bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproduction Capacity of Rats in Relation to Diet
Authors: Christensen Frede , Dam Henrik , Gortner Ross A. 
Published: December 2008

Discussion and Summary.In the present experiments 20% untreated lard itself did not improve reproduction capacity. This is in contrast to the earlier findings (Dam, Granados and Prange 1949, Dam and Granados 1952). The reason for this discrepancy may be that in the earlier experiments the animals had higher initial weights (about 30, resp. about 40 g) than in the present (about 25 g), and that vitamins A and D were given in a small amount of peanut oil in stead of in aqueous colloidal solution. Further, the animals in the earlier experiments had not been on a fat‐free and vitamin E‐free diet before the period during which they received lard. This is, probably, the most important cause.Vitamin E greatly improved reproduction capacity on diets containing 20 or 2% lard, treated or untreated, even though external symptoms of essential fatty acid deficiency did not disappear with 2% lard. With fat‐free diets the effect of vitamin E on reproduction was less, probably because the animals were weakened too much during the long fat‐free period. In some cases the uterus had the appearance of a thin white string. The ovaries were not (grossly) affected. 2% lard, treated or untreated, was not enough to produce incisor depigmentation.Brown uterus did not occur in any of the groups, probably because the feeding period was too short.MB had a certain toxic effect resulting in lower weight and increased implantation failure. Whether this effect is partly due to damage to spermatozoa is undecided. In some cases MB gave rise to a blue‐green color of the uterus. The toxic effect of MB was most pronounced in the fat‐free group, and least in the group receiving 20% lard.MB had improved reproduction considerably in the group with 20% untreated lard, whereas its effect was very slight in the corresponding group with treated lard. This observation suggests that the favorable effect of MB on rat reproduction depends on the presence of small amounts of vitamin E which may be stabilized by MB. The same applies to the effect of MB on incisor depigmentation.
Supersensitivity and Amine Oxidase Activity in Denervated Salivary Glands
Authors: Strömblad B. C. R. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. Amine oxidase was demonstrated in the submaxillary and parotid glands of the cat.2. Section of chorda tympani induces a fall in amine oxidase in the submaxillary gland. Postganglionic, but not preganglionic, parasympathetic denervation of the parotid gland causes decreased amine oxidase activity in the gland.3. Excision of the superior cervical ganglion causes no fall in amine oxidase activity in salivary glands; in the parotid gland there is even an increased enzymic activity.4. All types of denervation mentioned cause a supersensitivity to adrenaline and noradrenaline in the glands. The relation between amine oxidase decrease and supersensitivity after denervation is discussed.This work was supported by a grant from the Faculty of Medicine in Lund.Technical assistance was given by Miss Asta Hector.
Sensitization of the Lachrymal Gland by Treatment with a Parasympathicolytic Agent
Authors: Emmelin N. G. , Strömblad B. C. R. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The secretory effect of adrenaline on the lachrymal glands was studied in repeated experiments on cats. Treatment of the cats for some weeks with a parasympathicolytic agent (Hö 9980, Hoechst) was found to cause a pronounced supersensitivity of the glands to adrenaline.Technical assistance was given by Miss Ursula Delfs.
Functional Organization of the Dorsal Spino‐Cerebellar Tract in the Cat
Authors: Laporte Y. , Lundberg A. , Oscarsson O. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The discharge in the dissected dorsal part of the lateral column of cat has been recorded on stimulation of various peripheral muscle and skin nerves.Stimulation of group I muscle afferents gives a synchronous volley in the dissected Flechsig's fasciculus. A twofold addition occurs with a stimulus including group II muscle afferents, a second synchronized volley and a more longlasting discharge. With increase of stimulus strength presumably including group III muscle afferents a further addition to this longlasting discharge occurs.On stimulation of skin nerves a longlasting discharge is recorded in Flechsig's fasciculus even if only the most lowthreshold primary afferents are excited. The relay for the early part of the discharge is monosynaptic.The conduction velocity of the fastest ascending fibres in Flechsig's fasciculus is 100 m/sec independently of whether ‘skin’ or muscle nerves are stimulated.The three components of discharge in anterior vermis were examined on stimulation of muscle and skin nerves. The first component in isolation results on stimulation of group I muscle afferents, the second and third on stimulation of skin nerves. After section of Flechsig's fasciculus the first and the second disappear, but not the third one.
