bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis a diagnosis in man: radioimmunoassay for hepatitis a antigen detection in faeces
Authors: Coursaget Pierre , Maupas Philippe , Hibon Patrick , Lesage Gérard , Hubert Michel 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA new radioimmunoassay (RIA) procedure using a double‐sandwich technique was developed for the detection of hepatitis A antigen (HAV) in crude faecal extracts from patients involved in three outbreaks of type A hepatitis. Stools were obtained from 24 residents suffering from acute hepatitis A and from six children who remained asymptomatic throughout the epidemic. In addition, the HAV detection was performed in sera from 13 patients with hepatitis. HAV was detected in stools as early as five days before and as late as five days after the onset of jaundice. In this procedure, positive activity was only found in stools from patients with type A hepatitis, but not in negative controls. HAV was not detected in acute‐phase sera. The double‐sandwich RIA test used appears to be a reliable test for the large‐scale screening of HAV in stool samples from patients suffering from type A hepatitis.
Studies in man with cold‐recombinant influenza virus (h1n1) live vaccines
Authors: Reeve P. , Gerendas Batia , E. Liehl A. Moritz , H. Hofmann C.Kunz , Maassab H. F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo cold‐recombinant influenza A (H1N1) viruses were tested in several groups of human volunteers. Only minor clinical symptoms were seen and no febrile reactions occurred. With serologically primed individuals virus shedding was low, but a high proportion showed rises in serum antibody levels after vaccination and mean titres were high. With serologically unprimed volunteers shedding was high, about 75% yielding viruses but only at low titres and for a short duration. No revertant viruses were found and there was no evidence of transmission to potentially susceptible individuals housed in close contact to the vaccinees.Serum antibody responses with unprimed volunteers were, however, low. Only about one half showed increases in serum antibody titres after vaccination and mean titres were low. Nevertheless, challenge with live attenuated virus indicated a high degree of protection based on virological evidence of infection.
Hepatitis b virus, hepatitis a virus and persistently elevated aminotransferases in hemophiliacs
Authors: Gerety R. J. , Eyster M. E. , Tabor E. , Drucker J. A. , Lusch C. J. , Prager D. , Rice And S. A. , , Bowman H. S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo determine the exposure to hepatitis A and hepatitis B viruses (HAV, HBV) following intravenous replacement therapy in patients with classic hemophilia and to assess the role of these viruses in persistently elevated aminotransferases, sera were studied from 136 patients from 9 months to 67 years of age who were transfused with either single‐donor cryoprecipitate (CRYO) or Antihemophilic Factor Concentrate (AHF) for periods ranging from a few months to 15 years.Serologic evidence of past or present infection with HBV was detected in 90% of all 136 patients and in 85% of those 34 patients 10 years of age or younger. Sixty‐four percent of those with serologic markers of hepatitis B had high liters of antibody to the hepatitis B surface antigen and low titers of antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen. These findings are consistent with the known high frequency of early exposure to HBV in hemophiliacs receiving replacement therapy and with recovery from these hepatitis B infections. Sixteen percent of these patients had persistently elevated aminotransferase levels; HBV could not be implicated as the cause of the enzyme elevations in most of these cases.
Serological survey to detect subclinicai junían virus infection in laboratory personnel
Authors: Weissenbacher M. C. , Edelmuth E. , Frigerio M. J. , Coto C. E. , De Guerrero L. B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSerological survey for detecting subclinical infections with Junín virus, the etiological agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever, was carried out in a group of 107 individuals working in laboratories where this virus was handled, The group was divided into high risk and low risk personnel according to the degree of exposure to the virus. Neutralizing tests were performed in Vero cell cultures to detect circulating antibodies. Results were evaluated comparatively with those obtained in a previous survey. This study shows that among high risk personnel three out of 52 developed neutralizing antibodies (NA) against Junín virus; one of them had a mild clinical illness, and the other two showed no overt disease during this period. No one among the low risk group developed NA against Junín virus.
