bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of a Linked [1]–[1]Rotaxane
Authors: Tsuda Susumu , Terao Jun , Tsurui Keisuke , Kambe Nobuaki 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Highly organic soluble [1]–[1]rotaxane also known as linked [3]rotaxane was synthesized by intramolecular self-inclusion of a modified permethylated α-cyclodextrin (PM α-CD) to form a pseudo[1]rotaxane followed by dimerization. The NMR spectroscopy of thus formed rotaxane suggests that the diphenylacetylene units are fully encapsulated by the PM α-CDs. The Stern–Volmer analysis of fluorescence quenching using a viologen analogue shows that the PM α-CDs inhibits electron transfer efficiently suggesting a high coverage ratio of the π-conjugated axle with the PM α-CDs.
Synthesis and Structure-specific Functions of Patchy Nanoparticles
Authors: Teranishi Toshiharu , Saruyama Masaki , Kanehara Masayuki 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Anisotropically phase-segregated nanoparticles, so-called patchy nanoparticles, are promising materials, because the close coupling of different components on the nanoscale may significantly improve application performance or even create new properties. We demonstrate that the seed-mediated growth method is quite effective in synthesizing various kinds of patchy nanoparticles consisting of a combination of metals, metal sulfides, and metal oxides.
Circularly Polarized Luminescence from Supramolecular Chiral Complexes of Achiral Conjugated Polymers and a Neutral Polysaccharide
Authors: Haraguchi Shuichi , Numata Munenori , Li Chun , Nakano Yoko , Fujiki Michiya , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We have developed a novel approach to the preparation of a circularly polarized luminescence material from a natural polysaccharide host and an achrial polythiophene guest.
Fabrication of Hollow TiO2 Fibers Templated by Electrospun Aqueous Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) Solution
Authors: Nagamine Shinsuke , Tanaka Yoshitaka , Ohshima Masahiro 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Hollow TiO2 fibers were fabricated by electrospinning an aqueous solution of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and introducing the thread-like droplets directly into a titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP)/hexane solution, inducing the rapid hydrolysis and condensation of TTIP at the interface between the PEO solution and TTIP solution. Various hollow structures including submicron hollow fibers, thick fibers with a diameter of tens of micrometers, and spherical micron particles could be systematically synthesized by varying the molecular weight and concentration of PEO solution.
Preparation and Electrochemical Properties of Pt@C Nanocomposites
Authors: Sun Li , Zhao Yongnan , Yu Jianguo , Wang Huiqi 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
By using maize as the carbon source, well-dispersed Pt nanoparticles embedded in carbon matrix (Pt@C) are prepared by soaking corn in K2PtCl6 solutions followed by calcination in nitrogen atmosphere. Linear sweep voltammograms exerted on the Pt@C nanocomposites reveal a good current response to methanol oxidation.
An Immobilized Lipase Microfluidic Reactor for Enantioselective Hydrolysis of Ester
Authors: Gao Yan , Zhong Runtao , Qin Jianhua , Lin Bingcheng 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Enantioselective enzymatic hydrolysis of racemic mixture is an effective method to obtain pure enantiomer. In this report, an immobilized lipase microfluidic reactor was fabricated and applied to enantioselective hydrolysis of racemic 1-phenylethyl acetate to obtain (R)-1-phenylethanol. This immobilized lipase microfluidic reactor consumed trace amount of enzyme, showed identical performance compared to free enzyme in batch, and good stability that can be recycled for at least eight times without obvious loss of activity.
Stability of Chemically Modified Indium–Tin–Oxide Surfaces against Water
Authors: Hattori Masashi , Suga Kosaku , Fujihira Masamichi 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We studied stability of indium–tin–oxide (ITO) surfaces chemically modified with –SO2Cl and –PO2Cl2 binding groups of para substituted benzene derivatives as well as those oxidized with UV ozone by measuring time dependence of the work function and water contact angle after their surface modifications. It seems most likely from the effect of water contents in environments upon their time changes that water is the primary reactant for degradation of the chemically modified and oxidized ITO surfaces.
The rise and fall of C-reactive protein: managing demand within clinical biochemistry
Authors: Hutton H D , Drummond H S , Fryer A A 
Published: February 2009

