bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nuclear Energy Impact on the Pacific Coast
Authors: Worthington J.D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Nuclear energy as a generating source for electric power has become a commercial reality. Nuclear plants already in operation on the Pacific Slope have proven that nuclear energy is more economical than gas to generate machines. A history of the electric utility and the future plans for the use of gas and nuclear power as generating sources is presented.

Introduction
Commercial nuclear electric power is changing and challenging not only the electric industry, but also the associated industries that provide fossil fuels for the conventional thermal electric plants. The impact of nuclear power upon the uses of gas for electric power generation cannot be grasped without a clear understanding of the past. What has happened, and what is happening to challenge and change the electric industry in general, and where does its bright and promising new child, nuclear power, fit?
First, it must be recognized that one of the primary jobs in any business is to plan for the future. In the case of an electric utility, not only must it plan, but it must also convert those plans into action well in advance of the day a customer turns on another light or starts another motor. Seldom can the utility wait to commit itself to a new source of generation as late as 4 years in advance. It must make the commitment 5 or 6 years before the need for the energy has developed. Consequently, electric utilities are presently concerned with what kind of generations will be added to serve its customers 5 or 6 years from now. The gas industry is equally concerned with the electric utility's selection because that selection shapes future markets for gas.
The nuclear power industry, as much as any business in existence today, reflects the accelerating change in our world. In the early days, the nuclear power industry concentrated on research and the acquiring of experience with a new power source. Commercial feasibility seemed somewhat remote. Then, almost overnight, nuclear power became a full-fledged commercial reality. The process was dramatic and rapid - so much so that probably neither the gas nor electric industry has really been able to assess the impending impact of nuclear power upon the use of gas fuel in electric plants.
Today, with new electric power sources being planned, virtually all utilities are weighing carefully the merits of nuclear power. Many companies are choosing this new source of power. Many more might be doing so if it were not for the uncertainties of the long lead times currently caused by manufacturing and regulatory backlogs. The industry is pressing to remove these uncertainties so that every utility can make its selections with known and reasonable lead times.
It is really not possible to obtain a precise measure of the future impact of nuclear power because the electric utilities are not committed beyond 5 or 6 years. However, with a few assumptions, the signs for the future become fairly clear.
Artificial Lift With Coiled Tubing for Flow Testing the Monterey Formation, Offshore California
Authors: Peavy M. A. , Fahel R. A. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper provides a technical comparison of jet-pump and nitrogen lift during the drillstem tests (DST's) of a low-gravity, high-viscosity crude on a semisubmersible drilling vessel. Eight DST testing sequences are presented to demonstrate that jet-pump-lift operations are better suited than nitrogen-lift techniques for obtaining reservoir data during Monterey DST's.
Methodology for the Specification of Solvent Blends for Miscible Enriched-Gas Drives
Authors: Sibbald L. R. , Novosad Zdenka , Costain T. G. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Many Alberta EOR projects rely on injection of enriched natural gas to displace oil left by primary or secondary operations. An important practical design requirement in such projects is to specify the solvent—a blend of an expensive C2+ enriching stream (which varies in composition) and dry gas—to minimize the cost of the displacing fluid. This paper outlines the derivation with a new methodology of a C2+/dry-gas blending correlation for a large Alberta miscible flood. The blending correlation used data from rising-bubble apparatus (RBA) experiments, which allowed fast, precise determinations of solvent/oil miscibility. Before undertaking the derivation, the RBA test was shown to give the same results as the standard slim-tube experiment for the system studied. This correspondence was anticipated from previously developed theoretical concepts about the relevant mechanism of miscibility development. Proper description of the mechanism is crucial for correct interpretation of miscibility experiments. Equation of state (EOS) multiple-contact flash calculations and EOS-based compositional simulation of the displacement process were used to analyze miscibility development for this system. This conceptual understanding formed the basis for the use of the recently developed RBA technique to generate data for the blending correlation.
Treatment of Individual Wells and Grids in Reservoir Modeling
Authors: Van Poollen H.K. , Breitenbach E.A. , Thurnau D.H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Reservoir modeling, mathematical modeling, or simulation of a petroleum or natural gas reservoir enables the engineer to examine and evaluate the physical a-nd economic consequences of various physical a-nd economic consequences of various alternative production policies.
Approximations are inherent in all workable, economical simulators. This paper describes three workable, useful approximations. (1)a method to compare observed field pressures with those calculated by a numerical simulator, (2) a method to reduce three-dimensional problems to two space dimensions with pseudo-third-dimensional features, and (3) a method to calculate the productivity index (PI) and the water-oil ratio (WOR) in a partially penetrating well partially penetrating well
These methods, although admittedly approximations, are workable and have been found to be very useful. Their general utility will, however, depend upon the extent to which any underlying assumptions used in their formulation apply to a particular problem. particular problem

Introduction
The objectives, applications and mathematical background of reservoir modeling have been described in other works.
