bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dose‐independent pharmacokinetics of ondansetron in rats: contribution of hepatic and intestinal first‐pass effects to low bioavailability
Authors: Yang Si H. , Lee Myung G. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe pharmacokinetic parameters of ondansetron were evaluated after its intravenous (at doses of 1, 4, 8 and 20 mg/kg) and oral (4, 8 and 20 mg/kg) administration to rats. The gastric, intestinal and hepatic first‐pass effects of ondansetron were also evaluated after its intravenous, oral, intraportal, intragastric and intraduodenal administration at a dose of 8 mg/kg to rats. After intravenous and oral administration of ondansetron, the drug exhibits dose‐independent pharmacokinetics in rats. After oral administration of ondansetron at a dose of 8 mg/kg, the unabsorbed fraction was 0.0158 of the dose, the extent of absolute oral bioavailability (F) value was 0.0407, and the hepatic and intestinal first‐pass effects were 40.0% and 34.2% of the oral dose, respectively. The lowFof ondansetron in rats was mainly due to considerable hepatic and intestinal first‐pass effects. The lowerFof ondansetron in rats (4.07%) than that in humans (62 ± 15%) was mainly due to greater hepatic metabolism of the drug in rats. Ondansetron was stable in the rat gastric juices and various buffer solutions having pHs ranging from 1 to 13. The equilibrium plasma‐to‐blood cells partition ratio of ondansetron was 1.74–5.31. Protein binding of ondansetron to fresh rat plasma was 53.2%. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Agent‐based human behavior modeling for crowd simulation
Authors: Luo Linbo , Zhou Suiping , Cai Wentong , Low Malcolm Yoke Hean , Tian Feng , Wang Yongwei , Xiao Xian , Chen Dan 
Published: August 2008

AbstractHuman crowd is a fascinating social phenomenon in nature. This paper presents our work on designing behavior model for virtual humans in a crowd simulation under normal‐life and emergency situations. Our model adopts an agent‐based approach and employs a layered framework to reflect the natural pattern of human‐like decision making process, which generally involves a person's awareness of the situation and consequent changes on the internal attributes. The social group and crowd‐related behaviors are modeled according to the findings and theories observed from social psychology (e.g., social attachment theory). By integrating our model into an agent execution process, each individual agent can response differently to the perceived environment and make realistic behavioral decisions based on various physiological, emotional, and social group attributes. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our model, a case study has been conducted, which shows that realistic human behaviors can be generated at both individual and group level. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adding variation to path planning
Authors: Karamouzas Ioannis , Overmars Mark H. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPath planning in computer games, whether these are serious or entertainment games, plays an important role in the immersion of a player. Recently, the concept of path planning inside corridors has been introduced and a novel approach under the name Corridor Map Method (CMM) has been proposed. In this paper, we extend the original CMM by creating alternative paths that a character can follow within a corridor. This not only presents a more challenging and less predictable opponent for the player, but also enhances the realism of the gaming and/or training experience. We also discuss how variation in the speed of the animated characters can be integrated into our extended framework, leading to convincing characters that exhibit human like path planning. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Video completion and synthesis
Authors: Xiao Chunxia , Liu Shu , Fu Hongbo , Lin Chengchun , Song Chengfang , Huang Zhiyong , He Fazhi , Peng Qunsheng 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a new exemplar‐based framework for video completion, allowing aesthetically pleasing completion of large space‐time holes. We regard video completion as a discrete global optimization on a 3D graph embedded in the space‐time video volume. We introduce a new objective function which enforces global spatio‐temporal consistency among patches that fill the hole and surrounding it, in terms of both color similarity and motion similarity. The optimization is solved by a novel algorithm, calledweighted priority belief propagation(BP), which alleviates the problems of slow convergence and intolerable storage size when using the standard BP. This objective function can also handle video texture synthesis by extending an input video texture to a larger texture region. Experiments on a wide variety of video examples with complex dynamic scenes demonstrate the advantages of our method over existing techniques: salient structures and motion information are much better restored. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient lip‐synch tool for 3D cartoon animation
