bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct Measurement of Biliary Bilirubin Excretion in Ponies During Fasting
Authors: Gronwall Ronald , Engelking Larry R. , Noonan Norine 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Biliary excretion of bilirubin, including the conjugate composition, was studied during feeding and during a 2.5-day fast of three pony mares with chronic external biliary (T-tube) fistulas. Fasting bilirubin excretion (1.96 ± 0.74 μg/min/kg of body weight), after establishing a new steady state, was not different from excretion during feeding (1.99 ± 0.45 μg/min/kg). Hyperbilirubinemia of fasting resulted from a reduced removal of plasma bilirubin rather than from an increased input of bilirubin into the plasma. Relative plasma excretion of the individual conjugate fractions of biliary bilirubin was not changed by fasting.
Direct Immunoelectron Microscopy of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus with Immunoglobulins G and A and Guinea Pig Complement
Authors: Jensen M. T. , Kemeny L. J. , Stone S. S. , Ritchie A. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Porcine colostral immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgA, isolated from transmissible gastroenteritis virus-infected sows, were compared by direct immunoelectron microscopy. It was estimated, using antibodies with a less than a twofold difference in virus-neutralizing activity, that IgG was 500 times more efficient than was IgA for coating transmissible gastroenteritis virions. Guinea pig complement enhanced the antibody coating with IgG, but did not increase virus-neutralizing activity of IgG or IgA.
Effect of Various Carrier Gases on the Halothane Output of the Fluotec Mark 3 Vaporizer
Authors: Haskins S. C. , Knapp R. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The carrier gases—air, nitrous oxide/oxygen (50%/50%), and nitrous oxide (100%)—decreased the halothane output from Fluotec Mark 3 vaporizers an average of 87.9%, 85.4%, and 70.9%, respectively, as compared with the halothane output when oxygen was used as the carrier gas.
Ion Transport by the Pig Colon: Effects of Time and Anesthesia
Authors: Argenzio R. A. , Lebo Deborah 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A method for temporarily isolating a 50-cm loop of ascending spiral colon in the pig allowed a study of the effect of halothane anesthesia on colonic absorption without complications of acute surgical trauma, and provided a means to obtain timed samples of the colonic solution. Test solutions instilled into the loop consisted of a volatile fatty acid solution, similar in composition to normal colonic contents, and a Ringer solution. There was no appreciable change in the rate of net solute absorption in conscious or anesthetized animals in repeated 1-hour determinations over a 6-hour period, provided the cardiovascular and arterial acid base variables remained stable. Net rates and direction of individually transported solutes and H2O were essentially unaffected by anesthesia during 2-hour experimental periods. However, net solute changes in this closed-loop system were not constant during individual absorption periods. These changes were due to a volume dependence on the rate of net absorption and a rapid dissipation of the driving forces initially present. Failure to recognize these time-dependent changes may lead to serious misinterpretations of the results.
Serum Bromide Concentrations During and After Halothane Anesthesia in Dogs
Authors: Pedersoli Waldir M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum bromide concentrations of ten dogs were determined before, during, and after 2 hours of anesthesia with halothane. Serum bromide concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.05), beginning at 30 minutes of anesthesia and remained significantly (P < 0.05) increased until the end of the experiment—10 days after anesthesia. Peak bromide concentration occurred 1 day after anesthesia in five dogs (50%) and varied between 4 mg/dl and 8.8 mg/dl. Bromide concentration remained significantly (P < 0.05) increased for the length of the experiment. Possible sedative or psychoactive levels of increased serum bromide concentrations are discussed.
Chemoprophylaxis with Diamfenetide Against Experimental Infections of Fasciola hepatica in Ruminants
Authors: Enzie F. D. , Rew R. S. , Colglazier Μ. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In limited trials against experimentally induced Fasciola hepatica infections, diamfenetide (N,N’-[oxybis(2,1-ethanediyloxy-4,1-phenylene)]bisacetamide) showed potential value for the prevention of acute fascioliasis in sheep and cattle. When given at a dosage of 10 mg/kg of body weight, diamfenetide was 87% effective in preventing establishment of F hepaticainfections in sheep that were given the drug daily for 14 days, and was 96% effective in sheep that were given the drug for 21 days. Infective cysts (4 doses of 150 each) were given by capsule at 2-day intervals during the first week of medication.
