bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early administration of surfactant in spontaneous breathing with nCPAP: feasibility and outcome in extremely premature infants (postmenstrual age ≤27 weeks)
Authors: KRIBS ANGELA , PILLEKAMP FRANK , HÜNSELER CHRISTOPH , VIERZIG ANNE , ROTH BERNHARD 
Published: December 2006

SummaryBackground:  Spontaneous breathing supported by nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) is thought to have some advantages compared with mechanical ventilation in extremely premature infants. In addition, early or prophylactic surfactant administration has been shown to be superior to delayed use. A strategy to combine these two principles was tested in our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The aim of this feasibility study was to describe the procedure and compare short‐term results with a historical control.Methods:  The study took place in a level III NICU. In the observational period all extremely premature infants with clinical signs of moderate to severe respiratory distress syndrome despite nCPAP received 100 mg·kg−1 of a natural surfactant preparation via an intratracheal catheter during spontaneous breathing. In the historical control period those infants were intubated and ventilated to receive surfactant.Results:  Twenty‐nine of 42 infants fulfilled the criteria and were treated with the new approach. In five cases ventilation with manual bag was necessary after administration of surfactant but all infants could be retransferred to nCPAP within a few minutes. Ten infants were intubated later during the first 3 days. Mortality was 7% in the group of infants treated in this way and 12% in all infants treated during the observational period. Mortality was 35% in the historical control period. Morbidity was within ranges reported by other authors.Conclusions:  Surfactant administration during nCPAP is feasible. First results indicate that early complications are rare. This warrants a prospective randomized trial.
ProSealTM as an alternative to endotracheal intubation in pediatric laparoscopy
Authors: SINHA APARNA , SHARMA BIMLA , SOOD JAYASHREE 
Published: December 2006

SummaryBackground:  The increasing use of laparoscopic surgery in children mandates a leak‐free airway device during carboperitoneum for which tracheal tubes (TT) have been traditionally used. The pediatric ProSeal is a recent introduction to the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) family. The ProSeal LMA (PLMA) has been successfully used in adult laparoscopic procedures. We hypothesized that the ProSeal can be equally effective in achieving adequate oropharyngeal seal and pulmonary ventilation during elective laparoscopic procedures in children.Methods:  Sixty ASA I and II children, 6 months to 8 years, scheduled for elective laparoscopic surgeries (duration of carboperitoneum <60 min) were randomly assigned to two groups of 30 each (TT and ProSealTM). Patients at risk of aspiration, difficult airway and upper respiratory tract infection were excluded. Anesthesia technique included 8% of sevoflurane/O2/N2O and neuromuscular blockade. Ventilation was set to 10 ml·kg−1 with positive endexpiratory pressure of 5 cmH2O. Respiratory rate was adjusted to maintain endtidal CO2 (PECO2) between 4.6 and 5.8 kPa (35–45 mmHg). Carboperitoneum was achieved at 10 mmHg. Hemodynamic parameters, peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) and PECO2 were noted at different time points. Chi‐squared test, Mann–Whitney U‐test and Wilcoxan W‐test were applied; P < 0.05 was considered significant.Results:  There were no statistically significant differences in SpO2 and PECO2 between PLMA and TT groups before and after peritoneal insufflation. Significant change was seen in PIP (cmH2O) from induction to carboperitoneum in both groups (14.3 ± 1.48 in PLMA, 14.2 ± 1.46 in TT to 23.36 ± 1.7 in PLMA, and 23.73 ± 1.9 in TT); and in PECO2 (mmHg), from 32 ± 2.2 to 48 ± 3.6 in PLMA and 30 ± 3.1 to 47 ± 2.8 in the TT group. The changes were not significant; P > 0.05 between the groups. The first‐time success rate for PLMA was 88%, mean oropharyngeal leak pressure was 29 ± 3 cmH2O.Conclusions:  The pediatric PLMA and TT have comparable ventilatory efficacy for elective short laparoscopic procedures.
