bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liquid Crystals as Reaction Media. I. Photochemical Dimerization of Acenaphthylene in Cholesteric Liquid Crystal
Authors: Nakano Tomoko , Hirata Hirotaka 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The photodimerization of acenaphthylene in liquid crystalline media exhibiting cholesteric or nematic phase was studied from the view point of the stereoselectivity of the products. In the cholesteric phase trans-isomer formation increased remarkably and the ratio of the trans-isomer to cis-isomer depended significantly upon the acenaphthylene concentration. These results suggest a steric effect of the cholesteric phase structure on stereoselectivity on photodimerization compared with the predominant cis-isomer formation in the nematic phase.
Syntheses of Six-membered Cyclopalladated Complexes of 2-Benzoylpyridine
Authors: Fuchita Yoshio , Hiraki Katsuma , Kage Yasunori 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
2-Benzoylpyridine reacts with Pd(OAc)2 to give a new six-membered cyclopalladated complex, [{Pd(pcph)(OAc)}2]·0.25CH2Cl2 [pcph=2-(2-pyridylcarbonyl)phenyl-C1,N] (1). A chloro-bridged analogue, [{Pd(pcph)Cl}2], prepared by the metathetical reaction of 1 with LiCl, undergoes bridge-splitting reactions with 3,5-lutidine and Tl(acac) to yield the corresponding mononuclear cyclopalladated complexes.
On the Effect of the Finite Size of the Solvent Molecule in Dielectric Friction Theory
Authors: Hyodo Shi-aki , Nagashima Unpei , Fujiyama Tsunetake 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
By considering the charge distribution function around the ion, the effect of the finite size of the solvent molecule can be introduced in the homogeneous dielectric continuum model. A very simple and useful model is presented. The results of this model are compared quantitatively with the experimental Walden products of some simple cations in water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, and acetonitrile solutions, and found to be satisfactory.
A Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of the Kinetics of Ligand Exchange Reactions in Uranyl Complexes. III. Dimethyl Sulfoxide Exchange in Bis(β-diketonato)(dimethyl sulfoxide)dioxouranium(VI)
Authors: Ikeda Yasuhisa , Tomiyasu Hiroshi , Fukutomi Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The exchange reactions of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with UO2(acac)2dmso and UO2(dbm)2dmso (acac=acetylacetonate, dbm=dibenzoylmethanate) have been studied by the NMR method in CD3COCD3 and CD2Cl2. In CD3COCD3, rates of DMSO exchange for these complexes are independent of the free DMSO concentrations. Rate constants (s−1) at 25 °C and activation parameters ΔH\eweq (kJ mol−1) and ΔS\eweq (J K−1 mol−1) are 2.36×102, 45.8±0.8, −46.6±2.9 for UO2(acac)2dmso, and 3.92×102, 44.5±0.4, −46.2±2.1 for UO2(dbm)2dmso, respectively. In CD2Cl2, the exchange rates are dependent on the free DMSO concentration. For UO2(acac)2dmso, rate=(kd+kIKOS[DMSO])[UO2(acac)2dmso]/(1+KOS[DMSO]), where kd(25 °C=1.02×102 s−1, ΔH\eweq=47.9±5.2 kJ mol−1, and ΔS\eweq=−46.6±11.2 J K−1 mol−1, and kI(25 °C)=1.01×103 s−1, ΔH\eweq=35.4±12.4 kJ mol−1, and ΔS\eweq=−69.7±20.5 J K−1 mol−1, and KOS(10 °C)=4.6±2.1 M−1 (M=mol dm−3). For UO2(dbm)2dmso, rate=(k1+k2[DMSO]) [UO2(dbm)2dmso], where k1(25 °C)=1.74×102 s−1, ΔH\eweq=29.6±2.2 kJ mol−1, ΔS\eweq=−104±9 J K−1 mol−1, and k2(25 °C)=1.62×103 M−1 s−1, ΔH\eweq=34.9±0.6 kJ mol−1, and ΔS\eweq=−67.2±2.4 J K−1. The D and I mechanisms are proposed for the DMSO exchange in these complexes.
