bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lexical acquisition over time in minority first language children learning English as a second language
Authors: GOLBERG HEATHER , PARADIS JOHANNE , CRAGO MARTHA 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTThe English second language development of 19 children (mean age at outset = 5 years, 4 months) from various first language backgrounds was examined every 6 months for 2 years, using spontaneous language sampling, parental questionnaires, and a standardized receptive vocabulary test. Results showed that the children's mean mental age equivalency and standard scores on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Third Edition nearly met native-speaker expectations after an average of 34 months of exposure to English, a faster rate of development than has been reported in some other research. Children displayed the phenomenon of general all-purpose verbs through overextension of the semantically flexible verb do, an indicator of having to stretch their lexical resources for the communicative context. Regarding sources of individual differences, older age of second language onset and higher levels of mother's education were associated with faster growth in children's English lexical development, and nonverbal intelligence showed some limited influence on vocabulary outcomes; however, English use in the home had no consistent effects on vocabulary development.
Answering hard questions:Wh-movement across dialects and disorder
Authors: DE VILLIERS JILL , ROEPER THOMAS , BLAND-STEWART LINDA , PEARSON BARBARA 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTA large-scale study of complexwh-questions with 1,000 subjects aged 4–9 years is reported. The subjects' dialects were Mainstream American English or African American English, and approximately one-third were language impaired. The study examined when children permit long distancewh-movement, and when they respect a variety of syntactic barriers to movement. Thirteen different structures were compared, and the results suggest that typically developing children and disordered children at all the ages studied are capable of long-distance movement and obedience to abstract barriers. In no case was dialect a significant factor in the children's linguistic performance on these tasks.
Language and thought in bilinguals: The case of grammatical number and nonverbal classification preferences
Authors: ATHANASOPOULOS PANOS , KASAI CHISE 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTRecent research shows that speakers of languages with obligatory plural marking (English) preferentially categorize objects based on common shape, whereas speakers of nonplural-marking classifier languages (Yucatec and Japanese) preferentially categorize objects based on common material. The current study extends that investigation to the domain of bilingualism. Japanese and English monolinguals, and Japanese–English bilinguals were asked to match novel objects based on either common shape or color. Results showed that English monolinguals selected shape significantly more than Japanese monolinguals, whereas the bilinguals shifted their cognitive preferences as a function of their second language proficiency. The implications of these findings for conceptual representation and cognitive processing in bilinguals are discussed.
The routine design–modular distributed modeling platform for distributed routine design and simulation-based testing of distributed assemblies
Authors: Eskil M. Taner , Sticklen Jon , Radcliffe Clark 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn this paper we describe a conceptual framework and implementation of a tool that supports task-directed, distributed routine design (RD) augmented with simulation-based design testing. In our research, we leverage the modular distributed modeling (MDM) methodology to simulate the interaction of design components in an assembly. The major improvement we have made in the RD methodology is to extend it with the capabilities of incorporating remotely represented off-the-shelf components in design and simulation-based testing of a distributed assembly. The deliverable of our research is the RD-MDM platform, which is capable of automatically selecting intellectually protected off the shelf design components over the Internet, integrating these components in an assembly, running simulations for design testing, and publishing the approved design without disclosing the proprietary information.
Aesthetic evolutionary algorithm for fractal-based user-centered jewelry design
Authors: Wannarumon Somlak , Bohez Erik L.J. , Annanon Kittinan 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper proposes an aesthetic-driven evolutionary algorithm for user-centered design. The evolutionary algorithm is based on a genetic algorithm (GA). It is developed to work as an art form generator that enhances user's productivity and creativity through reproduction, evaluation, and selection. Users can input their preferences and guide the generating direction to the system. A two-step fitness function is developed to evaluate morphology and aesthetics of the generated art forms. Fractals created by an iterated function system are used for representing art forms in our process. Algorithmic aesthetics are developed based on the aesthetic measure theory, surveys of human preferences, and popular long-lasting symbols. The algorithmic aesthetics is used for evaluating aesthetics of art forms together with subjective nonquantifiable aspects, and placed in the fitness function. The GA basically creates two-dimensional art forms. However, any two-dimensional image can be included through the property of a condensation set of fractals. The proposed GA can increase design productivity by about 80%. Examples of jewelry designs and physical prototypes created by the proposed system are included.
THE CALCULATION OF THE LUNAR SERIES ON CLASSIC MAYA MONUMENTS
Authors: Fuls Andreas 
Published: December 2007

