bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Hot Water Extraction on Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Oriented Strand Board (OSB) Wood Flakes
Authors: Sattler Clinton , Labbé Nicole , Harper David , Elder Thomas , Rials Timothy 
Published: July 2008

AbstractResearch has already shown that extraction of valuable hemicellulose‐rich streams is a viable option for revenue generation in the pulp and paper industries. Applying this value prior to pulping concept to the composite panel industry is a natural extension. If an extraction of hemicellulose is accomplished under the right conditions, a non‐trivial amount of chemicals can be generated while leaving the woody substrate structurally intact for production to traditional products, such as oriented strand board (OSB). This research studied the effects of hemicellulose removal by hot water extraction on softwood OSB wood flakes and focused on changes that occurred in the physical and chemical properties of the wood flakes and liquid hydrolysates during extraction. Three reaction temperatures (120, 140, 160°C) and three isothermal hold times (20, 40, 60 min) were investigated. Results indicated that the extraction of hemicellulose in quantifiable levels begins at 120°C and 40 min and cellulose extraction begins at 140°C, 40 min. The level of extraction of lignocellulosic materials, the decrease of wood flake thickness, and the acidity of the recovered hydrolysates all increase with increases in extraction severity. The most promising results in regards to industrial implementation of hemicellulose extraction occur at a temperature of 140°C.
Tutorial on analytic theory for cross‐polarization in solid state NMR
Authors: Rovnyak David 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis tutorial aims to be a self‐contained and explicit analysis of the basic cross polarization (CP) solid‐state NMR experiment (SSNMR) in the isolated spin‐pair approximation using standard quantum mechanical arguments. The general result of obtaining coherence transfer between two dipolar coupled spin‐active nuclei while applying radio frequency fields to both nuclei is described, with emphasis on the origin of the well known Hartmann‐Hahn matching conditions. No new theory is presented; rather several common analytical methods in SSNMR are demonstrated in the context of cross‐polarization under static and magic‐angle spinning (MAS) conditions. A background in NMR and quantum mechanics is assumed, however this work attempts to minimize the need for excursions into the literature. This article was written to aid a reader in advancing into more detailed descriptions of CP and dipolar recoupling in general. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 32A: 254–276, 2008.
Molecular oxygen as a paramagnetic NMR probe of protein solvent exposure and topology
Authors: Bezsonova Irina , Forman‐Kay Julie , Prosser R. Scott 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis review focuses on the applications of dissolved oxygen in NMR studies of protein topology. A brief discussion is given to explain the origin of O2‐induced paramagnetic shifts and relaxation rate enhancements, which are seen for a variety of nuclei of biological interest—in particular 13C, 19F, and 1H. We also give examples of applications of paramagnetic effects from dissolved O2, which include studies of solvent exposure, hydrophobicity, transient contacts or local clustering in intrinsically disordered proteins, immersion depth in membranous systems, and topology of membrane proteins. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 32A: 239–253, 2008.
