bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrocardiographic findings in 45 cats with hyperthyroidism
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Keene Bruce , Ferguson Duncan C. , Pipers Frank S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Electrocardiographic (ecg) abnormalities were recorded in 36 (80%) of 45 cats with untreated hyperthyroidism caused by hyperfunctioning thyroid adenomas (adenomatous hyperplasia). Tachycardia (≥ 240/min) and increased R-wave amplitude in lead II (≥ 0.9 mV) were the most frequent abnormalities recorded (62% and 49%, respectively). Other abnormalities included atrial and ventricular arrhythmias (20%), prolonged QRS duration (16%), shortened Q-T interval (11%), intraventricular conduction disturbances (3%), and ventricular pre-excitation (1%). In 17 cats, repeat ecg were recorded 6 months after hemi- or total thyroidectomy; resolution of tachycardia, increased R-wave amplitudes, shortened Q-T intervals, and atrial and ventricular arrhythmias had occurred in all cats. It was concluded that many of the ecg changes associated with feline hyperthyroidism are similar to those associated with primary myocardial disease in cats; however, the ecg abnormalities and associated cardiovascular signs of hyperthyroidism generally resolve after successful treatment of the hyperthyroid state.
Migration of a spiruroid nematode through the brain of a horse
Authors: Mayhew I. G. , Lichtenfels J. R. , Greiner E. C. , MacKay R. J. , Enloe C. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A pregnant 10-year-old Paint mare was examined because of an acute neurologic disturbance. Physical examination revealed signs consistent with extensive, asymmetric brain stem disease. The hemogram, serum chemical panel, and results of lumbosacral spinal fluid analysis were within normal limits. A primary diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis was considered, and the mare was placed on treatment with trimethoprim-sulfadiazine. After 5 weeks of steady improvement, an acute exacerbation of neurologic signs necessitated euthanasia of the mare. At necropsy, large, malacic tracts were found extending through the brain stem and cerebral cortex. Cross sections of a nematode were observed microscopically and subsequently were identified as belonging to a single gravid female Draschia megastoma.
Degenerative joint disease with osteochondrosis of the proximal interphalangeal joint in young horses
Authors: Trotter G. W. , Mcllwraith C. W. , Norrdin R. W. , Turner A. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Degenerative joint disease of the proximal interphalangeal joint was diagnosed in 9 joints of 6 horses. All of the horses were 3 years old or younger and the affected joints were in the hindlimbs. Radiographic evidence of osteochondrosis involving the distal end of the proximal phalanx was apparent in 5 joints. Lameness and local soft tissue swelling were prominent in all cases. In 1 horse euthanatized because of lameness, histologic examination of joint tissues revealed osteochondrosis as well as severe osteoarthritis. Surgical arthrodesis of the affected joint was performed on 2 horses, one of which became sound.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and oocysts in pound-source cats
Authors: Ladiges Warren C. , DiGiacomo Ronald F. , Yamaguchi Richard A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The overall prevalence of serum antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in 87 pound-source cats from the state of Washington was 31%; it was 41% for stray cats and 28% for owner-relinquished cats. Approximately 60% of the 27 seropositive cats had dye-test titers ≥ 1:256. Oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii were not observed in fecal specimens from 73 of the cats. It was concluded that the high antibody titers, indicative of recently acquired infection, could result in increased risk to persons handling tissues of such cats.
Radiotherapy and hyperthermia in the treatment of fibrosarcomas in the dog
Authors: Brewer William G. , Turrel Jane M. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Ten dogs with oral or external nasal fibrosarcoma were treated sequentially with orthovoltage radiation and radiofrequency (rf)-induced hyperthermia. Total radiation doses ranged from 3,200 to 4,800 rad given in 8 to 12 fractions of 400 rad. Immediately after 2 to 4 radiation treatments, hyperthermia was given. Six oral fibrosarcomas were heated to 50 C for 30 sec, using a hand-held rf generator. Four nasomaxillary fibrosarcomas were heated to 43 C for 30 minutes, using a 500-kHz rf generator. Hyperthermia of 50 C resulted in tumor necrosis and infection in 3 dogs and fatal septicemia in 1 dog.
Nine of 10 tumors responded to therapy. One year after therapy, 5 dogs were free of disease. Tumor regrowth occurred in 5 dogs. Mean time to tumor regrowth and mean survival time of all dogs were 343 and 398 days, respectively.
