bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of ground and groundwater geochemistry on construction in the Middle East
Authors: Fookes P. G. , French W. J. , Rice S. M. M. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Many parts of the world's extensive hot drylands pose significant problems for the civil engineer because of chemically aggressive and changing ground conditions. The most important areas are generally the broad flat coastal strips of more recent sediment, for these commonly contain abundant sulphate as gypsum and anhydrite and have widespread surface or near-surface crusts of halite.
The coastal water and groundwater in these regions are usually sulphate and chloride rich, moving slowly through the sediments because of rapid evaporation of the groundwater via the capillary fringe into the drier atmosphere. This movement of groundwater accelerates solution and precipitation of the more soluble minerals, the greater the flow rate the more rapid the compositional change in the sediments—sufficiently rapidly to be of engineering significance. The engineering works themselves can effect significant changes in the ground chemistry and this is most often brought about by changing the position of the water table or the capillary fringe, by dewatering, or raising ground levels by depositing fill. In addition to the significant effect of salts on results of standard engineering tests, the other most likely problems created by the chemical changes are: settlement due to solution in flowing groundwater, heave due to crystallization from groundwater or by reaction between soils and groundwater, and the creation of a chemically aggressive environment in foundations.
The properties of these groundwater-soil systems are reviewed from the point of view of field observations and some large-scale experiments which give indications of the magnitudes and rates of the chemical processes. Two case histories are cited by way of illustration-Dubai Dry Dock and the Harbour Works at Mina Jebel Ali, Dubai. The Dry Dock represents an example of settlement effected by the solution of gypsum from lithified sediments through which seawater was passing, and the Harbour Works show how groundwater and fill chemistry have been changed in the few years required for the construction works.
Rock pressure coefficient for design of rock retaining structures
Authors: Whiteside P. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
When designing rock retaining structures such as basement walls it is common practice to use a lateral ground pressure coefficient such as that derived for a granular soil. This paper derives a general rock pressure coefficient applicable to a jointed rock mass with potential plane or wedge failures in any direction and including the effect of surcharge and water pressure. Use of this rock pressure coefficient will in very many cases enable a more realistic and economical design to be adopted.
Completely weathered granite—soil or rock?
Authors: Howat M. D. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

The construction of a mass transit railway in Hong Kong and Kowloon provided opportunities to study the properties of completely weathered granite both in engineering site investigation boreholes and
in situ
stress measurements in earth pressure cells in the walls of excavations up to 30 m deep. The shear strength profiles of the material are compared with existing models of soil and rock behaviour, and conclusions are made on problems such as the existence of true cohesion, the effect of laboratory saturation, and the influence of relic joints.
Applications of fluorescent dye tracers in the planning and hydrological appraisal of sanitary landfills
Authors: Smart P. L. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Four applications of artificial tracers in the study of sanitary landfill sites are identified; confirmation of leachate contamination, determination of on-site hydrology, determination of hydraulic properties of landfill materials and prediction of leachate contamination and dilution. These applications are illustrated by seven tracing experiments undertaken at a landfill site in the Jurassic Great Oolite Limestone of the Cotswolds using fluorescent dye tracers. The tracers proved non-conservative, which limited their use in determination of hydraulic properties, but were still detectable over 5 months after injection. Background fluorescence due to organic materials in landfill leachate and chemical instability caused problems in analysis, but these could be overcome. Overall the tests were successful in identifying the sources and paths of leachate leakage in the landfill, permitting design of effective remedial measures, and in demonstrating the risks of leachate contamination at surface streams and springs in the vicinity.
J. P
itts
replies
Authors: Pitts John 
Published: November 2007

Agreement over the form of a paper will not necessarily be universal. The alternative methodology and table proposed by Morton and Sayer would tend to suggest that more is known about the geology and engineering geology of Singapore than is actually the case. Single ‘typical’ values presented to summarize soil properties are almost inevitably misleading. Singapore geology typifies the problem. Furthermore, Morton and Sayer present an example which appears to faithfully follow the system adopted during the Mass Rapid Transit site investigation, which, in particular with respect to weathering grades, has caused a good deal of (at least initial) confusion. The form of a classification does, of course, depend upon the purpose to which it is to be put. One use may be to assess conditions for foundation purposes. In such a case, the classification presented by Morton and Sayer would probably be too coarse. There are, however, other uses.
The suggestion that a deposit can be classified on the basis of origin, process of accumulation, and geomorphology is, of course, reasonable. However, it is difficult to agree to this being automatically taken to the further stage of accepting that general quantitative characteristics apply to the deposits. One fact which is perhaps becoming evident in Singapore is that variability is actually a characteristic of many materials.
The quantitative information presented in the paper for the Marine Clay is for perhaps the most intensively investigated of deposits in Singapore. The great variation in properties have been dealt with by Tan (1983)
Groundwater and aquifers; an overview of ‘exotic’ uses
Authors: Edworthy K. J. , Puri S. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

