bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Juvenile Versus Mature Wood: A New Concept, Orthogonal to Corewood Versus Outerwood, with Special Reference to Pinus radiata and P. taeda
Authors: Burdon Rowland D. , Kibblewhite R. Paul , Walker John C. F. , Megraw Robert A. , Evans Robert , Cown David J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Wood properties vary within stems of trees according to genera, species, and individuals. Such variation is largely systematic and is very pronounced in many pines, notably Pinus radiata and P. taeda. While gradual transitions predominate, there are practical needs for categorizing wood, in cutting stems to log lengths, followed by sorting and segregation for processing. Even radial segregation of wood is often possible. In such pines, there are strong, widely recognized progressions, in various wood properties, from pith to bark. Based largely on variation in density, the first few rings from the pith are widely termed juvenile wood, which intergrades outward into wood termed mature wood. Alternative terminology used for this radial progression has been from corewood into outerwood. Critical examination shows the juvenile versus mature wood terminology to be inadequate, on two counts: (1) various other wood properties, some of which can be important, show substantial axial variation at equal ring number from the pith; (2) this categorization based solely on radial variation does not fit the well-established botanical concept of maturation. However, this axial variation closely parallels the vertical variation in shoot morphology and the onset of reproduction that reflect maturation. This argues for a two-dimensional characterization of wood properties: juvenility versus maturity for the progression up the stem, and corewood versus outerwood for the radial progression from the pith to bark. FOR. SCI. 50(4):399–415.
Tree Size Distribution Functions of Four Boreal Forest Types for Biomass Mapping
Authors: Chen Wenjun 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
To accurately map forest biomass, which is essential for many socioeconomic and environmental studies, reliable information of tree size distribution within a stand is needed. Using measurements at 87 stands of trembling aspen (Populous tremuloides Michx.), jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] BSP.), and mixed forests along a 1,000-km boreal forest transect in western Canada, we investigated three methods for estimating tree size distribution: parameter prediction method for diameter-frequency distribution (PPM-Nk/N), PPM for diameter-basal area distribution (PPM-Bk/B), and parameter recovery method for diameter-frequency distribution (PRM). For diameter-frequency distribution estimation, the PPM-Nk/N and the PRM were more accurate than PPM-Bk/B. For biomass estimation, the PPM-Bk/B and the PRM were found to have mean estimation errors &lt;3% and root mean square errors &lt;10%, relative to the “true” values given by summation overall trees, but the PPM-Nk/N didn't perform as well. Three distribution functions (i.e., the Weibull, the Johnson's SB, and the lognormal) were used for each method but were found to make little difference in method performance. An additional test indicated that the PPM-Bk/B and the PRM performed equally well for a balsam fir (Abies balsamea [L.] Mill) stand in eastern Canada. FOR. SCI. 50(4):436–449.
Public Values for Biodiversity Conservation Policies in the Oregon Coast Range
Authors: Garber-Yonts Brian , Kerkvliet Joe , Johnson Rebecca 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study uses a choice experiment framework to estimate Oregonians' willingness to pay (WTP) for changes in levels of biodiversity protection under different conservation programs in the Oregon Coast Range. We present biodiversity policy as an amalgam of four different conservationprograms: salmon and aquatic habitat conservation, forest age-class management, endangered species protection, and large-scale conservation reserves. The results indicate substantial support for biodiversity protection, but significant differences in WTP across programs. Oregonians indicatethe highest WTP for increasing the amount of forest devoted to achieving old-growth characteristics. On average, respondents indicate an annual household WTP of $380 to increase old-growth forests from 5% to 35% of the age-class distribution. Conversely, WTP for increasingconservation reserves peaks at $45 annually to double the current level to 20% of the landscape, whereas WTP is negative for any increase over 32%. We also find resistance to any change in conservation policy, which substantially offsets WTP for increases in all four conservationprograms. FOR. SCI. 50(5):589–602.
Modeling Nesting Habitat Selection of California Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) in the Central Sierra Nevada Using Standard Forest Inventory Metrics
Authors: Bond Monica L. , Seamans Mark E. , Gutiérrez R. J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
California spotted owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) nest sites are associated with large trees, moderate-to-high tree densities, high canopy cover, and structural complexity. Therefore, forest managers need accurate estimates of these characteristics. Standard forest inventory metrics, such as those estimated from Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data, are used by silviculturists to assess forest trends and condition, and are a source of data for assessing wildlife habitat. We estimated which FIA metrics best predicted California spotted owl nesting habitat by developing a nesting-habitat model comparing owl nest stands with randomly chosen forest stands in potential nesting habitat (stands dominated by 30–60.9- and ≥61-cm diameter trees and ≥40% cover) in the central Sierra Nevada. Number of large trees (≥76.2 cm) and canopy cover were the best predictors of owl nesting habitat. We present a nesting-habitat selection model based on our analysis. FIA metrics may be useful for quantifying California spotted owl habitat in our study area, but because forest conditions are highly variable in the Sierra Nevada, our results should be tested further in other geographic regions. FOR. SCI. 50(6):773–780.
