bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The genetic structure of a tribal population, the Yanomama Indians VII. Anthropometric differences among Yanomama villages
Authors: Spielman Richard S. , Da Rocha F. J. , Weitkamp Lowell R. , Ward Richard H. , Neel James V. , Chagnon Napoleon A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAnthropometric data on 12 variables in 19 villages of the Yanomama Indians demonstrate significant heterogeneity in physique among villages of this tribe. Mahalanobis' distances (D2) calculated from the data lead to the tentative conclusion of a general correspondence between anthropometric and geographic distances separating villages. The mean stature of the Yanomama is smaller than that of most other South American tribes which have been measured, and the Yanomama are genetically distinct from the other small Indians as shown by genetic distances based on allele frequencies for a variety of genetic markers.Since some subjects were measured more than once by the same and by different observers, it was possible to calculate approximate estimates of variance within and between observers. Univariate analysis indicates that face height and nose height are especially susceptible to systematic differences in technique between observers. The variances obtained in this field study compare favorably with those of some classical laboratory studies described in the literature. It was found that measurement error nevertheless probably makes a substantial contribution to anthropometric distance between villages. The median error variance as a fraction of that of Herskovits ('30) is 0.62 for the seven measurements in common with this study. The median value of the error variance for the 12 variables in this study is between 16% and 17% of the total variance.
The biological relationships of some prehistoric and historic pueblo populations
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGenetic evidence from the skeletal remains of three Pueblo populations, those of Hawikuh, Pueblo Bonito, and Puye, does not indicate that important racial differences arose between these groups, either through genetic influx or selection. They formed a unified group when compared with several non‐Southwestern skeletal samples. Significant genetic variability, however, exists between each pair of populations, contradicting the idea of their belonging to a unified Pueblo Indian gene pool or to a fixed physical type. No differences can be detected between prehistoric populations and those contacted by Europeans. Genetic drift, supplemented by the action of non‐random cultural associations and disease, provides a better explanation of the biological variability of Pueblo Indian populations than gene flow or directional selection.
Quantitative hair form variation in seven populations
Authors: Hrdy Daniel 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAlthough hair form has received much attention in the past, it has rarely been studied systematically, and never using direct curling variables. In the present study, seven groups were scored on eight variables, including four newly‐devised curling variables. These data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate techniques to give information about the population relations and mechanisms of hair form. “Racial” groups were separated using a principal components analysis. African and Melanesian populations were shown to have significantly different quantitative hair form traits, especially in regard to their regularity of curvature. The physiological, environmental, and genetic factors contributing to hair form variation are discussed.
Growth standards for the tibia and radius in children aged one month through eighteen years
Authors: Gindhart Patricia S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractStandards for the growth of the tibia and the radius are presented for normal males and females ages one month through 18 years. Using radiographs of subjects from the Fels Research Institute for the Study of Human Development longitudinal program, means and standard deviations for bone length, interval increments and annual increments were determined.Males and females show little difference in growth of the tibia until adolescence while statistically significant differences are found at nearly all ages in the radius. The adolescent growth spurt occurs in the male from 12–15 years and in the female from 9–12 years.
Norms of size and annual increments of six anatomical measures of the cranium in boys and girls from four to fifteen years of age
Authors: Sekiguchi Takeshi , Savara Bhim Sen , Arya Bhupendra S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNorms of size and annual increments of six cranial dimensions are presented. The sample consists of 20 boys and 23 girls observed longitudinally from 4 to 15 years of age. The reported measurements are corrected for magnification of distortion and represent actual size rather than a roentgenographic projection. The dimensions of the cranial vault are observed to be closer to the adult size at age four years than the dimension involving the cranial base. The cranial base dimension continues to grow until adolescence. The elongation in cranial base dimensions during adolescence may be attributed to bone deposition on glabella.
Some genetic traits in Solomon Island populations. I. Introduction: People and habitats
Authors: Damon Albert 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTo introduce a set of genetic studies among Solomon Islanders, four tribal groups on Bougainville and Malaita Islands are described. They were observed in 1966 and 1968 by social anthropologists and biomedical scientists from Harvard University. The groups varied in habitat and way of life from fishermen living on artificial islets in a saltwater lagoon (the Lau, on Malaita) to shifting agriculturists (the Nasioi, on Bougainville, and the Kwaio and Baegu, on Malaita). The Nasioi were darker than the Malaitans and spoke a non‐Austronesian rather than a Melanesian language; they were also more Westernized. Coverage of residents in designated hamlets ranged from 78% to over 95%. In all, 1,626 persons were studied: 256 Nasioi, 443 Kwaio, 442 Lau, and 485 Baegu. Genetic differences have been found between the Nasioi and the Malaitans, and between the Lau and the other Malaitans.
