bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain haemodynamic effects of nasal continuous airway pressure in preterm infants of less than 30 weeks' gestation
Authors: Dani Carlo , Bertini Giovanna , Cecchi Alessandra , Corsini Iuri , Pratesi Simone , Rubaltelli Firmino F. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAim: To evaluate the hypothesis that increasing levels of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) may decrease cerebral blood volume (CBV) and cerebral oxygenation in infants with gestational age (GA) less than 30 weeks.Methods: We prospectively studied a cohort of preterm infants treated with NCPAP using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The pressure limit of NCPAP was set at 2, 4, 6 and again 2 cm H2O for 30 min.Results: Changes of pressure levels were not followed by significant changes of oxygenated haemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxygenated haemoglobin (HHb), cerebral intravascular oxygenation (HbD), oxidized‐reduced cytochrome aa3 (CtOx), tissue oxygenation index (TOI), tissue haemoglobin index (THI) and cerebral blood volume (ΔCBV).Conclusion: NCPAP at 2–6 cm H2O pressure levels did not affect cerebral oxygenation and CBV. These findings are reassuring and confirm the safety of NCPAP in preterm infants with GA less than 30 weeks.
Successful breastfeeding after discharge of preterm and sick newborn infants
Authors: Åkerström S , Asplund I , Norman M 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAim: To determine the extent and duration of breastfeeding in preterm and sick newborn infants admitted to a level IIb neonatal unit (NU).Method: Hospital‐based follow‐up of 1730 infants born in 1996, 2001 and 2004, and studied from discharge to 6 months of post‐natal age.Results: At discharge from the NU, 98% of term (n = 945) and 92% of preterm (n = 785) infants were exclusively or partly breastfed. Exclusive breastfeeding increased at 2 months of corrected post‐natal age and 78% of term infants were still exclusively or partly breastfed at 6 months of corrected post‐natal age. Duration of breastfeeding among preterm infants was significantly shorter than in infants born at term. However, even among extremely preterm infants with a gestational age <28 weeks, 41% were still breastfeeding, exclusively or in part, at 6 months of post‐natal age. There was no difference in breastfeeding after neonatal care in1996 as compared to 2004. Moreover, the study showed that the breastfeeding after neonatal care differed only slightly from population data for all infants in Sweden.Conclusion: Breastfeeding can be successfully established in most preterm and previously sick neonates.
SEXUAL DELINQUENCY IN RACINE: DOES EARLY SEX OFFENDING PREDICT LATER SEX OFFENDING IN YOUTH AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD?*
Authors: ZIMRING FRANKLIN E. , PIQUERO ALEX R. , JENNINGS WESLEY G. 
Published: September 2007

Research Summary:One recent aspect of discourse about sex offenders is a debate about whether juvenile sex offending should be targeted with adult–style registration and stigma. But data on sex offending are quite thin, and data on the link between juvenile sex offending and adult careers are almost nonexistent. In fact, public policies with regard to sex offenders and the nature of their sexual offending assume that they are persistent specialists whose sexual offending is both recidivistic and dangerous. Yet, research on these assumptions is mixed, which leads some researchers to conclude that just about anything can be stated with regard to sex offenders. In an effort to overcome the limitations of previous research (highly select samples, short follow–up periods, lack of comparison group), the current study employs data from three birth cohorts from Racine, Wisconsin to examine the issue of juvenile to adult sex offending and its implications for current sex offender public policy.Policy Implications:Several results emerged from the current study. First, the fraction of juvenile sex offenders who committed adult sex offenses was quite small. Second, males who committed juvenile sex offenses were a tiny fraction of the cohort males who had a police contact for a juvenile offense. Third, the best predictor during a juvenile career for adult sex offending was the frequency of offending as a juvenile rather than whether a boy committed a sexual offense. Whether a male in Racine had a juvenile sex police contact contributed little to predicting his likelihood of adult sex offending. Specifically, 8.5% of males with juvenile sex police contacts had adult sex police contacts compared with 6.2% of males with any non–sex juvenile contact. With regard to policy, our findings also indicate that concentrating effort on those who were juvenile sex offenders will miss more than 90% of the cohort members who commit sex crimes as adults and will misidentify 90% of the targeted group of the juveniles as adult sex offenders. Such errors speak to the near impossibility of predicting which adolescent sex offenders will emerge as adult sex offenders and cast some doubt on the long–term predictive utility of juvenile sex offender registration.
Computer‐Aided Testing Systems: Evaluation andBenchmark Circuits
Authors: Mourad Samiha 
Published: September 2007

