bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decreased Mortality by Normalizing Blood Glucose after Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Gentile Nina T. , Seftchick Michael W. , Huynh Tien , Kruus Linda K. , Gaughan John 
Published: January 2006

Objectives:
Hyperglycemia after cerebral ischemia exacerbates brain injury and worsens the outcome of stroke patients. The authors sought to examine the effect of glycemic control on mortality after acute stroke.
Methods:
This was a retrospective study of patients discharged with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke during a 40‐month period from a large urban U.S. health system. Patients were compared by initial blood glucose (BG) levels and by glycemic control during the first 48 hours of hospitalization.
Results:
Of 960 patients with thromboembolic stroke, 373 (38.9%) were hyperglycemic (BG ≥130 mg/dL) on hospital admission. Admission hyperglycemia was associated with a higher mortality rate than was euglycemia (odds ratio [OR] = 3.15; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.45 to 6.85; p = 0.004). Persistent hyperglycemia (PerHyp) during 48 hours of hospitalization was associated with even higher mortality rate (unadjusted logistic regression, OR = 6.54; 95% CI = 2.41 to 17.87; p < 0.001). Glycemic control (normalization of BG to < 130 mg/dL) was associated with a 4.6‐fold decrease in mortality risk as compared with the case of patients with PerHyp (p < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression showed glycemic control to be a strong independent determinant of survival (OR = 5.95; 95% CI = 1.24 to 28.6; p = 0.026) after acute stroke even after adjustment for age, gender, concomitant hypertension and diabetes, and stroke severity.
Conclusions:
Admission hyperglycemia is associated with a worse outcome after stroke than is euglycemia. Normalization of blood glucose during the first 48 hours of hospitalization appears to confer a potent survival benefit in patients with thromboembolic stroke.
Emergency Department Visits for Sledding Injuries in Children in the United States in 2001/2002
Authors: Skarbek‐Borowska Sara , Amanullah Siraj , Mello Michael J. , Linakis James G. 
Published: January 2006

Objectives:
To describe the characteristics of nonfatal sledding‐related injuries in U.S. children resulting in emergency department (ED) visits in 2001/2002 and to explore the implications of these findings for injury prevention efforts.
Methods:
A stratified probability sample of U.S. hospitals providing emergency services in the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System–All Injury Program was utilized for 2001/2002. ED visits resulting from injuries involving sleds, snow discs, snow tubes, and toboggans were analyzed for patients 19 years of age or younger.
Results:
In 2001/2002, there were an estimated 57,866 ED visits for sledding‐related injuries in the United States for all age groups. Of these, 41,272 (71%) occurred in patients 19 years of age or younger, 58% of whom were male. The highest number of injuries occurred in children between five and 14 years of age (74%), and the injuries were most often caused by falls or collisions (75%). The head or neck was the most frequently injured body region among those 0–9 years of age, while the extremities were injured most commonly among those 10–19 years of age. Head and neck injuries occurred in 56% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 32% to 81%) of children 0–4 years of age versus 19% (95% CI = 9% to 29%) of patients 15–19 years of age. Nine percent (95% CI = 6% to 12%) of patients sustained a traumatic brain injury. Three percent (95% CI = 1% to 5%) of patients required admission to the hospital.
Conclusions:
Sledding injuries resulting in ED visits predominantly affect children and are a source of measurable morbidity in this population. An increase in injury prevention efforts for this activity is warranted.
Determination of Cyanide in Blood by Isotope-Dilution Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Murphy Karen E , Schantz Michele M , Butler Therese A , Benner Bruce A , Wood Laura J , Turk Gregory C 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Background: Cyanide (CN) is a lethal toxin. Quantification in blood is necessary to indicate exposure from many sources, including food, combustion byproducts, and terrorist activity. We describe an automated procedure based on isotope-dilution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (ID GC/MS) for the accurate and rapid determination of CN in whole blood.
Methods: A known amount of isotopically labeled potassium cyanide (K13C15N) was added to 0.5 g of whole blood in a headspace vial. Hydrogen cyanide was generated through the addition of phosphoric acid, and after a 5-min incubation, 0.5 mL of the headspace was injected into the GC/MS at an oven temperature of −15 °C. The peak areas from the sample, 1H12C14N+, at m/z 27, and the internal standard, 1H13C15N+, at m/z 29, were measured, and the CN concentration was quantified by ID. The analysis time was 15 min for a single injection.
