bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AGN polarization modeling with Stokes
Authors: Goosmann René W. , Gaskell C. Martin , Shoji Masatoshi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe introduce a new, publicly available Monte Carlo radiative transfer code, Stokes, which has been developed to model polarization induced by scattering of free electrons and dust grains. It can be used in a wide range of astrophysical applications. Here, we apply it to model the polarization produced by the equatorial obscuring and scattering tori assumed to exist in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). We present optical/UV modeling of dusty tori with a curved inner shape and for two different dust types. The polarization spectra enable us to clearly distinguish between the two dust compositions. The Stokes code and its documentation can be freely downloaded from http://www.stokes-program.info/.
Measuring the supermassive black hole parameters with space missions
Authors: Zakharov Alexander F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecent X-ray observations of microquasars and Seyfert galaxies reveal broad emission lines in their spectra, which can arise in the innermost parts of accretion disks. Recently Müller & Camenzind (2004) classified different types of spectral line shapes and described their origin. Zakharov (2006b) clarified their conclusions about an origin of doubled peaked and double horned line shapes in the framework of a radiating annulus model and discussed s possibility to evaluate black hole parameters analyzing spectral line shapes.
The effects of subtherapeutic antibiotic use in farm animals on the proliferation and persistence of antibiotic resistance among soil bacteria
Authors: Ghosh Sudeshna , LaPara Timothy M 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The use of antibiotics at subtherapeutic concentrations for agricultural applications is believed to be an important factor in the proliferation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The goal of this study was to determine if the application of manure onto agricultural land would result in the proliferation of antibiotic resistance among soil bacteria. Chlortetracycline-resistant bacteria were enumerated and characterized from soils exposed to the manure of animals fed subtherapeutic concentrations of antibiotics and compared to the chlortetracycline-resistant bacteria from soils at farms with restricted antibiotic use (dairy farms) and from non-agricultural soils. No significant differences were observed at nine different study sites with respect to the numbers and types of cultivated chlortetracycline-resistant bacteria. Genes encoding for tetracycline resistance were rarely detected in the resistant bacteria from these sites. In contrast, soils collected from a tenth farm, which allowed manure to indiscriminately accumulate outside the animal pen, had significantly higher chlortetracycline-resistance levels. These resistant bacteria frequently harbored one of 14 different genes encoding for tetracycline resistance, many of which (especially tet(A) and tet(L)) were detected in numerous different bacterial species. Subsequent bacterial enumerations at this site, following the cessation of farming activity, suggested that this farm remained a hotspot for antibiotic resistance. In conclusion, we speculate that excessive application of animal manure leads to the spread of resistance to soil bacteria (potentially by lateral gene transfer), which then serve as persistent reservoir of antibiotic resistance.
Ritual Performance and Ritual Practice: Teaching the Multiple Forms and Dimensions of Ritual
Authors: Ekstrom Linda , Hecht Richard D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter reflects upon the chapter's authors' experience in teaching a course on religion and contemporary art, and how they seek to help students understand the ritual dimensions of religion and contemporary art practice. The chapter considers two rituals, one from the celebration for the feast day of the Virgin of Guadalupe and the other a performance by two art students. The chapter attempts to understand these two very different ritual forms through a series of theoretical frames drawn from the study of religion and the interpretation of contemporary art. The ritual practices of three well-known contemporary artists — Guillermo Gómez-Peña, Liza Lou, and Marina Abramovic — are discussed. The works of these artists are strikingly different, but each holds together, in practice and form, the transcendence and immanence of the sacred, and their work expands the range and breadth of the understanding of ritual.
The Play of the Mother
Authors: Erndl Kathleen M. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores questions of Hindu women's power in connection with goddess possession rituals in the Kangra Valley area of Himachal Pradesh, North India. In Kangra, it is not uncommon for women to become possessed by a goddess, to speak with her voice, and to act as healers and mediums in their communities. Possession grants householder women opportunities to travel beyond their domiciles and form a female community with other women, however temporary. This in turn may provide women access to advice, support, or even material assistance. These ritual spaces are “cracks” in a patriarchal system that cannot be completely controlled by patriarchal norms and that provide outlets for women's creativity and interconnection.
Performing Arts, Re‐forming Rituals
Authors: Narayanan Vasudha 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter addresses the expression of Hindu women's religiosity through music and dance. It is argued that in contemporary Hinduism the performing arts, which are essentially forms of religious performance, may serve as vehicles not only for women's religious expression, but also for dynamic social commentary and reform. Examples include dancers like Mallika Sarabhai and Chandralekha, who use dance to highlight women's issues and to express themes of anguish and strength. As authors, performers, and consumers of the performing arts, women may engage music and dance both to express their own subjectivities and to help effect social change.
