bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies of the Depressurization of Gas-Pressurized Pipes during Rupture
Authors: Baum M. R. , Butterfield J. M. 
Published: February 2007

Measurements are presented of the initial rates of depressurization generated within ductile steel pipes in pneumatic rupture tests. The breach was initiated by failure of an axial, part-through, flat-bottomed defect machined in the outer surface of the pipe. The measured depressurization rates for supercritical defects are shown to be in agreement with values predicted by a theoretical model which assumes that the pipe hinges open. Where the initial defects are longer than two pipe diameters, the extent of the hinging section is defined by the initial defect length. For short initial defects, a significant breach does not develop until the defect has propagated axially to a length of the order of two pipe diameters, and hence the effective hinging length is two pipe diameters Initial depressurization rates for subcritical defects correlate with the Folias bulging parameters.
Predicting Crack-Formation Life
Authors: Duggan T. V. , Lowcock M. T. , Staples B. C. 
Published: February 2007

This paper discusses the parameters likely to influence the crack-formation life of components. In particular, the relationship between the fatigue life of plain and notched specimens is considered, and a mathematical model for predicting the crack-formation life of components is proposed. This allows for the effects of mean stresses and strains and is dependent upon the determination of local material behaviour. The approach is original in that it makes allowances for the influence of the degree of plasticity around a notch, represented in terms of the strain gradient. The Neuber method is evoked, suitably modified to allow for strain gradient effects, and strain gradients are estimated by differentiating Neuber's rule in the immediate vicinity of the notch. Experimental studies have been conducted to determine strain distributions, strain gradients and cyclic lives, and the results compared with predicted values; correlation is good.
Modified Pivotal Plot for Critical Load Calculation of a Rectangular Plate under Edge Compression
Authors: Chau Fok Wing , Fai Yuen Ming 
Published: February 2007

The paper presents a method of estimating the experimental critical load and initial imperfection of a rectangular plate under edge compression from the load deflection measurement. By using the concept of ‘Pivotal Points’ the load deflection results are plotted in a straight line form where the intercept gives the critical load and the slope is the initial imperfection. Initial imperfection up to thickness of the plate can be handled. The method was applied to various published data and was shown to give accurate results.
The Prediction of Gas Pressures within the Ring Packs of Large Bore Diesel Engines
Authors: Ruddy B. L. , Dowson D. , Economou P. N. 
Published: February 2007

The established orifice and volume method for predicting the gas pressures between piston rings in reciprocating machines is extended to take account of the energy loss due to wall friction in the circumferential gas flow between the piston and cylinder liner. The results show that such energy losses are significant when gas flow rates exceed 10-2 kg/s and that this is most likely to occur in engines of over 0·5 m bore with worn piston rings. Under these conditions the angular displacement of the ring gaps significantly affects ring pack gas flow. In particular, it is shown that the maximum resistance to the flow of gas through the ring pack occurs when adjacent ring gaps are separated by more than 90 degrees. In the analysis of piston ring lubrication in ring packs it is necessary to ascertain the inter-ring pressures and the present paper enables such pressures to be determined with greater accuracy and for a wider range of engines.
Photocatalytic Steam Reforming of Methane over Platinum-loaded Semiconductors for Hydrogen Production
Authors: Yoshida Hisao , Kato Satoru , Hirao Kazuhisa , Nishimoto Jun-ichi , Hattori Tadashi 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Hydrogen can be photocatalytically produced from methane and water by using platinum-loaded semiconductor photocatalysts. Platinum-loaded lanthanum-doped NaTaO3 (Pt/NaTaO3:La) showed higher photocatalytic activity for this reaction than platinum-loaded TiO2 did. The apparent quantum yield of this system employing Pt/NaTaO3:La was estimated to be higher than that of photocatalytic water splitting system employing NiO/NaTaO3:La.
Preparation of Bowl-like Hexagonal ZnO Nanostructures by a Template-assisted Solvent-thermal Route
Authors: Zhao Aiwu , Liang Jianbo , Xiong Zhenglin , Qian Yitai 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Bowl-like ZnO nanostructures with hexagonal shape have been fabricated by a solvent-thermal synthesis route with the assistance of ultrathin anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template. Transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy investigations confirm that the bowl-like ZnO structures are single-crystalline. The room temperature photoluminescence investigation shows that the products have a sharp near band-edge emission and another broad green emission band centered at 386 nm and around 525 nm, respectively.
Blue-emitting Type-II Semiconductor Nanocrystals with High Efficiency Prepared by Aqueous Method
Authors: Li Chunliang , Nishikawa Kazuhiro , Ando Masanori , Enomoto Hiroyuki , Murase Norio 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Forming a type-II structure on alloyed ZnSe core through a facile aqueous method using Cd and S ions resulted in nanocrystals with a photoluminescence wavelength adjusted to the blue region. Their surface was additionally coated by wider band-gap ZnS shell through photodecomposition of the surfactant molecules. Optimizing the conditions for creating the core and shells increased their emission efficiency more than 40%.
RuO2-loaded Sr2+-doped CeO2 with d0 Electronic Configuration as a New Photocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Kadowaki Haruhiko , Saito Nobuo , Nishiyama Hiroshi , Inoue Yasunobu 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Ruthenium oxide-loaded Sr2+-doped CeO2 with f0d0 electronic configuration was found to have photocatalytic activity for overall water splitting into H2 and O2 under UV irradiation, whereas neither undoped CeO2 nor stoichiometric compounds such as SrCeO3 and Sr2CeO4 was photocatalytically active.
Unexpected Spiro-benzoquinolines in the Reaction of N-(Arylidene)naphthalen-2-amine, Arylaldehyde, and 1,3-Dimethylbarbituric Acid in Water
Authors: Wang Xiang-Shan , Zhang Mei-Mei , Jiang Hong , Yao Chang-Sheng , Tu Shu-Jiang 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
A series of unexpected pyrimidine spiro-benzoquinolines were developed based on the reaction of N-(arylidene)naphthalen-2-amine, arylaldehyde, 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid in aqueous media catalyzed by triethylbenzylammonium chloride (TEBAC). The structure of the product 4a was confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies. In addition, the water was chosen as green solvent.
Das Evangelium des Judas
Authors: Plisch Uwe-Karsten 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

