bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transplacental Neospora caninum infection in dogs
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Lindsay D. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A Beagle bitch was inoculated sc and im with 1.5 million Neospora caninum tachyzoites on the 35th day of gestation. Eight pups were born alive 28 days after N caninum inoculation of the bitch. Pup 1 did not breathe and died while still enclosed in fetal membranes. Pup 2 died 2 days after birth (dab). Pups 3, 4, and 5 were euthanatized on 2, 3, and 20 dab, respectively, because they were hypothermic and not nursing. Pups 6, 7, and 8 remained clinically normal. Indirect fluorescent N caninum serum antibody titers were: < 50 (pups 1 and 8 at 17 dab, and the bitch before inoculation ), 50 (pups 2 and 3 on 2 dab), 200 (pups 6 and 7 on 17 dab), and 800 (bitch on day 17 after parturition ). Neospora caninum was recovered in cultured cells inoculated with placenta and tissues from all 5 pups necropsied, and N caninum was seen in histologic sections of the heart of pup 5. Results indicate that N caninum can be transplacentally transmitted in dogs.
Diagnosis of recent Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats by use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin M
Authors: Lappin Michael R. , Greene Craig E. , Prestwood A. K. , Dawe Donald L. , Tarleton Rick L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Subclinical Toxoplasma gondii infection was induced in young and adult cats by oral administration of tissue cysts. An antibody-capture elisa to detect anti-Toxoplasma IgM-class antibodies in the serum of cats was developed. The serologic response to experimental infection was followed in the 2 groups of cats by use of anti-Toxoplasma IgM and IgG detection. This study shows that anti-Toxoplasma IgM-class antibody titers develop early in the course of experimental infection in cats and that the combination of IgM- and IgG-class antibody titer measurement can aid in the detection of recent subclinical toxoplasmosis.
Absorption of bovine colostral immunoglobulins G and M in newborn foals
Authors: Lavoie Jean-Pierre , Spensley Michael S. , Smith Bradford P. , Mihalyi Judy 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The uptake of colostral IgG and IgM, their serum half-lives, and the rates of endogenous synthesis of IgG and IgM were evaluated in 6 newborn foals fed bovine colostrum (principals) and 6 foals allowed to suckle their dams (controls). The principal foals were fed 400 ml of bovine colostrum (IgG, 10,000 mg/dl and IgM, 200 mg/dl) at 2-hour intervals, from 2 to 20 hours after foaling (total dose, 4 L). Serum IgG and IgM concentrations were determined by single radial immunodiffusion from birth to 98 days of age. At foaling, principal foals had no detectable serum equine IgG, but 1 control foal had serum equine IgG of 185 mg/dl. After ingestion of colostrum, there was no significant difference in the maximal serum bovine IgG concentration (range, 1,350 to 3,300 mg/dl) in the principal foals, and maximal serum equine IgG concentration in the control foals (range, 500 to 6,000 mg/dl). The calculated biological bovine and equine IgG half-life in the principal and control groups was 9.4 and 26 days, respectively. Endogenous IgG synthesis was first detected in 1 principal foal at 3 days of age, but was detected first between 28 and 42 days in the other principal foals. Starting on day 56 there was no significant difference in serum equine IgG concentration between groups.
At foaling, foals in both groups had low equine IgM concentrations. In the control foals, there was marked individual variation in the increases in equine IgM concentration (range, 5 to 73 mg/dl) after ingestion of colostrum. With the exception of day 49 after foaling, there was no statistical difference between groups for serum IgM concentration after day 3, and both groups had parallel rates of IgM synthesis. Bovine IgM was undetectable at foaling and maximal serum concentration ranged from 200 to 350 mg/dl following ingestion of colostrum. The calculated bovine and equine IgM half-lives were 8 and 5 days, respectively. The coefficients of absorption of bovine IgG and IgM were 30.9 and 84, respectively, in the principal foals. In the control foals, the coefficient of absorption of equine IgG and IgM was 35 and 30, respectively. One principal foal was excluded from the study because it died of aspiration pneumonia at 2 days of age.
