bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trans fatty acids — Determination in food fats
Authors: JORDAN M. A. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryTrans fatty acids are formed during the catalytic hydrogenation of animal and vegetable oils and occur naturally in dairy and ruminant tissue fats. Numerous studies have been made of the physiological effects of these acids.1 Recently, the COMA report on “Diet and Cardiovascular Disease”2 recommended the inclusion of a combined trans and saturated fatty acid contents in labelling of fatty foods. The analysis of trans fatty acids in widely differing food fats is by no means straightforward and the choice of analytical method needs careful consideration. Techniques including infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography and argentation chromatography are described in this review. The infrared technique is the most suitable for labelling purposes, being rapid, simple, reproducible and applicable to all food fats including those containing hydrogenated fish oils. It is suggested that the IUPA C Official Method3 should be specified in any labelling regulations to ensure the reliability of the data and to facilitate comparison of figures produced by different laboratories.
Resistant starch — A controversial component of “dietary fibre”
Authors: BERRY COLIN S. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryWhilst “resistant starch” has both the analytical and, arguably the physiological properties of “dietary fibre”, detailed aspects of its properties have been cited as reasons for excluding it from total fibre for labelling purposes. Do these difficulties add up to a damning indictment or not? A protagonist of one side of the argument throws some new light on the properties of resistant starch, and invites readers to draw their own conclusions.
Food and dental caries — recent developments on testing the cariogenic potential of foods
Authors: CURZON MARTIN E.J. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryRecent dental research has shown that several methods can measure the ability of a food to promote dental caries and the results have been expressed as a Cariogenic Potential Index (CPI). As more foods are tested, individuals at risk can be counselled to enable them to select those least likely to give rise to decay. Available data show that items of low cariogenic potential include dairy foods. Those of high cariogenic potential include dried fruits, granola cereals and foods high in sugars. The glucose content and fluoride content of foods have been shown to be major predictors of potential cariogenicity.
Energy density of Third World weaning foods
Authors: WALKER ANN F. , PAVITT FIONA 
Published: October 2007

SummaryIn the Third World, weaning foods made from cereals tend to be gruels of low energy density which cannot be consumed by weanlings in quantities adequate to provide energy needs. Raising the energy density by increasing the solid content produces unacceptably viscous results. Addition of fats and oils raises the energy density but may jeopardize protein intake. The use of germinating seeds and fermentation are traditional techniques which can play a useful role in reducing viscosity. The addition of enzyme to hydrolyse starch is a technical solution which can readily be incorporated into traditional techniques at village level. Extrusion processing, while successful in producing a less viscous gruel, is too sophisticated for small scale processing.
Plant pigments for colouring food
Authors: TIMBERLAKE COLIN F. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryDuring the past few years the food industry has had to adapt to using natural pigments in many foods and beverages in place of artificial colouring materials. This change has been coupled with overall reduced colour intensity of many products in favour of softer pastel shades. This article describes some of the natural extracts which are used and shows how their limitations can be overcome in many instances. The use of natural colours in the European food industry is extensive and all classes of foods are currently being produced containing such colours.
Curing and smoking
Authors: HOLMES ALAN 
Published: October 2007

SummaryCuring and smoking are ancient methods of food preservation in which the combined microbial inhibitory effect of reduced water content and curing salts/smoke is accompanied by characteristic flavour and colour change. This paper describes the development of our understanding of the chemical changes and microbial stability on which the modern industry is based.Cured and smoked foods may contain undesirable components, but which are minimised by modern techniques. Ascorbic acid reduces the possibility of the formation of nitrosamines from nitrite in cured products. Carcinogens naturally present in wood smoke can be reduced by condensation and fractional distillation to produce a ‘liquid smoke’.
Canola Oil
Authors: ESKIN N. A. M. , McDONALD B. E. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryCanola oil is a low erucic acid rapeseed oil which is now Canada's third most important crop. The low‐linolenate variety of Canola is stable to high frying temperatures and has a bland odour. It is also used in salad oils, and blended with other oils, in margarines and shortenings. Possible health benefits could be provided by canola's relatively high content of oleic and linolenic acids and by its favourable linoleate/linolenate ratio.
