bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neues Verfahren zur Reduzierung des Abwassers und Optimierung der Abwasserqualität bei der Herstellung von DNT
Authors: Winterbauer H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBei der Herstellung von Dinitrotoluol (DNT) fallen verschiedene Abwasserströme an, die unterschiedlich stark organisch und anorganisch verunreinigt sind und in der Regel aufwendig behandelt werden müssen. Daher gilt es die Abwasserströme. In dem vorgestellten neuen Verfahren werden verschiedene Prozessschritte eingeführt, um Abwässer unterschiedlicher Qualität zu erhalten, die an verschiedenen Stellen wieder in den Produktionsprozess zurückgefahren werden können. Zusätzlich senkt das Verfahren die Investitions‐ und Betriebskosten von Anlagen zur Herstellung von DNT beträchtlich.
Untersuchung von Konvektion und Segregation in Sandschüttungen bei harmonischen Schwingungen
Authors: Leschinski J. , Grochowski R. , Walzel P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn der vorliegenden Arbeit sollen grundlegende Fragen zur Partikelbewegung und Entmischungsneigung granularer Stoffe geklärt werden. In der Vergangenheit wurden hier häufig ideale Systeme betrachtet, z. B. zweidimensionale Systeme oder Schüttungen aus Glas‐ oder Metallkugeln, die durch ihre regelmäßige Form sowie ihre niedrige Reibung nicht unbedingt den Eigenschaften realer Feststoffe mit unregelmäßiger Form, rauer Oberfläche und breiter Korngrößenverteilung entsprechen. Es wird untersucht, ob die gleichen Gesetzmäßigkeiten wie in idealen Systemen auch in technisch relevanten Systemen wieder zu finden sind und ob eine Beschreibung der Vorgänge mit den aus idealen Systemen hergeleiteten theoretischen Überlegungen möglich ist. In der hier betrachteten Behälterfüllung aus Sandpartikeln mit Korngrößen‐ und Formverteilung kommt es aufgrund von starken Konvektionsströmungen für alle betrachteten Maschinenkennziffern KV auch bei sehr großer Partikelgrößendifferenz zu keiner Entmischung. Ferner wird ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen Form und Richtung der Konvektionsbewegung in der vorliegenden Schüttung und den Konvektionsströmungen in idealen Anordnungen beobachtet.
Lumineszenzmethode zur zeitlich und örtlich hochaufgelösten Messung von Temperaturverteilungen in einem beheizten welligen Flüssigkeitsfilm
Authors: Schagen A. , Modigell M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVorgestellt wird eine optische Messmethode, mit der erstmalig Temperaturverläufe in einer Einzelwelle einer laminar‐welligen dünnen Filmströmung experimentell ermittelt werden konnten. Mit den ermittelten Temperaturverteilungen wird der Verlauf des lokalen Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten erhalten. Dieser gibt genaueren Aufschluss, in welchen Bereichen der Wellen eine Transportverbesserung auftritt. Mit der Variation der Betriebsbedingungen lassen sich die Transportverhältnisse gezielt beeinflussen. Ebenso lassen sich kritische Zustände, wie Aufreißen der Filmströmung aufgrund lokaler Überhitzung, genauer abschätzen.
Der Walzengranulator, eine neuartige Kompaktier‐ und Granuliermaschine
Authors: Albers A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMit dem vorgestellten Walzengranulator steht jetzt ein neuartiges Verfahren für bisher nicht oder nur schwierig verarbeitbare Produkte zur Verfügung. Es lassen sich schwer fließfähige Schüttgüter kompaktieren und granulieren. Bisher nicht granulierbare, sehr temperaturempfindliche, chemisch reaktive oder lösungsmittelenthaltende Produkte können entgast, entfeuchtet oder gekühlt werden. Der Walzengranulator bewerkstelligt den Kompaktiervorgang und den Granulierprozess in einem Schritt.
