bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Damage and Recovery of Riparian Sierra Palms after Hurricane Georges: Influence of Topography and Biotic Characteristics
Authors: Zimmerman Julie K. H. , Covich Alan P. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTTropical forests are often shaped by disturbance events, especially in regions where hurricanes and other severe storms occur. We studied the effects of Hurricane Georges (September 1998) on the sierra palm (Prestoea acuminata var. montana) in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. We established riparian transects along two headwater streams that were similar in size and location, but differed in riparian tree species composition and land‐use history. Following Hurricane Georges, sierra palms were surveyed periodically for damage and recovery (measured by initial loss and subsequent regrowth of palm leaves), tree height, sun exposure, and production of inflorescences and infructescences. Palm height had the highest association with damage, with most damage occurring to canopy palms. Palm recovery (4 mo and 10 mo post‐hurricane) was associated with high tree density, indicating that sun exposure was not limiting. Hurricane Georges likely reduced production of flowers and fruits in sierra palms for at least 10 mo following the storm, although production of new leaves was rapid. Although palms recovered quickly from defoliation after the hurricane, decreased reproduction resulted in reduced availability of fruit for terrestrial and aquatic consumers.
Edge Effects of Linear Canopy Openings on Tropical Rain Forest Understory Microclimate
Authors: Pohlman Catherine L. , Turton Stephen M. , Goosem Miriam 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTWe investigated microclimatic edge gradients associated with grassy powerlines, paved highways and perennial creeks in wet tropical forest in northeastern Australia during wet and dry seasons. Photosynthetically active radiation, air temperature and vapor pressure deficit, soil temperature, canopy temperature, soil moisture, and air speed in the rain forest understory were measured during traverses perpendicular to the forest edge. Light intensity was elevated near the edges of powerlines, highways, and creeks, but this effect was strongest for creek edges. Air temperature and vapor pressure deficit were elevated near powerline edges in the dry season and highway edges in both wet and dry seasons but were not elevated near creek edges in either season. In contrast, soil moisture was lowered near creek edges but not near either powerline or highway edges. No edge gradients were detected for air speed. Canopy temperature was elevated near highway edges and lowered near powerline edges in the wet season but no edge gradients in canopy temperature were detected near creek edges in either the wet or the dry season. We suggest that these different edge gradients may be largely the result of differences in the fluxes of latent and sensible heat within each type of linear canopy opening, with periodic flood disturbance assisting by maintaining a more open canopy near creek edges. Our data indicate that the nature of the linear canopy opening is at least as important as the width in determining the nature and severity of microclimatic edge effects, analogous to the “matrix effect” of traditional fragmentation studies.
Possible Indirect Effects of Mammal Hunting on Dung Beetle Assemblages in Panama
Authors: Andresen Ellen , Laurance Susan G. W. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTHunting often impacts rain forest mammal communities but little is known about its indirect effects on other taxa. We examined dung beetle assemblages using pitfall and flight‐intercept traps at six rain forest sites in Panama that ranged in hunting intensity. Heavily hunted sites showed altered community composition, significantly fewer species (based on rarefaction), and lower abundances of dung beetles than did sites with little hunting. Our results suggest that intensive hunting affects nontarget forest taxa and is potentially altering ecosystem functioning.
Effects of Habitat, Cattle Grazing and Selective Logging on Seedling Survival and Growth in Dry Forests of Central Brazil
Authors: Vieira Daniel L. M. , Scariot Aldicir , Holl Karen D. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTWe studied the effect of forest gaps and cattle grazing on survival and growth of seedlings of seven native tree species, planted in dry forest fragments with different intensities of past logging in Central Brazil. Seedling survival after 12 mo ranged from 35 to 77 percent among species. Survival of most species was similar in gaps and understory in minimally disturbed forest remnants, but was lower in the gaps of more heavily logged forests. In contrast, growth was much higher in gaps than in understory in minimally disturbed forests, but for most species was similar in gaps and understory in more heavily logged forests. We did not detect an effect of cattle on seedling survival. Seedlings of the most commonly logged species show a high potential to survive and grow when planted in logged forests.
