bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biphenyl-utilizing bacteria and their functional genes in a pine root zone contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Authors: Leigh Mary Beth , Pellizari Vivian H , Uhlík Ondřej , Sutka Robin , Rodrigues Jorge , Ostrom Nathaniel E , Zhou Jizhong , Tiedje James M 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Bacteria and functional genes associated with biphenyl (BP) degradation in the root zone of an Austrian pine (Pinus nigra L.) growing naturally in polychlorinated-BP (PCB)-contaminated soil were identified using stable isotope probing (SIP) integrated with comprehensive functional gene analyses. SIP revealed 75 different genera that derived carbon from 13C-BP, with Pseudonocardia, Kribella, Nocardiodes and Sphingomonas predominating carbon acquisition. Rhodococcus spp. were not detected with SIP, despite being the most abundant BP utilizers isolated from agar plates. Only one organism, an Arthrobacter spp., was detected as a BP utilizer by both cultivation and SIP methods. Time-course SIP analyses indicated that secondary carbon flow from BP-utilizing bacteria into other soil organisms may have occurred largely between 4 and 14 days incubation. Functional gene contents of the BP-utilizing metagenome (13C-DNA) were explored using the GeoChip, a functional gene array containing 6465 probes targeting aromatic degradative genes. The GeoChip detected 27 genes, including several associated with catabolism of BP, benzoate and a variety of aromatic ring hydroxylating dioygenase (ARHD) subunits. Genes associated with the β-ketoadipate pathway were also detected, suggesting a potential role for this plant aromatic catabolic pathway in PCB degradation. Further ARHD analyses using targeted polymerase chain reaction primers and sequence analyses revealed novel dioxygenase sequences in 13C-DNA, including several sequences that clustered distantly from all known ARHDs and others that resembled known Rhodococcus ARHDs. The findings improve our understanding of BP degradation and carbon flow in soil, reveal the extent of culture bias, and may benefit bioremediation research by facilitating the development of molecular tools to detect, quantify and monitor populations involved in degradative processes.
Die Oesophagusmanometrie
Authors: Prantner C. 
Published: May 2007

Mano steht für Druck und -metrie für Messung. Manometrie bedeutet also allgemein Druckmessung. Im Speziellen geht es hier um die Ösophagusmanometrie. Dabei wird der DruckDie Manometrie ist die einzige Messmethode, die eine quantitative Aussage über die Kontraktionskraft der Muskulatur an der Stelle des Sensors machen kann. Daher hat sie sich auch in der Funktionsdiagnostik des oberen Gastrointestinaltraktes als „Gold-Standard” durchgesetzt.
Living a Double Consciousness
Authors: Schechner Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes how the author of this chapter takes his class, step by step, into the more mystical of experiences orchestrated by ritual performances. The chapter describes the variety of situations in which the teacher of rituals can be involved, from whirling in the dark to participating like a believer in the religious rites of a Brooklyn community. The author of this chapter is an international expert in theater, ritual, and the performances of social communities in everyday life.
Experience, Purpose, Pedagogy, and Theory: Ritual Activities in the Classroom
Authors: Wallace Mark I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses how fresh reactions to 9/11 were dealt with in the classroom. In a class on religion and ecology, a variety of contemplative practices and social fieldwork projects were used, but unexpected rituals were born when the class was taken into the woods. There the natural world created a liminal space in which the students were able to stop, sense, feel, speak, and reflect in healing forms of shared communication. The chapter describes the experience of taking risks with a religion class, those that are planned and also the challenge of those that are unplanned.
The Anatomy of Devotion
Authors: Craddock Elaine 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on Karaikkal Ammaiyar, also know as Punitavati, one of the Tamil nayanmar, or Shaivite saints. Before Punitavati became Karaikkal Ammaiyar, she was married to a merchant, but her ardent devotion to Shiva conflicted with her ritual duties as a wife. Her husband became frightened by Shiva's response to her devotions and released her from marriage; she immediately made a devotional pilgrimage to the Himalayas, where Shiva granted her her wish to be given demon form and to be the eternal witness to his fierce dance in the cremation ground at Tiruvalankatu. There, she composed 143 verses, which represent the earliest Tamil poetry to Shiva. Karaikkal Ammaiyar's own life shows a shift in emphasis from the performance of wifely domestic rituals, normally the primary ritual domain of married women, to the understanding of her entire life as a ritual offering to Shiva.
