bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A support system for understanding list processing programs which generates explanations and input‐output examples
Authors: Hatori Kenji , Nagata Morio 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe propose a system to support the human activity of understanding source code, which generates two descriptions: English‐language explanations and input‐output examples of programs. When the Prolog source code is given to our system, it extracts the basic relations are adjusted, they are converted into formal ones. Our system reconsiders these relations globally and reconstructs them. We have implemented a prototype system and have performed experiments that show the effectiveness of our approach. We discuss an extension of our approach which can be applied to procedural languages.
A scheme for constructing directional filters and its application to two‐channel coding of images
Authors: Tohne Toshio , Koda Hiromu , Tanaka Hatsukazu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this paper, a directional filter is newly designed that extracts the edges in a particular direction using the discrete cosine transform (DCT). The filter is then applied to the two‐channel image coding. Especially, the cut‐off frequency response of the directional filter, which greatly affects the quality of the reconstructed image near the edge, is investigated and improved so that the ideal edge waveform can be extracted. In the proposed coding scheme, the original image is separated into the low‐frequency components and the high‐frequency components, according to the principle of the two‐channel image coding.The low‐frequency component is the smooth component with smaller block distortions. The coding performance for the coding scheme of the low‐frequency component is discussed from the viewpoint of the coding rate and the image quality. The high‐frequency component is separated into the directional images containing edges in particular directions, and the results are encoded. By applying this scheme, little block distortion is produced even for the low bit rate, and the visually satisfactory image with clear edges can be reconstructed. The usefulness of the proposed scheme also is verified by a computer simulation compared to the conventional coding schemes.
Approximation of the size of the union
Authors: Jimbo Shuji , Maruoka Akira 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLet k and n be integers with 1 ≤ k ≤ n; F(k, n) is the worst‐case relative error generated in approximating the size of a finite system of n sets when the sizes of the intersections of all subsystems of at most k subsets are given. Linial et al. proposed a strategy to estimate F(k, n) and suggested that the strategy is applicable for the problem of counting the number of truth assignments for a DNF formula and the problem of calculating the permanent of a 0/1 matrix, both of which belong to the class of #P‐complete problems. Although the time complexity increases as k increases, F(k, n) decreases their strategy.This paper gives elementary formulas that describe upper and lower bounds on F(k, n) for any k and n. The upper bound is better than the previous one when 2 ≤ n ‐ k ≤ n/(8/loge n). Furthermore, F(k, n) = 1 + ⊖(nn‐k‐1/2n) is defined for any k and n such that n ‐ k is at most a constant.
Connected spoken word recognition using multistate Markov model for the feature vector
Authors: Takara Tomio , Higa Kazuya , Matayoshi Naoto 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn automatic speech recognition method is proposed using the Markov model in which a large number of states is adopted to model the transitional characteristics of speech more accurately. Unlike the traditional HMM, the feature vector of this proposed model is considered to be the parameter of the state of the Markov model.First, the transition‐probability of the state and the symbol output probability are estimated on the assumption that they are represented by multidimensional normal density functions of the feature vector. The optimal time sequence is determined by using DP‐matching.Next, the multistate model is obtained by quantizing the feature vector space and calculating (or sampling) the value of the probability density function at each code vector (at multipoints). The probability distribution of the multistate Markov model is adapted by the retraining method to be more accurate in distribution. The resulting recognizer is evaluated on a vocabulary of English four‐digit numerals. The multistate model has attained a recognition score of 98.2 percent, i.e., 1.6 percent higher than that of a five‐state traditional HMM. The processing time for the reference pattern generation is one‐fiftieth that of the HMM.
Approximate analysis of access contention for multiprocessor systems with common bus arbiters
Authors: Hoshiai Takashige 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn multiprocessor systems with a common bus arbiter, contention for access to the common bus and shared memory is a major cause of performance degradation. The first‐order moment match approximation is an effective technique of performance evaluation in such systems. Comparison with simulation results demonstrates that the first‐order moment match technique gives good accuracy. The performance of completely coupled multiprocessor systems is compared with that of bus‐arbitrated multiprocessor systems in order to determine the applications for which the latter is best suited.
