bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunological effects of mercury (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Schwenk Michael , Klein Reinhild , Templeton Douglas M. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Various chemical species of mercury differ considerably with regard to their route of absorption and their distribution in the body, yet many of them and their metabolites exhibit high-affinity binding to sulfanyl groups of proteins. Among all metals, mercury appears to have the most diverse effects on the immune system. Depending on the animal species and experimental conditions, mercury compounds may cause immunosuppression or immunostimulation, autoimmune reactions, or hypersensitivity. Mercury-sensitive strains of rats and mice are often used as model organisms to study the time course and events in autoimmunity. Within about 14 days after onset of oral mercury(II) exposure, levels of immunoglobulins E and G (IgE and IgG) increase, including autoantibodies to biomolecules such as laminin and fibrillarin. Antigen-antibody complexes are formed and are the cause of subsequent autoimmune diseases of blood vessels and organs. Mercury may induce local mercury hypersensitivity in humans, but the evidence for a role of mercury in autoimmune disease of humans is at best weak. Models for the immune effects of mercury are presented on the basis of current knowledge.
An Overview of Technology and Equipment for Hardening of Large Steel Parts
Authors: Deyneko L. N. , Kobasko N. I. , Dobryvechir V. V. , Litvinenko E. I. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
In the paper, multi-step accelerated-interrupted (AI) quenching is illustrated by its application to fittings for oil and gas pipelines with a diameter up to 1420 mm (1.42 m) and wall thickness from 16 to 80 mm. The multi-step AI quenching is used to improve the mechanical properties of steel parts on the basis of regularities of full film boiling. The developed technology is ecofriendly since it uses water instead of oil as a quenchant. The industrial conditions are described for an automated quench system where the quenchant was water at 60–90°C, which was circulated at different velocities. Favorable temperature differences along the thickness of the wall of parts to be quenched can be achieved by applying multi-step quenching. Software and hardware have been developed to govern the process.
Meeting AYP in a High‐Need School: A Formative Experiment
Authors: Fisher Douglas , Frey Nancy , Lapp Diane 
Published: January 2009

This formative experiment was designed to ensure that a group of high school students developed their literacy habits. The intervention consisted of a schoolwide approach to literacy using four instructional routines: think‐alouds, note‐taking writing to learn, and dedicated reading time. As part of the formative experiment, we document the two‐and‐a‐half‐year process required for the school to implement the initiative as well as the outcomes of the effort.تم تصميم هذه التجربة التكوينية ليؤكد أن مجموعة من طلاب الثانوية العامة طوروا عاداتهم في معرفة القراءة والكتابة. وكان التدخل مؤلفاً من منهاج معرفة القراءة والكتابة على نطاق المدرسة مستخدماً ثلاثة مكونات: التفكير الجهري وكتابة ملاحظات للتعلم وتخصيص وقت للقراءة. لقد سجلنا العملية التي بلغت مدتها سنتين ونصف كجزء من التجربة التكوينية وهي ضرورة للمدرسة كي تنفذ المبادرة بالإضافة إلى نتائج الجهود.本研究是一项形成性实验研究，其设计是要确保一组高中学生在读写文化实践上得到发展。这干预采用全校性的读写能力教学方法，并利用四个教学常序：出声思维、笔记记录、通过写作来学习，和特定的阅读时间。作为该项形成性实验研究的一部分，我们记录了两年半以来该学校实施这个计划的过程，以及该学校在这方面努力而得出的成果。Cette expérience de formation a été planifiée afin qu'un groupe d'élèves de lycée développent leurs pratiques de littératie. L'intervention a consisté en une approche de la littératie à l'échelle de l'établissement recourant à quatre routines pédagogiques: penser à haute voix, prendre des notes, écrire pour apprendre, et dédier du temps à la lecture. Dans le cadre de cette expérience de formation, nous apportons des informations sur le processus de deux ans et demi qui a été nécessaire à l'établissement pour mettre en place ce projet, ainsi que sur les conséquences de cet effort.Разработчики данного формативного эксперимента стремились обеспечить развитие навыков грамотности среди старшеклассников. Вмешательство заключалось в становлении грамотности на всех без исключения уроках на основе таких методических приемов, как размышление вслух, конспектирование, обучающее письмо и отведение отдельного времени на чтение. В рамках эксперимента фиксировались все этапы и детали этого проекта, длившегося два с половиной года, и его результаты.Este experimento formativo fue diseñado para asegurar que un grupo de alumnos de secundaria desarrollarían sus hábitos de aprendizaje. La intervención consistió en un acercamiento al aprendizaje en toda la escuela usando cuatro rutinas de instrucción: pensar en voz alta, tomar notas, escribir para aprender, y tiempo dedicado a la lectura. Como parte de la experiencia formativa, documentamos este proceso de dos años y medio que fue el tiempo necesario para no sólo lograr la implementación en la escuela de las iniciativas sino también para documentar los resultados del esfuerzo.