Segmental colonic transit studies: comparison of a radiological and a scintigraphic method
Authors: Lundin E. , Graf W. , Garske U. , Nilsson S. , Maripuu E. , Karlbom U. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjective  Colonic transit studies are used to diagnose slow transit constipation (STC) and to evaluate segmental colonic transit before segmental or subtotal colectomy. The aim of the study was to compare a single X‐ray radio‐opaque marker method with a scintigraphic technique to assess total and segmental colonic transit in patients with STC.Method  Thirty‐one female patients (median age 46 years) with severe constipation and a prolonged or borderline prolonged colonic transit time on radio‐opaque marker study were included in the study. They were subsequently investigated with 111Indium‐DTPA colonic transit scintigraphy, with a median time between the investigations of 4(range 1–27) months. Normal values of healthy female controls were used for comparison.Results  There was no difference between the two methods in terms of prolonged or normal total colonic transit time. Twenty‐nine of 31 female patients had a prolonged transit time only in one or two segments on the marker study. On scintigraphy, the transit time was prolonged for patients in the left (P < 0.05 to P < 0.001), but not in the right colon. With respect to prolonged or normal segmental transit time, there was a significant difference between the two methods only in the descending colon (P = 0.02). However, the results varied considerably for individual patients.Conclusion  Segmental colonic delay was a common finding. The two methods gave similar results for groups of patients, except in the descending colon. The variation of the results for individuals suggests that a repeated transit test may improve the assessment of total and segmental transit.
THE OTHER SIDE OF TRUST IN HEALTH CARE: PRESCRIBING DRUGS WITH THE POTENTIAL FOR ABUSE
Authors: MILLER JESSICA 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTDefining a nonpaternalistic yet achievable form of trust in medicine in an era of simultaneous patient empowerment and institutional control has been and remains an important task of bioethics. The ‘crisis of trust’ in medicine has been viewed mainly as the problem of getting patients to trust their health care providers, especially physicians. However, since paradigmatic cases of trust are mutual, bioethicists must pay more attention to physician trust in patients. A physician’s view of the reasonableness of trust in a particular patient is affected not just by his or her relationship with that patient, but also by what is going on institutionally, professionally, legally, and politically with regard to a given treatment or intervention. Since general moral principles are insufficient in determining the moral value and reasonableness of trust in particular instances, I discuss in detail the role of trust and distrust in the specific case of treating patients with medications implicated in drug abuse. I conclude that it is important to become aware, first, of the clinical significance of physician trust and distrust in patients, and second, of the many factors which inform both of these moral attitudes. These two claims together suggest that a central, but overlooked, virtue of medical practice is reflective, context‐responsive trust in patients.
Ultrastructural features of a Stagonospora species (Ascomycotina) in senescent tissues of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)
Authors: PHILIPSON MELVA N. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe pycnidium of a Stagonospora sp. observed in degenerating leaf sheath and blade tissues of Lolium perenne L. contained concentric bodies similar to those found in the mycobiont of several lichens and a few other free‐living ascomycetes. These bodies occurred in vegetative hyphae, hyphae of the pycnidial wall, in conidiogenous cells and in conidia and comprised a central electron‐translucent core surrounded by a granular zone and an outer radially orientated fibrillar or lamellar zone. In some cases the entire body was surrounded by a translucent halo. A second feature of the interwoven hyphae of the pycnidial wall was the occurrence of pores connecting adjacent hyphae. These lateral pores appeared identical to pores in septa between cells of individual hyphae, and like them, were associated with Woronin bodies.
PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF CHOLINE ACETYLTRANSFERASE FROM OX BRAIN STRIATE NUCLEI
Authors: Glover V. A. S. , Potter L. T. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract—

Choline acetyltransferase was purified from ox brain striate nuclei by an extraction step at pH 5, cation‐exchange chromatography, fractional precipitation with ammonium sulphate, and chromatography on Sephadex G‐200. The enzyme was obtained free of deacylases and cholinesterases, at specific activities of 01‐0‐3 μmol acetylcholine formed per min per mg protein.
The enzyme was found to be a stable and relatively basic protein, with a molecular weight of 65,000.
In the catalysed reactions, , k1, was about four times k2, and the equilibrium constant was approximately 40. For the forward reaction, the Michaelis constant for each substrate was independent of the concentration of the other (choline = 0‐75 mM; acetyl‐CoA = 10 μM), whereas in the back reaction one substrate increased the affinity for the other (acetylcholine = 0‐75‐5 MM; CoA = 25‐150 μM).
