bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Craniofacial morphology in the Argentine center‐west: Consequences of the transition to food production
Authors: Sardi Marina L. , Novellino Paula S. , Pucciarelli Héctor M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe Argentine Center‐West was the southernmost portion of the Andes where domestication of plants and animals evolved. Populations located in the southern portion of this area displayed a hunter‐gatherer subsistence economy up to historical times, and coexisted with farmers located to the north. Archaeological and biological evidence suggests that the transition to food production was associated with the consumption of a softer diet and a more sedentary way of life. This study tests the hypothesis that diet‐related factors influenced morphological differentiation, by comparing functional cranial components of farmers and hunter‐gatherers. Three‐dimensional changes on eight minor functional components (anteroneural, midneural, posteroneural, otic, optic, respiratory, masticatory, and alveolar) were measured on skulls derived from both subareas. Volumetric and morphometric indices were calculated to estimate the absolute and relative size of components, respectively. Results of a paired t‐test indicated that farmers have a smaller craniofacial size than hunter‐gatherers. The components that varied the most were masticatory and posteroneural, showing smaller absolute and relative sizes in farmers. Discriminant analyses indicated that lengths and widths were the most affected dimensions of these and other components. The pattern of differentiation, which involves specific components, enabled us to exclude differential gene flow and stochastic mechanisms as the main causes. Instead, results support the hypothesis that diet‐related factors associated with both subsistence economies influenced craniofacial morphology. A proportion of the observed variation associated with size differences can be explained by two systemic factors: the lesser quality of nutrition due to a low protein content in the diet, and a decrease of growth hormone circulation induced by a lower mobility due to sedentism. However, differentiation is better explained by a localized factor: the reduction in the masticatory and posteroneural components in farmers resulted from a decrease of masticatory stresses and workload on the head and neck, linked to the consumption of a softer diet. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrolysis induced formation of macrovoids in poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Chen Zhi‐Hong , Lin C. B. , Liu Wen‐Chin 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn the PMMA with saturated methanol and ethanol desorbed in the distilled water, because of the phase inversion, the macrovoids are produced. The size and the quantity of macrovoids near the surface layer are larger than those inside of the specimens. If the hydrolysis temperature is lower, the macrovoids formed tend to be of close‐type. On the contrary, if the temperature is higher, there will be open‐type macrovoids. Because of the occurrence of macrovoids, the size of which is smaller than the visible wavelength, the light will scatter, thereby reducing the transmittance of the specimens. The transmittance decreased as the hydrolysis temperature and hydrolysis time was increased. This phenomenon is much obvious when using ethanol, instead of methanol, as the solvent. The scattering intensity of the specimens after hydrolysis is inversely proportional to the visible wavelength with an exponent, n, in the range from 0.03 to 2.40 for methanol and 0.02 to 0.15 for ethanol. The exponent is equal to 4 corresponding to the Rayleigh scattering. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3451–3465, 2006
Soft approaches to information retrieval and information access on the Web: An introduction to the special topic section
Authors: Herrera‐Viedma Enrique , Pasi Gabriella 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe World Wide Web is a popular and interactive medium used to collect, disseminate, and access an increasingly huge amount of information, which constitutes the mainstay of the so‐called information and knowledge society. Because of its spectacular growth, related to both Web resources (pages, sites, and services) and number of users, the Web is nowadays the main information repository and provides some automatic systems for locating, accessing, and retrieving information. However, an open and crucial question remains: how to provide fast and effective retrieval of the information relevant to specific users' needs. This is a very hard and complex task, since it is pervaded with subjectivity, vagueness, and uncertainty. The expression soft computing refers to techniques and methodologies that work synergistically with the aim of providing flexible information processing tolerant of imprecision, vagueness, partial truth, and approximation. So, soft computing represents a good candidate to design effective systems for information access and retrieval on the Web. One of the most representative tools of soft computing is fuzzy set theory. This special topic section collects research articles witnessing some recent advances in improving the processes of information access and retrieval on the Web by using soft computing tools, and in particular, by using fuzzy sets and/or integrating them with other soft computing tools. In this introductory article, we first review the problem of Web retrieval and the concept of soft computing technology. We then briefly introduce the articles in this section and conclude by highlighting some future research directions that could benefit from the use of soft computing technologies.
