bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Secretion of Blood Group Substances
Authors: Sturgeon Ph. , Arcilla M. B. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Semiquantitative serological studies are reported on the red cells and saliva of eight Le(a + b+x +) individuals from two families of Japanese and one of northern European ancestry and on one infant followed serially from birth through nine months of age. In the case of the infant, the data suggest that the Le gene has two determinants (cistrons) for which one product is Leaand the other Lex. Under the influence of the Se‐H genes, Leasubstance is converted to Lebsubstance but Lexremains unchanged. Both Leaand Lexare active antenatally in the salivary tissues but only Lexis active in the production of erythrocyte Lewis substance. Production of erythrocyte Leasubstance activates perinatally and becomes fully active soon after birth (by four months in our case).The Se‐H gene system also is active at birth in the salivary gland but compared with the rate of activation of the Lewis gene, its maturation to full production of erythrocyte Lebsubstance is at a slower rate. This takes place over a period of months during which time the Lewis positive, ABH secretor infant's erythrocytes are Le(a + b + x +) pending their becoming Le(a‐b + x +).Adults who are red cell type Le(a + b + x +) are postulated to have quantitative Se gene variants which, although fully activated, are capable of inducing only partial conversion of Leato Lebsubstance. Among our two Oriental families the erythrocytes are strongly Leabut weakly Lebpositive and, correspondingly in their salivas, Leagenerally predominates over Lebsubstance and the content of ABH substance is minimal. A weak secretor variant (Sew) is postulated to be responsible for the phenotype which is manifest in blood types A, O and B subjects. In the Caucasian family the quantitative relationships, both on the red cells and in the saliva, of Leato Lebis the converse but the ABH content is low; an intermediate variant (Se1) is postulated. It is anticipated that further studies as these could disclose a more or less continuous gradation of Se variants rather than the two suggested here.
The Demonstration of Plasmin Agglutinators in Human Sera1
Authors: Waller M. , Curry N. 
Published: March 2009

Plasmin agglutinators are natural IgG anti‐Fab antibodies. These antibodies bind to erythrocytes which are coated with the Fab fragments of anti‐Rh antibodies that have been hydrolyzed with plasmin. The plasmin agglutinators are demonstrable in most human sera albeit in low titer. These agglutinators can be inhibited with Fab fragments that have been hydrolyzed with subtilisin, bromelin, trypsin, and plasmin but cannot be inhibited by Fab fragments from pepsin, ficin, chymotrypsin, papain or elastase digests.The Fab fragments from naturally fragmented immune serum globulin gave identical inhibition reactions to those produced by plasmin hydrolysis.
Comparison of Different Methods Used in the Preparation of Leucocyte‐Free Whole Blood and Erythrocyte Concentrates
Authors: Langfelder M. , Jakschitz M. , Jánossy A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The authors studied the degree of qualitative and quantitative deleucocytation of whole blood that can be obtained by washing and filtering. Based on the studies of 20 samples of blood it was established that successful deleucocytation can be expected only it combined procedures of washing and filtering are employed.The purpose of our present investigations was to determine to what extent can whole blood be deleucocyted by using current methods of blood preservation, or by combining these methods, as well as to assess the degree of damaging effects on red blood cells produced by these methods.
Co‐occurrence of anti‐Ag and anti‐Australia Antibodies in Transfused Patients
Authors: VIERUCCI A. , BLUMBERG B. S. , MORGANTI G. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The sera from 158 transfused thalassemic patients have been tested for the presence of anti‐Ag and anti‐Australia antibodies. Twenty per cent of the anti‐Ag sera were found to contain anti‐Au antibodies simultaneously. When these sera are employed in Ag typing of sera from populations and families living in areas with high incidence of Au(1) carriers or from patients with high frequency of Australia antigen, several kinds of errors might occur: (a) erroneously high frequency of apparently Ag reactors; (b) possibility of scoring as illegitimate Au(1) children from Ag(‐) × Ag(‐) matings; (c) apparently new specificities in the Ag system.All these possible errors have been considered studying the distribution of the Ag(x), (z), and (y) factors in 120 Down's syndrome patients and in Ag(‐) × Ag(‐) matings the offspring of which included a Down's syndrome child.The use of these antisera in Au(1) screening may lead to the detection of ‘false’ positives.Methods are suggested to avoid such errors.
