bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatty acid development in a soybean mutant with high stearic acid
Authors: Graef G. L. , Miller L. A. , Fehr W. R. , Hammond E. G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of developing soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) seeds was evaluated in the mutant line, A6, and its parent, FA8077. Seeds of both lines were harvested at 2‐day intervals from 15 to 39 days after flowering (DAF) and at 4‐day intervals from 39 DAF until maturity. Significant differences between the two lines were observed for stearic and oleic acid percentages at 19 DAF. The maximum difference between the lines was at 25 DAF, when A6 had 45.4% and FA8077 had 4.1% stearic acid. The increase in stearic acid percentage in A6 was accompanied by a decrease in oleic acid to 16.8% at 25 DAF, compared with 53.7% oleic acid for FA8077. The two lines did not differ in development of palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acids. The protein and oil content of mature seeds were similar for the two lines.
Animal fat feedstocks for oleochemicals
Authors: Maerker Gerhard 
Published: January 2009

AbstractInedible tallow is a major raw material source in the manufacture of fatty acids and hence in the production of oleochemicals. The U.S. generates about 55% of the world's total tallow production of six million metric tons, but supplies about 80% of the tallow imported by other countries. U.S. inedible tallow and grease usually is a blend whose principal component is rendered beef fat. It consistently has been and still is the least expensive of the various fats and oils and is traded in various grades depending on physical characteristics.
Congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ia in a Malaysian family: Clinical outcome and description of a novel PMM2 mutation
Authors: Thong M. K. , Fietz M. , Nicholls C. , Lee M. H. , Asma O. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThere are few reports of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDGs) in the Asian population, although they have been reported worldwide. We identified a Malaysian infant female at 2 days of life with CDG type Ia. The diagnosis was suspected on the basis of inverted nipples and abnormal fat distribution. She had cerebellar hypoplasia and developed coagulopathy, hypothyroidism and severe pericardial effusion and died at 7 months of life. The diagnosis was supported by abnormal serum transferrin isoform pattern that showed elevated levels of the disialotransferrin isoform and trace levels of the asialotransferrin isoform. Enzyme testing of peripheral leukocytes showed decreased level of phosphomannomutase (PMM) activity (0.6 nmol/min per mg protein, normal range 1.6–6.2) and a normal level of phosphomannose isomerase activity (19 nmol/min per mg protein, normal range 12–25), indicating a diagnosis of CDG type Ia. Mutation study of the PMM2 gene showed the patient was heterozygous for both the common p.R141H (c.422T>A) mutation and a novel sequence change in exon 7, c.618C>A. The latter change is predicted to result in the replacement of the highly conserved phenylalanine residue at position 206 with a leucine residue (p.F206L) and occurs in the same codon as the previously reported p.F206S mutation. Analysis of 100 control chromosomes has shown that the p.F206L sequence change is not present, making it highly likely that this change is functionally important. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of CDG in the Malay population. Prenatal diagnosis was successfully performed in a subsequent pregnancy for this family.
Determination of Coenzyme Q9 and Q10 in Developing Palm Fruits
Authors: Ng Mei Han , Choo Yuen May , Ma Ah Ngan , Chuah Cheng Hock , Hashim Mohd. Ali 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA series of biochemical changes took place as oil palm fruits developed into maturity. Among these are the active synthesis of glycerides as well as unsaponifiable compounds such as carotenes, vitamin E, sterols and squalene. Coenzyme Q9 and Q10 were found to be present at different stages of the oil palm fruits development. The presence of coenzyme Q9 was detected as early as 4 weeks after anthesis (WAA) and its concentration diminished as the oil palm fruits ripen. Coenzyme Q10 on the other hand, can only be detected from 12WAA onwards and its concentration remained at an elevated level throughout the remaining development period of the oil palm fruits. Their occurrence pattern suggested that there is a strong relationship between the concentration of coenzyme Q9 and coenzyme Q10 with the age of the oil palm fruits.
Chemical Properties of Virgin Coconut Oil
Authors: Marina A. M. , Che Man Y. B. , Nazimah S. A. H. , Amin I. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA study on the commercial virgin coconut oil (VCO) available in the Malaysian and Indonesian market was conducted. The paper reported the chemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of VCO. There was no significant difference in lauric acid content (46.64–48.03%) among VCO samples. The major triacylglycerols obtained for the oils were LaLaLa, LaLaM, CLaLa, LaMM and CCLa (La, lauric; C, capric; M, myristic). Iodine value ranged from 4.47 to 8.55, indicative of only few unsaturated bond presence. Saponification value ranged from 250.07 to 260.67 mg KOH/g oil. The low peroxide value (0.21–0.57 mequiv oxygen/kg) signified its high oxidative stability, while anisidine value ranged from 0.16 to 0.19. Free fatty acid content of 0.15–0.25 was fairly low, showing that VCO samples were of good quality. All chemical compositions were within the limit of Codex standard for edible coconut oil. Total phenolic contents of VCO samples (7.78–29.18 mg GAE/100 g oil) were significantly higher than refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) coconut oil (6.14 mg GAE/100 g oil). These results suggest that VCO is as good as RBD coconut oil in chemical properties with the added benefit of being higher in phenolic content.
Rat bone marrow derived mesenchymal progenitor cells support mouse ES cell growth and germ‐like cell differentiation
Authors: Cui Guanghui , Qi Zhengyu , Guo Xin , Qin Jie , Gui Yaoting , Cai Zhiming 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) have been used as feeder cells to support the growth of mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) and primordial germ cells (PGC) in culture for many years. However, MEF preparation is a complex and tedious task. Recently, there are reports indicating that the microenvironment provided by bone marrow stromal cells could support the survival of embryonic‐like stem cells in bone marrow. In this report, rat bone marrow derived mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPC) were used as feeder cells to culture mouse Oct4‐GFP ES cell and ES cell derived germ cells. FACS results show that similar to MEF, rat MPC could efficiently support growth of the mouse Oct4‐GFP ES cell line in culture (MPC 85.5 ± 5.1% vs MEF 84.1 ± 6.2%). ES cells could be subcultured for >15 passages without losing morphological characteristics. The cultured cells expressed stem cell marker alkaline phosphatase, Oct4, Sox2, and SSEA‐1. Furthermore, rat MPC cells were able to support survival of germ cells isolated from mouse Oct4‐GFP ES cell formed embryoid bodies (EB). After induction by retinoic acid for 7 days, some isolated cells differentiated to spermatogonial stem‐like cells, expressing Mvh, Stra‐8, Hsp90‐α, integrinβ1 and α6. Compared with traditional MEF culture systems, the rat MPC culture system is effective in supporting ES cell growth and is easy to prepare.
A novel hypothesis regarding the possible involvement of cytosolic phospholipase 2 in insulin‐stimulated proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Isenovic Esma R. , Fretaud Maxence , Dobutovic Branislava , Sudar Emina , Smiljanic Katarina , Zaric Bozidarka , Trpkovic Andreja , Marche Pierre 
Published: January 2009

