bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide)‐grafted polyacrylamide: A self‐coating copolymer for sieving separation of native proteins by CE
Authors: Zhang Jiyou , Tran Nguyet Thuy , Weber Jérémie , Slim Cyrine , Viovy Jean‐Louis , Taverna Myriam 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe potential of a series of newly synthesized poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) grafted polyacrylamide (PAM) copolymers (P(AM‐PDMA)) as a replaceable separation medium for protein analysis was studied. A comparative study with and without copolymers was performed; the separation efficiency, analysis reproducibility and protein recovery proved that the P(AM‐PDMA) copolymers were efficient in suppressing the adsorption of basic proteins onto the silica capillary wall. Furthermore, the size‐dependent retardation of native proteins in a representative P(AM‐PDMA) copolymer was demonstrated by Ferguson analysis. The results showed that the P(AM‐PDMA) copolymers combine the good coating property of PDMA and the sieving property of PAM and could be applied as a sieving matrix for the analysis of native proteins.
CE‐based analysis of hemoglobin and its applications in clinical analysis
Authors: Wang Junhua , Zhou Shilai , Huang Weihua , Liu Yanming , Cheng Cheng , Lu Xin , Cheng Jieke 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis review focuses on the developments and trends in CE including CIEF, CZE, MEKC, two‐dimensional conjunction of CIEF‐capillary gel electrophoresis, and MEKC‐CZE on microfluidic devices coupled to different detection approaches, such as UV absorbance, LIF, MS, and chemiluminescence etc. for performing analysis of hemoglobin (Hb), also with an emphasis on its applications in clinical analysis. Analysis of human Hb is of important clinical sense for numerous hemoglobinopathies associated with the congenital defects and abnormal contents of Hb. The diversiform modes render CE a comprehensive primary clinical tool for Hb analysis, which is rapid, sensitive, high‐resolution, and not labor‐intensive.
Disposition and pharmacokinetics of a lubricant contaminant, 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl 4‐nitrophenol, in grafted human skin
Authors: Pershing Lynn K. , Nelson Joel L. , Corlett Judy L. , Briggs G. Bruce , Still Kenneth R. , Jederberg Warren W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDisposition and uptake/elimination profiles of topical 2,6‐di‐t‐butyl, 4‐nitrophenol (DBNP), the nitrated metabolite of an antioxidant additive of lubricant and hydraulic fluids was quantified in human skin grafted on athymic mice after a single topical 75 µg dose in corn oil. DBNP was quantified throughout the stratum corneum (SC), epidermis (E) and dermis (D) in punch biopsies collected from treated skin 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h after application. SC samples were harvested from the treated skin with 20 adhesive discs. E and D were generated from the biopsy using a manual sectioning method. Detectable DBNP concentrations were measured in all skin compartments at all time points investigated. The Cmax of DBNP in SC was 1663 ± 602 µg cm−3, and ∼30 and ∼300 fold greater than the Cmax for E and D, respectively. Tmax occurred at 1.0, 0.5 and 1.0 in the SC, E and D, respectively. Over a 24 h interval (AUC0−24 h) there was 52 and 520 fold more DBNP in the SC than E and D, respectively. The elimination half‐life of DBNP was 11 h from the SC and 9 h from both E and D. Thus, DBNP was quickly absorbed into the outermost layer of skin and established a steep concentration profile through human skin. The data are consistent with the vast majority of DBNP remaining on the surface (77%) or within human skin (15%) in vivo with only 0.2% of the DBNP dose quantified in the systemic blood circulation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and characterization of a porous poly(methyl methacrylate) scaffold with controllable modulus and permeability
Authors: Shimko Daniel A. , Nauman Eric A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFunctional restoration following extensive bone injury often requires bone grafting. The primary source of graft material is either autograft or allograft. The use of both material sources is well established, however both suffer limitations. In response, grafting alternatives are being investigated. This manuscript presents the development of a highly porous scaffold with controllable elastic modulus and permeability for use in tissue grafting and tissue engineering applications that is manufactured from FDA approved poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Fifteen protocol variations based on the commonly used porogen leaching technique for porous scaffold fabrication were employed to control scaffold pore size, pore