bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The biochemurgist –Bioconversion of agricultural raw materials for chemical production
Authors: Koutinas Apostolis A. , Wang Ruo‐Hang , Webb Colin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCurrent cereal‐ and oilseed‐based processes for the production of chemicals should be restructured into advanced biorefining strategies in order to reduce environmental impact, improve overall economics and meet market/societal needs. Next generation biorefineries should utilize all grain or oilseed components as well as any associated residues for the production of a spectrum of products ranging from biofuels and biodegradable plastics to commodity, platform and speciality chemicals. Generic biorefining concepts are proposed in the case of wheat and rapeseed. Glycerol produced as by‐product from biodiesel production could be upgraded into an important raw material for the production of various chemicals through microbial bioconversions or enzymatic biotransformations. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Assessment protocol for identifying preferred social consequences
Authors: Smaby Krista , MacDonald Rebecca P. F. , Ahearn William H. , Dube William V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChildren with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) exhibit deficits in social behavior. Because social consequences may be ineffective or evoke undesirable behavior, teaching interventions for this population may rely heavily on edible or activity reinforcers. This report describes a method, appropriate for young children with ASD, for rapidly identifying social reinforcers and assessing relative preferences among social consequences. The free‐operant behavior of three such children was analyzed in three Social Consequence conditions that alternated with an Extinction condition. The results identified some social consequences that functioned as reinforcers and others to which the child was relatively indifferent. The implications of this study may be particularly pertinent for teaching behavior, like joint attention skills, that is maintained by social reinforcers in the natural environment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Barbara A. Greene on how a school board turned itself around
Authors: Barbara A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn 1995 a school board approached Barbara Greene, a consultant to nonprofit and public boards, for help. The relations between the board and the superintendent of schools had broken down, and their problems were spilling over into the public arena. Citizens were losing confidence in the ability of the board and the superintendent, and the media was watching and reporting on their every move. Recently, Board Leadership's managing editor, Paula Stacey, talked with Greene about her experience in using the Policy Governance model to help turn around a troubled board.
A governance information system
Authors: Moore Jannice 
Published: July 2007

AbstractImplementing Policy Governance requires a significant investment of time, effort, and money. This is the final article in a three‐part series examining behaviors of boards thai invest wisely in Policy Governance. Based on her experience with a variety of boards that have implemented the model, Jannice Moore shares some of the conditions and behaviors that contribute to value investing. In Issue 61 of Board Leadership, she discussed the idea of a Governance Action Plan. In this article, she addresses the idea of a Governance Information System in contributing to Policy Governance as a value investment.
A new basis for governance effectiveness research
Authors: Carver John 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMost governance research to date has consisted of descriptions of various types of governance arrangements. Absent from the literature is an underlying organizing principle, a conception of the fundamental purpose of governance. Without this underlying principle, attempts to assess effectiveness will fail. In this article, John Carver proposes a succinct definition of the purpose of governance and draws out some necessary consequences of this definition. This conception of the purpose of governance can serve as an underlying principle to guide research on the effectiveness of governance.
Governing excellence: Living in a new paradigm from theory to reality
Authors: Stier Linda 
Published: July 2007

AbstractJohn Carver refers to Policy Governance as a new paradigm for governance and governing boards. He has called it “a paradigm tailored to the special circumstances of governance” that enables us “to apply wisdom more coherently.” That's a bold statement but one that can be easily understood. A paradigm is something serving as an example or model of how things should be done. Thus Policy Governance serves as a model of how governance should be conceived. Yet living or operating in a new paradigm requires shifting from the paradigm we are currently in to operating in a new paradigm. It's the shifting of a paradigm that's difficult to comprehend, let alone realize.
