bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-contemporary speech samples: auditory detectability of an 11 year delay and itseffect on automatic speaker identification
Authors: Künzel Hermann J. 
Published: October 2007

The need to compare non-contemporary speech samples is a common issue in forensic speaker recognition. Even if the size of the delay is known a crucial question has still to be answered in every single case: Is it possible that physiological aging or other factors have caused alterations of parameters of voice, speech and language to such a degree that the material basis for identification by human listeners and/or by automatic systems may no longer be regarded as adequate when a new identification task is due? Some studies on auditory speaker recognition suggest that, other variables being equal, a time lag of up to 6 years does not seem to pose a problem. To this author’s knowledge, the question has not yet been directed towards automatic identification systems. The present study uses speech data from ten male speakers recorded at intervals of 11 years and analyses the effect of the delay in terms of (a) the ability of different groups of listeners to detect it, and (b) its influence on the performance of an advanced automatic speaker identification system for forensic applications. Using contemporary samples for both ‘known’ and ‘unknown’ models as a benchmark the automatic speaker identification system identified all speakers correctly with LRs between 102 and over 108. In the non-contemporary condition, where the older samples (i.e. ‘younger’ speakers) were used for the construction of models for ‘known’ and the samples recorded 11 years later for ‘unknown’ speakers, LRs of nine speakers remained unchanged or dropped only slightly. The LR for one speaker dropped sharply. It seems that this is the only case in which vocal aging, but perhaps also other time-related factors, may have played a rôle. The main conclusions of these experiments are that for most male speakers a delay of the size of a decade between voice samples will not pose a problem to either auditory or machine-based speaker identification.
Linguistic Manipulations in Legal Discourse: Framing questions and ‘smuggling’ information*
Authors: Aldridge Michelle , Luchjenbroers June 
Published: October 2007

With an emphasis on the linguistic experiences of sexual-assault witnesses in the British legal system (adult rape victims and child abuse victims), this paper is a consideration of how the lexical choices in the questions posed to a witness encourage a particular perception of her testimony. The concepts to be discussed include conceptual frames and smuggling information, and we offer a qualitative consideration of how the semantic features of a lawyer’s lexical choices can support a representation of either the witness or her experiences that is not in her interests. The appropriateness of a lawyer’s chosen frame is of key importance to ‘smuggling information’, a term used when a lawyer’s question inserts (negative) information into a witness’s testimony through suggestion. We look at how such linguistic manipulations can weaken a witness’s account by suggesting that she is to blame, and/or is lying or perhaps has simply misunderstood the situation. Our analysis offers an explanation as to why vulnerable witnesses may not be believed in court.
Hope
Authors: Penson Richard T. , Gu Fei , Harris Susan , Thiel Mary Martha , Lawton Nat , Fuller Arlan F. , Lynch Thomas J. 
Published: October 2007

Learning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the powerful dynamic of hope for patients with cancer.Discuss the importance of addressing how issues of life and death affect patients, families, and caregivers.List the advantages and limitations of realistic hopefulness.Better care for and communicate with patients and families who face life-threatening illness.Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
State Accountancy Regulators' Perceptions of Independence of External Auditors When Performing Internal Audit Activities for Nonpublic Clients
Authors: Hill Cecil L. , Booker Quinton 
Published: October 2007

This study explores state accountancy regulators' perceptions of whether external auditors remain independent when also performing internal audit activities for nonpublic entities. The purpose of this study is to provide a more complete understanding of perceptions regarding auditor independence in the nonpublic entity environment. The primary issues are (1) whether performing the external audit and internal auditing services for the same entity affects perceptions of independence, and (2) whether a separation between the CPA firm's internal and external audit personnel significantly affects perceptions of independence when both services are performed.
