bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular Changes During Classical Conditioning in the Squirrel Monkey
Authors: Hansen Timothy R. , Herd J. Alan 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTChanges in blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were classically conditioned in squirrel monkeys using light as the conditional stimulus, and electric shock as the unconditional stimulus. The transient (lasting less than 5 min) and sustained (maintained for a half‐hour or more) changes in BP and HR in response to light‐shock (LS) pairs and light alone (L) were measured while varying rates of presentation and shock intensity. LS presentation produced transient increases in both BP and HR. The magnitude of the change increased with shock intensity and decreased as stimulation rate increased. Transient changes in BP and HR in response to L presentation were induced by conditioning with LS. The conditioned transient response to L alone was greater when the LS conditioning period preceding it had greater shock intensity or slower presentation rate. Sustained changes in BP and HR were also produced by LS, the magnitude of which were directly related to the frequency of aversive stimulus presentation. Transient changes, in contrast, decreased in magnitude with more frequent presentation.
External Anal Sphincter Response to Rectal Distention: Learned Response or Reflex
Authors: Whitehead William E. , Orr William C. , Engel Bernard T. , Schuster Marvin M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThree experiments were conducted to determine whether the external anal sphincter contraction which typically follows rectal distention is a reflex or a voluntary response. Experiment I compared 15 chronically constipated patients to 10 normal subjects. A reflex should be reliably elicited by its unconditional stimulus; but if this response is voluntary, chronically constipated patients would be less likely to show it because they have had fewer opportunities to practice it. Only half of chronically constipated patients showed the response compared to 100% of normals. Experiment II investigated whether the response is elicited by rectal distention during sleep in 10 healthy subjects. The response was significantly less likely to occur during sleep. Experiment III in 6 normal subjects revealed that this response can be voluntarily omitted. These experiments indicate that external anal sphincter contraction following rectal distention is a voluntary response, not a reflex.
Patterns of Feedback EEG Responsivity and Control in Depressed Patients
Authors: Danesino Angelo , Mclaughlin Thomas , Burke William , Schneck Paul 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHabituation of the alpha‐blocking component of the orienting response (OR) was evaluated in depressed patients and normals. The method of feedback electroencephalography was used to elicit and control the OR.It was predicted that the depressed patients would show reduced initial ORs to visual stimuli compared to normals. The response of the patients to emotional verbal stimuli (related to their conflicts) was predicted to be more variable than the response to non‐conflict words, compared to normals.The results indicated that depressed patients are less responsive than normals for the initial few presentations of visual stimuli. The hypothesis about greater response variability by depressives to emotionally significant words was partially confirmed, i.e., the response variability was increased for one of the two verbal stimuli. The study demonstrated that feedback EEG experiments and clinical assessments can be reliably carried out in a non‐laboratory setting.
Estimation of Half From Quarter Recovery Time of SCR
Authors: Fletcher R. P. , Venables P. H. , Mitchell D. A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn many cases where SCR half‐recovery time cannot be measured because of post‐peak activity, quarter‐recovery time is measurable. Prediction of half from quarter recovery times is examined and the calculation of loge t/2 values for loge t/4 values is recommended.
Brain Event‐Related Potentials as Indicators of Early Selective Processes in Auditory Target Localization
Authors: McCallum W. C. , Curry S. H. , Pocock P. V. , Papakostopoulos D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo establish the stages of brain processing in an auditory stimulus localization task, event‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 24 normal subjects listening to brief white noise stimuli in a free‐field situation from front, back, left and right loudspeakers. The subject's task was to respond to ‘target’ stimuli from one designated speaker. Performance varied as a function of sound location, stimuli in the front/back dimension being more difficult to localize than those in the left/right. ERP results, based on averaged waveforms, difference waveforms and the factors derived from a principal components analysis, revealed a series of task related components. Some were relatively transient, others more sustained in character. One brain component showed task related amplitude changes with an onset as early as 15 msec. These changes were target specific for sounds in the easier left/right dimension only. Later components, such as the P300, also varied in amplitude between targets and non‐targets, but showed no significant amplitude or latency differences to target stimuli as a function of location, despite the significant performance differences.
Eyeblinking During Problem Solving: The Effect of Problem Difficulty and Internally vs Externally Directed Attention
Authors: Wood James G. , Hassett James 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study examined the eyeblink rate during non‐visual problem solving. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design compared eyeblink rates for easy and difficult problems, internally and externally directed attention, and numerical and alphabetical tasks. The major finding was a higher eyeblink rate for difficult problems. There was also a significant interaction between difficulty and the direction of attention; internally directed attention yielded higher blink rates only during the solution of easy problems. Range‐corrected data yielded the same pattern of results, but F‐values were consistently higher and accounted for a larger proportion of the variance.