Synthesis of a Pyridoxine–Peptide Based Delivery System for Nucleotides
Authors: Marchand Arnaud , Marchand Damien , Busson Roger , Marlière Philipe , Herdewijn Piet 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAs a first step in the development of a nucleotide delivery system making use of oligopeptide permease, we have synthesized pyridoxine–peptide–nucleotide conjugates. The nucleotides are bonded on serine residues. The peptides terminate with a pyroglutamate residue. In the first example, the pyridoxine moiety is connected at the end of the peptides, while, in the second example, the pyridoxine moiety is bonded at an aspartic acid residue in a middle position of the peptide. Nucleotides are introduced as phosphoramidites. The synthetic strategy involves a series of protection, deprotection, and coupling reactions, and integrates peptide, nucleotide, and pyridoxine chemistry. The final deprotection step was carried out in basic conditions using 10% K2CO3 in MeOH.
Atypical Secretions of the Male Cephalic Labial Glands in Bumblebees: The Case of Bombus (Rhodobombus) mesomelasGerstaecker (Hymenoptera, Apidae)
Authors: Terzo Michaël , Valterová Irena , Rasmont Pierre 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn bumblebees, the male secretion of the cephalic labial gland is species‐specific. It is highly involved in the nuptial behavior, acting as a sexual attracting pheromone. Therefore, it is also used to accurately identify the species. In contrast to this common scheme, the secretions of Bombus mesomelas are found to be strongly reduced and do not include the most volatile compounds that are present in the secretions of all the other studied bumblebee species. These secretions correspond to cuticular hydrocarbons that can be found in all bumblebee species. This was also the case for another bumblebee species from the same Rhodobombus subgenus: Bombus pomorum. This atypical composition of the male cephalic labial gland secretions seems to indicate that, at least for these two species of Rhodobombus, these secretions are not used to attract virgin females from a long distance, as it is the case for all the other bumblebee species studied.
Synthesis and Antimalarial Properties of New Chloro‐9H‐xanthones with an Aminoalkyl Side Chain
Authors: Portela César , Afonso Carlos M. M. , Pinto Madalena M. M. , Lopes Dinora , Nogueira Fátima , do Rosário Virgílio 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe synthesis and antimalarial properties of twelve new chlorinated 9H‐xanthones, carrying a [2‐(diethylamino)ethyl]amino group in position 1, are reported. All compounds were found to be active towards the chloroquine‐susceptible and chloroquine‐resistant strains 3D7 and Dd2, resp., of the protozoa parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Especially one compound, 6‐chloro‐1‐{[2‐(diethylamino)ethyl]amino}‐9H‐xanthen‐9‐one (1k), was found to exhibit significant in vitro activity (IC50=3.9 μM) towards the resistant Dd2 strain.
Organogelation by Polymer Organogelators with a L‐Lysine Derivative: Formation of a Three‐Dimensional Network Consisting of Supramolecular and Conventional Polymers
Authors: Suzuki Masahiro , Setoguchi Chiho , Shirai Hirofusa , Hanabusa Kenji 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPolymer compounds consisting of a L‐lysine derivative and conventional polymers, such as poly(ethylene glycol), polycarbonate, polyesters, and poly(alkylene), have been synthesized and their organogelation properties examined in various solvents. These polymer compounds function as good organogelators that form organogels in many organic solvents and oils. The organogelation ability is almost independent of the polymer backbone. Observation by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) demonstrates that the polymer organogelators form a supramolecular polymer with a diameter of several tens of nanometers and create a three‐dimensional network in organogels. FT‐IR spectroscopic analysis shows that the supramolecular polymer is mainly formed by the self‐assembly of L‐lysine segments through hydrogen‐bonding and van der Waals interactions. Furthermore, the organogels formed by the polymer organogelators have a lower gel–sol temperature and higher gel strength than those of a low‐molecular‐weight model organogelator.
Database tomography: Origins and duplications
Authors: Kostoff Ronald N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new tool for addressing complex database analyses, full‐text co‐word analysis (database tomography), is described from both an historical and practical perspective. This article traces its origins in computational linguistics and summarizes the development of co‐word analysis for research evaluation. It presents actual and potential applications of the techniques to current problems facing those involved ingathering competitive intelligence. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Database tomography for technical intelligence: Analysis of the research impact assessment literature
Authors: Hostoff Ronald N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDatabase tomography is a technique for identifying pervasive themes in large text databases and revealing the connectivity among these themes by using a computer‐based algorithm to extract and order data. This allows users to create a taxonomy of pervasive research “thrusts” and interrelationships from the extracted data. The author examines how database tomography can be used to derive technical intelligence for professional literature in a given technical field. For this study, the field of Research Impact Assessment was selected. A database of relevant RIA articles was generated and the database “mapped” to reveal the relationships among the main “thrust” 3T63S. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Triphenylphosphine‐Catalyzed Michael Addition of Alcohols to Acrylic Compounds
Authors: Liu Hai‐Ling , Jiang Huan‐Feng , Wang Yu‐Gang 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA facile triphenylphosphine‐catalyzed Michael addition of alcohols to acrylic compounds was described. The reaction was carried out in open air at refluxing temperature in the presence of 10 mol% PPh3. Michael addition of saturated and unsaturated alcohols to acrylonitrile or acrylates has been examined. The reaction gave β‐alkoxy derivatives with isolated yields of 5%–79%. PPh3 is cheaper and more stable than those trialkylphosphines previously used for the similar reactions, and the products can be easily separated from the reaction mixture via distillation.
Electrochemical Dicarboxylation of Styrene: Synthesis of 2‐Phenylsuccinic Acid
Authors: Wang Huan , Lin Mei‐Yu , Fang Hui‐Jue , Chen Ting‐Ting , Lu Jia‐Xing 
Published: July 2007

AbstractElectrochemical dicarboxylation of styrene in the presence of atmospheric pressure of CO2 with a Ti cathode and a Mg rod anode readily took place efficiently in an acetonitrile solution containing 0.1 mol·L−1 tetraethylammonium bromide to give 2‐phenylsuccinic acid. Influences of the nature of the electrodes, the current density, the passed charge and the temperature on electrolysis were studied to optimize the electrolytic conditions, with the maximal isolated yield to be 86.07%. The mechanism of the elelctrocarboxylation process has been studied by cyclic voltammetry.
Optimization of activated carbon‐based decontamination of fish oil by response surface methodology
Authors: Oterhals Åge , Solvang Marianne , Nortvedt Ragnar , Berntssen Marc H. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of activated carbon (AC) adsorption on the reduction of persistent organic pollutants (POP) in fish oil was studied based on response surface methodology at a 5‐g/kg AC inclusion level. Pretreatment of the oil by alkali refining and bleaching increased the POP levels. The tested process variables (contact time and temperature) affected the AC adsorption rate and significant first‐ and second‐order response models could be established. Polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) showed a very rapid adsorption behavior and the concentration and toxic equivalent (TEQ) level could be reduced by 99%. Adsorption of dioxin‐like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL‐PCB) was less effective and depended on ortho substitution, i.e. non‐ortho PCB were adsorbed more effectively than mono‐ortho PCB with a maximum of 87 and 21% reduction, respectively, corresponding to a DL‐PCB‐TEQ reduction of 73%. A common optimum for both PCDD/F and DL‐PCB adsorption could not be identified. AC treatment had no effect on the level of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants. The differences in adsorption patterns may be explained based on molecular conformation. No change in oil quality could be observed based on oxidation parameters. Compliance with present PCDD/F and DL‐PCB legislation levels in fish oil can be achieved based on AC adsorption.
Cimicifine A: A Novel Triterpene Alkaloid from the Rhizomes of Cimicifuga foetida
Authors: Sun Li‐Rong , Yan Jian , Lu Lu , Pei Sheng‐Ji , Li Zhong‐Rong , Zhou Lin , Zhang Xian‐Min , Qiu Ming‐Hua 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCimicifine A (1), the first cycloartane triterpene alkaloid, was isolated from the rhizomes of Cimicifuga foetida, together with the known compound cimicifugoside H‐1 (2). Their chemical structures were established by extensive NMR and MS analyses and by comparison with literature.
