bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influenza virus infection in newborn rats: A possible marker of attenuation for man
Authors: Michaels R. H. , Mahmud M. I. A. , Coup A. J. , Jennings R. , Potter C. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe growth of parent influenza viruses A/England/939/69 and A/PR/8/34, and clones 6, 7, and 64C, derived by recombination, was studied in newborn rats. Using an inoculum of 104.0 EID50, influenza virus A/England/939/69 produced the highest titres of virus in rat turbinates at 48 hours after inoculation; clones 6 and 7 and A/PR/8/34 grew to lower titres; and clone 64C grew to the lowest titre. These differences were less apparent when 102.0 EID50 of virus was used as an inoculum, and rats were not infected by smaller inoculum of any of the virus strains. Infection with 104.0 EID50 of all viruses produced lung infection; at 48 hours after infection, the highest titres were recovered from rats infected with A/PR/8/34 and A/England/939/69 virus. Prior infection with A/England/939/69 or A/PR/8/34 increased the incidence of bacteraemia and meningitis following intranasal inoculation of Haemophilus influenzae type b; infection with clone 64C did not enhance bacterial meningitis, while infection with clone 6 gave an intermediate result. Volunteer studies with these viruses have shown that influenza virus A/England/939/69 was virulent, clones 6 and 7 were attenuated, clone 64C was overattenuated, and A/PR/8/34 virus was noninfective for man. The relative titres of virus recovered from turbinates taken 48 hours after infection with 104.0 EID50 of virus and the ability of virus infection to enhance bacterial infection correlated with the property of virus attenuation for man for four of the five strains tested; however, no correlation was seen for A/PR/8/34 virus, which is a result also found in other laboratory tests designed to measure virulence for man.
Human rotavirus infection in infants and young children with intussusception
Authors: Konno Tasuke , Suzuki Hiroshi , Kutsuzawa Toyoko , Imai Aki , Katsushima Noriko , Sakamoto Michiyo , Kitaoka Setsuko , Tsuboi Reiko , Adachi Michiko 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHuman rotavirus was detected by electron microscopy in 11 of 30 infants and young children with intussusception (37% of subjects under study). Serologic complement fixation tests revealed evidence of infection with the rotavirus in 70% of the patients examined who eliminated the rotavirus in their stools. These results indicate that human rotavirus, in addition to adenovirus, may be an infectious agent causing intussusception in infants and young children.
Infection of human amnion cells with cytomegalovirus
Authors: Figueroa Manuel E. , Geder Laszlo , Rapp Fred 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHuman cytomegalovirus (CMV), known to replicate in vitro in human fibroblastic cells, was found to replicate in epithelial human amnion (HA) cells. Large syncytia formed in these cells after infection with CMV; inclusion bodies were observed in the nuclei, and CMV antigens were demonstrated in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus by indirect immunofluorescence techniques. The synthesis of virus DNA was also detected, and the production of infectious virus was followed. The titers were lower (from 104 to 6 × 105 using different isolates of CMV) than those obtained in human embryo fibroblast (HEF) cells, and the replication cycle was slower in HA than in HEF cells.
Rapid detection of hepatitis B surface antigen by double antibody radioimmunoassay
Authors: Burrell C. J. , Leadbetter G. , Black S. H. , Hunter W. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHBsAg and anti‐HBs can be detected by double‐antibody radioimmunoassay in a reliable routine overnight assay of sensitivity approaching that of solidphase immunoradiometric assay. The test requires careful standardisation and regular preparation of I125‐HBsAg of appropriate quality, but otherwise uses only small quantities of commercially available reagents. In this paper, the reaction kinetics of the first incubation (test sample + limiting amount of rabbit anti‐HBs), second incubation (reaction mixture + I125‐HBsAg) and precipitation reaction (reaction mixture + antirabbit globulin) were examined, to determine the minimum time required for the assay compatible with adequate sensitivity and user convenience; in addition, in order to reduce the time of radioactive counting, the maximum amount of I125‐HBsAg per test compatible with a satisfactory assay was examined. It was concluded that, by terminating each reaction before equilibrium was reached, results could be obtained in 2–3 hours with a detection limit similar to the standard overnight procedure. To allow routine examination of large numbers of samples, the possibilities of complete automation of this liquid‐phase type of assay were discussed.
