bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional Economic Voting: Russia, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and the
Czech Republic, 1990–1999
Authors: Mitin Dmitri 
Published: March 2007

Regional Economic Voting: Russia, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia and
the Czech Republic, 1990–1999, Joshua A. Tucker, New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. xxii, 417.Recognizing and predicting the patterns of voting behaviour is a
formidable task even in the case of mature and stable democracies.
Needless to say, the identification of such trends in the wake of a
fundamental political and economic restructuring, when the basic rules of
the game are still in flux, can be frustratingly elusive. In this
ambitious and methodologically sophisticated study, Joshua Tucker takes on
the challenge and suggests a fresh approach for cutting through the fog of
post-communist institutional ambiguity. The book reports on several
prominent regularities in the voting outcomes that span five countries,
several distinct institutional designs, twenty national elections and ten
years of transition. In contrast to the studies that rely on micro-level
survey data or small-n cross-country comparisons, Tucker aggregates and
analyzes the election results at the intermediate, regional level.
Cross-regional comparison provides enough resolution for detecting
systematic voting patterns shaped by local economic conditions. Explaining
the observed connection between regional economy and regional vote is the
central theme of Tucker's study.
Radical Right Parties: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market
and Voting Radical Right in Western Europe
Authors: Ivarsflaten Elisabeth 
Published: March 2007

Radical Right Parties: Voters and Parties in the Electoral
Market, Pippa Norris, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005,
pp. 349.Voting Radical Right in Western Europe, Terri E. Givens,
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 178The growing importance of immigration politics in Western Europe
during the past two decades and the connected rise of radical right
parties have justifiably received much scholarly attention. While a first
generation of scholars treating this phenomenon were mostly concerned with
the social bases for the growing political influence of such parties,
recent studies have begun to emphasize the importance of purely political
factors, such as institutional frameworks and strategic party competition.
The books on this topic by Norris and Givens are two of the most prominent
accounts in this second generation of studies.
Beyond Japan: The Dynamics of East Asian Regionalism
Authors: Cai Kevin G. 
Published: March 2007

Beyond Japan: The Dynamics of East Asian Regionalism, Peter
J. Katzenstein and Takashi Shiraishi, eds., Ithaca and London: Cornell
University Press, 2006, 325 pp., viii pp.This edited volume presents an interesting and comprehensive
discussion of Japan's evolving relationship with the East Asian
region. A central theme that runs throughout the book is that East Asia
has moved beyond the influence of the single Japanese model toward a
region that is being jointly driven by American, Japanese, Chinese and
other national influences.
Empire and Imperialism: A Critical Reading of Michael Hardt and
Antonio Negri
Authors: Prager Carol A. L. 
Published: March 2007

