bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An in situ optical second harmonic generation study of carbon steel in contact with an alkaline aqueous solution containing glutamic acid
Authors: Bozzini B. , D'Urzo L. , Lin C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this paper we report a spectroelectrochemical investigation—relevant to the elucidation of rebar corrosion processes—based on in situ optical second‐harmonic generation spectroscopy. We studied the corrosion behaviour of a carbon steel electrode in contact with an alkaline aqueous solution—simulating the electrolyte of freshly prepared cement paste—containing glutamic acid, a candidate corrosion inhibitor 1. The non‐linear time‐dependent optical response to exciting radiation at 1064 nm has been recorded as a function of applied potential. This approach allows to obtain detailed information regarding the dynamic electronic structure of the corrosion interface, which is not available from other electrochemical or spectroelectrochemical approaches.
Mechanical and corrosion properties of spot‐welded high‐strength austenitic stainless steel EN 1.4318
Authors: Alenius M. T. , Somervuori M. E. , Hänninen H. E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMechanical and corrosion properties of spot‐welded high‐strength austenitic stainless steels EN 1.4318 2H/C1150 and EN 1.4318 2H/C850 were studied. Microhardness measurements, lap shear and cross‐tension tests, corrosion fatigue tests and corrosion tests were carried out. The corrosion environment was 3.5% sodium chloride solution at +50 °C in the corrosion fatigue tests and 3.5% sodium chloride solution at ambient temperature in the electrochemical pitting corrosion tests. Stainless steel EN 1.4318 2H/C850, t = 1.92 mm, exhibited better fatigue endurance than EN 1.4318 2H/C1150, t = 1.2 mm, and EN 1.4318 2H/C850, t = 1.0 mm, stainless steels did. There were no significant differences between the stainless steels of different strength levels (2H/C850 vs. 2H/C1150) in the line load range analysis of the fatigue data. High hardness gradient was found in the heat‐affected zone (HAZ) of EN 1.4318 2H/C1150 stainless steels. EN 1.4318 2H/C1150, t = 1.2 mm, stainless steels seemed to have slightly higher lap shear strength with the same nugget diameter as EN 1.4318 2H/850, t = 1.9 mm, stainless steel. In the case of EN 1.4318 2H/C1150 stainless steel increase in the nugget diameter bigger than required 5√t did not increase the cross‐tension force significantly. The pitting corrosion susceptibility of the spot‐welded samples and the base materials of the steels EN 1.4318 2H/C850 and EN 1.4318 2H/C1150, t = 1.2 mm, was investigated by measuring the corrosion current for 1 h at +100 mV versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE) in 3.5% sodium chloride solution at ambient temperature. Pitting corrosion occurred in all spot‐welded samples but not in the base materials. There was a difference between the investigated steels in the location of the pits. In stainless steels EN 1.4318 2H/C850 the pits appeared around the spot weld, but in the steel EN 1.4318 2H/C1150, t = 1.2 mm, the pits are located mainly at the spot‐weld area.
Evaluation of effective biocides for SRB to control microbiologically influenced corrosion
Authors: Raman V. , Tamilselvi S. , Rajendran N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effects on microbiologically induced corrosion (MIC) of mild steel resulting from the presence of corrosion products in the biofilm of sulphate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) have been investigated. The culture‐media‐containing sulphide of biogenic origin was used to find out the effect of metal‐sulphide layers developed. The SRB were isolated from the Ennore brackish water (Chennai, India). Biocides with different concentrations were used to inhibit the metabolic activity of bacteria. Open circuit potentials (OCP) followed by potentiostatic polarisation measurements were carried out for the specimens with and without the biofilm. Electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study the accumulation of the biofilms. The corrosion rates and the mechanism of corrosion processes were understood from the investigation.
