bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X-RAY AND IR POINT SOURCE IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISTICS IN THE EMBEDDED, MASSIVE STAR-FORMING REGION RCW 108
Authors: Wolk Scott J. , Spitzbart Bradley D. , Bourke Tyler L. , Gutermuth Robert A. , Vigil Miquela , Comerón Fernando 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT
We report on the results of an approximately 90 ks Chandra observation of a complex region that hosts multiple sites of recent and active star formation in ARA OB1a. The field is centered on the embedded cluster RCW 108–IR and includes a large portion of the open cluster NGC 6193. We detect over 420 X-ray sources in the field and combined these data with deep near-IR, Spitzer/IRAC and Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) mid-IR data. We find about 360 of the X-ray sources have near-IR counterparts. We divide the region into five parts based on the X-ray point source characteristics and extended 8 μm emission. The most clearly defined regions are the central region, identified by embedded sources with high luminosities in the both the near-IR and X-ray as well as high X-ray temperatures (∼3 keV), and the eastern region, identified by low extinction and ∼1 keV X-ray temperatures. Other regions, identified by their directional relationship to RCW 108–IR, are less uniform—representing combinations of the first two regions, independent star formation epochs, or both. The cluster members range in X-ray luminosity from 1029 to 1033 erg s−1. Over 18% of the cluster members with over 100 counts exhibit flares. All sources with over 350 counts are variable. Overall about 10% (16% in RCW 108–IR) appear to have optically thick disks as derived from their position in the (J − H), (H − K) diagram. The disk fraction becomes much higher when IRAC data are employed. The largest fraction of X-ray sources is best described as possessing some disk material via a more detailed extinction fitting. We fit the bulk of the X-ray spectra as absorbed Raymond–Smith-type plasmas, and find that the column to the RCW 108–IR members varies from 1021 to 1023 cm−2. We find that the field contains 41 candidate O or B stars, and estimate that the total number of pre–main-sequence stars in the field is about 1600 ± 200. Approximately 800 are confined to the 3′ (∼1.1 pc) central region.
When Prayer Fails
Authors: Peters Shawn Francis 
Published: January 2008

AbstractRelying on religious traditions that date back thousands of years, many devout Christians turn to prayer rather than medicine when their children fall victim to illness or injury. Faith healers claim that their practices are effective in restoring health, but, over the past century, hundreds of children have died after being denied, because of their parents’ intense religious beliefs, the basic medical treatments furnished by physicians. The tragic deaths of these youngsters have received intense scrutiny from both the news media and public authorities seeking to protect the health and welfare of children. This book examines the complex web of legal and ethical questions that arise when criminal prosecutions are mounted against parents whose children die as a result of the phenomenon known by experts as religion-based medical neglect. Based on a wide array of primary and secondary source materials, the book explores efforts by the legal system to balance judicial protections for the religious liberty of faith healers against the state's obligation to safeguard the rights of children. Individual cases dating back to the mid-19th century are used to illuminate not only the legal issues at stake but also the profound human drama of religion-based medical neglect of children.
Honored by the Glory of Islam
Authors: Baer Marc David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Examining the historical record of Islamic conversions during the Ottoman age in a novel way, this book gathers fresh insights concerning the nature of religious conversion. Rejecting any attempt to explain Ottoman Islamization in terms of the converts' motives, the book concentrates on the proselytizers. In this case, none other than the sultan himself Mehmed IV (1648-87) is remembered as an aloof ruler whose ineffectual governing led to the disastrous siege of Vienna. Looking at previously unexamined Ottoman archival and literary texts, the book analyzes Mehmed IV's failings as a ruler by underscoring the sultan's zeal for bringing converts to Islam. As an expression of his rededication to Islam, Mehmed IV actively sought to establish his reputation as a convert-maker, convincing or coercing Christian and Jewish subjects to be “honored by the glory of Islam,” and Muslim subjects to turn to Islamic piety. Revising the conventional portrayal of a ruler so distracted by his passion for hunting that he neglected affairs of state, this book shows that Mehmed IV saw his religious involvement as central to his role as sultan. The book traces an ever-widening range of reform, conversion, and conquest expanding outward from the heart of Mehmed IV's empire.
Ambrosiaster's Political Theology
Authors: Lunn-Rockliffe Sophie 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The works of Ambrosiaster, a Christian writing in Rome in the late 4th century, were influential on at the time and throughout the Middle Ages. This book starts by addressing the problem of the author's mysterious identity (which scholars have puzzled over for centuries) and places him in a broad historical and intellectual context. Later, it addresses Ambrosiaster's political theology, an idea which has been explored in other late Roman Christian writers but which has never been addressed in his works. The book also looks at how Ambrosiaster's attitudes to social and political order were formed on the basis of theological concepts and the interpretation of scripture, and shows that he espoused a rigid hierarchical and monarchical organization in the church, society, and the Roman empire. He also traced close connections between the Devil, characterized as a rebel against God, and the earthly tyrants and usurpers who followed his example.
