bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple Interactions between Host Cyclodextrin and Guest Compound Assisting Asymmetrically Selective Reduction with NaBH4 in Aqueous Media
Authors: Hattori Kenjiro , Takahashi Keiko , Uematsu Masazumi , Sakai Naoki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In the presence of 6-mono-deoxy-amino-β-cyclodextrin, benzoylformic acid was enantioselectively reduced with sodium borohydride in aqueous solution. The dependence of the optical yield on pH, ionic strength, cyclohexanol and urea suggested that the concerted host–geust interaction arose from both hydrophobic and ionic interaction as well as hydrogen bonding.
Photocatalysis of Oligo(p-phenylene) Leading to Reductive Formation of Hydrogen and Ethanol from Triethylamine in Aqueous Organic Solvent
Authors: Matsuoka Shinjiro , Fujii Hiroyuki , Pac Chyongjin , Yanagida Shozo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Oligo(p-phenylene)s, i.e., p-terphenyl to p-sexiphenyl, catalyze photoreductive formation of H2 and ethanol in photolysis of aqueous solution of triethylamine under &gt;290-nm irradiation in the presence of RuCl3. p-Terphenyl shows unusually effective photocatalysis for the formation of ethanol in aqueous tetrahydrofuran even without RuCl3.
A Novel Explanation for the Mechanism of Electrical Oscillation across a Liquid Membrane
Authors: Arai Kensuke , Kusu Fumiyo , Takamura Kiyoko 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
While studying electrical oscillation across a water-nitrobenzene-water liquid membrane, data that conflict with the explanation of Yoshikawa et al.1 were found. The mode of electrical oscillation across this membrane is quite similar to that between an organic and aqueous phase to which no detergent has previously been added. A new explanation is given for the mechanism of oscillation.
The First Synthesis of a Thermally Stable, Chiral Allenic Sulfoxide, (2-exo-Hydroxy-10-bornylsulfinyl)propa-1,2-diene
Authors: Arai Yoshitsugu , Takadoi Masanori , Kontani Tohru , Koizumi Toru , Shiro Motoo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The first synthesis of a thermally stable, chiral allenic suIfoxide (2-exo-hydroxy-10-bornylsulfinyl)propa-1,2-diene, has been achieved. It was revealed that the sulfoxide would be stabilized to racemization by an intramolecular hydrogen-bond.
1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction of Bicyclic Aziridines with Cyclobutene. Synthesis of 1,2-Fused 4,5-Dihydro-1H-azepines
Authors: Matsumoto Kiyoshi , Ikemi Yukio , Takayama Chiaki , Aoyama Kinuyo , Uchida Takane 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Reactions of 1,1a-dihydro-1,2-diarylazirino[1,2-a]quinoxalines with dimethyl 1-cyclobutene-1,2-dicarboxylate gave mixtures of the 1,2-fused-4,5-dihydro-1H-azepines along with the 1:1 adducts that were converted to the azepines upon treatment with Pd-C.
Oxygen-Induced Transmetallation of Organoboranes with Diphenyl Ditelluride
Authors: Abe Taro , Aso Yoshio , Otsubo Tetsuo , Ogura Fumio 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Diphenyl ditelluride rapidly reacted with trialkylboranes in the presence of oxygen to give alkyl phenyl tellurides in high yields. The facile reaction proceeds via a free-radical mechanism induced by a stoichiometrical.amount of oxygen. A combination of this transmetallation with hydroboration provides an alternative method for hydrotelluration of olefins.
Second Harmonic Generation of Multilayer Films of Aromatic Polymers Formed by Langmuir–Blodgett Method
Authors: Senoh Toshikazu , Sanui Kohei , Ogata Naoya 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Ultra-thin films of poly(benzothiazole) (NO2-PBT) prepolymer which contained nitro groups were formed at air/water interface. Multilayer films of the NO2-PBT prepolymer which were made by Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique showed second harmonic generation (SHG). The SH light intensity of the NO2-PBT, however, which was obtained by heat treatment of the prepolymer was lower than that of the prepolymer.
