bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brucella abortus-specific immunoglobulin in isotypes in serum and vaginal mucus from cattle vaccinated with strain 19 and challenge exposed with virulent strain 2308
Authors: Hall Stephen M. , Confer Anthony W. , Patterson Judith M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The immunoglobulins (IgG1, IgG2, IgM, and IgA) of the Brucella-specific antibody response of 69 crossbred beef heifer were studied after Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccination and strain 2308 challenge exposure. The immunoglobulin isotype responses in serum and vaginal mucus were measured by use of fluorescent immunoassay. Serum antibody responses were detected also by 3 standard serologic tests (complement fixation [cf], Rivanol precipitation, and the card test] and 2 primary binding assays that detect IgG antibodies.
One month after vaccination, mean antibody titers for all immunoglobulin isotypes were higher for vaccinated cattle (n = 46) than for nonvaccinated controls (n = 23). After vaccination, IgA antibody responses in vaccinated cattle were only 2-fold higher than those for controls, whereas IgG1, IgG2, and IgM antibody responses were 3- to 90-fold greater than those for controls. Measurement of IgA antibody responses classified 21 of 39 vaccinates as seropositive after vaccination, whereas the other isotypes classified 28 or 34 cattle as seropositive. Three months after challenge exposure, the mean antibody responses for each isotype were higher in cattle that aborted or were culture positive than in cattle that did not abort and were culture negative. Although IgG1, IgG2, and IgM antibody titers were each of benefit in identifying B abortus-infected cattle, it did not appear that the magnitude of the antibody responses provided sufficient discrimination between S19-vaccinated cattle and S2308 challenge-exposed cattle. Serum IgA antibody responses were 10-fold higher after challenge exposure than after vaccination and may be a response to mucosal infection with the virulent organism. Of the isotypes studied, serum IgA antibody responses most mimicked the cf and card test results in identifying seropositive cattle after challenge exposure. Serum IgG2 identified the most false-positive reactions.
Vaginal mucus antibody responses were measured 3 to 4 months after abortion or normal calving. The mean vaginal mucus IgG1, IgG2, and IgA antibody responses were higher in challenge-exposed cattle than in controls. Brucella-specific antibodies were highest in the vaginal mucus of culture-positive cattle that aborted.
Biomechanical properties of canine cortical bone allografts: Effects of preparation and storage
Authors: Roe Simon C. , Pijanowski Gerald J. , Johnson Ann L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of various preparation and storage procedures and of different storage times on structural properties of canine cortical bone allografts were determined by evaluation of the compressive load to failure of a whole diaphyseal segment, the ability of a screw to resist being pulled from a cortical segment, and the torque required to strip the threads of a screw hole in a cortical segment. Preparation and storage procedures evaluated were sterile collection and storage at −20 C; ethylene oxide sterilization and storage at room temperature (22 C); chemical sterilization (methanol and chloroform, then iodoacetic acid) and storage at −20 C; and chemical sterilization, partial decalcification, and storage at − 20 C. Storage times were 1, 16, and 32 weeks for each procedure.
After 1 week of storage, aseptically collected frozen bone and ethylene oxide-sterilized bone had an increase, compared with matched controls, in load to failure in compression, but pullout load or screw-stripping torque did not change. Chemically sterilized bone had not changed after 1 week of storage, whereas chemically sterilized and partially decalcified bone had a 40% to 60% decrease in compressive load to failure, pullout load, and screw-stripping torque. Chemically sterilized and partially decalcified bone remained weak after 16 and 32 weeks of storage. Significant structural alterations were not detected in aseptically collected bone after 16 or 32 weeks of storage. Ethylene oxide-sterilized bone had a reduced pullout load after 32 weeks of storage. Chemically sterilized bone had significantly reduced compressive load to failure and pullout load after 16 and 32 weeks of storage.
