bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biographical sketch of William Sutherland, M. A., B. Sc.
Authors: Love E. F. J. 
Published: February 2008

The late Mr. William Sutherland, an exceptionally brilliant speculative physicist, was born at Glasgow, on August 4th, 1859; brought by his parents to Australia in 1864, he was educated at Wesley College, Melbourne, then at the Melbourne University, and subsequently at University College, London.He commenced his career as an investigator in 1885, and during the succeeding twenty‐six years published no less than sixty‐four papers. As illustrating the versatility of his genius, the following may be quoted from the list: the Mechanical Integration of the Product of Two Functions, the Laws of Molecular Force, the Electric Origin of Rigidity, Gravitation and Terrestrial Magnetism, the Chemistry of Globulin, and Bode's Law. But there is not the slightest doubt that it is on his long series of memoirs, mostly theoretical, dealing with the Molecular Theory of Matter, that his fame will ultimately rest. That all his hypotheses will be .accepted, even in their final forms, is unlikely, but his discussions of them are of permanent value.
On certain matters relating to the theory of atmospheric‐electric measurements
Authors: Swann W. F. G. 
Published: February 2008

If a conducting body is placed above the surface of the Earth, and connected to Earth by a conductor, it is necessary for the body to take a charge in order to maintain itself at the potential of the Earth in opposition to the influence of the field at the point where it is situated. The greater the height of the body the greater the charge which it must take. One of the objects of the present paper is to consider the theoretical effect of this phenomenon in certain cases.CASE OF THE EBERT ION COUNTER.
Preliminary report on the results of the aurora‐polaris expedition to Bossekop in the spring of 1913
Authors: Störmer Carl 
Published: February 2008

1. In this Journal for September 1913, I gave a short account of an aurora‐polaris expedition which I made to Bossekop in the spring of 1913, for the purpose of completing the results of my expedition to the same place in 1910.The working up of the very extensive material from this expedition has since been continued, but only one sixth of the whole has been finished. This nevertheless gives about 600 very exact measurements of the altitude of the aurora and of its position in space. The material considered is from the nights of March 3–4, 4–5, and 11–12, 1913. From the last of these nights, especially, we have a large number of very interesting observations.
Progress of the magnetic survey of the Russian Empire
Authors: Rykatchew M. 
Published: February 2008

The project of the magnetic survey of the Russian Empire laid before the government by the Academy in 1914, not yet having been approved by it, the activities of the Commission have necessarily been limited to the means appropriated by the Academy and by the provinces.The survey has been continued during 1914 in two regions; in the southwest, in Bessarabia, adjacent to the Government of Podolia, the survey of which was completed the preceding year, and in the northeast, in the District of Velsk.
General results of the magnetic survey of the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Bauer L. A. , Peters W. J. 
Published: February 2008

A systematic survey of the ocean areas, which include nearly three‐fourths of the Earth's surface, was begun at San Francisco just ten years ago. At that time little was known of the magnitude of the errors that were supposed to exist in the magnetic charts covering the high seas; and the Pacific Ocean especially was, with the exception of the voyage of the Challenger, nearly a blank as regards magnetic observations. As is well known, the Carnegie Institution of Washington authorized its Department of Terrestrial Magnetism to undertake the magnetic survey of the Pacific Ocean, which has since been extended to include all the oceans.The first vessel selected for the purpose was the wooden brigantine Galilee, which was chartered from Matthew Turner, of San Francisco, in July 1905. A non‐magnetic flying bridge for the installation of the magnetic instruments was built between the fore and main masts. The steel rigging was replaced by hemp, and all iron, as far as was practicable, was removed from the vicinity of the instruments. The deviations were thus reduced to a minimum and, indeed, were smaller than those of any other vessel previously engaged in magnetic observations at sea. But small deviations, though vastly preferable to large ones, since the error in their control is also smaller, require practically the same laborious computations and the same wait for completion of all the swings of a cruise, before final results can be obtained, as are required for large deviations.
Biographical sketch of Friedrich Bidlingmaier
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