Background Managing workload within the laboratory has become a key role for clinical biochemists. National benchmarking data highlighted a 31% increase in C-reactive protein (CRP) requests between 2003–2004 and 2004–2005 for the University Hospital of North Staffordshire (UHNS). The aim of this study was to examine CRP requesting patterns within the acute admissions units. Methods Current requesting patterns within the Accident and Emergency Department (A&E) and Medical Admissions Unit (MAU) were audited. Following discussion with clinical colleagues, the laboratory implemented agreed disease-related protocols and consultant only requesting. The impact these demand management strategies had on requesting within these units was then assessed. Results The initial data (January–June 2005) showed that the average number of requests for CRP was 918 per month from A&E and 545 per month for MAU. Implementation of demand-management strategies resulted in an overall reduction of 85% in the numbers of requests, saving the Trust approximately £10,000 per annum. Further to the initial protocols, an IT-based logic rule was also developed to reduce CRP requests made within a 24 h time window of an initial request and educate users. Conclusion This study has demonstrated that strategies to control demand at the requesting stage have been able to reduce the number of requests from acute admission units. This study forms the basis for ongoing work on inappropriate requesting and illustrates that the introduction of agreed protocols in acute settings can be used as a demand-management tool.
Appropriateness of the National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry recommendation of repeating HbA1c analysis for extreme results in clinical practice
Authors: Yalamati P , Jones B J , Twomey P J 
Published: February 2009

Background The National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (NACB) recommends that the presence of a variant or modified haemoglobin be considered when any HbA1c result is below the lower limit of the reference interval or ≥15%. In those instances where a variant haemoglobin is suspected, repeat measurement using an alternative method is the usual course of action. In the present study, we undertook to determine the impact of this guideline on our identification of variant and modified haemoglobins. Methods All requests for HbA1c estimation received over a 32-month period, and which gave a result of <4% or >15% were re-analysed by a different method and the results compared. Results Over the 32-month period, 94 samples with a HbA1c result of <4% or ≥15% were identified. Of these, 80 were re-analysed using a different method. No chromatographic abnormalities were seen and there were no significant differences between the results obtained using the two methods. Conclusions No variant or modified haemoglobins were identified in this study and this observation is likely to be representative of the ethnic makeup of our patient population. On the basis of this finding, we recommend that laboratories consider local factors when deciding whether to comply with the NACB guidelines.
Evaluation of the particle gel diffusion technique for the detection of haemoglobin S in Sudanese patients
Authors: Nimir Ahmed A , Khalil Eltahir A G , Musa Ahmed M , Yassin Habab M , El-Hassan Ahmed M 
Published: February 2009

Background Sickle cell disease is a heterogenous disorder characterized by an abnormal haemoglobin and sickling phenomena of red cells. It is prevalent among certain nomadic tribes in Sudan. Painful, aplastic and haemolytic crises mark sickle cell anaemia. Haemoglobin S (HbS) is detected using haemoglobin electrophoresis, iso-electric focusing and/or high-performance liquid chromatography techniques with high sensitivity, but entails cost and expertise. This study aimed to determine the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive values (PPV) of the ID-particle gel diffusion technique for screening, diagnosis and phenotyping of HbS in patients with a provisional diagnosis of abnormal haemoglobin. Methods Following informed consent, 100 sequential individuals who reported to a central referral haemoglobinopathy clinic were enrolled. ID-particle gel diffusion technique was compared with cellulose acetate electrophoresis to determine haemoglobin phenotypes. Results The ID-particle gel test detected HbAA with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Sensitivity for HbS was 100%, whether as HbSS or as a mixed pattern. HbSS was identified in all cases where this is the only haemoglobin present. Other patterns were detected with <100% specificity and these would require further testing by other means to definitively identify abnormal haemoglobins. Conclusions Although the ID-particle technique is a simple and cheap technique with high sensitivity, specificity and PPV compared with cellulose acetate electrophoresis in detecting HbSS, it could not differentiate HbAS from HbSS with high levels of HbF. High environmental temperatures could melt the test microtubes. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis remains the technique of choice for the screening of abnormal haemoglobins in the Sudan.
Predictive accuracy and sources of variability in calculated free testosterone estimates
Authors: Sartorius Gideon , Ly Lam P , Sikaris Ken , McLachlan Robert , Handelsman David J 
Published: February 2009

