bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On some Pamphylian Inscriptions
Authors: Sayce A. H. 
Published: April 2006

In an interesting paper which appeared in the Zeitschrift für Numismatik, 1877, Dr. Friedländer has brought together some remarkable inscriptions on coins of some Pamphylian cities; but it cannot be said that he has added anything to their elucidation beyond what had been already done by the late J. Siegismund in Curtius' Studien, vol. ix. p. 87. During the last few weeks before I left England, my attention was drawn to these and to the long inscription from Assarkeui, the ancient Sillyon, which is given very inaccurately in Böckh, C. I. G., and more correctly by Hirschfeld in the Monatsber. d. Berl. Ak. 1874, p. 714; and the following notes are the result of the conversations and correspondence which I had with Professor Sayce on the subject. Throughout the paper, Professor Sayce's name will often recur, but it must be distinctly understood that even where his name is not mentioned, and where he might not agree with the views expressed, his suggestions have been used, and the whole might have been more justly, as it would doubtless have been better, written by him.I put forth the paper with much diffidence, as I have been obliged to write it without access to a good library, and am therefore obliged to trust to memory for a great many facts, and to want the additional light which good authorities would supply. Hence throughout the paper few references are given, and these usually in general terms. Several times Ahrens's articles in Philologies, xxxv. xxxvi., on the Cyprian Dialect are quoted as Ahrens, Cypr., no clearer reference being possible.
On the Method of Comparative Melodic Research
Authors: Wiora Walter 
Published: April 2006

The different aspects of the subject and the corresponding methods.The life-history of melodies is the subject of comparative melodic research. It offers various aspects and forms of approach, and research has consequently developed in different directions and has employed a variety of methods. These are differentiated not only by nomenclature but by the emphasis laid upon special aspects of the subject-matter.
Some Remarks on European Folk Polyphony
Authors: Emsheimer Ernst 
Published: April 2006

The subject of this paper, “European Folk Polyphony,” is one to be approached only with the most painful scruples and not a little hesitation, and this for the following reasons:(1)It seems as though, even by hearsay, nothing like all the phenomena of European folk polyphony are known. Every year brings fresh surprises to light.(2)The material basis is as yet extremely narrow. Far too few transcriptions have up to now been published.(3)Even when comprehensive and reliable transcriptions have been published, we still lack exact studies that penetrate the material and isolate its typical characteristics or features. As is the case with all folk music, the polyphonic variety is, as we know, dependent on oral tradition, that is to say, the folk singers follow with fine instinct definite rules. But of these rules they are “theoretically,” as we understand this term, not conscious. It is thus only possible to deduce these rules in a “mediate” way, viz. through the careful analysis of transcriptions. But for this we need suitable methods of investigation and a terminology making it possible to give an unambiguous account of the phenomena with which the researcher may find himself confronted. And despite meritorious attempts, we have as yet no such methods and terminology at our disposition.
New Approaches to Ceramic Use and Discard: Cooking Pottery from the Peruvian Andes in Ethnoarchaeological Perspective
Authors: Hildebrand John A. , Hagstrum Melissa B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEthnoarchaeological data from contemporary Wanka villages in the Mantaro Valley of the Peruvian Andes provide new perspectives on the use and discard of ceramic cooking vessels. We present a regional survey of ceramic vessel use and discard with household consumption as the focus of study. A mathematical model determines vessel uselife from the age distribution of in-use vessels. We examine the number of vessels per household, their volume, their uselife, and their reported discard. A typical Wanka household cooking vessel assemblage consists of four or five ollas, two large ollas, one chata, and one tostadera. As family members are added to a household, the number of household ollas slightly increases, as does olla volume and the overall rate of olla discard. Large families have fewer chatas, and the rate of chata discard is uncorrelated with household size. Large and small families alike have only one tostadera, but in large families, a shortened tostadera uselife increases their discard rate. Distributing the same population into small or large households will result in significantly different rates of total sherd accumulation. Bulk sherd accumulation is a better indicator of the number of households rather than of the total number of persons. Household size can be estimated from the relative proportions of discarded ollas, chatas, and tostaderas.
Is prostaglandin E2 a pathogenic factor in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?
