bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonography of umbilical structures in clinically normal foals
Authors: Reef Virginia B. , Collatos Chrysann 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The umbilical arteries, urachus, and umbilical vein were scanned ultrasonographically in 13 clinically normal foals that ranged in age from 6 hours to 4 weeks. Sonograms were obtained using a 7.5-MHz sector scanner transducer placed across the midline of the ventral portion of the foal’s abdominal wall. The umbilical vein was scanned from the umbilical stalk to its entrance into the hepatic parenchyma. The mean (± sd) diameter of the umbilical vein was 0.61 ± 0.20 cm immediately cranial to the umbilical stalk, 0.52 ± 0.19 cm midway between the umbilicus and liver, and 0.6 ± 0.19 cm at the liver.
The urachus and umbilical arteries were scanned from the umbilical stalk to the apex of the urinary bladder and had a mean total diameter of 1.75 ± 0.37 cm at the bladder apex. The umbilical arteries also were scanned along either side of the bladder and had a mean diameter of 0.85 ± 0.21 cm.
These measurements and the ultrasonographic appearance of the internal umbilical structures from clinically normal foals can be used as references to diagnose abnormalities of the umbilical structures in neonatal foals.
Efficacy of levamisole against immature and mature nematodes in goats with induced infections
Authors: Coles Gerald C. , Giordano Debra J. , Tritschler Joseph P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Anthelmintic efficacy of levamisole against induced infections with 7- and 21-day-old Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus axei, and T colubriformis was evaluated as an oral drench in goats. Group 1 (n = 8) was not treated, group 2 (n = 8) was given 3.96 mg of levamisole/kg of body weight, group 3 (n = 8) was given 7.92 mg of levamisole/kg, and group 3 (n = 7) was given 11.88 mg of levamisole/kg. Efficacy against all worms was low in goats given 3.96 mg of levamisole/kg, but was high against adult H contortus (99%) and adult T colubriformis (99.7%) in goats given 7.92 mg of levamisole/kg. Although efficacy against adults of all species was high in goats given 11.88 mg of levamisole/kg, some immature worms of all species remained in the abomasa of goats.
Human-parathormone assay for use in dogs: Validation, sample handling studies, and parathyroid function testing
Authors: Torrance A. G. , Nachreiner R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ten commercially available parathormone (pth) assays were competitively validated, using dilutional parallelism, intra-assay and interassay coefficients of variation, and sensitivity and measured responses of 2 dogs to calcium and edta infusions. A 2-site immunoradiometric assay for intact human-pth was superior to the others for estimating canine-pth, met the criteria for validity, and was further investigated. A series of sample-handling studies was performed. Serum and plasma samples stored at 24 C lost 15% (n = 5; P < 0.05) of pth between 2 and 24 hours. This did not occur at 6 C. The mean pth concentration of sera from blood samples clotted at 24 C was 6% (P < 0.05) higher than equivalent edta samples. Serum samples stored at 6 and 37 C deteriorated 35% and 100% (n = 5; P < 0.05), respectively, after 1 week, whereas samples stored at −20 and −70 C for 4 weeks did not deteriorate. There was no significant deterioration of pth in samples frozen (−40 C) and thawed up to 7 times (n = 5). Parathyroid function testing was investigated by use of 2-hour infusions of disodium edta (25 mg/kg/h), 10-minute infusions of calcium gluconate (3 mg of elemental calcium/kg/10 min), and physiologic saline controls (n = 8). Renal function was monitored before and after edta infusion by exogenous creatinine clearance. Infusion of disodium edta increased mean pth concentration from 67 (time 0) to 317 and 235 pg/ml at 90 and 180 minutes, respectively (P < 0.001). Infusion of calcium gluconate decreased mean pth concentration from 84 (time 0) to 14 and 12 pg/ml at 15 and 60 minutes, respectively (P < 0.005). There were no observable side effects of the infusions in normal conscious dogs and no differences in exogenous creatinine clearance sifter edta infusion.
