bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Institutional Thickness’: Local Governance and Economic Development in Birmingham, England
Authors: COULSON ANDREW , FERRARIO CATERINA 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis article uses the concept of institutional thickness to describe key features of the local governance of economic development. For this purpose, a methodology for the empirical assessment of institutional thickness is developed and applied to the case of Birmingham, England. The results from this empirical analysis are threefold. First, they make it possible to draw some conclusions on the role that local governments can play to promote local economic development. Second, they suggest that institutional thickness is a useful organizing concept for analyses of the local governance of economic development. Finally, they demonstrate the value of a verifiable and replicable methodology for the detection and measurement of local institutional conditions and of governance arrangements.RésuméCet article s'appuie sur le concept d'épaisseur institutionnelle pour décrire les aspects essentiels de la gouvernance locale en matière de développement économique. Pour ce faire, on a développé une méthodologie afin d'évaluer empiriquement l'épaisseur institutionnelle et de l'appliquer au cas britannique de Birmingham. Les résultats de cette analyse empirique sont de trois ordres: d'abord, ils permettent de tirer des conclusions sur le rôle potentiel des gouvernements locaux dans la promotion du développement économique local; ensuite, ils suggèrent que l'épaisseur institutionnelle constitue un concept d'organisation utile pour analyser la gouvernance locale du développement économique. Pour finir, ils démontrent la valeur d'une méthodologie vérifiable et reproductible si l'on veut repérer et mesurer les situations institutionnelles locales et les dispositifs de gouvernance.
Flowering time and elevated atmospheric CO2
Authors: Springer Clint J. , Ward Joy K. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryFlowering is a critical milestone in the life cycle of plants, and changes in the timing of flowering may alter processes at the species, community and ecosystem levels. Therefore understanding flowering‐time responses to global change drivers, such as elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, [CO2], is necessary to predict the impacts of global change on natural and agricultural ecosystems. Here we summarize the results of 60 studies reporting flowering‐time responses (defined as the time to first visible flower) of both crop and wild species at elevated [CO2]. These studies suggest that elevated [CO2] will influence flowering time in the future. In addition, interactions between elevated [CO2] and other global change factors may further complicate our ability to predict changes in flowering time. One approach to overcoming this problem is to elucidate the primary mechanisms that control flowering‐time responses to elevated [CO2]. Unfortunately, the mechanisms controlling these responses are not known. However, past work has indicated that carbon metabolism exerts partial control on flowering time, and therefore may be involved in elevated [CO2]‐induced changes in flowering time. This review also indicates the need for more studies addressing the effects of global change drivers on developmental processes in plants.

Contents

Summary
243

I.
Introduction
244

II.
Effects of elevated [CO2] on flowering time
245

III.
Mechanisms for altered flowering time in response to elevated [CO2]
250

IV.
Conclusion
252

Acknowledgements
253

References
253
P2X receptors‐mediated cytosolic phospholipase A2activation in primary afferent sensory neurons contributes to neuropathic pain
Authors: Tsuda Makoto , Hasegawa Shigeo , Inoue Kazuhide 
Published: August 2007

