bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Diagnosis and Management of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms: A Comparison of Computed Tomography, Ultrasound and Aortography
Authors: THOMAS M. LEA , PATEL M.P. , WRIGHT C. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYForty two patients with suspected abdominal aneurysms were examined by contrast enhanced infusion computed tomography. Of these 17 also had ultrasound and 8 had additional aortography.It is concluded that C.T. scan and ultrasound are accurate methods of diagnosing abdominal aortic aneurysms and should be used for the initial diagnosis and follow up.Aortography, although invasive, provides information about the exact relationship of the aneurysm to the renal and visceral arteries and shows any vascular abnormality of importance to the surgeon.It is suggested that C.T. and ultrasound complement rather than replace aortography in the diagnosis and management of abdominal aortic aneurysms.
Isodose Versus Isoeffect in Radiotherapy Planning as Applied to Parallel Opposed Fields
Authors: WIGG D. R. , WILSON B. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIsodosing is the foundation of radiotherapy treatment planning. Nevertheless, there may be a considerable disparity between the actual biological effect and that predicted by isodose plans. Simple parallel opposed fields are examined to demonstrate this disparity. The biological effects have been determined by calculation of the Equivalent Dose at the peak region, and Survival Fraction at the peak region and at mid separation, for a variety of treatment conditions. It is apparent that when parallel opposed fields are used, isodosing may substantially underestimate the effect towards the peak region compared with that at the centre, especially if only one field is treated daily. The biological effect is critically dependent on separation values, and even when two fields are treated daily, it may be considerably greater than is generally realised at separation values commonly met in clinical practice. The undesirable biological effects arising from this technique can be reduced by the use of multiple fields for whole or part of a course of treatment or by exploiting the advantages of very high energy beams, the full benefits of which are not necessarily demonstrated by isodosing. In addition, radiotherapy planning based on isoeffect rather than isodose would more clearly indicate regions of potential overdose in parallel opposed or multiple field techniques.
High Dose Radiotherapy for Pituitary Tumours
Authors: MEAD K. W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe results of treatment of 120 pituitary tumours are presented. Based on this experience operable chromophobe adenomas are now treated with 5,000 rads in 4 weeks and inoperable ones receive an additional central dose to 7,500 rads. Pituitary Cushing's tumours are given 10,000 rads in 5 weeks using small fields and acromegalics 5,000 rads to the whole sella and 7,500 to its lower half. The absence of complications at these dose levels is attributed to the use of small fields and the precise application of treatment.
The Ponticulus Posterior of the Atlas
Authors: DUGDALE L. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe ponticulus posterior is a congenital variant of the first cervical vertebra, or atlas. It occurs in approximately 15% of Caucasian subjects, and appears to have no differences in distribution between the sexes, nor a predominance to either side. Normal age distribution indicates that it is not an aging phenomenon. The size of the foramen produced is a good indicator of the diameter of the contained vertebral artery.
The Development of a Sectional Anatomy Component in a Course for Trainee Radiologists
Authors: McGRATH PHILOMENA , MILLS PETER 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe study of sectional anatomy in recent years has become an important component in the training programme for radiologists. Effective use of sectional anatomy as a teaching medium has in the past been limited by the practical difficulties associated with preparation and presentation of specimens. Techniques are described which produce packaged sections which are readily portable, odourless and dry and which permit examination by close scrutiny and discriminating touch. The production of related keys and worksheets is described and their value discussed.
Late Cerebrovascular Disease after Radiation Therapy – Report of Two Cases and a Review of the Literature
Authors: KEARSLEY JOHN H. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTSymptomatic vascular disease induced by radiation therapy has become a problem, increasingly recognised by the cancer therapist in recent years. Two further cases of this entity are reported herein, followed by a detailed literature review of histopathologic changes seen in experimentally‐and clinically‐iiradiated blood vessels the clinical and radiological features, treatment and natural history of large vessel, especially cerebral, disease attributed to therapeutic irradiation.
