bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early in Reperfusion Following Myocardial Ischemia, Leukocyte Activation Is Necessary for Venular Adhesion But Not Capillary Retention
Authors: Ritter Leslie S. , Wilson Donald S. , Williams Stuart K. , Copeland Jack G. , McDonagh Paul F. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTObjective: The pathobiology of leukocyte sequestration in the coronary microcircu‐lation following ischemia is unclear. We examined the location(s) and persistence of leukocyte sequestration of unactivated and preactivated blood in the coronary microcirculation early during reperfusion following ischemia.Methods: Isolated rat hearts were subjected to 30 min of 37°C, no‐flow ischemia. Hearts were initially reperfused with diluted whole blood containing fluorescent leukocytes (DWB*). At 5, 20, and 35 min of reperfusion (R), the deposition of leukocytes in the coronary capillaries and venules was observed directly using intravital fluorescence microscopy. Four groups were studied: a nonischemic control group (Gr I), and postischemic groups reperfused with DWB* treated with vehicle (Gr II) or preactivated with 10−8 M N‐formylmethionyl‐leucyl‐phenylala‐nine (fMLP) (Gr III) or 10−6 M fMLP (Gr IV).Results: At R5, postischemic reperfusion with unactivated blood caused a significant trapping of leukocytes in coronary capillaries (Gr I = 2.2 ± 0.4 versus Gr II = 5.6 ± 0.6 leukocytes per capillary field, P < 0.05). Hearts in Gr IV exhibited significantly greater leukocyte retention in capillaries compared to all other groups at R5 (R5, Gr IV = 8.8 leukocytes per capillary field, P < 0.05) and at R35. At R5, although more leukocytes were observed adhered to the venules in Gr II compared to Gr I, the difference was not statistically significant (Gr I = 1.7 ± 0.7 versus Gr II = 3.4 ± 0.5 leukocytes per 100 |μm venule, P = 0.23). DWB* preactivated with the lower concentration of fMLP (10−8 M) resulted in a significant increase in venular leukocyte adhesion at R5 compared to Gr I and Gr II (Gr III 6.1 ± 0.5, P < 0.05). After 35 min of reperfusion, a greater percentage of leukocytes remained in the capillaries than in the venules.Conclusions: These direct observations suggest that early in reperfusion after ischemia, both leukocyte and endothelial activation are necessary for venular adhesion, but that ischemia‐induced coronary microvascular alterations are sufficient to promote leukocyte retention in coronary capillaries. These results also indicate that during 35 min of reperfusion, the degree of leukocyte washout is greater in the venules than in the capillaries. These results suggest that the mechanisms contributing to leukocyte retention early in reperfusion following myocardial ischemia are, indeed, different in the capillaries and venules and that the mechanisms affecting retention in capillaries are more persistent than those in the venules.
Blood Vessel Growth in the Endometrium
Authors: Goodger Anne M. , Rogers Peter A.W. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTAngiogenesis, or formation of new blood vessels by sprout formation from existing vessels, is generally considered to be the only mechanism by which blood vessel growth occurs. This traditional concept of angiogenesis has been derived largely from observations of experimental systems. Relatively fewer studies on angiogenesis have been carried out using normal angiogenic situations where vessel growth occurs in a controlled three‐dimensional fashion throughout the tissue. Recent advances in the treatment of infertility and outpatient gynecological procedures have led to greater accessibility to normal human endometrium, thus providing new opportunities to study the process of angiogenesis in a physiological context. However, to date, it appears that very little work had been done in relation to endometrial angiogenesis apart from the location of numerous angiogenic and other growth factors with potential to influence angiogenesis in the endometrium, and here there have been few attempts to link these observations with actual angiogenic events. The purpose of this review is to summarize the literature regarding angiogenesis in the endometrium, including work from our own laboratory, and to suggest that blood vessel growth in the endometrium may occur by a mechanism that differs from classical angiogenesis.
