bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive and educational attainment in different ethnic groups
Authors: West A. M. , Mackintosh N. J. , Mascie-Taylor C. G. N. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe educational attainment of over 2000 children aged 7–15 years from six different ethnic groups was assessed. Children of Pakistani and of Bangladeshi origin tended to obtain the lowest mean scores on all tests, often well below those of West Indian children, who tended to perform as well as Indian children and often no worse than the indigenous majority. There were few signs of any reliable trends over age. Differences were more pronounced on tests of reading and vocabulary than on tests of mathematics but, on tests of non-verbal reasoning, most ethnic minorities also obtained low scores. Many of these differences were associated with differences in social and family circumstances.
Men and family planning in Zambia
Authors: Pillai Vijayan K. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper examines the sociodemographic factors which influence familiarity with methods of family planning among 85 males holding low paying jobs in the University of Zambia, Lusaka. The results showed that wife's education had a significant and positive effect on husband's familiarity with family planning methods. In the longer term, female education is likely to emerge as an important factor in the onset of fertility decline in Zambia.
Effects of biosocial variables on changes in nutritional status of rural Bangladeshi children, pre- and post-monsoon flooding
Authors: Choudhury Abu Yusuf , Bhuiya Abbas 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis study examined the effects of biosocial variables on changes in nutritional status of rural Bangladeshi children, aged less than 2 years, pre- and post-1987 monsoon flooding. Nutritional status was measured by weight for age: variables included were age, sex, sickness during 2 weeks preceding the survey, intake of vitamin A capsules, socioeconomic status of household, and mother's education. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed an adverse effect of flood on nutrition and the effect was dependent on sex of child and intake of vitamin A. After the flood the proportion of severely malnourished children was significantly greater among those who had not taken vitamin A. For boys the proportion with severe malnutrition increased after the flood and the increase was greater than for girls; however, boys always had a lower risk of severe malnutrition than girls.
Differential mortality in rural Nepal
Authors: Tuladhar J. M. , Stoeckel John 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis study reports the first analysis of mortality differentials in Nepal. Longitudinal survey data collected from four districts indicate infant mortality was lower and child survival higher in the hill than in the plains (Terai) region, but that the differential narrowed between 1975 and 1978. In addition, child survival varied directly with education and landholdings within both regions. Possible explanations for the findings include the presence of vertical and integrated family planning and maternal and child health programmes and differential access to and utilization of health care and health facilities.
Isonymy and the genetic structure of Sicily
Authors: Rodríguez-Larralde A. , Pavesi A. , Scapoli C. , Conterio F. , Siri G. , Barrai I. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe genetic structure of Sicily was analysed through the distribution of surnames of 758,793 users registered in the Italian Telephone Company, corresponding to 371 communes of the island. Estimates of the coefficient of consanguinity due to random isonymy, of Fisher'sa, an indicator of abundance of surnames, and of Karlin–McGregor'sv, an indicator of immigration rates, were obtained for each commune. Four different estimates of genetic distance between all possible pairs of communes within each province were also obtained, and their relationship with geographic distance was studied. The logarithmic transformation of Lasker's coefficient of relationship showed correlations with the log of geographic distance which range between −0·78 and −0·40; the strongest, for the province of Catania, was attributed to the presence of Mount Etna, and the weakest, for Palermo, to the high population density of this province.
The effect of price increases on contraceptive sales in Bangladesh
Authors: Ciszewski Robert L. , Harvey Philip D. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn April 1990, the prices of five brands of contraceptives in the Bangladesh social marketing project were increased, by an average of 60%. The impact on condom sales was immediate and severe, with sales for the following 12 months dropping by 46% from the average during the preceding 12 months. The effect on oral contraceptive sales was less dramatic: average sales in the year following the increases dropped slightly despite a previously established pattern of rapidly rising sales. There appears no reasonable combination of events other than the price increase itself to explain most of the difference.
Ethnicity and the use of health services in Belize
Authors: Stupp Paul W. , Macke Beth A. , Monteith Richard , Paredez Sandra 
Published: July 2008

SummaryData from the 1991 Belize Family Health Survey show differentials in the use of maternal and child health services between ethnic groups (Creole, Mestizo, Maya/Ketchi and Garifuna). Multivariate analysis is used to explore whether such differentials can truly be attributed to ethnicity or to other characteristics that distinguish the ethnic groups. Health services considered are: family planning, place of delivery (hospital/other), postpartum and newborn check-ups after a birth, and immunisations for children. The language usually spoken in the household is found to be important for interpreting ethnic differentials. Mayan-speaking Maya/Ketchis are significantly less likely to use family planning services or to give birth in a hospital. Spanish-speakers (Mestizos and Maya/Ketchis) are less likely to use newborn and postpartum check-ups, after controlling for other characteristics. There are no ethnic differentials for immunisations. Programmatic implications of these results are discussed.
