bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Bosporus and Sindike in the Era of Leukon I. New Epigraphic Publications
Authors: Tokhtas'ev Sergei 
Published: July 2006

AbstractI. The author returns to the analysis (see Hyperboreus. 1998, 4/2, 286-301; cf. SEG, XLVIII, 1027) of an epigram of the Bosporan tyrant Leukon I from the Semibratnee site (Labrys) on the occasion of Yu. G. Vinogradov's posthumous publication (VDI, 2002, No 3). Although Vinogradov accepted the most important of the author's readings, some of the interpretations suggested by him were erroneous, as the author strives to prove (see also A. J. Graham's observations). The inscription is analyzed from the point of view of its language and style. As a historical source, the epigram is discussed in the second part of the article together with a new inscription from Nymphaion.II. As early as the end of the 5th c. BC (or even earlier) Bosporan tyrant Satyros I made Sindike Bosporus' vassal (Polyaen. VIII. 55). The Labrys epigram tells us about Leukon I, «archon of the Bosporus and Theodosia» helping Hekataios, king of the Sindoi, dethroned by his own son, obviously in order to take possession of Sindike de jure. A new votive inscription from Nymphaion published by O. Yu. Sokolova and N. A. Pavlichenko (Hyperboreus, 2002, 8/1, 99-121) sheds new light on the further history of the forming of the Bosporan state in the 1st half of the 4th century BC. Leukon is called here «archon of the Bosporus, Theodosia, all Sindike, Toretai, Dandarioi, Psessoi». The author believes that the epithet «all» is applied to Sindike for expressiveness and implies in fact the land which belonged to Hekataios. The author supposes that the neighboring barbarians were annexed by a treaty, and the power of their own kings was abolished, this fact explaining why Greek poleis and the barbarians were politically equal. No doubt, Leukon soon had to be disappointed in the possibility of governing barbarians in the same way as Greeks. According to the inscription CIRB 6a Sindoi were still under Leukon's rule as archon, but for the rest of the barbarians he was a king. However, in the later inscriptions CIRB 6, 8, 1037, 1038 the standard formula appears: «Leukon, archon of the Bosporus and Theodosia, king of Sindoi, Toretai, etc.» The change in the political status of the barbarians was probably connected with their efforts to get free from the power of the Bosporus. The Greek cities of the Bosporus and Theodosia preserved their formal autonomy and citizenship, but the barbarians were turned into dependent population.
Marine Boundaries: States and the United States
Authors: Mangone Gerard 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMarine boundaries between states of the United States and between the states and the United States have a long and contentious history. Disputes have arisen between states separated by a river and between states in extending their land boundaries seaward. Especially since the Submerged Lands Act of 1953, disputes between states and the federal United States over title to valuable resources in the three-mile coastal area measured from the shoreline have been sharp and continuous. The legal basis for the delimitation of marine zones, including common law, statutes and international law, has been explored, indicating the reliance of courts on all three sources plus equitable principles.
A review of the biology and genetics of sea lice
Authors: Boxaspen Karin 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Studies of the biology of sea lice have been conducted from various perspectives for two decades. For Lepeophtheirus spp., most of the published literature has centred on the economically important Lepeophtheirus salmonis, while for Caligus spp., research has focused on a wider range of species. The most numerous species of Caligus in North Atlantic waters, however, is Caligus elongatus, which is also economically important to salmon farming. Since the last review by Pike, A. W., and Wadsworth, S. L. (1999. Sea lice on salmonids: their biology and control. Advances in Parasitology, 44: 234–337.), research on sea lice has developed considerably, including the application of genetic methods. This new research has focused on life history biology, studying developmental stages under different environmental conditions (e.g. temperature and salinity), behaviour, distribution and the dispersal of free-living stages, monitoring practices, population structure, and modelling. The results of this research have informed risk analyses and allowed the refinement of management strategies to reduce sea lice infestations in wild and farmed populations of anadromous salmonids. Molecular techniques have been used to describe population structure and identify differences in genetic characterization of geographically separate populations and population markers. Research has been initiated to understand the parasite–host relationship at a molecular level and to develop a vaccine against sea lice.
