bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Columnar Liquid-Crystalline Imidazolium Salts. Effects of Anions and Cations on Mesomorphic Properties and Ionic Conductivities
Authors: Yoshio Masafumi , Ichikawa Takahiro , Shimura Harutoki , Kagata Takayoshi , Hamasaki Atsushi , Mukai Tomohiro , Ohno Hiroyuki , Kato Takashi 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Two series of 1-methyl-3-[3,4,5-tris(alkyloxy)benzyl]imidazolium salts (1(n/X−); n=8, 12, 16, and 18) and 1,2-dimethyl-3-[3,4,5-tris(dodecyloxy)benzyl]imidazolium salts (2(12/X−)) containing anions (X−), such as tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, trifluoromethylsulfonate, and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, have been synthesized. The thermal properties of these salts were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The salts form hexagonal columnar liquid-crystalline phases except for 1(8/X−) and 1(12/X−) containing CF3SO3− and (CF3SO2)2N−, and 2(12/(CF3SO2)2N−) which melt directly to isotropic ionic liquids. The clearing points show a decreasing trend with an increase in the size of anions. The ionic conductivities of 1(16/X−) forming columnar phases have been measured by using an alternating current impedance method. The conductivities depend on the nature of anions, suggesting that the predominant conduction mechanism is hopping and/or diffusion of anions in the columnar structures.
Surface Grafting of Polypyrrole onto Silicon Wafers
Authors: Sohn Daewon , Moon Hyoseung , Fasolka Michael J , Eidelman Naomi , Koo Sang-Mo , Richter Curt A , Park SeungEun , Kopanski J J , Amis Eric 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
A micromolding technique in capillaries was adapted to make uniform patterns of polypyrrole (Ppy), and the conductivities of the patterns were measured by direct contact IV curves and conductance AFM methods. Noncovalently bound Ppy patterns have high conductivity (low resistivity) before doping and brittle characteristics. However, the covalently grafted Ppy pattern shows relatively low conductivity and sticky viscoelastic properties.
Construction of Highly Oriented Self-assembled Monolayer of Alkyldithiol with Ferrocene on Gold (111) Using Underpotentially Deposited Lead Submonolayer as a Template
Authors: Kondo Toshihiro , Sato Saori , Maeda Wakana 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Highly oriented self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of alkyldithiol with a ferrocene group was constructed on Au(111) surface using underpotentially deposited (UPD) Pb submonolayer as a template. Orientation of this SAM was confirmed by comparing amounts of ferrocene moiety and Au–S bonding.
Preparation of Novel Polymer Assemblies, “Lactosome”, Composed of Poly(l-lactic acid) and Poly(sarcosine)
Authors: Makino Akira , Yamahara Ryo , Ozeki Eiichi , Kimura Shunsaku 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Novel amphiphilic block polymers composed of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(sarcosine) (PS) were synthesized by successive polymerizations of lactide and sarcosine N-carboxy anhydride (NCA). The degree of polymerization of each block was controlled by the monomer/initiator ratio in feed. The block polymers were successfully dispersed in buffer with taking various morphologies of micelle, lamellar, and vesicle depending on the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance of the copolymers. The size of the molecular assemblies was in the range from 20 to 200 nm, which may be available for drug delivery system (DDS) as nanocarrier.
Photoinduced Surface Relief Structures Formed on Polymer Films Mixed with Diarylethenes
Authors: Ubukata Takashi , Yamaguchi Shuro , Yokoyama Yasushi 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Formation of photoinduced surface relief (PSR) was investigated using a poly(methyl methacrylate) film mixed with a series of symmetrical diarylethenes (DAEs). PSRs were formed on films with some DAEs having 2-benzothienyl groups by the patterned light irradiation (&gt;350 nm) owing to material migration.
