bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of fine particle wet scrubbers
Authors: Blackwood T. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA study was undertaken to reduce emissions from a calciner stack. Tests were conducted to characterize the particle size distribution, effluent loading, and chemical composition. Several methods for reducing emissions were evaluated. The source of the effluent was found to be due to some combination of: excessive mist carryover from a spraytower, flashing of high solids concentration quench liquid, poor flow patterns, a large quantity of fine particles, condensation of metal vapors, or gas phase reaction which formed fine particles. A series of studies were conducted to improve the operation of the spray tower. As only limited success was achieved with these methods several other control devices were evaluated. This article discusses (1) the methodology used to evaluate the cause of the effluent problem, (2) the principles followed in obtaining a representative slipstream, and (3) the performance of the three devices tested, along with parameters which affect performance.
Important issues related to air pollution at municipal solid waste facilities
Authors: Savage G. M. , Bordson D. L. , Diaz L. F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a discussion of municipal solid waste (MSW) combustion and emission control. The issues of combustion technology, of available air pollution control systems, and of public health are explored in order to present an overview of the state‐of‐the‐art of combustion and air pollution control at facilities that burn unprocessed MSW or processed forms such as refuse‐derived fuel (RDF). The discussion also includes a presentation of the results of a study sponsored by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA), and performed by Cal Recovery Systems, Inc. (CRS), for the purpose of assisting the MPCA in the development of performance and operating guidelines for MSW combustion facilities to be sited in Minnesota.
The evaporation times of drop distributions and their impact on costs of in‐duct humidification systems for retrofitting electrostatic precipitators
Authors: Weinstein Bruce 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRetrofit flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems for utility or industrial boilers installed upstream of an existing electrostatic precipitator (ESP) increase the solids loading and often the resistivity of the solids. These factors can increase the outlet emissions from the ESP. A humidification system installed upstream of the ESP is a cost effective means to restore the performance. The feasibility of installing a humidification system within the existing duct requires having an unobstructed straight section with adequate residence time so that the water drops can completely evaporate. Failure to achieve complete evaporation can lead to the formation of cementations solids. A method is provided to estimate the evaporation time of typical drop size distributions over the range of humidification and cooling requirements expected for plants with retrofit FGD systems. The evaporation time is strongly dependent on the maximum size drop in the distribution and the approach to the adiabatic saturation temperature that the gas must be cooled to restore the performance of the ESP.
Catalytic oxidation of groundwater stripping emissions
Authors: Kosusko Michael , Mullins Michael E. , Ramanathan K. , Rogers T. N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAir stripping has been shown to be an efficient and cost effective method of removing volatile organic contaminants from groundwater and soil. The removal of dissolved fuel fractions and chlorinated solvents at efficiencies in excess of 95% has been demonstrated on several occasions. Unfortunately, these contaminants are transferred to the air where they may continue to pose an environmental and health threat. Regulation of such emissions has already been considered in many states including Michigan and California. However, few options are available for their control. Vapor phase carbon adsorption and thermal incineration are the two treatment methods which have been applied most often. These technologies have some disadvantages. Adsorption merely transfers the contaminant to a solid phase, which in turn requires disposal or regeneration. Thermal incineration may be expensive, since it requires a substantial energy input to destroy dilute gas phase contaminants. A new alternative is appearing in the form of catalytic oxidation. Like thermal incineration, it is an ultimate disposal method, but since it operates at much lower temperatures, the energy costs are also lower. This paper reviews the applicability of catalytic oxidation to control groundwater air stripping gaseous effluents with special attention given to system designs and case histories. The variety of contaminants and catalyst poisons encountered in stripping operations are also reviewed.
The effects of commercial landfill bans on waste minimization strategies and treatment performance standards
Authors: Stanczyk Thomas F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIndustries and governmental agencies throughout the United States are confronted with a number of issues focusing on the subject of what is, and how, hazardous and contaminated solid waste should be properly managed and controlled. These issues are receiving increased attention as regulatory legislation governing the management of waste magnifies in terms of enforcement and performance standards.
Testing of novel sorbents for H2S removal from coal gas
Authors: Gangwal S. K. , Stogner J. M. , Harkins S. M. , Bossart S. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractApplication of zinc ferrite, a regenerable mixed metal oxide, for the removal of H2S from hot coal derived gas streams is limited to a maximum temperature of about 1,250°F (677°C) and to a minimum H2S concentration of about 5 ppmv in the cleaned gas. Four novel sorbents that have shown potential for overcoming the limitations of zinc ferrite [1, 4] were selected for development and bench‐scale testing. Several variations of these mixed metal oxides were prepared, using different amounts of binders. They were tested in the presence of simulated coal gas using a thermogravimetric reactor (TGR) for selection of preparations possessing an adequate combination of reactivity, regenerability, capacity, and strength. Limited bench‐scale tests were conducted in the presence of simulated fluidized‐bed coal gasifier product gases at pressures from 1 to 2 MPa, temperatures from 525°C to 625°C and space velocities from 1,000 to 3000 Nm3/(m3 · h).
