bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remote Magnetic Catheter Mapping and Ablation of Permanent Junctional Reciprocating Tachycardia in a Seven‐Year‐Old Child
Authors: PFLAUMER ANDREAS , HESSLING GABRIELE , LUIK ARMIN , WU JINJIN , ZRENNER BERNHARD 
Published: February 2007

Background: Mapping and catheter ablation of permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia (PJRT) in children can be challenging. Remote magnetic navigation may improve precise mapping and catheter stability during ablation, as well as reduce fluoroscopy time, especially in conjunction with a non‐fluoroscopic mapping system. Objective: We report a case of PJRT ablation in a 7‐year‐old child using remote magnetic navigation. Methods and Results: Mapping of the right atrium (RA) and the coronary sinus (CS) and catheter ablation were performed using remote magnetic navigation in conjunction with a non‐fluoroscopic mapping system (NavX®). We observed excellent catheter steering abilities and constant wall contact during ablation, allowing a short and safe procedure. Conclusions: Remote magnetic navigation may be used for mapping and ablation of PJRT in children.
Combined thalidomide and interferon‐α for chronic hepatitis C‐related hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: WANG Tsang‐En , LIM Ken‐Hong , HUANG Ming‐Jer 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSuccessful treatment with the combination of low dose thalidomide and interferon‐α is described in an 89‐year‐old man who had chronic hepatitis C‐related metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma. Thalidomide 100 mg/day and interferon‐α2b 3 million units/week were prescribed. After 9 months of the combination therapy, his serum α‐fetoprotein level had declined from 24 549 ng/mL to less than 2.76 ng/mL. The recurrent liver tumors decreased in size and the metastatic lung lesions had complete remission after treatment. Combination therapy with lower dose interferon‐α and thalidomide, two antiangiogenic drugs with different mechanisms of action, was associated with a good response and was well tolerated in this preliminary study.
Clinicians’ knowledge of informed consent
Authors: Fisher-Jeffes Lisa , Barton Charlotte , Finlay Fiona 
Published: February 2007

Objective:To audit doctors’ knowledge of informed consent.Design:10 consent scenarios with “true”, “false”, or “don’t know” answers were completed by doctors who care for children at a large district general hospital. These questions tested clinicians’ knowledge of who could give consent in different clinical situations.Setting:Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK.Results:51 doctors participated (25 paediatricians and 26 other clinicians). Paediatricians scored higher than other clinicians (average correct response 69%v49%). Only 36% (9/25) of paediatricians and 8% (2/26) of other clinicians realised that the biological father of a child born before 1 December 2003 needed a court order or a parental responsibility agreement to acquire parental responsibility, and thus be able to consent on behalf of his child, if he was not married to the child’s mother. Non-paediatric clinicians were unsure or incorrect when tested on situations where people with parental responsibility do not agree, or where young people (<16 years), who are Fraser competent do not want to consult their parents. Most clinicians did not know that the parents of a 20-year-old man with severe learning difficulties are unable to consent to surgery on his behalf, and many non-paediatricians were unclear on who could give consent when a child lived with foster parents.Conclusion:Clinicians who obtain consent for the treatment of children need to increase their knowledge on who is able to give informed consent to ensure best (legal and safe) practice.
The Global Ocean Mass Budget in 1993–2003 Estimated from Sea Level Change
Authors: Wenzel Manfred , Schröter Jens 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The mass budget of the ocean in the period 1993–2003 is studied with a general circulation model. The model has a free surface and conserves mass rather than volume; that is, freshwater is exchanged with the atmosphere via precipitation and evaporation and inflow from land is taken into account. The mass is redistributed by the ocean circulation. Furthermore, the ocean’s volume changes by steric expansion with changing temperature and salinity. To estimate the mass changes, the ocean model is constrained by sea level measurements from the Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon mission as well as by hydrographic data. The modeled ocean mass change within the years 2002–03 compares favorably to measurements from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), and the evolution of the global mean sea level for the period 1993–2003 with annual and interannual variations can be reproduced to a 0.15-cm rms difference. Its trend has been measured as 3.37 mm yr−1 while the constrained model gives 3.34 mm yr−1 considering only the area covered by measurements (3.25 mm yr−1 for the total ocean). A steric rise of 2.50 mm yr−1 is estimated in this period, as is a gain in the ocean mass that is equivalent to an eustatic rise of 0.74 mm yr−1. The amplitude and phase (day of maximum value since 1 January) of the superimposed eustatic annual cycle are also estimated to be 4.6 mm and 278°, respectively. The corresponding values for the semiannual cycle are 0.42 mm and 120°. The trends in the eustatic sea level are not equally distributed. In the Atlantic Ocean (80°S–67°N) the eustatic sea level rises by 1.8 mm yr−1 and in the Indian Ocean (80°S–30°N) it rises by 1.4 mm yr−1, but it falls by −0.20 mm yr−1 in the Pacific Ocean (80°S–67°N). The latter is mainly caused by a loss of mass through transport divergence in the Pacific sector of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (−0.42 Sv; Sv ≡ 109 kg s−1) that is not balanced by the net surface water supply. The consequence of this uneven eustatic rise is a shift of the oceanic center of mass toward the Atlantic Ocean and to the north.
