bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporary Esophageal Stenting Allows Healing of Esophageal Perforations Following Atrial Fibrillation Ablation Procedures
Authors: BUNCH T. JARED , NELSON JENNIFER , FOLEY TOM , ALLISON SCOTT , CRANDALL BRIAN G. , OSBORN JEFFREY S. , WEISS J. PETER , ANDERSON JEFFREY L. , NIELSEN PETER , ANDERSON LARS , LAPPE DONALD L. , DAY JOHN D. 
Published: March 2006

Background: Left atrial catheter ablation (LACA) has emerged as a successful method to eliminate atrial fibrillation (AF). Recent reports have described atrio‐esophageal fistulas, often resulting in death, from this procedure. Temporary esophageal stenting is an established therapy for malignant esophageal disease. We describe the first case of successful temporary esophageal stenting for an esophageal perforation following LACA. Case: A 48‐year‐old man with symptomatic drug refractory lone AF underwent an uneventful LACA. Fifty‐nine ablations with an 8‐mm tip ablation catheter (30 seconds, 70 Watts, 55°C), as guided by 3‐D NavX™ mapping, were performed in the left atrium to isolate the pulmonary veins as well as a left atrial flutter and roof ablation line. In addition, complex atrial electrograms in AF and sites of vagal innervation were ablated. Two weeks later, he presented with sub‐sternal chest pain, fever, and dysphagia. A chest CT showed a 3‐mm esophageal perforation at the level of the left atrium with mediastinal soiling and no pericardial effusion. An urgent upper endoscopy with placement of a PolyFlex removable esophageal stent to seal off the esophago‐mediastinal fistula was performed. After 3 weeks of i.v. antibiotics, naso‐jejunal tube feedings, and esophageal stenting, the perforation resolved and the stent was removed. Over 18 months of follow‐up, there have been no other complications, and he has returned to a physically active life and remains free from AF on previously ineffective anti‐arrhythmic drugs. Conclusion: Early diagnosis of esophageal perforations following LACA may allow temporary esophageal stenting with successful esophageal healing. Prompt chest CT scans with oral and i.v. contrast should be considered in any patient with sub‐sternal chest pain or dysphagia following LACA.
Progressive nodular histiocytosis – rare variant of cutaneous non‐Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: Lüftl Matthias , Seybold Heidi , Simon Miklós , Burgdorf Walter 
Published: March 2006

SummaryProgressive nodular histiocytosis is an extremely rare skin disease is clinically characterized by the coincidence of two distinct lesions, namely, superficial xanthomatous papules up to 5 mm and deep nodules and tumors 1–3 cm. Histologically the nodules represent spindle cell xanthogranulomas. We report a 24‐year‐old women with these findings. The distinction from other non‐Langerhans cell histiocytoses, in particular multiple juvenile xanthogranulomas, which may be more likely to show spontaneous remission, is somewhat unclear; patients with progressive nodular histiocytosis usually follow a serious and disfiguring clinical course.
Intraoperative labeling of sentinel lymph nodes with a combination of vital dye and radionuclide tracer – results in sentinel lymph node‐positive patients
Authors: Pfützner Wolfgang , Kunte Christian , Weiss Mayo , Flaig Michael I. , Konz Birger 
Published: March 2006

Summary Background: Sentinel lymph node biopsy enhances the accuracy of tumor staging in patients with malignant melanoma and can help select candidates for regional lymphadenectomy. There are two techniques for identifying the sentinel lymph node: intradermal injection of a radionuclide tracer or of a blue dye. We evaluated both methods to determine how they can be best utilized to locate a sentinel lymph node. Patients and methods: In a retrospective study, 323 patients with melanoma (tumor thickness ≥ 0.75 mm) who underwent sentinel lymph node biopsy after both radionuclide and blue dye injection were evaluated. The labeling of lymph nodes showing micrometastasis by histopathological examination was determined. Results: 63 patients showed sentinel lymph nodes with micrometastasis. All of these nodes (100 %) were labeled with radionuclide tracer, but only 90 % with blue dye. In 5 patients, only radionuclide labeling identified the histopathologically‐positive lymph node. In 36 patients, several sentinel lymph nodes were identified, with the histopathologically‐positive nodes usually showing a higher radioactive signal intensity than the negative ones. Conclusion: Since in some patients histopathologically‐positive lymph nodes are only labeled by radionuclide tracer, radionuclide labeling is indispensable for locating sentinel lymph nodes. In contrast, labeling with blue dye represents a supplementary method, which can simplify the recognition of the sentinel lymph node during surgery.
