bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of different hold time before addition of platelet additive solution on the in vitro quality of apheresis platelets
Authors: Ringwald Jürgen , Haager Benedikt , Krex Daniel , Zimmermann Robert , Strasser Erwin , Antoon Marc , De Schrijver Eddy , Eckstein Reinhold 
Published: April 2006

BACKGROUND:  The quality of platelets (PLTs) stored in PLT additive solution (PAS) is dependent on the type and proportion of the used PAS. No data are available as to whether a different hold time before the addition of PAS to hyperconcentrated PLT suspensions has an impact on PLT quality. The in vitro quality between single‐donor PLT concentrates was compared with two different hold times with two PASs.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  On two occasions, 6 × 1011 PLTs in 150 mL of plasma were collected from 20 blood donors. The units were split into two equal parts, and 140 mL of PAS‐II or PAS‐IIIM (randomized sequence) was added after 2 or 8 hours resulting in a PAS proportion of 65 percent. On Days 1, 5, and 7, glucose and lactate concentration, pH value, PLTs’ P‐selectin expression, response to hypotonic shock, and release of transforming growth factor‐β1 were determined.RESULTS:  On all days, the lactate concentrations were higher and pH values were lower in units with an 8‐hour hold time, whereas the results of in vitro tests relating to the in vivo viability and activation of PLTs were similar for both groups. PAS‐IIIM–stored PLTs showed a lower glycolytic activity and better results in all performed in vitro tests than PAS‐II–stored PLTs.CONCLUSIONS:  Although the metabolism of glucose was enhanced during hold time, the differences between both hold time groups are not meaningful from a biological viewpoint. Therefore, an 8‐hour hold time is feasible. PLT storage in PAS‐IIIM results in a PLT in vitro quality superior to that of PLTs stored in PAS‐II.
Who has two jobs and why? Evidence from rural coastal communities in west Scotland
Authors: Dickey Heather , Theodossiou Ioannis 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article examines the incidence of and reasons for multiple‐job holding in the context of rural communities where multiple‐job holding is viewed as an important means of promoting community sustainability. Drawing upon a unique data set of a relatively homogeneous population living in an isolated area on the west coast of Scotland, where employment opportunities are limited, dual‐job holding is investigated within the fisheries and aquaculture occupations. Evidence is found that the hours constraints motive for multiple‐job holding better explains multiple‐job‐holding behavior among employed rural workers in aquaculture than among self‐employed fishermen, and that educational attainment has a positive impact on the incidence of multiple‐job holding.
Integrating Nursing Care into Systems of Care for Children with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
Authors: Evans Mary E. 
Published: April 2006

PROBLEM:  Recent developments in providing care to children with emotional and behavioral disorders, especially those with serious emotional disturbance, have included the establishment of systems of care. Guided by a set of principles and values, these systems of care have organized and delivered services to children and families with complex needs. To date, nurses have not had a salient role in systems of care. RESULTS:  It is estimated that 20% of American children and adolescents have an emotional or mental disorder. As many as two thirds of these children are not receiving services. Systems of care have been funded to provide services for these children, particularly for the most severely affected. To date, nursing has not had a prominent role in these systems of care. CONCLUSIONS:  Based on their knowledge, skills, and holistic approach to care, nurses could better integrate nursing care into systems of care. Possible roles as case managers, primary therapists, in‐home interventionists, and in educational programs are suggested.
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) response to inoculation with Bradyrhizobium sp. in soils of Argentina
Authors: Bogino P. , Banchio E. , Rinaudi L. , Cerioni G. , Bonfiglio C. , Giordano W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSoil bacteria (rhizobia) of the genus Bradyrhizobium form symbiotic relationships with peanut root cells and fix atmospheric nitrogen by converting it to nitrogenous compounds. Inoculation of peanut with rhizobia can enhance the plant’s ability to fix nitrogen from the air and thereby reduce the requirement for nitrogen fertiliser. We evaluated three Bradyrhizobium sp. strains for effect on root nodulation and on pod yield of peanut in Argentina soils, using laboratory and field experiments. Of these, strain C‐145 was the most effective in laboratory studies. In‐furrow inoculation with this strain produced increased nodule number, relative to seed inoculation. However, pod yield was not increased significantly by either type of inoculation. In view of the inconsistent response of peanut to inoculation, we examined the effect of indigenous strains of bradyrhizobia. The high degree of nodulation and nitrogen fixation produced by indigenous rhizobia were sufficient for maximal yield under the field and inoculation conditions used in this study. The data are important for future investigation of alternative inoculant strains and conditions for improving peanut production.
The incidence and distribution of stress fractures in elite tennis players
Authors: Maquirriain J , Ghisi J P 
Published: April 2006

