bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rock engineering for Dundee Inner Ring Road
Authors: Davies T. P. , Smith T. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Stage XII of Dundee Inner Ring Road runs through a built-up part of the city of Dundee and includes a 145 m long cut and cover tunnel and a 355 m length of road in vertical open cut with retaining walls. Excavations extended 14 m below the level of adjacent ground. During construction, disturbance to nearby buildings and services had to be minimized; close attention was paid to the stability of the excavations and the selection of excavation techniques. This paper presents an outline of the site geology, describes the approach to geotechnical investigations and highlights certain aspects of design and construction, particularly the stabilization of the sidewalls and the role of detailed geotechnical mapping.
The route runs within a Devonian age sandstone-mudstone-shale-basic lava sequence dipping at 20 to 30 degrees. Historically, stability problems have occurred in these formations in the Dundee area. Site investigations included inclined coring to clarify the disposition of faults, exploratory trenching, cross-hole seismic surveys and rock anchor trials. Particular attention was paid to elucidating the discontinuity characteristics with reference to the presence of low shear strength planes. Rock classification techniques were used to assist in excavatibility studies and to provide guidelines for rock reinforcement selection.
Excavations were mapped in detail during construction, and supplementary rock testing was carried out. Updated interpretations were prepared, enabling the design for the temporary and permanent works to be kept under review and adjusted as work progressed.
Investigation and treatment of abandoned mine workings for underground excavations: an example from the Don Valley Intercepting Sewer scheme, Sheffield, England
Authors: Deaves A. P. , Cripps J. C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Don Valley Intercepting Sewer is being constructed to upgrade the sewerage system of the City of Sheffield. The principal objectives of the scheme are to alleviate flooding, reduce the frequency and amount of sewage discharges to the surface watercourses, provide adequate drainage capacity for present and projected flows and allow access to the existing sewerage system for cleaning, inspection, repair and renovation.
To achieve the operational objectives and provide favourable ground conditions for the construction of the scheme, the tunnels are driven at a low level in a sequence of Coal Measures strata which comprises the solid geological formation of the area. This sequence includes a number of coal seams, formerly of economic importance, which have been exploited by opencast and subsurface mining extraction methods from historical times to as recently as 1954.
Investigation were undertaken to establish the ground conditions in an area where a tunnel drive was to traverse a coal seam in which abandoned shallow mine workings were recorded. The data collected during the desk study and field investigations are discussed with reference to the design and construction of the tunnel works. Ground treatment was carried out by cementiteous grouting and a detailed account of the methods adopted is given.
Role of the contractor's engineering geologist in the construction of the New Studley Tunnel
Authors: Margerison R. J. , Eastaff D. J. , Norbury K. W. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The New Studley Tunnel is a replacement for part of the Elan Aqueduct, which carries water from mid-Wales to Birmingham. The 1.3 km long, 2.8 m diameter replacement tunnel was constructed through complex Carboniferous and Devonian strata affected by folding and faulting. The contractor's engineering geologist played a part in interpreting the ground conditions from the tender stage through to the completion of the works.
The Midge Hall Valley Sewer: a case history in tunnelling through Coal Measures rocks
Authors: Richardson M. , Eddleston M. , Arthur C. D. , Nguyen V. M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Engineering geology plays an indispensable part in the planning and construction of tunnels. This is demonstrated by the construction of the Midge Hall Valley Sewer tunnel through Middle Coal Measures rocks in the vicinity of Rochdale, Greater Manchester.
A three-phased site investigation was carried out, at the planning, design and construction phases of the project. These lead to the determination of ground reference conditions, the choice of tunnelling method and the target cost of the tender.
Throughout the project good communication was maintained between the client, the engineer to the project and both the site investigation contractor and the tunnelling contractor. This invoked confidence in the prediction of ground conditions forward of the tunnel face, and in the excavation and support methods used during the works. This example demonstrates the high value of good quality engineering geological input throughout a high risk construction project such as tunnelling.
Masonry retaining wall reconstruction and rock face stabilization using soil nails, masonry and dowels
Authors: Gannon J. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The World Heritage Site of New Lanark Mills in Scotland is a living museum recreating the environment of a self-contained community which lived and worked in the village situated adjacent to the middle reaches of the River Clyde. The village buildings and infrastructure date from the early 19th century and owe their existence to the philanthropist Robert Owen. They are undergoing a long-term programme of restoration and repair. Much of the village is constructed of local Devonian sandstone
masonry, with timber and cast iron also much in evidence. The buildings comprise wool mills (the machinery of which was powered by water-driven turbines fed by the river), a school house, an engine house, a church and dwellings. The buildings carry listed status and all works of reconstruction proceed on the basis of replacing like for like.