A New and Facile Method for the Direct Preparation of α-Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Esters from α,β-Unsaturated Carboxylic Acid Esters with Molecular Oxygen and Phenylsilane Catalyzed by Bis(dipivaloylmethanato)manganese(II) Complex
Authors: Inoki Satoshi , Kato Koji , Isayama Shigeru , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In the presence of a catalytic amount of bis(dipivaloylmethanato)manganese(II) complex, the oxygenation of benzyl crotonate with molecular oxygen and phenylsilane proceeds smoothly under a mild condition to give benzyl 2-hydroxybutyrate in high yield. The reaction provides a new and convenient method for the direct preparation of various α-hydroxycarboxylic acid esters starting from α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid esters. The influence of substituents of olefins on regioselectivity is also studied.
Intramolecular Electron-Transfer of Covalently-Linked Polypyridine Ruthenium(II)/Rhodium(III) Binuclear Complexes in the Excited State. Observation of the Marcus Inverted Region
Authors: Furue Masaoki , Hirata Masumi , Kinoshita Shuichi , Kushida Takashi , Kamachi Mikiharu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Ru(II)bpy2Mebpy-CH2CH(OH)CH2-MebpyRh(III)L2 (L = bpy. phen) (1) were newly synthesized. Intramolecular electron-transfer in excited 1 was studied with a time-correlated single photon counting method. In H2O, the excited Ru(II) complex exhibits a biexponential decay. The presence of a slow component suggests that the excited state can be repopulated by thermal activation from the Ru(III)–Rh(II) and the direct process to the ground state lies in the Marcus Inverted region.
Feasibility Studies on Amino-[2,3]Wittig Rearrangement. Silyl Triflate-Mediated [2,3]-Sigmatropic Rearrangement of α-Allylamino Esters
Authors: Murata Yoshinori , Nakai Takeshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The feasibilities of both the LDA-induced and silyl triflate-mediated [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangements of α-allylamino esters were studied. While the former enolate rearrangement does not proceed under the usual [2,3]Wittig conditions, the latter rearrangement is shown to proceed via the N-silylated ylide to provide the formal amino-[2,3]Wittig product with a high diastereoselectivity.
Oxidative Coupling Reaction of Acetylene Compounds in the Solid State
Authors: Toda Fumio , Tokumaru Yoshihisa 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Oxidative coupling of acetylene compound with cupric salt in the solid state was found to proceed efficiently and selectively. The coupling reaction of α,ω-diacetylenes in the solid state gave the linear oligomers in contrast with the formation of the cyclic products in the solution reaction.
Interactive Rind Modeling for Architectural Design
Authors: Özener Ozan Önder , Akleman Ergun , Srinivasan Vinod 
Published: May 2006

The paper presents a new modeling technique for architectural design. Rind modeling provides for the easy creation of surfaces resembling peeled and punctured rinds. We show how the method's two main steps of creation of a shell or crust and then opening holes in the crust by punching or peeling can be encapsulated into a real time semi-automatic interactive algorithm. The rind modeling method allows us to develop a user-friendly tool for designers and architects. The new tool extends the abilities of polygonal modeling and allows designers to work on structured and consistent models for architectural design purposes. Rind modeling gives architects and designers a processing flexibility. It can be used in conceptual modeling during the early design phase. It can also be efficiently used for creating variety of shell structures for architectural design.
An mRNA sequence derived from a programmed frameshifting signal decreases codon discrimination during translation initiation
Authors: Raman Ana , Guarraia Carla , Taliaferro Dwayne , Stahl Guillaume , Farabaugh Philip J. 
Published: May 2006

Sequences and structures in the mRNA can alter the accuracy of translation. In some cases, mRNA secondary structures like hairpin loops or pseudoknots can cause frequent errors of translational reading frame (programmed frameshifting) or misreading of termination codons as sense (nonsense readthrough). In other cases, the primary mRNA sequence stimulates the error probably by interacting with an element of the ribosome to interfere with error correction. One such primary mRNA sequence, the Ty3 stimulator, increases programmed +1 frameshifting 7.5 times in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we show that this stimulator also increases the usage of non-AUG initiation codons in the bacterium Escherichia coli but not in S. cerevisiae. These data suggest that in E. coli, though not in yeast, an element of the ribosome's elongation accuracy mechanism ensures initiation accuracy.
