bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing disease resistance in harvested mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. ‘Matisu’) fruit by salicylic acid
Authors: Zeng Kaifang , Cao Jiankang , Jiang Weibo 
Published: March 2006

AbstractTo learn how salicylic acid (SA) may affect disease resistance in mango, mango fruit (Mangifera indica L. cv. ‘Matisu’) were treated with 1 mmol L−1 SA solution under vacuum infiltration for 2 min at a low pressure (−80 kPa) and for an additional 10 min at air pressure. The fruit were inoculated with anthracnose (Colletotichum gloeosporioides Penz.) spore suspension (1 × 104 CFU mL−1) and incubated at 13 °C, 85–95% RH. Disease incidence and lesion diameter in/on the SA‐treated fruit were 37.5% and 20.9% lower than that in/on control fruit on the 4th day of incubation. The study further showed that activities of defensive enzymes in the fruit were significantly enhanced by SA treatment. The activity of phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) and β‐1,3‐glucanase in the SA‐treated fruit was over 6‐ or 0.9‐fold higher than that in control fruit on the 4th day after the fruit being treated with SA, respectively. Level of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or superoxide radicals (O2−) generation rate in SA‐treated fruit was 22.3% or 79.4% higher than that in controls on the 8th day after the fruit being treated with SA, respectively. These results suggested that PAL and β‐1,3‐glucanase, as well as H2O2 or O2−, may be involved in the enhancement of disease resistance in mango fruit. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Modification of the properties of milk protein films by gamma radiation and polysaccharide addition
Authors: Cieśla Krystyna , Salmieri Stephane , Lacroix Monique 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study has demonstrated that gamma radiation induced an improvement of barrier properties and tensile strength of films containing calcium caseinate, whey protein isolate and glycerol (1:1:1) through creation of a crosslinked β‐structure. Up to 32 kGy the effect was accompanied by an increase in rigidity and was larger with increasing radiation dose. The irradiation of protein solutions also caused improvement of puncture strength of films prepared with potato starch, soluble potato starch or sodium alginate addition (at a level of 50 g kg−1 of total proteins). Addition of potato starch did not influence mechanical properties of films but significantly improved barrier properties. Addition of sodium alginate resulted in improvement of both puncture strength and barrier properties. Addition of sodium alginate to irradiated protein solution resulted in films revealing the greatest improvement in properties. Gels prepared using irradiated protein solutions mixed with calcium salt were stronger than gels prepared using non‐irradiated solutions owing to the preferred binding of calcium ions to the crosslinked protein network. Presence of sodium alginate and potato starch weakened the interaction of proteins with calcium ions owing to entrapment of proteins in the polysaccharide network, while addition of soluble potato starch promoted these interactions. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Inhibitory effect of propolis extract on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and the mutagenicity of 4‐nitroquinoline‐N‐oxide
Authors: Yang Hsin‐Yi , Chang Cheng‐Ming , Chen Yue‐Wen , Chou Cheng‐Chun 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPropolis originates from a resinous substance collected by honeybees from the buds and leaves of trees and plants, which is then mixed with pollen as well as enzymes secreted by the bees. In the present study, the susceptibility of Listeria monocytogenes to the ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) as influenced by EEP concentration, incubation temperature, pH, and cell age was investigated. In addition, the antimutagenic action of EEP against 4‐nitroquinoline‐N‐oxide (4‐NQO) was also examined. Results revealed that EEP at a dosage of 7.5 µg mL−1 or higher exerted a bactericidal effect on L. monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes was most susceptible to EEP at 37 °C followed by 25 and 4 °C. At acid pH values, cells of the test organism were more sensitive to EEP than at neutral pH, while most resistant at alkaline pH values. Cell age was also found to affect the susceptibility of L. monocytogenes to EEP. Cells in the mid‐exponential phase showed the highest susceptibility, followed by cells in the late‐exponential phase and stationary phase. EEP caused cell leakage of the test organism. A marked increase in the absorbance at 260 nm, UV‐absorbing material in the supernatant of cell suspension, and irregularly shaped materials around the cell surface were noted after cells of L. monocytogenes were exposed to EEP. Furthermore, EEP at a dosage of 7.5–60.0 µg per plate was found to suppress 4‐NQO‐induced mutation by 17.6–88.8%. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of irrigation and lactic acid bacteria inoculants on the phenolic fraction, fermentation and sensory characteristics of olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Ascolana tenera) fruits
