bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct hydroxylation of fats and derivatives with a hydrogen peroxide tungstic acid system
Authors: Luong T. M. , Schriftman H. , Swern Daniel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe direct preparation ofthreo‐1,2‐glycols without isolation of intermediates from oleic acid, methyl oleate, and oleyl alcohol by oxidation with a hydrogen peroxide (70%)‐tungstic acid system at pH 0‐1 and 45‐55C without solvent has now been shown to be an efficient, high‐yield reaction. Thethreo‐isomers are formed from intermediate epoxides by in situ hydration with accompanying inversion. Preincorporation of about 2% of the glycol reaction product into oleic acid or methyl oleate speeds up the oxidation reactions markedly and adds to their control and reproducibility. With oleyl alcohol, addition of reaction product is not necessary.Castor and olive oils are also readily oxidized to almost complete elimination of unsaturation, but the products are only 50‐60% 1,2‐glycols, owing to intra‐ and intermolecular polyether information. Addition of reaction product is unnecessary with castor oil, but with olive oil the reaction rate is greatly accelerated by incorporation of 2% of reaction product. Preconditioning (5 hr) of the hydrogen peroxide with the tungstic acid permits slightly faster oxidation rates. Emulsions are also rapidly oxidized under appropriate conditions, but these systems are more complicated to prepare and work up than oxidation of the substrates directly. Tentative reaction mechanisms are proposed in which an inorganic polyperoxytungstic acid is the effective oxidizing agent and hydroxyl‐containing species are important interfacial or complexing agents between the substrate and oxidant system.
Oxidative deterioration of flesh lipids of pacific cod(Gadus macrocephalus)
Authors: Roubal W. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLight flesh lipids of Pacific cod, composed chiefly of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl choline, contain fatty acids rich in unsaturation. In model systems free of pro‐oxidant the ethanolamine derivative exhibited a high rate of oxidation. Phosphatidyl choline, on the other hand, required an added pro‐oxidant.Cod porphyrins exhibited pro‐oxidant effects not unlike those observed in other biological systems involving catalyzed lipid oxidation.Neutral lipids exhibited very low rates of oxidation.
Derivatization of keto fatty acids: V. Synthesis and characterization of 1,3‐dioxolanes
Authors: Ahmad Suhail , Ahmad F. , Osman S. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe synthesis of substituted 1,3‐dioxolanes from oxo fatty acid esters using 1,2‐propanediol is described. This reagent, besides forming dioxolanes, also converts the methyl ester to the 2′‐hydroxy propyl ester. Methyl 10‐oxoundecanoate gives 2′‐hydroxy propyl 10‐(2″‐methyl ethylene dioxolane) undecanoate (Ia, 75%) as a major product. Methyl 9‐oxooctadecanoate reacts similarly and yields 2′‐hydroxy propyl 9‐(2″‐methyl ethylene dioxolane) octadecanoate (IIb, 60%), along with the minor products (IIa, IIc). Methyl 2‐oxooctadecanoate, after prolonged refluxing, affords only 2′‐hydroxy propyl 2‐(2″‐methyl ethylene dioxolane) octadecanoate (IIIa) in 70% yield. Structures of each reaction product were established on the basis of elemental analysis, IR, NMR and a study of mass spectrometry.
Reactions of glycerol derivatives with N,N‐diethyl‐1,1,2,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropanamine
Authors: Watanabe S. , Fujita T. , Nasuno I. , Suga K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFluorination of mono‐ and disubstituted glycerols with N,N‐diethyl‐1,1,2,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropanamine (PPDA) was attempted. Instead of the expected fluoroglycerol derivative from a disubstituted glycerol, the major product was the fluorinated propyl ester. Thus, 2,3‐dibromopropyl 2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropionate was isolated in 52% yield from the reaction of 2,3‐dibromo‐1‐propanol with PPDA. With a monosubstituted glycerol, a cyclic adduct was obtained. Thus, 4‐allyloxymethyl‐2‐diethylamino‐2‐(1,2,2,2‐tetrafluoroethyl)‐1,3‐dioxolane was isolated in 68% yield from 3‐allyloxy‐1,2‐propanediol and PPDA. Shielding by the bromine atoms in the former reaction and intramolecular nucleophilic attack by the vicinal hydroxyl group in the latter reaction are possible explanations for the reaction results.