In additional trials, initial single large doses (40 to 100 mg/kg of body weight) given in conjunction with small doses each day (5 to 40 mg/kg), did not augment chemoprophylactic action. Signs of toxicosis attributable to diamfenetide were not observed. The severity of hepatic lesions ascribable to F hepatica correlated well with the degree of fluke control achieved.
Small doses of diamfenetide given each day were less effective in calves than in sheep. Nevertheless, when given at dosages of 30 mg/kg daily for 21 days, the drug was 89% effective in preventing the development of F hepaticainfections in two calves which were given infective cysts (4 × 100) by capsule at 2-day intervals during the first week of medication. Small doses of diamfenetide given daily were effective in preventing the establishment of F hepatica infections in ruminants.
Mucosal Alterations in Experimentally Induced Small Intestinal Strangulation Obstruction in Ponies
Authors: White Nathaniel A. , Moore James N. , Trim Cynthia Μ. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Small intestinal strangulation obstruction (iso) was produced in seven ponies (under pentobarbital-anesthesia) by arteriovenous ligation. Positive-pressure ventilation with room air was used to maintain arterial Pco2 at the initiation of the iso. Biopsy materials obtained from affected intestines at various times were evaluated, using histopathologic examination and scanning electron microscopy.
Mucosal and villus degeneration was graded 0 to V and compared with intestinal gross color, motility, and wall thickness. The mucosa at the tip of the villus was the first to be affected. Degeneration of mucosa continued from the villus tip to the base before villus lamina propria degeneration occurred. Degeneration of mucosa and lamina propria continued after the ligature was released, and evidence of reestablished perfusion and motility was seen.
Incorporation of Nitrogen-15 from Dietary [15N] Diammonium Citrate into Amino Acids of Liver and Muscle Proteins in Germfree and Specific-Pathogen-Free Neonatal Pigs
Authors: Deguchi Eisaburo , Niiyama Masayoshi , Kagota Katsumoto , Namioka Shigeo 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Incorporation of 15N from dietary [15N]diammonium citrate ([15N]dac) into amino acids isolated from hydrolyzed tissue proteins was investigated in the presence or absence of intestinal flora in neonatal pigs. The 15N was incorporated into all of the essential and nonessential amino acids from liver and muscles in one of two germfree pigs and two specific-pathogen-free pigs which were killed on the 5th day after the administration of [15N]dac. But, a higher 15N concentration than natural abundance of 15N was not detected in histidine, lysine, and threonine from these tissues in another germfree pig killed the next day. Nitrogen transfer from dac into all amino acids, including these three essential amino acids, may be possible in the specific-pathogen-free pig and even in the germfree pig.
Ultrastructure of Timed Isolates of In Vitro Canine Articular Chondrocytes
Authors: Lamar C. H. , Van Sickle D. C. , Brandman P. , Hinsman E. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Articular chondrocytes were enzymatically isolated from the distal end of the adult canine femur. The digestion procedure was conducted for 2- or 6-hour intervals, using 0.25% trypsin and 0.25% collagenase. Cells grown from the 2-hour digestion procedure were polygonal to stellate, had large vesicular nuclei with prominent nucleoli, and exhibited contact inhibition at confluency. Cells grown in cultures from the 6-hour digestion procedure were fusiform, had prominent nuclei with numerous nucleoli, and lacked contact inhibition.
Cell cultures established, using cells from both procedures, were examined using the transmission electron microscope. Ultrastructurally, an extensive granular endoplasmic reticulum, prominent golgi complexes, and numerous autophagic vacuoles characterized the 2-hour cell population. The fine structures of the cells grown from the 6-hour process were characterized by numerous cytoplasmic microfilaments randomly dispersed and marginated beneath the plasmalemma of the cells. An extensive dilated rough-endoplasmic reticular system was present.
The chondrocytes described in the present study provided morphologic evidence of a heterogeneous cell population in adult canine articular cartilage.
Acute Response of Pulmonary Blood Flow and Right Ventricular Function to Dirofilaria immitis Adults and Microfilaria
Authors: Rawlings Clarence A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pulmonary arterial pressures, right ventricular pressures, and right ventricular force of contraction (max dP/ dt) were measured before and after the surgical addition of Dirofilaria immitis adults and microfilaria. Six adult anesthetized and heparinized dogs were studied during thoracotomy to compare these pressure measurements with left caudal pulmonary arterial flow. Diversion of pulmonary flow was performed to obtain incremental increases in pulmonary flow through the left caudal lobar artery and to increase right ventricular afterload. The addition of adult heartworm disease, microfilaria, or both did not produce either pulmonary arterial hypertension or increase right ventricular pressure and force of contraction.