Combining a symptoms index with CA 125 to improve detection of ovarian cancer
Authors: Andersen M. Robyn , Goff Barbara A. , Lowe Kimberly A. , Scholler Nathalie , Bergan Lindsay , Dresher Charles W. , Paley Pamela , Urban Nicole 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.The current study sought to examine whether an index based on the specific pattern of symptoms commonly reported by women with ovarian cancer could be used in combination with CA 125 to improve the sensitivity or specificity of experimental methods of screening for ovarian cancer.METHODS.A prospective case‐control study design was used. Participants included 254 healthy women at high risk for disease because of family history, and 75 women with ovarian cancer. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine whether the symptom index predicted cancer.RESULTS.Symptom index information was found to make a significant independent contribution to the prediction of ovarian cancer after controlling for CA 125 levels (P<.05). The combination of CA 125 and the symptom index identified 89.3% of the women with cancer, 80.6% of the early‒stage cancers, and 95.1% of the late‐stage cancers. The symptom index identified cancer in 50% of the affected women who did not have elevated CA 125 levels. Unfortunately, 11.8% of the high‐risk women without cancer also received a positive symptom index score.CONCLUSIONS.The addition of a symptom index to CA 125 created a composite index with a greater sensitivity for the detection of ovarian cancer than CA 125 alone and identified >80% of women with early‐stage disease. A composite marker such as this could serve as a first screen in a multistep screening program in which false‐positive findings are identified via transvaginal sonography before referral for surgery, leading to an adequate positive predictive value for the multistep program. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Temozolomide for recurrent low‐grade spinal cord gliomas in adults
Authors: Chamberlain Marc C. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.There is no standard therapy for surgery‐ and radiotherapy‐resistant, recurrent, low‐grade spinal cord gliomas. Therefore, a retrospective study of temozolomide (TMZ) in adults with recurrent low‐grade spinal cord gliomas with a primary objective of determining progression‐free survival (PFS) was performed.METHODS.Twenty‐two patients (11 men and 11 women) aged 20 years to 55 years (median, 35 years) with recurrent spinal cord gliomas (World Health Organization grade 2 astrocytoma in 19 patients and oligoastrocytoma in 3 patients) were treated. All had previously been treated with surgery and involved‐field radiotherapy. Thirteen patients underwent repeat surgery. All patients were chemotherapy–naive. TMZ was administered at a dose of 150‐200 mg/m2/day for 5 consecutive days every 4 weeks (operationally defined as a single cycle). Neurologic and neuroradiographic evaluations were performed every 8 weeks.RESULTS.All patients were evaluable for toxicity and response. A total of 266 cycles of TMZ (median, 14 cycles; range, 2 cycles‐24 cycles) was administered. TMZ‐related toxicity included constipation (9 patients, 1 with grade 3), lymphopenia (9 patients, 1 with grade 3), fatigue (7 patients, 1 with grade 3), neutropenia (6 patients, 2 with grade 3), and thrombocytopenia (6 patients, 2 with grade 3). Four (18%) patients demonstrated a partial radiographic response, 12 (55%) demonstrated stable disease, and 6 (27%) had progressive disease after 2 cycles of TMZ. Time to tumor progression ranged from 2 months to 28 months (median, 14.5 months). Survival ranged from 4 months to 39 months (median, 23 months). PFS at 6 months, 12 months, 18 months, and 24 months was 64%, 64%, 41%, and 27%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS.TMZ demonstrated modest efficacy with acceptable toxicity in this cohort of adult patients with recurrent low‐grade spinal cord gliomas. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Increased expression of transketolase‐like‐1 in papillary thyroid carcinomas smaller than 1.5 cm in diameter is associated with lymph‐node metastases
Authors: Zerilli Monica , Amato Marco C. , Martorana Anna , Cabibi Daniela , Coy Johannes F. , Cappello Francesco , Pompei Giancarlo , Russo Antonio , Giordano Carla , Rodolico Vito 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.Patients with small papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) may have a high incidence of regional lymph‐node (LN) metastases at presentation, and these are considered to be an independent risk factor for tumor recurrence. A mutated transketolase transcript (TKTL1) has been found up‐regulated in different human malignancies, and strong TKTL1 protein expression has been associated with aggressiveness and poor patient survival in several epithelial cancers.METHODS.TKTL1 protein expression was analyzed in 256 consecutive cases of PTCs ≤1.5 cm by immunohistochemistry with a specific anti‐TKTL1 antibody. RNA analysis was performed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in all cases for which frozen material was available, which resulted in 55 fragments