bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conjunctival Lymphoid Follicles in New World Rodents
Authors: Astley Roger A. , Chodosh James , Caire William , Wilson Gregory M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe report for the first time, the detection of conjunctival lymphoid follicles (CLF) in the eyes of New World rodents. CLF were found in 7 of the 15 species examined, 6 of the 10 genera, and in at least one individual in four families of rodents. These follicles are dense collections of leukocytes in the conjunctival substantia propria with a thinned overlying epithelium lacking in goblet cells. Although the precise location of CLF within the conjunctiva varied from species to species, all CLF were found in the fornix of the conjunctival sac. In general, size and complexity of CLF varied with the size of the eye; the larger the eye, the larger and more complex the CLF. Our findings also reveal that some species of New World rodents, like the majority of Old World rodents examined in this and previous studies might lack CLF. However, until larger samples are examined, this is difficult to state with certainty. Consequently, the presence/absence of CLF at this point might not be informative for phylogenetic comparisons. Our findings also suggest the deer mouse,Peromyscus maniculatus, might serve as a useful model species for studying ocular infections and immunology of the eye. Anat Rec, 290:1190–1194, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanism of Formation of Human Calcium Oxalate Renal Stones on Randall's Plaque
Authors: Evan Andrew P. , Coe Fredric L. , Lingeman James E. , Shao Youzhi , Sommer Andre J. , Bledsoe Sharon B. , Anderson Jennifer C. , Worcester Elaine M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAlthough calcium oxalate (CaOx) renal stones are known to grow attached to renal papillae, and specifically to regions of papillae that contain Randall's plaque (interstitial apatite deposits), the mechanisms of stone overgrowth on plaque are not known. To investigate the problem, we have obtained biopsy specimens from two stone patients that included an attached stone along with its tissue base and have studied the ultrastructural features of the attachment point using light and transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (μ‐FTIR), and immunohistochemical analysis. The epithelium is disrupted at the attachment site. The denuded plaque that borders on the urinary space attracts an envelope of ribbon‐like laminates of crystal and organic matrix arising from urine ions and molecules. Into the matrix of this ribbon grow amorphous apatite crystals that merge with and give way to the usual small apatite crystals imbedded in stone matrix; eventually CaOx crystals admix with apatite and become the predominant solid phase. Over time, urine calcium and oxalate ions gradually overgrow on the large crystals forming the attached stone. Anat Rec, 290:1315‐1323, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Allometries Throughout the Late Prenatal and Early Postnatal Human Craniofacial Ontogeny
Authors: Sardi Marina L. , Ventrice Fernando , Ramírez Rozzi Fernando 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCraniofacial shape changes throughout the late prenatal and early postnatal ontogeny (32–47 weeks of gestational age) were explored. The purpose was to evaluate whether the skull follows an allometric growth pattern, as was observed in other ontogenetic periods, and to assess shape variation patterns for the cranial vault, cranial base, and face. Thirty three‐dimensional landmarks were registered in 54 skulls. Wire‐frames were built with landmarks to observe shape variation in the following cranial components: anteroneural, midneural, posteroneural, optic, respiratory, masticatory, and alveolar. The landmark configurations were subjected to generalized Procrustes analyses, and the shape coordinates obtained were subjected to Principal Components Analyses. Multivariate regression of the shape variables (the principal components) on the size vector (the centroid size) was performed to assess allometries. Transformation grids were constructed to identify how cranial components interact across ontogeny. Results indicated that highly significant shape changes depend on size changes. Important shape variation in the vault, small variation in the cranial base, and no variation in the face were observed. Brain growth is proposed to be the major influence on craniofacial shape change, which produces a relative elongation and compression of midneural and posteroneural components. The cranial base elongates by intrinsic factors and affects position of the face. Ontogenetically, the cranial base seems to be independent with respect to brain growth, in contrast to what has been suggested in comparisons at higher taxonomic levels. Anat Rec, 290:1112–1120, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Internal Kinematics of the Tongue During Feeding in Pigs