Among the early victims of the present unfortunate European war was our lamented colleague, Professor Dr. Friedrich Bidlingmaier, who lost his life on September 23, 1914, in the battle of Verdun, at the age of 39 years.Born at Lauffen, on the Neckar, on October 5, 1875, he obtained his early education at Maulbronn and Blaubeuren, and from 1894–1898 pursued studies in mathematics and physics at the universities of Tübingen and Göttingen. During the period 1898–1900 he was assistant in the Physical Institute of the “Technische Hochschule” in Dresden.
Pulsations magnétiques à Zi‐ka‐wei et à Lu‐kia‐pang
Authors: de Moidrey Par J. 
Published: February 2008

Nous relevons les pulsations depuis 1896. Il peut paraître temps de faire un court résumé de ces mesures. Il aidera au moins à compléter les travaux du Dr. W. van Bemmelen sur ce sujet.Nous entendons par pulsations des oscillations très petites et de période, comme d'amplitude, sensiblement constante. Pour une étude statistique il est nécessaire que la vitesse de l'enregistrement soit constante, et c'est notre cas, que les photographies soient également nettes, ce que malheureusement nous ne pouvons prétendre avoir bien réalisé, et enfin que la sensibilité soit aussi constante. Ge dernier point nous force à diviser notre série en trois périodes, celle de Zi‐ka‐wei, de 1896 à 1908, où la sensibilité était environ 0,000170; la première de Lu‐kia‐pang, de 1908 à 1912, avec sensibilité 0,000145; et la période actuelle, de 1913 à 1916, avec sensibilité 0,000060. A Zi‐ka‐wei, nous ne notions pas la rapidité des pulsations. Actuellement nous mesurons la durée de chaque série de pulsations, et le nombre d'oscillations durant ce temps est compté. La vitesse étant sensiblement constante, nous en déduisons la période et c'est le meilleur moyen comme le plus rapide.
Terrestrial magnetism and electricity at the Rome meeting, May, 1922
Authors: Bauer Louis A. 
Published: February 2008

The second triennial meetings of the International Astronomical Union and of the International Geodetic and Geophysical Union, established at Brussels in 1919 under the auspices of the International Research Council, were held at Rome, May 2 to 10, 1922, in the quarters of the Accademia de Lyncei, at the Palazzo Corsini. Some three hundred delegates and guests attended these highly successful gatherings. After preliminary general sessions of the Unions, the various sections and committees had separate meetings, and at the conclusion general sessions again were held on May 10 for the transaction of matters pertaining to the entire unions.While there were some decided advantages of having the two unions meet at the same time and in the same place, many of the representatives, because of the necessary overlapping of sessions, could generally attend only the section or committee in which they were specifically interested. The only time when general intercourse became usually possible was at the social events, provision for which had been abundantly made by the National Committee of Italy. It was considered, however, that the experiment might be tried of having in future separate meetings of the two unions. Accordingly, the next meeting of the International Astronomical Union will be held at Cambridge, England, in 1925, and that of the International Geodetic and Geophysical Union at Madrid, Spain, in 1924—probably during September.
Chief results of a preliminary analysis of the Earth's magnetic field for 1922—No. 1.
Authors: Bauer Louis A. 
Published: February 2008

From a new analysis of the Earth's magnetic field for 1922, made as free as possible without assumptions as to the composing systems and restricted to the region of the Earth (86 per cent), from 60°N to 60°S, the author concludes that for a satisfactory representation of the observed data it is necessary to recognize the existence of an internal magnetic system, I, an external system, E, and a non‐potential system, N, or of three equivalent systems, X, Y, Z. The system I constitutes about 94 per cent of the total field, and E and N each about half of the balance of 6 per cent.He shows that the magnetic secular variation system is as complex as the Earth's total magnetic field existing at any one time, and that in addition to changes in the direction of magnetization with the lapse of time there is also a change in the average equivalent intensity of magnetization. The latter quantity has been steadily diminishing during the past 80 years at the average annual rate of about 1/1,500 part.For further statement of results, reference may be made to the “Summary of Chief Conclusions” at the close of the paper.
Lerwick Observatory, Shetland Islands
Authors: Mitchell A. Crichton 
Published: February 2008

