bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La traducción de textos de lingüística desde una perspectiva práctica
Authors: Ortiz García Javier 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This paper intends to provide a practical approach to the translation of texts dealing with linguistics. For that, four translations (English into Spanish) are analyzed: Metaphors We live By (Lakoff y Johnson, 1981), Linguistics. An Introduction (Radford et al. 1999), The Language Instinct (Pinker 1994) y Words and Rules (Pinker 1999); these texts were chosen because of the different strategies developed in the translating process. According to these different translating strategies, and studying some examples from the texts, this case study establishes a four-folded categorization and offers a supposedly justified terminology for each of them: (i) the “agglutinant” strategy is the one developed by the translator of Words and Rules who, due to the nature of the source text, is virtually invisible; (ii) the “pseudoisolating” strategy (Linguistics) is positioned between the previous translator’s invisibility and the next strategies, namely, (iii) the “isolating” procedure (Metaphors), and (iv) the “superisolating” strategy (Instinct), which turns the translator into a visible author.
The examples analyzed and the proposed terminology for the four strategies show that the translation of texts dealing with linguistics require the translator a well-defined approach; the translator’s approach (or his/her lack of approach) may well vary the final results of the translation.
Résumé
Cet article présente une contribution à la pratique de la traduction de textes relevant du champ de la linguistique. Nous nous proposons ainsi d’analyser, dans une perspective constructive, les traductions à l’espagnol de quatre livres de linguistique dont la langue originale est l’anglais. Ces quatre ouvrages ont été sélectionnés en raison des différentes stratégies que les traducteurs ont adoptées au cours du processus de traduction: Metaphors We Live By (Lakoff y Johnson, 1981), Linguistics. An Introduction (Radford et al., 1999), The Language Instinct (Pinker 1994) et Words and Rules (Pinker 1999). En fonction des stratégies des traducteurs et à partir de quelques exemples extraits des traductions, cette étude établit une quadruple catégorisation et propose une terminologie qui se justifie pour chacune des stratégies: i) stratégie « agglutinante » adoptée par le traducteur de Words and Rules, lequel, en raison des caractéristiques du texte source, se montre quasiment invisible; ii) stratégie « pseudo-isolante » qui se situe entre l’invisibilité précédente et la visibilité suivante de iii) stratégie « isolante » (Metaphors) et de iv) stratégie « super- isolante » (Instinct).Les exemples analysés et la terminologie proposée démontrent que la traduction de textes de type linguistique requièrent un positionnement bien précis du traducteur. En effet, les résultats inhérents à ce positionnement (ou à son absence) peuvent faire varier substantiellement le résultat final de la traduction.
Structuralism, contextualism, dialogism
Authors: Nerlich Brigitte 
Published: September 2007

SummaryIn the 1930s lexical semantics came under the influence of Saussurean structuralism and Gestalt psychology. The study of whole lexical fields and the structure of these fields replaced a historical semantics focusing on single words and the classification of the transitions between the meanings of these words over time according to different sets of criteria. At the same time contextualism, the study of meaning in its pragmatic context of language use, began to attract the attention of linguists, philosophers, and psychologists of language. Fully aware of the emergence of structuralism and contextualism, Volo‰inov and Baxtin began to develop their theories of meaning, society and literature, later called dialogism. All three movements dealt with the relativity of meaning, as relativity in a semantic field, as relativity in social context, and as relativity in social interaction and dialogue. This article demonstrates how, in a sometimes hidden dialogue with their Western contemporaries, Valentin Nikolaeviã Volo‰inov (1895–1936) and Mixail Mixajloviã Baxtin (1895–1975) developed new ‘relativistic’ theories of meaning, novel theories of pragmatics (speech acts), and modern theories of verbal interaction.
Identities, differences, and analogies
Authors: Harris Roy 
Published: September 2007

