bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Types of Strong Northeast Asian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Kim Jung-Eun , Yeh Sang-Wook , Hong Song-You 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The characteristics of a strong northeast Asian summer monsoon (NEASM) with and without (A and B type, respectively) a basinwide warming in the Indian Ocean during the preceding winter are examined for the period of 1979–2006. In the case of the A type, strong El Niño–like sea surface temperature (SST) decays very rapidly from the preceding winter (December–February) to the following summer (June–August), which may be due to a feedback process of the warm Indian Ocean. In addition, the A-type strong NEASM is more associated with a weak western North Pacific summer monsoon than the B-type strong NEASM. On the other hand, for the B type an El Niño–like SST during the preceding winter is a persistent influence into the following summer. A striking difference can be found in the atmospheric teleconnection pattern from the tropics to the midlatitudes over the Indo-Pacific region, that is, the Pacific–Japan-like pattern versus a pronounced Rossby wave train pattern. This may result from the difference in location of the maximum center of rainfall anomalies over the tropical northwestern Pacific between the two types of strong NEASM. The authors argue that Indian Ocean basin warming plays a role in modifying the convective system over the subtropical western Pacific, resulting in changes in atmospheric teleconnections between the two types of strong NEASM. The weak NEASM, in which the anomalous rainfall pattern resembles that of the A-type strong NEASM except for the sign, is also discussed.
Convection Parameterization, Tropical Pacific Double ITCZ, and Upper-Ocean Biases in the NCAR CCSM3. Part I: Climatology and Atmospheric Feedback
Authors: Song Xiaoliang , Zhang Guang Jun 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The role of convection parameterization in the formation of double ITCZ and associated upper-ocean biases in the NCAR Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3) is investigated by comparing the simulations using the original and revised Zhang–McFarlane (ZM) convection schemes. Ten-year model climatologies show that the simulation with the original ZM scheme produces a typical double ITCZ bias, whereas all biases related to the spurious double ITCZ and overly strong cold tongue in precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST), wind stress, ocean thermocline, upper-ocean currents, temperature, and salinity are dramatically reduced when the revised ZM scheme is used. These results demonstrate that convection parameterization plays a critical role in the formation of double ITCZ bias in the CCSM3. To understand the physical mechanisms through which the modifications of the convection scheme in the atmospheric model alleviate the double ITCZ bias in the CCSM3, the authors investigate the impacts of convection schemes on the atmospheric forcing and feedback in the uncoupled Community Atmospheric Model, version 3 (CAM3). It is shown that the CAM3 simulation with the original ZM scheme also produces a signature of double ITCZ bias in precipitation, whereas the simulation with the revised ZM scheme does not. Diagnostic analyses have identified three factors on the atmospheric side (i.e., the sensitivity of convection to SST, the convection–shortwave flux–SST feedback, and the convection–wind–evaporation–SST feedback) that may contribute to the differences in the coupled simulations.
Significant Atmospheric Nonlinearities in the ENSO Cycle
Authors: Philip Sjoukje , van Oldenborgh Geert Jan 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The nonlinearities that cause El Niño events to deviate more from the mean state than La Niña events are still not completely understood. This paper investigates the contribution of one candidate mechanism: ENSO nonlinearities originating from the atmosphere. The initially linear intermediate complexity model of the equatorial Pacific Ocean, in which all couplings were fitted to observations, describes the ENSO cycle reasonably well. In this linear model, extra terms are systematically introduced in the atmospheric component: the nonlinear response of mean wind stress to SST anomalies, the skewness of the driving noise term in the atmosphere, and the relation of this noise term to the background SST or the ENSO phase. The nonlinear response of mean wind stress to SST in the ENSO region is found to be the dominant term influencing the ENSO cycle. However, this influence is only visible when noise fields are used that are fitted to observed patterns of prescribed standard deviation and spatial decorrelation. Standard deviation and skewness of noise do have a dependence on the ENSO phase, but this has a relatively small influence on the ENSO cycle in this model. With these additional nonlinearities in the representation of the atmosphere, a step forward has been made toward building a realistic reduced complexity model for ENSO.