As the demand on Computer‐Aided Testing Systems (CATS)—Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) and
logic and fault simulations as well as testability analysis—increases and the choice becomes more varied, a need
to compare the merits of the different systems emerges. Benchmark circuits are used to carry out the comparisons.In this paper, criteria for selecting the benchmark circuits are discussed. These criteria are partly based on the
results of experiments carried out to characterize CATS. The focus is particularly on Automatic Test Pattern
Generators. The preliminary results show that there is no general agreement on how: 1) fault collapsing is
performed, and 2) fault coverage is calculated. In addition, the performance of the ATPGs depends on the circuit
representation, topology and size as well as the algorithm. In order to compare the performance of the ATPGs
as the circuit under test increases in complexity, it is important to use regular structures that consist of replication
of medium size circuits. Practical considerations involved in benchmarking are also examined. Emphasis is on
the transfer of circuits between different CATS systems and the use of EDIF as a neutral exchange language.
Self‐Checking Combinational Circuits with UnidirectionallyIndependent Outputs
Authors: Morosow A. , Saposhnikov V. V. , Saposhnikov Vl. V. , Goessel M. 
Published: September 2007

In this paper we propose a structure dependent method for the systematic design of a self‐checking
circuit which is well adapted to the fault model of single gate faults and which
can be used in test mode.According to the fault model considered, maximal groups of independent and
unidirectionally independent outputs of an arbitrarily given combinational circuit are
determined. A parity bit is added to every group of independent outputs. A few
additional outputs are added to every group of unidirectionally independent outputs. In
the error free case, these groups of unidirectional independent outputs together with their
corresponding additional outputs are elements of a unidirectional error detecting code;
for example, a Berger code or an r‐out‐of‐s code.It is demonstrated how the pairs of (unidirectionally) independent outputs of a given
circuit can be determined. A simple heuristic solution for this problem based on a
modified circuit graph is also given.The maximal classes of (unidirectionally) independent outputs can be computed as
cliques of a dependency graph where the nodes of the graph are the outputs of the circuit.
The applicability of the proposed method is demonstrated for the MCNC benchmarks
circuits.
Two‐dimensional Carrier Transport in Si MOSFETs
Authors: Takagi Shin-Ichi 
Published: September 2007

The importance of 2‐dimensional (2D) features of carriers in Si MOSFETs on the device
performance is re‐examined experimentally and theoretically from the viewpoint of low‐field
mobility, velocity in high tangential fields and the inversion‐layer capacitance. It is
confirmed that low‐field mobility and inversion‐layer capacitance can be understood
well in terms of the 2D subbands and the 2D carrier transport. In order to obtain fully‐quantitative
understanding of low‐field mobility, however, it is still necessary to more
accurately determine the amount of the scattering parameters in the inversion layer. On
the other hand, saturation velocity is considered to be less influenced by the 2D
quantization, while it is found experimentally that saturation velocity is slightly
dependent on surface carrier concentration.According to the knowledge of 2‐dimensional carrier transport in Si inversion layer,
an effective way to have higher current drive is to increase the occupancy of the 2‐fold
valleys, which have lower conductivity mass, on a (100) surface. From this viewpoint,
two device structures, strained Si MOSFETs and SOI MOSFETs with ultra‐thin SOI
films, are introduced and the behavior of low‐field mobility is analyzed through the
calculations of the subband structures and phonon‐limited mobility.
Semiclassical Analysis of Discretizationsof Schrödinger‐type Equations
Authors: Markowich Peter A. , Pietra Paola , Pohl Carsten 
Published: September 2007