Einleitung

Der nun als Codex Tchacos bekannt gewordene Papyruscodex kursierte seit etwa einem Vierteljahrhundert auf dem Antiquitätenmarkt und wird nun unter der Leitung des renommierten Schweizer Koptologen Rodolphe Kasser erschlossen. Er enthält insgesamt vier ursprünglich griechisch verfasste Texte in koptischer Übersetzung; neben dem Evangelium des Judas als dritter Schrift den „Brief des Petrus an Philippus“ und die „Erste Apokalypse des Jakobus“, die beide bereits aus dem Handschriftenfund von Nag Hammadi bekannt sind (Nag-Hammadi-Codex VIII,2 und V,3) sowie am Schluß einen kurzen Text, dessen Titel nicht erhalten ist und in dem die schon aus NHC XI,3 geläufige Bezeichnung „Allogenes“ für den Erlöser eine herausragende Rolle spielt. Der Codex stammt wahrscheinlich aus dem 4. Jahrhundert und ist damit etwa ebenso alt wie die Codizes des Nag-Hammadi-Fundes.
Athanasius und Basilius
Authors: Heil Uta 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The author shows the authenticity of two letters of Athanasius, the Epistula ad Palladium and the Epistula ad Joannem et Antiochum. They belong to the later period of Athanasius' life and are vestiges of the broad correspondence of Athanasius which is now lost. In these letters Athanasius utters strong support for his colleague Basilius of Caesarea, although they do not agree in doctrinal matters. This is no reason, however, to believe that those letters are forgeries of later times. The author shows the historical context of the two letters and provides an overview of the last years of Athanasius.
Arius Reconsidered (Part 2)
Authors: Löhr Winrich 
Published: February 2007

