bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Residual amounts of chlorophylls and pheophytins in refined edible oils
Authors: Usuki R. , Suzuki T. , Endo Y. , Kaneda T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe quantities of chlorophyll (CHL) A and B, and pheophytin (PHY) A and B in 10 kinds of refined edible oils were estimated by the fluorometric method. The results revealed that CHL and PHY were present in commercial edible oils. PHY A showed the highest content at ca. 67% in total pigments. Compositional ratios of CHL and PHY were similar in different kinds of plant oils. Through the analysis of rapessed oils at every refining step, we determined that PHY is not formed during oil refining. In the autoxidation of soybean oils to which various amounts of CHL mixtures had been added, the peroxide value of tested oils increased in proportion to the total chlorophyll content. In addition, the compositional changes of the 4 components during autoxidation were investigated.
Temperature dependence of the solubility areas for W/O microemulsions with nonionic/anionic surfactants
Authors: Friberg Stig E. , Fang Jia‐Hwa 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe solubitity areas were determined at 30, 50 and 75 C for W/O microemulsions of water and decane stabilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate or hexaethylene glycol dodecyl ether in combination with pentanol. The results showed no pronounced changes when the ionic surfactant was partly replaced with the nonionic one and revealed an excellent temperature stability in the range 30–75 C for the W/O microemulsions.
A greasy soil hard surface cleaning test
Authors: Johnson Morris A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA laboratory screening test for greasy soil removal from hard surfaces using lard, vegetable shortening and vegetable oil darkened with finely divided charcoal on white, latex‐painted masonite wallboard is described. Cleaning by a wet sponge in the Gardner apparatus is measured by reflectometer. Statistical evaluation of results based on comparisons of 8 competitive cleaners is documented. Curves showing performance vs concentration of cleaners are given.
Copper catalysts in the selective hydrogenation of soybean and rapeseed oils: IV. Copper on silica gel, phase composition and preparation
Authors: Johansson L. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPhase composition of a copper on silica gel catalyst was studied with X‐ray diffraction analysis. Activity measurements showed three periods of activity, the first two of which were ascribed to a copper surface subjected to reduction and the third one to the reduced form of the catalyst. Hydrogenation reaction over Cu/SiO2 catalyst has a complex pressure dependence with a rate maximum at 6 atm in the low pressure range. Preparation of the catalyst was studied. On the basis of a proposed reaction model, a catalyst mixture was prepared and tested with good results. In rapeseed oil hydrogenation, Cu/SiO2 catalysts were shown to be superior to copper chromite catalysts. In soybean oil the two types of catalyst were rather equivalent.
Phospholipids of three xerophytic cucurbit seed oils
Authors: Goodman L. A. , Berry J. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe composition of seed phospholipids was determined in three species of xerophytic cucurbits,Cucurbita digitata Gray,C. foetidissima HBK andApodanthera undulata Gray. The phospholipid fractions were isolated using silicic acid chromatography and quantitated by colorimetric analysis. The component phospholipids were separated using thin layer chromatography. All three species contained phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol as their major component phospholipids. Analysis by gas liquid chromatography of fatty acids in total phospholipid samples revealed linoleic acid as the major component and myristic acid in significant amounts in each species. Small amounts of conjugated unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipids of each species were determined by ultraviolet spectrometry. Close similarities in the composition of specific phospholipids were found in all species.
Analysis of fatty acid methyl esters with high accuracy and reliability. V. Validation of theoretical relative response factors of unsaturated esters in the flame lonization detector
Authors: Bannon Cecil D. , Craske John D. , Hilliker Audrey E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBecause unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are subject to autoxidation, it is virtually impossible to obtain and maintain high purity standards. Accordingly, it is not possible to determine flame ionization detector response factors by the usual technique of analyzing standard mixtures of known composition. In an alternative approach, the response factors of methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, methyl linolenate, methyl arachidonate and methyl 4,7,10,13,16,19‐docosahexaenoate relative to methyl stearate were estimated by determining the peak areas before and after quantitative hydrogenation in the presence of an internal standard. The estimates showed excellent agreement in all cases with the theoretical factors predicted by Ackman and Sipos and thus constitute an independent and unambiguous proof that the theoretical factors are highly accurate for all olefinic unsaturated FAME. Whereas it is common practice to determine an empirically derived correction factor for each FAME by analyzing standard mixtures of known composition, the thesis is now proposed that, for both saturated and olefinic unsaturated FAME, the proper approach to accurate analysis requires that peak areas be corrected using the theoretical response factors as the only correction factors. If the correct result cannot be obtained when analyzing a primary standard of saturated FAME, it is an indication of faulty technique or equipment, and the only acceptable resolution of the problem is to locate and correct the fault(s).
Application of silylation to soaps, alcohols and amines in aqueous solutions
Authors: Valdez David , Darrell Iler H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGas chromatographic analysis of many surfactants has been limited due to tailing and adsorption of the analyte on the stationary phase of the column by polar groups such as hydroxyl and amine functionalities. Silylation of these surfactants reduces these unfavorable interactions by replacement of the active hydrogen with a silyl group Si−(CH3)3. Although silylation generally is avoided in aqueious solutions some surfactants have been silylated successfully in aqueous solutions. These include fatty acids and their hydroxamine soaps, fatty and other alcohols, fatty amines, and some inorganic acids. Quantitative results have been confirmed by stoichiometric, gas chromatographic and infrared data.
Integrating a formal method into a software engineering process with UML and Java
Authors: Möller Michael , Olderog Ernst-Rüdiger , Rasch Holger , Wehrheim Heike 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
We describe how CSP-OZ, a formal method combining the process algebra CSP with the specification language Object-Z, can be integrated into an object-oriented software engineering process employing the UML as a modelling and Java as an implementation language. The benefit of this integration lies in the rigour of the formal method, which improves the precision of the constructed models and opens up the possibility of (1) verifying properties of models in the early design phases, and (2) checking adherence of implementations to models.

