bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing rumen biohydrogenation and its manipulation in vivo, in vitro and in situ
Authors: Fievez Veerle , Vlaeminck Bruno , Jenkins Tom , Enjalbert Francis , Doreau Michel 
Published: August 2007

AbstractReference techniques to study rumen biohydrogenation (BH) rely on the comparison of intake and duodenal or (ab)omasal flows of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), whereas the net BH of PUFA to their saturated end‐products gives a quantitative measure of accumulating BH intermediates. The current review paper aims at evaluating alternative in vivo, in vitro and in sacco techniques to simulate reference in vivo results of unprotected PUFA sources, as well as strategies for overcoming or manipulating BH. In vivo rumen sampling approaches show potential but require further investigation, whereas in sacco results are inappropriate. In vitro 24‐h batch incubations and continuous cultures approach in vivo BH of unprotected C18 PUFA sources and are useful to assess the pH value at which dissociation of calcium salts of fatty acids occurs, but overestimate the degree of rumen inertness of formaldehyde‐treated oil(seeds) and marine products. Batch or continuous cultures provide an accurate estimate (0.6) of the proportion of hydrogenated C18 PUFA that are converted into their saturated end‐product, except for incubations with high levels of fermentable substrate (>1.0 g/100 mL) in combination with high amounts of C18 PUFA (>0.5 mg/mL) or in incubations with EPA and DHA.
Influence of ursodeoxycholic acid on the mortality and malignancy associated with primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Jackson Hannah , Solaymani-Dodaran Masoud , Card Tim R. , Aithal Guruprasad P. , Logan Richard , West Joe 
Published: August 2007

Abstract

There is debate over the mortality and malignancy risk in people with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and whether this risk is reduced by use of ursodeoxycholic acid. To investigate this issue, we identified 930 people with PBC and 9,202 control subjects from the General Practice Research Database in the United Kingdom. We categorized regular ursodeoxycholic acid as treatment with 6 or more prescriptions and nonregular treatment as less than 6. We found a 2.7-fold increase in mortality for the PBC cohort compared with the general population [adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 2.69; 95% CI, 2.35–3.09]. In those having regular ursodeoxycholic acid (43%), the mortality increase was 2.2-fold (HR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.66–2.87) and in those not treated 2.7-fold (HR, 2.69; 95% CI, 2.18–3.33). This apparent reduction in mortality was not explained by less severe disease in the ursodeoxycholic acid–treated group. The increased risk of primary liver cancer in ursodeoxycholic acid–treated patients was 3-fold (HR, 3.17; 95% CI, 0.64–15.62), in contrast to an 8-fold increase in those not treated (HR, 7.77; 95% CI, 1.30–46.65).

Conclusion:

We found that people with PBC had a 3-fold mortality increase when compared with the general population, which was somewhat reduced by regular treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid. However, the observed effect of ursodeoxycholic acid was not statistically significant. (HEPATOLOGY 2007.)
Targeting BCL‐2 family proteins to overcome drug resistance in non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Wesarg Emmanuelle , Hoffarth Sandra , Wiewrodt Rainer , Kröll Monika , Biesterfeld Stefan , Huber Christoph , Schuler Martin 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCytotoxic chemotherapies are standard of care for patients suffering from advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, objective responses are only achieved in 20% of cases and long‐term survival is rarely observed. Clinically applied anticancer drugs exert at least some of their activities by inducing apoptosis. A critical step in apoptotic signal transduction is the permeabilization of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM), which is regulated by the BCL‐2 family of proteins. Hence, therapeutic targeting of BCL‐2 proteins is a promising approach to increase the drug‐sensitivity of cancers. To this end we have assessed the impact of conditional expression of the proapoptotic multidomain (BH1‐2‐3) protein BAK, which directly permeabilizes the MOM, and the BH3‐mimetic ABT‐737, which acts indirectly by derepressing BH1‐2‐3 proteins, on apoptosis and drug sensitivity of NSCLC cells. Conditionally expressed BAK sensitized resistant NSCLC cells to drug‐induced apoptosis. In contrast, ABT‐737 was ineffective in those NSCLC cells expressing high levels of the anti‐apoptotic MCL‐1 protein. Tissue microarray analysis of tumor samples from 84 chemotherapy‐naïve NSCLC patients revealed MCL‐1 expression in 56% of cases, thus supporting the relevance of this resistance factor in a clinical setting. Enforced expression of the BH3‐only protein NOXA, which targets MCL‐1, overcame resistance to ABT‐737. Moreover, combining conditionally expressed BAK with ABT‐737 enhanced apoptosis in NSCLC cells independently of their MCL‐1 status. In conclusion, the heterogeneity of apoptosis defects observed in drug‐resistant NSCLC demands individually tailored molecular therapies. Targeting the MOM permeabilizer BAK appears to have a broader apoptogenic activity than the BH3‐only mimetic ABT‐737. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PPARα and PP2A are involved in the proapoptotic effect of conjugated linoleic acid on human hepatoma cell line SK‐HEP‐1
