bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Evaluation of Factors Affecting Temporal Variability of Water Samples Obtained from Long‐Screened Wells
Authors: Reilly Thomas E. , LeBlanc Denis R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAs a well is pumped through time, concentrations of specific constituents in the water discharging from the well may change as a result of their transport within the well and the aquifer. A series of experiments conducted at a research site on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, examined the effects of transport on the chemistry of water samples obtained from a long‐screened well. Analyses of time series of constituent concentrations in water pumped from the long‐screened well showed persistent temporal trends during the first experiment. Iron concentrations decreased over a five‐hour test (15 casing volumes), whereas the calcium and magnesium concentrations increased. In contrast, the time series of constituent concentrations of water discharging from the same well showed less change with time during a later experiment. Numerical simulations were undertaken to test the relative importance of several possible factors affecting the temporal variations of these constituents. During the process of quantitatively explaining the changes in concentrations over time observed in the two experiments, different system conceptualizations were used, including (1) flow and transport in the aquifer without wellbore transport, (2) flow and transport in the aquifer with advective flow and transport in the wellbore, and (3) flow and transport in the aquifer with advective flow and transport in the wellbore and a thin layer (skin) of water surrounding the well with constituent concentrations that had been altered by the presence of the well. The conjectured skin of wellbore water, which could have invaded the aquifer because of nearby sampling or dispersion and diffusion near the wellbore, in conjunction with flow and transport in the aquifer and advective transport within the wellbore, produced a reasonable match between the simulated and observed concentrations. The data analysis confirms the known fact that long‐screened wells provide mechanisms for the redistribution of chemical constituents in the aquifer. The analysis provides new insight into the mechanisms responsible for the observed changes in concentrations during the sampling of long‐screened wells. The analysis quantifies the effects of the various conceptual models of flow and transport in and around wells on the interpretation and meaning of chemical analyses of water withdrawn from long‐screened wells.
Reductive Dissolution and Reactive Solute Transport in a Sewage‐Contaminated Glacial Outwash Aquifer
Authors: Lee Roger W. , Bennett Phillip C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractContamination of shallow ground water by sewage effluent typically contains reduced chemical species that consume dissolved oxygen, developing either a low oxygen geochemical environment or an anaerobic geochemical environment. Based on the load of reduced chemical species discharged to shallow ground water and the amounts of reactants in the aquifer matrix, it should be possible to determine chemical processes in the aquifer and compare observed results to predicted ones.At the Otis Air Base research site (Cape Cod, Massachusetts) where sewage effluent has infiltrated the shallow aquifer since 1936, bacterially mediated processes such as nitrification, denitritication, manganese reduction, and iron reduction have been observed in the contaminant plume. In specific areas of the plume, dissolved manganese and iron have increased significantly where local geochemical conditions are favorable for reduction and transport of these constituents from the aquifer matrix. Dissolved manganese and iron concentrations ranged from 0.02 to 7.3 mg/L, and 0.001 to 13.0 mg/L, respectively, for 21 samples collected from 1988 to 1989.Reduction of manganese and iron is linked to microbial oxidation of sewage carbon, producing bicarbonate and the dissolved metal ions as by‐products. Calculated production and flux of CO2 through the unsaturated zone from manganese reduction in the aquifer was 0.035 g/m2/d (12% of measured CO2 flux during winter). Manganese is limited in the aquifer, however. A one‐dimensional, reaction‐coupled transport model developed for the mildly reducing conditions in the sewage plume nearest the source beds showed that reduction, transport, and removal of manganese from the aquifer sediments should result in iron reduction where manganese has been depleted.
DNAPL Transport Through Macroporous, Clayey Till Columns
Authors: Jørgensen Peter R. , Broholm Kim , Sonnenborg Torben O. , Arvin Erik 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper provides the first experimental determination of the rates and distribution of transport of a dense, nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) through a naturally bioporous and fractured clayey till deposit. Until now, assessment of DNAPL behavior in this type of deposit has relied on theoretical studies. Predictions of DNAPL transport have proven to be uncertain as a result of difficulties in measuring critical parameters such as DNAPL entry pressure and flow behavior in response to natural fracture/biopore apertures and the degree of interconnection of these structures. In the present investigation, the migration of free product trichloroethylene (TCE) was studied by means of two undisturbed clayey till columns (dimensions: 0.5 m diameter by 0.5 m long) under in situ effective soil stress conditions. The experiments revealed that transport of TCE was restricted to biopores in one column and fractures in another column, bypassing the low‐permeability clayey matrix. Effective porosities of the columns, i.e., bio‐pores and fractures, were two to three orders of magnitude lower than total porosities (25% and 32%, respectively, for the two columns), i.e., macropores and matrix. Single phase water flow rates through the columns at water‐saturated conditions followed a linear relationship with hydraulic gradient. TCE flow could not be predicted from the single‐phase calculations because of non‐linearity observed between applied TCE injection heads and resulting TCE flow. TCE flow rates were 24 and 10.3 m/day at TCE gradients of 1.18 and 0.91, respectively. The observed flow rates indicate that in cases where vertical biopores or fractures fully penetrate clayey till aquitards, a low‐viscosity DNAPL (e.g., TCE) may quickly enter underlying aquifers. The experiments further indicate that 100 liters of a low‐viscosity DNAPL are sufficient to contaminate approximately 25 to 100 m3 of till material because of the small effective porosity constituted by the biopores and fractures.
Clinical Evaluation of Macrolide-Resistant
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Authors: Suzuki Satowa , Yamazaki Tsutomu , Narita Mitsuo , Okazaki Norio , Suzuki Isao , Andoh Tomoaki , Matsuoka Mayumi , Kenri Tsuyoshi , Arakawa Yoshichika , Sasaki Tsuguo 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT

Macrolide-resistant
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
(MR
M. pneumoniae
) has been isolated from clinical specimens in Japan since 2000. A comparative study was carried out to determine whether or not macrolides are effective in treating patients infected with MR
M. pneumoniae
. The clinical courses of 11 patients with MR
M. pneumoniae
infection (MR patients) treated with macrolides were compared with those of 26 patients with macrolide-susceptible
M. pneumoniae
infection (MS patients). The total febrile days and the number of febrile days during macrolide administration were longer in the MR patients than in the MS patients (median of 8 days versus median of 5 days [
P
= 0.019] and 3 days versus 1 day [
P
= 0.002], respectively). In addition, the MR patients were more likely than the MS patients to have had a change of the initially prescribed macrolide to another antimicrobial agent (63.6% versus 3.8%; odds ratio, 43.8;
P
< 0.001), which might reflect the pediatrician's judgment that the initially prescribed macrolide was not sufficiently effective in these patients. Despite the fact that the febrile period was prolonged in MR patients given macrolides, the fever resolved even when the initial prescription was not changed. These results show that macrolides are certainly less effective in MR patients.
A Porphyrin Increases Survival Time of Mice after Intracerebral Prion Infection
Authors: Kocisko David A. , Caughey Winslow S. , Race Richard E. , Roper Grant , Caughey Byron , Morrey John D. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT

Prion diseases, including scrapie, are incurable neurodegenerative disorders. Some compounds can delay disease after a peripheral scrapie inoculation, but few are effective against advanced disease. Here, we tested multiple related porphyrins, but only Fe(III)
meso
-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine injected into mouse brains after intracerebral scrapie inoculation substantially increased survival times.
Is it more effective for highly trained swimmers to live and train at 1200 m than at 1850 m in terms of performance and haematological benefits?
Authors: Roels B , Hellard P , Schmitt L , Robach P , Richalet J-P , Millet G P 
Published: January 2006