Effects of Stratification on the Large-Scale Ocean Response to Barometric Pressure
Authors: Ponte Rui M. , Vinogradov Sergey V. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Single-layer (barotropic) models have been commonly used in studies of the inverted barometer effect and the oceanic response to atmospheric pressure loading. The potential effects of stratification on this response are explored here using a general circulation model in a near-global domain with realistic coasts and bathymetry. Periodic forcing by the diurnal and semidiurnal atmospheric tides and 6-hourly stochastic forcing from weather center analyses are both examined. A global dynamic response (i.e., departures from inverted barometer behavior) is clear in the response to atmospheric tides; for stochastic forcing, the largest dynamic signals occur in shallow and semienclosed regions and at mid- and high latitudes. The influence of stratification in the dynamics is assessed by comparing surface and bottom pressure signals. Baroclinic effects are generally weak, particularly in the response to the large-scale atmospheric tides. Under stochastic forcing, largest differences between surface and bottom pressure signals reach 10%–20% of the surface signals and tend to occur in regions of enhanced topographic gradients. Bottom-intensified, localized interactions with topography seem to be involved. Enhanced baroclinicity is also seen at low latitudes, where stratification effects are also felt in the upper ocean. General implications for modeling the ocean response to high-frequency atmospheric and tidal forcing are discussed.
Assimilation of Radiocarbon and Chlorofluorocarbon Data to Constrain Deep and Bottom Water Transports in the World Ocean
Authors: Schlitzer Reiner 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
A coarse-resolution global model with time-invariant circulation is fitted to hydrographic and tracer data by means of the adjoint method. Radiocarbon and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC-11 and CFC-12) data are included to constrain deep and bottom water transport rates and spreading pathways as well as the strength of the global overturning circulation. It is shown that realistic global ocean distributions of hydrographic parameters and tracers can be obtained simultaneously. The model correctly reproduces the deep ocean radiocarbon field and the concentrations gradients between different basins. The spreading of CFC plumes in the deep and bottom waters is simulated in a realistic way, and the spatial extent as well as the temporal evolution of these plumes agrees well with observations. Radiocarbon and CFC observations place upper bounds on the northward transports of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) into the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Long-term mean AABW transports larger than 5 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) through the Vema and Hunter Channels in the South Atlantic and net AABW transports across 30°S into the Indian Ocean larger than 10 Sv are found to be incompatible with CFC data. The rates of equatorward deep and bottom water transports from the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean are of similar magnitude (15.7 Sv at 50°N and 17.9 Sv at 50°S). Deep and bottom water formation in the Southern Ocean occurs at multiple sites around the Antarctic continent and is not confined to the Weddell Sea. A CFC forecast based on the assumption of unchanged abyssal transports shows that by 2030 the entire deep west Atlantic exhibits CFC-11 concentrations larger than 0.1 pmol kg−1, while most of the deep Indian and Pacific Oceans remain CFC free. By 2020 the predicted CFC concentrations in the deep western boundary current (DWBC) in the North Atlantic exceed surface water concentrations and the vertical CFC gradients start to reverse.
A Near-Uniform Basin-Wide Sea Level Fluctuation of the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Fukumori Ichiro , Menemenlis Dimitris , Lee Tong 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
A new basin-wide oscillation of the Mediterranean Sea is identified and analyzed using sea level observations from the Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon satellite altimeter and a numerical ocean circulation model. More than 50% of the large-scale, nontidal, and non-pressure-driven variance of sea level can be attributed to this oscillation, which is nearly uniform in phase and amplitude across the entire basin. The oscillation has periods ranging from 10 days to several years and has a magnitude as large as 10 cm. The model suggests that the fluctuations are driven by winds at the Strait of Gibraltar and its neighboring region, including the Alboran Sea and a part of the Atlantic Ocean immediately to the west of the strait. Winds in this region force a net mass flux through the Strait of Gibraltar to which the Mediterranean Sea adjusts almost uniformly across its entire basin with depth-independent pressure perturbations. The wind-driven response can be explained in part by wind setup; a near-stationary balance is established between the along-strait wind in this forcing region and the sea level difference between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The amplitude of this basin-wide wind-driven sea level fluctuation is inversely proportional to the setup region’s depth but is insensitive to its width including that of Gibraltar Strait. The wind-driven fluctuation is coherent with atmospheric pressure over the basin and contributes to the apparent deviation of the Mediterranean Sea from an inverse barometer response.
