bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of microsatellite DNA markers in a critically endangered species, Mekong giant catfish, Pangasianodon gigas
Authors: NGAMSIRI T. , OHASHI Y. , SUKUMASAVIN N. , NAKAJIMA M. , NA‐NAKORN U. , TANIGUCHI N. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractMicrosatellite DNA markers for a critically endangered Mekong giant catfish (Pangasianodon gigas Roberts and Vidthayanon, 1991) were developed from fin clips collected from captive fish using (GT)15 probe. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to four. The expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.13 to 0.68. Also, these primers were successfully amplified in four closely related species, Pangasius bocourti, Pangasius conchophilus, Pangasius larnaudii and Pangasius sanitwongsei with the number of alleles per locus ranged from 1 to 13, 1 to 16, 1 to 12 and 1 to 4, respectively. These markers should prove to be very useful for the evaluation of genetic diversity for this species and other related Pangasius species.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellites in a Yangtze River fish, brass gudgeon (Coreius heterodon Bleeker)
Authors: LIAO XIAOLIN , ZHU BIN , YU XIAOMU , TAN DEQING , CHANG JIANBO , TONG JINGOU 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe brass gudgeon (Coreius heterodon) is a fish of economic importance in the Yangtze River. From a (GATA)n‐enriched genomic library, 25 microsatellites were developed by employing the fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats (FIASCO) protocol. Nine loci exhibited polymorphism with two to 12 alleles (mean 3.9 alleles/locus) in a test population, and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.1111 to 0.9630 (mean 0.4426). Three of the nine loci showed polymorphism in a congeneric species, the largemouth bronze gudgeon Coreius guichenoti. These loci should provide sufficient level of genetic diversity to evaluate the fine‐scale population structure of C. heterodon.
Characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in Castelnau's Antshrike, Thamnophilus cryptoleucus (Aves: Thamnophilidae)
Authors: ÁGREDA A. , LIECKFELDT D. , SCHMIDT A. , PITRA C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn order to study the biogeography and population genetic structure of the obligate river‐island species Thamnophilus cryptoleucus (Thamnophilidae) we isolated four microsatellite loci. Number of alleles ranged from six to 11, heterozygosities from 60% to 89%, and individual populations were found in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. Cross‐species amplification of the loci was tested in eight species of the family Thamnophilidae and all loci successfully amplified in five or more related species.
Characterization of seven polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Baja California endemic black‐tailed brush lizard Urosaurus nigricaudus
Authors: RODRIGUEZ‐ESTRELLA R. , BLAZQUEZ M. C. , VEGA A. MUNGUIA 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSeven microsatellite loci were developed for the Baja California endemic black‐tailed brush lizard Urosaurus nigricaudus, using an enriched genomic DNA library. All loci were polymorphic and overall presented high levels of variation. Number of alleles ranged from five to 16 (average 12.14), and observed heterozygosities from 0.535 to 0.923 (average 0.752). Cross‐species amplification was successful and polymorphism was detected for all the loci using the congeners Urosaurus lahtelai and Urosaurus ornatus. These markers will be useful to study fragmented populations of U. nigricaudus on agricultural landscape of the Baja California Peninsula.
Development and characterization of microsatellite markers in Eucommia ulmoides Oliver (Eucommiaceae)
Authors: DENG JIANYUN , LIU YIFEI , HUANG HONGWEN 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTwenty‐three microsatellite markers were developed from an AC‐enriched genomic library of Eucommia ulmoides, an economically important tree species for both herbal medicine and organic chemical industry in China. Nineteen microsatellite loci were found polymorphic by testing 36 individuals from 10 populations, with two to 14 alleles per locus. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.054 to 0.874. This set of microsatellite markers has provided a useful tool for the ongoing efforts in studying population genetic structure of E. ulmoides.