Phase Equilibria in the Tm2O3–V2O3–V2O5 System at 1200 °C
Authors: Kitayama Kenzo , Katsura Takashi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Phase equilibria in the Tm2O3–V2O3–V2O5 system were established at 1200 °C; the oxygen partial pressure was varied −0.68 (air) to −12.50 atm in terms of log Po2. In this system, VnO2n−1 (n=2–7), VO2, Tm2O3, TmVO3, TmVO4, Tm8V2O17 (4Tm2O3·V2O5), Tm7V3O16 were stable under the present experimental conditions. The pattern of the phase diagram is different from those of other Ln2O3–V2O3–V2O5 systems (Ln=Sm, Lu, Er, Gd, La, and Nd) that were already established. Compounds TmVO3, TmVO4, Tm8V2O17, Tm7V3O16, V2O3, and VO2 have nonstoichiometric compositions. On the basis of the established phase diagram, the Gibbs energies of the reactions,
(1) 2Tm2O3+3TmVO3+1⁄2O2=Tm7V3O16
(2) TmVO3+1⁄2O2=TmVO4
(3) 5⁄3Tm2O3+2⁄3Tm7V3O16+2⁄3O2=Tm8V2O17
(4) Tm7V3O16+O2=5⁄3TmVO4+2⁄3Tm8V2O17
were determined to be −132, −119, −157, and −228 kJ, respectively. The relationship between the ionic radius and ΔG° of the reactions, LnVO3+1/2 O2=LnVO4, is linear, provided that lanthanum and the lanthanoid can be divided into two groups.
Retentive Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Benzene with Optically Active 2-Chloro-1-phenylpropane and 1-Chloro-2-phenylpropane
Authors: Masuda Shinji , Nakajima Tadashi , Suga Sohei 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Alkylations of benzene with both (−)-2-chloro-1-phenylpropane (1) and (+)-1-chloro-2-phenylpropane (2) in the presence of Lewis acid gave the same products: (−)-1,2-diphenylpropane (3), 1,1-diphenylpropane, and polymeric materials. In these reactions, (−)-3 was obtained in 45–100% optical yield and was not racemized under the conditions used. These results reveal that the reaction from 1 to 3 proceeds with retention of configuration and that from 2 to 3 with inversion. The stereochemistry of the alkylation with 1 is elucidated by the mechanism involving a neighboring phenyl π-assisted cation; benzene attacks only the β-carbon of 1 from the side on which the previously attached chloride anion is located. The result of the reaction with 2 can be explained by a process involving the 1,2-shift of phenyl group in the ionization step of 2, followed by the formation of the same intermediate as in the reaction with 1. The mechanism of the overall reaction is discussed.
Bitter Limonoids from the Fruit of Melia azedarach L. var. japonica Makino
Authors: Fukuyama Yoshiyasu , Miura Iwao , Ochi Masamitsu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Two new bitter limonoids, ohchinolal (1) and ohchinin (2), have been isolated from the fruit of Melia azedarach L. var. japonica Makino, and their structures have been established as 1 and 2 by spectroscopic and chemical methods. The complete assignments of the 1H and 13C NMR data are described.
Ditritylation of Methyl and Benzyl α-d-Gluco-, -Manno-, and -Galactopyranosides and Preparation of Their Partially Benzylated Derivatives
Authors: Koto Shinkiti , Morishima Naohiko , Yoshida Toyosaku , Uchino Masaharu , Zen Shonosuke 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The ditritylation of methyl and benzyl α-d-gluco-, -manno-, and -galactopyranosides with trityl chloride in pyridine at 70 °C proceeds in a regioselective manner to give the 2,6-ditrityl ethers of the glucosides, the 3,6-ones of the mannosides, and both 2,6- and 3,6-ones of the galactosides. The rearrangement of the trityl group from O-3 to O-2 of the mannosides at 100 °C causes the selective formation of the 2,6-ditrityl ethers. From the 2,6- and the 3,6-ditrityl ethers, the 3,4- and 2,4-dibenzyl ethers of the hexopyranosides are prepared.
