bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research On Problems of the Functioning of the Polish. Fencing Association as a Sport Organization
Authors: Pawlak G. , Przybysz T. 
Published: March 2007

The growing role of sport, its ever better organization have intensified the interest of sociologists in problems related to organizational aspects. That is why sociologists of the Institute of Sport in Warsaw have embarked on research on the organizational conditioning of sport activity in certain selected sport unions. The subject and area of the research conducted in 1980 was the Polish Fencing Association. In accordance with the accepted conception our reflections deal with problems connected with participation in information and decision-making processes, which we consider as one of the elements influencing the degree of iden tification of the members of the organization with its goals and tasks. The subject and area of the research conducted in 1980 was the Polish Fencing of the Polish Fencing Association. Such information was obtained through ana lysis of the content of the documents. In addition, with the help of 89 interviews empirical data were collected regarding its functioning. The organization was characterized in connection with the cooperating en vironment, including formal ties as the influence it exerts on the various levels of the organizational hierarchy as perceived by the respondents. The results of the research made it possible to formulate conclusions of a cognitive and applied nature. Interaction was found among such variables as the position occupied in the formal structure of the organization, participation in the information and decision-making process, evaluation of perceived organiza tional levels and the degree of identification.
The Prospects of Modern Competitive Sport
Authors: Digel Helmut 
Published: March 2007

Starting from the question: "How long it will be possible to practice competitive sport in the current form?", the following essay elucidates the positive and negative facts for finding an answer to this question. After analyzing the current situation of top-level competitive sport, arguments are presented why top-level sport, in the opinion of the author, is capable of playing a meaningful role as a provider of exemplary societal values, although top-level sport includes many threats. Many factors are of fundamental importance for the future development of top-level competitive sport and for providing this future a change of thought in many spheres (e.g. professionalization), becomes necessary. Recommendations which should be respected by officials, athletes and coaches exhibit which changes are the most important.
An Urban Sports Movement as a Social Actor and a Political Arena: Remarks on Post War Associations Research in Rome
Authors: Porro Nicola 
Published: March 2007

This paper proposes a theoretical framework for research on three meaningful sports experiences (track and field, volleyball and military sport) in post war Rome. The main key concepts, such as the one of political arena, considered as a historically defined place of conflict among the elites, are borrowed from political sociology. This approach, inspired by the neo-institutionalistic viewpoint, is considered to be the opposite to both an improperly extended use of the historians' categories, and the suggestions of micro-organizational theories. A sports association is described rather as the product of manifold organizational logics, which concur in defining its structural, organizational and cognitive outline. In the final section, a hypothesis is provided, which describes a division of the organizational history of the Roman sports movement in different periods, in connection with the national and local political cycle.
Trauma, crisis intervention and psychological debriefing
Authors: Hodgkinson Peter E. , Stewart Michael 
Published: March 2007

Fifty percent of those involved in catastrophic events will be sufficiently affected to need professional help. The trauma experienced is not simply a set of symptoms (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder), but a major change in the person's "assumptive world", the way the self and the world around it is understood. Crisis intervention must focus on allowing victims to psychologically "process" the events and their reactions by assisting them to build frame works of understanding within which their shattered assumptions and new perceptions of themselves may be ordered. Psychological debriefing is put forward as a model of crisis intervention which facilitates this process. A "Debriefing Continuum" is identified in which three types of debriefing; group, large group, and individual may be placed and contrasted. A sequence of intervention is proposed.
The extent of drug therapy for ADHD among children in a large public school district
Authors: Goldstein S. , Turner D. 
Published: March 2007

Objectives: To collect prevalence data on the percentage of elementary-school-aged youth in a large suburban school district in northern Utah receiving medication at school for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: A survey of medication prescribed and taken at school for ADHD was completed by collecting counts of children by grade and gender receiving medication at school. Results: Of the students surveyed, a total of 434 were receiving medication for ADHD at school, yielding a percentage of 1.39% for elementary school students taking medication for ADHD treatment Conclusions: These data reinforce the increasing perception among clinicians and researchers that the diagnostic incidence and subsequent treatment for ADHD varies dramatically across geographic location. These findings are less than the recently reported very high incidence of medication use in Virginia and more moderately reported incidence in other parts of the country (e.g., LeFever, Dawson, Morrow, 1999; LeFever et al., 1997; Wolraich, Hannah, Pinnock, Baumgaertel, & Brown, 1996).
The Meals Tax: an Invisible Threat
Authors: Palmer John , Cairns Scott 
Published: March 2007

