bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the spatial resolution of in vivo magnetic resonance images using radiofrequency tagging pulses
Authors: Wang Wen‐Tung , Hu Peng , Meyer Craig H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe spatial resolution of magnetic resonance (MR) images is usually specified by using nominal spatial resolution, the width of the simulated point‐spread function (PSF), or measurement from a resolution phantom. The accuracy of these measures is limited because they do not take into account the effects of in vivo image degradation. In this work, tag lines were used to estimate the spatial resolution of in vivo MR images. The idea of using tag lines to measure resolution was originally proposed by Wayte and Redpath (Magn Reson Imaging 1998;16:37–44), who used sinusoidal tag profiles and calculated an indirect measure of resolution called the modulation percentage. This work uses widely separated thin tag lines to directly measure the shape of the PSF and produce estimates of the PSF width in millimeters. The feasibility of estimating the spatial resolution via tag lines was evaluated using phantom images. The results show that an accurate estimate can be obtained when the tag modulation width is equal to or less than one‐half of the best possible resolution. The tag lines are then used to demonstrate the asymmetry and spatial variation of spatial resolution of in vivo images acquired by using a turbo spin‐echo (TSE) and a spiral sequence. Magn Reson Med 58:190–199, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transverse relaxation time reflects brain amyloidosis in young APP/PS1 transgenic mice
Authors: El Tayara Nadine El Tannir , Volk Andreas , Dhenain Marc , Delatour Benoît 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAmyloid deposits are one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), one of the most devastating neurodegenerative disorders. In transgenic mice modeling Alzheimer's pathology, the MR transverse relaxation time (T2) has been described to be modulated by amyloidosis. This modification has been attributed to the age‐related iron deposition that occurs within the amyloid plaques of old animals. In the present study, young APP/PS1 transgenic mice without histochemically detectable iron in the brain were specifically studied. In vivo measurements of T2 in the hippocampus, at the level of the subiculum, were shown to reflect the density of amyloid plaques. This suggests that T2 variations can be induced solely by aggregated amyloid deposits in the absence of associated histologically‐detectable iron. Thus T2 from regions with high amyloid load, such as the subiculum, is particularly well suited for following plaque deposition in young animals, i.e., at the earliest stages of the pathological process. Magn Reson Med 58:179–184, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myocardial T1 mapping: Application to patients with acute and chronic myocardial infarction
Authors: Messroghli Daniel R. , Walters Kevin , Plein Sven , Sparrow Patrick , Friedrich Matthias G. , Ridgway John P. , Sivananthan Mohan U. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractT1 maps obtained with modified Look‐Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) can be used to measure myocardial T1. We aimed to evaluate the potential of MOLLI T1 mapping for the assessment of acute and chronic myocardial infarction (MI). A total of 24 patients with a first MI underwent MRI within 8 days and after 6 months. T1 mapping was performed at baseline and at selected intervals between 2–20 min following administration of gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd‐DTPA). Delayed‐enhancement (DE) imaging served as the reference standard for delineation of the infarct zone. On T1 maps the myocardial T1 relaxation time was assessed in hyperenhanced areas, hypoenhanced infarct cores, and remote myocardium. The planimetric size of myocardial areas with standardized T1 threshold values was measured. Acute and chronic MI exhibited different T1 changes. Precontrast threshold T1 maps detected segmental abnormalities caused by acute MI with 96% sensitivity and 91% specificity. Agreement between measurements of infarct size from T1 mapping and DE imaging was higher in chronic than in acute infarcts. Precontrast T1 maps enable the detection of acute MI. Acute and chronic MI show different patterns of T1 changes. Standardized T1 thresholds provide the potential to dichotomously identify areas of infarction. Magn Reson Med 58:34–40, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Water uptake behavior of layered silicate/starch–polycaprolactone blend nanocomposites
