bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Acute Heart Failure and Administration of Ouabain on Cardiac Catecholamine Uptake
Authors: Oliverio Alberto , Wang Hsueh‐hwa 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe cardiac catecholamine uptake of tracer doses of tritiated noradrenaline (3H‐d1‐NA) was studied using guinea pig heart‐lung preparations. Acute heart failure was induced by mechanically overloading the left ventricle through increasing the resistance of the outflow tract.3H‐NA uptake during failure (average 22%), was significantly lower than in the controls (average 31%). When the failing heart was recompensated with ouabain, the NA uptake was also restored to normal. Ouabain alone did not have any effect on3H‐NA uptake. The decreased NA uptake during acute heart failure was not attributed to a decreased coronary blood flow as86Rb uptake was not affected. It is suggested that decreased uptake of NA during heart failure is causally related to the hypo‐dynamic state of the myocardium, and that restoration of normal uptake after ouabain is associated with the improvement of myocardial contractile force. Possible explanation of these relationships are discussed.
Influence of Bovine Albumin and Acids on the Respiration and Adhesiveness of Human Thrombocytes
Authors: Engel Poul Frederik 
Published: December 2008

AbstractUnbuffered suspensions of human thrombocytes in which pH attained values up to 8.8, did not consume oxygen, except initially, as determined in cartesian divers. However, thrombocytes treated with bovine albumin solutions respired constantly for several hours, so did thrombocytes suspended in plasma with pH 6.0 containing HCl, H2SO4, 0.25M citrate buffer, or 0.30M tris buffer, One thrombocyte consumed about 10‐8μl/hr of oxygen at pH 6.0–7.8 during the first 3–6 hrs. During the following hours the respiration declined depending on pH so that 1/4 to 1/2 of the respiration remained at pH 6.0 after 50 hrs. The respiration diminished by a factor of 10 at pH 7.3–7.4 after 27 hrs. at pH 7.8–7.9 after 12 hrs, at pH 8.2–8.3 after 3 hrs, and at pH 8.6 after less than 2 hrs. The adhesiveness was almost nil at pH 6.0 and about 30% at pH 7.4–8.8.
The Influence of Olfactory Stimuli upon the Activity of Secondary Neurones in the Burbot (Lota lota L.)
Authors: Döving Kjell B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe nervous activity of single secondary neurones was recorded from the olfactory tract of the burbot while stimulating the olfactory epithelium with various solutions. Efferent influence was eliminated by transecting the olfactory tract. About 30 per cent of the stimuli produced an increased activity in the neurones, and 20 per cent caused inhibition of the spontaneous discharge while about half of the stimulations failed to produce any change in the rate of firing. The excitatory type of response typically began with an increased discharge followed by a steady discharge at a lower frequency which was maintained throughout the stimulation. Most of the units which were inhibited gave off‐discharges. The activity of the secondary neurones adapted very slowly to continuous stimulation.
Effect of Puromycin and Puromycin Analogues on Glycogen Synthesis in the Isolated Rat Diaphragm1
Authors: Søvik Oddmund 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn a previous work from this laboratory it was reported that puromycin specifically depressed the insulin‐induced glycogen synthesis in isolated rat diaphragm. In the present work the effect of puromycin on glycogen synthesis has been studied under modified experimental conditions. When glucose as a substrate was excluded from the incubation medium, puromycin depressed the incorporation of14C‐glucose into glycogen in absence of added insulin. To study this effect of puromycin, experiments with puromycin analogues were undertaken. At a concentration of 270 μ/ml puromycin inhibited protein synthesis by more than 0 %. Equimolar concentrations of puromycin aminonucleoside and 6‐dimethylam nopurine caused only slight inhibition of protein synthesis, but depressed the incorporation of14C‐glucose into glycogen to the same degree as puromycin. The results suggest that puromycin influences the synthesis of muscle glycogen by a mechanism not related to the inhibitory efiect of puromycin on protein synthesis. The possibility that puromycin might interfere with the activity of glycogen synthetase is discussed.
