bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of mild to moderate dehydration in children with oral rehydration therapy
Authors: Diggins Kristene C 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPurpose: To review current literature on the effectiveness of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) in the treatment of mild to moderate dehydration in children.Data sources: Recommendations from American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), World Health Organization (WHO), selected research articles (2000–2006), and Internet sources.Conclusions: Dehydration is a common diagnosis in pediatric primary care. The literature indicates that dehydration is more often treated with intravenous (IV) therapy when ORT would be equally effective. ORT is an effective treatment for children with mild to moderate dehydration. ORT could be used more frequently rather than IV rehydration therapy. The use of ORT versus traditional methods of IV hydration matches the nursing philosophy of holistic care by enhancing client comfort and autonomy.Implications for practice: Current practice in the treatment of mild to moderate dehydration in children does not match both AAP and WHO guidelines, which are based on evidence supporting ORT effectiveness. Treatment with ORT allows children more flexibility to be treated at home and thus decreases hospital stay. Evidence shows that the time required to initiate ORT is actually quicker than IV therapy and allows for a less stressful therapy that can be performed in the home.
Caregiver burden among dementia patient caregivers: A review of the literature
Authors: Etters Lynn , Goodall Debbie , Harrison Barbara E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPurpose: To identify current evidence of factors influencing dementia‐related caregiver burden (CB), describe patient and caregiver characteristics associated with CB, and describe evidence‐based interventions designed to lessen the burden of caregiving.Data sources: Comprehensive literature review of Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature, MEDLINE, and Psych Info was performed for the years 1996–2006 of peer‐reviewed journals using keywords CB and dementia.Conclusion: Dementia caregiving has been associated with negative effects on caregiver health and early nursing home placement for dementia patients. Many factors influence the impact of the caregiving experience such as gender, relationship to the patient, culture, and personal characteristics. Although various interventions have been developed with the goal of alleviating CB, evidence suggests that individually developed multicomponent interventions including a diversity of services will decrease burden, improve quality of life, and enable caregivers to provide at‐home care for longer periods prior to institutionalization.Implications for practice: The ability to properly assess the dementia patient–caregiver dyad related to CB is critical to decreasing its negative physical and psychological health outcomes. Appropriately tailored interventions can improve the health and well‐being of both caregiver and patient.
Computed tomography as an aid to management of chronic oropharyngeal stick injury in the dog
Authors: Nicholson I. , Halfacree Z. , Whatmough C. , Mantis P. , Baines S. 
Published: August 2008

Objective: To describe the use of computed tomography scanning in the management of dogs with chronic signs after oropharyngeal stick injury. Methods: Dogs with a final diagnosis of chronic oropharyngeal stick injury that underwent a computed tomography scan during their investigation were selected retrospectively from case files at the Royal Veterinary College, London. Results: The six dogs were young (median age 3·1 years) and medium to large breed (19·0 to 42·0 kg). By the time of referral the most common clinical sign was cervical swelling (five dogs). Stick foreign bodies were apparent on the plain computed tomography images in all cases and appeared as well‐demarcated, linear abnormalities. A ventral mid‐line approach was used for foreign body retrieval, and the computed tomography findings corresponded well with the surgical findings, with stick foreign body length ranging from 1 to 7 cm. Closed suction drainage was used in five dogs, for two to four days. Clinical signs fully resolved postoperatively in all cases, although cervical swelling recurred three weeks after surgery in one case. This dog had the smallest foreign body, the greatest number of surgical interventions before referral (three) and the longest disease course before referral (eight months). Clinical Significance: Computed tomography scanning is accurate in identifying the presence and location of chronic stick foreign bodies. Recurrence of disease is possible despite successful retrieval of the wood fragments found by computed tomography scan.
Reliability of radiological assessment of ulnar trochlear notch sclerosis in dysplastic canine elbows
Authors: Burton N. J. , Toscano M. J. , Barr F. J. , Owen M. R. 
