bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urbanisation et développement en république des Philippines
Authors: Denis Jacques 
Published: October 2008

In an international context, urbanization in the Philippines seems to be an important and rapidly growing phenomenon. A brief analysis is given of the official definition of urban populations and also of the different types of urban settlements : chartered cities, provincial capitals and municipalities. Front this study, a series of 137 towns comes out, regardless of their administrative status, with at least 40 000 inhabitants, and a density of population well above the national average.
Metro Manila dominates heavily over the urban hierarchy, with a primacy index of 3.36. Beyond Manila, the country comprises six large cities, twenty one intermediate and one hundred and nine small towns. Their geographic distribution is related to some historical factors, but mainly to the unsteady policies of development set forth by the succeeding govemments.
During the Spanish and especially the American colonial rule, the Philippines were utilized as a source of raw materials and as an outlet for industrial products. Since independence, in 1946, serious efforts were under-taken to develop industries of substitution, mostly in the area of Manila and of the surrounding provinces. Consequently the urban network has been profoundly transformed.
With a rate of natural increase of more than 25 ‰, demography adds a heavy burden to the economic problems of today. The population is young, generally well educated and qualified, nevertheless the future is far from being bright. During the last years of Marcos' era, employment has become scarce, real wages have dropped nearly fifty percent, external debt has climbed to unprecedented hights, insecurity has spread in many parts of the country, cronism and corruption have been utilized as a means of government. The question remains as to know the prospects, hopes and fears the recently appointed authorities may have, in matter of economic recovery and settlement of social problems.
Les conflits pour l'aménagement de l'espace au confluent Ain-Rhône
Authors: Michelot Jean-Louis 
Published: October 2008

Les conflits pour la gestion et l'affectation de l'espace (naturel et agricole) dans le secteur du confluent Ain-Rhône sont nombreux et diversifiés. La position du site, en limite des zones rurales et périurbaines, comme son caractère fluvial, expliquent la typologie de ces polémiques.
Le déroulement des conflits est envisagé par le biais de leur composante spatiale (répartition des acteurs et des zones convoitées) et temporelle (importance de la conjoncture, combinaisons de conflits...).
Le mécanisme de la polémique aboutissant au blocage du barrage hydroélectrique de Loyettes est particulièrement étudié; il montre tout l'intérêt potentiel des conflits, comme régulateur de l'aménagement du territoire, mais aussi le caractère d'exception de cette situation.
Los Angeles en 1990 : une nouvelle capitale mondiale
Authors: Marchand Bernard , Scott A. 
Published: October 2008

The emergence of a new world center : Los Angeles, 1990.

In the last 50 years, the population of the Los Angeles SMSA has increased faster than in most American cities : with 11 million inhabitants, it is second only to New York and growing steadily. The biggest concentration of high-technology (aerospace industry, electronics, bio-technologies) in the USA, Los Angeles has become also one of the main cultural centers of the world. The widening of Los Angeles role goes with a restructuring of the city economy, with a transformation of land use, and a drastic change in its social content.
Immigrants of hispanic and asiatic origins have come in masses in the last fifteen years, bringing to the city cheap manpower to work in sweat-shops. High Tech firms attract highly skilled white collars. Blue collars are losing their jobs. Foreign capital from Japon, Canada or the United Kingdom has been lavishly invested in real-estate, building huge skyscrapers and changing the face of Downtown. Production is organized in a complex network of sub-contracting firms making Los Angeles an example of a post-modern metropolis, with its "flexible system of production ", as opposed to the old fordist and taylorist systems.
Los Angeles, however, seems to be on the verge of a deep crisis because of competition between minorities, increasing violence and homelessness, real estate prices plummeting down. Foreign immigrants, today, make half of the city's population ; thousands of homeless people live in the streets.
L'influence des interventions humaines sur l'écoulement des eaux et sur les transports solides. L'exemple des Pyrénées-Orientales (France)
Authors: Mussot Roland , Benech Claude 
Published: October 2008

Water has always been a very important problem in the area corresponding to the " Pyrenees Orientales " district.
On the slopes and valley floors, man-made equipments and development have induced heavy modifications in water and sediment discharge. The spatial variety of mountain areas divided in mountain upslopes, downslopes and coastal plain, has influenced the development programs in the district. Today the frequency of floods has clearly decreased. However, the risk of a high flood remains, which could damage urban areas recently developed downslope.
From Mono‐Triazolium Salt to Bis‐Triazolium Salt: Improvement of the Asymmetric Intermolecular Benzoin Condensation
Authors: Ma Yajun , Wei Siping , Wu Jie , Yang Fei , Liu Bo , Lan Jingbo , Yang Shengyong , You Jingsong 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA solution to the long‐standing challenge of developing a highly effective method for the enantioselective intermolecular benzoin condensation of aromatic aldehydes is described. The chiral bis‐bicyclic triazolium salt – 1,3‐bis{(S)‐5‐benzyl‐6,8‐dihydro‐5H‐[1,4]oxazino[2,1‐c][1,2,4]triazol‐2‐ium‐2‐yl}benzene dichloride [(S)‐5a‐1] is currently the most efficient precatalyst for the asymmetric variant of the benzoin condensation.
