bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Polymer Concentration in Quenchant Bath
Authors: Schlitzer Justin , Hollenbeck John 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The properties of heat treatable wrought aluminum alloys are primarily achieved through use of solution heat treatment processes defined in AMS 2770. Variation in these processes can greatly influence the final properties of the aluminum alloy material. This study specifically investigates the effects of the quenching solution used during the wrought aluminum alloy heat treatment process. The research varies the Type 1 polymer concentrations between 10 and 25 percent in the quenchant solution. The scope is limited to investigate aluminum 6061 and 7075 alloys treated to the T6 condition and uses plate stock ranging 1 to 2.5 inches in thickness. Statistical analysis is used to determine the magnitude of the effect of polymer percentage on material properties of the aluminum alloys at these conditions. This research is conducted to determine the basis for the glycol restrictions within the ranges typical to internal manufacturing processes. The conclusions of this research are based on statistical evaluation of tensile, yield, hardness, grain size and electrical conductivity results obtained as a result of the investigation.
Prediction of Mechanical Properties and Microstructure Composition of Quenched and Tempered Steel
Authors: Smoljan Božo , Iljkić Dario , Tomaši Neven 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The mathematical model and computer simulation for the prediction of mechanical properties in quenched and tempered steel specimen was developed. In addition, mathematical model for prediction of microstructure composition of quenched and tempered steel was developed. In calculation of both, mechanical properties and microstructure composition the history of cooling was taken in account. Hardness of quenched and tempered steel was expressed as function of maximal hardness of actual steel and representatives of chemical diffusivity. After that, distribution of other relevant mechanical properties can be obtained. The mathematical model is developed for carbon and low alloyed steel. The studied model is based on Jominy test results. The established procedure was applied in computer simulation of quenched and tempered steel workpiece.
Rockwell Hardness Bench Testing of Induction Heat Treated Work Pieces
Authors: Specht F. R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Hardness bench testing is a simple and universally accepted practice for checking induction hardened parts and is performed in literally thousands of manufacturing facilities. There are trained metallurgical professionals who have spent years studying and training in this art. However these days many new users are given only the basics during a quick show and tell: this paper is intended for these up and coming heat treaters or quality engineers. The presentation will reveal simple to understand rules for proper work piece cutting, surface preparation, and other factors in the preparation of induction hardened samples for bench hardness testing. Selection of the best RC scale to use based on the part configuration and size will be reviewed.
Controlled Gas Nitriding/Nitrocarburizing Process Control and Precalculation Possibilities
Authors: Heineck S. , Theisen Frank 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
To achieve optimal component properties through controlled gas nitriding, a precise approach is required. This method utilizes nitride layers with a defined structure, tailored to the specific stresses each component will encounter. Success relies on three key factors: firstly, understanding the ideal layer structure for a given stress profile, which informs the desired properties of the surface layer. Secondly, in-depth knowledge of material behavior during nitriding, considering both the material itself and the nitriding conditions, is crucial for material selection and parameter optimization. Finally, achieving consistent and predictable results hinges on the precise measurement and control of nitriding conditions, particularly the nitriding potential.
How It’s Done and Why— Transitioning Parts from Atmosphere Carburizing to Low-Pressure Vacuum Carburizing
Authors: Lelong Vincent , Welch Amberlee 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
For more than 20 years now Low Pressure Vacuum Carburizing (LPC) has taken over several industries as the main carburizing choice. These industries take advantage of LPC’s clean environment, versatility, “just in time” processing, along with possible distortion control that comes with gas quenching capabilities to process millions of parts each month. However, there are still hundreds of types of parts that can be converted to LPC with minimal effort. The authors will show the recent history and products currently being processed in LPC and how they were transitioned to LPC. Metallurgical results will be shown along with production loading scenarios. In addition, the process of a particular part showing timing and cost of each treatment process will be reviewed. These facts will show the audience the benefits and how they can take advantage of low pressure vacuum carburizing.
Plasma Nitriding Potential and a New Modeling Approach for Plasma Nitriding Process Control
Authors: Skalecki Marian Georg , Klümper-Westkamp Heinrich , Hoffmann Franz , Zoch Hans-Werner , Bischoff Sebastian , Rohde Jörn 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Plasma nitriding is a thermochemical surface heat treatment of steel components to produce nitride layers which increase wear-, corrosion- and fatigue resistance. Research into plasma nitriding lately showed that there is a significant and characteristic amount of ammonia formed off the process gases nitrogen and hydrogen. This research paper is aimed to analyze the influence of plasma treatment parameters, such as pressure, voltage, temperature and nitrogen to hydrogen ratio on the atmosphere and the formation of ammonia during plasma nitriding. The ammonia content is measured in the exhaust gas. By correlating the measured ammonia with the treatment parameters and modeling the nitriding process, the ammonia content can then be predicted. Further a plasma nitriding potential, comparable to the gas nitriding potential, based on ammonia content is calculated and its practicability as process control parameter is shown by correlating the potential with the nitriding results, e.g. the formation of ε and γ’ nitride phases.
Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Behavior of Ti-6Al-4V via Direct Metal Laser Sintering
Authors: Xu Yangzi , Lu Yuan , Sisson R.D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the effect of three types of post-heat treatments: 1) solution treatment and aging, 2) stress relieving, and 3) annealing on the corrosion behavior of Ti-6Al-4V fabricated via direct metal laser sintering (DMLS). The microstructure and phase evolution as affected by heat treatment temperature were examined through scanning electron microscopy and via x-ray diffraction. The Vicker’s microhardness, as it was affected by various heat treatments, was compared. The corrosion behavior of the specimens was measured electrochemically in simulated body fluid at 37°C. It was found that the nonequilibrium α’ phase with a small amount of β nuclei was formed in the as-fabricated sample. Heat treatments allow the formation of the β phase and the agglomeration of β precipitates to occur at elevated temperatures. Transformed β phase with various morphologies was observed as a result of the heat treatments. Different degrees of improvement in the corrosion resistance were observed in the solution-treated and aged samples, 650 °C stress relieved, and annealed samples.
Meandering Winding Magnetometers for the Evaluation of Surface Hardness on Carburized Steel
Authors: Zhang Lei , Sisson Richard D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
As part of a project to identify nondestructive techniques to determine the surface hardness and case depth of carburized steel, Meandering Winding Magnetometers (MWM) measurements were evaluated. MWM technology is based on eddy current testing. Compared to traditional eddy current testing, MWM measurements integrate the generating coil and detection coil into a thin, flexible sensor that can be applied to complex geometries. Conductivity and permeability are measured with MWM equipment to evaluate the properties of carburized steel. For this study, samples of 8620 were carburized to selected hardness and case depths. MWM technology was determined to be an effective method to detect surface hardness. The results of this study are presented and discussed in this paper.
The Influence of Temperature on the Austenite Grain Size and Microstructure of 4140 Steel
Authors: Zhang Rui , Sisson Richard D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Grain growth during heat treatment can affect mechanical properties. A large grain size can result in a lower strength and susceptibility to brittle failure. In order to control the prior austenite grain size, the effect of Austenitizing temperatures and holding times on the grain size and hardness in 4140 steel was experimentally investigated. Samples were heat treated at 900, 1000, and 1100 °C, and held for 1, 4, and 9 hours. After austenitizing, samples were cooled in the furnace to 850 °C before they were quenched in water at room temperature. Each sample was cut, mounted, and polished. Rockwell hardness and microhardness tests were performed on each sample. A Picric etch was used for grain size analysis. The grain size was measured following the E112 standard test method. It was found that the prior austenite grain size increased with temperature and time according to the standard grain growth model. It was also found that the as-quenched hardness decreased with an increase in grain size.
Induction Coupled Thermo-Magnetic-Processing (ITMP)
Authors: Ahmad Aquil , Pfaffmann George 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper describes a study to address sustainability by improving the power density of induction-coupled thermo-magnetic processing treatment of low-cost steel alloys. Application of a 9Tesla magnetic field in heat-treating improved the performance of the low-cost steels to rival that of exotic, costly alloys in properties and performance.
How Mass Imbalance and Cold-Sink Effects Influence Induction Hardened Case Depth
Authors: Bernhard Andrew 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Induction heating is very sensitive to part geometry. How mass is distributed in a part can have a strong influence on how it heats and the case depth that can be achieved. One application where this has been observed is in the internal hardening of connecting rod journals. These parts have an uneven distribution of mass that causes a cold-sink effect due to the position of the rod on one side of the bore. Computer simulations of the heating and cooling processes show how the mass imbalance affects the temperature in different areas of the workpiece, and they yield insights into how the temperature history of the different areas influences the resultant microstructure after hardening. The phenomena observed may be applicable to any part having a feature to be hardened with uneven mass distribution around the feature, and principles discussed herein can aid in design of such parts for induction heat treating.