Fiber digestion and voluntary intake in horses after adaptation to extensive large-colon resection
Authors: Bertone Alicia L. , Ralston Sarah L. , Stashak Ted S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Each of 3 digestion trials (3 forage diets) was performed on 2 groups of horses 6 to 12 months after sham operation (group 1; n = 3) or large-colon resection (group 2; n = 5). Diets were alfalfa pellets, alfalfa hay, and grass hay. Feed and fecal analyses were performed to determine apparent digestion of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein and true digestion of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, total plant cell wall, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. Additional fecal and metabolic variables determined were percentage of fecal water, total fecal water, metabolic organic matter, metabolic crude protein, and metabolic nitrogen.
Large-colon resection decreased the digestion of plant cell wall because of decreased digestion of cellulose in alfalfa pellet and grass hay diets, but not in alfalfa hay diet. Insufficient digestible energy and/or protein from grass hay was obtained by horses with colon resection, and significant (P < 0.05) weight loss was observed. Voluntary intake was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by horses with colon resection. Of the diets studied, alfalfa hay was the most appropriate forage diet, compared with average grass hay and alfalfa pellet diet, for horses after extensive large-colon resection. Additionally, horses with colon resection may have higher levels of feed intake than do horses without colon resection.
Synergistic antiviral activities of acyclovir and recombinant human leukocyte (alpha) interferon on feline herpesvirus replication
Authors: Weiss Richard. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The antiviral activities of 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine (acyclovir; acv) either alone or combined with recombinant human leukocyte (alpha) a/d interferon (rHuifn-α) against feline herpesvirus type 1 (fhv-1) were evaluated in feline embryo cell cultures, using an infectivity-inhibition assay. In acv-treated cultures, the 50% inhibitory dose (id50) was approximately 10 to 20 μg of acv/ml. Maximal inhibition of fhv-1 infectivity (range, 3.4 to 4.2 log10tcid50) was observed when high test doses of acv (125 or 250 μg/ml) were given 1 to 6 hours after infection. Although mild inhibition (range, 0.3 to 1.6 log10tcid50) of virus was observed at lower drug doses (10 to 62.5 μg/ml), fhv-1 was relatively resistant to acv and required higher minimal inhibitory doses than those reported for other herpesviruses. However, when acv was combined with 10 or 100 U of rHuifn-α/ml, synergistic antiviral effects were associated with acv dosage of 10 to 62.5 μg/ml. Antiviral activities resulting from use of the combined drugs permitted nearly eightfold reduction in the dose of acv required to achieve maximal inhibition of fhv-1. Significant (P < 0.01) synergistic interactions with acv resulted when the rHuifn-α was given before or after infection; at the lower doses of acv, however, rHuifn-α pretreatment was more effective. Although dosages of either ≥ 62.5 μg of acv/ml or 100 U of rHuifn-α/ml were cytosuppressive in control cell cultures, additive anticellular effects were not observed at synergistic combinations of acv and 10 U of rHuifn-α/ml.
Molecular cloning of serogroup- and serotype-specific genome segments from bluetongue virus serotype 11
Authors: Dunn Stephen J. , Oberst Richard D. , Stott Jeffrey L. , Osburn Bennie I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Genome segments 2, 6, 8, and 9 of bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 11, coding for P2, NS1, NS2, and P6, respectively, were cloned into pUC 8. Sizes of segment-2 and segment-6 clones indicated partial copies (55% and 80% of full length, respectively), whereas segment 8 and 9 clones represented full-length copies. Northern blot hybridizations of the clones to the 5 United States btv prototypic serotypes (2, 10, 11, 13, and 17) revealed segment-2 clone to be serotype-specific to btv-11, whereas segment 6, 8, and 9 clones were able to detect all serotypes to varying degrees. All clones failed to detect the related orbivirus, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus.
Serum amyloid A concentrations in cows given endotoxin as an acute-phase stimulant
Authors: Boosman Roel , Niewold Theo A. , Mutsaers Cornelius W A. A. M. , Gruys Erik 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The concentrations of serum amyloid A (saa) in 4 cows given Escherichia coli endotoxin as an acute-phase stimulant were quantitatively evaluated by use of an indirect micro-elisa method and compared with other clinical hematologic values. Serum amyloid A concentration changed minimally after intradermal infection of endotoxin. The concentration of saa was increased 5 hours after iv injection of endotoxin, with maximal concentration after 17 to 20 hours. The increase in saa concentration coincided with decreasing serum Zn and Fe concentrations; however, Zn and Fe concentrations appeared to be restored when saa concentration was still maximal. It was concluded that the saa response of cattle is comparable with that of other species and can be used for monitoring the activity of clinical inflammation and tissue injury.