A Case of Afferent Loop Syndrome
Authors: PERETZ G. , SIMMONS K. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA case of an obstructed afferent loop diagnosed by computerised tomography is presented. A definitive sign identifying dilated small bowel on C.T. is described.The post gastrectomy afferent loop syndrome results from obstruction of the afferent loop by recurrent tumour or strictures. This may result in obstruction to the outflow of bile and pancreatic fluid. The ultrasound and C.T. findings can mimic a recurrent necrotic tumour mass or a pancreatic pseudocyst (1).
A Comparative Double‐Blind Trial of Mannitol and Magnesium Citrate/Bisacodyl (MCB)* in the Preparation of Barium Enema Patients
Authors: BENSON MARK , HARPER JOHN 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn preparation of the large bowel prior to barium enema a double blind trial of 257 patients was performed comparing a regime of oral mannitol with a regime of magnesium citrate, bisacodyl and a 3 day low residue diet. Faecal residue and the quality of mucosal coating with barium were assessed. No significant differences were found between the sexes or in the mucosal coating. MCB regime was significantly better than the mannitol regime in cleansing of the large bowel, though there is room for improvement with the former.
Conservative Surgery and Radiotherapy as Primary Treatment for Early Breast Cancer: Results of a 10 Year Experience
Authors: SIMES R. J. , KEARSLEY J. H. , DONOVAN J. K. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTA 10 year period of treatment at the Radiotherapy Department of the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital was analysed retrospectively in order to assess the efficacy of conservative management of early breast cancer. From May 1968 to May 1978 a total of 1,785 patients with breast cancer were treated. Of these, 30 underwent conservative surgery for Stage I or II disease, followed by a course of “radical” irradiation.Patient follow‐up ranged from 0.5 to 11.1 years (median 6.5). The 10 year actuarial probability of local tumour control for the entire group was 91% and the 5 and 10 year actuarial survivals were 82 and 53% respectively. Only three patients have died from their primary disease, and three have had local recurrences, all readily controlled with mastectomy. Sixteen patients remain alive and well, but six have died from inter‐current illness. No significant radiation complications have occurred although eight patients (28%) have developed a second primary malignancy over the ten year period.Local excision plus radiotherapy appears to be an effective alternative approach to the local treatment of primary breast cancer in selected patients. Recommendations are made concerning axillary node sampling, interstitial brachytherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy for patients treated by this technique.
Clinical Applications of High Resolution Real Time Sector Scanning
Authors: CROCKER ERNEST F. , WALKER ANTHONY G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA commercially available high resolution real time sector scanner was clinically evaluated over a 6 month period in a teaching hospital. The instrument was found to be suitable as a “stand alone” scanner for most small parts applications. Studies performed on this scanner complemented compound water path ultrasonic investigation of the breast and testes. The advantages and limitations of scanning with this type of instrument are discussed.
Physical Characteristics of a Varian Clinac 18/10 Linear Accelerator Part 2 – The Electron Beam
Authors: WONGSE‐EK“ CHAVALIT , KAROLIS CHRISTOPHER , STEWART ROBERT JACKSON 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe physical characteristics of the Varian Clinac 18/10 electron beam are examined in detail. Included are measurements of the following:

incident surface energy,
skin dose
initial build‐up,
depth ionization and depth absorbed dose
photon contamination
focal spot position,
cone size dependence on depth absorbed dose and output
field homogeneity.
Lead Shielding for Electron Beams from 6–18 MeV
Authors: STEWART R. JAMES J. , DREDGE TREVOR J. , LANGENEGGER ARMIN , WONGSE‐EK CHAVILET , KAROOS CHRISTOPHER , OLIVER LYN D. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe penetration through lead of 6–18 MeV electron beams from a linear accelerator has been investigated. Complete transmission curves are presented for lead placed at the patient surface, and within the electron applicator. Geometric considerations cause transmitted dose to be significantly greater in the former case. Transmission through, and scatter around, flat and curved eye shields of 36 mm diameter has also been measured. In cases of inadequate shield thickness the curved shields cause elevated doses to tissue within them. This situation is particularly important when it is desired to place curved shields beneath the eyelid.