Published: August 2008

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to quantify the sensitivity and specificity of visual assessment of radiographs of the canine elbow in detecting ulnar trochlear notch sclerosis, to establish interobserver and intra‐observer variation for the presence and grade of sclerosis and to quantify the effect of radiographic exposure on observer grading. Methods: Mediolateral elbow radiographs were obtained from Labrador retrievers (n=34) aged between six and 18 months. Radiographs from dogs with an arthroscopic diagnosis of fragmented medial coronoid process (n=17) and those from a control population (n=17) were subjected to observer grading for the presence or absence of and the grade of ulnar trochlear notch sclerosis. Interobserver and intra‐observer variation and observer sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Digital data from the ulnar trochlear notch were correlated with mean observer grade to quantify the effect of radiographic exposure on observer grade. Results: Interobserver agreement was “fair” (kappa=0·251 to 0·369) and intra‐observer agreement was “moderate” to “substantial” (kappa=0·462 to 0·667). The sensitivity of observer assessment was 72 per cent with a specificity of 22 per cent. Mean observer grade was not significantly correlated with the degree of radiographic exposure (P=0·70). Clinical Significance: Ulnar trochlear notch sclerosis is a phenomenon associated with fragmented medial coronoid process. However, interobserver agreement in grading this feature is only fair, being identified by observers with moderate sensitivity but with relatively poor specificity. This low specificity may predispose to overdiagnosis in clinical cases. Intra‐observer agreement is moderate to substantial, suggesting that individuals can reliably quantify this radiological feature on multiple occasions. The ability of observers to assess the degree of sclerotic change is not significantly affected by radiographic exposure.
Early hip laxity examination in predicting moderate and severe hip dysplasia in Estrela Mountain Dog
Authors: Ginja M. M. D. , Gonzalo‐Orden J. M. , Melo‐Pinto P. , Bulas‐Cruz J. , Orden M. A. , San Roman F. , Llorens‐Pena M. P. , Ferreira A. J. A. 
Published: August 2008

Objectives:To determine the reliability of early passive hip laxity examination in predicting moderate and severe hip dysplasia.Methods:The passive hip laxity of 104 Estrela Mountain dogs was evaluated using the Ortolani method, conventional hip‐extended radiography and the PennHIP method, when the animals were between four and 12 months of age. After the age of one, dogs were re‐examined for hip dysplasia using the Fédération Cynologique Internationale scoring system. The passive hip laxity results were subsequently compared with the Fédération Cynologique Internationale scores for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy.Results:The PennHIP method achieved the best results in specificity (93 per cent), positive predictive value (91 per cent) and accuracy (88 per cent), and the Ortolani method was the best in sensitivity (92 per cent) and negative predictive value (92 per cent).ClinicalSignificance:The Fédération Cynologique Internationale grades D and E can be predicted with confidence even before animals are one year old.
Periodical Unsteady Flow Within a Rotor Blade Row of an Axial Compressor—Part I: Flow Field at Midspan
Authors: Mailach Ronald , Lehmann Ingolf , Vogeler Konrad 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
In this two-part paper, results of the periodical unsteady flow field within the third rotor blade row of the four-stage Dresden low-speed research compressor are presented. The main part of the experimental investigations was performed using laser Doppler anemometry. Results of the flow field at several spanwise positions between midspan and rotor blade tip will be discussed. In addition, time-resolving pressure sensors at midspan of the rotor blades provide information about the unsteady profile pressure distribution. In Part I of the paper, the flow field at midspan of the rotor blade row will be discussed. Different aspects of the blade row interaction process are considered for the design point and an operating point near the stability limit. The periodical unsteady blade-to-blade velocity field is dominated by the incoming stator wakes, while the potential effect of the stator blades is of minor influence. The inherent vortex structures and the negative jet effect, which is coupled to the wake appearance, are clearly resolved. Furthermore the time-resolved profile pressure distribution of the rotor blades is discussed. Although the negative jet effect within the rotor blade passage is very pronounced, the rotor blade pressure distribution is nearly independent of the convectively propagating chopped stator wakes.
