bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship Among Leukocyte Phagocytosis, Milk Immunoglobulins, and Susceptibility to Intramammary Infection
Authors: Guidry A. J. , Pearson R. E. , Paape M. J. , Williams W. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was conducted to determine the variation among cows (n = 7) and among quarters within cows in the ability of milk to support phagocytosis, immunoglobulin (Ig) concentration, and the response to intramammary challenge exposure with live Staphylococcus aureus. Before challenge exposure, the average concentration (milligrams/milliliter) of each class of Ig was: IgA = 0.05, IgG1 = 0.42, IgG2 = 0.06, and IgM = 0.05. The percentage of phagocytosis of S aureus by milk neutrophils was significantly correlated with IgA (r = 0.59; Ρ < 0.01), IgG1 (r = 0.52; Ρ < 0.01), and agglutination titer (r = 0.68; Ρ < 0.01). Agglutination titer was significantly correlated with IgA (r = 0.52; Ρ < 0.01) and IgG1 (r = 0.63; Ρ < 0.01). Bovine serum albumin was significantly correlated with IgA (r = 0.55; Ρ < 0.01) and IgG2 (r = 0.49; Ρ < 0.01). An IgG1/IgG2 ratio of 7.0 in milk, as compared with an IgG1/IgG2 ratio of 0.7 in serum, indicated a selective transport for IgG1.
After challenge exposure, the IgG1/IgG2 ratio in infected and noninfected quarters was 12.9 and 16.0, respectively. The fact that neither the bovine serum albumin nor the direct microscopic somatic cell count in the noninfected quarters changed indicated that the increase in the IgG1/IgG2 ratio was due to an increase in selective transport in all quarters and not to a change in permeability due to a generalized inflammatory response. The correlation between the number of challenge exposures required to produce an infection was significantly correlated with percentage of phagocytosis (r = 0.70; Ρ < 0.01).
Thermographic Diagnosis of Horner's Syndrome in the Horse
Authors: Purohit Ram C. , McCoy Michael D. , Bergfeld William A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Lateral and frontal thermographic patterns of the head of normal horses before and after exercise were characterized to aid the diagnosis of diseases of the head. Surgical induction of Horner's syndrome was done in four horses by isolation and transection of the vagosympathetic trunk. One clinical case and the surgically induced cases of Horner's syndrome were evaluated clinically. Thermographic findings of the clinical case were similar to the experimental cases.
Maturation of Equine Epididymal Spermatozoa
Authors: Johnson Larry , Amann R. P. , Pickett B. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Spermatozoa from four regions of the epididymis and from ejaculated semen were evaluated for their resistance to cold shock, progressive motility, and structural stability. Spermatozoa were incubated at 38 C and their percentage of eosinophilia was compared with that of spermatozoa cooled to 0 C in 2 minutes, 10 C in 12 minutes, or 4 C in 22 minutes. Spermatozoal motility was estimated visually under phase-contrast microscopy and was recorded by cinematography. Structural stability of spermatozoa incubated in 0.05 M sodium borate buffer, 0.035 M sodium dodecyl sulfate (sds), 0.002 M dithiothreitol (dtt), or sds+dtt was evaluated by phase-contrast and electron microscopy.
The percentage of eosinophilic spermatozoa did not differ among regions of the epididymis and was not increased by cold shock. Cooling ejaculated spermatozoa to 0 C in 2 minutes increased (P < 0.01) the occurrence of eosinophilia (32% vs 73%). Spermatozoa released from the caput or proximal corpus epididymidis into 0.154 M NaCl were not progressively motile; only 4% of the spermatozoa from the distal corpus were motile. Cauda epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa exhibited similar motility (41% vs 47%).
Stability of chromatin was greater in spermatozoa from the distal corpus than those from the caput epididymidis. Chromatin of spermatozoa from the distal corpus was resistant to 7.5 minutes of sds+dtt treatment, whereas virtually all spermatozoal nuclei from the caput were decondensed by sds alone. Tail organelles of spermatozoa acquired stability between the proximal corpus and the cauda epididymidis. All tail organelles of spermatozoa from the proximal corpus were dissolved by 7.5 minutes of sds treatment, whereas tail organelles of distal corpus epididymal spermatozoa had dissolved after 7.5 minutes of sds+dtt treatment. Stability of tail organelles in cauda epididymal and ejaculated spermatozoa was similar. Seemingly, equine spermatozoa are infertile until they enter the cauda epididymidis.
