bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for outbreaks of disease attributable to white sturgeon iridovirus and white sturgeon herpesvirus-2 at a commercial sturgeon farm
Authors: Georgiadis Marios P. , Hedrick Ronald P. , Johnson Wesley O. , Yun Susan , Gardner Ian A. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine management, fish, and
environmental risk factors for increased mortality and
an increased proportion of runts for white sturgeon
exposed to white sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV) and
white sturgeon herpesvirus-2 (WSHV-2).

Animals—White sturgeon in 57 tanks at 1 farm and
observations made for fish at another farm.

Procedure—A prospective cohort study was conducted.
Data on mortality, proportion of runts, and
potential risk factors were collected. Five fish from
each tank were examined for WSIV and WSHV-2 via
inoculation of susceptible cell lines and microscopic
examination of stained tissue sections. An ANCOVA
was used to evaluate effects of risk factors on mortality
and proportion of runts.

Results—Major determinants of number of dead fish
(natural logarithm [ln]-transformed) were spawn,
source (90% confidence interval [CI] for regression
coefficient, 0.62 to 2.21), and stocking density (90%
CI, 0.003 to 0.03). Main predictors of proportion of
runts (ln-transformed) were spawn, mortality incidence
density (90% CI, 0.004 to 0.03), age (90% CI,
–0.012 to –0.004), and the difference in weight
between the largest and smallest nonrunt fish (90%
CI, 0.0002 to 1.24). Additional observations indicated
a possible protective effect attributable to previous
exposure to the viruses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Mortality and
proportion of runts for white sturgeon after exposure
to WSIV and WSHV-2 may be reduced for a farm at
which the viruses are endemic by selection of specific
broodstock, stocking with fish that survived outbreaks
of viral disease, using all-in, all-out production,
and decreasing stocking densities. (Am J Vet Res
2000;61:1232–1240)
Platelet aggregation in dogs with mitral valve regurgitation
Authors: Tanaka Ryou , Yamane Yoshihisa 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare platelet aggregation in healthy dogs and dogs with mitral valve regurgitation (MVR) to determine whether regurgitation had an effect on platelet function.Animals—32 dogs with MVR and 43 healthy dogs.Procedure—Platelet aggregation was measured with an aggregometer, using adenosine 5'-diphosphate as the aggregating agent, and the maximum aggregation and the enhancement of platelet sensitivity (EPS) values were calculated.Results—Platelet count and maximum aggregation were not significantly different between healthy dogs and dogs with MVR. However, EPS values in dogs with MVR were significantly higher than values in healthy dogs. Platelet count and maximum aggregation were not significantly different between dogs classified as New York Heart Association functional class I or II and dogs classified as functional class III or IV; however, EPS values were significantly higher in dogs classified as functional class III or IV.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that platelet aggregation is decreased in dogs with MVR and that the EPS value may be more sensitive to differences in disease severity than in measurement of maximum aggregation. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1248–1251)
In vitro investigation of the effect of prostaglandins and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on contractile activity of the equine smooth muscle of the dorsal colon, ventral colon, and pelvic flexure
Authors: Hoogmoed Linda M. Van , Snyder Jack R. , Harmon Faye 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives—To determine the in vitro effect of prostaglandin E2(PGE2), PGF2α, PGI2; and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID; ie, flunixin meglumine, ketoprofen, carprofen, and phenylbutazone) on contractile activity of the equine dorsal colon, ventral colon, and pelvic flexure circular and longitudinal smooth muscle.Animals—26 healthy horses.Procedure—Tissue collected from the ventral colon, dorsal colon, and pelvic flexure was cut into strips and mounted in a tissue bath system where contractile strength was determined. Incremental doses of PGE2, PGF2α, PGI2, flunixin meglumine, carprofen, ketoprofen, and phenylbutazone were added to the baths, and the contractile activity was recorded for each location and orientation of smooth muscle.Results—In substance P-stimulated tissues, PGE2and PGF2αenhanced contractility in the longitudinal smooth muscle with a decrease or no effect on circular smooth muscle activity. Prostaglandin I2inhibited the circular smooth muscle response with no effect on the longitudinal muscle. The activity of NSAID was predominantly inhibitory regardless of location or muscle orientation.