bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Institutional Development: What Are We Talking About?
Authors: Spencer A. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNowadays it is almost the rule rather than the exception for overseas aid projects in the water and environmental sectors to include ‘institutional development’as a significant, if not the main, component. Yet institutional development is not a particularly well‐defined activity ‐ it being a combination of managerial, technical, organizational and behavioural techniques. Furthermore, the basic concepts in some of these fields are still in the evolutionary stages.Starting from a definition of an institution and the purpose of an organization, a simple pragmatic approach to institutional development is described, based on many assignments undertaken in the field. The basis of the approach is a ‘3‐links’model which examines each of three components in turn, i.e. (a) relationships with the environment, (b) organizational issues, and (c) development of the individual. Finally, there are some comments on the criteria for a successful institutional development exercise.
Development of a Groundwater Resource Model for the Yorkshire Chalk
Authors: Salmon S. , Chadha D. , Smith D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper (a) aims to demonstrate the basic principles of groundwater resource model development by means of an example, and (b) describes the development of the Yorkshire Chalk groundwater model (YORKMOD), undertaken on behalf of the National Rivers Authority † and Yorkshire Water Services. The model incorporates a permeability‐depth function to represent fissuring in the Chalk, and has been successfully calibrated against observed groundwater heads and springflows for the period 1975–1992 inclusive.
Environmental Effects of Hydro‐Electric Power Generation in Africa and the Potential for Artificial Floods
Authors: Acreman M. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractElectricity is a fundamental requirement for economic growth, and hydro‐electric power is often thought to be environmentally benign. However, the construction and operation of many hydro‐power dams in Africa have had significant negative impacts on the environment and rural economies. Reduced downstream flooding has destroyed fisheries and starved the floodplain soils of moisture and nutrients. Often the worst‐affected areas have no electrification and therefore do not benefit from power generation. New dams which are planned in Kenya and Tanzania have been specifically designed to make flood releases. This will allow electricity to be generated whilst maintaining a dynamic flooding pattern for the short‐term economic importance of fisheries and agriculture and the longer‐term importance of soil fertility and biodiversity. Involvement of local community representatives in deciding when flood waters should be released on the Phongolo River in South Africa has resulted in substantial benefits to floodplain users.
From Manchester Docks to Salford Quays: Ten Years of Environmental Improvements in the Mersey Basin Campaign
Authors: Struthers W. A. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe decline of the former Manchester Docks and its resurgence as Salford Quays is described. The isolation of water within the Quays from the Manchester Ship Canal was a principal proposal of the development plan, and the water‐treatment system which was installed has been highly successful in creating a thriving aquatic ecosystem and enabling water‐based recreation activities to take place. Whilst the water quality within the Quays is excellent, outside in the Manchester Ship Canal it remains grossly polluted. Under the auspices of the Mersey Basin campaign, the various partners are involved in a major project to clean up the canal. The Lowry Centre, a Millennium Fund bid, is giving an added impetus to this work. The conclusions identify the involvement of the local council as being critical to the success of the project, and that a respect for quality has been essential, as has a long‐term commitment to an overall vision.
Assessment of the Fate of Selected Adsorptive Pesticides at ADAS Rosemaund
Authors: Turnbull A. B. , Harrison R. M. , Williams R. J. , Matthiessen P. , Brooke D. N. , Sheahan D. A. , Mills M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractData are presented on four pesticides applied to agricultural land at the Agricultural Development Advisory Service, Rosemaund, in the west of England. The farm covers a well‐defined and isolated water basin of cracking heavy clay loam soils drained by a single stream. Levels of the relatively particle‐bound pesticides trifluralin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos and fenpropimorph were measured in drainage water and field soils following application. Observed concentrations in water were generally below 1 μg/l with occasional peak levels exceeding 10 μg/l during storm rainfall events. Unexpectedly high peak levels of deltamethrin of around 2 μg/l highlighted significant bypass flow mechanisms from the surface soils during the autumn. Additional bioassay experiments showed that levels of chlorpyrifos, lethal to Gammarus pulex, reached the stream during spring 1993. The Rosemaund farm has been the site of a continuing investigation into the movement of agricultural pesticides to surface waters since 1987, and this report represents the final work conducted in the autumn of 1992 and spring 1993.
Applications of Anaerobic Digestion for the Treatment of Industrial Wastewaters in Europe
Authors: Wheatley A. D. , Fisher M. B. , Grobicki A. M. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFor many decades, anaerobic digestion has been the most important technique of sewage sludge treatment at larger sewage‐treatment works. Also, the low running costs of the process make it attractive for the treatment of strong industrial effluents. This paper reviews these advantages and discusses some disadvantages of the anaerobic treatment of industrial effluent. Operating and cost data are presented from Europe and from a detailed UK case study which supports the conclusion that anaerobic treatment will be the most cost‐effective method of treatment of strong industrial effluents such as those from food and paper processing.
