bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pilzentwicklung in Fichtenholz unter Schutzgasatmosphäre
Authors: Metzler Von. B. , Gross M. , Mahler G. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Fungal growth in spruce timber stored under low oxygen atmosphere. Fungal growth and species composition in Norway spruce timber (Picea abies) stored under an atmosphere with low oxygen concentration was monitored by isolation techniques. The results were compared with those from unprotected wood and from living trees. The role of potentially antagonistic fungi is discussed.
Conidial germination and formation of necrosis in pine seedlings by Gremmeniella abietina at low temperatures
Authors: Petäistö Raija‐Liisa 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe germination of conidia of G. abietina on water agar reached the same germination percentage at 0°C as at 5 °C to 12.5 °C, but required more time. The fungus caused necrosis even at ‐ 4 °C in pine seedlings.
The ability of Gremmeniella abietina to hydrolyze polygalacturonic acid
Authors: Petäistö Raija‐Liisa , Kajander E. O. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Gremmeniella abietina grew well in media with pectin as the sole carbon source. The fungus secreted at least one enzyme with polygalacturonase activity, and this was induced by addition of pectin to the culture medium.
Suberin degradation by Rosellinia desmazieresii
Authors: Ofong A. U. , Pearce R. B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn culture, Rosellinia desmazieresii, the agent of a ring‐dying disease in Salix repens, which can penetrate intact periderm surfaces in its host, produced a range of cell‐wall‐degrading enzymes. These included esterases that may be important in the depolymerization of suberin. Slow breakdown of suberin by this fungus was demonstrated.
Pythium and Phytophthora species associated with eucalypts and pines in South Africa
Authors: Linde C. , Kemp G. H. J. , Wingfleld M. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRoot and soil samples from Eucalyptus and Pinus plantations taken during routine surveys of South African forestry areas during 1990–1992, yielded various species of Pythium and Phytophthora. These include three species of Phytophthora and 20 species of Pythium. Six of these Pythium species have not previously been recorded in South Africa. The pathogenicity of the Pythium and Phytophthora spp. collected during the surveys was tested on established Eucalyptus fastigata and a clone of E. grandis.
Der Einfluß gasförmiger Luftschadstoffe auf die EpicuticularWachse von Quercus robur
Authors: NEINHUIS C. , WOLTER M. , KÜPPERS K. , BARTHLOTT W. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Influence of gaseous pollutants on the epicuticular wax of Quercus robur. The effects of SO2, NO, and ozone on the epicuticular wax of Q. robur were studied by scanning electron microscopy and by measuring the contact angle of water droplets on the leaf surfaces. The treatments did not induce any significant differences in the wax micromorphology.
The ability of the pine‐top weevil to carry spores and infect Scots pine with Endocronartium pini
Authors: Pappinen A. , von Weissenberg K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe pine‐top weevil Pissodes piniphilus is known to be often associated with trees infected with resin‐top disease. In this paper, the ability of the weevil to carry Endocronartium pini spores in laboratory conditions and its ability to infect pines in the field were studied. The weevil may carry spores and cause infection in healthy pines.
The effects of Taphrina betulina infection on growth of Betula pubescens
Authors: Spanos Y. A. , Woodward S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe impact of infection by Taphrina betulina on the growth of Betula pubescens was studied in naturally regenerated stands in the North East of Scotland. Infection by T. betulina was associated with a significant reduction in height growth and poorer developmental tendency, vigour, and stem quality of B. pubescens, whereas diameter at breast height was little affected. Tree height was reduced by an average of 25% over all diameter classes, with the greatest effect in smaller trees. For brooms of 100 mm diameter and over, numbers and sizes were strongly correlated with diameter at breast height and tree age. Reductions in height and vigour were not correlated with the number and size of brooms present, but were more pronounced in younger, smaller trees.
Effects of temperature, relative humidity and time on survival of pinewood nematodes in wood chips
Authors: Panesar T. S. , Peet F. G. , Sutherland J. R. , Sahota T. S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe survival of two Canadian isolates of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, in coniferous wood chips under different temperatures, relative humidities and time intervals was investigated in vitro. The nature of the survival mechanism was examined and it was shown that the nematode's prolonged survival in the chips depended on its dispersal third larval stage. The possibility of PWN‐infested wood chips spreading PWN‐induced pine‐wilt disease to forests is discussed.
