bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enzymic Systems Involving Adenosinephosphates in the Adrenaline and Noradrenaline Containing Granules of the Adrenal Medulla
Authors: HILLARP NILS‐ÅKE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The ATP that is stored in large amounts, together with the sympathomimetic amines, in the specific granules of the adrenal medulla is rapidly broken down to AMP when the granules are ruptured in hypotonic media. This breakdown is brought forth by a true ATP‐ase, removing only the terminal phosphate group of ATP, and by an adenylate kinase.2. There is good evidence that the ATPase activity is localized to the specific granules. The adenylate kinase activity probably belongs to these granules but the evidence is not conclusive.3. The ATPase activity is exclusively localized to the water insoluble residue obtained at lysis of the granules and probably to a main part consisting of granule membranes. This residue also shows an ADP transphosphorylase activity which is not removed by repeated washings and is heat‐stable in acid. A soluble adenylate kinase is released from the granules at lysis in water or in dilute salt solutions. There is no further evidence, however, that there really are two different ADP transphosphorylases in the granules.4. The adenylate kinase activity is activated by Mg++ and inhibited by NaF. The ATPase activity is inhibited by p‐chloromercuribenzoate and salyrgan but not by stibophen and it is relatively insensitive to NaF at pH 6 where maximal activity is found. Under other conditions NaF may give appreciable inhibition.5. ATP and ADP seem readily to penetrate to the sites of enzyme activity from the outside of intact granules. No transphosphorylation between the intragranular ATP and AMP penetrating from the outside could be demonstrated, however, and the stored ATP is in some way protected from the ATPase under “resting” conditions. It may thus be that the ATPase and the ADP transphosphorylase are present in an outer zone separated from the ATP stored within an inner part of the granules.6. The intimate connections between the catechol amines and the ATP stored in the granules and a possible role of the ATPase in the amine release are discussed.
The Influence of Tobacco Smoking, and Increased Initial Carbon Monoxide Concentration on Results of Sjöstrand's Method of Total Hemoglobin Determination
Authors: DAHLSTRÖM HANS , NORDSTRÖM‐ÖHRBERG GUNVOR , ROTHSCHILD AGNES 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Determinations of total hemoglobin according to Sjöstrand's modification of the CO method were carried out in three groups of experiments: A. On smokers on consecutive days, when the subjects had stopped smoking before the first test. B. On smokers, with additional O2 breathing immediately before the test. C. On non‐smokers with two determinations separated by some 10 minutes. In a part of this group venous blood samples were drawn during the procedure and analyzed for CO.2. It was observed that the effect of smoking upon results of total hemoglobin determinations can be eliminated by a 20 minute period of O2 breathing from an open system, and that increased initial COHb, as obtained in repeated determinations, does not substantially influence the results.3. The results are discussed and interpreted with regard to the influence of the distribution of the ventilation/perfusion ratios of the alveoli.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Work, Myocardial Oxygen Consumption and Coronary Blood Flow in the Dog
Authors: BERGLUND ERIK , BORST HANS G. , DUFF FRANK , SCHREINER GÜNTHER L. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The effects of variations in heart rate on ventricular function, myocardial oxygen consumption, and coronary blood flow were studied in anesthetized, open‐chest dogs. The heart rate was held at desired rates by electrical stimulation.2. The following changes occurred when the rate was increased in steps from 33—80 per min. to 200—280 per min.: cardiac output increased 0 to 73 per cent and reached a maximum at rates varying from 90 to 180 per min.; above these rates there was usually a decrease. Stroke volume decreased progressively. Mean aortic pressure rose slightly, and the pulse pressure was diminished. Myocardial oxygen consumption and left coronary flow increased, even at the high rates when ventricular work was constant or decreasing; there was a marked fall in coronary resistance.3. Ventricular function curves, i. e. ventricular stroke work plotted against the respective mean atrial pressure, were obtained at the various rates. The curves were always lower at higher than at lower rates.4. Myocardial oxygen consumption per unit of mechanical work was greater at higher rates, probably because of the larger amount of “isometric work” per min. Coronary blood flow per unit of work increased similarly with rate. Coronary vascular resistance was always much lower at high heart rates than at low, indicating coronary vasodilation.5. It is concluded that during normal circumstances myocardial oxygen consumption is a major determinant of coronary blood flow.6. Effects of heart rate during abnormal circulatory conditions were illustrated and discussed.
