bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STEROID METABOLISM IN KIDNEY TISSUE
Authors: Huhtaniemi I. , Vihko R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The endogenous neutral steroids in early and mid-term (gestational age 10-14 weeks) human foetal kidneys were investigated. Fractions of unconjugated and mono- and disulphated neutral steroids were studied separately. No unconjugated compounds were detected, but the following steroid monosulphates were found: dehydroepiandrosterone, 5-androstene3β,17α-diol, 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol, 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, 16β-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, 3β,17β-dihydroxy-5-androsten-16-one, pregnenolone, 5-pregnene-3β,20α-diol, 16α-hydroxypregnenolone and 17α-hydroxypregnenolone. In addition, the following compounds were present, as disulphates: 5-androstene-3β,17α-diol, 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol and 5-pregnene-3β,20α-diol.
Quantitatively, dehydroepiandrosterone, 16α-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone and pregnenolone in the monosulphate fraction and 5-androstene-3β,17α-diol in the disulphate fraction were the main steroids found. Furthermore, in vitro incubations with minced or homogenized foetal kidney tissue demonstrated the following enzyme activities: 16α-hydroxylase, 17β-reductase, 20α-reductase and sulphokinase. In the incubations, dehydroepiandrosterone, pregnenolone and their sulphate conjugates were used as substrates. The role of the foetal kidneys in the metabolism of neutral steroids during early and mid-pregnancy is discussed.
PERIPHERAL PLASMA LEVELS OF OESTROGENS, PROGESTERONE AND 17α-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE OF THE RHESUS MONKEY
Authors: Bosu William T. K. , Holmdahl Tore H:son , Johansson Elof D. B. , Gemzell Carl 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Concentrations of oestrogens*, progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were determined in daily peripheral plasma samples during one normal menstrual cycle in eight rhesus monkeys. The oestrogens were measured by a rapid radioimmunoassay. Progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were determined by competitive protein binding techniques subsequent to column separation on hydrophobic Sephadex. Oestrone and oestradiol in pooled plasma samples were determined by radioimmunoassay after column chromatography. The plasma concentration of oestrogen showed a gradual late follicular rise to a midcyclic peak followed by an abrupt fall for 1–2 days and a subsequent small rise to concentrations similar to those preceding the mid-cyclic peak. Plasma levels of progesterone were below 1 ng per ml before the mid-cyclic peak of oestrogens but rose significantly one day after the oestrogen peak, and reached a luteal plateau (range 3.4–11.3 ng per ml) five to six days later. The plasma levels of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone increase paralleled the mid-cyclic peak of oestrogens. The luteal phase pattern of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone mirrored the progesterone pattern, but the concentration was somewhat lower than for progesterone. All three steroid hormones measured decreased prior to the onset of the menstrual bleeding. Oestradiol (2.4–6.9 ng per 100 ml) dominated over oestrone (1–3.2 ng per 100 ml) in the follicular phase while the reverse was true during the luteal phase. The ratio of E2:E1 was 2:1 or higher in the follicular phase, but during the late luteal phase the ratio was reversed. The patterns of the three steroid hormones observed during the menstrual cycle were qualitatively similar to those reported in women, but quantitatively the oestrogen and progesterone levels were lower, while the levels of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were higher in the rhesus monkey.
THE BIOCHEMICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL LOCALISATION OF PHOSPHOPROTEIN-CONTAINING PARTICLES IN LACTATING MAMMARY GLANDS OF RATS
Authors: Tan W. C. , Young Stretton , Goldsmith I. J. , Livingston D. C. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Portions of rat mammary glands taken during lactation were subjected to homogenisation and to electron microscopy.
Biochemical evidence after homogenisation indicated that the phosphoprotein content was highest in the cellular supernatant fraction.
Electron microscopy revealed numerous spherical structures in the supernatant fraction and in milk.
These spherical structures were similar in size to the protein droplets that are found in the cytoplasm of mammary epithelium during lactation and which have been shown to contain abundant phosphoprotein.
This is further evidence for the hypothesis that the spherical protein particles contain casein.