‘Research into Practice’: a model for healthcare management research?
Authors: Gollop Rose , Ketley Diane , Buchanan David , Whitby Elaine , Lamont Sharon , Jones Jane , Neath Annette , Fitzgerald Louise 
Published: May 2006

English
Traditional modes of researching health service practice and policy have been criticised in terms of timeliness and relevance by potential users, and of poor uptake by researchers themselves. Newer models, based on principles of collaboration and integration, are being used in some healthcare settings, and there is evidence that these approaches help to bridge the gap that exists between ‘research’ and ‘practice’. This article describes the work of a small research team within the former NHS Modernisation Agency, appropriately named Research into Practice, and reflects on its experience of using collaborative and integrative approaches to its work.
Consequences of abandonment for a regional fen flora and mechanisms of successional change
Authors: Jensen Kai , Schrautzer Joachim 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Until the 1960s, species‐rich vegetation on minero‐trophic peaty soüs (fen sites) were characteristic of the alluvial plains in Schleswig‐Holstein (Northwest Germany). Today, many of these habitats undergo successional changes due to abandonment. Vegetation development after abandonment can be characterized as a sequence of different successional stages and described in terms of a successional model. Successional stage I includes grazed, mown and recently abandoned sites without dominants. Stages II and III are characterized by the dominance of highly competitive herbaceous species whüe stage IV consists of woody vegetation.Ca. 3000 phytosociological relevés were assigned to the respective successional stages. Mean cover values were calculated for 250 species of the regional fen flora and assigned to successional categories according to their changes in cover in the successional series. According to our results 141 species decrease during succession, while 100 species were restricted to early successional stages and 85 species increased. Abandonment of all fen sites in Schleswig‐Holstein will probably lead to the regional loss of 23 species of the fen flora.To identify mechanisms underlying successional change, the successional categories were correlated with life history traits and ecological requirements of the species. Results indicate that both light competition and limitation of sexual reproduction of small‐seeded species might play a major role in the decrease and extinction of species during succession.Finally, conservation strategies for endangered species in a cultural landscape are discussed.
Restoration of alvar vegetation on Öland, Sweden
Authors: Rosén Ejvind , van der Maarel Eddy 
Published: May 2006

Abstract.Alvars in the Baltic region, particularly on the Swedish islands of Öland and Gotland and in western Estonia, are well‐known for their plant species richness and extensive populations of rare species. Grasslands make up most of alvar vegetation. The extent of these grasslands decreases because of bush enchroachment which takes place in most alvars when traditional land use practice changes, notably when grazing is ceased. The main threat for the alvar grassland is formed by the rapid expansion ofJuniperus communis and Potentilla fruticosain dry and wet sites, respectively.Applied research has been carried out during several years in order to develop plans for the restoration of alvar grassland. Thus it was shown that species richness in areas with a mixture of grassland and shrubland decreases in relation to the increased cover by shrubs. In the case ofJuniperusthere is a distinct drop in species number as soon as the cover exceeds 75‐80%, while the decrease is more gradual with increased cover ofPotentilla.The seed banks under dense stands of these shrubs only contain ca. 20% of the species found in dry and wet alvar meadows. This was confirmed by clearing experiments. Long‐term recordings have shown that establishment of juniper seedlings takes place mainly in half‐open areas between already existing junipers. Intermediate‐sized junipers expanded faster than old and big shrubs.Potentillashrubs recover fast from cutting or burning. After 2‐4 yr they have almost attained their former size. This recovery can be prevented when cattle grazing is introduced.In the framework of a local alvar restoration project on Öland, covering 7000 ha, grazing regimes are re‐established, fences erected and large‐scale clearings carried out. Recently established juniper shrubs are being cleared, intermediate sized junipers (30‐50 yr old) are selectively removed while creating a mosaic landscape with high biological diversity. Older dense juniper stands are left alone or are only partly cleared.Potentillastands in moist areas are cut to create moist meadows which are breeding grounds for waders, and to establish corridors between remaining open areas.Three items are discussed (1) the importance of the Stora Alvar area; (2) re‐introduction of grazing and (3) re‐introduction of species. The outstanding importance of the area regarding species richness and endemism should be recognized through a ‘golden list’ to be used along with red and blue lists.