Umbilical endometriosis
Authors: Krumbholz Andi , Frank Undine , Norgauer Johannes , Ziemer Mirjana 
Published: March 2006

SummaryA 40‐year‐old woman with a history of a growing erythematous nodule in the umbilicus was diagnosed histopathologically with endometriosis. This umbilical endometriosis occurred spontaneously without any previous surgical procedures. The lesion was partially removed surgically; she then entered menopause with a spontaneous involution of the residuum during the following months so that further invention was not required. Umbilical endometriosis is very rare with an estimated incidence of 0.5 to 1% of all patients with endometrial ectopia. As the clinical appearance of umbilical endometriosis may share features with a variety of other disorders, we discuss the clinical picture and differential diagnostic considerations in detail.
Relativistic force-free electrodynamic simulations of neutron star magnetospheres
Authors: McKinney Jonathan C. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The luminosity and structure of neutron star magnetospheres are crucial to our understanding of pulsar and plerion emission. A solution found using the force-free approximation would be an interesting standard with which any model with more physics could be compared. Prior quasi-analytic force-free solutions may not be stable, while prior time-dependent magnetohydrodynamic models used unphysical model parameters. We use a time-dependent relativistic force-free electrodynamics code with no free parameters to find a unique stationary solution for the axisymmetric rotating pulsar magnetosphere in a Minkowski space–time in the case of no surface currents on the star. The solution is similar to the force-free quasi-analytic solution found in 1999 by Contopoulos, Kazanas & Fendt and the numerical magnetohydrodynamic solution found in 2006 by Komissarov. The magnetosphere structure and the usefulness of the classical y-point in the general dissipative regime are discussed. The pulsar luminosity is found to be L≈ 0.99 ± 0.01 μ2Ω4★/c3 for a dipole moment μ and stellar angular frequency Ω★.
QPOs during magnetar flares are not driven by mechanical normal modes of the crust
Authors: Levin Yuri 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
QPOs have been observed during three powerful magnetar flares, from SGR 0526−66, SGR 1806−20 and SGR 1900+14. These QPOs have been commonly interpreted as being driven by the mechanical modes of the magnetar's solid crust which are excited during the flare. Here we show that this interpretation is in sharp contradiction with the conventional magnetar model. Firstly, we show that a magnetar crustal mode decays on the time-scale of at most 1 s due to the emission of Alfvén waves into the neutron star interior. A possible modification is then to assume that the QPOs are associated with the magnetars' global modes. However, we argue that at the frequencies of the observed QPOs, the neutron star core is likely to support a continuum of magnetohydrodynamic normal modes. We demonstrate this on a completely solvable toy model which captures the essential physics of the system. We then show that the frequency of the global mode of the whole star is likely to have a significant imaginary component, and its amplitude is likely to decay on a short time-scale. This is not observed. Thus we conclude that either (i) the origin of the QPO is in the magnetar's magnetosphere, or (ii) the magnetic field has a special configuration: either it is expelled from the magenta's core prior to the flares, or its poloidal component has very small coherence length.
THE STATUS OF CRIMINOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Authors: BALL JOHN C. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract There is a general absence of criminological research within the federal government. Three reasons are advanced to this neglect: (1) criminol ogy is generally considered to be a developing and untried discipline; (2) the legal profession is viewed as encompassing the study of criminal behavior; and (3) the scientific investigation of deviant behavior is perceived as threatening to basic values of society. Following considera tion of impediments to the development of criminology, future prospects and directions for our discipline are discussed.
