bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification and characterization of excreted/secreted products of Trichuris trichiura
Authors: LILLYWHITE J. E. , COOPER E. S. , NEEDHAM C. S. , VENUGOPAL S. , BUNDY D. A. P. , BIANCO A. E. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThis study provides the first description of the range and immunogenicity of proteins excreted and/or secreted by living T. trichiura adult worms following their recovery from the human large intestine. Metabolic labelling ofT. trichiura excretory/secretory (ES) products with [35S]‐methionine revealed a range of proteins with prominent components at 52–54 kDa, 35–45 kDa & 17 kDa. In contrast, the major component of unlabelled T. trichiura ES, somatic whole worm and isolated stichosome extracts, and of [35S]‐methionine labelled somatic extracts, was present at approximately 47 kDa. Similarly, the major 43 kDa protein present in unlabelled T. muris ES, somatic worm extract and [35S]‐methionine labelled somatic worm extract, was only weakly detected in labelled T. muris ES. Pulse chase experiments demonstrated that after 20 h, the 43 kDa was a prominent component of T. muris ES. These data suggest that the 43/47 kDa protein of Trichuris adult worms is not a major constituent of newly synthesized ES but is either synthesized at a slower rate than other proteins, or sequestered or stored, most likely in the stichocytes, before release. Immunoprecipitations using a range of sera from T. trichiura‐infec ted individuals demonstrated that many of the ES components are immunogenic. Antibody responses were vigorous in children with intense infections and negligible in parasitologically negative children. There was marked heterogeneity in responses to a 17 kDa antigen, with the age profile of anti‐17 kDa antibody levels reflecting age‐dependent infection intensities at the population level.
Immunity in humans toNecator americanus‐.IgE, parasite weight and fecundity
Authors: PRITCHARD D. I. , QUINNELL R. J. , WALSH E. A. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe effect of the humoral immune response on the weight and fecundity of the hookworm Necator americanus was examined in an endemically‐infected human population. There was a highly significant negative correlation between total IgE levels and parasite weight and fecundity, after controlling for any effects of host age and hookworm burden. This correlation was present both at initial treatment and after 2 years' reinfection. There was a similar negative correlation between the number of eosinophils and hookworm weight and fecundity at initial treatment. Correlations with levels of specific antibodies to N. americanus excretory‐secretory products were weaker and not significant, although there was a trend towards negative correlations with anti‐ES IgE. This is the first field evidence for an effective human immune response to N. americanus. Although the mechanism of this effect is not clear, we suggest that total IgE levels reflected the level of Th2 cell activation.
Immunity to Trichinella spiralis transferred by serum from vaccinated mice not protected by immunization
Authors: ROBINSON K. , BELLABY T. , WAKELIN D. 
Published: October 2007

SummarySerum antibody responses to infection with the intestinal helminth Trichinella spiralis in mice remain at low levels for the first ten to 12 days, slowly increasing to high litres around day 20. It is thought that antibody, therefore, has a limited role in the primary immune response raised against this infection and this is confirmed by the inability of primary infection serum to transfer immunity adoptively. High‐responder NIH and low‐responder B10 mice were vaccinated with T.spiralis antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant prior to challenge. This procedure conferred significant protection on NIH mice but not B10. Sera from these mice were transferred into recipients before and during challenge infection. Significant levels of protection were obtained in both strains with both homologous and heterologous sera, even though vaccination itself had not resulted in protection of the B10 donor mice. These data indicate that the B10 strain is potentially capable of making a protective immune response against the intestinal phase of T.spiralis.
Nitric oxide inhibits establishment of macroschizont‐infected cell lines and is produced by macrophages of calves undergoing bovine tropical theileriosis or East Coast fever
Authors: VISSER ASTRID E. , ABRAHAM A. , SAKYI LESLEY J. BELL , BROWN C. G. D. , PRESTON PATRICIA M. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryNitric oxide (NO) was produced when bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or purified, adherent PBMC (macrophages) were incubated in vitro with bovine recombinant interferon gamma (Bo rIFN‐γ). NO was produced by cells from naive, uninfected calves as well as by cells from cattle either infected with or recovered from infection with Theileria annulata or Theileria parva. PBMC of cattle undergoing tropical theileriosis (T. annulata infection) or East Coast fever (T. parva infection) synthesized NO spontaneously in vitro. NO was also induced when PBMC of immune, but not of naive, cattle were cultured with T. annulata macroschizont‐infected cell lines. Macrophages alone were not stimulated to produce NO by such infected cells. In vitro establishment of macroschizont‐infected cell lines was suppressed either by incubating sporozoites with S‐nitroso‐N‐acetyl‐DL‐penicillamine (SNAP), a NO releasing molecule, prior to invasion of PBMC or by pulsing developing cultures of trophozoite‐infected cells with SNAP. Proliferation of established macroschizont‐infected cell lines was not affected by SNAP. Taken together with the well documented roles of NO in neurotransmission, vasodilatation, cell and tissue damage and immunosuppression, the results presented here indicate that NO may not only protect cattle against T. annulata and T. parva but, if produced in excess, play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of tropical theileriosis and East Coast fever.
