bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New leadership strategies for the enterprise of the future
Authors: Murray Arthur J. , Greenes Kent A. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine new leadership approaches for competing in a flat world. Among the many demands placed on twenty‐first century leaders is the need to develop entirely new business strategies. Decision making must take into account many complex interactions and multiple scenarios. Yet strategic time horizons are becoming more compressed, requiring shorter planning cycles. Even if the right strategy is formulated, execution is often difficult. In addition, in today's dynamic market environment, both strategy and execution need to be quickly adjusted as conditions change.Design/methodology/approachThe nine‐tiered framework presented has been successfully applied by the authors in a variety of settings. The approach integrates top‐down strategic planning with bottom‐up execution, all within the context of a knowledge‐based organization.FindingsThe paper finds that the ability of an organization to compete in a flat world is enhanced when all elements of the enterprise are in close alignment. A key role of the leader of the enterprise of the future is to create and maintain this alignment.Originality/valueThrough the application of this framework, organizations can improve in several ways that are critical to competing in a flat world. The main benefit is the improved speed and agility that comes from close organizational alignment. Tight coupling of organizational elements allows an enterprise to move closer to the goal of learning, innovating, and executing at the speed of change in the marketplace. In addition, forward‐looking organizations will benefit from: gaining the ability to identify critical knowledge gaps, opportunities, and risks; maximizing efficient and effective use of available resources; overcoming cultural barriers which inhibit execution and resist change; improving organizational performance through better measurement and tracking; and more effective leadership.
Beyond terrorism: data collection and responsibility for privacy
Authors: Gayton Cynthia M. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine privacy rights and the relationship between those rights and business and government interests in data collected from individuals.Design/methodology/approachThis paper approaches legal issues from the perspective of the consumer or citizen.FindingsWhile conducting research for this paper, it was found that the issues facing the citizenry on privacy protection have been addressed extensively in the not too distant past. The distinguishing characteristic is the speed with which data can be collected and disseminated and the infinitely more vast amount of personal data being collected not only by the government and businesses with whom consumers conduct transactions, but also by independent data brokers.Originality/valuePrivacy rights are ephemeral and difficult to measure. Businesses, therefore, appear to have difficulty determining the value of protecting consumers' privacy. Additionally, governments from which citizens derive many social services accumulate substantial personal information given in exchange for those services. Businesses and governments are increasingly negligent in protecting the data collected on individuals, which has been revealed by a series of reported data breaches, disclosures, thefts, and surveillance activities. This paper addresses the inherent value in protecting the privacy interests of individuals and proposes that more robust privacy laws, derived from established tort law, be developed and used by concerned persons.
Applied knowledge management: a set of well‐tried tools
Authors: Van Berten Philippe , Ermine Jean‐Louis 
Published: January 2007

PurposeFor almost 20 years, knowledge management projects hit various domains. This paper aims to describe briefly a set of four well‐tried knowledge management tools allowing practitioners to analyse and structure, describe and represent, share and store, teach and transmit knowledge.Design/methodology/approachThis paper focuses on selected tools now of general practice and becoming popular among the practitioners.FindingsThe paper finds that, originally out of the information science laboratories, the tools introduced here have been proved tested efficient and reliable after hundreds of real projects, no matter what type of industry and domain use them. This now common practice should open the path to new models for the knowledge economy. Dealing with complexity becomes easier as well as putting the information system at the crossing of the interactive information flows instead of keeping it out of reach of a majority of knowledge workers. Because of the massive retirement of the baby boomers, a large loss of workforce challenges the companies for the first time in history. How to evaluate and pass to the next generation its core business of knowledge is thus of critical importance.Originality/valueThis paper reminds that knowledge management is no longer a solely academic issue since tools of the next generation are now available, beefing up the growing domain of the knowledge economy.
Open trace defects in FR4 printed circuit boards
Authors: Ganesan Sanka , Pecht Michael 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo present and discuss open trace defects uncovered in an FR4 assembly during electrical testing.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents open trace defects observed in FR4 assemblies and analyses the distribution of defects. The paper also discusses possible root causes for their occurrence.FindingsThe open trace defects that occurred during printed circuit board (PCB) fabrication should have been observed by the board manufacturer. It appears that the PCB manufacturer did not perform automatic optical inspection (AOI) and electrical testing during the manufacturing of the boards. The cost due to the rejected PCBAs was approximately 3x times that of the PCB cost.Originality/valueThe paper highlights the costly impact of uncovering a PCB defect after assembly. Based on the results of this study, the implementation of electrical testing and AOI for PCBs is recommended.