Pharmacokinetics, Bioavailability, and Dosage Regimens of Digoxin in Dogs
Authors: Button C. , Gross D. R. , Johnston J. T. , Yakatan G. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Digoxin, 30 μg/kg, was given by iv injection and orally, in the forms of pediatric elixir and tablet, on three separate occasions to six healthy dogs. Multiple serum samples were collected at timed intervals and assayed by radioimmunoassay. Data were analyzed, using nonlinear least squares regression analysis.
The mean serum digoxin-time relationship was triexponential. Rapid and slow distributive phases with half lives of 9 minutes and 4.7 hours were followed by a biological disposition phase with a half life of 30.1 hours. Mean volume of distribution by extrapolation was 15.6 L/kg. When calculated by the area method, mean volume of distribution was 12.4 L/kg.
Digoxin elixir was rapidly absorbed, with a mean bioavailability estimate of 71.4 ± 8.2% sd. Digoxin tablets were less rapidly and less completely absorbed, with a mean bioavailability estimate of 58.0 ± 11.6%.
Data collected in this series of experiments and data from the literature were applied to standard pharmacokinetic equations to formulate loading and maintenance doses of digoxin for the iv injection, the elixir, and the tablet. Mean loading doses were, in μg/kg/24 hours: 27, 38, and 45 for the iv injection, elixir, and tablet, respectively. Corresponding mean maintenance doses were 13, 18, and 23.
Thymic Abnormalities and Growth Hormone Deficiency in Dogs
Authors: Roth J. A. , Lomax L. G. , Altszuler N. , Hampshire J. , Kaeberle M. L. , Shelton M. , Draper D. D. , Ledet A. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A high frequency of occurrence of a wasting disease, unthriftiness, and retarded growth was observed in a group of inbred Weimaraner dogs. Affected pups had a small thymus gland, with a marked absence of thymic cortex. A litter of eight pups from a sire and dam that were known to have produced affected offspring was chosen for further study. The pups had normal concentrations of wbc and γ-globulins and were able to produce antibody in response to Brucella abortus. Two pups in the litter developed a wasting syndrome and responded well to therapy with thymosin fraction 5. One pup that survived the wasting syndrome had a significant (P < 0.05) depression of its lymphocyte blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin compared with its surviving littermates. Pups from this litter also lacked a normal increase in plasma growth hormone concentration after the injection of clonidine HCl. These pups had concurrent abnormalities of the thymus-dependent immune function and in growth hormone metabolism. The syndrome in these pups has some features in common with the syndrome in the Ames or Snell-Bagg strains of immunodeficient dwarf mice.
Acute Aflatoxicosis in Guinea Pigs: Sequential Changes in Serum Proteins, Complement, C4, and Liver Enzymes and Histopathologic Changes
Authors: Thurston J. R. , Baetz A. L. , Cheville N. F. , Richard J. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Guinea pigs were fed a single toxic but sublethal dose of aflatoxin. Serum proteins, complement activity, fourth component of complement (C4), and liver enzymes (ornithine carbamoyltransferase and sorbitol dehydrogenase) as well as microscopic changes in liver tissue, were studied to correlate structural and functional abnormalities. There were no significant changes in serum proteins, but complement activity and C4 were depressed maximally 7 days after aflatoxin was given. The greatest activity of the liver enzymes in plasmas occurred at 3 days, although sorbitol dehydrogenase activity still was elevated significantly on the 7th day. Microscopic changes in the liver were maximum at 3 days with gradual recovery at 7, 10, and through 14 days.
Critical Evaluation of Creatine Phosphokinase in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Dogs with Neurologic Disease
Authors: Indrieri Richard J. , Holliday Terrell A. , Keen Carl L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Creatine phosphokinase (cpk) concentrations in csf and in serum of dogs with a variety of neurologic diseases were evaluated. Concentrations of cpk in csf and serum were diagnostically nonspecific. Although a diagnostic advantage was not found in measurement of cpk concentrations in csf and serum, it appeared that increased cpk concentration in csf was associated more frequently with a guarded-to-poor prognosis.