AbstractInsulin (INS)viaINS receptor acts as a mitogen in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) through stimulation of multiple signaling mechanisms, including p42/44 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (ERK1/2) and phosphatidyl inositol‐3 kinase (PI3K). In addition, cytosolic phospholipase 2 (cPLA2) is linked to VSMCs proliferation. However, the upstream mechanisms responsible for activation of cPLA2are not well defined. Therefore, this investigation used primary cultured rat VSMCs to examine the role of PI3K and ERK1/2 in the INS‐dependent phosphorylation of cPLA2and proliferation induced by INS. Exposure of VSMCs to INS (100 nM) for 10 min increased the phosphorylation of cPLA2by 1.5‐fold (p< 0.01), which was blocked by the cPLA2inhibitor MAFP (10 μM; 15 min). Similarly, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 (10 μM; 15 min) and ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 (20 μM; 15 min) abolished the INS‐mediated increase in cPLA2phosphorylation by 59%(p< 0.001), and by 75% (p< 0.001), respectively. Further, inhibition of cPLA2with cPLA2inhibitor MAFP abolished the INS‐stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation by 65% (p< 0.01). Incubation of rat VSMCs with INS resulted in an increase of VSMCs proliferation by 85% (p< 0.001). The effect of INS on VSMCs proliferation was significantly (p< 0.01) reduced by pretreatment with MAFP. Thus, we hypothesized that INS stimulates VSMCs proliferationviaa mechanism involving the PI3K‐dependent activation of cPLA2and release of arachidonic acid (AA), which activates ERK1/2 and further amplifies cPLA2activity.
High post surgical opioid requirements in Crohn's disease are not due to a general change in pain sensitivity
Authors: Huehne Kathrin , Leis Stefan , Muenster Tino , Wehrfritz Andreas , Winter Stefanie , Maihöfner Christian , Foertsch Thomas , Croner Roland , Reis André , Winterpacht Andreas , Rautenstrauss Bernd 
Published: January 2009

