bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Über die Möglichkeit, vollständige magnetische Observatorien ganz Oberirdisch und in einem gebäude Einzurichten
Authors: Wild Von H. 
Published: February 2008

Herr Professor M. Eschenhagen hat in Nr. i des IV. Bandes dieser Zeitschrift meinen Plan für Einrichtung magnetischer Observatorien1 in einer Weise besprochen, welche meines Erachtens über den Zweck und die Bedeutung meines Vorschlags zu irrigen Meinungen führen könnte. Es sei mir daher gestattet, hier im Interesse der Sache einige rectificirende Bemerkungen zu dieser kritischen Besprechung zu machen und die in Betracht kommenden Fragen etwas eingehender zu erörtern.Herr Eschenhagen möchte meinen Plan, der die Vereinigung der absoluten erdmagnetischen Messungen und der Variations‐Beobachtungen in einem oberirdischen Gebäude vorschlägt, nur für solche Fälle adoptiren, wo es aus ökonomischen Rücksichten nicht möglich sei, mehrere Gebäude zu errichten. Da es ihm wichtig erscheint, sowohl für die absoluten Messungen als für die Variations‐Beobachtungen je zwei Serien verschiedener Instrumente in einem vollständigen magnetischen Observatorium zu haben, so hält er es für besser, wie bisher zwei getrennte Gebäude zu erstellen, das eine, oberirdische, für die beiden Serien der Instrumente zu den absoluten Messungen, und das andere, unterirdische, für die zwei Serien von Variationsinstrumenten, wie dies kürzlich in Potsdam eingerichtet worden sei, nachdem sich dort die seit 1890 bestehende Vereinigung der absoluten Messungen und der Variations‐Beobachtungen in einem Gebäude, nämlich die letztern im Keller und die erstern im Erdgeschoss darüber, nicht bewährt habe. Ausserdem solle noch ein drittes Gebäude für besondere Untersuchungen in grösserer Entfernung von den erstern daselbst erstellt werden.
Sur la rélation qui existe entre la répartition des éléments magnétiques et la distribution générale des mers et de la température moyenne annuelle à la surface du globe
Authors: de Tillo Alexis 
Published: February 2008

Dans l'Atlas des isonormales du magnétisme terrestre, publié en 1895,2 j'avais émis la conviction que par rapport à chaque élément magnétique le globe représente deux hémisphères dans le sens longitudinal. Aujourd'hui j'ai l'intention de prouver cette thèse en prenant les différences entre les valeurs des éléments magnétiques des méridiens opposés. Je me limiterai aux latitudes comprises entre les degrés 60 Sud et 60 Nord, en excluant les contrées polaires; premièrement à cause de l'incertitude de leur connaissance, et secondement parce que les régions polaires avec le phénomène des auroras boréales doivent être envisagées autrement.Les Tables fondamentales du magnétisme terrestre, publiées en 1896 par la Société Impériale Russe de Géographie contiennent déjà les valeurs moyennes des éléments magnétiques pour les méridiens à distance de 10° pour les époques 1829, 1842, 1880 et 1885, d'après les autorités principales (Erman et Petersen, Sabine, Creax et Neumayer).
A possible cause of the earth's magnetism and a theory of its variations
Authors: Sutherland William 
Published: February 2008

A possible cause of the Earth's magnetism is the rotation of an electrostatic field within the Earth, as Rowland's experiments have proved (Phil. Mag. [5] xxvii) that a moving charge of electricity produces a magnetic field analogous to that of a current. If the Earth carries round an electrostatic field in its rotation, then it will have the axis of its magnetic field identical with the axis of rotation which is the chief approximate fact of the Earth's magnetism. The actual obliquity of the magnetic to the rotational axis is traced to unsymmetrical magnetic permeability of the Earth, which also causes the induction of Earth currents, the secular variation of whose tracks is the cause of magnetic secular variation.The theory advanced to account for daily variation is that under the action of the Sun's rays the oxygen and ozone of the atmosphere become the active substance of a large secondary battery or accumulator whose alternate charge and discharge are the cause of the daily variations.
The magnetic “postturbation” and the current vortices of Schmidt
Authors: van Bemmelen W. 
Published: February 2008

