bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low Temperature Silicon Nitride Deposition by Inductively Coupled Plasma CVD for GaAs Applications
Authors: Kim Harqkyun , Lee Youngkyu , Ra Yunju , Li G. P. , Yota J. 
Published: April 2007

In order to take advantage of silicon nitride films as an ILD layer on GaAs devices, the ICP CVD silicon nitride films were investigated by parametric study of effects of deposition parameters on the physical properties of silicon nitride film deposited in the range of 50 ~ 200oC temperature. Good quality of films could be achieved, including low moisture absorption, low H content (<15 at.%), good resistance to BOE etching (<50 Aå/min), smooth film surface (2.0 nm roughness), and reasonable film stress, as compared to the conventional PECVD nitride film, while the process temperature is much lower than the conventional PECVD process. This silicon nitride film was applied to the GaAs HBT device structure and showed very promising results of the gap-filling capability and planarization for next level of metallization.	These results indicate the possibility of using the ICP CVD silicon nitride films as an ILD layer in the GaAs devices instead of polymer type dielectrics, which typically require a long cure time at high temperature of 300oC or higher.
Uniaxial Strain Enhancement in SOI Technology for the Improvement of Channel and Exterior Resistances
Authors: Zhang Da , Goedeke D. , Dhandapani V. , Hildreth J. , Fu C.C. , Kropewnicki T. , Lu A. , Jahanbani M. , Martinez H. , Noble R. , Eades D. , Liu N. , Kang L. , Nguyen B.-Y. , Kolagunta V. , Hall M. , Cheek J. , Venkatesan S. 
Published: April 2007

Strain enhancement has been proven a viable enabler for transistor technology scaling.	The implementation and performance of source/drain embedded SiGe (eSiGe) for devices on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate are presented.	With proper process controls to mitigate substrate challenges, significant PFET drive current improvement is obtained with SOI eSiGe.	The impact of dimensional scaling factors on device enhancement is explored, and results demonstrate a good extendibility for eSiGe. It is also demonstrated that an optimized integration can lead to gate dielectric reliability improvement. The eSiGe contributions to the reductions of channel and exterior resistances are quantitatively depicted. Hole motility at high and low vertical fields has been calculated, and results show that the eSiGe enhancement on mobility changes little with vertical field variation.
Improved Manufacturability of AlGaAs/GaAs Pnp Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors
Authors: Clevenger Jascinda B. , Patrizi Gary , Peterson Tracy , Cich Michael , Baca Albert , Klem John , Plut Thomas , Fortune Torben , Hightower Michael , Torres David , Hawkins Samuel , Sullivan Charles 
Published: April 2007

Specially designed Pnp heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT's) in the AlGaAs/GaAs material system can offer improved radiation response over commercially-available silicon bipolar junction transistors (BJT's). To be a viable alternative to the silicon Pnp BJT, improvements to the manufacturability of the HBT were required.	Utilization of a Pd/Ge/Au non-spiking ohmic contact to the base and implementation of a PECVD silicon nitride hard mask for wet etch control were the primary developments that led to a more reliable fabrication process. The implementation of the silicon nitride hard mask and the subsequent process improvements increased the average electrical yield from 43% to 90%.
Amorphous Si-Solar Cell Assisted Hydrogen Production by Photocleavage of Water in Carbon Modified (CM)-n-TiO2/Pt Photoelectrochemical Cell
Authors: Xu Chengkun , Ingler William B. , Shaban Yasser A. , Alam Maksudul , Khan Shahed 
Published: April 2007

Carbon modified (CM)-n-TiO2 was used as the photoanode in CM-n- TiO2/Pt photoelectrochemical cell (PEC), to split water and an amorphous (a)-Si triple junction solar cell was used to supply an extra photovoltage.	Hydrogen production rate in terms of cell photocurrent density in CM-n-TiO2/Pt PEC was measured. Also, the effects of solar cell parameters on the PEC cell photocurrent density were investigated. It was found that under assistance of the photovoltage from the a-Si solar cell, the CM-n-TiO2/Pt PEC generated significantly increased photocurrent density (5.3 mA/cm2) compared to that by undoped n-TiO2/Pt PEC (1.0 mA/cm2). The photoresponse of CM-n-TiO2/Pt PEC was found to be limited due to low short circuit photocurrent density generated at a-Si solar cell even though it supplied needed extra photovoltage for water splitting.
Nanoporous Domains in n-InP Anodized in KOH
Authors: Lynch Robert P. , O'Dwyer C. , Sutton David , Newcomb Simon B. , Buckley D. N. 
Published: April 2007

