bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of strength and stiffness response of coir-fibre-reinforced soil
Authors: Babu G. L. Sivakumar , Vasudevan A. K. 
Published: June 2007

Coir, a natural biodegradable material, is abundantly available in most parts of south-west India, Sri Lanka, and other Asian countries, and is cheap. The use of coir in geotechnical construction started in the early 1990s, and it is found in many applications, such as drainage and filtration, erosion control, and the improvement of surficial stability of embankments in the form of sheets and mats in some of these areas. A few attempts are also made to use coir as random reinforcing material, in which some percentage of fibre is added to obtain an improvement in performance, and laboratory tests indicate that the strength increases considerably with the inclusion of coir fibres. However, there is a lack of a proper methodology for quantifying the strength and stiffness of soil due to the inclusion of fibres. This paper discusses a few experimental results, different methods for evaluating the strength of fibre-reinforced soil, and the application of these methods to predict the strength response of coir-fibre-reinforced soil. The paper suggests a simple analytical approach to predict the stiffness modulus of fibre-reinforced soil. Le coir, un matériau naturel biodégradable, se trouve en abondance dans la plupart des régions du sud-ouest de l'Inde, au Sri Lanka et dans d'autres pays asiatiques, oùil est de faible coût. L'utilisation du coir dans la construction géotechnique a commencé au début des années 90. On le trouve dans de nombreuses applications, telles que drainage et filtration, contrôle de l'érosion et amélioration de la stabilité superficielle de remblais sous la forme de feuilles ou de tapis dans certaines de ces régions. Plusieurs tentatives ont é té effectuées pour utiliser le coir comme matériau de renfort aléatoire. Dans ce cas, un certain pourcentage de fibres est intégré aà la matrice pour obtenir une amélioration des performances. Les résultats de laboratoire indiquent que la résistance augmente considérablement avec l'intégration de fibres de coir. Cependant, il n'existe pas de méthodologie satisfaisante pour quantifier la résistance et la rigidité du sol résultant de l'inclusion de fibres. Cet article analyse plusieurs résultats expérimentaux et différentes méthodes d'évaluation de la résistance d'un sol renforcé avec des fibres de coir. Il discute de l'application possible de ces méthodes pour prédire la réponse en résistance du sol ainsi renforcé. L'article propose une approche analytique simple pour estimer le module de rigidité d'un sol comportant un renfort de fibres de coir.
Dynamic Pricing of General Insurance in a Competitive Market
Authors: Emms Paul 
Published: June 2007

A model for general insurance pricing is developed which represents a stochastic generalisation of the discrete model proposed by Taylor (1986). This model determines the insurance premium based both on the breakeven premium and the competing premiums offered by the rest of the insurance market. The optimal premium is determined using stochastic optimal control theory for two objective functions in order to examine how the optimal premium strategy changes with the insurer’s objective. Each of these problems can be formulated in terms of a multi-dimensional Bellman equation.In the first problem the optimal insurance premium is calculated when the insurer maximises its expected terminal wealth. In the second, the premium is found if the insurer maximises the expected total discounted utility of wealth where the utility function is nonlinear in the wealth. The solution to both these problems is built-up from simpler optimisation problems. For the terminal wealth problem with constant loss-ratio the optimal premium strategy can be found analytically. For the total wealth problem the optimal relative premium is found to increase with the insurer’s risk aversion which leads to reduced market exposure and lower overall wealth generation.
Extension of the Capital Asset Pricing Model to Non-normal Dependence Structures
Authors: Johnston Mark 
Published: June 2007

The Capital Asset Pricing Model arises in an economy where agents have exponential utility functions and aggregate consumption is normally distributed, and gives the prices of assets with payoffs which are jointly normal with consumption. Such assets have normal marginal distributions and have dependence with consumption characterised by a normal copula. Wang has derived a transform which extends the CAPM by allowing pricing of assets in such an economy which have non-normal marginal distributions but still are normal-copula with consumption.Here we set out the stochastic discount factors corresponding to this version of the CAPM and to Wang’s transform, and show how to calculate stochastic discount factors and hence asset prices for assets whose dependence with consumption is non-normal. We show that the impact of dependency structure on asset prices is significant.
