bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IEE professional magazines and networks
Authors: Jackson Paul 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) has changed its approach to member publications over a two‐year period with an increased focus on understanding the needs of its broad membership and structuring its portfolio of magazines and websites to meet members' needs and complement the organization's research publications. The process of market research and product development is outlined in this article and the resulting combination of online and print products described. The products have been well received by IEE members and the wider community and have been recognized within the publishing industry with important awards in the business‐to‐business and not‐for‐profit sectors.
Building preservation functionality in a digital archive: the National Library of The Netherlands
Authors: Bellekom Chris 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTAn increasing volume of information exists only in digital form. It can be scanned material; material actually created as digital publications; or material created as part of the day‐to‐day business of an organization. In The Netherlands, initiatives such as the ‘Memory of The Netherlands’ have emerged, creating a demand for good‐quality digital materials to support them. Many other digitization initiatives are constantly being announced. The digital form offers many advantages but presents challenges in respect of preservation and of changes in platforms and software.
Recent trends in Antarctic snow accumulation from Polar MM5 simulations
Authors: Monaghan Andrew J , Bromwich David H , Wang Sheng-Hung 
Published: May 2006

Polar MM5, a mesoscale atmospheric model optimized for use over polar ice sheets, is employed to simulate Antarctic accumulation in recent decades. Two sets of simulations, each with different initial and boundary conditions, are evaluated for the 17 yr period spanning 1985–2001. The initial and boundary conditions for the two sets of runs are provided by the (i) European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 40 year Reanalysis, and (ii) National Centres for Environmental Prediction—Department of Energy Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project Reanalysis II. This approach is used so that uncertainty can be assessed by comparing the two resulting datasets.
There is broad agreement between the two datasets for the annual precipitation trends for 1985–2001. These generally agree with ice core and snow stake accumulation records at various locations around the continent, indicating broad areas of both upward and downward trends. Averaged over the continent the annual trends are small and not statistically different from zero, suggesting that recent Antarctic snowfall changes do not mitigate current sea-level rise. However, this result does not suggest that Antarctica is isolated from the recent climate changes occurring elsewhere on Earth. Rather, these are expressed by strong seasonal and regional precipitation changes.
The oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans
Authors: Holland Heinrich D 
Published: May 2006

The last 3.85 Gyr of Earth history have been divided into five stages. During stage 1 (3.85–2.45 Gyr ago (Ga)) the atmosphere was largely or entirely anoxic, as were the oceans, with the possible exception of oxygen oases in the shallow oceans.During stage 2 (2.45–1.85 Ga) atmospheric oxygen levels rose to values estimated to have been between 0.02 and 0.04 atm. The shallow oceans became mildly oxygenated, while the deep oceans continued anoxic.Stage 3 (1.85–0.85 Ga) was apparently rather ‘boring’. Atmospheric oxygen levels did not change significantly. Most of the surface oceans were mildly oxygenated, as were the deep oceans.Stage 4 (0.85–0.54 Ga) saw a rise in atmospheric oxygen to values not much less than 0.2 atm. The shallow oceans followed suit, but the deep oceans were anoxic, at least during the intense Neoproterozoic ice ages. Atmospheric oxygen levels during stage 5 (0.54 Ga–present) probably rose to a maximum value ofca0.3 atm during the Carboniferous before returning to its present value. The shallow oceans were oxygenated, while the oxygenation of the deep oceans fluctuated considerably, perhaps on rather geologically short time-scales.
Measuring the burden of major cancers due to smoking in Korea
Authors: Lee Heeyoung , Yoon Seok‐Jun , Ahn Hyeong‐Sik 
Published: May 2006

