bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accurate Wellbore Placement Using a Novel Extra Deep Resistivity Service
Authors: Helgesen T. B. , Meyer W. H. , Thorsen A. K. , Baule A. , Ronning K. J. , Iversen M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Grane field causes significant challenges with respect to reservoir drainage and wellbore placement. The true resistivity profiles from offset wells are reflecting an irregular oil water transition zone in the field, likely to be caused by subtle facies variations and/or local variations in the oil water contact(OWC). In addition, horizontal wells penetrated many shales.
Baker Hughes INTEQ has in collaboration with Hydro developed an extra deep resistivity service called DeepTrak™ to navigate at a distance of up to 12 meters from a resistivity contrast boundary. This service has been used in several wells.
The tools as well as the surface software components provided full service capability and were used successfully to geosteer along the OWC at the required distance. In addition, the DeepTrak service was capable of detecting shale injectites, thus giving valuable insight for reservoir characterization and geological model update.
By use of field data, it is demonstrated how the DeepTrak service can be used for accurate wellbore placement.
Offshore California Facility Decommissioning: Past, Present, Future
Authors: Mount P. B. , Voskanian M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Decommissioning of offshore oil and gas production facilities in California has always been and will continue to be a controversial and hotly debated topic. This Decommissioning has been occurring since the early part of the 20th Century and most recently involved four offshore platforms, a pier, and an island in State waters. It also involved the abandonment of over 23 sub sea wells and associated debris off the Santa Barbara, California Coast. Much was learned from these many decommissioning projects, and organizations were formed to coordinate future decommissioning projects and discuss alternatives. This presentation will summarize the lessons learned from past decommissioning projects, future projects and options available for future projects. There will be a discussion on the positions of the public, environmental communities and government on the approval process, facility removal process and final disposition of the facility. Focus of the presentation will be on the process that could be used to develop viable decommissioning options.
A Project Lifecycle Approach to an Effective and Value Added Social, Environmental, and Health Impact Management Process
Authors: Finney R. , Witchalls B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Integrated environmental and social assessment is increasingly becoming part of national regulatory approval processes, to estimate and manage the impacts of oilfield developments upon the natural and human environment. Even at pre-project stages, the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) can form part of the company decision-making process for country entry. The ESIA should not be viewed however simply as a regulatory ‘tick-in-the-box’ but form part of a larger Environmental and Social Management Process. Effective integration of the ESIA findings, into the engineering design process can deliver benefits in impact mitigation and environmental management across all stages of the development.
The international community is demanding increasingly rigorous environmental and social performance of planned developments by international operators and reputation can be strongly influenced by the consistency and quality of the assessment process and the extent to which ESIA commitments are delivered. It is recognised by the International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (OGP) that sharing of experience through ‘lessons-learned’ would provide a means to achieve consistency in delivery of high quality environmental and social impact management processes.
The OGP ESIA in Projects Taskforce has been formed to develop industry guidance, which is applicable to development projects in any geographical area, thus facilitating the attainment of a consistently high standard by all operators, which is aligned with international expectations. The aim is to add both technical value and to facilitate interactions with stakeholders and third parties. Given the diversity of project specifics, company internal processes, local environmental sensitivities etc. The approach must offer a high degree of flexibility in its application. A ‘Toolbox’ based on agreed ‘good practice’ is being assembled that maps key environmental and social management activities with E&P project activities, defining deliverables and checklists at each stage. This is seen to offer greater potential than a more rigid process.
The State Review Process, Improving Environmental Performance through Multiple Stakeholder Program Reviews
Authors: Erb J. E. , Stewart T. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
State Review of Oil and Natural Gas Environmental Regulations, Inc. (STRONGER) was formed in 1999 as a non-profit, multi-stakeholder organization to reinvigorate and carry forward the State Review Process, begun cooperatively by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC) in 1988. The State Review Process is unique in federal environmental regulation. Rather than develop a traditional prescriptive, command-and-control federal regulatory program, the EPA enabled the states, the regulated community and other stakeholders to develop, through consensus, a set of state oil and gas regulatory program guidelines, and a process for evaluating state oil and gas regulatory programs against the guidelines.
