bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rhesus macaque red blood cells frozen with 40% glycerol and stored at −80 C
Authors: Valeri C. R. , Valeri D. A. , Gray A. , Leavy P. D. , Contreras T. J. , Lindberg J. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Red blood cells of rhesus macaques cryopreserved with 40% (w/v) glycerol and stored at − 80 C had freeze-thaw-wash recovery values of 87%, 24-hour posttransfusion survival values of 85%, and life-span values of 13 days. Liquid and freezing methods of preserving rbc were studied in the macaques.
Intracapsular and intraosseous vascular supply to the mature dog's coxofemoral joint
Authors: Kaderly Robert E. , Anderson Bettina G. , Anderson Wesley D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The intracapsular and intraosseous arterial supply to the mature dog's coxofemoral joint was investigated using a vascular injection, tissue-clearing technique in 6 mixed-breed dogs.
Ascending arteries of the femoral neck, arising from an extracapsular vascular ring at the base of the femoral neck, penetrated the articular capsule and traveled subsynovially over the surface of the femoral neck. These intracapsular arteries formed an incomplete intracapsular vascular ring at the junction of the femoral head and neck.
Bony components of the acetabulum, ie, ilium, ischium, and acetabular bones, received intraosseous vascular supply from the nutrient artery of the ilium and minute vessels entering nutrient foramina around the rim of the acetabulum. The femoral head received branches (epiphyseal arteries) from the ascending arteries of the femoral neck at the intracapsular vascular ring.
Epiphyseal arteries formed anastomosing vascular arches of decreasing caliber up to the subchondral bone of the femoral head. The proximal femoral metaphysis, particularly the femoral neck, received vascular supply from 4 sources: (i) branches from the epiphyseal arteries on the surface of the physeal scar which descended, penetrating the physeal scar, (ii) distally directed branches from the intracapsular vascular ring, (iii) ascending nutrient vessels from the trochanteric fossa, and (iv) terminal branches of the ascending nutrient artery of the femur.
Canine gestation length: Variation related to time of mating and fertile life of sperm
Authors: Concannon Patrick , Whaley Steven , Lein Donald , Wissler Richard 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Variation in canine gestation length was studied in a Beagle colony (n = 290) in which apparent gestation length, estimated as the interval from the day of first mating to the day of parturition, ranged from 57 to 72 days, and averaged 65.3 ± 0.2 days. The interval from the day of the peak in luteinizing hormone (lh) to parturition was less variable and ranged from 64 to 66 days and averaged 65.1 ± 0.1 days (n = 54). Apparent gestation lengths ≤ 61 days all resulted from mating ≥ 3 days after the lh peak; those ≥ 68 days all followed initial or single matings occurring ≥ 2 days before the lh peak. Fertile single matings 3 days before the lh peak provided evidence that the potential postcoital fertile longevity of canine sperm is at least 6 days and thus contributed, along with variability in the onset of estrus, to the observed variation in apparent gestation length in the dog.
The limited range in the interval from the day of the preovulatory lh peak to the day of parturition (64, 65, or 66 days) demonstrates a considerable regularity in the sequential events of gestation in the dog.
Isolation of Mycobacterium kansasii from lymph nodes of cattle in the United States
Authors: Jarnagin Jerald L. , Himes Elmer M. , Richards William D. , Luchsinger Donald W. , Harrington Rube 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The isolation of 6 strains of Mycobacterium kansasii from bovine lymph nodes is reported. Occasional isolations of this organism from cattle lymph node lesions provides further evidence of its pathogenicity in domestic animals. The isolates were similar as determined by biochemical and serologic examinations. Histopathologic changes induced by this organism relative to those by M bovis and factors regarding source of infection are discussed.
Segmental epidural and subarachnoid analgesia in conscious horses: A comparative study
Authors: Skarda R. T. , Muir W. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six adult horses were used to eompare the effects of segmental epidural analgesia (sea) and segmental subarachnoid analgesia (ssa). A 17-gauge Huber point directional needle was used to place a catheter with stylet into the epidural space or the subarachnoid space at the lumbosacral intervertebral junction and to catheterize the thoracolumbar epidural or subarachnoid space. The position of the catheter was confirmed radiographically. A 2% solution of mepivacaine hydrochloride was used at average doses of 80 mg (4 ml) to produce sea and 30 mg (1.5 ml) to produce ssa.
