bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of complement fixation test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of early infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Authors: Piffer I. A. , Young T. F. , Petenate Ademir , Ross R. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The relative merits of the complement-fixation test (cf) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of the early antibody response to Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae were evaluated. Discriminant analysis, a statistical procedure, was used to avoid difficulties associated with variation in background color and nonspecific reactions obtained with elisa with different sera. Specific-pathogen-free pigs were exposed by contact to other specific-pathogen-free pigs which had been inoculated with M hyopneumoniae intratracheally (experiment A) or intranasally (experiment B) 18 to 21 days previously. Sera were collected from each pig before contact exposure and once a week until necropsy. Antibodies were detected by cf at postexposure (pe) week 3 in animals in experiment A (6 of 18) and at pe week 5 in experiment B (3 of 12). The elisa antibodies were detected at 2 weeks after beginning of contact exposure in experiments A (4 of 18) and B (1 of 12). Examination of pooled data for experiments A and B indicated that elisa was substantially (P < 0.05) more sensitive for detection of antibodies than was the cf test at 3 to 5 weeks after contact exposure began. At pe weeks 6 and 7, both tests were similarly effective in detecting M hyopneumoniae antibodies.
Caprine aflatoxicosis: Serum electrophoresis and pathologic changes
Authors: Miller Doris M. , Clark J. Derrell , Hatch Roger C. , Jain Anant V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pathologic changes and serum electrophoretic patterns were determined in 30 male goats given aflatoxin B1 (afb1) orally at 4 dosage levels (mg/kg of body weight/day): 0.1 for 34 days; 0.2 for 18 days; 0.4 for 10 days; or 0.0 for 29 days. Goats given afb1 had increased mean concentrations of γ-globulins and most had decreased mean concentrations of β-globulins, although these changes in serum proteins were not significant (P > 0.05). At necropsy, ascites, pale livers, petechial hemorrhages, nasal discharge, and icterus were present. Microscopic changes included bile ductule proliferation, hepatocytic karyomegaly, hepatocellular degeneration, pneumonia, rhinitis, and proximal renal tubular nephrosis. Goats given the 2 smaller dosage levels of afb1 lived longer and had more severe lesions. Goats may be a good model for the study of ruminant aflatoxicosis.
Tetrameres columbicola (Nematoda: Spiruridae) infection of pigeons: Ultrastructure of the gravid female in glands of the proventriculus
Authors: Simpson Charles F. , Carlisle J. W. , Conti Joseph A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The light and electron microscopies of Tetrameres columbicola gravid females in sections of the parasitized proventriculus of pigeons were studied. By light microscopy, the most conspicuous structures in the sectioned parasite were the intestine, ovary, and especially the uterus that contained numerous eggs. By electron microscopy, there was a thick mat of pigment-coated microvilli on the surfaces of the intestinal epithelial cells. The germinal zone of the ovary contained nonmembrane-bound oocytes, but oocytes were confined by a membrane in the growth zone of the ovary. The core of the spermatheca contained oocytes and the periphery harbored sperm. In this location, the unfertilized oocyte had pseudopods; sperm had invaginations of the plasma membrane. After fertilization, there was proliferation of ribosomes within the oocyte.
Embryonating eggs in the uterus had thick shells and were partially enveloped by elongations of the uterine epithelial cells. Surfaces of the epithelial cells were pleated and they had electron opaque areas at the points of the pleats. Larvae in eggs had a well developed annulated cuticle and muscular layer.
Somatic muscle cells had tailed appendages that protruded into the pseudocoelom. The single layer of cells beneath the hypodermis had lateral processes at the base of the cells that interdigitated with similarly elongated processes of adjacent muscle cells. Striated fibers were present in the central portion of the cells.
