bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors governing the activation of adoptively transferred donor T cells infused after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in the mouse
Authors: Durakovic Nadira , Radojcic Vedran , Skarica Mario , Bezak Karl B. , Powell Jonathan D. , Fuchs Ephraim J. , Luznik Leo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMurine models of bone marrow transplantation were used to study the mechanisms governing the activation of donor lymphocyte infusions (DLIs) manifesting as lymphohematopoietic graft-versus-host (LH-GVH) and graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) reactivities. We demonstrate here that established mixed chimerism influences the potency of DLI-mediated alloreactivity only in the MHC-mismatched but not MHC-matched setting. In the MHC-matched setting, high levels (≥ 40%) of residual host chimerism correlated negatively with DLI-mediated alloreactivity irrespective of the timing of their administration, the donor's previous sensitization to host antigens, or the level of residual host APCs. In vivo administration of Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands was required to maximize DLI-mediated LH-GVH and GVL reactivities in chimeras with low levels (≤ 15%) of residual host chimerism. In contrast, coadministration of DLI with antigen-presenting cell (APC) activators was insufficient to augment their LH-GVH response in the presence of high levels of host chimerism unless the host's T cells were transiently depleted. Together, these results show the cardinal influence of donor-host incompatibility on DLI-mediated GVH responses and suggest that in MHC-matched chimeras, the induction of optimal alloreactivity requires not only donor T cells and host APCs but also TLR ligands and in the presence of high levels of host chimerism depletion of host T cells.
Molecular surveillance of drug-resistance associated mutations of Plasmodium falciparum in south-west Tanzania
Authors: Schönfeld Mirjam , Barreto Miranda Isabel , Schunk Mirjam , Maduhu Ibrahim , Maboko Leonard , Hoelscher Michael , Berens-Riha Nicole , Kitua Andrew , Löscher Thomas 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Background
In Tanzania, drug-resistant malaria parasites are an increasing public health concern. Because of widespread chloroquine (CQ) resistance Tanzania changed its first line treatment recommendations for uncomplicated malaria from CQ to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) in 2001. Loss of SP sensitivity is progressing rapidly. SP resistance is associated with mutations in the dihydrofolate reductase (pfdhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (pfdhps) genes.

Methods
In samples from 86 patients with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria from Mbeya and Matema, Mbeya region, south-western Tanzania, the occurrence of mutations was investigated in the pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes which are associated with CQ resistance and in pfdhfr and pfdhps, conferring SP resistance, as well in cytb which is linked to resistance to atovaquone.

Results

Pfcrt T76 occurs in 50% and pfmdr1 Y86 in 51.7%. Pfdhfr triple mutations coexisting with pfdhps double mutations were detected in 64.3% of the P. falciparum isolates. This quintuple mutation is seen as a possible predictive molecular marker for SP treatment failure. Mutations of the cytb gene were not detected.

Conclusion
These findings of a high prevalence of mutations conferring SP resistance correspond to data of in vivo SP efficacy studies in other regions of Tanzania and underline the recommendation of changing first-line treatment to artemisinin-based combination therapy.
Intensity modulated radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: rigid compliance to dose-volume constraints as a warranty of acceptable toxicity?
Authors: Chen Michael J , Weltman Eduardo , Hanriot Rodrigo M , Luz Fábio P , Cecílio Paulo J , da Cruz José C , Moreira Frederico R , Santos Adriana S , Martins Lidiane C , Nadalin Wladmir 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Background
To report the toxicity after intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for patients with localized prostate cancer, as a sole treatment or after radical prostatectomy.

Methods
Between August 2001 and December 2003, 132 patients with prostate cancer were treated with IMRT and 125 were evaluable to acute and late toxicity analysis, after a minimum follow-up time of one year. Clinical and treatment data, including normal tissue dose-volume histogram (DVH) constraints, were reviewed. Gastro-intestinal (GI) and genito-urinary (GU) signs and symptoms were evaluated according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) toxicity scales. Median prescribed dose was 76 Gy. Median follow-up time was of 26.1 months.

