bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Las representaciones sociales del medio ambiente: el papel de la fotografía
Authors: Castrechini Angela , Pol Enric , Vidal Tomeu 
Published: January 2008

Este estudio se centra en el papel de la fotografía en la construcción de la representación social (RS) del medio ambiente. En este trabajo se presentan los resultados del análisis de las referencias fotográficas utilizadas para ilustrar y/o acompañar tales noticias. Se analizó una muestra de 266 fotografías procedentes de dos diarios: La Vanguardia y El País en su edición barcelonesa. El período de estudio comprendió desde el año 1992 hasta el 2002. El procedimiento consistió en categorizar los diferentes temas contenidos en las fotografías. Para su categorización no se partió de un sistema de categorías establecido a priori, sino que éste se fue construyendo a partir de la información proporcionada por el propio material analizado. Se obtuvieron cuatro categorías principales: actores sociales, paisajes, afectación del medio ambiente y acciones sociales. Destaca una presencia mayoritaria de figuras políticas que puede reflejar el uso (y abuso) interesado de la prensa de algunas fuentes informativas y/o la hegemonía de una fuente por encima de las otras. Por otra parte, es de resaltar la alta presencia de fotografías de escenarios urbanos. Ello puede estar indicando un cambio en la representación social del medio ambiente, históricamente referido al paisaje natural y reflejo de la asociación tradicional entre naturaleza y conservacionismo. Las pruebas estadísticas realizadas muestran la existencia de diferencias significativas en cuanto al tipo de tema contenido en las fotografías a lo largo del período analizado.
Permanent Meanders in the California Current System
Authors: Centurioni L. R. , Ohlmann J. C. , Niiler P. P. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Surface Velocity Program (SVP) drifter data from 1987 through 2005; Archiving, Validation, and Interpretation of Satellite Oceanographic data (AVISO) sea level anomalies; and NCEP reanalysis winds are used to assemble a time-averaged map of the 15-m-deep geostrophic velocity field in the California Current System seaward of about 50 km from the coast. The wind data are used to compute the Ekman currents, which are then subtracted from the drifter velocity measurements. The resulting proxy for geostrophic velocity anomalies computed from drifters and from satellite sea level measurements are combined to form an unbiased mean geostrophic circulation map. The result shows a California Current System that flows southward with four permanent meanders that can extend seaward for more than 800 km. Bands of alternating eastward and westward zonal currents are connected to the meanders and extend several thousand kilometers into the Pacific Ocean. This observed time-mean circulation and its associated eddy energy are compared to those produced by various high-resolution OGCM solutions: Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS; 5 km), Parallel Ocean Program model (POP; 1/10°), Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM; 1/12°), and Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) Layered Ocean Model (NLOM; 1/32°). Simulations in closest agreement with observations come from ROMS, which also produces four meanders, geostrophic time-mean currents, and geostrophic eddy energy consistent with the observed values. The time-mean ageostrophic velocity in ROMS is strongest within the cyclonic part of the meanders and is similar to the ageostrophic velocity produced by nonlinear interaction of Ekman currents with the near-surface vorticity field.
An Observational Study of Hurricane Boundary Layer Small-Scale Coherent Structures
Authors: Lorsolo Sylvie , Schroeder John L. , Dodge Peter , Marks Frank 
Published: January 2008

