bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Induced Epidemics of Heterodera glycines, Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora, and Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea in Single Inoculations or in Combinations on Soybean Yield and Other Agronomic Characters
Authors: Pacumbaba R. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effects of induced epidemics of Heterodera glycines (Hg), Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora (Dpc), and Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea (Psg) in single inoculations or in combinations on soybean yield and other agronomic characters were studied in the field for 3 planting dates from 1985–1987. Agronomic characters, such as size of nodules, number of pods, plant heights, yields, and disease ratings and infestations of soybean were noticeably influenced by the induced epidemics of the pathogens affecting soybeans. Similarly, the induced epidemics of these pathogens also produced either a negative or positive correlation coefficient of the various indicated agronomic characters. Synergistic‐yield loss interaction between Dpc + Psg was positive. However, the synergistic‐yield loss interactions between Dpc + Hg, Hg + Psg, and Dpc + Hg + Psg were negative. Based on the symptomatology of the diseases, there were no synergisms noted on soybean.
Untersuchungen zum Einfluß von Konkurrenz auf die Bestandesentwicklung von Sommerraps bei unterschiedlicher Gunst der Umweltbedingungen
Authors: Geisler G. , Shrief S. A. , Ibrahim A. F. , Shabana R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Investigations on the effect of competition with regard to the stand development of spring oilseed rape as dependent on environmental conditions Field experiments were conducted to investigate the frequency distribution in spring oilseed rape as dependent on environmental growing conditions and plant density. As measures for frequency distribution skewness and kurtosis were estimated. The plant character determined was single plant dry matter. To understand the changes in the stand structure, samples were taken at the following developmental stages: rosette, begin of flowering, end of flowering and ripeness (harvest). Plant densities ranged from 60 plants/m2, 90 plants/m2 till 120 plants/m2The results show that under unfavourable growing conditions, generally speaking, the values of (positive) skewness and kurtosis increase with the development of the plants; under favourable growing conditions, however, the values of skewness and kurtosis decrease from rosette till harvest.Under unfavourable growing conditions as well as favourable ones, the values of skewness and kurtosis increase with strengthening of plant competition as consequence of increasing plant density. However, the trend during development and the height of the values as well as the quantitative relationships are strongly controlled by the general growing conditions. Frequency distribution, therefore, is not only a result of plant competition but also of differences in resources due to the general conditions of the location.
Maintenance of Vigour and Viability of Stored Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Seeds
Authors: Ramamoorthy K. , Kalavathi D. , Paramasivam M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTo determine the most efficacious midstorage hydration‐dehydration treatment for preservation of vigour and viability of stored pea seeds (Pisum sativum L.), cultivar Bonneville, three methods viz., soaking‐drying, moisture equilibration‐drying and moist sand conditioning‐drying each at varying durations were evaluated. Irrespective of the durations of treatment, soaking‐drying proved injurious. Though all durations of moisture equilibration excepting and 120 h outperformed the control, yet 48 h proved to be the best. Preconditioning with moist sand (5 % moisture content) with seed at a ratio of 1: 2.5 for different durations revealed 48 h to be the optimum, 72–96 h to be innocuous and thereafter injurious. Maintenance of membrane integrity and counteraction of lipid peroxidation may be the possible reasons for such beneficial effects.
Effect of Antitranspirants on Leaf Temperature Transpiration Rate and Diffusive Resistance in Brinjal Plants
Authors: Prakash M. , Ramachandran K. , Nagarajan M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBrinjal plants (Solanum melongena L.) grown under moisture stress conditions in glasshouse were treated with three chemicals namely, cycocel, limewash, and potassium chloride to study their effect on leaf temperature, transpiration rate and diffusive resistance. Moisture stress imposed at three stages increased leaf temperature and diffusive resistance but decreased transpiration rate. Application of antitranspirants decreased leaf temperature and transpiration but increased diffusive resistance.
