bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clustering of symptoms associated with fibromyalgia in a Finnish Twin Cohort
Authors: Markkula Ritva , Järvinen Pentti , Leino‐Arjas Päivi , Koskenvuo Markku , Kalso Eija , Kaprio Jaakko 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe objective was to assess the prevalence and heritability of symptoms associated with fibromyalgia in a population‐based working‐age twin sample. The study was based on the 12,502 like‐sexed twins of the Finnish Twin Cohort and 49 diagnosed fibromyalgia patients who answered the same questionnaire in 1990–1992. Questions that were considered to best match symptoms of fibromyalgia were validated between the twins and the fibromyalgia patients. Latent class analysis was used to classify the subjects into more homogeneous groups with respect to the symptom items. The pairwise distribution of symptom classes in relation to zygosity and gender was modelled using quantitative genetic models to estimate heritability.Responses to all fibromyalgia‐related items were obtained from 10,608 twins. A similar proportion of men (12%) and women (13%) was placed in the third latent class, which best represented possible fibromyalgia patients. Subjects in this class had a similar symptom profile as the diagnosed fibromyalgia patient group, but they were less severely affected. The two other latent classes represented subjects that were virtually symptom free and subjects with some symptoms. The heritability of liability to symptom class membership was estimated to be 51% (95% CI 45–56%).The prevalence of symptoms associated with fibromyalgia in our population‐based sample unselected for disease status was comparable to the prevalence of widespread pain reported in population based studies. The symptoms known to be associated with fibromyalgia seem to have a strong genetic background.
Subunit stoichiometry of the Drosophila melanogaster small nuclear RNA activating protein complex (SNAPc)
Authors: Lai Hsien-Tsung , Kang Yoon Soon , Stumph William E. 
Published: October 2008

MINT‐6788068:

DmSNAP43 (uniprotkb:Q9VF25), DmSNAP50 (uniprotkb:Q7JUY8) and DmSNAP190 (uniprotkb:Q9VHX0) physically interact (MI:0218) by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (MI:0413)
MINT‐6788151:

DmSNAP190 (uniprotkb:Q9VHX0), DmSNAP50 (uniprotkb:Q7JUY8) and DmSNAP43 (uniprotkb:Q9VF25) physically interact (MI:0218) by molecular sieving (MI:0071)
A note on the history of adjectival verbs in Newar
Authors: Genetti Carol 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMost of the adjectival verbs in the Kathmandu and Dolakha dialects of Newar exhibit idiosyncratic phonotactic shapes, including rare disyllabic stems and heavy and nasalized rhymes. The same set of adjectival verbs exhibits irregular inflectional patterns in the derivation of lexical adjectives in Kathmandu Newar. Comparison of the modern forms of both varieties and Classical Newar suggests that we reconstruct a class of monosyllabic adjectives for Proto-Newar. In Classical and Kathmandu Newar, these adjectives received an /u/ augment; verbs were created with the infinitive -ye and the attendant Class III verb paradigm. By contrast, in Dolakha Newar the forms underwent a derivational process, probably originally compounding, with the verb yer- “come”. This process resulted in disyllabic stems which now follow regular inflectional patterns, except under negation. The incorporation of the old adjectives into the modern verbal systems thus represents a separate wave in the development of modern verbs in Newar.
On the phoneme as the unit of the ‘second articulation’
Authors: Ohala John J. , Derwing Bruce L. , Nearey Terrance M. , Dow Maureen L. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the recent experimental evidence bearing on the issue of the psychological reality of the phoneme, particularly its general CLASS character, the relative NON-DISCRIMINABILITY of its positional variants (allophones), and its status as a discrete SEGMENT. Evidence bearing on a few selected problems of English phonemics is also discussed. All of the experiments cited, however, seem to have been to some extent contaminated by orthographic effects; moreover, a host of other studies go so far as to suggest that knowledge of spelling may not only impinge critically on phonological judgements, but that the very ability to segment speech may be a by-product of learning an alphabetic orthography. But as the experiments to date have been largely restricted to overt judgements about a rather limited range of words, the possibility still remains open that a phonemic segmentation of speech may well occur at an unconscious, perceptual level even in the pre-literate period.
Reduplication in Ewe:morphological accommodation to phonological errors
Authors: Ohala John J. , Stemberger Joseph Paul , Lewis Marshall 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTSpeech errors have often been used to support the psychological reality of phonologically dependent allomorphy in inflectional rules. The phenomenon of morphological accommodation to phonological errors is the most compelling evidence of this sort. We investigate reduplication in Ewe, experimentally inducing phonological errors to see whether reduplicated forms show accommodation. This was the case. Implications for reduplication in Ewe and for models of language production are discussed.
Phonological structure in speech recognition
Authors: Ohala John J. , Cutler Anne 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTTwo bodies of recent research from experimental psycholinguistics are summarised, each of which is centred upon a concept from phonology: LEXICAL STRESS and the SYLLABLE. The evidence indicates that neither construct plays a role in prelexical representations during speech recognition. Both constructs, however, are well supported by other performance evidence. Testing phonological claims against performance evidence from psycholinguistics can be difficult, since the results of studies designed to test processing models are often of limited relevance to phonological theory.
Cross-linguistic trends in the frequency of CV sequences
Authors: Ohala John J. , Janson Tore 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe problem discussed is which CV sequences are generally favoured or disfavoured in the languages of the world, and the reasons for the trends. An investigation of relative frequencies of CV combinations in five languages is presented. The main result is that the favoured sequences are those in which there is no great movement of the articulatory organs from the consonant to the vowel. Examples are combinations of a dental consonant and a front vowel, and a velar consonant and a back vowel.
Articulatory gestures as phonological units
Authors: Browman Catherine P. , Goldstein Louis 
Published: October 2008

