bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative analysis of nasal and oral mucosa dendritic cells
Authors: Allam J.‐P. , Niederhagen B. , Bücheler M. , Appel T. , Betten H. , Bieber T. , Bergé S. , Novak N. 
Published: November 2005

Background:  Mucosal dendritic cells (DC) play a crucial role in tolerance induction as seen in mucosal immunotherapy of atopic diseases. Nevertheless little is known about the phenotypical differences of oral and nasal mucosal DC (nmDC). Recently, we could show that oral mucosal myeloid CD1a+ DC (omDC) differ from their skin counterparts especially by the expression of high affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (IgE; FcɛRI). However, expression pattern of FcɛRI and phenotypical characteristics of CD1a+ nmDC have not been elucidated in detailed yet.Methods:  We performed detailed phenotypical comparison of nmDC and omDC of atopic and nonatopic individuals.Results:  As reported for omDC, FcɛRI on nmDC of atopic donors was elevated and mostly occupied by IgE while FcɛRI was present only in low amounts on nmDC of nonatopic donors. Nevertheless, the highest FcɛRI expression has been observed on omDC. Furthermore, significant amounts of costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86 could be detected on nmDC that expressed more CD80 compared with omDC. Moreover, nmDC displayed less major histocompatability complex (MHC) class I and II molecules than omDC. In addition, nmDC expressed more C‐type lectins CD205, CD206 as well as myeloid marker CD11b while omDC displayed increased expression of CD207 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor CD14.Conclusion:  Together these data imply that nmDC phenotypical differ from omDC which might result in diverse functional properties and might be of relevance for selecting routes for immunotherapy of atopic diseases. Moreover these data provide a basis for further studies investigating immunological mechanisms underlying mucosal immunotherapy.
Pollination ecology, genetic diversity and selection on nectar spur length inPlatanthera lacera(Orchidaceae)
Authors: LITTLE KAREN J. , DIERINGER GREGG , ROMANO MICHAEL 
Published: November 2005

AbstractPlatanthera lacera(Orchidaceae) is a moth‐pollinated, loess prairie orchid producing a raceme of one to many whitish‐green flowers. Field studies on a western Illinois population found the crepuscular visiting noctuid moth,Anagrapha falcifera(Noctuidae), to be the most frequent pollinator with occasional visits fromAllagrapha aerea(Noctuidae). Visitation rates, assessed by removal of at least one pollinium, were relatively high (84.9%) and fruit production on experimentally outcrossed flowers (94.4%) was higher than open‐pollinated plants (71.4%). Experimental pollination showedP. lacerato be highly self‐compatible (94.1%) with a low level of autogamy (8.2%). Measurements taken from 598 spurs on 44 plants indicated that nectar spur length varied significantly among plants (10.9–17.1 mm, mean 14.3 mm), but was not under selective pressure from visitation byAn. falcifera(mean proboscis length 11.1 mm). The absence of selective pressure on nectar spur length is likely to be explained by occasional pollinating visits fromAl. aerea(proboscis length 18 mm) and a limited amount of autogamy. Electrophoretic analysis of 12 enzymes revealed seven polymorphic loci. Mean levels of heterozygosity were He = 0.3384, Ho = 0.3229 and F = 0.0458, indicating thatP. lacerais primarily an outcrossing species dependent on noctuid moth pollination.
Pollination of Alocasia cucullata (Araceae) by two Colocasiomyia flies known to be specific pollinators for Alocasia odora
Authors: MIYAKE TAKASHI , YAFUSO MASAKO 
Published: November 2005

