bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal Limitations on Social Learning of Novel Predators by Indian Mynahs, Acridotheres tristis
Authors: Griffin Andrea S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAntipredator vocalizations of social companions are important for facilitating long‐term changes in the responses of prey to novel predator stimuli. However, dynamic variation in the time course of acoustic communication has important implications for learning of predator cues associated with auditory signals. While animals often experience acoustic signals simultaneously with predator cues, they may also at times experience signals and predator stimuli in succession. The ability to learn about stimuli that are perceived not only together, but also after, acoustic signals has the potential to expand the range of opportunities for learning about novel events. Earlier work in Indian mynahs (Acridotheres tristis) has revealed that subjects acquire a visual exploratory response to a novel avian mount after they have experienced it together with conspecific distress vocalizations, a call produced in response to seizure by a predator. The present study explored to what extent such learning occurred if the avian mount was experienced after, rather than simultaneously with, distress calls, such as might happen if call production is interrupted by prey death. Results showed that mynahs that experienced a novel avian mount simultaneously with the sound of distress calls exhibited a sustained exploratory response to the mount after training relative to before that was not apparent in birds that received distress calls and mount in succession. This finding suggests that vocal antipredator signals may only trigger learning of environmental stimuli with which they share some temporal overlap. Recipients may need to access complementary non‐vocal cues from the prey victim to learn about predator stimuli that are perceived after vocal behaviour.
Nest Sanitation Plays a Role in Egg Burial by Yellow Warblers
Authors: Guigueno Mélanie F. , Sealy Spencer G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSome hosts of the brown‐headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) possess defences that eliminate all or most parasitism costs. Yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia) bury cowbird eggs, possibly to clean nests rather than serving strictly as an anti‐parasite defence, as non‐egg‐shaped objects have been ejected, buried, or deserted by other hosts. With two experiments, we tested the ‘nest sanitation’ hypothesis by recording warblers’ responses to objects (1) similar in volume, mass, and colour to cowbird eggs, and (2) half the mass and volume (more easily ejected), placed into nests before and during incubation. We compared outcomes at control nests with responses to objects that were dissimilar (stars) and moderately similar (dumbbells) to eggs, and to real cowbird and warbler eggs. We tested whether rejection (1) declines from stars through dumbbells and real eggs, (2) is similar between stages, and (3) non‐egg‐shaped objects are ejected because this is the least costly rejection method. Large stars were rejected (most buried) significantly more frequently (43.8%) than cowbird eggs (16.3%) in pre‐incubation, suggesting that warblers reject objects shaped unlike their own eggs to rid nests of debris. Objects spent less time in nests the more they diverged from eggs. Warblers rarely rejected large stars and dumbbells, and cowbird eggs during incubation, possibly because burial and desertion are too costly by this time. Responses to small stars and dumbbells, and to foreign yellow warbler eggs did not differ between stages; also warblers rejected stars, mostly by ejection and selective burial, more frequently (28.8%) than dumbbells (1.3%) and warbler eggs (0%). Rejection by yellow warblers, especially burial, may keep nests clean, but also functions in rejecting cowbird eggs.
Home‐Range Dynamics in a Solitary Subterranean Rodent
Authors: Šklíba Jan , Šumbera Radim , Chitaukali Wilbert N. , Burda Hynek 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDespite an important role of subterranean rodents as ecosystem engineers, their belowground mobility is poorly documented. It is supposed that their underground burrow systems, once established, are relatively stable because of high‐energy costs of digging. We chose the silvery mole‐rat,Heliophobius argenteocinereus(Bathyergidae, Rodentia) from mesic Afrotropics as a representative of solitary subterranean rodents to investigate how, and how fast these rodents process their established burrow systems. We combined radio‐tracking of individual animals with subsequent mapping of their burrow systems, and we developed a new method for assessing the rate of burrowing. Mole‐rats continuously rebuilt their burrow systems; they excavated approx. 0.7 m of new tunnels per day and backfilled on average 64% of all tunnels. On average, every 32 d they established a new nest. They often completely backfilled newly excavated peripheral burrows, while other parts of their burrow systems were more permanent. Their home‐ranges were dynamic and continuously shifted in space. Burrow system processing continued even in the advanced dry season, when soil is difficult to work.
Information Content in Chorus Songs of the Group‐Living Australian Magpie (Cracticus tibicen dorsalis) in Western Australia
Authors: Baker Myron C. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSongs of birds encode several kinds of information that may be used during interactions with conspecifics. Some bird species live in social groups and perform territorial advertisement song as a group. Group singing raises questions concerning its function in the social life of the group. Australian magpies (Cracticus tibicen = Gymnorhina tibicen) are group‐living birds that sing chorus songs known as carols. Each carol is composed of a series of individual syllables. Previous spectrographic descriptions of carols in eastern Australian populations found individual‐specific and sex‐specific acoustic characteristics in carol syllables and group‐specific characteristics in carol songs. These findings suggest that carols might reveal not only the identity of the group, but also other properties, such as its size and sex composition, which could influence outcomes in assessment/management interactions between groups. I tape‐recorded and analyzed carols of seven magpie groups in Western Australia, a location and subspecies (C. t. dorsalis) differing from the previous studies of singing by magpies. I analyzed carols of each group to determine acoustic features of syllables, syllable syntax within carols and the way carols are delivered as a repertoire. Visual classification of individual song syllables as seen on sound spectrograms, automated quantification of spectral features of song syllables, examination for carol repertoires and call‐answer syntax within carols all revealed little evidence that magpies have individual‐specific or group‐specific vocal characteristics. Thus, chorus songs do not appear sufficiently distinctive to communicate identity at the level of the group nor reveal group size and composition. Instead, caroling may signal only territory occupancy and willingness to participate in territorial defense. A new hypothesis is advanced suggesting that chorus songs of group‐living birds are an unselected consequence of the coordinated duet songs of the breeding male and female whose duets are joined adventitiously by other group members.
Kursgewinne durch Entlassungspläne? Erste Ergebnisse aus Deutschland
Authors: Neus Werner , Walter Andreas 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEmploying traditional event study methodology we examine the market reaction to layoff announcements of firms listed on the German stock market. We contribute to the international literature in this field with two major results. First, unlike anecdotal and similar to international evidence we report a negative and significant abnormal rate of return of −0.37 percent on the announcement day. Further, we find that the reason for the layoff announcement plays a decisive role in the revaluation process. On the one hand, stocks of firms that announce layoffs as a reaction to declining market conditions are associated with a more intense negative market response. On the other hand, even stocks of firms that intend to enhance their profitability by means of layoffs do not show a significant positive reaction.
Testing for Genetic Association With Constrained Models Using Triads
Authors: Troendle J. F. , Yu K. F. , Mills J. L. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryIt has been shown that it is preferable to use a robust model that incorporated constraints on the genotype relative risk rather than rely on a model that assumes the disease operates in a recessive or dominant fashion. Previous methods are applicable to case‐control studies, but not to family based studies of case children along with their parents (triads). We show here how to implement analogous constraints while analyzing triad data. The likelihood, conditional on the parents genotype, is maximized over the appropriately constrained parameter space. The asymptotic distribution for the maximized likelihood ratio statistic is found and used to estimate the null distribution of the test statistics. The properties of several methods of testing for association are compared by simulation. The constrained method provides higher power across a wide range of genetic models with little cost when compared to methods that restrict to a dominant, recessive, or multiplicative model, or make no modeling restriction. The methods are applied to two SNPs on the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene with neural tube defect (NTD) triads.
The future of genetics in psychology and psychiatry: microarrays, genome‐wide association, and non‐coding RNA
Authors: Plomin Robert , Davis Oliver S.P. 
Published: January 2009

