bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probability discounting and money pumps
Authors: Kosonen Petra 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn response to cases that involve tiny probabilities of huge payoffs, some argue that we ought to discount small probabilities down to zero. However, this paper shows that doing so violates Independence and Continuity, and as a result of these violations, those who discount small probabilities can be exploited by money pumps. Various possible ways of avoiding exploitation will be discussed. This paper concludes that the money pump for Independence undermines the plausibility of discounting small probabilities. Much of the discussion on Independence generalizes to other views that also violate Independence.
Angular traveling waves of the high‐dimensional Boussinesq equation
Authors: Esfahani Amin 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis paper studies traveling waves with nonzero wave speed (angular traveling waves) of the high‐dimensional Boussinesq equation that have not been studied before. We analyze the properties of these waves and demonstrate that, unlike the unique stationary solution, they lack positivity, radial symmetry, and exponential decay. By employing variational and geometric approaches, along with perturbation theory, we establish the orbital (in)stability and strong instability of these traveling waves.
A 6‐year longitudinal exploration of diversity in ethnically/racially minoritized children's early peer circles
Authors: Bennet Anna , Kuchirko Yana , Halim May Ling D. , Costanzo Philip R. , Martin Carol L. , Stanaland Adam , Ruble Diane 
Published: April 2024

AbstractExposure to diverse peers can expand children's experiences and skillsets, and these positive effects linger beyond childhood. Yet, little is known about the ethnic/racial, gender, and age diversity in children's peer groups and how it may shift over time. Even less is known about these patterns among US nonwhite children. In the present study, we thus explored how diversity (with regard to ethnicity/race, gender, and age) in ethnically minoritized children's peer groups change from infancy through early childhood and tested whether the diversity of early peer groups remained stable across time. Over a 6‐year period we followed 234 children (ages 1–6; 115 girls) from three large ethnic/racial minority groups in the United States: African American, Dominican American, and Mexican American. With age, children's peer groups increased in ethnic/racial diversity but decreased in gender and age diversity. Moreover, children's early peer diversity (at/around age 2–4) positively predicted the diversity of their later peer groups (at/around age 6) across all three types of diversity. This study provides novel insights into how children's peer groups change and grow in early development, particularly focusing on children from backgrounds that have been historically underrepresented in psychological science.
Ophthalmic findings and parameters in Western tiger salamanders (Ambystoma mavortium) from northern Colorado
Authors: Kansman Kyle J. , Sadar Miranda J. , Daniels Joshua B. , Klaphake Eric , de Linde Henriksen Michala 
Published: April 2024

