bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toxicological data needed for safety evaluation and regulation on inherent plant toxins
Authors: Spcijers Gerrit J. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAlthough the awareness that natural compounds in foodstuffs can have implications for human health is growing, there is a lack of data on the toxicology and occurrence. To enable the safety evaluation of inherent plant toxins adequate texicological data are necessary. Of most inherent plant toxins at best only limited toxicological data are available, which makes it impossible to perform an accurate safety evaluation. This limited knowledge of inherent plant toxins permits the mystical claim of safety on the basis of history of food use, and thus the development of specific food safety regulation has been postponed. To further develop flexible and adequate regulation, for at least some inherent plant toxins, an adequate set of toxicological data should be available in order to verify and validate the initial regulation. Several problems (e.g., availability of the plant toxin or accuracy of historical human toxicity data) which arise when gathering the necessary data and the development of regulations are discussed and elaborated with a few examples such as solanum alkaloids and glucosinolates.As long as nobody is held responsible to study safety aspects of inherent plant toxins, the lack of data will persist. Therefore a certain level of regulation should be recommended to provide the data needed. Such safety research projects integrated with new agricultural developments should be endorsed by the European Union and other international bodies. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anti‐nutritional factors of Datura in feedstuffs
Authors: Piva Gianfranco , Piva Andrea 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSoybean seed, linseed, some cereals seeds, and their by‐products are infected by Datura seed weed of different varieties. The most common Datura spp. noxious to the farm animals are D. stramonium (atropine alkaloid) and D. ferox (scopolamine, 98‐100% of total alkaloids) mainly present in Europe and South America, respectively. The presence of alkaloids from Datura seeds in feedingstuffs may be responsible for chronic and/or subclinical toxic effects; acute poisoning from Datura seeds are rare.Pigs are the most sensitive animals to Datura poisoning, followed by cattle, horses, and chickens. Sheep and rabbits are indifferent to atropine presence in food because they synthesize the atropine esterase enzyme. The progressive atropine poisoning in pigs leads to a reduction of feed intake and growth, gastrointestinal motility and secretory activity, extreme mouth dryness, increased respiration and cardiac rate, pupil dilation, etc. Clinical symptoms are partly similar among different species.Toxic effects from Datura alkaloids presence in feeds showed possible variability of alkaloids content tolerated by pigs. In our recent trials, the threshold limit in pigs (20‐60 kg live weight) was 1.5 mg alkaloids/kg of feed (1.21 mg alkaloids/kg l.w.75). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occurrence of fumonisins in Europe and the BCR—measurements and testing projects
Authors: Visconti Angelo , Boenke Achim , Doko M. Bruno , Solfrizzo Michele , Pascale Michelangelo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFumonisins are mycotoxins mainly produced by Fusarium moniliforme, one of the most prevalent seed‐borne fungi of maize. Strains of Fusarium moniliforme isolated from cereals in Europe produced in cultures high levels (up to 4 mg/g) of fumonisins B1 and B2 (FB1 and FB2). FB1 and FB2 have been found in maize and maize‐based foods and feeds in most European countries. In Italy these mycotoxins have been directly involved in a fatal outbreak of equine leukoencephalomalacia, and have been found at different levels in most maize‐based food products, including polenta—a staple food in a region with high incidence of esophageal cancer. The European Commission, Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) and Measurements and Testing Programme (M&T), has undertaken two consecutive intercomparison studies, involving over 20 laboratories from 12 European countries, to improve the quality of fumonisins analysis at European level. The first study consisted in the evaluation of the determination of fumonisins in an unknown solution, while the second one involved the analytical methodology for fumonisins in contaminated and blank maize samples. A definite improvement in the performance of the different laboratories has been observed in the second study. In view of the production of reference materials certified for their fumonisins contents, new analytical procedures need to be developed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of fumonisins produced in Fusarium moniliforme cultures by HPLC with electrospray MS and evaporative light scattering detectors