Avian Foraging Behavior in Two Different Types of Coffee Agroecosystem in Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Dietsch Thomas V. , Perfecto Ivette , Greenberg Russell 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThis study describes the foraging ecology of birds during summer and winter in two different types of coffee agroecosystems in Chiapas, Mexico. Avian foraging behavior is documented in two agroecosystems of differing management intensity, structurally similar but with different levels of floristic diversity, during summer and winter seasons. The distribution of tree species used by birds was more even, and birds used a greater diversity of tree species, in the more diverse coffee shade system. Much of the variation in resource use derived from shifts in the use of flowers and fruit, highlighting the importance in resource phenology for birds. Insectivory was more frequent in winter than summer for the coffee layer, and in summer for the shade layer. Given the vegetative structural similarity of the two coffee agroecosystems included in this study, floristic differences probably accounted for much of the difference in the bird communities between the management systems, especially given the strong seasonal response to flowering and fruiting. This work suggests that plentiful and diverse food resources associated with the high diversity of plant species may facilitate coexistence of the high number of bird species found in shade‐grown coffee agroecosystems.
First e-VLBI observations of Cygnus X-3
Authors: Tudose V. , Fender R. P. , Garrett M. A. , Miller-Jones J. C. A. , Paragi Z. , Spencer R. E. , Pooley G. G. , van der Klis M. , Szomoru A. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
We report the results of the first two 5-GHz electronic very-long-baseline interferometry (e-VLBI) observations of the X-ray binary Cygnus X-3 using the European VLBI Network. Two successful observing sessions were held, on 2006 April 20, when the system was in a quasi-quiescent state several weeks after a major flare, and on 2006 May 18, a few days after another flare. At the first epoch we detected faint emission probably associated with a fading jet, spatially separated from the X-ray binary. The second epoch in contrast reveals a bright, curved, relativistic jet more than 40 milliarcsec in extent. In the first and probably also second epochs the X-ray binary core is not detected, which may indicate a temporary suppression of jet production as seen in some black hole X-ray binaries in certain X-ray states. Spatially resolved polarization maps at the second epoch provide evidence of interaction between the ejecta and the surrounding medium. These results clearly demonstrate the importance of rapid analysis of long-baseline observations of transients, such as facilitated by e-VLBI.
The absence of H i in the Boötes dwarf spheroidal galaxy
Authors: Bailin Jeremy , Ford Alyson 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Neutral hydrogen (H i) observations towards the Boötes dwarf spheroidal (dSph) galaxy (hereafter Boötes), a very low-luminosity metal-poor Galactic satellite, have been obtained using the Parkes Radio Telescope. We do not detect any H i in or around Boötes to a 3σ upper limit of 180 M⊙ within the optical half-light radius and 8000 M⊙ within 1.6 kpc. Its H i mass-to-light ratio is less than 0.002 M⊙/L⊙, making Boötes one of the most gas-poor galaxies known. Either reionization severely inhibited gas infall on to the proto-Boötes, or large amounts of gas have been removed by ram pressure and/or tidal stripping. Since Boötes lies on the mass–metallicity fundamental line, this relation and the inefficiency of star formation at the faintest end of the galaxy luminosity function must be partly driven, or at least not disrupted, by extreme gas loss in such low-luminosity galaxies. We also do not detect any H i associated with the leading tidal tail of the Sagittarius dSph galaxy, which fortuitously passes through the observed field, to a 3σ column density limit of 2 × 1017cm−2. This suggests that either the leading gaseous tail is ionized, or the gas in the trailing tail was removed before the current tidal disruption of the parent dSph began.
Probability in the Everett Interpretation
Authors: Greaves Hilary 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe Everett (many‐worlds) interpretation of quantum mechanics faces a prima facie problem concerning quantum probabilities. Research in this area has been fast‐paced over the last few years, following a controversial suggestion by David Deutsch that decision theory can solve the problem. This article provides a non‐technical introduction to the decision‐theoretic program, and a sketch of the current state of the debate.