Immigrant Worship Communities in the Public Square
Authors: Foley Michael W. , Hoge Dean R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWorship communities play important roles in civil society, in a few cases promoting political engagement around homeland causes and immigrant issues. Many communities provide informal or formal social services to their members; others focus their charitable activities on the needy in inner-city America or abroad. Needier immigrant communities tend primarily to their own, especially in family-style worship communities; others draw on denominational resources to provide for immigrant members and others in their surroundings. More affluent worship communities provide money, goods, and volunteers for causes outside their immediate communities. Circumstances of immigration, the demographic profile of worship communities, and their organizational cultures and religious ties thus explain the considerable variation in the civic presence of immigrant worship communities.
A Decade of Reforms: The Indian Economy in the 1990s
Authors: Mohan Rao J. , Krishna Dutt Amitava 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines changes in the Indian economy in the 1990s and evaluates the diverse views about India's globalizing reforms. Section 2 examines the content of the reforms undertaken, clarifies the meaning and significance of the term “globalization”, and explains how the effects of globalization will be investigated in the following sections. Section 3 looks at some macroeconomic dimensions of performance, including the realized effects of openness on external transactions, economic growth, and other macroeconomic indicators, as well as on trends in the rural sector, which remains the mainstay of employment in India. Section 4 summarizes trends in employment and its distribution across sectors and the formal-informal divide. Section 5 assesses the evidence and discusses the controversial debates about changes in income distribution and poverty brought about by reforms. Section 6 turns to a discussion on government policy toward social safety nets.
Indonesia's External Liberalization: Policy Dynamics and Socio‐Economic Impact
Authors: Azis Iwan J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses Indonesia's experience with trade and external liberalization, emphasizing the policy dynamics and the socio-economic effects of liberalization. Section 2 analyzes the country's overall socio-economic performance before and after liberalization. The interactions between monetary and fiscal policies and the general trend of social development are discussed. Section 3 explains the government's struggle to manage macroeconomic policy during liberalization. Section 4 provides more detailed discussions of the impact of liberalization on employment, income distribution, and poverty. The effect of the 1997 financial crisis on these variables is discussed in Section 5.
The Long and Winding Road to Liberalization: The South Korean Experience
Authors: You Jong‐Il 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter reviews Korea's experience with economic liberalization since the early 1980s. Section 1 provides a brief history of the economic liberalization policy in the broader context of the rise and fall of the Korean model of development. Section 2 analyzes the major economic consequences of the liberalization policy, including its impact on growth and distribution, the currency crisis, and the financial crisis. Section 3 examines the macroeconomic adjustments since the crisis, including the impact on the labor market and income distribution. Section 4 reviews the economic and social policy reforms that the government has pursued since the crisis. The concluding section draws some lessons on liberalization policy from the Korean experience.
External Liberalization, Economic Performance, and Distribution in Malaysia
Authors: Vernengo Matias 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the growth and distributional impacts of Malaysia's policy of maintaining open current and capital accounts. Malaysia's external liberalization policy initiatives are described. Malaysia's external liberalization experience is then analyzed, followed by an assessment of the macroeconomic impact of external liberalization à la Berg and Taylor (2000). The socio-economic impacts of external liberalization are dealt with in the following section. The final section provides a more detailed discussion of certain aspects of external liberalization, focusing on international trade, foreign direct investment, international finance, intellectual property rights, and international economic governance.
The Russian Way of Adjustment: Mechanisms of Economic Growth in 1999–2001 and Patterns of Poverty and Income Distribution
Authors: Vorobyov Alexander Yu. , Zhukov Stanislav V. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines macroeconomic adjustment in Russia. It begins with a discussion of the basic indicators of the Russian growth regime and the driving forces behind economic growth. This is followed by an analysis of the fundamental characteristics of economic growth, decomposition of effective demand, short- and medium-term prospects, incomes, and inequality.
Playing for Real
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This book provides an introduction to game theory that seeks to answer all three questions: what is game theory about? How do I apply game theory? Why is game theory right? The topics covered include utility theory, backward induction, minimax theory, imperfect competition, repeated games, Bayesian decision theory, refinements of Nash equilibrium, Harsanyi's theory of incomplete information, bargaining theory, applications to ethics, coalition formation, mechanism design, and auction theory. Topics such as bargaining and imperfect competition are covered in a great amount of detail.
The Reconciliation Generation
Authors: Garces-Foley Kathleen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores the role young adults are playing in the push toward multiethnic churches and the converging factors — both secular and religious — that have contributed to their diversity. InterVarsity has played a key role in the lives of many young people at Evergreen. The ways in which InterVarsity in Los Angeles addresses diversity and racial reconciliation is examined. While many white evangelicals appeal to a color-blind, individual reconciliation approach to diversity, InterVarsity in Los Angeles has stressed ethnic diversity and, increasingly, social justice in its teaching on racial reconciliation.
