bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling Staphylococcus aureus–induced septicemia using NMR
Authors: Plummer R. , Bodkin J. , Yau T.W. , Power D. , Pantarat N. , Larkin T.J. , Szekely D. , Bubb W.A. , Sorrell T.C. , Kuchel P.W. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe present a novel NMR‐based study of the molecular aspects of the “attack” on human red blood cells (RBCs) by growing bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus expresses virulence factors, including α‐hemolysin, which contribute to the clinical condition known as septic shock. α‐Hemolysin is a pore‐forming toxin and its secretion increases the permeability of a range of mammalian cell types infected with S. aureus. 31P NMR spectra of the probe molecules dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) and hypophosphite (HPA) in RBC suspensions show separate intra‐ and extracellular resonances. These resonances coalesced over time in RBC suspensions inoculated with S. aureus or pure α‐hemolysin, due to increasing permeability of the RBC membrane. Increased RBC permeability resulted in leakage of intracellular proteins, plus an increase in the exchange rate of the solutes between the intra‐ and extracellular compartments, both effects contributing to the coalescence of the split peaks. The addition of antibiotics prevented peak coalescence and enabled the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for eight strains of S. aureus to be determined for oxacillin and erythromycin. The MIC values obtained by using 31P NMR spectroscopy were within one dilution of the MICs obtained using the standard National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) method. The results are encouraging for the use of NMR spectroscopy in clinical microbiology. Magn Reson Med 58:656–665, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parallel load‐balanced simulation for short‐range interaction particle methods with hierarchical particle grouping based on orthogonal recursive bisection
Authors: Fleissner Florian , Eberhard Peter 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe describe an efficient load‐balancing algorithm for parallel simulations of particle‐based discretization methods such as the discrete element method or smoothed particle hydrodynamics. Our approach is based on an orthogonal recursive bisection of the simulation domain that is the basis for recursive particle grouping and assignment of particle groups to the parallel processors. Particle grouping is carried out based on sampled discrete particle distribution functions. For interaction detection and computation, which is the core part of particle simulations, we employ a hierarchical pruning algorithm for an efficient exclusion of non‐interacting particles via the detection of non‐overlapping bounding boxes. Load balancing is based on a hierarchical PI‐controller approach, where the differences of processor per time step waiting times serve as controller input. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Street lamps, alleys, ratio analysis, and nonprofit organizations
Authors: Tinkelman Daniel , Donabedian Bairj 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis article offers an accounting‐based framework for evaluating the efficiency of nonprofit organizations using four factors. Separately, these factors reflect (1) the proportion of revenues actually used in the current year, (2) the proportion of the expenditures allocated to programs, (3) the units of output produced from that spending, and (4) the value of the units produced, expressed in terms of an index value. Combined, these four factors measure the value of units produced per dollar of revenue received, an accounting measure of overall efficiency. Using this framework provides insight into both the appropriateness and the limitations of employing solely financial measures to judge nonprofit organizations and also identifies conceptual areas absent from currently available evaluation tools.
Nonprofit association CEOs how their context shapes what, how, and why they learn
Authors: Sherlock John J. , Nathan Maria L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis qualitative study explored the learning experiences of twelve national nonprofit membership association CEOs using a phenomenological research design. While the professional context of an organization's chief executive is considered unique from other executive positions, the impact of this context on what and how CEOs learned was unclear. The findings describe association CEO learning as being affected in significant ways by the politically charged context in which the nonprofit association CEO operates with his or her board of directors. Power imbalances with staff and the board make learning through traditional organizational dialogue a less useful learning process for the CEOs. Furthermore, the feelings of isolation and vulnerability that are generated from the nonprofit association CEO context often cause CEOs to use private reflection and dialogue with their spouse as primary learning mechanisms. The study concludes that the association CEO context uniquely and profoundly shapes what, how, and why CEOs learn. Perhaps lacking the financial security of lucrative severance payments, which are often specified in employment contracts of for‐profit CEOs, the nonprofit association CEO will often temper his or her actions to avoid personal vulnerability with a politically charged board of directors.