Upstream Onshore Oil and Gas Fatalities: A Review of OSHA’s Database and Strategic Direction for Reducing Fatal Incidents
Authors: Curlee C. K. , Brouillard S. J. , Marshall M. L. , Knode T. L. , Smith S. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
According to the OSHA database for the period from 1997 through 2003, one fatality occurred every 10 days in the U.S. upstream (E&P) oil and gas industry. To determine trends and provide insights into the safety failures, as well as potential interventions to eliminate the high frequency of fatal incidents, the seven years of OSHA data were reviewed. This data encompasses over 250 fatalities from the four principal SIC categories that comprise the onshore upstream oil & gas exploration and production industry. Data were sorted initially by region, well drilling or field servicing, rig type, and event. Further analysis was conducted by a diverse team of industry professionals, including representatives from operating companies, well drilling and servicing companies, and industry trade associations. Particular focus was directed at accident type, equipment type and well site location in an attempt to identify causal factors from the limited incident descriptions contained in the OSHA database.
The resulting analysis showed nearly half of all fatalities (47%) resulted from "struck by" incidents; fires and explosions accounted for 16% while falls from heights accounted for another 14% of the fatalities. Fatality incident rates from year to year were strongly correlated to overall upstream industry activity level as represented by the U.S. rig count.
This fatality data review provides oil and gas industry operating managers, safety professionals, trade associations and others a road map for targeted improvement programs and priorities for reducing onshore oil field-related fatalities.
Discussion of Foam Corrosion Inhibition in Air Foam Drilling
Authors: Meng Y. , Wan L. , Chen X. , Chen G. , Yang L. , Wang J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Simulating corrosion condition of air foam drilling, corrosion inhibition performance and foaming properties of stable foam are evaluated. Corrosion product layer images and composites are investigated by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersion spectrometer and x-ray diffraction analysis. The results show that corrosion pitting with sodium chloride crystalline grain forms on the surface of steel corroded by formation water. Foam can retard corrosion, particles in foam uniformity, thinness and tightness. After adding foam and inhibitor no obvious corrosion phenomenon happens but existing tiny trace originating from washing and erosion. Foam corrosion inhibition mechanism is first put forward through laboratory data and theoretical analysis, which mostly consists in foam agent absorption on steel surface; viscosifier complexing characteristic; oxygen isolation; foam enwrapping sands, reducing erosion. Adding inhibitor and oxygen scavenger, foam corrosion inhibition ability is improved further. Indoor experiment and field application show foam drilling substituting for dry air drilling and adjusting pH value and adding inhibitor reduce sharply corrosion of drilling tools. Special formula in Western Gasfield of China X-14 well is 2.0%F4 +0.3%HPAM + 0.2%XC + 0.5%CT2 + 0.05%Na2SO3. Practice proved that this method effectively restrained drilling tools corrosion and improved economic benefits.
This paper is the first in a series of studies designed to bring forward foam corrosion inhibition in air foam drilling. The goal is to better understand the mechanism of foam corrosion inhibition, to be able to select the proper inhibitor and extend air foam drilling techniques in suit region.
The Need to Have an Energy Literate Public and Consumer Base. How the Energy Industry has (or has not) Dealt with its Image.
Authors: Tobin J. C. 
Published: December 2007

abstract
This past summer, Eve Sprunt, SPE President Elect, faced the on going issue of the industry's image while on a business trip to Southeast Asia. People view the petroleum industry as a sunset industry. They have heard predicitions that oil production will peak in the next decade or so and fear that someone entering the industry today will have their career cut short by the lack of resources.
Our image, among many other things, makes this industry an easy target for arbitrary and volatile taxation and regulation, etc. This is old news as the problem has been around for the petroleum segment of the industry since Titusville, and for the energy industry in general since mankind first discovered fire.
Dealing with depleting resources has always been a part of our business. It is dealing with the problem of depleting human resources that is a more recent phenomenon.
Shallow Gas Shut-Off Using Rigid Polymer Gel in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela
Authors: Hurtado J. F. , Milne A. , Olivares E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the application of a rigid polymer gel to shut off potential gas-bearing zones in an openhole section located below a surface casing shoe in Lake Maracaibo, Venezuela. The objective was to minimize the risk of shallow gas influx during continued conventional drilling operations.
Balanced Scorecard Linked to Shareholder Value: Making the Numbers Count
Authors: Schuyler J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The "balanced scorecard" (BSC), popularized by Kaplan and Norton, has become widely recognized both as a performance measuring vehicle and as a strategy communications tool. Typically, 20 to 25 measures (performance drivers and/or indicators) are chosen for the BSC—to align people, processes and investments with the company's strategy. New "dashboard" type software enables an attractive BSC presentation. Because of data accessibility, BSC measurements are almost universally historical or current data.
