bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behavioral Information Provided By Two Song Forms of the Eastern Kingbird, T. Tyrannus
Authors: Smith W. John , Smith Anne Marie 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Eastern kingbirds facilitate prediction of their social behavior through the proportional use of two different song forms, zeer and chatter-zeer, in daytime singing performances. The chatter-zeer song form predicts approach to closer quarters, whereas zeer predicts a high probability of staying put. The correlations of each song form with behavior were determined by observing natural encounters singers had with their mates, conspecific intruders and birds of other species. Playback simulations of territorial intrusions were then used to test whether singers would approach with a high proportion of chatter-zeer and little or no zeer. This was strongly confirmed. Kingbirds who approach are taking a major interactional initiative, even though their next move is usually to await the other individual's response. In effect, singers dare or encourage those individuals to interact. The chatter-zeer with which they precede or announce approach does not specify the kind of interaction for which singers are prepared: the information it provides is as relevant in events in which the singer associates with its mate as in events in which the singer confronts an opponent. A zeer singer is less actively provocative, deferring initiative more while nonetheless being ready to respond to the actions of others. By providing information about the relative probabilities of these actions, singing should help kingbirds to negotiate or even arrange social issues while spatially separated, often obviating closer encounters. Since many kinds of animals sing, and since the characteristic continuity and cadencing of singing performances are specializations well suited to communicating at a distance, it is worth asking if other species also use singing patterns and songs to distinguish between the actions of holding back and approaching.
Individual Variation and Alternative Patterns of Foraging Movements in Recently-Emerged Brook Charr (Salvelinus Fontinalis)
Authors: Mclaughlin Robert L. , Grant James W.A. , Kramer Donald L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRecently-emerged juvenile brook charr foraging in relatively homogeneous, clear, still-water pools displayed significant interindividual variation in the proportion of search time spent moving, the average speed during search, the average speed during periods of moving search, and the distance moved during pursuit of prey. The frequency distribution for interindividual variation in the proportion of time spent moving was bimodal, but distributions for the other movement parameters were not. Thus, in the field, young charr tended to specialize at one of two alternative movement patterns differing primarily in the proportion of time spent moving. The movement parameters were all positively correlated, but correlations between the proportion of time spent moving, the speed while moving, and pursuit distance were small enough (r2's < 0.30) to suggest that different aspects of search mode may vary relatively independently. Our findings have three implications for studies of search mode. First, intraspecific variation in search mode need not be only a response to environmental change, but can occur in the same environment at the same time. Second, frequency distributions of movement parameters offer a more objective base than do arbitrary classifications for determining how many types of foragers are present. Third, studies using different movement parameters to distinguish between alternative search modes (e.g. sitting-and-waiting and actively searching) may not be directly comparable.
Female Attraction Behaviour of Radio Tagged Polyterritorial Pied Flycatcher Males
Authors: Rätti Osmo , Siikamäki Pirkko 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPolygynous mating is costly for pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) females. Thus, females have a good reason to attempt to avoid mating with already mated polyterritorial males. One cue to disclose a male's mating status is his behaviour. The behaviour of polyterritorial and unmated males was studied by radio tagging that allows accurate recording of male movements. While attracting a secondary female polyterritorial males spent significantly less time on the secondary territory than did unmated males on their single territory. Polyterritorial males also tended to have lower song rates. When a female appeared on the secondary territory of polyterritorial males, they increased the proportion of time spent there, and as a result the difference between polyterritorial and unmated males was not significant. A female might potentially be able to estimate a male's mating status on basis of male presence at the territory, but only if she does not reveal herself. Still, the variation and overlap in male behaviour between mating categories may make it difficult for her to obtain reliable information about the mating status of a male.
