bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the hyphal load during early stages of wood decay by basidiomycetes in the presence of the wood preservative fungicides CuSO4 and cyproconazole
Authors: Vesentini Damiano , Dickinson David J. , Murphy Richard J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis study considers variations in hyphal load in decaying wood in the presence of the fungicides CuSO4and cyproconazole. Variations in the chitin content of hyphae following exposure to both fungicides have been detected. Increasing concentrations of CuSO4and cyproconazole in wood caused an increase in the amount ofN-acetyl glucosamine in the mycelia ofCoriolus versicolorandGloeophyllum trabeum, which may be associated with increased deposition of chitin. This may in turn be an expression of the formation of a thicker cell wall at increased fungicide concentrations. Low concentrations of both fungicides also caused an increase in the amount of mycelium produced byG. trabeum. However, the same concentrations were effective at preventing mass loss, indicating that the fungal mycelium was less effective at decaying wood, despite being present in relatively large amounts. In the case ofC. versicolor, this effect was not observed, as increasing concentrations of both fungicides caused an initial decrease in the amount of mycelium, followed by a recovery phase at intermediate chemical concentrations. Again, mass loss was greatly inhibited by the presence of low concentrations of both fungicides.
Prediction of natural durability of commercial available European and Siberian larch by near-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Sykacek Eva , Gierlinger Notburga , Wimmer Rupert , Schwanninger Manfred 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The natural durability of larch wood is described as being highly variable, ranging from non-durable to durable. In this study, FT-NIR spectroscopy was investigated for its ability to predict the natural durability of commercially available larch wood. Samples originated from approximately 60 European and 25 Siberian larch trees, provided by three Austrian-based wood industries. Natural durability tests were performed using the test fungi Gloeophyllum trabeum and Coniophora puteana. FT-NIR spectra were recorded and average spectra were calculated for calibration modelling. The models were strong [R2 (CV)=70.7–95.19, RMSEP=0.063–0.026] and showed better suitability with spectra acquired from radial surfaces compared to those from axial surfaces. The prediction model was valid across larch species (European and Siberian), so that exact knowledge of the growth and site conditions was not required.
Retention of Bacillus cereus and its toxin, cereulide, in cellulosic fibres
Authors: Hoornstra Douwe , Dahlman Olof , Jääskeläinen Elina , Andersson Maria A. , Weber Assi , Aurela Birgit , Lindell Henry , Salkinoja-Salonen Mirja S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBacillus cereusis the only pathogen that is occasionally found in paper and paper products, but there is no information on its prevalence. The aim of this work was to obtain data for a risk assessment ofB. cereusin cellulosic fibre-based products. Handsheets were formed using laboratory papermaking equipment from stocks admixed withB. cereus.Then the distribution ofB. cereusand its heat-stable toxin, cereulide, between the fibre web and the wire filtrate was measured. The handsheets retained 5% of the vegetative cells and spores ofB. cereusand 10–15% of the cereulide. Transfer of cereulide into food or drink through contact with paper was investigated using ethanol and hot and cold water as food and drink simulants. Less than 0.2% of the cereulide from handsheets was recovered from hot and cold water, as measured by LC/MS and the boar sperm bioassay. Total immersion in 95% v/v ethanol leached nearly all cereulide present in the paper. The results obtained with the bioassay were equivalent to those obtained by LC/MS for the leachates, indicating that cereulide retained its toxicity through the handsheet-making process. The results indicate that cereulide in pulps is probably also present in paper products made from them, but the concentration appears to be too low to be relevant in terms of toxicity.
Chemical structure elucidation of total lignins in woods. Part II: Analysis of a fraction of residual wood left after MWL isolation and solubilized in lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide
Authors: Furuno Hiroyuki , Takano Toshiyuki , Hirosawa Shuichi , Kamitakahara Hiroshi , Nakatsubo Fumiaki 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The residual wood meal left after extraction of milled wood lignin (MWL) was extracted with lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide, which is a well-known cellulose solvent, to afford a soluble fraction (cellulose-lignin fraction; CL) in 36.7% yield. The UV elution curve of CL acetate has the same profile as its refractive index (RI) elution curve. After partial degradation of CL by cellulase, the UV elution curve of CL acetate shifted to the low-molecular-mass region in a similar fashion as its RI elution curve. These results indicate that the lignin in CL (CL lignin) is chemically bonded to cellulose. On the other hand, half of the CL lignin was removed by xylanase treatment. It was concluded that approximately half of the CL lignin existed as a lignin-cellulose-xylan complex.