Morbidity and mortality are classically used to measure disease burden. However, the allocation of limited health‐care resources demands an agreed rational allocation principle and, consequently, the setting of priorities is of considerable importance. We collected data from the national death certificate database, and the national health insurance claim database and life tables. Using this data, we calculated disability adjusted life year (DALY) and health life year (HeaLY) values for smoking‐related cancer. The burden of cancer due to smoking was estimated by multiplying the population attributable risk due to smoking by the DALY and HeaLY results for cancers. The burden of cancer due to smoking for Korean men was 1930.1 person‐years by DALY and 1681.3 person‐years by HeaLY per 100 000 people. Similarly, the burden of cancer due to smoking for Korean women was 352.6 person‐years for DALY and 313.6 person‐years for HeaLY per 100 000 people. Priority rankings for cancer burden due to smoking was somewhat different by DALY and HeaLY. The largest health gap for men was stomach cancer by DALY and lung cancer by HeaLY, whereas for women it was lung cancer by both methods. This study provides a rational basis for national cancer policy planning by presenting the priority burden of cancers caused by smoking. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 530 – 534)
Genetic polymorphisms of glutathione S‐transferase T1 (GSTT1) and susceptibility to gastric cancer: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Saadat Mostafa 
Published: May 2006

The association between glutathione S‐transferase T1 (GSTT1) polymorphism and gastric cancer risk has been both confirmed and refuted in a number of published studies. Most of these studies were based on small sample sizes. We carried out a meta‐analysis of the research published up to August 2005 to obtain more precise estimates of gastric cancer risk associated with GSTT1 polymorphism. In the present study, 16 case‐control studies (with a total of 6717 subjects) were eligible for meta‐analysis. There was no evidence of heterogeneity between the studies. The GSTT1 null genotype conferred a 1.06‐fold increased risk of gastric cancer, which was not significant (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.94–1.19). However, in the analysis of ethnic groups, we observed distinct differences associated with GSTT1 status. Restricting analyses to ethnic groups, the pooled odd ratios for the GSTT1 genotype were 1.27 in Caucasians (95% CI: 1.03–1.57) and 0.98 in Asians (95% CI: 0.86–1.13). Glutathione S‐transferase M1 (GSTM1) and GSTT1 are involved in detoxification of a variety of compounds, some that overlap between enzymes and some that are highly specific. To investigate whether the profile of glutathione S‐transferase genotypes was associated with risk of gastric cancer, further analyses combining the GSTT1 and GSTM1 genotypes were also carried out. There was a significant trend in risk associated with zero, one and two putative high‐risk genotypes (χ2 = 9.326, d.f. = 1, P = 0.0023). Those who had null genotypes of GSTM1 and GSTT1 had an increased gastric cancer risk compared with those who had both active genes (odds ratio = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.42–3.10). (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 505–509)
Detailed characterization of the mouse glioma 261 tumor model for experimental glioblastoma therapy
Authors: Szatmári Tünde , Lumniczky Katalin , Désaknai Szilvia , Trajcevski Stéphane , Hídvégi Egon J. , Hamada Hirofumi , Sáfrány Géza 
Published: May 2006

Mouse glioma 261 (Gl261) cells are used frequently in experimental glioblastoma therapy; however, no detailed description of the Gl261 tumor model is available. Here we present that Gl261 cells carry point mutations in the K‐ras and p53 genes. Basal major histocompatibility complex (MHC)I, but not MHCII, expression was detected in Gl261 cells. The introduction of interferon‐γ‐encoding genes increased expression of both MHCI and MHCII. A low amount of B7‐1 and B7‐2 RNA was detected in wild‐type cells, but cytokine production did not change expression levels. Gl261 cells were transduced efficiently by adenoviral vectors; the infectivity of retroviral vectors was limited. Low numbers of transplanted Gl261 cells formed both subcutaneous and intracranial tumors in C57BL/6 mice. The cells were moderately immunogenic: prevaccination of mice with irradiated tumor cells 7 days before intracranial tumor challenge prevented tumor formation in approximately 90% of mice. When vaccination was carried out on the day or 3 days after tumor challenge, no surviving animals could be found. In vitro‐growing cells were radiosensitive: less than 2 Gy was required to achieve 50% cell mortality. Local tumor irradiation with 4 Gy X‐rays in brain tumor‐bearing mice slowed down tumor progression, but none of the mice were cured off the tumor. In conclusion, the Gl261 brain tumor model might be efficiently used to study the antitumor effects of various therapeutic modalities, but the moderate immunogenicity of the cells should be considered. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 546 – 553)
Possible tumor development from double positive foci for TGF‐alpha and GST‐P observed in early stages on rat hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Kitano Mitsuaki , Wada Jutaro , Ariki Yutaka , Kato Masanori , Wanibuchi Hideki , Morimura Keiichirou , Hidaka Takayoshi , Hosoe Kazunori , Fukushima Shoji 
Published: May 2006

