bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibody response to nonstructural proteins of hepatitis A virus following infection
Authors: Robertson Betty H. , Jia Xi‐Yu , Tian Houwen , Margolis Harold S. , Summers Donald F. , Ehrenfeld Ellie 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe nonstructural proteins of hepatitis A virus (HAV), produced during active virus replication, are alternative antigens that could be used to differentiate disease from inactivated vaccine‐induced antibodies. An assay based on immune precipitation of proteins translated from transcripts of the P2 region of viral cDNA was used to evaluate the development of antibodies after natural infection or vaccination. Antibodies against P2 proteins were found in all sera from clinical cases of hepatitis A following the acute phase. Chimpanzees vaccinated with inactivated or cell‐adapted HAV had no detectable antibodies against P2 products, either before or after wild type virus challenge. A serosurvey of sera positive for total anti‐HAV (HAVAB, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago) suggested that some individuals had no detectable antibodies to the P2 antigen by immune precipitation. These results were attributed to the lower sensitivity of the immunoprecipitation assay, since antibodies to capsid proteins, as measured by immunoprecipitation, were also not detected in most of these sera. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is the course of perinatal hepatitis B virus infection influenced by genetic heterogeneity of the virus?
Authors: Raimondo Giovanni , Tanzi Elisabetta , Brancatelli Santa , Campo Salvatore , Sardo Maria A. , Rodinò Giuseppina , Pernice Maurizio , Zanetti Alessandro R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe studied the relations between genetic heterogeneity of pre‐C region of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA and outcome of HBV infection in 5 infants with perinatal infection, 3 born to antihepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), and 2 to HBeAg positive mothers. HBV infection developed in the babies at 3–4 months of age, but it resolved with seroconversion to anti‐HBs in infants born to anti‐HBe positive mothers, while the infection became chronic in the 2 babies born to HBeAg positive mothers. HBV‐DNA extracted from the first hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive serum sample of each baby was amplified and directly sequenced for the pre‐core region. HBV‐DNA sequences from 3 babies born to anti‐HBe positive mothers showed at position 1896 the contemporary presence of 2 nucleotides (G + A), indicating a mixture of wild‐type and "e minus"variant HBV. These findings suggest a possible co‐transmission of the 2 viruses from anti‐HBe positive mothers to newborns. HBV‐DNA from babies born to HBeAg positive mothers showed wild‐type sequences only. The results of this study suggest that the outcome of HBV infection in newborns depends not only on the host's immunocompetence and on viremia level in maternal blood, but also on heterogeneity of HBV. Transmission of mixed HBV populations appears associated with an early immunoelimination of the virus, while infection with wild‐type HBV alone contributes to induction of chronicity. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification and molecular characterization of two diagnostically relevant marker proteins of the Epstein‐Barr virus capsid antigen complex
Authors: Van Grunsven Wout M. J. , Nabbe Arjan , Middeldorp Jaap M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe molecular specificity of the IgG response against Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) was studied in 345 randomly collected sera of normal healthy individuals. The sera were tested on immunoblots containing antigens of the cell line HH514.c16 (a superinducible derivate of P3HR1), noninduced or induced for the expression of early antigens (EA) or viral capsid antigens (VCA), and from the EBV‐negative cell line Ramos‐Nut. This study reveals a remarkable similar antigen recognition pattern of IgG class antibodies in sera of healthy EBV carriers. The protein bands recognized predominantly have molecular weights of 18 kD, 36/38 kD, 40 kD, 72 kD, and 160 kD. The 72 kD and 36/38 kD bands were identified as EBNA1 and "Zebra," respectively, using reading frame‐specific antisera. The bands at 160 kD (major capsid protein), 40 kD, and 18 kD were identified as VCA‐class proteins. Of all EBV‐seropositive sera tested, 98% reacted with either p18 or p40 or both. The synthesis of the antigens p18 and p40 was inhibited by phosphonoacetic acid, indicating that these were true late proteins. The detection of p18 and p40 in purified virion and capsid preparations confirms that these proteins are structural components of viral capsid antigen complex. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variability of IgM response in hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Zaaijer H. L. , Mimms L. T. , Cuypers H. T. M. , Reesink H. W. , Van Der Poel C. L. , Taskar S. , Lelie P. N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe IgM and IgG antibody response to various hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigens was studied in 8 patients who acquired posttransfusion HCV infection. IgM anti‐HCV was detectable in only 4 of these patients, coincident with (1 patient) or later than (3 patients) the IgG anti‐HCV response. Seven patients had initially decreasing IgG anti‐HCV titres, indicating passive transfer of antibodies from donor to recipient. All 8 patients showed active IgG seroconversion, as demonstrated by increasing IgG anti‐HCV titres, on average, 75 days after infection. Five years after infection, all patients were still reactive for IgG anti‐HCV antibodies and 7 were positive for HCV RNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two of these PCR positive patients were also reactive for IgM anti‐HCV. It is concluded that the serology of HCV infection does not follow the classical pattern of IgM response preceding detection of IgG. The IgM response may be absent, late, or persistent after HCV infection. The serological diagnosis of recent HCV infection should be based on the polymerase chain reaction or rising IgG titres in at least 2 sequential patient blood samples. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serological studies of an enterically transmitted non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in Somalia
Authors: Mushahwar Isa K. , Dawson George J. , Bile Khalif M. , Magnius Lars O. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn outbreak of an acute sporadic viral hepatitis occurring at three villages in the lower Shebli region of southern Somalia was studied. Sera were examined for antibodies to hepatitis E virus (HEV) antigen by a recently developed enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. The prevalence of anti‐HEV ranged from 77.8% to 94.0% among the three villages. Anti‐HEV prevalence did not differ significantly with age or sex. HEV infections were widely distributed among all age groups, without a preponderance in any specific age category. Overall, 97.6% of afflicted patients who were examined 6–10 days after onset of jaundice developed either IgM or IgG anti‐HEV. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Absence of human papillomavirus type 16 E6 transcripts in HPV 16‐infected, cytologically normal cervical scrapings
Authors: Falcinelli Cristina , Van Belkum Alex , Schrauwen Lianne , Seldenrijk Kees , Quint Wim G. V. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBy a combination of reversed transcription and subsequent polymerase chain reaction (RNA‐PCR), 23 cytologically normal cervical scrapings, positive for the presence of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV 16) DNA, were analyzed for the presence of transcripts originating from the E6 region of the viral genome. This region is thought to be involved in transformational, tumorigenic events. No mRNAs of the E6 region were detectable using the most sensitive PCR‐mediated procedure currently available. Since it was previously shown that in cytological abnormal cervical scrapings about one‐half of the samples positive for HPV 16 DNA express mRNAs of the E6 region, a difference between normal and abnormal cervical scrapings, when the HPV 16 is present, exists. The observed difference between cytologically normal and abnormal, HPV‐DNA‐positive cervical scrapes may eventually be used as a prognostic marker for screening of women at risk for the development of cervical carcinoma. However, firm establishment of the putative correlation between tumor progression and the presence of E6 transcripts requires extensive follow‐up analysis of HPV‐positive patients. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients in southern Sweden: Epidemiological, clinical, and diagnostic aspects
Authors: Nordenfelt E. , Löfgren B. , Widell A. , Hansson B.‐G. , Zhang Y. Y. , Hagstam K.‐E. , Kurkus J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies of 12% was found in 276 patients from 11 dialysis units. Between zero and 22% of the patients in the different units were anti‐HCV positive. The epidemiology of HCV was studied in two units during a 2 year period by antibody assays and the polymerase chain reaction and correlated with clinical manifestations. Two types of epidemiologic patterns were found that may explain the wide difference of HCV prevalence described in different dialysis units. In one unit there was no evidence of spread within the unit, and the prevalence of HCV was dependent on the status of the patients entering for treatment. In the other unit, a clustering of infected patients could be seen in which 13 of 36 were infected during a 3 year period. Some patients who had not received blood transfusions were among the infected. Hepatitis C infection was the most common explanation for repeated abnormal transferase levels. Most of the HCV‐infected patients reacted both for anti‐HCV and HCV RNA. HCV RNA was in general detected earlier than anti‐HCV seroconversion. Among 20 HCV RNApositive serum samples that were anti‐HCV ELISA‐positive 18 had indeterminate and two negative reactions by immunoblot (RIBA 2). Thus the RIBA 2 test should be used with caution as a confirmatory antibody test in this group of patients. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epstein‐Barr virus genomic sequences and specific antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid in children with neurologic complications of acute and reactivated EBV infections