Nitrogen uptake by ryegrass from organic wastes applied to a sandy loam soil
Authors: Cordovil C. M. D. S. , Cabral F. , Coutinho J. , Goss M. J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSandy‐textured Mediterranean soils are invariably depleted in organic matter and supply only small amounts of N to crops. To compensate for these deficiencies, we tested the N supply from six organic wastes applied to a Cambic Arenosol in pots growing ryegrass. The results showed that the behaviour of the wastes in supplying N to a ryegrass crop grown in this soil can be predicted by observing their performance in laboratory aerobic incubations. The N made available during these incubations fitted well to a one‐pool kinetic model.
Misorientations of garnet aggregate within a vein: an example from the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt, Japan
Authors: OKAMOTO A. , MICHIBAYASHI K. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn this study, the chemistry and microstructure of garnet aggregates within a metamorphic vein are investigated. Garnet‐bearing veins in the Sanbagawa metamorphic belt, Japan, occur subparallel to the foliation of a host mafic schist, but some cut the foliation at low angle. Backscattered electron image and compositional mapping using EPMA and crystallographic orientation maps from electron‐backscattered diffraction (EBSD) reveal that numerous small garnet (10–100 μm diameter) coalesce to form large porphyroblasts within the vein. Individual small garnet commonly exhibits xenomorphic shape at garnet/garnet grain boundaries, whereas it is idiomorphic at garnet/quartz boundaries. EBSD microstructural analysis of the garnet porphyroblasts reveals that misorientation angles of neighbour‐pair garnet grains within the vein have a random distribution. This contrasts with previous studies that found coalescence of garnet in mica schist leads to an increased frequency of low angle misorientation boundaries by misorientation‐driven rotation. As garnet nucleated with random orientation, the difference in misorientation between the two studies is due to the difference in the extent of grain rotation. A simple kinetic model that assumes grain rotation of garnet is rate‐limited by grain boundary diffusion creep of matrix quartz, shows that (i) the substantial rotation of a fine garnet grain could occur for the conditions of the Sanbagawa metamorphism, but (ii) the rotation rate drastically decreased as garnet grains formed large clusters during growth. Therefore, the random misorientation distribution of garnet porphyroblasts in the Sanbagawa vein is interpreted as follows: (i) garnet within the vein grew so fast that substantial grain rotation did not occur through porphyroblast formation, and thus (ii) random orientations at the nucleation stage were preserved. The extent of misorientation‐driven rotation indicated by deviation from random orientation distribution may be useful to constrain the growth rate of constituent grains of porphyroblast that formed by multiple nucleation and coalescence.
Stream Restoration Databases and Case Studies: A Guide to Information Resources and Their Utility in Advancing the Science and Practice of Restoration
Authors: Jenkinson Robin G. , Barnas Katie A. , Braatne Jeffrey H. , Bernhardt Emily S. , Palmer Margaret A. , Allan J. David ,   The National River Restoration Science Synthesis
Published: May 2006

Abstract The successful application of adaptive management to the science and practice of restoration ecology requires specific knowledge about the outcomes of past restoration efforts. Ideally, project results would be readily available to scientists or other project managers with similar goals or in analogous ecosystems. Recently, there has been a proliferation of Internet‐accessible databases, lists, and case studies of stream and river restoration projects. These resources include a wide range of information that could be accessed to aid natural resource and conservation professionals in restoration. In the U.S. Pacific Northwest, the National Marine Fisheries Service’s Northwest Fisheries Science Center and, on a national scale, the National River Restoration Science Synthesis are combining existing national and regional databases, along with the individual project descriptions, to create comprehensive, web‐based databases of stream restoration projects. In this process, more data sources were discovered than fit the scope of either of these projects. Ten international, 19 U.S. national, and 42 U.S. regional web‐accessible sources of restoration project databases and case studies are listed in this study. However, to easily use information that is currently scattered in multiple files and Web sites, databases would optimally use a common, standardized format. We provide a recommended list of information to be included in restoration databases. These efforts may provide a blueprint for development of compatible international databases of stream restoration projects.
Are Ericoid Mycorrhizas a Factor in the Success of Calluna vulgaris Heathland Restoration?