Preparation of Amylose/Polycarbonate Inclusion Complexes by Means of Vine‐Twining Polymerization
Authors: Kaneko Yoshiro , Beppu Koutarou , Kadokawa Jun‐ichi 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we describe the preparation of inclusion complexes composed of amylose and hydrophobic polycarbonates by “vine‐twining polymerization”, which was achieved by means of the phosphorylase‐catalyzed enzymatic polymerization of an α‐D‐glucose 1‐phosphate from a maltoheptaose in the presence of the polycarbonates with appropriate methylene chain lengths. We found that the polycarbonate with the shorter methylene chain length such as poly(tetramethylene carbonate) was more favorable as the guest polymer to form the inclusion complex with amylose on vine‐twining polymerization than that with the longer one.magnified image
Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using a Novel Graft Copolymer and Enhanced Particle Stability via a “Polymer Brush Effect”
Authors: Vivek A. V. , Pradipta S. M. , Dhamodharan R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPolymer‐encapsulated silver nanoparticles were synthesized and sterically stabilized by a new core‐shell type system consisting of poly(S‐alt‐MA)‐graft‐PMMA copolymer that acts as a scaffold for the synthesis of size confined nanoparticles. The graft copolymer is synthesized via ambient temperature ATRP using the CuBr/PMDETA catalytic system at ambient temperature. The graft copolymer is hypothesized to function as a scaffold with the anhydride part interacting strongly with the silver ions, while the PMMA graft functions as a polymer brush that stabilizes the dispersion and prevents the particle aggregation due to a ‘polymer brush effect’. UV absorption and TEM studies confirm that the synthesized silver composite particles have a core‐shell structure.magnified image
A Thermosensitive and Biodegradable Physical Gel with Chemically Crosslinked Nanogels as the Building Block
Authors: Yang Zigang , Ding Jiandong 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA triblock copolymer, poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(propylene glycol)–poly(ethylene glycol) was end‐capped by acryloyl groups using a biodegradable oligolactide as spacer, and such biodegradable amphiphilic macromers could form micelles in water. A nanogel was prepared via polymerizing macromers in a micelle, and a macroscopic physical gelation was found upon heating a concentrated aqueous nanogel suspension. Such a sol–gel transition with a chemically crosslinked nanogel as the building block was thermoreversible. While the hydrogel affords a promising injectable biomaterial; this research reveals new physics of the thermogelling mechanism of amphiphilic block copolymers.magnified image
Multiple Vesicle Morphologies Formed from Reactive H‐Shaped Block Copolymers
Authors: Zou Peng , Pan Cai‐Yuan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAmphiphilic H‐shaped block copolymers (PTMSPMA)2PEG(PTMSPMA)2 with 91 ethylene glycol (EG) units and four PTMSPMA chains have been synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization of trimethoxylsilylpropyl methacrylate (TMSPMA) at room temperature in methanol. The structure, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution have been characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and GPC traces. These H‐shaped block copolymers can self‐assemble in DMF/water, and multiple vesicle aggregates from large‐compound vesicles, to multilayer vesicles and unilamillar vesicles are formed. These morphologies can be simply controlled by variation of the chain length ratios.magnified image
Novel Amphiphilic Degradable Poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐graft‐poly(4‐vinyl pyridine), Poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐graft‐poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) and Water‐Soluble Derivatives
Authors: Nottelet Benjamin , Vert Michel , Coudane Jean 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNew amphiphilic graft copolymers that have a poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) biodegradable hydrophobic backbone and poly(4‐vinylpyridine) (P4VP) or poly(2‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) hydrophilic side chains have been prepared by anionic polymerization of the corresponding 4VP and DMAEMA monomers using a PCL‐based macropolycarbanion as initiator. The water solubility of these amphiphilic copolymers is improved by quaternization, which leads to fully water‐soluble cationic copolymers that give micellar aggregates in deionized water with diameters ranging from 65 to 125 nm. In addition, to improve the hydrophilicity of PCL‐g‐P4VP, grafting of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) segments has been carried out to give a water‐soluble double grafted PCL‐g‐(P4VP;PEG) terpolymer.magnified image
Characterisation of different types of hay by solid‐phase micro‐extraction–gas chromatography mass spectrometry and multivariate data analysis