Ideally networks should be as shown in Fig. 1. Here, the grids are smaller near the wellbore than farther away. However, the number of grid points becomes large, even in a two-dimensional grid. Also, the small block sizes force one to use very small time steps, which can increase the computer time to the point of rendering the study economically unfeasible. Fig. 1 shows an example where the wells are located on a regular pattern. If that pattern becomes irregular enough, all cells pattern becomes irregular enough, all cells eventually will have to be small.
In order to proceed with a study, modelers are forced to use linger grid sizes, as shown in Fig. 2.
We realize that, by using large grid sizes, the fundamental flow equations are not truly represented. The network approaches a set of interconnected material balances with flow terms as a function of pressures and saturations. This paper describes the present method of handling wellbores in models with grid sizes many times the wellbore diameters. A method to compare pressures observed in the field with those calculated in the model is presented.
A method also is given to reduce three- dimensional problems to two-dimensional grids.
SPEJ
P. 341
Workstations for the Wellsite: An Integrated Information Management System
Authors: Morley A. R. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper describes an innovative management system designed to assist drilling, engineering, and geological decision makers. The problem of providing powerful and flexible applications without creating complexity has been solved by an intuitive graphical user interface. Through the adoption of industry standards, an open system was designed to facilitate information input and output. Careful attention to emerging computer standards has resulted in a system that is portable across a wide range of current hardware from multiple vendors and that will be easily movable to new hardware platforms as they become available.
Case Study of an Executive Information System
Authors: Belcher L. W. , Hall D. L. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
The value of information systems is best proved with the implementation of an executive information system (EIS). An EIS brings strategic information on activities of various operating units into a single, easy-to-use system for the executive. A properly functioning EIS will enhance the activities being monitored and the data generated by those activities.
The corporate EIS has been highly successful at some companies but not so successful at others. This paper describes a very successful EIS, exemplified by its implementation and active use outside the corporate headquarters and beyond the executive suites. This paper describes the use of this EIS and suggests critical success factors in its implementation.
Interactive 2D Basin Modeling on Workstations
Authors: Fjeldskaar W. , Mykkeltveit J. , Johansen H. , Langfeldt J. M. , Christie O. H. J. , Tyvand P. , Skurve O. , Bjørkum P. A. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Basin modeling, the modeling of physical and chemical processes that cause oil and gas generation in sedimentary basins, is a valuable tool in the search for new reservoirs. It traditionally has been run on minicomputers or mainframes because of the demand for high processing power. With the increasing processing capability of today’s PC’s and workstations, the road is open for moving basin modeling to where it belongs, to the geologist doing the basin modeling.
The 2D basin-modeling system presented here has emphasized standardized software, with UNIX as its operating system and X-Windows for interactive graphics. Thus, the basin modeling software fits into the open environment with systems ranging from PC’s to mainframes, thus making basin-modeling tools available to the geologist.
The system is modular; i.e., each geological process is represented as an independent module. The user has full control over the modeling process, can modify parameters, and can monitor the results between each step of the modeling process.
A geohistory module reconstructs the sedimentary basin through time, taking into account the progressive sediment compaction. The fault blocks can be moved by a fault-balance module to balance the profile. The subsidence resulting from sediment weight is computed by the isostatic module, which, together with a tectonic module, provides an estimate of the paleo heat flow in the basin. The paleo heat flow is an important input parameter for the thermal module, which computes the basin’s thermal history. The kinetic module is used to compute the timing and amount of petroleum generation.
CT Determination of Heterogeneities and Miscible Displacement Characteristics
Authors: Wlthjack E. M. , Graham S. K. , Yang C-T. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper presents a computer tomography (CT) method for determining small-scale permeabilities in rock cores. Correlation of small-scale permeability and porosity demonstrates a CT capability for core characterization. CT-monitored miscible corefloods investigate the influence of heterogeneities and the mobility ratios on sweepout.
Unit Mobility Ratio Displacement Front Passing a Circular Permeability Discontinuity
Authors: Parsons R.W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
When a displacement front encounters an isolated permeability heterogeneity, it will be perturbed permeability heterogeneity, it will be perturbed The details of this perturbation will depend on the heterogeneity size and shape, the permeability contrast, and the mobility ratio.
This paper deals with the displacement front behavior for one, simple, mathematically tractable model: a circular permeability discontinuity and unit mobility ratio. The progress of an initially planar front is shown or four permeability planar front is shown or four permeability contrasts: k2/k1 = 0, 1, 2,... The front distortion is more pronounced than streamline and isopotential distortion and it approaches a constant shape downstream from the discontinuity.