Authors: Diaz Anita , Green Iain , Benvenuto Marianne , Tibbett Mark 
Published: May 2006

Abstract Methods used in the restoration of lowland heath vary depending on edaphic factors at a site and need for introduction of ericaceous propagules. This study investigates the effect of some methods on growth of an important ericaceous species, Heather (Calluna vulgaris). It also explores whether success of growth of C. vulgaris in restoration schemes is affected by its degree of colonization by ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (ERM). The success of Heather growth was compared at three sites, a control area of natural heathland and two restoration sites. These were a quarry where soil had been translocated but not chemically manipulated and a site on agricultural land where the top soil had been improved but then either stripped away or acidified prior to attempting heathland restoration. Propagules of C. vulgaris were applied either as turves or as clippings. Results show that clippings produced as dense a cover of C. vulgaris as turves over a period of 13 years and that plants in such swards can exhibit a degree of ERM colonization comparable to that found in mature plants growing in natural heathland. Young (<2 years of age) plants of C. vulgaris had less extensive mycorrhizal colonization of their roots, particularly when growing on restored agricultural soils. A relationship was found between lower levels of mycorrhizal colonization and smaller aboveground plant growth. Success of heathland restoration may be improved by finding means to enhance the rate and extent of mycorrhizal colonization of young C. vulgaris growing in a restoration environment.
Factors Limiting the Survival of Native Tree Seedlings Used in Conservation Efforts at the Edges of Forest Fragments in Upland Madagascar
Authors: Pareliussen Ingar , Olsson E. Gunilla A. , Armbruster W. Scott 
Published: May 2006

Abstract We tested four reforestation techniques in tropical forest fragments that were damaged by fire in upland Madagascar. We conducted a full‐factorial experiment on the survival of transplanted seedlings of five native tree species in grassland plots adjacent to the forest fragments in the Ambohitantely Forest Reserve. The species studied were Dodonaea madagascariensis, Filicium decipiens, Olea lancea, Podocarpus madagascariensis, and Rhus taratana. A total of 480 seedlings were planted; 207 survived the 15 months of the experiment. The factors examined were distance of the reforestation plots from the forest, mixing of forest soil into the plots, application of chemical fertilizers, experimental shading of plots, and the cover of naturally establishing shrubs. Both increasing the distance of plots from the forest edge and adding chemical fertilizers significantly reduced the survival of all seedlings. The surprising negative effects of fertilization may be partly due to increased competition from naturally establishing shrubs that are adapted to exploit high nitrogen levels. Mixing soil from the forest areas into the plots did not change seedling survival. Shading reduced the survival of D. madagascariensis seedlings and did not increase the survival of any species. These findings suggest that the success of reforestation projects can be increased by planting seedlings close to the existing forest fragments. Reforestation of similar tropical forests is likely to be more successful if efforts are focused on expanding the size of existing fragments of tropical forest, rather than on establishing new fragments in grassland openings.
Seed Removal Rates Under Isolated Trees and Continuous Vegetation in Semiarid Thornscrub
Authors: Jurado Enrique , Flores Joel , Endress Anton G. , Flores Mercedes , Estrada Eduardo , Pando Marisela 
Published: May 2006

Abstract Clearing native vegetation to increase the amount of land available for agriculture in northeastern Mexico has left remnants ranging in size from fragments of continuous vegetation to isolated individual trees. These provide valuable opportunities for restoring larger areas of native vegetation. We explored whether fragmentation of Tamaulipan thornscrub affects the removal of seeds from 12 woody species that encompass a range of sizes and dispersal mechanisms. We tested whether (1) seed removal rates under isolated trees were higher than under continuous vegetation; (2) dispersal structures, such as fleshy pericarps, made some seeds more attractive to seed removers; and (3) microenvironmental variation affected seed removal rates. Seeds were placed under canopies of Texas ebony (Ebenopsis ebano) and Mesquite trees (Prosopis laevigata). Seed removal trials were conducted three times, each trial lasting 30 days. Most seeds were removed in all trials by the end of one month. Seed removal rate was slower under isolated trees. In general, fleshy fruits were removed faster than other fruits; whole fruits and fleshy tissue were removed faster than depulped seeds. In species with fleshy pericarps, acid washing of seeds, to simulate seeds processed in the digestive tract of dispersers, reduced the seed removal rates, suggesting that it would be a good pre‐treatment for restoration efforts.
