bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical properties of blends of soap and lime soap dispersants
Authors: Weil J. K. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe mechanism of action of soap lime‐soap dispersant (LSDA) combinations is based on a close association between these two components. In deionized water this association is mixed micellar. Surface tension curves confirm the presence of mixed micelles in deionized water and show a combination of optimum surface active properties (low critical micelle concentrations (CMC), high surface concentration and low surface tension above the CMC). Solubilization of high Krafft point soap by LSDA and of difficultly soluble LSDA by soap are related results of this association. Analysis of dispersions of mixtures of soap and LSDA in hard water shows that the dispersed particles are mixtures of soap and LSDA in the same proportion as they were originally added. These findings are inconsistent with the view that soap reacts separately with hard water ions and that the resulting lime soap is suspended by surface adsorption of LSDA. The suspended particles are responsible for surface active properties and detergency and do not permit deposits on the fabric like those found with soap alone.
Viscosity vs. pour point relationships for alcohol nonionic surfactants
Authors: Smith Garland D. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA relationship between the room temperature viscosity of neat nonionic surfactants and the pour point has been discovered which has considerable practical value and useful theoretical implications. The pour points of nonionic surfactants are a semi‐quantitative indication of liquidity, which is an important property for storage and handling. The relationship between viscosities measured at room temperature and pour points follows an Arrhenius function, which is a commonly encountered mathematical form in nonturbulent flow. The phenomena are evaluated using a model based on Eyring's kinetic approach to the Stokes‐Einstein relationship. An obvious practical feature of this work is that instead of the tedious, relatively inexact practice of measuring pour points, it is apparent that one can obtain the same information from the more accurate and convenient measurement of viscosity. Useful inferences are also made which provide insight into the mechanisms which give rise to the pour point, the molecular structure of neat nonionics, and the nature of homolog mixing. Data for both primary and secondary alcohol ethoxylates have been investigated.
Collection of radiocarbon dates on the mammoths (Mammuthus Primigenius) and other genera of Wrangel Island, northeast Siberia, Russia
Authors: Vartanyan Sergey L. , Arslanov Khikmat A. , Karhu Juha A. , Possnert Göran , Sulerzhitsky Leopold D. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe present and discuss a full list of radiocarbon dates for woolly mammoth and other species of the Mammoth fauna available from Wrangel Island, northeast Siberia, Russia. Most of the radiocarbon dates are published here for the first time. Of the124 radiocarbon dates on mammoth bone, 106 fall between 3700 and 9000 yr ago. We believe these dates bracket the period of mammoth isolation on Wrangel Island and their ultimate extinction, which we attribute to natural causes. The absence of dates between 9–12 ka probably indicates a period when mammoths were absent from Wrangel Island. Long bone dimensions of Holocene mammoths from Wrangel Island indicate that these animals were comparable in size to those on the mainland; although they were not large animals, neither can they be classified as dwarfs. Occurrence of mammoth Holocene refugia on the mainland is suggested. Based on other species of the Mammoth fauna that have also been radiocarbon on Wrangel Island, including horse, bison, musk ox and woolly rhinoceros, it appears that the mammoth was the only species of that fauna that inhabited Wrangel Island in the mid-Holocene.
Patterns of faunal extinction and paleoclimatic change from mid-Holocene mammoth and polar bear remains, Pribilof Islands, Alaska
Authors: Veltre Douglas W. , Yesner David R. , Crossen Kristine J. , Graham Russell W. , Coltrain Joan B. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractCave, a lava tube cave on St. Paul Island in the Pribilofs, has recently produced a mid-Holocene vertebrate faunal assemblage including woolly mammoth, polar bear, caribou, and Arctic fox. Several dates on the mammoth remains converge on 570014C yr BP. These dates, ~ 2300 yr younger than mammoth dates previously published from the Pribilof Islands, make these the youngest remains of proboscideans, and of non-extinct Quaternary megafauna, recovered from North America. Persistence of mammoths on the Pribilofs is most parsimoniously explained by the isolation of the Pribilofs and the lack of human presence in pre-Russian contact times, but an additional factor may have been the local existence of high-quality forage in the form of grasses enriched by nutrients derived from local Holocene tephras. This interpretation is reinforced by stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values obtained from the mammoth remains. The endpoint of mammoth survival in the Pribilofs is unknown, but maybe coterminous with the arrival of polar bears whose remains in the cave date to the Neoglacial cold period of ~ 4500 to 350014C yr BP. The polar bear record corroborates a widespread cooling of the Bering Sea region at that time.
