bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A wider perspective; researchers’ assessments of their own projects and independent perceptions of benefits and values that were not identified by researchers themselves
Authors: Dencker Sven J. , May Philip R.A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAn analysis of ratings by 270 raters of the potential social benefits from six different research projects shows that almost all independent raters identified some additional benefit from at least one project that had not been specifically pinpointed in the researchers’ descriptions or recognized in the researchers’ own ratings of these same projects. The researchers themselves were able to identify more items of benefit than were contained in their own descriptions, but independent raters recognized an even greater number of benefits. These findings run contrary to a common belief that outside persons are insensitive to the social values of research. They also suggest that the process of actually doing a rating of potential social benefits draws attention to items of benefit that have been overlooked in the description. This points to the importance of encouraging researchers to think more deeply and seriously about the potential social benefits fo their own research ‐and about non‐reseachers attitudes and preferences
Age, research benefits and values
Authors: Sainsbury Peter 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIt is reasonable to postulate that age will affect attitudes to research and appraisals of projects'social relevance. In fact, the expectation that the values assigned to research projects would relate to the rater's age receives little support. The young tended to be more parsimonious and the elderly more generous; otherwise differences between age groups were samll, few, inconsistent, and without a discernible pattern.
Psychopharmacological aspects of idiopathic and transient insomnia
Authors: Hindmarch I. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTResidual sedative effects seem to be intrinsic properties of effective hypnotic agents. Residual effects are dose related and more likely if the elimination half‐life is greater than 12 hours. In two separate studies, investigations into effects on performance were carried out using a series of psychometric tests. In the first, a group of skilled radar operators working a shift system were given a pre‐sleep administration of temazepam 20 mg and measurements were made of any residual effects. In the second clinical study, general practice patients suffering from idiopathic insomnia were randomized onto either temazepam 20 mg, triazolam 0.25 mg, nitrazepam 5 mg, flurazepam 15 mg, or placebo. Assessments were made using the Leeds Psychomotor Tester to measure Choice Reaction Time and Critical Flicker Fusion. In a separate test, digit substitution was used to measure sensory processing ability. In addition, the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire was completed by each patient in the clinical study to provide a subjective evaluation of ease of getting to sleep, ease of awakening and behaviour after awakening. Neither study showed a residual activity that was likely to impair performance following temazepam 20 mg indicating the usefulness of this drug in the management of idiopathic insomnia and sleep difficulties introduced by changes in scheduling of sleep, i.e. intercontinental travel or shift work.
Interrater reliability of the DSM‐III diagnoses in two Norwegian studies on psychiatric and super obese patients
Authors: Larsen Frode , Vaglum Sonja 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTTwo Norwegian psychiatrists classified independently according to DSM‐III, 45 patients drawn at random from two populations: one of psychiatric patients (N=161) and one of super obese surgical patients (N=71).They interviewed the patients and listened to each other's audio‐taped interviews afterwards. In the total group, on axis I the overall agreement was 78 percent (kappa=0.74). On axis II, the overall agreement was 81 percent (kappa=0.68). The study shows that by using the DSM‐III, two Norwegian psychiatrists obtained good diagnostic reliability.
The influence of chlormethiazole in comparison to thioridazine on body temperature and postural hypotension in healthy adults and healthy elderly volunteers
Authors: McCarthy S. T. , John S. M. , McCarthy G. L. , Wollner L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT‐ Certain drugs used to treat the elderly are known to precipitate hypothermia. In this study, the effects of chlormethiazole and thioridazine in producing postural hypotension were compared. In a study of hypothermia in the elderly the effects of chlormethiazole, thioridazine and lormetazepam were examined. Only three patients showed a postural drop following chlormethiazole, while 11 showed a postural drop following thioridazine. Chlormethiazole showed little variation from the control group in the hypothermia study, while thioridazine and lormetazepam caused a fall in temperature. For behaviour control in the elderly and for a short course as a hypnotic, chlormethiazole seems to be safer than thioridazine or lormetazepam.