Screening European Elms for Resistance to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi
Authors: Solla Alejandro , Bohnens Jürgen , Collin Eric , Diamandis Stephanos , Franke Albrecht , Gil Luis , Burón Margarita , Santini Alberto , Mittempergher Lorenzo , Pinon Jean , Broeck An Vanden 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Resistance breeding of the native elms against Dutch elm disease, caused by the fungus Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Brasier, is a major objective in Europe for the conservation of this tree species. More than 2,500 cuttings of 324 elm clones (Ulmus minor Miller, U. glabra Huds., U. laevis Pall., U. pumila L., U. minor x U. glabra, and U. minor x U. pumila) from eight European countries, planted in several randomized two-block designed plots were inoculated with various O. novo-ulmi strains. Crown wilting and dieback were recorded during the first year after inoculation. The wilting of the control trees varied among the plots, making the results difficult to compare, but analysis of variance (ANOVA) within each plot showed significant differences in disease severity among the clones tested, allowing study of the variation of the response among elm taxa. Results showed that 19 European inoculated clones recovered from O. novo-ulmi attack, giving hope for the reestablishment of native elms in countryside hedges and forests. FOR. SCI. 51(2):134–141.
Soil Arthropod Responses to Different Patch Types in a Mixed-Conifer Forest of the Sierra Nevada
Authors: Marra James L. , Edmonds Robert L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Teakettle Ecosystem Experiment in the southern Sierra Nevada is using thinning and prescribed fire to recreate historical stand conditions. As part of Teakettle we assessed pretreatment diversity and density of the soil arthropod community in 1998 and 2000. We determined the density and diversity of soil microarthropods among treatment plots, the influence of patch type (closed canopy, canopy gaps, Ceanothus sp., and coarse woody debris [CWD]), and established baseline pretreatment data. Mites were the dominant microinvertebrates (78%). Canopy gaps had the lowest mite density and diversity, and were more sensitive to year-to-year changes in climate (1998 was an extremely wet year for the region). Soil organic matter as represented by bulk density appeared to be most closely associated with changes in species composition among different patch types. There was substantial overlap, however, in community composition among the different patch types as represented by nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination. No significant differences were observed for mite species richness and density among plots assigned to future treatments. The gap data suggest that in the characteristically hot, dry summers of the southern Sierra Nevada the rate of recovery of vegetation following thinning and fire treatments may have a significant influence on the recovery rate of microarthropods, not only by providing sources of energy inputs in the form of dead organic matter, but also by moderating the microclimate of the forest floor. FOR. SCI. 51(3):255–265.
Plant Species Diversity in a Managed Forest Landscape Composed of Larix kaempferi Plantations and Abandoned Coppice Forests in Central Japan
Authors: Nagaike Takuo , Hayashi Atsuko , Kubo Masako , Abe Midori , Arai Nobumasa 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
To evaluate the role of each forest type and stand in an intensively managed forest landscape in terms of vascular plant species diversity, we studied a landscape composed mainly of Larix kaempferi plantations with different stand ages and secondary broad-leaved abandoned coppice forests in central Japan, which were both codominant in the study landscape. All species diversity indices were significantly higher in plantations than in secondary forests. In the detrended correspondence analysis diagram, the younger plantations were distributed far from the older plantations, and the older plantations were located close to broad-leaved secondary forests. The relative frequency of occurrence and number of weed species were both negatively correlated with stand age for plantations, while the number of species with bird-dispersed seeds was positively correlated. Therefore, these changes along the stand-age gradient for specific ecological attributes of species created the similarity in community composition found between older plantations and secondary forests. Because the relative frequency of occurrence and number of tall-tree species and the relative frequency of species with bird-dispersed seeds were significantly higher in secondary forests than in plantations, restoring these species in plantations would likely be a long process.
