bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of ultrafiltration conditions on the measurement of unbound drug concentrations: flucloxacillin as an example
Authors: Jager Nynke G L , Van Ewijk-Beneken Kolmer Eleonora , Aarnoutse Rob , Te Brake Lindsey H M 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
When performing therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) for flucloxacillin, it is advised to measure the unbound, not the total, flucloxacillin concentration. To be able to accurately quantify unbound flucloxacillin concentrations, a reliable analytical method is indispensable.

Objective
To determine the influence of temperature and pH of the sample during ultrafiltration on the measured unbound fraction of flucloxacillin.

Materials and methods
We performed three different experiments. In a single laboratory experiment, we investigated the influence of ultrafiltration temperature (10°C, room temperature and 37°C) on the measured unbound fraction of flucloxacillin for three concentration levels. In a multiple laboratory experiment, the results of eight laboratories participating in an international quality control programme measuring unbound flucloxacillin concentrations were analysed. In the third experiment, patient samples were ultrafiltrated using four different conditions: (i) physiological pH and room temperature; (ii) unadjusted pH (pH 9 after freezing) and room temperature; (iii) physiological pH and 37°C and (iv) unadjusted pH and 37°C.

Results
For all experiments, measurement of samples that were ultrafiltrated at room temperature resulted in a substantially lower unbound fraction compared to samples that were ultrafiltrated at 37°C. Adjusting the pH to physiological pH only had a minimal impact on the measured unbound fraction.