Function of the Song and Song Repertoire in the European Starling (Sturnus Vulgaris) : an Aviary Experiment
Authors: Eens Marcel , Pinxten Rianne , Verheyen Rudolf Frans 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe confronted individually-caged male European starlings, Sturnus vulgaris, with conspecifics of both sexes in order to study singing behaviour during intrasexual and intersexual encounters. Males spent more time at the nestbox, sang more songs and more song types during female presentations than during control periods (observation periods with no conspecifics). Males also sang more songs in the nestbox and flew more to the nestbox with green nest material. During male presentations, only the time spent at the nestbox and the carrying of nest material increased significantly. Males spent more time at the nestbox, sang more songs and more song types in response to a female stimulus than to a male stimulus. Males also sang more songs in the nestbox and flew more to the nestbox with nest material during female than during male presentations. These results suggest that the song and song repertoire of male starlings serve primarily an intersexual rather than an intrasexual function. However, in contrast to a previous study, our results suggest that singing also serves as an intrasexual signal to deter rivals at close encounter. We also tested the hypothesis that the 'whistles' and the 'warbling song' have separate intrasexual and intersexual functions, as has been suggested in the literature. We found no evidence for a specialized intrasexual function of the whistles nor for a specialized intersexual function of the warbling song. From this study it also appears that variations in the size of the aviary can modify the behavioural responses of starling males. New information with regard to the use of green nest material by male starlings is given.
The Breeding System of the Three-Spined Stickleback, Gasterosteus Aculeatus (Forma Leiura) With Reference To Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Nesting Activity
Authors: Mori Sechi 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1) The breeding succes of three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L., forma leiura) males in a small stream of the Tsuya River, Gifu Prefecture, Central Japan, was studied with reference to timing of nesting initiation, use of space for nesting and social interactions. The observations were made almost daily during March to early July 1988 along the shore at a distance of 1-2 m from the fish and nests. 2) All the males in an enclosed study pool were individually marked (99 males). Furthermore, a total of 67 females were marked and observed weekly. The males were individually observed and their agonistic, courtship and parental behaviour as well as their reproductive success were quantified. Reproductive success of individual male was measured as the number of nests built, the number of successful nests, the number of hatched fry per nest. Nest sites were categorized in six types (A-F) on the basis of the proportion of vegetation cover around the nest and distance from the shore. 3) Body size and environmental factors (water temperature, water depth, changes in water level) were not correlated with reproductive success. Flooding was not a major cause of unsuccessful nesting. The brightness of nuptial colouration at the onset of breeding correlated significantly with individual success. Individual variation in the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as a nuptial colouration may have an important consequence for the lifetime reproductive success of the individuals. There was no relationship between fish density and reproductive success. 4) All males that nested more than once had begun breeding early in the season. The sooner a male started nest-building, the more opportunities he had to complete breeding cycles. 5) After an unsuccessful nest, males were significantly more likely to move their nest sites than after a successful nest. The subsequent nesting cycle was not always successful. 6) There was variation in nest-sitc location. The spatial pattern of nest distribution was strongly related to the temporal pattern, because the first males which settled, more often built their nests at sites along the shore where the nest was covered on one or two sides by vegetation. The location of nest site was significantly correlated with reproductive success. When males nested in partly concealed places along the shore, they could sometimes obtain a high reproductive success irrespective of the date of breeding initiation. Thus, reproductive success was largely determined by the timing of nest-building and nest position.
Conflicting Demands in Sand Gobies: Predators Influence Reproductive Behaviour
Authors: Forsgren Elisabet , Magnhagen Carin 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The effects of predation risk on the reproductive behaviour of male and female sand gobies, Pomatoschistus minutus, were investigated in two separate aquarium studies. In the presence of a predator (cod, Gadus morhua), males decreased their courtship activity while females did not alter their level of activity. In the second study, there was no difference between treatments (with and without predator) in the time from when a female was presented to a male with a nest until spawning took place or in the amount of eggs laid. However, pre-spawning behaviour differed between the two treatments. When the cod was in sight, both males and females burrowed in the sand more often. In the absence of a predator, pairs spent longer together in the nest before spawning started, and females also inspected the nest alone, which never happened during predator presence. Hence, both sexes make trade-offs between predator avoidance and behaviours associated with mating. Females, however, seem to take higher risks during the courtship phase in order to find a partner compared to males.
