bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive gain and the role of the locus coeruleus–norepinephrine system in optimal performance
Authors: Aston‐Jones Gary , Cohen Jonathan D. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractHistorically, the locus coeruleus–norepinephrine (LC‐NE) system has been implicated in arousal, but recent findings suggest that this system plays a more complex and specific role in the control of behavior than investigators previously thought. We review neurophysiological, anatomical, and modeling studies in monkey that support a new theory of LC‐NE function. LC neurons exhibit two modes of activity, phasic and tonic. Phasic LC activation is driven by the outcome of task‐related decision processes and is proposed to facilitate ensuing behaviors and to help optimize task performance. When utility in the task wanes, LC neurons exhibit a tonic activity mode, associated with disengagement from the current task and a search for alternative behaviors. Monkey LC receives prominent, direct inputs from the anterior cingulate (ACC) and orbitofrontal cortices (OFC), both of which are thought to monitor task‐related utility. We propose that these prefrontal areas produce the above patterns of LC activity to optimize the utility of performance on both short and long time scales. J. Comp. Neurol. 493:99–110, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy of the soul as reflected in the cerebral hemispheres: Neural circuits underlying voluntary control of basic motivated behaviors
Authors: Swanson Larry W. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractUnderstanding the principles of cerebral hemisphere neural network organization is essential for understanding the biological foundations of cognition and affect—thinking and feeling. A tripartite model of cerebral structure–function organization is reviewed, with attention focused on a behavior control system differentiation that mediates voluntary influences on three fundamental classes of goal‐oriented behavior common to all animals. The model postulates just three cerebral divisions, one cortical and two nuclear (lateral or striatal, and medial or pallidal), that together generate a triple descending projection to the brainstem/cord motor system. This minimal circuit element is topographically organized and regionally differentiated, with the map of cortical areas serving as a basic starting point. Virtually all of the cerebral hemisphere projects on the upper brainstem behavior control column, atop the motor system hierarchy. The latter's rostral segment helps control ingestive (eating and drinking), defensive (fight or flight), and reproductive (sexual and parental) motivated behaviors, whereas its caudal segment helps control foraging or exploratory behavior to obtain or avoid specific goal objects associated with all classes of motivated behavior. J. Comp. Neurol. 493:122–131, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human brain activation during sexual stimulation of the penis
Authors: Georgiadis Janniko R. , Holstege Gert 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPenile sensory information is essential for reproduction, but almost nothing is known about how sexually salient inputs from the penis are processed in the brain. We used positron emission tomography to measure regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during various stages of male sexual performance. Compared to a passive resting condition (without penile erection), sexual stimulation of the penis increased rCBF in an area of the right hemisphere encompassing the posterior insula and adjacent posterior part of the secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) and decreased rCBF in the right amygdala. No activation was observed in either the thalamus, genital part of primary somatosensory cortex (SI), or hypothalamus. Based on these results we put forward the concept that during sexual performance the salience of the stimulus, represented by activation of the insula and SII, is of greater significance than the exact location of the stimulus, encoded in SI. The absence of activation in the hypothalamus indicates that this region is more important for the onset of sexual arousal than for the resulting sexual performance. Deactivation of the amygdala during sexual stimulation of the penis corresponds with a decrease of vigilance during sexual performance. J. Comp. Neurol. 493:33–38, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural mechanisms of autonomic, affective, and cognitive integration
Authors: Critchley Hugo D. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractInfluential theoretical models propose a central role for afferent information from the body in the expression of emotional feeling states. Feedback representations of changing states of bodily arousal influence learning and facilitate concurrent and prospective decision‐making. Functional neuroimaging studies have increased understanding of brain mechanisms that generate changes in autonomic arousal during behavior and those which respond to internal feedback signals to influence subjective feeling states. In particular, anterior cingulate cortex is implicated in generating autonomic changes, while insula and orbitofrontal cortices may be specialized in mapping visceral responses. Independently, ventromedial prefrontal cortex is recognized to support processes of internal (self‐) reference that predominate in states of rest and disengagement and which putatively serve as a benchmark for dynamic interactions with the environment. Lesion data further highlight the integrated role of these cortical regions in autonomic and motivational control. In computational models of control, forward (efference copies) and inverse models are proposed to enable prediction and correction of action and, by extension, the interpretation of the behavior of others. It is hypothesized that the neural substrate for these processes during motivational and affective behavior lies within the interactions of anterior cingulate, insula, and orbitofrontal cortices. Generation of visceral autonomic correlates of control reinforce experiential engagement in simulatory models and underpin concepts such as somatic markers to bridge the dualistic divide. J. Comp. Neurol. 493:154–166, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ventromedial medulla: Pain modulation and beyond