Authors: Muzio Giuliana , Maggiora Marina , Oraldi Manuela , Trombetta Antonella , Canuto Rosa Angela 
Published: August 2007

AbstractConjugated linoleic acid (CLA), found in dairy products, in beef and lamb has been demonstrated to possess anticancer properties protecting several tissues from developing cancer. Moreover, it has been shown to modulate apoptosis in several cancer cell lines. The aim of this study was to investigate which signaling transduction pathways were modulated in CLA‐induced apoptosis in human hepatoma SK‐HEP‐1 cells. The cells exposed to CLA were evaluated for PPARα, PP2A, pro‐apoptotic proteins Bak, Bad and caspases, and anti‐apoptotic proteins Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐XL. Cells were also treated with okadaic acid, a PP2A inhibitor, or with Wy‐14643, a specific PPARα agonist. The CLA‐induced apoptosis was concomitant to the increase of percentage of cells in the S phase, PPARα, PP2A and pro‐apoptotic proteins; simultaneously, antiapoptotic proteins decreased. Inhibition of PP2A prevented apoptosis, and PPARα agonist showed similar effect as CLA. The increased PP2A could be responsible for the dephosphorylation of Bcl‐2 and Bad, permitting apoptotic activity of Bax and Bad. The increase of caspase 8 and 9 suggested that both the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways were induced. PP2A was probably increased by PPARα, since putative PPRE sequences were found in genes encoding its subunits. In conclusion, CLA induces apoptosis in human hepatoma SK‐HEP‐1 cells, by increasing PPARα, PP2A and pro‐apoptotic proteins. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Both ionically and enzymatically crosslinkable alginate–tyramine conjugate as materials for cell encapsulation
Authors: Sakai Shinji , Kawakami Koei 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe swelling behavior of the structural material of cell‐enclosing capsules is a key factor for the successful transplantation of these capsules in the treatment of diseases. The present study aimed to develop cell‐enclosing capsules displaying minimal swelling under physiological conditions. We investigated the use of an alginate–tyramine conjugate synthesized by a carbodiimide/active‐ester coupling reaction. The conjugate gel crosslinked by calcium ions and peroxidase‐catalyzed oxidative coupling of phenols swelled less in saline than in unmodified alginate. The degree of swelling could be controlled by conjugate preparation conditions. The conjugate gel showed no obvious cytotoxicity for cells, including the process of oxidative coupling generation. Further, encapsulated cells could be cultured for up to 2 months and achieve ∼5.2‐fold greater mitochondrial activity after 51 days of encapsulation than after 1 day. These results show that this alginate–tyramine conjugate is a promising material for use in cell‐enclosing capsules for cell therapy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Preparation of bone‐like apatite–collagen nanocomposites by a biomimetic process with phosphorylated collagen
Authors: Li Xiaoke , Chang Jiang 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBy imitating in vivo bone mineralization, bone‐like apatite–collagen nanocomposites were prepared by chemical phosphorylation of collagen and subsequent biomimetic growth of bone‐like nanoapatite on collagen nanofibers. Two steps were employed in the composites preparation. First, the collagen was phosphorylated by chemical treatment, which provides the nucleation sites for bone‐like apatite mineralization. The subsequent growth of bone‐like nanoapatite on the phosphorylated collagen nanofibers was performed in simulated body fluid (SBF). The characterization of the composites showed that the composites were composed of nanoapatite mineralized collagen nanofibers that exhibit similarity to natural bone in composition and crystal morphology. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Self‐setting properties and in vitro bioactivity of Ca3SiO5/CaSO4⋅1/2H2o composite cement
