bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limits to international arbitrage: an empirical evaluation
Authors: Dewachter Hans , Smedts Kristien 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper studies international financial integration by testing the law of one price across national borders. We use the distance between national discount factors as an integration measure and analyze the level of cross‐border mispricing. The empirical analysis shows that pricing differentials are relatively large in economic terms. This lack of international financial integration is subsequently analyzed in the market micro‐finance literature. We find that market characteristics explain a considerable part of the variance in our cross‐section of pricing differentials. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in color and staining of dental composite resins after wear simulation
Authors: Lee Yong‐Keun , Lu Huan , Oguri Makoto , Powers John M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractObjectives: The objectives were to measure the discoloration as well as the change in staining of composite resins after wear simulation. Methods: Generalized wear simulation was performed with a three‐body wear testing device for 400,000 cycles for six composite resins. A flat‐planed stylus made with polyacetal resin was loaded perpendicularly under a load of 76–80 N. Color of nonworn and worn areas was measured with a spectrophotometer before and after staining with 0.5% methylene blue solution. Nonworn surface served as a control. Differences in color between nonworn and worn surfaces were calculated to indicate the change in color due to wear. Color change after staining with 0.5% methylene blue solution for nonworn and worn surfaces was calculated to observe the changes in staining. Results: Color difference (ΔE) between nonworn and worn surfaces was in the range of 0.8–1.4 before staining, which increased to 1.1–3.9 after staining. Color change by staining with methylene blue in nonworn surface was 6.8–20.6, and that in worn surface was 5.2–17.8. Therefore, staining in nonworn surface was higher than that in worn surface (p < 0.05). Generalized wear simulation for ∼3 years of clinical service resulted in acceptable color change before staining (ΔE < 3.3). After staining, color difference between nonworn and worn surface increased to not‐acceptable value in one composite resin investigated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
In vitro study on high rotation deep removal of ceramic prostheses in dental surgery
Authors: Yin L. , Han Y. G. , Song X. F. , Li J. , Wang H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn vitro study on high rotation (up to over 300,000 rpm) deep removal (up to 150 μm) of ceramic prostheses, made of a machinable ceramic, Vita Mark II, was performed in dental surgery using a high‐speed dental handpiece. Dental clinical removal relevance, including tangential and normal grinding forces, specific grinding energy, and surface roughness, was investigated to establish the relationships among the surgery parameters, chip geometry, and fracture mechanism. The results show that both the tangential and normal grinding forces increased with increases in both depth of cut and maximum undeformed chip thickness, but decreased with an increase in grinding speed. Specific grinding energy decreased with increase in the depth of cut and the maximum undeformed chip thickness, but increased with an increase in grinding speed. Surface roughness and morphology appeared to be independent of the increases in depth of cut, grinding speed, and maximum chip thickness. The limitation for deep removal using the dental handpiece was found that the operation at the depth of cut of 150 μm or beyond resulted in a huge normal force exertion of 3 N with a great variation. The microfracture, the lateral fracture, and the ductile microcutting were found to occur simultaneously in dental surgery to remove the ceramic prostheses. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Novel tricalcium silicate/monocalcium phosphate monohydrate composite bone cement
Authors: Huan Zhiguang , Chang Jiang 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we obtained a novel bone cement composed of tricalcium silicate (Ca3SiO5; C3S) and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM). The weight ratio of MCPM in the cement is 0, 10, 20, and 30%. The initial setting time was dramatically reduced from 90 min to 30 min as the content of MCPM reached 20%. The workable paste with a liquid/powder (L/P) ratio of 0.8 mL/g could be injected for 2–20 min (nozzle diameter 2.0 mm). The pH variation of the composite cement in simulated body environment was obviously lowered. The compressive strength of the composite cement after setting for 4–28 days was slightly lower than that of the tricalcium silicate paste. The in vitro bioactivity was investigated by soaking in simulated body fluid for 7 days. The result showed that the novel bone cement had good bioactivity and could degrade in tris‐(hydroxymethyl)‐aminomethane‐hydrochloric‐acid (Tris‐HCl) solution. Our result indicated that the Ca3SiO5/MCPM paste had good hydraulic properties, bioactivity, and degradability. The novel bone cement could be a potential candidate as bone substitute. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Deciphering the underlying genetic and epigenetic events leading to gastric carcinogenesis
Authors: Vogiatzi Paraskevi , Vindigni Carla , Roviello Franco , Renieri Alessandra , Giordano Antonio 
Published: January 2007

AbstractGastric cancer is a common aggressive malignancy. Although its incidence shows considerable variation among different countries, gastric cancer is still a major health problem worldwide. The causes of stomach cancer are not completely understood. What is clear is that gastric cancer is a multi‐stage process involving genetic and epigenetic factors. This review is an in‐depth study of the known genetic and epigenetic processes in the development of this tumor, and delineates possible approaches in gene and epigenetic therapy. J. Cell. Physiol. 211: 287–295, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantum design of semiconductor active materials: laser and amplifier applications
Authors: Moloney J.V. , Hader J. , Koch S.W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe present an overview of a novel first‐principles quantum approach to designing and optimizing semiconductor quantum‐well material systems for target wavelengths. Using these microscopic inputs as basic building blocks we predict the light‐current (LI) characteristic for a low power InGaPAs ridge laser without having to use adjustable fit parameters. Finally we employ these microscopic inputs to develop sophisticated simulation capabilities for designing and optimizing end packaged hi gh power laser structures. As an explicit example of the latter, we consider the design of a vertical external cavity semiconductor laser (VECSEL).
