bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Copper‐hydrogenated soybean and linseed oils: Composition, organoleptic quality and oxidative stability
Authors: Cowan J. C. , Koritala S. , Warner K. , List G. R. , Moulton K. J. , Evans C. D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCopper and nickel hydrogenations give a wide distribution of double bonds in the monoene fraction from both reduced soybean and linseed oils. With copper catalysts, high pressure hydrogenation reduces the extent of this double bond distribution when compared with low pressure hydrogenation. With nickel catalysts, some Δ17‐octadecenoate is formed but less than with a copper catalyst. In room odor evaluations, copper‐hydrogenated soybean (CuHSB) oil gave higher scores and lower fishy responses than nickel‐hydrogenated soybean oil after both had been exposed to fluorescent light. A mixture of CuHSB oil (33%) and peanut oil received room odor scores equal to or better than peanut oil alone, whether light exposed or not. Although hydrogenated products with remarkable stability to oxidation were obtained by copper hydrogenation of linseed oil, these oils have lower organoleptic stability when compared to nickel‐hydrogenated, winterized soybean oil.
Heat inactivation of trypsin inhibitor, lipoxygenase and urease in soybeans: Effect of acid and base additives
Authors: Baker E. C. , Mustakas G. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEffects of chemical additives on the heat inactivation of trypsin inhibitor (TI), lipoxygenase and urease in soybeans were investigated. The nutritional value of soybeans increases when antigrowth factors, such as TI, are inactivated. Inactivation of lipoxygenase enhances palatability and storage stability. Heat inactivation of antinutritional factors during immersion cooking of dry soymeats was studied without additives. Processing time was varied from 15 min to 2 hr over a temperature range of 120–212 F. The experiments were repeated, with the addition of NaOH or HCl to the cooking water. Without additives, lipoxygenase proved to be the most heat labile and TI, the least. With either acid or base additives, the initial inactivation of urease and lipoxygenase was accelerated significantly; however, while TI inactivation was accelerated by base, it was retarded by acid addition.
Thermal analysis of 1,2‐epoxypropyl esters of normal fatty acids
Authors: Fernández‐Martín F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSeven members of this homologous series have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and their melting point, enthalpy and entropy of fusion obtained. The entropy change for each additional carbon‐carbon bond in the aliphatic acid chain closely observed the valueR ln 3, as expected for flexible molecules. IR spectra of crystalline glycidyl miristate, palmitate and stearate showed the typical band progression in the 1180–1350 cm−1 region and a doublet at ca. 720±10 cm−1. Glycidyl esters appeared to be free of polymorphism, since no differences in the behavior of solids crystallized from solvent or from the melt were observed either by DSC or by IR spectroscopy.
Composition of bovine milk lipids
Authors: Jensen Robert G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRecent literature on the composition of milk lipids is reviewed and discussed. Many additional exotic fatty acids, mainly branched chain, keto, hydroxy and isomers containing double bonds, have been identified, often with the aid of mass spectrometry. It is estimated that ca. 500 fatty acids have been found in milk lipids. Components of lipid classes have been isolated and their structure determined, e.g., glucosyl and lactosyl ceramide, sphingomyelin, ether lipids, etc. The fatty acid composition of “protected” milk is discussed. This milk, obtained from cows fed polyunsaturated oils encapsulated with formaldehyde‐treated casein, contains about five times more linoleic acid than regular milk. The future of research on milk lipids is promising, as there are still many intriguing problems of separation and identification.
Triglyceride structure of milk fats
Authors: Kuksis A. , Marai L. , Myher J. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe enantiomeric nature of the triglycerides of bovine milk fat was reinvestigated by determining the stereospecific distribution of fatty acids in rearranged butterfat, following partial hydrolysis with pancreatic lipase, and in certain molecular distillates of native butterfat, following Grignard degradation. The results with rearranged butterfat confirmed the validity of pancreatic lipase hydrolysis as a means of generating representative diglycerides from milk fat triglycerides. The Grignard degradation and lipolysis gave identical distributions for fatty acids when included as part of the assay system in the stereospecific analysis. Characteristically, butyric acid and the other short chain acids occupied the 3 position in the native butterfat, while in the rearranged oil they were distributed more or less randomly. Gas chromatographic analysis of the short chain glycerides on polyester columns allowed an effective resolution of butyryl, caproyl and caprylyl glycerides of identical numbers of total acyl carbons and double bonds. The method was especially well suited for resolution of the 2,3‐diglycerides, which were recovered either as the more polar fraction from thin layer chromatography of the X‐1,2‐diacylglycerols, or by acetolysis of the residual phenolphosphatides resulting from phospholipase A digestion. It was shown that butyric acid in the 3 position was preferentially paired with myristic, palmitic and oleic acid in the 2 position, and palmitic and oleic acid in the 1 position, which was also characteristic of the other short chain acids.