Summary
This paper examines the problem of differential identification as posed in Saussure’s Cours de linguistique générale. The solution proposed by Ducrot seems unlikely to have been Saussure’s own and would result in recognizing a proliferation of variants for every sign in the system. Saussure’s analogy with handwriting appears to provide a more promising line of approach, but in the end leads to no less intractable difficulties.
The unconscious and the social in Saussure
Authors: Joseph John E. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Saussure stood between two figures, Whitney and Meillet, each of whom was relentlessly opposed to the dominant psychological establishment of his time. Saussure himself was much more ambivalent about psychology, never portraying it as standing in clear opposition to the interests of linguistics or sociology as the others did. Yet among the many changes that took place in his general linguistics courses between the First in 1907 and the Second in 1908–1909 was a withdrawal from the topic that was at the heart of the Neogrammarian psychology of language, analogy. With it came withdrawal from all but a few psychological considerations, and a proportionate increase in the number of sociological ones. In particular, the role of the unconscious mind in insulating language from deliberate change was taken over by the force of the social group. The timing of this shift coincides with that of the publication of Sechehaye (1908), inspired by Saussure and dedicated to him by his colleague and former student, and the abrupt dismissal of the book by Saussure’s friend and confidante Meillet as being entirely psychological with no interest in or for sociology. Saussure shared many of Meillet’s concerns about the autonomy of linguistic science, and his shift from the psychological to the social may have been more directly motivated by Meillet’s reactions than has been generally recognised – not least because Meillet would later portray the direction of influence as flowing unilaterally from Saussure to himself, as a way of securing Saussure’s posthumous authority for his ongoing programmatic calls for a sociologically-based linguistics.
Albertus (1573) and Ölinger (1574)
Authors: McLelland Nicola 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThis article adapts Linn’s ‘stylistics of standardization’ concept, which Linn (1998) has used to compare Norwegian and Faroese grammarians, to look at grammaticization processes in the first two grammars of German (Albertus 1573, Ölinger 1574). While both are clearly indebted to traditional Latin grammar and humanist ideals, these two grammars differ interestingly in the picture of the language that emerges from their metalanguage and structural principles. In his reflection on the language, his structuring and naming of linguistic phenomena and his attitudes to variation, Ölinger is the practical pedagogue, who imposes systematicity and aims for a one-to-one form-function relationship. Albertus on the other hand, though he too envisages his grammar being used for learning German, has a more cultural patriotic motivation, celebrating the richness and variety of German, worthy to be ranked alongside Latin, Greek and Hebrew. Albertus and Ölinger thus come up with quite different versions of the (as yet arguably non-existent) High German language. Each grammar yields a different subset of possible forms, reminding us that grammar-writing is always a task of creative construction.
Linde’s dictionary
Authors: Adamska-Sałaciak Arleta 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Samuel Linde (1771–1847), author of the first major monolingual dictionary of Polish, was a native speaker of German. This, together with the complex political situation in which his work originated and proceeded – in Leipzig, Warsaw and Vienna – led to many doubts not only as to the author’s linguistic competence, but also regarding his national allegiance and political sympathies, an aspect not unimportant in an era when Poland did not exist as an independent political entity. Despite all this, the finished 4-volume work (Warsaw, 1807–1814), whose compilation, production, content and structure are discussed in this paper, has proved to be of lasting importance for Slavic lexicography.
Syllabisme et morphématisme dans la linguistique russe
Authors: Comtet Roger 
Published: September 2007

Résumé
Le morphème, associé au phonème et à la synchronie de la langue, est conceptualisé dès les années 1880 à Kazan’ par Jan Baudouin de Courtenay et Mikołaj Kruszewski; c’est l’aboutissement dans la pensée linguistique russe d’un long conflit entre le syllabisme associé au mot et l’intuition morphématique. On y retrouve aussi bien des influences étrangères, surtout allemandes, que des traditions grammaticales et culturelles appliquées au matériau spécifique de la langue russe. Ce conflit perdure de nos jours dans les conceptions opposées des écoles de phonologie de Moscou et de Saint-Pétersbourg.
Phonetics and speaking machines
Authors: Fagyal Zsuzsanna 
Published: September 2007