THE EFFECT OF FASTING AND SELECTIVE RE-FEEDING ON INSULIN RELEASE IN THE RAT
Authors: Turner D. S. , Young D. A. B. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The insulin secretory response in the rat to intravenous glucose was found to be greatly impaired by fasting for three days, whereas that to orally administered glucose was not significantly affected. Rats fasted for two days were given either protein or starch pellets for six hours, and then fasted for a further eighteen hours before the intravenous glucose test. The protein pre-feeding failed to affect significantly the subsequent insulin secretory response to intravenous glucose, whereas starch prefeeding greatly enhanced it. It is suggested that intestinal hormones released by glucose ingestion may exert not only an acute effect on insulin release, but also a 'priming' effect on the insulin release mechanism of the β cell, which enables it to respond to the subsequent stimulus of glucose alone.
COMPARISON OF ORAL AND INTRAVENOUS DEXAMETHASONE SUPPRESSION TESTS IN THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Authors: Croughs R. J. M. , Docter R. , de Jong F. H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In seven cases of proven Cushing's syndrome, the intravenous infusion of dexamethasone at a rate of 1 mg/h for a period of 5 hours readily distinguished pituitary dependent Cushing's syndrome from other causes of Cushing's syndrome. Thus the 5 h – iv dexamethasone test may give the same differential diagnostic information as the classical oral dexamethasone suppression test of Liddle. The test is quick to perform, obviates the need for accurate urine collections and is not influenced by variations in the intestinal absorption of the glucocorticoid.
THE EFFECT OF ICSH-β AND ITS COMBINATION WITH PROLACTIN ON THE MAINTENANCE OF PREGNANCY IN THE RAT
Authors: Yang W. H. , Sairam M. R. , Li Choh Hao 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In the rat hypophysectomized on day 5 of pregnancy, replacement hormonal treatment daily with 100 μg ICSH or 2 mg prolactin alone was not effective for maintenance of pregnancy, whereas the combination of 50–200 μg ICSH and 2 mg prolactin gave live embryos in 40–90% of treated animals. In the animal hypophysectomized at more advanced stage of pregnancy, ICSH alone was able to maintain pregnancy. When 400 μg ICSH-β was used instead of 100 μg ICSH in conjunction with 2 mg prolactin, this treatment was also effective for maintenance of pregnancy in the animal hypophysectomized on day 5. If hypophysectomized on day 8, either reconstituted ICHS or ICHS-β alone could maintain pregnancy. ICSH-α was ineffective in the animal hypophysectomized on either day 5 or day 8 of pregnancy. Thus it appears that ICSH-β is the biologically active subunit in the ICSH molecule for maintenance of pregnancy in the rat.
ISOLATION AND METABOLISM OF MALE SEX-DEPENDENT URINARY PROTEIN FROM RATS
Authors: Geertzen H. G. M. , Ouderaa F. J. G. v. d. , Kassenaar A. A. H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A male sex-dependent protein fraction (MUP), consisting of four closely related proteins, was isolated from the urine of male Wistar rats. The amino acid composition of two of the components is described.
Quantitation of this protein in plasma was performed by the Mancini technique. It was found that after nephrectomy the plasma level of this protein increased rapidly.
The metabolic fate of this protein was studied with the aid of 131I labelled MUP. It was found that the kidneys actively concentrate this material, and excrete it into the urine. Among the organs, the skin seems to contribute particularly to the metabolic fate of MUP.
THE EFFECT OF INITIAL AGE ON THE RESPONSE OF THE RAT TO TREATMENT WITH GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: Lunn S. F. , Loraine J. A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In the rat, the age at which the maximum response to gonadotrophin treatment will occur is dependent on both the parameter being examined and the hormone, or combination of hormones used. Thus, the ovulation rate following treatment with pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) alone, or in combination with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), is maximal at an earlier age than that observed for HCG alone. From the data presented, it would seem that, for the conditions employed, the optimal age of animals for studies on gonadotrophin-induced ovulation would be approximately thirty days.
THE EFFECT OF INITIAL BODY WEIGHT ON THE RESPONSE OF THE RAT TO TREATMENT WITH GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: Loraine J. A. , Lunn S. F. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The initial body weight of the rat will influence the subsequent ovarian and uterine weight responses following treatment with gonadotrophins. This effect cannot be overcome by straightforward transformation of ovarian weight data in terms of unit body weight since there is a significant interaction between body weight and hormonal treatment.
No relationship between body weight and the occurrence of follicular haemorrhage, vaginal opening or ovulation could be demonstrated.
