bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ELECTRONIC MONITORING IN LABOR: TOO GOOD TO BE PUT TO THE TEST?
Authors: Keirse Marc J. N. C. 
Published: April 2007

Obstetric litigation in the U.S. has rendered electronic fetal monitoring “efficacious and capable of detecting asphyxia at an early enough stage to avoid neurologic damage.”Court decisions are “directly translatable to one's practice”when randomized controlled trials, apparently, are not.Nevertheless, hypotheses regarding the benefits of certain paper speeds and the importance of beat‐to‐beat variability cannot be accepted until they are tested in properly designed randomized controlled trials. Among several difficulties to surmount is the repeated finding that interobserver agreement on fetal heart rate tracings has never exceeded 70 percent.
Lead and Pregnancy
Authors: Rabinowitz Michael 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: Excessive lead exposure, not only from lead‐based paint in older homes, but also in yard soils, remains a public health problem in America despite centuries of knowledge of the poisonous nature of lead. Heightened concern about communitywide lead exposure has followed recent research findings that show lead to be toxic at levels previously thought to have no effect. Because mothers and children have been considered to be at particular risk, pregnant women and those responsible for perinatal care require greater understanding of the sources and effects of lead.In a study of 4354 women, the risk of pregnancy hypertension and of congenital anomalies doubled as umbilical cord lead levels increased from about 1 to 10 μg per dL. A subgroup of about 240 was further studied for environmental sources of lead and follow‐up of the children's development. This is a continuing longitudinal study; many of its published results are summarized here, with information from other studies. The effects of pregnancy on lead metabolism are also discussed.
Women's Satisfaction with Birth Center Care: A Randomized, Controlled Study
Authors: Waldenström Ulla , Nilsson Carl‐Axel 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThis randomized, controlled trial compared women's satisfaction with care at an in‐hospital birth center with standard obstetric care in Stockholm. Subjects were 1230 women with an expected date of birth between October 1989 and February 1992, who expressed interest in birth center care, and who were medically low risk. The intervention was the random allocation of maternity care at the birth center or standard obstetric care. Birth center women expressed greater satisfaction with antenatal, intrapartum, and postpartum care, especially psychological aspects of care. Of these women, 63 percent thought that the antenatal care had raised their self‐esteem, versus 18 percent of the control group. Eighty‐nine percent of the experimental group would prefer birth center care for any future birth, and 46 percent of the control group would prefer standard care. Birth center care successfully meets the needs of women who are interested in natural childbirth and active involvement in their own care, and are concerned about the psychological aspects of birth.
Personal Beliefs and Alternative Childbirth Choices: A Survey of 552 Women Who Planned to Give Birth at Home
Authors: Bastian Hilda 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTIn Australia, planning to give birth at home was unusual in the middle to late 1980s, a choice made by only about 0.5 percent of women. This study investigated the personal beliefs and circumstances of 552 women who planned to give birth at home. Results showed that these women came from diverse backgrounds and beliefs, although in general they were of higher than average educational and occupational status, and less likely to hold Christian beliefs relative to the Australian community in general. Their lives and experiences rejected both unconventional and more traditional choices, and the view that women who give birth at home characteristically belong to the counterculture could not be justified. The findings of this study suggest that stereotypes of women who give birth at home do not apply to the circumstances of substantial numbers of women.
Ultrasound During Pregnancy: A Discussion
Authors: Ewigman Bernard , Green Jo , Lumley Judith 
Published: April 2007

PREAMBLE: Prenatal screening by ultrasound is increasing in the United States. In 1990, 52 percent of mothers who had live births received ultrasound, compared with 48 percent in 1989 (Monthly Vital Stat Rep 1993;42:2(S):6). A recent multicenter, randomized study of 15,151 low‐risk pregnant women, conducted by the Routine Antenatal Diagnostic Imaging With Ultrasound (RADIUS) Study Group, reported no significant differences in pregnancy outcomes between women who received no ultrasound scan and women who received two scans during pregnancy (N Engl J Med 1993;329:821–827). Ewigman et al concluded, “The adoption of routine ultrasound screening in the United States would add considerably to the cost of care in pregnancy, with no improvement in perinatal outcome.” This interview and discussion took place at the Tenth Birth Conference, October 31‐November 1, 1992, in Boston. It was conducted by Max Allen, producer, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, and broadcast as part of a radio program, “Birth and Technology,” on CBC Ideas, February 15, 1993.
