bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
[Comment on “Anonymous reviews: Self‐serving, counterproductive, and unacceptable”] No anonymity for associate editors
Authors: Geller Robert J. 
Published: October 2006

In an ideal world, I would agree with the recent letters to Eos by M. Beck (1 July), C.J. Robinove (29 July), and R. E. Criss, and A. M. Hofmeister (29 July) calling for all reviews by referees and associate editors (AEs) to be signed. But in an ideal world, they as well as the rest of us, would invariably be fined for petty infractions such as exceeding the speed limit by even 1 km/hr, so it might not be much fun to live there. Human nature being what it is, offering anonymity to referees is probably necessary to ensure the smooth operation of journals.The above correspondents did not distinguish between the problems created by anonymous referees and those created by anonymous AEs, but I believe this is an important distinction. The AGU publication guidelines state that the editor is the sole judge of what is accepted and what is rejected, while all other opinions are advisory. This is fine in theory but may not always reflect reality. When there is, say, only one editor assisted by a team of 20 to 30 AEs, as a practical matter, the AEs are the real decision‐makers and the editor cannot possibly find the time to study each manuscript carefully.
New “voice” assists in learning science
Authors: Grant Shermonta L. 
Published: October 2006

“Moments of Discovery” is the latest addition to the award‐winning online “Exhibit Hall” series of the Center for History of Physics of the American Institute of Physics. The “Discovery” online module aims to assist in teaching science to students by using the actual voices of leading scientists to delve into how major discoveries are made.Designed for the classroom and suitable for individual study (with presentation and discussion taking approximately 2 days), the exhibit provides extensive teachers' guides to help instructors utilize the modules, which are geared toward science courses in secondary schools or at the beginning college level.
Accounts from 19th‐century Canadian Arctic explorers' logs reflect present climate conditions
Authors: Overland James E. , Wood Kevin 
Published: October 2006

The widely perceived failure of 19th‐century expeditions to find and transit the Northwest Passage in the Canadian Arctic is often attributed to extraordinary cold climatic conditions associated with the “Little Ice Age” evident in proxy records. However, examination of 44 explorers' logs for the western Arctic from 1818 to 1910 reveals that climate indicators such as navigability, the distribution and thickness of annual sea ice, monthly surface air temperature, and the onset of melt and freeze were within the present range of variability.The quest for the Northwest Passage through the Canadian archipelago during the 19th century is frequently seen as a vain and tragic failure. Polar exploration during the Victorian era seems to us today to have been a costly exercise in heroic futility, which in many respects it was. This perspective has been reinforced since the 1970s, when paleoclimate reconstructions based on Arctic ice core stratigraphy appeared to confirm the existence of exceptionally cold conditions consistent with the period glaciologists had termed the “Little Ice Age” (Figure 1a), with temperatures more than one standard deviation colder relative to an early 20th‐century mean [Koerner, 1977; Koerner and Fisher, 1990; Overpeck et al., 1998]. In recent years, the view of the Little Ice Age as a synchronous worldwide and prolonged cold epoch that ended with modern warming has been questioned [Bradley and Jones, 1993; Jones and Briffa, 2001 ;Ogilvie, 2001].
Dramatic end to Galileo mission to Jupiter
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Galileo, a workhorse NASA spacecraft that overcame numerous technical difficulties to provide important discoveries about the Jovian system, ended its 14‐year, 4.6 billion‐km mission by plunging into Jupiter's atmosphere on 21 September.With the 5.3‐m‐high spacecraft running low on propellant, navigators set its final trajectory to avoid any potential impact or contamination of Europa, a Jovian moon that was found during the mission to likely harbor a sub‐surface ocean.
NSF Geosciences Advisory Committee solicits input
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Geosciences Advisory Committee of the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) is soliciting the views and concerns of the geosciences community in advance of the committee's fall meeting. This is scheduled for 12–14 November at NSF's headquarters in Arlington, Virginia. At this meeting, the committee will consider current and future geoscience plans and programs; reports from the Committee of Visitors; priority areas in cooperation with other NSF directorates; cyberinfrastructure issues; and additional topics of relevance to the geosciences community.The chair and members welcome and solicit the views and concerns of the geosciences community so they may better represent their constituencies at upcoming meetings of the committee.
U.S. warms to Law of the Sea treaty
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The United States is moving closer to ratifying the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, with the Bush Administration bestowing its blessings, and a broad spectrum of interest groups expressing support during recent U.S. Senate hearings. They said that the convention, with some minor clarification, supports U.S. defense, homeland security, and resource, scientific, and environmental goals.John Turner, assistant secretary of the Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs at the State Department, said that becoming a party to the convention “represents the highest priority of United States international oceans policy.” He spoke at a 21 October hearing of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations.
Experts warn against cutting NOAA Space Weather Center
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A well‐timed congressional hearing, coming in the midst of fierce geomagnetic storms, could help to restore funding to the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Space Environment Center (SEC).The center, which is the nation's official source of space weather alerts and warnings, currently is funded at $5.24 million for fiscal year 2003. That amount is $2 million less than it received the previous year. The Bush Administration has requested $8.02 million in funding. The appropriations bill, for the departments of Commerce, Justice, and State for fiscal year 2004, passed on 23 July by the House of Representatives, calls for funding the SEC at the $5.29 million level.
A coastal and marine digital library at USGS
Authors: Lightsom Fran 
Published: October 2006

