bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction and Reisolation of Selected Gram-Positive Bacteria from Fermented Edible Wastes
Authors: Talkington F. D. , Shotts E. B. , Wooley R. E. , Whitehead W. K. , Dobbins C. N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A fermentation process using Lactobacillus acidophilus added to edible food wastes was evaluated for its bactericidal action on selected gram-positive organisms. The Lactobacillus fermentation converts food wastes into an animal feed ingredient. In this study, 5 gram-positive bacteria of zoonotic importance were individually tested. These organisms were: Group E Streptococcus, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Clostridium perfringens, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, and Listeria monocytogenes.
For each experiment, Lactobacillus was first mixed into ground waste; one of the test organisms was then inoculated and mixed. This mixture was divided among eight 5.5-L containers and incubated (duplicates) at 5 C, 10 C, 20 C, and 30 C for 96 hours. Internal waste temperature, reduction-oxidation, and pH were monitored. Waste samples were taken initially and at subsequent 24-hour periods.
Qualitative and quantitative recoveries of the test bacteria were attempted for each sample. Group E Streptococcus was reisolated in increasing numbers at all temperatures throughout the fermentation period. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was recovered throughout the 96-hour period at 5 C; at 10 C it was recovered at 24 hours but not at 48 hours. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was killed by 24 hours at 20 C and 30 C fermentation temperatures. Clostridium perfringens survived the entire test period at 5 C, 10 C, and 20 C; it was killed by 72 hours at 30 C. Neither Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis nor Listeria monocytogenes was reisolated at any temperature at any time.
Serum Lysozyme (Muramidase) Activity in Dogs with Neoplastic Disease
Authors: Feldman Bernard F. , Madewell Bruce R. , Miller Robert B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The lysozyme (muramidase) activity was measured in the sera of 84 dogs with neoplastic disease. Neoplasms included 32 lymphomas, 13 primary bone neoplasms, 5 melanomas, 5 thyroid neoplasms, 9 soft tissue sarcomas, 5 mast cell sarcomas, and 15 carcinomas. The sera from 21 healthy dogs served as controls.
Dogs with neoplastic disease had significantly (P < 0.005) higher serum lysozyme activity than did the healthy controls. For lymphosarcoma, dogs with clinical signs of systemic disease had significantly higher serum lysozyme activity than did dogs without clinical signs. For bone neoplasms, dogs with metastatic disease had higher serum lysozyme activity than did dogs without metastasis. Increased lysozyme activity may be a useful marker of macrophage-mediated host responses to neoplasms in dogs.
Effect of Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection in Rats on Hepatic Water Content, Electrolyte Concentration, and Chemical Composition
Authors: Little J. S. , Rill W. L. , Hawley H. P. , Liu C. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Total hepatic water content, dry weight, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, RNA, DNA, and electrolyte concentrations were determined in control and Streptococcus pneumoniae-infected rats. During infection, there was a significant (P = 0.001) increase in total liver weight. This increase was the result of increased total liver water content and increased total liver dry weight. Intracellular water content, diameter of hepatocytes, and all measured constituents of hepatic dry weight, excluding DNA, increased significantly (P varied from 0.05-0.001) during infection. Concentrations of liver Na+ and Cl- increased significantly (P varied from 0.05-0.005), whereas the concentration of liver K+ decreased significantly (P = 0.01). Seemingly, there is an enlargement of hepatocytes due to increased intracellular water and increased dry weight during pneumococcal infection in the rat. The mechanism of these liver changes may be due, in part, to a shift of Na+ and K+ across liver cell plasma membranes.
Lymphocyte Function and Cell-Mediated Immunity in Pigs with Experimentally Induced African Swine Fever
Authors: Sanchez-Vizcaino J. M. , Slauson D. O. , Ruiz-Gonzalvo F. , Valero F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-five pigs inoculated with African swine fever virus were studied for the development of changes in lymphocyte numbers and function. The results indicated that lymphopenia and decreased percentage of circulating T-lymphocytes occurred as early as 7 days after the pigs were inoculated. These were accompanied by depressed lymphocyte function, as measured by mitogen- or antigen-induced blastogenesis.
There were proportionately greater decreases in T-lymphocyte numbers and function than were found for B-lymphocytes. Studies of phagocytic cell function revealed decreased phagocytic function for peripheral blood monocytes and unchanged (norma) neutrophil function. Depressed T-lymphocyte function occurred in pigs with acute and subacute infections, indicating depression of cellular immune function.
