bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlling the formation of indole and skatole in in vitro rumen fermentations using condensed tannin
Authors: Schreurs Nicola M , Tavendale Michael H , Lane Geoffrey A , Barry Tom N , López‐Villalobos Nicolas , McNabb Warren C 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIndole and skatole are formed in the rumen from the fermentation of tryptophan and have been correlated to the presence of undesirable pastoral flavours in meat from grazing ruminants. A series of four in vitro rumen fermentation experiments was carried out to determine the effectiveness of condensed tannin (CT) for reducing the formation of indole and skatole. Experiment 1 utilised fresh white clover (WC; Trifolium repens) in ratios with the CT‐containing forage Lotus pedunculatus (LP; 97 g CT kg−1 dry matter (DM)). Increasing the ratio of LP to WC decreased the formation of indole and skatole. Experiments 2 and 3 used extracts of CT from LP and grape seed added to incubations of fresh non‐CT‐containing WC or perennial ryegrass (PRG; Lolium perenne). Including the CT extracts in incubations at 40 and 80 g kg−1 DM was more effective at reducing indole and skatole formation than lower concentrations of CT extract (P < 0.05). Including fresh LP in ratios with WC gave a linear decrease in indole and skatole concentration (indicating dilution), while including a CT extract in the incubations gave an exponential decrease in indole and skatole concentration (suggesting binding). Experiment 4 elucidated the mechanisms behind the action of CT by delayed addition of tryptophan and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to incubations of LP. Rumen microbes that were exposed to CT of LP in planta for up to 6 h and then provided with tryptophan were still able to convert tryptophan to indole and skatole. Adding PEG to incubations of LP after 6 h inhibited the activity of plant CT and increased the availability of substrate for indole and skatole formation. These studies have shown that a higher concentration of CT is more efficient for reducing indole and skatole formation and that CT contained within plants acts differently in in vitro rumen fermentations than additions of extracted CT. Under the conditions of these experiments, there was no evidence that CT contained in LP affected the protein present in WC in a mixed fermentation. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and Characterisation of Organogels from ABA Triblock Copolymers
Authors: Monge Sophie , Joly‐Duhamel Christine , Boyer Cyrille , Robin Jean‐Jacques 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPolystyrene‐block‐poly(2‐ethylhexanyl acrylate)‐block‐polystyrene triblock copolymers with different molar masses were synthesised by atom transfer radical polymerisation which led to the formation of elastic gels in paraffin oil. Copolymers with control over molecular weight and low polydispersity were first obtained with different midblock lengths (10 000, 20 000, 60 000 g · mol−1). In paraffin oil, some triblock copolymers led to a gelation process due to appropriate chain length and concentration. We assumed that polystyrene endblocks aggregated into micelles whereas poly(2‐ethylhexanyl acrylate) midblocks formed loops or bridges between different micelles leading to the formation of a physical network of interconnected polymer chains. Rheological measurements proved that time and slow controlled cooling improved the elastic properties with the creation of new interactions in the network.magnified image
Exposure Reciprocity Law in Photopolymerization of Multi‐Functional Acrylates and Methacrylates
Authors: Feng Li , Suh Byoung I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe applicability of the exposure reciprocity law (ERL) to the photopolymerization of acrylates and methacrylates was investigated. It was found that when the oligomer/monomer mass ratio in the systems studied was equal to or greater than 6:4, the ERL applied quite well. The applicability of the ERL to individual (meth)acrylates was judged by comparing the ratio of the lowest DC under one of the three I‐t combinations to the highest DC under another I‐t combination. The ERL is deemed to apply better to a monomer whose ratio is close to unity. It was found that the viscosity and the number of double bonds are two primary attributes. Photopolymerization of those with more than one double bond and with viscosity higher than 100‐200 mPa · s closely obeys the ERL. This is because the two factors promote the realization of the reaction‐diffusion‐controlled process, which facilitates monomolecular termination of free radicals.magnified image
Aryltriazene Photopolymers for UV‐Laser Applications: Improved Synthesis and Photodecomposition Study
Authors: Nagel Matthias , Hany Roland , Lippert Thomas , Molberg Martin , Nüesch Frank A. , Rentsch Daniel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn improved synthesis of photosensitive homopolymers containing aryltriazene chromophores covalently incorporated into the polymer backbone is reported. Such photopolymers proved to have promising properties for novel UV‐laser applications. A homologous series of new aryltriazene polymers with increasingly branched side chains (R = Me, Et, iPr, tBu) was synthesized and characterized. Homogeneous thin films with thicknesses from ≈15 to >150 nm were prepared by spin‐coating. Photodecomposition was studied in solution and on thin films. Polymers with increasingly branched and bulky substituents showed decreasing photodissociation rates. NMR studies suggested an enhanced hindrance of the N(2)–N(3) bond rotation in the aryltriazene moiety with increasing steric demand of the substituents.magnified image
Parameters of bladder function in pre‐, peri‐, and postmenopausal continent women without detrusor overactivity