Functional Organization of the Dorsal Spino‐Cerebellar Tract in the Cat.
Authors: Laporte Y. , Lundberg A. , Oscarsson O. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Single fibre discharges provoked by stimulation of various afferent nerves were recorded in Flechsig's fasciculus with intra‐axonal micro‐electrodes. Simultaneously were recorded sensory volleys in dorsal root filaments and mass‐discharges in the dissected Flechsig's fasciculus.Neurons were identified which could be monosynaptically activated by group I muscle afferents.On the neurons excited monosynaptically by group I afferent fibres of a given muscle converge excitatory action mediated by group II fibres from the same muscle and inhibitory action mediated by group I fibres from antagonist muscles.Convergence of excitatory action from pseudo‐antagonist muscles was observed.Other neurons with ascending axons in Flechsig's fasciculus could be activated from a muscle nerve only by stimulation of high threshold afferents; the post‐synaptic discharge was in this case repetitive.Many neurons were excited from low threshold afferents in skin nerves with high frequency repetitive discharge resulting from a single stimulus to the primary afferents. Convergence of inhibitory action from skin nerves to these neurons was demonstrated.Convergence of excitation from skin nerves and from high threshold muscle afferents was common (including convergence of excitation from antagonist muscles).
Water Permeability of the Isolated Stomach of the Mouse
Authors: ÖBRINK K. J. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.In isolated mouse stomachs filled with Krebs solution to a pressure of 75 cm H., O and incubated in 37° C and 4.2 atm. oxygen pressure (technique of Davenport) no net transport of water takes place in spite of a fairly high acid secretion. In such preparations it was found by the simultaneous use of HDO and H2O13 that the stomach wall is readily permeable to water. The permeability coefficients were 1.49‐10 5 cm sec‐1 for HDO and 1.91. 10‐5 cm sec2 for H2O18. The difference in the two figures is dependent on inherent physical differences in the two water molecules. It was thought that the normal volume secretion could be explained from these permeability figures and that the transportation of H+ or Cl‐ would exert sufficient osmotic forces for the normal water transport during secretion.
Lack of Effect of Oxygen Tension upon the Permeability of the Guinea Pig Placenta to d(+)xylose and Sorbose
Authors: KARVONEN M. J. , LAAMANEN A. , RÄIHÄ N. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The effect of changes in oxygen tension upon the permeability of the placenta to d(+)xylose and sorbose was studied in situ. D(+)xylose or sorbose was injected into the foetal circulation and the fall in the foetal blood sugar was studied.It was observed that a maternal hypoxia or hyperoxia had no clearcut effect upon the placental transfer of these sugars.
The Plasminogen Activator in Animal Tissue
Authors: ASTRUP TAGE , STERNDORFF IDA 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The plasminogen activator in pig heart tissue and pig lung tissue has been isolated in soluble form and partially purified.2. The tissue activator is a fairly thermostable substance especially at acid reaction.3. The tissue activator represents a type of plasminogen activator different from the activator found in urine or produced in blood, milk, and a number of other fluids in the organism.
Oxygen Consumption and Active Sodium Transport in the Isolated and Short‐Circuited Frog Skin1
Authors: ZERAHN K. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Studies on the oxygen consumption of the isolated frog skin during active transport of sodium are reported, and the following results were obtained:1. In most cases, the total oxygen consumption is less than 1 equivalent per equivalent of sodium transported.2. The amount of oxygen consumed by the skin during transport of sodium exceeds that consumed when no transport occurs.3. The net consumption of oxygen, equal to the oxygen consumption during transport minus that in the absence of transport, bears a constant ratio to the amount of transported sodium, being 1/4–1/5 equivalent for each equivalent of sodium transported.4. This ratio is independent of oxygen tension and of treatment with posterior pituitary hormone, and the same ratio is found with skins from both Rana temporaria, Rana esculenta and Bufo bufo.
