bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomic Networks: Statistical Inference from Microarray Data
Authors: Zhou Xiaobo , Wang Xiaodong , Dougherty Edward R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe huge amount of data provided by cDNA microarray measurements must be explored to answer fundamental questions about gene functions and their interdependence, and hopefully to provide answers to questions like what is the type of disease affecting the cells, or which genes have a strong influence on this disease? For given target genes, which genes have the strongest influences on them? Given a set of genes, how do they communicate with each other? The first question involves gene classification; the second question involves gene prediction; and the third question involves constructing genetic networks. In this article, we give a brief overview on modeling genetic networks and statistical inference of genetic networks based on microarray data.
Near‐Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging
Authors: Kotilahti Kalle , Kajava Timo , Noponen Tommi , Heino Jenni , Nissilä I. , Katila Toivo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNear‐infrared spectroscopic imaging is an emerging medical imaging modality based on the relatively low absorption of near‐infrared light in biological tissue. It allows noninvasive estimation and mapping of concentration changes of various chromophores (e.g., oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin), which provide an indication of tissue physiology, so that the modality can be applied to functional studies of living tissue. In its simplest form, near‐infrared spectroscopic imaging can be carried out with inexpensive optoelectronic instrumentation, which measures the attenuation of light transferred through the object. More advanced time‐ and frequency‐domain instruments also measure the time the photons spend in tissue. Most tissue types scatter light strongly so that it is difficult to achieve useful spatial resolution and contrast with direct optical imaging like in x‐ray imaging. Therefore, the advanced imaging systems often use proper propagation models of diffuse light to aid the reconstruction of the optical properties inside the object. Potential applications of the modality include imaging of brain activation and hemorrhages, mammography, and monitoring of muscle oxygenation.
Artificial Blood
Authors: Sivan Sarit , Lotan Noah 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe possibility of using human blood for transfusion is limited by requirements of blood‐typing, the danger of transmitting certain diseases, and a short shelf life of liquid blood. These limitations and the wide range of applications of blood substitutes have fueled a worldwide search for safe, effective, and universal blood substitute materials.One major route to avoid the problems associated with blood (i.e., AIDS, Hepatitis, etc.) involves the use of isolated human hemoglobin (Hb) because of its high capacity of oxygen and hemocompatibility. However, cell‐free Hb has to be either molecularly modified or encapsulated in order to prevent its dissociation into dimers, decrease the high oxygen affinity, and increase the retention time in circulation. This route of research requires the use of specifically designed cross‐linker reagents necessary to modify the Hb protein.With molecular engineering techniques, a new family of cross‐linking reagents was developed, based on nicotinamide‐adenine dinucleotide (NAD) derivatives. One of the reagents designed, namely oxidized beta‐NAD (o‐NAD), was reacted with deoxyHb to produce NAD‐derivatized hemoglobin (HbNAD). The latter was further polymerized to yield poly‐HbNAD.Macroscopic properties of HbNAD and poly‐HbNAD were studied. From the results obtained, it is evident that poly‐HbNAD possesses a physiological oxygen‐carrying capacity and oncotic characteristics similar to whole blood. These properties make poly‐HbNAD a viable potential candidate as a resuscitation fluid.
Gene Expression Profiles, Nonlinear System Identification In
Authors: Korenberg Michael J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe recent advent of the microarray has enabled simultaneous monitoring of the expression of thousands of genes, and with it have come vexing questions of how best to interpret the new wealth of data being gathered. Although many important uses have been made of this technology, such as for diagnosis, prediction of treatment response and clinical outcome, and prediction of metastatic status, we will focus attention on only these specific applications. It is clear that there is no consensus at present on the most effective methods for analysis of such gene expression data, and here we consider only some approaches that have forged a link between nonlinear system identification and construction of effective gene‐expression‐based class predictors. As we will discuss, one hallmark of these approaches is that they can produce effective predictors with considerably less training data than some statistically based prediction methods.
Wearable Medical Devices
Authors: Fotiadis Dimitrios I. , Glaros Constantine , Likas Aristidis 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe termwearable medical devicesdescribes autonomous devices that are worn by a person and provide medical monitoring or support over a prolonged period of time. Their distinguishing characteristic is that they are worn either as an accessory or are embedded into clothing. Such devices normally incorporate noninvasive physiological sensors, data processing modules, medical feedback, and wireless data transmission capabilities. They are small, light, unobtrusive, and designed for operation by unskilled users. Current developments include real‐time feedback, alerting mechanisms, medical decision support, and wireless access to information. Wearable medical devices offer the supporting hardware for dealing with the emerging medical trend of delivering point‐of‐care service, unconfined medical monitoring and support, and assisting in the remote management of medical conditions for rehabilitating patients, the chronically ill, and the disabled.
