bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANTIDIURETIC ACTIVITY IN THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS OF RATS AFTER ADRENALECTOMY AND REPLACEMENT THERAPY
Authors: CAVALLERO C. , DOVA EMMA , ROSSI L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The content of antidiuretic hormone in the neurohypophysis, the weight of the neurohypophysis and the daily output of urine were studied in the following groups of rats: intact rats which received 2 g NaCl/100 ml. as drinking fluid; adrenalectomized rats; sham-adrenalectomized rats; adrenalectomized rats injected with deoxycorticosterone acetate or aqueous adrenocortical extract, lipo-adrenal extract, cortisone or cortisone and noradrenaline; adrenalectomized rats to which sodium chloride had been administered; and adrenalectomized rats which received both sodium chloride and adrenocortical hormones.
2. The antidiuretic hormone content of the pars nervosa (per mg wet gland) of intact rats to which salt had been given was about half of that of controls without extra salt. There was no significant difference between the mean daily urine volumes of the two series.
3. In adrenalectomized and sham-adrenalectomized rats, 2 days after the operation, the hormone content of the pars nervosa was reduced. In adrenalectomized animals this decrease in antidiuretic activity persisted; in sham-operated rats the antidiuretic activity had increased 5 days after the operation and was fully restored after 7. The daily urine output of the adrenalectomized animals was about one-third of that of intact controls.
4. No significant increase in antidiuretic hormone content of the neurohypophysis occurred when adrenocortical preparations were injected into adrenalectomized rats, but the urine volume of these animals increased.
5. Salt alone, in low or high doses, both orally or subcutaneously administered, increased the amount of antidiuretic principle in the pituitaries of adrenalectomized rats, but control levels were not attained. The daily urine volume of these animals returned to normal.
6. Combined treatment of adrenalectomized rats with salt and adrenocortical extract or cortisone, but not with salt and deoxycorticosterone acetate, led to full restoration of the antidiuretic hormone content of the neurohypophysis. These treatments also produced a rise of the daily urine volume above that of intact controls.
7. In adrenalectomized rats a close relationship was found between the degree to which the various treatments raised the hormone content of the gland and that to which they increased the daily output of urine.
8. The significance of the results is discussed, and the impossibility of drawing conclusions from them about neurohypophysial function in adrenocortical deficiency is stressed.
CYCLIC VARIATION IN THYROID FUNCTION OF FEMALE MICE AS ASSESSED BY RADIOACTIVE IODINE
Authors: SOLIMAN F. A. , REINEKE E. P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The study of the uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid glands of mature female mice during the oestrous cycle showed a pattern of cyclic variation. The maximal uptake of radioactive iodine is attained by the thyroids during prooestrus.
INFLUENCE OF SOMATOTROPHIC HORMONE AND CORTISOL UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF TISSUE NECROSIS
Authors: SELYE H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Using a modification of the granuloma pouch technique [Selye, 1953], it is demonstrated in rats that pretreatment with somatotrophic hormone (STH) augments the resistance of the adjacent skin to the necrotizing actions of the irritant, while cortisol has an opposite effect. The protective action of STH is abolished by simultaneous cortisol treatment.
It is concluded that, under suitable conditions, the ability of a chemical irritant to produce tissue necrosis can be altered at will by administering varying proportions of STH and cortisol.
URINARY EXCRETION OF PREGNANEDIOL IN POST-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN AND MEN DURING PROLONGED DAILY ADMINISTRATION OF PROGESTERONE
Authors: MARRIAN G. F. , RUSSELL MARGARET E. , ATHERDEN SHELIA M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Progesterone (50 mg/day) was administered by intramuscular injection to six intact post-menopausal women and to one man for periods of 13–20 days, and by mouth to one intact post-menopausal woman for 15 days. Determinations of the daily urinary excretion of pregnanediol by these subjects gave results in marked contrast to those of Sommerville & Marrian [1950].
EFFECT OF SOME PREPARATIONS OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE ON THE COLOUR OF BUFO ARENARUM HENSEL
Authors: STOPPANI A. O. M. , PIERONI P. F. , MURRAY A. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In view of recent claims that intermedin and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) are identical or closely related, a comparative study of their action on skin colour and the adrenals of the toad, Bufo arenarum Hensel, has been carried out.