The Figure Source Equation and Its Physical Consideration
Authors: Aoki Yasuhiro , Iijima Taizo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTheoretical studies on Iijima's “Theory of Pattern Recognition,” which is known as a method of multiple similarity, have shown clearly that there are situations when it is difficult to determine the viewpoint and visual field, important parameters to introduce topological aspects into the pattern space, observing a figure itself. To cope with this problem, this paper proposes transforming the observed image from a figure f(r) to a second‐order differential image p(r), called “figure source.” The aim is to reconstruct the theory in such a way as to enable the application of similarity evaluation methods as in the conventional case, without compromising the current theory, and all the necessary proofs are given. In this paper, the figure source equation as well as rules representing its properties are developed, and several related physical quantities are redefined.
Realization of multiwindow system with high‐speed operations of nonrectangular windows
Authors: Maeda Toshiyuki , Sato Yoichiro , Yokohira Tokumi , Okamoto Takuji 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the realization of the multi‐window system, where the framed nonrectangular windows can be operated with a high speed. The body image (the image to be displayed inside the frame) and the frame image (the image to be displayed as the frame), which are stored on the multiport memory, are read out in parallel, being synchronized to the CRT scanning. By selecting pixelwise one of those images, the window image displayed in the window is generated as a framed image. The selection signal for this purpose is generated based on the window shape information stored in the dedicated memory.The multiwindow image is generated by selecting the image to be displayed for each pixel position on CRT using a hardware. A distributed priority encoder is used as the hardware for this purpose. According to the result of construction and experiment, it is expected that the multiwindow system can realize a sufficiently high‐speed operation from the practical viewpoint for the 1200 × 1000 CRT screen using the existing circuit technology.
Optimum threshold generation for automated visual inspection of large‐scale integration wafer patterns
Authors: Maeda Shunji , Kubota Hitoshi , Makihira Hiroshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe authors have developed a submicron‐level defect detection method that avoids the unnecessary detection of grains produced by some layers. As part of an automated visual inspection system for Large‐Scale Integration wafer multilayer patterns, the developed method can detect defects reliably by automatically generating an optimum threshold for each pattern according to the occurrence of grains in each area of the pattern, and then binarizing the subtracted grayscale images with the threshold. This method is used in comparison inspections of periodic cell patterns in the same die. This can be realized without using design pattern and process information. This paper proposes an edge‐preserving grain‐noise smoothing algorithm that generates a uniform threshold for each region surrounded by the pattern edges according to the grains detected using the multiple cell patterns to be inspected. It is confirmed through experiments with actual LSI wafers that defects on the order of 0.5 μm and greater, which exist at pattern edges and in the regions having no grains, can be detected stably without the unnecessary detection of grains, even with grain sizes on the order of 1 ∼ 1.3 μm in some layers.
Evaluation of the optimal image reconstruction interval for coronary artery imaging using 64-slice computed tomography
Authors: Weininger M. , Ritter C. , Beer M. , Hahn D. , Beissert M. 
Published: July 2007

Background: Cardiac computed tomography (CT) has become an established complement in cardiac imaging. Thus, optimized image quality is diagnostically crucial. Purpose: To prospectively evaluate whether, by using 64-slice CT, a specific reconstruction interval can be identified providing best image quality for all coronary artery segments and each individual coronary artery. Material and Methods: 311 coronary segments of 14 men and seven women were analyzed using 64-slice CT. Data reconstruction was performed in 5% increments from 5–100% of the R–R interval. Four experienced observers independently evaluated image quality of the coronary arteries according to the AHA classification. A three-point ranking scale was applied: 1, very poor, no evaluation possible; 2, diagnostically sufficient quality; 3, highest image quality, no artifacts. Results: The best reconstruction point for all segments was found to be 65% of the R–R interval (mean value 2.4±0.5; P<0.05). On a per-artery basis, best image quality was again achieved at 65% of the R–R interval: RCA 2.2±0.4, LCA 2.4±0.5, LM 2.5±0.2, LAD 2.3±0.4, LCX 2.3±0.5. Conclusion: By using 64-slice CT, the need for adjusting the reconstruction point to each coronary segment might be overcome. Best image quality was achieved with image reconstruction at 65% of the R–R interval for all coronary segments as well as each coronary artery.
Polymorphisms in genes involved in DNA repair and metabolism of xenobiotics in individual susceptibility to sporadic diffuse gastric cancer
Authors: Ruzzo Annamaria , Canestrari Emanuele , Maltese Paolo , Pizzagalli Francesca , Graziano Francesco , Santini Daniele , Catalano Vincenzo , Ficarelli Rita , Mari Davide , Bisonni Renato , Giordani Paolo , Giustini Lucio , Lippe Paolo , Silva Rosarita , Mattioli Rodolfo , Torresi Umberto , Latini Luciano , Magnani Mauro 
Published: July 2007

AbstractClin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:822–8.