Reversible Thermochromic Change of Molecular Architecture for a Diacetylene Derivative 10,12-Pentacosadiynoic Acid Self-assembled Thin Films on Ag Surfaces
Authors: Lim Jong Kuk , Lee Yunhee , Lee Kangtaek , Gong Myoungseon , Joo Sang-Woo 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Molecular architecture of the self-assembled thin films of 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid (PCDA) anchoring on Ag surfaces via its carboxylate group appeared to have a reversible thermochromic disordered-to-regular trans-zigzag transition at ≈65 °C by an external reflectance infrared spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman scattering study.
Invisible second-order campaigns? A longitudinal study of the coverage of the European Parliamentary elections 1979–2004 in four German quality newspapers
Authors: Wilke Jürgen , Reinemann Carsten 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In recent years, the European Union (EU) has become more and more important in the lives of Europeans due to its growing authority in policy-making. In contrast to that, there still are several shortcomings in our knowledge of how European institutions, political processes, and events are presented in the media. This paper focuses on the coverage of the elections of the European Parliament (EP) because of two contradictory developments. Although the relevance of the EP to EU decision-making has considerably increased since 1979, voter interest and voter turnout at EP elections has been declining. Against this backdrop the paper (a) investigates the long-term development of EP election coverage in German newspapers and (b) compares EP and national election campaign coverage. Based on a content analysis of the coverage of four German quality newspapers of all six European election campaigns that took place since 1979, the analysis shows that there has not been an increase in EP election coverage, that EP elections were covered much less frequently than national elections, that, like in national elections, there was a trend towards more subjectivity in EP election coverage, that EP elections were looked at from a mainly national perspective, and that the degree of personalization was lower in EP than in national election coverage. In addition, explicit assessments of the EP's political relevance gave a better picture of the real development than one would expect from the analysis of the mere amount of coverage.
Government communication about policy intentions: Unwanted propaganda or democratic inevitability? Surveys among government communication professionals and journalists in Belgium and the Netherlands
Authors: Gelders Dave , De Cock Rozane , Neijens Peter , Roe Keith 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Recent developments in politics, the media, and society have stressed the rising importance of public communication from the government about policies not yet been adopted by Parliament. Government communication professionals and journalists are key figures in this process but conflicting interests mark a tense relationship. Up until now, few empirical studies have been conducted to shed light on the opinions of both professions concerning ‘Communication about Not yet Adopted Policy’ (CNAP). We studied the issue in both the Netherlands and Belgium because research has shown that these countries stand out in regard to debating and reflecting on CNAP. This article maps recent Dutch empirical research and a more elaborated Belgian study, and shows that CNAP is generally accepted by government communication professionals and journalists. Moreover, the Belgian study shows the respondents' opinions regarding the acceptance of CNAP, their arguments, and the conditions CNAP must meet.
The Effects of Harvesting and Hauling on the Blood Physiology and Fillet Quality of Market-Size Channel Catfish
Authors: Minchew C Douglas , Beecham Rachel V , Pearson Philip R , Green Bartholomew W , Kim Jin M , Bailey Susan B 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Commercially produced, food-size channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus that were harvested using routine procedures had significant elevations in plasma cortisol, glucose, and lactate compared with preharvest fish captured from open ponds. Blood samples were taken from 10 fish in each of two treatments (liquid oxygen diffuser- and paddlewheel-aerated holding socks) and four sampling periods (before harvest, after socking, before loading, and before unloading) during each of 10 harvest events. Water column temperatures averaged approximately 27°C during the study. Ten fillet samples were taken from fish held overnight in paddlewheel- and liquid oxygen-aerated holding socks during some harvest events. Mean plasma cortisol levels averaged 3.02 ng/mL before harvest, 84.38 ng/mL immediately after socking, 135.22 ng/mL after 18 h in the sock (i.e., before loading onto the truck), and 128.54 ng/mL after 2–3 h on the truck (i.e., before unloading). Mean plasma glucose levels averaged 34.7 mg/dL before harvest, 95.41 mg/dL after socking, 134.53 mg/dL before loading, and 134.86 mg/dL before unloading. Mean plasma lactate levels averaged 2.43 mmol/L before harvest, 13.24 mmol/L after socking, 11.53 mmol/L before loading, and 7.88 mmol/L before unloading. These results should not be considered maximal until additional studies are conducted with average water temperatures at their highest. There were significant changes within treatment over 7 d of refrigerated storage for fillet pH, color, and drip loss; however, there were no consistent trends between treatments. Results indicate that routine capture and hauling procedures are stressful to commercially produced, food-size channel catfish under the examined conditions and that using liquid oxygen for aerating fish in holding socks does not significantly improve fillet quality or reduce stress levels.
