bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Language Spoken at Home and Disparities in Medical and Dental Health, Access to Care, and Use of Services in US Children
Authors: Flores Glenn , Tomany-Korman Sandra C. 
Published: June 2008

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE. Fifty-five million Americans speak a non-English primary language at home, but little is known about health disparities for children in non-English-primary-language households. Our study objective was to examine whether disparities in medical and dental health, access to care, and use of services exist for children in non-English-primary-language households.
METHODS. The National Survey of Childhood Health was a telephone survey in 2003–2004 of a nationwide sample of parents of 102 353 children 0 to 17 years old. Disparities in medical and oral health and health care were examined for children in a non-English-primary-language household compared with children in English- primary-language households, both in bivariate analyses and in multivariable analyses that adjusted for 8 covariates (child's age, race/ethnicity, and medical or dental insurance coverage, caregiver's highest educational attainment and employment status, number of children and adults in the household, and poverty status).
RESULTS. Children in non-English-primary-language households were significantly more likely than children in English-primary-language households to be poor (42% vs 13%) and Latino or Asian/Pacific Islander. Significantly higher proportions of children in non-English-primary-language households were not in excellent/very good health (43% vs 12%), were overweight/at risk for overweight (48% vs 39%), had teeth in fair/poor condition (27% vs 7%), and were uninsured (27% vs 6%), sporadically insured (20% vs 10%), and lacked dental insurance (39% vs 20%). Children in non-English-primary-language households more often had no usual source of medical care (38% vs 13%), made no medical (27% vs 12%) or preventive dental (14% vs 6%) visits in the previous year, and had problems obtaining specialty care (40% vs 23%). Latino and Asian children in non-English-primary-language households had several unique disparities compared with white children in non-English-primary-language households. Almost all disparities persisted in multivariable analyses.
CONCLUSIONS. Compared with children in English-primary-language households, children in non-English-primary-language households experienced multiple disparities in medical and oral health, access to care, and use of services.
Cancer Incidence Among Children and Adolescents in the United States, 2001–2003
Authors: Li Jun , Thompson Trevor D. , Miller Jacqueline W. , Pollack Lori A. , Stewart Sherri L. 
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to describe current childhood cancer incidence in the United States and identify demographic and geographic variation among children and adolescents with cancer.
METHODS. We examined data from 39 National Program of Cancer Registries and 5 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results statewide registries (representing &gt;90% of the US population) to identify cancers diagnosed among persons aged 0 to 19 from 2001–2003. Diagnosed cancers were grouped by the third version of the International Childhood Cancer Classification. Analyses were stratified according to gender, age, race, ethnicity, and US census region. A multivariable negative binomial regression model was used to evaluate demographic and geographic differences in incidence for all cancers combined.
RESULTS. We identified 36446 cases of childhood cancer with an age-adjusted incidence rate of 165.92 per million. Stratified analyses showed that, for all cancers combined, boys had a significantly higher rate than girls; children (aged 0–14 years) had a significantly lower rate than adolescents (aged 15–19 years); and white children had the highest incidence rate among all races. Young people living in the Northeast had the highest incidence rate among all US census regions, which may be partially attributed to significantly higher incidence rates for central nervous system neoplasms and lymphomas in this region compared with other US census regions. Negative binomial regression analysis demonstrated that the childhood cancer-incidence rate varied significantly according to gender, age, race, ethnicity, and geography.
CONCLUSIONS. This study is the first to demonstrate substantial regional differences in the incidence of childhood cancer. It also shows that incidence varies according to gender, age, race, and ethnicity. Our research findings are useful for prioritizing future childhood cancer research needs.
