bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological Determinants of Voter Attitudes: Information Format and Personally‐relevant Cost Estimates
Authors: Halpern Diane F. , Waits Debra (Cristal) , Fisher Dawn , Guerra Eric 
Published: January 2008

Nous avons étudié la mémorisation et les attitudes concernant des sujets complexes en utilisant des promesses électorates comme stimulus. Pour apprécier l'impact de la présentation de l'information, nous avons fait varier la forme de la promesse (présentation littéraire ou schématique) et l'information sur le coût (d'une part dépense pour l'état, d'autre part dépense pour l'état plus dépense pour le foyer moyen). Comme prévu, quand un échantillon d'adultes (N = 129) lisait l'information schématique, la lecture était beaucoup plus rapide, sans changement du nombre de faits mémorisés et sans modification des estimations de la compréhension des messages. Les sujets avaient plus de chances d'approuver une promesse quand seul le coût pour l'état était indiqué (et qu'on omettait de préciser qu'elle leur coûterait personnellement entre $4 et $10 par an), mais ils se remémoraient davantage d'éléments quand l'information sur le coût les concernait personnellement. Quoique ces résultats doivent être considérés comme exploratoires, ils ont des implications importantes pour beaucoup de décisions de la vie quotidienne.We investigated memory for and attitudes towards complex topics using election bond propositions as stimulus passages. In order to examine the effect of information format, we varied the way the bond proposition was presented (prose and outline) and the way the cost information was provided (cost for the state and cost for the state plus cost for the average household). As expected, when a sample of adults (N = 129) read the information in outline format, they read the passages much more quickly, with no change in the number of facts recalled or in ratings of how well they comprehended the information. Subjects were less likely to endorse a bond proposition when they were told that it would cost them personally $4 to $10 per year in addition to information about the cost to the state than when given information only about costs to the state. Subjects also recalled more facts about the proposition when cost information was made personal. Although these findings need to be regarded as tentative, they have important implications for many real‐world decisions.
Cognitive Resources and Leadership Performance
Authors: Fiedler Fred E. 
Published: January 2008

Le rôle et la fonction des ressources cognitives que sont les aptitudes intellectuelles, l'expérience et les connaissances spécialisées ont longtemps été une énigme tacitement ignorée dans la théorie du leadership. En pratique, tout protocole de sélection ou de promotion d'un manager ou d'un leader évalue soigneusement les aptitudes intellectuelles du candidat, ses connaissances et son expérience professionnelle. Pourtant, rien de tout cela n'est en forte corrélation, voire tout simplement en corrélation, avec les performances de leader. Cet article, qui s'appuie sur la théorie des ressources cognitives (CRT), fait la synthèse aussi bien des recherches récentes que de nouveaux travaux qui éclairent le rôle des ressources cognitives dans le phénomène de leadership, et en tire des indications permettant d'améliorer les performances des leaders.The role and function of such cognitive resources as intellectual abilities, experience, and expertise, have presented a long‐standing but tacitly ignored enigma in leadership theory. Practically all managerial and leadership selection and promotion processes carefully weigh the leader's intellectual abilities, expertise, and job‐related experience. However, none of these correlates highly, if at all, with leadership performance. This paper, based on Cognitive Resource Theory (CRT), summarises recent research, as well as new findings, that clarifies the role of cognitive resources in the leadership process, and spells out implications for more effective leadership performance.
Establishment and Job Context Influences on the Use of Hiring Practices
Authors: Colarelli Stephen M. 
Published: January 2008

