bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geomorphological signature and flow dynamics of The Minch palaeo‐ice stream, northwest Scotland
Authors: Bradwell Tom , Stoker Martyn , Larter Rob 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLarge‐scale streamlined glacial landforms are identified in 11 areas of northwest Scotland, from the Isle of Skye in the south to the Butt of Lewis in the north. These ice‐directional features occur in bedrock and superficial deposits, generally below 350 m above sea level, and where best developed have elongation ratios of >20:1. Sidescan sonar and multibeam echo‐sounding data from The Minch show elongate streamlined ridges and grooves on the seabed, with elongation ratios of up to 70:1. These bedforms are interpreted as mega‐scale glacial lineations. All the features identified formed beneath The Minch palaeo‐ice stream which was ca. 200 km long, up to 50 km wide and drained ca. 15 000 km2 of the northwest sector of the last British‐Irish Ice Sheet (Late Devensian Glaciation). Nine ice‐stream tributaries and palaeo‐onset zones are also identified, on the basis of geomorphological evidence. The spatial distribution and pattern of streamlined bedforms around The Minch has enabled the catchment, flow paths and basal shear stresses of the palaeo‐ice stream and its tributaries to be tentatively reconstructed. © British Geological Survey/Natural Environment Research Council copyright 2007. Reproduced with the permission of BGS/NERC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Results following resection for stage IV gastric cancer; are better outcomes observed in selected patient subgroups?
Authors: Lim Suhsien , Muhs Bart E. , Marcus Stuart G. , Newman Elliot , Berman Russel S. , Hiotis Spiros P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackgroundPatients who present with stage IV gastric cancer are not commonly managed with surgical resection as effective palliation can usually be accomplished with systemic chemotherapy, endoscopic stenting, or surgical bypass procedures. Given the inherent morbidity and mortality associated with gastrectomy, palliative resection for stage IV gastric cancer should be reserved for ideal surgical candidates who are most likely to benefit from the procedure. The purpose of this study is to review outcomes following resection for stage IV gastric cancer, and to identify criteria predictive of improved outcomes following gastrectomy in this setting.MethodsA retrospective review of a prospective GI oncology database was conducted. Sixty‐three patients with stage IV gastric cancer managed with surgical resection between 1989 and 2001 were identified. Variables including demographic data, patterns of distant spread (ex: peritoneal, lymphatic, hematogenous), location of tumor, and type of gastrectomy were utilized to conduct survival analyses.ResultsActuarial survival for all patients at one and 3‐year intervals was 52% and 12%, respectively. Improved survival was observed for patients of East Asian race (median survival 20 vs. 12 months, P < 0.05, students t‐test) and age less than 60 years (median survival 15 vs. 12 months, P < 0.05). This trend was also illustrated by Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Other variables including pattern of distant spread, location of tumor, and type of gastrectomy were not associated with a significant difference in survival. Both East Asian race and age less than 60 years were statistically significant predictors of improved survival when assessed by univariate regression analysis. When variables were analyzed in a multivariate regression analysis, Asian race and age <60 both lost their statistical significance as independent predictors of improved survival.ConclusionsLong‐term survival for patients with stage IV gastric cancer who are managed with surgical resection is achievable. Patient specific variables including East Asian race and age less than 60 years appear to be associated with prolonged survival when assessed by comparison of means, Kaplan–Meier analysis, and univariate regression analysis. However, multivariate regression analysis failed to demonstrate these factors as independent predictors of improved outcome. In conclusion, highly selected acceptable risk surgical candidates with stage IV gastric cancer should be considered for management with surgical resection in clinically appropriate scenarios. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;95:118–122. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impulse für Bildungsprozesse in den Optischen Technologien – Fachkräfte gewinnen – Zukunft sichern
Authors: Baron Waldemar 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDie Innovationskraft der Unternehmen hängt in hohem Maße von der Qualifikation ihrer Mitarbeiter ab. Das gilt erst recht für Unternehmen, die sich auf viel versprechenden Zukunftsfeldern wie den Optischen Technologien betätigen. Zielgerechte Aus‐ und Weiterbildung, die den Anforderungen der Unternehmen und Mitarbeiter entspricht, gilt als ein Erfolgsrezept bei der Entwicklung und Anwendung technischer Innovationen. Neben der Forschungsförderung in den Optischen Technologien zielen innovationsunterstützende Maßnahmen des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) auf Impulse für geeignete Bildungsprozesse.
