bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANGIOID STREAKS
Authors: FRACO Edgar J. Donaldson 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAngioid streaks were first described by Doyne in 1889. Gronblad proposed in 1929 that they followed disruption of the elastic layer of Bruch's membrane, having noted the association between angioid streaks and pseudoxanthoma elasticum.Several other diseases have been associated with angioid streaks, including Paget's disease and sickle cell disease.Angioid streaks are found predominantly in the 20 to 50 year age‐group and may be associated with minimal visual loss, but the problem is the high risk of rapid development of subretinal neovascularisation at the macula with resultant haemorrhage and scarring.Prophylactic light coagulation along the angioid streaks to prevent subretinal neovascularisation is not recommended. However, light coagulation treatment to foci of subretinal neovascularisation is possible if the network is not too close to fixation. As recurrence of neovascularisation is to be expected, very careful follow‐up is necessary.
DROP ATTACK IN GLAUCOMA: THE MELBOURNE EXPERIENCE WITH TOPICAL MIOTICS, ADRENERGIC AND NEURONAL BLOCKING DROPS
Authors: WEST R. H. , CEBON L. , GILLIES W. E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe have considered the effectiveness of miotics (pilocarpine 2% and ecothiopate iodide (Phospholine Iodide) 0.125 or 0.25%), adrenaline (Eppy/N 1 %) or adrenaline precursors (dipivalyl epinephrine or dipivefrin hydrochloride (Propine) 0.1%) and neuronal blockers (timolol maleate (Timoptol) 0.5%) in 165 patients in the clinical situation. All drops were effective in lowering intraocular pressure with an average fall of 6.6 mmHg for timolol (160 eyes), 8.21 mmHg for pilocarpine (79 eyes), 5.77 mmHg for dipivalyl epinephrine (57 eyes), 7.23 mmHg for adrenaline (17 eyes) and 10.5 mmHg for ecothiopate iodide (16 eyes). In chronic simple open‐angle glaucoma, ocular hypertension and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, pilocarpine and timolol were almost equally effective while dipivalyl epinephrine and adrenaline were also effective, but more as additive therapy, though dipivalyl epinephrine may be useful on its own in ocular hypertension. In low‐tension glaucoma timolol and dipivalyl epinephrine together seemed best, while in secondary glaucomas all were effective at times, but ecothiopate iodide was best in aphakic glaucoma and fluorometholone (FML Liquifilm) 0.1% was important in inflammatory glaucoma. Side effects were frequent with dipivalyl epinephrine and timolol, with respiratory disease a strong contraindication to timolol.
TIMOPTOL—THREE YEARS ON: A STUDY OF TIMOLOL MALEATE DROPS OVER A LONGER PERIOD
Authors: GILLIES W. E. , WEST R. H. , CEBON L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA group of 130 patients with chronic glaucoma has been followed from one to more than three years on timolol maleate drops; this confirms that these drops remain effective in long‐term therapy though added therapy is usually needed. Of 54 patients originally controlled by timolol alone or in combination, only four were not controlled more than three years later, though some needed further additional therapy. Of 35 patients followed for two to three years, only six could not be controlled by timolol alone or in combination; and of 41 followed for one to two years, 18 were controlled on timolol alone while 23 needed additional therapy. Attention is drawn to side effects including a mild keratopathy and in particular the occurrence of bronchospasm or other severe respiratory disease in 10 patients, not all of whom had a previous history of respiratory disease. Great care should be exercised with timolol in the presence of present or past respiratory disease as the complication is not generally recognised and it falls to the ophthalmologist to act to stop the drop.
COMBINED TRABECULECTOMY AND CATARACT EXTRACTION
Authors: FRACO R. H. WEST 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA small personal series of patients with chronic open‐angle glaucoma who underwent combined trabeculectomy and cataract extraction is analysed with regard to the effect of the operation on the control of intraocular pressure. The results support the regular use of the operation as an effective means of reducing intraocular pressure.
CONGENITAL ANTERIOR SEGMENT EPITHELIALISATION (CASE)
Authors: FRACO LAWRENCE W. HIRST 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPosterior polymorphous endothelial dystrophy and iridocorneal endothelial syndrome share common specular microscopic findings, clinical course, and some histopathological features. Despite differences in inherited trait and severity of disease a common pathogenetic mechanism for the two diseases is suggested. This consists of congenital epithelialisation of the posterior corneal surface during embryogenesis with migration of these cells around the anterior segment uninhibited by surrounding normal endothelium.
