bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Propofol/remifentanil vs sevoflurane/remifentanil for long lasting surgical procedures: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Höcker J. , Tonner P. H. , Böllert P. , Paris A. , Scholz J. , Meier‐Paika C. , Bein B. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryWe compared the haemodynamics, emergence and recovery characteristics of total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol/remifentanil with sevoflurane/remifentanil anaesthesia, under bispectral index guidance, in 103 patients undergoing surgical procedures lasting > 3.5 h. Time to tracheal extubation was significantly shorter in the propofol group than in the sevoflurane group (mean (SD) 8.3 (3.5) min vs 10.8 (4.6) min, respectively; p = 0.0024), but further recovery was comparable in both groups. There were no significant differences in haemodynamic parameters, intensity of pain or postoperative nausea and vomiting. During and after anaesthesia of comparable depth for long lasting surgical procedures, both propofol/remifentanil and sevoflurane/remifentanil enable haemodynamic stability and fast emergence. The shorter time to extubation in the propofol group does not offer a relevant clinical advantage.
Successful resuscitation of a patient with ropivacaine‐induced asystole after axillary plexus block using lipid infusion*
Authors: Litz R. J. , Popp M. , Stehr S. N. , Koch T. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryRopivacaine 1% 40 ml was mistakenly injected as part of an axillary plexus block in an 84‐year‐old woman. After 15 min the patient complained of dizziness and drowsiness and developed a generalised tonic‐clonic seizure followed by an asystolic cardiac arrest. After 10 min of unsuccessful cardiopulmonary resuscitation, a bolus of 100 ml of Intralipid 20% (2 ml.kg−1) was administered followed by a continuous infusion of 10 ml.min−1. After a total dose of 200 ml of Intralipid 20% had been given spontaneous electrical activity and cardiac output was restored. The patient recovered completely. We believe the cardiovascular collapse was secondary to ropivacaine absorption following the accidental overdose. This case shows that lipid infusion may have a beneficial role in cases of local anaesthetic toxicity when conventional resuscitation has been unsuccessful.
Discourses of blame: deconstructing (hetero)sexuality, peer sexual violence and residential children’s homes
Authors: Barter Christine 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTLittle research exists on sexuality and residential care, even less that position gender inequality as a central analytical component. This paper, based on a wider research project that focused on children’s and young people’s experiences of peer violence within residential care, seeks to help redress this disparity. The main aim of this paper is to explore how (hetero)sexuality, discourses of blame and male peer sexual violence are constructed and interrelated in residential child care. Young people’s and staff’s conceptualizations, evaluations and experiences are compared and contrasted to illuminate the range of discourses surrounding sexuality and sexual violence operating within residential settings. Findings relating to female culpability for male violence, normative male violence, female duplicity and challenges to traditional gender roles will be presented, and contextualized, in relation to previous studies. In addition, some broader implications of the research findings for residential practice are explored.
Effects of tixocortol pivalate on gastrointestinal disease in systemic mastocytosis: a preliminary study
Authors: FRIEDMAN B. S. , METCALFE D. D. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryTixocortol pivalate is a steroid reportedly without significant adrenal‐pituitary axis suppression when administered via the gastrointestinal tract. To determine whether this steroid would suppress the gastrointestinal manifestations of systemic mastocytosis, we performed an open clinical trial for safety and efficacy with tixocortal pivalate in four patients for periods of 8‐15 weeks. All patients showed a decrease in the symptoms of abdominal pain and frequency of stools. Laboratory parameters of malabsorption improved in parallel with symptom relief. Histopathologic abnormalities of the small bowel improved in one patient. There was no significant suppression of the pituitary adrenal axis. Two patients developed fluid retention while on tixocortol pivalate, which was attributed to a mineralocorticoid effect. One patient had a fall in am cortisol. In summary, this study strongly suggests that tixocortol pivalate, when administered orally, has gastrointestinal anti‐inflammatory activity comparable to conventional steroids, but may not be entirely without adrenal‐suppressive effect and may lead to fluid retention in some patients. Further studies are warranted to assess the value of tixocortol pivalate in the therapy of inflammatory diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Respiratory symptoms in Queensland schoolchildren: an association between month of birth and respiratory illness
Authors: DUFFY D. L. , MITCHELL C. A. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryWe have examined the relationship between month of birth and episodes of wheezing, productive cough, eczema and hayfever, and also standardized maximum midexpiratory flow (FEF25–75) in a representative sample of 4549 Australian primary schoolchildren (mean age 10.1 years). Children experiencing frequent wheezing (one or more episodes per month) were more likely to be born in spring and summer (odds ratio =1.6, 95% confidence interval = 1.1–2.4), but this was not seen for less severe disease. No effect of season or birth month was seen for the other illnesses examined or for lung function.
