bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term growth of soybean at elevated [CO2] does not cause acclimation of stomatal conductance under fully open‐air conditions
Authors: LEAKEY ANDREW D. B. , BERNACCHI CARL J. , ORT DONALD R. , LONG STEPHEN P. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAccurately predicting plant function and global biogeochemical cycles later in this century will be complicated if stomatal conductance (gs) acclimates to growth at elevated [CO2], in the sense of a long‐term alteration of the response of gs to [CO2], humidity (h) and/or photosynthetic rate (A). If so, photosynthetic and stomatal models will require parameterization at each growth [CO2] of interest. Photosynthetic acclimation to long‐term growth at elevated [CO2] occurs frequently. Acclimation of gs has rarely been examined, even though stomatal density commonly changes with growth [CO2]. Soybean was grown under field conditions at ambient [CO2] (378 µmol mol−1) and elevated [CO2] (552 µmol mol−1) using free‐air [CO2] enrichment (FACE). This study tested for stomatal acclimation by parameterizing and validating the widely used Ball et al. model (1987, Progress in Photosynthesis Research, vol IV, 221–224) with measurements of leaf gas exchange. The dependence of gs on A, h and [CO2] at the leaf surface was unaltered by long‐term growth at elevated [CO2]. This suggests that the commonly observed decrease in gs under elevated [CO2] is due entirely to the direct instantaneous effect of [CO2] on gs and that there is no longer‐term acclimation of gs independent of photosynthetic acclimation. The model accurately predicted gs for soybean growing under ambient and elevated [CO2] in the field. Model parameters under ambient and elevated [CO2] were indistinguishable, demonstrating that stomatal function under ambient and elevated [CO2] could be modelled without the need for parameterization at each growth [CO2].
Extensional tectonics and volcano lateral collapses: insights from Ollagüe volcano (Chile‐Bolivia) and analogue modelling
Authors: Tibaldi Alessandro , Bistacchi Andrea , Pasquarè Federico Aligi , Vezzoli Luigina 
Published: June 2006

AbstractUnderstanding the process of volcanic lateral collapse, which may be governed by numerous possible factors, can be significantly improved by identifying the role of each factor. Here we test the perturbation induced in a volcano by tectonic normal faulting in the basement, magma inflation and multiple flank deformation, based on fieldwork and analogue experiments. Ollagüe Volcano (Chile‐Bolivia) provides a good example of a sector collapse with exposed substrate extensional tectonics, and our experiments have been done with conditions consistent with field data. Results show that none of the possible tectonic conditions led to complete lateral failure; in agreement also with the field data, sector collapse of the model cone occurred only when a shallow magmatic intrusion within the volcano was reproduced. We also found out that volcano flank deformation is enhanced if a previous flank destabilization occurred, interleaved by new cone growth.Terra Nova, 18, 282–289, 2006
Additional bedtime H2‐receptor antagonist for the control of nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough: A Cochrane systematic review
Authors: PAN Tao , WANG Yi Ping , LIU Fu Cheng , YANG Jin Lin 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVES:  To assess the effectiveness and safety of additional bedtime H2‐receptor antagonists (H2RAs) in suppressing nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough (NAB) via a systematic review.METHODS:  Eligible trials were identified by searching the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2004), MEDLINE (January 1966–June 2004), EMBASE (January 1980–June 2004) and CINAHL (January 1982–June 2004). Additional hand‐searching was conducted on the proceedings of correlated conferences, eight important Chinese journals and references of all included trials. All randomized controlled trials evaluating H2RAs for the control of NAB were eligible for inclusion. The systematic review was conducted using methods recommended by The Cochrane Collaboration.RESULTS:  Only two randomized crossover studies, comprising 32 participants, met the inclusion criteria. Because the design, dosage and duration of the treatments were different between the studies, it was not possible to conduct meta‐analysis. There were no consistent conclusions found between the two included studies in evaluating H2RAs for the control of NAB.CONCLUSIONS:  No implications for practice at this stage can be concluded. Appropriately designed large‐scale randomized controlled trials with long‐term follow up are needed to determine the effects of additional bedtime H2RAs in suppressing NAB.