Studies of glucose metabolism in rhesus monkeys after venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection
Authors: Stephen Bowen G. , Ray field Elliot J. , Monath Thomas P. , Kemp Graham E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated a diabetogenic effect of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus in hamsters. A preliminary study was conducted in which five 2‐ to 3‐year‐old rhesus monkeys were infected with the virulent Trinidad donkey strain of VEE virus and their carbohydrate metabolism was studied over 10 months. All animals developed mild clinical illness (rhinorrhea, cough, fever), were viremic, and developed antibodies. As compared with the results of preinoculation intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT), the monkeys had abnormally high glucose values by 2 months postinoculation (PI), progressively diminished insulin responses between 8 days and 5 months PI, and significantly lower glucagon curves 2, 5, and 10 months PI. Pancreatic histology and insulin content were normal.A second, controlled study was conducted of glucose and insulin metabolism in somewhat older (3‐ to 8‐year‐old) rhesus monkeys after they were infected with both the Trinidad donkey strain of VEE virus and the attenuated VEE vaccine (TC‐83). Groups of six monkeys received the virulent virus and the TC‐83 vaccine, and five animals were sham‐inoculated with saline. Monkeys inoculated with virulent virus became viremic, and 50% became febrile without overt signs of illness, whereas those given TC‐83 virus remained afebrile and did not become viremic, but five of six developed antibodies. Intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed and serum immunoreactive insulin responses to glucose administration measured before infection and 2 and 5 months later. No significant and consistent alterations of glucose or insulin responses were detected in the infected or control groups. Although several animals had preinoculation anti‐islet cell antibodies, none developed new antibodies during the study.
Detection by radioimmunoassay of igm class antibody to hepatitis b core antigen: a comparison of two methods
Authors: Tedder Richard S. , Wilson‐Croome Ruth 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA solid‐phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) for IgM anti‐HBc is described. The assay (anti‐m̈ RIA) is based on the adsorption of IgM to a tube coated with sheep antibody to the human IgM m̈‐chain. The adsorbed immunoglobulin is assayed for anti‐HBc activity. Positive reactions in the test are shown to be due to IgM antibody, and a confirmation blocking test is described. Reactivity of test sera can be quantitated by comparison with standard sera containing known levels of IgM anti‐HBc.Sera assayed for IgM anti‐HBc by both the anti‐m̈ RIA and a method employing serum fractionation and competitive RIA gave similar results. Rheumatoid factor (RF) alone did not react in the anti‐m̈ RIA, but reactivity could be generated in the presence of RF and preformed aggregates of IgG anti‐HBc.
Determination of iga antibodies to human cytomegalovirus by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (elisa)
Authors: Levy Esther , Sarov Israel 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA sensitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is described for detection of IgA antibodies to human cytomegalovirus (CMV). The antigen consisted of a sonicated extract of CMV infected human embryo cells. The tested sera were absorbed with staphylococcus aureus (strain Cowan 1) before analysis. Rabbit antihuman IgA peroxidase conjugate was used to detect human IgA bound to viral antigen. In parallel, IgM and IgG antibodies to CMV were studied by ELISA and by the immunoperoxidase antibody to membrane antigen (IPAMA) technique, respectively. CMV IgA was detected in high titers by ELISA in eight out of nine CMV patients. The maximal IgA titers were generally lower than the IgM titers detected by ELISA. No CMV IgA antibodies (titer < 20) were detected by ELISA in 57 control sera (healthy adults, hospitalized patients with various other diseases), paired sera of five patients with acute herpes simplex infection, two patients with Epstein‐Barr infections, one patient with varicella, and one with zoster infections. The potential application of the ELISA CMV IgA technique in serodiagnosis of CMV infections is discussed.
