bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Introduction to the Idea of Alternative Discourses
Authors:   Syed Farid Alatas
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis introduction defines in broad contours "alternative discourses" as a collective term referring to attempts at social science theorizing and conceptualization in Asia and elsewhere that emerged as a result of dissatisfaction with mainstream Euroamerican-oriented models, research agendas, and priorities. It distinguishes the legitimate quest for alternative discourses from nativistic trends in the social sciences. Hence, this paper provides the intellectual background for the discussions in this volume on a variety of issues relating to the quest for alternative discourses in Asia.
Buying Stories: Ancient Tales, Renaissance Travelers, and the Market for the Marvelous
Authors: Johnson Christine 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWhy did Renaissance writers continue to repeat ancient descriptions about the distant places of the world, even after the arrival of new eyewitness accounts from contemporary travelers? Scholars have usually presented the survival of ancient reports as a reactionary clinging to "ancient authority" in the face of "modern experience." However, both ancient and modern descriptions purported to be based on direct observation, supplemented by hearsay, a claim that gave both sources some, but not undisputed, authority. Furthermore, modern explorations, although rendering certain ancient reports increasingly suspect, also provided confirmation about the wonders possible at the edges of the earth. Renaissance writers excluded some ancient and modern claims on the basis of superior understanding and standards of plausibility, but in general tried to include as much information as possible to provide readers with a full (if tentative) geographical picture and satisfy expectations about the existence of the marvelous. The confrontation between "ancient authority" and "modern experience" was manufactured in this period by select writers with a stake in the European expansion, who sought thereby to prove their indispensability.
The Hibernian Amazon: A Struggle for Sovereignty in the Portuguese Court, 1643-1648
Authors: Bomba Nicholas 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBased on the archival records of the Conselho Ultramarino of Portugal, this article tells the story of an Irish colony in the Amazon, as it was conceived, proposed, and debated in the court of the House of Bragança. Although it is fascinating in its own right, this story reveals a more profound ideological fissure between the king and his counselors. By "naturalizing" a group of foreign émigrés, João IV threatened to undermine not only the security of his American colonies, but also the ideology of popular sovereignty that justified the recent overthrow of Habsburg rule and his own ascension to the throne. At the dawn of this Restoration, the fate of the Irish settlers threw into question the shape and character of the Portuguese nation and the foundations of the modern state.
Seasonal and Interannual Variations of Oceanic Conditions in the Angola Dome
Authors: Doi Takeshi , Tozuka Tomoki , Sasaki Hideharu , Masumoto Yukio , Yamagata Toshio 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Using outputs from a high-resolution OGCM, seasonal and interannual variations of the Angola Dome (AD) are revisited. Although the AD was previously considered to be one large cold tongue extending from the West African coast, it is shown that two cold domes exist. These two domes have remarkably different mechanisms for their seasonal variation. The weak dome, whose center is located at 6°S, 1°E, develops from May to September owing to the divergence of heat transport associated with upwelling. The strong dome, on the other hand, extends from the west coast of Africa between 20° and 15°S, and develops from April to August by the surface heat flux. The interannual variation of the weak dome is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Niño. An unusual relaxation of easterly wind stress in the central equatorial Atlantic Ocean associated with the Atlantic Niño triggers second baroclinic downwelling equatorial Kelvin waves, which propagate eastward along the equator and poleward along the coast after reaching the African coast as coastal Kelvin waves. Then, downwelling Rossby waves radiate away from the coast and cause significant warming in the weak dome region. The interannual variation of the South Equatorial Undercurrent may be associated with that of the AD; its transport decreases by 0.6 Sv, and its core shifts equatorward by 0.2° when the AD is anomalously weak.