Effect of a Catechol Amine Blocking Agent (Dibenzyline) on Organ Content and Urine Excretion of Noradrenaline and Adrenaline
Authors: SCHAPIRO. SHAWN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The urinary excretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline was determined in normal rats and rats receiving dibenzyline. The effect of this blocking agent on the catechol content of the adrenals, heart and spleen was also observed.2. Dibenzyline caused an increased excretion of noradrenaline, and a decreased organ content of catechols. Urinary adrenaline remained unchanged.3. The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of the effector catechol receptor theory. It is suggested that dibenzyline may interfere with the metabolism of catechols in areas not contiguous to their site of production.
On the Regulation of‘ Bile Acid Formation in the Rat Liver
Authors: BERGSTRÖM S. , DANIELSSON H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

Bile fistula rats, ranging in weight from 200 to 300 g, were continuously injected into the intestine with 2.6, 5, 7.5, 10 and 15 mg sodium taurochenodesoxycholate (NaTCD) per hour. The excretion of cholic acid was determined, and it was found, that injection of 5–10 mg XaTCD per hour, depending on the weight of the rat, brought about a very appreciable decrease in the formation of cholic acid as compared to non‐injected bile fistula rats. In the case of rats weighing approx. 200 g, the values found are of the same order of magnitude as is calculated for the synthesis of cholic acid in the intact rat.
It is concluded, that the concentration of bile acids supplied to the liver via the portal blood, influences the rate of synthesis of bile acids in the liver.
The “Desensitizing” Effect of Acetylcholine on the Mammalian Motor End‐Plate.
Authors: AXELSSON J. , THESLEFF S. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

A micro‐application technique has been used to study the desensitization which acetylcholine produces at the mammalian motor end‐plate. Acetylcholine was released by ionophoresis from a twin pipette near sensitive spots in the end‐plate region of a single muscle fibre, and the resulting potential changes were recorded by an intracellular electrode. Isolated muscles mounted in a constant temperature bath from the following mammalian species were used: guinea‐pig, rat, rabbit and cat.
In all the investigated muscles a steady release of acetylcholine produced a loss of sensitivity in the end‐plate membrane. The degree and the speed of onset of desensitization was graded and increased with the applied concentration of acetylcholine while the rate of recovery was relatively constant.
Marked species variations were observed in the intensity and time course of desensitization. In the guinea‐pig and the rabbit it was necessary to have a steady efflux of acetylcholine producing an initial depolarization of a few millivolts during several seconds to obtain desensitization. In the rat and the cat the same effect was generally achieved within a few tenths of a second by concentrations of acetylcholine producing less depolarization. The half‐times of recovery varied in a similar way.
In the tenuissimus muscle of the cat a conditioning pulse of 10–20 msec duration causing only a few millivolts depolarization frequently produced an almost immediate desensitization lasting for more than one second. No desensitization was observed after single conditioning pulses of 1–2 msec duration but when several such pulses n‐ere given at a frequency of 3–6/sec considerable desensitization developed.
It is suggested that the concentrations of acetylcholine which produce desensitization are, at least in certain mammalian muscles, within the range of concentrations normally produced at the end‐plate by a motor nerve impulse, and that consequently desensitization may develop during repetitive motor nerve stimulation.
Influence of Dietary Hydrogenated Peanut Oil and Cholesterol on Cholesterol and Polyenoic Fatty Acids in Tissues of Chicks
Authors: DAM HENRIK , JART AAGE , KRISTENSEN GUNHILD , NIELSEN GUNHILD KOFOED , SØNDERGAARD EBBE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The influence of dietary hydrogenated peanut oil and cholesterol on cholesterol aid polyerioic acids in various tissues of chicks was examined aid compared with the results of earlier studies with unhydrogenated peanut oil.
The Effect of Soybean Phosphiltides on the Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate.
Authors: EDGREN BO 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Intravenous infusion of fat emulsions, containing cottonseed oil, soybean phosphatides and Pluronic F 68 was found to lower the erythrocyte sedmientation rate in dogs. This effect was shown to be entirely due to the soybean phosphatides.