AbstractTwo aroid congeners, Alocasia odora and Alocasia cucullata, grow on Okinawa Island, Japan. Two floricolous species of Colocasiomyia alocasiae and Colocasiomyia xenalocasiae (Diptera: Drosophilidae), previously known to be specific pollinators for A. odora, were found pollinating A. cucullata. We collected the floral volatiles of A. odora and A. cucullata and compared them using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry because floral volatiles act as attractive signals for these pollinators. The volatile compositions detected were similar and dominated by methyl salicylate, 4,8‐dimethyl‐1,3,7‐nonatriene, β‐caryophyllene, bicyclogermacrene, methyl benzoate and α‐humulene, which means it is likely that the flies cannot discriminate between the two plant species when they search for hosts. Interspecific hybridization did not occur when A. odora was hand pollinated with A. cucullata pollen, suggesting that the movement of flies from one host species to another will result in wastage of pollen. Adults of both Colocasiomyia flies emerged from A. cucullata inflorescences collected in the field, suggesting that their larvae can also develop on A. cucullata. We did not find any difference in larval performance of C. alocasiae on A. cucullata or A. odora. C. alocasiae does not appear to suffer any ill effects when using A. cucullata as a host plant. The partnership between A. cucullata and the two Colocasiomyia flies may be an example of exaptation, although other possibilities cannot be excluded.
Population and genetic status of Primula kisoana var. kisoana, a local endemic of the northern Kanto region, Japan
Authors: OHTANI MASATO , TERAUCHI HIROSHI , NISHIHIRO JUN , UENO SANEYOSHI , TSUMURA YOSHIHIKO , WASHITANI IZUMI 
Published: November 2005

Abstract Primula kisoana var. kisoana is a clonal distylous herb restricted to the Mount Narukami area of Japan. In recent years, its population has severely declined and no seed set has been observed in the natural habitat. The current status of P. k. var. kisoana was investigated to develop an effective management plan for the species. Only seven local populations, comprising less than 600 ramets, were found. The large distances between compatible pairs of genets suggest that pollen limitation may be a major cause of regeneration failure. Only 10 multilocus genotypes were found for five microsatellite loci, each of which was likely to represent a unique genet. High levels of genetic heterozygosity and no significant deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium were detected, indicating that random mating has occurred until recently. Microsatellite and chloroplast DNA polymorphism suggest that genetic differentiation has occurred between populations in different valleys. Measures to conserve the species, including the preservation of all local populations and the improvement of seed reproduction, should be applied immediately.
Life‐history monographs of Japanese plants. 4: Allium victorialis L. ssp. platyphyllum (Makino) Hultén (Alliaceae) Syn. Allium victorialis L. var. platyphyllum Makino; A. latissimum Prokh.
Authors: KAWANO SHOICHI , NAGAI YUKIO 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe life‐history characteristics of Allium victorialis ssp. platyphyllum (Alliaceae), a representative circumboreal element, are described here. This plant is a typical polycarpic perennial of lowland deciduous forests, extending its range to lower subalpine forests. It flashes in early to late April (and in May to early June at higher elevations) on the deciduous forest floor in the lowlands to lower montane zone in Hokkaido and Honshu (north of Nara Prefecture). Flowering individuals bear a single head with numerous whitish or pale purplish flowers on the top of the scape. This plant is a typical insect‐pollinated outbreeder, and representative pollinators include small flies (Diptera) and horse flies (Hymenoptera). The number of pollen grains per flower is 4.8–6 × 104, and in the 3‐locular ovary only a single ovule is produced for each locule. Pollen/ovule ratios are 1.8–2 × 104. Black ovoid seeds, measuring approximately 3 mm, are dispersed onto the soil layer in late summer. Seed germination occurs in late autumn and germinated seeds overwinter as a radicle. Seedlings with a narrow lanceolate leaf 4–5 cm long begin to appear above ground in early March of the succeeding season. In general, individuals take several years to become sexually mature, but mature individuals with two to three radical leaves will flower continuously and produce seeds.
Single‐dose dexmedetomidine reduces agitation and provides smooth extubation after pediatric adenotonsillectomy
Authors: GULER GULEN , AKIN AYNUR , TOSUN ZEYNEP , ORS SEVGI , ESMAOGLU ALIYE , BOYACI ADEM 
Published: November 2005