Empire and Imperialism: A Critical Reading of Michael Hardt and
Antonio Negri, Atilio A. Boron, London: Zed Books, 2005, pp. 141.Michael Walzer, reflecting in a 2002 Dissent article (vol.
49, Spring) upon the compelling issues in world politics, asked “Can
there be a decent Left?” After reading Atilio A. Boron's
impassioned and derisive critique of Michael Hardt and Antonio
Negri's Empire (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press,
2000), one wonders whether today there can be an empirically
sophisticated, coherent Left. (Negri, by the way, spent seventeen years in
Italian prisons for his involvement with the Red Brigade and the murder of
Italian politician Aldo Moro.) Boron, a professor of political theory at
the University of Buenos Aires claims, no doubt rightly, that the last
three decades, embracing the end of the Cold War, the impact of
neo-liberal policies on the “periphery” and sweeping
technological changes, have necessitated a reformulation of leftist
thinking. The influential Empire, which advances a
root-and-branch restructuring of socialist thought, though hugely popular
among anti-globalization groups and already translated into over a dozen
languages, is to Boron emphatically not it. While paying obeisance to
Hardt and Negri's “noble intentions and intellectual and
political honesty” (4–5), the author proceeds to shred
virtually all their main contentions.
Endoscopic radical antrectomy: a permanent replacement for the Caldwell–Luc operation
Authors: Abd El-Fattah H , Nour Y A , El-Daly A 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIntroduction:Chronic inflammation of sinus mucosa is a multifactorial condition which sometimes results in irreversible pathological mucosal changes.Aims:To evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic radical antrectomy in treating chronic, hyperplastic, eosinophilic sinusitis, and to compare this procedure with classical endoscopic middle meatal antrostomy.Materials and methods:A randomised, controlled trial with parallel design was conducted between July 2000 and December 2004, including 119 patients who fulfilled the clinical, radiological and histopathological criteria for chronic, hyperplastic, eosinophilic sinusitis. Patients were randomly allocated to two treatment groups: classical endoscopic middle meatal antrostomy and endoscopic radical antrectomy. The main outcome measures were recorded in each subgroup at the time of the patient's last clinic visit. In each subgroup, these included subjective improvement and evaluation of the endoscopic appearance of the maxillary sinus.Results:Thirty-two per cent of patients in the endoscopic middle meatal antrostomy group were considered surgical failures, compared with 14.5 per cent of the endoscopic radical antrectomy group. This was statistically significant (p = 0.023). Unhealthy maxillary sinuses were significantly more prevalent in the endoscopic middle meatal antrostomy group (p = 0.029).Conclusions:In those patients fulfilling the criteria suggestive of chronic, irreversible sinonasal pathology, primary endoscopic radical antrectomy was significantly better than endoscopic middle meatal antrostomy, based on subjective and objective findings.
True aneurysm of the facial artery
Authors: Barraclough J , Uppal H , Silverman S , Helpert C , O'Connell J 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe present a case of true facial artery aneurysm with no associated risk factors, which was non-pulsatile on presentation. This case is unique as the lesion was identified using computed tomography scanning, due to the unusual presentation. The vast majority of aneurysms of the head and neck have a traumatic aetiology, giving rise to false aneurysms; true aneurysms are extremely rare. We discuss the implications of such a lesion and its management.
Two-mode overconstrained three-DOFs rotational-translational linear-motor-based parallel-kinematics mechanism for machine tool applications
Authors: Refaat Sameh , Hervé Jacques M. , Nahavandi Saeid , Trinh Hieu 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARYThe paper introduces a family of three-DOFs translational-rotational Parallel-Kinematics Mechanisms (PKMs) as well as the mobility analysis of such family using Lie-group theory. Each member of this family has two-rotational one-translational DOFs. A novel mechanism is presented and analyzed as a representative of that family. The use and the practical value of that modular mechanism are emphasized.
Trajectory estimation of a moving object using Kalman filter and Kohonen networks
Authors: Park JaeHwei , Yun JaeMu , Lee JangMyung 
Published: March 2007

