bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of newborn hearing screening on communication development
Authors: Fitzpatrick Elizabeth , Durieux-Smith Andrée , Eriks-Brophy Alice , Olds Janet , Gaines Robin 
Published: October 2007

Objective: Universal newborn hearing screening has become standard practice in many countries. The primary goal of this study was to assess the impact of early identification of permanent childhood hearing loss on oral communication development. Setting: Participants were recruited from three clinical programmes in two cities in the province of Ontario, Canada. The study sample was born during two consecutive periods of newborn hearing screening. The first period, prior to 2002, was targeted on high-risk infants only, and the second, from 2002, included both high- and standard-risk infants (universal newborn hearing screening – UNHS). All children were enrolled in rehabilitation programmes focused on oral language development. Methods: In this multicentre observational study, 65 children under the age of five years with onset of hearing loss before six months of age, 26 identified through systematic newborn screening (14 through targeted screening and 12 through UNHS) and 39 without screening, were assessed with an extensive battery of child- and parent-administered speech and language measures. The degree of hearing loss ranged from mild to profound with 22 children in the mild, moderate and moderately severe categories and 43 in the severe and profound categories. Data are reported for the three-year study period. Results: The screened group of children was identified at a median age of 6.6 (interquartile range, 3.0–8.2) months and children referred from sources other than newborn screening were diagnosed at a median age of 16.5 (interquartile range, 10.2–29.0) months. Assessment of oral communication development showed no significant difference between the screened and unscreened groups. The communication outcomes for children identified before 12 months of age did not differ from those of later identified children. Conclusions: Systematic screening of newborn hearing results in earlier identification and intervention for children with permanent hearing loss. Superior language outcome following newborn screening was not demonstrable in the setting of this study.
Improving patient services by alternative prescribing: experience with radioiodine treatment
Authors: Singh Rajiv , Aitken Mark 
Published: October 2007

Background: Improvements in health service provision need not be costly and indeed may save money. Administration of radio iodine (131I) to patients with thyrotoxicosis in the UK is often delayed because few endocrinologists have appropriate Administration of Radioactive Substances Advisory Committee (ARSAC) certification. Hence referral must be made to an oncologist. We tried to reduce the time to treatment by acquiring an appropriate licence for an endocrinologist and hence eliminating need for further referral. Methods: An observational study of 414 doses of 131I administered to 353 patients for benign thyroid disorders at a district general hospital by either endocrinologist or oncologist. After decision to treat had been made, the time taken for treatment to be given was compared between the groups. Results: An endocrinologist licensed to prescribe 131I reduced the time taken from referral to administration of 131I from 28 to 12 days ( P < 0.001) compared with oncologists. A further group seen by another endocrinologist and then referred to the licensed endocrinologist also had their delay reduced to 19 days. Treatment was administered within three weeks in 88% of treatments by the endocrinologist, 62% by the non-licensed endocrinologist and only 28% by oncologists. Conclusions: Improving treatment times for patients were achieved at no extra cost and indeed freed up time for oncologists. Encouraging alternative means of delivering services can result in not only better services but also in cost savings. As certification is simple, endocrinologists should be encouraged to deliver 131I themselves rather than devolving care to other practitioners.
Methods in clinical ethics: a time for eclectic pragmatism?
Authors: Hurst Samia A , Chevrolet Jean-Claude , Loew François 
Published: October 2007

Background Although methods proposed for the conduct of ethics consultation tend to be viewed as competing approaches, they may in fact function in a complementary manner. Methods We describe the experience of ethics consultation in two ethics committees at the University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland. Results Both committees provide case consultation by a multi-disciplinary team of committee members, but with different processes. These differences in process do not necessarily lead to differences in outcome. Discussion Different methods of ethics consultation are not mutually exclusive, and can co-exist within the same institution. The practical application of one method of ethics consultation can lead to substantial variations in process between different groups of consultants. Conclusion Despite the importance of clarifying theoretical groundings, and consultation and deliberation processes, in ethics consultation, choosing between different processes may not be pressing. To assist these choices, exploration of the practical strengths and weaknesses of different methods will be necessary to assist clinical ethicists, and clinical ethics committees, in acquiring a flexible and evidence-based set of approaches to their work.