Cyclooxygenase‐2 deficiency increases epidermal apoptosis and impairs recovery following acute UVB exposure
Authors: Akunda Jacqueline K. , Chun Kyung‐Soo , Sessoms Alisha R. , Lao Huei‐Chen , Fischer Susan M. , Langenbach Robert 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe cyclooxygenases, COX‐1 and COX‐2, are involved in cutaneous responses to both acute and chronic UV exposure. In the present study, wild‐type (WT), COX‐1−/− and COX‐2−/− mice were used to determine the influence of the individual isoform on mouse skin responses to acute UVB treatment. Immunohistochemistry and Western analysis indicated that COX‐2, and not COX‐1, was induced by UVB (2.5 or 5.0 kJ/m2), but that COX‐1 remained the major source of prostaglandin E2 production. UVB exposure significantly increased epidermal apoptosis in all genotypes compared to untreated mice. However, while the number of apoptotic cells in WT and COX‐1−/− mice were about equal, the number of apoptotic cells was 2.5‐fold greater in COX‐2−/− mice. Apoptosis in WT and COX‐2−/− mice peaked at 24 h post‐exposure. The increased apoptosis and reduced proliferation in COX‐2−/− mice resulted in about a 50% decrease in epidermal thickness at 24–48 h post‐exposure compared to about a 50% increase in epidermal thickness in WT mice. UVB‐induced cell replication, as measured by BrdU labeling, was reduced in COX‐2−/− compared to WT mice at 24–96 h. However, by 96 h post‐exposure, both WT and COX‐2−/− mice showed epidermal hyperplasia. The data indicate that COX‐2 induction initially protects against the acute sunburn effects of UVB, but that continuous induction of COX‐2 may contribute to skin cancer in chronic UVB exposure. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Allosteric modifiers of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: New methods, new opportunities
Authors: Moaddel Ruin , Jozwiak Krzysztof , Wainer Irving W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAllosteric, non‐competitive inhibitors (NCIs) of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been shown to produce a wide variety of clinically relevant responses. Many of the observed effects are desired as the nAChR is the therapeutic target, while others are undesired consequences due to off‐target binding at the nAChR. Thus, the determination of whether or not a lead drug candidate is an NCI should play an important role in drug discovery programs. However, the current experimental techniques used to identify NCIs are challenging, expensive, and time consuming. This review focuses on an alternative approach to the investigation of interactions between test compounds and nAChRs based upon liquid chromatographic stationary phases containing cellular fragments from cell lines expressing nAChRs. The development and validation of these phases as well as their use in drug discovery and pharmacophore modeling are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 27, No. 5, 723–753, 2007
Proposing a Pretwisted Bimorph Actuator
Authors: Dienerowitz Frank , Gaus Nicole , Seemann Wolfgang 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThough only small strains are available in piezoceramic materials, bending actuators provide reasonable deflections. Due to beam kinematics bending actuators usually are slender beams having flat cross‐sections. This feature allows for maximum deflection in one direction. However, the axis orthogonal to it usually is not actuated. Instead of combining two straight bending actuators to overcome this problem we propose a bending actuator which is pretwisted. Controlling the pretwisted actuator segment‐wise provides bending in several independent directions as well.Investigated is a pretwisted bimorph, similar to a helicoid. The active elements along the beam axis are subdivided and controlled separately, hence allowing independent control of the curvature of each section. Herein we give a first characterization of the pretwisted bimorph actuator. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An energy consistent hybrid space‐time Galerkin method for nonlinear thermomechanical problems
Authors: Groß Michael , Betsch Peter 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we present an energy consistent hybrid space‐time discretisation for thermomechanical coupled continuum dynamics, which is directly derived from the total energy itself. In comparison to a standard time approximation, we obtain the same advantages as for viscoelasticity [1], which are numerical stability and time step size independent balance laws as well as qualitative solutions. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerical Simulation of Surface Scanning in an Atomic Force Microscope Environment
Authors: Helmich Tobias , Nackenhorst Udo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn this contribution a model for the numerical simulation of an atomic force microscope (AFM) is presented. A challenge of this goal is the treatment of the multiphysics phenomena on the microscopic length‐scale. Hence a coupled strategy is required to incorporate the different physically aspects and their interactions. The strategy is embedded in a nonlinear finite element formulation, where the different aspects are tackled by direct and weak coupling. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A 1D constitutive law for hysteresis effects in piezoceramics