Amphiphilicity of a lignin-carbohydrate complex
Authors: Uraki Yasumitsu , Usukura Yuriko , Kishimoto Takao , Ubukata Makoto 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
A lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) fraction isolated from the residue of milled wood lignin extraction of birch was found to form self-aggregates in water. The aggregates had relatively strong hydrophobic domains, comparable to the hydrophobicity of 80% ethanol. Dynamic light scattering analysis showed that the aggregates were transformed into small particles by sonication with a number-average diameter of 43.7±9.6 nm, and were stable in water. The surface pressure (π)-surface area (A) profile showed that the LCC also formed a monolayer on the water surface. Based on these results, we suggest that the LCC is amphiphilic in nature, despite its insolubility in low-polarity organic solvents.
Spatial relationships between polymers in Sitka spruce: Proton spin-diffusion studies
Authors: Altaner Clemens , Apperley David C. , Jarvis Michael C. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The spatial arrangement of polymers in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) was investigated by NMR proton spin-diffusion studies, supplemented by deuterium-exchange experiments monitored by FTIR spectroscopy. The FTIR spectra of earlywood sections after vapour-phase exchange with deuterium oxide showed that 43% of the hydroxyl groups were accessible to deuteration. This value is lower than predicted in the absence of aggregation of cellulose microfibrils into larger units, but greater than the predicted level of deuteration if 3.5-nm microfibrils surrounded by hemicellulose sheaths were aggregated into 4×4 arrays without space for deuterium oxide to penetrate between the microfibrils. The rate of proton spin diffusion between lignin and cellulose was consistent with the presence of microfibril arrays with approximately these dimensions and with lignin located outside them, in both earlywood and latewood. Proton spin-diffusion data for hemicelluloses were complicated by difficulties in assigning signals to glucomannans and xylans, but there was evidence for the spatial association of one group of hemicelluloses, including acetylated glucomannans, with cellulose surfaces, while another group of hemicelluloses was in spatial proximity to lignin. These data are consistent with a number of nanoscale models for the Sitka spruce cell wall, including a model in which glucomannans are associated with microfibril surfaces within the aggregate and water can penetrate partially between these surfaces, and one in which all non-cellulosic polymers and water are excluded from the interior of each microfibril aggregate.
Pilot investigation of the mechanical properties of wood flooring paint films by in situ imaging nanoindentation
Authors: Jiang Zehui , Yu Yan , Qin Daochun , Wang Ge , Zhang Bo , Fu Yuejin 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
In situ imaging nanoindentation was used to characterize the mechanical properties of pure paint films on eight types of plywood-based flooring with different wear resistance. Correlation between the mechanical properties of paint films and the wear resistance of wood-based floorings was investigated. The average modulus of elasticity (MOE) and hardness of the paint film tested were 3.33–5.77 and 0.19–0.34 GPa, respectively. A strong linear relationship (r2=0.87) between the MOE and hardness of the paint film was found. Neither of these properties was directly correlated to the macro wear resistance of the floorings. Moreover, the composite index H1.5E-1– frequently used as an indicator of wear resistance in materials science – was not useful either in evaluating the wear resistance of wood floorings. However, in situ imaging nanoindentation was suitable for characterization of the mechanical properties of paint films, although this technique was not suited for direct evaluation of the wear resistance of wood floorings.
