bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel and major association ofHLA-Cin Graves' disease that eclipses the classicalHLA-DRB1effect
Authors: Simmonds Matthew J. , Howson Joanna M.M. , Heward Joanne M. , Carr-Smith Jackie , Franklyn Jayne A. , Todd John A. , Gough Stephen C.L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAssociation of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-encoded HLA-DRB1-DQA1-DQB1 haplotype with Graves' disease (GD) has been known for several years. Recent evidence from other autoimmune diseases has suggested that the HLA class I encoded HLA-B/-C molecules could be conferring HLA-DRB1-DQA1-DQB1 independent effects on disease. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of HLA-B and HLA-C in GD in a white ethnic group of 806 patients with GD and 487 control subjects from the UK. Of the five loci (HLA-B, -C, -DRB1, -DQA1, -DQB1), HLA-C demonstrated the strongest association (P = 1.20 × 10−20) with HLA-C*07 predisposing [OR = 1.63, 95% CI (1.23–2.17)] and both HLA-C*03 [OR = 0.54, 95% CI (0.38–0.77)], HLA-C*16 [OR = 0.36, 95% CI (0.21–0.61)] protective. The other loci were then tested for HLA-C-independent associations. HLA-B was found to be associated independently of HLA-C (P = 1.54 × 10−6) with the other three loci, HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DQA1, also improving the model but with less confidence (P &gt; 10−5). This study has for the first time provided evidence of a primary association of HLA-C, and to a lesser extent HLA-B, with GD. Class II loci could still have effects on GD, but they appear smaller than the HLA-C association. A full investigation of the MHC region, including all class I and II loci is now required. Our results point to a primary role for class I-mediated responses in GD, a condition classically assumed to be a straightforward HLA-class II-restricted autoantibody response to the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor.
Filling of artificial lateral canals and microleakage and flow of five endodontic sealers
Authors: Almeida J. F. A. , Gomes B. P. F. A. , Ferraz C. C. R. , Souza‐Filho F. J. , Zaia A. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAim  To evaluate the flow characteristics of AH Plus, Epiphany Root Canal Sealant, Endométhasone, Pulp Canal Sealer (EWT) and Sealapex and their ability to fill artificial lateral canals and prevent microleakage.Methodology  Flow of the sealers was analysed using the American Dental Association (ADA) 57 and the International Standards Organization (ISO) 6876 specifications. Two lateral canals were produced in the middle and apical third of 64 roots using 0.1 mm cylindrical drills. Lateral condensation of gutta‐percha or Resilon and one or other of the sealers were used to fill the root canals. Buccal‐lingual digital radiographs were exposed. After the sealer had set, the roots were immersed in Indian ink and cleared in methyl salicylate. The extent of filling and dye penetration were measured on the buccal and lingual root surfaces under 30× magnification with a stereoscope.Results  AH Plus, Epiphany and Pulp Canal Sealer (EWT) complied with ADA 57 and ISO 6876 specifications. Sealapex complied with the ADA 57 specification but not with ISO 6876. Endométhasone did not comply with either specification. Filling of lateral canals was similar for the five sealers tested. Dye leakage demonstrated that AH Plus, Epiphany and Sealapex permitted less leakage than Pulp Canal Sealer (EWT) (P < 0.05).Conclusions  All the sealers flowed into the 0.1 mm artificial lateral canals. AH Plus, Epiphany and Sealapex allowed less linear leakage than Pulp Canal Sealer (EWT). The flow of Endométhasone did not comply with either ADA 57 or ISO 6876 specifications and Sealapex did not comply with ISO 6876.
Seen but not heard: a systematic review of the place of the child in 21st‐century dental research
Authors: MARSHMAN ZOE , GIBSON BARRY J. , OWENS JANINE , RODD HELEN D. , MAZEY HUW , BAKER SARAH R. , BENSON PHILIP E. , ROBINSON PETER G. 
