bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiologic evaluation of diarrhea in dogs in an animal shelter
Authors: Sokolow Susanne H. , Rand Courtney , Marks Stanley L. , Drazenovich Niki L. , Kather Elizabeth J. , Foley Janet E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine associations among infectious pathogens and diarrheal disease in dogs in an animal shelter and demonstrate the use of geographic information systems (GISs) for tracking spatial distributions of diarrheal disease within shelters.Sample Population—Feces from 120 dogs.Procedure—Fresh fecal specimens were screened for bacteria and bacterial toxins via bacteriologic culture and ELISA, parvovirus via ELISA, canine coronavirus via nested polymerase chain reaction assay, protozoal cysts and oocysts via a direct fluorescent antibody technique, and parasite ova and larvae via microscopic examination of direct wet mounts and zinc sulfate centrifugation flotation.Results—Salmonella entericaandBrachyspiraspp were not common, whereas other pathogens such as canine coronavirus andHelicobacterspp were common among the dogs that were surveyed. Only intestinal parasites andCampylobacter jejuniinfection were significant risk factors for diarrhea by univariate odds ratio analysis.Giardia lambliawas significantly underestimated by fecal flotation, compared with a direct fluorescent antibody technique. Spatial analysis of case specimens by use of GIS indicated that diarrhea was widespread throughout the entire shelter, and spatial statistical analysis revealed no evidence of spatial clustering of case specimens.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—This study provided an epidemiologic overview of diarrhea and interacting diarrhea-associated pathogens in a densely housed, highly predisposed shelter population of dogs. Several of the approaches used in this study, such as use of a spatial representation of case specimens and considering multiple etiologies simultaneously, were novel and illustrate an integrated approach to epidemiologic investigations in shelter populations. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1018–1024)
Effects of oral administration of levothyroxine sodium on serum concentrations of thyroid gland hormones and responses to injections of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in healthy adult mares
Authors: Sommardahl Carla S. , Frank Nicholas , Elliott Sarah B. , Webb Latisha L. , Refsal Kent R. , Denhart Joseph W. , Thompson Donald L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the effects of levothyroxine sodium (L-T4) on serum concentrations of thyroid gland hormones and responses to injections of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in euthyroid horses.Animals—12 healthy adult mares.Procedure—8 horses received an incrementally increasing dosage of L-T4(24, 48, 72, or 96 mg of L-T4/d) for weeks 1 to 8. Each dose was provided for 2 weeks. Four additional horses remained untreated. Serum concentrations of total triiodothyronine (tT3), total thyroxine (tT4), free T3(fT3), free T4(fT4), and thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured in samples obtained at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8; 1.2 mg of TRH was then administered IV, and serum concentrations of thyroid gland hormones were measured 2 and 4 hours after injection. Serum reverse T3(rT3) concentration was also measured in the samples collected at weeks 0 and 8.Results—Treated horses lost a significant amount of weight (median, 19 kg). Significant treatment-by-time effects were detected for serum tT3, tT4, fT3, fT4, and TSH concentrations, and serum tT4concentrations were positively correlated ( r, 0.95) with time (and therefore dosage) in treated horses. Mean ± SD serum rT3concentration significantly increased in treated horses (3.06 ± 0.51 nmol/L for week 8 vs 0.74 ± 0.22 nmol/L for week 0). Serum tT3, tT4, fT3, and TSH concentrations in response to TRH injections differed significantly between treated and untreated horses.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of levothyroxine sodium increased serum tT4concentrations and blunted responses to TRH injection in healthy euthyroid horses. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1025–1031)