Authors: Valtiner S. M. , Bonn G. K. , Huck C. W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe volatile organic compounds of different ground hay samples from Austria, Italy and Switzerland were collected at 50°C on a Supelco Carbowax Divinylbenzene headspace solid‐phase microextraction fibre, separated by capillary gas chromatography on an HP5‐ms column running a temperature programme and using helium as carrier gas, detected with a mass sensitive detector and studied with principal component analyses after autoscaling selected variables. The analytes, mainly mono‐ and sesquiterpenes, were able to cluster differences resulting from the site of production. Coumarin can be used to differentiate hay grown north and south of the main chain of the Alps. Acetic acid is appropriate for distinguishing between hay from Kastelruth and Passeier Valley, two South Tyrolean regions. The average linalool content in aftermath is higher than in hay. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of central nervous system drugs and analgesics among very old people with and without dementia
Authors: Lövheim Hugo , Karlsson Stig , Gustafson Yngve 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPurposeOld people in general, and particularly those with dementia, are more sensitive to adverse drug effects than younger people. Despite this, the use of central nervous system (CNS) drugs among old people is common. The aim of the present study was to compare the use of central nervous system drugs and analgesics among people aged 85 years or older, with and without dementia.MethodsOne half of all people aged 85 years old and all those aged 90, 95 and above in Umeå, Sweden and Vaasa and Mustasaari, Finland, were asked to participate in this part of the GERDA/Umeå 85+ study. Both those living in their own homes and those in institutions were included. Trained investigators performed structured interviews and assessments. Medication data were obtained from the participants and medical records. Dementia disorders were diagnosed according to DSM‐IV.ResultsDementia was diagnosed in 247/546 participants (45.2%). A higher proportion of the participants with dementia used paracetamol (50.6% compared to 21.4%, p < 0.001), antipsychotics (22.3% and 2.7%, p < 0.001), antidepressants (33.6% and 11.4%, p < 0.001) and anxiolytics (19.0% and 8.0%, p < 0.001). There were no differences in the use of opioid analgesics, anticonvulsants and hypnotics.ConclusionsThe use of CNS drugs and analgesics was common among this population of very old people. Furthermore, the prescription of CNS drugs was more common among people with dementia. The use of antipsychotics in people with dementia should arouse particular concern, because of the high risk of severe adverse events and the limited evidence of positive effects. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microplasmas: Sources, Particle Kinetics, and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Iza Felipe , Kim Gon Jun , Lee Seung Min , Lee Jae Koo , Walsh James L. , Zhang Yuantao T. , Kong Michael G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThanks to their portability and the non‐equilibrium character of the discharges, microplasmas are finding application in many scientific disciplines. Although microplasma research has traditionally been application driven, microplasmas represent a new realm in plasma physics that still is not fully understood. This paper reviews existing microplasma sources and discusses charged particle kinetics in various microdischarges. The non‐equilibrium character highlighted in this manuscript raises concerns about the accuracy of fluid models and should trigger further kinetic studies of high‐pressure microdischarges. Finally, an outlook is presented on the biomedical application of microplasmas.magnified image
Proteomic studies in animal models of diabetes
Authors: Resjö Svante , Berger Karin , Fex Malin , Hansson Ola 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe aim of this review is to provide an overview of proteomic studies in animal models of diabetes and to give some insight into the different methods available today in the rapidly developing field of proteomics. A summary of 31 papers published between 1997 and 2007 is presented. For instance, proteomics has been used to study the development of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, diabetic complications in tissues like heart, kidney and retina and changes after treatment with anti‐diabetic drugs like peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors agonists. Together, these studies give a good overview of a number of experimental approaches. Proteomics holds the promise of providing major contributions to the field of diabetes research. However, to achieve this, a number of issues need to be resolved. Appropriate data representation to facilitate data comparison, exchange, and verification is required, as well as improved statistical assessment of proteomic experiments. In addition, it is important to follow up the results with functional studies to be able to make biologically relevant conclusions. The potential of proteomics to dissect complex human disorders is now beginning to be realized. In the future, this will result in new important information concerning diabetes.
