bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANTIGEN‐INITIATED B LYMPHOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION
Authors: Howard Maureen C , Fidler John M 
Published: November 2007

SummaryWhile the virgin AFC‐progenitors for an adoptive immune response in neonatal germ‐free CBA mouse spleen are small, dense cells, the equivalent cells in the adult are a larger, lighter density population. The effects of injections of unrelated antigens on the physical properties of the AFC‐progenitors in neonatal spleen were investigated to test the postulate that the physically distinct “virgin” AFC‐progenitors in the adult arose by a process of non‐specific activation.Spleen cells from 7‐day‐old germ‐free CBA mice were separated by sedimentation at unit gravity or by density on continuous albumin gradients, and the fractions were tested for NIP‐specific AFC‐progenitor activity using an adoptive immune assay which gave a direct linear measure of B cell activity. If the donor neonatal animals were injected one day previously with POL or PPD, the NIP‐specific AFC‐progenitor activity shifted from the typical small, dense lymphocytes to larger, lighter cells. The physical properties of these stimulated AFC‐progenitors resembled those of IgM AFC‐progenitors in normal adult mice. These results experimentally confirm the theory that environmental stimuli induce a non‐specific “activation” of a particular subset of “virgin” B cells.
CELLULAR CHANGES IN THE INTESTINAL LYMPH OF SHEEP INFECTED WITH THE ENTERIC NEMATODE, TRICHOSTRONGYLUS COLUBRIFORMIS
Authors: Adams DB , Cripps AW 
Published: November 2007

SummarySome changes produced in the cell populations of intestinal lymph by infection with the enteric nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis. were studied in sheep regularly re‐infused with all discharged lymph. Lymphocyte traffic through the intestinal lymphatic duct was reduced until day 35 of primary infection, mainly due lo the‐ absence of lymphocytes with smaller cell volumes but was increased two‐fold after day 70 and in immune sheep. Antigen‐reactive lymphocytes in Mood and lymph were assayed by the uptake of: 3H‐thymidine in cell culture stimulated by extracts from the larvae of T. colubriformis. Cells from the blood and lymph of immune sheep were highly reactive to worm antigen. A relatively smaller reactivity was present in the blood of worm‐free sheep and was abolished during the first 12 days of primary infection. Antigen‐reactive cells were not detected in intestinal lymph until 12 days after primary infection, mid in vitro antigen reactive in intestinal lymph of immune sheep was increased after challenge with infective larvae. Responses to the mitogens, concanavalin A and phytohaemagglutinin in cultures of cells from both intestinal lymph and blood were depressed on days 7 and 12 of primary infection.It is proposed that the diminished traffic of lymphocytes in intestinal lymph and the reduced numbers of mitogen and nematode antigen‐reactive lymphocytes in both blood and intestinal lymph during the early stages of infection with T. colubriformis is closely related to the slow development of protective immunity to this parasite.
IMMUNE RESPONSES OF SHEEP TO THE PARASITIC NEMATODE TRICHOSTRONGYLUS COLUBRIFORMIS: INFECTIONS IN THIRY‐VELLA LOOPS
Authors: Cripps AW , Rothwell TLW 
Published: November 2007

SummarySome aspects of the local immune response to nematode infection were examined by introducing fourth‐stage Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae into Thiry‐Vella loops in worm‐free and T. colubriformis‐resistant sheep. Approximately 15% of the larvae introduced into the worm‐free sheep survived and matured into adult worms, whereas less than 1% survived in resistant sheep. The amount of IgG1, IgG2, IgM and albumin discharged from loops in worm‐free hut not resistant sheep all increased following infection with larvae. Secretions from resistant sheep contained approximately three times as much IgA as secretions from the worm‐free group and. in addition, their plasma IgG1level was significantly higher. Antibodies against T. colubriformis were found in both plasma and intestinal secretions, the highest titres being found in the resistant sheep. During worm expulsion from loops in the resistant sheep neither immunoglobulin levels nor antibody titres in the secretions increased significantly.