1. Intermedin and ACTH darken the skin of the pale, hypophysectomized toad, but, weight for weight, intermedin is far more active than ACTH. Both preparations are more active than those of the pressor and oxytocic principles of the posterior pituitary. The melanotrophic action of ACTH does not depend on the presence of the adrenals or the sex of the toad.
2. Treatment with formaldehyde or boiling with sodium hydroxide, which are known to destroy the activity of the adrenocorticotrophic hormone, do not affect the action of ACTH on the skin; the latter treatment may even increase it. Boiling ACTH with acid does not affect its action on the colour of the skin.
3. Unlike ACTH, intermedin does not prevent atrophy of the adrenals after hypophysectomy or the development of asthenia.
4. It is concluded that the adrenocorticotrophic and chromatophorotrophic actions of the hypophysis are produced by two different substances.
THE EFFECT OF ACTH ON THE REACTION TO SKIN HOMOGRAFTS IN RABBITS
Authors: KROHN P. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The administration to rabbits of up to 25 mg ACTH (Armour) daily in a beeswax/arachis oil medium sometimes prolongs the survival of skin homografts, but does not consistently reproduce the effects of 10 mg cortisone acetate daily on the homograft reaction, the processes of wound healing, or the blood picture.
The concomitant administration of chorionic gonadotrophin to female rabbits does not improve the response to ACTH.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE IN GUINEA-PIGS
Authors: CLAYTON BARBARA E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The influence of cortisone and ascorbic acid on the course of experimentally induced scurvy in guinea-pigs has been studied.
2. The effect of cortisone varied with the intake of ascorbic acid. Cortisone neither accelerated nor retarded the development of scurvy in chronically scorbutic animals.
When the intake of ascorbic acid was very low, cortisone did not prevent a fall in body weight and ultimate death from chronic scurvy. With a slightly higher (intermediate) dosage of ascorbic acid cortisone appeared to improve the retarded formation of epiphysial bone. With both intermediate and high intakes of synthetic ascorbic acid cortisone exerted a 'toxic' effect which ultimately resulted in earlier death.
3. Cortisone did not produce inhibition of wound healing in guinea-pigs.
STUDIES ON THE ADRENAL AND THYROID GLANDS OF THE GROUND SQUIRREL DURING HIBERNATION
Authors: VIDOVIC V. L. , POPOVIC V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Hibernation in the ground squirrel ends within 1–2 hr after total adrenalectomy and does not recur.
Survival time after adrenalectomy in laboratory-kept ground squirrels during November and December was longer than it was during September-October and February-March.
Body temperature during hibernation (4–18° C) was restored to normal (37° C) within 1–2 hr after adrenalectomy, the animals being kept in a room at 17° C.
Oxygen consumption was measured in ground squirrels on the 6th and 7th days after adrenalectomy at 31–32° and 4° C respectively. Maximum consumption occurred at 4° C; normal body temperature was retained.
The 131I uptake by the thyroid of non-hibernating ground squirrels is considerably smaller in early Autumn (September-October) than during the winter months. Radioactive iodine is not accumulated by the thyroid gland of the hibernating ground squirrel, but 3 days after adrenalectomy the amount of 131I accumulated is equivalent to that taken up by the gland of the non-hibernating animal.
The effects of adrenalectomy in the hibernating and non-hibernating ground squirrel are compared with those obtained in hypothermic rats maintained in similar environmental conditions.
SPERMATOGENESIS AND ENDOCRINE ACTIVITY IN GRAFTS OF FROZEN AND THAWED RAT TESTIS
Authors: DEANESLY RUTH 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Testes of prepubertal rats retain their capacity to grow and differentiate as homografts after gradual freezing to − 79° C and thawing. Spermatozoa are formed in scrotal grafts.
EFFECTS OF DEOXYCORTICOSTERONE ACETATE AND CORTISONE ON THE EXCRETION OF HYPOTONIC SALINE BY ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: COLE D. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The response to loads of hypotonic saline has been investigated in intact and in adrenalectomized rats treated with deoxycorticosterone acetate, with cortisone acetate and with both steroids. The response of untreated adrenalectomized animals was also studied.