Design of adaptive algorithms for the tracking of time‐varying systems
Authors: Benveniste Albert 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe design of adaptive algorithms for the tracking of slowly time‐varying systems is investigated. A criterion for measuring the tracking capability of an algorithm in this situation was introduced in an earlier work; the domain of validity of this criterion is shown to be much wider than expected. On the other hand, multistep algorithms, introduced in the Soviet literature, are generalized and systematically studied; they are shown to provide significant improvements over the classical (one‐step) methods for tracking. Finally, a complete design methodology for adaptive algorithms, used on time‐varying systems is given.
Phenol–formaldehyde–pyrolytic oil resins for wood preservation: A rheological study
Authors: Mourant Daniel , Riedl Bernard , Rodrigue Denis , Yang Dian‐Quing , Roy Christian 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe rheological properties of a phenol–formaldehyde resin containing various ratios of softwood pyrolytic oil as phenol substitute were investigated using the simple Bingham rheological model for viscoplastic fluids. Flow activation energy was determined for the various resin blends and the pyrolytic oil between room temperature and 50°C and correlations relating the flow activation energy to the weight fraction of pyrolytic oil in the resin are proposed. Apparent crosslinking activation energy with and without copper chloride used as an activator was also evaluated based on two gel time measurements between 75 and 105°C. A significant decrease in activation energy was observed for the phenol–formaldehyde resin cured with copper chloride, while the effect was less important for resins containing pyrolytic oil even when gel times were much shorter for PF‐resins. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Crystallization of Fluor‐Phlogopite from its Melt
Authors: Noda T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractExperimental details on crystallization of fluor‐phlogopite from its melt in platinum crucible are given. Successful growth of clear „mica booklets”︁ was achieved with the moving crucible technique using seed crystals of mica.The effect of heat treatment of the melt on the nucleation is studied. Excessive heat treatment resulted in a large undercooling which in turn caused a sudden formation of a large number of nuclei. Some optical data (2 V) and structural details (etch pits) are reported.
X‐Ray Studies of Dislocations in Crystals Deformed by Bending
Authors: Auleytner J. , Wasik J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn the present work the results obtained by means of X‐ray and etching methods in determination of dislocation density in the case of germanium single crystals plastically deformed by bending around various crystallographic directions have been compared. They prove that the method of counting the etch pits gives the underrated values of the dislocation density when it is of the order 106cm−2. The best agreement between the results obtained by means of X‐ray method and by chemical etching is observed for bending around the direction [111] and for etching of the faces of type (111).
Die Anwendung der Methode der chemischen Transportreaktionen zur Züchtung von Borphosphid‐Einkristallen
Authors: Medvedeva Z. S. , Greenberg J. H. , Žukov E. G. , Lužnaja N. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das Gleichgewicht im System Borphosphid–Jod untersucht. Es wird gezeigt, daß magnified image die Gleichgewichtsreaktion ist. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Gleichgewichtskonstanten lg Kp = – 19210/T + 10,59 (atm3) im Intervall zwischen 1075 und 1195°C wurde bestimmt und ebenso die Enthalpie sowie die Entropie dieser Reaktion zu ΔH = 88 ± 5 kcal Mol−1 bzw. ΔS = 48 ± 3 cal Mol−1 grd−1. Der Transportprozeß des Borphosphides mit Jod wurde experimentell und theoretisch untersucht; dabei wurde die Abhängigkeit der Transportgeschwindigkeit vom Durchmesser der Ampulle sowie von Druck und Temperatur in Reaktions‐ und Kristallisationszone ermittelt. Die Temperaturgrenze (1100°C) des kinetischen und des Diffusionsgebietes sowie die Druckintervalle, in denen die Stoffübertragung durch Diffusion bzw. Konvektion erfolgt, wurden ermittelt; sie liegen bei p ± 0,133 atm bzw. bei p > 0,3 atm. Es wird gezeigt, daß der geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Teilschritt des Prozesses im Diffusionsgebiet die Diffusion der BJ3‐Moleküle ist. Weiterhin wird der Transport des Borphosphides durch Elemente der VI. Hauptgruppe des periodischen Systems betrachtet. Borphosphid‐Einkristalle wurden gezüchtet.