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to document ophthalmic examination findings and provide reference values for ocular examinations and diagnostics in clinically normal Western tiger salamanders (Ambystoma mavortium) and to evaluate the mydriatic effect of a topical rocuronium bromide and identify any adverse effects.Animals StudiedSixteen Western tiger salamanders.ProcedureA complete ophthalmic examination, including intraocular pressure via rebound tonometry [iCare® TonoVet (dog‐setting) or iCare® TonoVet Plus (dog‐setting)], and fluorescein and Rose Bengal stains, was performed. Ocular surface flora culture swabs were collected for microbiology in four salamanders. Rocuronium bromide (50 μL; 0.01 mg) was administered into each eye in three salamanders. Pupil size and constriction ability were evaluated up to 60 min following administration of rocuronium bromide. Distant visual examination and Doppler heart rate were used to monitor for potential adverse effects of rocuronium bromide.ResultsObserved ocular abnormalities included lipid keratopathy/keratitis (19%; 3/16), parasitic ophthalmitis (19%; 3/16), and cataracts (6.3%; 1/16). A significant difference was found between tonometry with iCare® TonoVet (11.5 ± 2.7 mmHg) versus TonoVet Plus (15.4 ± 3.7 mmHg) (p = .025). Fluorescein and Rose Bengal stains were negative in all salamanders. Ocular surface microbiology revealed a high incidence of contamination from environmental flora, with the most common isolate being unidentified as Gram‐negative nonfermenters (75%; 3/4). No significant change in pupil size or constriction ability was observed with rocuronium bromide.ConclusionThis is the first study to document ocular examination findings and diagnostics in captive and wild urodeles and may serve as a reference for clinical assessment and future studies of the Western tiger salamander.
Development and Evaluation of Generic Test Pieces for Creep Property Assessment of Laser Powder Bed Fusion Components
Authors: Megahed Sandra , Krämer Karl Michael , Kontermann Christian , Heinze Christoph , Udoh Annett , Weihe Stefan , Oechsner Matthias 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Metal laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) allows for high degrees of design freedom and the manufacture of high-temperature Ni-based materials, such as IN738LC. The PBF-LB/M microstructure is dependent on several factors, including process parameters, component geometry, build orientation and postprocessing steps (e.g., heat treatment). The correlation between the resulting microstructure and these parameters is material specific and not yet fully understood. In this study, the development of a specimen extraction cube (SEC), based on a generic component with design aspects related to turbomachinery applications, is presented. The SEC allows for the extraction of three samples, one for each of the build orientations: 0 deg (perpendicular to build direction), 45 deg (diagonal) and 90 deg (parallel to build direction). Specimens extracted from the SEC are mechanically tested and compared to witness samples manufactured in 0 deg, 45 deg, and 90 deg build orientation. Particular focus is placed on correlating measured properties and their variations with heat treated microstructures. Creep testing was performed using 240 MPa and a temperature of 850 °C. Microstructural differences and hence differences in mechanical properties are found in extracted and witness samples.
Calendar Life Enhancement of Commercial Ultra-High-Rate LiFePO4/Graphite Batteries for Electromagnetic Launch
Authors: Long Xinlin , Liu Lang , Zeng Ziqing 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Due to the advantages of ultra-high-power density, long cyclic life, and desirable safety, ultra-high-rate LiFePO4/graphite batteries (U-LIBs) are used as the energy storage system for electromagnetic launchers. However, the short calendar life of U-LIB limits its further application in the field of electromagnetic launch. In this study, the calendar life of commercial U-LIB is improved through the optimization design of anode materials and electrolytes. The calendar life is successfully improved without affecting the battery performances by appropriately increasing the particle size of graphite in the anode and properly reducing the proportion of dimethyl carbonate (DMC), which has low stability in the electrolyte. The average particle size of graphite is increased from 5 μm to 8 μm with a compaction density of 1.3 g cm−3 as the best option. The electrolyte formulation is optimized from 30% ethylene carbonate (EC), 60% DMC, and 10% ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) to 30% EC, 50% DMC, and 20% EMC. After comprehensive optimization, the calendar life of commercial U-LIB was significantly improved at different temperatures and states of charge (SOCs). For example, the 1-month-storage capacity retention of U-LIB increased from 96.9% to 98% under the temperature of 45 °C at 50% SOC (meaning 35.5% decrease on capacity loss), and increased from 98.2% to 98.8% under the temperature of 25 °C at 100% SOC (33.3% decrease on capacity loss).
Force–Time Characteristics of Repeated Bouts of Depth Jumps and the Effects of Compression Garments
Authors: Brown Freddy , Hill Matt , Renshaw Derek , Tallis Jason 
Published: April 2024

No studies have reported ground reaction force (GRF) profiles of the repeated depth jump (DJ) protocols commonly used to study exercise-induced muscle damage. Furthermore, while compression garments (CG) may accelerate recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage, any effects on the repeated bout effect are unknown. Therefore, we investigated the GRF profiles of 2 repeated bouts of damage-inducing DJs and the effects of wearing CG for recovery. Nonresistance-trained males randomly received CG (n = 9) or placebo (n = 8) for 72 hours recovery, following 20 × 20 m sprints and 10 × 10 DJs from 0.6 m. Exercise was repeated after 14 days. Using a 3-way (set × bout × group) design, changes in GRF were assessed with analysis of variance and statistical parametric mapping. Jump height, reactive strength, peak, and mean propulsive forces declined between sets (P < .001). Vertical stiffness, contact time, force at zero velocity, and propulsive duration increased (P < .05). According to statistical parametric mapping, braking (17%–25% of the movement) and propulsive forces (58%–81%) declined (P < .05). During the repeated bout, peak propulsive force and duration increased (P < .05), while mean propulsive force (P < .05) and GRF from 59% to 73% declined (P < .001). A repeated bout of DJs differed in propulsive GRF, without changes to the eccentric phase, or effects from CG.
The Day-Level Association Between Child Care Attendance and 24-Hour Movement Behaviors in Preschool-Aged Children
Authors: Parker Hannah , Burkart Sarah , Reesor-Oyer Layton , von Klinggraeff Lauren , Pfledderer Christopher D. , Adams Elizabeth , Weaver Robert G. , Beets Michael W. , Armstrong Bridget 
Published: April 2024

