bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proton probing measurement of electric and magnetic fields generated by ns and ps laser-matter interactions
Authors: Romagnani L. , Borghesi M. , Cecchetti C.A. , Kar S. , Antici P. , Audebert P. , Bandhoupadjay S. , Ceccherini F. , Cowan T. , Fuchs J. , Galimberti M. , Gizzi L.A. , Grismayer T. , Heathcote R. , Jung R. , Liseykina T.V. , Macchi A. , Mora P. , Neely D. , Notley M. , Osterholtz J. , Pipahl C.A. , Pretzler G. , Schiavi A. , Schurtz G. , Toncian T. , Wilson P.A. , Willi O. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe use of laser-accelerated protons as a particle probe for the detection of electric fields in plasmas has led in recent years to a wealth of novel information regarding the ultrafast plasma dynamics following high intensity laser-matter interactions. The high spatial quality and short duration of these beams have been essential to this purpose. We will discuss some of the most recent results obtained with this diagnostic at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK) and at LULI - Ecole Polytechnique (France), also applied to conditions of interest to conventional Inertial Confinement Fusion. In particular, the technique has been used to measure electric fields responsible for proton acceleration from solid targets irradiated with ps pulses, magnetic fields formed by ns pulse irradiation of solid targets, and electric fields associated with the ponderomotive channelling of ps laser pulses in under-dense plasmas.
Cross-national comparison of technology assessment processes
Authors: García-Altés Anna , Ondategui-Parra Silvia , Neumann Peter J. 
Published: May 2008

Objectives:To compare methods and results among four health technology assessment organizations in different countries.Methods:All assessment reports published between 1999 and 2001 by VATAP (United States), NICE (United Kingdom), CCOHTA (Canada), and AETS (Spain), were reviewed. Detailed information about the organization, the technology assessed, the methods used, and the recommendations made were collected. A descriptive analysis of the variables, as well as comparisons of means and proportions, was performed.Results:Sixty-one reports assessing seventy-six technologies were published: nine (11.8 percent) by VATAP, thirty-nine (51.3 percent) by NICE, twenty (26.3 percent) by CCOHTA, and eight (10.5 percent) by AETS. A total of 64.5 percent of the technologies assessed were related to a high prevalence disease in the corresponding country. Most of the assessments addressed treatments (73.7 percent) and were mostly drugs (56.6 percent) and devices (23.7 percent). Most organizations used reviews of effectiveness and economic evaluations (64.5 percent), systematic reviews (21.1 percent), and original economic evaluations (36.7 percent). In 38.1 percent, the technology was recommended; the rest of the cases had no formal recommendations.Conclusions:Critical issues for future technology assessment efforts are making assessment processes more consistent, transparent, and evidence-based; formalizing the inclusion of economic and ethical considerations; and making more explicit the prioritization process for selecting technologies for assessment and reassessment.
“The future should not take us by surprise”: Preparation of an early warning system in Denmark
Authors: Douw Karla , Vondeling Hindrik , Sørensen Jan , Jørgensen Torben , Sigmund Helga 
Published: May 2008

Objectives:To explore and test methods for the operation of a national Early Warning System (EWS) in Denmark and to support decision making by the Danish Centre for Evaluation and Health Technology Assessment on this issue.Methods:On the basis of literature reviews, information from members of EuroScan, and supported by clinical experts and stakeholders, existing methods were adapted and new methods were developed as part of a feasibility study.Results:Approximately 200 technologies in 30 specialties were identified on the basis of information by EuroScan. A new instrument was developed to distinguish between important and unimportant technologies (filtering). Clinical experts in six specialties applied the instrument to sixty-two technologies in their respective fields, of which nine (15%) were judged potentially important for the Danish health care system. For priority setting, adapting a Dutch instrument to the Danish context was discussed. In principle, the instrument was acceptable, but several changes were proposed, for example, relating to the decentralized structure of the Danish health care system. For early assessment, the format and methods applied by SBU and Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment (CCOHTA) were compared and applied to pharmaceuticals (glitazones in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus) and a procedure (embolization of uterine fibromas). Given the main target group of the Danish EWS, local decision makers, the CCOHTA format was preferred.Conclusions:The findings of the study have laid the foundation for an EWS using appropriate methods adapted to local circumstances. On the basis of the findings, a decision was made to start an EWS.