Authors: Pérez C Javier , Alvarez Vera A , Mondragón Inaki , Vázquez Analia 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe water uptake behavior of biodegradable layered silicate/starch–polycaprolactone blend nanocomposites was evaluated. Three different commercial layered silicates (Cloisite Na+, Cloisite 30B and Cloisite 10A) were used as reinforcement nanofillers. Tests were carried out in two different environments: 60 and 90% relative humidity using glycerol solutions. The clay/starch–polycaprolactone blend nanocomposites were obtained by melt intercalation and characterized by gravimetric measurements and tensile tests. The intercalated structure (determined by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction) showed a decrease in water absorption as a function of clay content probably due to the decrease of the mean free path of water molecules. The diffusion coefficient decreased with clay incorporation but a further increase in the clay content did not show an important effect on this parameter. Elongation at break increased with exposure showing matrix plasticization. Mechanical properties of the nanocomposites deteriorated after exposure whereas they remained almost constant in the case of the neat matrix. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Factors effecting impact of Aspergillus fumigatus sensitization in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Kanthan Senthooran Kathirgama , Bush Andrew , Kemp Michael , Buchdahl Roger 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe clinical impact of Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) sensitization in cystic fibrosis (CF) is controversial. We examined the effect of Af sensitization (Afs) on pulmonary function and growth using a retrospective cohort analysis over two 5‐year study periods: 1996–2000 (19 Afs cases and 19 controls) and 2001–2005 (24 Afs cases and 23 controls). Sensitization was defined as Af specific radioallergosorbent test (RAST) ≥ 17.5 iu/ml and total serum IgE level ≥150 iu/ml. We examined the impact of changing treatment schedules over these periods. Afs cases had lower median FEV1 %predicted (%PR) compared to matched controls 1996: 67 versus 80, P < 0.01; 2001: 78 versus 93, P < 0.01. Afs cases in the 2001 cohort had a higher FEV1 %PR compared to Afs cases in the 1996 cohort: 78 versus 67, P < 0.01. For the 1996 Afs cohort FEV1 %PR fell significantly over 5 years but not for the 2001 Afs cohort. Af RAST and total IgE reflected the changes in pulmonary function. Children in the 2001 Afs cohort were prescribed significantly more oral antifungal treatment (odds ratio 4.3, 95%CI 1.2–15.7, P = 0.03). Afs children continue to have poorer lung function compared to controls but this observational, hypothesis generating study, suggests that the use of antifungal treatment is associated with better lung function. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:785–793. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation and antifungal activity of lignans from Myristica fragrans against various plant pathogenic fungi
Authors: Cho Jun Young , Choi Gyung Ja , Son Seung Wan , Jang Kyoung Soo , Lim He Kyoung , Lee Sun Og , Sung Nack Do , Cho Kwang Yun , Kim Jin‐Cheol 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: In a search for plant extracts with potent in vivo antifungal activity against various plant diseases, we found that treatment with a methanol extract of Myristica fragrans Houttyn (nutmeg) seeds reduced the development of various plant diseases. The objectives of the present study were to isolate and determine antifungal substances from My. fragrans and to evaluate their antifungal activities.RESULTS: Three antifungal lignans were isolated from the methanol extract of My. fragrans seeds and identified as erythro‐austrobailignan‐6 (EA6), meso‐dihydroguaiaretic acid (MDA) and nectandrin‐B (NB). In vitro antimicrobial activity of the three lignans varied according to compound and target species. Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum coccodes, C. gloeosporioides, Magnaporthe grisea, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Acidovorax konjaci and Burkholderia glumae were relatively sensitive to the three lignans. In vivo, all three compounds effectively suppressed the development of rice blast and wheat leaf rust. In addition, EA6 and NB were highly active against the development of barley powdery mildew and tomato late blight, respectively. Both MDA and NB also moderately inhibited the development of rice sheath blight.CONCLUSION: This is the first study to demonstrate the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of the three lignans from My. fragrans against plant pathogenic fungi. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Growth of silver on MgO(001) and infrared optical properties