Pourquoi les organisations utilisent‐elles certaines méthodes de sélection professionnelle? Si beaucoup de travaux portent sur les procédures qu'elles devraient suivre, peu de recherches ou de théories existent sur le pourquoi de ce qui se fait réellement. Ceci est d'autant plus surprenant que beaucoup d'entreprises font appel à des pratiques de recrutement que la littérature spécialisée juge inefficaces. Après avoir examiné plusieurs explications, on propose un point de vue relevant de la psychologie de l'évolution en raison de l'importance que celle‐ci accorde à la genèse et aux fonctions des modèles sociaux (Campbell, 1975). D'après cette approche, ce sont des facteurs issus de l'environnement qui rendraient compte du choix des pratiques de sélection. On a émis huit hypothéses qui ont été mises à l'épreuve des données recueillies auprés de 62 établissements. Les résultats montrent que les caractéristiques de l'organisation sont en corrélation avec l'exploitation de tests standardisés, que les caractéristiques des postes le sont avec la pratique des entretiens et que la rotation du personnel entretient un lien avec l'instauration de périodes d'essai. L'article traite ensuite des processus psychologiques qui déterminent les habitudes et conclut sur les retombées concernant chercheurs et praticiens.Why do establishments use the hiring practices that they do? Although considerable research exists on the hiring methods that establishments should use, little theory or research exists on why current practices are used. This is curious because many establishments use hiring practices that the research literature regards as ineffective. After reviewing different explanations for utilisation, a perspective based on socio‐cultural evolution is adopted because of its emphasis on the origins and functions of social patterns (Campbell, 1975). This perspective suggests that contextual factors may affect the use of hiring practices. Eight hypotheses were derived and tested on data collected from 62 establishments. The results indicated that establishment characteristics correlated with the use of standardised tests, job characteristics correlated with the use of interviews, and turnover correlated with the use of probationary periods. The paper concludes with suggestions about the psychological processes affecting usage, and with implications for research and practice.
A Demonstration of the Validity of the Occupational Personality Questionnaire (OPQ) in the Measurement of Job Competencies Across Time and in Separate Organisations
Authors: Saville Peter , Sik George , Nyfield Gill , Hackston John , Maclver Rab 
Published: January 2008

Cet article présente les résultats de deux études de validation du questionnaire de personnalité OPQ/PPE (Occupational Personality Questionnaire, Profil de Personnalité en Entreprise en français). Ces deux études se sont déroulées à quatre ans d'intervalle, dans des organisations britanniques de différents secteurs industriels. Les résultats de la première étude de validation ont servi à prédire les résultats de la seconde étude. Cette procédure de validation croisée permet de s'assurer que les résultats de la seconde étude reposent sur des hypothèses a priori, claires et ne peuvent pas être imputés au hasard. Dans chacune de ces études, les cadres ont étéévalués suivant un ensemble de compétences professionnelles définies par chaque organisation, indépendamment l'une de l'autre. Cinq des compétences présentes dans la première étude sont directement comparables à cinq de la seconde étude. Les dimensions de l'OPQ/PPE qui prédisent la réussite sur chacune des compétences de la première étude ont été utilisées comme hypothèses dans la seconde étude. Les résultats confirment que l'OPQ/PPE prédit la réussite dans un poste (au‐delà de la mesure d'aptitudes) d'une maniére cohérente à travers différentes organisations et à des moments différents, et montrent que les relations mises en évidence ne relèvent pas de simples effets de hasard dans les données.This article presents the results of two separate validation studies of the Concept Model of the Occupational Personality Questionnaire (OPQ). The two studies were separated by a four‐year interval and the organisations came from different industry sectors in the UK. The results from the first validation study were used to predict the results in the second study. This cross validation procedure ensured that the results in the second study were based on clear a priori hypotheses and were not merely the result of chance. In each of the studies the managers were assessed against a separate set of job competencies which each organisation developed independently. Five job competencies were present in the earlier study which were directly comparable to five in the later study. The scales of the OPQ that predicted success on each of the competencies in the first study were used as hypotheses in the second study. The results confirm that the OPQ predicts job success (over and above measures of ability) in a consistent and predictable fashion across different organisations and over time, and demonstrates that this relationship is not merely a reflection of chance effects in the data.
Assessing Organisational Commitment in a Belgian Context: Evidence for the Three‐dimensional Model
Authors: Vandenberghe Christian 
Published: January 2008