Intact rats excreted more water than sodium during the 5 hr after loading with hypotonic saline. There was a reduction of the proportion of water reabsorbed in the renal tubules, but the proportion of sodium reabsorbed was unaltered.
Adrenalectomized rats, either with or without deoxycorticosterone treatment, did not show this diuretic response, and there was evidence that sodium was lost from the body cells. Rats in these two groups reabsorbed a smaller proportion of sodium in their renal tubules than intactrats.
Adrenalectomized rats treated with cortisone showed partial restoration of the ability to excrete water, but the renal loss of sodium was greater than in intact animals. Treatment of adrenalectomized rats with both cortisone and deoxycorticosterone restored water excretion to normal values, but excessive amounts of sodium were lost. In neither group which received cortisone was there any indication of loss of cell sodium.
The response of rats in the group receiving both steroids was not a normal water diuresis because the animals were unable to excrete water without loss of sodium. It appeared unlikely that there was excessive antidiuretic hormone activity in the rats receiving cortisone and that some factor other than reduction of pituitary antidiuretic hormone secretion was essential for normal water diuresis.
THE BIOASSAY OF INSULIN IN VITRO BY MANOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS ON SLICES OF MAMMARY GLANDS
Authors: BALMAIN JUDITH H. , COX C. P. , FOLLEY S. J. , McNAUGHT MARY L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The total gas output of slices of lactating rats' mammary glands metabolizing in bicarbonatesaline containing glucose and acetate is increased by the addition of insulin. From this response a straight-line assay has been developed. Using eight rats and twelve respirometers per rat, a six-point assay gave an estimate of relative potency consistent with that obtained by the manufacturers of the preparations used. A value of 0·18 was obtained for the index of precision (λ).
SELECTION FOR LOCAL (INTRAVAGINAL) ACTION OF OESTROGENS
Authors: BIGGERS J. D. , CLARINGBOLD P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A randomly bred line of albino mice has been selected into lines of increased and decreased sensitivity to oestrogen as determined by the intravaginal action of oestrone. Ovariectomized mice were used in the tests, successive generations being bred from the sibs of test animals.
The two lines showed different sensitivities when tested with oestradiol-3:17β given by the intravaginal route. When tested by the subcutaneous injection of oestrone, the two lines were of equal sensitivity.
The significance of these results in relation to the mode of action of oestrogens is discussed.
DEMONSTRATION OF A COMPETITION BETWEEN BOVINE PLASMA ALBUMIN AND THE CELLS OF THE VAGINAL EPITHELIUM FOR OESTRONE
Authors: CLARINGBOLD P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A study is reported on the effect of five different concentrations of bovine plasma albumin on the response of spayed mice to the intravaginal administration of various levels of oestrone. The advantage of a factorial design in such tests is stressed.
While concentrations of 0·001% bovine plasma albumin were without appreciable effect on the dose-response line, progressive increases in cencentration caused corresponding decreases in slope.
The effect of bovine plasma albumin on E.D.90 doses was small, but increases in albumin concentration caused rapid increases in response to small doses of oestrone.
The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the mode of action of oestrogens.
THE EXCRETION OF PREGNANEDIOL BY OVARIECTOMIZED ADRENALECTOMIZED WOMEN
Authors: ALLEN BETTY J. , CHALMERS D. G. , MERIVALE W. H. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Two women, who had undergone bilateral ovariectomy and adrenalectomy for carcinomatosis secondary to primary growths of the breast, received 100 mg progesterone in arachis oil intramuscularly for 3 days. Estimations of pregnane-3(α):20(α)-diol, total 17-ketosteroids and dehydroisoandrosterone and its derivatives were made on 24 hr urine specimens collected for a control period, while the patients received progesterone, and for 3 days afterwards. Both patients excreted increased amounts of pregnane-3(α):20(α)-diol and one excreted increased amounts of 17-ketosteroids and dehydroisoandrosterone and its derivatives.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE HORMONAL INDUCTION OF OESTRUS IN SPAYED EWES
Authors: ROBINSON T. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Seven trials were conducted with sixty-nine ovariectomized Suffolk cross-bred ewes to determine the requirements of oestradiol benzoate (ODB), given alone or preceded by 75 mg progesterone (6 × 12·5 mg in oil over 3 days, followed 2 days later by oestrogen), for oestrous behaviour and characteristic vaginal changes.