Authors: Mason Peggy 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) and ventromedial medulla (VMM) are generally viewed as the core of an endogenous descending modulatory system. However, available data demonstrate that PAG and VMM do not specifically target nociceptive transmission and that activation of either structure affects numerous homeostatic physiological processes. Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a useful tracer that is retrogradely and transynaptically transported. PRV injections into homeostatic effector organs invariably label VMM neurons, both serotonergic and nonserotonergic. Studies in anesthetized rats have implicated two types of nonserotonergic VMM neurons in nociceptive modulation: ON cells are thought to facilitate nociception and OFF cells to inhibit nociception. Yet, in the unanesthetized animal, the discharge of VMM neurons changes in response to innocuous stimuli and during situations unrelated to nociception. In particular, VMM cells appear to modulate the timing of micturition, with ON cells promoting the initiation of voiding and OFF cells promoting urine storage. VMM cells also modulate sensory transmission. During both micturition and sleep, OFF cells discharge and sensory responsiveness is depressed. In sum, the VMM is hypothesized to modulate spinal sensory, autonomic, and motor circuits in order to maintain homeostasis. J. Comp. Neurol. 493:2–8, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional imaging and the central control of the bladder
Authors: Kavia Rajesh Bharat Chhaganlal , Dasgupta Ranan , Fowler Clare Juliet 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe central control of the bladder is a complex, multilevel process. Recent advances in functional brain imaging have allowed research into this control in humans. This article reviews the functional imaging studies published to date and discusses the regions of the brain that have been implicated in the central control of continence. Brain regions that have been implicated include the pons (pontine micturition center, PMC), periaqueductal gray (PAG), thalamus, insula, anterior cingulate gyrus, and prefrontal cortices. The PMC and the PAG are thought to be key in the supraspinal control of continence and micturition. Higher centers such as the insula, anterior cingulate gyrus, and prefrontal regions are probably involved in the modulation of this control and cognition of bladder sensations, and in the case of the insula and anterior cingulate, modulation of autonomic function. Further work should aim to examine how the regions interact to achieve urinary continence. J. Comp. Neurol. 493:27–32, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A proposed hypothalamic–thalamic–striatal axis for the integration of energy balance, arousal, and food reward
Authors: Kelley Ann E. , Baldo Brian A. , Pratt Wayne E. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe elaborate herein a novel theory of basal ganglia function that accounts for why palatable, energy‐dense foods retain high incentive value even when immediate physiological energy requirements have been met. Basal ganglia function has been studied from the perspective of topographical segregation of processing within parallel circuits, with primary focus on motor control and cognition. Recent findings suggest, however, that the striatum can act as an integrated unit to modulate motivational state. We describe evidence that the striatal enkephalin system, which regulates the hedonic impact of preferred foods, undergoes coordinated gene expression changes that track current motivational state with regard to food intake. Striatal enkephalin gene expression is also downregulated by an intrastriatal infusion of a cholinergic muscarinic antagonist, a manipulation that greatly suppresses food intake. To account for these findings, we propose that signaling through a hypothalamic–midline thalamic–striatal axis impinges on the cholinergic interneurons of the striatum, which via their large, overlapping axonal fields act as a network to modulate enkephalin‐containing striatal output neurons. A key relay in this circuit is the paraventricular thalamic nucleus, which receives convergent input from orexin‐coded hypothalamic energy‐sensing and behavioral state‐regulating neurons, as well as from circadian oscillators, and projects to cholinergic interneurons throughout the striatal complex. We hypothesize that this system evolved to coordinate feeding and arousal, and to prolong the feeding central motivational state beyond the fulfillment of acute energy needs, thereby promoting “overeating” and the consequent development of an energy reserve for potential future food shortages. J. Comp. Neurol. 493:72–85, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Homeostatic, circadian, and emotional regulation of sleep
