bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paroxetine in the Treatment of Panic Disorder a Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
Authors: Oehrberg S. , Christiansen P. E. , Behnke K. , Borup A. L. , Severin B. , Soegaard J. , Calberg H. , Judge R. , Ohrstrom J. K. , Manniche P. M. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThis study compared the efficacy and tolerability of paroxetine with placebo in the treatment of panic disorder.MethodAfter three weeks of placebo, patients received 12 weeks of treatment with paroxetine (20, 40, or 60 mg) or placebo, and finally two weeks of placebo. Dosages were adjusted according to efficacy and tolerability. Standardised cognitive therapy was given to all patients. The primary measure of outcome was reduction in the number of panic attacks.ResultsAnalysis of the results showed statistically significant differences in favour of paroxetine between the two treatment groups in two out of the three primary measures of outcome, i.e. 50% reduction in total number of panic attacks and number of panic attacks reduced to one or zero over the study period. For the third measure of outcome, the mean change in the total number of attacks from baseline, there was a positive trend in favour of paroxetine. The results of the primary measures of outcome were strongly supported by the results of the secondary efficacy measures of outcome. In addition, paroxetine, at all doses, was very well tolerated.ConclusionParoxetine plus cognitive therapy was significantly more effective than placebo plus cognitive therapy in the treatment of panic disorder.
Anorexia Nervosa in ‘Non-White’ Populations
Authors: Soomro G. M. , Crisp A.H. , Lynch D. , Tran Duong , Joughin N. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundComparisons were made between two groups of anorectic patients, ‘non-white’ and ‘white‘, on a variety of clinical and social characteristics.MethodThe study is based on a 34-year long database (1960–93) associated with a national tertiary referral centre. Thirty-six non-white patients meeting DSM–III–R criteria for anorexia nervosa (AN) and five with ‘partial syndrome’ are compared with a white group comprising 944 patients with full syndrome.ResultsThe main finding is clinical similarity between the two groups, extending to social class and pathological patterns of family relationship. The non-whites are shorter in stature (P = 0.004) and report earlier menarche (P = 0.004); they are younger at presentation (P < 0.001), somewhat less emaciated, and practice veganism slightly more commonly; they less often acknowledge sensitivity to ‘fatness’ (P < 0.003). This sensitivity was exposed later whenever treatment involved substantial weight gain. The proportion of non-white cases accepted for assessment has not changed in respect of year of onset (around 6%) for the last 20 years, or year of presentation (around 6–7%) over the last 15 years. There was a tendency for non-white patients to be referred earlier in their illness.ConclusionsThe clinical and background profiles of non-white and white anorectics are generally similar. The numbers arising and presenting have not changed recently. Non-white patients apparently have as ready access as white patients to assessment and treatment by us.
Investigation by Linkage Analysis of the XY Pseudoautosomal Region in the Genetic Susceptibility to Schizophrenia
Authors: Kalsi Gursharan , Curtis David , Brynjolfsson Jon , Butler Robert , Sharma Tonmoy , Murphy Patrice , Read Tim , Petursson Hannes , Gurling Hugh M. D. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundA susceptibility locus for schizophrenia in the pseudoautosomal region has been proposed on the basis of a possible excess of sex chromosome aneuploidies among patients with schizophrenia and an increased sex concordance in affected sib pairs. Several studies investigating this hypothesis have produced conflicting evidence.MethodIn a series of Icelandic and British families, we used lod score and sib pair linkage analyses with markers for the MIC2 and DXYS14 loci on the pseudoautosomal XY region.ResultsLod and sib pair linkage analysis with these markers produced strongly negative scores. Heterogeneity testing also produced negative results.ConclusionWe conclude that the present study provides no support for the involvement of either the pseudoautosomal region or the nearby region of the sex chromosomes in the aetiology of schizophrenia.
