bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlled tests of activity of ivermectin against natural infections of migratory large strongyles and other internal parasites of equids
Authors: Drudge J. H. , Lyons E. T. , Tolliver S. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four controlled tests (experiments A, B, C, and D) were conducted in naturally infected yearling equids to evaluate activity of ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg im) against migrating Strongylus vulgaris and S edentatus in mesenteric arteries and ventral abdominal wall, respectively. Data were also obtained on activity against other internal parasites of the gastrointestinal tract and eyeworms. The type and number of equids in the experiments were as follows: experiment A—3 ponies, 2 treated and 1 nontreated; experiment B—4 mixed-bred horses, 2 treated and 2 nontreated; experiment C—5 mixed-bred horses, 3 treated and 2 nontreated; experiment D—4 mixed-bred horses, 2 treated and 2 nontreated Intervals between treatment and necropsy were 35 days in experiment A, 52 to 53 days in experiment B, 38 to 41 days in experiment C, and 45 days in experiment D.
Efficacious killing of retroperitoneal forms of S edentatus in the ventral abdominal wall was obtained in the 4 experiments. Only dead worms or fragments were recovered from treated animals, while living 4th-stage and/ or 5th-stage S edentatus was present in nontreated equids in each test. A similar killing effect on S vulgaris in cranial mesenteric arteries was recorded in 2 experiments (B and D); only 1 dead 5th-stage worm was found in 1 of the treated yearlings in experiment B, whereas living 4th- and 5th-stages of S vulgaris were found in the nontreated controls in both experiments. These migrating forms of S vulgaris were not present in the nontreated pony in experiment A or in the horses in experiment C.
Data on parasites of the gastrointestinal tract indicated overall effective removals of S vulgaris, S edentatus, Gasterophilus intestinalis, G nasalis, Habronema muscae, Draschia megastoma, Oxyuris equi, and Parascaris equorum. In contrast, a lack of activity against the tapeworms, Anoplocephala perfoliata and Anoplocephala magna, was indicated by the limited data. Likewise, limited data indicated that the eyeworm Thelazia lacrymalis was not effectively removed. Untoward effects were not observed in any of the treated animals in these tests.
Pathogenesis of feline gastric chlamydial infection
Authors: Gaillard Elias T. , Hargis Ann M. , Prieur David J. , Evermann James F. , Dhillon Aviar S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Studies were conducted to determine whether the gastric chlamydiae that have been observed recently in cats are of pathologic significance. Chlamydiae were isolated in mouse L cell cultures from the homogenized pooled gastric mucosa of 3 cats that had been identified, by histopathologic examination, to have gastric chlamydiosis. Ten specific-pathogen-free kittens were exposed by aerosol and oral inoculation to the harvested feline gastric chlamydiae cell-culture media. In general, the clinical signs and lesions were conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and mild gastritis. The clinical signs and lesions were most severe in 2 chlamydia-infected kittens that had received methylprednisolone acetate (50 mg/kg of body weight). Chlamydiae were demonstrated in epithelial cells of conjunctival and nasal smears in 10 of 10 infected kittens from postexposure days 7 through 35. In addition, chlamydiae were isolated in L cell cultures from a variety of antemortem and postmortem specimens from infected kittens. The present study provided evidence that feline gastric chlamydiae, under appropriate conditions, were capable of inducing, in cats, clinical signs and lesions similar to those induced by the feline pneumonitis agent.
Efficacy of ethylenediamine dihydriodide in the prevention of naturally occurring foot rot in cattle
Authors: Maas J. , Davis L. E. , Hempstead C. , Berg J. N. , Hoffman K. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The efficacy of an ethylenediamine dihydriodide containing salt mixture was evaluated with regard to the prevention of naturally occurring foot rot in pastured cattle. Ninety-six cattle were assigned to the treatment group and 96 were assigned to the control group. The groups were allowed consumption of salt-mineral mixtures, ad libitum, that were identical, except with respect to iodine concentration. The control group's mixture contained 0.0025% iodine and the treatment group's mixture contained 0.125% iodine (0.156% ethylenediamine dihydriodide).
The incidence of foot rot was measured, as was the severity of the lesions and accompanying lameness. The incidence of foot rot in the control group (20.8%) was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than the incidence in the treatment group (8.3%). The severity of foot rot was greater (P = 0.024) in the control calves vs the treatment calves.