Development of a fundamental‐solution‐less boundary element method for exterior wave problems
Authors: Song Chongmin , Bazyar Mohammad Hossein 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA fundamental‐solution‐less boundary element method, the scaled boundary finite‐element method, has been developed recently for exterior wave problems. In this method, only the boundary is discretized yielding a reduction of the spatial dimension by one, but no fundamental solution is necessary. Seamless coupling with standard finite elements is straightforward. In this paper, the sparsity of the coefficient matrices of the scaled boundary finite‐element equation is exploited in performing the partial Schur decomposition to reduce the required computer memory and time. The Gauss–Lobatto–Legendre shape functions with nodal quadrature are applied to the elements on boundary, which leads to lumped coefficient matrices and high‐order elements. Numerical examples demonstrate that these advances, in combination with the Padé series solution for the dynamic stiffness matrix, increase significantly the computational efficiency of the scaled boundary finite‐element method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitric oxide‐dependence of satellite stem cell activation and quiescence on normal skeletal muscle fibers
Authors: Wozniak Ashley C. , Anderson Judy E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSatellite cells (quiescent precursors in normal adult skeletal muscle) are activated for growth and regeneration. Signaling by nitric oxide (NO) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) during activation has not been examined in a model that can distinguish quiescent from activated satellite cells. We tested the hypothesis that NO and HGF are required to regulate activation using the single‐fiber culture model. In normal fibers, HGF and inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) each increased activation without stretching, and NOS inhibition reduced stretch‐activation. Activation in unstretched mdx and NOS‐I(−/−) fibers was three‐ to fourfold higher than normal, and was reduced by stretching. Distinctions were not due to different pax7‐expressing populations on normal and mdx fibers. The population of c‐met–expressing satellite cells on normal fibers was increased by stretch, demonstrating functional heterogeneity among normal satellite cells. Cycloheximide did not prevent the stretch‐related increase in c‐met expression, suggesting c‐met may be an immediate–early gene in satellite cell activation. Results have important implications for designing new therapies that target the role of exercise in health, aging, and disease. Developmental Dynamics 236:240–250, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BMP type I receptor ALK2 is essential for proper patterning at late gastrulation during mouse embryogenesis
Authors: Komatsu Yoshihiro , Scott Gregory , Nagy Andre , Kaartinen Vesa , Mishina Yuji 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have multiple functions during vertebrate development. Previously, it was shown that BMP type I receptor ALK2 (also known as ACVRI, ActRI, or ActRIA) was important for normal mouse gastrulation by deleting exon 4 or exon 5 of Alk2. Recently, flanking exon 7 by loxP sites generated a conditional allele for Alk2. To assess whether the deletion of exon 7 causes functional null of ALK2, and does not produce a dominant negative form or a partially functional form of ALK2, we performed a comparative analysis between Alk2 homozygous mutant embryos with an exon 5 deletion (Alk2Δ5/Δ5) and embryos with an exon 7 deletion (Alk2Δ7/Δ7). Both Alk2Δ5/Δ5 and Alk2Δ7/Δ7 mutants showed identical morphological gastrulation defects. Histological examinations and molecular marker analyses revealed identical abnormal gastrulation phenotypes in Alk2Δ5/Δ5 and Alk2Δ7/Δ7 mutants. Although Fgf8 was expressed in the primitive streak of Alk2Δ5/Δ5 and Alk2Δ7/Δ7 mutants, Brachyury, Wnt3a, and Tbx6 were dramatically downregulated in Alk2Δ5/Δ5 and Alk2Δ7/Δ7 mutants. These results indicate that deletion of exon 7 for Alk2 leads to a functionally null mutation in vivo, and Alk2 is crucial for sustaining the proper gastrulation events in early mouse embryogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 236:512–517, 2007. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of Sonic hedgehog signaling leads to posterior digit loss in Ambystoma mexicanum: Parallels to natural digit reduction in urodeles