Non‐Malignant Oesophago‐Bronchial Fistulae in the Adult Case Reports and Review of the Literature
Authors: CAMERON DAVID C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYBenign O.B.F. though rare, is a curable cause of prolonged suppuration and disability. It is a diagnostic problem. ONO's sign is diagnostic but may be overlooked and with smaller fistulae an index of suspicion is required. In no other situation is the accurate taking of the patient's history more important. Finally, histology of surgical specimen may be required to sort out the more common congenital forms from acquired fistulae.
Fractionated Total Body Irradiation in Bone Marrow Transplantation – An Emphasis on Lung Dosimetry
Authors: YUILE PHILLIP G. , WIELINGA WILLEM , CRESTANI EVIO A. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe use of fractionated total body irradiation is now replacing the large single dose technique originally used in many centres. Twenty‐three patients have received this form of therapy prior to marrow transplantation at St. Vincent's Hospital. Doses of 12 to 14 Gray are delivered over 3 to 3 days treating twice daily. Particular emphasis is placed on the amount of radiation received by the lungs and the prescribed dose is related directly to this.The rationale of this technique is discussed, together with the methods of dose calculation, set‐up, and incidence of side‐effects. Fractionation results in a regime that is very well tolerated with a lower morbidity than that seen with single dose irradiation.
Misonidazole & Radiotherapy in the Palliative Treatment of Lung Cancer
Authors: MAMEGHAN HEDY , HELLER EDGAR H. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTTwenty patients with inoperable carcinoma of bronchus of all histologies except small cell anaplastic were treated with radiotherapy (2400 rads in 8 fractions over two weeks) together with misonidazole administered orally 0.75 g/m2 four hours before each dose of radiotherapy. The total cumulative dose of misonidazole for all patients was 6 g/m2. There was no immediate or long term toxicity attributable to either misonidazole or radiotherapy in any of the patients. In particular there was no central or peripheral neurotoxicity and no deterioration of lung function detected by detailed lung function studies. This report confirms the lack of major neurotoxicity of misonidazole when used in the above dosage and shows good palliation of chest symptoms in patients treated with only a modest dose of irradiation.
A Clinical Comparison of Bowel Preparations Prior to Double Contrast Barium Enema
Authors: SHAW M. R. P. , TAIT K. B. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTTwo proprietary, oral, bowel preparation products have been compared for double contrast barium enema examinations. The study was a double blind design involving 109 patients. Evaluation was by radiological review and supported by questionnaires completed by both the patients and the six participating Radiologists. The products compared were Raykit, which was taken to be typical of a whole range of similar systems (based upon low residue diet, saline cathartic and bisacodyl tablets and suppository) and the newly developed Mede‐Prep (based upon low residue/high fluid diet and oral mannitol). Both products were found to be equally effective at bowel cleansing, while administration of Mede‐Prep was associated with significantly fewer adverse patient side‐effects, notably less thirst (better patient hydration) and less probability of interrupted sleep on the night prior to the examination.
Quantitative Evaluation of Biliary X‐Ray Contrast Agents in Computed Tomography
Authors: EVILL C. A. , WILSON B. C. , BENNESS G. T. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTA CT scanner has been used to measure liver enhancement with two liver‐directed contrast media, iodipamide and iosulamide, in dogs. The results following slow, and rapid infusions suggested increased liver retention of iosulamide while with iodipamide enhancement appeared to be mainly a function of blood iodine concentration. An increase in CT number of around 15 EMI units above blood was observed with iosulamide in delayed scans following rapid infusion. Thus there may be a potential for specific enhancement of normal liver tissue with iosulamide.
Stereoscopic Calculation of Tomographic Cut Level for Intravenous Cholangiography
Authors: HURRELL MICHAEL 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe technique of foreign body localisation was modified for use on a tomographic machine by taking into account film to table‐top distance. A simple mathematical table was generated from a derived formula and this is being used successfully in calculating tomographic cut‐levels in Intravenous Cholangiography.