External Liberalization, Growth, and Distribution in China
Authors: Li Shantong 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the effects of external liberalization on China's economic growth, employment, and income distribution. The sections are organized as follows. Section 1 describes China's macro environment following trade liberalization. Section 2 reviews China's experience with liberalization. Section 3 analyzes the macro impact of liberalization through a decomposition of aggregate demand. Section 4 focuses on the distributive effects of liberalization through a decomposition of employment and productivity. The social impact of liberalization is dealt with in Sections 5 and 6.
External Liberalization, Growth, and Distribution in the Philippines
Authors: Bautista Carlos C. , Lim Joseph Y. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This study examines the effects on growth and distribution of external liberalization efforts in the Philippines. The second section describes Philippine economic performance, starting from the time the country acquired its independence. However, the main focus of the study is from 1980 to the present, because this was when the reforms were put in place. The third section analyzes distribution effects through a decomposition of employment to provide a better understanding of the distributional effects of liberalization and deregulation. The final section discusses areas for further research and makes a conclusion.
Turkey, 1980–2000: Financial Liberalization, Macroeconomic (In)Stability, and Patterns of Distribution
Authors: Boratav Korkut , Yeldan Erinc 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the facts and processes characterizing the dynamic macroeconomic adjustments in Turkey since the start of its reforms toward global integration. The study is organized as follows. Section 2 focuses on the analytics of macro adjustments of the two distinct (i.e., 1980-1988/1989 and 1989-2000) phases of liberalization. Section 3 quantifies the macro adjustments via a set of decomposition exercises and traces the evolution of real output and sources of aggregate demand. Microlevel adjustments and related decomposition exercises, in turn, are investigated in Section 4 for the manufacturing sector. The distributional effects of liberalization of commodity trade and finance are summarized in Section 5, and Section 6 gives a conclusion.
Keeping Your Balance
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the existence of Nash equilibria. The existence problem is first introduced with pure-strategy reaction curves for Noisy and Silent Duel. A proof of John Nash's existence theorem is then sketched using the Kakutani fixed-point theorem. The latter may be deduced from Brouwer's more famous fixed-point theorem. A sketch of a proof of Brouwer's theorem is offered using the fact that Hex cannot end in a draw. Games often have many Nash equilibria, which creates an equilibrium selection problem. Various possible approaches to the equilibrium selection problem are reviewed, including the evolutionary approach and Thomas Schelling's notion of a focal point.
Repeating Yourself
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter studies games played by the same players over and over again. The strategies in repeated games are modeled as finite automata, and a version of the folk theorem is proved. This says that full cooperation can be sustained as an equilibrium outcome in a repeated situation under suitable conditions. The folk theorem is perhaps the most important result that game theory has to offer to social philosophy. Its relevance to social contract theory is briefly explored by showing how it can explain such emergent phenomena as trust, authority, and altruism. The chapter ends by drawing attention to the fact that Axelrod's claims for the strategy tit-for-tat are seriously misleading.
Knowing What to Believe
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes John Harsanyi's theory of so-called games of incomplete information using Poker as a motivating example. The chapter begins by analyzing a simplified version of Von Neumann's second Poker model. The general theory of incomplete information is then described. Russian Roulette and Cournot Duopoly with incomplete information about costs are used as examples. Harsanyi's purification of mixed strategies is briefly described. The finitely repeated Prisoner's Dilemma, in which the number of repetitions is not common knowledge, is given as an example with incomplete information about the rules of a game.
Just Playing?
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter offers an approach to applying game theory to David Hume's ideas on moral philosophy. It begins by explaining how the Humean approach allows a different interpretation of experimental results in games like the Ultimatum Game compared to that taken for granted in classical economics. It then briefly reviews ideas from orthodox social choice theory as a preliminary to arguing that making interpersonal comparisons of utility is necessary for a full analysis of fairness norms. Harsanyi's theory of interpersonal comparison is then introduced. Harsanyi's utilitarian theory and Rawls' egalitarian theory are discussed. The chapter ends with an account of an experiment that is intended to illustrate how fairness norms may evolve over time.
Taking Charge
Authors: Binmore Ken 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter introduces mechanism design, which is the subject wherein games are designed so that rational play results in socially desirable outcomes. The judgment of Solomon from the Bible is used as an introductory example. The principles of mechanism design are then described. The use of the revelation principle is illustrated with an extended analysis of the Street Lamp Problem. The Clarke-Groves mechanism is briefly described. Finally, a critical review of implementation theory is offered that emphasizes its differences from mechanism design and its shortcomings.