Ein Beitrag zur Züchtung von Quecksilber(II)‐jodid‐Einkristallen
Authors: Kleber W. , Raidt H. , Leupold K.‐O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractVersuche zur Züchtung von HgJ2‐Einkristallen in der roten Modifikation führten zu dem Ergebnis, daß Methoden der Lösungskristallisation am geeignetsten sind. Unter den organischen Lösungsmitteln haben sich Methylenjodid und 1.2‐Dibromäthan besonders bewährt. Auch aus wässerigen KJ‐Lösungen konnten rote HgJ2‐Kristalle mit vorwiegend dipyramidalem Habitus gewonnen werden. Experimente mit Hilfe des Temperaturdiffernzverfahrens innerhalb des Ostwald‐Miers‐Bereichs führten nicht zum Ziel. Erfolgreich waren dagegen Versuche mit verschiedenen Lösungsgenossen, von denen sich in erster Linie Aceton positiv auswirkte.
Nucleation and Growth of Crystals at High Supersaturation
Authors: Nielsen Arne E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHomogeneous nucleation followed by diffusion controlled crystal growth was observed in highly supersaturated solutions of BaSO4, BaCrO4, BaMoO4, BaWO4, BaCO3, PbSO4, PbCrO4, PbCO3, SrSO4, and CaWO4. In the range of concentrations where the number of homogeneously nucleated particles is larger than the number of heteronuclei the induction period decreases from 1 to 10−4 sec, and the number of particles found per cm3 increases from 107 to 1012 with increasing concentration.Theoretical maps showing the rate determining mechanisms of crystal growth are drawn for different values of the physical parameters, primarily crystal size, supersaturation ratio, and interfacial tension.The techniques used for rapid mixing and for film recording are described.
Chemical Transport Reactions of Boron Monophosphide and Sulfur
Authors: Medvedeva Z. S. , Greenberg J. H. , Zhukov E. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCalculation of the flux of BP in chemical transport reaction processes by means of quasi‐equilibrium theory is presented. Sulfur is used as a transporting agent. Plots of BP flux against sulfur concentration, “reaction” and “crystallization” temperatures are performed. Theoretical and experimental results are compared. In the temperature range 600‐1145°C and the sulfur concentrations Cs ≦ 0,4 mg/ml transport is diffusion controlled. When sulfur concentrations are greater than 0,5 mg/ml convection becomes noticeable.Transport of BP proceeds by means of two heterogeneous recations: 4 B P(s) + + 4B2 S3(g) = 12 B S(g) + P4(g), and 4 B P(s) + 4 B S2(g) = 8 B S(g) + P4(g). Whiskers and polyhedral B P single crystals have been obtained.
Morphology of Germanium Whiskers
Authors: Givargizov E. I. , Sheftal N. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe morphology of germanium whiskers grown by the VLS technique in chloride process is studies. It is shown that the whiskers can be grown in this process over a wide temperature range. The effect of surface active impurities on the morphology and the growth direction of whiskers is studied.
Condensation of tungsten vapours on its own surface
Authors: Paunov M. , Michallov E. , Georgiev G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe condensation of tungsten vapours onto tungsten field emitter tips is studied. It is shown that at temperatures, at which the desorption flux can be neglected, the nuclei appear at a definite adatom concentration. Its value is found to be about 1013 atoms/cm2, which corresponds to 1% from the monolayer. This value confirms our previous theoretical considerations, i. e. nucleation from a dilute adlayer takes place only if the desorption energy is lower than the vaporisation heat of the condensate. With condensation on its own surface this condition is always satisfied.
Die Kristall‐ und Molekülstruktur des 4‐Chlor‐3,5‐dimethylphenylcyanats
Authors: Kutschabsky L. , Schrauber H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDas 4‐Chlor‐3,5‐dimethylphenylcyanat kristallisiert in der triklinen Raumgruppe P1 mit vier Molekülen C9H8ClNO in der Elementarzelle. Die Gitterkonstanten sind a = 8,575, b = 18,004, c = 7,165 Å; α = 106,27; β = 103,43; γ = 114,29°. Die Struktur wurde mit der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate bis zu R = 0,12 verfeinert. Die mittleren Abstände der Cyanatgruppe sind: CN = 1,14Å und CO = 1,27 Å. Der kurze CO‐Abstand erklärt sich aus der sp‐Hybridisation des C‐Atoms.