Efficient Stereoselective Synthesis of Nitrocyclopropanes by the Oxidative Cyclization of Michael Adducts of Nitroolefins with Activated Methylene Compounds
Authors: Fan Renhua , Ye Yang , Li Weixun , Wang Lingfei 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAn efficient oxidative cyclopropanation of the Michael adducts of nitroolefins with activated methylene compounds by the combination of iodobenzene diacetate and tetrabutylammonium iodide is reported. Highly functionalized nitrocyclopropanes are synthesized in moderate to good yields via the Michael addition and cyclopropanation with high diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity under mild conditions.
Novel N,N‐Bidentate Ligands for Enantioselective Copper(I)‐ Catalyzed Allylic Oxidation of Cyclic Olefins
Authors: Tan Qitao , Hayashi Masahiko 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNew N,N‐bidentate Schiff base ligands containing the 2‐quinolyl moiety proved to be effective in conferring high reactivity and moderate to high enantioselectivity (up to 84% ee) to the copper(I)‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic oxidation of various cylic olefins with tert‐butyl perbenzoate. As copper(I) sources, we employed copper(II) triflate/phenylhydrazine [Cu(OTf)2/PhNHNH2] and tetra(acetonitrile)copper hexafluorophosphate [Cu(CH3CN)4PF6]. Using the same N,N‐bidentate Schiff base ligand, the former showed high reactivity and the latter showed high enantioselectivity.
Epigenetics and the embodiment of race: Developmental origins of US racial disparities in cardiovascular health
Authors: Kuzawa Christopher W. , Sweet Elizabeth 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences to the US black‐white disparity in cardiovascular disease (CVD) is hotly debated within the public health, anthropology, and medical communities. In this article, we review evidence for developmental and epigenetic pathways linking early life environments with CVD, and critically evaluate their possible role in the origins of these racial health disparities. African Americans not only suffer from a disproportionate burden of CVD relative to whites, but also have higher rates of the perinatal health disparities now known to be the antecedents of these conditions. There is extensive evidence for a social origin to prematurity and low birth weight in African Americans, reflecting pathways such as the effects of discrimination on maternal stress physiology. In light of the inverse relationship between birth weight and adult CVD, there is now a strong rationale to consider developmental and epigenetic mechanisms as links between early life environmental factors like maternal stress during pregnancy and adult race‐based health disparities in diseases like hypertension, diabetes, stroke, and coronary heart disease. The model outlined here builds upon social constructivist perspectives to highlight an important set of mechanisms by which social influences can become embodied, having durable and even transgenerational influences on the most pressing US health disparities. We conclude that environmentally responsive phenotypic plasticity, in combination with the better‐studied acute and chronic effects of social‐environmental exposures, provides a more parsimonious explanation than genetics for the persistence of CVD disparities between members of socially imposed racial categories. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two further cases of spondyloenchondrodysplasia (SPENCD) with immune dysregulation
Authors: Navarro V. , Scott C. , Briggs T.A. , Barete S. , Frances C. , Lebon P. , Maisonobe T. , Rice G.I. , Wouters C.H. , Crow Y.J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAlthough the diagnosis of spondyloenchondrodysplasia (SPENCD) can only be made in the presence of characteristic metaphyseal and vertebral lesions, a recent report has highlighted the pleiotropic manifestations of this disorder which include significant neurological involvement and variable immune dysfunction. Here we present two patients, one of whom was born to consanguineous parents, further illustrating the remarkable clinical spectrum of this disease. Although both patients demonstrated intracranial calcification, they were discordant for the presence of mental retardation, spasticity and white matter abnormalities. And whilst one patient had features consistent with diagnoses of Sjögren syndrome, polymyositis, hypothyroidism and severe scleroderma, the other patient had clinical manifestations and an autoantibody profile of systemic lupus erythematosus. These cases further illustrate the association of SPENCD with immune dysregulation and highlight the differential diagnosis with Aicardi–Goutières syndrome and other disorders associated with the presence of intracranial calcification. Undoubtedly, identification of the underlying molecular and pathological basis of SPENCD will provide important insights into immune and skeletal regulation. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinicopathological analysis of the homozygous p.W1327X AGL mutation in glycogen storage disease type 3
Authors: Schoser Benedikt , Gläser Dieter , Müller‐Höcker Josef 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe report on clinicopathological and whole body MRI analyses of the index patient of a large nonconsanguineous German‐Ukraine family with homozygous and heterozygous AGL gene mutations at position p.W1327X (c.3980G > A). There are only limited reports on this phenotype with a homozygous genotype. The index patient, a 49‐year‐old woman presented with hepatomegaly, cardiomyopathy and moderate progressive proximal limb myopathy. Skeletal muscle showed severe vacuolar myopathy with storage of PAS‐positive non‐membrane‐limited glycogen. An increase in glycogen content and completely decrease of debranching enzyme activity was measured in erythrocytes. Mutational analysis of the AGL gene showed a homozygous p.W1327X mutation. In the family, two brothers had been affected by severe infantile onset hepatomegaly and died within their first years of life by fatal liver cirrhosis. Furthermore, another sister severely affected by hepatomegaly, cardiomyopathy and proximal skeletal myopathy died at age 33. Three younger heterozygous sisters and a brother noticed exercise‐induced myalgia and weakness since their teens. In sum, a homozygous p.W1327X mutation leads to a severe generalized glycogenosis types 3a and 3b within the same family. Even heterozygous p.W1327X mutation carriers may present with mild non‐progressive neuromuscular symptoms, such as exercise‐induced myalgia and fatigue. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Condensed tannins in the diets of primates: a matter of methods?