Zusammenfassung
Der Artikel unternimmt eine umfassende Neuinterpretation der Karriere und Lehre des alexandrinischen Presbyters Arius. Der erste Abschnitt behandelt ausgewählte Aspekte der Biographie des Arius: Im Hinblick auf seine angebliche Verbindung zu den Melitianern werden zusätzliche Argumente für die Position Annick Martins angeführt, die eine solche Verbindung bestreitet. Freilich halte ich es für möglich, daß Arius – wie u.a. Eusebius von Nikomedien – ein Schüler des christlichen Lehrers und Märtyrers Lukian von Antiochien war. Dann wird im zweiten Abschnitt die relative Chronologie des arianischen Streites vor dem Konzil von Nicaea behandelt; einige der Argumente von Rowan Williams für eine revidierte Chronologie werden einer Kritik unterzogen. Der dritte Abschnitt versucht eine Neuprofilierung der Theologie des Arius; die wenigen erhaltenen Quellen werden analysiert. Ein knapper Vergleich mit anderen (sowohl christlichen als auch heidnischen) Theologien der Antike indiziert einen bestimmten intellektuellen Kontext als auch eine besondere Positionierung innerhalb dieses Kontextes. Arius formuliert eine anspruchsvolle Version der negativen Theologie, welche die intellektualistische Agenda spätantiker Philosophie zugleich bestätigt und negiert. Gott wird als absolut transzendent ausgesagt, aber die philosophische Idee totaler Transparenz im Wissen um Gott und das eigene Selbst wird explizit aufgegeben. Das neue Programm des Theologen/Philosophen besteht nunmehr darin, den transzendenten Gott in seiner Sprache zu preisen und anzubeten, die dessen Geheimnis umschreibt ohne es preiszugeben. Wie andere spätantike christliche Intellektuelle (z.B. Augustin oder Pelagius) setzt Arius innerhalb des breiten Rahmens antiker Religionsphilosophie an, nur um dessen Grenzen in einem kontrollierten Versuch auszutesten.
Die Schuld der Fremden
Authors: Jakobs Günther 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

I. Der Umfang des Problems

1. Die Rechtsprechung des Bundesgerichtshofs

a) Politische Kriminalität

Dem auf Grund einer beiläufigen Jugendverfehlung in die Fänge des sowjetischen Geheimdienstes geratenen Stachinskij (St.) wurden die (hinter den Kulissen geltenden) Regeln des „Klassenkampfes“ indoktriniert, bis er sich – mit den eher literarisch glatten als strafrechtlich präzisen Formulierungen im bekannten Urteil des BGH (von 1962) – in der „sittlich verwirrenden“ Lage befand, „vom eigenen Staat, der vielen Menschen bei geschickter Massenpropaganda nun einmal als unangezweifelte Autorität zu erscheinen pflegt, mit der Begehung … verwerflichster Verbrechen beauftragt zu werden“. Den Aufträgen entsprechend tötete St. heimtückisch zwei Menschen in Deutschland, ermordete sie also, stellte sich dann aber den Behörden. Er gehörte, wie der BGH ausführt, zu den Personen, „die solche Verbrechensbefehle missbilligen und ihnen widerstreben, sie aber gleichwohl aus menschlicher Schwäche ausführen, weil sie der Übermacht der Staatsautorität nicht gewachsen sind und ihr nachgeben, weil sie den Mut zum Widerstand oder die Intelligenz zur wirksamen Ausflucht nicht aufbringen, sei es auch, dass sie ihr Gewissen vorübergehend durch politische Parolen beschwichtigen und sich vor sich selber zu rechtfertigen suchen“, ohne dass sich aber St.s „Denken und Handeln“ mit demjenigen „der eigentlichen Taturheber“ gedeckt hätte.
Zur Strafbarkeit von „Phishing“
Authors: Stuckenberg Carl-Friedrich 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

I. Einleitung

Zu den zahlreichen neuen Handlungsformen, die das Internet ermöglicht, gehören nicht nur legale Aktivitäten, sondern in drastisch zunehmender Weise auch rechtlich dubiose bis klar kriminelle Verhaltensweisen. Internetkriminalität ist eine Branche mit rasantem Wachstum und hat binnen weniger Jahre eine ganze Reihe rechtlicher Reaktionen hervorgerufen wie die Budapester Convention on Cybercrime des Europarats von 2001 sowie zahlreiche Rechtsakte der Europäischen Gemeinschaft. Inzwischen sind auch die ersten deutschen Lehr- und Handbüchlein zum Internetstrafrecht erschienen.
Auf der Suche nach einer neuen Kriminalpolitik – aber welcher?
Authors: Elbert Carlos Alberto 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

I. Einleitung

Die heutige soziale Zersplitterung, die technologischen Wandlungen und die Produktionssysteme haben uns in eine kapitalistische globale Gesellschaft mit nie zuvor gesehenen Eigenschaften verwandelt, die sich mit unheimlicher Geschwindigkeit ausweitet. Die direkten zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen nehmen ab und werden gleichzeitig durch virtuelle Kontakte ersetzt, die sowohl intellektuelle als auch sexuelle Aspekte enthalten und entmenschlichende Konsequenzen mit sich bringen.
Novel Insight into the Protonation–Deprotonation Equilibria of Tetracycline and Several Derivatives in Aqueous Solution. II. Analysis of the pH-Dependent Fluorescence Spectra by the SVD Technique
Authors: Schmitt Matthias O. , Schneider Siegfried , Nelson Mark L. 
Published: February 2007