AbstractData with high temporal and spatial resolution from Hurricanes Isabel (2003) and Frances (2004) were analyzed to provide a detailed study of near-surface linear structures with subkilometer wavelengths of the hurricane boundary layer (HBL). The analysis showed that the features were omnipresent throughout the data collection, displayed a horizontal and vertical coherency, and maintained an average orientation of 7° left of the low-level wind. A unique objective wavelength analysis was conducted, where wavelength was defined as the distance between two wind maxima or minima perpendicular to the features’ long axis, and revealed that although wavelengths as large as 1400 m were observed, the majority of the features had wavelengths between 200 and 650 m. The assessed wavelengths differ from those documented in a recent observational study. To evaluate the correlation between the features and the underlying near-surface wind field, time and spectral analyses were completed and ground-relative frequency distributions of the features were retrieved. High-energy regions of the power spectral density (PSD) determined from near-surface data were collocated with the features’ ground-relative frequency, illustrating that the features have an influence on the near-surface wind field. The additional energy found in the low-frequency range of the PSDs was previously identified as characteristic of the hurricane surface flow, suggesting that the features are an integral component of the HBL flow.
Dynamical Global Downscaling of Global Reanalysis
Authors: Yoshimura Kei , Kanamitsu Masao 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
With the aim of producing higher-resolution global reanalysis datasets from coarse-resolution reanalysis, a global version of the dynamical downscaling using a global spectral model is developed. A variant of spectral nudging, the modified form of scale-selective bias correction developed for regional models is adopted. The method includes 1) nudging of temperature in addition to the zonal and meridional components of winds, 2) nudging to the perturbation field rather than to the perturbation tendency, and 3) no nudging and correction of the humidity. The downscaling experiment was performed using a T248L28 (about 50-km resolution) global model, driven by the so-called R-2 reanalysis (T62L28 resolution, or about 200-km resolution) during 2001. Evaluation with high-resolution observations showed that the monthly averaged global surface temperature and daily variation of precipitation were much improved. Over North America, surface wind speed and temperature are much better, and over Japan, the diurnal pattern of surface temperature is much improved, as are wind speed and precipitation, but not humidity. Three well-known synoptic/subsynoptic-scale weather patterns over the United States, Europe, and Antarctica were shown to become more realistic. This study suggests that the global downscaling is a viable and economical method for obtaining high-resolution reanalysis without rerunning a very expensive high-resolution full data assimilation.
Climatology of Surface Cyclone Tracks Associated with Large Central and Eastern U.S. Snowstorms, 1950–2000
Authors: Changnon David , Merinsky Chad , Lawson Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The 241 largest snowstorms over the eastern two-thirds of the United States during 1950–2000 exhibited considerable temporal variability ranging from 1 storm in three winters to 10 storms in 1993/94. The peak decadal frequency was 55 storms (1950s), and the minimum was 45 storms (1970s and 1980s). The east–north-central region experienced the greatest number of large snowstorms (148) followed by the west–north-central (136) and central (133) regions. Regional trends were different. Assessment of surface cyclone tracks associated with the large snowstorms identified three primary tracks: one was located from the leeward side of the south-central Rocky Mountains east-northeast toward the Great Lakes; a second was from the lower Mississippi River basin northeastward toward the Great Lakes; and a third was along the coastal mid-Atlantic region northeast toward Maine. Temporal differences in the frequency of certain surface cyclone tracks were related to the decadal trends in regional large snowstorm occurrence. The minimum surface pressure associated with these storms ranged from 959 to 1013 hPa with more than 67% of all storms having a minimum surface pressure between 980 and 999 hPa. The average orthogonal distance from the storm track to the heavy snow region was 201 km. The average rate of cyclone movement ranged from less than 483 to more than 1930 km day−1, with more than 57% of storms moving between 805 and 1287 km day−1.
Imitation and inspiration in public sector reform: lessons from Commonwealth experiences
Authors: Laking Rob , Norman Richard 
Published: January 2008

This article is based on a paper originally presented at the 2006 Conference of the Commonwealth Association of Public Administration and Management. It discusses case studies of reform in developing countries presented at the Commonwealth Advanced Seminar, held annually in Wellington, New Zealand. The cases are analysed in terms of major reform issues such as civil service reform, strategic planning, management decentralization and accountability for results to draw out similarities in challenges and responses across jurisdictions and also some lessons about the uptake and implementation of policy ideas from other governments. The cases illustrate the influence on developing country governments of public management ideas, ranging from specific imitation of new management `technologies' to more generalized inspiration of the possibilities of reform. Points for practitioners There are significant similarities of reform issues across the diverse countries of the Commonwealth, indicating the value of cross-jurisdictional dialogue about reform agendas, particularly when participants share a common official language. Some ideas about New Public Management continue to exert a strong influence on reform agendas — particularly those relating to linking individual performance to organizational tasks and objectives. Nevertheless, inspiration, rather than imitation, may sometimes be the most useful result of cross-jurisdiction discussions about public sector reform, particularly when practitioners can discuss common issues and challenges.
Governance of public—private partnerships: lessons learnt from an Australian case?
Authors: Johnston Judy , Gudergan Siegfried P. 
Published: January 2008

Large infrastructure public—private partnerships (PPPs) in Australia have revealed significant governance problems. The aim of this research is to examine the technical-rational and social contractual issues of PPPs within the broad context of risk, and accordingly propose a governance framework. The research builds on international PPP literature to develop an analytical conceptualization. It uses document review and interviews to construct a case study of a Cross City Tunnel (CCT) toll-way in Sydney, which became operational in August 2005 and failed in December 2006. The research indicates that failure within this so-called PPP largely occurred within the technical-rational governance system due to unforeseen risks. This led to a breakdown in the social contract, through political risk. A governance system that enhances risk assessment and diminishes the likelihood of negative political behaviours is required. Points for practitioners To develop a more considered risk assessment process within the technical-rational environment, negotiation and contractual processes need deeper analysis to identify factors that could affect PPP success or failure. This would involve taking the potential impacts of identified technical-rational and social risk factors through to a logical conclusion for the project and the partners. Furthermore, this research confirms that a basic system of PPP governance needs to encompass behavioural rules, which could include appropriate sanctions and penalties within the contract. Breach of rules could involve mediation but improved PPP governance may be better achieved through an independent, oversight authority.
The automated speed enforcement system in Great Britain: between a technical revolution and administrative continuity
Authors: Carnis Laurent 
Published: January 2008