Onset of analgesia in response to superficial and deep muscular pinprick stimulations was significantly (P < 0.05) faster in horses with ssa than with sea (8.0 ±1.9 minutes vs 15.8 ± 3.8 minutes). Maximal thoracolumbar analgesia extended from spinal cord segments T14 to L3 on both sides of the spinal column during ssa and from T12 to L2 on one or both sides during sea. Duration of analgesia lasted significantly (P < 0.05) longer in horses with sea than in those with ssa (80.8 ± 16.9 minutes vs 44.8 ± 14.5 minutes). There was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in subcutaneous temperature at the right and left 18th thoracic (T18) dermatomes and decreases of respiratory rate and rectal temperatures in horses with sea. Respiratory rate and rectal temperature were not significantly (P > 0.05) decreased in horses with ssa. Epidural and subarachnoid injections of mepivacaine hydrochloride solution did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect heart rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures, pulse pressure, arterial blood gas tensions (Paco2, Pao2), arterial pH, hematocrit, and total solid concentrations. The benefits and potential complications of sea and ssa in horses are discussed.
Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of the contagious equine metritis organism by equine neutrophils in genital secretions
Authors: Bertram T. A. , Coignoul F. L. , Jensen A. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Equine neutrophils were combined with contagious equine metritis organism (cemo) or Escherichia coli in vitro in the presence of seminal plasma, uterine flushings, or Hanks's balanced salt solution (hbss). Phagocytosis and intracellular killing were estimated by bacterial culture and light and electron microscopy. With lysed neutrophils, the numbers of colony-forming units of cemo and E coli increased in seminal plasma and uterine flushings. Numbers of cemo decreased in hbss. The numbers of cemo increased more in the presence of seminal plasma than the other media. When neutrophils were in the various media, 29% to 32% of the cemo were phagocytized by 120 minutes. At all sampling times and in all media types, more E coli than cemo were observed to be associated with neutrophils. By 210 minutes' incubation in uterine flushings, seminal plasma, and hbss, 60% to 75% of the intracellular cemo were killed. Of the intracellular E coli in the various media, 85% to 90% were killed by 210 minutes. Seemingly, cemo is an extracellular pathogenic bacteria and immunoglobulins in seminal plasma and uterine flushings from horses not previously infected with cemo do not enhance cemo phagocytosis or intracellular killing.
Total protein and immunoglobulins G1, G2, and M in serum of calves persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus
Authors: Coria M. F. , McClurkin A. W. , Bolin S. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Total serum protein and immunoglobulins (Ig) G1, G2, and M concentrations were investigated in 11 calves persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. These calves were allowed to suckle from their dams until weaned. A gradual increase in total protein was observed from birth to 12 months of age. There was a wide variation in Ig concentrations in pre- and postcolostrum sera. The IgG1 increased from the time of delivery of the calves to the 5th month, decreased by the 10th month, and then stabilized through the 12th month. The IgG2 increased from birth to 10 months and remained stable through 12 months. The IgM increased from birth to the 11th month, and then decreased sharply by the 12th month.
Serum concentration of bile acids in guinea pigs as an indicator of liver damage caused by aflatoxins
Authors: Baetz A. L. , McLoughlin M. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum concentrations of glycocholic acid (ga) and glycodeoxycholic acid (gda) and serum activity of aspartate aminotransferase (ast) were determined after guinea pigs had been fed 0, 0.005, 0.010, 0.015, 0.020, or 0.030 mg of aflatoxin B1 equivalents daily for 21 days. Mean serum concentrations for the 20 control guinea pigs were ga, 3.70 µmole/L; gda, 0.12 µmole/L; and ast, 59.7 IU. Concentrations of ga and gda in treated guinea pigs were significantly higher than those in controls (P < 0.05) at doses of aflatoxin ≥ 0.010 mg/day. The highest serum concentrations of bile acids were in guinea pigs given the higher doses of aflatoxin. Activities of ast in treated guinea pigs were significantly higher than those in controls for only 2 dosage levels (0.010 and 0.030 mg/day). Bile acids in the serum of guinea pigs was a more sensitive indicator of liver damage caused by aflatoxin than was ast.