Objectives:The effects of living and training have not been compared at different altitudes in well trained subjects.Methods:Nine international swimmers lived and trained for 13 days similarly at 1200 m (T1200) and 1850 m (T1850). The two altitude training periods were separated by six weeks of sea level training. Before and after each training trip, subjects performed, at an altitude of 1200 m, an incremental exercise test to exhaustion of 5 × 200 m swims and a maximal test over 2000 m.Results:There was no difference in V˙o2maxafter each training trip: the before values were 58.5 (5.6) and 60.4 (6.7) ml/kg/min and the after values were 56.2 (5.2) and 57.1 (4.7) ml/kg/min for T1200 and T1850 respectively. The 2000 m performance had improved during T1200 (1476 (34) to 1448 (45) seconds) but not during T1850 (1458 (35)v1450 (33) seconds). Mean cell volume increased during T1850 (86.6 (2.8) to 88.7 (2.9) µm3) but did not change during T1200 (85.6 (2.9)v85.7 (2.9) µm3). The proportion of reticulocytes decreased during T1200 (15.2 (3.8)% to 10.3 (3.4)%) and increased during T1850 (9.3 (1.6)% to 11.9 (3.5)%).Conclusions:The short term effects of 13 days of training at 1200 m on swimming performance appear to be greater than the same type of training for the same length of time at 1850 m. As mean cell volume and proportion of reticulocytes only increased during training at 1850 m, the benefits of training at this altitude may be delayed and appear later on.
Injuries in West Indies cricket 2003–2004
Authors: Mansingh A , Harper L , Headley S , King-Mowatt J , Mansingh G 
Published: January 2006

Objective:To analyse injuries in West Indies Cricket and compare them with those of other cricket playing nations.Methods:Injuries between June 2003 and December 2004 were surveyed prospectively in all major matches of the West Indies Cricket Board.Results:Most injuries occurred in the West Indies Test and one day international teams. Mean match injury incidence was 48.7 per 10 000 player-hours in Test cricket, and 40.6 per 10 000 player-hours in one day international cricket, with injury prevalence of 11.3% and 8.1% respectively. In domestic cricket, the match injury incidence was 13.9 per 10 000 player-hours for first class cricket, and 25.4 per 10 000 player-hours in one day domestic competitions. There were more injuries on tour for the West Indies team than at home. The batsmen and fast bowlers sustained 80% of injuries, with many leading to long absence from the game, although many of these injuries were sustained while fielding. Most injuries were of the phalanges (22%) and the lumbar spine (20%) sustained mainly while fielding (including catching) and fast bowling respectively.Conclusions:Injuries in West Indies cricket may be reduced by (a) early detection and management of injuries on tour, (b) attention to fielding and catching techniques, and (c) monitoring of young fast bowlers.
Screening elite winter athletes for exercise induced asthma: a comparison of three challenge methods
Authors: Dickinson J W , Whyte G P , McConnell A K , Harries M G 
Published: January 2006

Background:The reported prevalence of exercise induced asthma (EIA) in elite winter athletes ranges from 9% to 50%. Many elite winter athletes do not report symptoms of EIA. At present there is no gold standard test for EIA.Objective:To establish the efficacy of screening for EIA and examine the role of the eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation (EVH) challenge and laboratory based and sport specific exercise challenges in the evaluation of elite winter athletes.Methods:14 athletes (mean (SD) age 22.6 (5.7) years, height 177.2 (7.0) cm, body mass 68.9 (16.9) kg) from the Great Britain short-track speed skating (n = 10) and biathlon teams (n = 4) were studied. Each athlete completed a laboratory based and sport specific exercise challenge as well as an EVH challenge, in randomised order.Results:All 14 athletes completed each challenge. Two had a previous history of asthma. Ten (including the two with a previous history) had a positive test to at least one of the challenges. Ten athletes had a positive response to EVH; of these, only three also had a positive response to the sport specific challenge. No athletes had a positive response to the laboratory based challenge.Conclusions:Elite athletes should be screened for EIA. EVH is a more sensitive challenge in asymptomatic athletes than sport specific and laboratory based challenges. If sporting governing bodies were to implement screening programmes to test athletes for EIA, EVH is the challenge of choice.
Phylogenetic relationships and character evolution in Govenia (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Garcia-Cruz Javier , Sosa Victoria 
Published: January 2006