Successful medical treatment of 15 dogs with pyothorax
Authors: Johnson M. S. , Martin M. W. S. 
Published: December 2006

Objectives: To review the success of non‐surgical management, which included antibiotics and a single thoracocentesis, in 15 dogs presenting with pyothorax. Methods: Sixteen dogs were selected retrospectively from case files at the Veterinary Cardiorespiratory Centre. Results: One dog was diagnosed with a mass suspected to be a pulmonary abscess on ultrasound examination and was referred for surgery. Fifteen dogs were treated medically. Springer spaniels were the most commonly presented breed (six cases) followed by Labrador retrievers (three cases). Under sedation or general anaesthesia, thoracocentesis was performed unilaterally and as much purulent effusion as possible was removed. Lavage of the thorax was not undertaken. In most dogs, antibiotic treatment was ampicillin at a mean dose of 33 mg/kg administered three times daily and 25 mg/kg metronidazole administered twice daily. Antibiotics were provided for a minimum of six weeks. All dogs recovered completely and did not show relapse on prolonged follow‐up. This included one dog, which had very widespread pleural adhesions and minimal effusion. Clinical Significance: In dogs that do not have evidence of pulmonary masses or consolidations and no evidence of granular pleural effusion, medical therapy may be curative even in chronic cases of pyothorax with pleural adhesions.
Evaluation of transanal endoscopic treatment of benign canine rectal neoplasia
Authors: Holt P. E. 
Published: December 2006

Objectives: To evaluate transanal endoscopic treatment in the management of benign canine rectal neoplasia. Methods: A retrospective study was carried out to evaluate the response to transanal endoscopic treatment in 13 dogs with extensive rectal neoplasia that was considered inoperable by conventional surgical techniques but was indicated as benign by previous biopsy. Results: Tumours affected the lengths of rectal mucosa varying from 2 to 13 cm. Between 25 and 100 per cent of the rectal circumference was affected in each case. Transanal endoscopic treatment of canine rectal neoplasia was curative in five dogs, palliative in three and associated with a poor result in the remaining five. Complications of the technique included rectal perforation, leading to peritonitis and death. Clinical Significance: Transanal endoscopic treatment can be recommended as an alternative to radical, full‐thickness rectal excision for the management of extensive but benign canine rectal neoplasia. Owners should be informed that the treatment may be palliative rather than curative and that complications, if they occur, can be fatal. Dogs should be hospitalised for at least five days after treatment and observed for signs of potentially fatal complications such as rectal perforation.
FOOD AND FEEDING ECOLOGY OF THE COMMON DOLPHIN (DELPHINUS DELPHIS) IN THE OCEANIC NORTHEAST ATLANTIC AND COMPARISON WITH ITS DIET IN NERITIC AREAS
Authors: Pusineri Claire , Magnin Véronique , Meynier Laureline , Spitz Jérôme , Hassani Sami , Ridoux Vincent 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe short‐beaked common dolphin,Delphinus delphis, is abundant in both neritic and oceanic habitats. These two domains differ largely in terms of the nature of forage organisms and their availability to surface‐bound top predators, which suggests that the common dolphin should show extensive variability in foraging strategies as a response to these different habitats. However, although its diet is well known over continental shelves, so far, mostly because of sampling issues, nothing has been published on its diet in oceanic habitats. In this study, the diet of sixty‐three common dolphins bycaught in the French albacore tuna driftnet fishery in the summers of 1992–1993 in the oceanic Bay of Biscay was determined from their stomach contents and compared to neritic studies. The diet was dominated by fish (90% by number [N] and 53% by mass of total diet [M]). Cephalopods were also important in the total diet (9%N, 46%M) but were a prey of secondary importance in the fresh fraction (3%N, 10%M), presumably due to longer retention of cephalopod remains in the stomach. Crustaceans were of minor importance. At the species level, the myctophid fish (Notoscopelus kroeyeri) largely dominated the diet. Prey size ranged from 1 to 68 cm, but the majority of preys were from 2 to 30 cm. The prey characteristics and their state of digestion suggest that the common dolphin forages preferentially on small schooling, vertically migrating mesopelagic fauna in the surface layer at dusk and early night. The diet is taxonomically distinct from results obtained in neritic studies but is similar in terms of prey type and the corresponding feeding behavior.