On the Biological Assay of Secretin. The Reference Standard
Authors: Jorpes J. E. , Mutt V. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe authors discuss the methods in use for the assay of secretin preparations in dogs, cats and rats. A detailed description is given of the method of Mutt and Söderberg, maintaining the cats anesthetized continuously for 4–5 days. Particular attention is paid to recent methods using rats for the secretin assay. The numerical values of the different secretin units, suggested by different authors, are discussed. The difficulties encountered in selecting a reference standard are discussed. The authors recommend frequent controls of the strength of the standard with any of the familiar techniques.
Blood Flow through Human Adipose Tissue Determined with Radioactive Xenon
Authors: Larsen O. Andrée , Lassen N. A. , Quaade F. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe disappearance rate of an injected depot of radioactive Xenon dissolved in saline has been used to measure the blood flow through human adipose tissue according to the tissue clearance principle of Kety. The technical details regarding the injection and radioactivity measurement are described and the theoretical implications of the use of local clearance methods in general are discussed. The study comprised 69 examinations of 17 men and 38 women in various states of nutrition. The average blood flow, as measured in the abdominal fatty tissue, was 2.6 ml/100 g. min with a standard deviation of 1.7, and it was found to decrease significantly with increasing thickness of the fatty tissue.
The Effects of a Gastric Inhibitory Substance on Gastric Secretion in the Pylorus Ligated Rat1
Authors: Semb Lars S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAn extract was prepared from juice secreted by vagally denervated isolated pouches of the gastric antrum in the dog, by dialyzing against water and lyophilization. This gastric inhibitory substance (GIS) was assayed in pylorus ligated rats. Three groups of rats served as controls. One group received no injections, while the two other were injected with saline (1 ml/100 g rat) intravenously (i.v.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.). Two different types of gastric secretion were studied: (a) basal or spontaneous gastric output, and (b) gastric acid response to exogenous gastrin. GIS lowered significantly the basal or spontaneous output of acid, but did not alter the basal output of pepsin significantly. When GIS was injected into animals stimulated by gastrin, there was a highly significant lower output of both acid and pepsin.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF ACETYLCHOLINE ESTERASE AND OTHER HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES IN RETINAL CULTURES
Authors: Hansson Hans‐Arne 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYTissue cultures of retinae from mainly young rats and rabbits were grown for histochemical demonstration of the presence of acetylcholine esterase and other hydrolytic enzymes. Several different methods for esterases were used in combination with inhibitors with known properties for studies on the specificity of the histochemical results obtained on the tissue cultures.Acetylcholine esterase activity was demonstrated, with the use of acetyl‐thiocholine iodide as substrate and with either of the drugs 4×10‐6 M Mipafox, 1×10‐5 M IsoOMPA or 3×10‐8 M Nu 683 as inhibitors of nonspecific cholinesterases, both on the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm of the multipolar nerve cells and in some small nerve cells. The nerve cell processes showed high activities, even at points of connections between different processes and between nerve cell processes and perika‐ryons. Other histochemical methods with a‐naphthyl acetate and naphthol AS‐D acetate as substrates did not reveal any acetylcholine esterase activity. Indoxyl acetate was probably hydrolysed to a certain degree by acetylcholine esterase.Acetylcholine esterase activity was not evident in the nerve cells until after several days in culture. During the same time there was a structural development of the nerve cells. The visual cells lacked acetylcholine esterase activity.The proxinial parts of the rod‐like processes from the visual cells showed in culture a high activity for esterases, acid phosphatases, pepti‐dase, leucyl naphthyl amide hydrolase, dinucleotidases, pyrophosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase. These results are discussed and related to the conditions in vivo.Granulated cells of mesenchymal origin also showed high activities of hydrolytic enzymes.
Secretive Response of the Electrically Stimulated Nasal Salt Gland in Larus Argentatus (Herring Gull)
Authors: Hakansson C. H. , Malcus B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe secretion from the nasal salt gland inLarus argentatus(Herring Gull) was studied by a new type of flowmeter which allowed the secretion at electrical nerve stimulation to be followed continuously. The maximal secretory capacity of the gland was found to be within the range of 280–375 mm3/min/g gland. Equal volumes and equal electrolytic concentrations were secreted from the two ducts of the gland. After the period of stimulation the secretion continued at a decreasing rate for about 2 min. This afterflow was supposed to be the result mainly of postsynaptic afterdischarge and physical distension of the gland.