Sea-State-Dependent Momentum Fluxes for Ocean Modeling
Authors: Saetra Øyvind , Albretsen Jon , Janssen Peter A. E. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The impact of wave-dependent surface stress on the ocean circulation has been studied using surface stresses calculated from a numerical wave model. The main questions to be investigated were what the effect would be on the Ekman currents in the upper ocean and what the impact would be on storm surge predictions. To answer the first question, the response of wave-dependent forcing on an Ekman type of model was studied. Here, the wave forcing was provided by a one-gridpoint version of the wave model. Second, the impact of the waves was studied with a three-dimensional ocean circulation model for the North Sea. Three different experiments were performed for a period of 1 yr. To test the effect on the storm surge signal, the results have been compared with sea level observations from 22 stations along the Norwegian and Dutch coasts. One of the main findings is that calculating stresses in the wave model, thereby introducing sea-state-dependent momentum fluxes, has a strong positive impact on the storm surge modeling compared with applying a traditional parameterization of surface stresses from the 10-m wind speed. When all cases with sea level deviation from the mean of less than 0.5 m were removed, the root-mean-square error for 1 yr averaged over all stations was reduced by approximately 6 cm. Splitting the momentum budget into an Eulerian and a wave part (Stokes drift) has only a negligible effect on the modeling of the sea surface elevation but increases the angular turning of the Eulerian surface drift to the right of the wind direction with an angle of about 4°.
Second-Order Theory and Setup in Surface Gravity Waves: A Comparison with Experimental Data
Authors: Toffoli A. , Monbaliu J. , Onorato M. , Osborne A. R. , Babanin A. V. , Bitner-Gregersen E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The second-order, three-dimensional, finite-depth wave theory is here used to investigate the statistical properties of the surface elevation and wave crests of field data from Lake George, Australia. A direct comparison of experimental and numerical data shows that, as long as the nonlinearity is small, the second-order model describes the statistical properties of field data very accurately. By low-pass filtering the Lake George time series, there is evidence that some energetic wave groups are accompanied by a setup instead of a setdown. A numerical study of the coupling coefficient of the second-order model reveals that such an experimental result is consistent with the second-order theory, provided directional spreading is included in the wave spectrum. In particular, the coupling coefficient of the second-order difference contribution predicts a setup as a result of the interaction of two waves with the same frequency but with different directions. This result is also confirmed by numerical simulations. Bispectral analysis, furthermore, indicates that this setup is a statistically significant feature of the observed wave records.
The Role of Stratification-Dependent Mixing for the Stability of the Atlantic Overturning in a Global Climate Model*
Authors: Marzeion Ben , Levermann Anders , Mignot Juliette 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Using the “CLIMBER-3α” coupled climate model of intermediate complexity, the effect of a stratification-dependent vertical diffusivity on the sensitivity of the Atlantic Ocean meridional overturning circulation to perturbations in freshwater forcing is investigated. The vertical diffusivity κ is calculated as κ ∼ N−α, where N is the local buoyancy frequency and the parameter α is a measure of the sensitivity of the vertical diffusivity to changes in stratification. Independent of α, the stratification of the deep ocean is weakly increased as a response to an anomalous freshwater flux in the North Atlantic in these experiments. In the region of freshwater forcing and north of it this is caused by the freshwater anomaly itself, but farther south it is associated with anomalously warm surface waters caused by a reduction of the northward oceanic heat transport. Subsequently, and in opposition to results from previous studies, the overturning is reduced by the anomalous freshwater flux, independent of the choice of α. However, the amount of reduction in overturning following a freshwater perturbation is found to depend critically on the choice of the mixing sensitivity α. If α &lt; αcr, the response is similar to the model’s response using constant vertical diffusivity (α = 0). For α &gt; αcr, a sharp increase of the sensitivity is found. The value of αcr is found to be between 0.5 and 1. A general feedback is proposed explaining this threshold behavior: if α is large, both positive and negative perturbations of stratification are amplified by associated changes in diffusivity. In the experiments presented here, this enhances the initial positive stratification anomaly in northern high latitudes, which is created by the anomalous freshwater flux. As a result, convection is strongly reduced, and the overturning is significantly weakened.