A Percutaneous Method for Catheterization of the Rental Vein in Dogs.
Authors: HELANDER CARL‐GUSTAF , ÅSHEIM ÅKE , ÖDMAN PER 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Catheterization of a renal vein in dogs is described. The method is based on Seldinger's method for catheter replacement in intra‐vascular catheterization, and the use of a premodelled radio‐opaque plythene catheter.
Membrane and Action Potentials of Spinal Interneurons in the Cat
Authors: HAAPANEN L. , KOLMODIN G. M. , SKOGLUND C. R. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Intracellular recordings have been performed from interneurons in the lumbar segments of the spinal cord of non‐anesthetized spinal cats. A full account is given of the experimental technique used in this and other investigations in the same series.Section I. Continuous inkwriter recordings of the membrane potential level obtained from interneurons in various parts of the cord cross section are presented and compared with records from afferent fibres and motoneurons. Data of the average amplitude values and recording times for the different types of units are given.Various factors influencing the values of the recorded membrane potential are discussed and an attempt has been made to find a relation hetween the degree of injury, cell size and recorded membrane potential.Section II. The most common types of interneuron discharges in response to synchronous afferent volleys are described and typical variations in prepotential configuration are illustrated.The firing level at which an impulse is set up by afferent single shock stiniulation has been analysed in some detail in an experiment in which physiological variations in the membrane potential level were induced by natural sensory stimulation. It was found that the firing level is not constant but is reduced with lowering of the membrane potential value in an approximately linear way.The spike repolarization level was also found to vary with the nienibrane potential level in a similar way which may result in levels of increased or decreased polarization as compared with the pre‐spike level.Records of spontaneous and naturally induced activity are presented showing the relation between slow depolarization processes and spike discharges.In experiments including both natural and artificial activation records have been obtained showing no distinct prepotentials. In such recordings the spikes have usually been of short duration (average 0.8 msec as compared with 1.3 msec for spikes accompanied by slow potentials). Some of these cases may represent axon recordings, but possible explanations of an absence of recordable prepotentials from soma are also discussed.In the majority of interneuron recordings the spike amplitude has been 10–20 per cent lower than the membrane potential value; overshooting has only been observed in about 10 per cent of the recordings. Some factors influencing the spike amplitude have been taken up for discussion.Special attention has been given to variations in spike configuration in the form of pronounced notches and a splitting up into sub‐spikes; these variations have been interpreted as signs of a fractionated function of the cell membrane.
A Study of Rumination Induced by Milking in the Goat.
Authors: ANDERSSON B. , KITCHELL R. , PERSSON N. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Milking is frequently seen to elicit rumination in cows and goats. The nature of this reflex was studied experimentally in lactating goats. Milking generally induced rumination within a few seconds and caused an increase of reticulo‐ruminal motility. Similar to what has previously been observed for the milk‐ejection reflex it was found that the milking situation could develop into a conditioned stimulus which in itself was sufficient to elicit rumination, and further that discomfort and irritation inhibited the milking‐rumination reflex.Amphetamine, atropine and small doses of apomorphine did not block the milking‐rumination reflex. Milking performed after the administration of large doses of apomorphine, however, no longer induced rumination but caused intense licking. The observations made are discussed in the light of present knowledge of central regulation of rumination and of reticulo‐ruminal motility.
Studies on Renal Function in Dogs.: Extraction values for PAH obtained by percutaneous catheterization and clearance studies on single kidneys
Authors: ÅSHEIM Å. , HELANDER C. G. , PERSSON. F. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Inulin and PAH clearances and extraction values for PAH have been used to study the function of itidiviclual kidneys in dogs. A technique is described for collecting urine without catheterizing the ureter. Percutaneous catheterization of the renal veins has been utilised to determine both unilateral and bilateral extraction values for PAH. No significant difference from normal values was produced by the operation of one ureter. The values were practically equal for both sides. Extraction of PAH was somewhat lower in dogs than in humans.Much of this work was carried out during the time Professor B. Carlström was head of the department of medicine, Veterinärhögskolan. We should like to thank him for the generous support and helpful advice he has given us.