Authors: Meng F. , Pucci A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSilver‐film growth on MgO(001) was systematically studied with infrared spectroscopy in ultra‐high vacuum for different substrate temperatures from 60 K to 500 K at a similar deposition rate. In all cases the spectral development clearly indicated the formation of islands. For 300 K the coalesced islands further developed to a film that reached bulk conductivity already at about 9 nm. The conductivity of the films beyond percolation was obtained from spectral fits to the Drude model of the dielectric function. Additionally to transmittance studies, infrared reflection spectra at oblique incidence of p‐polarized light were measured during Ag film growth on MgO(001) at 300 K. Interestingly, a minimum reflectance (relative to the substrate reflectance) was observed at a thickness corresponding to the percolation threshold, which is a new experimental result. The island‐like film morphology was directly proved with atomic force microscopy. Pictures taken immediately after film growth proved that particle size and coalescence strongly depend not only on average film thickness but also on the substrate temperature during deposition, which is related to temperature dependent diffusion. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sexing a wider range of avian species based on two CHD1 introns with a unified reaction condition
Authors: Wang Lih‐Chiann , Chen Chi‐Tsong , Lee Hsiao‐Yuan , Li Shou‐Hsien , Lir Jihn‐Tsair , Chin Shin‐Chien , Pu Chang‐En , Wang Ching‐Ho 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIdentifying the sex of a bird is important to ensure successful breeding strategies and effective conservation programs. Sex may be identified from the intron size of the CHD1 gene located on the avian sex chromosomes Z and W. However, because of the great nucleotide diversity across different avian species, no given intron is in widespread use without ambiguous results. Complicated modifications of the reaction condition are required to suit different species. Two CHD1 introns were used with a unified reaction condition in this study to simplify the procedure. Consequently, genders of 73 avian species covering 19 families were successfully identified based on this two‐intron approach. This means the ability to sex a wider range of avian species using a simplified procedure, greatly assisting in population management at zoos. Zoo Biol 26:425–431, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study of triglyceride‐ protein interaction using a microemulsion‐ filtration method
Authors: Smith Lloyd M. , Fantozzlb Paolo , Crevelinga Richard K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractInteractions between simple triglycerides and a variety of native and chemically modified proteins were studied. A new procedure was developed to evaluate hydrophobic binding of proteins at oil/water interfaces. The method involves emulsifying a triglyceride ultra‐sonically in water and equilibrating the microemulsion with a protein solution. The protein adsorbs to the surfaces of the globules as a stabilizing interfacial layer. Relative stability of different emulsions is evaluated under standard conditions of partition with a poly‐carbonate membrane filter. Either gas liquid chromatography or a radioactive technique is used to determine the amount of trigly‐ceride stabilized by protein through hydrophobic binding. The procedure was used to compare interactions of six different trigly‐cerides with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and interactions between trioctanoin and 26 different native and chemically modified pro‐teins. In general, an increase in molecular weight of saturated trigly‐cerides or an increase in double bonds of unsaturated triglycerides reduced hydrophobic binding. The order of binding of trioctanoin for the series of proteins (on a weight basis) compared to BSA taken as 100%, ranged from 160% for casein to 1% for lysozyme. Addition of nonpolar residues, including methyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl and benzyl groups, to casein increased binding by 20–30%. Effects of protein mixtures, and changes in pH and ionic strength also were studied. The results demonstrate that interactions between a wide variety of triglycerides and proteins can be investigated by the microemulsion‐filtration method.
Supplementation of bakery items with high protein peanut flour
Authors: Ory Robert L , Conkerton Edith J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhite skin peanuts were defatted with hexane to produce flours with 55–60% protein. The peanut flour was used to replace 12.5% of the wheat flour in bread, 100% of wheat flour in muffins, and 10, 15 or 50% of the wheat flour in cookies. At 12.5% levels of peanut flour, total solids, protein, moisture retention of bread after baking, and dietary fiber contents are increased without affecting loaf vol‐ume. Crust color of supplemented bakery items is darker brown, texture is coarse for bread and harder in cookies, but not enough to make them unacceptable. Peanut flour muffins with a net protein content of 33–40% can serve as a high protein snack food or bakery item, possibly for patients with celiac disease who cannot tolerate wheat flour. Moisture retention in supplemented products was greater than in nonsupplemented controls. Net increase of protein in baked items varied from 4% increase for 12.5% peanut flour bread to 30% for the all‐peanut flour muffins. Other physical and chemical prop‐erties of these products are presented to support potential applications of peanut flour as a supplement for selected food products.