An evaluation of ivermectin in the treatment of sarcoptic mange in dogs
Authors: Scheidt Vicki J. , Medleau Linda , Seward R. Lee , Schwartzman Robert M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A colony of mixed-breed dogs (n = 298) naturally infested with Sarcoptes scabiei was treated, twice, with 200 μg of ivermectin/kg of body weight subcutaneously at 14-day intervals. After the initial injection, positive skin scrapings from 20 treated dogs decreased from 7 to 1 and the degree of pruritus decreased. In contrast, positive skin scrapings from 22 nontreated dogs increased from 10 to 14, and there was an additional deterioration in the condition of the skin and an increase in the degree of pruritus. Complete control was noticed in all treated dogs by posttreatment day 28 (14 days after a 2nd injection) based on negative skin scrapings.
Protection by vaccination against bovine leukemia virus infection in sheep
Authors: Onuma M. , Hodatsu T. , Yamamoto S. , Higashihara M. , Masu S. , Mikami T. , Izawa H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four preparations were tested as potential vaccines to protect sheep against bovine leukemia virus (blv) infection. Purified glycoprotein (gp) 51 and protein (p) 24 antigens from the virus and glutaraldehyde-fixed fetal lamb kidney (flk) cells chronically infected with blv or sheep fibroblasts transformed with blv (SF-28 cells) were used to inoculate 12 sheep. Each vaccine was given 3 times 2 and 4 weeks apart to 3 sheep. Six sheep vaccinated with gp51 antigen or fixed flk cells developed complement-fixing antibody against gp51; the titers ranged from 1:8 to 1:128 at the time of virus challenge exposure at postinoculation week 9. Although the 6 sheep inoculated with p24 antigen or fixed SF-28 cells developed antibody against the respective inoculum, none of these sheep had gp51 antibody at the time of challenge exposure. All 12 vaccinated and 2 control sheep were challenge exposed with blv-infected lymphocytes, and cells from the sheep subsequently were tested for infection by syncytium assay.
Sheep inoculated with gp51 antigen or flk cells were protected, but sheep inoculated with p24 antigen or SF-28 cells became infected. The cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes from protected and nonprotected sheep was not different from that of normal sheep. Seemingly, purified gp51 antigen or fixed flk cells were capable of preventing blv infection in sheep. Humoral immune responses to gp51 appears to have an important role in protection against blv infection, whereas cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes does not.
Hemolysis in gel test for detection of bovine antibodies to Brucella abortus: Comparison of antigens and test modifications
Authors: Dillender M. J. , Buening G. M. , McLaughlin K. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Killed Brucella abortus strain 1119-3 cells were treated with hot phenol/water or dimethyl sulfoxide to extract soluble crude lipopolysaccharide antigen. Antigen preparations were characterized with respect to protein and lipopolysaccharide content and were compared for efficacy in the hemolysis-in-gel test (higt) for detecting anti-Brucella antibodies.
All antigens were equally effective in sensitizing bovine rbc in the higt and in detecting the presence of anti-Brucella antibodies. A slide modification of the higt was developed and compared with the plate higt. Seemingly, both tests were comparable.
Effect of acetohydroxamic acid on prevention of canine struvite uroliths
Authors: Krawiec Donald R. , Osborne Carl A. , Leininger Joel R. , Griffith Donald P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Long-term administration of acetohydroxamic acid (aha) to dogs with experimentally induced urease-positive staphylococcal urinary tract infections, and bladder zinc disk foreign bodies inhibited urolith growth in 2 dogs and prevented urolith growth in 4 dogs. Inhibition and prevention of urolith growth were associated with reduction in urine urease activity, crystalluria, pyuria, hematuria, and proteinuria. Lesions in the urinary tract of aha-treated dogs were less severe than those of infected control dogs. Administration of aha for 6 months induced mild morphologic abnormalities in rbc, but did not cause hemolytic anemia.
Vascular pathways of the anterior segment of the canine eye
Authors: Sharpnack Douglas D. , Wyman Milton , Anderson Bettina G. , Anderson Wesley D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The vasculature of the anterior segment of the canine eye was studied by preparing intravascular casts with a methyl methacrylate resin. Specimens were examined and results were recorded with the aid of stereoscopic dissecting and scanning electron microscopes.