Redefining Women's Work During Pregnancy: Toward a More Comprehensive Approach
Authors: Deloseph Jeanne F. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThe potential effects of work and activity on the processes and outcomes of pregnancy should be assessed when a woman's care plan is developed. Perinatal caregivers are limited by a narrow definition of work that encompasses only employment. This commentary expands the description of women's work during pregnancy, and proposes the addition of some activities not currently considered in most prenatal assessments, including home care responsibilities, the maintenance and development of intimate relationships, and the tasks identified with becoming a mother. All this has implications for research, clinical practice, and public and health policy.
Attenders and Nonattenders at Childbirth Education Classes in Australia: How Do They and Their Births Differ?
Authors: Lumley Judith , Brown Stephanie 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThis study assessed the associations between attendance at childbirth preparation classes and the health behaviors, birth events, satisfaction with care, and later emotional well‐being of women having their first child. A postal survey was conducted of a population‐based cohort of 1193 women who gave birth in two weeks in 1989 in Victoria, Australia. The response was 71.4 percent (79011107). Classes were attended by 245 (83.9%) of 292 primiparous women. Those who did not attend were significantly more likely to be under age 25 years, not to have completed secondary education, to be single, to have a low family income and no health insurance, and to be public hospital clinic patients. Differences between women who attended classes and those who did not, with respect to measures of pain and to the use of procedures, interventions, and pain relief, were rare and minor. No differences occurred between the groups in their satisfaction with the provision of information through pregnancy, birth, and the postnatal period. Only one of five measures of satisfaction with cure was less favorable in nonattenders. Attenders were not more confident about looking after their infants at home or less likely to be depressed eight months after birth. Significant differences occurred between the groups on four health behaviors: cigarette smoking, missed antenatal appointments, breastfeeding, and alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Attendance at childbirth preparation classes in Victoria is not associated with differences in birth events, satisfaction with care, or emotional well‐being among women having their first child. (BIRTH 20:3, September 1993)
A Plan for Implementing Mother‐Baby Nursing
Authors: Steensma Judith 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTThis article describes the plan and implementation for converting from traditional obstetric nursing to a mother‐baby care delivery system in a level 2 hospital in upstate New York. It identifies the pitfalls, problems, and process to follow for the successful implementation of mother‐baby nursing. (BIRTH 20:3, September 1993)
Rural Maternity Care: New Models of Access
Authors: Nesbitt Thomas S. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT: bDespite huge health care expenditures, many rural areas of the United States are without adequate access to basic maternity services. Hospital closures and changes in reimbursement have created new threats, even in areas with functional systems of delivering maternity care. New models of care must be developed that take advantage of attributes of low‐volume rural maternity units, increase the number of collaborative practices among various providers of maternity services, and judiciously apply new technologies to bring perinatal expertise into the rural hospital when appropriate. Local access to maternity care in rural communities is essential to improve birth outcomes and lower costs. Standardization of management of obstetric emergencies and advances in telecommunication technology may make these low‐technology, isolated communities safer than they have been in the past. Changes in health care financing, particularly managed care with capitation, may further support these changes.
Ethnicity and Sources of Prenatal Care: Findings from a National Survey
Authors: Gardner Michael O. , Cliver Suzanne P. , McNeal Sandre F. , Goldenberg Robert L. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTBackground: Improving pregnancy outcomes for minorities is a major goal of health providers and policy makers. Since most strategies involve an intervention during pregnancy, it is important to know where minority women with various characteristics receive prenatal care and why. Our purpose was to evaluate services of prenatal care for white, African‐American, Mexican‐American, and Puerto Rican women.Methods:The National Maternal and Infant Health Survey (1988) was used to ascertain age, income, marital status, education level, and source of funding of the study population of 21,000 women, who were assigned to an ethnic group based on self‐identification in the survey. The sources of prenatal care were classified as private (private physician, nurse‐midwife, health maintenance organization) or public (state or local health department, community health center, hospital‐based clinic).Results:When categorized by ethnic group alone, 78 percent of white women received private care compared with 51 percent of Mexican‐American women, 44 percent of African‐American women, and 37 percent of Puerto Rican women. Private health insurance was held by 78 percent of white, 50 percent of African‐American, 49 percent of Mexican‐American, and 47 percent of Puerto Rican women. Of those with private insurance, 86, 62, 69, and 59 percent, respectively, received private care. Of white women with Medicaid funding, 52 percent received private care as opposed to a range of 20 to 42 percent for minority women.Conclusions:Substantial differences in sources of prenatal care exist between white and minority women and between different minority groups, suggesting that policy makers and health caregivers should tailor prenatal care intervention to the needs of specific minority populations.