Use of Ruthenium Red Staining to Detect Mast Cell Degranulation In Vivo
Authors: Shepherd Rebecca K. , Duling Brian R. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTObjective: To establish a method of detecting mast cell degranulation in tissues during in vivo microscopy.Methods: Hamster tissues were prepared for intravital microscopy. Ruthenium red (RR) was superfused over the cheek pouch at concentrations of 0.0001–0.01% to determine the optimal concentration. Mast cells were stimulated with compound 48/80, as well as with vasoactive agents not known to be stimulatory to mast cells, following which, mast cell staining was observed. Mesenteries were stained with Toluidine Blue (TB) or RR and mast cell degranulation was assessed during treatment with compound 48/80, or control.Results: During superfusion with varying concentrations of RR, a dose dependence for background staining of unstimulated cells was observed. A RR concentration of 0.001% was optimal for in vivo detection of mast cell degranulation. Mast cells exposed to 0.001% RR were stained following stimulation with compound 48/80 but not after treatment with KC1 or acetylcholine. The latter agents are not known to stimulate mast cells. Thus, arteriolar vasomotor responses, per se, did not appear to play a role in mast cell RR uptake. Comparable results were obtained with RR versus TB in control or 48/80‐treated mesenteries.Conclusions: This RR technique facilitates rapid detection of mast cell degranulation in vivo and provides an opportunity to assess both mast cell and microvascular function simultaneously.
A Role for Dietary Copper in Nitric Oxide‐Mediated Vasodilation
Authors: Schuschke Dale A. , Saari Jack T. , Miller Frederick N. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTObjective: This study was designed to investigate the role of dietary copper in nitric oxide‐mediated arteriolar dilation.Methods: Male weanling Sprague—Dawley rats were fed a purified diet that was either copper‐adequate (6.0 μg Cu per g diet) or copper‐deficient (0.3 μg Cu per g diet) for a period of 4 weeks. Each rat was anesthetized with pentobarbital and its cremaster muscle was positioned in a Krebs'‐fdled bath to which graded concentrations of vasoactive agents were added. In the first series, responses to norepineph‐rine (NE 10−9‐10−6 M) and acetylcholine (ACH 10−7‐10−4 M) were compared in third‐order arterioles. Second, the dilator response to 10−5 M ACH in the absence and presence of 240 U/ml Cu, Zn‐superoxide dismutase (SOD) was determined. Third, arteriolar dilation was determined in response to NO‐independent stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase with hydrogen peroxide (10−7‐10−5 M) and to dibutyryl cGMP (10−6‐10−4 M), dibutyryl cAMP (10−6‐10−4 M), and papaverine (10−4M).Results: The arteriole constrictor response to NE and the dilator response to hydrogen peroxide, dibutyryl cGMP and cAMP, and papaverine were not different between the dietary groups. Copper deficiency attenuated the ACH‐induced dilation, but the response was restored in the presence of SOD.Conclusions: The inactivation of cytosolic Cu, Zn‐SOD by restriction of dietary copper results in the depression of NO‐mediated vascular smooth‐muscle relaxation probably by interaction of NO with superoxide.
A System for Culture of Endothelial Cells in 20–50‐μm Branching Tubes
Authors: Frame Mary D.S. , Sarelius Ingrid H. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTObjective: To construct an in vitro endothelial cell culture system which would mimic the geometry and hemodynamic conditions of the arteriolar microcirculation.Methods: Using a photolithography technique, semicircular channels (20–50 μm in diameter) were etched in mirror‐image patterns on pairs of borosilicate microscope slide glass. One‐half of each plate pair was predrilled with perfusion port holes at funnel‐shaped fluid entrance regions. The perfusion system was constructed of micropipette glass and Teflon® tubing, and imbedded in Sylgard®. Two types of endothelial cells were grown to confluence within the half‐channels: rabbit lung microvascular endothelial cells (a gift of Dr. M.E. Gerritsen, Miles Inc.) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. After the cells were confluent, the two mirror images were aligned and clamped together to form a complete branching system of tubes lined with endothelial cells.Results: This cell culture system can be perfused at physiological flow rates corresponding to wall shear stress values in the range 0.03–48 dyn/cm2. The fluid velocity profiles can be measured in this system by tracking the velocity and flow paths of 0.5‐μm fluorescently labeled microspheres. Endothelial cells which grow within the channel exhibit F‐actin alignment along the long axis of the channel by 3 days after seeding. Scanning electron micrographs indicate that 4 hr after seeding, endothelial cells commonly form cellular projections extending across the half‐channel; by 5 days after seeding, the projections appear to have flattened out along the bottom of the channel.Conclusions: An in vitro endothelial cell culture system was constructed which mimics the geometry and hemodynamics conditions of resistance arterioles. This system can be used to examine endothelial cell responses to flow and flow gradients under defined and controllable conditions which mimic the arteriolar microcirculation.
