bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Kakkon‐to, a traditional herb medicine, in herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in mice
Authors: Nagasaka Kazuhiko , Kurokawa Masahiko , Imakita Masami , Terasawa Katutosi , Shiraki Kimiyasu 
Published: March 2007

AbstractKakkon‐to is one of the representative traditional herb medicines (Kampo formulae) and has been used historically for the treatment of infectious diseases in China and Japan. The efficacy of this preparation was characterised using a cutaneous herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) infection in mice as a model for human viral infection. Kakkon‐to at a dose corresponding to human use reduced significantly the mortality of HSV‐1‐infected mice and localised skin lesions. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to HSV‐1 antigen was significantly stronger in treated mice than in untreated mice. However, no histopathological difference was noted in the skin lesions between treated and untreated mice except for the size of the lesions. Kakkon‐to did not inhibit the growth of HSV‐1 in vitro. Natural killer cell activity, natural cytotoxic killer cell activity, and the population of T‐cell subsets in spleen cells of infected mice were not affected by the drug. Kakkon‐to did not augment interferon induction and anti‐HSV‐1 antibody production, nor increased cytokine levels such as interleukin‐1α, interleukin‐2, interferon‐γ, and tumour necrosis factor‐α in sera of infected mice. Thus, Kakkon‐to induced strong DTH to HSV‐1 in infected mice, which may have caused localisation of skin lesions and reduction in the mortality of treated mice. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated hepatitis a vaccine in anti‐HIV positive and negative homosexual men
Authors: Hess Georg , Clemens Ralf , Bienzle Ulrich , Schönfeld Christian , Schunck Birgit , Bock Hans‐Ludwig 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and safety of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine were assessed in anti‐HIV positive homosexual men. Fourteen anti‐HIV positive (group 1) and 20 anti‐HIV negative (group 2) men received vaccine (containing 720 ELISA units of hepatitis A antigen per dose) intramuscularly at 0, 1, and 6 months. Twelve unvaccinated anti‐HIV positive men (group 3) were included as controls to evaluate disease progression.Seroconversion (anti‐hepatitis V virus (HAV ⩾20 mlU/ml) was higher in group 2 than group 1 at months 2 (100% vs. 73%) and 7 (l00%vs. 77%). Group 2 had higher antibody titres than group 1 at months 1 (201 vs. 92 mlU/ml) and 7 (1, 687 vs. 636 mlU/ml). The decline in CD4+ cells between months 0 and 7 was similar in groups 1 and 3 (6.4% vs. 16.2%), showing no evidence for harmful effect of the vaccine on the course of HIV infection. This hepatitis A vaccine appears safe, well tolerated, but less immunogenic in HIV positive homosexual men. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measurement by the polymerase chain reaction of the Epstein‐Barr virus load in infectious mononucleosis and AIDS‐related non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas
Authors: Laroche Christine , Drouet Emmanuel B. , Brousset Pierre , Pain Christiane , Boibieux Andre , Biron Francois , Icart Josette , Denoyel Gerard A. , Niveleau Alain 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) sequences in various clinical samples, especially peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) and serum, was carried out and the results obtained were compared with specific EBV serology. One hundred seventy patients were enrolled in the study: 89 healthy blood donors, 22 asymptomatic patients, 36 individuals with primary EBV infection (including 19 patients with infectious mononucleosis [IM]), 22 HIV‐infected subjects (including 4 with hairy oral leukoplakia, 3 with central nervous disorders, and 15 with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma). All the serum samples from the healthy blood donors were negative, In patients with IM and in AIDS‐non Hodgkin's lymphoma (ARNHL), PCR was strongly positive in leukocytes (>2, 000 genome equivalents/l 04 cells), which was correlated with detectable amounts of EBV DNA in serum. The overall positivity rate of PCR in serum was 58.8%, 68%, and 73% of cases for non‐IM primary EBV infections, IM, and ARNHL, respectively. In two cases of EBV primary infection, the viral DNA was detected in serum, respectively 1 month and 2 months before IgM positivity and IgG rise. In one case of ARNHL followed up for several months, PCR (viral load of 2, 000 genome equivalents/104 cells) became positive concurrently with appearance of lymphoma. In immunocompromised individuals, PCR EBV, if carried out in larger prospective studies, could be considered as a tumor marker, useful for predicting EBV‐driven lymphoma and follow‐up therapy. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular and serologic analysis in the transmission of the GB hepatitis agents