Behaviour Symptoms among Severely and Profoundly Mentally Retarded Patients
Authors: Reid Andrew H. , Ballinger Brian R. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundLittle is known about the natural history and evolution of behaviour symptoms and patterns in severely and profoundly mentally retarded adults. This paper reports a cohort study of 100 such adults.MethodAbnormal behaviour symptoms and patterns have been followed, using a carer rating scale and the Modified Manifest Abnormality Scale of Goldberg's Clinical Interview Schedule (1970) by the same two consultant psychiatrists in 1975, 1981 and 1992.ResultsEmotional withdrawal, stereotypies and eye avoidance are particularly persistent. Carer ratings of noisiness and social withdrawal, and psychiatrist ratings of suspiciousness, overactivity and hostile irritability, are also persistent but to a lesser degree. Overall ratings of psychiatric disorder are persistent and act against successful community placement.ConclusionsAbnormal behaviour patterns in severely and profoundly mentally retarded adults show only a modest degree of abatement over time. Care staff need a good understanding of clinical psychiatric and behaviour management techniques.
First Admission Incidence Study of Mania, 1975–1981
Authors: Daly Ian , Webb Marcus , Kaliszer Michael 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundA previous cross-national epidemiological study of first admission rates in London and in Aarhus, Denmark, found that the incidence of mania was virtually identical for both centres. This study sought to examine the corresponding rate for a defined catchment area in Dublin, Ireland, and to establish whether the impression of a higher rate could be validated.MethodThe study combined a six-year retrospective review and one-year prospective collection of first-admission cases of mania from a defined catchment area. Diagnosis was according to ICD criteria and the Syndrome Check List of the Present State Examination (PSE). Cross-national comparisons were made using standardised incidence rate ratios (SIRs).ResultsThe crude incidence rate for Dublin in the age range 18–60 years was established at 4.5 per 100 000 per year. A comparison of SIRs for the three centres showed the Dublin rate to be higher than expected (P < 0.02). Age-specific analysis indicated that this increase came mainly from the age range 18–29 (χ2 = 9.08, P = 0.01).ConclusionsThe study confirmed the impression that the local incidence of mania in Dublin is higher than that reported from two other North European centres. A variation in rates from contrasting socioeconomic districts within the catchment area points to some caution in the interpretation of the results and suggests further study from wider catchment areas.
Gender-Specific Changes Since 1900 in the Season-of-Birth Effect in Schizophrenia
Authors: Eagles John M. , Hunter David , Geddes John R. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundIt was hypothesised that the size of the season-of-birth effect may have decreased in tandem with the apparent decline in the incidence of schizophrenia.MethodThrough the Aberdeen Psychiatric Case Register, subjects were identified who had been diagnosed as schizophrenic and had been born between 1900 and 1969. The ratio of winter/spring to summer/autumn births was compared across the seven decades for both sexes together, for men, and for women.ResultsFor the 1935 men, but not for the 1620 women, there was a highly significant increase (P = 0.0009) in season-of-birth effect.ConclusionNon-seasonal factors have contributed to a declining incidence of schizophrenia in both sexes. ‘Seasonal’ factors to which female foetuses are more susceptible than male foetuses (such as infection or malnutrition) have also decreased in frequency, severity, or both, but this has not happened with factors affecting males, leading to an increase of their season-of-birth effect.
Psychotic and Depressive Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease a Study of the Growth Hormone Response to Apomorphine
Authors: Mellers John D. C. , Quinn Niall P. , Ron Maria A. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThe growth hormone (GH) response to apomorphine, thought to reflect central dopaminergic receptor sensitivity, has been reported as enhanced in acute schizophrenia. We investigated this response in relation to the psychotic episodes associated with Parkinson's disease (PD).MethodThe GH response to apomorphine was measured in three groups of patients with Parkinson's disease: those currently psychotic (n = 9), those with a past history of psychosis (n = 7) and those who had never been psychotic (n = 8).ResultsApomorphine-induced GH response was not related to psychosis but was unexpectedly associated with measures of depression.ConclusionsVisual hallucinations were a prominent feature in the psychotic patients and the atypical nature of these psychoses might explain why we found no evidence of dopaminergic sensitivity. Serotonergic dysfunction would be in keeping with this. Dopaminergic mechanisms may contribute to the minor depressive symptomatology seen in PD.
