bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnitude least squares optimization for parallel radio frequency excitation design demonstrated at 7 Tesla with eight channels
Authors: Setsompop K. , Wald L.L. , Alagappan V. , Gagoski B.A. , Adalsteinsson E. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSpatially tailored radio frequency (RF) excitations accelerated with parallel transmit systems provide the opportunity to create shaped volume excitations or mitigate inhomogeneous B1 excitation profiles with clinically relevant pulse lengths. While such excitations are often designed as a least‐squares optimized approximation to a target magnitude and phase profile, adherence to the target phase profile is usually not important as long as the excitation phase is slowly varying compared with the voxel dimension. In this work, we demonstrate a method for a magnitude least squares optimization of the target magnetization profile for multichannel parallel excitation to improve the magnitude profile and reduce the RF power at the cost of a less uniform phase profile. The method enables the designer to trade off the allowed spatial phase variation for the improvement in magnitude profile and reduction in RF power. We validate the method with simulation studies and demonstrate its performance in fourfold accelerated two‐dimensional spiral excitations, as well as for uniform in‐plane slice selective parallel excitations using an eight‐channel transmit array on a 7T human MRI scanner. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulations, which show significant improvement in the magnitude profile and reductions in the required RF power while still maintaining negligible intravoxel phase variation. Magn Reson Med 59:908–915, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Observation of microscopic diffusion anisotropy in the spinal cord using double‐pulsed gradient spin echo MRI
Authors: Komlosh M.E. , Lizak M.J. , Horkay F. , Freidlin R.Z. , Basser P.J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA double‐pulsed gradient spin echo (d‐PGSE) filtered MRI sequence is proposed to detect microscopic diffusion anisotropy in heterogeneous specimen. The technique was developed, in particular, to characterize localmicroscopicanisotropy in specimens that aremacroscopicallyisotropic, such as gray matter. In such samples, diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) produces an isotropic or nearly isotropic diffusion tensor despite the fact that the medium may be anisotropic at a microscopic length scale. Using d‐PGSE filtered MRI, microscopic anisotropy was observed in a “gray matter” phantom consisting of randomly oriented tubes filled with water, as well as in fixed pig spinal cord, within a range of b‐values that can be readily achieved on clinical and small animal MR scanners. These findings suggest a potential use for this new contrast mechanism in clinical studies and biological research applications. Magn Reson Med 59:803–809, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo quantification of T1, T2, and apparent diffusion coefficient in the mouse retina at 11.74T
Authors: Chen Junjie , Wang Qing , Zhang Huiying , Yang Xiaoxia , Wang Jian , Berkowitz Bruce A. , Wickline Samuel A. , Song Sheng‐Kwei 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMRI has recently been used for noninvasive examination of retinal structure and function in rats and cats. However, the advantages of quantitative high‐resolution MRI of retina from mice have not yet been explored. In the present study, T1 and T2 relaxation time constants and the directional apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in the retina of C57/BL6 mice were measured. Three MR‐detected retina layers and a MR‐detected choroid layer were observed on both T1‐ and T2‐weighted images at an image resolution of 47 × 47 × 400 μm3. The significantly higher ADC parallel to than that perpendicular to the optic nerve in the MR‐detected outer retina layer at the central retina reflects the known cellular organization of the photoreceptor cells. This study establishes, for the first time, normative metrics of T1, T2, and ADC of the mouse retina. These MR parameters are expected to be useful in future evaluation of developmental and pathological alterations of retinal cell layers in mice. Magn Reson Med 59:731–738, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of C‐glycosyl quinochalcones in Carthamus tinctorius L. by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Jin Yu , Zhang Xiu‐li , Shi Hui , Xiao Yuan‐sheng , Ke Yan‐xiong , Xue Xing‐ya , Zhang Fei‐fang , Liang Xin‐miao 
Published: March 2008

