bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does growing Canadian Western Hard Red Spring wheat under organic management alter its breadmaking quality?
Authors: Mason H. , Navabi A. , Frick B. , O'Donovan J. , Niziol D. , Spaner D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCanadian Western Hard Red Spring (CWRS) wheat is recognized as premium quality wheat, ideal for breadmaking due to its superior milling qualities, baking characteristics and protein content. Organic wheat production is becoming more prevalent in Canada, due to increasing consumer demand for organic wheat products. Differences may exist in the baking and milling quality of wheat grown under conventional and organic management, a result of the dissimilarity between organic and conventional soil and crop management practices. Five CWRS cultivars released from 1885 to 1997 were grown under conventional and organic management and were assessed for their breadmaking potential. Several traits were investigated, including test weight, protein content, flour yield, kernel hardness and several mixograph parameters. Test weight was higher under conventional management, while no differences in protein content were observed between organic and conventionally grown wheat. Higher sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation (SDSS) volume, a reflection of gluten strength, was observed under conventional management, while there was a trend towards higher dough strength under organic management. Cultivars differed in grain protein, flour yield, kernel hardness and mixograph parameters, with Park and McKenzie superior to the others, particularly Red Fife, a much older cultivar. Management×cultivar interaction effects suggest that cultivars exhibit somewhat different baking characteristics when grown in the two management systems. There was no evidence that older cultivars (developed prior to the widespread use of pesticides and fertilizers) are better suited, in terms of breadmaking quality, for organic production.
Yield and fruit quality response of sweet pepper to organic and mineral fertilization
Authors: del Amor F.M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSweet pepper plants were grown in a greenhouse under three different cultivation methods (organic, integrated and conventional farming). During the crop cycle, plant growth and especially yield and fruit quality parameters were monitored to determine the effects of the different fertilization strategies. Plant fresh weight and total leaf fresh weight were progressively reduced, relative to the other treatments, in the organic treatment compared with the conventional, and at the end of the crop cycle these parameters were reduced by 32.6 and 35% respectively. This reduction in growth was directly correlated with plant nitrate concentration and, at the end of the study, nitrate concentration was reduced almost completely in the organic treatment. Despite the important effect on growth, no significant differences in total marketable yield were observed between conventional and organic farming, although integrated farming showed the highest yield in the extra and first class fruit categories. Organic farming increased antioxidant activity but reduced both chlorophylls and β-carotene. Fruit firmness, pericarp thickness, pH and total soluble solids content showed higher values with the organic method, but these differences were not significant with respect to the conventional method. Our results show the advantages of the organic fertilization, from both environmental and economic perspectives, if proper dosage is added to the crop and the demonstrated buffer capacity of these plants, with respect to maintaining yield under nutrient depletion at later stages of development, is taken into account.
IMPROVED METHOD OF PRODUCING AMOEBIC LIVER ABSCESSES IN HAMSTERS FOR SCREENING OF SYSTEMICALLY ACTIVE AMOEBICIDES
Authors: Das P , Narain L , Dutta GP , Pal S , Pal SC 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAn improved method of producing hepatic amoebiasis in hamsters has been developed. A serially liver‐passaged strain of Entamoeba histolytica from experimentally‐infected hamsters was used for infection. Small pieces from the infected liver were examined for the presence of amoebae and contained approximately 20,000 active trophozoites per piece. Such liver pieces, when used as an inoculum, produced infection in all of the animals, The method has been successfully employed for screening of known amoebicides such as emetine, dehydroemetine, metronidazole, tinidazole, chloroquine, mepacrine, amodiaquine and ambilhar.
MICROBIOLOGY OF CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION AMONG AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL CHILDREN: ROLE OF CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS
Authors: Dawson VM , Coelen RJ , Murphy S , Graham D , Dyer H , Sunderman J 
Published: August 2007