Results: We demonstrated method accuracy by measuring the CN content of unfrozen whole blood samples fortified with a known amount of CN. Intermediate precision was demonstrated by periodic analyses over a 14-month span. Relative expanded uncertainties based on a 95% level of confidence with a coverage factor of 2 at CN concentrations of 0.06, 0.6, and 1.5 μg/g were 8.3%, 5.4%, and 5.3%, respectively. The mean deviation from the known value for all concentrations was &lt;4%.
Conclusion: The automated ID GC/MS method can accurately and rapidly quantify nanogram per gram to microgram per gram concentrations of CN in blood.
Methodologic European External Quality Assurance for DNA Sequencing: The EQUALseq Program
Authors: Ahmad-Nejad Parviz , Dorn-Beineke Alexandra , Pfeiffer Ulrike , Brade Joachim , Geilenkeuser Wolf-Jochen , Ramsden Simon , Pazzagli Mario , Neumaier Michael 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Background: DNA sequencing is a key technique in molecular diagnostics, but to date no comprehensive methodologic external quality assessment (EQA) programs have been instituted. Between 2003 and 2005, the European Union funded, as specific support actions, the EQUAL initiative to develop methodologic EQA schemes for genotyping (EQUALqual), quantitative PCR (EQUALquant), and sequencing (EQUALseq). Here we report on the results of the EQUALseq program.
Methods: The participating laboratories received a 4-sample set comprising 2 DNA plasmids, a PCR product, and a finished sequencing reaction to be analyzed. Data and information from detailed questionnaires were uploaded online and evaluated by use of a scoring system for technical skills and proficiency of data interpretation.
Results: Sixty laboratories from 21 European countries registered, and 43 participants (72%) returned data and samples. Capillary electrophoresis was the predominant platform (n = 39; 91%). The median contiguous correct sequence stretch was 527 nucleotides with considerable variation in quality of both primary data and data evaluation. The association between laboratory performance and the number of sequencing assays/year was statistically significant (P &lt;0.05). Interestingly, more than 30% of participants neither added comments to their data nor made efforts to identify the gene sequences or mutational positions.
Conclusions: Considerable variations exist even in a highly standardized methodology such as DNA sequencing. Methodologic EQAs are appropriate tools to uncover strengths and weaknesses in both technique and proficiency, and our results emphasize the need for mandatory EQAs. The results of EQUALseq should help improve the overall quality of molecular genetics findings obtained by DNA sequencing.
Entwicklung multifunktionaler Kalibriernormale für die optische 3D-Mikroskopie (Development of Multifunctional Standards for Optical 3D Microscopy)
Authors: Gräper Arne , Kraft Arne , Seewig Jörg , Reithmeier Eduard 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Die Notwendigkeit, flächenhaft strukturierte Oberflächen zu charakterisieren, führt vermehrt zum Einsatz optischer 3D-Mikroskopie in der Fertigungsmess- und Prüftechnik. Im Gegensatz zu den konventionell verwendeten taktilen Messsystemen, für die geeignete Normen und Prüfkörper zur Verfügung stehen, erweist sich die Rückführung mittels optischer 3D-Messtechnik gewonnener Daten als schwierig. Bedingt durch die Eigenheiten des jeweils verwendeten Systems kommt es zum Auftreten individueller Fehlertypen, die nur durch die Entwicklung und Kombination geeigneter Normale charakterisiert werden können.
Zerstörungsfreie Haftfestigkeitscharakterisierung von Full-Wafer-Bondverbindungen (Non-destructive strength characterization of full-wafer-bonds)
Authors: Rabold Martin , Doll Alexander , Kröner Michael , Goldschmidtböing Frank , Woias Peter 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt eine zerstörungsfreie Testmethode, um die Haftfestigkeit von Bondverbindungen zu bestimmen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde ein modifizierter Blistertest entwickelt, bei dem die Länge eines künstlich erzeugten Risses in Kombination mit dem dafür aufgewendeten Druck ein Maß für die Haftfestigkeit der Bondverbindung darstellt. Zur Geometriefindung wurden verschiedene Teststrukturen untersucht. Das druckunabhängige Verhältnis von Verdrängungsvolumen zu neu generierter Rissfläche bei wachsender Rissausbreitung ist hierbei der entscheidende Faktor, welcher für den zerstörungsfreien Charakter der Testmethode verantwortlich ist.