Neonatal and Late-Onset Diabetes Mellitus Caused by Failure of Pancreatic Development: Report of 4 More Cases and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Chen Rongrong , Hussain Khalid , Al-Ali Maryam , Dattani Mehul T. , Hindmarsh Peter , Jones Peter M. , Marsh Phil 
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVE. Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus caused by developmental failure of the pancreas is rare. Thus far, only a few genetic causes have been reported. We now report the clinical and genetic aspects of 4 more cases of permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus caused by pancreatic agenesis or hypoplasia.PATIENTS AND METHODS. All 4 of the patients were from consanguineous kinships, and all presented with diabetes mellitus and pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. Three patients had pancreatic agenesis, and 1 had pancreatic hypoplasia on computed tomography scan. DNA was extracted from blood samples of patients and unaffected family members. Specific genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and characterized by DNA sequencing.RESULTS. Several genes that encode transcription factors that have known roles in pancreas development were characterized in the affected children and unaffected family members. These genes include Pdx1, the master regulator of pancreas development and β-cell differentiation, and other transcription factors that are expressed early in pancreas development, namely, Ptf1a, Sox9, Sox17, Hnf6, and HlxB9. Several novel polymorphisms were found in our patients. However, these were also present in unaffected individuals. No disease-causing mutations were found in any of these genes.CONCLUSIONS. These findings add to the 4 cases already in the literature in which the Pdx1 structural gene has been found to be normal in patients with pancreatic agenesis or hypoplasia. The analysis here has been extended to include the screening of 4 other candidate genes in addition to promoter elements upstream of the Pdx1. Two of the cases occurred in a sibling pair, and 2 were isolated, so there may be more than 1 etiology in the cases reported here.
Postlicensure Monitoring of Intussusception After RotaTeq Vaccination in the United States, February 1, 2006, to September 25, 2007
Authors: Haber Penina , Patel Manish , Izurieta Hector S. , Baggs James , Gargiullo Paul , Weintraub Eric , Cortese Margaret , Braun M. Miles , Belongia Edward A. , Miller Elaine , Ball Robert , Iskander John , Parashar Umesh D. 
Published: June 2008

BACKGROUND. In 1999, a previous rotavirus vaccine (RotaShield; Wyeth Laboratories, Marietta, PA) was withdrawn from the US market after postlicensure monitoring identified an association with intussusception. Although the new rotavirus vaccine (RotaTeq; Merck, West Point, PA) introduced in 2006 was not associated with intussusception in prelicensure trials, additional monitoring is important to ensure a complete safety profile.
METHODS. We assessed intussusception reports after RotaTeq vaccination by using data from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System and the Vaccine Safety Datalink, a cohort of children enrolled in managed care. Observed versus expected rate ratios were determined by using vaccine dose distribution data and Vaccine Safety Datalink background intussusception rates.
RESULTS. Between February 1, 2006, and September 25, 2007, the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System received 160 intussusception reports after RotaTeq vaccination. With the assumptions that reporting completeness was 75% and that 75% of the distributed doses of RotaTeq were administered, the observed versus expected rate ratios were 0.53 and 0.91 for the 1–21 and 1–7 day interval after vaccination, respectively. In the Vaccine Safety Datalink, 3 intussusception cases occurred within 30 days after 111521 RotaTeq vaccinations, compared with 6 cases after 186722 non–RotaTeq vaccinations during the same period. If, like RotaShield, RotaTeq had a 37-fold increased risk of intussusception within 3 to 7 days after vaccination, then 8 intussusception cases would be expected within 3 to 7 days among the ∼84000 infants vaccinated with the first dose of RotaTeq in the Vaccine Safety Datalink (N = 49902) and the prelicensure trial (N = 34035) combined, whereas no cases have been observed.
CONCLUSIONS. Available data do not indicate that RotaTeq is associated with intussusception. Although an intussusception risk similar in magnitude to that of RotaShield can be excluded, continued monitoring is necessary for complete assessment of the safety profile of RotaTeq.
