bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the interaction of influenza virus polymerase complex with human cell factors
Authors: Jorba Núria , Juarez Silvia , Torreira Eva , Gastaminza Pablo , Zamarreño Noelia , Albar Juan Pablo , Ortín Juan 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe influenza virus polymerase is formed by the PB1, PB2 and PA subunits and is required for virus transcription and replication in the nucleus of infected cells. Here we present the characterisation of the complexes formed intracellularly by the influenza polymerase in human cells. The virus polymerase was expressed by cotransfection of the polymerase subunits cDNAs, one of which fused to the tandem‐affinity purification (TAP) tag. The intracellular complexes were purified by the TAP approach, which involves IgG‐Sepharose and calmodulin‐agarose chromatography, under very mild conditions. The purified complexes contained the heterotrimeric polymerase and a series of associated proteins that were not apparent in purifications of untagged polymerase used as a control. Several influenza polymerase‐associated proteins were identified by MALDI‐MS and their presence in purified polymerase‐containing complexes were verified by Western blot. Their relevance for influenza infection was established by colocalisation with virus ribonucleoproteins in human infected cells. Most of the associated human factors were nuclear proteins involved in cellular RNA synthesis, modification and nucleo‐cytoplasmic export, but some were cytosolic proteins involved in translation and transport. The interactions recognised in this proteomic approach suggest that the influenza polymerase might be involved in steps of the infection cycle other than RNA replication and transcription.
Lactide polymerization co‐initiated by carbohydrate esters and pyranoses
Authors: Tang Min , Haider Anita F. , Minelli Caterina , Stevens Molly M. , Williams Charlotte K. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe polymerization of [S]‐lactide was accomplished using an initiating system comprising an alkyl zinc complex and a series of well defined carbohydrate co‐initiators derived from D‐glucose, D‐xylose, and 2‐deoxy‐D‐ribose. The monosaccharide co‐initiators were aldonate esters and pyranoses, they were all prepared in high yield and had only a single alcohol co‐initiating group; the remaining carbohydrate hydroxyl functionalities were protected as acetyl, benzyl ether and isopropylidene acetal groups. The polymerizations were all well controlled, illustrated by the linear increase in poly(S‐lactide) Mn with percentage conversion of lactide, the increase in poly(S‐lactide) Mn with [lactide]0‐[lactide]t/[co‐initiator] and the narrow polydispersity indices of the polylactides. Thus, the novel initiating systems were used to produce poly(S‐lactides) end functionalized with a variety of different aldonate ester and pyranose groups and with degrees of polymerization from 10 to 250. The polyesters were fully characterized, including by NMR spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), matrix‐assisted laser deposorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry and by static water contact angle measurements. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4350–4362, 2008
The response of type three secretion system needle proteins MxiHΔ5, BsaLΔ5, and PrgIΔ5 to temperature and pH
Authors: Barrett Brooke S. , Picking Wendy L. , Picking William D. , Middaugh C. Russell 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe type III secretion system (TTSS) is a specialized supramolecular injectisome composed of 25 or more proteins which form basal and extracellular domains and share gross architectural similarities with bacterial flagella. The extracellular component of the “needle complex” is primarily composed of a single monomeric subunit organized in a helical array surrounding a hollow pore and protrudes from the bacterial membrane. It is through this surface appendage that virulence factors are translocated to the host cell cytoplasm and thereby subvert normal host cell functions. We present here a comprehensive biophysical analysis of the dynamic conformational behavior of the truncated monomeric needle subunit proteins MxiHΔ5 (Shigella flexneri), BsaLΔ5 (Burkholderia pseudomallei), and PrgIΔ5 (Salmonella typhimurium) as well as their thermal stability over a pH range of 3–8. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicates the secondary structure is largely alpha helical in all three proteins, and surprisingly thermally labile with transition midpoints in the range of 35–50°C over the pH range of 3–8. Additionally, at the concentrations examined, the very broad thermal transitions were >90% reversible. Second derivative UV absorbance spectroscopy data indicates some disruption of the protein's tertiary structure occurs at temperatures in the range of 29–46°C. The difference in the pH of maximal stability for each of the proteins and the variation for each protein with respect to both secondary and tertiary structural elements is striking. It appears, that at physiological temperatures all three proteins experience intermediate non‐native molten globule like states in which they display significant secondary structure in the absence of extensive tertiary interactions. Because of the size difference between the inner pore of the needle and the fully folded needle proteins, it seems clear that the needle subunits must be secreted in a partially or completely unfolded state to reach the distal tip of the needle for assembly. It is proposed that the formation of these intermediate states in the physiological temperature range may play a role in passage through the pore and needle assembly. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ligand preference and orientation in b‐ and c‐type heme‐binding proteins
Authors: Fufezan Christian , Zhang Jun , Gunner M. R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHemes are often incorporated into designed proteins. The importance of the heme ligand type and its orientation is still a matter of debate. Here, heme ligands and ligand orientation were investigated using a nonredundant (87 structures) and a redundant (1503 structures) set of structures to compare and contrast design features of natural b‐ and c‐type heme‐binding proteins. Histidine is the most common ligand. Marked differences in ligation motifs between b‐ and c‐type hemes are higher occurrence of His‐Met in c‐type heme binding motifs (16.4% vs. 1.4%) and higher occurrence of exchangeable, small molecules in b‐type heme binding motifs (67.6% vs. 9.9%). Histidine ligands that are part of the c‐type CXXCH heme‐binding motif show a distinct asymmetric distribution of orientation. They tend to point between either the heme propionates or between the NA and NB heme nitrogens. Molecular mechanics calculations show that this asymmetry is due to the bonded constraints of the covalent attachment between the heme and the protein. In contrast, the orientations of b‐type hemes histidine ligands are found evenly distributed with no preference. Observed histidine heme ligand orientations show no dominating influence of electrostatic interactions between the heme propionates and the ligands. Furthermore, ligands in bis‐His hemes are found more frequently perpendicular rather than parallel to each other. These correlations support energetic constraints on ligands that can be used in designing proteins. Proteins 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of phosphorus‐carbide thin films by magnetron sputtering
Authors: Furlan A. , Gueorguiev G. K. , Czigány Zs. , Högberg H. , Braun S. , Stafström S. , Hultman L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPhosphorus‐carbide, CPx (0.025 ≤ x ≤ 0.1), thin films have been synthesized by magnetron sputtering from pressed graphite–phosphorus targets. The films were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and diffraction, and nanoindentation. CP0.1 ex‐hibits C–P bonding in an amorphous structure with elements of curved graphene planes, yielding a material with unique short range order. These features are consistent with what has been predicted by our results of theoretically modeled synthetic growth of CPx . The films are mechanically resilient with hardness up to 24 GPa and elastic recovery up to 72%. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural characterization of iridoid glucosides by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Cun‐man , Zhang Xiu‐li , Xue Xing‐ya , Zhang Fei‐fang , Xu Qing , Liang Xin‐miao 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe mass spectral fragmentation behavior of ten iridoid glucosides (IGs) has been studied using electrospray ionization (ESI), collision‐induced dissociation (CID), and quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (Q‐TOF MS/MS). In the negative ESI mass spectra, the deprotonated [M–H]− ion was observed for all of the ten IGs except gardoside methyl ester, while the formate adduct [M+HCOO]− ion appeared to be favored by the presence of a methyl ester or a lactone group in the C‐4 position when formic acid was added to the mobile phase. The CID MS/MS spectra of the [M–H]− ions have been used for structural elucidation. Ring cleavages of the aglycone moiety have been observed in the MS/MS