bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GAS EXCHANGE IN CHRONIC PULMONARY DISEASE
Authors: Wagner Peter D. 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYPatients with asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease and diffuse inter stitial fibrosis were studied., These three groups of patients illustrate very different patterns of V̇A/Q̇ mismatching in general, consistent with the known pathology of their disease. Some common threads run through all three groups. One is that the level of hypoxemia in an individual depends critically on the interplay between mixed venous PO2 and the degree of V̇A/Q̇ mismatching. Thus patients with a high cardiac output can have little hypoxemi in the face of severe V̇A/Q̇ mismatching, while patients with inadequate cardiac output can have moderately severe hypoxemia with relatively little V̇A/Q̇ mismatching. In other words, the arterial PO2 alone cannot indicate the severity of V̇A/Q̇ mismatch in any given situation. Another generalization that can be made is that in the obstructive diseases, evidence from our work suggests that it is obstruction due to mucus secretions and/or airway edema and inflammation that is important in causing areas of low V̇A/Q̇ to be present. Bron‐choconstriction on the other hand, is less likely to be responsible for abnormal gas exchange, even while it is the more important factor in terms of airflow rates and symptoms. Finally, the data we have obtained, particularly in obstructive lung diseases, suggests that collateral ventilation is an important phenomenon that protects the lung from collapse and helps to maintain arterial PO2 in the face of severe airways obstruction. Administration of 100% oxygen did not significantly change V̇A/Q̇ relationships in any of these chronic lung diseases, indicating that at least in the patients that we studied, acute reversal of hypoxic vasoconstriction was not observed. This can be interpreted as evidence that hypoxic vasoconstriction is either not a major factor tending to preserve V̇A/Q̇ relationships in these patients, or if it is, it is not acutely reversible within one half hour of breathing 1002 oxygen.
NEW ASPECTS ON ATELECTASIS DURING ANAESTHESIA
Authors: Hedenstierna Göran , Brismar Bo , Strandberg Åke , Lundquist Hans , Tokics Leif 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYSixteen subjects were studied with regard to lung tissue changes during general anaesthesia. The transverse area and the structure of the lung tissue were studied by computerized tomography. No abnormalities were noted in the lung tissue before anaesthesia, but within five minutes after induction, all subjects had developed crest‐shaped dependent changes of an increased density in both lungs. They correspond to 4 ‐ 5 per cent of the total transverse area. The size of the densities could not be correlated to the age of the subjects, or time of the anaesthesia, and they were not affected by the inspiratory oxygen fraction. They could be rotated by turning the patient, and the application of a positive end‐expiratory pressure eliminated or reduced the densities. It is suggested that the densities are atelectases, which develop by compression of lung tissue, and not by gas resorption.
Umbilical artery reactivity and ultrastructural changes in pregnancy‐induced hypertension and other complicated pregnancies
Authors: Johnstone F. D. , Ugaily‐Thulesius L. , Thulesius O. , Nasrat A. N. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Abnormal pressor responses are known to occur in the maternal circulation in pregnancy‐induced hypertension (PIH), but little is know of the response of the foetal circulation. The responsiveness of umbilical arteries in PIH can be studied after delivery, and this is a useful model to explore the pathophysiological mechanisms involved.In the present experiments, the in vitro response of umbilical artery rings to bradykinin and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) was tested and ultrastructural changes investigated. Umbilical arteries from 48 cords were studied. Fifteen of the mothers had PIH, five had essential hypertension pre‐dating the pregnancy and five had diabetes. Twenty‐three women had pregnancies uncomplicated by hypertension or serious medical or obstetric problems and these served as controls. Umbilical arteries from the severe proteinuric PIH group were significantly more responsive to 5‐HT as assessed by affinity constants (P <0·05). The responsiveness of arteries from all other groups did not differ from the normal cases. A probable mechanism for the findings is endothelial damage as a result of pre‐eclamptic disease. This was substantiated by ultrastructural evidence.