BENIGN INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Colebatch J. G. , Lance J. W. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBenign intracranial hypertension is caused by defective cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption which may sometimes be secondary to partial superior sagittal sinus obstruction. It may appear in obese young women for obscure hormonal reasons or may be a reaction to head injury, infections or certain medications. It commonly presents with headache and papilloedema, sometimes with associated ocular palsies. Conservative management comprises repeated lumbar puncture, salt and fluid restriction and the use of diuretics or steroids. Surgical treatment such as CSF shunting procedures, optic nerve decompression or subtemporal decompression may become necessary. The results of treatment have not been subjected to adequate evaluation, but the patient usually recovers well, although some 10% suffer severe visual impairment and 10% are subject to recurrence.
THE EFFECT OF ALCOHOL ON THE VISUAL AND OCULAR MOTOR SYSTEMS
Authors: WILSON GAYLE , MITCHELL REG 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAlcohol is generally considered to be a central nervous system (CNS) depressant. This effect is progressive from higher cortical centres through to fundamental body functions. The effect of alcohol ingestion on the visual and ocular motor systems of ten healthy subjects was the basis of this study. Significant changes in the following resulted from the ingestion of 0. 375 g/kg of 10% ethanol alcohol: prism measurements of deviations for near and distance, ocular movements, convergence near point, and visual acuity at six metres.No significant change was observed following testing of stereopsis or near visual acuity.
CAUSES OF BINOCULAR LEGAL BLINDNESS IN AN AUSTRALIAN METROPOLITAN COMMUNITY
Authors: FRACO FERGUS M. YEATES 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAustralian legal blindness is defined as bilateral corrected visual acuity less than 6/60: if visual acuity is better than this, collateral visual impairments may be included. Persons thus affected qualify for the Invalid Pension (Blindness). From October 1975 to June 1982, I studied clinical data of 311 persons assessed as legally blind, and recorded diagnoses. I personally examined 259 of these persons and a medical colleague examined 52. Examinees were resident in Brisbane (or environs), Australia. Eleven persons had asymmetrical conditions (analysed separately), and 300 had symmetrical conditions. Causes of the latter were genetically transmissible (20.3%), adult maculopathy (18%), congenital (12.7%), vascular (non‐diabetic) (8. 7%), adult glaucoma (8. 3%), diabetes (7. 3%), trauma (6%), and others (18. 7%). Of 61 symmetrical genetic cases causes were retinitis pigmentosa (34.4%), congenital cataracts (16.4%), retinal dystrophy and maculopathy (13. 1%), Leber's optic atrophy (9. 8%), and others (26. 3%).These results suggest that more attention should be directed to genetic counselling.
COMBINED VITRECTOMY, INTRAOCULAR MICROSURGERY AND LIQUID SILICONE IN THE TREATMENT OF PROLIFERATIVE VITREORETINOPATHY
Authors: FRACO JAMES D. CAIRNS , MB NEERAJ ANAND 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis study investigates the effectiveness of combining vitrectomy, scleral buckling, intraocular microsurgery and liquid silicone injection for the treatment of retinal detachment complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy: 48 eyes were treated using these techniques combined. Complete attachment was achieved in 16 eyes (33%), partial attachment in 20 eyes (42%), and 12 eyes (25%) remained detached. Vision was improved in 17 eyes (35%), unchanged in 17 eyes (35%), and worse in 14 eyes (30%). Complications included emulsification of the silicone, glaucoma, cataract, band degeneration of the cornea, reproliferation of membranes and passage of silicone into the subretinal space. Significant preservation of mobility vision was achieved. A larger series of patients with longer follow‐up will ultimately determine the place of this technique in the management of this complicated problem.
