bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiological seawater adaptation in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) autumn migrants
Authors: RILEY W. D. , IBBOTSON A. T. , LOWER N. , COOK A. C. , MOORE A. , MIZUNO S. , PINDER A. C. , BEAUMONT W. R. C. , PRIVITERA L. 
Published: March 2008

Summary

About 25 % of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) migrating downstream in the River Frome in southern England do so in the autumn rather than in the spring. Here, we examine the physiological status of these fish with regard to those features that adapt them to sea water during the parr–smolt transformation (i.e. gill Na+K+ ATPase activity; the number, size and type of chloride cells on the gill lamellae; salinity tolerance and relative plasma thyroid levels).
Autumn migrants, and those fish which subsequently reside in the tidal reaches during the winter, are not sufficiently physiologically adapted to permit permanent or early, entry into the marine environment.
It is not known what proportion of autumn migrating fish survive and return to spawn as adults. If significant numbers do return, however, the production from tidal reach habitats must be taken into account in the development of salmon stock management strategies, especially monitoring and assessment programmes, and in the evaluation of factors affecting stocks.
Closing the carbon budget of estuarine wetlands with tower‐based measurements and MODIS time series
Authors: YAN YANER , ZHAO BIN , CHEN JIQUAN , GUO HAIQIANG , GU YONGJIAN , WU QIANHONG , LI BO 
Published: March 2008

AbstractCompared to other ecosystems, estuarine ecosystems have distinct carbon flux dynamics – the lateral carbon flux incurred by tidal activities, and methane generation under the anaerobic conditions of wetland soils. The conventional estimation of gross primary production (GPP) based on the light use efficiency (LUE) model used for non‐wetland terrestrial ecosystems, therefore, cannot be applied directly to estuarine wetland ecosystems. In this paper, we estimated the 2005's annual carbon budget of an estuarine wetland on Chongming Island, Shanghai, and partitioned the losses of carbon due to lateral tidal dynamics and anaerobic methane production using an innovative technique. The average GPP calculated from eddy covariance between March and November was 261.79 μmol m−2 day−1, whereas that from the LUE model was 58.84 μmol m−2 day−1. The correlation coefficient between GPP simulated from the LUE model and that calculated from flux tower data was low in the growing season (R2=0.55). We hypothesized that tidal activities and uncounted methane release were responsible for the difference, which can be predicted from measurements of remote sensing products such as land surface water index (LSWI), evapotranspiration (ET), and tide height (TH). We developed an integrated GPP model by combining the LUE model and an autoregression model to estimate carbon budget. The average GPP from the modified model increased to 263.38 μmol m−2 day−1, and R2 for the correlation between the simulated and calculated data increased to 0.88, demonstrating the potential of our technique for GPP estimation and quantification of seasonal variation in estuarine ecosystems. The approach developed in this study has great potential for correcting unavoidable errors when estimating carbon budget of coastal wetlands. Furthermore, global warming is expected to accelerate sea level rise, which may enhance the effect of tidal activities and increase the difficulty in estimating coastal carbon budgets using conventional methods.
Large annual net ecosystem CO2 uptake of a Mojave Desert ecosystem
Authors: WOHLFAHRT GEORG , FENSTERMAKER LYNN F. , ARNONE III JOHN A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) between a Mojave Desert ecosystem and the atmosphere was measured over the course of 2 years at the Mojave Global Change Facility (MGCF, Nevada, USA) using the eddy covariance method. The investigated desert ecosystem was a sink for CO2, taking up 102±67 and 110±70 g C m−2 during 2005 and 2006, respectively. A comprehensive uncertainty analysis showed that most of the uncertainty of the inferred sink strength was due to the need to account for the effects of air density fluctuations on CO2 densities measured with an open‐path infrared gas analyser. In order to keep this uncertainty within acceptable bounds, highest standards with regard to maintenance of instrumentation and flux measurement postprocessing have to be met. Most of the variability in half‐hourly NEE was explained by the amount of incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). On a seasonal scale, PAR and soil water content were the most important determinants of NEE. Precipitation events resulted in an initial pulse of CO2 to the atmosphere, temporarily reducing NEE or even causing it to switch sign. During summer, when soil moisture was low, a lag of 3–4 days was observed before the correlation between NEE and precipitation switched from positive to negative, as opposed to conditions of high soil water availability in spring, when this transition occurred within the same day the rain took place. Our results indicate that desert ecosystem CO2 exchange may be playing a much larger role in global carbon cycling and in modulating atmospheric CO2 levels than previously assumed – especially since arid and semiarid biomes make up >30% of Earth's land surface.
