bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virtual File Room – Storage and Retrieval of Electronic Documents
Authors: Liddell Bill , Ternyik Joe , Modi Rupam 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Data and information must transcend into knowledge for greater engineering efficiency. One of the barriers is the age-old problem of the management of well and field-related data files generated by the engineering community.
A key issue confronting the engineering staff is where to store these unstructured data files. Most engineers store them on their personal computer hard drives or on restricted network drives where only that engineer can use them. It becomes increasingly difficult for the engineering community to find vital data and information, which often leads to recreating existing work. Recent implementations of document management systems seem to handle scanned images quite well, but have failed to incorporate data files.1 To solve this problem, an operating-system-independent solution has been developed that allows for data sharing between groups.
This paper will review the steps taken to standardize the data storage process. A method for obtaining an agreed upon taxonomy will be discussed. In order for this new system to be easy for the engineer to use, a web-based application, using J2EE standards, was developed. This tool allows the engineer to quickly identify key attributes of a data file and upload the file to a network server. The deployment and use of this tool will be shown.
Retrieval of the stored information is also extremely important. There will be a review of using the web-based solution to access these data files. In addition, once the documents have been properly organized, many tools can now be used to visualize this information and quickly assess well data and performance.
Knowledge Management: Ensuring Success
Authors: Smith David , DeHart Rory , Smith Ken 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A growing number of publications focus on Knowledge Management (KM) programs, but to date very little has been written about what those programs can do to ensure their success. Not all implementations are flawless. As a result, developing the right knowledge management measurement model can be the most critical component in the ongoing viability of any KM initiative. The right measures can quickly indicate the health of a knowledge management program and provide insight into opportunities for enhancement.
A KM program for Perforating was initiated due to a compelling business need. The program design included a measurement model that adopted recognized business metrics and indicators, as well as daily KM activity measures to gauge the health, growth, and reach of the community.
With early and consistent monitoring, this balanced model for measurement allowed the quick identification of several key opportunities. Expansion and enrichment of the KM program immediately ensued, using techniques such as knowledge mapping and the appointment of Local Knowledge Champions.
This paper will discuss in detail the balanced scorecard approach that was critical for timely adjustments in strategy and scope, the change management interventions that were undertaken, and the application of lessons learned and the best practices that resulted in a successful KM program. This success is evidenced by a decrease in the top failure modes, a decrease in the cost of poor quality, and an increased awareness of correct procedures and processes.
Straight Down to Success: Performance Review of a Vertical Drilling System
Authors: Reich Matthias , Oesterberg Marcus , Montes Hermilo , Treviranus Joachim 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Rotary closed-loop steering systems are well known in the oil and gas industry and have become the accepted standard for drilling complex 3-D well paths and extended reach wells. These system's continuous drillstring rotation eliminates static friction between the string and the borehole permitting longer horizontal displacements in the reservoir and improving hole cleaning by stirring up the solids in the mud. While a 3-D rotary steering system could also be used to drill the hole's vertical top section, a closer examination reveals that efficiently drilling the top hole section requires a completely different approach.
Static friction and solids settlement are not critical issues in vertical hole sections — permitting the design of a Vertical Drilling System engineered to run without string rotation in sliding mode. This approach protects the borehole walls from mechanical damage and leads to improved hole quality. To compensate for the lack of drill string rotation, the system design incorporates a latest generation power section which delivers almost double the torque of a conventional power section of the same length. Also, because a Vertical Drilling System's sensor package typically requires only inclination measurements and does not need azimuthal data, the system's electronic design is simplified.
Although there are basic differences between 3-D rotary steering systems and Vertical Drilling Systems, there are also features which can be shared between both technologies — simplifying the service provider's engineering, maintenance, manufacturing and logistic efforts1. Examples of shared components include a steerable stabilizer to keep the BHA exactly on the desired (vertical) wellpath, the downhole power supply, the internal closed-loop information system and bi-directional data transmission.
The Vertical Drilling System is designed to keep the top hole vertical without interaction from surface and without compromising critical drilling parameters (flow rate, WOB or bit speed) while maintaining high ROP along the entire section and avoiding time-consuming correction runs. The resulting improvement in hole quality and the precise wellpath allows the use of "lean casing profiles" 2, 3—reducing the amount of steel, cement, mud and cuttings. Vertical Drilling Systems are also beneficial in reducing the wellhead spacing at surface. All of these benefits result in significant cost savings to any operator.