Pressure reaction of maleic esters with vegetable oils
Authors: Miller W. R. , Bell E. W. , Cowan J. C. , Teeter H. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe reaction of dimethyl maleate and some related dienophiles with vegetable oils under pressure has been studied successfully. When safflower oil reacts with 100% excess maleate, sulfur dioxide catalyst, and hydroquinone inhibitor at 290° for 1hr., 80 to 90% yields of adduct fraction, based on linoleate, are obtained. Under the same conditions almost equally good yields result with either linseed or soybean oils. With safflower oil, dimethyl fumarate gave slightly lower yields. Di‐n‐butyl maleate gave even poorer yields, and much residue was formed.
N‐lauroyl‐ethylenediamine chelates: Preparation and evaluation of surface tension and dispersant properties
Authors: Takeshita Toshio , Maeda Shigeru 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA chelate surfactant was synthesized having a hydrophobic alkyl group and hydrophilic metal ion bonded to the former in the chelate configuration, and its properties were investigated. N‐lauroyl‐ethylenediamine (LEDA) was used as the hydrophobic chelating agent and salts of some transitional metals (e.g. iron, cobalt, nickel, copper and chromium) were reacted therewith. The reaction of LEDA with ferric sulfate on 1:1 equivalent reaction ratio afforded [Fe(LEDA) (H2O)4]3/2SO4. In other reactions pure chelates were not obtained, but the products showed good surface activity.
Study on deodorant fabric softeners
Authors: Katsumi M. , Sato T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIt has been demonstrated that the long chain alkyltrimethyl ammonium salts of phenolic germicides, such as pentachlorophenol and 2,2′‐methylene‐bis‐(3,5,6‐trichlorophenol) showed remarkable substantivity to cellulosic fiber, much more than that of the phenolic germicides alone, without lowering of the bacteriostatic activity and deodorant effectiveness.
An optimized hard surface cleaning test
Authors: Harris Jay C. , Brown E. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPreliminary investigation of several test procedures resulted in the selection of the Liss‐Hilton reflectance method. A white vinyl tile substrate was selected and the test method optimized at cleaning efficiencies of approximately 30% for water and 80% for selected detergent compositions. Within‐series and between‐series variations, in general, met a required 2% maximum. Between‐laboratories data were slightly more variable. Utilizing the corresponding confidence limit factor, as few as three test panels per detergent may be used to compare detergent cleaning efficiencies.
Long‐chain carboxylic acids containing ether linkage III. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the amine salts of someB‐alkoxypropionic acids
Authors: Abe Y. , Osanai Shuichi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOctylamine, dodecylamine, octadecylamine and triethanolamine salts ofβ‐dodecyloxy‐ andβ‐tetradecyloxypropionic acids, without or with one and with two oxyethylene groups between the alkoxy group and the propionic acid group, were prepared and examined as the growth inhibiting agents againstStaphylococcus aureus andPenicillium. Some of them were also tested againstTrichophyton asteroides, T. interdigitale, T. granulosus, Epidermophyton floccosum andMicrosporum canis. The effects of the alkyloxy, oxyethylene and amine groups on antibacterial and antifungal activities were determined. The dodecyl radical was more potent than the tetradecyloxy radical. The enhancing effect of the oxyethylene group was obscure in the amine salts. The most effective amine was dodecylamine and its salt ofβ‐dodecyloxypropionic acid showed almost the same effectiveness as that of its mercury salt againstTrichophyton. As for the soluble amine salts, it was confirmed that their surface activities had nothing to do with their antibacterial and fungicidal powers.
Processing methods to preserve quality and color of cottonseed flakes
Authors: Lawhon J. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHull‐free cottonseed flakes were prepared for direct solvent extraction by two passes through a pilot plant size, hot air drier set at 200 F. Moisture content was reduced to 6.5% without evidence of gossypol binding. Improved drainage characteristics resulted in better extraction. Glanded and glandless flakes which had been extracted and partially desolventized at low temperatures were heated indirectly in a batch desolventizer under vacuum to temperatures above the point of steam condensation and solvent stripped with superheated steam. Resulting available lysine and protein solubility values on the meals and flours were desirably high. The desolventization was accomplished without significant color darkening.