Seeding effects on solidification behavior of cocoa butter and dark chocolate. II. Physical properties of dark chocolate
Authors: Hachiya Iwao , Koyano Tetsuo , Sato Kiyotaka 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDemolding property just after solidification, we examined the polymorphism of cocoa butter in seed‐solidified dark chocolate and fat‐bloom stability through two thermocycle tests between 38 and 20°C (38/20) and between 32 and 20°C (32/20). The seed crystals employed are Form VI of cocoa butter,β1 of SOS (1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐glycerol), pseudo‐β’ andβ2 of BOB (1,3‐dibehenoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol) and β of SSS (1,2,3‐tristearoylglycerol). The influence of the seed concentration was also examined. The seeding of cocoa butter (Form VI) and SOSβ1 caused the crystallization of Form V of cocoa butter and exhibited better demolding. As to the fat‐bloom stability, the two, seed crystals were effective through the 32/20 cycle test, but the fat‐bloom occurred through the 38/20 test. The seeding ofβ2 of BOB caused better demolding, crystallization of Form V of cocoa butter, and the most preferable fat‐bloom stability; particularly, the seeding of 5 wt% concentration ofβ2 of BOB completely prevented the fat‐bloom after the 38/20 test, although the seeding of all of the other materials and conditions caused the fat‐bloom by this thermo‐cycle test. The seeding of pseudo‐β’ of BOB did not prevent the fat‐bloom, although the demolding property was improved. In the case of the seed of β of SSS, both the demolding and fat‐bloom stability were not improved. We concluded that the seeding ofβ2 of BOB revealed the most desirable, influences on the demolding and the fat‐bloom stability of dark chocolate. This conclusion suggests the usage ofβ2 of BOB as the most preferable seed material in the solidification of dark chocolate, since the crystallization rate was also enhanced by this material as described in Paper I.
Glyceride composition of processed fats and oils as determined by glass capillary gas chromatography
Authors: D’Alonzo R. P. , Kozarek W. J. , Wade R. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRefined and bleached fats and oils can be analyzed directly by high‐temperature glass capillary column gas chromatography after derivatization of the fatty acids, mono‐ and diglycerides with BSTFA [(N,O)‐bis(trimethyl silyl) trifluoroacetamide]. The intact glycerides are separated on the basis of volatility to provide characteristic carbon number profiles (CNP). Quantitative information on mono‐, di‐ and triglycerides, as well as free fatty acids, is obtained from a single, rapid separation. Profile values are reported for 13 different processed fats and oils. The analysis performed in the split‐injection mode maintains column integrity after numerous separations, while producing acceptable relative standard deviations.
Crystallization dynamics in model emulsions from magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Simoneau C. , McCarthy M. J. , Kauten R. J. , German J. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMelt crystallization of trilaurin and trimyristin was investigated in the bulk and in dispersed systems using magnetic resonance imaging. Crystallization rates were studied as a function of time in fat/water (40:60) emulsions containing 0.5% tween 80 and 0.2% xanthan gum to prevent creaming. Oil weighted images were obtained to follow the dynamics of crystallization in the bulk and in an emulsified system. Localized spectroscopy using a stimulated echo pulse sequence was used to quantify the crystallization dynamics pattern at different locations in a trimyristin emulsion (40:60). The results showed that crystallization in the emulsified state occurred over a longer period of time than in the bulk. Imaging allowed for the qualitative visualization of crystallization. Images showed crystallization occurring from the edge to the center. On the other hand, localized spectroscopy allowed for spatially quantitative measurement of the amount of liquid oil, crystalline oil and water. In the trimyristin emulsion (40:60), spectra recorded from the top, center and bottom showed a relatively abrupt crystallization pattern starting earlier at the edges of the container, as previously visualized by the images taken.
Viscosities of some long‐chain fatty acids and their relationship with chainlength
Authors: Liew K. Y. , Seng C. E. , Lau E. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe densities and viscosities of octanoic, decanoic, dodecanoic and tetradecanoic acids were determined at temperatures ranging from 20 to 80°C. When the fluidities were plotted against the molal volumes of the acids, curves were obtained. The intrinsic volumes were determined by extrapolation to zero fluidity and compared with previously reported values. Based upon Hildebrand’s equation for non‐ associated liquids, semiempirical equations relating the fluidity with the carbon number were obtained. The equations predict the fluidities of fatty acids with carbon number ranging from 4 to 18 at 4 temperatures from 20°C to 75°C with reasonable agreement with the experimental values.