Elephants or onions? Paying for nature in Amboseli, Kenya
Authors: BULTE ERWIN H. , BOONE RANDALL B. , STRINGER RANDY , THORNTON PHILIP K. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTTraditional grazing grounds near Amboseli National Park (Kenya) are being rapidly converted to cropland – a process that closes important wildlife corridors. We use a spatially explicit simulation model that integrates ecosystem dynamics and pastoral decision-making to explore the scope for introducing a ‘payments for ecosystem services’ scheme to compensate pastoralists for spillover benefits associated with forms of land use that are compatible with wildlife conservation. Our break-even cost analysis suggests that the benefits of such a scheme likely exceed its costs for a large part of the study area, but that ‘leakage effects’ through excessive stocking rates warrant close scrutiny.
A Bayesian Analysis of MHD Waves in the Lower Atmosphere
Authors: Marsh M. S. , Ireland J. , Kucera T. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMagneto-hydrodynamic wave modes propagating from the solar photosphere into the corona have the potential to be exploited as an observational tool in an analogous way to the use of acoustic waves in helio/terrestrial seismology. In regions of strong magnetic field photospheric p-modes are thought to undergo mode conversion to slow magneto-acoustic waves, and that these slow magnetoacoustic p-modes may be waveguided from the photosphere into the solar corona along the magnetic field. A Bayesian analysis technique is applied to observations which suggests four distinct p-modes may be resolved in the transition region.
The nature of running penumbral waves revealed
Authors: Bloomfield D. S. , Lagg A. , Solanki S. K. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe seek to clarify the nature of running penumbral (RP) waves: are they chromospheric trans-sunspot waves or a visual pattern of upward-propagating waves? Full Stokes spectropolarimetric time series of the photospheric Sii10827 Å line and the chromospheric Hei10830 Å multiplet were inverted using a Milne-Eddington code. Spatial pixels were paired between the outer umbral/inner penumbral photosphere and the penumbral chromosphere using inclinations retrieved by the inversion and the dual-height pairings of line-of-sight velocity time series were studied for signatures of wave propagation using a Fourier phase difference analysis. The dispersion relation for radiatively cooling acoustic waves, modified to incorporate an inclined propagation direction, fits well the observed phase differences between the pairs of photospheric and chromospheric pixels. We have thus demonstrated that RP waves are in effect low-β slow-mode waves propagating along the magnetic field.
Wave propagation in multiple flux tubes and chromospheric heating
Authors: Hasan S. S. , van Ballegooijen A. , Steiner O. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis investigation is a continuation of earlier work on the dynamics of the magnetic network. In a previous calculation (Hasan et al. 2005), we examined the response of a single flux tube to transverse motions of its footpoints. We now extend this analysis to a more realistic model of the network consisting of multiple flux tubes. We apply a transverse velocity perturbation uniformly along the lower boundary located at the base of the photosphere. Our 2-D MHD simulations enable us to study the complex wave pattern due to waves generated in the individual tubes as well as their interaction with those emanating from adjacent tubes. Our results show that the dominant heating of the chromosphere occurs due to slow magnetoacoustic waves in a region that is close to the central region of the flux tube.
Resonant acoustic waves in a stratified atmosphere
Authors: Taroyan Y. , Erdélyi R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe upward propagation of linear acoustic waves in a gravitationally stratified atmosphere is studied. The wave motion is governed by the Klein-Gordon equation which contains a cut-off frequency introduced by stratification. The acoustic cut-off may act as a potential barrier when the temperature decreases with height. It is shown that waves trapped below the barrier could be subject to a resonance which extends into the entire unbounded atmosphere. The parameter space characterizing the resonance is explored.
