bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth Factors and Adipocytokines in Prepubertal Children Born Small for Gestational Age
Authors: Challa Anna S. , Evagelidou Eleni N. , Cholevas Vasilios I. , Kiortsis Dimitrios N. , Giapros Vasileios I. , Drougia Aikaterini A. , Andronikou Styliani K. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to test whether being born small for gestational age (SGA) has an impact on adiponectin and leptin levels and the IGF system in relation to insulin sensitivity, taking into consideration the severity of growth restriction.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, fasting glucose, fasting insulin (IF), the homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), IGF-1, free IGF-1, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1 and -3, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were evaluated in 57 children at age 4–10 years. Of these, 32 had been born appropriate size for gestational age (AGA) and 25 SGA (14 in the &lt;3rd percentile and 11 in the 3rd–10th percentile).

RESULTS
The SGA 3rd–10th percentile children were already insulin resistant at prepubertal age (IF 39.6 ± 16.8 vs. 27 ± 12 pmol/l, P &lt; 0.01, and HOMA-IR 1.4 ± 0.6 vs. 0.95 ± 0.42 in SGA vs. AGA children, P &lt; 0.05). Their IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 concentrations were significantly lower than those in AGA children (160.4 ± 66.2 vs. 207 ± 66.8 μg/l, P &lt; 0.05 and 2.3 ± 0.4 vs. 3.51 ± 1.21 mg/l in SGA vs. AGA children, P &lt; 0.01). The SGA &lt;3rd percentile children had higher adiponectin (15.6 ± 5.7 mg/l, P &lt; 0.05) and IGFBP-1 levels (113.5 ± 33.9 μg/l, P &lt; 0.05) than AGA children (11.3 ± 6.6 mg/l and 90.8 ± 24.2 μg/l, respectively) and lower IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 concentrations (162.6 ± 68.4 μg/l, P &lt; 0.05 and 2.4 ± 0.7 mg/l, P &lt; 0.01). They also had significantly lower waist circumference (P &lt; 0.05). Leptin levels did not differ among groups, but an inverse correlation with IGFBP-1 (r = −0.55, P &lt; 0.01) was found in the pooled SGA group.

CONCLUSIONS
Intrauterine growth restriction appears to affect the IGF axis at prepubertal age, and its severity plays a role in insulin sensitivity.
Influence of Adiponectin Gene Polymorphisms on Adiponectin Level and Insulin Resistance Index in Response to Dietary Intervention in Overweight-Obese Patients With Impaired Fasting Glucose or Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Chung Hye Kyung , Chae Jey Sook , Hyun Yae Jung , Paik Jean Kyung , Kim Ji Young , Jang Yangsoo , Kwon Hyuck Moon , Song Young Duk , Lee Hyun Chul , Lee Jong Ho 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of common adiponectin gene polymorphisms on dietary intervention-mediated changes in adiponectin levels and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) indexes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 363 subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes followed a dietary intervention (replacement of cooked refined rice with whole grains and an increase in vegetable intake) and regular walking for 12 weeks without any medication. Adiponectin gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (45, 276, and −11377) were examined in these subjects.

RESULTS
After this dietary intervention, fasting glucose levels decreased in all three SNP 45T&gt;G genotype groups. Subjects with the SNP 45TT genotype showed increased adiponectin levels and decreased HOMA-IR indexes. Haplotype analysis revealed that homozygous carriers of the TG haplotype (45TT and 276GG) and heterozygous carriers of the TG haplotype (TG/X) showed a reduction in the HOMA-IR index after adjustment for baseline levels. Significant differences were observed in changes in HOMA-IR indexes and adiponectin concentrations according to the 45-276 TG haplotype in overweight-obese, but not in normal-weight subjects: the greatest decrease in HOMA-IR indexes and the greatest increase in adiponectin levels were shown in overweight-obese subjects with the TG/TG haplotype.

CONCLUSIONS
ADIPOQ genetic variants can affect circulating adiponectin levels and insulin resistance indexes in subjects with IFG or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in response to dietary intervention.
Antidiabetic Action of Bezafibrate in a Large Observational Database
Authors: Flory James H. , Ellenberg Susan , Szapary Philippe O. , Strom Brian L. , Hennessy Sean 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that bezafibrate, an approved fibrate, can prevent or delay type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a retrospective cohort study using data from routine medical practice in the U.K., as captured by the General Practice Research Database (GPRD). Individuals chronically exposed to bezafibrate were compared with individuals chronically exposed to other fibrates. Hazard ratios (HRs) for incident type 2 diabetes were calculated using a Cox proportional hazards model. A post hoc analysis was used to examine the effect of bezafibrate on progression to use of oral antidiabetic medications or insulin in individuals with diabetes at baseline.

