bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of advanced breast cancer with chemotherapy
Authors: Ward John H. , Eyre Harmon J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMetastatic breast cancer continues to take thousands of lives each year despite the advances in screening and adjuvant therapy. Chemotherapy in advanced disease is an intervention which can successfully lead to palliation (prolongation of quality survival) in the majority of women who are treated, but it does not constitute a curative intervention. New agents or innovative modalities will be needed to make a significant impact on the survival of this group of women.
Inflammatory breast cancer: Advances in therapy
Authors: Ellis Lee M. , Bland Kirby I. , Copeland Edward M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInflammatory breast cancer is the most aggressive breast neoplasm and one of the most ominous solid tumors. Because of distinct clinical characteristics, diagnosis can usually be made on clinical grounds. Biopsy including the overlying skin may demonstrate dermal lymphatic invasion, although the absence of dermal lymphatic invasions should not deter aggressive therapy. Surgery or irradiation alone has little effect on the natural history of this disease since lymphatic invasion and distant metas‐tases are often present at presentation. Inflammatory breast cancer should be considered a systemic disease. Accordingly, aggressive combined modality therapy including multi‐drug chemotherapy, surgery, and irradiation have prolonged disease‐free survival and overall survival.
Rehabilitation of the breast cancer patient
Authors: Scanlon Edward F. , Feldman Joseph L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNo treatment program for breast cancer is complete without arrangements for rehabilitation. This includes consideration of the emotional and psy‐chosocial factors, as well as the physical problems that arise as the result of the treatments. The most important person in planning rehabilitation is the treating physician, but a multidisciplinary team provides optimal results. In recent years, the most dramatic improvements in rehabilitation have been seen in the psychosocial area, but improvements have also been made in restoring the patient to normal physical activity.
Breast reconstruction after mastectomy
Authors: Bostwick John 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe goal of breast reconstruction is to reconstruct breasts which meet the patient's expectations both psychologically and aesthetically, while adhering to the principles of sound oncological management. Breast reconstruction is usually started around 3 to 9 mos after mastectomy. The simplest method of reconstruction uses tissue available after mastectomy and a silicone implant. The recent advances with tissue expansion of the skin of the mastectomy site can permit reconstruction without the use of a flap. The latissimus dorsi flap from the back is a useful source of muscle and skin and the transverse rectus abdominus musculocutaneous flap provides tissue from the lower abdomen enabling breast reconstruction without the use of a silicone implant. Fat and skin from the buttocks may be used in a microsurgical transfer technique. Prophylactic mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction are still controversial, but are options for the woman who is worried about the development of breast cancer. The reconstruction of the nipple and areola is only done after reconstructed breast symmetry is ascertained.
State of the art of lasers in oncologic surgery
Authors: Aronoff B. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe laser first described by Shawlow and Townes in 1957 was built by Ted Maiman in 1960. Many forms of lasers rapidly evolved using solids, liquids, and gasses from the medium. Applications in many fields grew rapidly; medicine has been in the forefront. Many branches of medicine found applications in surgical oncology, pulmonary, dermatology, vascular surgery, and, now, infectious diseases using this modality. This paper discusses part of the benefits for research and treatment of cancer.
Photodynamic therapy—new approaches
Authors: Dougherty Thomas J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) requires a photosensitizer within a target tissue and activation by proper‐wavelength radiation at appropriate energy level to achieve complete eradication of that tissue. Whereas the first clinical results were reported nearly a decade ago, only in the past few years has the necessary technology been available for development of phase III controlled clinical trials. Photofrin II, the trade name for a mixture of oligomeric porphyrins, is effective in treatment of a wide variety of malignant tumors and is the subject of Phase III controlled trials in bladder and lung. New photosensitizers are being developed that may be both more efficient and less likely to cause the generalized cutaneous photosensitivity associated with Photofrin II. Further advances in light sources and delivery systems portend an even broader acceptance of PDT in medical and biological science.
Laser therapy of cancer of the gastrointestinal and biliary tracts
Authors: Pietrafitta Joseph J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEndoscopic laser therapy for the palliation of malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract has rapidly gained widespread acceptance by the medical community. This form of therapy can offer significant tumor palliation in a relatively noninvasive manner to patients who have few other therapeutic options. Since its initial use for the treatment of esophageal cancer it has been extended to the treatment of a number of other GI, tract malignancies and has in fact been utilized for the palliation of intra‐ as well as extrahepatic bile duct tumors. A number of advances have occurred, including improvements in lasers and laser delivery systems, refinement of treatment techniques, development of new wavelengths, and refinement of drugs that allow more specific therapy of cancer. With continued laboratory and clinical investigations, laser therapy should realize its full potential, ultimately becoming a curative treatment modality that will offer patients benefits that are equal to or greater than more invasive and disfiguring surgery without its attendant morbidity and mortality.
