bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Method of Incorporating Immobile and Nonvaporizing Residual Oil Saturation into Compositional Reservoir Simulation of Gasflooding
Authors: Hiraiwa T. , Suzuki K. 
Published: February 2007

Summary
In compositional simulation of gas-injection processes, it is often observed that gridblock oil saturations decrease far beyond the user-defined residual oil saturation, even under immiscible conditions. This numerical phenomenon occurs because oil components are allowed to vaporize into the gas phase as much as the phase equilibrium obtained with an equation of state (EOS) permits. Especially in the vicinity of gas injectors, an oil saturation of zero is sometimes predicted. On the other hand, such significant low oil saturation is rarely seen in laboratory data such as coreflood experiments and slimtube tests.
The reason for the discrepancy between the simulation results and the laboratory results described above is that bypassed oil located in dead-end pores or caused by subgrid-scale heterogeneities is not considered in the current compositional-simulation practice. To overcome this, we developed an innovative method of incorporating laboratory-based residual oil saturations. The proposed method can restrict the excessive vaporization and maintain the prescribed residual oil by accommodating a novel application of the transport coefficient (Barker and Fayers 1994).
A Volcanic Reservoir: Integrated Facies Distribution Modeling and History Matching of a Complex Pressure System
Authors: Yamada Tomomi , Okano Yoshiyuki 
Published: February 2007

Summary
A Tcf-class gas field has been producing over several decades in Japan. The reservoir body comprises stacked rhyolite lava domes erupted in a submarine environment. A porous network developed in each dome and rapid chilling on contact with seawater caused hyaloclastite to be deposited over it. Although hyaloclastite is also porous in this field, its permeability has been reduced dramatically by the presence of clay minerals. Impermeable basaltic sheets and mudstone seams are also present. Each facies plays a specific role in the pressure system.
Stratigraphic correlation originally identified multiple reservoirs. Gas has been produced almost exclusively from the largest one. However, following 10 to 20 years of production, the pressures within unexploited reservoirs were noticed to have declined at a variety of rates. Unusual localized behavior has also been observed. Because seismic data were not proved particularly informative, we decided to remodel the entire system by specifically using pressure data.
We employed a combination of multipoint geostatistics and probability perturbation theories. This approach successfully captured the curved facies boundaries within stacked lava domes while accounting for pressure data by means of history matching to address nonstationarity in the real field. Building a suitable training image is commonly a difficult aspect of multipoint methods and poses particular problems for volcanic reservoirs. It was accomplished here by iteratively adjusting the prototype until satisfactory history matching was achieved with a reasonable number of perturbations. Ambiguous reservoir boundaries were represented stochastically by populating a predetermined model space with pay and nonpay pixels.
The modeling results closely simulate measured pressure histories and appear realistic in terms of both facies distributions and reservoir boundaries. They suggest that uneven pressure declines between different units are caused by the tortuous flow channels that connect them. The results also account for the unusual smaller-scale pressure performances observed. The final training image obtained here indicates more intensive spatial variations in facies than previously appreciated. Original gas in place (OGIP) estimates made with 20 equiprobable realizations are scattered within ±15% of the mean value. Estimates of incremental recovery made by drilling a step-out well reveal greater variation than those made by installing a booster compressor, which quantifies a higher associated geological risk.
Steam-Injection Strategy and Energetics of Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage
Authors: Gates Ian D. , Kenny Joseph , Hernandez-Hdez Ivan L. , Bunio Gary L. 
Published: February 2007

Summary
Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is being operated by several operators in Athabasca and Cold Lake reservoirs in Central and Northern Alberta, Canada. In this process, steam, injected into a horizontal well, flows outward, then contacts and loses its latent heat to bitumen at the edge of a depletion chamber. As a consequence, the viscosity of bitumen falls, its mobility rises, and it flows under gravity toward a horizontal production well located several meters below and parallel to the injection well. Despite many pilots and commercial operations, it remains unclear how to optimally operate SAGD. This is especially the case in reservoirs with a top-gas zone in which pilot data are nearly nonexistent. In this study, a steam-chamber operating strategy is determined that leads to optimum oil recovery for a minimum cumulative steam-to-oil ratio (SOR) in a top-gas reservoir. These findings were established from extensive reservoir-simulation runs that were based on a detailed geostatistically generated static reservoir model. The strategy devised uses a high initial chamber injection rate and pressure prior to chamber contact with the top gas. Subsequent to breakthrough of the chamber into the gas-cap zone, the chamber injection rates are lowered to balance pressures with the top gas and avoid (or at least minimize) convective heat losses of steam to the top-gas zone. The results are also analyzed by examining the energetics of SAGD.
