bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Importance of the advance directive and the beginning of the dying process from the point of view of German doctors and judges dealing with guardianship matters: results of an empirical survey
Authors: van Oorschot B , Simon A 
Published: October 2006

Objectives:To analyse and compare the surveys on German doctors and judges on end of life decision making regarding their attitudes on the advance directive and on the dying process.Design:The respondents were to indicate their agreement or disagreement to eight statements on the advance directive and to specify their personal view on the beginning of the dying process.Participants:727 doctors (anaesthetists or intensive-care physicians, internal specialists and general practitioners) in three federal states and 469 judges dealing with guardianship matters all over Germany.Main measurements:Comparisons of means, analyses of variance, pivot tables (χ2test) and factor analyses (varimax with Kaiser normalisation).Results:Three attitude groups on advance directive were disclosed by the analysis: the decision model, which emphasises the binding character of a situational advance directive; the deliberation model, which puts more emphasis on the communicative aspect; and the delegation model, which regards the advance directive as a legal instrument. The answers regarding the beginning of the dying process were broadly distributed, but no marked difference was observed between the responding professions. The dying process was assumed by most participants to begin with a life expectancy of only a few days.Conclusions:A high degree of valuation for advance directive was seen in both German doctors and judges; most agreed to the binding character of the situational directive. Regarding the different individual concepts of the dying process, a cross-professional discourse on the contents of this term seems to be overdue.
Climate Change Detection and Attribution: Beyond Mean Temperature Signals
Authors: Hegerl Gabriele C. , Karl Thomas R. , Allen Myles , Bindoff Nathaniel L. , Gillett Nathan , Karoly David , Zhang Xuebin , Zwiers Francis 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA significant influence of anthropogenic forcing has been detected in global- and continental-scale surface temperature, temperature of the free atmosphere, and global ocean heat uptake. This paper reviews outstanding issues in the detection of climate change and attribution to causes. The detection of changes in variables other than temperature, on regional scales and in climate extremes, is important for evaluating model simulations of changes in societally relevant scales and variables. For example, sea level pressure changes are detectable but are significantly stronger in observations than the changes simulated in climate models, raising questions about simulated changes in climate dynamics. Application of detection and attribution methods to ocean data focusing not only on heat storage but also on the penetration of the anthropogenic signal into the ocean interior, and its effect on global water masses, helps to increase confidence in simulated large-scale changes in the ocean.To evaluate climate change signals with smaller spatial and temporal scales, improved and more densely sampled data are needed in both the atmosphere and ocean. Also, the problem of how model-simulated climate extremes can be compared to station-based observations needs to be addressed.
Electrocatalysis of Heat-treated Mn–Porphyrin/Carbon Cathode for Synthesis of H2O2 Acid Solutions by H2/O2 Fuel Cell Method
Authors: Yamanaka Ichiro , Onizawa Takeshi , Suzuki Hirobumi , Hanaizumi Noriko , Otsuka Kiyoshi 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Mn–porphyrin supported on active carbon, which was activated by heat-treatment in Ar, electrochemically catalyzed reduction of O2 to H2O2 by the H2/O2 fuel cell method. The electrocatalytic activities were strongly dependent on the heat-treatment temperatures. The maximum H2O2 concentration of 3.5 wt % with 47% current efficiency was obtained for the catalyst treated at 450 °C, and a TON (Mn) for the H2O2 formation was over 1000 h−1.
An Efficient and Direct Synthesis of New 2,2′-Bipyridine Derivatives via Microwave-assisted Three-component Reaction
Authors: Tu Shujiang , Jiang Bo , Zhang Yan , Zhang Junyong , Jia Runhong , Yao Changsheng 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
A series of new 2,2′-bipyridine derivatives were synthesized via three-component reactions of 3-aryl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-ones, malononitrile, and aromatic amines in DMF under microwave irradiation. It is an efficient and promising synthetic strategy to construct 2,2′-bipyridine skeleton.
