bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social support and occupational stress: Effects of talking to others
Authors: Fenlason Kristofer J. , Beehr Terry A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEmployees' social support was examined using both the traditional global measures of emotional/instrumental support and more focused measures based on the contents (positive, negative, and non‐job) of verbally transmitted support. Contents were more closely related to global emotional support than to global instrumental support, with non‐job and positive communications especially strongly associated with emotional support, and they accounted for more variance in strains than did the global measures.
Violating the psychological contract: Not the exception but the norm
Authors: Robinson Sandra L. , Rousseau Denise M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe occurrence and impact of psychological contract violations were studied among graduate management alumni (N = 128) who were surveyed twice, once at graduation (immediately following recruitment) and then two years later. Psychological contracts, reciprocal obligations in employment developed during and after recruitment, were reported by a majority of respondents (54.8 per cent) as having been violated by their employers. The impact of violations are examined using both quantitative and qualitative data. Occurrence of violations correlated positively with turnover and negatively with trust, satisfaction and intentions to remain.
The boundaryless career: A competency‐based perspective
Authors: Defillippi Robert J. , Arthur Michael B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper proposes a competency‐based view of careers, derived from competency‐based models of employer firms. The implications for boundaryless careers are explored by reference to changing organizational, occupational and industry community contexts. All of these contexts are seen as likely to promote boundaryless career behaviors. Future research possibilities for each of three career competencies, and for interdependence among the competencies, are briefly examined.
Presence of drug screening and employee assistance programs: Exclusive and inclusive human resource management practices
Authors: Bennett Nathan , Blum Terry C. , Roman Paul M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDrug screening and employee assistance programs (EAPs) are human resource management practices for addressing substance abuse among employees. The two practices reflect different human resource management strategies and lead to different outcomes for employees and applicants. Drug screening is designed to exclude drug users from the workplace whereas EAPs offer them ‘rehabilitation’. Characteristics of worksites and their surrounding labor market may influence the presence or absence of these personnel practices. The results suggest that, when controlling for number of employees, economic sector, industry, and union presence, worksites with low turnover and in areas with high unemployment rates are more likely to engage in pre‐employment drug screening, while worksites with low turnover more often provide an EAP.
Equity sensitivity and outcome importance
Authors: Miles Edward W. , Hatfield John D. , Huseman Richard C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOne recent approach that holds promise for building a conceptual framework for a psychological individual difference variable in equity theory is Equity Sensitivity (Huseman, Hatfield and Miles, 1987). Huseman et al. identify three types of individuals — Benevolents, Equity Sensitives, Entitleds. As originally defined, these three groups vary in their desire for outcomes (e.g. pay) in a relationship.The purpose of this study is to test whether the three groups — Benevolents, Equity Sensitives, and Entitleds — vary in the importance they place on categories of outcomes. Hypotheses are tested regarding importance placed on extrinsic tangible, extrinsic intangible, and intrinsic work outcomes. The sample include 2617 employees from the banking and public utility industries. Results show that the three groups vary in the importance they place on extrinsic tangible and intrinsic outcomes, but not on the importance placed on extrinsic intangible outcomes.
Graduate recruitment in Britain: A survey of selection methods used by organizations
Authors: Keenan Tony 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis investigation consisted of a questionnaire survey of the graduate selection methods used by 536 organizations in the U.K. The use of application forms for pre‐selection purposes was widespread, although only a minority of organizations appeared to have approached this task in a systematic way. While references were also widely used, they were often taken up very late in the selection process, and only a minority of organizations sought specific information about job related abilities from referees. Interviews were universally used, both on their own, and as a component of an assessment centre. A total of 44 per cent of organizations used assessment centres as part of graduate recruitment. For most of those organizations using assessment centres, the interview was reported as being the most important component of the centre in determining final selection decisions. Most organizations provided some training for their selectors but this was typically general in nature, rather than being specific to graduate recruitment. The results are discussed in terms of their implications, both for practical application, and for future research.
Increasing coping resources at work: A field experiment to increase social support, improve work team functioning, and enhance employee mental health
Authors: Heaney Catherine A. , Price Richard H. , Rafferty Jane 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCorrelational studies have identified worksite coping resources such as social support and perceived control, and have suggested a positive role for such resources in employee stress processes. However, little experimental evidence has demonstrated the causal role of worksite coping resources in improving mental health, nor how worksite coping resources can be enhanced. This paper reports the results of a field experiment intended to provide such evidence. Human service workers participated in a theory‐driven training program designed to increase individual and group psychosocial coping resources and individuals' abilities to use those resources when coping with job demands. The inclusion of selection variables in models used to estimate the impact of the intervention controlled for selection biases and also allowed for the assessment of the impact of the training on those workers identified as most prone to turnover and on those most likely to participate in such an intervention. Results indicated that the program enhanced the work team climate and reduced depresssive symptoms and somatization in those most at risk for leaving their jobs. The program was also effective in increasing the amount of supervisor support received on the job and strengthening perceptions of coping abilities in those workers most likely to participate in the program.