AbstractCrohn's disease (CD) is a painful inflammatory bowel disease with complex multigenic inheritance. Suggested on the basis of a few isolated reports CD patients require significantly higher post operative opioid doses than patients undergoing comparable severe abdominal surgery. Crohn's disease therefore may be a suitable model for the identification of novel pain susceptibility genes. In order to confirm this observation and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we investigated if higher opioid needs of CD patients are due to a general change in pain sensitivity. Quantitative sensory testing (QST) was applied to a subgroup of patients and polymorphisms in the μ‐opioid receptor (OPRM1) and catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) were investigated. Significantly increased post operative opioid requirements in CD patients were confirmed and QST assessment demonstrates that CD patients do not display increased pain sensitivity in terms of lowered thresholds to thermal and mechanical stimuli. The data also suggest that common variants inOPRM1and specific ‘high pain sensitivity’COMThaplotypes may not be the cause of high opioid needs. The results indicate that a more complex pathway is involved in the greater post operative opioid demand in CD. Therefore the presence of other, as yet unknown, genes could modulate opioid requirements in CD patients.
False fame, perceptual clarity, or persuasion? Flexible fluency attribution in spokesperson familiarity effects
Authors: Weisbuch Max , Mackie Diane 
Published: January 2009

AbstractFamiliar people are especially persuasive spokespersons. Here, a fluency attribution model of spokesperson familiarity was tested. Specifically, it was hypothesized that repeated exposure to a spokesperson would create fluency that, in a persuasive context, could be attributed to the persuasive message or to another fluency‐relevant cue (e.g., the fame of the spokesperson). In three experiments a woman's photo was repeatedly presented, and subsequently accompanied a persuasive message. Consistent with hypotheses, inflated ratings of the message followed repeated spokesperson exposure (compared to a no exposure control) but only when inflated ratings of the spokesperson (fame) or her photo (perceptual clarity) were not observed. Discussion focuses on implications for familiarity theories and on guidelines for maximizing the influence of familiar spokespersons.
The patient safety chain: Transformational leadership's effect on patient safety culture, initiatives, and outcomes
Authors: McFadden Kathleen L. , Henagan Stephanie C. , Gowen Charles R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate the existence of a patient safety chain for hospitals. Drawing on high reliability organization theory, multifactor leadership theory and total quality management literature, we develop and test a model for improving patient safety – a critical issue facing hospitals today. Specifically, we hypothesize that improving patient safety begins at the highest level of the organization with a transformational leadership style. This leads to a sequence of linkages whereby transformational leadership has an important relationship with creating a culture of safety, which in turn is associated with the adoption of patient safety initiatives, and ultimately with positive improvements in patient safety outcomes. Using data from a nationwide survey of over 200 hospitals, we use structural equation modeling to provide empirical support for the effectiveness of this patient safety chain model. The results have major implications for enhancing operations in hospital settings.
Decreasing dietary particle size of lupins increases apparent ileal amino acid digestibility and alters fermentation characteristics in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs
Authors: Kim Jae Cheol , Mullan Bruce P. , Heo Jung Min , Hansen Christian F. , Pluske John R. 
Published: January 2009

