bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF PHENYLEPHRINE ON EXCRETION OF FLUID AND ELECTROLYTES BY THE PAROTID AND MANDIBULAR GLANDS OF THE RAT
Authors: Young JA , Cook DI , Jones G , McGirr J , Thompson C 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effect has been investigated of the α‐adrenergic agonist, phenylephrine, on excretion of water and electrolytes (Na, K, and HCO3) by the parotid and mandibular glands of the rat. In the mandibular glands the agonist was as effective as acetylcholine (or parasympathetic nerve stimulation) in stimulating secretion, and the electrolyte excretory patterns seen in the two modes of stimulation were similar. In the parotid gland, phenylephrine was only one‐fifth as potent as acetylcholine (or parasympathetic nerve stimulation) in evoking a secretory response but, when due allowance for flow rate differences is made, the electrolyte excretion patterns were similar. In both glands the secretory response to phenylephrine was totally different, in magnitude and in electrolyte excretion pattern, to that evoked by the β‐adrenergic agonist, isoprenaline. It is concluded, as has already been established for secretion of exportable protein, that α‐adrenergic agonists have very similar effects to muscarinic agonists both on endpiece and on duct cells and that these actions are completely different from those evoked by activation of β‐adrenergic receptors.
INHIBITION OF THE GROWTH OF LEWIS LUNG CARCINOMA IN SYNGENEIC MICE BY SALMONELLA ANTIGENS
Authors: Ashman LK , Kotlarski I 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAdministration of a protein antigen preparation from Salmonella enteritidis 11RX at the site of challenge with Lewis lung carcinoma inhibited tumour development in mice previously immunised with live bacteria, but not control mice. The kinetics of tumour growth indicated that the inhibition of tumour development was due to a reduction of the initial tumour inoculum rather than the development of specific anti‐tumour immunity.
FUSED ROCKET IMMUNOELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSIS OF HUMAN AND SHEEP THYROGLOBULINS PURIFIED BY GEL CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Paterson Andrew J , Hearn Milton TW 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe application of fused rocket immunoelectrophoretic methods for the analysis of human and sheep thyroid extracts is reported. Different experimental procedures, evaluating thyroglobulin preparations obtained by gel chromatographic separations with a variety of gel supports and elution conditions, were examined. Adsorption experiments demonstrated that many of the antigenic contaminants in chromatographed thyroglobulin were due to serum proteins. The precipitin profiles obtained with the fused rocket immunoelectrophoretic experiments indicate that considerable tailing of 19S‐thyroglobulin occurs when chromatographed on either Sephadex G‐200 or Bio‐Gel A‐1.5m using low ionic strength buffers. The retention of thyroglobulin on these supports would account, in part, for the observed presence of thyroid proteins with antigenic determinants identical to 19S‐thyroglobulin in chromatographed subfractions of notionally lower molecular weight. Because of the case of execution, the described methods provide a useful alternative to existing methods for the assessment of homogeneity of chromatographed thyroglobulin samples.
INTESTINAL ANTIBODY TO VIBRIO CHOLERAE IN IMMUNISED MICE
Authors: Horsfall DJ , Rowley D 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe immune response of the mouse to priming and booster doses of V. cholerae was studied to establish whether serum antibody could be used as a correlate of local immunity, Serum antibody titres following oral boosting immunity. This was not the ease when the same oral booster dose was given to parenterally‐primed animals. These results were discussed in relation to the human endemic situation. The highest titres of intestinal protective antibodies were found following combination of the oral and parenteral routes of immunization. Various killed or extracted preparations of V. cholerae were used as oral vaccines to test their ability to induce protective antibodies in the gut. Only Boivin antigen was capable of inducing as good an intestinal antibody response as would the living organism.
COLLECTION AND STERILIZATION OF LARGE VOLUMES OF BOVINE SERUM AND ITS USE IN VACCINES AGAINST BOVINE BABESIOSIS AND ANAPLASMOSIS
Authors: Rodwell BJ , Timms P , Parker RJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA method is described for the collection and sterilization of 100 1 batches of bovine serum. Serum was prepared by defibrination of 20 1 volumes of whole blood using an impeller spinning at 400–500 rev./min. After freezing and thawing, the raw serum was clarified through milk filters, pre‐filtered through cartridge filters and sterilized by membrane filtration. The bacteriologically sterile serum was used in vaccines against bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis after testing indicated no toxicity for Babesia and Anaplasma.
THE CATABOLISM OF ALLOANTIBODY IgG2a IN NORMAL AND HOMOGRAFT TOLERANT RATS
Authors: Fukumoto T , Kimura H , Miyamoto M , Brandon MR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAlloantibody was raised in PVG/c rats against DA rats. The catabolism of alloantibody in normal PVG/c rats and PVG/c rats tolerant to DA rats was followed after intravenous injection. A haemagglutination assay was used to detect alloantibody activity. The half‐life time of alloantibody IgG2a in the normal PVG/c rats was 10 days. On the other hand, in the PVG/c rats tolerant to DA rats, the half‐life of alloantibody lgG2a varied. The rats could be divided into three groups. Group A: alloantibody IgG2a was eliminated from the circulation very rapidly. Group B: alloantibody IgG2a disappeared from the circulation relatively rapidly and was maintained at a low level in the plasma but then increased to a high titre. This peculiar pattern of Group B seems to be due to the endogenous production of alloantibody. In this case abrogation of tolerance took place. Group C: the pattern of elimination of this group was almost identical to that of normal rats.The biological significance of the plasma decay of alloantibody IgG2a in the normal and homograft tolerant rats has been considered. It is concluded from the present results that alloantibody might be important in some cases for the maintenance of homograft tolerance.
PYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE INVOLVEMENT IN RAT HEPATIC DRUG METABOLISM. THE INFLUENCE OF NADH ON THE NADPH KINETICS OF PHENOBARBITAL PRE‐TREATED RAT MICROSOMES
Authors: Penglis Stan , Gourlay Geoffrey K , Stock Beresford H 
Published: November 2007