The envisaged application area of our approach is the design of distributed
reactive systems
. To this end, we propose a specific UML
profile
for reactive systems. The profile contains facilities for modelling components, their interfaces and interconnections via synchronous/broadcast communication, and the overall architecture of a system. The integration with the formal method proceeds by generating a significant part of the CSP-OZ specification from the initially developed UML model. The formal specification is on the one hand the starting point for
verifying
properties of the model, for instance by using the FDR model checker. On the other hand, it is the basis for generating
contracts
for the final implementation. Contracts are written in the Java Modeling Language (JML) complemented by CSP
jassda
, an assertion language for specifying orderings between method invocations. A set of tools for runtime checking can be used to supervise the adherence of the final Java implementation to the generated contracts.
Physical Behavior of Nanoporous Anodic Alumina Using Nanoindentation and Microhardness Tests
Authors: Fang Te-Hua , Wang TongHong , Liu Chien-Hung , Ji Liang-Wen , Kang Shao-Hui 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
In this paper, the mechanical response and deformation behavior of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) were investigated using experimental nanoindentation and Vickers hardness tests. The results showed the contact angle for the nanoporous AAO specimen was 105° and the specimen exhibited hydrophobic behavior. The hardness and the fracture strength of AAO were discussed and a three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) was also conducted to understand the nanoindentation-induced mechanism.
Partial continuity for elliptic problems
Authors: Foss Mikil , Mingione Giuseppe 
Published: July 2007

We prove the partial Hölder continuity for solutions to elliptic systems and for minimizers of quasi-convex integrals, under the assumption of continuous coefficients. The proof relies upon an iteration scheme of a decay estimate for a new type of excess functional measuring the oscillations in the solution and its gradient. To establish the decay estimate, we use the technique of

\mathcal{A}

-harmonic approximation, based on Duzaar and Steffen's

\mathcal{A}

-harmonic approximation lemma [F. Duzaar, K. Steffen, Optimal interior and boundary regularity for almost minimizers to elliptic variational integrals, J. Reine Angew. Math. (Crelles J.) 546 (2002) 73–138].