Gab es eine „Konservative Revolution“ in Großbritannien? Rechtsintellektuelle am Rande der Konservativen Partei 1929–1933
Authors: Dietz Bernhard 
Published: October 2006

Vorspann
Die „Konservative Revolution“ galt lange Zeit als Begriff für ein spezifisch deutsches Phänomen der europäischen Geistesgeschichte. Jedoch kann Konservative Revolution als ideengeschichtliche Kategorie auch für die Erforschung der Zwischenkriegszeit in Großbritannien ein fruchtbarer Zugang sein. Denn wie Bernhard Dietz zeigt, entwickelte sich während und nach der Weltwirtschaftskrise in Großbritannien eine neue Form des rechts-intellektuellen Diskurses, dessen Vertreter in Parlamentarismus und Parteiendemokratie ganz und gar nichts typisch Britisches mehr sehen wollten.
Motivating Writing Education
Authors: Buyse Kris 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Writing can turn into a real passion. However, teaching and learning writing skills is hardly ever the most motivating component of a language curriculum. Writing currricula (i) are often purely skill oriented -at the expense of more cognitive and metacognitive aspects-, (ii) involving oneto- one communication using traditional tools, (iii) lacking clearly differentiated and sequenced goals per "level", (iv) fail to be embedded in a research environment, and (v) are seldom related to an overall view on language acquisition and learning.
Inspired by our view on language learning, called "entorno M@estro" -a learning environment which should be Motivador, Agradablemente Academico - pleasant & academic-, Ecologico (1), Semi-integrado, Traslucido -transparent-, Rutinario and Omnimodo -with multiple means-, the ElektraRed-team combined existing and personal software applications in order to turn the teaching and learning process into a blended learning group travel from the smallest linguistic components (letters & words), over chunks of words, collocations, propositions, paragraphs, to a wide variety of text types, a task-based journey where coaches help learners to discover, train and improve their own strengths and weaknesses in comparison with their colleagues and their own former output. Making use of multimedia enabled us also to compare writing results between various levels and training centres, and to classify writing topics and problems according to training levels. In this article we will present the aims and results of our two-year experiment focussing on innovation in writing education through the use of multimedia. We will show how the results of our experiment allow us now to differentiate, and sequence preferential topics per level. Our ultimate aim with the innovation was to make students write better and ... with passion, as well as make teachers enjoy their jobs even more.
Learner Perception of Learning Tasks
Authors: Kumaravadivelu B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the context of task-based language teaching, a challenge facing the language teaching profession is to determine how learners perceive and treat the formal and functional properties of language learning tasks. The preliminary study reported here presents the interplay between teacher objectives, task input, peer interaction and learner perception of transactional tasks. The study shows that the formal, functional and interactional dimensions of a task seem to operate in tandem when learners perform a task in order to get business done in the classroom and, by extension, in the outside world. The study also suggests that the boundaries of the three dimensions are blurred in the learners' mind, and that the degree of attention to the three dimensions is determined largely by learners themselves. This finding has implications for the study for task development, task complexity and also for larger issues of syllabus and methodology.
Vom Schleifen eines “Rohdiamanten”: die “Cu‐H”‐Katalyse mit Silanen
Authors: Rendler Sebastian , Oestreich Martin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie Bedeutung einer neuen chemischen Reaktion wird zum Zeitpunkt ihrer Entdeckung oftmals unterbewertet. Die Gründe dafür sind vielschichtig, aber nicht zuletzt bestimmt der “chemische Zeitgeist” darüber, wie die Fachwelt sie wahrnehmen wird. So wurde die enantioselektive Reduktion von Carbonylgruppen durch kupferkatalysierte Hydrosilylierung gewiss von anderen asymmetrischen Hydrierverfahren in den Schatten gestellt, und obwohl eine wegweisende Arbeit schon früh ihr beträchtliches Leistungsvermögen angedeutet hatte, blieb sie mehr als ein Jahrzehnt unbeachtet. Mechanistische Einblicke und neue chirale Liganden führten dann zu kupferkatalysierten 1,2‐ und 1,4‐Reduktionen von Carbonylverbindungen mit ausgezeichneter Stereoinduktion bei hohen Substrat‐Katalysator‐ und Substrat‐Ligand‐Verhältnissen. Das Blatt wendet sich zugunsten kostengünstiger Kupferkatalysatoren in asymmetrischen Hydridtransferreaktionen!