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase is a critical regulator of acute graft-versus-host disease lethality
Authors: Jasperson Lisa K. , Bucher Christoph , Panoskaltsis-Mortari Angela , Taylor Patricia A. , Mellor Andrew L. , Munn David H. , Blazar Bruce R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractGraft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is initiated after activation of donor T cells by host antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The immunosuppressive enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is expressed by APCs and parenchymal cells and is further inducible by inflammation. We investigated whether lethal conditioning and GVHD induce IDO and if IDO prevents tissue injury by suppressing immune responses at the induction site. We determined that IDO is a critical regulator of GVHD, most strikingly in the colon, where epithelial cells dramatically up-regulated IDO expression during GVHD. IDO−/− mice died more quickly from GVHD, displaying increased colonic inflammation and T-cell infiltration. GVHD protection was not mediated by control of T-cell proliferation, apoptosis, or effector mechanisms in lymphoid organs, nor did it require donor T regulatory cells. Instead, T cells in IDO−/− colons underwent increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis compared with their wild-type counterparts. This evidence suggests that IDO can act at the site of expression to decrease T-cell proliferation and survival, diminishing colonic inflammation and reducing disease severity. These studies are the first to identify a function for IDO in GVHD lethality and indicate that modulation of the IDO pathway may be an effective strategy for treatment of this disease.
Positional bias of general and tissue-specific regulatory motifs in mouse gene promoters
Authors: Bellora Nicolás , Farré Domènec , Albà M Mar 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe arrangement of regulatory motifs in gene promoters, or promoter architecture, is the result of mutation and selection processes that have operated over many millions of years. In mammals, tissue-specific transcriptional regulation is related to the presence of specific protein-interacting DNA motifs in gene promoters. However, little is known about the relative location and spacing of these motifs. To fill this gap, we have performed a systematic search for motifs that show significant bias at specific promoter locations in a large collection of housekeeping and tissue-specific genes.ResultsWe observe that promoters driving housekeeping gene expression are enriched in particular motifs with strong positional bias, such as YY1, which are of little relevance in promoters driving tissue-specific expression. We also identify a large number of motifs that show positional bias in genes expressed in a highly tissue-specific manner. They include well-known tissue-specific motifs, such as HNF1 and HNF4 motifs in liver, kidney and small intestine, or RFX motifs in testis, as well as many potentially novel regulatory motifs. Based on this analysis, we provide predictions for 559 tissue-specific motifs in mouse gene promoters.ConclusionThe study shows that motif positional bias is an important feature of mammalian proximal promoters and that it affects both general and tissue-specific motifs. Motif positional constraints define very distinct promoter architectures depending on breadth of expression and type of tissue.
Dimerisation of HIV-2 genomic RNA is linked to efficient RNA packaging, normal particle maturation and viral infectivity
Authors: L'Hernault Anne , Greatorex Jane S , Crowther R Anthony , Lever Andrew ML 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Background
Retroviruses selectively encapsidate two copies of their genomic RNA, the Gag protein binding a specific RNA motif in the 5' UTR of the genome. In human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), the principal packaging signal (Psi) is upstream of the major splice donor and hence is present on all the viral RNA species. Cotranslational capture of the full length genome ensures specificity. HIV-2 RNA dimerisation is thought to occur at the dimer initiation site (DIS) located in stem-loop 1 (SL-1), downstream of the main packaging determinant. However, the HIV-2 packaging signal also contains a palindromic sequence (pal) involved in dimerisation. In this study, we analysed the role of the HIV-2 packaging signal in genomic RNA dimerisation in vivo and its implication in viral replication.

Results
Using a series of deletion and substitution mutants in SL-1 and the Psi region, we show that in fully infectious HIV-2, genomic RNA dimerisation is mediated by the palindrome pal. Mutation of the DIS had no effect on dimerisation or viral infectivity, while mutations in the packaging signal severely reduce both processes as well as RNA encapsidation. Electron micrographs of the Psi-deleted virions revealed a significant reduction in the proportion of mature particles and an increase in that of particles containing multiple cores.

Conclusion
In addition to its role in RNA encapsidation, the HIV-2 packaging signal contains a palindromic sequence that is critical for genomic RNA dimerisation. Encapsidation of a dimeric genome seems required for the production of infectious mature particles, and provides a promising therapeutic target.
Activation of HIV-1 expression and replication by cGMP dependent protein kinase type 1-β (PKG1β)
Authors: Lee Jia Hai , Yedavalli Venkat RK , Jeang Kuan-Teh 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The effect of cGMP (cyclic GMP) dependent protein kinase 1-β (PKG1-β) and cGMP analogues on transcriptional activity and replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was investigated. Transfection of PKG1β expression plasmid increased expression from an HIV-1 LTR-reporter as well as from an infectious HIV-1 molecular clone, pNL4-3. Treatment of HIV-1 AD8-infected monocyte derived macrophages (MDMs) with cGMP agonists and cGMP antagonists caused respectively increased and decreased virus replication. These findings provide evidence that cGMP and PKG serve to regulate HIV-1 infection in human cells.
