bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LIFETIME PREVALENCE OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN EDMONTON
Authors: Bland R. C. , Orn H. , Newman S. C. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT‐3,258 randomly selected adult household residents of Edmonton were interviewed by trained lay interviewers using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). Lifetime prevalence for 16 DIS/DSM III diagnoses are given. Overall 33.8% of the population had one or more diagnoses and, excluding substance use disorders, one fifth of the population had a diagnosis. The most common lifetime diagnosis was alcohol abuse/dependence, followed by phobia and major depressive episode. Men were more likely to have had substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder and women more likely to have had major depressive episode, dysthymia, agoraphobia and simple phobia. Those who were married had generally lower lifetime prevalences. Those over age 65 had the lowest prevalence of any age groups.
PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN EDMONTON
Authors: Bland R. C. , Stebelsky G. , Orn H. , Newman S. C. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSignificant reltionships were found between unemployment in the last five years and a lifetime history of psychiatric disorder. These results are based on interviews of 3,258 randomly selected non‐institutionalized adult residents of Edmonton, conducted by trained lay interviewers using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ, 30‐item). Having a lifetime history of a psychiatric disorder increased the odds of being unemployed 2.8 times. Disorders carrying the highest risk for unemployment were anorexia, antisocial perssonality disorder, schizophrenia, and substance use disorders. GHQ results indicated that those experiencing periods of unemployment are also likely to have higher current symptom and stress levels than those who are employed.
Past and present strategies of research on the HPA‐axis in psychiatry.
Authors: Berger M. , Krieg C. , Bossert S. , Schreiber W. , von Zerssen D. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTHypercortisolism in depression has been extensively studied during the last three decades. The main hypothesis regarding origin and clinical relevance of this phenomenon, however, has changed significantly. Up to the mid‐seventies hypercortisolism was conceived as consequence of stress modified by the degree of unconscious defense mechanisms in different forms of depressive or non‐depressive psychiatric disorders.At the end of the seventies this point of view changed considerably. Hypercortisolism was regarded as a biological statemarker of the endogenous subtype of depression with clinical differential‐diagnostic relevance. An abnormal dexamethasone suppression test (DST) was assumed to be the best indication of increased activation of the cortisol system.These conslusions turned out to be wrong. DST results are not specific for melancholia and the test seems to be of limited value for measuring the function of the HPA‐axis. Intervening variables, such as weight loss, drug and alcohol withdrawal or situational stress, influence the test results significantly, independent of the nosological classification. Additionally, interindividual differences in the susceptibility of the HPA‐axis may decisvely influence the activation of the HPA‐axis as well in healthy subjects under stress as in psychiatric patients.
Psychotropic drug use in a representative community sample: the Upper Bavarian study
Authors: Fichter M.M. , Witzke W. , Leibl K. , Hippius H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA sample of 1979 community residents aged 15 years and above was assessed in a major survey of health status and consumption of psychotropic medication. Interviews were conducted in the subjects’ home by a psychiatrically trained physician, who actually inspected the subjects’ medical supplies. Of all subjects 6.9% (4.3% of the males and 9.0% of the females) had used a drug containing a benzodiazepine at least once in the 4 weeks preceding the interview. In the same period 3.6% had taken a medication containing a barbiturate, 2.2% a medicine containing an opioid (mainly codeine), 1.8% had taken a neuroleptic drug, 1.5% an antidepressant, 0.8% a carbamine‐acid derivative and 0.1% lithium. High use of psychotropic medication was associated with higher age, female sex, higher psychiatric morbidity, higher somatic morbidity, reduced work capacity and higher neuroticism but not with social class and not with the personality factor extra‐ or introversion.
Sulpiride and perphenazine in schizophrenia
Authors: Lepola U. , Koskinen T. , Rimón R. , Salo H. , Gordin A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSeventeen patients with acute schizophrenia and 30 with chronic schizophrenia were included in a randomized, double‐blind parallel‐group trial comparing sulpiride and perphenazine. Patients were evaluated using the 16‐item Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) prior to the onset of treatment and 1 and 2 weeks, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 months thereafter. In patients with acute schizophrenia, total BPRS scores declined significantly at the end of the trial compared with pretreatment values in sulpiride‐treated patients but not in schizophrenics treated with perphenazine. Differences in response between the groups did not reach statistical significance, however. For patients suffering from chronic schizophrenia, a statistically significant decline was observed in total BPRS scores at 4 months compared with pretreatment scores in both sulpiride and perphenazine groups. There was no significant difference in the treatment response between the groups. Sulpiride appeared to be somewhat more effective than perphenazine for treatment of acute schizophrenia. Efficacy of both compounds was less marked in chronic forms of schizophrenia.