interconnectivity, and structural strength. Scaffolds were tested for porosity, permeability, elastic modulus, cell culture compatibility, and fatigue tested in compression. Scaffold permeability ranged from 6.6 × 10−16 m2 to 1.4 × 10−10 m2, and elastic modulus was adjustable between 14 and 322 MPa; data similar to cancellous bone specimens from a variety of species and anatomic locations. Fatigue evaluations revealed 65% strength maintenance after 80,000 loading cycles, and in vitro culture with marrow‐derived stromal cells show no cytotoxic effects based on Live/Dead assay. The scaffolds detailed herein will help broaden the spectrum of available orthopaedic tissue scaffolds for research in this evolving field. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Sterilization of bacterial spores by using supercritical carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Hemmer Jason D. , Drews Michael J. , LaBerge Martine , Matthews Michael A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIt was hypothesized that supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) treatment could serve as an alternative sterilization method at various temperatures (40–105°C), CO2 pressures (200–680 atm), and treatment times (25 min to 6 h), and with or without the use of a passive additive (distilled water, dH2O) or an active additive (hydrogen peroxide, H2O2). While previous researchers have shown that SC‐CO2 possesses antimicrobial properties, sterilization effectiveness has not been shown at sufficiently low treatment temperatures and cycle times, using resistant bacterial spores. Experiments were conducted using Geobacillus stearothermophilus and Bacillus atrophaeus spores. Spore strips were exposed to SC‐CO2 in commercially available supercritical fluid extraction and reaction systems, at varying temperatures, pressures, treatment times, and with or without the use of a passive additive, such as dH2O, or an active additive, such as H2O2. Treatment parameters were varied from 40 to 105°C, 200–680 atm, and from 25 min to 6 h. At 105°C without H2O2, both spore types were completely deactivated at 300 atm in 25 min, a shorter treatment cycle than is obtained with methods in use today. On the other hand, with added H2O2 (<100 ppm), 6 log populations of both spore types were completely deactivated using SC‐CO2 in 1 h at 40°C. It was concluded from the data that large populations of resistant bacterial spores can be deactivated with SC‐CO2 with added H2O2at lower temperatures and potentially shorter treatment cycles than in most sterilization methods in use today. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
The phylogenetic distribution of metazoan microRNAs: insights into evolutionary complexity and constraint
Authors: Sempere Lorenzo F. , Cole Charles N. , Mcpeek Mark A. , Peterson Kevin J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHow complex body plans evolved in animals such as fruit flies and vertebrates, as compared to the relatively simple jellyfish and sponges, is not known, given the similarity of developmental genetic repertoires shared by all these taxa. Here, we show that a core set of 18 microRNAs (miRNAs), non‐coding RNA molecules that negatively regulate the expression of protein‐coding genes, are found only in protostomes and deuterostomes and not in sponges or cnidarians. Because many of these miRNAs are expressed in specific tissues and/or organs, miRNA‐mediated regulation could have played a fundamental evolutionary role in the origins of organs such as brain and heart—structures not found in cnidarians or sponges—and thus contributed greatly to the evolution of complex body plans. Furthermore, the continuous acquisition and fixation of miRNAs in various animal groups strongly correlates both with the hierarchy of metazoan relationships and with the non‐random origination of metazoan morphological innovations through geologic time. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B: 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genome evolution and functional divergence in Yersinia
Authors: Gu Jianying , Neary Jennifer L. , Sanchez Maribel , Yu Jian , Lilburn Timothy G. , Wang Yufeng 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe steadily increasing number of prokaryotic genomes has accelerated the study of genome evolution; in particular, the availability of sets of genomes from closely related bacteria has made exploration of questions surrounding the evolution of pathogenesis tractable. Here we present the results of a detailed comparison of the genomes of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis IP32593 and three strains of Yersinia pestis (CO92, KIM10, and 91001). There appear to be between 241 and 275 multigene families in these organisms. There are 2,568 genes that are identical in the three Y. pestis strains, but differ from the Y. pseudotuberculosis strain. The changes found in some of these families, such as the kinases, proteases, and transporters, are illustrative of how the evolutionary jump from the free‐living enteropathogen Y. pseudotuberculosis to the obligate host‐borne blood pathogen Y. pestis was achieved. We discuss the composition of some of the most important families and discuss the observed divergence between Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. pestis homologs. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid evolution in a pair of recent duplicate segments of rice