More importantly than lag measures, what decision-makers need are forecasts. And credible forecasts are generated from a Monte Carlo simulation of the company, industry, and economic environment. The BSC process merges "management by objectives" with the "system dynamics" modeling approach. System dynamics offers the best process for enterprise modeling, yet this link is generally missing from BSC implementations. The stochastic company model is also the means for optimizing the asset and project portfolios and for tuning investment decision policy.
Most corporate executives acknowledge that the sole or overarching objective is maximizing long-term shareholder value. This paper describes an approach for incorporating shareholder value and related key forecasts into the BSC. Share value is approximated by forecasting the company's free cash flow with the company model.
Resolving the discount to get from expected monetary value to market capitalization presents some interesting issues. Share value is tracked and forecast, so people in the company can answer, "Are we creating or destroying shareholder value?"
Investigation of Flow-Back Properties of Various Drilling and Completion Fluids Through Production Screens
Authors: Taugbøl K. , Svanes G. , Svanes K. , Omland T. H. , Alterås E. , Mathisen A. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A unique test configuration has been utilized to investigate the flow-back properties of oil-based fluids through sand screens for openhole completions after 1-2 months suspension time. This test which simulates downhole conditions can be used to select fluid in which the screens will be suspended.
The results from the testing show that oil-based fluid with a density greater than 1.5 sg can plug the sand screen if suspended for a long period. The results show the effect of both time and temperature on the plugging tendencies. Increased temperature and time increases the risks of plugging. The use of low-solids oil-based fluid has proven to reduce the probability of plugging and will be recommended at higher fluid densities.
This paper will outline the test set-up as well as present the findings from running more than 50 different tests on different fluids. These fluids include conventional oil-based and low-solids oil-based drilling fluids at varying densities tested at temperatures from 95 to 175°C.
Investigation of Reactive Transport Phenomena for Modification of Two-Phase Flow Using NMR
Authors: Castelijns H. J. , Pel L. , Huinink H. P. , Zitha P. L. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Water control in oil and gas wells is crucially needed in many oil and gas producing wells. Recent studies have indicated that chemicals, that are soluble in oil without a chemical reaction but react and form gels upon contact with water, may block water-bearing zones with little risk of damaging the oil-bearing zones. The chemical is initially mixed with oil. The gelation process involves the partitioning of the chemical out of the oil phase into the water phase. A heterogeneous reaction occurs (hydrolysis and condensation) between gelant and water, leading ultimately to gelation. The aim of this study is to gain greater insight into the coupled mass transfer and gelation process both in bulk and in porous media. We use Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) imaging techniques to conduct both qualitative and quantitative analyses. The discrimination between the chemical components is mainly based on relaxation times T1 and T2. Bulk measurements are performed to study the mass transfer-reaction mechanisms in an idealized setting. Mass transfer rates and gelation times are estimated as functions of physical parameters (temperature, concentrations etc.). The chemical is then applied in idealized porous media (glass bead packs) containing two phases. Highresolution images are used to reveal the reaction-mass transfer phenomena on the (macro-) pore scale. The results prove to be very promising for further investigations with the NMR methods.
Going Beyond the Efficient Frontier Analysis Using an Integrated Portfolio Management Approach
Authors: Erdogan M. , Mudford B. , Davis C. T. , Stegemeier D. 
Published: December 2007

Proposal
The main focus of most portfolio optimization tools in the E&P industry is to determine the efficient frontier by defining risk and return measures and then selecting one of the portfolios along the curve as the most appropriate portfolio for a given set of conditions for the company. While it is critical to determine the efficient frontier, this paper proposes that defining other boundaries to all feasible portfolios and establishing a solution space or envelope rather than a point on the efficient frontier curve is both beneficial and practical. This approach provides decision makers an opportunity to test multiple strategies and to analyze the impact of competing goals and constraints in a more representative environment.
The paper emphasizes that creation of this more complete, representative environment requires an integrated portfolio management approach combining economic evaluation, portfolio modeling and portfolio optimization. In this paper, a collection of exploration and development projects are evaluated using stochastic simulation techniques. After all project information is consolidated in one centralized location, a multi-dimensional portfolio data cube is built. Using portfolio optimization, different strategies are then tested by analyzing the solution envelopes, and movements within the body of the solution envelopes to explore all available opportunities. Different groups of opportunities are also tested against different scenarios using portfolio optimization to identify the best project mixes. The paper also concludes that an integrated portfolio management approach – one that goes beyond efficient frontier analysis - helps decision makers to identify realistic choices in uncertain situations more effectively.