We apply Wigner‐transform techniques to the analysis of difference methods for
Schrödinger‐type equations in the case of a small Planck constant. In this way we are
able to obtain sharp conditions on the spatial‐temporal grid which guarantee convergence
for average values of observables as the Planck constant tends to zero. The
theory developed in this paper is not based on local and global error estimates and does
not depend on whether caustics develop or not.Numerical examples are presented to help interpret the theory.
A survey of postgraduate education programmes and research interests of GPs in community trusts in an inner city area
Authors: Littlewood J. , Webb E. , Beer N. , Lazou E. 
Published: September 2007

Following discussions with medical lecturers in a postgraduate centre, a questionnaire was sent to all the general practitioners (GPs) in three selected Community Trusts in an inner city area. Besides their qualifications and research interests, the GPs were asked for their views on continuing educa tion. The results showed that opportunities for col laborative education with other members of the primary care groups (PCGs) would be possible if it focused on research methods and 'Health of the Nation' targets. The results showed that up to 61 % of the GPs who responded had carried out research and had collaborated with nurses on the research projects. There was considerable variation across the Community Trusts in relation to the experi ence and interests of the GPs. The formation of the PCGs and joint commis sioning offered an excellent opportunity for both collaborative educational opportunities and research. As the interests of the GPs is so diverse, some thought about consolidating and harnessing their interests and expertise in order to influence local and national research agendas may be of value.
Historical perspectives on health Medicine 2000 years ago: the case of Qumran and other biblical sites
Authors: Moss G.A. 
Published: September 2007

Since the eighteenth century, the dominance of orthodox or allopathic medicine in the West led to the branding of other forms of medicine as alterna tive. However, research shows a narrowing in the gap in popularity of the two methods and it is pos sible to envision a time when alternative medicine and mainstream medicine will work in tandem. As the West completes a year of millennium cel ebrations and looks back to the events that shaped the founding of the first millennium two thousand years ago, it is appropriate to increase our under standing of the form medicine took at that time. Research on Qumran and other biblical sites shows that the therapies offered there were based on alter native therapies such as herbal medicine and hydrotherapy as well as conventional therapy such as surgery. The article shows that the twin reliance on alternative and orthodox methods emerging today, marks a return to a pattern of provision which prevailed at the time the first millennium was born.
The distracted driver
Authors: Peters George A. , Peters Barbara J. 
Published: September 2007

A serious health problem is developing from auto mobile collisions caused by distracted drivers. This is a result of the rapid proliferation of portable cel lular telephones and personal organisers used while driving, the development of more sophisticated entertainment systems and instrument panel con trols, the advent of navigation and television dis plays in vehicles and promises of sophisticated wireless email, FAX and Internet services in the vehicle. Preoccupation with electronic gadgets may also degrade human driving performance. Many drivers however, sincerely believe they have the talent to do several things at the same time, such as hold and look at a cellular telephone in one hand and drive with a beverage container in the other hand whilst at the same time, exercise their personal skills. Obviously, they believe that they do not need two hands on the steering wheel and two eyes on the road. This is a unique situation requiring intensive health promotion as distracted or 'offensive dri ving' may be habit forming and difficult to change, any significant design remedies will be slow to arrive and may be circumvented, and the regulato ry laws have proved difficult or impossible to enforce. This special need may require research to determine the most effective techniques for health promotion.
Personal exposure to benzene and the influence of attached and integral garages
Authors: Mann Hardip Singh , Crump Derrick , Brown Veronica 
Published: September 2007