Results
From the 125 patients, 73 (58.4%) presented acute Grade 1 or Grade 2 GI and 97 (77.2%) presented acute Grade 1 or Grade 2 GU toxicity. Grade 3 GI acute toxicity occurred in only 2 patients (1.6%) and Grade 3 GU acute toxicity in only 3 patients (2.4%). Regarding Grade 1 and 2 late toxicity, 26 patients (20.8%) and 21 patients (16.8%) presented GI and GU toxicity, respectively. Grade 2 GI late toxicity occurred in 6 patients (4.8%) and Grade 2 GU late toxicity in 4 patients (3.2%). None patient presented any Grade 3 or higher late toxicity. Non-conformity to DVH constraints occurred in only 11.2% of treatment plans. On univariate analysis, no significant risk factor was identified for Grade 2 GI late toxicity, but mean dose delivered to the PTV was associated to higher Grade 2 GU late toxicity (p = 0.042).

Conclusion
IMRT is a well tolerable technique for routine treatment of localized prostate cancer, with short and medium-term acceptable toxicity profiles. According to the data presented here, rigid compliance to DHV constraints might prevent higher incidences of normal tissue complication.
Signaling requirements for translocation of P-Rex1, a key Rac2 exchange factor involved in chemoattractant-stimulated human neutrophil function
Authors: Zhao Tieming , Nalbant Perihan , Hoshino Mikio , Dong Xuemei , Wu Dianqing , Bokoch Gary M 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPI 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3; PIP3]-dependent Rac exchanger 1 (P-Rex1) is a Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor abundant in neutrophils and myeloid cells. As a selective catalyst for Rac2 activation, P-Rex1 serves as an important regulator of human neutrophil NADPH oxidase activity and chemotaxis in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli. The exchange activity of P-Rex1 is synergistically activated by the binding of PIP3and βγ subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins in vitro, suggesting that the association of P-Rex1 with membranes is a prerequisite for cellular activation. However, the spatial regulation of endogenous P-Rex1 has not been well defined, particularly in human neutrophils activated through G protein-coupled receptors. Upon stimulation of neutrophil chemoattractant receptors, we observed that P-Rex1 translocated from cytoplasm to the leading edge of polarized cells in a G protein βγ subunit- and PIP3-dependent manner, where it colocalized with F-actin and its substrate, Rac2. Redistribution of P-Rex1 to the leading edge was also dependent on tyrosine kinase activity and was modulated by cell adhesion. Furthermore, we observed that activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), which phosphorylates and inactivates P-Rex1, inhibited its translocation. Our data indicate that endogenous P-Rex1 translocates to areas of Rac2 and cytoskeletal activation at the leading edge in response to chemoattractant stimuli in human neutrophils and that this translocation can be negatively modulated by activation of PKA and by cell adhesion.
Exploring the meaning of separation in second‐generation young South Asian women in Britain
Authors: Gupta Vineeta , Johnstone Lucy , Gleeson Kate 
Published: January 2007