Einfluß der mechanischen Zwillingsbildung auf die plastische Verformung von Magnesium‐und Magnesium‐Cadmium‐Vielkristallen
Authors: Reh B. , Hötzsch G. , Günther F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEs wird eine Methode beschrieben, die es ermöglicht, den Anteil der Zwillingsbildung an der plastischen Gesamtdeformation anzugeben. Mittels eines quantitativen metallografischen Verfahrens wurde der Flächenanteil der Zwillinge nach Zugverformung von stranggepreßtem vielkristallinen Magnesium‐ und Magnesiummit 10 At.‐Prozent Cadmium bei 293 und 77 K bestimmt. Unter Verwendung eines mittleren Orientierungsfaktors für Zwillingsbildung konnte die Dehnung infolge Zwillingsbildung berechnet werden. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse führen zu dem Schluß, daß der lineare Anstieg des Bereiches B der Verfestigungskurve der Radial proben auf die erhebliche Zwillingsbildung in diesen zurückzuführen ist.
Texturuntersuchungen an Taylordrähten
Authors: Bunge Hans‐Joachim , Irmer Eberhard 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWird ein Glasrohr, in dessen Innerem sich geschmolzenes Metall befindet, zu einer feinen Kapillare ausgezogen, so entsteht nach Abkühlung ein sehr dünner, glasummantelter Draht (Taylor‐Draht). Die Orientierungsverteilung der Kristallite solcher Drähte weicht stark von derjenigen normaler Drähte ab. Bei dickeren Drähten wurde ein starker regelloser Anteil gefunden. Dünne Kupfer und Bleidrähte (> 10 μm) zeigten eine sehr scharf ausgebildete 〈100〉 ‐ Textur.
Mechanische Aktivierung von Magnesiumoxid für chemische Reaktionen
Authors: Schrader R. , Horn G. , Hoffmann Br. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractKristall‐ und Gelmagnesit werden bei verschiedenen Temperaturen gebrannt. Das erhaltene MgO wird chargenweise in einer Schwingmühle mechanisch aktiviert. Anschließende Löseversuche mit CO2/H2O und Hydratationsversuche zeigen, daß die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten wesentlich ansteigen. Der Gang der Reaktionsausbeuten kann durch die Störungen des Kristallgitters erklärt werden. Die mechanische Aktivierung bewirkt eine systematische Veränderung der Grenzschichtdicke am MgO beim Lösevorgang.
Some defects appearing in chromium doped Al2O3 monocrystals as a result of thermal treatment
Authors: Sandreyev D. V. , Arsenyev P. A. , Mareyeva Z. G. , Mayer A. A. , Tolchinsky R. M. , Farschtendiker V. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractResults of experiments related to thermal treatment of Al2O3 crystals doped by chromium (ruby) in various gaseous media: CO, H2, vacuum and O2 are given. The kinetics of the formation and destruction of dye centres during this process is discussed. Special attention is given to revealing the causes of the appearance of an absorption band in the region of 315 nm which is related to the internal stability of the crystal with respect to intensive light radiation. – An assumption is made on the nature of the absorption band. – A computation is made of the diffusion coefficient of dye centres related to 315 nm absorption band. This is derived as a function of chromium concentration.
Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zur Rißausbreitung bei der Zugverformung gewalzter Molybdän‐Einkristalle
Authors: Mühlhaus Ch. , Richter J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGewalzte Molybdän‐Einkristalle mit homogener Versetzungsstruktur (Orientierung (001) [110]) bzw. Zellstruktur (Orientierung (111) [112]) wurden im Kerbzugversuch bei verschiedenen Temperaturen verformt (493, 293 und 193 K), um den Einfluß der beiden Strukturtypen auf mechanische Eigenschaften, Rißausbreitung und Bruch zu untersuchen. Es hat sich gezeigt. daß die Kristalle mit Zellstruktur die höhere Festigkeit, die mit homogener Struktur dagegen die größere Verformbarkeit besitzen. In den Proben mit Zellstruktur breitet sich ein Riß nach nur geringer Einschnürung katastrophal durch das Material aus. Die homogene Struktur wird instabil bei Verformung oberhalb der Übergangstemperatur, aber der Riß breitet sich nur langsam vom Kerbgrund aus, wobei sich der Kristall vollständig einschnürt. Bei tiefen Temperaturen (193 K) erfolgt sowohl bei den Kristallen mit homogener Struktur als auch bei denen mit Zellstruktur Spaltbruch auf {100}‐Flächen.