bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public–private partnership in irrigation and drainage: need for a professional third party between farmers and government
Authors: Préfol B. , Tardieu H. , Vidal A. , Fernandez S. , Plantey J. , Darghouth S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe irrigation and drainage sector (I&D) is facing a variety of issues, the most controversial being poor water efficiency, big public contribution, lack of asset maintenance, and often socio‐economic inequity. Numerous attempts have been made to try to find a way out of this vicious circle, and lately the idea of trying to involve the private sector through public–private partnership (PPP) has been growing, nurtured by encouraging “pilot” experiences.Recent decades have shown some concern and effort to improve the performance of the sector, with the focus switching from on‐farm improvement, to farmer involvement through participatory irrigation management and irrigation management transfer, and to quality service‐oriented organisations. PPP should really be viewed as a logical sequence to these successive efforts, with a differentiated treatment of the various functions of I&D projects: private participation hoped for in investment, the governance function strictly public, OMM functions (operation, maintenance and management) wide open to private sector participation, while the agricultural production function remains entirely private.These theoretical conclusions were tested with 21 examples of existing (15) or projected (6) PPPs in I&D, analysed and modelled in terms of demand, offer, content, contracts and risks, with the following main findings: (i) the PPP demand is mostly a government initiative wishing to reduce recurrent public subsidies; (ii) service providers are more reactive than proactive; (iii) while 2/3 of the case studies contracts concern private participation in one or more of the investment functions, 90% of the contracts concern private participation in one or more of the OMM functions; (iv) service (and management) contracts account for 13% of the total, whereas public service delegation (PSD) accounts for 81% of the contracts; and (v) while investment PPPs are understandably more sensitive to country risks (devaluation), PSD arrangements are just as understandably more averse to commercial risks (fee collection from farmers) than service or management contracts.Last but not least, the important point is not so much to find an “absolutely private” partner but rather a professional “third party” between farmers and government, whether it be public (e.g. a reformed and financially autonomous government agency) or private (e.g. a private service provider looking for business or a WUA turning into a private corporation). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Water rights and water markets: lessons from technical advisory assistance in Latin America
Authors: Solanes Miguel , Jouravlev Andrei 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWater has unique features, which distinguish it from other natural resources. These characteristics usually result in legal systems in which water belongs to the public domain, but rights granted to economic agents to use it are protected under constitutional guarantee of private property. The allocation and retention of water rights are always contingent upon putting them to a socially recognized beneficial use. For an increasingly scarce resource, new demands can only be satisfied by transferring water rights from existing uses. To deal with the problem of reallocation, countries have to decide whether to use administrative mechanisms or water markets. For the sustainable and efficient functioning of water markets, it is necessary to have an institutional and legal system that is compatible with water marketing as well as with the nature of the water resource itself. A water market without regulations to protect the resource base, third parties and the environment, and to prevent monopolization, will result in uncontrolled private appropriation of a scarce resource and problems in related markets rather than in efficient resource allocation. Source: Solanes, Miguel and Jouravlev, Andrei, “Water rights and water markets: lessons from technical advisory assistance in Latin America”, paper prepared for the 19th Congress of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID), Santiago, Chile, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), September 2005, unpublished. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd by permission of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean.