Authors: Kawamoto Shin‐ichi , Yotsukura Tatsuo , Anjyo Ken , Nakamura Satoshi 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe propose a set of algorithms to efficiently make speech animation for 3D cartoon characters. Our prototype system is based on blendshapes, a linear interpolation technique, which is widely used in facial animation practice. In our system, a few base target shapes of the character, prerecorded voice, and its transcription are required as input. We describe a simple technique that amplifies the target shapes from few inputs using a generic database of viseme mouth shapes. We also introduce additional lip‐synch editing parameters that allow designers to quickly tune the lip movements. Based on these, we implement our prototype system as a Maya plug‐in. The demonstration movies created with this system illustrate well the practicality of our approach. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Style subspaces for character animation
Authors: Liu Gengdai , Pan Zhigeng , Lin Zuoyan 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn this paper, we present a novel method for editing stylistic human motions. We represent styles as differences between stylistic and introduced neutral motions, including timing differences and spatial differences. Timing differences are defined as time alignment curves, while spatial differences are found by a machine learning technique: independent feature subspaces analysis, which is the combination of multidimensional independent component analysis and invariant feature subspaces. This technique is used to decompose two motions into several subspaces. One of these subspaces can be defined as style subspace that describes the style aspects of the stylistic motion. In order to find the style subspace, we compare norms of the projections of two motions on each subspace. Once the time alignment curves and style subspaces of several motion clips are obtained, animators can tune, transfer, and merge the style subspaces to synthesize new motion clips with various styles. Our method is easy to use since manual manipulations and large training data sets are not necessary. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perspective‐aware cartoon clips synthesis
Authors: Zhuang Yueting , Yu Jun , Xiao Jun , Chen Cheng 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn this paper we propose an approach, which allows the users to synthesize cartoon clips according to the perspective of the background image. In order to construct the cartoons smoothly, the character's edge distance and motion direction distance are demonstrated to be the factors affecting the human perception in similarity evaluation, and utilized in cartoon clips synthesis. When applying the generated cartoons to the background image, in which the perspective exists, the size of the character is coordinated according to the scaling factor calculated from the vanishing line. The experiment results demonstrate that our approach can synthesize the cartoon clips more smoothly compared with other single frame reusing strategies. The generated cartoons, which are applied to the background image, can be accepted by the human perception well. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing coherent groups
Authors: Silveira Renato , Prestes Edson , Nedel Luciana P. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe animation of groups of characters involves the generation of some interesting steering behaviors like following a single path, moving toward a common objective, and moving while keeping a formation. This paper presents a new approach to manage the movement of groups in dynamic environments using a simple and robust algorithm that includes a strategy to keep formations during the displacement of the group. Our method is based on a boundary value problem (BVP) involving Laplace's equation and has two layers. In the first one, agroup mapis built to allow for local control of each individual, while in the second one a path planning is performed for each group as a whole. Results show that our technique is robust to several situations and can be implemented on GPU, which results in real‐time performance for large groups. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactivity of Transition Metal–Phosphorus Triple Bonds towards Triply Bonded [{CpMo(CO)2}2]: Formation of Heteronuclear Cluster Compounds
Authors: Scheer Manfred , Himmel Daniel , Kuntz Christian , Zhan Shuzhong , Leiner Eva 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThermolysis of [Cp*P{W(CO)5}2] (1) in the presence of [{CpMo(CO)2}2] leads to the novel complexes [{(CO)2Cp*W}{CpMo(CO)2}(μ,η2:η1:η1‐P2{W(CO)5}2)] (6; Cp=η5‐C5H5, Cp*=η5‐C5Me5), [{(μ‐O)(CpMoWCp*)W(CO)4}{μ3‐PW(CO)5}2] (7), [{CpMo(CO)2}2{Cp*W(CO)2}{μ3‐PW(CO)5}] (8) and [{CpMo(CO)2}2{Cp*W(CO)2}(μ3‐P)] (9). The structural framework of the main products 8 and 9 can be described as a tetrahedral Mo2WP unit that is formed by a cyclisation reaction of [{CpMo(CO)2}2] with an [Cp*(CO)2WP→W(CO)5] intermediate containing a WP triple bond and subsequent metal–metal and metal–phosphorus bond formation. Photolysis of 1 in the presence of [{CpMo(CO)2}2] gives 8, 9 and phosphinidene complex [(μ3‐PW(CO)5){CpMo(CO)2W(CO)5}] (10), in which the P atom is in a nearly trigonal‐planar coordination environment formed by one {CpMo(CO)2} and two {W(CO)5} units. Comprehensive structural and spectroscopic data are given for the products. The reaction pathways are discussed for both activation procedures, and DFT calculations reveal the structures with minimum energy along the stepwise Cp* migration process under formation of the intermediate [Cp*(CO)2WP→W(CO)5].