Specificity of a lipase fromGeotrichum candidum forcis‐octadecenoic acid
Authors: Jensen R. G. , Sampugna J. , Quinn J. G. , Carpenter Dorothy L. , Marks T. A. , Alford J. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA lipase fromGeotrichum candidum released mostly oleic acid from glyceryl 1‐elaidate‐2,3‐dioleate and very littletrans fatty acid from margarine. When cod liver, Macadamia nut, peanut and safflower oils were substrates, the oleic acid content of the free acids was always in excess of the amount of the acid in the intact triglycerides. Congo palm oil was digested by bothG. candidum and pancreatic lipases and the fatty acid compositions of the products of hydrolysis compared. The results obtained with the aid ofG. candidum lipase tend to substantiate existence of some of the triglyceride isomers predicted from pancreatic lipase data.
Structure of the intestinal mucosa and lymph glycerides of rats after absorption of fats containing elaidic acid
Authors: Clement J. , Lavoue G. , Clement G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractElaidic acid was given to rats either as free acid or triglyceride (trielaidin or mixed glycerides transesterified with elaidic acid). The intestinal mucosa and lymph triglycerides were isolated and their structure determined by pancreatic lipase. The elaidic acid level was determined by GLC using capillary columns.Results showed a marked tendency for elaidic acid to be located at the external positions of the triglyceride molecule beginning with the lymph. The results are discussed in relation to the absorption process and triglyceride synthesis.
Relation of triglycerides to phosphoglycerides in fungi
Authors: Cecil R. , Jack M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLipids of the fungiPhycomyces blakesleeanus, Lipomyces lipoferus, Glomerella cingulata andCoprinus comatus have been analyzed by physical and chemical methods. Triglycerides were the largest fraction of all the lipids in these fungi but significant amounts of phosphoglycerides were also present. The presence of relatively large amounts of triglycerides and phosphoglycerides, and the fatty acid patterns of these glycerides, suggests that formation of the tri‐ and phosphoglycerides involves participation of key intermediates from a common pathway of synthesis. The triglycerides ofGlomerella cingulata have been studied in more detail than those of the other species. It has been found, using preparative thin‐layer chromatography and analytical gas‐liquid chromatography, thatG. cingulata triglycerides comprise one fraction of saturated and monoenoic fatty acids, another fraction of saturated, mono‐, and dienoic acids and two fractions containing varying proportions of saturated, mono‐, di‐, and trienoic fatty acids.
Micelle formation of polyoxyethylene‐polyoxypropylene surfactants
Authors: Schmolka Irving R. , Raymond Arthur J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractContradictory literature references on their micelle formation led to an investigation of block copolymers of ethylene and propylene oxides. By means of differential absorbance measurements of the dye‐surfactant complex, critical micelle concentrations (CMC舗s) for these polyols were determined. CMC values for surfactants with a molecular weight range of 1,100 to over 15,000 varied from 3.0 to 11.1 Ɓmoles per liter, which are much lower than for other nonionics normally encountered. Corroborative data were obtained by the surface tension depression method. An increase in temperature below the cloud point or the addition of sodium chloride resulted in an increase in the CMC, which is not usual for many nonionics.
Synthesis and biodegradability of isomeric sodium p‐(thia‐n‐dodecyl)‐benzenesulfonates
Authors: Lang D. , Trottier C. , Long L. , Hasselstrom T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn an attempt to prepare improved biodegradable detergents, the eleven possible isomers of sodium p‐(thia‐n‐dodecyl)benzenesulfonate have been synthesized. Preliminary biodegradability tests of these compounds show that the biodegradability of sodium p‐1‐thia‐n‐dodecylbenzenesulfonate is greater than that of LAS.
Preparation of some linseed esters of methyla‐d‐glucopyranoside using the methoxycarbonyl blocking group
Authors: Dufek E. J. , DeJarlais W. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe three possible methoxycarbonyl derivatives of methyl 4,6‐O‐benzylidene‐a‐d‐glucopyranoside have been prepared. The methoxycarbonyl at the C2 position in the 2,3‐di‐O‐methoxycarbonyl derivative is removed selectively in anhydrous ammonia. The ability of the methoxycarbonyl group to block selectively the C2 hydroxyl in methyl glucoside has been utilized to synthesize some mono‐, di‐, and tri‐linseed esters of methyl glucoside. The use of this new blocking group has permitted the first synthesis of some unsaturated esters of methyl glucoside.
Further observations on the dicarbonyl compounds formed via autoxidation of methyl linoleate
Authors: Cobb W. Y. , Day E. A. 