Summary
This paper shows that in the 17th century various attempts were made to build fully automatic speaking devices resembling those exhibited in the late 18th-century in France and Germany. Through the analysis of writings by well-known 17th-century scientists, and a document hitherto unknown in the history of phonetics and speech synthesis, an excerpt from La Science universelle (1667[1641]) of the French writer Charles Sorel (1599–1674), it is argued that engineers and scientists of the Baroque period have to be credited with the first model of multilingual text-to-speech synthesis engines using unlimited vocabulary.
The description of the indigenous languages of Portuguese America by the Jesuits during the colonial period
Authors: Zwartjes Otto 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe paper explores three grammars of two indigenous languages of Brazil written in Portuguese during the colonial period: two grammars of the Tupi language composed by José Anchieta (1534–1597) in 1595 and Luís Figueira (1575–1643) in 1621 (2nd ed., 1687), and one grammar of the Kiriri language, written by Luis Vincêncio Mamiani (1652–1730) in 1699. Although most studies agree that these grammars were based on a Latin framework, they usually do not specify which grammar in particular served as a model. It is known, however, that the Latin grammar by Manuel Álvares (1526–1582), first published in 1572, became the main Latin school grammar for Jesuits all over the world. This article tries to give answers to questions such as why did the Jesuits favour this grammar, which grammars were used by them before 1572, how did the Portuguese missionaries in Brazil adapt or copy Álvares’ model, which parts of speech did they particularly use, and which definitions did they select and which elements did they discuss, add or omit?
August Wilhelm Schlegels Unterscheidung des ‘Synthetischen’ und des ‘Analytischen’ Sprachbaus
Authors: Bär Jochen A. 
Published: September 2007

ZusammenfassungAugust Wilhelm Schlegels (1767–1845) 1818 zum ersten Mal vorgetragene Unterscheidung von synthetischen und analytischen Sprachen hat in der Sprachtypologie große Wirkung entfaltet. Sie wird allerdings in historisch gesehen unangemessener Weise aufgegriffen, wenn der geistesgeschichtliche Kontext vernachlässigt wird, in dem sie entstanden ist. Es handelt sich dabei um Schlegels frühromantische Theorie von der Repoetisierung der Sprache, die drei Stufen der Sprachentwicklung annimmt: Jede Sprache ist erstens ursprünglich poetisch, was hier soviel heißt, als daß zu Beginn der Geschichte des menschlichen Bewußtseins alle Vermögen des Menschen – Sinnlichkeit, Phantasie, Verstand usw. – in harmonischer Übereinstimmung gewirkt haben. Sie wird zweitens prosaisch, d.h., sie verliert ihre Poetizität (wenngleich nie völlig) im Zuge ihrer Ausbildung zu Verstandeszwecken. Das heißt drittens jedoch nicht, daß sie nicht wieder poetisch werden könne und solle; genau dies ist Schlegels Anliegen. Er will freilich nicht den Ausgangszustand als solchen wiederherstellen, sondern der Sprache durch eine Synthesis von ursprünglicher Poetizität und Prosa eine neue Qualität geben. Dieses Programm findet seine genaue Analogie in der frühromantischen Literaturtheorie und ihrem Postulat einer ‘progressiven Universalpoesie’, das Schlegels Bruder Friedrich (1772–1829) aufgestellt hat. Während für einen Autor wie Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) alle Sprachen gleichermaßen wertvoll und in gleichem Maße Gegenstand des Sprachstudiums sind, beinhaltet Schlegels Unterscheidung eine Wertung und impliziert Arbeit an einer Resynthetisierung, das heißt für ihn: einer Verbesserung der Sprache. Die Frage stellt sich, ob Schlegel unter diesem Aspekt zu Recht zu den Gründervätern der vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft und der Sprachtypologie gezählt werden kann.
Gengo seikatsu
Authors: Heinrich Patrick 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe indigenous concept of language life developed out of dialectology and attempts to establish a modern standard language. At first, language life existed above all merely as a label for the joint study of Japanese and its speakers and it only became an essential component of Japanese linguistics after 1945. Within the post-war studies a distinction can be drawn between an empirical approach at the National Japanese Language Research Institute and a theoretical approach by Motoki Tokieda (1900–1967). A first wave of language life studies subsided in the 1960s, the empirical approach was, however, revived and further developed in the seventies finding support in sociolinguistics. Language life was finally displaced by sociolinguistics in the mid-eighties.
Vološinov and Cassirer
Authors: Lähteenmäki Mika 
Published: September 2007

