bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the impact of gillnet ghost fishing using a computational analysis of the geometry of fishing gear
Authors: Takagi Tsutomu , Shimizu Takashi , Korte Holger 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Takagi, T., Shimizu, T., and Korte, H. 2007. Evaluating the impact of gillnet ghost fishing using a computational analysis of the geometry of fishing gear. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1517–1524. We developed a net shape and load analysis system (NaLA) that can estimate the three-dimensional shape of fishing gear underwater computationally. This paper introduces the latest version of the numerical model of the NaLA. Previously, NaLA was used to estimate the net geometries and internal forces of some fishing gear, demonstrating its general versatility. However, the ultimate goal of our study has been to learn about the impact of fishing and the capture process from a physical perspective, not simply to develop elemental technologies for gear design. Accurate, quantitative evaluation of fishing gear performance from a physical perspective can be used to estimate the potentialities of the ghost fishing to gillnet gears. Although the applications are not limited to geometries and internal forces, the paper describes how computer-aided simulations of fishing gear should be applied to investigations of the impact of ghost fishing caused by lost drift and bottom gillnets. The computational results showed that a driftnet with homogenous net panels was deformed slightly and bent only at the two ends of the net. Accumulation of periphyton on a bottom gillnet after 25 d of immersion caused it to settle to the sea bottom.
The Posterior Pedicle Inferior Turbinate Flap: A New Vascularized Flap for Skull Base Reconstruction
Authors: Fortes Felipe S. G. , Carrau Ricardo L. , Snyderman Carl H. , Prevedello Daniel , Vescan Allan , Mintz Arlan , Gardner Paul , Kassam Amin B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground: Expanded endonasal approaches (EEA) for the resection of lesions of the anterior and ventral skull base can create large defects with a significant risk of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks or exposure of the internal carotid artery. In these cases, a reconstruction using a vascularized flap facilitates rapid and complete healing of the defect. The Hadad‐Bassagasteguy flap (HBF), a posterior pedicle nasoseptal flap, is our preferred reconstructive option; however, a prior posterior septectomy or prior wide sphenoidotomies preclude its use. We have developed two additional pedicled flaps to reconstruct these selected patients: the transpterygoid temporoparietal fascia flap, which is suitable for large defects, and the posterior pedicle inferior turbinate flap (PPITF), the subject of this paper.Methods: We developed a flap comprising the inferior turbinate mucoperiosteum pedicled on the inferior turbinate artery, a terminal branch of the posterior lateral nasal artery, which arises from the sphenopalatine artery. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical data of four patients who underwent a skull base reconstruction using a PPITF.Results: Four patients underwent a reconstruction with the PPITF after undergoing an EEA that produced a skull base defect associated with a CSF fistula (n = 2), an exposed internal carotid artery (n = 1), or a basilar aneurysm clip (n = 1). All patients had undergone posterior septectomies as part of previous EEAs. All flaps healed uneventfully and covered the entire defect.Conclusion: The PPITF is a viable reconstructive option for patients with skull base defects of a limited size defect and in whom the HBF is not available.
HIV‐Associated Facial Lipoatrophy: Establishment of a Validated Grading Scale
Authors: Funk Etai , Brissett Anthony E. , Friedman Craig D. , Bressler Fred J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjective: HIV‐associated lipodystrophy is considered a sequela of highly active antiretroviral treatment. We describe the characteristics, possible etiology, and pathophysiology of HIV‐associated lipodystrophy and facial lipoatrophy and establish a validated grading scale for HIV‐associated facial lipoatrophy using evidence‐based techniques.Design/Methods: A grading scale was designed based on the severity of each patient's facial lipoatrophy. Preoperative photographs of HIV‐infected patients seeking treatment for facial lipoatrophy and control subjects were reviewed by physicians qualified in facial plastic surgery. With use of the devised grading scale, each patient was assigned a severity score. These scores were then compared for interrater variability, and the distribution of scores was analyzed.Results: Preoperative photographs of 39 HIV‐infected individuals with facial lipoatrophy and 6 normal subjects were obtained and reviewed. All patients were males. A Cohen kappa of 0.73 was calculated, and there was a fairly equal distribution of all severity grades throughout the 39 patients.Conclusion: HIV‐associated facial lipoatrophy is a major stigma for HIV patients that can have dramatic effects on their self‐esteem, social habits, and medication compliance. This current study introduces a validated evidence‐based grading scale that can be implemented to categorize disease severity. Using this scale will hopefully generate improved treatment plans directed to each patient, which should produce enhanced postoperative results.
Recovery from neuromuscular blockade: a survey of practice*
Authors: Grayling M. , Sweeney B. P. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAt present in the UK there is no consensus regarding the parameters anaesthetists use to indicate adequacy of reversal from neuromuscular blockade. In an attempt to determine current practice, we carried out a survey covering 12 anaesthetic departments throughout the UK. Individuals were asked to give details regarding their usage of available monitors or, alternatively, to list those clinical parameters which they felt offered the best guidance as to the adequacy of recovery from neuromuscular blockade. There was no consensus among anaesthetists as to the most reliable clinical signs of recovery from neuromuscular blockade. There was an apparent lack of understanding of the limitations of some clinical signs used to determine recovery, as well as inappropriate application of others. In all departments where monitors (quantitative or qualitative) were available, there was limited knowledge regarding the current minimum recommended train‐of‐four ratio which should be observed prior to extubation. There is an apparent overall confusion among clinicians as to the best method to confirm recovery from neuromuscular blockade. This is probably due to the lack of a single reliable clinical test which can be applied in the immediate postoperative period. Insufficient reliance is placed upon the use of quantitative monitors. There is a lack of clarity in national anaesthetic guidelines with respect to monitoring of neuromuscular function. Current standards need to be re‐assessed in the light of recent improvements in nerve stimulators.
Intra‐operative awareness in children: the value of an interview adapted to their cognitive abilities
Authors: Lopez U. , Habre W. , Laurençon M. , Haller G. , Van der Linden M. , Iselin‐Chaves I. A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryIntra‐operative awareness in paediatric patients has been little studied for many years because of the difficulties in relying on children's testimony. Earlier questionnaires used to detect this complication were not adapted to children's language and memory capacities. By using a qualitative method, a semi‐structured in‐depth interview adapted to their cognitive abilities, we have now conducted a prospective evaluation of the incidence and risk factors for intra‐operative awareness in children undergoing general anaesthesia. Data were obtained from interviews with 410 children (aged 6–16 years) which were conducted within 36 h of general anaesthesia for elective or emergency surgery. One month after surgery, 293 of these patients were interviewed again. Three independent adjudicators classified each potential case of awareness. We considered awareness to include both the ‘confirmed awareness’ and the ‘possible awareness’ cases. The accuracy of the children's recall was calculated. The relationship between their awareness and the anaesthesia management was examined. There were five cases of confirmed awareness, and six cases of possible awareness. The incidence of confirmed awareness was 1.2%, but when the possible cases were also considered, the overall incidence of this complication was as high as 2.7% (95% confidence interval, 1.4–5.0%). The only predictive factor identified was the multiple manoeuvres with which the airways were secured (odds ratio, 8.4; 95% confidence interval, 2.4–29.07%). The present study confirms the existence of intra‐operative awareness in the paediatric population. The application of a semi‐structured in‐depth interview adapted to the cognitive capacities of the children appears to enhance the detection of awareness in this population.
Podocytes express ADAMTS13 in normal renal cortex and in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Manea Minola , Kristoffersson AnnCharlotte , Schneppenheim Reinhard , Saleem Moin A. , Mathieson Peter W. , Mörgelin Matthias , Björk Peter , Holmberg Lars , Karpman Diana 
Published: July 2007