The hypothalamus‐pituitary‐testis axis in boys during the first six months of life: a comparison of cryptorchidism and hypospadias cases with controls
Authors: Pierik Frank H. , Deddens James A. , Burdorf Alex , Keizer‐Schrama Sabine M. P. F. de Muinck , Jong Frank H. de , Weber Rob F. A. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryIt is inconclusive whether the feedback mechanisms of the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐testis (HTP) axis are already established in the first 6 months of life, partly due to the dramatic changes in HPT‐axis hormone levels over this period. Moreover, it is unclear whether these hormone levels are aberrant in boys with cryptorchidism or hypospadias, and therefore predictive for future fertility. We studied the regulation mechanisms of the HTP axis, and the effect of age, in boys 1–6 months of age. Secondly, we studied testicular function ‐ as reflected by HPT hormones ‐ in newborns with cryptorchidism or hypospadias. Sera from a population sample of infants with cryptorchidism (n = 43), hypospadias (n = 41) and controls (n = 113) were analyzed for inhibin B, anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH), testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). LH, testosterone, non‐shbg‐bound testosterone (NSBT), and AHM levels showed significant age‐related trends. After age‐correction, a negative correlation between FSH and inhibin B was observed (r = −0.43). The only significant group‐differences were lower testosterone and NSBT levels in cryptorchidism cases, with a mean testosterone of 1.8 and 2.6 nmol/L and a mean NSBT of 0.48 and 0.70 nmol/L for cryptorchidism cases and controls, respectively. The higher levels of LH, testosterone, and NSBT in boys born pre‐term or with a low birthweight indicate that abnormal prenatal development may determine postnatal testis function. Our results support the hypothesis that the inhibin B – FSH feedback loop is already functional before puberty. The lower testosterone and NSBT levels indicate that disturbed Leydig cell function can already be detected early after birth in cryptorchid boys.
Cleavage and conformational changes of tau protein follow phosphorylation during Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Mondragón‐Rodríguez Siddhartha , Basurto‐Islas Gustavo , Santa‐Maria Ismael , Mena Raúl , Binder Lester I. , Avila Jesús , Smith Mark A. , Perry George , García‐Sierra Francisco 
Published: March 2008

SummaryPhosphorylation, cleavage and conformational changes in tau protein all play pivotal roles during Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In an effort to determine the chronological sequence of these changes, in this study, using confocal microscopy, we compared phosphorylation at several sites (Ser199/202/396/404/422‐Thr205 and the second repeat domain), cleavage of tau (D421) and the canonical conformational Alz‐50 epitope. While all of these posttranslational modifications are found in neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) at all stages of the disease, we found significantly higher numbers of phospho‐tau positive NFTs when compared with cleaved tau (P = 0.006 in Braak III; P = 0.002 in Braak IV; P = 0.012 in Braak V) or compared with the Alz‐50 epitope (P < 0.05). Consistent with these findings, in a double transgenic mice model (Tet/GSK‐3β/VLW) overexpressing the enzyme glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β) and tau with a triple FTDP‐17 mutation (VLW) with AD‐like neurodegeneration, phosphorylation at sites Ser199/202‐Thr205 was greater than truncated tau. Taken together, these data strongly support the notion that the conformational changes and truncation of tau occur after the phosphorylation of tau. We propose two probable pathways for the pathological processing of tau protein during AD, either phosphorylation and cleavage of tau followed by the Alz‐50 conformational change or phosphorylation followed by the conformational change and cleavage as the last step.