SummarySerum, eye secretions, post‐nasal swabs, external ear swabs and middle ear effusions (MEE) were collected from 131 Australian Aboriginal children with chronic otitis media with effusion (COME). The children were all resident in a trachoma endemic region. Chlamydia trachomatis was recovered from the MEE of 2 children. Probable bacterial pathogens were isolated from 34 (12·7%) ears. The remainder were sterile (52·4%) or contained normal skin flora (34·9%). Serum and secretions were examined by the micro‐immunofluorescent technique for the presence, titre and serotype of anti‐chlamydial antibody. Antibody, predominantly of the C serotype, was found in a high percentage of sera (80%) and secretions (approximately 50%). This serotype is associated with ocular trachoma. It is concluded that C. trachomatis is associated with COME among some Aboriginal children in this trachoma endemic area.
OPTIMISED GROWTH OF HUMAN EPIDERMAL CELLS IN VITRO WITHOUT THE USE OF A FEEDER LAYER OR COLLAGEN SUBSTRATE
Authors: Thompson CH , Rose BR , Cossart YE 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA culture method has been developed which enables a reasonably large quantity of human epidermal cells to be grown in vitro without the use of irradiated 3T3 feeder layers or collagen substrates. These cultures become confluent within 2 or 3 weeks of initiation, and may be sub‐cultured several times over their 16‐week average lifespan provided that the calcium levels in the cultured medium are controlled. Some of the potential uses of these cultures are briefly discussed.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND ULTRASTRUCTURE OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM DAMAGED IN VITRO BY HUMAN “CRISIS” SERA AND BY CHLOROQUINE
Authors: Butcher GA , Maxwell Lesley , Cowen N , Clancy RL , Stace JD 
Published: August 2007

SummaryP. falciparum malaria was cultured in vitro in the presence of sera from patients with cerebral malaria, meningitis and also after choloroquine administration. Intra‐erythrocytic parasite damage was seen by light and electron microscopy. The significance of the results is discussed with relevance to non‐specific immune mechanisms, and the damage induced by these mechanisms compared with that from chloroquine.
ACUTE DELETION OF ARTERIAL BARORECEPTOR INPUT IN THE CONSCIOUS RABBIT
Authors: Ludbrook J , Graham WF , Potocnik SJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryWe describe the use of a snare to denervate the carotid sinus in conscious rabbits whose other arterial baroreceptors had been denervated 8‐14 days previously by surgical operation. Within 2 min of tightening the snare arterial blood pressure had risen from 81 ± 2 to 119 ± 5 mmHg, and heart rate had risen from 214 ± 9 to 280 ± 9 beats min‐1. They remained at these high levels for 15 min bus then fell, so that after 30 min blood pressure and heart rate were 103 ± 9 mmHg and 265 ± 8 beats min‐1 respectively. They declined somewhat further, but irregularly, over the succeeding 7 days. The previously brisk baroreceptor‐heart rate and carotid sinus reflexes were abolished by ensnaring the carotid sinus nerve, and remained absent over the succeeding 7 days. This method of deleting input from the arterial baroreceptors is not confounded by general anaesthesia or surgical injury, and allows observations to be made within minutes. The rapid decline in blood pressure and heart rate after 15 min, and the subsequent slow downward trend, are unexplained. They are of potential importance in experiments designed to quantitate the effects of baroreceptor input on the circulation. We also noted that, whereas spontaneous activities of the baroreceptor‐intact rabbit were usually associated with transient rises of blood pressure and heart rate, after deletion of baroreceptor input the same activities were usually associated with transient falls.
PERIPHERAL BLOOD WHITE CELL RESPONSES DURING CONCURRENT COPPER DEFICIENCY AND GASTRO‐INTESTINAL NEMATODIASIS IN SHEEP
Authors: Yong WK , Edwards LD , Hucker DA 
Published: August 2007

