bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chlorpyrifos Residue Removal from Protective Apparel Through Solvent-Based Refurbishment Procedures
Authors: Ringenberg KP , Laughlin JM , Gold RE 
Published: February 2009

Dry-cleaning solvent (tetrachloroethylene) and the dry-cleaning procedures were studied in the refurbishment of chlorpyrifos-contaminated clothing. Also evaluated were solvent-based pretreatments followed by laundering. Fabrics were a 100% cotton and a 50% cotton/50% polyester each either with a renewable, soil-repellent finish, or unfinished. Field strength chlorpyrifos (0.5% active ingredient), prepared from emulsifiable concentrate formulation, was pipetted onto specimens which were then dry-cleaned or laundered following solvent pretreatment. Transfer of pesticide from contaminated to uncontaminated fabric specimens was also studied.
Dry-cleaning treatments were most effective, with less than 1% chlorpyrifos residue remaining on fabric specimens. Mechanical agitation was an aid in chemical removal. Pesticide transfer to the uncontaminated fabrics was minimal, but did occur. Pretreatments, followed by laundering, were less effective than dry-cleaning procedures.
Use of Methylene Blue Dye to Predict Fabric Penetration by Malathion
Authors: Hobbs NE , Oakland BG 
Published: February 2009

This study developed and verified a test method for the screening and selection of fabric finishes proposed for use in protective garments for agricultural workers exposed to pesticide sprays. Six nonwoven and four woven fabrics with and without barrier finishes were tested for aerosol spray penetration using 0.1% methylene blue dye as an indicator of pesticide penetration with three spray emulsions: (1) water; (2) water/surfactant (48:1); and (3) unrefined cottonseed oil/surfactant (4:1). The procedure was repeated using the following pesticide emulsions: (1) water/malathion (100:4) and (2) unrefined cottonseed oil/malathion (100:8).
Analysis of variance was used to compare the results of the water/malathion and the results of the cottonseed oil/malathion spray tests between categories of dye penetration. In each case, there was significant difference between group variation. Duncan's Multiple Range Test (p &lt; 0.05) indicated that fabrics that did not allow penetration by the methylene blue dye had significantly lower levels of malathion present in the extracts. The spray tests indicated that aerosol spray penetration was reduced by the presence of fluorocarbon barrier finishes on the fabrics.
Impact of Labor Protection in the Registration Process of Pesticides in the Netherlands
Authors: Maas CL 
Published: February 2009

Pesticide registration in the Netherlands is the responsibility of four governmental departments dealing with (1) agriculture, (2) public health, (3) environment, and (4) occupational health and safety. It is the responsibility of the Directorate-General of Labour (DGA) within the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment to direct the evaluation of occupational toxicity and exposure data. Further, DGA maintains via the Labour Inspectorate standards of application technology; procedures for storage, mixing and loading; sound hazard communication; and the quality of protective measures. The ultimate goal is to achieve a quality of health and safety in agriculture comparable to other work places where toxic materials are used. Therefore, consistency with premanufacturing notification policy, for example, is obligatory.
As far as labor protection is concerned, the registration process of pesticides starts with toxicology. The relevant adverse effects determined in experimental animals are further evaluated if dose levels at which these effects occur indicate serious risk during or after occupational exposure via the dermal, inhalation, or secondary oral route. Quantitative exposure assessment is then carried out. Currently, a systematic approach for gaining exposure data is being developed in the Netherlands. This process is a multistep system consisting of (1) theoretical estimation of exposure, (2) using mathematical models and generic data, (3) personal dermal monitoring, (4) environmental (air) monitoring and personal air monitoring, and (5) biomonitoring.
Higher levels in the system are triggered if results at lower levels seem to have serious implications. In certain situations, a combination of elements from different levels within one study may have advantages. The exposure data then are challenged by an extrapolated human threshold dosage-level in order to rationally decide on registration. This approach of weighing possible risks is carried out for all relevant differential applications. Special attention is paid to indoor applications, like thermically isolated warehouses.
When the decision to register a pesticide has been made, different instruments may be used to control the actual exposure by defining the application technology and using warnings on the label, ergonomic packaging, and protective clothing. The Labour Inspectorate may add special protective measures to these demands for separate locations. During the registration, DGA may ask for further testing either in toxicology or exposure issues. The field data reported by the Labour Inspectorate provide feed-back on registration decisions. Efforts to answer questions concerning pesticide application and regulation are preferentially to be improved by a joint effort of the pesticide industry, the farmers, their organizations, and the registration authorities, all cooperating for better labor protection.
A Review of the Requirements for Protective Clothing for Agricultural Workers in Hot Climates
Authors: Litchfield MH 
Published: February 2009

