bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Helminthosporium heveae on Hevea Rubber in Malaysia I. Laboratory Assessment
Authors: Turner P. D. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYTo evaluate the potential efficacy of fungicides for the control of birds' eye spot in rubber nurseries, 49 formulations were tested in the laboratory by the paper disc diffusion and liquid culture methods. After discarding phytotoxic fungicides, only certain of the carbamate compounds, especially thiram, and those containing manganese and difolatan showed mazked activity in both series of tests. The results were compazed with field experience, and for the most part good correlations were found between laboratory and field results, a marked exception being the poor in vitro inhibition shown by zineb. A bimodal growth response was shown by the fungus to some of the carbamate formulations.
Evaluation of Fungicides for the Control of Helminthosporium heveae on Hevea Rubber in Malaysia II. Field Tests
Authors: Wastie R. L. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYNursery trials have shown that carbamate fungicides containing zinc or manganese are effective against Helminthosporium heveae. The addition of a wetting or sticking agent did not improve control, and in one test significantly reduced it.
Effects of Feeding Hay on the Early Wet Season Weight Loss of Cattle in Western Tanzania
Authors: Walker B. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYAt Ukiriguru, in Western Tanzania, cattle often lose weight appreciably in the first few weeks of the wet season. Three levels of supplementary hay feeding, compared over this period, showed initial effects, but the final weight differences between treatments were not significant due to the effects of later compensatory growth. Differences between treatments during the weight loss and compensatory growth phases can be mainly attributed to differences in dry matter intake, rather than differences in actual body weight.
Effects of Vacuum-Drying on the Viability of Oil Palm Pollen
Authors: Hardon J. J. , Davies M. D. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYPollen of the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) was vacuum dried for various lengths of time and stored under vacuum in ampoules at 28°, 5° and −10°C. Little loss in viability over a period of 12 months was observed in any of the storage treatments when vacuum drying did not exceed one hour. Progenies resulting from crosses with pollen stored three months under vacuum have shown no anamolous seedling development.
Effects of Seed Bed Preparation and Time of Planting on Maize (Zea mays) in Western Nigeria
Authors: Lal Rattan 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe variety Nigerian Synthetic-5 was sown on eight occasions, five in the first season and three in the second, at approximately 15-day intervals from 15 April to 15 June, and on 20 August, 4 September and 23 September. The method of seed bed preparation and time of planting both affected yields, effects that could be related to soil temperature and soil moisture reserve during crop development. Maize planted in August produced the highest yield; heaps and ridges gave the lowest yield at all planting dates, while planting on the flat or in furrows produced the highest yield.
Mass Selection of Commercial Hybrid Sugarcane Populations in Fiji
Authors: Brown A. H. D. , Daniels J. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe mass selection reservoir (MSR) is one way to take a population approach to the breeding of sugarcane. Yield data from four successive plantings of a sugarcane MSR showed consistent superiority to a commercial clone. The problem of defining satisfactory selection indices for the MSR is discussed.
Effects of Fertilizer Nitrogen on Yield of Wheat in Northern Sudan
Authors: Ahmed A. G. A. Gabar , Dafalla D. A. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYAn experiment at Hudeiba Research Station in Northern Province for three consecutive seasons, testing the effects of form, rate and time of application of nitrogen, showed that grain yield of wheat was significantly influenced by rate and time of application but two forms of fertilizers behaved similarly. None of the factors examined affected the 1000 grain weights. A second order polynomial function, fitted to yields at different nitrogen levels to determine economic levels was quadratic, best described by Y = a + 11·809x − 0·1037 x2. When almost all relevant factors were considered, 30–40 kg. of N per acre appeared to be an optimum economic level.
Improvement of Groundnut Pod-Filling by Lime and Gypsum Application to Some Soils in Northern Malawi
Authors: Laurence R. C. N. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYGlasshouse and field trials have been used to assess the effect of applying calcitic lime and gypsum on haulm weight, pod-filling and kernel yield of groundnuts grown in soils of Northern Malawi. Incorporation of lime prior to planting and topdressing gypsum at flowering both rectified poor pod-filling and improved kernel yield. Gypsum decreased haulm weight and usually produced lower overall kernel yield than lime. The relative merits of lime and gypsum application are discussed, together with the need for supplementation by phosphorus and sulphur.