Influence of Varied Levels of Peanut Oil and Cholesterol on Cholesterol and Polyenoic Acids in Tissues of the Chicks.
Authors: DAM HENRIK , KRISTENSEN GUNHILD , NIELSEN GUNHILD KOFOED , PRANGE INGE , SØNDERGAARD EBBE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Cholesterol in liver, fat tissue, spleen, heart, aorta, lungs and brain, and polyenoic fatty acids in liver, heart, lungs, brain and fat tissue were determined in chicks after feeding diets containing 0, 3, 10 or 20 % peanut oil in combination with 0, 0.1, 0.3 or 1.0 % cholesterol for 4 weeks from the 14th day after hatching.Cholesterol content of the tissues.Feeding of peanut oil without cholesterol did not result in increase of cholesterol in any of the tissues examined.The cholesterol values for liver corresponding to 0 and 0.1% of dietary cholesterol were higher when the diet was fat‐free than when it contained 3, 10 or 20% peanut oil.The maximal cholesterol deposition obtained under any of the experimental conditions occurred in the liver (with 20% peanut oil and 1% cholesterol).It was possible to produce cholesterol accumulation in fat tissue by combined feeding of cholesterol and peanut oil, but the response was much less than in the liver.The cholesterol content of spleen, heart, aorta and lungs increased as a consequence of cholesterol and peanut oil feeding, the least response was found in the lungs.The cholesterol content of the brain showed no change.Polyenoic fatty acids in the tissues.Variations of the dietary cholesterol seemed to have no influence, although a relatively low value was found for tetraenoic in the liver for 1% cholesterol + 20% peanut oil.With increasing amounts of dietary peanut oil the following changes were found:In liver, heart and lungs, dienoic and tetraenoic increased, whereas trienoic decreased. The small amounts of pentaenoic and hexaenoic acids present showed almost no variation.In brain, dienoic was almost constant and nearly zero, trienoic decreased. Tetra‐, penta‐ and hexaenoic remained constant.In fat tissue, dienoic increased whereas all the other polyenoic acids were constant and almost zero.
An Extended Analysis of Indicator Dilution Curves, Leading to Direct Calculation of the Pulmonary Blood Volume and the Blood Volume in the Left Heart even in the Presence of Aortic and Mitral Regurgitation.
Authors: COMET STIG , LAGERLÖF HENRIK 
Published: December 2008

Summary.An extended mathematical analysis of indicator dilution carves obtained by injection of indicator into the pulmonary artery and blood sampling from the brachial artery is given.It is shown that the previously given method to obtain the pulmonary blood volume holds even under the complicated conditions of regurgitation from the mitral or aortic valve or both. Under these conditions the volume of the left heart can still be determined though it is impossible to separate the volume of the auricle and ventricle.
All Attèmpt to Condition Hypothalamic Polydipsia.
Authors: ANDERSSON B. , LARSSON S. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Attempts were made to condition the polydipsic effect of electrical stimulations within the “drinking area” of the hypothalamus of 5 goats. In spite of from 46 to 110 constellations of neutral stimuli and electrical stimulations the neutral stimuli alone never caused the animals to drink or made them show any interest in the water offered, although the electrical stimulations combined with neutral stimuli never failed to evoke drinking of water after a very short time of latency.
Cholinesterases of Mice in Relation to Sex and Age.
Authors: SKRAMSTAD KARL HÁKON 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The cholinesterase activities of liver, brain and blood of mice, and the relation to age and sex, has been studied.2. The plasma values increased till cessation of suckling. The level was maintained in the female but was reduced by about 40% in the male at sexual maturation.3. Also the liver values exhibited a sex difference, most pronounced after sexual maturation. Contrary to the plasma, the activities were quite high in infantile mice.4. The brain tissue presented extremely low values in infantile mice. No difference due to sex was established.5. The somewhat high erythrocyte values in young mice may probably be due to a larger reticulocytosis in the same period.