Distinct Principal Modes of Early and Late Summer Rainfall Anomalies in East Asia*
Authors: Wang Bin , Liu Jian , Yang Jing , Zhou Tianjun , Wu Zhiwei 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The current seasonal prediction of East Asia (EA) summer monsoon deals with June–July–August (JJA) mean anomalies. This study shows that the EA summer monsoon may be divided into early summer [May–June (MJ)] and late summer [July–August (JA)] and exhibits remarkable differences in mean state between MJ and JA. This study reveals that the principal modes of interannual precipitation variability have distinct spatial and temporal structures during the early and late summer. These principal modes can be categorized as either El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) related or non-ENSO related. During the period of 1979–2007, ENSO-related modes explain 35% of MJ variance and 45% of JA variance, and non-ENSO-related modes account for 25% of MJ variance and 20% of JA variance. For ENSO-related variance, about two-thirds are associated with ENSO decaying phases, and one-third is associated with ENSO developing phases. The ENSO-related MJ modes generally concur with rapid decay or early development of ENSO episodes, and the opposite tends to apply to ENSO-related JA modes. The non-ENSO MJ mode is preceded by anomalous land surface temperatures over southern China during the previous March and April. The non-ENSO JA mode is preceded by lasting equatorial western Pacific (the Niño-4 region) warming from the previous winter through late summer. The results suggest that 1) prediction of bimonthly (MJ) and (JA) anomalies may be useful, 2) accurate prediction of the detailed evolution of ENSO is critical for prediction of ENSO-related bimonthly rainfall anomalies over East Asia, and 3) non-ENSO-related modes are of paramount importance during ENSO neutral years. Further establishment of the physical linkages between the non-ENSO modes and their corresponding precursors may provide additional sources for EA summer monsoon prediction.
Detailed Aerosol Optical Depth Intercomparison between Brewer and Li-Cor 1800 Spectroradiometers and a Cimel Sun Photometer
Authors: Cachorro V. E. , Berjón A. , Toledano C. , Mogo S. , Prats N. , de Frutos A. M. , Vilaplana J. M. , Sorribas M. , De La Morena B. A. , Gröbner J. , Laulainen N. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Aerosol optical depth (AOD) using different instruments during three short and intensive campaigns carried out from 1999 to 2001 at El Arenosillo in Huelva, Spain, are presented and compared. The specific aim of this study is to determine the level of agreement between three different instruments running in operational conditions. This activity, however, is part of a broader objective to recover an extended data series of AOD in the UV range obtained from a Brewer spectroradiometer. This instrument may be used to obtain AOD at the same five UV wavelengths used during normal operation for ozone content determination. As part of the validation of the Brewer AOD data, a Cimel sun photometer and another spectroradiometer, a Li-Cor 1800, were used. A detailed comparison of these three instruments is carried out by means of near-simultaneous measurements, with particular emphasis on examining diurnal AOD variability. Absolute AOD uncertainties range from 0.02 for the Cimel to 0.08 for the Brewer, with intermediate values for the Li-Cor 1800. All data during the comparison are in reasonable agreement, when taking into account the different performance characteristics of each instrument. The comparison also demonstrates current deficiencies in the Brewer data and thus the difficulty to determine AOD values with low errors.
Drop Shapes and Axis Ratio Distributions: Comparison between 2D Video Disdrometer and Wind-Tunnel Measurements
Authors: Thurai M. , Bringi V. N. , Szakáll M. , Mitra S. K. , Beard K. V. , Borrmann S. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Comparisons of drop shapes between measurements made using 2D video disdrometer (2DVD) and wind-tunnel experiments are presented. Comparisons are made in terms of the mean drop shapes and the axis ratio distributions. Very close agreement of the mean shapes is seen between the two sets of measurements; the same applies to the mean axis ratio versus drop diameter. Also, in both sets of measurements, an increase in the oscillation amplitudes with increasing drop diameter is observed. In the case of the 2DVD, a small increase in the skewness was also detected. Given that the two sets of measurements were conducted in very different conditions, the agreement between the two sets of data implies a certain “robustness” in the mean shape of oscillating drops that may be extended to natural raindrop oscillations, at least in steady rainfall and above the surface layer.