Conclusions
On the basis of these findings and considering the need for fast, simple and reproducible sample pretreatment for TDM purposes, we conclude that ultrafiltration of flucloxacillin should be performed at physiological temperature (37°C), but adjustment of pH does not seem to be necessary.
Creative Incoherence: 303 Creative and First Amendment Exemptions to Antidiscrimination Law
Authors: DeLise James M 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In 303 Creative, the US Supreme Court examined the conflict between state laws designed to protect gay persons from stigmatic and material harm in the public marketplace and the First Amendment freedoms of business owners who objected to same-sex marriage on religious grounds. Writing for the majority, Justice Gorsuch concluded, “When a state public accommodations law and the Constitution collide, there can be no question which must prevail.” In this essay, I use two elements of late philosopher John Rawls’s Political Liberalism (2005)—the “criterion of reciprocity” and “liberty and integrity of the person”—to better understand the broad implications of the court’s ruling. My analysis reveals that the majority opinion in 303 Creative fails to acknowledge the need for achieving a coherent scheme of liberty within a liberal democracy and, in so doing, it undermines, rather than furthers, pluralism. Additionally, the logic of the court’s ruling produces incoherent and inconsistent results—results that simultaneously expand and contract religious freedom and unjustifiably treat sexual-orientation discrimination differently from other types of odious discrimination. However, supplanting the court’s approach with Rawls’s “criterion of reciprocity” provides a coherent and consistent adjudicatory method for balancing religious freedom and the demands of equal citizenship. Furthermore, the argument I offer comports with legal analyses that focus on religious exemptions and third-party harm and the value of equal citizenship in religious liberty debates. Thus, my work supplements existing arguments against religious exemptions to antidiscrimination law and provides another substantive rejoinder to those seeking to scale back civil rights.
Coccinellid predation efficiency on Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under laboratory conditions
Authors: El-Sayad Mahmoud G S , El-Maghraby Mohamed M A , Hammad Kamel A A , Alwutayd Khairiah M , Al-Ghamdi Mariam S , Youssif Mohammed A I 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this study, we investigated the biological aspects and predation efficiency of 3 aphidophagous ladybird beetles, Coccinella novemnotata, Hippodamia variegata, and Coccinella septempunctata, on the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, reared on cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L. cultivar barracuda) under laboratory conditions. The developmental periods of C. novemnotata, H. variegata, and C. septempunctata were observed to be 16.00 ± 0.25, 16.00 ± 0.25, and 20.58 ± 0.40 days, respectively. The larvae of these ladybird beetles consumed an average of 218.93 ± 8.86, 254.77 ± 8.86, and 537.36 ± 10.49 aphids, respectively. Fourth-instar larvae were particularly efficient, consuming 53.68%, 52.68%, and 52.64% of total aphids for C. novemnotata, H. variegata, and C. septempunctata, respectively. Adult emergence rates were promising, with 91.67%, 100.00%, and 92.86%, accompanied by sex ratios of 63.64%, 53.84%, and 61.54%, respectively. Notably, a single female of C. novemnotata, H. variegata, and C. septempunctata consumed an average of 2,215.30, 2,232.00, and 3,364.50 aphids, respectively, over its lifespan. Coccinella septempunctata demonstrated the highest predation efficiency among the 3 species, suggesting its potential for biological control of A. gossypii in both open fields and greenhouses, promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
Gian Giacomo Poldi Pezzoli and the decorative arts
Authors: Tasso Francesca 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This article focuses on the abandoned project for a Museo d'Arte Industriale in Milan, conceived by the Associazione degli Industriali. Although the project was never accomplished, it eventually led to the creation of the Museo Artistico Municipale in 1878. At the time, the Associazione degli Industriali of which Gian Giacomo Poldi Pezzoli was a member, was trying to establish a network of international relationships with museums and cultural institutions such as the South Kensington Museum in London, in order to emulate them in creating a modern museum where their private collections would eventually find a home. This paper sets out the cultural and artistic background in which Poldi Pezzoli and other Milanese noblemen and collectors operated, and in which they tried to transform their private and historical collections into new public museums.
Insight into the adaptive role of arachnid genome-wide duplication through chromosome-level genome assembly of the Western black widow spider
Authors: Miles Lindsay S , Waterman Hannah , Ayoub Nadia A , Garb Jessica E , Haney Robert A , Rosenberg Michael S , Krabbenhoft Trevor J , Verrelli Brian C 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Although spiders are one of the most diverse groups of arthropods, the genetic architecture of their evolutionary adaptations is largely unknown. Specifically, ancient genome-wide duplication occurring during arachnid evolution ~450 mya resulted in a vast assembly of gene families, yet the extent to which selection has shaped this variation is understudied. To aid in comparative genome sequence analyses, we provide a chromosome-level genome of the Western black widow spider (Latrodectus hesperus)—a focus due to its silk properties, venom applications, and as a model for urban adaptation. We used long-read and Hi-C sequencing data, combined with transcriptomes, to assemble 14 chromosomes in a 1.46 Gb genome, with 38,393 genes annotated, and a BUSCO score of 95.3%. Our analyses identified high repetitive gene content and heterozygosity, consistent with other spider genomes, which has led to challenges in genome characterization. Our comparative evolutionary analyses of eight genomes available for species within the Araneoidea group (orb weavers and their descendants) identified 1,827 single-copy orthologs. Of these, 155 exhibit significant positive selection primarily associated with developmental genes, and with traits linked to sensory perception. These results support the hypothesis that several traits unique to spiders emerged from the adaptive evolution of ohnologs—or retained ancestrally duplicated genes—from ancient genome-wide duplication. These comparative spider genome analyses can serve as a model to understand how positive selection continually shapes ancestral duplications in generating novel traits today within and between diverse taxonomic groups.
