bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Neuroleptic Hypothesis: Study of the Covariation of Extrapyramidal and Therapeutic Drug Effects
Authors: Alpert M. , Diamond F. , Weisenfreund J. , Taleporos E. , Friedhoff A. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA therapeutic trial with chlorpromazine was conducted with a homogeneous (for age and sex) group of recently admitted schizophrenic patients. Extrapyramidal effects were measured through quantitative analysis of digital tremor, after four days of fixed-dose treatment. Assessment of treatment efficacy was based on Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale ratings, done at the end of four weeks' treatment. Those patients whose tremor was least affected by drug were most likely to benefit from the treatment. Implications of this negative correlation for our understanding of the neuroleptic hypothesis and the closely associated dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia are discussed.
Matiruku, a Fijian Madness: An Initial Assessment
Authors: Price John , Karim Isaac 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn Fijian, matiruku means literally ‘low tide in the morning’ and figuratively somebody periodically insane. In this study, the conceptual basis of matiruku was examined by means of a questionnaire completed by 24 Fijians which explored its occurrence, aetiology and precipitation, phenomenology, management and prognosis. It was concluded that matiruku corresponds to hypomania, which may have special features in Fiji: short duration, frequent recurrence and an intensification of symptoms in the morning.
The Effectiveness of a Service for Helping Destitute Men
Authors: Leach John , Wing J. K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe effectiveness of a voluntary organization which aimed to help destitute men contacted by means of a ‘soup run’ was evaluated. The assessment was carried out in stages. At the end of each stage results were discussed with the organization and a set of recommendations for further action put forward. At the end of the first stage, it was agreed that the organization's aim should be restricted to attempting to help men settle in one of its houses (staffed by young volunteer workers) for a period of at least three months. A number of recommendations intended to achieve this result were unsuccessful. Following the setting up of a night shelter, it was observed that many men attended regularly. An assessment procedure was instituted which resulted in the selection of men who did settle in the houses for long periods, so much so that no further admissions became possible.
A Controlled Comparison of Simulated and Real ECT
Authors: Lambourn J. , Gill D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo groups of 16 patients with depressive psychosis took part in a controlled evaluation of electro-convulsive therapy (ECT). One group received six brief pulse unilateral shocks under conventional anaesthesia and muscle relaxation; the second group underwent the same procedure without receiving shocks. Outcome was assessed by a separate investigator using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression under double-blind conditions. The results showed that this form of ECT was only superior to the control treatment for one item in the scale, a finding which could have occurred by chance. The results suggest that the ECT pre-treatment procedure has an important therapeutic effect. This casts some doubt on current views of the effectiveness of electro-convulsive therapy in general, and of brief pulse unilateral ECT in particular.
Violence and Mental Illness in a Peasant Society: Characteristics of Violent Behaviours and ‘Folk’ use of Restraints
Authors: Westermeyer Joseph , Kroll Jerome 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThirty-five people labelled as baa (crazy or insane) were studied in Laos—a country without psychiatrists or psychiatric institutions. Informant information was obtained for violence prior to becoming baa, violence during the course of their baa condition, and violence during the seven days prior to interview. Observation for violence was made for a one day period at the time of the interview. Use of restraints was also assessed.Subjects were significantly more apt to have assaulted others, posed a risk to themselves, and been restrained (although not incarcerated) during their baa condition as compared to their previous state. Those in early stages of their condition (two years or less) manifested more violence than those later in their condition. ‘Folk’ use of restraints was applied only after dangerous or violent behaviour had occurred. Restraints were released as soon as practicable, but there was an ‘ascending’ use of certain restraint measures if violence persisted.
Treatment of Methadone Withdrawal with Cerebral Electrotherapy (Electrosleep)
Authors: Gomez Evaristo , Mikhail Adib R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe use of cerebral electrotherapy (CET) in methadone detoxification was studied in 28 patients. Fourteen patients received active CET; the other 14 acted as controls and received either simulated CET or only methadone detoxification therapy. One patient dropped out of the study. The Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale were administered before and after the study period. Nine of the patients receiving active CET were drug-free by the end of 8 to 10 days, and all experienced a marked reduction of their symptoms; the control group did not show significant changes. CET was clearly beneficial in the treatment of patients undergoing methadone withdrawal.
Parental Characteristics in Relation to Depressive Disorders
Authors: Parker Gordon 
Published: August 2008

SummaryUsing a reliable and valid measure of reported parental care and overprotection (the Parental Bonding Instrument) patients with two types of depressive disorder were compared with a control group, and the relationships to depressive experience examined in a non-clinical group as well. Bipolar manic-depressive patients scored like controls whereas neurotic depressives reported less parental care and greater maternal overprotection. Depressive experience in the non-clinical group was negatively associated with low parental care and weakly associated with parental overprotection.