Authors: Saper Clifford B. , Cano Georgina , Scammell Thomas E. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA good night's sleep is one of life's most satisfying experiences, while sleeplessness is stressful and causes cognitive impairment. Yet the mechanisms that regulate the ability to sleep have only recently been subjected to detailed investigation. New studies show that the control of wake and sleep emerges from the interaction of cell groups that cause arousal with other nuclei that induce sleep such as the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO). The VLPO inhibits the ascending arousal regions and is in turn inhibited by them, thus forming a mutually inhibitory system resembling what electrical engineers call a “flip‐flop switch.” This switch may help produce sharp transitions between discrete behavioral states, but it is not necessarily stable. The orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus may help stabilize this system by exciting arousal regions during wakefulness, preventing unwanted transitions between wakefulness and sleep. The importance of this stabilizing role is apparent in narcolepsy, in which an absence of the orexin neurons causes numerous, unintended transitions in and out of sleep and allows fragments of REM sleep to intrude into wakefulness. These influences on the sleep/wake system by homeostatic and circadian drives, as well as emotional inputs, are reviewed. Understanding the pathways that underlie the regulation of sleep and wakefulness may provide important insights into how the cognitive and emotional systems interact with basic homeostatic and circadian drives for sleep. J. Comp. Neurol. 493:92–98, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy and neurochemistry of the pair bond
Authors: Young Larry J. , Murphy Young Anne Z. , Hammock Elizabeth A.D. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractStudies in monogamous rodents have begun to elucidate the neural circuitry underlying the formation and maintenance of selective pair bonds between mates. This research suggests that at least three distinct, yet interconnected, neural pathways interact in the establishment of the pair bond. These include circuits involved in conveying somatosensory information from the genitalia to the brain during sexual activity, the mesolimbic dopamine circuits of reward and reinforcement, and neuropeptidergic circuits involved specifically in the processing of socially salient cues. Here we present an integrated description of the interaction of these circuits in a model of pair bond formation in rodents with a discussion of the implications of these findings for evolution, individual variation, and human bonding. J. Comp. Neurol. 493:51–57, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Romantic love: An fMRI study of a neural mechanism for mate choice
Authors: Fisher Helen , Aron Arthur , Brown Lucy L. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractScientists have described myriad traits in mammalian and avian species that evolved to attract mates. But the brain mechanisms by which conspecifics become attracted to these traits is largely unknown. Yet mammals and birds express mate preferences and make mate choices, and data suggest that this “attraction system” is associated with the dopaminergic reward system. It has been proposed that intense romantic love, a cross‐cultural universal, is a developed form of this attraction system. To determine the neural mechanisms associated with romantic love we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and studied 17 people who were intensely “in love” (Aron et al. [2005] J Neurophysiol 94:327–337). Activation specific to the beloved occurred in the right ventral tegmental area and right caudate nucleus, dopamine‐rich areas associated with mammalian reward and motivation. These and other results suggest that dopaminergic reward pathways contribute to the “general arousal” component of romantic love; romantic love is primarily a motivation system, rather than an emotion; this drive is distinct from the sex drive; romantic love changes across time; and romantic love shares biobehavioral similarities with mammalian attraction. We propose that this attraction mechanism evolved to enable individuals to focus their mating energy on specific others, thereby conserving energy and facilitating mate choice—a primary aspect of reproduction. Last, the corticostriate system, with its potential for combining diverse cortical information with reward signals, is an excellent anatomical substrate for the complex factors contributing to romantic love and mate choice. J. Comp. Neurol. 493:58–62, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Micturition and the soul
Authors: Holstege Gert 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThere is a close connection between micturition and emotion. Several species use micturition to signal important messages as territorial demarcation and sexual attraction. For this reason, micturition is coordinated not in the spinal cord but in the brainstem, where it is closely connected with the limbic system. In cat, bladder afferents terminate in a cell group in the lateral dorsal horn and lateral part of the intermediate zone. Neurons in this cell group project to supraspinal levels, not to the thalamus but to the central periaqueductal gray (PAG). Neurons in the lateral PAG, not receiving direct sacral cord afferents, project to the pontine micturition center (PMC). The PMC projects directly to the parasympathetic bladder motoneurons and to sacral GABA‐ergic and glycinergic premotor interneurons that inhibit motoneurons in Onuf's nucleus innervating the external striated bladder sphincter. Thus, PMC stimulation causes bladder contraction and bladder sphincter relaxation, i.e., complete micturition. Other than the PAG, only the preoptic area and a cell group in the caudal hypothalamus project directly to the PMC. The ventromedial upper medullary tegmentum also sends projections to the PMC, but they are diffuse and also involve structures that adjoin the PMC. Neuroimaging studies in humans suggest that the systems controlling micturition in cat and human are very similar. It seems that the many structures in the brain that are known to influence micturition use the PAG as relay to the PMC. This basic organization has to be kept in mind in the fight against overactive bladder (OAB) and urge‐incontinence. J. Comp. Neurol. 493:15–20, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identifying hypothalamic pathways controlling food intake, body weight, and glucose homeostasis