Authors: Marsilio Vincenzo , d'Andria Riccardo , Lanza Barbara , Russi Francesca , Iannucci Emilia , Lavini Antonella , Morelli Giovanni 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPlant productivity, phenolic profile and natural fermentation, with and without lactic acid bacteria inoculants, were investigated in olive fruit of Ascolana tenera growing under different irrigation regimes. A rainfed control and two treatments receiving a water depth equivalent to 33 and 66% of the estimated crop evapotranspiration (ETc) from the pit hardening stage and a treatment with 66% of ETc during the entire season (25 May‐4 October), were tested. Olive vigour increased with irrigation, which also induced a fresh yield enhancement, mainly due to the increase in fruit size. The differences between treatments were less evident for fruit number per tree and pulp/stone ratio. The phenolic content increased in water deficit‐stressed olives and differences were detected in the concentrations of individual phenolic compounds. Olive oil content and fatty acids composition appeared scarcely affected by irrigation. Values of pH, acidity, sugars, phenolic composition and microbial population were monitored during olive fermentation. Extracts of freshly harvested olive fruits exhibited significantly higher phenolic content than extracts of processed olives. The interaction of irrigation and fermentation appeared to have a significant effect on the chemical and sensory characteristics of the end product. The bitter taste of olive fruit was positively correlated with the level of total phenolics, but negatively correlated with the overall acceptability for direct consumption. The fermentation process was accelerated in the presence of lactic acid bacteria inoculants, indicating the potential use of these microorganisms as quality control markers in table olives during processing. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of duration of the Montanera diet on the hydrocarbon fraction of intramuscular lipids from Iberian dry‐cured ham; characterization by gas chromatography
Authors: Petrón María J , Muriel Elena , Tejeda Juan F , Ventanas Jesús , Antequera Teresa 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe characterization and differentiation of Iberian hams was studied as a function of the diet received by animals during the fattening period using a method based on hydrocarbon analysis. Thirty‐one hams were divided into three groups according to fattening diet (1, ‘Concentrate Feed’, fed on an intensive system with concentrates; 2, ‘Short Montanera’, fed on an extensive system with acorns and pasture for 50 days; and 3, ‘Long Montanera’, fed on an extensive system for 75 days). Saturated hydrocarbons in the n‐C14 to n‐C32 range and a large number of branched hydrocarbons were identified in the intramuscular fat of the three groups studied. The diet of the pigs during the fattening period did not affect the n‐alkane and n‐alkene content. The analysis of branched hydrocarbons revealed some significant differences relative to the type of diet. The ‘Concentrate Feed’ group had different concentrations of 2‐butyl‐1,1,3‐trimethylcyclohexane (P < 0.01), 3‐octadecene (P < 0.001), branched hydrocarbon 4 (P < 0.01) and neophytadiene (P < 0.001) than the ‘Montanera’ group. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
A cotton‐specific gene, stearoyl‐ACP desaturase, used as a reference for qualitative and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction detection of genetically modified organisms
Authors: Xu Wen‐Tao , Huang Kun‐Lun , Wang Ying , Zhang Hong‐Xing , Luo Yun‐Bo 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBiotechnology has permitted the modification of agricultural materials in a very precise way to improve productivity and yields. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based methods have been the first choice of most analytical laboratories for routine use in the detection of genetically modified organisms (GMO) and their derived products. These methods rely on the amplification of transgenic sequences and quantification of the transgenic DNA by comparison with an amplified reference gene. This paper describes the specific primers and probe for the cotton stearoyl‐ACP desaturase (sad1) gene, and PCR cycling conditions suitable for the use of this sequence, which acts as an endogenous reference gene in both qualitative and quantitative PCR assays. The two methods were tested with 18 cotton varieties and identical amplification products were obtained with all of them. No amplification products were detected when DNA samples from other species, including soybean, rapeseed, tobacco, maize, tomato, potato, cucumber, pea, red pepper, sunflower, sesame, rice, peach, banana, apple, pumpkin, barley and carrot, were used as templates, which demonstrates that this system is specific for cotton. In real‐time quantitative PCR analysis, the detection limit was as low as 6 pg of DNA, which indicates that this method is suitable for application to processed food samples that contain very low copies of target DNA. Southern blot analysis confirmed that the sad1 gene was a single copy in the tested cotton varieties. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of thermal processing on genistein, daidzein and glycitein content in soymilk