Diagnostic importance of vitamin K1 and its epoxide measured in serum of dogs exposed to an anticoagulant rodenticide
Authors: Mount Michael E. , Kass Philip H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Administration of vitamin K1, sc, to anticoagulant-poisoned (diphenadione) dogs provided diagnostic information within 4 hours, when vitamin K1 and its epoxide were measured in canine sera. Twelve dogs (2 groups of 6) were given 2.5 mg of diphenadione/kg of body weight for 3 days. Dogs were treated with vitamin K1, 2.5 (n = 6) or 5 mg/kg/day (n = 6) sc for 21 days, and their responses were compared. Four nonexposed control dogs were given 5 mg of vitamin K1/kg/day.
Serum concentration of vitamin K epoxide was significantly (P < 0.02) higher in diphenadione-exposed dogs than in control dogs 1 to 4 hours after the initial vitamin K1 treatment on day 4. Vitamin K epoxide/vitamin K1 ratios were similarly higher and became more distinct.
Cessation of vitamin K1 therapy on day 24 resulted in prolongation of one-stage prothrombin times in diphenadione-exposed dogs, becoming clearly evident on day 27. Serum vitamin K1 concentrations were not detectable on day 27 in diphenadione-exposed dogs, whereas serum vitamin K1 concentrations were readily detectable in control dogs. One-stage prothrombin time changes, during days 24 to 32, indicated 5 mg of vitamin K1/kg provided better protection than did 2.5 mg of vitamin K1/kg. Coagulopathy in the dogs was resolved by day 32.
Transretinal mass receptor potentials recorded from the canine retina in vitro
Authors: Millichamp Nicholas J. , Arden Geoffrey B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A transretinal method for recording the summed potentials generated by photoreceptors of the isolated canine retina in vitro is reported. Pieces from 10 retinas of 5 clinically and visually normal dogs were maintained in a recording chamber and superperfused with a modified cell culture medium. Sodium glutamate added to the medium eliminated electrical responses from retinal glia and allowed the summed receptor potentials to be recorded. The response to flashes of light consisted of a negative potential, which increased in amplitude in a graded manner and in complexity with increased stimulus intensity. The response was similar in waveform to that reported in other vertebrate species, using intracellular and extracellular techniques. This method of recording the mass transretinal receptor potentials in vitro will be of value for investigating abnormal photoreceptor functions in dogs in the early stages of inherited retinal degeneration.
Continuous electromyographic recordings of pharyngeal muscle activity in normal and previously denervated muscles in dogs
Authors: Venker-van Haagen A. J. , Hartman W. , van den Brom W. E. , Wolvekamp W. Th. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Continuous electromyographic recordings of pharyngeal muscle activity were made in 5 clinically normal control dogs and in 7 dogs 3 years after partial denervation of the pharyngeal muscles.
Electromyographic recordings were made of the sequence of actions of each muscle and of the combined muscle activity, at rest and during swallowing of food. During 30-second periods, the recordings were digitalized and stored on diskette for further analysis.All control dogs had a distinct pattern of muscle activity during swallowing, the onset being in a constant order (hyopharyngeal, thyropharyngeal, and cricopharyngeal) and bilaterally synchronous. While eating, each dog had about 5 to 12 short periods of synchronous activity in each muscle, between the swallowing actions. During the resting period, there were longer periods of activity, which were synchronous with respiration.
In each denervated dog, there were normal and irregular swallowing actions. Swallowing activity was recognized, but the sequence of hyopharyngeal, thyropharyngeal, and cricopharyngeal muscle activity was irregular and different from that in control dogs.
Partial denervation of the pharyngeal muscles does not seriously impair motor activity of the muscles, but does alter the sequence of activity in the pharyngeal muscles during swallowing.
Cardiopulmonary effects of halothane anesthesia in cats
Authors: Grandy Jacqueline L. , Hodgson David S. , Dunlop Colin I. , Curtis Charles R. , Heath R. Bruce 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The cardiopulmonary effects of 2 planes of halothane anesthesia (halothane end-tidal concentrations of 1.78% [light anesthesia] and 2.75% [deep anesthesia]) and 2 ventilatory modes (spontaneous ventilation [sv] or mechanically controlled ventilation [cv]) were studied in 8 cats. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with halothane in O2 only, and each cat was administered each treatment according to a Latin square design. Cardiac output, arterial blood pressure, pulmonary arterial pressure, heart rate, respiratory frequency, and PaO2) PaCO2, and pH were measured during each treatment. Stroke volume, cardiac index, and total peripheral resistance were calculated. A probability value of < 5% was accepted as significant.