Phase I/II Study of Sequential Dose-Intensified Ifosfamide, Cisplatin, and Etoposide Plus Paclitaxel As Induction Chemotherapy for Poor Prognosis Germ Cell Tumors by the German Testicular Cancer Study Group
Authors: Hartmann Jörg T. , Gauler Thomas , Metzner Bernd , Gerl Arthur , Casper Jochen , Rick Oliver , Horger Marius , Schleicher Jan , Derigs Günter , Mayer-Steinacker Regine , Beyer Jörg , Kuczyk Markus A. , Bokemeyer Carsten 
Published: December 2007

Purpose To evaluate the feasibility and the toxicity of sequential, dose-intensified chemotherapy combined with paclitaxel plus peripheral blood–derived hematopoietic stem-cell support (PBSC) for patients with untreated metastatic germ cell tumors (GCTs) who have poor International Germ Cell Consensus Cancer Group prognostic features. Patients and Methods Paclitaxel was added to high-dose (HD) etoposide, ifosfamide, and cisplatin (VIP; etoposide 1,500 mg/m2, ifosfamide 10,000 mg/m2, and cisplatin 100 mg/m2; cumulative dose; days −6 through −2 per cycle) at three dose levels (135, 175, and 225 mg/m2) applied on day −6. Cycles were supported by PBSC and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. One cycle of standard VIP was administered before start of HD-VIP plus paclitaxel cycles to collect autologous PBSC. Results Fifty-two of 53 patients receiving 152 cycles were assessable. As expected, myelosuppression was the major adverse effect. Median durations of leukocytes less than 1,000/μL and thrombocytes less than 25,000/μL were 6 and 4 days, respectively, independently of the dose of paclitaxel applied. WHO grade 2 neurotoxicity and grade 3 encephalopathy were observed in 5% of patients each. Other main adverse effects observed were stomatitis, diarrhea, and obstipation. Seventy-nine percent of patients achieved a favorable response to chemotherapy plus secondary surgery. After a median follow-up time of 41 months in surviving patients, the calculated 2- and 5-year survival rates were 77.6% (95% CI, 65.4% to 89.9%) and 75.2% (95% CI, 62.5% to 87.8%), respectively. Conclusion Dose-intensive, sequential HD-VIP plus paclitaxel up to a dose of 225 mg/m2 in patients with poor prognosis GCT is a feasible approach. The regimen warrants investigation for its therapeutic potential in an expanded cohort of poor prognosis GCT patients.
Ionic Liquids Then and Now: From Solvents to Materials to Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Authors: Hough Whitney L , Rogers Robin D 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have evolved from salts studied primarily for their physical properties (low melting salts which could be used as solvents) to tunable materials based upon the physical, chemical, and now even biological properties that can be introduced through either ion. In this perspective, we follow this interesting evolution with respect to our work in this growing field, and discuss possible future directions, such as the use of ILs as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
Studies on Two- and Three-Dimensional π-Conjugated Systems with Unique Structures and Properties
Authors: Komatsu Koichi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A series of two-dimensional, cyclic π-conjugated systems with the six-membered to eight-membered rings as well as polycyclic aromatic compounds and sulfur-containing compounds, which were fully surrounded by rigid bicyclic σ-frameworks, were synthesized and their structures and properties elucidated. This structural modification is characteristic to cause an elevation of the HOMO levels of neutral π-systems and to stabilize remarkably the corresponding cationic systems by both thermodynamic and kinetic effects. In contrast to annelation with a strain-free bicyclic system, such as bicyclo[2.2.2]octene, annelation with a more strained system, such as bicyclo[2.1.1]hexene, brings about a large bond fixation effect upon the cyclic π-system. Thus, π-conjugated systems with quite unusual electronic structures can be prepared by using combination of these structural modifications. As another example of unusual structure, a novel three-dimensional π-conjugated system, i.e., fullerene encapsulating molecular hydrogen, was synthesized from empty fullerene using organic reactions. This is taken as an entirely new approach to the endohedral fullerenes, of which the production has so far relied only on physical methods.