Automatische Segmentierung von Messpunktwolken in regelgeometrische Elemente (Automatic Segmentation of Measurement Point Clouds to Geometric Primitives)
Authors: Westkämper E. , Stotz Martin , Effenberger Ira 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Die zu verarbeitenden Messpunktwolken werden auch in der Mikrosystemtechnik durch die Verfügbarkeit leistungsfähiger moderner Sensorik wie z.B. der Mikro-Computertomographie immer größer. Vorgestellt wird ein Verfahren, mit dem Messpunktwolken vollautomatisch in einzelne Teilpunktwolken, die regelgeometrische Elemente beschreiben, segmentiert werden können. In die Teilpunktwolken lassen sich dann für Vermessungen mit Fit-Verfahren die entsprechenden Objekte einpassen.
On the Correlation Between Hydrophobicity, Liposome Binding and Cellular Uptake of Porphyrin Sensitizers
Authors: Ben‐Dror Shimshon , Bronshtein Irena , Wiehe Arno , Röder Beate , Senge Mathias O. , Ehrenberg Benjamin 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTA crucial factor in choosing a porphyrin or analogous photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT) is its ability to incorporate into the cells. For hydrophobic compounds that partition passively into the cytoplasmic membrane, a partition coefficient between an organic solvent and water, P, is one factor that could be used to predict the molecule's ability to diffuse into biomembranes. We synthesized several porphyrins, modified with two, three or four meso‐substituents and studied their spectroscopic and photophysical properties. The octanolwater partitioning coefficients, log P, were calculated as a parameter for hydrophobicity. We found these porphyrins to be very hydrophobic, with log P values in the range of 8.9–11.8. These were correlated with the binding constants of these porphyrins into liposomes, Kb, as well as to their uptake by cells. The correlation between the estimated log P and Kb is nearly linear but negative, indicating, apparently, that there is lesser binding to liposomes with increased hydrophobicity. On the other hand, all of the studied porphyrins are taken up by cells, but there is no clear correlation between cellular uptake and the log P or Kb. Lipinski's pharmacological “rule of 5” predicts poor permeation of drugs into cells when log P is greater than five. This may be relevant for diffusional binding to liposomes, where aqueous aggregation can interfere strongly with cellular uptake. In such extreme conditions, neither liposome binding nor other rules seem to predict porphyrin behavior in vitro.
Photostability of Bacteriochlorophyll a and Derivatives: Potential Sensitizers for Photodynamic Tumor Therapy
Authors: Limantara Leenawaty , Koehler Peter , Wilhelm Brigitte , Porra Robert J. , Scheer Hugo 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTThe photostabilities of bacteriochlorophyll a and several of its derivatives, which are of interest as potential sensitizers in photodynamic tumor therapy, were investigated. The pigments were irradiated with light >630 nm in organic solvents (acetone, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine, methanol, ethanol, n‐propanol, 2‐propanol and toluene) and in aqueous detergent solutions (cetyl‐trimethyl‐ammonium bromide [CTAB], lauryldimethyl‐aminoxide [LDAO] or sodium dodecyl‐sulfate [SDS] and Triton X‐100 [TX100]). Their stabilities in these different solvents were determined in the presence and absence of an external sensitizer (pyromethyl‐pheophorbide a), oxygen, sodium ascorbate and inert gas (Ar) or vacuum. The photodegradation products of bacteriochlorophyll a in acetone solution were isolated, purified by HPLC and analyzed by their absorption spectra and mass spectroscopy. Besides the well‐known dehydrogenation products, such as [3‐acetyl]‐chlorophyll a, which were obtained as by‐products, the major products had low absorption in the visible‐near infrared spectral range. The spectral signature of the major component of these products was characteristic of linear open‐chain tetrapyrroles, but they lacked the characteristic protonation‐deprotonation behavior and reactivity of bilins with Zn++.
