bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetics and kinematics of the equine hind limb: In vivo tendon strain and joint kinematics
Authors: Riemersma Dirk J. , van den Bogert Anton J. , Schamhardt Henk C. , Hartman Wrister 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Strains of the suspensory ligament and deep digital flexor, superficial digital flexor, and long digital extensor tendons in the equine (pony) hind limb were recorded in vivo, using implanted strain gauges consisting of silicone rubber tubes filled with mercury. The relationship between strain gauge signals and tendon strains was obtained from tension-strain tests performed on isolated tendons after death of the ponies. During normal walking, maximal tendon strain (elongation over initial length, relative to the length of the structures at first ground contact) was 3.1% in the suspensory ligament and 3.4%, 2.3%, and 0.3% in the deep digital flexor, the superficial digital flexor, and the long digital extensor tendons, respectively.
Changes (that occurred during walking) in the distance from origin to insertion of these musculotendinous structures were computed from limb geometric configuration and limb conformation. Maximal increase in origin to insertion length was 3.1% in the suspensory ligament and 2%, 1.6%, and 1.5% in the deep digital flexor, superficial digital flexor, and long digital extensor musculotendinous structures, respectively. The differences in strain, comparing the entire musculotendinous structure and its tendon, were explained by muscular contraction or relaxation.
Neuromuscular pedicle graft for restoration of arytenoid abductor function in dogs with experimentally induced laryngeal hemiplegia
Authors: Greenfield C. L. , Walshaw R. , Kumar K. , Lowrie C. T. , Derksen F. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Left laryngeal hemiplegia was induced by resection of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve in 12 dogs. A neuromuscular pedicle graft formed from the first cervical nerve and sternothyroideus muscle was transplanted after 1 week to the denervated cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle in 8 dogs. The remaining 4 dogs served as controls. Left arytenoid abduction was blindly evaluated by laryngoscopy with video photography at time 0, at 1 week, and at 19 weeks in all dogs. At 19 weeks, biopsy specimens of the left cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle and the neuromuscular pedicle were taken from 4 of the treatment dogs, and biopsy specimens of the left cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle were taken from the 4 control dogs. All biopsy specimens were blindly evaluated by histologic and histochemical examination. At 36 to 44 weeks, the remaining 4 treatment dogs, from which biopsy specimens had not been taken, were reevaluated by use of laryngoscopy with video photography.
Complications and difficulties encountered during surgery included hemorrhage in the area of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle, location of a branch of the first cervical nerve that was long enough to prevent tension at the graft site, orientation of the muscle pedicle in the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle without the use of an operating microscope, and preservation of the terminal portion of the first cervical nerve while forming the neuromuscular pedicle.
Results of the arytenoid movement evaluations revealed improvement in arytenoid abductor function in the treatment group, compared with that in the control group at 19 weeks. Arytenoid abduction in the treatment group at this time, however, was still significantly decreased (P < 0.05), compared with presurgical movement evaluations. Arytenoid abductor function continued to improve until it was statistically indistinguishable (P ≥ 0.05) from presurgical abduction at 36 to 44 weeks. Results of examination of biopsy specimens (neurogenic atrophy, evidence of reinnervation, or histologically normal muscle) were compatible with arytenoid movement evaluations in most of the treatment and control dogs.
Hypotension and cutaneous reactions associated with intravenous administration of etoposide in the dog
Authors: Ogilvie Gregory K. , Cockburn Cathy A. , Tranquilli W. J. , Reschke Robert W. , Weigel Ronald M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was undertaken to determine the pressor and toxic effects of etoposide, an antineoplastic agent, when administered iv in 0.9% sodium chloride solution (0.4 mg of etoposide/ml) over a 30-minute period to dogs at a dosage of 40 mg/m2 of body surface. On day 1, 6 adult German Shorthaired Pointers were anesthetized with halothane, and blood pressures were measured via a femoral artery catheter before, during, and after the etoposide was administered. Systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressures of each dog increased significantly (P < 0.01) within 30 minutes after initiation of etoposide infusion. On day 3, when the dogs were not anesthetized, etoposide was again administered to each dog, using the same dosage. Each dog developed a moderate to severe cutaneous reaction characterized by moderate to severe pruritus, urticaria, and swelling of the head and extremities that began during the second infusion of etoposide. These same cutaneous reactions were seen on day 30, when etoposide was administered to 3 of the previously treated dogs and 2 previously untreated Beagles. We concluded that the administration of the commercial preparation of etoposide is likely to cause a significant reduction in blood pressure of anesthetized dogs, and that the drug is likely to induce a moderate to severe cutaneous reaction when administered to unanesthetized dogs.