Electron and Fluorescence Microscopical Studies on the Nucleus Gaudatus Putamen of the Rat after Unilateral Lesions of Ascending Nigro‐Neostriatal Dopamine Neurons
Authors: Hokfelt Tomas , Ungerstedt Urban 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe ultrastructural appearance of the nuc. caudatus putamen (NCP) of the rat was studied after unilateral lesions of the nigro‐neostriatal dopamine (DA) fibres. A strong reduction in the percentage of boutons containing small granular vesicles was found in slices of the NCP on the operated side after incubation in an α‐methyl‐noradrenaline (NA) (10 Mg/ml) containing medium. This reduction was of about the same magnitude in rats killed two to twelve days after the operation,i.e. from about 12 per cent on the control side to 0–4 per cent on the operated side. However, no certain reduction was found in animals killed one day after the operation. These results were in perfect agreement with the fluorescence microscopical findings, demonstrating a reduced accumulation of amines in the DA nerve terminals as well as reduced levels of endogenous amine at these time intervals after the lesion.–Parallel to the reduction in number of boutons containing small granular vesicles, boutons were observed showing obvious signs of the so called “dense” type of degeneration. These boutons were, however, comparatively rare and present above all in rats killed between two and four days after performing the lesion. Further studies are necessary to establish whether they represent boutons belonging to degenerating DA nerve terminals or not. It may be concluded that the present study gives ultrastructural evidence for the existence of an ascending nigro‐neostriatal DA neuron system, although the degenerating pattern of these neurons is still unclear.
Renal Clearances of Labelled Inulin (Inulin‐Carboxyl‐14C, Inulin‐Methoxy‐3H) and a Polyethylene Glycol (PEG 1000) in the Rat
Authors: Bergllnd Fredrik , Engberg Anders , Persson Erik , Ulfendahl Hans 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe simultaneous renal clearances of 14C‐inulin, 3H‐inulin and PEG 1000 were measured in 10 unanesthetized male Sprague‐Dawley rats by a constant infusion technique. Both the 3H‐inulin/PEG 1000 and the 3H‐inulin/14G‐inuiin clearance ratios were significantly below unity. There was a negative correlation between 3H‐inulin/PEG 1000 or 14C‐inuIin/PEG 1000 clearance ratios and the clearance of PEG 1000, indicating more efficient “sieving” at increased filtration rates. Inulin (unlabelled, as well as labelled derivatives) is considered unsuitable for the accurate measurement of glomerular filtration rate in the rat.
On Adrenergic Influence on Gastric Motility in Chronically Vagotomized Gats
Authors: Jansson G. , Lisander B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractExperiments were performed on chloralosed cats, which had been vagotomized 9–102 days previously. In contrast to the situation inacutelyvagotomized cats, recordings of gastric motility revealed pronounced and regular contractions, which persisted after exclusion of spinal pathways but could be completely blocked by small doses of atropine. These contractions therefore appeared to be the result of enhanced activity of the intramural cholinergic ganglionic cells, presumably due to sensitization to local excitatory influences after decentralization.–This type of motility could be markedly inhibited by even weak activation of the gastric adrenergic supply. Intestinal distension, or afferent stimulation of me:enteric nerve fibres as well as efferent low frequency stimulation of the splanchnic supply to the stomach, promptly inhibited the stomach contractions. After administration of atropine the above types of adrenergic activation elicited at most only very weak inhibitory response of the stomach, and then only after a long latency.–The data presented are compatible with the view that the adrenergic fibres to the stomach exert theirprimaryaction on stomach motility by inhibiting the intramural cholinergic ganglion cells rather than the smooth muscle cells, responsible for gastric myogenic tone, or by any “presynaptic inhibitory action” on the preganglionic vagal nerve endings.