Bone repair in mandibular body osteotomy after using 2.0 miniplate system – histological and histometric analysis in dogs
Authors: Sverzut Cássio Edvard , Lucas Marina Amaral , Sverzut Alexander Tadeu , Trivellato Alexandre Elias , Beloti Marcio Mateus , Rosa Adalberto Luiz , De Oliveira Paulo Tambasco 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe objective of this study was to evaluate the bone repair along a mandibular body osteotomy after using a 2.0 miniplate system. Nine adult mongrel dogs were subjected to unilateral continuous defect through an osteotomy between the mandibular 3rd and 4th premolars. Two four‐hole miniplates were placed in accordance with the Arbeitgeimeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen Manual. Miniplates adapted to the alveolar processes were fixed monocortically with 6.0‐mm‐length titanium alloy self‐tapping screws, whereas miniplates placed near the mandible bases were fixed bicortically. At 2, 6 and 12 weeks, three dogs were sacrificed per period, and the osteotomy sites were removed, divided into three thirds (Tension Third, TT; Intermediary Third, IT; Compression Third, CT) and prepared for conventional and polarized light microscopy. At 6 weeks, while the CT repaired faster and showed bone union by woven bone formation, the TT and IT exhibited a ligament‐like fibrous connective tissue inserted in, and connecting, newly formed woven bone overlying the parent lamellar bone edges. At 12 weeks, bone repair took place at all thirds. Histometrically, proportions of newly formed bone did not alter at TT, IT and CT, whereas significantly enhanced bone formation was observed for the 12‐week group, irrespective of the third. The results demonstrated that although the method used to stabilize the mandibular osteotomy allowed bone repair to occur, differences in the dynamics of bone healing may take place along the osteotomy site, depending on the action of tension and compression forces generated by masticatory muscles.
The haemotoxicity of azathioprine in repeat dose studies in the female CD‐1 mouse
Authors: Molyneux Gemma , Gibson Frances M. , Chen Christabelle M. , Marway Harpal K. , McKeag Sean , Mifsud Charles V. J. , Pilling Andrew M. , Whayman Matthew J. , Turton John A. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryAzathioprine (AZA) is a cytotoxic immunosuppressive drug used in the prevention of rejection in organ transplants and the treatment of auto‐immune diseases. However, AZA is haemotoxic causing significant bone marrow depression. The present studies were to characterize the haemotoxicity of AZA in the female CD‐1 mouse. In Experiment 1, a dose‐ranging study, with AZA gavaged daily for 10 days, clinical evidence of toxicity was evident at 125 mg/kg and above. Experiment 2 was a dose–response study with AZA gavaged daily for 10 days at 40–120 mg/kg. At day 1 after the final dose, AZA induced a dose‐related pancytopaenia, reduced femoral marrow cellularity, increases in serum levels of the cytokine fms‐like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand, reduction in granulocyte‐monocyte colony‐forming units and erythroid colonies, and increased bone marrow apoptosis. Histology demonstrated hepatocyte hypertrophy, thymic atrophy, reduced splenic extramedullary haemopoiesis, and reduced cellularity of sternal bone marrow. In Experiment 3, AZA was dosed for 10 days at 100 mg/kg with autopsies at 1, 3, 9, 22, 29, 43 and 57 days postdosing. At 1, 3 and 9 days, haematological parameters reflected changes in Experiment 2. At 22/29 days, many blood parameters were returning towards normal; at 43/57 days, most parameters compared with controls. However, there was some evidence of a persistent (i.e. residual/late‐stage) mild reduction in RBC and erythroid progenitor cell counts at day 43/57. We conclude that the CD‐1 mouse provides an acceptable model for the haemotoxicity of AZA in man.
A STUDY OF THE INTESTINAL FLORA OF THE HOUSE CRICKET (Gryllus Domesticus)
Authors: Shrewsbury J. F. D. , Barson G. J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA study of the intestinal flora of the House Cricket (Gryllus domesticus) reveals that it is predominantly composed of Gram‐negative bacilli, which can be arranged certainly in 1 groups, and possibly in 5, on the basis of their biochemical activities.,4 few Clostridia and n Streptococcus comprise the flora isolated.
A REVIEW OF EX‐FARM MILK REJECTIONS
Authors: CAMPION C. , HOWARD I. A. , FISCHER BARBARA M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Ex‐farm milk rejections from a large dairy in the Home Counties have been reviewed, and a detailed analysis made for the period October 1948‐September 1949. A number of samples rejected on taint but otherwise satisfactory were also subjected to the 30 min. resazurin and Breed count tests. The methods of a group of producers invariably sending acceptable milk have been examined in an attempt to discover a common factor which could account for their high standard. It is concluded that with existing methods of transport and daily reception the supply of acceptable milk is possible, that this is within the control of the producer, and that the objective laboratory tests at present available cannot entirely replace smell for determining the acceptability of milk.
