bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic influences on child migration decisions
Authors: Edmonds Eric V. , Salinger Philip 
Published: May 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the reasons that children migrate without a parent.Design/methodology/approachThe economic components of the answer to this question are considered by examining the correlates of out‐migration for children under 15 whose mothers reside in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, India.FindingsIn this data 1 million children appear to have migrated away from home. On average 3 per cent of living children aged 5‐14 in the communities are away from home, but the fraction of out‐migrant children ranges between 0 and 29 per cent. The data are found to be consistent with a classical view of migration: children on average appear to migrate out of competitive, rural child labor markets for net financial gain.Practical implicationsThe costs of migration are important. Children are less likely to migrate from more remote locations. Children are less likely to migrate from locations where child wages are higher. Overall, patterns of child migration away from their mothers look similar to what other researchers have observed in adult populations in different social and economic contexts.Originality/valueThe paper considers the determinants of child migration
Terrestrial nitrogen cycle simulation with a dynamic global vegetation model
Authors: XU‐RI  , PRENTICE I. C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA global scale Dynamic Nitrogen scheme (DyN) has been developed and incorporated into the Lund–Posdam–Jena (LPJ) dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM). The DyN is a comprehensive process‐based model of the cycling of N through and within terrestrial ecosystems, with fully interactive coupling to vegetation and C dynamics. The model represents the uptake, allocation and turnover of N in plants, and soil N transformations including mineralization, N2 fixation, nitrification and denitrification, NH3 volatilization, N leaching, and N2, N2O and NO production and emission. Modelled global patterns of site‐scale nitrogen fluxes and reservoirs are highly correlated to observations reported from different biomes. The simulation of site‐scale net primary production and soil carbon content was improved relative to the original LPJ, which lacked an interactive N cycle, especially in the temporal and boreal regions. Annual N uptake by global natural vegetation was simulated as 1.084 Pg N yr−1, with lowest values <1 g N m−2 yr−1 (polar desert) and highest values in the range 24–36.5 g N m−2 yr−1 (tropical forests). Simulated global patterns of annual N uptake are consistent with previous model results by Melillo et al. The model estimates global total nitrogen storage potentials in vegetation (5.3 Pg N), litter (4.6 Pg N) and soil (≥67 Pg as organic N and 0.94 Pg as inorganic N). Simulated global patterns of soil N storage are consistent with the analysis by Post et al. although total simulated N storage is less. Deserts were simulated to store 460 Tg N (up to 0.262 kg N m−2) as NO3−, contributing 80% of the global total NO3− inventory of 580 Tg N. This model result is in agreement with the findings of a large NO3− pool beneath deserts. Globally, inorganic soil N is a small reservoir, comprising only 1.6% of the global soil N content to 1.5 m soil depth, but the ratio has a very high spatial variability and in hot desert regions, inorganic NO3− is estimated to be the dominant form of stored N in the soil.
Landscape controls of CH4 fluxes in a catchment of the forest tundra ecotone in northern Siberia
Authors: FLESSA HEINER , RODIONOV ANDREJ , GUGGENBERGER GEORG , FUCHS HANS , MAGDON PAUL , SHIBISTOVA OLGA , ZRAZHEVSKAYA GALINA , MIKHEYEVA NATALIA , KASANSKY OLEG A. , BLODAU CHRISTIAN 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTerrestrial ecosystems in northern high latitudes exchange large amounts of methane (CH4) with the atmosphere. Climate warming could have a great impact on CH4 exchange, in particular in regions where degradation of permafrost is induced. In order to improve the understanding of the present and future methane dynamics in permafrost regions, we studied CH4 fluxes of typical landscape structures in a small catchment in the forest tundra ecotone in northern Siberia. Gas fluxes were measured using a closed‐chamber technique from August to November 2003 and from August 2006 to July 2007 on tree‐covered mineral soils with and without permafrost, on a frozen bog plateau, and on a thermokarst pond. For areal integration of the CH4 fluxes, we combined field observations and classification of functional landscape structures based on a high‐resolution Quickbird satellite image. All mineral soils were net sinks of atmospheric CH4. The magnitude of annual CH4 uptake was higher for soils without permafrost (1.19 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1) than for soils with permafrost (0.37 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1). In well‐drained soils, significant CH4 uptake occurred even after the onset of ground frost. Bog plateaux, which stored large amounts of frozen organic carbon, were also a net sink of atmospheric CH4 (0.38 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1). Thermokarst ponds, which developed from permafrost collapse in bog plateaux, were hot spots of CH4 emission (approximately 200 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1). Despite the low area coverage of thermokarst ponds (only 2.1% of the total catchment area), emissions from these sites resulted in a mean catchment CH4 emission of 3.8 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1. Export of dissolved CH4 with stream water was insignificant. The results suggest that mineral soils and bog plateaux in this region will respond differently to increasing temperatures and associated permafrost degradation. Net uptake of atmospheric CH4 in mineral soils is expected to gradually increase with increasing active layer depth and soil drainage. Changes in bog plateaux will probably be much more rapid and drastic. Permafrost collapse in frozen bog plateaux would result in high CH4 emissions that act as positive feedback to climate warming.
