bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moment analysis of multibreath nitrogen washout in healthy female goats and calves
Authors: Kiorpes Anthony L. , Clayton Murray K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Moment analysis of multibreath nitrogen washout curves was performed for healthy female goats and calves. Curves were plotted, using dimensionless coordinates that minimized effects of alveolar ventilation changes. Results were expressed as the ratio of the first to the zeroth moments, μ1/μ2. Variability using this method was compared with that of a graphic analysis technique from which an uncorrected slope of a portion of the washout curve (b½) and a slope index corrected for lung and tidal volume (the nitrogen dilution constant) can be derived. Mean moment ratios on the basis of pooled data for 4 goats and 3 calves were 2.04 ± 0.29 and 2.38 ± 0.17, respectively. These values represent the weighted average number of times the resting lung volume was diluted with 100% O2; the lower the value, the relatively more uniform the distribution of intrapulmonary gas. The coefficient of variation within and between subjects was smallest using moment analysis and was greatest for the B½. Variability expressed as sd was similar between the moment ratio and nitrogen dilution constant and was greatest for the B½.
Pharmacokinetics of tobramycin in cats
Authors: Jernigan Antoinette D. , Hatch Roger C. , Wilson Robert C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Tobramycin was administered to cats and its serum concentration vs time data were analyzed by use of a noncompartmental model. In the first experiment, 5 mg of tobramycin/kg of body weight was administered iv, im, and then sc to 6 cats, 3 weeks apart. After iv administration, the mean ± sd total body clearance of tobramycin was 2.21 ± 0.59 ml/min/kg, and the apparent volume of distribution at steady state was 0.19 ± 0.03 L/ kg. The mean residence time was 90.5 ± 16.2 minutes, with a harmonic mean serum half-life of 68.9 ± 9.7 minutes. Blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine concentrations were increased 3 weeks after the iv injection and also 3 weeks after the im injection, which suggested possible renal damage. Moreover, large area under the curve values developed after im and sc administrations, resulting in bioavailabilities of 159.5% and 189.9%, respectively, with no change in elimination rate. These results suggested a change in distribution, possibly caused by saturation of renal binding sites by residual tobramycin from the previous injection of 5 mg/kg.
In experiment 2, 6 other cats were given 3 mg of tobramycin/kg by the same routes as before, but using a crossover design. Bioavailability after im and sc administrations was 102.5% and 99.2%, respectively, indicating complete absorption of tobramycin. The bun concentration increased in 3 cats, and serum creatinine concentration increased in 1 of these 3 cats. After iv administration of 3 mg of tobramycin/kg, the total body clearance was 1.69 ± 0.36 ml/min/kg, the apparent volume of distribution at steady state was 0.18 ± 0.003 L/kg, mean residence time was 107.6 ± 20.7 minutes, and half-life was 110.6 ± 32.3 minutes.
The results were an indication that nephrotoxicosis develops when cats are given smaller doses of tobramycin than those reported previously. In addition, tobramycin pharmacokinetics may be dose dependent. On the basis of the pharmacokinetic values from this study, however, the average steady-state serum tobramycin concentration after administration of 2 mg of tobramycin/kg, q 8 h, was calculated to be 3 to 4 μg/ml, with a peak serum concentration of 11 μg/ml and a trough concentration of 0.15 μg/ml. These concentrations are antibacterial for many tobramycin-sensitive bacteria and may be subtoxic in clinically normal cats.
Pathologic changes and tissue gentamicin concentrations after intravenous gentamicin administration in clinically normal and endotoxemic cats
Authors: Jernigan Antoinette D. , Hatch Roger C. , Wilson Robert C. , Brown John , Crowell Wayne A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Hematologic and serum biochemical values tissue, gentamicin concentrations, and renal pathologic changees were determined in clinically normal and endotoxemic cats given 3 mg of gentamicin/kg of body weight, iv. Endotoxemia was induced by iv administration of 0.5 μg of Escherichia coli endotoxin/kg of body weight. In experiment 1, 6 cats were given endotoxin. After rectal temperature increased at least 1° C, cats were given gentamicin. Blood samples were collected before and at 1 and 3 hours after administration of gentamicin. With the exception of severe leukopenia, other hematologic changes or changes in serum biochemical values were not observed.