Résumé

Nous prouvons la continuité Hölderienne partielle pour des solutions de systèmes elliptiques ou pour des minimiseurs d'intégrales quasi-convexes, sous réserve que les coefficients soient continus. La preuve consiste en un schéma itératif d'estimations de décroissance pour un nouveau type de fonctionnelles d'excès servant à mesurer les oscillations de la solution et de son gradient. Afin d'établir les estimations de décroissance, nous utilisons la technique de l'approximation

\mathcal{A}

-harmonique, basée sur le lemme d'approximation

\mathcal{A}

-harmonique de Duzaar et Steffen [F. Duzaar, K. Steffen, Optimal interior and boundary regularity for almost minimizers to elliptic variational integrals, J. Reine Angew. Math. (Crelles J.) 546 (2002) 73–138].
Plant Capitalism and Company Science: The Indian Career of Nathaniel Wallich
Authors: ARNOLD DAVID 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe career of the Danish-born botanist Nathaniel Wallich, superintendent of the Calcutta Botanic Garden from 1815 to 1846, illustrates the complex nature of botanical science under the East India Company and shows how the plant life of South Asia was used as a capital resource both in the service of the Company's economic interests and for Wallich's own professional advancement and international reputation. Rather than seeing him as a pioneer of modern forest conservation or an innovative botanist, Wallich's attachment to the ideology of ‘improvement’ and the Company's material needs better explain his longevity as superintendent of the Calcutta garden. Although aspects of Wallich's career and botanical works show the importance of circulation between Europe and India, more significant was the hierarchy of knowledge in which indigenous plant lore and illustrative skill were subordinated to Western science and in which colonial science frequently lagged behind that of the metropolis.
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors block erythrocyte invasion and intraerythrocytic development of Babesia bovis in vitro
Authors: NAKAMURA K. , YOKOYAMA N. , IGARASHI I. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYCyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are essential for the regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle. A number of chemicals, which selectively inhibit the CDK activities, have been synthesized for the development of anti-cancer drugs. This report describes the inhibitory effect of purine derivatives known to be CDK inhibitors on the asexual growth of Babesia bovis. The 4 compounds, roscovitine, purvalanol A, CGP74514A, and CDK2 Inhibitor II, showed significantly suppressive effects on the in vitro growth of B. bovis. Three (roscovitine, purvalanol A, and CDK2 Inhibitor II) showed an inhibitory effect on the early stages of intraerythrocytic development of B. bovis. CGP74514A (CDK1-specific inhibitor) blocked the erythrocyte invasion by merozoites. Our data suggest the chemotherapeutic potential of the CDK inhibitors for babesiosis, and the target molecules of the compounds would participate in the process of successful erythrocyte invasion or intraerythrocytic development of B. bovis.
The acquisition of gender marking by young German-speaking children: Evidence for learning guided by phonological regularities
Authors: SZAGUN GISELA , STUMPER BARBARA , SONDAG NINA , FRANIK MELANIE 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe acquisition of noun gender on articles was studied in a sample of 21 young German-speaking children. Longitudinal spontaneous speech data were used. Data analysis is based on 22 two-hourly speech samples per child from 6 children between 1 ; 4 and 3 ; 8 and on 5 two-hourly speech samples per child from 15 children between 1 ; 4 and 2 ; 10. The use of gender marked articles occurred from 1 ; 5. Error frequencies dropped below 10% by 3 ; 0. Definite and indefinite articles were used with similar frequencies and error rates did not differ in the two paradigms. Children's errors were systematic. For monosyllabic nouns and for polysyllabic nouns ending in -el, -enand-ererrors were more frequent for nouns which did not conform to the rule that such nouns tend to be masculine. Furthermore, children erred in the direction of the rule overgeneralizingder. Correct gender marking was also associated with adult frequency of noun use. The present data is evidence for the early use of phonological regularities of noun structure in the acquisition of gender marking.
Seasonal influenza in the United States, France, and Australia: transmission and prospects for control