The Validity of Addict Notifications
Authors: Mott Joy , Macmillan John 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo representative samples of males first notified as addicts during 1969, one by hospitals and the other by penal establishments, were followed up for five years. It was found that 95 per cent of the hospital sample, but only 30 per cent of the penal sample, were addicted to opiates at some time during this follow-up, as judged by Home Office records. Notification may depend as much upon the setting and circumstances in which doctors see their patients as on their clinical judgement of a ‘notifiable’ case of addiction.
A Comparative Study of Parents of Emotionally Disturbed and Normal Children
Authors: Chawla P. L. , Gupt K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryParents of fifty children attending a child guidance clinic (clinic parents) were studied and compared with the parents of non-referred children matched on relevant parameters (control parents). The clinic parents differed significantly from the control parents on certain variables: presence of psychiatric morbidity in clinic mothers, disciplinary techniques used, attitude towards their own children and the marital relationship. There were no significant differences between the parents of the two groups in their attitudes towards their own parents. Alcoholism and sociopathy were not common among clinic fathers.
The Effect of Some Incentives on the Work Performance of Psychiatric Patients at a Rehabilitation Workshop
Authors: Walker L. G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFive experimental incentive conditions were compared with a control condition in terms of their effect on work performance. Each of the six groups studied had a standard four-week baseline period (Block 1) consisting of an attendance payment, followed by a four-week experimental period (Block 2). Whereas all patients in the Control and Feedback groups produced less during Block 2, only two patients in the remaining four groups failed to improve. An analysis of variance indicated that Social Reinforcement, Piece Rate, Piece Rate plus Social Reinforcement, and Pay Increase plus Social Reinforcement were significantly superior to the Control and Feedback conditions.
Self-Report Reliability of Skid-Row Alcoholics
Authors: Annis Helen M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe stability of self-report of 72 skid-row alcoholics over a one to six month interval was explored. Relatively high response agreement on reinterview was indicated for demographic items, but less reliability was observed on items assessing social functioning and drinking patterns. Implications of the findings for the evaluation of treatment programs are discussed.
Pseudocholinesterase Activity and Phenotypes in Mentally Ill Patients
Authors: Propert David N. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPseudocholinesterase activities and phenotypes have been determined in 103 affectively ill patients, 168 schizophrenics and 73 Huntington's disease sufferers and compared with those of a sample of healthy controls. The distributions of phenotypes in the patient samples did not differ significantly from those of the controls.When corrections were made for sex, age and E1phenotypes, the Huntington's disease patients showed a reduced level of cholinesterase activity. Normal levels were found in affective disorders and schizophrenia.
The Relationship between Wrist-Monitored Motor Activity and Serum CPK Activity in Psychiatric In-Patients
Authors: Goode David J. , Meltzer Herbert Y. , Moretti Robert , Kupfer David J. , McPartland Richard J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryMotor activity, monitored by a wrist motion transducer, was related to serum CPK activity the following morning in a group of psychiatric in-patients. In 4 of 10 patients, studied for periods exceeding one week, total 24-hour activity was significantly correlated with morning serum CPK activity. Motor activity during the night was unrelated to serum CPK activity. In a larger group of 30 patients, studied for one or two-day periods, inter-individual differences in activity level were not related to serum CPK activity, although both sex and race were significantly related to variance between subjects in that activity.
Psychiatric Disorders in Children in Long-Term Residential Care: a Follow-Up Study
Authors: Wolkind Stephen , Renton George 
Published: August 2008

SummaryNinety-two children who had been examined in a psychiatric study of five to twelve year-olds in long-term residential care were followed up four years later. Three-quarters were still in children's homes, but over half had been moved to different establishments. At both the original study and follow-up, the majority showed evidence of psychiatric disorder. Considerable continuity of behavioural pattern was found, particularly amongst those who originally had antisocial disorders, who were also most likely to have had changes of care-taker during the four years. It is suggested that the persistence of their disorder may be due to a vicious circle of unacceptable behaviour and adult rejection.
Assessment Procedures Used in Studies on Long-Stay Patients
Authors: Hall John N. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEvery article published in the British Journal of Psychiatry between 1945 and 1974 was reviewed that provided original information derived from the direct assessment of long-stay patients. The 225 articles were examined for details of assessment practice and characteristics of the patients studied. Most studies used a very restricted range of assessment methods, with rating scales, used most frequently. Many used wholly unstandardized methods, and the description of patient characteristics was inadequate. A number of improvements in assessment practice are suggested.
