bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DNA vaccine encoding endosome‐targeted human papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein generates CD4+ T cell‐dependent protection
Authors: Brulet Jean‐Marc , Maudoux Frédéric , Thomas Séverine , Thielemans Kris , Burny Arsène , Leo Oberdan , Bex Françoise , Hallez Sophie 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHuman papillomavirus type 16 is commonly implicated in cervical cancers. The viral genome encodes potential targets like the oncoprotein E7, expressed in transformed cells but thought to represent a poorly immunogenic antigen. We describe in this work a DNA‐based vaccination protocol aimed at inducing an efficient anti‐E7 immune response in vivo. Plasmids allowing the expression of the E7 protein in distinct cellular compartments were generated and assayed in an in vivo model of tumor growth. Our data demonstrate that mice vaccinated with a plasmid encoding for an E7 protein fused to a domain of the MHC class II‐associated invariant chain (IiE7) were protected against tumor challenge. Mice immunized against an ubiquitinated form of E7 (Ub(Ala)E7) failed to control tumor growth. Protection induced by IiE7 was correlated with the development of CD8+ CTL and required the presence of CD4+ cells. In vitro studies confirmed that the IiE7 fusion protein was expressed at high levels in the endosomal compartment of transfected cells, while the natural and the ubiquitin‐modified form of E7 were mainly nuclear. The present study suggests that an efficient anti‐tumor response can be induced in vivo by DNA constructs encoding for E7 protein forms localizing at the endosomal compartment.See accompanying commentary: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200636233
IL‐18 enhances IFN‐γ‐induced production of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 in human keratinocytes
Authors: Kanda Naoko , Shimizu Teruo , Tada Yayoi , Watanabe Shinichi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIL‐18 is involved in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and allergic contact dermatitis. CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 recruit type 1 T cells, and the production of these chemokines by keratinocytes is enhanced in these dermatoses. We examined the in vitro effects of IL‐18 on IFN‐γ‐induced CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 production in human keratinocytes. IL‐18 enhanced the IFN‐γ‐induced secretion and mRNA expression of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 in parallel to the activation of NF‐κB, STAT1, and IFN‐regulatory factor (IRF)‐1. Antisense oligonucleotides against NF‐κB p50, p65, or STAT1 suppressed CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 production, and antisense IRF‐1 suppressed CXCL11 production. Inhibitors of PI3 K, p38 MAPK, and MEK suppressed IL‐18 plus IFN‐γ‐induced CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 production and NF‐κB, STAT1, and IRF‐1 activities. IL‐18 induced phosphorylation of ERK and Akt, while IFN‐γ induced phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. These results suggest that IL‐18 may potentiate IFN‐γ‐induced CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 production in keratinocytes by activating NF‐κB, STAT1, or IRF‐1 through PI3 K/Akt and MEK/ERK pathways. These effects of IL‐18 may promote the infiltration of type 1 T cells into lesions with inflammatory dermatoses and amplify the skin inflammation. IL‐18 may act as a pro‐inflammatory cytokine in these dermatoses and thus is a candidate therapeutic target.
Synthesis and Versatile Reactions of β‐Azidotetraarylporphyrins
Authors: Shen Dong‐Mei , Liu Chao , Chen Qing‐Yun 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA variety of β‐azidotetraarylporphyrins were conveniently synthesized by classical conversion of the amino groups of β‐aminotetraarylporphyrins into azido groups through diazotization and subsequent treatment with sodium azide. Their thermal reaction and CuI‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition with various alkynes were also reported. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Characterization of Immunological Interactions at an Immunoelectrode by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Ambrosi Adriano , Morrin Aoife , Killard Anthony J. , Smyth Malcolm R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA method to visualize an immunointeraction occurring at an electrode surface by the use of scanning electron microscopy is demonstrated. A colloidal gold‐labeled antigoat antibody was used for the visualization of two immunosensor platforms where an antiatrazine single chain antibody and an antibiotin were immobilized on the surface, respectively. Firstly, a silver enhancement treatment was optimized in order to improve the visualization of the gold label. Subsequently, protein distribution on the surface was evaluated in relation to the immobilization time. Finally, this method was adopted to evaluate specific immunological interactions. Comparing the images of the immunosensor surfaces with those of different control surfaces, it was established that the immunological interactions were effectively occurring at the electrode and it was also possible to gain an appreciation of the extent and distribution of the immunological interaction at the electrode surface and the level of non‐specific binding occurring. Energy Dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis was also performed for a qualitative evaluation of the atomic electrode surface composition.
