bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutrient accumulation and nutrient retention in coastal waters – 30 years investigation in the Darss‐Zingst Bodden chain
Authors: Selig Uwe , Baudler Henning , Krech Mathias , Nausch Günther 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCoastal waters are transitional zones between limnic waters and marine systems. The anthropogenic impact on these water bodies is high and a rapid change of trophic level was observed within the last 50 years. In the Darss‐Zingst Bodden chain (southern Baltic Sea – Mecklenburg‐West Pomerania, Germany), the change in trophic state during the last thirty years can be reconstructed by long‐term monitoring of chemical, hydrographical and biological parameters with an up to daily resolution. Until the 1980s, increased input of the anthropogenic nutrient load from the catchment area has been documented. However, with the implementation of the HELCOM recommendations the input of phosphorus and nitrogen was reduced in the 1990s. In contrast to the reduction of nutrient inputs, a decrease in nutrient concentrations and primary production could not be observed. The reasons are a high internal nutrient load and the release of nutrients out of the sediments. Numerous research projects allowed the description and quantification of these processes. Today, the internal phosphorus pool exceeds the external phosphorus load several fold. These results are the scientific basis for the development of restoration strategies of coastal waters. The development of suitable management plans is necessary for the implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive to guarantee a good ecological state by 2015. The long time acquisition of monitoring data and voluminous complementary specific research projects was enabled by the local field research conditions of the Biological Station of the University of Rostock in Zingst.
Experimental study of removing trace H2S using solvent coated adsorbent for PSA
Authors: Zhou Li , Zhong Limei , Su Wei , Sun Yan , Zhou Yaping 
Published: March 2006

AbstractApplication of compressed natural gas (CNG) as the fuel of motor vehicles will continue to grow. A key requirement for this application is the removal of trace content of H2S from the fuel. A pressure swing operation was proposed to take the task. The key technique therein is to modify the ordinal adsorbents with a film of solvent. The dual modes of absorption by solvent and adsorption by the interior adsorbent provide a higher H2S capacity than each mode alone and render the sorbent regeneration possible at ambient temperature. Experiments are performed on a two‐column process to study the effect of operation condition on process performance. Consecutive cycling of the operation proves that the pressure swing technique can be used to remove the trace content of H2S in practice, which represents a major breakthrough in natural gas purification technology. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
A study of interface support mechanisms for interactive information retrieval
Authors: White Ryen W. , Ruthven Ian 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAdvances in search technology have meant that search systems can now offer assistance to users beyond simply retrieving a set of documents. For example, search systems are now capable of inferring user interests by observing their interaction, offering suggestions about what terms could be used in a query, or reorganizing search results to make exploration of retrieved material more effective. When providing new search functionality, system designers must decide how the new functionality should be offered to users. One major choice is between (a) offering automatic features that require little human input, but give little human control; or (b) interactive features which allow human control over how the feature is used, but often give little guidance over how the feature should be best used. This article presents a study in which we empirically investigate the issue of control by presenting an experiment in which participants were asked to interact with three experimental systems that vary the degree of control they had in creating queries, indicating which results are relevant in making search decisions. We use our findings to discuss why and how the control users want over search decisions can vary depending on the nature of the decisions and the impact of those decisions on the user's search.
Cancer surgery: risks and opportunities
Authors: Coffey J.C. , Smith M.J.F. , Wang J.H. , Bouchier‐Hayes D. , Cotter T.G. , Redmond H.P. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn the recent past, several papers have pointed to the possibility that tumour removal generates a permissive environment in which tumour growth is potentiated. This phenomenon has been coined “perioperative tumour growth” and whilst it represents a departure in terms of our attitude to the surgical process, this concept was first hinted at by Paget1Sir James Paget (1814–1899) was a surgeon and physiologist who is widely held (along with Rudolph Virchow) to be the father of the science of pathology. Paget described Paget's disease of the nipple as well as Paget's disease of bone.
