bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and management ofCandida utilisinfectious arthritis in a Standardbred filly
Authors: Cohen J. M. , Ross M. W. , Busschers E. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryA 3‐year‐old Standardbred filly was admitted to the hospital for evaluation and management of previously diagnosed infectious arthritis of the right metacarpophalangeal joint (MCPJ).Candida utiliswas isolated from multiple synovial samples submitted for bacterial culture and susceptibility. Following treatment with systemic and intra‐articular fluconazole and regional limb perfusion with amphotericin B and a second arthroscopic debridement the lameness improved and subsequent cultures were negative for bacterial or fungal growth. Infectious fungal arthritis should be a differential diagnosis for atypical or unresponsive joint infections especially in horses previously treated with a combination of intra‐articular corticosteroids and antibiotics.
Penetrating thoracic injury with associated abdominal visceral involvement in a mare
Authors: van Zyl N. , Rayner S. G. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryA mare was presented for evaluation of a penetrating thoracic injury. Surgical exploration of the thoracic wound was performed, revealing diaphragmatic perforation and the presence of a foreign body lodged in the right dorsal colon. The foreign body was removed through the thoracic deficit, the colon repaired and the thoracic wound closed utilising alatissimus dorsimuscle flap. It can be concluded that successful management of thoracic wounds with concurrent abdominal viscera involvement is achievable if minimal contamination is evident. In addition reconstruction of large thoracic defects with primary muscle flaps is a viable option in the horse.
Haemolytic anaemia as a complication following colic surgery in a 10‐year‐old Arabian stallion
Authors: Underwood C. , Southwood L. L. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryImmune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia is rare in the horse. This case report discusses the clinical presentation and treatment of this condition in an Arabian stallion following abdominal surgery for large colon volvulus. On Day 10 of hospitalisation the stallion's PCV dropped by 10% whilst his total solids remained stable, consistent with haemolytic anaemia. The stallion was treated with whole blood transfusions and dexamethasone and recovered to be discharged on Day 42. This is an interesting example of immune mediated haemolytic anaemia associated with a complicated gastrointestinal condition. It demonstrates the wide variety of potential aetiologies underlying a haemolytic episode and the necessity for expedient treatment.
Genetic clues about the origin of Aché hunter‐gatherers of Paraguay
Authors: Callegari‐Jacques Sidia M. , Hill Kim , Hurtado A. Magdalena , Rodrigues Luciana T. , Bau Claiton H.D. , Salzano Francisco M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSeventeen genetic studies performed among the until recently hunter‐gatherer Aché were reviewed and the corresponding data integrated to general information about this group, and to statistical tests of hypothesis concerning its origin(s). Two features of the Aché gene pool emerge: (a) the distinctiveness in relation to the general pattern of Amerindian genetic data; and (b) the reduced within population genetic variability. As for the origin of this people, the evidence suggests a general Tupian background with considerable introgression of Jê genetic material, which could be explained by the Tupi warfare habit of absorption instead of extermination of defeated individuals. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental plasticity in fat patterning of Ache children in response to variation in interbirth intervals: A preliminary test of the roles of external environment and maternal reproductive strategies
Authors: Baker Jack , Hurtado Ana Magdalena , Pearson Osbjorn M. , Hill Kim R. , Jones Troy , Frey M. Anderson 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA firm link between small size at birth and later more centralized fat patterning has been established in previous research. Relationships between shortened interbirth intervals and small size at birth suggest that maternal energetic prioritization may be an important, but unexplored determinant of offspring fat patterning. Potential adaptive advantages to centralized fat storage (Baker et al., 2008: In: Trevathan W, McKenna J, Smith EO, editors. Evolutionary Medicine and Health: New Perspectives. New York: Oxford) suggest that relationships with interbirth intervals may reflect adaptive responses to variation in patterns of maternal reproductive effort. Kuzawa (2005: Am J Hum Biol 17:5–21; 2008: In: Trevathan W, McKenna J, Smith EO, editors. Evolutionary Medicine and Health: New Perspectives. New York: Oxford) has argued that maternal mediation of the energetic quality of the environment is a necessary component of developmental plasticity models invoking predictive adaptive responses (Gluckman and Hanson 2004: Trends Endocrinol Metab 15:183–187). This study tested the general hypothesis that shortened interbirth intervals would predict more centralized fat patterning in offspring. If long‐term maternally mediated signals are important determinants of offspring responses, then we expected to observe a relationship between the average interbirth interval of mothers and offspring adiposity, with no relationship with the preceding interval. Such a finding would suggest that maternal, endogenous resource allocation decisions are related to offspring physiology in a manner consistent with Kuzawa's description. We observed exactly such a relationship among the Ache of Paraguay, suggesting that maternally mediated in utero signals of postnatal environments may be important determinants of later physiology. The implications of these findings are reviewed in light of life history and developmental plasticity theories and ourability to generalize the results to other populations. Recommendations for further empirical research are briefly summarized. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distinctions between fetal and adult human platelet‐derived growth factor–responsive neural precursors