Development of a novel autothermal reforming process and its economics for clean hydrogen production
Authors: Chen Zhongxiang , Elnashaie Said S. E. H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA novel autothermal reforming process, basically a circulating fluidized‐bed membrane reformer (CFBMR) with continuous catalyst regeneration and gas–solid separation, is developed. Direct contact between cold feeds and hot circulating catalyst is found to be the best configuration. Using statistical correlations and cost factors, hydrogen economics is evaluated. Hydrogen production cost decreases as the plant size increases. For a 100 kg‐H2/day plant, the costs are $2.05 and $2.22/kg‐H2 for methane and heptane feeds, respectively. This is lower than the literature values of $9.10/kg‐H2 by steam methane reforming based on the present generation of fixed‐bed reformers. For typical 214 ton‐H2/day industrial plants, the costs using our novel CFBMR are $0.50 and $0.66/kg‐H2 for methane and heptane feeds, respectively, which is lower than the industrial cost of $0.74–0.97/kg‐H2 for steam methane reforming using the fixed‐bed configuration. The sensitivity analysis of the effect of the price of hydrocarbons on the hydrogen production cost shows that the cost of hydrocarbons affects the hydrogen economics significantly. Cost comparison shows that this novel ACFBMR can be a more efficient and more economical pure hydrogen producer. Copyright © 2006 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pulmonary intravascular monocytes/macrophages in a rat model of sepsis
Authors: Charavaryamath Chandrashekhar , Janardhan Kyathanahalli S. , Caldwell Sarah , Singh Baljit 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSepsis induces recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages in the lung and enhances host susceptibility to a secondary bacterial challenge. The phenotype and functions of recruited pulmonary intravascular monocytes/macrophages (PIMMs) in sepsis remain largely unknown. Therefore, we characterized PIMM recruitment and functions in a rat model of E. coli‐induced sepsis. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with saline (n = 10) and 48 hr after the saline treatment treated intravenously with either saline (n = 5) or E. coli lipopolysachharide (LPS; 1.5 μg/kg body weight; n = 5). A second group of 10 rats was infected intraperitoneally with E. coli (2 × 107 CFU/100 g) followed by intravenous injection of either saline (n = 5) or LPS (n = 5) 48 hr after the first treatment. Rats were euthanized at 6 hr after LPS treatment. Immunocytochemistry showed more PIMMs stained with ED‐1 antibody, which specifically reacts with rat monocytes/macrophages, in rats infected with E. coli compared with the controls (P < 0.05). LPS treatment of E. coli‐infected rats increased the numbers of PIMMs (P < 0.05) and induced more inflammation compared to other groups. Immuno‐electron microscopy localized TNF‐α, IL‐10, and TGF‐β2 in recruited PIMMs in rats challenged with both E. coli and LPS. ELISA on lung homogenates showed higher concentrations of TNF‐α, IL‐10, and TGF‐β2 in rats treated with both E. coli and LPS compared with those treated with only LPS or E. coli (P < 0.05). We conclude that ED‐1‐positive PIMMs are recruited in this model of sepsis and contain TNF‐α, IL‐10, and TGF‐β2. Anat Rec Part A, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IK cytokine ameliorates the progression of lupus nephritis in MRL/lprmice
Authors: Muraoka Masatake , Hasegawa Hitoshi , Kohno Masashi , Inoue Atsushi , Miyazaki Tatsuhiko , Terada Miho , Nose Masato , Yasukawa Masaki 
Published: October 2006

AbstractObjectiveIK cytokine has been isolated as a factor that inhibits interferon‐γ (IFNγ)–induced expression of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. Aberrant expression of class II MHC antigens has reportedly been recognized in the target organs of autoimmune diseases and been associated with disease activity. In this study, we investigated whether IK cytokine can ameliorate the progression of lupus nephritis in MRL/lprmice.MethodsA truncated IK analog was prepared and transfected into a nonmetastatic fibroblastoid cell line, and then injected subcutaneously into MRL/lprmice at ages 8 weeks (before the onset of lupus nephritis) and 12 weeks (at the early stage of the disease).ResultsAn IK cytokine, when it was translated from methionine at position 316, acted as a secretory protein. This truncated IK cytokine (tIK) reduced IFNγ‐induced class II MHC expression in various cells through decreased expression of class II MHC transcription activator. Treatment of MRL/lprmice with tIK significantly reduced renal damage as compared with control mice. A significant decrease in macrophage and T cell infiltration was found in the kidneys of tIK‐treated mice, resulting in decreased production of IFNγ and interleukin‐2. Mice treated with tIK also showed significant reduction of anti‐DNA antibodies and circulating immune complexes. A specific reduction of class II MHC expression was observed on B cells and monocytes as well as in the kidney.ConclusionWe prepared a potent IK analog and demonstrated its ability to ameliorate the progression of lupus nephritis. This agent may therefore provide a new therapeutic approach for lupus nephritis.