Effect of oral and inhaled cetirizine in allergen induced bronchoconstriction
Authors: RAFFERTY P. , GHOSH S. K. , DE VOS C. , PATEL K. R. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryCetirizine is a potent, selective H1 histamine receptor antagonist. The effect of oral and inhaled eetirizine was assessed on the early bronchoconstrictor response to inhaled allergen in 10 mild atopie asthmatic patients in a double‐blind, randomized, plaeebo controlled trial. All were sensitive to Dermatophagoides pleronyssinus and this was used as the provoking allergen. The geometric mean PD20 FEV] values obtained at allergen challenge were measured as cumulative breath units (c.b.u.) and following oral cetirizine, inhaled cetirizine and placebo were 124–5, 75–7 and 76–7 c.b.u. respectively. These did not differ significantly. We conclude that neither oral nor inhaled cetirizine significantly attenuates the early response to inhaled allergen in atopie asthmatic subjects. However, the method of repeated allergen challenge is likely to be relatively insensitive. Clinical and Experimental Allergy, [o]. 23, pp. 528–531.
Codeine‐induced histamine release in intact human skin monitored by skin microdialysis technique: comparison ofintradermal injections with an atraumatic intraprobe drug delivery system
Authors: PETERSEN L.J. , NIELSEN H.J. , SKOV STAHL 
Published: July 2006

SummaryBackground
The skin microdiallysis technique makes it possible to measure histamine release in intact human skin in vivo directly. In this study we have used the microdialysis technique to characterize histamine release by codeine after intracutaneous injectioin and following skin challenge by a novel atraumatic delivery technique.Objective
The purpose of the study was to compare histamine release in human skin by codeine. delivered by an intraprobe drug delivery system (IPD) and intracutaneous injections (ICT), with respect to dose‐response relations, kinetics of histamine appearance and decay, corelations between histamine release and skin respones, and reproducibility.Methods
Hollow dialysis fibres were inserted intradermally in 12 healthy subjects. Twelve fibres were inserted in each subjects, six fibres in each arm. Each fibre was perfused at a rate of 3 μL/min, and samples were collected in 2 min fractions. By the IPD technique, codeine was administrered to the skin by adding codeine to the perfusion medium. Sequential IPD challenges were performed in one arm. and ICTs were done on the other arm.Results
Sixfold serial dilutions of codeine (0.01‐3 mg/mL) caused a significant doserelated histamine release by ICT and IPD. Peak histamine release was found within the first 4 min after skin challenge by ICT and IPD, followed by a fast decline with a dialysate histamine half life of approximately 2‐3 min. Peak hisamine release was linearly correlates with cumulative release of the 20 min sampling period, and histamine release correlated with weal soze. The coefficient of variation on peak histamine releae was 18.9% and 4.8% for codeine ICT and IPD, respectively.Conclusioin
We have described in detail codeine‐induced histamine release in intact human skin in vivo by the microdialysis technique. It was possible to administer codeine atraumaticallyl to the skin by intraprobe delivery. The skin microdialysis codeine atraumaticallly to the skin by intraprobe delivery. The skin microdialysis technique opens up possibilities for measurement of infllammatory mediators release in normal and diseases skin, and it will be possible to deliver immunopharmacologically active drugsto the skin by intraprobe delivery.
