bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thrombophlebitis of the great saphenous vein – recommendations for treatment
Authors: Hill S L , Hancock D H , Webb T L 
Published: March 2008

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of great saphenous vein (GSV) thrombosis in symptomatic patients and its possible relationship to complications usually attributed to deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Methods To quantitate the frequency of GSV thrombosis and evaluate its possible morbidity, we reviewed all the venous studies, both inpatient and outpatient, at a Level I Trauma Center over one year. The charts of all patients who had a thrombus in the GSV, either alone or in combination with a DVT, were examined. Results A total of 2646 lower extremity venous scans were done in the year studied. In this group, there were 388 (14.5%) positive studies for a DVT. There were 36 (9.3%) patients in this group who had a DVT of the lower extremity and a thrombus in the GSV. In the total group, there were 30 patients (1.1%) with a superficial thrombophlebitis of the GSV alone. In these patients, 22 (73%) either showed cephalad progression of the thrombus, symptoms of shortness of breath, a mobile tip in the thrombus or extension of the thrombus into the common femoral vein. Five patients (16.6%), after failing medical therapy (heparin, bed rest and antibiotics), underwent surgical treatment. Conclusions Thrombophlebitis of the GSV, although not very common, needs to be carefully followed with a repeat duplex scan to determine if there is propagation of the thrombus. This study shows that thrombophlebitis of the GSV can cause many of the complications attributed to deep venous thrombi and, therefore, must be thoroughly evaluated, followed, and, if necessary, treated.
Non-infected, non-haematic fluid collections after endovenous laser ablation of the saphenous veins: a noteworthy complication
Authors: d'Othée B Janne , Ghiorse D 
Published: March 2008

Objectives To describe an uncommon complication after endovenous laser ablation (EVLA) of the saphenous veins and its percutaneous management. Methods Symptomatic greater saphenous vein reflux was successfully treated by EVLA using standard technique. Local pain, redness and swelling around the prior percutaneous access site were investigated at the clinical and duplex ultrasonographic follow-up visit one week later. Results Duplex ultrasonography demonstrated a subcutaneous fluid collection with surrounding hyperechogenicity. Needle aspiration of the collection under real-time ultrasound guidance allowed complete evacuation of the clear yellowish fluid. Immediate symptom relief was observed. Direct examination and anaerobic and aerobic culture of the fluid were negative. No further complication was observed during the following 11 months of follow-up. Conclusions Seroma after EVLA is a rare but possible complication, while haematomas and infections seem much scarcer. Diagnosis is easily made by duplex ultrasonography. Treatment by fine needle aspiration can successfully relieve symptoms without delayed recurrence.
Classification of saphenous refluxes: implications for treatment
Authors: Pittaluga P , Chastanet S , Rea B , Barbe R 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine the possible correlations of patient age, symptoms and signs with findings of Doppler duplex examination in limbs with varicose veins. Methods A total of 2275 ultrasound examinations were done on 2275 limbs of 1751 patients (421 men and 1330 women). Ages ranged from 21 to 94 years (mean 50). Symptoms of aching, heaviness, burning pain (venous neuropathy) were recorded, and signs of ankle hyperpigmentation, scars of healed ulcers and presence of open venous ulcers were noted. Results Presence of symptoms was associated with advancing patient age (50.7 vs. 48.8 years). Varicose veins without great saphenous reflux correlated with younger age (43 vs. 53.5 years). Presence of saphenofemoral junctional incompetence correlated with an older age (54.7 vs. 49.8 years), and reflux to the ankle (Hach stage IV) also correlated with older age (mean 63.7 years). A younger age was associated with less advanced signs (C0–C2: 49.1 vs. C4–C6: 60.1 years). Saphenous vein reflux without clinical varices was associated with more advanced signs (C4–C6: 21.3%). Conclusions Ageing is associated with advancing clinical symptoms, signs and increasing multifocal reflux in limbs with venous insufficiency. These facts support the concept of early treatment of venous insufficiency before predictable deterioration occurs.
A Logit Model of Brand Choice Calibrated on Scanner Data
Authors: Guadagni Peter M. , Little John D. C. 
Published: March 2008

Amultinomial logit model of brand choice, calibrated on 32 weeks of purchases of regular ground coffee by 100 households, shows high statistical significance for the explanatory variables of brand loyalty, size loyalty, presence/absence of store promotion, regular shelf price and promotional price cut. The model is parsimonious in that the coefficients of these variables are modeled to be the same for all coffee brand-sizes. The calibrated model predicts remarkably well the share of purchases by brand-size in a hold-out sample of 100 households over the 32-week calibration period and a subsequent 20-week forecast period. The success of the model is attributed in part to the level of detail and completeness of the household panel data employed, which has been collected through optical scanning of the Universal Product Code in supermarkets. Three short-term market response measures are calculated from the model: regular (depromoted) price elasticity of share, percent increase in share for a promotion with a median price cut, and promotional price cut elasticity of share. Response varies across brand-sizes in a systematic way with large share brand-sizes showing less response in percentage terms but greater in absolute terms. On the basis of the model a quantitative picture emerges of groups of loyal customers who are relatively insensitive to marketing actions and a pool of switchers who are quite sensitive. This article was originally published in Marketing Science, Volume 2, Issue 3, pages 203–238, in 1983.