Individual and group determinants of employee absenteeism: Test of a causal model
Authors: Gellatly Ian R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study examined whether an employee's level of absenteeism was affected by age, organizational tenure, perceptions of interactional justice, affective and continuance commitment, and the perceived absence norm in the employees' work unit or department. One hundred and sixty‐six nursing and food services employees in a mid‐size chronic care hospital provided attitudinal and perceptual data on an employee survey. Absence data (absence frequency and total days absent) were collected during the 12‐month period immediately following an employee survey. Hypothesized relations between the various individual‐ and group‐level factors and employee absenteeism were specified in a structural model and tested using LISREL 7 (Joreskog and Sorbom, 1989). General support was found for the study hypotheses.
Union commitment: Conceptual changes in the German context
Authors: Trimpop Rüdiger M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study examined the concept of union commitment in a German sample utilizing research predominantly developed and tested in Anglo‐American countries (U.S.A., Canada, South Africa). Due to cultural and structural differences in the context of German unions it was assumed that the structure and level of commitment should also be different from those in the countries tested and that the instrument may have to be adjusted. Gordon and Ladd's Union Commitment scale was translated and tested on 194 West‐German trade union members. Five major structural differences between German, Canadian, U.S.‐American and South African unions were identified. Those are, for example, in Germany closed‐shop agreements are forbidden, a high degree of centralization exists, the existence and form of labor courts and legally binding participation, the influence of workers council and the well protected situation of German workers. The data were factor‐analyzed and revealed four factors. A comparison of the item structures showed that the German sample put a much stronger emphasis on the factor 1:Union Instrumentalityand less emphasis on factor 4:Union Loyaltythan the previously examined samples where union loyalty always emerged as the strongest factor. The other factors were identified as: factor 2:Prounion Behavioral Intentionsand factor 3:Union Trust.The results are discussed in relation to structural differences that may have led to findings in the German sample.
Short‐term potassium release and fixation in some calcareous soils
Authors: Jalali Mohsen , Kolahchi Zahra 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPotassium (K+) directly released from primary K‐bearing minerals can contribute to plant nutrition. The objective of this research was to assess short‐term K+ release and fixation on a range of intensively cropped calcareous soils. Potassium sorption and desorption properties and the contributions of exchangeable‐K+ (EK) and nonexchangeable‐K+ (NEK) pools to K+ dynamics of the soil‐solution system was measured using a modified quantity‐to‐intensity (Q : I) experiment. Release and fixation of K+ were varied among soils. The relation between the change in the amount of NEK during the experiment and the initial constrain was linear, and soil ability for K+ release and fixation (β) for all soils varied from 0.041 to 0.183, indicating that 4% to 18% of added K+ converted to NEK when fixation occurred. The equilibrium potential buffering capacity (PBC) for K+ derived from Q : I experiments had significant correlation (r = 0.75, p < 0.01) with β, indicating that PBC depends not only on exchange properties but also on release and fixation properties. The depleted soils showed higher β value than the other soils, indicating much of the added K+ was converted to NEK in case of positive constraint. The range of the amount of EK which was not in exchange equilibrium with Ca (Emin) in the experimental conditions was large and varied from 0.68 to 9.00 mmol kg–1. On average, Emin amounted to 64% of EK. This fraction of EK may not be available to the plant. The parameters obtained from these short‐term K+ release and fixation experiments can be used in plant nutrition.
Influence of phosphorus application on growth and cadmium uptake of spinach in two cadmium‐contaminated soils
Authors: Dheri Gurmeet Singh , Singh Brar Mukand , Malhi Sukhdev Singh 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of phosphate (P) application on diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable cadmium (Cd) in soil and on growth and uptake of Cd by spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.). Two soils varying in texture were contaminated by application of five levels of Cd (NO3)2 (0, 20, 30, 40, and 60 mg Cd kg–1). Three levels of KH2PO4 (0, 12, and 24 mg P kg–1) were applied to determine immobilization of Cd by P. Spinach was grown for 60 d after seeding. Progressive contamination of soils through application of Cd affected dry‐matter yield (DMY) of spinach shoot differently in the two soils, with 67% reduction of DMY in the sandy soil and 34% in the silty‐loam soil. The application of P increased DMY of spinach from 4.53 to 6.06 g pot–1 (34%) in silty‐loam soil and from 3.54 to 5.12 g pot–1 (45%) in sandy soil. The contamination of soils increased Cd concentration in spinach shoots by 34 times in the sandy soil and 18 times in the silty‐loam soil. The application of P decreased Cd concentration in shoot. The decrease of Cd concentration was higher in the sandy soil in comparison to the silty‐loam soil. Phosphorus application enhanced DMY of spinach by decreasing Cd concentration in soil as well as in plants. The results indicate that Cd toxicity in soil can be alleviated by P application.