Can Paleoceanographic Tracers Constrain Meridional Circulation Rates?
Authors: Huybers Peter , Gebbie Geoffrey , Marchal Olivier 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The ability of paleoceanographic tracers to constrain rates of transport is examined using an inverse method to combine idealized observations with a geostrophic model. Considered are the spatial distribution, accuracy, and types of tracers required to constrain changes in meridional transport within an idealized single-hemisphere basin. Measurements of density and radioactive tracers each act to constrain rates of transport. Conservative tracers, while not of themselves able to inform regarding rates of transport, improve constraints when coupled with density or radioactive observations. It is found that the tracer data would require an accuracy one order of magnitude better than is presently available for paleo-observations to conclusively rule out factor-of-2 changes in meridional transport, even when assumed available over the entire model domain. When data are available only at the margins and bottom of the model, radiocarbon is unable to constrain transport while density remains effective only when a reference velocity level is assumed. The difficulty in constraining the circulation in this idealized model indicates that placing firm bounds on past meridional transport rates will prove challenging.
The potential immunogenicity of the TK suicide gene does not prevent full clinical benefit associated with the use of TK-transduced donor lymphocytes in HSCT for hematologic malignancies
Authors: Traversari Catia , Marktel Sarah , Magnani Zulma , Mangia Patrizia , Russo Vincenzo , Ciceri Fabio , Bonini Chiara , Bordignon Claudio 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGene therapy is a promising therapeutic strategy for genetic and acquired hematologic diseases. With the improvements in gene transfer and expression, factors affecting safety and efficacy of gene therapy can now be evaluated to establish the best clinical benefit-to-risk ratio. The induction of immune responses against gene therapy components is one of the potential limitations. We studied the occurrence of such event in 23 patients treated with donor lymphocyte infusions (DLIs), with lymphocytes transduced to express the HSV-TK suicide gene for relapse of hematologic malignancies occurring after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The suicide gene was used to selectively control graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). Seven patients given infusions late after HSCT developed an immune response against the transgene. Immunization involved appearance of thymidine kinase (TK)–specific CD8+ effectors and required a level of immunocompetence at the time of TK-DLI that can be achieved only several months after transplantation. This did not prevent graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect of the TK-DLI, since 5 of 7 immunized patients maintained the complete remission achieved prior to immunization. We suggest that appropriate study designs taking into account the immune suppression of the patient and time-kinetics of GvL mediated by TK-transduced donor lymphocytes may allow the full exploitation of TK-DLI.
Steel factor responsiveness regulates the high self-renewal phenotype of fetal hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Bowie Michelle B. , Kent David G. , Copley Michael R. , Eaves Connie J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFetal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) regenerate daughter HSCs in irradiated recipients more rapidly than do adult HSCs. However, both types of HSCs divide in vitro with the same cell-cycle transit times, suggesting different intrinsically determined self-renewal activities. To investigate the mechanism(s) underlying these differences, we compared fetal and adult HSC responses to Steel factor (SF) stimulation in vitro and in vivo. These experiments were undertaken with both wild-type cells and W41/W41 cells, which have a functionally deficient c-kit kinase. In vitro, fetal HSC self-renewal divisions, like those of adult HSCs, were found to be strongly dependent on c-kit activation, but the fetal HSCs responded to much lower SF concentrations in spite of indistinguishable levels of c-kit expression. Fetal W41/W41 HSCs also mimicked adult wild-type HSCs in showing the same reduced rate of amplification in irradiated adult hosts (relative to fetal wild-type HSCs). Assessment of various proliferation and signaling gene transcripts in fetal and adult HSCs self-renewing in vitro revealed a singular difference in Ink4c expression. We conclude that the ability of fetal HSCs to execute symmetric self-renewal divisions more efficiently than adult HSCs in vivo may be dependent on specific developmentally regulated signals that act downstream of the c-kit kinase.
