bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photographs of historical figures and events in geophysics wanted
Authors: Lyons Suzanne 
Published: October 2006

The AGU History of Geophysics Committee is beginning a project to depict the history of geophysics through an ongoing photographic display at AGU meetings. The photographs will feature notable events and people within the geosciences. The committee welcomes submissions of photographic prints that would complement the collection.Candid shots are preferred, but portraits are appreciated as well. Please send a black and white copy of the print, or send the original and the committee will make a copy and return it to you. Funds are available to reproduce a limited amount of material. The photo should be accompanied by a listing of the people involved, the location, and the approximate date the photograph was taken. Please send prints to Suzanne Lyons, IGPP, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093‐0225 USA.
U.S. science study receives key endorsement
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The U.S. House of Representatives has endorsed a new national science policy study as a framework for future policy and funding deliberations.The report, which was prepared by the House Committee on Science under the leadership of U.S. Congressman Verne Ehlers (RMich.), was unveiled in October. It builds on, and is a fine‐tuning of, Vannevar Bush's influential 1945 study, “Science: The Endless Frontier.”
Outstanding student paper awards
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Hydrology Section presented the following outstanding student paper awards at the 1998 AGU Spring Meeting in Boston, Mass., last May.Robert G. Bruant, Jr. presented a poster titled “Adsorption of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants at the Air‐Water Interface.” Robert received a B.A. in geosciences from Franklin and Marshall College in 1993. He is currently in his final year of the Hydrology Ph.D. Program at the University of Arizona, advised by Dr. Martha H. Conklin. Rob's research involves qualifying both variations in surface tension as a function of aqueous solute concentrations and adsorption thermodynamics at air‐water interfaces for volatile organic compounds. His goal is to further theoretical development of adsorption phenomena, especially in system with nonideal interactions between components. The application is to promote better understanding of the transport and fate of anthropogenic contaminants in groundwater, surface water, and atmospheric systems.
Sullivan Award recognizes Outstanding Science Journalism
Authors: Leifert Harvey 
Published: October 2006

If you have ever read a science report in your daily newspaper, or heard one on radio or TV, that made you sit up and say, “That's darn good! They got this complicated story exactly right,” you probably wanted to congratulate the author. Actually, you can do better than that: you can nominate him or her for AGU's Walter Sullivan Award for Excellence in Science Journalism.Nominations are now open for the 1999 Sullivan Award, which will be presented at the Spring Meeting next May in Boston, Mass. Any AGU member may nominate a journalist, and journalists may also nominate themselves. The award is made for a single report in any medium that is accessible to the general public and published in 1998; it carries a prize of $2000 along with a plaque.
Arctic margin gravity highs remain puzzling
Authors: Vogt Peter R. , Jung Woo‐Yeol , Brozena John 
Published: October 2006

Many passive continental margins, particularly in the Arctic (Figures 1 and 2), are festooned by chains of elongate positive gravity anomalies overlying, in part, marginal oceanic crust. To this day, no simple unifying explanation has emerged to account for these highs. Variously modeled by mantle doming, crustal thinning, dense crust, basement rises, postbreakup sediment depocenters, and topographic effects, these anomalies epitomize nonuniqueness in geophysical inversion. It seems unlikely that all the highs share a common origin, but it seems even more unlikely that many disparate processes produce gravity anomalies so similar to each other.Upon consideration of several hypotheses, a phase change explanation seems the most plausible for Arctic margin gravity highs (AMGHs). The better studied highs are spatially correlated with sediment depocenters (Figure 2), which however by themselves account for only a fraction of the gravity anomalies (for example, Figure 3). Thus, a reason has to be found as to why dense or thinned oceanic crust (or dense mantle) is found underneath sediment loads. Essentially, the phase change explanation relies on the added lithostatic pressure under sediment piles to “densify” some of the buried oceanic crust, for example, by conversion to garnet granulite or even eclogite [Neugebauer and Spohn, 1981 ]. More well‐designed seismic experiments are needed, however, to delineate the velocity (and hence density) structure of the underlying crust to verify the depocentermascon association and test the phase change hypothesis and others discussed below.
Marine Biodiversity: Patterns and Processes
Authors: Smith Craig R. 
Published: October 2006

