bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microorganisms in High‐temperature Sulfur Environments
Authors: Bonch‐Osmolovskaya Elizaveta 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Sulfur‐rich high‐temperature environments such as solfataric fields, hot springs and ‘black smokers’ provide habitats for microbial life at the upper temperature border. Such regions have yielded hyperthermophilic bacteria and archaea that grow optimally at temperatures above 80°C, some even above 100°C.
Viable but Nonculturable Bacteria
Authors: Steck Todd R 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Viable but nonculturable bacteria are not detected using standard microbiological assays, hence environmental samples thought to lack bacteria may in fact contain large numbers of these dormant‐like cells. Though controversial, the viable but nonculturable state can explain certain environmental microbial phenomenon, such as the source of recurrent bacterial infections in plants and animals.
Papillomaviruses
Authors: Christensen Neil D 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Papillomaviruses are small deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) tumour viruses that cause hyperproliferative lesions known as warts. A subset of human papillomaviruses (HPVs) that infect genital tissues are associated with cancers of the uterine cervix (cervical cancer) and other anogenital sites. Recent successful clinical trials have been completed using a virus‐like particle (VLP) vaccine, leading to the world's first food and drug administration (FDA)‐approved cancer vaccine (Gardasil).
Lysosomal Degradation of Proteins
Authors: Dice J Fred 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Lysosomal enzymes and lysosomal membrane proteins are targeted to lysosomes by distinct mechanisms. Mutations that cause a reduction in activity of a lysosomal enzyme cause a variety of lysosomal storage diseases. Lysosomes are able to take up and degrade proteins by at least five different pathways, and their contribution to overall proteolysis depends on the cell type and its physiological status. Recent studies have begun to define the molecular mechanisms of macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone‐mediated autophagy.
Plant Resistance to Infection by Viruses
Authors: Nicaise Valérie , Revers Frédéric 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Damages caused by viruses have a major economic and agronomic impact in agriculture. To counter these attacks, plants have developed efficient defence mechanisms that prevent or limit viral infection. Recently, important advances in our understanding of the molecular nature and mechanisms associated with recessive or dominant natural virus resistance genes have been made, as well as concerning the general antiviral defence system based on ribonucleic acid (RNA) silencing.
B
Lymphocytes: Receptors
Authors: Kurosaki Tomohiro , Hikida Masaki 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The B‐cell receptor (BCR) is a complex of integral membrane proteins which is expressed on the cell surface of B lymphocytes. The BCR not only recognizes an antigen and transduces activating signals, but also plays a central role in determining the fate of B lymphocytes.
Avian Influenza Viruses
Authors: Perdue Michael L 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Avian influenza viruses comprise scores of antigenic subtypes within the genus
Influenza A
of the
Orthomyxoviridae
family. They are found most prominently in migratory waterfowl and shorebirds and are sporadically transmitted to other avian and mammalian species. The consequences of such transmissions can range from a subclinical infection to a highly infectious and lethal respiratory disease. Further, such transmissions may result in increased gene mutations or the transfer of avian virus genes into other circulating influenza gene pools or both.
Basophils
Authors: Galli Stephen J , Chatterjea Devavani 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Basophilic granulocytes or ‘basophils’ are a type of leucocyte (‘white blood cell’) that circulates in the blood and can participate in the expression of allergic diseases, such as asthma and hay fever. These cells also can contribute to resistance to parasite infections. When they participate in allergic reactions or responses to parasites, basophils release histamine and many other biologically active molecules that can contribute to inflammation.
Immune System: Early Ontogeny
Authors: Marcos Miguel AR , Toribio María Luisa , Gaspar María Luisa 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The innate and adaptive compartments of the immune system are constantly regenerated in response to high cell turnover of their mature components. Immune development occurs from early postgastrulation periods up to the adult life, and the genes, progenitors and differentiation pathways involved change during ontogeny.
Lymphocytes: Gamma Delta
Authors: Gertner Julie , Scotet Emmanuel , Poupot Mary , Bonneville Marc , Fournié Jean‐Jacques 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
γδ Lymphocytes are a subset of T lymphocytes that express the γδ receptor for antigens. They are distinct from αβ T lymphocytes not only by their different mode of antigen recognition but also for the functions they fulfil. These HLA‐unrestricted lymphocytes are particularly attractive for developing anticancer therapies based on new activatory drugs.
Lymphocytes: Recirculation
Authors: Jalkanen Sirpa , Salmi Marko 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Successful immunosurveillance requires endless patrolling of lymphoid tissues by lymphocytes in search for foreign antigens. Bloodborne lymphocytes bind with vessel wall, transmigrate out from the circulatory tree, percolate through the tissues and return via the lymphatic vessels back into the blood in a tightly controlled process called lymphocyte recirculation. Leucocyte–endothelial cell interaction is mediated by adhesive and deadhesive interactions between multiple molecules on the two opposing cell types.
Antimicrobial, Host Defence Peptides and Proteins
Authors: Brown Kelly L , Mookherjee Neeloffer , Hancock Robert EW 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Host defence (antimicrobial) peptides and proteins are important effectors of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. To eradicate infectious agents and support immunity they (1) interfere with microbial integrity or metabolism by targeting structures or nutrients specific to microbes and (2) interact with host innate immune cells to tailor a heightened but balanced immune response.
Skin: Immunological Defence Mechanisms
Authors: Nickoloff Brian J 
Published: October 2007

AbstractHuman skin is the largest organ of the body providing a protective coat to ensure that exogenous ‘noxious’ agents do not jeopardize the function of vital internal organ systems. Being situated at the interface between external and internal milieus, a number of remarkable structural and functional characteristics of skin have been delineated that contribute to its effectiveness at maintaining homeostasis.
Transplantation of Haematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Gupta Vikas , Chen Christine , Keating Armand 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation involves the infusion of blood progenitor cells (stem cells) into patients with damaged bone marrow in order to restore normal marrow function. Stem cells may be obtained from a healthy donor (allogeneic) or from the patients themselves (autologous).
Cyclic Electron Transport
Authors: Johnson Giles N 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Cyclic electron transport is a light‐driven flow of electrons through a photosynthetic reaction centre with the electrons returning to the reaction centre via an electron transport pathway. Cyclic electron transport will normally generate an electrochemical potential (typically pH) gradient across a membrane but does not result in the net production of reductant. The pH gradient generated may drive the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (cyclic photophosphorylation) or may regulate photosynthesis.
Tumours: Immunotherapy
Authors: Salem Mohamed L , Rubinstein Mark P , Cole David J 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
For many years, the treatment of cancer was primarily focused on surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, but as researchers learn more about how the body fights cancer on its own, antitumour immunotherapies are being developed. Although some therapeutic approaches in use today are nonspecific, most protocols are designed to be antigen specific; the latter can be accomplished by either adoptive transfer or vaccination. Recent preclinical and clinical studies reflect the effectiveness of immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy as a potential approach to specifically target cancer leaving normal cells safe.
Plant Plasma Membrane
Authors: Larsson Christer , Sommarin Marianne , Pical Christophe , Kjellbom Per , Widell Susanne 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The plasma membrane encloses the cell contents and acts as a barrier between the cell and its environment. The plasma membrane allows a controlled exchange of ions and solutes with the rest of the organism and its surroundings, and plays an active role in many processes, such as plant development, pathogen resistance and frost‐hardiness.
Microsporidioses
Authors: Hale‐Donze Hollie , Didier Elizabeth S 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Microsporidia infect a wide range of invertebrates and vertebrates and were only rarely observed in humans until the mid‐1980s when these organisms became recognized as causes of opportunistic infections in persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) associated with persistent diarrhoea and wasting. Nowadays, microsporidioses are being identified more extensively among human populations that include children, travellers, the elderly and others who may be immunocompromised.
Vernalization
Authors: Finnegan E Jean , Helliwell Chris , Sheldon Candice , Peacock W James , Dennis Elizabeth , Bagnall David , Rouse Dean , Tadege Million 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Vernalization is the promotion of flowering in response to a prolonged period of growth at low temperatures, and is an important adaptation of plants growing at high latitudes or altitudes to ensure that flowering occurs in the warmer days of spring or summer, allowing sufficient time for seed development before the onset of winter. Vernalization is important in agriculture as various crop plants, including the winter cereals and canola, must experience a prolonged period at low temperatures to initiate flowering in the spring.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
Authors: Dearden Claire 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) results from the expansion of a clone of CD5+ B lymphocytes with distinct morphology and membrane antigens. The clinical course is variable and is determined by the stage of the disease. Genetic abnormalities detected by fluorescence
in situ
hybridization (FISH) analysis are important determinants of prognosis. Treatment is only indicated in symptomatic patients with active disease.
Influenza Epidemics
Authors: Neumann Gabriele , Kawaoka Yoshihiro 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Influenza viruses can cause either limited or worldwide epidemics (pandemics), during which acute febrile respiratory disease spreads rapidly among all age groups, accompanied by excess hospitalization and death. Influenza virus replication and adaptation to new hosts account for much of the evolutionary success of these viruses. Several influenza pandemics are described, and clinical features, control and immunity discussed.
Epitope Mapping:
B
‐cell Epitopes
Authors: Morris GE 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Immunoglobulin molecules are folded to present a surface structure complementary to a surface feature on the antigen – the epitope is this feature of the antigen. Epitope mapping is the process of locating the antibody‐binding site on the antigen, although the term is also applied more broadly to receptor–ligand interactions unrelated to the immune system.
Green Fluorescent Protein (
GFP
)
Authors: Hebshi Leila D , Angres Brigitte M , Li Xianqiang L , Kain Steven R 
Published: October 2007

Abstract

Green fluorescent protein (GFP), a fluorescent molecule, found in the jellyfish
Aequorea victoria
, is a useful reporter molecule for
in vitro
and whole organism gene expression studies. Several modifications have produced an important class of reporter molecules with superior monitoring capabilities.
Lake Communities
Authors: Brönmark Christer , Hansson Lars‐Anders 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Lakes are commonly classified according to productivity (oligotrophic versus eutrophic), thermal stratification patterns or where the major carbon input comes from. Within lakes we can recognize three different zones, the near‐shore littoral zone, the openwater pelagic zone and the lake bottom beneath, the profundal and each of these zones has its own community of organisms. Among lakes, lake community structure is determined by processes at different spatial and temporal scales including historical processes, speciation, environmental conditions and biotic interactions such as competition and predation.
Climate Change and Biogeochemical Impacts
Authors: Doney Scott C , Schimel David 
Published: October 2007

AbstractHuman activities are causing a significant build‐up of greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) and aerosols in the atmosphere, which is modulated in part by the land biosphere and ocean. Model projections for the coming century suggest that these changes in atmospheric composition will result in substantial global warming and strengthening of the hydrological cycle. Climate change and other human‐driven processes such as land‐use changes and ocean acidification will have profound impacts on global biogeochemistry and terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
Water Conservation and Efficiency
Authors: Cooley Heather , Gleick Peter H 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAlthough traditional water planning has brought tremendous benefits, it has also wrought unanticipated social, economic and environmental costs. The failure of the traditional water‐supply planning process is slowly leading to new discussions and new ideas. Increasingly, water managers are realizing the importance of managing the other side of the supply equation – demand. Demand management, or conservation and efficiency, refers to the implementation of technologies, practices and policies that reduce water use ‘without compromising service’. Although progress has been made in recent years, studies indicate that the potential for reducing water waste remains large.
Plant Organ Size Control
Authors: Stransfeld Lena , Lenhard Michael 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Plant organ size is remarkably constant within a given species, while related species can show dramatic differences in size, indicating that the extent of organ growth is under tight genetic control. Plant organs grow initially by proliferation (i.e. cell growth and cell division) and in a second phase by cell expansion without further divisions. Both processes are regulated by a number of genetic pathways in a positive or negative manner.
Hypothalamic Control of Food Intake and Body Weight
Authors: Henry Belinda A 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Food intake is regulated by the brain, wherein the hypothalamus plays an essential role. The expression of various appetite‐regulating peptides and specific hypothalamic circuitry allows a complex interplay of multiple nuclei in control of energy balance. The major centres involved are the arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area, dorsomedial hypothalamus and the ventromedial hypothalamus. Interrelationships between these centres provide tight homeostatic regulation of body weight.
Protein‐Ligand Interactions: Computational Docking
Authors: Schwarz David , Kavraki Lydia E 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Protein–ligand docking is the process of computationally predicting the placement and binding affinity of a small organic molecule in the binding pocket of a protein, usually for the purposes of drug discovery. A variety of techniques, ranging from simple point‐matching algorithms to explicit physical simulation methods have been developed to address this problem.
Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis, Clinical Features and Treatment
Authors: Lorkowski Stefan , Cullen Paul 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the inner wall of large‐ and medium‐sized arteries. The condition often begins in infancy, but takes several decades to develop the full‐blown cholesterol‐rich fibrotic plaques characteristic of the mature disease and worldwide, more people die of the complications of atherosclerosis than of any other cause.
Diving Physiology of Marine Vertebrates
Authors: Costa Daniel P 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAir‐breathing marine vertebrates that dive to find food deal with two fundamental problems, the effects of pressure at depth, and the need to actively forage while breathholding. Adaptations to diving can be divided into two categories, those that are associated with adaptations to pressure, and those associated with breath‐hold diving. Adaptations to pressure have to deal with the mechanical effects of pressure and the increased solubility of gas at depth. Adaptations to breath‐hold diving centre around modifications in metabolism, blood flow and an increased oxygen storage capacity.
Tissue‐specific Locus Control: Structure and Function
Authors: Bonifer Constanze 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAll developmental processes involve decisions in which the developmental fate of precursor cells is restricted to a single lineage by establishing a unique gene expression pattern. The activation at each of these gene loci involves restructuring chromatin as a necessary prerequisite for the assembly of the transcription apparatus. Tissue‐specific locus activation is controlled by the interplay between sequence‐specific transcription factors, chromatin‐modifying activities and basic chromatin components.