SummaryRecently, it has been suggested that Valentin Vološinov (1895–1936) plagiarised Ernst Cassirer (1874–1945). This claim is to be seen as grossly overstated, although Vološinov obviously benefited from Cassirer’s work on language. This article compares Vološinov’s and Cassirer’s concepts of the sign and discusses their views concerning the relation between language and reality. There are fundamental differences between their views on the nature of the sign which mainly stem from the fact that they are committed to different philosophical paradigms. Thus, the validity of the claims according to which philosophical sources of the dialogical conception of the sign can be found in Cassirer’s works should be seriously questioned.
Las primeras gramáticas mesoamericanas
Authors: de León-Portilla Ascensión Hernández 
Published: September 2007

SummaryOn the basis of an analysis of ten grammars of different Meso-American indigenous languages crafted by missionaries during the 16th century, the author attempts to dress an inventory of the specific linguistic traits that characterizes them. These characteristics highlight the efforts which the authors had to make in order to penetrate these unknown and typologically distant languages from those studied at the time of the Renaissance. The present article points out that the missionaries, who had no formal linguistic training, made use of principles of classic hermeneutics, of analogy and anomaly, in order to analyze the function of the word in these new languages. It also establishes the value of these missionary grammars for the philology of the Meso-American indigenous languages, which is only at a beginning.
À Propos de la réflexion phonologique de F. de Saussure
Authors: Engler Rudolf , Vilkou-Poustovaïa Irina 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Saussure’s reflections on phonology are still today largely unknown. This has several reasons. Until recently, little documentation had been available to prove Saussure’s interest in the subject. Prague phonologists had given a particular interpretation of his general linguistics; the 1916 text of his lectures had led to many different and even contradictory interpretations. Praguean phonology has found its just place within the phonetic sciences, and recent discoveries of hitherto unknown texts from Saussure’s hand now reveal that he indeed put himself many important questions concerning the sound structure of language. Elements of these deliberations should lead to a more adequate reading of the Cours. In fact, these newly found texts suggest that Saussure was after a much more rigorous phonological treatment of which he had already provided evidence in his Mémoire, and which he talked about to his students later on.
The divine and the grammarian
Authors: Poole William 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThis paper discusses the theological background of the linguistic ideas of the three major universal language-planners writing and publishing in England in the 17th century, John Wilkins, George Dalgarno, and Francis Lodwick. Through an examination of these men’s attitudes to the three biblical sites central to early modern linguistics – the accounts of Adam naming the beasts, the fall of man, and the Confusion of Tongues at Babel – it is demonstrated that Wilkins, Dalgarno, and Lodwick held different views on these events and their linguistic ramifications. Wilkins and Dalgarno disagreed about the nature and perseverance of the original Adamic language. Francis Lodwick proposed a far more radical solution: under the influence of the French heretic Isaac La Peyrère, he proposed that men had existed, polygenetically, since long before Adam, and that language hence did not originate with Adam. This paper therefore significantly qualifies the intellectual coherency of the ‘universal language movement’, and does so by the use of hitherto almost entirely neglected manuscript material.
Discovering Aryan and Dravidian in British India
Authors: Trautmann Thomas R. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryBritish India was an especially fruitful site for the development of historical linguistics. Four major, unanticipated discoveries were especially associated with the East India Company: those of Indo-European, Dravidian, Malayo-Polynesian and the Indo-Aryan nature of Romani. It is argued that they came about in British India because the European tradition of language analysis met and combined with aspects of the highly sophisticated Indian language analysis. The discoveries of Indo-European and Dravidian, the subject of this article, were connected with the British-Indian cities of Calcutta and Madras, respectively, and the conditions under which they came about are examined. The production of new knowledge in British India is generally viewed through the lens of post-colonial theory, and is seen as having been driven by the needs of colonial governance. This essay sketches out a different way of looking at aspects of colonial knowledge that fall outside the colonial utility framework. It views these discoveries and their consequences as emergent products of two distinct traditions of language study which the British and the Indians brought to the colonial connection. If this is so, it follows that some aspects of modernism tacitly absorb Indian knowledge, specifically Indian language analysis. Indian phonology, among other things, is an example of this process.
Leonard Bloomfield
Authors: Tomalin Marcus 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThis paper considers various aspects of Leonard Bloomfield’s (1887–1949) interest in contemporaneous mathematics. Specifically, some of the sources from which he obtained his mathematical knowledge are discussed, as are his own proposals for a linguistics-based solution to the foundations crisis which preoccupied leading mathematicians during the first half of the 20th century. In addition, his attitude towards the role of meaning in linguistic theory is reassessed in the light of his knowledge of Hilbertian Formalism.
Wissenschaftsrhetorik
Authors: Roth Kersten Sven 
Published: September 2007