himself. Despite this, the time interval immediately before and after cancer surgery (i.e. the perioperative period) remains an underutilised interval during which chemotherapeutic regimens are rarely implemented. Herein, we present a summarised review of the literature that supports the concept that tumour removal may potentiate the growth of residual neoplastic disease. We also outline current knowledge regarding underlying mechanisms and in this manner highlight potential therapeutic entry points. Finally, we emphasise the urgent need for trials of agents that could protect patients against the harmful host–tumour interactions that may occur during the perioperative period. BioEssays 28: 433–437, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Environment and profitability in the reprocessing of paper in Norway: contradictory research reports in the context of circulation economics
Authors: Ingebrigtsen Stig , Jakobsen Ove D. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn this article we study three Norwegian reports concerning the environmental problems connected to use of natural resources and production of waste. The reports are responding to political initiatives in White Paper 58 (1996–97) and White Paper 8 (1999–2000). The reports describe, analyse and give reasons for various resolution strategies with regard to excessive consumption of virgin natural resources, inefficient economic processes and irresponsible waste management. The purpose of this article is threefold. First, we present a theoretical framework that enables an integrated analysis of economic problems. We have termed the theoretical context for our analysis circulation economics. Second, we illustrate the complexity of the problems through a discussion of the three different reports concerning waste management. Third, in the context of circulation economics the different reports elucidate various aspects of the phenomenon area and the new perspective can be used to synthesize the partial findings. In addition to this, we suggest where further work has to be done in the future. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Identifying priorities for action in corporate sustainable development indicator programs
Authors: Searcy Cory , McCartney Daryl , Karapetrovic Stanislav 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a case study on the identification of key sustainable development issues for the transmission system of an electric utility. It provides a structured approach to identifying priorities for action within existing corporate infrastructure. The application of the process is discussed, with an emphasis on strategies for the selection of priorities for immediate action, illustrating linkages between the selected key issues and lessons learned. To demonstrate how the issues may lead to the development of indicators, example sustainable development indicators are presented for a selected key issue. The case study illustrates that key stakeholders must be involved throughout the entire process, that the process of developing the issues and indicators is just as important as the final result and that any indicator development process must build on existing corporate infrastructure wherever possible. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The processes of defining corporate responsibility: a study of Swedish garment retailers' responsibility
Authors: Ählström Jenny , Egels‐Zandén Niklas 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDespite extensive research on corporate responsibility, little research exists on how the inter‐organizational processes of defining corporate responsibility develop. In this paper, we present a framework based on actor‐network theory (ANT) for analysing these processes. The developed framework is illustrated in a study of the redefinition of Swedish garment retailers' responsibilities for workers' rights at suppliers' factories between 1996 and 2004. We show that definition processes can be characterized as battles for the right to interpretation, and that traditionally non‐dominant actors can, at least temporarily, win these battles and dictate the development of the processes for defining corporate responsibility. We also show that definition processes can take an exclusionary form prohibiting certain actors from participating. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
High‐Pressure Synthesis and Crystal Structure Analysis of NaMn2O4 with the Calcium Ferrite‐Type Structure.
Authors: Akimoto Junji , Awaka Junji , Kijima Norihito , Takahashi Yasuhiko , Maruta Yuichi , Tokiwa Kazuyasu , Watanabe Tsuneo 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Zn13Sb10: A Structural and Landau Theoretical Analysis of Its Phase Transitions.
Authors: Mozharivskyj Yurij , Janssen Yuri , Harringa Joel L. , Kracher Alfred , Tsokol Alexandra O. , Miller Gordon J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reaction of 2′‐Hydroxy‐5′‐acetamido Chalcones with Dimethyl Sulfoxide‐Iodine, Pyridine‐Mercuric(II) Acetate and Triethanolamine.
Authors: Agrawal Nitin N. , Soni P. A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ultrasound‐Promoted Magnesium/Ammonium Bromide Mediated Pinacol Coupling of Aromatic Aldehydes and Ketones.
Authors: Li Ji‐Tai , Chen Yan‐Xue , Li Tong‐Shuang 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Immobilisation of the Grubbs III Olefin Metathesis Catalyst with Polyvinyl Pyridine (PVP).
Authors: Mennecke Klaas , Grela Karol , Kunz Ulrich , Kirschning Andreas 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Improved Synthesis of an Energetic Material, 1,3,3‐Trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) Exploiting 2‐Iodoxy Benzoic Acid (IBX) as an Oxidizing Agent.
Authors: Singh Alok , Sikder Nirmala , Sikder Arun K. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of trans‐Dihydrodiol Derivatives of Phenanthro[3,4‐b]thiophene and Phenanthro[4,3‐b]thiophene.
Authors: Kumar Subodh , Saravanan Srinivasan , Reuben Peter , Kumar Atul 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Enantioselective Copper(I)—Fesulphos‐Catalyzed 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides.
Authors: Cabrera Silvia , Gomez Arrayas Ramon , Carretero Juan C. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Antiinflammatory, Analgesic, Ulcerogenic and Lipid Peroxidation Activities of 3,5‐Dimethyl Pyrazoles, 3‐Methyl Pyrazol‐5‐ones and 3,5‐Disubstituted Pyrazolines.