10 Clausewitz and Small Wars
Authors: Daase Christopher 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Despite the claims of recent critics, the transformation of warfare proves, rather than negates, the continuous relevance of Clausewitz's thinking. Clausewitz provides the means for a conceptualization of political violence, which enables us to describe changes in war, those of today as much as those of the past. His thinking embraces the emergence of guerrilla warfare and of terrorism. He offers theoretical insights into the dynamics of defence and offence, which help to explain why asymmetrical strategies and tactics are applied. And he allows us to reflect on the effects of war on both actors and structures, and helps to explain why big states often lose small wars.
The SGN comparative map viewer
Authors: Mueller Lukas A. , Mills Adri A. , Skwarecki Beth , Buels Robert M. , Menda Naama , Tanksley Steven D. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Motivation: With the rapid accumulation of genetic data for a multitude of different species, the availability of intuitive comparative genomic tools becomes an important requirement for the research community. Here we describe a web-based comparative viewer for mapping data, including genetic, physical and cytological maps, that is part of the SGN website (http://sgn.cornell.edu/) but that can also be installed and adapted for other websites. In addition to viewing and comparing different maps stored in the SGN database, the viewer allows users to upload their own maps and compare them to other maps in the system. The viewer is implemented in object oriented Perl, with a simple extensible interface to write data adapters for other relational database schemas and flat file formats.
Contact: lam87@cornell.edu
Combined Exposure to Organic Solvents: An Experimental Approach using Acetone and Ethyl Acetate
Authors: Seeber A. , Kiesswetter E. , Vangala R. R. , Blaszkewicz M. , Golka K. 
Published: January 2008

Les mécanismes additifs, tels les processus inductifs ou inhibiteurs peuvent être appréhendés comme source d'effets interactifs des substances dans les mélanges de solvants. Le plan d'expérience d'une exposition massive doit prendre en considération ces mécanismes mesurant les effets neurocomportementaux. L'acétone et les acétates d'éthyle souvent utilisés comme composants des colles furent observés en expérience comme un exemple typique d'exposition aux mélanges des solvants. Seize volontaires hommes furent exposés pendant quatre heures à la valeur allemande la plus forte en concentration sur le lieu de travail (MAK) pour les substances simples et à la moitié des deux valeurs en concentration pour les expositions combinées. De plus, une expérience fut conduite dans un air non contaminé dans la chambre d'exposition. Aucun échec de performance ne fut détecté pendant et après l'exposition en analysant les temps de réaction simple et élaboré et aussi la mémoire à court terme selon Sternberg. Des irritations durant l'exposition mesurées par questionnaires et échelles de plaintes pendant et après l'exposition indiquent les effets des substances simples et combinées. En considérant les symptômes subjectifs, les résultats permettent de poser l'hypothèse de l'additivité des composants simples.The effects of exposure to organic solvents, additive mechanisms, as well as inductive or inhibitory processes can be understood as the basis of interactional effects of the single compounds in solvent mixtures. The design of acute exposure experiments has to take into consideration these mechanisms measuring neurobehavioural effects. Acetone and ethyl acetate often used as components of glues were investigated experimentally as an example of typical exposure to solvent mixtures. Sixteen male volunteers were exposed for four hours to the German maximum allowable workplace concentrations for single substances, and to half of both concentrations for the combined exposure. A control exposure experiment was carried out in non‐contaminated air in the exposure laboratory. No performance deficits in simple and choice reaction time, or in short‐term memory according to Sternberg were detected during and after the exposure. Irritations during the exposure measured by questionnaire, and ratings of complaints during and after exposure indicate effects of the single and combined substances. The results of subjective symptoms support the assumption of additivity of the single substances.