Background Serum free testosterone (FT) concentrations are commonly requested, but because reference FT methods are too laborious various calculational algorithms for FT based on total testosterone (TT) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) are frequently used. This study provides the first large-scale evaluation of the predictive accuracy and sources of variability for different FT formulae compared with direct laboratory measurements. Methods Using a large data-set of direct FT measurements by centrifugal ultrafiltration, the predictive accuracy of five different formulas for cFT (four existing plus a new formula) is evaluated in 3975 consecutive blood samples. In a second data-set of 124 samples from a reference panel of healthy eugonadal young men, we estimate the relative influence of the five algorithms and eight different TT and two SHBG assays including all available commercial total TT and SHBG assays together with a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry T reference method. Results cFT formulae show wide discrepancies with equilibrium-binding algorithms showing systematic overestimation relative to direct FT measurements, whereas two empirical cFT methods were more concordant. Variations between commercially available TT immunoassays have a strong impact on calculation of FT with TT assays contributing 82.2% of overall variance compared with 13.7% for the cFT algorithms and 4.1% for the SHBG assays. Conclusions If FT measurements are requested and direct measurement impractical, cFT formulae using TT and SHBG immunoassays provide an approximation to direct FT measurement that is strongly dependent on the TT, cFT formula used and, to a lesser extent, SHBG immunoassays.
An audit on the reporting of critical results in a tertiary institute
Authors: Rensburg Megan A , Nutt Louise , Zemlin Annalise E , Erasmus Rajiv T 
Published: February 2009

Background Critical result reporting is a requirement for accreditation by accreditation bodies worldwide. Accurate, prompt communication of results to the clinician by the laboratory is of extreme importance. Repeating of the critical result by the recipient has been used as a means to improve the accuracy of notification. Our objective was to assess the accuracy of notification of critical chemical pathology laboratory results telephoned out to clinicians/clinical areas. We hypothesize that read-back of telephoned critical laboratory results by the recipient may improve the accuracy of the notification. Methods This was a prospective study, where all critical results telephoned by chemical pathologists and registrars at Tygerberg Hospital were monitored for one month. The recipient was required to repeat the result (patient name, folder number and test results). Any error, as well as the designation of the recipient was logged. Results Of 472 outgoing telephone calls, 51 errors were detected (error rate 10.8%). Most errors were made when recording the folder number (64.7%), with incorrect patient name being the lowest (5.9%). Calls to the clinicians had the highest error rate (20%), most of them being the omission of recording folder numbers. Conclusion Our audit highlights the potential errors during the post-analytical phase of laboratory testing. The importance of critical result reporting is still poorly recognized in South Africa. Implementation of a uniform accredited practice for communication of critical results can reduce error and improve patient safety.
Salivary paracetamol: evaluation of a colorimetric method in assessing deliberate self-poisoning
Authors: Ryan Joshua , Mandelt Christine , Wade Heidi , Vasikaran Samuel D 
Published: February 2009

Background In the laboratory evaluation of suspected paracetamol poisoning, a non-invasive sample type that avoids venepuncture would be an attractive alternative to plasma, particularly in the paediatric setting. Salivary paracetamol measurement has not previously been evaluated in the published medical literature in the setting of deliberate self-poisoning (DSP). Methods In-house validation experiments (recovery, stability and lower limit-of-detection) were performed on pooled saliva samples using a Roche Acetaminophen assay on a Roche/Hitachi 917 analyser. A clinical study of comparison of paired saliva and plasma samples was also conducted involving adult patients presenting with DSP of paracetamol, the results of which were published previously. Results The validation experiments using pooled saliva samples showed: (i) mean recovery (paracetamol concentration 37.5–525 mg/L) 100.01% (±0.02 SD); (ii) precision of repeated assay over 24-h period CV <4%; (iii) lower limit-of-detection 0.9 mg/L. The clinical study of 21 patients with mean plasma paracetamol concentration of 48 mg/L (range 0–130) and mean saliva concentration 62 mg/L (range 0–183) showed good correlation between saliva and plasma concentrations ( r2 = 0.91). Conclusions The Roche Hitachi 917 Acetaminophen assay is suitable for the measurement of paracetamol in saliva. Further studies comparing plasma and saliva samples from patients with DSP and plasma paracetamol concentrations in the hepatotoxic range are warranted. If salivary samples are suitable for risk-stratifying patients with paracetamol DSP, venepuncture may be avoided, which would be attractive, especially in the paediatric setting.
Römisches Reich im Frühmittelalter. Kaiserlich-päpstliches Kondominat, salischer HerrschaftsverbandRoman Empire in the Early Middle Ages. Imperial-Papal Co-Domination, Salian Domain
Authors: Müller-Mertens Eckhard 
Published: February 2009