THE USE OF NATURAL MARKINGS IN STUDIES OF LONG‐FINNED PILOT WHALES (GLOBICEPHALA MELAS)
Authors: Auger‐Méthé Marie , Whitehead Hal 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPhoto‐identification using natural markings has been used for pilot whale (Globicephala melas) studies. However, none of these studies investigated the reliability of the marks used. To identify which mark types are reliable and which could improve the method, fifteen mark types, and their distribution within the population, were described. The rates of gain and loss of each mark type were calculated and the variability in visibility was investigated. Although the mark types associated with the current photo‐identification method, the notch and the protruding piece, appear to be permanent, they allowed us to identify only 33% of our sample. The prevalence of all but two mark types is independent of the identifiability of a photograph. One of these is already used in the current photo‐identification method. This independence indicates that the proportion of the population that is currently identifiable does not differ from the rest of the population in its susceptibility to factors causing marks, such as predation, and thus appears to be representative of the whole population. Using saddle patches in combination with the current photo‐identification method would double the percentage of the identifiable individuals. However, due to limitations of matching software, the current method is easier to use.
FORENSIC METHODS FOR CHARACTERIZING WATERCRAFT FROM WATERCRAFT‐INDUCED WOUNDS ON THE FLORIDA MANATEE (TRICHECHUS MANATUS LATIROSTRIS)
Authors: Rommel Sentiel A. , Costidis Alexander M. , Pitchford Thomas D. , Lightsey Jessica D. , Snyder Richard H. , Haubold Elsa M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWatercraft‐related mortality represents 1,253 (24.9%) of 5,033 Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) deaths recorded between 1 January 1979 and 31 December 2004. Wound patterns generated by collisions with watercraft are diagnostic. Sets of cuts and scrapes that are roughly equidistant and perpendicular to the direction of vessel travel are consistent with lacerations made by propeller blades. From these lesions, estimates of propeller diameter, pitch, rotation, and direction of travel may be obtained. Considerable overlap of propeller sizes and pitches on different size vessels, common use of counter rotation propellers, and numerous other complicating factors may confound efforts to accurately predict vessel size and type from propeller wounds. Of the more than one million watercraft registered in Florida, 98% are ≤12.2 m (40 ft), yet watercraft 5.3–36.6 m (17.5–120 ft) are known to have killed manatees. Analysis of a 5‐yr subset of mortality data suggests that a disproportionate number of propeller‐caused watercraft‐related mortalities could be attributed to propeller diameters ≥43.2 cm (17 in.), inferring that these were caused by watercraft ≥12.2 m (40 ft).
VESSEL COLLISIONS WITH WHALES: THE PROBABILITY OF LETHAL INJURY BASED ON VESSEL SPEED
Authors: Vanderlaan Angelia S. M. , Taggart Christopher T. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractHistorical records demonstrate that the most numerous, per capita, ocean‐going‐vessel strikes recorded among large‐whale species accrue to the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis). As vessel speed restrictions are being considered to reduce the likelihood and severity of vessel collisions with right whales, we present an analysis of the published historical records of vessels striking large whales. We examine the influence of vessel speed in contributing to either a lethal injury (defined as killed or severely injured) or a nonlethal injury (defined as minor or no apparent injury) to a large whale when struck. A logistic regression model fitted to the observations, and consistent with a bootstrap model, demonstrates that the greatest rate of change in the probability of a lethal injury (Plethal) to a large whale occurs between vessel speeds of 8.6 and 15 knots where Plethal increases from 0.21 to 0.79. The probability of a lethal injury drops below 0.5 at 11.8 knots. Above 15 knots, Plethal asymptotically approaches 1. The uncertainties in the logistic regression estimates are relatively large at relatively low speeds (e.g., at 8 knots the probability is 0.17 with a 95% CI of 0.03–0.6). The results we provide can be used to assess the utility of vessel speed limits that are being considered to reduce the lethality of vessels striking the critically endangered North Atlantic right whale and other large whales that are frequent victims of vessel strikes.