In VivoMonitoring the Changes of Interstitial pH and FAD/NADH Ratio by Fluorescence Spectroscopy in Healing Skin Wounds
Authors: Mokrý Michal , Gál Peter , Vidinský Boris , Kušnír Jaroslav , Dubayová Katarína , Mozeš Štefan , Sabo Ján 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTThe aim of our study was to evaluate the changes of interstitial pH and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)/reduced nicotin‐amide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) ratio in healing skin wounds using fluorescence spectroscopy in Sprague Dawley rats. In the experiment, excisional and incisional models of wound healing were used. The florescein as the pH‐sensitive probe using excitation spectra (λEm= 535 nm) was used for the measurement of pH changes, and synchronous fluorescence spectra (Δλ= 60 nm) for the monitoring of FAD/NADH ratio changes were measured from the surfaces of healing wounds. Increase of interstitial pH and FAD/NADH ratio was recorded during the time interval from the 15th to the 65th minute after surgery. The decrease of pH between the 48th and the 72nd hour after surgery as well as the increase of FAD/NADH ratio between the 72nd and the 96th hour of wound healing were recorded. The results indicate that the use of fluorescence spectroscopy may be considered as a valuable tool for non‐invasivein vivomonitoring of selected redox parameters in the early phases of wound healing.
Stocking Contribution and Growth of Largemouth Bass in Pools of the Arkansas River
Authors: Heitman N. Elizabeth , Racey Christopher L. , Lochmann Steve E. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
In response to concerns about a declining population of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides in the Arkansas River, the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission stocked pools 5 and 9 with largemouth bass fingerlings (∼50 mm total length (TL)) marked with oxytetracycline in June 2002 at rates of 18 and 25 fish/ha, respectively. We evaluated the contribution of stocked largemouth bass to the 2002 year-class at age 0 in September 2002 and at age 1 in May 2003. Stocked largemouth bass comprised 15% in pool 5 and 20% in pool 9 of the 2002 year-class at age 0 and 10% in pool 5 and 13% in pool 9 at age 1. Contributions of stocked largemouth bass to the year-class did not differ significantly between pools (P = 0.2850 in pool 5 and 0.1824 in pool 9) or years (P = 0.3521 in fall and 0.5061 in spring). Mean lengths of stocked and wild largemouth bass did not differ significantly in either pool during fall 2002 (P = 0.2863 in pool 5 and 0.9281 in pool 9) or spring 2003 (P = 0.4809 in pool 5 and 0.1233 in pool 9). However, largemouth bass were significantly longer in pool 9 than in pool 5 at age 0 (181 mm TL versus 172 mm TL, respectively; P = 0.0113) and age 1 (204 mm TL versus 182 mm TL, respectively; P &lt; 0.0001). Largemouth bass stocked into the Arkansas River, an open system, contributed to year-class strength to a similar degree as fish stocked into closed reservoirs and lakes.
Cover Picture: Sequential Nucleation and Growth of Complex Nanostructured Films (Adv. Funct. Mater. 3/2006)
Authors: Sounart T. L. , Liu J. , Voigt J. A. , Hsu J. W. P. , Spoerke E. D. , Tian Z. , Jiang Y. B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA sequential nucleation and growth process has been developed to construct complex nanostructured films step‐by‐step from aqueous solutions, as reported by Liu, Voigt, and co‐workers on p. 335. This method can be applied to a wide range of materials, and can be combined with top–down techniques to create spatially resolved micropatterns. The cover figure shows images of oriented nanowires, nanoneedles, nanotubes, nanoplates and stacked columns, wagon‐wheels, hierarchical films based on wagon‐wheels, hierarchically ordered mesophase silicate, and micropatterned flower‐like structures.Nanostructured films with controlled architectures are desirable for many applications in optics, electronics, biology, medicine, and energy/chemical conversions. Low‐temperature, aqueous chemical routes have been widely investigated for the synthesis of continuous films, and arrays of oriented nanorods and nanotubes. More recently, aqueous‐phase routes have been used to produce films composed of more complex crystal structures. In this paper, we discuss recent progress in the synthesis of complex nanostructures through sequential nucleation and growth processes. We first review the use of multistage, seeded‐growth methods to synthesize a wide range of nanostructures, including oriented nanowires, nanotubes, and nanoneedles, as well as laminated films, columns, and multilayer heterostructures. We then describe more recent work on the application of sequential nucleation and growth to the systematic assembly of large arrays of hierarchical, complex, oriented, and ordered crystal architectures. The multistage aqueous chemical route is shown to be applicable to several technologically important materials, and therefore may play a key role in advancing complex nanomaterials into applications.