Some genetic traits in Solomon Island populations. IV. Mid‐phalangeai hair
Authors: Hindley Stewart W. , Damon Albert 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAmong 425 Lau and 467 Baegu of northern Malaita, there were no tribal differences in mid‐phalangeal hair. The trait was present more often in males than in females, and after puberty than before it. Age differences were more marked for males than for females. Among 168 men 20 years of age and older in both tribes, the frequency of mid‐phalangeal hair was 58.3%; among 189 women of similar age, 34.4%. These frequencies were at or just below those reported for Caucasian samples, just above that for Japanese, and considerably above those for Negroes and American Indians. Analysis of family data did not confirm the hypothesis that the absence of mid‐phalangeal hair is recessive to its presence.
Some genetic traits in Solomon Island populations. V. Assortative mating, with special reference to skin color
Authors: Baldwin John C. , Damon Albert 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMarried couples in four Solomon Islands tribes did not mate assortatively for body size or shape. All four groups had high correlations (0.6 to 0.9) between spouses' age and moderate correlations, 0.3 to 0.5, for age‐associated traits like nose height, ear length, and grayness of hair. Three brownskinned groups from Malaita (Kwaio, Lau, and Baegu) showed significant assortative mating for skin color whereas the very dark‐skinned Nasioi, from Bougainville, did not. The positive correlations between spouses for skin color, with r's for various bodily regions ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 in the three Malaitan tribes, persisted when age was partialled out. As expected with assortative mating, the Malaitans' skin color was highly variable.
Ridge counts of plantar dermatoglyphic interdigital areas and the relation of their trends to the anatomical axis
Authors: Pateria H. N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBrahman and Bhangi, two endogamous groups of Hindu society, have been studied for ridge counts of plantar interdigital areas. No significant sexual difference, excepting a–b ridge count for Brahmans, was observed. Similarly, nonsignificant bilateral variation is exhibited. No ethnic variation is observed as regards the mean total a–b, b–c and c–d counts.The distribution of ridge counts can be correlated with the anatomical axis of the palm and sole. The palm (Pateria, '67) shows the minimum value for b–c and the sole for a–b. Therefore the minimal counts coincide with anatomical axes, corresponding to the common localization of syndactyly.
The use of principal components analysis in physical anthropology
Authors: Andrews Peter , Williams David B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA principal components analysis of eighty fossil and modern hominid skulls employing a total of 25 measurements is presented. The results are discussed briefly, but the central concern of this paper is to examine how the multivariate functions are arrived at and what they show in terms of biological function. A number of sources of error are discussed deriving from the method of calculating the cross‐products matrix, the incomplete representation of sample variance, the use of data sets involving more than one biological function, and the use of samples that are unevenly constructed. It is concluded that more than one kind of cross‐product matrix should be used in principal components analysis so that distortions that arise from the method of normalizing the cross‐product matrix and the position of the origin of the new set of axes counter‐balance each other; that data sets should never encompass more than one functional complex; and that constituent samples in the total sample matrix should be of equal size as far as possible. It is also concluded that the number of variables that can be usefully employed in one data set is limited, by analogy with the law of diminishing returns.
New evidence of the genus Homo from east Rudolf, Kenya. I
Authors: Day M. H. , Leakey R. E. F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThree new fossil hominid specimens that were recovered in 1970 from the Plio‐Pleistocene sediments to the east of Lake Rudolf are described. They include the left side of the body and the symphyseal region of an adult mandible that contains three molar teeth (KNM‐ER 730), an edentulous left‐sided mandibular fragment (KNM‐ER 731) and the shaft of a left femur (KNM‐ER 737).The specimens are described in anatomical detail, illustrated and selected measurements given. It is concluded that they should be attributed to the genus Homo sp. indet. Detailed comparative studies will be published in due course.
A study of some immunological and clinical characteristics of gastritis, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer in three racial groups of the Venezuelan population
Authors: Lechin Fuad , Van Der Dijs Bertha , Peña Carmen , Chacon Mireya 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCirculating gastric‐mucosa antibodies were found more frequently among patients with different forms of chronic gastritis than among a miscellaneous control group and groups that presented prepyloric ulcer or duodenal ulcer. A higher incidence of circulating antibodies and of chronic gastritis lesions among Caucasians and “Mestizos” than among Negroes was also observed. The latter showed a higher tendency to duodenal ulcer and prepyloric ulcer. The high incidence of gastritis and gastric ulcer of the Chinese and the Mestizos support the ethnic relation between these two human groups. Our study favors the hypothesis that genetic and ethnic factors influence, on the one hand, chronic gastritis and gastric ulcer and, on the other hand, duodenal and prepyloric ulcers.
The Gm and Inv allotypes of some Ashkenazic Jews living in northern U.S.A.