Authors: Plattner Ronald D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA variety of toxic secondary metabolites including fumonisins, can be produced by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme and closely related species in section Liseola in large amounts (g/kg in laboratory cultures). Underivatized fumonisins were detected by HPLC using either an evaporative light scattering detector or electrospray MS. Electrospray MS used together with NMR and GC/MS was used to identify a new fumonisin, fumonisin C4, which corresponds in structure to fumonisin B4 with the C‐1 terminal methyl group missing. Several novel strains of F. moniliforme mating population A were identified that produced little or no fumonisin B1, but large amounts of either fumonisin B2, or B3 together with fumonisin B4 and C4. These strains which do not produce fumonisin B1 should prove useful in purification of fumonisin B2, B3, C4, and B4 for toxicology studies. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids: A competitive enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA) for the quantitative determination of some toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Authors: Roeder Erhard , Pflueger Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA highly sensitive and specific competitive enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA) for the determination of retrorsine, senecionine, and integemimine in the nanogram range has been developed. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids were detected in Senecio rupestris. No cross‐reactivity was seen with either retrorsine N‐oxide, otonecine alkaloids, or other macrocyclic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phytotoxic effect of deoxynivalenol and gibberella ear rot resistance of com
Authors: Cossette Françoise , Miller J. David 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Fusarium graminearum mycotoxin deoxynivalenol was shown to be more phytotoxic to com senotypes susceptible to gibberella ear rot than resistant genotypes. The toxin caused greater damage to the membranes of the susceptible genotypes, as evidenced by the release of Na and K ions into solution. Isolated protoplasts of ear rot‐resistant genotypes were able to bind more radiolabelled deoxynivalenol than those of susceptible genotypes, providing a partial explanation for the membrane tolerance to the toxin. The results are discussed in relation to the role of resistance to this phytotoxin and tolerance to gibberella ear rot. Published 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of intravenous fumonisin B1 in rabbits: Nephrotoxicityxs and sphingolipid alterations
Authors: Gumprecht Laura A. , Marcucci Annemarie , Weigel Ronald M. , Vesonder Ronald F. , Riley Ronald T. , Showker Jency L , Beasley Val R. , Haschek Wanda M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFumonisin B1 is hepatotoxic in all species, but nephrotoxicity has only been reported in rats. It is a specific inhibitor of sphinganine N‐acyltransferase. Our objective was to determine the target organs for fumonisin toxicosis in the rabbit. We administered fumonisin B1 (> 95% pure) intravenously to adult rabbits and examined selected clinical, biochemical, and histological parameters for up to 5 days. In a pilot study, rabbits were given fumonisin B1 at 1, 0.5, 0.3, 0.15, or 0 mg/kg daily for 4 or 5 days and then euthanized. Additional rabbits were given a single dose of fumonisin B1 at 1 mg/kg and euthanized on day 2 or 4. In the formal time‐course study, rabbits were given a single dose of fumonisin B1 at O or 1.25 mg/kg and euthanized on days 1, 3, or 5. Rabbits given multiple doses of fumonisin B1 were lethargic and anorectic, and had decreased urine production. Liver‐ and renal‐associated clinical chemistry parameters were elevated. Renal lesions consisted of severe proximal tubular necrosis. Liver lesions were variable and consisted of mild necrosis, hepatocyte vacuolation, and bile stasis. The sphinganine‐to‐sphingosine ratio, in both target and nontarget tissues, was markedly elevated in treated rabbits. A single dose of fumonisin B1 induced renal but not hepatic injury. Therefore, the target organs for fumonisin B1 toxicity in rabbits are kidney and liver, with the kidney being more sensitive. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An illustration of acceptance criteria in regression modelling
Authors: Davis Keith Wilson , Stevenson William G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe principles and assumptions underpining statistical regression analysis are considered. Emphasis is placed on the modelling aspects of the procedure, rather than analysis. Assumptions implicit in the process are identified and the requirements for their validation argued. The tentative status of an identified model is highlighted. The application of the principles is illustrated with an example from Pharmacoepidemiology.