Copper Sulfate Toxicity to Channel Catfish Fry: Yolk Sac versus Swim-Up Fry
Authors: Straus David L 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Yolk sac and swim-up fry from five separate spawns of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were exposed to dissolved copper sulfate (CuSO4) in a series of static toxicity bioassays to observe age sensitivity at 24 and 48 h in waters with two different chemistries at a temperature of 23.1 ± 0.47°C (mean ± SD). The two waters were (1) well water with a total alkalinity (as CaCO3) of 217 mg/L and a total hardness of 126 mg/L and (2) a 1:1 mixture of well water and deionized (WDI) water with a total alkalinity of 112 mg/L and a total hardness of 66 mg/L. Probit median lethal concentration (LC50) values were estimated with PoloPlus using the nominal CuSO4 concentrations. The mean 24-h LC50 values for the yolk sac fry were 62.8 ± 37.1 mg of CuSO4/L in the well water and 10.2 ± 3.4 mg/L in the WDI water; the 24-h LC50 values for the swim-up fry were 13.5 ± 11.5 mg/L in well water and 4.3 ± 4.4 mg/L in WDI water. The mean 48-h LC50 values for the yolk sac fry were 14.9 ± 5.0 mg/L in well water and 3.9 ± 1.6 mg/L in WDI water; the 48-h LC50 values for the swim-up fry were 3.5 ± 1.8 mg/L in well water and 1.5 ± 0.3 mg/L in WDI water. The yolk sac fry were about 4.6 times more tolerant of CuSO4 than the swim-up fry at 24 h and 4.3 times more tolerant at 48 h. Fry were about 4.7 times (at 24 h) and 3.3 times (at 48 h) more sensitive to CuSO4 in water with low alkalinity and hardness (WDI water) than in water with high alkalinity and hardness (well water). The differences in LC50 values between the different spawns of each fry type and time within a water type are attributed to natural variation and channel catfish strain.
Degree-Days as a Tool to Determine the Heating Requirement for Channel Catfish Spawning in Earthen Ponds
Authors: Pawiroredjo Patrice , Lamoureux Jonathan , Hall Steven G , Tiersch Terrence R 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Temperature and time are critical in determining when channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus will be physiologically ready to spawn (conditioned). Natural and hormone-induced spawning can occur when the fish are held at, above, or below specific temperatures for a largely undetermined minimum period of time. This period of conditioning can also be described as the heating requirement for spawning. We used degree-days as a standard unit to describe and quantify the heating requirement for channel catfish spawning, and we developed specific terminology and standard parameters to support the use of the degree-day concept for channel catfish spawning. The heating requirements for spawning were quantified by (1) retrospectively calculating degree-day values using previously collected data (2000–2003) from heated and ambient-temperature ponds before and during the natural spawning season and (2) calculating degree-days using data from fish conditioned for the 2004 natural spawning season at different thermal regimes in heated ponds at three threshold temperatures. These results were used to calculate spawning probabilities to enable future spawning predictions using degree-days. The values calculated using the 21°C threshold were more consistent than those calculated using the two other thresholds: 18°C and 24°C. The heating requirements for spawning in heated ponds before the natural spawning season were not different from the requirements for spawning in ambient-temperature ponds during the natural spawning season. Degree-day guidelines for channel catfish spawning were proposed based on the results of the degree-day calculations and spawning probabilities using a commercial definition that corresponded with the 21°C threshold. According to those guidelines, channel catfish spawning can begin in 0.04-ha ponds in southern Louisiana after the accumulation of 57–172 degree-days, with a median value of 99 degree-days.
Seasonally Adjusting Ration Levels of Juvenile Hatchery Spring Chinook Salmon and Coho Salmon Does Not Alter Adult Survivals
Authors: Tipping Jack M 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The feeding rate of juvenile spring Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and coho salmon O. kisutch was substantially reduced in winter and substantially increased in spring in an attempt to increase postrelease survivals. All groups were coded-wire-tagged, and the experiment was replicated for 3 years. Although feed savings were sometimes realized, the results showed no significant difference in adult survival rates among hatchery returns, as determined by tag recoveries in fisheries, and spawning bed recoveries for the years examined.
Density and Shelter Influence the Adaptation of Wild Juvenile Cauque Prawns Macrobrachium americanum to Culture Conditions
Authors: García-Guerrero Marcelo U , Apun-Molina Juan Pablo 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Consumer demand for aquatic animals has led to increased interest in using new species for aquaculture purposes. This study appraises the potential for aquaculture of the cauque prawn Macrobrachium americanum using wild juveniles from the west coast of Mexico. Four treatments were applied; treatments A and B consisted of 196 prawns/m2 and treatments C and D of 98 prawns/m2, with and without shelter, respectively. Growth and survival under these conditions were examined for 84 d. The combination of 98 prawns/m2 and shelter resulted in the best survival and growth, whereas the poorest performance was in the treatment with 196 prawns/m2 and no shelter.