Specific T cell unresponsiveness in human filariasis: diversity in underlying mechanisms
Authors: SARTONO ERLIYANI , KRUIZE YVONNE C.M. , PARTONO FELIX , KURNIAWAN AGNES , MAIZELS RICK M. , YAZDANBAKHSH MARIA 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYIn an attempt to overcome T cell unresponsiveness to filarial antigens, 65 individuals belonging to the three clinical groups of elephantiasis patients, microfilaraemics, and asymptomatic amicrofilaraemics who exhibited unresponsiveness to Brugia malayi adult worm antigen (BmA) were studied. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were co‐cultured with antigen and one of the following reagents that have been reported to be effective in reconstituting T cell proliferation: interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), interleukin‐7 (IL‐7), anti‐interleukin‐4, anti‐interleukin‐10, anti‐CD2, anti‐CD27, anti‐CD28, indomethacin, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), or calcium ionophore (A23I87). We were able to overcome antigen‐specific unresponsiveness in only a minority of the individuals studied. Co‐culture with IL‐2, IL‐7, indomethacin and PMA were the only conditions which resulted in enhanced proliferation to BmA in these individuals. In general, unresponsiveness in elephantiasis patients was easier to reverse than in other clinical groups: in 50% of elephantiasis patients, in 12.5% of microfilaraemics and in 20% of asymptomatic amicrofilaraemics. The results indicate that more than one distinct immunological mechanism may account for the antigen‐specific unresponsiveness in individuals exposed to and infected with brugian filariasis.
Acquisition and expression of humoral reactivity to antigens of infective stages of filarial larvae
Authors: BAILEY JOSEPH W. , HIGHTOWER ALLEN W. , EBERHARD MARK L. , LAMMIE PATRICK J. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYMeasurement of anti‐larval responses in filaria‐exposed populations may shed light on the natural history of exposure to Wuchereria bancrofti. Using serum samples obtained by a cross‐sectional survey of 172 individuals from two neighbourhoods in Leogane, Haiti, antibody responses directed against infective stage filarial larvae (L3) were assayed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence (IFA), and immunoblot for the presence of anti‐larval antibodies. ELISA results indicated that virtually all members of both neighbourhoods mounted an anti‐larval antibody response within the first five years of life, suggesting that exposure to infection is universal. In a multiple linear regression analysis that modelled antibody levels as a function of age, gender, microfilaria status, and neighbourhood (as a proxy for transmission intensity), isotype‐specific antibody levels were found to be significantly influenced by both age and neighbourhood. Antibodies directed against the surface of L3 also were age‐dependent; the prevalence of IgG antibodies detected by IF A was significantly higher in children than in adults. The prevalence of antibody recognition of 16–7 and 72–3kDa L3 antigens on immunoblots was significantly greater for serum samples from microfilaraemic than amicrofilaraemic persons. These results suggest that antibody responses to larval antigens are influenced to varying degrees by age, transmission intensity, and microfilaremia status.
Effect of chemotherapy on immune response to egg antigens of Schistosoma mansoni in chronically infected children from areas of low transmission
Authors: NOYA O. , LOSADA S. , NOYA B. ALARCÓN DE , GONZÁLEZ S. , HERMOSO T. , BALZAN C. , CESARI I.M. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYIn an attempt to identify antigenic molecules from Schistosoma mansoni eggs, a serological study was performed on children of a Venezuelan town (Carabal‐leda) in which the transmission of schistosomiasis had been interrupted two years prior to sera sampling. Infected children received treatment with Praziquantel and, based on the disappearance of eggs in the stools plus negativiza‐tion of the circumoval precipitin test (COPT) one year after treatment, they were classified as either responders or non‐responders to chemotherapy. Western blots of soluble egg antigen (SEA) with a very sensitive chemiluminescent substrate were performed. Sera from responder children recognized a 25kDa band of SEA which diminished significantly after treatment. This was less frequent in non‐responder children. When the sera of responder and non‐responder children were compared before treatment, we found that the recognition of the 40 and 41 kDa proteins could be predictive of response to chemotherapy. All these antigens, used in ELISA‐type techniques, might be of importance in the evaluation and follow‐up of large scale schistosome control programmes.
