bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serological study of rubella‐like illnesses
Authors: Shirley J. A. , Revill S. , Cohen B. J. , Buckley M. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe investigated 627 patients who within a period of 21/2 years had had a rubella form rash and/or symptoms of arthritis and arthralgia. Sera from these patients were investigated for evidence of rubella, human parvovirus B19 (HPV), and measles infection with methods to detect specific IgM and IgG antibodies. Complement fixation tests were used to screen for a wide range of other infectious agents.We detected 229 cases of rubella, 43 cases of HPV infection, 7 cases of measles, and 9 cases of infection by various other aetiological agents. This left a large proportion of rubelliform rashes, 54% (339 cases), whose aetiology was unknown. This study confirmed that the diagnosis of rubella on clinical grounds alone is unreliable.Many (6.8%) of the rashes in the study were due to HPV infection, and the seasonal incidence was the same as for rubella. There was considerable overlap between the features of rubella and HPV infections, although in adults arthralgia occurred more frequently in HPV infections than in rubella. In all cases HPV infection was self‐limiting, although, as in rubella, symptoms can be prolonged and one adult's disease lasted almost 9 months. Purpura was noted in only one patient with HPV infection.In this study three patients had HPV infection during pregnancy. Two patients spontaneously aborted one month later. The third patient progressed to full term and delivered a healthy baby.
Serum and urine concentrations of oral bromovinyldeoxyuridine in humans as monitored by a bioassay system based on varicella‐zoster virus focus inhibition
Authors: Baba Masanori , Shigeta Shiro , Clercq Erik De 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA simple and sensitive bioassay method for measuring (E)‐5‐(2‐bromovinyl)‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BVDU) concentrations in human serum and urine has been established. This method is based on the inhibitory effect of BVDU on varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) focus formation in vitro. The minimal concentration of BVDU that could be detected in serum by this method was 0.2 μg/ml. Following a single oral administration of 250 mg BVDU, serum BVDU concentrations of 1.2‐2.2 μg/ml were attained 1 hr later; at 5 and 7 hr, serum BVDU levels were below 0.2 μg/ml. Upon repeated administration of 125 mg BVDU at 8 hr intervals, the serum BVDU concentrations reached 0.7‐1.1 μg/ml at 2 hr after the fourth administration. These concentrations are approximately 300‐‐450‐fold higher than the 50% inhibitory dose of BVDU for VZV in vitro. Urinary BVDU concentrations were on average 10 to 20 times higher than the serum BVDU concentrations.
Cytopathology, plaque assay, and heat inactivation of hepatitis A virus strain HM175
Authors: Anderson David A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHepatitis A virus (HAV) strain HM175 derived after repeated subculture of persistently infected B‐SC‐I cells caused a specific cytopathic effect upon acute infection of B‐SC‐1 cells. The virus formed visible plaques on B‐SC‐I cell monolayers after 9 to 14 days of incubation at 34°C. and virus can therefore be titrated by plaque assay. Virus could be re‐isolated from plaques of infected cells. which allows the clonal isolation of HAV variants. The stability of a plaquepurified variant of HAV at elevated temperatures exceeded that of poliovirus type 1. but this variant is less stable than previously reported strains of HAV.
An enzyme labelled nuclear antigen immunoassay for detection of cytomegalovirus IgM antibodies in human serum: Specific and non‐specific reactions
Authors: Nielsen C. M. , Hansen K. , Andersen H. M. K. , Gerstoft J. , Vestergaard B. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA μ‐capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was developed for detection of IgM antibody t o cytomegalovirus (CMV). Virus‐specific IgM was detected using horseradish peroxidase labelled nuclear CMV antigen (CMV‐ELA). False‐positive reactions caused by Paul‐Bunnell‐Davidsohn (PBD) positive sera and antinuclear antibody (ANA) positive sera were identified in a combination assay employing enzyme labelled nuclear control antigen (CO‐ELA) in parallel to the CMV‐ELA. Four of five PBD positive and 30 of 31 ANA positive sera reactive with the CMV‐ELA were identified as false positive reactions in the combined ELA‐assay. The reactivity in PBD‐positive sera could not be explained by antigenic cross reactivity between CMV and Epstein‐Barr virus. and the results further suggested that different cell specified components of the CMV‐ELA were responsible for the reactivity of PBD‐positive as compared to ANA‐positive sera. One of 314 healthy blood donors. 12 of 12 patients with primary CMV infection. and 11 of 15 patients with secondary CMV infection had detectable CMV IgM antibodies. Comparison of different CMV‐ELAs revealed that pronounced differences in specificity as well as sensitivity may exist.