The biodiversity of the oceans is a hot topic, as witnessed by the announcements I received for three international symposia/workshops on marine biodiversity in the fall of 1998. It is also a broad topic encompassing the description of global diversity patterns, molecular studies of gene flow on single shores, and application of “integrated coastal zone management” to species preservation in multiple‐use ecosystems.A book capturing the timeliness and breadth of this topic, while highlighting research needs and conservation concerns, would indeed be useful for enlightening the public, educating students, and focusing researchers in this important, if amorphous, field. Marine Biodiversity: Pattern and Process is designed to fill this niche. The premise of the volume, as eloquently argued by Sir Crispin Tickell, is that marine ecosystems are suffering the onslaught of humanity at a time when we have but a glimmering of the extent and vulnerability of their biodiversity. The editors thus bring together key studies evaluating the patterns and processes underlying biodiversity in coastal zones to the abyss, from equatorial waters to polar seas.
Maps could provide space weather forecasts for the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Reeves Geoffrey , Friedel Reiner , Hayes Robin 
Published: October 2006

If you are like many people, you scan the newspaper, television, or Internet every morning and check out the latest weather map and forecast to see how it may affect what you plan to do that day. If you depend on satellites to do your business and you want to know how the “weather” in space might affect those satellites, you are not so lucky—at least not yet.“Space weather” is a relatively new phrase in space physics. It refers broadly to the conditions in space that may affect human activities. Those conditions are changing all the time. Differing types and intensities of solar activity produce different conditions in the solar wind, which in turn impact the conditions in the magnetosphere, ionosphere, and upper atmosphere. Adverse space weather conditions include increased ionospheric scintillation, which disrupts communications and navigation signals, electrical charging of spacecraft surfaces that can produce arcing, and radiation damage from energetic protons and electrons that can damage spacecraft components.
North Pacific interdecadal oscillation seen as factor in ENSO‐related North American climate anomalies
Authors: Gershunov Alexander , Barnett Tim P. , Cayan Daniel R. 
Published: October 2006

The North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) may be a significant factor in how El Niño and La Niña affect North American weather. A cold NPO phase indeed may have been partially responsible for the uncommon strength and stability of the El Niño‐induced North American climate anomalies of early 1998. On the other hand, the latest La Niña excursion, if NPO persists in its cold phase, would likely produce weaker, less stable, and less predictable climate anomalies.It is well known that the effects of interannual tropical forcing, or El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences, penetrate into middle latitudes to produce particular forms of climate anomalies, such as the relatively well‐predicted temperature and precipitation patterns over North America during the great El Niño of 1997–1998. Evidence is now mounting that this ENSO effect accentuates certain types of synoptic scale events, so that the likelihood of extreme events is biased above or below its climatological normal over broad regions. Observations show that these ENSO effects over the United States are also affected by the phases of decadal‐scale climate states such as the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO).The NPO influence can be seen in both the seasonal aggregate of various ENSO patterns and the distribution of extreme daily events.
Adam receives Fred Whipple Award
Authors: McCord Thomas B. , Adams John B. 
Published: October 2006

John B. Adams was presented with the Fred Whipple Award at the AGU Fall Meeting in December in San Francisco, California. The award, established in 1989 by the Planetary Sciences Section, is presented to an individual who makes an outstanding contribution to the field of planetary science.In the beginning, scientists including Galileo studied the solar system by staring through a tube with glass elements called a telescope. This panchromatic instrument demonstrated existence and motion of objects and revealed features such as craters and clouds. However, it required approximately another 400 years to develop the physics and technology necessary to determine remotely the composition of these objects.
Seismic‐volcanic workshop strengthens international cooperation
Authors: Dehn Jonathan , Faust Jessica , Eichelberger John C. 
Published: October 2006

The convergent boundary between the North American and Pacific plates begins at the Yakutat “corner” and sweeps westward across Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the Kamchatka “corner.” There it abruptly turns south and continues through the Kurile Islands to Hokkaido and Northern Honshu (Figure 1).This region holds much scientific promise and mystery, and the first International Seismic‐Volcanic Workshop on Kamchatkan‐Aleutian Subduction Processes, held last summer, directed attention to it. The region contains nearly 20% of the world's active subaerial volcanoes and is one of the world's most seismically active areas. Yet surprisingly it is one of the least monitored and understood areas on Earth.
New land surface digital elevation model covers the Earth
Authors: Gesch Dean B. , Verdin Kristine L. , Greenlee Susan K. 
Published: October 2006