Authors: Stopper Geffrey F. , Wagner Günter P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMolecular mechanisms patterning the tetrapod limb, including anterior‐posterior axis determination involving Sonic hedgehog (Shh), have received much attention, particularly in amniotes. Anterior‐posterior patterning in urodele amphibians differs radically from that of amniotes in that it shows a pronounced anterior‐to‐posterior sequence of digit development. In contrast, amniotes develop their digits almost simultaneously with a slight posterior‐to‐anterior polarity. Here we use cyclopamine, an inhibitor of the Hedgehog signaling pathway, to investigate the role of Shh in anterior‐posterior patterning in the urodele limb. Inhibition of Shh signal transduction affects digit number long before their morphological appearance. In accordance with the apparently derived order of digit development in urodeles, exposure reproducibly removes digits in a posterior‐to‐anterior sequence, the inverse of their developmental sequence. This pattern of digit loss mimics the order of digit loss in natural variation. We suggest that variation in Shh expression and/or signal transmission may explain natural variation in digit number in urodeles. Developmental Dynamics 236:321–331, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studying drug–plasma protein interactions by two‐injector microchip electrophoresis frontal analysis
Authors: Liu Xiaojun , Liang Aiye , Shen Zheng , Liu Xin , Zhang Yu , Dai Zhongpeng , Xiong Bohui , Lin Bingcheng 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe developed a simple, rapid, and sensitive two‐injector microchip electrophoresis frontal analysis (MCE‐FA) method for studying drug–plasma protein interactions. In this method, large volumes of a reference sample and drug–plasma protein mixture were simultaneously introduced into the respective sections of the microchannel through the separated injectors and then electrophoresed. Since the reference sample did not meet with the interacting species during migration, it could be used as an external standard. The interaction between heparin and HSA was quantitatively characterized as a model system. The binding constant was found to be (1.53 ± 0.01)×104 M&&minus;1.
Micro freef‐low IEF enhanced by active cooling and functionalized gels
Authors: Albrecht Jacob W. , Jensen Klavs F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRapid free‐flow IEF is achieved in a microfluidic device by separating the electrodes from the focusing region with porous buffer regions. Moving the electrodes outside enables the use of large electric fields without the detrimental effects of bubble formation in the active region. The anode and cathode porous buffer regions, which are formed by acrylamide functionalized with immobilized pH groups, allow ion transport while providing buffering capacity. Thermoelectric cooling mitigates the effects of Joule heating on sample focusing at high field strengths (∼500 V/cm). This localized cooling was observed to increase device performance. Rapid focusing of low‐molecular‐weight pI markers and Protein G–mouse IgG complexes demonstrate the versatility of the technique. Simulations provide insight into and predict device performance based on a well‐defined sample composition.
Genotyping with microfluidic devices
Authors: Szántai Eszter , Guttman András 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the past few years, electrophoresis microchips have been increasingly utilized to interrogate genetic variations in the human and other genomes. Microfluidic devices can be readily applied to speed up existing genotyping protocols, in particular the ones that require electric field‐mediated separations in conjunction with restriction fragment analysis, DNA sequencing, hybridization‐based techniques, allele‐specific amplification, heteroduplex analysis, just to list the most important ones. As a result of recent developments, microfabricated electrophoresis devices offer several advantages over conventional slab‐gel electrophoresis, such as small sample volume requirement, low reagent consumption, the option of system integration and easy multiplexing. The analysis speed of microchip electrophoresis is significantly higher than that of any other electric field‐mediated separation techniques. State‐of‐the‐art microfluidic bioanalytical devices already claim their place in most molecular biology laboratories. This review summarizes the recent developments in microchip electrophoresis methods of nucleic acids, particularly for rapid genotyping, that will most likely play a significant role in the future of clinical diagnostics.
Optimizing the Production of Bacterial Cellulose in Surface Culture: Evaluation of Product Movement Influences on the Bioreaction (Part 2)
Authors: Hornung M. , Ludwig M. , Gerrard A. M. , Schmauder H.‐P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe common way for the production of bacterial cellulose in surface culture is to use culture boxes or beakers with vertical walls, where the maximum achievable thickness is around 4 cm. In order to improve this, it is necessary to study factors limiting the production. In part 1, the mass transfer influences of the substrate have been investigated. Now we look at a “wall effect”. It is noted that the growing cellulose is in contact with the wall of the box or beaker, and moves downwards into the nutrient broth as time proceeds. Experiments have been carried out where this wall contact was eliminated and a constant rate of production over several weeks was found. This indicates the importance of understanding the role of the wall in the usual surface culture.