There is a range of uses for groundwater and aquifers, mostly non-water supply uses, which have been termed ‘exotic’. These uses can be categorized into four distinct fields: fluid storage and waste disposal, including deep-well injection; energy conservation, including storage of fossil fuel-generated energy (as heat or pressure) and the extraction of solar energy from groundwater; subsurface
in situ
leaching of economic minerals; and groundwater quality management. Some details of each of these fields of application are presented to illustrate their essential multi-disciplinary nature and also the benefits that can arise from their use. Much more intensive investigation than normal is considered necessary to obtain the detailed site-specific data that any application would require. This would also have to be linked with an adequate regional monitoring system, which protects potable groundwater and other minerals. Possible applications in the United Kingdom are considered.
The relationship of aquifer petrophysics to hydrocarbon evaluation
Authors: Worthington P. F. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Well log evaluation for fluid hydrocarbons has always drawn upon petrophysical relationships for the aquifer zone where the water saturation is unity and the resultingly less complex petrophysical regime can be used for control. This dependence upon aquifer petrophysics has traditionally centred on the Archie equations which are strictly valid only for clean sands. Research directed at the establishment of more generally applicable equations for the evaluation of clean or shaly hydrocarbon reservoirs has again been based initially on the aquifer zone to avoid water saturation as a complicating parameter. These equations, which conventionally draw upon electrical resistivity concepts, are demonstrably equivalent to those used in the water industry. It is proposed that they form part of a larger family of petrophysical relationships which describe the electrical behaviour of water-saturated reservoir rocks as a whole. This behaviour is seen to be consistent for arenaceous core plugs representing a wide range of petrophysical characteristics and it might therefore describe a type pattern which is retained through to the hydrocarbon zone.
Simulation of gas and oil flow in hydrocarbon reservoirs
Authors: Cole P. , Collins P. A. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The non-specialist is introduced to the uses made of numerical simulation in modelling the behaviour and performance of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Hydrocarbon reservoir modelling can be compared with groundwater modelling, but is generally more complex, commonly dealing with multiphase fluid systems in two or three dimensions. Both finite difference and finite element techniques are used to solve numerically the equations of motion. The application of two powerful models, PORES and PROGRESS, illustrates the use of simulation during the various stages of development of the Morecambe and Rough gas fields by British Gas.
Geomorphological investigation, for engineering purposes, of blowing sand and dust hazard
Authors: Jones D. K. C. , Cooke R. U. , Warren A. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Blowing sand and dust are increasingly common hazards associated with dryland urbanization, largely because of the disruption of desert soils by human activity. This paper reviews the characteristics and problems of moving sand and dust and discusses how the four main methods of analysis—remotely sensed imagery, meteorological data, geomorphological mapping and process monitoring—can be integrated so as to provide the basis for well informed management strategies. This is exemplified by description of a recent survey for a town referred to as ‘Alfa’, which involved an unusual methodology heavily dependent on the collection of information on ground conditions by means of geomorphological mapping. The resultant integration of data on erodibility (sand and dust supply potentials) and erosivity (potentials for wind transport using meterological records) provided a good framework for focusing attention on those topographic/sediment units posing the greatest potential hazard and therefore requiring the most careful management. The new methodologies put forward in this paper are considered to be potentially applicable in a wide variety of dryland environments and to be worthy of further development and refinement.
A geotechnical investigation of two Hampshire Tertiary Sand Beds: are they locked sands?
Authors: Barton M. E. , Palmer S. N. , Wong Y. L. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

The term ‘locked sand’ has been introduced by Dusseault & Morgenstern to distinguish the characteristics of certain, geologically old, natural sands from recently deposited and compacted sands. They examined three North American Sands in detail and described their main characteristics. The work described here is a similar investigation of two English Tertiary Sands to discover whether or not they have similar characteristics. It is shown that the Bagshot and Barton Sands correspond in respect of lack of a cement, an
in situ
relative density greater than 100% and the ability to be sampled as intact, undisturbed blocks. They are, however, slightly less dense and notably less strong than the North American Sands described by Dusseault & Morgenstern. It is concluded that the two English Tertiary Sands are most appropriately classified as
partially or weakly locked sands
.
Book reviews BromheadE. N.The Stability of SlopesSurrey University PressLondon1986£40.00373
Authors: Little A. L. 
Published: November 2007

The introduction to this useful book starts by discussing classifications of falls, slide and flows, going on to a brief history, mentioning important historical personalities and events, such as Collin, Hutton Gregory, Gothernburg harbour quay wall and Fort Peck dam failures and the roles of Terzaghi and Skempton.
Chapter 2, discussing natural slope failures, contains a notable series of drawings, photographs and analyses of various kinds of slides, including such classics as Herne Bay cliffs, South Wales valley landslides and the Black Venn mudslides.