Authors: Shcherbatyy Volodymyr , Liu Zi‐Jun 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSix ultrasonic crystals (Ø2 mm) were implanted into the tongue body to form a wedge‐shaped configuration in six 12‐week‐old Yucatan minipigs. These crystals allow recording of the distance changes in bilateral lengths (RL/LL) and base thicknesses (RT/LT), and anterior (AW) and posterior (dorsal and ventral, PDW and PVW) widths during natural feeding. Results indicated that changes in all measured dimensions were stereotypical with considerable regularity. The greatest dimensional changes during chewing were seen in the AW (33.3%), significantly larger than those in other dimensions (P < 0.05–0.001). During ingestion, change in all widths and thicknesses reduced significantly compared with those during chewing (P < 0.05), but changes in the lengths (RL/LL) were significantly larger than those during chewing (P < 0.01). During drinking, overall dimensional changes reduced and amplitudes were symmetrically distributed in all dimensions. The timing analysis indicated that, during chewing, the reversal of dimensional decrease to increase in the PVW occurred first, followed by those of PDW, AW, RT/LT, and RL/LL (P < 0.05). During ingestion, the AW started widening first. Time sequence of these reversals during drinking was similar to that during chewing, but RT/LT thickening was behind RL/LL lengthening. These results suggested that during natural feeding, regional tongue deformations are rhythmic and stereotypical similar to jaw movement. The reversals of expansion–contraction of various dimensions are not synchronous, but occur in a sequential manner in timing. Tongue internal deformations are task‐specific in both timing and amplitude. The dimensional expansions–contractions are dominant in the transverse and sagittal planes during chewing and ingestion, respectively, but are smaller and more symmetrically distributed across various dimensions during drinking. Anat Rec, 290:1288‐1299, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructure and Estrogen Regulation of the Lymphatic Stomata of Ovarian Bursa in Mice
Authors: Li Meng , Zhou Tian‐Hua , Gao Yun , Zhang Ning , Li Ji‐Cheng 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe ovarian bursa is a key player in maintaining adaptive ovarian microenvironment for ovulation. The lymphatic stomata are believed to be a major contributor to execute the function of the ovarian bursa, whereas little is known about their ultrastructure and regulation. Here, we examined the ultrastructure of lymphatic stomata in mouse ovarian bursa by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy and investigated its regulation by estrogen. We found that the mesothelium on the visceral layer of mouse ovarian bursa was composed of the cuboidal and flattened cells. The lymphatic stomata with round and oval shapes were mainly among the cuboidal cells. The particles, cells, and fluid passed through the stomata and entered into the lymphatic drainage unit composed of connective tissue and lymphatic endothelial cells beneath the stomata. We also used trypan blue as a tracer and found that the absorption of trypan blue through the lymphatic stomata was increased by estrogen that enlarged the average opening area of lymphatic stomata. Furthermore, we detected that there existed estrogen receptors in the nuclei of the mesothelial cells on the visceral ovarian bursa by using immunoelectron microscopy. Taken together, these data suggest that both the absorption and opening area of the lymphatic stomata in mouse ovarian bursa may be influenced by estrogen. Anat Rec, 290:1195‐1202, © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Appearance of Crypt Neurons in the Olfactory Epithelium of the Skate Raja clavata During Development
Authors: Ferrando Sara , Bottaro Massimiliano , Pedemonte Federico , De Lorenzo Simone , Gallus Lorenzo , Tagliafierro Grazia 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCrypt neurons are olfactory receptor cells located in the olfactory epithelium of fishes. They exhibit a peculiar and well‐recognizable morphology, although their odorant specificity is still unknown. Data on their appearance during development are few and far between. This study set out to identify the time at which crypt neurons appeared in the skate, Raja clavata, using histological and immunohistochemical methods. For this purpose, embryos and juveniles at different stages of development, from 13 weeks after laying (11 weeks before hatching) to 24 weeks after hatching, were examined. The crypt neurons were identified on a morphological basis. An anti–α‐tubulin antibody and two lectins (wheat germ agglutinin and peanut