RESULTS
Bezafibrate users had a lower hazard for incident diabetes than users of other fibrates (HR 0.66 [95% CI 0.53–0.81]). This effect became stronger with increasing duration of therapy. Post hoc analysis of the effect of bezafibrate on progression of preexisting diabetes also showed a lower hazard for progression to use of antidiabetic medication (0.54 [0.38–0.76]) or progression to use of insulin (0.78 [0.55–1.10]).

CONCLUSIONS
Bezafibrate appears to have clinically important antidiabetic properties. Randomized controlled trials should be considered to assess the utility of bezafibrate in treating patients with diabetes or in preventing diabetes in high-risk patients.
Misconceptions About Diabetes and Its Management Among Low-Income Minorities With Diabetes
Authors: Mann Devin M. , Ponieman Diego , Leventhal Howard , Halm Ethan A. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE
To determine diabetic patients' knowledge and beliefs about the disease and medications that could hinder optimal disease management.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A cross-sectional survey of 151 type 2 diabetic patients characterizing diabetes knowledge and beliefs about the disease and medications was conducted.

RESULTS
Mean diabetes duration was 13 years. Over half of the patients (56%) believed that normal glucose is ≤200 mg/dl, 54% reported being able to feel when blood glucose levels are high, 36% thought that they will not always have diabetes, 29% thought that their doctor will cure them of diabetes, one in four (23%) said there is no need to take diabetes medications when glucose levels are normal, and 12% believed they have diabetes only when glucose levels are high.

CONCLUSIONS
Diabetes knowledge and beliefs inconsistent with a chronic disease model of diabetes were prevalent in this sample. Suboptimal knowledge and beliefs are potentially modifiable and are logical targets for educational interventions to improve diabetes self-management.
Alanine Aminotransferase, γ-Glutamyltransferase, and Incident Diabetes
Authors: Fraser Abigail , Harris Ross , Sattar Naveed , Ebrahim Shah , Davey Smith George , Lawlor Debbie A. 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE
To estimate and compare associations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) with incident diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
ALT and GGT were studied as determinants of diabetes in the British Women's Heart and Health Study, a cohort of 4,286 women 60–79 years old (median follow-up 7.3 years). A systematic review and a meta-analysis of 21 prospective, population-based studies of ultrasonography, which diagnosed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), ALT, and GGT as determinants of diabetes, were conducted, and associations of ALT and GGT with diabetes were compared.

RESULTS
Ultrasonography-diagnosed NAFLD was associated with more than a doubling in the risk of incident diabetes (three studies). ALT and GGT both predicted diabetes. The fully adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for diabetes per increase in one unit of logged ALT was 1.83 (95% CI 1.57–2.14, I2 = 8%) and for GGT was 1.92 (1.66–2.21, I2 = 55%). To directly compare ALT and GGT as determinants of diabetes, the fully adjusted risk of diabetes in the top versus bottom fourth of the ALT and GGT distributions was estimated using data from studies that included results for both markers. For ALT, the HR was 2.02 (1.59–2.58, I2 = 27%), and for GGT the HR was 2.94 (1.98–3.88, I2 = 20%), suggesting that GGT may be a better predictor (P = 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
Findings are consistent with the role of liver fat in diabetes pathogenesis. GGT may be a better diabetes predictor than ALT, but additional studies with directly determined liver fat content, ALT, and GGT are needed to confirm this finding.
Subclinical Inflammation and Diabetic Polyneuropathy
Authors: Herder Christian , Lankisch Mark , Ziegler Dan , Rathmann Wolfgang , Koenig Wolfgang , Illig Thomas , Döring Angela , Thorand Barbara , Holle Rolf , Giani Guido , Martin Stephan , Meisinger Christa 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE
Subclinical inflammation represents a risk factor of type 2 diabetes and several diabetes complications, but data on diabetic neuropathies are scarce. Therefore, we investigated whether circulating concentrations of acute-phase proteins, cytokines, and chemokines differ among diabetic patients with or without diabetic polyneuropathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We measured 10 markers of subclinical inflammation in 227 type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic polyneuropathy who participated in the population-based MONICA/KORA Survey F3 (2004–2005; Augsburg, Germany). Diabetic polyneuropathy was diagnosed using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI).