Hepatitis B virus markers, alpha‐fetoprotein and survival in fulminant viral hepatitis
Authors: Pastore G. , Dentico P. , Angarano G. , Frappam‐Pina V. , Schiraldi O. , Zanetti A. R. , Ferroni P. , Roggendorf M. , Frösner G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe serological markers of hepatitis B virus and serum alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) levels have been studied in 28 consecutive cases of fulminant hepatitis, correlating the data with survival.On admission, 20 patients were found to be positive for HBsAg and eight for anti‐HBs. All anti‐HBs‐positive cases showed high titers of anti‐HBc, and six patients were positive for specific anti‐HBc‐IgM. DNA polymerase activity was detected in serum of 11 HBsAg‐positive (55%) and four anti‐HBs‐positive (50%) patients. HBeAg was detected in six (21.4%) subjects (five HBsAg‐positive and one anti‐HBs‐positive), whereas anti‐HBe was present in nine (32.1%) subjects (six HBsAg‐positive and three anti‐HBs‐positive). AFP levels greater than 60 ng/ml were found in sera of 14 patients (50%).No significant difference was evidenced in the survival rate between HBsAg‐positive and anti‐HBs‐positive and between HBeAg‐positive and HBe Ag‐negative patients.However, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in the survival rate was found in patients positive and negative for DNA polymerase activity and in those with AFP levels higher and lower than 60 ng/ml (P < 0.005).Pathogenetic and prognostic significance of these findings are discussed.
Experimental studies of acute and recurrent herpes simplex virus infections in the murine heart and dorsal root ganglia
Authors: Irene Grodums E. , Kuling Peter J. , Zbitnew Audrey 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe multiplication of HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 strains in the heart and the corresponding dorsal root ganglia (DRG) was examined in experimentally infected mice. Infectious HSV‐1 was recovered from the heart between the second and fourth day after inoculation and 3 days later from the DRG. Both the heart and DRG yielded infectious HSV‐2 from the fourth to the twenty‐first day after inoculation. The HSV‐2, but not the HSV‐1, induced recrudescent disease in chronically infected mice up to 18 months after inoculation. These affected mice showed signs of disease similar to those observed during the acute phase of the primary infection. During the recrudescent disease, infectious HSV‐2 was recovered both from the heart and DRG. The possibility of using this experimental model for investigating long‐term human cardiopathies is discussed.
Detection of influenza A virus by radioimmunoassay and enzyme‐immunoassay from nasopharyngeal specimens
Authors: Sarkkinen H. K. , Halonen P. E. , Salmi A. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFour‐layer (indirect) radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme‐immunoassay (EIA) techniques were developed for the detection of influenza A and B virus in the sonicated nasopharyngeal specimens from patients hospitalized for acute respiratory infection. Polystyrene beads (RIA) or polystyrene microtiter plates (EIA) were used as the solid‐phase, guinea pig antivirus immunoglobulins as the catching antibodies, rabbit antivirus immunoglobulins as the secondary antibodies, and 125I‐labeled sheep antirabbit (RIA) or horseradish peroxidase conjugated swine antirabbit (EIA) immunoglobulins as the detector antibodies. A comparison of the developed RIAs and EIAs with the immunofluorescence (IF) method was made with 41 influenza A IF‐positive and 150 influenza A IF‐nega‐tive specimens. Each of the 41 influenza A IF‐positive specimens was positive by the influenza A RIA and negative by the influenza B RIA. Out of the 150 influenza A IF‐negative specimens 3 specimens were found with weakly positive results in influenza A and B RIAs, but in each of these 3 specimens the binding proved nonspecific by the corresponding confirmatory tests. Using the EIA technique and the same immunoreagents as in RIA, identical results were obtained in each selected specimen tested. The developed RIAs and EIAs proved to be as specific and sensitive as the IF technique, and they should be practical in the diagnosis of respiratory infections directly from nasopharyngeal specimens.
Immunogenitity of A/USSR (H1N1) subunit vaccine in unprimed young adults
Authors: Ruggiero Héctor A. , Magnoni Clemente , De Guerrero Lucía B. , Milani Héctor A. , Izquierdo Fernando Perez , Milani Héctor L. , Weber Elba Laura 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA clinical and serological study was performed on 267 of 636 volunteers vaccinated against Argentine hemorrhagic fever with the XJCl3 attenuated strain of Junin virus seven to nine years earlier, in order to determine their long‐term evolution.This study included a clinical examination, a chest roentgenogram, an electrocardiogram, and the following laboratory determinations: white and red cell count, number of platelets, hematocrit, hemoglobin, sedimentation rate (Katz index), urea, nitrogen, glucose concentration, cholesterol, GOT, GPT, gamma GT, alkaline phosphatase, cholinesterase, and total bilirubin. Neutralization reactions were performed to determine persistence of antibody levels.All clinical and laboratory findings were within normal limits, excluding a long‐term pathology attributable to the virus. Of 165 tested sera, 153 (90.3%) had detectable levels of neutralizing antibodies, and the rest had no antibodies after this time.Although these people live in the endemic area, it is considered that only the 9% that had increased antibody levels had suffered a reinfection during the seven‐ to nine‐year period, which acted as a booster. This figure approximately corresponds to the subclinical infection value found in the region. In the rest, the persistence of antibodies is attributed to the immunization achieved with the vaccine employed.