Total Factor Productivity Growth in the Sawmill and Wood Preservation Industry in the United States and Canada: A Comparative Study
Authors: Zhang Daowei , Nagubadi Rao V. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
By using the Törnqvist-Theil index approach, we analyze trends in total factor productivity (TFP) growth in the United States and Canadian sawmill and wood preservation industries (NAICS 3211) between 1958 and 2003. The results indicate that the TFP grew at an average annual compound rate of 1.11% due to higher growth in aggregate outputs by 1.42% and a smaller growth in aggregate inputs by 0.31% in the United States. In Canada, TFP grew at a smaller average annual compound rate of 0.61% as a result of growth in aggregate outputs and inputs by 3.57% and 2.94%, respectively. Although productivity growth for production worker input was similar in both countries, large gaps in productivity growth existed for nonproduction workers, material, capital, and energy inputs. The gap in TFP growth between the two countries appears to have widened since 1987, primarily due to the differences in capital stock growth. Volatility in lumber prices after 1991 might have also played a role, as the Canadian industry could not adequately respond to changing market situations in the face of uncertainty and trade barriers on softwood lumber exports to the United States.
Calibrating a Generalized Diameter Distribution Model with Mixed Effects
Authors: Fortin Mathieu , Ung Chhun-Huor , Archambault Louis , Bégin Jean 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This article proposes a mixed model approach as an alternative to the traditional parameter prediction method in diameter distribution modeling. Unthinned and thinned plots established in mixed stands were used for calibrating a generalized diameter distribution model. The model was based on a two-parameter Weibull cumulative density function (cdf). This cdf was linearized through a complementary log–log link function. Plot random effects were included to account for autocorrelation and the dependent variable, i.e., cumulative stem frequency, was assumed to follow a binomial distribution. With respect to the parameter prediction method, this mixed model approach may generate a consistent estimator with consistent and unbiased variance for the vector of parameters when the variance-covariance matrix of the error terms is properly parameterized. Moreover, the approach enables a better assessment of the different variance components. For the whole group of plots, it provides a predicted average diameter distribution. At the plot level, the random effects can be considered as a departure from this average distribution. As long as the diameter distributions of the individual plots do not exhibit major departures from unimodality, the method proposed in this study should be used to calibrate generalized diameter distribution models.
Comparison of Fuzzy and Statistical Approaches in Multicriteria Decisionmaking
Authors: Kangas Annika , Leskinen Pekka , Kangas Jyrki 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Criteria used to measure ecological or social sustainability of forestry often include qualitative ones. Fuzzy additive weighting has been proposed for using qualitative data in the form of linguistic variables. It is, however, possible to formulate a linguistic problem also using statistical distributions. We compared the fuzzy and statistical approach in a linear additive weighting problem on a woodlot owned by UPM-Kymmene. The results of fuzzy additive weighting showed high uncertainty concerning the decision compared to the statistical approach. In fuzzy analysis, the best option was unclear and the risk involved in the decision seemed high, while in statistical analysis the best option was clear and the risks involved seemed negligible. The uncertainty present in the fuzzy approach did not correspond to the 95% confidence intervals, but rather to the extreme values of statistical analysis. It can be concluded that the fuzzy approach represents ignorance in the true criterion values, while the statistical approach represents variability in them. It can also be concluded that the fuzzy approach represents decisionmaking under uncertainty, while the statistical approach represents decisionmaking under risk. If probability distributions for the uncertain data can be obtained, the statistical approach is more useful. Otherwise, the fuzzy approach should be used.
Evaluation of Fumigants, EPTC Herbicide, and Paenibacillus macerans in the Production of Loblolly Pine Seedlings
Authors: Cram Michelle M. , Enebak Scott A. , Fraedrich Stephen W. , Dwinell Lew D. , Zarnoch Stanley J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chloropicrin fumigation, Eptam 7-E (EPTC) herbicide, and Paenibacillus macerans seed treatments were evaluated as alternatives to fumigation with methyl bromide/chloropicrin for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedling production at three nurseries in the southern United States. A treatment of metam sodium/chloropicrin was also evaluated at one nursery. Seedling density was unaffected by fumigation and EPTC treatments at all nurseries. Seedling diameter and shoot weight were greater in some chloropicrin treatments during the first year at the southern Georgia nursery. The only measurable disease losses were caused by a nematode, Longidorus americanus, at the southern Georgia nursery. Soil-borne population densities of Pythium and Fusarium spp. did not significantly differ between methyl bromide and the other fumigant treatments at any nursery. Chloropicrin controlled nutsedge (Cyperus spp.) in the loamy sand soils at the southern Georgia nursery, but there were no differences between the control and the fumigant treatments at the Alabama nursery, and nutsedge was rarely found at the northern Georgia nursery. The herbicide EPTC had no effect on nutsedge when compared to the controls at all nurseries and the effects of the bacterial seed treatment were inconsistent among the nurseries. Chloropicrin and metam sodium/chloropicrin can be effective alternatives to methyl bromide for reducing soil-borne fungi and nematodes, but the effectiveness of chloropicrin for nutsedge control may be affected by soil type.