of PTC.RESULTS.Increased levels of TKTL1 transcript were detected in 50 of 55 analyzed tumors compared with their corresponding normal tissues. Significant differences in TKTL1 transcript levels were found between cases of PTC with and without LN metastases. In primary tumors, immunoreactivity for TKTL1 was detected in the majority of cases, ranging from 0% to 95.0% (mean, 50.11% ± 27.75%). A significant association was found between TKTL1 protein expression and the presence of multifocality, bilaterality, extrathyroidal extension, vascular invasion, sclerosis, and LN metastases. In cases with LN metastases, a positive correlation was found between the TKTL1 protein expression in primary tumors and the number of metastatic LNs as well as the diameter of the largest metastatic area in LNs.CONCLUSIONS.These findings suggest that TKTL1 overexpression in PTC ≤1.5 cm may be considered a factor that facilitates tumor growth and progression. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
A dual system of intercellular calcium signaling in glial nets associated with lanceolate sensory endings in rat vibrissae
Authors: Takahashi‐Iwanaga Hiromi , Nio‐Kobayashi Junko , Habara Yoshiaki , Furuya Kishio 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe lanceolate sensory endings that form palisades around the hair follicle associate with networks of branched Schwann cells. To define the properties of these glial networks as possible conduits of Ca2+ signals, lanceolate endings isolated from rat vibrissae were observed by confocal microscopy while the signaling was locally activated by mechanical stimulation. Intercellular coupling by gap junctions was also assessed by a technique employing fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results showed that the glial Ca2+ signals can spread among the arrays of lanceolates in two forms: rapid signals that originate in individual Schwann processes covering the lanceolate axon terminals around the locus of mechanical stimulation, and delayed ones that travel from the stimulation locus through cytoplasmic arborization of the primarily activated cell to the adjacent cell processes. The former signaling was suppressed by the antipurinergic agents suramin and apyrase, whereas the latter was sensitive to the gap junction blocker carbenoxolon. FRAP experiments and TEM observations corroborated the presence of gap junction communications between the Schwann processes of different cell origins. These findings show that, in the Schwann networks, purinergically induced Ca2+ signals and those dependent on gap junctions are propagated in their own spatiotemporal patterns to constitute two distinct forms of communication among the mechanoreceptor palisades. J. Comp. Neurol. 510:68–78, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural examination of diffuse and specific tectopulvinar projections in the tree shrew
Authors: Chomsung Ranida D. , Petry Heywood M. , Bickford Martha E. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTwo pathways from the superior colliculus (SC) to the tree shrew pulvinar nucleus have been described, one in which the axons terminate in dense (or specific) patches and one in which the axon arbors are more diffusely organized (Luppino et al. [1988] J. Comp. Neurol. 273:67–86). As predicted by Lyon et al. ([2003] J. Comp. Neurol. 467:593–606), we found that anterograde labeling of the diffuse tectopulvinar pathway terminated in the acetylcholinesterase (AChE)‐rich dorsal pulvinar (Pd), whereas the specific pathway terminated in the AChE‐poor central pulvinar (Pc). Injections of retrograde tracers in Pd labeled non‐γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic wide‐field vertical cells located in the lower stratum griseum superficiale and stratum opticum of the medial SC, whereas injections in Pc labeled similar cells in more lateral regions. At the ultrastructural level, we found that tectopulvinar terminals in both Pd and Pc contact primarily non‐GABAergic dendrites. When present, however, synaptic contacts on GABAergic profiles were observed more frequently in Pc (31% of all contacts) compared with Pd (16%). Terminals stained for the type 2 vesicular glutamate transporter, a potential marker of tectopulvinar terminals, also contacted more GABAergic profiles in Pc (19%) compared with Pd (4%). These results provide strong evidence for the division of the tree shrew pulvinar into two distinct tectorecipient zones. The potential functions of these pathways are discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 510:24–46, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression and adhesion profiles of SynCAM molecules indicate distinct neuronal functions
Authors: Thomas Lisa A. , Akins Michael R. , Biederer Thomas 
Published: July 2008