The feeding behaviour of cultured and wild Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the Louvenga River, Kola Peninsula, Russia
Authors: Orlov Alexander V. , Gerasimov Yuri V. , Lapshin Oleg M. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
An underwater survey was conducted in the Louvenga River to investigate the behaviour and distribution of juvenile Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and the adaptation of cultured fish to the natural environment. The food and feeding habits of 34 wild and 44 cultured parr released from the Kandalaksha hatchery were also studied. The cultured salmon fed mostly in the bottom 15 cm of the water column in current velocities of 0.2–0.35 m s−1. In contrast to wild fish, when cultured fish moved away from these areas and into areas with higher current velocities (average speeds of 0.52 m s−1) and lower drift density (2.66 particles m−3), they did not show a tendency to return to slower moving water. The diet of cultured parr was made up of benthic invertebrates (20%), terrestrial insects (32%), and drift items (33%), but these proportions were different in the diet of wild parr (2%, 24%, and 67%, respectively), with drift items predominating. The mean quantity of food per stomach indicated that the wild parr were feeding more actively than cultured parr. Invertebrates made up 3% of items in the drift, with the remaining 97% being exuvia of aquatic and terrestrial insects, algae, and various plant remains. Poor quality food items were found in 13% and 25% of the stomachs of wild and cultured parr, respectively, demonstrating that the cultured parr were less able to differentiate food items in the water column and made 20–30% more false feeding attempts than wild fish. The cultured parr were also more aggressive in terms of the frequency of aggressive interactions and reacted to each other at greater distances than wild fish. Thus, wild parr were able to optimize their feeding conditions by choosing habitats with preferred sizes of food items, higher densities of drift items, and current velocities that allowed them to maintain station and to feed more effectively. Conversely, cultured parr usually occupied suboptimal areas.
Joint estimation of calibration and expression for high-density oligonucleotide arrays
Authors: Oberg Ann L. , Mahoney Douglas W. , Ballman Karla V. , Therneau Terry M. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Motivation: The need for normalization in microarray experiments has been well documented in the literature. Currently, many analysis methods treat normalization and analysis as a series of steps, with summarized data carried forward to the next step.
Results: We present a unified algorithm which incorporates normalization and class comparison in one analysis using probe level perfect match and mismatch data. The algorithm is based on calibration models common to most biological assays, and the resulting chip-specific parameters have a natural interpretation. We show that the algorithm fits into the statistical generalized linear models framework, describe a practical fitting strategy and present results of the algorithm applied to an example dataset as well as based on metrics used in affycomp. The algorithm ranks amongst the top third of the affycomp competitors, performing best in measures of bias.
Availability: R functions are available on request from the authors.
Contact: oberg.ann@mayo.edu
The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) skin test in systemic lupus erythematosus.
Authors: JOHANSSON E.A , NIEMI K-M. , LASSUS A. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY
A total of fifty-five biopsies from fifty-two intradermal DNA skin tests were studied. The biopsies were taken 6, 8–10,24 or 48 h after the injection of the DNA material. Necrosis of the vessel wall was taken to be the main characteristic of a specific reaction. In forty of the fifty-two tests the results of the histological evaluation closely matched the clinical results. In five of the fifteen cases with discrepancies, the histological evaluation ruled out clinically false positive test results.
In three cases of SLE on corticosteroid treatment, the histological examination gave a positive result despite a clinically negative result.
In seven of the fifteen cases the discrepancies occurred in borderline cases with reactions of 5 to 6 mm diameter.
The amount of inflammatory cells in positive as well as in negative reactions was also recorded. The number of polymorphonuclear cells in positive reactions increased with the age of the reaction. The number of lymphocytes was not found to increase in the positive reactions, thus differing from the delayed hypersensitivity type of reactions. Rather, the reaction was characterized by an Arthus type of hypersensitivity.