Estimating Air Temperature Profiles in Forest Canopy Using Empirical Models and Landsat Data
Authors: Yang Jiansheng , Wang Yeqiao , Miller David R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize and predict the air-temperature profiles in forest canopy using empirical models and Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) thermal infrared (TIR) data. For each hour of the day, empirical models were developed using the air temperatures measured in a mixed forest in Tolland, Connecticut during the summer of 2001. Air-temperature profiles measured on eight randomly selected days over the study period were used to evaluate the models' performance. The results show high agreement between model-predicted temperatures and field observations (R2=0.96 and RMSE=0.5°C). Forest canopy-surface temperature was estimated from Landsat ETM+ TIR data and then applied on the empirical model at 10:30 to predict air temperatures below the forest canopy. Compared with field-measured air temperatures on the same day, good agreement (R2=0.80 and RMSE=0.7°C) was obtained between predicted and observed air-temperature profile in this mixed forest. This study implies that Landsat TIR data combined with empirical models have the potential to characterize and further predict the air-temperature profile in forest canopies.
A Synthesis of the Ecology of Headwater Streams and their Riparian Zones in Temperate Forests
Authors: Richardson John S. , Danehy Robert J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Headwater streams and their riparian areas, i.e., headwater systems, differ from larger streams in a number of fundamental ways that shape their characteristic biological communities. We focus on three distinguishing characteristics of headwater systems in temperate, forested landscapes, particularly in the North American Pacific Northwest, in contrast to larger streams. Small channel size and closed canopy create a physical template of reduced light inputs, strong local microclimate gradients, higher input rates of organic matter, and low primary production. The predominance of organic matter inputs as the primary source of biologically available energy promotes detritus-based communities. Second, headwaters are either fishless or have smaller fish populations (numerically and/or size-wise), leading to reduced effects of fish predation and fewer, if any, piscivores along headwaters. A third difference is the dominant disturbance regime associated with loss of surface flow. Other disturbances include infrequent and large mass failures, e.g., channelized debris flows, but low flows are a characteristic of headwaters and not larger streams. There have been few designed comparisons of headwater systems with larger channels. Still, evidence indicates that headwaters form distinct systems contrasted with larger channels such that management should not treat them simply as big streams writ small.
Influence of Timber Harvesting on Headwater Peak Stream Temperatures in a Northern Idaho Watershed
Authors: Gravelle J.A. , Link T.E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Concerns regarding the impacts of contemporary timber harvest practices on stream water temperature emphasize the need for improved understanding of temperature patterns and changes related to disturbances in headwater catchments. A network of water temperature recorders was installed in the Mica Creek Experimental Watershed in northern Idaho to investigate the relationships among forest treatments, stream temperatures, and riparian cover. Sensors were placed in first-order, nonfish-bearing unimpacted reaches, nonfish-bearing harvested reaches, and downstream into second- and third-order fish-bearing reaches of the stream network. Treated watersheds consisted of 50% canopy removal by contemporary clearcut methods and selective cut practices. Riparian canopy cover in the first-order reaches was measured during the pretreatment and posttreatment periods with a spherical densiometer. Despite estimated increases of up to 3.6°C in the directly impacted nonfish-bearing reaches, there was no significant increase in water temperature maxima at the downstream fish-bearing sites. Results also demonstrate that water temperatures in headwater stream networks can be highly variable and that the potential shade value of understory vegetation in harvested areas should not be overlooked. Continued monitoring at these sites is planned to evaluate peak water temperature trends during canopy regrowth and hydrologic recovery.
Trade Liberalization and Land Use Changes: Explaining the Expansion of Afforested Land in Chile
Authors: Niklitschek Mario E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Trade policy reforms are expected to affect land use patterns in developing countries. Most of the research has focused on explaining deforestation or the economic and environmental consequences of plantation subsidies. This article examines the change in economic incentives resulting from trade reforms implemented in Chile since the mid-1970s for land conversion to forest plantations. The removal of the log export ban and the general import duties reduction affected forestry and land-competing agriculture both directly and indirectly through the depreciation of the real exchange rate. Counterfactual roundwood relative prices were obtained by estimating a generalized Leontief demand function for the domestic processing industry, and the “omega” coefficient used in the analysis of agricultural trade reforms. The effects on the economic incentives for land conversion were measured as the land rent changes under forestry and under competing agricultural use that resulted from counterfactual policy scenarios. The results show the critical role of trade liberalization policies in creating the necessary economic incentives for the private participation in the expansion of forest plantations in Chile. The direct effect from the removal of the log export ban was estimated to be larger than the indirect effect of the general import duty reductions.