bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review Of 1961 Foreign Production
Authors: Mayhew Zeb 
Published: December 2007

Introduction
Intense competition in the foreign petroleum industry was the foremost news of 1961. Spare crude oil producing capacity increased, crude and product prices were weak, and, as a result, there was keen competition for markets. Many companies came to the conclusion that foreign operations were not the gold mines they had envisioned several years ago.
The year 1961 marked the start of commercial production in Libya, and it was the first year of full production from the Algerian Sahara. It was a year in which Argentina nearly reached its long sought goal of self-sufficiency in petroleum, and Canadian producers exceeded the ambitious goal set for them by their government. It was also a year in which the potential of the offshore areas of the Persian Gulf was amply demonstrated.
None of these activities can be entirely attributed to 1961, since they were the results of activities of the past decade. Therefore, this paper briefly reviews some of the factors which led us to the current situation.

Consumption
After World War II it became obvious that great supplies of energy had to be developed if foreign areas were to grow and prosper in the post-war world. The task of supplying the bulk of this energy has fallen to oil.
In 1961, there were 13 countries in the Free World which consumed more than 250,000 B/D of petroleum products. Table 1 shows the demand for these 13 countries in 1952, when the total Free World consumption was 11.7 million B/D. The 12 foreign countries had a combined consumption of 2.4 million B/D, or 21% of the Free World. The United States consumed 7.3 million B/D or 62%. In total, these 13 countries consumed 83% of the Free World oil.
Table 1 shows that consumption in 1961 has risen to 20 million B/D for an average growth of 5% per year, or at the rate of nearly 1 million B/D annually. The 12 major foreign consumers' demand increased 2-1/2 times to 6.4 million B/D and their share of the Free World increased from 21% to 32%. Their growth average 10% per year, compared with 3% per year in the United States.
This rapid growth in consumption has been a large factor in the increasing importance of foreign oil and has contributed to increased foreign producing activity.
Use of Nuclear Chimneys for Underground Gas Storage
Authors: van der Harst, Leo 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Underground nuclear explosives create vertical cylindrical rubble-filled cavities in the earth, called chimneys. These chimneys have a practically infinite permeability and a usable void space, depending on the size and depth of the explosive charge. Chimneys created this way in impervious rock media can be used as storage systems for liquids or gases; this paper deals only with the latter kind.
A hypothetical market located in the Midwest Ins been selected as the basis for a model study. The paper touches on matters of nuclear technology but concentrates on the solution of the storage requirements. A realistic construction time schedule and a cost analysis for a nuclear storage system will be discussed.
In comparing underground pore-space gas storage systems with the nuclear alternative, overall advantages of the latter are outlined.

Introduction
Deeply-buried underground nuclear explosions in competent rock create cylindrical rubble-filled caverns, called chimneys. There have been more than 150 underground nuclear explosions and the phenomenology is well known. (Fig. 1)
The detonation generates extremely high temperatures of the order of 20 million deg. F and pressures of about 16 billion psi. The instant following the detonation, the explosive package and surrounding rock are vaporized package and surrounding rock are vaporized and the high pressure pushes the wall of the resulting spherical cavity outward. As the cavity cools, the vapor phase gives way to one in which the cavity wall melts and the molten rock runs to die bottom. The outward movement of the cavity wag continues and the tremendous shock wave fractures a large zone around the cavity. This whole sequence takes place in a fraction of a second. place in a fraction of a second.
Monitoring Gas Storage Reservoirs
Authors: Katz Donald L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Monitoring procedures used in underground gas storage operations are reviewed. Besides bringing together the many techniques now used, methods are presented for systematizing the monitoring process.

Introduction
The underground storage of natural gas is a relatively young industry. In some 20 years of major growth, storage facilities deliver to market annually some 1.5 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. Major gas systems deliver from storage as much as one-third to one-half of their total send-out on a cold winter day. Further indication of the industry's maturity is the effort to improve safety of operation and control of gas reservoirs. This paper reviews the monitoring procedures of gas storage reservoirs and suggests ways of systematizing the alerting process so that appropriate action can be taken, should any imperfection in the system appear.
The storage operator is expected to know where his inventory of stored gas resides. He is charged with sending to market large quantities of gas in a short period at planned rates of delivery. Monitoring is the taking of observations which will insure the satisfactory operation of the storage facility. The primary concern is that no unknown gas migration underground is taking place. Early detection of unexpected gas movement — penetration of caprock—movement behind the production pipe — or loss from surface equipment — pipe — or loss from surface equipment — can initiate remedies to minimize any effects on the environment.
Monitoring is interpreted as not only sensing the basic information but also transmitting it to the proper decision center for action. People are a vital part of any monitoring system and must be included in its consideration.
LNG and the Midwest
Authors: Horn John , Bates Bruce L. 
Published: December 2007