Online Book Clubs: Bridges Between Old and New Literacies Practices
Authors: Scharber Cassandra 
Published: January 2009

In this Digital Literacies column, online book clubs are offered as one example of how to effectively bridge old and new literacy practices. These Internet‐based book clubs capitalize on children's interest in new literacy practices while complementing, and hopefully encouraging, traditional reading practices. Examples from online book clubs offered through a public library system are used to illustrate the possibilities these clubs.في عمود معرفة القراءة والكتابة الرقمي هذا تم تقديم نوادي الكتاب على الشبكة العالمية مثالاً لبناء جسر بين معارف القراءة والكتابة القديمة والحديثة بشكل فعال. وتستغل نوادي الكتاب هذه اهتمام الأطفال بمعارف القراءة والكتابة الجديدة حين تتكمل ومتأملاً تشجع ممارسات القراءة التقليدية. إذ الأمثلة من نوادي الكتاب على الشبكة العالمية المقدمة من نظام المكاتب العامة مستخدمة لتبيين الاحتمالات التي توفر هذه النوادي للصفوف من الروضة للصف الثاني عشر.本期的《数位素质》专栏提出网上书会是一个有效连接新的与传统的读写文化实践的例子。这些驻扎于互联网的书会，利用儿童对于新的读写文化的兴趣，同时与传统的阅读文化实践产生互补作用，甚至有可能因而促进传统的读写文化实践。本文以公立图书馆系统提供给读者的一些网上书会为例子，说明这些书会把幼儿园到十二年级课堂及学校教育加以延展的各种可能性。Dans cette rubrique des Littératies numériques, on présente des clubs du livre en ligne comme exemple de la façon dont on peut bâtir avec efficacité un pont entre les anciennes et les nouvelles littératies. Ces clubs du livre sur Internet reposent sur l'intérêt des enfants pour les nouvelles pratiques de littératie tout en rendant hommage et, nous l'espérons, en encourageant les pratiques de lecture traditionnelles. On présente des exemples de clubs du livre en ligne au moyen d'un système de bibliothèque publique pour montrer quelles possibilités offrent ces clubs pour les classes et les établissements du jardin d'enfants à la fin des études secondaires.В этой колонке, посвященной цифровой грамотности, речь идет о книжных онлайн‐клубах как о способе эффективно сочетать старые и новые методы грамотности. Пользуясь интересом детей к новейшим информационным технологиям, эти книжные клубы объединяют их в Интернете и одновременно приобщают их к традиционному чтению. На примере деятельности книжных онлайн‐клубов, в которых можно общаться и дома и в общедоступной библиотеке, видно, каким подспорьем они могут служить для любых возрастных групп школьников.En esta columna de Competencias Digitales, se ofrecen clubes de lectura en el internet como un ejemplo de cómo efectivamente tender un puente entre las prácticas de aprendizaje antiguas y nuevas. Estos clubes en el internet toman ventaja del interés de los niños en prácticas de aprendizaje nuevas al mismo tiempo que complementan y, se espera, incentivan prácticas de lectura tradicionales. Se usaron ejemplos de clubes de lectura en el internet ofrecidos por un sistema de bibliotecas públicas para ilustrar las posibilidades que estos clubes les ofrecen a todos los grados (K‐12) y las escuelas.
Parents and Teachers: Talking With or Past One Another—or Not Talking at All?