AbstractC‐Glycosyl quinochalcones are unique components in Carthamus tinctorius L. The reported C‐glycosyl quinochalcones have the same quinochalcone skeleton with a hydroxyl group at the 5'‐position and a glucose linked to this position with a carbon–carbon bond. In this study, the standard hydroxysafflor yellow A and water‐extracted fraction of Carthamus tinctorius L. were analyzed by ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q‐TOFMS) in both positive and negative ion modes. The fragmentation pathways of C‐glycosyl quinochalcones were interpreted and validated by accurate mass measurement. Their fragmentation showed a special cleavage at the C–C bond except for the typical internal cleavage at the sugar moiety of other C‐glycosyl flavonoids. In positive ion mode, cleavage of the 5'‐glucose produced an [M+H–162]+ ion by a neutral loss, while cleavage of the 5'‐glucose in negative ion mode led to an [MH–163]−. ion by radical cleavage. The cleavage from the carbonyl group produced fragment ions containing an A or a B ring. The fragment ions containing an A ring were common product ions of seven compounds in both ion modes, and fragment ions containing the B ring were used to judge the different substituent groups at the 3'‐position. The fragmentation patterns of seven structurally related C‐glycosyl quinochalcones were analyzed systematically and the formation of the fragment ions in two modes is explained in detail in this report. UPLC/Q‐TOFMS is an effective tool for characterizing a complex sample, which gives higher resolution separation and generates accurate mass measurement of the product ions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sheathless Focusing of Microbeads and Blood Cells Based on Hydrophoresis
Authors: Choi Sungyoung , Song Seungjeong , Choi Chulhee , Park Je‐Kyun 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a microfluidic device for sheathless focusing of microbeads and blood cells based on a hydrophoretic platform comprising a V‐shaped obstacle array (VOA). The VOA generates lateral pressure gradients that induce helical recirculations. Following the focusing flow particles passing through the VOA are focused in the center of the channel. In the device, the focusing pattern can be modulated by varying the gap height of the VOA. To achieve complete focusing within 4.4% coefficient of variation, the relative size differences between the gap and the particle were 3 and 4 µm for 10 and 15 µm beads, respectively. Red blood cells were used to study the hydrophoretic focusing pattern of biconcave, disk‐shaped particles.
Onset of puberty and the inflection point of the growth curve in sheep – Brody's Law revisited
Authors: PITTROFF W. , DAHM F. , BLANC F. , KEISLER D. , CARTWRIGHT T. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYBrody (1945) concluded that the inflection point of the growth curve of domestic animals coincides with the onset of puberty and is coupled with an increase in proportion of fat gain at that time. This purported coincidence of growth inflection and onset of puberty has been termed the ‘Brody Law’. Recent findings suggesting a pivotal role of body energy reserves, communicated by the metabolic hormone leptin, on the onset of puberty led to the hypothesis that sheep must reach the inflection point of growth (AIP) considerably before the onset of puberty (AOP). In order to test this hypothesis, growth curves were fitted for ewe lambs on different growth trajectories from two experiments. Both experiments examined the effect of growth trajectory on AOP in ewe lambs. One data set was developed in France with Merino sheep; the other came from two distinct genetic lines of Targhee sheep in the USA. The French experiment subjected ewe lambs to two different feeding levels, while the USA experiment compared two nutritional regimens differing in both energy and protein concentration.Several non-linear models described in the literature as potentially useful for modelling weight–age relationships were fitted. TheLogisticfunction was identified as the superior model for all datasets. All animals in both experiments reached AIP considerably before AOP. AOP was defined using two criteria threshold levels of progesterone as AOP1 ⩾0·5 ng/ml and AOP2 ⩾1 ng/ml progesterone. For the USA data, multivariate analysis of AIP, AOP1 and AOP2 demonstrated that nutritional treatment was highly significant; this was also the case for the multivariate analysis of AIP, degree of maturity at AOP1 (DOM1) and DOM2. The correlation between AIP and DOM was highly negative. In contrast, the feeding treatment in the French experiments had no effect on any of the response variables except estimated mature weight. However, AIP was negatively correlated with DOM1 and DOM2. AOP was highly positively correlated with DOM. Most notably, AIP was not correlated with AOP1 or AOP2 in either experiment, and all animals reached AIP considerably before AOP1. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that growing female sheep must reach a certain minimum level of body fatness before the onset of puberty. Genetic group and nutritional treatment significantly affect growth curve parameters; hence, the age at which this (currently unknown) level is reached must strongly depend on nutritional regimen. It is concluded that growth modellingper secannot be used to infer onset of puberty, and that endocrine thresholds do not necessarily demarcate distinct phases of the growth curve.