In experiment 2, 24 cats were allotted to 4 groups and were given gentamicin, endotoxin, gentamicin plus endotoxin, or neither substance. Three hours later, cats were euthanatized, and tissue and body fluid specimens were obtained and were assayed for gentamicin concentration. Kidney specimens were examined microscopically. Endotoxemic cats had more gentamicin in the renal medulla than did control cats, but none of the cats had detectable renal lesions. The possible nephrotoxic synergism between gentamicin and severe endotoxemia and the lack of major differences in gentamicin concentration in extrarenal tissues indicated that the dosage of gentamicin in endotoxemic cats does not have to exceed the dosage recommended for clinically normal cats. A single dose of gentamicin administered iv did not cause renal damage in mildly endotoxemic cats, but nephrotoxicity ascribed to multiple doses of gentamicin in more severely endotoxemic cats needs to be evaluated.
Effect of gentamicin sulfate and sodium bicarbonate on the synovium of clinically normal equine antebrachiocarpal joints
Authors: Lloyd K. C. Kent , Stover Susan M. , Pascoe John R. , Pool Roy R , Kurpershoek Cornelis 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of gentamicin sulfate, unbuffered and buffered with sodium bicarbonate, on synovial fluid and membrane of clinically normal equine joints was evaluated. Thirty-six adult horses with clinically normal antebrachiocarpal joints were allotted to 6 treatment groups of 6 horses each. One antebrachiocarpal joint in each horse was chosen for treatment. Group-1 horses were given gentamicin (3 ml; 50 mg/ml); group-2 horses were given sodium bicarbonate (3 ml; 1 mEq/ml); group-3 horses were given gentamicin (3 ml; 50 mg/ml) and sodium bicarbonate (3 ml; 1 mEq/ml); group-4 horses were not treated; and horses of groups 5 and 6 were given polyionic physiologic solution (3 and 6 ml, respectively). Synovial fluid specimens were obtained from 5 horses of each group for cytologic analysis at postinjection hours (pih) 0, 24, 72, and 192 and for pH determination at pih 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 4, 8, 24, 72, and 192. The sixth horse of each group was euthanatized at pih 24, and the synovial membrane of the treated and contralateral (nontreated) antebrachiocarpal joints was examined macroscopically and microscopically.
After intra-articular gentamicin administration, the mean synovial fluid pH was lowest (5.98) at pih 0.25, but by PIH 8, it was not significantly different from the control value (group-5 horses). When sodium bicarbonate was combined with gentamicin before intra-articular administration, the mean synovial fluid pH was lowest (7.07) at pih 0.25, but by pih 1, it was not significantly different from the control value (group-6 horses). The mean synovial fluid wbc count was significantly (P < 0.05) greater 24 hours after buffered gentamicin treatment (14,120 cells/μl) than after treatment with gentamicin alone (4,440 cells/μl), and predominantly large mononuclear cells were observed. Resolution of the cellular inflammatory response was observed by pih 72 after administration of buffered gentamicin or gentamicin alone. In all groups, significant difference in synovial fluid neutrophil or rbc count from control value (groups 5 and 6) was not observed.
In horses of all age groups, appreciable difference in the macroscopic appearance of the light pink to salmoncolored mucosa of the synovial membrane was not detected between the treated and nontreated antebrachiocarpal joints. Synovitis was detected in the joint capsules treated with buffered gentamicin, unbuffered gentamicin, and sodium bicarbonate. In each instance, the palmarolateral pouch of the antebrachiocarpal joint was more inflamed than was the dorsal portion of the joint capsule, probably because the palmarolateral pouch was the site for placement of the catheter and intra-articular drug administration. The quality of the inflammation was more compatible with trauma or irritation than with sepsis.
Comparative study of assays for stimulated fluid pinocytosis in canine and human neutrophils
Authors: Langweiler Marc , Davis Bruce H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
We compared a flow cytometric assay of fluid pinocytosis in stimulated neutrophils with previously used methods, including spectrophotofluorometric assay of fluoresceinated dextran (fd) uptake and β scintillation spectroscopic assay of radiolabeled sucrose uptake. Neutrophils from human and canine blood were stimulated with formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and phorbol myristate acetate, respectively. Flow cytometry was used to quantitate uptake of fd and lucifer yellow, spectrophotometry was used to quantitate uptake of fd, and spectroscopy was used to quantitate uptake of 14C-labeled sucrose. The flow cytometric assay, using either fd or lucifer yellow, was found to be superior on the basis of maximal incremental increase observed, minimal variability within replicate experiments, and maximal sensitivity to detect early stimulation of fluid pinocytosis in neutrophils.