Authors: Imai Shosuke , Usui Norio , Sugiura Makoto , Osato Toyoro , Sato Toshiya , Tsutsumi Hiroyuki , Tachi Nobutada , Nakata Shuji , Yamanaka Tatsuru , Chiba Shunzo , Shimada Masamitsu 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFour children with infectious mononucleosis (IM) and one with reactivated Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection had concomitant central nervous system disorders. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from all five patients contained EBV genomic sequences and EBV‐specific antibodies in the neurologic stage, but not during convalescence. Cerebrospinal fluid from two non‐neurologic IM patients had neither EBV DNA nor EBV antibodies. The EBV‐positive CSF of the five with neurological disorders were aseptic in culture and all negative for other human herpesvirus DNAs and antibodies: herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, cytomegalovirus, varicella‐zoster virus, and human herpesvirus 6. Epstein‐Barr virus DNA and EBV antibodies were not detected in the CSF of 17 EBV‐seropositive patients with mumps meningitis, rubella encephalitis, unknown febrile convulsion, or partial epilepsy. It is suggested that EBV plays a causal role in neurologic manifestations in patients with acute and reactivated EBV infections, through direct viral invasion and immunopathological reactions. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative assessment of hepatitis B virus DNA in chronic hepatitis B: comparison of two solution hybridization assays
Authors: Janssen Harry L. A. , Schoenmaker‐Weber Yvonne A. M. , Kruining Hans , Schalm Solko W. , Heijtink Rudolf A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe compared two solution hybridization assays, the AffiProbe assay (Orion Corporation) and the Abbott HBV‐DNA assay (Abbott), for quantitative measurement of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA in serum samples obtained from chronic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers. Forty transversally collected (group 1) and 83 serially collected (group 2) serum samples from chronic hepatitis B patients were tested with both assays. The serial serum samples were obtained from 6 patients who underwent α‐interferon therapy with different outcomes (nonresponse, hepatitis B e antigen [HBeAg] seroconversion, HBeAg and HBsAg seroconversion). In group 1 a good correlation (r = 0.91; P < 0.001) was found between the HBV‐DNA results of the two assays. Two samples (5%) were HBV‐DNA positive according to the Abbott but negative according to the AffiProbe assay; for all other samples the HBV‐DNA status corresponded. In group 2 the assays gave colinear HBV‐DNA results during follow‐up of 5 of the 6 patients (correlation for the total group: r = 0.90; P < 0.001). Nevertheless, in both groups the AffiProbe assay yielded about 5–10 times higher HBV‐DNA levels than the Abbott HBV‐DNA assay (P < 0.001). These discordant results were most probably due to standardization differences of the positive control samples of the two test systems. This observation underlines the need for international standardization of HBV‐DNA and uniform reference panels. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preliminary evidence that a trpE‐HEV fusion protein protects cynomolgus macaques against challenge with wild‐type hepatitis e virus (HEV)
Authors: Purdy Michael A. , McCaustland Karen A. , Krawczynski Kris , Spelbring John , Reyes Gregory R. , Bradley Daniel W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractImmunization of two cynomolgus macaques (cynos) with trpE‐C2 protein, a trpE‐HEV fusion protein that represents the carboxyl two thirds of the putative capsid protein, prevented development of biochemical evidence of viral hepatitis in these primates after challenge by wild‐type HEV from either a Burmese or Mexican stool isolate. Neither of the immunized animals showed any elevation of alanine aminotransferase activity after challenge with wild‐type HEV in marked contrast with the unimmunized (control) cynos. In the case of the Burmese HEV challenged cyno, the protective effect was complete with the animal failing to demonstrate any evidence of HEV infection. The immunized cyno challenged with Burmese HEV did not exhibit any HEV RNA in its stools or HEV antigen in its liver. The immunized cyno (#8902) challenged with Mexican virus exhibited HEV RNA in its stools and HEV antigen in its liver; however, microscopic examination of liver biopsy specimens from this cyno failed to detect histopathologic evidence of viral hepatitis. All of the animals (naive and immunized) developed anti‐HEV IgM and IgG responses after HEV challenge. Our preliminary studies indicate that the trpE‐C2 protein is a promising candidate HEV vaccine.