Differentiation potential of bone marrow stromal cells to enteric neurons in vitro
Authors: GAO Yuan Jun , QIAN Wei , WANG Bu Hai , LIN Rong , HOU Xiao Hua 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVE:  To investigate whether bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) can be induced to differentiate into enteric neurons and to produce more nerve growth factor (NGF) and glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF).METHODS:  Bone marrow stromal cells were harvested from male Sprague–Dawley rats and cultured in Dulbecco's modified eagle medium supplemented with 20% fetal bovine serum. The BMSC were passaged six times and characterized by flow cytometry. The BMSC were pre‐induced by basic fibroblast growth factor (10 ng/mL) for 24 h, then induced with GDNF in fetal gut condition medium (FGCM) for 10 days. The expressions of neuronal markers neural specific enolase (NSE), neurofilament (NF), glial cell marker, glial fibrillary acedic protein (GFAP), and enteric neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and enteric neural transmitter vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) were detected by fluorescent immunohistochemistry. Expression levels of GDNF and NGF mRNA were determined by RT‐PCR.RESULTS:  The cultured BMSC were CD90 (99.7%) positive and CD45 negative on flow cytometry. At day 10 of induction, 58.5 ± 10.8% cells adopted neuron‐like morphological changes and showed expression of NSE (47.6 ± 7.5%), NF (75.6 ± 8.4%), GFAP (negative), PGP9.5 (57.7 ± 6.5%), nNOS (46.6 ± 5.4%) and VIP (72.3 ± 6.7%) by immunofluorescence. The BMSC expressed low levels of NGF and GDNF mRNA; however, after induction of GDNF in FGCM, the expression levels of NGF and GDNF mRNA were significantly increased.CONCLUSION:  Bone marrow stromal cells have the potential to be induced to differentiate into enteric neurons, express enteric neural transmitters, and produce more NGF and GDNF. Therefore, BMSC could be used as new method to treat gastrointestinal motility disorders associated with enteric neural lesions.
Alteration of the pancreatic endocrine component in the early stage of acute necrotic pancreatitis in rats
Authors: LI Yong Yu , ZHU Guo Ying , GAO Yong Xin , YANG Zhi Yong , WANG Zhu Yi 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVE:  To investigate alterations of the pancreatic endocrine component in the early stage of acute necrotic pancreatitis (ANP) in rats.METHODS:  Thirty‐six Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly allocated to two groups: ANP group (n = 18) and sham‐operated (control) group (n = 18). ANP was induced by retrograde injection of 4% sodium deoxycholate (40 mg/kg, 0.1 mL/min) into the biliopancreatic duct and the severity of pancreatitis induced was assessed by histopathological examination and level of plasma amylase. The pancreatic endocrine function was assessed by measuring the levels of plasma glucose and insulin and by measuring the insulin content in pancreatic β cells by immunofluorescence and immunocytochemistry.RESULTS:  Five hours after operation, the pancreas of rats in the ANP group showed pathological changes with edema, hemorrhage, fatty necrosis, acinar destruction and leukocyte infiltration in the exocrine portion of the pancreas. Plasma amylase activity increased significantly (P < 0.01) and bloody ascites appeared in the abdominal cavity. Nevertheless the endocrine islets appeared normal and the β cells contained intensive labeling of insulin. Levels of glucose and insulin in plasma increased significantly. In the ANP group, 5 h after operation the plasma level of glucose was 8.18 ± 2.26 mmol/L vs 6.39 ± 1.26 mmol/L, and of insulin was 23.27 ± 3.50 MIU/L vs 18.40 ± 3.98 MIU/L. In the control group, 5 h after operation the plasma level of glucose was 9.39 ± 0.62 mmol/L vs 5.89 ± 0.62 mmol/L, and of insulin was 26.28 ± 4.77 MIU/L vs 12.89 ± 2.05 MIU/L; there was no significant difference between these two groups (P > 0.05). After a bolus injection of glucose, however, a much higher level of insulin was found in the control group (35.30 ± 5.05 MIU/L) than that in the ANP group (23.91 ± 4.62 MIU/L, P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONS:  There may be an impaired ability of insulin release in response to glucose stimulation in the early stage of ANP, although the morphology of the pancreatic endocrine component remains intact.