Background:Modern professional tennis involves powerful movements repeatedly subjecting the musculoskeletal system to heavy mechanical load. Thus tennis players are exposed to high risk of overuse injuries including stress fractures.Objective:To determine the incidence and distribution of stress fractures in elite tennis players.Study design:Retrospective cohort study.Methods:The cohort study population consisted of 139 elite players (mean (SD) age, 20.0 (5.0) years; 48 female, 91 male). Stress fractures were identified and confirmed radiologically from medical records during a two year period. Injuries were analysed according to age, sex, site, severity, delay in diagnosis, and time needed to return to sports.Results:15 players sustained 18 stress fractures, corresponding to an overall case incidence of 12.9% (95% confidence interval (CI), 8.1 to 20.0). The tarsal navicular was most affected (n = 5; 27%), followed by the pars interarticularis (n = 3; 16%), the metatarsals (n = 3; 16%), the tibia (n = 2; 11%) and the lunate (n = 2; 11%). Magnetic resonance imaging showed a greater incidence of “high grade” lesions (94.4%). Stress fracture incidence was significantly higher in juniors (20.3% (95% CI, 11.4 to 33.2)) than in professional players (7.5% (2.8 to 15.6)) (p = 0.045).Conclusions:There was a high absolute risk (12.9%) of stress fractures in elite tennis players over a two year period. Junior players were at highest risk. The lesions are a major cause of disruption both of training and of competition. Risk factors should therefore be identified and prevention emphasised.
Epidemiological characterization of Plasmodium falciparum in the Republic of Cabo Verde: implications for potential large-scale re-emergence of malaria
Authors: Alves Joana , Roque Ana Luísa , Cravo Pedro , Valdez Tomás , Jelinek Tomas , do Rosário Virgílio E , Arez Ana Paula 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Malaria has come near eradication at archipelago of Cabo Verde in 1970. Infections are now only observed in Santiago, where outbreaks occur. In these islands, malaria is considered by the international community as being of limited risk and, therefore, no prophylaxis is recommended. Since the understanding of factors that determine malaria outbreaks are crucial for controlling the disease, the present study aimed to investigate if the malaria infections observed in Santiago Island are maintained in isolated foci and in asymptomatic individuals.

Methods
The occurrence of asymptomatic carriers in villages with history of malaria as well as the level of exposure of these populations were investigated using PCR and serological analyses.

Results
Results indicate that malaria is maintained as asymptomatic and sub-patent infections and that the majority of the circulating parasite populations harbour chloroquine-resistant mutations.