A possible case of renal osteodystrophy in a skeleton from medieval Wharram Percy, England
Authors: Mays S. , Turner‐Walker G. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe skeletal remains of a child aged 13–15 years, recovered from Wharram Percy, England, and dating from AD 960–1700, were examined using gross observation, radiography and scanning electron microscopy. Lesions suggestive of renal osteodystrophy were found. Palaeopathological recognition of renal disease has hitherto relied upon the identification of soft tissue lesions or the presence of urinary calculi. This appears to be the first palaeopathological identification of renal insufficiency on the basis of skeletal changes alone. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on the glutathione S‐transferase proteome of adult Drosophila melanogaster: Responsiveness to chemical challenge
Authors: Alias Zazali , Clark Alan G. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractGSTs from adult Drosophila melanogaster have been partially purified using three different affinity chromatography media and separated by 2‐DE. Nine GSTs have been identified by MALDI‐TOF MS. In the absence of special treatments, eight GSTs could be positively identified. These were DmGSTs D1 (the dominant Delta isoform which was present in five protein zones of differing pI) and D3 (and possibly also D5); the Epsilon‐class GSTs E3, 6, 7 and 9 and a previously uncharacterised, probable member of the class, CG16936. The Sigma‐class DmGSTS1 was prominent. DmGSTD2 was detected only after pretreatment of the flies with Phenobarbital (PhB). Treatment with Paraquat (PQ) led to an increase in the total GST activity, as measured with the substrates 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and 3,4‐dichloro‐nitrobenzene (DCNB) and an increase in the relative amounts of the D1, D3, E6 and E7 isoforms. PhB treatment led to increases in the relative amounts of the D1, D2, E3, E6, E7 and E9 isoforms detected with a possible depression in the relative amount of GSTS1. CG16936 was unaffected by either pretreatment.
Light‐induced immobilisation of biomolecules as an attractive alternative to microdroplet dispensing‐based arraying technologies
Authors: Duroux Meg , Skovsen Esben , Neves‐Petersen Maria Teresa , Duroux Laurent , Gurevich Leonid , Petersen Steffen B. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe present work shows how UV ‘light‐induced molecular immobilisation’ (LIMI) of biomolecules onto thiol reactive surfaces can be used to make biosensors, without the need for traditional microdispensing technologies. Using ‘LIMI,’ arrays of biomolecules can be created with a high degree of reproducibility. This technology can be used to circumvent the need for often expensive nano/microdispensing technologies. The ultimate size of the immobilised spots is defined by the focal area of the UV beam, which for a diffraction‐limited beam can be less than 1 μm in diameter. LIMI has the added benefit that the immobilised molecules will be spatially oriented and covalently bound to the surface. The activity of the sensor molecules is retained. Antibody sensor arrays made using LIMI demonstrated successful antigen binding. In addition, the pattern of immobilised molecules on the surface is not restricted to conventional array formats. The ultimate consequence of the LIMI is that it is possible to write complex protein patterns using bitmaps at high resolution onto substrates. Thus, LIMI of biomolecules provides a new technological platform for biomolecular immobilisation and the potential for replacing present microdispensing arraying technologies.