Fuzzy techniques for trust and reputation management in anonymous peer‐to‐peer systems
Authors: Aringhieri Roberto , Damiani Ernesto , Di Vimercati Sabine De Capitani , Paraboschi Stefano , Samarati Pierangelo 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPeer‐to‐peer (P2P) applications are rapidly gaining acceptance among users of Internet‐based services, especially because of their capability of exchanging resources while preserving the anonymity of both requesters and providers. However, concerns have been raised about the possibility that malicious users can exploit the network to spread tampered‐with resources (e.g., malicious programs and viruses). A considerable amount of research has thus focused on the development of trust and reputation models in P2P networks. In this article, we propose to use fuzzy techniques in the design of reputation systems based on collecting and aggregating peers' opinions. Fuzzy techniques are used in the evaluation and synthesis of all the opinions expressed by peers. The behavior of the proposed system is described by comparison with probabilistic approaches.
Knowledge trees and protoforms in question‐answering systems
Authors: Yager Ronald R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe point out that question‐answering systems differ from other information‐seeking applications, such as search engines, by having a deduction capability, an ability to answer questions by a synthesis of information residing in different parts of its knowledge base. This capability requires appropriate representation of various types of human knowledge, rules for locally manipulating this knowledge, and a framework for providing a global plan for appropriately mobilizing the information in the knowledge to address the question posed. In this article we suggest tools to provide these capabilities. We describe how the fuzzy set–based theory of approximate reasoning can aid in the process of representing knowledge. We discuss how protoforms can be used to aid in deduction and local manipulation of knowledge. The idea of a knowledge tree is introduced to provide a global framework for mobilizing the knowledge base in response to a query. We look at some types of commonsense and default knowledge. This requires us to address the complexity of the nonmonotonicity that these types of knowledge often display. We also briefly discuss the role that Dempster‐Shafer structures can play in representing knowledge.
Myocardium distribution of sertindole and its metabolite dehydrosertindole in guinea‐pigs
Authors: Canal‐Raffin Mireille , Titier Karine , Déridet Evelyne , Martinez Béatrice , Abouelfath Abdelilah , Miras Alain , Gromb Sophie , Molimard Mathieu , Moore Nicholas 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSertindole, like other atypical antipsychotics, has been shown to increase the action potential duration and QT interval in a concentration dependent manner, inin vitroelectrophysiological studies. However, this does not always translate into increased duration of the QT interval, increased risk of torsade de pointes or sudden death in clinical practice. The reasons for these apparent discrepancies are unclear and many studies have underscored the importance of the interpretation ofin vitroelectrophysiological data in the context of other pharmacodynamic (e.g. cardiac ion channels target, receptor affinity) and pharmacokinetic parameters (total plasma drug concentration and drug distribution). To address the possible relevance of the concentrations used in experimental studies, the myocardium distribution of sertindole and its metabolite was determined after single and repeated intraperitoneal administration to guinea‐pigs. The data suggest that the plasma concentration appears to predict the concentration in the myocardium and that the myocardium concentrations of sertindole are 3.1 times higher than plasma concentrations. Using these data, the relevance ofin vitroelectrophysiological studies to clinical plasma concentrations has been appraised. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SERRS study of the DNA binding by Ru(II) tris‐(Bipyridyl) complexes bearing one carboxylic group
Authors: Gaudry E. , Aubard J. , Amouri H. , Lévi G. , Cordier C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSurface enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) is shown to be a satisfying method to study the interaction between DNA and ruthenium complexes [Ru(bpy)2(Hcmbpy)][PF6]2, where Hcmbpy = 4‐carboxy‐4′‐methyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine. Such metallic complexes are known for their fluorescence properties. To validate this spectroscopic approach we have checked that i) at a given λex, silver colloidal SERRS spectra of Ru complexes closely resemble resonance Raman spectra in aqueous solutions, intensity excepted, and ii) the DNA fragments are not altered when they are adsorbed on the Ag nanoparticles surface. This investigation shows that the intensity of the Ru complexes SERRS spectra is reduced in the presence of DNA, in particular for the specific bands assigned to the Hcmbpy ligand. This collapse demonstrates that the Ru complexes bind DNA through the Hcmbpy moiety, and intercalation is suggested as the binding mode. The DNA binding by the enantiopure Ru complexes (Δ or Λ) is more efficient than by the racemic complexes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82:399–404, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
The cyclotide family of circular miniproteins: Nature's combinatorial peptide template