Experiences with radioimmunoassay in the detection of HBsAg in the presence of anti‐HBs
Authors: Siebke Jens‐Christian 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInterference from anti‐HBs present during hepatitis B antigenemia caused the appearance of several false negative reactions in a competition radioimmuno‐precipitation procedure. The results indicate that such interference is considerably less in the solid‐phase radioimmunoassay (Ausria II) and probably causes few false negative tests. The use of pepsin treatment as a means to destroy interfering antibodies is discussed.
Detection of HBeAg and anti‐HBe in acute hepatitis B by a sensitive radioimmunoassay
Authors: Frösner Gert G. , Brodersen Manfred , Papaevangelou George , Sugg Udo , Haas Hans , Mushahwar Isa K. , Ling Chung‐Mei , Overby Lacy R. , Deinhardt Friedrich 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA solid‐phase radioimmunoassay using anti‐HBe‐coated polysterene beads and iodine‐125‐labeled anti‐HBe of human origin was developed for the detection of HBeAg. Anti‐HBe could be determined by a blocking test. Both assays were about 500‐fold more sensitive than immunodiffusion. Few nonspecific positive results for HBeAg could be recognized in the anti‐HBe test by increase in cpm over that of the negative control.HBeAg was not found in acute hepatitis A and non A‐non B heptatis or in a control group of accident patients. On admission to the hospital 12 of 48 (25%) acute hepatitis B patients from Greece and 17 of 20 (85%) acute hepatitis B patients from Germany were HBeAg‐positive. All 39 initially HBeAg negative sera were already anti‐HBe positive. Tests of the acute stage and follow‐up sera of the 20 German patients indicated that HBeAg is regularly present in the incubation period and early acute phase of hepatitis B. After onset of disease the antigen is cleared from the serum very rapidly in uncomplicated cases and is usually followed by the appearance of anti‐HBe. Like anti‐HBe, anti‐HBe. can serve as a tool for the diagnosis of hepatitis B after the disappearance of HBsAg.
Diagnosis of hepatitis B by dane particle associated DNA polymerase assay
Authors: Cappel R. , De Cuyper F. , Van Beers D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have studied prospectively 478 subjects exposed to hepatitis B virus and 20 pregnant women who developed HBs antigen during the last trimester of pregnancy. The results suggest that the DNA polymerase assay might be useful for the diagnosis of hepatitis B infection and that in confirmed cases of hepatitis, the enzyme might be detected in the absence of HBs antigen. HBe antigen appeared in 19% of those subjects who developed HBs and a positive correlation between HBe antigen and DNA polymerase was found in 40% of the cases positive for this antigen. The data presented also suggest that HBe antigenemia in pregnant women is not consistently associated with HBs infection in the babies born to them. However the children born to HBe positive mothers are at higher risk than those born to HBe negative mothers.
Evaluation of five temperature‐sensitive mutants of respiratory syncytial virus in primates: I. Viral shedding, immunologic response, and associated illness
Authors: Richardson Linda S. , Belshe Robert B. , London William T. , Sly D. Lewis , Prevar David A. , Camargo Ena , Chanock Robert M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractApproximately 104 plaque‐forming units (pfu) of five temperature‐sensitive (ts) mutants of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus were administered intranasally to seronegative chimpanzees to evaluate their level of attenuation. When the ts‐1 mutant was given to two chimpanzees, the pattern of viral growth and illness (rhinorrhea) was similar to that seen during wild‐type RS virus infection. Two further defective subclones of ts‐1, ts‐1 NG‐1 and ts‐1 NG‐16, appeared more attenuated than ts‐1 with respect to severity of rhinorrhea. The ts‐7 mutant infected the one animal tested; illness was similar to that induced by ts‐1 or wild‐type virus. 104 pfu of the ts‐2 mutant failed to infect two chimpanzees; virus was not isolated, a serum antibody response was not detected, and unlike chimpanzees given the other ts mutants, these animals were not resistant to challenge with wild‐type virus. A 40‐fold larger inoculum of ts‐2, 105, 6pfu, infected each of four chimpanzees, but the peak quantity of virus shed was approximately 500‐fold lower than during wild‐type virus infection. Significantly, the ts‐2 infected chimpanzees did not become ill, but infection did stimulate the development of RS virus serum neutralizing antibodies. The one chimpanzee given 107, 6 pfu of the ts‐2 mutant shed as much virus as the chimpanzees infected with wild‐type virus; however, there were no signs of upper respiratory tract illness. Owl monkeys resembled chimpanzees in shedding s large amount of virus and developing rhinorrhea following administration of wild‐type virus or the ts‐1 mutant. Significantly, 105, 3 pfu of ts‐2 infected only one of two owl monkeys tested, but a small quantity of virus (>10 pfu/ml) was shed. These observations suggested that the ts‐2 mutant was the most attenuated vaccine cadidate strain tested, and that extent of infection with rs‐2 appeared to be related to the quantity of virus administered.