Morphology of epicuticular waxes in Pinus pinea needles in relation to season and pollution‐climate
Authors: Altieri A. , Del Caldo L. , Manes F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMicromorphological change of the epicuticular wax structure in Pinus pinea needles was analysed by scanning electron microscope and the relationships between the rates of wax weathering over seasons and the pollution‐climate at one urban and two rural sites arediscussed.
Die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit als Unterscheidungsmerkmal zwischen Ophiostoma piceae und Ophiostoma querci
Authors: Wulf A. , Kowalski T. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract Vegetative growth as a means of differentiating Ophiostoma piceae from Ophiostoma querci. Isolates of Ophiostoma piceae from spruce (Picea abies) and O. querci from oak (Quercus robur) showed distinct differences in vegetative growth of cultures at a wide range of temperatures.
Variation in combined fatty acid and sterol profiles of Ascocoryne, Nectria, and Neobulgaria‐strains isolated from Norway spruce
Authors: Müller M. M. , Hallaksela Anna‐Maija 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe diversity of Ascocoryne cylichnium, Nectria fuckeliana and Neobulgaria premnophila isolates expressed as variation in their fatty acid and sterol composition was investigated. Despite high within‐species variation, distinct differences in the fatty acid and sterol composition between species were evident.
Identification of gram‐positive bacteria isolated from initial stages of wound‐initiated discoloration of red maple
Authors: Parker Sharon , Shortle W. C. , Smith K. T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSimilar gram‐positive bacteria in the genera Bacillus and Actinomyces were isolated from sapwood and stage‐one discolored wood of red maple. These isolates are unlike those previously reported from red maple wood in advanced decay.
Detection of mycoplasmalike organisms in declining oaks by polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Ahrens U. , Seemüller E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBy polymerase chain reaction, mycoplasmalike organisms (MLOs) were detected in several declining trees of Quercus robur sampled at two locations of Germany. The MLOs associated with declining oaks were, within the 16S rDNA studied, genetically uniform and closely related to the MLOs associated with European stone fruit yellows and apple proliferation.
Excess nitrogen fertilization and the structure of Scots‐pine needles
Authors: Jokela A. , Bäck J. , Huttunen S. , Jalkanen R. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe effects of excess nitrogen fertilization on the structure of Scots‐pine needles (Pinus sylvestris) were examined in Finnish Lapland. The trees were fertilized with calcium ammonium‐nitrate, and the levels of nitrogen applied were 0, 75, 150, 250, 500 and 1000 kg N/ha, respectively. The thickness and width of the needle and thicknesses of the tissues were measured, and the conditions of various celltypes were classified at the light‐microscopy level. In addition, the areas of the cell organelles were measured and the conditions of the chlomplasts and other cell compartments observed at the ultrastructural level. Larger needles and a thicker adaxial mesophyll were observed following excess N application (250–1000 kg N/ha). The natural xeromorphic structure of the conifer needles became more mesomorphic, possibly influencing the protection afforded against environmental stresses. A high level of nitrogen fertilization caused changes in the central cylinder, especially in the vascular bundle and the sclerenchyma. The needle nitrogen concentration was high in the highly fertilized trees and the boron concentration was simultaneously extremely low. As a consequence of the changes in the central cylinder, photoassimilate transport from the mesophyll to the phloem may be disturbed at high fertilization levels. The changes at the ultrastructural level, i.e. injuries to the chloroplast thylakoids and the plasma membrane, and the formation of lipid accumulations, were indicators of the adverse effects of excess nitrogen. With an increasing atmospheric‐nitrogen load, lower nitrogen fertilization levels in pine forests naturally adapted to low soil N should be considered in forest management.
Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum dematium isolated from current‐year beech seedlings exhibiting damping‐off
Authors: Sahashi N. , Kubono T. , Shoji T. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe pathogenicity of Colletotrichum dematium was evaluated as the agent causing post‐emergence damping‐off of current‐year beech (Fagus crenata) seedlings. Current‐year beech seedlings inoculated with C. dematium died within 20 days after both wound and non‐wound inoculation, indicating that this fungus is pathogenic to current‐year seedlings. C. dematium was frequently isolated from hypocotyls exhibiting damping‐off at five different sites. The incidence of isolation was high and little variation occurred between sites and years. C. dematium was also detected in all litter samples examined although the incidence of detection differed depending on sites and/or detection methods.These results strongly indicate that C. dematium plays an important role in rapid seedling death during the early stages of beech regeneration.