Published: May 2007

Abstracta‐Dicarbonyls isolated from oxidized methyl linoleate and conclusively identified as DNP‐osazones3 were glyoxal, methyl glyoxal,a‐keto hexanal,a‐keto heptanal, anda‐keto octanal.
The effect of kind of dietary carbohydrate upon the composition of liver fatty acids of the rat
Authors: Casal Jorge J. , Holman Ralph T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWeanling male rats were fed fat‐free diets containing either starch, sucrose, glucose or maltose as principal ingredient. One fourth of each group was fed oral supplements of linoleate. Subgroups of the fat‐free groups were killed at 1, 3 and 6 weeks and the lmoleate supplemented group also at 6 weeks. Liver fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. All groups showed changes in fatty acid composition characteristic of essential fatty acid deficiency, and linoleate reversed these changes. The three sugars induced similar compositions of liver fatty acids, but starch stimulated appearance of higher proportions of several odd‐chain fatty acids. These included 15:0, 15:1, 17:0, 17:1, 17:2, 19:0, 19:1, 19:2, 19:3 and 19:4. These changes could not be accounted for by their content in the dietary starch.
Volatile decomposition products of the oxidative polymers of ethyl linolenate
Authors: Johnson Ogden C. , Chang S. S. , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryOxidative polymers which had been isolated from autoxidized ethyl linolenate were oxidatively decomposed in a closed system at room temperature. The decomposition products were collected in appropriate traps and separated into various fractions on the basis of their volatility and solubility. The aldehydes and ketones thus obtained were converted into 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones, chromatographed on silica gel, and the isolated 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones identified by standard procedures. Methyl ethyl ketone, propionaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and alpha‐pentenal were positively identified, and evidence for the presence of crotonaldehyde and an unknown five‐carbon‐carbonyl compound was obtained.Acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and alpha‐pentenal have been isolated from the decomposition products of oxidatively decomposed reverted soybean oil by previous workers. If oxidative polymers of linolenate are present in reverted soybean oil, they could serve as precursors of the aldehydes and ketones which have been associated with flavor reversion.
The fractionation of lanolin with urea
Authors: Eisner Abner , Noble Wilfred R. , Scanlan John T. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA fractionation of lanolin was effected by contacting lanolin with urea in the presence of methyl alcohol. About 6–8% of the lanolin formed a urea adduct which, upon decomposition, yielded a hard, nontacky wax fraction. In addition to the wax fraction, a fluid fraction and a sticky semi‐solid were also obtained. The latter two fractions were obtained by the solvent extraction of the nonadduct‐forming material from the urea adducts.The fluid fraction, obtained in 71% yield, is a viscous liquid at room temperature. The fluid properties of the fraction can be improved by acetylation.
The preparation and some properties of chlorinated tung oil
Authors: McKinney R. S. , Magne Frank C. , Heinzelman Dorothy C. , Goldblatt L. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe chlorination of tung oil was investigated, and certain chlorinated products were screened as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride resin. Chlorine readily added at low temperatures (0 to 20°C.) as well as at higher temperature (75°C.). The chlorination was highly selective for triene conjugation as the disappearance of triene closely paralleled the amount of chlorine added during early staged to chlorination. Considerable conjugated diene is formed as indicated by characteristic ultraviolet absorption in the diene region. In later stages of chlorination considerable substitution occurs as evidenced by the fact that products containing more than 40% of chlorine could readily be obtained. All the products were more or less unstable, evolving hydrogen chloride and darkening at room temperature. The chlorinated tung oils were screened as plasticizers, at the 30% level, for polyvinyl chloride by using butyl epoxystearate as a stabilizer. Products containing small proportions of chlorine (less than about 20%) were not compatible with polyvinyl chloride; products containing moderate amounts (about 30%) were compatible and had some plasticizing effect but decomposed excessively on milling. Those products containing the highest proportion of chlorine (more than 40%) were compatible and did not decompose on milling or molding. These highly chlronated tung oilslowered the milling temperature of polyvinyl chloride copolymer but showed little, if any, ability to product compositions which are flexible at room temperature.