Introduction
The impact of reservoir heterogeneities on oil displacing processes depends upon the variation of the heterogeneous property (frequency distribution), its disposition (spatial distribution), and the inherent stability of the displacement mechanism. The interplay of these factors plus the impracticability, if not impossibility, of describing a natural rock system in any detail makes exact displacement front movements difficult to determine.
It is useful, however, to be able to qualitatively visualize what heterogeneities will do to a displacement front. In this respect certain simple models that can be treated analytically are of value. The following analysis will show the displacement front behavior for one such model.

MODEL DESCRIPTION
The flow field two-dimensional and infinite in extent. The fluid flow is single phase, steady state and unidirectional at x, y - +/- 00, or before insertion of the discontinuity. A circular permeability discontinuity is placed at the origin. permeability discontinuity is placed at the origin. Porosity and thickness are the same within and exterior to the Porosity and thickness are the same within and exterior to the heterogeneity. This is exactly the same model that was used by Greenkorn et al. to check analytically streamlines as determined by Hele-Shaw flow models and finite difference computer techniques.

FRONT POSITION CALCULATIONS
The results of displacement front calculations are presented in Figs. 1 through 4 for four different permeability contrasts: k2/ki = 0, 1/2, 2. m. The permeability contrasts: k2/ki = 0, 1/2, 2. m. The times corresponding to the front locations are the same for the 0 and oo cases, and for the 1/2 and 2 cases.
The determination of front positions at various times is based on known analytical expressions for velocity potentials (phi) and stream functions (psi).
SPEJ
P. 347
A New Model for a Fractured Well in a Radial, Composite Reservoir
Authors: Chu Wei-Chun , Shank G. Deane 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA flow problem was identified by using a pressure-derivative technique to analyze several hundred pressure-falloff tests from the Big Hom basin. To handle the problem, a new analytic model was developed to allow direct analysis of fractured wells with either finite conductivity or uniform flux in a radial, composite reservoir. In this paper, we demonstrate that this simple model further explains the buildup-pressure behavior of a fractured well producing below dewpoint pressure in a gas-condensate reservoir.
An Application of the Product-Solution Principle for Instantaneous Source and Green's Functions
Authors: Chen H. Y. , Poston S. W. , Raghavan Rajagopal 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Basic building blocks to apply the product-solution method in the Laplace domain are derived. Example applications illustrate the utility of these building blocks. These solutions should be useful in applying computer algebra to develop pressure distribution in reservoirs.
Analysis of Bimetallic Pipe for Sour Service
Authors: Kane Russell D. , Wilhelm S. Mark , Yoshida Toshio , Matsui Shigetomo , Iwase Toshinori 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper presents the results of laboratory investigations conducted to better our definition of the serviceability of bimetallic pipe manufactured by the thermohydraulic (tight-fit) method for Mobile Bay service. Both Alloy 625/API X-65 and Alloy 825/API X-65 tight-fit pipe (TFP) were evaluated under conditions of (1) standard corrosion test environments to evaluate the metallurgical conditions of the corrosion-resistant-alloy (CRA) liner tubes, (2) long-term, full-scale TFP exposure under a simulated Mobile Bay production environment containing high levels of H2S and CO2, and (3) hydrogen-permeation experiments designed to examine potential effects of CRA liner collapse from hydrogen produced by corrosion on the ID and/or cathodic protection on the OD. Results indicate that bimetallic TFP exhibited an acceptable metallurgical condition of the CRA liner materials. Under the simulated Mobile Bay production environment, TFP exhibited good resistance to general corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), and liner collapse. Hydrogen-permeation tests indicate that very conservative estimates of service-life liner collapse from interfacial hydrogen pressure range from 150 to more than 800 years, depending on conditions. For all practical purposes, liner collapse from hydrogen is not a limiting factor for TFP flowline applications.
Automated Rock Characterization With SEM/lmage-Analysis Techniques
Authors: Clelland W. D. , Fens T. W. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper describes the use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM)/X-ray/image-analysis system to perform automatic petrographic analyses of sandstone samples. The methods developed involve the combined use of backscattered-electron (BSE) imaging and X-ray analysis with image-analysis procedures to quantify the mineralogy, grain texture, and pore structure of polished rock samples. The procedures are fully automated and, once set up, can be run without operator involvement (e.g., overnight). A wealth of quantitative data can be obtained with this single approach, providing useful information for many fields of petroleum engineering (diagenetic studies, prediction of physical properties, etc.). These methods should help replace, at least partially, the tedious and time-consuming manual petrographic methods currently used.