High frequency conductor loss impact of oxide and oxide alternative processes
Authors: Brist Gary , Cullen Don 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo examine the impact of oxide and oxide alternative processes on signal loss in commercial RF applications.Design/methodology/approachStripline conductors were formed using traditional oxide, oxide dissolution/reduction, and oxide alternative processes. Conductor geometry was measured and surface topography was characterized. Effective dielectric constants and characteristic impedance for each system was determined. Finally, line loss for each treatment and rework condition was charted to nearly 20 GHz. Electrical measurements were performed by taking S‐parameter measurements through 20 GHz using an agilent vector network analyzer (VNA).FindingsThe methods employed were sufficient to statistically characterize the increased loss associated with thick oxides and high‐microetch oxide alternatives. Lower etch oxide alternatives yielded benefits for signal integrity. Of importance, rework procedures gave unacceptable increases in line loss. Overall, however, the loss due to innerlayer bonding processes was not of sufficient magnitude to elevate oxides as a primary contributor to conductor loss. For the relative simple, high production system employing epoxy substrate, oxide loss was found to be far less than substrate effects, imaging quality, and foil treatment.Originality/valueElectrical engineers and printed circuit board (PCB) designers strive to focus their efforts on improving the PCB processes leading to maximum conductor loss in the electronic system. This work shows that oxide treatments are not a primary factor in affecting loss. Significant improvements in signal integrity may be achieved, however, with the use of low‐etch oxide alternatives and with restrictions on oxide rework. In addition, this paper allowed for new interpretations of VNA data for better modeling of PCB system data using non‐classical analysis.
Integrated inductors on liquid crystal polymer substrate for RF applications
Authors: Zou Gang , Grönqvist Hans , Liu Johan 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo investigate the fabrication of integrated inductors on a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) substrate. To analyze the RF performance of the integrated inductors.Design/methodology/approachFabrication of integrated inductors on a LCP substrate using an MCM‐D/L technique. A lumped element model of the integrated inductors is proposed. An analytical approach is used to extract the parameters in the model.FindingsIntegrated inductors on a LCP substrate have been fabricated using an MCM‐D/L technique. The conductor loss of the thin microstrip lines is the major factor degrading the Q‐value of the integrated inductors. A lumped element model of the integrated inductor is proposed. The parameters of the lumped element model can be extracted from the geometry of the integrated inductor. Further work will focus on increasing the conductor thickness from 500 nm to 5 μm.Originality/valueThe value of the paper lies in its description of the integration of inductors on a LCP substrate. It also describes how to extract parameters of the lumped element model of the integrated inductors from the geometry.
Analysis of the potential and problems of new institutional economics for third world development
Authors: Herath Gamini 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to provide a critical evaluation of the potential of new institutional economics (NIE) in third world development.Design/methodology/approachThe paper reviews various theories under NIE from both conceptual and empirical perspectives. It then reviews the various definitions of institutions and show that institutions are essential to overcome problems of information and uncertainty.FindingsThe review finds that weak institutions can undermine development and hence governments in developing countries should strengthen their institutions to provide greater scope for efficient functioning of markets. Where the market does not work owing to high transactions costs, traditional institutions of collective action and group decision making can work and hence need to be recognised.Research limitations/implicationsThe major implications of the paper is that in developing countries, a clear understanding of various institutions such as user groups, inter‐linked credit markets, rotational irrigation etc. is needed before they are replaced or modified by other institutions. The main limitations of NIE are that there can be capture by elites of various institutional innovations in rural areas, and that it does not explicitly consider income distribution and uncertainty which are glossed over and hence remain areas for future research.Originality/valueThis paper critically reviews the various institutional environments that developing countries face in addressing development issues.