Authors: Steinberg Arthur G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDetermination of the Gm haplotypes among the serum samples of 249 Ashkenazic Jews living in northern U.S.A. has confirmed the presence of Black African admixture and has established the presence of San (Bushman) admixture. A rough estimate indicates that the haplotypes from these sources contribute about 2% of the genome of the people sampled.The Inv allele frequency is very low (0.037 ± 0.009). This has been found in other Jewish populations and may be characteristic of Jews.
The effect of extreme temperatures and starvation on the body proportions of the rat
Authors: Riesenfeld Alphonse 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe effects of extremely cold and hot environments on body proportions of rats were studied. These effects included changes in the length of the tail, trunk, extremities, cranio‐facial and nasal dimensions, in bone robusticity and bone shape, in the size of the ear and in some characteristics of the skin and hair. Since animals in both extreme temperatures fail to gain normal body weight, all changes were also studied in a group of starving rats. Because of the lower body weight and its concomitant reduction of body measurements, absolute values were avoided for analysis and all parameters were related to neurocranial length and trunk length. Such a triple experimental approach (response to cold, heat, and starvation) combined with a two‐fold frame of reference (neurocranial length and trunk length), as well as statistical corrections for body weight loss, made it possible to differentiate between nutrition‐specific and temperature‐specific responses under conditions of extreme temperature exposure. Moreover, some attention was given to endocrine pathways involved in some morphological changes. The methodological advantages of a multi‐experimental approach over a single‐experimental technique were demonstrated.
Differences among Yanomama Indian villages: Do the patterns of allele frequencies, anthropometrics and map locations correspond?
Authors: Spielman Richard S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn order to determine the degree of correspondence between sets of multivariate observations based on different kinds of traits, two new methods, derived from fundamentally different notions of “correspondence,” are adopted here and compared. Using networks or trees to represent contemporary relationships, the first method tests the similarity of the cluster or hierarchic structures implicit in two sets of data. The second approach tests the departure from perfect geometric congruence or superimposability. Computer simulation was used to generate the distributions needed for significance tests under the null hypothesis.By the first technique, we find significant correspondence among the cluster structures for geographic, allele frequency, and anthropometric data on 19 Yanomama Indian villages. The results are similar and more precise for a subset consisting of seven villages. Some of these results differ from the conclusions which would be reached with the conventional correlations based upon entries in distance tables.The direct test of congruence, used only for the data on the subset of seven villages, gives results which differ substantially from those based on cluster‐structure. There are, however, similarities between the measure of congruence and the simple correlations based on entries in the distance tables.The significant correspondences observed call for some explanation. Cultural and demographic features determine the particular non‐random allocation of individuals to village fragments when a village splits. These social phenomena are invoked in tentative explanation of the agreement among historical, biological, and geographic relationships of villages.
Primate red cell enzymes: Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
Authors: Buettner‐Janusch John , Dame Lauren , Mason George A. , Sade Donald S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGlucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (E. C.: 1.1.1.49) phenotypes and 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (E. C.: 1.1.1.44) phenotypes were determined by starch‐gel electrophoresis of red cell hemolysates of Galago crassicaudatus subspp., Propithecus verreauxi, Lemur spp., Hapalemur griseus, and Macaca mulatta. A single glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) phenotype was found in each species. A single 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) phenotype was found in Lemur spp., Hapalemur griseus, and Galago crassicaudatus argentatus. In a group of six Propithecus verreauxi, three 6PGD phenotypes, PGD A, PGD AB, and PGD B, were found. Three phenotypes, PGD A, PGD AB, and PGD B, were found in 38 G. c. crassicaudatus. The three phenotypes in each species are apparently the products of two codominant autosomal alleles, PGDA and PGDB. The frequency of PGDA in G. c. crassicaudatus is 0.263. A population of 260 free‐ranging macaques displays a polymorphism at the 6PGD locus. Three phenotypes, PGD A, PGD AB, and PGD B, were found. These also appear to be controlled by two codominant autosomal alleles, PGDA and PGDB the frequency of PGDA = 0.913. Additional analysis of three well‐defined troops within the macaque population indicated that there are no significant differences between the troops or within the population at the 6PGD locus.
A case of hookworm infestation in a precolumbian American
Authors: Allison Marvin J. , Pezzia Alejandro , Hasegawa Ichiro , Gerszten Enrique 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA case of hookworm infestation in a Tiahuanaco mummy dating from around 900 A.D. is presented. The worms found in the small intestine were identified as Ancylostoma duodenale. This is the first recorded case of hookworm infestation in the Americas prior to the coming of Europeans.