SummaryApparent kinetic constants for NADPH have been calculated for NADPH‐cytochrome P450 reductase and demethylase activity in the presence of aminopyrine and ethylmorphine with hepatic microsomal preparations from phenobarbital pre‐treated rats. The presence of NADH changed Km values but not the V values for cytochrome P450 reductase. In addition, NADH reduced Km values for demethylase activity and had a biphasic effect on V values; elevating them at high and depressing them at low concentrations. The V values at different NADH concentrations appeared to correlate with the concentration of reduced cytochrome b5 that the added NADH could sustain during the incubation period. Tetrahydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH3), a structural analogue of NADH, reduced demethylase activity without affecting NADPH‐cytochrome P450 reductase activity or the concentration of reduced cytochrome b5. As this analogue cannot reduce biological systems, the depressed V values for demethylation suggest that in the presence of NADH3 and NADPH there exists an alternative mechanism for the supply of electrons from NADPH to the partially reduced oxygenated cytochrome P450‐substrate complex.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF GROUP B STREPTOCOCCAL SEROTYPES AMONG ISOLATES OBTAINED IN THREE AUSTRALIAN CITIES
Authors: Triscott Mark X , Davis GHG 
Published: November 2007

SummaryOne hundred and sixty three isolates of group B streptococci from human carrier and disease conditions in Brisbane, Melbourne and Adelaide were serotyped by the Lancefield capillary precipitin test, coagglutination and microimmunodiffusion. Serotypes I and III were most common; serotype III appeared to occur uniformly but serotype Ia varied in distribution. No significant difference was found in serotype distribution among isolates from pregnant and non‐pregnant women, or rectal and vaginal swabs; however, type Ia was found to occur significantly more often as an infectious agent than as a commensal (P < 0.01).
OVARIAN HISTOLOGY OF TWO XO MURID RODENTS FROM AUSTRALIA
Authors: Baverstock PR , Breed WG , Gelder M , Jahnke A 
Published: November 2007