On the basis of the present study it may be concluded that clinically positive tests at 6 or 8 h may merely be expressions of nonspecific vascular alterations. On the other hand, in late reactions, even in patients on systemic treatment, histological examination revealed clinically negative results to be positive. By using the histological picture of hypersensitivity angiitis as the main diagnostic criterion the specificity of the clinical reactions may be established.
An improved method of assessing topical corticosteroid activity
Authors: BARNES H. , GAYLARDE P.M , BROCK A.P , SARKANY I. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY
Topical application of ointment bases causes varying degrees of epidermal thickening in guinea-pigs This is reproducible and can be accurately measured. Suppression of these changes was produced by addition of beta-methasone 17-valerate, fluocinolone acetonide, fluocinonide and hydrocortisone acetate. The inhibitory effect of these steroids was related to the type of corticosteroid, its concentration and the ointment base. The effect was still evident at extremely high dilutions of the steroids and could be measured at concentrations as low as 5 × 10-5% of fluocinonide in FAPG.
This technique has the merits of being reproducible, sensitive and accurate. It should find a place among existing methods in assaying the efficacy of topical corticosteroids and in aiding the selection of bases most suitable for formulation of these preparations.
The mitotic index in psoriatic plaques and their response to PUVA therapy
Authors: GOLDBERG L. H. , COX A. J. , ABEL E. A. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY
The mitotic index of pretreatment plaques of chronic psoriasis was determined before treatment with PUVA. There was a wide variation in mitotic indices in different patients.
Treatment was given with UV-A 2 h after oral ingestion of 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) two or three times per week, with increasing doses of UV-A. Patients were considered cleared if there was 95% clearing of all psoriatic plaques.
There was no correlation between the mitotic index and the response to treatment, as measured by either the number of joules administered or the number of treatments until the lesions cleared. This suggests that the action of PUVA in psoriasis is not dependent on the amount of increase in epidermal proliferation.
Methotrexate induced liver cirrhosis
Authors: ZACHARIAE H. , KRAGBALLE K. , SøGAARD H. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARYSeven hundred and sixty-four liver biopsies were performed in 328 psoriatics on treatment with methotrexate or being considered for systemic treatment either with methotrexate or with psoralens and long-wave ultraviolet light. The diagnosis of cirrhosis was established histologically in twenty-one patients. Two patients had cirrhosis in their premethotrexate biopsy and were not given methotrexate. The remainder all showed no signs of cirrhosis or fibrosis in their premethotrexate biopsy. The difference between the methotrexate treated psoriatics and the premethotrexate group was highly significant. Among thirty-nine patients treated for more than 5 years, ten developed cirrhosis (25.6%). Almost all patients were on a divided dose intermittent oral dosage schedule. The cumulative dose of methotrexate, when cirrhosis was first found, ranged from 590 to 8105 mg, with an average dosage of 2200 mg. Other factors contributing to cirrhosis in this study seem to be previous treatment with arsenic, a previous intake of alcohol, and lowered renal function.Data on later serial biopsies from fourteen patients, of which eleven continued to receive methotrexate due to very severe psoriasis, seem to indicate that methotrexate induced liver cirrhosis is not of a very aggressive nature. When evaluated blind no progression was found in most of the later biopsies, and a ‘cumulative cirrhosis index’ composed of the combined gradings for fibrosis, assessment of membrana limitans, fibrous destruction and regeneration showed a tendency to decrease. In three patients the latest of the serial biopsies showed no cirrhosis. The observation period on continued methotrexate therapy ranged from 1 to 7 years. None of the patients with cirrhosis differed from the remaining patients on methotrexate in their laboratory results for evaluating liver damage, and apart from transient increases in serum glutamic pyruvic transaminases no abnormalities were found.The data support the necessity of liver biopsies in the control of psoriatics treated with methotrexate. Liver biopsies should be performed at least in all psoriatics in whom a cumulative dosage of methotrexate exceeds 1.5g. The data also indicate that methotrexate can be continued at least for a while in patients where the indication is strong enough, if the dosage is maintained as low as possible and alcohol consumption avoided.
