bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sources of edaphic cyanobacterial diversity in the Dry Valleys of Eastern Antarctica
Authors: Wood Susanna A , Rueckert Andreas , Cowan Donald A , Cary S Craig 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Cyanobacteria are major components of Antarctic Dry Valley ecosystems. Their occurrence in lakes and ponds is well documented, however, less is known about their distribution in edaphic environments. There has been considerable debate about the contribution of aquatic organic matter derived largely from cyanobacteria to terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, automated rRNA intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) and 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were used to investigate cyanobacterial diversity in a range of soil environments within the Miers and Beacon Valleys. These data were used to elucidate the input of aquatic cyanobacteria to soil communities. Thirty-eight samples were collected from a variety of soil environments including dry and moist soils, hypoliths and lake and hydroterrestrial microbial mats. The results from the ARISA and 16S rRNA clone library analysis demonstrated that diverse cyanobacterial communities exist within the mineral soils of the Miers Valley. The soil samples from Beacon Valley were depauparate in cyanobacterial signals. Within Miers Valley, significant portions (29%–58%) of ARISA fragment lengths found in aquatic cyanobacterial mats were also present in soil and hypolith samples, indicating that lacustrine and hydroterrestrial cyanobacteria play a significant role in structuring soil communities. The influence of abiotic variables on the community structure of soil samples was assessed using BEST analysis. The results of BEST analysis of samples from within Miers Valley showed that total percentage of carbon content was the most important variable in explaining differences in cyanobacterial community structure. The BEST analyses indicated that four elements contributed significantly to species compositional differences between valleys. We suggest that the complete absence of lakes or ponds from Beacon Valley is a contributing factor to the low cyanobacterial component of these soils.
Grazing and Loss of Control Related to Eating: Two High‐risk Factors Following Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Colles Susan L. , Dixon John B. , O'Brien Paul E. 
Published: January 2008

Background: Gastric restrictive surgery induces a marked change in eating behavior. However, the relationship between preoperative and postoperative eating behavior and weight loss outcome has received limited attention.Objective: This study assessed a range of eating behaviors before and 1 year after laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) and explored the nature and extent of change in eating patterns, their clinical associates, and impact on weight loss.Methods and Procedures: A 12‐month observational study assessed presurgical and postsurgical binge eating disorder (BED), uncontrolled eating, night eating syndrome (NES), grazing, nutrient intake and eating‐related behaviors, and markers of psychological distress. A total of 129 subjects (26 male and 103 female, mean age 45.2 ± 11.5 and BMI 44.3 ± 6.8) participated in this study.Results: Presurgical BED, uncontrolled eating, and NES occurred in 14%, 31%, and 17.1% of subjects, which reduced after surgery to 3.1%, 22.5%, and 7.8%, respectively (P = 0.05 for all). Grazing was prevalent before (26.3%) and after surgery (38.0%). Preoperative BED most frequently became grazers (P = 0.029). The average percentage weight loss (%WL) was 20.8 ± 8.5%; range −0.67 to 50.0% and percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL) 50.0 ± 20.7%; range −1.44 to 106.9% (P < 0.001). Uncontrolled eating and grazing after surgery showed high overlap and were associated with poorer %WL (P = 0.008 and P < 0.001, respectively) and elevated psychological distress.Discussion: Consistent with recent studies, uncontrolled eating and grazing were identified as two high‐risk eating patterns after surgery. Clearer characterization of favorable and unfavorable postsurgical eating behaviors, reliable methods to assess their presence, and empirically tested postsurgical intervention strategies are required to optimize weight loss outcomes and facilitate psychological well‐being in at‐risk groups.
