bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A K-Value Compositional Model for a Retrograde Condensate Reservoir
Authors: Zhang Maolin , Mei Haiyan , Sun Liangtian , Li Shilun , Wu Qingsong , Kong Xiangyan 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new K-value compositional model for a retrograde condensate reservoir, which obtains K-value in a more effective way, and can cut down the time and the cost in the phase equilibrium calculation and simulation, is presented in this paper. The major physical phenomena and mathematical model used in the simulator are described. An application of both the K-value compositional model and the compositional model based on the equation of state to the examples of SPE4271, SPE12278 and a condensate reservoir in China is shown to have good consistency.
Breaking a Paradigm: Drilling with Tubing Gas Wells
Authors: de Leon Mojarro Jose C. , Terrazas Martin , Eljure Abraham Julian 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Breaking a paradigm is to try to solve any situation with a different point of view and different sources. Everyone believes that for drilling a gas well, it is obviously necessary to use only drill pipe. Pemex Exploration & Production (PEP) is giving a tremendous change in this direction in the North of Mexico, in the area of Burgos Basin, Reynosa, Tamaulipas. PEP had successfully drilled more than 40 gas wells using upset tubing with WedgeThread Technology to drill the last section of the well, using the slim hole design and applying the "Tubingless Technique" for completion. This has given PEP the opportunity to save 30 to 40% of total cost of each gas well.
The conventional drilling programs used to be 17-1/2 in, 12-1/4 in. and 8-1/2 in. bit diameters and 13-3/8 in., 9-5/8 in. and 7 in. casing diameters respectively. This normally requires a 4 1/2 in. drill pipe for drilling the three sections, because the capacity of this pipe (torsion, tension and hydraulics geometry). Finally, the completion was performed with a 2-7/8 in. tubing with a permanent packer on top of the production zone.
The new drilling program requires 12-1/4 in., 8-1/2 in. and 5-7/8 in., bit diameters and 9 5/8 in., 7 in. and 3-1/2 in. casing diameters respectively. The 3-1/2 in. tubing has an integral connection on internal-external upset pipe with the Wedge Thread Technology to drill the last section and then it is cemented as a production casing (tubingless technique). Also this tubing has an amazing application to drill because its torsion, tension, bending and compression strengths. Therefore, this 3-1/2 in. tubing has a triple application: as a drill pipe, production casing and tubing.
P. 465
Investigation of Coiled Tubing Failures Over 2 Years and Corrosion Prevention Methods
Authors: Crabtree A. R. , Skrzypek H. , Eng P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Fatigue life management of Coiled Tubing is widely applied in the industry today and this has led to a high reliability of Coiled Tubing used in the servicing of oil and gas wells. However, Coiled Tubing failures have not been totally eradicated from the industry and this paper examines some of the causes.
During a two year period, from January 1996 to January 1998, all coiled tubing, used by BJ/Nowsco which has failed before its predicted fatigue life has been examined to determine the nature and cause of the failure. This paper reviews some of these failures and highlights a trend which became apparent.
This trend towards a predomination of corrosion initiated failures has led to a study of prevention techniques and this work is also reviewed in this paper.
Downhole Tiltmeter Fracture Mapping: Finally Measuring Hydraulic Fracture Dimensions
Authors: Wright C.A. , Davis E.J. , Golich G.M. , Ward J.F. , Demetrius S.L. , Minner W.A. , Weijers L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper introduces a new fracture diagnostic technology that allows economic mapping of hydraulic fracture dimensions. The downhole tiltmeter fracture mapping technology requires the use of an offset wellbore(s) for running wireline-conveyed downhole tiltmeter arrays. For the first time, hydraulic fracture dimensions including growth during pumping can be measured at a relatively modest cost. In addition to providing fracture diagnostic data (fracture height, width and length), this new capability allows enhanced utilization of hydraulic fracture models because model predictions can be "calibrated" with in-situ observations of fracture growth.