Fertility, family size preferences and future fertility prospects of men in the western area of Sierra Leone
Authors: Campbell Eugene K. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper examines the current fertility of men and women in the Western area of Sierra Leone and the prospects for future fertility behaviour. Probably due to the effect of rapid economic decline in Sierra Leone since 1980, the desired family size has fallen. But indications are that the preferred completed family size is lower than the desired family size
Reliability study of reporting of days since last sexual intercourse in Matlab, Bangladesh
Authors: Becker Stan , Begum Suraiya 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe accuracy of responses to a question on the frequency of sexual intercourse in the 4-week period prior to an interview is expected to be low. This paper examines the reliability of an alternative question: ‘How many days since you last had sexual intercourse?’. This was a part of a larger longitudinal study of fertility dynamics in Matlab, Bangladesh. The response pairs of 61 women who were asked the same question by an interviewer and on the next day by a supervisor, were analysed. Refusals were more common among older women and among women who gave a response at the extremes of the distribution for the other interview. Of the pairs of two responses, 78% had a difference of 3 days or less. Further study and use of the question on days since last intercourse is recommended.
Ethnic differentials in child-spacing ideals and practices in Ghana
Authors: Benefo Kofi D. , Tsui Amy O. , Johnson Joseph De Graft 
Published: July 2008

SummaryPostpartum sexual abstinence may be a major determinant of fertility and of maternal and child health in sub-Saharan Africa. This study examines the relationship between ethnicity and abstinence using data from the 1988 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. There is considerable diversity in the length of abstinence although only for one ethnic group, the Mole-Dagbani and other Ghanaians, is abstinence, both actual and ideal, very long. Respondents in most ethnic groups believe their abstinence to be adequate. A key motivation for abstinence is the unwillingness to have sexual intercourse with nursing mothers. Education, urbanisation, changes in marriage patterns and religious traditions are major factors shaping the ethnic differentials in abstinence. In comparison to breast-feeding, abstinence appears to have relatively little impact on the length of the birth interval and, for Ghana, has relatively few implications for fertility and child health.
Inbreeding in Ojeda and Pernia, 1875–1985, province of Palencia, Spain
Authors: Dobon L. Caro , Martinez J. Santo Tomas 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe degree of isolation was assessed in two contrasting regions in Northern Palencia, Spain, one mountainous with small villages in the valleys (Pernia), the other lower and more open (Ojeda), with corresponding differences in economy. Using data from the parish and diocesan records, the frequencies of consanguineous marriages were calculated from the dispensation data, and the evolution of inbreeding compared. The more isolated region shows a greater degree of inbreeding, though not as high as in some other parts of Spain. Both regions show a decline in inbreeding with time, though in neither did the results indicate that geographic isolation was very outstanding. The most frequent types of consanguineous unions occur between second cousins.
The reproductive careers of a cohort of men and women following an HIV-positive diagnosis
Authors: Green Gill 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis report examines the consequences of a positive HIV diagnosis upon the reproductive decision-making of 39 men and women in Scotland. Whilst the majority initially decide never to have any (more) children this sometimes changes as other factors gain ascendancy, such as a partner wanting ‘their’ child, and about one-third had had a child or were intending to do so. The motivations underlying such decisions are discussed and ways in which health services could intervene to support people with HIV in making reproductive choices and to minimise the risk of transmission to an HIV-negative partner and the child are suggested.
Religious affiliation and fertility in Liberia
Authors: Kollehlon Konia T. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis study examines fertility differentials by religious affiliation in Liberia, within the context of two competing hypotheses: the characteristic and particularised theology. Using a subsample of currently married women from the 1986 Liberian Demographic and Health Survey, the study examines the fertility of five religious groups: Catholic, Protestant, Moslem, traditional, and other women. Overall, the findings are more consistent with the characteristic hypothesis, because the small fertility differentials by religious affiliation are largely accounted for by differences in the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of these women.
Urban nuptiality patterns and marital fertility in Nigeria
Authors: Isiugo-Abanihe Uche C. , Ebigbola J. Akin , Adewuyi A. A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis study indicates that urban marital patterns in nine Nigerian cities influence fertility. Fertility is also influenced by age at marriage, region of residence, ethnicity and religion; education and employment lead to marriage delay and tend to conflict with childbearing by enhancing the status of women.