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of lupin particle size on amino acid (AA) and energy digestibility and fermentation characteristics in pigs. Expt 1 examined the effects of lupin variety (cv. Tanjil and Mandelup) and lupin particle size (746, 888, 1099 and 1136 μm) on the total-tract apparent digestibility of dietary components in 63·5 (sd 7·28) kg pigs. While variety had no effect on total-tract apparent digestibility, decreasing particle size of lupins linearly increased total-tract apparent digestibility of crude protein of diets containing 350 g lupins per kg (P < 0·01). Expt 2 examined the effect of lupin particle size (567, 995, 1198, 1250 and 1304 μm) on digestion and fermentation characteristics in 29·8 (sd 2·9) kg pigs. Pigs were fed the respective diets ad libitum for the first 2 weeks and fed at three times maintenance energy level in the third week. Pigs were euthanised under sedation at 46·7 (sd 4·21) kg to collect digesta samples along the intestinal tract. Decreasing particle size increased apparent ileal and total-tract digestible N (P < 0·01) and the apparent and standardised ileal digestible AA content (P < 0·05– < 0·001) of lupins. Decreasing particle size of lupins linearly decreased the molar proportion of straight-chain volatile fatty acids (sum of acetic, propionic and butyric acids; VFAAPB), while branched-chain fatty acids (sum of valeric, caproic, isobutyric and isovaleric acids) were linearly increased (P < 0·001). The results demonstrated that particle size of lupins is a critical factor influencing nutrient, especially AA, utilisation efficiency and fermentation characteristics in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs.
Stephen Clark, the Laws of Logic and the Sorites
Authors: Goldstein Laurence 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA standard method for refuting a set of claims is to show that it implies a contradiction. Stephen Clark questions this method on the grounds that the Law of Non-Contradiction, together with the other fundamental laws of logic do not accord with everyday reality. He accounts for vagueness by suggesting that, for any vague predicate ‘F’, an ordinary object is typically to some extent both F and not-F, and that objects do not change abruptly from being F to being not-F. I challenge Clark's ‘deconstruction’ of logic, and show that, in characterizing vagueness and dealing with the associated Sorites paradox, we can accommodate his observation that change from being F to being not-F is ineradically continuous without tampering with any fundamental logical laws.
Plasma channeling by multiple short-pulse lasers
Authors: Yu W. , Cao L. , Yu M.Y. , Cai H. , Xu H. , Yang X. , Lei A. , Tanaka K.A. , Kodama R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChanneling by a train of laser pulses into homogeneous and inhomogeneous plasmas is studied using particle-in-cell simulation. When the pulse duration and the interval between the successive pulses are appropriate, the laser pulse train can channel into the plasma deeper than a single long-pulse laser of similar peak intensity and total energy. The increased penetration distance can be attributed to the repeated actions of the ponderomotive force, the continuous between-pulse channel lengthening by the inertially evacuating ions, and the suppression of laser-driven plasma instabilities by the intermittent laser-energy cut-offs.
Layers from initial Rayleigh density profiles by directed nonlinear force driven plasma blocks for alternative fast ignition
Authors: Yazdani E. , Cang Y. , Sadighi-Bonabi R. , Hora H. , Osman F. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMeasurement of extremely new phenomena during the interaction of laser pulses with terawatt and higher power and picoseconds with plasmas arrived at drastically different anomalies in contrast to the usual observations if the laser pulses were very clean with a contrast ratio higher than 108. This was guaranteed by the suppression of prepulses during less than dozens of ps before the arrival of the main pulse resulting in the suppression of relativistic self-focusing. This anomaly was confirmed in many experimental details, and explained and numerically reproduced as a nonlinear force acceleration of skin layers generating quasi-neutral plasma blocks with ion current densities above 1011A/cm2. This may support the requirement to produce a fast ignition deuterium tritium fusion at densities not much higher than the solid state by a single shot PW-ps laser pulse. With the aim to achieve separately studied ignition conditions, we are studying numerically how the necessary nonlinear force accelerated plasma blocks may reach the highest possible thickness by using optimized dielectric properties of the irradiated plasma. The use of double Rayleigh initial density profiles results in many wavelength thick low reflectivity directed plasma blocks of modest temperatures. Results of computations with the genuine two-fluid model are presented.
Effect of laser beam filamentation on second harmonic spectrum in laser plasma interaction
Authors: Sharma R.P. , Sharma P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper presents the laser beam filamentation at ultra relativistic laser powers, when the paraxial restriction on the beam is relaxed during the filamentation process. On account of laser beam intensity gradient and background density gradients in filamentary regions, the electron plasma wave (EPW) at pump wave frequency is generated. This EPW is found to be highly localized because of the laser beam filaments. The interaction of the incident laser beam with the EPW leads to the second harmonic generation. The second harmonic spectrum has also been studied in detail, and its correlation with the filamentation of the laser beam has been established. Starting almost with a monochromatic component of laser beam propagation, the second harmonic spectrum becomes more complicated, and broadened when the laser beam propagates further, and filamentation takes place. For the typical laser beam and plasma parameters: laser beam with wave length of 1064 nm, power flux of 1018 W/cm2, and plasma with temperature 1 KeV, we found that the conversion efficiency equals about (E2/E0) = 8 × 10−3, and the spectrum is quite broad, which depends upon the laser beam propagation distance. The results (specifically, the second harmonic spectral feature) presented here may be used for the diagnostics of laser produced plasmas.
The Moor's Progress: A Study of Edward Young's Tragedy, The Revenge
Authors: Parker Gerald D. 
Published: January 2009