Authors: Pfisterer Mathias H.‐D. , Griffiths Derek J. , Rosenberg Lisa , Schaefer Werner , Resnick Neil M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAimsTo determine normative data for lower urinary tract function in asymptomatic continent women without detrusor overactivity (DO) across the age span.MethodsHealthy female volunteers aged ≥20 years were recruited from the community. Comprehensive assessment included bladder diary, physical examination, uroflowmetry, and videourodynamics. Continent women without history of frequent urgency and without DO were selected. Data on bladder storage, voiding and urethral sphincter function, urine output and frequency are presented for pre‐, peri‐, and postmenopausal women.ResultsTwenty‐four asymptomatic women (mean age 50.2 years, range 22–80 years) met the inclusion criteria, including 7 pre‐ (29.2 years), 7 peri‐ (48.8 years), and 10 postmenopausal (66.0 years) women. For all subjects, maximum single voided volume in bladder diary was 500 ml and maximum cystometric capacity was 580 ml (median values). Strong desire to void (SDV) was reported at 287, 366, and 425 ml for pre‐, peri‐, and postmenopausal groups, respectively. The maximum flow rate was 25, 32, and 23 ml/sec in uroflowmetry and 23, 24, and 18 ml/sec in pressure‐flow study, respectively. Median post‐void residual volume (PVR) was below 20 ml in all groups. At maximum flow rate subjects voided with detrusor pressures of 29, 26, and 24 cm H2O, respectively. Maximum urethral closure pressure was 94, 74, and 42 cm H2O, respectively.ConclusionsWe provide normative data on bladder function in asymptomatic, continent, pre‐, peri‐, and postmenopausal women without DO. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:356–361, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of traces of inorganic content on thermal stability of poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites
Authors: Wang Haitao , Meng Sheng , Xu Peng , Zhong Wei , Du Qiangguo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSilica/titania binary inorganic component was synthesized by a nonhydrolytic sol‐gel method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results indicated that titania was stabilized by silica because of the formation of a connecting structure, which would greatly restrain the high aggregation tendency of titania nanoparticles. The thermal stabilities of the PMMA/silica/titania ternary nanocomposites were measured by thermo‐gravimetric analysis (TGA). Although the solvent extraction results confirmed that there were no covalent bond interactions between polymer and inorganic phases, the trace amount of stabilized titania improved the thermal and thermo‐oxidative stabilities of PMMA because titania/silica nanoparticles may have ability to trap the free radicals generated in the degradation of PMMA. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:302–307, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(butylene succinate)/epoxy group functionalized organoclay
Authors: Chen Guang‐Xin , Kim Hun‐Sik , Yoon Jin‐San 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPoly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/clay nanocomposites were prepared by condensation polymerization of 1,4‐butanediol and succinic acid in the presence of an organoclay containing epoxy groups (TFC) and titanium(IV) butoxide as a catalyst. The intercalation and exfoliation of the clay layers in the resulting composite were examined using X‐ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The role of the epoxy groups of TFC was investigated for the improvement of the morphology of the composites. The silicate layers in the composite were exfoliated to a greater extent as the epoxy content of TFC was increased from 0.245 to 0.359 mmol g−1, while only intercalated morphology was obtained when no epoxy was present. The improved morphologies were attributed to the enhanced interfacial interactions between PBS and TFC through a chemical reaction of the epoxy groups with the end groups of the PBS. The nonisothermal crystallization process of the composites as well as that of neat PBS is well represented by the Avrami equation as modified by Jeziorny [Jeziorny A, Polymer 19:1142 (1978)]. The crystallization of the composite took place faster as the epoxy content of the clay increased, due to the more effective nucleation of the well‐dispersed TFC layers. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
15N‐Metabolic labeling for comparative plasma membrane proteomics in Arabidopsis cells
Authors: Lanquar Viviane , Kuhn Lauriane , Lelièvre Françoise , Khafif Mehdi , Espagne Christelle , Bruley Christophe , Barbier‐Brygoo Hélène , Garin Jérôme , Thomine Sébastien 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn important goal for proteomic studies is the global comparison of proteomes from different genotypes, tissues, or physiological conditions. This has so far been mostly achieved by densitometric comparison of spot intensities after protein separation by 2‐DE. However, the physicochemical properties of membrane proteins preclude the use of 2‐DE. Here, we describe the use of in vivo labeling by the stable isotope 15N as an alternative approach for comparative membrane proteomic studies in plant cells. We confirm that 15N‐metabolic labeling of proteins is possible and efficient in Arabidopsis suspension cells. Quantification of 14N versus 15N MS signals reflects the relative abundance of 14N and 15N proteins in the sample analyzed. We describe the use of 15N‐metabolic labeling to perform a partial comparative analysis of Arabidopsis cells following cadmium exposure. By focusing our attention on plasma membrane proteins, we were able to confidently identify proteins showing up to 5‐fold regulation compared to unexposed cells. This study provides a proof of principle that 15N‐metabolic labeling is a useful technique for comparative membrane proteome studies.