Light microscopic study of granulocytes of Pygoscelid penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) of Antarctica
Authors: Zinsmeister Virginia A. Paris 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Morphologic features of heterophils, eosinophils, and basophils of wild adult Pygoscelid penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae; 1 male, 4 females) of Antarctica were studied. Granulocytes were described on the basis of analysis of stained blood films and of 0.5-μm sections of centrifuged resin-embedded blood. Morphometric analysis of granulocytes included average cell diameter, cell shape, and nuclear configuration as well as the number, size, and shape of intracytoplasmic granules.
Large round heterophils were the most prevalent granulocyte and possessed numerous rod- and spindle-shaped granules and a polymorphous nucleus. The second most prevalent granulocyte was the eosinophil. These eosinophils contained a bilobed nucleus and an average of 29.52 homogeneous granules/cell. The smallest and least encountered granulocyte was the basophil. Basophils possessed a single eccentric nucleus surrounded by round metachromatic granules (12.20 granules/cell) of varying size.
Specific serodiagnosis of canine leishmaniasis by indirect immunofluorescence, indirect hemagglutination, and counterimmunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Mancianti Francesca , Meciani Nicola 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The increased prevalence of leishmaniasis in dogs in Mediterranean countries has necessitated use of a reliable specific method of immunodiagnosis. Research was carried out on 88 dogs, among which were 26 with severe clinical leishmaniasis (group A), 15 with mild signs of disease (group B), and 11 without signs of disease (group C); in addition, 15 were healthy (group D) and 21 were affected with various other diseases (group E). Dogs of groups D and E were used as controls. Infection was confirmed by cultural isolation of the parasite.
Serotests that were used included the indirect immune fluorescent (ifat) and indirect hemagglutination (ihat) tests and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (ciep); using these tests, specific antibodies against Leishmania infantum were detected in all 88 dogs. Sensitivity of the ifat was 100% in dogs of groups A, B, and C; for the ihat, it was 65.38%, 60%, and 54.5%, respectively, and for ciep, it was 96.1%, 80%, and 72.7%, respectively. For dogs of groups D and E, specificity of the ifat and ihat was 100%, and for ciep, it was 100% for group-D dogs and 90.5 for group-E dogs. Indirect immunofluorescence appeared to be the most specific and sensitive of the 3 tests.
A method to detect rabbit neutrophil phagocytosis of Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Rush H. G. , Moore K. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A method was developed to detect neutrophil phagocytosis of bacteria by determining whether neutrophil-associated bacteria were intra- or extracellular. Neutrophils were treated with 8-(N,N-diethylamino)-ocytl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate hydrochloride to inhibit degranulation and, consequently, killing of bacteria. Treated neutrophils and opsonized Pasteurella multocida were combined. Following phagocytosis, the suspensions were centrifuged and the pellets were washed to remove non-cell-associated bacteria. The pellets were resuspended and heparin was added to prevent further phagocytosis. Samples were removed, and the number of viable bacteria was determined by a dilution and plate count technique. Streptomycin, an antibiotic that is poorly taken up by neutrophils, was added to kill extracellular bacteria, and the suspensions were incubated for 20 minutes at 37 C, and samples were removed again and bacterial numbers were determined. Percentage killing of bacteria by streptomycin was calculated. Phagocytosed bacteria were protected from the bactericidal action of streptomycin.