Inside Front Cover: High‐Performance and Stable Organic Thin‐Film Transistors Based on Fused Thiophenes (Adv. Funct. Mater. 3/2006)
Authors: Sun Y. M. , Ma Y. Q. , Liu Y. Q. , Lin Y. Y. , Wang Z. Y. , Wang Y. , Di C. A. , Xiao K. , Chen X. M. , Qiu W. F. , Zhang B. , Yu G. , Hu W. P. , Zhu D. B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA series of new organic semiconductors for organic thin‐film transistors using dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]thiophene as the core have been synthesized. In work reported by Liu, Zhu, and co‐workers on p. 426, the phenyl‐substituted compound exhibited a high mobility of 0.42 cm2 V–1 s–1 and an on/off ratio of 5 × 106. Weekly shelf‐life tests of the transistors based on the bis(diphenyl)‐substituted thiophene under ambient conditions showed that the mobility was almost unchanged after more than two months, demonstrating potential for applications in future organic electronics.A series of new organic semiconductors for organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs) using dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]thiophene as the core are synthesized. Their electronic and optical properties are investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV‐vis and photoluminescence spectroscopies, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The compounds exhibit an excellent field‐effect performance with a high mobility of 0.42 cm2 V–1 s–1 and an on/off ratio of 5 × 106. XRD patterns reveal these films, grown by vacuum deposition, to be highly crystalline, and SEM reveals well‐interconnected, microcrystalline domains in these films at room temperature. TGA and DSC demonstrate that the phenyl‐substituted compounds possess excellent thermal stability. Furthermore, weekly shelf‐life tests (under ambient conditions) of the OTFTs based on the phenyl‐substituted compounds show that the mobility for the bis(diphenyl)‐substituted thiophene was almost unchanged for more than two months, indicating a high environmental stability.
Microstructure and properties of new polyimide/polysiloxane composite films
Authors: Lü Changli , Wang Zhen , Liu Feng , Yan Jingling , Gao Lianxun 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA series of novel polyimide/polydiphenylsiloxane) (PI/PDDS) composite films with different contents of DDS were prepared using sol–gel method. The noncrosslinked PI–DDS and crosslinked PIS–DDS were synthesized through cohydrolysis and condensation between DDS and polyamic acid (PAA) or aminopropyltriethoxysilane(APTES)‐terminated polyamic acid (PAAS). All the composite films have high thermal stability near pure PI. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) study shows that the polysiloxane from hydrolyzed DDS well dispersed in polyimide matrix, without macroscopic separation for the composite films with low content of DDS, while large domain of polysiloxane was formed in films with high DDS content. The microstructure of composite films is in accordance with the transparency of corresponding films. X‐ray study shows the PDDS is amorphous in PI matrix. The introduction of DDS into PI can improve the elongation at break and at the same time, the composite films still remained with higher modulus and tensile strength. The density and water absorption of the composite films decreased with the increasing DDS content. The composite films with DDS content below 10 wt % exhibit good solvent resistance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 124–132, 2006
Morphological changes in thermoplastic polyurethanes during heating
Authors: Laity P. R. , Taylor J. E. , Wong S. S. , Khunkamchoo P. , Cable M. , Andrews G. T. , Johnson A. F. , Cameron R. E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis work investigated the thermal behavior of a series of thermoplastic poly(ether‐urethane)s containing 36–71% by weight hard segments derived from 4,4′‐methylene‐bisphenylisocyanate and butane‐1,4‐diol, with poly(tetramethylene oxide) soft segments. In all materials studied, differential scanning calorimetry revealed the presence of a T1 endotherm ∼20–30°C above the annealing temperature. Morphological changes during heating were observed using small‐angle X‐ray scattering; the data was analyzed using “globular” models based on a one‐dimensional statistical lattice or the Percus–Yevick description of liquids, both of which appeared to provide good descriptions of these materials. The results indicated that the T1 endotherm coincided with the onset of morphological changes during heating. Possible explanations are discussed, based on the melting of small hard‐segment crystals or an activation energy associated with transient segmental mixing. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 779–790, 2006