bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Snapshot of Children's Postoperative Tonsillectomy Outcomes at Home
Authors: Huth Myra Martz , Broome Marion English 
Published: June 2007

PURPOSE.  To describe home outcomes of pain, medication use, fluid intake, and emesis 24 hr after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. The theory of unpleasant symptoms provided a conceptualizing framework. DESIGN AND METHODS.  A secondary analysis was conducted. Outcomes for 76 children were recorded on a home diary that included: self‐reported pain, analgesic use, fluids ingested, and emesis. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. RESULTS.  Children reported moderate pain. Children who received analgesics received less than recommended standards. Only 11% of the children drank the recommended fluids, and 31% of the children vomited at home. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  Parents need to become partners in pain management. Recommend multimodal discharge teaching and follow‐up phone call at home to ensure adequate analgesic administration and fluid intake.
Tandem Exploitation of Helix pomatia Glycosyltransferases: Facile Syntheses of H‐Antigen‐Bearing Oligosaccharides
Authors: Bretting Hagen , Buck Friedrich , Jacobs Günter , Meinke Sebastian , Scheppokat Angela M. , Thiem Joachim 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSnails from the family Helicidae produce in their albumen glands a highly branched galactan, which consists almost exclusively of D‐ and L‐galactose. The D‐Gal residues are glycosydically β(1→6)‐ or β(1→3)‐linked, whereas the L‐Gal moieties are attached α(1→2). Up until the present time, two β(1→6)‐D‐galactosyl transferases and one α(1→2)‐L‐galactosyl transferase have been identified in a membrane preparation of these glands. These were used to synthesise various oligosaccharides by successive addition of the NDP‐activated (NDP=nucleoside‐5′‐diphosphate) D‐Gal or L‐Fuc moieties, up to a heptasaccharide by starting from the disaccharide D‐Gal‐β(1→3)‐D‐Gal‐β(1→OMe. Even larger oligosaccharides up to a tridecasaccharide were obtained by starting with the hexasaccharide D‐Gal‐[β(1→3)‐D‐Gal]4‐β(1→4)‐D‐Glc as an acceptor substrate. This tandem exploitation process has high potential for the easy introduction of D‐Gal and L‐Fuc residues into a great variety of oligosaccharides, which can be used in ligand/acceptor studies.
Adrenal–kidney–gonad complex measurements may not predict gonad‐specific changes in gene expression patterns during temperature‐dependent sex determination in the red‐eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans)
Authors: Ramsey Mary , Crews David 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMany turtles, including the red‐eared slider turtle (Trachemys scripta elegans) have temperature‐dependent sex determination in which gonadal sex is determined by temperature during the middle third of incubation. The gonad develops as part of a heterogenous tissue complex that comprises the developing adrenal, kidney, and gonad (AKG complex). Owing to the difficulty in excising the gonad from the adjacent tissues, the AKG complex is often used as tissue source in assays examining gene expression in the developing gonad. However, the gonad is a relatively small component of the AKG, and gene expression in the adrenal‐kidney (AK) compartment may interfere with the detection of gonad‐specific changes in gene expression, particularly during early key phases of gonadal development and sex determination. In this study, we examine transcript levels as measured by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction for five genes important in slider turtle sex determination and differentiation (AR, ERα, ERβ, aromatase, and Sf1) in AKG, AK, and isolated gonad tissues. In all cases, gonad‐specific gene expression patterns were attenuated in AKG versus gonad tissue. All five genes were expressed in the AK in addition to the gonad at all stages/temperatures. Inclusion of the AK compartment masked important changes in gonadal gene expression. In addition, AK and gonad expression patterns are not additive, and gonadal gene expression cannot be predicted from intact AKG measurements. J. Exp. Zool. 307A:463–470, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolutionary and comparative anatomical investigations of the autonomic cardiac nervous system in the African cercopithecidae