AbstractActivation of P2X3and P2X2/3receptors (P2X3R/P2X2/3R), ionotropic ATP receptor subtypes, in primary sensory neurons is involved in neuropathic pain, a debilitating chronic pain that occurs after peripheral nerve injury. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We investigated the role of cytosolic phospholipase A2(cPLA2) as a downstream molecule that mediates the P2X3R/P2X2/3R‐dependent neuropathic pain. We found that applying ATP to cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons increased the level of Ser505‐phosphorylated cPLA2and caused translocation of Ser505‐phosphorylated cPLA2to the plasma membrane. The ATP‐induced cPLA2activation was inhibited by a selective antagonist of P2X3R/P2X2/3R and by a selective inhibitor of cPLA2. In the DRGin vivo, the number of cPLA2‐activated neurons was strikingly increased after peripheral nerve injury but not after peripheral inflammation produced by complete Freund’s adjuvant. Pharmacological blockade of P2X3R/P2X2/3R reversed the nerve injury‐induced cPLA2activation in DRG neurons. Moreover, administering the cPLA2inhibitor near the DRG suppressed nerve injury‐induced tactile allodynia, a hallmark of neuropathic pain. Our results suggest that P2X3R/P2X2/3R‐dependent cPLA2activity in primary sensory neurons is a key event in neuropathic pain and that cPLA2might be a potential target for treating neuropathic pain.
X‐RAY FLUORESCENT ANALYSIS APPLIED TO ARCHAEOLOGY
Authors: HALL E. T. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractX‐ray fluorescence is now a well established method of analysis both in the laboratory and industry. The fact that the method is essentially nondestructive makes it particularly attractive for the analysis of archaeological and museum artifacts. This paper gives a short simplified description of the method and gives an indication of the type of problem which may be tackled. Due to certain fundamental characteristics of the technique it is not suitable for some projects which would seem at first sight to present no problems.
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF FAIENCE BEADS
Authors: ASPINALL A. , WARREN S. E. , CRUMMETT J. G. , NEWTON R. G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSA selection of faience beads has been examined using neutron activation analysis, with a view to distinguishing the provenance of individual specimens. Evidence is presented that the tin content in beads from British sites is significantly higher than in those from other areas. Characteristic features of beads from other sources are also discussed.
THE USE OF TEXTURAL PARAMETERS IN THE ANALYSIS OF CAVE SEDIMENTS
Authors: SHACKLEY M. L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSThis paper considers the presentation of the results of the mechanical analysis of cave sediments, suggesting that the use of grain size parameter scatter diagrams is preferable to the older method of cumulative percentage frequency graphs. A sequence of samples was taken from an ideally‐situated cave, the Badger Hole at Wookey, and first subjected to the standard soil analytical tests, followed by a detailed mechanical analysis. It is hoped that this preliminary work will encourage a more quantitative approach to granulometric analysis for archaeological purposes, leading eventually to the extraction of more precise environmental data from cave sediments.
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT BURMESE SILVER COINS WITH A LOW FLUX AMERICIUM/BERYLLIUM NEUTRON SOURCE
Authors: THIELE R. W. , KHIN U. AUNG , KYAW U. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSNondestructive neutron activation analysis is by now a well‐established technique for the analysis of ancient silver coins. The high activation cross‐section of silver for thermal neutrons makes it possible to also use this method with the low neutron fluxes available from an isotopic neutron source. In this case due consideration must be given to minimize the self‐shielding effect which is encountered with coins above a few tenths of a millimetre thickness. A simple method for the determination of the silver, copper and gold content in silver coins based on the self‐shielding properties of silver alloys of different fineness is described. The method has been found to be useful for the quick routine assay of silver coins for the purpose of their classification. Seventeen ancient Burmese silver coins from three different cultural periods of Burma, and two British coins for comparison have been analyzed by this method.
THE AUTHENTICITY OF FIGURINES, ANIMALS AND POTTERY FACSIMILES OF BRONZES IN THE HUI HSIEN STYLE
Authors: FLEMING S. J. , SAMPSON E. H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSFor some 15 years the authenticity of a group of small pottery pieces, claimed to have originated in the Hui Hsien area of China, has been the subject of academic discussion and some dissension. The thermolumines‐cent dating of 22 such pieces from 4 independent collections is reported following a review of archaeological evidence for the origin of the material and of scientific investigations that have previously been made in investigation of its authenticity. It is concluded that all the pieces are of modern origin and not some 2300 years old as their stylistic forms might suggest.
THE ASSESSMENT OF ERROR LIMITS IN THERMOLUMINESCENT DATING