Managing Channel Profits
Authors: Jeuland Abel , Shugan Steven M. 
Published: March 2008

Achannel of distribution consists of different channel members each having his own decision variables. However, each channel member's decisions do affect the other channel members' profits and, as a consequence, actions. A lack of coordination of these decisions can lead to undesirable consequences. For example, in the simple manufacturer-retailer-consumer channel, uncoordinated and independent channel members' decisions over margins result in a higher price paid by the consumer than if those decisions were coordinated. In addition, the ensuing suboptimal volume leads to lower profits for both the manufacturer and the retailer. This paper explores the problems inherent in channel coordination. We address the following questions. —What is the effect of channel coordination? —What causes a lack of coordination in the channel? —How difficult is it to achieve channel coordination? —What mechanisms exist which can achieve channel coordination? —What are the strengths and weaknesses of these mechanism? —What is the role of nonprice variables (e.g., manufacturer advertising, retailer shelf-space) in coordination? —Does the lack of coordination affect normative implications from in-store experimentation? —Can quantity discounts be a coordination mechanism? —Are some marketing practices actually disguised quantity discounts? We review the literature and present a simple formulation illustrating the roots of the coordination problem. We then derive the form of the quantity discount schedule that results in optimum channel profits. This article was originally published in Marketing Science, Volume 2, Issue 3, pages 239–272, in 1983.
Use of Anticoagulation in Elderly Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Who Are at Risk for Falls
Authors: Garwood Candice L , Corbett Tia L 
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate data addressing use of anticoagulation in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), in particular those at risk of falls. DATA SOURCES: Primary literature was identified through PubMed MEDLINE (1966–December 2007) and EMBASE (1980–December 2007) using the search terms anticoagulation, warfarin, aspirin, elderly, falls, older persons, atrial fibrillation, bleeding, education, stroke, and use. Additional references were obtained through review of references from articles obtained. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Clinical studies evaluating warfarin and aspirin efficacy in AF, as well as studies evaluating anticoagulation and falls, elderly patients, and bleeding were considered for inclusion. Selection emphasis was placed on randomized studies of AF and those evaluating anticoagulation and falls. DATA SYNTHESIS: Uncertainties over the optimal treatment for elderly patients with AF still exist. Variance in the guidelines is reflected in current practice, as some discrepancies are present. Warfarin is underprescribed in elderly patients, with only about 50% of eligible patients receiving therapy. Falls are most often cited as the reason for not using anticoagulants in an elderly patient. Three risk–benefit analyses have been performed, and all found that despite risks associated with warfarin, its benefits outweigh its risks even in patients who fall. Warfarin should be used rather than aspirin or no therapy in elderly patients at risk of falls. Anticoagulation education has been shown to reduce the risk of bleeding in the elderly and should be a vital part of warfarin management. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of falls alone should not automatically disqualify a person from being treated with warfarin. While falls should not dictate anticoagulant choice, assessment and management of fall risk should be an important part of anticoagulation management. Efforts should be made to minimize fall risk.
Automatisierte hämatologische Analytik in kleinen, mittleren und großen Laboratorien sowie in der Transfusionsmedizin / Automatic haematology analyser systems for small, middle and large laboratories and for transfusion medicine
Authors: Lehner Joachim , Greve Burkhard , Cassens Uwe 
Published: March 2008

Zusammenfassung
Ein ständiger, sich beschleunigender Fortschritt in der hämatologischen Diagnostik führte von mehr philosophisch zu betrachtenden Denkansätzen im alten Griechenland zu den logisch geprägten Grundlagen in der Methodik der Untersuchung menschlichen Bluts in den letzten zwei Jahrhunderten. Das 20. Jahrhundert war vor dem Hintergrund industrieller Standardisierung das Zeitalter der Perfektionierung etablierter Verfahren in der Hämatologie, die von Menschen bedient wurden. Im 21. Jahrhundert wurden moderne Computer- und Netzwerktechniken in komplexe Gerätesysteme integriert, die untereinander mechanisch und logisch über algorithmisch geprägte Regelsysteme verbunden sind. Die Automation in der Hämatologie erlaubt heute, weitestgehend ohne menschliche Eingriffe, eine umfassende, hochpräzise Diagnostik, die am Beispiel von vier modernen Analysesystemen vorgestellt wird. Diese Diagnostik ist nicht nur in der Patientenversorgung von hoher Relevanz, sondern auch bei der Untersuchung von Blutspendern und Blutprodukten.