Aortic‐Radial Pulse Transit Time and ECG Q‐Wave to Radial Pulse Wave Interval as Indices of Beat‐By‐Beat Blood Pressure Change
Authors: Pollak Michael H. , Obrist Paul A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study examined beat‐by‐beat relationships between blood pressure, the time interval from the ECG Q‐wave to the radial pulse wave (QRPI), and its two components, the cardiac pre‐ejection period (PEP) and aortic‐radial arterial pulse transit time (AR‐PTT). In 8 subjects, intra‐arterial systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, QRPI, PEP, and AR‐PTT were measured during rest, mental arithmetic, cold pressor, and inhalation of amyl nitrite. Both PEP and AR‐PTT varied widely during each experimental condition indicating that QRPI change reflected both PEP and AR‐PTT change. AR‐PTT varied inversely with SBP and DBP; PEP sometimes varied directly and sometimes inversely with both SBP and DBP. QRPI varied inversely with both SBP and DBP with the magnitude of the correlation in a particular instance depending on the relationships for that instance between blood pressure and both PEP and AR‐PTT. Implications of the results for the use of either QRPI or AR‐PTT as indices of blood pressure change are discussed.
Effects of Task Incentive on Cardiovascular Response in Type A and Type B Individuals
Authors: Blumenthal James A. , Lane James D. , Williams Redford B. , McKee Daphne C. , Haney Thomas , White Alice 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn experiment was conducted to investigate the interaction of task incentive and the Type A behavior pattern in determining psychomotor performance and psychophysiological responses during a verbal problem solving task. Twenty‐four Type A and 17 Type B subjects as determined by the structured interview were randomly assigned to a Monetary Incentive condition or a Non‐incentive Control condition. Results indicated that the presence or absence of explicit incentives affected task performance for Type As but not for Type Bs. Type As gave more responses more quickly when offered monetary reward. In contrast, the effects of incentive on cardiovascular responses were observed in Type B subjects but not Type As. Type As showed increased systolic blood pressure and heart rate and skeletal muscle vasodilatation in both conditions, while Type Bs showed increased heart rate and systolic blood pressure only when incentives were offered. Type Bs in the Control condition did not change significantly from baseline and actually tended to respond with a deceleration of heart rate and skeletal muscle vasoconstriction. The results are discussed in terms of the need to consider both the interaction of Type A with the nature of the task and the pattern of cardiovascular responses in future studies of psychophysiologic differences between Type A and Type B individuals.
Sympathetic Neuronal Function and Left Ventricular Performance During Behavioral Stress in Humans: The Relationship between Plasma Catecholamines and Systolic Time Intervals
Authors: McCubbin James A. , Richardson James E. , Langer Alan W. , Kizer John S. , Obrist Paul A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWe studied the relationship between sympathetic neuronal function and left ventricular performance during stress in humans by analysis of endogenous catecholamine levels and systolic time intervals. The results showed that performance on a stressful cognitive task was accompanied by changes in plasma catecholamines, heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and systolic time intervals. The cardiovascular responses were significantly correlated with plasma levels of epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE). The relationship between plasma catecholamines and systolic time intervals is thought to reflect sympatho‐adrenomedullary impact on left ventricular performance during stress.
Vascular Unloading Method for Noninvasive Measurement of Instantaneous Arterial Pressure: Applicability in Psychophysiological Research
Authors: Sawada Yukihiro , Yamakoshi Ken‐ichi , Shimazu Hideaki 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA new method proposed previously by us (1980) was described to evaluate its applicability in psychophysiological research. In this method, beat‐to‐beat systolic and diastolic pressure as well as the pressure waveform can be measured noninvasively in the human finger. By use of a hydraulicservosystem, the photoplethysmographically detected vascular volume changes associated with intraarterial pressure in the finger are compensated by an applied counterpressure (cuff pressure) to maintain a proper value corresponding to the unloaded vascular volume. At this state the controlled cuff pressure follows instantaneously the intraarterial pressure. Comparison data were obtained by direct measurement of blood pressure in the brachial artery in 3 normotensive and 3 hypertensive subjects. High correlations between the two measures were obtained in each subject under various conditions. By maintaining circulation in the finger, this method enables the noninvasive and continuous measurement of instantaneous arterial pressure for more than one hour without much discomfort. This indirect method should be useful in many areas of psychophysiological research.
Forty Hertz EEC Activity in Alzheimer's Type Dementia
Authors: Spydell John D. , Sheer Daniel E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEEG activity within the 40 Hz band was monitored during several tasks and during a non‐task condition. Twelve right‐handed subjects diagnosed as having Alzheimer's type dementia were studied. Results from this group were compared to a group of neurologically normal subjects of comparable age and IQ. Results show that while the normal group exhibited appropriate increases in 40 Hz activity during problem solving, the Alzheimer's type dementia group did not. In addition, the task appropriate lateralization of 40 Hz activity seen in the normal group was absent in the Alzheimer's type dementia group.