The concept is quite simple: creating a hydraulic fracture involves parting the rock and deforming the reservoir. Downhole tiltmeter mapping involves measuring the fracture-induced deformation in a nearby offset well(s) and solving the geophysical inverse problem to obtain the created fracture dimensions. The technology follows the same principles as surface tiltmeter mapping, but the different array geometry and placement make it very sensitive to fracture dimensions and less sensitive to fracture orientation - just the reverse of surface tiltmeter mapping. This paper will explain the fundamental concepts, the implementation strategy (wireline conveyed tiltmeter arrays, data acquisition, processing, and modeling), and three field case studies of measured hydraulic fracture growth.
New Acid System Minimizes Post Acid Stimulation Decline Rate in the Wilmington Field, Los Angeles County, California
Authors: Dean Gregory D. , Nelson Chris A. , Metcalf Steven , Harris Randy , Barber Terry 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Acid stimulation treatments performed in the Upper Terminal (UT) Zone of the Wilmington Field, Los Angeles County, CA have been effective in removing formation damage caused by scale and fines migration. Unfortunately, most treatments have an average life of less than six months. A new Chemically Modified Acid (CMA) system has been implemented that utilizes a phosphonic acid in conjunction with hydrofluoric acid. This CMA system is pumped with a standard hydrochloric acid preflush and postflush. The phosphonic acid reacts with aluminum in clays and feldspars to form a temporary "protective film", thus allowing deeper penetration and more effective reaction of hydrofluoric acid on migratory silicates. Aluminosilicate solubility is not eliminated, but is controlled to allow a more uniform reaction. Another possible side benefit of the phosphonic acid is its ability to inhibit the formation of calcium carbonate scale.
Initial production rates of the wells acidized with this new acid system are approximately the same as wells previously treated with 9% HCl:l% HF, indicating removal of the damage. However, the real test of time has shown that the wells treated with this new system are producing at flatter decline rates, indicating either removal of additional fines or scale inhibition or both. Field data presented indicate an extension in the time to return to pre-treatment production rates from less than five months to more than nine months.
Laboratory data are presented that shows the improved solubility and deeper penetration of this acid system over conventional HC1:HF. Post-acid job flowback samples were also analyzed to determine the extent of silicate dissolution and to investigate the possibility of scale inhibition.
Spontaneous Water Imbibition into Diatomite
Authors: Schembre J. M. , Akin S. , Castanier L. M. , Kovscek A. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A systematic experimental investigation of capillary pressure characteristics and fluid flow in diatomite has begun. Using an X-ray CT scanner and a specially constructed imbibition cell, we study spontaneous water imbibition processes in diatomite and for reference Berea sandstone and chalk. The mass of water imbibed as a function of time is also measured. Imbibition is restricted to cocurrent flow. Despite a marked difference in rock properties including permeability and porosity, we find similar trends in saturation profiles and weight gain versus time functions. Imbibition in diatomite is relatively rapid when initial water saturation is low due to large capillary forces.
Characterising Curing Cement Slurries by Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Backe K.R. , Lile O.B. , Lyomov S.K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Electrical conductivity is a parameter which can be used for monitoring the entire hardening process of oilwell cement slurries. The theoretical relationship between conductivity, porosity, cement chemistry, and ion content is discussed. The theory is confirmed by experiments; basically, the cement slurry conductivity decrease is a function of porosity decrease. The applied results show that the electrical conductivity of a curing slurry reflects both the strength development and the ability to resist gas migration.
Improved Reservoir Management Using Geostatistical Reservoir Description, 24Z Stevens Reservoir, Elk Hills Oil Field, California
Authors: Brown J.M.G. , Exakwe Nnaemeka 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A reservoir simulation model based on geostatistical reservoir description was constructed for the 24Z Reservoir to evaluate competing reservoir management strategies. The geostatistical approach used the technique of collocated cokriging to assign reservoir properties to areas of the reservoir where sparse data exist. The fluid flow model scaled up from the geostatistical model was history matched with a significant reduction in the total number of simulation runs.