Standardization of a plaque assay for lassa virus
Authors: Tomori Oyewale , Johnson Karl M. , Kiley Mike P. , Elliott Luanne H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) has been used routinely in serological studies with such arenaviruses as Junin, Machupo, and Parana. However, difficulties have been encountered in using the PRNT for LCM virus, while conflicting views have been expressed about the reliability and efficacy of the test with Lassa virus. We have therefore investigated and evaluated the plaque assay for Lassa virus. In addition, the suitability of the PRNT for determining the potency of a serum and its efficacy in passive immunization for the treatment of Lassa fever was also investigated. The Lassa virus plaque assay satisfied the criteria proposed by Cooper [1961] for determining satisfactory plaque technique. Lassa virus plaques appear within 3 days of inoculating Vero cell cultures. By day 5. the plaques are clearly defined, discrete, and measure 1.5 to 2.0 mm. In the plaque reduction neutralization test, the use of native non‐inactivated serum was required for a reliable and reproducible determination of serum antibody titer. The potency and suitability of a serum for Lassa fever serotherapy was determined by the use of a constant serum‐varying virus (CS‐VV) and/or a constant virus‐varying serum (CV‐VS) PRN technique.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the regular sexual partners of homosexual men with AIDS and persistent generalised lymphadenopathy
Authors: Weller I. V. D. , Carne C. A. , Sattentau Q. , Smith A. , Tedder R. S. , Clapham P. , Dalgleish A. , Weber J. , Adler M. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThirty‐five homosexual men who had been the regular sexual partners (for at least 6 months) of anti‐HIV‐positive patients with AIDS (N=18) or PGL (N=17) were studied. Twenty‐one (60%) were seropositive, but 14 (40%) were consistently anti‐HIV‐negative. The duration of relationship with the index case was not statistically different in seropositive compared to seronegative partners; median 26 months (range 7‐60) vs 30 months (range 7‐60). However, seropositive partners had a significantly higher monthly number of other sexual partners and sexually transmitted diseases and a higher frequency of insertive and receptive anal intercourse in the preceding five years. The risk of acquiring HIV infection was significantly increased by frequent receptive anal intercourse when the frequency of insertive was controlled for but not the converse. Seronegative partners had undetectable antibodies by live and fixed cell immunofluorescence and by radioimmunoprecipitation and were repeatedly negative by competitive enzyme immunoassay. Furthermore, the sera of seronegative partners lacked HIV neutralizing activity. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from seronegative partners, stained with monoclonal antibodies to seven different CD4 epitopes, revealed no differences when compared to those from heterosexual controls and no qualitative differences from cells from seropositive individuals. In addition, PBMCs from seronegative partners could be productively infected by HIV in vitro. If resistance to infection in seronegative partners exists, then it is likely that mechanisms other than a specific humoral immunity or CD4 polymorphisms are involved.
Experimental argentine hemorrhagic fever in rhesus macaques: Virus‐specific variations in pathology
Authors: Green D. E. , Mahlandt B. G. , McKee K. T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo isolates of Junin virus (Espindola and Ledesma) inoculated into rhesus macaques produced distinct lesions which were strain‐constant and similar 10 reported human cases of Argentine hemorrhagic fever. The Espindola isolate was associated with hemorrhagia. necrosis of bone marrow, and mild hepatocellular necrosis. Ledesma isolate was associated with pronounced polioencephalomyelitis and autonomic ganglioneuritis. but very mild or absent hepatocellular necrosis. bone marrow necrosis, and hemorrhagia. Deaths of Espindola‐infected macaques were usually attributed to hemorrhagia with severe secondary bacterial infections, while in Ledesma‐infected macaques, death was associated either with early severe secondary bacterial infections or slowly progressive polioencephalomyelitis. These two Junin virus isolates demonstrated hemorrhagic viscerotropism or neurotropism in macaques suggesting that the variety of Argentine hemorrhagic fever syndromes in man may be virus‐isolate determined.