“Should we sell human organs?” Correction of a faulty analysis
Authors: Kaserman David L. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to correct the flawed analysis contained in a recent paper by Kolnsberg that appeared in this journal.Design/methodology/approachIn her paper, Kolnsberg raises the extremely important question of whether we should allow the sale of human organs for transplantation. She concludes, mistakenly, that we should not allow such sales. The error that leads her to this incorrect conclusion is the application of a nonsensical criterion for determination of whether sales of a good should be allowed. Specifically, she argues that, if the suppliers of living donor organs will be unable to earn substantial economic profits in the long run, then such sales should be banned. This arbitrary (and erroneous) criterion ignores: the social welfare gains achievable through organ sales; the much greater promise offered by cadaveric donor payments; and the very real and tragic consequences of the current ban on such payments – over 6,000 lives lost unnecessarily each year in the US alone.FindingsThe principal finding of the corrected analysis is that, contrary to the conclusion reached by Kolnsberg, paying cadaveric organ donors would save both money and lives.Research limitations/implicationsGiven the compelling case for cadaveric donor payments, trials need to be conducted to reveal both the magnitude of compensation required to resolve the shortage and the most efficient payment mechanisms.Originality/valueGiven the historical failure of the current altruistic organ procurement policy, asserts that a revised system that incorporates organ donor payments is essential to a successful resolution of this shortage.
Did US labor's post‐World War II successes lead to its subsequent woes?
Authors: Wisman Jon D. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeWhereas a combination of unique historical conditions and a specific set of public policies in the United States enabled labor to significantly increase its relative power during the quarter century following World War II, this halcyon period for labor was followed by a period of over two decades during which labor's relative status and power declined. This paper explores this reversal of fortunes.Design/methodology/approachAlthough the current plight of labor has been extensively studied within the discipline of economics, these studies have typically focused upon specific aspects of labor's declining status. In this study, labor's plight is examined within the larger context of the institutions and dynamics of capitalism as a socio‐economic system. Within this broadened context, an exploration is made of whether the sustained period of progress for American labor set in motion the creation of forces that eventually led to reversal.FindingsLabor's relative successes in the quarter century following World War II encouraged behavior that enabled the interests of capital to politically legitimate policies that, combined with trends in international trade and technology, served to decrease the relative power and welfare of labor.Research limitations/implicationsFurther research is needed to determine whether there are other instances of a dynamic whereby labor's successes set in motion forces that lead to reversal.Originality/valueThis study emphasizes the importance of a broaden institutional focus for grasping important economic changes in society.
The death ofhomo economicus: is there life after welfare economics?
Authors: Gowdy John M. , Iorgulescu Polimeni Raluca 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThis paper draws upon the work of Georgescu‐Roegen to outline some theoretical alternatives to standard welfare theory, and to examine the policy implications of discarding the Walrasian core of neoclassical economics.Design/methodology/approachCurrent work in behavioral economics and game theory shows that economic behavior depends on social context, a point understood by social economists for a hundred years or more. This work is related to Georgescu's contributions to utility theory and bioeconomics.FindingsNeoclassical welfare economics continues to dominate economic theory and policy even though its theoretical foundations, economic man and perfect competition, have been discredited by mainstream theorists. Economic processes take place in specific social contexts and also coevolve with the biophysical universe.Practical implicationsAlthough modern economics is incorporating many of Georgescu's insights about human preferences it has yet to come to grips with the fact that human economic activity is shaped by its biophysical context. It is believed this should be a major focus of future economic research.Originality/valueProvides further insights into welfare theory and bioeconomics.
Brain drains and brain gains: causes, consequences, policy
Authors: Hall Peter 
Published: January 2007

PurposeHighly‐skilled knowledge workers make location decisions in response to many determinants. This paper seeks to focus on life‐time earnings and the desire to pursue a personal research program – a life‐long pursuit of interesting puzzles.Design/methodology/approachA conceptual discussion and approach are taken.FindingsThe paper argues that access to personally interesting research problems and institutional support structures which allow them to be pursued should be considered alongside pure earnings factors in understanding why researchers and scientists move internationally – and why they may stay put when the economic incentives to move appear high. A nation's innovation policies can be important for influencing such workers' decisions and the impact of these policies shaped by migration flows. This little‐researched connection is explored in the final, policy‐oriented section.Originality/valueProvides insights on why, in a world of intensifying competition for scarce knowledge workers, countries can ill afford negative net migration of highly‐skilled workers.
