bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validity and reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for Obsessive‐Compulsive Spectrum (SCI‐OBS) and of the Structured Clinical Interview for Social Phobia Spectrum (SCI‐SHY)
Authors: Dell'osso Liliana , Cassano Giovanni Battista , Sarno Nannina , Millanfranchi Alessandro , Pfanner Chiara , Gemignani Alfredo , Maser Jack D. , Shear M. Katherine , Grochocinski Victoria J. , Rucci Paola , Frank Ellen 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper reports on the psychometric properties of the Structured Clinical Interview for Obsessive‐Compulsive Spectrum (SCI‐OBS) and the Structured Clinical Interview for Social Phobia Spectrum (SCI‐SHY). Interviews were administered to 135 patients with psychiatric disorders and 119 controls. During the same session, subjects were given the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), the Checklist for Obsessions and Compulsions and the Yale‐Brown Obsessive‐Compulsive Scale (Y‐BOCS). Patients and raters also answered specific questions on acceptability and usefulness of the interviews. Inter‐rater reliability was assessed by administering the interviews to 36 patients with psychiatric disorders and 12 controls. The internal consistency of all domains of the interviews was from moderate to substantial (Kuder‐Richardson coefficient >0.60). Discriminant validity was excellent. The concurrent validity of the SCI‐SHY versus the LSAS and of the SCI‐OBS versus the Checklist for Obsessions and Compulsions was satisfactory. However, no association was found between Y‐BOCS and the SCI‐OBS domains. Inter‐rater reliability was substantial. Both interviews were rated as meaningful and clear by most subjects. Raters' attitudes toward the utility of these interviews for understanding patients and their foreseeable use in their practice varied, but most were in favour of administering them as self‐report instruments. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Completed suicide among psychiatric in‐patients with depression in an Australian mental hospital
Authors: Shah Ajit , Ganesvaran Thirunavakarasu 
Published: March 2006

AbstractUp to 45% of completed psychiatric in‐patient suicides have a diagnosis of depression. Twenty‐two completed psychiatric in‐patient suicides with depression, over a 21‐year period, in a large psychiatric hospital in Melbourne, Australia, were examined. The characteristics, including demographic and clinical data, for the completed suicides with depression were compared with a comparison group of ‘alive’ in‐patients with depression. Completed suicide among psychiatric in‐patients with depression was associated with male sex, suicidal thoughts during admission, and fluctuating suicidal ideation or continuous absence of suicidal ideation. Over 40% of completed suicides occurred whilst on approved leave and over 20% after absconding from the hospital. Violent methods (including jumping in front of trains, trams and road traffic, jumping of buildings, hanging and drowning) were used in over 65% of completed suicides. Psychiatric units should be developed away from readily available methods of suicide. In‐patients with suicidal thoughts during the admission and unstable suicidal ideation should be carefully observed to avoid absconding and suicide, and should be carefully assessed prior to granting of leave. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The Composite International Diagnostic Interview: feasibility and necessity of editing and interviewer training in general population surveys
Authors: Meyer Christian , Rumpf Hans‐Jürgen , Hapke Ulfert , John Ulrich 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCurrent knowledge of the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in the general population is basically derived from highly standardized and fully structured interviews such as the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), which were administered by psychiatric lay interviewers. The feasibility of the most recent German version of the CIDI, the Munich‐CIDI (M‐CIDI) was analysed with respect to unit and item non‐response. We also analysed the effects of editing and interviewer training, constituting quality assurance procedures that are inherent with the CIDI. A random sample of 4075 adults in a northern German region were interviewed by 56 psychiatric lay interviewers, using the M‐CIDI, enabling an assessment to be made of the most frequent DSM‐IV diagnoses over the whole lifespan. Editing was carried out by psychologists and was combined with weekly interviewer training and individualized feedback. Results show a negligible rate of interview‐induced unit non‐response (0.1% only partially completed interviews) and item‐non‐response due to refusal, except for illicit drug use (3%). Considerable item non‐response due to ‘don't know’ answers occurred in time‐related questions. Errors detected by editing led to data correction in 37% of all interviews. Alcohol, nicotine, and somatoform disorder sections were mainly affected on the level of items and diagnostic decision. Occurrence of errors decreased with increasing interviewer experience and training in CIDI administration, but was not associated with participants' characteristics such as age and educational level. Complex time‐related questions, allocation of physicians' diagnoses, and calculation of alcohol consumption index were most frequently subject to editing. We conclude that the application of editing may significantly influence the result of psychiatric epidemiological studies for some diagnostic categories. Findings are discussed on the background of future improvements of the CIDI. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS): Clinician (IDS‐C) and Self‐Report (IDS‐SR) ratings of depressive symptoms
