bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ice-sheet modelling characteristics in sea-level-based temperature reconstructions over the last glacial cycle
Authors: Wilschut Frank , Bintanja Richard , Van De Wal Roderik S.W. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA widely used method for investigating palaeotemperatures is to analyze local proxy records (e.g. ice cores or deep-sea sediment cores). The interpretation of these records is often not straightforward, and global or hemispheric means cannot be deduced from local estimates because of large spatial variability. Using a different approach, temperature changes over the last glacial cycle can be estimated from sea-level observations by applying an inverse method to an ice-sheet model. In order to understand the underlying physical mechanisms, we used a 1-D ice-sheet model and a 3-D coupled thermodynamic ice-sheet–ice-shelf–bedrock model to investigate the importance of several physical processes for the inverse temperature reconstructions. Results show that (i) temperature reconstructions are sensitive to the employed formulation of mass balance, (ii) excluding thermodynamics in the ice sheet leads to a smaller temperature amplitude in the reconstruction and (iii) hysteresis in the non-linear relation between sea level and temperature occurs as a consequence of ice redistribution in the process of merging and separation of ice sheets. The ice redistribution does not occur if the geometry does not support the formation of a relatively flat dome, which tends to be preserved in warming conditions.
Nivlisen, an Antarctic ice shelf in Dronning Maud Land: geodetic–glaciological results from a combined analysis of ice thickness, ice surface height and ice-flow observations
Authors: Horwath Martin , Dietrich Reinhard , Baessler Michael , Nixdorf Uwe , Steinhage Daniel , Fritzsche Diedrich , Damm Volkmar , Reitmayr Gernot 
Published: November 2007

AbstractExtensive observations on Nivlisen, an ice shelf on Antarctica’s Atlantic coast, are analyzed and combined to obtain a new description of its complex glaciological regime. We generate models of ice thickness (primarily from ground-penetrating radar), ellipsoidal ice surface height (primarily from ERS-1 satellite altimetry), freeboard height (by utilizing precise sea surface information) and ice-flow velocity (from ERS-1/-2 SAR interferometry and GPS measurements). Accuracy assessments are included. Exploiting the hydrostatic equilibrium relation, we infer the ‘apparent air layer thickness’ as a useful measure for a glacier’s density deviation from a pure ice body. This parameter exhibits a distinct spatial variation (ranging from ≈2 to ≈16m) which we attribute to the transition from an ablation area to an accumulation area. We compute mass-flux and mass-balance parameters on a local and areally integrated scale. The combined effect of bottom mass balance and temporal change averaged over an essential part of Nivlisen is –654 ± 170 kg m–2 a–1, which suggests bottom melting processes dominate. We discuss our results in view of temporal ice-mass changes (including remarks on historical observations), basal processes, near-surface processes and ice-flow dynamical features. The question of temporal changes remains open from the data at hand, and we recommend further observations and analyses for its solution.
Towards a field test for fracture propagation propensity in weak snowpack layers
Authors: Gauthier Dave , Jamieson Bruce 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSlab avalanche release requires fracture initiation and propagation in a weak snowpack layer. While field tests of weak-layer strength are useful for fracture initiation, the challenge remains to find a verified field test for fracture propagation. We introduce the two current versions of a field test for fracture propagation propensity, and report results of testing conducted in the Columbia Mountains of British Columbia, Canada, during the winter of 2005. By extending the column of a stability test approximately 3 m in the downslope direction, the test method allows for the development of a flexural wave in the slab, and thereby maintains the contribution of this wave and the associated weak-layer collapse to the fracture process. Fracture lengths collected on a day and location where the propagation propensity of the snowpack was locally high show a bimodal distribution, with approximately 50% of observed fractures similar to those collected in stable snowpacks, and approximately 50% with much longer fracture lengths.