Suppressor macrophages in Trypanosoma brucei infection: nitric oxide is related to both suppressive activity and lifespan in vivo
Authors: MABBOTT NEIL A. , SUTHERLAND IAN A. , STERNBERG JEREMY M. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYAfrican trypanosome infections cause immunosuppression in both experimental rodent and natural hosts. One characteristic of this is an eliciting of suppressor macrophages which results in an unresponsiveness in lymphocytes. Macrophages from Trypanosoma brucei‐infected mice have previously been shown to produce high levels of nitric oxide (NO). Using model systems based on in vivo macrophage transfer and drug cure, we have sought to determine the relationship between NO and suppressed lymphocyte responses. Peritoneal macrophages from T. brucei‐infected mice inhibited the Concanavalin A (Con‐A) response of spleen cells from syngeneic recipients 3–4 days after transfer in vivo due to the activity of suppressor macrophages. When macrophage NO synthesis was inhibited either in vitro or in vivo the suppressive effects were partially abrogated. These data provide evidence of a role for NO in mediating immunosuppression during murine T. brucei infection. Suppression in spleens of mice receiving suppressor macrophages was transient, with total recovery of spleen cell mitogen responses six days after transfer. Suppression and recovery was found to coincide with the presence or absence (respectively) of donor macrophages in recipient spleens. When T. brucei‐infected mice were treated with a curative dose of a trypanocide there followed a recovery of lymphocyte responsiveness after a period of 4–5 days, and this directly correlated with a reduction of macrophage NO synthesis to control levels both in vivo and in vitro. The apparent loss of suppressor macrophage activity after 4–6 days in both drug cured animals and recipients of macrophage transfer was shown to be due to NO‐mediated apoptosis of these cells.
Induction of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in efferent lymph responding to Toxoplasma gondii infection: analysis of phenotype and function
Authors: INNES ELISABETH A. , PANTON WENDY R.M. , SANDERSON ANDREW , THOMSON KATHERINE M. , WASTLING JONATHAN M. , MALEY STEPHEN , BUXTON DAVID 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYThe kinetics of induction of T cell responses were examined in efferent lymph from a node draining the site of a primary inoculation of Toxoplasma gondii. The numbers of T cells increased after infection, due initially to an expansion of the CD4+ T cell population followed by an increase in the number of CD8+ T cells which coincided with the peak lymphoblast response. Proliferative responses of CD4+ T cells to T. gondii antigen were detectable from day six after infection and immune efferent lymph cells inhibited the intracellular multiplication of T. gondii in vitro. Optimum inhibition was achieved using CD8+ T cells restimulated in vitro, and the effector function appeared to be directed preferentially against the autologous rather than the allogeneic infected target cell. The results provide unique information on the induction of immune responses to T. gondii in vivo and provide evidence that both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are necessary for the development of protective immunity induced by the S48 strain of T. gondii which is used as a live vaccine in sheep.
Protective effect of low doses of an anti‐IL‐4 monoclonal antibody in a murine model of acute toxoplasmosis
Authors: VILLARD O. , CANDOLFI E. , DESPRINGRE J. L. , DEROUIN F. , MARCELLIN L. , VIVILLE S. , KIEN T. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYTreatment with an anti‐IL‐4 monoclonal antibody protected susceptible C57BL/6 mice against challenge with an avirulent strain of T. gondii. Antibody therapy with 100 [ig on days 0 and 7 post infection resulted in 100% survival of C57/BL6 mice infected orally. Survival was dose‐dependent. Treatment prolonged parasitaemia but did not alter tissue parasite load. Increased serum IgG2a and IFN‐γ levels, together with low levels of IgG1, in mice treated with anti‐IL‐4 or an isotype control, indicated a trend towards a predominant Thl response in all survivors. The persistence of an IgE response after treatment suggests that endogenous IL‐4 was only partly neutralized or that other factors can induce the production of IgE in murine toxoplasmosis.,
A survey of the burden of allergic rhinitis in the USA
Authors: Schatz M. 
