bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La Mentalidad Argentina en el Tango y Sus Modismos
Authors: Astigueta Fernando Diego 
Published: March 2007

El Estudio de una cultura requere una atenta observación de actitudes, costumbres, giros idiomáticos, leyendas, folklore, temas novelísticos, caricaturas y tipos de chistes, modos de encarar el amor, la agresión y en general todo hecho que mantenga cierta constancia a través de las generaciones. Todo este material será de gran valor para determinar lo que se entiende como “mentalidad” (personalidad básica) de la cultura.Partiendo del lenguaje que se habla en la Argentina podremos ver como ciertos verbos y expresiones adquieren primacia en el proceso comunicativo y como también parecerían indicar sentidos aparentemente en discordancia con la aceptación tradicional.
La Violencia in Colombia
Authors: Bailey Norman A. 
Published: March 2007

For the past twenty years the South American republic of Colombia has suffered from a social phenomenon of such magnitude that it has defied not only the contemporary jargon of sociologists and political scientists but even the time-honored terminology of insurrection, rebellion, riot and revolution. Perhaps because the only element of this phenomenon that all observers can agree upon is the fact that it is and has been eminently violent, it has come to be called simply “la violencia,” or “The Violence.”The phenomenon known as la violencia never has been completely absent from Colombia since 1946, but it has had two periods of particular virulence, the first between 1948 and 1953 affecting the departments of Tolima, Boyacá, Cundinamarca, Antioquia, Valle, Caldas, Cauca, Santander del Sur, Arauca, Huila, Chocó, Caquetá, Meta, Casanare, Vichada and Bolívar, that is, the entire country with the exception of parts of the Atlantic coast and the southernmost department of Nariño.
O Mate e a Influência Decisiva de Camargo Pinto
Authors: Silva Carneiro David Antonio da 
Published: March 2007

A indústria do mate foi, durante um longo período do Brasil independente — mas já também ao tempo da colonia — urna das mais importantes fontes de riqueza, mantenedora e incentivadora do progresso de capitanías e de provincias sulinas.A extincáo recente do Instituto Nacional do Mate, depois de 33 anos de existencia, mostra que o mate, como outras riquezas brasileiras, em outras épocas, tende á vida latente, ou a entrar em colapso.Essa fonte de riqueza antiga, desde há alguns anos entrou em plena decadencia. íntimamente essa regressáo se tem acentuado, infelizmente, por deficiencia de mercados, e a concorréncia e producáo dos argentinos.Ainda mesmo, porém, que o mate nao seja mais industria florescente, merece, por varios títulos, estudos económicos e históricos.
Amor, Dolor y Muerte en la Vida de Don Mariano Melgarejo
Authors: Machicao Porfirio Díaz 
Published: March 2007

Una desconocida correspondencia que guarda la Biblioteca Central de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés de La Paz, en su sección manuscritos, me incita a dar algunos pormenores de la caída de Don Mariano Melgarejo y de la sincera angustia que, en los primeros momentos, tuvo su favorita Doña Juana Sánchez — tirana en el amor y en la crueldad — amén del comedimiento de amigos y espías que le siguieron a la hora crepuscular.Tales documentos no han sido revelados. Tienen pues el prestigio de una inconfundible testificación.Como el halcón de la cetrería, Don Mariano logró arribar a tierras del Perú, huyendo de la caza que iban a darle los indios altiplánicos.
Trabajador Olvidado Del Siglo XX: El Artesano
Authors: Baquero José A. 
Published: March 2007