Total serum iodine concentrations were measured in the 2 groups on days 0, 46, and 130 of the experiment. The serum iodine values of the treatment group on day 46 (46 ± 19.8 g/dl) and day 130 (23 ± 12.3 g/dl) were significantly different (P < 0.01) than the serum iodine concentrations of the control animals and the pretreatment values (day 0) of both groups.
Production was measured via calf weaning weights. There were no detectable differences between the 205-day adjusted weaning weights of the calves in the control group vs the calves in the treatment group. Clinical signs of iodism were not observed in the cattle involved in this study.
Comparison of protection induced in lambs by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis whole cell and cell wall vaccines
Authors: Brogden K. A. , Cutlip R. C. , Lehmkuhl H. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Colostrum-deprived lambs were vaccinated im with 10 mg (dry weight) of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis whole cells (wc) or cell walls (cw) and their immunity was challenged by iv injection of 3.1 × 104 colony-forming units of C pseudotuberculosis. Before challenge exposure, the logarithmic mean antibody titers were 2.0837 in lambs that were vaccinated with wc, 2.6858 in lambs that were vaccinated with cw, and 1.4214 in control lambs. Significant protection was demonstrated by fewer abscesses and organisms in the lungs of lambs vaccinated with wc or cw (P < 0.05) than in control lambs. By the same criteria, more protection was provided to lambs vaccinated with cw than to lambs vaccinated with wc.
Biological assay of attenuated strain NADL-2 and virulent strain NADL-8 of porcine parvovirus
Authors: Mengeling William L. , Pejsak Zygmunt , Paul Prem S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Attenuated strain NADL-2 and virulent strain NADL-8 of porcine parvovirus (ppv) were titrated in vivo and in vitro under similar conditions to provide a better understanding of some of the factors involved in virulence of ppv in causing maternal reproductive failure of swine. Both strains cause fetal death when they are injected directly into fetal fluids, but only strain NADL-8 does so when administered to pregnant swine. The strains were tested for their hemagglutinating activity (ha), median cell culture infective dose (ccid50), median fetal infective dose (fid50), and median fetal lethal dose (fld50), The fid50 and fld50 were determined by injecting virus directly into the amniotic fluid of fetuses in utero at 44 ± 2 days of gestation and collecting the fetuses 15 ± 1 days later.
Both strains had an ha titer of 64, suggesting that there is a similar number of virions in stock preparations. However, other measurements differed markedly. The ccid50, fid50, and fld50 were 105.5, 103.5, and 100.5, respectively, for strain NADL-2, and 104.5, 107.7, and 106.3, respectively for strain NADL-8. Collectively, the values indicate that more than 10,000 times as much strain NADL-2 would need to reach the conceptus transplacentally to establish infection. These observations may help to explain the different consequences of oronasal exposure of pregnant swine to these strains of ppv.
Serologic evidence of Legionella infection in horses
Authors: Cho Sang-Nae , Collins Michael T. , Reif John S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The indirect fluorescent antibody test was used to examine 109 samples of equine sera randomly selected from serum pools. Results were compared with titers obtained by the microagglutination (ma) test. A high correlation (r = 0.89) was found between titers measured by the 2 tests. Blood samples were obtained serially from a total of 156 horses at a research farm and the sera were tested against Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 through 4 using the ma test; 29 horses (19%) seroconverted to at least 1 serogroup of L pneumophila. The indirect fluorescent antibody test substantiated the results obtained by the ma test. Seroconversions in horses provided additional evidence that horses become naturally exposed to legionellae.
Measurement of serum antibody in swine vaccinated with Bordetella bronchiseptica: Comparison of agglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methods
Authors: Venier L. , Rothschild M. F. , Warner C. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The immune responses of 514 pigs from 5 swine breeds (Chester White, Duroc, Hampshire, Landrace, Yorkshire) to vaccination with Bordetella bronchiseptica were measured by agglutination and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) methods. Both assays showed higher antibody levels in sera of pigs after vaccination than in sera of the pigs before vaccination. The variability of the responses among breeds was greater for the agglutination method than for the elisa method. The elisa proved to be more sensitive than the agglutination method and could detect antibody in serum samples diluted at least 100-fold more than those used in the agglutination procedure. The correlation of antibody titers obtained by the 2 methods was small, but statistically (P < 0.01) significant. The elisa should be useful for determinations of antibody responses of swine to B bronchiseptica.