Versal Deformations of Leibniz Algebras
Authors: Fialowski Alice , Mandal Ashis , Mukherjee Goutam 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn this work we consider deformations of Leibniz algebras over a field of characteristic zero. The main problem in deformation theory is to describe all non-equivalent deformations of a given object. We give a method to solve this problem completely, namely work out a construction of a versal deformation for a given Leibniz algebra, which induces all non-equivalent deformations and is unique on the infinitesimal level.
Alignment of Linear Biochemical Pathways Using Protein Structural Classification
Authors: Hariharaputran Sridhar , Töpel Thoralf , Oberwahrenbrock Timm , Hofestädt Ralf 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMetabolic, signaling and regulatory pathways form the basis of biological processes and are important for the analysis of cellular behavior and evolution. This paper presents an approach of aligning biochemical pathways on the basis of the structure of involved proteins and their classification. The suitable information is retrieved from an integrated database system.SIGNALIGN is available at: http://agbi.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/signalign/index.jsp
Dietary intake and nutritional status of women and pre-school children in the Republic of the Maldives
Authors: Golder Andrea M , Erhardt Jürgen G , Scherbaum Veronika , Saeed Mohamed , Biesalski Hans K , Fürst Peter 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective:Malnutrition and poor nutritional status among children are common problems in the Republic of Maldives, a small island nation in the Indian Ocean. The aim of this study was to determine possible macro- and micronutrient deficiencies in the traditional Maldivian diet.Design:In five atolls, 333 women with children aged between 1 and 4 years who were no longer breast-fed were interviewed, using a 24-hour recall. Additionally, the weights and heights of both the women and children were measured, and blood samples from 15 women were collected for measurements of vitamins A and E, β-carotene, homocysteine, cholesterol and haemoglobin.Results:Of the women, 22% had a body mass index (BMI) below 18.5. Of the children, 41% were stunted, 14% were wasted and 51% were underweight. The women's and children's diets were sufficient in protein (14%) and carbohydrates (67%) but deficient in fat, which contributed only 19% to the total energy intake. Consumption of dietary substances that depend on vegetable and fruit intake (e.g. β-carotene, vitamin C, dietary fibre and folic acid) was low. The low intake of β-carotene was underlined by low plasma concentration. The estimated iron intake was low, although blood haemoglobin levels were normal.Conclusions:Marginal nutritional status and marginal malnutrition are due to low fat intake and selected micronutrient deficiency. Higher intakes of locally available vegetables and fruits and fat (especially for children) on a regular basis might reverse the deficits documented on the atolls.
Serum carotenoids as biomarkers of fruit and vegetable consumption in the New York Women's Health Study
Authors: Van Kappel Anne Linda , Steghens Jean-Paul , Zeleniuch-Jacquotte Anne , Chajès Véronique , Toniolo Paolo , Riboli Elio 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective:To investigate the usefulness of serum carotenoids as biomarkers of fruit and vegetable consumption.Design:Reproducibility study on three repeat measurements of serum carotenoids. Correlation analysis of carotenoids and dietary food intake, and regression analysis of potential predictive parameters for serum carotenoid levels.Setting:New York, USA.Subjects:Women participating in the New York Women's Health Study, a prospective study of sex hormones, diet and breast cancer. Forty-eight women with three repeat blood samples and 302 women having a blood sample and a dietary history questionnaire.Results:Serum carotenoid concentrations were highly reproducible between one- and two-year repeat samples. Estimated fruit and vegetable consumption was positively correlated with serum carotenoid concentrations but correlation coefficients were low. Consumption of fruit was predictive for serum levels of beta-carotene, alpha-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin, while vegetable consumption was predictive for serum beta-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin and lycopene. Serum concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides were predictive for serum carotenoids but adjustment for their levels had little or no influence on the correlation between fruit and vegetable consumption and serum carotenoid concentrations.Conclusions:One single serum measurement of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and lutein can accurately rank subjects according to their usual serum level. Serum concentrations, however, correlate only moderately with estimated dietary intake of fruits or vegetables and should therefore be used with caution as biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake.