Background:  Much of what we thought we knew about genetics needs to be modified in light of recent discoveries. What are the implications of these advances for identifying genes responsible for the high heritability of many behavioural disorders and dimensions in childhood?Methods:  Although quantitative genetics such as twin studies will continue to yield important findings, nothing will advance the field as much as identifying the specific genes responsible for heritability. Advances in molecular genetics have been driven by technology, especially DNA microarrays the size of a postage stamp that can genotype a million DNA markers simultaneously. DNA microarrays have led to a dramatic shift in research towards genome‐wide association (GWA) studies. The ultimate goal of GWA is to sequence each individual’s entire genome, which has begun to happen.Results:  GWA studies suggest that for most complex traits and common disorders genetic effects are much smaller than previously considered: The largest effects account for only 1% of the variance of quantitative traits. This finding implies that hundreds of genes are responsible for the heritability of behavioural problems in childhood, and that it will be difficult to identify reliably these genes of small effect. Another discovery with far‐reaching implications for future genetic research is the importance of non‐coding RNA (DNA transcribed into RNA but not translated into amino acid sequences), which redefines what the word gene means. Non‐coding RNA underlines the need for a genome‐wide approach that is not limited to the 2% of DNA responsible for specifying the amino acid sequences of proteins.Conclusions:  The only safe prediction is that the fast pace of genetic discoveries will continue and will increasingly affect research in child psychology and psychiatry. DNA microarrays will make it possible to use hundreds of genes to predict genetic risk and to use these sets of genes in top‐down behavioural genomic research that explores developmental change and continuity, multivariate heterogeneity and co‐morbidity, and gene–environment interaction and correlation. A crucial question is whether the prediction of genetic risk will be sufficiently robust to translate into genetically based diagnoses, personalised treatments, and prevention programmes.
Perplexities and provocations of eating disorders
Authors: Halmi Katherine A. 
Published: January 2009