Geological factors shaped the investigation, design and construction of remedial works to a rock face and retaining wall which were showing signs of instability. The technique of soil nailing is reviewed as a method of stabilizing masonry retaining walls, of which there are many hundreds of metres length on this site. The works were conceived, designed and brought to construction by geotechnical specialists aided by structural engineers.
Soil nailing in the Hastings Beds
Authors: Pedley M. J. , Pugh R. S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
At Peasmarsh in East Sussex a 70° cutting, between 6.5 and 11 m high, was made in the Hastings Beds using the soil nailing technique in conjunction with a seeded geomat to provide a green' finish. Engineering geological investigations led to the adoption of soil nailing, and the design and installation of the nails. The cut slope and selected nails were instrumented and the cutting's performance observed.
Application of a geomembrane leak location survey at a UK waste disposal facility
Authors: Mosley N. G. , Crozier F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Electrical leak location surveys have been undertaken in the US for several years. 1993 has seen the first application of this technology on a newly constructed soil-covered HDPE geomembrane at a waste disposal site in the UK. The technology exploits the electrical insulating properties of geomembranes. A voltage placed across the geomembrane is surveyed to identify anomalies where electrical current is flowing through leaks in the liner. In its first UK application both ‘pin
hole’ leaks and larger cuts in the geomembrane were located and repaired prior to commissioning the waste disposal facility.
Engineering properties and disposal of gypsum waste
Authors: Griffin A. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper describes the investigation and design of a site for the safe disposal of solid gypsum waste derived as a by-product from the manufacture of titanium dioxide pigment. The site is on the east coast of Malaysia located on an area underlain by soft marine clays. The final design of the containment structure and final disposal scheme was dictated by the nature of the ground and the consequences of the detailed environmental assessment. The waste material has some similarities with FGD gypsum and phosphogypsum but the presence of a high iron content provides the material with additional beneficial properties for landfilling.
Evaluation of geotechnical and hydrogeological properties of wastes
Authors: Beaven R. P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper uses evidence from three sources to evaluate the geotechnical and hydrogeological properties of waste. The effect of landfilling on leachate levels (through a reduction in refuse storativity) is illustrated using the results of leachate-level monitoring at two sites. The effect of landfilling on refuse permeability is shown by results from leachate pumping tests. The physical and hydrogeological properties of refuse were investigated using a large-scale compression cell. The design and operation of the compression cell are described and preliminary results from initial testing presented.
Geological and other influences on the design of containment systems in hard rock quarries
Authors: Mann D. C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
It is common practice in the UK to restore abandoned quarries by landfilling. Modern landfill facilities are designed on the principle of containment of wastes, leachate and gases, but, in hard rock quarries, there are particular problems which must be overcome. This paper describes the engineering design of the containment systems proposed for use in three hard rock quarries located in different parts of the UK. At each of the three sites the design has been influenced by the local geology and hydrogeology, and the use of indigenous materials has been a priority. The regulatory authorities have a statutory responsibility in the licensing of new landfill facilities, but are becoming increasingly involved in the early planning of these sites. Their influence on the evolution of the three designs is assessed by comparing the three containment systems.
Laboratory investigations into designated high-attenuation landfill liners
Authors: Bright M. I. , Thornton S. F. , Lerner D. N. , Tellam J. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The present UK landfilling policy of total containment of waste is likely to present long-term problems in terms of liner integrity, so that additional leachate control measures may become a necessity. The design of economic liners from natural materials with high-attenuation characteristics that could serve as a back-up for containment sites is discussed. Laboratory column experiments are currently underway to test the performance of proposed liner recipes using a range of widely available materials. The results obtained should indicate the extent to which it is possible to design a liner material on the basis of simple measurements.
Modelling
in situ
water uptake in a bentonite—sand barrier
Authors: Thomas H. R. , Rees S. W , Kjartanson B , Wan A. W. L , Chandler N. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

An
in situ
experiment being carried out to investigate the hydraulic behaviour of a bentonite—sand engineered barrier is described. Hydraulic interactions between the barrier, surrounding granite and a concrete sealing plug are being measured some 240 m below ground level at AECL's Underground Research Laboratory (URL). Observations from the test to date indicate that the buffer mass is taking on moisture. Pore pressures in the near-field rock appear to be low but generally continue to change with time. In contrast, pore water pressures in the far-field rock essentially remain constant. Supporting numerical investigations are also described. An axisymmetric solution of Richards' pressure head based flow equation is used. The model was calibrated against known experimental results and subsequently used to provide the anticipated response of the
in-situ
experiment. The importance of the unsaturated hydraulic properties of the granite are revealed, leading to the conclusion that further data on these properties, when subject to high suction values, are required.
