bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marine Environment Survey Development and Execution for Offshore Oil &Gas Company Operations, Southern Arabian Gulf
Authors: Lorkin M. , Geutebruck E. , Herler J. , Kikinger R. , Stachowitsch M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Zakum Development Company (ZADCO) is one of the UAE's major oil and gas producing companies operating a concession area in the Southern Arabian Gulf offshore of Abu Dhabi. The operations include production from three offshore fields and support, processing and export facilities from two islands.
As part of ZADCO's ongoing environmental protection programs a marine environmental monitoring program was commissioned. The aim was to assess operational impacts on the marine community and identify negative impact sources so that mitigation measures could be implemented.
The shallow depths, extreme air temperatures, high evaporation rates and restricted water exchange of the Gulf with the Arabian Sea determine seawater characteristics in the area. The resulting offshore physical environment is sensitive, with a range of temperature and salinity extremes exceeding most other marine areas in the world.
Gauging the condition of the marine environment required detailed analyses of a full range of physical, chemical and biological parameters. The challenge is to compare the results from the undisturbed situation with potential changes due to industrial impacts, and more specifically to correlate the chemical data with the biological status of the ecosystem. This required a complex sampling program involving water and sediment chemistry, soft and hard bottom biology, fouling communities, and fish surveys.
The present study is a prime example of a multi-level partnership between the oil industry, consultant firms and universities to provide the best expert human resources for project support and to establish a solid foundation for the future large-scale and long-term monitoring of this marine ecosystem.
This paper gives an overview of the legislative requirements relating to environmental protection placed on ZADCO by UAE Federal Agencies and Company Shareholders. It explains the reasons why a comprehensive marine environmental survey was necessary and briefly details the planning and execution of the study, the types of chemical & biological investigations made, data analysis, and the resulting conclusions and recommendations.
Social guide within the framework of Colombian law for the oil and gas industry
Authors: Zapata Carmen Elena , Coupe Françoise , Vergara Daniel , Rincon Jeanneth Cecilia 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Oil and Gas Industry present significant social changes in local communities and environmental impact in ecosystems. The social guidelines are powerful tools to improve new relationships between industries, authorities and local communities, to establish appropriate rules to move from a culture of confrontation to a culture of dialogue, increasing levels of information, communication and participation, in the context of the Colombian Constitution and of the actual social and political conflict.
Working with Environmental Regulation - An Australian Experience
Authors: Heiden K. , Hinde C. , Lloyd C. , Taylor P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In Australia, like other parts of the world, pressure on sensitive marine ecosystems by land-based and marine users threaten its biodiversity. In recent years, the Australian Government has developed a policy and legislative framework that promotes sustainable industries and integrated environmental management. This framework includes rigorous environment-al assessment and approval processes.
The paper summarises the policy and regulatory framework applicable to environmental management by Australia's oil and gas industry. It outlines the government's approach to working with industry so that implementation of policy and regulations are effective and realistic. Industry has also re-cognised the importance of working closely with government and other stakeholders to streamline the regulatory require-ments that reinforce good conservation performance, assist compliance, enhance government and community under-standing of industry activities, and manage political pressures that can impact on industry activities.
Enhanced interaction between government, industry and community groups is already generating benefits. Apart from streamlining procedures, which benefits government and industry, productive relationships between industry and conser-vation groups on a range of environmental issues is also an ob-jective. The openness of discussions has fostered a number of initiatives, including sharing of research and a range of en-vironment projects funded by companies. Benefits to govern-ment include a mechanism for ‘policy reality checks’, improv-ed mechanisms for dealing with conflict and a better climate for industry development.
The paper also considers managing collaboration to protect objectivity, transparency and independence.