Meals taxes are becoming an increasingly popular means for state and local governments to expand revenues. A meals tax is imposed on customers of restaurant meals in addition to the more broadlybased state orlocal sales tax. Funds from this tax and the related transient occupancy tax imposed on hotel guests are used for a variety of purposes not related to the hospitality industry. For example, meals taxes which ultimately may be borne by the restauranteur, particularly in the case of the small operator, often are substitutes forproperty taxes to support public school expenditures. As such, these taxes are inherently discriminatory. While several states and Canada are considering the meals tax option, the issue has not resulted in a national outcrysince its imposition generallyremains at the local level. While the tax has met with local resistance, on the national scene it has been invisible. This tax is discriminatory toward restauranteurs and in favor of supermarkets becauseitisplacedonlyonmeals. For the great majority of restaurantpatrons there is a substitute for eating out: preparing meals at home. Supermarkets—vendors of food for home meal preparation—are not subject to this tax. Two other factors illustrate the threat ofmeals taxes. Theirincreased use comes on the heels of the 80% deductibility limit imposed by the tax reform act of 1986. Restaurants which have already experienced declines in sales now have an additional threat to revenues. In addition, taxing authorities find a meals tax an attractive way to raise revenues. Like a sales tax, the collection process is the responsibility of the vendor. The authors of this paperbelieve that it is important to bring this "invisible"issue to the national attention of HRIM educators, their students, and the industry.
Summative Evaluation, Formative Evaluation, and Tactical Research
Authors: Reichardt Charles S. 
Published: March 2007

Cindy Johnson, a county employment and training counselor, sits and waits for her 19 workshop participants to show up at a dingy conference room, where the wall clock always reads 5:20. Finally, three people trudge in. Jacqueline Nash, 34, hasn't worked since 1985. Scott Sandrow, a 19-year-old father, can boast a job history of only six weeks of flipping burgers before being fired. John Jordan, a 45-year-old laborer with two school-age children, has been out of work nearly a year. Ms. Johnson passes around purple file folders containing job-hunting tips and forms to be completed. 'I can't read,' blurts out Mr. Jordan. The counselor carefully explains the program's sole requirement: Apply for two dozen jobs in the next 60 days, or risk losing your food stamps. Ten of the job "contacts " must be in person. Their meeting that morning counts as one job contact, Ms. Johnson adds. If they walk across the hall to the state's employment bureau, that will count as another contact. Shops across the street are another quick stop. "You just have to get through this, " she urges. The trainees leave. Ms. Nash forgets her purple folder. This is the government's definition of "job training. "Under a 1985 law, Congress created a training program especially for people on food stamps, ostensibly to get them into jobs and reduce their need for government aid.
The Quality of the Air in Our Buildings
Authors: Vitel Claire 
Published: March 2007

In the office workplace, today, we are surrounded by high-tech equipment, artificial lighting and synthetic car peting. Office environments vary in the type of air quality problems they present and contamination levels fluc tuate depending upon the tasks being performed and the frequency of these operations. The World Health Organ isation has suggested that 30% of buildings are prone to sick building syndrome problems and 30% more are like ly to develop the same symptoms. The research de scribed here used a common protocol to study the air quality within 256 different buildings and provides an account of the state of health in buildings within the UK. The results show that only 15% of the buildings surveyed achieved optimum environmental conditions; therefore 85% have the potential to make their occupants ill. Employers and building owners are beginning to appre ciate the importance of good air quality. Many have been forced to reimburse financially their employees for ill- Study undertaken at the University of Reading, research undertaken by Healthy Buildings International. nesses the workers blamed on the indoor environment. There are cases where tenants have vacated office spaces due to air quality complaints.
Financial Arrangements made by Husbands and Wives: Findings of a Survey
Authors: Edwards Meredith 
Published: March 2007

The paper reports on some exploratory Australian research into financial arrangements made by husbands and wives. The paper first surveys briefly the conclusions of sociological literature on the relationship between marital power on the one hand and family income and the employment status of the wife on the other. The methodology used by the author in her own survey is explained, in particular the reasons why husbands and wives were interviewed simultaneously but separately. Management and control aspects of financial arrangements are explained and elaborated on because of their central importance to the topic. One of the more significant findings was the prevalence of arrangements in which wives managed family finances as against the small number of wives who could be said to have had overall control of finances. Another conclusion of the importance of both the income level of the husband and whether or not the wife had paid employment as factors affecting financial arrangements of couples. The paper concludes with some implications for tax and social security policies.
Australia, Canada and the United States: Ethnic Melting Pots or Plural Societies?
Authors: Van den Berghe Pierre L. 
Published: March 2007