The Ismailis in the Middle Ages
Authors: Virani Shafique N. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract“None of that people should be spared, not even the babe in its cradle”. With these chilling words, the Mongol warlord Genghis Khan declared his intention to destroy the Ismailis, one of the most intellectually and politically significant Muslim communities of medieval Islamdom. The massacres that followed convinced observers that this powerful voice of Shi'i Islam had been forever silenced. Little was heard of these people for centuries, until their recent and dramatic emergence from obscurity. Today they exist as a dynamic and thriving community established in over twenty-five countries. Yet the interval between what appeared to have been their total annihilation, and their modern, seemingly phoenix-like renaissance has remained shrouded in mystery. This book probes the period from the dark days when the Ismaili fortresses in Iran fell one by one before the marauding Mongol hordes, to the emergence at Anjudan of the Ismaili Imams as the spiritual center of a community scattered across much of the Muslim world. The work explores the motivations, passions, and presumptions of historical actors while contemplating the esoteric worldview that animated the Ismailis and gave them the wherewithal to persevere. It explains how three aspects of Ismaili thought were crucial to the community's survival: taqiyya (precautionary dissimulation); the Ismaili da'wa, which literally means “summons”; and the soteriological dimension of the imamate and, in particular, of the role of the Imam of one's time in leading the adept to salvation and a mystical recognition of God.
Introduction
Authors: Virani Shafique N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractShi'i Muslims believe that by divine decree, at a place called Ghadir Khumm, the Prophet Muhammad declared his cousin and son-in-law 'Ali as his successor, and the first in a lineage of Imams to whom the Muslim community should owe its allegiance. The Ismaili branch of the Prophet's descendants founded the Fatimid Empire, which claimed dominion over much of the Muslim world, and later established a state administered from the fortress of Alamut. The Mongol onslaught devastated the Ismailis, and it was long believed that the Imams and their community had been annihilated. Only in recent times has the community's continued existence become apparent, but research into the lost centuries of their history has just begun.
Recovering a Lost History
Authors: Virani Shafique N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInformation on the Ismailis in the aftermath of the Mongol irruption is scattered. Not a single primary source containing a continuous historical narrative of the community in this period is known to exist. What survive are often nothing more than disparate references, laconic allusions, and suggestive passages in a sometimes bewildering array of materials. This chapter is an exposition of some of the more prominent sources used in writing this book. It is, as it were, a roll call of the most important witnesses called to testify in the court of history.
Salvation and Imamate
Authors: Virani Shafique N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the period following the Mongol invasion, we witness the primacy of the belief in the soteriological necessity of the imamate and, in particular, of the current Imam. While this conviction was basic to Shi'ism, previous elaborations of the imamate had generally given a place to the Imam's political role and his right to rule the Muslim polity. In documents spanning the entire period, 250 years after Alamut's fall to the Mongols, we find an emphasis on the absolute and uncompromising necessity for a present (hadir) and living (mawjud) Imam, the manifest guide who could lead believers to a recognition of God. The Imam is the speaking Quran, the talisman by which the treasury of creation's spiritual meaning can be opened. In Ismaili thought, to come in contact with the Imam of one's time is the aim of every seeker of truth.
Hermeneutics and Discourse Styles in Studies of the Lotus Sutra and Dōgen
Authors: Leighton Taigen Dan 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents a range of hermeneutical and methodological considerations related to Dōgen and the Lotus Sutra, discussing approaches particularly relevant to Dōgen: skillful means; Tathāgata garbha, or Buddha womb teaching; and practice as enactment of realization. This is followed by considerations from Paul Ricoeur's Western hermeneutical perspectives on use of metaphor and wordplay as contexts for appreciating Dōgen's creative use of language, and Ricoeur's writings about proclamation that are illuminating of Dōgen's discourse style, which to a great extent explicitly draws from the Lotus Sutra. New interest in the strong role of imagery and imagination in Buddhism is also discussed, which is important for both Mahayana sutras and for Dōgen.
1 Sovereignty in International Society
Authors: Zaum Dominik 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter develops the theoretical framework, discussing the concept of sovereignty and its evolution since 1945. Looking at sovereignty in terms of political authority, it argues that sovereignty must be legitimized by the way and the ends towards which it is exercised. It argues that a new ‘standard of civilisation’, encompassing democracy, human rights, the rule of law, a free market economy, and effective administration, has emerged since the end of the cold war, and has influenced sovereignty-related practices of state recognition and statebuilding.
3 Statebuilding in Bosnia and Hercegovina
Authors: Zaum Dominik 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter analyses the statebuilding efforts of the international administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina, led by the Office of the High Representative (OHR). It is divided into three parts. The first part outlines the political structures of the international administration and of the Bosnian state, to provide the necessary understanding of the institutions involved in the policymaking process in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The following two parts contain detailed case studies of statebuilding: the dismantling of the payment bureaux and the reform of the civil service. The case studies illustrate the influence of elements of the new ‘standard of civilisation’ on the objectives and policies of the international administration.