The results suggested that sequential radiation hyperthermia is an effective therapeutic regimen for canine fibrosarcoma. It was concluded that this modality not only may be beneficial in the treatment of canine tumors but may be useful for designing new therapeutic approaches to similar tumors in man.
Distribution of Ehrlichia canis among military working dogs in the world and selected civilian dogs in the United States
Authors: Keefe Thomas J. , Holland Cynthia J. , Salyer Paul E. , Ristic Miodrag 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Antibodies to Ehrlichia canis were detected by indirect immunofluorescence in sera from 233 of 2,077 (11%) military working dogs in various locations throughout the world and from 535 of938 (57%) civilian dogs in the United States during a 1-year period of study. Overall, E canis infection rates ranged from 13% in the tropical and temperate zones below 45 degrees N to 8% in the cold zone north of 45 degrees N latitude. The highest antibody prevalence rate (24%) was found among a select population of dogs stationed between 40 degrees and 45 degrees north latitude (Japan and Okinawa). The seropositive military dogs did not have clinical signs of ehrlichiosis, thus indicating that the predominant form of infection was subclinical. On the other hand, 216 (23%) of the seropositive civilian dogs had various signs of the disease. The difference was attributed to the fact that the sera from civilian dogs were submitted by practitioners who suspected the disease.
Hemoparasitism, humoral immunodeficiency, and an IgG1 fragment in a cow
Authors: Baker D. C. , Gaunt S. D. , Nielsen K. H. , Adams L. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An adult cow with nonregenerative anemia was found to be infected with Eperythrozoon wenyoni and Trypanosoma theileri. Further laboratory testing revealed hypoalbuminemia, hypogammaglobulinemia, decreased numbers of circulating B lymphocytes, and presence of a serum immunoglobulin G1 fragment. Reduced B-lymphocyte regions in lymphoid tissue, evidence of chronic nephritis, and infection with Fasciola hepatica and Sarcocystis spp were found at necropsy. The cause of the acquired humoral immunodeficiency and the serum immunoglobulin G1 fragment was undetermined.
Cryptosporidial infection in idaho dairy calves
Authors: Anderson Bruce C. , Hall Richard F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Idaho dairy farmers were asked to cooperate in a survey for estimation of cryptosporidial infection in 12-day-old calves. Of 73 herds from which fecal samples were obtained, 41 had 1 or more calves with the infection. Of the fecal samples from positive herds, 64% contained oocysts. Attempt was not made to correlate the finding of oocysts with clinical signs.
Immunoglobulin structure and function: Genetic control of antibody diversity
Authors: Kehoe J. Michael , Seide Rochelle K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Recent studies of the molecular biological characteristics of lymphoid cells have markedly increased our understanding of how millions of different antibodies can be synthesized by an individual mammal. In particular, studies have shown how antibody genes are arranged and rearranged within B-lymphocyte clones to provide each cell clone with antibody of defined specificity for antigen. The process involves the assembly, from disparate genetic elements, of a complete antibody gene that will code for an antibody protein. The assembly process, in itself, also provides mechanisms for generating the diversity of antibody variable region structure (that part of an antibody molecule that actually binds antigen) that is essential to a full role for humoral immunity in host defense mechanisms.
Specifically, the diversity of structure characteristic of mature antibodies derives from 3 distinct mechanisms: innate variability of germ-line genes; mismatching of individual gene segments during their somatic rearrangement leading to junctional diversity; and somatic mutation in variable region genetic material during or after the rearrangement. Thus, it is now clearly understood that several processes are involved in explaining the origin of the antigen-combining diversity of antibody proteins. Certain “lottery-like” aspects of these genetic processes add to the combinatorial possibilities that are characteristic of the humoral immune system.