Quality of life perspectives in long‐term care: staff and patient perceptions
Authors: Thapa K. , Rowland L. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn the rehabilitation of chronically mentally ill patients, social impairments and multiple disabilities necessitate the use of comprehensive and complex services encompassing many areas of life. It is suggested that quality of life (QoL) can be used as an organizing framework for long‐term care. Subjects in the present study included staff and patients from a rehabilitation unit that offers individualized long‐term care, day services, inpatient and outreach facilities. Using subjective indices, staff and patient perceptions of QoL were compared across several life domains. Significant differences between the 2 groups were found in several areas, including leisure activities, law and safety, and health. The implications of these findings for long‐term care are discussed.
A comparison of self‐injury and self‐poisoning from the Regional Poisoning Treatment Centre, Edinburgh
Authors: Robinson A. D. T. , Duffy J. C. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTInjury and poisoning episodes at the Regional Poisoning Treatment Centre, Edinburgh, were compared for the years 1980–1986. Injury was more likely to be associated with youth, male sex and single status. When these demographic differences were controlled for, injury was found to be associated with the following clinical variables: personality disorder, previous psychiatric inpatient status, use of alcohol at the time of parasuicide and alcohol problems, and the social variables ‐violence against others and received from relatives in the preceding 5 years, criminal record and unemployment. These have been consistently associated with repetition of parasuicide. A history of injury as a putative marker of repetition and the clinical implication of its association with alcohol problems are discussed.
Melperone and clozapine: neuroendocrine effects of atypical neuroleptic drugs
Authors: Meltzer Herbert Y. , Koenig James I. , Nash J. Frank , Gudelsky Gary A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of atypical neuroleptics within the neuroendocrine axis of rodents can be distinguished from those of typical neuroleptics by the production of: 1) a shortlived increase in serum PRL concentrations, 2) an acute increase in the activity of TIDA neurons, and 3) a marked increase in serum corticosterone concentrations. It is of interest to specculate that the pharmacological properties of atypical neuroleptics which mediate the unique neuroendocrine responses are of relevance to an understanding of the mechanisms which underlie the clinical profile of these antipsychotic agents.
Melperone in the treatment of schizophrenia
Authors: Bjerkenstedt L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTEighty‐one women with psychosis of schizophrenic or paranoid type participated in a double‐blind comparison of melperone (300 mg daily) and thiothixene (30 mg daily). The purpose of the study was to analyse clinical and biochemical effects of the drugs. Both treatments were associated with significant reductions in psychotic morbidity. No significant difference in the clinical ratings was found between the drugs. However, there were more extrapyramidal side effects in the thiothixene as compared to the melperone group. Biochemically, the dopaminergic variables HVA in CSF and prolactin in plasma and CSF showed significantly greater elevations in the thiothixene group.
A clinical comparison of melperone and placebo in schizophrenic women on a milieu therapeutic ward
Authors: Härnyd C. , Bjerkenstedt L. , Gullberg B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty schizophrenic women participated in a double‐blind comparison of melperone (300 mg daily) and placebo lasting 4 weeks. All the patients received milieu treatment. Two patients in the melperone and four in the placebo group were removed from the study due to unsatisfactory therapeutic response. In the melperone group, there were significant reductions in psychotic morbidity. In the placebo group, there were occasional significant redutions of psychotic morbidity during but not at the end of treatment. The melperone‐treated patients exhibited significantly lower morbidity scores than the placebo group after treatment for two and four weeks. The melperone group demonstrated significantly more adverse reactions than placebo‐treated patients at the end of the study. The results support the view that melperone exerts an antipsychotic effect. The study is consistent with the opinion that milieu therapy should be combined with neuroleptics to achieve an optimal result in the treatment of an acute phase of schizophrenia.
Paroxetine: pharmacokinetic and antidepressant effect in the elderly
Authors: Lundmark J. , Thomsen I.Scheel , Fjord‐Larsen T. , Manniche P.M. , Mengel H. , Møller‐Nielsen E.M. , Pauser H. , Wålinder J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTTo evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties, efficacy, and tolerability of paroxetine in elderly depressed patients, a clinical study was set up ‐ initially at Aalborg Psychiatric Hospital in Denmark, and subsequently at the University Hospital in Linköping, Sweden. A total of 21 patients with a median age of 72 years were included in the study. After a single dose of 20 or 30mg of paroxetine followed by two drug‐free days, treatment continued with 20 or 30mg daily for seven weeks. The majority of patients showed a continuous reduction in their HAMD scores, starting in the second week of treatment. Paroxetine was well tolerated at the doses given, and side‐effects were mostly mild and transient. Steady‐state, pre‐dose plasma levels of paroxetine showed considerable variability, and the median steady‐state concentration was higher in elderly patients compared with data from a previous study in young volunteers. Elimination half‐lives also showed variability between these elderly patients, but tended to be longer after cessation of multiple dosing than after a single dose. They also tended to be longer than in the young volunteers. The results of this study do not advocate reduced doses of paroxetine in the elderly, but further studies are warranted.