Evaluation of Certain Sugarcane Varieties for Ethanol Production
Authors: Rakkiyappan P. , Pandiyan R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractField experiment was conducted to study the ethanol yielding ability of twenty‐three sugarcane varieties during 1987–88 at Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, India. Among the varieties studied, Co 8145 yielded the highest quantity of ethanol (13,619 1/ha) and Co 1305 yielded the lowest (5,579 1/ha). Apart from Co 8145, varieties CoSi 86071, Co 6304, Co 975 and Co 7219 were also found promising which yielded alcohol above 12,000 1/ha. Total sugars had a positive association (r = 0.974**) with fermentable sugars in juice. Ethanol yield per unit volume of juice (actual yield) had a significant positive association with total sugars (r = 0.818**) and fermentable sugars (0.942**) in cane juice. Cane yield had a direct bearing on ethanol yield as evidenced from the highly significant positive correlation between them (r = 0.890**). Hence a variety meant for ethanol production should contain high total and fermentable sugars in juice coupled with high cane yield and juice extraction per cent. These high yielding ethanol varieties viz., Co 8145, Cosi 86071, Co 6304, Co 975 and Co 7219 may be exploited for commercial production of ethanol directly from juice and used as parents for evolving cane varieties meant for ethanol production.
Behaviour of Polyphenol Oxidase, IAA Oxidase and Catalase in Germinating Rice in Relation to Salt Tolerance
Authors: Mittal Renu , Dubey R. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractActivities of the enzymes polyphenol oxidase, indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) oxidase and catalase were compared from endosperms and embryoaxes of germinating rice (Oryza sativa) seeds of two sets of cultivars differing in salt tolerance, raised under increasing levels of NaCl salinity. Salt sensitive cvs. Ratna and Jaya were characterized by higher polyphenol oxidase activity in embryoaxes under salinisation as compared to salt tolerant cvs. CSR‐1 and CSR‐3. In endosperms of salt sensitive cultivars the enzyme activity decreased under salinisation whereas in tolerants it increased due to salinity. In vitro studies using desalted enzyme extracts showed a continuous increase in polyphenol oxidase activity with increasing concentration of NaCl (0–1000 mM) in the reaction medium. IAA oxidase activity increased due to salinity in embryoaxes of both sets of cultivars, the effect was greater in sensitive cultivars than tolerants. NaCl when incorporated in the reaction medium caused decrease in IAA oxidase activity. Activity of catalase decreased with increase in salinity with greater decrease in sensitive cultivars than tolerants. Results suggest possible different behaviours of oxidative enzymes in germinating seeds of rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance and that salt tolerance ability is associated with lower polyphenol oxidase and IAA oxidase activities and higher catalase activity in embryoaxes under salinisation.
Influence of NaCl Salinity on Behaviours of Nitrate Reductase and Nitrite Reductase in Rice Seedlings Differing in Salt Tolerance
Authors: Katiyar Sadhana , Dubey R. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractActivities of enzymes nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) were determined in rice seedlings differing in salt tolerance raised under increasing levels of NaCl salinity. Salinity caused marked increase in in vivo NR activity in roots and shoots of salt tolerant cvs. CSR‐1 and CSR‐3 whereas in salt sensitive cvs. Ratna and Jaya a marked inhibition in in vivo NR activity was observed under salimzation. Under both controls as well as salt treatments in all cultivars roots always maintained higher level of in vivo NR activity than shoots. In vitro NR activity increased in both roots and shoots of all cultivars during early days of growth with maximum at 10–15 days and decreased thereafter. In salt tolerant cultivars salinity caused an increase in in vitro NR activity in shoots but not in roots whereas in salt sensitives activity of the enzyme was always more in salt stressed seedlings compared to controls. Salinity increased NiR activity in seedlings of sensitive cultivars whereas in tolerants suppression in root NiR activity was observed due to salinity. Like NR the activity of NiR was also higher in roots than shoots. 1 M NaCl in the enzyme assay medium suppressed in vivo NR activity in roots of 15 days old nonsalinized seedlings with more suppression in sensitive cultivars than tolerants. Results suggest possible different behaviours of nitrogen assimilatory enzymes in rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance and that salt tolerance ability is associated with high in vivo NR activity in seedlings and its further activation under salinization.