Treatment of delirium tremens in German psychiatric hospitals: results of a recent survey
Authors: Schied H. W. , Braunschweiger M. , Schupmann A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA questionnaire was sent to all the psychiatric clinics in West Germany to determine their treatment of delirium tremens. Chlormethiazole was found to be the most important drug for treating delirium tremens and was used in more than 90% of clinics. Contraindications for chlormethiazole treatment and side‐effects with treatment were also recorded.
Lithium: Long‐term effects on the kidney
Authors: Hetmar O. , Clemmesen L. , Ladefoged J. , Rafaelsen O.J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT—Renal function in 32 patients treated with lithium for an average period of 10 years was reexamined 2 years after the first examination. A markedly influenced tubular function leading to increased urine volume (average 3 litres/24 h) and decreased renal concentrating capacity was still found, whereas glomerular function remained unimpaired in nearly all of the patients. No statistically significant changes in renal functions were observed at the follow‐up examination.The results were compared with the same renal functional tests obtained from a control group consisting of 53 patients with affective disorders never treated with lithium. The control group had a significantly lower urine output (average 2 litres/24 h), but lithium‐treated patients on a one‐dose schedule had an average urine volume of only 500 ml/24 h more than the controls.In conclusion, this prospective study found no evidence of a progressive impairment of glomerular or tubular function in lithium‐treated patients reexamined after 2 years. Patients with affective disorders never treated with lithium had normal renal concentrating capacity.
Electrodermal activity in antidepressant medicated and unmedicated depressive patients and in matched healthy subjects
Authors: Thorell L. H. , Kjellman B. F. , D'Elia G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA group of 59 depressive in‐ and outpatients displayed statistically significantly subnormal electrodermal activity (EDA) according to the skin conductance level, the skin conductance response magnitude, the skin conductance response rate, and the index of nonresponding during neutral tone stimulation, compared to 59 mentally and somatically healthy subjects, individually matched for age and sex. Comparisons between 20 antidepressant medicated and 20 unmedicated patients, matched for age, and comparisons between 21 drug‐free patients and 10 patients medicated exclusively with antidepressants yielded no statistically significant difference in any EDA variable. However, all the electrodermal central values were somewhat lower in the medicated patients, possibly an effect of greater severity of symptoms. The present and previous findings offer strong support to the hypothesis of a subnormal function of the electrodermal activity in groups of depressive patients.
Use of the Child Behavior Checklist in an Israeli adolescent psychiatric unit
Authors: Apter A. , Offer R. , Blumenson R. , Tyano S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis article deals with the Hebrew version of an instrument for the diagnosis of psychopathology in young adolescents: the Child Behavior Checklist and the associated Child Behavior Profile developed by Achenbach (1978). We report on a study of the reliability and validity of the checklist and its suitability for use with severely disturbed adolescents in Israel. Parents of 130 adolescents, 89 healthy and 41 sick, participated in the research. The scales were found to be valid in that two‐thirds of the items were correctly assigned by clinicians in Israel to their respective scales; it is internally consistent as measured by the Cronbach coefficient; and it is reliable in distinguishing between patient and control groups. Scores for control adolescents in Israel were found to be very similar to norms in the United States, the Netherlands and Chile. This finding may have important implications for cross‐cultural research.
Prevalence of risk factors for aggressive behavior: characteristics of an involuntarily admitted population
Authors: Palmstierna T. , Wistedt B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn Västmanland County, Sweden, 105 patients were acute admitted and involuntarily treated during a six‐month period. In spite of a low mean age (39.2 years), abuse of alcohol or other drugs was common (29%). Thirty‐nine percent of the patients showed violent behavior prior to the actual admission and 36% of the patients had shown such behavior prior to earlier admissions. Of the patients below 40 years, 32% had a disability pension.
