caused by vibration tools, chemical exposure or peripheral vascular disease.
Bone density at interradicular sites: implications for orthodontic mini‐implant placement
Authors: Chun YS , Lim WH 
Published: January 2009

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Chun YS, Lim WHObjectives –  Implant stability is primarily related to local bone density; Few studies have evaluated interradicular bone density related to mini‐implant placement for orthodontic anchorage. Therefore, this study evaluated bone density differences between interradicular sites.Setting and Sample Population –  Computed tomographic (CT) images were obtained from 14 males and 14 females (mean age 27 years, range 23–35 years). Bone density in Hounsfield units (HU) was measured at 13 interradicular sites and four bone levels.Results –  Bone densities in most areas were higher than 850 HU. Statistically significant differences in bone density were detected at different levels and sites. Bone densities in both maxilla and mandible significantly increased from the alveolar crest toward basal bone in posterior areas, while the opposite was observed in anterior areas. There were statistically significant differences in bone densities between the maxilla and mandible in posterior areas. Bone densities progressively increased from anterior to posterior areas in the mandible.Conclusion –  The results suggest that mini‐implants for orthodontic anchorage may be effective when placed in most areas with equivalent bone density up to 6 mm apical to the alveolar crest. Site selection should be adjusted according to bone density assessment.