[2]Borametallocenophanes of Group 4 Metals: Synthesis and Structure
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Gross Manuela , Hammond Kai , Friedrich Maria , Kraft Mario , Oechsner Andreas , Radacki Krzysztof , Stellwag Sascha 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe report a series of [2]borametallocenophanes of Ti, Zr, and Hf with various ligand systems. The ligands have been synthesized in high yields starting from 1,2‐dibromo‐1,2‐bis(dimethylamino)diborane(4) upon reaction with Na[C5H5] and Li[C13H9], respectively. All compounds were fully characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and, for selected examples, by X‐ray analysis.
High Stability of the Polyproline II Helix in Polypeptide Bottlebrushes
Authors: Zhang Afang , Guo Yifei 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPolymer bottlebrushes with monodisperse oligoproline side chains were efficiently synthesized, and the conformation of the peptide side chains in different solvents was investigated. Polymers with number‐average degrees of polymerization (DPn) of 89 and 366 were obtained by polymerization of the macromonomer in iPrOH/MeCN (1:1) and hexafluoroisopropanol, respectively. Circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the bottlebrush polymers in the neutral and charged states reveal that the oligoproline side chains attain stable polyproline II (PPII) helical conformations not only in aqueous solution, but also in aliphatic alcohol solutions. Dense attachment of oligopeptides onto a linear polymer chain did not lead to an increase in helix content. The possible effects of the main‐chain length on the conformational stability were examined. The switching between the polyproline I (PPI) and PPII helical conformations for the oligoproline side chains in aliphatic alcohol solutions is believed to be inhibited by the overcrowded structure in the polymer bottlebrushes.
Selektive Filtration – Eine Sortierung im Magnetfeld
Authors: Eichholz C. , Stolarski M. , Nirschl H. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractDie Kombination von klassischer Filtration und Sortierprozessen im Magnetfeld ermöglicht eine selektive Separation von magnetischen und unmagnetischen Komponenten bei gleichzeitig überlagerter Flüssigkeitsabtrennung aus dem System. Diese Arbeit zeigt den Einfluss von magnetischer Feldstärke und der Wahl des Filtermediums auf die Selektivität der Trennung eines Modellsystems aus Magnetit und Quarzmehl. Zudem wird mit der mehrstufigen selektiven Filtration eine mögliche Prozessvariante demonstriert.