Authors: Zhao Wenyuan , Chang Jiang , Zhai Wanyin 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this study, a biphasic injectable bone substitute, based on tricalcium silicate (Ca3SiO5) and plaster (CaSO4⋅1/2H2O), is presented. The addition of CaSO4⋅1/2H2O could accelerate the hydration of Ca3SiO5, decrease the setting time, and improve the strength of the cement. The workable Ca3SiO5/CaSO4⋅1/2H2O pastes with a liquid to powder (L/P) ratio of 0.8–1.0 mL g−1 could be injected for 2–20 min (nozzle diameter 2.0 mm) and enabled initial setting times of 9–60 min. The setting process yielded cellular structures with compressive strength of 12.4–31.5 MPa after 2–28 days. The in vitro bioactivity of the paste was investigated by soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7 days. The result showed that although large amount of CaSO4⋅1/2H2O (30%) was added, the paste showed good ability to induce the formation of hydroxyapatite (HA). Furthermore, the Ca3SiO5/CaSO4⋅1/2H2O paste could degrade in Ringer's solution, and the dissolution extracts of the paste also had a stimulatory effect on L929 cell growth in certain concentration range. Our results indicated that Ca3SiO5/CaSO4⋅1/2H2O paste was bioactive and degradable, and showed excellent mechanical properties after self‐setting. Therefore, it may be a potential candidate for further investigation as injectable tissue repairing substitute. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Micro‐ and nanostructuring of freestanding, biodegradable, thin sheets of chitosan via soft lithography
Authors: Fernandez Javier G. , Mills Christopher A. , Martinez Elena , Lopez‐Bosque Maria J. , Sisquella Xavier , Errachid Abdelhamid , Samitier Josep 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA technique for imparting micro‐ and nanostructured topography into the surface of freestanding thin sheets of chitosan is described. Both micro‐ and nanometric surface structures have been produced using soft lithography. The soft lithography method, based on solvent evaporation, has allowed structures ∼60 nm tall and ∼500 × 500 nm2 to be produced on freestanding ∼0.5 mm thick sheets of the polymer when cured at 293 K, and structures ∼400 nm tall and 5 × 5 μm2 to be produced when cured at 283 K. Nonstructured chitosan thin sheets (∼200 μm thick) show excellent optical transmission properties in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. The structured sheets can be used for applications where optical microscopic analysis is required, such as cell interaction experiments and tissue engineering. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2008
Mechanical properties of calcium phosphate scaffolds fabricated by robocasting
Authors: Miranda Pedro , Pajares Antonia , Saiz Eduardo , Tomsia Antoni P. , Guiberteau Fernando 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe mechanical behavior under compressive stresses of β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds fabricated by direct‐write assembly (robocasting) technique is analyzed. Concentrated colloidal inks prepared from β‐TCP and HA commercial powders were used to fabricate porous structures consisting of a 3‐D tetragonal mesh of interpenetrating ceramic rods. The compressive strength and elastic modulus of these model scaffolds were determined by uniaxial testing to compare the relative performance of the selected materials. The effect of a 3‐week immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) on the strength of the scaffolds was also analyzed. The results are compared with those reported in the literature for calcium phosphate scaffolds and human bone. The robocast calcium phosphate scaffolds were found to exhibit excellent mechanical performances in terms of strength, especially the HA structures after SBF immersion, indicating a great potential of this type of scaffolds for use in load‐bearing bone tissue engineering applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2008
Multiproxy late Holocene peat records from Ireland: towards a regional palaeoclimate curve
Authors: Blundell Antony , Charman Dan J. , Barber Keith 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTwo new peat‐based climate records from Ireland covering the late Holocene are presented. The sequences are dated by a strong chronological framework formed by AMS radiocarbon dates and SCPs. Three proxy indicators (testate amoebae, macrofossils and humification) have been determined allowing the limitations and strengths of each to be identified and utilised to provide a bog surface wetness (BSW) record for both sites. Age–depth models take into account the potential for accumulation rates to vary with bog vegetation. The records from each site have been used to derive a combined BSW record that displays changes to a wetter/cooler climate from ca. AD 30 (1920 BP), ca. AD 310 (1640 BP), ca. AD 805 (1145 BP), ca. AD 1040 (910 BP) and ca. AD 1300 (650 BP). Changes follow closely those identified in a northern Britain composite BSW record and largely correspond with lake‐level data in central France suggesting the main changes in water balance were coherent over a large region. Correspondence with increases in IRD and slower Iceland‐Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW) suggests that these changes were related to oceanic forcing influencing the track of dominant westerly air flow over Ireland. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relative surface age‐dating of rock glacier systems near Hólar in Hjaltadalur, northern Iceland