Background: Twenty-four hour movement behaviors (ie, physical activity [PA], screen time [ST], and sleep) are associated with children’s health outcomes. Identifying day-level contextual factors, such as child care, that positively influence children’s movement behaviors may help identify potential intervention targets, like improving access to child care programs. This study aimed to examine the between- and within-person effects of child care on preschoolers’ 24-hour movement behaviors. Methods: Children (N = 74, 4.7 [0.9] y, 48.9% girls, 63.3% White) wore an Axivity AX3 accelerometer on their nondominant wrist 24 hours per day for 14 days to measure PA and sleep. Parents completed surveys each night about their child’s ST and child care attendance that day. Linear mixed effects models predicted day-level 24-hour movement behaviors from hours spent in child care. Results: Children spent an average of 5.0 (2.9) hours per day in child care. For every additional hour of child care above their average, children had 0.3 hours (95% CI, −0.3 to −0.2) less ST that day. Between-person effects showed that compared with children who attended fewer overall hours of child care, children who attended more hours had less overall ST (B = −0.2 h; 95% CI, −0.4 to 0.0). Child care was not significantly associated with PA or sleep. Conclusions: Child care attendance was not associated with 24-hour PA or sleep; however, it was associated with less ST. More research utilizing objective measures of ST and more robust measures of daily schedules or structure is necessary to better understand how existing infrastructure may influence preschool-aged children’s 24-hour movement behaviors. In addition, future research should consider how access to child care may influence child care attendance.
Acute and Acclimated Effects of Wearing Compression Garments on Balance Control in Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Hung You-jou , Couverette Frederick , Hamon Jeffrey , Willard Dustyn 
Published: April 2024

Falls are very serious health concerns among older adults. Providing additional cutaneous and proprioceptive feedback to older adults may enhance their balance control and therefore reduce the incidents of falls. This study aimed to investigate the acute and acclimated effect of wearing waist-to-above-ankle compression garments (CGs) on balance control in community-dwelling older adults. Thirty-one older adults participated in the study. The Timed Up and Go, Berg Balance Scale, and the Fall Risk Test of the Biodex Balance System were used in a random order to examine balance control in three testing sessions 1 week apart. Results indicated wearing CGs had a significant impact on the Timed Up and Go test (p < .001), Berg Balance Scale (p = .001), and the Fall Risk Test (p = .001). For the Timed Up and Go test, participants exhibited significant improvement in both the acute (8.68 vs. 7.91 s) and acclimated effect (7.91 vs. 7.41 s) of wearing CGs. For the Berg Balance Scale, participants showed significant improvement after wearing CGs for 1 week in comparison to the no CGs condition (55.77 vs. 55.39 points). For the Fall Risk Test, participants showed a significant improvement in the acute effect of wearing CGs in comparison to the no CGs condition (1.55° vs. 1.31°). This exploratory study showed that wearing waist-to-above-ankle CGs provided a positive impact on balance control in healthy community-dwelling older adults. It lays the foundation for future studies with a larger sample size to investigate the potential benefits of wearing CGs in individuals with balance control deficits and/or other comorbidities.
The polyextremophile
Natranaerobius thermophilus
adopts a dual adaptive strategy to long-term salinity stress, simultaneously accumulating compatible solutes and K
+
Authors: Xing Qinghua , Zhang Shanshan , Tao Xinyi , Mesbah Noha M. , Mao Xinwei , Wang Haisheng , Wiegel Juergen , Zhao Baisuo 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT

The bacterium
Natranaerobius thermophilus
is an extremely halophilic alkalithermophile that can thrive under conditions of high salinity (3.3–3.9 M Na
+
), alkaline pH (9.5), and elevated temperature (53°C). To understand the molecular mechanisms of salt adaptation in
N. thermophilus
, it is essential to investigate the protein, mRNA, and key metabolite levels on a molecular basis. Based on proteome profiling of
N. thermophilus
under 3.1, 3.7, and 4.3 M Na
+
conditions compared to 2.5 M Na
+
condition, we discovered that a hybrid strategy, combining the “compatible solute” and “salt-in” mechanisms, was utilized for osmotic adjustment dur ing the long-term salinity adaptation of
N. thermophilus
. The mRNA level of key proteins and the intracellular content of compatible solutes and K
+
support this conclusion. Specifically,
N. thermophilus
employs the glycine betaine ABC transporters (Opu and ProU families), Na
+
/solute symporters (SSS family), and glutamate and proline synthesis pathways to adapt to high salinity. The intracellular content of compatible solutes, including glycine betaine, glutamate, and proline, increases with rising salinity levels in
N. thermophilus
. Additionally, the upregulation of Na
+
/ K
+
/ H
+
transporters facilitates the maintenance of intracellular K
+
concentration, ensuring cellular ion homeostasis under varying salinities. Furthermore,
N. thermophilus
exhibits cytoplasmic acidification in response to high Na
+
concentrations. The median isoelectric points of the upregulated proteins decrease with increasing salinity. Amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, membrane transport, and bacterial chemotaxis activities contribute to the adaptability of
N. thermophilus
under high salt stress. This study provides new data that support further elucidating the complex adaptation mechanisms of
N. thermophilus
under multiple extremes.

IMPORTANCE

This study represents the first report of simultaneous utilization of two salt adaptation mechanisms within the
Clostridia
class in response to long-term salinity stress.
Indirect CD4
+
T cell protection against mouse gamma-herpesvirus infection via interferon gamma
Authors: Xie Wanxiaojie , Bruce Kimberley , Belz Gabrielle T. , Farrell Helen E. , Stevenson Philip G. 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT

CD4
+
T cells play a key role in γ-herpesvirus infection control. However, the mechanisms involved are unclear. Murine herpesvirus type 4 (MuHV-4) allows relevant immune pathways to be dissected experimentally in mice. In the lungs, it colonizes myeloid cells, which can express MHC class II (MHCII), and type 1 alveolar epithelial cells (AEC1), which lack it. Nevertheless, CD4
+
T cells can control AEC1 infection, and this control depends on MHCII expression in myeloid cells. Interferon-gamma (IFNγ) is a major component of CD4
+
T cell-dependent MuHV-4 control. Here, we show that the action of IFNγ is also indirect, as CD4
+
T cell-mediated control of AEC1 infection depended on IFNγ receptor (IFNγR1) expression in CD11c
+
cells. Indirect control also depended on natural killer (NK) cells. Together, the data suggest that the activation of MHCII
+
CD11c
+
antigen-presenting cells is key to the CD4
+
T cell/NK cell protection axis. By contrast, CD8
+
T cell control of AEC1 infection appeared to operate independently.

IMPORTANCE

CD4
+
T cells are critical for the control of gamma-herpesvirus infection; they act indirectly, by recruiting natural killer (NK) cells to attack infected target cells. Here, we report that the CD4
+
T cell/NK cell axis of gamma-herpesvirus control requires interferon-γ engagement of CD11c
+
dendritic cells. This mechanism of CD4
+
T cell control releases the need for the direct engagement of CD4
+
T cells with virus-infected cells and may be a common strategy for host control of immune-evasive pathogens.
Tracking
Vibrio
: population dynamics and ecology of
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
and
V. vulnificus
in an Alabama estuary
Authors: Morrison Blair H. , Jones Jessica L. , Dzwonkowski Brian , Krause Jeffrey W. 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT

Vibrio
is a genus of halophilic, gram-negative bacteria found in estuaries around the globe. Integral parts of coastal cultures often involve contact with vectors of pathogenic
Vibrio
spp. (e.g., consuming raw shellfish). High rates of mortality from certain
Vibrio
spp. infections demonstrate the need for an improved understanding of
Vibrio
spp. dynamics in estuarine regions. Our study assessed meteorological, hydrographic, and biological correlates of
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
and
V. vulnificus
at 10 sites in the Eastern Mississippi Sound System (EMSS) from April to October 2019. During the sampling period, median abundances of
V. parahaemolyticus
and
V. vulnificus
were 2.31 log MPN/L and 2.90 log MPN/L, respectively.
Vibrio
spp. dynamics were largely driven by site-based variation, with sites closest to freshwater inputs having the highest abundances. The E-W wind scalar, which affects Ekman transport, was a novel
Vibrio
spp. correlate observed. A potential salinity effect on bacterial-particle associations was identified, where
V. vulnificus
was associated with larger particles in conditions outside of their optimal salinity. Additionally,
V. vulnificus
abundances were correlated to those of harmful algal species that did not dominate community chlorophyll. Correlates from this study may be used to inform the next iteration of regionally predictive
Vibrio
models and may lend additional insight to
Vibrio
spp. ecology in similar systems.