Authors: Rothman Jessica M. , Dusinberre Kathy , Pell Alice N. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTo understand the ways in which condensed tannins (CT) affect primate diet selection and nutritional status, correct measurements are essential. In the majority of studies of the CT contents of primate foods, a tannin source such as “quebracho” is used to standardize CT assays, but the CT in quebracho tannin may not be similar to those in the plants of interest. We investigated how the choice of standard to calibrate CT assays affects the estimation of CT in the diets of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei). We purified the CT from gorilla foods and compared the actual amounts of CT in the foods with estimates produced by using the quebracho tannin. When quebracho was used, the estimates of CT contents of gorilla foods were, on average, 3.6 times the actual content of CT so that the amounts in frequently eaten gorilla foods were substantially overestimated. The overestimation for a given plant could not be predicted reliably and the ranking of plants by tannin content differed according to the standard used. Our results demonstrate that accurate measurements of CT necessitate the use of tannins purified from the plant species of interest. A reevaluation of primatology studies using interspecific comparisons of tannin content will provide new insights into primate food selection and nutritional ecology. Am. J. Primatol. 71:70–76, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hip extensor EMG and forelimb/hind limb weight support asymmetry in primate quadrupeds
Authors: Larson Susan G. , Stern Jack T. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractHigher weight support on the hind limb than forelimb is among the distinctive characteristics of primate quadrupeds. Although often assumed to be due to a more posteriorly positioned whole body center of mass, there are little data to support such a difference. Reynolds (1985. Am J Phys Anthropol 67:335–349) notes that the distribution of forces on the limbs can also be influenced by average limb posture, but suggests that this effect is too small to account for the asymmetry in weight support observed in primates. Instead, he proposes that high hind limb forces are brought about by an active process of shifting weight off the forelimbs and onto the hind limbs through use of hind limb retractors. In this study, we use video records of walking animals to explore the degree to which average limb posture in primates and other quadrupedal mammals deviates from vertical, and use electromyography to test Reynolds' model of hind limb retractor activity and posterior weight shift. The limb posture results indicate that primate forelimbs oscillate about a vertical or slightly retracted axis, and though the hind limbs are slightly protracted, the magnitude of deviation from vertical is too small to have a major effect on weight support distribution. The electromyographic results reveal higher levels of hip extensor activity in antipronograde primates that bear a higher proportion of weight on their hind limbs. This lends support to Reynolds' suggestion that some primates use muscles to actively shift weight onto hind limbs to relieve stresses on forelimbs less well structured for weight support. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex determination from the occipital condyle: Discriminant function analysis in an Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century British sample
Authors: Gapert René , Black Sue , Last Jason 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFragmentary human remains compromised by different types of inhumation, or physical insults such as explosions, fires, and mutilations may frustrate the use of traditional morphognostic sex determination methods. The basicranium is protected by a large soft tissue mass comprising muscle, tendon, and ligaments. As such, the occipital region may prove useful for sex identification in cases of significantly fragmented remains. The aims of this paper are to (1) evaluate sexual dimorphism in British cranial bases by manually recorded unilateral and bilateral condylar length and width as well as intercondylar measurements and (2) develop discriminant functions for sex determination for this cranial sample. The crania selected for this study are part of the 18th–19th century documented skeletal collection of St. Bride's Church, Fleet Street, London. Adult human skulls (n= 146; ♂75/♀71) were measured to derive statistical functions. Results indicated that expression of sexual dimorphism in the occipital condylar region within the St. Bride's population is demonstrable but low. Crossvalidated classification accuracy ranged between 69.2 and 76.7%, and sex bias ranged from 0.3 to 9.7%. Therefore, the use of discriminant functions derived from occipital condyles, especially in British skeletal populations, should only be considered in cases of fragmented cranial bases when no other morphognostic or morphometric method can be utilized for sex determination. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alternative methacrylate‐tethering methods for resin‐modified glass‐ionomer cements