Genetic Epidemiology of Complex Traits
Authors: Rana Brinda K , Schork Nicholas J 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Genetic epidemiology is a research discipline, which evaluates the contribution of genetic factors to disease incidence, prevalence, diagnosis, prevention and treatment, in the population. As most traits and diseases are influenced by a number of genetic and nongenetic factors, the identification and characterization of these factors using population‐based studies are difficult. The complex, multifactorial and context‐dependent pathophysiological basis of most traits and diseases is further compounded by a number of issues associated with the genetic structure of human populations. Genetic epidemiologists perform ‘assays’ investigating aspects of genetic population structure and thereby deal with these issues in coherent and compelling ways.
Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (
LHON
)
Authors: Spruijt Liesbeth 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) is a mitochondrial inherited disorder causing an acute and severe loss of visual acuity in previously healthy persons. In most cases, a primary mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) mutation is present but the pathogenesis of LHON remains unclear and no treatment is available yet.
Fetal Diagnosis
Authors: Holzgreve Wolfgang , Mergenthaler‐Gatfield Susanne , Hahn Sinuhe 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Prenatal diagnosis is concerned mainly with the detection of fetal chromosomal aberrations, single gene disorders and malformations of different aetiologies. Current methods for the retrieval of fetal material for the genetic analysis rely on invasive practices (amniocentesis, chorionic villus biopsy) that are associated with a risk of fetal loss. Recently, progress has been made in developing noninvasive alternatives by quantitatively and qualitatively analysing fetal cells or cell‐free fetal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) out of maternal blood or maternal plasma, respectively. Also the preimplantation genetic diagnosis benefits from these technical advancements.
DNA Technology: Asilomar Conference and ‘Moratorium’ on Use
Authors: Wright Susan 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The 1975 Asilomar conference is seen a landmark in the history of genetic engineering, an event that served as an influential model for policy making at that time. Its role as a model for future policy making on DNA technologies has been broadly questioned, particularly since commercial and military interests have been seen as major influences on the field's development.
Genetic Counseling Communication: A Discourse‐analytical Approach
Authors: Sarangi Srikant 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The rich and complex communication process that constitutes the activity of genetic counseling has largely remained a black box. Genetic counseling can encompass topics as diverse as the natural history of a genetic disorder, its treatability, lay genetic awareness, psychosocial aspects of coping, reproduction choices, the ethical and legal consequences of decisions, and privacy issues concerning the circulation of genetic information. Given this embedded nature of the communication process, a discourse‐analytical approach is an attempt to uncover the structural and thematic organization of genetic counseling as a situated speech event.
Reproductive Genetic Screening: A Public Health Perspective from the United Kingdom
Authors: Al‐Jader Layla 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Public health has several roles in reproductive genetic screening. It should emphasize the voluntary nature of these programs and ensure that people are adequately informed before making decisions and supported afterward. It must ensure that a central coordinating body will monitor the implementation and the outcome of these programs. Public health must also ensure that the definition of ‘success’ or ‘failure’ of a program is not based on too narrow monetary calculations.
Prenatal Screening: Impact on Normal Pregnancies
Authors: Ettorre Elizabeth 
Published: October 2007

AbstractFocusing on the impact of prenatal screening on women's bodies, the paper sets the scene for an understanding of the social complexities of this type of screening. After looking briefly at the various types of procedures used during the prenatal period, I demonstrate how the mix of prenatal politics, reproductive genetics and gender creates threats to female embodiment. I contend that those of us working in the field need to construct new perceptions about how women's embodied experiences are shaped by these practices. As more prenatal technologies are being deployed, we need to expose the repressive dynamics at work.
Inheritance and Society
Authors: Atkinson Paul , Bharadwaj Aditya , Featherstone Katie 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
The social practices and beliefs surrounding kinship, procreation and inheritance are highly varied. Certainly, they do not necessarily reflect the models of biological inheritance identified by genetic science. Such beliefs are not the preserve of ‘other’ cultures. There is research evidence of complex belief systems among Western populations that are not coterminous with genetic science.
Expression AnalysisIn vivo: Cell Systems
Authors: Dirks Roeland W , Tanke Hans J 
Published: October 2007

AbstractGene expression involves ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesis and processing, RNA transport and protein synthesis and localization, which are dynamic processes in time and space. With the advent of nucleic‐acid probe and green fluorescent protein technologies, and developments in real‐time microscopy, it is possible now to study these processes at real time in single cells, meaning that information concerning transcription, protein localization and protein–protein interactions can be obtained from genes whose functions might be known or unknown.