Superimposed ice formation and surface energy fluxes on sea ice during the spring melt–freeze period in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Granskog Mats A. , Vihma Timo , Pirazzini Roberta , Cheng Bin 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe development of land-fast sea ice and overlying snow was monitored during a 4 week period, until the snow cover had completely disappeared, at a site in the Gulf of Bothnia, Baltic Sea (63.57ú N, 19.85° E). The meteorological and radiative boundary conditions were continuously recorded. During the observation period, a 15 cm thick snow layer on the ice was transformed into a 7 cm thick granular ice layer (superimposed ice) on the ice surface, contributing significantly (about 11%) to the total ice thickness. Approximately 1 cm w.e. of the snow was sublimated. Neither snow-ice formation nor basal ice growth was significant during the same period. The salinity and isotopic (δ18O) composition of the ice indicated that prior to the experiment a 7 cm layer of superimposed ice had already formed. Hence, superimposed ice layers contributed 22% of the total ice thickness by the time all snow had disappeared. The advancing spring, decrease in surface albedo, diurnal cycle in the incoming solar radiation, and synoptic-scale changes in the cloud cover and the air–ice turbulent heat fluxes caused variations in the heat budget of the snowpack. Superimposed ice formation due to refreezing of meltwater occurred during most nights of the study period, and the most important refreezing periods were under such synoptic conditions that the air and snow surface temperatures also remained below zero during daytime. In contrast to typical summer conditions in polar oceans, low snow surface temperatures acted as the primary heat sink for the refreezing of meltwater.
On the instability of avalanching glaciers
Authors: Pralong Antoine , Funk Martin 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe instability of hanging glaciers and more generally of avalanching glaciers is discussed on the basis of observations performed on several glaciers located in the European Alps. A classification of avalanching glaciers is proposed, which allows a primary appreciation of the danger inherent in these glaciers. On the basis of field observations and results of numerical simulations of crevassing, the fracture processes which lead to major icefalls, as well as their recurrence, are analyzed. A method for predicting the time of failure is then discussed. The disaggregation of the unstable ice masses usually observed prior to large icefalls is investigated and its implications for the forecasting of icefalls analyzed.
Preliminary dielectric measurement and analysis protocol for determining the melting temperature and binding energy of short sequences of DNA in solution
Authors: Spillman William B. , Asmatulu Ramazan , Jullian Christelle F. , Geist Brian , Claus Richard O. , Robertson John. L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMeasurement of the real dielectric constant of bulk buffer solutions containing short sequences of DNA as a function of temperature through the DNA melting or denaturiztion transition can be used to determine melting temperatures, Tm, and to estimate the binding energy of the complimentary strands. We describe a preliminary dielectric measurement and analysis protocol to determine these parameters and its application to two known short sequences. The relative real dielectric constant for the bulk solutions was determined over the frequency range of 50 Hz–20 kHz and temperature range of <40–65°C. The measurements were performed on dilute solutions and utilized low electric field strengths. Based on fits to the data by modified sigmoid functions, the melting temperatures, width of transition, and binding energy for the two sequences in solution were estimated. It was observed that the order of the transition appeared to be second order. The results were then compared against predictions of a number of models from the literature that provide theoretical estimates for the melting temperatures of known short sequences of DNA.
Technical aspects of biocatalysis in non‐CO2‐based supercritical fluids
Authors: Karmee Sanjib Kumar , Casiraghi Laura , Greiner Lasse 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe number of biotransformation processes is increasing rapidly. Part of this success is based on the inherent properties of enzymes as chemo‐, regio‐, and enantioselective catalysts. Supercritical fluids (scF) are superior solvents inheriting adjustable and partly unique physical properties. These can be advantageously combined with biotransformations, as solvent power responds to pressure and temperature changes according to the reaction requirements. Among the scF, supercritical carbon dioxide has undoubtedly gained the highest attention. However, other scF are also recognized to enlarge the possibilities. Among these CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C3H8, CHF3, and SF6 are used as scF for biocatalysis. This review focuses on the use of non‐CO2 based scF for biotransformations. Wherever possible, special emphasis is given on the industrial viability of different biocatalytic processes.