THE FEDERAL JUDICIAL SYSTEM
Authors: CANNON MARK W. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Since Chief Justice Taft's highly activist tenure, many people have looked to the Supreme Court for leadership in efforts to modernize federal judicial administration. This article reviews the role of the Chief Justice of the United States in federal judicial administration. as well as organizational and procedural improvements in court management at all three tiers of the federal court system, as seen by one trained in public administration Although improvement is apparent. other needed steps include less emphasis on the number of judgeships and more careful long‐range planning and experimentation with new techniques
HIERARCHICAL MANAGEMENT MONITORING: A Regional Data Collection System in Delinquency
Authors: CARTWRIGHT DESMONDS. , HUNTER ROBERT M. , HOWARD KATHERINE , HUIZINGA DAVID 
Published: March 2006

Abstract We describe a systematic way of collecting and organizing information on juvenile delinquency. Monthly data are collected from agencies such as police, courts, and corrections, by county and city. These data are aggregated into figures for different levels of administrative responsibility (such as counties, districts, areas, states, and region as a whole). Trends in monthly values are automatically detected, and sudden changes in rates are signaled. Agencies at each administrative level receive appropriate feedback of data on rates, trends, and signals.
PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES IN GAINING RESEARCH ACCESS IN POLICE ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: FOX JAMES C. , LUNDMAN RICHARD J. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract “Access” is conceived of as involving passage through two gates: one manned by the top‐level authority figures of the organization, and the other by the proposed subjects of one's study. Within this framework, informal contacts, contingent acceptance at successive organizational levels, and self‐selection are identified and discussed as the factors most central to an understanding of our successful access into three police organizations and our failures to gain access to two police organizations.
PATTERNS OF REPORTING NONCRIMINAL INCIDENTS TO THE POLICE
Authors: MEYER JOHN C. 
Published: March 2006

Abstracts Reasons for citizen reporting to the police have not been systematically studied. This paper presents the results of an inquiry into the patterns of reporting noncriminal incidents. These events far outnumber crimes reported to the police in most jurisdictions and present unique opportunities for research. Four reporting patterns are presented and discussed: maintaining social boundaries: relieving unpleasant situations; counter‐reporting; and correcting hazardous situations. The consequences of these patterns for policing and criminology are outlined in terms of citizens defining the most probable outcomes of situations.
SUTHERLAND'S PROFESSIONAL THIEF
Authors: VASOLI ROBERTH , TERZOLA DENNIS A. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract By virtue of its influence on differential association theory, on the study of criminal behavior systems, and its sheer longevity, The Professional Thief ranks among criminology's “classics” Although some uncertainty surrounds the authorship of the book's first eight chapters, sposedly written by thief Chic Conwell, the “Introduc tion,” the last two chapters, and all the annotated footnotes are clearly the work of Edwin H. Sutherland. Purportedly, the extensive annotations supplement and validate Conwell's description of professional theft. Content analysis shows them to be more reiterative than supplement at thus narrowing the book's representation of professional theft.
CRIME AND THE POLICE A Multivariate Analysis
Authors: WELLFORD CHARLES R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn an effort to assess the correlates of the variations in the rate of crime aggregated at a city level, data are analyzed using multiple correlation analysis that includes indicators of socioeconomic and social control (police) characteristics of the cities The results indicate that the rate of police and money budgeted to police contributes little to the explained variation in rates of crime. In addition, these indicators of social control variations do not correlate with variations in clearance rates The data are interpreted in terms of their implications for public policy, evaluation of police, and deterrence theory.