Evaluation of the Double Contrast Small Bowel Enema in Crohn's Disease of the Small Intestine
Authors: JONES MICHAEL W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe Small Bowel Enema technique practised in 5 the Westmead Centre Radiology Department has been described. It was evaluated in 34 patients ‐ investigated for Crohn's disease of the small) intestine. It correctly identified ten patients with Crohn's disease and 24 normals, giving an accuracy of 100%. SBE and surgical findings matched if four patients with Crohn's disease. It is stressed that a meticulous examination technique is required to achieve a high degree of accuracy in the assess ment of small intestinal Crohn's disease.ABSTRACTThe Double Contrast Small Bowel Enema (SBE) using Methylcellulose was used to evaluate the small bowel in 44 patients with suspected small bowel Crohn's disease. Thirty‐four of these patients subsequently had a definite diagnosis made by clinical and laboratory means, terminal ileal biopsy at colonoscopy or surgery. Ten patients were found to have Crohn's disease and 24 were normal or had another disease. The SBE correctly identified the ten patients with Crohn's disease and 24 who did not have Crohn's disease. The examination technique used is described in detail. Early changes of Crohn's disease are illustrated. The value of accurate diagnosis is discussed.
Diagnostic Value of Radionuclide Technetium 99m‐MDP Skeletal Survey in Acute Leukaemia
Authors: PARAMSOTHY M. , PENG LIN HAI , SAMUEL D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThis study compares the sensitivity of radionuclide skeletal survey to the radiological technique in detecting bone involvement in acute leukaemia. The results indicate the latter is about twice as sensitive and should be the initial screening procedure.
Direct “Metrizamide” Myelocystography in Syringohydromyelia
Authors: SILVA MERL DE , KOS WALTER 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYMetrizamide myelography, followed by CT examination, demonstrated features consistent with syringohydromelia in three patients. One was an adult, male, of 23 years and two were females of 5 and 6 years respectively. Subsequently, metrizamide was introduced into the syrinx by direct needle puncture in each patient. The anatomical details of the syrinx are well demonstrated, continuity of the myelocyst is easily established, and the possibility of communication with the fourth ventricle is readily assessed. The technique is simple and was without complication in these cases. The myelo‐graphic and CT findings are also presented. The Arnold‐Chiari Type I malformation was present in two patients. The myelocyst did not communicate with the fourth ventricle in two patients. Poor communication was demonstrated in one patient by CT examination immediately after the myelocystogram.
Current Opinion on Safety of Diagnostic Ultrasound in Pregnancy
Authors: BARNETT S.B. , KOSSOFF G. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTUltrasonic visualisation procedures provide the clinician with additional diagnostic information to allow a high level of patient care, which is particularly valuable in pregnancy management. The benefit will invariably exceed any risk from the examination in symptomatic patients. The safety of diagnostic ultrasound in pregnancy is assumed from negative findings in epidemiological studies, and on the absence of any report of adverse effects in children following in utero in‐sonation. Reports of subtle biological responses to ultrasound relate to in vitro insonation of cells under specially selected conditions. Neither the importance of cellular bioeffects nor their possible extrapolation to the human in vivo situation is clearly understood. Overseas Government bodies and Ultrasound Societies, and the Australian Society for Ultrasound in Medicine agree that there is no independently verified evidence of harmful effects of diagnostic ultrasound, and advocate its use wherever a medical reason exists.
Contrast Media Deaths
Authors: LALLI ANTHONY F. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTNinety‐two deaths resulting from the use of contrast media are described and analyzed together with 228 deaths reported earlier. Of these new deaths, 11 were associated with angiography, 28 with intravenous cholangiography and 53 with urography or C.T. The majority of deaths were associated with cardiac arrest or pulmonary oedema. The mode of death appears to be unrelated to the formulation of the contrast media. The suddenness of the demise and the organs affected suggest that a neurologic mechanism may be involved.
Assessment of the Accuracy of C.T. Staging of Bladder Tumours
Authors: TURTON N. , SIMMONS K. C. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTAlthough C.T. is useful in staging bladder tumours it is only as accurate as the resolution of the scanner. Non‐enlarged, involved lymph nodes cannot be identified, and interpretation can be inaccurate in the presence of poorly defined tissue planes, for example, post surgery, radiotherapy or if the structures are contiguous. However, C.T. is useful in demonstrating enlarged nodes not detected clinically and it remains a useful tool in staging bladder tumours.The C.T. appearances of bladder tumours in forty‐nine patients were reviewed and correlated with either cystectomy and postmortem findings, or biopsy and clinical findings.The ability of C.T. to detect spread of tumour through the bladder wall or adjacent or retroperitoneal nodes was assessed retrospectively. Sources of error in original interpretations were identified.