Drug use in pregnancy at a referral and district hospital in northern India
Authors: Uppal R. , Dhall G. I. , Shoba G. , Singh M. M. , Biswas N. R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis is the Indian counterpart of the co‐operative study on drug use in pregnancy carried out under the auspices of WHO–EURO and co‐ordinated by the Mario Negri Institute, Milan (Italy). In all 1497 pregnant women were interviewed (1000 from the referral hospital and 497 from the city hospital) to collect the information.The mean age of the mothers was 25 years; 50% were hospitalized on the day of delivery; 50% of the deliveries were normal and the other 50% were assisted or operative. Congential malformations were seen in 2.0% of the newborns.The drugs taken throughout pregnancy were tetanus toxoid (TT) and nutritional supplements (iron, folic acid, calcium and multivitamins) and constituted the largest group (35%). Women on chronic therapy for medical or obstetrical problems related to the pregnancy were 1%. Overall 30.5% of the women received drugs during hospitalization for delivery. Local and general anaesthetics and oxytocics were the most used during this period.As the rate of operative deliveries was high 33% of the women received antimicrobials, analgesics and sedatives during puerperium. Nutritional supplements were used extensively during current or planned breast‐feeding.The routine use of iron supplements in pregnancy and the high rate of operative deliveries seemed to contrast to other countries which participated in this study.
Adverse drug reactions: Can consumers provide early warning?
Authors: Mitchell Andrew S. , Henry David A. , Hennrikus Deborah , O'Connell Dianne L 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn order to investigate the potential value of a drug monitoring system based on consumer reports we asked community pharmacists to distribute previously validated event report forms to users of two popular non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), piroxicam and diclofenac, in the Hunter Region of New South Wales, Australia. Although response rates were low, comparisons of replies from NSAID users and drug‐free subjects in the community identified a range of established symptomatic reactions from NSAIDs affecting the gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system and lower urinary tract. In comparison, analysis of adverse reaction reports from health professionals revealed a tendency to report more severe but rarer reactions affecting the upper gastrointestinal tract, liver, skin and haematological system. It is likely that a system based on consumer reports could augment current sources of information on adverse drug effects by revealing reactions which are important to consumers and yet often evade detection during pre‐marketing clinical trials. Such a system might also have a capacity to generate very early signals of previously unsuspected symptomatic reactions with new drugs.
Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of styrene under microwave irradiation
Authors: Zhu Jian , Zhu Xiulin , Zhang Zhengbiao , Cheng Zhenping 
Published: October 2006

AbstractReversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerizations of styrene under microwave irradiation (MI), with or without azobisisobutyronitrile, were successfully carried out in bulk at 72 and 98 °C, respectively. The results showed that the polymerizations had living/controlled features, and there was a significant enhancement of the polymerization rates under MI in comparison with conventional heating (CH) under the same conditions. The polymer structures were characterized with 1H and 13C NMR. The results showed the same structure for both polymers obtained by MI and CH. Successful chain‐extension experimentation further demonstrated the livingness of the RAFT polymerization carried out under MI. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 6810‐6816, 2006
Effects of different acid functional groups on proton conductivity of polymer‐1,2,4‐triazole blends
Authors: Günday S. T. , Bozkurt A. , Meyer W. H. , Wegner G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractProton transfer reactions under anhydrous conditions have attracted remarkable interest due to chemical energy conversions in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. In this work, 1H‐1,2,4‐triazole (Tri) was used as a proton solvent in different polymer host matrices such as Poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA), and poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propane sulfonic acid) (PAMPS). PVPATrix and PAMPSTrix electrolytes were investigated where x is the molar ratio of Tri to corresponding polymer repeat unit. The interaction between polymer and Tri was studied via FTIR spectroscopy. Thermogravimetry analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were employed to examine the thermal stability and homogeneity of the materials, respectively. PVPATri1.5 showed a maximum water‐free proton conductivity of 2.3 × 10−3 S/cm at 120 °C and that of PAMPSTri2 was 9.3 × 10−4 S/cm at 140 °C. The results were interpreted in terms of different acidic functional groups and composition. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3315–3322, 2006
