bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extinguishment of Diffusion Flames of Polymeric Materials by Halon 1301
Authors: Tewarson A. , Khan M.M. 
Published: March 2007

Halon 1301 flame extinction results are discussed for the com bustion of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), eight composite materials, and carbon in the gas phase. Two types of combustion and flame extinction experi ments were performed: (1) in the Factory Mutual Research Corporation (FMRC) flammability apparatus (50 kW scale) for PMMA and composite materials, and (2) in the FMRC electrical arc apparatus for carbon in the gas phase. For char forming composite materials, mass transfer from the surface was low, turbulent diffusion flames were not generated, and flame extinction oc curred between 3 to 4.5% of Halon 1301, close to the value reported for the lam inar diffusion flames of polymers. For non-charring PMMA, mass transfer from the surface was high, flames were turbulent, and flame extinction was found at about 6% of Halon 1301, contrary to the accepted value of about 4% for the lam inar diffusion flames of polymers. With Halon 1301 the conditions for flame in stability and extinction for combustion efficiency less than about 0.40, with sig nificant increase in the amounts of products of incomplete combustion (such as CO and hydrocarbon), were in agreement with flame instability and extinction found for fuel-rich conditions inside well-ventilated laminar and turbulent diffusion flames, in ceiling layers of combustion products, in enclosure fires, in ventilation-controlled buoyant diffusion flames of polymers, and for flame ex tinction of heptane flames by water. Experiments in the FMRC electrical arc apparatus showed that in the gas phase combustion of carbon vapors generated in high energy arc, chemical heat release rate and combustion efficiency decreased with increase in Halon 1301. At about 7.5% of Halon 1301, conditions were close to flame extinction and at 9.0%, oxidative pyrolysis of carbon was indicated. Concentrations of Br- and F- ions, generated from the decomposition of Halon 1301, were also measured. Concentration of Br- ions was higher than the concentration of F- ions, al though there are three F atoms and only one Br atom in Halon 1301. There was brown deposit on the walls of the apparatus with extensive corrosion of rubber gaskets, electrical fan, and other components. The techniques discussed in this article appear to be attractive for the assess ment of flame extinguishability and corrosive characteristics of fire suppres sants to replace ozone layer depleting Halons.
Heat Transfer of a Smoldering Flammable Substrate. Part 2. A Theoretical Model and Its Application
Authors: Yi Sung-Chul , Seong Youl Bae  , Seong Hun Kim  
Published: March 2007

This paper is the second part of two describing the development of a theoretical model for the heat transfer of a flammable substrate. The mathe matical model presented in Part 1 of this series of papers is the first known suc cessful attempt to describe the interaction between a cigarette and a substrate analytically. The calculated distribution profile of temperature approximates the experi mental results measured using thermocouples. Then, the predicted temperature distribution in the substrate was fit to the corresponding measured values with a nonlinear, least-squares fitting routine to obtain a net heat flux from the moving heat source to the substrate. The average of heat flux from the burning cigarette to the substrate through the window is approximately 1.56 ± 0.01 cal/(s cm2).
Prevalence of Delirium and Urinary Tract Infection in a Psychogeriatric Unit
Authors: Manepalli Jothika , Grossberg George T. , Mueller Cindy 
Published: March 2007

A retrospective study involving 407 patients discharged over a 2-year period from a psychogeriatric unit found that 83 (20.4%) had urinary tract infection (UTI) and 54 (13.3%) had delirium diagnoses at admission. Of the 54 with delirium, 14 (25.9%) had UTI. Of these 14 patients, delirium cleared in nine (64.3%) after appropriate treatment of UTI, two (14.3%) improved with treatment of concomitant medical disorders, and three (21.4%) did not improve. Only six of the 14 (42.8%) showed symptoms of UTI, with only one of the 14 (7.1%) showing fever and leukocytosis. Urine analyses were abnormal in all cases with 13/14 (92.8%) having positive cultures. Dementia was an associated risk factor in 71.4% of the 14 patients with UTI and delirium. Clinicians need to have a high index of suspicion relative to the presence of UTI in the elderly, especially with pre- existing cognitive impairment, since it can precipitate delirium. Early recognition and appropriate treatment decreases morbidity. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1990;3:198-202).
Performance of Random Glass Mat Reinforced Thermoplastics
Authors: Tomkinson-Walles Gayle D. 
Published: March 2007