Authors: Huang Huihua , Liang Hanhua , Kwok Kin‐Chor 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSoymilk was subjected to various heat treatments at 95, 121 and 140 °C for various lengths of time. The contents of the aglycones of isoflavone (daidzein, glycitein and genistein) of the soymilk were determined using C18 reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography. Genistein showed greater stability to heat treatment than daidzein and glycitein. Both the daidzein and glycitein contents decreased rapidly during the early stage of heating, but on continued heating the rates of decrease were much slower. Heating may cause an increase or decrease in the genistein content of soymilk depending on the temperature and time used. Upon heating at 95 and 121 °C, there was an increase in the genistein content in the early stage of heating, possibly due the conversion of genistin to genistein. Heating at 140 °C for more than 15 s and prolonged heating at 95 and 121 °C, however, caused a slow decline in the genistein content. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Polycondensation of L‐Lysine Diketopiperazine with Tartaric Acid ‐ Evidence on the Formation of Cyclic Oligomers
Authors: Majó Maria Antònia , Bou Jordi J. , Herranz Concepción , Muñoz‐Guerra Sebastián 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSummary: Reaction of active esters of O‐protected D‐and L‐tartaric acid with L‐lysine 2,5‐diketopiperazine afforded optically active low molecular weight compounds with Tg ≈ 130 °C. 13C NMR results indicated that the condensation product consisted of cyclic oligomers made from 1 to 6 repeating units. Mass spectrometric analysis by MALDI‐TOF ascertained such interpretation and suggested a revision of previous work reporting on polymerization of 2,5‐diketopiperazines.MALDI‐TOF profile of cKT‐LL.magnified imageMALDI‐TOF profile of cKT‐LL.
Towards Powering Nanometer‐Scale Devices with Molecular Motors: Single Molecule Engines
Authors: Butt Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSummary: Future nanodevices such as levers, valves, pumps, and other functional parts will require molecular motors to generate mechanical work. Electrochemically switchable single polymer chains are possible candidates for such motors. The proof of principle that such a single macromolecular motor can work has been achieved using poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane) (PFS). PFS can reversibly be oxidized and reduced by an external potential. This leads to changes in its mechanical properties, which can be used to drive a cyclic molecular engine. Such a system is compatible with a high density array of individually addressable molecular motors, e.g. by interfacing with electrodes smaller than the diffraction limit of light.Cycle of the molecular motor consisting of a polymer chain between a surface and the end of an AFM cantilever.magnified imageCycle of the molecular motor consisting of a polymer chain between a surface and the end of an AFM cantilever.
Web‐Forming System Design Using CFD Modelling for Complex 3D Nonwoven Shell Structures
Authors: Wang Xiao Yan , Gong Rong Hua , Dong Zhe , Porat Isaac 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSummary: CFD modelling has been used to study the unique problem of airflow containing fibres around 3D porous media in nonwoven web forming systems. The related gas‐solid two‐phase flows were simulated using a commercial CFD package, FLUENT. Simulation results revealed that the uniformity of air velocities and fibre concentration around the moulds, particularly for complex‐shaped moulds, could be improved significantly by means of employing vertically oriented web forming system and moulds with controlled porosity. Experimental results indicated that the distribution of the area densities of the 3D nonwovens produced using polypropylene/polyester bi‐component fibre followed the same patterns of the airflow and fibre distributions simulated using the CFD model. The CFD model is a valuable tool for optimising the web forming systems and improving the uniformity of the 3D nonwovens.Area density distribution of the 3D products produced using the vertical system.magnified imageArea density distribution of the 3D products produced using the vertical system.