Authors: Schlauder George G. , Dawson George J. , Simons John N. , Pilot‐Matias Tami J. , Gutierrez Robin A. , Heynen Cynthia A. , Knigge Mark F. , Kurpiewski Gretchen S. , Buijk Sheri L. , Leary Thomas P. , Muerhoff A. Scott , Desai Suresh M. , Mushahwar Isa K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo flavivirus‐like genomes have recently been cloned fron infectious tamarin (Saguinus labiatus) serum, derived from the human viral hepatitis GB strain, which is known to induce hepatitits in tamarins. In order to study the natural history of GB infections, further transmission studies were carried out in tamarins. Reverse‐transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and enzymelinked immunosorbant assays were developedfor the detection of RNA and antibodies associated with the two agents, GB virus‐A and GB virus‐B. The infectivity of both of these agents was demonstrated in tamarins to be filterable through a 0.1 μm filter. Tow distinct genomes were identified in the serum of eight of the infected tamarins, while in four tamarins, the genomes were detected independently of each other. Although specific antibodies to the GB virus‐B epitopes were detected in the serum of animals inoculated with both agents or GB virus‐B alone, antibodies to putative epitopes specific to GB virus‐A were not detected in any of the animals. All tamarins inoculated with serum containing GB virus‐B exhibited an elevation in liver enzyme levels after inoculation. Elevations of serum liver enzyme levels did not occur when GB virus‐A was the only agent detected in the serum. Infection with the original infectious tamarin inoculum conferred protection from reinfection with GB virus‐B but not with GB virus‐A. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative assessment of IgM antibodies towards an immunodominant B‐cell epitope within the preS2 domain of HBV in the natural course and during combined prednisone/interferon alpha 2b treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Fei Guo‐Zhong , Sylvan Staffan P. E. , Hellström Ulla B. , Yao Guang‐Bi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA direct binding enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established for quantitative determination of serum IgM antibodies towards a synthetic peptide corresponding to a selected segment (14‐21) of the preS2‐gene product containing an immunodominant linear B‐cell epitope. The prevalence of IgM anti‐preS2 (14‐21) antibody titers >1, 000 for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐positive patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was 38% (22/58) and 10% (2/21) for HBeAg‐negative subjects (P< 0.005).IgM anti‐preS2 (14‐21) reactivity was detected during the clinical course of chronic HBV infection and IgM anti‐peptide antibody titers declined and disappeared before spontaneous HBe/anti‐HBe seroconversion.Recombinant interferon (IFN)‐alpha 2b with an antecedent short course of corticosteroids was administered to eight Chinese patients with chronic HBV infection. The IgM anti‐preS2 (14‐21) reactivity was monitored consecutively during treatment and patients were followed for more than 1 year. A close association between the presence of pretreatment IgM anti‐preS2 (14‐21) in serum and the capacity to respond favorably to the combined prednisone/IFN‐alpha 2b therapy was detected. The IgM anti‐preS2 (14‐21) titers decreased during treatment with subsequent loss of detectable antibodies 8‐16 weeks after the initiation of therapy. This decrease was concomitant with an alanine aminotransferase (ALT) augmentation preceding the disappearance of HBV‐DNA and anti‐HBe seroconversion. Long‐term remission was not observed in treated patients who lacked detectable levels of pretreatment IgM anti‐preS2 (14‐21) in the circulation.These results demonstrate that a substantial cohort of HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B pa‐tients have IgM antibodies towards a synthetic B‐cell epitope representing a dominant antibody binding site within the envelope of HBV. They indicate that IgM anti‐preS2 (14‐21) titers reflect the immunosuppressive effect on IgM secretion during the combined prednisone/IFN‐α 2b therapy. Further studies are needed to determine the usefulness of a quantitative assay for IgM anti‐preS2 (14‐21) measurements in predicting the response to treatment with interferon alone or preceded by a short course of prednisone in patients with chronic hepatitis B. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human B‐cell epitopes of puumala virus nucleocapsid protein, the major antigen in early serological response
Authors: Vapalahti Olli , Kallio‐Kokko Hannimari , Närvänen Ale , Julkunen Ilkka , Lundkvist Åke , Plyusnin Alexander , Lehvaslaiho Heikki , Brummer‐Korvenkontio Markus , Vaheri Antti , Lankinen Hilkka 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPuumala virus (PUU) is a member of the Hantavi rus genus in the family Bunyaviridae and the etiologic agent of nephropathia epidemica (NE), a form of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). In this study we compared the immunofluorescence patterns of NE sera and antibodies raised against recombinant PUU proteins and confirm that the nucleocapsid protein is the major target in the early IgG response of NE patients and provides the molecular basis for simple and rapid differentiation between acute illness and old immunity by granular vs. diffuse fluorescence staining in the indirect immunofluorescence test. The differential kinetics of B‐cell responses to PUU nucleocapsid vs. envelope proteins was emphasized further by the end‐point titres of IgG