Structural similarities in these three societies have produced in each of them two very different situations of race and ethnic relations. First, in the 'frontier' situation the European immigrants displaced the indigenes both geographically and culturally, and created similar systems of internal colonialism to deal with the dispossessed remnants of aborigines and Amerindians. Second, large numbers of largely European immigrants settled mostly in cities, and gradually became assimilated into the Anglo mainstream of their host societies. While the label of 'Anglo-conformity' describes the process of assimilation better than that of 'melting pot', there is no question that the European immigrant groups became a relatively homogenous amalgam. It is predicted that the 'ethnic revival' of the 1970s will not significantly reverse this process of assimilation, and that only Canada, with its large, stable territorialized French minority, faces a serious possibility of ethnic separatism.
Object oriented artificial neural networks in decision support systems for dermatological research
Authors: Patel Dilip , Patel Shushma , Hanley Dan 
Published: March 2007

Dermatological disorders, although not terminal, cannot be easily treated and are generally a greater problem socially. Usually the disease is contained rather than cured and therefore relapse is a major problem. Treatment of microbial skin diseases is multi-factorial. The onset of diseases such as acne is dependent on many factors, including age, sex, sebum production and hormonal changes. Anti androgens can be as effective a treatment as anti-microbial agents: one targets the sebum, the other the organism. It is a well established fact that with a reduction in the sebum excretion rate, there is a reduction in the number of Propionibacterium acnes, (P. acnes) which correlates with an improvement in acne. It has been shown that an increase in the amount, and changes in the composition of skin surface lipids appear to be directly related to the increasing population of P. acnes around puberty. Initial research involved both collection over time and analysis of data using traditional statistical methods. Due to the large volume of sparse data it was time consuming and difficult to integrate and implement the methods to support the decision making process. This paper illustrates the value of Object- Oriented technology and Artificial Neural Networks in building clinical decision support systems to analyse skin surface lipid data from patients with lipid dependent microbial skin diseases. The paper proposes an extension to Blum's framework for analysing data and postulates an architecture for clinical decision support systems.
The Siting, Construction and Management of Modern Abattoirs
Authors: Anderson A.W. 
Published: March 2007

Emphasis is laid on the desirability of careful investigation in consultation with local interests before deciding on a site and on the nature of the facilities to be provided. Suggestions are made on how to assess the extent of the facilities required. A sharp contrast is drawn between planning for line as opposed to booth dressing, and the importance of adequate cooling facilities for carcases and offals is stressed. Distinction is drawn between administrative management and management of slaughtering and dressing operations, and attention is drawn to the repercussion single v. multiple control of operations may have on planning.
Intellectual disability: developing a definition
Authors: Burton M. 
Published: March 2007

This paper identifies the need for a shared definition of intellectual disability for health and social services. Intellectual disability is generally described in broad terms, i.e. a disability which started before adulthood; reduced ability to cope independently due to a reduced ability to understand new information and learn new skills. The first part of this paper reviews a range of definitions; each has advantages but also serious disadvantages. As a result, this paper concludes with a proposal for a composite definition. It is suggested that this presents a very practical way of defining the eligible population of those needing specialist services. This would enable resources to be focused on those most in need, but without neglecting those who would fall outside the scope of a more simplistic definition. Underpinning this discussion is the acknowledgement that learning disability services provide the support that people require by virtue of their learning (and associated) disabilities, and are not a substitute for the general services available to the rest of the population.
'All we are really here for is storage, dear'. Psychodynamic approaches to the short term care of children with learning disabilities
Authors: Pike N. 
Published: March 2007

Short term care, both residential and family based, remains a cornerstone of family support services for children with learning disabilities. Despite this, research findings from Maureen Oswin's work to present suggest that short term care services are primarily oriented to the support needs of families and carers, rather than to the emotional security of the child. Drawing on recent observational studies of short term care facilities, and on work undertaken within the Children's Society's Western Corner Project, the author argues that psychodynamic approaches can both illuminate the experience of the child in the residential short term care setting, and suggest patterns of service that can enhance the well-being of the child. Influenced by the therapeutic tradition within residential child care, the author proposes that careful attention to the building of therapeutic relationships in the context of everyday events such as meals, intimate personal care, individualized play activities and settling to sleep, can make a contribution to the personal growth of the child. The paper, originally prepared during a period of study at the Tavistock Clinic, concludes by considering some of the implications for staff deployment and development that follow from the adoption of such an approach.
Enabling carers to access specialist training in breakaway techniques: a case study
Authors: Green T. , Wray J. 
Published: March 2007