Immunization with
Vibrio cholerae
Outer Membrane Vesicles Induces Protective Immunity in Mice
Authors: Schild Stefan , Nelson Eric J. , Camilli Andrew 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT

The gram-negative bacterium
Vibrio cholerae
releases outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) during growth. In this study, we immunized female mice by the intranasal, intragastric, or intraperitoneal route with purified OMVs derived from
V. cholerae
. Independent of the route of immunization, mice induced specific, high-titer immune responses of similar levels against a variety of antigens present in the OMVs. After the last immunization, the half-maximum total immunoglobulin titer was stable over a 3-month period, indicating that the immune response was long lasting. The induction of specific isotypes, however, was dependent on the immunization route. Immunoglobulin A, for example, was induced to a significant level only by mucosal immunization, with the intranasal route generating the highest titers. We challenged the offspring of immunized female mice with
V. cholerae
via the oral route in two consecutive periods, approximately 30 and 95 days after the last immunization. Regardless of the route of immunization, the offspring was protected against colonization with
V. cholerae
in both challenge periods. Our results show that mucosal immunizations via both routes with OMVs derived from
V. cholerae
induce long-term protective immune responses against this gastrointestinal pathogen. These findings may contribute to the development of “nonliving,” OMV-based vaccines against
V. cholerae
and other enteric pathogens, using the oral or intranasal route of immunization.
Moraxella catarrhalis
Binding to Host Cellular Receptors Is Mediated by Sequence-Specific Determinants Not Conserved among All UspA1 Protein Variants
Authors: Brooks Michael J. , Sedillo Jennifer L. , Wagner Nikki , Wang Wei , Attia Ahmed S. , Wong Henry , Laurence Cassie A. , Hansen Eric J. , Gray-Owen Scott D. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACT

The
Moraxella catarrhalis
ubiquitous surface proteins (UspAs) are autotransporter molecules reported to interact with a variety of different host proteins and to affect processes ranging from serum resistance to cellular adhesion. The role of UspA1 as an adhesin has been confirmed with a number of different human cell types and is mediated by binding to eukaryotic proteins including carcinoembryonic antigen-related cellular adhesion molecules (CEACAMs), fibronectin, and laminin. A distinct difference in the ability of prototypical
M. catarrhalis
strains to adhere to CEACAM-expressing cell lines prompted us to perform strain-specific structure-function analyses of UspA1 proteins. In this study, we characterized CEACAM binding by a diverse set of UspA1 proteins and showed that 3 out of 10 UspA1 proteins were incapable of binding CEACAM. This difference resulted from the absence of a distinct CEACAM binding motif in nonadhering strains. Our sequence analysis also revealed a single
M. catarrhalis
isolate that lacked the fibronectin-binding motif and was defective in adherence to Chang conjunctival epithelial cells. These results clearly demonstrate that UspA1-associated adhesive functions are not universally conserved. Instead, UspA1 proteins must be considered as variants with the potential to confer both different cell tropisms and host cell responses.
Cryptococcus neoformansEnters the Endolysosomal Pathway of Dendritic Cells and Is Killed by Lysosomal Components
Authors: Wozniak Karen L. , Levitz Stuart M. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTCryptococcus neoformansis an opportunistic fungal pathogen that primarily causes disease in immunocompromised individuals. Dendritic cells (DCs) can phagocytoseC. neoformans, present cryptococcal antigen, and killC. neoformans. However, early events followingC. neoformansphagocytosis by DCs are not well defined. We hypothesized thatC. neoformanstraffics to the endosome and the lysosome following phagocytosis by DCs and is eventually killed in the lysosome. Murine bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) or human monocyte-derived DCs (HDCs) were incubated with live, encapsulatedC. neoformansyeast cells and opsonizing antibody. Following incubation, DCs were intracellularly stained with antibodies against EEA1 (endosome) and LAMP-1 (late endosome/lysosome). As assessed by confocal microscopy,C. neoformanstrafficked to endosomal compartments of DCs within 10 min and to lysosomal compartments within 30 min postincubation. For HDCs, the studies were repeated using complement-sufficient autologous plasma for the opsonization ofC. neoformans. These data showed results similar to those for antibody opsonization, withC. neoformanslocalized to endosomes within 20 min and to lysosomes within 60 min postincubation. Additionally, the results of live real-time imaging studies demonstrated thatC. neoformansentered lysosomal compartments within 20 min following the initiation of phagocytosis. The results of scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated conventional zipper phagocytosis ofC. neoformansby DCs. Finally, lysosomal extracts were purified from BMDCs and incubated withC. neoformansto determine their potential to killC. neoformans. The extracts killedC. neoformansin a dose-dependent manner. This study shows thatC. neoformansenters into endosomal and lysosomal pathways following DC phagocytosis and can be killed by lysosomal components.