Conclusion
These observations highlight the alarming prospect of malaria to become a serious public health problem and underscore the need for a tighter surveillance.
Quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay for Detection of mRNA Encoding Full-Length Human Tissue Kallikrein 7: Prognostic Relevance of KLK7 mRNA Expression in Breast Cancer 3
Authors: Holzscheiter Leon , Biermann Julia C , Kotzsch Matthias , Prezas Panagiotis , Farthmann Juliane , Baretton Gustavo , Luther Thomas , Tjan-Heijnen Vivianne CG , Talieri Maroulio , Schmitt Manfred , Sweep Fred CGJ , Span Paul N , Magdolen Viktor 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground: The human tissue kallikrein gene family (KLK1 to KLK15) encodes a group of 15 serine proteases (hK1 to hK15), several of which have been implicated in cancer-related processes.Methods: We established a specific quantitative reverse transcription-PCR assay for full-length KLK7 mRNA that excluded amplification of the exon 2 deletion splice variant (the latter does not encode a functional protease), and evaluated full-length KLK7 mRNA expression [normalized to human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (h-G6PDH)] in tumor tissue specimens from 155 breast cancer patients.Results: High KLK7 mRNA expression (continuous) was significantly associated with a better patient outcome according to both univariate (P = 0.005) and multivariate (P = 0.046) Cox survival analysis. Separation of patients by optimized dichotomization revealed a significantly better prognosis for patients with high KLK7 mRNA status (n = 89) compared with patients with low KLK7 mRNA status (n = 66) [univariate hazard ratio (HR) = 0.45 (P = 0.001); multivariate HR = 0.50 (P = 0.005)]. In the subgroup of patients not receiving adjuvant treatment (n = 69), KLK7 mRNA status was a significant prognosticator [univariate HR = 0.29 (P = 0.002); multivariate HR = 0.40 (P = 0.034)]. This subgroup was least influenced by postoperative treatment and thus best showed the impact of KLK7 expression on the natural course of breast cancer disease.Conclusion: Expression of full-length KLK7 mRNA may represent a new prognostic marker in breast cancer disease.
Heinrich Isaac among the Florentines
Authors: WILSON BLAKE 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
In the archives of the old and wealthy patrician family of the “da Filicaia” housed in the Florentine Archivio di Stato survives a group of letters written by, among others, one Ambrogio Angeni to the young Antonio da Filicaia, away on family business in northern Europe for extended periods of time during the 1480s and 1490s. The correspondence details the musical activities of these young men's Florentine brigata and reveals a close involvement with Heinrich Isaac and proximity to Lorenzo de' Medici's private musical circles. The letters document a very active traffic in musical scores, both vernacular works composed in Florence by Isaac and others that were mailed north, as well as sacred and secular works composed in France and sent to Florence. More specifically, the letters contain many musical references to new compositions, works by Isaac, preparations for carnival, aesthetic judgments and technical discussions, Lorenzo's patronage, and a very active local composer previously unknown to musicologists. The correspondence dates from 1487–89, while Antonio was residing in Nantes (Brittany), and it provides an unprecedented view of musical life in Florence at a critical period when carnival celebrations were resurgent, northern repertory was being collected and copied, northern composers (like Isaac) were interacting with local composers, and compositional procedures were changing.
Latin America and International Law
Authors: Alvarez Alejandro 
Published: April 2006

The entry of Latin America into the community of nations is one of the most important facts in the history of civilization. It resulted not only in widening the field occupied by International Law but also in radically modifying its character. Although the Latin States of America inherited the civilization of the peoples of Europe, they developed along different lines. In number, and in the fact of their common origin they were like the members of one large family who had been suddenly and almost simultaneously called into independent life.This combination of circumstances caused these nations, upon their appearance in the general society of states, to exclude from their constitutions the principles of European public law which did not harmonize with the special character of their organization; and to reject, in their foreign relations, those principles and practices that were incompatible with their independent position or that did not favor their special conditions of development.
The A.B.C. Mediation
Authors: Slayden James L. 
Published: April 2006