Cognitive Assistive Technology
Authors: Mihailidis Alex , LoPresti Edmund F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCognitive assistive technology (AT) attempts to compensate for existing impairments by using devices, tools, or techniques that either partially take the place of a person's impaired ability, including attempting to rehabilitate those impairments if possible, or translate a problem into one that matches the user's strengths. This chapter will provide an introduction to the field of cognitive AT. The reader will be presented with a review of the current and previous research trends in this field, key aspects on the design of these devices and tools, and a discussion of future work and trends. As the field of cognitive AT is quite diverse, this overview will focus primarily on those devices that are considered compensatory tools, specifically devices developed to assist users with memory, planning, and problem‐solving impairments.
Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) for Stroke Rehabilitation
Authors: Raymond Tong Kai Yu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is generally referred to as the artificial electrical stimulation of a muscle that has diminished nervous control, with the aim of providing a muscular contraction and producing a functionally useful movement. FES is a technique that uses bursts of short electrical pulses to generate muscle contractions by stimulating motor‐neurons or reflex pathways. FES aims to generate functional movements that mimic normal voluntary movements and to restore functions that have been lost after the impairment on the nervous system. From the first successful FES application on the peroneal nerve of patients with hemiplegia for walking by Liberson et al. in 1961, various types of FES have been applied in stroke rehabilitation. The common FES applications for the rehabilitation of lower limbs and upper limbs are the drop foot stimulator and hand grasp system, respectively. The general aim of applying FES on patients after stroke is to help the person by optimizing functional motor performance and facilitating neurorehabilitation.
Biomolecular Layers: Quantification of Mass and Thickness
Authors: Fulga Florin , Nicolau Dan V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe approach of building biomolecular devices starts with the preparation of thin biomolecular films with a structural control. The first question regarding a biomolecular film is how many molecules are deposited on the substrate, or equivalently, what is the mass of the film. The optical methods, like ellipsometry and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which describe the film in terms of experimentally measurable optical parameters, allow a precise determination of the thickness and the mass of the film. Other methods like quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) allow the determination of other parameters of the film, like viscosity and water content. A combination of these methods would allow a better characterization of the parameters of the biomolecular film.
Arthroscopic Fixation Devices
Authors: Gabriel Stefan M. , Lipchitz John M. , Brunelle John E. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Arthroscopic fixation devices enable surgeons to repair ligament and tendon damage at the joints of the body without creating larger incisions or tissue retractions for access to the repair site. Until recently, surgical procedures, such as anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and meniscal repair in the knee and rotator cuff repair in the shoulder, were done exclusively through large incisions, which was necessary to allow a surgeon's fingers to reach the repair site. Visualization instruments such as the arthroscope provide a window into the joint for diagnostic and visual guidance purposes. Small suture anchors and tissue anchors and their associated insertion and access instruments used under arthroscopic visualization now make it possible for the same procedures to be done through 10‐mm diameter and smaller access portals. The development of novel materials such as absorbable copolymers along with continued innovation in design will continue to provide the surgeon and the patient with better and better solutions, expanding the number of procedures and their efficacy in the challenging area of arthroscopic surgery.
Myoelectric Control of Powered Upper‐Limb Prostheses
Authors: Englehart Kevin , Hudgins Bernard , Bush Greg 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The surface myoelectric signal has found many important applications in research and clinical application. Its use as a system input for the control of powered upper‐limb prostheses was first proposed almost 60 years ago. This control approach, referred to as myoelectric control, has been a clinically significant option for limb‐deficient individuals for 30 years. Myoelectric control has gained widespread use, with many fitting centers worldwide. The sophistication of myoelectric control continues to improve, offering users improvements in dexterity and ease of use.
Electromyography (EMG) of Pelvic Floor Muscles
Authors: Merletti Roberto , Enck Paul 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This contribution analyses the anatomy and neurophysiology of the pelvic floor muscles as well as the multichannel electromyogram (EMG) of the anal sphincter, urethral sphincter and puborectalis muscles. Cylindrical probes carrying one or more circumferential arrays of electrodes are used to detect the generation (at the end‐plates), propagation (along the muscle fibers) and extinction (at the fiber endings) of individual action potentials generated by motor units of the sphincters.
A linear array of electrodes printed on a plastic band glued on the tip of the index finger of a surgical glove allows is used to detect signals from the puborectalis muscles. The anatomical features (fiber length, orientation, location of innervation zone) of motor units of these muscles can be observed with this technique. The application to the anal sphincter is particularly useful for the identification of innervation zones and the proper planning of episiotomy to reduce the risk of anal sphincter damage during child birth.