The Limitations of Increasing Environmental Legislation as a Means by which Positive Environmental Change can be Achieved
Authors: Kalpee T. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The failure of existing environmental legislation in Trinidad and Tobago to control environmental degradation is cause for serious concern as a new thrust towards the development of more legislative rules takes place under the Environmental Management Act 2000. These new regulations are being developed against a larger background of established industry, many of which are past their prime for large capital outflow for redesign. Since it is not the intention of the regulatory agencies to close industrial facilities, the rate of compliance will be based on the ability of the respective industries to make the required changes within budget restrictions. Thus it is expected that environmental improvement will be incremental and slow. There is, therefore, a need for a parallel process that will be to the benefit of all stakeholders. Regulatory incentives must be used to promote true environmental improvements in the shortest possible time, given the limitations that exist. Process improvement to meet or surpass environmental discharge standards should be tax deductible if completed within limited time frames. Since these improvements are normally designed to surpass environmental legislative standards, the need for continuous monitoring by regulatory agencies will be significantly reduced. Incentives for the implementation of environmental management systems would allow industry to set up systems which are audited by independent certification bodies rather than the regulatory agencies. Such incentives may be linked to reduced permit and reporting requirements that will undoubtedly lead significant environmental improvement in the shortest possible time.
Designing a Human Factors Investigation Tool to Improve the Quality of Incident Investigations
Authors: Gordon R. P. , Jeffries J. R. , Flin R. , Mearns K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Collecting information from incidents regarding their human and organisational causes is undertaken by the majority of oil industry related companies. However, many of the companies use various sets of human factors codes, which tend to be limited in quantity and depth. In an attempt to improve the investigation of the human factors causes of accidents, a Human Factors Investigation Tool (HFIT) was developed for the UK Health and Safety Executive and four oil exploration related companies (BP, Conoco, Schlumberger Oilfield Services and Texaco). HFIT collects four types of human factors information including (i) the observable errors occurring immediately prior to the incident, (ii) how the errors were recovered from in the case of near misses, (iii) the thought processes which lead to the action error and (iv) the underlying causes. This paper describes the development, the implementation and the evaluation of the investigation tool. It is anticipated that the tool will not only produce better quality human factors data, but also provide companies with guidance regarding effective remedial actions that could help to reduce the number of accidents in the future.
A Partnership for Health
Authors: O’Neill Patrick G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The PT Freeport McMoRan Indonesia Mine is one of the largest copper and gold mines in the world. It is located in one of the most remote places on the planet – in the mountains of central Irian Jaya in Indonesia underneath the Puncak Jaya mountain and the Carstensz Glaciers.
The over 16,000 people work for the mine. Providing a satisfactory standard of health care to this large number of workers and their dependents has been a major challenge. In addition, the economic activity stimulated by the Freeport operation has resulted in enormous population increase in the communities surrounding the mine. This population pressure has resulted in public health problems.
In October 1994, Freeport formed a partnership with International SOS to effectively manage the complex health problems facing the operation. This paper will describe the strategies employed by the Freeport/International SOS partnership to deal with these issues.
In the lowlands, malaria is the major problem and our control strategies of dealing with clinical malaria and entomology are world class. Tuberculosis, STD/HIV management programs, maternal and child health initiatives and primary care clinics are also special programs that will be described.
However, the population in these communities has grown from less than 1,000 indigenous people when the mine commenced operation 30 years ago to over 120,000 now and growth is continuing at over 16%. New strategies and partnerships have needed to be developed to provide appropriate and sustainable health care. Initially, in the absence of effective government infrastructure and partnership has been developed with the Catholic foundation, Yayasan Caritas to establish and run a community hospital in Timika in the lowlands. A similar community hospital is currently being build at Banti in the highlands. Recently the area has become a separate regency within the Indonesian Government.
Freeport McMoRan Mine and its partner International SOS are evolving from these tactical responses to the very complex health problems to develop a strategic health management approach. The challenge for the future is to develop a partnership with all the major stakeholders, in particular, the Indonesian Government Department of Health and other non-government organizations that will empower these groups with out developing excessive dependence to provide appropriate and sustainable heath care for their communities in the future.
Choosing Produced Water Treatment Technologies Based on Environmental Impact Reduction
Authors: Grini P. G. , Hjelsvold M. , Johnsen S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Reduced environmental impact should be the goal when choosing produced water treatment technologies. On the Norwegian sector the method used for quantifying this impact is the Environmental Impact Factor, EIF. This method is computerized in a tool that calculates the environmental impact from each of a number of chemical component groups that are present in produced water.
Reinjection of produced water is obviously an option that should be considered if the reservoir needs pressure support. This paper, however, describes four new treatment technologies aimed at produced water being released to sea. The technologies are suitable for different produced water compositions.