A Parallelised High Performance Monte Carlo Simulation Approach for Complex Polymerisation Kinetics
Authors: Chaffey‐Millar Hugh , Stewart Don , Chakravarty Manuel M. T. , Keller Gabriele , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA novel, parallelised approach to Monte Carlo simulations for the computation of full molecular weight distributions (MWDs) arising from complex polymerisation reactions is presented. The parallel Monte Carlo method constitutes perhaps the most comprehensive route to the simulation of full MWDs of multiple chain length polymer entities and can also provide detailed microstructural information. New fundamental insights have been developed with regard to the Monte Carlo process in at least three key areas: (i) an insufficient system size is demonstrated to create inaccuracies via poor representation of the most improbable events and least numerous species; (ii) advanced algorithmic principles and compiler technology known to computer science have been used to provide speed improvements and (iii) the parallelisability of the algorithm has been explored and excellent scalability demonstrated. At present, the parallel Monte Carlo method presented herein compares very favourably in speed with the latest developments in the h‐p Galerkin method‐based PREDICI software package while providing significantly more detailed microstructural information. It seems viable to fuse parallel Monte Carlo methods with those based on the h‐p Galerkin methods to achieve an optimum of information depths for the modelling of complex macromolecular kinetics and the resulting microstructural information.magnified image
Cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin‐1 levels in multiple system atrophy
Authors: Martinez‐Rodriguez Jose Enrique , Seppi Klaus , Cardozo Adriana , Iranzo Alex , Stampfer‐Kountchev Michaela , Wenning Gregor , Tolosa Eduardo , Högl Birgit , Santamaria Joan , Poewe Werner 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHypocretin (orexin) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels have been previously found normal or decreased in Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson disease, two synucleinopathies commonly associated with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). We evaluated CSF hypocretin‐1 levels in 15 patients with moderately severe multiple system atrophy (MSA), another synucleinopathy where sleep disorders occur frequently and EDS has been reported, performing additional electrophysiological studies in 5 of them to assess the presence of EDS and sleep onset REM (SOREM) periods. Despite relatively low sleep efficiencies in nocturnal sleep, mean sleep latencies in the Multiple Sleep Latency Test were normal with no SOREM periods. All patients had CSF hypocretin‐1 levels in the normal range (>200 pg/mL) suggesting that the hypocretin system is not altered in MSA, at least in patients with a moderately severe disease. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Chemical‐shift artifact reduction in hadamard‐encoded MR spectroscopic imaging at high (3T and 7T) magnetic fields
Authors: Goelman Gadi , Liu Songtao , Fleysher Roman , Fleysher Lazar , Grossman Robert I. , Gonen Oded 
Published: July 2007

AbstractProton MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) at higher magnetic fields (B0) suffers metabolite localization errors from different chemical‐shift displacements (CSDs) if spatially‐selective excitation is used. This phenomenon is exacerbated by the decreasing radiofrequency (RF) field strength, B1, at higher B0s, precluding its suppression with stronger gradients. To address this, two new methods are proposed: 1) segmenting the volume‐of‐interest (VOI) into several slabs, allowing proportionally stronger slice‐select gradients; and 2) sequentially cascading rather than superposing the components of the Hadamard selective pulses used for reasons of better point‐spread function (PSF) to localize the few slices within each slab. This can reduce the peak B1 to that of a single slice. Combining these approaches permits us to increase the selective gradient four‐ to eightfold per given B1, to 12 or 18mT/m for 4‐ or 2‐cm VOIs. This “brute force” approach reduces the CSD to under 0.05 cm/ppm at 7T, or less than half that at 3T. Magn Reson Med 58:167–173, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of GABA and contaminants in gray and white matter in human brain in vivo
Authors: Choi Changho , Bhardwaj Paramjit P. , Kalra Sanjay , Casault Colin A. , Yasmin Umme S. , Allen Peter S. , Coupland Nicholas J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA preliminary study of discrimination between GABA and macromolecules (MMs) in human brain by proton double quantum filtering (DQF) at 3.0T in vivo is presented. GABA‐tuned and MM‐tuned DQ filters were designed with dual‐band 180° radiofrequency (RF) pulses that were tuned for selective refocusing of GABA (3.0 and 1.9 ppm) and putative MM resonances (3.0 and 1.7 ppm), respectively. GABA and putative MM signals were extracted from a combined analysis of the filtered mixture signals and the calculated editing yields. Unexpectedly, the GABA and putative MM signals exhibited a similar doublet linewidth at the optimized TE = 82 ms. Furthermore, substantial MM‐tuned DQF signal remained at TE = 148 ms, indicating the presence of a component other than MM. With water segmentation data, the GABA‐tuned and MM‐tuned DQF measures from the medial prefrontal and left frontal lobes were combined to give the concentrations of GABA and the additional component as 1.1 ± 0.1 and 0.8 ± 0.1 mM (mean ± SD, N = 3) for gray matter (GM) and 0.4 ± 0.1 and 0.7±0.1 mM (N = 3) for white matter (WM), respectively. Magn Reson Med 58:27–33, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social and spatial relationships in captive southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)