Titanocene(II)‐Promoted Multicomponent Reactions Utilizing Alkynyl Sulfones, Alkenyl Sulfones, and Carbonyl Compounds: A Novel Method for the Synthesis of Vinylallenes
Authors: Ogata Akitoshi , Nemoto Masami , Kobayashi Kenji , Tsubouchi Akira , Takeda Takeshi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTitanocene(II)‐promoted cross coupling of alkynyl‐ and (Z)‐alkenyl sulfones affords α‐(phenylsulfonyl)alkenyltitanium species. Further treatment of these species with the titanocene(II) reagent generates titanium vinylvinylidene complexes, which react with carbonyl compounds in one pot to produce substituted vinylallenes with complete stereoselectivity. By using α,β‐unsaturated ketones, 1,3,4,6‐tetraenes are also obtained stereoselectively.
Assessment of symptom experience in patients undergoing hepatic resection or ablation
Authors: Eid Sebastian , Stromberg Arnold J. , Ames Susan , Ellis Susan , McMasters Kelly M. , Martin Robert C. G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Quality of life (QOL) currently is considered both clinically meaningful and biologically important for patient outcome and is considered as important as disease‐free and overall survival. Thus, the objective of the current study was to evaluate the QOL symptoms of patients who underwent major hepatic resection, minor hepatic resection, and ablation for primary or metastatic cancer to the liver.METHODS.From October 2002 to June 2004, 40 patients who underwent either hepatic ablation or resection were enrolled. Patients were assessed at 5 time points (the initial visit, the initial postoperative visit, and visits at 6 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months) by questionnaires of the Functional Assessment in Cancer Therapy (FACT) core instrument with the Hepatobiliary subscale (FACT‐Hep), the FACT Hepatobiliary Symptom Index (FHSI‐8), the Profile of Mood States (POMS), the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QOL questionnaire (QLQ) for patients with pancreatic cancer (QLQ‐PAN), and the general core EORTC QLQ.RESULTS.The patients enrolled included 20 men and 20 women with a median age of 62 years (range, 41–77 years), including 24 patients who underwent major hepatectomy, 8 patients who underwent minor hepatectomy, and 8 patients who underwent ablation. An evaluation of the FACT Physical, Social, Emotional, and Functional subscales demonstrated no differences at the initial or first postoperative visits. However, at 6 weeks, both the Physical (P = .0455) and Functional (P = .0372) scores were significantly worse for the major hepatectomy group. At 3 months, all QOL parameters were similar. Similar differences were observed at 6 weeks for the FHSI‐8 (P = .02), POMS (P = .007), QLQ‐PAN (P = .04), and EORTC (P = .003) with the resolution of this difference at 3 months.CONCLUSIONS.There was little difference in QOL between patients who underwent major hepatic resection, minor hepatic resection, and hepatic ablation. Patients who underwent major hepatectomy demonstrated a worse QOL at 6 weeks compared with patients who underwent minor hepatic resection and hepatic ablation, with the resolution of this difference and significant improvements observed in all 3 groups at 3 months. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Combining pharmacotherapy with cognitive behavioral therapy: Traditional and new approaches
Authors: Davis Michael , Barad Mark , Otto Michael , Southwick Stephen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGiven the ever‐increasing sources of trauma both nationally and globally, it is imperative to develop new and better treatments for anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This review is a collection of presentations that seek to do just that, either by using pharmacotherapy to try to prevent or erase the formation of traumatic fear memories, or to enhance exposure‐based cognitive–behavioral therapy using pharmacological agents that have been effective in enhanced extinction of fear in rodents.