Structural studies of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) microgels: Effect of SDS surfactant concentration in the microgel synthesis
Authors: Andersson Mirja , Maunu Sirkka Liisa 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThermoresponsive colloidal microgels were prepared by polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) in the presence of a crosslinking monomer, N,N‐methylenebisacrylamide, in water with varying concentrations (<CMC) of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS). Volume phase transitions of the prepared microgels were studied in D2O by 1H NMR spectroscopy including the measurements of spin–lattice (T1) and spin–spin (T2) relaxation times for the protons of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) at temperature range 22–50 °C. In addition, microcalorimetry, turbidometry, dynamic light scattering, and electrophoretic mobility measurements were used to characterize the aqueous microgels. As expected, increasing SDS concentration in the polymerization batch decreased the hydrodynamic size of an aqueous microgel. Structures with high mobilities at temperatures above the LCST of PNIPAM were observed in the microgels prepared with small amount of SDS, as indicated by the relaxation times of different PNIPAM protons. It was concluded that the high mobility at high temperatures is in connection to a mobile surface layer with polyelectrolyte nature and with high local LCST. High SDS concentration in the synthesis was observed to prevent the formation of permanent, solid PNIPAM particles. The results from different characterization methods indicated that PNIPAM microgels prepared in high SDS concentrations appear to be more homogeneously structured than their correspondences prepared in low SDS concentration. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3305–3314, 2006
Isothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate)/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites
Authors: Hsu Sung‐Fu , Wu Tzong‐Ming , Liao Chien‐Shiun 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPoly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)/layered double hydroxides (LDHs) nanocomposites were prepared by mixing PHB and poly(ethylene glycol) phosphonates (PEOPAs)‐modified LDH (PMLDH) in chloroform solution. Both X‐ray diffraction data and TEM micrographs of PHB/PMLDH nanocomposites indicate that the PMLDHs are randomly dispersed and exfoliated into the PHB matrix. In this study, the effect of PMLDH on the isothermal crystallization behavior of PHB was investigated using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and polarized optical microscopy. Isothermal crystallization results of PHB/PMLDH nanocomposites show that the addition of 2 wt % PMLDH into PHB induced more heterogeneous nucleation in the crystallization significantly increasing the crystallization rate and reducing their activation energy. By adding more PMLDH into the PHB probably causes more steric hindrance of the diffusion of PHB, reducing the transportation ability of polymer chains during crystallization, thus increasing the activation energy. The correlation among crystallization kinetics, melting behavior and crystalline structure of PHB/PMLDH nanocomposites can also be discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3337–3347, 2006
Central actions of Ganoderma lucidum
Authors: Kasahara Yoshimasa , Hikino Hiroshi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn aqueous extract of the dried fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum exhibited central depressant actions as shown by the inhibition of spontaneous motor activity, analgesic activity and delay in the time to death induced by either strychnine or caffeine. The extract also elicited some muscle relaxant effects.
Biological screening of Italian medicinal plants for anti‐inflammatory activity
Authors: Mascolo Nicolo , Autore Giuseppina , Capasso Francesco , Menghini Alessandro , Fasulo Maria Palmira 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPlants of 27 families, encompassing 75 species, have been selected on the basis of medicinal folklore. They are being studied in a broad screening programme for their anti‐inflammatory activity, using carrageenin foot oedema in rats. Only 4 species were very active, inhibiting carrageenin foot oedema by 42 to 74%, but overall 72% exhibited some anti‐inflammatory activity.
Influence of the host plant in the cytostatic activity of Viscum cruciatum sieber
Authors: Ayuso M. J. , Saenz M. T. , De Miguel C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractExtracts prepared from 4 samples of Viscum cruciatum Sieber collected from 4 different botanic species were evaluated for cytostatic activity using the KB test system. The inhibition of cellular growth, determined according to the cellular protein content, varies with the nature of the host plant.