La revolución industrial que caracterizó la segunda mitad del Siglo XIX y que se ha intensificado en los años que han transcurrido del presente Siglo, ha traído como consecuencia un natural despertar de la conciencia social hacia las duras realidades del trabajador asalariado y se ha pronunciado en legislaciones más o menos avanzadas para proteger a dicho trabajador.Todos los países del mundo occidental, cual más cual menos, han dictado códigos y leyes laborales y de seguridad social, con el propósito de defender al trabajador industrial frente a los intereses de la industria, permitiéndole no solamente equilibrar un tanto su posición en las negociaciones de los contratos colectivos de trabajo, mediante la organización de sindicatos y uniones, sino garantizándole salarios mínimos, la limitación de horas de trabajo, seguros de enfermedad, invalidez y fallecimiento, etc. Estas legislaciones, unas con visión de la realidad y otras un tanto exageradas con relación al medio en que deben aplicarse, tienen en común la profunda preocupación del Estado y de la sociedad en general, de aproximarse en la medida de lo posible a una situación de justicia social que permita el desenvolvimiento de la clase trabajadora hacia niveles humanos y dignos.
Las Fuentes del Derecho Mercantil en Puerto Rico
Authors: Santa-Pinter J. J. 
Published: March 2007

Puerto Rico ocupa un lugar de mucho interés en los estudios jurídicos debido a razones históricas y políticas que, brevemente, podrán resumirse en lo siguiente: es sin duda, un país de pertenencia al sistema de civil law en cuanto al origen de su orden jurídico, no obstante, en la actualidad, su Derecho en cualquiera de sus ramas, se halla influenciado por el sistema de common law a causa de su status político actual.El Preámbulo de su Constitución de 1952 expresa en forma inequívoca esta idea en el párrafo 5 al decir que “consideramos factores determinantes en nuestra vida … la convivencia en Puerto Rico de las dos grandes culturas del hemisferio americano”, lo cual indica implícitamente también la convivencia de las dos grandes culturas jurídicas, el common law y el civil law, por ser el Derecho el sine qua non de toda vida organizada.
European Possessions in the Americas
Authors: Parks E. Taylor 
Published: March 2007

The United States of 1783 was composed of thirteen former English colonies and their hinterland extending to the Mississippi River. Except on the Atlantic side, the new republic was surrounded by European possessions. In fact, the remainder of the New World was claimed by European nations. It was inevitable, therefore, that the United States from the beginning would concern itself with these European possessions.The degree of concern has been determined largely by three factors: (1) the geographic location of the areas, (2) their economic and strategic value, and (3) the relative power and prestige of their current or prospective possessors. As regards the geographic location of the areas, the interest of the United States has expanded roughly in broad concentric arcs: (a) contiguous continental lands (Florida, Louisiana, Texas, California, Oregon Territory); (b) Alaska, Central America, and the Caribbean; (c) South America and off-shore islands; and (d) the Antarctic. This expansion of interest has been concomitant with the territorial and economic growth of the United States, the development of ever-more-rapid means of transportation and communication, and the changing concepts of national defense.
The Transformation of Brazilian Plantation Society
Authors: Hutchinson H. W. 
Published: March 2007

Brazil has been a classic example of plantation society. In recent years, however, a new Brazil has been emerging in a process vividly described by Charles Wagley as "the Brazilian Revolution", by which the old society has been transformed as new groups have gradually risen from industry, commerce, the professions, and the bureaucracy, until the overall Brazilian society no longer bears the stamp of plantation society.In this paper an attempt will be made to show how the plantation developed into the organizing force of Brazilian society throughout the Colonial and Empire periods by extending its form and control patterns to the larger society which surrounded it. By the end of the nineteenth century, due to a series of crises, economic, social, and political, the classic plantation system underwent modifications which, if they had gone unchecked, would have strengthened it more than ever.
A Financial System for Economic Development: Problems and Prospects in Central America
Authors: Tamagna Frank M. , Wolfe Gregory B. 
Published: March 2007

This study of financial institutions and processes highlights changes in the policies and practices of investors, governments and international bodies that would accelerate industrial development of Central America. There are three principal conclusions:1. Commercial banks and related institutions need more flexibility in their operations under the law and administrative procedures. Among these conditions would be adaptations of credit instruments and interest rates to the requirements of a changing economic structure and market conditions. These would increase the number and range of alternatives open to domestic savers and investors and enable financial institutions to undertake operations of longer terms and greater risks.
The Nationalism Syndrome in Argentina
Authors: Fernández Julio A. 
Published: March 2007

