bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Androgen receptor expressing neurons that project to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in the male rat
Authors: Williamson Martin , Viau Victor 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAndrogen receptors are distributed throughout the central nervous system and are contained by a variety of nuclei that are known to project to or regulate the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, the final common pathway by which the brain regulates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) response to homeostatic threat. Here we characterized androgen receptor staining within cells identified as projecting to the PVN in male rats bearing iontophoretic or crystalline injections of the retrograde tracer FluoroGold aimed at the caudal two‐thirds of the nucleus, where corticotropin‐releasing hormone‐expressing neurons are amassed. Androgen receptor (AR) and FluoroGold (FG) double labeling was revealed throughout the limbic forebrain, including scattered numbers of cells within the anterior and posterior subdivisions of the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis; the medial zone of the hypothalamus, including large numbers of AR‐FG‐positive cells within the anteroventral periventricular and medial preoptic cell groups. Strong and consistent colabeling was also revealed throughout the hindbrain, predominantly within the periaqueductal gray and the lateral parabrachial nucleus, and within various medullary cell groups identified as catecholaminergic, predominantly C1 and A1 neurons of the ventral medulla. These connectional data predict that androgens can act on a large assortment of multimodal inputs to the PVN, including those involved with the processing of various types of sensory and limbic information, and provide an anatomical framework for understanding how gonadal status could contribute to individual differences in HPA function. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:717–740, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 innervation in autonomic regions of intact and transected rat spinal cord
Authors: Llewellyn‐Smith Ida J. , Martin Carolyn L. , Fenwick Natalie M. , Dicarlo Stephen E. , Lujan Heidi L. , Schreihofer Ann M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFast excitatory neurotransmission to sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN and PPN) is glutamatergic. To characterize this innervation in spinal autonomic regions, we localized immunoreactivity for vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs) 1 and 2 in intact cords and after upper thoracic complete transections. Preganglionic neurons were retrogradely labeled by intraperitoneal Fluoro‐Gold or with cholera toxin B (CTB) from superior cervical, celiac, or major pelvic ganglia or adrenal medulla. Glutamatergic somata were localized with in situ hybridization for VGLUT mRNA. In intact cords, all autonomic areas contained abundant VGLUT2‐immunoreactive axons and synapses. CTB‐immunoreactive SPN and PPN received many close appositions from VGLUT2‐immunoreactive axons. VGLUT2‐immunoreactive synapses occurred on Fluoro‐Gold‐labeled SPN. Somata with VGLUT2 mRNA occurred throughout the spinal gray matter. VGLUT2 immunoreactivity was not noticeably affected caudal to a transection. In contrast, in intact cords, VGLUT1‐immunoreactive axons were sparse in the intermediolateral cell column (IML) and lumbosacral parasympathetic nucleus but moderately dense above the central canal. VGLUT1‐immunoreactive close appositions were rare on SPN in the IML and the central autonomic area and on PPN. Transection reduced the density of VGLUT1‐immunoreactive axons in sympathetic subnuclei but increased their density in the parasympathetic nucleus. Neuronal cell bodies with VGLUT1 mRNA occurred only in Clarke's column. These data indicate that SPN and PPN are densely innervated by VGLUT2‐immunoreactive axons, some of which arise from spinal neurons. In contrast, the VGLUT1‐immunoreactive innervation of spinal preganglionic neurons is sparse, and some may arise from supraspinal sources. Increased VGLUT1 immunoreactivity after transection may correlate with increased glutamatergic transmission to PPN. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:741–767, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Choline acetyltransferase‐immunoreactive neurons in the retina of normal and dark‐reared turtle