Toll-Like Receptor 2 Recognition of the MicrosporidiaEncephalitozoonspp. Induces Nuclear Translocation of NF-κB and Subsequent Inflammatory Responses
Authors: Fischer Jeffrey , Suire Colby , Hale-Donze Hollie 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTMicrosporidia are obligate intracellular parasites that are ubiquitous in nature and have been recognized as causing an important emerging disease among immunocompromised individuals. Limited knowledge exists about the immune response against these organisms, and virtually nothing is known about the receptors involved in host recognition. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are pattern recognition receptors that bind to specific molecules found on pathogens and signal a variety of inflammatory responses. In this study, we show that bothEncephalitozoon cuniculiandEncephalitozoon intestinalisare preferentially recognized by TLR2 and not by TLR4 in primary human macrophages. This is the first demonstration of host receptor recognition of any microsporidian species. TLR2 ligation is known to activate NF-κB, resulting in inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8). We found that the infection of primary human macrophages leads to the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in as early as 1 h and the subsequent production of TNF-α and IL-8. To verify the direct role of TLR2 parasite recognition in the production of these cytokines, the receptor was knocked down in primary human macrophages using small interfering RNA. This knockdown resulted in decreases in both the nuclear translocation of NF-κB and the levels of TNF-α and IL-8 after challenge with spores. Taken together, these experiments directly link the initial inflammatory response induced byEncephalitozoonspp. to TLR2 stimulation in human macrophages.
THE EFFECT OF TIME SCALE DIFFERENCES AND TIME DELAYS ON THE STRUCTURAL STABILITY OF OSCILLATIONS IN A TWO-GENE NETWORK
Authors: RADDE NICOLE 
Published: August 2008

Biological networks are often modeled by systems of ordinary differential equations. In chemical reaction kinetics, for instance, sigmoid functions represent the regulation of gene expression via transcription factors. Solutions of these models tend to converge to a unique steady state, and feedback control mechanisms are required for a more complex dynamic behavior.This paper focuses on periodic behavior in two-component regulatory networks. Here, a key issue is that oscillations in chemical reaction systems are usually not robust with respect to parameter variations. Small variations lead to bifurcations that change the system's overall qualitative dynamic behavior. This concerns the mechanisms stabilizing periodic behavior in living cells. Using a small sample network, we demonstrate that oscillations can efficiently be stabilized by large time scale differences that correspond to reactions with different velocities. Furthermore, the inclusion of a time delay, reflecting transport and diffusion processes, has a similar effect. This suggests that processes of this kind potentially play a crucial role in biological oscillators.
The Palaeo-Tokyo Bay concept
Authors: Yajima Michiko 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Tokyo is situated in the southern part of the Kanto Plain, the largest plain in Japan. It is filled with thick marine Quaternary sediments deposited in the Palaeo-Tokyo Bay. The concept of a Palaeo-Tokyo Bay was proposed by
Hisakatsu Yabe in 1913
and
1914
, based on molluscan fossils, geography and tectonics. Palaeo-Tokyo Bay used to open to the east and, at the time of the high sea-level phase, perhaps also to the south, whereas the modern Tokyo Bay opens to the south. The Paleao-Tokyo Bay concept is supported by recent sedimentological evidence, sequence stratigraphy and tectonic studies, and is considered to have formed in a forearc basin near the triple junction of plates (the Pacific, Asian and Philippine plates) and trenches (Japan Trench, Sagami Trough and Izu-Ogasawara Trench) in the Quaternary. The bay is unique and shows evidence of repeated differential vertical movements during its formation.