Schneider's First Rank Symptoms: their Prevalence and Diagnostic Implications in an Asian Population
Authors: Chandrasena R. , Rodrigo A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn an in-patient population in Sri Lanka, only those receiving a diagnosis of schizophrenia had Schneider's First Rank Symptoms. Among 65 males and 104 females, the prevalence of FRS was 25.4 per cent. Those patients with FRS in the first episode are likely to develop more during subsequent episodes. An attempt is made to explain the findings on a cultural basis.
Psychiatric Manifestations in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Controlled Study
Authors: Shukla G. D. , Srivastava O. N. , Katiyar B. C. , Joshi V. , Mohan P. K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPsychiatric disorder was studied in 62 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (study group) and 70 patients with grand mal epilepsy (control group), both diagnosed electroencephalographically. The two groups were similar as regards age, sex, socio-economic status, duration and frequency of fits, family history and premorbid personality.A significantly greater number of temporal lobe epileptics had emotional disturbances in childhood and psychiatric abnormalities at the time of study. Neuroses, schizophrenia and behaviour disorder occurred more commonly in the study group, while epileptic personality and confusional psychosis were seen more frequently in the controls.The findings of the study are discussed in the light of relevant literature.
Alcohol Dependence and Phobias: Clinical Description and Relevance
Authors: Mullaney J. A. , Trippett C. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOf 102 alcoholics admitted to an alcoholism treatment unit one third (33) were clinically rated as having disabling agoraphobia and/or social phobia, and a further third (37) as having less disabling phobic symptoms of either or both kinds. Questionnaires and self-report symptom scales were used to validate the clinical ratings. Alcohol problem screening tests and consumption levels confirmed the severity of alcohol dependence. In a group of 44 phobic alcoholics who reported physical dependence, the onset of phobic symptoms preceded the onset of alcohol-telated problems and physical dependence significantly more frequently than the converse.The prevalence of agoraphobia and social phobia in alcoholics is discussed in relation to prevalence data in affective and normal populations, together with their implications for the aetiology of phobias and alcohol dependence, and for screening and assessment of phobic alcoholics, preventative counselling, treatment approaches and prognosis.
Serum Immunoglobulins and Cognitive Status in the Elderly: 1. A Population Study
Authors: Cohen Donna , Eisdorfer Carl 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFifty-seven cognitively impaired elderly had significantly elevated serum IgG (P $0.005) and IgA (P $0.01) levels and similar IgM levels, compared to a population of 65 elderly matched for age and sex, who did not manifest cognitive impairment. These findings are compatible with a current hypothesis that immunological factors may be important in the cognitive disorders observed with increasing frequency among the aged.
Brothers, Sisters and Antisocial Behaviour
Authors: Jones Marshall B. , Offord David R. , Abrams Nola 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe brothers of 73 delinquent boys were found themselves to be more antisocial than the brothers of 73 matched control boys. Further, the average antisocial score of the probands’ brothers increased with the number of brothers in the family, holding the number of sisters constant, and decreased with the number of sisters, holding the number of brothers constant. These results are interpreted in terms of male potentiation and female suppression of antisocial behaviour in boys. Results are also reported for 59 pairs of matched delinquent and control girls and their siblings.
The Interaction of Life Events and Relatives’ Expressed Emotion in Schizophrenia and Depressive Neurosis
Authors: Leff Julian , Vaughn Christine 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA history of life events in the three months before onset of illness was taken in a group of schizophrenic and a group of depressed neurotic in-patients. The Expressed Emotion (EE) of the patients’ key relatives was measured. There was no difference between the schizophrenic and depressed patients in the rate of events in the three month period before onset or in the proportion of undesirable events. However, the two groups exhibited significantly different patterns of interaction between life events and relatives’ EE. Schizophrenic patients living with high EE relatives had a low rate of life events compared with those living with low EE relatives, whereas depressives living with high criticism relatives had a high rate of events compared with those living with low criticism relatives. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to schizophrenic and depressive patients’ differential vulnerability to environmental stress.
The Spatial Distribution of Depressive Illness in Plymouth
Authors: Dean K. G. , James H. D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDiagnostic and demographic data were collected from all 2,298 psychiatric hospital admissions for affective illnesses from private households in the City of Plymouth for the six-year period 1970–1975 inclusive. Intercorrelations of diagnostic subtypes were performed, together with a multiple regression analysis against spatial and ecological data from the 1971 Census. Rate differences were related to the geographic structure of Plymouth. With psychotic illnesses, ecological correlations were low for male and female first admissions and for male readmissions. However, important correlations relating to socio-economic status, housing tenure and structure, population instability, and other sociodemographic features emerged in varying degrees of specificity for reactive and neurotic illness in males, and for all readmissions in females, largely irrespective of diagnostic subtype. Explanations for the processes underlying these patterns are offered in terms of population structure, particularly the differing vulnerability of age and marital status groups, the referral and diagnostic process, social and physical stresses in the lower socioeconomic groups, and urban drift.