Novel Two‐Compartment Micelles Formed by Self‐Assembly of Linear Pentablock Copolymers in Selective Solvents
Authors: Liu Dahuan , Zhong Chongli 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this work, the formation of two‐compartment micelles from symmetric pentablock copolymers in selective solvents was studied using the dissipative particle dynamics simulation technique, and the effects of block lengths and solvent quality were investigated. The simulations revealed several new morphologies and their formation mechanisms were elucidated at the molecular level, providing useful information that may contribute to the future rational design and synthesis of novel multicompartment micelles with tailored structures.magnified image
Synthesis and properties of BCDA‐based polyimide–clay nanocomposites
Authors: Gopala Krishnan P Santhana , Wisanto Andy Eko , Osiyemi Stephen , Ling Chen 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBicyclo[2.2.2]oct‐7‐ene‐2,3,5,6‐tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BCDA)‐based polyimide–clay nanocomposites were prepared from their precursor, namely polyamic acid, by a solution‐casting method. The organoclay was prepared by treating sodium montmorillonite (Kunipia F) clay with dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide at 80 °C. Polyamic acid solutions containing various weight percentages of organoclay were prepared from 4,4′‐(4,4′‐isopropylidenediphenyl‐1,1′‐diyldioxy)‐dianiline and BCDA in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone containing dispersed particles of organoclay at 20 °C. These solutions were cast on a glass plate using a Doctor's blade and then heated subsequently to obtain nanocomposite films. The nanocomposites were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal mechanical analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, polarizing microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and thermogravimetric analysis. The glass transition temperature of the nanocomposites was found to be higher than that of pristine polymer. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the nanocomposites decreased with increasing organoclay content. WAXD studies indicated that the extent of silicate layer separation in the nanocomposite films depended upon the organoclay content. Tensile strength and modulus of the nanocomposite containing 1% organoclay were significantly higher when compared to pristine polymer and other nanocomposites. The thermal stability of the nanocomposites was found to be higher than that of pristine polymer in air and nitrogen atmosphere. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
The population prevalence of children receiving invasive home ventilation in Utah
Authors: Gowans Melissa , Keenan Heather T. , Bratton Susan L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractChildren requiring home mechanical ventilation (HMV) represent a select group of technology‐dependent patients. We evaluated the prevalence of children using invasive HMV in Utah from 1996 to 2004. Residents of Utah, 16 years old and less ventilated via a tracheostomy between 1996 and 2004 were identified. Children ventilated in 1996 and 2004 were compared. Data including demographic information, diagnosis leading to HMV, and age at initiation were compared between the two groups. The prevalence of HMV in 1996 was 5.0/100,000 (95% CI: 4.4–8.1) and 6.3/100,000 (95% CI: 4.7–8.4) in 2004. Median age at initiation was 6.5 months (IQR: 1.3, 24.0). Sixty‐one percent (n = 47) were male, 84% (n = 65) lived in an urban county, and 86% (n = 66) had public insurance. The most frequent diagnostic category was abnormal ventilatory control (n = 36, 47%), followed by chronic lung disease (n = 19, 25%), airway abnormalities (n = 12, 16%), and neuromuscular weakness (n = 10, 13%). Thirteen patients died (17%). The median length of HMV was 39 months (IQR: 15, 102). Diagnostic categories, age at initiation of HMV, and sex did not differ significantly over the 8 years. The prevalence of children requiring HMV differed very little between 1996 and 2004. Moreover, the diagnoses for which children received this therapy remained constant. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:231–236. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does sputum eosinophilia predict the response to systemic corticosteroids in children with difficult asthma?