Community attitudes and awareness of mental disorders
Authors: Penayo U. , Jacobsson L. , Caldera T. , Bermann G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAttitudes towards mentally ill people were studied in two Nicaraguan towns through interviews with key informants. They were presented 8 case histories originally developed in a World Health Organization collaborative study. Alcoholism and depressive neurosis were considered the most common disorders, while the schizophrenic case was generally judged as the most severe. The methodology was found useful and valid.
Afternoon plasma cortisol in relation to depression A replication study
Authors: Christensen P. , Lolk A. , Pedersen O.L. , Nielsen S. , Kragh‐Sørensen P. , Gram L.F. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn 37 consecutive depressed inpatients afternoon plasma cortisol (1500–1520 h) was measured in 3 ways: 1) spontaneously; 2) 2 h after oral administration of 60 mg oxazepam; and 3) 16 h after oral administration of 2 mg dexamethasone. Both oxazepam and dexamethasone caused a significant suppression of cortisol secretion. Spontaneous and suppressed cortisol levels correlated significantly to stress/distress items on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (sum of items 8, 9, 10 and 12), whereas no correlations to age. or type of depression were found. In an earlier similar study of 35 patients both spontaneous and suppressed cortisol levels correlated significantly with age, type and severity of depression as well as with the stress/distress items. Those patients were older, more depressed (HRSD‐17) and had higher stress/distress scores compared with the present sample of 37 patients. The consistent finding of a correlation with the stress/distress items suggest that this factor is important in relation to the hypersecretion of cortisol during depression and this may explain the limited diagnostic power of spontaneous and suppressed cortisol levels.
SUICIDE ATTEMPTS AND PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN EDMONTON
Authors: Dyck R. J. , Bland R. C. , Newman S. C. , Orn H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between lifetime histories of attempting suicide, psychiatric disorders and other social problems was assessed by examining data from a random sample of 3,258 household residents of Endmonton who were administered the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) by trained lay interviewers. While the overall lifetime rate for suicide attempt was 3.6%, of particular interest was the finding that a lifetime history of a psychiatric disorder was 2.6 times more frequent in those who had made a suicide attempt than in those who had not. Alcoholism, major depressive episode and antisocial personality disorder carried the highest lifetime prevalence rates for male attempters, whereas major depressive episode, alcoholism and phobic diorder were the most common disorders in female attempters. Having thoughts and feelings about wanting to die and committing suicide were strongly associated with having made a sucide attempt in both males and females. GHQ results indicated that in comparison to nonattempters those who attempted suicide were more likely to have high current symptom levels.
Is schizophrenia universal?
Authors: Jablensky Assen , Sartorius Norman 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe question whether schizophrenia occurs in similar forms in different populations and cultures was first raised by Kraepelin at the turn of the century. However, methodological difficulties have impeded for decades the development of comparative cross‐cultural research, and it was not until the 1960s that investigations of the kind Kraepelin envisaged became feasible. A major role in launching multi‐centre clinical and epidemiological studies of schizophrenia in over 20 countries in different parts of the world has been played by the World Health Organization. The WHO studies have demonstrated that: (I) syndromes of schizophrenia occur in all cultures and geographical areas investigated; (II) their rate of incidence is very similar in the different populations; (III) the course and prognosis of schizophrenia is extremely variable, but outcome is significantly better in the developing countries. These findings have fundamental implications for the conceptualization of schizophrenia and for designing strategies of new research.