Review essay: Violence, language, and everyday life
Authors: MARTIN EMILY 
Published: October 2007

Life and Words: Violence and the Descent into the Ordinary. Veena Das. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007. 296 pp., maps, tables, notes, acknowledgments, index.Living with Violence: An Anthropology of Events and Everyday Life. Roma Chatterji, and Deepak Mehta. London: Routledge, 2007. 204 pp., bibliography, index.
Cognitive complications moderate the speed‐accuracy tradeoff in data entry: a cognitive antidote to inhibition
Authors: Kole James A. , Healy Alice F. , Bourne Lyle E. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThree experiments explored a speed‐accuracy tradeoff reflecting decreasing response times (RTs) and increasing errors across trials in a data entry task. In Experiment 1, cognitive and motoric stressors were independently added to data entry, with the combination of stressors yielding the greatest decline in accuracy across blocks. Experiment 2 compared mental multiplication and simple data entry and manipulated the provision of feedback. Accuracy improved with both mental multiplication and feedback. Experiment 3 varied only the concluding keystroke; this extra requirement led to overall improvements in accuracy. In each experiment, RTs improved across trials. These results suggest that cognitive complications can serve as antidotes to inhibitory effects and can overcome the decline in accuracy due to continuous work on data entry. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sickle cell bone disease: Response to vitamin D and calcium
Authors: Adewoye Adeboye H. , Chen Tai C. , Ma Qianli , McMahon Lillian , Mathieu Jeff , Malabanan Alan , Steinberg Martin H. , Holick Michael F. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBone disease with osteoporosis and osteomalacia are common in sickle cell disease (SCD). Some patients have vitamin D deficiency and low bone mineral density (BMD). The role of vitamin D and calcium supplementation to restore bone health in SCD has not been well studied. In 14 adults with SCD, we measured 25(OH)D (25‐hydroxyvitamin D) and BMD at the femoral neck, lumbar spine, and distal third of the ulna plus radius, along with markers of bone resorption (CTx; C‐terminal component of pro‐collagen type I) and bone formation (osteocalcin) before and after 12 months of vitamin D2 and calcium carbonate treatment. Pretreatment, all patients were vitamin D deficient with a mean 25(OH)D level of 10.7 ± 4.7 ng/ml, had low BMD at the lumbar spine (L‐spine), 0.87 ± 0.11 g/cm2 (mean Z‐score of –2.6 3 ± 0.71 SD and T score of –2.31 ± 0.75 SD), femoral neck, 0.8 ± 0.18 g/cm2 (mean Z‐score –1.36 ± 0.84, T‐score –1.14 ± 0.75), and the distal radius and ulna, 0.6 ± 0.17 g/cm2 (mean Z‐score –1.18 ± 0.79, T‐score –1.01 ± 0.74) and had elevated CTx (0.87 ± 0.5 ng/ml) and osteocalcin levels (12.3 ± 3.7 ng/μl). After treatment, all patients corrected their 25(OH)D level (38.8 ± 13.9 ng/ml) (P < 0.001) with a 3.6% ± 3.9% increase in BMD at the L‐spine (P = 0.009), 4.6% ± 8.5% increase at the femoral neck (P = 0.05) and 6.5% ± 12.6% increase at the distal radius plus ulna (P = 0.09). CTx, osteocalcin, and PTH(i) levels were unchanged. Treatment of adult SCD with vitamin D and calcium can restore 25(OH)D levels to normal and improve BMD, but, markers of bone resorption remained unchanged. Screening for vitamin D deficiency and BMD in SCD patients seems warranted. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
5‐(N‐ethyl‐N‐isopropyl)‐amiloride enhances SMN2 exon 7 inclusion and protein expression in spinal muscular atrophy cells
Authors: Yuo Chung‐Yee , Lin Hui‐Hua , Chang Ya‐Sian , Yang Wen‐Kuang , Chang Jan‐Gowth 
Published: October 2007

AbstractObjectiveSpinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common inherited neuromuscular disorder caused by homozygous loss of function of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. All SMA patients carry at least one copy of a nearly identical SMN2 gene. However, a critical nucleotide change in SMN2 results in alternative splicing and exclusion of exon 7 in the majority of SMN2 messenger RNA (mRNA), thus producing a low level of functional SMN protein. Increasing SMN protein production by promoting SMN2 exon 7 inclusion could be a therapeutic approach for SMA. It has been shown that cellular pH microenvironment can modulate pre‐mRNA alternative splicing in vivo. In this study, we tested whether inhibitors of the Na+/H+ exchanger can modulate the exon 7 splicing of SMN2 mRNAMethodsWe treated SMA lymphoid cell lines with Na+/H+ exchanger inhibitors and then measured SMN2 exon 7 splicing by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and SMN protein production by