Unit Responses in the Cochlear Nucleus of the Rat to Sweep Tones
Authors: MøLLER AAGE R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractUnit discharges in the cochlear nucleus of the rat have been studied in response to stimulation with continuous tones whose frequency was changed linearly at different rates (sweep tones). At low sweep rates the distribution of discharges as a function of tone frequency was an expression of the unit's response area. When the rate of frequency change was increased the response areas of the unit became narrower. At a certain sweep rate the probability of firing, within a narrow frequency range around the units' CF, reached a maximum value which was several times greater than that found for low sweep speed. The direction of the change in tone frequency had no significant influence on the results and the average firing rate appeared to be independent of the sweep rate. These results indicate that spectral resolution of cochlear nucleus units was enhanced at a certain rate of frequency change. Additional experiments showed that the enhancement of spectral resolution at a certain rate of frequency change remains upon introduction of masking wide band noise.
The case of the camera in the kitchen: Surveillance, privacy, sanctions, and governance
Authors: Ullmann‐Margalit Edna 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn the summer of 2007, a member of the Rationality Center at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem took it upon himself to install a closed‐circuit TV camera in the Center’s kitchen. An email explained that the camera was installed in an effort to solve the problem of cleanness in the kitchen. The camera was removed a week later: within this week, the members of the Center exchanged close to 120 emails among themselves, expressing their opinions for and against the camera, and discussing related issues. Taking off from this exchange, this article explores some of the surprisingly rich set of normative concerns touched upon by the kitchen camera incident. Among them: public surveillance and people’s polarised attitudes to it, the invasive gaze and the argument that “if you have nothing to hide you have nothing to worry about,” the efficacy of disciplining behavior through sanctions along with the problem of shaming sanctions, the notion of privacy and its arguable relevance to the kitchen case, and more. In an epilogue, I offer some reflections in the wake of the incident, connecting it to the incipient literature on regulation through observation. I find that it is precisely the smallness, concreteness, and seeming triviality of this incident that helps bring a large set of interconnected, vexing normative concerns into sharp relief.
Brand and Branding Geographies
Authors: Pike Andy 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBrands and branding can sometimes seem pervasive. Yet, the geographies of brands and branding have been relatively neglected and under‐researched, especially in economic geography. The focus here is the historically longstanding and well‐established brands and branding of goods and services. Drawing on empirical examples to ground its claims, the argument seeks to establish the entangled geographies of branded objects and branding processes, advocates reading their socio‐spatial histories, explains their uneven geographies and relationships to uneven development and explores their potential and pitfalls for territorial development locally and regionally. The conclusion is that brands and branding geographies have the potential to stimulate a novel approach to addressing spatial questions at the intersections of economic, social, cultural, political and ecological geographies that can transcend the more ‘traditional’ and longstanding foci of firms and industries for ‘new economic geographies’. Ideas to contribute to future research on brand and branding geographies are then sketched out.
Human Trafficking: Globalization, Exploitation, and Transnational Sociology
Authors: Limoncelli Stephanie A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn the last decade, human trafficking has emerged as a new area of research for sociologists and other scholars across a wide range of fields. Globalization has exacerbated the illicit trade of people and their parts within and across territorial borders, generating concern among activists and academics and prompting the development of a burgeoning literature with varying concerns and viewpoints. This article reviews what we know about human trafficking dynamics and trends, its causes, and current responses, including critiques of anti‐trafficking efforts. While much work remains to be done in simply mapping current trafficking activities, a transnational sociological framework can help to move theory and research on trafficking forward.
Prolonged treatment of fair‐skinned mice with topical forskolin causes persistent tanning and UV protection
Authors: Spry Malinda L , Vanover Jillian C , Scott Timothy , Abona‐Ama Osama , Wakamatsu Kazumasa , Ito Shosuke , D’Orazio John A 
Published: December 2008

SummaryWe previously reported that topical application of forskolin to the skin of fair‐skinned MC1R‐defective mice with epidermal melanocytes resulted in accumulation of eumelanin in the epidermis and was highly protective against UV‐mediated cutaneous injury. In this report, we describe the long‐term effects of chronic topical forskolin treatment in this animal model. Forskolin‐induced eumelanin production persisted through 3 months of daily applications, and forskolin‐induced eumelanin remained protective against UV damage as assessed by minimal erythematous dose (MED). No obvious toxic changes were noted in the skin or overall health of animals exposed to prolonged forskolin therapy. Body weights were maintained throughout the course of topical forskolin application. Topical application of forskolin was associated with an increase in the number of melanocytes in the epidermis and thickening of the epidermis due, at least in part, to an accumulation of nucleated keratinocytes. Together, these data suggest in this animal model, short‐term topical regular application of forskolin promotes eumelanin induction and that over time, topical forskolin treatment is associated with persistent melanization, epidermal cell accumulation, and skin thickening.