A Survey of Midwives in Quebec: What are Their Similarities and Differences?
Authors: Hatem‐Asmar Marie , Blais Régis , Lambert Jean , Maheux Brigitte 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTBackground: Until recently, Canada was the only industrialized country that had not legalized midwifery. In the province of Quebec the government adopted a law to evaluate midwifery in eight pilot projects before generalizing the practice. This study examined the similarities and differences among midwives in Quebec.Methods:Using data from a 1991 mail survey, we compared 31 nurse‐midwives, 12 professional midwives, and 27 lay midwives to assess professional background and opinions about selected maternity care issues and aspects of future midwifery practice, such as midwife training options, responsibilities, setting for midwifery care, relationship to other maternity caregivers, autonomy, and control over their profession.Results:Midwives largely shared the same philosophy of care but had different viewpoints on two main professional aspects: compared with professional midwives and nurse‐midwives, lay midwives preferred to deliver antepartum, intrapartum, and postpartum care at a client's home or an independent birthing center; like professional midwives, they rejected nursing as a prerequisite to midwifery training. Other interrelated personal, social, political, and legal factors were also associated with different beliefs.Conclusions:Despite the differences among the three groups, the process under way in Canada is to recognize a single profession of midwife. Creating a unified profession is a challenge that Canadian midwives with different backgrounds face in the 1990s.
Prenatal Weight Gain Patterns and Infant Birthweight Associated with Maternal Smoking
Authors: Groff Janet Y. , Dolan Mullen Patricia , Mongoven Michele , Burau Keith 
Published: April 2007

Background:Maternal smoking during pregnancy is recognized as an important and modifiable risk factor for low infant birthweight. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of maternal smoking status on prenatal weight gain and infant birthweight, and to determine if maternal weight gain mediates the effect of smoking cessation on infant birthweight.Methods:This prospective study of 341 white, non‐Hispanic pregnant smokers, never smokers, and women who stopped smoking during pregnancy used multivariate analysis of variance to evaluate prenatal weight gain patterns. Multiple regression was used to investigate the effects of smoking status and maternal weight gain on infant birthweight.Results:Women who stopped smoking gained on average 39.68 lb during pregnancy. Smokers gained 32.75 lb, and never smokers gained 34.16 lb. Women who stopped gained significantly more weight than both smokers and never smokers (p= 0.01). Rates of weight gain differed significantly beginning in the second trimester, when women who stopped smoking gained more weight than never smokers (2.57 lb, 99% CI = 0.46, 8.07) and continued during the third trimester, with those who stopped smoking gaining more weight than both smokers (4.31 lb, 99% CI = 1.88, 12.00) and never smokers (1.25 lb, 99% CI = 0.56, 10.49). Infant birthweight differences were significant for women who stopped smoking versus continuing smokers (292 g, 99% CI = 145, 440) and for never smokers versus continuing smokers (253 g, 99% CI = 104, 401). Controlling for baseline maternal body mass index and infant gender, smoking status and weight gain each contributed significantly to infant birthweight (p<0.001). No evidence of interaction between smoking status and weight gain on infant birthweight was found.Conclusions:Maternal smoking status significantly affects prenatal weight gain and infant birthweight, but smoking cessation protects against lower birthweight through mechanisms other than increased maternal weight gain or different weight gain patterns. (BIRTH 24:4, December 1997)