CoA inhibited acetylcholine synthesis by competing with acetyl‐CoA (K1, = 16 μM). Acetylcholine slightly inhibited the forward reaction (e.g. 45 per cent in 200 mM) without competing with choline or acetyl‐CoA. These data indicate an ordered reaction mechanism; acetyl‐CoA probably always binds before choline.
BRAIN GANGLIOSIDE PATTERNS OF VERTEBRATES
Authors: Avrova N. F. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The ganglioside content in brains of representatives of six vertebrate classes (lamprey, ray, sheat‐fish, carp, frog, triton, tortoise, hen, pigeon, rabbit, rat and monkey) was determined. In most cases a correlation was found between the level of nervous organization and the ganglioside content of brain. In fish and amphibian brain ganglioside concentration is half to one third that in mammalian brain.Ganglioside composition of higher vertebrate brains (mammals, birds and reptiles) has many similar features. Four main gangliosides with 1‐3 NANA residues in their molecules–G1*, G2, G3 and G4–constitute 80‐90 per cent of total ganglioside NANA. Fractions G2a† Go and G5 are present in much lesser amounts. Species peculiarities in distribution of NANA among different fractions were noted.The brain gangliosides of lower vertebrates–fish and amphibia–are unusual in having a high proportion of polysialogangliosides, containing 4 and 5 NANA residues, and a lower content of monosialogangliosides. In ray brain a considerable part of gangliosides has a reduced carbohydrate chain.
SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE OF [14C]ACETYLCH0LINE IN SYNAPTOSOMES
Authors: Haga T. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Synaptosomes took up [14C]choline, about half or more of which was converted to [I4C]acetylcholine when incubated in an appropriate medium containing 1 to 5 μM‐[14C] choline and neostigmine. The amount of [14C]acetylcholine synthesized in synaptosomes increased in parallel with the increase of Na+ concentration in the incubation medium. The effect of Na+ on the uptake of [I4C]choline into synaptosomes was dependent on the concentration of choline in the incubation medium.About 25 per cent of [14C]acetylcholine synthesized in synaptosomes was released rapidly into the medium by increasing the K+ concentration in the medium from 5 mm to 35 mm. The change of Na+ concentration hardly affected the release of [14C]acetylcholine. The effect of K+ on the release of [14C]choline was rather small compared to that on [14C] acetylcholine. Ouabain promoted the release of [14C]acetylcholine.
THE RELEASE IN VIVO OF DOPAMINE SYNTHESIZED FROM LABELLED PRECURSORS IN THE CAUDATE NUCLEUS OF THE CAT
Authors: Riddell D. , Szerb J. C. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— To study the release of dopamine (DA) evoked in vivo from the caudate nucleus, a push‐pull cannula was inserted into the head of the caudate nucleus of cats anaesthetised with pentobarbitone sodium (Nembutal), and the tissue in the vicinity of the cannula tip was continuously irrigated with either l‐[14C]tyrosine or DL‐[14C]3,4‐dihydroxyphenylala‐nine (DOPA). The contents of [14C]DA and of the [14C]acidic metabolites in the perfusates were determined after separation from the labelled precursors by column chromatography, TLC and solvent partition.During perfusion with radioactive tyrosine, only small quantities of [14C]DA appeared in the effluent while the concentrations of the [14C]acidic metabolites gradually increased during the course of the experiment. When [14C]DOPA was substituted for [14C]tyrosine, the proportion of precursor that was converted to DA and released into the effluent as the amine or as its acidic metabolites was increased ten‐fold.In an attempt to increase the resting release of [14C]DA, D‐amphetamine, tropolone or pheniprazine were individually added to the perfusion fluid. Each drug increased the content of [14C]DA in the perfusate, but the enhanced release was maintained only when pheniprazine was added during perfusion with [14C]DOPA. Stimulation of the rostral substantia nigra (A5‐5) and the medial forebrain bundle caused, in a majority of experiments, a two‐to five‐fold increase in the concentration of labelled DA in the effluent. Stimulation of the substantia nigra at A4‐0 did not enhance the release of [14C]DA from the caudate nucleus but did enhance the release from the putamen. Since the increase in the output of [14C]DA was independent of changes in the output of labelled acidic metabolites, the evoked release was apparently not attributable to changes in extracellular fluid dynamics.