Non‐invasive evaluation of the conduit function and the buffering function of large arteries in man
Authors: Demolis P. D. , Asmar R. G. , Levy B. I. , Safar M. E. 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to validate a two‐dimensional (2D) echography coupled range‐gated Doppler system for the non‐invasive measurement of internal diameter, blood flow velocity, and pulse wave velocity of peripheral arteries, such as the common carotid artery (CCA), femoral artery (FA), and brachial artery (BA) in man. The array of the ultrasonic system and the Doppler probe were attached and formed a fixed angle (38deg; 30′). The artery was firstly visualized using the echo‐graphic array probe in order to position the Doppler beam. Then, the range‐gated Doppler system was used to measure both internal diameter and blood flow velocity with the sample volume position covering the internal diameter. Using a hydraulic device, there was an obvious correlation between the calculated and the measured velocities (r = 0·98). Normal values of diameter, blood flow velocity and blood flow were measured in 18 healthy volunteers. The means (± 1 standard deviation) was as follows: diameter, CCA = 0·636 ± 0·027 cm, FA = 0·843 ± 0·074 cm, BA = 0·302 ± 0·052 cm; flow velocity, CCA = 19·5 ± 2·1 cm s1, FA = 11·4 ± 1·2 cm s1, BA = 6·7 ± 1·0 cm s1. Blood flows were as follows: CCA, 370·6 ± 42·5 ml mn1, FA 387·0 ± 75·0 ml mn1 and BA (wrist occlusion) 29·8 ± 12·5 ml mn1. The intra‐observer reproducibilities for CCA, FA and BA were respectively: for diameter, 4·9%, 4·12% and 14·8%; for velocity, 8·9%, 10·6% and 10·2%. The inter‐observer reproducibilities were respectively: for diameter, 5·6%, 5·4% and 11·3% for velocity, 6·5%, 5·7% and 6·3%. Simultaneous determinations of pulse wave velocity from blood flow velocity recording allowed estimations of the distensibility of these arteries. Finally, the coupled echo and range‐gated Doppler system permitted non‐invasive evaluation of blood flow calculated as the product of the vessel cross‐sectional area and measured blood velocity and also of arterial compliance as the ratio of the cross‐sectional area and the square of pulse wave velocity. Such estimations of the conduit and buffering functions of peripheral large arteries in man were shown to be more accurate for the common carotid and the femoral arteries than for the brachial artery.
Tachycardia and coronary blood flow: non‐invasive estimation during Valsalva manoeuvre and exercise
Authors: Ciccone M. , Federici A. , di Noia D. , Cipressa A. , Epifani M. , Rizzon P. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Simultaneous changes in cycle length and coronary blood flow were studied during Valsalva manoeuvre and supine cycloergometer exercise test in 10 male patients (mean age 4812 years) who had successfully undergone myocardial revascularization by surgical anastomosis of the left internal mammary artery on the left anterior descending coronary artery. Blood velocity curves in the left internal mammary artery were obtained by a non‐invasive continuous‐wave Doppler probe at rest, in the last phase of the expiratory effort of the Valsalva manoeuvre and at the maximum load attained during the exercise test. Mean arterial pressure by sphygmomanometer, and cardiac cycle length on the basis of Doppler recording were measured. Mean blood velocity, the length of the blood column entering the coronary bed at each cycle (cardiac cycle times mean velocity), an index of blood cell acceleration (the ratio of mean velocity to cardiac cycle), and an index of coronary resistance (the ratio of mean pressure to mean velocity), were calculated.For approximately the same change in cycle length, coronary resistance decreased in exercise, with an increased mean velocity, but increased in Valsalva, with no changes in mean velocity. The length of the blood column entering the coronary bed at each cycle was unchanged in exercise, with a marked increase in the acceleration index, while it decreased in Valsalva.Therefore, we hypothesize that tachycardia has a limiting effect on sympathetic coronary constriction in Valsalva when cardiac external work is decreased, and an additional vasodilatory effect on coronary bed in exercise when external work is increased.,
The mean frequency of the EMG of the knee extensors is torque dependent both in the unfatigued and the fatigued states