Background:  Etiological hypotheses of eating disorders, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa have not produced informative research for predictably effective treatment.Methods:  The rationale for applying a model of allostasis, a dysregulation of reward circuits with activation of brain and hormonal stress responses to maintain apparent stability, is developed for eating disorders.Results:  The neurotransmitter systems involved in the allostatic state of a reward system in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa may be similar to those present in drug addiction.Conclusion:  The biological vulnerabilities underlying the unique features of eating disorders should be intensively investigated with the advancing techniques in genetics and neuroimaging. Preventing chronicity with early diagnosis and adequate treatment before age 18 is necessary.
Childhood developmental disorders: an academic and clinical convergence point for psychiatry, neurology, psychology and pediatrics
Authors: Reiss Allan L. 
Published: January 2009

Background:  Significant advances in understanding brain development and behavior have not been accompanied by revisions of traditional academic structure. Disciplinary isolation and a lack of meaningful interdisciplinary opportunities are persistent barriers in academic medicine. To enhance clinical practice, research, and training for the next generation, academic centers will need to take bold steps that challenge traditional departmental boundaries. Such change is not only desirable but, in fact, necessary to bring about a truly innovative and more effective approach to treating disorders of the developing brain.Methods:  I focus on developmental disorders as a convergence point for transcending traditional academic boundaries. First, the current taxonomy of developmental disorders is described with emphasis on how current diagnostic systems inadvertently hinder research progress. Second, I describe the clinical features of autism, a phenomenologically defined condition, and Rett and fragile X syndromes, neurogenetic diseases that are risk factors for autism. Finally, I describe how the fields of psychiatry, psychology, neurology, and pediatrics now have an unprecedented opportunity to promote an interdisciplinary approach to training, research, and clinical practice and, thus, advance a deeper understanding of developmental disorders.Results:  Research focused on autism is increasingly demonstrating the heterogeneity of individuals diagnosed by DSM criteria. This heterogeneity hinders the ability of investigators to replicate research results as well as progress towards more effective, etiology‐specific interventions. In contrast, fragile X and Rett syndromes are ‘real’ diseases for which advances in research are rapidly accelerating towards more disease‐specific human treatment trials.Conclusions:  A major paradigm shift is required to improve our ability to diagnose and treat individuals with developmental disorders. This paradigm shift must take place at all levels – training, research and clinical activity. As clinicians and scientists who are currently constrained by disciplinary‐specific history and training, we must move towards redefining ourselves as clinical neuroscientists with shared interests and expertise that permit a more cohesive and effective approach to improving the lives of patients.
Estimate of the Number of International Children in Japan, Based on Trends in Intermarriage
Authors: Hara Toshihiko , Ueki Takeshi , Murakami Masakatsu 
Published: January 2009

Abstract  This paper focuses on international children (that is, children whose parents have different nationalities) in Japanese society. Using statistics on intermarriage in Japan between 1965 and 1990, we project the numbers of such children from 1991 to 2000. The important findings are summarized below:1. There were estimated 165,000 international children under the age of 21 in Japan as of 1991. The number will increase to 528,000 by the end of the century if the intermarriage rate continues to increase as it has recently, but this will still represent less than 2% of the Japanese population under 21.2. By the year 2000 roughly 75% of these will be children of foreign mothers, due to the rapid increase in marriages between Japanese grooms and foreign brides.3. The number of children with dual nationality continues to remain much lower in Japan than advanced countries in Europe, despite concern expressed when the Nationality Law was revised in 1985. The number of children born to international couples in Japan is surprisingly small with respect to the number of international marriages, so a dramatic increase is not likely.
Environmental Sociology in Japan and Environmental Problems in Asian Societies
Authors: Iijima Nobuko 
Published: January 2009

This paper discusses typical aspects of environmental sociology in Japan and what characteristics can be found in Japanese environmental problems when they are viewed from their relation to environmental problems in Asian societies.The most prominent feature of environmental sociology in Japan is that it has been mainly the sociology of environmental problems, whereas in the United States is has been mainly the sociology of the environment. The second characteristic is closely related to the first: environmental sociology in Japan has focused on the local community and the life of people and victims affected by environmental problems.The third property would be that many studies by environmental sociologists have been accumulated by the Japanese Association for Environmental Sociology, which was set up in 1990.The approach to the study of environmental problems in Asian societies reflects these characteristics. Views from the historical interaction between Japan and other Asian countries are essential to the study of environmental problems in Asian countries.
At Arm's Length: The Filipina Domestic Helper‐Chinese Employer Relationship in Hong Kong
Authors: Ozeki Erino 
Published: January 2009

