bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contraceptive practice and repeat induced abortion: an epidemiological investigation
Authors: shepard Mary Jo , Bracken Michael B. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe relationship between abortion experience and contraceptive practice is examined among women having a first or repeat induced abortion at the same clinic(n=443 in each group). A previous abortion was the single most important predictor of past contraceptive practices and of contraception at the conception of the pregnancy being terminated. A previous abortion was associated with greater use of all methods of contraception among women not on welfare (P < 0·001). During the 18–month study the proportion of patients who had had previous abortions rose from 13·3% to 21·1%, and those undergoing repeat abortions appeared increasingly likely to be on welfare. Contraceptive practies did not change over time except for women on welfare having repeat abortions who became less likely to have used contraception at the time of conception (p < 0·05). While the experience of abortion is generally associated with improved contraceptive practice, many women in this population, particularly those on welfare, appear to remain exposed to unprotected coitus and subsequent repeat abortion.
Family planning knowledge, attitude and practice in the rural areas of Sarawak
Authors: Lam C.K. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA survey of 1056 married women living in rural areas of Sarawak showed that 86% of them of had knowledge of family planning and 85% expressed a favourable attitude towards it. Of the total sample, 46% were using some form of contraception; the pill was the most popular method and was used by 76% of the women practising contraception. The present average family size in rural sarawak is 5·3 and greater family planning programme effort will be needed if this is to be reduced, especially in view of the social and cultural factors involved and the generally low educational standard of the women
Age at menarche, at first intercourse, and at first pregnancy
Authors: Udry J. Richard 
Published: July 2008

SummaryData from an urban sample of American women of reproductive ages demonstrate that age at menarche is correlated with age at first intercourse, that age at first intercourse is correlated with age at first pregnancy, and that age at menarche is therefore correlated with age at first pregnancy. This applies to both blacks and whites when examined for the early years of the reproductive cycle. Girls with early menarche, compared to those with late menarche, are more than twice as likely to have had intercourse by age 16, and almost twice as likely to have given birth or had a pregnancy terminated by age 18. It is therefore useful to think of the timing of meanarche as an indicator of the probability of early intercourse and early childbearing.
Increment-decrement tables for human reproduction
Authors: Suchindran C.M. , Namboodiri N.K. , West K. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper illustrates the application of increment—decrement life table methods to the study of family building patterns among women. Here age at the oocurrence of a specified birth is considered the principal duration variable. Data from a sample of currently married women from the 1965 US National Fertility Study were used to illustrate the method.
High risk maternal factors related to retaled to fetel wastage in rural Banglandesh
Authors: Swenson Ingrid , Harper Paul A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn rural Bangladesh, early fetal wastage and stillbirth are higher among pregnancy orders one and six or higher than among orders two and three. The increased risk is particularly apparent among those pregnancies following two or more previous fetal deaths. Woman in the higher pregnancy orders who have not experienced previous fetal deaths or only one fetal death have only a slight increase in the risk of fetal death compared to women in pregnancy orders two and three. The virtual absence of obstetric care and the high maternal mortality in this Bengali population may allow only woman without reproductive impairmetns to reach the higher pregnancy orders.
Family size, birth order and IQ components: a survey of a Cambridge suburb
Authors: Mascie-Taylor C. G. Nicholas 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis study examines the relationship between family size, birth order and IQ components. No significant associations were found in either non-manual or manual social groups between IQ scores and family size. The correlation coefficient between verbal IQ and family size in the non-manual group was positive and differed significantly from the negative manual group value. Birth order effects were noted; the association differed significantly between non-manual IQ components and between social groups.
Household composition and the risk of child abuse and neglect
Authors: Wilson Margo I. , Daly Martin , Weghorst Suzanne J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe incidence of child abuse and neglect resulting in validated case reports to the American Humane Association in 1976 was determined in relation to household composition, family income and age of the victim. Abuse and neglect were both maximal in father-only homes and minimal in two-natural-parent homes. Mother-only households exceed those with one natural and one step-parent in neglect incidence, but the reverse is true for abuse incidence. Poverty is more strongly associated with neglect risk than with abuse risk, and probably cannot account for the high risks of abuse and neglect in father-only and step-parent families. Evidence that the presence of an unrelated adult filling a parental role exacerbates the risk of physical abuse is presented and discussed.
Cohort mortality and prostate cancer
Authors: Barrett John C. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryBy regression analysis, the mortality from prostate cancer in England and Wales in the period 1951–70 is analysed as a function of age, date of birth and date of death. The peak mortality occurred for the cohort of men born around 1886. Age and date of birth are the most important factors and date of death does not appear to be significant.