Published: June 2007

Background.  The position of children in society has changed with increasing emphasis on children's rights and child‐centred services. This study aimed to describe the extent to which contemporary oral health research has been conducted with or on children.Design.  A systematic review of the child dental literature from 2000–2005 was conducted. A purposive sample was used to develop categories describing the level of involvement of children in research. Four main categories were developed: children as the objects of research, proxies used on behalf of children, children as the subjects of research with some involvement and children as active participants with their perspectives explored.Electronic databases were searched and exclusion criteria applied. Each of the resulting papers was examined and categorised. The frequency distribution in each category and the distribution of these categories according to subject were calculated.Results.  The search revealed 3266 papers after application of the exclusion criteria. Of these, 87.1% were categorised as research where children were used as objects, 5.7% were found to involve proxies (parents or clinicians), 7.0% involved children to some extent and 0.3% involved children actively.Conclusion.  Most oral health research is conducted on children, in future research should strive to be conducted with children, involving them as fully as possible.
Caries experience in a severely obese adolescent population
Authors: BAILLEUL‐FORESTIER ISABELLE , LOPES KARINE , SOUAMES MOURAD , AZOGUY‐LEVY SYLVIE , FRELUT MARIE‐LAURE , BOY‐LEFEVRE MARIE‐LAURE 
Published: June 2007

Aim.  The present study assessed caries experience in an adolescent population being treated for severe obesity. The DMFT indices of a group of obese adolescents (n = 41) and a group of nonobese adolescents (n = 41) were compared.Design.  The parameters examined in this transversal study were body mass index (BMI) and the number of decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT). The obese and nonobese groups were matched by age, gender, and parental socio‐occupational category. Differences between the two groups were assessed using nonparametric tests.Results.  There was a significant association between BMI and DMFT indices (P = 0.01) in the severely obese group. The obese adolescents were more likely to have caries than the nonobese ones.Conclusions.  The severely obese children (n = 16) had a high level of caries experience. Given the tremendous increase in the prevalence of obesity in children, dentists should promote a healthy diet not only to prevent dental decay but also to reduce the risk for obesity. Dentists should participate in multidisciplinary medical teams managing obese adolescents.
Rapid detection of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans using a loop‐mediated isothermal amplification method
Authors: Osawa R. , Yoshida A. , Masakiyo Y. , Nagashima S. , Ansai T. , Watari H. , Notomi T. , Takehara T. 
Published: June 2007

Introduction:  Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans has been implicated in the etiology of aggressive periodontitis. In this study, we applied a novel nucleic acid amplification method, called loop‐mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), which amplifies DNA with high specificity, efficiency and rapidity under isothermal conditions, allowing the rapid detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans.Methods:  We designed the primers for detecting A. actinomycetemcomitans and evaluated the specificity and sensitivity of the assay.Results:  The LAMP primers used in this study successfully amplified serotypes a–e of A. actinomycetemcomitans, while other oral bacteria were not amplified. By measuring the precipitation of magnesium pyrophosphate, we could quantify the chromosomal DNA of A. actinomycetemcomitans. The detection limits using the real‐time turbidimetry analysis were 5.8 × 102–5.8 × 107 copies of A. actinomycetemcomitans template DNA per reaction tube. In addition, the LAMP assay was used for the rapid detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans in clinical specimens from eight individuals. The results with the LAMP method were similar to those using conventional polymerase chain reaction.Conclusion:  Our results suggest that the LAMP‐based assay is very useful for the rapid detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans.
Quantification and characterization of Synergistes in endodontic infections
Authors: Vianna M. E. , Conrads G. , Gomes B. P. F. A. , Horz H. P. 