Effects of oral administration of levothyroxine sodium on concentrations of plasma lipids, concentration and composition of very-low-density lipoproteins, and glucose dynamics in healthy adult mares
Authors: Frank Nicholas , Sommardahl Carla S. , Eiler Hugo , Webb Latisha L. , Denhart Joseph W. , Boston Ray C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate glucose and lipid metabolism in healthy adult horses administered levothyroxine sodium (L-T4).Animals—12 healthy adult mares.Procedure—8 horses received an incrementally increasing dosage of L-T4(24, 48, 72, or 96 mg of L-T4/d) for weeks 1 to 8. Each dose was provided between 7 AM and 8 AM in the morning grain meal for 2 weeks. Four additional horses remained untreated. Serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) were measured and composition of VLDL examined in samples obtained between 8 AM and 9 AM at weeks 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. Glucose dynamics were assessed by use of a combined IV glucose-insulin tolerance test (IVGITT) conducted before and at the end of the 8-week treatment period. Data for each combined IVGITT were interpreted by use of the minimal model.Results—Plasma TG, TC, and VLDL concentrations significantly decreased over time in treated horses. At the completion of the 8-week treatment period, mean plasma VLDL concentration was 46% of the mean value for week 0 in treated horses. Insulin sensitivity significantly increased (> 2-fold) in treated horses, but glucose effectiveness and net insulin response were not affected. Levothyroxine sodium significantly increased the rate of insulin disposal.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of L-T4decreases blood lipid concentrations, improves insulin sensitivity, and increases insulin disposal in horses. Levothyroxine sodium may have potential as a treatment for horses with reduced insulin sensitivity. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1032–1038)
Effect of mild restriction of food intake on the speed of racing Greyhounds
Authors: Hill Richard C. , Lewis Daniel D. , Randell Susan C. , Scott Karen C. , Omori Mayuko , Sundstrom Deborah A. , Jones Galin L. , Speakman John R. , Butterwick Richard F. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether mild restriction of food intake affects clinicopathologic variables, body composition, and performance of dogs undertaking intense sprint exercise.Animals—9 trained healthy adult Greyhounds.Procedure—Dogs were offered food free choice once daily for 9 weeks until body weight and food intake stabilized. Dogs were then randomly assigned to be fed either 85% or 100% of this quantity of food in a crossover study (duration of each diet treatment period, 9 weeks). Dogs raced a distance of 500 m twice weekly. Clinicopathologic variables were assessed before and 5 minutes after racing; food intake, weight, body composition, body condition score, and race times were compared at the end of each diet period.Results—Compared with values associated with unrestricted access to food, there were significant decreases in mean body weight (by 6%) and median body condition score (from 3.75 to 3.5 on a 9-point scale) and the mean speed of the dogs was significantly faster (by 0.7 km/h) when food intake was restricted. Body composition and most clinicopathologic variables were unaffected by diet treatment, but dogs given restricted access to food had slightly fewer neutrophils, compared with values determined when food intake was unrestricted.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate that the common practice among Greyhound trainers of mildly restricting food intake of racing dogs to reduce body weight does improve sprint performance. A body condition score of approximately 3.5 on a 9-point scale is normal for a trained Greyhound in racing condition. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1065–1070)
Multivariate meta-analysis of pharmacokinetic studies of ampicillin trihydrate in cattle
Authors: Gehring Ronette , van der Merwe Deon , Pierce Alice N. , Baynes Ronald E. , Craigmill Arthur L. , Riviere Jim E. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To investigate the feasibility of using multivariate
cluster analysis to meta-analyze pharmacokinetic
data obtained from studies of pharmacokinetics
of ampicillin trihydrate in cattle and identify factors
that could account for variability in pharmacokinetic
parameters among studies.