Effects of glycolytic and cytoskeletal inhibitors on phagocytic and nitroblue tetrazolium reductive activities of bovine neutrophils
Authors: Silva Indira D. , Jain Nemi C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Phagocytic and oxidative metabolic activities of bovine blood neutrophils were determined in the presence of glycolytic (NaF) and cytoskeletal (colchicine, cytochalasin B, and prostaglandin E1) inhibitors. Phagocytosis and post-phagocytic oxidative metabolic activity, measured by nitroblue tetrazolium reduction were determined using zymosan, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, or Streptococcus agalactiae. Sodium fluoride (1.25 μM to 1.25 mM concentrations) did not significantly (P < 0.05) inhibit phagocytosis of S aureus and Str agalactiae, whereas phagocytosis of zymosan and E coli was significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited only at 1.25 mM concentration. Colchicine at 1.25 nM to 1.25 μW concentrations significantly inhibited phagocytosis of zymosan and E coli, but not of S aureus and Str agalactiae. Cytochalasin B at 1.25 nM to 1.25 μM concentrations significantly inhibited phagocytosis of zymosan and all 3 bacteria, whereas prostaglandin E1 was noninhibitory at similar concentrations. Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, in general, was not significantly affected by NaF and cytoskeletal inhibitors.
Seasonal Influence on Estrous Activity in Sows and Gilts
Authors: Hurtgen John P. , Leman Allen D. , Crabo Bo 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Seasonal fluctuations in the estrous activity of sows after weaning and of sows and gilts after mating were determined by analysis of breeding records from eight swine herds covering a total of 19 herd-years of data. Of 11,461 sows, 78.4% were in estrus within 7 days after weaning. From July through September, 68.6% of sows returned to estrus within 7 days after weaning, compared with 82.0% during the remaining 9 months of the year. An increase in postweaning anestrus of more than 30 days' duration also occurred during summer months. Seasonal fluctuations in the frequency of postweaning estrus were similar for sows moved from farrowing facilities to environments with or without specialized temperature control features. For sows confined to crates after weaning, the rate of postweaning return to estrus was 10.4% greater than for sows in group-housing systems, but the seasonal pattern in post-weaning return to estrus was not altered. Postweaning estrous failure was more obvious in primiparous sows than in multiparous sows, especially during summer and fall. The frequency of delayed return to estrus after infertile mating was 63.7% for matings during the period July through September and 29.7 % for the period January through March.
It was concluded that postweaning and postservice estrous activities in swine are influenced by season of the year and by parity. Group housing of sows or individual crating of sows, and water sprinkling or evaporative cooling systems in the postweaning breeding area, as used in the herds investigated, appear to be of questionable value in preventing estrous failure during summer and fall months.
Craniolateral Approach to the Canine Elbow for Repair of Condylar Fractures or Joint Exploration
Authors: Turner Thomas M. , Hohn R. Bruce 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A craniolateral approach to the canine elbow was developed. It provides for direct visualization of the distal humeral articular surface, thus facilitating precise repair of condylar fractures. Inasmuch as the primary supporting ligamentous and tendinous structures are not incised, a stable postoperative joint with normal range of motion can be achieved.
Treatment of Bovine and Equine Ocular Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Radiofrequency Hyperthermia
Authors: Grier R. L. , Brewer W. G. , Paul S. R. , Theilen G. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Forty-five ocular squamous cell carcinomas (scc) in 17 cattle and 8 horses were treated by radiofrequency hyperthermia, resulting in 80% complete regression and 16% partial regression. Tumors were histologically diagnosed as scc; 50% of the tumors were recurrent, having been treated previously by surgery, cryosurgery, radiation, or immunotherapy. After hyperthermic treatment, most animals were available for tumor measurement at 4 to 6 weeks and at 8 to 16 weeks, with a final observation period of 2 to 10 months for all. Complete regression occurred in 8 of 12 tumors given a sccond hyperthermic treatment. It was concluded that hyperthermia is an effective and easily applied treatment modality for ocular scc in cattle and horses; however, it cannot be recommended for large tumors (≥ 5 cm diameter) that have deep eyelid or conjunctival penetration.
Colonic Perforation Following Neurosurgical Procedures and Corticosteroid Therapy in Four Dogs
Authors: Toombs James P. , Caywood Dennis D. , Lipowitz Alan J. , Stevens Jerry B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Perforation of the proximal descending colon occurred in four Dachshund dogs, each of which died 5 to 10 days following neurosurgical procedures. The complication was believed to be associated with parenteral use of dexamethasone.
Correct antemortem diagnosis was made in only one of the four cases, probably because signs of a perforated viscus were so modified by the antiphlogistic effects of corticosteroids as to prevent early detection of the complication.