The arterial supply was via anterior ciliary and long posterior ciliary arteries. An arterial circle derived from dorsal and ventral anterior ciliary arteries was identified in the anterior sclera. The long posterior ciliary artery contributed branches to the choroid, anterior sclera, and anterior border of the ciliary processes. Radial iris arterioles arose from the major arterial circle of the iris and ended blindly at the pupillary margin. Radial ciliary arteries arose from the major arterial circle of the iris and ran posteriorly and supplied the ciliary processes and muscle and fused with the choroidal vasculature. Each ciliary process was supplied by an afferent arteriole from the radial ciliary artery. Sphincters could be seen at branch points within the vascular net of the ciliary processes.
Hematologic values in healthy neonatal, weanling, and juvenile kittens
Authors: Meyers-Wallen Vicki N. , Haskins Mark E. , Patterson Donald F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Blood samples were taken by jugular venipuncture from healthy kittens ranging in age from birth to 17 weeks. Complete blood cell counts, including rbc indices, provided data on reference blood values in kittens. Age-dependent rbc changes observed were decreases in pcv and hemoglobin (Hb) and mean cell Hb concentrations in neonatal kittens and a subsequent increase in pcv, Hb concentration, and rbc count in juvenile kittens. Leukocyte changes included an increasing wbc count from birth through the weanling period, increases in lymphocyte numbers in the neonatal and juvenile age groups, and increases in eosinophil numbers in the juvenile period.
Spermatozoa and testes in the boar: Correlative analysis of sperm morphologic features, seminiferous epithelial area, and testes weight
Authors: Basurto-Kuba V. M. , Heath E. , Wagner W. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Testicular tissue and sperm from the cauda epididymidis of 300 boars were obtained in 6 collections during 1 year at a Chicago abattoir. Seventy-five boars (25%) had ≥ 1 sperm abnormality present at rates that could result in infertility. These abnormalities and their frequency criteria were: proximal droplets ≥ 15%, loose heads ≥ 10%, abnormal middle pieces ≥ 10%, abnormal acrosomes ≥ 10%, bent tails ≥ 15%, coiled tails ≥ 15%, and abnormal head shapes > 5%.
These 75 abnormal boars were then compared with a control group of 75 boars selected at random from the remaining 225 boars. Frequency of sperm abnormalities, testicular and epididymal weights, relative seminiferous epithelial areas (sea), and the degree of testicular lesions were used in making comparisons. Testicular lesions were scored on a scale of 1 (normal) to 5. The sea was measured and was expressed as the mean area of 50 tubules. The sea was negatively correlated with proximal droplets and abnormal middle pieces in abnormal boars and abnormal head shapes in control boars. The mean sea was 8.71 and 5.60 cm2 for control and abnormal boars, respectively. The overall mean score for testicular lesions was 1.72 and 3.17 for control and abnormal boars, respectively.
Diagnosis of mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine: Sequential study by direct immunofluorescence
Authors: Amanfu W. , Weng C. N. , Ross R. F. , Barnes H. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An improved direct fluorescent antibody test was evaluated for specificity and efficacy in diagnosing mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine. A sequential study was carried out in which pigs inoculated with a pneumonic lung suspension containing Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain 11 were euthanatized at postinoculation (pi) weeks 2 to 12. Fluorescent coating of M hyopneumoniae was detected primarily on bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial surfaces of lungs with gross lesions of pneumonia. Fluorescence was observed to be most intense at pi weeks 4 to 6, with a tendency to decrease in intensity from pi weeks 8 to 12. This indicated that there may be a decrease in number of M hyopneumoniae cells in the more advanced stages of the disease. The use of a counterstain (chelated azo-dye) provided an excellent color contrast and permitted making unambiguous interpretation of results.
African swine fever in neonatal pigs: Passively acquired protection from colostrum or serum of recovered pigs
Authors: Schlafer Donald H. , Mebus Charles A. , McVicar John W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of passively acquired antibodies on the course of African swine fever (asf) virus infection was investigated in hysterotomy-derived neonatal pigs fed colostrum from an asf-recovered sow or given asf virus antiserum.