Published: June 2007

Introduction:  Bacterial species belonging to the poorly characterized division Synergistes have recently been reported in endodontic infections, and therefore may be part of the etiology of periradicular diseases. The objective of this study was to characterize and quantify the predominant Synergistes phylotypes in infected root canals.Methods:  We analyzed 32 necrotic teeth, each from a different patient, with radiographic evidence of apical periodontitis and with primary endodontic infections.Results:  Using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction based on Synergistes‐specific primers, seven of the 32 cases were found to be positive. Comparative sequence analysis showed that each of the seven samples was infected by one numerically dominant phylotype. Diversity among phylotypes was such that they could be grouped into three major evolutionary branches within the Synergistes division. The size of the total Synergistes population ranged from 4.5 × 104 to 1.5 × 106 16S rRNA gene copies, and the median proportion accounted for 0.79% of the total bacterial community. For comparison, we also quantified such recognized endodontic pathogens as Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema. The first two species were found in five and nine cases, respectively, with a median proportion below 0.01%, while Treponema was found in 18 cases with a median proportion of 1.48%.Conclusion:  Thus, the prevalence and quantity of Synergistes was clearly within the range of the other analyzed pathogens, suggesting their clinical relevance in endodontic infections. Furthermore, the diversity of Synergistes found at the diseased sites designates infected root canals as an important human ecosystem providing several unique micro‐niches for this novel group of bacteria.
α‐Synuclein involvement in hippocampal synaptic plasticity: role of NO, cGMP, cGK and CaMKII
Authors: Liu Shumin , Fa Mauro , Ninan Ipe , Trinchese Fabrizio , Dauer William , Arancio Ottavio 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSynaptic plasticity involves a series of coordinate changes occurring both pre‐ and postsynaptically, of which α‐synuclein is an integral part. We have investigated on mouse primary hippocampal neurons in culture whether redistribution of α‐synuclein during plasticity involves retrograde signaling activation through nitric oxide (NO), cGMP, cGMP‐dependent protein kinase (cGK) and calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II. We have found that deletion of the α‐synuclein gene blocks both the long‐lasting enhancement of evoked and miniature transmitter release and the increase in the number of functional presynaptic boutons evoked through the NO donor, DEA/NO, and the cGMP analog, 8‐Br‐cGMP. In agreement with these findings both DEA/NO and 8‐Br‐cGMP were capable of producing a long‐lasting increase in number of clusters for α‐synuclein through activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase, cGK and calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase IIα. Thus, our results suggest that NO, cGMP, GMP‐dependent protein kinase and calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II play a key role in the redistribution of α‐synuclein during plasticity.
Exposure to retinoic acid at the onset of hindbrain segmentation induces episodic breathing in mice
Authors: Guimarães Laura , Domínguez‐del‐Toro Eduardo , Chatonnet Fabrice , Wrobel Ludovic , Pujades Cristina , Monteiro Luís S. , Champagnat Jean 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHyperpnoeic episodic breathing (HEB), a cyclic waxing and waning of breathing, has been widely reported in pre‐term neonates, patients with Joubert syndrome and adults (Cheyne‐Stokes respiration) with congestive heart failure and brainstem infarction. We now provide a developmental mouse model of neonatal HEB. We used retinoic acid (RA) (0.5–10 mg/kg of maternal weight) to alter embryonic development of the respiratory neuronal network at the onset of hindbrain segmentation (7.5 days post‐coitum). HEB was observed in vivo after RA treatment during post‐natal days 1–7 but not in control animals. HEB persisted after reduction of the chemoafferent input by hypocapnic hyperoxia (100% O2). A large increase and decrease of the rhythm resembling an HEB episode was induced in vitro by stimulating the parafacial respiratory oscillator in treated but not in control neonates. Post‐natal localization of the superior cerebellar peduncle and adjacent dorsal tegmentum was found to be abnormal in the pons of RA‐treated juvenile mice. Thus, early developmental specifications in the rostral hindbrain are required for the development of neurones that stabilize the function of the respiratory rhythm generator, thereby preventing HEB during post‐natal maturation.
Evoked response amplitudes from somatosensory cortices do not determine reaction times to tactile stimuli
Authors: Ploner Markus , Platzen Jens , Pollok Bettina , Gross Joachim , Schnitzler Alfons 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSensory events cause changes in brain activity, which underlie the perception of and behavioural responses to sensory stimuli. Evoked cortical responses are an important measure of these stimulus‐evoked changes in brain activity. However, evidence on the relationship between behavioural responses and evoked responses is inconsistent. Therefore, we used magnetoencephalography to reinvestigate the relationship between evoked responses from somatosensory cortices and behavioural responses to somatosensory stimuli. We characterized modulations of somatosensory‐evoked responses exerted by preceding painful and tactile conditioning stimuli (CS), and related these modulations of evoked responses to modulations of reaction times. Our results show that painful CS yield a long‐lasting (> 4 s) facilitation of evoked responses, whereas tactile CS result in a shorter lasting (1–2 s) suppression of evoked responses to tactile stimuli. These contrary physiological effects were both associated with a significant shortening of reaction times. These findings indicate that the conditioning effects of painful and tactile stimuli represent essentially different modulatory mechanisms. Moreover, our results show that amplitudes of evoked responses from somatosensory cortices do not determine reaction times to tactile stimuli.