Monoclonal antibodies: Technology and potential use
Authors: Antczak Douglas F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The production of monoclonal antibodies through cell hybridization is a form of biotechnology that permits the dissection of complex antibody responses into their individual components. The procedure makes use of simple cell fusion techniques and standard in vitro tissue culture systems. The 2 essential biological components are immunized mice or rats and tumor cell lines of lymphoid origin called myelomas. Single antibody-forming cells from immunized rodents are fused with myeloma cells to create hybrid cells with properties of both parent cell types. The hybrids have an unlimited capacity to grow similar to the myeloma parent, and they produce the single type of antibody molecule that they inherited from the normal antibody-forming cell parent. Hybrid cells derived in this way can produce unlimited quantities of specific antibody in tissue culture or when grown in vivo as ascites tumors. By appropriate selection techniques, it is possible to produce monoclonal antibodies to virtually any antigen. Because the monoclonal antibodies are a completely homogeneous population, their use in laboratory tests incurs fewer problems with cross-reactivity than is often observed with conventional antisera. Monoclonal antibodies are finding wide application in many areas of medicine and biological science.
Myopathy in the nyala
Authors: Liu Si-kwang , Dolensek Emil P. , Herron Alan J. , Stover Janet , Doherty James G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Between January 1973 and June 1981, a total of 21 nyalas (Tragelaphus angasi) died with clinical and/or pathologic evidence of myopathy. The main clinical signs were stiffness, inability to rise, and failure to suckle in newborn fawns. Death usually occurred without premonitory signs of disease. Gross lesions were characterized by white or pale patches of skeletal or cardiac muscle. Histologically, acute degeneration or necrosis and mineralization were commonly observed in skeletal muscle. Acute necrosis of the myocardium with or without arteriolar fibrinoid necrosis was usually found in juvenile animals. Interstitial fibrosis of the myocardium with arteriosclerosis was commonly observed in adults. The plasma alpha tocopherol values of 3 affected nyalas ranged from 0.03 to 0.08 mg/dl (mean, 0.05 mg/dl). Unaffected nyalas from the same herd had a range of 0.09 to 0.24 mg/dl (mean, 0.13 mg/dl), which is low enough to be considered clinically deficient. The blood selenium values of the affected nyalas and other nyalas from the same herd ranged from 0.30 to 0.33 ppm (mean, 0.32 ppm), and were considered normal.
Induced Toxoplasma gondii, Toxocara canis, and Isospora canis infections in coyotes
Authors: Dubey J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six littermate laboratory-raised coyotes (No. 1-6) were used to study the transmission of Toxoplasma gondii from cats and mice, and Toxocara canis and Isospora canis from dogs and mice. Coyotes 1 and 2 were inoculated orally with 1,000 infective oocysts of the TC-1 strain of T gondii; coyotes 3 and 4 were fed mice infected with tissue cysts of the TC-1 strain of T gondii. Eight days after inoculation with T gondii, the same 4 coyotes were exposed to Toxocara canis, coyotes 1 and 2 were inoculated orally with 500 embryonated eggs, and coyotes 3 and 4 were fed mice infected with Toxocara canis. Fifteen days after exposure to Toxocara canis, the same 4 coyotes were fed mice infected with I canis Two coyotes (No. 5 and 6) did not receive any organism and they served as controls.
All 4 inoculated coyotes remained clinically normal but became infected with all 3 organisms. Toxoplasma gondii was recovered from the brain, heart, diaphragm, and muscles of limbs of coyotes killed 49 and 66 days after inoculation with oocysts, but only from muscles of limbs of coyote 4, killed at 84 days, and from the brain and muscles of limbs of coyote 3, killed at 72 days after feeding infected mice. Control coyotes did not acquire any of the 3 infections.
Effect of hunters' switch from lead to steel shot on potential for oral lead poisoning in ducks
Authors: Calle Paul P. , Kowalczyk David F. , Dein F. Joshua , Hartman Fred E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Mallards and black ducks (n = 409) killed by hunters during the 1980 and 1981 hunting seasons in Pennsylvania (Susquehanna River and Crawford County) were examined to evaluate the effectiveness of regulations that converted the studied areas from lead to steel shotgun pellets in 1977-1978.
Gizzards were examined for ingested lead and steel shot, and liver specimens were analyzed for lead. Since there is no evidence to suggest that ducks preferentially ingest steel or lead shot, it was concluded that ducks with steel shot would have contained lead shot. Therefore, we concluded that the conversion to steel shotgun pellets accounted for the decreased prevalence of ingested lead shot from 11.2% to 5.6%.
Toxic concentrations of lead (≥6 ppm, wet weight) in the liver were found in 6 of 23 ducks that contained lead shot, whereas only 2 of 386 ducks without lead pellets had toxic concentrations. It was concluded that the conversion to steel shotgun pellets in the studied areas probably has decreased the exposure of ducks to lead shot, thereby decreasing the potential for lead poisoning.
