bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxicology of aflatoxin B1, warfarin, and cadmium in young pigs: Performance and hematology
Authors: Osuna Orlando , Edds George T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Observations of the interactions of cadmium (Cd) × aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and Cd × warfarin included several variables of animal performance and hematology. Cadmium was fed daily for 40 days (groups IV, V, VI) and a Cd-free diet was fed to groups I, II, and III. Groups II and V were treated with afb1, and groups III and VI were treated with warfarin—each for 5 days during the 5th week of the experiment and the effects were observed for 10 days. All pigs fed the diet with added Cd had developed severe anemia by the 4th week of the experiment. The incorporation of this toxic concentration of Cd (83 μg/g) in the diet seemed to have blocked the liver microsomal enzyme system (cytochrome P-450), diminishing the toxic effects of 5 daily oral doses (0.2 mg/kg of body wt) of afb1 (group V pigs), but enhancing synergistically the toxic anticoagulant effects of the same doses of warfarin in young pigs (group VI). The data presented also indicated that the feeding of toxic concentrations of Cd stimulated increased glutathione peroxidase activity, which conjugated the afb1 epoxides with their excretion as reduced glutathione but enhanced the toxic anticoagulant effects of warfarin in young pigs.
Toxicology of aflatoxin B1, warfarin, and cadmium in young pigs: Metal residues and pathology
Authors: Osuna Orlando , Edds George T. , Simpson Charles F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of feeding dietary cadmium (83 μg/g of diet) to young pigs on the distributions of copper, iron, and zinc in urine samples and in kidney, liver, and muscle tissues was determined. The diet with added Cd resulted in renal and hepatic tissue concentrations of 42.90 ± 10.57 μg/g and 7.90 ± 2.37 μg/g, respectively, at the 40th day of the experiment. Iron was found to decrease at the same time, which predisposed to the anemic condition of these pigs. The feeding of dietary Cd to pigs prevented extensive fatty hepatocytic infiltration and severe jaundice, but not hydropic degeneration induced by aflatoxin B1. Cadmium increased the toxicity of warfarin with severe lameness, subcutaneous hematomas in the ventral surface of the neck, and death.
Radiologic observations of gastric mixing and emptying of food in growing pigs
Authors: Wood A. K. W. , Kidder D. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The stomachs of 10 Large White x Landrace pigs were examined radiographically from weaning (at 26 to 28 days of age) until 6 or 16 weeks of age. Conventional radiographs were taken and observations were made with a television chain and 35-mm cinecamera linked to an image intensifier. Before radiography, each animal was fed its normal diet that contained a barium sulfate suspension and/or radioopaque pellets.
The basic pattern of motility in the major chamber of the pig’s stomach was similar to that described in animals with a simple stomach. Type II peristaltic waves were clearly identified as identations of the body of the stomach that moved towards the pyloric antrum, which became circular as it filled with digesta. A terminal antral contraction then occurred, the antrum decreased in diameter, and the ingesta and barium sulfate either entered the duodenum or were returned to the body of the stomach.
Liquids and finely ground food left the stomach more rapidly than did the radio-opaque pellets that were retained for up to 44 hours. The radio-opaque pellets demonstrated the movement of ingesta within the gastric lumen and showed that ingesta was retropulsed into the body of the stomach by the terminal antral contraction.
In 4 pigs, barium and ingesta were present in the 2nd chamber of the stomach, the gastric diverticulum. In 1 pig, a movement of the diverticulum was observed on a single occasion.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of anti-Moraxella bovis antibodies
Authors: Bishop Bruce , Schurig Gerhardt G. , Troutt H. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Antibodies of the immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA classes specific for Moraxella bovis in serum or lacrimal secretions of cattle were detected with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using soluble extracts of M bovis or whole organisms. The amount of detectable antibodies was influenced by the type of antigenic preparation used in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The test indicated that 2 subcutaneous inoculations of M bovis cells induce significantly (P < 0.0001) increased anti-M bovis serum antibodies. The infection of calves with M bovis induced specific IgG antibodies in serum and predominantly IgA antibodies in lacrimal secretions.