Automated Red Cell Antibody Analysis. A Parallel Study
Authors: Perrault R. , Högman C. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A parallel study of red cell antibodies was undertaken using two well‐known AutoAnalyzer techniques: the bromelin‐methylcellulose (BMC) method as described by Marsh, and the low‐ionic strength‐Polybrene (LISP) technique of Lalezari. In the present study, minor modifications were made to both methods, without changing the basic principle of antibody detection. The results obtained in this parallel study were compared to standard manual techniques. Screening of 13,135 sera gave 8.7% positive reactions. Of these, 22% were identified manually as being caused by red cell antibodies. Further antibodies could be identified by the machine [described elsewhere].The sensitivity of the automated methods was generally higher than manual techniques, about 12 times for the BMC and 70 times for the LISP method. Anti‐s,‐Fya,‐Jka,‐Jkb, and‐K were less sensitively detected by the BMC than the most appropriate manual method in a test of 14 commercial typing sera. In no case was the LISP less sensitive than manual techniques. However, hemolyzing antibodies can be missed in rare instances. Anti‐D was found at a lower sensitivity level of 20–50 ng/ml with the indirect antiglobulin technique, 5–15 ng/ml with the two‐stage papain technique, 24 ng/ml with the BMC method and 0.2–0.4 ng/ml with the LISP method. Some weak anti‐D's (5%) reacted more strongly in the BMC than LISP. When anti‐D preparations used for Rh prophylaxis were quantitated with both methods, the results agreed well.
The HL‐A Antigen, LND (‐W15)
Authors: Thorsby E. , Weerdt C. M. van der , Joysey V. C. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryFurther studies of the specificity LND of the 2nd HL‐A series are presented. The antigen can now be fairly well‐recognized by several closely correlated antisera, which is encouraging for histocompatibility testing since the antigen is quite frequent.
Lifespan of Preserved Red Cells1
Authors: Szymanski I.O. , Valeri C.R. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Forty‐four long‐term red cell survival studies were performed in 39 patients, the majority of whom had either traumatic injuries or carcinoma. With the aid of a computer, the lifespan and the rate of random destruction of preserved red cells were estimated in each recipient.The 24‐hour survival was a satisfactory measurement of the percent of viable red cells in the transfusion. The mean red cell lifespan (97 days) was not affected by either the method of preservation (liquid or freeze preservation) or the length of storage at +4 or — 80°C. Accelerated linear removal of red cells was seen in severely injured patients; improved red cell survival was associated with improvement in the recipient's health. The correlation between the lifespan of transfused red cells and the recipient's general health suggests that the decreased long‐term survival noted in these recipients was produced by some extracorpuscular ‘toxic’ factor.
Observations on a Haemagglutinin from the Freshwater Mussel Anodonta anatina
Authors: Pemberton R.T. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Whole‐body extracts of the bivalve Anodonta anatina gave apparent non‐specific agglutination with enzyme treated human erythrocytes, but a decreasing gradient of agglutination became evident of the order OI, BI, A2BI, A2I, (A3I, AxI, OhI), A1BI, A1I, adult ii, cord ii cells, suggesting an anti‐I specificity.The agglutinin was inhibited by galactose and its oligosaccharides, particularly lactose and stachyose.Absorption tests with different red cell types, inhibition tests with salivas and simple sugars, and the effect of different cations, suggested the presence of additional agglutinins in the extract.
The Influence of Leukocyte and Thrombocyte Incompatibility on Non‐Haemolytic Transfusion Reactions
Authors: THULSTRUP H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Investigation of sera from 274 patients with febrile transfusion reactions demonstrated leukocyte agglutinating antibodies in 48.9%. lymphocytotoxic antibodies in 54.0%, thrombocyte agglutinating antibodies in 19.3% and thrombocyte complement‐fixing antibodies in 23.0%.Matching of the sera from 39 of these patients with leukocytes and platelets of the donors whose blood had actually caused the reactions, demonstrated incompatibility to either leukocytes or thrombocytes in all cases.By examination of sera from 84 patients with urticarial transfusion reactions, leukocyte agglutinating antibodies were found in 25.0%, lymphocytotoxic antibodies in 27.4%, thrombocyte agglutinating antibodies in 16.7% and thrombocyte complement‐fixing antibodies in 9.5%. Based upon statistical calculations it was concluded, however, that white cell and/or platelet antibodies most unlikely are causally related to urticarial transfusion reactions.Since 93 (53%) of 174 patients with reports of earlier transfusion reactions were found to develop new transfusion reactions following further transfusion of whole blood, it was concluded, that the administration of leukocyte poor blood is well indicated at least in all cases of febrile transfusion reactions in which white cell antibodies can be demonstrated.