SummaryCongenital thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is associated with ADAMTS13 mutations. The major site of ADAMTS13 synthesis is the liver. Expression in other tissues, and in TTP, has not been shown. In this study, ADAMTS13 protein expression was investigated in normal kidney and in renal tissue from two TTP patients, with a compound heterozygous mutation (P353L and P457L) and a homozygous mutation (4143insA). Real‐time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated ADAMTS13 mRNA in normal kidney. ADAMTS13 was detected in the glomeruli and tubuli of normal and TTP kidney using anti‐ADAMTS13 antibodies. In the glomeruli, expression was localised to podocytes (as demonstrated by counterstaining with two podocyte markers) and endothelium. Similar distribution was detected in the TTP kidneys. Electron microscopy detected ADAMTS13 in podocytes, endothelium and glomerular basement membrane. Cultured human podocytes expressed ADAMTS13 mRNA and protein, and podocyte lysate exhibited von Willebrand factor‐cleaving activity. Mutation expression studies of the P353L and P457L mutations showed partially impaired secretion and lower activity of the secreted mutants. Impaired secretion has previously been shown for the 4143insA mutation. Podocyte‐derived ADAMTS13 may offer local protection in the high‐shear microcirculation of the glomerulus. The mutations in the two TTP patients studied enabled protein expression in the podocytes but affected protease secretion.
Prospective evaluation of the biological control of vine mealybug: refuge effects and climate
Authors: Gutierrez Andrew Paul , Daane Kent M. , Ponti Luigi , Walton Vaughn M. , Ellis C. Ken 
Published: July 2007