Border disease: Experimental reproduction in sheep, using a virus replicated in tissue culture
Authors: Potts Barbara J. , Osburn Bennie I. , Johnson Kenneth P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A California isolate of border disease (bd) virus propagated in primary sheep choroid plexus cells was used to reproduce bd in fetuses of susceptible pregnant ewes. A lamb with clinical bd and an aborted fetus from these ewes had diffuse hypomyelination in the cns by a luxol-fast blue stain, and persistent bd viral antigen was detected in the external and internal granular layers and white matter of the cerebellum by a direct anti-pesti-virus fluorescent antibody conjugate. Virus was also isolated from cns homogenates from the lamb and the fetus and from peripheral wbc from the lamb by cocultivation with porcine kidney (PK-15) cells.
Periosteal transection and periosteal stripping for correction of angular limb deformities in foals
Authors: Auer Joerg A. , Martens Ronald J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Valgus deformities were created in 6 pony foals by hemicircumferential transection of the periosteum and periosteal stripping (hctp and ps) just proximally to the distal physis on the medial side of 1 radius (principal thoracic limb). The opposite thoracic limb served as a control. One month after this surgical procedure was done, the limbs were radiographed and the angle of deviation was determined. All horses developed a valgus deformity of the principal limb. In an effort to correct the acquired valgus deformity, the 2nd surgical procedure was performed—hctp and ps on the lateral aspect of the principal radius. The carpal valgus deformities corrected within 3 months.
To determine the differences in growth, stainless steel wires were introduced into both legs of each foal at certain points on the distal part of the radius. Growth changes in response to the hctp and ps were not significantly different in the 2 groups of thoracic limbs. Increased bone growth did occur at the medial aspect of the bone in response to the 1st surgical procedure and an increase was found on the lateral aspect of the bone in response to the 2nd. The reasons for the statistically insignificant changes are discussed.
A significant increase in bone width at the level of growth plate developed in response to the 1st and 2nd hctp and ps procedures.
Plasma volume, electrolyte, and endocrine changes during onset of laminitis hypertension in horses
Authors: Clarke Lane L. , Garner Harold E. , Hatfield Dan 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Acute laminitis-hypertension was produced by carbolydrate overloading of the gastrointestinal tract in 12 adult horses. Obel grade 3 (OG3) lameness developed 40 hours (± 3.5, sem) after overfeeding. At OG3 lameness, mean plasma volume was significantly decreased (P < 0.005) when compared with base-line values. Before OG3 lameness, transient decreases in serum phosphorus and calcium were recorded. Mild hyponatremia also developed before OG3 lameness and persisted. After establishment of OG3 lameless, persistent hypokalemia and increased plasma aldosteone concentration occurred coincidently. Transient increase in plasma hydrocortisone (cortisol) and renin activity and transient hypochloremia were also recorded during the syndromal phase.
Changes in plasma volume and serum electrolytes are discussed and related to the pathogenesis of acute equine laminitis. The alterations in plasma renin activity and aldosterone concentration were interpreted as homeostatic adjustments to fluid and electrolyte imbalances. Differences between the horse and pony during onset of experimental alimentary laminitis are also discussed.
Influence of contractility of papillary sphincter muscle on penetrability of the papillary duct in the bovine quarter after machine milking
Authors: Lefcourt Alan M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
It has been suggested that machine milking causes the papillary sphincter muscle (teat sphincter muscle) to relax or to stretch and therefore increases the probability of successful penetration of the papillary duct (streak canal) by microorganisms. To determine the potential for contractile tension of the papillary sphincter muscle to influence penetrability of the papillary duct, selected quarters of individual cows were treated to cause the sphincter muscles to contract at 10 minutes after milking. All quarters were then subjected to a penetrability assay. To cause the papillary sphincter muscles to contract, 1 quarter was dipped into ice water and a 2nd quarter was squeezed twice at the papillary tip. Ice water increases base-line contractile tension and squeezing induces 1 or more rhythmic contractions of the teat sphincter muscle. To measure penetrability, Escherichia coli endotoxin (1 μg in 2.5 μl of distilled water; type O128; B12) was inserted 3 mm into all quarters. A 3rd teat was then squeezed at its tip. The 4th teat served as a control. This procedure was repeated for 5 days or until individual quarters responded in terms of a precipitous increase in the Wisconsin mastitis test score. Of a total of 345 observations, χ2 analysis indicated that the proportion of responsive quarters was the same for each of the 4 treatment groups. Overall, it would seem that the contractile state of the teat sphincter muscle after milking does not significantly affect penetrability of the papillary duct, at least in terms of a solute, such as endotoxin. However, in a subset of animals, pretreating teats to increase contractile tension actually enhanced penetrability.