Growth and Feed Efficiency of Juvenile Channel Catfish Reared at Different Water Temperatures and Fed Diets Containing Various Levels of Fish Meal
Authors: Li Menghe H , Robinson Edwin H , Peterson Brian C , Bates Terry D 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus do not feed well at low temperatures. It is generally thought that a diet containing fish meal enhances feed palatability at low temperatures since fish meal is highly palatable to fish. There is a lack of information on the effects of fish meal levels on the growth performance of channel catfish reared at low temperatures. Therefore, a study was conducted in a recirculating system to examine the effects of fish meal levels on the feed consumption, weight gain, and feed efficiency of juvenile channel catfish reared at various temperatures. Fish with an initial weight of 9.6 ± 0.1 g were stocked in 23-L clear polycarbonate tanks maintained at approximately 17, 21, or 27 °C. The fish were fed with diets containing 0, 4, or 8% menhaden Brevoortia spp. fish meal for 9 weeks. There was a significant interaction between water temperature and fish meal level with respect to weight gain. At 27°C, fish fed diets containing 4% and 8% fish meal gained significantly more weight than fish fed the all-plant-protein diet. However, the level of fish meal had no significant effect on the weight gain of fish at 17°C or 21°C. This suggests that the olfactory and gustatory responses of channel catfish to fish meal (up to 8% in the diet) may not be as sensitive at low temperatures as at optimum temperatures. The results also indicate that more than 4% fish meal in the diet is not beneficial for the optimum growth and feed efficiency of channel catfish fingerlings raised at 27°C.
Use of multichannel electrointestinography for noninvasive assessment of myoelectrical activity in the cecum and large colon of horses
Authors: Koenig Judith B. , Martin Christina E. W. , Nykamp Stephanie G. , Mintchev Martin P. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate whether changes in myoelectrical activity in the cecum and large colon of horses can be detected via multichannel electrointestinography (EIG).
Animals—6 healthy mature horses.
Procedures—Each horse underwent 3 EIG procedures. Intestinal myoelectrical activity (cecum and large colon) was recorded during a 20-minute period following IV administration of physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (20 mL; baseline), erythromycin lactobionate (0.5 mg/kg), or detomidine (0.015 mg/kg); intestinal contractions were concurrently viewed via B-mode ultrasonography. By use of computer software, 8-channel EIG recordings were analyzed and the mean of the dominant frequency (a measure of the rhythmicity of gastric electrical activity) expressed in cycles per minute (cpm) was obtained. Total power (MV2) was calculated, and treatment effect was expressed as the power ratio (ie, treatment-associated power divided by the baseline power).
Results—The dominant frequency cpm values were not stable, and no significant differences between treatments were detected. Compared with the effects of saline solution treatment, detomidine significantly reduced the mean cecal and colonic power ratios. Erythromycin significantly reduced the cecal power ratio and increased the colonic power ratio, although the increase was significant in only 1 channel. Ultrasonographic findings and total power (predominantly from the long-distance electrode pairs) were significantly correlated.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses, EIG was useful for assessment of changes in myoelectrical activity in the cecum and large colon. Multiple electrodes should be used to cover a larger area of the intestine, and agreement between multiple channels is needed to make the analysis meaningful.
Pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine following intravenous administration in dogs
Authors: Krotscheck Ursula , Boothe Dawn M. , Little Amy A. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine in dogs after IV administration.
Animals—6 healthy adult dogs.
Procedures—6 dogs received buprenorphine at 0.015 mg/kg, IV. Blood samples were collected at time 0 prior to drug administration and at 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 360, 540, 720, 1,080, and 1,440 minutes after drug administration. Serum buprenorphine concentrations were determined by use of double-antibody radioimmunoassay. Data were subjected to noncompartmental analysis with area under the time-concentration curve to infinity (AUC) and area under the first moment curve calculated to infinity by use of a log-linear trapezoidal model. Other kinetic variables included terminal rate constant (kel) and elimination half-life (t1/2), plasma clearance (Cl), volume of distribution at steady state (Vdss), and mean residence time (MRT). Time to maximal concentration (Tmax) and maximal serum concentration (Cmax) were measured.