Colloidal Crystals as Templates for Macroporous Carbon Electrodes of Controlled Thickness
Authors: Reculusa Stéphane , Agricole Béatrice , Derré Alain , Couzi Michel , Sellier Elisabeth , Delhaès Pierre , Ravaine Serge 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMacroporous carbon films were synthesized using colloidal crystals as a template and were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The colloidal crystals were elaborated by the Langmuir‐Blodgett technique and were infiltrated with carbon by a controlled chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) process. After removal of the template, thin free‐standing carbon membranes whose thicknesses match perfectly those of the templates were obtained. Their ability to act as electrodes was checked by carrying out cyclic‐voltammetry experiments.
Mass distribution, polydispersity and focusing properties of carrier ampholytes for IEF. III: pH 2.5–4 intervals
Authors: Simó Carolina , Mendieta Martha Elena , Antonioli Paolo , Sebastiano Roberto , Citterio Attilio , Cifuentes Alejandro , Righetti Pier Giorgio 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo study the molecular mass distribution and number of species in narrow‐range (2‐pH‐unit wide, in the nominal pI 2–4 or 3–5 interval) carrier ampholytes from four commercial sources (Bio‐Lyte, Servalyt, Ampholine and Pharmalyte), a 2‐D technique was adopted, consisting of a preparative focusing step in a Rotofor instrument, followed by analysis of every other collected fraction (10 out of 20) by CE‐MS. It was found that Ampholine pH 3.5–5 contains 105 different molecular mass (Mr) compounds, in theMrinterval 205–965 Da, for a total of 446 isoforms. Bio‐Lyte pH 3–5 consists of 84 differentMrspecies, in theMrrange 216–965 Da, for a total of 383 isoforms. Servalyt pH 2–4 is made of 227 differentMrcompounds, in theMrinterval 204–929 Da, for a total of 1201 isoforms. Pharmalyte pH 2.5–5 comprises 245 amphoteres, in theMrrange 203–857 Da, for a total of 857 isoforms. Pharmalyte appears to be the best brand, with the vast majority of species focusing sharply at their pIposition and almost no ‘poor’ species, distributed along the entire pH gradient, denoting an extremely shallow pH/mobility curve across the pIvalue. Due to some overlap with the adjacent acidic pH 4–6 interval, the species in common have been evaluated: the most extended overlaps are found in Ampholine (55% of the species appearing in the two neighbouring intervals) and in Servalyt (47% coincidence). The lowest overlaps are found in Pharmalyte (23%) and in Bio‐Lyte (20%).
Optimization of an Iron Intercalated Montmorillonite Preparation for the Removal of Arsenic at Low Concentrations
Authors: Masih D. , Izumi Y. , Aika K. , Seida Y. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA series of iron intercalated montmorillonites (Fe‐Monts) were prepared using (i) ion exchange of native sodium and calcium ions with iron ions, (ii) base hydrolysis of inserted iron ions in montmorillonite suspension, and (iii) insertion of pre‐hydrolyzed iron colloid in montmorillonite. The materials were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and gas adsorption‐desorption techniques. The basal d(001)‐spacing and BET specific surface area increased after the intercalation of iron species in montmorillonite. Local iron structure studied by X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy showed an unsaturation of the Fe···Fe coordination number (N 2.5) of the intercalated iron species as compared to the bulk iron oxyhydroxides (N 6). The Fe‐Monts were employed for arsenic removal from aqueous solutions at low concentration (0.2–16 mg/L). Among the Fe‐Monts, the one prepared by the hydrolysis of inserted iron ions, was the best in performance. The saturation adsorption amount of the optimized iron‐montmorillonite was 4 and 28 times higher for the removal of arsenite and arsenate, respectively, as compared to bulk iron oxyhydroxide (goethite). Compared with bulk iron oxyhydroxide, the Fe‐Monts were superior for arsenate uptake and comparable for arsenite. In addition, arsenite adsorbed on the Fe‐Monts was found to be oxidized to arsenate based on XAFS spectroscopy.