AbstractArchaeological and historical evidence clearly shows that the Lunar Series of mythical dates were calculated backward—that is, they were often determined from the date on which the monument was erected using a specific formula to calculate the age of the moon. In this article, I present a high-precision adjustment technique that confirms the “Palenque formula” using Lunar Series data from recent excavations. I show that the Palenque formula was also used at Tikal on 9.16.15.0.0 to backward calculate the Lunar Series of 5.0.0.0.0 12 Ahaw 3 Sak. At Coba, the backward calculation of the Lunar Series of the Era base date used a less precise 29.5-day lunar month. I also discuss the relationship between rulers of specific sites and the lunar-month count at those sites, finding that there was no “Period of Uniformity” in lunar calculation, as proposed by John Teeple (1930). Although a uniform six-month count was used during the reign of several rulers, in many cases the month count changed after a new ruler came to throne. I propose a month count related to a cycle of eight tropical years for the Lunar Series of K'inich Yo'nal Ahk I and Yo'nal Ahk III at the site of Piedras Negras.
Causal Independence
Authors: Kvart Igal 
Published: December 2007

In Kvart (1991a), I discussed the analysis of causal relevance presented in A Theory of Counterfactuals (1986) (and first in 1975). I explained there in what respect the notion captured by the analysis of Kvart (1986) is a mere approximation to the requisite notion of causal relevance. In this paper I present another analysis of causal relevance, devoid of the shortcoming of its predecessor.The present analysis of causal relevance is, again, grounded in a chancelike notion of objective probability. The correlative notion of causal independence is analyzed as holding in case there is a so-called causal impact series, which is defined here. The basic notions used for this analysis are the notion of a differentiator, which upsets an equiprobability case, and that of a blocker, which restores it.
The Force of Newtonian Cosmology: Acceleration is Relative
Authors: Norton John D. 
Published: December 2007

1. Introduction. David Malament (1995) has described a natural and satisfying resolution of the traditional problems of Newtonian cosmology—natural in the sense that it effects the escape by altering Newtonian gravitation theory in a way that leaves its observational predictions completely unaffected. I am in full agreement with his approach. There is one part of his account, however, over which Malament has been excessively modest. The resolution requires a modification to Newtonian gravitation theory. Malament presents the modification as so straightforward as to be automatic. This trivializes the crucial postulate, which I shall call the “relativity of acceleration.” It is a significant physical statement in its own right and requires careful justification. Moreover the postulate proved easy to overlook for decades of discussion of the paradox. It really only becomes natural from the perspective of the newer geometric methods Malament exploits. There the postulate has become a commonplace. My purpose here is to develop the following:
While Newtonian cosmology can be repaired satisfactorily, in its traditional form it remains deeply troubled. These troubles can be expressed most vividly as the paradoxical contradictions indicated below. They persist in both the integral and differential formulations of Newtonian gravitation theory. (Section 2)Malament's careful geometric treatment is necessarily dense. By taking some liberties with precision, his core result can be expressed in a far simpler form. (Section 4)Attempts to avoid the resolution Malament describes do lead to disaster. Therefore this episode can be inverted and used as the strongest extant argument for the relativity of acceleration in Newtonian gravitation theory. (Section 5)
Macroscopic Objects: An Exercise in Duhemian Ontology
Authors: Needham Paul 
Published: December 2007

Aristotelian ideas are presented in a favorable light in Duhem's historical works surveying the history of the notion of chemical combination (1902) and the development of mechanics (1903). The importance Duhem was later to ascribe to Aristotelian ideas as reflected in the weight he attached to medieval science is well known. But the Aristotelian influence on his own mature philosophical perspective, and more particularly on his concern for logical coherence and the development of his ontological views, is not generally acknowledged. There are, however, clear pointers in this direction in these two earlier books on the history of science, which are unashamedly written in such a way as to project the author's own view of what is important in the relevant areas. Thermodynamics was the pinnacle of Duhemian science, and its interpretation requires the reinstatement, in Duhem's view, of Aristotelian conceptions which have been unfashionable since the rise of certain ideas with the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century.The present paper is not primarily an exposition of these Aristotelian views of Duhem's, but an attempt to pursue the interpretation of a macroscopic, thermodynamical perspective on chemical substances from an elementary viewpoint in the spirit of Duhem (1902), sometimes being more definite than Duhem seems to be, and occasionally taking issue with him on certain points. Some of his leading ideas will determine the general approach, but views and problems will also be taken from modern textbooks in an attempt to lay down the general lines along which an explicit ontology—in Quine's sense—of macroscopic theory might be developed.
Oxidation of GaAs1 − x
P
x
Surface by Oxygen Plasma and Properties of Oxide Film
Authors: Sugano Takuo , Mori Yoshifumi 
Published: December 2007

This paper presents a new technology for oxidizing a

GaAs

1
−
x

P

x

(
x
=
0
∼
1
)

surface by oxygen plasma, produced by high‐frequency discharge in oxygen, whose pressure is of the order of about 0.1 ∼ 1.0 Torr. Growth rate of the oxide film is remarkably high, and can be controlled by the oxygen gas pressure and the high‐frequency field over a range of 50 Aå/sec to 1 μ/sec. The plasma‐oxidized films have complex composition, including polycrystalline