Partial purification and characterization of bovine fibroblast interferon
Authors: Allen G. K. , Grothaus G. D. , Rosenquist B. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bovine fibroblast interferon (BoF-ifn), produced in primary bovine embryonic kidney cell cultures after priming and infection with bluetongue virus, was purified by controlled pore glass (cpg) chromatography to a specific activity of 106 U/mg of protein, with 40% recovery of the original activity. The crude ifn was concentrated more than sevenfold during purification. This proved to be a relatively simple, practical method of obtaining sufficient quantities of partially purified natural BoF-ifn for further studies.
The cpg-purified BoF-ifn was further concentrated by sequential ultrafiltration and was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (sds-page). Interferon, recovered from denaturing conditions either by dialysis against phosphate-buffered saline solution or by dilution in cell culture medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum, migrated as a single stainable protein with molecular weight of 21,000 on analytic sds-page gels. Recovered ifn activity from preparative sds-page totalled 8.7% of that applied.
Attempts to further purify cpg-purified BoF-ifn by zinc chelate affinity chromatography were unsuccessful.
Ecologic study of the risk factors for environmental mastitis in cows
Authors: Schukken Ynte Hein , Erb Hollis N. , Sears Philip M. , Smith R. David 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An index was developed to measure the proportion of intramammary infections caused by environmental microorganisms on dairy farms. This environmental index can be interpreted as the probability that an intramammary infection was caused by an environmental pathogen, rather than by a contagious pathogen.
Using the environmental index as the outcome variable, risk factors for environmental mastitis were studied on 10 dairy farms in New York. Turning the cows outside was associated with lower environmental index, and having cows drink from a stream increased the environmental index. Selective (rather than uniform) nonlactating cow intramammary treatment was related to a lower environmental index (apparently because the farms practicing selective nonlactating cow treatment suffered from epizootics of contagious mastitis).
Morphologic alterations observed during experimental ischemia of the equine large colon
Authors: Snyder Jack R. , Olander Harvey J. , Pascoe John R. , Holland Melissa , Kurpershoek Cornelis J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Morphologic changes that develop sequentially in the large colon during experimentally induced ischemia were documented in 14 halothane-anesthetized horses. Colonic ischemia was induced by 4 types of vascular occlusion, 24 cm proximal and distal to the pelvic flexure. The effect of transmural (colonic wall) vascular compression combined with either venous occlusion (3 horses, group A) or venous and arterial occlusion (3 horses, group B) of the colonic vessels was studied for 1, 2, and 6 hours of occlusion. Also observed was the effect of reperfusion for 0.5 hour after release of the clamps for the 1- and 2-hour occlusions and for 1 hour after release of the clamps for the 6-hour occlusion. Effects of occluding only the colonic veins (4 horses, group C), or the colonic veins and arteries (4 horses, group D) were studied for 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 hours of occlusion and during reperfusion for 0.5 hour.
Full-thickness intestinal biopsy specimens were obtained from the antimesenteric border of the pelvic flexure at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, and 2 hours during occlusion and at 0.5 hour after release of vascular occlusion. Biopsy specimens were obtained at hourly intervals from the 2 horses in which 6-hour occlusion was performed and at 1 hour after release of vascular occlusion. Macroscopic changes (serosal color, mucosal color, serum leakage) in the colon were recorded. Histologic criteria were determined on the basis of degree of hemorrhage and edema (score severity ranged from 0 to 4), the interstitium-to-crypt ratio (normal I:C was ≤ 1), and the percentage of luminal and crypt epithelial alterations. In group-A horses, the serosal and mucosal color changed rapidly; after 4 hours of ischemia, they were purple and black, respectively. The epithelial alterations progressed until by 4 hours of ischemia, 95 to 100% of the luminal and crypt surfaces were affected. The I:C increased to 5:1 by 5 hours of ischemia.