Authors: Amir Mohd , Kumar Shikha 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 11H‐Indolo[3,2‐c]quinoline Derivatives Carrying a Substituent at the 6‐Position.
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Izumi Yusuke , Hayashi Kazutaka , Morikawa Osamu , Konishi Hisatoshi 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Enantioselective Biginelli Reaction Using a New Chiral Ytterbium Catalyst: Asymmetric Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidines.
Authors: Huang Yijun , Yang Fengyue , Zhu Chengjian 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Studies on Pyrazines. Part 39. Synthesis and Acidic Hydrolysis of 2‐Hydroxy‐5‐methoxypyrazine.
Authors: Sato Nobuhiro , Mizuno Akio 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation and Spectroscopic Study of 13‐Substituted 2,11‐Dithiahexahydro[3.3]paracyclophanes.
Authors: Lin Shaw‐Tao , Yang Ya‐Chen , Lin Shu‐Farn , Hwang Lih‐Jiun 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Trifluoromethyl‐Containing Depsipeptides via OH Insertion of Rhodium Carbenoid into the Carboxylic Group of N‐Protected α‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Vorob'eva Daria V. , Titanyuk Igor D. , Beletskaya Irina P. , Osipov Sergej N. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diversity Oriented Synthesis of Tricyclic Compounds from Glycals Using the Ferrier and the Pauson—Khand Reactions.
Authors: Hotha Srinivas , Tripathi Ashish 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of Murisolins and Evaluation of Tumor‐Growth Inhibitory Activity.
Authors: Maezaki Naoyoshi , Tominaga Hiroaki , Kojima Naoto , Yanai Minori , Urabe Daisuke , Ueki Risa , Tanaka Tetsuaki , Yamori Takao 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Isoflavones Containing Naturally Occurring Substitution Pattern by Oxidative Rearrangement of Respective Flavanones Using Thallium(III) p‐Tosylate.
Authors: Singh Om V. , Muthukrishnan M. , Sunderavadivelu M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Special decompositions for eigenproblems in structural mechanics
Authors: Kaveh A. , Rahami H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe main objective of this paper is to study those matrices which can be written as the sum of two Kronecker products. Special decompositions are proposed. Applications are extended to the eigensolution of problems from structural mechanics. It is also shown how the analysis of structures can be performed without finding the inverse of the structural matrices. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An MOCVD Approach to High‐k Praseodymium‐Based Films
Authors: Lo Nigro R. , Malandrino G. , Toro R. G. , Fragalà I. L. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractNew high‐k dielectric thin films have become of increasing interest over the last few years in the search for an alternative material to SiO2 gate insulators in MOS devices. Lanthanide oxides have been studied as potential candidates for SiO2 replacement. In this review, a description of the different CVD approaches to fabricating praseodymium oxide and silicate films with dielectric properties is presented. In particular, thermally activated and liquid‐injection metal‐organic (MO) CVD as well as atomic layer deposition (ALD), developed in recent years, are discussed. Examples highlighting the importance of different praseodymium precursors on the deposited phases are given. Special emphasis is placed upon deposition parameters crucial to obtain Pr2O3 films and upon interfacial characterization. In addition, dielectric properties have been correlated to structural and compositional characteristics of praseodymium‐containing films.
HfO2 and Hf1–xSixO2 Thin Films Grown by Metal‐Organic CVD Using Tetrakis(diethylamido)hafnium
Authors: Ohshita Y. , Ogura A. , Ishikawa M. , Kada T. , Hoshino A. , Suzuki T. , Machida H. , Soai K. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPure tetrakis(diethylamido)hafnium (Hf(NEt2)4) has been synthesized as a precursor for depositing Hf‐compound films. Hf(NEt2)4 is liquid at room temperature and has sufficient vapor pressure (0.1 Torr at 80 °C) for the CVD of hafnium dioxide (HfO2) and hafnium silicate (Hf1–xSixO2). It is stable, not pyrophoric in air, and reacts violently with water. HfO2 films were grown by low‐pressure (LP)CVD using a Hf(NEt2)4/O2 gas mixture. Although nitrogen atoms tended to remain in the grown films, stoichiometric polycrystalline HfO2 films with few residual impurities and good step coverage were deposited. By introducing a silicon precursor (such as tris(diethylamino)silane ((NEt2)3SiH), tetraisocyanatosilane (Si(NCO)4), or tetraethoxysilane (Si(OEt)4)) during HfO2 LPCVD, amorphous hafnium silicate films were obtained. The amount of residual carbon and nitrogen in the Hf1–xSixO2 was affected by the type of Si precursor used. High‐purity Hf1–xSixO2 films were deposited when Si(OEt)4 was used as the silicon source.