Authors: Gerdle B. , Karlsson S. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. The present study aimed to investigate the shift in the mean frequency (fmean) of the power density spectrum of the electromyogram (EMG) during endurance tests of the knee extensors at three different torque levels (70% MVC, 25% MVC and 10% MVC). Fourteen clinically healthy men performed the three endurance tests until exhaustion. Surface EMG(s) were obtained from the vastus medialis, the vastus lateralis and the rectus femoris muscles and fmean and signal amplitude (RMS) were computed. The subjects rated the perception of fatigue in the knee extensor muscles throughout the three tests using a 10‐point graded scale.The endurance time increased with decreasing torque level. A significantly higher perception of fatigue was found at the low torque level (10% MVC) at the end of the endurance time. Individual time series analysis (using linear regression) was performed. It was found that linear models described well the behaviour of fmean throughout the endurance time at the three torque levels. When the endurance times were normalized significant differences in the rate of decrease in fmean were found for vastus lateralis and rectus femoris; the rate decreased with decreasing torque level. For these two muscles significant differences were also found in fmean in the unfatigued state; at 10% MVC significantly lower fmean was found.The present study demonstrated both that the unfatigued fmean and the rate of decrease in fmean (with normalized endurance time) were torque dependent. The latter finding, combined with our result that the subjective fatigue was highest at the lowest torque level, calls into question the use of fmean as a valid indicator of peripheral fatigue.
A flow model of respiration in health and disease
Authors: Nisell O. 
Published: April 2008

Summary. Respiratory functions operating to transport O2 are depicted by a flow diagram which consists of eight consecutive units, each depending on the preceding one. All the units are characterized by three features: applicable drive, special capability and outgoing flow. The flows are: respiratory centre output for breathing; effects of respiratory motor nerves; contractions of respiratory muscles; ventilation movements of abdomen and thorax wall; ventilation movements of lungs and air; O2 taken up during ventilation transport; O2 flow through alveolar membrane; and O2 consumed during blood transport. Equations describe connections of the units. The magnitude of the pleural pressure swing during the ventilation cycle apparently estimates the respiratory drive if the functional connection from the respiratory centre to pleural pressure is normal.Data from the literature are used to evaluate some unit parameters, at rest and during exercise. Breathlessness in somatic disease appears to originate from a low special capability of one or several units, raising, as does exercise, respiratory drive and effort.
The Uphill Climb of Thai Cartooning
Authors: Lent John A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article is a synthesis of data the author gathered through interviews, observation, textual analysis and secondary literature searches, most of which were conducted in August 1993. Comic art in Thailand is treated from macro and micro perspectives, beginning with a brief history of, and contemporary insights about, the politics and economics of cartooning. Because political cartoonists have figured prominently in the country's often turbulent times, they are discussed in sections that highlight their professional concerns and their relationship with the government. The background and current status of the comic book industry is also presented, ending with a case study of the largest comics publisher in Thailand, Bun Lour Sarn.
"Fuku-chan" Goes to Java: Images of Indonesia in a Japanese Wartime Newspaper Comic Strip
Authors: Okamoto Rei 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article will discuss how a wartime Japanese comic strip portrayed Japan's war against the Allied troops, the natural settings, customs and cultural forms of Java, and the relationship of the Japanese and the Javanese. The discussion is based on a textual analysis of a popular newspaper comic strip, "Fuku-chan" (Little Fuku), during the three-month period in 1942 when Java was the focus of the strip. A close analysis of this widely read newspaper strip reveals how images of Indonesia - a newly occupied, unknown place - were introduced to the Japanese audience at the early stages of World War II (1941-1945).
Message in a Bottle: A Gallery of Social/Political Cartoons from Burma
Authors: Leehey Jennifer 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn Burma or Myanmar where the ruling State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) seeks control over public discourse, social and political criticism must be carefully disguised. Cartoons, featured in privately published monthly magazines, play an important role in the circulation of critical discourse. Cartoons allow for multiple interpretations and thus can carry social messages through the strict censorship system. Eleven cartoons are presented, suggesting some current popular concerns. They satirize state propaganda and raise questions about the impact of new foreign investment. More generally, they reflect a worldview which sees norms of morality and rationality being steadily eroded under SLORC rule.