The wearing of additional protective clothing has to be viewed in the overall context of recommendations for the safe and effective use of pesticides. In hot climates, the wearing of such protective clothing is more problematical than in temperate climates because of the heat and stress factors involved. Materials that make up protective clothing need to be comfortable to the wearer in a hot climate and also be protective to a variety of pesticide formulations. These materials should also be available at low cost for use in developing countries. The range of potentially acceptable materials, their availability, wearer acceptability, and performance in the field is reviewed in this paper.
Protective clothing should be designed according to the requirements of the situation, for example, for workers handling concentrated formulations or when spraying diluted solutions. More research into the problems in hot climates is needed, and the direction of this effort is discussed at the conclusion of this paper.
Conductive Clothing and Materials
Authors: Davies J 
Published: February 2009

In the last few decades, many challenges have had to be met in protecting the human in industry against a large variety of hazards. In a number of areas in the world, maintenance work is required to be carried out on and in the vicinity of very high-voltage electrical equipment and in particular on overhead transmission lines while they are still energized.
To protect workers under these and similar situations, suits made from conducting materials are required. The early suits were considered very inefficient due to their inferior design and construction and poor electrical properties.
The practical functions of a Conductive Clothing Assembly extend far wider than the provision of adequate conductivity, flame retardancy, wear resistance, electrical resistance, current carrying capability, screening efficiency, ease of cleaning and maintenance, together with wearer acceptance and comfort, all have to be met.
This paper describes the initial investigations and development of conductive composite textile materials for a protective clothing assembly to combat the pick up from the electrostatic field in the immediate vicinity of 400-kV substation equipment and overhead line transmission towers giving a work environment where inductance buildup of electrical energy could occur to workers and subsequent earthing could result in a discharge above the threshold of feeling.
A review of the requirements of the new International Electrotechnical Commission Standard 78-15 Specification for Conductive Clothing for Live Working is also included in the paper together with a survey of the current work being undertaken in furthering the development of conductive composite materials.
Kinetics of Vapor Sorption by Latex-Bonded Carbon Particles
Authors: Jones DW , Watts P 
Published: February 2009

A study has been made of the sorption of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate vapor (IMPF) by an air-permeable protective material consisting of powdered activated carbon bonded to a fabric substrate. The interactions of IMPF with individual components of the system have been studied prior to examination of the composite material. The solubility and diffusivity coefficients of IMPF in films formed from two different acrylic latex binders have been determined by gravimetric sorption methods. Sorption of IMPF vapor by the activated carbon and the fabric substrate has been measured gravimetrically. Experimental materials employing different binders and carbon loadings have been prepared, and the uptake of IMPF vapor determined.
Vapor sorption by these materials has been studied under dynamic conditions of flow through the material, and breakthrough profiles have been obtained. A mathematical model of dynamic vapor sorption has been developed that accurately reproduces the experimentally observed results. This model divides the adsorbent into regions of different prevailing sorption kinetics. The major region has a sorption rate that is determined solely by mass transport of vapor. The remaining “slow” region shows sorption kinetics that are consistent with a slow surface deposition or displacement reaction as the rate determining step. Even though all of the carbon particles are coated with a film of binder, permeation through this film is not rate-controlling step. The “dynamic” sorption capacity of carbon incorporated into the material is largely uninfluenced by the presence of the latex binder.
The mathematical model is successful in predicting the performance of multiple-layer assemblies from the results observed on single layers, and this provides a verification of the approach to the analysis of the sorption kinetics. The model is useful in providing guidelines to show how the material performance may be improved, and indicating the research avenues that are most likely to lead to useful developments.
ESD Packaging and Handling Problems—the Government Perspective of Causes and Cures
Authors: McGill R 
Published: February 2009

The packaging of items has seen a growing dependency on various forms of plastic products. This trend away from the simple wood and paper materials in earlier use has occurred during a time when microcircuit technology was giving the consumer smaller more portable electronic components. However, the increased susceptibility of these items to damage caused by electrostatic discharge (ESD) as their size decreases, is in stark contrast to the inherent vulnerability of plastic packaging materials to create static charges. The government, because of its complex distribution network, has a direct interest in solving these ESD protective packaging problems.
Through a series of key initiatives, the government has focused the attention of various industry associations that represent both ESD sensitive item and ESD protective packaging material suppliers to the needs of the military logistical environment. In so doing, the crucial development of reliable test standards, establishment of ESD protective control techniques, and the standardization of ESD sensitive item identification, marking and common handling procedures offer the promise of benefiting industry as much as the Government itself. A true cure for packaging and handling problems in Government will be dependent upon close coordination and communication among all elements to include production engineering and research and development oriented activities. Specific problems and their impact on day-to-day government operations are discussed as well as steps being taken to correct recognized deficiencies.
Some Field Problems with Thin Veneer Building Stones
Authors: Bortz SA , Erlin B , Monk CB 
Published: February 2009