Individual Differences in Imagery Ability and Pavlovian Heart Rate Decelerative Conditioning
Authors: Arabian Jane M. , Furedy John J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present experiment was to investigate the role of imagery ability in Pavlovian HR decelerative conditioning with a head‐up to head‐down body tilt as the US. From imagery theories of conditioning (e.g., King, 1973), it was hypothesized that the CR of subjects with good imagery abilities should be more similar to the UR than the CR of subjects with poor imagery abilities. The Betts QMI was used to select 32 subjects for their imagery ability. All subjects were treated identically during the course of the experimental session. Following 10 CS‐US acquisition trials, the HR CR was assessed on a second‐by‐second basis during 9 CS‐alone test trials. The data provided support for the hypothesis: the form of the CR was significantly different for the two groups. The CR of the good imagers remained below baseline for 10 sec (the duration of the actual tilt‐US) while the CR of poor imagers returned to baseline within that period although the average magnitude of the CR for good and poor imagers did not differ. Implications of these data for human Pavlovian HR conditioning and applied (e.g., desensitization) psychophysiological research are discussed.
Laterality, Emotionality, and Heartbeat Perception
Authors: Montgomery William A. , Jones Gary E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRecent research on visceral perception has indicated that hemispheric specialization and emotionality may account for individual differences among subjects. The present study was designed to examine the nature of the relationship between hemispheric specialization and emotionality, and the manner in which these variables influence individual differences in visceral perception (i.e., detection of cardiac activity). Male subjects were given 20 questions used to test lateral eye movements. Following the completion of the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Form X‐1 (State Anxiety), cardiac awareness was assessed using the Whitehead heartbeat discrimination procedure. Subjects then completed the STAI, Form X‐2 (Trait Anxiety), and the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Results indicated that good heartbeat perceivers made significantly more left lateral eye movements (i.e., right hemisphere preferent) than poor perceivers on any of the emotional indicators. It was found, however, that subjects with high scores on two of the three emotional indicators made significantly more left lateral eye movements than subjects with low scores. Additional analyses indicate that respiration rate and subject obesity may affect the ability to detect feedback of cardiovascular function.
Intensity and Task Effects on Evoked Physiological Responses to Noise Bursts
Authors: Roth Walton T. , Dorato Karen H. , Kopell Bert S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo compare the sensitivity of a variety of psychophysiological variables to stimulus intensity and attention parameters, we simultaneously recorded EEG, eyeblink, skin conductance, and heart rate responses. Twelve subjects were presented with 50‐ms, abrupt onset, white noise bursts of four intensities: 65, 80, 95 and 110 dB SPL. Nineteen stimuli of each intensity were given in random order with ISIs between 12 and 17 seconds. This paradigm was repeated under three randomly ordered task conditions: simple reaction time to the noise bursts, passive sitting, and visual tracking.Response components were evaluated by Principal Components Analysis and peak measurement. Several factors and peaks increased with intensity, including those representing P300 and the Slow Wave. Task also had marked effects on certain components. SCR amplitude decreased rapidly over time, while the amplitudes of P300 and other event‐related potentials did not.The findings do not allow the late positive event‐related potential components to be classified unambiguously as orienting, defense, or startle responses. Cognitive theories of these components have little predictive power for the observed intensity effects.
The Perceptual Uncertainty of Having Slept: The Inability to Discriminate Electroencephalographic Sleep From Wakefulness
Authors: Sewitch Deborah E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTStage 2 sleep is often used as the objective marker of “true” sleep. Yet, throughout the polygraphic era of sleep research, there have been incidental literature reports on the discrepancy between verbal reports of prior behavioral state and the polygraphic recordings of prior behavioral state. Two experiments used a Signal Detection Theory (SDT) framework to systematically assess the extent of this verbal report polygraphic discrepancy in 11 subjects (aged 20‐35) with no sleep‐wake complaints or demonstrable sleep‐wake pathologies. The present work used a 6‐point rating scale with the polygraphic wake state designated as the “Signal” and the polygraphic sleep state (Stage 2 and REM sleep) designated as the “Noise” or blank. The ability to differentiate between polygraphic sleep and wakefulness differed by sleep stage with the discrimination significantly less when arousal came out of Stage 2 sleep rather than out of REM sleep. There was a high false alarm rate out of both polygraphic sleep stage 2 and REM but it was significantly higher out of Stage 2. A priori instruction set and limited performance feedback differentially and significantly affected discrimination and bias by sleep stage. The neuro‐ and psychophysiological implications of this work are discussed in the context of current definitions of the sleep state and characterization of the insomnias.