Type I natural killer T cells suppress tumors caused by p53 loss in mice
Authors: Swann Jeremy B. , Uldrich Adam P. , van Dommelen Serani , Sharkey Janelle , Murray William K. , Godfrey Dale I. , Smyth Mark J. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
CD1d-restricted T cells are considered to play a host protective effect in tumor immunity, yet the evidence for a role of natural killer T (NKT) cells in tumor immune surveillance has been weak and data from several tumor models has suggested that some (type II) CD1d-restricted T cells may also suppress some types of antitumor immune response. To substantiate an important role for CD1d-restricted T cells in host response to cancer, we have evaluated tumor development in p53+/− mice lacking either type I NKT cells (TCR Jα18−/−) or all CD1d-restricted T cells (CD1d−/−). Our findings support a key role for type I NKT cells in suppressing the onset of sarcomas and hematopoietic cancers caused by p53 loss but do not suggest that other CD1d-restricted T cells are critical in regulating the same tumor development.
Settling Accounts with the Sociology of Knowledge: The Frankfurt School, Mannheim, and the Marxian Critique of Ideology qua Mental Labor
Authors: Fischer Ariane 
Published: February 2009

Karl Marx's theory of ideology, as outlined in The German Ideology, was primarily a critique of idealist philosophy. When Karl Mannheim picked up the term ideology in the 1930s, he broadened its meaning to the point where it lost its function in the struggle against idealist metaphysics. Claiming to think the problem through to its logical conclusion, the sociology of knowledge went so far as to reconcile the concept of ideology with precisely the speculative thought that historical materialism was originally conceived to displace. In effect, Mannheim's notion of history as the Träger of a unified meaning and his notion of social conflict as the expression of ideal differences composing a harmonious whole contributed to a severe reduction of the critique of idealism. This provoked a drawn-out battle between the Frankfurt School and the sociology of knowledge.
The problem with the new worldview sociology, as Herbert Marcuse, Max Horkheimer, and Theodor Adorno saw it, was that it diluted the message of Marx's materialist approach and veered heavily back toward traditional idealist philosophy. The significance of the intervention of the Frankfurt School lies in the fact that the attack on Mannheim repeated Marx and Friedrich Engels's attack on the Young Hegelians. Like Marx and Engels, Horkheimer and his associates managed to “uncloak [the] sheep, who take themselves and are taken for wolves” and settle their accounts with metaphysics in favor of a thoroughly secular understanding of social contradictions. While it stopped short of framing its critique of metaphysics in Marx's theory of the division between mental and manual labor, which was the real advance of Marx over his antagonist Max Stirner, the Frankfurt School revived the original concept of ideology while demonstrating its rejection of any depoliticization of Marxian theory as well as its deep commitment to the dialectical mode of inquiry.
Ramelteon for the treatment of insomnia in menopausal women
Authors: Dobkin Roseanne DeFronzo , Menza Matthew , Bienfait Karina L , Allen Lesley A , Marin Humberto , Gara Michael A 
Published: February 2009

Objective Sleep disturbances have been reported to be one of the most troubling manifestations of menopause. While hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has historically been considered a first-line treatment for menopausal insomnia, many women are now seeking alternative treatments due to concerns about the risks and side-effects of HRT. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of ramelteon, a selective melatonin receptor agonist, for the treatment of menopausal insomnia. Study design A total of 20 healthy peri- and postmenopausal women with insomnia participated in this six-week, prospective, open-label trial of ramelteon (8 mg) at an academic medical centre. Participants completed sleep–wake diaries on a daily basis for six weeks. Self-report measures of sleep impairment, daytime functioning, quality of life and mood were also completed on a bi-weekly basis. Results Significant improvements in latency to sleep onset, total sleep time and sleep efficiency were observed in diary data while gains in sleep quality, sleep impairment, daytime functioning, quality of life and mood were found in self-report measures. There was no evidence of tolerance or rebound over the course of the trial. Conclusions Overall, results suggest that ramelteon is an effective non-hormonal approach for the treatment of insomnia in menopause. Randomized-controlled trials are needed to further evaluate the efficacy of this intervention.