Failure of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition by Acetnazolamide to Alter Tonicity of the Aqueous Hiumour1
Authors: AURICCHIC GIAClNTO , WISTRAND. PER 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide affects the production of aqueous humour in rabbits without changing the steady state osmotic pressure gradient between aqueous and plasma.
Species Differences in the Taste Qualities Mediated through the Glossopharyngeal Nerve.
Authors: APPELBERG BO 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

Taste solutions, distilled water, touch and thermal stimuli were applied to the tongue of monkey, cat, dog, rabbit and rat, and the effects on the impulse discharge in the glossopharyngeal nerve were recorded.
Salt‐, bitter‐ and acid taste was found in all the animals investigated.
Response to sweet‐tasting solutions was obtained in all these animals except the cat. Only the monkey did, however, respond to saccharine.
Water taste was found only in the monkey.
Effects to warm and cold were seen in all the animals investigated except in the rat where warm solutions gave no response.
A tactile response was found in all species.
The findings were compared with those previously obtained from the chorda tympani (Table I).
On the State of the Catechol Amines of the Adrenal Medullary Granules
Authors: CARLSSON ARVID , HILLARP NILS‐ÅKE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Catechol amine containing granules of the cow adrenal medulla were isolated and resuspended in solutions of varying ionic composition. Analyses of the intragranular fluid indicated that the granule membrane is permeable to sodium, potassium, sucrose, and catechol amines. It was concluded that the catechol amines occur in the granules in an osmotically inactive form, probably in combination with an equivalent amount of adenosine triphosphate.
Components of the Human Electroretinogram. The Photopic Electroretinogram in Normal Eyes, in Deuteranopia and in Deuteranomdy
Authors: RENDAHL ILMARI 
Published: December 2008

Summary.

A photopic electroretinogram (ERG) with two negative and four positive humps was recorded earlier (heck and Rendahl 1957). In the course of dark adaptation, an ERG has now been recorded which appears to contain one additional negative wave and one positive one, evidently the scotopic components.
It has been found possible to suppress the various components of the ERG successively by increasing the light adaptation.
On examination of six deuteranopes, an ordinary photopic ERG was obtained. On adaptation to green light, the fourth component was unaffected in two cases. A markedly decreased sensitivity to green light was observed in a similar way in three subjects with deuteranomaly (a fourth exhibited the same variations as in subjects with normal colour sense).
In the four other deuteranopes, the fourth component was suppressed on adaptation to green light, exactly as in normal eyes; the sensitivity to green light was perhaps increased.
On the basis of this and other investigations of colour blindness, the suggestion is put forward that the first type of deuter‐anopia is due to a lack of “green receptors” in the retina, whereas the second type is to be ascribed to the impulses from retinal receptors with different oolour sensitivity being coupled to the same nerve paths.
Influence of Dietary Cholesterol, Cod Liver Oil and Linseed Oil on Cholesterol and Polyenoic Fatty Acid in Times from Fasted and Non‐Fasted Chicks
Authors: DAM HENRIK , KRISTENSEN GUNHILD , NIELSEN GUNHILD KOFOED , SØNDERGAARD EBBE 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDam, Henrik, Gunhild Kristensen, Gunhild Kofoed Nielsen and Ebbe Søndergaard. Influence Of dietary cholesterol, cod liver oil and linseed oil on cholesterol and polyenoic fatty acids in tissues from fasted and non‐fasted chicks. Acta physiol. scand. 1959. 45. 31–42. — The deposition of cholesterol and polyenoic fatty acids after feeding diets with no fat, 10 % cod liver oil or 10 % linseed oil with or without 1 % dietary cholesterol for a 4 week period was determined in various tissues of chicks. About half of the chicks examined had no access to food during the last 16 or 18 hours before they were killed. Data for cholesterol in plasma, aorta, heart, liver, brain and fat tissue and for polyenoic fatty acids in heart, liver, brain and fat are presented.
A Method for Continuous Recording of Movement
Authors: MÄAKELÄ PAAVO , ÖSTERLUND KALLE , WALLGREN ERIC IVAR 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMäkelä, P., E. I. Wallgren and K. Öterlund. A method for continuous recording of movement. Acta physiol. scad. 1959.45. 43–47. — Mechanical methods have proved to be unsatisfactory for recording breathing movements in newborn. The authors have used for this purpose an electrometrical recorder, which is capable of recording movements on the basis of the changes of electrical capacitance. A few examples prove that the device is suitable for recording the pattern and frequency of various movements, e. g. pulse, breathing and the apex beat.
A Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Diamine Oxidase (DAO) Activity
Authors: BOLMSTEDT BO , THAM RICKARD 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.If diamine oxidase is allowed to act upon the diamine putrescine, a cyclic compound, δl‐pyrroline, will be formed, which in turn reacts with o‐aminobenzaldehyde to form a yellow compound. These reactions have been taken as a starting point for a photometric method for determination of diamine oxidase. If a solution containing o‐aminobenzaldehyde, putretrcine and a diamine oxidase preparation is incubated at 37° C a characteristic yellow colour is obtained. The intensity of the colour can be measured spectrophotometrically. The influence of pH and of the concentration of putrescine and o‐aminobenzaldehyde on the reaction has been tested. The wavelength which gives a maximal extinction has been determined. The variation of the extinction with increasing time of incubation has been studied. On the basis of these investigations a standard procedure is suggested. Simultaneously determinations of diamine oxidase in different dilutions have been carried out using this colorimetric method and the Warburg technique.
Relaxation and Yisco‐Elastic Bchaviour of GIycerol‐extracted Musclc Fibre Bundles in the Presence of Zinc and ATP
Authors: EDMAN K. A. PAUL 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.Zinc‐induced relaxation in glycerol‐extracted rabbit psoas fibre bundles was studied under strictly iso‐tonic and isometric conditions and compared with the effects of zinc on the visco‐elastic behaviour of resting fibre bundles subjected to quick stretch. 0.a mM zinc + 1 mM magnesium + 0. 4 mM ATP does not affect the visco‐elastic properties but induces relaxation of isometrically and isotonically contracted fibre bundles. Isotonic relaxation is complete only when the previous shortening does not exceed 25 percent of initial fibre length; the relaxing effect is practically absent when the bundle has shortened about 75 percent of its initial length. 2 mM zinc + 1 mM magnesium + 6 mM ATP and 4 mM EDTA + 4 mM magnesium + 4 mM ATP, which markedly decrease the visco‐elastic resistance in the fibre bundle produces a pronounced isotonic relaxation even after extreme shortening of the bundles. Thus, the isotonic relaxation of glycerol extracted fibre bundles is dependent upon a decrease in the visco‐elastic resistance. The isometric relaxation, on the other hand, does not need any pronounced visco‐elastic change.
Effect of Benzoate and Salicylate on the Acetylation of p‐Aminobenzoic Acid in Ox Kidney in vitro
Authors: KOIVUSALO YARTTI , LUUHKAINEN TAPANI 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.The effect of benzoate and salicylate on the acetylation of p‐aminobenzoic acid in aitro has been studied in the ox kidney cortex. Both salicylate and benzoate inhibited the formation of acetyl‐p‐aminobenzoic acid when their concentration was 10‐‐2 M or more.
The Effect of D‐Lactic Acid on the Oxygen Consumption and Lactic Acid Content of the Blood in Rabbits
Authors: LUNDHOLM LENNART 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.The effect of D‐ and L‐lactic acid on the lactid acid content of the blood and the oxygen consumption was compared in tests on unanesthetized rabbits. The rise in the lactic acid content after intravenous infusion of 11.5 mg D‐lactid acid per kg per min for 60 min was twice that after the same dose of the L,‐isomer. The total increasz of the oxygen consumption was about the same after D‐ and L‐lactic acid. It was calculated that at identical blood concentrations the L‐isomer stimulated the oxygen consumption about four times stronger than the D‐isomer.
Notes on Rectal Temperatiire Varintiom in Dogs During Nembutal Annesthesin
Authors: KROG JOHN 
Published: December 2008

Abstract.The body temperature of 25 mongrel dogs under Nembutal anaesthesia was recorded at different environmental temperatures. It was found that at a temperature of about 20–25deg; C smaller dogs had a tendency to cool off, while larger had a tendency to warm up. The findings are tentatively being explained as being due to impairment of the heat dissipation system of the animals during anaesthesia.