Sperm whale oil analysis by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
Authors: Spencer G. F. , Tallent W. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGas liquid chromatography of winterized sperm oil showed that its wax esters with even carbon numbers range from C24 to C42 and are present in quantities resembling a normal distribution curve with C34 as the mean. Between these even‐numbered wax esters, ones with odd chain lengths were eluted. Triglycerides, similarly present in a normal distribution pattern, ranged from C42 to C58 and also included traces of odd chain species. The component acids and alcohols were analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, and double bond positions in the monoenoid components were established. Branched chain and odd chain constituents, both saturated and unsaturated, were detected among both alcohols and acids. These moieties, when combined with those having even chains, are responsible for the wax esters and triglycerides with odd carbon numbers.
Determination of rhodium on commercial carbon‐ and alumina‐supported catalysts
Authors: List G. R. , Friedrich J. P. , Kwolek W. F. , Evans C. D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMethods are described to determine metallic rhodium on small smaples of either carbon or alumina catalyst supports. After the catalysts were digested with hot mineral acids, the solutions were analyzed by an established colorimetric method and results were compared with those from an atomic absorption procedure. Statistical analysis showed that the two methods were equal in precision with a combined standard deviation of 0.08 for a 5.0% rhodium catalyst.
Dietary fat composition and tocopherol requirement: IV. Safety of polyunsaturated fats
Authors: Alfin‐Slater R. B. , Wells P. , Aftergood L. , Melnick D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn a long‐term multigeneration study, conducted in our laboratories for 32‐years, with occasional longevity and histopathological evaluations included, rats of our own inbred strain (originally of Wistar derivation) were fed semisynthetic diets comprising whole wheat, skim milk powder, and fat in the form of margarine products. The total source of tocopherols was the dietary fat itself. Saturated fatty acid content (S) remained relatively constant at about 20% of the fat and total tocopherol level also remained constant at about 0.12% of the fat. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (P) content, however, progressively increased almost fourfold, from 7.5% to 28.5% and alphatocopherol levels decreased to one‐half level, from 0.033% to 0.016% of the fat. Hence, the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to alpha‐tocopherol content changed markedly from 227∶1 to 1780∶1, with other factors (relative to fat composition) held constant during the 32‐year period of feedings and observations. Fat level in the diet increased over the years from 9.2% to 16.0% or from about 21% to about 33% of the caloric intake. Thus, quality and quantity of the fat in the diet progressively changed, and the impact of these changes was evaluated by comparing biological performances of the successive generations. Growth and reproduction and lactation performances were noted to be regularly satisfactory and comparable from generation to generation throughout the experimental period. Longevity studies conducted on arbitrarily selected generations also provided data showing no deleterious effects associated with a dietary change. Histopathological examinations of tissue revealed minimal myocarditis and no malignant tumors which could be attributed to a dietary factor. No vitamin E deficiencies were observed. Even the in vitro peroxide hemolysis values for the red blood cells of the animals, fed the diets containing the higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, were low, indicating that the dietary fats provided sufficient absorbable tocopherol to protect the potentially oxidizable unsaturated fatty acids in the erythrocyte membrane. Biochemical data reflected responses to aging and not to any specific diet fed. It is concluded that a diet providing as much as 33% of the calories as a fat, the latter containing up to 28.5% polyunsaturated fatty acids, substantially of the essential fatty acid type, with a P/S ratio of up to 1.6∶1 and a polyunsaturated fatty acid to alphatocopherol ratio as high as 1780∶1] produces no undesirable effects in the rat.
Bleaching of vegetable oils. II. Conversions of methyl oleate and linoleate
Authors: van den Bosch G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMethyl oleate and linoleate were treated with 10% acid activated clay at 90–100 C for 1–50 hr with and without admission of air. Positional and geometric isomers of fatty acid esters were found. Polar compounds were detected having one or more functional groups with respect to the starting esters. Preparative thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography were used in isolating the compounds, while IR, NMR, mass spectroscopy, and gas liquid chromatography analysis were employed for identification. The unsaturation of the isolated isomers was present at carbon atoms 5–11. The polar compounds were, among others, 9‐ and 10‐keto octadecanoic methyl esters, isomeric keto octadecenoic methyl esters, isomeric epoxy octadecanoic methyl esters, 9‐ and 10‐hydroxy octadecanoic methyl esters, and some mono methyl ester dicarbonic acids. It may be concluded that geometric, as well as positional, isomerization occurs and that small amounts of compounds with one or more functional groups are formed when unsaturated fatty acids were treated with acid‐activated clay.
