Preresidency research output among US neurological surgery residents
Authors: Gupta Rishabh , Chen Jeffrey , Roth Steven , Kamal Naveed , Reisen Breanne , Ortiz Alexander , Feldman Michael , Mummareddy Nishit , Jo Jacob , Chambless Lola 
Published: March 2024

OBJECTIVE
Research productivity is often used to evaluate candidates for neurosurgery residency. Official annual reports describe the mean total number of research products of successful applicants for each match cycle; however, the average number of indexed publications, the highest-valued research product, is not reported separately from other research products. The primary objectives of this study were to describe the distribution of preresidency indexed publication quantity among successful neurosurgery applicants from 2017 to 2021 and determine whether any change in publication quantity across application cycles existed. Secondary objectives included determining the rate at which the average publication quantity is increasing across application cycles, whether this increase is driven by high-output applicants alone, and if a performance ceiling has been reached.

METHODS
US doctor of medicine seniors applying to the senior author’s institution between 2017 and 2021 and who successfully matched into any US neurosurgery program were included. Publication quantities were extracted using Scopus. Additional variables were extracted from residency applications. Mean (SD) and median (IQR) publication quantities were used to describe the distribution and compare across years. Applicants were ranked by descending publication count and divided into quartiles. Averages within each quartile were compared with respective quartiles across years. Averages of the top 10% most productive applicants were compared across years to determine if a performance ceiling existed.

RESULTS
Overall, 93.2% of matched applicants were captured. The mean and median total numbers of publications for applicants who matched from 2017 to 2021 were 5.6 ± 8.3 and 3.0 (1.0, 7.0), respectively. The mean and median numbers of publications increased from 3.7 ± 5.3 and 2.0 (0.0, 5.0) in 2016–2017 to 8.1 ± 10.0 and 5.0 (2.0, 11.0) in 2020–2021 (p < 0.001). The distribution of publication quantity was right-skewed. Multivariable analysis determined the application year to be independently and positively correlated with publication quantity (β 1.07 [95% CI 0.71–1.42], p < 0.001). All quartiles observed an increased average number of publications across years (p < 0.001). The mean and median numbers for the top 10% increased from 15.8 ± 8.7 and 13.0 (10.8, 15.5) in 2016–2017, respectively, to 31.3 ± 16.0 and 25.0 (21.0, 35.5) in 2020–2021 (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Indexed publications account for a small portion of the total research products that successful neurosurgery candidates list on applications. A high number of publications is not necessary for candidates to match, with approximately 50% of all applicants who successfully matched having ≤ 5 publications and 25% having ≤ 2 publications. The average preresidency publication quantity has been increasing yearly among neurosurgery applicants. This increase was present across the applicant pool. Additionally, no performance ceiling was observed.