Authors: CHOWELL G. , MILLER M. A. , VIBOUD C. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYRecurrent epidemics of influenza are observed seasonally around the world with considerable health and economic consequences. A key quantity for the control of infectious diseases is the reproduction number, which measures the transmissibility of a pathogen and determines the magnitude of public health interventions necessary to control epidemics. Here we applied a simple epidemic model to weekly indicators of influenza mortality to estimate the reproduction numbers of seasonal influenza epidemics spanning three decades in the United States, France, and Australia. We found similar distributions of reproduction number estimates in the three countries, with mean value 1·3 and important year-to-year variability (range 0·9–2·1). Estimates derived from two different mortality indicators (pneumonia and influenza excess deaths and influenza-specific deaths) were in close agreement for the United States (correlation=0·61,P<0·001) and France (correlation=0·79,P<0·001), but not Australia. Interestingly, high prevalence of A/H3N2 influenza viruses was associated with high transmission seasons (P=0·006), while B viruses were more prevalent in low transmission seasons (P=0·004). The current vaccination strategy targeted at people at highest risk of severe disease outcome is suboptimal because current vaccines are poorly immunogenic in these population groups. Our results suggest that interrupting transmission of seasonal influenza would require a relatively high vaccination coverage (>60%) in healthy individuals who respond well to vaccine, in addition to periodic re-vaccination due to evolving viral antigens and waning population immunity.
The Amplatzer® Membranous VSD Occluder and the vulnerability of the atrioventricular conduction system
Authors: Fischer Gunther , Apostolopoulou Sotiria C. , Rammos Spyros , Schneider Martin B. , Bjørnstad Per G. , Kramer Hans Heiner 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTranscatheter closure of ventricular septal defects with the Amplatzer® Membranous VSD Occluder has yielded promising initial results, but disturbances of conduction, including complete heart block, have been reported. We report our experience with the Amplatzer occluder in 35 patients with a median age 4.5 years, the defects being sized angiographically at 4.4 plus or minus 1.1 millimetres, with a range from 3 to 8 millimetres, and the size of the occluder varying from 4 to 12 millimetres. Over a median follow-up of 2.5 years, the rate of complete closure was 87% and 91%, at 1 and 2 years respectively, while 2 patients required surgical closure of the defect subsequent to the insertion of the device. Persistent regurgitation across the tricuspid valve related to the occluder was observed in 3 patients, and in 6 patients across the aortic valve. Abnormalities of conduction related to the procedure were noted in 7 patients, one-fifth of the cohort. The disturbances were transient in 1 patient, but permanent in 6, in one of the latter progressing after 6 months from left bundle branch block to intermittent Mobitz II second-degree atrioventricular block in association with expansion of the occluder. We conclude that transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects with the Amplatzer occluder is effective with limited complications, but the incidence of immediate and progressive disturbances of conduction related to the proximity of conduction tissues to the rims of the occluder stress the importance of larger and longer studies to assess the safety of this procedure.
Phyloclimatic Modelling Can Estimate Ancestral Areas
Authors: Yesson Chris , Culham Alastair 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAncestral area selection is traditionally based on geographic patterns analyzed alongside phylogenetic data. The approach assumes consistent climate and will only select areas from within present day distributions. The combination of observed distribution and inferred climate preferences have been used to determine the potential distribution of species in the past, present and future. The heritability of environmental niches, based on climate preferences, has been demonstrated, and ancestral niches have been reconstructed using phylogenetic techniques. These techniques can be combined to estimate ancestral areas. Ancestral area selection via environmental preference differs from traditional methods, as areas which are outside the current observed distribution can be selected if they are environmentally suitable. We present an example using the carnivorous plants Drosera (Droseraceae). We reconstruct the climatic preferences of lineages to model ancestral environmental niches. These ancestral niches are explored to determine the limits of distribution within contemporaneous palaeo-climate scenarios suggested by a temporally calibrated phylogeny. The patterns of palaeo-climate support a restricted Southern Australian distribution that offers a more plausible explanation of the current centre of diversity in South-Western Australia than do models based only on present day climates.
Enhancement of endothelium‐dependent flow‐mediated vasodilation in hyperthyroidism
Authors: Ho Wan‐Jing , Chen Szu‐Tah , Tsay Pei‐Kwei , Wang Chun‐Li , Hsu Tsu‐Shiu , Kuo Chi‐Tai , Chen Wei‐Jan 
Published: July 2007