In the cats, cardiac output, cardiac index, and stroke volume were reduced by deep anesthesia and cv, although only the reduction attributable to cv was significant. Systemic arterial pressure was significantly reduced by use of deep anesthesia and cv. Respiratory frequency was significantly lower during cv than during sv. Arterial PO2 was significantly decreased at the deeper plane of anesthesia, compared with the lighter plane. At the deeper plane of anesthesia, arterial PCO2 and pulmonary arterial pressure were significantly lower during cv than during sv.
The deeper plane of halothane anesthesia depressed cardiopulmonary function in these cats, resulting in hypotension and considerable hypercapnia. Compared with sv, cv significantly reduced circulatory variables and should be used with care in cats. Arterial blood pressure was judged to be more useful for assessing anesthetic depth than was heart rate or respiratory frequency.
Studies of the immunomodulatory effects of low-level infection with Ostertagia ostertagi in calves
Authors: Wiggin Cynthia J. , Gibbs Harold C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Possible immunomodulation by low-level infection with Ostertagia ostertagi was studied in 4-month-old calves. Six groups of 4 calves each were subjected to the following regimens: group 1—non parasitized controls; group 2—nonparasitized, but challenge exposed at day 64 with Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine (ba) and at day 78 with iv administration of a soluble third-stage larval (L3) antigen preparation of O ostertagi (oag); group 3—nonparasitized, but challenge exposed at day 78 with 75 × 103 L3 of O ostertagi; group 4—continuously parasitized by weekly dosing with 30 × 103 L3 of O ostertagi; group 5—continuously parasitized by weekly dosing with 30 × 103 L3 of O ostertagi, then challenge exposed on day 64 with ba and on day 78 with iv inoculation of oag; and group 6—continuously parasitized by weekly dosing with 30 × 103 L3 of O ostertagi, then challenge exposed on day 78 with 75 × 103 L3 of O ostertagi.Over the initial 10 weeks of the study, nonparasitized calves, (groups 1, 2, and 3) had higher body weight, blood lymphocyte (bl) response to phytohemagglutinin (pha), and significantly (P < 0.05) higher feed consumption and lymphocyte numbers, whereas parasitized calves (groups 4, 5, and 6) had higher bl responses to pokeweed mitogen (pwm) and significantly (P < 0.05) higher neutrophil and eosinophil numbers, plasma pepsinogen (pp) values, and bl response to oag.During the challenge-exposure period (weeks 10 through 13), group-5 calves had significantly (P < 0.05) higher eosinophil numbers and pp values for week 11 (ba challenge exposure) and for week 13 (oag challenge exposure) than did group-2 calves, but differences were not observed in bl responses to pha, pwm, and oag. Oral L3 challenge exposure at week 13 induced significantly (P < 0.05) lower lymphocyte numbers, higher eosinophil numbers (P < 0.05), and higher pp values, but lower bl response to pha, pwm, and oag in group-6, compared with group-3 calves. In continuously parasitized calves, comparison of iv oag challenge exposure with oral L3 challenge exposure indicated that group-6 (L3) calves had significantly lower (P < 0.05) lymphocyte numbers and higher pp values than did group-5 (oag) calves. Results of elisa revealed significantly (P < 0.05) higher antibody titer to oag in parasitized calves, compared with nonparasitized calves.Abomasal mucosal pathologic changes were most severe in the continuously parasitized calves. Calves of groups 4, 5, and 6 had thicker mucosae (edema), significantly (P < 0.05) higher eosinophil numbers, and higher globule leukocyte and mast cell numbers in the fundic and pyloric regions than did calves of groups 1, 2, and 3.
Calves of groups 4, 5, and 6 also had significantly (P < 0.05) larger abomasal lymph node masses than did nonparasitized calves. In group-1 calves, nodes had the lowest mass. Differences were not observed among groups for lymphocyte responses to proliferative and suppressive assays performed on the abomasal lymph node lymphocytes.
