bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developments in European Horse Breeding and Consequences for Veterinarians in Equine Reproduction
Authors: Aurich J , Aurich C 
Published: July 2006

ContentsThe liberalization of European animal breeding legislation and an increasing diversity of equestrian sports have led to a constant rise in the number of horse breeds and breed registries. In addition to the trend towards more and smaller breed registries, there is another trend towards an international expansion of the bigger established sport horse breeds. Regional breeds, at least in smaller countries, may no longer be able to run an independent breeding programme. The typical horse breeder, in the future, will be a female and qualified in equestrian sports. Artificial insemination (AI) mainly with fresh or cooled‐transported semen has become a major breeding tool, allowing breeders all over Europe to benefit from the best stallions of most breeds. New AI techniques such as low‐dose insemination may remain restricted to individual stallions and also the interest of breeding programmes in sex determination of foals via semen sorting is limited. Embryo transfer and associated techniques, although allowed by most breeds, have not contributed significantly to genetic progress in European sport horses so far. A potential use of cloning may be to produce gonad‐intact copies from geldings that have performed to a superior level. With a more open and international structure of horse breeding and increased use of AI, equine reproduction and biotechnology should be emphasized by veterinary curricula and continuing professional education programmes.
Biosecurity and the Various Types of Embryos Transferred
Authors: Thibier M 
Published: July 2006

ContentsThe aim of the present paper was to review some features related to the risk analysis of three types of embryos to be transferred, namely the in vivo derived, the in vitro produced and the cloned ones. For in vivo‐collected embryos, a considerable number of experiments and scientific investigations have been performed and hundreds of thousands of embryos are transferred annually with no contamination of associated diseases. Provided that the code of practice such as that published by the International Embryo Transfer Society is strictly followed by the embryo transfer practitioners, the statement made some 17 years ago saying that the in vivo‐derived embryo transfer was the safest way of exchanging genes remains entirely true, thanks to the professionalism of the embryo transfer industry. For the in vitro‐produced embryos, some particular rules have to be followed because of specific risks for some pathogens to strongly adhere to the zona pellucida of such embryos. There are some means to monitor and control those effects, and the transfer of in vitro‐produced embryos can also be a very safe way to exchange genes around the world. The third type of embryos, the cloned ones, is a quite different category and the risk analysis to be soundly made still needs a lot of investigations so as to characterize the potential risks if there are, in terms not only of disease transmission but also in terms of public health, zoonotic risks as well as those related to quality and safety of food. The problem in this regard, is more directly addressed for offspring of clones than to the cloned embryos themselves. Published data on this issue are increasing in numbers so that progress in that area is expected in the few years to come.
L‐carnitine ameliorates doxorubicin‐induced nephrotic syndrome in rats
Authors: BOONSANIT DOLRUDEE , KANCHANAPANGKA SUMOLAYA , BURANAKARL CHOLLADA 
Published: July 2006

SUMMARY:Aim:  Effects of L‐carnitine on nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by doxorubicin (DOX) in rats were investigated.Methods:  The rats were divided into four groups: group 1, control (0.9% NaCl); group 2, DOX injection (7.5 mg/kg, i.v.); group 3, DOX plus low dose (40 mg/kg) L‐carnitine; and group 4, DOX plus high dose (200 mg/kg) L‐carnitine. L‐carnitine was administered 1 h before doxorubicin injection and daily thereafter for 15 days.Results:  Rats in group 2 were associated with hypoalbuminaemia, hyperlipidaemia, high urinary excretion of protein and elevated plasma creatinine and urea nitrogen. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) decreased with increased renal vascular resistance (RVR). Kidney catalase (CAT) activity was decreased. In group 3 and 4, plasma triglyceride and cholesterol declined. L‐carnitine improved renal functions by elevated GFR and ERPF and decreased plasma creatinine and urea nitrogen. The kidney CAT activity were increased significantly compared with group 2. From histopathological results, group 2 rats were found to have glomerular capillary dilation and tubular dilation. The lesions were less in group 3 and 4 rats.Conclusion:  L‐carnitine can protect renal impairment functionally, biochemically and histopathologically with a corresponding reduction of oxidative stress.
Rapid estimation of microbial numbers in water using bulk fluorescence
Authors: Wegley Linda , Mosier‐Boss Pamela , Lieberman Stephen , Andrews John , Graff‐Baker Amanda , Rohwer Forest 
Published: July 2006