Authors: AITKEN M. J. , ALLDRED J. C. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSThis paper discusses known sources of error, both random and systematic; suggests quantitative limits; and proposes a consistent method for compounding them to yield an overall error in age, both for individual sherds and for the weighted average of a number of sherds from the same context. It is proposed that two error limits should be quoted for the date of a context: first, the standard error of the mean value as calculated from the experimentally observed root‐mean‐square deviation of the individual samples, and secondly, the expected overall error from the sources discussed in the paper. The former can be considered as a lower limit and relevant when comparing contexts on the same or similar sites whereas the latter is more realistic when comparing TL dates with radiocarbon or archaeologic chronology.
X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF MUSEUM OBJECTS: A NEW INSTRUMENT
Authors: HALL E. T. , SCHWEIZER F. , TOLLER P. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSA new X‐ray fluorescent analyser is described which uses a miniature X‐ray tube or radioisotope source as alternative means of primary excitation. The advantages of this approach as compared to previous methods, particularly where elements low in the periodic table are concerned, is discussed.The second part of the paper describes an application of the technique. The non‐destructive analysis of valuable ceramics, where elements low in the periodic table are important for differentiation purposes, has previously presented a problem. By using the ‘Isoprobe’such measurements are possible. In this instance the separation of early Chinese porcelains into Northern and Southern production groups is shown to be possible. Although samples have been ground from the wares for comparison with optical emission spectrometry, it is shown that analysis of the unglazed portions of the pots themselves gave similar results.
TEMPORAL ORDERING OF SURFACE‐COLLECTED OBSIDIAN ARTIFACTS BY HYDRATION MEASUREMENT
Authors: LAYTON T. N. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSTwo samples of obsidian projectile points from northwestern Nevada, one surface collected and the other excavated, were subjected to obsidian hydration measurement. The temporal ordering of the three projectile‐point types in each of the two samples was demonstrated to be the same on the basis of their hydration measurements. The validity of this temporal ordering of the projectile‐point types in the two samples was confirmed by the stratigraphic sequence of the types in the excavated sample.We have found that surface‐collected obsidian artifacts can be relatively dated by hydration measurement. In northwestern Nevada they hydrate at a rate almost double that of their excavated typological counterparts, but their relative ordering remains the same.
ARCHAEOMAGNETIC SECULAR VARIATION STUDY IN THE UKRAINE AND MOLDAVIA
Authors: RUSAKOV O. M. , ZAGNIY G. F. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSMeasurements of the remanent direction in forty‐eight fired structures are reported, spanning 500 b.c. to the present. From the third to the fourteenth centuries a.d. there is continuous coverage and the composite Declination and Inclination curve shows counterclockwise motion.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF URANIUM AND OF TL‐PRODUCING MINERALS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS
Authors: MALIK S. R. , DURRANI S. A. , FREMLIN J. H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSA technique is described by which the spatial distribution of uranium as well as of thermoluminescent minerals can be examined in the same archaeological sample. The uranium distribution is replicated on an aluminized plastic film with the help of a ‘spark counter’following reactor‐irradiation of the sample, while the TL pattern is photographed directly from a γ‐irradiated sample. Implications for dating from such a comparative examination are discussed for certain pottery and flint samples.
AN X‐RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY OF HEAT‐TREATED CHERT AND ITS ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: WEYMOUTH J. W. , MANDEVILLE M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSIt has been established that on occasion prehistoric man heat‐treated siliceous stones in order to improve their flaking qualities. In this work we have examined samples of heat‐treated chert by means of X‐ray diffraction and have established that, in most cases, heat treatment causes an X‐ray diffraction line broadening which can be interpreted as a decrease in range of crystalline order of up to 40%, in the most extreme case. The implications of this to an understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of fracture and as a tool for archaeological studies are discussed.
THE USE OF SPECIFIC HEAT IN THE NON‐DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF SILVER/COPPER ALLOY COINS
Authors: FLEET R. J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSUsing partly plastic apparatus, specific heats of coins have been found calorimetricly to an accuracy of ± 3% for most coins. For silver/copper alloys the specific heat varies approximately linearly with the weight percentage composition, so the latter can be calculated for coins of unknown composition.
INORGANIC INCLUSIONS IN AMBER*
Authors: FLAMINI A. , GRAZIANI G. , GRUBESSI O. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSThe inorganic inclusions contained in amber fragments from Baltic regions and from the Simeto basin (Sicily, Italy) have been analyzed. The study, performed with the aid of a scanning electron microscope, shows specimen similarities and differences that are dependent on the place of origin.
PROVENANCE OF PUMICES IN THE NORTH COAST OF CYPRUS