Norm Survey and Control System in the Oil Production Facilities in Egypt
Authors: El-Ghazaly S. , Hassib G. M. , Huseen Nagwa H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) have been known to exist in the petroleum industry for many years through the well logging operations. NORM was first recognized as a potential health problem as long ago as 1904 in the oil fields of Canada. It became an issue in the North Sea Oil and Gas Production Facilities in the early 1980 and became more widely recognized in the United States in 1986 in the States of Mississippi and Louisiana. Since then, NORM have been considered as a potential radiation source in the petroleum industry which needs to be controlled to maintain safe working conditions and clean environment.
In Egypt, the Atomic Energy Authority (AEA) and the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation (EGPC) have initiated an extensive programmes since 1992. This programme includes radiation survey of the oil production facilities. The results of this survey show a wide range of NORM deposits starting from background level up to some hundreds uSv/h.
Accordingly, a NORM control system has been established which can be summarized as follow:
⇒ It is proposed to run a preliminary screening programme (ýPSP) for all oil fields to identify the level of NORM enhancement on each site. ⇒ The PSP includes a quick survey for the radiation dose rate on the surfaces of tanks, separators, de-salters, piping, disposal areas, etc. ⇒ Each site will be classified according to the following categories:- Controlled areas where the radiation levels exceed 7.5 uSv/h.Supervised areas where the radiation levels lay between 2.5–7.5 uSv/h.Screened areas where the radiation levels are less than 2,5 uSv/h. ⇒ Category A, requires:- Detailed radiation survey every 3 months, radiation measuring instruments, assignment of restricted areas, radiation personal dosimetry, supervising any de-sludging activities, training and NORM waste disposal programme. ⇒ Category B, requires:- Detailed radiation survey every 6 months, radiation measuring instruments, supervising any de-sludging activities, training and NORM waste disposal programme. ⇒ Category C, requires:- Radiation screening every 2 years and, training (Optional).
The present paper includes the results of the radiation survey, the radiation protection measures taken and the NORM disposal programme.
Removal of Dissolved Hydrocarbons from Production Water by Macro Porous Polymer Extraction (MPPE)
Authors: Pars H. M. , Meijer D. Th. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents the successful application of Macro Porous Polymer Extraction (MPPE) technology to remove hydrocarbons from the produced water of a natural gas plant. This water is discharged to the public watertreatment facilities and is subject to a maximum hydrocarbon contents. Elf Petroland together with Akzo Nobel investigated the use of a Macro Porous Polymer filled with an extraction liquid for hydrocarbon removal. A MPPE unit was installed June ‘94 at Elf Petroland in Harlingen (The Netherlands), downstream the reflux drum of the DEG/TEG regenerators and treated the condensed water stream. The unit proved to be very efficient. The hydrocarbon content was reduced from approx. 2000 mg/l to less than 0.5 mg/l. Since May ‘97 the performance is tested for the treatment of all produced water (process-, formation-and wastewater) to a maximum benzene concentration of 100 ug/l.
MPPE utilises two proven technologies, liquid-liquid extraction and steam stripping with an innovative medium (the MPPE particles). Hydrocarbon contaminated water is passed through a column packed with MPPE particles. An extraction liquid immobilised within the polymer matrix removes the hydrocarbons from the water. The purified water passes out of the column directly for reuse or discharge. All hydrocarbons with a relatively high affinity for the extraction liquid (compared to water) are removed. Periodical in-situ regeneration of the extraction liquid containing MPPE particles is accomplished with low pressure steam. The steam volatises the hydrocarbons. Volatised hydrocarbons are condensed and then separated by gravity. The hydrocarbon phase is recovered and sold as product, the water phase is recycled to the system.