Near‐zero recent carbon accumulation in a bog with high nitrogen deposition in SW Sweden
Authors: GUNNARSSON URBAN , BORESJÖ BRONGE LAINE , RYDIN HÅKAN , OHLSON MIKAEL 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe present data on the accumulation of carbon and nitrogen into an open oceanic ombrotrophic bog, SW Sweden, with high levels of anthropogenic nitrogen deposition. The aim was to investigate if this peatland currently acts as a sink for atmospheric carbon. Peat cores were sampled from the top peat layer in five different vegetation types. Small pines were used to date the cores. The cores bulk density and carbon and nitrogen content were determined. A vegetation‐classified satellite image was used to estimate the areal extent of the vegetation types and to scale up these results to bog level. The rate of current carbon input into the upper oxic acrotelm was 290 g m−2 yr−1, and there were no significant differences in accumulation rates among the vegetation types. This organic matter input to the acrotelm was almost completely decomposed before it was deposited for storage in the deeper peat layers (the catotelm) and only a small fraction (≪1%) or 0.012 g m−2 yr−1of the carbon would be left, assuming a residence time of 100 years in the acrotelm. Nitrogen accumulation rates differed between the vegetation classes, and the average input via primary production varied from 5.33 to 16.8 g m−2 yr−1. Current nitrogen input rates into the catotelm are much lower, 0–0.059 g m−2 yr−1, with the highest accumulation rates in lawn‐dominated communities. We suggest that one of the main causes of the low carbon input rates is the high level of nitrogen deposition, which enhances decomposition and changes the vegetation from peat‐formingSphagnum‐dominance to dominance by dwarf shrubs and graminoids.
Comparison of Short Form‐36 Health Survey and Nottingham Health Profile in moderate to severe patients with COPD
Authors: Ozalevli Sevgi , Karaali Hayriye , Cankurtaran Feyzan , Kilinc Oguz , Akkoclu Atilla 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjective  To compare the health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) assessed by Short Form‐36 Health Survey (SF‐36) and Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) on the basis of lung function and exercise capacity parameters in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Methods and materials  The investigation was a prospective, quality‐of‐life survey and cross‐sectional study of 130 consecutive COPD patients. The NHP and SF‐36 as generic HRQoL instruments, the Chronic Respiratory Disease questionnaire (CRQ) as a disease‐specific HRQoL instrument and 6‐minute walking test, severity of dyspnea, leg fatigue and lung function, were the measurements and instruments used in the study.Results  It was determined that the subscales of both questionnaires were generally related with the FEV1, walking distance, CRQ, severity of dyspnea and leg fatigue values (P < 0.05). The much higher correlation coefficient was determined between these parameters and NHP compared with the SF‐36. Only NHP was found to be correlated with the age, body mass index and smoking consumption (P < 0.05).Conclusions  The stronger relation of NHP with the clinical and physical parameters of the patients compared with that of SF‐36 may be associated with the increased sensitivity of NHP to the clinical state owing to the increasing respiratory symptoms of our old patients with moderate to severe obstruction and/or the more intelligible and easy‐to‐respond nature of NHP compared with SF‐36.
Community‐based randomized intervention trial for periodontal disease after 18‐month follow‐up [Keelung Community‐based Integrated Screening (KCIS) No. 4]
Authors: Lai Hongmin , Chiu Yueh‐Hsia , Lo Ming‐Te , Wu Chun‐Liang , Chou Kai‐Pei , Jeng Jiiang‐Huei , Chen Tony H.‐H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjectives  As periodontal disease preponderates in adults, early detection and interventional regime is urgently needed. However, there is lack of evidence‐based data on evaluation of population‐based intervention programme related to periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of intervention regime on early periodontal disease identified from a community‐based periodontal survey.Method  By randomization, 60 subjects were allocated to the intervention group and 49 to the control group respectively. Status on periodontal disease of participants was evaluated at entry and re‐evaluated after intervention at 1‐month and 18‐month follow‐up respectively. Primary outcome evaluated was based on Community Periodontal Index and Loss of Attachment on sextant level.Results  The efficacy of intervention was significant in Community Periodontal Index (P < 0.001) but not in Loss of Attachment (P = 0.53) at 1‐month and 18‐month follow‐up.Conclusion  The improvement of periodontal disease owing to intervention regime was seen in Community Periodontal Index but not Loss of Attachment as yet at 18‐month follow‐up after intervention.