Urinary Protein Excretion and Immunopathologic Findings in Dogs with Glomerular Disease
Authors: DiBartola S. P. , Spaulding G. L. , Chew D. J. , Lewis R. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Clinical and histopathologic findings in 21 dogs with glomerular disease were reviewed. Diagnoses included amyloidosis, glomerulonephritis, and secondary glomerular atrophy.
Dogs with amyloidosis excreted the largest amount of urinary protein per day, and 5 of 6 so affected had clinical signs of advanced renal disease at the time of examination. Dogs with glomerulonephritis excreted significantly less urinary protein per day, and none had clinical signs of advanced renal disease at the time of examination. The magnitude of proteinuria was correlated more with the nature of the glomerular lesion than with the stage of renal disease.
Serum Thyroxine Content Before and After Thyrotropin Stimulation in Dogs with Suspected Hypothyroidism
Authors: Lorenz Michael D. , Stiff Marilyn E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thyroid function in 39 dogs was studied, utilizing serum thyroxine (T-4) analysis before and 10 hours after thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) stimulation. All dogs were treated with pharmacologic doses of l-thyroxine or liothyronine, and the dogs' responses to these treatments were documented. Failure to double control T-4 values after tsh administration was associated with a good response to thyroid medication, whereas a doubling of the control values after tsh administration was associated with negative responses to thyroid medication. Significant difference was not found in the control T-4 values of the various groups, whereas the post-tsh values were significantly different. The study substantiated the value of tsh-response tests in the presumptive diagnosis of canine hypothyroidism.
Public Health Aspects of Toxic Heavy Metals in Animal Feeds
Authors: Sharma Raghubir P. , Street Joseph C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Studies involving animals of three species (dairy cattle, growing swine, and laying chickens) indicated that residues of lead and cadmium do not increase appreciably in major food products obtained from the animals during long-term exposure to sub-toxic dietary concentrations of these heavy metals. Human risk would not be expected by the consumption of milk, meat, or eggs from animals similarly exposed. Both metals accumulate in liver and kidney, and lead accumulates in bone. A moderate intake of liver and kidney from lead-exposed animals appears to present little or no health hazard. Utilization of these organs from cadmium-exposed animals, however, should be avoided.
Canine Brucellosis: Comparison of Clinical Manifestations with Serologic Test Results
Authors: Hubbert Nancy L. , Bech-Nielsen Steen , Barta Ota 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Slide agglutination and mercaptoethanol tube agglutination tests for canine brucellosis were performed on 158 dogs. Clinical status was compared with the serologic test results. Sera were from 56 clinically normal dogs, 63 dogs with reproductive disorders, and 39 dogs with various nonreproductive disorders that could be associated with canine brucellosis. Ten of 21 (48%) aborting bitches and 2 of 9 (22%) bitches with other reproductive disorders were seropositive for brucellosis. Enlarged testicles, orchitis, and epididymitis were the main clinical disorders associated with positive (33%) or suspect (20%) serologic reactions in 15 male dogs. In 13 dogs of both sexes, diskospondylitis and osteomyelitis were the most common nonreproductive disorders associated with seropositive status for canine brucellosis (46%). Of 138 stray dogs, 17 were seropositive for canine brucellosis. Treatment of seropositive animals with antibiotics gave variable results.
Of the 296 serum samples tested, 43 (14.5%) gave a positive reaction by the slide agglutination test but were negative by the mercaptoethanol tube agglutination test. Correlation was not found between serologic results and sex or breed.
Arterial Hypertension and Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteopathy Associated with Aortic Valvular Endocarditis in a Dog
Authors: Vulgamott Jim C. , Clark R. Gary 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A 5-year-old spayed female Doberman Pinscher was referred for clinical evaluation following two acute episodes of lameness, lethargy, and respiratory dyspnea. The femoral pulse had a bounding “water-hammer” quality. Arterial blood pressures were 280 mm of Hg to greater than 300 mm of Hg during systole and approximately 40 mm of Hg during diastole. Systolic blood pressure was lowered to 210 mm of Hg, using prazosin. Radiography revealed extensive pulmonary interstitial markings and smooth subperiosteal expansions of the long bones indicative of hypertrophic pulmonary osteopathy. Despite symptomatic treatment, the dog's health gradually deteriorated, and it died 9 days after referral. Necropsy revealed vegetative endocarditis of the aortic valve. Insufficiency of the aortic valve was believed to be responsible for the systolic hypertension and the hypertrophic pulmonary osteopathy.