Zusammenfassung
Die Untersuchung ist an ihr Ziel gelangt, das Jahr 1073 mit Antworten auf die Fragen: Wann gaben die Zeitgenossen dem mittelalterlichen, die Alpen übergreifenden, dem Alten Reich den Namen Römisches Reich? Welches politische Gebilde überhaupt wurde nach der Kaiserkrönung 800 als Romanum imperium begriffen? Ersteres geschah in der frühen Salierzeit, in der politischen Theorie und Historiographie zuerst durch Wipos Gesta Chuonradi, vorweg indes Urkunden dieses Kaisers, deren erste mit der neuen Kaiserbulle Rom, das Haupt der Welt, regiert den Erdkreis beglaubigt wurde. Die Geschichtsschreibung folgte einhellig, schließlich nannte Gregor VII. den Herrschaftsverband Heinrichs IV. als Ganzes Römisches Reich. In der Karolinger- und Ottonenzeit bezeichnete Romanum imperium die Kaiserherrschaft über Rom und das römische Italien. Das waren die Gebiete Mittelitaliens, die bis dahin zum römisch-byzantinischen Reich gehörten, der Dukat von Rom und das Exarchat Ravenna mit der Pentapolis, die 800 einen eigenen, in Rom vom Papst geweihten und den Römern ausgerufenen Kaiser erhielten, das fortan kaiserlich-päpstliche Kondominat in Mittelitalien, gegründet auf die Verträge der Kaiser und Päpste von Pippin 754 bis Heinrich II. 1020. Eine politisch-theoretische Definition quasi gab in der Mitte des 9. Jahrhunderts Anastasius Bibliothecarius. Von ottonischen Geschichtsschreibern wurde dieses Römische Reich als krönender Zugewinn des liudolfingischen Hauses angesehen, es wurde neben das nordalpine Reich und das Reich Italien gestellt. Der Vorstellung des bestehenden Römischen Reiches im Frühmittelalter war kein universaler Anspruch immanent. Es spielte in der Liturgie einschließlich der Krönungsordines kaum eine, in der Eschatologie keine maßgebliche Rolle, kam in der Panegyrik mit einer antiken Reminiszenz zur Geltung. Einen Vorrang bezog die römische Kaiserherrschaft aus der Kaiserweihe durch den Papst, die Aufgabe des Kaisers, die Römische Kirche zu verteidigen und zu erhöhen, die Beziehung auf Rom. Im Romanum imperium des Frühmittelalters konkretisierte sich das Bündnis des Papsttums und der weltlichen Vormacht im Okzident. In dieser Funktion stellte sich das auf die Pakten, auf Rom und das römische Italien bezogene Römische Reich als eine konstitutive Größe der Formierung Lateineuropas, des mittelalterlichen Abendlandes dar. Die Erweiterung der Vorstellung auf den die Alpen übergreifenden Herrschaftsverband insgesamt, sicher aus mehreren Gründen, die Übertragung des Namens Romanum imperium vom kaiserlich-päpstlichen Kondominat in Mittelitalien auf den salischen Herrschaftsverband als Ganzes vollzog sich vor dem Hintergrund der transalpinen Konfigurations- und Integrationsprozesse seit 962, der Extensivierung und Intensivierung der Kaiser- und Königsherrschaft unter Heinrich II. und den ersten Saliern.
Pest und Feuer. Die Londoner Doppelkatastrophe 1665/66Plague and Fire. The London Double Catastrophe of 1665/66
Authors: Münch Paul 
Published: February 2009