THE EFFECT OF ALTERATION OF THYROXINE BINDING CAPACITY ON THE DIALYZABLE AND ABSOLUTE FRACTIONS OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE IN CIRCULATION
Authors: Dussault J. H. , Fisher D. A. , Nicoloff J. T. , Row V. V. , Volpe R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In order to determine the effect of alterations in binding capacity of thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) on triiodothyronine (T3) metabolism, studies were conducted in 10 patients with idiopathically low (7 subjects) or elevated (3 subjects) TBG levels and 10 subjects given norethandrolone (7 male subjects) or oestrogen (3 female subjects). Measurements of serum thyroxine (T4) concentration, maximal T4 binding capacity, serum T3 concentration and per cent dialyzable T3 were conducted. Serum T3 was measured both by chemical and radioimmunoassay methods. In patients with idiopathically low TBG, the mean serum T4 concentration was low (2.4 μg/100 ml), the mean serum T3 level low (55 ng/100 ml), the mean per cent dialyzable T3 increased (0.52%), and the calculated free T3 concentration normal (186 pg/100 ml). In patients with idiopathically high TBG levels the mean T4 concentration was high (10.3 μg/100 ml), the mean T3 level slightly elevated (127 ng/100 ml), the% dialyzable T3 low (0.10%) and the calculated free T3 concentration low normal (123 pg/100 ml).
The correlation coefficient between the per cent dialyzable T3 and maximal TBG binding capacity in the 20 subjects was 0.68, a value significant at the P < 0.01 level. Thus, alterations in binding capacity of TBG seem to influence T3 and T4 metabolism similarly; the inverse relationship between the % of dialyzable hormone and total hormone concentration tends to keep the absolue levels of free hormones stable.
THYROID, GASTRIC AND ADRENAL AUTO-IMMUNITY IN DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Nerup Jørn , Binder Christian 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The clinical association between diabetes mellitus and auto-immune diseases of the thyroid, the adrenals and the gastric mucosa occurs more frequently than could be expected by chance. Sera from 133 patients with diabetes mellitus and 128 controls were therefore investigated for the presence of organ-specific auto-antibodies. Thyroid microsomal antibody and gastric-parietal-cell antibody were demonstrated with significantly increased frequency – 20% and 16% respectively – in sera from patients with diabetes mellitus. Antibodies reacting specifically with tissue components of the endocrine pancreas could not be demonstrated.
From the data presented and from a review of the literature it is concluded that evidence is accumulating pointing to a disorder of the immunological system in patients with diabetes mellitus with regard to the formation of organ-specific humoral and cellular auto-immunity, and the occurrence of organ-specific auto-immune diseases.
INTERMICROSOMAL DISTRIBUTION OF AROMATIZING ENZYME SYSTEM IN EQUINE TESTICULAR TISSUE
Authors: Oh Ran , Tamaoki Bun-ichi 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The microsomal fraction (10 000–105 000 × g precipitate) of equine testes was fractionated into the smooth- and the rough-surfaced microsomal subfractions by a sucrose density-gradient centrifugation in the presence of CsCl. The validity of this fractionating procedure was confirmed by electron microscopic examination and also by chemical analysis of the RNA contents in these subfractions. The aromatizing enzyme system (19-hydroxylase and aromatase) which was concentrated in the microsomal fractions among the organellae was found to be localized in the smoothsurfaced microsomal fraction. The cytochrome P-450 which was also involved in the process of enzymatic aromatization was detected exclusively in the smooth-surfaced microsomal fraction. The distribution of the aromatizing system between the two microsomal subfractions of equine testes was discussed in comparison with that in human full term placentae.
ACID PHOSPHATASES OF THE RAT TESTIS IN EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Vanha-Perttula T. , Nikkanen V. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Quantitation of four different testicular acid phosphatases was carried out during pubertal maturation as well as after cryptorchidism and cadmium chloride treatment. The assay conditions were based on differential substrate and modifier characteristics and the results were correlated to the histological appearance of the testis.
Enzyme I activity with naphthol AS-BI phosphate as substrate showed the highest activities in the prepubertal testis and no appreciable changes took place after cryptorchidism.
Enzyme II activity with α-naphthyl phosphate as substrate was also high in the prepubertal testis and an increase occurred after cryptorchidism. The results are in agreement with a preferentially interstitial origin of enzymes I and II.
Enzyme III was quantified using β-naphthyl phosphate as substrate with sodium fluoride (5 mm) to inactivate enzymes I and II. A moderate increase of this enzyme activity during the pubertal development and a gradual decrease after cryptorchidism suggested tubular origin.