The paper describes the features of a Vertical Drilling System, presents case histories from 8-1/2" to 26" hole sections from various areas around the globe and gives an overview about the fast emerging market of this technology.
Use of Downhole Permanent Pressure Gauge Data to Diagnose Production Problems in a North Sea Horizontal Well
Authors: Gringarten Alain C. , Schroeter Thomas von , Rolfsvaag Trond , Bruner John 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Permanent downhole pressure gauges are increasingly being installed in new wells in the North Sea and in other new developments around the world. Their reliability has greatly improved and they now can operate for several years. They provide a record of everything that is happening to the well and, in the long term, they will replace production tests for well and reservoir monitoring. The main difference with production tests, however, is that rate variations are not controlled, which can make the interpretation difficult.
The paper illustrates how the availability of three years' worth of pressure data from a permanent downhole pressure gauge was key to understanding and explaining a tenfold loss of productivity in a North Sea horizontal gas well. Four million pressure measurements were processed and analyzed both in the conventional way, one flow period at a time, and by deconvolution, using increasing durations of pressure records from the start of production. Interpretation identified progressive changes in gas relative permeability followed by decreases in the well length, suggesting water invasion of the well zone. This points out to the need for continuous monitoring of the interpretation of permanent gauge data, which is possible by deconvolution, to identify changes in well-reservoir behavior as soon as they occur and thus avoid potentially irreversible productivity problems.
Directional Resonance: New Applications for MRIL
Authors: Prammer M. , Menger S. , Knizhnik S. , Goodman G. , Harris E. , Drack E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The paper describes a new Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) sensor geometry suitable for wireline logging and for LWD. The current Magnetic Resonance Imaging Log (MRIL*) tool utilizes multiple volumes that are concentric with respect to the tool. The new sensor further breaks down these volumes into four azimuthally distinguishable quadrants. Although the potential applications in LWD are obvious, the first implementation was done on wireline. The new sensor enables MRIL operation in large (12-¼ in. and up) and potentially badly washed-out boreholes. This wireline tool is compatible with all applications and all processing software developed for the current MRIL-Prime.
The field test results demonstrate the actual performance of the new design in a large borehole. By comparison with a standard MRIL-Prime log, we assess the log response and repeatability of the directional sensor.
Wireline T1 Logging
Authors: Bonnie Ron J. M. , Akkurt Ridvan , Al-Waheed Hilal , Bradford Charles M. , Eyvazzdeh Ramsin Y. , Phillips E. Craig , Aadireddy Prabhakar , Negm Ehab 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
With the recent introduction of NMR Logging While Drilling tools and down-hole NMR Fluid Analyzers, the more fundamental T1 measurement has made its appearance in the oil patch. In both these applications, the preference of T1 over T2 has been its insensitivity to motion, since T1 measurements effectively eliminate the detrimental effects arising from tool motion or fluid flow.
Experience has shown that the acquisition and interpretation of T1 logs recorded in the less hostile wireline environment is quite straightforward, mainly due to the absence of tool motion, while yielding several benefits over T2 logs. T1 is a critical fluid NMR parameter and can play a prominent role in fluid typing applications. Also, T1 data sets are more compact and the acquisition is more efficient. Finally, T1 logging offers the potential of substantially increased logging speeds
This paper outlines the current T1 logging practice, and substantiates the advantages of T1 logging using real-life data. Examples included demonstrate the value added by wireline T1 measurements into the overall petrophysical understanding of in-situ reservoir fluids.
An Engineering Approach To Predicting Post-Treatment Well Performance Using Selective Chemical Water Shut-Off Techniques: An RPM Example
Authors: Kume Nicholas 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The demand for effective selective chemical water control techniques is at an all time high, as old fields tend towards maturity and decline. This has become even greater, as the industry trend is toward horizontal and high angle well completions, where techniques to mitigate water production at breakthrough and subsequent to that, still remain elusive. Even when an effective solution is identified in laboratory tests, the absence of a reliable method to predict actual job posttreatment performance remains a major obstacle to the building of confidence in the field. In addition to the difficulty in establishing conviction of potential users, a poor ability to predict the results also limits the ability to recycle and build on the successes of these technologies, as well as to explain their failures and improve on job designs.