SummarySingle XO individuals of Rattus tunneyi and Mesembriomys gouldii (Rodentia: Muridae) proved to be phenotypic females. Comparisons of the ovaries of these individuals with XX controls revealed that the R. tunneyi was histologically normal, whereas the M. gouldii was histologically unusual. The results are discussed in relation to the Lyon and Hawker hypothesis which relates fertility of XO mammals to shortness of life‐span.
ENRICHMENT AND EXPANSION OF SPECIFIC ANTIBODYFORMING CELLS BY ADOPTIVE TRANSFER AND CLUSTERING, AND THEIR USE IN HYBRIDOMA PRODUCTION
Authors: Kenny Peter A , McCaskill Alistair C , Boyle William 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAdoptive transfer regimens have been examined as a method of enriching and expanding antibody‐forming cells (AFC). When spleens from mice which had reverted to memory or from those at the peak of an AFC response were transferred to sygeneic irradiated recipients, a comparable enrichment in AFC of about 10‐fold was found. However, recently re‐stimulated spleen cells gave much better expansion of total AFC in the recipient mice. The degree of expansion was examined using different routes and timing of antigen stimulus and AFC recovery. With the optimum protocol found the AFC pool obtained from adoptively‐transferred recipients was on average 80‐fold greater than from conventionally re‐immunised mice in a number of experiments. Further enrichment of the AFC was shown by an in vitro clustering technique which gave suspensions with AFC enriched to better than 1 cell in 10. Cluster‐enriched and adoptive‐transfer enriched populations were both shown to give a much higher incidence of successful specific hybridoma production than spleen cells from conventionally re‐immunised mice.
SPONTANEOUS CYTOTOXICITY
Authors: Ceredig Rhodri 
Published: November 2007

SummaryWhen mouse spleen cell were cultured in vitro without the deliberate addition of any stimulating cells, T cell‐mediated cytotoxicity was generated which could be detected by lysis of 51Cr‐labelled syngeneic and allogeneic tumour target cells. The clonal basis of such spontaneous cytotoxicity was investigated by limit dilution analysis and a comparison made between it and so‐called “tumour‐specific”’ cytotoxicity generated in vitro.
Radiological contrast media and pancreatic blood perfusion in anesthetized rats
Authors: Linder G. , Carlsson P.-O. , Källskog Ö. , Hansell P. , Jansson L. , Källskog V. Riesenfeld 
Published: November 2007

Background: Radiological contrast media (CM) have been suggested to be able to impair pancreatic microcirculation. Purpose: To evaluate the effects of an iso-osmolar (iodixanol, 290 mOsm/kg H2O) and a low-osmolar (iopromide, 660 mOsm/kg H2O) CM on total pancreatic and islet blood perfusion. Material and Methods: Thiobutabarbital-anesthetized rats were injected with iodine-equivalent doses (600 mg I/kg body weight) of iodixanol or iopromide. Saline or low-osmolar mannitol (660 mOsm/kg H2O) solutions served as control substances. Blood perfusion measurements were then carried out with a microsphere technique. Results: Iso-osmolar iodixanol had no effects on blood perfusion. Low-osmolar iopromide increased total pancreatic blood perfusion, whereas islet blood perfusion was unchanged. No differences were seen when mannitol solutions were given. Conclusion: Neither an iso-osmolar nor a low-osmolar CM affected pancreatic islet blood perfusion, whereas the low-osmolar CM increased total pancreatic blood perfusion. The absence of hemodynamic effect of low-osmolar mannitol suggests that the hyperosmolality per se of iopromide versus iodixanol does not induce the hemodynamic effect. The consequences of the effect of iopromide for pancreatic function remain to be established.
Survival of the Lake Victoria Rastrineobola argentea in a rapidly changing environment:	Biotic and abiotic interactions
Authors: Manyala J. O. , Ojuok J. E. 
Published: November 2007

In their adaptation to the rapidly shifting environment of the African Great Lakes, small pelagic fish appear to be the most successful fish species. This paper examines the fecundity, size at maturation and the growth and population parameters of Rastrineobola argentea in Lake Victoria.
R. argentea may have a low absolute fecundity of a few thousand eggs, but its relative fecundity by weight is enormous: 70 times higher than for L. niloticus and almost 4,000 times that of the tilapia species O. niloticus and O. esculentus. Its food consists mainly of zooplankton, which is superabundant in the environment and for which there is not much competition.
In response to increased predation and fishing, the species has reduced its size at maturity as well as its maximum size. Population parameters show a typical r-selected life strategy.
The reproductive potential and diet alone do not seem to have enabled R. argentea to thrive as larval densities of R. argentea can be significantly related to a combination of abiotic factors like water conductivity, temperature, Secchi depth and dissolved oxygen concentration.
Effects of aspirin on serum C‐reactive protein and interleukin‐6 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes without cardiovascular disease: a randomized placebo‐controlled crossover trial
Authors: Hovens M. M. C. , Snoep J. D. , Groeneveld Y. , Frölich M. , Tamsma J. T. , Huisman M. V. 
Published: November 2007