Afterword
Authors: Virani Shafique N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThree concepts in particular played a major role in the Ismaili survival of the Mongol depredations: taqiyya (precautionary dissimulation); the Ismaili da'wa, which literally means “summons”; and the soteriological dimension of the imamate. The latter was exceptionally important as it emphasized the role of the Imam of one's time in leading the adept to salvation and a mystical recognition of God.
Introduction
Authors: Poceski Mario 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter discusses the main focus of the book — the Hongzhou school, which, under the leadership of Mazu Daoyi (709-788) and his disciples, replaced the various traditions of early Chan and dominated the Chan movement for nearly a century, from around the aftermath of the An Lushan rebellion (755-763) until after the Huichang-era (841-845) persecution of Buddhism. As Mazu and his leading disciples came to occupy central positions within the Chan movement, stories about their spiritual exploits became prominent in traditional Chan lore. An overview of the chapters included in this volume is presented.
The Life and Times of Mazu Daoyi
Authors: Poceski Mario 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter covers Mazu Daoyi's monastic career, starting with his initial engagement with Buddhism as a young man and his monastic ordination in his native Sichuan. His early travels and studies, his establishment of monastic communities in Fujian and Jiangxi, his gradual rise to fame, and eventually his death in Hongzhou as a revered religious leader with large monastic and lay followings are described. The exploration of Mazu's monastic life situates his activities within the context of the local communities where he lived and his interactions with other monastic and lay individuals.
Conclusion
Authors: Poceski Mario 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This concluding chapter presents a synthesis of the topics discussed in the preceding chapters. This book represents an attempt to take another look at the mid-Tang period and recover significant aspects of Tang religious history. Its portrayal of the Hongzhou school challenges popular views and prevalent notions about the history and character of Tang Chan, thereby further undermining the myth of Chan's uniqueness that still permeates many discussions of Chan/Zen history, literature, and teachings. Concerning the centrality of the Hongzhou school in subsequent historical narratives and demarcations of Chan orthodoxy, a rethinking of its growth and character along the lines suggested in this volume has wide-ranging ramifications for reinterpreting the beliefs and ideologies of the later Chan/Zen traditions throughout East Asia.
Visions of Awakening Space and Time
Authors: Leighton Taigen Dan 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
As a religion concerned with universal liberation, Zen grew out of a Buddhist worldview very different from the currently prevalent scientific materialism. Zen cannot be fully understood outside of a worldview that sees reality itself as a vital, dynamic agent of awareness and healing. This book explicates that worldview through the writings of the Zen master Eihei Dōgen (1200-1253), considered the founder of the Japanese Sōtō Zen tradition, which currently enjoys popularity in the West. The Lotus Sutra, arguably the most important Buddhist scripture in East Asia, contains a famous story about bodhisattvas (enlightening beings) who emerge from under the earth to preserve and expound the Lotus teaching in the distant future. The story reveals that the Buddha only appears to pass away, but actually has been practicing, and will continue to do so, over an inconceivably long life span. The book traces commentaries on the Lotus Sutra from key East Asian Buddhist thinkers, including Daosheng, Zhiyi, Zhanran, Saigyo, Myoe, Nichiren, Hakuin, and Ryokan. But the main focus is Eihei Dōgen, whose profuse, provocative, and poetic writings are important to the modern expansion of Buddhism to the West. Dōgen's use of this sutra expresses the critical role of Mahnullynullna vision and imagination as the context of Zen teaching, and his interpretations of this story furthermore reveal his dynamic worldview of the earth, space, and time themselves as vital agents of spiritual awakening. The book argues that Dōgen uses the images and metaphors in this story to express his own religious worldview, in which earth, space, and time are lively agents in the bodhisattva project. Broader awareness of Dōgen's worldview and its implications can illuminate the possibilities for contemporary approaches to primary Mahnullynullna concepts and practices.
Selected East Asian Interpretations of the Story
Authors: Leighton Taigen Dan 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter traces responses and commentaries to the Lotus Sutra, especially to Chapters 15 and 16, from a series of prominent East Asian Buddhist teachers. Included are early Chinese teachers Daosheng, Zhiyi, and Zhanran; Dōgen's rough contemporaries in Japan, Saigyō, Myōe, and Nichiren; and the commentaries of later Japanese Zen figures Hakuin, Ryōkan, and the modern master Shunryū Suzuki. Among the major issues that these contrasting responses address are the nature of the earth and the practice relationship to this world; the manner in which this Lotus Sutra story applies to later, ongoing practice; and the nature of the Buddha himself in the light of this story.
