bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bridport Flood Alleviation Scheme
Authors: WEST G. M. , MANN K. 
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSISAs a consequence of severe flooding in May 1979 and resultant public pressure, Wessex Water prepared an outline flood alleviation scheme for the river Brit at Bridport, Dorset. Restrictions in capital investment necessitated the works being undertaken in six stages.The river system through the urban area was mathematically modelled using Hydraulic Research's FLUCOMP 1, which demonstrated that flood alleviation works could be carried out in the very restricted valley bottom. In order to confirm design assumptions a physical model of the most restricted area was commissioned from Hydraulics Research Ltd (HR).The paper demonstrates the benefit of close liaison between designers and modellers to ensure that the most cost‐effective and technically feasible scheme is provided.
Dissemination of Information to Practising Engineers and Researchers in the Water Industry
Authors: KNIGHT D. W. 
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSISThe paper outlines the need for some national policy for the co‐ordination of long‐term or strategic research in the water industry, and concentrates on those apsects which are of particular relevance to river engineering. The contributions to this policy which can be made by the research councils, universities and polytechnics, water authorities, professional institutions, research establishments, consultants, and practising engineers are identified and discussed. Some consideration is also given to recent reports which address this problem, including the DOE report Water Research in the Longer Term*1. The particular issue of disseminating research results to other researchers and practising engineers is examined in some detail.
An Evaluation fo the Clariflow Process for Sewage Treatment
Authors: HARRINGTON D. W. , SMITH D. E. 
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSISThe performance of the Clariflow process has been evaluated at the Sandown sewage‐treatment works of the Southern Water Authority, Isle of Wight, by the WRc Processes section. The process is designed for the partial treatment of sewage prior to discharge in estuarine or coastal locations. As a marine treatment it represents an alternative to the use of long sea‐outfalls.The Clariflow process effectively reduces total, faecal coliforms and salmonellae, and may reduce viruses. Screenings are totally removed and phosphorus and heavy metals are significantly reduced. Solids and BOD removal levels are superior to those achieved by conventional primary processes.The paper reviews the development of the process, the results of the evaluation and cost information. Recommendations have been made to further optimize performance.
Design and Construction of the Isle of Dogs Pumping Station
Authors: BENNETT M. B. , HARMOND I. G. , LEGG R. A. , LEWIN J. 
Published: July 2007

SYNOPSISThe pumping station employs submersible pumps to drain surface water from the newly developed Enterprise Zone of the Isle of Dogs, London, and discharges storm overflows from an existing combined sewer system. At full development the nominal capacity of the pumps will be 12 m3/s.After screening the flow passes to the pump chamber, where 12 main and two sump pumps are located. The main pumps deliver through individual syphon discharge pipes to a high level surge tank, which drains by gravity through a short outfall to the river Thames.Diaphragm walling was used in the construction of the foundations and underground work. Attractive brick buildings form the pump hall and building housing the high voltage electrical equipment and the transformers. Steel sheet piles protect the river frontage.The station will operate unattended, and will be controlled automatically by water level sensors. Supervision will be by telemetry links to the Thames Water Authority's (TWA) area control centre at Abbey Mills.
Digested Sludge Thickening Experiences in Yorkshire Water's Southern Division
Authors: BURTON SYLVIA S. , BRIGHT S. G. , ESLAND A. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSludge Treatment and disposal costs contribute a large proportion to the overall operating costs of sewage treatment installations. With the increasing drive towards more cost‐effective operation it has been recognized that thickening sludge prior to disposal can achieve significant cost savings for limited capital outlay. This paper describes the practical experiences at the Lundwood, Old Whittington, and Aldwarke works of Yorkshire Water (YW) where digested sludge is gravity thickened in shallow tanks of large surface area prior to land disposal. Existing structures have been utilized where possible to minimize capital cost. Digestion plant operational data for the three works are given, and an evaluation is made of cost savings resulting from the post‐digestion thickening process.
Survey to Detect Legionella pneumophila in Potable Waters in North West England
Authors: JONES F. , ASHCROFT CLARE 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTLegionella PNEUMOPHILA is a causative agent of respiratory illness in humans. The organism is ubiquitous and commonly frequents aquatic environments. Incidents of legionellosis have been linked with potable water supplies.An attempt has been made to determine the degree of contamination, if any, by L. pneumophila in samples of potable water treated and distributed to domestic premises in the north west of England. Sampling was initiated in February 1986 and continued throughout the summer months of 1986 and 1987. The majority of sampling sites were chosen at random, but from areas suspected of having dirty water problems or low chlorine residuals. In a few cases samples were taken where there was a known problem, such as a consumer complaint or bacteriological failure.Results indicate that public potable water supplied in this area does not constitute a significant health risk in the transmission of the disease. Other environmnental factors appear more significant.