The Marine Realms Information Bank (MRIB) is a distributed geolibrary [NRC, 1999] from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), whose purpose is to classify, integrate, and facilitate access to Earth systems science information about ocean, lake, and coastal environments. Core MRIB services are: (1) the search and display of information holdings by place and subject, and (2) linking of information assets that exist in remote physical locations.The design of the MRIB features a classification system to integrate information from remotely maintained sources. This centralized catalogue organizes information using 12 criteria: locations, geologic time, physiographic features, biota, disciplines, research methods, hot topics, project names, agency names, authors, content type, and file type. For many of these fields, MRIB has developed classification hierarchies.
Investigation‐stimulated discussion sections make geoscience more relevant in large lecture class
Authors: Butler Eric M. , Bierman Paul R. , Gajda Rebecca H. 
Published: October 2006

Have you ever posed a question to a large introductory lecture class and been greeted by silence in return?Do you look out across the lecture hall and find half the seats empty on an average day?Do you ever walk out of class feeling like you taught the material well but they just didn't get it?At the University of Vermont, we've tried to changed this picture. Using education research to guide us [e.g.,McNeal and D'Avano, 1997], we developed—and are now teaching for the fourth time—an introductory course specifically designed to engage students and hold their attention by continually demonstrating the relevance of science to their lives and society in general.
Current perspectives on energy and mass fluxes in volcanic arcs
Authors: Leeman William , Davidson Jon , Fischer Tobias , Grunder Anita , Reagan Mark , Streck Martin 
Published: October 2006

Volcanoes of the Pacific Ring of Fire and other convergent margins worldwide are familiar manifestations of nature's energy, account for about 25% of global volcanic outputs, dominate volcanic gas emissions to the atmosphere, and pose significant physical threats to a large human population. Yet the processes behind this prolific activity remain poorly understood.An international “State of the Arc” (SOTA) conference was held in August on the slopes of Mt. Hood, Oregon, to address current views on the energy and mass fluxes in volcanic arcs. This meeting brought together some 90 leading experts and students of subduction zones and their related magmatism.
Comment on “Can slow variations in solar luminosity provide missing link between the Sun and climate?”
Authors: Douglass David H. 
Published: October 2006

Peter Foukal (Eos, 3 June 2003) has written an interesting and informative article on solar luminosity and climate. He mentions recent evidence correlating solar activity to climate changes during the last millennium and the last Ice Age and discusses possible mechanisms. He also presents the case for the importance of determining the correlation between solar variation and climate.Foukal's discussion is mainly about “slow variations,” which appears to mean centennial‐to‐millennial time scales. However, in the “Future Direction” section, he discusses the desirability of the determination of the “climate sensitivity to the small irradiance changes so far observed [1979 to present].”
AGU position statement on human impacts on climate
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Human activities are increasingly altering the Earth's climate. These effects add to natural influences that have been present over Earth's history. Scientific evidence strongly indicates that natural influences cannot explain the rapid increase in global near‐surface temperatures observed during the second half of the 20th century.Human impacts on the climate system include increasing concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases (e.g., carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons and their substitutes, methane, nitrous oxide, etc.), air pollution, increasing concentrations of airborne particles, and land alteration. A particular concern is that atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide may be rising faster than at any time in Earth's history, except possibly following rare events like impacts from large extraterrestrial objects.
[Comment on “Different views of the Grand Canyon”] Comment: On science and pseudo‐science in National Parks
Authors: Asten Michael W. 
Published: October 2006

The article by Wilfred Elders, “Different Views of the Grand Canyon,” (Eos, 23 September 2003) is a valuable reminder of the continuing need for geoscientists to argue geological facts with groups who confuse belief with scientific study. However, his good work is somewhat diminished by the suggestion at the end of his article that a book published by creationists should not be sold within a National Park. There is a whiff of censorship in this proposal that could have consequences beyond what he may intend.I have noted in parks in the United States, and probably more obviously in parks in my own country of Australia, that much literature is available on the origins of the park's geology flora, and fauna, as presented by the lore of indigenous peoples who claim historical links with the area. Any attempt to censor literature published by creationists would logically result in censorship of material from traditional custodians of the land as well, since their material is equally dubious in terms of its scientific foundation as seen by our post‐Darwinian science. Such an attempt at censorship would be both unhelpful and unnecessary for the advancement of our profession in the eyes of the public.
Expeditions to drill Pacific, Arctic, and Atlantic sites
Authors: Coffin Millard F. 
Published: October 2006

The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, an international collaboration of Earth, ocean, and life scientists, commenced on 1 October 2003 (IODP; www.iodp.org). Building on the successes of previous scientific ocean drilling programs, the IODP offers scientists worldwide unprecedented opportunities to address a vast array of scientific problems in all submarine settings.The scientific advisory structure of the proposal‐driven IODP recently planned the inaugural drilling expeditions, targeting critical scientific problems in the eastern Pacific, central Arctic, and north Atlantic Oceans in 2004 and 2005 (Figure 1, Table 1).Co‐led by Japan and the United States, with initial, significant contributions from the European Consortium for Ocean Research Drilling (ECORD),the IODP is guided by an initial science plan, “Earth, Oceans, and Life” (wwwiodp.org/isp.html), developed with broad input from the international geoscientific community. For the first time, scientists will have permanent riser and non‐riser drilling vessels and mission‐specific capabilities such as drilling barges, and jack‐up rigs for shallow water and Arctic drilling at their disposal. Japan is providing the new riser vessel, Chikyu,i the IODP beginning in 2006; the United States is supplying the non‐riser drilling vessel, currently ,JOIDES Resolution,, beginning in 2004; and the ECORD is furnishing mission‐specific platforms, also beginning in 2004.
Canadian entry requirements for attendees of 2004 Joint Assembly
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Canadian government has tightened entry requirements and the process for getting a visa in the past several years. Citizens of many countries are required to obtain visitor's visas if they intend to be in Canada for a short time. Members planning to attend the 2004 Joint Assembly in Montreal on 17–21 May should determine whether or not they are required to obtain a visitor's visa for Canada, and to begin the application process as soon as possible.In general, if an applicant cannot apply in person at a visa office of the Canadian government, the application must be mailed in with all other relevant documentation to the visa office nearest to where they live. Applicants in the U.S. are advised to allow 3–4 weeks for processing if they are applying by mail; those outside the United States are advised to allow 8 weeks for processing. There is a processing fee of Can$75.
Entering the “Anthropocene” era
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The Earth has entered the “Anthropocene” era,a geological era “in which humans are a significant and sometimes dominating environmental force.” That according to several key scientists and a policy‐maker who, on 21 January launched the publication of the book, The Earth System: A Planet Under Pressure by the International Geosphere‐Biosphere Program.Records from the geological past indicate that never before has the Earth experienced the current suite of simultaneous changes: “We are sailing into planetary terra incognita,” noted a joint statement by the authors. The authors are IGBP executive director Will Steffen, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change founding chair Bert Bolin, atmospheric chemist Paul Crutzen, and European Commissioner for the Environment Margot Wallstrøm.
Comparative studies to be a theme for the Joint Assembly in Montreal
Authors: Mendillo Michael , Schubert Gerald , Alexander Joan , Strangeway Robert 
Published: October 2006

To have a truly global view of geophysical systems, it helps to have a few globes to view.Our solar system offers a rich set of case studies on how environmental systems form and evolve. The temperature structures of atmospheres, their circulation patterns, and their optical emissions are governed by the same basic laws of physics and photochemistry, but with constituents and solar flux input values that vary dramatically over the span of the planets. The escape of gases from the Earth and those planets and moons with dense atmospheres involve processes rather different from those associated with sputtered gases from the far more abundant regoliths of rock and ice. The origins and dynamics of plasmas and magnetic fields, their interactions with the flowing solar wind and/or rapidly rotating planetary fields, and episodic “space weather” events provide additional areas of common science in remarkably different settings.The Earth and its companions thus comprise the only known set of experiments in planetary formation for which there is actual data to validate and to challenge theory and computer models. While observations are abundant for Earth, and beyond the “discovery mode” set for many of the planets and moons, there remain crucial gaps in our understanding and formidable problems to solve at each of these worlds. Coupling processes, perhaps most of all, from regions below and above the environmental systems being studied are at the forefront of current work, drawing attention to the need for advanced observational capabilities and breakthroughs in computer simulation techniques.
Discussion of challenges facing water management in the 21st century
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Managing water for sustainable use is a complex balancing act that requires significant scientific advice on policy issues, according to experts at a conference, “Water for a Sustainable and Secure Future,” held in Washington, D.C. on 29–30 January.Several speakers called for the need to correct water distribution problems—particularly in developing countries and other regions where many people lack access to clean drinking water and safe sanitation systems—and to re‐balance the allocation of water between various human uses, as well as ecosystem needs.
Focusing on proto‐seismogenic zone of erosional convergent margin
Authors: von Huene Roland , Ranero Cesar R. , Vannucchi Paola , Saito Saneatsu 
Published: October 2006