Transient acantholytic dermatosis
Authors: HEENAN P. J. , QUIRK C. J. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY
A series of twenty-four cases of transient acantholytic dermatosis (TAD) is presented. All patients were male and their eruptions tended to be more persistent than those of previously reported cases. The epidermal changes included four patterns of acantholysis, of which the pemphigus-like pattern was associated with the more persistent eruptions. Although twenty-three of the twenty-four patients had other actinic-associated skin lesions, no direct relationship between the onset of TAD and episodes of excessive sun exposure was found. Oral vitamin A treatment has been effective in some cases.
Histochemical staining of sunburn cells for sulphhydryl and disulphide groups: a time course study
Authors: DANNO KIICHIRO , HORIO TAKESHI 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY
Ultraviolet light (UV)-exposed rabbit skin was stained with a fluorescent thiol reagent or haematoxylin and eosin to investigate a time relationship between histochemical stainings for sulphhydryl (-SH) and disulphide (S-S) groups and sunburn cell (SBC) production. SBCs appeared by 8 h after irradiation, increased and showed a peak at 48 h, then declined to zero by 96 h. SBCs showing -SH staining increased to a maximum of 41–59% at 24–48 h and declined to 26–45% by 72 h, whereas S-S-stained SBCs were only a few at 8–24 h and then increased up to 65–85% by 72 h. The results seem to indicate that S-S linkage may occur in the process of SBC production.
Clinical value of serum γ-glutamyl transferase estimation in porphyria cutanea tarda
Authors: ADJAROV D. , IVANOV E. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY
Serum γ-glutamyl transferase was elevated fourfold in all thirty-four new cases of porphyria cutanea tarda. Phlebotomy treatment decreased it. The twelve patients in relapse showed a considerable increase, while those in remission tended to a gradual elevation in the enzyme over the course of years. γ-Glutamyl transferase is a useful auxiliary parameter in porphyria cutanea tarda particularly in untreated cases.
A histometric and autoradiographic study of hydrocortisone action in cultured human epidermis
Authors: TAMMI RAIJA 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARYPieces of human skin maintained their viability, grew and differentiated for at least 10 days in chemically defined (serum-free) culture conditions. Physiological concentrations of hydrocorti sone, added to the cultures, were shown to cause thinning of epidermis, which was due to decreased rate of epidermal proliferation. The relative volume of normal, orthokeratotic stratum corneum with underlying granular cells was increased concomitantly with epidermal thinning. The present findings show that even small concentrations of the hormone influence epidermal cell proliferation and suggest that hydrocortisone has a physiological role in keratinization. The possibility of using human skin culture in the assessment of the antiproliferative and atrophogenic action of synthetic glucocorticoids is discussed.
Sclerosing lipogranuloma of the male genitalia: ultrastructural study
Authors: CLAUDY A. , GARCIER F. , SCHMITT D. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY
Ultrastructural study of a case of sclerosing lipogranuloma showed a predominantly histiocytic-like cell infiltrate with numerous intracytoplasmic vacuoles of varied sizes without any limiting membrane and located in the deep dermis and subcutaneous fat. Fibroblasts appeared normal. Polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages were absent. This appearance was different from that described in ‘classical’ phagocytosis, mucopolysaccharidoses or polyvinylpyrrolidone storage syndrome.
Circulating testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin and prolactin in women with late onset or persistent acne vulgaris
Authors: DARLEY C.R. , KIRBY J.D. , BESSER G.M. , MUNRO D.D. , EDWARDS C.R.W. , REES L.H. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARYSerum testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and prolactin were measured in thirty-eight women with acne which persisted or started after the age of 18 years. One or more of these levels were abnormal in 76% of patients. Increased testosterone or low SHBG were present alone or in combination in 60% of patients. This group was presumed to have a raised level of non-protein bound, metabolically-available testosterone. Hyperprolactinaemia, which was present in 45% of patients, may be important in view of the reported association with increased adrenal androgens. The hormonal abnormalities may be causally related to the acne and a greater understanding of them may lead to better treatment.