Effect of Sodium Hypochlorite on the Growth of Rats and Guinea Pigs
Authors: Cunningham H. Μ. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four experiments were conducted with a total of 100 rats and 20 guinea pigs to determine the effects of adding sodium hypochlorite to the drinking water and milk. In three experiments, the liquids were provided ad libitum, but in one it was given by gavage so that the dosage could be expressed in relation to body weight. Available chlorine concentrations ranging between 0 and 2,000 mg/L were tested over periods of 9 days to 6 weeks. Stimulation of growth rate was observed in all experiments with body weight increases of 5.4% to 13.7%. Statistical significance at P < 0.05 was reached in two experiments. Optimal growth rate was observed with available chlorine concentrations of 20 mg/L in liquids given free choice and at 8 mg/kg of body weight when given by gavage. Toxic effects of the sodium hypochlorite were not observed at any of the concentrations tested below 2,000 mg/L.
Cell-Mediated Immunity in Marek's Disease: Cytotoxic Responses in Resistant and Susceptible Chickens and Relation to Disease
Authors: Confer Anthony W. , Adldinger Hans K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two experiments were conducted to study the cell-mediated cytotoxicity of peripheral blood leukocytes (pbl) from chickens inoculated with Marek's disease virus (mdv) against a Marek's disease-derived lymphoblastoid cell line (MSB-1) and to associate the cytotoxicity with incidence of disease. In experiment I, moderately susceptible randombred, specific-pathogen-free chickens were inoculated with mdv (group 1), vaccinated with a herpesvirus of turkeys (hvt) and inoculated with mdv (group 2), vaccinated with hvt and inoculated with chicken kidney cells (ckc; group 3), and inoculated with ckc only (group 4). Cytotoxic activity in the pbl was detected initially during the first week after mdv inoculation and periodically throughout the observation period (groups 1, 2, and 3). Throughout the observation period, the magnitude of cytotoxic activity was similar in pbl from groups 1 and 2 chickens. The pbl from both surviving and fatally infected chickens (groups 1 and 2) were similarly cytotoxic when sampled during the first 16 days after mdv inoculation.
In experiment II, inbred genetically susceptible (line 7) and resistant (line 6) chickens were used. Cytotoxic activity of pbl of significantly greater magnitude was associated with a lower mortality or incidence of gross lesions (or both) in mdv-inoculated line 6 (group B) and hvt-vaccinated and mdv-inoculated line 7 (group C) chickens compared with activity of pbl from mdv-inoculated line 7 (group A) chickens. The cytotoxic activity of pbl from individual inbred chickens did not correlate with the outcome of the infection.
Cardiopulmonary Function in the Dog with Dirofilaria immitis Infection: During Infection and After Treatment
Authors: Rawlings Clarence A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cardiopulmonary function in seven Beagles (under pentobarbital anesthesia) was determined before they were inoculated with Dirofilaria immitis larvae, at 6 and at 12 months after 50 infective larvae were inoculated, and at 7 and 12 months after adulticide and microfilaricide treatment was begun. Pulmonary hypertension (26.4 mm of Hg ± 3.5 (sd)) was present at 12 months after the dogs were inoculated, as compared with base-line pulmonary arterial pressure (16.0 mm of Hg ± 2.4), and was resolved within 7 months after initial adulticide treatment (19.8 mm of Hg ± 1.4). Pulmonary artery pressure response to hypoxia (33.3 mm of Hg ± 2.4) at 12 months after inoculation (vs base line of 25.3 mm of Hg ± 2.2) and to isoproterenol infusion (37.6 mm of Hg ± 4.8) at 12 months (vs base line of 14.3 mm of Hg ± 1.7) revealed an accelerated pulmonary hypertensive response. This pulmonary hypertensive response to isoproterenol infusion (17.7 mm of Hg ± 1.4) at 7 months after treatment resolved following treatment. The pulmonary hypertensive response to hypoxia was still present (32.5 mm of Hg ± 3.0) 7 months after treatments. Resolution of pulmonary hypertension reinforces the clinical decision to treat dirofilariasis in an effort to prevent further development of pulmonary hypertension, as well as to permit resolution of this clinical sign.