Treatment of cytomegalovirus pneumonitis with foscarnet (trisodium phosphonoformate) in patients with AIDS
Authors: Farthing C. , Anderson M. G. , Ellis M. E. , Gazzard B. G. , Chanas A. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFoscarnet was administered to eight AIDS patients for suspected cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonitis as a continuous intravenous infusion for a minimum of 8 days. All the patients improved, three showing complete resolution of symptoms. Evidence of CMV infection from bronchoalveolar lavage samples was lacking in two patients. Adverse drug experiences consisted of thrombophlebitis. Transient decreases in haemoglobin concentration, and reversible rises in serum creatinine levels.
Mechanisms of liver cell damage in acute hepatitis B
Authors: Mohite B. J. , Rath S. , Bal Vineeta , Kamat S. A. , Marathe S. N. , Zuckerman A. J. , Kamat R. S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMarkers of hepatitis B viral infection and the evolution of immune response to these were compared with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in adult male and non‐pregnant and pregnant female patients with acute hepatitis B from the time of onset of disease to the seventh week. In the adult male and non‐pregnant female patients, the peak ALT levels of about 360 IU/litre, seen at the time of onset, gradually declined during the course of the disease. Significantly, even in the seventh week, the median ALT level was abnormal (80 IU/litre). In contrast, the disease was mild in pregnant patients and the ALT levels declined rapidly, returning to normal by the third week. Markers associated with HBV replication, i.e., serum HBV‐DNA and HBeAg, declined early in the course of the disease in both groups. The anti‐HBc‐IgM and anti‐HBe responses were well evolved early in the course of the disease in both groups. HBsAg was present in the serum in large amounts (1‐1.5 × 104 AU/100 μl) early in the course of the disease and remained so up to the seventh week. Even the pregnant patients who had recovered clinically by the fourth week continued to have HBsAg in their sera in large amounts in spite of normal ALT levels. LMI and LTT responses to HBsAg, which were practically absent in the first week, gradually increased to a peak during the fourth week and remained elevated up to the seventh week in adult male and non‐pregnant female patients. In contrast, LMI response to HBsAg was absent in pregnant patients with acute hepatitis B even up to the fourth week. Thus, continued liver cell necrosis after the fourth week, as indicated by raised ALT levels. may be associated with T cell responses to HBsAg.
Hepatitis B virus infection of cord blood leukocytes
Authors: Shen Horng‐Der , Choo Kong‐Bung , Wu Tzee‐Chung , Ng Heung‐Tat , Han Shou‐Hwa 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in the serum and leukocytes obtained from the peripheral blood of 24 mothers and from the cord blood of their newborns was determined by hybridization procedures. HBV DNA was not detected in the serum and leukocytes of six HBsAg‐, HBeAg‐negative and two HBsAg‐positive, HBeAg‐negative mothers and their newborn infants. Among the 16 HBeAg‐positive carrier mothers, HBV DNA was found in 13 cases (81%) in the serum and in two cases (12%) in leukocytes. Though the viral DNA was not present in sera, it was detected in two of the 16 cord blood leukocyte samples. In follow‐up studies, these two infants did not seroconvert up to 15 months of age and they became carriers with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels. The results suggest that HBV may be transmitted vertically and such in utero infection may have resulted in immune tolerance leading to a carrier state.
Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in pregnant black women living in soweto
Authors: Kew M. C. , Kassianides C. , Berger E. L. , Song E. , Dusheiko G. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUrban black children have an appreciably lower hepatitis B virus (HBV) carrier rate than rural Black children. The purpose of this study was to determine the carrier rate in the preceding generation of urban‐born Blacks, in order to establish how rapidly the reduction in carrier rate following urbanization has occurred. HBV markers were measured by radioimmunoassay in the serum of 616 urbanborn and 618 rural‐born pregnant Black women living in Soweto. HBV carriage was significantly less frequent in the urban‐born (1.3%) than in the rural‐born women (4.0%: P < 0.05). Total HBV exposure was also less common in the urban‐born women (35.2% compared with 44.7%; P < 0.001). HBV carrier rates were the same in women whose mothers were urban‐born (1.31%) and those with rural‐born mothers (1.68%). Only three rural‐born and no urban‐born women had replicative HBV infection. These findings suggest that the decrease in the HBV carrier rate with urbanization is abrupt occurring in the first generation born in the urban environment.