A plug for generic phenomenology
Authors: Grush Rick 
Published: March 2008

AbstractI briefly sketch a notion of generic phenomenology, and what I call the wave-collapse illusion – a less radical cousin of the refrigerator light illusion – to the effect that transitions from generic to detailed phenomenology are not noticed as phenomenal changes. Change blindness and inattentional blindness can be analyzed as cases where certain things are phenomenally present, but generically so.
What is “cognitive accessibility” accessibility to?
Authors: Jacob Pierre 
Published: March 2008

AbstractI first argue that some of Block's formulations may misleadingly suggest that the function of mechanisms of so-called cognitive accessibility is to make one aware, not of visible features of the visible world, but of one's own psychological life. I then ask whether Block's view of phenomenology in the present target article is consistent with his endorsement of non-representationalism elsewhere.
Broken telephone in the brain: The need for metacognitive measures
Authors: Lau Hakwan , Persaud Navindra 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe fact that early visual processing has a larger capacity than later visual processing can be explained without positing distinct systems for phenomenology and cognitive accessibility. While phenomenology may overflow forced-choice reports, the later can also overestimate the former, as in the case of blindsight. Metacognitive measures of awareness offer a way to address the “methodological puzzle” of consciousness research.
Access for what? Reflective consciousness
Authors: Snodgrass Michael , Lepisto Scott A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractCan phenomenality without access occur? We suggest that the crucial issue is not to show phenomenality that cannot be accessed, but whether phenomenality sometimes simply is not accessed. Considering this question leads to positing a distinct, second form of consciousness: Reflective consciousness. The most important form of access is then from phenomenal (first-order) to reflective (second-order) consciousness.
The challenge of disentangling reportability and phenomenal consciousness in post-comatose states
Authors: Vanhaudenhuyse Audrey , Bruno Marie-Aurélie , Brédart Serge , Plenevaux Alain , Laureys Steven 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDetermining whether or not noncommunicative patients are phenomenally conscious is a major clinical and ethical challenge. Clinical assessment is usually limited to the observation of these patients' motor responses. Recent neuroimaging technology and brain computer interfaces help clinicians to assess whether patients are conscious or not, and to avoid diagnostic errors.
Rolling sphere problems on spaces of constant curvature
Authors: JURDJEVIC V. , ZIMMERMAN J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe rolling sphere problem on Euclidean space consists of determining the path of minimal length traced by the point of contact of the oriented unit sphere$\mathbb{S}^{n}$as it rolls on$\mathbb{E}^{n}$without slipping between two points of$\mathbb{E}^{n}\times SO_{n+1}(\mathbb{R})$. This problem is extended to situations in which an oriented sphere$\mathbb{S}_{\rho}^{n}$of radius ρ rolls on a stationary sphere$\mathbb{S}_{\sigma}^{n}$and to the hyperbolic analogue in which the spheres$\mathbb{S}_{\rho}^{n}$and$\mathbb{S}_{\sigma}^{n}$are replaced by the hyperboloids$\mathbb{H}_{\rho}^{n}$and$\mathbb{H}_{\sigma}^{n}$respectively. The notion of “rolling” is defined in an isometric sense: the length of the path traced by the point of contact is measured by the Riemannian metric of the stationary manifold, and the orientation of the rolling object is measured by a matrix in its isometry group. These rolling problems are formulated as left invariant optimal control problems on Lie groups whose Hamiltonian extremal equations reveal two remarkable facts: on the level of Lie algebras the extremal equations of all these rolling problems are governed by a single set of equations, and the projections onto the stationary manifold of the extremal equations havingI4=0, whereI4is an integral of motion, coincide with the elastic curves on this manifold. The paper then outlines some explicit solutions based on the use of symmetries and the corresponding integrals of motion.