Evaluation of five temperature‐sensitive mutants of respiratory syncytial virus in primates: II. Genetic analysis of virus recovered during infection
Authors: Belshe Robert B. , Richardson Linda S. , London William T. , Sly D. Lewis , Camargo Ena , Prevar David A. , Chanock Robert M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFive temperature‐sensitive (ts) mutants of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus (ts‐1, ts‐1, NG‐1, ts‐1, NG‐16, ts‐2, and ts‐7), previously evaluated for infectivity and virulence in chimpanzees and owl monkeys, were also assayed for in vivo genetic stability. None of the five mutants tested was completely stable genetically. Thus, virus which had lost some or all of the ts property was recovered from each infected chimpanzee. Significantly, each ts‐1 NG‐1 isolate retained some degree of temperature sensitivity and hence was not true wild‐type virus. Clonal analysis of viruses shed by ts‐1, ts‐1, NG‐1, ts‐1, NG‐16, or ts‐7 infected chimpanzees indicated that in most instances only a minority of the virus shed was altered genetically. Of five chimpanzees infected with the ts‐2 mutant, three shed only ts virus, and the remaining two chimpanzees shed only ts+ virus. Such ts+ virus proved to be avirulent when evaluated in chimpanzees or owl monkeys, indicating that loss of the ts property did not restore virulence. Based upon these findings, the ts‐2 mutant appears to be a suitable candidate for clinical trials in man.
Rat tracheal organ culture supports replication of parainfluenza 1 (6/94) virus and promotes 6/94 virus rescue from latently infected human brain cells
Authors: Wroblewska Zofia , Wellish Mary , Rorke Lucy B. , Gilden Donald H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRat tracheal organ culture (TOC) supported replication of parainfluenza 1 (6/94) virus. Cell‐associated and cell‐free viruses were found after primary infection of TOC. In contrast to other mammalian systems, rat TOC was capable of maintaining 6/94 virus infectivity after primary infection. Rat TOC may be considered a potential indicator system that could be used to detect virus latent in human tissue.
The role of the hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic hepatitis in argentina
Authors: Tanno Hugo , Fay Oscar , Findor Jorge , Igartua Estela Bruch , Gerety Robert J. , Roncoroni Mario , Vyas Girish N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOver a seven‐year period, we monitored 221 patients with chronic hepatitis from two medical centers. By using the counterelectrophoresis (CEP) test to detect the presence of HBsAg and anti‐HBc, or both, we established that 87.7% of them had hepatitis B infection. Serum specimens originally found negative for HBsAg by CEP were further tested by reversed passive hemagglutination (RPH), and those originally found negative for anti‐HBc by CEP were further tested by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Five patients were anti‐HBc‐positive and HBsAg‐negative. No sex predominance was observed, but HBsAg incidence increased with increasing age. The HBeAg antigen was detected in 46.8% of the 161 cases tested for it; the most frequent subtype found was adw (63.7%). The present findings indicate that HBV infection largely contributes to the development of chronic hepatitis in Argentinian patients.