The authors, in examining experiences with over 40 stone veneer buildings over the past decade, describe typical problems that have arisen in the use of limestone, travertine, marble, and granite.
The modern trend to thinner ornamental dimensional stone has resulted in the use of thicknesses down to 2 to 3 cm (7/8 to 1 3/16 in.)—a significant reduction from 5.08 to 7.62 cm (2 to 3 in.) that was regarded as a lower practical limit less than ten years ago. The authors examine the consequences of such thin stone veneer in terms of strength, durability, and architectural engineering performance. Material geology, quarrying and fabrication limitations, and environmental factors are considered.
Specific field problems encountered have included a variety of structural, architectural, petrographic, and erection problems. Structural problems have included torsional twisting or thin deep beam participation at spandrel beam locations. Architectural problems have embraced differential movement or water permeability issues that affect expansion joints of internal drainage systems. Petrographic work has examined the bowing of thin marble or the weathering of travertine. Erection has involved workmanship issues (including plant fabrication considerations) or field material handling and attachment techniques.
The authors conclude with a recommended list of design criteria to avoid future problems of the kind they have encountered.
Design Considerations for Using Stone Veneer on High-Rise Buildings
Authors: Gere AS 
Published: February 2009

Due to substantial advancement of quarrying and fabrication methods, natural building stone has become available in thinner slabs in a wide variety of finishes, shapes, and sizes and has also become relatively less expensive than some of the other building cladding materials, which producers were forced to keep raising prices for due to the energy crisis of the 1970s.
This relatively low fabrication cost, together with the development of the various suspension systems and the advancement of the fabrication technology of anchoring components, makes the durable and relatively maintenance-free natural building stone more desirable to use to clad the increasing number of high-rise buildings built worldwide.
But, together with increased use of building stone, the number of expensive failures are also increasing. Sometimes facade failures can endanger public safety, and the cost to repair or reconstruct distressed stone facade can exceed its original cost.
The author, during the last 30 years, has investigated numerous miscellaneous types of failures of building stones of sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous origin on building facades, as well as on exterior plaza installations.
Design Criteria for Thin Stone/Truss Wall Systems
Authors: Benovengo EA 
Published: February 2009

The stone industry has experienced little change in construction practices over the last century, save the events of the last five years. The area of acute recent activity has been the advent of new, sophisticated stone-cutting systems. The offspring of this is the production of building stone of great face size with stone thicknesses of mere centimeters in lieu of inches. The thin stone panels can become an efficient stone envelope system when joined by dedicated support and other envelope components, thus creating a stone envelope assembly with obvious advantages over conventional stone construction.
The challenge for the design professional is two-fold in considering the use of thin stone wall systems. The initial challenge is one of aesthetics and design flexibility. The latter and more demanding challenge is the appropriate selection of materials, components, and assemblies to produce an integrated building envelope system which satisfies the particular criteria of the selected project. A primary need is the proper linking of expectations and capabilities.
The performance criteria established by the design professional will require a systematic review of materials, componentry, and performance criteria including stone properties, anchorage systems, material compatibility, joint treatment, code limitations, and thermal, air, water, and moisture control systems. Additional concerns focus on limitations imposed by thin stone wall systems to the project design and construction.
Stone Veneer-Faced Precast Concrete Panels
Authors: Freedman S 
Published: February 2009

In the 1960s, the use of stone veneer-faced precast concrete panels became prevalent. As stone veneer becomes thinner, greater emphasis on stone physical properties becomes important as well as examination of factors of safety. A survey of precast concrete panel producers revealed excellent performance of thin stone veneers over the last 20 years.
The precast concrete industry recommends that there be no concrete bonding between stone veneer and concrete backup in order to eliminate bowing, cracking, and staining of the veneer. Mechanical anchors should be used to secure the veneer.
Stone Veneer and Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete Panels
Authors: Lafayette M 
Published: February 2009

Glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) may be used to replace conventional concrete backup to stone veneer precast panels, thereby producing a lightweight panel. Toein spring clips connect stone veneer to GFRC backup. A bondbreaker separates the GFRC and stone veneer to allow differential movement. A steel stud frame commonly functions as a panel stiffener. The stud frame is attached to the GFRC skin by means of flex anchors.
The gravity load of the GFRC skin is transferred to the stud frame by two methods: (1) flex anchors only, and (2) gravity anchors in addition to flex anchors. The stud frame is attached to the building structural frame, and the loads of the panel are carried through the stud frame to the panel connection points on the structure.
Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry: The Development of a Standard Method
Authors: Larkin DE 
Published: February 2009

The formation meeting of the task group on Compositional Analysis by Thermogravimetry, under ASTM Committee E 37 on Thermal Measurements was held 30 Oct. 1980. That meeting created a document detailing a test method recently voted on and accepted by ASTM. It will be published as Standard Method E 1131.
The test method outlines a general technique for the analysis of materials by measuring mass loss through several thermal stability ranges. The determination of components based on their volatility provides a compositional analysis by using an inert atmosphere for a portion of the analysis of carbon containing materials and mixtures.
This paper describes the test method and its development to date. Data will be provided from the interlaboratory studies conducted to determine the method's precision and accuracy. In addition, a discussion of the method's application is given.
Thermogravimetric Characterization of Elastomers and Carbon-Filled Rubber Composites for Military Applications
Authors: Macaione DP , Sacher RE , Singler RE 
Published: February 2009

A number of elastomeric materials used in Army tank track pads have been analyzed by several thermal analysis techniques including thermogravimetric analysis. More than 50 different materials have been evaluated. In general, the test specimens contained styrene-butadiene (SBR), butadiene (BR), and natural (NR) rubber in mono-, di-, or triblend systems.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to determine the percentage of highly volatile organics, elastomer(s), carbon black, and inorganic residue for each sample. An acetone extracted sample was compared to a nonextracted sample to validate the measurement of highly volatile material. The TGA data illustrated that the percent organic and percent carbon black determinations were quite consistent with the known formulations, but the percentage of inorganics was variable in a number of samples. Ash determinations obtained using larger specimens in a muffle furnace more closely approximated the known values. The DTG curve was used to determine the type of elastomer contained in each track pad. NR exhibited a peak at approximately 365°C (689°F) while SBR, BR, and SBR-BR exhibited a peak at approximately 450°C (842°F). TGA can quantify SBR and/or BR versus NR, but cannot differentiate between SBR and BR, nor can TGA differentiate between cured versus uncured systems. It is necessary to employ differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to detect uncured systems using the cure exotherm that occurs between 150 to 200°C (302 to 392°F). Finally, the application of thermogravimetric analysis to the tentative identification of foreign track rubber samples is considered.
Determination of the Degree of Mixing of Sheet Molding Compound Paste Using Thermogravimetry
Authors: Kau H-T 
Published: February 2009

Sheet molding compound (SMC) technology is used for manufacturing large composite automobile parts. To produce high quality composites, it is important to ensure that the compound paste is uniformly mixed.
A procedure based on thermogravimetry (TG) was developed to determine the uniformity of mixing of SMC paste and of samples molded from the paste. Batches of pastes prepared in the laboratory had a scale of uniformity of 100 μm based on the variance of the inorganic solid (calcium carbonate or CaCO3 filler) content. For paste samples containing a high concentration of volatile component, the accuracy of the analysis was affected by weight loss during the sampling procedure. Premolding the sample was an effective way to overcome this problem and to improve the accuracy.
TG was also used to investigate a procedure for compounding glass flakes in SMC paste. The results showed a high degree of nonuniformity in the slurry material. This was attributed to incomplete wet-out of the glass flakes.
From Wood to Coal: A Compositional Thermogravimetric Analysis
Authors: Wiedemann HG , Riesen R , Boller A , Bayer G 
Published: February 2009

The carbonization of wood has been studied by means of thermoanalytical methods, in particular, thermogravimetry (TG). This method subjects the sample to a temperature program in a defined atmosphere. The samples were first treated to give a certain degree of charcoal, which could then be analyzed immediately in a second step.
As shown by means of the individual decomposition step of cellulose and lignin, time aging affected the degradation of lignin, whereas thermal aging (the charring process) decomposed the cellulose and turns lignin into charcoal. X-ray analysis showed that because of its chemical structure, lignin turned into paracrystalline coal, a precursor graphite.
In the natural process of carbonization, different kinds of coals such as lignite, bituminous coal, anthracite, or even graphite are formed. TG proved suitable for characterizing these coals by proximate analysis and studying the burning profiles.
Comparable measurements with graphites showed that the combustion rate depended strongly on the composition and structure of the coal.