Selective restimulation of antigen or allergen preactivated T cells using OKT3 F(ab)2 results in the secretion of TH‐1 or TH‐2‐like cytokine patterns
Authors: JUTEL M. , WYSS‐CORAY T. , CARBALLIDO J. M. , BLASER K. , MULLER U. R. , PICHLER W. J. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryBackground
The synthesis of IgE is regulated by cytokines secreted from T‐helper cells. The studies on cytokine secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) upon stimulation with antigen or allergen are ditficult due to low levels of cytokines, especially of inlerieukin‐4 (IL‐4).Objective
ln this study we tried lo establish a culture system, which could enable the measurement of the cytokine profiles in specifically activated cultures.Methods
Three methods to potentiate cytokine secretion were evaluated: PBMC from bee venom or house dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) allergic patients as well as normal subjects were stimulated either with the major bee venom allergen phosphoiipase A2 (PLA) or with the major D. pteronyssinus allergen (Der p 1) or with the control antigens tetanus toxoid (TT) and purified protein derivate (PPD). After 7 days of culture the cells were restimulated either wilh pkistie bound 0KT3 F(ab)2 monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), with the appropriate antigen + antigen presenting cells or with IL‐2. The secretion of cylokines (IL‐4, IFNγ) was measured after restimulation of the cultures (day 8).Results
While OKT3 F(ab)2 was unable lo activate resting T cells, it could restimulate preactivaled cells. Restimulalion with OKT3 F(ab)2 induced higher IL‐4 and IFN7 secretion than restimulation with IL‐2 or antigen. TT and PLA stimulated a similar cytokine secretion prolile in normal and PLA allergic subjects with substantial levels of both lL‐4 and IFNγ. In contrast, PPD induced virtually only IFNγ secretion. Der p 1 stimulated mainly IL‐4 seerclion but also IFNγ production in some mite allergic palienis.Conclusion
We have established a cell culture system, which combines antigen specificity with a strong cytokine inducing signial provided by anti‐CD3 MoAbs. TH‐1 and TH‐2 characteristic cytokine patterns can be observed in short‐term PBMC cultures already after 8 days of culture.
Aggravation of bronchial eosinophilia in mice by nasal and bronchial exposure to Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B
Authors: Hellings P. W. , Hens G. , Meyts I. , Bullens D. , Vanoirbeek J. , Gevaert P. , Jorissen M. , Ceuppens J. L. , Bachert C. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryBackground
The role of bacterial enterotoxins like Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) in allergic asthma remains unknown. We used a mouse model of airway allergy to study the effects of nasal or bronchial contact with SEB on bronchial allergic inflammation.Methods
The features of allergic asthma were induced in ovalbumin (OVA)‐sensitized mice (days 1–13) by repeated exposures to nebulized OVA (days 33–37). Nasal or bronchial application of SEB was performed on three occasions (days 33–35–37), and the effects on bronchial inflammation, IgE titres and expression levels of mRNA for T helper type 2 cytokines and other inflammatory mediators were evaluated.Results
Both nasal and bronchial SEB enhanced the allergen‐induced bronchial inflammation, as reflected by more eosinophilic inflammation in the airway lumen and in bronchial tissue. Aggravation of experimental asthma correlated with higher expression of mRNA for IL‐5, IL‐4, IFN‐γ, IL‐12 p40, eotaxin‐1 and TGF‐β in bronchi. In addition, nasal SEB elevated concentrations of IL‐4, IL‐5 and IFN‐γ in serum and bronchial SEB increased titres of OVA‐specific and total IgE in serum.Conclusion
Our data illustrate the potential of both nasal as well as bronchial SEB to aggravate several features of allergic asthma in a mouse model.
Allergen concentration in natural rubber latex
Authors: Yeang H.‐Y. , Hamilton R. G. , Bernstein D. I. , Arif S. A. M. , Chow K. ‐S. , Loke Y. ‐H. , Raulf‐Heimsoth M. , Wagner S. , Breiteneder H. , Biagini R. E. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryBackground
Hevea brasiliensis latex serum is commonly used as the in vivo and in vitro reference antigen for latex allergy diagnosis as it contains the full complement of latex allergens.Objective
This study quantifies the concentrations of the significant allergens in latex serum and examines its suitability as an antigen source in latex allergy diagnosis and immunotherapy.Methods
The serum phase was extracted from centrifuged latex that was repeatedly freeze‐thawed or glycerinated. Quantitation of latex allergens was performed by two‐site immunoenzymetric assays. The abundance of RNA transcripts of the latex allergens was estimated from the number of their clones in an Expressed Sequence Tags library.Results
The latex allergens, Hev b 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 13, were detected in freeze‐thawed and glycerinated latex serum at levels ranging from 75 (Hev b 6) to 0.06 nmol/mg total proteins (Hev b 4). Hev b 6 content in the latex was up to a thousand times higher than the other seven latex allergens, depending on source and/or preparation procedure. Allergen concentration was reflected in the abundance of mRNA transcripts. When used as the antigen, latex serum may bias the outcome of latex allergy diagnostic tests towards sensitization to Hev b 6. Tests that make use of latex serum may fail to detect latex‐specific IgE reactivity in subjects who are sensitized only to allergens that are present at low concentrations.Conclusion
Latex allergy diagnostics and immunotherapy that use whole latex serum as the antigen source may not be optimal because of the marked imbalance of its constituent allergens.