Published: October 2007

Background:  A prospective, cross‐sectional, international survey was conducted among patients and physicians to identify symptom perception and the impact of allergic rhinitis (AR) on health‐related quality of life (HRQoL). This paper presents the results from the USA.Methods:  Data were recorded by 447 patients and matched with data collected on these patients by primary care physicians or specialists. Tests to confirm a diagnosis of AR had been performed on 345 (77.2%) patients. Because of the intermittent nature of the disease, both physicians and patients recorded the presence, severity and impact of symptoms at the time of consultation, in addition to symptoms frequently, but not currently, present. Health‐related quality of life was assessed using the Mini Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire.Results:  According to the physicians’ assessment, a large proportion of patients had moderate or severe disease (62.6%; n = 280), persistent disease (47.0%; n = 213) and comorbidities such as asthma (28.4%; n = 127). Comparison of the physicians’ and patients’ assessment of disease severity found that patients rated their disease as more severe than physicians across all three types of AR (P < 0.001). At the time of the consultation, 44.0% (n = 197) of patients were suffering from nasal and ocular symptoms, and 23.7% (n = 106) of all patients reported that their current nasal and ocular symptoms were moderate or severe in nature. More than 50% of the patients surveyed (56.4%; n = 252) were using two or more medications for their AR. Health‐related quality of life correlated negatively with the number of symptom‐free days in the previous 4 weeks. Allergic rhinitis had a significantly greater impact on patients with more persistent disease compared with those with intermittent disease (2.3 ± 1.3 vs 1.4 ± 1.1; P < 0.001); nevertheless, approximately two‐thirds of patients with intermittent disease reported some impairment of their professional or daily life as a result of AR.Conclusions:  The results of this survey highlight the unmet needs of the many patients in the USA who present during routine care with moderate or severe and/or persistent disease and an associated high symptom burden and impaired HRQoL.
Fungal skin infections among prison inmates in Abakaliki, Nigeria
Authors: Oyeka C. A. , Eze I. I. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryOf 402 prison inmates screened for fungal skin lesions, 79 (19.7%) showed skin lesions, which proved mycologically positive by microscopy and culture. Dermatophytes were responsible for skin lesions in 61 (77.2%) of the inmates, while non‐dermatophytes accounted for 18 (22.8%) of the lesions. The dermatophytes recovered were mostly anthropophilic and included Trichophyton rubrum 33 (41.8%); T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale 3 (3.8%); T. tonsurans 3 (3.8%); T. violaceum 2 (2.5%); Epidermophyton floccosum 10 (12.7%). A zoophilic dermatophyte, Microsporum canis, was recovered from 10 (12.7%) cases. The non‐dermatophytes were Candida albicans 15 (19%) and Candida spp. 3 (3.8%). Trichophyton rubrum was the most frequently recovered dermatophyte (41.8%) and caused infections in a variety of sites. The groin was the most common site of infection being infected in 50% of the cases by both the dermatophytes and non‐dermatophytes. Younger inmates (17–24 years) recorded the highest prevalence of infection (45.6%). Newer inmates (>2 years) were found to be more infected than older ones.
Untersuchungen über die tryptische Enzymaktivität in Geschlechtssekreten von Bullen
Authors: Waldschmidt Von M. , Hoffmann B. , Karg H. 
Published: October 2007

Inhalt:Im Inhalt von Nebenhodenschwanz und Samenleiterampulle sowie in Ejakulaten von Bullen konnte ein Trypsin‐ähnliches Enzym nachgewiesen werden. Dieses Enzym ist an die Spermien gebunden. Durch die Waschung der Spermien wird diese enzymatische Aktivität gesteigert, da durch den Waschvorgang ein aus den kontaminierenden Sekreten stammender Hemmstoff entfernt wird. Dieser hitzestabile Inhibitor, der auch kristallisiertes Trypsin hemmt, ist in den Sekreten der Samenleiterampulle und vor allem der Vesikulardrüse in hoher Konzentration vorhanden.Contents:A trypsin‐like enzyme was found to be present in the contents of the tail of the epididymis and spermatic duct ampulla and in ejaculate from bulls. This enzyme is connected with the sperms. If sperms are washed this enzymatic activity is increased, as washing removes inhibitory material formed by contaminating secretions. This inhibitor, stable to heat, which also inhibits crystallised trypsin, is present in high concentration in secretions of the spermatic duct ampulla and especially of the vesicular glands.
Absorptionsmessungen an Bullenspermien im ultravioletten Licht1)
Authors: Berchtold Von M. 