SummaryEnumeration of microbial cells without culturing is an essential technique for microbial ecology and water quality evaluation. Here we show that bulk fluorescence using the SYBR Gold DNA stain can be used to rapidly quantify microbial cells per millilitre in fresh, marine and estuarine waters. The bulk fluorescence method is comparable to estimating cell concentrations in cultures using optical density; however, this enhanced method enables the user to estimate microbial numbers at lower concentration (> 105 cells ml−1) found in environmental samples. The technique worked in both single‐cell and 96‐well plate fluorescent spectrophotometers. Differences of ∼105 cells per millilitre were discernible and the precision of the bulk fluorescence was higher than direct counting by epifluorescent microscopy. Treatment with DNase I increased sensitivity by lowering background noise attributed to free DNA. This technique is simple, rapid, inexpensive and adaptable for automatically estimating microbial numbers in water samples.
Pollen‐mediated gene flow in maize in real situations of coexistence
Authors: Messeguer Joaquima , Peñas Gisela , Ballester Jordi , Bas Marta , Serra Joan , Salvia Jordi , Palaudelmàs Montserrat , Melé Enric 
Published: July 2006

SummaryWe present the first study on cross‐fertilization between Bt and conventional maize in real situations of coexistence in two regions in which Bt and conventional maize were cultivated. A map was designed and the different crops were identified, as were the sowing and flowering dates, in Bt and conventional maize fields. These data were used to choose the non‐transgenic fields for sampling and analysis by the real‐time quantification system‐polymerase chain reaction (RTQ‐PCR) technique. In general, the rate of cross‐fertilization was higher in the borders and, in most of the fields, decreased towards the centre of the field. Nine fields had values of genetically modified organism DNA to total DNA of much lower than 0.9%, whereas in three the rate was higher. Some differences were found when comparing our results with those of common field trials. In real conditions of coexistence and in cropping areas with smaller fields, the main factors that determined cross‐pollination were the synchronicity of flowering and the distances between the donor and receptor fields. By establishing an index based on these two variables, the rate of the adventitious presence of genetically modified maize could be predicted, as well as the influence of other factors. By applying this index, and in the case of a fully synchronous flowering time, a security distance between transgenic and conventional fields of about 20 m should be sufficient to maintain the adventitious presence of genetically modified organisms as a result of pollen flow below the 0.9% threshold in the total yield of the field.
Children's Moral Reasoning Regarding Physical and Relational Aggression
Authors: Murray‐Close Dianna , Crick Nicki R. , Galotti Kathleen M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractElementary school children's moral reasoning concerning physical and relational aggression was explored. Fourth and fifth graders rated physical aggression as more wrong and harmful than relational aggression but tended to adopt a moral orientation about both forms of aggression. Gender differences in moral judgments of aggression were observed, with girls rating physical and relational aggression as more wrong and relational aggression as more harmful than boys. In addition, girls were more likely to adopt a moral orientation when judging physical and relational aggression and girls more often judged relational aggression than physical aggression from the moral domain. Finally, moral reasoning about aggression was associated with physically and relationally aggressive behavior. Considered together, the results indicate that children tend to adopt a moral orientation about aggression, but that they nonetheless differentiate between physical and relational aggression in their moral judgments.
The Prevention of Social Aggression Among Girls
Authors: Cappella Elise , Weinstein Rhona 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study represents the first systematic attempt to examine a theory‐based program designed to reduce girls' social aggression and increase positive leadership among peers. Fifth‐grade girls from six public schools were randomly assigned within classrooms to the social aggression prevention program (SAPP) and the comparison reading clubs. A school‐based small group program, the SAPP was demonstrated to have a positive impact for all students in the domain of social problem solving. For students with high baseline social problems, teachers reported positive changes in SAPP participants' prosocial behavior. In addition, the content of the program was critical: reading club participants improved their reading achievement at greater rates than SAPP participants. Targeting female students in a program focused on resolving social conflicts from multiple perspectives may be an important addition to broader, multilevel initiatives to prevent aggression and promote leadership in schools.
Adolescent Perceptions of Appropriate Parental Reactions in Moral and Conventional Social Domains
Authors: Padilla‐Walker Laura M. , Carlo Gustavo 
Published: July 2006