The Influence of Leukocyte and Thrombocyte Incompatibility on Non‐Haemolytic Transfusion Reactions
Authors: Thulstrup H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. In a prospective investigation on the transfusion of blood to 209 patients, a distinct difference was found between the frequency of leuko‐agglutinins and lymphocytotoxic antibodies in the sera of patients with reported febrile transfusion reactions and patients without. No such difference, however, was demonstrated concerning thrombocyte agglutinins and thrombocyte complement‐fixing antibodies.A significant difference was found between the incidence of transfusion reactions in patients with leukocyte antibodies in their sera and in patients without.If sera from patients with reported transfusion reactions were matched against leukocytes and trombocytes of the respective donors, incompatibility was demonstrated in all cases.Minor incompatibility was found to be a most unlikely cause of transfusion reactions in this material.The results of our study are thus confirming the concept that leukocyte incompatibility is causually related to febrile transfusion reactions, whereas evidence concerning the influence of thrombocyte incompatibility still is too small to be conclusive.
Blood Group Antibodies in Salmonidae Roe
Authors: Todd G.M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryExtracts from roe of female brown trout, rainbow trout, seatrout and salmon are found to give reactions of saline agglutinating anti‐B with human red cells. Some trout roe also contain saline agglutinating anti‐A and/or anti‐AB.
The Purification of Hepatitis‐Associated Antigen (HAA/SH/AU) from Human Serum and the Preparation of a Sheep Anti‐HAA Serum
Authors: Duimel W. J. M. , Brummelhuis H. G. J. , Krijnen H. W. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. HAA was obtained from a pool of HAA‐containing sera. The purification consisted of the following steps:Extraction with Freon, adsorption on and elution from Aerosil and gel filtration on a Sepharose 4B column.After purification, the presence of the HAA was demonstrated in the macro‐Ouchterlony. The purity was tested by immunoelectrophoresis and double immunodiffusion.Sheep were immunized with the purified HAA. In the macro‐Ouchterlony, the presence of anti‐HAA antibodies in the adsorbed sheep serum was demonstrated as a single precipitation line, identical with our human HAA anti‐HAA precipitation line.The anti‐HAA sheep serum was tested with good results against the HAA panel of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA.
Further Examples of Miltenberger Cell Class V, One of them Inherited with a Depressed M Antigen
Authors: Metaxas M. N. , Metaxas‐Bühler Dr.M. , Heiken Dr.A. , Vamosi M. , Ikin Dr.E. W. , BULL W. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The association of a variant N with a ‘new’ antigenic type of the Miltenberger sub‐system, the first example of which was described recently, has been found in three further non‐related persons. The ‘new’ Miltenberger type, Cell Class V, is defined by the reactions Vw‐ (Mi(a‐) Mur‐ Hil+, for which the ‘shortland’ symbol Mi · V is proposed. The N variant is characterized by fair to normal reactions with rabbit and Vicia graminea, but weak or negative reactions with most human anti‐N reagents. The responsible gene complex, NsMi · V, also gives rise to a variant s antigen, which reacts exaggeratedly with most anti‐s sera by the antiglobulin method, and not at all with one anti‐s in saline.The first example of the gene complex MsMi ·xs V is described, which gives rise to variant M and s, whose reactivity is quite analogous to the variant N and s observed in the other cases. The findings are discussed, in particular with regard to their bearing on the interrelationship between so‐called satellites and the main antigens of the MNSs system.
Four Examples of the S‐s‐U‐Phenotype in an Indian Family
Authors: Moores P. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Four Natal Indians with the S‐s‐U‐ phenotype represent the first recorded examples outside the Negro race. The propositus had anti‐c and anti‐U in her serum but her CcDee U+ infant was only mildly affected by haemolytic disease of the newborn. There was no consanguinity in the family, and no evidence of Negroid genes.Dosage studies with anti‐S and anti‐s showed that only single doses of S or s accompanied the u allele.
