bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ammoniacal liquor as a fertiliser—Effect of various constituents on the activity of microbiological flora
Authors: Marsden Arthur , Stansfield I. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn apparatus has been devised, based on the work of Audus, for circulating under controlled conditions various types of liquor and solutions of ammonium salts of equivalent strength over duplicate samples of various soils. At regular intervals analyses were made to determine the progress of the nitrification and also the concentration of thiocyanate and phenols. Work over a period of several years showed that in the case of the soils examined nitrification proceeded satisfactorily and that within about a quarter of the time required for nitrification the thiocyanate and phenols had disappeared.This is in keeping with the results of plot trials and leads to the general conclusion that, when clean ammoniacal liquor is used as a fertiliser applied directly to the ground, there is no build‐up of toxic substances in the soil, from the point of view of nitrification.
Pectin changes in cider fermentations
Authors: Pollard A. , Kieser Margaret E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPectin is not normally present in fermented ciders. The degradation of the pectin in the juice during fermentation has been found to be due to the action of a polygalacturonase of microbiological origin acting in conjunction with pectin methylesterase derived from the fruit. The properties of a polygalacturonase produced by a yeast isolated from cider are described. The enzyme produces from partially de‐esterfied pectins a range of lower galacturonides : in the absence of pectin methylesterase, as in heat‐treated juices, high‐ester pectins remain undegraded. The factors influencing the course of pectin degradation in cider fermentations are discussed.
Changes in the lipids of cod during storage in ice
Authors: Lovern J. A. , Olley June , Watson Helen A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCod were stored in crushed ice and the composition of the flesh lipids determined at intervals over a total period of about 8 weeks. The outstanding changes are hydrolysis of phospholipids with concomitant production of free fatty acids, and progressive esterification of free “cholesterol”. The former takes place without accumulation of such intermediates as lysophosphatides, phosphatidic acids or diglycerides, but there is evidence of some intermediate between free and esterified sterol. Lecithin and phosphatidyl ethanol‐amine are hydrolysed at the same rate. Initial rates of change are relatively low, becoming markedly greater after about 2 weeks, but virtually ceasing rather abruptly before complete conversion has occurred. After about 5 weeks, when some 70% of the phospholipids has been hydrolysed, there is no further breakdown, while the chemical composition of the phospholipids does not alter significantly at any time. The sterol transformations, as observed, are virtually over after 6 weeks, with 85% of the sterol in the esterified form, but it is uncertain whether the final sterol is cholesterol. The only definite destruction of lipid which occurred was of free fatty acids, in one experiment, after about 5 weeks. The possible contributions of non‐enzymic, autolytic and bacterial agencies to the over‐all effects have been briefly considered.
Inhibition of oxidation of ascorbic acid by EDTA
Authors: Rao M. V. L. , Sastry L. V. L. , Srinivasan M. , Subrahmanyan V. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAddition of small amounts of EDTA to acidified solutions of ascorbic acid, completely protects the vitamin against copper‐catalysed aerobic oxidation for over 6 days at room temperature. In the absence of acid, excess EDTA acts as a pro‐oxidant for the vitamin. Under optimal conditions solutions of ascorbic acid containing EDTA could be heated on the water‐bath to complete evaporation without any loss of the vitamin.
Fumigation of lucerne seed with methyl bromide for the control of the stem eelworm Ditylenchus (anguillulina) dipsaci
Authors: Page A. B. P. , Hague N. G. M. , Jakabsons V. , Goldsmith R. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLaboratory experiments show that effective control of stem eelworms, removed from plant debris, can be obtained by fumigation under conditions which do not reduce either the germination of seed or the yield of lucerne grown from seed similarly fumigated.A practical fumigation of six tons of seed under a gas‐proof sheet is described.