Evaluation of Experimental Subunit Vaccines for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
Authors: Lupton H. W. , Reed D. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Subunit infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) antigens were prepared by solubilization of ibr-virus infected cell cultures with nonionic detergents Triton X-100 and NP-40. When used with Freund's incomplete adjuvant, Triton X- 100 and NP-40 subunit antigens induced high serum-neutralization titers in vaccinated calves. Two doses of Triton X-100 and NP-40 subunit vaccines prevented the appearance of clinical signs of disease in all vaccinated calves exposed 30 days after the second vaccinal dose to intranasal challenge exposure with Cooper strain of ibr virus. Furthermore, two doses of NP-40 subunit vaccine prevented shedding of the virus in all vaccinated calves after challenge exposure.
Effect of Butylated Hydroxytoluene on Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Winston Vern D. , Bolen Joseph B. , Consigli Richard A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was done to examine the effects of butylated hydroxytoluene (bht) on purified Newcastle disease virus (ndv). Treatment of the virus with 50 µg of bht/ml caused 92% inactivation of the virion infectivity. Virion adsorption to chicken-embryonated cells was inhibited 32% and synthesis of intracellular hemagglutinin was inhibited 29%. Electron microscopy of the bht-treated virions revealed virion envelope damage.
Chicken-embryonated cells treated with 25 µg of bht/ml before ndv infection demonstrated 65% inhibition of ndv progeny production.
Leishmaniasis: In Search of New Chemotherapeutic Agents
Authors: Kinnamon Kenneth E. , Steck Edgar A. , Loizeaux Peter S. , Chapman Willie L. , Waits Virginia B. , Hanson William L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Members of a class of compounds designated lepidines (8-amino-6- methoxy-4-methylquinoline derivatives) were tested in a hamster-Leishmania donovani model and found to have activity many-fold that of a reference drug meglumine antimoniate. One of them, 8-(7-isopropylaminoheptylamino)-6-methoxy-4-methylquinoline, was found to be 138 times as effective as the standard antimonial drug used.
Efficacy of Albendazole and Levamisole in Sheep Against Thysanosoma actinioides and Haemonchus contortus from the Edwards Plateau, Texas
Authors: Craig T. M. , Shepherd Eric 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Lambs naturally infected with Thysanosoma actinioides and naturally and experimentally infected with Haemonchus contortus were used in a controlled experiment to determine the anthelmintic activity of albendazole as compared with levamisole. The lambs were given 10,000 H contortus larvae 25 to 35 days before treatment, were slaughtered 7 to 9 days after treatment, and were housed on concrete from the time of treatment until slaughter.
In lambs given doses of 7.5 mg or 3.8 mg of albendazole/kg or 7.5 mg of levamisole/kg, reductions in numbers of H contortus were 99%, 85%, and 98%, respectively. Reductions in numbers of T actinioides were 98%, 45%, and 0% respectively, as compared with untreated controls.
Sequential Ultrastructural Alterations in Ventricular Myocardium of Dogs Given Large Single Transthoracic Damped Sinusoidal Waveform Defibrillator Shocks
Authors: Van Vleet John F. , Tacker W. A. , Geddes L. A. , Ferrans Victor J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fifty-six dogs were allotted to eight groups and were given no shock or a single transthoracic damped sinusoidal waveform shock of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 20 A/kg of body weight. The dogs were euthanatized at 1 day, 2 days, 4 days, 2 weeks, and 8 weeks after shocking and small blocks of ventricular myocardium were collected for ultrastructural study from dogs given large (15 and 20 A/kg) shocks from the center of the defibrillator-induced areas of myocardial necrosis. Early (days 1, 2, and 4 after shock) ultrastructural alterations in myocardium were characterized by myocyte necrosis with contraction bands (myofibrillar degeneration). Mitochondria in damaged myocytes had flocculent matrical densities at 1 day after shock; by 2 days or more after shock mitochondria were mineralized with dense granular and spicular matrical deposits. Mineralization was also present in the lysed masses of contractile material in necrotic myocytes by 2 days or more after shock. Interstitial edema was prominent for the first 4 days after shock. Numerous neutrophilic granulocytes were in the interstitium and had invaded necrotic myocytes at 1 and 2 days after shock. By 4 days, many macrophages were infiltrated in the interstitium and into necrotic fibers and had engulfed masses of necrotic, and often mineralized sarcoplasmic debris. External laminae persisted in myocytes undergoing necrosis.