APPARENT ANTIHEMOPHILIC ACTIVITY OF BASIC AMPHOTERIC POLYELECTROLYTES
Authors: Exner T , Rickard KA , Kronenberg H 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAmphoteric polyelectrolytes with alkaline isoelectric points (for example Ampholine 9‐11) intended for use in isoelectric focussing were found to shorten the prolonged partial thromboplastin clotting time with kaolin (PTTK) of plasma deficient in factor VIII. The response of this PTTK to Ampholine 9‐11 was linear when plotted on double log paper with a slope slightly greater than that of factor VIII itself. Ampholine 9‐11 at 2% concentration had factor VIII and factor IX activity equal to that of normal plasma as well as somewhat less activity as factor XI. It had no significant correcting effect on the clotting of plasmas deficient in factors V, VII, X, II or XII, Ampholine 9‐11 inhibited low concentrations of contact activators and its effect in correcting factor VIII deficient plasma was found to be related to the degree of contact activation.
THE ACTIONS OF VASOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN THE FOETUS AND THE EFFECT OF PERFUSION THROUGH THE PLACENTA ON THEIR BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Lumbers Eugenie R , Reid GC 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn acute experiments on the in utero foetal lamb, angiotensin II was a more potent pressor agent than either noradrenaline or adrenaline, and the response to angiotensin II was not consistently modified by the combined administration of α‐ and β‐adrenergic blocking agents.A significant reduction in the pressor response of the foetus to angiotensin II and noradrenaline occurred with infusion of these compounds to the foetus by the umbilical artery when compared with the response obtained with infusions of the same doses of these drugs by the umbilical vein. Moreover, the concentration of angiotensin II (pg. ml‐1) present in the foetal circulation was less following umbilical arterial infusions compared with umbilical vein infusions of the same doses. A similar reduction in the pressor activity of adrenaline and the cardio‐stimulant effect of isoprenaline occurred when these drugs were infused by the umbilical artery. It is concluded that the foetus, lite the adult animal, is more sensitive to angiotensin II than in catecholamines and that the biological activities of noradrenaline, angiotensin II, adrenaline and isoprenaline are reduced by perfusion through the foetal placenta.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN METABOLISM IN SHEEP INFECTED WITH THE SMALL INTESTINAL NEMATODE TRICHOSTRONGYLUS COLUBRIFORMIS
Authors: Cripps AW , Steel JW 
Published: November 2007

SummaryRadiotracer techniques were used to compare the kinetics of IgG1 and IgG2 metabolism in sheep (1) prior to parasite exposure, (2) during an initial patent infection with Trichostrongylus colubriformis, and (3) during continuous exposure to the parasite when the animals were exhibiting resistance. Plasma concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, IgA and IgM were also monitored throughout the experiment.Plasma IgG1 concentration increased significantly during the development of resistance and maintained this higher level on further exposure to the parasite. IgA concentration was also elevated during the development of resistance to a level approximately three times that observed prior to initial infection, hut this increase was only transitory. No significant changes in either IgG2 or IgM concentration occurred.Analysis of the radiotracer data for IgG1 and IgG2, was based on a two‐compartment model comprising intravascular and extravaseular protein pools with reversible exchange between them and irreversible loss from the intravascular site. No significant changes in compartment sizes or rates of exchange between compartments were recorded during measurement periods (1), (2) and (3) for either IgG1 or IgG2. Rates of irreversible loss of IgG2 were similar during (1), (2) and (3); the irreversible loss of IgG1 was unaltered following the initial infection but Increased by approximately 50% during period (3).It is concluded that increased synthesis of IgG1 in resistant sheep continually exposed to T. colubriformis occurs as a result of antigenic stimulation rather than as a consequence of increased loss of plasma into the intestine.
MACROPHAGES AND RESISTANCE TO TUMOURS
Authors: Nelson Margaret , Nelson DS 
Published: November 2007

SummaryEarly, specific concomitant immunity to each of four tumours was inhibited by treatment with silica or carrageenan. Late, non‐specific concomitant immunity was, with one exception, not inhibited by these agents. Treatment of non‐immune mice with silica at certain critical periods before challenge promoted the growth of four of six syngeneic methylcholanthrene‐induced tumours in their feet. Treatment with carrageenan was much less effective. Early and late concomitant immunity were inhibited by one or more agents inhibiting delayed‐type hypersensitivity: irradiation, niridazole and reserpine. Irradiation of nonimmune mice did not effect the growth of tumours in their feet. Treatment of non‐immune mice with niridazole or reserpine actually inhibited the growth of some tumours. It is suggested that (a) mice offer some natural resistance to tumour growth, macrophages perhaps being effectors; (b) some tumour isografts may survive only if an inflammatory reaction occurs; (c) mechanisms akin to those of delayed‐ type hypersensitivity operate in the expression of concomitant immunity; (d) macrophages are important in early, specific concomitant immunity, but perhaps less so in the late non‐specific phase.