SUMMARYA novel approach to estimate the real-time moving trajectory of an object is proposed in this paper. The object's position is obtained from the image data of a charge coupled device (CCD) camera, while a state estimator predicts the linear and angular velocities of the moving object. To overcome the uncertainties and noises residing in the input data, a Kalman filter and neural networks are utilized cooperatively. Since the Kalman filter needs to approximate a nonlinear system into a linear model in order to estimate the states, there still exist errors as well as uncertainties. To resolve this problem, in this approach, the Kohonen networks, which have a high adaptability to the memory of the input–output relationship, are utilized for the nonlinear region. In addition to this, the Kohonen network, as a sort of neural network, can effectively adapt to the dynamic variations and become robust against noises. This approach is derived from the observation that the Kohonen network is a type of a self-organized map and is spatially oriented, which makes it suitable for determining the trajectories of moving objects. The superiority of the proposed algorithm compared with the extended Kalman filter is demonstrated through real experiments.
Conventional analyses of data from dietary validation studies may misestimate reporting accuracy: illustration from a study of the effect of interview modality on children's reporting accuracy
Authors: Smith Albert F , Domel Baxter Suzanne , Hardin James W , Nichols Michele D 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo compare two approaches to analysing energy- and nutrient-converted data from dietary validation (and relative validation) studies – conventional analyses, in which the accuracy of reported items is not ascertained, and reporting-error-sensitive analyses, in which reported items are classified as matches (items actually eaten) or intrusions (items not actually eaten), and reported amounts are classified as corresponding or overreported.DesignSubjects were observed eating school breakfast and lunch, and interviewed that evening about that day's intake. For conventional analyses, reference and reported information were converted to energy and macronutrients; thent-tests, correlation coefficients and report rates (reported/reference) were calculated. For reporting error-sensitive analyses, reported items were classified as matches or intrusions, reported amounts were classified as corresponding or overreported, and correspondence rates (corresponding amount/reference amount) and inflation ratios (overreported amount/reference amount) were calculated.SubjectsSixty-nine fourth-grade children (35 girls) from 10 elementary schools in Georgia (USA).ResultsFor energy and each macronutrient, conventional analyses found that reported amounts were significantly less than reference amounts (everyP < 0.021; pairedt-tests); correlations between reported and reference amounts exceeded 0.52 (everyP < 0.001); and median report rates ranged from 76% to 95%. Analyses sensitive to reporting errors found median correspondence rates between 67% and 79%, and that median inflation ratios, which ranged from 7% to 17%, differed significantly from 0 (everyP < 0.0001; sign tests).ConclusionsConventional analyses of energy and nutrient data from dietary reporting validation (and relative validation) studies may overestimate accuracy and mask the complexity of dietary reporting error.
On-line Monitoring of End-tidal Propofol Concentration in Anesthetized Patients
Authors: Takita Akira , Masui Kenichi , Kazama Tomiei 
Published: March 2007

Background
Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) has some volatility, so it can be detected in expired breath of individuals receiving intravenous propofol. This study measured volatile propofol exhaled by patients and investigated the relation between exhaled and plasma propofol concentrations.

Methods
Nineteen patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I or II who were undergoing elective surgery participated in this two-part study. In study 1 (n = 11), anesthesia was induced with 2 mg/kg propofol, 0.1 mg/kg vecuronium, and 2 microg/kg fentanyl. After intubation, propofol was administered continuously for 60 min at each of three rates: 3, 6, and 9 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1). Blood samples were obtained just before each change in the infusion rate, and the plasma concentrations of propofol were measured. The exhaled propofol concentration was measured continuously by means of proton transfer mass spectrometry. End-tidal propofol concentrations during blood sampling were averaged and compared with plasma propofol concentrations. In study 2 (n = 8), after induction of anesthesia, patients received a bolus injection of 2 mg/kg propofol, and the exhaled propofol concentration was measured.

Results
Volatile propofol was detected in expired gas from all study patients. From study 1, the authors obtained 24 paired data points, i.e., concentrations of end-tidal and plasma propofol. With Bland-Altman analysis, bias +/- precision was 5.2 +/- 10.4 with 95% limits of agreement of -15.1 and 25.6. In study 2, the exhaled propofol concentration curve showed an obvious peak in all patients.

Conclusions
Agreement between plasma and exhaled propofol concentrations suggests that proton transfer mass spectrometry can be used for real-time propofol monitoring.
Current Practices in Sedation and Analgesia for Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Payen Jean-Francois , Chanques Gérald , Mantz Jean , Hercule Christiane , Auriant Igor , Leguillou Jean-Luc , Binhas Michèle , Genty Céline , Rolland Carole , Bosson Jean-Luc 
Published: March 2007

Background
The authors conducted a patient-based survey of practices to fully describe the assessment and the management of pain and sedation of a large cohort of mechanically ventilated patients during their first week of intensive care unit (ICU) stay.

Methods
A total of 1,381 adult patients were included in a prospective, observational study in 44 ICUs in France. Pain and sedation assessment, analgesic and sedative use, and analgesic management during procedural pain were collected on days 2, 4, and 6 of the ICU stay.

Results
The observed rates of assessment on day 2 for sedation (43%) and analgesia (42%) were significantly smaller than that of use of sedatives (72%) and opioids (90%), also noted on days 4 and 6. The use of protocols/guidelines for sedation/analgesia in the ICU reduced the proportion of patients who were treated, although not evaluated. A large proportion of assessed patients were in a deep state of sedation (40-50%). Minor changes in the dosages of the main prescribed agents for sedation (midazolam, propofol) and analgesia (sufentanil, fentanyl, morphine, remifentanil) were found across 6 days of the patient's ICU stay. Procedural pain was specifically managed for less than 25% of patients; during those procedures, the proportion of patients with pain significantly increased from the baseline pain evaluation.