Great earthquakes in subduction zones occur after stable slip in the proto‐seismogenic zone transitions to the unstable slip that characterizes seismogenic zones. Subducted material input to seismogenic zones affects this transition. Material structure, lithology and physical properties change progressively during subduction, and according to current hypotheses, specific material transformations trigger the stable to unstable slip transition.Where accretion dominates a convergent margin, material input is trench sediment that is easily drill‐sampled.However, where erosion dominates a margin, material input is unknown because it originates along the base of the upper plate and alters differently. The depth at which material is eroded lies beyond the sampling capabilities of past scientific ocean drilling, so the protoseismogenic zone transformed material has never been drill‐sampled; nor does geophysics resolve its structure, lithology, and physical properties. The Japanese riser drill ship Chikyu in the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) overcomes this difficulty. Preparing a site for deep drilling is a much greater task than preparing the shallower sites of past programs, so this is accomplished during workshops.
Comment on “Abandoned mines, mountain sports, and climate variability: Implications for the Colorado tourism economy”
Authors: Weaver Robert M. , Belanger Laura 
Published: October 2006

An article in Eos (23 September 2003) focused on the Snake River Basin in Summit County, Colorado, and relied extensively on a water quality study conducted by Hydrosphere Resource Consultants at Keystone Resort. As the authors of this study, we wish to correct and clarify several points regarding the results of our investigations, as well as comment on the articles overall findings regarding Colorado's ski industry.The article's overall premise is that climate variability, combined with the legacy of acid rock drainage (ARD), has created a complex environment in which Colorado's tourism economy must operate. Colorado's ski industry and the Snake River Basin serve as case studies. While we generally agree with the premise that the Colorado tourism industry's operating environment is complex, we differ with the authors' theories regarding the environmental factors driving snow‐making expansion and four‐season resort development. The authors make presumptions about the ski industry and Keystone that are inaccurate. In fact, the ski industry may not be the most appropriate tourism sector for illustrating the impacts of climatic variations.
Numerical Simulations of Reactive Flow in Hot Aquifers
Authors: Smith Leslie 
Published: October 2006

In recent years, there has been a significant expansion in our ability to model systems that involve the interaction of fluid flow, mass transport, heat transfer, and geochemical reaction in porous media. Such scenarios arise in studies of both fundamental science, such as the effects of thermohaline flow and heat transfer in rift basins, and in the solution of applied problems, such as the response of a geothermal reservoir to the re‐injection of cool water. Numerical Simulation of Reactive Flow in Hot Aquifers presents the simulation tools that were developed by a team of researchers based in Germany.This group has a long history in analyzing geothermal systems, but the methods presented can be applied far beyond the study of geothermal reservoirs. The heart of the book is a description of the model SHEMAT. The executable code and a graphical user interface are included with the book.
Polar Seas Oceanography: An Integrated Case Study of the Kara Sea
Authors: Harms Ingo 
Published: October 2006

What strikes first when browsing through this book is that the main title is misleading. Polar Seas Oceanography is, first of all, a book on “an integrated case study of the Kara Sea,” as the subtitle says. For readers who are interested more generally in polar oceanography, the book is probably the wrong choice.The Kara Sea is a rather shallow shelf sea within the Arctic Ocean, located between the Barents Sea to the west and the Laptev Sea to the east. The importance of the Kara Sea is manifold: climate change issues like ice formation and freshwater runoff, environmental problems from dumping of radioactive waste or oil exploitation, and finally, the Northern Sea route, which crosses large parts of the Kara Sea, underline the economical and ecological relevance of that region. In spite of severe climate conditions, the Kara Sea is relatively well investigated. This was achieved through intense oceanographic expeditions, aircraft surveys, and polar drift stations. Russian scientists from the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI) carried out a major part of this outstanding work during the second half of the last century.
Geosciences Forum introduces students to wide variety of options
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

When Mount St. Helens in Washington state erupted in May 1980, Susan Sakimoto, then a seventh grade student in northern Idaho, rowed with her brother about one kilometer out onto Lake Pend Oreille for a better view of the oncoming volcanic cloud. Soon, “a black wall” coming from the western horizon started to rain mostly ash, though with some rocks. “Look, the whole mountain is coming down on top of us. Isn't this cool!” she told her concerned brother.Sakimoto, now an associate research scientist in the geodynamics branch of the NASA/ Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, recalled that experience of witnessing a geological activity close up as an early career turning point that helped to convince her to enter the geosciences.