Diversity and Evolution of Frog Visual Opsins: Spectral Tuning and Adaptation to Distinct Light Environments
Authors: Schott Ryan K , Fujita Matthew K , Streicher Jeffrey W , Gower David J , Thomas Kate N , Loew Ellis R , Bamba Kaya Abraham G , Bittencourt-Silva Gabriela B , Guillherme Becker C , Cisneros-Heredia Diego , Clulow Simon , Davila Mateo , Firneno Thomas J , Haddad Célio F B , Janssenswillen Sunita , Labisko Jim , Maddock Simon T , Mahony Michael , Martins Renato A , Michaels Christopher J , Mitchell Nicola J , Portik Daniel M , Prates Ivan , Roelants Kim , Roelke Corey , Tobi Elie , Woolfolk Maya , Bell Rayna C 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Visual systems adapt to different light environments through several avenues including optical changes to the eye and neurological changes in how light signals are processed and interpreted. Spectral sensitivity can evolve via changes to visual pigments housed in the retinal photoreceptors through gene duplication and loss, differential and coexpression, and sequence evolution. Frogs provide an excellent, yet understudied, system for visual evolution research due to their diversity of ecologies (including biphasic aquatic-terrestrial life cycles) that we hypothesize imposed different selective pressures leading to adaptive evolution of the visual system, notably the opsins that encode the protein component of the visual pigments responsible for the first step in visual perception. Here, we analyze the diversity and evolution of visual opsin genes from 93 new eye transcriptomes plus published data for a combined dataset spanning 122 frog species and 34 families. We find that most species express the four visual opsins previously identified in frogs but show evidence for gene loss in two lineages. Further, we present evidence of positive selection in three opsins and shifts in selective pressures associated with differences in habitat and life history, but not activity pattern. We identify substantial novel variation in the visual opsins and, using microspectrophotometry, find highly variable spectral sensitivities, expanding known ranges for all frog visual pigments. Mutations at spectral-tuning sites only partially account for this variation, suggesting that frogs have used tuning pathways that are unique among vertebrates. These results support the hypothesis of adaptive evolution in photoreceptor physiology across the frog tree of life in response to varying environmental and ecological factors and further our growing understanding of vertebrate visual evolution.
Inter-species Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals a Constitutive Adaptation Against Oxidative Stress for the Highly Virulent Leptospira Species
Authors: Giraud-Gatineau Alexandre , Ayachit Garima , Nieves Cecilia , Dagbo Kouessi C , Bourhy Konogan , Pulido Francisco , Huete Samuel G , Benaroudj Nadia , Picardeau Mathieu , Veyrier Frédéric J 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Transcriptomic analyses across large scales of evolutionary distance have great potential to shed light on regulatory evolution but are complicated by difficulties in establishing orthology and limited availability of accessible software. We introduce here a method and a graphical user interface wrapper, called Annotator-RNAtor, for performing interspecies transcriptomic analysis and studying intragenus evolution. The pipeline uses third-party software to infer homologous genes in various species and highlight differences in the expression of the core-genes. To illustrate the methodology and demonstrate its usefulness, we focus on the emergence of the highly virulent Leptospira subclade known as P1+, which includes the causative agents of leptospirosis. Here, we expand on the genomic study through the comparison of transcriptomes between species from P1+ and their related P1- counterparts (low-virulent pathogens). In doing so, we shed light on differentially expressed pathways and focused on describing a specific example of adaptation based on a differential expression of PerRA-controlled genes. We showed that P1+ species exhibit higher expression of the katE gene, a well-known virulence determinant in pathogenic Leptospira species correlated with greater tolerance to peroxide. Switching PerRA alleles between P1+ and P1- species demonstrated that the lower repression of katE and greater tolerance to peroxide in P1+ species was solely controlled by PerRA and partly caused by a PerRA amino-acid permutation. Overall, these results demonstrate the strategic fit of the methodology and its ability to decipher adaptive transcriptomic changes, not observable by comparative genome analysis, that may have been implicated in the emergence of these pathogens.
Developing a National Longitudinal Tobacco Cohort of Youth and Young Adults: The Tobacco Epidemic Evaluation Network (TEEN+) Study
Authors: Seaman Elizabeth L , Kreslake Jennifer M , Cordova Jamie , Schillo Barbara , Barlas Frances , Marynak Kristy 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Introduction
Timely and relevant data are critical to monitoring the rapidly changing youth vaping epidemic and for understanding the prevalence, patterns of use, knowledge, and perceptions of tobacco products. While e-cigarettes have been the most used tobacco product among youth for nearly a decade, new nicotine delivery products continue to be introduced to the US market. Flavored tobacco products, including flavored e-cigarettes, menthol cigarettes, and flavored cigars, drive disparities in use by young people.