Aerobic Fitness Affects Cardiovascular and Catecholamine Responses to Stressors
Authors: Hull Elaine M. , Young Stephen H. , Ziegler Michael G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSubjects of varying degrees of aerobic fitness were subjected to four laboratory stressors in a test of the hypothesis that aerobic fitness is associated with decreased responsiveness to stressors other than exercise. Blood pressure, heart rate, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and psychological responses to a film of industrial accidents (passive psychological stressor), the Stroop word color task (active psychological stressor), the cold pressor test (passive physical stressor), and running to exhaustion on a treadmill (active physical stressor) were measured. Baseline systolic blood pressure and relative diastolic responses to the film, Stroop task, and exercise were smaller in fit subjects over 40 than in less fit subjects of the same age group. Heart rates were lower in fit subjects at most times, except during and after maximal exercise. Norepinephrine was lower after 9 min of exercise in fit subjects, but was much higher at exhaustion, after these subjects had accomplished more work. Norepinephrine levels fell rapidly and were not different among groups 3 and 10 min after exercise. There was no preferential generalization of the “fitness effect” to the active psychological task.
Neurocognitive Pattern Analysis of a Visuospatial Task: Rapidly‐Shifting Foci of Evoked Correlations Between Electrodes
Authors: Gevins Alan S. , Doyle Joseph C. , Cutillo Brian A. , Schaffer Robert E. , Tannehill Robert S. , Bressler Steven L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSpatial patterns of correlation between pairs of electrodes in 15 channels of human scalp‐recorded brain potentials were determined by applying Neurocognitive Pattern (NCP) Analysis to single‐trial EEG data from 9 adults performing a visuospatial task. Spatial patterns of difference in inter‐electrode correlation between “move” and “no‐move’ trials of the task increased in magnitude through four successive 175‐ms wide analysis intervals. Just before stimulus onset, correlations of the midline frontal electrode with lateral central, parietal, and temporal electrodes distinguished the tasks (p<.01). In the interval spanning the N1, P2, and N2 averaged event‐related potential (ERP) peaks, the between‐task contrast was focused at the midline parietal electrode (p<.001), involving correlations of that electrode with temporal, precentral, and frontal electrodes. In the interval centered on the P3a peak, the major focus of difference was at the right parietal electrode, with higher correlation of the right parietal with midline occipital and precentral electrodes in the no‐move task, and with the right central electrode in the move task (p<5 × 10‐5). In the final interval 135 ms later, which included right‐handed response preparation and initiation, the major focus of contrast shifted to the left central electrode, with higher correlation of that electrode with midline frontal and occipital electrodes in the move task, and with the midline parietal electrode in the no‐move task (p<5 × 10‐6). These results are consistent with a distributed network model of neurocognitive function where parallel activity in many neural areas is integrated in a rapidly shifting pattern of focal activity.
Physiological and Subjective Reactions to Being Touched
Authors: Drescher Vincent M. , Whitehead William E. , Morrill‐Corbin E. Darcie , Cataldo Michael F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe physiological and subjective effects of being touched on the wrist by another person were investigated in 20 normal adults at rest and during immersion of the hand in ice water. Touching reliably reduced heart rate compared to an immediately preceding baseline and compared to an alpha biofeedback condition. Heart rate during painful ice water stimulation was also lower when the subject was touched as compared to when he/she practiced alpha biofeedback, but this effect was not mediated by a reduction in the perceived painfulness of the ice water. Instead, touching and pain had independent, additive effects on heart rate. Touching did not produce generalized reductions in respiratory rate, SRR frequency, or frontalis EMG activity, although subjects did rate being touched as more pleasant and more relaxing than practicing alpha.
Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Predicts Heart Rate and Visual Responses during Visual Attention in 14 and 20 Week Old Infants
Authors: Richards John E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe prediction of cardiac attentional responses by respiratory sinus arrhythmia was tested in infants at 14 and at 20 weeks of age. Heart rate, heart rate variability, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia were measured in a 5‐min baseline period. Respiration and heart rate responses were recorded during the habituation of infant visual attention. The level of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in the baseline was significantly correlated with the cardiac deceleration, especially in the 20‐week‐old infants. The relationship between cardiac and respiratory responses during attention was stronger in the 20‐week‐olds, paralleling the increase in respiratory sinus arrhythmia at this age. Visual fixation durations were also significantly correlated with measures of heart rate variability from the baseline. These results imply that cardiac variability not only predicts the level of cardiac attentional responsivity, but may be useful in the indexing of individual differences in the responsivity of more general attentional systems.