Candidiasis in captive cetaceans
Authors: Dunn J. Lawrence , Buck John D. , Spotte Stephen 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Disseminated Candida albicans infections were found or suspected in 4 captive cetaceans. Ketoconazole at a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg, bid, administered orally for 18 days, followed by 8 biweekly oral doses of levamisole hydrochloride at the rate of 9 mg/ kg, resulted in regression of clinical signs of candidiasis in an adult male Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). A higher dosage of ketoconazole (6 mg/kg, bid) was effective in eliminating the shedding of C albicans from an adult male belukha whale (Delphinapterus leucas). A juvenile female harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) treated with nystatin died with disseminated candidiasis, as did a juvenile male longfinned pilot whale (Globicephala melaena) treated with nystatin and levamisole. Three other adult bottlenose dolphins, a juvenile female belukha whale, and a female Commerson's dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) kept in the same water system never had evidence of candidiasis. A 5th bottlenose dolphin (an adult female) was culture-positive on 1 occasion, but never had signs of the disease.
Therapeutic serum concentrations of primidone and its metabolites, phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonamide in epileptic dogs
Authors: Cunningham James G. , Haidukewych Dan , Jensen Holly A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fifteen dogs with idiopathic epilepsy were included in a 9-month clinical trial to determine the therapeutic serum concentrations of primidone and its active metabolites, phenobarbital and phenylethylmalonamide. Dogs with a seizure frequency greater than 1/mo or with a record of multiple seizures greater than 1/day were chosen for the study. Each dog was given primidone 3 times daily at dosages intended to maximize seizure control and to minimize undesired side effects.
Maintenance period blood samples were taken from fasted dogs 7 hours after dosing in the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th months of the trial to determine therapeutic serum concentrations of primidone and its metabolites. Two blood samples also were taken from all dogs 7 hours after dosing, during an enforced drowsy period, to establish upper limits of desirable serum concentrations of the drug.
Seizure frequencies during the trial were controlled in 13 dogs, 7 of which had no seizures during the 9-month trial. The mean percentage reduction in seizure frequency from pre trial frequency was 85%. Two dogs appeared refractory to primidone therapy.
Serum phenobarbital was the best metabolite of primidone to use to assess therapeutic serum concentrations. The therapeutic antiepileptic serum concentration of phenobarbital was found to be between 25 and 40 µg/ml of serum. Serum phenobarbital concentrations >40 µg/ml resulted in side effects in most dogs.
Bovine anaplasmosis: Elimination of the carrier state with injectable long-acting oxytetracycline
Authors: Swift Brinton L. , Thomas George M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Long-acting oxytetracycline was administered intramuscularly (20 mg/kg) at 3-day intervals to each of 16 naturally infected Anaplasma marginale carrier beef cows; 8 of the 16 cows were given 3 injections and the other 8 cows were given 4 injections. Four cows seropositive for A marginale served as untreated controls. Rapid card agglutination and complement fixation tests were performed 5 times during the 130- day posttreatment period. All treated cows became negative to both serologic procedures, whereas control cows remained seropositive. Three splenectomized calves that received pooled blood from the treated cows, 120 days following treatment, remained free of anaplasmosis for 60 days following inoculation. One splenectomized calf that received blood from the control cows developed anaplasmosis. It was concluded that long-acting oxytetracycline can be used to eliminate the naturally acquired carrier state of anaplasmosis in cattle.
Apical fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones in 109 Standardbred horses
Authors: Spurlock G. H. , Gabel A. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
One-hundred and nine apical fractures of the proximal sesamoid bones were diagnosed in Standardbred racehorses at the Ohio State University Veterinary Hospital during a 5-year period ending December 1978. Lateral sesamoids of the hindlimbs accounted for 61 of the 109 fractures, which was a significantly (P<0.05) greater proportion than that for fractures in all other sesamoid bones. Two- and three-year-old horses accounted for 73 of the 109 apical sesamoid fractures. The remaining 36 apical sesamoid fractures were in horses 4 to 9 years old.