The four technologies described are the PECT-F (Performance enhancing coalescence technology) for enhanced removal of dispersed oil, the MPPE (Macro Porous Polymer Extraction) technology for removal of volatile aromatics, the CTour technology for the removal of heavy aromatics and alkylated phenols, and the Framopure C100 injection system for H2S scavenger.
The potential of these technologies has been illustrated by choosing typical produced water compositions where one of these technologies has a significant potential to reduce the environmental impact. Given an estimated efficiency of these technologies, the EIF is calculated before and after applying the technology to show the reduced environmental impact obtained.
The main conclusion is that knowledge is needed about which compounds contribute to the environmental impact of produced water before deciding which technology to use.
Results are also presented that correlate the content of dispersed oil and PAH (poly aromatic hydrocarbons).
A Study on Computer Simulation and Dispatch to Prevent Produced Water from Draining
Authors: Yulian Chang , Zhang Ruijie , Gao Sheng , Zhao Xuefeng , Miao Baolin 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In water supply system, produced water is treated at all levels and then delivered to corresponding water-injection stations where it is injected into the formation. The water supply system is a large fluid network, and different parts of it are correlated together, so the operations are very complicated. If there is a change in a operating conditions or a local station shut down, because of the power failure or inspection, the sewage dispatch will be difficult. The produced water will drain to cause environmental pollution.
The paper sets up the mathematical models for different hydraulic elements in the water supply system. A system simulation model is also set up according to the flow balance of the nodes. The delivery optimization mathematical models of the subsystems are set up, with the optimizing goal of minimizing power consumption. The processing capacity of sewage treatment stations, the transporting capacity and the complete recycling of produced water are taken as constraint conditions. The simulation and dispatch of the whole system can be done by corresponding the flow of the subsystems.
The technology of computer simulation and dispatch has been used in the water supply system in Sanan oilfield. The application shows that the technology can balance the pressure among the nodes, ensuring sewage system run with the prerequisite of power saving and all the produced water being recycled back to the formation. It provides a theoretical basis for the scientific management of oil production and water supply.
A Systematic and Quantified Means for Environmental Aspect Evaluation
Authors: Gidley J. K. , Huntman R. A. , Wedman M. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The identification and subsequent evaluation of environmental aspects and their potential impact is key to determining the framework and scope of a company's environmental management system. Although the importance is understood, there remains an absence of simple yet objective methods, resulting in evaluations that are too often subjective and fail to provide clear direction.
This paper describes an effective method of aspect / impact evaluation (described by an ISO 14001 Registrar as a "noteworthy effort") resulting in a means for prioritizing identified adverse environmental impacts. It incorporates work done by BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc. (BPXA) and includes a straightforward yet quantified approach, developed by a service company that successfully achieved ISO registration in that state. The approach is based on identifying and evaluating potential impacts in the absence of controls to determine which are significant, and then systematically factoring in the number and type of controls that are used to manage the risk. The output is a Risk Index for each aspect that can in turn be used to inform the setting or revision of objectives and targets for ongoing improvement. The procedure also has the further benefit of clarifying and targeting controls.
The paper defines the method and demonstrates a template that any organization struggling with this particular element of its environmental management system can use to determine, by the use of ranking, which aspects are significant and which are not, allowing them to focus on Juran's "vital few"1.
Raising the Common Denominator in Petroleum Development Partnerships – Looking for Light through West African Pipelines
Authors: Knowl Will , Kannan Vijayan 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Current trends in energy project partnering, and active engagement with issues of social and environmental management, come together distinctively in two pipeline projects in western Africa. The Chad-Cameroon Pipeline Project, now under construction, has been one of the most closely scrutinized energy projects ever. The planned West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP), to connect Nigerian fields with neighboring Benin, Ghana, and Togo, stands to benefit from the experience gained by all parties concerned with Chad-Cameroon. This paper briefly summarizes this experience, and assesses its relevance and current state of application to WAGP. The sequential, combined experience of these two projects are then considered in light of their implications for gas pipeline projects throughout the tropical developing world.