The Current Debate on the Linkage Between Global Warming and Hurricanes
Authors: Shepherd J. Marshall , Knutson Thomas 
Published: December 2006

AbstractFollowing Hurricane Katrina and the parade of storms that affected the conterminous United States in 2004–2005, the apparent recent increase in intense hurricane activity in the Atlantic basin, and the reported increases in recent decades in some hurricane intensity and duration measures in several basins have received considerable attention. An important ongoing avenue of investigation in the climate and meteorology research communities is to determine the relative roles of anthropogenic forcing (i.e., global warming) and natural variability in producing the observed recent increases in hurricane frequency in the Atlantic, as well as the reported increases of tropical cyclone activity measures in several other ocean basins. A survey of the existing literature shows that many types of data have been used to describe hurricane intensity, and not all records are of sufficient length to reliably identify historical trends. Additionally, there are concerns among researchers about possible effects of data inhomogeneities on the reported trends. Much of the current debate has focused on the relative roles of sea‐surface temperatures or large‐scale potential intensity versus the role of other environmental factors such as vertical wind shear in causing observed changes in hurricane statistics. Significantly more research – from observations, theory, and modeling – is needed to resolve the current debate around global warming and hurricanes.
Mega‐Yardangs: A Global Analysis
Authors: Goudie Andrew S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractYardangs, analogues of which occur on Mars and possibly on Venus, are wind moulded landforms that develop in the world's drylands. Mega‐yardangs (wind‐abraded, ridge, and swale features of regional extent) are easily identified on satellite images and these have been employed to map their global distribution. Areas where they are present include Central Asia, the Lut Desert of Iran, northern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the Libyan Desert in Egypt, the central Sahara, the Namib Desert, the high Andes and the Peruvian Desert. These features develop in a wide range of rock types, including sandstones, ignimbrites, limestones and basement rocks, occur in hyper‐arid areas, form where winds tend to be unimodal in direction, are best developed in areas of sand transport rather than sand accumulation, and occur in plains rather than in mountainous areas.
Postoperative washed red cell reinfusion reduces allogeneic transfusion requirements after total knee replacement
Authors: CARRERO ANTONIO , Del MONTE TRUJILLO MARIA , MUÑOZ MANUEL 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYIn patients undergoing total knee replacement (TKR), most of blood loss occurs during the postoperative period and 30–50% of these patients receive allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT). For this reason, salvage and return of washed shed blood (WSB) from postoperative drainage may represent an alternative to ABT in these patients. We have, therefore, evaluated the clinical utility of WSB return in TKR patients. Data from 220 consecutive TKR patients were prospectively collected. WSB salvage and reinfusion (OrthoPAT, Haemonetics Corp., Braintree, MA, USA) were intended for 115 patients (reinfusion group), whereas the remaining 105 patients served as a control group. Patients received ABT if their hemoglobin concentration was lower than 8.0 g/dL or they showed clinical signs and symptoms of acute anemia. WSB return was possible in 97 patients who received a mean of 283 ± 180 mL of red cells (hematocrit, 66% ± 4%), without any clinically relevant incident. Return of WSB decreased both the ABT rate (50%vs. 19%, for control and reinfusion groups, respectively; P < 0.01) and the ABT index (0.86 ± 0.99 vs. 0.35 ± 0.83 units/patient, respectively; P < 0.01). In addition, when compared with those in the control group, patients in the reinfusion group had less postoperative infections (11.4%vs. 4.3%; P < 0.05), recovered the ability to walk 1 day earlier (P < 0.01), and had shorter hospital stay (P < 0.01). Return of WSB after TKR seems to effectively reduce postoperative requirements for ABT. However, for patients with preoperative hemoglobin concentrations below 13.0 g/dL, additional blood‐saving methods should be combined with WSB return.