An integrated approach to land drainage
Authors: Abdel‐Dayem Safwat 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIt is common to define drainage as a means to enhance crop production and increase productivity. In order to meet this objective, drainage systems are designed and managed to maintain favourable moisture and salt conditions in the root zone. Examples from around the world show that drainage has done well to achieve this objective. However, lessons show that many impacts of drainage, positive and negative, have been overlooked, including those on health, built‐up settlements and infrastructure, flood management, groundwater recharge, sanitation, surface and groundwater quality, fisheries and aquatic life, and the environment in general. Thus, the single‐objective approach takes drainage out of the broader context of land and water management and diminishes the overall gains of improved drainage and ignores its full cost. It does also not allow the stakeholders from outside the farming community to be involved in the decision‐making leading to conflict of interests. It also misses an important opportunity for increasing the financing potential.A better understanding of drainage as a practice for managing the multiple functions of land and water resources is needed in order to achieve an optimal mix of economic and social gains, sustainable natural resources management and a healthy environment. This would only be possible when an interdisciplinary and integrated approach is followed in planning and managing land drainage. The approach, called DRAINFRAME, is a framework for analysis, communication, discussion, and decision‐making by all stakeholders. It looks at the overall social, economic, and environmental productivity of the entire water management system, of which drainage is an integral part. It allows comprehensive analysis and assessment of basin‐wide social and economic impacts of drainage following a participatory planning approach. Although the methodology was developed from a drainage perspective, it is geared towards natural resources management planning in general. It can be equally used in planning irrigation, flood control or watershed management projects. The DRAINFRAME approach was applied in planning some new World Bank‐supported projects in Egypt and Pakistan with the objective of promoting the concept of integrated water resources management. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From philosophy to action: accomplishing harmonious coexistence between man and flood
Authors: Ning Liu 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper briefly introduces the situation of flood, drought and waterlogging disasters in China. The close relations between flood control/disaster mitigation and irrigation/drainage are presented. By analysing the characteristics of flooding disasters in China, an understanding of flooding disasters is presented. Finally, in combination with current exploration and practice of new water management concepts, the philosophies and countermeasures for flood control and disaster mitigation are presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Irrigating field crops in the presence of saline groundwater
Authors: Ayars James E. , Schoneman Richard A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIrrigating crops in the presence of saline groundwater presents unique opportunities and challenges. As the world demand for water increases, it is incumbent on agriculture to maximize the use of water of all qualities. Traditional irrigation and drainage water management in saline environments was designed to provide leaching of salt from the root zone and the discharge of saline drainage water in an uncontrolled fashion. This practice is no longer acceptable and management options were developed to maximize the use of water of all qualities and to reduce the subsurface drainage discharge volume to a minimum. This paper describes the integrated management of irrigation and drainage systems in saline soil environments to reduce total drainage flow without reducing crop yields. Methods used include using saline drainage water for supplemental irrigation, increasing in‐situ crop water use of groundwater, installing control structures on a subsurface drainage system to control the water table position and reduce drainage flow. In a field without subsurface drainage crop production was sustained using subsurface drip irrigation which maintained yields and reduced deep percolation to the groundwater. Salt in the root zone is effectively managed using pre‐plant irrigation in areas with and without subsurface drains. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The scale of substratum topographic features modulates proliferation of corneal epithelial cells and corneal fibroblasts
Authors: Liliensiek S.J. , Campbell S. , Nealey P.F. , Murphy C.J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe cornea is a complex tissue composed of different cell types, including corneal epithelial cells and keratocytes. Each of these cell types are directly exposed to rich nanoscale topography from the basement membrane or surrounding extracellular matrix. Nanoscale topography has been shown to influence cell behaviors, including orientation, alignment, differentiation, migration, and proliferation. We investigated whether proliferation of SV40‐transformed human corneal epithelial cells (SV40‐HCECs), primary human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs), and primary corneal fibroblasts is influenced by the scale of topographic features of the substratum. Using basement membrane feature sizes as our guide and the known dimensions of collagen fibrils of the corneal stroma (20–60 nm), we fabricated polyurethane molded substrates, which contain anisotropic feature sizes ranging from 200–2000 nm on pitches ranging from 400 to 4000 nm (pitch = ridge width + groove width). The planar regions separating each of the six patterned regions served as control surfaces. Primary corneal and SV40‐HCEC proliferation decreased in direct response to decreasing nanoscale topographies down to 200 nm. In contrast to corneal epithelial cells, corneal fibroblasts did not exhibit significantly different response to any of the topographies when compared with planar controls at 5 days. However, decreased proliferation was observed on the smallest feature sizes after 14 days in culture. Results from these experiments are relevant in understanding the potential mechanisms involved in the control of proliferation and differentiation of cells within the cornea. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Comparison of aortic valve allograft decellularization techniques in the rat