Menadione‐Induced Oxidative Stress in Bovine Heart Microvascular Endothelial Cellsa
Authors: KOSSENJANS WILHELM , RYMASZEWSKI ZBIGNIEW , BARANKIEWICZ JERZY , BOBST ALBERT , ASHRAF MUHAMMAD 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTObjective: Oxidative stress from increased production of reactive oxygen species or decreased efficiency of inhibitory and scavenger systems may contribute to vascular injury. In this study, we developed an in vitro model of vascular injury by menadione‐induced oxidative stress in bovine heart microvascular endothelial cells.Methods: Oxidative stress was induced by exposure to menadione. Superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical formation was measured by superoxide dismutase‐inhibitable cytochrome c reduction, the dichlorofluorescin technique and the salicylate method, respectively. Electron paramagnetic‐spin resonance spectroscopy employing 5–5′‐dimethyl‐1‐pyrroline‐N‐oxide for superoxide trapping was used. Endothelial cell cytotoxicity was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase release.Results: Superoxide and hydroxyl radical were produced in a time‐ and concentration‐dependent fashion. Fluorescence in the presence of dichlorofluorescin confirmed hydrogen peroxide formation. Endothelial cell cytotoxicity became evident after 5 h of menadione treatment at concentrations of 100 μM. 3‐Aminobenzamide, a poly(ADP‐ribose)polymerase inhibitor, and dimethylthiourea, a hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical scavenger, decreased menadione cytotoxicity, whereas deferoxamine, an inhibitor of hydroxyl radical formation, did not.Conclusions: The results suggest that menadione toxicity is mediated by poly(ADP‐ribose)polymerase activation via hydrogen peroxide formation and that menadione‐treated bovine heart microvessel endothelial cells provide a suitable in vitro model to study oxidative stress in endothelial cells.
Determination of the Magnitude of the Water‐Exclusive Pathway in Cat Skeletal Muscle Microvasculature
Authors: WOLF MATTHEW B. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTObjective: To measure the magnitude of the water‐exclusive pathway in cat skeletal muscle.Methods: The osmotic reflection coefficient (σd) was measured for sucrose, raffinose and cyancobalamine using osmotic transient techniques in the isolated, perfused cat hindlimb preparation at sufficiently high perfusate flows (60–80 ml/min−1 100 g−1) so that solute diffusion was not a factor. Microvascular filtration coefficient values required for the σd determination were measured using the capillary filtration coefficient (CFC) technique at these high flows. With these σd data and macromolecular reflection coefficient data from a previous study, discrete pore‐modeling techniques were used to estimate the magnitude of the water movement through the water‐exclusive pathway.Results: CFC values increased significantly at very high flows (>80 ml/min−1 100 g−1), but these values were unchanged from control at the lower flows used to measure σd. The σd values for sucrose and raffinose were 0.41 ± 0.03 SE and 0.42 ± 0.03 SE, respectively, in 12 limbs. In the same limbs, the σd for cyancobalamine was 0.52 ± 0.03 SE, which was significantly (p < 0.05) larger, consistent with a larger Stokes‐Einstein radius for this molecule. A 3‐pathway model (small and large pores and a water‐exclusive pathway) was fit to the data. The result was that 41 ± 4% (95% confidence interval) of total water flow makes use of the water‐exclusive pathway in this preparation.Conclusions: The very high fraction of water flow through the water‐exclusive pathway in cat skeletal muscle suggests that this pathway is of major importance in microvascular water movement under normal conditions. Failure to take this finding into account can lead to inaccuracies in the estimation of parameters for pathways which carry solute.
Creating the Proavis: bird origins in the art and science of Gerhard Heilmann 1913–1926
Authors: Ries C. J. 