AbstractResearch suggests that adolescents' ratings of the appropriateness of parental reactions are influenced by several constructs, including adolescents' perceptions of the type of parental reaction, the emotions felt by the adolescent and parental intentions. However, little is known regarding how these constructs are differentially predictive of appropriateness in different socialization contexts. One hundred and twenty‐two adolescents (mean age = 16.87 years) answered questions regarding past situations in antisocial and prosocial contexts, and in moral and conventional domains. Different parental reactions were reported across moral and conventional domains. In addition, the appropriateness of parental responses varied across domain. Namely, in antisocial contexts, parental responses of yelling and punishing were seen as more appropriate in moral than conventional domains. In prosocial contexts, no action from the parent was seen as less appropriate in conventional than moral domains. In addition, adolescents' perceptions were more strongly associated with adolescents' ratings of appropriateness in conventional than moral social domains. These findings highlight the importance of considering both moral context and social domain when examining adolescents' perceptions of appropriate parental reactions and internalization of values.
Taiwanese–Canadian Mothers’ Beliefs About Personal Freedom for Their Young Children
Authors: Chuang Susan S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study examined Taiwanese–Canadian mothers’ conceptions of personal freedom in everyday situations for their children and the influence of acculturation on their beliefs. Forty mothers of six‐ to eight‐year‐old children participated in a semistructured interview and sorting task. Interview responses revealed that, regardless of acculturation, child decision‐making was important and that mothers should negotiate and compromise with their child on everyday issues such as clothing, food, activities, daily routine and homework. They believed that child resistance was motivated by the children's personal interests, laziness, limit testing and their emotional state. Sources of conflict were resolved by parental authority, discussing/negotiating and conceding to the child. The sorting task also revealed that personal issues were judged as within their children's jurisdiction.
Migraine in the Elderly: A Comparison With Migraine in Young Adults
Authors: Martins Kátia M. , Bordini Carlos A. , Bigal Marcelo E. , Speciali José G. 
Published: July 2006

Objective.—In this study we compare the clinical features of migraine attacks occurring in the elderly (60 to 70 years) and in younger migraineurs (20 to 40 years).Background.—Studies comparing the clinical features of migraine at different ages are still lacking. These studies are important for a better comprehension of the natural history of migraine, as well as to refine our recognition of the disease.Methods.—We retrospectively assessed subjects seen from 1995 to 2000 in a university‐based outpatient headache clinic in Brazil. We reviewed 144 charts from patients 60 to 70 years (mean = 66.4). We applied a questionnaire based on the first edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (criteria for episodic migraine remained unchanged in the second edition). Controls were migraineurs from 20 to 40 years (mean = 32.6).Results.—Migraine occurred in 25% of the elderly and 29% of younger migraineurs (NS). A lower proportion of migraine attacks in the elderly were unilateral (38% vs. 57%, P < .01), or with associated symptoms (nausea = 75% vs. 86%, P= .05; vomiting = 30% vs. 54%, P < .05, photophobia and phonophobia = 83% vs. 94%, P < .05). Other symptoms such as paleness (P= .0441), dry mouth (P= .0093), and anorexia (P= .05) were more common in the elderly.Conclusion.—Migraine is less typical in the elderly and more frequently associated with vegetative symptoms. Therefore, the diagnosis of migraine in elderly subjects may be more challenging, and many seniors with this primary headache can be misdiagnosed.
Comparative Antibody-Mediated Phagocytosis ofStaphylococcus epidermidisCells Grown in a Biofilm or in the Planktonic State
Authors: Cerca Nuno , Jefferson Kimberly K. , Oliveira Rosario , Pier Gerald B. , Azeredo Joana 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTStaphylococcus epidermidisis an important cause of nosocomial infections. Virulence is attributable to elaboration of biofilms on medical surfaces that protect the organisms from immune system clearance. Even though leukocytes can penetrate biofilms, they fail to phagocytose and kill bacteria. The properties that make biofilm bacteria resistant to the immune system are not well characterized. In order to better understand the mechanisms of resistance of bacteria in biofilms to the immune system, we evaluated antibody penetration throughout the biofilm and antibody-mediated phagocytic killing of planktonic versus biofilm cells ofS. epidermidisby using a rabbit antibody to poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG). These antibodies are opsonic and protect against infection with planktonic cells of PNAG-positiveStaphylococcus aureusandS. epidermidis. Antibody to PNAG readily penetrated the biofilm and bound to the same areas in the biofilm as did wheat germ agglutinin, a lectin known to bind to components of staphylococcal biofilms. However, biofilm cells were more resistant to opsonic killing than their planktonic counterparts in spite of producing more PNAG per cell than planktonic cells. Biofilm extracts inhibited opsonic killing mediated by antibody to PNAG, suggesting that the PNAG antigen within the biofilm matrix prevents antibody binding close to the bacterial cell surface, which is needed for efficient opsonic killing. Increased resistance of biofilm cells to opsonic killing mediated by an otherwise protective antibody was due not to a biofilm-specific phenotype but rather to high levels of antigen within the biofilm that prevented bacterial opsonization by the antibody.
Performance demands of professional male tennis players
Authors: Johnson C D , McHugh M P 
Published: July 2006