Accelerated schedule of hepatitis B vaccination in patients with hemophilia
Authors: Santagostino Elena , Mannucci Pier Mannuccio , Gringeri Alessandro , Rumi Maria Grazia , Rafanelli Daniela , Rocino Angiola , Schiavoni Mario , Chistolini Antonio , Bona Eros Di , Muleo Gaetano 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEarly development of immunity after hepatitis B vaccination is particularly important for patients such as hemophiliacs, at high risk for acquiring hepatitis B from potentially infectious plasmaderived concentrates. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether or not protective antibody titers could be achieved quickly and maintained in hemophiliacs by an accelerated vaccination schedule. A yeast‐recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (Engerix B, SKF Ritt) was given subcutaneously in the deltoid region and repeated 2 and 6 weeks later to 85 hemophiliacs negative for hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers. After the first 22 patients had been enrolled, a modification of the schedule involving a fourth booster dose 24 weeks after the first dose of vaccine was applied to the next 63 consecutive vaccinees.Fifty‐three percent of vaccinees had antibody titers to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti‐HBs≥ 10 mlU/ml) by week 6, even though the mean titers of anti‐HBs were somewhat lower than those achieved historically in normal individuals. The protection rate had increased to 87% by week 10, one month after the third dose of vaccine, and to 93% by week 24. One year after starting vaccination, the rate for the vaccinees who did not receive the fourth booster dose was 71%, and 96% for those who did receive the fourth dose, with only 2 patients not responding despite the booster dose. It is concluded that even though the accelerated schedule of immunization produced rapidly high rates of protective antibody titers, a booster dose is required to obtain higher titers and provide more persistent immunity.
Hepatitis C viral RNA titers in serum prior to, during, and after oral treatment with ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Reichard Olle , Yun Zhi‐Bing , Sönnerborg Anders , Weiland Ola 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTen patients with biopsy verified chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection were treated with oral ribavirin at a dose of 1,000–1,200 mg per day in two divided doses for 12 weeks. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and hepatitis C viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) levels in serum were followed prior to, during, and 12 weeks posttreatment. ALT levels decreased significantly in all patients during therapy from a mean level of 3.21 μkat/l (range 1.22 to 7.79) before, to 1.25 μkat/l (range 0.78 to 2.04) at the end of treatment (P < 0.005). Hereafter, relapse to pretreatment levels was seen within 12 weeks after treatment stop. The hepatitis C viral RNA levels decreased from a mean 10 log titer of 4.1 (range 1–6) before treatment to 3.4 (range 1–5) at treatment stop. Five patients did not change their HCV RNA titers during treatment. Twelve weeks posttreatment only 3 patients had lower titers than prior to treatment. We conclude that oral ribavirin seems to reduce the viral load, at least temporarily, in some patients with chronic viremic HCV infection. Further studies are needed to evaluate fully the effect of oral ribavirin on chronic HCV infection.