New Method Combines Simulation and Novel Spreadsheet Tools to Enable Direct Optimization of Expansion Decisions in a Giant Heavy-Oil Field
Authors: Osterloh W. Terry , Menard Wendell P. 
Published: February 2007

Summary
Giant, geologically complex heavy-oil fields can take decades to develop, so development decisions made early in the life of the field can have long-range implications. Decision and risk analysis (D&RA) is often needed to make decisions that will maximize the risk-adjusted economic benefit. Unfortunately, in large fields, D&RA can be very challenging because of the large number of variables and the endless number of development and expansion scenarios to analyze. The time needed to complete a D&RA can become prohibitive when full-field reservoir simulation is the main tool for forecasting primary production and well count, with one simulation taking many hours or days to complete.
This paper describes two new methods developed to overcome these challenges for a specific depletion-drive heavy-oil reservoir: a method for optimally populating a model with hundreds of horizontal wells, and a method to optimize expansion decisions quickly and directly. The utility of these tools has not been determined for other reservoirs and/or recovery mechanisms.
A semiautomated spreadsheet-and-simulation method was developed to quickly place and select hundreds to thousands of hypothetical/future horizontal wells in a multimillion-gridblock model. Because the method automatically accounted for all model static properties and their effects on dynamic production response, the hypothetical wells had productivity characteristics very similar to the actual drilled wells placed in the model.
A multivariate nonlinear interpolation method was developed that enabled full-field forecasts—for any combination of acreage allocation, well count, drilling order, and field rate constraint—to be calculated in less than 5 seconds, compared to approximately 20 hours for traditional simulation. Extensive validation work showed that well count and production curves from the spreadsheet virtually overlaid those obtained using traditional simulation of the particular expansion scenario. Such close agreement was possible because the basis of the spreadsheet forecast was utilization of traditional simulation forecasts from a handful of relevant cases.
A key breakthrough beyond just fast forecasting was the coupling of the following three components inside the same spreadsheet: the fast forecasting method, calculation of an economic indicator/objective function (NPV), and commercial optimization tools. This linkage made possible, perhaps for the first time (at least at this scale), realization of direct optimization of any development scenario in a matter of minutes to a few hours, depending on the number of variables being optimized.
A Strategy for the Detection of Diels–Alder Reactions Using Fluorescence Quenching of Conjugated Polymers
Authors: He F. , Tang Y. , Yu M. , Wang S. , Li Y. , Zhu D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA new method has been developed to detect the formation of carbon–carbon bonds by Diels–Alder reactions based on the fluorescence quenching of conjugated polymers. Conjugated copolymers containing various amounts of functional furan pendant groups (PFP–F) have been synthesized and characterized. A maleimide group linked to 1‐methyl‐4,4‐bipyridinium iodide acts as the electron quencher (M–MV2+). The Diels–Alder reaction between the maleimide and furan moieties results in intramolecular electron transfer from the conjugated copolymer to the MV2+, and thus the fluorescence of the conjugated copolymer is quenched via a photoinduced electron transfer process. Higher furan concentrations increase the fluorescence quenching efficiency (EF) of the conjugated copolymers. The copolymer PFP–F3 with the highest furan content can be used as a platform to monitor Diels–Alder reactions. The PFP–F3/M–MV2+system can also be used to screen catalysts for Diels–Alder reactions.