Endocannabinoid Dysregulation in the Pancreas and Adipose Tissue of Mice Fed With a High‐fat Diet
Authors: Starowicz Katarzyna M. , Cristino Luigia , Matias Isabel , Capasso Raffaele , Racioppi Alessandro , Izzo Angelo A. , Di Marzo Vincenzo 
Published: January 2008

Objective: In mice, endocannabinoids (ECs) modulate insulin release from pancreatic β‐cells and adipokine expression in adipocytes through cannabinoid receptors. Their pancreatic and adipose tissue levels are elevated during hyperglycemia and obesity, but the mechanisms underlying these alterations are not understood.Methods and Procedures: We assessed in mice fed for up to 14 weeks with a standard or high‐fat diet (HFD): (i) the expression of cannabinoid receptors and EC biosynthesizing enzymes (N‐acyl‐phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine‐selective phospholipase D (NAPE‐PLD) and DAGLα) and degrading enzymes (fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL)) in pancreatic and adipose tissue sections by immunohistochemical staining; (ii) the amounts, measured by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, of the ECs, 2‐AG, and anandamide (AEA).Results: Although CB1 receptors and biosynthetic enzymes were found mostly in α‐cells, degrading enzymes were identified in β‐cells. Following HFD, staining for biosynthetic enzymes in β‐cells and lower staining for FAAH were observed together with an increase of EC pancreatic levels. While we observed no diet‐induced change in the intensity of the staining of EC metabolic enzymes in the mesenteric visceral fat, a decrease in EC concentrations was accompanied by lower and higher staining of biosynthesizing enzymes and FAAH, respectively, in the subcutaneous fat. No change in cannabinoid receptor staining was observed following HFD in any of the analyzed tissues.Discussion: We provide unprecedented information on the distribution of EC metabolic enzymes in the pancreas and adipose organ, where their aberrant expression during hyperglycemia and obesity contribute to dysregulated EC levels.
Regional Heterogeneity of Functional Changes in Conduit Arteries After High‐fat Diet
Authors: Bhattacharya Indranil , Mundy Alexa L. , Widmer Corinne C. , Kretz Martin , Barton Matthias 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To determine effects of dietary fat content on vascular responses in different conduit arteries in mice.Methods and Procedures: Vascular responses to reactive oxygen species (ROS)/hydroxyl radical (·OH), acetylcholine (ACh), endothelin‐1 (ET‐1), and angiotensin II (Ang II) were determined in carotid and femoral arteries of C57BL/6J mice fed with diets varying in fat content (low fat (LF), 12.3%; high fat (HF), 41%; and very high fat (VHF), 58% (kcal from fat)) for 15 weeks, beginning at 4 weeks of age.Results: In precontracted rings of carotid and femoral artery, ROS/·OH‐induced a rapid, transient vasodilation. In the carotid, but not in femoral artery, ROS/·OH‐induced dilation increased with increasing dietary fat intake (P < 0.05 vs. LF diet), while contractile responses to ROS/·OH remained unaffected. In femoral arteries, ROS/·OH‐induced contractions were reversed into relaxations after both HF and VHF diet (P < 0.05 vs. LF diet). Both ET‐1 and Ang II induced strong contractions in the femoral artery that were unaffected by dietary fat intake. In contrast, in the carotid artery Ang II–induced contraction was attenuated after HF and VHF diets (P < 0.005 vs. LF diet), whereas ET‐1‐induced vasoconstriction was significantly increased (P < 0.05 VHF vs. LF and HF). Treatment with VHF diet enhanced ACh‐mediated endothelium‐dependent relaxation only in the femoral artery (P < 0.05 vs. HF).Discussion: These findings demonstrate that dietary fat content has regional and distinct effects on vascular function in different vascular beds. The data also suggest the possibility that in selected conduit arteries ROS‐dependent vasodilator mechanisms become activated in response to increased dietary fat intake.
