bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics of exenatide
Authors: Linnebjerg Helle , Kothare Prajakti A. , Park Soomin , Mace Kenneth , Reddy Shobha , Mitchell Malcolm , Lins Robert 
Published: April 2007

What is already known about this subject • Nonclinical studies have shown that exenatide is primarily cleared by the renal system.• It was not known to what degree the clinical pharmacokinetics and tolerability would be affected by increasing renal impairment (RI). What this study adds • Patients with mild to moderate RI adequately tolerate current therapeutic doses of exenatide.• However, exenatide is not recommended in patients with severe RI or end‐stage renal disease.AimsTo evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK), safety and tolerability of a single exenatide dose in patients with renal impairment (RI).MethodsExenatide (5 or 10 µg) was injected subcutaneously in 31 subjects (one with Type 2 diabetes) stratified by renal function [Cockcroft–Gault creatinine clearance (CrCL), number of subjects]: normal (>80 ml min−1, n = 8), mild RI (51–80 ml min−1, n = 8), moderate RI (31–50 ml min−1, n = 7) or end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring haemodialysis (n = 8). PK data were combined with four previous single‐dose studies in patients with Type 2 diabetes to explore the relationship of exenatide clearance (CLp/F) and CrCL.ResultsMean half‐life for healthy, mild RI, moderate RI and ESRD groups were 1.5, 2.1, 3.2 and 6.0 h, respectively. After combining data from multiple studies, least squares geometric means for CLp/F in subjects with normal renal function, mild RI, moderate RI and ESRD were 8.14, 5.19, 7.11 and 1.3 l h−1, respectively. Exenatide was generally well tolerated in the mild and moderate RI groups, but not in subjects with ESRD due to nausea and vomiting. Simulations of exenatide plasma concentrations also suggest patients with ESRD should have a propensity for poor tolerability at the lowest available therapeutic dosage (5 µg q.d.).ConclusionsSince tolerability and PK changes were considered clinically acceptable in patients with mild to moderate RI, it would be appropriate to administer exenatide to these patients without dosage adjustment. However, poor tolerability and significant changes in PK make the currently available therapeutic doses (5 and 10 µg) unsuitable in severe RI or ESRD.
A systematic review of lay views about infant size and growth
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: April 2007

.

Lucas, P.,
Arai, L.,
Baird, J.,
Kleijnen, J.,
Law, C. &
Roberts, H.
(
2007
)

,
92
,
120
–
127
.

DOI: 10.1136/adc.2005.087288.
Objectives  To understand lay views on infant size and growth and their implications for a British population.Methods  A systematic review of parental and other lay views about the meanings and importance of infant size and growth using Medline, PsycInfo, CINAHL, Sociological Abstracts, IBSS, ASSIA, British Nursing Index ChildData, Caredata, SIGLE, Dissertation Abstracts (US), Index to Theses. A total of 19 studies, most of which reported the views of mothers, from the USA, Canada, the UK and Finland, were reviewed.Results  Notions of healthy size and growth were dominated by the concept of normality. Participants created norms by assessing and comparing size and growth against several reference points. When size or growth differed from these norms, explanations were sought for factors that would account for this difference. When no plausible explanation could be found, growth or size became a worry for parents.Conclusions  Parents consider the importance of contextual factors when judging what is appropriate or healthy growth. For public health advice to be effective, lay, as well as scientific, findings and values need to be considered.
Maternal effects and evolution at ecological time‐scales
Authors: RÄSÄNEN K. , KRUUK L. E. B. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryGenetic and environmental maternal effects can play an important role in the evolutionary dynamics of a population: they may have a substantial impact on the rate and direction of genetic change in response to selection, and they may generate immediate phenotypic change via phenotypic plasticity. Because of this potential to generate rapid phenotypic change in a population, maternal effects may be particularly important for evolution at ecological time‐scales.Despite an increased interest in the prevalence, composition and adaptive benefits of maternal effects, little is still known of their impact on ecological and evolutionary processes in natural populations. We consider here the insights that a quantitative genetic framework provides into the pathways by which maternal effects can influence trait evolution in wild populations. Widespread evidence for a genetic basis of a range of maternal effects traits reinforces the notion that they cannot be treated as purely environmental sources of variation. We also provide an overview of the impact of environmental conditions on the expression and impact of maternal effects, and describe empirical evidence for their impact on evolution at ecological time‐scales.We emphasize the need for empirical work to quantify the associations between maternal and offspring phenotype and genotype, and the suite of selection pressures generated by maternal effects, as well as the relationship between maternal effects and environmental variation. Future work should aim to identify the conditions under which maternal effects are likely to play a role in evolution, as well as explicitly test the contribution of maternal effects to evolutionary responses.
Is there a trade‐off between aggressiveness and overwinter survival in Phytophthora infestans?
Authors: MONTARRY J. , CORBIERE R. , ANDRIVON D. 
Published: April 2007