β
‐

Ga

2

O

3

,

GaAsO

4

, and

GaPO

4

. The refractive index of these films measured by ellipsometry reveals a dependence on the substrate material and on film thickness, and also distribution in the film, so that the refractive index changes from a value, corresponding to

β
‐

Ga

2

O

3

at the top surface, to the value approximately equal to that of the substrate material at the oxide‐substrate interface. Such distribution of the refractive index is useful for attaining optical isolation in monolithic optical integrated circuits. Furthermore, this technique has various applications, such as the surface passivation of

GaAs

1
−
x

P

x

devices and dielectric isolation in

GaAs

integrated circuits, fabricated on a semiinsulating substrate.
When the Villain Steals the Show: The Character of Claudius in Post-1975 Arab(ic) Hamlet Adaptations
Authors: Litvin Margaret 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe character of Claudius dominates post-1975 Arabic adaptations of Shakespeare's Hamlet. After a brief survey of the twentieth-century Arab Hamlet tradition, this essay examines five recent Arab Hamlet plays. In four Arabic-language plays, a hypertrophied Claudius plainly allegorizes contemporary or recent regimes in Iraq, Syria, and Egypt. He displaces both Hamlet and the Ghost, who become weak characters. Recurrent animal imagery portrays him as literally a brute, lacking a conscience and impervious to reason. However, this essay argues, the plays are not "political in function": they do not work to build audience support for political change. Instead, Claudius' irresistible power demonstrates the futility of political action (in the Aristotelian sense), including political theatre. A recent Arab-themed Hamlet adaptation in English con firms the pattern but enlarges it to cover the international backers of the local tyrant. Rather than a call for political awakening, then, these five plays offer a dark meditation on the limits of politics.
Church and State in Seventeenth-Century Colonial Asia: Dutch-Parava Relations in Southeast India in a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Vink Markus P.M. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis article is a comparative study of the relationship between church and state in seventeenth-century colonial Asia in general and South India in particular. In an era when political and religious loyalties were deemed interchangeable, the division of temporal and spiritual authority over the Parava community along the Madurai coast between the Dutch and the Portuguese, respectively, stands out as a unique arrangement. By the end of the seventeenth century, an informal understanding was reached according to which Portuguese Jesuits would exercise religious authority even in areas under immediate Dutch jurisdiction, while the Calvinist Dutch would claim wordly authority over the Roman Catholic Paravas. The arrangement on the Madurai Coast is compared with Dutch policy vis-à-vis similar Indo-Portuguese Catholic communities in other Asian "conquests" where they exercised territorial jurisdiction, such as Maluku (the Moluccas), Batavia (Jakarta), and Melaka (Malacca). The Luso-Dutch accommodation in southeast India is also examined in light of English religious policy at Fort St. George, Madras (Chennai), towards local Indo-Portuguese groups. The understanding between the Protestant English and French Capuchins differed markedly from the working arrangement between the Dutch and the Portuguese Jesuits. This dual comparative framework merely serves to emphasize the singularity of the "Madurai solution."
Jan Van Eyck's Lost Mappamundi-a Token of Fifteenth-Century Power Politics
Authors: Belozerskaya Marina 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAccording to Bartholomco Fazio, humanist and secretary to King Alfonso I of Naples, Jan van Eyck painted a mappamundi for Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy. The passage regarding this map appears in De viris illustribus, a eulogy of great men of the fifteenth century, and furnishes the only record of this work. The brevity and ambiguity of Fazio's description have prompted scholars to debate the appearance, location, function, and even the authorship of the elusive map. In this article I not only revisit these problems, refuting previous conjectures, but seek to go further in order to gain a wider view of this lost work by a renowned master at the nexus of cartography, diplomacy, commerce, religion, and learning that linked fifteenth-centuty Europe into a community of shared tastes, interests, and concerns-perspectives from which it has not been addressed.
Reflections On the Whig Interpretation of History
Authors: Cosgrove Richard A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractDespite significant changes in historiographical fashion in the twentieth century for the writing of English history, obituaries for the Whig interpretation of history have proved premature. So pervasive has this phrase remained that, despite frequent attacks, it has transcended English history and entered the lexicon of many other areas of investigation. This process ensures that Whig history will remain a vehicle for conflicting interpretations of English history for the foreseeable future.
Heavens On Earth. From the Tabula Smaragdina To the Alchemical Fifth Essence
Authors: Pereira Michela 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAlchemical writings of Arabic origin introduced into the Latin natural philosophy of the twelfth century a cosmological issue that was at variance with Aristotelian cosmology: the idea of a subtle substance that stood at the origin of the four elements and encompassed heaven and earth. In this article, I consider the links of this notion with Hermetic and Stoic thought; its association with the technical process of distillation; its emergence in some philosophical texts of the early thirteenth century; and finally its full development in two fourteenth century alchemical treatises, the Testamentum attributed to Raimond Lull and the Liber de consideratione quintae essentiae written by John of Rupescissa.