Authors: Chojnacki Andrew , Kelly John J. P. , Hader Walter , Weiss Samuel 
Published: September 2008

AbstractObjectivePlatelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)–responsive neural precursors (PRPs; also known as oligodendrocyte progenitor cells) are one of the best characterized precursor cell populations of the rodent central nervous system. Yet little is known about the biology of human PRPs because of an apparent inability to culture and expand them in large numbers. This study was designed to establish an approach that allows direct comparisons between the biology of fetal and adult human PRPs, as a means to address potential differences in intrinsic myelin‐production capabilities.MethodsWe used the neurosphere culture system, under low plating density, to isolate, culture, and compare the properties of fetal and adult human PRPs.ResultsPDGF stimulated fetal human PRPs to generate neurospheres that differentiated primarily into oligodendrocytes, which acquired myelin basic protein expression, as well as neurons and a small number of astrocytes. Together with PDGF, fibroblast growth factor 2 promoted fetal human PRP expansion. In contrast, adult human PRPs isolated from the corpus callosum required twice the culture period to generate neurospheres, which contained oligodendrocytes, as well as astrocytes, but not neurons. Strikingly, fibroblast growth factor 2 did not promote adult human PRP self‐renewal.InterpretationDifferences in the intrinsic proliferation, phenotype, and self‐renewal properties of fetal and adult human PRPs suggest they are distinct populations, which may result in distinct myelin‐production capabilities. Ann Neurol 2008;64:127–142
Crystalline morphology and dynamical crystallization of antibacterial β‐polypropylene composite
Authors: Chen Xin , Mai Kancheng 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe crystalline morphology and dynamical crystallization of antibacterial polypropylene composite and pure polypropylene were investigated via differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and real‐time hot‐stage optical microscopy (OM). The results reveal that the crystalline morphology of antibacterial PP composites changes with variations of the crystallization conditions and compositions. The crystalline phase consists of both α‐PP and β‐PP crystals. The content of β‐PP decreases with the increase in antibacterial agent content and cooling rate. With the addition of β‐nucleating agent, the morphologies of all dynamically crystallized antibacterial PP composites show no obvious spherulitic morphology, and the decrease of crystal perfection and the increase of nucleation density of antibacterial PP composite system could be observed. With the increase of antibacterial agent content, the overall crystallization rates of the antibacterial PP composite increase dramatically, while the content of β‐PP in all antibacterial PP composite decrease distinctly under given cooling conditions. These results can be explained by the interruptive effect of antibacterial agent on interactions of β‐nucleating agent components and the obstructing effect of antibacterial agent on the mobility of PP chains in melts. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Business stakeholder analyzer: An experiment of classifying stakeholders on the Web
Authors: Chung Wingyan , Chen Hsinchun , Reid Edna 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAs the Web is used increasingly to share and disseminate information, business analysts and managers are challenged to understand stakeholder relationships. Traditional stakeholder theories and frameworks employ a manual approach to analysis and do not scale up to accommodate the rapid growth of the Web. Unfortunately, existing business intelligence (BI) tools lack analysis capability, and research on BI systems is sparse. This research proposes a framework for designing BI systems to identify and to classify stakeholders on the Web, incorporating human knowledge and machine‐learned information from Web pages. Based on the framework, we have developed a prototype called Business Stakeholder Analyzer (BSA) that helps managers and analysts to identify and to classify their stakeholders on the Web. Results from our experiment involving algorithm comparison, feature comparison, and a user study showed that the system achieved better within‐class accuracies in widespread stakeholder types such as partner/sponsor/supplier and media/reviewer, and was more efficient than human classification. The student and practitioner subjects in our user study strongly agreed that such a system would save analysts' time and help to identify and classify stakeholders. This research contributes to a better understanding of how to integrate information technology with stakeholder theory, and enriches the knowledge base of BI system design.