Authors: Metrione Lara C. , Penfold Linda M. , Waring George H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAlthough critical to the conservation of white rhinoceros, captive breeding has proven challenging because of the poor and irregular reproductive health of many captive rhinos, and social interactions may play a significant role. This research investigated the social and spatial relationships of two captive groups of southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) by examining the frequency of companion changes, the number of space maintenance vocalizations made per hour by each reproductively mature female, and dominant/subordinate interactions. The observed captive rhinos did not change their companionships during the study. They exhibited space maintenance vocalizations and display greater than once per hour, particularly when feeding. Females housed with four calves on 0.033 km2exhibited space maintenance vocalizations more frequently (X±SE = 6.19±0.199/hr) than females housed with one calf and more space (0.06 km2,X±SE = 0.55±0.182/hr) and females housed without calves and more space (0.65 km2,X±SE = 1.90±0.086/hr). Wider separation of food piles and of females with young calves is suggested to reduce the interpreted spatial stress. The presence of a large number of rhinos in restricted captive space resulted in the formation of herds with dominance hierarchies that were enforced during competition for food and shade. The most subordinate rhino in each of the herds exhibited unusual behaviors such as dung‐kicking and nonestrus urine squirting, and neither has ever reproduced. Suppression of subordinate rhinos might lead to social stress that could negatively impact reproductive success. Zoo Biol 26:487–502, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of UVB reduction by materials commonly used in reptile husbandry
Authors: Michael Burger R. , Gehrmann William H. , Ferguson Gary W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractUltraviolet B (UVB) irradiation (285–320 nm) is considered important for metabolic processes and reproduction in many reptile species by facilitating the synthesis of vitamin D3. In captivity, UVB radiation reaching an animal may be diminished by the properties of the materials used in enclosure construction. We investigated the UVB‐attenuating properties of 14 materials commonly used in cage tops for reptile enclosures. Irradiances were measured by two types of hand‐held broadband radiometers and the D3‐synthesizing potential was assessed by the use of an in vitro model. For UV‐transmitting acrylic, a significant discrepancy between meter irradiances and in vitro model values for D3‐synthesizing ability was observed, with meter readings underestimating the blocking effect. In contrast, attenuation of UVB irradiances by air‐permeable materials, such as wire screen, measured with meters was generally comparable to the attenuation of D3‐synthesizing ability as measured by in vitro models. Relatively simple meter readings can therefore be used to reflect reduction of D3‐synthesizing ability through air‐permeable materials. Zoo Biol 26:417–423, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polymorphic behavior of some fully hydrogenated oils and their mixtures with liquid oil
Authors: deMan L. , deMan J. M. , Blackman B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFully hydrogenated soybean oil, beef fat, rapeseed oil, a rapeseed, palm and soybean oil blend, cottonseed oil and palm oil were characterized by fatty acid composition, glyceride carbon number and partial glyceride content, as well as melting and crystallization properties. The latter were established by differential scanning calorimetry. Polymorphic behavior was analyzed by X‐ray diffraction of the products in the flake or granulated form and when freshly crystallized from a melt. The hard fats were dissolved in canola oil at levels of 20, 50 and 80% and crystallized from the melt. Palm oil had the lowest crystallization temperature and the lowest melting temperature; rapessed had the highest crystallization temperature and soybean the highest melting temperature. All of the hard fats crystallized initially in the =00 form. When diluted with canola oil, only palm oil was able to maintain β′ stability.
Effect of TBHQ on quality characteristics of RBD olein during frying
Authors: Asap Telingai , Augustin M. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe changes in quality characteristics of refined, bleached and deodorized palm olein (RBD olein) during heating with intermittent frying for 5 hr/day for weight consecutive days in three systems were compared. The systems were (i) RBD olein without antioxidant (system 1); (ii) RBD olein to which 200 ppm of tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) had been added prior to frying on the first day (system 2), and (iii) RBD olein which had TBHQ added to a level of 200 ppm at the start of each day. The addition of TBHQ reduced the level of polar components and polymers in the oil, decreased the rates of change in iodine value and dielectric constant and decreased the rate of oxidation of C18:2. The reduction in the rates of these undesirable changes was more pronounced when the TBHQ was added to the system on each day of frying than when there was a single addition of TBHQ prior to frying on the first day. The undesirable effect of adding TBHQ was that it darkened the oil.