Besides the Harlingen pilot, the unit is proven successful in other branches of industry. At present fourteen units are operational or under construction in the USA and Europe, of which six treat process water and eight are used in the field of groundwater remediation. Removal efficiencies up to 99.9999 % are achieved for a wide varieties and combinations of aliphatic, aromatic and halogenated (e.g. chlorinated) hydrocarbons.
Dilution and Bioavailability of Produced Water Compounds in the Northern North Sea. A Combined Modeling and Field Study
Authors: Johnsen S. , Røe T. I. , Durell G. , Reed M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A combined field and modeling study addressing the dilution and spreading of produced water originating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) has been carried out in the Tampen region, located in the Norwegian sector of the Northern North Sea. Sampling sites were identified in the region and located in positions near production platforms and in open sea. The station network was designed to cover areas expected to have elevated levels of produced water originating PAH as well as areas not influenced by these discharges, based on dilution modeling of produced water discharge data for the Norwegian and British sectors. Five different sampling techniques were applied in this study. These were deployment of blue mussels and semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) along with direct water sampling for solvent and solid phase extraction and in situ large volume water sampling. Using these results obtained with these techniques, the water concentrations of two selected PAH were compared to regional concentration fields from dilution modeling of produced water discharges from all platforms in the area (Norwegian and British sectors). The results showed that increased levels of PAH in the water phase could be found as far away as 10 km from the nearest discharge source. The agreement between the observed PAH levels and the corresponding levels suggested by the model were very good for the two components included in the present study. As could be expected, the model failed to detect local effects close to the discharge point, when the model was operating on a regional scale.
Evolution of Produced Water Treatment in Campos Basin
Authors: de Castro J. F. Tebaldi , Bastos E. Costa , Shioya N. Hiromi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
It's shown the usual technologies in Campos Basin platforms during the last years, and the evolution that can be seem on the new production platforms as floating production storage and offloading systems and semi submersibles production plataforms. The conclusions of each step are indicated.
It's discussed the sequential actions, always looking for simple solutions, with low costs and easy installation.
The main contribution is to emphasize concepts that are very valuable and important to the operation, increasing effectiveness and improving results.
Mangrove Restoration Techniques: The Mahakam Delta
Authors: Suripno Suripno , Sulistiyono Sulistiyono , Dutrieux Eric 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the last 50 years Indonesia's mangrove has been degraded by more than 11 million hectares. As mangrove has an important role from ecological point of view, the remaining mangrove must be certainly protected and restoration must be done as well to the damaged mangrove. Mangrove provides ecosystem as nursery and feeding ground for numerous species of fishes and shrimps and also protects the shoreline and many other important roles of mangrove. Mangrove ecosystem has a value based utilization both its product and benefit to human.
The Mahakam Delta is a sensitive ecosystem that is mainly covered by mangrove. It is located at the mouth of Mahakam River in East Kalimantan Indonesia. In this area, TOTAL Indonesie has undertaken its E&P operation since 1974. Taking into account the sensitivity of mangrove, TOTAL Indonesie has performed mangrove restoration as a part of its environmental management plan. In two different locations, i.e. Senipah Oil Terminal and Handil Field, there was mangrove rehabilitation in two different ways. Planting new seeds from other location with full human intervention performed the restoration in Senipah Oil Terminal. For the second case of Handil field, there was a natural restoration in the cleared mangrove area. Human intervention was only needed for maintaining the natural seedling.
The above efforts of mangrove restoration have successfully transformed the poorly vegetated areas to become mangrove forests. The mangrove restoration is a proven effort of Total Indonesie's commitment in environmental protection of mangrove ecosystem.
Sidki Well Abandonment and Platform Removal Case History in the Gulf of Suez
Authors: El Laithy Wael F. , Ghzaly Sayed Mansour 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
On December 8, 1989 the Sidki Drilling platform owned by Gulf of Suez Petroleum Company (GUPCO) in Egypt was struck and severely damaged by a cargo ship when venturing outside of designated shipping lanes in the southern Gulf of Suez. Sidki "A" platform was a 12-slot load bearing structure located in 278’ of water. At the time of the collision, nine (9) wells were producing approximately 5000 BOPD. The collision rotated and tilted the platform deck resulting in rupturing well risers and severely damaging numerous wellheads. The collision rendered the platform a total loss.
