bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic calorie restriction attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Piccio Laura , Stark Jennifer L , Cross Anne H 
Published: August 2008

AbstractCalorie restriction (CR) prevents many age-associated diseases and prolongs the lifespan. CR induces multiple metabolic and physiologic modifications, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects that may be beneficial in multiple sclerosis (MS). The present studies sought to determine whether CR or increased calorie intake alters the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the leading animal model for MS. SJL and C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 40% CR beginning at 5 weeks of age. After 5 weeks of CR, EAE was induced by immunizing with proteolipid protein in SJL mice and with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein in C57BL/6 mice. Clinical, histologic, and immunologic features of EAE were compared with mice fed ad libitum and to SJL mice fed a high-fat, high-calorie diet. CR ameliorated clinical EAE in both mouse strains with less severe inflammation, demyelination, and axon injury. No suppression of immune function was observed. A high-calorie diet did not alter the EAE course. CR was associated with increased plasma levels of corticosterone and adiponectin and reduced concentrations of IL-6 and leptin. The CR-induced hormonal, metabolic, and cytokine changes observed in our studies suggest a combined anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effect. CR with adequate nutrition and careful medical monitoring should be explored as a potential treatment for MS.
The Care and Treatment of the Insane Poor
Authors: Robertson C. Lockhart 
Published: August 2008

“ Insane persons are everywhere regarded as proper objects of the care of the State.”—John Stuart Mill.“Our present business is to affirm that Poor Lunatics ought to be maintained at the Public Charge. I entertain, myself, a very decided opinion that none of any class should the received for profit; but all I hope will agree that Paupers at any rate should not be the object of financial speculation.” $ Lord Ashley. (Speech in the House of Commons, 6th June, 1845.)
A Case of Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis
Authors: Clouston T. S. 
Published: August 2008

Considering the amount of attention which has lately been given to cerebro-spinal meningitis, and the obscurity which still hangs over the disease, I think the following case, which occurred in the Asylum at Carlisle, in April, 1867, worthy of record. It was a sporadic case, but its accessories and accompaniments invest it with some of the interest of those epidemics of the disease which have lately occurred:—T. C. had been a patient in the asylum for five years; he had laboured under melancholia with periodic exacerbations and suicidal tendencies. On the whole he enjoyed very fair bodily heath, except when he became somewhat weak at times from refusal of food. But he generally got over this in a few days. He had most obstinate and severe psoriasis over shoulders, arms, hands, and legs.
Physiology and Pathology of the Sympathetic System of Nerves
Authors: Eulenburg A. , Guttmann P. 
Published: August 2008

This connection may result—1st. From the presence of symptoms which resemble, or are identical with, those which we recognise as expressions of the physiological function of the sympathetic, and which we have enumerated and explained in the former part of this essay.2ndly. From pathological anatomical changes in the sym pathetic nerve.Those conditions usually go together, but not invariably; thus, the pathological alterations may be completely wanting, or, on the other hand, they may be found in cases which were not before suspected to have any connection with the sympa thetic system.We begin with the consideration of the affections of the cervical sympathetic, afterwards taking up those which pro bably have relation to some change in the thoracic and abdominal portions of that nerve.
1. German Retrospect
Authors: Ireland William W. 
Published: August 2008

In addition to the works quoted in the Journal for January, 1880, p. 576. the following periodicals have been used in making the German Retrospect :—“Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten,” ix. Band, 2 und 3 Heft, und x. Band, 1 Heft. Berlin, 1879.
A Review of the Influence of Reflex and Toxic Agencies in the Causation of Insanity and Epilepsy
Authors: Bullen F. St. John 
Published: August 2008