SummarySheep experimentally depleted of copper (Cu) and infected with Trichostrongylus axei and Trichostrongylus colubriformis were studied for changes in white blood cell (WBC) populations, anti‐parasite antibody responses and in vitro proliferative response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Trichostrongylus spp. antigens. Increases in circulating total WBC, lymphocyte, monocyte and neutrophil leucocyte numbers had a bimodal distribution which was related to the different developmental stages of the nematode. Eosinophil leucocyte numbers were generally lower than those of uninfected control sheep and could be associated with parasite‐induced selective unresponsiveness or PHA responsive cells. The in vitro blastogenic responses of lymphocytes to PHA stimulation increased rapidly soon after infection, reaching a peak at 2 weeks, but then declined rapidly and from 5 weeks after infection responses to PHA were barely detectable. The patterns of proliferate response against LPS and Trichostrongylus spp. antigens were identical and correlated with the appearance of anti‐parasite antibodies in the serum. These last three responses reached their maxima 5 weeks after infection and then stabilized at a plateau around peak levels. It was concluded that, although the changes in the host immune response could not be consistently associated with interactions between Cu deficiency and infection, the results nevertheless suggest that Cu, as a micro‐nutrient, has a role in the mechanism of cell‐mediated immunity in sheep infected with Trichostrongylus spp.
VASO‐ACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE: A NEUROTRANSMITTER WHICH REDUCES HUMAN NK CELL ACTIVITY AND INCREASES Ig SYNTHESIS
Authors: Drew PA , Shearman DJC 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe effect of vaso‐active intestinal peptide(VIP)on natural killer (Nk)cell activity and immunoglobulin synthesis in vitro has been Studied. At a concentration of 10‐6M, VIP significantly inhibited the NK cell activity of normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC)on K562 target cells. The concentration of IgG, IgA and IgM in the supernatants of pokeweed mitogen‐stimulated PBMC was increased when VIP was added at the beginning of the culture period. It is possible that VIP may influence immune responses in the intestinal tract, where it is a neurotransmitter and is found in high concentrations.
MELPHALAN‐RESISTANT LYMPHOBLASTOID CELL LINES ESTABLISHED FROM PATIENTS WITH OVARIAN CANCER TREATED WITH CROSS‐LINKING AGENTS
Authors: Maynard K , Musk P , Daunter B , Khoo SK , Parsons PG 
Published: August 2007

SummaryLymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) were established from 83 patterns with ovarian cancer by transformation of peripheral B lymphocytes with Epstein‐Barr virus. Comparing the melphalan resistance of different groups of LCLs using the mean D0 obtained from clonogenic survival assays, LCLs from melphalan‐treated patients were significantly more resistant then LCLs from patients not treated with this drug. However, prior treatment of the patient with ionizing radiation was not associated with Increased in vitro resistance of the LCL to this agent. In melphalan‐treated patients where LCLs were established serially, the melphalan D0 increased after further melphalan treatment in vivo and decreased when no further treatment was given. No correlation was found between age of donor and LCL resistance to any of the above agents. A group of 15 LCLs previously established from non‐tumour donors was less resistant to melphalan than the LCLs from patients with ovarian cancer. In a group of 29 patients with advanced disease in whom the clinical response was known, LCL resistance to melphalan appeared to be associated with poor clinical response to cross‐linking agents. These results suggest that B cell populations undergo long term, but not necessarily permanent, increases in resistance to melphalan.
AN INHIBITOR OF PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR PRODUCED BY TUMOUR CELL FUSION HYBRIDS
Authors: Badenoch‐Jones Peter , Ramshaw Ian A , Grant Adrienne 
Published: August 2007

SummaryExpression of plasminogen activator (PA) activity may be an important factor in the ability of tumour cells to metastasize; however, not all metastatic cells product detectable PA activity. Conditioned culture media from revertant metastatic clones of cells derived by fusion of metastatic and non‐metastatic rat mammary adenocarcinoma cells were found to contain a potent inhibitor of PA. This inhibited thrombin, human urokinase (UK) and tumour‐derived PA, but not plasmin or trypsin. Inhibition was still obtained after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS‐PAGE) of mixtures of PA and inhibitor, followed by development of PA activity on fibrin overlays. The PA inhibitor eluted from Sephadex G‐200 over a broad M.wt. range (35,000‐80,000) and was inactivated by heating to 70° for 30 min. The appearance of inhibitory activity in the culture media was time‐dependent and could be reduced by incubation of cells with cycloheximide. Because of these findings, the possible presence of inhibitors should be considered in investigations into the role of PA in the metastatic process.
A CYTOGENETIC STUDY OF SUBCUTANEOUS MURINE MACROPHAGES AND MULTINUCLEATE GIANT CELLS
Authors: Murch AR , Papadimitriou JM 
Published: August 2007

SummaryMacrophages and multinucleate giant cells (MGC), collected by subcutaneous implantation of melinex discs into the dorsum of mice for 7 days, were examined cytogenetically. Two per cent of the metaphase seen were polyploid and were considered to represent dividing MGC. Twenty‐two per cent of the diploid metaphases showed chromosomal damage. Seventy per cent of damage consisted of chromosomal gaps, but the remaining 30% consisted of breaks and chromosomal fragments which would lead to unbalanced karyotypes in the next generation. More than 50% of the polyploid metaphases analysed had chromosomal damage, including 16.6% which displayed premature chromatin condensation, the damage being more severe in polyploid than in diploid metaphases. The chromosomal damage parallels that previously reported in resident peritoneal macrophages and in cultured exudate macrophages. The cause of such damage is unclear, but it was concluded that, because of the extent of damage, mitosis is unlikely to play a major part in the maintenance of macrophages or MGC at inflammatory sites.
THE LONG‐TERM COLLECTION OF LYMPH FROM SINGLE LYMPH NODES OF FOETAL LAMBS IN UTERO
Authors: Simpson‐Morgan MW , Trevella Wendy , Hugh AR , McClure Susan J , Morris B 
Published: August 2007

