bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Clinical Features Predicting Etiologic Yield in the Assessment of Global Developmental Delay
Authors: Srour Myriam , Mazer Barbara , Shevell Michael I. 
Published: July 2006

OBJECTIVE. Global developmental delay is a common reason for presentation for neurologic evaluation. This study examined the role of clinical features in predicting the identification of an underlying cause for a child's global developmental delay.
METHODS. Over a 10-year inclusive interval, the case records of all consecutive children &lt;5 years of age referred to a single ambulatory practice setting for global developmental delay were systematically reviewed. The use of clinical features in predicting the identification of a specific underlying cause for a child's delay was tested using χ2 analysis.
RESULTS. A total of 261 patients eventually met criteria for study inclusion. Mean age at initial evaluation was 33.6 months. An underlying cause was found in 98 children. Commonest etiologic groupings were genetic syndrome/chromosomal abnormality, intrapartum asphyxia, cerebral dysgenesis, psychosocial deprivation, and toxin exposure. Factors associated with the ability to eventually identify an underlying cause included female gender (40 of 68 vs 58 of 193), abnormal prenatal/perinatal history (52 of 85 vs 46 of 176), absence of autistic features (85 of 159 vs 13 of 102), presence of microcephaly (26 of 40 vs 72 of 221), abnormal neurologic examination (52 of 71 vs 46 of 190), and dysmorphic features (44 of 84 vs 54 of 177). In 113 children without any abnormal features identified on history or physical examination, routine screening investigations (karyotype, fragile X molecular genotyping, and neuroimaging) revealed an underlying etiology in 18.
CONCLUSIONS. Etiologic yield in an unselected series of young children with global developmental delay is close to 40% overall and 55% in the absence of any coexisting autistic features. Clinical features are readily apparent that may enhance an expectation of a successful etiologic search. Screening investigations may yield an underlying cause.
Development of Measures of the Quality of Emergency Department Care for Children Using a Structured Panel Process
Authors: Guttmann Astrid , Razzaq Asma , Lindsay Patty , Zagorski Brandon , Anderson Geoffrey M. 
Published: July 2006

BACKGROUND. Performance measures are essential components of public reporting and quality improvement. To date, few such measures exist to provide a comprehensive assessment of the quality of emergency department services for children.
OBJECTIVES. Our goal was to use a systematic process to develop measures of emergency department care for children (0–19 years) that are (1) based on research evidence and expert opinion, (2) representative of a range of conditions treated in most emergency departments, (3) related to links between processes and outcomes, and (4) feasible to measure.
METHODS. We presented a panel of providers and managers data from emergency department use to identify common conditions across levels of patient acuity, which could be targets for quality improvement. We used a structured panel process informed by a literature review to (1) identify condition-specific links between processes of care and defined outcomes and (2) select indicators to assess these process-outcome links. We determined the feasibility of calculating these indicators using an administrative data set of emergency department visits for Ontario, Canada.
RESULTS. The panel identified 18 clinical conditions for indicator development and 61 condition-specific links between processes of care and outcomes. After 2 rounds of ratings, the panel defined 68 specific clinical indicators for the following conditions: adolescent mental health problems, ankle injury, asthma, bronchiolitis, croup, diabetes, fever, gastroenteritis, minor head injury, neonatal jaundice, seizures, and urinary tract infections. Visits for these conditions account for 23% of all pediatric emergency department use. Using an administrative data set, we were able to calculate 19 indicators, covering 9 conditions, representing 20% of all emergency department visits by children.
CONCLUSIONS. Using a structured panel process, data on emergency department use, and literature review, it was possible to define indicators of emergency department care for children. The feasibility of these indicators will depend on the availability of high-quality data.
Effects of Open-Loop Feedback on Physical Activity and Television Viewing in Overweight and Obese Children: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Goldfield Gary S. , Mallory Risa , Parker Torrey , Cunningham Terrell , Legg Christine , Lumb Andrew , Parker Kasey , Prud'homme Denis , Gaboury Isabelle , Adamo Kristi B. 