Secondary tearingmode in the nonlinear evolution of magnetorotational instability
Authors: Tatsuno T. , Dorland W. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractNumerical investigation of the two‐dimensional magnetic reconnection is given in the context of the nonlinear evolution of the Magneto‐Rotational Instability (MRI). With a careful comparison to various theories using both one‐ and twodimensional analysis, it is found that a new stabilizing effect of the centrifugal force on tearing instability must be present in the specific geometry of the MRI.Magnetic reconnection might play a key role to the formation of the nonaxisymmetric structures observed in MRI experiments. The results may also be useful for the estimate of the accretion rate in various astrophysical objects. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nonhelical mean‐field dynamos in a sheared turbulence
Authors: Rogachevskii I. , Kleeorin N. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractMechanisms of nonhelical large‐scale dynamos (shear‐current dynamo and effect of homogeneous kinetic helicity fluctuations with zero mean) in a homogeneous turbulence with large‐scale shear are discussed. We have found that the shearcurrent dynamo can act even in random flows with small Reynolds numbers. However, in this case mean‐field dynamo requires small magnetic Prandtl numbers (i.e., when Pm < Pmcr< 1). The threshold in the magnetic Prandtl number, Pmcr= 0.24, is determined using second order correlation approximation (or first‐order smoothing approximation) for a background random flow with a scale‐dependent viscous correlation timeτc= (νk2)–1(whereνis the kinematic viscosity of the fluid andkis the wave number). For turbulent flows with large Reynolds numbers shear‐current dynamo occurs for arbitrary magnetic Prandtl numbers. This dynamo effect represents a very generic mechanism for generating large‐scale magnetic fields in a broad class of astrophysical turbulent systems with large‐scale shear. On the other hand, mean‐field dynamo due to homogeneous kinetic helicity fluctuations alone in a sheared turbulence is not realistic for a broad class of astrophysical systems because it requires a very specific random forcing of kinetic helicity fluctuations that contains, e.g., low‐frequency oscillations. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Helical magnetorotational instability of Taylor‐Couette flows in the Rayleigh limit and for quasi‐Kepler rotation
Authors: Rüdiger G. , Schultz M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe magnetorotational instability (MRI) of differential rotation under the simultaneous presence of axial and azimuthal components of the (current‐free) magnetic field is considered. For rotation with uniform specific angular momentum the MHD equations for axisymmetric perturbations are solved in a local short‐wave approximation. All the solutions are overstable for Bz · Bϕ ≠ 0 with eigenfrequencies approaching the viscous frequency. For more flat rotation laws the results of the local approximation do not comply with the results of a global calculation of the MHD instability of Taylor‐Couette flows between rotating cylinders. – With Bϕ and Bz of the same order the traveling‐mode solutions are also prefered for flat rotation laws such as the quasi‐Kepler rotation. For magnetic Prandtl number Pm → 0 they scale with the Reynolds number of rotation rather than with the magnetic Reynolds number (as for standard MRI) so that they can easily be realized in MHD laboratory experiments. – Regarding the nonaxisymmetric modes one finds a remarkable influence of the ratio Bϕ/Bz only for the extrema. For Bϕ ≫ Bz and for not too small Pm the nonaxisymmetric modes dominate the traveling axisymmetric modes. For standard MRI with Bz ≫ Bϕ, however, the critical Reynolds numbers of the nonaxisymmetric modes exceed the values for the axisymmetric modes by many orders so that they are never prefered. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The dual role of shear in large‐scale dynamos