Design considerations for natural draft landfill gas incinerators
Authors: Colannino Joseph 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA consistent methodology regarding major facets of enclosed landfill flare design is presented. A natural draft landfill gas (LFG) incinerator is an enclosed flare consisting of three parts: burner, damper, and stack. Such an incinerator will burn LFG at temperatures up to 1800°F without the need for support gas, or fans to provide draft. Modeling of actual heat release, draft, and stack velocity is a function of many parameters including stack height, incinerator temperature, ambient conditions, stack and damper area, frictional losses, flue molecular weight and heat capacity, among others. The involved variables are simplified to three dimensionless groups that depend on temperature and damper area alone. Graphs are presented for reference, along with a full analytical treatment for those who wish to develop comprehensive modeling.
Field evaluation of nitric oxide abatement with ferrous chelates
Authors: Tsai Susan S. , Bedell Stephen A. , Kirby Larry H. , Zabcik Donna J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe absorption of nitric oxide from flue gas streams presents some unique problems due to its low solubility in conventional scrubbing solutions. A process is being developed that utilizes an electrolytic cell to reduce Fe(III) to Fe(II) and maintain the majority of the iron chelate in the active ferrous state. This process has been tested on an actual flue gas stream and achieved 80% nitric oxide abatement. Further reduction of nitric oxide is possible with increased stages.
Public impact on technical research: The dissimilar fates of two waste gasification projects
Authors: Wentz Charles A. , Galloway Terry R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGasification is an innovative process that offers considerable potential for highly efficient thermal destruction of hazardous wastes. To explore this potential, plans were made to use gasification to destroy polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a demonstration project at the University of North Dakota Energy Research Center's pilot‐plant lignite gasifier. The Center received the necessary state and federal environmental permits in July 1986. However, shortly after the permits were granted, public opposition to the PCB program developed. The state operating permit was revoked and the project was terminated. In contrast to the North Dakota experience, research conducted by the Thermolytica Corporation in California has resulted in commercialization of a gasification detoxifier for hazardous waste destruction. The nature and dissimilar fates of the North Dakota and California projects are reviewed.
Utilization of adipic acid byproducts for energy recovery and enhancement of flue gas desulfurization
Authors: Chi C. T. , Lester J. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBeneficial utilization of two waste streams from adipic acid manufacture is described. The first stream, containing adipic, glutaric, and succinic acids, a mixture referred to as AGS, was found to be very effective in improving the efficiency of limestone scrubbers for removing SO2 from coal‐fired power plant flue gases. A small portion of the AGS stream is also used to convert a contaminated distillation residue from cyclohexanol manufacture into a clean boiler fuel. The residue is an oily waste which contains inorganics and a hard‐to‐separate aqueous phase. The inorganics and aqueous phase are removed by liquid‐liquid extraction in a centrifugal contactor.
Decommissioning old plants (or, you don't close a plant by shutting it down)
Authors: Caputo Dennis L. , Zoch Robert M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEvolving environmental regulations mean that closure of a plant entails more than simply shutting it down. Development and execution of a closure plan that will minimize cost, execution risks, and future liabilities must be approached as a major project for the owner company. This paper discusses the evolving impact of RCRA and CERCLA upon requirements for a plant, and describes a procedure for developing and implementing a closure plan.
Electrophysical sorption of two carbon halogenated solvents onto soil
Authors: Mokrauer J. E. , Kosson D. S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSorption of halogenated two carbon organic contaminants onto a sandy loam has been found to be controlled by the electrostatic attraction between a slightly negatively (δ−) charged clay particle and a positively (δ+) charged carbon atom within the solvent molecule. Adsorption isotherms for tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene, 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, 1,1,2‐trichloroethane, 1,1‐dichloroethane, 1,2‐dichloroethane, and 1,2‐bromochloroethane by a sandy loam indicate that the extent of sorption appears to have a direct functional relationship to the molecular charge distribution within the solvent molecule, and to the atomic radii of the molecular substituents of the contaminant. This theory of adsorption is defined as Electrophysical Sorption (EPS) because it reflects the combination of electrostatic and physical contributions to sorption.