3-Chloro-2-chloromethyl-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-butene as a Functionalized Isoprene Unit. An Electrochemical Preparation and Some Reactions
Authors: Uneyama Kenji , Hasegawa Nobu , Kawafuchi Hiroyuki , Torii Sigeru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
3-Chloro-2-chloromethyl-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-butene (1) was prepared in 72% yield by electrooxidative double ene-type chlorination of 1-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3-methyl-2-butene. The electrolysis was conducted at room temperature in a two layer solvent system of dichloromethane and water in the presence of acids (HCl, H2SO4, H3PO4, etc). Either 3-chloro-2-methyl-4-(4-chlorophenoxy)-1-butene or 1 was selectively prepared, respectively after 4 or 10 F/mol of electricity were passed using platinum foils as electrodes in an undivided cell. The similar electrolysis of the related 3-methyl-2-butenyl derivatives 2b and 2c provided the ene-type products, 3-chloro-2-methyl-4-benzyloxy-1-butene and 4-chloro-1-ethynyl-1,5-dimethyl-5-hexenyl acetate, respectively. In contrast, 3-methyl-2-butenyl derivatives 2d–f and 3-methyl-2-butenoic acid afforded a variety of products such as chlorohydrin, vinyl chloride, and sulfoxide other than ene-type products, suggesting that the functional group of R in 2 affects the reaction course. The elongation at 2-chloromethyl group and the subsequent dechlorophenoxylation convert 1 into 2-(phenylsulfonylmethyl)-1,3-butadiene and 2-(phenylthiomethyl)-1,3-butadiene.
Preparation of New Nitrogen-bridged Heterocycles. 6. First Synthesis of 2-Aroylfuro[2,3-b]indolizine Derivatives
Authors: Kakehi Akikazu , Ito Suketaka , Ohizumi Tsuyoshi , Ito Masayoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Alkaline treatment of 2-(aroylmethoxy)-3-(2,2-dicyanovinyl)indolizine derivatives, readily available from the step-by-step reactions of 1-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-2-picolinium salts with a base, (ethoxymethylene)malononitrile followed by some phenacyl bromides in ethanol, afforded smoothly the title compounds, 2-aroylfuro[2,3-b]indolizine derivatives, in good yields. These furoindolizines could be also obtained directly from the pyridinium salts without the isolation of intermediate 3-vinylindolizines. Formation mechanisms and some physical properties of these furoindolizines are also discussed.
Selective Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides by a Polymeric Reagent Electrochemically Generated and Recycled in Situ
Authors: Yoshida Jun-ichi , Sofuku Hiroshi , Kawabata Nariyoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A polymeric reagent electrochemically generated from crosslinked poly(4-vinylpyridine) hydrobromide was found to oxidize sulfides to give sulfoxides in high yields. The exhausted polymeric reagent was regenerated by continuous electrochemical oxidation in situ.
The Synthesis of Cyclohepta[4,5]pyrrolo[2,3-d]thiazoles
Authors: Fujimori Kunihide , Hirako Nobuhiro , Yamane Kameji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Cyclohepta[4,5]pyrrolo[2,3-d]thiazole and its amino derivatives were obtained in a few steps by starting with 2-amino-1-azaazulene.
Dimethyl and Diethyl 2-Oxo-1,3-propanedisulfonates as Practical Alkylating Reagents
Authors: Ogura Fumio , Yamaguchi Hachiro , Otsubo Tetsuo , Nakano Takao , Saito Takahiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The title sulfonates, easily accessible from acetone, were found to be effective and practical alkylating agents.
Stereochemistry and Properties of unsym-fac-, sym-fac- and mer- (Iminodiacetato)n(N-alkyliminodiacetato)2−nCobaltate(III)(n=0, 1, or 2) Complexes
Authors: Yasui Takaji , Kawaguchi Hiroshi , Koine Norio , Ama Tomoharu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Unsymmetrical-facial (u-fac) and symmetrical-facial (s-fac) isomers of a mixed-ligand type complex, [Co(ida)(Rida)]− (Rida denotes N-methyl- or N-ethyliminodiacetate dianion), were prepared and characterized on the basis of their absorption, circular dichroism, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectral data. The isomerization and racemization reactions of these isomers were investigated in basic aqueous solution and compared with those of the bis type complexes, [Co(ida)2]− and [Co(Rida)2]−. The time-course changes in the absorption spectra of [Co(ida)(Rida)]− and [Co(ida)2]− indicated that the mer isomer exists as a transient labile intermediate in the isomerization reaction of u-fac to s-fac.