The recent article, by Dr. Adolf Schmidt, in the Meteorologische Zeitschrift, 1889, p. 385» entitled, “Uber die Ursache der Magnetishen Stürme,” induces me to return to my paper, published in the same journal (1895, p. 321), “Die Erdmagnetische Nachstörung,”. The phenomena of disturbance described in my paper, examined anew by the light of Dr. Schmidt's considerations on moving current‐vortices, furnish, in my opinion, new indications for an explanation of the nature of magnetic disturbances. For this purpose I propose to recapitulate briefly the chief results of the investigations concerning the phenomenon described by me, which I term the magnetic “postturbation,” or the magnetic after‐disturbance effect.The daily means of the magnetic elements observed at the different observatories formed the principal basis for these inquiries. A superficial look at those quantities—e. g., for Pawlowsk—shows that immediately after a magnetic storm the horizontal force is generally less than it was before, and that it increases during the following days. A synoptical tabulation of a number of such series of diurnal means confirmed this result; it showed, in the majority of cases, that the horizontal force increases regularly after any magnetic storm, and that the westerly declination decreases. The vertical component mostly decreased, though not with the same regularity.
Results of international magnetic observations made during the total solar eclipse of May 18, 1901, including results obtained during previous total solar eclipses
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

During the total solar eclipse of May 28, 1900, a slight magnetic effect that appeared to be directly associated with the passage of the shadow cone from place to place was observed at various stations, distributed within or close to the belt of totality, in the southeastern part of the United States.1The analysis of the effect showed that it was not a phenomenon similar to a cosmical magnetic disturbance, the beginning of which takes place practically simultaneously over a very large area and, in many instances, over the entire earth, but that the occurrence of the various phases of the effect was closely related to the times of totality at the various stations. Furthermore, the indications were that the source of the effect was to be attributed to some change which occurred outside of the Earth's crust. It was also shown that this effect differed from an ordinary cosmical magnetic storm in that it began, progressed, and ended gradually; in brief, that it consisted of a wave of the periodic variation kind so that it was not proper to term it a “disturbance” or “perturbation,” but a magnetic oscillation or variation.
Beschreibung des neuen magnetischen Theodoliten, “Bamberg” NR. 7904, am magnetischen Observatorium in Pola
Authors: Kesslitz W. 
Published: February 2008

Die nachstehenden Figuren 2 und 4 stellen die beiden von einander unabhängigen Theile des Theodoliten, nämlich das Instrument zur Winkelmessung und den Apparat für die Bestimmung der Schwingungsdauer in perspectivischer Ansicht darDas Instrument wurde von der Firma Carl Bamberg in Friedenau bei Berlin gebaut, wobei der Normal‐Theodolit in Potsdam als Modell gedient hat und verschiedene Verbesserungen nach den Angaben des damaligen Leiters vom magnetischen Observatorium, Professor Dr. M. Eschenhagen, angebracht worden sind.
Über die radioactivität der erdsubstanz als eine der ursachen des Ionengehaltes der atmosphäre
Authors: Elster J. , Geitel H. 
Published: February 2008

Durch den Nachweis eines normalen Gehalts von electrischen Ionen in der atmosphärischen Luft,1 mit anderen Wortes, eines gewissen Leitvermögens, ist die weitere Frage nach der Quelle dieser Ionisierung nahegelegt. Die Untersuchung begegnet einer, wie es scheint, sehr ernsten Schwierigkeit, die darin liegt, dass es unmöglich ist, Luft oder irgend ein Gas ohne Vermittelung fremder, starrer oder flüssiger Körper abzugrenzen, deren Einfluss auf den Ionengehalt des Gases, wie im folgenden noch deutlicher hervortreten wird, von vornherein nicht zu erkennen ist.So kommt es, dass selbst in dem einfachsten Falle, nämlich für begrenzte Luftmassen, unter bekannten physicalischen Bedingungen noch nicht mit Sicherheit entschieden werden kann, ob die Ursache der Ionenbildung in der Luft selbst oder wesentlich in einem Einflusse der begrenzenden Wände zu suchen ist. Hiernach könnte es fast hoffnungslos erscheinen, den Ionengehalt der freien Atmosphäre, in der so viele Prozesse chemischer und physicalischer Art durcheinanderlaufen, auf bestimmte Quellen zurückführen zu wollen. Und doch wird dies Vorhaben ausführbar, sobald man auf Vollständigkeit verzichtet und nur solche Ursachen der Ionisierung berücksichtigt, die in deutlich messbarer Intensität tätig sind. Im Folgenden soll eine solche, nämlich die Radioactivität des Erdbodens, eingehender behandelt werden.
Magnetic survey of the Dutch East Indies
Authors: van Bemmelen W. 
Published: February 2008