Nutrition and health in an adult urban homeless population in Germany
Authors: Langnäse Kristina , Müller Manfred J 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective:To assess the association between nutrition and health in an adult urban homeless population.Design:Cross-sectional – nutritional state (body mass index (BMI), triceps skinfold (TSF), upper arm circumference), dietary habits (food frequency), socio-demographic data and self-stated diseases were assessed.Setting:Four sites for homeless people in Kiel and Hamburg, Germany.Subjects:Sample of 75 homeless people (60 males, 15 females) aged 19–62 years.Results:A lack of food was not found in the majority of the homeless. Seventy-six per cent of the study population showed a normal dietary pattern. Critical food groups were fresh fruit and vegetables, rice and noodles. However, 52 or 29% of the homeless were malnourished (i.e. they were below the 25th or 5th percentile of arm muscle area). In addition, 22.7% of the homeless were obese (i.e. BMI>30 kg m−2and/or TSF>90th percentile). Almost two-thirds of the population suffered from at least one chronic disease (prevalence of nutrition-related disorders 33.3%, gastrointestinal disorders 32.0%, dental diseases 22.7%, psychiatric disorders 18.7%, wasting diseases 6.7%). Smoking (prevalence rate 82%), drinking alcohol (51%) and drug abuse (20%) were frequent among homeless people. Food intake was not related to nutritional state, the prevalence of chronic diseases or addiction habits. By contrast, a poor nutritional state was associated with drug abuse and the prevalence of wasting diseases.Conclusion:Prevention of nutritional problems should be directed to health-related problems such as the prevention or treatment of chronic diseases and addiction habits.
High cassava production and low dietary cyanide exposure in mid-west Nigeria
Authors: Onabolu Adeyinka , Bokanga Mpoko , Tylleskär Thorkild , Rosling Hans 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective:To investigate if high cassava production levels indicate high consumption and high dietary cyanide exposure in three villages situated within the area of Nigeria with higher cassava production than predicted by a geographic model for cassava production in Africa.Design:Exploratory assessment of: cassava production and processing by qualitative research methods and quantification of residual cyanogens in products; cassava consumption by food frequency and weighed food records and dietary cyanide exposure by urinary thiocyanate and linamarin.Setting:Rural communities of Afuze, Ebue and Ofabo in mid-west Nigeria.Subjects:110 subjects from 42 households in three villages for food frequency interviews; 118 subjects in nine Ofabo households for weighed food records.Results:Cassava cultivation was reported to have increased in the preceding 20 years. It was consumed daily by 37 (88%) households, but its mean contribution to daily energy intake was only 13% (SD = 10). The range of residual cyanogens in cassava foods was 0 to 62 mg HCN equivalent/kg dry weight (dw). Ten samples (19%) had levels above the 10 mg HCN equivalent/kg dw FAO/WHO safety limit. Mean urinary thiocyanate and linamarin were 51 (SD = 35) and 20 (SD = 11) μmol/L, indicating low cyanogen intake and dietary cyanide exposure.Conclusion:High cassava production levels did not result in high consumption and high dietary cyanide exposure levels, therefore cassava production levels cannot be used to predict consumption or cyanide exposure levels in the study area. A large part of the production is explained by intensive sales.