Enzyme IV activity was followed using p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate in the presence of sodium fluoride (5 mm) and Co2+ (5 mm) as a specific activator. A rapid potentiation of activity took place during pubertal development and a precipitous decrease after cryptorchidism. The results indicate a tubular origin of enzyme IV, which was confirmed by fractionation studies.
Cadmium chloride treatment caused a rapid decrease of all enzyme activities, but the decline was more abrupt for the tubular enzymes III and IV.
The results indicate that the specific testicular acid phosphatase IV may be useful in studies on the hormonal control of spermatogenesis.
A METHOD FOR THE GROUP ANALYSIS OF STEROIDS IN MILK
Authors: Darling J. A. B. , Harkness R. A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A method has been developed for the systematic analysis of groups of steroids in milk. The procedure consists of saponification, gentle mechanical extraction, oxidation with CrO3, and a Girard separation, followed by thin-layer chromatography of the ketonic fraction. Final separation and estimation is by gas liquid chromatography. The reliability criteria of the method have been examined. A 5α steroid, 5α-androstane-3,17-dione, was obtained from almost all milk samples in amounts equivalent to a concentration of 0.54 μg/100 ml of cows' milk. The present survey has shown that other steroids can sometimes be found in human and cows' milk but only at low levels. The procedure can help in the isolation and definite identification of those steroids which are detectable.
THE RELEASE IN VITRO OF VASOPRESSIN UNACCOMPANIED BY THE AXOPLASMIC ENZYMES: LACTIC ACID DEHYDROGENASE AND ADENYLATE KINASE
Authors: Edwards B. A. , Edwards M. E. , Thorn N. A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH) and adenylate kinase were shown by differential centrifugation to be mainly associated with the supernatant fraction of ox neurohypophyses. In vitro release of vasopressor activity, LDH and adenylate kinase from groups of rat neural hemilobes or slices of ox neurohypophyses was studied at rest and after stimulation with a high potassium concentration or after electrical stimulation. Although release of vasopressor activity increased considerably on stimulation, no significant change in the release of LDH or adenylate kinase could be detected. The findings are discussed in relation to the different hypotheses for the mechanism of release of vasopressin.
DEXAMETHASONE OR PROPRANOLOL BLOCKADE OF INDUCED INCREASE IN PLASMA PROGESTERONE IN EARLY HUMAN PREGNANCY
Authors: Fylling Petter 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Following continuous intravenous infusion of vasopressin or theophyllamine during the first trimester of human pregnancy, a marked increase in the peripheral plasma progesterone levels was observed. By simultaneous administration of propranolol the vasopressin effect was blocked, but not that of theophyllamine. When dexamethasone was infused, the incremental response of both vasopressin and theophyllamine was blocked or reduced.
The present results may indicate that propranolol exerts its inhibitory effect on the steroidogenesis at the β-adrenergic receptor sites. Dexamethasone, on the other hand, seems to act distal to the β-receptors probably by direct interference with steroidogenesis.
ENDOCRINE PROFILE OF A NONSTEROIDAL ANTIANDROGEN N-(3,5-DIMETHYL-4-ISOXAZOLYLMETHYL)PHTHALIMIDE (DIMP)
Authors: Boris Alfred , Scott John W. , DeMartino Louis , Cox Donald C. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
DIMP, N-(3,5-Dimethyl-4-isoxazolylmethyl)phthalimide, blocked the stimulatory effects of testosterone, androstenedione, nortestosterone, fluoxymesterone and dihydrotestosterone on sex accessory gland weights in castrated male rats. The compound also antagonized the uterotrophic effect of testosterone and inhibited the antigonadotrophic activity of testosterone. DIMP did not manifest androgenic, antigonadotrophic, uterotrophic or progestational activities, and did not antagonize the uterotrophic activity of oestradiol in the rat nor the endometrial response to progesterone in the oestrogen-primed rabbit.