Correlative study of the emission from flares associated with Sun quakes
Authors: Martínez-Oliveros J. C. , Donea A.-C. , Cally P. S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMulti-wavelength studies of energetic solar flares with seismic emissions have revealed interesting common features that may help us to identify the correlations of flare signatures from the inner to the outer solar atmosphere and, to develop diagnostic techniques to aid in the sun quake detection. In our study, we make use the relation between the microwave and the hard X-ray emissions associated with such flares to propose a scenario for the ignition of seismic transients from flares. We explore the mechanisms of energy transport to the photosphere, such us back-warming or direct particle impacts.
Two modes of propagating waves in sunspots
Authors: Kolobov D. Y. , Kobanov N. I. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe observations of sunspot chromosphere are presented. The authors suggest the existence of two modes of propagating waves at the chromospheric level. The connection between these modes and magnetic field topology can be inferred from the analysis of mode propagation velocity and spatial localization. Two hypotheses are tested to explain the phenomenon: “Visual pattern” and “Trans-sunspot wave”.
Coronal loop seismology using multiple transverse loop oscillation harmonics
Authors: Van Doorsselaere T. , Nakariakov V. M. , Verwichte E. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractTRACE observations (23/11/1998 06:35:57-06:48:43UT) in the 171 Å bandpass of an active region are studied. Coronal loop oscillations are observed after a violent disruption of the equilibrium. The oscillation properties are studied to give seismological estimates of physical quantities, such as the density scale height. A loop segment is traced during the oscillation, and the resulting time series is analysed for periodicities. In the loop segment displacement, two periods are found: 435.6±4.5 s and 242.7±6.4 s, consistent with the periods of the fundamental and 2nd harmonic fast kink oscillation. The small uncertainties allow us to estimate the density scale height in the loop to be 109 Mm, which is about double the estimated hydrostatical value of 50 Mm. The eigenfunction is used to do spatial coronal seismology, but that method does not give any conclusive results.
Attenuation of non-adiabatic oscillations in a cartesian prominence fibril
Authors: Soler R. , Oliver R. , Ballester J. L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOne of the typical features shown by observations of solar prominence oscillations is that they are quickly damped in time by one or several not well-known mechanisms. In addition, recent high resolution observations have revealed that the prominence fine structures, called fibrils, can oscillate with their own periods, independently from the rest of the prominence. The main aim of the present work is to study the attenuation of oscillations supported by a single prominence fibril. We consider an equilibrium made of a prominence plasma Cartesian slab of finite width embedded in a coronal medium, and assume non-adiabatic effects (thermal conduction, radiation losses and heating) as damping mechanisms. The magnetic field is taken uniform and parallel to the slab axis. We find that the efficiency of the non-adiabatic effects as damping mechanisms is different for each magnetoacoustic mode. The obtained values of the damping time are compatible with those observed in the case of the slow modes, but the fast modes are much less attenuated.
MHD waves at a spherical interface modelling coronal global EIT waves
Authors: Douglas M. , Ballai I. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractEnergetically eruptive events such as flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are known to generate global waves, propagating over large distances, sometimes comparable to the solar radius. In this contribution EIT waves are modelled as waves propagating at a spherical density interface in the presence of a radially expanding magnetic field. The generation and propagation of EIT waves is studied numerically for coronal parameters. Simple equilibria allow the explanation of the coronal dimming caused by EIT waves as a region of rarified plasma created by a siphon flow.