Crystal and Molecular Structure of [11,13-Dimethyl-12-(p-methylbenzoyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraaza-10,12-cyclotridecadienato]nickel(II) Hexafluorophosphate
Authors: Matsumoto Naohide , Ohyoshi Akira 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The title complex prepared through an electrophilic substitution of (11,13-diemthyl-1,4,7,10-tetraaza-10,12-cyclotridecadienato)nickel(II) bromide with p-methylbenzoyl chloride was subjected to single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The analysis has revealed completion of the substitution reaction, pseudo C2 symmetry of the macrocyclic complex minus the substituent, and an essentially square planar coordination environment with slight tetrahedral distortion. The substituted p-methylbenzoyl group is tilted with respect to the least-squares plane of the conjugated six-membered chelate ring, where the dihedral angle between them is 69.2°.
The Reaction of cyclo-Triphosphate with Ethylenediamine
Authors: Tsuhako Mitsutomo , Nakahama Akiko , Ohashi Shigeru , Nariai Hiroyuki , Motooka Itaru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reaction of sodium cyclo-triphosphate (P3m) with ethylenediamine (en) was studied with special attention paid to the kinds and amounts of products under various conditions and to its reaction mechanism. 1) The reaction of P3m with ethylenediamine in the pH range of 8–12 gave six new compounds; three of them were identified as N,N-bis(2-aminoethyl)phosphorodiamidate (P1-en2), N-(2-aminoethyl)amidodiphosphate (P2-en), and N-(2-aminoethyl)-P-amidotriphosphate (P3-en). 2) The formation of P3-en and P2-en was most favored at a pH near 10(about 32 and 9% respectively), while that of P1-en2 proceeded extensively at pH 10–12(about 12%). 3) The amounts of products varied greatly depending on the mixing ratio of P3m and ethylenediamine. P1-en2 was the predominant product at en/P3m&gt;1, while P3-en was at en/P3m≤1. 4) At a pH value below 10, tetra(P4) and pentaphosphate (P5) were formed in addition to the above products. The reaction between P3m and ethylenediamine scarcely proceeded under acidic conditions. 5) Ortho-(P1), pyro-(P2), and triphosphate (P3) did not react with ethylenediamine at all. 6) The reaction mechanism between P3m and ethylenediamine was discussed.
Pyrolytic Sulfurization Gas Chromatography. XIV. Simultaneous Determination of the Absolute Contents of C, H, O, and N in an Organic Compound by Means of a Calibration Method
Authors: Hara Tadashi , Okui Fujio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The absolute content of C, H, O, and N in an organic compund including a metal organic chelate was satisfactorily determined on the basis of pyrolytic sulfurization gas chromatography. A 1.0–1.3 mg sample was weighed on a microbalance, and was subjected to pyrolytic sulfurization. The gases evolved by the reaction were estimated by gas-chromatography. By using both the analytical result of each product and its calibration factor previously obtained by analyzing cyanoguanidine, 8-quinolinol, and sucrose as standard samples, the absolute content of C, H, O, and N was calculated satisfactorily for each substance.
Determination of a Small Amount of Biological Constituent by Use of Chemiluminescence. I. The Flow-injection Analysis of Protein
Authors: Hara Tadashi , Toriyama Motohiro , Tsukagoshi Kazuhiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A new method in which luminol-hydrogen peroxide luminescent system is used has been proposed for the determination of the presence of protein. Since the catalytic activity of copper(II) for the chemiluminescent reaction between luminol and hydrogen peroxide decreased when copper(II) interacted with polypeptide linkage, this phenomenon was applied to the determination of protein. Determination of protein was carried out by a flow-injection method. The effects of reagent concentration, flow-rate, and reaction time on the analytical value were examined and the conditions for the determination of protein were established. Similar calibration curves were obtained for human serum albumin, bovine serum albumin, bovine serum α-globulin, and bovine serum γ-globulin. According to the present flow-injection method using chemiluminescent reaction, a small amount of protein could be conveniently and economically determined over a wide range of concentration, 7×10−4–7×10−2 g dm−3, with the detection limit of 0.2 μg and at the rate of about 30 samples per hour. The present method was applicable to the determination of protein in serum.