Petrography: Distinguishing Natural Cement from Other Binders in Historical Masonry Construction Using Forensic Microscopy Techniques
Authors: Walsh JJ 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Petrography is a microscopy method providing a revealing view of inorganic materials. Hydraulic cements rarely react completely and telltale residuals are detected by the petrographer. Combined with accurate chemical analysis, the petrographic examination not only identifies the original components but often allows for a quantitative assessment of material proportions. Such data are crucial for the proper conservation and rehabilitation of historic masonry structures. Portland cement, lime, and natural cement in any combination may be present in historic American masonry construction. A comprehensive petrographic examination serves as the basis for the successful creation and implementation of an historically accurate project specification. This paper provides insight into how various binders are properly distinguished. While technical data will be offered, the goal is to provide the architect or conservator with a general understanding of the methods employed by the petrographer and to demystify the often complicated mortar analysis report.
Cellular physiological effects of the MV Kyowa violet fuel-oil spill on the hard coral, Porites lobata
Authors: Downs Craig A. , Richmond Robert H. , Mendiola Woon Jaye , Rougée Luc , Ostrander Gary K. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The grounding of the Merchant Vessel (MV) Kyowa Violet on a coral reef near Yap, Federated States of Micronesia, in December 2002 resulted in the release of an estimated 55,000 to 80,000 gallons of intermediate fuel oil grade 180. The immediate impact was the widespread coating of mangroves and the intertidal zone along more than 8 km of coastline. Of greater concern, however, was the partitioning of the fuel oil in the water column, leading to chronic exposure of organisms in the ecosystem for a considerable period after the initial event. Herein, we report on our examination of one coral species, Porites lobata, nearly three months after the initial exposure. We investigated whether changes in cellular physiology were consistent with the pathological profile that results from the interaction of corals with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the principal constituent of fuel oil. Specifically, we document, to our knowledge for the first time, changes in the cellular physiological condition of an exposed coral population affected by a fuel-oil spill. We also provide evidence that the observed changes are consistent with a recent exposure to fuel oil, as evidenced by the presence of characteristic cellular lesions attributed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Finally, our data support a model for a mechanistic relationship between the cellular pathological profile of the coral and a recent petroleum exposure, such as the MV Kyowa Violet fuel oil spill.
Toxicity of six pesticides to common frog (Rana temporaria) tadpoles
Authors: Johansson Markus , Piha Henna , Kylin Henrik , Merilä Juha 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Amphibian species inhabiting agricultural areas may be exposed to pesticides during their aquatic larval phase. We tested the toxicity of six commonly used pesticides on Rana temporaria spawn and tadpoles. In acute tests, tadpoles were exposed to relatively high concentrations of azoxystrobin, cyanazine, esfenvalerate, MCPA ([4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy] acetic acid), permethrin, and pirimicarb for 72 h. Chronic exposure tests were performed from fertilization to metamorphosis with azoxystrobin, cyanazine, and permethrin at concentrations similar to those found in surface waters in agricultural areas in Sweden. The most lethal pesticides in the acute exposure were azoxystrobin, permethrin, and pirimicarb. Also, negative effects on the growth of the tadpoles were observed with azoxystrobin, cyanazine, and permethrin. The chronic exposure at lower pesticide concentrations did not result in increased mortality or impaired growth. However, we found a positive effect of permethrin on growth and size at metamorphosis. The results suggest that the examined pesticides can inflict strong negative effects at high concentrations but have no or relatively weak effects on R. temporaria spawn or tadpoles at concentrations found in Swedish surface waters.