Summary

Vine mealybug Planococcus ficus is an invasive pest of vineyards in many areas of the world. In California, USA, it infests all plant subunits and has a spatial refuge from natural enemies under the bark and on roots. A temporal refuge is created when ants tending the mealybug reduce the efficacy of natural enemies.
Biological control of vine mealybug is only partially successful and varies among California grape‐growing regions. To improve control and help determine appropriate natural enemies for importation, the effects of weather on mealybug regulation by two parasitoids, Anagyrus pseudococci and Leptomastidea abnormis, and a coccinellid predator, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, were examined across the ecological regions of California.
Weather‐driven, physiologically based age–mass structured demographic models of the mealybug and its natural enemies were parameterized using laboratory data and field observations. Temperature was used to define the thermal limits and development rates of each species, and resource supply/demand ratios were used to scale daily per capita growth, fecundity and survivorship rates from maximal values at optimal conditions.
The population dynamics of the mealybug and its natural enemies were simulated at 108 locations in California over a 10‐year period using observed weather. The simulation data were mapped using a geographical information system (GIS) and analysed using linear multiple regression and marginal analysis.
The models predictions indicated that: (i) the parasitoid A. pseudococci has a larger impact on vine mealybug than either L. abnormis or C. montrouzieri; (ii) mealybug densities will be lowest in the hot desert regions of southern California and highest in the cooler areas of northern California; (iii) mealybug density increases with season length and the size of the combined spatial–temporal refuge; (iv) biological control of mealybug could be achieved by reducing the size of the spatial–temporal refuge.
Synthesis and applications. Models, no matter how detailed, will always be incomplete; despite this, the complexity of tri‐trophic systems can be modelled and the effects of biotic factors and of weather separated. The predictions of our model coincided well with field observations on vine mealybug, and clearly showed why the biological control will require additional species of natural enemies and/or why the size of the spatial and temporal refuges must be reduced.
Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis by dicyclohexylamine in cultured cotyledons of Pinus radiata
Authors: Biondi Stefania , Torrigiani Patrizia , Sansovini Alba , Bagni Nello 
Published: July 2007