Fidelity of J1269 and J2452
Authors: Popio James A. , Luchini John R. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
This study compares data from the two Society of Automotive Engineers test methods for rolling resistance: J-2452 (Stepwise Coast-Down) and J-1269 (Equilibrium) steady state. The ability of the two methods to evaluate tires was examined by collecting data for 12 tires. The data were analyzed and the data showed that the two methods ranked the tires the same after the data were regressed and the rolling resistance magnitude was calculated at the Standard Reference Condition. In addition, analysis of the two methods using this matched set of testing provided an opportunity to evaluate each of these test standards against the other. It was observed that each test has merits absent from the other.
Cell‐free synthesis and maturation of [FeFe] hydrogenases
Authors: Boyer Marcus E. , Stapleton James A. , Kuchenreuther Jon M. , Wang Chia‐wei , Swartz James R. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract[FeFe] hydrogenases catalyze the reversible reduction of protons to molecular hydrogen (Adams (1990); Biochim Biophys Acta 1020(2): 115–145) and are of significant interest for the biological production of hydrogen fuel. They are complex proteins with active sites containing iron, sulfur, and carbon monoxide and cyanide ligands (Peters et al. (1998); Science 282(5395): 1853–1858). Maturation enzymes for [FeFe] hydrogenases have been identified (Posewitz et al. (2004); J Biol Chem 279(24): 25711–25720), but complete mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. The study of [FeFe] hydrogenases has been impeded by the lack of an easily manipulated expression/activation system capable of producing these complex and extremely oxygen‐sensitive enzymes. Here we show the first expression of functional [FeFe] hydrogenases in an Escherichia coli‐based cell‐free transcription/translation system. We have produced and matured both algal and bacterial hydrogenases using E. coli cell extracts containing the HydG, HydE, and HydF proteins from Shewanella oneidensis. The current system produces ∼22 µg/mL of active protein, constituting ∼44% of the total protein produced. Active protein yield is greatly enhanced by pre‐incubation of the maturation enzyme‐containing extract with inorganic iron and sulfur for reconstitution of the [Fe‐S] clusters in HydG, HydE, and HydF. The absence of cell walls permits direct addition of cofactors and substrates, enabling rapid production of active protein and providing control over the maturation conditions. These new capabilities will enhance the investigation of complex proteins requiring helper proteins for maturation and move us closer to the development of improved hydrogenases for biological production of hydrogen as a clean, renewable alternative fuel. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 59–67. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Versatile RHDV virus‐like particles: Incorporation of antigens by genetic modification and chemical conjugation
Authors: Peacey Matthew , Wilson Sarah , Baird Margaret A. , Ward Vernon K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractVirus‐like particles have proved to be excellent molecular scaffolds, yet the individual characteristics and immune responses generated against each VLP requires the development of a wide range of capsids for use as vaccines, molecular delivery vessels, and nanoscale templates. Here we describe the development of Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV)‐like particles as a rapidly versatile molecular workbench, overcoming limitations imposed by established genetic antigen incorporation procedures with chimeric VLP. Production of the RHDV capsid protein in a baculovirus system led to the self‐assembly of VLP which were recovered at over 99% purity and manipulated both genetically and chemically. Fusion of small peptide sequences to RHDV VLP was well tolerated, forming chimeric capsids that enhanced the presentation of foreign peptide to hybridoma T helper cells 700‐fold. Rapid and simple conjugation techniques employing the hetero‐bifunctional chemical linker sulfo‐SMCC enabled both small peptides and whole proteins to be conjugated to the surface of RHDV VLP, overcoming limitations imposed on VLP formation and yield experienced with chimeric VLP. Administration of VLP/ovalbumin conjugate provoked high titre ovalbumin‐specific antibody in mice, demonstrating the immune stimulatory properties of the capsid were conferred to conjugated foreign antigen. VLP facilitated delivery of conjugated antigen to dendritic cells, eliciting proliferative responses in naïve TCR transgenic T helper cells that were at least 10‐fold greater than ovalbumin antigen delivered alone. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;98: 968–977. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pretreatment of eucalyptus wood chips for enzymatic saccharification using combined sulfuric acid‐free ethanol cooking and ball milling