Porcine proliferative enteritis: Experimentally induced disease in cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived pigs
Authors: Lomax Larry G. , Glock Robert D. , Harris Delbert L. , Hogan John E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The hypotheses that porcine proliferative enteritis is an infectious disease and that Campylobacter sputorum subsp mucosalis (csm) is involved in the development of this disease were experimentally tested.
Three experiments were conducted with 10-week-old, cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived pigs. Of 22 pigs given homogenized mucosal scrapings (crude inocula) intragas-trically, 15 had gross and/or microscopic lesions of proliferative enteritis. Of 10 pigs inoculated with cultures of both csm and Salmonella cholerae-suis, 2 had evidence of proliferative enteritis. The 4 pigs treated with S cholerae-suis only had diffuse fibrinous gastroenteritis without evidence of mucosal proliferation. Proliferative enteritis was produced in 1 of 5 pigs inoculated with pure cultures of csm.
Proliferative lesions in the intestine were characterized by the proliferation of immature crypt epithelial cells. Affected cells contained variable numbers of curved, intracytoplasmic Campylobacter sp organisms. The csm organism was isolated from the intestinal mucosa of 8 pigs treated with either crude inocula or cultures of csm.
Effects of shipping on the immune function in mice
Authors: Landi Margaret S. , Kreider John W. , Lang C. Max , Bullock Leslie P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of shipping stress on immunologic functions was examined in mice. The mice were shipped either by truck or by plane, 2 of the most common modes for transport of animals. While mice were in transit, temperature fluctuations and light intensity were monitored. The foot pad test, hemagglutination assay, and plaque-forming cell assay were used to measure immunologic function. Corticosterone concentrations were quantitated with a competitive proteinbinding technique.
Regardless of the method of shipment, corticosterone values in the mice were markedly increased at arrival and remained at the high value for a 48-hour period. Immune-function assays were significantly lessened in the mice at arrival, but returned to base line within 48 hours, indicating that a minimum 48-hour stabilization period is required for all new arrivals.
Fonofos toxicosis in dairy cows: An accidental poisoning (1977)
Authors: Kurtz David A. , Hutchinson Lawrence 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An accidental poisoning (in 1977) of 28 Holstein cows occurred when approximately 0.9 kg of 25% active ingredient fonofos, O-ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonothiolothionate, was spilled onto bulk feed in a delivery truck. Eight cows died within 2 days; the remaining 20 were necropsied 29 days later. Of the 8 fatally poisoned, 7 were being fed a high-grain diet and 1 was fed a medium-grain diet. Fonofos concentrations in feed cart and storage bin samples were 100 μg/g and 61 μg/g, respectively.
Tissues from 6 animals were analyzed extensively for fonofos concentrations: 2 had died immediately; the other 4 were in the recovery state when they were necropsied. Rumen contents and liver, kidney, brain, heart, and milk samples were analyzed. Fonofos concentrations in these samples were significantly higher in the cows fatally affected than in the cows necropsied 3 weeks later.
The oral acute ld50 and ld1 of fonofos in Holstein cows were calculated by the Litchfield and Wilcoxon method to be 1.30 and 0.84 mg/kg, respectively, with a 95% confidence range of ± 0.20 mg/kg.
Blood chemical values of the common boa constrictor (Constrictor constrictor)
Authors: Chiodini Rodrick J. , Sundberg John P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Reference values of 24 serum constituents in 5 boa constrictors (Constrictor constrictor) were determined under fasting conditions. After feeding, serum uric acid, cholesterol, carbon dioxide, and triglyceride values increased. These values decreased to fasting values within 6 days.
Comparative prenatal development of the spinal cord in normal and dysraphic dogs: Embryonic stage
Authors: Engel Harold N. , Draper Donald D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The prenatal development of the canine spinal cord was examined by light microscopy in 8 normal embryos and compared with the development of the spinal cord in 10 embryos obtained by mating severely dysraphic Weimaraner dogs.