Longterm results of 1 CU® accommodative intraocular lens implantation: 2‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Mastropasqua Leonardo , Toto Lisa , Falconio Gennaro , Nubile Mario , Carpineto Paolo , Ciancaglini Marco , Di Nicola Marta , Ballone Enzo 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate the longterm efficacy of 1 CU® accommodative intraocular lenses (IOLs) to restore near visual performance.Methods:  This prospective study comprised 14 eyes previously included in a 6‐month, case‐control clinical trial, undergoing phacoemulsification and implantation of a 1 CU® accommodative IOL. The main outcome measures were subjective refraction, uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCDVA), best corrected distance VA (BCDVA), distance‐corrected near VA (DCNVA), best corrected near VA (BCNVA), and subjective amplitude of accommodation (AA). In addition, anterior and posterior capsule opacification were assessed. Patients were examined over a 2‐year follow‐up period.Results:  Distance and near visual performance worsened after 6 months. Uncorrected DVA and BCDVA were 0.8 ± 2.1 and 1.0 ± 0.8 at 6 months and 0.4 ± 0.1 and 0.6 ± 0.1 at 1 year, respectively (p = 0.001). Distance‐corrected NVA and BCNVA were 3.7 ± 2.1 Jaeger (J) and 1.0 ± 0.7 J at 6 months and 8.1 ± 0.7 J and 1.5 ± 0.5 J at 1 year, respectively (p = 0.001). Anterior and posterior capsule opacification were present, respectively, in 28% and 21% of patients at 6 months and in 100% of patients at 1 and 2 years (p < 0.001). After Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy (performed in 100% of patients), UCDVA and BCDVA increased to 0.7 ± 0.2 (p = 0.007) and 1.0 ± 0.1 (p = 0.001), respectively, at 2 years. Distance‐corrected NVA improved to 7.3 ± 0.5 J (p = 0.006). Mean AA was 1.9 ± 0.8 D at 6 months, 0.3 ± 0.2 D (p = 0.004) at 1 year and 0.3 ± 0.2 D at 2 years.Conclusions:  Patients implanted with 1 CU® IOLs lost their accommodation capacities with time because of the high incidence and degree of anterior and posterior capsule opacification. The accommodative lens material and design may have played a role in capsule fibrosis.
Photopic 30 Hz flicker electroretinography predicts ocular neovascularization in central retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Kjeka Ole , Bredrup Cecilie , Krohn Jørgen 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.Purpose:  To confirm the predictive value of photopic cone b‐wave implicit time in 30 Hz flicker electroretinography (ERG) for ocular neovascularization (NV) in central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), and to compare the ERG results to the presumed healthy fellow eye.Methods:  A retrospective analysis of 71 consecutive patients with CRVO. After ERG examination, all patients were followed for at least 12 months, or until NV was found. Three patients died during the study period; none of the other patients were lost to follow‐up.Results:  Twenty‐four patients (33.8%) developed NV during follow‐up. The mean cone b‐wave implicit time of all patients was 32.6 ms [standard deviation (SD) 5.21]. All 18 patients with an implicit time of 35.0 ms or higher (> 0.5 SD from mean) developed NV. In patients who developed NV, the average implicit time was 38.5 ms (range 29.7–43.9 ms); in patients without NV (n = 47), the average implicit time was 29.6 ms (range 24.7–34.9 ms) (P < 0.0001). The average implicit time in the presumed healthy fellow eye was 28.7 ms (range 24.4–33.9 ms) in patients with NV, and 26.5 ms (range 23.7–33.2 ms) in patients without NV (P = 0.002). The mean interocular difference in implicit time was 9.9 ms (range 4.1–15.7 ms) in patients with NV and 2.9 ms (range −1.0 to 10.0 ms) in patients without NV (P < 0.0001).Conclusion:  Patients with CRVO should be examined routinely with photopic 30 Hz flicker ERG, which is a simple and objective clinical test that can identify patients at risk of ocular NV. On the assumption that the presented ERG settings are used, implicit times of 35.0 ms or higher (> 0.5 SD from mean) are clearly associated with the development of ocular NV. To compare the ERG result of the affected eye to the presumed healthy fellow eye is probably of less value.