Authors: Jiang Huifeng , Liu Dongyuan , Gu Zhenglong , Wang Wen 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGene duplication has been considered the most important way of generating genetic novelties. The subsequent evolution right after gene duplication is critical for new function to occur. Here we analyzed the evolutionary pattern for a recently duplicated segment between rice chromosomes 11 and 12. This duplication event was estimated to occur about 6 million years ago, during the divergence of the B‐ and C‐genome rice species. The duplicate segment in chromosome 12 has significantly higher frequency of sequence rearrangement rate than non‐duplicated regions. The rearrangement rate is ∼6.5 breakages/Mb per million years, about six times higher than the fastest rate ever reported in eukaryotes. The genes within both segments experienced accelerated nucleotide substitution rates revealed by synonymous (Ks) and non‐synonymous divergence (Ka) between Oryza sativa indica and O. sativa japonica. Analysis using EST data also implicates rapid divergence in expression between these segmental duplicate genes. These overall rapid changes from different perspective for the first time provide evidence that relaxation of selection also occurs in large‐scale duplications. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ancient complexity of the non‐Hox ANTP gene complement in the anthozoan Nematostella vectensis. Implications for the evolution of the ANTP superclass
Authors: Kamm Kai , Schierwater Bernd 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe origin and evolution of ANTP superclass genes has raised controversial discussions. While recent evidence suggests that a true Hox cluster emerged after the cnidarian bilaterian split, the origin of the ANTP superclass as a whole remains unclear. Based on analyses of bilaterian genomes, it seems very likely that clustering has once been a characteristic of all ANTP homeobox genes and that their ancestors have emerged through several series of cis‐duplications from the same genomic region. Since the diploblastic Cnidaria possess orthologs of some non‐Hox ANTP genes, at least some steps of the expansion of this hypothetical homeobox gene array must have occurred in the last common ancestor of both lineages—but it is unknown to what extent. By screening the unassembled Nematostella genome, we have identified unambiguous orthologs to almost all non‐Hox ANTP genes which are present in Bilateria—with the exception of En, Tlx and (possibly) Vax. Furthermore, Nematostella possesses ANTP genes that are missing in some bilaterian lineages, like the rough gene or NK7. In addition, several ANTP homeobox gene families have been independently duplicated in Nematostella. We conclude that the last cnidarian/bilaterian ancestor already harboured the almost full complement of non‐Hox ANTP genes before the Hox system evolved. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution after gene duplication: models, mechanisms, sequences, systems, and organisms
Authors: Roth Christian , Rastogi Shruti , Arvestad Lars , Dittmar Katharina , Light Sara , Ekman Diana , Liberles David A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGene duplication is postulated to have played a major role in the evolution of biological novelty. Here, gene duplication is examined across levels of biological organization in an attempt to create a unified picture of the mechanistic process by which gene duplication can have played a role in generating biodiversity. Neofunctionalization and subfunctionalization have been proposed as important processes driving the retention of duplicate genes. These models have foundations in population genetic theory, which is now being refined by explicit consideration of the structural constraints placed upon genes encoding proteins through physical chemistry. Further, such models can be examined in the context of comparative genomics, where an integration of gene‐level evolution and species‐level evolution allows an assessment of the frequency of duplication and the fate of duplicate genes. This process, of course, is dependent upon the biochemical role that duplicated genes play in biological systems, which is in turn dependent upon the mechanism of duplication: whole genome duplication involving a co‐duplication of interacting partners vs. single gene duplication. Lastly, the role that these processes may have played in driving speciation is examined. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement of lipoxygenase in Australian white wheat flour: the effect of lipoxygenase on the quality properties of white salted noodles