New antidepressants and 5‐HT uptake inhibitors
Authors: Montgomery S.A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe efficacy of 5‐HT uptake inhibitors, including paroxetine, as antidepressants is compared with that of the reference tricyclic antidepressants. It is suggested that some of the older tricyclicantidepressants might not have been released for general clinical use if tested by today's rigorous standards. Placebo‐ controlled, multicentre studies indicate that 5‐HT uptake inhibitors are both effective as antidepressants and well tolerated by depressed patients. They also appear to have a role in the treatment of depression when associated with personality disorders, in the treatment of obsessive‐compulsive disorder and bulimia, and in resistant depression. Moreover, the evidence for efficacy in the prophylaxis of depression is better established for 5‐HT uptake inhibitors than for reference antidepressants.
A cerebrospinal fluid study of the pathophysiology of panic disorder associated with alcoholism
Authors: George D. T. , Adinoff B. , Ravitz B. , Nutt D. J. , Jong J. De , Berrettini W. , Mefford I. N. , Costa E. , Linnoila M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn order to investigate the neurochemistry of panic disorder in alcoholics, we measured various cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters in subjects with both conditions and compared them with an age‐ and sex‐matched population of alcoholics and normal controls. When height, age and weight were covaried, subjects with panic disorder had higher levels of B‐endorphin in CSF. There were no differences in other CSF measures between the groups. Alcoholics with panic disorder had higher plasma MHPG concentrations compared with alcoholics without panic disorder but these were not statistically different from controls.
The influence of gender on the classification of psychotic disorders — a multidiagnostic approach
Authors: Copolov D. L. , McGorry P. D. , Singh B. S. , Proeve M. , Riel R. Van 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA multidiagnostic approach was used prospectively to classify a sample of 176 psychotic patients. An excess of males was found with only one out of 11 systems of schizophrenia, the World Health Organization “flexible” system of schizophrenia, with an excess of females noted in 2 of 5 systems of schizoaffective disorder, the Kasanin schizoaffective system and the Feighner schizoaffective depressed category. Correlation matrices of the diagnostic categories were generated for men and women and multidimensional scaling was used to plot the distribution of diagnostic categories. In the male sample, patients appeared to cluster according to affective symptoms and the mood‐congruence of psychotic symptoms. Four clusters were apparent, but were less evident in the female sample. This gender difference was given partial support by quantitative measures of concordance. It is suggested that women manifested a greater admixture of symptoms, especially mixed affective and psychotic symptoms, than men.
Hallucinations in schizophrenia
Authors: Mueser K. T. , Bellack A. S. , Brady E. U. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe prevalence of different types of hallucinations and their clinical correlates were examined in 117 DSM‐III‐R schizophrenic or schizoaffective disorder patients. Auditory hallucinations were by far the most common, followed by visual hallucinations, and then by tactile and olfactory or gustatory hallucinations. Auditory hallucinations were associated with an earlier age of first hospitalization among the schizophrenics. Global severity of the illness for schizophrenics was related to the presence of visual hallucinations, but not other types of hallucinations. Tactile and olfactory or gustatory hallucinations were strongly correlated with each other and with the severity of delusions for both schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients. The results suggest that important clinical differences exist between patients with different types of hallucinations, and that these clinical variables need to be controlled for in cross‐cultural studies of hallucinations.
The new revolving‐door patients: results from a national cohort of first admissions
Authors: Lewis T. , Joyce P. R. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA cohort of all first admissions to New Zealand psychiatric hospitals and psychiatric wards of general hospitals in 1980 and 1981 was followed up for 5 years. The cohort consisted of 3875 males and 3965 females aged from 15 to 64 years. Of these subjects, 59.4% had only one admission; 14.6% met our criteria for a revolving‐door patient, as they had 4 or more admissions within the 5‐year follow‐up period. Based on first‐admission information, patients who were younger and had a psychotic diagnosis had an increased likelihood of becoming a revolving‐door patient. Stepwise logistic regression showed that younger age and psychotic diagnosis inde pendently and in interaction were associated with a high probability of becoming a revolving‐door patient. Although patients with a first‐admission diagnosis of schizophrenia constitute a large group of the new revolving‐door patients for both males and females, for women those with affective disorders and for men those with substance abuse comprise the largest proportion of the new revolving‐door patients. This is because affective disorders in women and substance abuse in men are the most common diagnoses on first admission, rather than because the disorders themselves are associated with a high probability of the patients having multiple ad missions.