Sample Population—Data from original studies of
the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin trihydrate in cattle
in the database of the Food Animal Residue
Avoidance Databank.

Procedure—Mean plasma or serum ampicillin concentration
versus time data and potential factors that
may have affected the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin
trihydrate were obtained from each study.
Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses were
performed, and values of pharmacokinetic parameters
were clustered by use of multivariate cluster
analysis. Practical importance of the clusters was
evaluated by comparing the frequency of factors that
may have affected the pharmacokinetics of ampicillin
trihydrate among clusters.

Results—A single cluster with lower mean values for
clearance and volume of distribution of ampicillin trihydrate
administered PO, compared with other clusters,
was identified. This cluster included studies that
used preruminant calves in which feeding was withheld
overnight and calves to which probenecid had
been administered concurrently.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Meta-analysis
was successful in detecting a potential subpopulation
of cattle for which factors that explained differences in
pharmacokinetic parameters could be identified.
Accurate estimates of pharmacokinetic parameters
are important for the calculation of dosages and
extended withdrawal intervals after extralabel drug
administration. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:108–112)
Comparison of susceptibility of fungal isolates to lufenuron and nikkomycin Z alone or in combination with itraconazole
Authors: Hector Richard F. , Davidson Autumn P. , Johnson Suzanne M. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate and compare the in vitro antifungal
properties of lufenuron and nikkomycin Z
against isolates of Coccidioides immitis and
Aspergillus fumigatus when used singly and in combination
with the azole antifungal agent itraconazole.

Sample Population—3 clinical isolates of A fumigatus and
the Silveira strain of C immitis.

Procedure—The fungal isolates were tested in vitro
for susceptibility to the single and combination of
compounds by use of microtiter-format susceptibility
methods. Minimum inhibitory concentration end
points were determined visually, and the contents of
representative wells were examined microscopically
for evidence of morphologic effects on fungi.

Results—No evidence of inhibition, either by susceptibility
testing or direct microscopic examination of
treated cells, was obtained with lufenuron under
experimental conditions. In contrast, nikkomycin Z, a
known inhibitor of fungal chitin synthesis, had potent
activity against C immitis when used singly. A synergistic
interaction between nikkomycin Z and itraconazole
was found against isolates of both species tested.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—On the basis of
our in vitro data, lufenuron does not appear to possess
antifungal properties. ( Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1090–1093)
Expression of interleukin-10 and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 associated with susceptibility of cattle to infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Evanson Oral A. , Souza Cleverson D. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine functional characteristics of
monocytes obtained from cows with subclinical infection
with Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis
(MAP) that may have predisposed those cows to
becoming infected with MAP.

Sample Population—Monocytes obtained from 5
uninfected cows and 5 cows subclinically infected
with MAP in a herd with a high prevalence of paratuberculosis
(ie, Johne's disease).

Procedures—Monocytes from uninfected and subclinically
infected cows were incubated with MAP for
2, 6, 24, 72, or 96 hours. Variables measured included
expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin
(IL)-10, IL-12, transforming growth factor-β, and
suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3); apoptosis
of monocytes; acidification of phagosomes; and
killing of MAP.

Results—Monocytes from infected cows had greater
expression of IL-10 and SOCS-3 at 2 hours of coincubation
with MAP and lower expression of TNF-α and
IL-12 when results for all incubation times were combined.
Monocytes from infected cows had a greater
capacity to acidify phagosomes. No differences were
observed in the rate of apoptosis or capacity of monocytes
to kill MAP organisms.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Monocytes
obtained from cows with subclinical infection with
MAP had upregulated expression of IL-10 and
SOCS-3 within the first 2 hours after exposure to MAP
organisms. Although this did not inhibit acidification of
phagosomes, apoptosis of monocytes, or attenuation
of the capacity to kill MAP organisms, it may have
attenuated the capacity of mononuclear phagocytes to
initiate inflammatory and adaptive immune responses.
(Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1114–1120)
Development of a genetically modified nontoxigenic Pasteurella multocida toxin as a candidate for use in vaccines against progressive atrophic rhinitis in pigs
Authors: To Ho , Someno Shuichi , Nagai Shinya 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To construct a genetically modified nontoxigenic
Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) and
examine its immunoprotective activity against challenge
exposure with wild-type PMT in pigs.

Animals—5 healthy pigs.