We use a between-subjects design and target state accountancy regulators from each of the 54 U.S. jurisdictions. Findings based on 206 usable responses indicate that state board members do not perceive a significant difference in the independence of a CPA firm performing a nonpublic entity's external audit versus a CPA firm performing that entity's external audit and internal audit, provided that separate personnel are used for the external and internal audit work. Board members do perceive a significant difference in independence when the CPA firm uses the same personnel to perform both the external and internal audit work.
Investigating the Effects of Group Response Systems on Student Satisfaction, Learning, and Engagement in Accounting Education
Authors: Carnaghan Carla , Webb Alan 
Published: October 2007

We examine group response systems (GRS) as an educational tool. We use an experimental approach and student survey data to assess vendors' claims that GRS improve student engagement and feedback, and thus improve learning. A key part of our design involves controlling for effects of moving to a more interactive pedagogy that have been found to affect learning.
For a management accounting course, we find only limited GRS learning effects, as proxied by exam performance. Contrary to our expectations, we find a decline in engagement, as proxied by student oral participation, when GRS are used. We also find little evidence that GRS lead to greater student satisfaction with the course. We do find support for student satisfaction with GRS, from which we infer that implementation problems are not driving our results. In summary, we find little support for vendor claims, when controlling for changes in pedagogy.
Effects of the support‐layer hydrophilicity on the active‐layer formation of composite membranes
Authors: Jeon M. Y. , Yoo S. H. , Kim C. K. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTo understand the effects of the hydrophilicity of the support layer on the formation of the active layer and the performance of composite membranes, a support layer was prepared from a polysulfone (PSf) blend with a hydrophilic copolymer, and then its top surface was overcoated with an active layer fabricated by an interfacial reaction of m‐phenylenediamine (MPDA) with trimesoyl chloride. The time required for impregnating the support layer with an aqueous solution containing MPDA was gradually decreased by increases in the hydrophilicity of the support layer. The required soaking time was greater than 9 min for the formation of the defect‐free active layer when the support layer prepared from PSf was used, whereas it could be reduced about 1 min by the use of the hydrophilic support layer. Furthermore, composite membranes prepared with the PSf/hydrophilic copolymer blend as the support layer always exhibited higher salt rejection and water permeability than those prepared with PSf as the support layer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Mechanical and thermal properties of polyimide/silica hybrids with imide‐modified silica network structures
Authors: Khalil Muhammad , Saeed Shaukat , Ahmad Zahoor 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA series of hybrid materials incorporating imide‐modified silica (IM‐silica) network structures into a polyimide (PI) matrix were produced with a sol–gel technique from solution mixtures of poly(amic acid) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) containing alkoxysilane‐terminated amic acids with various degrees of polymerization. The hybrid films, obtained by solvent evaporation, were heated successively to a maximum temperature of 300°C to carry out the imidization process and silica network formation in the PI matrix. The morphology and mechanical properties of these hybrids with IM‐silica networks were studied and compared with the properties of one in which reinforcement of the matrix was achieved with a pure silica network generated from TEOS. The introduction of longer imide spacer groups into the silica network led to a drastic decrease in the silica particle size. Improved tensile modulus was observed in such compatibilized hybrid systems. Comparative thermogravimetric measurements of these hybrids showed improved thermooxidative resistance. A PI hybrid with 30% IM‐silica had a thermal decomposition temperature nearly 260°C higher than that of the pure PI matrix. The high surface area of the interconnected silica domains and increased interfacial interaction were believed to restrict the segmental motion of the polymer and thus slow the diffusion of oxygen in the matrix, thereby slowing the oxidative decomposition of the polymer. The reinforcement of existing and new PIs by this method offers an opportunity for improving their thermooxidative stability without degrading their mechanical strength. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Nonisothermal crystallization, melting behavior, and morphology of polypropylene/linear bimodal polyethylene blends