Oak Flat Restoration on Phosphate‐Mine Spoils
Authors: Andrews Ross L. , Broome Stephen W. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract Phosphate mining in Beaufort County, North Carolina, impacts a rare plant community type, oak flats (nonriverine wet hardwood forests [NRWHF]). Reclamation of land after mining utilizes three by‐products of mining and manufacturing: clay tailings containing dolomite, low‐pH phosphogypsum, and bucket‐wheel spoil from the surface 10 m. The open mine is backfilled with a blend of phosphogypsum and clay tailings, which may be left as the surface or capped with bucket‐wheel spoil. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using these by‐products as substrates for restoring NRWHF. A field study measured survival of 11 tree and four shrub species planted in replicated plots of blend or bucket‐wheel spoil. Survival at the end of the second growing season was 59% on the blend and 52% on the bucket‐wheel spoil. A greenhouse experiment compared growth of four species of NRWHF oaks on bucket‐wheel spoil, blend, local topsoil (sterilized and unsterilized), and a commercial potting mix. Germination rates of acorns of all four species planted in topsoil were almost double those in bucket‐wheel spoil and 1.5 times greater than those in the blend. Height and stem volume of trees were significantly greater when grown in topsoil than in bucket‐wheel spoil and blend. There was no difference in tree growth on bucket‐wheel spoil and blend. In field and greenhouse soil tests, the blend had cadmium levels over 100 times that of local topsoil and the bucket‐wheel spoil had levels 40 times greater. Leaf chemical analysis in the field and greenhouse found higher cadmium levels in plants grown on the blend than on the bucket‐wheel spoil. These results indicate that the use of topsoil from the advancing mine front may lead to successful restoration of NRWHF.
Mechanical Land Clearing to Promote Establishment of Coastal Sandplain Grassland and Shrubland Communities
Authors: Lezberg Ann L. , Buresch Kendra , Neill Christopher , Chase Tom 
Published: May 2006

Abstract The decline in grasslands and other species‐rich early successional habitats on the coastal sandplains of the northeastern United States has spurred management to increase the area of these declining plant communities. We mechanically removed overstory oak and applied seed from a nearby sandplain grassland on the island of Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts, to evaluate this technique for creating an open oak community able to support sandplain herbaceous species. We compared vegetation structure and composition before and after clearing in an area of total tree removal (clearcutting), an area where 85% of tree basal area was removed (savanna cutting), and in adjacent coastal oak forest. Plant responses to clearcutting and savanna cutting were similar. Sandplain herbs colonized at high frequencies after seeding and increased herbaceous cover from less than 7% before clearing to 22–38% three growing seasons later. Pennsylvania sedge (Carex pensylvanica) increased in cover approximately 6‐fold, accounting for 84–90% of the increased herbaceous cover. Other native ruderals and exotic herbs reached 2 and less than or equal to 1%, cover, respectively, after three years. Species richness across cleared treatments increased from 30 to 79 species. All forest species were retained. Forest shrubs and trees initially declined from their dominant cover but rebounded after three years. Tree clearing plus seeding appeared to be a viable management practice for increasing cover of herbaceous sandplain species while causing minimal increases in exotic herbaceous cover. The long‐term persistence of sandplain herbs may require periodic disturbances that limit woody regrowth.