Authors: Klinkel Sven 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper is concerned with a macroscopic constitutive law for domain switching effects, which occur in piezoelectric ceramics. The thermodynamical framework of the law is based on two scalar valued functions: the Helmholtz free energy and a switching surface. In common usage, the remanent polarization and the remanent strain are employed as internal variables. The novel aspect of the present work is to introduce an irreversible electric field, which serves besides the irreversible strain as internal variable. The irreversible electric field has only theoretical meaning, but leads to advantages within the finite element implementation, where displacement and the electric potential are the nodal degrees of freedoms. A common assumption is a one‐to‐one relation between the irreversible strain and the polarization. This simplification is not employed in the present paper. To accomplish enough space for the polarization, resulting from an applied electric field, the irreversible strains are additively split and a special hardening function is introduced. This balances the amount of space and the domain switching due to polarization. The constitutive model reproduces the ferroelastic and the ferroelectric hysteresis as well as the butterfly hysteresis for piezoelectric ceramics and it accounts for the mechanical depolarization effect. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the numerical relaxation of single‐slip plasticity in finite strains
Authors: Carstensen Carsten , Conti Sergio , Orlando Antonio 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe modeling of the elastoplastic behaviour of single crystals with infinite latent hardening leads to a nonconvex energy density, whose minimization produces fine structures. The computation of the quasiconvex envelope of the energy density is faced in this case with huge numerical difficulties caused by the clusters of local minima. By exploiting the structure of the problem, we present a fast and efficient numerical relaxation algorithm as alternative to global optimization techniques usually adopted in literature which are computationally more expensive. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Lamination Upper Bound to the Free Energy of Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Heinen Rainer , Hackl Klaus , Kotucha Gregor , Bartel Thorsten 
Published: January 2007

AbstractModeling the energetic behavior of materials showing martensitic phase transformations usually leads to non‐convex energy formulations. In a variety of models based on quasi‐convex analysis, the Reuß lower bound, which neglects the compatibility constraint for the deformation fluctuations, is used as an estimate for the so‐called energy of mixing.We present an upper bound that is on the one hand based on thelamination mixture formula, which gives an estimate of the free energy of two‐variant materials and is extended to a specialized n‐variant case in our work. On the other hand, we rely on experimentally well established assumptions about the type of microstructure that forms in such alloys. More precisely, we restrict the set of physically admissible microstructures to the subset of second order laminated microstructres consisting of austenite and twinned martensites. We further refine our upper bound by taking into account the notion of twin‐compatibility.For the physically relevant examples of 13‐ and 7‐variant Cu‐Al‐Ni shape memory alloys, striking congruence is obtained in the comparison of the Reuß lower and our upper bound for fixed volume fractions. Furthermore, we show results of global minimization of the energy obtained by each bound over the volume fractions of the variants. Similarities and differences in the energy‐minimizing volume fractions are discussed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Constitutive modeling and FEM for a nonlinear Cosserat continuum
Authors: Münch I. , Wagner W. , Neff P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe choice of non‐standard material parameters in the presented micropolar continuum model leads to a highly nonlinear problem which calls also for a nonlinear numerical treatment. The model benefits in describing length scale effects as really non‐linear effects. The numerical torsion test is one example for the possibilities of our model. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modelling and sensitivity analysis for design of phononic crystals
Authors: Rohan Eduard , Miara Bernadette 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe two‐scale homogenization is employed to study the band gaps in strongly heterogeneous periodic elastic media – the phononic crystals. It was observed that wave propagation can be suppressed for certain frequency intervals. Moreover, the gap distribution w.r.t. the incident frequencies can be modified by changing the shape of inclusions embedded in the matrix. The sensitivity analysis formulae were derived and implemented to obtain optimized microstructures of the phononic crystals. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
LES of Particle Settling in Homogeneous Turbulence
Authors: Henniger R. , Bosse T. , Kleiser L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe feasibility of large‐eddy simulations (LES) of particle‐laden homogeneous turbulence is investigated for both one‐way and two‐way coupling using a high‐pass filtered Smagorinsky model. The LES results are compared with our recent direct numerical simulations (DNS) as well as data in the literature. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Using laser‐cantilever anemometry under various flow conditions