The Critical Temperature in Naked Man
Authors: ERIKSON H. , EIROG JOHN , ANDERSEN K. LANGE , SCHOLANDER P. F. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Investigations have begun made on the critical temperature in naked man and the metabolic cost of maintaining an adequate heat balance below this point. The experiments were performed on a bicycle ergo meter in a cold room, by letting the subjects do just enough work to avoid becoming cold. The critical temperature was found to be approximately 26“ C, confirming earlier studies, and below this point the heat production increased approximately in proportion to the body‐to‐air temperature gradient, conforming with Newton's law of cooling and with data from most other mammals and birds.
Species Differences in the Water Taste
Authors: ZOTTERMAN YNGVE 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The white rat lacks taste fibres discharging on the application of water to the tongue but it has “salt” fibres, which give not only a prompt but also a lasting response to the application of NaCl solutions as weak as 0.002 M.2. The rabbit displays a delayed response to water while the cat and the pig respond very promptly to the application of water upon the tongue.3. In all these animals (cat, pig and rabbit) the salt“ receptors are almost completely adapted to the saliva and adapt very quickly to the application of Ringer's solution. After a water rinse they all produce a phasic response to even as diluted NaCl solutions as 0.002 M.4. The high discrimination of salty solutions in the rat must rest upon its very highly sensitive “salt” fibres while the discrimination in thc animals that have “water” fibres is suggested to depend upon a dual system of “salt” and “water” fibres which are reciprocally stimulated.
Free Fatty Acid Content of Rat Thoracic Duct Lymph during Fat Absorption.
Authors: BORGSTRÖM BENGT , TRYDING NILS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Free fatty acid has been found to make up a significant part of rat thoracie duct lymph lipids during fat absorption.The results obtained indicate that the free fatty acids of thoracic duct lymph are original constituents of the lymph rather than derived by hydrolytic processes in the lymph.
Variations in the Total Amounts of Polyenoic Fatty Acids in Chicks and Rats Reared on a Nearly Fat‐free Diet.
Authors: DAM H. , ENGEL P. F. , NIELSEN G. KOFOED 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Chicks reared on a nearly fat‐free diet for 4 weeks and rats reared on a fat‐free diet for 18 weeks showed a considerable decrease of total dienoic fatty acid in the body. At the same time trienoic fatty acid increased markedly. The increase in trienoic fatty acid must have originated from dienoic since the changes of the other polyenoic fatty acids could not account for it.
The Distribution of Cholinesterases in Cats and Changes Caused by Hypophysectomy, Adrenalectomy, Undernutrition and DOCA.
Authors: KAHLSON G. , RENVALL SIV 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The cholinesterase activity of the “true” and “pseudo” types of homogenized submaxillary gland, gastro‐intestinal mucosa and liver was determined in five groups of cats: 1) normal, 2) hypophysectomized, 3) adrenalectomized, 4) adrenalectomized maintained on DOCA, 5) undernourished.2. In normal cats the choliiiesterase of the submaxillary gland is predominantly of the “true” type, in the liver the “pseudo” type only could be found, in the gastric mucosa the “pseudo” type prevails beside merely detectable amounts of “true” esterasc. while the mucosa of the small intestine is abundant in both types of esterase.3. Hypophysectomy and adrenalectomy are followed by a coilsiderable increase in the concentrations of “true” and “pseudo” cholinesterase in the salivary gland. Similar changes occur in the intestinal mucosa after adrenalectomy, while they are absent in the liver and gastric mucosa.4. In adrenalectomized cats treatment with DOCA possibly had a slight (statistically not significant) effect in lowering the cholinesterase levels of the salivary gland towards normal, while no such effect was observed in the intestinal mucosa.5. In cats on reduced food a decrease in both types of esterase activity was found in the mucosa of the small intestine, whereas in the salivary gland, gastric mucosa and liver no changes were detectable.
The Effect of a Vasodilator (Priscol) on the Gastric Secretion.