Viscosity, Density, and Composition Measurements of CO2/West Texas Oil Systems
Authors: Lansangan R. M. , Smith J. L. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Shear viscosity coefficients, volumetric properties, and equilibrium-phase compositions for CO2/West Texas oil mixtures are presented. Effects of solution gas, nitrogen in the CO2 stream, and viscosity dependence on phase density and CO2 concentration also are examined. The work shows that measured CO2-rich phase viscosities increased as solution gas in the oil increased. Nitrogen in the CO2 stream results in lower CO2-rich phase viscosities and densities compared with those from an identical run with pure CO2 solvent. CO2/crude-oil viscosity measurements reveal viscosity and density behavior patterns that are unique to these systems. Undersaturated CO2/crude-oil mixtures show an abnormal viscosity dependence on density. The viscosities show a monotonic decrease, while the densities increase with continued dilution of the oil with CO2. The equilibrium vapor (dense fluid) and liquid phases, however, exhibit normal viscosity/density behavior. Data are compared with a popular reservoir-fluid-viscosity correlation commonly used to estimate CO2/crade-oil viscosities in reservoir simulation studies. We show that the correlation cannot predict CO2/crude-oil-system viscosities accurately.
Compatibility of Hydrosoluble Polymers With Corrodible Materials
Authors: Audibert Annie , Lecourtier Jacqueline 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Application of water-soluble polymers in the oil industry (e.g., fluid-loss reducer, polymer flooding, and water-based drilling muds) requires hydrosoluble polymers to be compatible with corrodible materials. The behavior of polyacrylamides and xanthans in the presence of various materials used for oil production (steel, stainless steel, carbon steel, and Inconel™) has been studied vs. different water salinities, oxygen contents, and temperatures. The influence of such commonly used additives as oxygen scavengers and sequestrants on corrosion and polymer stability has also been investigated. For both types of polymers, as corrosion occurs under anaerobic conditions, strong interactions between polymer chains and divalent cations (Fe2+ or Ni2+) are observed. Such interactions also depend on polymer quality. In the presence of oxygen, corrosion induces a molecular-weight degradation of the polymer followed by a gelation process for xanthan. Some additives may accelerate the transformation of Fe2+ to Fe3+, thus inducing polymer degradation, but this reaction depends on the nature of the chelating agent. These results provide guidelines for the implementation of polymers in oil production, including the selection of materials, water treatment, or mud formulation.
Interpretation of Laboratory Gasfloods With Multidimensional Compositional Modeling
Authors: Mohanty K. K. , Johnson S. W. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Corefloods were conducted and simulated to evaluate oil recovery from field cores by injection of hydrocarbon solvents. Heterogeneity and fingering were evaluated separately by conducting computed-tomography (CT) -aided single-phase stable and unstable floods. In the absence of bypassing, oil displacement by an equimolar mixture of C2, propane, and butane (C234) is first-contact miscible and C2 (C2) flood is multicontact miscible. In corefloods, heterogeneity and fingering cause oil bypassing. Bypassed oil remains miscible with injectant C234 but becomes immiscible with injectant C2. Two heaviest pseudocomponents drop out in the bypassed region to form a residual oil saturation (ROS) of ≈ 25%.
Use of a Massively Parallel SIMD Computer for Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Rutledge J. M. , Jones D. R. , Chen W. H. , Chung E. Y. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Massively parallel single-instruction, multiple-data (SIMD) computers have shown much promise in solving numerically intensive problems ranging from molecular modeling to computational fluid dynamics. Much of the research on the use of parallel computing for reservoir simulation, however, has been limited to coarse-grain, shared-memory computers or medium-grain hypercubes. We report here on research performed on a massively parallel SIMD computer with 65, 536 processors.
This work addresses issues in machine architecture, programming environment, and formulation of a reservoir simulator on SIMD computers. Toward this end, a three-phase, 3D, implicit-pressure, explicit-saturation (IMPES) compositional simulator was developed in FORTRAN 90. Problems associated with reservoir simulation on SIMD computers (such as an appropriate data structure for the SIMD architecture, treatment of multiple fluid phases, data communication, and the matrix solution) are addressed in this paper. In addition, table lookup poses a unique problem for SIMD computers because storage of large tables on each processor is impractical, as is the use of the front-end computer to perform this function. The problem is overcome through a novel use of local memory access.
We found that massively parallel computers can be used to run very large reservoir models and that the cost of data transfer between processors need not be prohibitive. Reservoir models with two hydrocarbon components and up to 2, 097, 152 gridblocks were run successfully with this simulator. Computational speeds on the order of 1 GFLOP's (1 giga floating point operations) were achieved for the generation of the Jacobian matrix and the matrix solution with 65, 536 processors.