Authors: Risko Victoria J. , Walker‐Dalhouse Doris 
Published: January 2009

Parent and family involvement in schools can have a positive influence on students' school achievement. When parents feel good about their school involvement and the school's instructional efforts, they tend to hold high expectations for their children, which in turn can have a positive impact on their children's interests, aspirations, and learning — and on teachers' morale and self‐confidence. These positive outcomes are associated with parents and teachers forming partnerships that are respectful of one another's perspectives.قد يؤثر انشغال الوالدين والعائلة في المدارس تأثيراً إيجابياً في إنجاز الطلاب الدراسي. وحين يشعر الوالدان جيداً تجاه انشغالهما في المدرسة وجهود المدرسة التعليمية يميلان إلى أن يتمسكا بتوقعات عالية لأطفالهما الأمر الذي قد يؤثر بدوره في اهتمام أطفالهما وطموحاتهم وتعلمهم تأثيراً إيجابياً وكذلك في معنوية المعلمين وثقتهم بالنفس. إذ تتعلق هذه النتائج الإيجابية بالوالدين والمعلمين الذين يشاركون مشاركة ذات الاحترام لوجهات نظر الآخر.家长与家人的学校参与，能够正面影响到学生在学校的成绩。当家长对学校的参与和对学校为教学所作出的努力感到有意义时，他们会倾向于对他们子女持有高度的期望，从而正面地影响到他们子女的兴趣、志向及学习更正面地影响到教师的士气与自信心。这些正面的成效，是与家长和教师之间建立起互相尊重对方观点的伙伴关系有关的。L'implication des parents et de la famille dans l'école peut avoir un effet positif sur la réussite scolaire des élèves. Quand les parents vivent bien leur implication dans l'école et les efforts pédagogiques de celle‐ci, ils ont tendance à avoir de hauts niveaux d'attente pour leurs enfants, ce qui à son tour a un impact positif sur les intérêts, les aspirations et l'apprentissage de leur enfant — ainsi que sur le moral et la confiance en soi des enseignants. Ces conséquences positives apparaissent quand les parents et les enseignants forment des partenaires respectueux les uns des autres.Вовлеченность родителей и других членов семей учащихся в жизнь школы может оказать положительное влияние на академические успехи детей. Когда родителям приятно бывать в школе, когда они довольны тем, что делает школа для их детей, они склонны поднимать планку своих ожиданий в отношении детей, что в свою очередь положительно отражается на интересе детей к учебе, на их стремлениях и на самом учебном процессе – а в конечном итоге и на моральном состоянии учителей и их уверенности в себе. Эти положительные результаты связаны тем, что между родителями и учителями формируются товарищеские отношения, они испытывают взаимное уважение и ценят мнения друг друга.La participación de los padres y las familias en las escuelas puede tener una influencia positiva en los logros escolares de los alumnos. Cuando los padres se sienten satisfechos con su participación en las escuelas y en los esfuerzos educativos de la escuela, tienden a tener expectativas altas para sus niños, y esto, a su vez, puede tener un impacto positivo en el interés, las aspiraciones y el aprendizaje de los niños—y en la confianza y la moral de los maestros. Estos resultados positivos provienen de una asociación entre padres y maestros en la que se respetan las perspectivas de cada uno.
Mapping of QTL Associated with Maize Weevil Resistance in Tropical Maize
Authors: García‐Lara Silverio , Khairallah Mirelle M. , Vargas Mateo , Bergvinson David J. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThe maize weevil (MW), Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.), is an important pest of stored maize (Zea mays L.) in tropical areas. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with MW resistance were analyzed. A total of 163 F2 progeny derived from the cross CML290 (susceptible) × Muneng‐8128 C0 HC1‐18‐2‐1‐1 (resistant), were genotyped with 151 molecular markers. Resistance was evaluated using bioassays on replicated F2:3 progenies. Grain damage (GD), grain weight losses (GWL), MW susceptibility index (Dobie index [DI]), and numbers of adult progeny (AP) were evaluated on grain from F2 lines across two environments. Grain hardness and pericarp/grain ratio were evaluated as putative components of resistance. Composite interval mapping was used for QTL analysis. Five QTL dispersed across the genome explained 28% of the phenotypic variance (σp2) and 50% of the genotypic variance (σg2) for GD. Six QTL were detected with effects on GWL and explained 22% of σp2 and 47% of σg2 Seven QTL (27% σp2 and 78% σg2) were identified for DI and three QTL (10% σp2 and 23% σg2) for AP. Both parents contributed resistance alleles. Genetic effects were mainly dominant (GD, GWL, and DI) and additive (AP). Quantitative trait loci × environment interaction was significant for 50% of the QTL. Since the identified QTL accounted for less than a third of σp2, additional mapping populations are required for mapping MW susceptibility.