Kinetics of large-scale production of bovine leukocyte interferon, using three viral inducers
Authors: Jacobsen Karen L. , Rockwood Gail A. , Abolhassani Mohsen , Evans Donald L. , Chitwood Sharon W. , Charamella Leigh 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Kinetics of large-scale production of naturally derived bovine leukocyte interferon (ifn) was investigated using Sendai virus, Newcastle disease virus, and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus inducers. Cultures were tested for ifn production every 6 hours for 66 hours. The effect of varying the priming dose of Sendai virus from 0 to 50% of total virus dose and the effect of varying the priming time from 0 to 4 hours before induction also were investigated. Other factors explored were effects of varying the fetal bovine serum concentration (from 0 to 8%) and individual cow donors on bovine ifn titers. Highest bovine leukocyte ifn titers (15,314 U/ml) were obtained using Sendai virus (priming dose, 60 hemagglutinating units/ml; inducing dose, 240 hemagglutinating units/ml) and incubating for 12 hours. Up to 24 L (over 360 million U) of naturally derived leukocyte ifn were produced at one time.
Granular mucosal lymphocytes in porcine small intestine
Authors: Chu Redman M. , Wang S. H. , Du Y. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A subpopulation of purified, interepithelial lymphocytes from porcine small intestinal mucosa contained cytoplasmic granules. Toluidine blue staining revealed metachromatic granules in 13.64% (606/4,450) cells. The cells had scant organelles, a single large nucleus with obvious invagination of the nuclear membrane, and prominent chromatin. Each cell contained 1 to 10 cytoplasmic membrane-bound granules, 0.6 to 1.5 μm in diameter. These findings indicated that the granular mucosal lymphocytes are related morphologically to mucosal mast cells. The presence of serotonin in the granules, confirmed by the serotonin releasing test, provided functional evidence that granular mucosal lymphocytes are related to mucosal mast cells.
In vitro effect of T-2 mycotoxin on the immune response of mice
Authors: Holt Peter S. , DeLoach John R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The in vitro biologic effects of T-2 mycotoxin on the immune response of mice was undertaken. Twenty nanograms of toxin abrogated the immune response to the T-dependent antigen sheep rbc, whereas a partial response was observed when 2 ng was used. Analysis of cell culture viabilities indicated that cell death occurred with toxin doses that coincided with the diminished immune responses. A similar decreased response was observed against the T-independent antigen, TNP-lipopolysaccharide, indicating toxic effects on both B and T lymphocyte populations. Delay of toxin administration as much as 116 hours of the 120-hour incubation period still resulted in a substantially diminished immune response, indicating the toxin acts on both the afferent and efferent immune systems. Equal effects were observed for mice of the b, d, and k haplotype, indicating no apparent strain variability in sensitivity to T-2 mycotoxin effects. These results indicated that T-2 mycotoxin can modulate the immune response, and that this modulation is attributable to direct toxic effects on the cells of the immune system.
Susceptibility of dogs to infection with Ehrlichia risticii, causative agent of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever)
Authors: Ristic Miodrag , Dawson Jacqueline , Holland Cynthia J. , Jenny Allen 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Adult dogs 1 to 5 were inoculated iv and/or sc with 3, 5, or 6 ml of a suspension containing 1.2 × 104 Ehrlichia risticii-infected cells (derived from primary canine monocyte cell cultures)/ml. Dogs 6 to 8 were inoculated iv and/or sc with 3 or 6 ml of 1.2 × 105 organism-free cultured canine monocytes/ml. Ehrlichia risticii was isolated in cultures from inoculated dogs 3, 4, and 5 on postinoculation days (pid) 10 to 16, but not from dogs 6 to 8. Dogs inoculated with E risticii seroconverted between pid 6 and 12. Clinical signs of illness were not observed in these 5 E risticii-inoculated dogs.
A pony, inoculated with E risticii isolated from inoculated dog 5, developed clinical signs of equine monocytic ehrlichiosis, including fever, anorexia, depression, and diarrhea, and E risticii was isolated from the pony's blood. This E risticii isolate was then inoculated into susceptible dog 9, and E risticii was repeatedly isolated from dog 9 during pid 6 to 17. Dogs were susceptible to infection with E risticii and may serve as a reservoir of the organism in the field.
Vertical transmission of channel catfish virus
Authors: Wise Janet A. , Harrell Sandra F. , Busch Robert L. , Boyle John A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Channel catfish broodfish were examined nondestructively for the presence of channel catfish virus (ccv), using a nucleic acid-probing technique. A dot blot assay was tested and shown to be accurate and rapid in the diagnosis of ccv. Two ccv-positive fish were successfully mated, and fertilized eggs were collected. Offspring that hatched were tested and were shown to have ccv. This result indicated vertical transmission of ccv, a herpesvirus.