Histopathologic Response of the Bovine Mammary Gland to Experimentally Induced Staphylococcus aureus Infection
Authors: Nickerson Stephen C. , Heald C. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
At 2 and 10 days after Staphylococcus aureus mastitis was induced in dairy cattle, mammary tissue from 2 zones in infected quarters was morphometrically compared with similar zones in contralateral control quarters. In comparison with control tissue, infected tissue exhibited more interalveolar stromal area, reduced alveolar luminal area, and more damaged and involuted alveolar epithelial area. These changes appeared more advanced at 10 days than at 2 days after infection was induced, indicating that by day 10, glandular parenchyma was losing secretory potential. Quarter zones differed greatly in the responses to infection. Parenchyma taken from a zone of an infected quarter close to the glandular part of the lactiferous sinus appeared to undergo involution more rapidly than a zone further from the sinus. Involuted parenchyma displayed reduced secretory activity, diminished luminal areas, and abundant connective tissue. A portion of nonsecretory epithelia taken from involuted areas of a zone close to the glandular part of the sinus stained for presence of immunoglobulin A.
Adverse Cardiovascular Effects of Oxytetracycline Preparations and Vehicles in Intact Awake Calves
Authors: Gross D. R. , Dodd K. T. , Williams J. D. , Adams H. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Comparisons were made of cardiovascular effects in intact, awake, previously instrumented calves given the following oxytetracycline (oxy) preparations and components: polyvinylpyrrolidine vehicle (pvp), oxy HCl in pvp (oxy-pvp), oxy HCl (USP) in saline solution, propylene glycol, 77.8% (pg), propylene glycol vehicle (pgv), and oxy HCl in pgv (oxy-pgv). The 3 preparations containing pg caused significant increases in pulmonary arterial pressures and significant decreases in cardiac output and stroke volume. Aortic pressures were significantly decreased, as were heart rates. Both pulmonic and systemic resistances were significantly increased. There were no direct effects measured on left ventricular contractility. The aqueous oxy caused no significant changes. The pvp preparation and vehicle caused no changes in pulmonary pressures, pulmonary resistance, cardiac output, or stroke volume. Significant increases were observed in aortic pressure, heart rate, and systemic resistance. Left ventricular contractility was not changed. Seemingly, the pg-induced changes were a result of histamine release which did not appear to be dependent on prior sensitization of the calves.
Cytotoxic Effects of Pasteurella haemolytica on Bovine Neutrophils
Authors: Berggren K. A. , Baluyut C. S. , Simonson R. R. , Bemrick W. J. , Maheswaran S. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The interaction of logarithmic- and stationary-phase organisms of Pasteurella haemolytica with bovine neutrophils was evaluated by an opsonocytophagic assay. Only 5% to 8% of the logarithmic-phase P haemolytica 12296 organisms opsonized with normal bovine serum or antiserum were phagocytized. Results from cytotoxicity assays, using the 51Cr release technique and the trypan blue exclusion test, indicated that the logarithmic-phase organisms liberated a soluble material that was cytotoxic to neutrophils and destroyed their phagocytic capabilities. This hypothesis was verified by transmission electron microscopy studies. Opsonized stationary-phase organisms were completely phagocytized and degraded when exposed to neutrophils at a bacteria/neutrophil ratio of 10:1. However, at a high bacteria/neutrophil ratio of 100:1, only 31% of the bacteria were phagocytized. Prolonged incubation of this mixture resulted in cytotoxic changes in the neutrophils. Seemingly, excess unphagocytized bacteria liberated a soluble substance that was toxic to neutrophils. These findings were confirmed by cytotoxicity assays and transmission electron microscopy studies.
Diarrhea in Lambs Experimentally Infected with Cryptosporidium Isolated from Calves
Authors: Tzipori S. , Angus K. W. , Gray E. W. , Campbell Iris , Allan Francis 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two to 5 days after oral inoculation with Cryptosporidium obtained from infected calves, 7 newborn specific-pathogen-free lambs became depressed and anorectic and developed diarrhea. Four moribund lambs were killed within 3 days after onset of illness, and the 3 other lambs died after protracted intermittent diarrhea and reduced milk intake, which lasted up to 14 days. The small and large intestines were heavily infected with Cryptosporidium, with the terminal portion of the ileum being the most severely affected. Histologic examination revealed villous atrophy, with considerable fusion and epithelial cross-bridging between villi. Lambs infected at 5 to 20 days of age had less severe clinical signs of disease, with intermittent diarrhea, reduced milk intake, and growth retardation. Lambs infected at 30 days of age became infected with the organism, but did not develop clinical signs of disease or growth retardation.