Immunization of monkeys with varicella‐zoster virus glycoprotein antigens and their response to challenge with simian varicella virus
Authors: Soike Kenneth F. , Keller Paul M. , Ellis Ronald W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAfrican green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) were immunized with three intramuscular injections of gpI, gpII, or gpIII glycoprotein antigens of varicella‐zoster virus (VZV). Antibody responses to VZV were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELSA) and to simian varicella virus (SVV) by immunofluorescence and by serum neutralization assays. Two weeks following the third immunization with VZV glycoproteins, the monkeys were challenged by inoculation of SVV. Antibodies to gpII or gpIII partially prevented infection by SVV, while the presence of antibodies to gpI was ineffective in preventing disease induced by SVV challenge. Factors affecting the immuogenicity of these antigens in this model are discussed.
Lymphocyte transformation response of calves to respiratory syncytial virus
Authors: Taylor G. , Stott E. J. , Thomas L. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractVirus‐specific cell‐mediated immunity, as determined by in vitro lymphocyte transformation (LT). was demonstrated in calves following infection and vaccination with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). After experimental infection, 4 of 6 gntobiotic calves and 6 of 21 conventional calves developed a significant LT response to RSV.By means of a whole blood assay, the LT responses of calves were examined after vaccination with an inactivated vaccine, which consisted of glutaraldehyde‐fixed bovine nasal mucosa cells persistently infected with a bovine strain of RSV (GC), a live modified bovine strain of RSV (MV), or a live temperature‐sensitive mutant of a human strain of RSV (ts‐1). Three weeks after vaccination, a virus‐specific LT response was detected in 6 of 6 calves given the GC vaccine. 0 of 4 calves given the MV vaccine, and 2 of 4 calves given the ts‐1 vaccine. The magnitude of the response was greatest in those animals given the GC vaccine. There was no significant correlation between the magnitude of the LT response and levels of serum neutralising antibody. However, the LT response did correlate with serum antibody measured by the single radial haemolysis test 3 weeks after the first vaccination. LT activity to RSV was associated with T and not B lymphocytes.The development of a virus‐specific LT response in calves given an inactivated RSV vaccine was not associated with an increase in respiratory disease following challenge with live virus. but rather was related to increased resistance to RSV infection.
Monoclonal antibodies demonstrate heterogeneity in the G glycoprotein of prototype strains and clinical isolates of respiratory syncytial virus
Authors: Storch Gregory A. , Park Chung S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn order to study variation among prototype strains and clinical isolates of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus. four prototype strains (Long, A2, CH 18537. 9320) were used to produce monoclonal antibodies to this virus. The majority of monoclonals reacted with all four prototype strains by fluorescent antibody staining. Among the non‐cross‐reacting monoclonals, five additional patterns of reactivity with the prototype strains were recognised. Fourteen monoclonals, including ones representative of each of the patterns of reactivity with the prototype strains. were selected to use for typing prototype strains and community isolates. All 14 were found by immunoprecipitation to recognise the RS virus G glycoprotein. These monoclonals could uniquely identify each of the prototype strains. In addition to the antigenic differences among the prototype strains detected by the monoclonals. differences were also detected in the migration of the G glycoprotein of the prototype strains in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fluorescent antibody staining with panels of monoclonals distinguished two antigenic types among 114 isolates of RS virus recovered from children in St. Louis during the period 1981 86. The predominant type (80% of isolates) had a pattern of reactivity that resembled but differed from that of either the Long or A2 strains. The second type had a pattern of reactivity identical with that of 9320. The possible significance of this heterogeneity must be considered in developing diagnostic tests as well as active or passive immunotherapy for infections caused by RS virus.