Authors: Hölling Michael , Barth Stephan , Peinke Joachim , Rüedi Jean‐Daniel 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe present velocity measurements executed with the new laser‐cantilever anemometer (LCA) under various flow conditions. Previously, the basic principles and characteristics of the LCA were investigated. Measurements led to results comparable to common measurement techniques for turbulent flows, such as hot‐wire anemometry for air and hot‐film anemometry for water [1]. Here we present further experiments where the LCA was used in a snow wind tunnel to investigate the behavior of the cantilever under particle impact. In comparison to data collected with a hot‐film anemometer under same conditions, the times series of the LCA showed less pronounced impact characteristics than that of the hot‐film, i.e. a recovery time that is shorter and easier to identify. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Oscillation of Confined Jets in Continuous Casting Mold Flow
Authors: Javurek Mirko , Wincor Raimund , Brummayer Markus 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn continuous slab casting, the liquid steel is introduced into the mould via a submergered entry nozzle. This nozzle usually has two opposed orifices on its side walls, generating two diametrically opposed turbulent jets that are declined about 20° to the horizontal axis. These jets interact with the surrounding walls of the mould, which leads to an unstable flow situation and a self induced oscillation of the jets. Although both mould and nozzle geometry have two perpendicular symmetry planes, the oscillations are asymmetric. The fluid flow inside the mold is calculated with a 3D finite volume solver using turbulence models based on Reynolds‐averaging. The massflow of the jets and the mould extensions are varied, and the numerical results are partially compared with PIV‐measurements at a 1:1 scaled watermodel of the mould. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerical Solution of Newtonian and Non‐Newtonian Flows
Authors: Prokop V. , Kozel K. , Keslerová R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper deals with the numerical solution of Newtonian and non‐Newtonian flows. The flows are supposed to be laminar, viscous, incompressible and steady. The model used for non‐Newtonian fluids is some variant of power‐law. Governing equations in this model are incompressible Navier‐Stokes equations. For numerical solution one could use artificial compressibility method with three stage Runge‐Kutta finite volume method in cell centered formulation for discretization of space derivatives. Following cases of flows are solwed: flow through a bypass connected to main channel in 2D and 3D and non‐Newtonian flow through branching channels in 2D. These results are presented for 2D and 3D case. This problem could have an application in the area of biomedicine. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On Boundary Layer Control Using Suction in the Wind Tunnels
Authors: Rašuo Boško 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn this paper a closed‐form analysis of flow in a two‐dimensional transonic wind tunnel that uses sidewall distributed suction around the model to reduce sidewall boundary‐layer effects is presented. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Flow limitation in convective dominated open capillary channel flows
Authors: Rosendahl Uwe , Ohlhoff Antje , Grah Aleksander , Dreyer Michael E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn this work the flow rate limitation of convective dominated flows in open capillary channels is investigated experimentally. Since irreversible flow losses are small in this type of flow, the flow variables are approximately symmetrical with respect to the middle of the channel. Therefore a very precise proof of the origin of the limitation is possible. A new technique for the determination of the key property, the speed index, is presented. The speed index confirms that also in convective dominated flows the flow limitation occurs due to a choking‐effect. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic structure, chemical bonding and elastic properties of the first thorium‐containing nitride perovskite TaThN3
Authors: Bannikov V. V. , Shein I. R. , Ivanovskii A. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe full‐potential linearized augmented plane wave method with the generalized gradient approximation for the exchange and correlation potential (LAPW‐GGA) is used to understand the electronic and elastic properties of the first thorium‐containing nitride perovskite TaThN3. Total and partial density of states, charge distributions as well as the elastic constants, bulk modulus, compressibility, shear modulus, Young modulus and Poisson ratio are obtained for the first time and analyzed in comparison with cubic ThN. The chemical bonding in TaThN3 is a combination of ionic Th–N and of mixed covalent–ionic Ta–N bonds. The cubic TaThN3 is semiconducting with the direct gap at about 0.65 eV. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nanoscale resistive switching in SrTiO3 thin films
Authors: Szot K. , Dittmann R. , Speier W. , Waser R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe local conductivity of SrTiO3 thin films epitaxially grown on SrRuO3‐buffered SrTiO3 single crystals has been investigated in detail with an atomic force microscope equipped with a conducting tip (LC‐AFM). These experiments demonstrate that the conductivity of SrTiO3 thin films originates from nanoscale well‐conducting filaments connecting the surface to the SrRuO3 bottom electrode. The electrical conduction of the filaments is shown to be reversibly modulated over several orders of magnitude by application of an appropriate electrical field. We analyze the resistive switching by addressing individual filaments with the AFM tip as well as by scanning areas up to the µm scale. Temperature dependent measurements reveal that resistive switching on a macroscopic scale can be traced down to the insulator‐to‐metal transition of the independently switchable filaments. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)