SummaryObjective   Vascular responsiveness changes in hyperthyroid patients remains controversial. This study attempts to determine whether the vasomotor activity can be influenced by hyperthyroid conditions, and, if so, whether changes induced by hyperthyroidism may be restored to normal during the euthyroid state after treatment.Design   A case‐control clinical study.Patients and measurements   Forty‐five pretreated hyperthyroid patients (mean age 36·62 ± 10·12 years, 36 female) were compared with 45 gender‐ and age‐matched control subjects (mean age 38·98 ± 11·17 years, 40 female). Brachial artery endothelium‐dependent flow‐mediated vasodilation (FMD) and endothelium‐independent nitroglycerin‐mediated vasodilation (NMD) responses were assessed noninvasively by high‐resolution ultrasound imaging. Among the 45 hyperthyroid patients, 27 patients underwent the same procedures prospectively in the post‐treatment euthyroid state.Results   The FMD values were significantly increased in hyperthyroid patients vs. those of controls (8·94 ± 5·65%vs. 3·77 ± 3·42%, P < 0·001), whereas NMD levels were not significantly different (18·17 ± 7·76%vs. 17·28 ± 6·63%, P = 0·560). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the presence of hyperthyroidism was the only significant factor associated with FMD. In the follow‐up study of 27 hyperthyroid patients, the FMD values were significantly decreased in the post‐treatment euthyroid state compared with those in the pretreated hyperthyroid state (6·40 ± 4·27%vs. 8·83 ± 4·61%, P = 0·021), although these values were still higher than those of controls.Conclusions   This study demonstrated that endothelium‐dependent FMD was increased in the hyperthyroid patients, and could be partially restored by treatment with antithyroid agents.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of growth hormone in patients on chronic haemodialysis compared with matched healthy subjects: an open, nonrandomized, parallel‐group trial
Authors: Langbakke Irene H. , Nielsen Jakob N. , Skettrup Mia P. , Harper Angela , Klitgaard Thomas , Weil Angelika , Engelhardt Eva , Lange Martin 
Published: July 2007

SummaryBackground  GH may be beneficial in treating patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). However, the efficacy and safety of GH could be compromised by the potential for accumulation in the circulation.Objective  The objective was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and safety of GH treatment in ESRD patients.Design  This was an open, nonrandomized, single‐centre parallel‐group study lasting 8–9 days.Subjects  Eleven adult ESRD patients and 10 matched healthy individuals received recombinant human GH (50 µg/kg/day for 7 days) by subcutaneous injection; there were two dose reductions (25%) from Day 5/7. ESRD patients underwent dialysis four times.Measurements  Serum concentrations of GH, insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I), insulin‐like growth factor binding protein‐I (IGFBP‐I), IGFBP‐III and GHBP were measured. The primary end‐point was GH exposure [area‐under‐the‐curve (AUC) calculated from the 24‐h profile] on Days 7–8.Results  GH AUC0–24 h was greater for patients (387·91 ± 134·13 µg h/l) than healthy subjects (225·35 ± 59·63 µg h/l) and the 90% confidence interval (CI) for the estimated patient : healthy subject ratio (1·40–2·07) was not within the acceptance interval (0·67–1·50). GH AUC18–24 h for patients and healthy subjects (3·03 ± 2·71 µg h/l and 6·37 ± 4·21 µg h/l) returned approximately to baseline (2·86 ± 3·91 µg h/l and 1·09 ± 1·43 µg h/l); terminal half‐life (t1/2,z) was shorter for patients (2·28 ± 00·43 h vs. 3·23 ± 00·75 h). No major safety issues were identified.Conclusions  Results demonstrate a difference between patients and healthy subjects regarding GH AUC0–24 h. However, GH concentrations for both groups were comparable to baseline by 20–22 h, thus GH was not retained in the circulation of ESRD patients.