Correlation of serum HIV antigen and antibody with clinical status in HIV‐I infected patients
Authors: Paul Deborah A. , Falk Lawrence A. , Kessler Harold A. , Chase Robert M. , Blaauw Bernard , Chudwin David S. , Landay Alan L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn enzyme immunoassay (EIA) has been developed which detects antigen(s) (Ag) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the serum of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), AIDS‐related complex (ARC), and patients at high risk for HIV infection. The test has a sensitivity of approximately 50 pg/ml of HIV protein. The specificity of the assay was determined with various virus infected cell lines, normal human sera/plasma, and serum from patients not known to be at risk for HIV infection. No false‐positive HIV‐Ag results were seen. Sera from 69% of patients with AIDS were positive for HIV‐Ag as were 46% of patients with ARC and 19% of asymptomatic, HIV‐antibody‐positive individuals. There were significant associations between the stage of HIV infection–ie, AIDS vs ARC vs asymptomatic‐and the detection of HIV‐Ag in serum (p < 0.0001) and the lack of detection of antibody to HIV core Ag (p < 0.0001). HIV‐Ag was also found in the serum of two asymptomatic antibody‐negative individuals who were at high risk for AIDS and who later developed HIV antibody. The presence of HIV‐Ag in sera was confirmed by an inhibition procedure. Thus. HIV‐Ag can be detected in the serum of infected individuals prior to antibody production and correlates with the clinical stage of HIV infection.
First report of an epidemic of diarrhoea in human neonates involving the new rotavirus and biological characteristics of the epidemic virus strain (KMB/R85)
Authors: Guo‐zhen Dai , Mao‐sheng Sun , Shi‐qing Liu , Xue‐feng Ding , Yuan‐ding Chen , Li‐chun Wang , Dan‐ping Du , Gang Zhao , Ye Su , Jun Li , Wei‐ming Xu , Tai‐hua Li , Xiao‐xian Chen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn outbreak of diarrhoea in neonates occurred at the nurseries of the Department of Obstetrics of Zhao Tong Regional Hospital, Yunnan Province, from the middle of August to the end of November, 1985. Fifty‐one percent of children were affected 2–8 days after birth. The clinical symptoms were mild; patients mainly had diarrhoea and did not vomit. Rotaviruses were detected in 66.7% by RNA PAGE and in 72.7% by EM. The virus strain designated as KMB/R85 had a typical morphology, which was indistinguishable from that of infantile rotaviruses by EM. The viral RNA genome was composed of 11 segments. The buoyant density in CsCl was 1.377 g/cm3. The KMB/R85 strain possessed a hemagglutinin for rhesus monkey erythrocytes. By ELISA, IEM, and HAI, it was found that KMB/R85 strain did not possess the common group antigen shared by group A rotaviruses and was antigenically similar to the Chinese adult diarrhoea rotavirus (serogroup B).
Isolation frequency and growth properties of HIV‐variants: Multiple simultaneous variants in a patient demonstrated by molecular cloning
Authors: von Briesen H. , Becker W. B. , Henco K. , Helm E. B. , Gelderblom H. R. , Brede H. D. , Rübsamen‐Waigmann H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe biological properties and efficiency of isolation of different HIV (LAV/HTLV III, ARV, and AAV) subtypes were evaluated by recovering and growing HIV on fresh peripheral human lymphocytes. Cultures for virus isolaton were performed from more than 180 German AIDS, ARC, LAS, and virus‐exposed asymptomatic patients. The virus isolation rate depended on the state of health of the patients being close to 80% in AIDS patients, 3040% in ARC/LAS patients, and lower in asymptomatic HIV seropositive patients.The cytopathic effects of the HIV isolates obtained on lymphocyte‐cell cultures ranged from no effect to marked syncytia formation and cytopathogenicity. Marked differences were also observed in the replication rate of the various isolates. These properties were stable in all in vitro passages of the viruses performed so far and allowed to tentatively define four subtypes of HIV. In the majority of AIDS cases with neurological symptoms well‐growing strains were obtained from peripheral blood, while all but two isolates from the cerebrospinal fluid of the same patients grew remarkably slowly and to only low titres on lymphocytes, suggesting that selection of variants for growth at specific sites of the body occurs.For one of the most cytopathogenic strains the influence of several variables of culture conditions (cell type, corticosteroids, IL‐2, and polybrene) on virus replication was studied. Apart from polybrene, all parameters strongly influenced replication.