GH peak response to GHRH‐arginine: relationship to insulin resistance and other cardiovascular risk factors in a population of adults aged 50–90
Authors: Carmichael John D. , Danoff Ann , Milani Daniela , Roubenoff Ronenn , Lesser Martin L. , Livote Elayne , Reitz Richard E. , Ferris Steven , Kleinberg David L. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryObjective  To assess the GH response to GHRH‐arginine in apparently healthy adults in relation to cardiovascular risk factors.Design  Cross‐sectional.Patients  Eighty‐six male and female volunteers aged 50–90.Measurements  GH peak response to GHRH‐arginine and cardiovascular risk factors, including obesity, insulin resistance, low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, elevated triglycerides, and hypertension. The primary outcome measurement was GH response to GHRH‐arginine. The relationship between GH peak responses and cardiovascular risk factors was determined after data collection.Results  GH peaks were highly variable, ranging from 2·3 to 185 µg/l (14% with GH peaks < 9 µg/l). An increasing number of cardiovascular risk factors were associated with a lower mean GH peak (P < 0·0001). By univariate analysis, fasting glucose, insulin, body mass index (BMI), HDL cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly associated with GH peak (all P < 0·0001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that fasting glucose, fasting insulin, BMI, triglycerides and sex accounted for 54% of GH peak variability. The role of abdominal fat as it relates to GH peak was explored in a subset of 45 subjects. Trunk fat and abdominal subregion fat measured by dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) were inversely related to GH peak (P < 0·008 and 0·001, respectively). Analysis of this subgroup by multiple regression revealed that subregion abdominal fat became the significant obesity‐related determinant of GH peak, but still lagged behind fasting insulin and glucose.Conclusions  GH response to secretagogues was highly variable in apparently healthy adults aged 50–90 years. Peak GH was significantly related to fasting glucose, insulin, BMI, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, trunk fat and abdominal subregion fat, with fasting glucose ranking first by multiple regression analysis. There was a strong relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and low GH, with individual risk factors being additive. Although these data do not differentiate between low GH being a cause or an effect of these cardiovascular risk factors, they indicate that the relationship between low GH and increased cardiovascular risk may be physiologically important in the absence of pituitary disease.
Ultrasonography in detection of single and multiple abnormal parathyroid glands in primary hyperparathyroidism: comparison with radionuclide scintigraphy and surgery
Authors: Bhansali A. , Masoodi S. R. , Bhadada S. , Mittal B. R. , Behra A. , Singh P. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryBackground  Among the parathyroid imaging techniques, ultrasonography (USG) has the advantage of convenience, easy availability and low cost.Objective  To study the role of USG in localization (side and/or site) of abnormal parathyroid glands in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and to compare with radionuclide scintigraphy and the ‘gold standard’, surgery.Methods  Forty‐six consecutive patients undergoing USG of the anterior neck for a diagnosis of PHPT in whom a nuclear scan (technetium‐99m sestamibi and/or thallium‐201/technetium‐99m pertechnetate scintigraphy) was also performed, were studied. The results of imaging were independently interpreted and correlated with reference to surgical findings.Results  Forty‐six patients had 52 abnormal parathyroid glands on surgical exploration and surgery was successful in all but one. Forty‐one patients had a single adenoma, four had multigland disease and one had a paraganglioma. USG correctly localized the abnormal gland in 30 (73%) and scintigraphy was positive in 40 (98%) out of 41 patients with a single adenoma as confirmed on surgical exploration. Scintigraphy showed a positive concordant test in all 30 patients with a single abnormal gland detected on USG and picked up 10 out of 11 abnormal glands where USG was negative. The sensitivity and positive predictive value of USG for detecting a single abnormal gland was 73% and 100%, respectively, whereas the sensitivity and positive predictive value for scintigraphy was 98%. In patients with multigland disease, USG missed 3 (30%) out of 10 and scintigraphy missed 6 (60%) out of 10 abnormal parathyroid glands as confirmed on surgical exploration (P < 0·05). However, in two patients who had ectopic parathyroid gland, both the modalities localized the lesion in one (paraganglioma), whereas in the other neither test was helpful (left retro‐esophageal).Conclusion  USG is a convenient, affordable and useful modality to localize abnormal enlarged parathyroid glands in the majority of patients with PHPT. However, when USG is negative, scintigraphy is complementary to it.