Authors: Lee Eun‐Jin , Merwine David K. , Padilla Monica , Grzywacz Norberto M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractVisual deprivation alters retinal‐ganglion‐cell response properties through changes in spontaneous wave‐like activity (Sernagor and Grzywacz [1996] Curr Biol 6:1503–1508). This activity depends on cholinergic synaptic transmission in the turtle retina (ibid; Sernagor and Mehta [ 2001] J Anat 199:375–383). We studied the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) by immunocytochemistry and Western blot in developing retinas of control and dark‐reared turtles. At postnatal day 0 (P0), right after hatching, ChAT‐immunoreactivity was present in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), in the inner nuclear layer (INL), and in two distinct bands of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). In P14‐ and P28‐control, and P14‐ and P28‐dark‐reared retinas, ChAT‐immunoreactivity showed similar patterns to those in P0. However, in P14‐ and P28‐dark‐reared retinas the density of ChAT‐immunoreactive cells was higher in both the INL and GCL than in P14‐ and P28‐control retinas, respectively. Moreover, Western blotting showed that ChAT protein levels were significantly increased in the dark‐reared retina compared to those of the control. TUNEL studies indicated that the difference between normal and dark‐reared conditions was not due to extra apoptosis in the former. In turn, proliferating‐cell nuclear antigen immunocytochemistry showed no extra proliferating cells in the latter. Finally, nearest‐neighbor analysis revealed that the denser population of cholinergic cells in dark‐reared turtles formed a mosaic as regular as the normal ones in the GCL. Thus, light deprivation increases the expression of ChAT, increasing the apparent density of cholinergic neurons in the developing turtle retina. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:768–778, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution patterns of estrogen receptor α and β in the human cortex and hippocampus during development and adulthood
Authors: González Miriam , Cabrera‐Socorro Alfredo , Pérez‐García Carlos G. , Fraser James D. , López Francisco J. , Alonso Rafael , Meyer Gundela 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) in the developing and adult human brain has not been clearly established, although estrogens are crucial for neuronal differentiation, synapse formation, and cognitive functions. By using immunohistochemistry, we have studied the distribution of ERα and ERβ in human cerebral cortex and hippocampus from early prenatal stages to adult life. ERα was detected in the cortex at 9 gestational weeks (GW), with a high expression in proliferating zones and the cortical plate. The staining intensity decreased gradually during prenatal development but increased again from birth to adulthood. In contrast, ERβ was first detected at 15 GW in proliferating zones, and at 16/17 GW, numerous ERβ immunopositive cells were also observed in the cortical plate. ERβ expression persisted in the adult cortex, being widely distributed throughout cortical layers II–VI. In addition, from around 15 GW to adulthood, ERα and ERβ were expressed in human hippocampus mainly in pyramidal cells of Ammon's horn and in the dentate gyrus. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry in the adult cerebral cortex and hippocampus revealed lower protein expression of ERα compared with ERβ. Double immunostaining showed that during fetal life both ERs are expressed in neurons as well as in radial glia, although only ERα is expressed in the Cajal‐Retzius neurons of the marginal zone. These observations demonstrate that the expression of ERα and ERβ displays different spatial‐temporal patterns during human cortical and hippocampal development and suggest that both ERs may play distinct roles in several processes related to prenatal brain development. J. Comp. Neurol. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:790–802, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prosurvival and proapoptotic intracellular signaling in rat spiral ganglion neurons in vivo after the loss of hair cells
Authors: Alam Shaheen A. , Robinson Barbara K. , Huang Jie , Green Steven H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNeurons depend on afferent input for survival. Rats were given daily kanamycin injections from P8 to P16 to destroy hair cells, the sole afferent input to spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). Most SGNs die over an ∼14‐week period after deafferentation. During this period, the SGN population is heterogeneous. At any given time, some SGNs exhibit apoptotic markers—TUNEL and cytochrome c loss—whereas others appear nonapoptotic. We asked whether differences among SGNs in intracellular signaling relevant to apoptotic regulation could account for this heterogeneity. cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, which reflects neurotrophic signaling, is reduced in many SGNs at P16, P23, and P32, when SGNs begin to die. In particular, nearly all apoptotic SGNs exhibit reduced phospho‐CREB, implying that apoptosis is due to insufficient neurotrophic support. However, >32% of SGNs maintain high phospho‐CREB levels, implying access to neurotrophic support. By P60, when ∼50% of the SGNs have died, phospho‐CREB levels