bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invited. Japanese encephalitis
Authors: Abe Toshi , Kojima Kazuyuki , Shoji Hiroshi , Tanaka Norimitsu , Fujimoto Kiminori , Uchida Masafumi , Nishimura Hiroshi , Hayabuchi Naofumi , Norbash Alexander M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractJapanese encephalitis (JB) is an acute encephalomyelitis which is a primary viral encephalitis accompanying a viral infection. Clinically, the patient who either resides in an endemic region or who has been exposed to the viral vector (mosquito) may have symptoms including high fever, headache, and impaired consciousness. JE involves many portions of the supratentorial thalamus, basal ganglia, and white matter. Classically MR imaging demonstrates the lesions of JE as hyperintense on T2‐weighted images and hypointense on T1‐weighted images. Hemorrhagic transformations have also been described in JE lesions, with corresponding expected T1 and T2 changes. Differential considerations based on the MRI appearance are somewhat broad, including but not limited to primary viral encephalitis, acute encephalopathy, limbic encephalitis, and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. The therapy for JE is primarily conservative and supportive since there is no specific treatment for JE, and the disease has a high fatality rate. The prognosis depends on the extent of involvement at primary presentation, and on the autoimmune mechanisms of this disease.
Differentiation of gray matter and white matter perfusion in patients with unilateral internal carotid artery occlusion
Authors: Kluytmans Manon , Grond Jeroen van der , Folkers Paul J. M. , Mali Willem P. Th. M. , Viergever Max A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn this study, we investigated differences between gray matter and white matter perfusion in patients with a unilateral occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA) with dynamic susceptibility contrast. Seventeen patients and 17 control subjects were studied, using T2*‐weighted gradient echo acquisition. Gray and white matter regions were obtained by segmentation of inversion recovery MRI. Lesions were excluded by segmentation of T2‐weighted MRI. In the symptomatic hemisphere, cerebral blood volume was increased in white matter (P < .05) but not in gray matter. No cerebral blood flow changes were found. All timing parameters (mean transit time [MTT], time of appearance, and time to peak) showed a significant delay for both white and gray matter (P < .05), but the MTT increase of white matter was significantly larger than for gray matter (P < .05). These findings indicate that differentiation between gray and white matter is essential to determine the hemodynamic effects of an ICA occlusion.
Pharmacokinetic MRI for assessment of malignant glioma response to stereotactic radiotherapy: Initial results
Authors: Hawighorst Hans , Knopp Michael V. , Debus Jürgen , Hoffmann Ulf , Grandy Martin , Griebel Jürgen , Zuna Ivan , Essig Marco , Schoenberg Stefan O. , Devries Alexander , Brix G. , van Kaick Gerhard 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the value of dynamic, contrast‐enhanced MRI in patients with malignant glioma (a) to predict before stereotactic radiotherapy local tumor control, (b) to investigate temporal changes in tumor microcirculation after stereotactic radiotherapy, and (c) to analyze whether malignant glioma response may be predicted earlier by alterations in the tissue pharmacokinetics rather than in terms of tumor volume. Ninety MRI studies were performed of 18 patients with malignant glioma before and 6, 18, 26, 52, and 72 weeks after the end of stereotactic radiotherapy. The signal time courses of the contrast‐enhanced tumors were analyzed using a pharmacokinetic two‐compartment model that calculates for the parameter A, reflecting the degree of MRI signal enhancement [no units] and the exchange rate constant k21 [min−1]. Before radiotherapy, the amplitude A was significantly (P < .05) lower in patients with subsequent local tumor control (n = 8; mean A = .34 ± .15) compared to patients without subsequent local tumor control (n = 10; mean A = .94 ± .71). In the local tumor control group, early after stereotactic radiotherapy (at 6–18 weeks), there was a significant (P < .05) time‐dependent decrease in the parameter k21, whereas there was still no alteration in the tumor volume. A low amplitude A before radiotherapy, combined with an early drop of k21 after stereotactic radiotherapy, reliably characterized the group of patients with subsequent tumor volume decrease. Our preliminary results suggest that two contrast‐enhanced dynamic MR studies, one before and one early after stereotactic radiotherapy, offer important information on local tumor control within the first 6 to 18 weeks after stereotactic radiotherapy. Moreover, this response may be evidenced before tumor volume changes and provides a therapeutic window to broaden treatment options and to improve treatment outcome.