Authors: Kawashima Tomokazu , Akita Keiichi , Sato Kenji , Sasaki Hiroshi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to clarify the general architecture and morphological variations of the autonomic cardiac nervous system (ACNS) in the African Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys), and to discuss the evolutionary changes between this system in African/Asian Cercopithecidae and humans. A detailed macroscopic comparative morphological investigation of the ACNS was performed by examining the left and right sides of 11 African cercopithecid specimens, including some previously unreported species (Abyssinian colobus, Angola pied colobus, Savanna monkey, and lesser white‐nosed guenon). The common characteristics of the ACNS in the African Cercopithecidae are described in detail. Consequently, homologies of the ACNS between Asian (macaques) and African Cercopithecidae, and differences between the Asian/African Cercopithecidae and humans, were found. In particular, differences in the sympathetic (cardiac) systems of the Cercopithecidae and humans were recognized, despite the similar morphology of the parasympathetic vagal (cardiac) system. These differences include the composition of the cervicothoracic ganglion, the lower positions of the middle cervical and cervicothoracic ganglia, and the narrow range for the origin of the cardiac nerves in the Cercopithecidae, compared with that in humans. In conclusion, these findings are considered with regard to the morphology of the last common ancestors of the Cercopithecidae. J. Morphol., 2007 © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nutritional properties of oat‐based beverages as affected by processing and storage
Authors: Zhang Huanmei , Önning Gunilla , Triantafyllou Angie Öste , Öste Rickard 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOat‐based beverages enriched with vitamins and minerals were produced with common hydrothermal treatments and stored at 22 °C for 64 weeks. The effects of decanting on the retention of native vitamins, minerals and fatty acids, and different UHT holding time (5 s or 20 s) at 140 °C on vitamins were investigated. Fatty acid profile, vitamin retention and dissolved oxygen concentration were monitored during storage. The decanting process caused a 47% increase of vitamin B6 and a 45–74% loss of phosphorus, zinc, calcium and iron. The steam‐injection UHT treatment caused a 60% loss of vitamin D3 for both holding times and a 30% loss of vitamin B12 for 20 s. During 1 year of storage, oleic and linoleic acids were stable, whereas linolenic acid decreased only slightly, even in the iron‐enriched variety. The dissolved oxygen concentration increased to a low value of 0.71 mg L−1 and reached a balance after 16 weeks. Most enriched vitamins except vitamins A, D3 and B12 were stable during ambient storage. Oat‐based beverages with highly retained vitamins can be manufactured by adding vitamins prior to direct UHT treatment with a shorter holding time. Additionally, iron enrichment of such beverages, without affecting the fatty acid profile, can be achieved by filter sterilisation. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Consequence analysis to humans from bursting cylindrical vessels
Authors: Ferradás Enrique G. , Alonso Fernando D. , Miñarro Marta D. , Aznar Agustín M. , Gimeno José R. , Alonso Jesús M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to describe a methodology to facilitate a consequence analysis for a pressure wave from a cylindrical vessel burst; however, this methodology can be used for other accident scenarios. The main PROBIT equations to evaluate the direct damage on humans include eardrum rupture, death due to skull fracture, death due to whole body impact, and lung damage. The results are evaluated and the most suitable PROBIT equations are selected. A new methodology is developed to relate the characteristic overpressure–impulse–distance curves for a cylindrical vessel burst, from a previous paper (González Ferradás et al., Process Saf Progr 25 (2006), 250‐254), with the selected PROBIT equation results. This methodology allows the determination of damage in one step, using explosion energy and distance to the accident's origin. Equations are also developed for using this methodology in a computer program or spread sheet calculations. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2007
Bayesian predictive power for interim adaptation in seamless phase II/III trials where the endpoint is survival up to some specified timepoint
Authors: Schmidli Heinz , Bretz Frank , Racine‐Poon Amy 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIntegration of a phase II and a phase III clinical trial into a single confirmatory study aims to shorten the development time without compromising the chance of success for a development program. These seamless phase II/III trials involve complex adaptations at the interim analysis, such as treatment selection, sample size reassessment, and stopping for futility. Bayesian methods can support these interim adaptations, and make this decision process more transparent. Use of a frequentist combination test for the final evaluation ensures that the type I error is controlled regardless of the adaptation rule employed at the interim analysis. In this paper, an adaptive seamless phase II/III trial design is proposed for studies where the endpoint is survival up to some specified timepoint and where Bayesian predictive power (PP) guides interim adaptations. For the evaluation of PP at the interim analysis, the event time is modelled as a piecewise exponential distribution, with informative priors for the hazard rates. As an illustrative example, regimen selection at interim in a four‐arm trial with an active control is