Performance Comparisons Between Water Authorities
Authors: SHEARER D. M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTMeasurement OF PERFORMANCE in organizations supplying water services has always been difficult because tangible inputs of money and manpower are used to produce outputs of intangible service benefits to customers.This paper describes the methods which have been developed in the Regional Water Authorities (RWAs) in England and Wales to overcome these difficulties. Performance comparisons have been shown to be a powerful substitute for attempts to measure absolute performance. Particular reference is made to National Performance Ratios (NPRs), the Water Authorities Association (WAA) National Databanks, and to bipartite comparisons between individual authorities and the ways in which the results from these can be usd to improve performance.The paper concludes with a brief look forward to the future of performance measurement and comparison as the water industry moves towards privatization.
Water Quality Management in the River Calder Catchment
Authors: HUDSON J. A. , MORRIS The Late J. , SWANWICK K. H. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe PAPER DESCRIBES the many and complex water and sewage treatment problems in the River Calder valley, followed by summaries of the progress made to date and the plans that have been developed to eliminate these problems in the future. The final section describes how a sludge treatment and disposal strategy was evolved for the whole West Yorkshire conurbation, in effect the Calder valley plus the populous section of the Aire valley including the cities of Bradford and Leeds. The first phase of this strategy, the construction of a new dewatering and incineration facility at Esholt (Bradford) was in progress and plans for a second, larger installation in the Calder valley were being examined.
4. Pollution Risks and Countermeasures for Surface Water Intakes
Authors: COLE J. A. , HAWKER P. J. , LAWSON J. D. , MONTGOMERY H. A. C. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe risks and severity of pollution events affecting surface waters have to be assessed from an inventory of pollution threats in each catchment, from regional and national statistics on pollution incidents, and from measurements on the travel and dispersal of pollutants in water courses. Inspection of factory premises, farms, and sewage treatment works commonly reveals ways of stopping potential sources of pollution. Other countermeasures include: bunding of chemical stores and handling areas; processing waste liquors on site; promptly notifying tanker accidents and other spills; broad band monitoring of river water quality; control of intake, buffer storage and water treatment, in light of pollution arrival and chemical data.
Flooding and the Quantification of ‘Intangibles’
Authors: GREEN C. H. , PENNING‐ROWSELL E. C. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTSources of both systemic and parameter uncertinties in flood alleviation cost‐benefit analysis are discussed. Cost‐benefit analyses are assessments of the future effects of different scheme options; consequently, there are inherent uncertainties. The omission of consideration of some impacts as ‘intangibles’, because it has not been possible to measure them, is a form of systemic uncertainty.A significant omission in the past from flood alleviation cost‐benefit analyses has been the non‐monetary impacts of flooding upon households. It is shown that these impacts are both large and more important to the households affected than are the direct monetary losses.
Insurance, Risk Improvement and Management
Authors: SALTHOUSE R. J. W. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe importance of adequate insurance in its many and varied forms may often be overlooked in the planning of new projects and developments or the maintenance of existing ones. The consequences can be catastrophic. The insurers are natural risk‐takers, and the emphasis in this paper is on the role to be played by each party in aiming at suitable premiums, cover, terms, and risk and management philosophies.
The Effects of a Timber Preservative Spillage on the Ecology of the River Lossie
Authors: McNEILL A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study examines the effects of timber preservative spillages on the ecology of the River Lossie whilst the river's quality was recovering following the removal of an unsatisfactory discharge of sewage effluent. The effects of spillages on a minor tributary of the River Lossie are also presented.
Improving Rural Supplies in Northumberland
Authors: JAMES D. B. , DRAGE B. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA strategy is described which was adopted to ensure compliance with the EC Directive on Drinking Water, at six rural locations in Northumberland. These areas, plus a more widespread community in the Tyne Valley, are served by Catcleugh reservoir, a typical upland coloured source. Treatment of the smaller locations was carried out by single‐stage pressure‐filter plants, and for the larger area by a two‐stage treatment works.Three of the small pressure‐filtration plants have been closed, and the supply has been replaced from the two‐stage plant. In the other three cases, two improvements are complete: one a dissolved‐air flotation scheme, the other low‐rate single‐stage pressure filtration. Improvements to the third station are in the planning stage.