Use of the HL‐A Antigen System in Disputed Paternity Cases1, 2
Authors: Jeannet M. , Hässig A. , Bernheim J. 
Published: March 2009

Summary22 HL‐A antigens have been determined in 50 cases of disputed paternity. The chances of exclusion for each HL‐A antigen and for the whole system have been calculated. The HL‐A system represents the most potent system now available for paternity testing.
Cytotoxic Action of Pig Anti‐A Erythrocyte Antibodies
Authors: Simon M. , Hruban V. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryPig A blood group antigen was demonstrated on pig lymphocytes using the cytotoxic test. The typing of immune anti‐A sera in the haemolytic test (against erythrocytes) and in the cytotoxic test (against lymphocytes obtained from the same animals) showed that reactions of both antibody families were identical. The results were confirmed by absorption studies.
The Cell‐Washing Centrifuge — a New Aid in Blood Group Serology
Authors: Dale I. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA cell‐washing centrifuge for the antiglobulin test is tested in practical work. The washing effect is compared with that of manual washing. The different sources of error and deficient performance are described. The amount of red cells which can be washed is investigated. Controls for detecting failure in the washing procedure are suggested.
Development of Large‐Scale Fractionation Methods
Authors: Wickerhauser M. , Sgouris J. T. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A method is described for large‐scale isolation of prothrombin complex from Cohn fraction III by means of polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) and DEAE‐cellulose. Residual thrombin and active factor X were irreversibly inactivated in the prothrombin complex preparation by the addition of heparin and cofactor, which in turn was isolated from Cohn fraction IV by means of Al(OH)3 and ammonium sulfate.By this method a prothrombin complex preparation was obtained which was concentrated 29‐fold over plasma in factor IX activity, with a 59‐fold purification. The other three clotting factors were concentrated 17–51‐fold with 36–106‐fold purification. These concentrates met all the DBS requirements for human factor IX complex.The presence of activated factor IX and its inactivation during the stabilization step are postulated from the activity diagrams obtained by preparative acrylamide disc electrophoresis of prothrombin complex before and after addition of cofactor and heparin.Partial separation of antithrombin III and heparin cofactor activities was observed following fractionation of our cofactor by preparative disc electrophoresis.Isoelectric focusing failed to separate individual clotting factors of the prothrombin complex.
Extraction and Partial Purification of Blood Group Substances A, B and H from Erythrocyte Stroma
Authors: Liotta I. , Quintiliani M. , Quintiliani Lucia , Buzzonetti Anna , Giuliani Elena 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Materials with blood group activity A, B and H have been obtained from erythrocyte stroma by phenol extraction and subsequent purification by chromatography on Sephadex G‐200 and ultracentrifugation at 180,000 g for 4 h.The final materials contain carbohydrates, protein and lipids, have a specific activity similar to that of the glycolipids extracted from erythrocyte stroma by other workers, and are found not to be homogeneous on ultracentrifugal analysis. Treatment with 0.5% SDS results in the reduction of the average particle size and in the appearance of new units which sediment homogeneously.However, in the presence of SDS the greatest part of the specific activity is lost, while extraction with butanol drastically reduces the A1 specific activity and to some extent the B activity has no influence on the A and probably none on the H activity.
Droplet‐Frozen Sensitized Red Cells for Gm Typing1
Authors: Rowe A. W. , Borel Halina , Allen F. H. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryDetection of Gm and Inv Types has been enhanced by the use of frozen red cells. After sensitization, red cells are frozen as discrete droplets by spraying onto liquid nitrogen (‐196°C). Only the quantity of cells necessary for a Gm or Inv test needs to be thawed. The remaining frozen sensitized red cell droplets will retain their antigenicity for years.