"Dispersa Intentio." Alchemy, Magic and Scepticism in Agrippa
Authors: Perrone Compagni Vittoria 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe study of Agrippa's works confirms his constant interest in the theory and practice of alchemy. The apparent contradiction between De occulta philosophia, which uses alchemical doctrines, and De vanitate scientiarum, where alchemy is harshly criticized, is to be resolved in the light of a moral and cultural reform founded on a Hermetic-Christian perspective on the relationship between faith and reason. The analysis of the alchemic passages in De occulta philosophia proves that Agrippa's transmutatory operations have no secondary role in his 'restored' magic. Furthermore, these operations are oriented towards a utopia, where original unity is to be regained.
Alchemy and Chemistry: Chemical Discourses in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Abbri Ferdinando 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe landscape of seventeenth-century chemistry is complex, and it is impossible to find in it either a clear-cut distinction between alchemy and chemistry or a sort of simple identification of the two. The seventeenth-century cultural context contained a rich variety of "chemical" discourses with arguments ranging from specific experiments to the justification of the validity of chemistry and its novelty in terms of its extraordinary antiquity. On the basis of an analysis of the works by O. Borch, J.J. Glauber, and J. J. Becher, this paper tries to demonstrate that a historical reconstruction of "chemistry" must consider these different levels of the chemical debate. Only then will it be possible to appreciate the outstanding role played by G.E. Stahl in founding modern chemistry. The paper argues in favor of a contextualization of the historical research on seventeenth-century chemistry.
Evidence, Logic, the Rule and the Exception in Renaissance Law and Medicine
Authors: Maclean Ian 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis article sets out to investigate aspects of the uptake of Renaissance law and medicine from some of the logical and natural-philosophical components of the university arts course. Medicine is shown to have a much laxer operative logic than law, reflecting its commitment to the theory of idiosyncrasy as opposed to the demands made upon the law by the need for a uniform application of justice. Symptomatic of the different uptake arc the contrasting meanings of "regulariter" and "generaliter" in the two disciplines. Whereas the law treats the rule as inviolable and the exception as only valid if made explicit in due legal form, medicine is able to conceive of a nature as a field of knowledge broader than that encompassed by its rules of art. Both law and medicine approach evidence
Natural Philosophy in Renaissance Italy: the University of Bologna and the Beginnings of Specialization
Authors: Lines David A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn the Italian universities, there was traditionally a strong alliance between natural philosophy and medicine, which however was all to the advantage of the latter; its teachers were better regarded and better paid than others in the faculty of Arts and Medicine, and this led to career paths that sought out the teaching of medicine as soon as possible. This article examines a reversal of this trend observable in sixteenth-century Bologna and some other Italian universities (Pisa and Padua), leading to careers concentrating on natural philosophy and on the interpretation of Aristotelian works. It appears that financial incentives were part of the context leading to specialization in philosophy. An appendix listing the careers of nearly 200 teachers of natural philosophy in Bologna between 1340 and 1600 illustrates the developments.
"Professionalization" and "Confessionalization": the Place of Physics, Philosophy, and Arts Instruction At Central European Academic Institutions During the Reformation Era
Authors: Freedman Joseph S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractDuring the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, physics was regularly taught as part of instruction in philosophy and the arts at Central European schools and universities. However, physics did not have a special or privileged status within that instruction. Three general indicators of this lack of special status are suggested in this article. First, teachers of physics usually were paid less than teachers of most other university-level subject-matters. Second, very few Central European academics during this period appear to have made a career out of teaching physics. And third, Reformation Era schools and universities in Central Europe emphasized language instruction; such instruction not only was instrumental in promoting the confessional-i.e., Calvinist, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic-agendas of those same schools and universities, but also helped to prepare students for service in nascent but growing state governments.
Die Redefigur "Substanz a Produziert Wirkung B" in Den Frühen Rezeptarien Und Der Materia Medica Der Chinesischen Textkultur1
Authors: Schmidt F.R.A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis article focuses on the interaction between recipes unearthed from tombs datable to the Han dynasty (206 BC-220 AD) and the early history of the materia medica. We observed that the two medicographic media, i.e. the materia medica and the recipes, share the following logical structure: [Substance] A [produces] → [effect] B Our arrow (→) indicates a variety of relations, which the present article tries to categorize. As is shown in detail, the routine A → B is on the