Utility of in vitro test methods to assess the activity of xenoestrogens in fish
Authors: Marlatt Vicki L. , Hewitt L. Mark , Van Der Kraak Glen 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe results of the present study have demonstrated the utility of an estrogen receptor (ER) competitive ligand-binding assay, a hepatocyte vitellogenin (VTG) induction bioassay, and an ER reporter gene bioassay in characterizing the activity of model estrogen agonists (17β-estradiol [E2], ethynylestradiol, and nonylphenol) and antagonists (tamoxifen and ZM 189154) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The in vitro results were validated against in vivo trout waterborne exposures to E2 and tamoxifen. The results showed that all three in vitro assays were capable of detecting the hormonal activities of the selected model compounds in a dose-dependent manner, with the exception of nonylphenol in the ER reporter gene bioassay. However, the relative potency rankings of the model compounds were not consistent between these assays, which suggests that the relative potencies obtained within assays may have limited predictive value between assays. Discrepancies in potencies most likely can be attributed to the different levels of cellular organization in each assay. In addition to model compounds, we also evaluated the responses of the ER-binding assay and the hepatocyte VTG induction bioassay to complex mixtures associated with endocrine effects in fish, specifically extracts of pulp mill effluent. Of the 14 pulp mill effluent extracts tested, only six showed activity in both assays, whereas the remaining eight samples showed activity in only one of the two assays. The hepatocyte VTG induction bioassay consistently showed that the pulp mill effluent extracts were antiestrogenic, which to our knowledge has not been reported in previous studies. Collectively, these results suggest that a combination of in vitro assays that depend on differing endpoints is required to identify potential xenoestrogens and to characterize their modes of action.
Time dependence of phase distribution of pyrethroid insecticides in sediment
Authors: Bondarenko Svetlana , Putt Arthur , Kavanaugh Stacy , Poletika Nick , Gan Jianying 
Published: December 2006

AbstractSynthetic pyrethroids are strongly hydrophobic compounds, and their toxicity in sediment is regulated by phase distribution among the sediment, dissolved organic matter, and water phases. In the present study, we spiked and equilibrated four pyrethroids in two sediments, and we characterized their phase distribution as a function of contact time. The freely dissolved concentration measured by solid-phase microextraction was only a small fraction (&lt;16.3%) of the total pore-water concentration as determined by liquid–liquid extraction. The fraction of the freely dissolved concentration was significantly greater in the freshwater sediment (1.7–16.3%) than in the marine sediment (1.1–4.2%) following 9 d of equilibration, and it decreased substantially with contact time to less than 5% at 30 d after sediment dosing. Consequently, the apparent organic carbon partition coefficient (KOC) and dissolved organic carbon partition coefficient (KDOC) values increased significantly over the contact time, especially in the freshwater sediment, suggesting that phase distribution was not at equilibrium after 9 d of equilibration. If only the freely dissolved concentration is bioavailable, these observations suggest that contact time after sediment dosing may greatly affect the bioavailability and, hence, the toxicity of pyrethroids. Therefore, a long contact time (≥30 d) is recommended for sediment toxicity testing of this class of compounds. The dependence of bioavailability on contact time also implies that test conditions must be standardized to allow comparison between laboratory-dosed samples and field samples.
Toxicity of four veterinary parasiticides on larvae of the dung beetle Aphodius constans in the laboratory
Authors: Hempel Hella , Scheffczyk Adam , Schallnaß Hans-Joachim , Lumaret Jean-Pierre , Alvinerie Michel , Römbke Jörg 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The environmental risk assessment of veterinary pharmaceuticals for dung beetles is strongly hampered because no standardized test method is available so far. Therefore, a test with the temperate dung beetle species Aphodius constans was developed. The survival of beetle larvae was determined after exposure to four veterinary parasitical pharmaceuticals (ivermectin, moxidectin, dicyclanil, and praziquantel) representing different treatment regimes, modes of action, and effect levels. The test was performed in the laboratory (three week duration) with fresh dung, as well as formulated (dried, ground, and rewetted) dung as test substrate (i.e., at least one range-finding test, two definitive test runs per pharmaceutical). Ivermectin was the most toxic substance (median lethal concentration [LC50] = 0.88–0.98 mg of active substance per kilogram of dung dry weight [mg a.s./kg dung (dry wt)] followed by dicyclanil (LC50 = 1.5–6.0 mg a.s./kg dung [dry wt]) and moxidectin (LC50 = 4.0–5.4 mg a.s./kg dung [dry wt]), whereas praziquantel showed very low toxicity (LC50 &gt; 1,000 mg a.s./kg dung [dry wt]). The toxicity in fresh and formulated dung differed by a factor of between 1.1 and 4. The comparison with literature data on toxic effects of these substances on dung beetles in the laboratory or in the field is difficult because no results for praziquantel and dicyclanil have been published so far. With the use of data from ivermectin and moxidectin, the test results are on the same order of magnitude as those known from other studies. On the basis of the experiments reported here, it is recommended that this test be standardized in an international ring test so that it can be incorporated into the risk assessment process as described in the respective international guidelines for the registration of veterinary pharmaceuticals.