Authors: Kellerer‐Pirklbauer Andreas , Wangensteen Bjørn , Farbrot Herman , Etzelmüller Bernd 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSchmidt‐hammer rebound values and photogrammetric measurements of surface displacement were used to date two active polymorphic (high‐altitude) and two relict monomorphic (low‐altitude) rock glaciers near Hólar in Hjaltadalur, Tröllaskagi peninsula, northern Iceland (65° 40′ N, 19° 00′ W). Both low‐altitude rock glaciers are of Late Weichselian or Preboreal origin (ca. 10.3–9.2 k yr BP) with minor later reshaping until the early Neoglacial period (‘Vatnsdalur I’; ca. 5.2 k yr BP). Both high‐altitude rock glaciers consist of an upper lobe overriding a lower lobe corresponding to initiation during different cool phases. The initiation of the lower lobes can possibly be attributed to the ‘GH‐8.2 event’ (8.6–8.0 k cal. yr BP). They reached their terminal position at the end of the ‘Vatnsdalur I’ stage. The upper lobes of the high‐altitude rock glaciers were initiated sometimes between the ‘Vatnsdalur I’ but substantially before the ‘Vatnsdalur II’ (ca. 3.0–3.2 k yr BP) stages and underwent modification during each following Holocene glacier expansion episode, culminating the last time in the Little Ice Age. Thus, it is suggested that similar looking rock glaciers occurring elsewhere in the Tröllaskagi peninsula may have a similar complex history. Therefore, they may not be seen as rather simple landforms developed during the Little Ice Age. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Study of Simple RAFT Transfer Agents for the Polymerization of (Meth‐)acrylates and Acrylamides
Authors: Seifert Denis , Kipping Martin , Adler Hans‐Jurgen P. , Kuckling Dirk 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSummary: Within this work we aimed to study different RAFT agents for the potential use in coupled block copolymerization. Starting from S‐(thiobenzoyl)thioglycolic acid as a commercial available CTA it should easily be possible to modify the substituent due to the thiocarboxylic group. Different chain transfer agents CTA's were synthesized and RAFT polymerizations of methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, N,N‐dimethyl acrylamide, N,N‐diethyl acrylamide, and N‐isopropyl acrylamide were carried out and compared with each other.
A coupled damage–plasticity model for concrete based on thermodynamic principles: Part II: non‐local regularization and numerical implementation
Authors: Nguyen Giang D. , Houlsby Guy T. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractNon‐local regularization is applied to a new coupled damage–plasticity model (Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech. 2007; DOI: 10.1002/nag.627), turning it into a non‐local model. This procedure resolves softening‐related problems encountered in local constitutive models when dealing with softening materials. The parameter identification of the new non‐local coupled damage–plasticity model is addressed, with all parameters being shown to be obtainable from the experimental data on concrete. Because of the appearance of non‐local spatial integrals in the constitutive equations, a new implementation scheme is developed for the integration of the non‐local incremental constitutive equations in nonlinear finite element analysis. The performance of the non‐local model is assessed against a range of two‐dimensional structural tests on concrete, illustrating the stability of the stress update procedure and the lack of mesh dependency of the model. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introducing practice development in a Cheshire home
Authors: Harwood Karen , Baldwin Kathleen , Letts Jo , Earl Anthony 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe opportunity taken in 2001 by St Cecilia's, a Leonard Cheshire Home for the physically disabled, to set up a working group under a programme for practice development has produced significant changes in routines and style of management, and has fostered several initiatives from all levels of the community. Staff at all levels, service users and volunteers (often without any health care background) have collaborated to introduce changes in delivery of care, quality of life, communication techniques, and education and training procedures. Accreditation has encouraged the personnel of the home to plan further measures that will respond to the needs and desires of their residents. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of anisotropic elastic fields of a GaAs/GaAs twist boundary