Published: July 2006

OBJECTIVES. Television viewing and physical inactivity increase the risk of obesity in youth. Thus, identifying new interventions that increase physical activity and reduce television viewing would be helpful in the prevention and treatment of pediatric obesity. This study evaluated the effects of open-loop feedback plus reinforcement versus open-loop feedback alone on physical activity, targeted sedentary behavior, body composition, and energy intake in youth.METHODS. Thirty overweight or obese 8- to 12-year-old children were randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 14) or control group (n = 16). Participants wore accelerometers every day for 8 weeks and attended biweekly meetings to download the activity monitors. For children in the open-loop feedback plus reinforcement (intervention) group, accumulating 400 counts of physical activity on pedometers earned 1 hour of television/VCR/DVD time, which was controlled by a Token TV electronic device. Open-loop feedback control subjects wore activity monitors but had free access to targeted sedentary behavior.RESULTS. Compared with controls, the open-loop feedback plus reinforcement group demonstrated significantly greater increases in daily physical activity counts (+65% vs +16%) and minutes per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (+9.4 vs +0.3) and greater reductions in minutes per day spent in television viewing (−116.1 vs +14.3). The intervention group also showed more favorable changes in body composition, dietary fat intake, and energy intake from snacks compared with controls. Reductions in sedentary behavior were directly related to reductions in BMI, fat intake, snack intake, and snack intake while watching television.CONCLUSIONS. Providing feedback of physical activity in combination with reinforcing physical activity with sedentary behavior is a simple method of modifying the home environment that may play an important role in treating and preventing child obesity.
Cartilage-derived biomarkers and lipid mediators of inflammation in horses with osteochondritis dissecans of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia
Authors: de Grauw Janny C. , Brama Pieter A. , Wiemer Peter , Brommer Harold , van de Lest Chris H. , van Weeren P. Rene 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Objective—To assess whether reported alterations in metabolism of cartilage matrix in young (0 to 24 months old) horses with osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) may also be found in older (24 to 48 months old) horses with clinical signs of OCD and to investigate the role of eicosanoids in initiating these clinical signs.
Sample Population—Synovial fluid was collected from 38 tarsocrural joints of 24 warmblood horses with (22 joints of 16 horses) or without (16 joints of 8 horses) clinical signs and a radiographic diagnosis of OCD of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia.
Procedures—Turnover of type II collagen was investigated by use of specific immunoassays for synthesis (carboxypropeptide of type II collagen [CPII]) and degradation (collagenase-cleaved fragments of type II collagen [C2C]) products. Furthermore, glycosaminoglycan (GAG), leukotriene (LT) B4, cysteinyl LTs, and prostaglandin (PG) E2 concentrations were determined, and concentrations in joints with OCD were compared with those in joints without OCD.
Results—Concentrations of CPII, C2C, and GAG did not differ significantly between affected and nonaffected joints. Fluid from joints with OCD had significantly higher LTB4 and PGE2 concentrations than did fluids from nonaffected joints.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Altered collagen or proteoglycan turnover was not detected in 24- to 48-month-old horses at the time they developed clinical signs of OCD of the distal intermediate ridge of the tibia. However, increased concentrations of LTB4 and PGE2 in fluid of joints with OCD implicate these mediators in the initiation of clinical signs of OCD.
Induction of antigen-specific T-cell subset activation to bovine respiratory disease viruses by a modified-live virus vaccine
Authors: Platt Ratree , Burdett William , Roth James A. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine the efficacy of a modified-live virus vaccine containing bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), parainfluenza virus 3, and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2 to induce neutralizing antibodies and cell-mediated immunity in naïve cattle and protect against BHV-1 challenge.
Animals—17 calves.
Procedures—8 calves were mock-vaccinated with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control calves), and 9 calves were vaccinated at 15 to 16 weeks of age. All calves were challenged with BHV-1 25 weeks after vaccination. Neutralizing antibodies and T-cell responsiveness were tested on the day of vaccination and periodically after vaccination and BHV-1 challenge. Specific T-cell responses were evaluated by comparing CD25 upregulation and intracellular interferon-γ expression by 5-color flow cytometry. Titration of BHV-1 in nasal secretions was performed daily after challenge.