THE OPERATIONAL USE OF AN EXPERIENCE TABLE
Authors: HOFFMAN PETER B. , GOTTFREDSON DON M. , WILKINS LESLIE T. , PASELA GUY E. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract One objective of the Parole Decision‐Making project was the develop ment of experience tables for operational use by the U.S. Board of Parole to aid in individual case deckion‐making. This report describes the interaction of parole board members and project staff in the development of an experience table acceptablc to the parole board for operational use. In addition, it describes the development of a research design to test the impact of the presentation of the experience table upon paroling decisions, the implementation of this design, and the initiol evaluation of results.
LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH AND MARIJUANA SMOKING A Successful Approach
Authors: LUCAS WAYNE L. , GRUPP STANLEY E. , SCHMITT RAYMOND L. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This paper reports on specific methods that were used in a longitudinal study in which 94% of the subjects cooperated at the time or at recontact after a two‐year interval. The probable factors responsible for this success are described, including details regarding the preparation prior to the study, approaching the subject, establishing rapport at initial contact, and the maintenance of rapport throughout the study. It is hoped this description will encourage others to provide similar reports on their methods and be helpful to those pursuing comparable research.
SELF‐ESTEEM AND PAROLE ADJUSTMENT
Authors: BENNETT LAWRENCE A. 
Published: March 2006

Abrtract Self‐esteem and parole adjustment is examined in this study. Earlier studies reported on the development of an instrument to measure self‐esteem in a reliable manner. Changes in self‐esteem as a result of incarceration and other experiences have been examined. However, no studies of the relationship between the self‐esteem of prison inmates and their post‐institutional adjustment have been reported. The findings of this study, based on measured self‐esteem of 142 inmates just prior to release, suggest a small but statistically significant positive correlation (R = .25) between pre‐release self‐esteem and parole adjustment. Further areas of study are suggested.
POLICE REPORTS AND VICTIMIZATION SURVEY RESULTS An Empirical Study
Authors: HOWARD M. KATHERINE 
Published: March 2006

Abstract To test the assumption that police reports cannot be used as a representative sample of all criminal events, a research study was undertaken comparing the characteristics of robberies and robbery victims derived from police offense reports in San Jose, California, to those derived from a victimization survey in the same area The result of the comparison of these two data sources disclosed that: (1) for commercial robberies there were no differences between police offense reports and victimization survey data for the characteristics which were compared; (2) for personal robberies, there were no differences for the characteristics of victim's sex and age, number of victims, victim/offender relationship, and number of offenders. The differences observed for victim's race and time of occurrence can be attributed to classification problems and methodological differences It is highly probable that the police robbery offense reports and the Victimization survey data are representative of the same population of robberies Results suggest that further evaluation of the assumption that police offense reports do not reflect the “true” nature of all (i.e., reported and unreported) crime is warranted.
ASTATIC‐DESCRIPTlVE MODEL OF FIELD SUPERVISION
Authors: MARTlNSON ROBERT , WILKS JUDITH A. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract At present, there is no standard way of describing the salient dimensions of field supervision agencies (e.g, probation, parole). Therefore, there is no basis for comparing the operations of different agencies or for identifying changes over time in agencies. A static, descriptive model which grew out of an attempt to synthesize a large number of studies of field supervision is presented. Seven decision outcomes made by field supervision agencies are identified and the use of the model is illustrated in comparing the decision outcomes experienced by the experimental and control groups of the California Community Treatment Project.
FEMALE DELINQUENCY AND BROKEN HOMES A Re‐Assessment
Authors: DATESMAN SUSAN K. , SCARPITTI FRANK R. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Most studies examining the relationship between broken homes and delinquency conclude that females react more adversely to a break in the home than do males. In a study of 1,103 adjudicated delinquents, it was found that when type of offense is controlled, the higher proportion of broken homes among female delinquents represents their greater involvement in “morals” offenses. Black males arrested for person and property offenses actually come from broken homes more often than do black females. In general, there appears to be no unique relationship between broken homes and female delinquency except for family‐related offenses.