Why Didn't All the Wells at Smorbukk Scale In?
Authors: Vassenden F. , Gustavsen O. , Nielsen F. M. , Rian M. , Haldoupis A. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Two of 19 wells were lost to carbonate scale in a high-temperature gas condensate field with commingled production. The problem was identified as tubing plugging. Plugging was caused by a 6-8 °C heating of water from the shallow interval when mixed with the hotter hydrocarbons from deeper formations. Even though there is a thermodynamic potential for scale precipitation within the reservoir, formation damage due to scale has not been positively identified so far, after up to 5 years production history. Thermal effects were important to understand this: Expansion cooling reduces the development of formation damage. These conclusions are explained quantitatively with thermodynamic and scale chemistry modeling of the field observations.
Price Uncertainty Quantification Models Advance Project Economic Evaluations
Authors: Olsen G. T. , Fariyibi F. L. , Lee W. J. , McVay D. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Conventional oil and gas price forecasts typically include pessimistic, most-likely, and optimistic cases in an attempt to quantify economic uncertainty. An analysis of forecasts presented by industry and governmental organizations illustrates that conventional forecasting methods typically underestimate significantly the full range of uncertainty in oil and gas price forecasts. Economic indicators calculated using such forecasts will not reliably quantify investment risk. In this investigation we compared and contrasted several recently developed methods for quantifying upstream petroleum investment risk due to uncertainty in future prices. We analyzed five forecasting techniques - conventional, bootstrap, Inverted Hockey Stick (IHS), historical, and Sequential Gaussian Simulation (SGS). These techniques were applied to three synthetic projects and 23 industry projects to examine the uncertainty associated with economic indicators such as net present value, investment efficiency, and internal rate of return. Across all 26 projects, the conventional forecasts predicted a narrower range of economic indicator values than the four alternative methods, indicating that conventional methods routinely underestimate uncertainty.
All four alternative forecasting techniques can provide operators with more reliable quantification of the uncertainty inherent in their investment decisions than provided by conventional methods currently in widespread use. The four alternative methods have unique strengths and weaknesses that may affect their applicability in particular situations. The SGS methods is the most rigorous and accurate method; however, it is also the most difficult to apply. The IHS method serves as a reasonable approximation, and can be easily incorporated into existing procedures and software.
Fracture Face Damage – It Matters
Authors: Gdanski R. , Weaver J. , Slabaugh B. , Walters H. , Parker M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The poorer-than-expected performance of some fracturing treatments has been an issue for decades. Considerable effort has been devoted to improved modeling of fracturing treatments so that improved expectations can be provided. Fracturing fluids have been modified to enhance cleanup. Proppant conductivity studies have lead to a better understanding of fracture performance. Yet, there are still many treatments, particularly in low-permeability gas wells, that defy efforts to clean up quickly and to produce at the expected rates. This paper revisits the question of whether fracture face damage is an issue in the subsequent performance of a gas well. It will be demonstrated that the landmark paper by Holditch1 has been misquoted for 25 years. A numerical simulator has recently been written that has reproduced the earlier work, but also expands on it by demonstrating the physical mechanisms by which fracture face damage can reduce gas production and accelerate water production. The simulator includes relative permeability curves for both gas and water, and capillary pressure functions. The role of Laplace pressure, or capillary pressure, will be highlighted in the explanation of how fracture face damage can cause significant loss in well productivity. In addition, the role of relative permeability to gas will be highlighted as to how it ultimately leads to decreased gas production and increased water production when the fracture face is damaged.
A Quantitative Model of Asset Inventory Cycles and Portfolio Management for Performance Forecasting
Authors: Stewart J. T. , Chorn L. G. , Loop K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A petroleum company's asset portfolio and capital allocation practices are leading indicators of future performance. Understanding the company's opportunity portfolio's maturity in conjunction with embedded core competencies, gives management a quantitative tool to allocate capital between exploration, development, sales and acquisition. This article uses fifteen companies’ publicly reported, historical performance data to test the predictive ability of a multidimensional model of investment portfolio management (SPE82006). The suite of companies includes acquirers and acquirees, as well as those who grew organically over the last two decades. The article reports on a refined model framework and demonstrates its predictive abilities.