Authors: Meyer Steven R. , Chiu Brian , Churchill Thomas A. , Zhu Linfu , Lakey Jonathan R.T. , Ross David B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractRodent models have been essential to understanding the immune‐mediated failure of aortic valve allografts (AVAs). Decellularization has been proposed to reduce the immunogenicity of AVAs. The objective of this study was to determine the most effective method to decellularize AVAs for use in a rat model. Three different decellularization techniques were compared in Lewis aortic valves. Detergent decellularization involved a series of hypotonic and hypertonic Tris buffers at 4°C for 48 h/buffer containing 0.5% Triton X‐100 followed by a 72 h washout in phosphate‐buffered saline. Osmotic decellularization was performed in similar manner to the detergent‐based technique except without the addition of Triton X‐100. Enzymatic decellularization consisted of trypsin/EDTA at 37°C for 48 h. Assessment was performed with light microscopy (H&E, Movat's pentachrome), immunohistochemistry for residual cellular elements, and hydroxyproline assays. Detergent‐based methodology effected near‐complete decellularization of both the leaflets and aortic wall in addition to preservation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Osmotic lysis was associated with preservation of ECM and moderate decellularization. Enzymatic decellularization resulted in complete decellularization but extensive degeneration and fragmentation of the ECM. When implanted into the infrarenal aorta of allogeneic rats for 1 week, valves decellularized with detergent‐based and osmotic methodology failed to stimulate an allogeneic immune response as evidenced by an absence of T cell infiltrates. Osmotic lysis protocols with low dose detergent appear to be most effective at both removing antigenic cellular elements and preserving ECM. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Using single‐walled carbon nanotubes nonwoven films as scaffolds to enhance long‐term cell proliferation in vitro
Authors: Meng Jie , Song Li , Meng Jie , Kong Hua , Zhu Guangjin , Wang Chaoying , Xu Lianghua , Xie Sishen , Xu Haiyan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCarbon nanotubes have attracted intensive interests in biomedical research in recent years. In this study, a novel type of carbon nanotubes material so called nonwoven single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with nanotopographic structure and macroscopic volume was used as cell growing scaffold. The morphology and surface chemistry of nonwoven SWNTs were observed and characterized through scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The cells were cultivated in nonwoven SWNTs and in other types of substrate as control. The cells growth behaviors including adhesion, proliferation, and cytoskeletal development was investigated by using cell viability assay and confocal observation. The experimental results indicated that nonwoven SWNTs exhibited significant enhancement to the cells adhesion and proliferation in at least 3 weeks. Numerous and highly organized cytoskeletal structures were observed when the cells were cultured in nonwoven SWNTs. Furthermore, an obvious promotional influence of the cells cultivated in nonwoven SWNTs scaffold upon the proliferation of those growing in the other kind of substrate through cell–cell communication had been found. The results obtained in this work are of significance to in vitro cell amplification in large scale, tissue regeneration, or guided repair, as well as biomedical device application. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Fracture toughness estimation for the TMJ disc
Authors: Koombua Kittisak , Pidaparti Ramana M. , Beatty Mark W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractJ contour integral fracture toughness of the temporomandibular (TMJ) disc was estimated from a computational model based on fracture load data derived from experimental tests. The computational model involved a stress analysis of TMJ disc specimens with cracks oriented parallel and perpendicular to the primary collagen fiber axis within the intermediate zone of the disc. The results demonstrated differences occurred between crack orientations when an orthotropic model was used. Fracture toughness was much lower for a crack oriented parallel to the collagen fiber direction than that for a crack oriented perpendicularly. Thickness, crack size, and anisotropy ratio were observed as additional variables affecting the fracture toughness of the TMJ disc. Future model enhancements may be achieved by considering the poroviscoelastic nature of the TMJ disc. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Macrophage‐mediated biodegradation of poly(DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) in vitro
Authors: Xia Zhidao , Huang Yizhong , Adamopoulos Iannis E. , Walpole Andrew , Triffitt James T. , Cui Zhanfeng 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBiodegradation of poly‐DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide (PLGA) both in vitro and in vivo has been well documented. However, the roles that macrophages and their fused multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) play in this biodegradation are still unclear. The current study aimed to investigate macrophage‐mediated biodegradation of PLGA thin films and of PLGA composites with hydroxyapatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) ceramic powders in vitro using a murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7). The interactions were analyzed by using cell viability assays, scanning electron microscopy, and focused ion beam microscopy. The results showed that RAW 264.7 cells effectively attached and proliferated on the PLGA films and PLGA‐HA, PLGA‐TCP composites. The RAW 264.7 cells were observed to aggregate and fuse to form MNGCs. The cell processes on the membrane, or pseudopodia, penetrated into the PLGA films and evidently eroded the surface. We conclude that macrophages and fused MNGCs actively respond to PLGA films as substratum and degrade the surface of this polymer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Host inflammatory response to NiCr, CoCr, and Ti in a soft tissue implantation model