Authors: Qin Jianglei , Gao Jungang , Li Zhiting , Run Mingtao 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe nonisothermal crystallization, melting behavior, and morphology of isotactic polypropylene (PP)/linear bimodal polyethylene (LBPE) blends were studied with differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and polarized optical microscopy. The results showed that PP and LBPE were miscible to a certain extent, and there was no obvious phase separation in the blends. The modified Avrami analysis, Ozawa equation, and Mo method were used to analyze the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of the blends. The values of the Avrami exponent indicated that the crystallization nucleation of the blends was homogeneous, the growth of spherulites was three‐dimensional, and the crystallization mechanism of PP was not affected much by LBPE. The crystallization activation energy was estimated by the Kissinger method. The results obtained with the modified Avrami analysis, Mo method, and Kissinger method agreed well. The addition of a minor LBPE phase favored an increase in the overall crystallization rate of PP, showing some dilution effect of LBPE on PP. The PP spherulites decreased obviously with increasing content of LBPE. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Integrating ecology with hydromorphology: a priority for river science and management
Authors: Vaughan I.P. , Diamond M. , Gurnell A.M. , Hall K.A. , Jenkins A. , Milner N.J. , Naylor L.A. , Sear D.A. , Woodward G. , Ormerod S.J. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The assessment of links between ecology and physical habitat has become a major issue in river research and management. Key drivers include concerns about the conservation implications of human modifications (e.g. abstraction, climate change) and the explicit need to understand the ecological importance of hydromorphology as prescribed by the EU's Water Framework Directive. Efforts are focusing on the need to develop ‘eco‐hydromorphology’ at the interface between ecology, hydrology and fluvial geomorphology. Here, the scope of this emerging field is defined, some research and development issues are suggested, and a path for development is sketched out.
In the short term, major research priorities are to use existing literature or data better to identify patterns among organisms, ecological functions and river hydromorphological character. Another early priority is to identify model systems or organisms to act as research foci. In the medium term, the investigation of pattern–processes linkages, spatial structuring, scaling relationships and system dynamics will advance mechanistic understanding. The effects of climate change, abstraction and river regulation, eco‐hydromorphic resistance/resilience, and responses to environmental disturbances are likely to be management priorities. Large‐scale catchment projects, in both rural and urban locations, should be promoted to concentrate collaborative efforts, to attract financial support and to raise the profile of eco‐hydromorphology.
Eco‐hydromorphological expertise is currently fragmented across the main contributory disciplines (ecology, hydrology, geomorphology, flood risk management, civil engineering), potentially restricting research and development. This is paradoxical given the shared vision across these fields for effective river management based on good science with social impact. A range of approaches is advocated to build sufficient, integrated capacity that will deliver science of real management value over the coming decades.
Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analogs of α‐melanocyte stimulating hormone with high agonist potency and selectivity at human melanocortin receptor 1b: The role of Trp9 in molecular recognition
Authors: Bednarek Maria A. , MacNeil Tanya , Tang Rui , Fong Tung M. , Angeles Cabello M. , Maroto Marta , Teran Ana 
Published: October 2007

Abstractα‐Melanocyte stimulating hormone (αMSH), Ac‐Ser1‐Tyr2‐Ser3‐Met4‐Glu5‐His6‐Phe7‐Arg8‐Trp9‐Gly10‐Lys11‐Pro12‐Val13‐NH2, is an endogenous agonist for the melanocortin receptor 1 (MC1R), the receptor found in the skin, several types of immune cells, and other peripheral sites. Three‐dimensional models of complexes of this receptor with αMSH and its synthetic analog NDP‐αMSH, Ac‐Ser1‐Tyr2‐Ser3‐Nle4‐Glu5‐His6‐D‐Phe7‐Arg8‐Trp9‐Gly10‐Lys11‐Pro12‐Val13‐NH2, have been previously proposed. In those models, the 6–9 segment of the ligand was considered essential for the ligand‐receptor interactions. In this study, we probed the role of Trp9 of NDP‐αMSH in interactions with hMC1bR. Analogs of NDP‐αMSH with various amino acids in place of Trp9 were synthesized and tested in vitro in receptor affinity binding and cAMP functional assays at human melanocortin receptors 1b, 3, 4, and 5 (hMC1b,3‐5R). Several new compounds displayed high agonist potency at hMC1bR (EC50 = 0.5–5 nM) and receptor subtype selectivity greater than 2000‐fold versus hMC3‐5R. The Trp9 residue of NDP‐αMSH was determined to be not essential for molecular recognition at hMC1bR. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 401–408, 2008.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Design of a Microstructured System for Homogenization of Dairy Products with High Fat Content