Expression of TGF‐α during promotion of neoplastic development from GST‐P‐positive foci in rat chemical hepatocarcinogenesis was investigated. One‐hundred male F344 rats were given a single intraperitoneal injection of DEN (200 mg/kg bodyweight) and subjected to two‐thirds partial hepatectomy at week 3. Commencing 2 weeks from the start, PB at doses of 0 or 500 p.p.m. was fed to the rats for 46 weeks. Groups of 10 rats were killed at weeks 4, 8, 16, 32, 48 and their livers were immunohistochemically examined for expression of GST‐P and TGF‐α. TGF‐α‐positive foci and single positive cells were observed from week 4, partially overlapping with GST‐P‐positive foci but being much fewer. Numbers of TGF‐α‐positive lesions did not increase from weeks 4–48, but their areas showed increment at weeks 32 and 48, especially with PB administration. Almost all of the tumors observed at weeks 16, 32 and 48 were positive for TGF‐α (98%). In addition, epidermal growth factor receptor overexpression was observed in most TGF‐α‐positive lesions (foci and tumors). The proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index in double positive foci for GST‐P and TGF‐α was significantly higher than that in TGF‐α‐negative foci. In conclusion, TGF‐α may be closely related with promotion from altered foci to neoplasms in rat hepatocarcinogenesis. Our data suggest that double positive foci for GST‐P and TGF‐α in the early stages of rat hepatocarcinogenesis may develop into tumors with promotion. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 478 – 483)
Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type‐1 infection and risk of cancer: 15.4 year longitudinal study among atomic bomb survivors in Nagasaki, Japan
Authors: Arisawa Kokichi , Soda Midori , Akahoshi Masazumi , Fujiwara Saeko , Uemura Hirokazu , Hiyoshi Mineyoshi , Takeda Hideo , Kashino Wataru , Suyama Akihiko 
Published: May 2006

The objective of the present study was to investigate the association between human T‐lymphotropic virus type‐1 (HTLV‐1) infection and cancer risk in a longitudinal study. The study population consisted of 2729 atomic bomb survivors in Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan, who had no previous history of cancer at baseline. The baseline survey, including analysis of antibody to HTLV‐1, took place during 1985–1987 and follow‐up was performed until the end of 2001. There were 553 incident cases of malignant neoplasms during the observation period. After adjustment for sex, age and other variables, HTLV‐1 infection was not associated with the risk of developing cancers of all sites, excluding adult T‐cell leukemia (rate ratio 1.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.76–1.4), stomach, colon and rectum, lung, female breast or other minor sites, but was associated with increased risk of liver cancer (rate ratio 2.1, 95%CI 1.0–4.6). The point estimate of the rate ratio for thyroid cancer was 3.0, but this was not significantly higher than 1 because of the small number of events (n = 11) and low prevalence of HTLV‐1 seropositivity. These findings support the idea that HTLV‐1 infection is not associated with an increased general cancer risk. Confounding by hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the interaction between HTLV‐1 and HCV may explain the increased risk of liver cancer among HTLV‐1 carriers. Further follow‐up may be required to determine if HTLV‐1 carriers are at increased risk of thyroid cancer. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 535– 539)
Inhibition of prostate carcinogenesis in probasin/SV40 T antigen transgenic rats by leuprorelin, a luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone agonist
Authors: Said Mahmoud M. , Hokaiwado Naomi , Tang Mingxi , Ogawa Kumiko , Suzuki Shugo , Ghanem Hala M. , Esmat Amr Y. , Asamoto Makoto , Refaie Fawzia M. , Shirai Tomoyuki 
Published: May 2006