EPITHELIAL DOWNGROWTH
Authors: MD RICHARD D. GRUTZMACHER , MB DOUGLAS W. HENDERSON , FRACO DOUGLAS J. COSTER 
Published: November 2007

AbstractEpithelial downgrowth following intraocular surgery is uncommon but serious. Various forms of Epithelialization of the anterior chamber occur including cysts, pearl tumour of the iris, and sheet‐like downgrowth. The presentation is now always typical. Three such cases are reported. Epithelialization in these cases presented as endophthalmitis, a persistent fistula, and as an unexpected finding at keratoplasty done in a stable eye with bullous keratopathy. Although the condition is usually progressive, early diagnosis and treatment can produce good results. Key words: epithelial downgrowth, fistula, endophthalmitis, bullous keratopathy, keratoplasty.
SURGERY FOR CONGENITAL ESOTROPIA
Authors: MD EUGENE M. HELVESTON 
Published: November 2007

AbstractEsotropia in the neonatal period is significant if it is prolonged or recurrent, while exotropia is not. Straight eyes for most of the waking hours is the rule rather than the exception in the newborn.Successful surgical management of congenital esotropia depends on equal attention to diagnosis, planning and treatment These are preceded by proper timing of the surgical procedure and followed by careful, comprehensive attention to the needs of the patient. The manifest cosmetic and hoped‐for functional benefit of early surgery, when supported by competent paediatric anaesthesia, makes early surgery the logical choice for treatment of congenital esotropia.
MAGNIFICATION FOR OPERATIVE PROCEDURES DURING RETINAL DETACHMENT SURGERY
Authors: FRACO ROBERT W. LAZELL 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDuring retinal detachment surgery certain procedures such as drainage of subretinal fluid and placement of sutures in the sclera are facilitated if performed with the aid of magnifying loupes.While it is possible for the surgeon to replace his indirect ophthalmoscope with a separate magnifying loupe during the operation it is much more convenient if the two functions can be combined in the one instrument.Much work has been done in this field by the Melbourne University Department of Ophthalmology and commercial models of their instrument have been produced.However, a simpler solution to the problem is to mount a small indirect ophthalmoscope above the magnifying telescopes of a spectacle loupe. This is possible because the line of sight when using the ophthalmoscope is much closer to the straight‐ahead position.
REPOSITIONING OF DESCEMET'S MEMBRANE: A CASE REPORT
Authors: BOOTH FRANCES M. , KURDIAN PAUL , LIU HENRY 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAn 80‐year‐old Australian was admitted to Concord Hospital for right cataract extraction and intraocular implant. During the procedure under local anaesthesia, two‐thirds of Descemet's membrane was stripped down into the anterior chamber. The membrane was later repositioned by air injection into the anterior chamber. Sixteen months later, her right visual acuity is 6/9 and she reads the newspapers.
MACULAR ELECTRORETINOGRAMS: THEIR ACCURACY, SPECIFICITY AND IMPLEMENTATION FOR CLINICAL USE
Authors: VAEGAN PhD  , BILLSON F. , KEMP S. , MORGAN M. , MB M. DONNELLEY , MONTGOMERY P. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe pattern and the focal electroretinogram (ERG) are both non‐invasive, electrophysiological responses recorded from circumscribed retinal areas and are most easily recorded from the macula. This paper describes how our department has incorporated these tests into our clinical protocol, shows how the recording technique and the method of electrode construction may be improved, and describes the normal limits of the macular responses we obtain. The ERG signal‐noise ratio we obtained was better than that of the binocular visual evoked potentials (VEPs) recorded simultaneously.Pattern and focal ERGs, using improved methods of recording, show promise of being a valuable addition to the clinical investigation of subtle maculopathies and some forms of optic nerve dysfunction. Three illustrative cases are described. The first demonstrates normal macular ERG responses with abnormal Ganzfeld ERGs due to peripheral retinal damage. The second reveals differential pattern ERG reduction with normal focal ERG in recent optic neuritis. The third case demonstrates reversible simultaneous loss of Ganzfeld ERGs and macular ERGs in vitamin A deficiency.
OCULAR TOXICOLOGY UPDATE*
Authors: FRAUNFELDER F. T. , MEYER S. MARTHA 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe National Registry of Drug‐induced Ocular Side Effects has accumulated 13 cases of possible major haemopoietic responses from topical ocular chloramphenicol. Over 75 cases of major haemopoietic events from carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are also reviewed. While numerous reports of local ocular effects secondary to timolol have been received by the Registry, the more significant adverse effects are the same systemic side effects seen with any beta‐receptor blocking agent. Data in the Registry have shown that allopurinol may be possibly associated with cataract formation. Severe cardiovascular effects with elevated blood pressure and stroke are uncommon systemic adverse reactions following topical ophthalmic 10% phenylephrine, but these systemic effects have also been seen secondary to concentrations of 2.5%. Other drugs, such as adrenaline (epinephrine), ecothiopate (echothiophate), practolol, thiabendazole, and penicillamine are suspected of causing ocular pseudopemphigoid.
DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF LOST MUSCLE FOLLOWING STRABISMUS SURGERY
Authors: BILLSON F. , FITZGERALD A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOf all the complications of strabismus surgery, the lost muscle is one of the most alarming, and yet with patience and careful management it may be one of the most amenable to treatment.This paper reports seven cases of lost muscle following strabismus surgery, in six of the seven cases referred to the Department of Clinical Ophthalmology there had been delay in diagnosis for periods varying from six weeks to 17 years. All the lost muscles were successfully retrieved.With good illumination and magnification and a careful search of the sub‐Tenon's capsule space it is unusual to need to explore the orbital fat to retrieve the muscle.
ORBITAL FLOOR FRACTURES AND THEIR TREATMENT
Authors: JANAKARAJAH N. , SUKUMARAN K. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOrbital floor fractures can occur with or without any associated fractures of the middle third of the facial skeleton. Fifty‐one patients with a unilateral “black eye” after motor vehicle accidents were reviewed. The fractures involving the orbital floor were analysed. The clinical signs and symptoms, with results ol radiological examination, are discussed. The various treatment modalities and their postoperative complications are discussed.
SCLERITIS AND THE SPECTRUM OF EXTERNAL INFLAMMATORY EYE DISEASE
Authors: McCLUSKEY P. J. , WAKEFIELD D. , PENNY R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractScleritis, episcleritis and Mooren's ulcer form a poorly understood spectrum of inflammatory syndromes involving the ocular surface. Their pathogenesis is thought to be a vasculitis and may be related to immune complex deposition, as these syndromes are often associated with systemic diseases which are assumed to be vasculitic in aetiology. Scleritis and Mooren's ulcer are amongst the most severe external inflammatory diseases, often causing extensive damage to the sclera and cornea. They require aggressive investigation and management, often including systemic anti‐inflammatory therapy. Systemic immunosuppression may be necessary to control severe disease.
A MICROPROCESSOR‐DRIVEN ONE‐OPERATOR FORCED‐CHOICE PREFERENTIAL LOOKING APPARATUS
Authors: GOLE GLEN A. , COSTER DOUGLAS J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractForced‐choice preferential looking (FPL) is a behavioural technique for the estimation of visual acuity in preverbal children. We have constructed an electromechanical FPL apparatus controlled by a microprocessor requiring just one operator. Sixty‐three babies aged between six weeks and eleven months were evaluated with an overall success rate of 83% in obtaining an acuity measurement. FPL is a practical method for measurement of infant visual acuity in the ophthalmic clinic setting.
CONJUNCTIVAL AND LIMBAL TUMOURS
Authors: HARRISON MARK , GLASSON WILLIAM 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOne hundred cases of histologically proven corneal and conjunctival tumours were extracted from the records at the Princess Alexandra Hospital and from the senior author's private practice in the last ten years. The tumours were analysed according to Duke‐Elder's classification. There were 78 epithelial tumours, 15 pigmented naevi, four melanomas, two dermolipomas and one limbal dermoid. Fourteen of the 41 epithelial carcinomas were followed for three years or more. None of the 14 recurred.