At the start of the 1990s, Great Britain implemented a national programme of speed checks that includes more than 5000 check locations. The coverage of the road network then allows increased surveillance of users. The deployment of this system constitutes a `technical revolution' in the manner of operating the checks. The results are convincing; a reduction in traffic speeds and an improvement in the road casualty toll. The system is also based on an original concept: local partnerships coordinated by a national office that must self-finance their operations. The speed camera programme is thus also an example of the implementation of a policy influenced by New Public Management. In fact, there are obvious parallels between the operation of the new automatic speed equipment and that of the traffic police tasks provided by police forces. In summary, the technical revolution will be combined with administrative continuity. Points for practitioners The introduction of automatic speed checks in Great Britain is a practical example of the implementation of automatic equipment replacing roles previously provided by other organizations, which will attract the interest of practitioners working on institutional change. It also allows us to discern the consequences of the introduction of a tool arising from new technologies, to understand its implementation into existing administrative practices and the change in relations with users. Finally, the operating methods for the equipment organization, divided between a centre responsible for strategy and local partnerships responsible for operational implementation within a financial framework requiring self-financing, are an original example of taking over an activity traditionally devolved to police organizations.
Ownership, competition and regulation under privatization policy: the Sri Lankan experience
Authors: Balasooriya Asoka F. , Alam Quamrul , Coghill Ken 
Published: January 2008

In response to the global shift from command-based economies to market economies, Sri Lanka liberalized its economy in 1977. Liberalization includes three main components, i.e. institutional reforms, removal of barriers to market entry, and creation of proper regulatory regimes. Privatization as one of the strategies under liberalization, however, became the prominent policy adopted in the second wave of liberalization that took place in Sri Lanka in the mid-1980s. This was aimed at not only reducing the fiscal and administrative burdens of a large public enterprise sector, but also to stimulate private sector development and to inspire greater government accountability. The fundamentals for successful implementation were, however, the change in ownership, the designing of policies to stimulate competition and changes in the regulatory regime with capable institutions. This article explores and analyses the extent to which the prevailing socio-political culture of the country has influenced these three dimensions of the reforms that have taken place in the public utility sectors in Sri Lanka. It argues that if any of the three dimensions of privatization — that is, ownership, competition and regulation — are not taken into serious consideration, the expected outcomes would not be met. The arguments are built up under the same three pillars of privatization using primary and secondary data. It also highlights the importance of putting equal emphasis on all three dimensions of liberalization instead of pure organizational reforms. However, successful implementation is also subject to the availability of domestic conditions that are supportive of reforms. Points for practitioners • Reforms in the public utility sectors in Sri Lanka since the early 1980s with special reference to privatization policy have been dealt with. • The importance of paying equal attention to all three dimensions, i.e. ownership, competition and regulation, is highlighted. • The consequences of privatization of two industries, i.e. gas industry and telecommunications, are discussed in detail. • Sri Lanka has responded to the demands for reforms without creating a legal and institutional framework and ignoring domestic conditions.
The Effect of a Proximal Tibial Medial Opening Wedge Osteotomy on Posterolateral Knee Instability
Authors: LaPrade Robert F. , Engebretsen Lars , Johansen Steinar , Wentorf Fred A. , Kurtenbach Chad 
Published: January 2008