The aim of this paper is therefore to present an easy method for predicting the outcome of selective matrix water control chemical treatments - specifically with relative permeability modifiers (RPMs). This method applies reservoir fluid mechanics principles and uses tools already available in the oil industry's predictive inventory. It also links laboratory test results with field performance prediction. The method is more of a guide. Specific field circumstances may lead to modification of certain assumptions. The core reasoning should however apply to most circumstances where RPM technologies are properly applied. As an initial tool for use, this approach should help provide a first order of magnitude performance prediction, while further applications and results would be used to fine tune its predictability.
This paper also presents an easy-to-follow procedure to assist with the understanding of this RPM-treatment prediction technique.
Predictive Pore-Scale Network Modeling
Authors: Valvatne Per H. , Blunt Martin J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
We show how to predict flow properties for a variety of rocks using pore-scale modeling with geologically realistic networks. Starting with a network representation of Berea sandstone the pore-size distribution is adjusted to match mercury injection capillary pressure for different rock types, keeping the rank order of pore sizes and the network topology fixed. Then predictions of single and multiphase properties are made with no further adjustment of the model. We successfully predict relative permeability and oil recovery for water-oil- and mixed-wet datasets. For waterflooding we introduce a method for assigning contact angles to match measured wettability indices. The aim of this work is not simply to match experiments, but to use easily acquired data to predict difficult to measure properties. Furthermore, the variation of these properties in the field, due to wettability trends and different pore structures can now be predicted reliably.
Using a Dynamic Mechanical Earth Model and Integrated Drilling Team to Reduce Well Costs and Drilling Risks in San Martin Field
Authors: Lee Donald , Cassanelli Juan Pablo , Frydman Marcelo , Palacio Julio , Delgado Roger , Collins Bryan 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper briefly describes a process developed to reduce drilling risks and well costs and gives details on its application to three deviated development wells in Camisea, Peru. Previous offset vertical and deviated wells in this area encountered wellbore instability, drilling fluid loss, and reactive shales. In some cases these events made it necessary to drill multiple sidetrack wells.
The process provided specific advantages while drilling technically difficult trajectories. Integral to the process was development of a mechanical earth model (MEM) for prediction of drilling events and down hole drilling risk management. The model, created using data from multiple disciplines (seismic, drilling, geology, wireline logs, core testing), enabled the drilling team to understand potential drilling hazards and quickly act to mitigate risks, as well as to make rapid informed decisions while drilling. Examples demonstrate how the process compared forward predictions with actual results and how the model was updated during drilling.
The first well reached total depth (TD) 5 days ahead of schedule even though the trajectory was in a difficult stress azimuth and several nondrilling problems occurred. Teamwork and communication among the drilling location and four offsite offices played a critical role in the decision process. Predrill predictions matched post-drill information in most cases. Lessons learned from the first well were applied to subsequent well plans.
This process can be applied to any exploratory or development well, but high-risk, high-cost wells receive maximum benefit. Although wellbore instability resulting from tectonic stress was the main risk in this field, the process is equally valid for drilling issues such as overpressured regimes, underbalanced drilling or extended-reach wellbores.
Cost Effective Competency: An Approach That Works
Authors: Lovelace Perry 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This presentation will provide delegates with a sound basis for supporting and implementing a Competency-based training program, and how it can deliver valuable, measurable benefits. Developing competent professional staff is receiving renewed management attention and many technical new-hires need to be productive quicker for less cost, especially in developing nations. Many companies have devoted considerable resources to understand and improve staff competencies; few can tell if their training programs have a real impact on the bottom line. We will present an approach that has broad Petroleum Industry backing and is delivering successfully. Competency Maps for Facilities Disciplines will be shown as examples and their utilization explained using real on-the-job examples. The presentation will include examples of Return-on-Investment evaluation, assessment techniques and gap analyses, progression matrices, individual competency tracking using web-based applications and industry applications. A case study of how BP is realizing success, being challenged, and planning for the future with its Competency-focused training investments will provide a valuable example.
Reservoir Monitoring with the CHFR in Water Injection Reservoirs, Libya Eamples.
Authors: Tchambaz Mohamed , Belhadj Belkacem 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The increase of the recovery efficiency combined with an optimized production and a representative modeling require a reliable reservoir monitoring techniques.