Authors: Rush A. John , Carmody Thomas , Reimitz Paul‐Egbert 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the rationale and methods entailed in developing the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS) in both clinician‐rated (IDS‐C) and self‐reported (IDS‐SR) formats. Psychometric features of the both the IDS‐C and IDS‐SR are presented. These scales are compared to the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRS‐D) in the detection of symptom change in patients with major depressive (n = 184) or bipolar disorder (n = 141). The face validity and established psychometric features of the IDS‐C and IDS‐SR indicate that either may be useful in detecting symptom change, as well as in detecting residual symptoms in depressed patients. Further efforts to shorten each measure are indicated. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Subject and informant characteristics influence the reliability and validity of family history information: an analysis based on the generalized estimating equations approach
Authors: Heun Reinhard , Kockler Martin , Papassotiropoulos Andreas , Ptok Ursula , Fimmers Rolf 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFamily history information is a necessary surrogate for unavailable interview information in family studies. However, the reliability and validity of such information has rarely been assessed during the conduct of family studies. This paper presents a reanalysis of data on the reliability and validity of family history information for dementia and depression using the general estimation equations approach.All available relatives of patients and controls were interviewed and questioned about the psychiatric morbidity of other family members. Interinformant reliability of this family history information was evaluated as well as factors influencing this information. The validity of family history was investigated by comparing the informant derived diagnoses with interview‐derived diagnoses. To account for possible lack of independence of family history provided by several family members on other family members, the generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used in statistical analysis.The interinformant reliability for depression (kappa = 0.13) was low. It was fair for dementia (kappa = 0.34). The informants more frequently agreed about the diagnosis of dementia when the subject was older. The sensitivity of family history was 35.2% for dementia and 31.8% for depression. The specificity of family history information was generally above 97%. The sensitivity of family history increased significantly with the severity of both disorders. The sensitivity of the family history for dementia was higher when the informant was a first‐degree relative, when he was younger and when the index subject of the family suffered from dementia. The specificity of the family history was slightly reduced with higher age.The observed low sensitivity of family history information leads to underestimation of psychiatric disorders. The informants provide more useful information on more severe disorders. The sensitivity of family history was higher in families with an affected index subject than in control families, so familial aggregation of dementia might be overestimated in studies using the family history method. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A standardized and reliable method to apply the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale to psychiatric case records
Authors: Mirandola M. , Baldassari E. , Beneduce R. , Italo A. , Segala M. , Tansella M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale is widely used both in routine clinical practice and in research. However, its reliability has never been assessed when used to rate information in clinical records. The present study focuses on the development of a standardized method (an ongoing modelling process between raters) for establishing desired levels of inter‐rater reliability (IRR) in the application of the GAF to psychiatric case records. Fifty‐one patients at first‐ever contact with mental health services were included in the study. They were selected from a total sample of 662 first‐ever patients by using a systematic sampling. Three raters (resident psychiatrists at their third year of training) took part in a 12‐hour training programme, during which they were asked to assess the global psychological functioning of patients, taking into account information recorded in case records. The extent of agreement between raters was estimated by applying the ‘limits of agreement’ method and the ‘concordance correlation coefficient’. The training programme proved to be feasible, easy to administer and acceptable to psychiatrists in training with limited previous experience of using rating scales. Very high levels of concordance (all greater than 0.95) emerged between the three raters. The GAF, completed using information from case records included in the initial assessment form, appeared to be a reliable instrument, even when used by clinical psychiatrists in training. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
New approach to translating instruments for cross‐cultural research: a combined qualitative and quantitative approach for translation and consensus generation
Authors: Sumathipala Athula , Murray Joanna 
Published: March 2006

AbstractTranslation is the very essence of ethnographic research. The current practice of translation and back translation of an instrument is considered by some as inadequate. We used a combined qualitative and quantitative method: a nominal group to translate and assess the extent of agreement (consensus measurement) on the appropriateness of the translation and resolve disagreement (consensus development).A panel (n = 9) fluent in English and Sinhala, translated the 21‐item Bradford Somatic Inventory, independently of one another. Each member rated each individual translation independently, for conceptual and semantic equivalence based on predefined quantitative measures for consensus. Translations failing to reach consensus were discussed by the group for modifications and subjected to the process of consensus generation. Translations agreed to be inappropriate were excluded. Translations agreed as appropriate were subjected