Aim:  Low‐grade inflammation plays a pivotal role in atherogenesis in type 2 diabetes. Next to its antithrombotic effects, several lines of evidence demonstrate anti‐inflammatory properties of aspirin. We determined the effects of aspirin on inflammation – represented by C‐reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) – in type 2 diabetic subjects without cardiovascular disease and assessed differential effects of aspirin 300 mg compared with 100 mg.Methods:  A randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, crossover trial was performed in 40 type 2 diabetic patients. In two periods of 6 weeks, patients used 100 or 300 mg aspirin and placebo. Plasma CRP and IL‐6 levels were measured before and after both periods.Results:  Use of aspirin resulted in a CRP reduction of 1.23 ± 1.02 mg/l (mean ± s.e.m.), whereas use of placebo resulted in a mean increase of 0.04 ± 1.32 mg/l (P = 0.366). Aspirin reduced IL‐6 with 0.7 ± 0.5 pg/ml, whereas use of placebo resulted in a mean increase of 0.2 ± 0.8 pg/ml (P = 0.302). There were no significant differences in effects on CRP and IL‐6 between 100 and 300 mg aspirin.Conclusions:  Our results indicate that a 6‐week course of aspirin does not improve low‐grade inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes without cardiovascular disease, although a modest effect could not be excluded. No significant differential effects between aspirin 100 and 300 mg were found.
Initial viral response is the most powerful predictor of the emergence of YMDD mutant virus in chronic hepatitis B patients treated with lamivudine
Authors: Kurashige Nao , Hiramatsu Naoki , Ohkawa Kazuyoshi , Oze Tsugiko , Inoue Yuko , Kurokawa Mika , Yakushijin Takayuki , Igura Takumi , Kiso Shinichi , Kanto Tatsuya , Takehara Tetsuo , Tamura Shinji , Kasahara Akinori , Oshita Masahide , Hijioka Taizo , Katayama Kazuhiro , Yoshihara Harumasa , Hayashi Eijirou , Imai Yasuharu , Kato Michio , Hayashi Norio 
Published: November 2007

Aim:  Lamivudine (LAM) has been widely used to treat chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, but the emergence of a LAM‐resistant virus greatly limits its therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we tried to identify factors affecting the emergence of a LAM‐resistant virus in CHB patients treated with LAM.Methods:  The subjects were 190 CHB patients in continuous LAM therapy (139 males, mean age 50 years, 87 HBeAg‐positive). The mean duration of follow‐up was 39 months (range 12–104). The initial viral response (IVR) was defined as HBV DNA < 4.0 logcopies/mL, and the initial biochemical response (IBR) as normalization of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (<40 IU/L) at 6 months.Results:  IVR was positive in 86% of the patients. The cumulative emergence rates of LAM‐resistant virus were 10% at 1 year, 30% at 2 years and 46% at 3 years. In univariate analysis, factors contributing to the emergence of LAM‐resistant virus were baseline HBV DNA > 6.5 logcopies/mL (P = 0.0044), HBeAg‐positivity (P = 0.0062), IBR (P = 0.01) and IVR (P < 0.0001). The cumulative emergence rates of LAM‐resistant virus in IVR‐positive and ‐negative patients were 4% and 41% at 1 year, and 41% and 79% at 3 years. In multivariate analysis, only IVR was an independent factor affecting the emergence of LAM‐resistant virus (P < 0.0001).Conclusion:  IVR is a useful factor for predicting the emergence of LAM‐resistant virus in CHB patients treated with LAM. For IVR‐negative patients, therapeutic options other than LAM monotherapy should be used because of the high incidence of the emergence of LAM‐resistant virus.
Transcription Profiling of the Stringent Response in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Durfee Tim , Hansen Anne-Marie , Zhi Huijun , Blattner Frederick R. , Jin Ding Jun 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