in surviving neurons are not reduced, and SGN death is no longer correlated with reduced phospho‐CREB. Activity in the proapoptotic Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK)‐Jun signaling pathway is elevated in SGNs during the cell death period. This too is heterogeneous: <42% of the SGNs exhibited high phospho‐Jun levels, but nearly all SGNs undergoing apoptosis exhibited elevated phospho‐Jun. Thus, heterogeneity among SGNs in prosurvival and proapoptotic signaling is correlated with apoptosis. SGN death following deafferentation has an early phase in which apoptosis is correlated with reduced phospho‐CREB and a later phase in which it is not. Proapoptotic JNK‐Jun signaling is tightly correlated with SGN apoptosis. J. Comp. Neurol. 503:832–852, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High Resolution Rovibrational Spectroscopy of Chiral and Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Albert Sieghard , Quack Martin 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe analysis of selected rovibrationally resolved infrared spectra of some relatively heavy and large polyatomic molecules is reviewed. A short historical summary of the development of high resolution interferometric Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers is given and the possibilities of the currently most highly resolving FTIR spectrometer, which is commercially available in the Bruker IFS 125 series, are discussed. The computational tools necessary to analyse FTIR spectra are described briefly. As examples of rovibrational analysis the spectra of three selected molecules CHCl2F, CDBrClF, and pyridine (C5H5N) are discussed. The spectrum of CHCl2F, a fluorochlorohydrocarbon, is of interest for a better understanding of the chemistry of the Earth’s atmosphere. CDBrClF is a chiral molecule and therefore the analysis of its rovibrational spectra provides the basis for carrying out further experiments towards the detection of molecular parity violation. The analysis of the pyridine FTIR spectra illustrates the potential of the new generation of FTIR spectrometers in the study of spectra and rovibrational dynamics of aromatic systems and molecules of potential biological interest.
The Gas‐Phase Reaction between O3 and HO Radical: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Mansergas Alex , Anglada Josep M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe report a theoretical study on the reaction of ozone with hydroxyl radical, which is important in the chemistry of the atmosphere and in particular participates in stratospheric ozone destruction. The reaction is a complex process that involves, in the first stage, a pre‐reactive hydrogen‐bonded complex (C1), which is formed previous to two transition states (TS1 and TS2) involving the addition of the hydroxyl radical to ozone, and leads to the formation of HO4 polyoxide radical before the release of the products HO2 and O2. The reaction is computed to be exothermic by 42.72 kcal mol−1, which compares quite well with the experimental estimate, and the energy barriers of TS1 and TS2 with respect to C1 are computed to be 1.80 and 2.26 kcal mol−1 at 0 K. A kinetic study based on the variational transition state theory (VTST) predicts a rate constant, at 298 K, of 7.37×10−14 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, compared to the experimentally recommended value of 7.25×10−14 cm3 molecule−1 s−1.
Adsorption–Penetration Studies of Glucose Oxidase into Phospholipid Monolayers at the 1,2‐Dichloroethane/Water Interface
Authors: Santos Hélder A. , Ferreira Elisabete S. , Pereira Elisa J. , Pereira Carlos M. , Kontturi Kyösti , Silva Fernando 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe interaction between glucose oxidase (GOx) and phospholipid monolayers is studied at the 1,2‐dichloroethane/water interface by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochemical experiments show that the presence of GOx induces changes in the capacitance curves at both negative and positive potentials, which are successfully explained by a theoretical model based on the solution of the Poisson–Boltzmann equation. These changes are ascribed to a reduced partition coefficient of GOx and an increase of the permittivity of the lipid hydrocarbon domain. Our results show that the presence of lipid molecules enhances the adsorption of GOx molecules at the liquid/liquid interface. At low lipid concentrations, the adsorption of GOx is probably the first step preceding its penetration into the lipid monolayer. The experimental results indicate that GOx penetrates better and forms more stable monolayers for lipids with longer hydrophobic tails. At high GOx concentrations, the formation of multilayers is observed. The phenomenon described here is strongly dependent on 1) the GOx and lipid concentrations, 2) the nature of the lipid, and 3) the potential drop across the interface.