Multicentric Periarticular Calcinosis in a Pup
Authors: Ellison Gary W. , Norrdin Robert W. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
A 12 week-old pup was examined because of a bizarre periarticular joint condition. Physical, radiographic, and histopathologic findings indicated synovial and periarticular calcinosis that involved virtually all of the diarthrodial joints to varying degrees. History, laboratory data, and postmortem findings tended to eliminate a nutritional, neoplastic, or infectious cause, but a genetic, endocrine, or metabolic derangement could not be ruled out.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in the Dog
Authors: Hodgkins E. M. , Zinkl J. G. , Madewell B. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Lethargy and weight loss were associated with chronic lymphocytosis in a dog. The bone marrow was infiltrated with large numbers of small lymphocytes, similar to those appearing in blood. Clinical and laboratory examinations led to a diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
Four other cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia were evaluated retrospectively.
Parvovirus Infection in Translocated Raccoons
Authors: Nettles Victor F. , Pearson James E. , Gustafson Gary A. , Blue Jack L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Severe enteritis attributed to parvovirus infection was diagnosed in raccoons (Procyon lotor) purchased from a commercial animal dealer for interstate translocation. Intestinal lesions included edema, hyperemia, and focal mucosal necrosis. Microscopically, intestinal villi were reduced markedly, and there was necrosis of the glandular crypts. Intranuclear inclusions were seen in many crypt cells. A parvovirus that was infective for Crandell feline kidney cells and primary canine kidney cells was isolated from the spleen of a sick raccoon. The raccoon virus was distinguished from feline panleukopenia virus by the former’s ability to hemag-glutinate swine erythrocytes at a pH of 7.2. Serum neutralization testing of infected raccoons indicated that the raccoon isolate differed from feline panleukopenia virus and may have been canine parvovirus.
Fatal Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection in Captive Bushbabies
Authors: Chang Jerjang , Wagner Joseph L. , Kornegay Robert W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fatal Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection was diagnosed in 3 bushbabies (Galago crassicaudatus) in a large prosimian colony. The clinical signs were diarrhea, dyspnea, hyperthermia, dehydration, and lethargy. Histologically, the disease was characterized by lesions of ulcerative enterocolitis, necrotizing hepatitis, splenitis, lymphadenitis, and nonsuppurative pneumonitis.
Tuberculosis in Fennec Foxes
Authors: Himes Elmer Μ. , Luchsinger Donald W. , Jarnagin Jerald L. , Thoen Charles O. , Hood Howell B. , Ferrin David A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fennec foxes (Fennecus zerda) in 2 zoos were found on necropsy to have lesions typical of those found in canine tuberculosis. Histologic examination revealed numerous acid-fast bacilli in lesions of liver, portal lymph node, spleen, kidney, and lung. Mycobacterium bovis isolated from tissues was identified by biochemical methods and by pathogenicity tests in guinea pigs and rabbits.
Evaluation of Xylazine in Camels
Authors: Peshin P. K. , Nigam J. Μ. , Singh S. C. , Robinson B. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
When xylazine was given intramuscularly to 12 apparently healthy adult camels (Camelus dromedarius) at the rate of 0.4 mg/kg of body weight, mean values for onset of weak time, down time, and time until recovery were 8.6±1.1, 10.5±0.6, and 150±56.9 minutes, respectively. Mild salivation, drooping of lower lips, and relaxation of neck were observed at mean times of 15.3±4.9, 11.0±1.7, and 22.7±3.9 minutes, respectively. Analgesic effects remained for 60 to 90 minutes. Hemocytologic changes were not statistically significant. Marked hyperglycemia was observed at 30 minutes after xylazine administration. Hypotension from 30 to 60 minutes after xylazine administration was not correlated with elevated central venous pressure or with bradycardia. Electrocardiography revealed 1st-degree atrioventricular block, sinoatrial block, sinus arrhythmia, and wandering pacemaker in sinoatrial node, which were attributed to vagal stimulation. Primary T-wave changes and ST segment elevation also were observed.
When xylazine was used at the same dosage in 13 clinical cases involving surgery of short duration, it proved to be a satisfactory sedative, analgesic, and muscle relaxant.