Position: Latitude, 60°8′45′′N; Longitude, 1°10′50′′W; Height above M. S. L., 79.3 metres.The object of the Observatory is the study of terrestrial magnetism and auroral phenomena. The magnetic elements (declination, horizontal force, vertical force) are recorded photographically in a brick‐walled concrete building. Absolute observations are made twice weekly.
Bemerkung zu der Abhandlung der Herren Watanabe und Kawamura “The measurement of the horizontal intensity of the Earth magnetic field with portable electric magnetometers”
Authors: Uljanin Von W. 
Published: February 2008

Im Jahre 1915 gab ich die Beschreibung eines transportablen Sinusgalvanometers zur Bestimmung der Horizontalintensität des erdmagnetischen Feldes. Dabei wies ich ausdrücklich auf den grossen Vorteil, ohne besonderes Galvanometer zur Abgleichung der richtigen Stromstärke nach der Kompensationsmethode auskommen zu können. Der durch den Strom in den Ablenkungsspulen (Helmholtz‐Spulen) abgelenkte Magnet, empfindlicher als im unabgelenkten Zustand in der Meridiansebene, dient zugleich als Nullinstrument mittels eines zweiten Paares möglichst naher Galvanometerspulen, welche im Normalelementenzweig eingeschaltet sind.In einer neulich erschienenen Arbeit, welche denselben Gegenstand behandelt, beschreiben die Herren Watanabe und Kawamura ein ähnliches Instrument aber mit besonderem Galvanometer, und benützen meine Methode dadurch, dass sie die Galvanometerspulen an ihren Apparat befestigen, nur dann, wenn ein zweiter Beobachter nicht vorhanden ist. Dadurch erscheint bei ihnen diese Anordnung nur als Notbehelf und zwar als minderwertiger. Denn sie behaupten, sie könne unter Umständen zu falscher Stromabgleichung führen. Bei unrichtigem Hauptstrom in den Helmholtz‐Spulen werde, beim Schliessen des Normalelementenzweiges, der Magnet aus zwei Gründen abgelenkt: (1) durch den durch die Galvanometerspulen fliessenden Normalelementenstrom, (2) durch die dadurch hervorgerufene Aenderung des Hauptstromes. Wenn nun diese beiden Wirkungen entgegengesetzt sind, sollen sie sich aufheben können, und desshalb soll ein Nullausschlag nicht notwendig Nullstrom im N‐E Zweig bedeuten. Nur gleichgerichtete Wirkung beider Spulenpaare garantiren eine richtige Stromabgleichung. Die Verfasser setzen vor die Galvanometerspulen einen Kommutator, um jedesmal die richtige Stromrichtung herstellen zu können.
Note on a device to facilitate compilation of data in investigational work
Authors: Ennis C. C. 
Published: February 2008

In connection with the investigation1 of a 27‐day period in earth‐currents, computers of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington have been using to great advantage a simple and easily constructed device for selecting from a list of consecutive values any values occurring at specified intervals before or after a selected date.The method used in the treatment of this 27‐day periodicity involves the selection of a number of maximum, and an equal number of minimum values of the daily ranges in the earth‐current values for each month during the year. These selections having been appropriately designated, it is then necessary to select and record the values occurring on an arbitrarily chosen number of days contiguous to and centering about a period 27 days prior or subsequent to each one of the previously selected maximum and minimum values. Where there is a large mass of data to be treated in this manner, the ordinary processes of reckoning the times of these periodic recurrences are somewhat slow and laborious, and it was to facilitate and expedite this work that the device herein described was planned.
Studies concerning the relation between the activity of the Sun and of the Earth's magnetism: No. II
Authors: Bauer Louis A. , Duvall C. R. 
Published: February 2008

This article is a continuation of the previous one by the authors on the same subject. With the aid of additional data, it is once more found that the quantities a and b in the formula Q = a + b S vary with sunspot activity, and apparently also with time; Q is the measure of magnetic activity, and S that of solar activity.The parameter a varies directly, and b inversely with sunspot activity. The measure of magnetic activity, Q, is evidently subject to the same periodicities as found by various authors from analyses of the sunspot numbers. Thus an analysis of concomitant magnetic and sunspot data for the period 1841 to 1910 made by G. N. Armstrong and C. R. Duvall at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, in the summer of 1914, indicated the existence of periods of about 11.4 years, 22 years, and a third in the neighborhood of 70 years.
Die elektrische Leitfaehigkeit der Atmosphaere und ihre Ursachen
Authors: Hess Victor F. 
Published: February 2008