Land surface elevation around the world is reaching new heights—as far as its description and measurement goes. A new global digital elevation model (DEM) is being cited as a significant improvement in the quality of topographic data available for Earth science studies.Land surface elevation is one of the Earth's most fundamental geophysical properties, but the accuracy and detail with which it has been measured and described globally have been insufficient for many large‐area studies. The new model, developed at the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) EROS Data Center (EDC), has changed all that.
Comment sought on new law affecting federally funded data
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Senator Richard Shelby (R‐Ala.) inserted a provision into the FY 1999 Omnibus Appropriations Bill (Public Law 105‐277) last fall “to require Federal awarding agencies to ensure that all data produced under an award will be made available to the public through the procedures established under the Freedom of Information Act.” Under the new law, most non‐profit organizations in cooperative agreements or receiving federal grants may be compelled to “provide the public with access to federally funded research data” that is “used by the Federal Government in developing policy and rules” according to bill proponents. Current rules only allow the granting agency to request raw data from researchers.The law upset some non‐profit research organizations, universities, and scientific and engineering societies about possible consequences, unintended or otherwise, to researchers and their data. To its backers, the new law simply lets the public examine data underlying Federal policy. Others worry that draft regulations, proposed by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) may compromise the scientific integrity of preliminary studies, fail to protect personal privacy, and affect intellectual property. Specifically, OMB must amend Circular A‐110, “Uniform Administrative Requirements for Grants and Agreements with Institutions of Higher Education, Hospitals, and other Non‐Profit Organizations.” A bipartisan group of representatives already wrote a letter to OMB director Jack Lew urging him to solicit input from grant‐awarding agencies, non‐profits, hospitals, and the grant‐recipient community before finalizing changes to Circular A‐110.
Debate heats up over potential Interim Nuclear Waste Repository, as studies of Yucca Mountain continue
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

With spent nuclear fuel piling up at power plants around the United States, and with a potential permanent nuclear waste repository at Nevada's Yucca Mountain not scheduled to accept waste until 11 years from now in the year 2010, the nuclear energy industry and many members of Congress have renewed their push to establish an interim repository at the adjacent Nevada Test Site of nuclear bombs.At a sometimes contentious March 12 hearing to consider the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1999 (House Resolution 45) that would require an interim facility to begin accepting waste in 2003, bill cosponsor Rep. Jim Barton (R‐Tex.) told Energy Secretary Bill Richardson that he preferred that Congress and the Clinton Administration negotiate rather than fight over the measure.
Ocean science education looks to the future
Authors: Austin James A. 
Published: October 2006

Ocean scientists must present societally “important” issues neutrally, as they did in connection with El Nino without resorting to advocacy At the same time, however, ocean scientists miss vital opportunities to inform the public if they take no political positions at all, as occurred in connection with a recent swordfish boycott by consumers in the northeastern United States.These were some of the comments of William Spitzer, Director of Education at the Boston Aquarium, at a symposium titled “Ocean Science and Engineering Education, Meeting the Challenge.” The meeting was part of last falls 30th anniversary celebration of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology‐Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography and Applied Ocean Science and Engineering.
Cuban, Mexican, U.S. Researchers probing mysteries of Yucatan Current
Authors: Pérez Roberto , Muller‐Karger Frank E. , Victoria Iván , Melo Nelson , Cerdeira Sergio 
Published: October 2006

The Yucatan Current has received very little biological or oceanographic attention in the past, but oceanographers from Cuba, Mexico, and the United States are changing that. They have assembled a multidisciplinary, multinational dataset and are beginning a detailed examination of the current, which has a large impact on all three countries. A series of theoretical and applied studies are using historical infrared and ocean color satellite data and some ship data.In general, western boundaries of large ocean gyres have intense currents along continental margins, and important physical and biological processes take place in such regions. In the northwest Caribbean Sea, such an intense flow is funneled through a constriction known as the Yucatan Strait, between Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and Cuba (see Figure 1, inset).
Aerobot measurements successfully obtained during Solo Spirit Balloon Mission
Authors: Avidson Raymond E. , Bowman Judd D. , Guinness Edward A. , Johnson Sarah S. , Slavney S. H. , Stein Thomas C. , Bachelder Aaron D. , Cameron Jonathan M. , Cutts James A. , Ivlev Robert V. , Kahn Ralph A. 
Published: October 2006

Robotic balloons, also known as aerobots, have become candidates for collecting atmospheric data and detailed surface observations of Venus, Mars, and Titan. A mission to Venus over a decade ago used two of them. Their inclusion last year in attempts by a balloonist to circumnavigate the Earth aptly demonstrated their utility for remote sensing and in situ observations of planetary atmospheres.To simulate aspects of an aerobot mission, a small payload to measure local atmospheric conditions and balloon position and velocity was included on Solo Spirit “Round the World” flights during January and August of last year. These missions, flown in Roziere balloons, were attempts by Steve Fossett to become the first person to circumnavigate the globe in a balloon without stopping. Neither attempt was successful, but the aerobot came through with flying colors.
Scientists urge action on polluted runoff
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Several marine scientists in March urged the U.S. Congress to strengthen the federal Clean Water Act by including strong controls on polluted runoff that can carry excess nutrients into waterways.Nancy Rabelais, president of the Estuarine Research Foundation, and Tom Malone, president of the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, represented more than 300 scientists who have endorsed a statement that recommends strengthening the act.
Conferees exploring the next millennium of space exploration focus on education and imagination
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Actor Robert Picardo's daughter once innocently asked why he drove to work. “Why doesn't a spaceship beam you up?”Picardo, who portrays a 24th century holographic doctor in the Paramount Pictures television series Star Trek: Voyager, readily acknowledges that the show is far from a documentary. But he said the main role of science fiction is to teach viewers and reader.
Evidence may indicate recent warming of shallow slope bottom water off New Jersey shore
Authors: Fisher A.T. , Von Herzen R.P. , Blum P. , Hoppie B. , Wang K. 
Published: October 2006