The Human Nutrition Research Forum
Authors: ASHWELL MARGARET 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe Human Nutrition Research Forum was established in 1990 as a joint initiative of the Medical Research Council (MRC) and the Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC) with the British Nutrition Foundation performing the Secretariat function. Participating organisations have been drawn from the public sector research base and the food industry. A liaison machinery has thus been set up to help develop awareness of prioritised nutrition research issues and their wider implications.
Sweet potato revisited
Authors: WOOLFE JENNIFER A. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryIn Britain, the sweet potato is a new and exotic addition to the variety of vegetables on offer in retail outlets. However, elsewhere, especially in tropical developing countries, it has been a safeguard against hunger for centuries. The good nutritional qualities and range of sensory characteristics of the sweet potato are now being re‐explored on an international level with a view to development and promotion of the crop and its processed food products in both developed and developing countries.
Salmonella in eggs
Authors: Kinderlerer Judith L 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe report Salmonella in Eggs by the Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Foods (ACMSF) considered the scientific and epidemiological evidence up to 1992. Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 is the most prevalent type of salmonella causing food poisoning in the UK. Microbiological and epidemiological evidence in the UK and abroad has shown a strong association between food poisoning caused by Salmonella enteritidis and the consumption of eggs and poultry.The ACMSF made recommendations on methods available to the poultry industry, the catering industry and the consumer on how to prevent food poisoning resulting from the consumption of eggs. These include eating eggs within three weeks, and storing them, whether in the home or by caterers, in a refrigerator at 8°C. Eggs must be stored at, and transported within, a system not exceeding 20°C which avoids excessive temperature fluctuations. The use of pasteurised liquid egg should be promoted as a replacement for raw eggs in dishes which traditionally have included raw egg, particularly in those not subject to further cooking prior to consumption. The Committee recommended improving hygiene in the poultry industry and that the industry (including those distributing and retailing egg products) should draw up a code of practice for the handling and storage of eggs. Once more the need for education and training was stressed.
Pelvic floor disorders 4 years after first delivery: a comparative study of restrictive versus systematic episiotomy
Authors: Fritel X , Schaal JP , Fauconnier A , Bertrand V , Levet C , Pigné A 
Published: October 2007

Objective  To compare two policies for episiotomy: restrictive and systematic.Design  Quasi‐randomised comparative study.Setting  Two French university hospitals with contrasting policies for episiotomy: one using episiotomy restrictively and the second routinely.Population  Seven hundred and seventy‐four nulliparous women delivered during 1996 of a singleton in cephalic presentation at a term of 37–41 weeks.Methods  A questionnaire was mailed 4 years after delivery. Sample size was calculated to allow us to show a 10% difference in the prevalence of urinary incontinence with 80% power.Main outcome measures  Urinary incontinence, anal incontinence, perineal pain, and pain during intercourse.Results  We received 627 responses (81%), 320 from women delivered under the restrictive policy, 307 from women delivered under the routine policy. In the restrictive group, 186 (49%) deliveries included mediolateral episiotomies and in the routine group, 348 (88%). Four years after the first delivery, there was no difference in the prevalence of urinary incontinence (26 versus 32%), perineal pain (6 versus 8%), or pain during intercourse (18 versus 21%) between the two groups. Anal incontinence was less prevalent in the restrictive group (11 versus 16%). The difference was significant for flatus (8 versus 13%) but not for faecal incontinence (3% for both groups). Logistic regression confirmed that a policy of routine episiotomy was associated with a risk of anal incontinence nearly twice as high as the risk associated with a restrictive policy (OR = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.05–3.22).Conclusions  A policy of routine episiotomy does not protect against urinary or anal incontinence 4 years after first delivery.