Specific deletions in the hepatitis B virus core open reading frame in patients with chronic active hepatitis B
Authors: Ackrill Andrew M. , Naoumov Nikolai V. , Eddleston Adrian L. W. F. , Williams Roger 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing were used to examine genomic variation in the pre‐core/core open reading frame of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in chronically infected patients. Gel electrophoresis of amplification products showed the presence of shortened forms of the core gene in addition to the full length product. These shortened forms were seen only in patients with chronic active hepatitis (CAH) seropositive for HBeAg and not in patients with chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH) or HBeAg minus CAH. Cloning and DNA sequencing revealed the presence of a number of overlapping deletions within the core gene, the majority being in‐frame, which were clustered within aa 81‐114 of the core gene product. These deletions were found in patients with CAH from different racial and geographical backgrounds, whereas PCR analysis of the surface and ×open reading frames showed no shortened forms suggesting deletions to be specific to the core gene in these patients. Because the product of the core gene‐the HBV core antigen–is believed to be the major target for T‐cell‐mediated liver damage, it seems likely that the products of core genes carrying deletions will alter immune recognition and may be of importance in the progression of inflammatory liver damage.
Efficacy of a recombinant Norwalk virus protein enzyme immunoassay for the diagnosis of infections with Norwalk virus and other human “candidate” caliciviruses
Authors: Parker Simon , Cubitt David , Jiang Jason Xi , Estes Mary 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA recombinant Norwalk virus antigen enzyme immunoassay (rNV EIA) for the detection of Norwalk virus (NV) antibodies was evaluated using sera from volunteers and patients infected with Norwalk, Hawaii, Snow Mountain Agent, small round structured viruses (SRSV), and human calicivirus (HuCV) strains. The results for NV antibodies correlated well with previous results obtained using a NV radioimmunoassay. The test rNV EIA was found to be highly specific for NV. The results of tests on sera obtained from patients involved in confirmed outbreaks of SRSV in the UK showed that only 1/12 was due to Norwalk virus. Further evidence is presented that SRSV strain UK2 is antigenically related to NV.
Partial control of hepatitis delta virus superinfection by immunisation of woodchucks (Marmota monax) with hepatitis delta antigen expressed by a recombinant vaccinia or baculovirus
Authors: Karayiannis P. , Saldanha J. , Jackson A. M. , Luther S. , Goldin R. , Monjardino J. , Thomas H. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have successfully limited the level of hepatitis delta viraemia occurring after superinfection of hepadna‐virus infected woodchucks by prior immunisation with the short form of the hepatitis delta virus antigen expressed by a recombinant baculovirus or vaccinia virus. This phenomenon occurred in the absence of detectable circulating antibody to hepatitis delta virus antigen and in the absence of evidence of priming of the humoral immune response and may reflect the induction of a cytotoxic T‐cell response. The latter would control viraemia by rapid lysis of delta antigen expressing hepatocytes. It is suggested that the T‐cell epitopes involved may be located on the carboxyl end of the delta protein (amino acids 77‐195).
Efficacy of (S)‐1‐(3‐hydroxy‐2‐phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine for the treatment of lethal vaccinia virus infections in severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mice
Authors: Neyts Johan , Clercq Erik De 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSevere combined immune deficient (SCID) mice inoculated intravenously with vaccinia virus (VV) became sick within 6–8 days and died 10–12 days after infection. Tail lesions developed and the number depended on the virus inoculum. Age‐matched immunocompetent NMRI mice similarly infected also developed tail lesions but did not become sick. When the infected SCID mice were treated with the acyclic nucleoside phosphonate HPMPC [(S)‐1‐(3‐hydroxy‐2‐phosphonylmethoxypropyl) cytosine], either for 5 consecutive days starting on the day of infection or for 5 consecutive days starting on day 2, 4, or 6 post infection, or as a single dose at 7 days or 1 day before infection, VV‐associated death was significantly delayed. VV‐infected SCID mice that received two doses of 20 mg/kg of HPMPC every week survived the infection for about 130 days. The period during which the mice remained disease‐free following HPMPC treatment correlated with the absence of detectable virus in their organs. The VV/SCID mouse model employed here may be useful for determining whether (attenuated) recombinant VV (carrying HIV genes) may have detrimental effects in the immunodeficient host. HPMPC may be considered as a drug candidate for the treatment and prophylaxis of such complications.