A model of porous structure growth in semiconductors based on propagation of pores along the <111>A directions has been developed. The model predicts that pores originating at a surface pit lead to porous domains with a truncated tetrahedral shape. SEM and TEM were used to examine cross- sections of n-InP electrodes in the early stages of anodization in aqueous KOH and showed that pores propagate along the <111>A directions.	Domain outlines observed in both TEM and SEM images are in excellent agreement with the model. The model is further supported by plan-view TEM and surface SEM images. Quantitative measurements of aspect ratios of the observed domains are in excellent agreement with the predicted values.
Smoothening the Pores Walls in Macroporous n-Si
Authors: Foca Eugen , Carstensen Juergen , Leisner Malte , Ossei-Wusu Emmanuel , Riemenschneider Oliver , Foell Helmut 
Published: April 2007

Our work reports on the etching of very smooth pores in n-Si with backside illumination. From the point of view of the so- called	current burst model we explain the origin of the roughness on macropore walls. By trying different types of electrolytes at very low or moderate pH, electrolytes with very small dissolution rates of SiO2, or etching at very low temperatures, we show that the roughness of the walls can be controlled. Finally we propose to use a viscous electrolyte which lead to a roughness of only 9 nm on a 800 x 800 nm2 area which is a factor 5 smaller than the roughness observed for aqueous electrolytes.
FFT Photo Impedance Characterization of Semiconductors for Solar Application
Authors: Keipert Sinje , Carstensen Juergen , Foell Helmut 
Published: April 2007