This study is a modest attempt to examine some general aspects of nationalism in the Argentine context. It should be mentioned at the start that there is no comprehensive definition for nationalism and in this connection it may be useful to explore some of the various ways in which the term is employed.Professor Toynbee defines nationalism as “a state of mind in which we give our paramount political loyalty to one fraction of the human race—to the particular tribe of which we happen to be tribesmen.” Professor Ebenstein describes nationalism since the French Revolution as “one of the driving forces of domestic, imperial, and international politics.” From his observation of Western countries, Myrdal prefers to view nationalism in terms of “an irrational force, driving … [western countries] to more disruptive policies internationally than are in their own long-term interests.”
Carlos Vaz Ferreira: Uruguayan Philosopher
Authors: Haddox John H. 
Published: March 2007

Carlos Vaz Ferreira, born at Montevideo, Uruguay in 1872, a graduate of the School of Law, and at twenty-five appointed to the Chair of Philosophy there, was a prolific writer who for more than thirty years presented special lectures open to the general public. As a result he was one of the most influential men of this century in his homeland. Frank and honest and intensely stimulating, Aníbal Sánchez Reulet has termed Vaz Ferreira an “intellectual pontiff.”From 1929 to 1941 he was, off and on, the Rector of the University and in 1945 he became Director of the School of Humanities in Montevideo, which position he held until his death in 1959.
Machado de Assis—Brazilian Writer
Authors: Pimentel A. Fonseca 
Published: March 2007

Taking into account the historical and geographical differences, as well as, of course, the nature and intrinsic value of the works concerned, Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis (1839-1908) occupies the same position in Brazilian literature as Camoens does in Portuguese, Cervantes in Spanish, Dante in Italian, Goethe in German, and Shakespeare in English.In other words, to use symbolic language borrowed from geography itself, Machado de Assis undoubtedly represents the highest peak in Brazilian literature. He can claim to have produced its most significant work up to his time—perhaps no very great achievement. But what is remarkable is the fact that such work has remained so up to the present day, particularly that part produced during the last thirty years of his life.
A Reappraisal of the Economic Record of Venezuela, 1939-1959
Authors: Cusack Thomasine 
Published: March 2007

The year 1959 was a crucial one for Venezuela. Politically, it marked the end of an era of military dictatorship. Economically, with the appearance of a world surplus of oil, it marked the termination of a period of prosperity unique in type and unparalleled in degree. This turning point in the destiny of the nation would seem to be a fitting time for an appraisal of Venezuela's recent growth record.Such an appraisal reveals the fact that during the past twenty years Venezuela's remarkable economic gains were brought about by a unique combination of growth factors. Some of these Venezuela possessed in common with other Latin-American countries. But others, in particular those of a spatial and temporal character, have been singularly its own.
Tradition and Variation in Brazilian Foreign Policy
Authors: Burns E. Bradford 
Published: March 2007

Mounting Anxieties, frustrations, and fears in Brazil effected a change of government by military force at the end of March of 1964. President Joáo Goulart fled to an Uruguayan exile. Congress, urged by the military, conferred supreme executive power on Marshal Humberto Castelo Branco. Many other sweeping changes followed. None was more complete than the about-face taken in foreign policy.Castelo Branco spoke out early and unequivocally in his regime in favor of a return to more traditional policies. The graduation exercise of the foreign service school, the Instituto Rio-Branco, on July 31, 1964, provided the propitious place and moment for him to outline the foreign policy goals of his government. He paid homage to the ideals consecrated by tradition: world peace, disarmament, selfdetermination, non-intervention, and anti-colonialism. Moving into the more pragmatic realm of national interests, the president emphasized that his government's foreign policy aimed to increase national power through social and economic development.
Problems in the Professionalization of the University Teaching Career in Central America
Authors: Waggoner George R. 
Published: March 2007