The use of aseptically collected, ethylene oxide-sterilized, or chemically sterilized bone within 1 week of preparation would be acceptable for grafts used for diaphyseal replacement, whereas chemically sterilized and partially decalcified bone would be unacceptable, regardless of storage time. Aseptically collected bone still would be acceptable for use after 32 weeks of storage. Ethylene oxide sterilized bone and chemically sterilized bone developed structural alterations during storage, making it questionable whether their use for diaphyseal replacement after lengthy storage of the graft would be successful.
Comparison of clinical judgment, Doppler ultrasound, and fluorescein fluorescence as methods for predicting intestinal viability in the pony
Authors: Freeman David E. , Gentile Dennis G. , Richardson Dean W. , Fetrow John P. , Tulleners Eric P. , Orsini James A. , Cimprich Ronnie 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Strangulation obstruction was induced in anesthetized ponies for periods of 2 and 3 hours by clamping 45-cm segments of jejunum and associated veins (venous strangulation obstruction) and arteries and veins (arterial and venous strangulation obstruction). Four segments were studied in each of 7 ponies allowed to survive 12 hours, 2 segments in a pony that was allowed to survive 1 hour, and 1 segment in each of 10 ponies allowed to survive 42 days after the strangulation periods ended. Fifteen minutes after the periods of strangulation obstruction ended, the viability of test segments was assessed by clinical judgment (40 segments), fluorescein fluorescence (40 segments), and Doppler ultrasound (32 segments). Because the test segments were normal at necropsy in long-term survivors, all segments were designated as viable.
The overall accuracy of the methods used to predict viability was 88% for Doppler ultrasound and 53% each for clinical judgment and fluorescein fluorescence (P < 0.005). Failures in the last 2 techniques could be attributed to their tendency to score venous strangulation obstruction segments as nonviable (90% for each). Doppler ultrasound was 94% accurate in these segments.
Pharmacokinetics and body fluid and endometrial concentrations of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in mares
Authors: Brown Murray P. , Gronwall Ronald , Castro Luis 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six healthy adult mares were each given a single iv injection of trimethoprim (tmp)-sulfamethoxazole (smz) at a dosage of 2.5 mg of tmp/kg of body weight and 12.5 mg of smz/kg. Serum concentrations of each drug were measured serially over a 24-hour period. For tmp, the mean overall elimination rate constant (K) was 0.43/hr and the elimination half-life (t1/2) was 1.9 hours. The apparent volume of distribution (at steady state) was 1.62 L/kg and tmp clearance was 886 ml/hr/kg. For smz, K was 0.22/hr and t1/2 was 3.53 hours. The apparent volume of distribution at steady state was 0.33 L/kg and smz clearance was 78.2 ml/hr/kg. Each mare was then given 5 consecutive oral doses of tmp-smz at a rate of 2.5 mg of tmp/kg and 12.5 mg of smz/kg at 12-hour intervals. Trimethoprim and smz concentrations were measured in serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, csf, urine, and endometrium. Although both mean tmp and smz serum concentrations were higher after the 5th dose than after the 1st dose, only the mean tmp concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) different. After the 5th oral dose, concentrations of tmp and smz attained in body fluids (except csf) and endometrial tissue were equal to or exceeded reported minimum inhibitory concentrations for Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, Staphylococcus sp, Streptococcus zooepidemicus, and several obligate anaerobes. Absorption of both drugs was variable after oral administration.
Alterations in epinephrine-induced arrhythmogenesis after xylazine and subsequent yohimbine administration in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs
Authors: Tranquilli William J. , Thurmon John C. , Benson G. John 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of xylazine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight, iv bolus, plus 1.1 mg/kg/h infusion) and subsequent yohimbine (0.125 mg/kg, iv bolus) administration on the arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine (ade) in isoflurane (1.8% endtidal)-anesthetized dogs were evaluated. The ade was defined as the total dose of epinephrine that induced ≥ 4 premature ventricular contractions within 15 seconds during a 3-minute infusion period or within 1 minute after the end of infusion.