Genetic Structure of Local Populations and Cultivars of Meadow Fescue from the Nordic and Baltic Regions
Authors: Fjellheim Siri , PaŠakinskiené Izolda , Grønnerød Siri , Paplauskiené Vanda , Rognli Odd Arne 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThe genetic diversity within and among 81 local populations from Norway and Lithuania and 26 cultivars of meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia was investigated using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. Genetic diversity was high, with nearly 70% of the molecular variation within populations. Principal coordinates (PCO) analyses indicate that local populations from Norway and Lithuania consist of both older natural populations and naturalized populations established recently by migration from sown meadows. This is based on the fact that naturalized populations cluster with cultivars from the respective countries. The PCO analysis separates the natural local populations from Norway and Lithuania. They belong to different gene pools and reflect dispersal from different glacial refugia after the last glaciation. The Nordic and Baltic cultivars are quite similar (6.25% of variation between groups), and the Baltic cultivars are highly homogenous, with 91% of variation within the cultivars, indicating narrow breeding populations of this species in the Nordic–Baltic region. All cultivars are most closely related to local populations from the Baltic. The results can be used to improve management and utilization of gene bank resources of meadow fescue. Conservation of gene bank accessions should focus on those local populations least influenced by gene flow from cultivated meadow fescue since they probably represent pure natural populations.
Assignment of Individual Genotypes to Specific Forage Cultivars of Perennial Ryegrass Based on SSR Markers
Authors: Wang Junping , Dobrowolski Mark P. , Cogan Noel O.I. , Forster John W. , Smith Kevin F. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTAssignment or exclusion of an individual to specific populations or cultivars based on molecular genetic markers provides an attractive approach for varietal identification at the individual level in cross‐pollinated plant species. The objectives of this study were (i) to explore the molecular diversity and relationships between Australasian perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) populations; (ii) to investigate accuracy of assignment of individuals to different types of populations including ecotypic, nonrestricted‐ and restricted‐based cultivars; and (iii) to determine the effect of variable number of SSR loci and different statistical analysis methods on assignment accuracy. Eight forage perennial ryegrass populations comprising 48 individual plants per population were genotyped with 29 simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3.72 to 6.76. The mean observed heterozygosity varied from 0.419 to 0.538. Various genetic distance estimates and clustering methods obtained results consistent with breeding history. Genetic variation among (8.7%) and within populations (91.3%) was significant. Accuracy of individual assignment differed by population type, and it was higher (>90%) for restricted‐based cultivars than for ecotypic and nonrestricted‐based populations. These results indicate that SSR marker profiles can be effectively used to assign individuals for outbreeding populations such as perennial ryegrass. The approach used in this study may be useful for ryegrass germplasm management issues such as cultivar identification at the individual level.
Production of Dryland Barley for Human Food: Quality and Agronomic Performance
Authors: Rey J. I. , Hayes P. M. , Petrie S. E. , Corey A. , Flowers M. , Ohm J. B. , Ong C. , Rhinhart K. , Ross A. S. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTGrain β‐glucan content is the most important attribute for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties destined for the human food market. This trait is important because of the blood glucose and cholesterol‐reducing properties of β‐glucans. High levels of grain protein content, test weight, and seed size and endosperm color may also add value. Seed yield potential, in part, determines the economic feasibility of producing human food varieties. To determine the potential of food barley production in the dryland production areas of the Pacific Northwest of the United States, 33 cultivars and advanced lines reported to vary in β‐glucan content were grown in 2006 and 2007 at two locations in northeastern Oregon under dryland cropping conditions. Seed yield, test weight, percentage of plump kernels, grain β‐glucan, and grain protein were measured on replicated samples from the four environments, allowing for assessment of average performance as well as genotype × environment interaction. Estimates of variance components showed that ∼66% of the variability in β‐glucan content was attributable to genotype. Cultivars and lines with waxy starch had an average β‐glucan value of 55 g kg−1 compared with 35 g kg−1 for cultivars and lines with nonwaxy starch. We found significant two‐ and three‐way interactions, but these accounted for much less of the total variation in the measured phenotypes than the main effects of variety, year, and location. Hulless accessions produced an average of 3580 kg grain ha−1 compared with 4260 kg grain ha−1 for the hulled accessions. Hulled, waxy‐starch varieties appear to have the greatest agronomic potential for dryland production, as they combine high yield potential and grain β‐glucan percentage.