Background Increased stability of posterolateral corner knee injuries has been observed clinically after proximal tibial medial opening wedge osteotomies. Hypothesis Static varus and external rotatory stability will be significantly improved in a knee with a grade 3 posterolateral knee injury after a proximal tibial medial opening wedge osteotomy. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Biomechanical testing of 10 nonpaired, cadaveric knees was performed in the intact state, after transection of the posterolateral corner (fibular collateral ligament, popliteus tendon, and popliteofibular ligament), and after a 10-mm proximal tibial medial opening wedge osteotomy. Loading conditions consisted of 12 N.m varus moments and 6 N.m external rotation torques. Six degrees of freedom motion analysis was used to assess motion changes, and a buckle transducer was used to measure the force on the superficial medial collateral ligament during applied loads. Results After transection of the posterolateral corner structures, a significant increase in varus rotation was found to applied varus moments with a mean increased opening of 5.9° to varus stress at 30° and 5.8° at 90° of knee flexion. After proximal tibial medial opening wedge osteotomy, varus rotation was increased by a mean of 1.6° at 30° and 1.7° at 90° of knee flexion compared with the intact state. There was a significant decrease in varus rotation to a varus moment after osteotomy compared with the posterolateral sectioned state at both 30° and 90°. External rotation of the knee increased by 4.7° at 30° and 4.8° at 90° after posterolateral structure sectioning compared with the intact state. After the osteotomy, there was a significant decrease in external rotation compared with the posterolateral sectioned state, and there was no significant difference in external rotation compared with the intact state. There was a significant increase in force on the superficial medial collateral ligament after the osteotomy compared with both the intact and posterolateral corner cut state for both an applied varus moment and external rotation torque at both 30° and 90°. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that a proximal tibial medial opening wedge osteotomy decreased varus and external rotation laxity for posterolateral corner–deficient knees. Concurrently, an increase in force was observed on the superficial medial collateral ligament compared with the native state. Clinical Significance The improved stability observed in some patients with grade 3 posterolateral knee injuries after a proximal tibial medial opening wedge osteotomy appears to at least in part be due to tightening of the superficial medial collateral ligament. The long-term consequences of the increased force on the superficial medial collateral ligament on the medial compartment, and whether it elongates with time, merit further investigation.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Failure and Cartilage Damage during Knee Joint Compression
Authors: Yeow Chen Hua , Cheong Chee Hoong , Ng Kian Siang , Lee Peter Vee Sin , Goh James Cho Hong 
Published: January 2008

Background Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury incurred from high-impact activities leads to an increased risk of osteoarthritis. Hypothesis Impact forces that cause ACL failure can also inflict cartilage damage, whereby its extent and distribution may be influenced by the ligament failure mechanism. Study Design Descriptive laboratory study. Methods Six porcine knee specimens were mounted to a material testing system at 70° of flexion. During compression, rotational and translational data of the specimens were recorded with a motion-capture system. Compression was successively repeated with increasing actuator displacement until a significant drop in compressive force response was observed; ligament failure was assessed by dissection. Osteocartilage expiants were extracted from the meniscus-covered sites (anterior, exterior, and posterior) and exposed (interior) sites on both tibial compartments. The expiants were sectioned, stained, and histologically scored using the modified Mankin grading system. Results Five of the 6 specimens incurred ACL failure. On failure, a significant compressive force drop (1812.5–2659.3 N) was observed together with considerable posterior femoral translation; 2 specimens underwent external rotation, while 2 had internal rotation and 1 had no substantial rotation. Generally, the meniscus-covered sites displayed significant surface fraying and occasional deep clefts; the exposed site did not present substantial surface irregularities but indicated more tidemark disruption. Higher Mankin scores observed at certain sites illustrated a localized presence of contact and shear forces, which may be caused by pivoting and sliding of the femoral condyles during rotation. Conclusion The porcine model can be a tenable preliminary option for assessing the role of the human ACL during joint compression. Impact loads that result in ligament failure can potentially inflict considerable cartilage damage; the damage profile may be affected by the type of failure mechanism. Clinical Relevance Cartilage injury arising at the time of ACL injury may lead to an accelerated risk of joint degeneration.
Union of Medial Opening-Wedge High Tibial Osteotomy Using a Corticocancellous Proximal Tibial Wedge Allograft
Authors: Yacobucci Gerald N. , Cocking Matthew R. 
Published: January 2008

Background Medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy has been gaining popularity in recent years, and autogenous iliac crest bone is the gold standard graft; however, the surgical time, risk, and morbidity associated with its harvest are significant. The question of a satisfactory bone-graft substitute has yet to be clearly answered. Hypothesis A corticocancellous proximal tibial wedge allograft is a satisfactory graft choice when evaluating union in medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Fifty consecutive patients who underwent medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy from May 2001 to May 2006 were included in the study. The amount of correction ranged from 5° to 17.5°, with a mean of 10.1°. Forty patients had fixation with a stainless steel plate and screws and 10 with a titanium interlocking plate and screws. The graft used in each case was a corticocancellous proximal tibial wedge allograft. No osteoinductive supplements were added. Patients started continuous passive motion immediately after surgery and began weightbearing at 8 weeks (if bone healing was progressing). Clinical and radiographic evaluation was performed monthly until full union and twice thereafter. Follow-up ranged from 5 months to 6 years, with a mean of 2.1 years. Results The average time to bone union was 12.1 weeks (range, 8–24). Two patients (4%) had a nonunion, defined as not healed at 6 months. Only 1 patient (a nonunion patient) had loss of correction at the osteotomy site, defined as collapse of the opening wedge (this occurred at 6 months after surgery). There were no cases of infection, no wound-healing problems, no cases of arthrofibrosis, and no neurovascular injuries. Conclusion When union is assessed, a corticocancellous proximal tibial wedge allograft is a satisfactory graft choice in medial opening-wedge high tibial osteotomy.