Immunochemical relationship of three antigens purified from Pasteurella multocida strain P-1059
Authors: Tsuji M. , Matsumoto M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three antigens were prepared from a type-3 avian strain of Pasteurella multocida, and their chemical and immunologic characteristics were studied. An antigen, designated 2.5S, was extracted with 2.5% NaCl solution and purified by chromatography. Lipopolysaccharide (lps) was extracted with phenol-water, and a third antigen, designated fs, was extracted in 0.3% formalin solution containing 0.85% NaCl and purified by differential centrifugation. The 2.5S and the fs antigens consisted of 40% protein and 15% carbohydrate, whereas lps did not contain a substantial amount of protein. A major protein component with a molecular weight of 44,000 was detected in the 2.5S antigen, as well as in the fs antigen. Of the 3 antigens, lps had the highest activity in mouse lethality and Limulus lysate tests. Antigenic cross-reactions among the 3 antigens were demonstrated by immunodiffusion tests. The 2.5S antigen was indistinguishable from the fs antigen, as both antigens contained the lps component of approximately 45%. Treatments with various reagents indicated that the 2.5S and fs antigens contained at least 2 antigenic determinants. The first was a heat-stable protein sensitive to protease or phenol-water, and the second was a periodate-sensitive carbohydrate, which was a major antigenic determinant on the lps antigen.
Evaluation of relationship among three purified antigens from Pasteurella multocida strain P-1059 and of their protective capacities in turkeys
Authors: Tsuji M. , Matsumoto M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three antigens were prepared from Pasteurella multocida strain P-1059, and their immunogenicity and antigenic relationships were investigated. The 3 antigens were a soluble antigen purified from a 2.5% NaCl extract (2.5S), a similar antigen purified from an extract in 0.3% formalin solution containing 0.85% NaCl (fs), and lipopolysaccharide (lps). The antigens were treated with various chemicals and enzymes to study their antigenic and immunogenic determinants. Antigenic analyses with elisa inhibition tests indicated that 2.5S and fs were similar lps-protein complex antigens. The 2.5S and fs antigens induced protective immunity in turkeys with high antibody titers against lps antigen. Although lps was a component of 2.5S and fs, lps itself was poorly immunogenic in turkeys. The antigenicity of protein compounds in 2.5S was deteriorated by protease treatment, which, however, did not significantly diminish the protective immunogenicity. Treatment of 2.5S with sodium periodate, altering its carbohydrate moieties, decreased its immunogenicity. The immunogenicity of 2.5S also was abolished by phenol-water treatment, owing to dissociation of the lps-protein complex. These findings suggest that a certain form of lps-protein complex is essential for the induction of immunity against the P multocida infection in turkeys.
Influence of sarcoptic mange and cold and ambient temperature on blastogenic responses of lymphocytes and serum cortisol concentrations of pigs
Authors: Wooten-Saadi E. , Blecha F. , Stevenson J. S. , Broce A. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Blood samples from sarcoptic mite-infested pigs were evaluated for effects of mite infestation and cold and ambient temperatures on lymphocyte blastogenic responses and for effects of mite infestation on serum cortisol concentrations. In experiment 1, sarcoptic mite-infested and noninfested pigs were housed in cold (5 to 15 C fluctuating) and thermoneural (25 C) environmental chambers for 5 weeks. Differences were not observed (P > 0.10) in blastogenic responses to phytohemagglutin or pokeweed mitogen between lymphocytes from infested and noninfested pigs on postinfestation days (PID) 7, 21, 28, and 35 in either environmental chamber.