Tension‐free vaginal tape versus colposuspension for primary urodynamic stress incontinence: 5‐year follow up
Authors: Ward KL , Hilton P ,   UK and Ireland TVT Trial Group
Published: October 2007

Objective  To compare the long‐term outcomes of tension‐free vaginal tape (TVT) and colposuspension as primary treatment for stress incontinence.Study design  Multicentre randomised controlled trial.Setting  Secondary and tertiary care gynaecology, urology and urogynaecology departments in 14 centres in the UK and Eire.Population  Women with urodynamically confirmed stress incontinence and who had previously failed to respond to conservative treatment were invited to participate.Methods  Three hundred and forty‐four women were randomised; 175 to TVT and 169 to colposuspension. This paper reports the 5‐year outcomes.Main outcome measures  The primary outcome at 5 years was a 1‐hour perineal pad test; other outcomes included clinical examination, Short Form‐36 (SF‐36) health status and Bristol Female Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (BFLUTS) questionnaires.Results  A negative 1‐hour pad test was recorded in 58/72 (81%) women in the TVT group and 44/49 (90%) in the colposuspension group (P= 0.21, Fisher’s exact test) at 5 years. There was an increase in enterocoele and rectocele in the colposuspension group; three late tape complications were seen in the TVT group.Conclusion  This study did not detect a significant difference between TVT and colposuspension for the cure of stress incontinence at 5 years. The effect of both procedures on cure of incontinence and improvement in quality of life is maintained in the long term. Vault and posterior vaginal wall prolapse are seen more commonly after colposuspension. Tape erosion may occur several years after surgery.
Polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci for studies of brown crab, Cancer pagurus L.
Authors: MCKEOWN NIALL J. , SHAW PAUL W. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTwelve polymorphic microsatellite DNA loci were isolated from the brown crab, Cancer pagurus L., by construction of microsatellite‐enriched genomic libraries. Genotyping of 40 individuals from Norfolk (UK) revealed variable levels of locus polymorphism with an average of 7.75 alleles per locus (range 2–22). The observed and expected heterozygosities per locus ranged from 0.025 to 0.868 and from 0.025 to 0.947, respectively. No evidence of linkage disequilibrium was detected between pairs of loci and genotype proportions at all loci conformed to Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium expectations. The microsatellite loci developed constitute a suite of genetic markers applicable to numerous areas of C. pagurus research.
create: a software to create input files from diploid genotypic data for 52 genetic software programs
Authors: COOMBS J. A. , LETCHER B. H. , NISLOW K. H. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract create is a Windows program for the creation of new and conversion of existing data input files for 52 genetic data analysis software programs. Programs are grouped into areas of sibship reconstruction, parentage assignment, genetic data analysis, and specialized applications. create is able to read in data from text, Microsoft Excel and Access sources and allows the user to specify columns containing individual and population identifiers, birth and death data, sex data, relationship information, and spatial location data. create's only constraints on source data are that one individual is contained in one row, and the genotypic data is contiguous. create is available for download at http://www.lsc.usgs.gov/CAFL/Ecology/Software.html.
TO TELL OR NOT TO TELL: HIV DISCLOSURE TO FAMILY MEMBERS IN CHINA
Authors: LI LI , LIN CHUNQING , WU ZUNYOU , LORD LYNWOOD , WU SHENG 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTLaws in China relating to HIV disclosure are inconsistent. After a patient has tested HIV‐positive, service providers struggle to decide who should be informed first: patients, family members, or both. To understand service providers' attitudes and practices regarding the HIV notification process in China, 1101 service providers from a southwestern province of China were surveyed. Opinions were gathered from providers at five different levels of health care facilities (provincial, city, county, township and village). A mixed methods approach was used to analyze perceptions of informing family members of a patient's HIV status. Quantitative analysis was used to examine whether providers held a favorable attitude toward notifying family members first and qualitative analysis was used to explore the reasons and consequences of notifying family members first. Nearly half of service providers felt family members should be informed of a patient's HIV status first. Providers who were older, had contact with HIV patients, or had less medical education were more likely to agree with a family‐first notification practice. Psychological pressure, concern about protecting family members, the need for family support, and consideration for local regulations were cited as the main reasons for this practice. There is an immediate need to re‐examine HIV notification policies so that there are consistent guidelines and procedures for providers throughout China.