Characteristic elements, pairings and functional equations over the false Tate curve extension
Authors: ZÁBRÁDI GERGELY 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe construct a pairing on the dual Selmer group over false Tate curve extensions of an elliptic curve with good ordinary reduction at a primep≥5. This gives a functional equation of the characteristic element which is compatible with the conjectural functional equation of thep-adicL-function. As an application we compute the characteristic elements of those modules – arising naturally in the Iwasawa-theory for elliptic curves over the false Tate curve extension – which have rank 1 over the subgroup of the Galois group fixing the cyclotomic extension of the ground field. We also show that the example of a non-principal reflexive left ideal of the Iwasawa algebra does not rule out the possibility that all torsion Iwasawa-modules are pseudo-isomorphic to the direct sum of quotients of the algebra by principal ideals.
South Korea: Economic and Social Consequences of Globalization
Authors: You Jong‐Ii , Lee Ju‐Ho 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOnly a while ago, the South Korean economy was the envy of the developing world, and its success was scrutinized by numerous analysts, with most agreeing that the secret of this success was a judicious mix of the state and the market. However, the exact mix of the state and the market has undergone through some changes, with, in particular, a steady, albeit gradual and patchy, move toward liberalization since the early 1980s; the impact of this on the labor market and social policy is not easily observable in the Korean case because of the very gradual nature of the process. The liberalization took a serious turn only a few years ago with a series of measures concerning capital accounts; the end result was the catastrophic financial crisis of 1997–8, which, no doubt, will have profound effects on the labor market and social policy for years to come. In this chapter, the overall developments in the political economy of Korea since 1980 are reviewed, with a focus on the connections among liberalization policies, the macroeconomic and labor market developments, and the social consequences. The chapter is organized as follows: the first section analyzes the political economy of liberalization in Korea – how it happened, why it happened, and why it went wrong; the second section describes the macroeconomic developments in the era of liberalization; the third section takes a closer look at the labor market, discussing changes in wage inequalities; the next section examines problems of social policy; this is followed by conclusions and recommendations.
Introduction
Authors: Silvia Paul J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractPsychology has long been attracted to the study of interest, curiosity, and intrinsic motivation. Many areas of psychology have grappled with interest, particularly with why some things are interesting and how stable interests develop. The study of interest sorts into two fields: (1) interest as a part of emotional experience, curiosity, and momentary motivation (the study of “interest”); and (2) interest as a part of personality, motivation, and people's idiosyncratic hobbies, goals, and avocations (the study of “interests”). This chapter points out that interest and interests have been studied in diverse and isolated areas of psychology; this book's central goal is to bring these disparate areas of research together, using an emphasis on cognition and emotion. The chapter concludes by foreshadowing the chapters that follow.
Interest as an Emotion
Authors: Silvia Paul J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis chapter reviews research on interest as an emotion. Modern theories in affective science propose that emotions consist of components, such as facial and vocal expressions, subjective experience, motivational functions, and physiological changes. A small body of work suggests that the experience of interest involves changes in facial expressions and vocal expressions. The function of interest is to motivate knowledge-seeking and exploration, which over time builds knowledge and competence. Interest's subjective quality is positive and active, consistent with its approach-oriented function. These components are coherent: subjective, expressive, and behavioral components of interest correlate with each other, indicating an organized emotional response. Finally, many experiments on emotion and aesthetics show that interest is distinct from the similar emotion of happiness/enjoyment: they have different causes and different effects on exploration.