Comparison of gadopentetate dimeglumine and albumin‐(Gd‐DTPA)30 for microvessel characterization in an intracranial glioma model
Authors: Ostrowitzki Susanne , Fick James , Roberts Timothy P. L. , Wendland Michael F. , Aldape Kenneth D. , Mann Jeffry S. , Israel Mark A. , Brasch Robert C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo compare the performance of macromolecular albumin gadolinium‐diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd‐DTPA)30 and low molecular weight gadopentetate dimeglumine for microvessel characterization, we examined an intracranial 9L glioma model in which increased angiogenesis, hypervascularity, and hyperpermeability mimic characteristics of clinical malignant brain tumors. Dynamic MRI data were analyzed using a bidirectional, two‐compartment kinetic model to extract quantitative estimates for fractional blood volume (fBV) and permeability surface area product (PS). Three criteria were used for comparison of contrast agent performance: (a) tumor conspicuity, defined as the contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR); (b) dynamic range of differential permeability estimates between tumor and normal brain; (c) reasonableness of blood volume estimates. Gadopentetate was superior to macromolecular albumin‐(Gd‐DTPA)30 for detection of 9L brain gliomas and for measurements of hyperpermeability.
Biosynthesis and Biodegradability of Copolythioesters from 3,3′‐Thiodipropionic Acid and Plant Oils by Cupriviadus necator
Authors: Kamei Yasutaka , Nagai Atsushi , Nishida Haruo , Kimura Hiroshi , Endo Takeshi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo prepare sulfur‐containing natural polymers effectively, several plant oils and 3,3′‐thiodipropionic acid (TDP) have been used as carbon sources for the biosynthesis of copolymer poly[(3‐hydroxybutyrate)‐co‐(3‐mercaptopropionate)] [poly(3HB‐co‐3MP)] by a wild‐type bacterium Cupriviadus necator H16. By using the plant oils, copolymer accumulation and incorporation of 3MP units are greater than those of cases using sugars. The 3MP fraction is controllable over a range of 1–39 mol‐% by adjusting the cultivation conditions. Microbial degradability of the copolymers has been examined in an activated sludge supernatant. The biodegradation proceeded by two mechanisms: surface erosion and auto‐catalytic hydrolysis, depending on the 3MP unit fraction, and show preferential degradation of 3HB unit sequences.magnified image
Levodopa “drug holiday” with amantadine infusions as a treatment of complications in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Koziorowski Dariusz , Friedman Andrzej 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe loss of beneficial effect of levodopa due to progression of the disease and alteration of receptor sensitivity makes the treatment of the advanced stadium of Parkinson's disease (PD) very difficult. In the past “drug holidays” was used in attempt to resensitize dopamine receptors in the striatum to make the treatment easier. However possible serious complications like neuroleptical malignant‐like syndrome discouraged the use of this procedure. Intravenous administration of amantadine, another antiparkinsonian medication during “drug holidays,” procedure could be a solution for this problem. We studied 12 patients with PD suffering from complication of the therapy. Daily dose of Levodopa used as monotherapy before amantadine infusions ranged between 700 and 2,000 mg. Levodopa was discontinued for 3 days and during that time amantadine sulfate intravenous was administrated. After “drug holidays” levodopa in the same dose as before treatment was resumed. An assessment of the parkinsonian condition was performed with Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale before “drug holidays” 2 days after and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 months later. The follow‐up study demonstrated a significant improvement both in the motor condition and complication of therapy. The improvement after therapy was maintained up to 4 month. The levodopa “drug holidays” with amantadine infusion is a valuable option in the therapy of advanced stages of PD. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Numerical analysis of Rayleigh–Plesset equation for cavitating water jets
Authors: Alehossein H. , Qin Z. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHigh‐pressure water jets are used to cut and drill into rocks by generating cavitating water bubbles in the jet which collapse on the surface of the rock target material. The dynamics of submerged bubbles depends strongly on the surrounding pressure, temperature and liquid surface tension. The Rayleigh–Plesset (RF) equation governs the dynamic growth and collapse of a bubble under various pressure and temperature conditions. A numerical finite difference model is established for simulating the process of growth, collapse and rebound of a cavitation bubble travelling along the flow through a nozzle producing a cavitating water jet. A variable time‐step technique is applied to solve the highly non‐linear second‐order differential equation. This technique, which emerged after testing four finite difference schemes (Euler, central, modified Euler and Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg (RKF)), successfully solves the Rayleigh–Plesset (RP) equation for wide ranges of pressure variation and bubble initial sizes and saves considerable computing time. Inputs for this model are the pressure and velocity data obtained from a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) analysis of the jet. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Class A scavenger receptor (CD204) attenuates hyperoxia‐induced lung injury by reducing oxidative stress