Laboratory Simulation of Disinfection Regimes for Trihalomethane Control
Authors: GRAHAM N. J. D. , REYNOLDS G. , BUCKLEY D. , PERRY R. , CROLL B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA collaborative project between Anglian Water and Imperial College has been undertaken to investigate alternative disinfection regimes for the control of trihalomethane (THM) formation in lowland surface water treatment. A laboratory experimental protocol has been developed to measure THM formation as a consequence of both pre‐ and post‐disinfection stages with chlorine dioxide, ozone and potassium permanganate, evaluated as alternative pre‐disinfectants in direct comparison with breakpoint and sub‐breakpoint pre‐chlorination. The protocol has been applied to raw water samples from eight locations within the Anglian Water region under winter and summer conditions.The results have shown that THM formation can be reduced substantially, either by the application of chlorine dioxide and ozone as substitutes to breakpoint pre‐chlorination or by reducing the prechlorination dose. The application of potassium permanganate as a pre‐disinfectant had little effect on diminishing the formation of THM compounds. A further substantial reduction in THM formation can be achieved by diminishing the contact period following post‐chlorination between free‐chlorine and the treated water (e.g. by conversion of free‐chlorine to combined‐chlorine through reaction with ammonium sulphate).
The Management and Control of Urban Runoff Quality
Authors: ELLIS Professor J. B. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTWaterQUALITY problems from impermeable urban surface runoff are presenting increasingly significant effects at both the short‐term, acute, and longer term, chronic, timescale. The paper identifies the anachronisms in, and the diversity of, historical organizational responsibilities for urban runoff as being a principal mitigating factor in limiting satisfactory, cost‐effective, catchment control. It is recommended that effective source control procedures for stormwater runoff control must form the basis for best practical options for achieving integrated pollution control in urban catchments.
Cement‐based Stabilization of Wastes: Practical and Theoretical Considerations
Authors: SOLLARS C. J. , PERRY R. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTRapidly changing public and political attitudes to the environmental implications of industrial waste disposal are forcing a re‐evaluation of the longstanding practice of directly landfilling such waste, either in a mono‐disposal or co‐disposal manner. As a result, more technology‐orientated solutions to industrial waste disposal are being evaluated. This paper describes one such process, cement‐based stabilization/solidification, and examines its physicochemical basis, present‐day application and potential future uses, and outlines areas where research into fundamental and practical aspects of the process are needed.
The Impact of Flue‐gas Desulphurization on the Water Environment
Authors: TAYLOR M. R. G. , HEATON R. , BATY R. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTElectricity generation in the UK is dominated by fossil fuels, principally coal. In order to reduce emissions of sulphur dioxide to the atmosphere new fossil fuel‐fired power stations will be equipped with flue‐gas desulphurization (FGD) facilities, and in the short term the Central Electricity Generating Board proposes to retrofit FGD systems to 6000 MW of its coal‐fired generation capacity, including the 4000‐MW station at Drax. The first generation of these plants will be based on the limestone‐gypsum process.In addition to the product gypsum the process generates a liquid effluent as a result of the need to remove chloride from the process inter alia to protect gypsum quality. This effluent also contains other contaminants such as metals, fluoride and nitrate, and a mathematical model has been developed to predict effluent volumes and composition as a function of different coal, limestone and process water combinations. The model also calculates the effect of the discharge of this effluent on a receiving watercourse, both untreated and following treatment based on neutralization and precipitation/sedimentation.The paper discusses the development of the mathematical model and the impact of treated FGD effluent on power station cooling‐water discharges, via which the effluent would normally be discharged, for both once‐through and recirculating cooling systems used at coastal and inland stations respectively.
The EC Directive on Drinking Water (EEC 80/778)
Authors: BREACH R. A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe background to and technical deficiencies of the EC Drinking Water Directive are discussed. Although the inadequacies of the Directive are becoming increasingly recognized, there is no doubt that it has had a major impact on the UK water industry, much of which will be beneficial in the long term. However, it has provided a significant challenge to water suppliers on technical and environmental issues, as well as in new areas such as publicity and customer awareness. The water industry should be seen to be responding to the situation vigorously and positively to meet the spirit of the Directive, whilst seeking technical refinements which will make it a more practicable piece of legislation for the future.
The Use of Redox Potential to Control Ferric Sulphate Dosing during Phosphate Removal
Authors: KERRISON P. H. , McEWEN B. , PHILLIPS G. L. , CROOK B. V. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTIn recent years, the Norfolk Broads have been enriched with sewage effluent and runoff from heavily fertilized land. Nitrogen and phosphorus compounds from these sources can cause ecological problems by stimulating increase in algal biomass in the water, so part of Anglian Water's programme of research in Broadland has been to remove phosphate from major sewage effluents discharged to the Rivers Ant and Bure. This is achieved by dosing ferric sulphate to secondary effluent and settling the resultant insoluble complex.At three sites on the River Bure, the performance of timeclock‐ and redox‐based dose control systems was evaluated. Redox control, by restricting dosing when phosphate load was low, increased the efficiency of phosphate removal and produced up to 19 per cent savings in chemical costs. Modifications are described which made the system self‐regulating and ensured that savings were not eroded by maintenance costs. The system now operates efficiently and routinely at major sites on the Rivers Ant and Bure.