Sexual Imprinting in Zebra Finch Males: a Differential Effect of Successive and Simultaneous Experience With Two Colour Morphs
Authors: Vos Dave R. , Prijs Joop , TEN CATE Carel 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Recent developments in theories of sexual imprinting have emphasized that sexual imprinting may lead to a preference for partners that are slightly different from the stimuli an animal has originally been exposed to. Two mechanisms have been proposed to account for this phenomenon. 1. Separate representation model: This model assumes that as a result of imprinting an internal representation is formed of each individual which a bird experiences during early life. The imprinting process is thought to reduce the responsiveness to novel individuals, whereas at the same time a habituation process would have the effect that individuals resembling these representations too closely are refuted. 2. Mixed representation model: Young birds combine information about different individuals into one internal representation. As a consequence the later preference deviates from the original imprinting stimuli. There is evidence that zebra finch males use a number of stimuli for sexual imprinting, but it is unclear whether and how the way of exposure affects the internal representation. This was examined in zebra finch males that had either successive or simultaneous experience with two different colour morphs of the zebra finch. Each type of experience results in different effects on later preference. Successive experience leads to a preference for both colour morphs. That is, in multiple-stimuli tests with the imprinting morphs and intermediate colour morphs, males with successive experience showed a preference for both imprinting morphs. Simultaneous experience with both morphs does not lead to a double preference but to a preference for the colour morph of the mother. Comparison with the control groups revealed that males raised by mixed pairs had learned to suppress sexual responses to individuals of their father's morph. This implies that zebra finch males learn to discriminate male versus female conspecifics on morphological features during the time course of sexual imprinting. The results of neither type of exposure gave evidence for the formation of mixed representations, as was indicated by the lack of sexual interest which double imprinted males showed for intermediates between both morphs. It is suggested that the way information is stored during imprinting can better be viewed within the context of distributed representation models.
Temporal and Acoustic Correlates in Vocal Exchange of Coo Calls in Japanese Macaques
Authors: Sugiura Hideki 
Published: April 2008

AbstractVocal exchanges of coo calls in female Japanese macaques were observed in two populations. Temporal patterns of occurrence of these vocalizations during vocal interaction were studied by analyzing inter-call intervals between two consecutive coos. When the second call was uttered by a different caller from the first (DC sequence), most of the second calls occurred at intervals shorter than approximately 0.8 sec, and the remaining ones at intervals longer than approximately 0.8 sec. These results indicate that the second coos of DC sequence are of two different types, and that second calls separated by short intervals may occur in response to the first call, whereas second calls separated by a relatively longer interval may occur independently of the preceding call. When an animal responds to a coo given by another, she appears to do so within a certain period of time. When two consecutiove calls were uttered by the same caller (SC sequence), the second coos rarely occurred within 0.8 sec, but mostly at longer intervals. These results suggest that when an animal utters a coo spontaneously, it remains silent for a short interval and when no response occurs, she is likely to give further coos addressing groups members. Acoustic analysis of two consecutive coos in DC sequence showed that the second coos given by a different caller and occurring within 0.8 sec significantly correlated with those of first coos with respect to several acoustic parameters. This correlation was not observed when coos occurred at intervals of more than 0.8 sec. This phenomenon was confirmed by a playback experiment. The results suggest the possibility that an animal is able to alter acoustic features of responding coos and matches those of preceding coos.
Temporal Patterns of Within-Pair Copulations, Male Mate-Guarding, and Extra-Pair Events in Eastern Red-Winged Blackbirds (Agelaius Phoeniceus)
Authors: Westneat David F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractI studied the timing of within-pair and extra-pair behaviors in an eastern population of red-winged blackbirds. Within-pair activity was highest several days before egg-laying started and during the morning and evening hours. Extra-pair events also peaked just before egg-laying but showed no distinct diurnal pattern. Red-winged blackbird pairs on average copulated 21-22 times per clutch. Males followed their females more than the reverse, but spent only a third of the time within 10 m of their mates. Male presence on the territory deterred potential extra-pair events, and although males were on their territories for 94% of their day, they did leave, apparently to forage, on occasion. Extra-pair events involving these males' females were more likely during these departures than expected by chance. Apparently as a consequence, males went on fewer forays when their female was most fertilizable. Males did not copulate with their females more often than normal just before or after forays or intrusions. Pairs that copulated more often had fewer extra-pair fertilizations in their broods, but no other behaviors were correlated with paternity. These results have several important implications for understanding the effects of sperm competition of mating and parental behavior.