Bone, Mechanical Testing of
Authors: Horan M.P. , An Y.H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBone is a complex heterogeneous material or structure that in the animal or human body serves the function of support, movement and protection, body mineral homeostasis, and hematopoesis. The mechanical properties of bone, expressed as strength, stiffness or elastic modulus, depend on its hierarchical structure at the macro, micro, sub‐micro, nano and sub‐nano levels. There are numerous methods for testing the mechanical properties of bone at its different structural levels. A laboratory equipped with basic tools, devices, and mechanical testing machines is essential for mechanical testing of bone. This chapter presents basic concepts and principles of bone biomechanics and introduces basic methodologies of mechanical testing of bone at the macro level. The importance and basic design of testing fixtures are included. Common errors and precautions for mechanical testing of bone are also discussed.
Computer‐Assisted Radiation Therapy (CART)
Authors: Giannouli Stavroula 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Radiation therapy is mostly a computer‐based technique. From the first days of using radiation to treat cancer, it was obvious that automatic procedures are important, because implication of technicians was dangerous. All kinds of radiation therapy have evolved over the last decades because of the use of computers. New imaging techniques like computed tomagraphy and magnetic resonance imaging, new treatment machines like accelerators and afterloaders, and treatment planning software have been based totally on the evolution of computers. The whole procedure of radiation therapy is now more safe and accurate after the use of new imaging modalities and simulators, three‐dimensional algorithms for dose calculation, and various optimization methods.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Authors: Zhou Xiaohong Joe 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI), or diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT‐MRI), is a technique that measures the orientation dependence (i.e., anisotropy) of the diffusion process. This technique relies on diffusion‐induced MRI signal loss as a function of diffusion‐weighting gradient orientations. With DTI, the diffusion tensor at each spatial location can be characterized, and a series of parameters can be obtained to describe various aspects of the diffusion process in biological tissues. Typical parameters calculated from DTI include apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC), diffusion anisotropy indices, and the principal diffusion direction. These parameters (e.g., fractional anisotropy, or FA) can be used to reveal specific tissue structures, such as white‐matter fiber tracts in the brain, and detect their changes during disease progression and regression.
Artificial Heart Valves
Authors: Simionescu Dan T. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A significant article in the study of cardiovascular diseases must necessarily address the degeneration of natural heart valves. As the anticipated mission of cardiovascular biomedical engineering is to develop devices and approaches to safely and effectively treat heart disease, substantial efforts have been made in the last 35 years to develop artificial heart valves and pioneer exciting research in heart valve tissue regeneration. This chapter gives an overview on these efforts describing the biology and pathology of heart valves, the status of current replacement devices, and the trends of future research.
Artificial Heart
Authors: Takatani Setsuo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The artificial heart (AH) is a mechanical pump that partially or completely replaces the pumping function of the native heart. Two types of AH exist depending on use. The first is called ventricular assist device (VAD) and consists of a single pump to help the pumping function of the left or right ventricle, or both ventricles by combining two VADs without removing the native heart. The second AH is called total artificial heart (TAH) and is comprised of two pumps to maintain both lung circulation and systemic circulation after removal of the native heart.
Atrial Fibrillation and Atrial Flutter
Authors: Hornero Fernando 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNonpharmacologic treatments of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter potentially offer therapy, sparing patients the long‐term risks of antiarrhythmic drug therapy. For patients with typical atrial flutter, contemporary catheter ablation techniques afford cure rates in excess of 85%. For patients with atrial fibrillation, surgical Maze procedure and catheter‐based procedures emulating aspects of the surgical Maze technique can today offer cure rates around 75%. However, additional research and technological development is necessary to further define and refine the best effective procedure. For the present, because each therapeutic alternative carries its own unique set of risks, side effects, and benefits, patients selection remains of critical importance.
Electrocardiogram (ECG) Signal Processing
Authors: Sörnmo Leif , Laguna Pablo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSignal processing of electrocardiographic signals has a long and rich history and has greatly helped to enhance the diagnostic capability, especially when signals are recorded in noisy environments. This article gives an introductory presentation of the basic set of algorithms used for conditioning the ECG with respect to different types of noise and artifacts, detecting heartbeats, extracting basic ECG measurements, and performing data compression. Signal processing in clinical applications is exemplified by the high‐resolution ECG and T wave alternans.