Air and water pollution control in crude tall oil manufacture in the pulp and paper industry
Authors: Krumbein J. P. , Adams A. B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPollution preventive measures should be built into the process when a new mill is designed; corrective measures must be taken on existing mills. For air pollution control, these measures consist essentially of enclosing all vessels that contain the black liquor from which the tall oil is recovered. Hoods are placed over storage tanks, sumps, heat exchangers, and other liquor‐containing vessels. The hoods must be vented to a ductwork system that brings the off‐gases to a central point for disposition. Typical devices to remove the offensive odors and particulate matter in the off‐gases are wet scrubbers and incinerators. Evaporation can be used to concentrate liquids containing small amounts of contaminants to much smaller volumes and to concentrations that permit incineration. The lime kiln and recovery boiler of the typical Kraft mill commonly are used to burn the odorous gases, thus destroying the odors completely. Sometimes a separate incinerator is required. Water pollution is best prevented by careful design and operation of the various tall oil removal equipment, such as soap skimmers, level controls, and valving systems. In spite of great care in design and operation, some tall oil will enter the wastewater stream. The effluent treatment plant must be designed to take care of this residual biochemical oxygen demand load and, in some cases, provide for color reduction in the treated effluent.
Tall oil soap skimming—the state of the art
Authors: Krumbein J. P. , Ellerbe R. W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper calls attention to the increased interest in tall oil production within the past 5 years and the simultaneous increase in the market price of tall oil. It points out that tall oil has grown from a relatively unknown product to a well established commodity of considerable commercial importance, which has given kraft pulp mills a renewed interest in soap skimming. This paper also covers the state of the art in soap skimming.
Recycle of tall oil plant waste water effluent
Authors: Krumbein J. P. , Ouchi Sakuko , Katayama Akira , Bress D. F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIncreasingly stricter specifications for plant effluents, may now require tertiary treatment to meet water soluble chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand limits. This paper describes a system in which the effluent water from a tall oil plant is treated and recycled to the process instead of being treated and discharged.
Variations in total amino acid content of peanut meal
Authors: Young C. T. , Waller G. R. , Hammons R. O. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe amino acid levels of oil‐free peanut meal prepared from 16 varieties of peanuts that had 24–30% protein content of the kernels were examined. Nearly two‐fold variations in the limiting essential amino acids (lysine, isoleucine, methionine, threonine, and valine) were found and are reported. Data for the remaining amino acids also are included. Utilization of these variations in amino acid composition should assist the development of peanut protein of improved quality. An analytical procedure to measure amino acid composition of peanut meal with a high precision on duplicate samples and which requires 15 hr for hydrolysis for best accuracy is described.
Improved preparation of 9,10,12,13‐tetrahydroxystearic acids fromanti‐cis,cis‐9,10,12,13‐diepoxystearic acid
Authors: Khuddus Mohammed A. , Usui Yutaka , Swern Daniel 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA mixture of isomeric 9,10,12,13‐tetrahydroxystearic acids (threo, threo, threo andthreo, erythro, threo) can be prepared fromanti‐cis, cis‐9,10,12,13‐diepoxystearic acid in over 80% yield by way of the intermediate di(hydroxy‐alkoxysulfonium) salts and in ca. 68% yield by way of the intermediate di(hydroxy‐formate) esters obtained by acid‐catalyzed epoxide ring opening with dimethyl sulfoxide and formic acid, respectively. Mechanisms and stereochemistry of formation of the two isomers are discussed. Factors that influence the formation of cyclic products in competition with tetrahydroxystearic acids also are described. The key to the greatly improved yield of tetrahydroxystearic acids over prior literature procedures is avoiding water during ring opening of the protonated epoxide, as even small quantities of water cause marked reduction in yields of tetrahydroxystearic acids.
Variability in oil content among heads and seeds within heads of sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.)
Authors: Fick G. G. N. , Zimmerman D. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOil contents were determined by nuclear magnetic resonance on four samples, each consisting of six seeds, from each of three ring positions (outer, middle, and inner) for 10 heads from each of two open‐pollinated varieties and two inbred lines of sunflowers. The largest source of variability for three of the entries was due to differences among heads. Variability due to seed position in the head was the largest for the fourth entry. When averaged over all entries, % oil was the highest for seeds samples from the middle ring position. In studies in which oil content is determined on single seeds or small samples, error variation can be reduced by sampling from either of the outer two ring positions, rather than sampling from the inner position or at random.
Quantitative analysis of polymerized fatty acids using gel permeation chromatography
Authors: Harris W. C. , Crowell E. P. , Burnett B. B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe acid clay catalyzed dimerization of tall oil fatty acids and oleic acid yields commercial products which are complex mixtures of monomers, dimers, trimers, and higher polymers of various structures. Analyses for monomer, dimer, and trimer concentrations are important to ensure good quality control and reproducible end use performance. Techniques for direct determination of monomer, dimer, and trimer acids by gel permeation chromatography are presented. The components are separated using Bio Beads SX‐2 gel. Heptanoic acid is used as an internal standard. The standard deviations for determination of dimer, trimer, and monomer are 1.0, 0.4, and 0.2% respectively. Calibration was accomplished using dimer and trimer fractions isolated from a preparative scale chromatographic system. It is suggested that a measure of higher polymeric acids can be obtained by difference after correction for neutral materials.