Seit dem letzten Erscheinen von grösseren zusammenfassenden Darstellungen der atmosphärischen Elektrizität in deutscher Sprache, nämlich der Monographien von A. Gockel (1908) und von H. Mache und E. v. Schweidler (1909) sind fast zwei Jahrzehnte verflossen. Der Fortschritt, der in dieser Zeit erzielt worden ist, ist durchaus vergleichbar mit jenem in der Zeit von 1899 bis 1909, in der die Anwendung der Lehre von den Gasionen und der Nachweis der radioaktiven Substanzen im Erdboden, in den Gewässern und in der Atmosphäre der luftelektrischen Forschung neue Wege wies.Unsere Kenntnisse von der Elektrizitätsleitung der Atmosphäre sind wesentlich erweitert und vertieft worden. Die luftelektrischen Verhältnisse über dem Ozean haben durch die ausgedehnten Forschungsfahrten der Carnegie‐Institution von Washington in allen Meeren volle Klärung gefunden. Auf Ballonfahrten in Europa hat man eine neue Quelle der Ionisation gefunden, eine von oben her die Erdatmosphäre durchsetzende Strahlung hoher Penetrationskraft, die sogenannte Höhenstrahlung. Die Wirkung dieser und der übrigen ionenbildenden Faktoren an der Erdoberfläche und innerhalb der ersten zehn Höhenkilometer der Luft (Troposphäre) sind nun auch quantitativ ziemlich gut bekannt.
Some observations upon telluric currents and their application to electrical prospecting
Authors: Leonardon E. G. 
Published: February 2008

The application of the potentiometric methods of electrical prospecting to the search for ore‐bodies or to the study of structural and stratigraphical problems requires the measurement of very minute differences of potential.The firm with which the writer is connected has thus explored in the course of its consulting practice hundreds of square miles; the magnitude of the individual electrical measurements obtained amounted ordinarily to only a few millivolts. This kind of research, aside from its precise commercial purpose, involves necessarily the possibility of making a series of investigations upon the electrical phenomena occurring in the Earth's crust, namely, the earth‐currents and the electro‐capillarity of the soil.
Final relative sunspot‐numbers for 1927
Authors: Brunner W. 
Published: February 2008

The numbers in the table are based on observations made at the Zürich Observatory, supplemented by series furnished by 40 other observatories for the 68 days (indicated by asterisks) on which no observations were made at Zürich. The small increase of only 5.1 over the mean for 1926 (63.9) shows that we are nearing a sunspot maximum and, indeed, a rather low one.Figure 1 is a detailed graphical representation of the daily relative sunspot‐numbers for 1927 in which the times are plotted as abscissas, and the relative numbers, taken from the table, as ordinates. The limits of the successive solar rotations are indicated by vertical arrows in the upper edge of the figure. The secondary maxima and minima succeeding the rotation periods do not represent real fluctuations in sunspot‐activity but are rather to be attributed to the influence of solar rotation, and moreover, to a certain stability of centers of activity for spots and the special distribution of these centers in the direction of rotation.
Principal magnetic storms recorded at the Sitka Magnetic Observatory, January to March, 1928
Authors: Ulrich F. P. 
Published: February 2008

January 27, 1928—This is a small storm with abrupt beginnings recorded on all three of the components. Beginning at 10h 30m H and Z drop considerably and come back to normal about an hour later, making the curves appear like a sharp wedge at this time. The active part begins at 9h and lasts about four hours.March 11, 1928—The beginning of this storm is gradual, the Z seeming to just wander up and off the paper till the storm is over. The D and H are moderately active until the thirteenth hour, D increasing and H decreasing to that time. From 13h to 16h these elements are very active, the spots being faint lines only because of the rapidity of the motion, and both record very low values. At 16h the storm begins to decrease with fluctuations and is soon back to normal.
The diurnal variation of the normal earth‐current in northern Sweden
Authors: Stenquist David 
Published: February 2008