The presumptive detection of some antibiotics in foods, using a simple microbiological test
Authors: van der Mijll Dekker L. P. , Mossel D. A. A. , de Bruin A. S. , Manten A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple and sufficiently sensitive test for the presumptive detection of antibiotics in foods has been developed, based on the principle that the food under investigation is mixed with double‐strength agar containing triphenyltetrazolium chloride as an indicator of bacterial growth. The agar dispersion so obtained is streak‐inoculated with suitable test strains and incubated, using as a blank a mixture of agar and an identical food sample known to be free from added antibiotics.For the presumptive detection of antibiotics Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus cremoris are used as test organisms. For use in the confirmative and completed tests the usual selection of test bacteria and strains, which have been rendered resistant to a certain antibiotic, may be used.
The rate of diffusion of oxygen through grain
Authors: Bailey S. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rates of diffusion of oxygen through bulk wheat, maize, barley and oats have been determined. In wheat the mean rate at 23d̀ is 0.067 mg./sec. and a temperature dependence has been demonstrated. In maize, barley and oats the mean rates at room temperatures are 0.0558, 0.0642 and 0.0721 respectively. The volumes of the intergranular air space of the four grains have been determined.
Proximate analysis of wheat flour carbohydrates. IV.—Analysis of wholemeal flour and some of its fractions
Authors: Fraser J. R. , Holmes D. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWholemeal flour and sieved fractions have been examined by methods previously described for the determination of starch, hemicelluloses (including pentosans), sugars and cellulose in wheat flour. With few minor modifications, they are shown to be applicable also to samples of commercial bran, endosperm and germ.
Some effects of acidification of alkaline and calcareous soils. II.—Effect on composition of soil solution under field conditions
Authors: Tobia S. K. , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPlots of a soil previously treated with different proportions of calcium carbonate were acidified by additions of aluminium sulphate, ferrous sulphate or sulphuric acid and analyses of alcohol‐displaced soil solutions were made at intervals. Of the three acidifying agents used, aluminium had by far the most extensive and persistent effects on the composition of the soil solutions.Used in proportions which lowered the pH of the soil solution to approximately 6.0, aluminium sulphate diminished the amount of phosphate in the soil solution. Larger applications which brought the pH of the soil solution below 4.6 increased the phosphate concentration until at pH 3.8 it was 50‐fold that of the original soil. Simultaneously, the amount of calcium in the soil solution was reduced and that of magnesium markedly increased, the Ca/Mg ratio falling below unity after the larger applications of aluminium sulphate.Ferrous sulphate caused a temporary fall in pH, increased the magnesium and decreased the phosphate with little effect on the calcium content of the soil solution. Sulphuric acid had only a small and temporary effect on pH, increased the calcium and reduced the phosphate content of the soil solution to some extent.Aluminium sulphate brought considerable amounts of manganese but much less iron into solution. Ferrous sulphate had little effect on the manganese or aluminium levels and sulphuric acid had no appreciable action on the solubility of either of the three bases.
Studies of spray deposits. IV.—Polyvinyl acetate as a sticker for copper fungicides
Authors: Somers E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of polyvinyl acetate (PVA) latex on the tenacity of cuprous oxide and Burgundy mixture on the upper surface of daffodil, potato and tomato leaves has been determined in laboratory tests. PVA improved the tenacity of the fungicides on the leaf surfaces : the optimum concentration of the supplement was 1% (v/v). PVA was also found to improve the dispersion of the cuprous oxide suspension. There was no evidence that PVA reduced the fungitoxicity of cuprous oxide when assayed in vitro against Alternaria tenuis.In field trials on potato foliage, although PVA improved the tenacity of the fungicide deposits, the effect was not sufficiently marked to recommend PVA as a practical spray supplement, and its use did not significantly improve the protection of the foliage against potato blight.