Pharmacokinetics of a Single, Orally Administered Dose of Digoxin in Horses
Authors: Pedersoli W. M. , Ravis W. R. , Belmonte A. A. , McCullers R. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Digoxin (elixir, 0.022 mg/kg) was administered via stomach tube to healthy horses of mixed breeding and sexes. Serum digoxin concentrations reached a peak (2.21 ± 0.6 ng/ml) at approximately 1 hour after dosing and had a half-life of 28.8 ± 10.7 hours. Digoxin kinetics followed a triexponential curve, indicating that at least a 2 compartmental model is required to characterize the serum concentration-time curve after this route of administration.
It was calculated that to achieve average serum concentrations of 1.1 ng/ml, an oral dose of 17.4 μg of digoxin elixir/kg/day and an iv dose of 6.1 μg of parenteral preparation/kg/day would be required.
There was no significant (P > 0.05) alteration in base-line serum calcium, potassium, and sodium concentrations and heart rate, P-R interval, and mean arterial blood pressure.
Serum Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine Concentrations in Neonatal Foals and Mature Horses
Authors: Chen C. L. , Riley A. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum thyroxine (T-4) and triiodothyronine (T-3) concentrations were assayed in neonatal foals (1.5 to 4 months) and mature horses (2 to 25 years old) by a modified radioimmunoassay procedure. Blood was collected from 52 clinically healthy foals and horses of various breeds (Thoroughbreds, Quarter Horses, American Saddle Horses, and a single cross-bred horse). Neonatal foals had high serum concentrations of T-4 (mean, 4.02 μg/dl) and T-3 (192.9 ng/dl) as compared with the values in mature horses (T-4, mean of 1.76 μg/dl; T-3, mean of 98.69 ng/dl). Stallions had slightly higher T-3; there were no differences between breeds and sexes for serum concentrations of T-4. High serum T-4 and T-3 concentrations in neonatal foals appear to have significant roles in the normal nervous and muscular function and growth in neonatal foals, since hypothyroidism in equine neonates has been reported to show signs similar to those of prematurity in persons, such as neuromuscular incompetence and musculoskeletal dystrophy. Determination of T-4 and T-3 in neonatal foals can be a meaningful screen test for hypothyroidism.
Efficacy of Ivermectin Against Five Genera of Swine Nematodes and the Hog Louse, Haematopinus suis
Authors: Stewart T. B. , Marti O. G. , Hale O. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty pigs sequentially infected with Oesophagostomum spp, Metastrongylus spp, and Trichuris suis, and maintained on lots contaminated with Ascaris suum and Strongyloides ransomi, were assigned to 1 of 4 groups on the basis of weight, sex, and litter. Each group of pigs was given ivermectin subcutaneously at the rate of 0, 20, 100, or 500 μg/kg of body weight. Lice on pigs were counted before treatment, on posttreatment day 1, and just before necropsy. Pigs were necropsied on posttreatment day 6 or 7, and worms were recovered and counted. Efficacies were: 0% to 100% against A suum; 66% to 100% against S ransomi; 99.4% to 99.9% against Metastrongylus spp; 0% against T suis; 3.2% to 63% against adult Oesophagostomum spp; 61.7% to 87.9% against immature Oesophagostomum spp; and 99% to 100% against Haematopinus suis.
Efficacy of Ivermectin Against the Swine Kidney Worm, Stephanurus dentatus
Authors: Stewart T. B. , Marti O. G. , McCormick W. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ivermectin in solution was given subcutaneously (in the neck) at the rate of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight to 5 sows naturally infected with kidney worm (Stephanurus dentatus). Six similar sows were used as nontreated controls. A total of 114 kidney worms were recovered from daily urine samples of 4 of the 5 treated sows (the 5th sow's samples were negative) during the first 4 days after treatment. Ten kidney worms were recovered from daily urine samples of 1 control sow on the 2nd and 3rd days of the posttreatment period. Examination of urine samples from treated sows for kidney worm eggs showed a precipitous numerical decrease. Treated animals became negative between the 5th and 12th days after treatment, and remained negative until necropsy on the 61st day. Compared with control sows, hatchability of eggs and survival of larvae from treated sows was reduced by 9% and 7%, respectively. Kidney worms were not recovered at necropsy from the treated sows, and a total of 392 kidney worms were recovered from the control sows (av 65).
