bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A survey of institutions which offer training in fat and oil technology in the United States
Authors: Kummerow F. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA survey of 39 colleges and universities in the United States indicated that five universities offered formal course work or seminars and research training in fat and oil technology. These five institutions were Ohio State University, Purdue University, the University of Illinois, the University of Minnesota, and the University of Wisconsin.
Modification of vegetable oils. XIV. Properties of aceto‐oleins
Authors: Feuge R. O. , Gros Audrey T. , Vicknair E. J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryPure 1,2‐diaceto‐3‐olein was prepared by acetylating mono‐olein. A mixture of aceto‐oleins was prepared by acetylating a mixture of mono‐, di‐, and trioleins derived from commercial oleic acid. Several natural oils were acetylated either by ester‐ester interchange with triacetin or by glycerolysis followed by acetylation. The various products were examined for cloud and solid points, point of complete melting, and consistency.The 1,2‐diaceto‐3‐olein, which contains 19.5% of acetyl group on a weight basis, has a melting point of −18.3°C. while the mixture of aceto‐oleins, which contained 14.3% of acetyl on a weight basis, melted at −24°C.Acetylation of the natural oils raises in most instances their cloud and solid points and point of complete melting, but it also greatly increases their plasticity at lower temperatures.Aceto‐compounds were used to plasticize highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil. These mixtures were prepared so that they possessed the consistency of margarine oil at room temperature. These mixtures, when compared with partially hydrogenated oil, butterfat, or a mixture of cottonseed oil and hydrogenated cottonseed oil, were softer below room temperature and firmer above room temperature.A margarine‐like product containing 79% of aceto‐olein and 18.5% of highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil had a practically constant consistency over the temperature range of −15° to 49°C. (5° to 120°F.).
Determination of moisture in peanut butter
Authors: Pepper M. B. , Freeman A. F. 
Published: May 2007

Summary and ConclusionThe moisture and volatile content of whole peanuts has been determined by A.O.C.S. Official Method Ab 2‐49 and has been compared with the moisture content of the sliced peanuts determined by a toluene distillation procedure described by Tryon (5). For practical purposes the results obtained by these methods are in agreement.Moisture of peanut butter has been determined by an over loss‐in‐weight technique corresponding to the conditions of A.O.C.S. Official Method Ab 3‐49 for “second” moisture, and by the toluene distillation method. The results indicate that less dehydration was attained by A.O.C.S. Official Method Ab 3‐49 than by the toluene distillation procedure.Losses in weight of peanut butter samples have been determined in vacuum and forced‐draft ovens at 130° C. No differences were observed which would indicate that the conditions of A.O.C.S. Official Method Ab 3‐49 produce low results because of oxidation.It can be concluded that the toluene distillation procedure, using apparatus described by Tryon (5), is suitable for determining the relatively small amounts of moisture present in peanut butter. The unique features of this apparatus seem to make the method particularly adaptable to peanut butter. This information is presented to provide the peanut butter industry with an additional method for use in problems involving determination of small amounts of moisture and for comparison with other prevailing methods.
Hydrolysis during deodorization of fatty oils. Catalytic action of fatty acids
Authors: Sarkadi D. Szabo 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe hydrolysis of peanut oil at subatmospheric pressures and 180°C. has been studied, using both a static and a dynamic method. The conditions applied to the latter method are identical with those used in the current steam deodorization process.It has been found that, as a result of catalytic action, the rate of hydrolysis is a function of the free fatty acid content and moreover increases in direct proportion with the absolute pressure.From data of the degree of association it has been shown that only the monomeric acid has catalytic action. It is clear therefore that acid catalysis by H+ ions must also be involved.It was further established that when the calculation of vaporization efficiency is based upon the reduction in free fatty acid content, hydrolysis may give rise to serious errors.
Solubility and fractionation of lipides in sulfur dioxide
Authors: Schlenk Hermann , Ener Marita A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe solubilities of several fatty acids and their methyl esters in SO2 have been determined as a function of temperature. SO2 dissolves much smaller amounts of acid than the organic solvents commonly used with lipides. In this respect it resembles solvents of high polarity, such as nitromethane, acetonitrile, or furfural. Methyl esters are more than a hundred times more soluble in SO2 than are the acids. Acids, methyl esters, and glycerides can be fractionated efficiently in this solvent.