Objectives. To explore the experiences of young second‐generation South Asian women living in Britain; to try and understand their experiences, deconstruct the term cultural conflict and understand it within a psychological framework. In particular, the aim was to explore issues of separation and individuation, and the meanings attributed to these concepts.Design. An interview‐based study using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis to analyse the data.Methods. Interviews were conducted with six second‐generation South Asian women aged 16–20, who had no prior contact with mental health services.Results. Five main themes were identified from the analysis: differences in the meaning of adulthood, community policing, pressures and stressors, protective factors/coping and barriers to coping.Conclusions. The participants' perceived differences in the meaning of adulthood in Asian cultures in comparison with Western cultures. These differences, in conjunction with the community policing that they were exposed to, contributed to the pressures and stressors ‐ in particular lack of control and a desire to make individual decisions. The results indicated that the differences in the meaning of adulthood in a collective culture challenged the assumptions of the separation‐individuation model, and was a key element in cultural conflict. This highlighted the complexities of generalizing research findings across all social groups, and questioned the validity of applying existing psychological theory to this population. The clinical implications of coping/protective factors and barriers to coping were discussed.
Cognitive Impairment After Cerebral Malaria in Children: A Prospective Study
Authors: Boivin Michael J. , Bangirana Paul , Byarugaba Justus , Opoka Robert O. , Idro Richard , Jurek Anne M. , John Chandy C. 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVE. This study was conducted to assess prospectively the frequency of cognitive deficits in children with cerebral malaria.
METHODS. Cognitive testing in the areas of working memory, attention, and learning was performed for Ugandan children 5 to 12 years of age with cerebral malaria (n = 44), children with uncomplicated malaria (n = 54), and healthy community children (n = 89) at admission and 3 and 6 months later.
RESULTS. Six months after discharge, 21.4% of children with cerebral malaria had cognitive deficits, compared with 5.8% of community children. Deficits were seen in the areas of working memory (11.9% vs 2.3%) and attention (16.7% vs 2.3%). Children with cerebral malaria had a 3.7-fold increased risk of a cognitive deficit, compared with community children, after adjustment for age, gender, nutritional status, school level, and home environment. Among children with cerebral malaria, those with a cognitive deficit had more seizures before admission (mean: 4.1 vs 2.2) and a longer duration of coma (43.6 vs 30.5 hours), compared with those without a deficit. Children with uncomplicated malaria did not have an increased frequency of cognitive deficits.
CONCLUSIONS. Cerebral malaria may be a major cause of cognitive impairment in children in sub-Saharan Africa. Cognitive deficits in children with cerebral malaria are more likely for those who have multiple seizures before effective treatment for cerebral malaria.
Tag‐Based Estimates of Annual Fishing Mortality of a Mixed Atlantic Coastal Stock of Striped Bass
Authors: Welsh Stuart A. , Smith David R. , Laney R. Wilson , Tipton Ronald C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTag‐based estimates of annual survival and fishing mortality rates supplement annual stock assessments of migratory striped bass Morone saxatilis in the interjurisdictional fishery along the Atlantic coast. We estimated a 17‐year time series of annual survival and fishing mortality (F) rates for striped bass (>711 mm) tagged during winter trawl studies (1988–2004) off the coasts of North Carolina and Virginia. The geographic and temporal distributions of tag recoveries were consistent with published patterns of striped bass migration and indicated that this southern overwintering aggregate of striped bass is composed of mixed stocks. Incremental increases in bias‐adjusted annual fishing mortality rates (from 0.00–0.26) and decreases in the proportion of fish released alive (from 0.762–0.198) coincided with periods of regulatory change during the 17‐year time frame. Our estimates of F fall below the current management triggers and should be considered along with other estimates of F within the striped bass management process.
Respiration Rates of Eurasian Perch Perca fluviatilis and Ruffe: Lower Energy Costs in Groups
Authors: Schleuter Diana , Haertel‐Borer Susanne , Fischer Philipp , Eckmann Reiner 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effect of group size on the routine metabolic rate and activity of the two shoaling percids, Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis and ruffe Gymnocephalus cernuus, was studied by using twin‐flow intermittent respirometry and time‐lapse video techniques. In both species, we found a clear group effect. In isolated fish, oxygen consumption was as much as twice that in groups of eight fish, with intermediate values in groups of four fish. The routine metabolic rate was highest during twilight in both species, irrespective of group size. Eurasian perch consumed more oxygen and were more active during the day than during the night, whereas the oxygen consumption and activity of ruffe were higher during the night than during the day. With increasing group size, the differences between day and night decreased and the diel cycle was less pronounced. Individual fish may benefit from the presence of conspecifics through a calming effect that reduces their energetic costs. We advise that the social behavior of a species be more thoroughly considered when planning behavioral, growth, and respiration experiments. Because bioenergetic model parameters for many species are based on data gained from isolated fish, we conclude that without considering group size the results of bioenergetic modeling may be seriously biased.
A Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin for the Treatment of AIDS-Related Kaposi's Sarcoma
Authors: Cooley Timothy , Henry David , Tonda Margaret , Sun Steven , O'Connell Martin , Rackoff Wayne 
Published: January 2007