In‐situ air injection, soil vacuum extraction and enhanced biodegradation: A case study in a JP‐4 jet fuel contaminated site
Authors: Cho Jong Soo , Digiulio Dominic C. , Wilson John T. , Vardy James A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) conducted a joint demonstration of in situ remediation of a JP‐4 jet fuel spill at the USCG Support Center in Elizabeth City, North Carolina. The jet fuel was trapped beneath a clay layer that extended from the surface to a depth of 1.5 m. The water table was 2.0 m below land surface, and jet fuel extended from a depth of 1.0 to 3.5 m. Air was injected under pressure to depress the water table and bring the entire spill into the unsaturated zone, where hydrocarbons could be removed by volatilization and biodegradation. The injected air was recovered through soil vacuum extraction (SVE) at the treatment area. To document actual removal of hydrocarbons, core samples were acquired in August 1992 before air injection, and September 1994 at the end of the demonstration. The spill originally contained 3600 kg of JP‐4. Between the core sampling events, only 55% of the total petroleum hydrocarbons were removed, but more than 98% of benzene was removed. The initial goal was to reduce the concentration of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) to concentrations less than 100 mg/kg soil. This was not accomplished within 18 months of operation. During the period of operation, ground water was monitored for the concentration of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the xylene isomers (BTEX), and methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). The concentration of BTEX and MTBE in the subsurface was reduced to a very low level, but concentrations of benzene and MTBE in ground water did not meet the EPA drinking water standards in the most heavily impacted wells. The effluent gas from SVE was monitored for the concentration of total hydrocarbon vapors. Based on analysis of soil cores, 2000 kg of TPH was removed during the demonstration. About 1700 kg of hydrocarbon was collected through the SVE system, accounting for most of the actual removal. The rate of biodegradation was estimated from the rate of oxygen consumption in the unsaturated zone when the air injection pumps were turned off. Within the area containing nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL), the biodegradation rate based on oxygen consumption ranged from 0.72 to 13 mg hydrocarbon/kg soil/day, with an average of 3 mg hydrocarbon/kg soil/day. The mass balance revealed that the contribution of biodegradation was apparently overestimated from oxygen consumption in the soil gas.
Pb mobility and extractant optimization for contaminated soils
Authors: Legiec I. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlternative technologies for the remediation for inorganic lead contaminated soils must be evaluated in addition to conventional standard technologies, such as stabilization, to help ensure the best technology was selected for implementation of the remediation solution. Innovative technologies such as extractive soil washing may provide an economical alternative to reaching remediation cleanup goals while, at the same time, protecting human health and the environment.Extraction of inorganic Pb from contaminated soils has been previously demonstrated using strong acids or chelating reagents. For example, aqueous solutions of chelating agents such as citric acid, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DPTA), sodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), sodium nitrilotriacetate (NTA) have been used to desorb metals from soils [1, 2]. Also investigated were strong acids, having concentrations up to 2 N, for extraction of metals from sandy soils [3]. Commercial pilot scale systems have been reported to utilize HCl at an extraction pH range of 1.8–2.2 to recover lead from contaminated soils [4]. Chloride complexation of lead can greatly enhance the solubility of lead in solution [5, 6]. Lead also will complex in solution with acetic or citric acid [7].Incorporating acids or chelating agents with soil washing technologies may extract inorganic Pb species from contaminated soils. However, the feasibility of aqueous based extraction of organic lead species such as tetraethyl lead, and its related byproducts produced by weathering, was unknown. Weathered, contaminated soil core samples were obtained, composited and homogenized in 5 gallon HDPE buckets, and the homogenized sample was characterized. The soils were contaminated predominantly with inorganic Pb as well as trace quantities of organic Pb species. Therefore, a research program was carried out to investigate the feasibility of in‐situ or ex‐situ extractive soil washing to recover inorganic and organic lead contaminants from soil. Literature approaches utilizing acids, chelating agents, or combinations of these, were tested for extraction efficiency. Additional goals included optimizing lead extraction while minimizing extractant chemistry strength to ensure safety and to minimize cost. Both in‐situ and ex‐situ extraction techniques were simulated at bench scale, and the effects of these methodologies on organic lead species were also investigated.
Simultaneous hot desulfurization and improved filtration in coal utilization processes
Authors: Kennedy Gina , Eggerstedt Paul , Zievers James F. , Zievers Elizabeth C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMuch of America's vast coal reserves will remain unusable until technology capable of the effective, economic removal of particulate and sulfur emissions becomes more highly developed. Traditional calcium based sorbents, as well as more novel metal oxide sorbents, such as zinc ferrite and zinc titanate are effective in sulfur removal, but can be costly and do little to mitigate particulate within high temperature coal combustion and gasification streams. An innovative approach involving the use of classified, spent metal oxides appears to be a promising resolution to the particulate and sulfur dilemmas associated with most coal utilization processes. A number of such waste metal oxides have been tested, to assess their capacity for sulfur capture in sulfur laden oxidizing and reducing environments. Inert materials such as silica sand and traditional sorbents such as limestone and dolomite, were also evaluated to serve as reference data. Experimentation proved that the “once‐through” spent metal oxide sorbents can effectively remove sulfur while simultaneously increasing the permeability of dust collected at downstream ceramic filter stations. Additionally, spent metal oxides are generated in large quantities as a result of metal processing, smelting, and refining operations, and are generally available at little or no charge, for use as cost effective sorbents in coal combustion and gasification processes. This paper suggests the use of such spent metal oxides in place of calcium based or regenerable pelletized metal oxide sorbents for the removal of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) from gas streams containing these components.