Effects of Mulch on Seedlings and Soil on a Closed Landfill
Authors: Athy Erin R. , Keiffer Carolyn H. , Stevens M. Henry 
Published: May 2006

Abstract Landfills are ideal locations for short‐rotation forestry, tree‐based bioremediation, and wildlife habitat reconstruction. However, tree survival is reduced by harsh growing conditions and poor soil quality. This study was designed to determine survival of tree seedlings and test effects of different mulch types and depths on edaphic properties and herb emergence on a closed Ohio landfill. In spring 2002, five species of hardwood tree seedlings (Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Robinia pseudoacacia, Prunus serotina, Quercus macrocarpa, and Populus sp.) were planted in a clustered fashion on 35 plots. Each plot received a mulch treatment consisting of one type of mulch (hardwood, leaf, or mixed) at a specific depth (5 or 15 cm) or was designated as a nonmulched control. The status of each seedling and edaphic qualities (soil moisture, temperature, and nutrients) were recorded for two growing seasons. Aboveground herbaceous biomass was sampled at the end of each growing season. We found that survival and growth were species dependent. At the conclusion of the experiment, Fraxinus had the highest survival rate (70%) and Prunus the lowest (7%). The use of leaf mulch (15 cm deep) increased organic matter and various edaphic properties (cation exchange capacity, P, Mg) after the second growing season. Mulch treatments did not significantly affect aboveground herbaceous biomass when compared to nonmulched controls. These results suggest Fraxinus as a good candidate for landfill plantings. Additionally, leaves and yard waste are plentiful and could quickly enrich poor soils on a landfill if left to decompose aboveground.
Activated Carbon as a Restoration Tool: Potential for Control of Invasive Plants in Abandoned Agricultural Fields
Authors: Kulmatiski Andrew , Beard Karen H. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractExotic plants have been found to use allelochemicals, positive plant–soil feedbacks, and high concentrations of soil nutrients to exercise a competitive advantage over native plants. Under laboratory conditions, activated carbon (AC) has shown the potential to reduce these advantages by sequestering organic compounds. It is not known, however, if AC can effectively sequester organics or reduce exotic plant growth under field conditions. On soils dominated by exotic plants, we found that AC additions (1% AC by mass in the top 10 cm of soil) reduced concentrations of extractable organic C and N and induced consistent changes in plant community composition. The cover of two dominant exotics,Bromus tectorumandCentaurea diffusa, decreased on AC plots compared to that on control plots (14–8% and 4–0.1%, respectively), and the cover of native perennial grasses increased on AC plots compared to that on control plots (1.4–3% cover). Despite promising responses to AC by these species, some exotic species responded positively to AC and some native species responded negatively to AC. Consequently, AC addition did not result in native plant communities similar to uninvaded sites, but AC did demonstrate potential as a soil‐based exotic plant control tool, especially forB. tectorumandC. diffusa.
Are Ecosystem Composition, Structure, and Functional Status Related to Restoration Success? A Test from Semiarid Mediterranean Steppes
Authors: Maestre Fernando T. , Cortina Jordi , Vallejo Ramón 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTheoretical models emphasize the importance of considering the composition, structure, and functioning of an ecosystem when restoring it. However, there is a lack of empirical studies evaluating how these ecosystem attributes are linked, if any, to the success of restoration actions. We conducted experimental plantings of the native late‐successional shrubPistacia lentiscusin 10 semiarid steppes located in southeast Spain and related seedling survival rates to measures of ecosystem structure and composition and to surrogates of ecosystem functioning. Seedling survival widely differed among the studied steppes and 17 months after planting ranged from 0 to 89%. Mortality occurred mostly during the first summer in the field, coinciding with a strong drought lasting 3 months. Survival was lower in the steppes located at the highest altitudes and with the highest values of total plant cover, species richness, shrub cover, and functionality. Seedling survival was mainly controlled by abiotic conditions and showed a negative relationship with some of the surrogates of ecosystem functioning evaluated. Our results suggest, but cannot confirm, that the functional status of the ecosystem may not limit the early stages of establishment ofP. lentiscusin semiarid steppes and that abiotic conditions play an overriding role in this process. If true, its introduction in these areas would not necessarily need a previous phase of recovery of ecosystem functions like nutrient cycling and infiltration.