FLOW AND PROTEIN COMPOSITION OF INTESTINAL LYMPH IN SHEEP INFECTED WITH THE ENTERIC NEMATODE, TRICHOSTRONGYLUS COLUBRIFORMIS
Authors: Cripps AW , Adams DB 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA study of immunoglobulin and albumin concentrations and the flow of intestinal lymph was made in sheep during infection with the parasitic nematode, Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Observations were made on uninfected worm‐free sheep, on worm‐free sheep undergoing primary infection and on immune sheep undergoing challenge infection.The flow of intestinal lymph and the concentrations of IgG1, IgG2 and IgM in intestinal lymph and IgG2 and IgM in blood plasma remained relatively constant during both primary and challenge infection. The concentration of IgA in intestinal lymph and blood plasma increased as early as day 6 of primary infection and maximum values were observed at day 34. By day 34 of primary infection the concentration of IgG1 in blood plasma was significantly greater than that found in worm‐free controls. Plasma IgG1, concentrations in resistant sheep were also significantly greater than those observed in worm‐free controls. Challenge infection in immune sheep did not raise the concentration of IgA in intestinal lymph and blood or IgG1 in blood.An indirect haemagglutination test was used to detect antibodies to T. colubriformis. Primary infection did not increase anti‐worm antibody titres in either intestinal lymph or serum. Significant antibody titres were present in serum and lymph from immune sheep and were rapidly increased by challenge infection. Most antibody activity in serum was associated with IgM, whereas that in intestinal lymph was associated with IgA. These observations indicate the occurrence of a local antibody response to T. colubriformis in the intestine of immune sheep.
CONTROL OF CONCANAVALIN A RECEPTOR MOBILITY BY CYTOPLASMIC ACTIN IN HUMAN TUMOUR CELLS
Authors: Koh SH , Toh BH , Gallichio HA , Elrick WL 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTissue culture monolayers of seven human intracranial tumours comprising 2 astrocytomas, 3 meningiomas, 1 secondary squamous cell carcinoma and 1 secondary adenocarcinoma were examined by a double immunofluorescent staining technique to demonstrate Concanavalin A (Con A) surface receptors and cytoplasmic actta in the same cell. Tumour cells, treated with fluoresceinisothiocyanate‐labelled Con A (FITC‐Con A) showed staining in cell margins or in a random distribution over the cell surface. Incubating the cells with FITC‐Con A at 37° for increasing periods of time resulted first in staining of clusters and later of perinuclear globules. Cells, preteated with 4% paraformaldehyde at 4° for 10 min or with cytochalastn B at 37° for 30 min showed Staining restricted to cell margins. In the cytochalasin B‐treated cells, tile peripheral staining was in the form of coarse clusters. Double fluorochrome studies showed that the anti‐action antibody (AAA) staining occurred in sites closely related to those stained by FITC‐Con A both in untreated as well as in cytochalsin B‐treated cells. The findings suggest that Con A receptors, as an example of a stable cell membrane determinant in human tumour cells, are associated with actin and that their mobility on the cell surface is dependent on an intact cytoplasmic actin system.
THE EFFECT OF CYCLOHEXIMIDE ON CHOLECYSTOKININ‐EVOKED PANCREATIC JUICE OF THE ANAESTHETIZED RAT
Authors: Sewell WA , Young JA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryCholecystokinin (CCK) is a major stimulant for enzyme secretion by pancreatic acinar cells. In most animals this enzyme secretion is accompanied by a small volume of chloride‐rich “carrier” fluid in which the enzymes are dissolved. In order to determine whether this carrier fluid is secreted independently of the pancreatic digestive enzymes, and how its composition is altered by interaction with them, we have studied CCK‐evoked juice collected from anaesthetized rats before and after administration of cycloheximide. a powerful inhibitor of protein synthesis. Following treatment with cycloheximide, fluid secretion continued unchanged for 30‐40 min but protein excretion declined without appreciable delay towards aero. As protein content declined, the juice bicarbonate content rose from 30 to more than 60 mmorle I‐1 so that the juice resembled that evoked in the rat by secretin. It is concluded that secretion of CCK‐evoked fluid is independent of the secretion of digestive enzymes and that the carrier fluid is actually alkaline, like secretin‐evoked fluid, and only becomes neutral and chloride‐rich by interaction with the acidic contents of zymogen granules.
DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE IgM AND IgD ON SINGLE CELLS FROM LYMPHOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS
Authors: Layton Judith E , Howard Maureen C 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe surface immunoglobulin heavy chains on individual spleen cells fractionated by velocity sedimentation were studied using fluorescent antisera. In adult mice, cells bearing both μ and δ chains were found in all fractions. While there was an increase in the proportion of cells bearing μ only in the medium to large cell fractions, the majority of cells bearing μ only were small lymphocytes. Results obtained using 3‐week‐old mice were basically similar, but showed both a marked decrease in small μ+ δ+ cells and a marked increase in small μ + δ ‐ cells when compared with adult animals.
ANTIBODIES IN THE INTESTINAL SECRETIONS OF RATS PRIMARY AND SECONDARY RESPONSES TO POLYMERIC FLAGELLIN
Authors: Kenrick KG , Cooper GN 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe antibody responses in serum and secretions obtained from the mucosal surfaces of the small intestine of rats immunized by a parenteral and intestinal route have been compared. Though no significant differences in the mean serum titres were found, the responses of animals immunized via the latter route to large doses of antigen were far less uniform. Apart from the first few days of the primary response, antibody activity was found in three major immunoglobulin classes (IgG2, IgA and IgM), irrespective of the route of immunisation.Significant antibody activity appeared in the intestinal surface secretions only after two injections of antigen. In nits immunized parenterally the activity was found only in the IgG2, component. Whilst activity was found in both IgG2 and IgA fractions of the secretions obtained from intextinally immunized rats, it was predominantly of the IgG2 class. The possible significance of this observation is discussed.
GLYCOPROTEINS OF THE BRUSH BORDER MEMBRANE OF MOUSE DUODENUM
Authors: Billington T , Nayudu PRV 
Published: November 2007

SummaryQualitative and quantitative chemical analyses have been made of the carbohydrate and protein moieties of the glycoproteins in purified mouse duodenal brash border membranes. Solubilized membrane protein was electro‐phoresed on S.D.S.‐polyacrylamide gels and glycoproteins were subsequently identified by periodate‐Schiff staining. A parallel experiment showed that these glycoprotein bands also incorporated 14C counts from intraluminally‐administered 14C‐glucosamine. Positively‐staining bands were collected from several identically run gels and subjected to digestion with pronase. The sugar and amino acid compositions of the digested glycoproteins were determined. Five of the membrane proteins appeared to be complexed with sugars, and further analyses showed that there were differences between the glycoproteins with respect to sialic acid, uronic acid, amino acids, amino sugar and monosaccharide contents.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF MURINE SPLEEN CELL EXTRACT
Authors: Flower RLP , Turner KJ , Alpers MP 
Published: November 2007

SummaryExposure to a peptide extract from murine spleen reduced the viable count of E. coli and E. coli spheroplasts. The reduction in viable count was reflected by reduced incorporation of radiolabelled thymidine and was apparently due to a loss of the ability of treated organisms to divide.
THE SOURCE OF IgM AND IgG IN THE DOG INTESTINE
Authors: Heddle RJ , Rowley D 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe source of IgM and IgG2a, b in the dog intestine was investigated, using labelled dog immunoglobulins and chronic Thiry‐Vella loops of dog small intestine. Clearances of IgM and IgG2a, b from serum into intestinal secretions were similar, reflecting transfer of a greater mass of IgG2a, b than of IgM. Only 20% of the intestinal IgM derived from, serum, irrespective of the marker used. About one third of the total intestinal IgG, of all sub‐classes and accrued from all sources, was serum‐derived IgG 2a, b. This indicates that serum is a major contributor to dog intestinal IgG 2a, b.
CYTOTOXIC T CELL RECOGNITION OF ECTROMELIA VIRUS‐INFECTED CELLS.