Development of longitudinal profiles of alluvial channels in response to base‐level lowering
Authors: Begin Ze'ev B. , Meyer David F. , Schumm Stanley A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDegradation of alluvial channels in cohesive sediments was studied in 15 m and 20 m long flumes with a slope of 0°01 cm/cm. Degradation was initiated by lowering base level to a fixed position, and the development of the longitudinal profile of the channel is analysed through a model formulated as a heat (diffusion) equation. It is based on the equation of sediment continuity, combined with an assumption regarding sediment transport, namely that sediment discharge is linearly proportional to the channel slope. In accordance with the boundary and initial conditions imposed by the experimental setup and procedure, the basic equation is amenable to an analytical solution, which defines bed elevation at any distance and time, as a function of the amount of base‐level lowering and a ‘diffusion’ coefficient. Additional problems arising from bank erosion and channel armouring are also treated successfully within the framework of the same model.The results show that in homogeneous alluvial sediments, not subject to armouring, the ultimate result of base‐level lowering by a certain amount is degradation all along the channel by the same amount. The main impact of erosion is felt in the early stages after initiation of the process, and mainly near the mouth. The rate of degradation at any station along the channel reaches a peak and then slowly decreases with time, and the peak rate is attenuated with distance from the outlet. The model permits the prediction of intermediate stages of profile development at any distance from the outlet and at different times.
A source of bias in rates of surface soil movement as estimated from marked particles
Authors: Caine Nel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWhen estimated from measurements of introduced tracer particles, the rate of surface soil movement tends to be greater than the natural rate for equivalent particles on the same site. This consistent overestimation is greatest in the period following tracer introduction and leads to a measurement bias that may be as high as 300 per cent. The magnitude of the bias decreases with time, as the tracer is incorporated into the surface material, but remains detectable statistically for more than a year on some low‐angle sites.
Lithologic control of bedrock meander dimensions in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge province
Authors: Braun Duane D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMarked differences in bedrock meander dimensions in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge province, at times in adjacent reaches of a single stream, are related to differences in relative erodability of the bedrock. Meanders cut in thick‐bedded to massive lithologies, typically carbonates, are distinctly smaller overall than meanders cut into shaly lithologies.Other factors that could affect bedrock meander dimensions were considered and none appeared to offer any help in explaining the dimensional differences observed above.In plateau regions underlain by essentially horizontal strata, the meander form characteristic of one lithology may become superimposed upon another as incision progresses, producing anomalous relationships between bedrock meander dimensions and lithology.Empirical relations developed from meander geometry measurements and estimated bedrock erodability for 78 bedrock meander reaches, containing a total of 1089 individual meander loops, show that meanders cut in shaly lithologies (ML = 105 Q0.50f, where ML = meander length and Qf = most probable annual flood) are about twice the length of meanders cut in non‐shaly lithologies (ML = 39.30.56f). The valley floor width of the meanders cut in shaly bedrock (VF = 28 Q0.43f) is two to three times wider than the valley floor width of the meanders cut in the more resistant non‐shaly bedrock (VF = 8 Q0.43f). The mean and median meander length values for individual reaches typically differ by less than 10 per cent.
A linear erosion/elevation measuring instrument (LEMI)
Authors: Toy Terrence J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Linear Erosion/Elevation Measuring Instrument (LEMI) offers an alternative to erosion pins for assessing changes in the ground surface that need not disturb the soil at the point of measurement. The device, fabricated from two carpenter's levels, is mounted on each of a series of support rods implanted along a hillslope profile. The vertical distance between the LEMI and the surface may be recorded to the nearest one‐half millimetre. Testing indicates that the use of the LEMI sacrifices about one millimetre of measurement replicability while obtaining undisturbed site data.