Some anthropometric studies of the femur of the male west Malaysian Chinese
Authors: Manuel J. K. , Bin Mohd Mohd. Yusof 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMeasurements and indices were made on 120 male West Malaysian Chinese femora. The findings are compared with appropriate ones from some Eastern and Western series. The Chinese femur is smaller than all the other groups listed except for the Japanese femur. There is a high degree of significance between the maximum and bicondylar lengths of the Chinese femur against those of the Australian aborigine, Maori and White American. The head of the femur is greater in the Maori and White American than the Chinese. The platymeric index is nearly as high as the White American. The difference in the robusticity index of the femur between the Australian aborigine, Maori, White American and the present series is small. The collodiaphyseal angle of the Chinese femur is large being greater than the Australian aborigine, Finn and White American. The angle of torsion of 11.8° is within the range for Westerners with a high incidence of retroversion unlike the Australian aborigine and Maori where no retroversion is seen. Although most of the means of the measurements and indices of the femur show a highly significant difference between the present series and some of the other groups listed there is a wide overlap for measurements of the Chinese femur to be used for racial identification.
Carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes in nine troops of Kenya baboons, Papio cynocephalus (Linnaeus 1766)
Authors: Olivier Thomas J. , Buettner‐Janusch John , Buettner‐Janusch Vina 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe distributions of alleles at the carbonic anhydrase I (CA I = CA B) and carbonic anhydrase II (CA II = CA C) loci in nine troops of Papio cynocephalus were determined. Two alleles were found at the CA I locus, and three at the CA II locus; the frequencies were: CA Ia = 0.856; CA Ib = 0.144; CA IIa = 0.784; CA IIb = 0.209; CA IIc = 0.007. Results of tests for Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium, homogeneity tests, and calculations of migration rates were used in support of the interpretation that migration and genetic drift may affect the distribution of alleles at the CA I locus and that selection is the process responsible for the distribution of alleles at the CA II locus.
The form of the talus in some higher primates: A multivariate study
Authors: Lisowski F. P. , Albrecht G. H. , Oxnard C. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSixteen measurements of the talus have been taken on 334 tali of a total of eleven primate groups and several additional single individual specimens. Multivariate morphometric (canonical and generalized distance) analyses of these data in extant higher primates are presented and used to define the relative morphological positions of fossils of the genera Proconsul and Limnopithecus, of individual specimens from Kromdraai, Olduvai and Kiik‐Koba (Homo neanderthalensis), and a group of specimens of Bronze Age man from Jericho.Following preliminary studies the ultimate analysis suggests that the various extant arboreal primates examined fall within an envelope that is defined by Macaca together with various other Old World monkeys and extending in different directions to the extreme genera (a) Pongo, (b) Hylobates and (c) Ateles. This separation is thus one which defines generally quadrupedal monkeys and separates the various extreme arboreal locomotor modes of (a) acrobatic climbing and hanging, (b) richochetal brachiation and (c) prehensile‐tailed arm‐swinging and hanging, respectively. Man and the African apes are well separated both from each other and from this spectrum of arboreally adapted genera.Bronze Age man from Jericho and Neandertal man from Kiik‐Koba lie relatively close to the position for modern man although significantly separated from him. Limnopithecus, Proconsul, and the specimens from Kromdraai and Olduvai all lie within the envelope of arboreal species and specifically rather close to, although significantly different from, the orang‐utan; they differ markedly from both man and the African apes.The possibility exists that the resemblances of Proconsul and Limnopithecus relate to arboreal habitus in these species. The findings for the specimens from Kromdraai and Olduvai suggest either that the morphological resemblances to arboreal forms relate to a previous arboreal history for these species, or that bipedality is much less advanced or uniquely different from that displayed by Homo. It is not inconceivable that both conditions might apply.
Genetic studies of serum transferrins of free‐ranging rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago, Macaca mulatta (Zimmerman 1780)
Authors: Buettner‐Janusch John , Mason George A. , Dame Lauren , Buettner‐Janusch Vina , Sade Donald S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTransferrin phenotypes of plasma from 687 semi‐free‐ranging Macaca mulatta living on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, were determined by starch‐gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Fifteen phenotypes, homozygous or heterozygous products of six codominant autosomal alleles, were present in the population. The 687 animals, prior to March 1973, were divided into eight troops plus peripheral males. By March 1, 1973 the size of the population was reduced to 333 animals, consisting of four troops plus peripheral males. The distributions of transferrin phenotypes and allele frequencies were determined for the population of 687 animals and for 287 of the March 1973 population of 333 animals. Gametic ratios of 382 offspring of 126 females were enumerated. Statistical tests of homogeneity and equilibrium were applied to the data. The results of these tests suggest that, with only a few exceptions, the Cayo Santiago macaques, although divided into social groups, form a single population, and the results are in accord with behavioral observations. The authors suggest that the data on transferrins provide a good baseline for future genetic and ethological studies of evolutionary processes in a population of nonhuman primates.