SummaryBackground: Dexmedetomidine has shown sedative, analgesic, and anxiolytic effects after intravenous (IV) administration. Sevoflurane is associated with a high incidence of emergence agitation in preschool children. In this placebo‐controlled study, we examined the effect of single dose dexmedetomidine on emergence agitation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy.Methods: In a double‐blinded trial, 60 children (age 3–7 years) were randomly assigned to receive dexmedetomidine 0.5 μg·kg−1IV or placebo, 5 min before the end of surgery. All patients received a standardized anesthetic regimen. For induction and maintenance of anesthesia we used sevoflurane. After surgery, the incidence and severity of agitation was measured 2 h postoperatively. The incidence of untoward airway events after extubation, such as breath holding, severe coughing, or straining were recorded. After surgery, the children's behavior and pain were assessed with a 5‐point scale.Results: The agitation and pain scores in the dexmedetomidine group were better than those in the placebo group (P < 0.05). The incidence of severe agitation (a score of 4 or more), and severe pain (a score of 3 or more) were significantly less in the dexmedetomidine group (P < 0.05). The number of severe coughs per patient in the dexmedetomidine group was significantly decreased compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Postoperative vomiting was similar in both groups. Times to emergence and extubation were significantly longer in the dexmedetomidine group (P < 0.05).Conclusions: We conclude that 0.5 μg·kg−1dexmedetomidine reduces agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy.
Turning the Whole Soul: The Educational Dialectic of a Sand County Almanac
Authors: Callicott J. Baird 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA Sand County Almanac by Aldo Leopold is arguably the most influential text for the contemporary environmental movement. It is designed to entice readers to seek direct and sustained experience of nature and to structure that experience through the lens of ecology and evolutionary biology. Part I implicitly conveys the evolutionary-ecological worldview through descriptive prose; in Part II it is expressed in more abstract, conceptual terms; Part III explores its normative implications. The wisdom of this project is problematic. Environmental education in the form of worldview remediation should be encouraged at the post-secondary level of education, but should be complemented by an effort to express positive environmental attitudes and values in terms of popular, pre-scientific worldviews—such as that of the Judeo-Christian-Islamic tradition.
The Flowering of Environmental Roots and the Four Elements in Presocratic Philosophy: From Empedocles to Deleuze and Guattari
Authors: Macauley David 
Published: November 2005

AbstractI examine the Presocratic thinker Empedocles' philosophical, poetic and religious works—Peri Phuseous (On Nature) and Katharmoi (Purifications)—in terms of their orientations, attitudes and sensibilities toward the natural environment. Through the development of an ethical and material framework centered upon the four rhizomata (roots or elements) of earth, fire, air and water, Empedocles provides an early but important understanding of ideas and issues that remain ecologically relevant today, including conceptions of pollution, the treatment of nonhuman animals, descriptions of organic processes, and the speculative underpinnings of evolutionary theory. I suggest that we can reasonably view Empedocles as kind of shaman-naturalist who is keenly aware of and empathetic with the workings of the physical world even if he is not strictly an "ancient environmentalist". Finally, I point to the post-structuralist work of Deleuze and Guattari, where we can find a critical exploration of the kind of "roots" Empedocles identifies and a defense of the notion of "rhizomes" that enables us both to observe continuities with the Presocratic philosopher and to make creative or constructive links with our modern environment.
The development of behaviour: trends since Tinbergen (1963)
Authors: Hogan Jerry , Bolhuis Johan 
Published: November 2005

AbstractNiko Tinbergen (1963) put behavioural development on the map as one of the four main problems in behavioural biology. Developmental research at the time was still in the grip of the nature/nurture debate. In his discussion, Tinbergen advocated an interactionist approach to development, which has been the main point of view in developmental research since then. In this paper, we review research in a number of different areas, including imprinting, song learning, motivational systems, human language, and attachment. It has become clear that sensitive periods are important in all these areas, and that some aspects of development are generally irreversible; but these phenomena are not as rigid as was thought previously. Similarly, predispositions, or biases, play an important role in perceptual development, but here too there is much more flexibility than is sometimes suggested. Learning mechanisms underlying imprinting and song acquisition are very similar to those underlying other forms of associative learning. Cognitive concepts such as neural representations and behaviour systems are becoming more common in the analysis of developmental questions. Finally, there are numerous parallels between developmental processes in humans and other animals.
Do ideas about function help in the study of causation?
Authors: Sherry David 
Published: November 2005