Microdroplet and Atomic Force Microscopy Probe Assisted Formation of Acidic Thin Layers for Silicon Nanostructuring
Authors: Xie X. N. , Chung H. J. , Sow C. H. , Wee A. T. S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this work, an aqueous acidic thin‐layer‐based strategy for fabricating nanostructures on silicon by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanolithography is presented. The approach involves the formation of microscale droplets via dilute hydrofluoride (DHF) etching, the conversion of the droplets to acidic thin layers by AFM‐probe scanning, and subsequent lithographic operations using a biased probe in the aqueous layers. By varying the concentration of the acidic DHF layers, the thin layers can facilitate the creation of both positive and negative patterns, such as oxide dots and Si pores, through anodic oxidation and dissolution. In particular, the anodic oxidation in the acidic media is associated with the field‐enhanced nonequilibrium dissociation of the weak electrolyte. The Si pore structure formation is related to the field‐assisted dissolution of anodic oxides and the Si substrate. The acidic‐layer‐based technique allows switching between different lithographic modes by changing the acidity of the DHF layers, and is complementary to bulk solution‐based and local meniscus‐based approaches in AFM nanolithography. In principle, this method can also be extended to other materials that have similar reactions with DHF.
Blue‐Light‐Emitting Oligoquinolines: Synthesis, Properties, and High‐Efficiency Blue‐Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Tonzola C. J. , Kulkarni A. P. , Gifford A. P. , Kaminsky W. , Jenekhe S. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe synthesis, photophysics, cyclic voltammetry, and highly efficient blue electroluminescence of a series of four new n‐type conjugated oligomers, 6,6′‐bis(2,4‐diphenylquinoline) (B1PPQ), 6,6′‐bis(2‐(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐4‐phenylquinoline) (BtBPQ), 6,6′‐bis(2‐p‐biphenyl)‐4‐phenylquinoline) (B2PPQ), and 6,6′‐bis((3,5‐diphenylbenzene)‐4‐phenylquinoline) (BDBPQ) is reported. The oligoquinolines have high glass‐transition temperatures (Tg ≥ 133 °C), reversible electrochemical reduction, and high electron affinities (2.68–2.81 eV). They emit blue photoluminescence with 0.73–0.94 quantum yields and 1.06–1.42 ns lifetimes in chloroform solutions. High‐performance organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with excellent blue chromaticity coordinates are achieved from all the oligoquinolines. OLEDs based on B2PPQ as the blue emitter give the best performance with a high brightness (19 740 cd m–2 at 8.0 V), high efficiency (7.12 cd A–1 and 6.56 % external quantum efficiency at 1175 cd m–2), and excellent blue color purity as judged by the Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates (x = 0.15,y = 0.16). These results represent the best efficiency of blue OLEDs from neat fluorescent organic emitters reported to date. These results demonstrate the potential of oligoquinolines as emitters and electron‐transport materials for developing high‐performance blue OLEDs.
Proton and Electron Transfer Control of the Position of Cucurbit[n]uril Wheels in Pseudorotaxanes
Authors: Sindelar V. , Silvi S. , Parker S. E. , Sobransingh D. , Kaifer A. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of recent work on the binding interactions between a series of 4,4'‐bipyridinium (viologen) derivatives and the hosts cucurbit[6]uril (CB6) and cucurbit[7]uril (CB7), which give rise to stable ‘wheel‐on‐an‐axle' inclusion complexes (pseudorotaxanes) in aqueous solution. The carboxylic acid termini on the pseudorotaxane axle can be used as handles to control—via proton transfer reactions—the relative position of the CB wheel along the axle. We also report on a different type of pseudorotaxane in which the reversible oxidation of the axle's ferrocenyl end groups leads to controlled displacement of the CB7 wheel.
Dynamic Processes in the Copper‐Catalyzed Substitution of Chiral Allylic Acetates Leading to Loss of Chiral Information
Authors: Norinder Jakob , Bäckvall Jan‐E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCopper‐catalyzed α‐substitution of enantiomerically pure secondary allylic esters with Grignard reagents was studied with the aim to find conditions that give racemic products. It was observed that the degree of chiral transfer is strongly dependent on the temperature. The loss of chiral information is consistent with an equilibration of the CuIII(allyl) intermediates prior to product formation. Equilibration of the reaction intermediates is of importance for a possible development of a dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DYKAT) process, in which a chiral catalyst is used to produce an optically active product from a racemic substrate, by means of a dynamic equilibrium of the diastereomeric reaction intermediates.