Total ade values during isoflurane anesthesia, after xylazine administration, and after yohimbine injection were 36.6 ± 8.45 μg/kg, 24.1 ± 6.10 μg/kg, and 45.7 ± 6.19 μg/kg, respectively. Intravenous xylazine administration significantly (P < 0.05) increased blood pressure and decreased heart rate, whereas yohimbine administration induced a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in blood pressure. After yohimbine administration, the ade significantly (P < 0.05) increased above that after isoflurane plus xylazine administration. After yohimbine administration, blood pressure measured immediately before epinephrine-induced arrhythmia was significantly (P < 0.05) less than the value recorded during isoflurane plus xylazine anesthesia. Heart rate was unchanged among treatments immediately before epinephrine-induced arrhythmia. Seemingly, yohimbine possessed a protective action against catecholamine-induced arrhythmias in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane and xylazine.
Morphologic changes in the bovine mammary gland during involution and lactogenesis
Authors: Sordillo L. M. , Nickerson S. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Morphologic changes developing during bovine mammary involution were examined. Quarter biopsy specimens were obtained weekly from 5 cows beginning the day milking was discontinued through parturition. Light and electron microscopic examination of mammary tissue indicated a gradual reduction in synthetic and secretory activity of alveolar epithelium as involution progressed. Light microscopic morphologic analysis revealed increases in stroma and nonactive secretory epithelium, with concomitant decreases in epithelium, lumen, and fully active secretory epithelium during the first 2 weeks of involution. Electron microscopic analysis of alveolar epithelium revealed decreased number of organelles associated with milk synthesis and secretion during this time. These changes reversed gradually beginning 2 weeks before parturition, and by the time of calving, cell structure was typical of lactating glands. Tissue from infected quarters had less synthetic and secretory ability as indicated by significantly higher percentages of stroma and nonactive cells, but lower percentages of lumen and moderately active cells, compared with uninfected quarters. Infected quarters also had more leukocytes infiltrating the epithelium, lumen, and stroma, compared with uninfected quarters. Microscopic examination of macrophages and neutrophils suggested these cells removed milk components and cellular debris during involution. Large numbers of plasma cells, with distended cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, suggested local antibody production during the periparturient period.
Effect of splenectomy on exercise-induced pulmonary and systemic hypertension in ponies
Authors: Davis Jane L. , Manohar Murli 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Large increases in systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures of exercising healthy ponies have been observed. Because exercise causes a considerable increase in pcv of ponies, we examined the effect of splenectomy on exercise-induced changes in systemic and pulmonary pressures. These pressures (taken with catheter-tip micromanometers) and indicator dilution cardiac output were determined on 9 healthy ponies that had undergone splenectomy 4 to 9 weeks before the study. Data obtained at rest and during submaximal (10.5 to 11.0 mph) and maximal (14 to 15 mph) exercise from these ponies were compared with similar data from clinically normal ponies. Following splenectomy, pcv increased by only 4 vol% during maximal exercise, but cardiac output of splenectomized ponies reached values similar to those of clinically normal ponies. Despite this similarity in cardiac output, the systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures of exercising splenectornized ponies increased to significantly lower levels than those in clinically normal ponies (P < 0.01); total pulmonary vascular resistance and total peripheral resistance decreased to values significantly less than those in clinically normal ponies (P < 0.01). Thus, it appears that increases in blood viscosity induced by increases in pcv may contribute substantially to the pulmonary and systemic hypertension of exercise in clinically normal ponies.
In vitro and in vivo effects of dichlorvos on blood cholinesterase activities of cattle
Authors: Khan A. A. , Coppock R. W. , Schuler M. M. , Lillie L. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Studies were conducted to ascertain in vitro effects and effects of percutaneous application (in vivo) of dichlorvos (2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate; ddvp) on cholinesterase activities in bovine erythrocytes and plasma. Treatment in vitro of erythrocytes and plasma with ddvp resulted in concentration- and time-dependent inhibition of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activities. Mean (± sd) ddvp concentrations required to cause 50% enzyme inhibition were 15.7 ± 3.3 μM and 43.1 ± 5.7 μM for AChE and ChE, respectively; however, these values required to achieve this inhibition were markedly decreased with increasing incubation time. The inhibited AChE activity failed to be reactivated after incubation of erythrocytes with 2-pyridine aldoxime methiodide (2-pam); however, limited reactivation of inhibited AChE and ChE activities was observed with excess concentration of 2-pam. Percutaneous application of a ddvp-containing livestock spray on cattle also caused a marked decrease in the in vivo activities of AChE and ChE; however, the inhibited enzyme activities were reactivated rapidly after incubation with 2-pam.