Conclusions
Excessively deep states of sedation and a lack of analgesia during painful procedures must be prevented. To facilitate systematic pain and sedation assessment and to adjust daily drug dosages accordingly, it seems crucial to promote educational programs and elaboration of protocols/guidelines in the ICU.
Regional Gas Exchange and Cellular Metabolic Activity in Ventilator-induced Lung Injury
Authors: Musch Guido , Venegas Jose G. , Bellani Giacomo , Winkler Tilo , Schroeder Tobias , Petersen Bodil , Harris R Scott , Vidal Melo Marcos F. 
Published: March 2007

Background
Alveolar overdistension and repetitive derecruitment-recruitment contribute to ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). The authors investigated (1) whether inflammatory cell activation due to VILI was assessable by positron emission tomography and (2) whether cell activation due to dynamic overdistension alone was detectable when other manifestations of VILI were not yet evident.

Methods
The authors assessed cellular metabolic activity with [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose and regional gas exchange with [(13)N]nitrogen. In 12 sheep, the left ("test") lung was overdistended with end-inspiratory pressure of 50 cm H(2)O for 90 min, while end-expiratory derecruitment of this lung was either promoted with end-expiratory pressure of -10 cm H(2)O in 6 of these sheep (negative end-expiratory pressure [NEEP] group) or prevented with +10 cm H(2)O in the other 6 (positive end-expiratory pressure [PEEP] group) to isolate the effect of overdistension. The right ("control") lung was protected from VILI.

Results
Aeration decreased and shunt fraction increased in the test lung of the NEEP group. [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake of this lung was higher than that of the control lung and of the test lung of the PEEP group, and correlated with neutrophil count. When normalized by tissue fraction to account for increased aeration of the test lung in the PEEP group, [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake was elevated also in this group, despite the fact that gas exchange had not yet deteriorated after 90 min of overdistension alone.

Conclusion
The authors could detect regional neutrophil activation in VILI even when end-expiratory derecruitment was prevented and impairment of gas exchange was not evident. Concomitant end-expiratory derecruitment converted this activation into profound inflammation with decreased aeration and regional shunting.
Isoflurane Depresses the Response of Inspiratory Hypoglossal Motoneurons to Serotonin In Vivo
Authors: Brandes Ivo F. , Zuperku Edward J. , Stucke Astrid G. , Hopp Francis A. , Jakovcevic Danica , Stuth Eckehard A. E. 
Published: March 2007

Background
Endogenous serotonin (5-HT) provides important excitatory drive to inspiratory hypoglossal motoneurons (IHMNs). In vitro studies show that activation of postsynaptic 5-HT receptors decreases a leak K+ channel conductance and depolarizes hypoglossal motoneurons (HMNs). In contrast, volatile anesthetics increase this leak K+ channel conductance, which causes neuronal membrane hyperpolarization and depresses HMN excitability. Clinical studies show upper airway obstruction, indicating HMN depression, even at subanesthetic concentrations. The authors hypothesized that if anesthetic activation of leak K+ channels caused neuronal depression in vivo, this effect could be antagonized with serotonin. In this case, the neuronal response to picoejected serotonin would be greater during isoflurane than with no isoflurane.

Methods
Studies were performed in decerebrate, vagotomized, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated dogs during hypercapnic hyperoxia. The authors studied the effect of approximately 0.3 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) isoflurane on the spontaneous discharge frequency patterns of single IHMNs and on the neuronal response to picoejection of 5-HT.

Results
Normalized data (mean +/- SD, n = 19) confirmed that 0.3 +/- 0.1 MAC isoflurane markedly reduced the spontaneous peak discharge frequency by 48 +/- 19% (P < 0.001) and depressed the slope of the spontaneous discharge patterns. The increase in neuronal frequency in response to 5-HT was reduced by 34 +/- 22% by isoflurane (P < 0.001).