Advanced Robotics in Heat Treat Verification Using Eddy Current
Authors: DeVries Dan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Eddy current is a non-destructive testing technique proven for use in heat treat and material structure verification. Modern multi-frequency eddy current instruments can test for conditions such as misplaced case, shallow case, short heat, short quench, and delayed quench. Eddy current testing offers many benefits over traditional heat treat validation methods. Unlike sample testing processes using cut, polish, etch, and visual inspection techniques, eddy current testing provides a clean, fast, and repeatable process that can perform in-line inspections of all parts produced. Eddy current inspections have traditionally focused on symmetrical parts such as wheel bearings and gears. However, advances in robotics have paved the way for cost-effective inspection of non-symmetrical, complex components that would have previously required multiple test stations. Robotics also provides a low-cost way to retest, null, and periodically proof the testing process using multiple conditions of masters. This has been difficult and expensive with other types of automation and operator involvement.
Torsional Fatigue Behavior of 8620 Steel Subjected to High-Magnetic Field Thermal Processing
Authors: Larsen James M. , Govier Erin M. , Glass Matthew J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The potential for improving mechanical properties of steels via thermal processing (e.g. austenization and rapid quenching) through modified phase equilibria in the presence of a high magnetic field has been the subject of numerous recent works [1,2]. In this study, torsional fatigue performance of case-carburized SAE 8620 re-austenitized and quenched inside of a 9 Tesla, 5” diameter superconducting magnet is reviewed. Conventional atmosphere furnace carburized hardened and tempered, and in-situ magnetic field re-hardened and tempered material (Induction Thermo-Magnetic Processing, or “ITMP”) was subjected to fully-reversed torsional loading. Both Special Bar Quality (SBQ) bar and forged SBQ bar steel in carburized conditions were heat treated and mechanically tested. There was no measurable difference in fatigue behavior for either condition when comparing conventionally heat-treated and ITMP re-hardened populations.
Austempering: Process, Applications, and Equipment
Authors: Titus Wallace John , Neumann Michael E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Austempering is an alternative hardening process that has been operating under the radar of manufacturers and designers for decades, primarily because its application is directed to fasteners having a cross-section of 12.7 mm or less. The primary goal of austempering is to create an extremely tough microstructure throughout the part’s mass or cross-section, a typical requirement for fasteners. This paper provides an overview of austempering processes and applications.
Simulation of Nitriding Processes
Authors: Winter Karl-Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a new approach for predicting nitriding and nitrocarburizing results. The model calculates thermodynamic and kinetic effects based on material composition and pre-nitrided conditions. It can simulate up to three-stage recipes with varying temperatures, nitriding potentials, and carburizing potentials while also taking nucleation time into account. The simulation result gives compound layer thickness, precipitation layer, and total diffusion depth and calculates surface hardness, core hardness, and effective case depth.
Application of Vegetable-Based Quench Oil to Achieve Safety and Environmental Advantages
Authors: Nebbe Jonn , MacKenzie D. Scott 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
An induction hardening operation heat treating engine valves previously used a typical medium speed quenching oil for the quenchant. A change-over to vegetable-based oil was accomplished, with the goal of reducing fire hazards; reducing smoke and fumes; and providing a cleaner working environment. All the desired goals were achieved, with additional advantages of no changes in microstructure, and improved part distortion. This paper compares the physical properties of the two oils, and documents improvements in working environment.
Defining the Adequacy of Direct Harden Water Quench Systems
Authors: Pershing Michael A. , Barnes Christopher A. , Birky Zachary S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Developing heat treat systems and control plans that produce consistent direct harden (quench and temper) results with a high percent martensite and the corresponding proper mechanical properties is challenging for large components or large batch sizes. In this study, large section bars in alloys suitable for water quenching were austenitized and quenched under controlled flow conditions. The bars were primarily examined by several as-quenched hardness versus depth traverses in order to be sure localized non-martensitic regions (soft areas) would be detected. The tests allowed for some key insights into defining the adequacy of direct harden water quench systems, including the idea of agitation thresholds required for each alloy grade or hardenability level to prevent soft spots (spotty hardening) on large section steel components.
Metallurgical Behavior of SAE 1045 Steel Quenched into Chemically Modified Bioquenchants
Authors: Simencio Otero Rosa L. , Canale Lauralice C.F. , Totten George E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
It is well known that petroleum oil base stocks possess a number of limitations, such as being non-renewable, but even more importantly, they are considered relatively toxic with limited biodegradability. One class of base stock that is renewable with excellent biodegradability characteristics and that is generally, but not always, non-toxic is animal and seed oils. The quenching performance of many different animal and vegetable oil compositions has been reported in the literature. However, as a class, they suffer from generally poor thermal oxidative stability, even when containing oxidation inhibitors, when compared to quenchants derived from petroleum oil. This factor limits their potential commercial utility. One method of addressing this problem is to chemically modify the vegetable oil to produce increased resistance to thermal-oxidative degradation. This work discusses the physical properties and quenching performance of epoxidized soybean oil-based formulations and the resulting metallurgical properties, hardness, and microstructures obtained. These results have not been reported previously.