IMPORTANCE

Vibrio
spp. are bacteria found in estuaries worldwide; some species can cause illness and infections in humans. Relationships between
Vibrio
spp. abundance, salinity, and temperature are well documented, but correlations to other environmental parameters are less understood. This study identifies unique correlates (e.g., E-W wind scalar and harmful algal species) that could potentially inform the next iteration of predictive
Vibrio
models for the EMSS region. Additionally, these correlates may allow existing environmental monitoring efforts to be leveraged in providing data inputs for future Vibrio risk models. An observed correlation between salinity and
V. vulnificus
/particle-size associations suggests that predicted environmental changes may affect the abundance of
Vibrio
spp. in certain reservoirs, which may alter which vectors present the greatest vibrio risk.
The Permian Cornubian granite batholith, SW England; Part 2: Gravity anomalies, structure, and state of isostasy
Authors: Watts A.B. , Xu C. , Searle M.P. , Jurkowski C. , Shail R.K. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A new compilation of Bouguer gravity anomaly data has been used, together with forward and inverse modeling, to reappraise the structure, volume, and state of isostasy of the Cornubian batholith of SW England. We show the individual plutons that comprise the batholith are, on average, ~10–11 km thick, are outward-sloping in their upper 2–3 km, and are underlain by roots which protrude downward into the middle crust. The batholith volume is estimated within the range of 76,367 ± 17,286 km3, significantly larger than previous estimates. Granite outcrops correlate with elevated topography, and mass balance calculations show that the mass deficiency of the granites relative to their host metasedimentary rocks is approximately equal to the mass excess of the topography relative to air. The existence of roots beneath individual plutons is in general agreement with predictions of an Airy model of isostasy and a depth of compensation that is within the crust rather than at the Moho. In addition, a middle crust compensation depth is compatible with the origin of the granites by heating and melting of metasedimentary rocks and with data from experimental rock mechanics which suggest that at the melting temperature and pressure of granite formation, deformation is likely to be plastic and controlled by glide along dislocations. During pluton emplacement the middle crust would, therefore, have acted as a mechanically weak layer, effectively decoupling the topography from any support it might otherwise have received from the lower crust and/or upper mantle.
Reference ranges for ambulatory heart rate measurements in a middle-aged population
Authors: Persson Anders Paul , Måneheim Alexandra , Economou Lundeberg Johan , Fedorowski Artur , Healey Jeff S , Sundström Johan , Engström Gunnar , Johnson Linda S B 
Published: April 2024

BackgroundElevated heart rate (HR) predicts cardiovascular disease and mortality, but there are no established normal limits for ambulatory HR. We used data from the Swedish CArdioPulmonary Imaging Study to determine reference ranges for ambulatory HR in a middle-aged population. We also studied clinical correlates of ambulatory HR.MethodsA 24-hour ECG was registered in 5809 atrial fibrillation-free individuals, aged 50–65 years. A healthy subset (n=3942) was used to establish reference values (excluding persons with beta-blockers, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, heart failure, anaemia, diabetes, sleep apnoea or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).Minimum HR was defined as the lowest 1-minute HR. Reference ranges are reported as means±SDs and 2.5th–97.5th percentiles. Clinical correlates of ambulatory HR were analysed with multivariable linear regression.ResultsThe average mean and minimum HRs were 73±9 and 48±7 beats per minute (bpm) in men and 76±8 and 51±7 bpm in women; the reference range for mean ambulatory HR was 57–90 bpm in men and 61–92 bpm in women. Average daytime and night-time HRs are also reported. Clinical correlates, including age, sex, height, body mass index, physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, diabetes, hypertension, haemoglobin level, use of beta-blockers, estimated glomerular filtration rate, per cent of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s and coronary artery calcium score, explained <15% of the interindividual differences in HR.ConclusionAmbulatory HR varies widely in healthy middle-aged individuals, a finding with relevance for the management of patients with a perception of tachycardia. Differences in ambulatory HR between individuals are largely independent of common clinical correlates.