Introduction
We need first to examine the importance of natural gas as a source of energy both in the United States and the Midwest. Total United States consumption of natural gas in 1969 rose to 20.9 trillion cubic feet. Since 1964, when total consumption was 15.5 trillion cubic feet, consumption has increased nearly 35% on a volumetric basis. These figures are for total gas distributed through utility mains and direct industrial sales but since natural gas now accounts for 99% of the total gas used by the ultimate customer in the U.S., they represent natural gas consumption accurately. The rapid growth of natural gas consumption and its place in the energy market compared to other forms of energy is shown on Figure 1. In 1968, natural gas provided just over 31% of the total energy consumed in the United States. The present shortage of natural gas and the increasing demand for energy points up the need for additional supplies of points up the need for additional supplies of all sources of energy gas, LNG, coal, nuclear power, and fuel oil. We propose to outline how power, and fuel oil. We propose to outline how LNG will serve as an important supplemental supply of energy to help meet spiraling U.S. demands. The growth of population is an important factor in the present energy picture; however, the consumption of natural gas-has increased almost six times faster on a per capita basis. The northeastern megalopolis (from Washington, D.C. to Boston, Mass.) is sometimes thought to have the greatest demands for U.S. natural gas. Consumption of natural gas in 1969 in the six-state area of New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Massachusetts, and Maryland Pennsylvania, Delaware, Massachusetts, and Maryland plus the District of Columbia amounted to 2.1 plus the District of Columbia amounted to 2.1 trillion cubic feet. But the 12-state Midwest area of South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Minnesota, and Wisconsin in 1969 consumed over 5.5 trillion cubic feet or 26% of the total U.S. consumption. This is equivalent to about one billion barrels of oil. Since 1964, natural gas consumption in the Midwest market has grown 41% compared to the U.S. average of 35%. With the shortage of domestic natural gas it is obvious that the Midwest will require major supplies of energy from other sources. LNG will provide some of this energy through the importation of gas from remote regions of prolific gas production to the areas of heavy prolific gas production to the areas of heavy consumption.

THE STATUS OF LNG TODAY
The use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as an energy source is of great commercial interest today. The problem of equating supply and demand of natural gas has increased during recent years because of the increasing differentials between winter and summer requirements that have resulted from increased gas consumption for space heating.
Engineering A Management Career
Authors: Hawkins Roger E. 
Published: December 2007

A PROFESSIONAL DILEMMA
The engineering-management career dilemma came to my attention while serving as director of a management development center at a small private liberal arts college. The professional life of an engineer is limited, and during his late 20's or early 30's he must acknowledge his impending professional obsolescence. He must decide whether to embark on a new career in another profession; namely, management, or to enhance or update his professional training. professional training. Many of our students were engineers who were writhing in the pygmalian agony of determining whether to commit themselves wholeheartedly to the practice of management. This loomed particularly problematic for them because the role of problematic for them because the role of a fledgling or beginner threatened their established image of themselves as highly qualified professionals.
This paper will review several dimensions of this topic. Briefly, these are the changes in attitudes, skills, and career planning necessary to parlay engineering temperament and ability into a successful management career.

MANAGEMENT PRACTICE VS. SCIENCE
Certainly not all professional engineers experience difficulty in adapting to a management career. Those that do, however, find that the very temperaments, skills, and training which served them well in applying their professional knowhow become impediments professional knowhow become impediments which handicap their ability to master supervisory-management duties. Although we have a number of scientific tools which apply to the solution of management problems, there is still a considerable margin of error between the formula's illumination of a problem and actual decision-making.
Canadian Oil and Gas - Reliable Energy Supplies for the Midwest
Authors: Stabback John G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper analyzes a special relationship between the United States Midwest and Canada in oil and gas trade.
Increasing interest in Canadian oil supply to the Midwest is reviewed against the widening oil production-demand "gap" in the "lower 48" and studies leading to the looping via Chicago of the Interprovincial-Lakehead pipe line. Recent export pipe line. Recent export levels are discussed in relation to United States-Canadian understandings and the import control system of March, 1970.
Economic, supply and political factors affecting future growth are reviewed. These include relative crude oil prices, exchange rates and Alaskan oil, the present Canadian reserves and deliverability situation and the potential of "frontier areas" and of the tar sands; Government policies in the two countries are, however, regarded as of overriding importance.
Concerning gas, while Canadian potential is great, near-term potential is great, near-term prospects are bleak due to lack of prospects are bleak due to lack of a "surplus". Accelerated reserves development - partly contingent on access to oil export markets - could, however, make possible increasing Canadian gas exports.