Systemic and local intestinal antibody response in dogs given both infective and inactivated canine parvovirus
Authors: Nara Peter L. , Winters Karen , Rice Jacqueline B. , Olsen Richard G. , Krakowka Steven 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Systemic and local immune responses were evaluated in dogs given infective canine parvovirus (cpv) and 2 administrations of inactivated cpv 6 months later. Before the inactivated cpv was given, a jejunal cannulation was performed on the animals. During infective cpv administration, concentrations of class-specific copro- and sero-immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA, and IgM were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. High concentrations of both copro- and sero-IgM, as well as a moderate increase in the concentrations of sero-IgG and copro-IgA, were detected within 3 days after experimental challenge. Hemagglutination inhibition titers correlated with both serum anti-cpv IgG and IgM early and serum anti-cpv IgG in the later states of infection. After 2 oral administrations of inactivated cpv, class-specific jejuno-, copro-, and sero-IgG, IgM, and IgA anti-cpv antibodies also were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. High concentrations of jejuno-IgM and moderate levels of jejuno-IgG and IgA were found. Copro-IgM was not detected in the feces; however copro-IgG and IgA were. Also, no correlations were found to exist when sero-IgM and IgG were compared with jejuno- and coproantibody concentrations throughout the experimental period. Thus, it appears that the immune responses to cpv include both a secretory component of the intestinal mucosa and a systemic component of peripheral lymphoid tissues. Application of the modified Witzel's enterostomy to this study of local intestinal immunity proved beneficial. The technique was well tolerated by experimental animals and allowed for simple, multiple sample collections of intestinal contents for virus and antibody determinations with apparently minimal alterations in the luminal environment.
Evaluation of anastomoses of small intestine in dogs: Crushing versus noncrushing suturing techniques
Authors: Bone David L. , Duckett Kermit E. , Patton Clark S. , Krahwinkel D. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fifteen dogs were used to compare simple interrupted crushing and noncrushing single-layer small intestinal anastomoses. Groups of 5 dogs each were used to evaluate both techniques at 3 postsurgical times—days 4, 21, and 42.
There were no significant differences between the 2 techniques at the evaluations. Grossly, there were marked adhesion formations at the 3 evaluation times. Luminal diameters at the anastomotic site indicated there may have been only slightly more stenosis with the noncrushing technique.
Bursting pressure studies determined that the anastomotic strengths of the 2 techniques were not measurably different statistically. However, their bursting strengths had greatly increased from day 4 to day 21. There were also significant increases in bursting strengths of jejunal segments caudal to the anastomotic sites from day 4 to day 42.
Subjective histopathologic evaluations of anastomotic sites revealed that the types and amounts of inflammation, collagen content, continuity of layers, and severity of peritonitis were not different within each time.
It was concluded that both techniques for small intestinal anastomoses in the dog have equal value.
Lamb model in the study of immunity to enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infections
Authors: Gregory D. W. , Cardella M. A. , Myers L. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three groups of ewes were vaccinated with formalin inactivated, whole cell, aluminum hydroxide adjuvanted bacterins prepared from capsulated enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (eec). Lambs born to and suckling these ewes, compared with lambs of nonvaccinated control ewes, were highly resistant to homologous eec challenge exposure. Lambs of ewes vaccinated with products prepared from K99 antigen-positive, noncapsulated E coli were highly resistant to heterologous eec challenge exposure.
In both cases, lambs of vaccinated ewes had significantly (P < 0.005) less morbidity and mortality, fewer challenge inoculum-type E coli per rectal swab evaluation, and had superior weight gains over a 4-day period. Immunoglobulin assay of 122 lamb sera (collected 12 hours after birth) failed to reveal any correlation between serum immunoglobulin values and morbidity or mortality. When tested by plate agglutination technique, using whole cell antigens, or by reverse radial immunodiffusion, using purified capsular antigens, colostral whey samples of vaccinated ewes did not have increased capsular antibody titers. The K99 serum antibody values of K99 antigen-vaccinated ewes were markedly higher than were those of ewes vaccinated with other bacterins or of control ewes.