Akt1‐mediated Intracellular Oxidation after UVB Irradiation Suppresses Apoptotic Cell Death Induced by Cell Detachment and Serum Starvation
Authors: Ibuki Yuko , Akaike Marie , Toyooka Tatsushi , Goto Rensuke 
Published: October 2007

AbstractApoptosis is an important cell death system that deletes damaged and mutated cells to prevent cancer. We have previously reported that a certain dose of UVB irradiation inhibited the apoptosis induced by serum starvation and cell detachment, leading to cell transformation. This antiapoptotic effect was partially inhibited by phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3‐kinase) inhibitors. UVB irradiation is known to cause the phosphorylation of Akt via the activation of PI3‐kinase; however, the Akt isoform‐specific relationship has not yet been clarified. Notably, the role in antiapoptotic effect of UVB has yet to be elucidated. In this study, the role of Akt1 in the UVB‐induced inhibition of apoptosis was examined by Akt1 knockdown using small interfering RNA (siRNA). NIH3T3 cells showed typical apoptotic cell death by serum starvation and cell detachment, which was significantly inhibited by UVB irradiation. Akt1 knockdown decreased the antiapoptotic effect of UVB. Hydrogen peroxide‐induced suppression of cell death was also decreased in Akt1 knockdown cells. An antioxidant, N‐acetylcysteine, inhibited the antiapoptotic effect by UVB irradiation, whereas no inhibition was observed in Akt1 knockdown cells. Furthermore, UVB‐induced intracellular peroxidation was not observed in the knockdown cells, indicating that Akt1 played an important role in mediating the intracellular redox status. Treatment with insulin had a similar antiapoptotic effect as UVB irradiation involving intracellular peroxidation, which was also attenuated in Akt1 knockdown cells. These findings suggest that appropriate intracellular oxidation after UVB irradiation prevented apoptosis, a process which might be partially regulated by the production of reactive oxygen species mediated by Akt1.
Gastroenteritis Outbreak Caused by Waterborne Norovirus at a New Zealand Ski Resort
Authors: Hewitt Joanne , Bell Derek , Simmons Greg C. , Rivera-Aban Malet , Wolf Sandro , Greening Gail E. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT
In July 2006, public health services investigated an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis among staff and visitors of a popular ski resort in southern New Zealand. The source of the outbreak was a drinking water supply contaminated by human sewage. The virological component of the investigation played a major role in confirming the source of the outbreak. Drinking water, source stream water, and 31 fecal specimens from gastroenteritis outbreak cases were analyzed for the presence of norovirus (NoV). Water samples were concentrated by ultrafiltration, and real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) was used for rapid detection of NoV from both water and fecal samples. The implicated NoV strain was further characterized by DNA sequencing. NoV genogroup GI/5 was identified in water samples and linked case fecal specimens, providing clear evidence of the predominant pathogen and route of exposure. A retrospective cohort study demonstrated that staff who consumed drinking water from the resort supply were twice as likely to have gastroenteritis than those who did not. This is the first time that an outbreak of gastroenteritis in New Zealand has been conclusively linked to NoV detected in a community water supply. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the use of ultrafiltration combined with quantitative real-time RT-PCR and DNA sequencing for investigation of a waterborne NoV outbreak.