Risk Assessment for a Proposed Groundwater Abstraction Scheme in Strathmore, North‐East Scotland: a Modelling Approach
Authors: Chen M. , Soulsby C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Lower Old Red Sandstones in northern Strathmore have favourable hydrogeological conditions for ground‐water development. A scheme was proposed to abstract water in the north Esk catchment in order to augment water supplies to local villages, and a production borehole was drilled into the Edzell Sandstones to give a design yield of 2420 m3/d. However, this scheme has been abandoned because of concern that the abstraction would significantly reduce the flow in a nearby stream which is an important salmonid fishery.This study demonstrates the potential value of using a stream‐aquifer numerical model in an environmental risk assessment for the proposed scheme.
The Design of Conventional and Siphonic Roof‐Drainage Systems
Authors: May R. W. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe hydraulic principles governing the performance of conventional and siphonic roof‐drainage systems are described and compared. The flow rate in a conventional system is determined by the depth of water in the gutter or on the roof. Siphonic systems are able to achieve higher flow rates because they make full use of the head available between the roof and the discharge point at ground level.Some special operating characteristics of siphonic systems are described and recommendations are made on the factors that should be considered in their design.
The Influence of Sampling Frequency on Streamflow Chemical Loads
Authors: Roberts G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this paper, monthly loads in the streamflows from a number of UK catchments were calculated using all available chemical data and two degraded data sets comprising one value per month, thus simulating the ‘harmonized monitoring scheme’of the Environment Agency †. These degraded data sets represent the lowest and highest concentrations of the various chemical determinands. Two‐load calculation algorithms were used; one employing continuous‐flow records plus instantaneous values, and the other employing instantaneous values only. The results of these algorithms were compared for each determinand ‐ in terms of absolute values and the range of values possible using the degraded monthly sampling intervals.
Accounting for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Public Water Supplies
Authors: Lindley E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAsset management plans were prepared in 1989 and 1994 by water companies in England and Wales for submission to the Office of Water Services. These plans constituted the financial programming required by water companies to meet specified standards of service, particularly with respect to water quality. Detailed studies have previously established that problems associated with iron from unlined ferrous mains, particularly in soft water areas, is often the main cost ‘driver’for water distribution investment. However, many of the so‐called unlined iron mains were treated with a coal‐tar pitch lining for corrosion protection before installation, and residues of this painted lining can give rise to unsatisfactory levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in drinking water.The paper describes how desk‐study research, followed by the development and application of a modified ‘focused downstream series sampling’water‐quality modelling technique allowed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to be accounted for in two water company asset management plan submissions. The paper also raises a number of fundamental implications with respect to the occurrence of these carcinogenic compounds in drinking water.
Orthophosphate Concentrations in the River Thames
Authors: Kinniburgh J. H. , Tinsley M. R. , Bennett J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObserved concentrations of orthophosphate in the River Thames, from its source to its tidal limit, exceed 0.1 mg P/1 for most of its length; reasons for annual and seasonal variations are explained. By using data routinely collected by the Environment Agency throughout the Thames catchment, the orthophosphate load in the river, derived from agricultural sources and sewage‐treatment works, is estimated.A water quality model, TOMCAT, has been adapted to simulate observed data and used to estimate river concentrations if orthophosphate loads from sewage‐treatment works are reduced.
Estimating Small Area Demand for Water: A New Methodology
Authors: Clarke G. P. , Kashti A. , McDonald A. , Williamson P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe estimation of water demand is fundamental to effective water resource management. Water supply is measured at district level but true demand is not, and therefore studies of water‐pricing relations are limited and mass‐balance based assessment of leakage, illegal use, meter inaccuracies etc., are compromised. This paper describes the value and limitations of existing geodemographic methods, and an alternative technique widely used in other fields, microsimulation, is proposed. It is shown that geographic stability in demand relations is not found in all consumer commodities and cannot be assumed for water. Sampled data for Leeds, West Yorkshire, are used to construct a microsimulation model, and the results of that model are applied to the city of Leeds at ward level. Applicability is also demonstrated at enumeration district level.