The Influence of Different Nitrogen Levels and Seeding Rates on the Dry Matter Production and Nitrogen Uptake of Spelt (Triticum spelta L.) and Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Field Conditions
Authors: Rüegger A. , Winzeler M. , Winzeler H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDry matter production of two different spelt (Oberkulmer, Hercule) and wheat varieties (Arina, Iena) were investigated at two different seeding rates (S1 = 200 grains/m2; S2 = 400 grains/m2) and two nitrogen levels (N1 = 80 kg N/ha; N2 = 110 kg N/ha). The plot experiments were carried out at two contrasting locations (Muri: altitude 459 m asl); Oberwallestalden: altitude 1011 m asl) over three years (1988–1990). In addition nitrogen uptake and the photosynthetic rate of flag leaves was measured. Neither growth regulators nor fungicides were applied.The average grain yield of spelt was 25 % lower than that of wheat (32 % at Muri, 18 % at Oberwallestalden). At the reduced seeding rate (S1) grain weight and grain number per ear was increased by 33 % and 31 %, respectively as compared to the normal seeding rate (S2). The increase of the grain weight and the grain number per ear was larger for the two varieties of spelt (47 % and 42 %, respectively) than for the wheat varieties (23 % and 22 %, respectively).The photosynthetic rate of the flag leaf of spelt and wheat was not significantly different, at the two growth stages measured (anthesis, anthesis + 23 days).Nitrogen yield in the above ground biomass (g N/m2) was not significantly different between spelt and wheat, neither at the beginning of stem elongation, nor at anthesis. At anthesis the nitrogen yield at the reduced nitrogen level (N1) was 16 % and 13 % lower than at the higher level (N2) for spelt and wheat respectively. A higher nitrogen efficiency of spelt under low input conditions was not apparent.Therefore it was concluded that under low input conditions, spelt is not more efficient in dry matter production than wheat. By comparing the “husked” yield of spelt (grains + glumes; representing the trade form) with the grain yield of wheat, spelt is higher yielding than wheat but only at marginal areas of cereal production.
Level and Nature of the Resistance to the Cereal Aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.), in Thirteen Winter Wheat Cultivars
Authors: Havličková Helena 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThirteen winter wheat cultivars were tested under field and greenhouse conditions for resistance to the cereal aphid, Sitobion avenae (F.). Marked differences were recorded between cultivars in nonpreference (anti‐xenosis), antibiosis and tolerance to aphids. Nonpreference was significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with antibiosis measured in terms of the biomass of aphids on naturally and nonsignificantly (P > 0.1) on artificially infested ears (criterion for cultivar antibiosis). Over all the cultivars, there was no correlation between nonpreference and tolerance and between antibiosis and tolerance to aphids.Five cultivars expressed high level of resistance to S. avenae. The high resistance of three cultivars was due to high nonpreference and antibiosis, and only in two cultivars all three mechanisms contributed to resistance.
Non‐Destructive Estimation of Leaf Area in Cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagktifolium [L.] Schott)
Authors: Agueguia A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLeaf area of cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) can be estimated quickly and accurately using the mathematical relationship between linear measurements of leaves which relate leaf area (Y) to the product of length (L) and breadth (B).The most accurate relationship is Y = K (LB) with K = 0.923 + 0.004.
Productivity of Barley Infested with Russian Wheat Aphid [Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov)]
Authors: Robinson J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractResistance to Russian wheat aphid, [Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov)], was studied in barley, (Hordeum vulgare L.), based on maintenance of plant height, spike number, straw weight, grain yield and kernel weight. The experiments comprised small plots artificially infested with the aphid, plots naturally infested, and plots regularly sprayed with insecticide. Seven symptomatically resistant and five symptomatically susceptible barleys were compared. Mature plant height of the resistant barleys, compared with the susceptible barleys, was better maintained in the artificially infested plots. Spike number, straw weight, grain weight and kernel weight were also better maintained in the resistant accessions than in the susceptible ones. Gloria/Come, symptomatically resistant, did not perform well over the parameters measured. The susceptible varieties Esperanza and Shyri were severely affected by the aphid in terms of the measured traits. Grain yield of infested plots as a percentage of control plots ranged between 50 and 77 %; spike number between 66 and 96 %; straw weight betwen 62 and 78 %, and kernel weight between 70 and 84 %. Genotypes Barberousse/ Rumorosa//Gloria/Come and Barberousse/3/ASE/2CM//B76BB/4/Gloria/Come were the most resistant accessions. Selection of barley genotypes based on visual assessment of symptoms in artificially infested hill plots facilitates selection of genotypes that maintain their yield in artificially infested plots sown at commercial rates. These D. noxia resistant barleys are widely adapted and of good agronomic type, and will be useful to barley growers where the aphid is a pest.