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In the equine large intestine, exogenous prostaglandins had a variable effect on contractile activity, depending on the location in the colon and orientation of the smooth muscle. The administration of NSAID inhibited contractility, with flunixin meglumine generally inducing the most profound inhibition relative to the other NSAID evaluated in substance P-stimulated smooth muscle of the large intestine. The results of this study indicate that prolonged use of NSAID may potentially predispose horses to develop gastrointestinal tract stasis and subsequent impaction. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1259–1266)
Mutational analysis of tumor suppressor gene p53 in feline vaccine site-associated sarcomas
Authors: Nambiar Prashant R. , Haines Deborah M. , Ellis John A. , Kidney Beverly A. , Jackson Marion L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives—To investigate the role of tumor suppressor gene p53 mutation in feline vaccine site-associated sarcoma (VSS) development and to evaluate the relationship between p53 nucleotide sequence and protein expression.Sample Population—Formalin-fixed paraffinembedded tissues of 8 feline VSS with dark p53 immunostaining (high p53 expression) and 13 feline VSS with faint or no staining (normal p53 expression).Procedure—DNA was extracted from neoplastic and normal tissue from each paraffin block. The following 3 regions of the p53 gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction: 379 base pair (bp) region of exon 5, intron 5, and exon 6, 108 bp region of exon 7, and 140 bp region of exon 8. Amplified p53 products were sequenced and compared with published feline p53. The p53 mutations identified were correlated with p53 mutations predicted by immunostaining.Results—Neoplastic cells of 5 of 8 (62.5%) VSS that had high p53 expression harbored single missense mutations within the p53 gene regions examined. The p53 gene mutations were not detected in the 13 tumors with normal p53 immunostaining. Nonneoplastic tissues adjacent to all 21 VSS lacked mutations of these p53 gene regions.Conclusions—The p53 gene mutations were restricted to neoplastic tissue and, therefore, were unlikely to predispose to VSS. However, p53 mutations may have contributed to cancer progression in 5 of the 21 VSS. There was very good (κ quotient = 0.67 with a confidence limit of 0.3 to 1.0), although not complete, agreement between prediction of mutation by p53 immunostaining and identification of mutations by sequencing of key p53 gene regions. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1277–1281)
Effect of a 30-minute infusion of dobutamine hydrochloride on hind limb blood flow and hemodynamics in halothane-anesthetized horses
Authors: Raisis Anthea L. , Young Lesley E. , Blissitt Karen J. , Walsh Karen , Meire Hylton B. , Taylor Polly M. , Lekeux Pierre 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the hemodynamic effects of dobutamine hydrochloride (0.5 µg/kg of body weight/min) in halothane-anesthetized horses.Animals—6 adult Thoroughbred horses.Procedure—Anesthesia was induced by use of romifidine (100 µg/kg) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg), IV. Anesthesia was maintained by halothane (end-tidal concentration 0.9 to 1.0%). Aortic, left ventricular, and right atrial pressures were measured, using cathetermounted strain gauge transducers. Cardiac output (CO), velocity time integral, maximal aortic blood flow velocity and acceleration, and left ventricular preejection period and ejection time were measured from aortic velocity waveforms obtained by transesophageal Doppler echocardiography. Velocity waveforms were recorded from the femoral vessels, using Doppler ultrasonography. The time-averaged mean velocity and early diastolic deceleration slope (EDDS) were measured. Pulsatility index (PI) and volumetric flow were calculated. Microvascular perfusion was measured in the semimembranosus muscles by laser Doppler flowmetry. Data were recorded 60 minutes after induction of anesthesia (control) and at 15 and 30 minutes after start of an infusion of dobutamine (0.5 µg/kg/min).Results—Aortic pressures were significantly increased during the infusion of dobutamine. No change was observed in the indices of left ventricular systolic function including CO. Femoral arterial flow significantly increased, and the PI and EDDS decreased. No change was observed in the femoral venous flow or in microvascular perfusion.