Authors: Cato Larisa , Halmos Andrew L , Small Darryl M 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe enzyme lipoxygenase has a number of functions in breadmaking. Although white salted noodles are a staple food in various countries, the significance and potential of lipoxygenase in noodlemaking are less well understood. In these products a bright, uniform appearance is particularly important and so the aim of the present research has been to study the effect of endogenous and exogenous lipoxygenase upon discolouration of white salted noodles as well as on the textural and structural attributes. Similar lipoxygenase levels were recorded in the flours studied and no significant losses of activity were found during noodle manufacture and subsequent storage. Less discolouration occurred in treated noodle sheets compared with control samples. Discolouration happened to a lesser extent when samples were cooked immediately after preparation or drying for both treated and control noodles. Whiter noodle sheets were obtained when a soybean lipoxygenase was added to the formulation. Textural and structural properties of white salted noodles were not adversely affected by enzyme addition, giving firm, elastic and non‐sticky products. It is concluded that the incorporation of the lipoxygenase preparation offers prospects for colour enhancement of white salted noodles. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
The impact of genomics on crops for industry
Authors: Smallwood Maggie 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe complete sequence of the genomes of two model plants is now available together with technology for the parallel analysis of thousands of genes, the proteins that they encode and the metabolites whose production they control. This review focuses on application of these technologies to engineer output characteristics of crops specifically relevant to non‐food use. Following a brief introduction to the resources available for genomic analysis, some examples are provided of how genomics is enabling both transgenic and non‐GM manipulation of agricultural materials such as carbohydrates, oils, fibres and speciality chemicals for use as industrial feedstocks. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Indian Turmeric and its Use in Cationic Photopolymerizations
Authors: Crivello James V. , Bulut Umut 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCurcumin, an intensely yellow dye isolated from Indian turmeric is an excellent electron‐transfer photosensitizer for cationic vinyl and ring‐opening polymerizations. Especially attractive features of curcumin are its strong absorption, broad spectral sensitivity, efficient electron‐transfer, low toxicity and low cost. Using curcumin as a photosensitizer, the cationic photopolymerizations of a variety of monomers were carried out including such naturally derived monomers as epoxidized terpenes and epoxidized vegetable oils. The impact of this technology on applications such as housing, boat‐building and water distribution is discussed.
Synthesis of Dendrimer‐Like Star‐Branched Poly(methyl methacrylate)s of Generations Consisting of Four Branched Polymer Chains at Each Junction by Iterative Methodology Involving Coupling and Transformation Reactions
Authors: Watanabe Takumi , Tsunoda Yuji , Matsuo Akira , Sugiyama Kenji , Hirao Akira 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA series of dendrimer‐like star‐branched poly(methyl methacrylate)s (PMMA)s of generations consisting of four branched segments at each junction have been successfully synthesized by developing an iterative methodology. It involves two reaction steps in each iterative reaction sequence, (a) a coupling reaction of the α‐functionalized living anionic PMMA with four tert‐butyldimethylsilyloxymethylphenyl (SMP) groups with benzy bromide (BnBr)‐chain‐functionalized PMMA and (b) a transformation of SMP group into BnBr functionality. By repeating the reaction sequence thrice, the above‐mentioned dendrimer‐like star‐branched (PMMA)s of up to third‐generation made up of 4, 20, and 84 PMMA segments and 16, 64, and 256 BnBr termini were synthesized by the first, second, and third iterative processes, respectively. The resulting polymers all were well‐defined in branched architecture and precisely controlled in chain length.