SOCIAL CLASS AS A FACTOR AFFECTING JUDICIAL DISPOSITION Defendants Charged with Criminal Homosexual Acts
Authors: WILLICK DANIEL H. , GEHLKER GRETCHEN , McFARLAND WATTS ANITA 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This article examines the proposition that criminal defendants from lower social classes receive more severe judicial disposition than do criminal defendants from hgher social classes Evidence from cases involving prosecution for felonious homosexual acts does not lend much support to the proposition that there is social class bias in judicial disposition of criminal cases. Several models are discussed which might be used to orient future research into how courts handle criminal cases.
THE AMBIGUOUS JUVENILE ARREST
Authors: KLEIN MALCOLM W. , ROSENSWEIG SUSAN LABIN , BATES RONALD 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Uniformity of juvenile arrest definitions and operations was investigated in 49 police stations in rural, suburban, and large urban areas. Data were taken from interviews and questionnaires administered to police chiefs, clerks, and officers, as well as from on‐site observations. The meaning of a juvenile arrest was found to vary widely and to reflect poorly the statutory requirements. Greatest uniformity was found among recording clerks. Their practice of recording as an arrest any juvenile brought or cited into the station provides a useful operational definition. Implications of these data for uniform crime reporting, program evaluation, and equal justice are suggested.
A REGIONAL ANALYSIS OF HOMICIDE RATES IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: DOERNER WILLIAM G. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Variations in regional homicide rates are examined in order to determine whether or not these areas are homogeneous An analysis of varbnce repeatedly isolates southern regions as having pronounced homicide rates. Intraregional varintions are noted. They indicate a need for a revision of Gastil's “Index of Southernness.” Finally, varktions are interpreted within a subcultural context.
INEQUALITY IN THE TYPES OF SENTENCES RECEIVED BY NATIVE AMERICANS AND WHITES
Authors: HALL EDWIN L. , SIMKUS ALBERT A. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract A comparison of the distribution of the types of sentences imposed on native American offenders and Write offenders by the district courts of a western state reveals that the native American offenders were more likely to receive sentences involving incarceration in the state prison and were less likely to receive sentences which would have allowed them partially to escape stigmatization as a “convicted felon.” The introduction of a number of test factors revealed that these ethnic differences in the sentence received could only slightly be explained by ethnic differences in the kinds of offenses involved or in other differences in the legal and personal background characteristics of the offenders. A number of possible explanations of the discrepancies in the sentencing of native Americans and whites are suggested. However, regardless of the best explanation of these discrepancies, there are reasons to believe that these discrepancies in themselves may have contributed to an increased probability that the native American offenders would engage in future criminal activity and that these offenders would continue to receive harsher sentences than would similar White offenders.
CRIMINOLOGY Past and Future
Authors: SYLVESTER SAWYER F. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSome indications as to the future of criminological theory may be gained from a study of its past as intellectual history. The changing concept of crime itself, from an act in violation of a broadly conceived moral order to the more legalistic conception of its being limited to offenses against the dictates of the state, indicates a rationalistic trend likely to continue into the future. However, the inclusion of human behavior within the scientific perspective in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries may ultimately result in the fill admission of a scientific assay of human values: and the concern with a more comprehensive definition of crime may be regained.
SOCIAL WORK AND CORRECTIONS Another View
Authors: VOIT ECFORD 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Based on the views expressed in the preceding article, this paper critically examines the “case” for a social work contribution to the field of corrections. It argues that social work as a discipline, largely attributable to a characteristic neglect of empirical assessment, has tended disproportionately to emphasize altruistic intentions over practice consequences, and has focused both conceptually and practically on the empirically questionable enterprise of individual treatment to the relative exclusion of the greater potentials for change associated with correctional administration and social policy. It is suggested that social work must begin to take a more flexible and open posture with respect to its theories and methods in an effort to strengthen its clinical practice skills and to facilitate its contribution to the structure and values of correctional programs.