RESULTS
After adjustment for multiple confounders, high levels of C-reactive protein and interleukin (IL)-6 were most consistently associated with diabetic polyneuropathy, high MNSI score, and specific neuropathic deficits, whereas some inverse associations were seen for IL-18.

CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that subclinical inflammation is associated with diabetic polyneuropathy and neuropathic impairments. This association appears rather specific because only certain immune mediators and impairments are involved.
Impaired Mitochondrial Function and Insulin Resistance of Skeletal Muscle in Mitochondrial Diabetes
Authors: Szendroedi Julia , Schmid Albrecht Ingo , Meyerspeer Martin , Cervin Camilla , Kacerovsky Michaela , Smekal Gerhard , Gräser-Lang Sabine , Groop Leif , Roden Michael 
Published: January 2009

OBJECTIVE
Impaired muscular mitochondrial function is related to common insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Mitochondrial diseases frequently lead to diabetes, which is mostly attributed to defective β-cell mitochondria and secretion.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We assessed muscular mitochondrial function and lipid deposition in liver (hepatocellular lipids [HCLs]) and muscle (intramyocellular lipids [IMCLs]) using 31P/1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy and insulin sensitivity and endogenous glucose production (EGP) using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps combined with isotopic tracer dilution in one female patient suffering from MELAS (myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes) syndrome and in six control subjects.

RESULTS
The MELAS patient showed impaired insulin sensitivity (4.3 vs. 8.6 ± 0.5 mg · kg−1 · min−1) and suppression of EGP (69 vs. 94 ± 1%), and her baseline and insulin-stimulated ATP synthesis were reduced (7.3 and 8.9 vs. 10.6 ± 1.0 and 12.8 ± 1.3 μmol · l−1 · min−1) compared with those of the control subjects. HCLs and IMCLs were comparable between the MELAS patient and control subjects.