to ranking and the final selection.The process of translation confirmed that only part of the original meaning could be expressed in local terms. This resulted in the loss of some connotations making the item too narrow, or conversely in having to expand the original meaning in the local language terms making the translated item broader.No single participant produced a significantly different contribution to the final outcome than other participants. The range of contribution to the finally selected questionnaire was five to eight translations with median of seven. Therefore the likelihood of one individual producing a translation of an instrument with 100% probability of acceptance to a wider group is unrealistic.A group is better placed to translate, modify or eliminate inadequate or ambiguous items and generate culturally appropriate translation with semantic and conceptual equivalents. The process we describe, to assess and guide translations by a group, is better than arbitrary decision making by one or more individuals handling the translations and back translations. The combined qualitative and quantitative approach provides a more rigorous, systematic and contextual approach to translations. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Successful treatment of major depression: the effects of positive and negative life events on time to remission
Authors: Tu Xin Ming , Sherrill Joel T. , Anderson Barbara , Ritenour Angela , Kupfer David J. , Frank Ellen 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe relationships of stressful and of positive events to treatment response for depression have typically been studied separately using methods based on the rates of events and ultimate remission status. A novel data‐analytic approach was introduced that addresses the limitations of these ad hoc methods and provides more power for detecting effects of life events and other prognostic factors on treatment response.Survival methodology with time‐varying covariates was used to delineate the simultaneous but separate effects of positive and negative aspects of life events occurring both prior to and during treatment among patients treated with interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) alone or IPT followed with adjunctive fluoxetine or imipramine for recurrent unipolar depression.Somewhat surprisingly, stressful events were not significantly related to response time, but neutral events during treatment were related to a prolonged time to remission both alone in univariate analysis and when considered along with other life‐event and prognostic covariates in multiple regression analyses. Positive events during treatment did not relate to remission, but those occurring on average 24 weeks prior to remission were associated with more rapid remission in univariate analysis. Other significant correlates of remission included endogeneity, which consistently related to more rapid remission.Overall, these results underscore the importance of studying events, including seemingly neutral and temporally distal experiences, and support the use of the novel methodology in studying the impact of major life events and other prognostic factors on remission of depressive disorder. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Evaluating screening questionnaires using receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves from two‐phase (double) samples
Authors: Bisoffi Giulia , Mazzi Maria Angela , Dunn Graham 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe characteristics of psychiatric screening tests (for example, sensitivity, specificity, and AUC – the area under an ROC curve) are frequently assessed using data arising from two‐phase samples. Too often, however, the statistical methods that are used are incorrect. They do not appropriately account for the sampling design. Valid methods for the estimate of sensitivity, specificity and, in particular, the AUC, together with its standard error, are discussed in detail and a Stata macro for the implementation of these methods is provided. Simple weighting procedures are used to correct for verification biases arising from the two‐phase design, together with bootstrap or jackknife sampling for the calculation of valid standard errors. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Improvement of the quality of the DSM‐IV diagnostic definitions through computerized algorithms using macros in SPSS and SAS language
Authors: Granero Rosario , Doménech Josém. , Ezpeleta Lourdes 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis work addresses methodological and conceptual issues related to the translation of the DSM‐IV diagnoses from verbal language into formal language through computerized algorithms, with the aim of guaranteeing its quality. A great number of biases can affect this process, so the main difficulties connected with each phase are outlined, proposals to standardize the process are advanced, and practical solutions to avoid errors in the formal diagnostic definitions are presented. The steps followed are: (a) classification of the disorders in seven different groups depending on the diagnostic structure they have in the taxonomy; (b) the creation of macros in SPSS and SAS languages that express formally the structures/groups identified; (c) elaboration of 162 macro calls, specifying formally all the particular diagnostic conditions for each DSM‐IV disorder; and (d) checking the correct functioning of the formal definitions proposed in a test data file (that has also been created in this work). Moreover, because the standardization of the process that creates the diagnoses in programming language requires the homogenization of the variable names and the codification formats, we have produced a proposal compatible with the verbal language for identifying, through letters and numbers, all the DSM‐IV criteria. The main contribution of this work consists of facilitating computerized and universal algorithms for obtaining automatically any DSM‐IV diagnosis in three categories (present, absent and not evaluable due to the lack of information) starting from a vector that includes all the criteria for that disorder. This study will also contribute to endowing the classification system most used in psychopathology (DSM‐IV) with greater methodological rigour. Copyright © 2000 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Observer variance within families: confluence among maternal, paternal and child ratings