Hydrogen‐Bond‐Induced Inclusion Complex in Aqueous Cellulose/LiOH/Urea Solution at Low Temperature
Authors: Cai Jie , Zhang Lina , Chang Chunyu , Cheng Gongzhen , Chen Xuming , Chu Benjamin 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt was puzzling that cellulose could be dissolved rapidly in 4.6 wt % LiOH / 15 wt % urea aqueous solution precooled to −12 °C, whereas it could not be dissolved in the same solvent without prior cooling. To clarify this important phenomenon, the structure and physical properties of LiOH and urea in water as well as of cellulose in the aqueous LiOH/urea solution at different temperatures were investigated by means of laser light scattering, 13C NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results reveal that a hydrogen‐bonded network structure between LiOH, urea, and water can occur, and that it becomes more stable with decreasing temperature. The LiOH hydrates cleave the chain packing of cellulose through the formation of new hydrogen bonds at low temperatures, which result in a relatively stable complex associated with LiOH, water clusters, and cellulose. A channel inclusion complex (IC) hosted by urea could encage the cellulose macromolecule in LiOH/urea solution with prior cooling and therefore provide a rationale for forming a good dispersion of cellulose. TEM observations, for the first time, showed the channel IC in dry form. The low‐temperature step played an important role in shifting hydrogen bonds between cellulose and small molecules, leading to the dissolution of macromolecules in the aqueous solution.
Enhanced Photogeneration of Triplet Excitons in an Oligothiophene–Fullerene Blend
Authors: Schueppel R. , Uhrich C. , Pfeiffer M. , Leo K. , Brier E. , Reinold E. , Baeuerle P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPhotoinduced and transient absorption spectroscopy is used to study triplet exciton dynamics in thin films of a new thiophene‐based oligomer (DCV3T) and blends of DCV3T and fullerene C60. We find enhanced DCV3T triplet exciton generation in the blend layer, which is explained as an excitonic ping–pong effect: singlet energy transfer from DCV3T to C60, followed by immediate intersystem crossing to C60, and triplet exciton back‐transfer. Estimations of the rate constants involved show that the ping–pong effect has an overall efficiency close to unity. The singlet–singlet energy transfer from DCV3T to C60 is demonstrated by efficient quenching of DCV3T luminescence in the blend, leading to sensitized emission of C60. We discuss a promising new concept of solar cells with an enlarged active‐layer thickness based on potentially long‐ranged triplet exciton diffusion in combination with efficient intersystem crossing.
Investigations on nucleation, thermodynamical parameters and growth of Benzimidazole crystals from low temperature solution
Authors: Kanagasekaran T. , Mythili P. , Srinivasan P. , Vijayan N. , Gopalakrishnan R. , Ramasamy P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMetastable zonewidth and induction period measurements of Benzimidazole (BMZ) are presented. The nucleation parameters such as interfacial tension, radius of the critical nucleus and critical free energy change have been calculated for the solution grown Benzimidazole (BMZ) single crystals at different supersaturation ratios. The grown BMZ crystals were characterized by the differential scanning calorimetric studies for analysis of thermal properties. The dielectric behaviour of the crystal was studied at different temperature and frequency. The laser damage threshold studies show that BMZ crystal has higher laser damage threshold. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crystal structure of a polar nematogen 4‐(trans‐ 4‐undecylcyclohexyl) isothiocyanatobenzene
Authors: Biswas S. , Haldar S. , Mandal P. K. , Goubitz K. , Schenk H. , Dabrowski R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCrystal and molecular structures of a nematogenic compound 4‐(trans‐ 4‐undecylcyclohexyl) isothiocyanatobenzene (11CHBT) have been determined by direct methods using single crystal X‐ray diffraction data. The compound (C24H37N1S1) crystallizes in the monoclinic system with the space group P21/c and Z = 4. The unit cell parameters are a = 5.5539(11) Å, b = 8.1341(10) Å, c = 51.494(5) Å, and (= 91.127(14)0. The structure was refined to Rw = 0.051. The molecule is found to be slightly bow‐shaped though the alkyl chain is in all‐trans conformation. The phenyl ring and the alkyl chain are planar and the cyclohexyl group is in chair conformation. The isothiocyanato groups are almost linear. Parallel imbricated mode of packing of the molecules is found in the crystalline state which is precursor to the nematic phase structure. There are many van der Waals' interactions particularly in the isothiocyanato benzene part of the molecule. Of the various associated pairs of molecules the one having anti‐parallel configuration with overlaps in the isothiocyanato phenyl group probably exists in both the crystalline and the nematic phases. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crystal structure and spectroscopic studies of a new organic monohydrogenmonophosphate dihydrate