Objective:To quantify the performance demands in professional male tennis.Methods:Games from three grand slam tournaments were analysed by an elite tennis player from video recordings. Game related data were collected on 22 players (French Open, 8 (186 games); Wimbledon, 11 (206 games); US Open, 9 (224 games)). Total number of strokes per game was quantified separately for service and return games. Strokes were categorised by type and designated as forehand or backhand. Differences in the types of strokes in a game were analysed using one factor (type of stroke) repeated measures analysis of variance. Differences in total strokes and stroke distributions between playing surfaces were analysed by analysis of variance (surface type) with Tukey’s post hoc pairwise comparisons.Results:For service games there were more serves per game than any other type of stroke (p<0.001), with topspin forehand and topspin backhand the only other strokes averaging more than one per service game. For return games there were more forehand and backhand returns and topspin forehands and backhands than other types of stroke (p<0.01). Total number of strokes per game was greater in the French Open than Wimbledon (p<0.01), with more topspin forehands (p<0.01) and more topspin backhands (p<0.01). Total strokes per game in the US Open were not different from the other two tournaments.Conclusions:The serve was the predominant stroke accounting for 45% (French Open) to 60% (Wimbledon) of strokes during service games. The greater number of strokes per game on clayvgrass may contribute to earlier fatigue.
Plants as factories for production of biopharmaceutical and bioindustrial proteins: lessons from cell biologyThis review is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Plant Cell Biology.
Authors: Kermode Allison R. 
Published: July 2006

Transgenic plants, seeds, and cultured plant cells are potentially one of the most economical systems for large-scale production of recombinant proteins for industrial and pharmaceutical uses. Biochemical, technical, and economic concerns with current production systems have generated enormous interest in developing plants as alternative production systems. However, various challenges must be met before plant systems can fully emerge as suitable, viable alternatives to current animal-based systems for large-scale production of biopharmaceuticals and other products. Aside from regulatory issues and developing efficient methods for downstream processing of recombinant proteins, there are at least two areas of challenge: (1) Can we engineer plant cells to accumulate recombinant proteins to sufficient levels? (2) Can we engineer plant cells to post-translationally modify recombinant proteins so that they are structurally and functionally similar to the native proteins? Attempts to improve the accumulation of a recombinant protein in plant cells require an appreciation of the processes of gene transcription, mRNA stability, processing, and export, and translation initiation and efficiency. Likewise, many post-translational factors must be considered, including protein stability, protein function and activity, and protein targeting. Moreover, we need to understand how the various processes leading from the gene to the functional protein are interdependent and functionally linked. Manipulation of the post-translational processing machinery of plant cells, especially that for N-linked glycosylation and glycan processing, is a challenging and exciting area. The functions of N-glycan heterogeneity and microheterogeneity, especially with respect to protein function, stability, and transport, are poorly understood and this represents an important area of cell biology.
Neural Response Suppression Predicts Repetition Priming of Spoken Words and Pseudowords
Authors: Orfanidou Eleni , Marslen-Wilson William D. , Davis Matthew H. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
An important method for studying how the brain processes familiar stimuli is to present the same item on more than one occasion and measure how responses change with repetition. Here we use repetition priming in a sparse functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study to probe the neuroanatomical basis of spoken word recognition and the representations of spoken words that mediate repetition priming effects. Participants made lexical decisions to words and pseudowords spoken by a male or female voice that were presented twice, with half of the repetitions in a different voice. Behavioral and neural priming was observed for both words and pseudowords and was not affected by voice changes. The fMRI data revealed an elevated response to words compared to pseudowords in both posterior and anterior temporal regions, suggesting that both contribute to word recognition. Both reduced and elevated activation for second presentations (repetition suppression and enhancement) were observed in frontal and posterior regions. Correlations between behavioral priming and neural repetition suppression were observed in frontal regions, suggesting that repetition priming effects for spoken words reflect changes within systems involved in generating behavioral responses. Based on the current results, these processes are sufficiently abstract to display priming despite changes in the physical form of the stimulus and operate equivalently for words and pseudowords.
Cortical Mechanisms Involved in the Processing of Verbs: An fMRI Study
Authors: Yokoyama Satoru , Miyamoto Tadao , Riera Jorge , Kim Jungho , Akitsuki Yuko , Iwata Kazuki , Yoshimoto Kei , Horie Kaoru , Sato Shigeru , Kawashima Ryuta 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
In this study, we investigated two aspects of verb processing: first, whether verbs are processed differently from nouns; and second, how verbal morphology is processed. For this purpose, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare three types of lexical processing in Japanese: the processing of nouns, unmarked active verbs, and inflected passive verbs. Twenty-eight healthy subjects were shown a lexical item and asked to judge whether the presented item was a legal word. Although all three conditions activated the bilateral inferior frontal, occipital, the left middle, and inferior temporal cortices, we found differences in the degree of activation for each condition. Verbs elicited greater activation in the left middle temporal gyrus than nouns, and inflected verbs showed greater activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus than unmarked verbs. This study demonstrates that although verbs are basically processed in the same cortical network as nouns, nouns and verbs elicit different degrees of activation due to the cognitive demands involved in lexical semantic processing. Furthermore, this study also shows that the left inferior frontal cortex is related to the processing of verbal inflectional morphology.