Cost-effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms in the UK
Authors: Lekander Ingrid , Borgström Fredrik , Ström Oskar , Zethraeus Niklas , Kanis John A 
Published: February 2009

Objective To estimate the cost-effectiveness of five-year treatment of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) compared with no treatment for women with menopausal symptoms in the UK. Method A Markov cohort simulation model with tunnel techniques was used to assess the cost-effectiveness of HRT in women aged 50 years. For the clinical effects of HRT we used, where possible, results taken from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). The model had a life-time horizon with cycle lengths of one year and contained the following disease states: hip fracture, vertebral fracture, wrist fracture, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke and venous thromboembolic events. An intervention was modelled by its impact on the disease risks during and after stopping treatment. The model was populated with UK-specific data on risks, mortality rates, quality-of-life weights and costs. The main outcome of the model was cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained of HRT compared with no treatment. Results The results indicated that it was cost-effective to treat women with menopausal symptoms with HRT in the UK. The severity of menopausal symptoms was the single most important determinant of cost-effectiveness, but HRT remained cost-effective even where symptoms were mild or effects on symptom relief were small. Conclusions Treatment of women with menopausal symptoms with HRT is cost-effective.
Network Formulations of Mixed-Integer Programs
Authors: Conforti Michele , Di Summa Marco , Eisenbrand Friedrich , Wolsey Laurence A. 
Published: February 2009

We consider mixed-integer sets described by system of linear inequalities in which the constraint matrix A is totally unimodular; the right-hand side is arbitrary vector; and a subset of the variables is required to be integer. We show that the problem of checking nonemptiness of a set of this type is NP-complete, even in the case in which the linear system describes mixed-integer network flows with half-integral requirement on the nodes. This is in contrast to the case in which A is totally unimodular and contains at most two nonzeros per row. In this case, we provide an extended formulation for the convex hull of solutions whose constraint matrix is a dual-network matrix with an integral right-hand-side vector. The size of this formulation depends on the number of distinct fractional parts taken by the continuous variables in the extreme points of the convex hull of the given set. When this number is polynomial in the dimension of A, the extended formulation is of polynomial size. If, in addition, the corresponding list of fractional parts can be computed efficiently, then our result provides a polynomial algorithm for the optimization problem over these sets. We show that there are instances for which this list is of exponential size, and we also give conditions under which it is short and can be efficiently computed. Finally, we show that these results provide a unified framework leading to polynomial-size extended formulations for several generalizations of mixing sets and lot-sizing sets studied in the last few years.
Artificial proteases toward catalytic drugs for amyloid diseases
Authors: Lee Tae Yeon , Suh Junghun 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We have proposed catalytic drugs based on artificial proteases as a new paradigm in drug design. Catalytic cleavage of the backbone of a protein related to a disease may effect a cure. Catalytic drugs can be designed even for proteins lacking active sites. Soluble oligomers of amyloid β-42 peptide (Aβ42) are implicated as the primary toxic species in amyloid diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cleavage of Aβ42 included in an oligomer may provide a novel method for reduction of Aβ42 oligomers, offering a new therapeutic option. The Co(III) complex of cyclen was used as the catalytic center for peptide hydrolysis. Binding sites of the catalysts that recognize the target were searched by using various chemical libraries. Four compounds were selected as cleavage agents for the oligomers of Aβ42. After reaction with the cleavage agents for 36 h at 37 °C and pH 7.50, up to 30 mol % of Aβ42 (4.0 μM) was cleaved, although the target oligomers existed as transient species. Considerable activity was manifested at the concentrations of the agents as low as 100 nM.