Epidemiology of long‐term functional psychosis in three different areas in Stockholm County
Authors: Widerlöv B. , Borga P. , Cullberg J. , Stefansson C.‐G. , Lindqvist G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis study is the first in a series investigating different aspects of living conditions and care utilization in a total population with long‐term functional psychoses (LFP). The study cohort (n = 302) was defined as people that: were aged 18–64 years, were affected by a nonorganic psychosis continuously during at least 6 months, showed psychotic features or residual symptoms during 1984, and had their home address in the study area during 1984. The study area consists of one rural and one suburban municipality, and one urban parish (57,035 inhabitants aged 18–64 years). The LFP concept used shows a high interrater reliability (k = 0.93). The one‐year prevalence in the rural, suburban and urban areas was 3.4, 5.6 and 6.6 per 1000 respectively, thus producing a gradient from the rural to the urban areas. The prevalence of schizophrenia (DSM‐III) was 2.6, 3.8 and 5.0 per 1000 respectively. The other diagnoses covered by the LFP concept (paranoia, major affective disorder with psychotic features, and psychotic disorder not elsewhere classified) showed the same gradient, with the exception of paranoia, which showed a lower rate in the urban area. The prevalence of schizophrenia was higher among males, while for paranoia the prevalence was higher among females.
Behavioral and cerebrovascular effects of caffeine in patients with anxiety disorders
Authors: Mathew R. J. , Wilson W. H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTCaffeine is believed to induce anxiety in normal people and anxiety disorder patients and panic attacks in panic disorder patients. The drug is also known to reduce cerebral blood flow (CBF). Findings suggesting an anxiety‐related cerebral vasoconstrictive factor have been reported. We examined the relationship between changes in anxiety and CBF induced by intravenously injecting 250 mg of caffeine (comparable to 2 cups of coffee) in 8 patients with generalized anxiety disorder, 9 patients with panic disorder and 9 normal controls. CBF measurements were also obtained before and after an injection of normal saline in another group of 9 normal volunteers. The anxiety disorder patients did not show any evidence of increase in anxiety and panic after caffeine. Both patients and controls who received caffeine but not normal controls who received saline showed significant CBF decrease. The CBF changes were unrelated to changes in mood, autonomic activity and carbon dioxide levels.
Schizophrenia: age at onset, gender and familial risk
Authors: Pulver A. E. , Brown C. H. , Wolyniec P. , McGrath J. , Tam D. , Adler L. , Carpenter W. T. , Childs B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn a family history study of 366 schizophrenic probands and their 1851 first‐degree relatives, we found a relationship between age at onset of psychosis in the male probands and the risk for schizophrenia in their relatives. The relatives of male schizophrenic probands whose onset of psychosis occurred when they were younger than 17 years of age had an increased risk of schizophrenia when compared with the relatives of male probands with an age at onset greater than 17. We did not find an association between age at onset of psychosis in the female probands and familial risk. Cox proportional hazards models permitted us to examine the relationship between age at onset of psychosis in the probands and familial risk while controlling for possible confounding effects.
Zuclopenthixol decanoate and haloperidol decanoate in chronic schizophrenia: a double‐blind multicentre study
Authors: Wistedt B. , Koskinen T. , Thelander S. , Nerdrum T. , Pedersen V. , Mølbjerg C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractZuclopenthixol decanoate (ZPT‐D) and haloperidol decanoate (HAL‐D) were compared in the maintenance treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients. All patients were treated with either ZPT‐D or HAL‐D for at least 3 months and were then randomly allocated to treatment with either ZPT‐D (100–600 mg every 4 weeks) or HAL‐D (38–200 mg every 4 weeks) for 9 months. Sixty‐four patients entered the study. Three patients were only assessed at baseline. Four patients in the HAL‐D group were withdrawn because of deterioration. One patient in the ZPT‐D group committed suicide. Fifty‐six patients completed the trial. The assessment programme comprised Clinical Global Impressions by psychiatrists and nurses, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Montgomery‐Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), UKU Side Effect Scale and Simpson‐Angus Scale. Ratings were made at baseline and after 12, 24 and 36 weeks of treatment. The severity of illness scores remained almost constant. The only between‐group difference was recorded at month 6 in favour of ZPT‐D. The BPRS total scores were reduced significantly in both groups with no between‐group differences. The depression scores on the MADRS were very low. Both treatments caused few and mild side effects according to the UKU Side Effect Scale and the Simpson‐Angus scale, and there were no significant differences between the groups. Both ZPT‐D and HAL‐D seem to be effective in the maintenance treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients and cause few side effects. The injections of ZPT‐D and HAL‐D can be given at 4‐week intervals.