spectra, corresponding to 1,4F−, 2,6F−, 2,7F−, and 2,7F ions, based on accurate mass measurements and the elemental compositions of the product ions. These characteristic ions gave valuable information on the basic structural skeletons. Furthermore, on the basis of the relative abundances of the fragment ions 1,4F− and 2,7F−, different sub‐classes, such as cyclopentane‐type and 7,8‐cyclopentene‐type IGs, can be differentiated. Ring cleavage of the sugar moieties was also observed, yielding useful information for their characterization. In addition, the neutral losses, such as H2O, CO2, CH3OH, CH3COOH, and glucosidic units, have proved useful for confirming the presence of functional substituents in the structures of the IGs. Based on the fragmentation patterns of these standard IGs, twelve IGs have been characterized in an extract of Hedyotis diffusa Willd. by means of ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/Q‐TOF MS/MS, of which six have been unambiguously identified and the other six have been tentatively identified. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SonoAVC: a novel method of automatic volume calculation
Authors: Raine‐Fenning N. , Jayaprakasan K. , Clewes J. , Joergner I. , Bonaki S. Dehghani , Chamberlain S. , Devlin L. , Priddle H. , Johnson I. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the ability of the new software SonoAVC to measure follicular volume and to compare these volume calculations with those made by conventional methods.MethodsThree‐dimensional ultrasound imaging was used to acquire volumetric data from the ovaries of 51 women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation as part of in‐vitro fertilization treatment. All assessments were performed on the day of oocyte retrieval and the true volume of each follicle was ascertained by manual measurement of the follicular aspirate. SonoAVC was used to automatically measure the volume of follicles and to provide three perpendicular diameters (xyz diameters), which were used to estimate volume using the sphere formula. The sphere formula was also used to estimate the volume from manual measurements of follicle diameter derived from conventional two‐dimensional (2D) displays. Virtual Organ Computer‐aided AnaLysis (VOCAL) was also used to measure volume, and the validity of each technique was compared using limits of agreement.ResultsTwo hundred and twenty‐four follicles with a mean follicular volume of 3.7 (range, 0.4–16.2) cm3 were studied. SonoAVC provided highly accurate automatic follicular volume measurements in all cases. Volume estimations made from the automatic maximal follicular diameter measurements (xyz diameters) were less valid. VOCAL proved highly valid but was less accurate than SonoAVC. Volumes estimated from manually derived follicular diameter measurements were the least accurate.ConclusionsSonoAVC provides highly valid, automatic measurements of follicular volume. These measurements are more accurate than volumes estimated from 2D manual measurements, automated measurements of follicular diameter and those calculated using VOCAL. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids with ruthenium and osmium tetroxide
Authors: Foglia T. A. , Barr P. A. , Malloy A. J. , Costanzo M. J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and SummaryThe oxidation of the alkali metal salts of oleic and undecylenic acid with ruthenium and osmium tetroxides is reported. The oxidants are used in catalytic amounts in conjunction with an excess of the in‐expensive cooxidant sodium hypochlorite. Ruthenium tetroxide cleaves the carbon‐carbon double bond of potassium oleate, to give pelargonic and gives sebacic acid. With osmium tetroxide, hydroxylation of the double bond of potassium oleate gives a 95% yield oferythro‐9,10‐dihydroxystearic acid. The osmium tetroxide oxidation of sodium undecylenate results in the formation of 10,11‐dihydroxyundecanoic acid and the cleavage product sebacic acid in varying yields.
Germinal hydroxymethyl compounds from 9(10)‐formylstearic acid
Authors: Miller W. R. , Pryde E. H. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and Summary9(10)‐Formylstearic acid and methyl 9(10)‐formylstearate reacted with formaldehyde in basic methanolic or aqueous medium to undergo the Tollens condensation, followed by a crossed Cannizzaro reaction to give 9,9(10,10)‐bis(hydroxymethyl)‐octadecanoic acid in essentially quantitative yield. This 2,2‐disubstituted‐1,3‐propanediol has been esterified on the carboxyl group and the hydroxymethyl groups have been acetylated and acetalated with acetone to give a series of stable liquids boiling at ca. 200 C/0.005 mm and freezing at <−70 C.