THE MONETARY CONUNDRUM
Authors: Smith David 
Published: January 2008

The broad money supply, sterling M3, has grown by 14.1 per cent (ie an annual rate of over 30 per cent) over the past six months. Over the same period the narrow money supply definition (M1) has increased by only 4.4 per cent, while the difference between the two money supply measures — broadly speaking, the interest bearing component of sterling M3 — has grown by no less than 23.1 percent. The real economy is showing all the signs of a severe monetary squeeze with stocks and imports falling rapidly, while the balance of payments and the exchange rate are exceptionally strong. Over the past six months, industrial production (excluding North Sea oil) has fallen by 7.9 per cent while wholesale prices have risen by only 4.2 per cent. Thus, there is a double conundrum: the sharply different growth trends in M1 and sterling M3, and the contrast between the explosive growth of sterling M3 and the subdued behaviour of the real economy.One possible answer to this puzzle, spelt out in more detail in the following pages of this Forecast Release, is that the rate of interest being paid on the interest‐bearing component of sterling M3 is now abnormally high. Consequently, the asset demand for the interest‐bearing component of sterling M3 is exceptionally large, with the result that both the non‐interest‐bearing component of the money stock (ie M1) and the real economy are being squeezed Under these circumstances, the short‐run behaviour of sterling M3 may not be an entirely reliable guide to the behaviour of the real economy.
The Pound and the Punt: A Study in Exchange Rate Policy
Authors: BUDD ALAN , DICKS GEOFFREY 
Published: January 2008

The rise in sterling during 1979 and 1980 was a remarkable and largely unexpected development While it has been accepted that the rise in the exchange rate played an important part in the reduction in the UK inflation rate during 1980 it has also been suggested that the appreciation of sterling was a major cause of the fall in output, particularly in the manufacturing sector.In this Viewpoint we attempt to assess the effect of the rise in sterling on output and inflation by comparing the performance of the UK economy with that of the Irish Republic. As a member of the European Monetary System (EMS), Ireland shared the general depreciation of the European currencies against sterling. We suggest that the result has been a higher rate of inflation in Ireland than in the UK Also, although the Irish manufacturing sector avoided the UK's loss of competitiveness, the fall in manufacturing output in Ireland during 1980 was ‐ when allowance is made for a higher underlying rate of growth in Ireland ‐ comparable to that in the UK
THE REAL WAGE GAP
Authors: Robinson Bill 
Published: January 2008

Over the past year a gap has opened up between the growth of manufacturing productivity and that of real wages. This gap cannot persist indefinitely, but it can be closed in many different ways. The best that can happen is that wage settlements fall while output and productivity accelerate. The worst outcome would be continued stagnation of real output and no deceleration of wages, in which case the required productivity improvement would have to come about through renewed labour shedding. There are worrying signs that this has started to happen. An intermediate solution might involve a fall in the exchange rate, with some improvement in competitiveness boosting real output (so that UK producers get a larger share of buoyant consumer spending) and some rise in prices holding back real wages.We continue to believe that the most likely outcome is a rise in output and a fall in the rate of wage settlements. In our June forecast this occurs despite a fall in the real exchange rate. In these circumstances we expect the growth of unit labour costs to fall back from its current high level so that the current 3 per cent inflation rate becomes a true “core” rate. But a moderate fall in the real exchange rate may prove hard to achieve, especially if the oil price continues to weaken. We therefore explore what would happen if the required depreciation happens more rapidly, so that interest rates have to remain high to prevent it getting out of control. In this case we would expect lower growth and higher inflation than we forecast in June.
UTRICULARIA
Authors: LLOYD. FRANCIS E. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.The present status of our knowledge of the form and structure of the plant body in the genus Utricularia (incl. Biovularia and Pofypompholyx), apart from the formal morphological point of view, is briefly presented.The account embraces (a) the period of embryological development, during which anatomical‐nutritional relations are prominent; a very peculiar feature is the abstriction of the root pole of the embryo by the endosperm; (b) the form of the rootless definitive embryo; and (c) its behaviour during germination, of which there are several types.Then follow descriptions of the various biological forms of the so‐called leaf, stolon, tubers and resting buds.The various forms of the trap (bladder) are described. While all have the same fundamental structure, the general form may be extremely simple in bearing no appendages, or may be equally complex in having numerous appendages of various kinds. The biological meaning of these is problematical.The entrance mechanism of the trap is analysed and its mode of operation is shown. It is composed of two valves, the larger being the door, and the smaller being the velum, which overlies the edge of the larger. When the trap is set the door edge rests against an opposing surface of a ridge, the threshold, which impedes its swinging inwards, and in this position the door and the velum are mutually so adjusted as to be watertight. The setting of the trap is achieved by diffusion of water from its interior, a condition of unstable equilibrium being set up. The adjustment of the trap to this condition consists in the partial collapse of its side walls. Springing of the trap consists in disturbance of some sort of release mechanism consisting of bristles, larger or shorter trichomes, which thus distort the door, allowing the higher outer water pressure to swing it in. The entering water current carries in the prey if suitably placed.Although ali the traps known are alike in principle of action, there is a considerable diversity of form and structure. The differences lie in the relative positions of the threshold and valves, and in the relative quantitative importance of their mutual thrusts. Such differences are expressed in an extended variety of form of every part.