Genetic Studies in Sesame. II. Inheritance of Flower Colour and Number of Locules per Pod
Authors: Khidir M. Osman 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYA number of crosses were made to study the mode of inheritance of flower colour and number of locules per capsule of sesame. Red flower colour was dominant to white, and 4-loculed dominant over 8-loculed pods, each of the traits being controlled by a single gene pair segregating in a 3:1 F2 ratio.
Residual Effects of Unplanted Alleys in Rice Experimental Fields
Authors: Gomez Kwanchai A. , Duangratana Sanga 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYResearchers commonly use unplanted alleys to separate plots in experiments with paddy rice. In studies in the Philippines and Thailand we compared the performance of rice plants grown in previously cropped areas of a field with that of plants grown in areas which were unplanted alleys in the previous season. The latter plants had yields and values for several agronomic characters that were significantly different from plants grown in the previously planted areas, with yields ranging from 8 to 25 per cent higher.
The Interpretation of Regression Analysis and the Covariance Adjustment, with Particular Reference to Agricultural Research
Authors: Campbell N. A. , Goodchild N. A. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe aim of this paper is to help biologists gain a clearer understanding of what is involved in covariance analysis. It is an exposition on the derivation of the regression coefficient in the analysis of covariance, and hence on the interpretation of the covariance adjustment. The covariance adjustment is shown to be equivalent to regressing the residuals from an analysis of variance of the original variate on the residuals from an analysis of variance of the covariate.
Edge Effects and Interactions with Environment in Cocoa
Authors: Martin K. J. , Lockwood G. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYIn trials of seedling cocoa in Ghana, biases in the estimates of yield and tree size arising on the perimeters of experiments and on the interfaces of unguarded plots were strongly correlated, characteristic of progenies and stable across environments, but were inconsistent for black pod losses. No variate showed progeny × site interactions, but those of Caribbean yield data were interpreted by principal components analysis. The results show that 25-tree plots may be used for initial tests of new varieties and, as long as the environmental variation does not exceed that of the Ghanaian trials, at single sites.
Effects of Defoliation on Lodging and Yield of Maize Hybrids
Authors: Pinter L. , Kalman L. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYReducing the leaf areas of different maize hybrids at the time of female flowering resulted in a reduction of up to 70–90 g/plant of grain yield, with a parallel deterioration in the health of the stalk pith (due to infection by Fusarium sp.) and an increase in lodging. However, beyond a certain limit defoliation caused a loss in fertilization and a further decline in grain yield, which was accompanied by an improvement in the health of the pith and less lodging. There were considerable differences in the reactions of six genotypes to the defoliation treatments.
Variety × Environment Interactions in Western Nigeria Tomatoes
Authors: Adelana B. O. , Oyedokun J. B. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYTen tomato varieties, tested at three locations for 3 years in Western Nigeria, gave variety × environment interactions, indicating that some were only suitable for specific areas and none possessed wide adaptation. It is suggested that Western Nigeria could usefully be divided into sub-zones in which specific varieties could be developed.
Effects of Irrigation and Fertilizer on Mustard (Brassica juncea)
Authors: Joarder O. I. , Paul N. K. , Ghose S. K. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThree cultivars of mustard (B. juncea) were grown on field plots with five levels of fertilizers and with or without irrigation. Irrigation gave 59% more seed yield than no irrigation, accompanied by improved performance of ancillary characters. Significant increases in seed yield and most of the other characters were noted with increased levels of fertilizers, with a significant cultivar × fertilizer interaction due to the negative response of one cultivar to increased levels of fertilizers. The importance of irrigation and fertilizer in mustard seed production was thus demonstrated.
Calculators – How to Get the Answers Right
Authors: Ryder K. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYMost scientists now own, or have access to, an electronic calculator and appear to have absolute faith in the answers it gives. However, these calculators have design limitations which for some data sets will affect the accuracy of the calculations and so produce incorrect results. In statistics work, corrected sums of squares and products, needed for Analyses of Variance and Regression Analyses, can be affected. The first two sections of this paper describe these limitations and illustrate how they can affect the result of calculating the variance of a particular data set. A simple procedure is then described that will help overcome the problem. Finally, in anticipaion that the micro-computer will eventually replace the calculator as the main mathematical tool, a more general procedure is given for calculating the sums of squares and products.