Authors: Oueslati A. , Selmi A. , Ben Nasr C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe crystal synthesis and structure of a new organic monohydrogenmophosphate (3,4‐Cl2‐CH2C6H3NH3)2HPO4·2H2O are reported. This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/n with a = 9.081(7) Å, b = 6.501(5) Å, c = 35.423(12) Å, β = 91.09(5)°, V = 2090.9(2) Å3, and Z = 4. Crystal structure was solved and refined to R = 0.042, using 2543 independent reflections. It can be described by inorganic layers, including the HPO4‐ anions and the H2O molecules, parallel to (a, b) planes and situated at z = 0 and z = 1/2. The interlayer spacing is occupied by the organic molecules which perform different interactions around the 3D network cohesion. A characterization of this compound by solid‐state (13C, 31P) MAS NMR and IR spectroscopies is also reported. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and high frequency dielectric study of pure and thiourea doped KDP crystals
Authors: Hussaini S. S. , Dhumane N. R. , Rabbani G. , Karmuse P. , Dongre V. G. , Shirsat M. D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNon linear optical (NLO) materials have acquired new significance with the advent of a large number of devices utilizing solid‐state laser sources. Several NLO materials have been used for this kind of technological applications. The Potassium di‐hydrogen phosphate (KDP) one of NLO material having superior non linear optical properties has been exploited for variety of applications. In the present investigation we have grown KDP crystals from aqous solution with thiourea, an organic non linear optical material. We could enhance the SHG efficiency of thiourea doped KDP crystal. It was 1.99 times more that of pure KDP. We observed more enhancements in nonlinearity for low concentration of thiourea.The crystal structure and cell parameters of grown crystal were determined from Powder XRD.The incorporation of thiourea in the grown crystals was qualitatively analyzed from FT‐IR study. The absorption spectra of pure and thiourea doped KDP crystal reveal that thiourea doped KDP crystals would be a better nonlinear optical (NLO) material for second harmonic generation (SHG) than pure KDP. The thermal decomposition and weight loss of pure and thiourea doped KDP crystal was observed by thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The high frequency dielectric study of pure KDP crystal, thiourea doped KDP crystals and organic additive thiourea was carried out using X‐band at frequency 8GHZ and 12GHZ by transmission line wave guide method. We observed low dielectric constant of thiourea doped KDP crystal when it is doped with 2mole% of thiourea. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Accelerating drug development: methodology to support first‐in‐man pharmacokinetic studies by the use of drug candidate microdosing
Authors: McLean Matthew A. , Tam Chi‐Yan J. , Baratta Michael T. , Holliman Christopher L. , Ings Robert M. , Galluppi Gerald R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMicrodosing of experimental therapeutics in humans offers a number of benefits to the drug development process. Microdosing, conducted under an exploratory Investigational New Drug (IND) application, entails administration of a sub‐pharmacological dose of a new chemical entity (NCE) that allows for early evaluation of human pharmacokinetics. Such information can be pivotal for: (1) selecting a compound for full drug development from a small group of candidates; (2) defining the amount of material needed for early development; and (3) setting the initial Phase I dose regimen in humans. Appropriate safety studies must be conducted to support microdosing in humans, but the requirements are generally less extensive than those needed to support a traditional IND. To date, microdosing has not been broadly applied by the pharmaceutical industry due to concerns about analytical sensitivity and the possibility of non‐linear pharmacokinetics at extremely low doses. The primary method for detecting analytes following microdosing until now has been accelerator mass spectrometry, which is expensive, not generally available, and requires test agents to be radiolabeled. Presented in this report is an example of pharmacokinetics analysis using LC/MS/MS following microdosing of an experimental agent in cynomolgus monkeys. The results show good linearity in plasma pharmacokinetics for oral doses of 10 mg/kg (therapeutic dose) and 0.0005 mg/kg (microdose) of the test agent. The results also demonstrate the feasibility of applying standard laboratory analytics to support microdosing in humans and raise the possibility of establishing an animal model to screen for compounds having non‐linear pharmacokinetics at low dose levels. Drug Dev. Res. 68:14–22, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.