Parametric testing of coal electrostatic precipitator performance
Authors: Cañadas L. , Navarrete B. , Ollero P. , Salvador L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effect of internal geometry, electrode type, and operating conditions on the performance of a coal electrostatic precipitator (ESP) has been analyzed by means of an extensive parametric testing program. Tests under different conditions of plate spacing, discharge electrodes, gas velocity, and energization wave form have been performed using two extreme coal types, with very high and low resistivity ashes, respectively. The study was made by means of a pilot installation operating with a flue gas slipstream drawn upstream of a power plant ESP. The experimental plant includes a specifically designed pilot ESP, able to admit an internal modification of plate spacing and electrode type. The ESP is equipped with a microprocessor controlled power supply which can generate both continuous and intermittent rectified current.The measured sensitivity of the precipitation process to the dust properties, filter configuration, electrode type, and energization method is presented, covering both the ESP efficiency evolution and the associated power consumption. The results of this work allow to extract practical conclusions about specification of ESP design and size for a given application, and assess the conditions in which use of wide plate spacing, new electrode geometries, or intermittent current are actually advantageous.
Photocatalyzed oxidation of phenol in water using a cocurrent downflow contactor reactor (CDCR)
Authors: Winterbottom J. M. , Khan Z. , Boyes A. P. , Raymahasay S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe oxidation of aqueous solutions of phenol as a typical model pollutant has been carried out in the presence of an ultra‐violet (UV) irradiated TiO2 catalyst in a CDC reactor. The CDCR was fitted with internally mounted 30 W and 1.0 kW UV lamps. The reactions were carried out at 40–50°Cand 202.6 kPa, with the reactor being operated in closed loop recycle mode and suspended catalyst being recirculated. The CDCR is a device of high mass transfer efficiency, giving unusually large gas hold‐up (approximately 50%). The CDCR was operated (i) with oxygen mass transfer and dissolution in the zone above the UV source and (ii) with oxygen dispersion and mass transfer occurring along and around the lamp housing. Using the higher powered lamp, 100% conversion of phenol was obtained from solutions containing 100 mg/dm3. Under specific conditions the presence of TiO2 catalysts was observed to give the most rapid oxidation degradation of the phenol.
A database on water quality of the mississippi river
Authors: Preslan Janet E. , Belkhouche Boumediene , Swalm Christopher M. , Hughes Janet M. , Chen Hsiao‐Lin , Henry Melanie , Lin Daryl , Bakeer Reda M. , Englande A. J. , Demtchouk Irina , Anderson Mary B. , Regens James L. , Means Jay C. , Bollinger James E. , Steinberg Laura J. , Luna Ronaldo , Hernandez Raul , Hartley William R. , George William J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA water quality GIS/database has been developed for the Mississippi River within the state of Louisiana. Existing ambient water quality data (1.3 million records) and records of river stage and discharge for the river and its tributaries have been acquired from government agencies, industry, and research projects. Data were initially reviewed to validate information quality. They have been incorporated into an Oracle® database created to provide rapid data searches and retrieval of information through a menu‐format user interface. Descriptive information about sample collection and analysis methods are included, as well as government advisory criteria which provide ecological and human health perspectives to assist in data interpretation. GIS software utilizes electronic base maps which have been developed in Arc/Info® and ArcView® data formats to generate geographic displays and graphical representations of the data. Examples of the capabilities of the system are included for data on mercury, phosphates, and nitrates. The temporal trends in the concentrations of representative water quality parameters are tabulated for a selected segment of the river.
Biological treatment of salty wastewater
Authors: Smythe Gary , Matelli Guy , Bradford Mike , Rocha Carlos 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIndustrial wastewater containing high concentrations of salt can be treated in biological treatment systems. However, the high salt contents tend to add to the cost and sensitivity of the treatment system. Wastewater containing high concentrations of salt can be handled in the following types of treatment systems:

Conventional activated sludge systems can handle up to 5% salt.
Anaerobic systems can handle up to 1.5% salt.
Specialized systems, such as fluid bed/SBR/Zeno‐Gem®, can handle up to 10% salt.
Special bacteria can be used for treatment of wastewater containing up to 15% salt.
This paper discusses three wastewater treatment projects that involved wastewater with high concentrations of salt, up to 10% salt. This paper also summarizes the information collected from literature searches conducted as part of the projects.