Births by Caesarean section in the United States of America and in Britain
Authors: Francome Colin , Huntingford Peter J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe rise in Caesarian section rates has been much greater in the United States than in Britain. This article analyses the reasons for these trends and finds they are not clearly related to good medical practice. It is concluded that it should be a cause for concern if rates rise above 6% of live births. In this case operations must be shown to be in the best interests of the mothers and their babies.
Consultant gynaecologists and attitudes towards abortion
Authors: Chamberlain Audrey 
Published: July 2008

SummaryConsultant gynaecologists in the Wessex Regional Health Authority were interviewed about their abortion work. Wide variations in attitudes and practice are evident. Whilst the consultants broadly refer to the same criteria in deciding whether to perform an abortion or not, the assessment they make of the relevance of these criteria is very much an individual matter.
Attitudes towards legalization of abortion among a cross-section of women in metropolitan Dacca
Authors: Chaudhury R. H. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe paper examines the attitudes towards legalization of abortion among a cross-section of 1130 currently married, fecund women of metropolitan Dacca. Abortion is a taboo subject and it is punishable under law in Bangladesh. The respondents in this study do not seem to be very hostile toward legalization of abortion but, on the contrary, favour this at least under certain situations. Only 11% of respondents are strongly opposed to legalization of abortion, but as many as 50% of the respondents endorse abortion in at least three different situations: (i) if the life of the mother is endangered: (ii) if the baby is expected to be born defective: (iii) if a woman is raped. This finding indicates that at least among a group of educated urban women there prevails a more favourable attitude towards abortion than that permitted by law. Socioeconomic factors, particularly female education, are found to be the strongest correlates of attitude towards abortion.
Sleep patterns and life style in Oxfordshire villages
Authors: Palmer C. D. , Harrison G. A. , Hiorns R. W. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryPatterns of sleep are described among the adult inhabitants of a group of Oxfordshire villages as ascertained through a sleep questionnaire. Sleep duration during the main sleep period on working days, and perceived sleep quality, are then analysed in terms of associations with aspects of life style. In both men and women some 20 out of 50 responses to life style questions show significant associations with sleep duration but most of these associations differ by sex. Some show corresponding associations with sleep quality, but others, mainly related to what people actually do, rather than what they say about how they feel, do not. A principal components analysis of those life style variables which show significant associations with sleep duration, and the adjustment of individual values by these factors for entry into a multiple regression, identifies five factors in each sex which are significantly related to sleep duration. Together they account for 9·9% of the observed male variance and 12·4% of the female variance.
Obesity in a group of Italian elementary school children: family structure
Authors: Sgaramella L. Zonta , Galante A. , Jayakar S. D. , Pennetti V. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryRisk factors associated with childhood obesity were examined in children of the elementary school of Aosta (northern Italy). In data from 2044 families none of the variables investigated (sibship size, mother's age, birth rank, the ‘temporarily-one-child syndrome’, and number of living parents) was found to have a significant association with the frequency of obesity, though weak associations for family size and the number of living parents may exist. The only significant difference found was between children of parents from northern Italy and those from southern Italy (recent immigrants).
The reciprocal impact of breast-feeding and culture form on maternal behaviour and infant development
Authors: Shand Nancy 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA comparative study has been made of Japanese and American maternal behaviour and infant development from birth to 3 months of age, especially in relation to infant feeding practices. The effect of cultural differences on the initiation and prolongation of breast-feeding is discussed and consideration is given to factors such as alertness of the mother during the birth, post-partum procedures in hospital, family sleeping arrangements and the general style of maternal care. The possibility of a post-partum “critical” period, and its effect on infant behaviour and development, is discussed.
Characteristics of special groups of abortion patients from one health district
Authors: Ashton John R. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryFour special groups of women resident and obtaining abortions in one health district are described: women under 16 years and over 35 years, those undergoing a second or third abortion, and those obtaining operations later than 20 weeks gestation. These women rarely obtain adequate contraceptive advice and services, particularly when oral contraception has not proved to be suitable for them. It appears that some general practitioners do not offer a comprehensive family planning service and that this can result in women resorting to unreliable methods of birth control despite their demonstrated willingness to use contraception.Among the very young, though most have received teaching about contraception, few appear to use any method; the confusion over the age of consent may be contributing to the failure of adults to make adequate provision for this group. The women over 35 years seemed to have little contact with family planning advice. There was a disturbing failure to meet the demand for sterilization until an unwanted pregnancy had occurred.Patients undergoing a second or third abortion were frequently found to have contraceptive problems; there was no evidence that they were irresponsible as a group. A description of two patients obtaining operations after 20 weeks gestation illustrates the complexities of the late abortion issue. It is suggested that restrictive legislation cannot hope to contain the determination which may accompany the decision to seek abortion.