From community mental health services to specialized psychiatry: the effects of a change in policy on patient accessibility and care utilization
Authors: Stefansson C.‐G. , Cullberg J. , Ekecrantz L. Steinholtz 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn 1975, a community mental health (CMH) centre with most of its resources channelled to outpatient services was set up in a defined catchment area of 75,000 inhabitants near Stockholm. In 1981, the CMH centre was allocated 3 inpatient wards of its own. An outpatient unit to treat long‐term psychotic patients was also built up from existing resources. Emergency cases were directed to the primary health care services or to the emergency department of a hospital. During the same period, the number of doctors in the area's primary health care services increased fourfold. The social, demographic and diagnostic composition of the patient population and its utilization of in‐ and outpatient care in connection with these organizational changes are described. The population of the cathment area increased by 12.5% and the patient population decreased by 40%. The decrease was particularly great among first‐time visitors (– 54%), patients from lower social groups (– 53%) and those with crisis diagnosis (– 71%). The number of patients with psychoses increased (+ 26%). Outpatient visits and hospital utilization increased by one third. The number of compulsory admissions increased by 20% (still being far below the mean number in Stockholm). The decrease in the patient population is attributed to the reduction in accessibility to the CMH centre at a time when primary care services in the area were undergoing a sizeable expansion. The increased care utilization is the result of an internal redistribution of resources in favour of resource‐demanding, long‐term psychotic patients.
Relationship of psychotic symptoms to haloperidol‐stimulated prolactin release
Authors: Kulkarni J. , Keks N. A. , Stuart G. , Mackie B. , Minas I. H. , Singh B. S. , Copolov D. L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTProlactin (PRL) response to a single dose of intravenous haloperidol (0.5 mg) was measured as a marker of tuberoinfundibular dopamine (TIDA) activity in 24 neuroleptic‐free, male, psychotic patients. The PRL responses were then correlated with psychotic symptoms measured with Andreasen's Scales for the Assessment of Positive and Negative Symptoms (SAPS, SANS). Correlation analyses revealed a significant inverse relationship between PRL response and the severity of delusional symptoms. There was no significant correlation between the symptoms of hallucinations, formal thought disorder, or global negative symptoms and PRL response to haloperidol, nor were there any significant correlations between basal PRL and symptom severity. These results suggest that among the positive and negative symptoms associated with psychoses, only delusions may be associated with TIDA overactivity.
P300 and smooth eye pursuit: concordance of abnormalities and relation to clinical features in DSM‐III schizophrenia
Authors: Ebmeier K. P. , Potter D. D. , Cochrane R. H. B. , Mackenzie A. R. , MacAllister H. , Besson J. A. O. , Salzen E. A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty‐five DSM‐III‐diagnosed schizophrenics and 37 normal and age‐matched controls were examined using an oddball paradigm for the generation of P300 and smooth eye‐pursuit tasks. Results were compared between groups and related to clinical characteristics, including a family history of psychiatric illness. Group differences were found for P300 amplitudes, latencies and eye‐tracking. A family history of psychiatric illness was associated with normal eye‐tracking in patients. Small P300 amplitudes alone and in combination with long P300 latencies were associated with a family history in controls.
Risk factors of alcoholism in Taiwan Chinese: an epidemiological approach
Authors: Hwu H.‐G. , Yeh E.‐K. , Yeh Y.‐L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the risk factors of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence, as defined by DSM‐III criteria, in 11,004 Chinese subjects in the Taiwan community. Risk factors were analyzed using chi‐square and multivariate logistic regression statistics. The logistic regression shows that the risk factors of alcohol dependence include male, having had childhood or adulthood behavior problems; of alcohol abuse include male, having had childhood or adulthood behavior problems, non‐metropolitan community, age cohort, job‐holder. The etiological models proposed are biological for Chinese alcohol dependence and interactional for Chinese alcohol abuse.
A longitudinal study of cerebrospinal fluid beta‐endorphin‐like immunoreactivity in delirium: changes at the acute stage and at one‐year follow‐up
Authors: Koponen H. , Riekkinen J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTCerebrospinal fluid beta‐endorphin‐like immunoreactivity (CSF BLI) was determined on 3 occasions for elderly delirious patients and the BLI levels were compared with age‐equivalent controls. Delirious patients showed a significant reduction in the BLI values in the first sample and a declining trend was seen in the follow‐up. The results suggest a role for beta‐endorphinergic dysfunction in the genesis of some symptoms of delirium, and this dysfunction may be a common phenomenon in various forms of delirium and dementia.
Bright light treatment of winter depression: morning versus evening light
Authors: Avery D. H. , Khan A. , Dager S. R. , Cox G. B. , Dunner D. L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn a randomized crossover design, 7 patients with winter depression were treated with 7 d of bright morning light (0600 to 0800) and 7 d of evening light (2000 to 2200). Bright lights in the morning significantly reduced the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) score (18.4 to 5.0); the bright light in the evening moderately decreased the HRSD score (19.4 to 15.1). The improvement in the HRSD score was significantly greater with morning light than with evening light.