Thirty neonatal pigs were assigned to 5 study groups: (i) colostrum-deprived, (ii) fed colostrum from a normal sow, (iii) fed colostrum from an asf-recovered sow, (iv) given asf virus antiserum, and (v) noninoculated controls. Pigs were inoculated oronasally with 106.1 median hemadsorption units (HAd50) of a Dominican Republic asf virus isolate.
The progression of asf infection was monitored by measure of rectal temperature, viremia titers, antibody response, and observation of attitude. The clinical course of asf infection was markedly different in young pigs in the various study groups.
On postinoculation day (pid) 4, asf viremia titers for pigs receiving colostrum from an asf-recovered sow or asf virus antiserum (mean = 3.2 ± 1.88 log10 HAd50, n = 10 pigs) were significantly lower (P < 0.001) than viremia titers of colostrum-deprived pigs or of those fed normal colostrum (mean viremia titer = 7.8 ± 0.55 log10 HAd50, n = 14 pigs). All pigs not given colostrum or serum (n = 15 pigs) from swine recovered from asf were dead by pid 16. By pid 30, only 1 pig that received colostrum or antiserum (n = 10 pigs) from the sow recovered from asp had died.
To determine whether the protective effect of asf antiserum resided within the immunoglobulin (Ig) fraction, 4 pigs that had acted as noninoculated controls for the 1st experiment were given 125 mg of ammonium sulfate precipitated Ig from the asf virus antiserum used in the initial study (intraperitoneally). The 5th pig was not given Ig (nontreated-inoculated control). All 5 pigs were inoculated oronasally with 106.1 HAd50 of Dominican Republic asf virus. The nontreated control pig died on pid 10 and 3 Ig-treated pigs died on pid 17, 23, and 24. The 4th Ig-treated pig survived. Although administration of precipitated asf Ig did not completely protect against clinical asf infection or death, the course of infection was markedly altered.
Anatomy of the tarsal tendons of the equine tibialis cranialis and peroneus tertius muscles
Authors: Updike Susan J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Tendons of insertion of the equine tibialis cranialis muscle and peroneus tertius muscle (pt) were dissected grossly. Precise areas of tendon attachment and fiber arrangements within the tendons were described for the dorsal and medial tendons of the tibialis cranialis, and for the superficial lateral, deep lateral, dorsal, and medial tendons of the pt. Direct attachment of the dorsal and medial tendons of the pt into the periosteum of the central and 3rd tarsal bones and the 3rd metatarsal bone indicates that the pt may be involved in the pathogenesis of hock lamenesses.
Adverse effects of antibiotics on the development of gut-associated lymphoid tissues and the serum immunoglobulins in chickens
Authors: Naqi S. A. , Sahin N. , Wagner G. , Williams J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Study was done of the distribution and relative densities of immunoglobulin (Ig)M-, IgG-, and IgA-producing cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissues and the spleen (sp) of control and antibiotic-treated chickens between 3 and 28 days of age. Specific Ig in the serum also were quantitated simultaneously. Antibiotic treatment included preincubation dipping of fertile eggs in gentamicin solution (500 mg/L), injection of chicks with gentamicin (0.2 mg/chick, subcutaneously), and inclusion of chlortetracycline in the diet (200 mg/kg).
At 3 days, the gut-associated lymphoid tissues of control chicks carried few Ig-positive cells, except the bursa of Fabricius in which all 3 classes of Ig-bearing cells were present in relatively large numbers. The sp had few, but equal, numbers of IgM- and IgA-positive cells at this age. As control birds grew older, IgM-positive cells dominated in the sp, followed by the IgA cells. Cell populations fluctuated in the bursa of Fabricius of chicks until 21 days of age when IgM and IgA cells stabilized at a higher density than the IgG-positive cells. The cecal tonsils had no Ig-positive cells at 3 days, mostly IgM cells by 7 days, but equal numbers of the 3 types of cells by 28 days.