GLUTAMYL, ASPARTYL AND AMIDE MOIETIES OF CEREBRAL PROTEINS: METABOLIC ASPECTS IN VITRO
Authors: Wherrett J. R. , Tower D. B. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The total mixed proteins (excluding proteolipids) were isolated from cat cerebral cortex and subjected to acid and enzymic hydrolyses. Analyses on the hydrolysates were carried out by specific enzymic procedures to determine the glutamyl, glutaminyl, aspartyl and asparaginyl composition. The content of total glutamyl and total aspartyl residues was the same in all types of protein samples, with average values of 78 and 58 /miol/100 mg of protein, respectively. In biopsy samples approximately 45 per cent of each total was in the amide form.Preparation of slices of cerebral cortex for incubation was associated with deamidation in situ of 16 per cent of the protein‐bound glutaminyl residues. The extent of deamidation was not increased by incubation or by prolonged hypoxia and was unaffected by prior anaesthesia or by incubation of slices with 10 mM‐NH4Cl or 40 mM‐malonate. Slices prepared from animals intoxicated with methionine sulphoximine exhibited no deamidation. No deamidation was observed for slices of subcortical white matter, liver, kidney, testis or diaphragm of the cat. Cortical proteins from other species appeared to behave similarly to those of the cat. The 5‐4 μmol of NH3 released/g of fresh cortex could account for about 85 per cent of the endogenous free ammonia regularly encountered in such slices. Hence the labile fraction of protein‐bound glutaminyl amide groups represents, as previously suspected, a major source of endogenous cerebral NH3.Proteins isolated from cerebral cortical slices incubated with L‐[U‐14C]glutamic acid or L‐[U‐14C]glutamine contained 105 (±0.095) per cent of the total 14C metabolized. The ratios (x 100) of protein to free pool specific radioactivities (c.p.m.μmol) of glutamic acid and of glutamine were in the range 0‐22 to 0‐42, or of the same order as previously reported for other amino acids. Comparable results were obtained with proteins isolated from cerebral cortical slices incubated with 10 mM‐15NH4Cl or L‐[amide‐15N]glutamine or both. In the amide N of protein‐bound glutaminyl residues the atoms per cent excess 15N ranged from 007 to 0‐42. This degree of labelling could be accounted for completely by the turnover of the entire glutaminyl moiety, as indicated by the 14C studies. Simultaneous analyses of free pool NH3 and glutamine suggested that transfer of glutamine from medium to slice involves deamidation as it is taken up and reamidation after entry.
THE PERMEABILITY OF PINCHED‐OFF NERVE ENDINGS TO SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND CHLORIDE AND THE EFFECTS OF GRAMICIDIN
Authors: Keen P. , White T. D. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract—

The passive permeability of synaptosomes to ions was measured by a light‐scattering technique. Synaptosomes were freely permeable to acetate, HCO3_, SCN−and NH4+ and were impermeable to choline and SO42‐.
Gramicidin D selectively increased the permeability of synaptosomes to Na+ and K+ ions.
The relative permeabilities of Na+, K+ and Cl−, measured in the presence of a number of more permeant counter‐ions, was in the ratio 1:19:12. These values are discussed in terms of the source of the resting potential.
DEVELOPMENTAL CHANGES IN Na+, K+ AND ATP AND IN THE LEVELS AND TRANSPORT OF AMINO ACIDS IN INCUBATED SLICES OF RAT BRAIN
Authors: Piccoli F. , Grynbaum Alice , Lajtha A. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract—

Upon incubation, slices of brain tissue took up fluid; the degree of swelling increased with increasing age. No sweiling occurred in slices from foetal brain. Since this swelling was associated with increases in the inulin space, the percentage of inulin space in slices at the end of incubation increased during brain development.
Most of the capacity for ion transport seemed to be absent from foetal brain. In vivo and in slices, Na+ was very high and K+ was very low in comparison to levels at other ages. There was a rapid change around birth, but no significant change at later ages. Upon incubation, Na+ levels increased in other slices, but not in slices of foetal brain.
Upon incubation of the slices, ATP levels were restored to levels close to those in the living brain; there were no significant alterations in available energy during development to explain changes in amino acid transport.
The composition of the free pool of cerebral amino acids in vivo changed with development, with some compounds (glutamic acid and related compounds) increasing, others (mostly‘essential’amino acids) decreasing, with age. These changes were not linear with time, and the level of a compound might exhibit several peaks during development.