Progesterone pretreatment resulted in a marked increase of sensitivity to oestrogen. For oestrus, the respective values of the median effective dose (ED 50) for ODB preceded by progesterone and for ODB alone were 22 and 64 μg, the difference being significant (P<0·001). The 99% fiducial limits associated with these estimates were respectively 19 and 26 μg and 52 and 81 μg. For vaginal changes the corresponding values were 10-14-17 and 20-24-28 (P<0·001).
Progesterone pretreatment resulted in an apparently steeper dose-response line for oestrus, and advanced the mean time of onset by about 12 hr. The behaviour pattern following progesterone—ODB appeared to differ from that following ODB alone.
Oestrus in the ewe appears to be under dual hormonal control. Endogenous oestrogen production is insufficient to induce the full psychic and physiological changes associated with normal oestrus, unless the animal has been conditioned previously by progesterone.
MEASUREMENT OF THE EARLY THYROID CLEARANCE OF RADIOIODINE AS A CLINICAL TEST
Authors: COENEGRACHT J. , FRASER R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. A method is described of measuring the early thyroid 'clearance' by the technique of Berson, Yalow, Sorrentino & Roswit [1952], with the results expressed as the percentage of extracellular fluid cleared per half hour. This measurement has satisfactorily segregated from a normal group: 10 out of 10 definitely and 11 out of 11 probably thyrotoxic, 11 out of 12 definitely myxoedematous and 1 out of 4 probably myxoedematous patients. The technique is relatively simple and rapid.
2. Measurement of the early thyroid clearance is closely correlated with the urinary 'T' index of thyroid uptake (for log values of each, r=0·90).
THE EFFECT OF ORAL DIETHYLSTILBOESTROL ADMINISTRATION ON URINARY PREGNANEDIOL EXCRETION IN PREGNANCY
Authors: MICHIE EILEEN A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Diethylstilboestrol (stilboestrol) was administered orally to seven diabetic and five non-diabetic women at varying stages of pregnancy for periods of 3–7 days. Estimations of daily urinary pregnanediol excretion by these women did not confirm the results of Sommerville, Marrian & Clayton [1949].
THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN PLANT PREPARATIONS ON THE FERTILITY OF LABORATORY MAMMALS
Authors: EAST JUNE 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Polygonum hydropiper, administered as dry, powdered whole plant, impaired the fertility of male and female mice and produced sterility in female guinea-pigs when included in the normal diet at levels calculated to give an intake of 1 g/mouse, and 9 g/guinea-pig/day. These effects were temporary.
P. hydropiper precipitated vaginal opening in immature mice within 5 days of the start of feeding and inhibited the normal cyclic occurrence of oestrus.
No evidence of oestrogenic or androgenic activity was obtained, and it is suggested that P. hydropiper affects the gonadotrophic function of the pituitary.
IN VITRO STUDY OF THE ABILITY OF THYROID HOMOGENATE TO CONCENTRATE IODIDE
Authors: DONIACH I. , LOGOTHETOPOULOS J. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
131I was added to tissue homogenates of rat and dog thyroids in collodion bags and allowed to equilibrate with equal volumes of surrounding buffer solution. No difference in 131I concentration inside and outside the bags was found in experiments in which 10−3 m propylthiouracil was added to the buffer solution. In the absence of propylthiouracil, an increased concentration of 131I was found in the homogenate phase, mostly due to protein precipitable iodine.
The results lend no support to the hypothesis which accounts for the high thyroid/serum 131I ratio in vivo by physico-chemical linkage of iodide with specific thyroid protein.
From these and the previously described radioautographic findings the iodide concentration by the thyroid in vivo is considered to result from an active transport at the outer cell membrane of the intact follicle.
THE EFFECTS OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON THE INTERNAL TESTIS RHYTHM IN BIRDS AND MAMMALS
Authors: COOMBS C. J. F. , MARSHALL A. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Hypophysectomy in cockerels leads to metamorphosis of the seminiferous tubules of the testis involving a massive steatogenesis and production of cholesterol in a manner apparently identical with that occurring annually in wild birds when the interstitial cells become exhausted at the end of the breeding season. A new generation of connective tissue cells (forming the presumptive Leydig cells) arises in the absence of gonadotrophin and becomes sudanophil and cholesterolpositive. This points towards an intrinsic rehabilitative mechanism within the testis, although there is no suggestion that the new generation of Leydig cells could actively secrete in the absence of the adenohypophysis.