SEPARATION OF ANTIBODY-BOUND AND FREE HUMAN FOLLICLE-STIMULATING AND LUTEINIZING HORMONES BY ETHANOL-AMMONIUM ACETATE
Authors: Römmler A. , Saxena B. B. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The use of 66% ethanol containing 6.6% ammonium acetate provided a simple and economical method for the separation of antibody-bound and free 131I-labelled hormones in incubation mixtures of low protein concentrations used in the radioimmunoassay of human pituitary FSH and LH. The accuracy of the procedure was confirmed by similar results obtained in the evaluation of radiation damage to the tracer, binding of the tracer to the antibody and the separation of the antibody-bound and free 131I-labelled hormones by the use of ethanol-ammonium acetate solution and chromato-electrophoresis. The sensitivity of the measurement of the hormones was 10 pg with a precision of ± 5%; thus allowing the determination of hormone concentrations in as little as 20 to 50 μl of the plasma samples. There was a 98.5 to 102% recovery of the hormones added to the plasma samples of pre-determined hormone concentrations. The use of highly purified antigens for radioisotopic labelling and standard as well as purified antisera provided specific measurements of FSH and LH in the plasma. Various dilutions of a post-menopausal plasma sample yielded responses parallel to those obtained for the doseresponse curves of the FSH and LH standards by logit-log plots, thus confirming the validity of the assay. The mean plasma FSH and LH levels in normal men, children and in women during the luteal phase were 2.7 and 2.6, 1.1 and 1.2, and 1.8 and 2 ng/ml, respectively, whereas the plasma of hypophysectomized subjects showed trace to detectable levels of FSH and LH.
LOCALIZATION OF OESTRADIOL RECEPTORS IN THE RAT HYPOTHALAMUS
Authors: Kato Junzo 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
An attempt was made to isolate oestradiol receptors by sucrose density gradient centrifugation from hypothalamic cytoplasm labelled in vitro with 3H-oestradiol obtained from adult ovariectomized rats, in order to elucidate the site of the feedback action of oestrogen on the brain. The oestradiol receptors are predominantly localized in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic region and the median eminence, although the receptors are distributed widely in different concentrations in the female rat brain. Oestrogen may act on the brain through the interaction of the hormone with the oestradiol receptors in the preoptic-anterior hypothalamic region and in the median eminence.
SERUM TRIIODOTHYRONINE DETERMINATION BY SATURATION ANALYSIS
Authors: Burger A. , Miller B. , Sakoloff C. , Vallotton M. B. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
An improved method for the determination of serum triiodothyronine (T3) has been developed. After addition of a tracer amount of the hormone, T3 was extracted from 1 ml serum under conditions of pH and ionic strength which favoured T3 extraction (89%) over thyroxine (T4) extraction (58%). Chromatography of the extracted material on Sephadex LH-20 separated T3 completely from residual T4. The T3 eluate was dried, then re-dissolved in 0.5 ml NaOH 0.04 n. To 0.2 ml duplicate aliquots, a standard amount of TBG was added for the competitive protein analysis. After one hour incubation at 4°C, separation of bound from free T3 was achieved on small Sephadex G-25 columns. Overall recovery was 67 ± 10.8% and correction for the loss was made. The solvent blank was 37 ± 27 (sd) ng/100 ml. Accuracy of measurement of known quantities of T3 added to serum was 98.4%. The coefficient of variation within the assay was 6.2% and between the assays it was 11.4%. The limit of detection (0.1 ng) corresponded to a concentration of 25 ng/100 ml. T4 added to serum did not interfere with T3 determination until high non-physiological values were reached. The mean ± sd serum T3 in 54 euthyroid subjects was 153 ± 58 ng/100 ml and in 24 hyperthyroid patients it was 428 ±186 ng/100 ml; 4 out of the 24 hyperthyroid values were within 2 sd of the mean euthyroid group. All the values found in the euthyroid group were well above the limit of detection of the method.
EVALUATION OF TESTS FOR LATENT DIABETES IN THE SAND RAT AND RAT
Authors: Frenkel G. , Kraicer P. F. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The responses of sand rats and rats to disturbances of their glucose metabolism were tested. Despite their latent diabetes, the sand rats had normal glucose tolerance. They did not show signs of starvation diabetes. Their responses to exogenous and endogenous (tolbutamide-stimulated) insulin were greater than those of laboratory rats. Acute insulin deficiency was induced with mannoheptulose. Both species responded with similar levels of hyperglycaemia, although the response of the sand rat was somewhat slower. The only test used here which indicated a metabolic difference related to latent diabetes, was the induction of transient intolerance to glucose by cortisol. These results suggest that latent diabetes is not associated with any marked metabolic abnormality in the unchallenged sand rat, despite the ease of induction of diabetes by caloric loading.