Authors: Teramoto Yoshikuni , Tanaka Noriko , Lee Seung‐Hwan , Endo Takashi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA combined sulfuric acid‐free ethanol cooking and pulverization process was developed in order to achieve the complete saccharification of the cellulosic component of woody biomass, thereby avoiding the problems associated with the use of strong acid catalysts. Eucalyptus wood chips were used as a raw material and exposed to an ethanol/water/acetic acid mixed solvent in an autoclave. This process can cause the fibrillation of wood chips. During the process, the production of furfural due to an excessive degradation of polysaccharide components was extremely low and delignification was insignificant. Therefore, the cooking process is regarded not as a delignification but as an activation of the original wood. Subsequently, the activated solid products were pulverized by ball‐milling in order to improve their enzymatic digestibility. Enzymatic hydrolysis experiments demonstrated that the conversion of the cellulosic components into glucose attained 100% under optimal conditions. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffractometry and particle size distribution analysis revealed that the scale affecting the improvement of enzymatic digestibility ranged from 10 nm to 1 µm. Field emission scanning electron microscopy depicted that the sulfuric acid‐free ethanol cooking induced a pore formation by the removal of part of the lignin and hemicellulose fractions in the size range from a few of tens nanometers to several hundred nanometers. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 75–85. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Acidification of methanol‐fed anaerobic granular sludge bioreactors by cobalt deprivation: Induction and microbial community dynamics
Authors: Fermoso Fernando G. , Collins Gavin , Bartacek Jan , O'Flaherty Vincent , Lens Piet 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe acidification of mesophilic (30°C) methanol‐fed upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactors induced by cobalt deprivation from the influent was investigated by coupling the reactor performance (pH 7.0; organic loading rate 4.5 g COD · L−1 · d−1) to the microbial ecology of the bioreactor sludge. The latter was investigated by specific methanogenic activity (SMA) measurements and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to quantify the abundance of key organisms over time. This study hypothesized that under cobalt limiting conditions, the SMA on methanol of the sludge gradually decreases, which ultimately results in methanol accumulation in the reactor effluent. Once the methanol accumulation surpasses a threshold value (about 8.5 mM for the sludge investigated), reactor acidification occurs because acetogens outcompete methylothrophic methanogens at these elevated methanol concentrations. Methanogens present in granular sludge at the time of the acidification do not use methanol as the direct substrate and are unable to degrade acetate. Methylotrophic/acetoclastic methanogenic activity was found to be lost within 10 days of reactor operation, coinciding with the disappearance of the Methanosarcina population. The loss of SMA on methanol can thus be used as an accurate parameter to predict reactor acidification of methanol‐fed UASB reactors operating under cobalt limiting conditions. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 49–59. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The professional liability of behavioral scientists: An overview
Authors: Cohen Ronald Jay 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIssues regarding the question of what constitutes malpractice by psychologists, psychiatrists, and other mental health professionals, are reviewed. The legal concepts of negligence, professional liability, and causation are explained and related subjects including the duty of mental health professionals and what constitutes a breach of that duty are discussed and illustrated. Guidelines for avoiding legal jeopardy are also presented.