Wellfield Development for Urban Water Supplies in PDR Yemen
Authors: DAVEY J. C. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTInternationally‐funded groundwater projects have recently been completed for the main urban areas of PDR Yemen. The necessary resources to secure potable supplies into the next century have been proved in Cretaceous sandstone, Eocene limestone and Quaternary clastic aquifers, and their investigation has highlighted the importance of comprehensive hydrogeological studies prior to permanent works design and construction. The projects discussed will improve the quantity, quality and accessibility of potable water to nearly one third of the country's population.
Chlorinated Solvents in UK Aquifers
Authors: RIVETT M. O. , LERNER D. N. , LLOYD J. W. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe paper reviews background data on chlorinated solvents and all published data on chlorinated solvents in UK groundwaters. New data from an aquifer‐wide survey of the organic water quality of the Birmingham aquifer (carried out by the University of Birmingham and the Water Research Centre (WRc)) show that contamination by chlorinated solvents is extensive and is greater than that observed in previously published UK studies. Trichloroethylene contamination is particularly apparent in the Birmingham aquifer, with 40% of the boreholes sampled containing waters above the new UK limit for this contaminant. Fortunately the Birmingham aquifer is not used for public supply. Land use and hydrogeological factors are shown to influence the contamination observed in particular boreholes. The difficulties associated with locating contaminated zones in aquifers, due to the immiscible flow of chlorinated solvents, are indicated. It is concluded that the occurrence of chlorinated solvents in groundwaters makes a significant contribution to the poor water quality of many UK aquifers that underlie, or are close to, urban and industrial areas.
Water Treatment for Health Hazards
Authors: AINSWORTH R. G. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe performance of treatment processes is reviewed for the removal of five potential water contaminants, i.e. pesticides; volatile organic solvents; nitrates; Cryptosporidium oocysts; and Giardia cysts.Technologies for organic solvents and nitrate removal are well advanced and in operation. Adsorption on activated carbon is available for pesticides removal, but more information is required to assist in selection and operation; new processes are also required. Physicochemical treatment can remove Giardia, but optimization and control are critical factors. Unfortunately little is known about Cryptosporidium removal. Ozone is more effective than chlorine for inactivating both Cryptosporidium and Giardia that have penetrated the treatment train.
Excluding Groundwater Infiltration into New Sewers
Authors: FENNER R. A. 
Published: July 2007

Much attention has been focused on the need for sewer renovation and rehabilitation of old sewerage systems, but age is not always the reason for sewer failure. Serious problems of performance have also been encountered on sewerage schemes less than 10 years old. This paper considers the problems of groundwater infiltration into new foul sewers, and suggests that deficiencies might exist in some aspects of modern sewer design and construction.Infiltration is most frequently observed at sewer joints. Results are presented of laboratory tests which show the ability of flexible fixed‐ring joints on clay sewers to withstand both internal and external pressures. Damaged polyester fairings on the spigots of these pipes can act as one‐way valves, and massive infiltration may result. The standard site water test is shown to be inadequate in detecting some of these types of defect which may result from damaged pipes or poor workmanship.
Health Impacts in Developing Countries: New Evidence and New Prospects
Authors: CAIRNCROSS A. M. 
Published: July 2007

This review of recent studies of the health impact of water supply and sanitation programmes in developing countries shows that they share many findings, and some methodological problems, with older studies of the subject. Considerable health impacts can occur under appropriate conditions, and it is suggested that the greatest impact can be produced by targeting water and sanitation facilities to those whose existing water sources are furthest away, or whose environment is most faecally polluted.Another finding is that health benefits stem from the changes in hygiene behaviour which water and sanitation make possible. The measurement of such behavioural changes is a subject in need of development. Nevertheless, it is likely to be easier, more reliable, and more useful to water and sanitation programme managers as an operational evaluation tool than any attempt to measure the health benefits directly.
Red‐List Substances: Selection and Monitoring
Authors: AGG A. R. , ZABEL T. F. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe conference of Ministers representing North Sea littoral states, held in November 1987, agreed certain initiatives to reduce inputs of potentially dangerous substances to the North Sea from land‐based sources. The UK Government has responded by proposing reductions of substances on a ‘red list’, selected on the basis of ecotoxicity, persistence, potential for bio‐accumulation and estimated concentration in the environment.This paper describes the approaches which have been used in selecting candidate substances for the red list and other priority‐setting exercises, highlighting the difficulties presented by the lack of data for individual chemicals and the use of default values.The estimation of input loads via rivers and direct discharges is discussed, with particular reference to monitoring requirements and analytical performance criteria.