Western blotting and immunofluorescenceResultsWe found that treatment with an Na+/H+ exchanger inhibitor, 5‐(N‐ethyl‐N‐isopropyl)‐amiloride (EIPA), significantly enhances SMN2 exon 7 inclusion and SMN protein production in SMA cells. In addition, EIPA increases the number of nuclear gems in SMA cells. We further explored the underlying mechanism, and our results suggest that EIPA may promote SMN2 exon 7 inclusion through upregulation of the splicing factor SRp20 in the nucleusInterpretationOur finding that EIPA, an inhibitor of the Na+/H+ exchanger, can increase SMN protein expression in SMA cells provides a new direction for the development of drugs for SMA treatment. However, further translational studies are needed to determine whether this finding is applicable for SMA treatment or just a proof of cellular pH effect on SMN splicing. Ann Neurol 2007
Fullerene: vielseitige Bausteine für molekulare Maschinen
Authors: Mateo‐Alonso Aurelio , Guldi Dirk M. , Paolucci Francesco , Prato Maurizio 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMolekulare Maschinen führen definierte Aufgaben aus, die in Verbindung mit molekularer Bewegung stehen. Dieser Kurzaufsatz illustriert, welche Einsatzmöglichkeiten den Fullerenen als vielseitigen Bausteinen in molekularen Maschinen offenstehen. Tatsächlich eignet sich C60 als außerordentlich nützlicher licht‐ und elektroaktiver Stopper (aufgrund seiner außergewöhnlichen Größe), als Sonde zur Erfassung molekularer Bewegungen (aufgrund seiner definierten physikochemischen Eigenschaften), und zum Auslösen solcher Bewegungen (durch einfache π‐π‐Wechselwirkungen). Derartige molekulare Bewegungen können beispielsweise durch Licht angetriebene Elektronentransferprozesse modulieren.
Fullerenes: Multitask Components in Molecular Machinery
Authors: Mateo‐Alonso Aurelio , Guldi Dirk M. , Paolucci Francesco , Prato Maurizio 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMolecular machines are molecular‐scale devices that carry out predetermined tasks derived from molecular motion. This Minireview illustrates how fullerenes can be used as multitask building blocks in molecular machinery, providing new perspectives for fullerenes. Indeed, C60 can be applied as a photo‐ and electroactive stopper owing to its size, as a probe for molecular motion as a result of its well‐defined physicochemical properties, and to induce motion through π–π interactions. Such molecular motion can be employed to modulate light‐driven electron‐transfer events, extending the potential applications of molecular machines to the typical fields of application of fullerenes.
Minimisation of fuel energy wastage by improved heat exchanger network design—an industrial case study
Authors: Ashaibani Adel S. , Mujtaba Iqbal M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPetroleum refineries fulfil their energy (process heat) requirement by direct fuel firing. In this regard, a heat exchanger network (HEN) is widely used to recover thermal energy that may be otherwise wasted. The HEN can significantly reduce the overall energy consumption in industrial processes. In many industrial processes such as oil refineries, crude oil needs to be heated to a required temperature. Here a study of a HEN problem of a crude oil distillation unit of an African Oil Refining Company (AORC) is carried out. In this unit the crude is required to enter the distillation column at 328 °C, while the crude inlet temperature at the furnace is only 220 °C. Therefore, a heater must supply heat to raise the temperature by a third of the target temperature. In this work pinch technology is used in the existing HEN in order to obtain a desirable energy saving and to identify the required additional modification. With the addition of only one heat exchanger and re‐construction of the HEN, significant utility savings are achieved. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Furan–thiophene copolymers: Electrosynthesis and electrochemical behavior
Authors: Alakhras Fadi , Holze Rudolf 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe electrochemical copolymerization of furan and thiophene was performed at a constant electrode potential in a binary solvent system consisting of boron trifluoride/ethyl ether and an additional amount of ethyl ether (molar ratio = 1 : 2). The obtained homopolymers and copolymers were characterized with cyclic voltammetry and infrared spectroscopy. The influence of the applied electropolymerization potential and the monomer feed ratio of furan and thiophene on the copolymers was investigated. The furan–thiophene copolymers showed good stability of the redox activity in an acetonitrile‐based electrolyte solution. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Hollow porous poly(lactic acid) microspheres