The effects of leuprorelin acetate, a luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone agonist (LHRH‐A), on prostate carcinogenesis in probasin/SV40 Tag transgenic rat was investigated. Fifteen weeks after administration of 0.28 and 2.8 mg/kg leuprorelin, prostate weights and serum testosterone levels were significantly decreased compared to values for transgenic controls. Histopathological findings revealed that the incidence of prostatic adenocarcinomas was significantly reduced in ventral, dorsal and lateral lobes of the prostate, correlating with decreased expression of SV40 Tag oncoprotein as well as inhibition of DNA synthesis and proliferation of epithelial cells in neoplastic lesions of the ventral prostate. Microarray analysis further showed leuprorelin acetate to significantly inhibit testicular steroidogenesis, suppressing the expression of SV40 Tag oncoprotein and altering the expression of a large number of genes which might be involved in the inhibition of prostate cancer progression in this rat model. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 459–467)
A model‐based approach to treatment comparison in acute migraine
Authors: Maas Hugo J. , Danhof Meindert , Della Pasqua Oscar 
Published: May 2006

AimsCurrently, direct comparisons between 5‐HT1B/d receptor agonists are used to assess differences and similarities in antimigraine response. Such comparisons depend on the selected sampling time and do not allow evaluation of entire response profiles. A thorough evaluation of drug properties requires that the time course of the response be taken into account. In this investigation we show the advantages of a model‐based approach to compare the efficacy of two triptans (sumatriptan vs. naratriptan).MethodsA Markov model was used to describe the course of a migraine attack over three clinically identified stages. Drug effects were modelled as concentration‐dependent increases in transition rates and were parameterised as potency (EC50) and maximum effect (Emax). Parameters were estimated using headache measurements from efficacy studies. Model estimates were then used to compare the pharmacodynamics of the two drugs in a time‐independent manner.ResultsEfficacy parameters could be derived, allowing for comparison between compounds. The potency ratio (EC50suma/EC50nara) for headache relief was 3.3 (0.9, 12). The ratio of maximum effects (Emaxsuma/Emaxnara) for this endpoint was 0.74 (0.55, 0.97). To interpret these efficacy measures and explore their value for the development of antimigraine drugs, results were evaluated against the reported in vitro potency at 5‐HT1B and 5‐HT1D receptors.ConclusionsComparison of the effects of two or more drugs based on preset sampling times does not allow proper assessment of the antimigraine properties in vivo. Disease dynamics must be considered to evaluate treatment response adequately and optimise the dosing regimen in migraine.
Gene expression analysis of B‐lymphoma cells resistant and sensitive to bortezomib*
Authors: Shringarpure Reshma , Catley Laurence , Bhole Deepak , Burger Renate , Podar Klaus , Tai Yu‐Tzu , Kessler Benedikt , Galardy Paul , Ploegh Hidde , Tassone Pierfrancesco , Hideshima Teru , Mitsiades Constantine , Munshi Nikhil C. , Chauhan Dharminder , Anderson Kenneth C. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has shown impressive clinical activity alone and in combination with conventional and other novel agents for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). Although bortezomib is known to be a selective proteasome inhibitor, the downstream mechanisms of cytotoxicity and drug resistance are poorly understood. However, resistance to bortezomib as a single agent develops in the majority of patients, and activity in other malignancies has been less impressive. To elucidate mechanisms of bortezomib resistance, we compared differential gene expression profiles of bortezomib‐resistant SUDHL‐4 and bortezomib‐sensitive SUDHL‐6 diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma lines in response to bortezomib. At concentrations that effectively inhibited proteasome activity, bortezomib induced apoptosis in SUDHL‐6 cells, but not in SUDHL‐4 cells. We showed that overexpression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), ATF4, ATF5, c‐Jun, JunD and caspase‐3 is associated with sensitivity to bortezomib‐induced apoptosis, whereas overexpression of heat shock protein (HSP)27, HSP70, HSP90 and T‐cell factor 4 is associated with bortezomib resistance.
Methodologically controlled variations in laboratory and field pH measurements in waterlogged soils
Authors: Elberling B. , Matthiesen H. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryWe have tested the reliability and consistency of conventional pH measurements made on water‐soil mixtures with respect to sieving, drying, ratio of water to soil, and time of shaking prior to measurement. The focus is on a waterlogged soil where the preservation potential of archaeological artefacts is critical. But the study includes agricultural and forest soils for comparison. At a waterlogged site, laboratory results were compared with three different field methods: calomel pH probes inserted in the soil from pits, pH measurements of soil solution extracted from the soil, and pH profiles using a solid‐state pH electrode pushed into the soil from the surface. Comparisons between in situ and laboratory methods revealed differences of more than 1 pH unit. The content of dissolved ions in soil solution and field observations of O2 and CO2 concentrations were used in the speciation model PHREEQE in order to predict gas exchange processes. Changes in pH in soil solution following equilibrium in the laboratory could be explained mainly by CO2 degassing. Only soil pH measured in situ using either calomel or solid‐state probes inserted directly into the soil was not affected by gas exchange processes. Variations on the order of 0.2–0.5 pH unit in different laboratory methods could not be explained by degassing and seem to be soil‐type specific and strongly influenced by drying and shaking. Further attention should be given to standardization of pH measurements, particularly before pH measurements from different soil types are compared.
Spontaneous scratching behaviour in DS‐Nh mice as a possible model for pruritus in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Yoshioka T. , Hikita I. , Asakawa M. , Hirasawa T. , Deguchi M. , Matsutani T. , Oku H. , Horikawa T. , Arimura A. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryItching is one of the major clinical symptoms in atopic dermatitis (AD) and complicates the management of this pathological condition. An animal model of AD‐like pruritus would contribute to a better understanding of AD and could lead to the development of safe and effective antipruritic agents. DS non‐hair (DS‐Nh) mice raised under conventional conditions spontaneously develop pruritus, which is associated with a dermatitis similar to human AD. There is a significant positive correlation between disease severity and the period of scratching behaviour in DS‐Nh mice. In the present study, we found that levels of histamine and nerve growth factor (NGF) in serum and/or skin tissue were higher in DS‐Nh mice with AD‐like dermatitis than in age‐matched mice without dermatitis. The histopathological data indicated that nerve fibres extend into and mast cells infiltrate the surrounding area of the skin lesion. NGF production by XB‐2 cells, which was derived from mouse keratinocytes, was enhanced by histamine via the H1 receptor. We also found that prolonged treatment with an H1‐antagonist was effective against pruritus through depression of the production of NGF, which is thought to be generated by keratinocytes. We conclude that DS‐Nh mice can serve as a suitable model for gaining a better understanding of pruritus in AD, and that prolonged treatment with an H1‐antagonist may be beneficial in patients with AD‐associated pruritus.
Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of tuberculosis DNA vaccines combining mycolyl‐transferase Ag85A and phosphate transport receptor PstS‐3
Authors: Romano Marta , Roupie Virginie , Wang Xiao M. , Denis Olivier , Jurion Fabienne , Adnet Pierre‐Yves , Laali Rachid , Huygen Kris 
Published: May 2006