Eternalizing the Moment: Artistic Projections of Time
Authors: Crowther Paul 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter addresses a much neglected issue: the importance of the artwork's relation to the momentary. It begins with a phenomenology of the Moment and introduces its links to style, image, and art. These links are then developed in much more detail through analysis of those arts of temporal realization, where perceptual or imaginative acquaintance with the image necessarily involves a linear temporal process. The contrasting way in which arts of spatial realization — most notably pictorial representation — relate to the Moment is investigated. It is argued that perspectival works have a privileged role. The chapter ends with a consideration of photography in relation to this role.
Adversaries: Polarized and Fragmented Party Politics of the Right
Authors: Hayward Jack 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The Left/Right bipolarization oversimplifies fractionalized schisms often prompted by personal ambitions disguised as ideological dissensions. The extreme Right was exemplified by the Action Française and various fascist movements which were active during the Vichy regime. The latter prompted Gaullism's reassertion of heroic nationalism. Catholic parties competed for control of the right-centre with liberal conservatism. A populist extreme Right re-emerged in Le Pen's National Front.
Patent as a Market Instrument
Authors: Guellec Dominique , van Pottelsberghe Bruno , van Zeebroeck Nicolas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter investigates the use and impact of patents on markets. Patent strategies are variegated and often sophisticated, far beyond the basic justification of patent systems. Strategic patenting (patent thickets, picket fences, inventing around, defensive patenting) behaviours inevitably translate into a snowball effect of patent applications by the business sector. Licensing-out and licensing-in are also more frequent practices, as witnessed by the growth of the market for technology. The increased number of patents, their highly skewed value distribution, and their more sophisticated exploitation has strengthened the need for reliable valuation methods, including the cost, market, and income approaches. IP rights are gradually being used as financial instruments, including as collaterals to loans, securitized assets, and tradable assets.
The European Patent System at the Crossroad
Authors: Guellec Dominique , van Pottelsberghe Bruno 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAs the role of patents has become central in the knowledge economy, there is evidence that the current institutional and legal setting is unable to cope with the corresponding challenges. This difficulty is illustrated by the explosion of patent numbers and voluminosity, by recent controversies around genes and software, and by the inability of European countries to move forward with a more integrated patent system. This chapter presents a series of possible reforms based on economic analysis. These include putting the quality of patents first so as to reduce the number of applications; making procedures stricter for applicants; reinforcing the international integration of the system at a European level; and inscribing the economic mission of the system in the European Patent Convention so that the case law would integrate economic concerns.
Philosophical Failure
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe central thesis of these chapters is that the argument from evil is a failure. But what is it for a philosophical argument to fail? This chapter proposes a test: a philosophical argument fails if it cannot win assent from the members of a neutral audience who have listened to an ideal presentation of the argument. That is, the argument is presented by an ideal proponent of the argument to an ideal audience whose members, initially, have no tendency either to accept or to reject its conclusion. The proponent lays out the argument in the presence of an ideal critic whose brief it is to point out any weaknesses it may have to the audience of ‘ideal agnostics’. If — given world enough and time — the proponent of the argument is unable to use the argument to convince the audience that they should accept its conclusion, the argument is a failure.
The Global Argument from Evil
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe global argument from evil proceeds from a premise about the vast amount of suffering that actually exists. The popular contention that there is something morally objectionable about treating this argument as ‘just one more philosophical argument’ is examined and rejected. Atheist — an idealized proponent of the argument — presents the argument to an audience of idealized agnostics in an attempt to convert them to atheism. Theist — an idealized critic of the argument — tries to block this attempt at conversion. The idea of a ‘defence’ is introduced: the idea of a story that contains both God and all the evils that actually exist, a story that is put forward not as true but as ‘true for all anyone knows’. Theist is represented as employing a version of the ‘free-will defence’, a story according to which the evils of the world result from the abuse of free will by created beings.
Kant
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe problem of reconciling the necessity of arithmetic with its applicability illustrates of the more general problem of explaining the applicability of the propositions of pure reason to experience. For Kant, it becomes urgent only in relation to propositions which, although in some sense the products of pure reason, nevertheless have a subject matter: the danger is that we conceive of this subject matter as consisting of objects existing in a realm wholly isolated from the world of experience, and it is then apt to seem puzzling how features of this abstract realm could possibly be relevant to reasoning about the empirical one. The key to the way out of this difficulty that Kant recommended is for us to contrive that those concepts and principles which we adopt a priori be used for viewing objects from two different points of view — on the one hand, in connection with experience, as objects of the senses and of the understanding, and on the other hand, using isolated reason that strives to transcend all limits of experience.