Differences between European native and American invasive populations of Lythrum salicaria
Authors: Edwards Keith R. , Adams Michael S. , Kvet Jan 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. We compared the demographic characteristics of native central‐European and invasive USA‐populations of Lythrum salicaria growing in similar habitats. Based on the ‘Evolution of increased competitive ability’ (EICA) hypothesis, we predicted that shoot density, height, and biomass, fertility, and fecundity would be less in the European populations due to greater loss of plant material caused by exposure to control agents. Shoot density was significantly greater in most USA‐populations, but shoot height and biomass were similar in invasive and native populations growing in similar habitats, especially in growing seasons with greater water availability. The number of fertile shoots was greater for invasive populations, except for those growing in sandy, nutrient‐poor substrates, while percent fertility did not differ between populations growing under similar field conditions. Fecundity was also similar for populations growing in nutrient‐poor and intermediate habitats, but was significantly greater in USA‐populations (89–103 seeds per fruit), compared to European populations (58–64 seeds per fruit), growing in nutrient‐rich habitats; seed predators were found in these European populations only.Log‐linear analysis of transition frequency matrices showed that the growth of USA‐populations is different from European populations, but that habitat effect was strong. Population dynamics were similar for populations growing in nutrient‐poor habitats; location was of marginal importance only. USA‐populations responded differently from European populations growing in intermediate and nutrient‐rich habitats; differences were most pronounced between invasive (center of its North American distribution) and native populations growing in nutrient‐rich habitats.The use of insect herbivores as biological control agents in North America will work best against L. salicaria populations growing in nutrient‐rich habitats in the center of its invasive distribution, but will be less effective against populations growing in other habitats or portions of its range. Other factors, including nutrient‐ or water availability, and climate, may be as important as herbivory in affecting invasive populations; these factors interact to control L. salicaria in a more complex manner than thought previously.
Quercus rugosa seedling dynamics in relation to its re‐introduction in a disturbed Mexican landscape
Authors: Bonfil C. , Soberón J. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. In order to define the ‘regeneration niche’ and then promote the re‐introduction of Quercus rugosa into a disturbed area we studied seed predation, germination, seedling survival and growth of this species at three different sites: the forest interior, the forest border and a disturbed site, along a disturbance gradient. Acorn removal on the ground was high at the sites, with higher removal rates from 25‐seed clusters than from 5‐ and 1‐seed clusters. More seeds were removed at the forest border than at the other two sites, although in all cases some seeds remained in the soil for periods long enough for them to germinate and produce seedlings. Seed germination and seedling establishment were more successful and similar in the forest interior and the forest border, and much less successful at the disturbed site, due to acorn desiccation. Seedling survival was strongly affected by site, with the highest survival at the forest border and the lowest survival at the disturbed site after a year.The subsequent dry season, which was particularly harsh, caused a drop in survival both at the forest border and the disturbed site. In the former, a closer analysis revealed that partially shaded microsites enhanced survival, while in the latter overall survival was very low, with approximately 5 % of the seedlings surviving, compared to 50 % final survival at the other sites. There was a positive correlation between seed size and seedling survival at the forest border. The three size variables measured (seedling height, basal diameter and crown area) did not increase noticeably during the 20‐month study period at the forest interior, while growth still occurred at the forest border and the disturbed site. However, during the two dry seasons there were large drops in mean seedling height and crown area at the disturbed site, due to more frequent dieback, causing large variation in seedling size.These results show that extensive re‐introduction of this species to the disturbed area will probably fail under present conditions, and that careful selection or duplication of microsites that mimic the partial shade of the forest border is a sound method for improving oak establishment at this site.