Benzene is an air pollutant that is a recognised human carcinogen. An air quality standard has been established for ambient air in the UK to reduce the popula tion's exposure. It has been estimated that about 70% of benzene emissions to air in the UK come from petrol vehicles. A number of studies, including the Avon Longitudinal Study of Pregnancy and Childhood in the UK, have found that benzene concentrations in homes with attached or integral garages tend to be higher than in those without such garages. The present paper reviews these studies and reports a detailed investigation of five homes with either an attached or an integral garage. Indoor and outdoor locations were monitored using diffusive sampling to determine the average benzene concentration over approximately 28 days each month for 18 consecutive months (June 1998-November 1999). For one of these homes, ten years of data had shown the indoor benzene concentration to be con sistently higher than outdoors. Personal exposure monitoring of one adult in this home showed that the benzene concentration in the main bedroom was a better predictor of personal exposure than the concentration outdoors. In the homes where a car was regularly parked in the garage, 18-month aver age benzene concentrations of up to 101.3 μgm 3 were measured in the garage, which is more than six times the ambient air quality standard for benzene (16.25 μgm3 running annual average). Mean benzene values in all cars and most of the garages studied exceeded the benzene standard. Mean benzene concentrations in the room above the garage ranged from 3.7 μgm3 in one home, where the car was rarely parked in the garage, to 39.9 μgm3 in another home where a car with high benzene emissions was parked in the garage for six of the 18 months monitored. The mean benzene concentration in the room above the garage in this latter home was nearly 2.5 times the ambient air standard. The study demonstrates that there is a potential for people to have a higher exposure to benzene as a result of living in a home with an attached or integral garage. An understanding of routes of personal exposure is important to devel op effective policies to reduce risks to health.
Risk reduction for DDT toxicity and carcinogenesis through dietary modification
Authors: Jaga K. , Duvvi H. 
Published: September 2007

Organochlorine pesticides, including dichlorodiphenyl- trichloroethane (DDT), are an environmental hazard due to their persistent nature and potential health effects. DDT and 1,1,dichloro-2,2,bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE) are lipid- soluble pesticides which accumulate in fatty tissues and are, therefore, more present in fat-containing foods such as meat, fish, milk, cheese and oil than in fruit, vegetables and grain. Sci entists have for some time been concerned about the human exposure to DDT and the potential risk of breast cancer due to its oestrogenic activity. The introduction of foods containing chemopreventive agents in the diet could inhibit the oestrogenic effects of DDT and the risk of developing cancer. Phytooestrogens are weak oestrogens found in certain plants such as soybean. They com pete with DDT for oestrogen receptors and inhibit the oestro genic effect of DDT on cultured human breast (MCF) cells. Curcumin, a spice widely used in Indian dishes, has and-car cinogenic and anti-inflammatory properties. It also inhibits the oestrogenic effects of DDT and is synergistic with phytooe strogens. Indole-3-carbinol, a compound naturally found in cru ciferous vegetables, stimulates oestrogen metabolism towards 2- hydroxyoestrone which reduces the oestrogenic response in MCF cells and the risk of breast cancer. Since DDT is lipid soluble and accumulates in adipose tissue it could have a role in lipid metabolism. Would a low fat diet reduce DDT bioaccumulation? A reduction in calories can decrease oestrogen levels and possibly reduce the risk of breast cancer. A dietary modification with the introduction of soy prod ucts, curcumin, cruciferous vegetables and low fat could be beneficial in reducing the risk of developing cancer and possi bly the effects of DDT.
Lessons to be learned: a case study approach 'Spontaneous' intraperitoneal bladder rupture in a psychiatric patient - with diagnostic difficulties
Authors: Jutley R.S. , Mason R.G. 
Published: September 2007