Antenatal genetic diagnosis in Newcastle: experience of 1200 requests
Authors: Boon A. R. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA consecutive series of 1200 specimens of amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis from patients requesting antenatal diagnosis coming to a regional genetic advisory service is reviewed. The analysis identifies the conditions that most frequently come for antenatal diagnosis, picks out the conditions showing the highest frequency of affected fetuses on termination, and examines the success of the procedure as regards the accuracy of the genetic diagnosis and the ensuing normality of the pregnancy.
Social structural consequences of population growth
Authors: Adams R. E. W. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryEstimates from archaeological data of the numbers in the elite classes, non-elite occupational specialists, density of population, city size, and size of political units in the ancient Maya civilization suggest that there was a quantum shift in rate of development in the Early Classic period, associated with intensification of agriculture, and that the social structure approximated to a generalized feudal pattern.
Systems Analysis: A Promising Focus for Biosocial Research
Authors: Shimkin Demitri B. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThere is evidence that systems analysis has advanced sufficiently to have major theoretical and practical possibilities for anthropology. This paper presents support for this suggestion from studies of populations in two areas of the US: a Black migrant group in Mississippi and a Midwestern urban group. Some problems and potential applications of systems research are discussed.
Social Consequences of Vesico-Vaginal Fistula in Northern Nigeria
Authors: Murphy Margaret 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe social consequences to the patient who suffers from vesico-vaginal fistula are discussed. Patients are mainly young, come from subsistence farming backgrounds, are often considered to have brought shame on their families, and frequently lose their husband's support, especially if their condition is of long standing. In a society that places a high value on childbearing they have little hope for the future.
Social and Emotional Aspects of Voluntary Childlessness in Vasectomized Childless Men
Authors: Magarick R. H. , Brown R. A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryResponses of 44 vasectomized voluntarily childless men and 51 vasectomized fathers were compared on the California Psychological Inventory, the Bowerman Scale of Marital Satisfaction and a questionnaire. The childless felt negatively stereotyped, but there were no differences between the parents and childless on marital satisfaction, reported childhood happiness or level of psychological adjustment. There were differences in modes of adjustment, with the childless seemingly less tied to tradition, more inclined to experiment and showing more capacity for independent thought than the parents. The findings suggested that childlessness may be a viable, healthy lifestyle, not determined by or associated with personal or social pathology.
A Study of Heterozygote Arrays in Relation to the Age Distribution of An Australian Population Sample
Authors: Brackenridge C. J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryTo explore the relation between arrays of multiple genetic systems and the age structure of a population, twelve plasma and red blood-cell polymorphisms were considered in combination. A comparison of observed and expected numbers of persons sharing an array indicated that 72·1% of arrays were in excess of expectation, largely due to association between over-representation and simple heterozygosity score. There was evidence of association between heterozygote excess and age, the proportion of over-represented arrays falling with increase in age. Some implications of this result are discussed.
Perception of Methods of Contraception: A Semantic Differential Study
Authors: Kee Poo-Kong , Darroch Russell K. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA psychological measurement technique, the semantic differential, is used as a measure of the perceptions of contraceptive methods among 172 sexually experienced undergraduates. This technique enables the calculation of an acceptability score based on subjectively defined attributes. Factor analysis of the ratings identifies seven major dimensions, which have to do with effectiveness, discretion, pleasure, legality, permanence, harmfulness, and cost. A sex difference is found in that comfort and mood factors are more salient to females than to males.