A new approach to continuous soap making‐constant composition control
Authors: Palmqvist Fredrik T. E. , Sullivan Frank E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA new continuous process for the manufacture of soap is described, detailing the three main operations in soapmaking, that is, saponification, washing, and fitting.In the new process all operations involved in the production of soap are carried out in a hermetically closed system. The amounts of lye necessary for the saponification as well as of brine for the washing and fitting operations are regulated by the automatic constant‐composition control system, which eliminates the older method of control of the soapmaking process by cumbersome chemical analyses.The process is based on the use of the Hermetic separator, a centrifuge of special design which allows the regulation of the separation efficiency during operation and which prevents any admixture or contact of the soap with air and consequently any oxidation of the product during processing.All type of soap, high grade toilet soap as well as laundry soap and industrial soaps, can be produced by this process, which is characterized by high flexibility, low operation‐costs, and a high quality of the finished product.
Factors affecting resistance of low density lipoproteins to oxidation
Authors: Ziouzenkova O. , Gieseg S. P. , Ramos P. , Esterbauer H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOxidation resistance (OR) of low density lipoproteins (LDL) is frequently determined by the conjugated diene (CD) assay, in which isolated LDL is exposed to Cu2+ as prooxidant in the range of 1–10 μM. A brief review on major findings obtained with this assay will be given. A consistent observation is that vitamin E supplements or oleic acid‐rich diets increase OR. Oxidation indices measured by the CD assay and effects of antioxidants very significantly depend on the Cu2+ concentration used for LDL oxidation. For medium and high Cu2+ concentrations, the relationship between lag time and propagation rate can be described by a simple hyperbolic saturation function, which has the same mathematical form as the Michaelis‐Menten equation. At medium and high Cu2+ concentrations (0.5 to 5 μM), vitamin E increases lag time in a dose‐dependent manner. The increase is higher for 0.5 μM Cu2+ as compared to 5 μM. At low Cu2+ concentrations (0.5 μM or less), the mechanism of LDL oxidation changes. Significant oxidation occurs in a preoxidation phase, which commences shortly after addition of Cu2+. Preoxidation is not inhibited by vitamin E. It is concluded that much additional work is needed to validate the importance of oxidation indices derived from CD and similar assays.
The effect of modest vitamin E supplementation on lipid peroxidation products and other cardiovascular risk factors in diabetic patients
Authors: Jain Sushil K. , McVie Robert , Jaramillo John J , Palmer Melissa , Smith Tiney , Meachum Z. D. , Little Rufus L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAmong many factors, elevated lipids and lipid peroxide levels in blood are major risk factors in the development of cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients. This study has examined whether oral supplementation of vitamin E, an antioxidant, has any effect on blood lipid peroxidation products (LP) and lipid profile of diabetic patients. Thirty‐five diabetics(D) were supplemented withdl‐α‐tocopherol (E) capsule (orally, 100 IU/d) or placebo (P) for three months in double‐blind clinical trials. Plasma E was analyzed by HPLC and LP by the thiobarbituric acid‐reactivity; serum lipids by auto‐analyzer. Data were analyzed using pairedt‐test and Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Vitamin E supplementation significantly lowered LP and lipid levels in diabetic patients; there were no differences in these parameters after P supplementation. There were no differences in the duration of diabetes and ages of D between P‐and E‐supplemented groups. This study suggests that vitamin E supplementation significantly lowers blood LP and lipid levels in diabetic patients.