Authors: Blanden Robert V , Pang Tikky 
Published: November 2007

SummaryVirus‐immune memory T cells from A.TL mice (K8, Dd) stimulated in vitro by ectromelia‐infected BALB/c macrophages (Kd, Dd) gave rise to the subset of cytotoxic T cells that recognized virus plus H‐2Dd and lysed infected BALB/c, not infected SJL/J (K8, D8) targets, despite cultural conditions which ensured that the responding A.TL cells were also in contact with the H‐2K8 antigen (on other, adjacent A.TL cells). The converse results were obtained using SJL/J infected stimulators. Thus, it seemed that viral and H‐2K or H‐2D antigens must be in the same cell surface membrane, probably in physical association, to produce antigen moieties that stimulated virus‐immune T cells, These results implied that functional pairs of hypothetical recognition structures for viral and H‐2 determinants would need to be associated in some way in the memory T cell membrane.A second experimental approach further explored this hypothesis. C57BL/6 and B6.C‐H‐2ba mice differ because of a gain‐loss mutation in the H‐2K region, apparently in a cistron coding for an H‐2Kb polypeptide antigen. Mutant and wild‐type share H‐2Kb determinant(s) recognizable by allogeneic cytotoxic T cells, in addition to possessing unique determinant(s) defined by the mutation. Virus‐immune cytotoxic T cells, syngeneic with respect to infected stimulator cells, apparently recognize the unique determinant (s) but are not stimulated by. or do not recognize the shared determinant(s). despite the presence of the latter on virus‐infected cells as demonstrated by lysis of infected targets by mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR)‐generated T cells directed only at the shared determinants. These results are discussed in terms of two alternative, but not mutually exclusive, hypotheses. The first suggests that physical association between viral and H‐2K molecules may result in certain H‐2K determinants being “masked” or inaccessible to T cell receptors, thus rendering them unable to stimulate T cell responses. It would again follow that the T cell recognition structures for viral and H‐2 determinants would also need to be associated in some way. An alternative is that the shared determinants revealed by the cross‐reactivity of allogeneic cytotoxic T cells generated in MLR are not encompassed in the dictionary of receptors on syngeneic T cells that recognize, and are stimulated by, virus‐infected self cells.
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY TO THE TREMATODE FASCIOLA HEPATICA IN RATS
Authors: Rajasekariah GR , Howell MJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryFollowing a primary infection of 5 metacercariae (mc) of Fasciola hepatica, rats became immune to challenge with 30 mc. Immunity was less consistently demonstrated following challenge infection with 5 mc. The levels of precipitating and miracidial immobilizing antibodies, and antibodies detected by an indirect fluorescent antibody test, were monitored during the course of it primary infection of 5 mc and challenge infection of 30 mc. Following primary infection, peaks in the antibody response were associated with the invasion and migration of juvenile flukes in the liver parenchyma. Antibody titres fell when flukes entered the bile duct. There was a slight elevation in the titre of all antibodies following challenge, but, apart from those detected by the fluorescent antibody test, this elevation was not as marked as in control animals.It is suggested that flukes become isolated from, or have diminished contact with, the immune system once they enter the bile duct. This might explain why adult flukes survive in immune hosts whereas challenge metacercariae are destroyed.
SEARCH FOR HUMAN TUMOUR VIRUSES BY TRANSFECTION: UPTAKE OF MELANOMA AND EPSTEIN‐BARR VIRUS DNA BY HUMAN CELLS
Authors: Brown SC , Parsons PG , Pope JH 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn a model system, consistent transfection of chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) by DNA from the XC cell line occurred, with recovery of infections Rous sarcoma virus. The techniques were then applied in attempts to recover possible human humour viruses. Even with various modifications of the XC technique, DNA from three human malignant melanoma cell lines failed to infect adult or foetal human fibroblasts, although melanoma DNA was taken up into nuclei of target cells. XC DNA did not transfect human foetal fibroblasts and melanoma DNA was ineffective in CEF. DNA from the Raji (Epstein‐Barr virus non‐producer) and QIMR‐WIL (producer) lymphoblastoid cell lines applicable techniques therefore failed to recover EB virus the putative melanoma retrovirus, or other potential tumour virus.