Authors: NORDGREN BENGT , ÖBRINK KARL JOHAN 
Published: December 2008

Summary.The effect of a vasodilating substance benzazolinchloride (Priscol) on the gastric secretion was studied in a Heidenhain pouch‐dog. It was found that:Priscol alone did not initiate secretion except in very high doses. but that it could enhance secretion already induced by histamine. This potentiating effect could be related to the strength of the existing stimulation.The higher the preceding secretion rate, the higher the effect of Priscol expressed as a coefficient of histamine equivalence.It was suggested that the action of histamine on the gastric glands is not due to its vasodilating property. The probability that the vasodilation causes an increased maximal secretory capacity was discussed.The esperiments were defrayed lip grants from the Medical Faculty of Uppsala.
Central Control of Heat Loss Mechanisms in the Gost.
Authors: ANDERSSON B. , GRANT R. , LARSSON S. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. In non‐anesthetized goats, the existence of a discrete “heat loss centre” has been demonstrated by electrical stimulation of the brain stem using modified Hess technique and the effects of electrical stimulation of this “centre” have been compared with those of exposing the goat to a hot environment.2. The “centre” occupies the dorsal half only of the area between the anterior commissure and the optic chiasma and extends laterally to the medial edge of the internal capsula. Posteriorly it probably does not extend into the hypothalamus proper.3. Stimulation of the “centre” with damped square wave stimuli at 50 cycles per second and 0.5 to 1.5 V causes vigorous polypneic panting and cutaneous vasodilatation in the ears. These effects are similar to those resulting from exposure to an environmental temperature of 50°C for 15–20 minutes.4. Exposure to cold or lowering of the body temperature by administration of cold water by stomach tube increases the voltage threshold for production of comparable effects and increases the latency of the responses, sometimes abolishing the ear vasodilatation response. The shivering of cold animals is inhibited promptly by stimulation of the same “centre” and the threshold for this effect likewise raised by a fall in body temperature. Repeated stimulation of the “centre” lowered body temperature especially in animals exposed to cold.5. The effects of stimulation show some latency and a pronounced “after effect”. Cold exposure increases the latencies and decreases the duration of “after effects”.6. Stimulation of the caudo‐ventral part only of the “heat loss centre” caused slight inhibition of water diuresis and milk ejection. Exposure to heat did not modify the course of water diuresis or electrolyte excretion significantly. Stimuli causing vigorous panting did not affect blood pressure, heart rate or blood sugar concentration and behavioural changes were slight or absent.7. The area defined is thought to be a true “heat loss centre” concerned with the coordinated activation of the animal's defenses against hyperthermia.Possible reasons for the long “after effects” of stimulating the “centre” are discussed.
Potentiation by Histaminsse Inhibitors of the Blood Pressure Responses to Histamine in Cats
Authors: LINDELL S.‐E. , WESTLING H. 
Published: December 2008

Summary.1. The effects on the cat's arterial blood pressure of histamine, β‐(2‐pyridyl)‐ethylamine and acetylcholine injected into the femoral vein, femoral artery and renal artery have been studied.2. As judged by the relative effectiveness of these injections the cat's kidney has a considerable capacity to remove injected histamine from the circulating blood.3. After the administration of histaminase inhibitors the depressor response to histamine injected into the renal artery was potentiated.4. Evidence is presented that this potentiation is due to the inhibition of the histaminase in the kidney.5. The maximum potentiation obtained in these experiments would correspond to an approximate reduction by 60 per cent of the kidney's capacity to remove injected histamine from the blood.6. No potentiation of the effect of histamine injected into the femoral artery or vein was observed.Valuable technical assistance was given by miss 81.‐B. Johansson. The investigation was supported by grants from the Medical Faculty, Lund.
The Content of Carbohydrates in Caseins from Different Species
Authors: JOHANSSON BENGT , SVENNERHOLM LARS 
Published: December 2008

Summary.Caseins from milks of homo, cow, goat, sheep, horse. reindeer and whale have been investigated for their content of hexose hexosamine and sialic acid.The total carbohydrate content does not exceed 2 % except in the case of human casein, which contains about 4 %. The amount of all components investigated is greater in human casein, the difference in comparison with other species investigated being most pronounced for hexes and hexosamine.