Effective Passive Treatment of Aluminium‐Rich, Acidic Colliery Spoil Drainage using a Compost Wetland at Quaking Houses, County Durham
Authors: Younger P. L. , Curtis T. P. , Jarvis A. , Pennell R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPassive treatment of net‐acidic minewaters using compost wetlands was pioneered in the USA but, so far, has had limited application in Europe. At Quaking Houses (County Durham), strongly acidic ferruginous and aluminium‐rich waters discharging from the spoil heap of the abandoned Morrison Busty colliery have been obliterating aquatic life in the Stanley Burn for almost a decade. A concerted investigation involving the National Rivers Authority, the local community and a nearby University, has established the origins of the polluting discharge and assessed its impact on the receiving water. An evaluation was carried out on the possible treatment methods for the discharge, drawing upon the literature and supported by laboratory microcosm tests. A compost wetland was the favoured option, and a pilot facility was constructed with the assistance of the local community.Plans for full‐scale treatment are now well advanced, with long‐term maintenance being undertaken by local volunteers at minimal cost.
Side‐Stream Treatment of Raw‐Sludge Liquors using Activated Sludge: Pilot Investigations and Full‐Scale Design Rationale
Authors: Fawcett N. S. J. , Siddall R. A. , Wheak G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe end of sludge disposal at sea in 1998 will lead to increased volumes of sludge requiring treatment and disposal. Accordingly, there will be further quantities of high‐strength liquors arising from sludge thickening and dewatering processes, and additional treatment capacity will therefore be required at treatment works.This paper describes a three‐year project to develop a dedicated side‐stream treatment process for the treatment of raw‐sludge liquors at Knostrop sewage‐treatment works (Leeds) based on the activated‐sludge process. Large pilot‐scale trials are described which assisted in the construction of simple process design models for full‐scale design. Together with additional pilot‐scale aeration testing and modelling, a cost model for a full‐scale plant was developed, allowing the lowest whole‐life cost plant, based on ‘net present cost’analysis, to be specified.
Hydraulic Performance of Completely Mixed Tanks in Series under Unsteady Flow
Authors: Peng J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCompletely mixed tanks in series are often used in water and wastewater treatment processes and surface‐water quality modelling. Hydraulic retention time, which describes the overall hydraulic performance of the tanks, is one of the main parameters in the design and operation of treatment processes and modelling of the surface‐water quality. Differential equations to calculate the hydraulic retention time of completely mixed tanks in series under unsteady flow were derived in this study, and the equations were subsequently used to evaluate the hydraulic performance of tanks under a step change inflow rate and a cyclical flow rate, respectively. For a step change in flow rate, the differential equations were solved analytically using a recursive method. For a cyclical hydraulic loading, computer simulation was carried out using the Runge‐Kutta method with adaptive stepsize control.
The Role of Geomorphology in Monitoring and Managing River Sediment Systems
Authors: Newson M. D. , Sear D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews the contribution that can be made to land‐drainage and flood‐defence practice by consideration of the sediment transport system of river catchments. It also outlines the problems posed by not monitoring sediment transport over wider and longer time and space scales than are conventionally adopted. The contribution made by geomorphology to this aspect of river management is identified, and examples of its application to flood‐defence problems are given.
Fast‐Track Provision of St. Aidans Reverse‐Osmosis Water‐Treatment Plant
Authors: Wilson D. , Brown D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAs a response to the drought of 1995–96, Yorkshire Water constructed an emergency water‐treatment plant to treat water from a flooded opencast site at St. Aidans near Leeds. The main process was low‐pressure reverse osmosis to remove ammonia and trace organic micro‐pollutants to produce the required water quality at all times. This paper describes the plant which was designed and constructed in thirteen weeks ‐ a fast‐track project which was made possible by the close cooperation between the client, the consultant, and the contractor.
Hazards of Industrial Anaerobic Digester Effluent Discharges to Sewer
Authors: House S. J. , Evison L. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWith the increase in use of anaerobic digesters in industry, there is concern that the direct discharge of effluents (from such plants) to sewer could cause explosive conditions because of increased methane production. The study explored this issue by undertaking laboratory analyses of methane‐production rates of sewage and anaerobic digester effluents. A particular sewer was studied and basic calculations were undertaken to try and establish the risk of methane build‐up to dangerous levels.
Assessing the Reliable Outputs of Groundwater Sources
Authors: Beeson S. , Misstear B. D. , Van Wonderen J. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe described methodology for the assessment of the reliable outputs of groundwater sources was developed during a recent contract for UK Water Industry Research. It is relatively simple and flexible so that it can be applied to the wide range of groundwater source types and aquifers encountered in the UK. It can be used for all water level conditions, including that of drought, and for various demand conditions. There are two approaches, one based upon operational data and the second upon the analysis and extrapolation of pumping test data. The operational approach has several options of increasing refinement – the choice of option depending on data availability and user requirements. The application of the methodology to real groundwater sources is described using three examples.