In vitro ultrasonographic appearance of the normal and verminous equine aorta, cranial mesenteric artery, and its branches
Authors: Wallace K. D. , Selcer B. A. , Tyler D. E. , Brown J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ninety-one equine aortic and cranial mesenteric arterial segments were evaluated ultrasonographically in a water bath. On the basis of pathologic evidence of verminous arteritis, arterial segments were classified into 4 categories, and the ultrasonographic characteristics of each group were evaluated. Normal arteries (class 1) were ultrasonographically characterized by a smooth luminal surface layer and uniform wall thickness and echogenicity. Arteries with only histopathologic evidence of verminous arteritis (class 2) were ultrasonographically characterized by a smooth luminal surface layer, uniform thickness, uniform echogenicity, and the presence of a hyperechoic luminal layer. Arteries with both gross and histopathologic evidence of verminous arteritis (class 3) were characterized ultrasonographically by an irregular luminal surface layer, varying wall thickness, varying wall echogenicity, and the presence of a hyperechoic luminal layer. The ultrasonographic characteristics of arteries with luminal thrombosis (class 4) were an irregular luminal surface, varying wall thickness, and nonuniform echogenicity.
Neochondrogenesis in free intra-articular, periosteal, and perichondrial autografts in horses
Authors: Vachon Anne , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Trotter Gayle W. , Norrdin Robert W. , Powers Barbara E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Periosteal autografts were obtained from the medial aspect of the proximal portion of the tibia, and perichondrial autografts were obtained from the sternum. Using arthroscopic visualization, each autograft was placed as a loose body into 1 tarsocrural joint in 6 young horses (2 to 4 years old). Horses were hand-walked daily, starting the day after surgery, for a total of 6 h/wk for 8 weeks. Eight weeks after autograft implantation, radiographs were taken of each tarsocrural joint and were interpreted with regard to mineralization in the transplanted autografts. Autografts were then surgically removed, and examined macroscopically and microscopically for viability, size, and production of chondroid tissue.
All autografts appeared viable and most had evidence of growth. Longest-by-shortest axis value, cross-sectional area, and perimeter were greater in perichondrial autografts than in their periosteal counterparts in 3 horses, but the difference was not significant. Neochondrogenesis was observed in 5 of 6 periosteal grafts and in 1 of 6 perichondrial grafts. Furthermore, the amount of chondroid tissue produced in periosteal autografts was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than that produced in the 1 perichondrial graft. The chondroid tissue produced by periosteal autografts had morphologic and matrical staining properties similar to those of hyaline cartilage.
Comparison of left ventricular ejection fractions determined in healthy anesthetized dogs by echocardiography and gated equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography
Authors: Sisson D. David , Daniel Greg B. , Twardock A. Robert 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Left ventricular ejection fractions (lvef) of 8 pentobar-bital-anesthetized dogs were calculated by gated equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography (rvg) and by M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography (2-de) prior to and during constant iv infusion of isoproterenol. Mean lvef (± sd), determined with rvg by use of an automatic edge detection algorithm (rvg-auto) to define the left ventricular region of interest, increased from a resting value of 53.5% (± 4.9%) to 71.9% (± 6.8%) during isoproterenol infusion. Mean lvef, determined with rvg by use of visual inspection (rvg-manual) to define the left ventricular region of interest increased from a resting value of 51.6% ± 3.8% to 67.0% ± 5.6% during isoproterenol infusion. Using 2-de and the bullet formula to calculate left ventricular volume (lvv = ⅚ × cross-sectional area × length), mean lvef increased from 52.3% (± 3.50) to 74.7% (± 5.0%). Using 2-de area measurements and Teicholz formula, mean lvef increased from 48.9% (± 5.1%) to 69.5% (± 6.0%). Using M-mode echocardiographic left ventricular diameter measurements and Teicholz formula, mean lvef increased from 52.3 (± 9.0%) to 78.3% (± 8.1%). Before and during isoproterenol infusion, the mean lvef values calculated by rvg agreed closely with mean lvef values calculated from M-mode and 2-de. Correlation coefficients determined from linear regression analysis of lvef by echocardiography vs lvef by radionuclide ventriculography ranged from 0.79 to 0.88. Correlation coefficients were higher and sem were lower when lvef was determined by rvg-manual, rather than by rvg- auto methods and when lvef was calculated from 2-de measurements, rather than from M-mode measurements.