Authors: Lex Christiane , Jenkins Gavin , Wilson Nicola M. , Zacharasiewicz Angela , Erin Ed , Hansel Trevor T. , Bush Andrew , Payne Donald N.R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLittle evidence exists to guide the management of children with difficult asthma. The aim of this study was to determine whether children with difficult asthma, associated with sputum eosinophilia, are more likely to benefit from further treatment with high‐dose systemic corticosteroids, compared to those without sputum eosinophilia. Induced sputum was obtained from 20 children aged between 8 and 15 years with difficult asthma before and after a systemic corticosteroid trial (prednisolone 40 mg/day for 14 days or a single 80 mg dose of intramuscular triamcinolone). Subjects were defined as “eosinophilic” if the baseline sputum eosinophil percentage was ≥2.5% or “non‐eosinophilic” if <2.5%. Clinical response to the corticosteroid trial was assessed using spirometry and clinical data and defined by an increase in pre‐bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) >9% predicted and/or an overall subjective improvement. Seventeen children had evidence of satisfactory adherence to the systemic corticosteroid treatment; eight of these were “eosinophilic” and nine were “non‐eosinophilic” subjects. Following the trial there was a similar clinical improvement in both groups, with FEV1 increasing in both the “eosinophilic” and “non‐eosinophilic” groups (median change in FEV1 16 [range 5–54]% vs. 12.5 [1–29]% predicted). Sputum eosinophils fell in the “eosinophilic” group (median 17.5 [range 3–37]% vs. 0 [0–23]%, P = 0.054), with no change in the “non‐eosinophilic” group (0 [0–2]% vs. 0 [0–1]%, P = 0.12). Sputum neutrophils did not change in either the “eosinophilic” (22.5 [5–50]% vs. 25 [0–91]%) or the “non‐eosinophilic” group (27.5 [0–96] vs. 44 [9–96]%). In conclusion children with difficult asthma may benefit clinically from high‐dose systemic corticosteroids even in the absence of sputum eosinophilia. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:298–303. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Movement in meteorology
Authors: James R. W. , Douglas C. K. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIt is shown that so far as pure advection is concerned, entities like density, density discontinuity (front) and humidity mixing ratio move with the wind at the level considered. Any disparity between actual movement and streamline movement must be put down to development.A pressure‐field at a given level is advected in a direction and with a speed given by the average wind at will levels above that level. Similarly the difference in pressure between two fixed levels is advected by the average wind between those levels. Any disparity between actual movement and that determined by the average wind must be attributed to development.The advection of contours and thickness lines can be inferred from advection of isobars and pressure‐differences in the absence of development.Winds are normally available up to pressure levels of 60 mb. in the British radiosonde ascents, so that over 90% of the atmosphere can be utilised in computing average winds. There is reason to believe that averages based on this data will be sufficiently accurate to give a satisfactory measure of advection of tropospheric phenomena.The average wind may also be taken as a measure of frontal advection, in the sence that the frontal through of pressure must be advected in the same way as other pressure fields when development is not of importance.A measure of upward motion might be obtained on some occasions from a consideration of the conflicting advections at different levels.The theory of the pressure‐field being advected by the average wind at all levels accounts satisfactory for the fact that systems with “solid” wind currents do not move. An explanation of “thermal steering” is given.
Wind and sea disturbance in the wash
Authors: Champion Donald L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis short note is based on observations of wind and sea disturbance made by the Master of the M.V. Peterborough Trader (102 tons), taken during the months of December, 1939, and January, 1940. The term “sea disturbance” and method of observation is an defined in an earlier paper. A comparison is made between winds blowing off‐shore from the Lincolnshire coast and winds blowing up‐channel from seaward. The effect of fetch and width of channel in the estuary of the River Nene is shown by data for southerly winds.