Authors: Köhler K. , Aguilar F. , Hensel A. , Schubert K. , Schubert H. , Schuchmann H. P. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractHigh pressure homogenization of dairy products is today state of the art but limited by the fat content (max 17 vol.‐%). This article describes the development of a novel simultaneous homogenization and mixing (SHM) valve which allows homogenization of dairy products with a fat content of up to 42 vol.‐%. The challenging task of homogenizing dairy products with high fat content is to stabilize disrupted fat droplets especially against extensive aggregation. Aggregation and coalescence rates could be significantly reduced by a new microstructured valve allowing the emulsifier‐containing phase to be injected directly into the zone of droplet disruption.
Central and peripheral anatomy of slowly adapting type I low‐threshold mechanoreceptors innervating trunk skin of neonatal mice
Authors: Woodbury C. Jeffery , Koerber H. Richard 
Published: October 2007

AbstractDespite intensive study, our understanding of the neuronal structures responsible for transducing the broad spectrum of environmental energies that impinge upon the skin has rested on inference and conjecture. This major shortcoming motivated the development of ex vivo somatosensory system preparations in neonatal mice in the hope that their small size might allow the peripheral terminals of physiologically identified sensory neurons to be labeled intracellularly for direct study. The present report describes the first such study of the peripheral terminals of four slowly adapting type I low‐threshold mechanoreceptors (SAIs) that innervated the back skin of neonatal mice. In addition, this report includes information on the central anatomy of the same SAI afferents that were identified peripherally with both physiological and anatomical means, providing an essentially complete view of the central and peripheral morphology of individual SAI afferents in situ. Our findings reveal that SAIs in neonates are strikingly adult‐like in all major respects. Afferents were exquisitely sensitive to mechanical stimuli and exhibited a distinctly irregular, slowly adapting discharge to stimulation of 1–4 punctate receptive fields in the skin. Their central collaterals formed transversely oriented and largely nonoverlapping arborizations limited to regions of the dorsal horn corresponding to laminae III–V. Their peripheral arborizations were restricted entirely within miniaturized touch domes, where they gave rise to expanded disc‐like endings in close apposition to putative Merkel cells in basal epidermis. These findings therefore provide the first direct confirmation of the functional morphology of this physiologically unique afferent class. J. Comp. Neurol. 505:547–561, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
X‐ray Diffraction Study of the Structure of Carboxymethylcellulose–Cationic Surfactant Complexes
Authors: Trabelsi Siwar , Albouy Pierre‐Antoine , Impéror‐Clerc Marianne , Guillot Samuel , Langevin Dominique 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe have investigated dilute aqueous solutions of an anionic polymer (carboxymethylcellulose) mixed with cationic surfactants of different chain lengths (dodecyl to octadecyl trimethylammonium bromides: DTAB, TTAB, CTAB and OTAB). The structures of the concentrated phases formed above the precipitation threshold were studied by X‐ray diffraction. Different body‐centred cubic structures with space groups Pm${\bar 3}$n were observed in the presence of surfactant with a short aliphatic chain (DTAB), despite the fact that the polymer persistence length is comparable to the repeat distance of the structure (5 nm). For larger surfactant chain lengths (TTAB and CTAB), the structure of the precipitates can be either cubic (Pm${\bar 3}$n) or 2D hexagonal depending on the initial surfactant and polymer concentrations. For still larger chain length (OTAB), the structure becomes lamellar. This structural evolution from micellar cubic towards 2D hexagonal and lamellar is attributed to the decrease of the local curvature of the surfactant aggregates, as observed for flexible synthetic polymers and short DNA fragments under similar conditions. Furthermore, the structure of the bulk complexes formed just below the precipitation threshold anticipates the structure seen in the precipitated phases.
Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective [2+3] Cycloadditions of Azomethine Ylides to [70]Fullerene
Authors: Troshin Pavel A. , Peregudov Alexander S. , Peregudova Svetlana M. , Lyubovskaya Rimma N. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPicolylamines and aromatic aldehydes were used as reagents to generate azomethine ylides that undergo highly regio‐ and stereoselective [2+3] cycloaddition reactions with [70]fullerene. Isolated pyrrolidinofullerenes were products of the ylide addition across the most reactive 8,25‐double bond in the carbon cage; other regioisomers were observed in small amounts or did not form at all. These reactions demonstrated unusually high stereoselectivity: 2′,5′‐disubstituted pyrrolidinofullerenes were represented almost entirely by cis isomers, whereas obtained 1′,2′,5′‐trisubstituted products were shown to be trans isomers. Cyclic voltammetry studies of the synthesised pyrrolidinofullerenes showed the existence of some electronic communication between the substituents in the pyrrolidine ring and the [70]fullerene cage. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
A Simple and Efficient Strategy Towards Eleven‐Membered Carbocycles via Novel Synthetic Transformations of Pentafulvenes
Authors: Krishnan K. Syam , Kuthanapillil Jinesh M. , Rajan Rani , Suresh E. , Radhakrishnan K. V. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA novel and versatile method towards the synthesis of eleven‐membered carbocycles through a three step reaction sequence from pentafulvenes is described. The [6+3] adduct of pentafulvenes with 3‐oxidopyrylium betaine on selective reduction followed by ruthenium catalyzed oxidative cleavage afforded a novel eleven‐membered carbocyclic triketone with a bridging ether linkage. The methodology described herein is easy to perform and delivers densely functionalized carbocycles in good yields. The procedure is noteworthy as it hardly requires an elaborated catalytic system and proceeds with high level of atom efficiency from cheap and easily available starting materials. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Na+‐Ca2+ cosignaling in the stimulation of the glucose transporter GLUT1 in cultured astrocytes
Authors: Porras Omar H. , Ruminot Ivan , Loaiza Anitsi , Barros Luis F. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractGlutamate triggers an acute stimulation of the glucose transporter GLUT1 in cultured astrocytes, a phenomenon thought to facilitate energy delivery to active areas in the brain. Here we have explored the cell signaling mechanisms involved in this response. Half‐stimulation of GLUT1 occurred at low micromolar glutamate, thus within the physiological range estimated in brain interstitium. The effect was mimicked by D‐aspartate and inhibited by L‐threo‐beta‐benzyloxyaspartate or Na+ replacement with NMDG+, showing the participation of the Na+‐glutamate co‐transporter. AMPA and the mGLURI agonist DHPG had no effect. The stimulation of GLUT1 was fully inhibited by ouabain, but independent activation of the Na+/K+ ATPase pump with gramicidin did not affect glucose transport. Simultaneous with the Na+ rise, glutamate and D‐aspartate triggered a Ca2+signal, whose inhibition with BAPTA prevented the stimulation of GLUT1. However, an isolated Ca2+ signal, triggered with endothelin 1, ATP or DHPG, did not affect glucose transport. The stimulation of GLUT1 could finally be mimicked by simultaneous induction of Na+ and Ca2+ signals. The requirement for both cations in the stimulation of the astrocytic glucose transporter, may help to explain how glucose metabolism in the brain is strongly activated by glutamate, but not by GABA or by inter‐astrocytic signaling. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.