SummarySurgical techniques are described for the long‐term collection of lymph from both prescapular efferent lymph duels of foetal lambs in utero. Lymph ducts in foetal lambs 95 to 136 days post‐conception were cannulated with a high rate of success. Lymph flow from the cannulas was not compromised by deliberate primary or secondary challenge of the lymph nodes with a wide variety of antigens, and often continued for long periods after the lambs were born naturally. The techniques allow cellular and humoral lymph‐borne immune responses of foetal lambs to authentic primary antigenic challenge to be studied in utero, uncomplicated by any previous experience of antigens. Loss of lymphocytes from the cannulated ducts depleted the numbers of cells in the lymph, but lymph protein concentrations were unaffected by lymph drainage.
SOMATIC AND EXCRETORY POLYSACCHARIDE ANTIGENS OF LEISHMANIA DONOVANI PROMASTIGOTES
Authors: Ray Ranjit , Ghose Asoke C 
Published: August 2007

SummaryLeishmania donovani promastigotes were found to release excretory‐secretory antigens (ESA) in the culture medium which reacted against rabbit antiserum to live promastigotes (RA‐LP). The active material was purified and found to contain mainly polysaccharides with about 23% of protein. A polysaccharide‐rich antigen (PRA) was also isolated from the promastigote debris by the phenol‐water extraction procedure. When tested against RA‐LP in agar gel diffusion, both the preparations were found to be antigenically identical to each other as well as to a preparation of crude soluble antigen (CSA). The determinants involved were shown to be polysaccharide in nature. Gel filtration of all the three preparations showed that the antigenic activity was distributed in various eluted fractions. Both CSA and PRA also exhibited considerable electrophoretic heterogeneity in immunoelectrophoresis, although ESA showed only two overlapping faster moving bands. It is concluded that ESA represented a mixture of highly negatively charged mucopolysaccharides of varying sizes. The minimum molecular weight of the basic structural unit was around 2 × 104 daltons. These materials were probably derived from antigenically similar complexes of larger molecular weights located on the outer surface of the parasite and were released in the culture medium during their multiplication. Information available so far from this study suggests that the polysaccharide determinants of ESA/PRA did not elicit any marked immune response in kala‐azar patients.
ESTABLISHMENT AND PARTIAL CHARACTERISATION OF A HUMAN FIBROSARCOMA CELL LINE MR‐83
Authors: Stuckly K , Kiddle R , Leversha M , Ellis WM , Ekert H 
Published: August 2007