Profile, mean residence time of ACTH and cortisol responses after low and standard ACTH tests in healthy volunteers
Authors: Alía P. , Villabona C. , Giménez O. , Sospedra E. , Soler J. , Navarro M. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjective  No consensus exists until now about the suitable dose of tetracosactin in the ACTH stimulation test for detecting adrenal insufficiency. Our aim was to characterize both the ACTH(1–24) and the cortisol profiles after standard high‐dose test (250 µg) (HDT) and low‐dose test (1 µg) (LDT) in healthy subjects in order to provide a deeper knowledge about the relationship between stimulus and response.Design and patients  ACTH tests were performed in 10 healthy volunteers (five men, five women) with at least 1 week of difference.Measurements  Plasma ACTH(1–24) and ACTH(1–39) and serum cortisol were measured before tetracosactin i.v. injection and at 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 min after stimulus. Area under the curve (AUC) of ACTH(1–24) and cortisol, as well as mean residence time (MRT) for ACTH(1–24) were calculated in both tests.Results  Elimination of ACTH(1–24) was faster in HDT than in LDT (MRTs of 0·14 vs 0·37, respectively, P = 0·008), but plasma concentrations were higher up to 60 min cortisol production in HDT reaching a higher maximum concentration (Cmax: 1144 vs 960 nmol/l) but delayed in time (75 vs 52·5 min). No significant relationship was observed between AUC or Cmax of ACTH(1–24) and AUC, Cmax and increment of cortisol in any of the tests. However, a negative correlation of basal cortisol values was observed with relative cortisol increment (HDT: r = 0·77 P = 0·009; LDT: r = 0·94 P < 0·0001), but not so with Cmax (HDT: r = 0·22 P = 0·55; LDT: r = 0·57 P = 0·09).Conclusions  The elimination rate of ACTH in healthy volunteers was significantly lower in LDT than in HDT, but cortisol production rate appears to be identical in both tests, so that a maximum adrenal stimulation seems to exist. The use of LDT may be more adequate, although data from patients need studying.
Use of Tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to screen PTPN21: no association with Graves’ disease
Authors: Zeitlin A. A. , Heward J. M. , Brand O. J. , Newby P. R. , Franklyn J. A. , Gough S. C. L. , Simmonds M. J. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryObjective  The protein‐tyrosine‐phosphate nonreceptor 22 gene (PTPN22) has recently been identified as a susceptibility locus for a number of autoimmune diseases including Graves’ disease (GD). PTPN21 is another member of the PTPN family and its gene PTPN21 maps to the first reported region of genetic linkage to GD, GD−1, on chromosome 14q31. The aim of this study was to determine whether PTPN21 is acting as a GD susceptibility locus in UK Caucasian subjects.Design  A case control association study of seven Tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs1469602, rs8007288, rs1998670, rs11622270, rs2274736, rs2295136 and rs366476) selected to predict 51 un‐genotyped polymorphisms present within PTPN21.Patients  Unrelated Caucasian patients of UK origin with GD and ethnically and gender matched control subjects with no family history of autoimmune disease were recruited. In total, DNA was obtained from 768 GD patients and 768 control subjects.Results  No association of any of the seven Tag SNPs was detected with GD. Preliminary evidence of association of rs2274736 was found with younger age of GD onset (0–30 years) (OR = 1. 48 [95% CI = 1·11–1·97]). No other correlations with clinical phenotype or previously established susceptibility loci were detected.Conclusions  Using a Tag SNP approach we screened PTPN21 as a susceptibility locus for GD and found no evidence for association with disease. Preliminary evidence for association of rs2274736 with younger age of GD onset requires replication in similar sized data sets to exclude a false positive result. Methods such as the Tag SNP approach significantly reduce the amount of genotyping required when screening candidate loci, including those within regions of chromosomal linkage.