In a recent publication (M. O. Schmitt and S. Schneider [1], Z. Phys. Chem. 220 (2006) 441), we have shown that the principal component analysis of the sets of absorption spectra recorded during a titration cycle (pH2 ↔ pH11) generally yields more than four significant eigenvectors and thus provides evidence for conformational changes at various pH-levels. In this contribution we report the results of the corresponding fluorescence titration experiments in Stenhagen buffer. Again we find that in most cases the principal component analysis yields more than four significant eigenvectors as expected if tetracyclines behave like a 3-protic acid with fixed conformation or if the equilibrium between the various tautomers/isomers present at each state of protonation is established fast. The consideration of 5 linear independent species proved necessary and sufficient for a good fit of the recorded fluorescence spectra. These contain up to 3 clearly distinguishable components with different intensity ratios and thus provide a first evidence for the presence of different ground-state species rather than parallel photochemical decay pathways of a single excited state. The pK
a-values derived from the fluorescence data agree very well with those obtained from the absorption data, and thus confirm that the prerequisites for applying the principal component analysis to fluorescence data are sufficiently good fulfilled if the excitation wavelength is chosen properly. Some changes of conformation, which give rise to only small changes of the absorption spectra, result in larger changes of the emission spectra. This allows conclusions on the mechanisms of excited state intra-molecular proton transfer (ESIPT) in the protonated and neutral species. The fluorescence of the mono- and di-anions, on the other hand, is shown to originate from a geometrically relaxed form without proton transfer. The results reported can explain why titration experiments in unbuffered solution do not produce reproducible results. Furthermore, they show that the spectra recorded at a certain pH are weighted ensemble averages and can not be related to the results of quantum-chemical calculations performed for a specific molecular structure.
The reactivity of tetracyclines in alkaline solution varies strongly with the geometry/conformation adopted by the di-anions and therefore depends on “titration history”.
Estimated Sea Louse Egg Production from Marine Harvest Canada Farmed Atlantic Salmon in the Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia, 2003–2004
Authors: Orr Craig 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Recent infestations of sea lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis on wild juvenile pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha and subsequent declines in the number of returning adult pink salmon have raised concern for the health of wild fish relative to salmon farming activities in the Broughton Archipelago, British Columbia. I used available (but limited) industry data to estimate sea louse egg production from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar farmed by Stolt Sea Farm (now Marine Harvest Canada, Inc., Campbell River, British Columbia) in 2003 and 2004. The 12 active farms contained between 1 and 5 million Atlantic salmon during the 2 years and about 800,000 fewer mature salmon at the start of 2003 than in 2004. Sea louse egg production peaked during winter–spring in both years prior to the seaward migration period of the area's small and vulnerable juvenile pink salmon and chum salmon O. keta. Marine Harvest Canada salmon hosted over 6 million gravid sea lice that produced 1.6 × 109 eggs during 2 weeks in the winter of 2003–2004. Only half as many eggs were produced from the fewer hosts present during this period in 2003. Sea lice on farmed fish were further reduced to near zero each year through multiple uses of emamectin benzoate (Slice). Fewer farmed Atlantic salmon and sea lice in 2003 coincided with lower abundance and prevalence of L. salmonis on juvenile pink salmon and chum salmon near farms. A recent agreement between industry and conservationists may help improve data quality, our understanding of the dynamics sea louse–salmon interactions, and our chances of conserving wild salmon.
Using Multiple Gears to Assess Acoustic Detectability and Biomass of Fish Species in Lake Superior
Authors: Yule Daniel L. , Adams Jean V. , Stockwell Jason D. , Gorman Owen T. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Recent predator demand and prey supply studies suggest that an annual daytime bottom trawl survey of Lake Superior underestimates prey fish biomass. A multiple-gear (acoustics, bottom trawl, and midwater trawl) nighttime survey has been recommended, but before abandoning a long-term daytime survey the effectiveness of night sampling of important prey species must be verified. We sampled three bottom depths (30, 60, and 120 m) at a Lake Superior site where the fish community included all commercially and ecologically important species. Day and night samples were collected within 48 h at all depths during eight different periods (one new and one full moon period during both early summer and late summer to early fall over 2 years). Biomass of demersal and benthic species was higher in night bottom trawl samples than in day bottom trawl samples. Night acoustic collections showed that pelagic fish typically occupied water cooler than 15°C and light levels less than 0.001 lx. Using biomass in night bottom trawls and acoustic biomass above the bottom trawl path, we calculated an index of acoustic detectability for each species. Ciscoes Coregonus artedi, kiyis C. kiyi, and rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax left the bottom at night, whereas bloaters C. hoyi stayed nearer the bottom. We compared the biomass of important prey species estimated with two survey types: day bottom trawls and night estimates of the entire water column (bottom trawl biomass plus acoustic biomass). The biomass of large ciscoes (&gt;200 mm) was significantly greater when measured at night than when measured during daylight, but the differences for other sizes of important species did not vary significantly by survey type. Nighttime of late summer is a period when conditions for biomass estimation are largely invariant, and all important prey species can be sampled using a multiple-gear approach.
Developing a Tool for 3D Reservoir Simulation of Hydraulically Fractured Wells
Authors: Shaoul J. R. , Behr A. , Mtchedlishvili G. 
Published: February 2007