MOCVD of Single‐Axis c‐Oriented Strontium Bismuth Titanate Thin Films and Their Electrical Properties
Authors: Takahashi K. , Suzuki M. , Oikawa T. , Kojima T. , Watanabe T. , Funakubo H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSrBi4Ti4O15 (SBTi) films were fabricated for the first time at 700 °C by thermal metal‐organic (MO)CVD from a Bi(CH3)3‐Sr(O2C11H19)2(C8H23N5)2‐Ti(O·i‐C3H7)4‐O2 system. The deposition rate of each constituent oxide linearly increased with an increase in the input gas‐flow rate of the corresponding source. Perfectly single‐axis, c‐oriented SBTi films were obtained on (111)Pt/TiO2/SiO2/(100)Si substrates by inserting a (100)c‐oriented LaNiO3 conductive buffer layer as an interfacial template. These films had a relative dielectric constant of about 140 which showed no decrease when the film thickness was reduced to 30 nm.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Praseodymium Aluminum Oxide for Electrical Applications
Authors: de Rouffignac P. , Gordon R. G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPraseodymium aluminum oxide (PAO) thin films were grown by atomic layer deposition (ALD) from a new precursor, tris(N,N′‐diisopropylacetamidinato) praseodymium, (Pr(amd)3), trimethylaluminum (TMA), and water. Smooth, amorphous films having varying compositions of the general formula PrxAl2–xO3 were deposited on HF‐last silicon and analyzed for physical and electrical characteristics. The films were pure according to Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The permittivity of the thin film with the stoichiometry of Pr1.15Al0.85O3 was 18, and all annealed films displayed very low leakage currents compared to other high‐k oxide films deposited using ALD. A leakage current density of 1.1 × 10–4 A cm–2 was achieved for a PAO film with an equivalent oxide thickness of 1.46 nm. Annealed films also displayed nearly zero flat‐band voltage shifts and low hysteresis (< 10 mV). The optimal growth parameters and electrical properties were achieved with Pr1.15Al0.85O3. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) determined that high temperature annealing (850 °C) had no effect on the smoothness of the films (rms of 0.17 nm).
Atomic Layer Deposition and Properties of Lanthanum Oxide and Lanthanum‐Aluminum Oxide Films
Authors: Kukli K. , Ritala M. , Pore V. , Leskelä M. , Sajavaara T. , Hegde R. I. , Gilmer D. C. , Tobin P. J. , Jones A. C. , Aspinall H. C. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAtomic layer deposition (ALD) of lanthanum oxide on glass and silicon substrates was examined using lanthanum silylamide, La[N(SiMe3)2]3, and water as precursors in the substrate temperature range of 150–250 °C. The effect of pulse times and precursor evaporation temperature on the growth rate and refractive index was investigated. The films remained amorphous regardless of the deposition conditions. The resulting La2O3 films contained noticeable amounts of hydrogen and silicon and were chemically unstable while stored in ambient air. Lanthanum aluminum oxide films were achieved with stoichiometry close to that of LaAlO3 at 225 °C from La[N(SiMe3)2]3, Al(CH3)3, and H2O. The lanthanum β‐diketonate precursor, La(thd)3, was used as the reference precursor.
MOCVD of ZrO2 and HfO2 Thin Films from Modified Monomeric Precursors
Authors: Patil U. , Thomas R. , Milanov A. , Bhakta R. , Ehrhart P. , Waser R. , Becker R. , Becker H.‐W. , Winter M. , Merz K. , Fischer R. A. , Devi A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMetal‐organic precursors of Zr and Hf with excellent vaporization characteristics and low decomposition temperatures are reported. The new mixed alkoxide precursors [Zr(OtBu)2(tbaoac)2] (1) and [Hf(OtBu)2(tbaoac)2] (2) were synthesized by facile alcohol‐exchange reactions between [M(OiPr)2(L)2] and tert‐butanol [M = Zr, Hf; L = tert‐butylacetoacetate (tbaoac)]. The six‐coordinated monomeric compounds are volatile, stable in solution, and less sensitive to air and moisture compared to parent alkoxides such as [Zr(OtBu)4] and [Hf(OtBu)4]. It was possible to grow ZrO2 and HfO2 at low deposition temperatures, and the films were characterized by X‐ray diffraction ( XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Rutherford back scattering (RBS) analysis. [Zr(OtBu)2(tbaoac)2], evaluated in a multiwafer planetary MOCVD reactor combined with a liquid delivery system, yielded ZrO2 films that show promise for gate oxide applications.