We have argued that dynamically defined articulatory gestures are the appropriate units to serve as the atoms of phonological representation. Gestures are a natural unit, not only because they involve task-oriented movements of the articulators, but because they arguably emerge as prelinguistic discrete units of action in infants. The use of gestures, rather than constellations of gestures as in Root nodes, as basic units of description makes it possible to characterise a variety of language patterns in which gestural organisation varies. Such patterns range from the misorderings of disordered speech through phonological rules involving gestural overlap and deletion to historical changes in which the overlap of gestures provides a crucial explanatory element.Gestures can participate in language patterns involving overlap because they are spatiotemporal in nature and therefore have internal duration. In addition, gestures differ from current theories of feature geometry by including the constriction degree as an inherent part of the gesture. Since the gestural constrictions occur in the vocal tract, which can be charactensed in terms of tube geometry, all the levels of the vocal tract will be constricted, leading to a constriction degree hierarchy. The values of the constriction degree at each higher level node in the hierarchy can be predicted on the basis of the percolation principles and tube geometry. In this way, the use of gestures as atoms can be reconciled with the use of Constriction degree at various levels in the vocal tract (or feature geometry) hierarchy.The phonological notation developed for the gestural approach might usefully be incorporated, in whole or in part, into other phonologies. Five components of the notation were discussed, all derived from the basic premise that gestures are the primitive phonological unit, organised into gestural scores. These components include (1) constriction degree as a subordinate of the articulator node and (2) stiffness (duration) as a subordinate of the articulator node. That is, both CD and duration are inherent to the gesture. The gestures are arranged in gestural scores using (3) articulatory tiers, with (4) the relevant geometry (articulatory, tube or feature) indicated to the left of the score and (5) structural information above the score, if desired. Association lines can also be used to indicate how the gestures are combined into phonological units. Thus, gestures can serve both as characterisations of articulatory movement data and as the atoms of phonological representation.
Vowel geometry
Authors: Odden David 
Published: October 2008

A basic assumption in current phonology is that features are not an unstructured set like (1a), but are arranged hierarchically into a constituent structure tree such as (1b), proposed in Sagey (1986: 61):Other groupings of features have been proposed (Clements 1985; Steriade 1987; inter alii).A fundamental assumption of theories like (1b) is that rules operate on constituents, an assumption which is formalised by limiting rules to spreading or delinking a single node.
Shortening and Ambisyllabicity in English
Authors: Rubach Jerzy 
Published: October 2008