considered, where both non‐inferiority and superiority to the control arm are tested. Frequentist properties of the adaptation criterion based on Bayesian PP are assessed by simulations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[Be(OH2)4]Cl2 – Herstellung, IR‐Spektrum und Kristallstruktur
Authors: Massa Werner , Dehnicke Kurt 
Published: June 2007

Abstract[Be(OH2)4]Cl2 – Preparation, IR spectrum, and Crystal StructureSingle crystals of [Be(OH2)4]Cl2 were prepared by the reaction of thionyl chloride at 20 °C with samples which result from evaporated, HCl containing, aqueous solutions of BeCl2. With excess of boiling thionyl chloride BeCl2 is formed. [Be(OH2)4]Cl2 is characterized by IR spectroscopy and by X‐ray crystal structure determination: Space group P21/c, Z = 4, lattice dimensions at 193 K: a = 653.53(5), b = 1298.15(14), c = 789.52(6) pm, β = 103.005(9)°, R1 = 0.027. The structure consists of slightly distorted tetrahedral [Be(OH2)2]2+ ions, which are connected with the chloride ions via nearly linear O–H···Cl hydrogen bonds to give a 3D network.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of a Novel Polymeric Lead(II) Compound: [Pb2(phen)2(N3)3(ClO4)]n
Authors: Marandi Farzin , Mirtamizdoust Babak , Chantrapromma Suchada , Fun Hoong‐Kun 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA 2D lead(II) coordination polymer [Pb2(phen)2(N3)3(ClO4)]n,(1) containing 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) and two different anions, has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography. The single‐crystal X‐ray data show two different kinds of Pb2+ ions with coordination numbers of eight, Pb1 = PbN6O2 and Pb2 = PbN8, with hemidirected and holodirected structures, respectively. The supramolecular features in 1 is negiotated through the weak but directional C‐H···O and C‐H···N interactions and aromatic π–π stacking interactions.
Measuring Time Costs in Interventions Designed to Reduce Behavior Problems Among Children and Youth
Authors: Foster E. Michael , Johnson-Shelton Deborah , Taylor Ted K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe economic evaluation of psychosocial interventions is a growing area of research. Though time costs are central to the economist's understanding of social costs, these costs generally have been ignored by prevention scientists. This article highlights the need to measure such costs and then reviews the principles economists use in valuing time. It then considers the specific time costs that often arise in interventions designed to reduce behavior problems among children and youth. These include classroom time devoted to program activities, the time of parents or other caregivers, the time of teachers (outside of the classroom), and the time of volunteers. We consider the economic principles that govern how economists value these inputs and then apply these principles to data from an evaluation of a prominent intervention in the field, the Incredible Years Program. We find that the time costs are potentially rather large and consider the implications for public policy of ignoring them.
DOES SERVICE ACCESSIBILITY REDUCE SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENTIALS IN MATERNITY CARE SEEKING? EVIDENCE FROM RURAL BANGLADESH
Authors: RAHMAN M. HAFIZUR , MOSLEY W. HENRY , AHMED SAIFUDDIN , AKHTER HALIDA H. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryMaternal mortality is a serious public health concern in Bangladesh. However, most deaths could be prevented through proper and timely care seeking and adequate management. Unfortunately, fewer than half of pregnant women in Bangladesh seek antenatal care, and only one in eight receive delivery care from medically trained providers. The specific objectives of this research are to examine the socioeconomic differentials of maternity care seeking, and to determine whether accessibility of health services reduces the socioeconomic differentials in maternity care seeking. A multi-level logistic regression method is employed to analyse longitudinal data collected from a sample of 1019 women from all over Bangladesh. The study finds significant socioeconomic disparities in both antenatal and delivery care seeking. Service accessibility, however, significantly reduces the socioeconomic differentials in delivery care seeking. Services need to be made accessible to reduce the inequality in maternity care seeking between rich and poor, empowered and non-empowered.