Authors: Kobayashi H , Sakashita N , Okuma T , Terasaki Y , Tsujita K , Suzuki H , Kodama T , Nomori H , Kawasuji M , Takeya M 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo clarify the role of macrophage class A scavenger receptors (SR‐A, CD204) in oxidative lung injury, we examined lung tissue of SR‐A deficient (SR‐A−/−) and wild‐type (SR‐A+/+) mice in response to hyperoxic treatment. Protein levels of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and pulmonary oedema (wet : dry weight ratios) were higher in SR‐A−/− mice than those in SR‐A+/+ mice. Cumulative survival was significantly decreased in SR‐A−/− mice. However, there were no differences in BALF macrophage and neutrophil count between the two groups. Real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) revealed that messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were increased during hyperoxic injury, and this increase was more prominent in SR‐A−/− mice. Expression levels of iNOS in alveolar macrophages after hyperoxia in vivo and in vitro were higher in SR‐A−/− macrophages compared with SR‐A+/+ macrophages. Immunohistochemistry using anti‐nitrotyrosine antibodies revealed distinctive oxidative stress in the injured lung in both groups, but it was more remarkable in the SR‐A−/− mice. After hyperoxic treatment, pulmonary mRNA levels of tumour necrosis factor‐α(TNF‐α) were elevated more rapidly in SR‐A−/− mice than in SR‐A+/+ mice. Together these results suggest that SR‐A expression attenuates hyperoxia‐induced lung injury by reducing macrophage activation. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in the chemical structure of natural rubber tyre vulcanisates in service
Authors: Russell R. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe chemical structure of tread vulcanisates in heavy duty tyres was examined when the tyres were new, after they had been rig‐tested under conditions designed to induce tread‐lift and after they had had service on the road. Considerable changes occurred near the breaker edge; these included a marked decrease in the concentration of polysulphide crosslinks, an increase in the concentration of monosulphide crosslinks, and an increase in the amount of sulphur bound to the rubber network in main‐chain modifications. Experiments with laboratory‐prepared vulcanisates indicated that the structural alterations in the tyres were due to thermal anaerobic reactions induced by heat build‐up and that they may lead to a deterioration in the durability of the tread vulcanisate. Tyre performance may be improved by reducing heat build‐up and/or increasing the thermal stability of the rubber network. The latter could be achieved by the use of modified forms of conventional vulcanisation recipes, or efficient vulcanisation systems that produce thermally stable monosulphide crosslinks.
Cure of polyester resins—determination by infra‐red spectroscopy
Authors: Learmonth G. S. , Pritchard G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe measurement of the extent of the crosslinking process in unsaturated polyester resins by infra‐red spectroscopy is discussed. Quantitative use of such methods is considered. The concentration of free unreacted styrene is measured by the absorbence at 915 cm−1, and the fumarate unsaturation by the absorbence at 985 cm−1, after correcting for overlapping styrene. The carbonyl band is used as an internal standard.Comparison of the results with refractive index measurements, solvent extraction and volatility data suggests that this method may be approximately quantitative.
Are social competence difficulties caused by performance or acquisition deficits? The importance of self‐regulatory mechanisms
Authors: Gumpel Thomas P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe conducted three studies which examined the performance vs. skill acquisition model of social skills deficits. In Study 1, baseline social behaviors for a random sample of 12 boys with comorbid emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD), learning disabilities (LD), language delays, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) revealed that prosocial behaviors as well as inappropriate behaviors exist comorbidly in behavioral repertoires, supporting a performance rather than acquisition model of social competence difficulties. In Study 2, an ABAC design was used to examine the efficacy of a self‐management intervention with noncontingent (B) and contingent (C) reinforcement for three elementary aged boys with EBD. Generalization was demonstrated in natural settings for the contingent reinforcement phase only, but was not observed over time. Study 3 replicated Study 2's procedures using an ABAC multiple baseline across participants design with a sample of adolescents with varying degrees of mental retardation. Two of the three participants responded favorably to the self‐monitoring training and showed marked improvements in prosocial play skills during recess; for the third participant, no behavioral changes were observed. Results from all three studies are discussed from a social learning theory perspective. The efficacy of the data collecting procedure and implications of the results are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 351–372, 2007.
The rational design of biological complexity: A deceptive metaphor
Authors: Van Regenmortel Marc H. V. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBiologists often claim that they follow a rational design strategy when their research is based on molecular knowledge of biological systems. This claim implies that their knowledge of the innumerable causal connections present in biological systems is sufficient to allow them to deduce and predict the outcome of their experimental interventions. The design metaphor is shown to originate in human intentionality and in the anthropomorphic fallacy of interpreting objects, events, and the behavior of all living organisms in terms of goals and purposes. Instead of presenting rational design as an effective research strategy, it would be preferable to acknowledge that advances in biomedicine are nearly always derived from empirical observations based on trial and error experimentation. The claim that rational design is an effective research strategy was tested in the case of current attempts to develop synthetic vaccines, in particular against human immunodeficiency virus. It was concluded that in this field of biomedicine, trial and error experimentation is more likely to succeed than a rational design approach. Current developments in systems biology may give us eventually a better understanding of the immune system and this may enable us in the future to develop improved vaccines.