Spinal Decompression in a Black Bear
Authors: Nichols James B. , Dulisch Mary L. , Sikarskie James G. , McNamara Μ. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A 17-year-old black bear was examined because of posterior paralysis. Radiography revealed a narrowed disk space at T10–11, indicating a ruptured intervertebral disk. Subsequently, a dorsolateral hemilaminectomy was performed. Recovery from paralysis was slow because of the size of the animal (127 kg) and lack of appropriate physical therapy. When evaluated more than 1 year later, however, the bear had no signs of neurologic deficits.
Recurrent Coxofemoral Luxation in Fifteen Dogs and One Cat
Authors: Hammer Douglas L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Trochanteric transposition and joint capsule restoration were used in the repair of recurrent coxofermoral luxations. Reduction was successful in 12 of the 16 operated limbs. The angle of inclination of the femoral head was measured in 10 dogs and found to be within normal limits. It was concluded that, in terms of successful reduction, this method of repair compares favorably with other commonly used methods.
Simultaneous Evaluation of Pancreatic Exocrine Function and Intestinal Absorptive Function in Dogs with Chronic Diarrhea
Authors: Rogers W. A. , Stradley R. P. , Sherding R. G. , Powers J. , Cole C. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The N-benzoyl-L-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid (bt-paba):xylose test was evaluated in 5 clinically normal dogs, 5 dogs with pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (pei), and 7 dogs with intestinal malabsorption. A solution of bt-paba (1 g/100 ml) and d-xylose (10 g/100 ml) was given orally (5 ml/kg of body weight) to dogs in each group. Plasma p-aminobenzoic acid (paba) curves were decreased in dogs with pei and intestinal malabsorption (P<0.05) but were the lowest in dogs with pei, compared with clinically normal dogs.
Xylose values in dogs with malabsorption were decreased (P < 0.05), compared with clinically normal dogs. Dogs with pei had plasma xylose values that were intermediate to values in clinically normal dogs and dogs with intestinal malabsorption.
Results of bt-paba:xylose testing were compared with results of sodium paba:xylose testing, to determine whether decreased paba values obtained by the bt-paba:xylose test were caused by free paba malabsorption or by maldigestion of bt-paba. The sodium paba:xylose test was performed in dogs from each group by oral administration of a solution (5 ml/kg) of sodium paba (0.372 g/100 ml) and d-xylose (10.0 g/100 ml). Plasma paba values obtained by the sodium paba:xylose test were similar in each group. Thus, different paba values obtained by the bt-paba:xylose test were not caused by paba malabsorption. Xylose values were similar to values obtained by the bt-paba:xylose test.
It was concluded that: (1) the bt-paba:xylose test is a practical test for detecting maldigestion or malabsorption in the dog; (2) dogs with intestinal malabsorption may have functional pei; and (3) decreased paba plasma values obtained by bt-paba: xylose testing are not caused by malabsorption of free paba.
Isolation of a Paramyxovirus from the Cerebrospinal Fluid of a Dog with Posterior Paresis
Authors: Evermann J. F. , Lincoln J. D. , McKiernan A. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A paramyxovirus was isolated from cerebrospinal fluid of a dog with a history of incoordination and posterior paresis. The virus apparently was not related to canine distemper virus (cdv), considering the lack of virus neutralization with cdv-specific antibody, negative immunofluorescence with cdv-specific conjugate, and avirulence for ferrets. The virus was antigenically related to a prototype strain of canine parainfluenza virus, as determined by positive immunofluorescence with canine parainfluenza virus-specific conjugate and virus neutralization tests.
Diagnosis and Management of Concurrent Diabetes Mellitus and Hyperadrenocorticism in Thirty Dogs
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Nesbitt Gene H. , Schaer Michael 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Concurrent diabetes mellitus and hyperadrenocorticism were diagnosed in 30 dogs over a 2-year period. Clinical signs included polyuria, hepatomegaly, polyphagia, abdominal distension, truncal alopecia, anorexia, and vomiting. Because of the similar clinical and laboratory findings for hyperadrenocorticism and diabetes mellitus, hyperadrenocorticism was initially overlooked in some dogs. Insulin resistance, characterized by high daily insulin requirements, developed in the diabetic dogs with untreated hyperadrenocorticism. Therapy with o,p′-DDD resulted in precipitous declines in insulin requirements. By lowering the dosage of o,p′-DDD and supplementing with glucocorticoids during the o,p′-DDD loading period, serious hypoglycemia was avoided. Control of coexisting hyperadrenocorticism lessened the severity of the diabetes mellitus, but insulin therapy remained a necessity in all dogs.