Effects of Harvesting Policy and Nitrogen Application Rates on the Production of Tea in Central Africa. II. Quality and Total Value of the Crop
Authors: Cloughley J. B. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe black teas produced from the field treatments described previously (Cloughley et al., 1983) were evaluated chemically and organoleptically. Increasing N application rates and harvesting larger shoots had adverse effects on the liquor quality as assessed by theaflavin (TF) analysis, and on the value of the product as assessed by tea tasters' sensory examination. There were also large, regular intraseasonal fluctuations in TF content, small values corresponding to occasions of crop peaks. Shoots predominantly of 2 or 3 leaves and a bud harvested from plots given 135 kg N ha−1 generated the largest total cash value. A total value index (TVI), involving yield and quality, is introduced and illustrated.
Effect of the Germinating Seed Environment on Crop Yields. I. Effect of Soil Acidity at Germination on Yields of Sweet Clover and Alfalfa
Authors: Haller E. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe dependence of yields of sweet clover and alfalfa on environmental conditions, including soil acidity, at the germination stage has been studied over a period of 28 years. Results have been dramatic: sweet clover and alfalfa can grow well and produce large yields even on strongly acid soils (pHKCl 4.0) providing that the process of germination starts in a neutral medium.
Effects of Genotype in Cereal/Pigeonpea Intercropping on the Alfisols of the Semi-Arid Tropics of India
Authors: Rao M. R. , Willey R. W. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYIn a 2 row cereal: 1 row pigeonpea intercropping system, four sorghum and two millet genotypes were examined with four of pigeonpea on a medium-deep Alfisol during 1978 and 1979. The cereals usually produced a large proportion of their sole crop yields. Millets matured relatively early which allowed large yields of later-maturing pigeonpea. A tall millet gave the best total Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) of 1.78 and most monetary returns. Early and/or short sorghums produced large LERs (1.51–1.59) and combinations with an early hybrid also gave good returns. A tall late sorghum gave poor yields of both components, smallest total LER (1.30), and little return. Pigeonpea intercrop yields became larger as the maturity difference between the cereal and pigeonpea increased. A combination of a short, early but large-yielding cereal with a pigeonpea that is as late as possible without incurring undue risk of moisture stress may be ideal.
Effect of Intercropping on Nodulation and N2-fixation by Groundnut
Authors: Nambiar P. T. C. , Rao M. R. , Reddy M. S. , Floyd C. N. , Dart P. J. , Willey R. W. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYNodulation and N2-fixation of groundnut were investigated in sole and intercropping systems. Intercropping with pearl millet, maize, or sorghum reduced nodulation and N2-fixation. This effect is ascribed to the shading of groundnut by the cereal component and the consequent decrease in photosynthesis of the legume canopy.
Effects of Cultural Practices on Growth, Yield and Economics of Fibre Flax Production in the North Western Himalayas
Authors: Guleria W. S. , Singh C. M. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYField experiments investigated the effects of seed rate, row spacing and time of harveston growth and yield of irrigated fibre flax and economics of fibre production at the Experimental Farm, Palampur, North Western Himalayas during two winter seasons between 1979and 1981. A seed rate of 60 kg ha−1 and row spacing of 20 cm gave the best yield and most profit. Any delay in harvesting after flower initiation significantlyincreased fibre yield and net profit per hectare.
Nitrogen Uptake of Field-grown Cotton. I. Distribution in Plant Components in Relation to Fertilization and Yield
Authors: Oosterhuis D. M. , Chipamaunga J. , Bate G. C. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThree levels of nitrogen (N) were applied to cotton grown in irrigated field trials at two locations in Zimbabwe in 1978. Dry matter (DM) production, total uptake and distribution of N among vegetative and reproductive components, and soil mineral-N contents were recorded about every 14 days. About 60% of total DM was produced, and 40% of total N taken up, between 10 and 16 weeks after sowing. Most N was present in vegetative parts, particularly leaves and branches, during early growth but, later, it accumulated in buds, flowers and bolls. At maturity, seeds and lint contained 42% of total above-ground plant N. N concentrations were similar in sympodial and mainstem leaves, petioles and branches. Inorganic N applied at sowing had little effect on plant N, but when given after 10 weeks it increased the N content of leaves, stems, branches, petioles and bolls.