Published: October 2007

Inhalt:Von insgesamt 149 Spermien einer frisch ejakulierten und einer stoffwechselmäβig erschöpften Spermaprobe von einem Höhenfleckvieh‐Bullen und einem Bullen des gelben Frankenviebs, sowie von 16 menschlichen Spermien wurde die UV‐Absorption bei 258 mμ bestimmt. Das Verhältnis der mittleren Gesamtextinktionen zwischen Bullenspermien und menschlichen Spermien betrug 1,3. Die Unterschiede zwischen den frischen und den gelagerten Spermien waren bei einem Bullen signifikant (P &< C 0,025). Ebenso bestand ein signifikanter Unterschied zwischen den erschöpften Spermien der beiden Bullen (P &< C 0,05). Die möglichen Ursachen der beobachteten Unterschiede werden diskutiert.Contents:The UV absorbance at 258 mμ, of a total of 149 bull spermatozoa and of 16 human spermatozoa was determined. From each of two bulls of different breeds, freshly ejaculated and metabolically exhausted cells were examined. The ratio of the mean absorbance of bovine and human spermatozoa was 1.3. The difference between fresh and old spermatozoa was significant in one bull (P &< C 0.025). There was also a significant difference between the exhausted semen samples of the two bulls (P &< 0.05). Possible reasons for the observed differences are discussed.
Familiäres Vorkommen der zentromeren Chromosomenfusion beim Rind*
Authors: Rieck Von G. W. , Höhn H. , Herzog A. 
Published: October 2007

Inhalt: 1. Bei einer rotbunten Kuh und bei drei von vier ihrer untersuchten Nachkommen fand sich in Karyogrammen aus Blutzellkulturen eine zentromere Fusion zweier intakter Autosomen, so daß ein “neues” submetazentrisches Chromosom entstanden war. Der Karyotyp wies bei diesen Tieren 2n = 57 + XX‐Chromosomen auf. 6% der Metaphasenplatten eines dieser Tiere batten insgesamt nur 58 Chromosomen. 2. Die Autosomenfusion war phänotypisch belanglos, da alle betroffenen Tiere morphologisch und funktionell normal waren, bis auf eines, das eine Farbanomalie (Dreifarbigkeit) des Haarkleides zeigte. 3. Die zentromere Chromosomenfusion wird als Modifikation drr genetiscb gesteuerten artspezifischen Ausformung des chromosomalen Materials im Verlauf der Mitose angesehen. Sie wird in dominanter Form vererbt. 4. Nach klinischen und hämatologischen Befunden bei den betroffenen Tieren können Zusammenhänge rnit der Leukose des Rindes verneint werden.
Vergleichende Untersuchungen über Spermadichtemessungen rnit der THOMA‐Kammer NEU, dem EPPENDORF‐Photometer und dem COULTER‐COUNTER Mod. B bei Bullenejakulaten
Authors: Stranzinger Von G. , Paufler S. 
Published: October 2007

Inhalt: Mit 3 verschiedenen Methoden (Kammerzahlung, Photometermessung u. elektronische Partikelzählung rnit Coulter Counter B) wurde die Dichte von 103 Bullenejakulaten bestimmt und die Ergebnisse verglichen. Die Unterschiede zwischen den 3 Methoden waren hochsignifikant (P < 0,005), wobei die Varianz zwischen Coulter‐u. Kammerzählung gering, aber zwiscben Coulter‐u. Photometermessung und Photometer‐u. Kammerzählung signifikant war (P < 0,05).Die Wiederholbarkeit war bei Anwendung des elektronischen Zählverfahrens mit r = 0,98 außerordentlich hoch, Lei Anwendung der Kammerzählung dagegen mit r = 0,92 geringer. Mit dern Photometer wurde je Ejakulat nur eine Messung vorgenommen.Der Coulter hat nicht die Fähigkeit zwischen Spermien und anderen etwa gleichgroßen Partikel zu unterscheiden. Demzufolge lagen die Coulterwerte im Durchschnitt um 11%über denen der Kammerzählungen. Unter Zugrundelegung der Kammerwerte kann die Umrechnung der zu hohen Coulterwerte auf die tatsächliche Spermadichte ohne besonderen Aufwand rnit Hilfe einer Regressionsgeraden erfolgen.Wegen der Genauigkeit und der Schnelligkeit der Dichtemessung mit dem Coulter Counter Mod. B wird die Anwendung dieser Methode in der Praxis empfohlen.