CONCLUSIONS
Impairment of muscle mitochondrial fitness promotes insulin resistance and could thereby contribute to the development of diabetes in some patients with the MELAS syndrome.
Photoresponsive Cyclodextrin‐Covered Nanocontainers and Their Sol‐Gel Transition Induced by Molecular Recognition
Authors: Park Chiyoung , Lee Kyuho , Kim Chulhee 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDrang nach draußen: Mit Cyclodextrinen (CDs) an photochemisch spaltbaren Linkern beschichtete mesoporöse Siliciumoxidnanopartikel entlassen eingeschlossene Spezies unter Bestrahlung und gehen einen Sol‐Gel‐Übergang ein, der durch molekulare Erkennung ausgelöst wird (siehe Bild). Unter UV‐Bestrahlung werden Gastmoleküle aus den Poren freigesetzt, indem ein CD‐„Deckel“ entfernt wird, der über einen photochemisch spaltbaren o‐Nitrobenzylester auf der Oberfläche verankert war.magnified image
Crystallographic Observation of Dynamic Gas Adsorption Sites and Thermal Expansion in a Breathable Fluorous Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Yang Chi , Wang Xiaoping , Omary Mohammad A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAkkordeonspiel: Beim Abkühlen eines Einkristalls eines mikroporösen fluorigen metall‐organischen Gerüsts unter Umgebungsbedingungen tritt bei Gasadsorption ein starkes Atmen auf, und mehrere N2‐Moleküle werden in Kanäle und Käfige gefüllt (siehe Bild). Im Vakuum zeigt das Gerüst eine deutliche positive thermische Expansion, in Gegenwart von N2 unter Normaldruck dagegen tritt eine sehr große negative thermische Expansion auf.magnified image
Critical Enhancements of MRI Contrast and Hyperthermic Effects by Dopant‐Controlled Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Jang Jung‐tak , Nah Hyunsoo , Lee Jae‐Hyun , Moon Seung Ho , Kim Min Gyu , Cheon Jinwoo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEine Frage der Einstellung: Die Einführung einer Zn2+‐Dotierung in tetraedrischen Positionen ermöglicht das Einstellen des Magnetismus von Metallferritspinell‐Nanopartikeln (siehe Bild). (Zn0.4Mn0.6)Fe2O4‐Nanopartikel zeigen den bislang höchsten Magnetisierungswert für Metallferrit‐Nanopartikel. Diese hohe Magnetisierung ergibt einen besonders starken MRI‐Kontrast und ausgeprägte Hyperthermie‐Effekte im Vergleich zu üblichen Eisenoxid‐Nanopartikeln.magnified image
Erzeugung einer Molekülbibliothek mit außergewöhnlicher Gerüstdiversität
Authors: Galloway Warren R. J. D. , Diáz‐Gavilán Mónica , Isidro‐Llobet Albert , Spring David R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractVielfalt ist Trumpf: Die Synthese einer Bibliothek naturstoffähnlicher Moleküle mit bislang unerreichter Gerüstdiversität wurde kürzlich beschrieben. Die entwickelte Methode markiert einen wichtigen Fortschritt in der Synthesechemie zur schnellen Erzeugung von strukturell diversen und komplexen Molekülen.magnified image
Reactive Intermediates in Oxygenation Reactions with Mononuclear Nonheme Iron Catalysts
Authors: Yoon Jihae , Wilson Samuel A. , Jang Yu Kyeong , Seo Mi Sook , Nehru Kasi , Hedman Britt , Hodgson Keith O. , Bill Eckhard , Solomon Edward I. , Nam Wonwoo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn advanced intermediate: A nonheme iron(IV) oxo complex [FeIV(O)(bqen)(L)]n+ (bqen=N,N′‐dimethyl‐N,N′‐bis(8‐quinolyl)ethane‐1,2‐diamine, L=CH3CN or CF3SO3−) activates the CH bonds of alkanes and alcohols by a hydrogen‐atom abstraction mechanism. The catalytic oxidation of these species is proposed to occur through a nonheme iron(V) oxo species, with a high reactivity in oxidation reactions (see picture).magnified image
Crystallographic Observation of Dynamic Gas Adsorption Sites and Thermal Expansion in a Breathable Fluorous Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Yang Chi , Wang Xiaoping , Omary Mohammad A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPlaying accordion: Cooling a single crystal of a microporous fluorous metal–organic framework under ambient atmosphere leads to very large breathing upon gas adsorption, during which multiple N2 molecules are filled into channels and cages (see picture). While the framework exhibits remarkable positive thermal expansion under vacuum, a gigantic apparent negative thermal expansion takes place when the crystal is exposed to N2 at ambient pressure.magnified image
Dicationic Sulfur Analogues of N‐Heterocyclic Silylenes and Phosphenium Cations
Authors: Martin Caleb D. , Jennings Michael C. , Ferguson Michael J. , Ragogna Paul J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDABling with sulfur: Sulfur(II) dications can be prepared using α‐diimines to stabilize the positive charge (see scheme; DAB=diazabutadiene, Dipp=2,6‐diisopropylphenyl, OTf=CF3SO3). The bonding is best described as that of a N,N‐chelated sulfur(II) dication; these species represent the first sulfur‐based structural mimics of N‐heterocyclic silylene compounds and phosphenium cations.magnified image
Identification of microdeletions in candidate genes for cleft lip and/or palate
Authors: Shi Min , Mostowska Adrianna , Jugessur Astanand , Johnson Marla K. , Mansilla Maria Adela , Christensen Kaare , Lie Rolv T. , Wilcox Allen J. , Murray Jeffrey C. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Genome‐wide association studies are now used routinely to identify genes implicated in complex traits. The panels used for such analyses can detect single nucleotide polymorphisms and copy number variants, both of which may help to identify small deleted regions of the genome that may contribute to a particular disease. METHODS: We performed a candidate gene analysis involving 1,221 SNPs in 333 candidate genes for orofacial clefting, using 2,823 samples from 725 two‐ and three‐generation families with a proband having cleft lip with or without cleft palate. We used SNP genotyping, DNA sequencing, high‐resolution DNA microarray analysis, and long‐range PCR to confirm and characterize the deletion events. RESULTS: This dataset had a high duplicate reproducibility rate (99.98%), high Mendelian consistency rate (99.93%), and low missing data rate (0.55%), which provided a powerful opportunity for deletion detection. Apparent Mendelian inconsistencies between parents and children suggested deletion events in 15 individuals in 11 genomic regions. We confirmed deletions involving CYP1B1, FGF10, SP8, SUMO1, TBX1, TFAP2A, and UGT7A1, including both de novo and familial cases. Deletions of SUMO1, TBX1, and TFAP2A are likely to be etiologic. CONCLUSIONS: These deletions suggest the potential roles of genes or regulatory elements contained within deleted regions in the etiology of clefting. Our analysis took advantage of genotypes from a candidate‐gene‐based SNP survey and proved to be an efficient analytical approach to interrogate genes potentially involved in clefting. This can serve as a model to find genes playing a role in complex traits in general. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of the Val57 amino‐acid residue in the hinge loop of the human cystatin C. Conformational studies of the beta2‐L1‐beta3 segments of wild‐type human cystatin C and its mutants
Authors: Rodziewicz‐Motowidło Sylwia , Iwaszkiewicz Justyna , Sosnowska Renata , Czaplewska Paulina , Sobolewski Emil , Szymańska Aneta , Stachowiak Krystyna , Liwo Adam 
Published: January 2009