Effect of niclosamide on the tegumental surface of Haplorchis taichui using scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Kumchoo K. , Wongsawad C. , Vanittanakom P. , Chai J.Y. , Rojanapaibul A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe effect of niclosamide on the tegument of adult Haplorchis taichui (Trematoda: Heterophyidae) exposed in vitro was observed by scanning electron microscope. Adult worms were incubated in Tyrode's solution containing 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 10 μg ml− 1 of niclosamide for 30 min, 1, 6, 12 and 24 h. Control groups were incubated in Tyrode's solution without niclosamide and worms remained active until 24 h. In 0.01 μg ml− 1 of niclosamide, worms showed slightly active movements up to 1 h after incubation, while in 0.1 μg ml− 1 solution a few worms showed only slightly active movements after 30 min. Tegumental changes were determined by scanning electron microscopy. Swelling and blebbing of the tegument were observed on both ventral and dorsal sides. After longer periods, extensive swelling and blebbing of the tegument became more severe and there was a loss of the apical plasma membrane in some regions. Empty spine sockets occurred, and small perforations penetrated the basal lamina, followed by some lesions. Destruction of both surfaces was more pronounced on the posterior compared with the anterior regions.
Bronchiectasis and sino-nasal disease: a review
Authors: Philpott C M , McKiernan D C 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe ‘one airway’ model for upper and lower respiratory tract disease is a concept gaining increasing momentum in both respiratory medicine and otorhinolaryngology. The specific common aetiology and pathophysiology of concomitant bronchiectasis and sino-nasal disease, such as chronic rhinosinusitis, are discussed here, as well as the clinical manifestations, along with a review of all the relevant literature in the field.
The snake venom metalloproteinase BaP1 induces joint hypernociception through TNF‐α and PGE2‐dependent mechanisms
Authors: Fernandes C M , de Fátima Pereira Teixeira C , Leite A C R M , Gutiérrez J M , Rocha F A C 
Published: June 2007

Background and purpose:Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in joint tissue destruction in arthritis. However, MMPs have not been assigned a role in joint pain. We investigated the ability of BaP1, a metalloproteinase from Bothrops asper snake venom, with structural homology to MMPs, to induce joint hypernociception.Experimental approach:Animals received intra‐articular (i.art.) BaP1. Hypernociception was assessed using the rat‐knee joint articular incapacitation test. Cell influx, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and TNF‐α levels were assessed in joint exudates following BaP1 injection.Key results:BaP1 (5 μg per joint) provoked hypernociception between 1 and 6 h after i.art. injection. Cell influx, mostly neutrophils, was maximal 3 h after BaP1 i.art. injection. BaP1 also led to increase in PGE2 and TNF‐α levels in the joint exudates. Pretreatment with either indomethacin (4 mg.kg−1 i.p.) or with an anti‐TNF‐α antiserum (i.art.) significantly inhibited both BaP1‐induced joint hypernociception and cell influx. In isolated rat peritoneal macrophages, BaP1 increased cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 expression, while not altering that of COX‐1.Conclusions and implications:This is the first demonstration that a metalloproteinase promotes joint hypernociception. This effect involves local release of PGE2 and TNF‐α. BaP1‐induced increase in PGE2 is associated to increased COX‐2 expression in macrophages. Blocking PGE2 or TNF‐α inhibits BaP1‐induced hypernociception. In addition to unravelling a hitherto unknown mechanism whereby TNF blockade provides analgesia in arthritis, the data show, for the first time that MMPs are involved in inflammatory joint hypernociception and induce COX‐2 expression.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 1254–1261. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707351
Density and Vagueness in Lecturing: A Learning theory explanation?