Novel Optically Active Polyacetylenes: Synthesis and Helical Conformation of L‐Lysine‐Dendronized Poly(phenylacetylene)
Authors: Zhao Haichao , Sanda Fumio , Masuda Toshio 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSummary: The novel chiral phenylacetylene (1) functionalized with an L‐lysine‐based dendritic peptide was synthesized and polymerized with Rh catalysts to afford the corresponding polymer [poly(1)] with moderate molecular weights in good yields. Poly(1) was soluble in common organic solvents including DMF, THF, CHCl3, AcOEt, and MeOH. The polarimetric and CD spectroscopic data indicate that poly(1) exists in a helical structure with predominantly one‐handed screw sense in THF and CHCl3. Poly(1) also assumes a helical structure in the solid state. This helical structure can be tuned by heat in CHCl3 or by the addition of a protic solvent to CHCl3 solutions.Synthesis of chiral poly(phenylacetylene) bearing a L‐lysine‐based dendritic peptide in the side chain.magnified imageSynthesis of chiral poly(phenylacetylene) bearing a L‐lysine‐based dendritic peptide in the side chain.
The Ising model on a trilayer Bethe lattice
Authors: Albayrak Erhan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this work, the Ising model on a trilayer Bethe lattice is studied in terms of recursion relations for which the nearest‐neighbor spins of each layer are coupled ferromagnetically and the adjacent spins of the nearest‐neighbor layers are coupled either ferromagnetically or antiferromagnetically depending on the sign of the bilinear interactions for given values of the coordination number q. Besides the ground‐state phase diagram, the phase diagrams of the model are also calculated for given values of the system parameters. It is found that the model presents both first‐ and second‐order phase transitions for all values of q. In order to construct the phase diagrams, we have also studied the thermal and interlayer coupling constant changes of the layer magnetizations, the spin–spin correlation functions between the nearest‐neighbor spins of the adjacent layers and the free energy of the model. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The maximal axial parameters in equivalent parametrizations of high symmetry crystal‐field Hamiltonians
Authors: Mulak Jacek , Mulak Maciej , Gonczarek Ryszard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe variation ranges of the axial Bk 0 crystal‐field parameters (in Wybourne parametrization), for k = 2, 4, 6, of tetragonal (including cubic) and hexagonal crystal‐field Hamiltonians ℋ︁CF for all possible orientations of the relevant reference frame are studied. The distinguished z‐axis directions fixed by the maximal absolute values of Bk 0 are analyzed. The diagrams for any tetragonal and hexagonal ℋ︁CF parametrization depicting the maximal values of |Bk 0|/Mk , where Mk is the 2k ‐pole modulus, as a function of the x = Bk 4/Bk 0 or B66/B60 ratios, together with the distinguished directions are presented. The|Bk 0|/Mk magnitudes and the relevant distinguished directions are the discriminants of all the equivalent parametrizations. They vary within the intervals (0.7395,1], (0.6074,1] and (0.6717,1] for tetragonal k = 4, tetragonal k = 6 and hexagonal k = 6ℋ︁CF components, respectively. Such specified directions determine the mutual spatial orientation of the component 2k ‐poles of the ℋ︁CF, and due to their rigid coupling in the ℋ︁CF, they also refer to the global ℋ︁CF parametrization. This approach demonstrates the difference in fitting capability between the real and complex isomodular ℋ︁CF parametrizations. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Time resolved response of luminescence on cyanine dye J‐aggregates
Authors: Akutagawa Y. , Miyasue K. , Sekiya T. , Kurita S. , Nakajima M. , Suemoto T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOn aqueous solution of cyanine dye J‐aggregates, time‐resolved response of upconverted luminescence was re‐investigated. The rise and decay time parameters were estimated to 3 and 200 ps by curve‐fitting technique in spite of excitation energy. The excitation energy dependence of upconverted luminescence was measured for aqueous solution. The peak energy and line shape of the spectra are independent from the excitation energy. The peak intensities change exponentially depending on the excitation energy. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Entangled‐photon generation via biexcitons in nano‐structures
Authors: Bamba Motoaki , Ishihara Hajime 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe have constructed quantum electrodynamics theory for excitons whose center‐of‐mass motion is confined in arbitrary‐structured dielectrics with considering their nonlocal optical susceptibility. We systematically investigate entangled‐photon generation via biexcitons in nano‐to‐macro scale materials by this theory. It is revealed that nano‐structured materials provide scattering spectra explicitly reflecting quantum states of confined exciton‐polaritons and are promising sources of entangled photons from the viewpoints of both efficiency and signal‐to‐noise ratio. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)