Inbreeding Depression for Fertility and Biomass in Advanced Generations of Inter‐ and Intrasubspecific Hybrids of Tetraploid Alfalfa
Authors: Li Xuehui , Brummer E. Charles 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTHybrids between Medicago sativa subsp. sativa L. (hereafter “sativa”) and M. sativa subsp. falcata (L.) Arcang. (hereafter “falcata”) often express heterosis for yield. Yield generally declines when hybrids are inbred due to the loss of desirable dominant alleles or epistatic combinations. We hypothesized that inbreeding sativa–falcata hybrids may show more extensive yield loss than intrasubspecific crosses because of the large genetic difference between subspecies. Our objective was to compare fertility in the greenhouse and biomass production in the field of F1 hybrids and their F2 and S1 generations in both intra‐ and intersubspecific crosses. Field experiments including F1, F2, S1, and double‐cross populations were planted in two locations in Iowa in 2003 and evaluated for yield in 2 yr. Sativa × falcata crosses (SFC) showed greater F1 fertility than intrasubspecific crosses, suggesting that the two subspecies have similar chromosome structure. The SFC did not show high‐parent F1 heterosis, probably because of an intensive harvest schedule favoring sativa × sativa hybrids. However, SFC showed greater inbreeding depression in both F2 and S1 generations than intrasubspecific crosses, possibly reflecting a greater loss of favorable complementary gene interactions. These results suggest that selection within each parental population followed by intercrossing to produce population hybrids may be a better way to improve biomass with this germplasm than advancing hybrids into a recurrent selection program.
Full‐Sib Reciprocal Recurrent Selection with the Use of Doubled Haploids
Authors: Gallais A. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTDoubled haploids are increasingly used in plant breeding, especially in maize (Zea mays L.) breeding. Their use can deeply change the interest of recurrent selection for the development of new hybrids. To show this, a full‐sib reciprocal recurrent selection scheme using doubled haploids (DH FS‐RRS) is proposed. Doubled haploid lines are derived from each population and they are then pair‐crossed, one line from one population being crossed to one line from the other population. After evaluation of the progenies, for each population, the parents of the best crosses are selected and intercrossed. As compared to the reciprocal recurrent selection using S0 plants (S0 FS‐RRS), DH FS‐RRS can be easily applied to maize in the absence of prolificacy. It is shown that, in the case of maize, for the same decrease in the effective population size and the same average number of plots per year, and with the use of winter nursery, the expected genetic advance per year for DH FS‐RRS can be 38.6% better than that for S0 FS‐RRS. The main advantage of DH FS‐RRS is to allow direct hybrid development.
Genetic Dissection of Seed Production Traits and Identification of a Major‐Effect Seed Retention QTL in Hybrid Leymus (Triticeae) Wildryes
Authors: Larson Steven R. , Kellogg Elizabeth A. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTMany native grasses display seed shattering and other seed production problems. Basin wildrye [Leymus cinereus (Scribn. & Merr.) Á. Löve] and creeping wildrye [L. triticoides (Buckley) Pilg.] are perennial Triticeae grasses native to western North America. In this study, variation in the number of florets per inflorescence, percent seed set, seed mass, seed shattering, and seed dormancy was measured in clonally replicated multiyear field evaluations of 164 progeny derived from a backcross between a creeping × basin wildrye hybrid and a true creeping wildrye tester. Genomewide quantitative trait locus (QTL) scans detected independent gene effects for all five traits and one pleiotropic QTL, located on Triticeae homeologous chromosome group 6, associated with major seed shattering (43.1% R2, 26.9 log of odds likelihood ratio [LOD]) and seed dormancy (24.1% R2, 10.6 LOD) effects. We hypothesize that a dominant basin wildrye gene creates an abscission that promotes seed disarticulation but hinders seed development and seed ripening in the creeping wildrye backcross family. Alignments of Leymus chromosome 6 expressed sequence tag markers to the rice (Oryza) genome reveal well‐defined correspondence of Leymus wildrye and American wildrice (Zizania palustris L.) seed shatter QTLs.