Spot and color tests for detection ofArgemone mexicana seed oil
Authors: Mohiuddin M. M. , Zaidi H. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe presence of sanguinarine and dihydrosanguinarine alkaloids imparts toxic properties to argemone oil. Since it has been reported to be a common adulterant in mustard and gingili oils, its detection is important. Spot tests have been developed for the detection of adulteration of edible oils with argemone oil. Some inorganic ions and organic substances have been found to be suitable spotting agents. Acidified ceric ammonium nitrate and sodium nitrite solutions develop bright orange color with argemone oil.
Separation and determination of mono‐, Di‐, and triglycerides in monoglyceride concentrates
Authors: Quinlin Patricia , Weiser Herman J. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryMonoglyceride concentrates are quantitatively separated into mono‐, di‐, and triglyceride components on silica gel columns by an adsorption chromatographic technique. The separated glycerides are determined gravimetrically. The adsorption on silica gel is dependent on the number of hydroxyl groups in the molecule, and the influence of unsaturation and chain length is minimized. Combinations of benzene and ethyl ether are used for elution, thus preventing isomerization, which frequently results when polar solvents such as alcohols are used.The procedure for the chromatographic separation is simple and straightforward. The equipment used is easily obtainable. The silica gel adsorbent requires only adjustment of its water content before use.Mixtures of both saturated and unsaturated glycerides and those having different fatty acid chain length have been separated. Known mixtures have also been analyzed. For a known mixture containing 15% tripalmitin, 45% distearin, and 38% monopalmitin the average deviations from the calculated values were 0.4%, 0.2%, and 0.6%, respectively
Theory and practice of resin‐catalyzed epoxidation
Authors: Chadwick A. F. , Barlow D. O. , D'Addieco A. A. , Wallace J. G. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryCommercial polystyrene sulfonic acid resins have been shown to be effective in catalyzing epoxidation of unsaturated fatty esters with hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid because they catalyze peracid formation but do not promote by‐product formation when used under proper conditions. Special resins with less cross‐linkage have been shown to yield mostly by‐products.Best catalyst life has been obtained with a special resin prepared with a low metal content.A continuous process based on the cascade principle has been demonstrated in the laboratory. The problem of resin re‐use for both continuous and batch processes can best be solved by using the optimum 10–15% based on oil weight and by replacing about 10% of the resin after each use.
Binding of gossypol under conditions of complete rupture of the pigment glands
Authors: King W. H. , Frampton Vernon L. , Altschul A. M. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe “free” gossypol of cooked cottonseed meats is composed of gossypol and of “gossypol‐like pigments,” which are soluble in 70% aqueous acetone. The “gossypol‐like pigments” may account for 30 to 100% of the “free” gossypol as determined by the A.O.C.S. method.Thorough comminution, followed by prolonged cooking, results in reduction of all the pigments in cotton‐seed meats. “Free” gossypol is not completely eliminated, but the gossypol level, as determined by the benzene transfer method, may be reduced to zero.“Gossypol‐like pigments” are converted into gossypol by the action of hot aqueous hydrochloric acid.Good agreement is observed between the data for “total” gossypol, as determined through the use of the A.O.C.S. oxalic acid method and through the use of hot aniline.
Solubilities of fatty acids and derivatives in acetone
Authors: Privett O. S. , Breault E. , Covell J. B. , Norcia L. N. , Lundberg W. O. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryAn improved “synthetic” method of determining solubilities has been described which combines simplicity with accuracy.Saturated fatty acids with even numbers of carbons from C6 to C18 and oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids, their methyl esters, their simple triglycerides and their corresponding alcohols have been prepared in purified form. The solubilities in acetone of their most stable forms have been determined from ordinary room temperatures down to about −70°C. or to temperatures where they are only slightly soluble.The precipitation of unstable polymorphs from solutions was observed in the case of palmityl alcohol.
Separation and evaluation of components of lactylated emulsifiers
Authors: Fett Helen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe composition of glycerol lactopalmitates was determined by analysis of fractions obtained from chromatographic separation on silicic acid. These fractions, when incorporated into shortenings and test baked in white cakes, showed that the most active components are those containing 2 free hydroxyl groups. Further breakdown of individual fractions indicates that, when these hydroxyl groups are located on the lactic acid portion of the molecule rather than on the glycerol portion, they are more effective in emulsification.