Recently introduced in Libya, the CHFR (Cased Hole Formation Resistivity) has provided an accurate saturation profiles through casing by deep resistivity measurements. This paper presents two field cases of oil producer wells, the reservoir monitoring with the CHFR highlights the importance of this exhaustive investigation. A comprehensive understanding of the reservoir water flooding is achieved, allowing to select the appropriate remedial options for the water-cut reduction.
The first example presents a multi-reservoir under water table drive in a moderate permeability anisotropy. A comparison of the saturation profiles completed between the original open hole and the CHFR-Plus evaluations has detected the oil-water contact rise and brought a valuable information for the distribution of the remaining potential oil.
The second example deals with a lateral water injection on a multi-layered reservoir having a different ranges of permeability. The reservoir monitoring has located the water-swept and depleted zones according to the saturation profile changes.
In both cases, the remedial operations based on the CHFR-Plus investigation results have allowed a significant enhancement of the oil production and the implementation of the optimum field management strategy.
Designing Fibered Cement Slurries for Lost Circulation Applications: Case Histories
Authors: Low Nick , Daccord Gerard , Bedel Jean-Philippe 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Lost circulation problems are often encountered when drilling or cementing highly permeable formations (e.g., sandstones), naturally fractured formations (e.g., limestones), or through depleted zones. Curing these problems is critical if the operator is to control the well and drill and complete it effectively. Failure on a primary cement job due to lost circulation not only increases well costs but also can jeopardize well integrity.
The use of cement plugs to cure the losses is well-known, and these plugs are often used as a last resort. Lost circulation materials (LCM) are usually added to the cement slurry to maximize the chance of successfully stopping the losses. LCM can also be added to the cement slurry during a primary cementing job if losses are expected in a particular well section. However, the design of such cement slurries is not obvious and may not completely solve the problem. It is often uncertain whether the use of an LCM will help to completely cure the losses. Lastly, the appropriate LCM is often difficult to identify.
This paper shows that it is possible to formulate effective cement slurries to solve most lost circulation problems. The technology can be used either for a cement plug or during primary cementing operations by adding specifically designed fibers in a controlled manner. A laboratory setup was built to evaluate the fibers’ efficiency in this application. We present the main results obtained and discuss the mechanism of action of the fibers. We also show that the combination of an enhanced particle size distribution cement slurry with this specific type of fiber allows the use of ultralightweight slurries, which leads to even better control of the losses and therefore increases the likelihood of success. These systems can be pumped with the standard cementing equipment used for typical primary cementing jobs. Several recommendations are made on the most effective way to use the fibers. We present Case histories that demonstrate improved slurry placement in traditionally difficult situations.
Development of a Petroleum Contractual Strategy Model
Authors: Ramadan N. B. , Zekri Abdulrazag Y. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The development of a petroleum exploitation strategy is essential for any country, which needs to develop its indigenous petroleum resources. A petroleum exploitation strategy is the series of policies relating to licensing, taxation, royalty, and general legal instruments i.e. contractual agreements. Contractual agreements developed by the state in order to ensure the orderly development of petroleum exploration and production. In the absence of a clear petroleum exploitation strategy, the international oil companies would not be able to assess the political and economic risks involved in any petroleum exploitation venture, no matter how low the technical risks are.
Since the International Oil Companies are major sources of the intensive capital, and sophisticated technologies needed for exploration and development of petroleum resources, it is essential for a country to formulate a coherent and well-balanced petroleum exploitation strategy. This should be consistent with its social and economic goals and at the same time allow the international oil companies to generate economic profits that in some way relate to the level of risk involved in obtaining these profits. This research project has focused on the study of the different petroleum contractual agreements between host countries and international oil companies worldwide, and has culminated by the development of a contractual strategy model for the exploitation of the petroleum resources. The development of the model has been preceded by a comparative and evaluative analysis of the international and host country petroleum agreements. The main features, advantages and disadvantages of each type have been summarized and tabulated. The suitability of the different agreements, in the view of the rapidly changing environment of the petroleum industry, has been evaluated. The Model required the development of eight different strategies, which relate to the possible combinations of three strategic factors that were found to be of the greatest importance. It has been proposed to use this model to evaluate and guide the development of the future Middle East petroleum exploitation strategies.