Direct and Residual Effect of Different Organic Fertilizers on Potato and Cereals
Authors: Kanal A. , Kuldkepp P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractField experiment with 8 different organic fertilizers (cattle dung with and without litter, pig slurry, peat compost formed from hen and pig slurry, sawdust‐duck manure, noncomposted peat and straw litter with pig slurry) was carried out on loamy brown podzoluvisol since 1985.The organic fertilizers were applied in the spring of 1985 on two backgrounds: with and without mineral fertilizers. The material is based on the data of four years (1985–1988). The arrangement of crops was the following: potato, spring wheat, barley and early barley.On both backgrounds cattle dung with litter turned out to be the best organic fertilizer, while noncomposted peat manure had a low direct and residual effect. However, before the application it must be composted with pig or hen slurry. The effect of peat composts was dependent on the background of mineral fertilizers. Pig slurry had a low residual effect and acted only as a liquid nitrogen fertilizer. The joint application of straw and pig slurry can be a suitable opportunity for diminishing their undesirable effects.
Stress Studies in Lentil (Lens esculenta Moench)
Authors: Singh B. B. , Tewari T. N. , Singh A. K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA pot experiment was conducted to see the effect of varying levels of soil sodicity on leaf growth, nitrate reductase activity, nodule development and nitrogenase activity in two lentil (Lens esculenta Moench) genotypes. It was observed that in both the genotypes increasing level of soil sodicity decreased the plant height, leaf area, leaf dry weight, total biomass production and finally the grain yield. Nitrate reductase activity in leaf tissues and concentration of total nitrogen in different plant organs showed significant reduction with increase in soil sodicity. Increasing soil sodicity (15 and 20 ESP) was not only deleterious to nodulation and nitrogenase activity but also caused complete failure of nodulation process at 25 ESP of soil. Reduction in aforesaid characters due to increasing soil sodicity was less in variety PL‐406 than that of local indicating thereby the relative tolerance of PL‐406 to sodicity.Prolonged and higher activities of nitrate reductase and nitrogenase at higher sodicity level in PL‐406 might be the reasons for superiority of this variety. Significant and positive correlations were also observed between leaf characters and nitrogenase activity.
The Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization on the Phosphorus Absorption by Sunflowers
Authors: Loubser H. L. , Human J. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLittle is known about the effect of fertilization on the P uptake of sunflowers. A 42 factorial trial with 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha−1 and 0, 15, 30, and 45 kg P ha−1 was conducted over three years. The P content and concentration of leaves, stems and capitula were determined at three growth stages. High N levels increased the P content and concentration of all plant components in early growth stages only. High P levels increased the P content and concentration of all plant components sharply almost throughout. Plants seem to recover some lost growth towards the end of the season so that at physiological maturity there are no significant differences in P content among N levels. The translocation of P from the stems is very effective but P can accumulate in the leaves if a luxury quantity of P is present in the plants. In terms of seed yield a significant N × P interaction was found, indicating a sharp response to both N and P only in the presence of a sufficient quantity of the other element. The response of seed yield was in agreement with the P absorption by the plants.