Several measures to control wells and the resulting oil pollution were taken. Assessment of structural damage was conducted and a plan formulated to plug and abandon the producing wells followed by decommissioning and abandonment of the facilities and site remediation. This process went through three (3) phases.
Immediate action to control/secure wells, stabilizes the Damaged structure and pollution control. Securing the wells in such a manner that each well could be accessed and permanently plugged and terminated at the mudline utilizing a jack-up rig. Decommission of under water and topside facilities, removal and disposal of the damaged structure.
This paper will present Gupco's experience in controlling the damaged wells and damaged structure with strong emphasis on safety and environmental impact. It will conclude with three phases of facilities abandonment, removal and disposal.
Lessons learned and post appraisal will be included to improve the process of future decommissioning and removal of facilities.
A Decommissioning Alternative for Offshore Structures in Venezuela: Artificial Reefs
Authors: Guevara Marcel J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The decommissioning of offshore structures has increasing importance for the international oil and gas industry. Venezuela has several structures in Lake Maracaibo, and is currently planning the development of its oil and gas resources in the Caribbean Sea. The possible alternatives for decommissioning offshore structures are analyzed based on experiences in different countries and interviews with key individuals and organizations on their positions, perspectives, and willingness to participate in proactive and innovative solutions. The main findings are the need for specific terms and guidelines. Special attention is focused on turning structures into artificial reefs.
The Global and International Regulatory Regime for Decommissioning Disused Platforms
Authors: Griffin William S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
World regulators and authorities began almost 40 years ago to develop regulations for decommissioning offshore installations. The regime established reflects a balance between the need to protect the environment, navigation safety, fishing and other users of the sea and takes into account the safety of workers, technical feasibility and cost. When all factors are considered the current regime is strict, comprehensive and allows the coastal state authorities to exercise discretion with a case-by-case approach.
Development, Implementation and Registration of an Environmental Management System (EMS) to ISO 14001
Authors: Craddock Henry A. , Martin Irene 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper will address the successful implementation of an environmental management system registered to ISO 14001 (1) in an oilfield service company. The EMS covers both onshore and offshore requirements and works within the highly regulated environment of the UK sector of the North Sea. The paper presents a historical case study from initiation and preliminary review, through implementation to successful registration of the EMS to ISO 14001.
Biodegradation of Chemicals in the Marine Environment: Towards Harmonised Protocols
Authors: Garland E. M. , Tozzolino P. , Dutrieux E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Biodegradability of chemicals in the marine environment is a key parameter for environmental impact assessment of the discharge of chemicals used offshore. Until now, no protocol had enjoyed the support of the whole scientific community. Within the context of harmonisation of the chemicals used in the North Sea offshore industry, there was an urgent need for a reliable method. This meant the necessity to define new protocols and to ring test them.
Elf Petroleum Norge undertook the work. The choice and definition of the protocols have been the subject of considerable discussion. Finally, four were retained, based on various different principles of measurement. Tests were performed in eighteen European laboratories. The results were discussed in a debriefing workshop the conclusions of which were as follows:
- the relevance of the four protocols was demonstrated; - assessment of the biodegradability of the four substances tested was the same, whatever the protocol used; - the principle of measurement used in the test made no significant differences to the results obtained; - each protocol gave comparable results but had different advantages and disadvantages; - sodium benzoate could be selected as a reference substance.
Therefore the choice of the most suitable protocol for a specific application remains open: allowance must be made for the characteristics of the laboratories considered and even, in particular cases, of certain properties of the substances tested. In the light of these results, the Oslo and Paris Commission was invited to approve the four protocols ring tested.