Biondi, S., Torrigiani, P., Sansovini, A. and Bagni, N. 1988. Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis by dicyclohexylamine in cultured cotyledons of Pinus radiata. ‐ Physiol. Plant. 72: 471–476.The effect of 1 mAf dicyclohexylamine (DCHA) on the synthesis of spermidine and spermine was examined in excised cotyledons of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) cultured under shoot‐forming (with cytokinin) and non‐shoot‐forming (minus cytokinin) conditions by incubation with [14C]‐putrescine. In control cotyledons incorporation into spermidine showed a peak at day 2 in the presence and at day 5 in the absence of N6‐benzyldenine (BA). DCHA‐treated cotyledons gave the same labeling pattern, both in the presence and absence of benzyladenine, with a much smaller peak at day 2. The incorporation into spermidine and spermine was insignificant at day 5 and later. The total radioactivity in the trichloroacetic acid supernatant indicated that precursor uptake was strongly reduced by the drug. In addition, the percentage label found in the benzene phase and combined in the 3 polyamines was lower in DCHA‐treated cotyledons. Thus, treatment with DCHA not only inhibited the conversion from putrescine to spermidine and spermine, but also reduced its conversion to other benzene‐extractable compounds. S‐Adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC, EC 4.1.1.50) activity, which furnishes the propylamine group to spermidine and spermine synthases (EC 2.5.1.16 and EC 2.5.1.‐), was not significantly affected by DCHA and appeared to be independent of the spermidine and spermine synthase reactions, suggesting that spermine synthesis decreased as a result of substrate depletion. The correlation between morphological development and polyamine biosynthesis is discussed.
Respiratory energy costs for the maintenance of biomass, for growth and for ion uptake in roots of Carex diandra and Carex acutiformis
Authors: van der Werf Adrie , Kooijman Annemieke , Welschen Rob , Lambers Hans 
Published: July 2007

van der Werf, A., Kooijman, A., Welschen, R. and Lambers, H. 1988. Respiratory energy costs for the maintenance of biomass, for growth and for ion uptake in roots of Carex diandra and Carex acutiformis. ‐ Physiol. Plant. 72: 483–491.The respiratory characteristics of the roots of Carex diandra Schrank and Carex acutiformis Ehrh. were investigated. The aims were, firstly to determine the respiratory energy costs for the maintenance of root biomass, for root growth and for ion uptake, and secondly to explain the higher rate of root respiration and ATP production in C. diandra.The three respiratory energy components were derived from a multiple regression analysis, using the relative growth rate and the net rate of nitrate uptake as independent variables and the rate of ATP production as a dependent variable. Although the rate of root respiration and ATP production was significantly higher in C. diandra than in C. acutiformis, the two species showed no significant difference in their rate of ATP production for the maintenance of biomass, in the respiratory energy coefficient for growth (the amount of ATP production per unit of biomass produced) and the respiratory energy coefficient for ion uptake (amount of ATP production per unit of ions absorbed). It is concluded that the higher rate of root respiration of C. diandra is caused by a higher rate of nitrate uptake. At relatively high rates of growth and nitrate uptake, the contribution of the rate of ATP production for ion uptake to the total rate of ATP production amounted to 38 and 25% for C. diandra and C. acutiformis, respectively. At this growth rate, the respiratory energy production for growth contributed 37 and 50%, respectively, to the total rate of ATP production. The relative contribution of the rate of ATP production for the maintenance of biomass increased from 25 to 70% with increasing plant age for both species. The results suggest that ion uptake is one of the major sinks for respiratory energy in roots.These experimentally derived values for the rate of ATP production for the maintenance of biomass, the respiratory energy coefficient for growth and the respiratory energy coefficient for ion uptake are discussed in relation to other experimentally and theoretically derived values.
Mammalian heparanase: what is the message?
Authors: Vreys Veronique , David Guido 
Published: July 2007

Heparan sulphate proteoglycans
Heparanase
Involvement of human heparanase‐1 in normal and pathological processes
Tumour metastasis
Conclusions