DEVELOPMENT OF CORTICAL AFFERENTS AND CORTICO‐TECTAL EFFERENTS OF THE MAMMALIAN (RAT) PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX
Authors: DREHER BOGDAN , THONG IAN G. , SHAMEEM NALINI , McCALL MURRAY J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAt the time when the fibres from the striate cortex (area 17) begin to innervate the superficial layers of the superior coliiculus of the young rat (postnatal days 4 and 5) a high degree of specificity in the organization of this newly formed cortico‐tectal projection is already apparent. Thus, in young rats, as in adult mammals of virtually all species studied so far, the somata of cortico‐tectal neurones are confined to lamina V of the ipsilateral cortex. However, this high degree of laminar (radial) specificity in young animals is accompanied by a substantial degree of exuberance as indicated by a tangential distribution of the cortico‐tectal cells which is wider than that in the adult. The exuberant projections are pruned during the second postnatal week.The cortico‐cortical associational and commissural fibres start to enter the grey matter of the rat striate cortex after postnatal day 7. Again a high degree of specificity in the laminar distribution of those newly established projections is apparent. However, the cortico‐cortical projection, at the time when cortico‐cortical fibres enter the cortical laminae, is clearly exuberant since the tangential spread of cortical cells projecting to the striate cortex is wider than that in the adult. Pruning of these excessive projections takes place some time after postnatal day 14.It is believed that understanding the mechanism(s) underlying the development of connections of the rat visual cortex might be of general importance in understanding developmental abnormalities in the pattern of interconnections of the visual cortices of other mammalian orders.
OUTLINE FOR A COMPREHENSIVE CLASSIFICATION OF RETINAL DYSTROPHY AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
Authors: Halliday Francis B. , Ross Ann F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractClassification of all relevant factors is a prerequisite to the formulation of specific objectives to attain goals of prevention of retinal dystrophy (RD) and effective provision of services. National and international agreement on a classification is sought. This outline stresses the importance of a sound conceptual basis. The root meaning of dystrophy (difficult nourishment), and the concepts given in the World Organization's International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities and Handicaps are emphasized. The proposed classification is designed to be statistical as well as assisting diagnosis and case management. The scheme for RD entities takes into account special features, in contrast to most treatable eye diseases. Genetics is stressed because of the importance of genetic counselling and rapid research advances.Three appendices illustrate portions of a comprehensive classification already in operation at the Retinal Dystrophy Service of NSW.
A REVIEW OF LEISKE STYLE SEMI‐FLEXIBLE INTRAOCULAR LENSES 1981–1984
Authors: FRACO D. MORAN , McGUINNESS R. , KENNEDY I. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA consecutive series of 205 patients had 237 intracapsular cataract extractions performed with the insertion of a semi‐flexible intraocular lens in the period 1981–1983. The average follow‐up period was 17.8 months; 87.0% of cases obtained a visual acuity of 6/12 or better after operation, compared with 80.6% of cases whose preoperative visual acuity was 6/36 or worse. Twenty‐six eyes (11 %) had clinical cystoid macular oedema at some stage after operation, and seven eyes (3%) had persistent cystoid macular oedema at final follow‐up. Only one eye had a postoperative retinal detachment. Thirty eyes (14.1%) required treatment for elevated intraocular pressure at some time after operation.
THE GRANULOMATOUS REACTION IN HERPETIC STROMAL KERATITIS: IMMUNOHISTOLOGICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL FINDINGS
Authors: WEINER JOHN M. , CARROLL NANETTE , ROBERTSON IAN F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA granulomatous reaction was identified in six corneal buttons obtained from patients with herpetic stromal keratitis. The inflammation, characterized by lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages and multinucleate giant cells, was associated with Descemet's membrane in five cases and with a break in Bowman's membrane in one case. The ultrastructural changes were documented by scanning electron microscopy in all cases. Transmission electron microscopy, performed in four cases, failed to disclose the presence of viral inclusions. Immunoperoxidase stains utilizing antibodies to the herpes simplex virus were done on all cases. Positivity (the presence of herpes simplex virus antigen or herpes simplex‐like antigen) was detected within epithelium (three cases), within stroma (three cases), and within some inflammatory cells of the granulomatous reaction at Bowman's membrane. Positive staining was not detected in cells of the granulomatous reaction at Descemet's membrane. These results suggest that the reaction at Descemet's membrane, which has been found in a variety of corneal conditions, may be due to a poorly understood alteration in the antigenicity of Descemet's membrane.
ARGYROL, ARGYROSIS AND THE ACQUISITION OF ART
Authors: HODSON T. J. P. , GILLIES W. E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractArgyrosis is a now unfamiliar ocular condition with the lapsing ofArgyrol and other related silver compounds from the ophthalmic dispensary. It gives rise to a characteristic clinical picture in the conjunctiva and cornea. Argyrol was invented by Albert Barnes and, with the fortune he made, he was able to gather one of the greatest collections of modern art. The collection is displayed at the Barnes Foundation in Philadelphia.