The annual amount of the secular variation in the remote parts of the Archipelago is not positively known; the low values of easterly declination found in March, 1904, in the northern part of Sumatra, make it obvious that hypothetical values are not to be relied upon.The best way to eliminate, as far as possible, this uncertainty is to obtain values of the magnetic elements in the remoter parts of the Archipelago in one and the same year. For this reason also the northeastern and southern boundaries of the region to be surveyed were likewise visited during 1904. Besides two trips, respectively, to Engano in June, and to Christmas Island in July, a great number of stations in Celebes, the Molluccos and northern New Guinea have been visited during the months August, September, and October of that year.
Die absolute Messung der specifischen Leitfähigkeit und der Dichte des verticalen Leitungsstromes in der Atmosphäre
Authors: Gerdien H. 
Published: February 2008

Leitungsstrom und Convectionsstrom.Die electrischen Strömungen in der Atmosphäre setzen sich aus zwei Anteilen zusammen: dem Leitungsstrom und dem Convectionsstrom;1 unter Leitungsstrom soll im folgenden der dem electrischen Felde und der specifischen Leitfähigkeit proportionale Strom verstanden werden, unter Convectionsstrom der von dem electrischen Felde unabhängige, durch die Bewegung freier electrischer Ladungen vermittelte Strom. Dann ergiebt sich für die Componenten der Gesammtstromdichte:
jy = ... ... ... ... ... .jz = ... ... ... ... .....worin V das electrische Potential, ϵ die Ladung des einzelnen Ions, np1, np2 ... nph, nn1 ... die specifischen Zahlen der positiven und negativen Ionen der Gattung 1, 2, ... h, vp1, vp2 ... vph, vn1 die specifischen Geschwindigkeiten der positiven und negativen Ionen der Gattung 1, 2, . . h, ρ1, ρ2 ... ρk die räumlichen Dichten der freien Ladungen von der Gattung 1, 2, ... k, G1, G2, ... Gk die Geschwindigkeiten dieser Ladungen bedeutet.
Magnetische Messungen in Sibirien
Authors: Smirnow Von D. 
Published: February 2008

Diese Messungen sind auf Initiative des Herrn Professors der Kaiserlichen Universität in Tomsk, Th. Kapustin, mit dem Wild'schen Reise‐Universaltheodolith aus der Werkstatt von Edelmann in München gemacht worden.Als eins der ersten Exemplare seiner Art, weicht dieses Instrument unwesentlich von der Beschreibung ab.
Some atmospheric radioactivity observations made at Washington, D.C., showing presence of thorium in the air
Authors: Burbank J. E. 
Published: February 2008

Since the discovery by Elster and Geitel of the induced radioactivity obtained on a negatively charged wire when exposed in the free air, several investigators have carried out similar observations. The researches of Elster and Geitel showed an induced radioactivity, which decayed at approximately the same rate as that obtained from radium.Rutherford and Allen, at Montreal, carefully investigated the rate of decay for a wire exposed in the open air, and found that the radioactivity thus resulting decreased to one‐half value in about forty‐five minutes, whereas the radium‐induced activity does not decrease very regularly until after about two hours, and then decays exponentially, falling to half‐value in twenty‐eight minutes. Allen has since confirmed his previous observations.
Note on the present position of the Earth's magnetic axis derived from declination data alone
Authors: van Bemmelen W. 
Published: February 2008

The marked secular variation to which the magnetization of our planet is subject, makes it extremely probable, that its mean magnetic axis is also slowly changing its position.Our exact knowledge concerning this question is almost nil, because we only possess determinations for two epochs, differing but fifty‐six years in time, viz.:Epoch. Latitude. Longitude. Authority.1829,. 78° 16′ N 295° 15′ E Erman and Petersen.1885, . 78 34 291 30 Schmidt.
Concerning publication “Caractère magnetique de chaque jour”
Authors: van Everdinger E. 
Published: February 2008