Fundamental properties of soils and rocks are discussed in Chapter 3, where concepts of
effective stress
and of
residual strength
are introduced and the importance of
discontinuities
discussed. In Chapter 4, discussion on measurement of shear strength, ring shear testing is emphasized; other methods of testing are also discussed.

Principles of stability analysis (Chapter 5) begins with a consideration of the φ = 0 (total stress) method of analysis, although the author has previously (p. 71) mentioned the difficulties and limitations of this method; the bulk of the discussion is about various methods using effective stress parameters. The discussion continues in Chapter 6 where the use of computers, with detailed examples, and stability charts is discussed.
Detailed consideration is given in Chapter 7 to seepage and pore water pressures where examples are, among others, taken from Cow Green, Balderhead and Tarbela dams, as well as natural slopes at Herne Bay and the Isle of Sheppey. Chapter 8 concentrates on remedial measures, including ground anchors, drainage (both
The effect of weathering on the strength of London Clay
Authors: Chandler R. J. , Apted J. P. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A detailed study is presented of the effect of weathering on the undrained and effective stress strengths of London Clay from a site at South Ockendon, Essex. A limited investigation of the chemistry and clay mineralogy was also carried out.

It is concluded that the effect of weathering is to reduce the apparent degree of overconsolidation. This effect is seen in the undrained strength-water content relationship of the most weathered clay, which shows a 4% higher water content at a given strength than the unweathered clay. There is a corresponding reduction of the overconsolidation ratio from about 40 to about 20. In effective stress terms the corresponding strength change is given by a reduction of
c
′ from 28 kPa to a minimum value of about 9 kPa, assuming that ø′ (= 20°) remains unchanged by the weathering.
The use of geophysical methods to locate joints in underground metal pipelines
Authors: Sowerbutts W. T. C. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Detailed magnetic surveys have been made to see if the form of magnetic anomalies produced by buried metal pipelines can be used to predict the position of joints between individual sections of pipe. This information can help minimize the amount of excavation required when pipelines have to be examined. Magnetic measurements have been made over pipelines where the position of joints is known, others where their position is unknown, and over a range of types and sizes of pipe with either spigot and socket or welded joints. It is shown that in open country the magnetic anomalies over pipelines consist of a sequence of magnetic highs and lows. This pattern is related to the individual sections of pipe from which the pipelines are constructed, and can be used to determine the position of joints between pipe sections. This method of joint location has been unsuccessful in urban areas due to the presence of other disturbing magnetic anomalies, and the sections of pipe not being uniformly magnetized.
Studies into the design of tubewells in Bangladesh
Authors: Herbert R. 
Published: November 2007

The British Geological Survey have carried out a study to determine the optimum design for 2-cusec irrigation wells in Bangladesh. This wide ranging study has included field studies, laboratory measurements, computer simulations and economic comparisons.
One of the aims of well design is to ensure that water is delivered to the irrigator as cheaply as possible. The cost of water is dependent both on the capital cost of the well (well materials, drilling costs, pump installation, etc.) and on recurrent pumping costs. A large diameter, initially more costly, well will reduce well losses and long term pumping costs so there is a fine balance to be struck between capital and running costs if the optimum well design is to be selected. Well-running costs are closely linked to well discharge and drawdown. To date, no accurate method exists of predicting these factors, so well design has been, to a large extent, based on experience.
A number of irrigation wells of different designs have been constructed in Bangladesh and pump tested: both long-term and step-drawdown tests have been employed and, in addition to drawdowns, flow rates within the wells were monitored. Figure 1 shows one of the wells being tested and Fig. 2 shows the results of one step-drawdown test.
The hydraulic characteristics of over thirty types of well screen, with diameters ranging from 4 to 12 inches, have been measured in a specially designed test rig which was constructed at Hydraulics Research Limited for the British Geological
Borehole restoration methods and their evaluation by step-drawdown tests: the case history of a detailed study in Northern Italy
Authors: Clark L. , Radini M. , Bison P. L. 
Published: November 2007