Tasumatrols P – T, Five New Taxoids from Taxus sumatrana
Authors: Shen Ya‐Ching , Lin Yun‐Sheng , Hsu Shaw‐Man , Khalil Ashraf Taha , Wang Shih‐Sheng , Chien Ching‐Te , Kuo Yao‐Haur , Chou Chang‐Hung 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe phytochemical investigation of the more polar fractions from the leaves and twigs of Taxus sumatrana (Taxaceae) afforded five new taxane diterpene esters, tasumatrols P–T (1–5) possessing an 11(15→1),11(10→9)‐diabeotaxane skeleton. Compounds 1, 4, and 5 contain an α‐hydroxy group at C(14), while 3 has no OH group at either C(13) or C(14). Compound 2 is a natural 4,5‐acetonide derivative, while 4 has an unusual spiro‐connected 2‐hydroxy‐2‐phenyl‐1,3‐dioxolane ring. Ten known taxoids, were also isolated in the course of the chromatographic fractionation. Five additional new O‐acetyl derivatives 3a, 4a, 4b, 5a, and 5b were prepared from the taxanes 3–5. The structures of all new compounds were established on the basis of their spectroscopic analyses. Compound 1 showed mild cytotoxic activity against human Hela and Daoy tumor cells.
A Novel Atisane Diterpenoid from Spiraea japonica var. acuta
Authors: Liu Hai‐Yang , Gao Suo , Di Ying‐Tong , Chen Chang‐Xiang , Lü Yang , Zhang Li , Zheng Qi‐Tai , Hao Xiao‐Jiang 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA novel ent‐atisane lactone, spiramilactone E (1), was isolated from Spiraea japonica var. acuta Yu. Its structure was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, and unequivocally confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (Fig. 2). Compound 1 contains a γ‐lactone moiety between the 6‐OH function and C(20), and β‐configuration for the 7‐OH group, in contrast to known related diterpenes previously isolated from the S. japonica complex.
Tritium balance in macro‐scale river basins analysed through distributed hydrological modelling
Authors: Koeniger P. , Schwientek M. , Uhlenbrook S. , Leibundgut Ch. , Krause W. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe recession of bomb tritium in river discharge of large basins indicates a contribution of slowly moving water. For an appropriate interpretation it is necessary to consider different runoff components (e.g. direct runoff and ground water components) and varying residence times of tritium in these components. The spatially distributed catchment model (tracer aided catchment model, distributed; TACD) and a tritium balance model (TRIBIL) were combined to model process‐based tritium balances in a large German river basin (Weser 46 240 km2) and seven embedded sub‐basins. The hydrological model (monthly time step, 2 × 2 km2) estimated the three major runoff components: direct runoff, fast‐moving and slow‐moving ground water for the period of 1950 to 1999. The model incorporated topography, land use, geomorphology, geology and hydro‐meteorological data. The results for the different basins indicated a contribution of direct runoff of 30–50% and varying amounts for fast and slow ground water components. Combining these results with the TRIBIL model allowed us to estimate the residence time of the components. Mean residence times of 8 to 14 years were found for the fast ground water component, 21 to 93 years for the slow ground water component and 14 to 50 years for an overall mean residence time within these basins. Balance calculations for the Weser basin indicate an over‐estimation of loss of tritium through evapotranspiration (more than 60%) and decay (10%). About 28% were carried in stream‐flow where direct runoff contributed about 12% and ground water runoff 13% in relation to precipitation input over the studied 50‐year period. Neighbouring basins and nuclear power plants contributed about 1% each over this time period. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acyclic N‐halamine‐based biocidal tubing: Preparation, characterization, and rechargeable biofilm‐controlling functions
Authors: Luo Jie , Sun Yuyu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this study, the surfaces of polypropylene tubing were hydroxylated with potassium persulfate. The resultant tubing surfaces were grafted with methacrylamide (MAA) using ceric(IV) ammonium nitrate as an initiator. Upon chlorination treatment with diluted chlorine bleach, some of the amide groups in the grafted MAA side chains were transformed into stable acyclic N‐halamines. The reactions were confirmed with attenuated total reflectance infrared, X‐ray photoelectron spectra, and iodimetric titration. The resultant tubing was challenged with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) in a continuous flowing model. Bacteria culturing and scanning electron microscope studies showed that the chlorinated MAA‐grafted tubing could provide potent and rechargeable biofilm‐controlling functions against the test microorganisms. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Lateral line, otic and epibranchial placodes: developmental and evolutionary links?