This post-nuptial tubular metamorphosis is widespread or universal in seasonally breeding birds and occurs prematurely if mating is inhibited by captivity or other unfavourable environmental conditions. Although the described metamorphosis has not been recorded in mammals, hypophysectomized rats underwent tubular changes essentially similar to those that occur naturally (and after hypophysectomy) in birds. At the same time the interstitial cell tissue (which is not renewed seasonally en masse in mammals) did not regenerate after hypophysectomy in rats.
THE EFFECT OF LARGE DOSES OF THIOUREA ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE LIVER AND URINE OF RATS
Authors: DOLJANSKI F. , ESHKOL Z. , GIVOL D. , KAUFMANN E. , MARGOLIASH E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Following the observation that large daily doses of thiourea induced numerous mitoses in the liver of rats [Rachmilewitz, Rosin & Doljanski, 1950], the concomitant chemical changes in the liver and urine of thiourea-treated rats were investigated. It was found that:
(1) The mitogenetic reaction, which occurred on the 3rd day of treatment with the drug, was preceded by (a) a decrease in liver catalase activity to 30–50% of the normal within 12 hr; (b) an increase in total liver weight and concentration of liver ribonucleic acid within 2 days. The enlarged liver was normal with respect to protein, lipid, water and deoxyribonucleic acid content.
(2) The concentration of liver glycogen decreased markedly on the 1st day of thiourea treatment but returned to normal by the 2nd or 3rd day.
(3) During the period of treatment with thiourea there was an increase in the urinary excretion of uric acid, allantoin, and phosphate, as well as glucosuria and polyuria. There was no change in the excretion of urea and total sulphate.
(4) All these changes, both in the liver and the urine, were fully reversible on withdrawing the drug.
A COMPARISON OF THE NAHD REACTION WITH LIPOID STAINS IN THE ADRENAL CORTEX OF THE RAT
Authors: WEAVER J. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The histological appearance of rat adrenal sections stained with simple lipoid stains has been compared with that of similar sections stained by the NAHD reaction.
It is concluded that in the adrenal cortex of the rat there is a good correlation between the areas stained by the simple lipoid stains and those by the NAHD reaction. It has also been shown that the period and circumstances of the fixation in formalin influence the development of the reaction. Changes in the nature of the lipoid present in the zona glomerulosa were produced by ACTH stimulation and suppression and these are considered to indicate a sensitivity of this zone to ACTH.
A COMPARISON OF THE RELATIVE EFFICACY OF METHYLTESTOSTERONE BY THE GASTRIC AND ORAL TRANSMUCOSAL ROUTES
Authors: FOSS G. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
An attempt has been made to compare the relative efficacy of two methods of medication with methyltestosterone, namely by absorption through the oral mucosa from slowly soluble tablets and by ingestion.
The method of comparison adopted was to estimate the extent to which menstruation was postponed after giving 25 mg methyltestosterone twice daily for 30 days from the onset of bleeding. The effectiveness of the two routes of administration was compared in the same individual.
The results indicate that buccal absorption is slightly more effective than ingestion.
THE COMPOSITION OF THE STALLION'S SEMEN
Authors: MANN T. , LEONE E. , POLGE C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The composition of the semen of the stallion was studied by microscopic and chemical methods and the extent of fluctuations in the same animal has been determined.
Two characteristic constituents of the seminal plasma of the horse, ergothioneine and citric acid, have been shown to originate in the ampullae and seminal vesicles respectively.
With the aid of chemical methods for the analysis of semen it has been possible to obtain a general quantitative indication of the contribution of the ampullar and vesicular secretions towards the final composition of normal stallion ejaculates.
By the method of fractionate collection of semen, an attempt was made to determine the sequence with which the different portions of the semen of the stallion are ejaculated. It has been demonstrated that the sperm-containing fraction is rich in ergothioneine but not in citric acid, and that it is followed by a post-sperm fraction, which has a high content of citric acid and consists mainly of the vesicular secretion.
The seminal characteristics of the jackass have been shown to resemble those of the stallion.