THE PRODUCTION OF CYTOTOXIC ANTILEUCOCYTE ANTIBODIES BY PAROUS SHEEP
Authors: Ford C. H. J. , Elves M. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThis communication describes the investigation of serum from parous ewes for the presence of cytotoxic antileucocyte antibodies. Sera from 195 sheep were tested using a fluorochromatic cytotoxic test: 119 from parous ewes, fifty‐nine from lambs and seventeen from rams. Only sera from ewes were cytotoxic and 52.1% possessed antibody. This is considered as prima facie evidence for the foetus being responsible for the antibody response. The results are compared with similar studies in man and the sheep and would suggest that maternal immunization is more frequent in this species than previously appreciated.
A SKIN‐GRAFT ENHANCING ANTISERUM WHICH RECOGNIZES TWO NEW B‐CELL ALLOANTIGENS DETERMINED BY THE MAJOR HISTO‐COMPATIBILITY LOCUS OF THE MOUSE
Authors: Archer J. R. , Smith Daphne A. , Davies D. A. L. , Staines N. A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA mouse alloantiserum, raised by immunizing B10.D2/n mice with B10.M spleen, has been found to retain cytotoxic activity against a proportion of lymph node cells even after exhaustive absorption with B10.M red blood cells. Titration and absorption with a number of strains showed that the absorbed serum retained antibodies against two new specificities. The absorbed serum gave significant enhancement of B10.M skin grafts on B10.D2 and reacted mainly with B cells.
GENETIC STUDIES IN INBRED RATS
Authors: Kunz Heinz W. , Gill III Thomas J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYTwo genetically inbred strains of rats with new histocompatibility alleles—the KGH and WKA strains—were characterized. Neither the KGH nor WKA strain cells reacted with known Ag‐B * specific antisera; specific antisera against these strains did not react with cells from any known Ag‐B group; and there was no cross‐reactivity between the histocompatibility antigens of the two strains. On the basis of these data, the KGH strain was assigned the Ag‐B7 allele and the WKA strain, the Ag‐B8 allele. Both strains were low responders to the test antigen poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15). In various crosses, the antibody response segregated as expected, i.e. low response was associated with the Ag‐B7 or Ag‐B8 alleles in the F2 and backcross generations.
GENETIC STUDIES IN INBRED RATS.
Authors: Cramer Donald V. , Shonnard John W. , Gill III Thomas J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe relationship between the mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) and the serologically defined antigens of the major histocompatibility complex was examined in twenty‐three strains of genetically inbred rats. Interstrain cell combinations involving representative members of the different major Ag‐B groups were associated with significant MLR responses. Strain combinations within a single Ag‐B group were never associated with significant MLR responses, suggesting that non‐Ag‐B loci probably do not play an important role in MLR reactivity among inbred strains of rats. The WKA and KGH strains, representing newly defined histocompatibility groups, were also examined. The WKA strain (Ag‐B8) showed positive MLR responses against representative members of all the different Ag‐B groups, including the KGH strain. The KGH strain (Ag‐B7) had positive MLR responses against all Ag‐B groups except Ag‐B1: no reactions occurred with three strains in this group, and inconsistent and weak reactivity was observed with a fourth strain (F344).
CONCANAVALIN A–RECEPTOR ON BLOOD CELLS OF SHEEP, GOAT AND PIG
Authors: Schmid D. O. , Cwik S. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYGenetically determined Con‐A receptors were found to be present on erythrocyte membranes of sheep and goat. A two allelic system Con‐A and con‐a could be demonstrated. Con‐A receptors are also detectable on membranes of sheep lymphocytes, as well as on pig lymphocytes and granulocytes.
POLYMORPHISM OF CHICKEN SERUM ALLOTYPES
Authors: Ivanyi J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYPrecipitating anti‐allotype sera were raised in chickens by intravenous immunization with antibody‐Bordetella pertussis complexes, and the following allotype systems were established: Gl—an IgG class‐specific marker localized on electrophoretically heterogeneous IgG fractions; M1—an IgM class‐specific marker which is carried also on the 7S monomer produced by reduction‐alkylation; Ll—a highdensity lipoprotein marker.The incidence of antigens in the three allotype systems was examined in chickens of various strains whereby four G1 and three M1 specificities were demonstrated. The cross‐reactivities between antigens within the G1 and M1 systems indicate that they are products of multiple allelic genes.