Authors: Brandenburg A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe role of shear in alleviating catastrophic quenching by shedding small‐scale magnetic helicity through fluxes along contours of constant shear is discussed. The level of quenching of the dynamo effect depends on the quenched value of the turbulent magnetic diffusivity. Earlier estimates that might have suffered from the force‐free degeneracy of Beltrami fields are now confirmed for shear flows where this degeneracy is lifted. For a dynamo that is saturated near equipartition field strength those estimates result in a 5‐fold decrease of the magnetic diffusivity as the magnetic Reynolds number based on the wavenumber of the energy‐carrying eddies is increased from 2 to 600. Finally, the role of shear in driving turbulence and large‐scale fields by the magneto‐rotational instability is emphasized. New simulations are presented and the 3π /4 phase shift between poloidal and toroidal fields is confirmed. It is suggested that this phase shift might be a useful diagnostic tool in identifying mean‐field dynamo action in simulations and to distinguish this from other scenarios invoking magnetic buoyancy as a means to explain migration away from the midplane. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Meridional circulation and dynamo waves
Authors: Popova H. , Sokoloff D. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe effect of meridional circulation on spherical shell dynamos is considered in the Parker approximation. We demonstrate that the type of the exited solution crucially depend on the intensity of the meridional circulation. If the circulation is equatorward or if it is polarward however do not exceed some critical value, an oscillating solution in form of an equatorward traveling wave is excited. If the polarward meridional circulation becomes too intensive the solution becomes steady growing. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of a Joining Helix on the BLUF Domain of the YcgF Photoreceptor from Escherichia coli
Authors: Schroeder Claudia , Werner Karla , Otten Harm , Krätzig Steffen , Schwalbe Harald , Essen Lars‐Oliver 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBLUF‐domain‐comprising photoreceptors sense blue light by utilizing FAD as a chromophore. The ycgF gene product of Escherichia coli is composed of a N‐terminal BLUF domain and a C‐terminal EAL domain, with the latter postulated to catalyze c‐di‐GMP hydrolysis. The linkage between these two domains involves a predominantly helical segment. Its role on the function of the YcgF photoreceptor domain was examined by characterizing BLUF domains with and without this segment and reconstituting them with either FAD, FMN or riboflavin. The stability of the light‐adapted state of the YcgF BLUF domain depends on the presence of this joining, helical segment and the adenosine diphosphate moiety of FAD. In contrast to other BLUF domains, two‐dimensional 1H,15N and one‐dimensional 1H NMR spectra of isotope‐labeled YcgF‐(1–137) revealed large conformational changes during reversion from the light‐ to the dark‐adapted state. Based on these results the function of the joining helix in YcgF during signal transfer and the role of the BLUF domain in regulating c‐di‐GMP levels is discussed.
Glutathione Transferase: New Model for Glutathione Activation
Authors: Dourado Daniel F. A. R. , Fernandes Pedro Alexandrino , Mannervik Bengt , Ramos Maria João 
Published: September 2008

AbstractGlutathione transferases are enzymes of the cellular detoxification system that metabolize a vast spectrum of xenobiotic and endobiotic toxic compounds. They are homodimers or heterodimers and each monomer has an active center composed of a G‐site in which glutathione (GSH) binds and an H‐site for the electrophilic substrate. When GSH binds to the G‐site, the pKavalue of its thiol group drops by 2.5 units; this promotes its deprotonation and, therefore, produces a strong nucleophilic thiolate that is able to react with the electrophilic substrate. The mechanism behind the deprotonation of the thiol group is still unknown. Some studies point to the fact that the GSH glutamyl α‐carboxylate group is essential for GSH activation, whereas others indicate the importance of the active‐center water molecules. On the basis of QM/MM calculations, we propose a mechanism of GSH activation in which a water molecule, acting as a bridge, is able to assist in the transfer of the proton from the GSH thiol group to the GSH glutamyl α‐carboxylate group, after an initial GSH conformational rearrangement. We calculated the potential of mean force of this GSH structural rearrangement that would be necessary for the approach of both groups and we then performed a QM/MM ONIOM scan of water‐assisted proton transfer. The overall free‐energy barrier for the process is consistent with experimental studies of the enzyme kinetics.