As Night Falls: A Dusun Harvest Ritual in Brunei1
Authors: Kershaw Eva Maria , Kershaw Roger 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Dusuns of Brunei constitute the largest non-Muslim indigenous minority of the state, numbering a little under 10,000 and remain the only indigenous group maintaining an ancient Bornean religion in vital form. But "pressures of modernization" and, most recently, government-sponsored Islamization have made inroads into these beliefs and practices. Just as the crocodile has been driven to the edge of extinction in Brunei rivers by hunters from other ethnic groups, so also is the survival of Dusun religion now questionable in the face of cultural inroads originating not only from economic development but from the limitless pretensions of the state. This essay presents in some detail a ritual which has remained immune to the impact of Islam among its performers to date. As the myths continue to fall into oblivion, the temarok buayo remains a context where the traditionally intimate relationship between the crocodile and Dusuns is still celebrated.
Wives' Voices: Unequal Reward Distribution in Small Family Businesses
Authors: Chiu Catherine C.H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWomen incorporate their labour in the family businesses owned by their husbands. Their labour is an important family resource for business survival but they do not reap the benefits proportional to their contributions. Most of them are resigned to the objective gender inequalities. Economic necessity, the absence of viable alternatives and the ideology of women's roles make their compliance inevitable. The enhancement of economic and social status resulting from their incorporation also provides a strong incentive for their continued cooperation.
The Tarekat Qadiriyah Wa Naqsyabandiyah in East Java and Islamic Politics in Indonesia
Authors: Turmudi Endang 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article explores the political aspects of Islamic parties in Jombang, East Java. The issue came about during the controversy arising out of the defection of the leader of the Tarekat Qadiriyah Wa Naqsyabandiyah, an Islamic order, prior to the 1977 general election. It raised questions as to the political orientation of Islamic groups in Indonesia during the 1970s and 1980s.
Intergenerational Support and Gender: A Comparison of Four Asian Countries
Authors: Ofstedal Mary Beth , Knodel John , Chayovan Napaporn 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe examine patterns of intergenerational support, with a key focus on the gender of the providers, in four countries in East and Southeast Asia: Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. These countries make an interesting set for comparison because they are characterized by varying levels of social and economic development and different family systems, with the Philippines and Thailand having bilateral family systems, Taiwan having a strong patrilineal family system, and Singapore having a mix of the two systems across ethnic groups. Our analyses are based on a recent round of national surveys of older persons that were conducted in each country. The results reveal distinctive patterns and varying levels of flexibility across countries with respect to the gender of coresident married children, but only modest gender patterning in the provision of financial and material support and visiting patterns.
Southeast Asia: Comparatist Errors and the Construction of a Region
Authors: Rajah Ananda 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper questions the utility of traditional depictions of Southeast Asia as a region in terms of cultural criteria. These depictions, are essentialized characterizations and to the extent that they are directed at identifying Southeast Asia as a region, they reflect comparatist errors. It is argued that the central issue is not how Southeast Asia can or cannot be depicted as a region but, rather, conceptualizing regions and regionness as human constructs. Such an approach requires a focus on interactions instead of identity. From this perspective, regions may be seen as interpenetrated systems, both in a global sense and in sub-regional terms. Interpenetration is seen in terms of interactions of varying intensity and density centering on structures of interest which may be competitive or complementary and where the role of brokers and broker institutions are pivotal. Accordingly, from a long-term human historical perspective, endogenous experiences of region and regionness may well be regarded as variable phenomena depending on the structures of interest and the part played by brokers and broker institutions in any given historical period.