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—At this dosage, dobutamine did not alter left ventricular systolic function. Femoral blood flow was preferentially increased as the result of local vasodilatation. The lack of effect of dobutamine on microvascular perfusion suggests that increased femoral flow is not necessarily associated with improved perfusion of skeletal muscles. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1282–1288)
Comparison of tear proteins of llamas and cattle
Authors: Gionfriddo Juliet R. , Melgarejo Tonatiuh , Morrison Elizabeth A. , Alinovi Catherine A. , Asem Elikplimi K. , Krohne Sheryl G. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To analyze and compare contents of the preocular tear films of llamas and cattle.Animals—40 llamas and 35 cattle.Procedure—Tear pH was determined by use of a pH meter. Total protein concentration was determined by use of 2 microtiter methods. Tear proteins were separated by use of electrophoresis and molecular weights of bands were calculated. Western blot immunoassay was used to detect IgA, lactoferrin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, α1-antitrypsin, α1-amylase, and α2-macroglobulin. Enzyme electrophoresis was used to detect proteases.Results—The pH of llama and cattle tears were 8.05 ± 0.01 and 8.10 ± 0.01, respectively. For results of both methods, total protein concentration of llama tears was significantly greater than that of cattle tears. Molecular weights of tear protein bands were similar within and between the 2 species, although llama tears had a distinct 13.6-kd band that was not detected in cattle. Lactoferrin, IgA, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, α1-antitrypsin, α1-amylase, α2–macroglobulin, and proteases were detected in both species.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Llama tears have significantly greater total protein concentration than cattle tears, whereas pH is similar between species. Because little variation was detected within species for the number and molecular weight of protein bands, pooling of tears for analysis is justified. Results suggest that lactoferrin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin, α1-antitrypsin, α2-macroglobulin, α1-amylase, and IgA are present in the tears of llamas and cattle. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1289–1293)
Detection of lysozyme in llama, sheep, and cattle tears
Authors: Gionfriddo Juliet R. , Davidson Harriet , Asem Elikplimi K. , Krohne Sheryl G. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether the tears of llamas, sheep, and cattle contain lysozyme and compare lysozyme concentrations in tears among these species.Animals—40 llamas, 5 sheep, and 36 cattle.Procedure—Electrophoresis, western blot immunoassay for lysozyme, a spectrophotometric assay to detect tear lysozyme by its ability to lyse a suspension ofMicrococcus lysodeiticus, and a microtiter plate colorometric assay were performed.Results—A 13.6-kd protein band was detected by use of electrophoresis and western blot immunoassay in llama and sheep tears but not cattle tears. Results of spectrophotometric assay suggested that llama and sheep tears had high concentrations of lysozyme, whereas cattle tears had low concentrations. Results of the microtiter plate colorometric assay suggested that llama tears had high concentrations of lysozyme, whereas concentrations in sheep and cattle tears were lower.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Lysozyme concentrations in tears may vary among species and this variability may contribute to differing susceptibilities to ocular diseases such as infectious keratoconjunctivitis. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1294–1297)
In vitro comparison of metaphyseal and diaphyseal placement of centrally threaded, positive-profile transfixation pins in the equine third metacarpal bone