A geochemical data management system for radioactive waste repository feasibility investigations
Authors: Nathanail C. P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The geochemistry and hydrogeochemistry of the ground is a prime influence in determining the suitability of a site for the underground storage of radioactive waste. Geochemical testing is carried out during and after drilling of investigation boreholes to determine the nature of the groundwater regime and the connectivity between the repository and the biosphere.
aim of this paper is to describe a data management system for the entry, validation and reporting of geochemical testing using dBase IV version 1.5 running under MS-DOS 5.0 on an IBMcompatible 486DX personal computer.
Data entry is in four phases for sample register details, tracer sample analyses, hydrochemical sample inventory details and hydrochemical sample analyses. Each record is committed on entry and then validated by a senior chemist. A six-stage validation scale was developed to track the progress of the analysis for individual determinands.
Results are reported in full for each sample and as a series of summary sheets for rapid assessment. The summaries display the QA status of each analysis from ‘not required’ through ‘pending’ to ‘fully documented procedures’. Output is to a laser printer and a series of Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet files for further analysis and interpretation. Reporting is both interim on a daily and fortnightly basis during testing and final upon completion of testing.
The conflicting requirements of security, quality assurance, ease of use and a rapidly evolving specification mean that communication between geochemists and the database programmer have to be effective and response times minimized.
Diffusion of contaminants through a clay barrier under acidic conditions
Authors: Mohamed A. M. O. , Yong R. N. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

In this study, the characteristics of contaminant-soil interaction and retention regarding soil and influent pH values were examined. Leaching column tests were used to investigate the retention capacity of a natural clay soil. The laboratory tests showed good attenuation for Pb
2+
and Zn
2+
and lesser attenuation for Na
+
, K
+
, Ca
2+
and Mg
2+
salts under acidic conditions.

To calculate the diffusion parameters, a phenomenological approach was developed. The technique is based on an analytical solution via a Fourier series, a non-dimensional analysis and the measured experimental data. The calculated diffusion parameters were similar to values reported in the literature. The developed technique can be used to calculate diffusion parameters for both adsorption and desorption processes.
Waste disposal, regulatory policy and potential health threats
Authors: Yong Raymond N. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The issues with respect to development of a safe liner-barrier system for waste containment facilities in the land disposal of wastes are examined in relation to the need for minimization of potential health and environmental threats. The influence of regulatory policies or attitudes, e.g. the ‘Compliance (Mandated) Requirement’ and the ‘Performance Requirements’ attitudes, on the requirements for barrier system design and performance is seen to be very significant. Ensuring protection of public health and the environment is central to the construction and performance requirements and criteria of the barrier system. Regulatory control and measures designed to fulfil minimization of public health threats must address the basic question of ‘what constitutes a health threat’, especially since one needs to ensure proper and secure barrier performance for 250–500 years or more. The performance of substrate material and engineered landfill barriers as competent liner systems, particularly with respect to substrate control on waste leachate containment and transport, must be well understood if proper protection of public health and the environment is to be obtained.
Risk assessment: where are we, and where are we going?
Authors: Jefferies Michael , Hall David , Hinchliff John , Aiken Morag 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper was presented as the keynote address to a subsequent session on ‘Investigation, hazard assessment and remediation of existing landfills’. As such, the paper is written as an overview to introduce risk assessment, and hopefully encourage and convince engineering geologists to adopt the techniques.
The paper outlines how modern risk-based management techniques are applied within the engineering geology of waste storage and disposal. Both current usage (‘where are we?’) and future developments (‘where are we going?’) are discussed. References and a discussion of useful software is provided to assist those starting out.