When lymphocytes from noninfested pigs were cultured with sera from infested pigs, alterations of blastogenic responses were not detected. Cortisol values were higher (P < 0.05) in sera from sarcoptic mite-infested pigs, compared with those from noninfested pigs, at 4 pm on pid 14 and at 4 am and 10 am on pid 15. Cortisol values were higher (P < 0.05) in sera obtained at 10 am on pid 14 and at 10 am on pid 15 from pigs housed in cold chambers, compared with those from pigs housed in thermoneutral chambers. Interactive effects between sarcoptic mite infestation and cold ambient temperatures were not observed. At 4 am on pid 15 (experiment 2), cortisol values were higher (P < 0.05) in sera of infested pigs, compared with those in noninfested pigs. Seemingly, sarcoptic mange in pigs did not alter mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenic responses, but did increase serum cortisol concentrations, indicating that sarcoptic mange may be a stressor in pigs.
Clinical signs and bone changes associated with phosphorus deficiency in beef cattle
Authors: Shupe J. L. , Butcher J. E. , Call J. W. , Olson A. E. , Blake J. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
For 10 years, 42 female Herefords (as they progressed from weanling calves to aged cows) were fed diets individually, with phosphorus (P) content being the only variable. During growth and the first 3 gestations, clinically evident differences were not associated with 2 dietary treatments (approx 12 and 38 g of P/day). During the next 2 gestations (2 years), half the cows from each original treatment group were fed < 6 g of P (n = 21 cows, 11 from the group fed 12 g of P/day and 10 from the group fed 38 g of P/day) daily. The other half were fed diets supplying approximately 8 g of P (n = 11 cows fed 12 g of P/day) and 35 g of P (n = 10 cows fed 38 g of P/day) daily. During the last 3 years of the experiment, all remaining cows were fed diets containing 12 g (n = 19 cows originally fed 12 g) or 19 g (n = 17 cows originally fed 38 g) of P/day.
Cows fed diets containing < 6 g of P/day developed an insidious and subtle complex syndrome characterized by weight loss, rough hair coat, abnormal stance, and lameness. Spontaneous fractures occurred in the vertebrae, pelvis, and ribs. In severely affected cows, fractures did not heal properly. Some bones were demineralized markedly, and the cortical surfaces were porous, chalky white, soft, and fragile. Osteoid tissue was not properly mineralized. Radiography revealed diminished bone density (osteoporosis), cortical thinning, and resorption of trabecular Time-related availability of dietary P initiated excessive turnover of bone, with resultant structural changes and impaired function. Bone structure and general health of the P-deficient cows improved rapidly when they were fed a diet containing > 12 g of P/day.
Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered vancomycin in dogs
Authors: Zaghlol H. A. , Brown S. Anthony 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Vancomycin was administered iv to healthy adult female dogs at a dosage of 15 mg/kg of body weight every 12 hours for 10 days. Pharmacokinetic values were determined after the first and last doses. The disposition of vancomycin was not altered by multiple dosing, and little accumulation attributable to multiple dosing was observed. Serum vancomycin concentration after the first and last dose were described, using a 2-compartment open model with first-order elimination. The distribution and elimination half-lives after the single dose were 15.4 ± 2.7 minutes and 137 ± 21.8 minutes (geometric mean ± pseudo-sd), respectively; whereas the distribution and elimination half-lives after the last dose were 11.3 ± 2.61 minutes and 104 ± 11.2 minutes, respectively. The mean (± sd) area-derived volume of distribution was 396 ± 156 ml/kg and 382 ± 160 ml/kg after the first and last dose, respectively. Serum vancomycin clearance was 2.13 ± 0.35 ml/min/kg and 2.49 ± 0.79 ml/min/kg after the first and last dose, respectively, and 25 to 49% of the total dose of vancomycin was recovered in the urine in the first 24 hours after the single dose administered iv. Mean serum vancomycin concentration reached 101.8 ± 30.6 μg/ml and 99.7 ± 28.0 μg/ml at 5 minutes after a single dose and the last of the multiple doses, respectively, and decreased to 0.94 ± 0.58 μg/ml and 1.51 ± 1.44 μg/ml, respectively, at 12 hours after administration. The side effects that accompany vancomycin treatment in human beings were not observed in the dogs; all remained healthy through the end of the experiment. Decreases in serum total protein and albumin concentrations and erythrocyte count were mild. A dosage of 15 mg of vancomycin/kg given every 6 hours to clinically normal dogs would be required to maintain serum vancomycin concentration in the range considered therapeutic in human beings (7 to 80 μg/ml).