How to regulate social, political and commercial intercourse between the people and Government of the United States and the peoples and governments of the other republics on the American continent so as to establish and maintain perfect cordiality and mutual confidence and respect, is a problem which has never been satisfactorily solved.In considering this question, which is often to the front and some times discussed with acerbity, certain disagreeable facts must be faced. In the process of understanding it American vanity will be hurt, but that is no reason for avoiding the effort to do so. There is abundant reason for believing that Americans are not popular in Mexico and other Latin-American countries. It is not the purpose of the writer in this brief essay to undertake to show why this is so. Suffice it to say that the people of the United States are viewed with suspicion, and this doubt of them and their purposes has militated against the development of American trade in the southern republics, and is a cause of irritation which ought to be cured. Diplomatic friendship has existed and does exist, but that is a relationship which can always be counted on until an open breach is imminent. Less than thirty days before the outbreak of the greatest war in all history there was an assumed—a diplomatic— cordiality between the monarchs of Russia, England, Germany and Austria. There is no danger of a cataclysm in America such as is deluging Europe with blood; but that unparalleled disaster shows that something more than formal friendships, something far more than diplomatic amenities, is desirable in the intercourse of nations.
Neutralization and Equal Terms
Authors: Kennedy Crammond 
Published: April 2006

Neutralization is the imposition by international agreement of a condition of permanent neutrality upon lands and waterways.The author of the essay 1 of which the foregoing is the opening sentence draws the following distinction between the neutrality and the neutralization of states (p. 1):While simple neutrality is the condition of those states which in time of war take no part in the contest, but continue pacific intercourse with the belligerents, neutralization perpetuates this condition by means of treaties effected between several powerful nations and the neutralized state.
The Pan-American Financial Conferences and the Inter-American High Commission
Authors: Moore John Bassett 
Published: April 2006

On March 12, 1915, while the Great War, daily increasing in intensity, was drawing the world more and more into its vortex, the American Governments were, in the name of the President of the United States, invited to send delegates to a conference with the Secretary of the Treasury, at Washington, with a view to establish “closer and more satisfactory financial relations between the American Republics.” To this end it was intimated that the conference would discuss not only problems of banking, but also problems of transportation and of commerce. It thus came about that there assembled in Washington on Monday, May 24, 1915, under the chairmanship of the Honorable William G. McAdoo, Secretary of the Treasury, the first Pan-American Financial Conference.The subjects submitted to the conference embraced public finance, the monetary situation, the existing banking system, the financing of public improvements and of private enterprises, the extension of inter-American markets, the merchant marine and improved facilities of transportation. It was a program that went beyond the emergencies growing out of the war; and the conference in its deliberations did not confine itself to the adoption of temporary devices. On the contrary, it sought to meet a permanent need by establishing an organization which should devote itself to the carrying out of a task whose importance was not to be measured by temporary conditions, whether of war or of peace.
The Mandatory System
Authors: Mills Mark Carter 
Published: April 2006

During the progress of the world war there came to thoughtful men everywhere the deepening conviction that fundamental among the causes of modern warfare are the policies that lead to colonial rivalry and the imperialistic exploitation of undeveloped regions and backward peoples.All belligerent parties looked forward to the peace settlement as an occasion for the satisfaction of territorial ambitions and the settlement of war damage claims in terms of colonial acquisitions. To humanitarians in all nations the peace settlement seemed to offer a precarious but possible occasion for the settlement of colonial claims upon terms of justice and in the interest of the hitherto little regarded native peoples.
The Neutrality of Switzerland
Authors: Sherman Gordon E. 
Published: April 2006

The recognition and guarantee of Swiss neutrality once definitely accomplished at the Congress of Paris in November, 1815, its subsequent progress was destined to be deeply affected by constitutional struggles in both federal and cantonal organizations.It will be recollected that the initial change in the ancient Swiss alliance to a more modern form of government was introduced as the result of invasion by the French revolutionary forces, and that from April 12, 1798, to February 19, 1803, Switzerland was governed under the Helvetic Constitution imposed by the French, which created a military state with the cantons as administrative divisions only in accordance with Title II, section 15 of the instrument:—
L’Helvétie est divisée en cantons, en districts, en communes et en sections ou quartiers des grandes communes. Ces divisions sont des divisions électives, judiciaires et administratives, mais elles ne forment point de frontiéres.
The Prussian Theory of Government
Authors: Willoughby W. W. 
Published: April 2006