MINOR ELEMENTS and PLANT GROWTH
Authors: BRENCHLEY WINIFRED E. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryDuring recent years more work has been done on the practical value of minor elements than on their physiological function in the economy of the plant. There are still very few elements of which there is definite proof that traces are essential to growth.The importance of boron in plant nutrition is firmly established. Large numbers of species are now known to suffer if the boron supply is insufficient and much commercial loss can be avoided by the judicious admixture of boron compounds with fertilizers. The value of Chilean nitrate is enhanced by its boron content. The part played by boron in the metabolism of the plant, however, still remains obscure.With copper attention has been focused on the value of copper salts in rendering fertile peat, or other highly organic soils, where they are brought under the plough. ‘Reclamation disease’ can be prevented by small dressings of copper sulphate before sowing. There is little direct evidence that copper is actually essential to the plant, though the assumption is generally made from the weight of indirect proof.Plants may play an important part as carriers of the iodine that is so necessary for animals and human beings, but owing to technical difficulties it has not been possible to establish whether or not iodine is equally necessary to the plants themselves.The value of manganese as an ameliorating agent for certain plant diseases has become increasingly evident, grey speck of cereals, marsh spot of peas and certain chlorotic disorders yielding to applications of manganese salts to the soil or as sprays on the foliage. The plant composition may be affected by treatment. Toxicity due to excess manganese may be controlled to some extent by variations in light intensity. Molybdenum in herbage is recognized as an important causal factor in some animal disorders as ‘teart’ disease. In plants excess produces characteristic morphological and cytological conditions, but there are indications that in some circumstances traces of the element may prove beneficial. Selenium toxicity in plants can be controlled by the judicious use of sulphur on seleniferous soils. As the absorption of selenium is reduced in this way, the risk of poisoning for animals feeding on the herbage is also minimized. Little definite evidence of benefit to growth due to traces of the element is yet available.Among other elements comparatively little is known as to whether any one or more may be essential for plant life.Isolated instances, particularly with fungi, indicate that such possibilities exist, but much work remains to be done before any assumption in this connexion can be made. The weight of evidence, indirect if not direct, with boron, copper, manganese, and zinc goes to indicate that each of these may play a vital role in plant development, though the exact conditions required and the extent to which each element is essential still remain subjects for investigation.
BACTERIOPHAGE
Authors: BOYD J. S. K. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARY

In the lysogenic bacterium the bacterial virus exists as prophage. It is composed of desoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA) and occupies a defined site on the bacterial chromosome.
Normally the prophage divides in harmony with the nucleus of the bacterium, so that lysogenesis is hereditary.
Occasionally the prophage reverts from symbiosis to virulence, and multiplies at the expense of its host, producing a brood of free phage particles. This is believed to occur when the prophage becomes detached from the chromosome.
Free phage particles may be temperate (capable of reproducing lysogenesis in a sensitive bacterium) or virulent (unable to produce lysogenesis and multiplying only at the expense of the doomed host). Temperate particles greatly outnumber virulent particles, which are in fact mutants. Reasons are given for believing that all virulent phages (such as the T series of coliphages) originate in this way.
Free phage particles have a characteristic tadpole‐like structure of varying proportions. The tail and the covering of the head are composed of protein, which has specific antigenic characters. The contents of the head consist of DNA.
The protein envelope and tail of the particle are chiefly mechanical in function. The tail adheres to the host bacterium and breaches its covering membrane. The contents of the head are then injected into the bacterium. They constitute the infective element.
A temperate phage may produce lysogenesis or may multiply in the same way as a virulent particle. Various factors facilitate or interfere with the establishment of lysogenesis. There is evidence to suggest that some temperate particles are specially endowed to produce lysogenesis, while others can undergo only productive development at the expense of the host.
Virulent particles multiply only by productive development. The infecting virus displaces the genetic apparatus of the bacterium and directs the bacterial enzymes to its own ends. The nucleic acid of the bacterium, augmented if necessary by newly synthesized material from the culture medium, is broken down to nucleotide level or lower, and resynthesized into viral DNA. Protein is synthesized separately. Ultimately both are assembled into mature particles.
Lysogenic bacteria are immune to the phage they produce, and to allied types. Occasional virulent mutants are exceptions to this rule.
In certain cases temperate phage particles transduce genetic characters from one bacterium to another.
Bacterial species (the classical example being Salmonella typhi) can be broken down into numerous ‘phage‐types’ by tests which exploit the hereditary immunity conferred by the various symbiotic phages. Alternatively, different races of a bacterial species can be recognized by isolating and identifying the symbiotic phage which they carry.