Evaluating Exploratory Well: Comparison of Rig or Rig Less Testing Strategy
Authors: Mohammed Khalifa R. , Massacese Alberto Danny , Goldschild Eric , Fernandez Betria Javier , Perrin Patrick , Caillet Ludovic 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Efficient Evaluation for an exploratory well with multiple targets is the key to achieve the exploration objectives and success. For that, define Test Strategy has become a critical issue for most of the operators. However, it has not received yet attention in the literature.
The main goal of this paper is to formulate a discussion for well-testing strategy and management approach that meets exploratory evaluation objectives in the most effective and economical way. It can be achieved through good understanding of the following.Exploration commitmentsExploratory well: aim of evaluation through well testingWell test design and implementationEnvironmental issuesTesting method: economic evaluationPerforating and testing managementDST rig operations versus rig-less testing evaluation
Proper weighting of the previously mentioned points will help to decide the suitable testing technique; retrievable DST string or permanent completion testing string, in other words Rig or Rig less operations. Reservoirs of high uncertainties on the expected response require flexible techniques that can handle any unexpected conditions. They are thus candidate for retrievable DST string rig operation. Otherwise reservoirs of lower uncertainties are usually candidate for permanent completion to test on rig less operations without DHSI (Down Hole Shut-in Tool).
The majors benefits of the permanent completion testing string over the retrievable DST testing operation are the flexibility in test time and that the rig could be free to drill new wells, mainly in the running times where is very difficult to find available rigs. Nevertheless, one need to weight Time spent versus Value before making a final decision. Few cases from Repsol Exploration SA wells will be presented and discussed.
An Innovative Tractor Design for Logging Openhole Soft Formation Horizontal Wells
Authors: Hashem Mohamed K. , AL-Dossari Saleh M. , Seifert Douglas , Hassaan Mohamed , Foubert Benoit 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
With many horizontal open hole completions beyond the reach of coiled tubing, the need arises for a reliable conveyance system to access the wells. Several types of tractors are available for cased-hole well completions. These tractors can be run in specific hard formation open hole horizontal wells, however all types failed in accessing openhole wells in softer formation.
Open-hole completions in carbonate formations have been quite challenging for tractors. Initially designed for cased-hole applications the major technical challenge is gripping in a soft formation with sufficient radial force to provide a required tractoring force whilst not slipping. The major gripping/slipping issues have been faced in formations with an Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) of less than 5000 PSI.
A new innovative design has been introduced that addresses the needs for logging these openhole horizontal wells in soft formations. Several phases took place in the development; such as design, laboratory testing, field testing, evaluation, upgrades and modifications.
The latest design was first tested in hard formations prior to the unique challenge of logging horizontal open hole wells in relatively soft formations. Fields where the new design was tested were considered a real challenge for all logging conveyance methods. Successful operational results have been achieved for the first time worldwide.
This paper describes the whole process history from challenge to success, giving clear steps towards successful logging of openhole soft formation horizontal wells. Discussed are the evaluation that led to the new tool design, tool design overview, laboratory and field tests, selection criteria of the candidate wells, review and screening of the well candidates and operational results.
Integrated Reservoir Management Approach Beats the Impact of Reservoir Heterogeneity, Injectivity Challenges, and Delayed Water Flood in Upper Burgan Reservoir in North Kuwait—A Case History
Authors: Chetri HB , El-Sabry Abd , Al-Mufarej Mishal , Al-Anzi Ealian 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Upper Burgan is a multi-layered reservoir in Sabiriyah Field of North Kuwait, currently undergoing initial phase of Water flood development. A highly complex reservoir with respect to reservoir heterogeneity; connectivity and structural compartmentalization based on detailed analogous study, the preliminary experience with the water flood performance was too dismal to achieve the target injection rates. A detailed channel mapping work has been completed which has enhanced the sub surface understanding to add value to the ongoing drilling/production and injection plans. Challenges posed by the heterogeneity and compartmentalization coupled with poor Injectivity initially slowed down the pace of the water flood development of the reservoir.
The Integrated Reservoir Management (IRM) approach with a distinctive strategy for depletion & pressure support for each of its segments has immensely helped the short term production build-up and sustaining the rates. The strategy is focused at producing the high reservoir pressure segments and managing the production from the depleted crestal part in tandem with ongoing water injection; aggressive pressure monitoring and cooperation from the operational teams. The current/short term drilling plan has been set to target the segments with higher reservoir pressures for well placement. The synergy with drilling activities in overlying Mauddud and underlying Lower Burgan reservoirs has helped in valuable data acquisition and swapping of wells for short term production requirements opportunistically.