Pena‐Shokeir Syndrome: Report of a case
Authors: KOZLOWSKI K. , RAHILLY P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA case of Pena‐Shokeir Syndrome I in a female child with normal weight, normal lungs and almost normal face is reported. This case widens the spectrum of Pena‐Shokeir Syndrome I. Radiographic examination may have diagnostic importance in some of these cases.
NMR Images Produced in a Substantially Non‐Uniform Field
Authors: BRAUN M. , MCCARTHY A.L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYNMR images of distinct sections through a three‐dimensional phantom were obtained using steady magnetic fields much less uniform than those generally considered necessary for NMR imaging, but whose substantial gradient served to define the slices to be imaged. A sensitive point technique and a modified spin‐echo pulse sequence were used.ABSTRACTNMR images are generally produced in highly uniform steady magnetic fields, to which switched gradients are added to achieve spatial selection. In this note we show that NMR images can be produced in a substantially non‐uniform field, provided the field is shaped so that the gradient of the steady field can be used to define the slice to be imaged.
Mucoid Impaction of the Bronchi
Authors: WOODRING JOHN H. , BERNARDY MARK O. , LOH FANG KUM 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTMucoid impaction of bronchi refers to the progressive accumulation of mucus and inflammatory products within the bronchial lumen eventually leading to progressive dilatation and bronchiectasis. Radiographically, mucoid impaction presents as V or Y‐shaped densities directed toward the hilum. Mucoid impaction may occur in a number of obstructive or nonobstructive diseases of the bronchi. Patients whose chest radiograph demonstrates mucoid impaction should be evaluated for underlying bronchogenic carcinoma; if no tumor is found they should be evaluated for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Occasionally, other causes of mucoid impaction will be found.
Antral Web ‐ A Rare Cause of Vomiting and Haematemesis in Childhood
Authors: LURASCHI D. , GIACOMO C. DE , FIORI T. DE , LUZI G. , PATERLINI A. , BELUFFI G. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe case of a 3 year‐old girl with an antral diaphragm is reported. The patient presented with vomiting and haematemesis. In spite of extensive investigations the lesion causing the haematemesis remained undetected.
Workplace Exposure and Reported Health in New Zealand Diagnostic Radiographers
Authors: SPICER J. , D.I.C. D.M. HAY B.Sc. B.E.(Chem). M.Sc. (Ind Saf). , D.C.R.(R) M. GORDON 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTA postal survey of diagnostic radiographers in New Zealand was conducted to explore associations between exposure to the workplace and the reported frequency of a variety of health problems. Exposure was measured in terms of average hours per week spent: in the vicinity of a processor; operating a processor; and working in the darkroom. The frequency of each of 19 symptoms was reported on a 5 point scale. Correlational analyses were performed on data from 349 practising radiographers.Fifteen of the 19 symptoms were significantly and positively correlated with at least one exposure variable, although the correlations were weak. Those most consistently related to exposure were: bad taste in the mouth, sinus problems, nasal discharge, catarrh, unexpected fatigue, painful joints and numb extremities. The frequency with which symptoms apparently related to exposure were reported to some degree, ranged from 15% to 61 %. It is argued that the results, in conjunction with anecdotal evidence, indicate a need for further investigation of health problems, especially upper respiratory tract disorders, amongst health professionals in volved in X‐ray processing
Pulmonary Radiographic Changes in Pseudoxanthoma Elasf icum
Authors: PUVANESWARY M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe pulmonary radiographic changes in a 41 year old man with pseudoxanthoma elasticum, consisting of widespread bilateral nodular ill‐defined opacities of high radio‐opacity, were shown by lung biopsy to be due to pulmonary calcification secondary to elastic tissue damage.