Reproduction and Culture of Suckermouth Minnow
Authors: Bestgen Kevin R , Compton Robert I 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Introduction of captively reared suckermouth minnow Phenacobius mirabilis into Colorado streams where they are rare or extirpated may be a viable technique to enhance the status of this state-endangered species, but information on reproductive ecology and culture techniques is lacking. We successfully spawned suckermouth minnow in the laboratory by using hormone injections, observed reproductive behavior, and reared larvae to juvenile size in aquaria. Suckermouth minnow spawned over interstitial spaces in gravel and cobble substrate in water temperatures of 17, 19, and 23°C after injections of chorionic gonadotropin (males) and carp pituitary (females). Groups of several fish were involved in spawning, which occurred nearly continuously for several hours after the fish were placed in aquaria; typically, only one or a few eggs were released in any single spawning bout. Viable, adhesive eggs were found on gravel and cobble substrate but not on sand or other attachment surfaces in aquaria. Only suckermouth minnow that were in peak reproductive condition successfully spawned after hormone injections. Voluntary spawning also occurred in the absence of hormone injections. We observed potential cannibalism of suckermouth minnow eggs immediately after spawning, suggesting that isolation of embryos or adults after spawning may be necessary for successful culture. Suckermouth minnow were stripped of gametes, and embryos were successfully reared to hatching at temperatures of 17, 19, and 23°C; rearing was most successful at 17°C and 23°C. The development and growth of larvae (4.2–4.8 mm total length at hatching) was faster at 23°C (mean = 0.57 mm/d) than at 17°C and 19°C (0.35 mm/d). The slow initial growth of larvae may be due to food that was of inappropriate size or low quality. Raising suckermouth minnow in captivity may be a useful conservation tool to establish populations in suitable habitat.
Use of Turkey Meal as a Replacement for Menhaden Fish Meal in Practical Diets for Sunshine Bass Grown in Cages
Authors: Thompson Kenneth R , Metts Linda S , Muzinic Laura A , Dasgupta Siddhartha , Webster Carl D , Brady Yolanda J 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
A 391-d feeding trial was conducted with caged juvenile (mean weight = 36.2 g, SD = 8.04 g) sunshine bass (female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis) to evaluate growth, feed conversion, protein efficiency ratio, body composition, and fillet composition resulting from diets with decreasing levels of fish meal (FM; 30, 20, 10, and 0%) and increasing levels of turkey meal (TM; 0.0, 9.7, 17.5, and 26.4%). We stocked 100 randomly selected fish into each of 12 floating cages (3.5 m3). Twice daily, fish were fed all they could consume in 30 min. Four practical diets were formulated to contain 40% protein and to be isoenergetic. After 391 d, significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences were found in growth; fish fed the control diet (30% FM, 0% TM) had higher individual final weight, percent weight gain, and specific growth rate than fish fed 10.0% FM and 17.5% TM. However, differences for those variables were not apparent between the control group and fish fed the 20% FM and 9.7% TM diet or the 0% FM and 26.4% TM diet. Diet composition did not significantly alter amount of diet fed, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, percent survival, fillet yield, or hepatosomatic index among treatments. Results indicate that sunshine bass grown in cages for 391 d can be fed a diet containing 0% FM and 26.4% TM without adverse effects on growth, feed conversion ratio, and body composition; more diverse diet formulations for sunshine bass and reduced usage of menhaden fish meal are therefore possible.