SummaryWe describe a mycoplasma‐free human fibrosarcoma cell line, MR‐83, which glows readily in liquid culture and as clones in semi‐solid agar with a plating efficiency of about 0.5%. It has a stable karyotype consisting of a modal number of 49‐51 chromosomes, with two translocations and a deletion. The cell line shows resistance to adriamycin in semi‐solid agar assay, and responds to Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) by increased DNA synthesis, as measured by thymidine uptake.
ANALYSIS OF PATTERNS OF GROWTH INHIBITION OF P. FALCIPARUM IN SYNCHRONISED CULTURES INDUCED BY SERUM FROM CHILDREN AND ADULTS FROM MADANG, PAPUA NEW GUINEA
Authors: Cowen NL , Clancy RL , Tulloch JL , Cripps AW , Alpers MP 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIn this study we have modified a micro Plasmodium falciparum in vitro growth inhibition assay to allow dissection of growth inhibition induced by test sera into two categories: inhibition of intracellular schizont growth and inhibition of uptake of merozoites into a second cohort of erythrocytes. This was achieved using morphology‐controlled synchronised cultures with incubation times restricted to cover either ring to schizont development or schizont to ring development. Sera tested were obtained from a large prospective study of healthy residents of Madang, Papua New Guinea, who were carefully documented with respect to presence of malarial parasites in the blood, spleen size, age, sex and history of fever. In the ring to schizont assay sera from all the children tested inhibited parasitic growth by at least 20%, compared to only 10 of 39 adults tested (P < 0.0005). In the schizont to ring assay 20 of 39 adult sera tested inhibited the uptake of 14C‐isoleucine into P. falciparum protein compared to 3 of the 15 children's sera tested (P < 0.01). These results are interpreted as reflecting a switch from non‐specific mechanisms of resistance with increasing age.
SUPPRESSION OF EARLY IMMUNITY TO NEMATO‐SPIROIDES DUBIUS IN MICE BY SELECTIVE DEPLETION OF NEUTROPHILS WITH MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY
Authors: Pentilla IA , Ey PL , Lopez AF , Jenkin CR 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe role of neutrophils and eosinophils in the acquired resistance of mice to infection with the helminth Nematospiroides dubius has been investigated in vivo by testing infected mice for their resistance to a challenge dose of larvae following treatment with monoclonal rat antibodies (MAbs) specific for mouse granulocytes. Treatment of normal and infected mice with NIMP‐R10 MAb reduced the number of neutrophils in the peripheral blood and peritoneal cavity during the ensuing 2‐5 days without affecting macrophage or eosinophil levels. The effect of this MAb on immunity depended on the immune status of the mice tested. The partial resistance of mice receiving a primary ‘immunising’ infection, followed by passive transfer of immune serum and challenge at 4 days, was completely suppressed by NIMP‐R10 MAb. The acquired resistance of mice challenged 10 days after being given a single ‘immunising’ infection was halved by NIMP‐R10 treatment, while that of ‘twice‐immunised’ mice (infected on days 0 and 14, challenged on day 24) was unaffected. Treatment of twice‐infected mice with the eosinophil‐specific MAb NIMP‐R6 reduced the number of eosinophils in the blood and peritoneal cavity by 40‐60%, but caused no significant loss of immunity.The data indicate that after infection of mice with N. dubius, neutrophils play a predominant role in early resistance to reinfection, but they become progressively less essential as activated macrophages and (following a second infection) eosinophils become prevalent.The lack of effect of NIMP‐R6 MAb treatment on the immunity of twice‐infected mice may have been due to an insufficient reduction in eosinophil numbers; however, it seems likely that the neutrophils and macrophages present in these mice would have provided adequate protection even in the absence of eosinophils.
RECONSTRUCTING NORMAL α‐CRYSTALLIN FROM THE MODIFIED CATARACTOUS PROTEIN
Authors: Thomson John A , Hum Tony P , Augusteyn Robert C 
Published: August 2007

Summaryα‐Crystallin from human cataractous lenses is so extensively modified that it is unsuitable for structural studies. We have disassembled the protein and, from the remaining traces of unmodified polypeptides, reconstructed a more homogeneous and conformationally discrete molecule. We suggest that this approach may be particularly useful to studies of enzymology and molecular gerontology.
A CONJUGATIVE PLASMID ENCODING PRODUCTION OF A DIFFUSIBLE PIGMENT AND RESISTANCE TO AMINOGLYCOSIDES AND MACROLIDES IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Townsend DE , Ashdown N , Annear DI , Grubb WB 
Published: August 2007

SummaryA methicillin‐resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus, WG512, was isolated in 1968 and has been shown to harbour a plasmid, pWG14, which encodes the production of a diffusible pigment and resistance to kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, lincomycin, erythromyein and spectinomycin. Plasmid pWG14 has only been detected as a slowly migrating band of DNA during agarose‐gel electrophoresis, and this was thought to be the open‐circular form of the plasmid with an estimated molecular weight of 30‐34 Mdal. The transfer properties of this plasmid were compared with a non‐conjugative plasmid encoding tetracycline resistance and the class 2, conjugative plasmid described by Archer and Johnston (1983), Plasmid pWG14 shared many of the conjugative properties of the latter plasmid, including the ability to transfer at high frequency on the surface of a filter membrane and to transfer between non‐lysogenic strains in the absence of Ca++ and in the presence of citrate or DNase I. However, unlike the class 2 plasmid, pWG14 was able to transfer in broth culture at low frequency and did not mobilise the non‐conjugative plasmid. Furthermore, the class 2 plasmid and pWG14 were shown to belong to different incompatibility groups. A derivative of WG512, which had lost the ability to produce the diffusible pigment along with plasmid pWG14 but had retained the resistance determinants of plasmid pWG14 in the chromosome, was used to demonstrate that the conjugative mechanism of pWG14 was a property of the plasmid and not the resistance determinants.