Resolving lesions were present in areas of damaged myocardium at 2 weeks and 8 weeks after shock. Only remnants of external laminae remained where myopes had undergone necrosis. The interstitium contained activeappearing fibroblasts, abundant accumulations of collagen fibrils, and occasional macrophages. In these areas of myocardial scarring, some myocytes had persisted but were degenerated as indicated by atrophy, lysis of myofibrils (myocytolysis), and focal proliferation of elements of sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Observations on Calcium Metabolism, 47Ca Absorption, and Duodenal Calcium-Binding Activity in Chronic Renal Failure; Studies in Beagles with Radiation-Induced Nephropathy
Authors: Norrdin R. W. , Miller C. W. , LoPresti C. A. , Taylor A. N. , Arnold J. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Observations on clinical and biochemical changes in calcium metabolism in Beagles with experimental chronic renal failure are reported. In this model of renal osteodystrophy, there are chronic progressive glomerulosclerosis and loss of outer cortical nephrons as a result of perinatal irradiation. The parathyroid glands become hyperplastic and the bone changes are principally those of secondary hyperparathyroidism with increased remodeling activity. In blood samples from 16 dogs with progressive renal failure, there was a positive correlation of phosphorus with serum urea nitrogen. There was no correlation of serum calcium with serum urea nitrogen or of serum calcium with serum phosphorus Dogs killed with marked uremia (serum urea nitrogen > 75 mg/100 ml) had significantly increased urinary calcium, phosphorus, and hydroxyproline levels (mg/kg/24 hrs). The calcium and phosphorus excretion was correlated with declining glomerular filtration rate, as measured by Na sulfanilate clearance. In a 7-day calcium balance trial, one of four uremic dogs was in negative balance with increased fecal loss of calcium. 47Ca absorption was measured in 6 dogs and no defect could be demonstrated in three of the dogs which were uremic. Examination of duodenal calcium-binding activity revealed significantly decreased activity in all irradiated dogs irrespective of renal functional status. This finding would seem to be specific for the model and might be related to loss of renal cortical tubules involved in vitamin D metabolism. The increased urinary excretion of calcium also differs from the usual findings in persons. The lack of a consistent absorption defect in these dogs may be attributable to non-vitamin D dependent calcium absorption at high levels of intake.
Factors Affecting the Assay of Bovine Type I Interferon on Bovine Embryonic Lung Cells
Authors: Rossi Charles R. , Kiesel George K. , Hoff Edwin J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
One preparation of interferon (if) on 7-day-old bovine embryonic lung cultures free of bovine viral diarrhea virus had titers ranging from 20 to 10,240 in plaque-reduction tests, using bovine vesicular stomatitis virus. Factors believed to contribute to this variation were investigated.
Although titers differed on different cell strains, different passages, and on cultures of different ages, variations between the two assays definitely could not be established as a function of these factors. However, if titers on low passage cultures were usually lower than were titers on subsequent passages of the same cell strain. Calf serum in the diluent for if reduced the titer one or two twofold dilutions. Over the range of 7 to 24 hours contact of if with bovine embryonic lung cultures, the titer decreased steadily and was one twofold dilution less at 24 hours than it was at 7 hours.
Latent viruses were not found in cultures by electron microscopy. Treatment of cultures with a noncytopathogenic strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus almost eliminated the effect of if. Naturally occurring production of if was not a major problem. While if was on the cells, the pH of if had a pronounced effect on the titer and may have been responsible for the variation observed with different passages, different cell strains, use of cultures of different ages, and use of calf serum in the diluent. Interferon at a low pH had a titer three or four twofold dilutions less than did the if at a high pH.
Evaluation of a Hemolysis-in-Gel Test for Detection and Quantitation of Antibodies to Bluetongue Virus
Authors: Jochim M. M. , Jones S. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A hemolysis-in-gel (hig) test was developed to detect and quantitate antibody to bluetongue virus (btv). The hig test was sensitive and accurate when applied to sera from sheep and cattle infected with btv. Sensitized sheep rbc were prepared by adsorption of partly purified btv to the cells. Regression analysis of data showed a linear relationship between the diameter of the hemolytic zone and the log of the antibody concentration. The hig test did not differentiate among antibodies to four serotypes of btv, but did differentiate between antibody to btv and antibody to epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus.