bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4 Tracking over the Rivals
Authors: Roush Sherrilyn 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter argues that the new tracking view is superior to externalist rivals: process reliabilism, the safety view, and the relevant alternatives view. This is because of the generality problem, and treatments of reflective knowledge, lottery propositions, direction of fit with the world, the power property, and knowledge of logical and other necessary truths. A new view of logical truth is introduced, which is in keeping with the tracking view that knowledge is a matter of responsiveness to the way the world is.
6 Real Anti‐realism: The Evidential Approach
Authors: Roush Sherrilyn 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter argues that confirmation theory is relevant to the debate between epistemological realism and anti-realism about scientific theories, because typical realist and anti-realist claims about evidence are measure-dependent. It contends that no known measure makes Constructive Empiricism viable, but this is not the victory for the realist that it is assumed to be. Using the measure (standard of evidence) most suited to defending the realist’s general claims, it is argued that this standard is not actually fulfilled for any high-level theories in science. However, it is fulfilled for many low-level claims that go beyond observables. Whether the catch-all for a hypothesis can be evaluated is the crucial question for realism and anti-realism.
7 Majority Control and Executive Dominance: Parliament–President Relations in Putin's Russia
Authors: Chaisty Paul 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The relationship between the parliament and president has become more majoritarian under the Putin presidency, giving Putin a basis of political support not enjoyed by his predecessor. This chapter examines the partisan, institutional, and policy effects of this move towards majoritarianism. Despite the change in the nature of inter-branch relations, the executive’s dominance of the legislative sphere is not absolute. Putin remains constrained by the particularistic interests that hampered Yeltsin’s presidency. Nonetheless, the conflicts on legislation that previously spilled out on the floor of the assembly are now largely confined to the government’s party, United Russia.
Putin's Popularity and Its Implications for Democracy in Russia Stephen Whitefield
Authors: Whitefield Stephen 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines how and why ordinary Russians evaluate their presidents and their political system, and support Vladimir Putin and others electorally. The results highlight the ambiguities about Putin and his democracy. Those who support Putin tend to be more committed to democratic norms than other Russians. There are Russians who favour leadership with a ‘strong hand’, but are not drawn to Putin. Thus, Putin may be faced with a difficult and untimely political choice — between his own supporters and his tendency to pursue anti-democratic policies.
Putin and the ‘Oligarchs’: A Two‐sided Commitment Problem
Authors: Tompson William 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
One of Vladimir Putin’s primary objectives as president was to re-establish the authority of the Russian state. He sought to strengthen the presidency by redefining the Kremlin’s relations with the Federal Assembly, the regional elite, and the so-called oligarchs — wealthy tycoons who dominated Russian politics under Boris Yeltsin. This chapter examines how Putin went about pursuing his objective. It argues that no stable accommodation between Putin and oligarchs was possible, because both sides have strong incentives not to uphold terms of any deal.
11 Putin's Reform of the Russian Federation Neil Melvin
Authors: Melvin Neil 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Putin’s reform of the Russian Federation can be viewed as both promoting and restricting democracy. While moves to challenge the democracy of Russia’s regions can be seen as a positive step, considerable doubts remain about whether the reforms involved gains in terms of democracy and effectiveness. Beyond increased stability, there is little evidence that the regional reforms fundamentally altered the networks of political and economic relationships that underpinned regional activism and the non-democratic regimes of many regions in the 1990s.
Two Communities
Authors: Cantor Geoffrey 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter provides a brief outline of the histories of the Quaker and Anglo-Jewish communities, from the mid-17th century to the end of the 19th century. The development of Quakerism is charted from its radical roots, through the ‘quietism’ of the 18th century, to the evangelicalism that dominated the 19th century. In discussing Anglo-Jewry, the inter-related themes of assimilation, toleration, and discrimination are explored, with particular emphasis on the early-Victorian perception that British Jews had not contributed adequately to literature, music, and science.
Scientific Institutions
Authors: Cantor Geoffrey 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter seeks to analyse the involvement of Jews and Quakers in a range of scientific institutions. One is the Royal Society of London, the membership of which was open to non-Anglicans since no corporeal oath was required. The membership patterns of both Jews and Quakers displayed networks of business and of patronage, as illustrated by the career of Emanuel Mendes da Costa among others. Quakers flocked to the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BA), which they found ideologically appealing. Quaker social and political interests were also reflected in the Aborigines’ Protection Society and the Ethnological Society, where they adopted a monogenist stance that was opposed by other ethnologists. Jewish concerns with assimilation and improvement were manifested in the Jews’ and General Scientific and Literary Institution (1844-59). Both communities were greatly attracted by the Great Exhibition (1851), but in different ways: for the Anglo-Jewry, it raised the question of whether Jews were intellectually able; the Quakers saw it as a harbinger of world peace.
Quaker Responses to Evolution
Authors: Cantor Geoffrey 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines a variety of answers to the question: How did Quakers respond to Darwin’s theory of evolution? When Quakers were writing for fellow Quakers, the older evangelicals tended to be suspicious of evolution, while many younger Quakers adopted it enthusiastically as part of their engagement with modernism. However, by the time of the Manchester Conference (1895) — which marks the eclipse of evangelicalism and the rise of modernism — a doctrine of progressive revelation became aligned with evolutionary ideas. Turning to Quaker naturalists, while some encompassed evolution as an essential theory for any practising botanist or zoologist, others considered that natural selection needed to be supplemented by some other process, especially in accounting for the development of mind. Despite this diversity, Quakers were generally supportive of Darwin’s theory and were critical of those Christians who rejected the theory on religious grounds.
Jewish Attitudes and Practices
Authors: Cantor Geoffrey 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis chapter opens with a discussion on some of the contexts in which science was deployed intersected with Jewish observance during the 19th century, including calendar-making, the use of electric light on the Sabbath, and the possibility of chemical tests for non-kosher additives to food. During the early 19th century, some Jewish writers followed Christian authors in trying to ascertain the natural philosophy hidden in the Torah text, but this project was largely abandoned by mid-century. In contrast to Quakers, Anglo-Jewry made little use of design arguments, these being directed primarily to children and, on occasions, to working men. Jewish writers on science appear to have been more willing to entertain speculative hypotheses than contemporary Quakers.
Economic Liberalization and Integration in East Asia
Authors: Park Yung Chul 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This book examines East Asia’s economic development and integration following the Asian crisis of 1997-1998. The book is divided into six parts. Part 1 describes the development experiences of East Asia’s emerging economies, their characteristics and accomplishments, and then provides an overview of some of the critical failures of the East Asian development model. Part 2 examines the causes and consequences of the Asian crisis, together with a reassessment of the IMF reform program. Part 3 covers the topics of corporate and institutional sector reform, the role of government, and the need for improved social welfare and industrial relations policies. Part 4 assesses the progress in three key areas for the region: reform of the financial sector, the pros and cons of a floating exchange rate regime, and the degree and effect of capital account liberalization. Part 5 reviews the key sectors of trade and financial integration in East Asia, the prospects for continued economic cooperation and integration, and the need for policy coordination with regard to the record foreign currency reserves held by East Asian economies, which resulted in a Transpacific trade imbalance. Part 6 considers the road ahead for East Asia and outlines the characteristics of a new paradigm for development. It is argued that merely adopting liberal economic reform measures will not ensure successful development. This new and evolving development paradigm — distinct from the old system yet not an Anglo-American system — is the key to ensuring success in the region.
Failures of the East Asian Development Model: An Overview
Authors: Park Yung Chul 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
East Asian countries were showing many structural strains and rigidities prior to the crisis, partly due to cosmetic reform efforts. Four critical failures are identified: benign neglect of the conflicts between government mechanism and the democratic polity and market liberalization, the inability to restructure the financial system, the closed and non-transparent corporate sector, and focus on an export-led development strategy.
Failures in Governance and Institution Building
Authors: Park Yung Chul 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The governance of consultative polities in East Asia lost its place in the process of political and economic liberalization, most notably in managing industrial relations. Democratization ushered in periods of political instability and a new and far more assertive labor movement. The demise of the consultative mechanism unveiled serious coordination problems at the national, industrial, and enterprise levels, and underscored the need for effective bureaucratic and government institutions.
Weaknesses of the Corporate and Financial Sector
Authors: Park Yung Chul 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Two of the most distinctive characteristics of East Asian corporations are the concentration of ownership among a few large families, and the affiliation of many corporations with an industrial group. These provided a number of advantages including the capacity to pool internal resources and information, and easy financing. However, the Asian crisis dramatically altered the positive assessment of the role of large corporations in economic development because of their malaise in corporate governance, bank-based financial market, and crony capitalism.
A Re-evaluation of the IMF Reform Program: Wrong Diagnosis and Wrong Prescription
Authors: Park Yung Chul 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The IMF reform programs for the crisis countries did not have a well-defined roadmap to guide the formulation and implementation of stabilization policies, financial and corporate restructuring, and institutional reforms. The most important reason for this ineffectiveness was the IMF’s failure to recognize the crisis as a capital account crisis. This led to a wrong diagnosis, thus a wrong prescription.
Institution Building for Governance
Authors: Park Yung Chul 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The quality of governance and institutions is important in economic growth. Although there is no need to transplant western rules and institutions into Asia, there is a need to overcome vested interests and the advantages held by large conglomerates. This can be achieved by establishing legal, social, and political institutions for the implementation of an effective democratic political regime with deregulated open markets.
PAIN AS A SENSORY QUALITY
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The book starts by examining sensations of pain and pleasure because of their importance for hedonism. The main claim of this chapter is that the painfulness of a bodily sensation consists in its having an indefinable, sensory quality of painfulness. This quality is supervenient upon other qualities of the sensation in a sense defined. The view that a sensation being one of pain consists in its being the object of a negative reaction of dislike is rejected.
AN ANALYSIS OF DESIRE
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Several distinctions with respect to desiring or wanting are presented: between intelligent desire (which is manifested in intentional action) and non-intelligent (instinctual) desire, between wanting and wishing, between wanting something for its own sake and wanting it for the sake of something else, between wanting to do something and being forced (to want) to do it, between wanting and intending, and between dormant and occurrent desires. A dispositional analysis of desire is offered according to which a desire is an internal state, which manifests itself both in action and thought. It is claimed that a desire in a specified sense is necessary for intentional action, but denied that desiring requires having any feelings.
A TYPOLOGY OF EMOTION
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The chief purpose of this chapter is to provide a classification of types of emotion which will be of use for the discussion of responsibility in part V. The classes of emotions which are of particular relevance for this discussion are ‘agent-oriented’ emotions, such as anger, gratitude, remorse, and feelings of guilt, and ‘comparative’ emotions, like pride, shame, admiration and contempt. These emotions all involve taking someone to be an original or ultimate cause of something in an epistemic sense of a cause which is not in its turn taken to be caused by something else. It will be seen that this link is something these emotions share with the concept of desert.
THE DESIRE RELATIVITY OF VALUE
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter supplies a subjectivist definition of intrinsic value in terms of what satisfies intrinsic desires in a specified sense, and of derivative value by reference to intrinsic value. Other subjectivist accounts proposed by Peter Railton, Henry Sidgwick, and Michael Smith, which appeal to better informed desires, are critically examined. According to subjectivism, all value is value for some subject, but a narrower sense of value for personal value is defined in terms of what satisfies self-regarding desires.
THE RATIONALITY OF PARA-COGNITIVE ATTITUDES
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter explains that according to subjectivism, a desire can be rationally required only relative to some other desire. Thus, only derivative desires can be rationally required; intrinsic desires can only be rational in the sense of not being irrational. It is pointed how this account of the rationality of desires is superior to the similar account given by Richard Brandt, but the latter is also defended against some criticisms that have been levelled against it. Two notions of rational thinking are also distinguished. The chapter closes with a summary of the kinds of reasons which have been discussed in part II of this book.
WEAKNESS OF WILL
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The possibility of akrasia or weakness of will, i.e., the phenomenon of agents acting against their best judgement or reasons, presents a problem for internalism. This chapter reviews and rejects a number of accounts of weakness of will by Donald Davidson, Christine Korsgaard, Alfred Mele, Gary Watson and others. It ends by providing an account weakness of will which is consistent with internalism, as acting against the best reasons that are dispositionally stored in the agent’s mind, but which fail to be causally operative by failing to become occurrent.
INTRODUCTION: THE NOTION OF A TEMPORAL BIAS
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter introduces two temporal biases which will be discussed in part III of the book: the bias towards the near (future) and the bias towards the future. It also analyses the irrationality of Derek Parfit’s Future-Tuesday-Indifference. It ends by arguing that we have an experience of time as having a direction from the past to the future which makes tensed beliefs indispensable.
THE IRRATIONALITY OF THE BIAS TOWARDS THE NEAR
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The main objective of this chapter is to analyse the irrationality of the bias towards the near, i.e., the tendency to be more concerned about what happens to oneself in the near future than in the more distant future. In opposition to Derek Parfit, it is argued that the root of this irrationality is in representational distortions, owing to the bias towards the perceived and the mechanism of spontaneous induction. The root of the irrationality cannot lie in our conception of the nature of time being erroneous, for in that case we would exhibit the bias towards the near also when we consider the futures of other beings than ourselves, but we do not do so, at least not to the same degree.