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the current prevalence of Kaposi's sarcoma complicating HIV infection.Describe the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on Kaposi's sarcoma complicating HIV infection.Prioritize treatment options for Kaposi's sarcoma complicating HIV infection.
CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Reducing bioavailability and phytotoxicity of 2,4-dinitrotoluene by sorption on K-smectite clay
Authors: Roberts Michael G. , Rugh Clayton L. , Li Hui , Teppen Brian J. , Boyd Stephen A. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
—Smectite clays demonstrate high affinities for nitroaromatics that strongly depend on the exchangeable cation. The K-smectites have high affinities for nitroaromatics, but Ca-smectites do not. Here we evaluate the ability of K-smectite to attenuate the bioavailability and hence toxicity of 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) to the aquatic plant duckweed. In the absence of K-smectite, 2,4-DNT was highly toxic to duckweed. Small amounts of K-smectite reduced toxicity substantially, presumably by reducing 2,4-DNT bioavailability via sorption.
Metal-phytoplankton interactions: Modeling the effect of competing ions (H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) on uranium uptake
Authors: Fortin Claude , Denison Frank H. , Garnier-Laplace Jacqueline 
Published: January 2007

Abstract—The influence of pH and hardness cation concentrations on uranium uptake by a green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, was investigated through short-term exposure experiments. Uranium uptake at pH 5 and at pH 7 was measured over a large concentration range (0.020–2.0 μM 233U), and the effects of hardness cations were studied over environmentally pertinent concentration ranges (-0.05–2 mM) at a constant uranium concentration (0.25 μM). Calcium and magnesium inhibited uranyl uptake, but the influence of pH was more complex than anticipated. The equilibrium biotic ligand paradigm of metal bioavailability predicts that two distinct phenomena of antipathetic effect will influence uranium availability as pH is varied. Increasing pH reduces the concentration of protons, thus reducing competition for the physiologically active sites, whereas the concomitant complexation by carbonates and hydroxides reduces the free uranyl activity. Maximum uranium uptake rates observed at pH 7, however, were far greater than those observed at pH 5, suggesting a noncompetitive inhibition of metal transport by protons. Modeling on the basis of our results strongly suggests that cells grown and exposed at pH 7 have either a greater internalization rate of uranyl or a higher number of transport sites compared with cells grown and exposed at pH 5. We thus conclude that the simple proton—metal competition described by the biotic ligand model cannot successfully depict uranium—algae interactions. The development of an appropriate model incorporating the influence of protons to predict metal uptake and toxicity will be more challenging than anticipated.
A new method for unbiased time‐delay estimation in noisy environments
Authors: Wen Jing , Li Ping , Wen Yumei 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWhen input data are contaminated with noise, the least mean square time‐delay estimation (LMSTDE) actually gives a biased estimate. In this paper, we propose and analyse a new adaptive filter structure for time‐delay estimation (TDE), which can eliminate this bias. A new adaptive criterion is then constructed. We determine the corresponding analytical solution, and develop the stochastic gradient algorithm to calculate the optimum solution. Convergence of the stochastic gradient algorithm is established, and upper bounds on the step sizes are deduced for guaranteed convergence. Simulation results are included to illustrate the superiority of the new model and corroborate the theoretical developments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
UV‐Light‐Driven Immobilization of Surface‐Functionalized Oxide Nanocrystals onto Silicon
Authors: Fanizza E. , Cozzoli P. D. , Curri M. L. , Striccoli M. , Sardella E. , Agostiano A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTiO2 nanorods (NRs) and γ‐Fe2O3 nanocrystals (NCs) passivated with unsaturated long‐chain carboxylic acids, namely 10‐undecylenic acid (10UDA) and oleic acid (OLEA), are covalently anchored to Si(100) at room temperature by UV‐light‐driven reaction of hydrogenated silicon with the carbon–carbon double bond (–CC–) moieties of the capping surfactants. The high reactivity of vinyl groups towards Si provides a general tool for attaching particles of both materials via Si–C bonds. Interestingly, TiO2 NRs were efficiently attached to silicon even when capped by OLEA. This latter finding has been explained by a photocatalytic mechanism involving the primary role of hydroxyl radicals that can be generated upon bandgap TiO2 photoexcitation with UV light. The increased oxide coverage achievable on Si opens access to further surface manipulation, as demonstrated by the possibility of depositing an additional film of Au nanoparticles onto TiO2 via TiO2‐catalyzed visible‐light‐driven reduction of aqueous AuCl4– ions. Extensive morphological and chemical characterization of the obtained NC‐functionalized Si substrates is provided to support the effectiveness of proposed photochemical approaches.