Attenuated influenza produced by experimental intranasal inoculation
Authors: Little John W. , Gordon R. Douglas , Hall William J. , Roth Frieda K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo assess the relative effect of natural versus experimental influenza illness on pulmonary function, we compared 43 normal adults with documented nonpneumonic influenza A infection during three outbreaks, 1974 (A/Port Chalmers/74), 1975 (A/Port Chalmers/74), and 1976 (A/Victoria/75) to 24 normal volunteers following nasal inoculation with wild‐type influenza A/England/42/72, A/Scotland/74 or A/Victoria/75. In naturally acquired illness, abnormalities in small airway function and transiently increased airway reactivity were observed. In contrast, no such dysfunction was observed in experimentally induced illness. This group manifested milder illness and significantly shorter duration of cough.
The absence of differences in cellular immunity in elderly individuals with and without delayed local cutaneous reactions to influenza vaccine
Authors: Roberts Norbert J. , Baum John , Douglas Jr. R. Gordon 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo groups of elderly subjects who received bivalent influenza virus vaccine were identified. Those in Group I manifested marked local reactions, suggestive of delayed hypersensitivity reactions, whereas those in Group II, matched with Group I for vaccine preparation, had no cutaneous reactions. In vitro assays of immune function were performed on pairs of subjects from the two groups and included serum immunoglobulin and complement levels, antibody response to vaccine, lymphocyte transformation to mitogens (phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen and concanavalin A) and antigens (streptokinase‐strepto‐dornase, influenza virus vaccine antigens and multiple mixed lymphocytes), and polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotactic responsiveness. There was no demonstrable correlation between delayed local cutaneous reaction and preservation of in vitro cell‐mediated immune function in these elderly individuals.
The stability of herpes simplex virus on vaginal tampons
Authors: Myers Martin G. , Ekwo Edem E. , Pitts Anita K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHerpes simplex virus can be quantitatively recovered from vaginal tampons suspended in tissue culture medium and stored over a wide range of temperatures. Because herpes simplex virus is stable for several days with refrigeration or after freezing, this method of culture of cervicovaginal virus lends itself to epidemiologic studies.
Properties of coxsackievirus B3 variants which are amyocarditic or myocarditic for mice
Authors: Gauntt C. J. , Trousdale M. D. , Labadie D. R. L. , Paque R. E. , Nealon T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInoculation of adolescent CD‐1 mice with one variant of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3m) results in induction of readily observable myocardial lesions, whereas inoculation of siblings with a second variant (CVB3o) results in little or no myocarditis. These variants could not be distinguished from each other on the basis of replication properties in HeLa cells or cardiac tissues in vivo, sensitivity to human interferon in HeLa cells, induction of interferon in the mouse, generation of detectable levels of defective‐interfering particles in HeLa cells or in cardiac tissue in vivo, stimulation of serum‐neutralizing antibody titers, nor in their rate of clearance by the spleen. Infectivity of CVB3o was slightly more heat labile at 34oC than CVB3m. Little if any replication of either CVB3o or CVB3m occurred in either adherent or nonadherent populations of normal murine lymphoid cells. Cardiac tissues from mice inoculated with CVB3m but not CVB3o contain new antigens that can inhibit migration of sensitized lymphocytes from CVB3m ‐immunized mice in an in vitro cell‐migrationinhibition assay. However, the CVB3o variant was shown to have the genetic capability of inducing myocarditis if the mice were treated with cyclophosphamide prior to virus inoculation. These results suggest, in agreement with our previously published work, that induction of myocarditis by CVB3 requires destruction of myocytes by virus and subsequent stimulation of cell‐mediated responses to new antigens produced in the myocardium during virus replication.
Fusion of cytomegalovirus infected fibroblasts to form multinucleate giant cells
Authors: Garnett Helen M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMultinucleate giant cells have been observed to arise by cell fusion in cultures of human embryonic fibroblasts infected with human cytomegalovirus (CMV), strain AD 169. The infected cells developed intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions and began to fuse three to four days postinfection when the majority of the cells were showing signs of a cytopathic effect.