Nitrogen Uptake of Field-grown Cotton. II. Nitrate Reductase Activity and Petiole Nitrate Concentration as Indicators of Plant Nitrogen Status
Authors: Oosterhuis D. M. , Bate G. C. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe possibility of using seasonal changes in leaf nitrate reductase activity (NRA) as a reliable and sensitive indicator of plant nitrogen (N) status has been investigated in field-grown cotton. These changes were compared with those in nitrate concentration in petioles and variations in soil-N concentration. We conclude that NRA in the uppermost, fully-expanded sympodial leaves may provide a more convenient, sensitive and reliable indicator of plant-N status than measurements of nitrate concentrations in petioles.
Preliminary Studies of Intercropping Combinations Based on Pigeonpea or Sorghum
Authors: Rao M. R. , Willey R. W. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYVarious intercrops were examined in an alternate row pattern with pigeonpea or sorghum on both Alfisol (red soil) and Vertisol (black soil). The slow-establishing and later-maturing pigeonpea combined well with earlier cereals and legumes to give very large yield advantages as measured by the Land Equivalent Ratio. In the pigeonpea/cereal combinations, the earlier the cereal the bigger the yield advantage tended to be, attributed to improved use of resources over time as the difference in maturity periods of the component crops increased. Sorghum was generally more competitive than pigeonpea and intercropping advantages tended to be less. But even where there was little difference in maturity periods of the component crops, both sorghum/legume and sorghum/cereal combinations gave substantial and statistically significant advantages, suggesting that improved ‘spatial’ use of resources was also important.
Dry-season Legume Forages to Follow Paddy Rice in N.E. Thailand. I. Species Evaluation and Effectiveness of Native Rhizobium for Nitrogen Fixation
Authors: Shelton H. M. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYA range of legumes was evaluated in North-east Thailand for dry season forage production on stored moisture following harvest of the paddy rice crop. Crotalaria juncea (sunnhemp) and Lablab purpureus (lablab) produced the best dry matter yields of 1950 and 2020 kg−1 ha respectively on a cultivated paddy field without further fertilizer. Stored moisture was adequate for these two but growth of other species was poor, especially on plots that received no prior cultivation. In pot experiments, sunnhemp did not respond to either nitrogen application or Rhizobium inoculation, indicating that native strains were effective for nitrogen fixation. Lablab responded to both treatments and gave a 55% dry matter response to inoculation with Rhizobium in the field.
Effects of Macronutrients and Cutting on Mulberry Cultivars in Malaysian Peat
Authors: Chew W. Y. , Joseph K. T. , Adam M. A. , Ramli K. , Zulkifly A. K. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYN, P and K fertilizers improved mulberry leaf, stem and fruit yields on peat, the optimum rates being 100 kg/ha/yr N, 25 kg P and 62·5 kg K, with further leaf responses to N and K if applied together in the ratio of 3:2. Harvesting every 2 months at 60 cm height gave better yearly leaf yields than cuttings 3–12 months apart, but annual stem yields were not affected by harvesting frequency and fruit yields were optimum when plants were cut at intervals of 5–6 months. Harvesting quarterly at 60 cm produced better leaf and stem yields than cutting lower (15 and 30 cm) or higher (100 and 180 cm). Two Thai cvs (Noi I and Mii) were female-sterile but the Local Malaysian produced fruits.
Evaluating Technical Innovations under Low-resource Farmer Conditions
Authors: Flinn J. C. , Lagemann J. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYBefore an innovation can be judged as superior to existing technology, its relevance should be jointly evaluated by researchers and farmers by testing the proposed practice in a farm environment. Using a proposed maize technology as an example, it is demonstrated how site-related and management variables can be used to quantify the factors influencing actual yields on farmers' fields. Similarly, economic and management analysis of the practice provides an estimate of the probability of the farmer being better off by using the technology. The integrated analysis of the practice provide insights for the design of problem-oriented research projects.