Application of Constrained Multi-Objective Optimization to the Design
of Offshore Structure Hulls
Authors: Birk Lothar 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The paper reports on the continuous development of an automated optimization procedure for the design of offshore structure hulls. Advanced parametric design algorithms, numerical analysis of wave-body interaction, and formal multi-objective optimization are integrated into a computer aided design system that produces hull shapes with superior seakeeping qualities. By allowing multiple objectives in the procedure naval architects may pursue concurrent design objectives, e.g., minimizing heave motion while simultaneously maximizing deck load. The system develops a Pareto frontier of the best design alternatives for the user to choose from. Constraints are directly considered within the optimization algorithm, thus eliminating infeasible or unfit designs. The paper summarizes the new developments in the shape generation, illustrates the optimization procedure, and presents results of the multi-objective hull shape optimization.
A Hybrid Model to Predict the Onset of Gas Entrainment With Surface Tension Effects
Authors: Saleh W. , Bowden R. C. , Hassan I. G. , Kadem L. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The onset of gas entrainment in a single downward discharge, from a stratified gas-liquid region, was modeled. The discharge was modeled as a point-sink and Kelvin–Laplace’s equation was used to incorporate surface tension effects. Consequently, a criterion to characterize the dip radius of curvature, at the onset of gas entrainment, was required. The dip geometry was experimentally investigated and a correlation was developed relating the dip radius of curvature to the discharge Froude number. The correlation was used in conjunction with the theoretical model. It was found that the predicted critical height demonstrated good agreement with experimental data with the three-dimensional point-sink approach, while poor agreement using the two-dimensional finite-branch approach was found. The inclusion of surface tension improved the model’s capability to predict the critical height, particularly at discharge Froude numbers below 1.
Increased frequency of chromosome translocations in airline pilots with long-term flying experience
Authors: Yong L C , Sigurdson A J , Ward E M , Waters M A , Whelan E A , Petersen M R , Bhatti P , Ramsey M J , Ron E , Tucker J D 
Published: December 2008

Background:Chromosome translocations are an established biomarker of cumulative exposure to external ionising radiation. Airline pilots are exposed to cosmic ionising radiation, but few flight crew studies have examined translocations in relation to flight experience.Methods:We determined the frequency of translocations in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of 83 airline pilots and 50 comparison subjects (mean age 47 and 46 years, respectively). Translocations were scored in an average of 1039 cell equivalents (CE) per subject using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) whole chromosome painting and expressed per 100 CE. Negative binomial regression models were used to assess the relationship between translocation frequency and exposure status and flight years, adjusting for age, diagnosticxray procedures, and military flying.Results:There was no significant difference in the adjusted mean translocation frequency of pilots and comparison subjects (0.37 (SE 0.04) vs 0.38 (SE 0.06) translocations/100 CE, respectively). However, among pilots, the adjusted translocation frequency was significantly associated with flight years (p = 0.01) with rate ratios of 1.06 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.11) and 1.81 (95% CI 1.16 to 2.82) for a 1- and 10-year incremental increase in flight years, respectively. The adjusted rate ratio for pilots in the highest compared to the lowest quartile of flight years was 2.59 (95% CI 1.26 to 5.33).Conclusions:Our data suggests that pilots with long-term flying experience may be exposed to biologically significant doses of ionising radiation. Epidemiological studies with longer follow-up of larger cohorts of pilots with a wide range of radiation exposure levels are needed to clarify the relationship between cosmic radiation exposure and cancer risk.