Published: April 2008

Between 1912 and 1916, the Danish artist and graphic designer Gerhard Heilmann published a series of articles in the journal of the Danish Ornithological Society. From the outset, Heilmann's work aroused international interest, and in 1926 it was published in English under the title The origin of birds, setting the international agenda for research in bird evolution for the next 40 years. In Denmark, however, Heilmann's highly original work was generally ignored or even ridiculed by zoologists. This paper presents an account of those factors and events that allowed Heilmann to complete the transformation from absolute amateur to international authority on the intricate issue of bird evolution and bird-dinosaur relationships. It demonstrates how Heilmann's artistic abilities played an important role in securing him international renown as a palaeontologist, while at the same time his lack of scientific credentials led to his complete isolation from the Danish zoological establishment. More particularly, Heilmann's work is shown to have developed alongside and in connection to another classic work: On growth and form (1917) by the Scottish zoologist D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson.
Exploring variability within and between corpora: some methodological considerations
Authors: Gries Stefan Th. 
Published: April 2008

The results usually reported in corpus-linguistic studies are quantitative: frequencies, percentages, model parameters, etc. However, given that no corpora are alike, and that sometimes different results are reported for very similar corpora (or even the same corpus), three central issues are: (i) how to identify and quantify the degree of variation coming with one's results; (ii) how to investigate the source of the observed variation in corpora; and, (iii) how homogeneous one's corpus is with respect to a particular phenomenon.In this paper, I shall present a methodology that addresses these issues, providing data from ICE-GB on the frequency of the English present perfect, the alternation of transitive phrasal verbs and the semantics of the English ditransitive. Specifically, I will show how applying resampling methods and exploratory data analysis to corpus data allows for, (i) providing interval estimates for one's findings that show how superficially different results may reflect similar underlying tendencies; (ii) determining communicative dimensions underlying variation in a bottom-up fashion (similar to work by Biber, but based on just the phenomenon one is interested in); and, (iii) quantifying the homogeneity of the corpus with respect to the phenomena one is actually interested in (rather than by the standard approach of using word frequencies).For every parameter we estimate from data, we need to establish an unreliability estimate. We use this to judge the uncertainty associated with any inferences we may want to make about our point estimate, and to establish a confidence interval for the true value of the parameter. Up to now, we have used parametric measures like standard errors that are based on the assumption of normality of errors […]. If the assumption of normality is wrong, then our unreliability estimates will also be wrong, but it is hard to know how wrong they will be, using standard analytical methods. An alternative way of establishing unreliability estimates is to resample our data […](Crawley, 2002: 195; emphasis as original)
Freud's Imagined Audience: Dream Text and Cultural Context
Authors: Timms Edward 
Published: April 2008

Focusing on the - newly translated - first edition of The Interpretation of Dreams, and on Freud's isolated position in the Vienna of the 1890s, this paper reconstructs the original audience to which the book was addressed. Through his repeated use of the first person plural pronoun ‘we’, Freud's argument appeals to the ‘educated layman’ rather than to any scientific consensus about dreaming. His aim is to create a new form of ‘hermeneutic community’ by appealing to intrepid spirits who are prepared to be guided by the ‘indeterminate’ arts of interpretation, rather than the supposed certainties of religious dogma or scientific proof.A close reading of the text shows that Freud's arguments are designed to appeal less to the ‘compact majority’ of Austrian Catholics than to the liberal Jewish subculture with which he identified, particularly through his membership of B'nai B'rith. This identification helps to explain his insistence that dreams should be interpreted as ‘texts’, even though common experience confirms that ‘visual images constitute the main component of our dreams’. Freud's techniques of interpretation are indebted to a specifically Jewish scriptural tradition, and he treats the revelatory potential of dreams with the attention traditionally devoted to a ‘sacred text’.