Cette étude investigua la pertinence de la conceptualisation tri‐dimensionnelle de I'implication organisationnelle (Meyer & Allen, 1991) dans un contexte belge. Les trois composantes de la théorie furent mesurées à I'aide des échelles affective, de continuation, et normative de I'implication, développées par Allen et Meyer (1990). Une analyse factorielle confirmatoire de données provenant d'un échantillon de 277 infirmières et aides‐soignantes corrobora la structure factorielle hypothétique basée sur une représentation à trois facteurs obliques. Cependant, contrairement aux résultats de recherches antérieures, la présence de deux sous‐dimensions au sein de I'échelle de continuation ne fut pas confirmée. La portée de ces résultats est discutée et des suggestions pour analyser plus avant les conditions de généralisation de I'implication organisationnelle dans le domaine interculturel sont avancées.This study investigated the usefulness of the three‐dimensional conceptualisation of organisational commitment (Meyer & Allen, 1991) in a Belgian context. The three components of the theory were assessed using the Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment scales developed by Allen and Meyer (1990). A confirmatory factor analysis of data from a sample of 277 nurses and nursing aides yielded support for the hypothesised factorial structure of the scales, based on a three‐factor, oblique representation. However, contrary to prior findings, the existence of two related subdimensions inside the continuance commitment scale was not confirmed. The scope of these results is discussed, and suggestions to further analyse the boundary conditions of organisational commitment in cross‐cultural assessment are proposed.
Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation
Authors: Berry John W. 
Published: January 2008

La psychologie interculturelle a montré qu'il existait des rapports étroits entre le contexte culturel et le développement comportemental de l'individu. Cette relation établie, l'effort des recherches interculturelles a de plus en plus porté sur ce qu'il advenait des individus quand ils tentaient de refaire leur vie dans une culture différente de leur culture d'origine. Les conséquences psychologiques à long terme de ce processus d'acculturation sont très variables, dépendant de variables sociales et personnelles qui renvoient à la société de départ, à la société d'accueil et à des phénomènes qui existent avant, mais qui émergent pendant la période d'acculturation. Cet article esquisse un schéma conceptuel à partir duquel acculturation et adaptation peuvent ětre étudiées, puis présente quelques conclusions et résultats généraux tirés d'un échantillon de travaux empiriques. On envisage des applications possibles à la politique et aux programmes d'insertion en prenant en considération les couts et les bénéfices sociaux et psychologiques émanant de l'adoprion d'une orientation pluraliste et intégrationniste.Cross‐cultural psychology has demonstrated important links between cultural context and individual behavioural development. Given this relationship, cross‐cultural research has increasingly investigated what happens to individuals who have developed in one cultural context when they attempt to re‐establish their lives in another one. The long‐term psychological consequences of this process of acculturation are highly variable, depending on social and personal variables that reside in the society of origin, the society of settlement. and phenomena that both exist prior to, and arise during, the course of acculturation. This article outlines a conceptual framework within which acculturation and adaptation can be investigated, and then presents some general findings and conclusions based on a sample of empirical studies. Applications to public policy and programmes are proposed. along with a consideration of the social and psychological costs and benefits of adopting a pluralist and integrationist orientation to these issues.
World Outlook
Authors: DICKS GEOFFREY 
Published: January 2008