Assessment of Diet‐induced Obese Rats as an Obesity Model by Comparative Functional Genomics
Authors: Li Shuyu , Zhang Hong‐Yan , Hu Charlie C. , Lawrence Frank , Gallagher Kelly E. , Surapaneni Anupama , Estrem Shawn T. , Calley John N. , Varga Gabor , Dow Ernst R. , Chen Yanyun 
Published: January 2008

Objective: We applied a comparative functional genomics approach to evaluate whether diet‐induced obese (DIO) rats serve as an effective obesity model.Methods and Procedures: Gene‐expression profiles of epididymal fat from DIO and lean rats were generated using microarrays and compared with the published array data of obese and non‐obese human subcutaneous adipocytes.Results: Caloric intake and fuel efficiency were significantly higher in DIO rats, which resulted in increased body weight and adiposity. Circulating glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin, and leptin levels in DIO rats were significantly higher than those in the lean controls. DIO rats also exhibited impaired insulin sensitivity. A direct comparison of gene‐expression profiles from DIO and lean rats and those from obese and non‐obese humans revealed that global gene‐expression patterns in DIO rat fat resemble those of obese human adipocytes. Differentially expressed genes between obese and non‐obese subjects in both human and rat studies were identified and associated with biological pathways by mapping genes to Gene Ontology (GO) categories. Immune response–related genes and angiogenesis‐related genes exhibited significant upregulation in both obese humans and DIO rats when compared with non‐obese controls. However, genes in fatty acid metabolism and oxidation exhibited a broad downregulation only in obese human adipocytes but not in DIO rat epididymal fat.Discussion: Our study based on gene‐expression profiling suggested that DIO rats in general represent an appropriate obesity model. However, the discrepancies in gene‐expression alterations between DIO rats and obese humans, particularly in the metabolic pathways, may explain the limitations of using DIO rodent models in obesity research and drug discovery.
Short Sleep Duration and Weight Gain: A Systematic Review
Authors: Patel Sanjay R. , Hu Frank B. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: The recent obesity epidemic has been accompanied by a parallel growth in chronic sleep deprivation. Physiologic studies suggest sleep deprivation may influence weight through effects on appetite, physical activity, and/or thermoregulation. This work reviews the literature regarding short sleep duration as an independent risk factor for obesity and weight gain.Methods and Procedures: A literature search was conducted for all articles published between 1966 and January 2007 using the search “sleep” and (“duration” or “hour” or “hours”) and (“obesity” or “weight”) in the MEDLINE database. Additional references were identified by reviewing bibliographies and contacting experts in the field. Studies reporting the association between sleep duration and at least one measure of weight were included.Results: Thirty‐six publications (31 cross‐sectional, 5 prospective, and 0 experimental) were identified. Findings in both cross‐sectional and cohort studies of children suggested short sleep duration is strongly and consistently associated with concurrent and future obesity. Results from adult cross‐sectional analyses were more mixed with 17 of 23 studies supporting an independent association between short sleep duration and increased weight. In contrast, all three longitudinal studies in adults found a positive association between short sleep duration and future weight. This relationship appeared to wane with age.Discussion: Short sleep duration appears independently associated with weight gain, particularly in younger age groups. However, major study design limitations preclude definitive conclusions. Further research with objective measures of sleep duration, repeated assessments of both sleep and weight, and experimental study designs that manipulate sleep are needed to better define the causal relationship of sleep deprivation on obesity.
Overweight and Obesity Doubled Over a 6‐year Period in Young Women Living in Poverty in Mexico
Authors: Neufeld Lynnette M. , Hernández‐Cordero Sonia , Fernald Lia C. , Ramakrishnan Usha 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To document the changes in BMI and the prevalence of overweight and obesity in young women living in poverty in a semi‐urban community in Mexico.Methods and Procedures: Women who had previously participated in a longitudinal research study (1997–2000) were re‐assessed in 2005. Anthropometric measurements were obtained using standard procedures, and socio‐demographic questionnaires were administered. Total and annual rate of change in BMI and change in the prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI ≥ 25.0 and ≥30.0) were estimated.Results: Mean age in 2005 was 30.0 ± 5.7 years (n = 683) and time between recruitment and follow‐up was 6.4 ± 1.0 years. Mean change in BMI was +3.6 ± 2.7 (range −8.2 to +14.6). In 2005, 500 (73.2%) women were overweight, up from 263 (38.5%) in the original assessment. The prevalence of obesity tripled over the follow‐up period (from 9.8% to 30.3%). The mean annual rate of change in BMI was +0.6 (±0.4). After adjustment for age and parity at baseline, an annual rate of change of BMI above the sample median (>0.5) was associated with lower levels of formal education.Discussion: The annual increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity in this sample is double that which was reported at a national level in Mexico. An understanding of the determinants of this rapid increase among the women living in poverty in Mexico is urgently needed.