The case described here is that of a 34-year-old woman with a psychiatric disorder who was referred to the local surgical receiving unit with abdominal pain and vomiting. She remained well and fully mobile but refused blood inves tigations until the day following admission. At that time the tests showed a picture of ac renal failure. With the development of increas ing abdominal tenderness and pyrexia she was persuaded to have a laparotomy which demon strated a small tear at the dome of the bladder. Her deranged blood biochemistry returned to normal within 11 h following surgery. The important points demonstrated in this case study are the special clinical difficulties encountered in psychiatric patients, which may consequently lead to delay in diagnosis. This delay allowed significant peritoneal reabsorp tion of urea and creatinine, which masquerad ed as 'acute renal failure' on biochemical test ing. The case also highlights the use of procy clidine, commonly used in patients with psy chiatric disorders; urinary retention is a recog nised side effect of this drug - and it is possi ble that such retention together with a minor and hence easily overlooked episode of trau ma, may have contributed to the patient's con dition.
125 years of public health in the UK
Authors: Donaldson Liam J. 
Published: September 2007

This paper examines four themes in public health theory and practice; all are important for the future and are illuminated by the last 125 years. First, while definitions of public health may be stable, the ratio nale of public health practice - 'why bother?' =has altered considerably over time. A second theme revolves around personal autonomy - can we compel individuals to take health promoting measures? Third, public health practice today pays attention as never before to the use of research-based evidence, helping to answer three questions: What are the problems? What are their causes? What are the solu tions ? The fourth theme is the changing character, locus and focus of public health. From being pre dominantly locally focused within Borough Councils, albeit operating within frameworks of national legis lation and one eye on global threats, it has become much more complex with emerging levels of action which encompass the neighbourhood, the strategic district, the region, nation state, Europe and finally the ever more pressing globalisation agenda as it affects the human condition. Public health has been medically dominated for the last 125 years and this is now changing. Its ties with local government are being strengthened after a break of nearly 30 years. The focus of public health has recently been strongly on health services. This reached its apogee a few years ago but is also now rapidly changing. Looking back over the last 125 years can help us identify some of the mistakes to be avoided and opportunities to be seized at this time of change.
Work-related stress: a brief review
Authors: Holmes S. 
Published: September 2007

Work-related stress is a serious and growing problem in the UK and as such, is regarded as a significant health and safety issue. It is vital that this issue is addressed and that action is taken to address the problems that this may create both for individuals and the organisations in which individuals work. This paper reviews the concept of work-related stress showing how its deleterious impact may exert both direct and indirect effects on the workforce thus affecting both individual and organisational effective ness. It also shows how individual and organisational factors may contribute to the development of occupa tional stress. However, since not all the stress which affects people at work is caused by the workplace, the home/work interface is also considered. The paper concludes by considering how work-related stress may be managed.
Referral and decision-making process for psychiatric treatment in the Yoruba community of Nigeria
Authors: Daramola S.O. 
Published: September 2007

FIFTY YORUBA male patients were interviewed in the psychiatric out patient clinic at the Ife University Teaching Hospitals Complex Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The interviews revealed that 38% of the psychiatric patients referred for treatment were by friends of the patients, followed by the general hospital 12 % and neighbours 10%. Whereas, decisions were made by the patient's nearest relative such as the father, 11 %, the mother, 16%; the eldest brother of the patients made 20% of all the decisions.
Socio-economic implications of Chronic Pyogenic Osteomyelitis in a developing community
Authors: Ogunjumo D.O. 
Published: September 2007

THE SOCIAL implications, and the magnitude of the economic burden caused by chronic osteomyelitis have been studied from fifty-six patients encountered in the Teaching Hospital of the University of Ife, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, between November 1976 and December 1977. The disease may become a social stigma because of the unpleasant odour of the discharge from the sinuses. Amputation, which is sometimes the last resort in the treatment of this disease, was rejected by patients for whom it was suggested because of its socio-economic and socio-cultural problems. The major sources of financial loss to the patients, and or to the health services included prolonged use of expensive antibiotics, maintenance during the usual long hospitalisation, the cost of surgical operations which often have to be repeated, expenses incurred in arranging for blood donors since free and willing donors are now scarce in this society, and the transport fares to and from the hospital during the repeated visits for the necessarily prolonged period of follow-ups. Besides, there is a waste of valuable manpower time since patients invariably lose time from work, and/or school.