The criteria of Cloninger et al. and von Knorring et al. for subgrouping alcoholics: a comparison in a clinical population
Authors: Lamparski D. M. , Roy A. , Nutt D. J. , Linnoila M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that meaningful subgroups of alcoholics may exist. Cloninger et al. and von Knorring et al. have developed criteria to delineate what both call type 1 and type 2 alcoholism. However, when we compared their criteria in a predominantly inpatient sample of male alcoholics, we found large differences between the approaches in identifying type 1 and type 2 alcoholism. Concordance was equally low in a subsample of 34 alcoholics exhibiting antisocial behavior and when subjects were divided by whether the first alcohol‐related problem began before or after 20 years of age. Similar findings emerged when we limited our analyses to primary alcoholics and alcoholics with no other mental disorders.
Long‐term effects of intrafamilial sexual abuse in childhood
Authors: Bushnell J. A. , Wells J. E. , Oakley‐Browne M. A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis study reports results from follow‐up interviews with 301 women aged 18–44 years who were first identified 2 years earlier in a cross‐sectional study of 1498 adults in the general population of the city of Christchurch, New Zealand. The prevalence of intrafamilial sexual abuse was 13%. This incestuous sexual abuse in childhood was associated with an increase in many adult mental symptoms, particularly symptoms of depression, bulimia and generalized anxiety. In this community study the consequences associated with sexual abuse within the family appear to be widespread and not very specific, and show as additional comorbidity rather than as increased severity within a disorder. These results do not support the strong direct causal effects postulated in some theories derived from clinical studies.
Risperidone versus haloperidol in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic inpatients: a multicentre double‐blind comparative study
Authors: Claus A. , Bollen J. , Cuyper H. De , Eneman M. , Malfroid M. , Peuskens J. , Heylen S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractForty‐four chronic schizophrenic inpatients participated in this multicentre 12‐week parallel‐group double‐blind trial. After a run‐in period of 2 weeks and a single‐blind placebo wash‐out of 1 week, they were randomly assigned to treatment with either the serotonin2 and dopamine‐D2 antagonist risperidone or haloperidol. Two patients were excluded from the efficacy analysis. Five patients dropped out in the haloperidol group and 1 in the risperidone group. At the end of the trial, the mean daily dose was 12 mg for risperidone and 10 mg for haloperidol. The risperidone group showed greater improvement on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale for Schizophrenia, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia – change version, and the Nurses’ Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation. The improvement of negative symptoms was more pronounced in the risperidone group until week 8 of double‐blind treatment. The consumption of antiparkinsonian medication was 10 times lower with risperidone. Both drugs were well tolerated and the laboratory, endocrinological and cardiovascular safety parameters were comparable. This study suggests that risperidone is comparable to haloperidol as an antipsychotic, but that it has a safer EPS profile.
A community‐based study of survival in dementia
Authors: Heeren T. J. , van Hemert A. M. , Rooymans H. G. M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe objective of this study was to compare the mortality rate of demented and nondemented subjects in a single cohort. We followed up a cohort of subjects comprising all 1259 inhabitants of Leiden aged 85 years and over, evaluated earlier for the presence of dementia, and including institutionalized subjects. The main outcome measure was the mortality rate ratio of the demented and nondemented groups adjusted for age and sex. The mortality rate ratio of the dementedvsthe nondemented group was 1.9 (95% confidence interval: 1.7–2.2). No difference in mortality rate was found between those with mildvsmoderate to severe dementia. The mortality rate in dementia patients is higher than in nondemented subjects.