Results—Vaccinated calves seroconverted by week 4 after vaccination. Antigen-specific cell-mediated immune responses, by CD25 expression index, were significantly higher in vaccinated calves than control calves. Compared with control calves, antigen-specific interferon-γ expression was significantly higher in calves during weeks 4 to 8 after vaccination, declining by week 24. After BHV-1 challenge, both neutralizing antibodies and T-cell responses of vaccinated calves had anamnestic responses to BHV-1. Vaccinated calves shed virus in nasal secretions at significantly lower titers for a shorter period and had significantly lower rectal temperatures than control calves.
Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—A single dose of vaccine effectively induced humoral and cellular immune responses against BHV-1, BRSV, and BVDV types 1 and 2 and protected calves after BHV-1 challenge for 6 months after vaccination.
Demographic trends for animal care and control agencies in Ohio from 1996 to 2004
Authors: Lord Linda K. , Wittum Thomas E. , Ferketich Amy K. , Funk Julie A. , Rajala-Schultz Paivi , Kauffman Ross M. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Objective—To examine changes between 1996 and 2004 in regard to numbers of animals handled, medical care provided, expenses, numbers of employees, and agency policies for animal care and control agencies in Ohio.
Design—Cross-sectional survey.
Sample Population—223 animal care and control agencies.
Procedures—A questionnaire was mailed to animal care and control agencies in Ohio to collect information for 2004; results were compared with published results of a similar survey.
Results—165 of the 223 (74%) agencies responded. Estimated total number of animals handled in 2004 was 315,519, which represented a decrease of 7% compared with 1996. However, although number of dogs taken in decreased 17%, number of cats taken in increased 20%. Between 1996 and 2004, the euthanasia rate decreased from 65.3% to 56.8%, and the adoption rate increased from 24.5% to 33.6%. Number of dogs euthanatized decreased 39%, but number of cats euthanatized increased 14%. The proportion of agencies with a spay-neuter policy increased from 56% to 71%, and the proportion that maintained an association with a veterinarian increased from 39% to 80%. For dogs handled by county dog warden agencies, the odds of euthanasia were higher if the agency did not have a spay-neuter policy (odds ratio, 1.36).
Conclusions—Results suggest that the status of dogs handled by animal care and control agencies in Ohio improved between 1996 and 2004, but that the status of cats deteriorated.
Self‐Assembly of m‐Diethynylbenzene Macrocycles Containing Exoannular Chiral Side Chains
Authors: Tobe Y. , Nagai T. , Araki S. , Ichikawa T. , Nomoto A. , Sonoda M. , Hirose K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractInduced circular dichroism (CD) spectra of the m‐diethynylbenzene macrocycles (S)‐2 and (R)‐2 that have exoannular chiral side chains are observed in a methanol/chloroform (8:2) solution, indicating the formation of chiral, helical aggregates in solution. Solid films prepared on the surface of quartz substrates by spin‐coating solutions of (S)‐2 also exhibit CD signals that are remarkably dependent on the solvent used for the spin‐coating. The relationship between the CD spectra and the morphology of the solid films observed by atomic force microscopy is discussed.