THE DILEMMA AS REGARDS TEMPORAL NEUTRALITY
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
Since it has been found that the biases towards the near and the future are irrational, it follows that people who are rationalists, in the sense that their dominant aim is to lead a life in which they have only rational attitudes, must rid themselves of these biases. But since it has also been found in these chapters that these biases involve the bias towards the perceived and the mechanism of spontaneous induction, this amounts to getting rid of the latter two as well. This chapter argues that getting rid of the bias towards the perceived exposes one to a sense of the meaninglessness of life, in which local matters dwindle into insignificance in a cosmic perspective, and that getting rid of the mechanism of spontaneous induction exposes one to a sense of the precariousness of life, a pervasive sense of insecurity. Therefore, this aim is at odds with the satisfactionalist aim of maximizing the desire-fulfilment of one’s life. Hence, the first of three dilemmas or conflicts between two fundamental aims are encountered: the rationalist and the satisfactionalist aims.
INTRODUCTION: THE BIAS TOWARDS ONESELF
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter introduces another bias whose (ir)rationality is the leitmotif of part IV of the book: the bias towards oneself or the tendency to be more concerned that things go well for someone if that person is identical to oneself. This bias can be rational in the relevant sense only if the relation of personal identity is such that it can justify special concern. Consequently, part IV starts by analysing this relation, before it turns to the question whether it is rationally justifiable to base self-concern upon it.
SELF AND BODY
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter contends that one’s perception of one’s own body from the inside, in proprioception, plays a prominent role in one’s self-reference by means of ‘I’ and, thus, in one’s conception of one’s self. It describes this perception of our own bodies as a perception of a three-dimensional solid which forms the centrepiece of our perceptual world. The chapter ends by criticizing various kinds of immaterialism or non-reductionism which take personal identity to consist in the identity of a subject of some sort of continuity of consciousness which could obtain in the absence of any bodily or physical underpinning.
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF OUR IDENTITY
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter is a sustained critique of different versions of the view that personal identity consists in some psychological relations that have in basis in brain states or some other material states. First, it seems these theories cannot preserve the full sense in which we take ourselves to be something apart from our experiences when we view ourselves as subjects of experience. Secondly, it is hard to specify any psychological relations which are necessary for our identity in view of our inclination to say that we could persist even though our minds are successively reduced until we are in a persistent vegetative state. Thirdly, various fission cases cause troubles for the idea that psychological relations are sufficient for identity. Fourthly, a new version of the so-called circularity objection, that it is circular to define personal identity in terms of experiential memory because it involves identity, implies that our identity rather consists in the identity of our bodies. The chapter closes by suggesting that the attraction of these forms of psychologism stems from the fact that we are prone to identify ourselves, in a non-literal, evaluative sense with our minds because we view them as that of ourselves which we see as most important.
CONCERN FOR AND APPROVAL OF OTHERS
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter tries to explain concern for and approval of others in a way similar to how concern for and approval of oneself were explained in chapter 24. It argues that because love of another individual (a strong form of approval) is always love of that individual because it has certain properties — which may be highly specific –love is transferable to any other individual with these properties. It also attempts to explain altruism or sympathy for another as arising out of empathy, or imagining having the experiences of another, which is an act of the same sort as anticipating one’s own experiences.
PRUDENCE: MAXIMIZATION OR IDEALISM?
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter argues that in the realm of prudence, we are not rationally required to maximize the desire-fulfilment of our lives. It is not irrational to adopt ideals, such as the rationalist ideal of leading a life in the light of reason, though this is in opposition to the maximization of fulfilment of one’s life. Arguments to the contrary by R. M. Hare, Thomas Nagel and John Rawls are examined and rejected.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
This chapter takes a preview of the argument of part V. It draws the fundamental distinction between direct and ultimate responsibility. Direct responsibility is the responsibility we have for our actions in virtue of their being controlled by our intentions or foresight. This responsibility is compatible with determinism and sufficient for a forward-looking justification of punishment and reward, blame and praise. Ultimate responsibility requires that we are responsible for our intentions and other states in virtue of which we have direct responsibility. It is presupposed by backward-looking justification in terms of desert but, irrespective of whether determinism or indeterminism is correct, it is still the case that we are not ultimately responsible.