In recent years, working cooperatively through the Council of Central American Universities and working vigorously, too, as independent universities, the five national universities of Central America have been carrying through a tremendous program of academic reform.Five major movements in Central American higher education have worked toward the elimination or reduction of the traditional isolation of the virtually independent professional schools of which the universities have been composed. These are:1.The creation of university cities in which the various divisions are brought together physically.2.The creation of general studies programs of a year or more into which all entering university students are placed.3.The development of departments in the basic disciplines which serve the pre-professional general studies program and also tend to offer for all of the professional schools in the university the courses in these basic subjects needed in professional curricula.4.The strong interest that is arising in post-graduate studies, especially of a regionally planned type.5.The growing concomitant interest in research with a view that it, like the training of many kinds of professionals, is necessary for the social, economic, and industrial development of Central America.
Quelques Aspects De L'Economie Haitienne
Authors: Lubin Maurice A. 
Published: March 2007

Tout pays pose un certain nombre de problèmes de base. Us se rammènent à quatre groupes principaux: Politique, Administratif, Social et Economique.Quelle est la position d'Haiti, face à ees problèmes?Depuis 1804, et bien avant, nous nous sommes toujours oceupés de politique, ou de ce que nous appelons tel. S'applique plus adéquatement a nous, Haitiens, ce mot d'Aristotle: “L'homme est un animal politique.”Le politique est tout ce qui concerne l'organisation de 1'Etat, l'exercice de ses pouvoirs, des droits et des obligations des citoyens pour la raison qu'iis vivent en groupes, sous une autorité donée. Le politique peut se démembrer et s'appliquer à différentes fins.
Class Parameters in Haitian Society
Authors: de Young Maurice 
Published: March 2007

In attempting to define the parameters of Haitian society, three basic status pyramids will be employed, economic, social-occupational, and political. In each case, an effort will be made to distinguish between caste (inherited) and class (personally-achieved distinction) elements which seem to be present. These criteria will then be placed in comparison or opposition to the acid test of individual recognition of status and solidarity toward the class with which Haitians identify themselves.The absolute upper and lower limits of class in Haiti are not difficult to distinguish by economic or socio-occupational standards, and with a few notable exceptions there is a high degree of political correlation in that both the upper and lower groups participate very little in the political mechanism. Thus whereas these two groups are at opposite poles in the first two pyramids, they are essentially undistinguishable in the third.
Cuatro Tendencias en la Politica Latinoamericana
Authors: Gil Federico G. 
Published: March 2007

El propósito del presente artículo es principalmente el de sugerir, en lineas generales, la naturaleza de algunos de los problemas de mayor vigencia dentro del cuadro actual de la política latinoamericana. Ante la imposibilidad de ofrecer en este espacio una visión completa de la escena política, nos hemos limitado al análisis de cuatro tendencias que, según impresiones recogidas en dos viajes recientes por nuestro continente, constituyen, en nuestra opinión, factores primordiales de la actividad política en estos países.La primera de estas tendencias, que el extranjero percibe de inmediato, es la ola creciente de sentimiento anti-norteamericano. Aunque este factor no haya alcanzado todavía proporciones desmedidas, debe constituir motivo de seria preocupación a todos los estudiosos de la realidad latinoamericana.
The United States Air Force and Latin American Research
Authors: Bushnell David 
Published: March 2007

In the vast maze of official United States programs for technical cooperation with Latin America, one of those that have attracted least attention is the support of Latin American scientific research by the United States Air Force. The program is a small one, not only as compared with the total research effort supported by the Air Force at home and abroad but also as compared with the total array of United States scientific and technical assistance to Latin America. It is not, in fact, an “assistance” program at all in the usual sense: it is, rather, a program in which Latin Americans assist the United States and simply receive payment for services rendered.The assistance in question is not in any way directly related to the development of new weapons or to actual military activities; it operates on the level of basic and applied research, and is concerned only with increasing the general store of scientific knowledge on which future advances in non-military as well as military technology must ultimately rest.
Social Backgrounds of the Bogotá Entrepreneur
Authors: Lipman Aaron 
Published: March 2007