Authors: FORNASERI M. , MALPIERI L. , TOLOMEO L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSWith the aim of establishing the provenance of pumices along the North Coast of Cyprus, from Morphou to Kormakiti, chemical analysis, refractive indices determinations and mineralogical examination have been performed.On the basis of the experimental data the pumices can be distinguished into two groups. For the first one a provenance from Santorini can be established, for the second Yali, Kos and Milos can be taken into consideration as source localities.
USE OF A WIRE SAW FOR SLICING CERTAIN SAMPLE MATERIALS FOR THERMOLUMINESCENT DATING
Authors: BURLEIGH R. , SEELEY M. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSA method is described for obtaining accurate thin slices for thermoluminescence measurement of uniform materials, in particular burnt flint, which does not subject these materials to heat during the cutting process. Cutting is by means of a fine wire impregnated with diamond grit and gives a high standard of surface finish such that very little further preparation is needed. Thus, by the use of this method, there is a considerable saving in time as well as minimal risk of damage to the TL record of the materials during sampling.
THERMOLUMINESCENT DATING OF EGYPTIAN PREDYNASTIC POTTERY FROM HEMAMIEH AND QURNA‐TARIF
Authors: WHITTLE E. H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSEight sherds from Hemamieh and two from Qurna‐Tarif, both Predynastic settlement sites in the Nile valley, have been dated by the thermoluminescence method (quartz inclusion technique). The results put the Badarian phase at Hemamieh in the sixth and fifth millenium b.c., and the Gerzean phase in the first half of the fourth millenium b.c. The dates for the village of Qurna‐Tarif fall around 4000 b.c.
SUPRALINEARITY CORRECTIONS IN FINE‐GRAIN THERMOLUMINESCENCE DATING: A RE‐APPRAISAL
Authors: FLEMING S. J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSSupralinearity correction in the routine ‘fine‐grain’ technique of thermoluminescence dating of pottery has previously been regarded as empirical, but can now be shown to depend in many cases upon the previous radiation history of the material. The likely impact of this effect upon ceramic and bronze dating is considered and illustrated.
DEPENDENCE OF SUPRALINEARITY ON PRE‐DOSE: SOME OBSERVATIONS
Authors: BOWMAN S. G. E. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSRecent studies on pottery and related materials have shown there to be cases where the degree of supralinearity is dependent on the previous radiation history of the sample. Results are presented of two investigations of this variation with pre‐dose: one using pottery, the other using fired feldspars. For these samples no simple form for the variation can be inferred.
THE COMPOSITION OF BRASSES FROM IFE AND BENIN
Authors: WERNER O. , WILLETT F. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSBrass alloys from Ife are compared with a selection of brasses from Benin. Four sources of mixed zinc and lead ore were used in Ife. In Benin lead and copper from different sources were added to these four alloys, which may represent the melting down of older castings. Comparisons are made with analyses from Europe and other parts of Africa.
A STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE IMPURITY OCCURRENCES IN COPPER ORES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO ORE TYPES
Authors: BOWMAN R. , FRIEDMAN A. M. , LERNER J. , MILSTED J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSA study of the impurity distributions in copper obtained from various ores shows no significant correlations between the impurity distributions. A test of 390 samples of copper obtained from various ores shows that more than 75% of copper samples can be correctly identified as coming from either simple copper metal ores, oxidized ores or more complex reduced ores thereby yielding information on the metallurgical capabilities of the society smelting the ores.
THE SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF A GROUP OF ROMAN‐AGE ENAMELLED BROOCHES
Authors: BATESON J. D. , HEDGES R. E. M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSResults of analysis, mainly by X‐ray fluorescence, are presented for a representative selection of enamelled brooches. The enamel composition is quite distinct, and shows considerable technical sophistication on the part of the manufacturers. The production of different colours and of opacity in the enamel is related to the chemical composition, and analyses of the metal substrate suggest that the alloy was carefully chosen. The implications of this investigation for the study of Roman enamelwork in general are discussed.
COMPOSITION OF THE LA GRAUFESENQUE, BANASSAC AND MONTANS TERRA SIGILLATA
Authors: PICON M. , CARRE C. , CORDOLIANI M. L. , VICHY M. , HERNANDEZ J. A. , MIGNARD J. L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSThe composition diagrams of the La Graufesenque, Banassac and Montans Terra Sigillata are given as well as a calculation method to improve the separation between the workshops with compositions which are very similar. This method can then be generalized.
A RADAR POSITION‐FIXING SYSTEM FOR MARINE MAGNETOMETER SURVEYS
Authors: BARTO ARNOLD J. , CLAUSEN C. J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSA radar position‐fixing instrument utilized in a marine archaeological magnetometer survey system is discussed. The position‐fixing system provides highly accurate location data for each magnetometer reading and display for navigation purposes on a track plotter. The data is recorded automatically on magnetic tape.
THE LEAD, CADMIUM AND ZINC CONTENT OF SOME ROMANO‐BRITISH TEETH
Authors: WHITTAKER D. K. , STACK M. V. 
Published: August 2007