Authors: McAleese Ray 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis short note reports on two studies that examined the relationship between density and vagueness and criterion measures of independent ratings with respect to lecturing. Lectures measured as being dense were considered hard going and received relatively low ratings for overall effectiveness. Lectures with a high proportion of vague words and structures were similarly rated. An explanation in terms of learning theory suggests channel blockage and inability of the sensory receptors to recognise and assimilate inputs.
The Generalizability of Cross‐Moderation
Authors: Cohen Leslie , Johnson Sandra 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn response to increased public interest in the question of the comparability of the various examining boards' grading standards in the same subjects, the boards have in recent years published numerous reports on their own inter‐board comparability studies.The results of these studies have, in general, been disappointing in terms of the tentativeness of their conclusions about relative standards. This paper discusses the problems involved in attempting to compare grading standards across different examining boards, suggests reasons for the inevitable inconclusiveness of recently conducted cross‐moderation exercises, and, finally, suggests a strategy which would increase the future effectiveness of the cross‐moderation approach to comparability.The strategy involves the application of generalizability theory to the cross‐moderation method, leading to a programme of carefully designed subject‐studies from which the relative effects of some of the known influences on grade variation can be quantified. The results of such studies would then be available for the informed planning of future routine cost‐effective cross‐moderation exercises.
The Rasch Model Still Does Not Fit
Authors: Goldstein H. , Blinkhorn Steve 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCertain criticisms of the use of the Rasch model have been queried in a paper by Bryce. We argue that these criticisms not only remain valid, but are reinforced by recent research on latent trait models. In particular, Bryce fails to present a clear conceptual argument and adopts a very inefficient procedure for testing empirically the fit of the Rasch model.
Control and Consciousness in the Colleges
Authors: Walker Michael 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper considers the socialisation of teachers through their professional training. Using a theoretical model derived from Bernstein's work on ritual, classification and framing, a comparative historical analysis is developed over three epochs, 1840 to 1875, 1960 to 1972 and 1972 to 1982. It is suggested that the mode of preparation in the first two epochs produced politically conservative teachers. However, the changes in teacher preparation consequent upon the 1972 rationalisations are thought to constitute a radical break with this tradition. It is argued that current practices in the preparing institutions in conjunction with changes in the occupational context of teaching may promote militant economic and political activity amongst teachers.
Teachers' Perceptions of Pupils' Behaviour Problems at a Comprehensive School
Authors: Kyriacou Chris , Roe Humphrey 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study sought to explore teachers' perceptions of pupils' behaviour problems at a single comprehensive school. Sixty‐four teachers at the school rated a list of 23 behaviour problems in terms of their seriousness. The findings indicated that the teachers' perceptions were dominated by disruptive behaviours, although ‘under‐achieving’ by pupils was a major cause of concern. A principal components analysis identified three major factors: problems describing aggressive and antagonistic personality traits, problems relating to difficulties in application to school work, and problems relating to difficulties with authority. A particularly interesting finding was that teachers who had previously taught in a grammar school tended to rate the behaviour problems as more serious than colleagues who had previously taught in a secondary modern school. As well as contributing to the understanding of how teachers perceive the notion of behaviour problems, these findings also have implications for staff development at the school.
INSET and Education for Multicultural Society: a review of the literature
Authors: Burtonwood Neil 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews the literature on the provision of in‐service education of teachers (INSET) in the area of education for multicultural society. It traces the changing emphasis from a concern with the amount and take‐up of INSET to a more qualitative analysis of the process and impact of INSET. The paper begins by updating an earlier contribution on the period immediately before and after the publication of the Swann Report. Developments in school‐focused work, especially those with an action research dimension, are noted. Specific reference is then made to racism awareness training and also the particular needs of ‘all white’ areas. Finally the training needs of teacher trainers and ethnic minority teachers are considered.