Dysraphic lesions were found in 80% of the embryos examined from dysraphic matings. The primary lesion was aberrantly positioned mantle cells ventrad to the central canal in the floor plate area. In 30% of the embryos of this group, there was a division of the terminal neural tube.
The dysraphic embryos had significantly shorter gray matter and spinal cord transverse diameters. This confirmed the observation that the mantle cells in the dysraphic specimens were less differentiated, being more compact and appearing more basophilic when hematoxylin and eosin stains were used.
Pulmonary clearance of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae and Serratia marcescens in mice
Authors: Sebunya T. N. K. , Saunders J. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bacterial counts (per lung) were made from Swiss White and/or C3H mice, inoculated intranasally with either Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae or Serratia marcescens and killed at specific times. The percentages of bacterial survival and clearance at each time were determined. Serratia marcescens was cleared progressively, but not completely, from the lungs of C3H and Swiss White mice. The overall pulmonary clearance of S marcescens by Swiss White mice was significantly greater than that of C3H mice (P < 0.01). The pulmonary clearance pattern of H pleuropneumoniae in C3H mice differed according to the dose inoculated. With a larger Hpleuropneumoniae median lethal dose (0.1 ld50), the organism multiplied consistently up to 25 times by 12 hours after the inoculations were done, when clinical signs and lesions appeared in a few of the mice. The clearance rates at 24 and 48 hours after inoculations were 60.65% and 10.3%, respectively. Mice given 0.04 ld50 H pleuropneumotiae showed a 10-fold increase of H pleuropneumoniae in he first 4 hours, with clearances reaching 33%, 66%, and 99% at 8, 12, and 24 hours, respectively.
Importance of ultrasound determination of pregnancy in the rabbit
Authors: Cubberley Don A. , Lee Timothy G. , Laughlin Colby L. , Weintraub Becky , Caudle Michael R. , Nielson Van D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The rabbit is an important experimental model in the study of human reproduction. Because of the difficulty in determining pregnancy in the rabbit, wasteful deaths of expensive experimental animals occur. This dilemma is solved by the application of high-frequency ultrasound to detect pregnancy.
Effect of sodium hypochlorite (Javex) on the performance of broiler chickens
Authors: Hulan H. W. , Proudfoot F. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two separate experiments were carried out with 480 Shaver broiler chicks (240 of each sex) in each, to determine the effects on mortality and biological performance of administering sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) via the drinking water. The chicks were housed separately (by sex) in Petersime batteries and each experiment began when the chicks were 1 day old and ended when they were 28 days of age. Sodium hypochlorite was added to the drinking water to achieve the following treatment levels (ppm) of available chlorine: 0, 300, 600, and 1200 (experiment 1); 0, 37.5, 75.0, and 150 (experiment 2). Administration of 1,200 ppm available chlorine significantly increased mortality, lowered feed efficiency, reduced water consumption, and lowered heart, liver, kidney, and testes weights. Administration of 300 ppm or more resulted in significantly lower mean body weights. There was some indication of a growth stimulus and improved feed efficiency at the lower concentrations (37.5 to 150 ppm) of sodium hypochlorite administration, but none of the responses was statistically significant. Overall, a significant effect on biological performance or practical benefit was not achieved from administering sodium hypochlorite to broiler chicks.
Transoral hypophysectomy with mandibular symphysiotomy in the dog
Authors: Henry Robert W. , Hulse Donald A. , Archbald Louis F. , Barta Marki 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A surgical approach that offered direct visualization and removal of the hypophysis was evaluated in 17 dogs. Ten of the dogs were euthanatized and used to identify reliable landmarks for the drill site in the basi-sphenoid bone to expose the hypophysis. The intersphenoidal suture was an accurate landmark in that 1 cm caudal to the intersphenoidal suture was determined to be the precise point for the center of the drill hole. The remaining 7 dogs were hypophysec-tomized, using this approach. The landmarks were accurate, the surgery had a high degree of safety, and all hypophyses were removed.