The Demography of Two West African (Gambian) Villages, 1951–75
Authors: Billewicz W. Z. , McGregor I. A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryFrom a longitudinal study over 25 years (1951–75) of two adjacent Gambian villages, the data allow estimates of population growth, birth rates, age-specific mortality, female fertility, and infertility rates in the two sexes. Such intensive but small scale local inquiries provide valuable information on topics not covered in official published statistics, and also data from which the reliability of some census details can be estimated. There are many similarities but also differences between the two villages. Population growth rate was 1·1% per annum for Keneba and 2·2% for Manduar. Crude death rates averaged 36·7 per thousand for Keneba and 24·7 for Manduar and showed little difference between the sexes. For Keneba and Manduar respectively stillbirth rates were 63·9 and 88·6, first week mortality 49·2 and 44·9 and neonatal mortality 85·2 and 49·6 per thousand live births. In Keneba, where survival to age 5 years averaged 50%, young child mortality was significantly higher than in Manduar but mortality at older ages was not. Season profoundly affected child mortality: about 45% of all deaths under 15 years occurred in the late wet season, August–October. Maternal mortality in Keneba was 10·5 and in Manduar 9·5 per thousand. Crude birth rates averaged 58·4 per thousand for Keneba and 49·0 for Manduar, rates per thousand women aged 15·44 years averaging 248·5 and 215·3 respectively.In both villages mean birth interval increased progressively with the survival of the preceding child. In Keneba the interval increased from about 16 months when the first of the two children was stillborn to nearly 37 months when the first child survived to 2 years. In Manduar the corresponding values were 19 and 36 months. Analyses of obstetric histories indicated that total fertility was of the order of 7·5 live births per woman in Keneba and 6·4 in Manduar. Estimates of primary infertility for females were 3·6% in Keneba and 5·6% in Manduar, and for males 3·1% and 1·9%. Estimates of secondary infertility in females were 13% in Keneba and 19% in Manduar.
Counselling needs of women seeking abortions
Authors: Hare M. J. , Heywood Jane 
Published: July 2008

SummaryOver the course of a year, 162 women requesting termination of pregnancy were assessed by interview by both a consultant gynaecologist and a medical social worker. Only thirteen (8%) were referred as requiring medical advice and most of these basically had social problems. In contrast, 85 (52%) were found to require the help of the medical social worker for either detailed counselling or various supportive measures.
Abortion and infant mortality before and after the 1973 US Supreme Court decision on abortion
Authors: Robertson Leon S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe fifty states of the US were compared in 1971–72 and 1974–75 with respect to percentage apparent conceptions aborted and infant mortality rates attributed to various causes. Only non-vehicle accidental deaths were consistently related to abortion. The correlation is non-linear; non-vehicle accidental deaths were especially high in states with little or no abortion. A decline in non-vehicle accidental deaths from before to after the Supreme Court decision was most pronounced in states where there were fewest abortions before the decision and where increases in abortion occurred following the decision.
A cross-national comparison of the relative influence of male and female age on the frequency of marital intercourse
Authors: Udry J. Richard , Deven Fred R. , Coleman Samuel J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryParallel analyses of recent data from the United States, Thailand, Belgium, and Japan all confirm the finding that female age and not male age is the more important contributor to the decline in frequency of marital intercourse during the childbearing ages. The most probable explanation is the decline in female (but not male) androgen levels during the age span examined.
Voluntary childlessness and contraception: problems and practices
Authors: Baum Frances 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe attitudes of 38 voluntarily childless husbands and wives towards contraception were studied. The couples used a range of birth control methods, the most popular being the pill. Although sterilization appears to be the optimal method of contraception for couples who do not want children, several disincentives to it were mentioned. Broadly these are the finality of surgical sterilization, the dislike some individuals have for undergoing surgery and the opposition individuals anticipate meeting to a request for surgery from their GP or a consultant. Overall, contraception presents at least as many problems to childless couples as it does to parents. Some problems are unique to the childless, resulting from the continuity and length of time of birth control.
An evaluation of the use-effectiveness of fertility awareness methods of family planning
Authors: Weeks John R. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAn analysis of the use-effectiveness of fertility awareness methods of family planning among clients in a San Diego, California, clinic reveals a 12-month failure rate (life-table method) of 13·2 failures per 100 women. This is comparable to results from previous studies of the use of fertility awareness methods (as defined by the sympto-thermal method) in developed nations. Also consistent with previous studies is the finding that fertility awareness method users tend to be young and well-educated. Motivational factors are identified as being most closely associated with successful use of this method of family planning.
Chromosome analyses in couples with repeated pregnancy loss
Authors: Andrews T. , Roberts D. F. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryCytogenetic investigations were undertaken on 120 couples in Newcastle with repeated pregnancy loss for which no anatomical or other obvious reason could be established. The level of major chromosome anomalies was high, with 6·7% of couples showing one member with an abnormal karyotype. One major anomaly occurred in a control series of 240 random newborns. The couples also showed an elevated incidence of chromosomal heteromorphisms. Similar studies in the literature are reviewed. It seems that major chromosome anomalies make an appreciable contribution to repeated reproductive loss, but proof of the involvement of minor chromosome variants though suspected is less clear.