The Use of Different Conveyance Calculations for Modelling Flows in a Compact Compound Channel
Authors: Lyness J.F. , Myers W. R. C. , Wark J. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFlow measurements have been taken for steady and unsteady flows on a reach of a river having a compact compound channel. The ‘single channel’, ‘divided channel’ and ‘lateral’ distribution methods have been used to calculate conveyances for use in a one‐dimensional unsteady flow model of the reach. Comparisons with measured flows show that the divided channel method and the lateral distribution method both underestimate floodplain flow depths. The lateral distribution method gives the closest accuracy in the relative depth range 0.15 ≤ Yr < 0.40. For large flow depths the single channel method becomes more accurate and slightly over‐estimates flow depths.The accuracy of unit width discharge distributions, calculated from the lateral distribution method are assessed by comparison with observed distributions for overbank flows.
Flow Estimation from Flap‐Gate Monitoring
Authors: Burrows R. , Ockleston G. A. , Ali K. H. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe measurement of flows and recording of storm events at combined sewer overflows are a key requirement in effective urban pollution management. Staff of Thames Water Utilities have developed a low‐cost system based on monitoring the behaviour of flap valves on numerous major river outfalls. The paper presents the development of a modelling approach based on the principle of conservation of angular momentum and its application to experimental data for circular gates. Flow‐prediction accuracies, based on the measurement of gate inclination and water depths, in the range ± 20–30%, are found to be achievable for wider gate openings (<20°) – the recommended calibration offering conservative flow predictions at lower angles.
A Simple Method for Estimating Mean Annual Groundwater Recharge for Drift‐Free Areas of the Chalk and Permo‐Triassic Sandstone Aquifers in the UK
Authors: Finch J. W. , Geol C. , Ragab R. , Harding R. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAt present, several methods for estimating groundwater recharge are in use in the UK, resulting in a range of estimates of groundwater recharge in any one area. However, there is a need for a robust national methodology with a firm scientific basis. As a first stage, a simple method has been developed to allow the rapid estimation of the mean annual groundwater recharge on drift‐free areas of the major aquifers of England and Wales.A simple soil‐moisture model, with inputs of daily rainfall and potential evaporation, has been used to produce a series of nomographs. These can be used to estimate (a) mean annual groundwater recharge from data which are readily available, (b) annual values of rainfall, and (c) MORECS potential evaporation for grass. These estimates are aggregated to give the total for the area by including information on the land cover.
The Use of Water for Agricultural Irrigation
Authors: Stansfield C. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper summarizes the present position of agricultural spray irrigation in England and Wales, providing (a) national statistics and regional information, (b) the reasons why farmers irrigate, (c) the place of agriculture in the economy, and (d) the value of irrigation. A review of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food irrigation surveys highlights the important crops in terms of area and volume of water used, sources of water and storage, and application methods. The predictions for the future, including the effects of climate change are reviewed with examples of how farmers, the EA, and the agricultural industry, are helping to overcome problems.
Uncertainty in the Engineering of Wildlife Habitats
Authors: Brookes A. , Downs P. , Skinner K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEnvironmental systems are inherently unstable over time‐scales appropriate to planning and management. As knowledge relating to rivers and their floodplains increases, uncertainty is increased rather than decreased. As the limits of what is known become defined, a better appreciation of what is not known is gained.The creation of wildlife habitats in rivers and on floodplains has been referred to as an art rather than a science. This paper highlights some of the many questions which remain unanswered as environmental managers strive for more sustainable and cost‐effective projects.
The Development and Application of Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater using Biological and Metal Precipitation Techniques
Authors: Strickland J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper describes a programme of technology development in phosphate removal which was carried out by Anglian Water in response to the requirements of the urban waste water treatment Directive Trials covered pilot and large‐scale biological nutrient‐removal plants, and iron‐salt dosing to activated‐sludge plants and biological filters. The fundamentals of the processes are discussed and results are presented.
Main Drainage Design for the New Kuala Lumpur International Airport
Authors: Mosquera S. T. , Drake J. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe new Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Malaysia requires substantial works for the management and attenuation of surface‐water runoff from a large platform constructed on both high ground and low‐lying swamp. This paper describes the key features of the main drainage system and reviews (a) the hydrological context of the scheme, (b) the design principles, and (c) the methodologies which were adopted. The platform drainage works comprise concrete‐lined open channels discharging through large balancing ponds into the local rivers. Other components of the scheme include numerous culverts, a river diversion, and an interim system to drain the earthworks’platform prior to completion of the permanent airport drainage. Measures to mitigate the impact of the development, and the application of hydrodynamic modelling in optimizing the system design, are discussed.