Experimental infection of fetal and newborn Suffolk sheep with scrapie virus
Authors: Hadlow W. J. , Jackson T. A. , Race R. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Fetal (n = 21) and newborn (n = 7) Suffolk sheep were inoculated with scrapie virus isolated from other Suffolk sheep. Twenty fetuses, 76 to 109 days of gestational age, were inoculated im in the neck through the uterine wall and were examined for virus 47 to 322 days later by mouse inoculation. Scrapie virus was not detected before 254 days of age; only traces of virus were detected in 3 of 7 lambs examined thereafter (2 at 254 days of age and 1 at 322 days of age). Virus was limited to the suprapharyngeal, prescapular, and mesenteric lymph nodes.
Seven lambs were inoculated into the palatine tonsils with scrapie virus as newborns (3 to 12 days old) and were examined for virus when they were 147 to 210 days old. Virus was not detected in the lymphoreticular tissues or terminal portion of ileum of any lamb.
Failure to find scrapie virus in these lambs and in most lambs inoculated as fetuses might indicate few had become infected. However, if most lambs and fetuses had become infected, the long zero phase of the infection could have accounted for failure to find scrapie virus in many of them examined too soon after inoculation. The limited findings of this study indicate that efforts to demonstrate prenatal or neonatal transmission of scrapie by detecting virus are hampered by the slowness of its replication.
Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of Fusobacterium necrophorum antibody in animal sera
Authors: Evans J. W. , Berg J. N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisa) for the detection of Fusobacterium necrophorum antibody in the sera of rabbits, cattle, and sheep were developed, using a ribosome-rich extract (rre) from F necrophorum as the antigen. Test character, including optimal antigen dilution and substrate incubation periods, was established, using rabbit, bovine, and ovine antisera produced against rre from isolates of F necrophorum. Rabbit antisera produced against 7 other species of bacteria were used to test the specificity of the F necrophorum rre antigen. Cross-reactivity was not detected. Sera from 50 feedlot cattle were examined with the bovine elisa. Of the 50 samples, 43 (88%) were positive for F necrophorum antibody. The elisa developed in this study were sensitive and specific and appear to be readily adaptable to serologic investigations of F necrophorum.
Evaluation of a technique for measurement of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase in equine urine
Authors: Adams Ragan , McClure Jill J. , Gossett Kent A. , Koonce Kenneth L. , Ezigbo Charles 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase (ggt) activity in equine urine was measured, using an assay developed for use with serum and was found to be reproducible. The ggt activity was measured in samples prepared by serial dilution of exogenous ggt with equine urine, and the activity was determined to be linear between 21 IU/L and 407 IU/L. The behavior of exogenously added ggt was compared in equine serum and urine. The enzyme behaved similarly in both fluids. The ggt activity was measured in serum and urine samples after storage at −20, 4, and 25 C for 24 and/or 72 hours. Enzyme activity decreased after storage at all temperatures and times, but the decrease was greatest and most variable at −20 C. The urine ggt:urine creatinine ratio was calculated on serial urine samples collected over 24 hours, Although the urine ggt activity and creatinine concentration had significant variation, the ratio remained constant. The urine ggt:urine creatinine ratio was calculated from random urine samples collected from 27 clinically healthy adult horses and was found to be 10.52 ± 4.78 (mean ± sd).
Heavy metals in fluids and tissues of fetal calves and in young calves of nursing cows exposed or not exposed to anaerobically digested wastewater sludge
Authors: Fitzgerald Paul R. , Peterson James , Lue-Hing Cecil 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fetal fluid, diaphragm muscle, heart, kidney, and liver from 14 four- to five-month-old calf fetuses were analyzed for Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Fe. The same tissues and bone were examined from postparturient calves 30, 60, and 120 days of age. Weaned calves (8 to 9 months old) were necropsied and diaphragm muscle, heart, kidney, liver, brain, and bone were analyzed. Additional calves from cows exposed or not exposed to anaerobically digested sludge were placed in a feed yard at weaning for a feeding period of 150 days and then were killed and necropsied. Heavy metal content of the aforementioned tissues was compared with the same tissues obtained from peer calves weaned, killed, and necropsied 150 days earlier.