A micro‐climatological investigation of bath and the surrounding district
Authors: Balchin W. G. V. , Pye Norman 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe following paper details the organisation and outlines the observations made during the micro‐climatological survey of Bath and district which was undertaken between October 1944 and January 1946 with the aid of a grant from the Leverhulme Research Fellowships and the assistance of numerous voluntary observers. By outlining the methods employed and some of the difficulties encountered it is hoped to assist future research workers in this field and at the same time to provide the necessary background account for subsequent specialist papers dealing with the Bath area. A summary of some of the more interesting facts which have emerged from the investigation is also given.
Note on the dynamics of development
Authors: Sellick N. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe convergence necessary to produce the appropriate wind field in a deepening depression is compared with the divergence necessary to produce the hydrostatic fall of pressure and it is shown that the latter is comparatively insignificant. The inward and outward movement of air associated with the adjustment of wind to gradient is considerable and it is suggested that accurate streamline analysis of the winds might lead to the detection of areas in which development is taking place.
The effect of the sudan monsoon low on the development of thundery conditions in Egpyt, Palestine and Syria
Authors: El‐Fandy M. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe thundery conditions which often develop in Egypt, Palestine and Syria, during the autumn, have been further investigated. They have been found to occur when the Sudan monsoon low intensifies towards the north and supplies the eastern Mediterranean with a warm south‐easterly current.In a great many cases, shallow depressions form over the southeastern Mediterranean, or the adjacent land areas, as a result of the meeting of the above current with the relatively cold northeasterly air of anti‐cyclonic distribution in Asia Minor. In a few cases they form over the western Desert in a manner resembling the formation of khamsin depressions. After being fully developed, these depressions move eastwards or north‐eastwards, while the inflow of the cold air in the rear gives thundery showers. Such thunderstorms are specially marked over the sea, Palestine and Syria.Over Egypt, however, high‐level instability frequently exists between the warm current and the cool air advancing above. Owing to the stability of the surface layers, this high‐level instability cannot pass into the thunderstorm stage without sufficient convergence of damp air. With a high degree of latent instability severe thunderstorms are then produced.
Natural ice‐particle nuclei
Authors: Palmer H. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDeterminations of the temperature for the first formation of ice in a small cloud chamber at different levels in the free atmosphere are described. The construction in the laboratory of a cloud chamber in which five litres of air can be examined for ice‐forming nuclei is reported. An estimate is made of the concentration of nuclei required, if each raindrop observed at the surface originates as an ice‐particle, to form the rainfall from depressions and from thunderstorms, and it is suggested that the nuclei active in natural cloud are those present in concentrations of 20/litre or less, which can only be detected in a large cloud chamber. Finally estimates are made of the threshold temperatures for the concentrations of these nuclei in surface air, required to form these two types of rain.
Notes on the measurement and estimation of atmospheric radiation –2
Authors: Robinson G. D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn account is given of further measurements of atmospheric radiation which confirm former conclusions regarding the errors of two types of radiation chart when used to compute total radiation at the surface. The greater part of the difference between computed and observed radiation is attributed to two causes – emission from particulate matter and the variation of emissivity of water vapour with temperature. The results suggest a form for this variation between −5°C and +25°C.Some measurements and computation of the change of radiative flux in the lowest metre at night, i.e., of the direct radiative cooling of the air, are reported. Miscellaneous subjects discussed include the radiation from atmospheric dust, the radiative temperature of a short grass surface and its measurement by simple means in all conditions, and an anomalous occasion with very high incoming radiation for which no explanation could be found. Some comments are offered on the experimental justification of two possible uses of the radiation charts.