Govenia Lindl. (Orchidaceae) is a neotropical terrestrial deciduous genus of approximately 28 species of the higher Epidendroids. To determine if Govenia is monophyletic and what are the relationships among its species, a phylogenetic analysis based on a detailed morphological study was conducted. Furthermore, the evolution of eight vegetative and floral characters is explored and explained in relation to pollination syndrome. Three most parsimonious trees were retrieved from heuristic searches. Govenia is corroborated as monophyletic with six recognized groups: three monotypic groups (G. ciliilabia, G. powellii, and G. boliviensis) and three major clades (Purpusii, Capitata, and Superba groups). The Purpusii group is characterized by a well-developed rhizome, a solitary leaf, and 3–12 white flowers. The Capitata group is characterized by the lack of a rhizome, two leaves, and 10–30 white flowers. The Superba group is characterized by the lack of a rhizome, two leaves, and numerous yellow flowers. Two trends were identified in Govenia. The first trend is represented by plants with a rhizome and reduced leaf and flower numbers that occur in taxa from the Purpusii group. The second trend has been to increase inflorescence length and the number of flowers, to change flower colour from white to yellow with an ascending position of the column, and is represented in taxa from the Superba group. The evolution of floral characters leads to the hypothesis that there was a shift in pollinator from small bumblebees to larger bumblebees.
Hydrolysis of aryl hydrogen maleate esters mediated by cyclodextrins  Effect on the intramolecular catalysis
Authors: Andrés Gabriel O , Silva O Fernando , de Rossi Rita H 
Published: January 2006

Kinetic studies of the hydrolysis of Z-aryl hydrogen maleates (Z = H, p-CH3, m-CH3, p-Cl, m-Cl) were carried out in the presence and absence of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) at variable pH from 1.00 to 3.00. The reaction involves the formation of maleic anhydride as an intermediate and the rate of its formation is strongly dependent on the pH. This is because the neighboring carboxylate group is a better catalyst than the carboxylic group. The rate constant for the formation of maleic anhydride decreases as the HPCD concentration increases in a nonlinear fashion. The results were interpreted in terms of the formation of a 1:1 inclusion complex of the esters with HPCD. The neutral (HA) and anionic (A) species of the substrate have different association constants (K[Formula: see text] and K[Formula: see text]). In all cases studied,K[Formula: see text] is higher than K[Formula: see text] for the same substrate. This difference is responsible for a decrease in the amount of the anionic substrate (reactive species) in the presence of HPCD, which results in a diminution of the observed rate constant. Besides, the rate constant for the reaction of the complexed substrate is smaller than that in the bulk solution indicating that the transition state of the cyclodextrin mediated reaction is less stabilized than the anionic substrate. The values of ΔΔGare almost independent of the substituent on the aryl ring and range within 0.48 and 1.05 kcal mol1(1 cal = 4.184 J). There is no correlation between KTSand the association constant of the substrate indicating that the factors stabilizing the transition state are different from those that stabilize the substrate. Key words: cyclodextrins, intramolecular catalysis, hydrolysis, inhibition.
Functional and phenotypical comparison of myofibroblasts derived from biopsies and bronchoalveolar lavage in mild asthma and scleroderma
Authors: Larsen Kristoffer , Malmström Johan , Wildt Marie , Dahlqvist Camilla , Hansson Lennart , Marko-Varga György , Bjermer Leif , Scheja Agneta , Westergren-Thorsson Gunilla 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Background
Activated fibroblasts, which have previously been obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), are proposed to be important cells in the fibrotic processes of asthma and scleroderma (SSc). We have studied the motility for BALF derived fibroblasts in patients with SSc that may explain the presence of these cells in the airway lumen. Furthermore, we have compared phenotypic alterations in activated fibroblasts from BALF and bronchial biopsies from patients with mild asthma and SSc that may account for the distinct fibrotic responses.