Stratigraphic evidence of episodic talus accumulation on the isle of skye, Scotland
Authors: Innes John L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEvidence of episodic development of alluvial talus is given. Three phases of accumulation are identified within the last 3000 years. Average rates of accumulation range from 0·2–1·7 mm yr−1 during each period. Conventional models relating climate to slope activity are inappropriate due to the local conditions.
Geo‐botanical evidence of late quaternary mass wasting in block field areas of Virginia
Authors: Hupp Cliff R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractStudies of block fields at Massanutten Mountain, Virginia, document and provide information on the magnitude and frequency of mass movement on these coarse‐grained slopes. Block fields, which traditionally have been considered relicts of Pleistocene climate, occur on and downslope from resistant Massanutten Sandstone in Passage Creek basin. Slopes are strewn with boulders and vegetative cover on the open block fields is absent to sparse. Several block fields were investigated for evidence of recent movement using the degree of lichen growth, differences in block weathering, and rock‐fall damaged trees. Temporal and spatial aspects of geomorphic processes can be inferred through dendrogeochronology. Corrasion scars and stem ages infer a minimum age for a geomorphic or hydrologic event. High flows on Passage Creek coincided with tree‐ring determined dates of block‐field movement. Although, Pleistocene periglacial climate may have facilitated original formation of block fields, some block fields now continue to spread downslope during intense runoff events. Present block‐field mass wasting may be the principal erosional process in these areas of resistant rock.
Quantimet image analysis of soil pore geometry: Comparison with tracer breakthrough curves
Authors: Walker P. J. C. , Trudgill S. T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe relationships between two‐dimensional image analysis of soil thin‐sections and tracer breakthrough curves has been studied for a silty clay loam brown earth soil under saturated conditions. Initial tracer breakthrough is well in advance of one pore volume. Discrepancies between Quantimet image analysis and breakthrough curve characterization were related by inference to the role of infrequently occurring macropores not necessarily sampled on the two‐dimensional images. A fundamental difficulty found in the use of image analysis is the uncertain nature of the relationship between the two‐dimensional image and the three‐dimensional pore system. Caution is needed in using Quantimet image analysis to describe gross properties of the three‐dimensional pore system.
Variation in cross‐sectional asymmetry of coarse bedload river channels
Authors: Milne J. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlternative indices of cross‐section asymmetry are compared. Observed values of two preferred indices for 567 natural sections across eleven confined upland channels are predictably low along such low sinuosity reaches. Variation in asymmetry of sections located around confined, unconfined but stable, and freely‐migrating bends is evaluated. Consideration of the influence of bed topography emphasizes local plan curvature of bed forms as an important control on degree of asymmetry. Variation in indices for bed forms in similar planform locations indicates the levels of asymmetry at different stages of the transformation of channel geometry over time.
Eolian processes in alpine belts of the high Tatra mountains, Poland
Authors: Izmailow Bogdana 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEolian processes were the subject of detailed studies in the high‐mountain area of the Tatra Mts. The field investigations in 1975–80 attempted to determine the amount of deflation and eolian deposition and to improve understanding of their mechanism. The net rates of these processes were determined from repeated survey of deflational forms and of eolian deposits. Observations of the mechanism of material displacement were based on field experiments carried out during strong winds. All the investigations were conducted using simple methods and traps. Relationships between the course and intensity of processes and wind conditions and soil properties were obtained.
Geomorphological response to an extreme flood: A case from southeast Spain
Authors: Harvey A. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractOn 28–29 September 1980 an extreme storm of 150 mm of rain in c. 5 hours caused a flash flood near Tabernas in a semi‐arid area in southern Spain. With the rainfall total approximating the mean annual rainfall the recurrence interval is estimated to be 25–100 years. Flood peak discharges have been estimated from a mountain source area across an alluvial fan and the geomorphological response to the storm described. Channel adjustment differed between channels in the fanhead trench and those unconfined channels on the fan surface. The implications of the spatial pattern of erosional an depositional feaures for landform adjustment in semi‐arid regions are discussed.