In group-B horses, the serosal color initially turned blue gray and then progressed to purple by 5 hours of ischemia, while the mucosal color changed from dark red to black by 4 hours. The histologic changes were similar to those of group-A horses; however, the I:C did not increase ≥ 3:1, and the crypt epithelial alterations did not exceed 95%. Similar, but less severe, changes were seen in horses of groups C and D. These results suggested that 3 to 4 hours of severe ischemia induced by transmural compression, combined with either type of vascular occlusion, probably will cause irreversible destruction of the normal colonic mucosa.
Early mucosal healing and chronic changes in pony jejunum after various types of strangulation obstruction
Authors: Freeman David E. , Cimprich Ronnie E. , Richardson Dean W. , Gentile Dennis G. , Orsini James A. , Tulleners Eric P. , Fetrow John P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Strangulation obstruction was induced in anesthetized ponies for periods of 2 and 3 hours by clamping 45-cm segments of jejunum and their veins only (venous strangulation obstruction, vso) and arteries and veins (arterial and venous strangulation obstruction, avso). These types of strangulation obstruction were studied in 4 segments in each of 4 ponies allowed to survive 12 hours (group 1) and in a single segment in each of 10 ponies allowed to survive 42 days (group 2) after the strangulation period ended.
On visual inspection, segments subjected to vso had hemorrhage and edema in the bowel wall and mesentery and were dark purple after all time intervals. They improved slowly after clamps were removed, but remained hemorrhagic and edematous. Segments subjected to avso were purple and had mild edema and scattered petechiae in the bowel wall and mesentery. They improved rapidly and closely resembled normal bowel after 5 minutes of reperfusion.
On light and scanning electron microscopy, the mucosa of intestine subjected to vso and avso had necrotic, denuded villi 1 hour after the strangulation periods ended. Twelve hours after removal of occlusion devices in group-1 ponies, 4 (25%) segments were unchanged, 4 (25%) had deteriorated, and 8 (50%) had stunted villus remnants partly or completely lined with regenerating epithelium. Separation and detachment of villus tip mucosal cells were seen in 3 of 4 control segments, 1 and 12 hours after the strangulation periods ended. At necropsy, all ponies in group 2 had normal test segments, except for 1 that had stricture at a previous clamp site. In 2 ponies that had segments subjected to 3 hours of vso, the mesentery was short and thick between the points where vascular clamps had been applied.
These findings suggest that brief periods of strangulation obstruction can induce severe gross changes in the intestinal wall, but that necrosis can be limited to the villus tip cells in the strangulated segment and, to a lesser degree, in nonstrangulated segments of jejunum. Mucosal repair was characterized by reepithelialization of stunted villi at 12 hours after the ischemic injury and these villi acquired normal length and architecture some time later. The rare long-term effects of ischemia were largely confined to the mesentery and were attributed to the effects of hemorrhage and edema.
Experimental definition of latissimus dorsi, gracilis, and rectus abdominus musculocutaneous flaps in the dog
Authors: Gregory C. R. , Gourley I. M. , Koblik P. D. , Patz J. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dissection and injection studies in canine cadavers and in anesthetized dogs were conducted to determine the feasibility of using the latissimus dorsi, gracilis, and rectus abdominus muscles as musculocutaneous free flaps. Lengths of vascular pedicles for the latissimus dorsi (2 ± 0.8 cm), gracilis (1.8 ± 0.8 cm), and rectus abdominus (1.9 ± 0.9-cm cranial deep epigastric, 1.7 ± 0.5-cm caudal deep epigastric), as well as arterial diameters (1.28 ± 0.31-mm thoracodorsal for the latissimus dorsi, 1.10 ± 0.33-mm muscular branch for the gracilis, 1.25 ± 0.25-mm cranial deep epigastric and 1.26 ± 0.32-mm caudal deep epigastric for the rectus abdominus) were considered satisfactory for microvascular transfer.
Fluorometry demonstrated overlying cutaneous perfusion in all flaps based on their muscle vascular pedicles, with the exception of the rectus abdominus flap based on the caudal deep epigastric artery. In this instance, up to 20% of the cutaneous element had questionable or no perfusion.