Preliminary evaluation of Epicoccum purpurascens as a biocontrol agent against wound pathogens on stems of Picea abies
Authors: Zimmermann M. , Sieber T. N. , Holdenrieder O. 
Published: June 2007

Summary Epicoccum purpurascens was applied to stem wounds of Norway spruce for a preliminary assessment of its potential as a biological protection against decay fungi. E. purpurascens had a significant influence on the composition of the mycoflora of the wounds, analysed 8 months after inoculation.
Changes in soluble‐phenol content of Norway‐spruce (Picea abies) phloem in response to wounding and inoculation with Ophiostoma polonicum
Authors: Brignolas F. , Lieutier F. , Sauvard D. , Yart A. , Drouet A. , Claudot A. C. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the temporal changes in Norway‐spruce (Picea abies) phloem phenolics during wound‐induced response. Two Norway spruces were inoculated with Ophiostoma polonicum and sterile agar; unwounded phloem was simultaneously tested as control. Both unwounded and inoculated phloem were then sampled 6, 11, 21, 30, and 60 days later. Monophenols were analysed by HPLC, and the tanning capacity of the phloem extracts was estimated from their ability to precipitate proteins. The response to inoculation was characterized by radical changes in the phloem phenolic composition. Initially, an increase in (+)‐catechin concentration was observed, concomitant with a slow decrease in both glycoside concentrations and tanning capacity. After day 6, this decrease was accelerated in the event of fungus inoculation. The appearance of aglycones did not take place during the decrease in glycosides, but was delayed. The phenolic response of Norway‐spruce phloem to inoculation is modulated by the presence of the fungus and is focused on the formation of insoluble compounds.
Chemical and structural barriers toMicrocyclus ulei, the agent of South American leaf blight, inHeveaspp.
Authors: Garcia D. , Cazaux E. , Rivano F. , D'Auzac J. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryYoung leaves of different rubber‐tree clones were inoculated withMicrocyclus uleiunder controlled conditions. Under ultraviolet light, intense blue fluorescent light was emitted from the penetration site 6 h after inoculation. The speed of the appearance of this fluorescence was related to the degree of resistance of the clones: 12–36 h in totally resistant clones, 36–120 h in marked partially resistant clones, and 120 h in weak partially resistant clones. The source of this fluorescence may have been scopoletin. Strong accumulation of this coumarin may inhibit pathogen invasion in a very early phase. Four days after inoculation, intense accumulation of lignins in only a few cells at the penetration sites was observed in totally resistant clones. Intense lignin accumulation around lesions may also stop pathogen development in some partially resistant clones
Growth of axenic cultures of Cronartium flaccidum on callus tissue from Pinus nigra var. laricio and Pinus sylvestris
Authors: Ragazzi A. , Moricca S. , Dellavalle I. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe callus‐fungal method was employed to test the response to C. flaccidum of the highly susceptible P. nigra var. laricio and the resistant P. sylvestris, and to ascertain whether results obtained with this method matched in planta observations. Calli were inoculated with axenie cultures of C. flaccidum obtained by incubating basidiospores on modified Schenk and Hildebrandt medium. Several parameters were evaluated. Colony growth was more rapid on P. nigra var. laricio. Colonies were dense on P. nigra var. laricio, but sparse on P. sylvestris. Aerial hyphae growth was abundant on P. nigra var. laricio, but less frequent on P. sylvestris. Hyphal branching began after 18 h on P. nigra var. laricio and after 45 h on P. sylvestris. Necrosis of the host cells set in after 24 h on P. nigra var. laricio, and after 70 h on P. sylvestris. The number of cells with plasmolysis was much larger in P. nigra var. laricio than in P. sylvestris. These results were consistent with the known resistance of the two species on whole plants.