Differential effect of T-2 toxin on murine host resistance to three facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens: Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Mycobacterium bovis
Authors: Ziprin Richard L. , McMurray David N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of T-2 toxin, a radiomimetic immunosuppressive agent, on resistance to the facultative intracellular bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes (strain EGD), Mycobacterium bovis (BCG Copenhagen 1331), and Salmonella typhimurium was determined. Female Swiss ICR mice were given a single dose of T-2 toxin (4 mg/kg of body weight) by gastric gavage. On the seventh day after toxin administration, the mice were infected by intraperitoneal inoculation with L monocytogenes, S typhimurium, or M bovis. Mice given the toxin also were exposed to respirable droplet nuclei containing L monocytogenes or M bovis. The effect of the toxin on the course of infection was monitored by observing mortality or by enumeration of bacteria in the spleen or lungs of infected mice. The toxin increased resistance to infection with L monocytogenes initiated by intraperitoneal inoculation, but reduced resistance to M bovis infection initiated by intraperitoneal inoculation. The toxin had no appreciable effect on the course of salmonellosis or on resistance to infection initiated by inhalation of L monocytogenes or M bovis aerosols. Therefore, it was concluded that T-2 toxin does not necessarily reduce resistance to infection in mice. The toxin's effect on the course of in vivo bacterial infections depends on the nature of the infective agent and the route of inoculation.
Possible resistance of small strongyles from female ponies in The Netherlands against albendazole
Authors: Eysker M. , Boersema J. H. , Kooyman F. N. J. , Berghen P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To determine resistance of small strongyles to albendazole, 3 female ponies (group 1) were grazed on a pasture from May to November 1985 and were treated with 7.5 mg of albendazole/kg of body weight, po, 2 days before turnout in May and again in June and in July. Three other female ponies (group 2) grazed on a similar pasture from May to July, were treated with 7.5 mg of albendazole/kg, and were removed to another pasture until November. In December, ponies from both groups were treated with 7.5 mg of albendazole/kg, and 8 days later, they were euthanatized and necropsied for a critical test.
Worm egg counts in the ponies’ feces revealed that the May treatment of group 1 and the July treatment of group 2 were more effective than were later treatments. Numbers of small strongyles were higher in group 1 than in group 2. Efficacy of treatment against all developmental stages of small strongyles was higher in group 2 than in group 1. Efficacy was low in both groups against parasitic 3rd- and 4th-stage larvae. Fifteen species of small strongyles were identified at necropsy. Efficacy was limited against adult Cyathostomum coronatum, Cya labratum, Cylicostephanus calicatus, and Cyl poculatus in both groups; Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cyl minutus, and Cyl longibursatus in group 1; and Cya labiatum in group 2. Efficacy was 100% against Cya catinatum, Cyl goldi, and 5 other species that were found in low numbers.
Evaluation of immune complexes and collagen type-specific antibodies in sera and synovial fluids of horses with secondary osteoarthritis
Authors: Niebauer Gert W. , Wolf Benjamin , Yarmush Martin , Richardson Dean W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thirty-one horses with secondary osteoarthritis as a sequel of trauma (chip fractures) or osteochondritis dissecans were screened for immune complexes (ic) and anticollagen antibodies. Eighty-two percent of horses with joint disease had circulating C1q-binding ic; 77% of those horses had ic in synovial fluids of affected joints. Although only a few horses had anticollagen type-II antibodies, anticollagen type-I antibodies were found in sera of 25% of the horses and in 41% of their synovial fluids. This correlated well with the clinical data and suggested that antibodies might have been elicited by antigens derived from detached intra-articular osteochondral fragments. Immunologic reactivity is a new concept in equine secondary osteoarthritis and might be involved in the mechanisms of chronic inflammation and progressive collagen destruction in degenerative joint disease.