Ecology and Evolution of Mating Behavior in Freshwater Amphipods
Authors: Wellborn Gary A. , Cothran Rickey D. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFreshwater amphipods are used as a research model for studies of female mating preferences, the nature of benefits that drive female choice, and the influence of sexual conflict on female preference. Direct selection on female mating preferences is hypothesized to occur during the contact pairing phase, because costs incurred or benefits gained by females during pairing are likely to depend on traits of guarding males. Comparative studies of ecomorphs in the genus Hyalella shed light on the evolution of female preference and preferred male traits. In species from habitats where large body size is favored by ecological processes females prefer larger males. In species subject to intense fish predation, however, mortality selection favors small body size and female preference for larger males is weak. These divergent mating biases are consistent with direct and indirect selection on female preference acting under the disparate regimes of natural selection faced by the ecomorphs.
The Mating System of Symbiotic Crustaceans
Authors: Baeza J. Antonio , Thiel Martin 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis chapter proposes a conceptual model predicting the mating system of symbiotic crustaceans. It assumes that males and females have different optimal mating strategies which they attempt to attain by defending and moving between hosts, and that host characteristics and predation risk limit the behavioral options of symbiotic individuals. Five mating systems are predicted: (i) monogamy when predation risk is high, hosts are scarce, morphologically simple, and small in size; (ii) host-defense polygyny when predation risk is high, hosts are scarce, simple, and intermediate in size; (iii) pure-search polygynandry of mobile females when predation risk is low, hosts are abundant, complex, and large; (iv) pure-search polygynandry of sedentary females when predation risk is moderate to high, hosts are scarce, and extremely small; and (v) female-centered polygyny when predation risk is moderate, hosts are neither abundant nor scarce, and intermediate in size. Empirical evidence supports the model's predictions.
Comparative Sociobiology of Spiny Lobsters
Authors: Childress Michael J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSpiny lobsters show a wide range of social behaviors along a continuum from solitary asocial species to highly gregarious social species. Phylogenetic comparative analysis of social condition was unable to determine if the spiny lobster common ancestor was social or asocial, but suggests that several modern asocial taxa may have evolved from social ancestors. All asocial spiny lobsters are obligate coral reef species that settle directly into their adult habitat and do not undergo the ontogenetic habitat transition common among social species. Species that change habitats during their lifetime have strong attraction to conspecific cues, leading to shelter sharing, coordinated group defense behaviors, and even single-file migratory queues. Using conspecific cues as a form of public information to assess the quality of new habitats may provide an important and widespread advantage to spiny lobsters and many other social species.
Liquidating in Chapter 11
Authors: Branch Dr. Ben S. , Ray Hugh M. , Russell Robin 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This chapter explains the liquidation of a business in a proceeding under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code using a liquidating plan of reorganization. The negotiation, confirmation, and implementation of a liquidating plan — sometimes referred to as a “pot plan” — together with the substantial advantages of liquidating under such a plan are discussed. Vehicles for managing the liquidation, such as liquidating trusts and limited liability companies, are outlined. The central focus is on the duties, powers, oversight, and compensation of the liquidator under the plan. This person is often referred to as the liquidating trustee.
Locating and Disposing of Assets
Authors: Branch Dr. Ben S. , Ray Hugh M. , Russell Robin 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
This chapter sets out the process for finding and evaluating the liquid assets, illiquid assets, disputed assets, wasting assets, and contingent assets of the business. To describe what to do with them, the standard asset valuation and sale methods are discussed. The bankruptcy sale procedure guidelines and the guidelines for employing investment bankers, art dealers, appraisers, auctioneers, and the like to assist in the sale process are set forth. The aim is to understand the appropriate disposition methods for particular assets (i.e., sale options), determine the price of each asset to be liquidated, and understand the abandonment option if circumstances so warrant.