In vitro antimalarial activity of a Thai medicinal plant Picrasma javanica Bl
Authors: Pavanand Katchrinnee , Yongvanitchit Kosol , Webster H. Kyle , Dechatiwongse Thaweephol , Nutakul Wutichai , Jewvachdamrongkul Yenchit , Bansiddhi Jaree 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPicrasma javanica Bl., a medicinal plant used for the treatment of malaria in traditional medicine was evaluated for antimalarial activity. Primary screening demonstrated that the chloroform extract of the bark possessed the highest yield of antimalarial activity. Chemical isolation and purification of the active alkaloidal part yielded three different pure alkaloid components. Among these, one component was identified as the known major bark alkaloid, 4‐methoxy‐1‐vinyl‐β‐carboline, and a second new alkaloid, 6‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxy‐1‐vinyl‐β‐carboline. Complete characterization of the remaining alkaloid was not possible due to its inferior yield. The two identified alkaloids showed in vitro antimalarial activity against multi‐drug resistant Thai isolates of Plasmodium falciparum.
Acute toxicity and gastrointestinal irritant effect of Croton penduliflorus seed oil in mice
Authors: Asuzu I. U. , Chineme C. N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of three dosage levels (250 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg, 800 mg/kg per os) of Croton penduliflorus seed oil were studied in mice. The mice were dosed with the oil suspension in 5% Tween 20 through oral intubation. Five mice from each dosage group were slaughtered at 3 h, 9 h and 24 h post‐treatment with the oil. Various segments of the gastro‐intestinal tract and visceral organs including the liver, lung, kidney, spleen, testis, adrenal glands and heart were examined grossly and tissue sections were collected for histopathological examination. Croton oil initiated hypersecretions in all segments of the gastro‐intestinal tract. It also produced oedema in the stomach and mild inflammatory reactions in the jejunum, ileum and colon. The liver, lung and myocardium were the most affected of the visceral organs when mice were dosed with high levels (600 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg) of croton oil.
Mast cell stabilizing effect of glucan A and phosphatidyllycorine isolated from Crinum latifolium
Authors: Ghosal Shibnath , Shanthy Amirthalingam , Das Prasun K. , Mukhopadhyay Mita , Sarkar Mihir K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of glucan A and phosphatidyllycorine, isolated from Crinum latifolium L. (family Amaryllidaceae) was studied on the rate of degranulation of mast cells of albino rats. Different combinations of glucan A and phosphatidyllycorine (5–20 and 5–10 μg/mL, respectively) in vitro, produced statistically significant protection against Tween 80‐induced degranulation, as well as to sensitized mast cells challenged with an antigen (horse serum). The combination (10–20 mg/kg), when administered in vivo, also provided protection against compound 48/80‐induced degranulation of mast cells. The findings are appraised in view of the use of the total extract of C. latifolium, for the treatment of allergic disorders in Ayurvedic medicine.
Studies on the gastric anti‐ulcer activity of hypolaetin‐8‐glucoside
Authors: Alcaraz Maria José , Tordera María 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe gastric anti‐ulcer activity of hypolaetin‐8‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside (H‐8‐G), a flavonoid isolated from Sideritis leucantha, has been studied in rats. This compound significantly reduced gastric lesions induced by ethanol or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), with an increase in mucus production. In the pylorus‐ligated rat, H‐8‐G did not affect the volume of gastric secretion but decreased its acidity and peptic activity. The anti‐ulcer activity of this flavonoid does not depend on stimulation of cell proliferation in the rat gastric mucosa. Our results suggest that H‐8‐G activity is related to its cytoprotective effects [mediated by endogenous prostaglandins (PGs) and associated to an increase in gastric mucus production] alongside with its moderate antisecretory effects.
Evidence for some prostaglandins in Allium sativum extracts
Authors: Al‐Nagdy Sohair A. , Abdel‐Rahman M. O. , Heiba H. I. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHomogenized garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) was extracted successively with organic solvents and the prostaglandin‐rich fraction separated. Fractionation of the extract with column chromatography was performed. TLC of the extract indicated that prostaglandin like materials could be present. GC analysis detected prostaglandins A2 and F1α in the extract. This conclusion was confirmed by enrichment procedures using GC.