Analysis of neurotransmitter metabolite concentrations in canine cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Vaughn Dana M. , Coleman Elaine , Simpson Stephen T. , Satjawatcharaphong Chiradath 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The concentrations of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (dopac), homovanillic acid (hva), and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-hiaa) in csf obtained from the cisterna magna of 21 nonneurologically compromised dogs were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. A rapid method of sample preparation, which involved single filtration through a deproteinizing membrane, was used. Canine csf obtained in this manner contained 5.78 ± 0.78 ng of dopac/ml, 72.19 ± 4.09 ng of hva/ml, and 29.95 ± 1.67 ng of 5-hiaa/ml. Linear regression analysis between hva and 5-hiaa yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.4804. The neurotransmitter index, hva/5-hiaa, was found to be more indicative of the dopaminergic metabolite hva than the acid metabolite of serotonin, 5-hiaa (correlation coefficient with hva = 0.5529 vs a correlation coefficient with 5-hiaa = - 0.4462). A poor relationship (correlation coefficient = -0.1715) was found to exist between the 2 dopaminergic metabolites dopac and hva in the csf.
Characterization of the structural proteins of porcine epizootic diarrhea virus, strain CV777
Authors: Egberink Herman F. , Ederveen Joke , Callebaut Paul , Horzinek Marian C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pig epizootic diarrhea virus cannot be grown in cell culture; for its characterization, intestinal perfusate material from a pig infected with the strain CV777 had to be used. In isopyknic sucrose gradients, a peak of virus-specific elisa activity was detected at a density of 1.17 g/ml. Using immunoprecipitation of radioiodinated-purified virus material followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, 3 proteins of low molecular weight (20,000 to 32,000 daltons [D]) were found; after blotting nitrocellulose and glycoprotein identification with concanavalin A and horseradish peroxidase, 1 of the proteins (23,000 D) gave a signal. Another protein of 58,000 D was encountered, which was the only protein binding an rna probe. Finally, a protein of 85,000 D was visible, associated with minor bands of about 110,000 and 135,000 D in most experiments. Using the concanavalin A-blotting technique, the same bands were visualized. The demonstration of a polydisperse cluster of proteins from 20,000 to 32,000 D (of which at least 1 is glycosylated), of glycosylated proteins from 85,000 to 135,000 D, and of an rna-binding protein of 58,000 D is taken as structural evidence that pig epizootic diarrhea virus should be classified with the Coronaviridae, irrespective of the apparent lack of an antigenic relationship with other members of that family.
Effects of zearalenone on various components of rabbit uterine tubal fluid
Authors: Osborn Russell G. , Osweiler G. D. , Foley C. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was conducted to determine whether an orally administered mycotoxin, zearalenone (11.5 mg/kg of body weight/day), enters the uterine tubal fluid (utf) of rabbits and to evaluate its influence on certain constituents of utf. Using high-performance liquid chromatography, the concentration of zearalenone in utf was maximal on day 1 of initial exposure to the compound, then decreased rapidly to half the peak concentration by day 5. The disappearance curve for zearalenone in utf was linear throughout the treatment period (10 days) and was not detectable within 3 days after the last administration of zearalenone and the initiation of pregnancy (does were bred on day 10 of the zearalenone treatment). Zearalenone increased the volume of utf (P < 0.05) in estrous does, but decreased the pH (P < 0.05) and the total free amino acid concentration (P < 0.05) of utf, compared with pretreatment values. The concentrations of several trace elements and amino acids known to be of critical importance in early embryonic development were altered by zearalenone treatment and/or pregnancy. Gross developmental anomalies were not evidenced when fetuses were examined on days 28 to 30 of gestation. It was concluded that zearalenone or associated metabolites affect factors that influence fertility during the early preimplantation period. Furthermore, the analysis of utf appears to be an effective screening method for assessing certain potential reproductive toxicants.