Primary onycholysis of the big toenails: a review of 113 cases
Authors: BARAN R. , BADILLET G. 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY
We have reviewed the clinical and microbiological features of 113 cases of idiopathic onycholysis primarily affecting the great toenails. It is suggested that the majority of these cases were traumatic in origin. Although dermatophytes and potentially pathogenic bacteria were frequently found in the lesions, they were thought to be commensal in most cases. This is of considerable significance with regard to the selection of appropriate therapy.
Monetary Circulation and the Political History of Archaic Borysthenes
Authors: Solovyov Sergei 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe paper is devoted to the monetary circulation of Borysthenes, which was founded in the lower reaches of the rivers Hypanis and Borysthenes, and was one of the earliest Milesian colonies in the northern Black Sea area. In the second half of the 6th century BC, its monetary production consisted of cast bronze coins in the shape of small 'arrowheads' and large trapezoid segments with relief images of an arrowhead and a head of tuna fish on the both sides. If 'arrowhead' money was widespread in the region previously, the segments were found on Berezan and in its vicinity only. The issue of such money, especially those of large face-values, was the purposeful demarche of Borysthenes in the development of its own coin denomination based both on 'arrowheads' and on the weight standard of Cyzicus' coinage. Authorities of the polis appeared to attempt to underline the connection of the new money with the Phocaean weight standard or Cyzicus' coins, taking into account the major orientation of Borysthenes' economy, which was mainly based on trading and handicraft. However, both 'arrowheads' and segments were only the mark of value exchange at a conditional rate. Other cast money of the region in the Late Archaic period was 'dolphins'. They appeared to be the first Olbia polis coins. The foundation of Olbia followed Borysthenes, when, in the last quarter of the 6th century BC, a significant group of new colonists arrived to the region. The social conflict between the first settlers and the newcomers expressed in the form of a dispute between worshippers of Apollo the Healer and Apollo Delphinios. The recovery of social peace in the region was owed to an oracle of Apollo of Didyma; its text was found on Berezan. The expression of the peaceful coexistence of two forms of the cult and two groups of the settlers was obviously permitting the equivalent circulation of different polis coin forms, which were those of 'arrowheads' and 'dolphins' probably authorized by the temples of the two deities. Their symbolism was directly connected to the cults of Apollo the Healer and Apollo Delphinios, who was the patron of the Milesian colonies. Due to military and political instability in the steppe zone of the northern Black Sea area in the second and third quarters of the 5th century BC, Borysthenes lost its political independence, and was transformed into an emporion dependant on the Olbia polis, forfeiting its right to issue its own money. Some part of Borysthenes' population appeared to resettle to Kerkinitis in the northwestern Crimea, which started to issue cast cooper 'arrowhead-fish' and 'arrowhead' money in the 5th century BC.
The Caspian Conundrum: Reflections on the Interplay Between Law, the Environment and Geopolitics
Authors: Joyner Christopher , Walters Kelly Zack 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRising world demand for petroleum and natural gas makes the Caspian Sea and its resources the focus of increased international attention. This article examines the controversy over the legal condition of the Caspian Sea, both in terms of delimination questions and its status as a lake or a semi-enclosed sea. The natural resource potential of the Caspian is assessed, with a view to highlighting its hydrocarbon and fishery resources, as well as the environmental implications posed by development of industry and pipelines throughout the region. Also examined are the geopolitical priorities of the five Caspian littoral states, as well as the need to maintain the region as a zone for peaceful commercial enterprise and economic development. Toward these ends, the study concludes with an evaluation of the realistic prospects for collaboration among the Caspian states to protect the environment as evidenced by the recent negotiation of a special convention dedicated to that purpose.