En masse debris transport in a mountain stream
Authors: Ackroyd Peter , Blakely Robert J 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAccumulations of stored sediments in a sub‐alpine environment of a front range of New Zealand's Southern Alps closely resemble sieve deposits previously described from southeastern California.The locations of such deposits, within active river channels, has important implications for long term sediment yields from catchments where such deposits occur. The catastrophic failure of a sieve deposit in the Torlesse Stream catchment, the site of an earlier investigation of mountain stream sediments, resulted in a sediment yield equivalent to a third of the total yield recorded over an eight‐year period. Derived bed‐load transport rates represent, at a minimum, a four‐fold increase over calculated average transport rates.Such deposits are only likely to fail during extreme low frequency events since their highly permeable gravels allow for the continuation of stream flow underneath the bulk of the deposit and restricts significant increases in moisture content within the deposit. The loss of water is responsible for the inhibition of flowage‐type mass movement transport mechanisms wherein available water contributes to the maintenance of positive pore pressures.For the example studied here the percentage of silt and clay is less than 3 per cent of the total sample while sorting values (σ1) are generally less than 2.0ϕ. These values are approximately one‐third and one‐half respectively, of typical values obtained for these parameters from debris flow deposits. The feature described here is believed to have originated through failure of a higher altitude perched scree‐field. This mode of origin would account for the distinctive sediment size parameters.
Drainage basins as process‐response systems: An example from Central Macedonia, North Greece
Authors: Astaras Theodore 
Published: February 2007

AbstractStudy of two subareas of the same large basin in North Greece determined that differences in processes and form exist between the two subareas. These differences were brought on by man's interference upon one of the subareas.In area A, seminatural vegetation promotes throughflow and protects the surface from overland flow. Hence, natural erosion takes place primarily by channel deepening and infall of side slopes into the channels.In area B, clearing of the seminatural vegetation and the improper ploughing for cultivation increases the overland flow which promotes slope erosion but the augmented debris supply has checked channel erosion. These processes change the form of the drainage basins of the area.
Soil carbon dioxide and weathering potentials in tropical karst terrain, peninsular Malaysia: A preliminary model
Authors: Crowther J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCO2 concentrations at depths of 15,30, and 50 cm were determined over a one‐year period in six karst soils in the Malay peninsula. Evidence suggests that the highest single CO2 value (MAXCO2, per cent) recorded at each site/depth provides the best estimate of conditions during groundwater recharge events. Soil depth (cm) and bulk density (BDEN) are the best predictors of MAXCO2, with the equation loglo(MAXCO2) = 1·146 (BDEN) + 0·00698 (DEPTH) ‐ 1·227 accounting for 86 per cent of the variation. This equation is used to model MAXCO2 at seven, more remote sites. Soil throughflow patterns and groundwater recharge points are estimated from slope pantometer and soil depth surveys in order to assess the CO2 concentration with which soil waters ultimately equilibrate before entering the limestone. Limestone weathering seems to be predominantly of the open system type, the overall mean MAXCO2 of 1·65 per cent corresponding with a weathering potential of 167 ppm CaCO3. Weathering potentials vary markedly, ranging from 62–82 ppm on rocky hilltops to more than 280 ppm on certain tower karst footslopes in Selangor and the Kinta Valley and on moderate hillslopes developed in impure limestones in the Boundary Range.
Characteristics and origins of lee‐side stratification sequences in late pleistocene drumlins, northern Ireland
Authors: Dardis George F. , McCabe A. Marshall , Mitchell W. Ian 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSpindle‐ and parabolic‐shaped drumlins examined at fifty‐five localities in northern Ireland possess stratification sequences on their lee‐side flanks. These forms lack the distinctive steep stoss‐ and tapering lee‐ends of classical drumlins and tend to occur in linear zones transverse to late Pleistocene ice‐flow. In most cases (90 per cent) the stratified deposits infill embayments excavated in the lee‐side of barkhanoid forms and, in the remainder (10 per cent), they are superimposed on the lee‐side of whaleback forms. The stratification sequences developed as a result of sedimentation in interconnected subglacial water‐filled cavities and are unlike remanie proglacial sediments moulded by ice into drumlin form. Stratigraphic evidence indicates that the lee‐side sequences developed during drumlin streamlining, which supports the view that subglacial hydraulic processes played an important role in drumlin formation.