The object of this paper is to present in concise form recent views upon the influence of Reflex Stimulation and Toxic Agencies upon Insanity and Epilepsy. For the most part these will be dealt with together, although the influence of reflex irritation will of necessity be chiefly confined to epilepsy. With regard to both insanity and epilepsy, cases will occur in which it is impossible to decide whether a reflex or toxic condition originates the mischief. It must not be supposed that these views are novel, except in their development. Both Abercrombie and Henry Monro long ago discussed these theories. The latter acute observer, in his “Remarks on Insanity” (1851), dwells at length on both toxic and auto-toxic origins of insanity, and his views even at the present day may be considered with interest and advantage. Since this time there has been a continual increase of experimental and clinical evidence lending support to the theories advanced. It is the purpose of this paper to state dispassionately the accumulated observations upon this subject. Some apparent contradictions arise at the outset; amongst these are—(1) Any given disorder may survive the removal of its supposed cause.(2) Given in two different cases the operation of precisely similar morbid conditions, the same results are certainly not invariably met with.
Insanity of Conduct
Authors: Savage Geo. H. , Mercier C. 
Published: August 2008

Dr. Savage.Gentlemen,—I feel that some apology is due in bringing before you a series of rather trivial cases of mental disorder, in which there is nothing very new, and whose interest really lies in their being placed together for special consideration. Experience teaches me that one may often learn more from the slighter deviation from health than from the more serious perversions. In the former one may watch the details much more readily than one can in the latter.
Craniectomy, with the After-History of Two Cases
Authors: Telford-Smith T. 
Published: August 2008

(With Plates).When Lannelongue published † his accounts of his first cases of craniectomy for microcephalus, the hope was raised that microcephalic idiocy would prove a curable form of mental deficiency, and would come to be classed among the ordinary surgical diseases of children, as being mainly a bony deformity to be remedied by the use of the knife and the saw; and though Lannelongue himself did not follow Virchow's teaching and regard premature ossification of the cranial sutures as the primary cause of microcephalus, but attributed it to its actual cause, namely, arrested development of the brain, still he considered that there was undue compression and consequent dwarfing due to bony pressure, and that craniectomy would relieve this and lead to increase of brain growth.
Winner of the Gaskell Prize
Authors: Dawson William Richard 
Published: August 2008

The following were the written questions:—1.—Give in detail the pathological changes found microscopically in the Cerebral Convolutions and Meninges in General Paralysis of the Insane. 2.—What are the mental symptoms which occur in Myxódema? How do you explain them? What is the cerebral pathology of this disease? 3.—Define “Judgment.” What is the difference between Judgment and Reasoning P What is the relation to Judgment of (a) Hesitation and (b) Doubt? 4.—To what morbid changes are the cells of the fifth layer of the Cortex liable, and in what form of insanity are these cells specially affected? 5.—Is there a distinct form of insanity which may properly be termed homicidal mania? If so, describe its characters and show how it differs from other forms of insanity accompanied by homicidal propensities. 6.—To what extent may the advent of puberty be regarded as a cause of insanity? What do you consider to be the mode of its operation?
On some points concerning the Degeneration of the Neuron
Authors: Mott F. W. 
Published: August 2008

Dr. Mott gave a demonstration by means of lantern slides and microscopical specimens to illustrate “some points concerning the degeneration of the neuron.”He pointed out that the “neuron” must be considered as a very complex cell with processes, of which, as Golgi had maintained, one is the neuraxon or axis cylinder process, the others dendrons. The dendrons receive the impulse which, passing through the cell, is conveyed to the neuraxon. Every neuron is an independent protoplasmic unit, anatomically distinct, in contiguity with other neurons, but not in continuity.
Some Observations on Early Nervous and Mental Cases, with Suggestions as to Possible Improvement in our Methods of dealing with them
Authors: Boyle A. Helen 
Published: August 2008

It is quite likely with regard to the title of this paper that critics may say—“Why cannot the writer say clearly what she is going to talk about? The words ‘early nervous and mental,’ cover so enormous an area,” or again “Why in any case should we of the Medico-Psychological Association be troubled with the word ‘nervous’ ; surely that pertains exclusively to the Neurological Society? Why should nerves—inferior spinal things—be mentioned in the august presence of those con cerned with the brain?” and yet there is no nerve of interest in the healthy human being which is not interdependent upon, or in close association with a brain. It is inconceivable that any nerve should suffer and leave the brain unaffected, if not from impressions sent up and down, then from absence of impres sions, and it is upon this vital essential oneness of the whole nervous system that I wish to lay stress to-day.
Anti-Malarial Work At the Central Mental Hospital, Tanjong Rambutan, Malaya
Authors: Samuels W. F. 
Published: August 2008