Authors: Almer Gabriele , Kikuchi Hitoshi , Teismann Peter , Przedborski Serge 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo elucidate the role of cyclooxygenase‐1 (Cox1) and prostaglandin E2 in ALS neurodegeneration.MethodsMutation in superoxide dismutase‐1 is a cause of the fatal paralytic disorder amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase‐2 (Cox‐2) in transgenic mice expressing an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis–linked superoxide dismutase‐1 mutation led to the idea that prostaglandin E2, the main synthetic product of Cox‐2, is pathogenic in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.ResultsHerein, we show by genetic intervention that prostaglandin E2 in the spinal cord is mainly produced by Cox‐1, and that ablation of Cox‐1 fails to attenuate neurodegeneration.InterpretationThe previously documented role of Cox‐2 in ALS neurodegeneration in this particular mouse model occurs through a mechanism independent of prostaglandin E2. Furthermore, plans to use selective Cox‐1 inhibitors for neuroprotection in ALS are unlikely to be fruitful. Ann Neurol 2006
Monitoring of chemical reactions during polymer synthesis by real‐time attenuated total reflection (ATR)–FTIR spectroscopy
Authors: Sahre Karin , Schulze Ulrich , Hoffmann Thorsten , Elrehim Mona Abd , Eichhorn Klaus‐Jochen , Pospiech Doris , Fischer Dieter , Voit Brigitte 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe present study demonstrates in situ real‐time attenuated total reflection (ATR)–FTIR spectroscopy as a powerful tool for monitoring and analyzing different polymerization and polymer modification reactions. Thus, a metallocene catalyzed copolymerization of propene and 10‐undecene‐1‐ol, a polycondensation reaction towards polysulfone, and a modification reaction of OH end groups of hyperbranched poly(urea‐urethane) were investigated successfully. The interpretation of the development of FTIR spectra was carried out on the basis of typical vibration bands of chemical groups of the corresponding monomers and polymers in each case, e.g. of the CC double bond of 10‐undecene‐1‐ol during the copolymerization, the new COC group of polysulfone, and the new urethane end group of poly(urea‐urethane). Kinetics prediction is also under consideration. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1374–1380, 2006
Machine learning for Arabic text categorization
Authors: Duwairi Rehab M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this article we propose a distance‐based classifier for categorizing Arabic text. Each category is represented as a vector of words in an m‐dimensional space, and documents are classified on the basis of their closeness to feature vectors of categories. The classifier, in its learning phase, scans the set of training documents to extract features of categories that capture inherent category‐specific properties; in its testing phase the classifier uses previously determined category‐specific features to categorize unclassified documents. Stemming was used to reduce the dimensionality of feature vectors of documents. The accuracy of the classifier was tested by carrying out several categorization tasks on an in‐house collected Arabic corpus. The results show that the proposed classifier is very accurate and robust.
Tannic acid‐stabilized pericardium tissue: IR spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and dielectric spectroscopy investigations
Authors: Jastrzebska M. , Zalewska‐Rejdak J. , Wrzalik R. , Kocot A. , Mroz I. , Barwinski B. , Turek A. , Cwalina B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractInfrared (IR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and dielectric spectroscopy methods were employed to study structural and dynamic changes in the tannic acid (TA)‐stabilized pericardium tissue. Chemically stabilized pericardium tissue is widely used in construction of the tissue derived bioprostheses. IR spectra recorded in the range 400–4000 cm−1 allowed us to recognize different types of TA–collagen interactions. Formation of hydrogen bonds between amine as well as amide NH groups from collagen and hydroxyl groups of TA was analyzed. The AFM imaging showed that the stabilization procedure with TA introduces considerable changes in both surface topography and thickness of collagen fibrils as well as in fibril arrangement on the tissue surface. It was found, that these structural changes have an impact on the dielectric behavior of the TA‐stabilized tissue. The dielectric spectra for the native and TA‐stabilized tissues were measured in the frequency and temperature ranges of 10−1 –107 Hz and 120–270 K, respectively. The dielectric spectra revealed the relaxation process due to orientation of bound water supplemented by the fluctuation of collagen polar side groups. At the temperatures above ∼210 K, the relaxation due to ion migration process was observed. It was found that both relaxation processes were influenced by the TA–collagen interaction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Cloning and molecular dissection of the 8.8 kb pig uroplakin II promoter using transgenic mice and RT4 cells