During August, 1924, to July, 1927, measurements of earth‐currents were made in southern Sweden at the telegraph‐office of Lund (latitude 55° 42′ north, longitude 13° 11′ east). During 1924 to 1928 similar measurements were made also in northern Sweden at the telegraph‐offices of Luleå and Haparanda and at the telephone‐offices of Matarengi (Övertorneå) and Jokkmokk. The north latitudes and east longitudes of these four places are: Jokkmokk, 66° 35′ and 19° 5l′; Matarengi, 66° 21′ and 23° 37′; Haparanda, 65° 50′ and 24° 08′; Luleå, 65° 35′ and 22° 10′.In arranging the lines and in making the measurements I have had the great help of C. G. Wahlberg, Chief Engineer; H. Reine, Telegraph‐commissary; and G. Lidén, Telegraph‐commissary. My wife has assisted me in the time‐consuming calculations. The measurements at Haparanda, here published, were made during July 1927 to June 1928. Because this series of observations is longer than those of Jokkmokk, Matarengi, and Luleå, it is described first. At the telegraph‐office of Haparanda there was a recording instrument for each of the two lines. One line is in a northerly direction from Haparanda to Tanos, the other line is in a westerly direction from Haparanda to Palovaara, The length of the Tanos‐line was 3.1 kilometers and of the Palovaara‐line, 3.3 kilometers. Haparanda is 90 kilometers from electric tram and it is believed that no disturbing effect from industrial currents existed during the observations.
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory August to September, 1928
Authors: Ledig Paul G. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 12° 02′.7 S.; longitude 75° 20′.4 or 5h 01m W. of Gr.)August 4, 1928—At approximately 12h on August 4, a mild magnetic storm began with a moderate disturbance in the horizontal intensity and the declination, and at 17h 07m there was a sharp increase in horizontal intensity of 79 gammas in 5.5 minutes. The vertical intensity and the declination also showed a slight change at this time, but were only very slightly disturbed during the period of the storm. On August 4, the horizontal intensity was only moderately disturbed, but on August 5, beginning at 0h the intensity was low and during the daily maximum the trace showed a marked saw‐tooth appearance. The disturbance ended rather abruptly at 22h 06m on August 5.
Differences in diurnal variation of vertical magnetic intensity in Southern California
Authors: Soske Joshua L. 
Published: February 2008

This paper sets forth the results of an experimental investigation of the diurnal variation in the intensity of the vertical component of the Earth's magnetic field in the northern half of Southern California. It also presents a discussion of the effect which the diurnal variation may have on the results of magnetic investigations of geologic features in this region. Attention was directed primarily to determining to what degree the diurnal variation is or is not constant over the various areas of the region regardless of the local weather prevailing at the different localities.Southern California is divided into local topographic areas characterized by diverse atmospheric conditions. Areas open to oceanic breezes are frequently covered with fog and are consequently cool in summer; other districts closed to the sea by ridges may receive simultaneously extreme amounts of solar energy directly from the Sun, or may become heated by foehn or valley winds from adjacent regions. These variable local conditions of energy‐absorption and radiation may influence earth‐currents if they are considered as induced currents circulating in conductive paths in the Earth's crust. Any change in earth‐currents would influence magnetic intensities by the amount of change in magnetic flux produced by the disturbed earth‐currents.
Sitka Magnetic Observatory April to September, 1933
Authors: Ulrich Franklin P. , Burke R. G. 
Published: February 2008

April 15‐April 21—This was a long drawn‐out storm of only moderate intensity. The curves of each element show for the most part irregular bays with no rapid pulsations except for only short intervals and then these were not very rapid and were of small range.May 1‐May 2—This was a major magnetic storm. Because of the lower sensitivity of the H‐ and Z‐variometers on the recently installed magnetograph it was possible to secure much larger ranges in H and Z than usual. There was no definite time of beginning, the curves show small irregular fluctuations up to 12h on May 1 and then about two hours of large sharp bays. Shortly after 14h on the same day the motion of the spots was so fast and the amplitudes so large that the curves can be followed only with much difficulty. This lasted until about 18h 30m, May 1, and was followed by rapid oscillations lasting until 1h on May 2. The next five hours were relatively quiet and the rest of the storm showed small irregular bays.