Evidence for Encaging Luminescent Guest Molecules in the Inner Cages of Zeolite Host
Authors: Kataoka Tomoharu , Mozer Attila J , Tsukahara Yasunori , Yamauchi Tomohisa , Wada Yuji 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Clear evidence for encaging guest molecules in a host material was obtained for FAU-type zeolite containing fluorescein (FL) as a guest by employing the luminescence-quenching phenomenon of FL with C60. Whereas fluorescence of FL molecules adsorbed on the outer surface of the zeolite was effectively quenched as well as that in a homogeneous solution, that of the most FL molecules in the cages of the zeolite did not suffer from quenching by C60, giving clear evidence that FL molecules are located in the inner cages, which are inaccessible to C60. Only the fluorescence of the FL molecules located in the cages in the outermost unit cells of the zeolite was partially quenched. This partial quenching can be understood by considering the structure of the zeolite and the critical distance of electron transfer inducing the fluorescence quenching.
Cyano-Bridged Gadolinium–Tungstate Bimetallic One-Dimensional Chains with a Dimethylacetamide Ligand
Authors: Kosaka Wataru , Hashimoto Kazuhito , Ohkoshi Shin-ichi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Reaction of GdIII(NO)3·6H2O and (Bu3NH)3[WV(CN)8] (Bu3N = tributylamine) in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) yielded two types of Gd–W bimetal assemblies with noncentrosymmetric crystal structures: GdIII(DMA)n[WV(CN)8] (n=6, 1; n=5, 2). X-ray single crystal analyses showed that 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic system of the Cc space group (a=12.6254(6) Å, b=16.8052(8) Å, c=20.2499(11) Å, β=103.2893(18)°, Z=4), and 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic system of the P21 space group (a=9.761(2) Å, b=19.573(5) Å, c=10.502(4) Å, β=109.247(12)°, Z=2). These two crystals consist of one-dimensional linear chains, in which [GdIII(DMA)n]3+ and [WV(CN)8]3− ions are linked in an alternating fashion. The difference between these two compounds, that is, 1 contains eight-coordinate GdIII whereas 2 contains seven-coordinate GdIII, is due to the temperature during preparation. Magnetic data showed that the magnetic interaction between GdIII (S=7⁄2) and WV (S=1⁄2) is antiferromagnetic coupling of −0.28(1) cm−1 for 1 and −0.42(1) cm−1 for 2.
Spin-Crossover Behavior of Isomorphous Bi- and Mononuclear Iron(III) Complexes
Authors: Imatomi Shinya , Sato Tetsuya , Hamamatsu Takefumi , Kitashima Ryoko , Matsumoto Naohide 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Isomorphous bi- and mononuclear iron(III) complexes, [FeIII2L2(bimb)](BPh4)2 (1) and [FeIIIL(meim)]BPh4 (2), where H2L = bis(3-methoxysalicylideneaminopropyl)amine, bimb = 1,4-bisimidazolylbutane, meim = N-methylimidazole, and BPh4− = tetraphenylborate, respectively, were synthsized. Binuclear complex 1 showed a two-step spin-crossover (SCO) behavior at T1⁄2=60 and 90 K, whereas mononuclear complex 2 showed a one-step SCO behavior at T1⁄2=215 K. The different SCO behavior can be ascribed to the quasi-one-dimensional structure constructed by π–π stacking and the binuclear structure.
Nucleophilic Substitution Accompanying Carbon–Carbon Bond Cleavage Assisted by a Nitro Group
Authors: Nakaike Yumi , Taba Noriko , Itoh Shinobu , Tobe Yoshito , Nishiwaki Nagatoshi , Ariga Masahiro 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A 2-nitrated 3-oxoester reacted with amines or alcohols to afford unsymmetrical malonic acid derivatives as a result of nucleophilic substitution accompanying C–C bond cleavage. The 2-nitrated 3-oxoester easily formed ammonium salts with amines. When the amine is liberated from the salt under equilibrium, nucleophilic amine and electrophilic keto ester locate close to each other. This intimate pair effect causes a pseudo intramolecular reaction to occur, giving rise to effective substitution under mild conditions.