Abstract  This paper aims at examining the influence of the migrant‐host group relations on migration networks by analyzing the case of Filipina migration as domestic helpers to Hong Kong. Since the stability of the migrants' relationship with their host group members is a crucial factor in the formation of migration chain, focus is put on the face‐to‐face relationship between Filipina helpers and Chinese employers.In regard to the type of helper‐employer relationship, two different aspects have been suggested; one is exploitative and the other genial. The exploitative relationship develops when employers take advantage of 'the migrants' less protected legal status, but it is a threat to sustaining stable, long‐term employment of the helpers. The genial relationship develops from concern, but it also has the danger of deteriorating the basic employer‐employee relationship. In order to avoid these two extremes, the adjusted form of relationship develops, which reduces the strain in the employment relationship by the genial atmosphere, and prevents it from collapsing by providing employers with senior authority in their quasi‐familial relationship with their helpers.This transformed relationship keeps the helper‐employer relation stable. preventing it from being endangered by its limited geniality, while encouraging them in mutual trust through moderate friendship. Being based on mutual trust, it also facilitates the development of migration networks by duplicating itself through the kinship networks of both parties.
Inducible nitric oxide synthase in pityriasis lichenoides lesions
Authors: Di Giunta Gabriella , Gonçalves da Silva Ana M. , Sotto Mirian N. 
Published: January 2009

Background:  Pityriasis lichenoides (PL) is an inflammatory skin disease of unknown etiology. Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as an important mediator of many physiological functions. The importance of NO‐mediated signaling in skin diseases has been reported by several studies.Methods:  A review of clinical records and histopathological slides of 34 patients diagnosed with PL was performed. Three different groups of skin biopsies including PL chronica (24 patients), PL et varioliformis acuta (10 patients) and 15 normal skin samples were subjected to the immunohistochemistry technique for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) detection.Results:  Normal skin group exhibited a few number of iNOS‐positive cells in the dermis and rare positive cells in the upper epidermis, unlike abundant epidermal and dermal iNOS expression observed in both PL groups.Conclusion:  According to our results, we hypothesize that NO produced by iNOS could participate in PL pathogenesis. Abnormal and persistent responses to unknown antigens, probably a pathogen, associated with NO immunoregulatory functions could contribute to the relapsing course observed in PL. NO anti‐apoptotic effect on T‐cell lymphocytes could play a role on maintenance of reactive T cells, leading to a T‐cell lymphoid dyscrasia.
The Feminist Periodical Press: Women, Periodical Studies, and Modernity
Authors: Green Barbara 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe study of feminist periodical culture is playing an increasingly important role in the larger fields of modernist periodical studies and of feminist or women's print culture. Treated as important objects of study in their own right and for their own sake, the feminist periodicals of the early twentieth century – suffrage papers, avant‐garde feminist journals, feminist literary reviews and more – give researchers a glimpse into the intersection of gender and discourses of modernity. Feminist periodicals embed literary texts – plays, short stories, poems as well as book and theater reviews – in the context of economic and political discussions, personal journalism, investigative journalism and advertisements to highlight connections between Edwardian feminist literature and the central issues for feminism – the vote, imperialism, socialism, women's professional labor, and women's engagement with commodity culture.
Risk management dilemmas in dementia care: an organizational survey in three UK countries
Authors: Clarke Charlotte L. , Gibb Catherine E. , Keady John , Luce Anna , Wilkinson Heather , Williams Linda , Cook Ailsa 
Published: January 2009

Aims and objectives.  The overall project aimed to understand the variability of the construction of risk in dementia care from the perspective of the person with dementia, family carers and practitioners with the intention of developing negotiated partnerships in risk management. This paper focuses on the objective of identifying the understandings of risk by practitioners.Background.  Risk management can result in a ‘safety first’ approach to care practices, but this may be disempowering for people with dementia.Design.  This paper describes the results of the first stage of the study: a survey to service managers or equivalent in health, social and voluntary sector care organizations in three countries of the UK.Methods.  Data from this stage was collection by postal questionnaire (n = 46).Results.  Risk was portrayed as a multidimensional concept and clustered around three themes: (1) Risk and Independence, (2) Risk and Resource, and (3) Organizational Risk Management.Conclusions.  Very wide understandings of risk are identifiable, ranging from avoidance of physical harm through to managed risk taking to improve quality of life, and to an appreciation of the impact of organizational and professional patterns of behaviour resulting in harm to the person with dementia.Relevance to clinical practice.  Obtaining information about the perspectives of others may help to illuminate some of the dilemmas experienced by staff in this study, and the development of risk assessment frameworks may assist staff to resolve some of these.