Imaging groundwater ‘steps’ in push moraines by georadar
Authors: Van Overmeeren R. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Georadar has proved to be a valuable new geophysical technique for non-destructive groundwater exploration in the Netherlands, yielding detailed continuous images to depths of 40 m under favourable conditions. During the Saalian, glacial action in the Netherlands deformed the fluvial deposits and created ice-pushed ridges or push moraines. Most of these displaced fluvial sediments are coarse-grained sands and gravels, but thin clay layers which acted as sliding planes during the glacial deformation are also present. The ice-pushed ridges are infiltration areas and the thick coarse sediments are important aquifers of the Netherlands. To be able to adequately manage these groundwater resources and forecast their depletion and contamination, the groundwater flow must be modelled in detail. Steeply dipping clay layers impede groundwater flow and create ‘steps’ in groundwater levels. Georadar surveying enables water tables to be imaged precisely and detects the exact location of such groundwater steps and vertical barriers.
During a georadar survey near the village of Epe on one of the major ice-pushed ridges of the Netherlands, a sudden and spectacular offset in the water-table reflector was observed. The jump in the reflector could be traced along a number of parallel lines. A series of nine boreholes drilled to verify the georadar results confirmed the presence of important steps in the water table and proved the georadar predictions on depths and offsets to be remarkably close to reality.
The use of Rayleigh waves to detect the depth of a shallow landfill
Authors: Butcher A. P. , Tam W. S. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper describes a case study to determine the extent of shallow landfill on a site that was to be traversed by a new road. Pre-contract estimation of the quantities of landfill to be removed were required and, though the approximate lateral extent of the landfill was known, the depth was not. An opportunity therefore presented itself whereby measurements of the depth of landfill could be made using a non-intrusive geophysical technique and the subsequent excavation would allow the physical measurement of the actual depth of the landfill.
The determination of the depth of shallow landfill using non-intrusive methods is difficult. Conventional surface geophysics needs high stiffness contrasts, consistent strata depths along the survey lines and experienced interpretation to achieve the best results. The Rayleigh wave technique offers the potential to obtain wave velocity against depth profiles at discrete points across a site so better enabling a section to be built up to show the extent of the landfill.
The paper outlines the Rayleigh wave technique, presents the data and compares the predicted sections with those produced from the site surveying data. The case study illustrates the cost effectiveness of good quality Rayleigh wave measurements with straightforward site specific interpretation to quantify the extent of shallow landfill.
An example of the use of crosshole tomography in dam wall foundation studies
Authors: Cartmell S. J. , Conn P. J. , Pugh T. D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Understanding the material properties upon which a man-made structure is to stand is essential to ensure its post-construction stability. The method of imaging of the rock mass between boreholes by crosshole seismology is a well established
in situ
test utilized in many civil engineering site investigations. A case history is presented from a site investigation for a hydro-electric dam project in the Lesotho Highlands of Southern Africa.

Ten boreholes were drilled along the line of a proposed dam wall, to determine rock properties within the wall foundation. Uphole seismic and wireline logging techniques were used to determine seismic velocity and the dynamic elastic properties within the vicinity of the boreholes. Crosshole shooting and first arrival picking of both Compressional (P) and Shear (5) waves was used to determine the average dynamic elastic rock properties within the inter-borehole mass. Tomographic processing derived velocity information within cells with horizontal and vertical dimensions of 5 and 2.5 m respectively.
Dynamic elastic properties were calculated for individual cells using smoothed density values and velocity data from tomographic processing. Contouring of these values indicated trends in dynamic moduli between boreholes, a technique that allowed identification and location of anomalous zones.
High-definition seismic for Channel Tunnel marine route
Authors: Arthur J. C. R. , Phillips G. , McCormick C. R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The sub-seabed investigations for the Channel Tunnel in 1986–1988 included major marine geophysical surveys as well as 11 deep boreholes in which geophysical techniques were also employed. This was the first time that the significant advances in geophysical techniques which had occurred during the 1970s were applied to a major civil engineering project.
High-resolution multi-trace seismic data was obtained to a greater accuracy and resolution than had been possible during previous studies by means of multi-trace digital techniques. These provided a channel-wide assessment of the tunnelling environment, specifically within the proposed tunnelling medium of the Chalk Marl of the Lower Chalk to a depth of 150 metres below sea bed. Deeper seismic acquisition techniques were used to investigate the sub-tunnel structure to about 800 metres below sea bed to assist with seismic risk evaluation.
The field investigations were complemented by a number of in-depth reviews carried out by a joint Anglo-French team of specialists drawn from the Bureau de Recherches Geologique et Minieres (BRGM) and Mott, Hay and Anderson (MHA). J Arthur & Associates were appointed as specialist sub- consultants to MHA to specify and supervise the engineering geophysical studies and assist with the data interpretation.