Authors: Elmquist Joel K. , Coppari Roberto , Balthasar Nina , Ichinose Masumi , Lowell Bradford B. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe past decade has greatly increased our understanding and appreciation of the ability of the central nervous system (CNS) to regulate food intake and body weight. This was spearheaded by the discovery of key molecules regulating body weight homeostasis. It is now also apparent that the CNS, especially the hypothalamus, plays a primary role in directly regulating glucose homeostasis, independently of effects on body weight. These discoveries are important given the increasing incidences of obesity and type II diabetes in Western societies. In this article, we will highlight recent data from genetically modified mice. These data and other models have helped to dissect the CNS pathways regulating body weight and glucose homeostasis. Finally, although these studies have been illustrative, they also underscore our relative lack of knowledge and highlight the need for more definitive approaches to unravel the functional significance of these pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 493:63–71, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Guidance and differentiation of maternally directed orienting behaviors: Probing the origins of filial attachment
Authors: Polan H. Jonathan 
Published: October 2005

AbstractNewborn rats seek and attain contact with their mothers by orienting and primitive locomotor behaviors called maternally‐directed orienting behaviors (MDOBs). By 2 days of age MDOBs are elicited specifically by maternal features and are heightened by a period of acute separation from the mother. This behavioral regulation by the mother's presence suggests an early form of filial attachment. To probe for other evidence of filial attachment, two aspects of the controls of MDOBs were investigated: (1) whether MDOBs are goal‐corrected in relation to the dam's position and (2) whether the performance of MDOBs can be separated from that of suckling. It was found that, during the first 2 days after birth, MDOBs maintained the pup's ventrum‐to‐ventrum contact with the dam regardless of her position, suggesting that they are goal‐corrected. Evidence was not found for independent controls of nipple grasping (NG), the behavior that initiates suckling, and MDOBs during the first two postnatal days. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 47: 278–287, 2005.
Mother and newborn baby: Mutual regulation of physiology and behavior— A selective review
Authors: Winberg Jan 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis article reviews 30 years of work demonstrating that interactions between mother and newborn infant in the period just after birth influence the physiology and behavior of both. Close body contact of the infant with his/her mother helps regulate the newborn's temperature, energy conservation, acid–base balance, adjustment of respiration, crying, and nursing behaviors. Similarly, the baby may regulate—i.e., increase—the mother's attention to his/her needs, the initiation and maintenance of breastfeeding, and the efficiency of her energy economy through vagus activation and a surge of gastrointestinal tract hormone release resulting in better exploitation of ingested calories. The effects of some of these changes can be detected months later. Parallels to animal research and possible mechanisms are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 47: 217–229, 2005.
Fishing for the secrets of vertebrate evolution in threespine sticklebacks
Authors: Peichel Catherine L. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is rapidly emerging as a new model genetic system to study questions at the interface of evolution and development. The relatively rapid and recent diversification of this small teleost fish, combined with the development of genetic and genomic tools for this fish, provides an unprecedented opportunity to identify the genetic and molecular basis of morphological variation in natural populations of vertebrates. Recently, the genes underlying two different adaptive morphological traits in stickleback have been identified. This work has provided answers to four longstanding questions in the field of evolution and development: (1) How many genes underlie morphological variation in natural populations? (2) What are the genes that underlie morphological variation in natural populations? (3) Do coding or regulatory mutations underlie morphological evolution? (4) What is the molecular and genetic basis of parallel morphological evolution? Because stickleback populations also display natural variation in morphology, life history, physiology, and behavior, extending the approaches used to identify the genetic basis of morphological variation in sticklebacks to other phenotypes is sure to yield further important insights into the genetic and developmental basis of diversity in natural populations. Developmental Dynamics 234:815–823, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Massive gastric dilatation after a single binge in an anorectic woman
Authors: Barada Kassem A. , Azar Cecilio R. , Al‐Kutoubi Aghiad O. , Harb Rami S. , Hazimeh Youssef M. , Abbas Jaber S. , Khani Munir K. , Al‐amin Hassen A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractObjectiveMassive gastric dilatation is a very serious condition that is extremely rare in patients with no history of gastrointestinal disease. Several cases have been reported in patients with eating disorders, particularly after a binge. We report here the case of a young woman who developed severe gastric dilatation after a single binge.MethodsA computed tomographic (CT) scan of the abdomen was done and a psychiatric evaluation was performed.ResultsThe diagnosis of acute gastric dilatation was confirmed and superior mesenteric artery syndrome was excluded. The patient responded to nasogastric drainage and bowel rest. She was also found to have situational anxiety and depressive symptoms as well as a nonspecified eating disorder.ConclusionThis case illustrates the serious sequel of even a single binge in any patient with abnormal dietary habits, and demonstrates the useful role of the CT scan in the diagnosis. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.