Introduction
Oil is the largest commodity in international trade and natural gas is becoming increasingly important in this respect. The major oil concerns are the original "multinational companies". There is growing international interdependence between markets on the one hand and supply sources on the other.
It is against this broad background that I would like to isolate the Midwest area of the United States and examine what I think is a special relationship between it and Canada.
The Nature Of The Ecology Problem Facing Alaska Oil Operators
Authors: Kelly Thomas E. 
Published: December 2007

ROBERT SERVICE, POET OF THE NORTH, WROTE:
"IT'S THE GREAT, BIG, BROAD LAND WAY UP YONDER, IT'S THE FORESTS WHERE SILENCE HAS LEASE, IT'S THE BEAUTY THAT THRILLS ME WITH WONDER, IT'S THE STILLNESS THAT FILLS ME WITH PEACE."
ALTHOUGH RECALLING HIS FONDNESS FOR THE YUKON, HIS DESCRIPTION IS ALASKA TO ALASKANS AND WAS PARTICULARLY SO UNTIL A FEW YEARS AGO. ALASKA, THE SLUMBERING GIANT TO WHOM VERY FEW OUTSIDERS PAID MUCH ATTENTION, HAS BECOME THE FOCAL POINT FOR CONFLICT PAID MUCH ATTENTION, HAS BECOME THE FOCAL POINT FOR CONFLICT BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT AND CONSERVATION — MORE APPROPRIATELY LABELED PRESERVATION. AND THE PEACE THAT WENT WITH THE BEAUTY HAS FADED. PRESERVATION. AND THE PEACE THAT WENT WITH THE BEAUTY HAS FADED. AT THE CENTER OF THE CONTROVERSY IS - OIL. PRIOR TO THE DISCOVERY OF PRUDHOE BAY, THE OIL INDUSTRY IN ALASKA, AS WELL AS THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY, BELIEVED THAT PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT, AND PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT-WERE COMPATIBLE. WITH HONESTY AND GOOD CONSCIENCE, THE INDUSTRY ATTEMPTED TO TELL THE STORY TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC AND OCCASIONALLY WAS ABLE TO CITE SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF HARMONY BETWEEN DEVELOPMENT AND PROTECTION OR EVEN ENHANCEMENT OF OTHER RESOURCE VALUES. THE DEVELOPMENT OF SWANSON RIVER FIELD ON THE KENAI PENINSULA WAS PRIMA FACIE EVIDENCE THAT OIL AND GAS COULD BE PRODUCED IN QUANTITY WITHOUT SURFACE DEGRADATION AND WITHOUT DISRUPTION OF THE FISH AND WILDLIFE HABITAT. CREDIT FOR THIS, OF COURSE, RESTS PRIMARILY WITH THE BUREAU OF SPORTS FISH AND WILDLIFE, WHO MANAGE PRIMARILY WITH THE BUREAU OF SPORTS FISH AND WILDLIFE, WHO MANAGE THE KENAI NATIONAL MOOSE RANGE UNDER CAREFUL AND SOMETIMES STRINGENT REGULATIONS.
Application of Parametric Pulsing to the Operation of Producing and Storage Reservoirs
Authors: Tek M.R. , Gould T.L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The concept of "Parametric Pulsing", first introduced during 1970 by authors and shown to increase gas deliverability over a limited number of producing days in production or injection, has been extended to the operation of entire producing fields and storage reservoirs. producing fields and storage reservoirs. The maintenance of continuing unsteady state conditions whether producing or while shut-in on some reservoirs with well established transmissibility, porosity x thickness, pressure distributions porosity x thickness, pressure distributions (as of zero time) permits much enhanced deliverability when the field is operated on a "pulsed" rather than "continuous" mode. The judicious choice of the optimum number of producing and shut-in days as well as the exact determination of the reservoir conditions during the succession of unsteady-states are obtained from models and specially developed computer algorithms described. Pressure-flow gradients and rate Pressure-flow gradients and rate functions which develop as a result of pulsed operation are discussed. pulsed operation are discussed. When an entire producing or storage field is operated on a parametrically optimized pulsed mode, cumulative deliveries are shown to be enhanced by as much as 95 percent over the continuous mode of operation.