Procedure—A nontoxigenic PMT was created by
replacing the serine at position 1164 with alanine
(S1164A) and the cysteine at position 1165 with serine
(C1165S). Toxic activity was determined by use of the
guinea pig skin test and mouse lethality test. Three
pigs were vaccinated twice with the modified PMT,
and the remaining 2 pigs served as nonvaccinated
control animals. Vaccinated and control pigs were
challenge exposed with wild-type PMT. Pigs were
euthanatized and necropsied on day 14 after challenge
exposure. Turbinate atrophy was examined
macroscopically and assigned a score. Serum anti-
PMT antibodies were determined by use of an ELISA.

Results—The genetically modified PMT was characterized
by a total lack of toxic activity. Pigs vaccinated
with the modified PMT became seropositive; in contrast,
control pigs remained seronegative. Necropsy
revealed that the 2 control pigs had moderate and
severe turbinate atrophy, respectively, whereas the 3
vaccinated pigs did not have any lesions in the
turbinates or abnormalities in other organs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Modification
by use of S1164A and C1165S leads to a complete loss
of toxic effects of PMT without impairment of the ability
to induce protective immunity in pigs. Analysis of
these results suggests that genetically modified PMT
may represent a good candidate for use in developing
a vaccine against progressive atrophic rhinitis in pigs.
(Am J Vet Res 2005;66:113–118)
Effect of a silicone-containing dressing on exuberant granulation tissue formation and wound repair in horses
Authors: Ducharme-Desjarlais Marilys , Céleste Christophe J. , Lepault Élodie , Theoret Christine L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the effect of a silicone dressing on the rate and quality of repair of limb wounds and compare microvascular occlusion and apoptosis in wounds treated with the silicone dressing and those treated with a conventional dressing in horses.Animals—5 horses.Procedure—Horses received two 6.25-cm2wounds on each metacarpus. Ten wounds were treated with a silicone dressing; the other 10 were treated with a control dressing. Quality of repair and wound size were evaluated at each bandage change. Time to healing and the number of excisions of exuberant granulation tissue were recorded. Biopsy specimens taken from healed wounds were evaluated semiquantitatively via histologic examination, p53 immunohistochemical analysis, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) to quantify apoptosis, and electron microscopic examination to measure microvessel luminal diameters.Results—The silicone dressing surpassed the conventional dressing in preventing formation of exuberant granulation tissue and improving tissue quality. Microvessels were occluded significantly more often in wounds dressed with the silicone gel, which also diminished the expression of mutant p53, an indirect inhibitor of apoptosis, although greater apoptosis was not confirmed quantitatively by use of TUNEL.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Because the silicone dressing inhibited the formation of exuberant granulation tissue, it may be integrated in a management strategy designed to improve the repair of limb wounds in horses. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1133–1139)
Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and its active metabolite, monoethylglycinexylidide, after intravenous administration of lidocaine to awake and isoflurane-anesthetized cats
Authors: Thomasy Sara M. , Pypendop Bruno H. , Ilkiw Jan E. , Stanley Scott D. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To describe the pharmacokinetics of lidocaine
and its active metabolite, monoethylglycinexylidide
(MEGX), after IV administration of a single bolus
of lidocaine in cats that were awake in phase 1 and
anesthetized with isoflurane in phase 2 of the study.

Animals—8 healthy adult cats.

Procedure—During phase 1, cats were administered
lidocaine (2 mg/kg, IV) as a bolus injection (time 0).
During phase 2, cats were anesthetized with isoflurane
and maintained at 0.75 times the minimum alveolar
concentration of isoflurane for each specific cat.
After a 15-minute equilibration period, lidocaine
(2 mg/kg, IV) was administered as a bolus injection to
each cat (time 0). In both phases, plasma concentrations
of lidocaine and MEGX were measured at various
time points by use of liquid chromatography-mass
spectrometry.