Zusammenfassung
Der vorliegende Aufsatz geht von der Annahme aus, dass der Schlüssel zum Gesamtwerk des Frühaufklärers Johann Christoph Gottsched (1700–1766) nicht in dessen von seinen Zeitgenossen bevorzugt rezipierten und kritisierten poetologischen Arbeiten zu suchen ist, sondern außer in den grammatologischen in seinen Schriften zur Rhetorik, insbesondere in der Ausführlichen Redekunst von 1759. Er interpretiert diese als den Versuch, die vom Untergang bedrohte Redekunst in das ‘kritische Zeitalter’ zu retten und in strikter Abgrenzung von der antiken Topik einerseits wie der zeitgenössischen höfischen ‘Complimentierkunst’ andererseits eine vernunftgerechte Wissenschaftsrhetorik zu konzipieren. In das Zentrum des Interesses rückt damit der Umgang mit dem Paradoxon aus Wahrheits- und Wirksamkeitsanspruch als zeitloses Problem des Wissenstransfers. Entsprechend versucht der Aufsatz, die Aktualität dieses Problems und damit auch den Wert der Gottschedschen Rhetorik für die moderne (populär)wissenschaftliche Textproduktion aufzuzeigen.
The centenary of the first publication of Saussure’s sign theory – odier (1905)
Authors: Joseph John E. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe 1905 bookEssai d’analyse psychologique du méchanisme du langage dans la compréhensionby Henri Odier (1873–1938) is noteworthy for containing the first published report of details of the sign theory of Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913). This article discusses those details and Odier’s interpretations of them, which stray considerably from what Saussure intended, to judge from his later lectures. Because it is known that Saussure owned a copy of Odier’s book and he appears to have read it carefully, an examination is made of significant references Odier makes to other work. Finally, the negative review of Odier’s book by Antoine Meillet (1866–1936) is considered.
The problem of Joseph Priestley’s (1733–1804) descriptivism
Authors: Hodson Jane 
Published: September 2007

SummaryJoseph Priestley’s (1733–1804)Rudiments of English Grammar(1761, second revised edition 1768) has often been interpreted as demonstrating that, unlike most 18th-century grammarians, Priestley took a descriptive approach towards the study of language. This article argues that such a characterisation both of Priestley’s work and that of his contemporaries is misleading. The article offers a reappraisal of Priestley’sGrammar, demonstrating that the idea of linguistic perfectibility is central to his linguistic ideas, but that it has often been overlooked by modern commentators. The two editions of Priestley’sGrammarare assessed, and it is argued that the substantial alterations that he makes for the second edition reveal a grammarian struggling to bring order to the study of the English language.
A 19th-century speaking machine
Authors: Battaner Moro Elena 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe Tecnefón is a speaking machine developed in Spain in the 1860s by Severino Pérez y Vázquez. Pérez’s main book on the Tecnefón was published in 1868. Within the context of speaking machines designed from the 18th century onwards, the Tecnefón is built on an acoustical basis; hence it is different from W. von Kempelen’s device, which tried to ‘replicate’ the phonatory system. The Tecnefón has three main parts: a drum that generates sound (the source), an air chamber to hold such sound, and a set of tubes, chambers, and other artefacts propelled by a keyboard. Pérez created a prototype of a speaking machine that performed five vowels and six consonants, so it could ‘speak’ many sentences in Spanish. To this he added accent and intonation with a lever. However, the Tecnefón was never finished due to institutional circumstances that prevented Pérez from pursuing his research.