Intake of Fruits and Vegetables in Relation to 10‐year Weight Gain Among Spanish Adults
Authors: Vioque Jesus , Weinbrenner Tanja , Castelló Adela , Asensio Laura , de la Hera Manoli Garcia 
Published: January 2008

Objective: Despite the alarming increase in the prevalence of obesity, epidemiologic studies that prospectively examine the fruit and vegetable consumption and other lifestyle factors in relation to weight gain (WG) are still insufficient. We explored the associations between fruit and vegetable intake and WG over a 10‐year period in an adult Mediterranean population.Methods and Procedures: We performed a 10‐year follow‐up study with healthy participants (n = 206) aged 15–80 years at baseline in 1994, who participated in a nutrition survey in Valencia, Spain. Data on diet, lifestyle factors, and body weight were obtained in 1994 and 2004 using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and direct measurements.Results: The average WG over the study period was 3.41 (s.d. 6.9) kg. In multivariate analyses, participants in the third quartile of fruit intake at baseline in 1994 had lower risk of WG≥3.41 kg compared to those in the lowest quartile (oddsratio (OR) = 0.31, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.11–0.85; P trend = 0.044). Regarding vegetable intake, the risk of WG was lowest in participants of the fourth quartile (>333 g/day), which had an 84% reduced risk of gaining 3.41 kg weight (OR = 0.18, 95% CI, 0.05–0.66; P trend = 0.017). When the intake of fruits and vegetables was combined, the risk of WG decreased across quartiles, with the lowest risk among those in the fourth quartile (OR = 0.22, 95% CI, 0.06–0.81; P trend = 0.022). Further adjustment for an increased intake of fruits and vegetables over the past 10 years reported by participants in 2004 did not appreciably alter the observed ORs.Discussion: Dietary patterns associated with a high intake of fruits and vegetables in Mediterranean populations may reduce long‐term risk of subsequent WG and obesity among adults.
Impact of Obesity on Health‐related Quality of Life in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Kolotkin Ronette L. , Corey‐Lisle Patricia K. , Crosby Ross D. , Swanson Jodi M. , Tuomari Anne V. , L'Italien Gilbert J. , Mitchell James E. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: Studies have reported that up to 60% of individuals with schizophrenia and 68% of those with bipolar disorder are overweight/obese. This paper explores the health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) of individuals with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder as a function of obesity status.Methods and Procedures: Two hundred and eleven participants were recruited from four psychiatric programs (outpatient, day treatment, case management, and psychosocial rehabilitation). HRQOL was assessed using both a general measure (Medical Outcomes Study Short‐Form‐36 (SF‐36)) and a weight‐related measure (Impact of Weight on Quality of Life‐Lite (IWQOL‐Lite)). To interpret HRQOL scores obtained by the obese group, we compared scores to those obtained by reference groups from the weight‐loss literature.Results: Sixty‐three percent of participants with schizophrenia and 68% of those with bipolar disorder were obese. Obese participants were more likely to be women, on mood stabilizers, taking a greater number of psychiatric medications, and to have poorer weight‐related and general HRQOL. Weight‐related HRQOL in the obese psychiatric sample was more impaired than in outpatient and day treatment samples seeking weight loss but less impaired than in gastric‐bypass patients. Several of the physical domains of general HRQOL were more impaired for the obese psychiatric sample than for the outpatient weight‐loss sample. However, physical functioning was less impaired for the obese psychiatric sample than for gastric‐bypass patients.Discussion: The presence of obesity among individuals with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder is associated with decreased HRQOL. These results have implications for prevention and management of weight gain in individuals with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder.
Anthropometric Risk Factors for Colorectal Polyps in African‐American Women
Authors: Wise Lauren A. , Rosenberg Lynn , Palmer Julie R. , Adams‐Campbell Lucile L. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: Colorectal adenomas are thought to be precursor lesions to colorectal cancer, a leading cause of cancer incidence and mortality in African‐American women. Studies suggest that obesity is associated with risk of adenomas in white women, but little is known about the relation in African‐American women. We prospectively examined the association between selected anthropometric factors and colorectal polyps in African‐American women.Methods and Procedures: Data were obtained from the Black Women's Health Study (BWHS), a prospective cohort study of African‐American women. From 1997 to 2003, we followed 33,403 women aged ≥30 years with no prior diagnosis of cancer or polyps. Cox regression was used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for risk of polyps, with adjustment for potential confounders.Results: After 211,797 person‐years of follow‐up, 1,189 cases of colorectal polyps were reported. The IRR comparing women with a current BMI ≥35 to <25 kg/m2 was 1.35 (95% CI = 1.12–1.62), after adjustment for covariates including waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR). Women who gained ≥30 kg since age 18 were 1.76 times as likely as those who gained <5 kg to report polyps (95% CI = 1.33–2.33). The IRR comparing the highest (≥0.87) to lowest (<0.71) quintiles of WHR was 1.26 (95% CI = 1.04–1.54), after adjustment for covariates including BMI. BMI at age 18, adult height, and waist circumference (BMI‐adjusted) were not materially associated with risk. Results were similar among women with a recent endoscopy.Discussion: Weight gain and obesity in adulthood may increase the risk of colorectal polyps in African‐American women.