SummaryDNA vaccines encoding the 32 000 MW mycolyl‐transferase Ag85A and the 40 000 MW phosphate‐binding protein PstS‐3 can elicit protective immune responses against experimental infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in C57BL/6 mice. Here we have analysed the vaccine potential of a combination of both antigens using plasmid vectors expressing either a fusion protein of both antigens or the separate proteins driven by two independent promoters (in pBudCE4·1 vector). Comparable levels of Ag85A specific T helper 1 (Th1) type immune responses could be induced by the two combination vaccines and the single vaccine encoding the mycolyl‐transferase, whereas induction of PstS‐3 specific Th1‐mediated responses was impaired in both combination vaccines. In contrast, magnitude of CD8+ mediated responses against the PstS‐3 protein was comparable following combination or single DNA vaccination. Antigenic competition was also observed at the antibody level; PstS‐3 specific levels being lower in mice vaccinated with the fusion vector and Ag85A specific levels being lower in mice vaccinated with the combination pBudCE4·1 vector (as compared to levels obtained following single plasmid immunization). Protection against M. tuberculosis was only modestly improved in mice vaccinated with the DNA combinations. It is possible that prior activation of Ag85A specific CD4+ T cells directed against this common mycobacterial antigen leads to cross‐competition for major histocompatibility complex class II‐restricted peptide complexes of the Pst‐3 antigen. This may have implications for future combination vaccines using Ag85.