Fibers are added to thermoplastic resins in order to enhance mechanical properties; the degree of improvement depends on the fraction of fibers, their length and their orientation. AZDEL®, AZLOY™ and AZMET™ composites are a family of continuous random glass mat reinforced thermoplastics whose mechanical properties exceed those of injection-molded short fiber composites, in order to meet demanding engineering applica tions in industries such as automotive, furniture, material handling and construction. Property evaluations are presented for four composite systems: Polypropylene, poly butylene terephthalate (PBT), and a PBT-polycarbonate blend, each reinforced with 35-45 weight percent glass mat, as well as automotive grade sheet molding compound (SMC). Characterization includes temperature, rate and geometry effects on the tensile and flexural properties, tensile fatigue data and evaluation of anisotropy. The damage produced in instrumented impact specimens tested over a range of temperatures is investigated using ultrasound imaging. The effect of processing strategies on tensile properties is com plimented by fiber orientation and distribution analyses.
Media Sport: Hot and Cool1
Authors: Birrell Susan , Loy John W. 
Published: March 2007

Marshall McLuhan's revolutionary ideas about the role of media in society established him as the prophet of what he terms "the electric age" and had a major impact upon the field of communication. According to McLuhan, understanding media means understanding society, for the two are so closely related that societies can in fact be characterized by the media form most prevalent in them. McLuhan's books are packed with fascinating contentions about the effects of media upon other as pects of society. However, McLuhan's expansive style ultimately leaves the thought ful reader unsatisfied. In the course of his books, he briefly touches on a wide range of exciting ideas, yet he never attempts to develop any one particular subject nor does he offer testable assertions. McLuhan's comments on sport furnish an excellent example of his lack of spe cifity. He makes several provocative observations about sport yet one is left to wonder: exactly what would McLuhan predict about sport? The objectives of this paper are to summarize McLuhan's basic contentions about the media in society, to suggest applications of McLuhan's ideas to sport, and to examine critically McLuhan's ideas in the specific context of sport.
Factors Affecting Active Participation in Sport by the Working Class
Authors: Sleap Mike , Duffy Pat 
Published: March 2007

A survey consisting of 585 structured, personal interviews was undertaken in the Republic of Ireland. The survey population was comprised of individuals deemed to be of a particular sub-culture within Irish society — namely the work ing class. The purpose of the study was to ascertain the factors affecting active participation in sport by the interviewees. Of the total sample only 10.9% took an active and regular part in sport as defined by the study. It was found that the main prohibitive factor was a perceived lack of facilities whilst family and work commitments were also significant in the extent to which they affected participation. A full analysis of the findings revealed certain inconsistencies in responses given and thus it was concluded that sport was still perceived by the working class as a middle class activity and that this was possibly the real cause of the low participation rate. On these grounds recommendations are made to increase working class participation in sport. These include the promotion of a sporting ethos that accords with the values of the working class sub-culture and the de velopment of localized facilities which cater to the special needs of a working class community.
Sport Clubs and Parents as Socializing Agents in Sport
Authors: Seppänen Paavo 
Published: March 2007

As a by-product of a larger survey this study does not penetrate to the most essential problems of socialization in sport. It explains, however, the extent to which children are exposed to the influence of sport clubs in modern society, and what is the role of parents to get their children under the influence of sport clubs and associations. The main findings of the study can be classified into four categories. First, the role of sport clubs in socialization of children is evidently greater than any other voluntary organization. About 45 per cent of all boys and 29 per cent of all girls are members of sport clubs. Second, the appreciation what sport clubs as socializing agent enjoy is, however, considerably more common than the actual membership of children. Parents' attitudes toward children's participation are favourable even among those whose own sport activity is very low or non- existent. Third, systematic training of children — one of the most visible activi ties of modern sport club socialization — is, however, an activity whose role in socialization is dispensable. The most enthusiastic upholders of competitive sport approve it without any reserve but there is also a great number of parents who consider this kind of activity a matter of great concern or at least are am bivalent in their attitudes. This kind of dispersion in attitudes toward one essential aspect of modern sport may also be a symptom of growing concern on present sport in general. Fourth, there is a great evidence that the role of parents is central in socialization of children into sport. Child's membership in sport club correlates highly with his or her parents' sport activity. The choice of ideological type of sport club depends almost solely on the choice his or her parents have made.
Qualitative Research Methods in the Analysis of Identity of Top-class Women Athletes
Authors: Klein Michael 
Published: March 2007