Aims and Methods
To examine tobacco use among youth and young adults, the Monitoring E-Cigarette Use among Youth project established a longitudinal cohort of youth and young adults (13–24)—the Tobacco Epidemic Evaluation Network (TEEN+) study. TEEN+ focuses on e-cigarette and other tobacco products use and also includes questions about other substance use (eg, marijuana, alcohol), physical health, mental health, and social determinants of health (eg, discrimination, poverty, sexual and gender identity). Geocoding of responses allows for the evaluation of local tobacco control policies. The cohort includes an oversample of California residents to generate reliable and representative state-level estimates. This manuscript provides an overview of methods and baseline demographics from Wave 1.

Results
The initial Wave 1 TEEN+ cohort included 10 255 in the national sample and 2761 in the California sample.

Conclusions
TEEN+ study data complement nationally-representative cross-sectional studies and allow for rapid evaluation of local and state policies. This manuscript describes the study’s probability-based sample recruitment. Furthermore, we identify this initiative as a resource for evaluating the impact of flavored tobacco restriction policies and informing policy implementation efforts.

Implications
This manuscript provides an overview of the methodology and baseline characteristics for a new longitudinal cohort of youth and young adults, the Tobacco Epidemic Evaluation Network (TEEN+) study. The TEEN+ study data can be used to evaluate the impact of flavored tobacco product restriction policies and informing policy implementation efforts.
‘Sacred to the Memory’: Thomas Hardy’s Tombstones
Authors: Dema Eva 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Thomas Hardy often composed with two distinct media in mind: print and inscription. Designing epitaphs for the tombstones of family members before turning to verse to reflect upon this largely frustrating inscriptive work, Hardy expressed a particular interest in the divergent capacities for alteration afforded by paper and stone. Reading Hardy’s monumental inscriptions alongside the poems they inspired, this article assesses the extent to which Hardy’s simultaneous engagement with manuscripts and tombstones—two surfaces that presented drastically different capacities for amendment—shaped his understanding of the function and potential of revision. Turning first to Hardy’s lifelong interest in stonework, this article considers the poet’s personal experience with letter-cutting and epitaphic design, before offering a close textual reading of the poetry this activity inspired. Considering three key verses penned in reflection upon the poet’s lapidary endeavours, I examine the compositional tension between media that emerges through revision, and the problem this poses for Hardy’s curious tendency to conflate the act of writing with the act of carving.
Buying into new ideas: the ECB’s evolving justification of unlimited liquidity
Authors: Hesse Casimir , Steininger Lea 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In 2012, Draghi put an end to rising euro area sovereign bond yield spreads by resolving to do ‘whatever it takes’. The crisis rhetoric and institutional practices of unlimited liquidity have since become commonplace, as countermeasures to recent market turmoil show. This article sets out to explain how and why ‘unlimited liquidity’ ideas moved to the ECB’s center of economic analysis during the euro crisis. Previous work fails to decipher that the ideational shift was highly anomalous when viewed against German ordoliberalism or scholarly support for ‘expansionary austerity’. Addressing this relative neglect in other accounts, we draw on qualitative text analysis and expert interviews to argue that this shift was due to norm entrepreneurs who capitalized on the uncertainty of the crisis. We employ constructivist arguments to identify four scoping conditions that account for the ascendance of ‘unlimited liquidity’: an indicative reference, credibility, institutional positioning and—as an extension to the literature—intellectual sensitivity. Our analysis suggests that the euro crisis changed economic ideas, and fundamentally remodels the constructivist framework for studying monetary policy in crisis times.
The state and the state-of-the-art: prefiguring private insurance for US flood risk
Authors: Elliott Rebecca 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
States not only govern markets, but they also create them, often with the intention of expanding or improving the delivery of specific policy objectives. This article outlines one way they do this: prefiguration. States prefigure markets, and private market actors, when they imagine and instantiate new market products, logics, and practices. I illustrate prefiguration through an analysis of the history of the National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), the federal program that underwrites flood insurance in the United States. From the time of the NFIP’s establishment, policymakers and officials have fashioned and continuously reformed a public program, and an insurance product, in ways that emulate an imagined primary private flood insurer. In doing so, though, they have gradually established the conditions under which private flood insurers can do business. This article contributes to scholarship on state ‘marketcraft’. Whereas many scholars have addressed why governments turn to markets in the first place, and the consequences of doing so, this article offers a closer examination of what takes place in between: the specific activities that governments undertake as they pursue market creation.
Perturbation of the insomnia WDR90 genome-wide association studies locus pinpoints rs3752495 as a causal variant influencing distal expression of neighboring gene, PIG-Q
Authors: Sonti Shilpa , Littleton Sheridan H , Pahl Matthew C , Zimmerman Amber J , Chesi Alessandra , Palermo Justin , Lasconi Chiara , Brown Elizabeth B , Pippin James A , Wells Andrew D , Doldur-Balli Fusun , Pack Allan I , Gehrman Phillip R , Keene Alex C , Grant Struan F A 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified loci for sleep-related traits, they do not directly uncover the underlying causal variants and corresponding effector genes. The majority of such variants reside in non-coding regions and are therefore presumed to impact cis-regulatory elements. Our previously reported ‘variant-to-gene mapping’ effort in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs), combined with validation in both Drosophila and zebrafish, implicated phosphatidyl inositol glycan (PIG)-Q as a functionally relevant gene at the insomnia “WDR90” GWAS locus. However, importantly that effort did not characterize the corresponding underlying causal variant. Specifically, our previous 3D genomic datasets nominated a shortlist of three neighboring single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in strong linkage disequilibrium within an intronic enhancer region of WDR90 that contacted the open PIG-Q promoter. We sought to investigate the influence of these SNPs collectively and then individually on PIG-Q modulation to pinpoint the causal “regulatory” variant. Starting with gross level perturbation, deletion of the entire region in NPCs via CRISPR-Cas9 editing and subsequent RNA sequencing revealed expression changes in specific PIG-Q transcripts. Results from individual luciferase reporter assays for each SNP in iPSCs revealed that the region with the rs3752495 risk allele (RA) induced a ~2.5-fold increase in luciferase expression. Importantly, rs3752495 also exhibited an allele-specific effect, with the RA increasing the luciferase expression by ~2-fold versus the non-RA. In conclusion, our variant-to-function approach and in vitro validation implicate rs3752495 as a causal insomnia variant embedded within WDR90 while modulating the expression of the distally located PIG-Q.
The Soybean Rpp3 Gene Encodes a TIR-NBS-LRR Protein that Confers Resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi
Authors: Bish Mandy D. , Ramachandran Sowmya R. , Wright Amy , Lincoln Lori M. , Whitham Steven A. , Graham Michelle A. , Pedley Kerry F. 
Published: April 2024