Structure, morphology, and growth dynamics of perfluoro‐pentacene thin films
Authors: Kowarik Stefan , Gerlach Alexander , Hinderhofer Alexander , Milita Silvia , Borgatti Francesco , Zontone Federico , Suzuki Toshiyasu , Biscarini Fabio , Schreiber Frank 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe report high structural order in thin films of the organic semiconductor perfluoro‐pentacene (PFP), which is a candidate material for n‐type applications, deposited by vacuum sublimation on oxidized silicon wafers. Bragg reflections up to high order in both specular and grazing incidence geometries and a mosaicity of less than 0.01° demonstrate the well defined structure. The thin film entirely consists of crystallites with a structure close to the bulk phase without any contamination with a second phase. Real‐time X‐ray measurements show that PFP grows in a Stranski–Krastanov growth mode with the first monolayer wetting the substrate before 3d‐growth sets in during growth of the second monolayer. Implications for its use are discussed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Immunomodulatory effect of extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Family Malvaceae) in a mouse model
Authors: Fakeye Titilayo O. , Pal Anirban , Bawankule D. U. , Khanuja S. P. S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe immunomodulatory activity of water and alcohol extracts (including its fractions) of the dried calyx of the plant was evaluated in mice. The ability of the extracts to inhibit or enhance the production of two cytokines, namely tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐ α) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10), respectively, implicated as proinflammatory and antiinflammatory interleukins were also evaluated.The extracts at doses of 50 mg/kg were found to possess higher immunostimulatory activities in comparison with levamisole (positive control), with significant effects when compared with the vehicle‐treated group (p < 0.01). Increased activity was observed with increase in doses of the 50% ethanol and absolute ethanol extracts. The insoluble fraction exhibited a significant dose‐dependent immunostimulatory activity (p < 0.05), while the residual water‐soluble fraction exhibited activity at 100 mg/kg body weight. The production of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), was low in all the extract groups tested, while the production of interleukin 10 (IL‐10) was high compared with the control. The production of IL‐10 was high in 300 mg/kg aqueous extract. The insoluble fraction exhibited a profound dose‐dependent immunostimulatory activity higher than the positive control at 100 mg/kg.This study established the immunoenhancing properties of the extracts of this plant confirming that the immunomodulatory activity is cell mediated and humoral. The insoluble fraction could find use as an immunostimulatory agent in humans. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kwyjibo: automatic domain name generation
Authors: Crawford Heather , Aycock John 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAutomatically generating ‘good’ domain names that are random yet pronounceable is a problem harder than it first appears. The problem is related to random word generation, and we survey and categorize existing techniques before presenting our own syllable‐based algorithm that produces higher‐quality results. Our results are also applicable elsewhere, in areas such as password generation, username generation, and even computer‐generated poetry. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetronzerstäubung – Meilensteine aus 20 Jahren
Authors: Bräer G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDie Magnetronzerstäubung ist heute die bedeutendste Technologie zur Abscheidung hochwertiger dünner Schichten. Seit ihrer Einführung gegen Ende der siebziger Jahre hat sie einen Siegeszug durch alle industriellen Branchen angetreten, die zur Realisierung oder Verbesserung ihrer Produkte Dünnschichttechnologien benötigen. Die Magnetronkathode vereint die Vorzüge der ökonomischen Schichtherstellung mit der Möglichkeit, auch sehr temperaturempfindliche Kunststoffe zu beschichten. Wesentliche Probleme wie die schlechte Targetmaterialausnutzung des planaren Magnetrons oder die Stabilitätsprobleme bei der Abscheidung hochisolierender Schichten wurden in den vergangenen 20 Jahren durch zahlreiche Innovationen weitgehend gelöst. Gepulste Entladungen bei Leistungen bis hin zum MW‐Bereich liefern hochionisierte Plasmen, die eine Basis für noch bessere Schichten bilden können.
Trockenlaufende Vakuumpumpen für die Prozess‐Industrie
Authors: Jorisch Wolfgang 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn den Jahren des Bestehens unserer Zeitschrift VIP sind von allen Europäischen Herstellern von Vakuumpumpen große Anstrengungen zur Entwicklung von echten Alternativen zu Flüssigkeitsringvakuumpumpen und ölgedichteten Drehschiebervakuumpumpen in Form von trockenlaufenden Vakuumpumpen für die Chemische und Pharmazeutische Verfahrenstechnik unternommen worden. Ziel war es, betriebsmittelfreie und prozessösen, wenn Betriebsmittel den Vakuumprozess stören.Immer wurden bei diesen Entwicklungen auch sicherheitstechnische Anforderungen in höchstem Masse berücksichtigt, denn in diesen betrachteten Zeitraum fällt auch die Schaffung der Europäischen Explosionsschutzrichtlinie RL 94/9 EG, auch besser bekannt als ATEX.