Thinking About Winnicott and the Origins of the Self
Authors: Gaddini Renata 
Published: April 2008

La lettura del recente libro di Rodman Winnicott: Life and Work (2003) ha promosso alcune riflessioni nell'autore che ha a lungo lavorato con Winnicott, come si può rilevare dalla loro corrispondenza, di recente apparsa in questa stessa rivista (vol. 5(1), 2003). Tra queste riflessioni ha particolare rilievo l'affinità che viene riconosciuta tra Winnicott ed Erikson nel loro considerare la natura umana e la fiducia nel reale come l'essenza di una buona crescita. Winnicott, in particolare, riconosce alle funzioni materne valore maturativo, che facilita il passaggio dalle prime esperienze sensoriali al loro significato mentale, mentre il padre della reverie materna diviene una reale figura di padre. Il significato dell'illusione in differenti stadi maturativi viene brevemente considerato vis a vis con la realtà: a quest'ultima viene attribuita da Winnicott, specie negli ultimi tempi, una origine lontana (forse nei movimenti fetali che possono avvertire resistenze in utero). ‘Nell'incontrare resistenza uno si sente reale’, usava dire in proposito (Gaddini 2003c). Reading Rodman's Winnicott: Life and Work has induced some considerations in the author who for years has shared Winnicott's ‘research analysis’ in the field of potential space. Among these considerations is the rarely remarked affinity between Erikson and Winnicott in their view of human nature as well as in their seeing basic trust as the essence of good growth. For Winnicott particularly maternal functions have great maturational value, facilitating the process which takes infants from their first sensory experiences to mentalization, where father will exist in reality. The significance of illusion at different maturational stages is briefly considered as opposed to reality. To the latter a distant origin (possibly in foetal movements, which in utero meet resistance) has been attributed by Winnicott as mentioned in one of his last letters. ‘Meeting resistance one feels real’ was one of his sayings (Gaddini 2003c).
The History of the Libido's Development: Evidence From Freud's Case Studies
Authors: Cotti Patricia 
Published: April 2008

Entre 1905 et 1911, une nouvelle perspective se fait lentement jour dans les écrits de Sigmund Freud. Une perspective qu'il considère comme ‘historique’ et nommera finalement ‘histoire du développement de la libido’ (Entwicklungsgeschichte der Libido) en 1911. En relisant L'Homme aux rats, Schreber et L'Homme aux loups nous pouvons comprendre la manière dont Freud, grâce à l'analyse de ces histoires de malades, repère les particularités de son ‘histoire du développement de la libido’ au coeur de la préhistoire infantile. Nous étudierons aussi la manière dont cette ‘histoire du développement de libido’, en fournissant une interprétation stéréotypée du matériel psychique, peut conduire à une réduction du mouvement même de l'analyse. Between 1905 and 1911 a perspective slowly appeared in Freud's works - a perspective which he considered ‘historical’ and which he eventually named ‘history of the libido's development’ (Entwicklungsgeschichte der Libido) in 1911. By reading again ‘The Rat Man’, ‘Schreber’ and ‘The Wolf Man’ we can understand how Freud, thanks to the analysis of his case histories, outlined the particularities of this ‘history of the libido's development’, which lies at the core of infantile prehistory. We will also study how this ‘history of the libido's development’, in providing a stereotyped interpretation of psychic material, could lead to a reduction of the very movement of the analysis.
St Trolla's Chapel, Kintradwell, Sutherland: The occupants of the Medieval burial ground and their patron saint
Authors: Lelong Olivia , Roberts Julie A. 
Published: April 2008

Summary The chance discovery of burials at the traditional site of St Trolla's Chapel, Kintradwell, near Brora, led to their rescue excavation and subsequent analysis. The results confirm that this was the site of a chapel in the Medieval period, with radiocarbon dates indicating the use of the burial ground from the earlier 11th to the 16th or 17th centuries. The skeletal remains reveal something of the personal histories of the occupants, with evidence for warfare, hard labour, injury through accident and a possible case of congenital syphilis. The site's association with St Triduana and the concentration of late Iron Age remains and Pictish sculpture in the vicinity together suggest an earlier, Pictish origin for the chapel.
A Medieval Burial from Graham Street, Leith, Edinburgh
Authors: Duffy Paul R. J. , Lelong Olivia 
Published: April 2008

Summary An archaeological excavation was carried out at Graham Street, Leith, Edinburgh by Glasgow University Archaeological Research Division (GUARD) as part of the Historic Scotland Human Remains Call-off Contract following the discovery of human remains during machine excavation of a foundation trench for a new housing development. Excavation demonstrated that the burial was that of a young adult male who had been interred in a supine position with his head orientated towards the north. Radiocarbon dates obtained from a right tibia suggest the individual died between the 15th and 17th centuries AD. Little contextual information exists in documentary or cartographic sources to supplement this scant physical evidence. Accordingly, it is difficult to further refine the context of burial, although a possible link with a historically attested siege or a plague cannot be discounted.