Prostate‐specific antigen screening among young men in the United States
Authors: Scales Charles D. , Antonelli Jodi , Curtis Lesley H. , Schulman Kevin A. , Moul Judd W. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.Disagreement exists on the use of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) tests for cancer‐risk stratification in young men in the United States. Little is known about the use of PSA testing in these men. To understand policy implications of risk stratification, the authors sought to characterize PSA use among young men.METHODS.The authors used the 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to study prostate‐cancer screening in a representative sample of men aged 40 years and older (n = 58,511). The primary outcome was self‐report of a PSA test in the previous year.RESULTS.Among men aged 40 to 49 years, 22.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 21.5‐23.5) reported having had a PSA test in the previous year, compared with 53.7% (95% CI, 52.8‐54.7; P < .001) of men aged ≥50 years. When sociodemographic characteristics were statistically controlled, young, black, non‐Hispanic men were more likely than young, white, non‐Hispanic men to report having had a PSA test in the previous year (odds ratio [OR], 2.42; 95% CI, 1.95‐3.01; P < .001). In young men, annual household income ≥$35,000 (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.26‐1.78; P < .001) and an ongoing relationship with a physician (OR, 2.52; 95% CI, 2.06‐3.07; P < .001) were associated with PSA testing.CONCLUSIONS.One‐fifth of young men reported having had a PSA test within the previous year. Young, black, non‐Hispanic men are more likely than young, white, non‐Hispanic men to report having had a PSA test, although screening in this high‐risk group remains suboptimal. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Cancer health disparities among Indian and Pakistani immigrants in the United States
Authors: Hossain Akm , Sehbai Aasim , Abraham Rachel , Abraham Jame 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.Immigrants from India and Pakistan comprise about 1.5% of the total United States population. To the author' knowledge, this is the first study analyzing epidemiologic data on Indian and Pakistani patients with newly diagnosed cancer.METHODS.The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database has reported cancer incidence from 1973 to 2003. Since 1988, the Indian and Pakistani population has been reported separately under race and ethnicity. Frequency and survival analyses with SEER data were performed, and descriptive parameters were calculated along with overall survival in common cancers.RESULTS.In total, 6889 cases were reported between 1988 and 2003, and those cases included 51% men and 49% women (P = .821). Among men, 30% of cases were prostate cancers, 10% of cases were lung cancers, and 9% of cases were colorectal cancers. Among women, 38% of cases were breast cancers, 15% of cases were genital cancers, and 7% of cases were colorectal cancers. When overall survival with common cancer was compared between immigrants and non‐Hispanic whites in the United States, it was better among Indian and Pakistani immigrants.CONCLUSIONS.In a United States‐based Indian and Pakistani population, prostate and breast cancers were the most common malignancies in men and women, respectively. This differed from the incidence in India and Pakistan, where oral cavity cancer in men and breast and cervical cancers in women were the most common. These immigrant cancer patients also had better survival. This change in demographics may be attributed to multiple factors, and the current data have implications on cancer screening and intervention. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Oriented Nanostructures for Energy Conversion and Storage
Authors: Liu Jun , Cao Guozhong , Yang Zhenguo , Wang Donghai , Dubois Dan , Zhou Xiaodong , Graff Gordon L. , Pederson Larry R. , Zhang Ji‐Guang 
Published: August 2008

AbstractRecently, the role of nanostructured materials in addressing the challenges in energy and natural resources has attracted wide attention. In particular, oriented nanostructures demonstrate promising properties for energy harvesting, conversion, and storage. In this Review, we highlight the synthesis and application of oriented nanostructures in a few key areas of energy technologies, namely photovoltaics, batteries, supercapacitors, and thermoelectrics. Although the applications differ from field to field, a common fundamental challenge is to improve the generation and transport of electrons and ions. We highlight the role of high surface area to maximize the surface activity and discuss the importance of optimum dimension and architecture, controlled pore channels, and alignment of the nanocrystalline phase to optimize the transport of electrons and ions. Finally, we discuss the challenges in attaining integrated architectures to achieve the desired performance. Brief background information is provided for the relevant technologies, but the emphasis is focused mainly on the nanoscale effects of mostly inorganic‐based materials and devices.