Maternal antibody and respiratory syncytial virus infection in infancy
Authors: Ogilvie Marie M. , Santhire Vathenen A. , Radford Martin , Codd Janet , Key Sheila 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOne hundred newborn infants were studied prospectively for 1 year for evidence of infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The indirect membrane fluorescence technique was used to determine specific antibody in sera. Infection was shown in 29 cases. In 31 infants exposed to an RSV epidemic season, there was no evidence of infection. Maternal antenatal sera were also tested, and a wide range of IgG antibody to RSV was found. Mean titre of maternal IgG antibody to RSV was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in those mothers whose babies remained uninfected than in those whose babies had proved RSV infection before 6 months of age. Babies born to mothers with high levels of IgG antibody to respiratory syncytial virus were protected against infection with this virus during the first months of life when the risk of severe disease was greatest.
Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a antigen in sera from patients with hematological malignancies
Authors: McFarlane E. Sandra , Embil Juan A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A (anti‐HA) was investigated in patients attending a clinic for hematological malignancies. Patients were divided into three age groups; the number with antibodies in each group was recorded. Of the 130 patients studied, 44% of those aged 4–26, 70% of those aged 27–50, and 83% of those aged 51–76, were positive. This study identifies patients attending a clinic for hematological malignancies (ie, patients with immunologic deficiencies) as a group of people having a high prevalence of anti‐HA. In the oldest group (51–76), urban patients had a higher prevalence than rural patients — a pattern similar to that observed in elderly Red Cross blood donors in a previous study. Seroconversion was noted in six patients, three of whom seroconverted from anti‐HA‐negative to anti‐HA‐positive within 12 months of the initial visit to the clinic.
Detection of hepatitis b virus dna sequences in infected hepatocytes by in situ cytohybridisation
Authors: Gowans E. J. , Burrell C. J. , Jilbert A. R. , Marmion B. P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPlasmid pHBV114 DNA, which contains 73% of the genome of hepatitis B virus (HBV), was radiolabelled with tritium to 1–2 × 108 dpm/m̈g by nick translation and used as a radioactive probe to detect HBV DNA present in sections of infected liver tissue by in situ hybridisation followed by au‐toradiography. Factors affecting the sensitivity of the reaction were examined, including different methods of fixation, hybridisation time, ternperature, and buffers. The specificity of the reaction for detecting viral DNA was carefully established by the use of unrelated DNA probes, pretreatment of sections with DNAase, and comparing the stability of the binding of DNA probe at different temperatures, with the melting curve of double‐stranded DNA in solution. In the one liver studied in detail, cells containing large amounts of viral DNA were distributed in foci corresponding to areas containing morphologically damaged hepatocytes. This observation suggested a relationship between active viral replication and cell damage. Viral DNA was found mainly in the cytoplasm, although a minority of nuclei in these foci were also positive.