Summary

Selection during interepidemic stages is crucial for the evolution of pathogen populations. Trade‐offs involving aggressiveness (quantitative pathogenicity) have rarely been explored in pathogens with a life cycle requiring the disease‐causing organism to change organs within the same host.
We investigated the existence of a trade‐off between aggressiveness and survival in Phytophthora infestans, the pathogen causing potato late blight. In France, P. infestans behaves as an obligate biotroph, surviving in infected tubers. Aggressive isolates, which are favoured during the epidemic, may exhaust their nutrient supply too quickly to bridge seasons, resulting in a possible trade‐off between the two life stages.
We inoculated tubers with isolates possessing different aggressiveness levels, let them overwinter as outdoor piles at three different sites, and scored the proportion of live tubers the following spring.
At two sites, infection caused early tuber sprouting, which can be seen either as a manipulation of the host by the pathogen, or as an attempt by the host to escape.
Overwinter survival was higher for control than for inoculated tubers, but did not differ between tubers inoculated with different isolates. This suggests that aggressiveness should gradually increase in P. infestans populations, unless a trade‐off occurs at another stage of the life cycle.
The perpetual forest: using undesirable species to bridge restoration
Authors: KIRKMAN L. KATHERINE , MITCHELL ROBERT J. , KAESER MELANIE J. , PECOT STEPHEN D. , COFFEY KIMBERLY L. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryConversion of established forests of undesirable species composition or structure to a multi‐age, native forest community is a common restoration goal. However, for some ecosystems, the complexity of multiple disturbances and biotic factors requires unique approaches to advance community development. We use the longleaf pine (Pinus palustrisMiller) ecosystem as a model of such a restoration paradigm with an approach that utilizes the undesirable species as a functional or structural bridge to foster ecological processes.In the conversion of adult slash pine (Pinus elliottiiEngelm.) plantations to the biologically diverse longleaf pine forests that once dominated the south‐eastern US Coastal Plain, we examine techniques for restoring and maintaining critical structural and functional components. Through partial and variable retention of the undesirable slash pine canopy, establishment of longleaf pine seedlings is facilitated, while maintaining fuels essential for prescribed fire, a necessary management practice for longleaf pine. Furthermore, we project that with subsequent fires, fine fuels and species richness will be encouraged in the ground cover, and with future slash canopy harvest, established longleaf pine seedlings will be released.In this study, we present a statistical approach that examines the compositional movement of vegetation in restoration sites over time relative to the reference conditions that are also changing through time.Synthesis and applications. Restoration efforts that remove undesirable species initially may actually hinder rather than facilitate restoration. Restoration of fire‐maintained ecosystems in which the production of adequate fuels is an important consideration may require the retention of a portion of the existing canopy to provide fuels during the restoration process, even if the canopy is comprised of less preferred species. Individual species often provide similar structural features and influences on function within an ecosystem; thus, systems other than longleaf pine may also benefit from retention of the undesirable species through the restoration process. We conclude that a gradual approach to restoration may be advantageous when legacies of past management have altered complex ecological dynamics and promoted development along a successional pathway strongly differing from that of the reference conditions.
The Uppsala studies on developmental origins of health and disease
Authors: Koupil I. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.Large‐scale epidemiological studies on developmental origins of health running in Uppsala benefit from the accessibility of well‐archived and high quality Swedish records, high participation rates in the surveys, and a long tradition of interdisciplinary research and international collaboration. The UBCoS Multigen study is unique in being able to study intergenerational determinants of health and health inequalities as ‘forward in time’ processes, starting at the beginning of the last century, whilst the Uppsala Family and ULSAM studies contribute evidence on gene–environment interactions and specific mechanisms of developmental origins of circulatory diseases.
Experimental IUGR and later diabetes
Authors: Martin‐Gronert M. S. , Ozanne S. E. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.It is widely accepted that an association exists between the intrauterine environment in which a fetus grows and develops and the subsequent development of type 2 diabetes. Any disturbance in maternal ability to provide nutrients and oxygen to the fetus can lead to fetal intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Here we will review IUGR in rodent models, in which maternal metabolism has been experimentally manipulated to investigate the molecular basis of the relationship between IUGR and development of type 2 diabetes in later life, and the identification of the molecular derangements in specific metabolically ‐ sensitive organs/tissues.
Developmental plasticity and human disease: research directions
Authors: Gluckman P. D. , Hanson M. A. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.The conceptual basis of the ‘developmental origins’ paradigm has converged on the role of developmental plasticity responding to signals from the early environment, with heightened risk of disease if the induced phenotype does not match the later environment. Nevertheless, numerous questions remain, including the current burden of disease that can be attributed to early environmental factors; the pathways, mechanisms and windows of plasticity; the identification of early markers of environmentally induced change; and the feasibility, costs and benefits of intervention. A focused agenda of research is needed to convince policy makers of the importance of developmental factors in human disease.
The origins of the developmental origins theory
Authors: Barker D. J. P. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.Current orthodoxy states that coronary heart disease results from the unhealthy lifestyles of westernized adults together with a contribution from genetic inheritance. This does not provide a secure basis for prevention of the disease. Geographical studies gave the first clue that the disease originates during intra‐uterine development. Variations in mortality from the disease across England and Wales were shown to correlate closely with past differences in death rates among newborn babies. In the past most deaths among newborns were attributed to low birthweight. This led to the hypothesis that undernutrition in utero permanently changes the body's structure, function and metabolism in ways that lead to coronary heart disease in later life. The association between low birthweight and coronary heart disease has been confirmed in longitudinal studies of men and women around the world. The developmental model of the origins of the disease offers a new way forward.
Evolution of reproductive seasonality in bears
Authors: SPADY THOMAS J. , LINDBURG DONALD G. , DURRANT BARBARA S. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT

Of the eight species of Ursidae, six are currently at risk of extinction and the remainder face significant risks to their future survival. One of the greatest threats to bears is human‐imposed environmental alteration (e.g. global warming, chemical pollutants, deforestation). An examination of the reproductive biology and phylogeny of the Ursidae reveals reproductive seasonality as a probable adaptation to adverse environmental conditions.
Seven of the eight extant species exhibit distinct mating and birth seasons, with the most ancient species evolving facultative seasonality as an adaptation to the increasingly seasonal climate of the Pliocene. The remainder of the extant species evolved during the Pleistocene glaciations, under conditions of severe seasonal food restriction. Under these conditions, an obligate mode of seasonality emerged and persists to the present.
Knowledge of the natural history of seasonal reproduction in the ursids and how it evolved in response to global climatic change provides a context for understanding the ramifications of current environmental change on the reproduction of these important species.
Modelling the distribution of badgers Meles meles: comparing predictions from field‐based and remotely derived habitat data
Authors: NEWTON‐CROSS GERALDINE , WHITE PIRAN C. L. , HARRIS STEPHEN 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT

Environmental heterogeneity is important in determining the distribution and abundance of organisms at various spatial scales. The ability to understand and predict distribution patterns is important for solving many management problems in conservation biology and wildlife epidemiology.
The badger Meles meles is a highly adaptable, medium‐sized carnivore, distributed throughout temperate Eurasia, which shows a wide diversity of social and spatial organization. Within Britain, badgers are not only legally protected, but they also serve as a wildlife host for bovine tuberculosis Mycobacterium bovis. An evaluation of the role of badgers in the dynamics of this infection depends on understanding the responses of badgers to the environment at different spatial scales.
The use of digital data to provide information on habitats for distribution models is becoming common. Digital data are increasingly accessible and are generally cheaper than field surveys. There has been little research, however, to compare the accuracy of models based on field‐derived and remotely derived data.
In this paper, we make quantified comparisons between large‐scale presence/absence models for badgers in Britain, based on field‐surveyed habitat data and remotely derived digital data, comprising elevation, geology and soil.
We developed four models: 1980s badger survey data using field‐based and digital data, and 1990s badger survey data using field‐based and digital data. We divided each of the four datasets into two subsets and used one subset for training (developing) the model and the other for testing it.
All four training models had classification accuracies in excess of 69%. The models generated from digital data were slightly more accurate than those generated from field‐derived habitat data.
The high classificatory ability of the digital‐based models suggests that the use of digital data may overcome many of the problems associated with field data in wildlife‐habitat modelling, such as cost and restricted geographical coverage, without any significant impact on model performance for some species. The more widespread use of digital data in wildlife‐habitat models should enhance their accuracy, repeatability and applicability and make them better‐suited as tools to aid policy‐ and decision‐making processes.
Significant differences in GM allotype frequencies between two sympatric tribes with markedly differential susceptibility to malaria
Authors: PANDEY J. P. , NASR A. , ROCCA K. M. , TROY‐BLOMBERG M. , ELGHAZALI G. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY Fulani and Masaleit, sympatric tribes in eastern Sudan, are characterized by marked differences in susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. To determine whether the two tribes differ in the frequency of immunoglobulin GM/KM allotypes, which are associated with immunity to several pathogens, serum samples from 50 Fulani and 50 age‐ and sex‐matched Masaleit subjects were allotyped for several GM/KM determinants. The distribution of GM phenotypes as a whole, as well as a particular combination of KM and GM phenotypes, differed significantly between the two tribes (P = 0·03). These data suggest that GM allotypes may contribute to the genetic aetiology of malaria.