Authors: McClure Scott R. , Hillberry Ben M. , Fisher Kate E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate in vitro holding power and associated microstructural and thermal damage from placement of positive-profile transfixation pins in the diaphysis and metaphysis of the equine third metacarpal bone.Sample Population—Third metacarpal bones from 30 pairs of adult equine cadavers.Procedure—Centrally threaded positive-profile transfixation pins were placed in the diaphysis of 1 metacarpal bone and the metaphysis of the opposite metacarpal bone of 15 pairs of bones. Tensile force at failure for axial extraction was measured with a materials testing system. An additional 15 pairs of metacarpal bones were tested similarly following cyclic loading. Microstructural damage was evaluated via scanning electron microscopy in another 6 pairs of metacarpal bones, 2 pairs in each of the following 3 groups: metacarpal bones with tapped holes and without transfixation pin placement, metacarpal bones following transfixation pin placement, and metacarpal bones following transfixation pin placement and cyclic loading. Temperature of the hardware was measured with a surface thermocouple in 12 additional metacarpal bones warmed to 38 C.Results—The diaphysis provided significantly greater resistance to axial extraction than the metaphysis. There were no significant temperature differences between diaphyseal and metaphyseal placement. Microstructural damage was limited to occasional microfractures seen only in cortical bone of diaphyseal and metaphyseal locations. Microfractures originated during drilling and tapping but did not worsen following transfixation pin placement or cyclic loading.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Centrally threaded, positive-profile transfixation pins have greater resistance to axial extraction in the diaphysis than in the metaphysis of equine third metacarpal bone in vitro. This information may be used to create more stable external skeletal fixation in horses with fractures. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1304–1308)
Effects of 3-methylindole production and immunity against bovine respiratory syncytial virus on development of respiratory tract disease and rate of gain of feedlot cattle
Authors: Bingham Howard R. , Morley Paul S. , Wittum Thomas E. , Bray Tammy M. , Ellis John A. , Queen W. Greg , Shulaw William P. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether immunity against bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) mitigates the effects of 3-methylindole (3MI) on occurrence of bovine respiratory tract disease (BRD) and rate of gain in feedlot cattle.Animals—254 mixed-breed beef cattle.Procedure—Cattle were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups at the time of arrival at the feedlot. One group was vaccinated with an inactivated BRSV vaccine, another was vaccinated with a modified-live BRSV vaccine, and the third was maintained as unvaccinated control cattle. On days 0 and 28, serum BRSV antibody concentrations were measured, using serum neutralizing and ELISA techniques. Serum 3MI concentrations were measured at feedlot arrival and 3 days later. Cattle were monitored for development of BRD. At slaughter, lungs were evaluated grossly for chronic lesions.Results—Higher serum 3MI concentrations early in the feeding period were associated with lower mean daily gain. Control cattle were more likely to be treated for BRD after day 3, compared with cattle vaccinated with the modified-live BRSV vaccine. Humoral immunity against BRSV did not appear to modify the effect of 3MI on development of BRD or mean daily gain.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that abrogating the effects of 3MI and BRSV infection may improve the health and growth performance of feedlot cattle. However, in this study, immunity against BRSV did not appear to protect against the potential synergism between 3MI and BRSV infection, possibly because of the slow rates of gain of cattle included in the study or timing of sample collection. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1309–1314)
Activities of NADPH-dependent reductases and sorbitol dehydrogenase in canine and feline lenses
Authors: Salgado Diego , Forrer Rhea S. , Spiess Bernhard M. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To measure activities of NADPH-dependent
reductases and sorbitol dehydrogenase in lenses
from healthy dogs and cats.

Sample Population—Lenses from 37 dogs and 23
cats. All animals were healthy and had serum glucose
concentrations within reference limits.

Procedure—Lenses were homogenized, and activities
of NADPH-dependent reductases and sorbitol
dehydrogenase were measured spectrophotometrically.

Results—Activities of NADPH-dependent reductases
and sorbitol dehydrogenase were significantly lower
in lenses from cats than in lenses from dogs.