Kit is essential for PMA-inflammation–induced mast-cell accumulation in the skin
Authors: Waskow Claudia , Bartels Susanne , Schlenner Susan M. , Costa Celine , Rodewald Hans-Reimer 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCutaneous mast cells have important pathogenic roles in skin inflammation, but the signals regulating mast-cell numbers in healthy and inflamed skin are not fully understood. Mast-cell development depends on the receptor tyrosine kinase Kit as shown by a greater than 95% reduction of mast-cell numbers in hypomorphic (KitW/Wv) mutant mice that are widely used as a mast-cell deficiency model. Mast-cell numbers are normally very low in KitW/Wv mice, but numbers can strongly increase under inflammatory conditions. It remains elusive whether this inflammation-driven mast-cell accumulation is mediated by signals transmitted via the KitWv receptor or by other, Kit-independent stimuli. We show here, using viable Kit- null mice (KitW/W), that Kit is essential for mast-cell accumulation in phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)–treated, chronically inflamed skin. This increase in mast- cell numbers is strongly attenuated in KitW/Wv mice lacking mature lymphocytes (T, B, and natural killer [NK] cells). These data, together with reconstitution experiments, point at a role for lymphocytes in the regulation of mast-cell compartments under limiting Kit signaling. We conclude that inflammation-induced cutaneous mast-cell accumulation is dependent on Kit signaling strength, and, under limiting Kit signals, on cells of the adaptive immune system.
Migratory path of definitive hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells during zebrafish development
Authors: Jin Hao , Xu Jin , Wen Zilong 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe development of vertebrate definitive hematopoiesis is featured by temporally and spatially dynamic distribution of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). It is proposed that the migration of definitive HSPCs, at least in part, accounts for this unique characteristic; however, compelling in vivo lineage evidence is still lacking. Here we present an in vivo analysis to delineate the migration route of definitive HSPCs in the early zebrafish embryo. Cell-marking analysis was able to first map definitive HSPCs to the ventral wall of dorsal aorta (DA). These cells were subsequently found to migrate to a previously unappreciated organ, posterior blood island (PBI), located between the caudal artery and caudal vein, and finally populate the kidney, the adult hematopoietic organ. These findings demonstrate that the PBI acts as an intermediate hematopoietic organ in a manner analogous to the mammalian fetal liver to sustain definitive hematopoiesis before adult kidney hematopoiesis occurs. Thus our study unambiguously documents the in vivo trafficking of definitive HSPCs among developmentally successive hematopoietic compartments and underscores the ontogenic conservation of definitive hematopoiesis between zebrafish and mammals.
The evolutionary history of mitochondrial porins
Authors: Young Matthew J , Bay Denice C , Hausner Georg , Court Deborah A 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

Background
Mitochondrial porins, or voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC) allow the passage of small molecules across the mitochondrial outer membrane, and are involved in complex interactions regulating organellar and cellular metabolism. Numerous organisms possess multiple porin isoforms, and initial studies indicated an intriguing evolutionary history for these proteins and the genes that encode them.

Results
In this work, the wealth of recent sequence information was used to perform a comprehensive analysis of the evolutionary history of mitochondrial porins. Fungal porin sequences were well represented, and newly-released sequences from stramenopiles, alveolates, and seed and flowering plants were analyzed. A combination of Neighbour-Joining and Bayesian methods was used to determine phylogenetic relationships among the proteins. The aligned sequences were also used to reassess the validity of previously described eukaryotic porin motifs and to search for signature sequences characteristic of VDACs from plants, animals and fungi. Secondary structure predictions were performed on the aligned VDAC primary sequences and were used to evaluate the sites of intron insertion in a representative set of the corresponding VDAC genes.

Conclusion
Our phylogenetic analysis clearly shows that paralogs have appeared several times during the evolution of VDACs from the plants, metazoans, and even the fungi, suggesting that there are no "ancient" paralogs within the gene family. Sequence motifs characteristic of the members of the crown groups of organisms were identified. Secondary structure predictions suggest a common 16 β-strand framework for the transmembrane arrangement of all porin isoforms. The GLK (and homologous or analogous motifs) and the eukaryotic porin motifs in the four representative Chordates tend to be in exons that appear to have changed little during the evolution of these metazoans. In fact there is phase correlation among the introns in these genes. Finally, our preliminary data support the notion that introns usually do not interrupt structural protein motifs, namely the predicted β-strands. These observations concur with the concept of exon shuffling, wherein exons encode structural modules of proteins and the loss and gain of introns and the shuffling of exons via recombination events contribute to the complexity of modern day proteomes.