Identification of an enteric adenovirus by immunoelectroosmophoresis (IEOP) technique
Authors: Jacobsson P. Åke , Johansson Mats E. , Wadell Göran 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInfantile gastroenteritis can be caused by several of the established adenovirus types. There are also adenoviruses that defy in vitro cultivation but have been recognized by electron microscopy. One isolate of these viruses, which have been designated enteric adenoviruses, has been characterized.Several of the established adenovirus types are shed in stools over long periods. The conditions for direct identification of enteric adenoviruses by immunoelectroosmophoresis (IEOP) have therefore been evaluated. Application of this technique requires highly specific reagents. However, a high prevalence of antibodies in rabbits reacting with human rotavirus was noted. For these reasons, immunoadsorbent purified antibodies were prepared. Because of the difficulty in purifying immunogens from stools, an immunization procedure characterized by immunization with adenovirus subunits bound to affinity chromatography beads was elaborated.An identification procedure for adenoviruses causing infantile gastroenteritis based a) on IEOP using group‐specific and monospecific antibodies and b) on the determination of the in vitro cultivatability is suggested.
Decreased cell‐mediated cytotoxicity against virus‐infected cells in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Pons Vincent G. , Reinertsen James L. , Steinberg Alfred D. , Dolin Raphael 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCell‐mediated cytotoxicity, directed against virus‐infected tissue culture cells, was studied with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 11 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and 12 matched, normal subjects in a 51Cr release assay. Baseline (preimmunization) levels of cytotoxicity against target cells infected with influenza A/Victoria, influenza B/Hong Kong, Newcastle disease virus, and herpes simplex virus were significantly decreased in patients with SLE compared to normal subjects (P < 0.001), although serum antibody levels to the respective viruses were similar in both groups. After intramuscular administration of inactivated influenza A/Victoria vaccine, SLE patients failed to generate elevated levels of cytotoxicity against A/Victoria infected cells, in contrast to normal subjects. SLE patients responded with levels of serum hemagglutination‐inhibition antibody which were similar to those of normal subjects.Thus, SLE patients manifest decreased cell‐mediated cytotoxicity against virus‐infected target cells, although humoral antibody responses appeared to be intact. Studies of SLE patients with influenza may help to define the role of cell‐mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of certain viral infections.
Normal lymphocyte interferon production in adult HBsAg‐positive chronic active liver disease
Authors: Ponzetto Antonio , Zucca Mario , Marcucci Fabrizio , Rizzetto Mario , Actis Giovanni C. , Bonino Ferruccio , Gioannini Paolo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo challenge the hypothesis that interferon (IF) production in chronic hepatitis‐B virus liver disease is defective, lymphocytes from 14 patients with chronic active liver disease (CALD); from nine patients with chronic inactive liver disease (CILD), and from six healthy chronic carriers (HCC) were stimulated by Newcastle Disease virus. The patients with CILD showed a weak IF response by comparison with the controls (P < 0.0005), whereas IF production by CALD patients and the HCC did not statistically differ from IF production in the healthy hepatitis‐B surface antigen negative subjects who served as controls. These results indicate that IF treatment of CALD does not rely on a completely proved background.
Serologic response in human hepatitis A: Detection of antibody by radioimmunoassay and immune adherence hemagglutination
Authors: Drucker Jacques , Smallwood Linda , Lorenz Douglas , Tabor Edward , Coursaget Pierre , Maupas Philippe , Barker Lewellys F. , Gerety Robert J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn indirect solid‐phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) for detection of antibody to the hepatitis A antigen (anti‐HAV) was developed using polystyrene pearls as the solid phase and hepatitis A antigen (HAAg) extracted from marmoset livers. This RIA was compared to an immune adherence hemagglutination assay (IAHA) which employed HAAg derived from the stools of chimpanzees collected during acute hepatitis A. Anti‐HAV was detected in the sera of 15 humans with naturally acquired hepatitis A infection. Sensitivity and specificity were greater using the RIA, permitting the detection of anti‐HAV as early as the time of onset of jaundice. Either seroconversion or a significant increase in the titer of anti‐HAV was demonstrated following hepatitis A exposure in paired sera from six patients by both techniques. No significant difference in anti‐HAV responses was noted between patients with icteric compared to anicteric hepatitis A or between children and adults with hepatitis A.