1,1,1‐Trichloro‐3‐(1‐phenethylamino‐ethylidene)‐ pentane‐2,4‐dione—synthesis, spectroscopic, theoretical and structural elucidation
Authors: Kolev Tsonko M. , Angelov Plamen 
Published: September 2007

Abstract1,1,1‐Trichloro‐3‐(1‐phenethylamino‐ethylidene)‐pentane‐2,4‐dione is spectroscopically and structurally elucidated by means of linear‐polarized IR spectroscopy (IR‐LD) of oriented solids as a colloidal suspension in nematic liquid crystal. Structural information and IR‐spectroscopic assignment are supported by quantum chemical calculations at MP2 and B3LYP level of theory and 6‐311++G** basis set. The geometry is characterized with an inramolecular hydrogen bond of NH…OC with length of 2.526 Å and a NHO angle of 140.5(1)°. The NHC(CH3)CCCO(CH3) fragment is nearly flat with a maximal deviation of total planarity of 10.4°. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly efficient and well‐controlled ambient temperature RAFT polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate under visible light radiation
Authors: Yin Huiwen , Zheng Haimei , Lu Lican , Liu Pengsheng , Cai Yuanli 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA range of well‐defined poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) polymers and their corresponding block copolymers were synthesized via 2‐cyanoprop‐2‐yl(4‐fluoro) dithiobenzoate or CPFDB‐mediated ambient temperature reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerization or RAFT polymerization under environmentally friendly visible light radiation (λ = 405–577 nm), using a (2,4,6‐trimethylbenzoyl) diphenylphosphine oxide photoinitiator. As comparison, CPFDB‐mediated ambient temperature RAFT polymerizations of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) under both full‐wave radiation (λ = 254–577 nm) and long‐wave radiation (λ = 365–577 nm) were also studied in this article. The results indicated that CPFDB moieties were significantly photolyzed under either full‐wave radiation or long‐wave radiation, thus undermining the controlled behavior of these RAFT processes. Whereas this photolysis was significantly suppressed under visible light radiation, thus CPFDB functionalities exerted well control over RAFT process, leading to a remarkably living behavior up to 90% GMA monomer conversions. This strategy facilitates the facile synthesis of well‐defined PGMA polymers. More importantly, under visible light radiation, a relatively high initial molar ratio of GMA to CPFDB and TPO led to shortening initialization period of RAFT process and accelerating overall polymerization rate. These effects are remarkably in favor of the facile synthesis of well‐defined PGMA polymers and PGMA‐based copolymers with high molecular weights. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5091–5102, 2007
Preparation, Tg improvement, and thermal stability enhancement mechanism of soluble poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites by incorporating octavinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes
Authors: Xu Hongyao , Yang Benhong , Wang Jiafeng , Guang Shanyi , Li Cun 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe soluble poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐octavinyl‐polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane) (PMMA–POSS) hybrid nanocomposites with improved Tg and high thermal stability were synthesized by common free radical polymerization and characterized using FTIR, high‐resolution 1H NMR, 29Si NMR, GPC, DSC, and TGA. The POSS contents in the nanocomposites were determined based on FTIR spectrum, revealing that it can be effectively adjusted by varying the feed ratio of POSS in the hybrid composites. On the basis of the 1H NMR analysis, the number of the reacted vinyl groups on each POSS molecules was determined to be about 6–8. The DSC and TGA measurements indicated that the hybrid nanocomposites had higher Tg and better thermal properties than the pure PMMA homopolymer. The Tg increase mechanism was investigated using FTIR, displaying that the dipole–dipole interaction between PMMA and POSS also plays very important role to the Tg improvement besides the molecular motion hindrance from the hybrid structure. The thermal stability enhances with increase of POSS content, which is mainly attributed to the incorporation of nanoscale inorganic POSS uniformly dispersed at molecular level. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5308–5317, 2007
Synthesis and characterization of well‐defined, amphiphilic poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐ b‐[2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐poly(ϵ‐caprolactone)]n graft copolymers by RAFT polymerization and macromonomer method