Factors controlling vegetation change in long‐term experiments designed to restore heathland in Breckland, UK
Authors: Marrs R.H. , Le Due M.G. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. This paper describes the vegetation change in an 18‐year experiment designed to test a range of control of Pteridium aquilinum (Pteridium) and heathland restoration treatments; cutting, asulam application and Calluna vulgar is seeding, in a range of combinations at Cavenham Heath in Breckland, UK between 1978 and 1996. Vegetation change was recorded in two Phases; in Phase I (1978‐1986) species biomass was sampled and in Phase II (1986‐1996) cover was measured. Initially, Calluna establishment was good in some treatments, especially where Calluna seed was added and Pteridium was controlled. Other plots developed either a grass‐heath flora dominated by Agrostis capillaris, Deschampsia flexuosa, Dicranum scoparium, Festuca ovina and Rumex acetosella or were dominated by clonal species such as Calamagrostis epigejos or Carex arenaria.An unconstrained ordination showed significant vegetation change through time and that several treatments influenced the vegetation, especially those involving asulam application. When variation partitioning with constrained ordination was used a different explanation emerged. In Phase I the most important factors were the management treatments applied, elapsed time and spatial factors, with little overlap. In Phase II, elapsed time became irrelevant because the variation time explained overlapped that which could be explained by other variables. The most important of these were management treatments, spatial effects, weather, the amount of bare ground caused by disturbance and Pteridium litter cover (an index of Pteridium recovery). The implications of these results in interpreting vegetation change are discussed.
The Effects of Variable Settlement and Early Competition on Patterns of Kelp Recruitment
Authors: Reed Daniel C. 
Published: May 2006

Recruitment from newly settled propagules is an important process in the population dynamics of many species especially those living in highly disturbed areas and subjected to frequent local extinctions. For many primitive plants such as kelps (large brown algae in the order Laminariales), the process of recruitment (i.e., the first appearance of macroscopic individuals) is quite complex and requires the successful completion of an alternate microscopic free—living sexual stage. To experimentally investigate the consequences of variable spore settlement and early (i.e., prerecruit) competition on the recruitment patterns of the sympatric sublittoral kelps Macrocystis pyrifera and Pterygophora californica, I seeded bare rock substrates with known densities of spores of the two algae in both single— and mixed—species assemblages. Results from 12 field experiments done over 3 yr indicated that for both kelps, a minimum density of at least 1 spore/mm2 was needed for successful recruitment. This minimum density was probably determined in part by the maximum distance that could separate male and female gametophytes while still allowing fertilization to occur. Although greater spore density often resulted in higher numbers of sporophyte recruits, strong density—dependent mortality still occurred whenever there was recruitment. The requirement for spores to settle at relatively high densities (i.e., >1 spore/mm2), coupled with the drastic difference in size between spores (0.01 mm) and early recruits (20 mm), insures that density—dependent mortality will occur at early stages in these algae.“Safe sites” for the recruitment of kelp were highly variable in time; recruitment of both kelps varied significantly among experiments and was negatively correlated with the natural recruitment of ephemeral species of filamentous brown algae. Differences in postsettlement mortality between Macrocystis and Pterygophora often caused patterns of sporophyte recruitment to vary from those of initial spore settlement. In monospecific treatments, the recruitment rates of the two kelps usually differed in the same experiment, indicating they responded differently to the same environmental conditions. In mixed—species treatments, interspecific competition between microscopic prerecruit stages also caused species—specific differences in early mortality. Pterygophora spore settlement generally inhibited the recruitment of Macrocystis at both high (750—1500 spores/mm2) and low (10—20 spores/mm2) densities. Competition between the two kelps was asymmetrical; Macrocystis settlement had no effect on Pterygophora recruitment. Thus, changing environmental conditions and competition among early microscopic stages modified the ways in which spore settlement influenced sporophyte recruitment. The effects of these factors on kelp recruitment were interactive, and their relative importance will undoubtedly vary with species, location, and time.