The concentration of cpk in csf was statistically independent of cpk concentration in serum. Cerebrospinal fluid cpk concentration was significantly (P = 0.01) correlated to the number of rbc in csf. However, csf concentration of cpk was not significantly correlated to serum, blood, or csf variables evaluated.
Distribution of Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone in the Canine Hypothalamus: Effect of Castration and Exogenous Gonadal Steroids
Authors: Kumar M. S. A. , Chen C. L. , Kalra S. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of exogenous gonadal steroids or orchidectomy on the distribution and concentration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (lhrh) in the hypothalamus of the dog was studied. Various hypothalamic areas of the canine brain were extracted with 90% methanol and processed, and lhrh was assayed, using a specific radioimmunoassay. The highest concentration of immunoreactive lhrh was found in the infundibular, premammillary, preoptic, and suprachiasmatic areas in intact male dogs and in anestrous female dogs. Measurable amounts of lhrh were found in the mammillary and lateral hypothalamic regions. The hypothalamus in the male dog had significantly (P < 0.05) higher lhrh concentrations 3 mm lateral to the midsagittal line (the lateral hypothalamic area) as compared with the area in the anestrous female dog.
Daily estrogen treatment of female dogs with 0.2 mg/day or 1 mg/day, im, or with testosterone propionate (1 mg/day, im) for 3 weeks increased lhrh concentrations 2.5- to 5-fold in the mammillary, premammillary, and infundibular areas and almost 40-fold in the preoptic, rostral commissural area and in the lateral and dorsal hypothalamic regions. Orchidectomy caused an increase in lhrh concentration in the preoptic and suprachiasmatic area with a concurrent decrease in lhrh in the infundibular area. Therefore, in the dog, lhrh is possibly synthesized or transported (or both) from different regions of the hypothalamus to the median eminence, and the gonadal steroid feedback mechanism is complex, involving multiple sites of action in the hypothalamus and the components of the limbic system.
Detection of Pseudorabies Virus Antibodies: Time of Appearance by Two Serotests
Authors: Haffer Keith , Gustafson D. P. , Kanitz C. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
This report describes a time-course comparison of detection of pseudorabies virus antibodies in experimentally infected swine by the virus-neutralization (vn) and indirect hemagglutination tests. Specific antibody titers were observed by the iha test at 5 days after swine were inoculated, but not until 12 days by the vn test. The predominant immunoglobulin (Ig) class present in the serums of the swine at 5 and 7 days after inoculation was IgM, as determined by sulfhydryl reductions. The vn test lacked sensitivity to early Ig levels (IgM) in these experimentally infected swine, while the indirect hemagglutination test was highly sensitive to these same levels. On the basis of these results, it is possible that the vn test may read early infections as pseudorabies virus negative, due to the low presence of IgG in these samples.
Critical Tests of New Benzothiazole Anthelmintic Tioxidazole in the Horse
Authors: Drudge J. H. , Lyons E. T. , Tolliver S. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The basic-dose confirmation tests of tioxidazole for removal of susceptible populations of gastrointestinal parasites of the horse were made in 10 naturally infected horses, using the critical test method (experiment A). A single dose of tioxidazole, given at the rate of 11 mg/kg of body weight, was administered to 5 horses by stomach tube and to 5 horses by mixing the drug with the daily grain ration.
In the 5 horses given the drug by stomach tube, aggregate average removals were 90% or more for 5 horses infected with Strongylus vulgaris, 5 infected with S edentatus, 5 infected with small strongyles, 3 infected with Parascaris equorum, 3 infected with mature Oxyuris equi, and 5 infected with immature O equi. Bots (Gastrophilus intestinalis and G nasalis) in 5 infected horses and tapeworms (Anoplocephala perfoliata or A magna) in 3 infected horses were not removed. Activity against stomach worms (Trichostrongylus axei, Habronema muscae, and Draschia megastoma) was not evidenced.
In the 5 horses given the drug in the feed, aggregate average removals were 90% or more for 5 horses infected with S vulgaris, 5 infected with S edentatus, 1 infected with S equinus, 5 infected with small strongyles, 3 infected with P equorum, 3 infected with mature O equi, and 5 infected with immature O equi. Activity against bots, tapeworms, and stomach worms was not detected. Larval count data on fecal samples also indicated limited, if any, activity against Strongyloides westeri by tioxidazole at this dosage (11 mg/kg).