The bright band — a phenomenon associated with radar echoes from falling rain
Authors: Hooper J. E. N. , Kippax A. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFrontal rain when illuminated by radar transmission gives rise to echoes which exhibit a characteristic layer of greater intensity near to the freezing level. Observations which establish the height of this layer or “bright band,” relative to that of the freezing level, are described. Measurements of the terminal velocities of snowflakes of known mass, a factor of importance in support of a possible explanation of the phenomenon, are also given.
The theory and use of upper air thickness patterns in forecasting
Authors: Sutcliffe R. C. , Forsdyke A. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe combination of the ordinary synoptic chart with the 1,000—500 mb thickness pattern, and the implied 500 mb contour chart, provides a first approximation to a three‐dimensional representation of the troposphere. Although incomplete, the representation permits the introduction of dynamical and thermodynamical theory and provides a basis for scientific forecasting. The forecasting of thickness patterns, in effect of the temperature field, is a thermodynamical problem. The theory of advective, adiabatic and non‐adiabatic temperature change is discussed. A useful approximation to advection is obtained by regarding the thickness lines as material lines embedded in the surface geostrophic wind field. Climatological monthly means and extremes of thickness are given; these provide a practical framework to the forecast. The dynamical development is related with the geometry of the thickness patterns as indicating the vertical variation of vorticity transport. Attention is directed to the development field associated with thermal troughs and ridges, confluence and difluence, and certain combinations of these. When the dynamical development so produced sets up a circulation which by advection maintains or increases the thermal distortion in the same sense, the situation is self‐maintaining or self‐developing. The warm sector depression, the baroclinic anticyclone and the jet stream complex are examples of such systems. A step‐by‐step procedure of forecasting prebaratic and pre‐thickness charts, which has been used in experimental four‐day forecasts, is outlined.
Some further considerations of the measurement and indirect evaluation of natural evaporation
Authors: Pasquill F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA previous observational study (Pasquill 1949 a) has been supplemented by further measurements of evaporation and the associated vertical profiles of wind velocity and vapour pressure in the first two metres above a clayland pasture with grass of moderate length, mainly in effectively adiabatic conditions of flow. The evaporation measurements, using a simple form of soil evaporimeter, included two series of statistically designed measurements, in order further to examine the “reliability” of the technique. The data so obtained, though not comprehensive, indicate no substantial error due to the necessary isolation of test soil from underlying layers, but there is a suggestion that the rates of evaporation ultimately adopted might be underestimates, owing to unavoidable disturbance of root and soil continuity in the vertical at the perimeters of the soil cores contained in the evaporimeters.The observed rates of evaporation (Eo) are compared with those computed (Ec) from the following formula, which is based on the Prandtl form of the law relating drag and wind profile over a rough surface in adiabatic conditions, Ec = ρk2 (u2–u1) (q1–q2)/[log (z2–d/z1–d)]2 where u1, u2, q1, q2 are the wind velocities and specific humidities at heights z1, z1 above the soil surface, d is a‘zero point displacement’ associated with the vegetation cover, ρ is air density and k is von Kàrmàn's constant, of magnitude 0.4. For the present measurements the usual “roughness parameter,” deduced from the wind profiles, was 0.51 cm as compared with 0.25 cm for the previous series. The two series include 19 separate determinations of rate of evaporation over periods of about one hour, and in terms of different sections of the observed profiles, provide 41 values of Ec/Eo in effectively adiabatic conditions, with wind velocities at a height of 2 m ranging from 3 to 9 m/sec. The mean values of Ec/Eo is 0.99 and the individual deviations from 10 are within 10, 20 and 30 per cent in 24, 66 and 90 per cent of cases. It is demonstrated that deviations of this order are to be expected from local variations in the various factors involved.Although some a priori uncertainty remains concerning the precise validity of the evaporation measurements, the consistency so demonstrated in terms of a semi‐theoretical treatment which has been established in other connections (Calder 1949) suggests that the ultimate result may be accepted with confidence. Brief consideration is then given to the validity and practicability of applying the above formula to evaporation from areas of growing crops.