Authors: Zhu Jing‐Ling , Zhang Xian‐Zheng , Cheng Han , Li Yong‐Yong , Cheng Si‐Xue , Zhuo Ren‐Xi 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe well‐defined, thermosensitive and biodegradable graft copolymers, poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐b‐[2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐poly(ε‐caprolactone)]n (PNIPAAm‐b‐(HEMA‐PCL)n) (n = 3 or 9), were synthesized by combining reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and macromonomer method. The copolymers were able to self‐assemble into micelles in water with low critical micellar concentration and demonstrated temperature sensitivity with a lower critical solution temperature at around 36 °C. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the micelles exhibit a nanosized spherical morphology within a size range of 30–100 nm. The PNIPAAm‐b‐(HEMA‐PCL)3 copolymer exhibited biodegradation and low cytotoxicity. The paclitaxel‐loaded PNIPAAm‐b‐(HEMA‐PCL)3 micelles displayed thermosensitive controlled release behavior, which indicates potential as drug carriers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5354–5364, 2007
Synthesis and biological application of glycopolymers
Authors: Miura Yoshiko 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSaccharides on the cell surfaces participate in a number of biochemical phenomena via the protein–saccharide interaction. Synthetic glycopolymers mimic the function of the cell‐surface saccharides and efficiently interact with proteins, cells, and pathogens based on the multivalent effect. Since the biological functions of saccharides are paid much attention, the glycopolymers are being increasingly explored as biomaterials for medicinal application and tissue engineering. This review presents a practical approach of glycopolymers. The glycopolymers were prepared by the facile syntheses of poly(vinyl saccharide)s and the physical and biological properties were introduced. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5031–5036, 2007
Deposition of Plasma‐Polymerized 1‐Cyanoisoquinoline Thin Films and Their Dielectric Properties
Authors: Zhao Xiong‐Yan , Wang Ming‐Zhu , Wang Zhi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA novel plasma‐polymerized 1‐cyanoisoquinoline (PPCIQ) thin film of desired thickness was prepared by plasma polymerization under different glow discharge conditions. The effect of the discharge power on the chemical structure, surface composition and morphology of the PPCIQ thin films were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and deposition rate measurements. A high retention of the aromatic ring structure of the starting monomer in the deposited plasma films is obtained at a low discharge power of 15 W. The plasma‐synthesized films are homogeneous and quite suitable for the measurement of dielectric properties. The dielectric measurements show that a low dielectric constant of 2.62 has been obtained for the PPCIQ thin films for the first time.magnified image
Covalently functionalized carbon nanotubes as macroinitiators for radical polymerization
Authors: Papagelis K. , Kalyva M. , Tasis D. , Parthenios J. , Siokou A. , Galiotis C. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractSingle‐walled carbon nanotubes were functionalized along their sidewalls with hydroxyalkyl groups using a radical addition scheme. These moieties were found to be active in the polymerization of acrylic acid from the surface of the nanotubes by a redox radical mechanism. The resulting polymerized nanotubes were analyzed by UV–Vis, XPS, Raman and SEM techniques. The composite material was found to be soluble in aqueous media (pH > 5) and polar organic solvents. The reported grafting technique is expected to be suitable for industrial production of modified carbon nanotubes. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Carbon nanotube based magnetic flux detector for molecular spintronics
Authors: Cleuziou J. P. , Wernsdorfer W. , Bouchiat V. , Ondarçuhu T. , Monthioux M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis work describes the study of a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) with single‐walled carbon nanotube (CNT) Josephson junctions. Quantum confinement in each junction induces a discrete quantum dot (QD) energy level structure, which can be controlled with two lateral electrostatic gates. The gates are also used to directly tune the quantum phase interference of the Cooper pairs circulating in the SQUID ring. Optimal modulation of the switching current with magnetic flux is achieved when both QD junctions are in the ‘on’ or ‘off’ state. In particular, the SQUID design establishes that these CNT Josephson junctions can be used as gate‐controlled π junctions. Besides, the CNT‐SQUIDs are sensitive local magnetometers, which are very promising for the study of magnetization reversal of an individual magnetic particle or molecule placed on one of the two CNT Josephson junctions. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solvation of excess electrons trapped in charge pockets on hydrated molecular surfaces