Pre‐emergent herbicidal activity of some substituted amides and related compounds
Authors: Pizey J. S. , Wain R. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA number of series of related aliphatic and aromatic amides have been examined as pre‐emergent herbicides in both laboratory and greenhouse tests using wheat, cabbage and rye‐grass as test plants.Some of these compounds were found to show specific activities at low dosage rates. Rates of hydrolysis of certain of the compounds were determined and the activity of the parent acids in standard tests for plant growth regulating activity was assessed. No general relationship could be drawn between pre‐emergent herbicidal activity and chemical structure although the importance of ortho substitution in the benzamide and phenylacetamide series was established.In some cases selectivity was found to be greatly affected by slight structural modifications. o‐Chlorophenylacetamide, for example, was markedly effective against cabbage at 10 lb./acre but not against wheat, whereas the opposite type of selectivity was shown by its NN‐dimethyl‐analogue. These two compounds and o‐chlorobenzamide and o‐toluamide were further examined elsewhere using a wider range of crop plants and weeds and useful selective herbicidal properties were found. It is suggested that some of the compounds might well be examined further under field conditions.
Effect of rate of application of superphosphate on growth and yield of potatoes
Authors: Simpson K. , Verma R. D. , Dainty J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of various rates of application of superphosphate between 0 and 4 cwt. P2O5 per acre on the yield and growth of potatoes was studied in a very wet season (1954) and a dry one (1955). Although shoot yield was stimulated by dressings up to 2 cwt. of P2O5 per acre on the ‘low P’ soils, root and tuber dry matter were not further increased by dressings above 0.66 cwt. of P2O5 per acre. on ‘high P’ soils superphosphate applications had little effect on shoot yield but delayed tuber development and depressed the final yield of tuber dry matter.There was a positive correlation between P uptake and yield of tuber dry matter on the low‐P soils and a negative one on high‐P soils. It is suggested uptake of P2O5 per acre at the 12‐week stage for optimum tuber production was 30‐35 lb. per acre and that phosphorus toxicity occurs at higher levels of uptake.
Mycological formation of fat. VII.—Formation of fat from molasses by Aspergillus nidulans and by Penicillium Soppii in surface culture and in shaken culture
Authors: Gad A. M. , Murray Sheilah , Walker T. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperiments have been made with cane molasses and with beet molasses as substrates for the cultivation of the fat‐producing moulds Aspergillus nidulans and Penicillium soppii. Satisfactory yields of fat up to 16 g./l. on a cane molasses medium supplemented with salts and up to 11.8 g./l. on an unsupplemented beet molasses medium were obtained with A. nidulans in static culture, but in shaken cultures prepared with molasses media this mould produced little fat in static and in shaken cultures prepared with sucrose‐salts media P. soppii produced 21.6 g. of fat/l. and 8.1 g. of fat/l. respectively. in static cultures on supplemented and unsupplemented cane‐molasses media P. soppii produced about 18 g. of fat/l., while in static cultures on beet molasses media, whether fortified by salts or not, the yield was 22 g./l. When P. soppii was grown in beet molasses media with agitation the highest yield of fat was 6.2 g./l.
Studies on egg shells. XII.—Some changes in the shell during incubation
Authors: Tyler C. , Simkiss K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe changes taking place in egg shells during the course of incubation have been studied, using histochemical tests and plastic embedding techniques. It has been confirmed that the membrane comes off all the shell, apart from that over the air space, by about the 15th or 16th day. the membrane does not come away cleanly from the shell but carries with it the ends of the mammillary knobs, including the mammillary cores. At the end of incubation there is still a great deal of calcium carbonate present on the membrane. These results are discussed in relation to those of previous workers on the subject.
Kinetics of phosphate‐buffered, Ribose‐amino reactions at 40° and 70% relative humidity: Systems related to the ‘Browning’of dehydrated and salt cod
Authors: Jones N. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe development of brown pigmentation, the disappearance of reactants and changes in the fluorescence of reaction mixtures of ribose with individual compounds present in cod muscle extractives have been measured. These data are discussed, together with chromatographic evidence, in relation to general ‘browning’theory. By reference to the known composition of the extractives of fresh and of chill‐stored muscle, the relative importance of the different nitrogenous compounds in the early stages of the ‘browning’of dehydrated and of salt cod is postulated.