Modulation of antioxidant enzymes and programmed cell death by n‐3 fatty acids
Authors: Fernandes Gabriel , Chandrasekar Bysani , Luan Xianghong , Troyer Dean A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudies from our laboratory indicate that n‐3 (fish oil, FO) lipids at 10% (w/w) in a nutritionally adequate, semipurified diet, and supplemented with equal levels of antioxidants, extended the life span of lupus‐prone (NZB/NZW)F1 (B/W) female mice as compared to n‐6 (corn oil, CO) lipids. The early rise of autoimmune disease in CO‐fed mice was closely linked to the loss of T‐cell function. Both IL‐2 production and IL‐2 receptor expression were reduced due to the loss of naive T‐Cells and a rise in memory T‐cells. Proliferative response to both mitogens and superatigens (staphylococcal enterotoxins A and B) was higher in FO‐fed 6.5‐mon‐old mice. These changes paralleled decreased PGE2 production by splenic cells from FO‐fed mice.Analysis of mRNA expression in different organs revealed differential effects of dietary lipids. In FO‐fed, mice, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF β1) expression was decreased in kidneys, but splenic tissues had higher expression of TGF β mRNA. As TGF β promotes programmed cell death (PCD), we studied the effects of CO and FO on PCD rates in lymphocytes. Both propidium iodide staining and DNA fragmentation were elevated in lymphocytes of FO‐fed mice when compared to CO‐fed mice of similar age. Also, increased PCD correlated closely with increased Fas gene expression. Thus, in addition to various other antiinflammatory effects, dietary FO appears to increase PCD and prevent accumulation of self‐reactive immune cells in lymphoid organs. Further studies are required to dissect the proand antiinflammatory mechanisms associated with dietary n‐3 and n‐6 lipids in modulating autoimmune disorders or malignancy during aging.
Docosahexaenoic acid therapy in docosahexaenoic acid‐deficient patients with disorders of peroxisomal biogenesis
Authors: Martinez Manuela 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA patient with classic Zellweger syndrome was treated with docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester (DHA‐EE) for three months. Five other patients with Zellweger variants (four of them less than one‐year‐old and a five‐year‐old) were treated with DHA‐EE until normalization of the DHA levels in erythrocytes. When arachidonic acid (AA) concentration decreased, AA was added to the diet. Thereafter, a combined treatment with DHA plus AA followed, in a variable proportion that allowed the high levels of DHA in erythrocytes to be maintained. In the patient with Zellweger syndrome, DHA therapy produced an increase in plasmalogen and a decrease in 26:0 and 26:1. No clear clinical improvement could be detected in this patient during the short period of treatment with DHA‐EE. The most consistent clinical effect produced by DHA therapy in the other patients with disorders of peroxisomal biogenesis was visual improvement, even in those patients that were virtually blind before the treatment. In general, the developmental curve began to accelerate. The infants became more alert, acquired better visual and social contact and muscular tone improved, with the beginning of good head control. The liver tests tended to normalize and some patients showed a reduction of hepatomegaly. All these favorable changes occurred when the patients were taking the DHA‐EE alone. In some of the patients, muscular tone seemed to improve further after introducing AA supplements. From the biochemical point of view, the plasmalogen levels increased in most cases in erythrocytes, and the two ratios 26:0/22:0 and 26:1/22:0 decreased in plasma. In some patients, there was a tendency for 26:1 to increase in plasma and for 18:0 plasmalogen to decrease in erythrocytes when AA was introduced in the diet. The significance of these findings remains to be elucidated, but they stress the importance of strict monitoring and control of the polyunsaturated fatty acid status during DHA therapy.
Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of hydrocarbon chain packing in bilayers of polyunsaturated phospholipids
Authors: Holte L. L. , Separovic F. , Gawrisch K. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract2H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) on chaindeuterated phospholipids has been used to study the influence of the degree of unsaturation on lipid chain packing and on area per molecule at the lipid water interface. Order and motions of deuterated stearic acid in position sn‐1 of phosphatidylcholines (PC) containing 18∶0, 18∶1n‐9, 18∶2n‐6, 18∶3n‐3, 20∶4n‐6, 20∶5n‐3, or 22∶6n‐3 in position sn‐2 were investigated in pure PC and in mixtures of PC in a phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) matrix. Results reveal that lipid packing in bilayers is mainly controlled by packing requirements at the lipid water interface. Increasing degrees of unsaturation lower chain order and increase area per PC molecule, whereas inclusion of PE in model membranes has the opposite effect. Chain order and motions in highly unsaturated lipid membranes are less sensitive to changes in temperature. Temperature sensitivity decreases further upon incorporation of PC into a PE matrix. Unsaturation induces chain disordering, which may be interpreted as an increase in area per molecule of lipids toward the center of the bilayer. This may result in a lower packing density of unsaturated lipids at the lipid water interface. We hypothesize that these differences in lipid packing and dynamics may influence activity of membrane proteins.