Zinc, Cu, and Fe were up to 11 times higher in fetal livers than in control or exposed postparturient calves. These concentrations declined after birth and stabilized at approximately the concentrations observed in adult cattle at about 12 to 14 months of age. Cadmium accumulated to a greater extent in kidneys and livers of exposed calves than in control calves. However, the accumulation did not produce a detectable effect upon the functional or morphologic characteristics of the organs examined. Other metals were present at low levels and were generally not remarkably different in control and exposed animals.
Effect of Escherichia coli endotoxin and thyrotropin-releasing hormone on prolactin in lactating sows
Authors: Smith Bradford B. , Wagner W. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Primiparous gilts were given subcutaneous injections of saline solution or 8 mg of Escherichia coli endotoxin (055:B5 strain) in saline solution on postpartum days (ppd) 2 and/or 6 and saline solution at the same site on PPD 1, 3, 5, and 7 at 1000 hours. On ppd 1 to 3 and on ppd 5 to 7, pigs were given 100 μg of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (trh) iv at 1300 hours to evaluate trh-induced prolactin (prl) release. Blood samples were analyzed for prl, cortisol, triiodothyronine (T3), and tetraiodothyronine (T4) concentrations. Rectal temperatures were monitored at hourly intervals between 0800 and 1500 hours on ppd 2 and 6.
The prl declined after endotoxin administration on ppd 2, but a similar decline was not seen after saline solution administration on ppd 1, 2, or 3. The prl concentrations remained unchanged on ppd 5, 6, and 7 in gilts exposed to endotoxin for the 1st or 2nd time on ppd 6 and to saline solution on ppd 5 and 7. The trh injection caused increases in prl in all animals, but the prl increase after trh injection was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in gilts treated with endotoxin on ppd 2.
Cortisol concentrations increased after endotoxin exposure on ppd 2 and 6. Rectal temperatures increased after endotoxin exposure on ppd 2 and 6 with peak temperatures of 41.8 C and 41.6 C seen 4 and 3 hours, respectively, after endotoxin injection. The T3 and T4 response, used as an indicator of trh perfusion of the adenohypophysis, was unchanged after endotoxin or saline solution administration.
Experimental reproduction of septicemic pasteurellosis in feedlot lambs: Bacteriologic and pathologic examinations
Authors: Suàrez-Güémes Francisco , Collins Michael T. , Whiteman Charles E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Septicemic pasteurellosis (sp) was induced in feedlot lambs. Twenty-eight lambs, randomly allotted into 7 groups, were given combinations of 3 treatments: (1) immunosuppression using hydrocortisone solubilized in dimethyl sulfoxide, (ii) rapid changes in feed, from 100% roughage to 90% concentrate, and (iii) oral inoculation of Pasteurella haemolytica biotype T. Feed changes and immunosuppression by hydrocortisone were needed for the production of sp. Pasteurella haemolytica inoculation was not necessary for induction of sp in all cases, indicating an endogenous source of infection. Clinical pathologic, bacteriologic, and gross and microscopic pathologic findings of induced sp were similar to those described for naturally occurring sp in lambs. Infection of lambs with P haemolytica biotype T via the gastrointestinal tract is discussed as a possible step in the pathogenesis of sp in feedlot lambs.
Measurement of portal and hepatic blood flows using a modified method for surgical placement of catheters in the major splanchnic vessels of sheep
Authors: Naylor J. M. , Freeman D. E. , Richardson D. , Kronfeld D. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A modified catheterization and para-aminohippurate dye dilution technique was used to measure portal and hepatic blood flows in sheep. Blood flows (mean ± 1sd) for 7 healthy sheep were 1.54 ± 0.71 L/min and 1.98 ± 0.75 L/min for portal and hepatic flows, respectively. Blood flow measurement was facilitated when dye injection rates produced blood para-aminohippurate acid concentrations >15 mg/L. Uniform mixing of dye with blood was confirmed in 1 sheep with 2 portal vein catheters.
Surgery to place the catheters was facilitated by using a ventral paracostal approach. Blood gas analysis was useful in confirming the placement of the catheters.
Useful catheter life in this experiment was 41 days, which was longer than in previous reports. Treating the catheters with an organo-silane preparation, protecting the catheters against dislodgement, and use of a belly bandage to minimize damage to the external parts of the catheter may have prolonged catheter life in this experiment.