Australia – a Cenozoic history
Authors: Branagan David 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The study of the Quaternary events that shaped the surface of Australia cannot be separated from the previous 60 Ma of the Tertiary. This history has only begun to be clearly understood since about 1950. Explorers from the late seventeenth century to the mid-nineteenth century laid the groundwork for the later understanding by their observations, particularly under difficult conditions, and by their attempts to interpret what they recorded. The western and southwestern coasts provided evidence of relative uplift of land, while the northeastern coast (the Great Barrier Reef) indicated evidence of the opposite. Explorers of various nationalities provided the evidence. Knowledge of the dry inland began to emerge from the 1830s, with puzzlement about ‘hard crusts’. Evidence of limited Pleistocene glaciation and relatively young, but quite extensive, volcanic activity took somewhat longer to evaluate. A major interest for European savants was the discovery, in the late 1820s, of cave deposits of extinct vertebrates.
George Leslie Adkin (1888-1964): glaciation and earth movements in the Tararua Range, North Island, New Zealand
Authors: Brook Martin S. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
In the northern hemisphere the broad extent of glaciation had been mostly accepted by the start of the twentieth century, but in New Zealand at that time even the general picture of glaciation was uncertain. Julius von Haast had established that in the South Island the glaciers had extended out considerably from the Southern Alps, but the extent of glaciation in the North Island was unknown. Two rival viewpoints were put forward in 1909. James Park thought that there was a widespread ice sheet, which covered the South Island, Cook Strait and much of the North Island; Patrick Marshall thought that the extent of ice was much less, and argued that much of Park's evidence was spurious. The argument was ‘somewhat resolved’ by a young amateur geologist, Leslie Adkin, who showed that glaciation in the North Island was at most modest, and largely confined to the uppermost part of the main axial ranges. Adkin was a farmer and had no university education, but he published nearly 40 articles in scientific journals on topics as varied as Maori archaeology, and glacial and tectonic geomorphology. This article examines the evidence he adduced for the occurrence of a limited Pleistocene glaciation in the Tararua Range in the south of the North Island, and considers the role of the amateur in New Zealand geology.
Origin and development of ideas on Pliocene and Quaternary glaciations in northern and eastern Europe, Iceland, Caucasus and Siberia
Authors: Milanovsky Evgeny E. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
A personal account, illustrated by the author's sketches, of ideas about glaciation, neotectonics and Quaternary geology, discussing the author's observations made during the course of his work undertaken in eastern Europe and Siberia, the Caucasus and Iceland. The paper is at the same time a contribution to autobiographical literature and to studies in the history of geoscience. The author's discovery of evidence for Pliocene glaciation in the Caucasus is noteworthy.
Quaternary research in the Baltic countries
Authors: Gaigalas Algirdas 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The development of Quaternary research in the Baltic countries was determined by geopolitical position as well as by economical and social conditions, the formation of science centres, the progress of geological thought, the natural environment and the specific geological development of this area of Eastern Europe. One of the peculiarities of Baltic Quaternary research was that it was undertaken initially by French, German, Russian, English, Finnish and Polish scholars, and later by Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian researchers. The different nationalities infused Quaternary research with a variety of ideas and methods of study. Thus, within the course of investigations of both Quaternary and bedrock geology, specific periods related to progress in science and historical events in the Baltic States can be recognized: (1) scholastic period, drift hypothesis, Ice Age, glacialism, polyglacialism (Russian Empire administration until 1914); (2) geomorphological investigations (independent republics interwar years 1918–1939); (3) detailed investigations and mapping (Soviet administration 1940–1990); and (4) modern Quaternary studies (restoration of independence of Baltic States from 1990).