In sociological research on sport exists a predominance of questionnaire and quantifying methods, inquiry techniques aimed at establishing representative fea tures. Not enough attention is paid to the question whether the method adopted is at all in accordance with the questions asked and the subject matter. If based on the methodology of symbolical interactionism this methodology deals with the entire course of research and if, in accordance with Merton and Kendall (1955), data is to present not only the reaction to a situation about which questions are asked, but should rather show the empirical reality of "genuine life", then attention should be also paid to phenomenological connections. It is necessary above all to arrange those connections in a certain order, according to their significance, so that the social relations, which determine processes of social life, as one process follows the other and one influences the other, would become interrelated. Taken into account in this respect should be the fact that the responses, such as opinions, attitudes and motivations arise within social relations and their sense depends exclusively on these relations. This dependence on the context requires, of course, procedures of interpretation in methodology, because in general interviews of in dividuals are not in accordance with reality which requires dialogue. This is true especially when one examines the mode of life of certain groups of people, because one should take into account the fact that identities, according to Meads, take shape as a result of social processes and depict the individual reflections of organized relations of human exchange of experience and behavioural patterns. On the basis of an empirical analysis of the formation of identity in the case of top-class women athletes in the F.R.G. evidence is provided of the fact that qualitative methods (sociobiographical methods, in-depth interviews) and inductive procedures are more to the point for this type of subject matter than deductive research and quantifying methods.
Practical Orientation and Function of Sport Sociology
Authors: Heinemann Klaus 
Published: March 2007

It is demanded time and again that the sociology of sport should serve the praxis. This contribution examines if sport sociology is able to serve the praxis in this expected manner and which functions sport sociology is able to accomplish over and above those problems which are directly related to the praxis functions which at the same time can serve as a justification. This contribution shows that the idea, that science has to directly serve the praxis, is based on a false concept of science. Science is an independent social system formed according to its own rules and norms. Problems, which result from the relationship of science to other social spheres of existence that need scientific knowledge which result from these facts will be examined in detail. requirements. It should therefore not be a question of diminishing the differences, but of bridging these discrepancies without the application of knowledge being initially a case of coincidence. Those problems concerning the application of scientific knowledge which result from these facts will be examined in detail. The second part of this contribution examines the functions which can be made available by sport sociology. In addition to the enlargement of our information on our immediate field of action, the following functions can also be named: the relativization of our con ceptions and knowledge on the phenomenon of sport; the control and the re gulation of social conflicts and contradictory interests; the development of the social identity of sport organizations; the subdual of prejudice, idealization and tabus that sport often is confronted with.
Gender and Sport in Norwegian Mass Media
Authors: Fasting Kari , Tangen Jan 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the article is to analyse how female sports are presented in television and newspapers in Norway. This is done in order to clarify whether or not the mass media lend support to a traditional inhibiting image to female sport participation. The results of the content analysis show that stereotyping masculine and feminine language were seldom used in describing female and male sport per formers. The quantitative image of gender and sport was on the other hand, not in accordance with the real extent of female and male sports events. This biased image may be a result of the male sports editorial staff's own attitudes towards female sport participation, together with the influence from the male part of the public. The consequences of these facts may be very severe. It may be that the mass media rather inhibit than stimulate women's further development and in volvement in sports.
Minding the Team: A Meadian Aproach to Competitive Team Coaching
Authors: Teitge Dennis W. 
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with the concept of group mind. While there has been a modest degree of acceptance in the concept of the mind as it exists on the indi vidual level, to date there has been little attention given to the notion that there can exist a "mind" on the group or collective level. Thus, I will endeavor to define the characteristics of the group mind, discuss the presentation of the group mind in terms of a specific example, and address the ramifications that such a model can have for a team coach/captain in the sports arena. For the purposes of this discussion, a case study approach will be used to identify the naturally occurring, processual development of a group/team. I will use "team" in the Goffmanesque sense and draw upon the dramaturgical ap proach to studying symbolic interaction in order to exemplify the presentation of the group/team mind. My experiences and inherent problems as a team cap tain/coach of a competitive pistol unit will serve as my frame of reference for discussing research implications.
Polarization of the Sexes in Sport and the Andro gynous Yearning of Human Beings
Authors: Klein Michael 
Published: March 2007