In addition to experiment A, tioxidazole (11 mg/kg) was administered via stomach tube in a single dose in a critical test to a foal naturally infected with benzimidazole-resistant small strongyles (population B) and removal was only 27% (experiment B). The same 5 species of small strongyles refractory to the benzimidazoles also exhibited resistance to tioxidazole. Specimens of P equorum and S vulgaris were all removed from the foal.
Untoward effects of tioxidazole treatment (11 mg/kg) were not observed in any of the animals.
Peripheral Serum Progesterone and Luteinizing Hormone Concentrations of Goats During Synchronization of Estrus and Ovulation with Prostaglandin F2α
Authors: Ott R. S. , Nelson D. R. , Hixon J. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Prostaglandin F2α (pgf2α) (2 doses, 11 days apart) was given to 20 mixed-breed dairy does to synchronize estrus and ovulation. The dose of pgf2α used was the free-acid equivalent of 8 mg which was divided between 2 injections at 0800 and 1200 hours. At the initiation of treatments, does were from day 0 (estrus) to day 18 of the estrous cycle. Seventeen of the does exhibited estrus within a mean (± se) interval of 53 ± 2 hours after the first 0800-hour injection. Peripheral progesterone concentrations determined at daily intervals indicated that pgf2α was luteolytic as early as day 4 of the cycle. Does were in the 8th to 12th days of the cycle at the time of the 2nd treatments with pgf2α. Estrus was observed in all 20 does at 50 ± 1 hour after the 0800-hour injections. Serum progesterone concentrations confirmed that luteolysis occurred in all of the does. In 19 does, concentrations of luteinizing hormone characteristic of a preovulatory peak were observed 55 ± 2 hours after the 2nd 0800-hour injection. One doe did not demonstrate a luteinizing hormone peak within the 72-hour period. Laparotomies were performed 6 days after estrus, and ovaries were examined for corpora lutea. The mean number of corpora lutea was 2.0 ± 1.0.
Clinical and Pathologic Features of Chronic Adriamycin Toxicosis in Rabbits
Authors: Van Vleet John F. , Ferrans Victor J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Chronic adriamycin (adr) intoxication was produced in 50 weanling rabbits by weekly injections of adr (2.4 mg/kg of body weight) for up to 17 weeks. All adr-treated rabbits developed prominent alopecia, edema, moderate anemia, and severe emaciation, The frequency and severity of cardiomyopathy were not strongly dose-related, but renal lesions were. The frequency and severity of cardiomyopathic lesions were highest in left ventricular free wall and ventricular septum, intermediate in atria, and lowest in right ventricular free wall. Cardiac lesions increased in frequency and severity basally in left ventricular free wall, ventricular septum, and atria, but not in right ventricular free wall. Nephropathy lesions were selective for inner cortex and constitute a common and important side effect of chronic adr intoxication in rabbits. Other lesions observed at necropsy were hepatic necrosis, skeletal muscle degeneration, osteodystrophy-associated fractures, peripancreatic fat necrosis, and testicular degeneration and atrophy.
Treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae Respiratory Tract Infection of Squirrel Monkeys with Aerosol Administration of Kanamycin
Authors: Berendt Richard F. , Magruder Robert D. , Frola Frank R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The therapeutic efficacy of im-administered kanamycin was compared with the efficacy of aerosol-administered kanamycin in Klebsiella pneumoniae-infected squirrel monkeys. Differences in mortality or morbidity were not seen with equivalent dosages of antibiotic ranging from 15 to 6.9 mg/kg of body weight/day. Seemingly, the im route of kanamycin administration was as effective as the aerosol route for therapy.
Haversian Bone-Remodeling Measurements in Young Beagles
Authors: Jorch U. Μ. , Anderson C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Haversian bone remodeling was measured in Beagles (8.9 to 9.9 months of age) from a colony of laboratory-raised animals. The data were compared with data in published age-related curves. There was no marked dissimilarity between the measurements of haversian bone-remodeling values in Beagles from different sources.