Expression of type 1 pili by Escherichia coli strains of high and low virulence in the intestinal tract of gnotobiotic turkeys
Authors: Dominick M. A. , Schmerr M. J. F. , Jensen A. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Highly virulent (strain 1) and weakly virulent (strain 3) Escherichia coli were examined using immunofluorescent and electron microscopic techniques to determine their ability to express type 1 pili in the intestinal tract of 3-week-old gnotobiotic turkeys. Turkeys were necropsied on postinoculation day (pid) 1, 2, 5, 8, and 12. Nonpiliated forms of strains 1 and 3 were more numerous than piliated forms in cecal and colonic contents examined by negative staining electron microscopy. A piliated form of strain 1 was seen in intestinal contents on each pid and was more numerous in cecal contents than in colonic contents. The mucus blanket of the cecum and colon contained large numbers of bacteria, although organisms were rarely intimately associated with the intestinal epithelium. Immunofluorescent staining indicated large numbers of piliated forms of strains 1 and 3 within the mucus blanket of the cecum and colon on pid 2, 5, 8, and 12. Piliated bacteria were infrequently seen in the ileal mucus blanket. Serum antibody titers to type 1 pili increased markedly by pid 5 and persisted in turkeys inoculated with strain 1. In contrast, antibody titers in turkeys exposed to strain 3 increased gradually and varied markedly among birds at each pid. Type 1 pili may not be important for adherence of pathogenic E coli to intestinal epithelium of turkeys.
Influence of dietary calcium on lead poisoning in mallard ducks (Anas platyrynchos)
Authors: Carlson Brent L. , Nielsen Svend W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Forty-five mallard ducks were allotted into 3 dietary groups. Group I was fed pelleted calcium-supplemented corn; group II was fed a pelleted commercial duck ration; and group III was fed cracked corn. Ten ducks of each group were given four No. 4 lead shot via an esophageal tube, and 5 ducks of each dietary group were kept as pair-fed controls. Anorexia and weight loss were most severe in the treated group III ducks. Group III had a maximum reduction in food consumption of 87% followed by a slight improvement in appetite; they lost 35% of their initial body weight. Group I treated ducks had a reduction in food consumption of 64% that eventually returned to the quantities consumed at the start of the experiment; group I ducks lost 18% of their initial body weight. Group II treated ducks maintained healthy appetites during the experiment and had a weight gain of 2% of their initial body weight. The number of ducks that became moribund and were euthanatized differed significantly among the treated groups with 100% of group III, 50% of group I, and 0% of group II treated ducks becoming moribund.
All 3 groups of treated ducks had increased protoporphyrin IX concentrations compared with controls. Groups I and III lead-treated ducks had significant (P < 0.05) reductions in erythrocyte counts, pcv, hemoglobin concentrations, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentrations as compared with controls. Group II had reduced hemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration compared with controls. However, none of the above changes differed statistically among the 3 dietary groups of lead-poisoned ducks.
Gross pathologic lesions of treated ducks (pectoral muscle atrophy and green discoloration of the gizzard mucosa) were most pronounced in group III, followed by group I and group II, in that order. Histopathologic lesions consisting of neuropile vacuolization, intranuclear inclusion bodies, neuronal degeneration, and myocardial and pectoral muscle degeneration, necrosis, and atrophy occurred most frequently in the group III treated ducks, less in the group I treated ducks, and least in the group II treated ducks. This suggested that, whereas the addition of calcium to the corn diet had an ameliorating effect, other nutrients were also important in mollifying lead absorption and metabolism in mallard ducks.
Serum antiprotease concentrations in dogs with spontaneous and experimentally induced acute pancreatitis
Authors: Murtaugh R. J. , Jacobs R. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A significant decline (P = 0.047) in serum antiprotease concentration was detected in dogs with experimentally induced acute pancreatitis. Decreased serum antiprotease concentrations, similar in magnitude to those documented in the experimental dogs, were present in dogs with spontaneous, acute pancreatitis. These findings suggest that significant amounts of proteolytic enzymes escape into the systemic circulation during acute pancreatitis in dogs. These circulating enzymes may be involved in the extrapancreatic complications of acute pancreatitis.