The binding of model shortenings during mixing of mechanically developed bread doughs from fresh and stored flours
Authors: Bell B. M. , Fisher N. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and SummaryModel fats were prepared from defined binary mixtures of saturated and unsaturated triglycerides. Their effect on the volume of loaves prepared by the Chorleywood Bread Process (CBP), from fresh and storage‐deteriorated flour, was similar to that given by a good bakery shortening. The use of radioactively‐labeled glyceryl tripalmitate in fresh flour doughs enabled its distribution between ‘free’ and ‘bound’ lipid fractions of dough to be determined. Further studies which were made with the triglyceride of margaric acid, present only in trace amounts in wheat, showed that as the amount of saturated triglyceride added was increased, the amount entering the ‘bound’ fraction remained small and constant, whereas levels in the ‘free'lipid rose at similar rates in doughs made from fresh and stored flour. Evidence is given that ‘free’ rather than ‘bound’ saturated triglyceride is responsible for increasing the volume of CBP bread made from fresh flour. Unsaturated saturated triglyceride was ‘bound’ by stored flour doughs to a greater extent than by fresh flour doughs. A liquid saturated triglyceride could be used to replace the unsaturated triglyceride in a model fat. The poor effect of shortening on the baking properties of storage‐deteriorated flour could be overcome by adding more fat, either as such, or by increasing the level of its liquid constituent. Results are discussed in relation to the apparent requirement for hard fat in making bread by the CBP from fresh flour.
The identification of radiolytic decomposition products from tributyrin
Authors: Meidani Javad , Nawar W. W. , Yeomans W. G. , Merritt C. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and SummaryIn order to facilitate the detection of radiolytic products of triglycerides which may be of higher molecular weight than their precursor, a low molecular weight triglyceride, tributyrin, was selected as a model system, and gel permeation chromatography was used to effect their separation. The irradiation treatment was conducted under vacuum at 50 Mrad. Radiolytic products were collected by a precolumn technique for the highly volatile compounds; a combination of cold finger distillation and gel permeation for the less volatile fractions and finally gel permeation chromatography of the residue after distillation for the higher molecular weight compounds. A large number of compounds expected on the basis of previous work were identified in the present work from irradiated tributyrin. In addition, the techniques employed permitted the identification of several new compounds. These include butanetriol triesters, erythritol tetraesters, and other polyglycol polyesters.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XXIII. Synthesis of p‐sulfobenzyl ammonium inner salts and structural correlation with analogous amphoterics
Authors: Kaminski Joan M. , Linfield Warner M. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and SummaryTwo series of p‐sulfobenzyl ammonium inner salts, RN+(CH3)2CH2C6H4SO3− and RCONH(CH2)3N+−(CH3)2CH2C6H4SO3−, where R is a straight chain alkyl group, were prepared by sulfonation of the corresponding quaternary ammonium chlorides. Although both series have excellent lime soap dispersion properties, the former series gave optimum detergency at considerably shorter alkyl chain length than the latter serires. The detergency, lime soap dispersion ability, and solubility of these compounds were compared with those of structurally analogous aliphatic sulfobetaines. Structural variations, such as length and nature of the bridge between the cationic and anionic groups, length of the lipophilic chain, and insertion of an amidopropyl group into the lipophilic portion of the molecule, significantly altered the detergency and solubility but not the lime soap dispersing ability of the amphoterics.
Isolation of the 9‐ and 10‐isomers of carboxystearic acid and their polyamidation with hexamethylenediamine
Authors: Kohlhase W. L. , Neff W. E. , Pryde E. H. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and summaryPhysical properties of the two isomers in 9(10)‐carboxystearic acid were found to be sufficiently different to permit isolation by recrystallization. Fractions containing carboxystearic acid of high isomeric purity but containing such impurities as stearic and hydroxystearic acids were purified through the nylon salts formed with hexamethylenediamine to obtain each isomer in high functional and isomeric purity. Physical properties were determined for each isomer, its nylon salt, and its polyamide. The different physical properties suggest for substituted dicarboxylic acids the alternating effect in melting points and solubilities shown by the unsubstituted α,ω‐alkanedioic acids.