Summary
This paper describes the development and capabilities of a novel and unique tool that interfaces a hydraulic fracture model and a reservoir simulator. This new tool is another step in improving both the efficiency and consistency of connecting hydraulic fracture engineering and reservoir engineering.
The typical way to model hydraulically fractured wells in 3D reservoir simulators is to approximate the fracture behavior with a modified skin or productivity index (PI). Neither method captures all the important physics of flow into and through the fracture. This becomes even more critical in cases of multiphase flow and multilayered reservoirs. Modeling the cleanup phase following hydraulic fracture treatments can be very important in tight gas reservoirs, and this also requires a more detailed simulation of the fracture. Realistic modeling of horizontal wells with multiple hydraulic fractures is another capability that is needed in the industry. This capability requires more than an approximate description of the fracture(s) in the reservoir-simulation model.
To achieve all the capabilities mentioned above, a new tool was developed within a commercial lumped 3D fracture-simulation model. This new tool enables significantly more accurate prediction of post-fracture performance with a commercial reservoir simulator. The automatically generated reservoir simulator input files represent the geometry and hydraulic properties of the reservoir, the fracture, the damaged zone around the fracture, and the initial pressure and filtrate fluid distribution in the reservoir. Consistency with the fracture-simulation inputs and outputs is assured because the software automatically transfers the information.
High-permeability gridblocks that capture the 2D variation of the fracture conductivity within the reservoir simulator input files represent the fracture. If the fracture width used in the reservoir model is larger than the actual fracture width, the permeability and porosity of the fracture blocks are reduced to maintain the transmissibility and porous volume of the actual fracture. Both proppant and acid fracturing are handled with this approach. To capture the changes in fracture conductivity over time as the bottomhole flowing pressure (BHFP) changes, the pressure-dependent behavior of the fracture is passed to the reservoir simulator.
Local grid refinement (LGR) is used in the region of the wellbore and the fracture tip, as well as in the blocks adjacent to the fracture plane. Using small gridblocks adjacent to the fracture plane is needed for an adequate representation of the filtrate-invaded zone using the leakoff depth distribution provided by the fracture simulator.
The reservoir simulator input can be created for multiphase fluid systems with multiple layers and different permeabilities. In addition, different capillary pressure and relative permeability saturation functions for each layer are allowed.
Pressure-Transient Responses of Horizontal and Curved Wells in Anticlines and Domes
Authors: Al-Mohannadi N. , Ozkan E. , Kazemi H. 
Published: February 2007

Summary
This paper presents a discussion of the pressure-transient responses of horizontal wells in anticlinal structures and curved and undulating wells in slab reservoirs. It confirms that, in the absence of a gas cap, conventional horizontal-well models may be used to approximate the flow characteristics of the systems in which the trajectory of the well does not conform to the curvature of the producing structure. If a gas cap is present, however, the unconformity of the well trajectory and producing layer manifests itself, especially on derivative characteristics when the gas saturation increases around the well. In general, the most significant deviations from the conventional horizontal-well behavior are observed during the buildup periods following long drawdowns. In these cases, the pressure-transient analysis is complicated and requires detailed numerical modeling of the well trajectory and reservoir geometry in the vertical plane.