Tardive dyskinesia and malpractice
Authors: Wettstein Robert M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTardive dyskinesia is a potentially irreversible disorder of involuntary movement which may result from the prolonged use of neuroleptic medication in some patients. Its increase in prevalence in recent years has been accompanied by increased apprehension in the medical community regarding malpractice litigation. Following an update of current knowledge about tardive dyskinesia, several legal aspects of tardive dyskinesia are reviewed, including negligence, breach of contract, fraud, strict liability and informed consent. Despite considerable criticism of the doctrine of informed consent, it is suggested that it constitutes an inherent and indispensable component of long‐term psychiatric treatment, where tardive dyskinesia is at issue.
The hazards of writing or disclosing information in psychiatry
Authors: Slovenko Ralph 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe health care professional must be aware of the potential hazards in writing or disclosing information about a patient or a non‐patient. Two important interests are pitted against each other: dissemination of scientific information versus confidentiality. Presented is a discussion of the legal and ethical issues involved in (1) writing an article or book about a patient, (2) writing about a research subject, (3) writing about a subject of a forensic examination on behalf of the court or attorney, and (4) writing in a medical record.
The anatomy of a hostage situation
Authors: Wesselius Cassie L. , DeSarno James V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe authors have attempted to exemplify the social‐psychological interplay between hostage and hostage taker and to dissect the impact of this type of event by focusing on one hostage‐taking incident. The event described is representative of many incidents in which the hostage taker acts alone, without a supporting organization, and is primarily motivated by expressive needs. The hostages suffered many common emotions and symptoms. Each hostage also suffered in an individual way, determined in part by preceding events and dynamics and in part by the roles they assumed within the hostage situation. The more common Hostage Response Syndrome included the overt appearance of the Stockholm Syndrome in only one of the hostages.
Behavioral scientists and law enforcement personnel: Working together on the problem of terrorism
Authors: Soskis David A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBehavioral scientists work with law enforcement personnel on the problem of terrorism in three general contexts: clinical help for victims, training and consultation for hostage negotiation, and profiling and institutional consultation. In a study of 115 senior police officers working in the area of terrorism, subjects valued psychological counseling for crime victims within a broad framework of financial and criminal justice services. When describing a past personal victim experience, they valued direct physical action in their own coping, but expressions of sympathy and reassurance when provided by others. Problems encountered by behavioral scientists working in this area have usually involved difficulties in maintaining an effective consultant role, over‐identification with the law enforcement identity, or inappropriate media statements.
Thought control and the first amendment
Authors: Beyer Stephan V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article explores the application of the free speech clause of the First Amendment to the purported right of an individual to think socially stigmatized thoughts—for example, psychotic or sexually sadistic thoughts. The state may attempt to control such thoughts either by imposing a thought‐control technology on the thinker or by prohibiting the thinker from voluntarily using thought‐control technology of his own. Thought‐control technologies embrace antipsychotic drugs, hallucinogenic drugs, pornography, and other mind‐altering devices. Two underlying models of the free speech clause are proposed—a strong model and a weak model. Despite the apparent endorsement of the strong model by the United States Supreme Court, courts in fact vacillate between the two models and are, apparently, reluctant to utilize the First Amendment as a tool to enforce any right to think wicked thoughts. This reluctance, it is proposed, may well have a religious basis in an equation of wicked thoughts with sin.
Psychojargon in the psycholegal report: Ratings by judges, psychiatrists, and psychologists
Authors: Dietz Park Elliott , Cooke Gerald , Rappeport Jonas R. , Silvergleit Ira T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractQuestionnaires designed to measure the perceived value of technical terminology for psycholegal reports were completed by 67 judges, 78 forensic psychiatrists, and 126 forensic psychologists. Judges were asked for ratings of the degree to which each term aids their understanding, and clinicians were asked for ratings of the likelihood that they would use each term in a report for the court. Rank‐ordered ratings of the 45 terms were highly correlated among the three respondent groups, suggesting that forensic clinicians are generally aware of the problem of using incomprehensible psychojargon. Empirical ratings can be helpful in distinguishing between comprehensible and incomprehensible psychojargon for psycholegal use.