Based on FFT impedance spectroscopy, a fast technique for characterizing relevant properties of semiconductors for solar cell application has been developed. FFT impedance is a fast and reliable method for linear response measurements of, e.g. various electrochemical reaction systems in a wide frequency range (1) based on current or voltage modulation. In this approach a modulated front side illumination as perturbation was used to measure the frequency dependent photo response (2) of photoactive electrochemical half-cells as well as complete solar cells. The possibility of investigating experimental systems that show a (reasonable) parameter drift and to be able to recognize non-linear behavior by analyzing the response spectra makes FFT impedance technique an interesting tool for evaluating solar	materials.
Bulk Scattering Properties for the Remote Sensing of Ice Clouds. Part III: High-Resolution Spectral Models from 100 to 3250 cm−1
Authors: Baum Bryan A. , Yang Ping , Nasiri Shaima , Heidinger Andrew K. , Heymsfield Andrew , Li Jun 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
This study reports on the development of bulk single-scattering models for ice clouds that are appropriate for use in hyperspectral radiative transfer cloud modeling over the spectral range from 100 to 3250 cm−1. The models are developed in a manner similar to that recently reported for the Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS); therefore these models result in a consistent set of scattering properties from visible to far-infrared wavelengths. The models incorporate a new database of individual ice-particle scattering properties that includes droxtals, 3D bullet rosettes, hexagonal solid and hollow columns, aggregates, and plates. The database provides single-scattering properties for each habit in 45 size bins ranging from 2 to 9500 μm, and for 49 wavenumbers between 100 and 3250 cm−1, which is further interpolated to 3151 discrete wavenumbers on the basis of a third-order spline interpolation method. Bulk models are developed by integrating various properties over both particle habit and size distributions. Individual bulk models are developed for 18 effective diameters Deff, ranging from Deff = 10 μm to Deff = 180 μm. A total of 1117 particle size distributions are used in the analyses and are taken from analysis of the First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project Regional Experiment (FIRE)-I, FIRE-II, Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program intensive operation period (ARM-IOP), Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Kwajalein Experiment (TRMM-KWAJEX), and Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers Florida-Area Cirrus Experiment (CRYSTAL-FACE) data. The models include microphysical and scattering properties such as median mass diameter, effective diameter, single-scattering albedo, asymmetry factor, and scattering phase function. The spectral models are appropriate for applications involving the interpretation of the radiometric measurements of ice clouds acquired by infrared spectrometers such as the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the NASA Aqua satellite and the Cross-Track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) on the upcoming National Polar-Orbiting Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS) platforms.
Urban Modification in a Mesoscale Model and the Effects on the Local Circulation in the Pearl River Delta Region
Authors: Lo Jeff C. F. , Lau Alexis K. H. , Chen Fei , Fung Jimmy C. H. , Leung Kenneth K. M. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, located in the southern part of Guangdong Province in China, is one of the most rapidly developing regions in the world. The evolution of local and regional sea-breeze circulation (SBC) is believed to be responsible for forming meteorological conditions for high air-pollution episodes in the PRD. To understand better the impacts of urbanization and its associated urban heat island (UHI) on the local- and regional-scale atmospheric circulations over PRD, a number of high-resolution numerical experiments, with different approaches to treat the land surface and urban processes, have been conducted using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5). The results show that an accurate urban land-use dataset and a proper urban land-use parameterization are critical for the mesoscale model to capture the major features of the observed UHI effect and land–sea-breeze circulations in the PRD. Stronger UHI in the PRD increases the differential temperature gradient between urbanized areas and nearby ocean surface and hence enhances the mesoscale SBC. The SBC front consequently penetrates farther inland to overcome the prevailing easterly flow in the western part of inland Hong Kong. Additional sensitivity studies indicate that further industrial development and urbanization will strengthen the daytime SBC as well as increase the air temperature in the lowest 2 km of the atmosphere.
An Empirical Orthogonal Function Iteration Approach for Obtaining Homogeneous Radiative Fluxes from Satellite Observations
Authors: Zhang Banglin , Pinker Rachel T. , Stackhouse Paul W. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Conventional observations of climate parameters are sparse in space and/or time, and the representativeness of such information needs to be optimized. Observations from satellites provide improved spatial coverage over point observations; however, they pose new challenges for obtaining homogeneous coverage. Surface radiative fluxes, the forcing functions of the hydrologic cycle and biogeophysical processes, are now becoming available from global-scale satellite observations. They are derived from independent satellite platforms and sensors that differ in temporal and spatial resolution and in the size of the footprint from which information is derived. Data gaps, degraded spatial resolution near boundaries of geostationary satellites, and different viewing geometries in areas of satellite overlap could result in biased estimates of radiative fluxes. In this study will be discussed issues related to the sources of inhomogeneity in surface radiative fluxes as derived from satellites, development of an approach to obtain homogeneous datasets, and application of the method to the widely used International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project data that currently serve as a source of information for deriving estimates of surface and top-of-the-atmosphere radiative fluxes. Introduced is an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) iteration scheme for homogenizing the fluxes. The scheme is evaluated in several ways, including comparison of the inferred radiative fluxes with ground observations, both before and after the EOF approach is applied. On the average, the latter reduces the RMS error by about 2–3 W m−2.