Authors: Jalbout Abraham F. , Contreras‐Torres Flavio , Castillo R. Del 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe have previously computed a set of hypothetical molecular surfaces, which formed charge pockets that were capable of excess electron entrapment. These charge pockets arose due to the fact that the molecular surfaces possessed an extended network of OH groups on one side of the surface and hydrogen atoms on the opposite side. The uneven distribution of the OH groups coupled to the partial positive charge of the hydrogen atoms caused electrons to be attracted to the surface. In the present investigation we will consider the ability of the hydrogen cyanide (HCN)‐water complex in stabilizing excess electrons on molecular surfaces. The computed vertical detachment energy (VDE) values are high, suggesting anion stability. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
The hydroxyacetone (CH3COCH2(OH)) torsional potential and isomerization: A theoretical study
Authors: Jalbout Abraham F. , Contreras‐Torres Flavio F. , Adamowicz L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn this work we explore the torsional potentials for hydroxyacetone using second order Møller‐Plesset (MP2) and coupled‐cluster (CCSD(T)) ab initio theoretical methods. We have calculated these potential energy surfaces as a function of single OH rotation, and simultaneous OH and methyl rotation. The results indicate that the low energy isomers coupled to the reduced barrier to methyl rotation can lead to several rotamers for this species to form. The values are compared to experimental quantities and implications for astrobiological research are also addressed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Comparing the means and variances of a bivariate log‐normal distribution
Authors: Bebu Ionut , Mathew Thomas 
Published: October 2007

AbstractFor a bivariate log‐normal distribution, a confidence interval is developed for the ratio of the means. The generalized confidence interval approach is used for this purpose, and the procedure is applicable regardless of the sample size. It is also noted that the same approach can be used to obtain a confidence interval for the ratio of the variances. A modified signed log‐likelihood ratio procedure is also described for computing confidence intervals. The coverage probabilities of the proposed confidence intervals are estimated by Monte Carlo, and the generalized confidence intervals are found to exhibit satisfactory performance even for small sample sizes. Numerical results also show that the corresponding test procedures provide larger power compared with the modified signed log‐likelihood ratio test. Two examples are given: one dealing with the comparison of the means and variances of health‐care costs and the other dealing with testing mean equivalence in quantitative assays. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The design and use of WSDL‐Test: a tool for testing Web services
Authors: Sneed Harry M. , Huang Shihong 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWeb services are becoming increasingly important to many businesses, especially as an enabling technology for systems that adopt a service‐oriented architecture approach to their development. However, testing Web services poses significant challenges. This paper describes the design and use of WSDL‐Test, a tool designed specifically for this purpose. A key feature of WSDL‐Test is its ability to simulate the actual usage of Web services in a controlled environment. This enables WSDL‐Test to generate requests and validate responses in a rapid and reliable manner. To illustrate the use of WSDL‐Test, the paper also discusses our experience using the tool on a real‐world online eGoverment application. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contemporary systems and complexity studies in China: review and prospect
Authors: Tong Wu 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper presents the development of complexity and systems studies as proceeding along three stages: studies about systemic being and systemic structuralism, studies about systemic evolution and systemic historicism, complexity studies and post‐modernism. The paper also discusses the differences in complexity and systems studies between Chinese and Western researchers along three dimensions: ontological and epistemological emphases, objectivistic and subjectivistic assumptions and the ways of applying metaphors. The paper finally explores the value of pragmatism for complexity and systems studies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ascot Racecourse – Architektur trifft Tradition
Authors: Marinitsch Stefan , Sischka Johann 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAscot ist neben Wimbledon eines der sportlichen Großereignisse des Jahres. Während Royal Ascot besuchen täglich bis zu 80000 Personen die Pferderennen. International bekannt ist besonders der “Ladies Day”, wo jedes Jahr besonders extravagante Hutkreationen zu bewundern sind. Seit 2006 erstrahlt die Rennbahn im neuen Glanz. Kernstück dabei ist der neue Grand Stand, ein insgesamt 260 m langes Gebäude mit einer transparenten Glasfassade sowie einem geschwungenem Dach mit Blech‐ und Membranendeckung. Dieses ist geometrisch komplex und kragt bis zu 21 m über die Tribünen aus. Thema dieses Aufsatzes ist die Planung und Umsetzung der aufwendigen Dachkonstruktion unter Einhaltung eines sehr engen Terminrahmens.