Apolipoprotein E Genotype and its Effect on Duration and Severity of Early and Late Onset Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Norrman Jennie , Brookes Anthony J. , Yates Celia , Clair David St 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThe apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ∊4 allele is associated with an increased risk of senile and probably presenile Alzheimer's disease. It is not yet clear whether the ∊4 allele also influences the duration/rate of progress of illness and the severity of the dementia.MethodWe have retrospectively examined a series of ApoE genotyped presenile and senile autopsy cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) for length of illness and severity of pathology.ResultsWe find no evidence that ApoE genotype affects the rate of progress of AD, but the degree of pathology at death may be increased.ConclusionIt appears that the rate of progress of AD as a whole is independent of the ApoE genotype.
Determinants of the Extremes of Outcome in Schizophrenia
Authors: Johnstone E. C. , Frith C. D. , Lang F. H. , Owens D. G. C. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundAlthough poor prognosis has been considered a defining characteristic of schizophrenia, long-term studies show marked heterogeneity of outcome.MethodAssessments of positive and negative symptoms, premorbid and current IQ, and months of in-patient care made in an outcome study of 342 schizophrenic patients were categorised by severity. Determinants of these categorisations were sought from the historical variables available, using analysis of variance. Vignettes of patients with the best and worst symptomatic outcomes were then compared.ResultsNegative symptoms were associated with early onset, male sex and poor academic record. Positive symptoms were associated with occupational decline. Cognitive decline was associated with occupational variables, and in-patient care with academic and occupational variables. The vignettes showed that good outcome was associated with family psychiatric history and poor outcome with unavailability of family history.ConclusionsThe findings support the view that the most malignant form of schizophrenia is neurodevelopmental, but poor outcome was clearly associated with family fragmentation.
Effect of Emotional Salience on Thought Disorder in Patients with Schizophrenia
Authors: Haddock Gillian , Wolfenden Melanie , Lowens Ian , Tarrier Nicholas , Bentall Richard P. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThis study examined the effect of emotional salience on the severity of thought disorder in schizophrenic patients.MethodTen thought disordered and ten non-thought disordered schizophrenic patients were interviewed under two conditions: a personal interview involving material which was emotionally salient and an impersonal interview involving material which was not emotionally salient.ResultsBoth groups exhibited some thought disorder during both interviews. The thought disordered patients exhibited significantly more thought disorder during the emotionally salient interview.ConclusionsThought disorder in schizophrenic patients is affected by the emotional salience of the material being discussed. Clinical implications are discussed.
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Obsessive-Compulsive Disordered Patients at Rest
Authors: Lucey James V. , Costa Durval C. , Blanes Tomas , Busatto Geraldo F. , Pilowsky Lyn S. , Takei N. , Marks Isaac M. , Ell Peter J. , Kerwin Robert W. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundWe tested whether cortical and subcortical regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) differs between patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and healthy controls. We then explored the relationship between rCBF and OCD mental state.MethodThirty out-patients from the Maudsley Hospital with OCD as defined in DSM–III–R were scanned at rest using brain-dedicated, high-resolution, single photon emission tomography. RCBF was measured as uptake of 99mTc-HMPAO in 15 regions of interest and compared with rCBF data in 30 healthy people matched for age, sex and handedness. Symptom ratings were obtained using standard measures on the scanning day. Principal components factor analysis identified two distinct clinical dimensions: obsessive–compulsive (OC) and anxious–avoidant (AA). These were correlated with patients' rCBF measurements, using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, and multiple regression coefficients calculated.ResultsWe found significant reductions in rCBF measurements of OCD patients compared with resting, healthy controls (F = 1.92, P = 0.04) in seven brain regions: the right and left superior frontal cortex, right inferior frontal cortex, left temporal cortex, left parietal cortex, right caudate nucleus and right thalamus. Regional differences were not secondary to generalised reduction in patients' brain perfusion. Reduced blood flow to the right inferior frontal cortex correlated significantly with illness severity (r = 0.37, P = 0.02). There was no relationship with age, age-of-onset, sex, handedness, depression or medication status. OC clinical dimension, concerning obsessions, compulsions and low mood, was significantly negatively correlated with left inferior frontal, medial frontal and right parietal rCBF. AA dimension, concerning anxiety and avoidance, was significantly positively associated with left and right superior frontal, right inferior frontal, medial frontal cortical, and right and left caudate and thalamic rCBF.ConclusionsrCBF differs significantly between resting OCD patients and healthy controls, and separate clinical dimensions are associated with functionally distinct rCBF patterns.