Results—Median (range) values for Tmax and MRT were 2 minutes (2 to 5 minutes) and 264 minutes (199 to 600 minutes), respectively. Harmonic mean and pseudo SD for t1/2 were 270 ± 130 minutes; mean ± SD values for remaining pharmacokinetic variables were as follows: Cmax, 14 ± 2.6 ng/mL; AUC, 3,082 ± 1,047 ng•min/mL; Vdss, 1.59 ± 0.285 L/kg; Cl, 5.4 ± 1.9 mL/min/kg; and, kel, 0.0026 ± 0.0,012.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Pharmacokinetic variables of buprenorphine reported here differed from those previously reported for dogs. Wide variations in individual t1/2 values suggested that dosing intervals be based on assessment of pain status rather than prescribed dosing intervals.
Effects of head-down positioning on regional central nervous system perfusion in isoflurane-anesthetized horses
Authors: Brosnan Robert J. , Esteller-Vico Alejandro , Steffey Eugene P. , LeCouteur Richard A. , Liu Irwin K. M. , Vaughan Betsy 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective—To test the hypothesis that head-down positioning in anesthetized horses increases intracranial pressure (ICP) and decreases cerebral and spinal cord blood flows.
Animals—6 adult horses.
Procedures—For each horse, anesthesia was induced with ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine hydrochloride and maintained with 1.57% isoflurane in oxygen. Once in right lateral recumbency, horses were ventilated to maintain normocapnia. An ICP transducer was placed in the subarachnoid space, and catheters were placed in the left cardiac ventricle and in multiple vessels. Blood flow measurements were made by use of a fluorescent microsphere technique while each horse was in horizontal and head-down positions. Inferential statistical analyses were performed via repeated-measures ANOVA and Dunn-Sidak comparisons.
Results—Because 1 horse developed extreme hypotension, data from 5 horses were analyzed. During head-down positioning, mean ± SEM ICP increased to 55 ± 2 mm Hg, compared with 31 ± 2 mm Hg during horizontal positioning; cerebral perfusion pressure was unchanged. Compared with findings during horizontal positioning, blood flow to the cerebrum, cerebellum, and cranial portion of the brainstem decreased significantly by approximately 20% during head-down positioning; blood flows within the pons and medulla were mildly but not significantly decreased. Spinal cord blood flow was low (9 mL/min/100 g of tissue) and unaffected by position.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Head-down positioning increased heart-brain hydrostatic gradients in isoflurane-anesthetized horses, thereby decreasing cerebral blood flow and, to a greater extent, increasing ICP. During anesthesia, CNS regions with low blood flows in horses may be predisposed to ischemic injury induced by high ICP.
Hematologic effects of subcutaneous administration of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (filgrastim) in healthy alpacas
Authors: McKenzie Erica C. , Tornquist Susan J. , Gorman M. Elena , Cebra Christopher K. , Payton Mark E. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effects of SC administration of filgrastim on cell counts in venous blood and bone marrow of healthy adult alpacas.
Animals—10 healthy alpacas.
Procedures—Alpacas were randomly assigned to receive treatment with filgrastim (5 μg/ kg, SC; n = 5) or an equivalent volume of physiologic saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (5) once a day for 3 days. Blood samples were obtained via jugular venipuncture 1 day prior to treatment and once a day for 5 days commencing 24 hours after the first dose was administered. Complete blood counts were performed for each blood sample. Bone marrow aspirates were obtained from the sternum of each alpaca 48 hours before the first treatment was administered and 72 hours after the third treatment was administered. Myeloid-to-erythroid cell (M:E) ratio was determined via cytologic evaluation of bone marrow aspirates.
Results—In filgrastim-treated alpacas, substantial increases in counts of WBCs and neutrophils were detected within 24 hours after the first dose was administered. Band cell count and percentage significantly increased 24 hours after the second dose. Counts of WBCs, neutrophils, and band cells remained high 48 hours after the third dose. Red blood cell counts and PCV were unaffected. The M:E ratio also increased significantly after treatment with filgrastim.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Filgrastim induced rapid and substantial increases in numbers of circulating neutrophils and M:E ratios of bone marrow in healthy alpacas. Therefore, filgrastim may be useful in the treatment of camelids with impaired bone marrow function.