Alkyne versus Allene Activation in Platinum‐ and Gold‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Hydroxylated 1,5‐Allenynes
Authors: Zriba Riadh , Gandon Vincent , Aubert Corinne , Fensterbank Louis , Malacria Max 
Published: November 2007

AbstractChemo‐ and stereoselective transformations of 3‐hydroxy‐1,5‐allenynes 1 into a variety of new and potentially useful cyclic compounds have been achieved. Substrates bearing a silyl group at the alkyne moiety undergo purely thermal or Lewis acid catalyzed Alder‐ene type transformations into 2‐methylene‐3‐vinylcyclopent‐3‐enol derivatives 2. When heated in the presence of a catalytic amount of PtCl2 or PtCl4, these incipient cyclopentenols could be further transformed into 3‐vinylcyclopent‐2‐enones 3. On the other hand, alkyl‐substituted 3‐hydroxy‐1,5‐allenynes proved to be stable under refluxing conditions. Nevertheless, PtCl2 and PtCl4 could selectively activate the alkyne moiety of these substrates toward intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the internal allene double bond to yield unprecedented 6‐methylenebicyclo[3.1.0]hexan‐3‐one derivatives 4. With gold‐based catalysts, provided that the reaction is carried out in dichloromethane, both AuI and AuIII complexes selectively activate the allene fragment of the substrates toward intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the hydroxyl group to yield 2‐ethynyl‐3,6‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrans 5. Compounds of type 4 can also be formed with AuI and AuIII complexes if the reaction is carried out in toluene. The reactivity of these new compounds has been partially investigated, and polycyclic ketones were obtained after oxidation under mild conditions or gold‐catalyzed cycloisomerization.
An experiment with reflective middleware to support grid‐based flood monitoring
Authors: Hughes Danny , Greenwood Phil , Blair Gordon , Coulson Geoff , Grace Paul , Pappenberger Florian , Smith Paul , Beven Keith 
Published: November 2007

AbstractFlooding is a growing problem, which affects more than 10% of the U.K. population. The cost of damage caused by flooding correlates closely with the warning time given before a flood event, making flood monitoring and prediction critical to minimizing the cost of flood damage. This paper describes a wireless sensor network (WSN) for flood warning, which is capable of not only integrating with remote fixed‐network grids for computationally intensive flood modelling purposes but also performing on‐site grid computation. This functionality is supported by the reflective and component‐based GridKit middleware, which provides support for both WSN and grid application domains. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Priorities for corporate social responsibility: a survey of businesses and their stakeholders
Authors: Welford Richard , Chan Clifford , Man Michelle 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe article reports on a survey of businesses and their stakeholders in Hong Kong. In a sample of 491 responses, fifteen areas of corporate social responsibility are compared. The most important issues turn out to be the environment, health and safety and governance. All factors are deemed important but the least important is philanthropy. There are notable differences between businesses and their stakeholders and within different stakeholder groups. Views about priority areas differ from group to group. The article demonstrates the important of companies undertaking stakeholder dialogue to gauge the views and aspirations of their stakeholders. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Tritiated platelet imipramine binding and treatment response in depressed outpatients