Nutrition problems in forest nurseries
Authors: Benzian B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInvestigations commenced in 1945 by Crowther, in co‐operation with members of the Research Branch of the Forestry Commission, to analyse problems of soil fertility and plant nutrition in forest nurseries, are described. the investigations still continue.Results from many small‐plot experiments in several nurseries and seasons, with Sitka spruce as the main test crop, have shown that it is safe to use commercial fertilisers (such as ‘Nitro‐Chalk’, ammonium sulphate, superphosphate and potassium chloride) in seedbeds and transplant beds.In short‐term experiments, which tested a range of composts and uncomposted organic manures with and without additional fertiliser, the effects were related to the major plant nutrients present. Interim results for two long‐term rotation experiments, in which continuous conifer cropping was compared with conifer cropping interrupted by fallow or green crops, have up to now shown no benefit from the green crops. In the same experiments, averaging results of eight seasons, seedlings grown with fertiliser were slightly taller than those grown with compost.A symptom of needle tip‐burn, which occurs every season in a heathland nursery on a highly leached acid sandy soil, has been recognised as being due to copper deficiency and has been cured by a foliar application of Bordeaux mixture.In some older nurseries, often with soil of neutral or near neutral reaction, Sitka spruce and some other conifers remain stunted even with ample manuring. Although the cause of the failure is not yet understood, it has been possible to obtain good growth after soil acidification, and after application of steam, formalin and chloropicrin.
Differential media for sulphur bacteria
Authors: Postgate J. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSulphur bacteria in general are readily obtained as a crude ‘sulphuretum’ in Winogradsky's columns which consist of a slurry of powdered cellulose and gypsum beneath a mineral salt solution. Sulphate‐reducing bacteria are best detected in fluid media incubated anaerobically, containing lactate, sulphate, mineral salts and ferrous ammonium sulphate. Blackening due to FeS indicates sulphate reduction. A nutrient agar containing sodium sulphite and iron citrate has been used for Clostridium nigrificans. These media do not have appropriate Eh values for optimum growth of the organisms and only detect them if large numbers are present. Quantitative procedures are only available for Desulphovibrio desulphuricans. Sulphur‐oxidising bacteria are best detected by the pH changes they induce in media of mineral salts and either elemental sulphur or sodium thiosulphate. Anaerobic sulphide‐oxidising bacteria are best obtained in illuminated media of mineral salts and H2S, incubated anaerobically. the initial pH value and sulphide concentration determine the type obtained. Aerobic sulphide‐oxidising bacteria are sometimes found in Winogradsky's columns, but effective differential media are not available.
Inactivity of the carotene‐oxidising system in iris leaf
Authors: Booth V. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen green leaves were severely damaged by grinding to pulp, a quarter of the carotene was lost by enzymic activity in about 13 min. at room temperature. The enzyme was found in 20 species of leaves; also in pods, green fruits, stems and other chlorophyll‐containing parts of plants. (Some of the species treated have nutritional value.) The enzyme was not found in most of the chlorophyll‐free materials that were tested.Carotene was stable in macerated leaf of iris. The iris was the only exception found to the rule that chlorophyll in higher plants is accompanied by the carotene‐destroying enzymic system. Other respects in which iris differed from other species are discussed.
Rǒle of polysaccharides in soil aggregation
Authors: Mehta N. C. , Streuli H. , Müller M. , Deuel H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNatural aggregates of a Swiss Braunerde and synthetic soil aggregates produced with several polysaccharides were subjected to various chemical treatments designed to destroy polysaccharides or other soil constituents. The water stability of the aggregates was determined before and after the treatment to evaluate the rǒle of the constituent destroyed.The properties of the agent responsible for the aggregation of soil are discussed. The contrasting behaviour of natural and synthetic aggregates provides evidence against polysaccharides being the agents responsible for the natural aggregation and it appears that more than one agent may be involved in this.