SummarySince the publication of February's Economic Outlook there has been a significant deterioration in the prospects of the OECD group of countries as a whole. The events in Iran and the associated reduction in the supply of Iranian oil, which other oil‐producing countries have chosen not to make up, have enabled the OPEC group of countries to charge a significantly higher price for their oil exports. For the non‐OPEC countries the repercussions are being felt in the form of a higher overall price level, and a worsening balance of payments. In 1980 there is likely to be a major slowdown in the rate of growth of output and trade.Industrial production in the 24‐nation OECD group is forecast to grow by 4.9 per cent in 1979, that is at about the same rate of growth as in the two previous years but in contrast with 1978 and similarly to 1977 most of the growth is expected to have occurred during the first half of the year. The second half of 1979 is expected to see a marked deceleration in the rate of growth of output which continues into 1980, for which year we are now forecasting a world recession, with output showing no growth over this year. The growth of world trade is also expected to be much reduced in 1980 at 1.8 per cent after 7.1 per cent in 1979.The immediate cause of the forecast world recession is the series of increases which have occurred in the price of oil (see next section). These have raised our world inflation forecast for 1979 to 18.1 per cent, 8.7 per cent and 9.1 for commodity prices (including oil), manufacturing prices and consumer prices respectively. Governments are expected to react to this higher rate of inflation by pursuing marginally tighter monetary policies. The net effect is that the rate of growth of the world real money supply is significantly reduced and output is seriously affected in turn.In 1981‐82, given our assumption of a stable real price of oil, the rate of world inflation slows down to about 6 per cent, real money supply growth picks up and output growth of about 4 per cent ensues.
The London Business School with Gower Publishing
Authors: Dicks Geoffrey 
Published: January 2008

The world economy is now moving towards recession, led by the US. How bad will that recession be, and how long will it last? For the UK, with industrial output already flat, this will be an important determination of the short‐term outlook and the appropriate stance of monetary policy. This Release concentrates on the world framework, with the major forecast for the UK following in our November issue ‐ a timetable corresponding to this year's Budget in June. The next main UK forecast will however revert to its normal timing in February 1980.SummaryThe deterioration in the prospects for the industrial countries which we analysed m the June/July Economic Outlook has recently been echoed by a number of other forecasting bodies, such as the IMF and the OECD, both of whom are now forecasting a recession for 1980. The profile of our forecast is essentiany unchanged (Table l), although the magnitude of the recession has slightly deepened. With the resumption of growth in 1981 we are now assuming that the OPEC countries will once more be in a position to raise the real price of oil ‐ from the second quarter of 1981 we assume that the real price of oil wilt mcnase by 1 per cent per quarter, i.e. just over 4 per cent each year. (Table 2).
Economic Viewpoint Bringing Counter‐Inflation Policy Back on Course
Authors: BUDD ALAN , DICKS GEOFFREY 
Published: January 2008

There is no doubt that the monetary limit for the first year of the Government's Medium‐Term Financial Strategy will be grossly exceeded, The reported figure for sterling M3 is likely to show a growth of 16 per cent to 18 per cent for the financial year compared with the upper limit of 11 per cent. This is a setback for the government's counter‐inflationary policy but not a disaster. The likely overshoot can be largely (but not completely) explained by the removal of the Bank of England's Supplementary Special Deposits Scheme (the corset). Its significance is best understood if we re‐examine monetary history since June 1978. (when the corset was imposed). A reasonable interpretation is that the money supply has effectively been growing at an annual rate of 15 to 16 per cent for the past three years (Details are shown in Table 4 on p. 12.) In retrospect it can be said that last year's monetary policy (but not that of the previous two years) was defensible in the light of the shock to prices caused by the oil price rise and the increase in VAT. We did in fact argue in Economic Outlook of June/July 1979 (“Price Shocks and the Economy”) that if the UK'S past record of monetary control had been better we would advocate a relaxation of monetary policy to accommodate these shocks. In the event monetary policy was relaxed (albeit unintentionally) and the squeeze on the real money supply was less severe than appeared at the time.However, there must be a steady reduction in monetary growth from now onwards if the government is to maintain its current progress in reducing inflation. We believe that such a policy is feasible and will be successful However the government must stick to the fiscal policy set out in the Medium Term Financial Strategy (MTFS). Our preliminary estimates suggest that, if Current public expenditure plans are fulfilled, there may be little or no scope for a reduction in personal taxation in 1981‐82. Further ahead, the danger point, on past experience, will be 1983 when the economy should be on a strong path of recovery and inflation should be well below current rates. That is the point at which upward pressures on the money supply are likely to reappear and will have to be resisted
Briefing Paper The Debate about Monetary Policy
Authors: BEENSTOCK MICHAEL 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe main implications from the discussion above are:

If the PSBR affects the money supply it should also have a direct influence upon inflation.
Our research indeed suggests that the PSBR is the root cause of inflation as well as the root cause of monetary growth.
The government should therefore be less pre‐occupied with M3 and lay even greater emphasis on the PSBR.
It should avoid sinking its energies into money base control. At most some form of money base control is advisable as a precaution.
To avoid any further money market disturbances the authorities should resort to a floating rate policy for MLR as was formerly the case.
Econometric Models and Economic Forecasting
Authors: CORKER R. J. 
Published: January 2008

This Briefing Paper is thejirst ofa series of three designeddiscussed is the process of making ‘constant adjustments’ in forecasts. This process involves modifying the results generated by the econometric model. For the first time we are publishing tables of the constant adjustments used in the current forecast. We explain in general why such adjustments are made and also explain the actual adjustments we have made for this forecast.The second article of the series, to be published in our February 1983 edition, will describe the potential sources of error in forecasts. In particular it will describe the inevitable stochastic or random element involved in e tatistical attempts to quantify economic behaviour. As a completely new departure the article will report estimates of future errors based on stochastic simulations of the LBS. model and will provide statistical error bad for the main elements of the forecast.The final article, to be published in our June 1983 edition, will contrast the measures of forecast error that e e obtain from the estimation process and our stochastic e imulationsp with the errors that we have actually made, as revealed by an examination of our forecasting ‘track record’. It is hoped to draw, from this comparison, some e eneral conclusions about the scope and limits of econometric forecasting producers.
The London Business School with Gower Publishing
Authors: Robinson Bill 
Published: January 2008

The economic recovery, which was gathering momentum in the second half of last year, was stopped in its tracks first by the US‐led resurgence of interest rates last A utumn, and then by the harsh winter. There were some encouraging signs of recovery again this Spring, but the latest indicators, most notably from the recent CBl Survey, are disquieting. This time last year we took the view that a spontaneous recovery would occur as destock‐ing came to an end. That forecast has proved correct on demand but over‐optimistic on output ‐ a very high proportion of the extra demand was met by imports. The scope for further spontaneous recovery is now limited and our growth forecast, especially for 1983, depends on the authorities taking some reflationary action. It is now being debated how and when such reflation should take place ‐ there is talk of an Autumn Budget. In effect the authorities have to decide a) whether there is scope for reflationary fiscal action within the PSBR guidelines of the Medium‐Term Financial Strategy; b) if so, whether such action is more appropriately taken in the A utumn or next Spring; c) if in the meantime interest rates could be brought down while respecting the MTFS targets.
THE AUTUMN STATEMENT
Authors: Budd Alan , Dicks Geoffrey 
Published: January 2008

The Treasury's forecasts, published with the Autumn Statement, are close to those we presented in October. For domestic demand the main difference is that the Treasury has consumption growing by 3 per cent next year whereas we had forecast a growth of only 2 percent. Behind this difference lies a significant different in policy assumptions. In October we estimated that there was no scope for tux cuts, yet the Treasury's forecast assumes that there will be net cuts in taxation (over and above indexation) of £11/2bn in the next Budget. In this Forecast Release we show that the main differences are (a) that the government has raised its forecasts of sales of assets and council houses arid (b) that it expects more North Sea Oil Revenue than we do. The latter forecast depends critically on what happens to the exchange rate.We present a revised forecast based on the new information in the Autumn Statement and incorporating the £1 1/2bn tax cuts. It is very close to the Treasury's forecast.We also discuss the relevance of changes in North Sea oil revenue to fiscal policy and we suggest that it is misleading to treat it on a par with other sources of revenue. We then show that the suggested tax cuts of £11/2bn in the next Budget are effectively £4bn less than was indicated last March. Finally we argue that the Chancellor's claim to have kept within his Planning Totals for spending in the last three years has only been achieved by increased asset sales.