Contact yag laser system in abdominal surgery, in particular hepatic and pancreatic surgery
Authors: Joffe Stephen N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe SLT contact Nd:YAG laser system offers a new method of obtaining a hemostatic incision through the anterior abdominal wall and a surgical tool for performing various intraabdominal resectional procedures.Advantages include reduction in intraoperative bleeding, reduced tissue damage, and tactile sensation with a reduction in laser power requirements. Sterile disposable laser scalpels, fibers, synthetic sapphire probes, and a user friendly laser system offer a new dimension in intraabdominal surgery, especially relating to liver and pancreatic surgery. Potentially, all general surgical procedures could use the SLT contact laser, which may, in the future, replace conventional electrocautery and the surgical steel scalpel. Cost containment and improved quality of care will probably be the driving forces for its acceptance.
Laser technology in the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck cancer
Authors: Shapshay Stanley M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe carbon dioxide (CO2) laser has been used with microsurgical precision as an excisional biopsy tool in the diagnosis, staging, and treatment of laryngeal, oral, and oropharyngeal cancer. Selected early cancers of the larynx and oral cavity have been treated for cure, and more advanced and recurrent tumors have been treated for palliation. Other laser wavelengths, such as the neodymium‐yttrium aluminum garnet laser (Nd‐YAG) and the argon dye laser employed in tumor photosensitization, have shown promise in the diagnosis and treatment of head and neck cancer. Laser technology is most useful when used in conjunction with the standard cancer therapies, such as radiotherapy, surgery, and chemotherapy.
Cytodiagnosis and other methods of biopsy in the modern management of breast cancer
Authors: Preece Paul E. , Hunter Susan M. , Duguid Helen L. D. , Wood Robert A. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSince 1970 fine‐needle aspiration cytology for breast tumours has grown in popularity and is now routinely used in the initial diagnosis of palpable breast masses in the United States and other parts of the world. Fast staining methods of the aspirate enables reporting within 10 minutes of the aspirate being performed. Training and experience is important in obtaining satisfactory smears for diagnosis, and pitfalls are false‐negative and false‐positive findings, which may have dire consequences for the patient if cytological diagnosis is the final arbiter. Conditions such as benign mammary dysplasia and sclerosing adenosis are the most common sources of highly cellular smears and often show marked atypia, which makes distinction from carcinoma difficult. Also, atypical papillary formations present a diagnostic problem, and biopsy is indicated to exclude a papillary carcinoma. Fine‐needle aspirations very seldom cause traumatic complications, and these are usually of a minor degree. Seeding along the needle track has occurred, but in most cases with a larger‐caliber (18 s.e.g.) needle. Aspiration itself has been shown to have no effect on the survival rates in breast carcinoma. Contemporary reports show that around 90% of cases of breast cancer can be detected with confidence by means of this procedure. The reduction in scar formation facilitates future evaluation of the patient as scar tissue often interferes with the interpretation of mammograms. Cost effectiveness is evident in terms of decreased use of anaesthetics and operating time and a reduction in the use of frozen section histology by about 80%. Evidence from the literature and firsthand experience for over 10 years commend the technique to both clinicians and pathologists for its simplicity and usefulness in their own practices, preferably in collaboration with each other and with awareness of the potential pitfalls described. Tissue‐obtaining techniques, such as open biopsy with frozen section, and tissue‐obtaining needle techniques are described. The disadvantages of drill biopsy outweigh its advantages, and the technique is not widely used. Trademarked cutting needle biopsy techniques have been developed, and their efficacy is discussed and compared.
Changing strategies in the treatment of hormone‐dependent breast cancer
Authors: Dao Thomas L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHormone Receptor concept provides better prediction of hormone dependency ofbreast cancer therefore proper selection of therapy. The fate of receptors following hormonal manipulation is not clearly understood. It is suggested that in a hormone‐dependent breast cancer, the cessation of response to one form of hormonal therapy is not an indication of emergence of hormone independence of the cancer. Contrary to the present belief, the author suggests that the hormone‐dependent tumors retain their biological and biochemical characteristics in the recurrent tumor and therefore will respond to other forms of endocrine therapy. The presence ofExtraglandular synthesis of estrogen is considered as a major reason for the relapse of a regressing breast cancer following endocrine manipulation. A hypothesis is advanced for test in a clinical trial.
Modern thoughts on lymph nodes in breast cancer
Authors: Sacre R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAxillary lymph node status remains the single most useful prognostic parameter in breast cancer patients. As clinical examination, imaging techniques, and lymph node sampling methods cannot accurately assess the axillary node involvement, a complete axillary dissection should always be performed. Moreover, this technique provides an excellent treatment modality for regional disease, abolishing the need for radiotherapy to the axilla. The status of the internal mammary lymph nodes is of less importance in the management of the breast cancer patient.