Histopathological study of vascular changes after intra‐arterial and intravenous injection of N‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate
Authors: WANG Yan Mei , CHENG Liu Fang , LI Nan 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVE:  To assess the histopathological vascular changes after injection of N‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate into the vessels of adult rabbits.METHODS:  The animals used were 42 pure‐blood New Zealand white rabbits weighing 2–3 kg. 0.2 mL cyanoacrylate with lipiodol was injected into the external jugular vein and femoral artery of each rabbit. Tissue specimens were obtained for histopathological study at 3 days, 7 days, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 2 months and 3 months after injection.RESULTS:  The vessels were obliterated immediately after the injection. The main manifestation of histopathology at 3 days to 2 weeks was an acute inflammatory reaction; this progressed to subacute vasculitis at 3 weeks and a chronic granulomatous foreign body reaction developed at 4 weeks. The glue mass essentially disappeared in 2–3 months, replaced by fibrotic tissue with partial vascular recanalization. At 3 weeks after injection, the elastic fibrils of the arterial wall proliferated distinctly, resulting in narrowing of the lumen with subsequent obliteration, whereas the venous wall still showed inflammation and necrosis without hyperplasia of elastic fibrils. Extrusion of glue was observed over 1–3 months in both arteries and veins and was obvious in the latter.CONCLUSIONS:  The histopathological changes after injection of N‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate were similar in the arteries and the veins with the exception of hyperplasia of elastic fibrils in the arterial wall and inflammation and necrosis in the venous wall at 2–3 weeks. Glue extrusion was seen in both arteries and veins.
An antibody derivative expressed from viral vectors passively immunizes pigs against transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection when supplied orally in crude plant extracts
Authors: Monger Wendy , Alamillo Josefa M. , Sola Isabel , Perrin Yolande , Bestagno Marco , Burrone Oscar R. , Sabella Patricia , Plana‐Duran Joan , Enjuanes Luis , Garcia Juan A. , Lomonossoff George P. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryTo investigate the potential of antibody derivatives to provide passive protection against enteric infections when supplied orally in crude plant extracts, we have expressed a small immune protein (SIP) in plants using two different plant virus vectors based on potato virus X (PVX) and cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV). The ɛSIP molecule consisted of a single‐chain antibody (scFv) specific for the porcine coronavirus transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) linked to the ɛ‐CH4 domain from human immunoglobulin E (IgE). In some constructs, the sequence encoding the ɛSIP molecule was flanked by the leader peptide from the original murine antibody at its N‐terminus and an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal (HDEL) at its C‐terminus to allow the expressed protein to be directed to, and retained within, the endoplasmic reticulum. Western blot analysis of samples from Nicotiana clevelandii or cowpea tissue infected with constructs revealed the presence of SIP molecules which retained their ability to dimerize. The analysis of crude plant extracts revealed that the plant‐expressed ɛSIP molecules could bind to and neutralize TGEV in tissue culture, the levels of binding and neutralization reflecting the level of expression. Oral administration of crude extracts from SIP‐expressing plant tissue to 2‐day‐old piglets demonstrated that the extracts which showed the highest levels of in vitro neutralization could also provide in vivo protection against challenge with TGEV.
ESTIMATION IN RICKER'S TWO‐RELEASE METHOD: A BAYESIAN APPROACH
Authors: Lee Shen‐Ming , Chen Cathy W.S. , Gerlach Richard H. , Huang Li‐Hui 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThe Ricker's two‐release method is a simplified version of the Jolly‐Seber method, from Seber's Estimation of Animal Abundance (1982), used to estimate survival rate and abundance in animal populations. This method assumes there is only a single recapture sample and no immigration, emigration or recruitment. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian analysis for this method to estimate the survival rate and the capture probability, employing Markov chain Monte Carlo methods and a latent variable analysis. The performance of the proposed method is illustrated with a simulation study as well as a real data set. The results show that the proposed method provides favourable inference for the survival rate when compared with the modified maximum likelihood method.