M. LE DR. MAURITS SNELLEN, ancien directeur à l'Institut météorologique à De Bilt, venant de mourir, nous avons l'honneur de vous faire savoir que, par suite d'une décision du Bureau exécutif de la Commission Internationale de Magnétisme Terrestre, l'Institut météorologique royal des Pays‐Bas se chargera de la publication du, Caractère Magnétique".Nous vous prions donc de bien vouloir envoyer vos listes du caractère magnétique à
Some microseismic tremors and their apparent connection with barometric variations
Authors: Burbank John E. 
Published: February 2008

In 1874 Professor Rossi of Rome, in “Bulletino del Vulcanismo Italiano, Vol. 1,” called attention to a possible connection between microseismic motion and variations in atmospheric pressure. He stated that no marked barometric depression had occurred during the preceding three years without having been immediately preceded, accompanied, or followed by marked microseismic motion.2 Professor Rossi calls these effects baro‐seismic.The most recent papers on this subject, and the only ones to which I have had access, are those of Professor F. Omori, the well‐known Japanese seismologist.3 Professor Omori has called these motions “Pulsatory Oscillations”, on account of their regular pulse‐like nature.
The magnetic character of the year 1906
Authors: van Everdingen E. 
Published: February 2008

The first annual review of the “Caractère magnétique de chaque jour”, published on behalf of the International Magnetic Commission by the Dutch Meteorological Institute (see “Terrestrial Magnetism”, v. X, p. 117 and v. XII, p. 183) has appeared.An introduction states that the number of observatories partaking in this work increased during 1906 from 15 to 35; complete data are available for 30 observatories.
Magnetic observations
Authors: Skey Henry F. 
Published: February 2008

The magnetic observers were, in general, Dr. C. C. Farr and Mr. H. D. Cook for the Auckland Islands, and Messrs. H. F. Skey and K. Kidson for the Campbell Islands.At Enderby Island and Mt. Faye it was impossible to determine the azimuth as the sky was obscured. These declinations could however be calculated at a future date from the observations of the magnetic axis and reference marks (permanent), which were taken. At the stations where only one needle was used to determine the dip, a correction has been applied. The Horizontal Intensity, as determined by N. A. B. C. magnetometer, requires a correction of—.00013 C. G. S., to be applied to reduce to Observatory Standard, (mag 'r No. I). Dips observed with “Field Circle” require a correction of +4.′5 to bring them to the Observatory Standard, (Circle 147; 3 needles).
The launching of the “Carnegie”, June 12, 1909
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

The morning of the eventful June 12th dawned fair, though later a slight cloudiness overspread the sky, proving a grateful shield from the fierce rays of the Sun.The buildings near the entrance of the ship yard of the Tebo Yacht Basin Company (the builders of the “Carnegie”) at the foot of 23rd street, Brooklyn, N.Y., and the vessels in the harbor were gayly decorated in honor of the occasion. It was estimated that from 3,000 to 4,000 people had gathered to witness the launching.
Magnetic storm of September 25, 1909, as recorded at the Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory
Authors: Burbank J. E. 
Published: February 2008

All times given in this article refer to eastern or 75th meridian mean civil time; hence in order to get Greenwich mean time, 5 hours are to be added.The first indication of the storm appeared on the magnetograms obtained at the Magnetic Observatory of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, situated at Cheltenham, Maryland, latitude 38° 44′.0 N., longitude 76° 50.′5 W., at 3h 27m a.m., on September 25th, and consisted of a slight increase in both declination and horizontal intensity. It continued as a moderate disturbance until 6h 39m, when the principal portion of the disturbance began and lasted until about 16h.
Northern lights and Earth currents observed by the “Carnegie” in September, 1909
Authors: Peters W. J. 
Published: February 2008

The curve is a tracing of as much of the Eschenhagen declination curve as could be seen and where the Eschenhagen curve was indistinct or missing the curve was filled in by means of the Adie eye‐readings properly reduced to correspond with the Eschenhagen base lines. Where Adie eye‐readings are used they are indicated by a small star. Broken lines indicate probable movement of the spot of light.The small letters a and b refer to the Adie eye‐readings made, respectively, at 8h and 8h 05m, as given in the table.
Determination of the pole distance of a very small magnet (abstract)
Authors: Miller J. M. 
Published: February 2008