Solution‐Processed Full‐Color Polymer Organic Light‐Emitting Diode Displays Fabricated by Direct Photolithography
Authors: Gather M. C. , Köhnen A. , Falcou A. , Becker H. , Meerholz K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe first full‐color polymer organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) display is reported, fabricated by a direct photolithography process, that is, a process that allows direct structuring of the electroluminescent layer of the OLED by exposure to UV light. The required photosensitivity is introduced by attaching oxetane side groups to the backbone of red‐, green‐, and blue‐light‐emitting polymers. This allows for the use of photolithography to selectively crosslink thin films of these polymers. Hence the solution‐based process requires neither an additional etching step, as is the case for conventional photoresist lithography, nor does it rely on the use of prestructured substrates, which are required if ink‐jet printing is used to pixilate the emissive layer. The process allows for low‐cost display fabrication without sacrificing resolution: Structures with features in the range of 2 μm are obtained by patterning the emitting polymers via UV illumination through an ultrafine shadow mask. Compared to state‐of‐the‐art fluorescent OLEDs, the display prototype (pixel size 200 μm × 600 μm) presented here shows very good efficiency as well as good color saturation for all three colors. The application in solid‐state lighting is also possible: Pure white light [Commision Internationale de l'Éclairage (CIE) values of 0.33, 0.33 and color rendering index (CRI) of 76] is obtained at an efficiency of 5 cd A–1 by mixing the three colors in the appropriate ratio. For further enhancement of the device efficiency, an additional hole‐transport layer (HTL), which is also photo‐crosslinkable and therefore suitable to fabricate multilayer devices from solution, is embedded between the anode and the electroluminescent layer.
Quantity versus quality effects of generic advertising: The case of Norwegian salmon
Authors: Myrland Øystein , Dong Diansheng , Kaiser Harry M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn this article, a two‐equation sample selection model is used to estimate a household demand function for salmon incorporating domestic generic advertising. The two‐equation estimation procedure, based on purchase and unit value equations, allows us to handle heavily censored panel data for salmon purchases by Norwegian households and the quality effects simultaneously. Unit values of the aggregated salmon commodity calculated from the observed expenditures and quantities are hypothesized to represent the average quality of the purchased commodity. Advertising effects on both purchases and unit values are investigated. The model also allows us to separate the effects of conditional purchases and purchase probabilities. Results indicate that most (76%) of the advertising effect is through the change of nonpurchase occasions to purchase occasions, and that generic salmon advertising induces Norwegian households to spend more money on salmon. However, advertising causes households to select more expensive products rather than increasing their purchased quantities. [EconLit citations: D12, C24]. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 23: 85–100, 2007.
Severe hypertelorism, midface prominence, prominent/simple ears, severe myopia, borderline intelligence, and bone fragility in two brothers: New syndrome?†
Authors: Hamamy Hanan A. , Teebi Ahmad S. , Oudjhane Kamaldine , Shegem N.N. , Ajlouni K.M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe report on two brothers, born to double first cousin Jordanian Arab parents, with a syndrome comprising severe hypertelorism with upslanted palpebral fissures, brachycephaly, abnormal ears, sloping shoulders, enamel hypoplasia, and osteopenia with repeated fractures. Both have severe myopia, mild to moderate sensori‐neural hearing loss and borderline intelligence. Results of chromosome analysis were normal as was a FISH assay for subtelomeric rearrangements. The father has mild hypertelorism but the family history is otherwise unremarkable. We think that this represents a previously unrecognized autosomal or X‐linked recessive syndrome. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.