AbstractCell‐cell interactions through adhesion molecules play key roles in the development of the nervous system. Synaptic cell adhesion molecules (SynCAMs) comprise a group of four immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily members that mediate adhesion and are prominently expressed in the brain. Although SynCAMs have been implicated in the differentiation of neurons, there has been no comprehensive analysis of their expression patterns. Here we examine the spatiotemporal expression patterns of SynCAMs by using reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and immunohistological techniques. SynCAMs 1–4 are widely expressed throughout the developing and adult central nervous system. They are prominently expressed in neurons throughout the brain and are present in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Investigation of different brain regions in the developing and mature mouse brain indicates that each SynCAM exhibits a distinct spatiotemporal expression pattern. This is observed in all regions analyzed and is particularly notable in the cerebellum, where SynCAMs display highly distinct expression in cerebellar granule and Purkinje cells. These unique expression profiles are complemented by specific heterophilic adhesion patterns of SynCAM family members, as shown by cell overlay experiments. Three prominent interactions are observed, mediated by the extracellular domains of SynCAMs 1/2, 2/4, and 3/4. These expression and adhesion profiles of SynCAMs together with their previously reported functions in synapse organization indicate that SynCAM proteins contribute importantly to the synaptic circuitry of the central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 510:47–67, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contralateral corticothalamic projections from MI whisker cortex: Potential route for modulating hemispheric interactions
Authors: Alloway Kevin D. , Olson Michelle L. , Smith Jared B. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractRat whisking behavior is characterized by high amounts of bilateral coordination in which whisker movements on both sides of the face are linked. To elucidate the neural substrate that might mediate this bilateral coordination, neuronal tracers were used to characterize the bilateral distribution of corticothalamic projections from primary motor (MI) cortex. Some rats received tracers in the MI whisker region, whereas others received tracers in the MI forepaw region. The MI whisker region projects bilaterally to the anteromedial (AM), ventromedial (VM), and ventrolateral (VL) nuclei, and to parts of the intralaminar nuclei. By contrast, the MI forepaw region sends virtually no projections to the contralateral thalamus. Consistent with these findings, bilateral injections of different tracers into the MI whisker region of each hemisphere produced tracer overlap on both sides of the thalamus. Furthermore, MI whisker projections to the contralateral thalamus terminate in close proximity to the thalamocortical neurons that project to the MI whisker region of that contralateral hemisphere. The terminal endings of the contralateral corticothalamic projections contain small synaptic varicosities and other features that resemble the modulator pathways described for other corticothalamic projection systems. In addition, tracer injections into AM, VM, and VL revealed dense clusters of labeled neurons in layer VI of the medial agranular (Agm) zone, which corresponds to the MI whisker region. These results suggest that projections from the MI whisker region to the contralateral thalamus may modulate the callosal interactions that are presumed to play a role in coordinating bilateral whisking behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 510:100–116, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronically increased ciliary neurotrophic factor and fibroblast growth factor‐2 expression after spinal contusion in rats
Authors: Tripathi Richa B. , McTigue Dana M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDemyelination and oligodendrocyte loss following spinal cord injury (SCI) are well documented. Recently, we showed oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) accumulation and robust oligodendrocyte genesis occurring along SCI lesion borders. We have since begun investigating potential mechanisms for this endogenous repair response. Here, we examined ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2) expression, because both factors alter progenitor proliferation and differentiation and are increased in several CNS disorders. We hypothesized that CNTF and FGF‐2 would increase after SCI, especially in regions of enhanced oligogenesis. First, CNTF protein was quantified using Western blots, which revealed that CNTF protein continually rose through 28 days post injury (dpi). Next, by using immunohistochemistry, we examined the spatiotemporal expression of CNTF in cross‐sections spanning the injury site. CNTF immunoreactivity was observed on astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in naïve and contused spinal cords. Significantly increased CNTF was detected in spared white and gray matter between 5 and 28 dpi compared with uninjured controls. By 28 dpi, CNTF expression was significantly higher along lesion borders compared with outlying spared tissue; a similar distribution of phosphorylated STAT3, a transcription factor up‐regulated by CNTF and to a lesser extent FGF‐2, was also detected. Because CNTF can potentiate FGF‐2 expression, we examined the distribution of FGF‐2+ cells. Significantly more FGF‐2+ cells were noted along lesion borders at 7 and 28 dpi. Thus, both CNTF and FGF‐2 are present in regions of elevated OPC proliferation and oligodendrocyte generation after SCI and therefore may play a role in injury‐induced gliogenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 510:129–144, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparative quantitative analysis of cytoarchitecture and minicolumnar organization in Broca's area in humans and great apes