Study of bubbling and slugging fluidized beds by simulation and ECT
Authors: Wang Haigang , Yang Wuqiang , Dyakowski Tom , Liu Shi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFluidization conditions in a circulating‐fluidized bed (CFB) can vary dramatically, from bubbling to circulating regimes. The granular Eurlerian models have been used to simulate the bubbling and slugging behavior of gas and solids in CFB. Considering the dielectric properties and rapid movement of solids in CFB, electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is particularly suitable for measuring the concentration and distribution of solids in CFB to verify the simulation results. The simulation results by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis and experimental results obtained by ECT are reported, and compares the simulation and experimental results first time, including the solids concentration profile, temporal variation of average‐solids concentration, autocorrelation coefficient and frequency spectrum. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
What the other children are thinking: Brothers and sisters of persons with Down syndrome
Authors: Skotko Brian G. , Levine Susan P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBrothers and sisters are obligatorily welcomed to the disability community when a person with Down syndrome (DS) is part of the family unit. How they react to such an invitation is the focus of this investigation. Here, we review the most current research on brothers and sisters of persons with DS, and comment on our own experience in facilitating sibling workshops at the local, state, and national levels. The evidence, to date, seems clear: brothers and sisters experience a wide range of emotions, but typically the positive feelings outweigh the negative ones. Further, siblings find rich value in having a family member with DS, and most will assume positions of advocacy at some level in their lives. Recommendations for physicians on how parents can nurture healthy relationships among their children are offered. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Materials for Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Analysis: Beyond Traditional Donor–Acceptor Combinations
Authors: Sapsford Kim E. , Berti Lorenzo , Medintz Igor L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe use of Förster or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) as a spectroscopic technique has been in practice for over 50 years. A search of ISI Web of Science with just the acronym “FRET” returns more than 2300 citations from various areas such as structural elucidation of biological molecules and their interactions, in vitro assays, in vivo monitoring in cellular research, nucleic acid analysis, signal transduction, light harvesting and metallic nanomaterials. The advent of new classes of fluorophores including nanocrystals, nanoparticles, polymers, and genetically encoded proteins, in conjunction with ever more sophisticated equipment, has been vital in this development. This review gives a critical overview of the major classes of fluorophore materials that may act as donor, acceptor, or both in a FRET configuration. We focus in particular on the benefits and limitations of these materials and their combinations, as well as the available methods of bioconjugation.
Ermüdungsfestigkeit von hochfestem Beton unter Druckbeanspruchung
Authors: Tue Nguyen Viet , Mucha Stephan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDas Verhalten von hochfestem Beton unter Druckbeanspruchung wurde experimentell mit rund 170 Versuchskörpern untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Erkenntnisse von normalfestem Beton bezüglich des Ermüdungsverhaltens nicht ohne weiteres auf hochfesten Beton zu übertragen sind. Im Bereich mit Oberlast größer als die Elastizitätsgrenze ist das Ermüdungsverhalten von hochfestem Beton eher ungünstiger als das des normalfesten Betons. Im Bereich geringerer Oberlast ist dagegen vergleichbares Verhalten zu erwarten. Auch die Spannungsumlagerung in der Druckzone mit unterschiedlicher Beanspruchung scheint geringer, als bei normalfesten Beton zu erwarten. Um einen sicheren Ermüdungsnachweis für Konstruktionen aus hochfestem Beton zu formulieren, sind weitere Untersuchen erforderlich.
Effect of Polarity and Structural Design on Molecular Photorefractive Properties of Heteroaromatic‐Based Push–Pull Dyes
Authors: Archetti Graziano , Abbotto Alessandro , Wortmann Rüdiger 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA combined experimental (optical and electro‐optical absorption measurements) and computational (ab initio RHF and DFT) approach has been used to investigate the molecular low‐ and high‐Tg photorefractive (PR) performances of neutral and zwitterionic heteroaromatic dipolar chromophores in terms of structural and solvent‐polarity effects. We have found that the nature of the building units (donor, acceptor, and spacer) and the polarity of the surrounding medium strongly affect all the relevant ground‐state and nonlinear optical properties involved in the PR activity, that is, the dipole moment, the polarizability anisotropy, and first hyperpolarizability of the electronic ground‐state. The variation of these properties is in turn transferred to molecular low‐ and high‐Tg PR figures of merit. It is shown that PR molecular performance not only relies on a proper choice of structural components but varies by orders of magnitude as a function of the medium polarity, and this suggests that a combination of molecular design and host‐matrix engineering is required for optimized performances of PR materials.
Efficient Synthesis of Calix[6]tmpa: A New Calix[6]azacryptand with Unique Conformational and Host–Guest Properties
Authors: Zeng Xianshun , Coquière David , Alenda Aurélie , Garrier Eva , Prangé Thierry , Li Yun , Reinaud Olivia , Jabin Ivan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA new C3v‐symmetrical calix[6]azacryptand, that is, calix[6]tmpa (11), was synthesized by efficient [1+1] macrocyclization reactions. Remarkably, both linear and convergent synthetic strategies that were applied lead to equally good overall yields. Calix[6]tmpa behaves as a single proton sponge and appeared reluctant to undergo polyprotonation, unlike classical tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine (tmpa) derivatives. It also acts as a good host for ammonium ions. Interestingly, it strongly binds a sodium ion and a neutral guest molecule, such as a urea, an amide, or an alcohol, in a cooperative way. A 1H NMR study indicated that the ligand, as well as its complexes, adopt a major flattened cone conformation that is the opposite of that observed with the previously reported calix[6]cryptands. Characterization of the monoprotonated derivative 11⋅H+ by X‐ray diffraction also revealed the presence of a 1,3‐alternate conformation, which is the first example of its kind in the calix[6]arene family. This conformer is probably also present in solution as a minor species. The important covalent constraint induced by the polyaromatic tmpa cap on the calixarene skeleton, and conversely from the calix core onto the tmpa moiety, is the likely basis for the unique conformational and chemical properties of this host.