Introduction
The concept of "Parametric Pulsing" was first introduced during 1970 by Tek, Hedges, and Gould as a …"New Approach for Increased Gas Deliverability". The basic idea stemmed from the observation that many systems when operated under steady-state conditions, yield higher transfer rates during short time intervals.
Examples of many such unsteady-state processes, described by parabolic processes, described by parabolic partial differential equations, may be partial differential equations, may be cited in the areas of heat transfer, mass and momentum transfer, reaction kinetics and hydraulics.
Anyone involved in testing or operating gas wells must have observed at some time that when the well is first turned on to flow, starting with equalized pressure distribution, it will produce at high rates for short times before gradually settling down toward a steady-state rate. This of course suggests that a cyclic operation, consisting of several flow periods interspaced with "shut-in" periods interspaced with "shut-in" periods, sufficiently long to nearly periods, sufficiently long to nearly restore the initial uniform pressure distribution around the well bore, would perhaps yield more cumulative flow perhaps yield more cumulative flow over a given time period than that which results from uninterrupted continuous flow.
Water Drive Performance of the Fractured Kirkuk Field of Northern Iraq
Authors: Al-Naqib F.M. , Al-Debouni R.M. , Al-Irhayim T.A. , Morris D.M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Kirkuk Main Limestone reservoir in Northern Iraq has produced a total of 5,210 million barrels since the field went an production in 1934, of which 3,250 million barrels production in 1934, of which 3,250 million barrels have been recovered since 1961 under pressure maintenance by water drive. Currently the production rate which is balanced by water production rate which is balanced by water injection is 1.1 million barrels a day. Oil is contained in an extensive, highly permeable system of fractures, and in a less permeable matrix comprising several different limestone types with a total thickness of 1,200 feet.
The matrix oil has been estimated from log and core analysis, but fracture dimensions cannot be measured directly. The report describes in detail the method of estimating fracture volumes and matrix oil recovery from the reservoir performance under water injection.
The recovery process under water drive consists of two components:-
the immediate flushing of oil by water from the fractures; and 2. a slower recovery of oil from the matrix by imbibition and gravity drainage.
The second process is quasi exponential with time and in the present analysis it was assumed to be represented by a simple exponential, characterised by a half life and a value of the ultimate oil recovery.
Unusually complete data on oil/water contact movement during the water injection period are available from a number of original observation wells and wells which went wet during the flood history. Rock volume and matrix oil volume submerged during successive six month time steps of the flood have been estimated and matched against volumes of oil recovered during the same time period. The analytical procedure described in period. The analytical procedure described in the report then establishes the parameters:-
Ultimate recovery of matrix oil. The time scale of matrix oil recovery. The fracture volumes of two rock groups with generalized porosity/fracture characteristics.
These data are used to estimate remaining recoverable reserves and provide the basis for forward planning and prediction of future production performance. production performance.
Silica-Lime Systems for High Temperature Cementing Applications
Authors: Hook F.E. , Rosene R.B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In order to provide a reliable cementing composition and reduce variations noted with Portland type cement, silica-lime cements have Portland type cement, silica-lime cements have been developed to provide a new deep well cementing composition. Although Portland type cement has been used successfully for several decades as a well completion material, the complicated manufacturing process produces a cement that varies within limits from batch to batch. These variations are tolerable when cementing the shallow well, but the deep wells, with temperatures from 300 degrees F to 500 degrees F, present a different situation. At these temperatures, normal variations will be magnified to an extent that different batches often perform much the same as different cements.
The silica-lime system consists of a simple mixture of ground quartz sand and hydrated lime. At temperatures above 200 degrees F, lime will react with freshly broken faces of sand and with water to form calcium silicate hydrate. There are only two factors to be considered with this system. Since a surface reaction is involved, the surface area of the ground quartz will control the quantity of calcium silicate hydrate formed. The temperature at which the reaction takes place will dictate the ratio of calcium to silica and water to calcium silicate. This chemistry has been well documented by publications from the autoclaved calcium silicate building products industry in Europe and the United Kingdom. The utility of this system is demonstrated by the growth of the autoclaved calcium silicate products industry over the past few decades. products industry over the past few decades. This composition has been thoroughly tested for thickening time, permeability, compressive strength, shear bond, rheology, and compatibility with some drilling muds. Data are presented to show the concentration of retarder to give adequate thickening time and compressive strength throughout the temperature range of 260 degrees F to 400 degrees F. Strength retrogression data have been gathered up to 28 days. Shear bond and permeability is similar to that of Portland type permeability is similar to that of Portland type cement. This system can be mixed with 60 to 90 percent water as well as with a weighting agent to percent water as well as with a weighting agent to give any slurry density from 12 to 20 pounds per gallon. Because of the surface chemistry, this system can be used at any slurry weight without materially affecting the thickening time. This is a very simple but flexible system that offers more reliability for cementing deep hot wells.