Female patients who assault in the hospital
Authors: Felthous Alan R. , Coyne Lolafaye 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis pilot study investigates factors associated with assaultive behavior in hospitalized female patients. Eight patients who assaulted were compared with 11 patients who did not. Associated with the assaultive sample were prior assaults, a time span from first to last assault of over one year and destruction of property. Behavioral items significantly associated with assault included a history of breaking glass objects, a history of breaking window panes and a history of frequent physical assaults between 10 and 18 years of age. No relationship between organic findings suggestive of CNS dysfunction and assaultiveness was found.
Murder and criminal responsibility: An examination of MMPI profiles
Authors: Rogers Richard , Seman William 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe clinical forensic applications of the MMPI in: (1) the identification of violent behavior, including murder, and (2) the determination of sanity, is briefly reviewed. Samples of evaluatees charged with murder were obtained in Chicago and Toledo, and were examined for differences on MMPI profiles for evaluatees clinically determined to be sane versus insane. Further comparisons were made between these evaluatees and a group of treated patients previously found not guilty by reason of insanity for murder. Results suggested that the MMPI is limited in its discriminability between sane and insane evaluatees, and specifically questioned the usefulness of certain profiles in rendering sanity opinions. The MMPI did demonstrate expected differences between insane evaluatees and their treated counterparts.
Post traumatic stress disorders
Authors: Horowitz Mardi J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA clinical overview of the Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorders (PTSD) is presented emphasizing altered qualities of experience and behavior. A schema of human psychological responses to stressful life events is reviewed as an introduction to the extensive development of concepts of pathological stress response syndromes: Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorders; post‐traumatic stress disorder, chronic type; delayed Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder. An illustrative case history is presented. The potential development of PTSD in individuals experiencing less than overwhelming stressors is conceptualized.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans: Assessment in a forensic setting
Authors: Lipkin John O. , Scurfield Raymond M. , Blank Arthur S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe recognition and proper evaluation of Vietnam veterans' demonstrating Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder syndromes is reviewed. The special problems of accurate diagnosis and assessment of former Vietnam combatants is emphasized. The forensic evaluation of Vietnam veterans' raising the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder syndrome in either civil or criminal proceedings is comprehensively discussed. The question “What are the clinical techniques necessary to accomplish a competent forensic evaluation of the Vietnam veterans?” is specifically addressed with special emphasis on legal dispositions and treatment implications. The relationship between the criminal acts of combat veterans and their exposure to the psychological trauma of war is explored.
The Vietnam veteran on wal: The relation of post‐traumatic stress disorder to criminal behavior
Authors: Wilson John P. , Zigelbaum Sheldon D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to conceptualize the relationship of Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in Vietnam veterans to criminal behavior. A conceptual framework is discussed which proposes that the disposition to criminal behavior is determined by whether or not the veteran enters into the survivor mode of functioning as a behavioral defense mechanism against the disorder. It is hypothesized that there exists a relationship between the severity of PTSD and the tendency to commit illegal acts. The Vietnam Era Stress Inventory (Wilson and Krauss, 1980) was used to assess PTSD among a volunteer national sample of Vietnam combat veterans (N = 114) participating in the Veterans Administration's counseling program known as Operation Outreach. The results strongly supported the hypothesis and indicated that combat role variables, exposure to stressors in Vietnam and the severity of PTSD were significantly correlated with criminal acts.
Legal ethics and the use of mental health experts in criminal cases
Authors: Fitch W. Lawrence , Petrella Russell C. , Wallace John 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe ethical norms of attorneys in mental health law practice are guided by regulatory codes, professional standards, constitutional, evidentiary, and procedural laws, and personal moral values. This article addresses the contours of ethical practice for attorneys in their relationship with mental health experts. In particular, it examines the attorney's responsibility to zealously represent their clients and the ethical limits on such advocacy.