Damping of non-isothermal hot coronal loops oscillations
Authors: Luna-Cardozo M. , Erdélyi R. , Mendoza-Briceño César A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHere we investigate longitudinal waves in non-isothermal hot (T ≥ 5.0 MK) coronal loops. Motivated by SOHO SUMER and Yohkoh SXT observations and taking into account gravitational stratification, thermal conduction, compressive viscosity, radiative cooling, and heating, the governing equations of 1D hydrodynamics is solved numerically for standing wave oscillations along a magnetic field line. A semicircular shape is chosen to represent a coronal loop. It was found that the decay time of standing waves decreases with the increase of the initial temperature and the periods of oscillations are affected by the different initial velocities and loop lengths studied by the numerical experiments. The predicted decay times are within the range of values inferred from Doppler-shift oscillations observed by SUMER in hot coronal loops.
Observational review on global waves
Authors: Banerjee D. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWith multi-wavelength observations from ground and space-based instruments it has been possible to detect waves in a number of different wavelengths simultaneously and to, consequently, study their propagation properties. High-resolution wave observations combined with forward MHD modelling can give an unprecedented insight into the connectivity of the magnetized solar atmosphere, which further gives us a realistic chance to construct the structure of the magnetic field in the stellar atmosphere. This type of exploration is also termed as magnetic seismology. In this review I will focus on global waves, like EIT waves. I will also address the possibility of finding out the properties of magnetic structures while studying the interaction of global waves with coronal loops. A Promising new way to probe stellar atmosphere is to use our knowledge of coronal seismology on the Sun and to apply it to more distant stars. It will also enable us to measure properties such as the lengths of loops linked with stellar flares and the strengths of coronal magnetic fields on stars. In the last part I will review the current status of the stellar coronal seismology.
The Riddle of Hume's Treatise
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Although it is widely recognized that David Hume's A Treatise of Human Nature (1739‐40) belongs among the greatest works of philosophy, there is little agreement about the correct way to interpret his fundamental intentions. Among almost all commentators it is an established orthodoxy that skepticism and naturalism are the two dominant themes in this work. The difficulty has been, however, that Hume's skeptical arguments and commitments appear to undermine and discredit his naturalistic ambition to contribute to “the science of man”—a schism that appears to leave his entire project broken‐backed. The solution to this riddle depends on challenging another, closely related, point of orthodoxy: namely, that before Hume published the Treatise he removed almost all material concerned with problems of religion. This book argues, contrary to this view, that irreligious aims and objectives are fundamental to the Treatise and account for its underlying unity and coherence. Hume's basic anti‐Christian aims and objectives serve to shape and direct both his skeptical and naturalistic commitments. When Hume's arguments are viewed from this perspective we can not only solve puzzles arising from his discussion of various specific issues, we can also explain the intimate and intricate connections that hold his entire project together. The irreligious interpretation provides a comprehensive and fresh account of the nature of Hume's fundamental aims and ambitions in the Treatise. It also presents a radically different picture of the way in which Hume's project was rooted in the debates and controversies of his own time, placing the Treatise in an irreligious or anti‐Christian philosophical tradition that includes Hobbes, Spinoza, and their freethinking followers. Considered in these terms, Hume's Treatise constitutes the crowning achievement of the Radical Enlightenment.
3 Religious Philosophers and Speculative Atheists
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Hume's early critics strongly associated the skepticism of the Treatise with “atheistic” or anti‐Christian intentions. Moreover, they took Clarke's philosophy to be a particularly obvious and prominent target of Hume's battery of skeptical arguments, and present Hume as a freethinking, “minute philosopher” in the school of Hobbes, Spinoza, and Collins (i.e. Clarke's “atheistic” opponents). Scholars have generally dismissed these reactions and responses to the Treatise as coming from bigoted and narrow‐minded critics who lacked either the ability or the will to understand Hume's philosophy. The truth is, however, that these early reactions to the Treatise are entirely consistent with a proper understanding of the wider debate between the “religious philosophers” and “speculative atheists,” which was the dominant philosophical debate throughout the century that preceded the publication of the Treatise. This chapter documents and describes the major figures and contours of this crucial debate.