Authors: Kwon Deug‐Nam , Choi Yun‐Jung , Park Jong‐Yi , Cho Seong‐Keun , Kim Myeong Ok , Lee Hoon Taek , Kim Jin‐Hoi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUroplakin II (UPII) gene expression is highly tissue and cell specific, with mRNA present in the suprabasal cell layers of the bladder and urethra. Previous reports described the mouse UPII (mUPII) promoter as primarily urothelium selective. However, ectopic expression of a transgene under the 3.6 kb mUPII promoter was also detected in brain, kidney, and testis in some transgenic mouse lines. Here, we have cloned an 8.8 kb pig UPII (pUPII) promoter region and investigated which cells within the bladder and urethra express a transgene consisting of the pUPII promoter fused to human erythropoietin (hEPO) or a luciferase gene. pUPII‐luciferase expression vectors with various deletions of the promoter region were introduced into mouse fibroblast (NIH3T3), Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), and human bladder transitional carcinoma (RT4). A 2.1 kb pUPII promoter fragment displayed high levels of luciferase activity in transiently transfected RT4 cells, whereas the 8.8 kb pUPII promoter region displayed only low levels of activity. The pUPII‐hEPO expression vector was injected into the pronucleus of zygotes to make transgenic mice. To elucidate the in vivo molecular mechanisms controlling the tissue‐ and cell‐specific expression of the pUPII promoter gene, transgenic mice containing 2.1 and 8.8 kb pUPII promoter fragments linked to the genomic hEPO gene were generated. An erythropoietin (EPO) assay showed that all nine transgenic lines carrying the 8.8 kb construct expressed recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) only in their urethra and bladder, whereas two transgenic lines carrying the 2.1 kb pUPII promoter displayed hEPO expression in several organs including bladder, kidney, spleen, heart, and brain. These studies demonstrate that the 2.1 kb promoter contains the DNA elements necessary for high levels of expression, but lacks critical sequences necessary for tissue‐specific expression. We compared binding sites in the 2.1 and 8.8 kb promoter sequences and found five peroxisome proliferator responsive elements (PPREs) in the 8.8 kb promoter. Our data demonstrated that proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐γ activator treatment in RT4 cells induced the elevated expression of hEPO mRNA under the control of the 8.8 kb pUPII promoter, but not the 2.1 kb promoter. Collectively, our data suggested that all the major trans‐regulatory elements required for bladder‐ and urethra‐specific transcription are located in the 8.8 kb upstream region and that it may enhance tissue‐specific protein production and be of interest to clinicians who are searching for therapeutic modalities with high efficacy and low toxicity. J. Cell. Biochem. 99: 462–477, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydralazine rescues PC12 cells from acrolein‐mediated death
Authors: Liu‐Snyder Peishan , Borgens Richard Ben , Shi Riyi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAcrolein, a major lipid peroxidation product, has been associated with both CNS trauma and neurodegenerative diseases. Because of its long half‐life, acrolein is a potent endogenous toxin capable of killing healthy cells during the secondary injury process. Traditionally, attempts to intervene in the process of progressive cell death after the primary injury have included scavenging reactive oxygen species (so‐called free radicals). The animal data supporting such an approach have generally been positive, but all human clinical trials attempting a similar outcome in human CNS injury have failed. New drugs that might reduce toxicity by scavenging the products of lipid peroxidation present a promising, and little investigated, therapeutic approach. Hydralazine, a well‐known treatment for hypertension, has been reported to react with acrolein, forming hydrazone in cell‐free systems. In the companion paper, we have established an acrolein‐mediated cell injury model using PC12 cells in vitro. Here we test the hypothesis that the formation of hydrazone adducts with acrolein is able to reduce acrolein toxicity and spare a significant percentage of the population of PC12 cells from death. Concentrations of approximately 1 mM of this aldehyde scavenger can rescue over 80% of the population of PC12 cells. This study provides a basis for a new pharmacological treatment to reduce the effects of secondary injury in the damaged and/or diseased nervous system. In particular, we describe the need for new drugs that possess aldehyde scavenging properties but do not interfere with the regulation of blood pressure. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognostic factors in pleuro‐pulmonary blastoma