Mumps‐specific immunoglobulin M and G antibodies in natural mumps infection as measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Ukkonen Pentti , Penttinen Kari , Granström Marja‐Liisa 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for the demonstration of mumps immunoglobulin G (IgG ELISA) and immunoglobulin M antibodies (IgM ELISA) in serum was compared with complement fixation (CF), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and hemolysis‐in‐gel (HIG) tests. The antibody levels measured by IgG ELISA had a high positive correlation with the CF and HIG tests, whereas only a moderate correlation was found between IgG ELISA and HI. Similar patterns of antibody response were observed with IgG ELISA, CF, and HIG: the antibody titres increased rapidly after the onset of symptoms and reached the maximal values in about three weeks. The HI antibodies developed more slowly during the first week of disease, after which the titres increased rapidly up to the fourth week. IgM antibodies measured by ELISA developed soon after onset of symptoms; most patients had IgM antibodies from the second day, and the highest titres were reached within the first week. The antibody response in mumps parotitis did not differ from that in mumps meningitis/encephalitis, while relatively higher antibody titres were found in patients with orchitis/epididymitis. The diagnostic efficiencies of the methods were compared with serum specimens from 33 patients who had a serologically verified mumps infection by at least one of the five methods used (rising antibody titres in paired sera or detectable IgM): IgM ELISA detected all 33 cases, IgG ELISA 29, HIG 28, HI 23, and CF 13. In 27 cases, IgM antibodies were already present in the acute phase serum specimens. It was concluded that mumps IgM ELISA is a more rapid and sensitive means for the serological diagnosis of mumps infection than the conventional tests.
C‐reactive protein in acute viral infections
Authors: Salonen Eeva‐Marjatta , Vaheri Antti 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA sensitive solid‐phase enzyme immunoassay procedure was used to determine the concentrations of C‐reactive protein (CRP) in the acute and convalescent phase sera of patients with verified rubella, herpes simplex, cytomegalo, influenza A or B, enterovirus, or mycoplasma infection. In all infection groups about 90% (80% for influenza) elevated CRP values were observed in the acute phase sera (mean values in the different groups 16–57 μg/ml), the highest values exceeding or approaching 100 μg/ml. The serum CRP values were highest in all groups before the specific serum antibodies were detectable and decreased approaching the upper limit of normal controls (2 μg/ml) within 2 weeks. Notable individual variation in the CRP production was seen. We conclude that serum CRP determination should not be used as a reliable criterion to distinguish bacterial and viral infections.
The 33‐ to 39‐nm virus‐like particles, tentatively designated as sapporo agent, associated with an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis
Authors: Kogasaka Ryoichi , Nakamura Shin‐ichi , Chiba Shunzo , Sakuma Yasuhiko , Terashima Hideyuki , Yokoyama Takashi , Nakao Tooru 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn outbreak of nonbacterial gastroenteritis occurred in an orphanage in December 1979. Of 54 residents, 43 were affected with acute gastroenteritis. Diarrhea was the commonest symptom. The 33‐ to 39‐nm virus‐like particles, tentatively designated as Sapporo agent, were detected in 17 (48.6%) of the patients' 35 fecal specimens. Morphologically, it was difficult to distinguish the Sapporo agent from other agents without geometrical pattern on the surface. Antigenically, the Sapporo agent related to the Otofuke agent detected in an outbreak of the institution for mentally retarded adults and also to the SRV '76 detected in familial cases of infectious gastroenteritis. The Sapporo agent might belong to a new group of those gastroenteritis viruses which were larger in size than the Norwalk virus group.
Interplay of Cell and Serum Immunologic Markers in Chronic Persistent or Active Hepatitis B
Authors: Picciotto A. , Crovari P. , Crovari P. Cuneo , De Flora S. , Dodero M. , Celle G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractImmunologic markers associated with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (HBsAg, anti‐HBs, HBeAg, anti‐HBe, anti‐HBc, anti‐δ) were tested by radioimmunoassay of serum from chronic hepatitis patients. The corresponding liver biopsy samples were examined for the presence of HBsAg, HBcAg, and δ antigen in the cells by direct immunofluorescence and by electron microscopy. Seventy patients were selected for the presence of both circulating HBsAg and anti‐HBc. Comparison of chronic persistent (CPH) and chronic active (CAH) hepatitis showed a significantly greater frequency of intracytoplasmic HBsAg in CPH, especially in the absence of intranuclear HBsAg, and a greater frequency of intranuclear δ antigen and/or circulating anti‐5 in CAH. The δ/anti‐δ system was almost systematically associated with serum anti‐HBe. At variance with HBeAg/anti‐HBe, δ/anti‐δ was found significantly more frequently in patients originating from Southern rather than from Northern or Central Italy. The prevalence of both these immunologic systems was related to the age of the patients.