Shear Enhanced Fiber Orientation and Adhesion in PP/Glass Fiber Composites
Authors: Guo Min , Yang Hong , Tan Hong , Wang Cong , Zhang Qin , Du Rongni , Fu Qiang 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSummary: In order to achieve better mechanical properties, most work on polymer/fiber composites has been focused on the importance of the chemistry used to modify the surface of the fibers and improving the adhesion between the fiber and the matrix using coupling agents. Our purpose in this study was to determine the effect of shear on the fiber orientation and interfacial adhesion in poly(propylene)/glass fiber composites via dynamic packing injection molding (DPIM), in which the melt is first injected into the mold and then forced to move repeatedly in a chamber by two pistons that move reversibly with the same frequency as the solidification progressively occurs from the mold wall to the molding core part. SEM, TGA, FT‐IR, AFM and mechanical testing were used to characterize the samples obtained. The majority of fibers are aligned parallel to the flow direction along the sample thickness, even at the core, in contrast to the products obtained via conventional injection molding where the orientation of fibers is observed only at the skin. More importantly, we found that shear could enhance not only the fiber orientation, but also the interfacial adhesion between the fibers and the matrix, particularly for samples with higher fiber contents, resulting in an obvious increase in tensile strength and the onset degradation temperature. A possible transcrystallization was evidenced by AFM investigations of the dynamic packing injection molded samples, which is worth further study.SEM micrographs representing the glass fiber after PP in the composites was extracted (GF30, dynamic sample).magnified imageSEM micrographs representing the glass fiber after PP in the composites was extracted (GF30, dynamic sample).
Enhancement of Epoxy Resin/Copper Heterojunction by Introduction of Sulfur‐Containing Polymers
Authors: Hirano Hiroshi , Okada Takuto , Nakamura Yoshinobu , Kadota Joji , Watase Seiji , Hasegawa Kiichi 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSummary: Epoxy resins are widely used in electronics and electric industries because of their superior properties. In recent years, excellent bonding properties for metals (e.g., copper, gold, aluminium, silver, etc.), to which it is hard to adhere, have become desirable for epoxy resins in the electric and electronics industrial fields. However, epoxy resins have only poor bonding strength to the metals. In order to increase the heterojunction strength between epoxy resins and copper, the introduction of sulfur, providing strong interactions with metals, was investigated. TDP polyester and MPS polythioesters containing sulfur moieties were employed as the sulfur‐containing modifiers for the epoxy resin. Epoxy resins containing a modifier (5–20 phr) and a curing agent were cured between copper plates at 120 °C for 2 h and at 170 °C for 2 h. The effect of the added modifiers was evaluated by the lap‐shear testing method. It could be demonstrated that MPS polythioesters have a beneficial effect on the enhancement of the epoxy resin/copper heterojunction. The most effective example was the addition of 20 phr of the MPS_7 polythioester, which increased the lap shear strength from 5.7 to 17 MPa.Improvement of lap shear strengths of adhesive copper joints by sulfur‐containing modifiers.magnified imageImprovement of lap shear strengths of adhesive copper joints by sulfur‐containing modifiers.
Correlating Polymer Parameters to the Entire Molecular Weight Distribution: Application to the Melt Index
Authors: Nele Márcio , Latado Andréa , Pinto José Carlos 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSummary: A method that takes into account the entire molecular weight distribution (MWD) for the prediction of polymer point properties and/or indexes is presented. The method is based on the convolution of the polymer mass molecular weight distribution and an empirical kernel function. Thus, the problem of relating the polymers properties to the MWD is reduced to the estimation of this empirical function. The proposed methodology is able to successfully predict melt indexes (MI) of a set of poly(propylene) samples.
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A Novel Intumescent Flame‐Retardant Polyethylene System
Authors: Xie Fei , Wang Yu‐Zhong , Yang Bing , Liu Ya 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSummary: A novel carbonization agent was synthesized and characterized. The flame retardancy and thermal behavior of a new IFR system with and without metal chelates for LDPE were investigated by LOI, UL‐94 test, and TGA. Metal chelates can remarkably improve the flame retardant performance of intumescent systems according to the tested results of LOI values and UL‐94 ratings because they can act both as inhibitors of radicals and as promoters of carbonization. The TG curves show that the amounts of residue of IFR‐PE/metal chelate systems increase compared to those of PE and IFR‐PE at temperatures ranging from 400 to 650 °C. The IFR‐PE/metal chelate system can obviously reduce the amounts of decomposing products at higher temperatures and promotes the formation of carbonaceous charred layers. A LOI value of 29.8 and UL‐94 V‐0 rating could be achieved when the synthesized carbonization agent, APP, MP, and CoOSA were added into LDPE.TG curves of PE, IFR‐PE, and IFR‐PE/metal chelate systems.magnified imageTG curves of PE, IFR‐PE, and IFR‐PE/metal chelate systems.