This article investigates the role of the syllable in the phonology of English. In particular, it centres on the problem of shortening and ambisyllabicity. The latter has sometimes been equated with resyllabification (Borowsky 1986; Myers 1987). In this view, ambisyllabicity is a phonetic phenomenon and it is resyllabification that plays a role in phonology. We demonstrate that shortening and ambisyllabicity/resyllabification are, counter to the currently held belief, entirely independent of each other, even though quantity-related processes (shortening and lengthening) are set in syllabic terms.This study continues the general line of generative research on English begun originally by Chomsky & Halle (1968, hereafterSPE) and developed in a number of later contributions, notably by Rubach (1984), Halle & Mohanan (1985), Myers (1987) and Yip (1987). Attention is focused on the latter two papers. The interpretations presented in these papers are revised and expanded in a number of substantial ways. The database has been broadened to cover the facts of British English, in particular Received Pronunciation (RP), as reported in the standard sources, such as Gimson (1970), Jones (1972), Jones & Gimson (1977) and Harris (1994). While in most cases the choice of the dialect of English plays no role, there are some rules and facts that refer exclusively to RP (Schwa Insertion, Tapping, the distribution of [I]/[ə]). For the sake of consistency, all the transcriptions cited in this article are drawn from RP.The presentation is organised as follows. § 1 introduces the problem of shortening. §2 presents a complete list of the relevant classes of data and a partial critique of the analyses by Yip (1987) and Myers (1987).
A capacity-building conceptual framework for public health nutrition practice
Authors: Baillie Elizabeth , Bjarnholt Christel , Gruber Marlies , Hughes Roger 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo describe a conceptual framework to assist in the application of capacity-building principles to public health nutrition practice.DesignA review of the literature and consideration of the determinants of effective public health nutrition practice has been used to inform the development of a conceptual framework for capacity building in the context of public health nutrition practice.ResultThe limited literature supports a greater integration and application of capacity-building strategies and principles in public health nutrition practice, and that this application should be overt and strategic. A framework is proposed that identifies a number of determinants of capacity for effective public health nutrition action. The framework represents the key foundations for building capacity including leadership, resourcing and intelligence. Five key strategic domains supported by these foundation elements, including partnerships, organisational development, project management quality, workforce development and community development, are proposed. This framework can be used to assist the systematic assessment, development and evaluation of capacity-building activity within public health nutrition practice.ConclusionsCapacity building is a strategy within public health nutrition practice that needs to be central to public health nutrition intervention management. The present paper defines, contextualises and outlines a framework for integrating and making explicit the importance of capacity building within public health nutrition practice at many levels.
Urban empty spaces. Contentious places for consensus-building
Authors: Smith Monica L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAs a relatively recent human phenomenon, cities are the physical culmination of many pre-existing psychological, social and cognitive capacities. The persistent presence of deliberately empty spaces in urban areas both past and present signals the conscious creation and maintenance of those locales at various levels: household, neighbourhood and civic/centralizing. Domestic empty space, in particular the space between and among habitations, was likely to have been curated and managed at the household level. However, neighbourhood-level and urban-level empty spaces were subject to multiple demands and levels of oversight; as a result, this publicly available emptiness was flexible in its use but also potentially ‘expensive’ to govern. The presence of empty spaces in an urban setting may serve as a proxy for understanding the relationship between different levels of urban interaction, from the relative autonomy of the household that used its nearby spaces idiosyncratically, to the larger impositions of authority through urban design in the form of streets and open plazas. Specific examples of empty space are assessed for the ancient city of Sisupalgarh in eastern India, where geophysical surveys and excavations have enabled us to discuss the multiple meanings of nothingness at the household, neighbourhood and urban scales.
Energy in Nature and Society: General Energetics of Complex Systems
Authors: Chaisson Eric 
Published: October 2008