If two circular coils, which are linear single turns, are adjusted so that they are coplanar and concentric, and if two currents are sent in opposite sense around the coils, the two magnetic fields will annul each other at the common center if the ratio of the two currents is equal to the ratio of the radii of the two coils. This gives a method of comparing the radii of coils experimentally. In such a comparison the neutralization of the two fields is usually indicated by a short magnetic needle which is suspended at the common center of the two coils and lies in their common plane.On account of the finite length of the magnet an error is introduced into the comparison equal to 3/4 K where K is a known function of the pole distance of the magnet and the radii of the coils. If, however, the needle is rotated by torsion or otherwise, out of the plane of the coils, the ratio of the neutralizing currents is changed by a factor 15/4 K sin2a where a is the angle through which the magnet has been rotated. Hence by measuring the angle a and also the change in the ratio of the neutralizing currents, K can be determined, and from this the pole distance of the magnetic needle can be calculated.
Regarding magnetic work in Norway
Authors: Saeland Sem 
Published: February 2008

I have the pleasure to give you the following information as to the present magnetic work in this country.The Haldde Observatory is regularly carrying on magnetic observations and photographic registrations, but no publication of the results has thus far appeared, and moreover I fear that the absolute measurements and the determinations of the constants of the instruments, as well as the value of the base‐line of the registration curves, have not been made regularly and with the accuracy demanded in modern magnetic work. The registration instruments used at Haldde are of the Eschenhagen type. As far as I know they have a double set of such instruments, but none for eye readings. For the absolute measurements the Haldde Observatory possesses an instrument from the firm Tesdorpf in Stuttgart; this instrument is designed, not as a first‐class station instrument, but for survey work.
The 27‐day recurrency in Earth currents
Authors: Peters W. J. , Ennis C. C. 
Published: February 2008

Dr. Chree and others1 have shown by statistical investigations the recurrence of average high and average low values on the 27th day after days of selected highest and selected lowest in long unbroken records of magnetic measures, such as the international character numbers and the daily ranges in magnetic elements. The high correlation found by Dr. Bauer2 between the variations, diurnal and annual, in terrestrial magnetism, atmospheric electricity, and earth‐currents indicates the desirability of applying to these related phenomena the same statistical method of searching for a 27‐day recurrency.Accordingly the subject of this paper is a description of the process as applied to the earth‐current observations published in the bulletins of the Ebro Observatory in Spain from 1910 to 1924 inclusive and the exhibition of the results.
Studies concerning the relation between the activity of the Sun and of the Earth'S magnetism:—No.III
Authors: Bauer Louis A. , Duvall C. R. 
Published: February 2008

The annual variation of magnetic activity is investigated with the aid of various measures, chief of which is a quantity, F, giving the number of days per month of magnetically‐disturbed days from 1906 to 1924. The average number of such days per month, Fi, during the sunspot minimum years was 4.4, and during the years of sunspot maximum, Fx was about 10; hence, Fx was only 2.3 Fi. During a solar cycle there may be, on the average, about 7 magnetically‐disturbed days per month.For the period 1906–1924, F showed maxima values (about 9.2 days) in the equinoctial months and minima values (about 5.8 days) in the solstitial months; the ratio 9.2/5.8 = 1.6. The marked change in F from month to month cannot be successfully correlated with varying sunspottedness during the year. The correlation coefficient between the F‐measures and the cosine of the Sun's declination is +0.95, and that between F and the cosine of the Earth's heliographic latitude is −0.82; in the first case we have a direct (+) correlation, and in the second an inverse (−) correlation.
Principal magnetic storms recorded at the Apia Observatory, April to June, 1926
Authors: Thomson Andrew , Westland C. J. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude, 13° 48′.4S.; longitude, 171° 46′, or 11h 27m.1W. of Greenwich.)April 14, 1926.—This storm is the largest experienced at this Observatory since May, 1921. A sudden commencement begins on April 14 at 14h 00m, Greenwich mean time, the maximum value of H being 35255γ at 14h 17m on April 14 and the minimum value, 34929γ at 7h 28m on April 15. About 15h on April 15 the curve becomes smoother. April 16 and 17 are both days of character 2, although the ranges on these days are not exceptional because the curve remains low all the time.