AbstractOne of Tinbergen's most lasting contributions to the study of behaviour was the distinction he drew between causal, functional, developmental, and evolutionary questions about behaviour. More recently, behavioural ecologists have claimed that understanding the function of behaviour is an important step towards understanding its causes. This claim has, in turn, been criticised for confusing the fundamental distinction that Tinbergen defined. The study of behaviour, however, usually begins by identifying units of behaviour functionally and only then proceeds to causal analysis. Research carried out on four phenomena — disassortative mating by MHC loci, memory for cache sites in food-storing birds, auditory localisation of prey by barn owls, and magnetic orientation — illustrates the contributions made to causal research through understanding the function of behaviour. Understanding function, and sometimes simply a hypothesis about function, defines the causal questions that are asked, identifies novel questions for causal investigation, and sets the criteria that causal explanations must satisfy.
Causation: the study of behavioural mechanisms
Authors: Hogan Jerry 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis paper describes current work on the causal analysis of behaviour systems. It is noted that while causal work investigating the neural, hormonal, and genetic bases of behaviour is flourishing, work being conducted at a strictly behavioural level of analysis has declined greatly over the past 40 years. Nonetheless, most recent research on animal cognition and applied ethology is still being carried out at a behavioural level of analysis and examples of both types of research are presented: memory mechanisms of food-storing birds and decisions of spider-eating jumping spiders, as well as feather pecking in fowl and animal welfare issues, are all briefly discussed. Finally, I discuss the similarities between neural network modelling and early ethological models of motivation, and then show how a modern version of Lorenz's model of motivation can account for current research findings on dustbathing in chickens and sleep in humans. I conclude that valuable information can still be obtained by research at a behavioural level of analysis.
Function and mechanism in neuroecology: looking for clues
Authors: Bolhuis Johan 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe four questions that Niko Tinbergen identified for behavioural biology — evolution, function, development and causation — are all important and should be studied in their own right. Recently, there has been a debate as to whether these four questions should be investigated separately or whether they should be integrated. Integration of the four questions has been attempted in novel research disciplines such as cognitive ecology, evolutionary psychology and neuroecology. Euan Macphail and I have criticised these integrative approaches, suggesting that they are fundamentally flawed as they confound function and mechanism. Investigating the function or evolutionary history of a behaviour or cognitive system is important and entirely legitimate. However, such investigations cannot provide us with answers to questions about the mechanisms underlying behaviour or cognition. At most, functional or evolutionary considerations can provide clues that may be useful for a causal analysis of the underlying mechanisms. However, these clues can be misleading and are often wrong, as is illustrated with examples from song learning and food storing in birds. After summarising the main issues in the neuroecology debate, I discuss some misunderstandings that were apparent in the responses to our critique, as well as some recent relevant data. Recent results do not support the neuroecological approach. Finally, I suggest that the way forward is a cautious and critical use of functional and evolutionary clues in the study of the mechanisms of behaviour.
The evolution of behaviour, and integrating it towards a complete and correct understanding of behavioural biology
Authors: Ryan Michael 
Published: November 2005