Hypertension guideline implementation: experiences of Finnish primary care nurses
Authors: Alanen Seija , Ijäs Jarja , Kaila Minna , Mäkelä Marjukka , Välimäki Maritta 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Rationale, aims and objectives  Evidence‐based guidelines on hypertension have been developed in many western countries. Yet, there is little evidence of their impact on the clinical practices of primary care nurses.
Method  We assessed the style of implementation and adoption of the national Hypertension Guideline (HT Guideline) in 32 Finnish health centres classified in a previous study as ‘disseminators’ (n = 13) or ‘implementers’ (n = 19). A postal questionnaire was sent to all nurses (n = 409) working in the outpatient services in these health centres. Additionally, senior nursing officers were telephoned to enquire if the implementation of the HT Guideline had led to a new division of labour between nurses and doctors.
Results  Questionnaires were returned from 327 nurses (80.0%), while all senior nursing officers (n = 32) were contacted. The majority of nurses were of the opinion that the HT Guideline has been adopted into clinical practice. The recommendations in the HT Guideline were adopted in clinical practice with varying success, and slightly more often in implementer health centres than in disseminator health centres. Nurses in implementer health centres more often agreed that multiple channels had been used in the implementation (P < 0.001). According to senior nursing officers the implementation of the HT Guideline had led to a new division of labour between nurses and doctors in about a half of the health centres, clearly more often in implementer health centres (P < 0.001).
Conclusions  The HT Guideline was well adopted into clinical practice in Finland. The implementation of the HT Guideline had an impact on clinical practices, and on creating a new division of labour between nurses and doctors.
Assessing walking speed in clinical research: a systematic review
Authors: Graham James E. , Ostir Glenn V. , Fisher Steven R. , Ottenbacher Kenneth J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjective To provide a systematic review and describe how assessments of walking speed are reported in the health care literature.Methods MEDLINE electronic database and bibliographies of select articles were searched for terms describing walking speed and distances walked. The search was limited to English language journals from 1996 to 2006. The initial title search yielded 793 articles. A review of the abstracts reduced the number to 154 articles. Of these, 108 provided sufficient information for inclusion in the current review.Results Of the 108 studies included in the review 61 were descriptive, 39 intervention and 8 randomized controlled trials. Neurological (n = 55) and geriatric (n = 27) were the two most frequent participant groups in the studies reviewed. Instruction to walk at a usual or normal speed was reported in 55 of the studies, while 31 studies did not describe speed instructions. A static (standing) start was slightly more common than a dynamic (rolling) start (30 vs 26 studies); however, half of the studies did not describe the starting protocol. Walking 10, 6 and 4 m was the most common distances used, and reported in 37, 20 and 11 studies respectively. Only four studies included information on whether verbal encouragement was given during the walking task.Conclusions Tests of walking speed have been used in a wide range of populations. However, methodologies and descriptions of walking tests vary widely from study to study, which makes comparison difficult. There is a need to find consensus for a standardized walking test methodology.
The validity of the CGI severity and improvement scales as measures of clinical effectiveness suitable for routine clinical use
Authors: Berk Michael , Ng Felicity , Dodd Seetal , Callaly Tom , Campbell Shirley , Bernardo Michelle , Trauer Tom 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjective  The Clinical Global Impression Scale (CGI) is established as a core metric in psychiatric research. This study aims to test the validity of CGI as a clinical outcome measure suitable for routine use in a private inpatient setting.Methods  The CGI was added to a standard battery of routine outcome measures in a private psychiatric hospital. Data were collected on consecutive admissions over a period of 24 months, which included clinical diagnosis, demographics, service utilization and four routine measures (CGI, HoNOS, MHQ‐14 and DASS‐21) at both admission and discharge. Descriptive and comparative data analyses were performed.Results  Of 786 admissions in total, there were 624 and 614 CGI‐S ratings completed at the point of admission and discharge, respectively, and 610 completed CGI‐I ratings. The admission and discharge CGI‐S scores were correlated (r = 0.40), and the indirect improvement measures obtained from their differences were highly correlated with the direct CGI‐I scores (r = 0.71). The CGI results reflected similar trends seen in the other three outcome measures.Conclusions  The CGI is a valid clinical outcome measure suitable for routine use in an inpatient setting. It offers a number of advantages, including its established utility in psychiatric research, sensitivity to change, quick and simple administration, utility across diagnostic groupings, and reliability in the hands of skilled clinicians.
Adherence to professional guidelines for patients with urinary incontinence by general practitioners: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Albers‐Heitner Pytha , Berghmans Bary , Nieman Fred , Lagro‐Janssen Toine , Winkens Ron 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Background  Urinary incontinence is a common problem, affecting quality of life and leading to high costs. There is doubt about the use of clinical practice guidelines on urinary incontinence in primary care.
Objective  To assess adherence levels and reasons for (non)adherence to the Guideline on Urinary Incontinence of the Dutch College of General Practitioners.