Armillaria species associated with Gastrodia elata in Japan
Authors: Cha J. Y. , Igarashi T. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryGastrodia elata was collected from July to August 1992 in Hokkaido forests. A total of 22 diploid isolates were paired with haploid testers of the biological Armillaria species reported in Hokkaido. One isolate was identified as A. ostoyae, 10 as A. gallica, three as A. jezoensis, three as A. sinapina, and five as A. singula. These isolates were compatible with the respective Hokkaido testers of these species. With the exception of A. ostoyae, these species are known as saprophytes, which form abundant rhizomorphs in soil.Clear isozyme profiles of esterases were obtained with all isolates except one. Interspecific variations were more important than intraspecific variations. The esterase profiles could be used for identification of the Armillaria species in Hokkaido as a useful complement to the mating‐type method.
Detectability of wood decay caused by Ustulina deusta in comparison with other tree‐decay fungi
Authors: Schwarze F. W. M. R. , Lonsdale D. , Mattheck C. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryTwo devices were evaluated for the inspection of wood decay caused by Ustulina deusta (Hypoxylon deustum, the‘Metriguard’stress‐wave timer for decay detection, and the‘Fractometer’, a sample corebreaking gauge, for measurement of the loss of strength. The stress‐wave timer failed to detect decay caused by the fungus in naturally infected trees or jinoculated wood blocks, but detected decay in wood blocks from various tree species inoculated with the white‐rot basidiomycetes Fomes fomentarius, Ganoderma pfeifferi, and Polyporus squamosus, and the brown‐rot basidiomycete Leatiporus sulphureus. The Fractometer showed large losses of strength in inerement cores incubated with all the test fungi, including U. deusta, even at an early stage of decay. The patterns of cell‐wall degradation, as shown by light microscopy, were consistent with the observed brittle nature of deeay caused by U. deusta and with the results of testing the two devices. Both in naturally infected trees and in wood bloeks, early degradation took the form of a soft‐rot, with cavity formation in the S2 layer of the secondary cell walls. A white‐rot supervened, but with prolonged persistence of a brittle, lignin‐iich 'skeleton’that appeared to transmit stress‐waves with little alteration in velocity.
The ability ofOphiostoma clavigerum to kill mature lodgepolepine trees
Authors: Yamaoka Y. , Hiratsuka Y. , Maruyama P. J. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryLodgepole pine, Pinns contorts var. latifolia, about 80 years old, inoculated in the field with Opbiostoma clavigerum either alone or in combination with Opbiostoma montium died within 1 year of inoculation, but the trees inoculated with O. montium or control inoculum did not.
Hosts and distribution of the intersterility groups of Heterobasidion annosum in the highlands of Greece
Authors: Tsopelas P. , Korhonen K. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe intersterility groups of 127 pure cultures of H, annosum collected from different host trees in 12 mountain areas in Greece were identified. The F group commonly caused butt rot on the fir species Abies cephalonica and Abies borisii regis. It was the only type of H. annosum found in pure fir forests. The P group caused serious root rot in pinus sylvestris stands in north‐eastern Greece. In more southern mountain areas it often colonized stumps of pinus nigra but seldom killed this tree species. The S group was found in natural forests of Picea abies in northern Greece, causing butt rot of spruce. In mixed forests, the intersterility groups of H. annosum were found relatively often in stumps of tree species other than their main hosts, although some host preference seemed to occur also in stump colonization.
Factors affecting discharge and germination of ascospores of Hypoxylon mediterraneum (De Not.) Mill.
Authors: Vannini A. , Paganini R. , Anselmi N. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryDischarge and germination of ascospores of Hypoxylon mediterraneum (=Biscogniauxia mediterranea (De Not.) O. Kuntze) were studied. Discharge and germination of ascospores depend on the presence of water or high relative air humidity. Ascospores are ejected from stromata in forest for most of the year following periods of high precipitation. H. mediterraneum ascospores germinated under a wide range of biotic and abiotic conditions. The optimal temperature for germination was 35°C, but 25 and 30°C were still favourable, while 20 and 40°C reduced germination. Ascospores kept at 5°C were able to germinate after short exposure to temperatures ranging from 20 to 35°C. Germination rate depended on the ascospore density in in vitro experiments, and was highest at 106 ascospore/ml.Tissues of some host plants greatly increased germination rate. In vivo, ascospores germinated better on wounded axillary tissues than on unwounded ones.