Axillary metastasis in breast cancer: When, how, and why?
Authors: Hartveit Flora 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAxillary metastasis in breast cancer is a time‐dependent phenomenon that varies greatly from tumour to tumour. It is discussed in relation to tumour diameter and the growth rate of the tumour cells. It parallels the former but is not directly related to either. A tumour age coefficient (Tac) is presented that demonstrates this lack of interrelationship. Tumour growth in the axillary nodes is progressive and in general mimics the potential tumour load elsewhere in the body. Qualitative rather than quantitative assessment is needed. This can be provided by simple means, using hilar nodal sections from standardised nodal samples. There is, however, as yet no definitive method of predicting the presence/absence of occult distant metastatic spread in either node‐negative or node‐positive cases. Treatment is thus based on statistical probability, which may or may not be relevant in the individual case.
Skin cancer—early detection
Authors: Thompson Lewis W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSkin cancer, the most frequently occurring of all cancers, shows an encouragingly high rate of cure if detected early and treated properly. Etiologies of nonpigmented and pigmented premalignant lesions and malignant lesions are discussed, where known, with solar exposure frequently cited. Criteria for diagnosis are discussed; however, the clinical similarity of some malignant lesions to premalignant or nonmalignant conditions makes excision necessary in order to establish a definitive diagnosis—when in doubt, take it out. Treatment ranges from close observation of certain nevi to complete lesional destruction at the initial treatment. Prevention is also stressed, with “suntan parlors” coming under some indictment. Overall, the paper emphasizes early detection and points out that even some melanomas undergo a biologic period when metastasis is unlikely and the melanoma is curable if detected and adequately treated during this period.
Head and neck cancer: Early detection
Authors: Thompson Lewis W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHead and neck cancers are discussed in four categories: oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and salivary glands. The incidence of head and neck cancers varies with the site of the lesion and ranges from the most common area of involvement, the lip, to those of the nasopharynx, which are extremely rare. The exact etiology of most of these malignancies has not been determined, but an association has been made with many factors, such as immune impairment, environmental (tobacco, chemical, radiation), and genetic. With few exceptions, the cure rate is excellent when these lesions are diagnosed early and initially eradicated completely. Early signs and symptoms are discussed, and guidelines are given for performing examinations to detect early cancers.
Screening for colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Lytle Glenn H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractColorectal carcinoma will occur in some 147,000 Americans this year. This disease accounts for 15% of all cancers and 12% of all cancer deaths. Screening for colorectal carcinoma may allow the disease process to be found earlier and, in some situations such as when polyps are found and removed, may even prevent the disease. The two main modalities of screening are fecal occult blood tests and sigmoidoscopy. By general screening of asymptomatic patients as well as by selective screening of those at high risk, there is hope that the incidence and mortality of this cancer will diminish. Absolute confirmation of this benefit is still lacking, making the evaluation of the cost‐effectiveness of this screening somewhat questionable. Current educational efforts are designed to increase compliance and to help solve some of these unanswered questions.
Cancer prevention and detection centers: An overview and critique
Authors: Humphrey L. J. , Lester P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCancer screening is ideally carried out in free standing centers that are located near shopping centers, are quite visible, and have a warm, friendly appearance. This chapter describes the basic elements of such a center, including the use of a mobile mammogram van based at the center. While the precise size, location, and design of a center will vary depending on the specific demographics of an area, these data should facilitate such planning.Programs that can be carried out in this center are described utilizing information from preceding chapters. This chapter enlarges upon their application and then outlines criteria and services. Furthermore, a large section on general or whole‐body screening is included. As in other programs, those at risk and the benefits are discussed. While not a high volume, income producer, this program is a requisite component offering great service to the customer.
Epidemiology of head and neck cancers
Authors: Sanghvi L. D. , Rao D. N. , Joshi S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHead and neck cancers are common in India and account for about 30% of cancers in males and about 13% in females. In males, oral cavity and pharynx are the commonly affected sites, followed by larynx. In females, oral cavity is the preponderant site. Reliable data on incidence rates from several cancer registries in India is compared with selected data from the United States and France. A wide variety of tobacco habits prevalent in the country are primarily responsible for the occurrence of these cancers. Among them, bidi smoking, tobacco chewing, and cigarette smoking, in that order, account for a large majority of these cancers. In addition, alcohol and some aspects of the Indian diet have been suspected to contribute to this number of head and neck cancers. The government of India has accorded a high priority to prevention of tobacco‐related cancers by the turn of the century in its National Cancer Control Programme.