A Controlled Study of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy with Buspirone or Placebo in Panic Disorder with Agoraphobia
Authors: Cottraux Jean , Note Ivan-Druon , Cungi Charly , Légeron Patrick , Heim François , Chneiweiss Laurent , Bernard Geneviève , Bouvard Martine 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThis multicentre study compared a 16-week buspirone treatment with placebo in patients presenting with panic disorder with agoraphobia and also receiving cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT).MethodDouble-blind testing was maintained until week 68, but not tested; 91 patients were included; 14 placebo-responders excluded; 77 patients randomised; 48 reached week 16 and 41 reached week 68.ResultsAt week 16, within-group analysis showed significant improvements in agoraphobia, panic attacks, and depression in both groups. Generalised anxiety improved only in CBT + buspirone. Between-group comparisons showed buspirone to have an effect on generalised anxiety and agoraphobia. Changes in degree of agoraphobia and depression were correlated in subjects on CBT + buspirone only. A significantly higher proportion of women, and of subjects showing high avoidance dropped out. Positive expectations regarding medication predicted success in both groups. At week 68, improvement was retained without significant buspirone effect.ConclusionBuspirone enhanced the effects of cognitive behaviour therapy on generalised anxiety and agoraphobia in the short term.
Family Functioning in Adolescent Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: North Clive , Gowers Simon , Byram Victoria 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundDifficulties in family functioning have been noted since early descriptions of anorexia nervosa and may be of importance aetiologically. Previous studies have a number of methodological problems.MethodThirty-five anorexic adolescents were age/sex matched with psychiatric and community controls. A diagnostic interview and a questionnaire, the Family Assessment Device (FAD) were administered to control subjects and their mothers. Anorexic families only received the McMaster Structured Interview of Family Functioning.ResultsMultivariate analyses of FAD scores showed pathological ratings for psychiatric control but not anorexic families, compared with community controls. By contrast objective ratings revealed marked dysfunction in anorexic families (greater in the purging subgroup).ConclusionFamily functioning in anorexic families is normal by self-report but not by an objective measure. Anorexic families in the purging subgroup appear most dysfunctional.
The Significance of a History of Childhood Sexual Abuse in Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Sullivan Patrick F. , Bulik Cynthia M. , Carter Frances A. , Joyce Peter R. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundChildhood sexual abuse (CSA) is found to have occurred to a substantial minority of women with bulimia nervosa. Its clinical significance is unclear.MethodWe studied 87 bulimic women in a clinical trial. Structured interviews determined the presence of CSA, DSM–III–R disorders, global functioning, and depressive and bulimic symptoms.ResultsForty-four per cent reported a history of CSA. Bulimic women with CSA reported earlier onset of bulimia, greater depressive symptoms, worse global functioning and more suicide attempts, and were more likely to meet criteria for bipolar II disorder, alcohol and drug dependence, conduct disorder and avoidant personality disorder.ConclusionsAlthough those with CSA had greater comorbidity, it was not an important modifier of bulimic symptoms.