Design, setting and participants  A postal survey among Dutch general practitioners (GPs).
Main outcome measure  Adherence of GPs to the guideline.
Results  We analysed 264 questionnaires. Almost all GPs adhered to the guideline when diagnosing the type of urinary incontinence. A bladder diary is not often used (35%). Adherence to therapeutic procedures was only high for mild/moderate stress urinary incontinence: most GPs (82.6%) used adequate advice on bladder retraining and pelvic floor muscle training. One out of four GPs agreed that adhering to the guideline is difficult, mainly owing to lack of time, staff, diagnostic tools, competences to provide this care and low motivation of patients.
Conclusions  Dutch GPs follow the guideline only partially: compliance with diagnostic advices is fairly good; compliance with treatment advices is low. Further research should focus on solutions how to support GPs to tackle major barriers to facilitate the adherence to guidelines (substitution of tasks to specialized nurses, reducing the threshold for referral and concentrating expertise in integrated continence care services).
Assessing the quality of pharmacological treatments from administrative databases: the case of low‐molecular‐weight heparin after major orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Gerkens Sophie , Beguin Claire , Crott Ralph , Closon Marie‐Christine , Horsmans Yves 
Published: May 2008

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  ‘Real world data’ are needed to assess the quality of pharmacological treatments in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to determine whether administrative databases can be used to assess the quality of prophylaxis with low‐molecular‐weight heparin after major orthopaedic surgery.Methods  The study was performed in a Belgian university hospital. Patients undergoing total hip replacement (THR), total knee replacement (TKR) or hip fracture surgery (HFS) were selected retrospectively from the hospital's 2002 and 2003 administrative databases. Readmissions during the same year as the procedure were also analysed. Three quality indicators were assessed: incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE), major bleeding and death; adherence to guidelines; and the costs of care.Results  Although 70% of data were collected from administrative databases, patients' records also had to be examined. During the period studied, VTE and major bleeding events were rare. Patients undergoing HFS were at greater risk of having a pulmonary embolism [Exact odds ratio (OR) = 3.78; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13–16.22; P = 0.03] or of death from any cause (Exact OR = 2.15; 95% CI = 1.52–infinity; P < 0.01) than patients undergoing THR or TKR. The hospital's prophylaxis protocol was not always followed. Half the patients received higher prophylaxis doses than recommended and 11% received lower doses but no impact on adverse events was demonstrated.Conclusion  Results show that administrative databases contain enough information to measure the frequency of adverse events but complementary data on patient weight and on non‐reimbursed drugs must be extracted from the patients' records to evaluate adherence to guidelines. Our findings stress the need for better integration of information systems.
Evolution of mating isolation between populations ofDrosophila ananassae
Authors: SCHUG MALCOLM D. , BAINES JOHN F. , KILLON‐ATWOOD AMANDA , MOHANTY SUJATA , DAS APARUP , GRATH SONJA , SMITH SHELLY G. , ZARGHAM SHIVA , MCEVEY SHANE F. , STEPHAN WOLFGANG 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPrezygotic mating isolation has been a major interest of evolutionary biologists during the past several decades because it is likely to represent one of the first stages in the transition from populations to species. Mate discrimination is one of the most commonly measured forms of prezygotic isolation and appears to be relatively common among closely related species. In some cases, it has been used as a measure to distinguish populations from subspecies, races, and sister species, yet the influences of various evolutionary mechanisms that may generate mate discrimination are largely unknown. In this study, we measured the level and pattern of mate discrimination among 18 populations of a cosmopolitan drosophilid species,Drosophila ananassae, from throughout its geographical range and its sister species,Drosophila pallidosa,which has a restricted geographical distribution in the South Pacific Islands. In addition, we measured genetic differentiation between all 18 populations using mitochondrial DNA polymorphism data. Mate discrimination varies considerably throughout the species range, being higher among populations outside the ancestral Indonesian range, and highest in the South Pacific. Our results suggest that colonization and genetic differentiation may have an influence on the evolutionary origin of mate discrimination. Our phylogeographical approach clarifies the ancestral relationships of several populations from the South Pacific that show particularly strong mate discrimination and suggests that they may be in the early stages of speciation. Furthermore, both the genetic and behavioral results cast doubt on the status ofD. pallidosaas a good species.
North American P type of Heterobasidion annosum shows pathogenicity towards Pinus halepensis in Italy
Authors: Scirè M. , D’Amico L. , Motta E. , Annesi T. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryDuring a survey on the distribution of Heterobasidion root rot, the North American P group of H. annosum was recorded causing root rot on Aleppo pine, Pinus halepensis, in the gardens of a historical villa in Rome. This is the first report of Heterobasidion root rot on P. halepensis in its natural distribution area, the Mediterranean Basin.