Conclusion
Subanesthetic concentrations of isoflurane strongly depressed canine IHMNs in vivo. The neuronal response to 5-HT was also depressed by isoflurane, suggesting that anesthetic activation of leak K+ channels, which is expected to result in a larger 5-HT response, was not a dominant mechanism in this depression.
Subhypnotic Doses of Isoflurane Impair Auditory Discrimination in Rats
Authors: Burlingame Rita H. , Shrestha Sneha , Rummel Michael R. , Banks Matthew I. 
Published: March 2007

Background
Isoflurane at subhypnotic doses is known to affect cellular and network activity in the auditory pathway, but the behavioral effects of these concentrations of isoflurane on auditory processing have not been tested previously. The authors tested the hypothesis that subhypnotic doses of isoflurane would impair auditory discrimination in rats.

Methods
Rats were tested on their ability to discriminate up versus down frequency-modulated sweeps using three different pairs of sweeps ("Long," "Med," "Short"), whose frequency range and duration were varied systematically to make the discrimination more difficult. Rats were tested daily in the absence and presence of isoflurane at 0.2% or 0.4%. The effects of isoflurane (0%, 0.2%, and 0.4%) on performance (= % correct) and efficiency (= time/trial) were assessed using regression analysis.

Results
The effect of isoflurane was stimulus-dependent: performance for the Long stimulus pair was unaffected by isoflurane, performance on the Med stimulus pair was impaired only by 0.4% isoflurane, and performance on the Short stimulus pair was impaired by both 0.2% and 0.4% isoflurane. In contrast, isoflurane decreased efficiency equally for all stimulus pairs at 0.4% and had no effect at 0.2%.

Conclusions
The stimulus dependence of the effect of isoflurane on performance suggests that it is unlikely this effect was secondary to effects on memory, motivation, or motor function. These data indicate that doses of isoflurane known to produce modest effects on neural responses alter cortical sensory processing.
Xenon Mitigates Isoflurane-induced Neuronal Apoptosis in the Developing Rodent Brain
Authors: Ma Daqing , Williamson Peter , Januszewski Adam , Nogaro Marie-Caroline , Hossain Mahmuda , Ong Lay Ping , Shu Yi , Franks Nicholas P. , Maze Mervyn 
Published: March 2007

Background
Anesthetics, including isoflurane and nitrous oxide, an antagonist of the N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of the glutamate receptor, have been demonstrated to induce apoptotic neurodegeneration when administered during neurodevelopment. Xenon, also an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, not only lacks the characteristic toxicity produced by other N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists, but also attenuates the neurotoxicity produced by this class of agent. Therefore, the current study sought to investigate xenon's putative protective properties against anesthetic-induced neuronal apoptosis.

Method
Separate cohorts (n = 5 or 6 per group) of 7-day-old rats were randomly assigned and exposed to eight gas mixtures: air, 75% nitrous oxide, 75% xenon, 0.75% isoflurane, 0.75% isoflurane plus 35% or 75% nitrous oxide, 0.75% isoflurane plus 30% or 60% xenon for 6 h. Rats were killed, and cortical and hippocampal apoptosis was assessed using caspase-3 immunostaining. In separate cohorts, cortices were isolated for immunoblotting of caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9, and cytochrome c. Organotypic hippocampal slices of postnatal mice pups were derived and cultured for 24 h before similar gas exposures, as above, and subsequently processed for caspase-3 immunostaining.

Results
In vivo administration of isoflurane enhances neuronal apoptosis. When combined with isoflurane, nitrous oxide significantly increases whereas xenon significantly reduces apoptosis to a value no different from that of controls. In vitro studies corroborate the ability of xenon to attenuate isoflurane-induced apoptosis. Isoflurane enhanced expression of indicators of the intrinsic and common apoptotic pathways; this enhancement was increased by nitrous oxide but attenuated by xenon.

Conclusions
The current study demonstrates that xenon prevents isoflurane-induced neonatal neuronal apoptosis.