Epidemiology of Presenile Alzheimer's Disease in Scotland (1974–88)
Authors: Whalley Lawrence J. , Thomas Brenda M. , McQuade Cecilia A. , McGonigal Gerard , Swingler Robert , Black Roger 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundFactors that determine geographical differences in incidence rates of ‘probable’ presenile Alzheimer's disease (AD PSD) may help to clarify the possible role of the environment in its aetiology.MethodWe have ascertained the treated incidence of AD PSD in Scotland by scrutiny of hospital casenotes and searched for cases outside hospital settings. Small area geographical analysis compared the observed distribution of cases (each allocated to one of Scotland's 898 postcode sectors) with the estimated random distribution of cases.ResultsThere was non-random geographical distribution of AD PSD but not of the comparison conditions (vascular dementia (VaD), motor neurone disease, prostatic or ovarian cancers). Substantial differences between Scottish regions were probably not attributable to methodological artefact, as other techniques of case finding showed the same regional differences.ConclusionsThe observed differences in incidence of AD PSD between Scotland's regions are real and some localities have a higher incidence, mostly in central Scotland.
Social Factors in Suicide
Authors: Heikkinen Martti E. , Isometsä Erkki T. , Marttunen Mauri J. , Aro Hillevi M. , Lönnqvist Jouko K. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThe study objective was to investigate the age-related variation of social factors in suicide.MethodAge-related variations in marital status, living arrangements, employment and social interaction were investigated in an entire 12-month suicide population in Finland (n= 1067); these findings were compared with appropriate census data.ResultsSeveral social factors varied across age groups among suicides, with some age-related sex differences. Compared with the general population, the suicides were more commonly never married (especially men aged 30–39 years), divorced, and widowed (especially women aged 60–69 years); living alone was more frequent among the suicides, as was living with parents among male suicides aged 25–39 years. A history of psychiatric admission was especially common among young male suicides who had never married or were living with parents. Living alone was particularly frequent among middle-aged male suicides who had misused alcohol.ConclusionsWhile most of the age-related variation in social factors found in suicide seems to parallel the natural variation of these factors in the general population, some social findings in suicide might be related to the victims' psychopathology and excessive alcohol use.
Expressed Emotion and the Course of Schizophrenia in Japan
Authors: Tanaka Shuichi , Mino Yoshio , Inoue Shimpei 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundWe examined whether expressed emotion (EE) influenced the course of schizophrenia in Japan.MethodWe conducted a cohort study. Of 73 subjects with schizophrenia meeting the diagnostic criteria of ICD–9 or DSM–III–R, 52 participated in the study. The Camberwell Family Interview was conducted to evaluate EE. The subjects had been followed up for nine months and psychiatrists who were blind to the EE status evaluated their symptoms with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.ResultsThe relapse rate in the high-EE group was 58% and that in the low-EE group 21 % (P < 0.01). Nine-month relapse risk ratio was 2.72 (95% CI 1.24 to 5.97).ConclusionIn Japan, as elsewhere, EE is a good predictor of schizophrenic relapse.
Life Events and Miscarriage
Authors: O'Hare Tom , Creed Francis 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThe aetiology of miscarriage is poorly understood. The aim of this study is to determine whether women admitted to hospital with miscarriage have experienced more psychosocial stress in early pregnancy than women whose pregnancies progress to labour.MethodInterviews of 48 case-control pairs, matched for known predictors of miscarriage risk, using the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule.ResultsThe miscarriage group were more likely to have experienced a “severe life event” in the three months preceding miscarriage (35% v. 15%; P < 005); more likely to have been experiencing a “major social difficulty” (31% v. 4%; P < 0.002); and more likely to have experienced “life events of severe short-term threat” in the fortnight immediately beforehand (31% v. 4%; P < 0.002). Fifty-four per cent of the miscarriage group had experienced at least one of the above indicators of psychosocial stress before miscarrying, compared with 15% of controls (P = 0.0001). Other factors significantly associated with miscarriage included childhood maternal separation; non-UK European origin; poorer reported relationships with partners, and fewer social contacts.ConclusionPsychosocial stress may be a factor in the aetiology of miscarriage. Alternatively, there may be a common determinant (e.g. personality, lifestyle or environmental) predisposing to both stress and miscarriage.