Authors: Freeman Arthur M. , Stankovic Srdjan M. I. , Bradley Ronald J. , Zhang Gho‐Zhu , Libb J. Wesley , Nemeroff Charles B. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMirtazapine was administered to 35 outpatients who participated in a clinical drug trial. This new antidepressant is structurally and pharmacologically similar to mianserin. Blood was obtained for the measurement of platelet [3H]‐imipramine binding before and after drug treatment. The treatment outcome groups were divided into three groups: those with the most rapid response, nonresponders, and slow responders. The rapid response group had the highest mean pretreatment binding and was presumably the placebo responders. Patients were classified as rapid responders if they showed a 50% reduction in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) after 2 weeks of treatment. Slow responders had the lowest mean Bmax and were felt to be the medication responders. Differences between the three groups were statistically significant. These differences in pretreatment Bmax values were sustained after controlling for the effects of age, protein concentration, maximum drug dosage, and HDRS scores. Only the slow treatment responder group, the presumed medication responders, showed significant change from pretreatment to post treatment Bmax. This study represents one of the first, which uses pretreatment density of platelet imipramine binding sites to predict antidepressant response. Moreover, drug treatment and concomitant recovery was associated with increased [3H]‐imipramine binding density. Depression 1:20–23 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The temporal course of depressive symptoms and grief intensity in late‐life spousal bereavement
Authors: Pasternak Rona E. , Reynolds Charles F. , Frank Ellen , Miller Mark D. , Houck Patricia R. , Schlernitzauer Maryann , Prigerson Holly G. , Kupfer David J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe temporal course of grief intensity and depressive symptoms associated with conjugal bereavement is described in depressed and nondepressed bereaved elders over a period spanning 18 months from spousal loss. Sixty elderly, recently bereaved participants were grouped by the presence (n = 33) or absence (n = 27) of syndromal major depression according to Research Diagnostic Criteria. Clinical ratings of depressive symptoms (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale) and grief intensity (Texas Revised Inventory of Grief) were obtained regularly over the first 18 months of bereavement. Data were averaged at 3‐month intervals and examined in: 1) repeated measures analyses of variance; 2) pairwise contrasts at each time interval; and 3) correlation matrices of change scores. In the group of subjects with syndromal major depression (24 of 33 received some form of treatment), Hamilton depression ratings declined an average of 61% but remained mildly elevated at 18 months. Grief intensity scores remained higher in depressed than in nondepressed subjects throughout the 18‐month observation period and showed little decline over time (18%). Changes in depression ratings accounted for only 11.6% of the variance of change in bereavement intensity. The absence of clinically significant reduction in grief intensity scores, despite attenuation of depressive symptoms, might indicate that persistent grief is a separate process from depression and one which may predict other adverse medical, psychiatric, or psychosocial outcomes. A competing hypothesis suggests that persistence of grief may not be pathological. The need for futher controlled prospective data is highlighted. Depression 1:45–49 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful treatment of sexual masochism and transvestic fetishism associated with depression with fluoxetine hydrochloride
Authors: Masand Prakash S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTwo patients with paraphilias (one each with sexual masochism and transvestic fetishism) and depression were successfully treated with fluoxetine hydrochloride in a dose of '40 mg/d. Depression 1:50–52 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Should postpartum mood disorders be given a more prominent or distinct place in the DSM‐IV?