The Logical Role of the Liar Paradox in Titus 1:12,13: a Dissent From the Commentaries in the Light of Philosophical and Logical Analysis
Authors: Thiselton Anthony C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe proposition Cretans are always liars" is not a socio-contingent proposition about Cretans in Titus 1:12,13. It has nothing to do with stereotyping Cretans, but, placed as it is on the lips of a Cretan speaker, constitutes a purely logical or formal proposition which expresses a paradox. A careful tracing of the functions of logical paradox from Zeno and the other Greeks to modern mathematical logic demonstrates its frequent function as meta-language, to break out of a vicious circularity which may arise from within a single-level system of propositions. In Titus, the context substantiates the view which also emerges from philosophical analysis that paradox may expose a logical asymmetry between first-person utterances of a kind which are necessarily embedded in life through given commitments and third-person utterances which do not entail any given stake in life. The paradox of Titus 1:12 brings into focus the self-defeating and often fruitless escalation of claims in purely verbal exchanges which may be transposed to a constructive level if truth-claims made by the elders or bishops can be perceived as drawing currency from blameless conduct. They are not to be "empty talkers" who "profess to know God but deny him by their deeds" (1:8,10,16). A clumsy confusion arose in Patristic exegesis and thereafter between the logically necessary and logically contingent status of the proposition in Titus 1:12 for reasons which are explained here, including the blurring of two distinct traditions about "Epimenides" of Crete, with whom the paradox of the liar is strongly associated. Counterarguments to this proposal are considered and addressed, including the special function of the postscript "this testimony is true" (Titus 1:13a).
New Testament Ethics and Ours: Homosexuality and Sexuality in Romans 1:26-27
Authors: Davies Margaret 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe article contains one major argument and one minor argument. The major argument is that Paul's strictures against homosexual practice were taken over from Leviticus and expressed a concern of Hellenistic Judaism. The Pauline subversion of the web of relations which make sense of the exclusion of homosexual practice within the Jewish tradition, however, leaves the Pauline strictures without warrant. The minor argument is that we in the twentieth century should subvert the Pauline assumption of difference between males and females, again adopted from the Jewish tradition, and that we should recognize a continuum and variety. Such a subversion would allow us to see ourselves primarily as people rather than primarily as either men or women.
Words as Deeds and Deeds as Words
Authors: Downing F. Gerald 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA disjunction between "words and "deeds" is commonplace, but misleading. E.P. Sanders has used it to discount the retelling of the "sayings" of Jesus in favour of other narratives, seen as "the facts. " But speech-act analysis reminds us not only that we "do things with words," but that even mute "actions" are intentional, as
Texts in Dialogue With Texts: Intertextuality in the Ruth and Tamar Narratives
Authors: VAN WOLDE Ellen 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article reflects upon intertextuality or the dialogue between texts. After a survey of various views of intertextuality, a procedure for studying the intertextual relationships between biblical texts is presented. An extensive study of the dialogue between the Ruth and Tamar narratives concludes the article. The large amount of shared semantic and narratological features in these stories enable the reader to discover how Ruth and Tamar turn out to be the instruments by which Judah, Naomi and Boaz perceive and attain knowledge. As foreigners they are able to confront the insiders and to hold a mirror up to their faces. But in both stories, Ruth and Tamar disappear at the end and become ellipses in their own stories. Tamar made Judah see, Ruth made Naomi change and Boaz become aware, but their revealing activities eventually lead to their own disappearance. The mirror intended to unveil the audience has lead to the emptying of the foreigners, who do not confront, but confirm the Judahite identity.
Violence and the Construction of Gender in the Hebrew Bible: a New Historicist Approach 1
Authors: Washington Harold C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis programmatic essay examines the discursive connections between violence and gender in the Hebrew Bible, as well as the methodological problem of the perpetuation of these biblical gender constructions in scholarly interpretation. Adopting a New Historicist perspective on the mutually productive relation of text and culture, the essay asserts that the institutions of warfare and rape are fundamental to the discursive production of the gendered subject in biblical texts: violence against a feminine object is central to consolidation of masculine identity. The article examines Hebrew sacral war motifs, the Deuteronomic laws of warfare and rape, biblical narratives of sexual assault, the prophetic metaphor of divine judgment as rape, and the motif of women who kill in the book of Judges.