The large intestines had few IgM-positive cells at 3 days and no IgG cells at 3 or 7 days. The numbers of IgM and IgA cells were approximately equal in the large intestine of the chicks from 7 days until 28 days. Maternally acquired IgG predominated in sera of chicks until 14 days of age, followed by the IgM. At 28 days, there was more IgM in the serum than IgG. Serum IgA was not detectable until 14 days of age, and its concentration remained at a lower level than IgM or IgG values.
Antibiotic-treated chickens generally carried lower densities of Ig cells than did the respective controls. However, statistically significant (P < 0.05) differences were apparent only with respect to Ig cell populations in the cecal tonsils and the large intestines. The treated chickens also had significantly lower serum IgM concentrations at 28 days of age.
Location of cryptosporidia: Review of the literature and experimental infections in calves
Authors: Anderson Bruce C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cryptosporidium, a protozoan, was present in the gastrointestinal tract of calves, lambs, goats, deer, foals, cats, rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, monkeys, human beings, birds, reptiles, and fish. The usual location was the gastrointestinal tract with emphasis on the lower portion of the small intestine. In birds, cryptosporidia were also present in the respiratory tract and conjunctiva. In human beings, cryptosporidia were present in specimens from the respiratory tract. Immunologic impairment may allow a more widespread distribution of the parasite in a given animal and may be related to increased susceptibility.
Experimental cryptosporidial infections in newborn calves resulted in the establishment of the organisms in jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon. Middle and lower portions of the jejunum and ileum appeared to have the largest numbers of organisms at 5 to 7 days after inoculation, as determined by histologic examinations.
Epidemiology of bovine brucellosis in the Mexicali Valley, Mexico: Results of path analysis
Authors: Salman Mowafak D. , Meyer Margaret E. , Cramer James C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-eight known or hypothesized variables in the epidemiology of bovine brucellosis were examined by path analysis to determine the contribution of each variable to seropositivity of cattle in Mexicali, Mexico. The variables that contributed significantly to bovine seropositivity were area size of farm premises, percentage of animals on a premises that were inseminated artificially, local marketing of the products from a premises, size of investment in the livestock, whether or not dairying was the major agricultural activity of the premises, and the policy of the owner or manager with regard to disposal of reactor animals. The contributions of all other variables were insignificant.
Excretion of [3H]prednisolone in clinically normal and experimentally infected bovine udders
Authors: Geleta J. N. , Shimoda Wilbert , Mercer H. Dwight 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The excretion rate of [3H]prednisolone from clinically normal and experimentally infected udders of 10 lactating cows was studied. Each quarter of 6 cows was injected with a single dose of [3H]prednisolone mixed with nonradioactive prednisolone equivalent to 10 mg in 10 ml of peanut oil base. Each of the remaining 4 cows was given 40 mg of nonradioactive prednisolone and [3H]prednisolone in 60% ethanol iv. Control and postadministration samples of blood, milk, and urine were examined for radioactivity. The effects of [3H]prednisolone were evaluated in the same cows, first in clinically normal udders, then 2 weeks later in udders experimentally infected with Streptococcus agalactiae.
Absorption and elimination of prednisolone were the same before and after induced infection. Within 3 hours after intramammary injection, 95% of the labeled prednisolone was absorbed systemically, < 5% of this dose was recovered in milk, and 29% was excreted in urine. After iv injection of [3H]prednisolone, < 0.2% of the total radioactivity was recovered in milk and < 46% was excreted in urine.
Clinical mastitis induced by S agalactiae was moderate. Circulating blood leukocytes and somatic cells in the milk of normal cows remained essentially unchanged. The leukocyte response to induced infection was rapid in blood and milk. Large numbers of leukocytes were noticed in the milk and a severe leukopenia occurred. Prednisolone treatment did not alter the number of somatic cells in milk or reduce the inflammatory response of experimentally infected cows.