The bacterial stringent response serves as a paradigm for understanding global regulatory processes. It can be triggered by nutrient downshifts or starvation and is characterized by a rapid RelA-dependent increase in the alarmone (p)ppGpp. One hallmark of the response is the switch from maximum-growth-promoting to biosynthesis-related gene expression. However, the global transcription patterns accompanying the stringent response in
Escherichia coli
have not been analyzed comprehensively. Here, we present a time series of gene expression profiles for two serine hydroxymate-treated cultures: (i) MG1655, a wild-type
E. coli
K-12 strain, and (ii) an isogenic
relA
Δ
251
derivative defective in the stringent response. The stringent response in MG1655 develops in a hierarchical manner, ultimately involving almost 500 differentially expressed genes, while the
relA
Δ
251
mutant response is both delayed and limited in scope. We show that in addition to the down-regulation of stable RNA-encoding genes, flagellar and chemotaxis gene expression is also under stringent control. Reduced transcription of these systems, as well as metabolic and transporter-encoding genes, constitutes much of the down-regulated expression pattern. Conversely, a significantly larger number of genes are up-regulated. Under the conditions used, induction of amino acid biosynthetic genes is limited to the leader sequences of attenuator-regulated operons. Instead, up-regulated genes with known functions, including both regulators (e.g.,
rpoE
,
rpoH
, and
rpoS
) and effectors, are largely involved in stress responses. However, one-half of the up-regulated genes have unknown functions. How these results are correlated with the various effects of (p)ppGpp (in particular, RNA polymerase redistribution) is discussed.
Baicalein inhibits IL-1β- and TNF-α-induced inflammatory cytokine production from human mast cells via regulation of the NF-κB pathway
Authors: Hsieh Chia-Jung , Hall Kenton , Ha Tuanzhu , Li Chuanfu , Krishnaswamy Guha , Chi David S 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackgroundHuman mast cells are multifunctional cells capable of a wide variety of inflammatory responses. Baicalein (BAI), isolated from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Huangqin (Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi), has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects. We examined its effects and mechanisms on the expression of inflammatory cytokines in an IL-1β- and TNF-α-activated human mast cell line, HMC-1.MethodsHMC-1 cells were stimulated either with IL-1β (10 ng/ml) or TNF-α (100 U/ml) in the presence or absence of BAI. We assessed the expression of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 by ELISA and RT-PCR, NF-κB activation by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and IκBα activation by Western blot.ResultsBAI (1.8 to 30 μM) significantly inhibited production of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 in a dose-dependent manner in IL-1β-activated HMC-1. BAI (30 μM) also significantly inhibited production of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 in TNF-α-activated HMC-1. Inhibitory effects appear to involve the NF-κB pathway. BAI inhibited NF-κB activation in IL-1β- and TNF-α-activated HMC-1. Furthermore, BAI increased cytoplasmic IκBα proteins in IL-1β- and TNF-α-activated HMC-1.ConclusionOur results showed that BAI inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines through inhibition of NF-κB activation and IκBα phosphorylation and degradation in human mast cells. This inhibitory effect of BAI on the expression of inflammatory cytokines suggests its usefulness in the development of novel anti-inflammatory therapies.
Developmental stage of oligodendrocytes determines their response to activated microglia in vitro
Authors: Miller Brandon A , Crum Jeannine M , Tovar C Amy , Ferguson Adam R , Bresnahan Jacqueline C , Beattie Michael S 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background
Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and mature oligodendrocytes are both lost in central nervous system injury and disease. Activated microglia may play a role in OPC and oligodendrocyte loss or replacement, but it is not clear how the responses of OPCs and oligodendrocytes to activated microglia differ.

Methods
OPCs and microglia were isolated from rat cortex. OPCs were induced to differentiate into oligodendrocytes with thyroid hormone in defined medium. For selected experiments, microglia were added to OPC or oligodendrocyte cultures. Lipopolysaccharide was used to activate microglia and microglial activation was confirmed by TNFα ELISA. Cell survival was assessed with immunocytochemistry and cell counts. OPC proliferation and oligodendrocyte apoptosis were also assessed.

Results
OPCs and oligodendrocytes displayed phenotypes representative of immature and mature oligodendrocytes, respectively. Activated microglia reduced OPC survival, but increased survival and reduced apoptosis of mature oligodendrocytes. Activated microglia also underwent cell death themselves.

Conclusion
Activated microglia may have divergent effects on OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes, reducing OPC survival and increasing mature oligodendrocyte survival. This may be of importance because activated microglia are present in several disease states where both OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes are also reacting to injury. Activated microglia may simultaneously have deleterious and helpful effects on different cells after central nervous system injury.