Pre‐Soviet, Soviet and post‐Soviet models of economic growth and development
Authors: Raiklin Ernest 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this research paper is a theoretical understanding of the most general trends of Russian economic development during the country's pre‐Soviet, Soviet and post‐Soviet time frames.Design/methodology/approachThe objectives are designed in such a way as to include a historical aspect in the research. An attempt is made to grasp (rather cursorily) a logical internal progression in all stages of the Russian development for the last 150 years. In this, the paper shows no need for so‐called great historical personalities to explain the great historical events.FindingsIn the course of the work, it was found that Russia had experienced alternatively five different socioeconomic systems of: late mixed feudalism which was on its way to democratic mixed capitalism (the 1850s‐October 1917); state feudalism which was pregnant with authoritarian mixed capitalism (1918‐1921); authoritarian mixed capitalism in whose womb there was ripening totalitarian state capitalism (1921‐1928); totalitarian state capitalism which was carrying within itself the seeds of authoritarian state capitalism (1928‐1990); finally, authoritarian state capitalism which was moving toward authoritarian mixed capitalism (1991‐present).Originality/valueThe original value of the paper is in its fresh approach to the great events that have been taking place in Russia since the 1850s. The events have been analyzed not as they should be according or despite some theory but as they were and are. The paper, therefore, will be valuable to those who are interested in the socioeconomic development of Russia and who would like, one way or another, to attempt to predict the country's nearest future.
Liang Qichao, Sun Yat‐sen, and the 1905‐1907 debate on socialism
Authors: Lai Cheng‐chung , Trescott Paul B. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo review one of the earliest Chinese debates on socialism, highlighting the consequent changes in outlook by Sun Yat‐sen and Liang Qichao; and to demonstrate the influence of Western economic writers especially Richard T. Ely, Henry George, and German Bismarckian socialists.Design/methodology/approachTextual analysis of original Chinese‐language materials with extensive direct quotations (in translation).FindingsSun initially gave primary attention to land policy, using a (somewhat inconsistent) combination of George's “single tax” and a very different idea of land nationalization. As a result of the debate, however, Sun gave more attention to economic growth, capital formation, and import restriction. Liang initially favored Bismarckian socialism, but moved during the debate to increasing skepticism about a major economic role for government, recognizing the need for entrepreneurship and capital formation.Originality/valueExisting literature fails to perceive the radical shifts in viewpoint which developed for both Sun and Liang. This is particularly important for Sun, whose later ideas had a major influence on Chinese economic policy after 1927.
The formation of conventional expectations under strong uncertainty: a comment
Authors: Dequech David 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThis paper comments on Theodore Koutsobinas's recent contribution to the debate on the formation of expectations in situations of strong uncertainty.Design/methodology/approachThe set of comments focuses not on doctrinal‐historical issues, but on Koutsobinas's theoretical framework, which is, in turn, a modified version of the analytical scheme of the state of expectations presented in the present author's 1999 article in the Journal of Post Keynesian Economics.FindingsThe paper demonstrates that the original framework developed in the 1999 “Expectations and confidence” article is general enough to accommodate Koutsobinas's concern with conventional expectations. It also shows that some ways of using that framework to discuss conventions have already been explored in subsequent work. The interesting points made by Professor Koutsobinas can thus be investigated with the original framework, without the changes he suggests.Originality/valueThe paper clarifies some elements of the theory of expectations and confidence formation and its use to study conventional and unconventional behaviour.
The evolving roles of the clubs in the management of international debt
Authors: Brown Richard P.C. , Bulman Timothy J. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThe regularity of default by countries on their sovereign debt has led to the establishment of a number of evolving institutions or “Clubs”. These institutions' objective is to optimise the impact of imminent default or actual default on both international lending and borrowing. The purpose of this article is to discuss the informal institutions concerned with managing debt between national governments – the Paris Club, between governments and commercial banks – the London Club – and the currently ad hoc dealings with sovereign bonds.Design/methodology/approachThe Clubs' changing approaches through the increasing depth and number of international financial crises from the Latin American debt crises of the 1980s, the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s and the circumstances of the ex‐Soviet economies, plus the ongoing debt sub‐Saharan African debt crisis are discussed.FindingsThe shifts in the principles underlying the debt management system are manifest by the changing content of reschedulings, from simply deferring payments to actual reduction in their present value.Practical implicationsThe functioning of principles of comparable treatment of all creditors are discussed with respect to the growing need for a body representing bondholders' interests.Originality/valueThe paper highlights the IMF's multiple and sometimes conflicting roles in the international financial system.