X‐ray diffraction study of some normal alkyl thiolesters of long chain acids
Authors: Lutz D. A. , Witnauer L. P. , Sasin George S. , Sasin Richard 
Published: May 2007

SummaryX‐ray diffraction‐powder data are reported for 39n‐alkyl thiolesters comprising four different series, namely, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids. All individual compounds can be identified and distinguished by the X‐ray diffraction data. Compounds containing the same total number of carbon atoms in the molecule have the same long and side spacings but differ in the relative intensities of the various orders of the long spacings. The esters crystallize in tilted monomolecular layers. The long spacing is a function of the total carbon content of the molecule and forms two series, one for the odd members and one for the even members. A change in the structure‐type definitely occurs in the odd series on decreasing alkyl chain‐length below 9 carbons.
Polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of hepatic gene transcription
Authors: Clarke Steven D. , Jump Donald B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the n‐6 and n‐3 families inhibit transcription of a number of hepatic lipogenic and glycolytic genes, e.g. fatty acid synthase. In contrast, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids exert no suppressive action on lipogenic gene expression. The unique PUFA regulation of gene expression extends beyond the liver to include genes such as adipocyte glucose transporter‐4, lymphocyte stearoyl‐CoA desaturase 2, and interleukins. Some of the transcriptional effects of PUFA appear to be mediated by eicosanoids, but PUFA suppression of lipogenic and glycolytic genes is independent of eicosanoid synthesis and appears to involve a nuclear mechanism directly modified by PUFA. With the recent cloning of a fatty acid‐activated nuclear factor termed peroxisome‐proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) has come the suggestion that PPAR may be the PUFA response factor. This review, however, presents several lines of evidence that indicate that the PPAR and n‐6 and n‐3 PUFA regulation of lipogenic and glycolytic gene transcription involve separate and independent mechanisms. Thus PPAR appears not to be the PUFA response factor.
Essential fatty acid uptake and metabolism in the developing rodent brain
Authors: Pawlosky Robert J. , Ward Glenn , Salem Norman 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudies were carried out to determine whether the brain takes up and metabolizes essential fatty acids during early postnatal development in rodents. Rats and mice were dosed with deuterium‐labeled linoleic and linolenic acids either by intraperitoneal injection or by gavage. Animals were killed at different times thereafter, and organs were removed. Brains, livers, and blood were analyzed by gas chromatography— negative‐ion‐mass spectrometry for labeled fatty acids. To determine whether fatty acids were present in the brain apart from cerebral blood, a subset of animals was exsanguinated by perfusion with buffered saline, and the brain was then fractionated into subcellular components. Results demonstrated that the brain took up both labeled essential fatty acids within 8 h from the time of dosing. There was on average a greater uptake of linolenic acid into the cerebellum than into the cerebral cortex during the first 8 d of life in rats. The amount of linoleic acid taken into either region was similar, however. Docosahexaenoic acid intermediates, 20∶5n−3 and 22∶5n−3, were also found labeled in the brain. Time‐course labeling experiments indicated that these intermediates may be converted to 22∶6n−3 within the brain. A rise of labeled 22∶6n−3 in the brain at 24 h appeared to be due to uptake of this fatty acid from the blood. The Amount of labeled 22∶6n−3 in the brain continued to increase beyond 24 h, and this did not appear to be correlated with its blood concentration. These results suggest that, during development in the rodent, different regions within the brain may vary in their capacity to synthesize 22∶6n−3, and this may be correlated with regional growth rates.
In vivo13C nuclear magnetic resonance: Applications and current limitations for noninvasive assessment of fatty acid status
Authors: Cunnane Stephen C. , Likhodii Sergei S. , Moine Gerard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAs a noninvasive method,in vivo13C nuclear magnetic resonance has potentially important applications in understanding the metabolism of long chain fatty acids in organs of living humans. At present, this methodology is most advanced for research on glucose utilization. However, the main13C signals visiblein vivo are from fatty acids in adipose tissue and the olefinic signals can be used to noninvasively estimate adipose tissue content and relative dietary intake of polyunsaturates and monounsaturates. The low natural abundance of13C improves the utility of this isotope for fatty acid tracer studies. Due to excessive signal broadening, uniform13C‐labelling seems to have limited application inin vivo fatty acid studies. Tracer fatty acids with13C enrichment at a specific carbon position, i.e., [3‐13C]γ‐linolenate, appear to be the most useful forin vivo tracer studies. Development of methods permitting resolution of13C enrichment in structural lipids of lean tissues will be an important breakthrough which may make human tracer studies feasible and worthwhile.