Sex differences in primary cognitive abilities among blacks, Indians and whites in South Africa
Authors: Owen Ken , Lynn Richard 
Published: July 2008

SummarySex differences are reported for samples of approximately 1000 16-year-old blacks, Indians and whites in South Africa on ten tests of cognitive ability. Males obtained significantly higher means on non-verbal reasoning, spatial and mechanical aptitude, and females obtained significantly higher means on perceptual speed and memory for meaning (except among the black sample). In general the sex differences in South Africa are consistent with those typically obtained in the United States.
Geographical variation and evolution of tertiary sexual equilibrium in the province of Jujuy (Argentina)
Authors: Dipierri Jose Edgardo , Alfaro Emma 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe tertiary sex ratio, as measured by the masculinity index, was examined in four regions of the Province of Jujuy in north-west Argentina over a period from 1869 to 1991. The results showed that inter-regional, as well as age group differences in MI existed which could be related to changing social and economic conditions in this area over the last two centuries.
Influence of social class on the correlation of stature of adult children with that of their mothers and fathers
Authors: Lasker Gabriel W. , Mascie-Taylor C. G. N. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryStudies of parent–child correlations in stature require data which can be viewed as random samples of some general population and which are large enough to allow partition of the variable and evaluation of non-genetic and genetic influences. In a sample of 4336 individuals drawn from a cohort of all persons born in England, Scotland and Wales in 1 week in 1958, the correlation of statures of the males with their fathers, the females with their fathers, the males with their mothers and the females with their mothers were 0·36, 0·43 and 0·41 and 0·47 respectively at age 16 of the offspring and 0·41, 0·41, 0·47 and 0·46 respectively at age 23. Allowance for the occupational social class of the fathers lowers the correlations, but in no case by more than 5%. Allowance for the occupational class achieved by the offspring by age 23 has little effect on the correlations.
Differential fertility and body build in !Kung San and Kavango females from northern Namibia
Authors: Kirchengast Sylvia , Winkler Eike-Meinrad 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe study examines the impact of body build on differential fertility patterns in 93 !Kung San and 85 Kavango females from northern Namibia. In both groups shorter females had more offspring, but also more dead offspring, than taller females. The interaction between body weight and fertility was different in both groups and may be due to different nursing behaviour. There was a positive relationship between the typical pedomorphy and fertility in the! Kung San, and directional selection processes may be important.
Users of traditional methods of contraception in Bangladesh: 1981–91
Authors: Rahman M. Mujibur , Islam M. Nurul , Islam M. Mazharul 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper examines the changing patterns of knowledge, attitude and use of traditional methods of contraception, compared to modern methods, over the last five contraceptive prevalence surveys in Bangladesh (1981–91). The results show that knowledge of at least one method of family planning is universal in Bangladesh and usage is higher at all ages for women who are using modern methods than for those who are using traditional methods. Educated women and those in employment are more likely to use modern contraceptive methods.
Variations in Vietnamese marriages, births and infant deaths by months of the Julian calendar and years of the Vietnamese and Chinese astrological calendars
Authors: Thang Nguyen Minh , Swenson Ingrid 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe timing of births and marriages in Vietnam appears to have some statistically significant relationships with the signs of the Chinese and Vietnamese astrological calendars. Years considered to be good years have significantly more births and marriages than years that are not considered as desirable. Births and marriages also have some significant variations with seasons of the year. Infant deaths do not appear to have any significant relationships with the astrological signs although infant mortality has some significant relationships with seasons of the year. The findings indicate that there is some purposeful planning for marriages and births to coincide with optimal times defined in the astrological calendars.
Fertility and family planning in African cities: the impact of female migration
Authors: Brockerhoff Martin 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis study uses data from thirteen Demographic and Health Surveys to examine effects of female migration on fertility in African cities. Contrary to expectations, migration from villages and towns in the 1980s and 1990s reduced total fertility rates in African cities by about one birth, from an estimated average of 5·55 in the absence of migration to 4·59. New arrivals experience much lower fertility in their first few years in cities than long term residents of similar age and parity. This results from the initial unmarried status of most migrants, high levels of spousal separation among new arrivals who are married, dramatic increases in use of modern methods of contraception after 2 years in cities, and continuation of traditionally long durations of postpartum abstinence. Accomodation of additional migrants thus appears consistent with efforts to reduce fertility in cities. Moreover, prospects for increased contraceptive prevalencein Africa may depend heavily on changes in population distribution that influence the demand for children, specifically movement to cities.