The apical fragment was removed in 80 of the horses. Thirty-six (45%) of these had raced prior to surgery, and 40 (50%) of them raced after surgery. Surgical treatment did not significantly change the earnings, starts, or order of finish score of the horse, when average before-injury performance values were compared with average after-surgery performance values. Sixty-four percent of horses that raced before injury raced after surgery. Horses that raced before injury had significantly better (P < 0.05) performance after surgery than those not raced prior to injury. Sixty percent of horses undergoing surgery within 30 days of injury returned to race performance, and these horses had significantly (P<0.05) better performance after surgery than those operated on more than 30 days after injury. Thirty-six percent of horses with suspensory desmitis raced after surgery, and their race performance was poor.
Twenty-nine horses with apical fractures were treated nonsurgically. Twenty-one (69%) had raced before injury, and 10 (37%) raced after injury. The performance of the 10 was significantly poorer (P<0.05) when their preinjury performance was compared to their after-injury performance. There was bias in selecting patients for nonsurgical treatment.
Identification of carriers of Streptococcus equi in a naturally infected herd
Authors: George J. L. , Reif J. S. , Shideler R. K. , Small C. J. , Ellis R. P. , Snyder S. P. , McChesney A. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
During an outbreak of strangles in a population of research horses, 4 mares were identified as carriers of Streptococcus equi. Three of the mares had typical signs of strangles (severe regional lymphadenitis with or without rupture of abscessed lymph nodes). The 4th mare experienced episodes of serous to mucopurulent nasal discharge, but never had more than a mild degree of lymph node enlargement.
Streptococcus equi was isolated from the abscessed lymph nodes and from nasopharyngeal swab specimens from the first 3 mares from 6 to 19 weeks after rupture of involved nodes. Streptococcus equi was isolated from the nasopharynx of the 4th mare on introduction into the herd and intermittently over the ensuing 6 months. During the 7th month, mare 4 was placed in isolation, where she continued to shed S equi for 4 more months. A complete physical examination during the 10th month, including radiography of the head and thorax, did not reveal any relevant abnormalities, but a pharyngeal swab specimen was culture-positive for S equi. This isolate was used to inoculate 2 yearling colts, which developed strangles and from which S equi was reisolated. Shedding of S equi by mare 4 ceased in the 11th month, and at necropsy 2 months later, S equi was not recovered from any organ or tissue. Corticosteroid administration 3 weeks prior to necropsy had induced neither shedding of the organism nor clinical signs of strangles.
The study provided clinical, epidemiologic, and bacteriologic evidence to support the existence of a carrier state following natural infection with S equi.
Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from an aborted caprine fetus
Authors: Anderson K. L. , Hamoud M. M. , Urbance J. W. , Rhoades H. E. , Bryner J. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Campylobacter jejuni was isolated in pure culture from the tissues and stomach contents of an aborted fetus from a mixed-breed Illinois goat herd. In the herd, 5 of 21 does aborted in late gestation. The does had diarrhea before or concurrent with the abortions. Does that did not abort were vaccinated with ovine C fetus bacterin and were given chlortetracycline orally at the rate of 75 mg/day for 2 weeks. Further abortions did not occur.
Biometry and clinical characteristics of congenital cataracts and microphthalmia in the Miniature Schnauzer
Authors: Gelatt Kirk N. , Samuelson Don A. , Barrie Kathleen P. , Das Noveen D. , Wolf E. Daniel , Bauer John E. , Andresen Thomas L. 
Published: February 2025

Summary
Forty-two Miniature Schnauzer pups and adults with congenital cataracts and microphthalmia were evaluated by serial ophthalmic examinations, slit lamp biomicroscopic photography, and A-scan ultrasonography.
The cataracts were evident when the eyelids opened at 2 weeks, affecting predominantly the lens nucleus and posterior cortex. Lenticonus was evident in 19% of the cataractous lenses. Progression of the cataracts was variable and related to involvement of the equatorial and posterior cortices. Lens-induced uveitis developed in some adult dogs with advanced hypermature cataracts.
The globe and lens were smaller than normal in the cataractous eyes, as ascertained by A-scan ultrasonography. Age-matched comparisons of clear lens carrier Miniature Schnauzers and normal Beagles with the cataractous Miniature Schnauzers indicated affected globes and cataractous lenses were reduced 10% to 20% in their anteroposterior lengths. The microphthalmia appeared related to the congenital microphakic cataract.