In vitro determination of tumour chemosensitivity in haematological malignancies
Authors: Bird M. C. , Bosanquet A. G. , Gilby E. D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA four‐day tumour chemosensitivity assay of potential use in predicting tumour response to cytotoxic drugs has been developed for haematological cancers. The method comprised isolation of white cells from peripheral blood or bone marrow aspirates, drug exposure and incubation for 4 days. Drug‐induced tumour cell kill was assessed by differential staining of live and dead cells such that the former could be morphologically identified. Tumour cell viability was subsequently calculated by reference to an internal standard of fixed duck red blood cells. Over 30 drugs have been tested in vitro, all of which have shown a dose response relationship in vitro and given a good scatter of sensitivities from patient to patient within the concentration ranges tested.In 27 cases where the in vitro chemosensitivity could be compared with the in vivo response, there were 7 true positive comparisons (sensitive in vitro and in vivo), 17 true negative comparisons (resistant both in vitro and in vivo) and 3 false positive comparisons (sensitive in vitro, resistant in vivo). A result was obtained in 38 of 50 samples received, comprising 16 of 18 chronic lymphocytic leukaemias, 11 of 20 acute lymphoblastic leukaemias, 5 of 5 acute myeloid leukaemias and 6 of 7 myelomas. The assay appears to show considerable promise as a tumour chemosensitivity test and warrants wider investigations.
Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults
Authors: Barbui Tiziano , Bassan Renato , Chisesi Teodoro , Battista Raffaele , Cortelazzo Sergio , Rodeghiero Francesco , Capnist Giovanni , D'emilio Anna , Viero Piera , Dini Enrico 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThirty‐seven adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were treated with a protocol called HEAV'D including Adriamycin, Vincristine, l‐Asparaginase, Cyclophosphamide and Dexamethasone. The complete remission rate was 70 per cent. The median duration of remission was more than 30 months. Patients with initial leukocyte count below 20 000/mmc experienced a longer remission (median not reached) than patients with a leukocyte count above 20 000/mmc (median 10 months).
Removal of tumour cells from bone marrow: An evaluation of the available techniques
Authors: Treleaven J. G. , Kemshead J. T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAutologous bone marrow transplantation has offered a way of increasing the dose of drugs and radiotherapy which can be used to treat patients with malignant disease in an attempt to eradicate tumour. Bone marrow is taken prior to treatment and returned to the patient to ‘rescue’ haemopoietic function after ablative therapy is completed. Bone marrow removed for autograft may be contaminated with tumour cells at the time of harvest, and it is undesirable to return these to patients even though there are little data available concerning the number of tumour cells necessary to reseed various malignancies.This review considers the various methods available for removing tumour cells from bone marrow destined for autologous transplantation, and evaluates their advantages and disadvantages.
Multilobated B cell lymphomas. A study of 7 cases
Authors: Weiss R. L. , Kjeldsberg C. R. , Colby T. V. , Marty J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSeven cases of multilobated lymphomas with B cell surface markers are presented. Clinical, histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features are detailed. These observations serve to underscore the importance of not relying on morphology alone for the phenotypic classification of non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas.
Phenotypic analysis of an established cell line derived from a patient with Hodgkin's disease (HD)
Authors: Jones D. B. , Scott C. S. , Wright D. H. , Stein H. , Beverley P. C. L. , Payne S. V. , Crawford D. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis report describes the phenotypic analysis of a cell line obtained from a female patient with the nodular sclerosing subtype of Hodgkin's disease (HD). The cell line has a neoplastic karyotype and is stable in culture in the absence of feeder layers or growth factors. Phenotypic analysis of this cell line shows that it cannot easily be characterized as either a lymphocyte, macrophage or granulocyte but resembles in its characteristics certain HD lines already described in the literature. The cell line carries the antigen defined by the Ki‐1 monoclonal antibody, shows myeloid markers on a proportion of cells and has cytoplasmic UCH‐T1.