Authors: Indolfi Paolo , Bisogno Gianni , Casale Fiorina , Cecchetto Giovanni , De Salvo Gianluca , Ferrari Andrea , Donfrancesco Alberto , Donofrio Vittoria , Martone Antonio , Di Martino Martina , Di Tullio Maria T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the prognostic factors in a series of children affected by pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB).Patients and MethodsClinicopathological findings, treatment, and outcome of 22 PPB cases observed in 13 Italian Associations for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology centers are reported. Clinical data, surgical notes, pathologic findings, and summaries of treatment were taken from the charts and correlated with outcome by standard statistical methods.ResultsThe series included 22 patients (14 males) with a median age of 30.5 months followed up for a median of 22 months (range 2–176 months). In nine patients the PPB developed with lung involvement only. Congenital lung cysts were recorded in five cases. Nine patients had recurrences. Gender, side, tumor size, pre‐existing lung cysts, and extent of surgical resection at diagnosis did not significantly affect survival by univariate analysis. Achieving total resection of the tumor at any time of treatment resulted in a significantly better prognosis (P = 0.01), whereas extrapulmonary involvement at diagnosis resulted in a significantly worse prognosis (P = 0.01). Estimated 15‐year event‐free and overall survival rates were 44 and 49% for all patients, respectively.ConclusionsPPB is an aggressive neoplasm. Total resection of PPB performed at any time of treatment appears to provide a better outcome, whereas extrapulmonary involvement at diagnosis worsens the prognosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:318–323. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of acute pain crisis on exhaled nitric oxide levels in children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Pawar Sachin S. , Panepinto Julie A. , Brousseau David C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractExhaled nitric oxide (FENO) has been shown to be decreased in children with sickle cell disease. We sought to evaluate the effect of sickle cell vaso‐occlusive crisis (VOC) on FENO levels. We measured FENO levels in 42 children with sickle cell disease, 29 in their baseline health and 13 during an acute VOC. There was no difference in FENO levels between children at baseline (15.12 ± 9.32 ppb) and those during an acute VOC (15.68 ± 7.26 ppb; P = 0.794). FENO is not a useful marker of acute VOC in children with sickle cell disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:111–113. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heterogeneous surface saponification of suspension‐polymerized monodisperse poly(vinyl acetate) microspheres using various ions
Authors: Lee Se Geun , Kim Jae Pil , Chan Kwon Ick , Park Ki Hong , Noh Seok Kyun , Han Sung Soo , Lyoo Won Seok 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) microspheres with a skin/core structure were prepared through the heterogeneous surface saponification of PVAc microspheres suspension‐polymerized. The PVA skin formed through the heterogeneous saponification was hydrogel swellable in water. In addition, to obtain monodisperse PVA/PVAc microspheres having various skin/core ratios and morphologies, the ion‐specificities to the heterogeneous saponification were investigated using SO, Cl−, NO, Br−, and I− for anions and Li+, Na+, and K+ for cations, respectively. The ions were not specific significantly to the rate of the heterogeneous saponification, while were related to the degree of saponification (DS). DSs had different values between by weight loss (DSw) and by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (DSNMR) measurements. The order of DSws was SO < Cl− < NO < Br− < I− for anions and K+ < Na+ < Li+ for cations, and that of DSNMRs, I− < Br− < NO < Cl− < SO for anions and Li+ < Na+ < K+ for cations. The differences in values between DSws and DSNMRs were caused by the dissolution of PVA skin and were significantly decreased for SO. The peaks at melting temperature of PVA were sharp and their areas were large for ions deswelling PVA skins.