The pathology of Plasmodium chabaudi infection is not ameliorated by the secreted filarial nematode immunomodulatory molecule, ES‐62
Authors: LAMB T. J. , VOISINE C. , KOERNIG S. , EGAN C. A. , HARNETT W. , LANGHORNE J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY ES‐62 is a phosphorylcholine‐containing glycoprotein secreted by filarial nematodes. This molecule has been shown to reduce the severity of inflammation in collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) in mice, a model of rheumatoid arthritis, via down‐regulation of anti‐collagen type 1 immune responses. Malaria parasites induce a pro‐inflammatory host immune response and many of the symptoms of malaria are immune system‐mediated. Therefore we have asked whether the immunomodulatory properties of ES‐62 can down‐regulate the severity of malaria infection in BALB/c mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi. We have found that ES‐62 has no significant effect on the course of P. chabaudi parasitaemia, and does not significantly affect any of the measures of malaria‐induced pathology taken throughout infection.
The Control of Stem Eelworm in Tulips by Organophosphorus Compounds
Authors: Oliff K. E. , Hague N. G. M. , Kondrollochis M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYDipping tulip bulbs in aqueous solutions of several organophosphorus compounds controlled infestations of Ditylenchus dipsaci. One of the chemicals, thionazin, has been used commercially with good results.
Viruses occurring in Plantago species in England
Authors: HAMMOND JOHN 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYEight viruses were detected in a survey of Plantago species in England during 1977–80. Two of these were identified as previously described viruses (ribgrass mosaic virus and plantain virus A), while six are believed to be newly recorded (plantain virus X and plantain viruses 4–8). These are tentatively classified as a potexvirus, a caulimovirus, a potyvirus, a carlavirus, and two isometric viruses with properties similar to the tobacco necrosis virus group and the tombusviruses, respectively. The large number of virus types known to infect Plantago species indicates that these plants have a broad raoge of susceptibihty to plant viruses, and may act as reservoirs of viruses able to infect crops, although none of the viruses detected in the present survey is known to be of importance in British agriculture.
Attitudes towards blood donation in Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Sampath S. , Ramsaran V. , Parasram S. , Mohammed S. , Latchman S. , Khunja R. , Budhoo D. , Poon King C. , Charles K. S. 
Published: April 2007

summary The aims of this study were to determine the factors that influence blood donation in different demographic groups in a multi‐ethnic, multicultural community, and to devise a strategy for a national campaign to increase voluntary non‐remunerated blood donations.The majority (87%) of blood donations in Trinidad and Tobago are replacement donations. Seventy per cent of the country’s transfusion needs are not met. In 1998, the World Health Assembly recommended that reliance on replacement donations should be phased out due to their association with an increased risk of transfusion‐transmitted infections.An observer‐administered questionnaire was completed by 1423 respondents in a multi‐ethnic borough in central Trinidad. Respondents were classified as donors or non‐donors and grouped by age, race, religion, employment status and highest level of education. The prevalence of a history of blood donation and the factors that encouraged donation or conversely discouraged donation in each demographic group were recorded.A total of 1146 (81·2%) respondents had never donated blood. Of the 277 (18·8%) who had previously donated, replacement for a family member or friend was the most common reason (86·9%). The prevalence of donation was low in all racial, religious, gender, educational and age groups. However, there were significant demographic variations. The majority (71·3%) of non‐donors cited a lack of information as a major reason for non‐donation and expressed a willingness to donate if access to information and donation facilities were improved.Voluntary blood donation in Trinidad and Tobago could be greatly increased by a national education campaign and increased accessibility to donation centres. This would ensure a safer and more reliable blood supply.