Results—Anesthesia with isoflurane significantly
decreased the volume of the central compartment,
clearance, and elimination half-life of lidocaine and significantly
increased the extrapolated plasma drug concentration
at time 0, compared with values for awake
cats. Pharmacokinetics of MEGX were also changed by
isoflurane-induced anesthesia because the maximum
observed plasma concentration (Cmax), area under the
concentration-time curve extrapolated to infinity, and
time to Cmax were significantly higher in anesthetized
cats, compared with values for awake cats.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Pharmacokinetics
of lidocaine and MEGX were substantially
altered in cats anesthetized by use of isoflurane.
When pharmacokinetic variables are used to determine
loading and infusion doses in awake or anesthetized
cats, they should be measured in cats that
are awake or anesthetized, respectively. (Am J Vet
Res 2005;66:1162–1166)
Effects of tension of the girth strap on respiratory system mechanics in horses at rest and during hyperpnea induced by administration of lobeline hydrochloride
Authors: Hoffman Andrew M. , Swanson Lisa G. , Bruns Susan J. , Kuehn Heike , Bedenice Daniela 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether tension of the girth strap of a saddle would sufficiently affect rib motion and reduce lung volume to alter pulmonary resistance in horses.Animals—10 healthy adult horses.Procedure—We used classical techniques to measure the effects of tightening a girth strap (15 kg of tension) on pulmonary dynamics during eupnea and hyperpnea in horses. Respiratory impedance was evaluated by use of oscillometry, and resistance and reactance data were partitioned into lung and chest wall components. Rib cage and abdominal contributions to tidal volume and minute ventilation were measured by use of respiratory inductance plethysmography. Effects of strap tension on functional residual capacity (FRC) were measured during eupnea by use of a helium-dilution technique. In a subgroup of 6 horses, we also measured transdiaphragmatic pressures during eupnea and hyperpnea induced by administration of lobeline hydrochloride (0.2 mg/kg, IV).Results—Pulmonary resistance measured by use of oscillometry but not by use of classical methods was significantly increased by the tension of the girth strap. However, the increase in pulmonary resistance could not be explained by a decrease in FRC. Motion of the rib cage was significantly reduced during eupnea and hyperpnea. However, ventilatory variables (tidal volume, minute ventilation, and peak flows), FRC, and transdiaphragmatic pressures were unaltered by strap tension.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although tension of the girth strap caused measurable changes in respiratory mechanics (loss of rib motion and increased pulmonary resistance), there was no evidence that ventilation was limited. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1167–1174)
Influence of age, site, and degenerative state on the speed of sound in equine articular cartilage
Authors: Brommer Harold , Laasanen Mikko S. , Brama Pieter A. J. , Weeren P. René van , Barneveld Ab , Helminen Heikki J. , Jurvelin Jukka S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the speed of sound (SOS) in equine articular cartilage and investigate the influence of age, site in the joint, and cartilage degeneration on the SOS.Sample Population—Cartilage samples from 38 metacarpophalangeal joints of 38 horses (age range, 5 months to 22 years).Procedure—Osteochondral plugs were collected from 2 articular sites of the proximal phalanx after the degenerative state was characterized by use of the cartilage degeneration index (CDI) technique. The SOS was calculated (ratio of needle-probe cartilage thickness to time of flight of the ultrasound pulse), and relationships between SOS value and age, site, and cartilage degeneration were evaluated. An analytical model of cartilage indentation was used to evaluate the effect of variation in true SOS on the determination of cartilage thickness and dynamic modulus with the ultrasound indentation technique.Results—The mean SOS for all samples was 1,696 ± 126 m/s. Age, site, and cartilage degeneration had no significant influence on the SOS in cartilage. The analytical model revealed that use of the mean SOS of 1,696 m/s was associated with maximum errors of 17.5% on cartilage thickness and 7.0% on dynamic modulus in an SOS range that covered 95% of the individual measurements.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In equine articular cartilage, use of mean SOS of 1,696 m/s in ultrasound indentation measurements introduces some inaccuracy on cartilage thickness determinations, but the dynamic modulus of cartilage can be estimated with acceptable accuracy in horses regardless of age, site in the joint, or stage of cartilage degeneration. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1175–1180)