Effect of antimicrobial agents and corticosteroids on bovine polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis
Authors: Jayappa Kuchappa G. , Loken Keith I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of certain antimicrobial agents and corticosteroids on bovine polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis was investigated. Peripheral blood was fractioned by density-gradient centrifugation, using Ficoll-Hypaque. The chemotactic assay was performed in modified Boyden chambers, using Micropore filters, and the chemotactic response was measured by the leading-front technique. Tetracyclines, streptomycin, and penicillin had no effect on chemotaxis at concentrations normally achieved in blood during systemic treatment. However, higher concentrations that were achievable with local therapy, such as intramammary injection or topical application, inhibited the chemotactic response. This inhibition was eliminated by serum. Dexamethasone stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis with the effect being manifested after the cells were incubated with the drug for 3 hours. Hydrocortisone caused slight inhibition of chemotaxis, whereas prednisone and prednisolone had no effect.
Net absorption of 3-methylindole and indole in cattle after oral administration of l-tryptophan
Authors: Hammond Andrew C. , Huntington Gerald B. , Breeze Roger G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The time course and quantity of 3-methylindole (3MI) and indole absorbed after oral administration of l-tryptophan (trp) was determined in 2 steers. The relationship between the appearance of 3MI and indole in the rumen and blood plasma to absorption of 3MI and indole was also studied.
Two Hereford x Angus steers with portal vein, mesenteric vein, and femoral (steer 1) or iliac (steer 2) artery catheters were used. Absorption rates from the portal drained viscera (net absorption) of 3MI and indole were determined by the product of portal and arterial concentration difference and blood flow. Blood flow was determined by primed continuous infusion of p-aminohippuric acid into a mesenteric vein. Three absorption measurements 30 minutes apart were taken at midpoint times of 0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after oral administration of 0.4 g of trp/kg of body weight. Steer 1 was dosed twice resulting in a total of 45 absorption measurements.
Net absorption of 3MI and indole peaked at an average of 1.05 and 0.81 g/hr, respectively. By 48 hours, 29.2% and 15.3% of the trp dose were accounted for by 3MI and indole absorption, respectively. Closed system in vitro incubations of trp with ruminal fluid from the same 2 steers resulted in a trp to 3MI conversion of 23.2% and a trp to indole conversion of 10.7%. Net absorption of 3MI and indole closely followed and was correlated with concentration of 3MI and indole in ruminal fluid and blood plasma. 3-Methylindole and indole are rapidly and quantitatively absorbed in cattle after production from trp in the rumen.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of bovine Immunoglobulin G1 antibody to a protoplasmic antigen of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis
Authors: Yokomizo Y. , Merkal R. S. , Lyle P. A. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed for the detection of antibodies to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in the sera of cattle. This assay was designed to minimize the nonspecific elisa reactions caused by immunoglobulin (Ig)M by measuring only IgG1 antibodies against a protoplasmic antigen from the organism. The elisa detected IgG1 antibodies in the sera of 58% of cattle with positive fecal cultures for M paratuberculosis compared with detection of 45% of culture-positive animals with an immunodiffusion test. In addition to its sensitivity, the elisa apparently is highly specific because only 4% of the sera from fecal culture-negative animals gave a false-positive result.
Effect of salicylates on intestinal secretion in calves given (intestinal loops) Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin
Authors: Wise C. M. , Knight A. P. , Lucas M. J. , Morris C. J. , Ellis R. P. , Phillips R. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The inhibitory effect of salicylates on intestinal secretion in 1- to 5-day-old calves given Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (st)-induced intestinal fluid response was investigated. Purified st was diluted in isotonic saline solution to obtain 1:10, 1:25, 1:50, 1:75, and 1:100 dilutions. Each dilution (1 ml) was inoculated into ligated loops in the distal part of the jejunum of each calf. Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) given orally (100 mg/kg) at 4 hours before st was inoculated did not substantially alter the intestinal fluid response to st. Sodium salicylate (iv) infusion, begun simultaneously when, or at 1 hour after, st was inoculated, significantly (P < 0.05) decreased fluid accumulation in those loops inoculated with st dilutions of 1:25 or greater. The sodium and potassium concentrations of the accumulated fluid did not differ significantly between or within treatment groups. These results indicate that sodium salicylate infusion may be beneficial in treating enterotoxic colibacillosis in calves. Aspirin given orally at the dose used in the present study, would not have any beneficial effect.