Methods
Fibroblasts were cultured from BALF and bronchial biopsies from patients with mild asthma and SSc. The motility was studied using a cell migration assay. Western Blotting was used to study the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), ED-A fibronectin, and serine arginine splicing factor 20 (SRp20). The protein expression pattern was analyzed to reveal potential biomarkers using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and sequencing dual matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-TOF). The Mann-Whitney method was used to calculate statistical significance.

Results
Increased migration and levels of ED-A fibronectin were observed in BALF fibroblasts from both groups of patients, supported by increased expression of RhoA, Rac1, and the splicing factor SRp20. However, these observations were exclusively accompanied by increased expression of α-SMA in patients with mild asthma. Compared to BALF fibroblasts in mild asthma, fibroblasts in SSc displayed a differential protein expression pattern of cytoskeletal- and scavenger proteins. These identified proteins facilitate cell migration, oxidative stress, and the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix observed in patients with SSc.

Conclusion
This study demonstrates a possible origin for fibroblasts in the airway lumen in patients with SSc and important differences between fibroblast phenotypes in mild asthma and SSc. The findings may explain the distinct fibrotic processes and highlight the motile BALF fibroblast as a potential target cell in these disorders.
Targeted silencing of Jab1/Csn5 in human cells downregulates SCF activity through reduction of F-box protein levels
Authors: Cope Gregory A , Deshaies Raymond J 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Background
SCF ubiquitin ligases target numerous proteins for ubiquitin dependent proteolysis, including p27 and cyclin E. SCF and other cullin-RING ligases (CRLs) are regulated by the ubiquitin-like protein Nedd8 that covalently modifies the cullin subunit. The removal of Nedd8 is catalyzed by the Jab1/MPN domain metalloenzyme (JAMM) motif within the Csn5 subunit of the Cop9 Signalosome.

Results
Here, we conditionally knock down Csn5 expression in HEK293 human cells using a doxycycline-inducible shRNA system. Cullin levels were not altered in CSN-deficient human cells, but the levels of multiple F-box proteins were decreased. Molecular analysis indicates that this decrease was due to increased Cul1- and proteasome-dependent turnover. Diminished F-box levels resulted in reduced SCF activity, as evidenced by accumulation of two substrates of the F-box protein Fbw7, cyclin E and c-myc, in Csn5-depleted cells.

Conclusion
We propose that deneddylation of Cul1 is required to sustain optimal activity of SCF ubiquitin ligases by repressing 'autoubiquitination' of F-box proteins within SCF complexes, thereby rescuing them from premature degradation.
HSulf-2, an extracellular endoglucosamine-6-sulfatase, selectively mobilizes heparin-bound growth factors and chemokines: effects on VEGF, FGF-1, and SDF-1
Authors: Uchimura Kenji , Morimoto-Tomita Megumi , Bistrup Annette , Li Jessica , Lyon Malcolm , Gallagher John , Werb Zena , Rosen Steven D 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Background
Heparin/heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans are found in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and on the cell surface. A considerable body of evidence has established that heparin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) interact with numerous protein ligands including fibroblast growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cytokines, and chemokines. These interactions are highly dependent upon the pattern of sulfation modifications within the glycosaminoglycan chains. We previously cloned a cDNA encoding a novel human endosulfatase, HSulf-2, which removes 6-O-sulfate groups on glucosamine from subregions of intact heparin. Here, we have employed both recombinant HSulf-2 and the native enzyme from conditioned medium of the MCF-7-breast carcinoma cell line. To determine whether HSulf-2 modulates the interactions between heparin-binding factors and heparin, we developed an ELISA, in which soluble factors were allowed to bind to immobilized heparin.

Results
Our results show that the binding of VEGF, FGF-1, and certain chemokines (SDF-1 and SLC) to immobilized heparin was abolished or greatly diminished by pre-treating the heparin with HSulf-2. Furthermore, HSulf-2 released these soluble proteins from their association with heparin. Native Sulf-2 from MCF-7 cells reproduced all of these activities.

Conclusion
Our results validate Sulf-2 as a new tool for deciphering the sulfation requirements in the interaction of protein ligands with heparin/HSPGs and expand the range of potential biological activities of this enzyme.