Reactions of μ3‐Alkenyl Triruthenium Carbonyl Clusters with Alkynes: Synthesis of Trinuclear μ‐//‐Alkyne, μ‐Vinylidene, and μ‐Dienoyl Derivatives
Authors: Cabeza Javier A. , del Río Ignacio , Martínez‐Méndez Lorena , Pérez‐Carreño Enrique 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe reactions of doubly face‐capped triruthenium cluster complexes of the type [Ru3(μ3‐κ2‐HNNMe2)(μ3‐κ2‐R2CCHR1)(μ‐CO)2(CO)6] (HNNMe2 = 1,1‐dimethylhydrazide; R2CCHR1 = alkenyl ligand) with terminal and internal alkynes have been studied in refluxing toluene. The following derivatives have been isolated from these reactions: [Ru3(μ3‐κ2‐HNNMe2)(μ3‐κ2‐R2CCHR1)(μ‐κ2‐//‐HCCH)(CO)7] (R1 = R2 = H, 5; R1 = Ph, R2 = H, 6; R1 = CH2OMe, R2 = H, 7 a; R1 = H, R2 = CH2OMe, 7 b) from acetylene, [Ru3(μ3‐κ2‐HNNMe2)(μ3‐κ2‐HCCH2)(μ‐κ2‐//‐PhCCPh)(CO)7] (11) from diphenylacetylene, and three isomers of [Ru3(μ3‐κ2‐HNNMe2)(μ3‐κ2‐HCCH2)(μ‐κ2‐//‐PhCCH)(CO)7] (14, 15 a, and 15 b) from phenylacetylene. These products result from substitution of a CO ligand by the alkyne and contain an RuRu edge bridged by the alkyne ligand in a parallel manner. DFT calculations on selected isomeric products have helped to establish that the type of RuRu edge bridged by the alkyne depends more on kinetic factors related to the size of the alkyne substituents than on the thermodynamic stability of the final products. The preparation of triruthenium cluster complexes with μ‐//‐alkyne ligands is unprecedented and seems to relate to the fact that the starting trinuclear complexes have their two triangular faces protected by capping ligands. The clusters bearing μ‐//‐acetylene (5–7) are thermodynamically unstable with respect to their transformation into edge‐bridging vinylidene derivatives, [Ru3(μ3‐κ2‐HNNMe2)(μ3‐κ2‐HCCHR)(μ‐κ1‐CCH2)(CO)7] (R = H, 8; Ph, 9; CH2OMe, 10). DFT calculations have shown that complex 8 is 11.2 kcal mol−1 more stable than its precursor 5. The thermolysis of compound 11 leads to [Ru3(μ3‐κ2‐HNNMe2)(μ‐κ4‐H2CCHCPhCPhCO)(μ‐CO)2(CO)5] (12), which contains a novel edge‐bridging dienoyl ligand that arises from an unusual coupling of diphenylacetylene, carbon monoxide, and the ethenyl ligand of complex 11. A chloro‐bridged dimer of trinuclear clusters, [Ru6(μ‐Cl)2(μ3‐κ2‐HNNMe2)2(μ3‐κ2‐HCCH2)2(μ‐κ2‐PhCCHPh)2(μ‐CO)2(CO)10] (13), has been prepared by treating compound 11 with hydrogen chloride. Therefore, edge‐bridging parallel alkynes are susceptible to protonation to give edge‐bridging alkenyl ligands. Compound 13 is the first complex to contain two alkenyl ligands on a trinuclear cluster, one face‐capping and the other edge‐bridging.