AbstractHeparan sulphate proteoglycans are ubiquitous macromolecules of cell surfaces and extracellular matrices. Numerous extracellular matrix proteins, growth factors, morphogens, cytokines, chemokines and coagulation factors are bound and regulated by heparan sulphate. Degradation of heparan sulphate thus potentially profoundly affects cell and tissue function. Although there is evidence that several heparan sulphate‐degrading endoglucuronidases (heparanases) might exist, so far only one transcript encoding a functional heparanase has been identified: heparanase‐1. In the first part of this review, we discuss the current knowledge about heparan sulphate proteoglycans and the functional importance of their versatile interactions. In the second part, we summarize recent findings that have contributed to the characterization of heparanase‐1, focusing on the molecular properties, working mechanism, substrate specificity, expression pattern, cellular activation and localization of this enzyme. Additionally, we review data implicating heparanase‐1 in several normal and pathological processes, focusing on tumour metastasis and angiogenesis, and on evidence for a potentially direct signalling function of the molecule. In that context, we also briefly discuss heparanase‐2, an intriguing close homologue of heparanase‐1, for which, so far, no heparan sulphate‐degrading activity could be demonstrated.
Pellino Proteins: Novel Players in TLR and IL‐1R Signalling
Authors: Schauvliege Reinout , Janssens Sophie , Beyaert Rudi 
Published: July 2007

Introduction
Pellino proteins are extremely well conserved during evolution
Genomic organisation and protein structure of Pellino
Pellino proteins interact with key mediators in TLR/IL‐1R‐induced signalling pathways
Role of Pellino proteins in TLR/IL‐1R signalling to NF‐κB and MAPK
Perspectives

AbstractMembers of the Toll‐like receptor (TLR) and interleukin‐1 receptor (IL‐1R) family play important roles in immunity and inflammation. They initiate common intracellular signalling cascades leading to the activation of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) and other transcription factors that stimulate the expression of a variety of genes that shape an appropriate immune response. TLR/IL‐1R signalling involves multiple protein–protein interactions, but the mechanisms that regulate these interactions are still largely unclear. In this context, Pellino proteins have been suggested to function as evolutionary conserved scaffold proteins in TLR/IL‐1R signalling. However, recently Pellino proteins were also proposed to function as novel ubiquitin ligases for IL‐1R associated kinase 1 (IRAK‐1). Here we review our current knowledge on the expression, biological role and mechanism of action of Pellino proteins in TLR/IL‐1R‐induced signalling.
Morphology of the interstitial cells of Cajal of the human ileum from foetal to neonatal life
Authors: Faussone‐Pellegrini Maria‐Simonetta , Vannucchi Maria‐Giuliana , Alaggio Rita , Strojna Aleksandra , Midrio Paola 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe so‐called interstitial cells of Cajal myenteric plexus (ICC‐MP), interstitial cells of Cajal intramuscular (ICC‐IM) and interstitial cells of Cajal deep muscular plexus (ICC‐DMP) are the three types of ICC endowed within the intestinal muscle coat where they play different roles in gut motility. Studies on ICC ontogenesis showed ICC‐MP in the human ileum by 7–9 weeks while information on ICC‐IM and ICC‐DMP in foetuses and new‐borns are not exhaustive. Functional recordings in the fasting state of prematurely born babies aged 28–37 weeks showed immature ileal motility. To gain more information on the time of appearance of the three ICC types in the human ileum and on the steps of the acquisition of mature features, we studied by c‐kit immuno‐histochemistry foetuses aged 17–27 weeks and newborns aged 36–41 weeks. In parallel, the maturative steps of enteric plexuses and muscle layers were immunohistochemically examined by using anti‐neuron specific enolase (NSE), anti‐S‐100 and anti‐α smooth muscle actin (αSMA) antibodies. The appearance and differentiation of all the ICC types were seen to occur in concomitance with those of the related nerve plexuses and muscle layers. ICC‐MP appeared first, ICC‐IM and ICC‐DMP later and their differentiation was incomplete at birth. In conclusion, the ICC‐MP, the intestinal pacemaker cells, in spite of absence of food intake, are already present during the foetal life and the ICC‐IM appear by pre‐term life, thus ensuring neurotransmission. The ICC‐DMP and their related nerve plexus and smooth muscle cells, i.e. the intestinal stretch receptor, begin to differentiate at birth. These findings might help in predicting neonatal ileal motor behaviour and in interpreting the role of ICC abnormalities in the pathophysiology of intestinal motile disorders of neonates and young children.