Changes of Surface Potential and Phospholipid Composition of Winter Wheat Callus Cells Grown at 5 and 25 °C
Authors: Filek M. , Pazurkiewicz‐Kocot K. , Dubert F. , Marcińska I. , Biesaga‐Koscielniak J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe surface potantial (Es), lipids content and the contents of main phospholipid fractions, i.e. PC, PE and PI, in callus from the mesocotyl part of mature embryo of winter wheat var. Grana have been estimated. Callus was obtained by the endosperm supported induction. Measurements were repeated during callus vegetation at 25 °C for 35 days or at 5 °C for over 50 days.The transfer of callus to cold caused a temperature stress and as result Es decreased almost twice. However, during further growth of callus at low temperature a nearly linear increase of the potential took place. During this time small green areas with densely packed cells appeared. The surface potential of the centres was different from that measured in the non‐differentiated part of callus. Moreover, this potential was entirely independent of the temperature and time of callus growth. Some evidences indicating that the differences in the surface potential of callus cells precede the appearance of visible differentiating structures were also obtained.At 5 °C the content of main phospholipid fractions initially grew and then their quantities distinctly diminished. During callus growth at 25 °C remarkable differences in the concentrations of PC and PE were observed and only PI contents systematically lowered. A significant negative correlation between PI concentration and surface potential (independent of temperature of growth) was obtained.As the differentiation process in callus progressed, the percentage content of PE fraction was increased.
Limits to Retention of Fertilized Flowers in Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: Stoddard F. L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFactors affecting the retention of faba bean flowers and their development into pods werde investigated. Racemes were scored for the date of anthesis of the first flower, and at maturity, the number of pods that developed. These data were correlated with meteorological data. The primary determinant of whether a flower would be retained was the weather during the 4 days from anthesis: incident light and rainfall accounted for over 55 % of the variation in the retention of flowers within a genotype. The results help to validate the model that the availability of assimilate at the time of pod setting is critical for the development of adequate yield. In some environments, such as the winter‐rainy Mediterranean climate, available light at flowering may be a major yield‐limiting factor.Zusammenfassung Begrenzende Faktoren für den Ansatz befruchteter Blüten bei Fababohnen (Vicia faba L.) Es wurden Faktoren untersucht, von denen der Ansatz der Fababohnenblüten und ihre Entwicklung in Hülsen abhängig ist. Die Blütenstände wurden hinsichtlich des Termins des Blühbeginns der ersten Blüte, der Reife und der Anzahl der enrwickelten Hülsen bestimmt. Diese Angaben wurden mit meteorologischen Daten korreliert. Die erste Bestimmungsmöglichkeit hinsichtlich des Ansatzes einer Blüte ergab sich aus den Witterungsbedingungen während der ersten vier Tage nach Blühbeginn: Lichteinfall und Niederschlag kontrollierten mit mehr als 55 % die Variation des Ansatzes von Blüten für den jeweiligen Genotyp. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen Modellvorstellungen, daß die Verfügbarkeit von Assimilaten zum Zeitpunkt des Hülsenansatzes für die Entwicklung eines angemessenen Ertrages kritisch ist. In einigen Umwelten, so z. B. der Winterniederschlag mediterranen Klimas, weist auf die Bedeutung des verfügbaren Lichtes während der Blüte als ein Hauptfaktor hin, der hinsichtlich der Ertragsbegrenzung wirksam wird.
Effect of Shading on the Growth and Yield of Mungbean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek)
Authors: Islam M. T. , Kubota F. , Mollah F. H. , Agata W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMungbean grown as intercrop suffers shading stress form companion crop at different growth stages. Grain filling stage, which appears to be very much sensitive to light conditions, needs special attention to deal with, in order to maximize the benefit from intercropping systems. Growth and yield response of mungbean to different shading conditions imposed at the onset of pod formation stage was evaluated. Shading nets were used to cut down the incident photosynthetic active rediation by 15 %, 45 % and 75 %. There was almost no difference between the control and 15 % shaded plants for all the parameters studied. Total dry weight was found to decrease with increase in shading intensity and this phenomenon continued till the maturity of the crop. The crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate decreased due to shading. Lower specific leaf weight and higher chlorophyll content were due to increased shading. Decreased photosynthetic active radiation caused significant reduction in pods per plant and thus there was a significant decrease in seed yield per plant. In order to avoid yield loss due to shading at grain filling stage, agronomic manipulation and selection of suitable genotypes are necessary.