Authors: Xie Dong , Weng Yiming , Zhao Jun 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe have explored two novel methacrylate‐tethering methods for resin‐modified glass‐ionomer cements using 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GM) as a tethering agent. Both were compared with the published method using 2‐isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM). The tethering reactions were monitored using FTIR spectroscopy. It was found that IEM and HEMA tethering reactions were relatively fast compared with the GM‐tethering, even though all three tethering reactions can be completed within 6 h. The cements composed of the IEM‐tethered polymer showed the highest CS, DTS, and modulus, followed by the cements composed of the HEMA‐ and GM‐tethered polymers, which was attributed to different chemical bonds introduced. It appears that both alternative tethering methods are quite equivalent to IEM‐tethering based on the strength and reaction efficiency. The results suggest that HEMA and GM can be used as promising methacrylate‐tethering alternatives for resin‐modified glass‐ionomer applications. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Determinants of service quality and continuance intention of online services: The case of eTax
Authors: Hu Paul Jen‐Hwa , Brown Susan A. , Thong James Y.L. , Chan Frank K.Y. , Tam Kar Yan 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article examines the determinants of service quality and continuance intention of online services. We proposed and empirically tested a model with both service and technology characteristics as the main drivers of service quality and subsequent continuance intention of eTax, an electronic government (eGovernment) service that enables citizens to file their taxes online. Our data were collected via a two‐stage longitudinal online survey of 518 participants before and after they made use of the eTax service in Hong Kong. The results showed that both service characteristics (i.e., security and convenience) and one of the technology characteristics (i.e., perceived usefulness, but not perceived ease of use) were the key determinants of service quality. Another interesting and important finding that runs counter to the vast body of empirical evidence on predicting intention is that perceived usefulness was not the strongest predictor of continuance intention but rather service quality was. To provide a richer picture of these relationships, we also conducted a post‐hoc analysis of the effects of service and technology characteristics on the individual dimensions of service quality and their subsequent impact on continuance intention and found assurance and reliability to be the only significant predictors of continuance intention. We present implications for research and practice related to online services.
I felt low and my purse feels light: depleting mood regulation attempts affect risk decision making
Authors: Bruyneel Sabrina D. , Dewitte Siegfried , Franses Philip Hans , Dekimpe Marnik G. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe propose that negative affect can induce people to engage in risky decisions. We test two alternative hypotheses as to how this effect may emerge. The mood repair hypothesis states that risky choices in risk decision making serve as a means to repair one's negative affect. The depletion hypothesis, in contrast, states that risky choices in risk decision making are the mere consequence of a state of depletion resulting from engagement in active mood regulation attempts. The results of a first laboratory study establish a link between risky choices in risk decision making and negative affect. Subsequent experiments provide evidence that depletion due to active mood regulation attempts, rather than mood repair, is the underlying process for this link. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do the right thing: but only if others do so
Authors: Bicchieri Cristina , Xiao Erte 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSocial norms play an important role in individual decision making. We argue that two different expectations influence our choice to obey a norm: what we expect others to do (empirical expectations) and what we believe others think we ought to do (normative expectations). Little is known about the relative importance of these two types of expectation in individuals' decisions, an issue that is particularly important when normative and empirical expectations are in conflict (e.g., systemic corruption, high crime cities). In this paper, we report data from Dictator game experiments where we exogenously manipulate dictators' expectations in the direction of either selfishness or fairness. When normative and empirical expectations are in conflict, we find that empirical expectations about other dictators' choices significantly predict a dictator's own choice. However, dictators' expectations regarding what other dictators think ought to be done do not have a significant impact on their decisions after controlling for empirical expectations. Our findings about the crucial influence of empirical expectations are important for designing institutions or policies aimed at discouraging undesirable behavior. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fathers who kill and press coverage in Israel
Authors: Cavaglion Gabriel 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper explores the way Israeli newspapers disseminate and reproduce cultural beliefs about the personalities of fathers who kill. Based on textual content analysis, it examines forty‐five articles from the three most popular Israeli daily newspapers that reported 12 cases of filicide between 1991 and 2002. The press coverage during the first few days, at the critical initial stages of the process of definition and designation of the events, receives more in‐depth treatment. Analysis of these 12 cases shows that the press, drawing on retrospective interpretation, tended not to use descriptors reflecting purported madness or social distress of the perpetrators. Thus, rather than discussing extenuating circumstances based on mental disorder or social distress, it portrayed all fathers' filicides as premeditated and rational. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.