The uptake (influx) of taurine, glutamate and glycine into brain slices increased rapidly during the foetal and early neonatal periods, reached a maximum between 2 and 3 weeks of postnatal age and then declined to adult levels. The levels of steady‐state uptake with glycine also exhibited a maximal peak at 2‐3 weeks of postnatal age. Steady‐state uptake of taurine and glutamate reached adult levels by about 3 weeks of age.
The pattern of inhibition of amino acid transport by two specific amino acid analogues changed during development for some amino acids (GABA, glycine and glutamate), indicating an alteration in substrate specificity.
The results demonstrate complex changes in cerebral amino acid transport during development, with several maxima or minima and with changes in specificity for at least some compounds.
METABOLISM OF PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE, PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL AND PALMITYL CARNITINE IN SYNAPTOSOMES FROM RAT BRAIN1
Authors: Abdel‐Latif A. A. , Roberts M. B. , Karp W. B. , Smith J. P. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and palmityl carnitine in synaptosomes isolated from rat brain was investigated and compared with the synthesis of these compounds in microsomes and mitochondria. Electron microscopic and marker enzyme studies showed the contaminants in the synaptosomal preparation to consist of a few microsomes and almost no free mitochondria. In synaptosomes, addition of 1,2‐diglyceride exerted no effect on the incorporation of [14C]choline into phosphatidylcholine or on the incorporation of [3H]myo‐inositol into phosphatidylinositol, but it stimulated the incorporation of CDP[1,2‐14C]choline into phosphatidylcholine by more than 50 per cent. The incorporation of the latter in intact synaptosomes, lysed synaptosomes and purified mitochondria was 15‐6, 27 and 9‐9 per cent, respectively, of that in the microsomes. The incorporation of [3H]myo‐inositol into the phosphatidylinositol of synaptosomes and purified mitochondria was 15‐8 and 11‐1 per cent, respectively, of that in the microsomes. Maximal incorporation of [3H]myo‐inositol occurred at pH 7–5 in a medium containing Mg2+ and CTP; it was linear with time and protein concentration and was inhibited by 1 mM Ca2 + but unaffected by the presence of ATP. This incorporation of myo‐inositol appeared to occur through the reversal of the CDP‐diglyceride: inositol transferase reaction. The demonstration of carnitine palmityl transferase in synaptosomes indicated that, as in mitochondrial and erythrocyte membranes, fatty acids can be transported across the synaptosomal membrane. In contrast to mitochondria where maximal incorporation of [14C]carnitine into palmityl carnitine was observed after 20 min of incubation, the incorporation in synaptosomes increased as a function of time up to 60 min of incubation.We conclude that synaptosomes can carry on de novo synthesis of lipids, although at a limited rate. From the present data we cannot state with certainty how much of this synthesis is attributable to membranes originating from the endoplasmic reticulum.
THE PATTERNS OF ARYLSULPHATASES A AND B IN HUMAN NORMAL AND METACHROMATIC LEUCODYSTROPHY TISSUES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE CEREBROSIDE SULPHATASE ACTIVITY
Authors: Harzer K. , Stinshoff K. , Mraz W. , Jatzkewitz H. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The arylsulphatase A and B patterns of human tissues and leucocytes have been established by isoelectric focussing. Assay conditions, which enable an evaluation of these patterns as quantitatively as possible, have been studied. The dependences of the enzyme patterns on the origin of the tissues and on the storage conditions have been determined. The arylsulphatase A obtained by isoelectric focussing exhibits cerebroside sulphatase activity in the presence of detergents. A purified preparation of the arylsulphatase B likewise shows a significant, although low, cerebroside sulphatase activity. In cases of the conventional types of metachromatic leucodystrophy the arylsulphatase A activity is missing, while in an atypical form of this disease (‘ML Variant’ according to Austinet al. (1965) the arylsulphatase A, B and C activities are deficient. In both forms, however, residual activities of the deficient enzymes could be detected which showed isoelectric points identical to those of the normal enzymes.The following nomenclature is proposed: ‘Variant B’ for the conventional type, in which the arylsulphatase B activity is present, and ‘Variant O’ for the exceptional cases, in which all arylsulphatase activities are deficient. The significance of the cerebroside sulphatase activity of arylsulphatase B for a possible residual turnover of cerebroside sulphates in the conventional type of the disease is discussed.