Authors: Madani Salah , Outtas Toufik , Adami Lahbib 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSelf‐assembled nanostructures are particularly interesting for optoelectronic and photonic applications, especially on silicon and GaAs substrates. Nevertheless, their long‐range spatial distribution is random, their density is difficult to control, their size distribution can be large and their shapes can be different. By overcoming these drawbacks, it should be possible to improve the performances of existing devices or to fabricate new ones. This work studies the possibility to order on a long range self‐assembled nanostructures on a GaAs substrate, by means of the elastic fields induced at the surface by shallowly buried periodic dislocation networks. The needed strain and stress fields, generated by a square network of screw dislocations located between a finite layer of GaAs bonded onto a semi‐infinite GaAs substrate, are calculated using anisotropic elasticity. The results obtained are compared to those obtained using isotropic elasticity. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Vertically self‐aligned conical carbon nanofibers by pulsed discharge plasma chemical vapour deposition and its field electron emission
Authors: Somani Prakash R. , Somani Savita P. , Yoshida A. , Suzeki T. , Noda M. , Tanemura M. , Lau S. P. , Umeno M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractVertically self‐aligned conical carbon nanofibers were deposited on silicon coated with thin film of cobalt (100 nm) using pulsed discharge plasma chemical vapor deposition at 400–450 °C. Possible mechanism of their growth is discussed. FE‐SEM observations indicate that they are self vertically well aligned, with an average diameter of about 200 nm at the bottom and with a tip of about 70 to 100 nm in diameter. HR‐TEM, visible Raman and XRD study reveals that the nanofibers have an amorphous structure and are made of diamond like carbon. Field electron emission study indicates a low turn‐on field of about 1.4 V/μm and threshold field of about 4.2 V/μm, suggesting their possible application as field electron emitters. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nanoparticles of SmBa2HfO5.5 through a single step auto‐igniting combustion technique and their characterization
Authors: Thomas J. K. , Padma Kumar H. , Solomon S. , George Chandy N. , Joy K. , Koshy J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSamarium Barium Hafnium oxide (SmBa2HfO5.5), a complex perovskite ceramic, was synthesized as nano‐ particles for the first time using an auto‐igniting combustion technique. Phase‐purity and particulate properties of the as‐prepared powder were studied using X‐ray diffraction, differential thermal and thermo gravimetric analyses, Fourier‐transform of infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction techniques. The X‐ray diffraction and electron diffraction studies have shown that the as‐prepared powder was single phase, crystalline, and has a complex cubic perovskite structure (A2BB′O6) with a lattice constant a = 8.330 Å. The particle size calculated from FWHM is about 15 nm. The transmission electron microscopic investigation has shown that the particle size of the as‐prepared powder was in the range 20–30 nm with a mean grain size of 25 nm. The nano‐ particles of SmBa2HfO5.5 obtained by the present method could be sintered to 99% of its theoretical density at 1600 °C. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polydiacetylene‐based selective NH3 gas sensor using Sc2O3/GaN structures
Authors: Lee G. S. , Lee C. , Choi H. , Ahn D. J. , Kim J. , Gila B. P. , Abernathy C. R. , Pearton S. J. , Ren F. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPDA(Polydiacetylene)‐supramolecules were successfully immobilized on the surface of Sc2O3/GaN/Sapphire structures for use as selective NH3 gas sensors. The Sc2O3 was epitaxially grown on GaN/Sapphire templates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) to replace the non‐uniform native Ga2O3. The GaN‐based PDA gas sensors showed excellent selectivity for ammonia detection after the end‐functional group was modified to respond to this specific gas species. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical planar waveguides in Nd:YLiF4 crystal fabricated by proton implantation
Authors: Tan Yang , Chen Feng , Wang Lei , Lu Qing‐Ming 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAn optical planar waveguide has been fabricated in Nd:YLiF4 crystal by means of proton implantation at an energy of 500 keV. The m ‐line arrangement was used to obtain the dark‐line spectra of the sample. The induced optical barrier with lower refractive indices inside the crystal confined the near‐surface region of the sample as waveguide structures. The waveguide remained fairly stable under thermal annealing treatment at 340 °C for 60 min in air. The nuclear damage created by the incident protons inside the crystal was considered to be the main cause of the barrier formation. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)