THE CASE FOR PARITY AND BIRTH‐ORDER STATISTICS
Authors: Corr Patrick , Kippen Rebecca 
Published: June 2006

SummaryParity refers to the number of (live) births that a woman (or man) has had. Birth order refers to whether a birth is the first, second, third or higher‐order birth of the parent. In the context of low and shifting fertility, parity and birth‐order statistics are becoming increasingly important for understanding fertility trends and patterns, for policy, and for carrying out projections of future fertility.In Australia, the main sources of demographic data are birth, death and marriage registers, and the five‐yearly national census. Both the birth registers and the census are ideally placed to collect data required to calculate parity and birth‐order statistics. However not all Australian states and territories collect or code the necessary information in the birth registers, and the parity question ‘For each female, how many babies has she ever had?’ is only asked every second census; that is, once every 10 years. In this paper, we outline the importance and uses of parity and birth‐order statistics. We discuss the Australian data available at present and their gaps and shortcomings. We then describe the ‘gold standard’ of parity and birth‐order statistics and how Australia can achieve this standard through some minor changes to the data collection process.
ESTIMATING THE NUMBER OF VISITS TO THE DOCTOR
Authors: Berzel Andreas , Heller Gillian Z. , Zucchini Walter 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThe frequency of doctor consultations has direct consequences for health care budgets, yet little statistical analysis of the determinants of doctor visits has been reported. We consider the distribution of the number of visits to the doctor and, in particular, we model its dependence on a number of demographic factors. Examination of the Australian 1995 National Health Survey data reveals that generalized linear Poisson or negative binomial models are inadequate for modelling the mean as a function of covariates, because of excessive zero counts, and a mean‐variance relationship that varies enormously over covariate values. A negative binomial model is used, with parameter values estimated in subgroups according to the discrete combinations of the covariate values. Smoothing splines are then used to smooth and interpolate the parameter values. In effect the mean and the shape parameters are each modelled as (different) functions of gender, age and geographical factors. The estimated regressions for the mean have simple and intuitive interpretations. However, the dependence of the (negative binomial) shape parameter on the covariates is more difficult to interpret and is subject to influence by extreme observations. We illustrate the use of the model by estimating the distribution of the number of doctor consultations in the Statistical Local Area of Ryde, based on population numbers from the 1996 census.
BAYESIAN ANALYSIS OF THE ADDITIVE MIXED MODEL FOR RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGNS
Authors: Wang Jenting , Hsu John S.J. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThis paper deals with the Bayesian analysis of the additive mixed model experiments. Consider b randomly chosen subjects who respond once to each of t treatments. The subjects are treated as random effects and the treatment effects are fixed. Suppose that some prior information is available, thus motivating a Bayesian analysis. The Bayesian computation, however, can be difficult in this situation, especially when a large number of treatments is involved. Three computational methods are suggested to perform the analysis. The exact posterior density of any parameter of interest can be simulated based on random realizations taken from a restricted multivariate t distribution. The density can also be simulated using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. The simulated density is accurate when a large number of random realizations is taken. However, it may take substantial amount of computer time when many treatments are involved. An alternative Laplacian approximation is discussed. The Laplacian method produces smooth and very accurate approximates to posterior densities, and takes only seconds of computer time. An example of a pipeline cracks experiment is used to illustrate the Bayesian approaches and the computational methods.
Why gender and ‘difference’ matters: a critical appraisal of industrial relations research
Authors: Holgate Jane , Hebson Gail , McBride Anne 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThrough a critical rereading of key UK workplace case studies this article explores why gender analysis matters to studies of people at work. We argue that the field of industrial relations could benefit from a greater engagement with feminist‐influenced methodologies. In particular, we analyse three methodological approaches that can assist in understanding the lives of workers; a framework that recognises intersectionality; an account that accommodates both material and cultural explanations; and a research process that is reflexive and recognises positionality. These are identified as intrinsic to a gender‐sensitive analysis, and through a comparison of key texts it is possible to highlight why their absence leads to much research in this field remaining ‘gender blind’.