The amino‐acid composition of processed bones and meat
Authors: Eastoe J. E. , Long Joan E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractQuantitative amino‐acid analyses were made by ion‐exchange chromatography on two samples of commercial feeding meals containing high contents of meat and bone, respectively, after processing in an Iwel cooker and acid hydrolysis. The processed bones had an amino‐acid composition close to that of collagen with slightly larger amounts of most essential amino‐acids. The meat material contained significantly higher amounts of essential amino‐acids than the processed bones and had an overall composition intermediate between whole muscle protein and collagen.The hydroxyproline contents, supported by values for other amino‐acids, indicated that the protein from processed bones contained about 83%, and the meat protein some 58%, of collagen, and that in commercial meat and meat‐and‐bone meals 50 to 65% of the total protein was collagen. Since collagen is deficient in several essential amino‐acids, its presence in large amounts may be expected significantly to reduce the nutritional value of the total protein of feeding meal. It is suggested that the determination of hydroxyproline could form the basis of a simple method for the assessment of protein quality in meat and bone meals.
Effect of some mono‐haloacetates on the biosynthesis of fat and of citric acid in submerged cultures of penicillium spinulosum
Authors: Shimi Ibrahim R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study is made of the formation of fat and of citric acid by preformed pellets of P. spinulosum suspended in either sucrose or citric acid solutions supplemented with monoiodo‐, monobromo‐ or monochloro‐acetates. The weights of felts, their fat contents and the concentrations of citric acid and of sucrose were all determined.
The pC value of soils and its effect on the tomato crop
Authors: Butters R. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe percentage of blotchy ripening of tomato fruit decreases as the soil pC value becomes lower, but total yield and size are reduced at pC values below 3.0 (measured on the 1: 2 1/2 extract).Gypsum showed only very slight, if any, effect on plants from applications sufficient to saturate the 1: 2 1/2 extract. The conductivity of the soil solution and of the saturation extract (which closely resembles it) gave good correlation with the fresh weight of the plants, regardless of the gypsum content of the soil. There was, however, no correlation between the 1: 2 1/2 extract values and plant weight, because of the soils with a high gypsum content.It is suggested that there should be a change to the use of an extract more closely resembling the soil solution and that the direct conductivity value should be used in place of the pC figure.
On the antioxidant activities of the tocopherols II.—Influence of substrate, temperature and level of oxidation
Authors: Lea C. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe antioxidant activities of the tocopherols have been compared at 60° and at 37° in distilled methyl esters of cottonseed, linseed and cod liver oil fatty acids containing small additions of oxidised ester as “starter”.In the linoleate (cottonseed) system the γ‐ and δ‐compounds were the most and the α‐, ζ‐ and ϵ‐compounds the least effective in extending the induction period. In the polyunsaturated (linseed and cod liver oil) systems the γ‐ was still good, but the δ‐ was at the bottom of the series and the α‐ and ζ‐compounds near the top.Factors, in addition to the presence of polyunsaturated fatty esters in the substrate, which tended to favour a relatively high activity of the α‐compound were (a) comparison of activities at a low peroxide value, still within the induction period and (b) a not too high temperature of oxidation. Under suitable conditions α‐tocopherol could be shown to exert the highest and δ‐ the lowest in vitro antioxidant activity, in agreement with their known in vivo vitamin‐E potencies.The antioxidant activities of the tocopherols are considered in relation to their structure.
Leaf analysis as a guide to the nutrition of fruit crops. I.—general principles, sampling techniques and analytical methods
Authors: Bould C. , Bradfield E. G. , Clarke G. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe general principles of leaf analysis and the factors influencing leaf composition are reviewed briefly. Methods of leaf sampling, including a statistical analysis of the method used at Long Ashton, are described. The overall sampling error, expressed as the coefficient of variation, is of the order of 6%, of which about I‐2 occurs at the analytical stage. Analytical methods are given for determining total N, P, K, Ca and Mg in leaf dry matter.