Kinetic Traits and Enzyme Form Patterns of (R)‐2‐(2,4‐Dichlorophenoxy)propionate/α‐Ketoglutarate Dioxygenase (RdpA) after Expression in Different Bacterial Strains
Authors: Westendorf A. , Benndorf D. , Pribyl T. , Harms H. , Müller R. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rdpA gene of strains Delftia acidovorans MC1, Rhodoferax sp. P230, and Sphingobium herbicidovorans MH proved to be identical. However, when RdpA [(R)‐2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)propionate/α‐ketoglutarate dioxygenase] was investigated after purification from the various strains, significant differences in the kinetics and some chemical properties of the enzymes were observed. The preference for substrates ranged in the order (R)‐2‐(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy)propionate (2,4‐DP) > (R)‐2‐(4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxy)propionate (MCPP) >> 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4‐D) ∼ 4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxyacetate (MCPA), but detailed kinetic investigations revealed significant strain‐dependent differences in the kcat and KM values. While the KM values of RdpA from the various strains were low and their range rather narrow with 2,4‐DP (19–60 μM) and MCPP (35–64 μM), larger differences were observed with phenoxyacetates which were distinctly higher and spanned a wider range with 2,4‐D (237–935 μM) and MCPA (164–510 μM). The lowest KM values with 2,4‐D and MCPA were found for RdpA originating from strain P230. Investigation of the enzymes from the various sources by 2D gel electrophoresis revealed up to three monomeric enzyme forms which differed in the pI value. The 2D‐patterns were similar with RdpA from strains MC1 and MH, and after heterologous expression of the enzyme in Escherichia coli, but differed significantly from that of strain P230. The presence of enzyme forms and their different composition coincided apparently with the differences observed in the kinetic properties of RdpA in the various strains. The effects are discussed in terms of posttranslational modification of RdpA which appears to be different in extent and kind in the various strains.
Characterization of the native CREB3L2 transcription factor and the FUS/CREB3L2 chimera
Authors: Panagopoulos Ioannis , Möller Emely , Dahlén Anna , Isaksson Margareth , Mandahl Nils , Vlamis‐Gardikas Alexios , Mertens Fredrik 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCREB3L2 was first identified as the 3′‐partner of FUS in a fusion gene that seems to be specific for low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma. In silico analyses suggest that the predicted CREB3L2 protein is a member of the CREB3 family of transcription factors, with its bZIP domain being highly similar to that in CREB3L1, CREB3L3, CREB3L4, CREB3, and Drosophila Bbf‐2. In the present study, the authors assessed various cellular outcomes after transfection of NIH3T3 and HEK‐293 cells with constructs containing full‐length and truncated versions of CREB3L2 and FUS/CREB3L2. Northern blot of CREB3L2 mRNA revealed a 7.4 kbp band that contains 0.4 kbp and 5.5 kbp untranslated 5′ and 3′ regions, respectively. CREB3L2 constructs containing the first 120 amino acids (aa) showed the highest transcriptional activation. Much stronger transcriptional activation was consistently seen for the FUS/CREB3L2 constructs than for the corresponding CREB3L2 constructs. Transcriptional activity was achieved through the box‐B element, ATF6 and CRE binding sites, as well as the GRP78 promoter. Proteins encoded by full‐length CREB3L2 and FUS/CREB3L2 were localized to reticular structures of the cytoplasm, whereas the corresponding, truncated proteins lacking the transmembrane domain and the carboxy‐terminal part of CREB3L2 resided within the nucleus. The results of the present study show that CREB3L2 is not only structurally, but also functionally very similar to CREB3L1. Thus, studies regarding the pathways influenced by wild‐type CREB3L2 should provide valuable clues to the pathogenetic significance of the FUS/CREB3L2 chimera in low grade fibromyxoid sarcoma. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The spectrum of equitable, 4‐chromatic Steiner quadruple systems
Authors: Linek Vaclav 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA Steiner quadruple system of order v (briefly an SQS(v)) is a pair (X,$\cal B$) with |X| = v and $\cal B$ a set of quadruples taken from X such that every triple in X is in a unique quadruple in $\cal B$. Hanani [Canad J Math 12 (1960), 145–157] showed that an SQS(v) exists if and only if v is {admissible}, that is, v = 0,1 or v ≡ 2,4 (mod 6). Each SQS(v) has a chromatic number when considered as a 4‐uniform hypergraph. Here we show that a 4‐chromatic SQS(v) exists for all admissible v ≥ 20, and that no 4‐chromatic SQS(v) exists for v < 20. Each system we construct admits a proper 4‐coloring that is equitable, that is, any two color classes differ in size by at most one. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 15: 369–392, 2007
A global time domain circuit simulation of a microwave rectenna