Biodiversity as a Business Decision-Making Driver
Authors: Sykes Richard 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Biodiversity – life on earth – is under threat and covered by international law. It is becoming an important business driver as energy companies seek to operate in increasingly remote and sensitive environments. Conservation NGOs expect companies to set policies, minimize their operational impact and make a positive contribution to biodiversity. Successful operations in sensitive areas require early consultation with key stakeholders and the incorporation of biodiversity into Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs). Operations in ‘protected’ areas remain contentious. Many such areas are protected by law, but categorization systems such as that devised by the World Conservation Union (IUCN) can be inconsistently applied by Governments. A holistic decision-making process on whether to operate in such areas, including a science-based approach (e.g. potential habitat and species loss) and other innovative solutions is currently under consideration by a group energy companies and conservation NGOs working together in the Energy and Biodiversity Initiative (EBI).
Mangrove Restoration by an Operating Company in the Niger Delta
Authors: Ainodion M. J. , Robnett C. R. , Ajose T. I. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Chevron Nigeria Limited (CNL) has embarked on a large-scale mangrove protection and restoration initiative in its operations in the Niger Delta mangrove swamps in Nigeria. Several restoration techniques are applied – natural recolonization, transplanting from local forests and planting collected propagules and seeds. Developing restoration protocols or procedures and testing these protocols on pilot scale precedes each technique. Establishing these restoration protocols assures success when applying these to large-scale restoration. The establishment of restoration procedures for four species of mangrove (Rhizophora racemosa, Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa and Avicenia germinans) started in July 1998 and was completed in April 2001. CNL is proceeding to carry out mangrove restoration starting in 2001. About 73 Ha is targeted. This involves applying hydrologic restoration followed by natural recolonization techniques in about 66 Ha, transplanting about 4 Ha of salvaged mangrove seedlings (30 – 60 cm) and salvaged saplings (1 m and 2 m) from a proposed development site and planting another 4 Ha by collecting seeds and propagules. Sites are identified using hyperspectral imageries acquired over CNL's onshore acreage, and targeted sites are along Abiteye – Escravos pipeline Right-of-Way (ROW), Dibi and Olero Creek field, among others in CNL's Oil Mining Lease (OML) -49.
The services of ChevronTexaco Energy Research and Technology Company (ERTC), Lewis Environmental Services (LES) and Environmental Resources Manager Limited (ERML) are employed to establish the procedures and carry out the program. The program collaborates with Nigerian Non Governmental Organizations, including the Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF), and the Nigerian Environmental Society (NES). Local community members are involved in the program and given some ownership. Direct and indirect protection of mangrove resources is also carried out at one development site by the establishment of a buffer strip of mangrove along the riverbank to replace the utilization of bulkheads to control erosion.
This paper discusses the procedures established and the large-scale restoration program embarked upon.
The QUEST for Zero Defects: Implementation of a Worldwide Database
Authors: Fosset Christian Marie 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
One of the main challenges faced by any company operating around the world is ensuring that proper correcting actions, from a hazard identification process to audit and inspection processes, are implemented promptly and tracked to closure, and that the knowledge is shared among the various operating units. This paper describes how a major oilfield service company is striving toward excellence in this area by implementing a worldwide Web-based Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) database named QUEST.
A key element is capturing all Quality Health, Safety and Environment (QHSE) events—near accidents and accidents, unsafe acts, employee suggestions, and remedial work plans associated with audits and inspections. The approach has been to develop a Web-based central application accessible directly by all employees.
Depending upon the risk, various levels of management, with the support of the QHSE organization, review all these events. Action items are created that clearly identify the responsibilities for the action, the priorities and the target dates for implementation. Employees responsible for the implementation are notified and reminded by e-mail messages. This process is the core of the QUEST for zero defects.
On many occasions, lessons learned from an event that happens in one part of the world have value for the rest of the organization. The real benefit of a Web-based system is the opportunity for any manager to subscribe, through push technology, to the system and to be alerted through e-mail. The managers can then assess if the actions are applicable to their environment and implement the related remedial work plan.
Another key element is ensuring that employees are competent for their job. The central database communicates with the Human Resources (HR) database, where qualification requirements are defined for all positions and for the employee's geographical location. Training schedules can be prepared by comparing the qualification requirements with the employee's actual qualifications.
This paper concludes that the central database has drastically reduced the need for QHSE reporting, while providing statistics for any part of the organization.