Aminolithiation of carbon-carbon double bonds as a powerful tool in organic synthesis
Authors: Tomioka Kiyoshi , Sakai Takeo , Ogata Tokutaro , Yamamoto Yasutomo 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A conjugate amination of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds with lithium amides has become a powerful method of N-C bond-forming reactions. Chiral ligand-controlled asymmetric version of the conjugate amination of enoates was developed for practical bench chemistry, giving the enantioenriched amination product with over 99 % ee. In situ diastereoselective alkylation of resulting lithium enolates allowed us to form vicinal N-C and C-C bonds in a one-pot operation. This protocol enabled us to realize a short-step asymmetric synthesis of otamixaban key intermediate. Treatment of product 3-benzylamino- and 3-allylaminoesters with tert-butyllithium gave five- or seven-membered lactams through [1,2]- or [2,3]-rearrangement of intermediate β-lactams. Isolated C-C double bonds were also found to accept intramolecular aminolithiation affording the corresponding hydroamination products. Chiral lithiophilic ligand-catalyzed reaction gave enantioenriched hydroamination products with high ee. Stereoselective intramolecular aminolithiation of allylaminoalkenes was coupled with subsequent carbolithiation to give doubly cyclized product amines.
Chemical control of biomolecular interaction modules
Authors: Altenbrunn Frank , Grossmann Tom N. , Haase Christian , Mende Franziska , Röglin Lars , Thurley Stefanie , Seitz Oliver 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The mutual recognition of biomacromolecules often is mediated by dedicated interaction modules. We take two main approaches in order to recognize and control nucleic acid-nucleic acid, protein-protein, and protein-nucleic acid interactions. In one, the rules that govern the formation of nucleic acid structures are used to design molecules that respond to the presence of nucleic acid or protein targets by showing changes of conformation or reactivity. For example, hybrid molecules can transduce changes of nucleic acid structure to changes of peptide structure, and vice versa. The other approach takes advantage of protein domains that once may form the basis of sensor materials and control elements. However, the current chemical synthesis methods have still not reached the level of maturity required to provide routine access to folded protein domains. In this article, we also describe recent progress that may facilitate the chemical synthesis of protein interaction domains.
Exploring RNA-ligand interactions
Authors: Tor Yitzhak 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
RNA molecules play essential roles in biological processes and are evolving as important targets for therapeutic intervention. Small molecules that specifically bind unique RNA sites and prevent the formation of functional RNA folds or RNA-protein complexes can modulate cell functions and can become of therapeutic potential. To explore such recognition events and to fabricate discovery assays, effective biophysical tools need to be advanced. When carefully designed, new fluorescent nucleosides can serve an unparalleled role in such studies. Our criteria for "ideal" fluorescent nucleoside analogs include: (a) high structural similarity to the native nucleobases to faithfully mimic their size and shape, as well as hybridization and recognition properties; (b) red-shifted absorption bands; (c) red-shifted emission band (preferably in the visible); (d) a reasonable emission quantum efficiency; and, importantly, (e) sensitivity of their photophysical parameters to changes in the microenvironment. Our program, aimed at the development of new emissive isomorphic nucleoside analogs, has yielded several useful nucleobases. Selected analogs were implemented in fluorescence-based assays. This overview presents the motivation for this work by introducing RNA-ligand interactions and discusses the design and synthesis of fluorescent isosteric nucleobase analogs and their utilization for the fabrication of "real-time" fluorescence-based biophysical assays.
Amino acid-promoted Ullmann-type coupling reactions and their applications in organic synthesis
Authors: Cai Qian , Zhang Hui , Zou Benli , Xie Xiaoan , Zhu Wei , He Gang , Wang Jing , Pan Xianhua , Chen Yu , Yuan Qiliang , Liu Feng , Lu Biao , Ma Dawei 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Ullmann-type coupling reactions between aryl halides and N-containing reagents, phenols, and other related nucleophilic agents are very valuable transformations for organic synthesis. Their conventional reaction conditions require high reaction temperatures. We describe here that some amino acids, either as substrates or ligands, can lead Cu-catalyzed C-N, C-O, C-S, and C-C bond formations work at relatively low temperatures. An ortho-substitution effect caused by NHCOR groups is discussed. Applications of these newly developed reactions to heterocycle preparation and asymmetric synthesis are also presented.