Authors: Wang Hualin , Zuo Jingping , Yu Shaoming , Chen Jihai , Song Qiusheng , Shi Tiejun 
Published: October 2007

AbstractOn the basis of the water solubility of poly(N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone), hollow porous poly(lactic acid) microspheres (HPPLAs) were prepared by a water‐in‐oil‐in‐water multiple‐emulsion solvent evaporation method. The influence of the concentration of the stabilizer Span80 in the oil phase on the morphology was investigated. It was found that when the content of Span80 solutions was 3.5 wt %, most HPPLAs were about 2 μm in diameter. Field scanning electron microscopy results show that the HPPLAs were porous and hollow. The structure and crystal form of the HPPLAs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Using these HPPLAs as degradable templates, we successfully synthesized Litchi‐like polystyrene (PS) microspheres about 2 μm in diameter by the emulsion method. When used as drug carriers, these HPPLAs would be convenient in which to embed drugs, whereas the Litchi‐like PS microspheres may have potential as new materials for polymer modification. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Synthesis and characterization of novel chain‐extended bismaleimides containing fluorenyl cardo structure
Authors: Hu Zhiqiang , Li Shanjun , Zhang Chunhua 
Published: October 2007

AbstractNovel fluorenyl cardo chain‐extended bismaleimides (FCCEBMIs) were synthesized by reacting maleic anhydride with fluorenyl cardo diamine and different dianhydrides. FCCEBMIs were characterized by FT‐IR spectra (FT‐IR), 1H NMR, and elemental analysis. All FCCEBMI monomers were readily soluble in a variety of organic solvents, such as N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone, N,N‐dimethyl acetamide, chloroform (CHCl3), methylene chloride (CH2Cl2), dimethyl sulfoxide, and tetrahydrofuran when compared with 9,9‐bis(4‐maleimidophenyl) fluorene. Curing process was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry. Thermal properties of the cured FCCEBMIs were characterized by thermogravimetry analysis, the cured products are stable up to 430°C. The results show that the FCCEBMIs with imide structure improve significantly the solubility of bismaleimide (BMI) in organic solvents without sacrificing thermal properties of cured BMIs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Cellulosic biomass feedstocks and logistics for ethanol production
Authors: Hess J. Richard , Wright Christopher T. , Kenney Kevin L. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe economic competitiveness of cellulosic ethanol production is highly dependent on feedstock cost, which constitutes 35–50% of the total ethanol production cost, depending on various geographical factors and the types of systems used for harvesting, collecting, preprocessing, transporting, and handling the material. Consequently, as the deployment of cellulosic ethanol biorefineries approaches, feedstock cost and availability are the driving factors that influence pioneer biorefinery locations and will largely control the rate at which this industry grows. Initial scenarios were postulated to develop a pioneer dry feedstock supply system design case as a demonstration of the current state of technology. Based on this pioneer design, advanced scenarios were developed to determine key cost barriers, needed supply system improvements, and technology advancements to achieve government and private sector cost targets. Analysis of the pioneer supply system resulted in a delivered feedstock cost to the throat of the pretreatment reactor of $37.00 per dry tonne (2002 $). Pioneer supply systems will start by using current infrastructure and technologies and be individually designed for biorefineries using specific feedstock types and varieties based on local geographic conditions. As the industry develops and cost barriers are addressed, the supply systems will incorporate advanced technologies that will eliminate downstream diversity and provide a uniform, tailored feedstock for multiple biorefineries located in different regions. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ROC Volumes – Should They Be Used?
Authors: McClish Donna K. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractInvited comment on Alonzo, T.A. and Nakas, C.T. (2007). Comparison of ROC umbrella volumes with an application to the assessment of lung cancer diagnostic markers. Biometrical Journal 49, 654–664.Issues remain as to the appropriateness of volumes as summary measures of accuracy when distinguishing between multiple disease classes and when comparing accuracy of tests. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Umbrella Volume: Is it Useful in Applications?