Childbearing motivation and its measurement
Authors: Miller Warren B. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper conceptualises the motive force behind human childbearing as originating in two broad traits which have biological bases, are shaped by experiences during early life and are expressed through their effect on desires and intentions. An instrument for measuring childbearing motivation, the Childbearing Questionnaire (CBQ), is presented. Using a sample of 401 married couples two main scales, nine subscales, and several independent items are described. Evidence for the reliability and validity of this instrument is presented. The versatility of the CBQ as a research instrument and the usefulness of the conceptualisation from which it is derived as a way of integrating social, behavioural, and biological science approaches to childbearing motivation are discussed.
Religious Fertility Differentials Among the Yoruba of Western Nigeria
Authors: Sembajwe I. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis study examines the influence of religion on fertility among the Yoruba of Western Nigeria. There is a distinct differential in fertility by religion. Fertility is lower for Moslems than for Christians. The difference is attributed to the traditional characteristics of Moslems as opposed to the relatively modern characteristics of Christians. For example, Moslems have low education and low occupational status. Consequently, Moslems rather than Christians are more likely to observe longer periods of post-natal abstinence, and to experience higher pregnancy wastage and sterility rates.
The Fertility Transition in the Non-Maori Population of New Zealand
Authors: Zodgekar A. V. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis investigation traces the evolution of non-Maori fertility in New Zealand from 1860 to the mid-1970s. The fertility transition took place in four distinct stages, and socio-demographic factors of differing importance in fertility are suggested. During the period 1860–80, an initial decline in fertility was achieved by postponing the age of marriage. The second stage, of increasing control over fertility within marriage and postponement of marriage, ended gradually by the 1910s. Between the world wars and until the 1950s, fertility control within marriage became more universal. Finally, from the 1960s, fertility has declined as a result of many complex changes in social and economic spheres, the major social change with demographic implications being undoubtedly the new rolesof women.This paper also deals with the changing pattern of fertility by using both the period and cohort rates of fertility.
Trends of Isonymy and Inbreeding Among the Ahmadiyyas of Kashmir
Authors: Kashyap Lalit K. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe isonymic method has been applied in a study of temporal trends of inbreeding amongst the Ahmadiyyas of Kashmir valley. The results show a steady rise in total inbreeding and its random and non-random components over time. The validity of applying the method in a caste-structured population is examined, and it appears that while the complexity of the structure inhibits its application to many populations, there are others in whom the assumptions implicit in the method are met.
Repeat Abortion-Seeking Behaviour in Queensland, Australia: Knowledge and Use of Contraception and Reasons for Terminating the Pregnancy
Authors: Callan Victor J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper examines the knowledge and use of contraception, and abortion decision-making of 212 Australian women who were seeking a repeat abortion in 1980. The analysis of questionnaires from a pregnancy and family planning clinic revealed that most women were seeking their second abortion. Single women were more likely to claim a slight knowledge of contraception and irregular use of contraceptives, and to attribute pregnancy to the failure of the pill. Women in de facto or cohabitation relationships were most likely to rate the abortion decision as difficult. Of the women who returned post-abortion questionnaires, almost all felt they had made the correct decision.
Contraception, Marital Fertility, and Breast-Feeding in the Yemen Arab Republic
Authors: Goldberg H. I. , Anderson J. E. , Miller D. , Dawam O. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryMajor findings from an analysis of demographic information collected in a 1979 survey in the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen) are that: levels of contraceptive use are extremely low in the rural areas that constitute most of the nation and considerably higher in the capital, Sana'a; fertility is very high and, until recently, was higher in Sana'a than in rural areas; mortality of children is very high with small urban–rural differentials; breast-feeding durations tend to be short, considering Yemen's extremely low level of development; and, female infants appear to be breast-fed longer than male infants in Sana'a, a phenomenon never previously documented. It is argued that the observed convergence between fertility levels in Sana'a and rural Yemen results from increased contraception in Sana'a, which offsets fertility differences introduced by longer breast-feeding in rural areas.
Strongly algebraic = SFP (topically)
Authors: VICKERS STEVEN 
Published: July 2008

Certain ‘Finite Structure Conditions’ on a geometric theory are shown to be sufficient for its
classifying topos to be a presheaf topos. The conditions assert that every homomorphism
from a finite structure of the theory to a model factors via a finite model, and they hold in
cases where the finitely presentable models are all finite.The conditions are shown to hold for the theory of strongly algebraic (or SFP) information
systems and some variants, as well as for some other theories already known to be classified
by presheaf toposes.The work adheres to geometric constructivism throughout, and in consequence provides
‘topical’ categories of domains (internal in the category of toposes and geometric
morphisms) with an analogue of Plotkin's double characterization of strongly algebraic
domains, by sets of minimal upper bounds and by sequences of finite posets.