Forbidden Fruit
Authors: Regnerus Mark D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAmericans remain deeply ambivalent about teenage sexuality. Many presume that such uneasiness is rooted in religion. This book tackles such questions as: how exactly does religion contribute to the formation of teenagers' sexual values and actions? What difference, if any, does religion make in adolescents' sexual attitudes and behaviors? Are abstinence pledges effective? Who expresses regrets about their sexual activity and why? The book combines analyses of three national surveys with stories drawn from interviews with over 250 teenagers across America. It reviews how young people learn, and what they know about sex from their parents, schools, peers, and other sources. It examines what experiences teens profess to have had, and how they make sense of these experiences in light of their own identities as religious, moral, and responsible persons. The author's analysis discovers that religion can and does matter. However, the analysis finds that religious claims are often swamped by other compelling sexual scripts. Particularly interesting is the emergence of what the author calls a “new middle class sexual morality”, which has little to do with a desire for virginity but nevertheless shuns intercourse in order to avoid risks associated with pregnancy and STDs. And strikingly, evangelical teens aren't less sexually active than their non-evangelical counterparts, they just tend to feel guiltier about it. In fact, the analysis finds that few religious teens have internalized or are even able to articulate the sexual ethic taught by their denominations. The only-and largely ineffective-sexual message most religious teens are getting is: “don't do it until you're married”. Ultimately, the author concludes, religion may influence adolescent sexual behavior, but it rarely motivates sexual decision making.
Motivating Sexual Decisions
Authors: Regnerus Mark D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter traces the development of adolescent heterosexual ethics and norms, including their motivations to avoid sex or engage in sex. It documents what types of adolescents are likely to take abstinence pledges, how well they work, and the sexual and familial idealism they portray. It also explores the popular but vaguely defined theme of “emotional readiness” as a barometer of sexual preparedness.
Imitation Sex and the New Middle‐Class Morality
Authors: Regnerus Mark D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter evaluates alternate expressions of sexual activity, such as pornography and oral and anal sex. It explores in some detail the preference for replacing vaginal sexual intercourse with forms of sexual expression less threatening to future prospects for material success. It concludes that there is evidence of an emerging middle-class sexual morality among some American teenagers.
The Passions of Christ in High-Medieval Thought
Authors: Madigan Kevin 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Theologians have always struggled to understand how humanity and divinity coexisted in the person of Christ. Proponents of the Arian heresy, which held that Jesus could not have been fully divine, found significant scriptural evidence of their position. The defenders of orthodoxy, such as Hilary of Poitiers, Ambrose of Milan, Jerome, and Augustine, believed that these biblical passages could be reconciled with Christ's divinity. Medieval theologians such as Peter Lombard, Thomas Aquinas, and Bonaventure, also grappled with these texts when confronting the rising threat of Arian heresy. They too faced the need to preserve Jesus' authentic humanity and to describe a mode of experiencing the passions that cast no doubt upon the perfect divinity of the Incarnate Word. However, they also confronted an additional obstacle. The medieval theologians had inherited from the Greek and Latin fathers a body of opinion on the passages in question, which by this time had achieved normative cultural status in the Christian tradition. However, the Greek and Latin fathers wrote in a polemical situation, responding to the threat to orthodoxy posed by the Arians. As a consequence, they sometimes found themselves driven to extreme and sometimes contradictory statements. These statements seemed to their medieval successors either to compromise the true divinity of Christ, his true humanity, or the possibility that the divine and human were in communication with or metaphysically linked to one another. As a result, medieval theologians also needed to demonstrate how two equally authoritative but apparently contradictory statements could be reconciled. This book examines the arguments that resulted from these dual pressures and finds that, under the guise of unchanging assimilation and transmission of a unanimous tradition, there were in fact many fissures and discontinuities between the two bodies of thought, ancient and medieval. Rather than organic change or development, the book finds radical change, trial, novelty, and even heterodoxy.
Humanity, Divinity, and Biblical Exegesis in Early Arian Thought
Authors: Madigan Kevin 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter talks about Arian, including less well known Latin Arian sources. It analyzes how the Arians interpreted these texts, shows why they thought it theologically necessary to analyze them as they did, and to hint at the dismay caused in the developing pro-Nicene party. This chapter starts the argument of the book that the Arians — long after they ceased to be a political or social force in Western Europe — served as silent interlocutors for the great medieval authors under consideration here.
Conclusion: The Passions of Christ in Ancient and Medieval Thought
Authors: Madigan Kevin 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This concluding chapter begins with a discussion of the major focus of this study, which is what Cardinal Newman — thinking of the difference between the earliest expression of a dogma and its developed form — called a “prima facie dissimilitude” between the two. It is argued that whatever one might think of the great Cardinal Newman's theory of dogmatic development and whatever of the history of Christian thought it might be believed to elucidate, it simply cannot begin to do justice to the evidence considered in this study. Time and again, “prima facie” dissimilitudes have been seen between an ancient Christological doctrine and its medieval development. However, closer inspection and analysis have revealed, that in virtually all these cases, the “dissimilitude” was very far from superficial.