Possible Factors Influencing the Immunoglobulin M Concentration in Swine Colostrum
Authors: Inoue Takeshi 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The immunoglobulin (Ig) M concentration in swine colostrum was determined by the single radial immunodiffusion method, using 157 samples collected from the same number of farm-raised sows in Yamaguchi Prefecture of Japan during 1976 and 1977. The mean IgM value was 4.16 ± 1.11 mg/ml, and the maximum and minimum values were 7.74 mg/ml and 1.50 mg/ml, respectively.
To elucidate the possible factors influencing the IgM concentration in swine colostrum, the following 12 items were surveyed in the present study: season, district, breed, age, udder section (mamma) from which colostral samples were collected, kind of feed, 4 vaccinations (swine erysipelas live-organism vaccine, hog cholera live-virus vaccine, Japanese encephalitis live-virus vaccine, and transmissible gastroenteritis live-virus vaccine), type of farming, and number of sows raised on a farm. Relationships between the IgM concentration in swine colostrum and each item were analyzed.
Of the 12 items, 3 items—season, breed, and vaccination of swine erysipelas live-organism vaccine—were the most influential on the IgM concentration in colostra of farm-raised sows. Five items—district, age, kind of feed, vaccination with transmissible gastroenteritis live-virus vaccine, and number of sows raised on a farm—were moderately influential. The remaining items—udder section, vaccinations with hog cholera live-virus vaccine and Japanese encephalitis live-virus vaccine, and type of farming—were poorly influential. The multiple correlation coefficient obtained here was 0.5605 (P > 0.05).
Field Evaluation of Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Antibody to African Swine Fever Virus
Authors: Hamdy F. M. , Colgrove G. S. , de Rodriguez Eva Maria , Snyder M. L. , Stewart W. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for detection of antibodies to African swine fever virus was evaluated under field conditions in the Dominican Republic. A total of 3,402 swine serums were tested by elisa. All elisa-positive serums (n = 224) and 426 of 2,760 elisa-negative serums were retested by indirect immunofluorescence (iif). There were no antibodies to asf virus detected by iif in elisa-negative serums. By iif, antibodies were detected in only a small portion of the elisa-positive serums. The specificity and sensitivity of elisa and iif were investigated and discussed. It appears that poor quality serums had an effect in elisa results. Detection of immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM classes of antibodies in the elisa and iif-positive serums were also performed and related to longevity of African swine fever virus infection. The elisa is recommended as an efficient method in testing large numbers of serums; positive results are to be retested by iif.
Analysis of Postmortem Canine Blood, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Vitreous Humor
Authors: Schoning Polly , Strafuss A. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Vitreous humor, blood, and csf collected at antemortem and postmortem examination from 60 dogs were analyzed and compared. Euthanatized dogs were maintained at temperatures of 4 C, 20 C, or 37 C for 3, 6, 12, 24, or 48 hours.
Several postmortem body fluid chemical values remained stable or changed in a consistent matter. They were urea nitrogen (un), glucose, and sodium in vitreous humor; un, carbon dioxide, and sodium in csf; and un, calcium, amylase, total protein, and glucose in blood.
Gastrointestinal Microflora of Calves Fed Fermented Colostrum
Authors: Ward G. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Viable counts of Escherichia coli, lactobacilli, total anaerobes, total aerobes, and streptococci in the gastrointestinal tract of calves fed fermented colostrum were compared with counts in calves fed whole milk. Counts of all classes of bacteria studied were significantly (P < 0.001) decreased in calves fed fermented colostrum, as compared with counts in calves fed whole milk. Counts of total aerobes, streptococci, and E coli in chyme were similar to those in tissue homogenates, whereas counts of total anaerobes and lactobacilli in chyme were significantly increased (P < 0.001), compared with those in tissue homogenates.