Predictive Model of Wire Rod Cooling
Authors: Viéitez Iván , López-Cancelos Rubén , Martín Elena B. , Varas Fernando 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Wire rod of steel, produced by a hot rolling process, is cooled on a conveyor by action of fans sited under it. Mechanical properties of rod depend on chemical composition of steel and cooling rate experimented by the product. A mathematical model is developed in order to predict the thermal and metallurgical evolution of the steel rod on the conveyor. Convection and radiation losses are considered and the influence of the laying head is also discussed. Simulation results are compared with experimental measures obtained by an optical pyrometer in a real industrial process. Several product diameters and fan configurations are analyzed. Conclusions about the good accuracy of the model are shown. Thanks to the short computational time that the developed tool takes to predict the temperature of the wire rod along the conveyor, the tool can be potentially used in an on-line control system for the cooling process of wire rods.
Effect of Hardenability on Temperature and Phases of Spiral Bevel Gear in Press Quenching Process
Authors: Wang Gang , Zhang Yingtao , Yang Lin , Cui Lei , Li Zhichao (Charlie) 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Press quenching is an effective method to improve the strength and control the distortion of auto gears. However, it can be challenging to understand, predict, and further minimize the deformation of circular-arc bevel gears in industrial applications because of multiple influencing factors. This paper reports on work to build a comprehensive model with phase changes to reproduce the gear quenching process with consideration of the quenching machine, process parameters, and variation of steel compositions. The phase content and temperature history predicted by the model agree with the gear-quenching experimental results.
Implementation of a Boiling Heat Transfer Model Based on an Experimental Database
Authors: Banka Andrew L. , Franklin Jeffrey D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Extensive steady-state flow boiling heat transfer data have been collected for both water and oil using a test rig that allows for control of the primary variables of fluid velocity, fluid temperature, surface temperature, and surface orientation. Using the resulting database, functional relationships for boiling heat transfer trends have been determined. These boiling heat transfer relationships have been incorporated into the Ansys-Fluent commercial CFD package using a user-defined function (UDF). This software combination provides a simulation tool capable of approximating the quenching of metal parts by applying a situationally correct heat flux at each point in the part surface throughout the quench cycle. No manipulation of model tuning parameters is required. Simulation predictions are compared to test data collected for a cylindrical forging.
Enhanced Heat Transfer Coefficient Method to Model Air Quench Process— Investigation of Heat Transfer Coefficient Characteristics by CFD Methods
Authors: Jan James , Prabhu Eben , Chen Xingfu , Weiss Ulrich 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Air quenching is a common manufacturing process to produce high strength metal component by rapidly cooling heated parts in a short period of time. With the advancement of finite element analysis (FEA) methods, it has been possible to predict thermal residual stress by computer simulation. However, the accuracy of FEA calculation is bounded by the accuracy of the temperature data, acquired either by thermocouple measurement, experimentally calibrated heat transfer coefficient (HTC) method, or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation. While CFD methods have gained popularity, the practicality of CFD method is reduced by tedious mesh generation and costly computation that is only feasible to be performed on a supercomputer. When quenching media is a gas-phased fluid and quenching flow is steady, the flow and temperature fields exhibit certain characteristics that could lead to the development of enhanced HTC method that is more computation efficient and yet produces more accurate temperature data.
Ring Gear Microstructure and Heat Treat Response
Authors: Lee Ying-Liang R. , Rowan Olga K. , Pershing Michael A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Ring gear distortion from heat treatment processes has been a challenge to gear manufacturers. To provide good post heat treatment dimensions, efforts have been made to optimize post heat treat controls such as quench apparatus, quench severity and post heat treatment grinding. However, the impact of prior-to-heat treatment gear microstructure is not fully understood. In this study, ring gears with different prior-to-heat treatment (initial) microstructures were compared against post-heat treatment dimensional measurements. Statistical analyses were performed on data collected over 2 years at a production facility. Heat treat growth was found to be strongly affected by the initial microstructures and green hardness. Recommendations were made to help reduce heat treat growth variation.
Direct Forge Quenching of Medium Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Forgings
Authors: Bajaj Priyanshu , Pathak Udayan B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The effect of forging temperature and temperature before quenching on microstructure is studied. This is related to the mechanical properties like tensile strength, yield strength and impact toughness. It was observed that martensitic needles in direct quenched parts were slightly longer than the normal hardened and tempered parts. This was attributed to the coarser prior austenite grain size, resulting in fewer nucleation sites in case of direct quenched parts.