Removal of the cecum, including the ileocecocolic junction, and its effects on digestibility in cattle
Authors: Maala C. P. , Smith D. F. , Hintz H. F. , Sack W. O. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The cecum and ileocecocolic junction in each of five 7-month-old Holstein steers were removed. Two steers of the same breed and age were sham-operated. All steers survived and were subjected to a digestibility experiment for 16 weeks. Digestibility of dry matter, neutral-detergent fiber, acid-detergent fiber, and cellulose decreased (P < 0.05) during postsurgical weeks (psw) 1 to 4, but not during psw 16. However, digestibility of protein and hemicellulose was not significantly (P < 0.07) influenced by the operation. Digestibility of the previously described components was not significantly different from that in 2 sham-operated steers.
The mean daily weight gain of the cecectomized steers decreased during psw 1 to 4; however, it started to increase at psw 8 so that at psw 16 it approached preoperative values. The mean daily weight gain of the sham-operated steers also decreased during psw 1 to 4, but was higher than the preoperative values at psw 14. The difference in mean daily weight gains between the cecectomized and sham-operated steers was insignificant.
The consistency of the feces of the cecectomized steers was loose to watery for a period of about 4 weeks after surgery. At psw 16, the feces were firm, but not of normal consistency. Feces of the sham-operated steers were loose after surgery, but returned to normal consistency after approximately 7 days.
Adhesions developed at the surgical site and involved the ileum, the proximal loop of the ascending colon, and the adjacent mesentery and greater omentum. The ileum was large and thick-walled and was expanded at its junction with the colon. The cecal artery and vein were intact. Except for a slightly contracted ileocecal fold, postsurgical lesions were not observed at the surgical site of the sham-operated steers.
Bovine leptospirosis: Bacteriologic versus serologic diagnosis of cows at slaughter
Authors: Thiermann A. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Blood for serologic examination and kidneys for bacteriologic cultural examination were collected from 204 cows slaughtered in an Iowa packing plant during August to October 1981. By the microscopic agglutination test on the 200 serum samples which were collected, 29 (14.5%) were positive—22 samples (10.8%) had agglutinin titers to hardjo, 4 (2%) to pomona, and 5 (2.5%) to other serovars. With the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 79 samples (39.5%) were positive—53 (26.5%) to hardjo and 36 (18%) to pomona. Leptospiras were isolated from 13 (6.4%) of the kidneys (n = 204) examined. Characterization indicated that 7 isolates were hardjo; 3, grippotyphosa; and 2, pomona (1 isolate was lost during first subculture). Three of the hardjo isolates and 1 of the grippotyphosa isolates were obtained from cows that were seronegative by the microscopic agglutination test.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serum antibody to bovine respiratory syncytial virus: Comparison with complement-fixation and neutralization tests
Authors: Gillette K. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of serum antibody to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) was developed and compared with complement-fixation (cf) and viral neutralization (vn) tests. Tissue culture-grown viral antigens were used in the tests. Serum samples from various sources were compared, including serum samples from 10 calves which were infected experimentally with brsv by aerosol exposure. The elisa compared favorably with the vn test for detecting serologic responses and for detecting passively acquired antibody in young calves. Approximately 98% (109/111) of field serum samples which were positive by the vn test were also positive by elisa. The elisa and the cf test both failed to detect early appearing (1 to 4 weeks after exposure) antibody in 2 experimental calves with subclinical infection with brsv. The cf test appeared to be less specific in that it gave positive reactions with some sera which were negative by both the elisa and the vn test. The cf test did not detect antibody in 50% of serum samples obtained at the farm from young feeder calves which were positive by both elisa and the vn test.
The elisa appears to be a sensitive and specific serologic procedure for detecting serum antibody to brsv and has the advantage of giving test results within several hours, whereas the vn test requires 5 to 6 days for completion.