Synthesis of raspberry‐like silica/polystyrene/silica multilayer hybrid particles via miniemulsion polymerization
Authors: Qiao Xiaoguang , Chen Min , Zhou Juan , Wu Limin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOrganic–inorganic hybrid particles have many potential applications, but almost all research has been focused on hybrid particles with one kind of inorganic nanoparticle. This article presents a novel and facile preparation approach for raspberry‐like silica/polystyrene/silica multilayer hybrid particles via miniemulsion polymerization. In this method, larger, surface‐modified silica particles are first dispersed into monomer droplets to form a miniemulsion, and then raspberry‐like silica/polystyrene/silica multilayer hybrid particles are directly obtained when miniemulsion polymerization is performed in the presence of smaller, unmodified silica particles with 4‐vinylpyridine as an auxiliary monomer. Influential parameters such as the amount of 4‐vinylpyridine, the surfactant concentration, and the pH value of the system have been investigated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1028–1037, 2007
Moduli stabilisation and applications in IIB string theory
Authors: Conlon J.P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractString compactifications represent the most promising approach towards unifying general relativity with particle physics. However, naive compactifications give rise to massless particles (moduli) which would mediate unobserved long‐range forces, and it is therefore necessary to generate a potential for the moduli. In the introductory chapters I review this problem and recall how in IIB compactifications the dilaton and complex structure moduli can be stabilised by 3‐form fluxes. There exist very many possible discrete flux choices which motivates the use of statistical techniques to analyse this discretuum of choices. Such approaches generate formulae predicting the distribution of vacua and I describe numerical tests of these formulae on the Calabi‐Yau ℙ4[1,1,2,2,6]. Stabilising the Kähler moduli requires nonperturbative superpotential effects. I review the KKLT construction and explain why this must in general be supplemented with perturbative Kähler corrections. I show how the incorporation of such corrections generically leads to non‐supersymmetric minima at exponentially large volumes, giving a detailed account of theα′ expansion and its relation to Kähler corrections. I illustrate this with explicit computations for the Calabi‐Yau ℙ4[1,1,1,6,9]. The next part of the article examines phenomenological applications of this construction. I first describe how the magnitude of the soft supersymmetry parameters may be computed. In the large‐volume models the gravitino mass and soft terms are volume‐suppressed. As we naturally have 𝒱 ⋙1, this gives a dynamical solution of the hierarchy problem. I also demonstrate the existence of a fine structure in the soft terms, with gaugino masses naturally lighter than the gravitino mass by a factor ln (MP/m3/2). A second section gives a detailed analysis of the relationship of moduli stabilisation to the QCD axions relevant to the strong CP problem, proving a no‐go theorem on the compatibility of a QCD axion with supersymmetric moduli stabilisation. I describe how QCD axions can coexist with nonsupersymmetric perturbative stabilisation and how the large‐volume models naturally contain axions with decay constants that are phenomenologically allowed and satisfy the appealing relationship fa2 ∼MP Msusy. A further section describe how a simple and predictive inflationary model can be built in the context of the above large‐volume construction, using the no‐scale Kähler potential to avoid the ϵ problem. I finally conclude, summarising the phenomenological scenario and outlining the prospects for future work.