Authors: Purely Daniel , Frank Ellen 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn this review we consider the literature on postpartum psychoses as well as on non‐psychotic postpartum depression with a goal of determining how such disorders should be categorized in DSM‐IV. We conclude that the majority of postpartum psychoses are affective in nature and that, despite the observation of “confusion” in many such presentations; the symptom picture is not sufficiently unique to warrant a separate diagnostic category. We could find no evidence of unique presentation of non‐psychotic postpartum depression. Nonetheless, because of the unique complications associated with postpartum disorders (e.g., disruption of the mother‐infant bond, infanticide), we recommend that postpartum presentations be given a more prominent place in the text of DSM‐IV and that a course specifier, “postpartum onset,” be applied to major depressive or manic/hypomanic episodes in Bipolar I, Bipolar II, or Major Depressive Disorder, or to Acute Psychotic Disorder when appropriate. Depression 1:59–70 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monoamine metabolism in human prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Pet studies using [β‐11C] l–5‐hydroxytryptophan and [β‐11C] L‐dopa in healthy volunteers and patients with unipolar major depression
Authors: Ågren H. , Reibring L. , Hartvig P. , Tedroff J. , Bjurling P. , Lundqvist H. , Långstrom B. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe 11C‐labelled precursors for serotonin and dopamine synthesis, [β‐11C] L‐5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP) and [β‐11C] L‐DOPA, were employed as tracer ligands using positron emission tomography (PET) for the evaluation of their regional brain utilization. Study objects were fifteen healthy volunteers and eight patients suffering from, primary RDC unipolar major depression. Specific utilizations of [11C] 5‐HTP and [11C] L‐DOPA were detected in medial aspects of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and in the basal ganglia. Utilization of[11C], but not [11C] L‐DOPA, was significantly further increased in lower areas of the medial PFC in depressive illness. There were no differences between volunteers and patients with respect to specific utilization within basal ganglia.Alterations in utilization of [11C]5‐HTP and [11C] L‐DOPA in the medial PFC may reflect the degree of activation of serotonergic and dopaminergic cell bodies in the mesencephalic nuclei, suggesting mesencephalocortical regulation. Earlier, we have reported a decrease in the uptake of [11C] 5‐HTP over the blood‐brain barrier in depressed patients compared with healthy volunteers. A hypothetic activation of serotonin synthetic capacity, topographically limited to the medial PFC and relevant to depressive illness, might represent a pathophysiological compensation related to serotonin precursor deficiency. However, the sum of events may still result in a state that does not exclude a serotonergic hypofitnction in major depression. Depression 1:71–81 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic fluoxetine treatment up‐regulates dopamine receptors in the mesolimbic forebrain of the rat
Authors: Hammer Ronald P. , Margulies Jody E. , Lynn Allison B. , Brady Linda S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe mechanism of antidepressant function is still largely unknown. The authors examined the binding of [H] SCH 23390 and [3H] spiperone to dopantine D1‐ and D2‐like receptors, respectively, using quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiogra‐phy inforebrain sections front rats treated for 8 weeks with 5 mg/kg fluoxetine HCl or vehicle. Fluoxetine treatment significantly increased dopamine D1 receptor density in the nucleus accumbens and D2 density in the nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle and islands of Calleja region. Neither D1 nor D2 receptors were significantly affected in the striatum. The results are discussed in light of additional evidence that antidepressants alter mesolimbic dopamine function. Although fluoxetine (Prozac) selectively inhibits reuptake of serotonin, its indirect effects on mesolimbic dopamine systems might underlie its potent efficacy as an antidepressant. Depression 1:82–87 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Repeated scopolamine treatment does not enhance the acth response to physostigmine in rats
Authors: Poland Russell E. , McCracken James T. , Lutchmansingh Preetam , Heist Kevin E. , Moulding Hugh 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAdult male rats were treated daily with scopolamine (10 mg/kg) for two weeks and the ACTH response to acute physostigmine (0.1 mg/kg) challenge was evaluated. Although physostigmine produced a significant increase in A CTH concentrations in all animals, repeated scopolamine administration did not alter basal ACTH concentrations or the ACTH response to physostigmine. The results are discussed in relation to dysregulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep in depression, as mediated by differential adaptive responses of central cholinergic systems. Depression 1:101–104 (1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does pharmacotherapy induce paradoxical worsening in some patients?
Authors: Tollefson Gary D. , Rampey Alvin H. , Enas Gregory G. , Potvin Janet H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractUnexpected clinical worsening has been described anecdotally during pharmacotherapy for depression. We analyzed data front 7,974 patients in double‐blind, controlled trials (fluoxetine, placebo, tricyclics; mood/nonmood disorders). Paradoxical worsening with placebo either exceeded (bulimia nervosa, obesity) or was comparable (depression, obsessive‐compulsive disorder) to that with fluoxetine or tricyclics. Paradoxical worsening appears to be part of the disease course, not uniquely the result of pharmacotherapy. Depression 1:105–107(1993). © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.