The case history in the paper illustrates how the IRM approach in Upper Burgan is helping to manage & sustain the production rates at higher levels than predicted in the past, beating the impact of reservoir heterogeneity; Injectivity challenges and delayed water flood and at the same time, staying above the bubble point pressure.
Applied Natural Fracture Characterization Using Combination of Imagery and Transient Information: Case Studies from Cambro-Ordovician Tight Sandstones of Algeria
Authors: Bounoua Noureddine , Dozier George , Montaggioni Philippe , Etchecopar Arnaud 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA majority of the world's oil and gas reserves are locked in tight, "unconventional", reservoirs. Without the presence of fractures (natural or hydraulic), these tight reservoirs with matrix permeabilities, usually less than 0.1md and porosities between 3-10PU, do not produce commercially. While hydraulic fracturing is widely used to improve the economic viability of wells, and fields to that matter, the presence of natural fractures plays the same role in improving the flow mechanics.As an industry, there are many tools available which characterize the properties of a created hydraulic fracture from both the predictive and evaluative standpoint. This is important in understanding the impact these properties have in increasing the production from a specific wellbore. Typically, we characterize these hydraulically induced fractures in terms of fracture height, length, width, and conductivity.These fracture characteristics are estimated using a variety of techniques including, pressure transients, production transients, micro-seismic, and various other techniques. However the ability to fully characterize natural fractures in terms other than pure qualitative (number of fractures observed, open or closed) has been limited in application and often only address conductivity.Based on case studies from Cambro-Ordovician tight sandstone reservoirs of the Hassi Messaoud field in Algeria, this paper describes methods that can be used to fully characterize natural fractures in terms commonly used for hydraulic fractures. With the application of combined imagery packages along with analyses of both pressure and production transient data, we now have the means to both understand the long-term impact of natural fracturing by associating quantitative properties that characterize both their locally observed (in-well) and far-field properties.
A Step Change in Field Management of the Matured Water Flood: Oman
Authors: Al-Gheithy Ali , Al-Suleimani Ali 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This field is one of the the largest producer in Oman. It is mid-way through recovery and is expected to see additional development in the coming years. The field has been under water flood for over 20 years. Historically only the voidage management was sought and a voidage replacement ratio (VRR) policy was established and a lot of effort was put in place to meet it. This may have been sufficient during the initial phase of the water flood at the time when water production was still very low. As the water production has increased and more wells are starting to see water break through, a more comprehensive approach is needed to manage the field. There is a need to go beyond the simple material balance analysis in order to improve both vertical and aerial sweep efficiency of the water flood.
This paper presents the new strategy with several real examples being applied to improve volumetric sweep. It covers 3 main areas:Integrated simulation model which sets the long term vision after matching the history and the overall reservoir behavior. It sets the field optimum reservoir pressure and offtake. However, the simulation model is too coarse to allow detail analysis at a well or pattern level.Streamline simulation allows proper modeling of the no flow boundaries between producers and injectors and pattern definition and off-take optimization.Analytical analysis which involves field performance monitoring and integration of new surveillance data to generate ‘snap-shot’ 3D pictures of the water flood front development. Many wells have been logged and the results are revealing a new 3D picture about the sweep performance.
The combination of the above three techniques may be used to set the well and reservoir management strategy in order to improve oil recovery from water flooded fields.
Rigless Exploration Well Testing Experience in Algeria
Authors: Hellal Cherif , Nassim Yasmine , Bakici Ali M. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The need to meet ambitious exploration and production targets has resulted in a rapid increase in drilling activity in Algeria, causing a shortage of drilling rigs in the country. Moreover, drillstem testing of exploration wells was consuming as much rig time as drilling. Consequently, Sonatrach (SH)—Algeria's national oil company—searched alternative strategies to maximize use of the existing rig fleet. One of them was to do well testing without a rig, hence freeing up rig time to accelerate exploration drilling.
A rigless well testing candidate was selected for the pilot project, first for Sonatrach, from a seven-well exploration campaign. The objectives of the pilot project were to assess rigless testing viability for exploration wells and enable SH to gain sufficient knowledge, skill, and experience to implement the same strategy in subsequent wells.
The project started with the detailed design phase, including preparation of well completion and testing programs for the operations, identifying and sourcing of equipment and material, and applying for permits to operate in a remote location without a rig. The project was implemented and managed by Sonatrach, with Schlumberger providing operations support and well testing services. On completion of the first rigless testing operation, a postmortem was conducted to evaluate project implementation, highlight problem areas, and capture lessons learnt. The results confirmed the rigless well testing option to be technically viable and a practical solution for freeing up rig time, especially in drillstem test (DST) applications involving three or more zones with associated cost savings. The decision was made to continue testing multilayer reservoirs without a drilling rig, taking into consideration the lessons learned from the first operation.
A list of recommendations was prepared based on procedures followed during this test, and also serves as a guideline for similar projects.