Titanium and Titanium Alloys
Authors: Zardiackas Lyle D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBecause of the high level of biocompatibility, low level of corrosion, and excellent mechanical properties, titanium and many of its alloys have found extended use as the metal of choice for many implant applications. In addition, because of these properties there continues to be research on the properties of these alloys as well as prolific research and development of new titanium alloy systems. The newerβ‐titanium alloys have shown promise for applications where a lower modulus of elasticity is desirable. Newer alloys being developed must meet the primary requirement of biocompatibility as well as having the desired mechanical properties
Nonlinear observer of crystal‐size distribution during batch crystallization
Authors: Bakir T. , Othman S. , Fevotte G. , Hammouri H 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA high‐gain observer was designed to estimate the crystal‐size distribution (CSD) in batch crystallization processes. The observer is based on the discretization of population balance equations describing the evolution of the CSD using finite difference method. Due to process impurities and other batch‐to‐batch variations, the kinetic parameters involved in the dynamic model of the crystallization, relating primary and secondary nucleation in particular, are subject to significant variations. In order to avoid any estimation divergence, an on‐line parameter identification algorithm was added to the observer. Assuming that measurements of the nuclei particles are available, the observer is shown to provide a discretized reconstruction of the entire CSD which can be used for control purposes or process supervision. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
The genetic tyrosinemias
Authors: Scott C. Ronald 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe genetic tyrosinemias are characterized by the accumulation of tyrosine in body fluids and tissues. The most severe form of tyrosinemia, Type I, is a devastating disorder of childhood that causes liver failure, painful neurologic crises, rickets, and hepatocarcinoma. This disorder is caused by a deficiency of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH). If untreated, death typically occurs at less than 2 years of age, with some chronic forms allowing longer survival. It has a prevalence of about 1 in 100,000 newborns in the general population. Oculocutaneous tyrosinemia, Type II, is caused by a deficiency of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT). It clinically presents with hyperkeratotic plaques on the hands and soles of the feet and photophobia due to deposition of tyrosine crystals within the cornea. Tyrosinemia Type III is an extremely rare disorder caused by a deficiency of 4‐hydroxyphenylpyruvic dioxygenase. It has been associated with ataxia and mild mental retardation. These disorders are diagnosed by observing elevated tyrosine by plasma amino acid chromatography and characteristic tyrosine metabolites by urine organic acid analysis. In tyrosinemia Type I, methionine is also elevated, reflecting impaired hepatocellular function. Urine organic acids show elevated p‐hydroxy‐phenyl organic acids in each type of tyrosinemia, and the pathognomic succinylacetone in tyrosinemia Type I. Diagnosis can be confirmed by enzyme or molecular studies in tyrosinemia Type I. Therapy consists of a diet low in phenylalanine and tyrosine for each of the tyrosinemias and 2‐(2‐nitro‐4‐trifluoromethylbenzoyl)‐1,3‐cyclohexanedione (NTBC) for tyrosinemia Type I. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tetracyanoethylene (TCNE): The Characteristic Geometries and Vibrational Absorptions of Its Numerous Structures
Authors: Miller Joel S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTetracyanoethylene (TCNE) undergoes numerous reactions and is reported to exist in many structural motifs. Identification of these forms and motifs can be challenging. Nonetheless, the number of $\tilde \nu $CN absorptions and their frequencies provide insight with respect to the specific forms and charge on the TCNE fragment. Particularly informative is the average of the fundamental $\tilde \nu $CN bands, as well as the length of the central CC bond. This Review discusses the assignment of structure and formal charge for TCNE‐containing compounds. Scrutiny of previous assignments reveals some discrepancies which are discussed, and provides a basis for further study of TCNE structure–function relationships. Several multimetal complexes with bridging [TCNE]z units exhibit mixed valency and extensive delocalization. The scarcity of suitable model compounds, especially those with M backbonding to the CN groups, have thwarted the detailed description of these valence ambiguous compounds; thus, new well‐characterized polynuclear compounds are needed.
Calix[4]arene‐filled poly dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes for the pervaporative removal of benzene from dilute aqueous solution
Authors: Liu Liang , Jiang Zhongyi , Pan Fusheng 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this article, tert‐butylcalix [4]arene (CA)‐filled poly dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes (CA‐f‐PDMS) were prepared for pervaporative removal of benzene from aqueous solution. In comparison with unfilled PDMS membrane, CA‐f‐PDMS membranes showed higher permselectivity towards benzene due to the inclusion interaction between benzene and CA. The separation factor increased from 3275 to 5604 when the CA content varies from 0 to 3 wt % in the PDMS membrane. On the other hand, the normalized permeation rate of benzene (NPRb) decreased with the increase of the degree of crystallization of the membranes due to the crystallinity of CA. The membrane with 1 wt % CA content had the highest degree of crystallization and thus the lowest NPRb, whereas the membrane with 3 wt % CA content was the opposite. Furthermore, the addition of CA increased the elastic modulus of membranes slightly. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 90–100, 2006