TEMPERATURE‐COMPENSATED TESTS FOR RAW MILK SUPPLIES. PART IV. STUDIES ON A KEEPING QUALITY TEST AT 19–20°
Authors: THOMAS S. B. , CLEGG L. F. L. , NOKES E. J. , GRIFFITHS D. G. , TAIT J. L. , JONES‐EVANS ELEANOR 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: A field‐scale experiment carried out in Wales and the West Midlands, in which the temperature‐compensated clot‐on‐boiling (C.O.B.) test of Rowlands & Hosking (1951) was applied to 11,626 samples of designated milk, morning, mixed and evening milk, gave proportions of failures in the ratio 1:2:3 respectively. Despite temperature compensation, failures varied according to atmospheric temperature from c. 50% at 72°F. or more to 10% at 56°F. or less and averaged 20% during the summer and 7% during the six winter months.No marked differences were noted between the keeping qualities of tuberculin tested or accredited milk. During the winter no difference was found between producer‐wholesaler and producer‐retailer supplies, but the latter had a higher proportion of failures of evening and mixed milks during the summer.In a set of 8,297 samples examined in addition by the methylene blue and coli‐aerogenes tests, the C.O.B. test gave a lower incidence of failures than either the methylene blue or combined methylene blue and coli‐aerogenes tests throughout almost the entire year. It is suggested that a temperature‐compensated C.O.B. test is practicable as a routine procedure.
THE HEAT DISINFECTION OF STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS AND STREPTOCOCCUS LACTIS
Authors: WHITE HELEN R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The heat resistance of a number of strains of Streptococcus lactis and Str. faecalis at 60° in Ringer's solution and separated milk has been determined and the Decimal Reduction Times (D.R.T.) calculated.Heating in separated milk at 60° enabled Str. lactis to be sharply differentiated in most cases from Str. faecalis. The latter gave D.R.T. values usually much above 3 min. while the former gave values usually under 1 min. and certainly less than 3 min. Single tests might give misleading results with certain strains.The log. survivor‐time graphs of both species were not always straight lines over all their length. A preliminary period of slow death was frequently observed.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE VIABILITY OF SEWAGE BACTERIA IN RELATION TO SELF‐PURIFICATION OF MUSSELS
Authors: SHERWOOD H. P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Autoclaved sea water and water removed from the shell cavity of mussels supported the growth of coli‐aerogenes bacteria. Attempts to reproduce conditions which had favored multiplication of coli‐aerogenes bacteria in purified mussels failed.‘Enrichment’ of sea water by repeated re‐use for storage of successive lots of mussels, in conjunction with sand filtration and aeration under conditions equivalent to 60 weeks of approved purification, did not promote the growth of coli‐aerogenes bacteria.A culture of Salmonella typhi and Salm. paratyphi B survived for a few days only in sea water favourable to the slow multiplication of Bacterium coli type I.
A METHOD FOR DETECTING CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY BY AN IN VIVO–IN VITRO TEST IN MICE
Authors: CROSHAW BETTY , FOLEY M. J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:A modification of existing in vivo–in vitro techniques for ‘screening’new chemotherapeutic agents is reported. Examples are given of its assessment with several antibiotics. Serum from mice inoculated intraperitoneally with the antibiotics was serially diluted in an indicator medium and assayed against the Oxford staphylococcus. By means of standards diluted in the same medium the amount of antibiotic/ml. of serum was calculated. Six known antibiotics were used in these investigations and determinations made of the lowest dose that would give a detectable level; the level given over a period of hours by a standard dose, i.e. 40 mg./kg., and a comparison between mice and guinea pigs using the standard dose.
A NOTE ON THE USE OF ROGOSA AND MODIFIED ROGOSA MEDIA FOR THE ENUMERATION AND CULTURE OF LACTOBACILLI
Authors: NAYLOR JILL 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The modified Rogosa media (acetate broth and acetate agar) developed by Mabbitt & Zielinska (1956) have been compared with tomato juice media for the growth of representative Lactobacillus species.Most of the species tested grew markedly better in acetate broth than in tomato dextrose broth, but some cultures did not grow well in the acetate broth although they grew normally in tomato dextrose broth. The acetate agar was satisfactory for counting those lactobacilli cultured at 30° but was inferior to tomato dextrose agar for counting those grown at 37°.