agglutinin) were used to highlight morphological details. The olfactory marker protein was detected by immunohistochemistry, because this protein is a marker of neuronal maturity in vertebrates. The crypt neurons could be detected by their morphology at 15 weeks after laying and became strongly olfactory marker protein immunoreactive 22 weeks after laying. Although involvement of crypt neurons in reproductive behavior has been inferred in various studies on bony fishes, their early presence in skate embryos and juveniles may suggest that they are not exclusively involved in sexual behavior. Anat Rec, 290:1268‐1272, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lobe Identity in the Mongolian Gerbil Prostatic Complex: A New Rodent Model for Prostate Study
Authors: Rochel Sabrina Santos , Bruni‐Cardoso Alexandre , Taboga Sebastião Roberto , Vilamaior Patricia Simone Leite , Góes Rejane Maira 
Published: August 2007

AbstractKnowledge of structural and physiological differences among the prostatic lobes (PL) is the basis for development of experimental studies in traditional laboratory rodents. Although Mongolian gerbil reproductive organs have been increasingly investigated, its prostate structure is far from being properly known, and investigations of this organ focused on the ventral lobe (VL). Thus, the present study provides a thorough morphological description of prostatic complex in the male adult gerbil on the basis of topographic, histological, and ultrastructural analysis and ductal branching. Like other rodents, four pairs of PL were observed. However, in contrast to the rat and mouse, the VL is the least voluminous component and the dorsolateral lobe (DLL) is the most prominent and spatially isolated from remaining PL. The occurrence of a dorsal lobe (DL), hidden between bladder and insertion of seminal vesicles, has not been mentioned in previous reports with Mongolian gerbil. Collagenase digestion followed by microdissection revealed that, except for DL, which has a tubular‐acinar organization, all PL exhibit tubular organization and variable ductal branching. Distinct histological and ultrastructural features such as secretory epithelium, aspect of luminal secretion and stromal organization are reported for each PL and are confirmed by morphometric and stereological methods. Histological sections showed at least three intralobar segments in VL and DL. Ultrastructural analysis evidenced that, although luminal epithelial cells of PL share typical features of exocrine secretory cells, there are striking lobe phenotypical variations. Both merocrine and apocrine pathways are observed in variable rates in all PL, with the predominance of the former in the DLL and the latter in the CG. The morphological observations presented herein point to distinct structural identities for each PL, which probably reflects specific functional compromise of seminal fluid secretion. These data also point to the gerbil as a good model for investigations concerning the regulation of prostate development and homeostasis, mainly with regard to the dorsal and dorsolateral PL. Anat Rec, 290:1233‐1247, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Personalized recommendation with adaptive mixture of markov models
Authors: Liu Yang , Huang Xiangji , An Aijun 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWith more and more information available on the Internet, the task of making personalized recommendations to assist the user's navigation has become increasingly important. Considering there might be millions of users with different backgrounds accessing a Web site everyday, it is infeasible to build a separate recommendation system for each user. To address this problem, clustering techniques can first be employed to discover user groups. Then, user navigation patterns for each group can be discovered, to allow the adaptation of a Web site to the interest of each individual group. In this paper, we propose to model user access sequences as stochastic processes, and a mixture of Markov models based approach is taken to cluster users and to capture the sequential relationships inherent in user access histories. Several important issues that arise in constructing the Markov models are also addressed. The first issue lies in the complexity of the mixture of Markov models. To improve the efficiency of building/maintaining the mixture of Markov models, we develop a lightweight adapt‐ive algorithm to update the model parameters without recomputing model parameters from scratch. The second issue concerns the proper selection of training data for building the mixture of Markov models. We investigate two different training data selection strategies and perform extensive experiments to compare their effectiveness on a real dataset that is generated by a Web‐based knowledge management system, Livelink.