Magnetic Property and Crystal Structure of Alkoxo-bridged Bi- and Tetranuclear Copper(II) Complexes with Condensation Products of 3-Ethoxymethylene-2,4-pentanedione and Amino Alcohols
Authors: Matsumoto Naohide , Tsutsumi Toshihiro , Ohyoshi Akira , Okawa Hisashi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Alkoxo-bridged polynuclear copper(II) complexes with condensation products of 3-ethoxymethylene-2,4-pentanedione and each of three amino alcohols, 2-aminoethanol, 3-amino-1-propanol, and 1-amino-2-propanol, were prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, infrared spectra, electronic spectra, molecular weight measurements, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and crystal structure analysis, the complexes being abbreviated as Cu(L-2), Cu(L-3), and Cu(L-2m), respectively. Cu(L-3) is a dimer, but Cu(L-2m) and Cu(L-2) are tetramers. The magnetic susceptibility of violet Cu(L-3), whose electronic spectrum exhibits a d-d band maximum at 17.7×103 cm−1, is in conformity to the Bleaney-Bowers equation with exchange integral −2J=920 cm−1. Cu(L-3) consists of alkoxo-bridged centrosymmetric binuclear units, where the geometries around the copper ion and bridged oxygen atom are planar and the angle of Cu–O–Cu is 103.6(1)°. The magnetisms of blue complexes Cu(L-2) and Cu(L-2m) exhibiting a d-d band maximum at 15.7×103 cm−1 obey the Curie Weiss law with positive Weiss constants 17 and 20 K, respectively, and are in accord with the Heisenberg model based on a tetranuclear cubane-like structure.
Photoinduced Alcoholysis of α,α,α-Tribromoacetophenone to Benzoylformate
Authors: Izawa Yasuji , Ishiguro Katsuhiro , Tomioka Hideo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Irradiation of p-substituted α,α,α-tribromoacetophenones (1) in O2-saturated alcohols (MeOH, prim. and sec. alcohols) afforded a new alcoholysis product, benzoylformate (2), in good yield (75–85%) along with benzoate and radical (reduction) products. Sensitization experiments showed that 2 was derived from the triplet excited 1. Formation of 2 as well as the decomposition rate of 1 were greatly accelerated by oxygen, presumably as a result of the involvement of the normally forbidden S0→T1 transition of 1 due to the oxygen-1 charge transfer complex. Independent synthesis and reaction of possible intermediates in the photoalcoholysis of 1 leading to 2 suggested that 2 was formed from spontaneous (dark) reactions of initial photoalcoholysis product, α,α-dibromo-α-alkoxyacetophenone.
Preparation and Characterization of Poly(thienylene)s
Authors: Yamamoto Takakazu , Sanechika Ken-ichi , Yamamoto Akio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Nickel compounds (NiCl2 and NiCl2(2,2′-bipyridine)) catalyze polycondensation of dihalothiophenes (2,5-dihalothiophenes, 2,4-dibromothiophene, and 3-methyl-2,5-dibromothiophene) by dehalogenation with magnesium to give the corresponding poly(thienylene) type polymers (poly(2,5-thienylene), poly(2,4-thienylene), and poly(3-methyl-2,5-thienylene)). Copolymerization of 2,5-dibromothiophene and 2,4-dibromothiophene affords copolymers formulated as (\llap–2,5-C4H2S) \llap–m(\llap–2,4-C4H2S) \llap–n. About 15 wt% of poly(2,5-thienylene) prepared in THF at 66 °C is soluble in CHCl3 at room temperature and the CHCl3-soluble fraction has a molecular weight of 1370. The remaining fraction is considered to have a higher molecular weight as judged from its physical properties. IR and 1H-NMR spectra of the polymers are consistent with the structures described above. The electronic spectra of poly(2,5-thienylene) and poly(3-methyl-2,5-thienylene) show large bathochromic shifts of the π-π* absorption bands from those of thiophene and 3-methylthiophene, respectively, indicating that π-electrons in these polymers are extensively delocalized along the polymer chains. In contrast to the electronic spectra of these polymers, that of poly(2,4-thienylene) shows only a minor shift of the π-π* absorption band from that of thiophene reflecting the less extensive π-electron delocalization along the polymer chain in the poly(2,4-thienylene). All the polymers are nonsensitive to air and have high thermal stabilities.