The British Paediatric Association (1994) has estimated that in an 'average' population of 250 000 people, there will be 200 children with severe learning disabilities. Of these children, the number with behaviour difficulties has been estimated to be higher than that of the rest of the population (Saxby & Morgan I993). Behaviour difficulties are considered a major source of stress for parents and carers (Quine & Pahl I985; Quine I986). The effect upon the family, the carers and the child are considered complex and bi-directional (Dyson I993; I996). This paper explores the experience of one family, whose child had Prader-Willi Syndrome and severe behaviour difficulties, and the process undertaken to access specialist training in 'Breakaway' training. Prader-Willi Syndrome has been associated with a range of behaviour difficulties including hyperphagia and food preoccupation, temper tantrums, stubbornness, lability, impulsivity, arguementativeness, depression, anxiety and repetitive behaviours (Dykens & Kasari I997). An escalation of the child's aggressive outbursts had necessitated intervention and the traditional methods of behaviour management had proven insufficient during episodes of crisis. To ensure the safety of both the parents and the child, access to training in 'Breakaway techniques' for the carers was procured, at the carers request. This paper concentrates upon the difficulties encountered during this process, both for the family and the professionals involved. All names and locations identified in this paper have been changed to protect the anonymity of the individuals involved.
A New Look at Peasant Rebellions in China
Authors: Chung Tan 
Published: March 2007

We regret that we could not publish earlier than this, as announced, Dr. Tan Chung's review article on the 'Boxer Movement' in the series 'Nineteenth-Century China Revisited'. This will now be published in the March-April 1980 issue. Meanwhile, we publish below another article by him on the Taiping Movement as a sequel to his earlier review article on the same topic in the May-June 1978 issue. —EDITOR
Participants in Peace-Keeping Forces
Authors: Galtung Johan , Hveem Helge 
Published: March 2007

Galtung, J. & Hveem, H. Participants in Peace-Keeping Forces. Cooperation and Conflict, XI, 1976, 25-40. The article is based on a questionnaire mail study of participants in the United Nations peace-keeping forces in Gaza and in the Congo. It is focussed on the problem of closeness vs. distance to the phenomenon of peace-keeping. By and large the studies show that the participants wanted more closeness to the local inhabitants, whereas the way the UNPKF was organized, was based on considerable distance. There was also a demand for a much higher level of insight in the conflict and the operation than had been given during the briefings. Questions about the attitude to the concrete conflicts reveal relatively standard Western attitudes and prejudices both in the Middle East and the Congo theaters. Finally, the possibility of some type of peace-keeping force based on more closeness and involvement is dis cussed, concluding that under the present political conditions this would hardly be feasible. Johan Galtung, Chair in Conflict and Peace Research, University of Oslo. Helge Hveem, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo.
The Exit vs. Voice Option: Six Cases of Swedish Participation in International Organizations
Authors: Stalvant Carl-Einar 
Published: March 2007

Stålvant, C.-E. The Exit vs. Voice Option: Six Cases of Swedish Participation in Inter national Organizations. Cooperation and Conflict, XI, 1976, 41-56. Hirschman's well-known dual categories of reaction mechanisms, exit and voice, are challenging and problematic in many ways. In politics one must assume that the exit decision is subordinated to that of voice. It corresponds to the rephrased question: at what point is one more efficient in fighting mistaken policies from without than from within ? However, exit is in itself a twofold phenomenon: exit into and exit from. The choice problem that arises when a new international organization is created, or when an existing one deteriorates, must take into account the weighing of costs and payoffs associated with a decision to enter or to withdraw, or whether not to enter or not to withdraw. The arguments raised in six different situations of Swedish participation in international organizations are elucidated with the help of three patterns of responses: entry, no-forward entry and no-backward entry. The junctures chosen are the UN, the Council of Europe, the OECD, the EEC, the IEA and the IBRD. Overriding principles of funtional content and geographical extension that seem to influence Swedish thinking on such occasions are identified. Carl-Einar Stålvant, Department of Political Science, University of Stockholm.
Danish Third World Policy: The Feed-back Problem
Authors: Holm Hans-Henrik 
Published: March 2007

Holm, H.-H. Danish Third World Policy: The Feed-back Problem. Cooperation and Conflict, XIV, 1979, 87-103. The demands for a New International Economic Order from the Third World are presenting small and weak countries like Denmark with new and in some respects far-reaching demands. In the light of these demands Danish Third World policy is analysed through the use of a model for policy analysis. Danish policy is described both quantitatively and qualitatively and it is claimed that Danish Third World policy contains an active ideological and value promotive dimension together with a passive and status quo dimension. This split in policy is examined in the light of the future consequences. The feed-back from policy will over time result in changes in Danish Third World policy that will most likely lead to further reliance on the EEC. This is argued through an extensive analysis of the elite images of the external and the internal environment whereby the importance to the decision-makers of the EEC externally and the importance of the economic problems and the interest group activity internally is brought forward.