Authors: Schenker Natalie M. , Buxhoeveden Daniel P. , Blackmon William L. , Amunts Katrin , Zilles Karl , Semendeferi Katerina 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBroca's area was identified in the inferior frontal gyrus of chimpanzee, bonobo, gorilla, and orangutan brains through direct cytoarchitectonic comparison with human brains. Across species, Broca's area comprises Brodmann's areas 44 and 45. We found that these areas exhibited similar cytoarchitectonic characteristics in all species examined. We analyzed the minicolumnar organization of cells in layer III of Broca's area in 11 human and 9 great ape specimens. A semiautomated method was used to analyze digitized images of histological sections stained for Nissl substance. Horizontal spacing distance and gray level index (GLI; or the area fraction occupied by cells) were quantified in all images. In contrast to area Tpt, the only cortical area for which comparative minicolumnar data have been published previously for humans and one of the great apes, we found no population‐level asymmetry, for either horizontal spacing distance or GLI. Only human females exhibited a leftward asymmetry in GLI. GLI was lower in humans than in great apes (P < 0.001), allowing more space for connectivity in layer III. In humans, horizontal spacing distance was greater than in great apes but smaller relative to brain size. J. Comp. Neurol. 510:117–128, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Participation of μ‐opioid, GABAB, and NK1 receptors of major pain control medullary areas in pathways targeting the rat spinal cord: Implications for descending modulation of nociceptive transmission
Authors: Pinto Marta , Sousa Marta , Lima Deolinda , Tavares Isaura 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSeveral brain areas modulate pain transmission through direct projections to the spinal cord. The descending modulation is exerted by neurotransmitters acting both at spinally projecting neurons and at interneurons that target the projection neurons. We analyzed the expression of μ‐opioid (MOR), γ‐aminobutyric acid GABAB, and NK1 receptors in spinally projecting neurons of major medullary pain control areas of the rat: rostroventromedial medulla (RVM), dorsal reticular nucleus (DRt), nucleus of the solitary tract, ventral reticular nucleus, and lateralmost part of the caudal ventrolateral medulla. The retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B (CTb) was injected into the spinal dorsal horn, and medullary sections were processed by double immunocytochemistry for CTb and each receptor. The RVM contained the majority of double‐labeled neurons followed by the DRt. In general, high percentages of MOR‐ and NK1‐expressing neurons were retrogradely labeled, whereas GABAB receptors were mainly expressed in neurons that were not labeled from the cord. The results suggest that MOR and NK1 receptors play an important role in direct and indirect control of descending modulation. The co‐localization of MOR and GABAB in DRt neurons also demonstrated by the present study suggests that the pronociceptive effects of this nucleus may be controlled by local opoidergic and GABAergic inhibition of the pronociception increased during chronic pain. J. Comp. Neurol. 510:175–187, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reversible Self‐Assembly of Carboxylated Peptide‐Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles Driven by Metal‐Ion Coordination
Authors: Si Satyabrata , Raula Manoj , Paira Tapas K. , Mandal Tarun K. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractCarboxylated peptide‐functionalized gold nanoparticles (peptide‐GNPs) self‐assemble into two‐ and three‐dimensional nanostructures in the presence of various heavy metal ions (i.e. Pb2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, and Zn2+) in aqueous solution. The assembly process is monitored by following the changes in the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band of gold nanoparticles in a UV/Vis spectrophotometer, which shows the development of a new SPR band in the higher‐wavelength region. The extent of assembly is dependent on the amount of metal ions present in the medium and also the time of assembly. TEM analysis clearly shows formation of two‐ and three‐dimensional nanostructures. The assembly process is completely reversible by addition of alkaline ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution. The driving force for the assembly of peptide‐GNPs is mainly metal ion/carboxylate coordination. The color and spectral changes due to this assembly can be used for detection of these heavy‐metal ions in solution.