Catfish Antibodies to Blood Group Substances: II. Cross‐Reacting Anti‐A and B Antibodies
Authors: Baldo B. A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. A sample of normal serum and some anti‐B secretor saliva antiserum, both obtained from the Australian freshwater catfish Tandanus tandanus Mitchell, were used in haemagglutination inhibition experiments with human secretor and non‐secretor fluids, blood group substances and some simple sugars. These experiments, together with immunodiffusion studies, clearly showed that the sera examined contained antibodies reacting with both the A and B, but not with the H, blood group antigens.The results obtained are discussed with particular reference to the findings and speculations of others who have studied such cross‐reacting antisera.
Serum Immunoglobulin Levels in Trio and Wajana Indians of Surinam
Authors: Zegers B. J. M. , Geerdink R. A. , Sander P. C. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Serum levels of IgM, IgG, and IgA were determined in 62 Indian children of Surinam (4–10 years old) and in 12 Indian adults. The data have been compared with the levels of an earlier published control group of Dutch normal children and adults.The difference in values between Indian children and adults was only statistically significant for IgM and IgA, and only for males. The mean levels of Indian children and adults are much higher than the mean levels of the control group. Very high values were not exceptional. A statistically significant influence of sex could not be demonstrated in this material.
Further Studies on the Rapid and Slow Components of Chromium Elution in vivo from Preserved Erythrocytes
Authors: Valeri C. R. , Szymanski I. O. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. 51Cr is commonly used to label red cells in estimating the 24‐hour posttransfusion survival of preserved red cells and the lifespan of autologous and homologous red cells. With this procedure, however, there is spontaneous loss of chromium label from the circulating red cells in vivo. In order to evaluate this phenomenon, the survival in vivo of previously frozen washed red cells and liquid‐stored washed and nonwashed red cells was studied with a 51Cr labelling procedure and an automated differential agglutination procedure (ADA) following therapeutic transfusions. Loss of the chromium label in vivo from circulating red cells during the 24‐hour posttransfusion period is referred to as the ‘rapid component of chromium elution’. Loss of the 51Cr label from the circulating red cells during measurement of red cell lifespan is referred to as the 6 ‘slow component of chromium elution’.In liquid‐stored nonwashed and washed red cells the 51Cr uptake in vitro was greater than 94%. In previously frozen red cells washed by different methods the 51Cr uptake in vitro ranged from 44 to 95%. The rapid component of 51Cr elution from nonwashed and washed liquid‐stored red cells and from previously frozen washed red cells was at least 10% of the chromium label. Variable rates of the slow component of chromium elution from non‐washed and washed liquid‐stored red cells and from previously frozen washed red cells were observed: the average rate was 1.06% per day, and in some patients no elution was observed. Factors that influence the 51Cr up‐take in vitro and the rapid and slow components of 51Cr elution in vivo are not known.
Secondary Stimulation of Rh Antibodies by Kidney Allografts from Rh‐Positive Donors
Authors: Huestis D. W. , Zukoski C. F. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. Three examples are described of Rh antibody appearing after kidney allografts from Rh‐positive cadaver donors to immunosuppressed Rh‐negative recipients. These are interpreted as secondary antibody stimulation, apparently caused by small amounts of residual blood in the transplanted kidneys. The Rh antibody did not appear to affect the survival of such grafts.The serologic studies in case No. 1 were done by Ann Davis, BB(ASCP), Southern Arizona Red Cross Blood Center, Tucson, Ariz., and in cases No. 2 and 3 by Marguerite Penix, MT(ASCP), Blood Bank Supervisor, Veterans Administration Hospital, Nashville, Term.
Standardization and Modification of the Haemagglutination (Inhibition) Techniques for the Determination of HBAg and Anti‐HBAg Antibodies
Authors: Reesink H. W. , Duimel W. J. M. , Brummelhuis H. G. J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract. The haemagglutination (HA) and haemagglutination‐inhibition (HAI) techniques using CrCl3 to couple purified HBAg to human red cells were standardized and modified as follows:

Selection of human donor red cells used for coupling purified HBAg with CrCl3. It was found that the red cells of different human donors vary greatly with regard to their ability for optimal coating with HBAg.
Improvement of the CrCl3 coupling technique by which much less purified HBAg is used.
The use of a preservation fluid, developed in the Central Laboratory of the Netherlands Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service, in which the HBAg‐coated cells can be preserved up to 4–6 weeks without change of titre in HA and HAI when tested against standard sera.

By these modifications, purified HBAg can be reproducibly coupled to human red cells.