Soybean rust is an economically significant disease caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi that negatively impacts soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merr.) production throughout the world. Susceptible plants infected by P. pachyrhizi develop tan-colored lesions on the leaf surface that give rise to funnel-shaped uredinia as the disease progresses. While most soybean germplasm is susceptible, seven genetic loci ( Rpp1 to Rpp7) that provide race-specific resistance to P. pachyrhizi ( Rpp) have been identified. Rpp3 was first discovered and characterized in the soybean accession PI 462312 (Ankur), and it was also determined to be one of two Rpp genes present in PI 506764 (Hyuuga). Genetic crosses with PI 506764 were later used to fine-map the Rpp3 locus to a 371-kb region on chromosome 6. The corresponding region in the susceptible Williams 82 (Wm82) reference genome contains several homologous nucleotide binding site-leucine rich repeat (NBS-LRR) genes. To identify Rpp3, we designed oligonucleotide primers to amplify Rpp3 candidate ( Rpp3C) NBS-LRR genes at this locus from PI 462312, PI 506764, and Wm82 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Five Rpp3C genes were identified in both Rpp3-resistant soybean lines, and co-silencing these genes compromised resistance to P. pachyrhizi. Gene expression analysis and sequence comparisons of the Rpp3C genes in PI 462312 and PI 506764 suggest that a single candidate gene, Rpp3C3, is responsible for Rpp3-mediated resistance. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 “No Rights Reserved” license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2024.