Stability of Viability and Immunizing Potency of Lyophilized, Modified Equine Arteritis Live-Virus Vaccine
Authors: Harry T. O. , McCollum W. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The Bucyrus strain of equine arteritis virus, previously modified to avirulence and vaccinal virus by 131 serial passages in primary cell cultures of horse kidney followed by 111 passages in primary cell cultures of rabbit kidney, was further passaged in cultures of the E. Derm (NBL-6) cell line, a continuous diploid cell line. Pools of the 16th and 25th passages of the virus in this last equine dermal cell line were lyophilized and stored in lots at 37 C, 23 to 28 C, 4 C, and −20 C. The viability of the vaccinal virus deteriorated rapidly during storage at 37 C and at 23 to 28 C, but was relatively stable at 4 C and at −20 C for at least 1 year.
The vaccine stored at 4 C for 9 months protected 2 horses, subsequently inoculated with avirulent virus, from arteritis, whereas the 2 nonvaccinated control horses inoculated simultaneously developed severe signs of the disease and died of acute arteritis.
Esophageal Healing in the Pony: Comparison of Sutured vs Nonsutured Esophagotomy
Authors: Stick John A. , Krehbiel Janver D. , Kunze Dolores J. , Wortman Jeffrey A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Esophageal healing was evaluated in 10 ponies after sutured and nonsutured cervical esophagotomy techniques.
Mucosal healing occurred significantly (P < 0.005) faster after sutured esophagotomies (x = 7.5 days after surgery) than after nonsutured esophagotomies (x = 25.6 days after surgery), based on endoscopic and clinical evaluations. Although endoscopy was an accurate assessment of the return of normal passage of a food bolus through the esophagus, 4 of 10 ponies had radiographic evidence of a sinus tract after the mucosa was considered healed, based on endoscopic and clinical examinations. The surgical skin wound also healed significantly sooner after sutured esophagotomies (x = 10 days) than after nonsutured esophagotomies (x = 33.4 days).
A traction diverticulum developed in all ponies with nonsutured esophagotomies, but occurred in only 1 pony with sutured esophagotomy. Minor complications were seen more frequently with sutured esophagotomy than with a nonsutured esophagotomy, but were resolved with local therapy. Saliva appeared to inhibit wound healing.
All ponies were fed through esophagostomy tubes until the mucosa at the esophagotomy site was considered healed. Except for 1 sutured esophagotomy that dehisced, sutured esophagotomy was superior to nonsutured esophagotomy, because earlier establishment of a mucosal seal resulted in more rapid healing and reduced nursing care.
Effects of in Vitro Hemolysis on Equine Serum Chemical Values
Authors: Dorner J. L. , Hoffmann W. E. , Lock T. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Quantitative, as well as qualitative, serum chemical values were determined in 13 healthy horses after the addition of 22 mg, 54 mg, 92 mg, and 194 mg of hemoglobin/dl to each animal’s unadulterated serum. Sixteen chemical procedures were considered and significant changes (P < 0.001) in serum creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, sodium, and total bilirubin were observed after the addition of 194 mg of hemoglobin/dl. Quantitative changes most markedly affected the aforementioned chemical values, with lesser effects on phosphorus and potassium.
Effects of Ergocryptine on Plasma Prolactin, Luteinizing Hormone, and Progesterone in the Periparturient Sow
Authors: Whitacre M. D. , Threlfall W. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of ergocryptine (erg) on the periparturient sow were assessed by measuring changes in prolactin, luteinizing hormone, and progesterone in plasma. Hormones in plasma were determined on samples collected daily from 21 days before parturition until postpartum day (ppd) 21. Administration of erg completely blocked the initiation of lactation and prevented the surge in prolactin that occurred just before parturition, as compared with effects in control sows. The gestation period was shorter (P < 0.01) in erg-treated sows compared with the gestation period in controls. Although the number of pigs farrowed was not different between treated and control sows, the erg-treated sows did not raise any pigs to ppd 21. Luteinizing hormone concentrations were higher (P < 0.01) from 10 days before parturition until ppd 21, but plasma progesterone concentrations were not different in treated sows when compared with concentrations in control sows.
Long-Term Study of the Ocular Effects of Orthovoltage Irradiation in Rats
Authors: Peiffer Robert L. , Wright Walter , Steinbok Paul , Mahaley M. Stephen 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In groups of young rats subjected to 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, and 6,000 rads of orthoradiation, associated ocular pathologic changes were assessed by clinical examination at 30 and 120 days and by light microscopy at 96 to 240 days after irradiation. Significant observations were limited to the lens. Dose and temporal related alterations included a spectrum of cataractous changes from vacuolation to mature cataracts.