Authors: Martus Peter 
Published: October 2007

AbstractInvited comment on Alonzo, T. A. and Nakas, C. T. (2007). Comparison of ROC umbrella volumes with an application to the assessment of lung cancer diagnostic markers. Biometrical Journal 49, 654–664.The umbrella volume, proposed as a parameter for diagnostic validity in a specific three group situation might be difficult to interpret in clinical applications. It should be used very cautiously. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Continuous Laboratory Gold Solvent Extraction from Cyanide Solutions using LIX 79 Reagent
Authors: Aguayo S. , Valenzuela J. L. , Parga J. R. , Lewis R. G. , Cruz M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractContinuous laboratory solvent extraction of gold from cyanide solutions has been investigated by using LIX 79 guanidine‐based extractant. Different variables that affected the extraction included aqueous pH, extractant concentration and modifier concentration. Extraction isotherms of the aurocyanide complex with respect to the other cyanoanions were compared, and the following order of selectivity was observed: Au > Ag > Cu > Zn > Fe. According to the pH isotherms, aurocyanide can be extracted in alkaline media, and a better separation with respect to other cyano anions was obtained in the pH range 10.5–11.2. From the McCabe‐Thiele diagrams, better recovery was observed when using LIX 79 and tridecanol at 10 vol.‐%. Stripping gold from the loaded organic was carried out at pH > 12 by using NaOH and NaCN solutions. The pilot plant tests indicate that a two‐stage extraction followed by one strip step are more than adequate to obtain an overall process efficiency of 92 %. However, for those cases where copper is present significantly, a copper wash stage is recommended before gold stripping. In this case, stripping of copper is accomplished at a pH 10.8, whereas the gold stripping was done at a pH of 12.0.
Double restricted Co‐Inertia Analysis
Authors: Amenta Pietro 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this paper, an extension of the Co‐Inertia Analysis 1 is proposed. This extension is based on an objective function which takes directly into account the external information, as linear restrictions, about parameters of both sets of variables, by rewriting the Co‐Inertia Analysis objective function according to the principle of Restricted Eigenvalue Problem 2. A restricted extension of Wold's two‐block ‘Mode A’ Partial Least Squares 3 is also proposed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New and Efficient Arrays for Photoinduced Charge Separation Based on Perylene Bisimide and Corroles
Authors: Flamigni Lucia , Ventura Barbara , Tasior Mariusz , Becherer Thomas , Langhals Heinz , Gryko Daniel T. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe bichromophoric systemsC2‐PI,C3‐PI, andC3‐PPIconsisiting of corrole and perylene bisimide units and representing one of the rare cases of elaborate structures based on corrole, have been synthesized. CorrolesC2andC3are, respectively,meso‐substituted corroles with 2,6‐dichlorophenyl and pentafluorophenyl substituents at the 5 and 15 positions. The three dyads were prepared by divergent strategy with the corrole‐forming reaction as the last step of the sequence.C2‐PIandC3‐PIdiffer in the nature of the corroles, whereasC3‐PIdiffers fromC3‐PPIin the presence of a further phenyl unit in the linker between photoactive units. The dyads display spectroscopic properties which are the superposition of the component spectra, indicating a very weak electronic coupling. Excitation of the corrole unit leads to charge separation with a rate which decreases from 2.4×1010, to 5.0×109, and to 4.9×107 s−1forC2‐PI,C3‐PI, andC3‐PPI, respectively, where the reaction is characterized by a ΔG°>0. Excitation of the perylene bisimide unit is followed by competing reactions of: 1) energy transfer to the corrole unit, which subsequently deactivates to the charge‐separated state and; 2) electron transfer to directly form the charge‐separated state. The ratio of electron‐to‐energy‐transfer rates is 9:1 and 1:1 forC3‐PIandC3‐PPI, respectively. The yield of charge separation is essentially 100 % forC2‐PIandC3‐PI, and approximately 50 % (excitation of peryleneimide) or 15 % (excitation of the corrole) forC3‐PPI.The lifetime of the charge‐separated state, observed for the first time in corrole‐based structures, is 540 ps forC2‐PI, 2.5 ns forC3‐PI, and 24 ns forC3‐PPI, respectively. This is in agreement with an inverted behavior, according to Marcus theory.