Anaerobic 1-Alkene Metabolism by the Alkane- and Alkene-Degrading Sulfate Reducer
Desulfatibacillum aliphaticivorans
Strain CV2803
T
Authors: Grossi Vincent , Cravo-Laureau Cristiana , Méou Alain , Raphel Danielle , Garzino Frédéric , Hirschler-Réa Agnès 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

The alkane- and alkene-degrading, marine sulfate-reducing bacterium
Desulfatibacillum aliphaticivorans
strain CV2803
T
, known to oxidize
n
-alkanes anaerobically by fumarate addition at C-2, was investigated for its 1-alkene metabolism. The total cellular fatty acids of this strain were predominantly C-(even number) (C-even) when it was grown on C-even 1-alkenes and predominantly C-(odd number) (C-odd) when it was grown on C-odd 1-alkenes. Detailed analyses of those fatty acids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after 6- to 10-week incubations allowed the identification of saturated 2- and 4-ethyl-, 2- and 4-methyl-, and monounsaturated 4-methyl-branched fatty acids with chain lengths that correlated with those of the 1-alkene. The growth of
D. aliphaticivorans
on (per)deuterated 1-alkenes provided direct evidence of the anaerobic transformation of these alkenes into the corresponding 1-alcohols and into linear as well as 10- and 4-methyl-branched fatty acids. Experiments performed with [
13
C]bicarbonate indicated that the initial activation of 1-alkene by the addition of inorganic carbon does not occur. These results demonstrate that
D. aliphaticivorans
metabolizes 1-alkene by the oxidation of the double bond at C-1 and by the subterminal addition of organic carbon at both ends of the molecule [C-2 and C-(ω-1)]. The detection of ethyl-branched fatty acids from unlabeled 1-alkenes further suggests that carbon addition also occurs at C-3. Alkylsuccinates were not observed as potential initial intermediates in alkene metabolism. Based on our observations, the first pathways for anaerobic 1-alkene metabolism in an anaerobic bacterium are proposed. Those pathways indicate that diverse initial reactions of 1-alkene activation can occur simultaneously in the same strain of sulfate-reducing bacterium.
Signature-Tagged Mutagenesis of
Edwardsiella ictaluri
Identifies Virulence-Related Genes, Including a
Salmonella
Pathogenicity Island 2 Class of Type III Secretion Systems
Authors: Thune Ronald L. , Fernandez Denise H. , Benoit Jennifer L. , Kelly-Smith Maria , Rogge Matthew L. , Booth Natha J. , Landry Christie A. , Bologna Rachel A. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

Edwardsiella ictaluri
is the leading cause of mortality in channel catfish culture, but little is known about its pathogenesis. The use of signature-tagged mutagenesis in a waterborne infection model resulted in the identification of 50 mutants that were unable to infect/survive in catfish. Nineteen had minitransposon insertions in miscellaneous genes in the chromosome, 10 were in genes that matched to hypothetical proteins, and 13 were in genes that had no significant matches in the NCBI databases. Eight insertions were in genes encoding proteins associated with virulence in other pathogens, including three in genes involved in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis, three in genes involved in type III secretion systems (TTSS), and two in genes involved in urease activity. With the use of a sequence from a lambda clone carrying several TTSS genes, Blastn analysis of the partially completed
E. ictaluri
genome identified a 26,135-bp pathogenicity island containing 33 genes of a TTSS with similarity to the
Salmonella
pathogenicity island 2 class of TTSS. The characterization of a TTSS apparatus mutant indicated that it retained its ability to invade catfish cell lines and macrophages but was defective in intracellular replication. The mutant also invaded catfish tissues in numbers equal to those of invading wild-type
E. ictaluri
bacteria but replicated poorly and was slowly cleared from the tissues, while the wild type increased in number.
Detection of
Salmonella enterica
Subpopulations by Phenotype Microarray Antibiotic Resistance Patterns
Authors: Guard-Bouldin Jean , Morales Cesar A. , Frye Jonathan G. , Gast Richard K. , Musgrove Michael 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

Three strains of
Salmonella enterica
serotype Enteritidis were compared to
Salmonella enterica
serotype Heidelberg,
Salmonella enterica
serotype Newport, and
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium for growth in the presence of 240 antibiotics arranged within a commercial high-throughput phenotype microarray. The results show that antibiotic resistances were different for subpopulations of serotype Enteritidis separated only by genetic drift.