The subject of anti-malarial work in the tropics is one of paramount importance, but I am somewhat diffident in bringing such a subject before the Royal Medico-Psychological Association. However, if not of value, the paper may be of interest.In dealing with anti-malarial work one can more or less confine one's attention to the anopheline mosquito. It is, however, advisable to deal with other varieties as well, since, though they do not carry malaria, they carry other diseases, for instance Culex fatigans carries filaria, and Stegomyia carries yellow fever. Fortunately, there is very little filaria in Malaya, and no yellow fever; but it has been found that Stegomyia fasciata carries dengue. Also with the opening up of fast new air routes, one has no guarantee that yellow fever will not be introduced into the country, and, seeing the large number of stegomyia there is in Malaya, the result would be disastrous.
The Development of the Cortex and the Functions of its Layers
Authors: Kappers C. U. Ariëns 
Published: August 2008

The functions of the different layers of the neocortex are a matter of great importance to the neurologist.The character of the neocortex and the significance of its different layers are, however, most easily understood when compared with the older forms of cortex, the primary olfactory cortex, which I have called palœocortex, and the secondary olfactory cortex or archicortex.
The Differentiation of Neuroses and Manic-Depressive Psychoses
Authors: Curran Desmond 
Published: August 2008

The title of this paper will suggest a number of problems which are still the subject of considerable controversy.Thus, some authorities appear to uphold the general proposition that there is a fundamental and clear-cut distinction between all neuroses (or psychoneuroses) on the one hand, and all psychoses on the other.
Has Fear Any Therapeutic Significance in Convulsion Therapy?
Authors: Cook L. C. 
Published: August 2008

It is not uncommonly believed that convulsion treatment produces its successes mainly or entirely through the fear which it engenders. This opinion, more often implied than definitely stated, has been crystallized by McCowan (1), who boldly wrote:“No reasonable explanation of the action of hypoglycæmic shock or of epileptic fits in the cure of schizophrenia is forthcoming, and I would suggest as a possibility that as with the surprise bath and the swinging bed, the ‘modus operandi’ may be the bringing of the patient into touch with reality through the strong stimulation of the emotion of fear,” and “that the intense apprehension felt by the patient after an injection of cardiazol, and so feared by the patient, may be akin to the apprehension of the patient threatened with the swinging bed. The exponents of the latter pointed out that fear of repetition was an important element in success.”
Physical Types and Their Relations to Psychotic Types
Authors: Cohen J. I. 
Published: August 2008

The object of this paper is to test the following two hypotheses:
1.That the physique of female adults can be regarded as the resultant of two independent modes of variation, one determining differences in size or bulk, and the other determining differences in proportion or type.2.That a relation exists between schizophrenia and manic-depres
sion, on the one hand, and differences in physical proportion or type, on the other.
On the Use of Belladonna in the Treatment of Epilepsy
Authors: Ramskill  
Published: August 2008

We give the following summary of Dr. Ramskill's views on the treatment of epilepsy by belladonna.“Concerning the treatment by, and action of, belladonna, I will give you, in a short compass, the results of my experience in its use. First, you must not always, nor even usually, look for immediate and palpable beneficial results. The number of fits at first may not lessen in equal times; very frequently the reverse obtains; and you may expect, for three or four weeks after commencing it, even in the most appropriate cases, a complaint that the patient gets worse; but, after six or eight weeks, if any amelioration occur, it will be decided and progressive. At first, the dose should be very small, and gradually augmented until the pupil shows signs of its action, and the patient complains of both alteration in sight and dryness of throat.
Prognostic Utility of the 21-Gene Assay in Hormone Receptor–Positive Operable Breast Cancer Compared With Classical Clinicopathologic Features
Authors: Goldstein Lori J. , Gray Robert , Badve Sunil , Childs Barrett H. , Yoshizawa Carl , Rowley Steve , Shak Steven , Baehner Frederick L. , Ravdin Peter M. , Davidson Nancy E. , Sledge George W. , Perez Edith A. , Shulman Lawrence N. , Martino Silvana , Sparano Joseph A. 
Published: August 2008