Authors: Borge Anne I.H. , Samuelsen Sven Ove , Rutter Michael 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper examines patterns of agreement among different informants within the same family in order to determine the effects of maternal distress on the ratings of mothers and fathers. Mothers, fathers and children from a community cohort of 216 families with 13 to 15 years olds reported children's difficulties and strengths measured by the Rutter Revised Scale. The absolute scores on the children's ratings were higher than those of the fathers and mothers. The odds ratios for agreements between fathers and children ranged between 1.70 and 4.01 and for mother‐child agreement between 0.83 and 3.40. There were no significant differences between the mothers and fathers in the extent of their agreement with their children. When mothers were emotionally distressed, there was a significantly higher level of emotional disturbance in the children according to the ratings of both mothers and fathers, but not according to children's ratings. There is value in obtaining paternal, as well as maternal and child, ratings of children's behaviour. Maternal distress affects the ratings of both parents, but not those of the children; the reasons for these effects require further study but they cannot be assumed to reflect rating bias. Copyright © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Reliability in multi‐site psychiatric studies
Authors: Leese Morven N. , White Ian R. , Schene Aart H. , Koeter Maarten W.J. , Ruggeri Mirella , Gaite Luis 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMulti‐site psychiatric studies need to take account of cultural and sometimes also linguistic differences and the reliability of the instruments used may need to be re‐established. The analysis of reliability data in these circumstances presents special problems, arising from the requirements to make the best use of all the available data and to compare reliability coefficients across sites, interpreting any differences found in terms of measurement errors and/or sample heterogeneity. Focusing on statistical issues, this paper discusses some topics that should ideally be considered when planning, conducting and analysing such studies. A number of practical examples using data from a recent European study involving the translation and cultural adaptation of five instruments used in mental health service research (the EPSILON Study) are used to illustrate the issues. Copyright © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Evaluation of three nurse‐administered depression rating scales on acute admission and continuing care geriatric psychiatry wards
Authors: Elanchenny Nalini , Shah Ajit 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSeveral instruments measuring depression in institutional settings have been described but individual instruments have only occasionally been compared with each other.Some psychometric properties, including internal consistency, test‐retest and inter‐rater reliability, and concurrent validity of three nurse‐administered depression rating scales were evaluated on acute admission and continuing care geriatric psychiatry wards.The Depressive Signs Scale (DSS) was significantly correlated with the Depression in Dementia Mood Scale (DDMS) (rho = +0.59) and the Cornell Scale (rho = +0.71). The DDMS was correlated with the Cornell Scale (rho = +0.32). The internal consistency, as measured by Cronbach's alpha, for the DSS, the DDMS and the Cornell Scale was 0.47, 0.64 and 0.74 respectively. The test‐retest reliability of the DSS, the DDMS and the Cornell Scale was 0.73, 0.62 and 0.83 respectively. The DSS and the Cornell scale had poor inter‐rater reliability, but the DDMS had satisfactory inter‐rater reliability of 0.59.These scales, with a novel form of administration, are not suitable for detecting significant clinical depression in acutely admitted and continuing‐care geriatric psychiatry inpatients. However, the DDMS has satisfactory properties for use in measuring presence and quantity of depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2001 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The burial of Bad Dürrenberg, Central Germany: osteopathology and osteoarchaeology of a Late Mesolithic shaman's grave
Authors: Porr M. , Alt K. W. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe isolated burial of Bad Dürrenberg is one of the richest Mesolithic graves in Europe. Although it was excavated in the 1930s, new spectacular anthropological and archaeological evidence has emerged during a recent re‐study. Firstly, we present here the results of an anthropological re‐evaluation of certain features of the skull base and theforamen magnum. Our work has clearly established that the observable features are caused by an anatomical variation that also includes an atlar anomaly. This developmental variation possibly caused various neuropathological symptoms. The Bad Dürrenberg burial consequently represents a unique case of the possible interpretation of abnormal behaviours in a shamanistic fashion in a prehistoric context. Secondly, we have identified the LSAMAT phenomenon (Lingual Surface Attrition of the Maxillary Anterior Teeth) in the adult individual of the burial. The activities leading to this condition are unknown so far. Thirdly, a split roe deer metatarsus among the burial goods was identified as being involved in the preparation or application of red pigment. The lack of polish and other use wear make it likely that it was produced and used as part of the burial ritual. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.