Membrane docosahexaenoic acid vs. eicosapentaenoic acid and the beating function of the cardiomyocyte and its regulation through the adrenergic receptors
Authors: Grynberg Alain , Fournier Aline , Sergiel Jean‐Pierre , Athias Pierre 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe β‐adrenergic system in cardiac muscle cells is influenced by the n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content in cell membranes. This study deals with the specific effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as compared to other n‐3 PUFA, without modification of the arachidonic acid content. Increasing the DHA content in the phospholipids of isolated cardiomyoxytes did not provoke electrical or contraction modifications, except for a slightly lower plateau phase (−2 mV). Conversely, the β‐adrenergic function was affected at several levels: (i) the receptor affinity for dihydroalprenolol tended to decrease (Kd) without alteration of the number of β‐binding sites (βmax); (ii) the isoproterenol‐induced (10−7 M and 10−6M) cAMP production was significantly decreased (−20%); and (iii) the positive chronotropic response to β‐adrenergic stimulation (isoproterenol, 10−7 M) was significantly enhanced (+80%). In order to further investigate the relationship between the decreased cAMP and the increased chronotropic response, the cells were treated with dibutyryl‐cAMP, a perment analogue of cAMP, which elicited a significantly higher chronotropic response in DHA‐enriched cells than in EPA‐enriched cells (+50%). The increase in DHA content in cardiac cell membranes phospholipids may thus affect the β‐adrenergic system through an increase of cAMP efficiency. Although the membrane phosphatidylinositols were largely involved in the PUFA alterations, none of the parameters related to α‐adrenergic system (chronotropic response, receptor density, affinity for prasozin, and inositide phosphate production) were influenced by the membrane DHA content.
Quantification of distinct molecular species of platelet activating factor in ulcerative colitis
Authors: Thyssen Erik , Turk John , Bohrer Alan , Stenson William F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to characterize the synthesis and metabolism of platelet activing factor (PAF, 1‐O‐alkyl‐2‐acetyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine) by colonic mucosa from patients with ulcerative colitis and healthy individuals. Tissue was obtained by endoscopic biopsy and by scraping the mucosa from surgical resections. Tissue was assayed for the various molecular species of PAF and its biologically inactive metabolite lyso‐PAF using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Mucosa from surgical resections for ulcerative colitis contained C16:0 PAF (mean=156 ng/g of mucosa), but not C18:0 PAF. PAF was not identified in mucosa from normal surgical resections or in endoscopic biopsies from either patients with ulcerative colitis or normal individuals. Both C16:0 lyso‐PAF and C18:0 lyso‐PAF were found in mucosa from normal and ulcerative colitis surgical resections and in endoscopic biopsies from ulcerative colitis and normal tissue. Levels of lyso‐PAF were similar in ulcerative colitis and normal mucosa. Incubation of mucosa from areas of active inflammation in ulcerative colitis with the calcium ionophore A23187 increased the levels of C16:0 PAF by 2–3 fold and also increased the levels of C16:0 lyso‐PAF. Addition of3H‐PAF to endoscopic biopsies from either normal individuals or patients with ulcerative colitis resulted in hydrolysis to3H‐lyso‐PAF. The data on colonic mucosal levels of PAF are consistent with the results of earlier studies measuring PAF in patients with ulcerative colitis by bioassay. This study examines the synthesis and metabolism of specific molecular species of PAF in ulcerative colitis for the first time.