Histologic features of the healing of bone graft donor sites in dogs
Authors: Johnson Kenneth A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Healing of cancellous bone graft donor sites in the proximal tibial metaphysis of 12 healthy adult dogs was studied histologically. Cancellous bone was curetted from the metaphysis of the proximal end of the tibia, via a 1-cm diameter circular opening in the medial cortex. A hematoma and fibrovascular tissue filled the bone defect at 2 weeks. At 4 and 8 weeks, endosteal callus, composed initially of cartilage and woven bone and later of lamellar bone, filled the marrow cavity. At 12 weeks, the normal structural arrangement of lamellar bone and hematopoietic marrow was reestablished in the marrow cavity. The medial cortex defect was filled only with lamellar trabecular bone. It was concluded that, in adult dogs, a second cancellous bone graft could be collected from the proximal portion of the tibial metaphysis 12 weeks or more after an initial collection.
Response of pony peritoneum to four peritoneal lavage solutions
Authors: Schneider Robert K. , Meyer Dennis J. , Embertson Rolf M. , Gentile Dennis G. , Buergelt Claus D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Peritoneal lavage was performed on ponies to determine the effect on peritoneal surfaces. Lavage solution (20 L) was introduced into each pony's peritoneal cavity through catheters placed in the paralumbar fossa, and the solution was removed by drainage from the ventral portion of the abdomen. Six ponies each were lavaged wth sterile saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, sterile saline solution containing 5 × 106 U of potassium penicillin and 3 g of neomycin or povidone-iodine diluted to 3% by volume with sterile saline solution, and 3 ponies were lavaged with povidone-iodine diluted to 10% with sterile saline solution. Peritoneal lavage catheters were inserted in 3 control ponies, but lavage fluids were not administered. Peritoneal fluid specimens were collected at 6, 24, 48, and 96 hours after lavage. Nucleated cell counts, rbc counts, total protein determinations, and cytologic analysis were performed. The ponies were euthanatized at 96 hours, and representative sections of the peritoneum were examined. Lavage with saline solution and saline solution with antibiotics induced a mild, transient inflammatory response in the peritoneal fluid, with minimal or no changes observed at necropsy. Solutions containing povidone-iodine induced chemical peritonitis, which was severe in ponies lavaged with 10% povidone-iodine solution. Peritoneal lavage with povidone-iodine solutions as dilute as 3% cannot be accomplished without causing inflammation of peritoneal surfaces.
Distribution of chloramphenicol in the genital tract of postpartum cows
Authors: Bretzlaff K. N. , Ott R. S. , Koritz G. D. , Lock T. F. , Neff-Davis C. A , Gustafsson B. K. , Davis L. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Chloramphenicol was administered by constant iv infusion to 7 healthy postpartum cows at rates predicted to approach a steady-state plasma concentration of 5 μg/ml. After 8 hours of constant iv infusion, uterine tissues were removed surgically and were assayed for chloramphenicol concentrations. Mean plasma-to-tissue ratios of chloramphenicol concentrations were 3.05, 3.63 (6 cows only), and 3.22 for caruncles, endometrium, and uterine wall, respectively. Plasma-to-tissue ratios of the 3 tissues were not significantly different (P > 0.10).
Intrauterine (iu) injections of chloramphenicol (20 mg/kg of body weight) were administered to 3 healthy postpartum cows. The mean value of the fraction of the drug absorbed from the uteri of these cows was 0.40. Mean concentrations of chloramphenicol were 43.8 μg/g in caruncles, 34.6 μg/g in endometrium, 2.8 μg/g in uterine wall, and 2.9 μg/ml in plasma 8 hours after iu injections.
Chloramphenicol has now been banned for use in food-producing animals in the United States because of its potential for causing toxicosis in human beings. It is illegal to use chloramphenicol in food-producing animals in the United States and in some other countries as well. This includes use by the iu route of administration because chloramphenicol and most drugs are absorbed from the uterus into the bloodstream and are distributed to milk and tissues.
Quality control criteria for quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of porcine immunoglobulins A and M
Authors: Kelley Keith W. , Kleiss Alice J. , Brief Susan 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Using radioimmunoassay methods, quality control criteria were applied to monoclonal antibodies produced to measure porcine immunoglobulins by quantitative elisa. Porcine IgM and IgA were purified to homogeneity and were used to produce murine hybridomas that secreted antibodies against IgM, IgA, and immunoglobulin light chains. A competitive elisa was developed to measure IgM, and a sandwich elisa was used to quantify IgA in serum and colostrum. Both elisa were tested for specificity, accuracy, sensitivity, and precision. Monoclonal antibodies were specific for porcine IgM or IgA in serum and colostrum, and competitive and sandwich elisa fulfilled all validation criteria.