Purpose Adjuvant! is a standardized validated decision aid that projects outcomes in operable breast cancer based on classical clinicopathologic features and therapy. Genomic classifiers offer the potential to more accurately identify individuals who benefit from chemotherapy than clinicopathologic features. Patients and Methods A sample of 465 patients with hormone receptor (HR) –positive breast cancer with zero to three positive axillary nodes who did (n = 99) or did not have recurrence after chemohormonal therapy had tumor tissue evaluated using a 21-gene assay. Histologic grade and HR expression were evaluated locally and in a central laboratory. Results Recurrence Score (RS) was a highly significant predictor of recurrence, including node-negative and node-positive disease (P < .001 for both) and when adjusted for other clinical variables. RS also predicted recurrence more accurately than clinical variables when integrated by an algorithm modeled after Adjuvant! that was adjusted to 5-year outcomes. The 5-year recurrence rate was only 5% or less for the estimated 46% of patients who have a low RS (< 18). Conclusion The 21-gene assay was a more accurate predictor of relapse than standard clinical features for individual patients with HR-positive operable breast cancer treated with chemohormonal therapy and provides information that is complementary to features typically used in anatomic staging, such as tumor size and lymph node involvement. The 21-gene assay may be used to select low-risk patients for abbreviated chemotherapy regimens similar to those used in our study or high-risk patients for more aggressive regimens or clinical trials evaluating novel treatments.
Adult progenitor cells in vascular remodeling during atherosclerosis
Authors: Hristov Mihail , Zernecke Alma , Schober Andreas , Weber Christian 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe mobilization and recruitment of bone marrow-derived, circulating or tissue resident progenitor cells giving rise to smooth muscle-like cells have been implicated in neointima hyperplasia after arterial injury and in accelerated forms of arterial lesion formation, e.g., transplant arteriopathy or graft vasculopathy. By contrast, convincing evidence has emerged that the vascular homing of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) contributes to endothelial recovery, thus limiting neointima formation after arterial injury. In the chronic context of primary atherosclerosis, plaque progression and destabilization, a more complex picture has become apparent. In patients with coronary artery disease, the number and function of EPCs have been linked with an improved endothelial function or regeneration, but have been inversely correlated with cardiovascular risk. In animal models, however, the injection of bone marrow cells or EPCs, or the application of stem-cell mobilizing factors, have been associated with an exacerbation of atherosclerosis and unstable plaque phenotypes, whereas the contribution of bone marrow-derived smooth muscle progenitors to primary atherosclerosis appears to be rather confined. Here, we discuss crucial biochemical cues, namelychemokines, adhesion molecules, growth factors and pharmacological means that guide and control the context-specific mobilization, recruitment and fate of vascular progenitor cells in arterial remodeling during atherosclerosis.
Reference intervals for thyreotropin and thyroid hormones for healthy adults based on the NOBIDA material and determined using a Modular E170®
Authors: Friis-Hansen Lennart , Hilsted Linda 
Published: August 2008

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to establish Nordic reference intervals for thyreotropin (TSH) and the thyroid hormones in heparinized plasma.: We used 489 heparinized blood samples, collected in the morning, from the Nordic NOBIDA reference material, from healthy adults without medication. TSH, thyroxine, free thyroxine, triiodothyronine, free triiodothyronine, and thyroglobulin antibodies (Tg-ab) were measured using assays for Roche Modular E170: The measured concentrations for the thyroid hormones, but not TSH, followed a Gaussian distribution. There were more TPO-ab and Tg-ab positive women than men. After exclusion of the TPO-ab and the Tg-ab positive individuals, the reference interval TSH was 0.64 (0.61–0.72) to 4.7 (4.4–5.0) mIU/L. The exclusion of these ab-positive samples also minimized the differences in TSH concentrations between the sexes and the different Nordic countries. For the thyroid hormones, there were only minor differences between the reference intervals between the Nordic populations and between men and women. These reference intervals were unaffected by removal of the TPO-ab and TG-ab positive samples.: The upper limit of the TSH reference interval in our study is high compared to some other recent reports. This could be due to blood sampling in the morning. Furthermore, the Roche platform gives slightly higher results than other platforms. The number and distribution of the samples in the NOBIDA material makes it suitable for the determination of hormone Nordic reference intervals.Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:1305–12.
Gastric Volvulus in Infants and Children
Authors: Cribbs Randolph Kyle , Gow Kenneth William , Wulkan Mark Lewis 
Published: August 2008

INTRODUCTION. Gastric volvulus is an important cause of nonbilious emesis that must be recognized early to ensure a good outcome. We reviewed 7 cases from our institution, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta (Egleston campus). In addition, we reviewed all gastric volvulus cases in children published to date in the English literature to draw general conclusions about the presentation and treatment of this unusual disease.METHODS. An electronic literature search was performed to find all published cases of pediatric gastric volvulus. The care of all children from January 2002 to December 2007 who were treated for gastric volvulus was also reviewed.RESULTS. There have been 581 cases of gastric volvulus in children published in English between 1929 and 2007. Of these, 252 were acute and 329 were chronic cases. The most common presentation of acute gastric volvulus is in a child &lt;5 years old with nonbilious emesis, epigastric distention, and abdominal pain. Acute gastric volvulus is often associated with deformities of adjacent organs. Definitive diagnosis is made with upper gastrointestinal studies, and definitive therapy requires repair of associated defects and anterior fixation of the stomach to the abdominal wall. The most common presentation of chronic volvulus is in an infant &lt;1 year old with emesis, epigastric distention, feeding difficulties, and growth failure. Treatment may be medical or surgical depending on the underlying etiology of the volvulus.CONCLUSIONS. Acute gastric volvulus is a potentially life-threatening occurrence with a good outcome when treated in a timely fashion. Chronic volvulus may be more difficult to recognize. The common features of acute and chronic gastric volvulus described in this review should assist pediatric health care providers in promptly diagnosing and treating this disease.
Efficacy and Safety of Technosphere Inhaled Insulin Compared With Technosphere Powder Placebo in Insulin-Naive Type 2 Diabetes Suboptimally Controlled With Oral Agents
Authors: Rosenstock Julio , Bergenstal Richard , DeFronzo Ralph A. , Hirsch Irl B. , Klonoff David , Boss Anders H. , Kramer David , Petrucci Richard , Yu Wen , Levy Brian ,   for the 0008 Study Group
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE—This double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, multicenter, parallel-group study compared the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of Technosphere insulin with Technosphere powder as placebo in insulin-naive type 2 diabetic patients whose diabetes was suboptimally controlled with oral antidiabetic agents.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Patients (n = 126) were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of therapy with Technosphere insulin or Technosphere powder after lifestyle education on nutrition, exercise, and instructions on inhaler use. The primary efficacy outcome was change in A1C from baseline to study end, and the secondary efficacy outcome was area under the curve for postprandial glucose levels during a meal test at treatment weeks 4, 8, and 12.
RESULTS—A1C reduction from a mean baseline of 7.9% was greater with Technosphere insulin than with Technosphere powder (−0.72 vs. −0.30%; P = 0.003). Postprandial glucose excursions were reduced by 56% with Technosphere insulin compared with baseline, and maximal postprandial glucose levels were reduced by 43% compared with Technosphere powder. Incidences of hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, cough, and other adverse events were low in both groups. Body weight was unchanged in both groups.
CONCLUSIONS—Technosphere insulin was well tolerated and demonstrated significant improvement in glycemic control with clinically meaningful reductions in A1C levels and postprandial glucose concentrations after 12 weeks of treatment.