Surface hydrophobic modification of chitosan thin films by hexamethyldisilazane plasma deposition: effects on water vapour, CO2 and O2 permeabilities
Authors: Assis Odilio B. G. , Hotchkiss Joseph H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study evaluated the effects of the deposition of a thin hydrophobic silicon coating onto a polysaccharide film's surface. The goal was to improve the water vapour barrier of the hydrophilic film in order to increase the film's usefulness in packaging applications. A cold‐plasma technique was used to create a thin hexamethyldisilazane deposition on a chitosan film surface. The modification was investigated using Fourier transform infrared. The effect on the surface was characterized through contact angle measurements and degree of swelling. A significant reduction in hydrophilicity and water vapour permeability was observed. Gas barrier measurements indicated that there were no substantial differences in O2 and CO2 permeabilities under the conditions used in this investigation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Daily and seasonal changes in the surface temperature of fallow soil at rothamsted
Authors: Penman H. L. , Keen B. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA method of obtaining continuous records are discussed.The relations between surface and sub‐surface temperatures are briefly considered, and then, in more detail, the inter‐dependence of soil surface and air temperatures is examined. At all seasons the soil temperature is in phase with solar radiation whereas the maximum air temperature is delayed; for air maxima below 52° F. the daily range of soil surface temperature is approximately the same as that of the air temperature. Above this threshold the soil surface maximum increases twice as rapidly as the air maximum. Using this value of the air maximum, 5244F., to divide the year into two seasons, it is found that the winter and summer periods so separated are the same as those previously obtained form the criterion:—Seasonal evaporation is equal to or less than that from an open water surface. Interest is primarily centred on the summer season, in which the soil surface temperature exceeds that of the air for a considerable part of the day, and for a rainless summer period of t days an anticipated relation of the form ΣE=at1/n, where n=3, a is a constant and ΣE=the total evaporation, is confirmed from the Rothamsted records.The effect of the diurnal oscillation of surface temperature on germinating seed is briefly discussed.
Cold winters at kew observatory, 1783–1942
Authors: Drummond A. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractContinuous meteorological observations have been kept in the Richmond district of London for the last hundred and sixty years. During the early half of the period the observations were made first at Syon House, Isleworth, and then at Chiswick, those in the latter half being made at Kew Observatory. The only gap in the records of temperature was one of four years between the first and second series, a period for which other London data are fortunately available. The monthly means, derived from the Syon House and Chiswick registers, were corrected to bring them into line with the corresponding monthly values obtained from the hourly measurements of the traces from the photographic thermograph in the North Wall screen at Kew Observatory. A series of mean monthly winter temperatures, as homogeneous as can reasonably be expected over such a long period, has therefore been constructed. The last three of these wintres, 1939‐40, 1940‐41 and 1941‐42 have been dealt with in considerable detail.
The determination of the location and frequency of thunderstorms by a radio method
Authors: Forrest J. S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA method is described of continuously recording atmospherics in order to obtain warning of the outbreak of thunderstorm and to determine the distance of the storm form the recording site.The apparatus consists essentially of a radio receiver tuned to approximately 150 kc./s. and connected to a continuous chart output recording meter; a modulated oscillattor is incorporated in order to maintain constant the characteristics of the receiver.The paper gives the results of three years' experience with this recording technique.By correlating the output recorder deflections with the known locations of electric power system breakdowns due to lightning, the relation between the recorder output and the storm distance has been determined. For distances up to 600 km. the equivalent field strength of atmospherics at 150 kc./s. has been found to be inversely proportional to the square root of the distance of the source.Many nearby storms have been recorded, and two or three hours' warning of the outbreak of the storm has always been give.Some examples are included of the location of thunderstorms by means of records made simultaneously at different sites.The recording apparatus is also used to provide objective statistical information on the frequency of thunderstorms, and details are given of the diurnal variations in the intensity of atmospherics in the South of England.
Ultra‐Violet and daylight rays in relations to the seasons and the solar cycle
Authors: Ashworth J. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAccounts are given of apparatus used in the measurement of light radiation together with the results of eleven years ' observations of the intensity of ultra‐violet and daylight rays and their ratio. It is shwon that the variation of the ratio of ultra‐violet to daylight rays are also given and a comparison is made with Dr. Pettit's researches at Mount Wilson.
Modeling system behavior for risk and reliability analysis using KBARM
Authors: Sharma Rajiv Kumar , Kumar Dinesh , Kumar Pradeep 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWith advances in technology and the growing complexity of technological systems, the job of the reliability/system analyst has become more challenging as they have to study, characterize, measure and analyze the behavior of systems with the help of various traditional analytical (mathematical and statistical) techniques, which require knowledge of the precise numerical probabilities and component functional dependencies, information which is difficult to obtain. Even if data are available they are often inaccurate and are thus subject to uncertainty, i.e. historical records can only represent the past behavior and may be unable to predict the future behavior of the equipment. To cope with such situations, the knowledge‐based approximate reasoning methodologies (KBARMs) provide necessary help. Among them, the fuzzy and grey methodologies are the most viable and effective tools for coping with imprecise, uncertain and subjective information in a consistent and logical manner. In this paper, the authors present a methodological and structured approach (which makes use of both qualitative and quantitative techniques) to model, analyze and predict the failurebehavior of two units, namely the forming and press units of a paper machine, using KBARMs. Various system parameters such as repair time, failure rate, mean time between failures, availability and expected number of failures are computed to quantify the system behavior in terms of fuzzy, crisp and defuzzified values. Furthermore, a risk ranking approach based on fuzzy and grey relational analysis is discussed to prioritize various failure causes associated with the components in failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.