Authors: Craik David J. , Čemažar Maša , Wang Conan K. L. , Daly Norelle L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe cyclotides are a recently discovered family of miniproteins that contain a head‐to‐tail cyclized backbone and a knotted arrangement of disulfide bonds. They are approximately 30 amino acids in size and are present in high abundance in plants from the Violaceae, Rubiaceae, and Cucurbitaceae families, with individual plants containing a suite of up to 100 cyclotides. They have a diverse range of biological activities, including uterotonic, anti‐HIV, antitumor, and antimicrobial activities, although their natural function is likely that of defending their host plants from pathogens and pests. This review focuses on the structural aspects of cyclotides, which may be thought of as a natural combinatorial peptide template in which a wide range of amino acids is displayed on a compact molecular core made up of the cyclic cystine knot structural motif. Cyclotides are exceptionally stable and are resistant to denaturation via thermal, chemical, or enzymatic treatments. The structural features that contribute to their remarkable stability are described in this review. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 84: 250–266, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Single seed Raman measurements allow taxonomical discrimination of Apiaceae accessions collected in gene banks
Authors: Baranski R. , Baranska M. , Schulz H. , Simon P. W. , Nothnagel T. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractNIR–FT–Raman spectroscopy was applied for a nondestructive analysis of single seeds (fruit mericarps) of 36 accessions belonging to various species of the Apiaceae family. Main seed components such as fatty acids, polysaccharides, proteins, and lignin were identified based on the obtained Raman spectra. Variation at the species and genus level was related to differences observed between spectra. The application of cluster analysis discriminated among most of the species evaluated and grouped them according to their taxonomical classification. The spectroscopically analyzed seeds germinated and developed into normal seedlings to demonstrate the additional advantage that Raman spectroscopy is nondestructive and can be applied to living seed without harm. These results indicate that Raman spectroscopy is a valuable tool for the rational evaluation and management of genetic resources in ex situ seed collections by providing useful information for taxonomical validation of the accessions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 81: 497–505, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Synthesis, Characterization, and Folding Behavior of β‐Amino Acid Derived Polyisocyanides
Authors: Wezenberg Sander J. , Metselaar Gerald A. , Rowan Alan E. , Cornelissen Jeroen J. L. M. , Seebach Dieter , Nolte Roeland J. M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractHelical polymers of isocyanopeptides derived from β‐amino acids have been synthesized and their architectures have been studied in detail. Similar to their α‐amino acid analogues, the helical conformation in these macromolecules is stabilized by internal hydrogen‐bonding arrays along the polymeric backbone. Unexpectedly, the flexibility of the β‐peptide side arms results in a rearrangement of the initial macromolecular architecture, leading to a more stable helical structure possessing a better defined hydrogen‐bonding pattern, as was concluded from IR and temperature‐dependent circular dichroism studies. Based on these results we propose a dynamic helical model for the β‐amino acid derived polyisocyanopeptides; this model is in contrast to the kinetically stable helical macromolecules that are formed upon polymerization of α‐amino acid based isocyanopeptides.
Selective Functionalization of Arenes Through the Reaction of Aryne—Zirconocene Complexes and Enol Ethers.
Authors: Barluenga Jose , Fernandez Amadeo , Alvarez‐Rodrigo Lucia , Rodriguez Felix , Fananas Francisco J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Antidepressant Activity of Some 1,3,5‐Triphenyl‐2‐pyrazolines and 3‐(2′′‐Hydroxynaphthalen‐1′′‐yl)‐1,5‐diphenyl‐2‐pyrazolines.
Authors: Prasad Y. Rajendra , Rao A. Lakshmana , Prasoona L. , Murali K. , Kumar P. Ravi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Discovery of 1‐Amino‐4‐phenylcyclohexane‐1‐carboxylic Acid and Its Influence on Agonist Selectivity Between Human Melanocortin‐4 and ‐1 Receptors in Linear Pentapeptides.
Authors: Chu Xin‐Jie , et al. et al. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Alkaloids from the Bulbs of Lycoris aurea
Authors: Yang Yu , Huang Sheng‐Xiong , Zhao Yi‐Min , Zhao Qin‐Shi , Sun Han‐Dong 
Published: January 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
CSF‐1 and PI 3‐kinase regulate podosome distribution and assembly in macrophages
Authors: Wheeler Ann P. , Smith Stephen D. , Ridley Anne J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPodosomes are actin‐rich adhesive foci found in several cell types, including macrophages. They have a core containing actin and actin‐binding proteins and a peripheral ring of integrins and associated proteins. We show that podosomes are abundant in polarized mouse bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMM) and are found primarily in lamellae. We investigated the effects of CSF‐1, which induces membrane ruffling, cell spreading, and subsequent polarization and migration, on podosome formation. CSF‐1 induces a transient increase in podosome number and enhances the formation of circular arrays of podosomes. Conversely, CSF‐1 withdrawal leads to a reduction in podosomes and a decrease in polarized cells. The PI 3‐kinase inhibitor LY294002 induces loss of podosomes together with rapid retraction of lamellae and loss of polarity. Our results indicate that CSF‐1 acts via PI 3‐kinase to enhance podosome assembly and that this is linked to macrophage polarization. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensorineural hearing loss in combined modality treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Chen William C. , Jackson Andrew , Budnick Amy S. , Pfister David G. , Kraus Dennis H. , Hunt Margie A. , Stambuk Hilda , Levegrun Sabine , Wolden Suzanne L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDCombined modality therapy has become the standard of care for nasopharyngeal carcinoma, yet the combined ototoxic effects of radiation and cisplatin are poorly understood. The incidence and severity of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) with combined modality therapy was evaluated and the dose–response relation between radiation and hearing loss was investigated.METHODSPatients with newly diagnosed AJCC Stage II–IVB nasopharynx carcinoma treated from 1994–2003 were identified. The records of 44 ears in 22 patients who received a preirradiation pure tone audiogram and followup audiograms 12+ months postirradiation were included in the analysis. All patients were treated with conformal radiotherapy to 70 Gy and received platinum‐based chemotherapy similar to the Intergroup 0099 trial. Composite cochlear dose distributions were calculated. Ototoxicity was measured using intrasubject audiogram comparisons and SNHL was defined as per the American Speech and Hearing Association guidelines, with standard range of speech between 2000–4000 Hz. SNHL was analyzed using Fisher exact test and linear and logistic regression models.RESULTSPatient characteristics: median age, 45; 27% Asian; 68% male; 64% WHO III. Median audiologic followup was 29 months (range, 12–76 mos). Mean cochlear dose (Dmean) ranged from 28.4–70.0 Gy (median, 48.5 Gy). SNHL was detected in 25 of the 44 ears (57%) studied. There was an increased risk of SNHL for ears receiving Dmean > 48 Gy compared with those receiving ≤ 48 Gy at all frequencies within the range of speech (P = 0.04). Using univariate logistic regression analysis, Dmean to the cochlea, cycles of cisplatin, and time postradiotherapy were independently significant factors in determining the incidence of SNHL (P = 0.02, P = 0.03, and P = 0.04, respectively). In univariate and multivariate linear regression analysis, Dmean was statistically significant at all frequencies in affecting degree of SNHL, whereas the significance of cisplatin and time was variable.CONCLUSIONSThere was a significant increase in risk of SNHL among patients receiving > 48 Gy, suggesting a threshold in cochlear radiation dose–response in the setting of combined modality therapy. This dose should serve as a Dmean constraint maximum for intensity‐modulated radiotherapy treatment of nasopharynx carcinoma. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
MOCVD of Lanthanum Oxides from La(tmhd)3 and La(tmod)3 Precursors: A Thermal and Kinetic Investigation
Authors: Bedoya C. , Condorelli G. G. , Finocchiaro S. T. , Di Mauro A. , Atanasio D. , Fragalà I. L. , Cattaneo L. , Carella S. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMetal‐organic (MO)CVD processes using two different precursors, (La(tmhd)3 and La(tmod)3), have been investigated. In‐situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy investigations and thermal analysis have provided information on their thermal robustness during the sublimation processes and mass‐transport properties during MOCVD experiments. Both precursors can be efficiently vaporized in the temperature range 160–230 °C even though La(tmod)3 exhibits higher volatility. Lanthanum oxides have been efficiently deposited using a direct liquid injection (DLI) equipped MOCVD reactor in the temperature range 350–500 °C for both precursors. The effect of the addition of tetraglyme to the precursor solution has been evaluated. Films mainly consist of different phases of La2O3 and LaO(OH), while the carbon‐containing La2O2CO3 phase was observed only on the surface, with no relevant carbon contamination being present in the bulk of the film.
A study on a receiver‐based management scheme of access link resources for QoS‐controllable TCP connections
Authors: Azuma Kazuhiro , Hasegawa Go , Murata Masayuki 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAlthough the bandwidth of access networks is rapidly increasing with the latest techniques such as DSL and FTTH, the access link bandwidth remains a bottleneck, especially when users activate multiple network applications simultaneously. Furthermore, since the throughput of a standard TCP connection is dependent on various network parameters, including round‐trip time and packet loss ratio, the access link bandwidth is not shared among the network applications according to the user's demands. In this thesis, we present a new management scheme of access link resources for effective utilization of the access link bandwidth and control of the TCP connection's throughput. Our proposed scheme adjusts the total amount of the receive socket buffer assigned to TCP connections to avoid congestion at the access network, and assigns it to each TCP connection according to characteristics in consideration of QoS. The control objectives of our scheme are (1) to protect short‐lived TCP connections from the bandwidth occupation by long‐lived TCP connections, and (2) to differentiate the throughput of the long‐lived TCP connections according to the upper‐layer application's demands. One of the results obtained from the simulation experiments is that our proposed scheme can reduce the delay of short‐lived document transfer perceived by the receiver host by up to about 90%, while a high utilization of access link bandwidth is maintained. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.