Tall oil fatty acid marketing
Authors: Zachary Louis G. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract and SummaryOnce considered a low cost by‐product of crude tall oil fractionation, tall oil fatty acids are now being used for their own distinctive and specific properties in special applications. Consumption of tall oil fatty acids in protective coatings, soaps, and ore flotation has declined in recent years, however, usage in chemical intermediates has increased significantly in the past 10 years. These intermediates are dimer acids, oleic and linoleic acids, epoxidized esters, amidoamines, and diacids. Static tall oil production during the mid 1970s caused by changes in paper mill operations (i.e., continuous digestion, waste recycling, increased usage of chips and hard wood) has increased the demand for higher priced oleic acid and other unsaturated fatty acids.
Zearalenone in cereal grains
Authors: Bennett G. A. , Shotwell O. L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractZearalenone, a secondary metabolite with estrogenic properties, is produced by severalFusarium species that colonize cereal grains in the field and in storage. Recently, there have been reports of zearalenone contamination in corn, oats, barley, wheat, and grain sorghum. Corn and grain sorghum were examined for contamination due to obvious mold damage. Wheat, corn, and sorghum have been examined to determine the incidence of zearalenone in grains moving through commercial channels and stored on farms and at country elevators. Other grains such as oats and barley were analyzed because of associated estrogenic disturbances in farm animals. Stepsin procedures for the determination of zearalenone are extraction of a representative sample, partial purification of the extract by column chromatography, alkali treatment, or liquid‐liquid partitioning, and subsequent measurement of the isolated toxin. Zearalenone is measured in partially purified extracts by thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas liquid chromatography (GLC), and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Confirmation of zearalenone contamination can be accomplished by gas chromatography‐mass spectroscopy (GC‐MS). Multitoxin screening procedures have been deveoped for zearalenone in combination with one or more of the following mycotoxins: aflatoxin, T‐2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, patulin, ochratoxin, penicillic acid, citrinin, penitrem A, and sterigmatocystin.
Accuracy of subsampling mill for granular materials
Authors: Dickens J. W. , Whitaker T. B. , Monroe R. J. , Weaver J. N. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA subsampling mill was constructed with 19 subsample spouts similar to the 1 or 2 subsample spouts on the conventional subsampling mills. Samples of peanuts, each of which contained 1 kernel made radioactive by neutron activation, were comminuted in the mill. For treatment M the discharge from each spout was kept separate. For treatment R, the discharge from all 19 spouts was blended together in a twin‐shelled blender and subdivided with a riffle divider into 16 subsamples which averaged the same weight as the M subsamples. Radioactivity counts/gram of each subsample were measured. Eleven samples were comminuted for each treatment which produced a total of 209 M samples and 176 R samples. An analysis of variance on the pooled data from each treatment showed a mean square error of 1318.3 for the M treatment and 1278.6 for the R treatment. The null hypothesis that the mean square errors for the two treatments are equal was not rejected by the F test (P=0.421).
Allyl esters and allyl epoxy esters from crambe oil
Authors: Chang Shu‐Pei 
Published: May 2008

AbstractRoom temperature transesterification of crambe oil with allyl alcohol gave allyl esters previously prepared by hydrolysis of the oil and reesterification of the mixed acids at elevated temperatures. Treating the esters with m‐chloroperbenzoic acid in the presence of sodium bicarbonate resulted in the selective epoxidation of ethylenic bonds and suppression of side reactions. Bifunctional allyl epoxy esters produced in 88% overall yield by this method contain 5.08% oxirane oxygen and an unsaturation equivalent to 91% allyl group; they are prospective monomers for various types of polymerization.
Characteristics and composition of indian wood apple seed and oil
Authors: Ramakrishna G. , Azeemoddin G. , Ramayya D. Atchyuta , Thirumala Rao S. D. , Devi K. Sita , Pantulu A. J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIndian wood apple seed (Feronia elephantum Correa) constituting 6% (dry weight basis) of the fruit, contains 34% oil and 28% protein. The kernel comprises 62% of the seed. The oil is yellow with an iodine value 131, saponification value 192, unsaponifiable matter 1%. Fatty acid profile of oil by GLC is: palmitic 19.3, stearic 7.3, oleic 27.2, linoleic 19.8 and linolenic 26.4%.