Mixed‐Ligand Metal–Organic Frameworks with Large Pores: Gas Sorption Properties and Single‐Crystal‐to‐Single‐Crystal Transformation on Guest Exchange
Authors: Park Hye Jeong , Suh Myunghyun Paik 
Published: September 2008

AbstractTwo isomorphous 3D metal–organic frameworks, {[Cu2(BPnDC)2(bpy)]⋅8 DMF⋅6 H2O}n (1) and {[Zn2(BPnDC)2(dabco)]⋅13 DMF⋅3 H2O}n (2), have been prepared by the solvothermal reactions of benzophenone 4,4′‐dicarboxylic acid (H2BPnDC) with Cu(NO3)2⋅2.5 H2O and 4,4′‐bipyridine (bpy), and with Zn(NO3)2⋅6 H2O and 4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (dabco), respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 are composed of paddle‐wheel {M2(O2CR)4} cluster units, and they generate 2D channels with two different large pores (effective size of larger pore: 18.2 Å for 1, 11.4 Å for 2). The framework structure of desolvated solid, [Cu2(BPnDC)2(bpy)]n (SNU‐6; SNU=Seoul National University), is the same as that of 1, as evidenced by powder X‐ray diffraction patterns. SNU‐6 exhibits high permanent porosity (1.05 cm3 g−1) with high Langmuir surface area (2910 m2 g−1). It shows high H2 gas storage capacity (1.68 wt % at 77 K and 1 atm; 4.87 wt % (excess) and 10.0 wt % (total) at 77 K and 70 bar) with high isosteric heat (7.74 kJ mol−1) of H2 adsorption as well as high CO2 adsorption capability (113.8 wt % at 195 K and 1 atm). Compound 2 undergoes a single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal transformation on guest exchange with n‐hexane to provide {[Zn2(BPnDC)2(dabco)]⋅6 (n‐hexane)⋅3 H2O}n (2hexane). The transformation involves dynamic motion of the molecular components in the crystal, mainly a bending motion of the square planes of the paddle‐wheel units resulting from rotational rearrangement of phenyl rings and carboxylate planes of BPnDC2−.
Fluorescent Magnesium(II) Coordination Polymeric Hydrogel
Authors: Leong Wei Lee , Batabyal Sudip K. , Kasapis Stefan , Vittal Jagadese J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA pH and mechano‐responsive coordination polymeric gel was developed without the use of long chain hydrophobic groups. The hydrogel was synthesised by reacting the aqueous solution of Mg2+ with the basic aqueous solution of N‐(7‐hydroxyl‐4‐methyl‐8‐coumarinyl)‐alanine. The gelation is attributed to the self‐aggregation of 1D coordination polymers to form 3D nanostructures through non‐covalent interactions to entrap water molecules. The freeze‐dried hydrogel exhibits a fibrillar network structure with a uniform ribbon shape. UV/vis absorption studies illustrate that the hydrogel displays a typical π–π* transition. The fluorescence intensity of the hydrogel is enhanced drastically with a longer lifetime upon gel formation. Mechanical analysis including dynamic oscillation on shear, steady shear and creep (retardation‐relaxation) testing have been performed to elucidate the supramolecular nature of the 3D assembly. Together with the viscoelastic properties and biocompatibility, the Mg2+ hydrogel may find utility as a novel soft material in biomedical applications.
Chlorinated Derivatives of C78‐Fullerene Isomers with Unusually Short Intermolecular Halogen–Halogen Contacts
Authors: Simeonov Kalin S. , Amsharov Konstantin Yu. , Jansen Martin 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe chlorinated fullerenes C78(2)Cl18 and C78(3)Cl18 were synthesized by highly selective chlorination of the individual isomers. They were crystallized as C78(2)Cl18⋅Br2⋅TiCl4 and solvent free C78(3)Cl18. The carbon connectivities of both isomers have been confirmed through X‐ray single‐crystal analysis. Studious investigation of both crystal packings together with the crystal structure of C78(4)Cl18 has revealed the presence of unusually short intermolecular halogen–halogen contacts, which provide evidence for attractive intermolecular interactions, the nature of which is discussed.