Formation of Adducts of Poly(thienylene)s with Electron Acceptors and Electric Conductivities of the Adducts
Authors: Yamamoto Takakazu , Sanechika Ken-ichi , Yamamoto Akio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Affinities of poly(thienylene) type polymers toward electron acceptors (iodine and SO3) and electric conductivities of the polymer–electron acceptor adducts have been investigated. π-Conjugated poly(2,5-thienylene) has a high affinity toward iodine to absorb 60 wt% of iodine per the polymer. Poly(3-methyl-2,5-thienylene) has a higher affinity toward iodine and absorbs 136 wt% of iodine per the polymer. In the case of copolymer composed of 2,5- and 2,4-thienylene units the affinity against iodine increases with increase in the proportion of the 2,5-thienylene unit in the copolymer. The poly(2,5-thienylene)–iodine and poly(3-methyl-2,5-thienylene)–iodine adducts show electric conductivities of 5×10−2 S cm−1 and 4×10−1 S cm−1, respectively, at room temperature. The activation energies of the electric conduction are 10 kJ/mol and 7.6 kJ/mol for the poly(2,5-thienylene)–iodine adduct (wt% of iodine=60) and poly(3-methyl-2,5-thienylene)–iodine adduct (wt% of iodine=136), respectively. The electric conductivity of the copolymer–iodine adduct sharply decreases on introduction of the 2,4-thienylene unit into the copolymer. The electric conductivity of the iodine adduct of the copolymer containing only 6% of 2,4-thienylene unit drops to ca. 1/100 of that of the iodine adduct of pure poly(2,5-thienylene). The activation energy of the electric conduction of the polymer-iodine adducts decreases with increase in the content of the 2,5-thienylene unit as well as with the increase in the amount of iodine absorbed. Every poly(thienylene) type polymer has a high affinity toward SO3, a stronger electron acceptor than iodine, to absorb about 70 wt% of SO3 per the polymer. The SO3–polymer adducts have electric conductivities of ca. 10−4 S cm−1.
Studies on the β-Turn of Peptides. II. Syntheses and Conformational Properties of N-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)tetrapeptide p-Nitroanilides Related to the β-Turn Part of Gramicidin S
Authors: Sato Kazuki , Kawai Masao , Nagai Ukon 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
N-(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)tetrapeptide p-nitroanilides related to the β-turn part of gramicidin S were synthesized and subjected to CD measurements. The β-turn preference of the tetrapeptide derivatives had correlation with the antibiotic activities of the gramicidin S analogs containing similar tetrapeptide sequences at their β-turn part. So, conformational preference of partial sequences of gramicidin S analogs seem to play a significant role for determining their biological activities.
The Mode of Stereoselective Association between Complex Cation and Complex Anion
Authors: Sakaguchi Ushio , Yamamoto Ippei , Izumoto Shinji , Yoneda Hayami 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Ion-exchange chromatography on the IEX 220 anion-exchange resin has been used to measure the retention volumes of enantiomers of several complex anions when eluted by an aqueous solution of Δ-[Co(en)3]3+, Δ-[Co(sep)]3+, or Δ-[Co{(−)-chxn}3]3+, where en=ethylenediamine, sep=1,3,6,8,10,13,16,19-octaazabicyclo[6.6.6]eicosane, and chxn=trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine. Comparison of these retention volumes suggests that chiral recognition in solution is effected along the C2 axis of [Co(en)3]3+, [Co(mal)2(en)]−, and [Co(ox)2-(en)]−, and along the C3 (or pseudo C3) axis of [Co(chxn)3]3+, [Co(edta)]−, [Co(tdta)]−, [Co(ox)2(gly)]2−, [Cr(mal)3]3−, and fac-[Co(β-ala)3], where mal=malonate, ox=oxalate, edta=ethylenediaminetetraacetate, tdta=1,4-butanediaminetetraacetate, gly=glycinate, and ala=alaninate. The mode of stereoselective association of these complex ions has been proposed.
The Catalytic Isomerization of Butenes over a Sulfuric Acid–Graphite Intercalation Compound
Authors: Tsuchiya Susumu , Hara Masao , Imamura Hayao 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The relative rate constants and the activation energies of the isomerization of butenes over sulfuric acid–graphite intercalation compound have been measured. cis-2-Butene is more reactive than 1-butene. The reaction profile shown on the triangular graph is of the trans-convex type.