The effectiveness of borehole restoration techniques on recharge boreholes has been assessed by repetitive step-drawdown tests. The step-drawdown tests were run with up to 10 steps and repeated up to five times on a single borehole.
The borehole restorations after well-clogging by recharge show that the chemical methods of acidization and polyphosphate dispersion are more effective than physical methods such as surging by pumping.
The step-drawdown test analyses confirm that the squared relationship in the ‘well loss’ in the Jacob equation is valid in uniform aquifers where the total drawdown is a small proportion of the saturated thickness. They also show quite clearly that the so-called ‘aquifer loss’ in the Jacob equation can include large elements of ‘well loss’ indicating that the exact meaning of this equation needs re-examining.
The collection and use of field discontinuity data in rock slope design
Authors: Matheson G. D. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The paper highlights aspects important in the collection of field discontinuity data, reviews existing manual and computer-assisted stereographic methods of presenting and evaluating the field data for rock slope design, and describes a new computer method not based on stereographic projection. The new method uses sensitivity histograms to allow evaluation of failure potential and permits the effects of altering design parameters to be readily understood by engineers; it is also particularly good at handling weighted data. The method is, however, intended as an aid to presentation rather than as a replacement of existing stereographic methods as used by engineering geologists.
Injected marl seams as drilling artefacts in chalk cores
Authors: Hilbrecht H. , Meyer T. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Marl seams which were injected into chalk cores by the drilling process are described. These artificial marl layers resemble thin debris flow deposits and may be falsely identified. Their diagnostic characteristics are described in order to distinguish them from sedimentary marl seams. In the cored section studied about 400f the total number of marl seams are injected and thus are artefacts.
The formation of pockmarks and their potential influence on offshore construction
Authors: Hovland M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Pockmarks are craters formed in the soft seabed by gas and, in some cases, liquid expulsion. They were described on the Scotian Shelf in 1970
(King & MacLean 1970)
and have since been mapped in a range of shallow seas including the North Sea and the Arabian Gulf.
Pockmarks range in size from less than one metre to about 200 m across and up to 20 m deep.

There are assumed to be three phases of pockmark development:

the pressure build-up phase, in which gas accumulates below the seabed;

the eruption phase when liquids and solids are ejected into the water column;

the post-eruption phase, which can either be a dormant phase or one where gas is continually seeping through the pockmark floor.

The paper discusses triggering of pockmark eruptions which may be by earthquakes, by seabed pressure perturbations caused by tidal or gravity waves or, in deep water, by a combination of tidal waves and low atmospheric pressure and storm waves. The relevance of pockmarks in relation to seabed construction sites is also considered.
Groundwater near the Moray Firth: the coastal aquifer between Forres and Elgin, Grampian Region
Authors: Robins N. S. , Cook J. M. , Miles D. L. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Old Red Sandstone, Permian, Triassic and Quaternary deposits form a coastal aquifer to the south of the Moray Firth between Elgin and Forres. Evidence from exploratory drilling, borehole geophysics and hydrogeochemistry show that the aquifer is a complex layered system containing young slightly mineralized water in cracks and joints, older more mineralized water in intergranular storage and mineralized water confined at depth by clay horizons.
Stress-strain behaviour of sulphur concrete made with different aggregates and admixtures
Authors: Czarnecki B. , Gillott J. E. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Sulphur concrete is a strong but brittle material. Concrete with a higher sulphur binder content is weaker but more flexible than concrete with a smaller content of binder. Sulphur concrete has unique properties, such as rapid strength development, high ultimate strength, low permeability and superior resistance to strong acids and saline solutions. It has a wide range of potential engineering applications, particularly in situations where problems are encountered in the use of portland cement concrete. Sometimes, sulphur concrete shows poor durability, which may result from expansion and cracking on exposure to water, a behaviour that has been found to result from the use of certain types of aggregates. Admixtures have been found which lead to significant improvements in the strength and durability characteristics of sulphur concretes.
Sulphur concrete was made with seven types of rock as aggregate: granite, syenite, diorite, basalt, greywacke, quartzite and marble. Mixes were made with 20% and 230f sulphur binder and with and without admixtures. Admixtures used were crude oil, glycerine and two types of silane surface active agents. When crude oil was included in the mix, strength decreased significantly but ductility increased. When the aggregate was pre-treated with glycerine the strength of the concrete was affected only slightly but flexibility increased. With silane type A treatment to the aggregate the sulphur concrete had good strength and greater strain capacity than the control mixes made with no admixture. When the aggregate was treated with silane type Z the concrete was very strong but brittle. Treatment of the aggregates with glycerine and the two varieties of silane improved the moisture durability of the sulphur concrete. A comparison of the static and dynamic moduli showed that the three types of sulphur concrete which were more ductile behave similarly to portland cement concrete in that the dynamic modulus was larger than the static modulus. In the stiff and brittle sulphur concretes, that relationship was reversed.