Role of lipids in development of noninsulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus: Lessons learned from pima indians
Authors: Tataranni P. A. , Baier L. J. , Paolisso G. , Howard B. V. , Ravussin E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe studied the role of lipids in the pathogenesis of nonlinsulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) in Pima Indians. High plasma levels of nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) predicted development of NIDDM, but this effect cannot entirely be explained by the glucose‐fatty acid cycle. Dyslipidemia, although often associated with diabetes, did not seem to predict NIDDM, and might rather be associated with or the consequence of insulin resistance. In some individuals, a single amino acid substitution in the intestinal fatty acid binding protein could result, in increased rates of intestinal absorption of dietary NEFA and thereby contribute to increased lipid‐oxidation rates and insulin resistance.
Characteristics of fats in Japanese diets and current recommendations
Authors: Sugano Michihiro 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlthough there is no firm evidence to support the “ideal” or even “appropriate” healthy level of dietary fat, the habitual fat consumption pattern in Japan seems to be a criterion for the recommended allowance both in the quantitative and qualitative points of view as judged from the life expectancy and the incidence of degenerative diseases. The new recommended dietary allowance of Japan, fifth revision effective for five years starting in 1995, adopted dietary fat levels of 20–25 energy percent, the ratio of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids at 1∶1.5∶1 and the ratio of n‐6/n‐3 at 4. The recommended fat level is similar to that previously consumed in Japan, and is even lower than that in diets used to treat hyperlipidemia in Western countries, current recommendations in those countries being 30 energy percent fat. Convincing data for the beneficial effects of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on human health, in particular for healthy people, have been presented in only a few reports. However, the recommended n‐6/n‐3 ratio of 4 seems reasonable compared with the ratio of around 10 in other developed countries. In this context, it is more important to fully understand the nutritional and physiological roles of fat in healthy people rather than in those with chronic disease. At present, the low‐fat dietary pattern in Japan appears to be a healthy way of eating.
The reaction of ethylene oxide with oleic acid
Authors: Stockburger G. J. , Brandner J. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe base‐catalyzed reaction of ethylene oxide with oleic acid can be divided into two stages. The first stage consists of a slow reaction of oleic acid with ethylene oxide to form principally ethylene glycol monooleate; other reactions such as esterification, transesterification and polyglycol formation lag behind. In the second stage, after the addition of approximately one mole of ethylene oxide, the reaction accelerates and transesterification equilibrium is rapidly attained. The composition of products containing several molecules or more of ethylene oxide can be calculated satisfactorily on the assumption of random addition of ethylene oxide and random esterification of the hydroxyl groups. The uncatalyzed reaction is much slower and transesterification equilibrium is attained slowly, if at all. A reaction mechanism based on the difference in basicities of the carboxylate and alkoxide ions (and the relative rates of the competitive ethylene oxide reactions) is presented for the base‐cat‐alyzed reaction.
Hydrolysis of corn oil by lipase fromHelminthosporium maydis race T
Authors: Bennett G. A. , Freer S. , Shotwell O. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCorn oil was used as the sole carbon source for growth ofHelminthosporium maydis Race T (NRRL 5128) in shaken flasks at 28 C. Oil recovered by hexane extraction from culture medium and mycelia at 2‐day intervals was analyzed by thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography. Triglyceride content of the oil was reduced, whereas free fatty acid, monoglyceride, and diglyceride contents increased as a result ofHelminthosporium maydis growth. Free sterol and steryl ester contents were unaffected. Lipase production was demonstrated byHelminthosporium maydis cells grown on corn oil, but the enzyme was not detected in cells grown on sucrose.
Chemical composition and lipoxygenase activity in soybeans as affected by genotype and environment
Authors: Chapman G. W. , Robertson J. A. , Burdick D. , Parker M. B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEnvironmental and genetic influences on the chemical composition and lipoxygenase activity of 24 soybean genotypes (groups IV‐S and V) were determined. The soybeans were grown at two climatically different locations within the state of Georgia. Oil and protein contents and fatty acid composition of the oil in soybeans were affected by the environment. Five genotypes from group IV‐S has a fatty acid composition of the oil different from the other genotypes in the group. These differences appeared to be genetically controlled. The level of lipoxygenase activity in soybeans also appeared to be genetically controlled and not influenced by the environment. The study indicated that soybean genotypes could be selected for a specific climatic region based on oil fatty acid composition and lipoxygenase activity.