Fine Structure of Vertical Motion in the Stratiform Precipitation Region Observed by a VHF Doppler Radar Installed in Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Nishi Noriyuki , Yamamoto Masayuki K. , Shimomai Toyoshi , Hamada Atsushi , Fukao Shoichiro 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Vertical motion W profiles in the stratiform precipitation region of mesoscale cloud clusters were investigated using wind data observed by VHF Doppler radar installed in western Sumatra Island (0.2°S, 100.32°E). A special mode for W observations was introduced in November 2003, and W data with high accuracy were obtained during most of the period, with fine resolutions of 3 min in time and 150 m in vertical direction. The typical fine structure of W within the nimbostratus in the stratiform precipitation region was investigated by the case study of 6, 8, and 20 November 2003. In the later 2 or 3 h of the stratiform precipitation period, gentle upward motions with small time and height fluctuations were observed over a several-kilometer height range from the middle to upper troposphere. Values of W were weakly positive (0–40 cm s−1) continuously, with little strong upward motion greater than 40 cm s−1 and downward motion.
Self-assembled Silver Dendritic Nanostructure on the Surface of AAO Template
Authors: Wang Zhijun , Tao Feng , Chen Dongbo , Yao Lianzeng , Cai Weili , Li Xiaoguang 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Silver dendritic hierarchical structures have been prepared using a simple, surfactant-free method by carrying out the silver mirror reaction on the surface of a porous anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) template. The surface of the AAO template has a guiding effect in the formation process of silver dendritic hierarchical structures.
A Polydiacetylene Supramolecular System that Displays Reversible Thermochromism
Authors: Lee Cheol Hee , Kim Jong Seung , Park Sun Young , Ahn Dong June , Kim Jong-Man 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
A reversible blue-to-red color transition of polydiacetylene supramolecules derived from an oligoethylene glycol-bridged bisdiacetylene was observed upon thermal stress.
Analytical Validation of the Oncotype DX Genomic Diagnostic Test for Recurrence Prognosis and Therapeutic Response Prediction in Node-Negative, Estrogen Receptor–Positive Breast Cancer
Authors: Cronin Maureen , Sangli Chithra , Liu Mei-Lan , Pho Mylan , Dutta Debjani , Nguyen Anhthu , Jeong Jennie , Wu Jenny , Langone Kim Clark , Watson Drew 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Background: Oncotype DX™ is a clinically validated, high-complexity, multianalyte reverse transcription–PCR genomic test that predicts the likelihood of breast cancer recurrence in early-stage, node-negative, estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer. The Recurrence Score™ (RS) provides a more accurate, reproducible measure of breast cancer aggressiveness and therapeutic responsiveness than standard measures. Individualized patient management requires strict performance criteria for clinical laboratory tests. We therefore investigated the analytical performance of the assay.
Methods: Assays used a pooled RNA sample from fixed paraffin-embedded tissues to evaluate the analytical performance of a 21-gene panel with respect to amplification efficiency, precision, linearity, and dynamic range, as well as limits of detection and quantification. Performance variables were estimated from assays carried out with sample dilutions. In addition, individual patient samples were used to test the optimized assay for reproducibility and sources of imprecision.
Results: Assay results defined acceptable operational performance ranges, including an estimated maximum deviation from linearity of &lt;1 cycle threshold (CT) units over a ≥2000-fold range of RNA concentrations, with a mean quantification bias of 0.3% and CVs of 3.2%–5.7%. An analysis of study design showed that assay imprecision contributed by instrument, operator, reagent, and day-to-day baseline variation was low, with SDs of &lt;0.5 CT.
Conclusion: The analytical and operational performance specifications defined for the Oncotype DX assay allow the reporting of quantitative RS values for individual patients with an SD within 2 RS units on a 100-unit scale.
Real-Time PCR Determination of IMPDH1 and IMPDH2 Expression in Blood Cells
Authors: Bremer Sara , Rootwelt Helge , Bergan Stein 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackground: Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in de novo guanine nucleotide synthesis and is implicated in cell cycle control. Inhibition of this enzyme is associated with immunosuppressive, antiviral, and antitumor activity. IMPDH basal activity increases after initiation of immunosuppressive therapy.Methods: A real-time reverse-transcription PCR assay was developed and validated for mRNA quantification of the 2 human IMPDH isoforms. Target gene expressions were normalized to the geometric mean of 3 housekeeping genes. Assay utility was tested by analyzing patient samples and cultured cells exposed to immunosuppressive drugs such as the IMPDH inhibitor mycophenolic acid.Results: The assay was linear over 6 logs of cDNA input and demonstrated specific quantification of IMPDH1 and IMPDH2 expression in cultured cells and patient samples. Limits of detection and quantification were 10 and 103 copies of cDNA per reaction, respectively. Within-run and total between-day CVs were &lt;15% for normalized expression. Changes in IMPDH1 and 2 expression were observed in patient samples after initiation of an immunosuppressive regimen that included calcineurin inhibitors, mycophenolate mofetil, and steroids.Conclusions: This assay can be used to study the regulation of IMPDH expression and the involvement of the enzymes in immunological and malignant proliferative conditions. This may contribute to the processes of drug development and to the establishment of monitoring strategies for treatment effect and disease activity.
Limitations of Functional Analysis: The Case for Including Valued Outcomes Analysis in the Investigation of Difficult Behaviour
Authors: Bitsika Vicki 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEffective behaviour change is based on understanding the reasons for difficult behaviour. However, current functional analytic technology is often limited in its effectiveness in the clinical setting because the focus is on labelling and classifying behavioural outcomes rather than conducting a detailed analysis of the manner in which these outcomes assist the client to operate in the environment. The effectiveness of existing functional analytic techniques might be enhanced by moving the focus of the investigation from identifying the consequent variables that impact on behaviour to systematically exploring client–environment interactions as well as the manner in which the client experiences the consequences of his/her actions. One potential method (Valued Outcomes Analysis) that provides a framework for the systematic investigation of the effects of ‘inner skin’ factors on the incidence of behavioural difficulties is described here.
An analysis of the biochemical diagnosis of 66 pheochromocytomas
Authors: d’Herbomez Michèle , Forzy Gérard , Bauters Catherine , Tierny Catherine , Pigny Pascal , Carnaille Bruno , Pattou François , Wémeau Jean-Louis , Rouaix Nathalie 
Published: April 2007

Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine the performance of each variable, to define the optimal diagnostic thresholds and to determine the relative value of assaying chromogranin A (CgA).
Design: Prospective study.
Methods: Two groups of patients were studied: a control group of 71 patients and a group of 63 patients with a histologically-proven pheochromocytoma (52 pheochromocytomas and 14 paragangliomas). Fourteen of the patients had a family history of the disease. Eleven variables were assayed in each patient, i.e. the plasma and urinary concentrations of amines and their derivatives, and the CgA serum concentration.
Results: The study of the control group showed that all the serum assays gave false positive results (from 6 to 23%), as did four of the six urinary assays (from 2.9 to 12.3%). The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves varied from 0.689 to 0.992. The variables relating to the epinephrine pathway were significantly less expressed in the hereditary diseases than in the sporadic cases. The diagnostic thresholds of the three most efficient variables have been raised.
Conclusions: Plasma determinations of metanephrines are now an easy and convenient tool for the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. However, in our study the best specificity was obtained with the urinary tests rather than with the plasma assays while the highest sensitivities were for the normetanephrine assays. The assay of CgA was highly efficient in diagnosing pheochromocytomas in the absence of renal insufficiency. By combining it with fractionated metanephrine assays, the sensitivities of the latter were increased.
Metabolic follow-up after long-term pancreas graft survival
Authors: Dieterle Christoph D , Arbogast Helmut , Illner Wolf-Dieter , Schmauss Susanne , Landgraf Rüdiger 
Published: April 2007

Design: Successful pancreas transplantation results in insulin independence and normoglycemia. This prospective study was performed to investigate long-term metabolic changes after pancreas transplantation.
Methods: Thirty-eight type 1 diabetic patients after simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplantation (SPK) with a pancreas graft survivalfor at least10years were studied in a prospective manner. HbA1c and glucose levels before and during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were analyzed from 3 months to 10 years after SPK. In addition, insulin secretion and glucagon response were measured.
Results: Fasting glucose increased slightly and continuously from 3 months to 10 years (from 78 ± 3 to 91 ± 2 mg/dl). Even HbA1c levels showed a mild but significant increase from 3 months to 10 years after SPK. Glucose tolerance deteriorated markedly 10 years after SPK. Insulin secretion during OGTT remained stable for 10 years. Parameters of insulin resistance and sensitivity did not change significantly but glucagon secretion increased significantly during the course after SPK. Late after SPK, glucagon levels were higher in patients with an impaired or diabetic glucose tolerance.
Conclusions: Pancreas transplantation is able to restore endogenous insulin secretion for 10 years or more. Especially, late after SPK, a deterioration of glycemic control was detected, even if glucose values were within the normal range. During prospective long-term follow-up, an increase of glucagon secretion but no decrease of insulin secretion was detected.