Low‐frequency noise analysis and minimization in Gilbert‐cell‐based mixers for direct‐conversion (zero‐IF) low‐power front‐ends
Authors: Alvarado U. , Berenguer R. , Adín I. , Mayordomo I. , Vaz A. , Bistué G. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractLow‐frequency (flicker) noise is one of the most important issues in the design of direct‐conversion zero‐IF front‐ends. Within the front‐end building blocks, the direct‐conversion mixer is critical in terms of flicker noise, since it performs the signal down‐conversion to baseband. This paper analyzes the main sources of low‐frequency noise in Gilbert‐cell‐based direct‐conversion mixers, and several issues for minimizing the flicker noise while keeping a good mixer performance in terms of gain, noise figure and power consumption are introduced in a quantitative manner. In order to verify these issues, a CMOS Gilbert‐cell‐based zero‐IF mixer has been fabricated and measured. A flicker noise as low as 10.4 dB is achieved (NF at 10 kHz) with a power consumption of only 2 mA from a 2.7 V power supply. More than 14.6 dB conversion gain and noise figure lower than 9 dB (DSB) are obtained from DC to 2.5 GHz with an LO power of −10 dBm, which makes this mixer suitable for a multi‐standard low‐power zero‐IF front‐end. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuous‐time filter featuring Q and frequency on‐chip automatic tuning
Authors: Otin A. , Celma S. , Aldea C. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe on‐chip automatic tuning of digitally programmable continuous‐time Gm‐C filters with a wide operation range employing a hybrid analog‐digitalmaster‐slavescheme is reported in this work. Themastersystem is implemented with a voltage‐controlled filter (VCF) with the same programmable transconductance cells as the main filter to enhance the matching betweenmasterandslave. The frequency tuning method, for both analog and digital control, is based on a digital phase comparator included in the phase‐locked loop achieving high‐precision tunability. The digital frequency tuning is obtained with an error of ±4% and the maximum settling time when changing between two consecutive digital words is 0.3 µs. Once the digital word is fixed, the analog tuning finely adjusts the value of the characteristic frequency to the reference and corrects for possible temperature variations with a settling time of 0.2 µs. The analog frequency control covers the whole discrete step with a maximum error of ±5%. Furthermore, a magnitude‐locked loop (MLL) Q‐tuning block is simultaneously applied to the system in order to precisely control the quality factor of the Gm‐C filter by using an appropriate envelope detector. According to the obtained results, both post‐layout simulation and experimental results, the adopted scheme has resulted as a useful and adequate solution to implement the complete auto‐tuning system of digitally programmable continuous‐time filters, including frequency and Q‐control. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis and design of common‐gate low‐noise amplifier for wideband applications
Authors: Kaukovuori Jouni , Kaltiokallio Mikko , Ryynänen Jussi 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe design of a common‐gate (CG) LNA for the wideband applications is discussed in this paper. The effect of the different components in matching network is analyzed in detail. The design of a wideband input matching and output signal current for the input stage is presented. In addition, the effect of the matching network on the linearity and noise of a CG stage is studied. A design example is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the presented theory. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analog calibration of channel mismatches in time‐interleaved ADCs
Authors: Harpe P. J. A. , Hegt J. A. , van Roermund A. H. M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a method for the on‐chip measurement and correction of gain errors, offsets and time‐skew errors in time‐interleaved ADCs. With the proposed method, the errors can be measured and processed in the digital domain. Then, this information is used to optimize several digitally controlled analog parameters of the circuit, which minimize the effect of aforementioned mismatch errors. After optimization, the digital logic can be switched off completely in order to save power. Simulation results on a full‐transistor implementation of the time‐interleaved sampling structure show that the channel matching errors can be accurately compensated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
T1/E1/J1 receiver in CMOS
Authors: Sobot Robert , Guo Haizheng 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBehavioural model, simulation and testing results of a mixed‐signal short‐/long‐haul receiver suitable for high‐speed T1/E1/J1 application in CMOS are presented. The measured results demonstrate successful recovery of distorted incoming signals attenuated from 0 to 44 dB (max). The mixed‐signal part of the receiver chip occupies area of 1.2 mm × 1.8 mm in CMOS 0.35 µm process and requires typically 120 mW of power at 3.3 V power supply. Digital framer supports the operation of the receiver whereas local RAM is used for storing the unshielded twisted pair cable models that can be easily reprogrammed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐resolution continuous‐time interface for micromachined capacitive accelerometer
Authors: Aaltonen Lasse , Rahikkala Pasi , Saukoski Mikko , Halonen Kari 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA continuous‐time accelerometer interface is feasible when high dynamic range together with wide signal band is required. In this paper, design of interface electronics for a capacitive sensor is presented. The interface design is focused on attaining resolutions up to 120 dB together with a signal bandwidth of 300 Hz. The essential circuit structures of the interface will be presented and analyzed in detail. Important sources of instabilities and issues that affect the dynamic properties of the sensor are discussed. Measured and simulated results of the closed‐loop sensor will be provided to support the theory. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.