The lead, cadmium and zinc content of deciduous and permanent teeth extracted from Romano‐British skulls was measured using atomic absorption spectrometry. Mineral content is reported in μg/g of samples obtained by pulverising whole teeth prior to chemical preparation and analysis. The overall levels of lead and zinc were higher in deciduous than permanent teeth.Lead levels in conservatively cleaned teeth were twice as high in deciduous compared to permanent teeth but were reduced following abrasive removal of surface enamel especially in deciduous teeth. It was concluded that the higher lead content in deciduous teeth is mainly in the outer layer of enamel.
DRAWING POTSHERDS: A LOW‐COST COMPUTER‐BASED SYSTEM
Authors: TURNER J. D. , KEARY A. C. , PEACOCK D. P. S. 
Published: August 2007

When an archaeological site is investigated large numbers of potsherds may be recovered. These have to be drawn. This is a very time‐consuming and labour‐intensive task which is usually undertaken by skilled draughtsmen. The system described in this paper aims to speed the process of sketching potsherds by using software techniques developed for computer‐aided drawing (CAD), together with hardware which allows the user to digitize the profile of a sherd. The resulting system is cheap and portable, and may be used in the field in conjunction with a battery‐powered computer.A novel method of calculating the position of the original axis of a pot has also been developed for sherds lacking a section o f rim or base.
The Impact of Surplus Distribution on the Risk Exposure of With Profit Life Insurance Policies Including Interest Rate Guarantees
Authors: Kling Alexander , Richter Andreas , Ruß Jochen 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis article analyzes the numerical impact of different surplus distribution mechanisms on the risk exposure of a life insurance company selling with profit life insurance policies with a cliquet‐style interest rate guarantee. Three representative companies are considered, each using a different type of surplus distribution: a mechanism, where the guaranteed interest rate also applies to surplus that has been credited in the past, a slightly less restrictive type in which a guaranteed rate of interest of 0 percent applies to past surplus, and a third mechanism that allows for the company to use former surplus in order to compensate for underperformance in “bad” years. Although at the outset all contracts offer the same guaranteed benefit at maturity, a distribution mechanism of the third type yields preferable results with respect to the considered risk measure. In particular, throughout the analysis, our representative company 3 faces ceteris paribus a significantly lower shortfall risk than the other two companies. Offering “strong” guarantees puts companies at a significant competitive disadvantage relative to insurers providing only the third type of surplus distribution mechanism.
The Determinants of Private Debt Holdings: Evidence From the Life Insurance Industry
Authors: Pottier Steven W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractLife insurers hold the majority of private debt. Lenders in the private debt market must have the ability to evaluate the credit quality of borrowers and to perform ongoing risk monitoring. The purpose of this study is to examine the determinants of private debt holdings in the life insurance industry. The results suggest that larger insurers, insurers with higher financial quality, mutual insurers, publicly traded insurers, insurers facing stringent regulation, and insurers with greater cash holdings are more prevalent lenders in the private debt market.