Thermal data from boreholes on land have been used to infer recent changes in land‐surface temperatures, since these surface temperature changes propagate downward into the Earth and leave a measurable record [e.g., Pollack and Chapman, 1993].The temperature history of bottom water offshore New Jersey has been estimated using thermal data from the upper 150 m of sediment below the seafloor, and the results are surprising.The data appear to indicate a large temperature rise, on the order of 6–10°C, followed by a temperature decrease, all during the last 50–150 years and within a restricted area.Data were collected during Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 150 (Figure 1) [Mountain et al., 1994], with the idea that shelf and slope waters might vary in temperature on decadal to centennial timescales, and that such variations should be recorded in subseafloor sediments. Like Earth's surface on land, the seafloor acts as a low‐pass filter. High‐frequency temperature variations are filtered out in the shallowest sediments and longer‐period variations penetrate to greater depths. Given typical oceanic sediment properties, seasonal signals penetrate to depths of a few meters below the seafloor (mbsf), while centennial signals may penetrate several tens to over a hundred meters.
Measurements show the need for a rapid response to space weather disturbances
Authors: Ruohoniemi J. M. , Greenwald R. A. 
Published: October 2006

“Storms” in space may significantly damage power grids and other sensitive technological systems.The onset of storm effects is related to the spread of disturbances in the near‐Earth space environment. Studies are showing that disturbances spread more rapidly than previously thought. Knowing just how rapidly will help determine how fast steps must be taken to protect such systems when a storm appears imminent.The source of energy for space weather disturbances is the continuous stream of plasma directed outward from the Sun called the solar wind.The magnetosphere is the region of space that is shielded from the solar wind by the Earth's magnetic field.The portion of the magnetosphere lying at altitudes of 100–600 km is the ionosphere. Space weather effects are more readily observed there by groundbased instruments than in the outer reaches of the magnetosphere. An important manifestation of the coupling between the solar wind and magnetosphere is the circulation, or convection, of ionospheric plasma at high latitudes.
Got milk?
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

While celebrities wear white “milk moustaches” in a popular U.S. advertising campaign to promote the drinking of milk, they should also be concerned about the decreased amount of calcium available to many trees.Calcium levels in forest soils have decreased at locations in 10 states in the eastern United States, according to a new report by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) released in time for National Arbor Day on April 30.
Landsat 7 launch will extend long‐term Earth remote sensing mission
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The first pictures of the Earth from deep space that the Apollo 8 spacecraft beamed down in 1968 changed people's perspective of the planet. So, too, have the images relayed from Landsat satellites.This series of U.S. satellites, the first of which was launched 27 years ago in 1972, has provided the longest continual remote sensing record of the Earth's continental surfaces and near coastal regions available for civilian usage.
Additional testing needed to confirm warming of water off New Jersey Shore
Authors: Drinkwater K. F. 
Published: October 2006

The article by Fisher et al. presents intriguing results. Their analysis of thermal data from boreholes in the sediment suggests large temperature variability (of order 6–10°C) primarily over the last 60 years with maximum temperatures approximately 20 years ago at a site (#903) on the continental slope off the southern Middle Atlantic Bight in approximately 450 m depth. Similar techniques suggest no such temperature change at a site (#902) 4.4 km away in 802 m of water.The waters normally lying along the continental slope of the Middle Atlantic Bight and regions to the north are known as slope waters. These waters extend seaward to the northern edge of the Gulf Stream. Temperatures are typically 6–7°C at depths of 450 m or so, increasing almost linearly towards 10–15°C in shallower waters of 200 m [Stommel, 1965]. Below 700 m, temperatures are in the 4–5°C range. Similar temperatures were shown by Sverdrup et al. [1942] at a station along the slope off Chesapeake Bay in 1932. These same authors note the large variability in temperatures at around 400 m and attribute it to slope‐type waters being interspersed with short periods of North Atlantic central (Gulf Stream) waters produced by the presence of eddies or shelfward displacements in the stream itself.