Reconstructing biochemical pathways from time course data
Authors: Srividhya Jeyaraman , Crampin Edmund J. , McSharry Patrick E. , Schnell Santiago 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTime series data on biochemical reactions reveal transient behavior, away from chemical equilibrium, and contain information on the dynamic interactions among reacting components. However, this information can be difficult to extract using conventional analysis techniques. We present a new method to infer biochemical pathway mechanisms from time course data using a global nonlinear modeling technique to identify the elementary reaction steps which constitute the pathway. The method involves the generation of a complete dictionary of polynomial basis functions based on the law of mass action. Using these basis functions, there are two approaches to model construction, namely the general to specific and the specific to general approach. We demonstrate that our new methodology reconstructs the chemical reaction steps and connectivity of the glycolytic pathway of Lactococcus lactis from time course experimental data.
The extant core bacterial proteome is an archive of the origin of life
Authors: Danchin Antoine , Fang Gang , Noria Stanislas 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGenes consistently present in a clique of genomes, preferring the leading DNA strands are deemed persistent. The persistent bacterial proteome organises around intermediary and RNA metabolism, and RNA‐related information transfer, with a significant contribution to compartmentalisation. Despite inevitable losses during evolution, the extant persistent proteome displays functions present early on. Proteins coded by genes staying clustered in a majority of genomes constitute a network of mutual attraction made up of three concentric circles. The outer one, mostly devoted to metabolism, breaks into small pieces and fades away. The second, more continuous, one organises around class I tRNA synthetases. The well‐connected inner circle comprises the ribosome and information transfer. This reflects the progressive construction of cells, starting from the metabolism of coenzymes, nucleotides and fatty acids‐related molecules. Subsequently, a core set of aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases scaffolded around RNA, connected to cell division machinery and organised metabolism around translation. This remarkable organisation reflects the evolution of life from small molecules metabolism to the RNA world, suggesting that extant microorganisms carry the marks of the ancient processes that created life. Further analysis suggests that RNA degradation, associated to the presence of iron, still plays a role in extant metabolism, including the evolution of genome structures.
Identifying functional modules in the physical interactome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Pu Shuye , Vlasblom Jim , Emili Andrew , Greenblatt Jack , Wodak Shoshana J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractReliable information on the physical and functional interactions between the gene products is an important prerequisite for deriving meaningful system‐level descriptions of cellular processes. The available information about protein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been vastly increased recently by two comprehensive tandem affinity purification/mass spectrometry (TAP/MS) studies. However, using somewhat different approaches, these studies produced diverging descriptions of the yeast interactome, clearly illustrating the fact that converting the purification data into accurate sets of protein–protein interactions and complexes remains a major challenge. Here, we review the major analytical steps involved in this process, with special focus on the task of deriving complexes from the network of binary interactions. Applying the Markov Cluster procedure to an alternative yeast interaction network, recently derived by combining the data from the two latest TAP/MS studies, we produce a new description of yeast protein complexes. Several objective criteria suggest that this new description is more accurate and meaningful than those previously published. The same criteria are also used to gauge the influence that different methods for deriving binary interactions and complexes may have on the results. Lastly, it is shown that employing identical procedures to process the latest purification datasets significantly improves the convergence between the resulting interactome descriptions.
Assignment of protein function and discovery of novel nucleolar proteins based on automatic analysis of MEDLINE
Authors: Schuemie Martijn , Chichester Christine , Lisacek Frederique , Coute Yohann , Roes Peter‐Jan , Sanchez Jean Charles , Kors Jan , Mons Barend 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAttribution of the most probable functions to proteins identified by proteomics is a significant challenge that requires extensive literature analysis. We have developed a system for automated prediction of implicit and explicit biologically meaningful functions for a proteomics study of the nucleolus. This approach uses a set of vocabulary terms to map and integrate the information from the entire MEDLINE database. Based on a combination of cross‐species sequence homology searches and the corresponding literature, our approach facilitated the direct association between sequence data and information from biological texts describing function. Comparison of our automated functional assignment to manual annotation demonstrated our method to be highly effective. To establish the sensitivity, we defined the functional subtleties within a family containing a highly conserved sequence. Clustering of the DEAD‐box protein family of RNA helicases confirmed that these proteins shared similar morphology although functional subfamilies were accurately identified by our approach. We visualized the nucleolar proteome in terms of protein functions using multi‐dimensional scaling, showing functional associations between nucleolar proteins that were not previously realized. Finally, by clustering the functional properties of the established nucleolar proteins, we predicted novel nucleolar proteins. Subsequently, nonproteomics studies confirmed the predictions of previously unidentified nucleolar proteins.