Chemical and biological pollution contribute to the immunological profiles of free-ranging harbor seals
Authors: Mos Lizzy , Morsey Brenda , Jeffries Steven J. , Yunker Mark B. , Raverty Stephen , Guise Sylvain De , Ross Peter S. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls and other persistent organic pollutants have been associated with immunotoxicity and outbreaks of (infectious) disease in marine mammals by rendering them vulnerable to infection by pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. In an immunotoxicological study of free-ranging harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), we obtained samples of blood and blubber from seal pups that were live-captured from two remote and two near-urban sites in British Columbia, Canada, and Washington state, USA. Using these samples, we quantified hematology, innate immune function, adaptive immune function, and polychlorinated biphenyl accumulation. While controlling for confounding factors (age, sex, and condition), univariate correlations between phagocytosis (r2 = 0.30, p = 0.002), respiratory burst (r2 = 0.45, p = 0.000), T-lymphocyte function (r2 = 0.16, p = 0.028), lymphocyte signaling (r2 = 0.17, p = 0.025), and lymphocyte counts (r2 = 0.29, p = 0.002), and polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations suggested chemical-associated immunotoxicity. Principal component analysis of immunological endpoints provided additional evidence of immunotoxic effects in seals. However, principal component analysis also identified a noncontaminant-related factor by distinguishing between seals inhabiting urban versus remote sites, with results being consistent with increased pathogen exposure. Elevated fecal coliform concentrations in water, and observations of terrestrial spill-over pathogens in local seals, further support the notion of biological pollution at these sites. Although our study highlights the role that environmental contaminants might play in rendering marine mammal populations vulnerable to disease through immunotoxicity, it also suggests that biological pollution represents an emerging conservation concern.
Toxicity and bioaccumulation of 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas)
Authors: Yoo Leslie J. , Lotufo Guilherme R. , Gibson Alfreda B. , Steevens Jeffery A. , Sims Jerre G. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Few studies have determined the toxicity and bioaccumulation potential of explosive compounds in freshwater fish. In the present study, fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to a range of 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) concentrations (0.44–44 μmol/L [0.1–10 mg/L] and 4.4–22.0 μmol/L [1.0–5.0 mg/L] in 4- and 10-d experiments, respectively). Median lethal concentrations of 11.93 μmol/L (2.7 mg/L; 95% confidence limit [CL], 10.29–13.83 μmol/L) and 9.68 μmol/L (2.20 mg/L; 95% CL, 9.17–10.22 μmol/L) were calculated in the 4- and 10-d experiments, respectively, and median lethal body residue of 101.0 μmol/kg (95% CL, 86.0–118.7 μmol/kg) was calculated in 4-d experiments. To study bioaccumulation, fish were exposed to 4.4 μmol/L (1 mg/L) of TNT for 12 h. Rapid bioaccumulation of TNT occurred within the first 10 min of exposure (ku = 30.4 L/kg/h). Elimination of ΣTNT (molar sum of TNT and degradation products 2- and 4-aminodinitrotoluenes) was fast, with an elimination rate (ke) of 2.24/h and a short half-life (0.31 h). The bioconcentration factors determined using 6-h mean tissue and water concentrations of ΣTNT were 8.40 and 4.68 L/kg for the uptake experiment and the uptake portion of the elimination experiments, respectively. To determine the target organ for TNT in fish, juvenile fathead minnow were exposed to 2.2 μmol/L (0.5 mg/L) of [14C]TNT for 10 d. Radiolabeled compounds primarily bioaccumulated in the visceral tissues and spleen in comparison to gill, brain, muscle, and remainder tissue groups. The present study demonstrates the low bioaccumulation potential and rapid uptake of TNT in the fathead minnow.