However, the ratio of NADPH-dependent reductases
activity-to-sorbitol dehydrogenase activity was significantly
higher in lenses from cats than in lenses from
dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate
that during periods of hyperglycemia, sorbitol
would accumulate at a faster rate in the lenses of cats
than in the lenses of dogs. Thus, the higher incidence
of diabetic cataracts in dogs, compared with cats, is
likely not attributable to a difference in the ratio of
NADPH-dependent reductases activity-to-sorbitol
dehydrogenase activity. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:
1322–1324)
Reliability of two 2,400-m time-trial protocols for assessing performance of Standardbred racehorses
Authors: Shearman Jeremy P. , Hopkins Will G. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the reliability of 2 time-trial protocols, 1 that involved use of a pacemaker and 1 that did not, for assessing performance of Standardbred racehorses.Animals—3- to 7-year-old Standardbred maiden pacers.Procedure—11 Standardbred pacers were used to determine the reliability of a time-trial protocol that involved use of a galloping pacemaker. All tests were performed by a single driver. Horses were paced for an initial 1,600 m then raced and timed for the final 800 m. They were retested 9 days later. Twenty-two horses were used to determine the reliability of a time-trial protocol that did not involve use of a pacemaker. All tests were performed by a second driver. Horses were paced for the first 1,200 m then raced and timed for the final 1,200 m. They were retested 3 and 8 days later.Results—Reliability of performance time, expressed as the coefficient of variation (ie, the typical percentage variation in a horse's time between trials), was similar for the 2 protocols (1.0% and 1.3%, respectively).Conclusions—The small variations in performance times for the 2 time-trial protocols were similar to those of the best comparable laboratory and field tests of human and equine performance. Both protocols would be suitable for investigating factors affecting performance of Standardbred racehorses. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1339–1342)
Immediate urodynamic and anatomic response to colposuspension in female Beagles
Authors: Rawlings Clarence A. , Mahaffey Mary B. , Chernosky Adriene , Huzella Louis 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To characterize urodynamic function and anatomy before and after colposuspension in anesthetized female Beagles.Animals—12 adult female Beagles.Procedure—During general anesthesia (thiopental sodium induction and halothane maintenance), urethral pressure profiles, leak point pressure measurements with a 50-ml bladder volume, positive contrast cystograms, and retrograde vaginourethrocystograms were performed. A caudal midline laparotomy was used to perform colposuspension. Urodynamic and radiographic studies were repeated after surgery.Results—Leak point pressures were increased (120 to 168.9 cm H2O), and maximum urethral closure pressures decreased (43.7 to 19.3 cm H2O ) after colposuspension. The urethra and bladder were moved cranially; the external urethral orifice was positioned closer to the pelvic cavity, and the neck of the bladder was positioned more cranially into the abdomen. Length of the urethra, as measured by use of vaginourethrocystograms, was increased by 3%. As measured by use of urethral pressure profiles, total profile length was increased by 19.9%, and functional profile length was increased by 19.2%.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increased leak-point pressure correlated with the expected clinical improvement attributable to colposuspension. Increased exposure of the urethra to abdominal and pelvic cavity pressures may be the mechanism by which incontinent dogs become continent after colposuspension. Results of the leak-point pressure test may correlate with clinical behavior before and after colposuspension for treatment of incontinence. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1353–1357)
Interleukin-8 concentration and neutrophil chemotactic activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease following exposure to hay
Authors: Franchini Marco , Gill Urs , Fellenberg Roland von , Bracher Verena D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To analyze effects of hay dust exposure on interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentration, percentage of neutrophils, and neutrophil chemotactic activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Animals—16 healthy horses and 29 horses with COPD.Procedure—IL-8 concentration, percentage of neutrophils, and neutrophil chemotactic activity in BALF were measured. Values were analyzed with respect to hay dust exposure. These variables were also measured in 5 asymptomatic horses with COPD after the induction of clinical signs by changing feed from silage to hay.Results—IL-8 concentrations and chemotactic activity in BALF were greater in horses with COPD, compared with healthy horses, and greater in horses with COPD exposed to hay dust, compared with nonexposed affected horses. An increase in IL-8 concentration accompanied by an increase in percentage of neutrophils in BALF and development of clinical signs of COPD were induced in asymptomatic horses with COPD by changing feed from silage to hay.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Exposure of horses with COPD to hay dust components resulted in an increase in IL-8 secretion at the bronchoalveolar surface. This chemokine may play a role in the pathogenesis of COPD, because it causes neutrophil accumulation in the bronchoalveolar space. Our results underscore the importance of eliminating dust sources for the treatment and prevention of COPD in horses. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1369–1374)