Dietary inadequacies observed in homeless men visiting an emergency night shelter in Paris
Authors: Darmon Nicole , Coupel J , Deheeger M , Briend A 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the dietary intake and the nutritional status of homeless men.SettingA night emergency shelter in Paris, France.DesignDietary survey (48-h) including alcohol intake and a questionnaire on age, duration of homelessness, smoking habits. Subjects were also weighed and measured.SubjectsNinety-seven men aged 18–72 years (mean 43.3), of whom 54% were homeless for more than 18 months, 82% were smokers and 53% were regular and/or excessive drinkers.ResultsThe BMI distribution was shifted towards low values, the percentage of wasted persons being four times higher than in the reference population. The mean total energy intake was 2376 kcal (SD = 879) and included a high and highly variable percentage of energy derived from alcohol (12.0% (SD = 18.1)). Among drinkers, the mean ethanol intake was 90 g (SD = 102) and there was a significant negative correlation between ethanol and non-alcoholic energy intakes. The median intakes of potassium, calcium, zinc, vitamins B1, B2, and niacin were lower than European Population Reference Intakes but only the mean intake of vitamin B1 was significantly lower. Eighty percent of non-alcoholic energy was provided by charitable organisations. For most nutrients, the nutritional density of the shelter ration was not significantly different from the density of the foods purchased by the homeless.ConclusionsThese data suggest that the content of some nutrients should be increased in existing food assistance programs for homeless people in France.
The role of blood loss and diet in the aetiology of mild iron deficiency in premenopausal adult New Zealand women
Authors: Heath Anne-Louise M , Skeaff C Murray , Williams Sheila , Gibson Rosalind S 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the role of blood loss and diet in the aetiology of mild iron deficiency (MID) in premenopausal New Zealand women. Mild iron deficiency was defined as low, but not necessarily exhausted, iron stores (i.e. serum ferritin <20 μg/L) in the absence of anaemia (i.e. haemoglobin ≥120 g/L).DesignCross-sectional study of a volunteer sample of premenopausal adult women. Information on habitual dietary intakes (using a specially designed and validated computerised iron food frequency questionnaire), health and demographic status, sources of blood loss (including menstrual blood loss estimated using a validated menstrual recall method), contraceptive use, height and weight, haemoglobin, serum ferritin and C-reactive protein were collected.SettingDunedin, New Zealand during 1996/1997.ParticipantsThree hundred and eighty-four women aged 18–40 years.ResultsThe characteristics that were associated with an increased risk of MID were: low meat/fish/poultry intake, high menstrual blood loss, recent blood donation, nose bleeds, and low body mass index. The protective factors included shorter duration of menstrual bleeding, and multivitamin–mineral supplement use in the past year.ConclusionsThere are a number of potentially modifiable factors that appear to influence risk of MID. Women with low menstrual blood loss may be able to decrease their risk of MID by increasing their meat/fish/poultry intake, while those with a higher menstrual blood loss may be able to decrease their risk by decreasing their menstrual blood loss, perhaps by changing their method of contraception. Women should be encouraged to maintain a healthy body weight, and those who choose to donate blood, or who experience nose bleeds, should have their iron stores monitored.
Exclusive breast-feeding is rarely practised in rural and urban Morogoro, Tanzania
Authors: Shirima Restituta , Greiner Ted , Kylberg Elisabeth , Gebre-Medhin Mehari 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjective:To investigate and compare feeding practices among infants of less than 7 months of age in a rural and an urban area in Tanzania.Design:Cross-sectional, questionnaire-based interview of mothers and focus group discussions with extension workers and community leaders.Setting:Eleven villages in a rural district and 10 wards in an urban district in the Morogoro region, Tanzania, west of Dar es Salaam.Subjects:Probability samples of mothers with infants of less than 7 months of age (n= 320 from each area).Results:Exclusive breast-feeding was rarely practised in either the rural or urban areas investigated. However, the urban mothers initiated breast-feeding earlier, discarded colostrum less frequently, breast-fed exclusively for a longer period, gave breast milk as the first feed more often and delayed the introduction of solid foods for longer than their rural counterparts. The rural mothers, on the other hand, breast-fed their previous infants slightly longer than the urban mothers.Conclusions:The better performance of urban mothers could be partly due to sustained breast-feeding support in hospital settings and other campaigns which may not have reached the rural areas. In both the rural and urban areas more efforts are needed to encourage exclusive breast-feeding, to avoid premature complementation and, in the case of the urban areas, to protect extended breast-feeding.