Energy Density of Patagonian Aquatic Organisms and Empirical Predictions Based on Water Content
Authors: Ciancio Javier E. , Pascual Miguel A. , Beauchamp David A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe measured the energy density for key species in the freshwater and marine ecosystems of Patagonia, providing the first database of such information for poorly known fauna, including fish, cephalopods, crustaceans, gastropods, annelids, and insects. We then considered an empirical model linking energy density (which is costly to estimate) to water content (which is easy to estimate) and compared the fit of the model with data from different taxonomic groups. Finally, we evaluated the predictive power of models with different levels of taxonomic aggregation to estimate energy density from water content. Fish (7,148‐3,443 J/g of wet weight) had the highest energy density, followed by crustaceans (5,906‐2,507 J/g), insects (5,794‐1,334 J/g), mollusks (5,014‐1,661 J/g), and annelids (4,542‐1,954 J/g). The use of water content as a predictor of energy density provided greatly improved predictions as compared with use of the mean energy density value. As expected, the predictive power improved when more specific levels of taxonomic aggregation were employed. Nevertheless, we were able to identify levels of aggregation that provided high levels of predictive power. We regard the data generated as primary products for future research on energy fluxes in Patagonian aquatic ecosystems.
Estimating Overwinter Survival of Juvenile Coho Salmon in a Northern California Stream: Accounting for Effects of Passive Integrated Transponder Tagging Mortality and Size‐Dependent Survival
Authors: Brakensiek Kyle E. , Hankin David G. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe used multiple resightings (live recoveries) of passive integrated transponder (PIT) tagged fish to estimate overwinter (October‐March) survival rates of juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in a near‐pristine northern California headwater stream. Cormack‐Jolly‐Seber models were used to estimate period‐specific survival rates and recapture probabilities from three tag groups released during October and November 1999 and March 2000. Parameter estimates from the best‐supported models provided strong evidence of initial tagging mortality and also suggested that subsequent survival rates were affected by fish size at tagging. We found statistical evidence for initial PIT tagging mortality, suggested by the lower estimated period‐specific survival rates for tagged fish in their first period at large compared with estimated survival rates for tagged fish that had survived through a previous period. Estimated overwinter survival rates (November‐March) for fish tagged in October that were uncontaminated by initial PIT tagging mortality ranged from about 21% for 55‐mm fish (fork length at tagging) to about 84% for 106‐mm fish (overall average = 45.5%). Lower apparent survival rates for smaller juveniles may reflect (1) size‐dependent movement out of the study reach, (2) chronic size‐dependent mortality related to PIT tagging, or (3) size‐dependent winter mortality unrelated to PIT tagging. We believe that development of successful recovery strategies for coho salmon stocks will require similar stock‐specific (ideal) or region‐specific (minimally adequate) estimates of survival rates through preadult life stages.
Spatial, Temporal, and Ontogenetic Patterns of Predation on Rockfishes by Lingcod
Authors: Beaudreau Anne H. , Essington Timothy E. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPredators often play a key role in structuring their prey populations in aquatic systems. We described patterns of predation on rockfishes Sebastes spp. by lingcod Ophiodon elongatus, a top predator in nearshore rocky reef communities along the West Coast of North America, to improve our understanding of the variability, magnitude, and constraints of lingcod feeding on rockfishes. From spring 2004 through fall 2005 we collected diet data from 560 lingcod in the San Juan Archipelago, Washington. Rockfishes were a common component of adult lingcod diets, making up 6.8% of the total diet by number, 11.0% by mass, and 10.5% by frequency of occurrence. Rockfishes were consumed by lingcod in all of the time periods and locations sampled during this study, but rockfish mass and frequency of occurrence in lingcod stomachs varied temporally and spatially. The total mass of rockfish consumed by lingcod during fall 2005 was estimated to be approximately three times as high in marine reserves as in nearby nonreserve areas, providing preliminary evidence for differences in community structure between protected areas and those open to harvest of bottom fish. Prey size spectra demonstrated that lingcod are capable of ingesting rockfish larger than 25 cm in standard length (SL), but the diet data suggest that they more commonly consume rockfish measuring 4‐24 cm SL, including the adult stages of the small‐bodied Puget Sound rockfish S. emphaeus and possibly the juvenile stages of larger rockfish such as copper rockfish S. caurinus and quillback rockfish S. maliger. These findings will inform development of future modeling and empirical studies that will ultimately provide improved insight into the relative top‐down effects of lingcod predation and fishing on rockfish populations.
Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling and Olig1/2 Interact to Regulate the Differentiation and Maturation of Adult Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells
Authors: Cheng Xiaoxin , Wang Yaping , He Qian , Qiu Mengsheng , Whittemore Scott R. , Cao Qilin 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Promotion of remyelination is an important therapeutic strategy for the treatment of the demyelinating neurological disorders. Adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), which normally reside quiescently in the adult central nervous system (CNS), become activated and proliferative after demyelinating lesions. However, the extent of endogenous remyelination is limited because of the failure of adult OPCs to mature into myelinating oligodendrocytes (OLs) in the demyelinated CNS. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate the differentiation of adult OPCs could lead to new therapeutic strategies to treat these disorders. In this study, we established a stable culture of adult spinal cord OPCs and developed a reliable in vitro protocol to induce their sequential differentiation. Adult OPCs expressed bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) type Ia, Ib, and II receptor subunits, which are required for BMP signal transduction. BMP2 and 4 promoted dose-dependent astrocyte differentiation of adult OPCs with concurrent suppression of OL differentiation. Treatment of OPCs with BMP2 and 4 increased ID4 expression and decreased the expression of olig1 and olig2. Overexpression of olig1 or olig2 blocked the astrocyte differentiation of adult OPCs induced by BMP2 and 4. Furthermore, overexpression of both olig1 and olig2, but not olig1 or olig2 alone, rescued OL differentiation from inhibition by BMP2 and 4. Our results demonstrated that downregulation of olig1 and olig2 is an important mechanism by which BMP2 and 4 inhibit OL differentiation of adult OPCs. These data suggest that blocking BMP signaling combined with olig1/2 overexpression could be a useful therapeutic strategy to enhance endogenous remyelination and facilitate functional recovery in CNS demyelinated disorders.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Fas Transduces Dual Apoptotic and Trophic Signals in Hematopoietic Progenitors
Authors: Pearl-Yafe Michal , Stein Jerry , Yolcu Esma S. , Farkas Daniel L. , Shirwan Haval , Yaniv Isaac , Askenasy Nadir 
Published: September 2007

AbstractStem cells and progenitors are often required to realize their differentiation potential in hostile microenvironments. The Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) interaction is a major effector pathway of apoptosis, which negatively regulates the expansion of differentiated hematopoietic cells. The involvement of this molecular interaction in the function of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells is not well understood. In the murine syngeneic transplant setting, both Fas and FasL are acutely upregulated in bone marrow-homed donor cells; however, the Fas+ cells are largely insensitive to FasL-induced apoptosis. In heterogeneous populations of lineage-negative (lin−) bone marrow cells and progenitors isolated by counterflow centrifugal elutriation, trimerization of the Fas receptor enhanced the clonogenic activity. Inhibition of caspases 3 and 8 did not affect the trophic signals mediated by Fas, yet it efficiently blocked the apoptotic pathways. Fas-mediated tropism appears to be of physiological significance, as pre-exposure of donor cells to FasL improved the radioprotective qualities of hematopoietic progenitors, resulting in superior survival of myeloablated hosts. Under these conditions, the activity of long-term reconstituting cells was not affected, as determined in sequential secondary and tertiary transplants. Dual caspase-independent tropic and caspase-dependent apoptotic signaling place the Fas receptor at an important junction of activation and death. This regulatory mechanism of hematopoietic homeostasis activates progenitors to promote the recovery from aplasia and converts into a negative regulator in distal stages of cell differentiation.Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.