Effect of Obesity on Short‐ and Long‐term Mortality Postcoronary Revascularization: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Oreopoulos Antigone , Padwal Raj , Norris Colleen M. , Mullen John C. , Pretorius Victor , Kalantar‐Zadeh Kamyar 
Published: January 2008

Objective: Overweight and obesity are often assumed to be risk factors for postprocedural mortality in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, recent studies have described an “obesity paradox”—a neutral or beneficial association between obesity and mortality postcoronary revascularization. We reviewed the effect of overweight and obesity systematically on short‐ and long‐term all‐cause mortality post‐coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and post‐percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Methods: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify cohort, case control, and randomized controlled studies evaluating the effect of obesity on in‐hospital/short‐term (within 30 days) and long‐term (up to 5 years) mortality. Full‐text, published articles reporting all‐cause mortality between individuals with and without elevated BMI were included. Two reviewers independently assessed studies for inclusion and performed data extraction.Results: Twenty‐two cohort publications were identified, reporting results in ten post‐PCI and twelve post‐CABG populations. Compared to individuals with non‐elevated BMI levels, obese patients undergoing PCI had lower short‐ (odds ratio (OR) 0.63; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54–0.73) and long‐term mortality (OR 0.65; 95% CI 0.51–0.83). Post‐CABG, obese patients had lower short‐term (OR 0.63; 95% CI 0.56–0.71) and similar long‐term (OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.60–1.29) mortality risk compared to normal weight individuals. Results were similar in overweight patients for both procedures.Conclusions: Compared to non‐obese individuals, overweight and obese patients have similar or lower short‐ and long‐term mortality rates postcoronary revascularization. Further research is needed to confirm the validity of these findings and delineate potential underlying mechanisms.
Effects of Breastfeeding on Trajectories of Body Fat and BMI throughout Childhood
Authors: Buyken Anette E. , Karaolis‐Danckert Nadina , Remer Thomas , Bolzenius Katja , Landsberg Beate , Kroke Anja 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To investigate the effect of breastfeeding in healthy boys and girls on their trajectories of percent body fat (%BF) and BMI standard deviation scores (BMI–SDS) throughout childhood.Methods and Procedures: Analyses of the DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed (DONALD) Study included data from 219 male and 215 female term participants, born between 1984 and 1999, with repeated anthropometric measurements between 0.5 and 7 years and prospective data on duration of breastfeeding.Results: Among boys with an overweight mother (OW‐M), analyses adjusted for potential confounders revealed that not or shortly breastfed (≤17 weeks) boys did not experience the age‐dependent decrease in %BF seen in all children with normal weight mothers (NW‐Ms). In contrast, boys fully breastfed for >17 weeks were protected against the adverse effect of maternal overweight (effect of long breastfeeding vs. no/short breastfeeding among boys with OW‐Ms: 0.46%/year; s.e. 0.18; P = 0.01). There was also a suggestion of an interaction between maternal overweight and breastfeeding for the BMI–SDS trajectory (0.08 SDS/year; s.e. 0.04; P = 0.07). Among boys with NW‐Ms mothers and the corresponding subgroups of girls, breastfeeding had little effect on the development of %BF or BMI–SDS throughout childhood.Discussion: Our study suggests that breastfeeding could offset a potential programming effect for childhood adiposity among boys with OW‐Ms, to whom advice to breast‐feed should thus be specifically targeted.