Fusarium canker of Italian cypress
Authors: Madar Z. , Kimchi M. , Solel Z. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA new disease, causing mortality of Italian cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) trees cv. ‘Totem', was observed in an Israeli nursery. Fusarium compactum was isolated from cankers, and its pathogenicity was confirmed by Koch's test. The fungus readily formed conidia and chlamydospores in PDA culture. Growth of F. compactum was fastest at 26–30°C. Artificial inoculations with F. compactum caused severe cankering of several species of each of the following coniferous genera: Cupressus, Juniperus, Tetraclinis, Thuja, Cedrus and Pinus. Canker development was significantly enhanced when extreme water stress was imposed on cypress saplings prior to inoculation.
Isolation, identification and pathogenicity of Phytophthora species from declining oak stands
Authors: Jung T. , Blaschke H. , Neumann P. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryWithin the scope of a research project on the condition of roots of declining oaks (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea), samples of fine roots and surrounding soil, specimens of stripe cankers on the stem base, and samples of stream water were examined for the presence of Phytophthora species using both baiting methods and selective agar media. At 27 sites in Germany (Bavaria, Rheinland‐Pfalz, Schleswig‐Holstein), Switzerland, Hungary, Italy and Slovenia the following species were isolated (mainly from soil): Phytophthora citricola, Phytophthora cactorum, Phytophthora cambivora, Phytophthora gon‐apodyides, Phytophthora undulata, a species with affinity to Phytophthora drechsleri, and two additional species with close affinity to the Phytophthora cactorum group. Moreover, Pythium group P, Pythium anandrum, Pythium chamaehyphon, and many other Pythium species that have not yet been identified could be recovered. In a soil infestation test most isolates induced dieback of long root tips and necrotic lesions in the root cortex and at the root collar of Quercus robur seedlings. All Phytophthora species tested and Pythium group P caused cortical necrosis after stem inoculation of young Quercus robur trees. It could be shown in vitro that Phytophthora gonapodyides and Pythium group P were able to produce a wilting toxin. Nitrogen input and climatic changes are discussed as predisposing factors for root damage observed in the field.
Fungi in bark peeling wounds of Picea abies in central Sweden
Authors: Vasiliauskas R. , Stenlid J. , Johansson M. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA total of 210 Norway spruce trees with stem wounds resulting from bark peeling by moose (Alces alces) were examined in three 45–50‐year‐old stands that contained 20‐30% of damaged trees. Injured stems were between 8 and 40 cm diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) and showed 1 to 23‐year‐old wounds. Wounds varied in size from 2 to 4815 cm2. The size of injury correlated negatively with the age of the injury (r=‐0.24; p=0.004), and positive correlation was established between the age of the injury and d.b.h. of the wounded tree (r=0.50; p=0.0001). Each wound was sampled once using an increment borer and fungi were isolated. Among basidiomycetes, Stereum sanguinolentum was the most common (isolated from 26.7% of the damaged stems). Other common species were Cylindrobasidium evolvens (23.8%), Amylostereum areolatum (5.2%), A. chailletii (0.5%), Heterobasidion annosum (5.2%), Peni‐ophorapithya (1.4%), Sistotrema brinkmannii (1.0%). The ascomycete Nectria fuckeliana was the most common among all fungi (present in 35.7% of bark peeling wounds). The frequency of S. sanguinolentum infection correlated positively with the age of the injury (r=0.27; p=0.001) and the opposite relationship was revealed for C. evolvens (r=−0.30; p=0.0001). Furthermore, C. evolvens infection correlated positively with the wound size (r=0.30; p=0.0001) and negatively with the tree d.b.h. (r=−0.20; p=0.004). A positive correlation was found between tree d. b. h. and the occurrence in stems of H. annosum (r=0.23; p=0.001 and N. fuckeliana (r=0.23; p=0.0006). The spruce bark beetle Dendroctonus micans attacked 14.8% of wounded trees. Presence in stems of N. fuckeliana was associated significantly with the D. micans attack (r=0.190; p =0.006; χ2 test: p=0.01). Except for a negative correlation between infections of S. sanguinolentum and H. annosum (r=‐0.140; p=0.04), no significant relationship between fungal species was found.