Importance of Control Group Selection for Evaluating Antimicrobial Use as a Risk Factor for Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus AureusBacteremia
Authors: Ernst Erika J. , Raley George , Herwaldt Loreen A. , Diekema Daniel J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjective:We investigated the importance of control group selection during an evaluation of antimicrobial use as a risk factor for methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) bacteremia at our institution.Methods:We performed a case-control study. A case was defined as any patient admitted between January 1997 and May 2001 who developed nosocomial MRSA bacteremia. We used two control groups; control group I consisted of patients with nosocomial methicillin-susceptibleS. aureus(MSSA) bacteremia and control group II included only patients without bacteremia. We matched control-patients to case-patients using age, gender, time at risk, and hospital ward. Data collected on all patients included demographics, comorbidities, antibiotic use, time at risk, length of stay, severity of illness, and outcome.Results:We evaluated 63 patients (21 in each group). The three groups were well matched regarding age, gender, underlying diseases, and severity of illness. Patients in the MRSA group were more likely to have received a fluoroquinolone and had a higher mean number of days of fluoroquinolone use than did patients in the MSSA group (P= .027 andP= .015, respectively). However, all measures of fluoroquinolone use were similar for case-patients and for control-patients who did not have nosocomial bloodstream infection.Conclusions:Control group selection is important in evaluating antimicrobial use as a risk factor for MRSA bacteremia. Using control-patients infected with MSSA, rather than uninfected control-patients, may overestimate the association between antimicrobial use and MRSA infection. (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:634-637)
Crosstalk between Extrinsic and Intrinsic Cell Death Pathways in Pancreatic Cancer: Synergistic Action of Estrogen Metabolite and Ligands of Death Receptor Family
Authors: Basu Aruna , Castle Valerie P. , Bouziane Mohammed , Bhalla Kapil , Haldar Subrata 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol is a physiologic metabolite of 17β-estradiol. This orally active compound can inhibit tumor growth or metastasis in tumor models without inducing any clinical sign of toxicity. Our previous studies indicated that 2-methoxyestradiol-mediated apoptosis involves the disappearance of intact 21-kDa Bid protein, cytochrome c release, and predominant procaspase-3 cleavage. Here, using MIA PaCa-2 cells as a model, we investigated whether this estrogen metabolite induces apoptosis by converging two major pathways: the death receptor–mediated extrinsic and the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway. Exogenous expression of dominant-negative caspase-8 or dominant-negative FADD reverts the effect of 2-methoxyestradiol-mediated cell death. In parallel with this observation, Z-IETD-FMK, a cell permeable irreversible inhibitor of caspase-8, can render significant protection against 2-methoxyestradiol-induced apoptosis. RNase protection assay and cell surface receptor analysis by flow cytometry show the up-regulation of members of death receptor family in 2-methoxyestradiol-exposed pancreatic cancer cells. Our mechanistic studies also implicate that oxidative stress precedes 2-methoxyestradiol-mediated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase activation, leading to elevated Fas level. Because 2-methoxyestradiol is able to trigger death receptor signaling, we were interested in examining the effects of 2-methoxyestradiol and Fas ligand (FasL)/tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) together on pancreatic cancer cell death. Interestingly, the endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor 2-methoxyestradiol augments FasL/TRAIL–induced apoptosis in these cells. Moreover, the combination of 2-methoxyestradiol and TRAIL reduces the tumor burden in vivo in MIA PaCa-2 tumor xenograft model by caspase-3 activation. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(8): 4309-18)
“Syn-Effect” in Nucleophilic Addition of Amines to 1,3-Dienylsulfone
Authors: Yamazaki Masao , Guha Samar Kumar , Ukaji Yutaka , Inomata Katsuhiko 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The stereochemistry of the nucleophilic addition of amines to 1,3-dienylsulfone was investigated. The Z/E ratios of the resulting allylic sulfones varied with amines, solvents, temperature, and concentrations. The predominant formation of (Z)-isomer was rationalized by a “syn-effect,” which could be mainly elucidated by n/σ → π* interaction.
Anion-controlled Preparation of Chiral S-Bridged CoIIIPtII2 and CoIII2PtII2 Complexes Consisting of [Co(d-penicillaminato-N,O,S)2]− and [Pt(CH3NH2)2]2+ Units
Authors: Igashira-Kamiyama Asako , Fujioka Junji , Kodama Tomoki , Kawamoto Tatsuya , Konno Takumi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Treatment of trans(N)-[Co(d-pen-N,O,S)2]− with trans-[PtCl2(CH3NH2)2] in water, followed by the addition of NaCl and NaClO4, gave chiral S-bridged CoIIIPtII2 and CoIII2PtII2 complexes with trans(O)-[Co(d-pen-N,O,S)2]− units, respectively. The CoIIIPtII2 complex reacted with the racemic fac(S)-[Co(aet)3] to form a chiral CoIII2PtII2 complex with trans(O)-[Co(d-pen-N,O,S)2]− and Δ-fac(S)-[Co(aet)3] units.