Political scientists make a sharp distinction between the terms “State” and “Government.” A State is a group of individuals viewed as a politically organized unit. In the eyes of the law it appears as a corporate being possessing supreme authority and issuing commands in the form of laws addressed to those over whom it claims authority. A Government is the machinery or complexus of organs through which this state-being formulates, expresses, and enforces its will.In my preceding paper I dealt wholly with the Prussian conception of the State and had nothing to say regarding Prussian conceptions of Government. In this paper I shall have little to say regarding the Prussian theory of the State and shall devote myself almost wholly to a consideration of the Prussian governmental system. Of this system, however, I shall speak of but one of its features, namely, its strong monarchical character. In result there should appear what justification there is for the demand of the United States and of the Entente Powers for a modification of the Prussian system.
The Obligation to Ratify Treaties
Authors: Harley John Eugene 
Published: April 2006

One of the earliest examples of a sort of ratification is found in the treaty between Justinian and the Persian King, Chosroes, in 561 A. D. In this case the sovereigns agreed to accept that which their plenipotentiaries had promised and agreed upon. The French-Swiss alliance of May 28, 1777, was sanctioned by solemn oaths. It was the custom in earlier times to take hostages to insure ratification; this Grotius believed entirely proper. The oath gave way to a mere act or declaration of ratification.Grotius likened a plenipotentiary to a mandatory, holding that all agreements reached by him were binding upon the sovereign from the time of signature, unless the secret instructions were transcended. Thus he regarded ratification as a mere form, not affecting the validity of the treaty. Likewise Martens, writing in 1789 at the time of the adoption of the Constitution of the United States, believed that if a mandatory had not exceeded his secret instructions, all that he agreed to was binding upon the state represented, and that the law of nations required no particular ratification (ratification particulière). Pufendorf regarded treaties valid from signature and thought ratification superfluous.
The Test of Aggression in the Italo-Ethiopian War
Authors: Wright Quincy 
Published: April 2006

The Italo-Ethiopian dispute has, at the time of writing, been dealt with by six distinct procedures in addition to direct diplomatic communication between the parties(1) Mediation by the League of Nations Council under Article 11, paragraph 2, of the Covenant pursuant to the application of Ethiopia on January 15,1935. Under this procedure the Council received numerous communications from Italy and Ethiopia, considered the question during its meetings on January 17, April 15, May 25, July 31-August 3 and September 4-5, and passed several resolutions with the object of facilitating arbitration of the Wal Wal incident.
Future International Laws of War
Authors: Rodgers W. L. 
Published: April 2006

Undoubtedly the generally recognized rules governing the exertion of military force at any given period are the outcome of social and economic conditions as well as of the development of new modes of attack upon life and property. Yet many believe that new forms of the exertion of military strength may be restrained by international agreement made in time of peace and in the name of humanity. Although such agreements have been made in the past, such as the Hague agreements of 1899 and 1907, not all have been viable. It is doubtful if effective ways of striking down the enemy will be limited by the bare plea of “humanity”. Restraint on the exercise of belligerent force for the sole reason that the sufferings of war are great and cruel is instinctive but not logical, for war is death and injury of persons and destruction of property by which the enemy is forced to submit. As to this matter Oppenheim says in his International Law:
… First is the principle that a belligerent should be justified in applying any amount and any kind of force which is necessary for the realization of the purpose of the war—namely, the overpowering of the opponent. Secondly, the principle of humanity is at work, which says that all such kinds and degrees of violence as are not necessary for the overpowering of the enemy should not be permitted to the belligerent.
The Nineteenth Year of the Permanent Court of International Justice
Authors: Hudson Manley O. 
Published: April 2006

Events occurring during its nineteenth year created grave problems for the Permanent Court of International Justice, and the Court survived the year with uncertain prospects for the future.The Court held a series of meetings at The Hague from February 19 to February 26, and an order in the case of the Electricity Company of Sofia and Bulgaria between Belgium and Bulgaria was handed down on February 26, 1940.