Simultaneous Preparation of PI/POSS Semi‐IPN Nanocomposites
Authors: Chen Wen‐Yi , Ho Ko Shan , Hsieh Tar‐Hwa , Chang Feng‐Chih , Wang Yen‐Zen 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSummary: This investigation presents a simultaneous and convenient approach to produce a high‐performance polyimide with a low dielectric constant by introducing the octa‐acrylated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (methacrylated‐POSS) into a polyimide matrix to form polyimide semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (semi‐IPN) nanocomposites. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) results indicate that the self‐curing of methacrylated‐POSS and the imidization of polyamic acid (PAA) occurs simultaneously. The morphology of a semi‐IPN structure of polyimide/POSS‐PI/POSS nanocomposites with POSS nanoparticles embedded inside the matrix is elucidated. The POSS particles are uniform and are aggregated to a size of approximately 50–60 nm inside the polyimide matrix. The interconnected POSS particles are observed at high POSS content. The structure is highly cross‐linked, so the PI/POSS nanocomposites have an enhanced glass transition temperature. The high porosity of the PI/POSS nanocomposites markedly reduces the dielectric constant of PI because of the nanometer‐scale porous structure of POSS.FT‐IR spectra of the various compounds of A) methacrylate‐POSS before curing, B) methacrylate‐POSS after curing, C) PAA containing 15 wt.‐% POSS, and D) PI/POSS containing 15 wt.‐% POSS.magnified imageFT‐IR spectra of the various compounds of A) methacrylate‐POSS before curing, B) methacrylate‐POSS after curing, C) PAA containing 15 wt.‐% POSS, and D) PI/POSS containing 15 wt.‐% POSS.
A Simple Method to Fabricate a Conductive Polymer Micropattern on an Organic Polymer Substrate
Authors: Yang Peng , Xie Jingyi , Yang Wantai 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSummary: Under UV irradiation plus a photomask, a hydrophilic/hydrophobic hybrid polymer surface is created by sandwiching an ammonium persulfate solution between two polymer films. It is demonstrated that an effective conductive PANI micropattern can be fabricated on such a wettability patterned surface. For PET, a stable negative micropattern could be formed directly by the selective deposition of PANI onto the hydrophobic region. Alternatively, for PP or PI, direct deposition of PANI is non‐selective, however, the PANI layer remains preferentially on the hydrophilic region by peeling off the PANI layer on the hydrophobic region to form a positive micropattern.Schematic illustration of the procedure used for the formation of a conducting polymer (PANI) micropattern on a wettability patterned polymer substrate.magnified imageSchematic illustration of the procedure used for the formation of a conducting polymer (PANI) micropattern on a wettability patterned polymer substrate.
Preferential Partition of Nanowires in Thin Films of Immiscible Polymer Blends
Authors: Wu Kuen‐Hua , Lu Shih‐Yuan 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSummary: The preferential partition of silver nanowires in thin films of polystyrene/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PS/PVP, with a 30/70 weight ratio) blends, that induces drastic blend morphology variation, is reported. The silver nanowires are fabricated with the anodic aluminum oxide templating method, and have a diameter of 300 nm and length of 10 µm. At a higher nanowire loading of 10 wt.‐%, the silver nanowires are entangled and selectively concentrate within the continuous PVP domain. If surface modified by thiols carrying hydrophobic tails, the silver nanowires become hydrophobic and prefer to stay within the discrete hydrophobic PS domains. At a lower nanowire loading of 5 wt.‐%, the nanowires are non‐entangled and concentrate at regions near the interfaces of the PS and PVP phases, which induces the formation of interconnected PS domains.Preferential partition of silver nanowires in thin films of PS/PVP (30/70) blends at a casting temperature of −10 °C.magnified imagePreferential partition of silver nanowires in thin films of PS/PVP (30/70) blends at a casting temperature of −10 °C.