10 The Argument a Priori and Hume's “Curious Nostrum”
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Although most philosophers would agree with the suggestion that Hume's treatment of the problem of causation “is the center‐piece of the Treatise” (or, at least, of Book I), they also generally hold that Hume's views on causation in the Treatise are of little or no direct relevance to problems of natural religion. In contrast with this, many of Hume's early critics interpreted his views on causation as involving an “atheistic” or irreligious attack on the argument a priori—particularly as defended by Clarke and his followers. This chapter argues that Hume was well aware that his most distinguished adversaries had used Lucretius's (atheistic) maxim “nothing can come from nothing” to defend the cause of “superstition.” In opposition to this, Hume abandoned Lucretius's maxim and embraced its direct opposite: “any thing may produce any thing.” This “curious nostrum” served as Hume's principal weapon in his battle to discredit all efforts to use demonstrative reason to prove the existence of God.
14 Immateriality, Immortality, and the Human Soul
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Even commentators who have explicitly argued that the Treatise has little to say on issues of religion generally accept that Hume's discussion of the immateriality of the soul contains an obvious irreligious message. This chapter's aim, therefore, is not to labor this point (i.e. that Hume's views about the soul, immaterial substance, and personal identity are of irreligious significance), but rather to indicate the specific way in which Hume's arguments on this subject are related to the main debate between theists and atheists during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. These observations show the way in which Hume's arguments on this subject are intimately connected with his wider irreligious aims and objectives throughout the Treatise.
17 Morality without Religion
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
According to the irreligious interpretation, there are two key claims that Hume seeks to establish in the Treatise in respect of morality. The first is that Hume defends the “autonomy of morality” in relation to religion. The foundations of moral and political life, he holds, rest with our human nature , not with the doctrines and dogmas of (Christian) religion. Closely connected with this issue, Hume also aims to show that “speculative atheism” does not imply “practical atheism” or any kind of “moral licentiousness.” Taken together, these two components of Hume's moral system constitute a defence and interpretation of “virtuous atheism.”
4 “Spectatorial Lust”
Authors: Erlmann Veit 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The chapter describes the performances of the African Choir in England, focusing on the intersection of the emerging commodity aesthetics with race and gender. Situated at the heart of the conflicted construction of the metropolis and the colony, these performances highlighted the close interconnections between visual consumption and the ever widening contours of the global imagination of both colonizers and colonized.
5 Symbols of Inclusion and Exclusion
Authors: Erlmann Veit 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
One of the key items on the program of the African Choir was the “Great Hymn”, composed in the 1820s by Ntsikana Gaba, one of the first Xhosa Christian converts. Ntsikana's composition has been subject to numerous reworkings, which reveal the ambiguity at the heart of the colonial project. The reception of the “Great Hymn” by the British public, likewise, highlights the growing tensions between the liberal premises of the “civilizing mission” and the emerging jingoist climate of the last decade of the 19th century.
12 Dream Journeys
Authors: Erlmann Veit 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the making of Bhekizizwe Joseph Shabalala — founder and lead singer of Ladysmith Black Mambazo — in two works: a biography authored by two black South African journalists and “Journey of Dreams”, a documentary shot in 1988 by David Lister. Both blend discourses of authenticity and international stardom and thus serve as important vehicles of self-fashioning in the interstices of the global music industry.
5 Eastern and Western Elements in the Irish Monastic Prayer of the Hours
Authors: Jeffery Peter 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The Divine Office of the early Irish church is one of the more recondite subjects in the study of Western liturgical history, and cannot be studied without looking at the Eastern Christian liturgical influences. Although most surviving Irish liturgical books are fragmentary and the liturgical reforms of the Carolingian period swept away the Irish liturgy and consequently most direct evidence that could help us interpret these fragments, some Irish material related to the structure of the Divine Office in a few Gallican centers exists but has not yet been fully investigated. This chapter outlines some of the major directions in which a new investigation based on this material will lead, and reconstructs the basic structure of the medieval Irish Office.