Cationic Polymerization of Hexamethylcyclosiloxane (D3): Kinetics and Mechanism of Cyclics Formation
Authors: Toskas G. , Moreau M. , Sigwalt P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn cationic polymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (D3) in methylene chloride, a control of the mol wts could be observed with various initiators such as RCOCl/ SbCl5 or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TfOH) and its derivatives. But an important difference with usual living polymerizations is the simultaneous formation of large amounts of cyclic oligomers D3x, their weights increasing linearly from the origin. A second population of much larger DPn has been shown to consist of macrocycles (MC). It was concluded that while MC result from end‐to‐end ring closure of a fraction of linear macromolecules, the small D3x cycles (essentially D6) are formed independently by a selective back‐biting reaction involving oxonium end‐groups. However, it has been proposed again in recent publications in which various initiators were used (including TfOH) that D3x cyclics of all sizes result from end‐to‐end ring closure reactions between the (electrophilic) active site for propagation and a silanol end group.In the present paper, the initiator used was the mixed anhydride of trifluoroacetic and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, which give non‐nucleophilic CF3CO2(CH3)2Si end‐groups. The residual acid present in the anhydride was neutralized by varying amounts of 4‐methyl,2,6‐di‐t‐butylpyridine (MDTBP). The linear increase of the HP molecular weight and the formation of large amounts of D3x oligomers were observed again. The weight ratio of D6 was larger than for TfOH initiation (1 < D6/HP < 1,5) and when a large excess of MDTBP on the acid was used, D6/HP was even higher but MC formation was completely suppressed. This confirms the difference in the mechanisms giving MC and D6 and agrees with small D3x cyclics formation involving the silyltriflate end‐groups alone (and probably the derived oxonium sites).
Conducting Polymer Coated DNA
Authors: Bardavid Yosef , Kotlyar Alexander B. , Yitzchaik Shlomo 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGold electrode was modified with a 4‐aminothiophenol layer (4‐ATPh) to immobilize DNA. The immobilized DNA served as a template for the alignment of positively charged anilinium ions. The electrochemical oxidation of the anilinium ions resulted in wrapping of the DNA with polyaniline. This polyaniline coated DNA was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), impedance spectroscopy and UV‐VIS absorption spectroscopy.
Polymerization Processes in Ionic Liquids. Cationic Polymerization of Styrene
Authors: Baśko Małgorzata , Biedroń Tadeusz , Kubisa Przemysław 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThere is an increasing interest in using ionic liquids as solvents for polymerization processes. Most published data deals with controlled radical polymerization. It has been shown that ionic liquids offer several advantages for conducting Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP), such as good solubility of catalyst and improved kp/kt ratio. Ionic liquids are highly polar therefore they seem to be suitable solvents for conducting also ionic polymerization processes. In our preliminary communication we reported on cationic polymerization of styrene initiated by R‐Cl/TiCl4 system in ionic liquid. To clarify the mechanism of this process, racemization of optically active 1‐phenylethyl choride (initiator and the model of dormant species) was studied and it was shown that in ionic liquid racemization proceeds even in the absence of coinitiator (TiCl4). Because racemization proceeds through ionization of CCl bond, this explains the cationic polymerization of styrene initiated by R‐Cl alone (in the absence of coinitiator). Chain transfer, however, cannot be eliminated, therefore polymerization is not controlled.
Closed‐Loop Phase Behavior and Baroplasticity of deuterated Polystyrene‐block‐Poly(n‐pentyl methacrylate) Copolymer investigated by SANS and FTIR Spectroscopy
Authors: Lee Dong Hyun , Kim Hye Jeong , Kim Jin Kon 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe closed‐loop phase behavior of deuterated polystyrene‐block‐poly(n‐pentyl methacrylate) copolymer (dPS‐PnPMA) was investigated by small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) and temperature‐dependent Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy. The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the transition temperatures was studied by using SANS. We found that dPS‐PnPMA has large pressure coefficients of transition temperatures (dT/dP = ±725 °C/kbar). Since this block copolymer exhibited excellent baroplastic property, it was easily molded into a desirable shape at a relatively low temperature under medium pressure. On the other hand, commercially available polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐block‐polystyrene copolymers were not molded at the same processing condition. Finally, we investigated the driving force inducing the closed‐loop phase behavior by using temperature‐dependent FT‐IR.