Healthy eating in Ukraine: attitudes, barriers and information sources
Authors: Biloukha OO , Utermohlen V 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo identify the major perceived influences on food choice, to examine the use of and trust in information sources concerning healthy eating, and to assess attitudes towards and barriers to adopting healthy eating practices in a post-USSR country (Ukraine).DesignA survey of an urban adult population. The questions were adopted from the Pan-European Union (EU) Survey of Consumer Attitudes to Food, Nutrition and Health (1995–1996).SettingLviv city, Ukraine.SubjectsThe survey included 296 adults (84 males, 212 females) aged 18–55 years; they were primarily college students and subjects with tertiary education – the groups most likely to be both interested in healthy eating and affected by current socioeconomic downturns.ResultsThe major factors in food choice were: ‘quality/freshness’ (cited by 80%), ‘price’ (58%) and ‘taste’ (47%); only 34% cited ‘trying to eat healthily’. More older people cited ‘price’ than ‘quality/freshness’, and men were more likely than women to cite ‘taste’. Sources of healthy eating information included: ‘relatives/friends’ (cited by 65%, trusted by 85%) and health professionals (trusted by 92%, but used by only 35%); while advertising was the least trusted source (cited by 28%). Fifty-three per cent of respondents considered their diet to be healthy enough without further changes; 50% thought of the nutritional aspects of the food they ate; fewer women than men considered their diet healthy, and more women than men thought about nutrition. Barriers to healthy eating included: ‘cost’ (cited by 65%), ‘lack of time’ (55%), ‘self-control’ (54%), ‘selection influences’ (41%), ‘lack of knowledge’ (32%), ‘unpleasant foods’ and ‘resistance to change’ (both 30%).ConclusionsStrategies to encourage healthy eating in this population should involve word-of-mouth nutrition education concerning low-cost healthy alternatives.
Dietary intake of soybean protein and menstrual cycle length in pre-menopausal Singapore Chinese women
Authors: Jakes Rupert W , Alexander Lynn , Duffy Stephen W , Leong Joy , Chen Lin Han , Lee Wei Hong 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackgroundIntake of soybean protein was associated with a reduced risk of breast cancer in a case–control study. It has also been demonstrated to increase menstrual cycle length in an experimental setting.ObjectiveTo ascertain whether the association of soybean protein intakes with menstrual cycle length persists in an uncontrolled community setting.DesignCross-sectional food frequency dietary survey, menstrual cycle survey and prospective collection of menstrual cycle data.SettingA hospital clinic and a nursing college.SubjectsTwo hundred menstruating women.ResultsAn association (P=0.034) of higher intakes of soybean protein with increased menstrual cycle length, as recorded by self report and by prospectively recording three consecutive cycles, was observed. The risk of menstrual cycle length being greater than the median, when comparing the upper quartile (8.7–35.2 g day−1) of soybean intake and the lowest quartile (0.1–3.3 g day−1) was double, and this approached statistical significance (OR=2.02, 95% CI=0.88−4.64 and OR=1.93, 95% CI=0.82−4.56 for self-reported cycle length and cycle length as recorded by diary, respectively). In terms of the absolute association with cycle length, subjects in the upper quartile of soybean intake demonstrated a cycle length 1–2 days longer than did subjects in the lowest quartile.ConclusionsIt is likely that the association between dietary intake of soybean protein and length of menstrual cycle prevails in the community setting. This is shown using both self-reported cycle length and cycle length as recorded in a prospective diary.