Use of nonblood priming for open-heart surgery in dogs
Authors: Shiang Howard H. , Chen Virginia L. , Mindich Bruce P. , Mitchell Bennett , Litwak Robert S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three electolyte solutions were used as priming perfusates for 1 hour of cardiopulmonary bypass in 9 dogs. Arterial blood pressure was maintained at a satisfactory level during perfusion and returned to the original ranges shortly after bypass. Measurement of various blood constituents indicated that they were constantly maintained in the normal range during the procedure. The pvc decreased sharply until the 3rd postperfusion day, then returned to the base-line values. Similar patterns were obtained for each solution, with no additional infusion being administered after bypass. All dogs recovered without complications and evidence of cerebral abnormalities was not seen. The dogs were euthanatized and nec-ropsied 14 days after surgery and all major organs appeared normal on gross examination.
Duration of colostral antibodies to bovine leukemia virus by two serologic tests
Authors: Burridge M. J. , Thurmond M. C. , Miller J. M. , Schmerr M. J. F. , Maaten M. J. Van Der 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The duration of detectable colostral antibodies to the glycoprotein antigen of bovine leukemia virus was studied in calves which were born to bovine leukemia virus-infected cows, but showed no serologic evidence of prenatal infection. Colostral antibodies detectable by an agar-gel immunodiffusion test (agit) persisted for < 1 month to 6 months (mean 2.9 months) in the 139 calves examined. Colostral antibodies were detectable 1 to 5 months longer by radioimmunoprecipitation assay than by the agit in 22 of the 24 calves studied comparatively. The mean duration of colostral antibodies in those 24 calves was 3.8 months (min-max, 2 to 6 months) for the agit and 6.0 months (min-max, 4 to 9 months) for the radioimmunoprecipitation assay.
Prevalence of anti-red blood cell antibodies in the serum and colostrum of mares and its relationship to neonatal isoerythrolysis
Authors: Bailey Ernest 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The sera of 390 pregnant Standardbred mares and 409 pregnant Thoroughbred mares were tested for anti-red blood cell (rbc) antibodies. Of the Standardbred mares and Thoroughbred mares, 20% and 10%, respectively, had anti- rbc antibodies detectable in hemolytic or saline agglutination tests. Most of the antibodies were specific for the Ca blood-group antigen of horses. Other antibodies were specific for the Aa, Ab, Da, Df, Ka, Ua, or Qa blood-group antigens. The occurrence of these antibodies in the serum and colostrum was compared for 268 mares. With 3 exceptions, whenever antibodies were found in 1 sample, they were found in the other.
When a mare had antibodies to the Aa or Qa blood group antigens which were reactive at serum dilutions of 1:16 or greater, colostrum was withheld from that mare's foal. This practice seemed justified, because 1 foal which accidently received colostrum with anti-Aa antibodies developed neonatal isoerythrolysis. All other foals were allowed to nurse their mares' colostrum. None of them developed neonatal isoerythrolysis, even when anti-rbc antibodies were found for blood-group antigens other than Aa or Qa which reacted with the foals’ rbc in in vitro tests.
In vitro blastogenesis of equine lymphocytes by inactivated equine adenovirus type 1 antigen
Authors: Campbell T. M. , Studdert M. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An inactivated equine adenovirus type 1 (EAdVl) vaccine was administered to 4 horses. The horses had virusneutralizing (vn) antibody titers before they were vaccinated, but developed higher vn antibody titers in response to vaccination. Nonvaccinated control horses did not show increases in vn antibody during the study, indicating that any increase in antibody titer in vaccinated horses was a result of vaccination and not due to an EAdVl epizootic during the study.
Specific EAdVl in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis (lb) was evaluated, using lymphocytes from 4 vaccinated and 2 control horses. Horses were vaccinated on days 0 and 14, and the lb assays were conducted on days —4, 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, and 28. Lymphocytes from horses were incubated for 4 days with 2 concentrations of inactivated, concentrated and purified EAdVl antigen. The lb responses for the 2 control horses showed no significant changes during the study period (maximum stimulation indices to EAdVl antigen for individual horses were between 2.8 and 3.6). The 4 vaccinated horses showed marked increases in stimulation indices in response to EAdVl antigen (maximum stimulation indices, between 5.3 and 18.6). In control assays, identical lymphocyte preparations from all horses responded normally to phytohemagglutinin.