Multi‐directional differentiation of doublecortin‐ and NG2‐immunopositive progenitor cells in the adult rat neocortex in vivo
Authors: Tamura Yasuhisa , Kataoka Yosky , Cui Yilong , Takamori Yasuharu , Watanabe Yasuyoshi , Yamada Hisao 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn the adult mammalian brain, multipotent stem or progenitor cells involved in reproduction of neurons and glial cells have been well investigated only in very restricted regions; the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle and the dentate gyrus in the hippocampal formation. In the neocortex, a series of in vitro studies has suggested the possible existence of neural progenitor cells possessing neurogenic and/or gliogenic potential in adult mammals. However, the cellular properties of the cortical progenitor cells in vivo have not been fully elucidated. Using 5′‐bromodeoxyuridine labeling and immunohistochemical analysis of cell differentiation markers, we found that a subpopulation of NG2‐immunopositive cells co‐expressing doublecortin (DCX), an immature neuron marker, ubiquitously reside in the adult rat neocortex. Furthermore, these cells are the major population of proliferating cells in the region. The DCX(+)/NG2(+) cells reproduced the same daughter cells, or differentiated into DCX(+)/NG2(–) (approximately 1%) or DCX(–)/NG2(+) (approximately 10%) cells within 2 weeks after cell division. The DCX(+)/NG2(–) cells were also immunopositive for TUC‐4, a neuronal linage marker, suggesting that these cells were committed to neuronal cell differentiation, whereas the DCX(–)/NG2(+) cells showed faint immunoreactivity for glutathione S‐transferase (GST)‐pi, an oligodendrocyte lineage marker, in the cytoplasm, suggesting glial cell lineage, and thereafter the cells differentiated into NG2(–)/GST‐pi(+) mature oligodendrocytes after a further 2 weeks. These findings indicate that DCX(+)/NG2(+) cells ubiquitously exist as ‘multipotent progenitor cells’ in the neocortex of adult rats.
Circadian and photic regulation of clock and clock‐controlled proteins in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of calorie‐restricted mice
Authors: Mendoza Jorge , Pévet Paul , Challet Etienne 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn mammals, behavioural and physiological rhythms as well as clock gene expression in the central suprachiasmatic clock (SCN) are phase‐shifted by a timed calorie restriction (T‐CR; animals receiving at midday 66% of their daily food intake). The molecular mechanism of SCN depends on feedback loops involving clock genes and their protein products. To understand how T‐CR mediates its synchronizing effects, we examined the rhythmic expression of three clock proteins, PERIOD (PER) 1, 2 and CLOCK, and one clock‐controlled protein (i.e. vasopressin; AVP) in the SCN of mice either fed ad libitum (AL) or with T‐CR. Moreover, we evaluated expression of these proteins in the SCN of AL and T‐CR mice following a 1‐h light pulse. The results indicate that, while PER1 and AVP rhythms were phase‐advanced in T‐CR mice, the PER2 rhythm showed an increased amplitude. CLOCK was expressed constitutively in AL mice while in T‐CR it was significantly reduced, especially after feeding time. A light pulse produced a delayed increase in PER1 and a larger increase in PER2 expression in the SCN of T‐CR mice than in AL animals. In addition, light exposure triggered an increase in AVP‐ir cells in both AL and T‐CR mice, and also of CLOCK expression but in T‐CR mice only. The circadian changes in clock and clock‐controlled proteins and their acute responses to light in the SCN of T‐CR mice demonstrate that metabolic cues induced by a calorie restriction modulate the translational regulation of the SCN clock.