It is stated in this article the proclaimed principle of equal rights for sexes, there can actually be observed a polarization of woman and men in the entire social life. Polarization which has been going on for centuries has at present adopted the form of a scientific theory, reducing women to an exclusively biological role; women are being adapted to norms an principles of the male world. All this also finds its reflection in sport. Under cover of "objective" comparison women's sport is being adjusted to men's sport. Thus participation of women in sport is rather approached with tonque in cheek and there exists the danger that in this way women may lose their own identity. In sciences of sport an approach based on natural and techni cal sciences is getting more and more frequent which is characterized by collec tion of allegedly objective data which actually bypass whatever is subjective, bio graphical what is an experience of the individual and what finds the reflection in social science. One could define this as reign of "rationalism" which dismem hers man's life, separating what is subjective from what is objective, what can be measured technically from what is the outcome of certain social relations. Approached from this point of view the very essence of female features is being treated as deviation from the norm, which takes its origin from male indi viduals. Sexuality is treated as a certain disease of women. This is especially clearly evident in the case androgyny, understood not only in the biological sense but the psychic sense as well. This can be observed in sport, too. Here the ideo logy of formal equal rights becomes, transformed into placing women's sport on an equal level with men's sport, without perceiving any need for separate fea tures and individualization of in women's sport. It can be clearly seen in the entire history of the development of contem porary sport. One may actually state that women's sport does not exist in reality, though it is sport for woman and more and more women are practicing sport. In conclusion of his reflections the author emphasizes that androgyny and the liberation of women should not be understood as making women fit into the world of values created by men but a broadening of the sphere of humanity by adding to this world the element of female features. In the past this has already been stressed by the working class sport movement. Unfortunately so far these matters found expression only in discussion of a few scientific spheres.
Marriage Chances and Social Status of Top Female Athletes in Hungary
Authors: Földesi Tamásné 
Published: March 2007

The significance of the study of marriage chances of top female ahtletes extends beyond the private sphere. Marriage chances may influence the probability of reaching the status of top athlete, the early conclusion of sports careers and the course of life subsequent to such careers. They may indirectly affect even the quality of top female sport in a given country. The marriage chances of top female ahtletes were analyzed on the basis of a complex empirical study carried out among Hungarian participants in the Olympic Games between 1948 and 1976. This analysis concludes with a comparison of the marriage opportunities for top female and male ahtletes.
Sport in the Peace Movement — A Challenge for the Sport Science
Authors: Güldenpfennig Sven 
Published: March 2007

Sport stands in ambivalent relation to war and peace. The actual peace movement has shown that, in its new dimensions, the total threat to mankind by nuclear armament requires a "Copernican turning point" in political thinking and acting in all social spheres. Some aspects of the responsibility of sport for peace are described. In sport politics and science this responsibility is discussed controversially between the concepts "proprium" and "political mandate" of sport. They reflect general obligations of sport science to political counselling. Peace-political and -pedagogical meanings and margins of action of sport are illustrated. - "One has to bring the habitual terms into a new frame of reference. They have to be rethought with regard to the logic of political thinking in the nuclear age. In the history of science, revaluations of the whole terminology repeatedly took place. Each time, the transition to a new way of thinking, which extended over decades or centuries, was accompanied by a merciless struggle. But this time there is no time available to mankind. The logic of thinking in the nuclear age must be comprehended as quickly as possible." (G. Ch. Schachnasarow)—
Social-Spatial Conditions Affecting Women's Sport: The Case in the Ruhr Area
Authors: Klein Marie-Luise 
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the influence of social-spatial determinants on the involvement of women in sport. Using the framework of feminist urban sociology, the degree to which sports facilities address the needs and wants of women is analysed. Here, the central issues are how female participation in sports is affected by the location of sports facilities and opportunities for sport in urban areas, as well as by what sport is offered and who offers it. The relationships between urban living conditions for women and their opportunities for participation in sport are illustrated using the example of the industrial Ruhr Area in Germany. The situation of women in the Ruhr Area is not fundamentally different from that of women in other parts of Germany, but it does have certain features characterised by, amongst other things, its specific economic structure. The social-ecological perspective chosen here extends, with further differentiation, previous scientific analyses of why women participate less in sport. It opens up starting points for female political strategies on the local-government level by taking the life situation of women more into consideration in both urban and sport development planning.
Population Estimation From Floor Area: a Restudy of "Naroll's Constant"
Authors: Brown Barton McCaul 
Published: March 2007

This paper is a cross-cultural study of dwelling floor area and population size, which uses Naroll (1962) as a starting point and guide. Naroll's research has been used extensively by archaeologists for population prediction from dwelling floor area. At the outset, Naroll's empirical results are called into question because of data inaccuracy. The restudy begins with a review of the critical literature. Questions of variable measurement that were not elaborated by Naroll are explored: What is dwelling floor area, what is a dwelling, and what is a typical measure of dwelling floor area for a culture? Three distributional models are used as guides to correlational analysis. A gourd-shaped model is preferred, but cannot be given unequivocal support. Never theless, one way to derive a worldwide population estimator from the restudy data is to use the predictor of 6 m 2/person. This predictor is supported by convergent validity from two other samples. A "basic needs" theory for dwelling floor area is advanced. Little support, however, is found for the two basic needs that have been postulated- the need to avoid the deleterious effects of crowding and the need for shelter from severe climate.