Nitrate Assimilation in Relation to Total Reduced N in Bengal Gram (Cicer arietinum)
Authors: Pokhriyal T. C. , Abrol Y. P. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYOn the basis of a preliminary experiment with 20-day-old Cicer seedlings, wherein the values obtained by integrating the in vivo nitrate reductase (NR) activity with the duration closely approximated the actual reduced N, a field experiment was conducted with cv BG 203 (indeterminate type) to ascertain the extent to which the nitrate assimilated via the enzyme NR contributed to the total reduced N. Soil-derived N accounted for 15.1, 8.3 and 7.2% of the total reduced N at pre-flowering (I), profuse flowering (II) and seed filling (III) stages respectively. Out of the total soil-derived N, 10.1, 59.3 and 30.6% was reduced during stages I, II and III respectively.
Dry Matter Accumulation and Tuber Sprouting in Yams (Dioscorea SPP)
Authors: Okoli Obinani O. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYDry matter produced and allocated to the tuber and aerial portions of yam plants (Dioscorea spp) were studied over 3 cropping seasons in the moist forest region of Nigeria, in an attempt to relate dry matter accumulation to vegetative maturity in the crop. The effect of duration of growth of yam on post-harvest dormancy was also studied. Cultivars differed both in the total amount and period of growth when most dry matter was accumulated. A higher proportion of dry matter was allocated to tubers in lower-yielding than in higher-yielding cultivars. It appears that a yam tuber is ‘mature’ almost as soon as it is formed.
Influence of Lime and Macronutrients on Flue-cured Tobacco in Malaysian Tropical Peat
Authors: Chew W. Y. , Joseph K. T. , Adam M. A. , Ramli K. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYOn unlimed Malaysian peat (pH 3.5), flue-cured tobacco produced negligible leaf yields and showed no response to urea. Liming up to pH 5.25 (32 t/ha lime) linearly increased leaf yield. Tobacco responded linearly without reduced leaf quality to 90 k/ha N at pH 4.01 (8 t/ha lime), but to 45 kg/ha N at pH 4.40–5.25 (16–32 t/ha lime), higher N rates at the respective liming levels producing leaves of lower quality. The optimum rates of P and K for flue-cured tobacco appeared to be 26 and 186 kg/ha respectively, with linear responses up to those rates.
Effects of Close Planting on Soyabean (Glycine Max) Cultivars in Malaysia
Authors: Chew W. Y. , Chew H. J. , Razak H. A. H. Abdul , Ariffin B. , Malek M. A. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYFive field experiments studied the effects of high planting densities, ranging from 83,000 to 667,000 seeds/ha, on eleven soyabean cultivars. Germination rates ranging from 32 to 100% and averaging 76%, resulted in actual plant densities of 45,000 to 296,000 plants/ha. Bean yields of the four shortest and earliest-maturing (64–67 days) cvs (Wakashima, Shi-shi, Palmetto and Tai Tah Kaoh Siang 58) increased with increasing density, producing highest yields at the highest plant densities investigated (222,000–286,000/ha) but 7 taller cvs, maturing in 80–126 days (P2, C13, C21, P4, D5, T10 and C28), produced reduced yields with increasing density, the lowest densities investigated (45,000–83,000 plants/ha) giving the highest bean yields.
Effects of Intercropping on Yield and Returns in Corn and Sorghum
Authors: Reddy K. Anand , Reddy K. Raj , Reddy M. Devender 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYThe yield and gross returns (Rs/ha) were studied over two years in three experiments on intercropping in corn and sorghum. Paired-row planting recorded 8 to 12% and 44% higher yield in corn and sorghum respectively over conventional equidistant planting at the same plant populations. Additional gross returns due to intercropping ranged from 24 to 76% in corn (1975–76 winter) and 4 to 56% in corn and 15 to 75% in sorghum (1976 rainy season) compared to pure crops. Intercropping was beneficial, particularly in the limited cropping periods of this semi-arid tropical zone.