The New Medicare Part D Prescription Drug Benefit: An Estimation of Its Effect on Prescription Drug Costs in a Medicare Population with Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Evans‐Molina Carmella , Regan Susan , Henault Lori E. , Hylek Elaine M. , Schwartz Gregory R. 
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVES: To compare prescription drug cost savings under the most commonly selected Medicare Part D prescription plan in 2006 with savings under the Medicare standard benefit and with drug costs assuming no coverage in an elderly cohort of patients.DESIGN: Inception cohort study.SETTING: An academic medical center.PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred seventy‐two patients aged 65 and older who were followed as part of a larger study assessing stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation.MEASUREMENTS: Prescription drug expenditures were calculated for each patient in the cohort under three conditions: the 2006 AARP‐endorsed prescription drug plan, the Medicare standard benefit, and no prescription drug coverage.RESULTS: Total prescriptions drug costs were lower under the AARP plan, yet patients paid a similar percentage of total costs under the AARP plan and the Medicare standard benefit. Using different cost assessments, 27% to 46% of patients entered the “doughnut hole” in the AARP plan, and 3% to 11% emerged to receive catastrophic coverage.CONCLUSION: Both the AARP‐sponsored and standard Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit programs offer significant savings to enrollees. A greater savings is achieved under the private AARP drug insurance plan, largely due to greater discounts reflected in the negotiated drug prices. A substantial portion of enrollees enter but do not emerge from the coverage gap.
Feasibility, efficacy and safety of CHOP‐14 in elderly patients with very high‐risk diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Tholstrup Dorte , De Nully Brown Peter , Jurlander Jesper , Hansen Mads 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjectives:  The dose‐dense CHOP‐14 regimen is efficient and safe in elderly patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, no clinical data regarding very high‐risk patients [age >75 yr and/or performance status (PS) >3] are available. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy and safety of CHOP‐14 in these patients not eligible for clinical trials.Methods:  We analyzed 65 patients treated with CHOP‐14. Patients were stratified into two cohorts; A: very high‐risk (age 60–75 with PS = 4 or age >75; n = 24) and B: standard risk (age 60–75 with PS ≤3 or age <60; n = 41).Results:  Fifty eight percent in cohort A achieved complete response (CR) compared with 80% in cohort B (P = 0.054). The 3‐yr event free survival (EFS) was 40% vs. 52% (ns), 3‐yr overall survival (OAS) 44% vs. 68% (P = 0.017). Median schedule‐erosion was 14 (0–67) (A) vs. 8 (0–44) (B) days (ns) and dose‐erosion was confined to vincristine‐reduction in both cohorts. Therapy‐associated deaths did not differ. However, a significant increase in hospital admission was found in cohort A, where 88% required hospitalization (median 47 d) compared with 68% (median 9 d) in cohort B (P = 0.003). The patients presented with a combination of opportunistic infections, malnutrition and decreasing PS.Conclusions:  Although the 3‐yr OAS in very high‐risk DLBCL is encouraging, the high frequency of severe toxicity with infections and malnutrition responsible for increased morbidity during treatment, warrants for careful attention to these very high‐risk patients.
Ranch Ownership Change and New Approaches to Water Resource Management in Southwestern Montana: Implications for Fisheries1
Authors: Gosnell Hannah , Haggerty Julia H. , Byorth Patrick A. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract: This article reports on a survey of ranch owners in high amenity areas in southwestern Montana that have experienced marked ownership change over the last two decades. Specifically, we focus on findings from a set of questions targeting water resource and riparian area management. After reviewing the results, we consider how new owners may be managing water resources differently than longtime owners and what the ecological implications of this shift in management might be for Montana’s prized wild fisheries. Uses more closely associated with new owners than with longtime owners include water reallocation to instream uses, aquatic and riparian ecosystem restoration, and fish pond construction. These uses have both positive and negative impacts on the region’s fisheries. Our findings suggest that current laws and institutions guiding the management of water resources and the aquatic and riparian ecosystems they support may not be adequate to address emerging conservation opportunities and challenges.