Surgery for cancer of the buccal mucosa
Authors: Pradhan S. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBuccal Mucosa cancer is common in India, T4 tumours being the most common (66%). T1 tumours are rarely seen (4%). Disease‐free survival (DFS) at 18 mo with surgery alone for T2, T3, and T4 tumours is 57%, 43%, and 21%, respectively. Addition of postoperative radiation therapy (RT) for T3 and T4 lesions increases DFS to 60% and 35%, respectively.Marginal mandibulectomy is advocated for lesions close to the lower gingiva when the bone is clinically and radiologically uninvolved. The local control rate with marginal mandibulectomy is 79%.In T3/T4 tumours, results with supraomohyoid dissection are comparable to radical neck dissection when the upper jugular nodes are histologically negative.In T4 tumours, histological grading forms an important parameter for identification of a favourable subset. In well‐differentiated tumours DFS was 48% with surgery and 72% with surgery and postoperative RT; in moderately differentiated tumours it was 12% and 21%, respectively; and in the poorly differentiated group there were no survivors.
Prophylactic neck dissection in squamous cell carcinoma of oral tongue: A prospective randomized study
Authors: Fakih A. R. , Patel A. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper presents the first report of an ongoing prospective randomised clinical trial in early T1T2N0 carcinoma of the oral tongue. The problems of regular follow‐up in an indigent population from the vast rural expanse of India has been successfully overcome in this trial by close personal follow‐up. The trial addresses itself specifically to prophylactic vs. therapeutic surgical management of the neck in T1T2N0 patients with cancer of the oral tongue. Overall disease, free survival (median follow‐up 22 months) is higher (64% vs. 47%) in the group receiving prophylactic neck dissection. Disease‐free survival for those with positive nodes at prophylactic neck dissection was twice that of those who underwent a subsequent therapeutic neck dissection (57% vs. 28%).Contralateral neck node metastasis has been identified as a significant factor in neck failures in those patients undergoing simultaneous prophylactic neck dissection.
Post‐cricoid cancer: An overview
Authors: Pradhan S. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo retrospective studies of post‐cricoid cancer are presented: study A, of 283 cases for demographic data, disease pattern, statistics and radiotherapy results; and study B, of 100 surgically treated cases for results of surgery and comparison of three methods of reconstruction.Study A revealed a male:female ratio of 1:2. Thirty‐one percent of cases were too advanced at presentation for any form of treatment. Most patients were offered radiation therapy, but 21.7% did not complete it due to nutritional depletion. Disease‐free survival (DFS) in patients who completed radiation therapy (137) was 66%, 21%, 4%, and 2% in stages I, II, III, IV respectively.Study group B showed that the DFS following surgery for stages III and IV was 28%. Reconstruction of the gullet by gastric transportation affected early swallowing but had the highest mortality; the pectoral myocutaneous flap method had the lowest mortality but a high leak rate and postoperative stenosis; the deltopectoral flap showed a high leak rate, delayed swallowing, and the longest hospitalisation of all 3 methods.Early diagnosis, nutritional support during radiation therapy, surgery in stages III and IV, and one‐stage reconstruction are recommended.
Induction chemotherapy in head and neck cancer: Present status and future
Authors: Advani S. H. , Gopal R. , Saikia T. , Pai V. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOver the past two decades, induction chemotherapy in head and neck cancer has become popular due to the availability of effective agents and to the high objective response rates with combination chemotherapy in untreated and advanced cancer. Single‐agent induction chemotherapy with moderate‐dose methotrexate (200 mg/m2) did achieve 80% overall response. A combination of cisplatin, bleomycin, and methotrexate also showed 90% overall response in previously untreated patients with stage III and IV disease. Numerous studies support the general observation that initial dramatic response with excellent palliation is seen in patients who have not had any prior regional treatment. Also, chemotherapy responders do better on follow‐up than non‐responders. However, to achieve the goals of improved relapse‐free status and survival, we must recognise the deficiencies of current treatment approaches and explore, in a randomized fashion, new ways to integrate the therapeutic modalities.
Natural killer and lymphokine‐activated killer cell‐mediated cytotoxicity in patients with oral cancer
Authors: Gangal S. G. , Tatake R. J. , Krishnan N. , Mukhopadhyaya R. , Naik S. L. , Fakih A. R. , Rao R. S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPeripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from untreated and treated oral cancer patients, lymph node lymphocytes (LNL) from metastatic (met) and nonmetastatic (non‐met) lymph nodes, and tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were tested for natural killer (NK) and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cell cytotoxicity using appropriate targets in a short‐term chromium release assay. The results showed that while both NK and LAK functions of PBL from oral cancer patients were comparable to those of normal healthy donors, the NK activity of metastatic and nonmetastatic LNL and TIL was highly compromised. On the other hand, potent LAK activity could be generated from all three lymphoid populations. Individual patients showing low NK activity displayed good LAK cytotoxicity, indicating that endogenous cells with low NK potential have adequate ability to respond to interleukin 2 (IL‐2). LAK activity tested on autologous tumour targets revealed that TIL were the best source of LAK cells, followed by PBL and LNL.