B‐CLL cell surface markers and mitogen‐induced thymidine uptake: A comparison between lymph node cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes in 25 patients
Authors: Juliusson Gunnar , Robèrt Karl‐Henrik , Biberfeld Peter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLymphocytes from peripheral blood and lymph nodes from 25 patients with B‐CLL were analysed by immunofluorescent staining of surface membrane immunoglobulin (SmIg), the B‐cell marker B1, and the T‐cell markers Leu 1/2/3/4. Tritium‐thymidine uptake was measured in mitogen‐stimulated 4‐day cultures. Differences in these parameters between cells from the two sources in each patient were calculated with the pairedT‐test. All cell samples showed a clonal B‐cell population. More blood lymphocytes than lymph node cells expressed the monoclonal SmIg (mu or gamma,p= 0.4; kappa or lambda,p<0.01), and T‐cells were more frequent in lymph nodes (p=0.01), where the T helper/suppressor ratio was higher. Furthermore, lymph node cells showed a higher thymidine uptake in response to the mitogens LPS, PWM, and Cowan (p=0.01,p=0.01, andp=0.004, respectively), but there was no difference in the responses to EBV, DxS, TPA and PHA (p>0.5). The higher response in lymph node cells to some mitogens might in part be explained by differences in the numbers of accessory cells, such as T‐helper cells, but also by the existence of leukaemic B‐cell subsets with different mitogen response patterns and different distributions within the lymphoid compartments. The characterization of subsets within a malignant cell clone might be of clinical importance.
Molecular comparison of retroviruses associated with human and simian AIDS
Authors: Bryant M. L. , Yamamoto J. , Luciw P. , Munn R. , Marx P. , Higgins J. , Pedersen N. , Levine A. , Gardner M. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInfectious retrovirus(es) associated with the human (LAV, HTLV‐III, ARV) and simian (SAIDS‐1) acquired immune deficiency syndrome were compared by electron microscopy, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting techniques and by restriction endonuclease mapping of the viral genomes. The extracellular virus particles had similar type D morphology, but intracytoplasmic type A nucleoids were found only in SAIDS virus infected cells. Although the antigens of the three prototype AIDS viruses were similar, no cross‐reactivity with the SAIDS virus was detected. Molecular hybridization and restriction enzyme analysis also revealed that the SAIDS and AIDS viruses were genetically unrelated. However, only minor differences, consistent with strain polymorphism, were found between the three AIDS virus isolates. Thus, the retroviruses associated with AIDS in macaques and humans are unique to each species.
MOPP chemotherapy plus irradiation for Hodgkin's disease, stages IA TO IIIB. Long‐term results of the prospective trial H72 (1972–1976, 334 patients)
Authors: Andrieu Jean‐Marie , Dana Max , Desprez‐Curely Jean‐Pierre , Jacquillat Claude , Weil Maryse 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFrom April 1972 to December 1976, 334 patients with Hodgkin's disease, CS IA–IIIB, were prospectively treated with combined chemotherapy and radiation. The 166 stages IA and II2A were clinically staged only; the 168 other patients were randomized to clinical or pathological staging. All patients received 3 or 6 cycles of MOPP followed by Mantle field with or without mediastinal irradiation and/or inverted Y or lumboaortic field according to initial stage, presentation and protocol. At completion of therapy, 317 patients were in complete remission. Twenty‐six patients relapsed and 43 died including 5 with leukemia and 6 with infection. Overall 12‐year survival and relapse‐free rates are 86.6 ± 3.08 per cent and 91.5 ± 3.2 per cent respectively (IA: 95.3 and 95.3 per cent; IIA: 87.8 and 92.1 per cent; IIIA: 83.3 and 100 per cent; IB, IIB: 81.7 and 89.2 per cent; IIIB: 67.8 and 73.7 per cent). The randomized comparison between clinical staging plus 6 cycles of MOPP and laparotomy staging plus 3 cycles of MOPP in final stage II3+A, IB, IIB patients showed no significant 12‐year survival differences (90.8 versus 85.6 per cent). With this combined modality treatment policy, high survival rates are obtained using only 3 cycles of MOPP and radiotherapy in CS IA, II2A and in PS II3+, IB, IIB. Laparotomy staging may be unnecessary if 6 cycles of MOPP are employed before irradiation in CS IIA, IB, IIB disease and if 3 cycles of MOPP are followed by irradiation in CSIA and II2A disease. Mediastinal irradiation can be avoided in patients with supradiaphragmatic disease without mediastinal involvement.