Enantiopure Double‐Helical Phenylene Ethynylene Cyclophynes with the 2,2′‐Binaphthyl Template
Authors: An De‐Lie , Zhang Ying‐Jun , Chen Qiang , Zhao Wen‐Ying , Yan Hong , Orita Akihiro , Otera Junzo 
Published: August 2007

AbstractNew types of enantiopure compounds were synthesized to gain better insight into the structural features of phenylene ethynylene cyclophynes. Besides the previously obtained meta‐substituted arylene ethynylenes, 1, ortho‐connected phenylene ethynylene units were incorporated to give cyclophynes with ortho/meta and ortho/ortho connection modes, 2 and 3. Furthermore, a diphenylethyne component was also accommodated in 4. Both ab initio calculations and NMR spectra suggest a large amount of strain for 2 but less strain for 3 and 1 a, the latter having the smallest ring size among cyclophynes with the meta/meta connection mode. The CD spectra of 2 and 3 showed a characteristic shoulder at around 340 nm, similar to the case of 1 a. This implies that the aromatic acetylene bonds cross over each other in the double‐helical structure. These results indicate that chirality information is useful for probing the persistency of molecular shape.
Optimizing lignocellulosic feedstock for improved biofuel productivity and processing
Authors: Han Kyung‐Hwan , Ko Jae‐Heung , Yang Seung Hwan 
Published: August 2007

AbstractLiquid fuels from lignocellulosic materials, such as wood, offer an attractive alternative to fossil fuel. Lignocellulosic biomass is composed of a complex mixture of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. As structural polymers, the matrix of hemicellulose and lignin surround the cellulose component of the plant cell wall to protect it against enzymatic attack. The resistance of this complex to enzymatic attack is a major impediment to commercial bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Furthermore, proportional variability within the mixture of the three major components varies, depending on the species of feedstock used, growing site, climate, age, and the part of the plant harvested. This fact presents process design and operating challenges for the fermentation of sugars derived from lignocellulosic feedstocks. The essentially uncontrolled variability of biomass properties also presents major difificulties in understanding the fundamental processes involved in limiting the digestion of cell walls to fermentable sugars. Energy crops must be optimized for ‘low‐input production’ systems and efficiency of pretreatment and hydrolysis to derive sugars for further fermentation to produce ethanol. Recent advances in the molecular biology of wood formation and cell‐wall biosynthesis have provided new tools to tailor the biomass composition. This review summarizes recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the biochemical and developmental processes of woody biomass production. Potential areas of future research in optimizing lignocellulosic feedstock for bioenergy production are identified. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Is the expansion of biofuels at odds with the food security of developing countries?
Authors: Ugarte Daniel De La Torre , He Lixia 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe production of ethanol and biodiesel has been growing rapidly in Brazil, the USA and the EU. Although the current share of overall fuel consumption is quite small, if biofuels become a global mainstream energy source, their production will eventually affect the traditional food and feedstock market. This may cause further problems in already food‐insecure nations (mainly developing countries) owing to food price increases. This perspective discusses possible responses to supply variability that developing countries may make to mitigate the odds against them and take advantage of the opportunities offered by price increases through efficient marketing systems, investing in agri‐cultural research, improving agricultural practices, and developing an extension system focusing on the sustainable use of limited land and renewable resources. Developing technology that can convert cellulosic materials to biofuels efficiently will also help defuse the demand stress on traditional food supplies worldwide. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Absence of effect of power–frequency magnetic fields exposure on mouse embryonic lens development