THE PREVENTION OF MICROBIAL SPOILAGE IN WHOLE SHELL EGGS BY HEAT TREATMENT METHODS
Authors: KNOWLES N. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The prevention of microbial spoilage in whole shell eggs by heat treatment methods has been investigated. After shell eggs had been immersed for 3 min in water at 144·5 ± 0·5°F the incidence of microbial rotting was reduced by over 90%. Consistent reductions in spoilage losses were obtained with farm steeped eggs, eggs produced under commercial conditions, and eggs held in cold storage for 6 months. Heat treatment efficiently controlled green, sour and black rots in stored eggs, but although reductions were noted in the number of mould rots, it cannot be guaranteed that this type of spoilage can be controlled with similar certainty.Internal quality in heat treated eggs was satisfactory. During protracted holding in cold storage, heat treatment appeared to result in a better internal egg quality and a more stable keeping quality, than when untreated eggs were held under similar conditions.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ISOLATION OF SALMONELLAE FROM SELENITE BROTH
Authors: SMITH H. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Studies of growth curves of enterobacteria in selenite broth containing different carbohydrates showed that whereas mannitol and lactose brought about a steep fall in coli‐aerogenes bacteria, mannitol improved the growth of Salm. typhi‐murium. With mixed cultures of Cit. freundii I and Salm. typhi‐murium the presence of lactose, utilizable by the former, adversely affected the viable count of the latter.Comparative studies with routine faeces specimens showed that selenite broth was an efficient selective medium with MacConkey's agar; but much better results were obtained when it was combined with deoxycholate‐citrate agar. Gentian violet introduced into selenite broth improved its selectivity for most Salmonella types when MacConkey's agar was used for final isolation.
THE NORMAL INTESTINAL FLORA OF THE PIG. IV. THE EFFECT OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS OF PENICILLIN, CHLORTETRACYCLINE OR COPPER SULPHATE ON THE FAECAL FLORA
Authors: FULLER R. , NEWLAND L. G. M. , BRIGGS C. A. E. , BRAUDE R. , MITCHELL K. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYStreptococci, lactobacilli and coli‐aerogenes organisms were isolated from pigs receiving penicillin, chlortetracycline or copper sulphate as dietary supplements. Changes in their numbers, physiological type and sensitivity to the supplements fed are described. Penicillin and chlortetracycline rapidly induced a population resistant to the antibiotic fed, but no changes were detected in numbers or types of organisms isolated. Copper sulphate caused a reduction in the numbers of streptococci and a change of predominant type from non‐lactose‐fermenting to lactose‐fermenting; there was also a change from a flora in which L. acidophilus predominated to one in which L. brevis and L. cellobiosus tended to become dominant.
ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VIABILITY OF BACTERIA DAMAGED BY ANTISEPTICS AND THEIR RESPONSIVENESS TO MODIFICATIONS OF THE COUNTING MEDIUM
Authors: HARRIS N. D. , RICHARDS J. P. , WHITEFIELD M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYCounts of phenol treated Escherichia coli and of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposed to phenylmercuric nitrate varied with the medium, and the differences were greater when the mortality of the suspension was higher. The regression of the logarithm of the response (the count on a modified medium divided by the count on the control) on the logarithm of the viable count on the control was linear. This relationship is shown to occur when the log survivor‐time curves from one suspension under two different conditions are divergent. To compare responses from different trials, dose reduction factors may be used or a correction may be made for the mortality level. Alternatively the mortality level should be controlled.
THE INFLUENCE OF PENICILLIN ON CHEESE STARTER ACTIVITY
Authors: MEANWELL L. J. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe cultivation of cheese starter cultures for 16 hr at 22° in milk containing 0.05 i.u. of penicillin/ml resulted in limitation of cell numbers and consequent loss of activity. Such loss of activity did not occur when heavy inocula and cultivation for 3 hr at 30° were used. The presence of penicillin at a level of 0.05–0.08 i.u./ml in milk for bulk starter cultivated for 16 hr at 22° exerted more influence on subsequent starter activity than was caused by the presence of 0.1 i.u./ml in the activity test milk itself. The cells that survived contact with penicillin appeared to be healthy and capable of normal reproduction.
FURTHER STUDIES ON AEROMONAS. I. ADDITIONAL STRAINS AND SUPPLEMENTARY BIOCHEMICAL TESTS
Authors: EDDY B. P. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe results are given of the behaviour of 88 strains of Aeromonas in an extended series of biochemical tests. Additional tests confirm the view that Aer. formicans merits specific rank. It is proposed that Aer. liquefaciens be renamed Aer. punctata and that Aer. formicans be renamed Aer. caviae.