Authors: Essakhi Brahim , Akoun Gilles , Pichon Lionel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe paper presents a global time domain simulation of a microwave rectenna studied for wireless energy transfer. The novelty of the work is to take into account both distributed electromagnetic parts of the antenna and the rectifier circuit including lumped elements. From a 3D finite element time domain electromagnetic modelling of the structure an equivalent circuit of the antenna is deduced: the input impedance is obtained as a function of frequency over a broad band. Then a rational approximation gives a corresponding PSPICE representation. The electromotive force induced between the ports of the antenna during the microwave illumination is directly computed from the 3D transient scattering problem. The resulting equivalent circuit of the antenna is finally incorporated into the electronic simulator PSPICE, together with the lumped components of the rectenna (ideal diodes and load). Thus a global non‐linear time domain analysis of the whole structure becomes available. The results obtained with the methods presented in the paper are compared with those resulting from other techniques. The approach developed in the work could efficiently improve the design stage of rectennas devoted to microwave power transfer. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TLM node with arbitrary embedded objects
Authors: Biwojno Konrad , Smartt Chris , Sewell Phillip , Liu Yafang , Christopoulos Christos 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis contribution is an extension of the authors' work in modelling multi‐scale systems which are of significant importance in many applications such as Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). By its very nature EMC analysis often requires consideration of systems characterized by many different physical scales, for example when thin wires, gaps and slots are present in otherwise physically large structures. For the Transmission Line Modelling (TLM) simulation method, nodes that explicitly embed fine structures smaller than the mesh size within them have previously been demonstrated for a number of special cases where the fields in close proximity to the object may be represented in terms of known local analytic solutions. This approach enables the presence of general sub cell objects to be correctly and efficiently modelled in coarse grids without incurring excessive computational effort. The work presented here differs in that it permits the use of purely numerical calculations of these local fields and therefore provides a powerful extension to more general structures for which local analytic field representations are unavailable. A full derivation of the formulation in terms of these local solutions is discussed as well as the procedure for linking them to the rest of the numerical network. Illustrative results are then obtained from an application to a canonical scattering problem. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of stationary phase polarity on the retention of ionic liquid cations in reversed phase liquid chromatography
Authors: Kowalska Sylwia , Buszewski Boguslaw 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChromatographic analysis of ionic liquids on different types of packings offers interesting possibility to determine their retention mechanism. As a consequence, the major interactions between stationary phase ligands and analyzed chemical entities can be defined. The main aim of this work was to analyze cations of ionic liquids on chemically bonded stationary phases with specific structural properties. The attempt to predict the main interactions between positive ions of ionic liquids and stationary phase ligands was undertaken. For that purpose, butyl, octyl, octadecyl, phenyl, aryl, mixed, alkylamide, and cholesterolic packings were chosen and applied to the analysis of six most commonly used ionic liquids' cations. Obtained results indicate mainly dispersive and π–π type of interaction part in the retention mechanism of analyzed compounds.
Compact bandpass filter using open‐loop resonators with capacitive loading
Authors: Zhang Xiu Yin , Chen Jian‐Xin , Xue Quan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA novel compact microstrip bandpass filter, based on open‐loop resonators with capacitive loading, is presented in this paper. The new filter has the advantages of compact size together with sharp rejection. Compared with the conventional filters using square open‐loop resonator, the proposed filter has a size reduction of 45%. A demonstration filter was designed, fabricated, and measured. Theoretical and experimental results are presented and show good agreement. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 83–84, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22035
CAD formula of microstrip line on two‐layer substrate with loss by synthetic asymptote
Authors: Tang Wanchun , Jiang Baozheng , Chow Y. Leonard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA simple CAD formula is obtained in this paper for microstrip line on lossy substrate of two layers (silicon‐oxide and silicon) by synthetic asymptote. The formulas are simple, accurate (error <2%) and therefore give good physical insights. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 49: 52–55, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.22037