AbstractHuman cystatin C (HCC) is one of the amyloidogenic proteins to be shown to oligomerize via a three‐dimensional domain swapping mechanism. This process precedes the formation of a stable dimer and proceeds particularly easily in the case of the L68Q mutant. According to the proposed mechanism, dimerization of the HCC precedes conformational changes within the β2 and β3 strands. In this article, we present conformational studies, using circular dichroism and MD methods, of the β2‐L1‐β3 (His43‐Thr72) fragment of the HCC involved in HCC dimer formation. We also carried out studies of the β2‐L1‐β3 peptide, in which the Val57 residue was replaced by residues promoting β‐turn structure formation (Asp, Asn, or Pro). The present study established that point mutation could modify the structure of the L1 loop in the β‐hairpin peptide. Our results showed that the L1 loop in the peptide excised from human cystatin C is broader than that in cystatin C. In the HCC protein, broadening of the L1 loop together with the unfavorable L68Q mutation in the hydrophobic pocket could be a force sufficient to cause the partial unfolding and then the opening of HCC or its L68Q mutant structure for further dimerization. We presume further that the Asp57 and Asn57 mutations in the L1 loop of HCC could stabilize the closed form of HCC, whereas the Pro57 mutation could lead to the opening of the HCC structure and then to dimer/oligomer formation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 373–383, 2009.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Cellulase adsorption and relationship to features of corn stover solids produced by leading pretreatments
Authors: Kumar Rajeev , Wyman Charles E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAlthough essential to enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass to sugars for fermentation to ethanol or other products, enzyme adsorption and its relationship to substrate features has received limited attention, and little data and insight have been developed on cellulase adsorption for promising pretreatment options, with almost no data available to facilitate comparisons. Therefore, adsorption of cellulase on Avicel, and of cellulase and xylanase on corn stover solids resulting from ammonia fiber expansion (AFEX), ammonia recycled percolation (ARP), controlled pH, dilute acid, lime, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) pretreatments were measured at 4°C. Langmuir adsorption parameters were then estimated by non‐linear regression using Polymath software, and cellulase accessibility to cellulose was estimated based on adsorption data for pretreated solids and lignin left after carbohydrate digestion. To determine the impact of delignification and deacetylation on cellulose accessibility, purified CBHI (Cel7A) adsorption at 4°C and hydrolysis with whole cellulase were followed for untreated (UT) corn stover. In all cases, cellulase attained equilibrium in less than 2 h, and upon dilution, solids pretreated by controlled pH technology showed the greatest desorption followed by solids from dilute acid and SO2pretreatments. Surprisingly, the lowest desorption was measured for Avicel glucan followed by solids from AFEX pretreatment. The higher cellulose accessibility for AFEX and lime pretreated solids could account for the good digestion reported in the literature for these approaches. Lime pretreated solids had the greatest xylanase capacity and AFEX solids the least, showing pretreatment pH did not seem to be controlling. The 24 h glucan hydrolysis rate data had a strong relationship to cellulase adsorption capacities, while 24 h xylan hydrolysis rate data showed no relationship to xylanase adsorption capacities. Furthermore, delignification greatly enhanced enzyme effectiveness but had a limited effect on cellulose accessibility. And because delignification enhanced release of xylose more than glucose, it appears that lignin did not directly control cellulose accessibility but restricted xylan accessibility which in turn controlled access to cellulose. Reducing the acetyl content in corn stover solids significantly improved both cellulose accessibility and enzyme effectiveness. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 252–267. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.