AbstractTinbergen suggested there are four major aims or questions in ethology. All of these contribute to the larger single question of why animals behave as they do. Here, I emphasise one aim, to understand the evolution of behaviour. Using studies of sexual communication in túngara frogs (Physalaemus pustulosus) I attempt to illustrate how an analysis of the past evolution of behaviour can contribute to our understanding of its current function and the details of the mechanisms guiding it. I argue that integration of Tinbergen's four questions not only give us a more complete understanding of the biology of behaviour, it might be necessary to give us a correct understanding.
Parameterization of Eddy Effects on Mixed Layers and Tracer Transport: A Linearized Eddy Perspective
Authors: Killworth Peter D. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Two aspects of the effects of eddies on ocean circulation have proven difficult to parameterize: eddy effects in regions of neutrally stable (or convecting) fluid and the mixing of passive tracers. The effects of linearized eddies, although a restrictive parameter regime, can be straightforwardly computed in these cases. The eddy effects in areas of neutral stability—for example, mixed layers—blend naturally into those in the stably stratified water below, although losing the concept of bolus velocity. Instead, the mixed layer density is advected by an extra overturning velocity and is diffused laterally by a diffusion that is the same as the eddy diffusion at the top of the stably stratified fluid. Passive tracers are advected by the bolus velocity and mixed by the same diffusivity as is used to compute the bolus velocity at that location, so that two different diffusivities are not needed.
Water Mass Transformation and Subduction in the South Atlantic
Authors: Donners J. , Drijfhout S. S. , Hazeleger W. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The transformation of water masses induced by air–sea fluxes in the South Atlantic Ocean is calculated with a global ocean model, Ocean Circulation and Climate Advanced Modeling (OCCAM), and has been compared with several observational datasets. Air–sea interaction supplies buoyancy to the ocean at almost all density levels. The uncertainty of the estimates of water mass transformations is at least 10 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), largely caused by the uncertainties in heat fluxes. Further analysis of the buoyancy budget of the mixed layer in the OCCAM model shows that diffusion extracts buoyancy from the water column at all densities. In agreement with observations, water mass formation of surface water by air–sea interaction is completely balanced by consumption from diffusion. There is a large interocean exchange with the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Intermediate water is imported from the Pacific, and light surface water is imported from the Indian Ocean. South Atlantic Central Water and denser water masses are exported to the Indian Ocean. The air–sea formation rate is only a qualitative estimate of the sum of subduction and interocean exchange. Subduction generates teleconnections between the South Atlantic and remote areas where these water masses reemerge in the mixed layer. Therefore, the subduction is analyzed with a Lagrangian trajectory analysis. Surface water obducts in the South Atlantic, while all other water masses experience net subduction. The subducted Antarctic Intermediate Water and Subantarctic Mode Water reemerge mainly in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current farther downstream. Lighter waters reemerge in the eastern tropical Atlantic. As a result, the extratropical South Atlantic has a strong link with the tropical Atlantic basin and only a weak direct link with the extratropical North Atlantic. The impact of the South Atlantic on the upper branch of the thermohaline circulation is indirect: water is significantly transformed by air–sea fluxes and mixing in the South Atlantic, but most of it reemerges and subducts again farther downstream.
Estimating Eddy Stresses by Fitting Dynamics to Observations Using a Residual-Mean Ocean Circulation Model and Its Adjoint
Authors: Ferreira David , Marshall John , Heimbach Patrick 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
A global ocean circulation model is formulated in terms of the “residual mean” and used to study eddy–mean flow interaction. Adjoint techniques are used to compute the three-dimensional eddy stress field that minimizes the departure of the coarse-resolution model from climatological observations of temperature. The resulting 3D maps of eddy stress and residual-mean circulation yield a wealth of information about the role of eddies in large-scale ocean circulation. In eddy-rich regions such as the Southern Ocean, the Kuroshio, and the Gulf Stream, eddy stresses have an amplitude comparable to the wind stress, of order 0.2 N m−2, and carry momentum from the surface down to the bottom, where they are balanced by mountain form drag. From the optimized eddy stress, 3D maps of horizontal eddy diffusivity κ are inferred. The diffusivities have a well-defined large-scale structure whose prominent features are 1) large values of κ (up to 4000 m2 s−1) in the western boundary currents and on the equatorial flank of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and 2) a surface intensification of κ, suggestive of a dependence on the stratification N 2. It is shown that implementation of an eddy parameterization scheme in which the eddy diffusivity has an N 2 dependence significantly improves the climatology of the ocean model state relative to that obtained using a spatially uniform diffusivity.