A reviewer of a production of Edward Young's tragedy, The Revenge, in 1815, wrote:Sound morality and good manners demand that this Play should either be greatly altered, or banished from the Stage. No character of Kotzebue is either so unnatural or so dangerous as Zanga. We may pronounce him a despicable coward by the surest test of cowardice – a vindictive spirit that knows not how to pardon…. Zanga is described as brave, heroic, and noble, yet forgiveness is not in his nature. He is more contemptibly mean – more desperately wicked than Iago. He is made more an object of esteem and pity than Othello…. Why did not the author make him the victim of his own contrivances? Why did he not exemplify in the disappointment of Zanga, the sure punishment of an indiscriminate revenge? … He is a fiend that gains our respect by forcing our admiration, and he does this when the real nature of his actions qualify him rather for the gibbit than for the honourable termination of his life.
Lord and Lady Northampton and Queen Henrietta's Men: An Approach to the Castle Ashby Plays
Authors: Wolf William D. 
Published: January 2009

In 1699, James Wright's Historica Histrionica … In a Dialogue on Plays and Players chronicled the troubles of the London theatrical community after the Civil War, during which it had supported the Royalists almost to a man. Wright's character Trueman, in the spirit of Dryden's and Dennis' spokesmen, tells his compatriot Lovewit thatAfterwards in Oliver's time, they used to act privately, three or four Miles, or more, out of Town, now here, now there, sometimes Noblemens Houses, in particular Holland-house at Kensington, where Nobility and Gentry who met (but in no great Numbers) used to make a Sum for them, each giving a broad Peice, or the like.
Traditional Themes and Techniques in African Theatre and ‘Francophonie’
Authors: Schipper Mineke 
Published: January 2009

‘Francophonie’ arrived relatively recently in Africa; it has only been systematically nurtured since the colonial occupation. The French have often even believed that the French language was ‘the best solution’ for Africa. Was there not, after all, only one culture, the French culture? And therefore it must, as far as possible, be spread throughout the world. A commission set up to formulate France's aid policy to developing countries confirmed the necessity ever to extend the influence of the French language as follows:La France désire, plus que toute autre nation, diffuser au loin sa langue et sa culture. Son besoin de rayonnement intellectuel trouve bon emploi auprès de peuples dont la langue convient mal aux idées et aux techniques modernes (…): elle leur apporte un mode d'expression et une méthode de pensée.
Displacing the Hero in Modern Irish Drama
Authors: Doherty Francis 
Published: January 2009

The values of a community are revealed in its tragedies, and it is increasingly clear that the classical form of tragedy has been unable to accommodate modern values. It is too aristocratic for a democratic age. Sometimes it has been felt that we no longer merit a hero, and sometimes that heroes are now very dangerous and delusive. This latter view was articulated eloquently by the German philosopher-theologian, Karl Jaspers, in the aftermath of the defeat of Nazism:Tragedy becomes the privilege of the exalted few – all others must be content to be wiped out indifferently in disaster. Tragedy then becomes a characteristic not of man, but of a human aristocracy. As the code of privilege, this philosophy becomes arrogant and unloving; it gives us comfort by pandering to our self-esteem.