Gender: the missing link in industrial relations research
Authors: Danieli Ardha 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis article extends the critique of how industrial relations research continues to be gender‐blind and argues that it is in part a result of early definitions which relegated ‘personal’ relations as outside the boundaries of the field and in part a result of a simultaneous strategy of acknowledgement and abdication, acknowledging that gender is important while at the same time arguing that gender does not need to be addressed. In order to demonstrate how gender is central to industrial relations, the article uses Antonio Gramsci’s concepts of ‘hegemony’, ‘ideology’, ‘good sense’ and ‘common sense’ to illustrate how patriarchal common sense is drawn on by both managers and trade unionists in negotiations over hours of work in a manufacturing firm in the North ‐west of England. It is argued that in order to include gender as a central feature of industrial relations research, it is necessary to analyse how the interests of capital, labour and patriarchy are embedded in negotiations on the shopfloor.
Unequal and low pay in the public sector
Authors: Thornley Carole 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis article assesses unequal and low pay in the public sector, and UNISON’s action on these issues. It is argued that gendered employment and pay are crucial to an understanding of sources of conflict and pressures for institutional change. The case is made for ‘mainstreaming’ women in accounts of public sector industrial relations.
Victimisation and agency: the social construction of union women’s leadership
Authors: Briskin Linda 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis article interrogates the notion that women union leaders lead differently. Despite significant variation in the union movements in Australia, Canada, Sweden, the UK and the USA, similar discourses on women’s union leadership emerge in all five countries. Based on a materialist social construction approach which supports a recognition of difference without reference to essentialist ideas about women’s nature, this article seeks to identify what may be common across these countries to explain this phenomenon. The article argues that the fact that women face discrimination in unions, on the one hand, and organise as a constituency and have access to women‐only education, on the other, supports the development of transformational leadership among women unionists, even across diverse contexts and cultures. Unpacking union women’s leadership practices in this way reveals a dialectic of victimisation and agency.
Small is beautiful? The development of women’s activism in a small union
Authors: Sayce Susan , Greene Anne‐marie , Ackers Peter 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis article draws together two aspects of union renewal strategy: merger and increasing women’s involvement and activism. The article utilises a case study of the National Union of the Lock and Metal Workers (NULMW), a small union that appears to have successfully promoted women’s involvement contrary to the usual expectations about manufacturing union contexts. We argue that the reasons why women have done so well within the NULMW relates to the small size and community‐based nature of the union, including its alignment with the historical development of the lock workforce. In light of this, we reflect on the potential effects of a recent amalgamation of the NULMW with the TGWU.
Age‐specific hormonal decline is accompanied by transcriptional changes in human sebocytes in vitro
Authors: Makrantonaki Evgenia , Adjaye James , Herwig Ralf , Brink Thore C. , Groth Detlef , Hultschig Claus , Lehrach Hans , Zouboulis Christos C. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThe importance of hormones in endogenous aging has been displayed by recent studies performed on animal models and humans. To decipher the molecular mechanisms involved in aging we maintained human sebocytes at defined hormone‐substituted conditions that corresponded to average serum levels of females from 20 (f20) to 60 (f60) years of age. The corresponding hormone receptor expression was demonstrated by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR), Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Cells at f60 produced significantly lower lipids than at f20. Increased mRNA and protein levels of c‐Myc and increased protein levels of FN1, which have been associated with aging, were detected in SZ95 sebocytes at f60 compared to those detected at f20 after 5 days of treatment. Expression profiling employing a cDNA microarray composed of 15 529 cDNAs identified 899 genes with altered expression levels at f20 vs. f60. Confirmation of gene regulation was performed by real‐time RT–PCR. The functional annotation of these genes according to the Gene Ontology identified pathways related to mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, ubiquitin‐mediated proteolysis, cell cycle, immune responses, steroid biosynthesis and phospholipid degradation – all hallmarks of aging. Twenty‐five genes in common with those identified in aging kidneys and several genes involved in neurodegenerative diseases were also detected. This is the first report describing the transcriptome of human sebocytes and its modification by a cocktail of hormones administered in age‐specific levels and provides an in vitro model system, which approximates some of the hormone‐dependent changes in gene transcription that occur during aging in humans.