Production of medium‐chain glycerides by immobilized lipase in a solvent‐free system
Authors: Kim S. M. , Rhee J. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEnzymatic synthesis of medium‐ chain glycerides (MCGs) was studied by using capric acid (decanoic acid) and glycerol as substrates for immobilized lipase (LipozymeTM) without any solvents or surfactants. Quantitative analysis of the reaction mixture was conducted by using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which enabled the exact tracing of the capric glyceride synthesis. Oleic acid was also used for comparison. The esterification activity of Lipozyme was determined at 40°C in an open batch reactor; the activities were 400 and 200 units/g for the capric glyceride and oleic glyceride synthesis, respectively. Maximum initial reaction rate was obtained at 50°C for capric and 60°C for oleic glyceride synthesis. The time course of the capric glyceride synthesis was compared in terms of different molar ratios, from which we infer that this enzyme is 1,3‐ specific, but not absolute, in this esterification reaction. The final conversion was greatly influenced by the methods used to remove water, among which the cold trap method resulted in a noticeable improvement.
Optimization of production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) byThraustochytrium aureum ATCC 34304
Authors: Bajpai P. K. , Bajpai P. , Ward O. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBy varying culture carbon source, lipid content in mycelium ofThraustochytrium aureum ATCC 34304 varied widely in the range 1–25% of biomass weight. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of mycelium lipid was higher (65–76%) when biomass lipid content was very low (1–2%) and lower (40–50%) when biomass contained a high lipid content (14–18%). DHA yields from glucose, starch and maltose were 270, 325 and 334 mg/L, respectively. DHA yield and content of biomass was optimal at an initial culture pH of 6.0. During the culture cycle ofT. aureum, DHA content in lipids remained relatively constant with optimal DHA yield being observed after six days. Biomass, lipid content in biomass, DHA content in biomass and DHA yield were all optimal at a cultivation temperature of 28°C. However, the proportion of DHA in lipids declined with increase in temperature. Biomass, lipids in biomass and DHA yields were 13%, 42% and 47% higher, respectively, din light‐exposed cultures as compared to dark cultures. A maximum yield of DHA of 511 mg/L was observed in light‐ exposed cultures containing 2.5% starch, where lipids accounted for over 20% of biomass dry weight.
Cyclopropenoid fatty acids of six seed oils from malvaceae
Authors: Sundar Rao K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe seeds ofAlyogine hakeifolia, Alyogine huegelii,Gossypium australe, Hibiscus coatesii, Lawrencia viridigrisea andRadyera farragei (Malvaceae) contained 13.5‐18.6% oil. Linoleic acid predominated (60.0‐68.2%) in the component fatty acids of all the oils, followed by palmitic (9.9‐18.1%) and oleic acids (7.8‐15.8%). Cyclopropene fatty acids, malvalic and sterculic, were present in small concentrations (1.0‐4.4%, 0.1‐1.5% respectively). Dihydrosterculic acid was present in small quantities (trace‐2.1%).
Vernolic acid intabebuia argentia seed oil: A moderate source of oil
Authors: Daulatabad C. D. , Hosamani K. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTabebuia argentia, Britt, Syn.Tkcoma argentia, Burr and Schum, belonging to the Bignoniaceae plant family, contains palmitic (21.7%), stearic (3.8%), oleic (9.8%), linoleic (52.7%), linolenic (3.0%) and vernolic (9.0%) acids. These fatty acids were characterized by infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS), gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) and chemical degradations.
Nonionic surfactants containing propylene oxide
Authors: Naylor Carter G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPhysical and surface active properties of ethoxylates are altered by the inclusion of propylene oxide (PO) groups. The location of PO within the ethoxylate (EO) chain can be as important a factor as the relative amounts of PO and EO. The optimum position of the PO was shown to be a single discrete block of PO located in approximately the middle of the ethoxylate chain. The influence of PO on surfactant properties was assessed for several alcohol ethoxylates and nonyl‐phenol ethoxylates. Pour points and gelling tendencies were lowered at the expense of detergency, foaming and wetting power.