Environmental and Genetic Effects on Hematologic Characteristics of Beef Cows
Authors: Fisher D. D. , Wilson L. L. , Scholz R. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of certain environmental and genetic factors on selected hematologic characteristics of beef cows under wintering and grazing conditions in the Northeast. Packed cell volume pcv, hemoglobin concentration (Hb), rbc count, and wbc count were determined in serial blood samples collected periodically during 1976 from 24 young and mature, gestating and lactating, Angus and Angus-Charolais cows. The pcv, Hb, and rbc were significantly correlated (P < 0.001, n = 257; rpcv · Hb = 0.89, rpcv · rbc = 0.74, rHb · rbc = 0.72). Lactating cows grazing mixed swards containing 24% legume had higher (P < 0.001) pcv and Hb than did cows grazing all-grass swards fertilized with 168 kg of nitrogen/ha. The rbc was higher (P < 0.01) in cows grazing all-grass swards, whereas no differences in wbc were observed between groups. Angus cows had lower pcv (P < 0.001) and rbc (P < 0.005) than did Angus-Charolais cows. Individual cows of identical physiologic maturity-breed-diet groups differed (P < 0.05) in pcv, Hb, rbc, and wbc, indicating that there are repeatable differences in these traits among individual cows. Significant effects of season and physiologic state (pregnancy vs lactation) were observed for pcv, Hb, rbc, and wbc (P < 0.01).
Antibody Response of Pigs to Inactivated Monovalent and Bivalent Vaccines for Porcine Parvovirus and Pseudorabies Virus
Authors: Mengeling W. L. , Gutekunst D. E. , Pirtle E. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Groups of pigs vaccinated with an inactivated bivalent vaccine containing porcine parvovirus (ppv) and pseudorabies virus (prv) developed geometric mean titers (gmt) of humoral antibody for each of the viruses as high or slightly higher than those of other groups of pigs that were vaccinated with inactivated monovalent vaccines containing one or the other of the same viruses. An increase in gmt after challenge exposure of vaccinated pigs to live virus indicated that vaccination did not prevent virus replication. However, an indication that replication was less extensive in vaccinated pigs was provided by the following. Although neither vaccinated nor nonvaccinated (control) pigs had clinical signs after exposure to live ppv, the effect of vaccination was evident by the fact that gmt were higher in nonvaccinated pigs after exposure than they were in vaccinated pigs. Conversely, all pigs exposed to live prv had clinical signs, but these signs varied between mild-to-moderate and transient for vaccinated pigs to severe and fatal for nonvaccinated pigs.
Studies on In Vitro Lymphocyte Stimulation Assay in Cattle Naturally Infected with Brucella abortus and in Cattle Vaccinated with Strain 19
Authors: Kaneene J. Μ. B. , Anderson R. K. , Nicoletti P. , Brown R. , Christenberry C. C. , Swann A. I. , Johnson D. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cell-mediated immune responses of cattle in infected herds vaccinated with Brucella abortus, strain 19, and of nonexposed controls were studied by an in vitro lymphocyte stimulation test (lst). Brucella abortus soluble antigen was used as a specific stimulator of lymphocytes. Lymphocyte suspensions were prepared from peripheral blood of cattle by the Ficoll-diatrizoate technique. Cultures were labeled with [3H]thymidine and were assayed for [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA by liquid scintillation spectrometry. Seroagglutination tests and cultures from Brucella were conducted simultaneously with lst. Brucella abortus soluble antigen induced significantly higher (P ≤ 0.005) lymphocyte stimulation responses in lymphocytes from cattle infected with B abortus than in lymphocytes from cattle vaccinated with strain 19 or from nonexposed controls. There was a significant P = agreement in results of lst and seroagglutination tests in infected cattle. Among seropositive-vaccinated cattle and controls, the lst was negative.
Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Phenytoin in the Dog: A Reevaluation
Authors: Frey H. H. , Löscher W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pharmacokinetics of phenytoin, as well as drug plasma concentrations, during continued treatment were studied in the dog. After iv injection of 10 mg/kg, the average elimination half-life was 4.4 hours, which is in good agreement with previous studies. Bioavailability from tablet formulation was rather poor (av 36% compared with that obtained with iv) and showed great variation between dogs. Even with the dosage regimen of 20 mg of drug/kg given tid orally, therapeutic plasma concentrations could only be maintained for the first 2 or 3 days of treatment; these subsequently decreased to ineffective concentrations during the 1st week of treatment. This effect was accompanied by considerable reductions in half-life, indicating that phenytoin is a strong inducer of microsomal drug metabolism in the dog. Phenytoin must be considered as poorly suited for the treatment of canine epilepsy.