A sample of Bogotá entrepreneurs suggests that their social origins and backgrounds differ markedly from those of the general Colombian population. The entrepreneur is well-educated, urban, and comes from a predominantly middle class background, in a society that is mainly rural, has a low educational level, and an overwhelmingly large lower class.As Weber and Tawney have pointed out, the emergence of the entrepreneur is inevitably affected by his cultural milieu. Motivations and goals making profit desirable are derived from the society which socializes him; he makes decisions which are influenced by the residues, values, and restraints which society places upon risk, risk-taking, and freedom of economic choice. The entrepreneurial role, with its behavioral expectations, occupies a status granted it by a society—a status not fully derived from the power of wealth or capital manipulation, but from traditional prestige values and traditional concepts of the “good life” and the definition of the individual's proper relationship to his society. Some societies appear to breed entrepreneurs more readily than others, and encourage their appearance through offering differential rewards and incentives.
The Andean Cultural Frontier
Authors: Hegen Edmund E. 
Published: March 2007

From the Sierra Macarena in the north to the Sierra Divisor east of the Río Ucayali, the eastern ranges of the Andes form an amphitheater along the western border of the Upper Amazon Basin. This Andean arc was for centuries a combined physical and cultural boundary. The noman's land of the Ceja and the hostility of the Montaña with its rough relief, short lateral valleys, turbulent rivers, and with the “conservatism of the forest” represented a rigid and formidable physical barrier.The eastern region of the Inca Empire, Anti-Suyo, certainly never reached far beyond the forest line along the eastern ranges. The deepest penetration into the Selva took place probably under Inca Túpac Yupanqui, during the wars against the Shiris, who settled around “Chachapuyas and Muyupampas.”
O Sociólogo na Correnteza Política
Authors: da Rocha Munhoz 
Published: March 2007

Quando em 1960, integrando urna comitiva de 12 deputados brasileiros em visita aos Estados Unidos a convite do govêrno norte-americano, integrando sem ter pleiteiado e só figurando entre os convidados, porque depois de muitas escolhas domésticas em vézes sucessivas, chegara fatalmente minha vez, troquei idéias em New York, na Columbia University, com um dos seus professôres de Historia.Sendo eu professor de Historia da América, da Universidade do Paraná, manifestei em meio da palestra, minha predileção pela Historia colonial, largo período do mais alto interêsse, por ser ai que se descobrem as verdadeiras raízes da formação americana.
Los Problemas Sociales de Mexico en 1900 y 1950
Authors: Flores Anselmo Marino 
Published: March 2007

La Revolución Mexicana como movimiento armado y como proceso políticosocial constituye un tema apasionado para los mexicanos. A escaso número de años del desarrollo de las operaciones bélicas y con la supervivencia de personajes participantes, se vuelve sumamente difícil esclarecer situaciones, uniformar opiniones y sobre todo conciliar intereses.Sabemos perfectamente que nuestra organización políticoadministrativa actual tiene sus raíces en la Constitución proclamada bajo la egregia figura de don Venustiano Carranza en 1917 y sabemos también que en el norte la personalidad de Francisco Villa se sigue viendo con admiración y con respeto, y que en el sur, donde parece que la Revolución fué sólo una guerra fratricida sin ninguna proyección social, los campesinos que se debaten en la miseria buscan ansiosamente otro Emiliano Zapata.
A Survey of Elementary and Secondary Education in Latin America
Authors: Davis Thomas B. 
Published: March 2007

Latin-American education today bears more resemblance to its ineffective past than to the great and good plans which its educators have regularly got incorporated into law. For two generations all the southern republics have passed constitutional provisions guaranteeing free and compulsory education. Haiti has carried such a provision in its legal code since 1871, yet today 92 per cent of its people are illiterate.The percentage figure ranges somewhat lower for the other countries, but the basic situation remains the same. As H. W. Spiegel reported in The Brazilian Economy: “At present no more than one-third of Brazil's child population attends school. Schools, including the elementary, are overcrowded. Teachers are scarce. Education opportunities for higher training are poor and expensive. During 1940 to 1944, seventyeight per cent of the immigrants were literate; in 1940 only thirty-two per cent of the native Brazilians were literate.”