The topic of energy is in the news a lot these days. Not only are we concerned about having enough energy for today's civilization and tomorrow's needs, but also energy is at the core of our understanding of the inner workings of the Sun, Earth, and life itself. Indeed, energy may well be the most common currency in all of natural science, helping us to appreciate where we came from and guiding us toward a sustainable society in the future.Energy plays a vital role in the origin and evolution of all complex systems in the universe, including galaxies, stars, planets, and life forms. Treating each of these systems as open thermodynamic structures that acquire, store, and express energy, it can be shown that over billions of years since the Big Bang, the energy rate densities (watts per kilogram) of these systems have risen with the cosmic march of time. General, coherent worldviews, based largely on the concept of energy, are now being developed by many researchers around the world. I certainly share many of my colleagues' enthusiasm for the fundamental function of energy in our world and for the need to study it more.
The ongoing legitimacy project: corporate philanthropy as protective strategy
Authors: Miller Justin 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCombining insights from institutional theory and resource dependence theory, this paper suggests that legitimacy is a scarce intangible resource that is always contested. Legitimacy, as a socially defined resource, represents relational power within a community. The various members of an organizational field, therefore, seek to gain, maintain, defend, and deny to others, access to the legitimacy resource. The author looks to the issue of healthcare‐related employment benefits, and notes that organizations deny such benefits in communities containing strong labor movements, substituting less expensive corporate philanthropic practices in order to demonstrate commitment to the social contract and norms of legitimacy while simultaneously denying the legitimacy of organized labor's agenda. In communities without strong labor movements, however, corporations are less encumbered in providing healthcare benefits because in such communities they do not need to work to deny the legitimacy of organized labor.
Predicting small ligand binding sites in proteins using backbone structure
Authors: Bordner Andrew J. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Motivation: Specific non-covalent binding of metal ions and ligands, such as nucleotides and cofactors, is essential for the function of many proteins. Computational methods are useful for predicting the location of such binding sites when experimental information is lacking. Methods that use structural information, when available, are particularly promising since they can potentially identify non-contiguous binding motifs that cannot be found using only the amino acid sequence. Furthermore, a prediction method that can utilize low-resolution models is advantageous because high-resolution structures are available for only a relatively small fraction of proteins.
Results: SitePredict is a machine learning-based method for predicting binding sites in protein structures for specific metal ions or small molecules. The method uses Random Forest classifiers trained on diverse residue-based site properties including spatial clustering of residue types and evolutionary conservation. SitePredict was tested by cross-validation on a set of known binding sites for six different metal ions and five different small molecules in a non-redundant set of protein–ligand complex structures. The prediction performance was good for all ligands considered, as reflected by AUC values of at least 0.8. Furthermore, a more realistic test on unbound structures showed only a slight decrease in the accuracy. The properties that contribute the most to the prediction accuracy of each ligand were also examined. Finally, examples of predicted binding sites in homology models and uncharacterized proteins are discussed.
Availability: Binding site prediction results for all PDB protein structures and human protein homology models are available at http://sitepredict.org/.
Contact: bordner.andrew@mayo.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Skull Base Osteomyelitis: The Effect of Comorbid Disease on Hospitalization
Authors: Rothholtz Vanessa S. , Lee Alice D. , Shamloo Bahman , Bazargan Mohsen , Pan Deya , Djalilian Hamid R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Skull base osteomyelitis is a rare disease that has a high morbidity and mortality rate if diagnosis and treatment are delayed. Our objective was to perform a more detailed analysis of skull base osteomyelitis in the inpatient population. We also provide a more comprehensive evaluation of comorbid disease and severity of illness in this population and describe their effects on the duration and cost of hospital stay.Study Design: Review of the California Hospital Discharge Database between the years 1990 and 2000.Methods: Information evaluated included age, race, insurance, charges and length of hospital stay, comorbid disease, severity of illness, and disposition. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and linear regression analysis.Results: The overall incidence of skull base osteomyelitis ranged from 57 to 95 cases annually (median 75.5). Whites (69.3%) were more likely to present with the disease than Native Americans (13.2%), African Americans (6.5%), or Asians (2.9%). The majority of patients diagnosed with skull base osteomyelitis had Medicare or public assistance (62%) compared with those with Preferred Provider Organization or Health Maintenance Organization insurance (27%). Increased length of hospital stay and increased charges incurred during hospitalization were significantly associated (P < .05) with aplastic anemia, renal disease, arteriosclerosis, facial nerve dysfunction, and diabetes. Severity of illness and the presence of one or more comorbid conditions also significantly affected the duration and charges incurred during hospital stay (P < .05).Conclusions: The presence of concurrent illness with skull base osteomyelitis significantly affects the duration of hospital stay and the charges incurred during hospitalization.
Cortical Sensorimotor Control in Vocalization: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Authors: Olthoff Arno , Baudewig Jürgen , Kruse Eberhard , Dechent Peter 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackground: Verbal communication is a human feature and volitional vocalization is its basis. However, little is known regarding the cortical areas involved in human vocalization.Methods: Therefore, functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla was performed in 16 healthy adults to evaluate brain activations related to voice production. The main experiments included tasks involving motor control of laryngeal muscles with and without intonation. In addition, reference mappings of the sensorimotor hand area and the auditory cortices were performed.Results: Related to vocalization, in addition to activation of the most lateral aspect of the primary sensorimotor cortex close to the Sylvian fissure (M1c), we found activations medially (M1a) and laterally (M1b) of the well‐known sensorimotor hand area. Moreover, the supplementary motor area and the anterior cingulate cortex were activated.Conclusions: Although M1a could be ascribed to motor control of breathing, M1b has been associated with laryngeal motor control. Consequently, even though M1c represents a laryngeal sensorimotor area, its exclusiveness as suggested previously could not be confirmed. Activations in the supplementary motor area and anterior cingulate cortex were ascribed to “vocal‐motor planning.” The present data provide the basis for further functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in patients with neurological laryngeal disorders.
Interstitial High‐Dose‐Rate‐Brachytherapy in Advanced Esthesioneuroblastoma
Authors: Tselis Nikolaos , Heyd Reinhard , Baghi Mehran , Zamboglou Nikolaos 
Published: October 2008

AbstractEsthesioneuroblastoma is a rare neuroectodermal tumor of the nasal vault with an aggressive biological behavior that is characterized by local recurrence, atypical distant metastasis, and poor long‐term prognosis. The treatment regimen consists of surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy in various, mainly stage‐dependent, combinations. We report two cases of primary metastatic and locally recurrent disease, which were treated with computed tomography‐guided interstitial high‐dose‐rate brachytherapy in palliative and curative intent, respectively. Computed tomography‐guided interstitial high‐dose‐rate brachytherapy should be considered as a feasible treatment option for advanced esthesioneuroblastoma