Zusammenfassung
In den 1660er Jahren wurde London von der größten Doppelkatastrophe seiner Geschichte betroffen. Sie traf auf eine Stadtgesellschaft, der die Restauration König Karls II. nach einer langen Phase puritanischer Einschränkungen wieder ein freieres Leben ermöglichte. 1665 forderte die Pest in der Hauptstadt über 100 000 Todesopfer, 1666 zerstörte ein Großbrand binnen weniger Tage die City. Der Beitrag beschreibt den Verlauf und bilanziert die unterschiedlichen Schäden und Wirkungen beider Katastrophen, im Zentrum aber steht die Frage, wie die Zeitgenossen mit den Ereignissen umgingen. Viele sahen in ihnen noch Heimsuchungen, die Gott der sündigen Menschheit durch Kometen ankündigte, doch man versuchte die Geschehnisse auch schon mehr oder weniger rational aus natürlichen Ursachen oder menschlichem Versagen zu erklären. Beide Katastrophen offenbarten tiefe politische, konfessionelle und soziale Verwerfungen einer Gesellschaft, in der die Überlebenschancen höchst ungleich verteilt waren. Sie verstärkten die staatliche Macht, führten aber auch zu Modernisierungen, die solche existentiellen Bedrohungen künftig verhinderten oder doch abmilderten. Die Reaktionen des königlichen Flottensekretärs Samuel Pepys, der in seinem Tagebuch die Doppelkatastrophe detailliert und unter Preisgabe intimster Details kommentierte, zeigen, daß man Katastrophenerfahrungen nicht vorschnell verallgemeinern darf. Wie man mit Unglück umgeht, hängt stets von der individuellen Lage und der mentalen Disposition eines Menschen ab.
Intellectual History mit Intellektuellen und ohne sie. Facetten neuerer geistesgeschichtlicher ForschungIntellectual History with Intellectuals and without them. Facets of new Research
Authors: Gallus Alexander 
Published: February 2009

Zusammenfassung
Zugleich Besprechung von:

Ingrid Gilcher-Holtey (Hrsg.), Zwischen den Fronten. Positionskämpfe europäischer Intellektueller im 20. Jahrhundert

Lutz Raphael/Heinz-Elmar Tenorth (Hrsg.), Ideen als gesellschaftliche Gestaltungskraft im Europa der Neuzeit. Beiträge für eine erneuerte Geistesgeschichte
Interaction of Hydrogen with Bimetallic Surfaces
Authors: Behm R.J. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The interaction of hydrogen with bimetallic surfaces is assessed and discussed using structurally well defined PdAu and PtRu single crystal surfaces as model systems. The description is based on a correlation between the hydrogen adsorption behavior and the presence and abundance of specific bimetallic nanostructures. The latter are determined quantitatively by high resolution scanning tunneling microscopy. Following the changes in the hydrogen adsorption behavior on surfaces with systematically varied composition and thus varying concentrations of specific structural elements and adsorption ensembles allows a direct correlation between structural and chemical properties and thus to identify the adsorption characteristics of individual adsorption ensembles. This provides a structural basis for parallel theoretical studies, which are essential for a systematic understanding of the complex changes in the adsorption properties.Based on results from experimental studies and calculations, the role of electronic strain and ligand effects, including lateral and vertical ligands, as well the influence of geometric ensemble effects on the hydrogen adsorption characteristics are discussed. The distinct differences between surfaces modified by a monolayer or monolayer islands of a second metal and mixed surfaces such as surface alloys or alloy surfaces are discussed in these terms.
Aspects of Molecular Chirality at Metal Surfaces
Authors: Ernst Karl-Heinz 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Phenomena like transfer, expression and amplification of chirality in molecular monolayers are reviewed. Chirality can be bestowed onto achiral surfaces by adsorption of chiral molecules. This offers a good opportunity to study two-dimensional chiral crystallization phenomena, like lateral resolution of enantiomers or the transfer of handedness from single molecules into mesoscopic ensembles at high resolution with scanning probe microscopy. Induction of homochirality on surfaces via cooperatively amplified interactions in molecular monolayers is a new phenomenon of supramolecular surface chirality. Prochiral molecules will turn into either handedness upon adsorption, but doping with intrinsically chiral molecules breaks this symmetry and induces homochirality. A similar effect is induced by a small enantiomeric excess. The excess molecules provide the chiral bias that becomes amplified into single lattice chirality.
Surface-Confined Coordination Chemistry with Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines: Aspects of Formation, Electronic Structure, and Reactivity
Authors: Gottfried Michael , Marbach Hubertus 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Recent years have seen rapid progress in the field of surface-confined coordination chemistry. Adsorbed metal complexes of tetrapyrroles (porphyrins, phthalocyanines, corroles) are especially interesting in this context, since they combine a planar structure-determining element with an active site. While earlier studies of adsorbed metallo-tetrapyrroles mainly addressed aspects of molecular self-assembly, the focus of interest has shifted gradually to electronic structure and chemical reactivity. This article gives an overview of recent advances in the field of surface chemistry with tetrapyrroles. In particular, the following aspects will be discussed: intramolecular conformation and supramolecular ordering, electronic interaction with the substrate, surface-confined synthesis, and ligand-related effects such as the surface trans effect.