Authors: Yao Ke , Yu YiBo , Wang KaiJun , Ye Juan , Lu DeQiang , Jiang Huai 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThere are no reports in the literature investigating the biological effect of power–frequency (50/60 Hz) magnetic fields on embryonic lens development. We investigated whether power–frequency magnetic fields act as an environmental insult and induce changes in morphology or protein and/or transcription factor mRNA expression levels in developing mouse embryonic lenses. Three groups of pregnant mice were exposed to magnetic fields (50 Hz) of varying intensities (0.0, 1.5, and 4.5 mT) for 3 h per day from gestation day (GD) 0 to 18. The embryonic lenses were enucleated on GD 18. The lenses in the three groups were found to be transparent and the lens epithelial cells from the experimental groups exhibited normal ultrastructure comparable to the control. No significant differences were found among the three groups in quantity of water soluble protein (WSP), water insoluble protein (WIP), the ratio of WIP to total protein, and the mRNA expression levels of four well known developmentally regulated DNA‐binding transcription factors: Pax6, Prox1, Sox1, and c‐maf. We preserved one pregnant mouse per group, fed the neonatal mice until 2 weeks of age, and then found the lenses transparent. Our results did not detect any effects on the development of embryonic lenses in mice exposed to power–frequency magnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 28:628–635, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zur Beurteilung des Ankündigungsverhaltens von Spannbetonbrücken nach dem Riss‐vor‐Bruch‐Kriterium. Vorschläge zur Vorgehensweise bei gefährdeten Brücken
Authors: Albertin‐Hummel Ursula , Brandt Bernd 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBei Spannbetonbrücken steigt mit zunehmender Nutzungsdauer die Bedeutung der Dauerhaftigkeit. Mit numerischen Berechnungen und Bauwerksprüfungen gemäß DIN 1076 wird versucht, ein mögliches Versagen der Bauwerke rechtzeitig erkennen und verhindern zu können sowie das Restrisiko für den Bauherrn zu minimieren. Besonders ältere Spannbetonbrücken mit spannungsrisskorrosionsgefährdetem Spannstahl sind hinsichtlich ihres Ankündigungsverhaltens nach dem Riss‐vor‐Bruch‐Kriterium rechnerisch zu untersuchen und zu bewerten. Ausgehend von diesen numerischen Ergebnissen und ergänzenden Berechnungen lässt sich das bestehende Restrisiko für den Bauherrn hinsichtlich eines Bauwerksversagens beurteilen. Die konstruktive Durchbildung betreffender Bauwerke wird diskutiert. Aufgrund der durchgeführten Untersuchungen werden Vorschläge zur weiteren Vorgehensweise bei älteren gefährdeten Brücken und zur Eingrenzung des Restrisikos erarbeitet. Bei jüngeren Brücken stellt der Nachweis nach dem Riss‐vor‐Bruch‐Kriterium ein Maß für eine ausreichende Robustheit dar.
Exact One‐Sided Confidence Bounds for the Risk Ratio in 2 × 2 Tables with Structural Zero
Authors: Lloyd Chris J. , Moldovan Max V. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis paper examines exact one‐sided confidence limits for the risk ratio in a 2 × 2 table with structural zero. Starting with four approximate lower and upper limits, we adjust each using the algorithm of Buehler (1957) to arrive at lower (upper) limits that have exact coverage properties and are as large (small) as possible subject to coverage, as well as an ordering, constraint. Different Buehler limits are compared by their mean size, since all are exact in their coverage. Buehler limits based on the signed root likelihood ratio statistic are found to have the best performance and recommended for practical use. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microbial production of natural raspberry ketone
Authors: Beekwilder Jules , van der Meer Ingrid M. , Sibbesen Ole , Broekgaarden Mans , Qvist Ingmar , Mikkelsen Joern D. , Hall Robert D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractRaspberry ketone is an important compound for the flavour industry. It is frequently used in products such as soft drinks, sweets, puddings and ice creams. The compound can be produced by organic synthesis. Demand for “natural” raspberry ketone is growing considerably. However, this product is extremely expensive. Consequently, there is a remaining desire to better understand how raspberry ketone is synthesized in vivo, and which genes and enzymes are involved. With this information we will then be in a better position to design alternative production strategies such as microbial fermentation. This article focuses on the identification and application of genes potentially linked to raspberry ketone synthesis. We have isolated candidate genes from both raspberry and other plants, and these have been introduced into bacterial and yeast expression systems. Conditions have been determined that result in significant levels of raspberry ketone, up to 5 mg/L. These results therefore lay a strong foundation for a potentially renewable source of “natural” flavour compounds making use of plant genes.