Variability of Mood and the Diagnosis of Hysterical Personality Disorder
Authors: Slavney Phillip R. , Rich Gerald 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty patients with the diagnosis hysterical personality disorder were compared with a matched control group of patients with other personality and neurotic diagnoses. Subjects' moods were assessed with a visual analogue scale 4 times a day for 5 consecutive days. Patients with a primary discharge diagnosis of hysterical personality disorder showed greater variability of mood than controls. Since emotional lability is said to be a characteristic hysterical trait, the results are taken as empirical support for the validity of one of the clinical judgements inherent in the diagnostic process.
Lateral Response to Suggestion in Relation to Handedness and the Side of Psychogenic Symptoms
Authors: Fleminger J. J. , McClure G. M. , Dalton R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA left-sided preponderance of psychogenic symptoms has often been reported. A Suggestion Test for the study of the laterality of psychogenic symptoms is described. Psychiatric patients and nurses received, on tape, the suggestion of a sensation in the hand to which they could give either right, left or bilateral responses. In both groups there was a majority of left-sided responses. Also, a history was obtained of previous psychogenic symptoms. These had occurred more on the left than on the right side of the body, and an association was found between left-sided symptoms and left-sided response to the test in individual patients. Left-sided symptoms were more prevalent among patients who were not strongly right-handed. These findings are considered in relation to ideas about the differential involvement of the cerebral hemispheres in the production of psychogenic symptoms.
Homosexuality and Parental Guilt
Authors: Zuger Bernard 
Published: August 2008

SummaryHomosexuality in the male is commonly held to be the product of a specific family constellation consisting of a dominant mother and an ineffectual or hostile father. Prospective studies however, on boys with early effeminate behaviour, the majority of whom subsequently become homosexual, show that their closeness to the mother and distance from the father spring from their own needs. The physician should feel free to relieve parents of guilt for this condition.
A Symptom Schedule for the Diagnosis of Borderline Schizophrenia
Authors: Khouri Philippe J. , Haier Richard J. , Rieder Ronald O. , Rosenthal David 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe concepts of ‘borderline’ and ‘borderline schizophrenia’ remain a confusing area in psychiatry. In its functional use, the word ‘borderline’ refers to a hypothesized level of functioning on a continuum which extends from normality to psychosis, e.g. borderline personality organization. In the phenomenological use ‘borderline’ qualifies a psychiatric diagnosis, referring to a milder form of the disease process, e.g. borderline schizophrenia. In this paper we attempted to define and validate the concept of borderline schizophrenia using case records from the Danish Adoption study with this diagnosis and rating the cases on a new instrument: the Symptom Schedule for the Diagnosis of Borderline Schizophrenia, found reliable, and discriminating cases of borderline schizophrenia from cases of neurosis and personality disorder.
Growth Hormone After Trh in Women with Depressive Illness
Authors: Linkowski P. , Brauman H. , Mendlewicz J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPlasma growth hormone (GH) release after TRH injection was investigated in 27 unipolar and 23 bipolar depressive women, and in 39 normal female controls matched for age, sex and menopausal status. Peaks of GH secretion after TRH were observed in some depressive patients as well as in some normal controls, but there were no significant differences in GH response after TRH administration between patients and controls. The implications of these findings are discussed in reference to such factors as non-specific stress responses and abnormal neuroendocrine circadian rhythms in affectively ill patients.
Marital Conflict and Sexual Dysfunction in Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Couples
Authors: Chiles John A. , Stauss Fred S. , Benjamin Lorna S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryMarital interaction appears to be relevant to alcoholism. This study compares two groups of couples, each presenting with sexual dysfunction. One group has an alcoholic member in each couple, one group does not. Data are presented suggesting that alcoholic marriages can be distinguished, in a clinically useful way, from other troubled marriages. Alcoholic husbands feel submissive, but are not being forced by their wives to be so. This suggests a therapeutic approach different from the one that would be taken if the wives were actually dominating.
A Comparison of Frontalis EMG Feedback Training and Progressive Relaxation in the Treatment of Chronic Anxiety
Authors: Leboeuf Alan , Lodge Jeremy 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo groups (N = 26) of patients with chronic anxiety were compared in their response to different forms of relaxation therapy. One group received 16 sessions of frontalis EMG and the other 16 sessions of progressive relaxation. Although EMG feedback was much superior in reducing frontalis EMG activity this treatment was no more effective than progressive relaxation in reducing symptoms of anxiety. Few patients in each group showed more than marginal improvement.