Authors: Baldwin L. , Hunt J.A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe inflammatory response to nickel chromium (NiCr), cobalt chromium (CoCr), and titanium (Ti) implants at 7 and 28 days was investigated using real‐time PCR analysis along with histological and immunohistochemical staining. Contrasting inflammatory profiles were found in response to the different metal compositions. The inflammatory profile induced by CoCr remained consistent and elevated during the 28‐day period with high cell counts associated with the implants and a progressive recruitment of T lymphocytes. The response to NiCr was also elevated, but with an initially low T‐lymphocyte infiltration that increased by the later time period. Ti indicated an early increased inflammatory response that had reduced by 28 days. Changes in gene expression demonstrated that Ti induced very low levels of expression of the three inflammatory cytokine genes. NiCr initiated a significant upregulation in gene expression for IL‐6 and TNF‐α. CoCr resulted in the highest upregulation of IL‐2 indicative of T‐lymphocyte activation to this material. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Cobalt and chromium ions induce nitration of proteins in human U937 macrophages in vitro
Authors: Petit Alain , Mwale Fackson , Tkaczyk Cathy , Antoniou John , Zukor David J. , Huk Olga L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe in situ localization of nitrotyrosine, a product of the nitration of tyrosine residues by peroxynitrite, in the interface membranes from CoCrMo and TiAlV prostheses provided evidence of nitric oxide‐induced oxidative damage in the periprosthetic environment. In the present study, we compared the effects of different wear products from hip prostheses on the nitration of proteins in macrophages in vitro. Nitration of proteins was measured by Western blot using a polyclonal antibody directed against nitrotyrosines. Results showed that Co2+ and Cr3+ ions induced the nitration of a 79 ± 4 kDa protein in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. Indeed, the stimulation was significant (p < 0.05) after 24 h with 10 ppm Co2+ and reached a plateau level between 48 and 72 h. With Cr3+, the stimulation was significant (p < 0.05) only after 48 and 72 h. The effect of both Co2+ and Cr3+ ions was inhibited by glutathione monoethyl‐ester that provides protection against oxidative stress. However, ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight‐polyethylene and alumina ceramic particles had no significant effect on the nitration of proteins. Finally, the results showed that nitrated proteins are mainly found in the cytoplasmic fraction of cells and are absent from the nucleus. In conclusion, our results show that Co2+ and Cr3+ ions induce the nitration of cytoplasmic proteins in human U937 macrophages, suggesting that metal ions from MM prostheses have the potential to modify protein function in the periprosthetic environment and in circulating cells. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Therapeutic alliance mediates the relationship between interpersonal problems and depression outcome in a cohort of multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Howard Isa , Turner Rebecca , Olkin Rhoda , Mohr David C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe relationship among therapeutic alliance, psychotherapy outcomes, and interpersonal problems was examined. The present study hypothesized therapeutic alliance would mediate the relationship between interpersonal functioning and outcome among patients with multiple sclerosis entering psychotherapy for depression. Nineteen clients received 16 weeks of individual cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression as described by D. C. Mohr, A. C. Boudewyn, D. E. Goodkin, A. Bostrom, and L. Epstein (2001). Participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961), the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems‐Circumplex (IIP‐C; Alden, Wiggins, & Pincus, 1990), and the Working Alliance Inventory‐Client Form (WAI‐C; Horvath & Greenberg, 1989). The IIP‐C significantly predicted Week 16 BDI and the WAI‐C at 4 weeks. When controlling for the WAI‐C, the relationship between the IIP‐C and BDI was no longer significant, supporting the mediational hypothesis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 62: 1197–1204, 2006.
Clinical action: Introduction to the special section on the action perspective in clinical psychology
Authors: Shahar Golan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAction theory (AT) is an emerging theoretical and empirical paradigm that is based on multiple perspectives. The common denominator of these perspectives is their depiction of the individual as actively shaping his or her interpersonal environment. The purpose of this special section is to evaluate the impact of AT on clinical psychology. To that effect, articles that focus on a broad range of topics, including stress and depression, chronic pain, child and adolescent development, clinical case formulation, psychotherapy for suicidal patients, and public mental health policy in relation to recovery from psychosis have been assembled. Presenting novel conceptualizations and data on the ways in which individuals actively shape their environment, these articles highlight the potential of AT for improving clinical science and practice. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 62: 1053–1064, 2006.
The action formulation: A proposed heuristic for clinical case formulation
Authors: Shahar Golan , Porcerelli John H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe authors propose the action formulation (TAF), a heuristic for clinical case formulation. The action formulation relies on the action perspective, which depicts individuals as actively shaping their environment, and is premised upon four guidelines: (a) map the client's social environment, focusing on sources of support, chronic interpersonal difficulties, and negative and positive life events; (b) identify how the clients, in the context of their personalities, psychopathologies, and strengths, actively influence their environment; (c) differentiate between maladaptive, risk‐related, interpersonal cycles, and adaptive, protective‐based ones; and (d) tailor integrative techniques to short‐circuit the former cycles and bolster the latter ones. Links between TAF and emerging issues in clinical assessment are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 62: 1115–1127, 2006.