Authors: Baker Clare V. H. , O'Neill Paul , McCole Ruth B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTwo embryonic cell populations, the neural crest and cranial ectodermal placodes, between them give rise to many of the unique characters of vertebrates. Neurogenic placode derivatives are vital for sensing both external and internal stimuli. In this speculative review, we discuss potential developmental and evolutionary relationships between two placode series that are usually considered to be entirely independent: lateral line placodes, which form the mechanosensory and electroreceptive hair cells of the anamniote lateral line system as well as their afferent neurons, and epibranchial placodes (geniculate, petrosal and nodose), which form Phox2b+ visceral sensory neurons with input from both the external and internal environment. We illustrate their development using molecular data we recently obtained in shark embryos, and we describe their derivatives, including the possible geniculate placode origin of a mechanosensory sense organ associated with the first pharyngeal pouch/cleft (the anamniote spiracular organ/amniote paratympanic organ). We discuss how both lateral line and epibranchial placodes can be related in different ways to the otic placode (which forms the inner ear and its afferent neurons), and how both are important for protective somatic reflexes. Finally, we put forward a highly speculative proposal about the original function of the cells whose evolutionary descendants today include the derivatives of the lateral line, otic and epibranchial placodes, namely that they produced sensory receptors and neurons for Phox2b‐dependent protective reflex circuits. We hope this review will stimulate both debate and a fresh look at possible developmental and evolutionary relationships between these seemingly disparate and independent placodes. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 310B:370–383, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Public sector strategic planning for the year 2000
Authors: Pindur Wolfgang 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to suggest a way of undertaking strategic planning in local government, to discuss the various steps involved in strategic planning for communities and to demonstrate the success of the strategic planning process by presenting a case study of Virginia Beach, Virginia. A rapidly growing community of approximately 480,000 residents, located in the state of Virginia on the south‐eastern seaboard of the United States, Virginia Beach is a major tourist centre and derives much of its income from the thousands of tourists who flock to her beaches in the summer. As a fast growing community, Virginia Beach is trying to plan for its future and recognizes that it must prepare for the economic, social and demographic changes that are rapidly occurring.
Managing effectively in turbulent environments
Authors: Waterhouse Michael F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article is about change; it summarizes the turbulent world of today and briefly identifies its difference from that of the recent past. The author defines the state of turbulence in terms of uncertainty, autonomy and control. This continuous change is seen as requiring new fundamental concepts for comprehension and pattern recognition to recreate organizations that are more relevant to their environments. In order to achieve this relevance, the role of management needs to change. This is identified, along with some principles that are presented, for effectively managing change. The utilization of strategic planning and management is discussed as an effective means of achieving relevance and managing the process of change in turbulence environments.
Strategically managing corporate external relations: New challenges and opportunities
Authors: Fleisher Craig S. , Hoewing Raymond L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCorporate external relations refers to relationships between organizations and stakeholders/issues in the public policy (i.e., non market/sociopolitical) environment. This article focuses specifically on public affairs, widely considered to be the most pervasive and significant corporate external relations mode. A helpful way of understanding the range of public affairs management (PAM) activities falling under the heading Corporate external relations would be the categorization provided in Table 1.