Vakuummessgeräte: gestern, heute und morgen
Authors: Jitschin Wolfgang 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDer Artikel gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die Entwicklung der Vakuummessgeräte. Im ersten Kapitel werden die Ursprünge aufgezeigt, wie seit der ersten Vakuummessung in der Mitte des 17. Jh. bis zur Mitte des 20. Jh. eine Reihe von Messprinzipien gefunden wurden. Das zweite Kapitel beschreibt den Stand der Technik im Jahr 1989, als die Zeitschrift “Vakuum in der Praxis” erstmals erschien. Schließlich reflektiert das dritte Kapitel den heutigen Stand und deutet mögliche Weiterentwicklungen an.
Reduction of aflatoxin levels in cottonseed and peanut meals by ozonization
Authors: Dwarakanath C. T. , Rayner E. T. , Mann G. E. , Dollear F. G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCottonseed and peanut meals were treated with ozone to destroy or eliminate aflatoxins. High meal moistures (cottonseed 22%, peanut 30%), high temperature (100C), and longer treatment times favored inactivation as measured by thin‐layer chromatography. Aflatoxins B1 and G1 were readily destroyed by the ozone processes whereas aflatoxin B2 appeared relatively resistant. In cottonseed meal, 91% of the total aflatoxins was destroyed in 2 hr, a decrease from 214 to 20 ppb; in peanut meal, 78% was destroyed in 1 hr, a decrease from 82 to 18 ppb. In both meals, aflatoxin B1 was totally inactivated within the times specified.
Expression and function of alternative splice variants of the mouse TGF‐β type I receptor
Authors: Murakami Masaru , Kondo Shoko , Funaba Masayuki 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMouse TGF‐β type I receptor, Alk5, encodes two types of mRNA generated by alternative splicing of four amino acids in the extracellular region. In the present study, the expression and function of alternative splice variants of Alk5, i.e., Alk5‐L (Alk5 with the four amino acids) and Alk5‐S (Alk5 without the four amino acids), were examined. Expression of Alk5 was detected in all examined tissues, and no significant differences in the ratio of Alk5‐S to Alk5‐L were detected between tissues. Expression of Alk5 was also detected in various cells, with Alk5‐L being especially abundant in A‐6 ES cells when it was examined by RT‐PCR and subsequent image analyses. No clear difference in Smad2 phosphorylation in response to treatment with TGF‐β1 was detected between L17 cells expressing Alk5‐S and those expressing Alk5‐L. Consistent with these results, transcription mediated by Alk5‐S in L17 cells treated with TGF‐β1 was comparable to that mediated by Alk5‐L. In addition, alternative splicing had no effect on transcriptional activation induced by GDF‐8, a member of the TGF‐β family. The present results indicate ubiquitous expression of Alk5 isoforms in mouse tissues and cells, and insignificant effects of alternative splicing on signaling induced by TGF‐β1 and GDF‐8.
NF‐κB inhibitors induce lytic cytotoxicity in Epstein—Barr virus‐positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells
Authors: Liu Su‐Fang , Wang Hai , Lin Xu‐Chi , Xiang Hui , Deng Xi‐Yun , Li Wei , Tang Min , Cao Ya 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEpstein—Barr virus (EBV) infection in tumor cells is generally restricted to the latent forms of viral infection. Switching the latent form of viral infection into the lytic form may induce tumor cell death. An important nuclear factor, nuclear factor (NF)‐κB, is thought to play an essential role in EBV lytic infection; high levels of NF‐κB can inhibit EBV lytic replication. In this study, we tested the effect of inducing EBV lytic replication using two NF‐κB inhibitors: Bay11‐7082 and Z‐LLF‐CHO, to reveal the possibility of targeting EBV‐positive cancer therapy with these two NF‐κB inhibitors. Our results showed that Bay11‐7082 and Z‐LLF‐CHO reactivated EBV in a dose‐dependent manner, thus resulting in EBV‐positive 5‐8F cell death. In contrast, there was no significant effect on EBV‐negative HNE3 cells. When ganciclovir was used in combination with either Bay11‐7082 or Z‐LLF‐CHO to treat 5‐8F cells, the cytotoxic effect of the NF‐κB inhibitor was amplified. The finding indicates that inhibiting the NF‐κB activity of EBV‐positive cells can induce lytic replication of EBV and cause lytic cytotoxicity against these cells.