Stimuli Eliciting Distress Calls in Adult Passerines and Response of Predators and Birds To Their Broadcast
Authors: Conover Michael R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study examined the response of birds and captive predators to the broadcast of distress calls and the effect of different stimuli on the elicitation ofthese calls. In doing so, this study tested two hypotheses about why adult passerines should distress call when physically constrained: the calls are designed 1) to attract attention, or 2) to startle the predator into releasing the caller. Birds often responded to both interspecific and intraspecific distress calls by approaching the sound source, but they rarely mobbed or engaged in any behavior that would aid the caller in escaping. The playback of a distress call had little effect on most captive opossums (Didelphis marsupialis) and raccoons (Procyon lotor) which were attacking a caged starling (Slurnus vulgaris). However, distress calls startled one opossum and two raccoons and provoked two other raccoons into a more severe attack. Birds only distress called when physically constrained. All passerine species that were tested, except brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), emitted distress calls, but in no species did every individual call. Distress calls usually were of short duration, interrupted by periods of silence, and paired with struggling behavior. Birds were more likely to distress call when held by the limbs rather than the body or neck, when moved, or when viewing a rapidly approaching object. These results indicate that one function of distress calls for most passerines is to startle the predator, but that other functions also are likely. My results also support the hypothesis that birds approach a distress caller to acquire information about the predator that has captured the caller.
Mother-Infant Relationships in Three Species of Macaques (Macaca Mulatta, M. Nemestrina, M. Arctoides). Ii. the Social Environment
Authors: Maestripieri Dario 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study compared social interactions between mothers, infants, and other group members in rhesus, pigtail, and stumptail macaques living in large captive social groups. Mother-infant pairs were focally observed in 4 weekly 30-min sessions for the first 12 weeks of infant life. Rhesus and pigtail mothers were remarkably similar in several contact, proximity, and grooming measures, but their scores were lower than those of stumptail mothers. The three species did not differ quantitatively in interest shown in infants by other group members, as measured by infant handling and grooming. Infant handling in stumptail macaques was always gentle and infants were carefully avoided by other group members when off their mothers. Infant handling in rhesus and pigtail macaques also involved harassment and kidnapping. The frequency of infant harassment did not differ in rhesus and pigtail macaques but harassment was more severe in the former than in the latter species. Rhesus mothers reacted aggressively to a higher proportion of infant handling attempts than pigtail and stumptail mothers. These results confirm the hypotheses that female interest in infants does not differ among macaque species and that the quality of infant handling is a good predictor of interspecies differences in maternal protectiveness. Mothering style, however, is probably multidimensionally determined, and to fully understand interspecies differences in mother-infant relationships and their functional significance, we need to understand the mechanisms by which reproductive and ecological variables influence maternal behavior and infant development in primates.
Dawn Singing in the Great Tit (Parus Major): Mate Attraction, Mate Guarding, or Territorial Defence?
Authors: Slagsvold Tore , Dale Svein , SÆTRE Glenn-Peter 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In a number of passerine bird species, mated males sing at dawn and this song activity peaks in the fertile period of the mate. We present the hypothesis that an important function of such dawn singing is to maintain the territory. We suggest that mate guarding and territorial defence are demanding and often mutually exclusive activities. Losing paternity is so costly that males give priority to mate guarding. Males therefore use the early morning period, before their mate emerges from the roost, to claim territory ownership. We report some preliminary tests of this hypothesis from a study of great tits (Parus major). Simulating male intrusion by a playback experiment showed that the resident male was more often absent from central parts of the territory, following the mate, during the periods of nest building and egg laying than during incubation. This supports the assumption of conflicting demands between mate following and territorial defence. From the hypothesis we expected males to spend effort in defending their territory as soon as they were free to do so. Consistent with this prediction, we found that male song activity was high before the mate left the nest at dawn, when she temporarily visited the nest during the day, and when she entered the nest to roost at night. A female removal experiment showed that unmated males, having no mate to guard, sang as much at dawn as mated males. Only one of the eight widowed males succeeded to replace their mate. We discuss some alternative functions of dawn singing in the great tit, such as attraction of own mate, a replacement mate, and extra-pair mates. We conclude that the hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and song may serve multiple purposes.
Brotherhoods Among Atelins: Kinship, Affiliation, and Competition
Authors: Strier Karen B. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper examines differences in male affiliative associations and dominance relationships in atelin primates. Despite the occurrence of male philopatry in all three genera, male social relations varied considerably. The strength of male affiliations was attributed to differences in between group competition for access to groups of females, while the type of male dominance relationships was attributed to differences in within group competition for access to individual females. Female grouping patterns and the socionomic sex ratio appeared to be more important than group size in predicting the strength of between group competition and male affiliations. Male dominance over females appeared to be more important than estrus synchrony in predicting the type of within group competition and the presence of hierarchical or egalitarian relationships among males.