antibodies to N, G1 and G2 proteins in NE patients. The granular fluorescence correlated with low IgG avidity in 99.8%. and diffuse fluorescence with high avidity in 100% of 617 NE sera studied. Epitope scanning with overlapping 14‐mer peptides covering the whole nucleocapsid protein by a shift of 3 amino acids revealed six major antigenic epitopes recognized by sera from acute‐phase NE patients. The epitopes clustered mainly in the hydrophilic regions, and two of them in a highly variable region which could probably serve as an antigen to distinguish serologically between infections of closely related hantaviruses, some apparently apathogenic, some causing lethal infections. The anti‐peptide epitope pattern varied between different individuals and a collection of several pinbound peptides was needed to be recognised by most NE sera studied. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of molluscum contagiosum virus genomes isolated in Japan
Authors: Nakamura J. , Muraki Y. , Yamada M. , Hatano Y. , Nii S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe genomes of 477 Japanese strains of molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) were analyzed using an in‐gel digestion method with the restriction enzyme BamHI, and classified into four types, including a newly detected type (MCV type 4). All type 1 (MCV‐1) genomes examined so far in Japan showed a common difference from the genome of the MCV‐1 prototype (MCV‐l p), the type reported to be most prevalent in Europe. The common markers of the variants of MCV‐1 were 24‐kbp fusion fragments generated by the loss of a BamHl site between the D2 and F fragments of MCV‐1 p. These variants of MCV‐1 were classified into three groups (MCV‐lva, MCV‐1vb, MCV‐l vc), with the variability among them being due to additions and losses of BamHl sites located in the right terminus and around the Eand I fragments of MCV‐lva. The restriction map of MCVB was generated and lined up with those of the other types. Cross‐hybridization analysis revealed that the organization of all types of MCV genomes were essentially colinear. Considerable numbers of BamHl restriction sites were conserved between MCV‐2 and 4, indicating a close analogy between them. The overall prevalence of MCV, as shown by the ratios of MCV‐1 (MCV‐1p):MCV‐2:MCV‐3:MCV‐4, was 436(0):13: 24:4. Thus, the molecular epidemiology of MCV in Japan is characterized by the absence of the European prototype of MCV‐1, the exclusive occurrence and abundance of variants of MCV‐1, a greater prevalence of MCV‐3 over MCV‐2, and the presence of MCV‐4. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthetic peptides deduced from the amino acid sequence of Epstein‐Barr virus nuclear antigen 6 (EBNA 6): Antigenic properties, production of monoreactive reagents, and analysis of antibody responses in man
Authors: Falk Kerstin , Linde Annika , Johnson Donald , Lennette Evelyne , Ernberg Ingemar , Lundkvist Åke 
Published: March 2007

AbstractStudies on the antibody responses to various Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) antigens have been instrumental in the understanding of the seroepidemiology and diagnosis of this viral infection and the subsequent carrier state. While antibodies to the viral capsid antigen (VCA), early antigen (EA), and nuclear antigens 1 and 2 (EBNA 1 and 2) have been well characterized, the antibody response to the other nuclear antigens is not well understood. EBNA 6 is expressed by lymphoblasts during acute EBV infection and may be an important antigen for diagnosis and evaluation of the immune response. In order to analyze the antibody response to EBNA 6, ten peptides (20–21 amino acids), deduced from the EBNA 6 coding region, were synthesized and evaluated for antigenicity by ELISA. One peptide (p‐63; PA‐PQAPYQGYQEPPAPQAPY) derived from the amino acid repeats showed the highest specific reactivity with human sera. This peptide was evaluated further for detection of human EBNA 6‐reactive antibodies. Forty‐two of forty‐nine (86%) EBV‐seropositive healthy donors had p‐63‐ specific IgG reactivity, while none of 50 EBV seronegative patients reacted with the p‐63 peptide. Twenty‐two of fifty‐one (43%) patients with ongoing primary EBV infection had detectable p‐63‐specific IgG. Serum samples drawn sequentially from patients during and after primary EBV infection revealed an increase in p‐63‐reactive IgG over time. A similar pattern was found for reactivity with an EBNA I‐specific peptide (p‐107), in contrast to the EBNA 2 (polyproline) response, which decreased over time. Some EBV seropositive individuals who had no detectable IgG against peptide p‐63 did have antibodies against the native EBNA 6 by anticomplement immunofluorescence to EBNA 6 transfected cells. Rabbit antiserum raised against p‐63 reacted specifically with native EBNA 6 by an immunofluorescence assay and by immunoblotting, indicating the EBNA 6‐specific antigenicity of the peptide. Thus, the peptide p‐63 derived from the amino acid repeats of the EBNA 6 coding region constitutes a predominant, although not exclusive, epitope in the EBNA 6 antibody response. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cross‐challenge studies in rhesus monkeys employing different Indian isolates of hepatitis E virus
Authors: Arankalle Vidya A. , Chadha Mandeep S. , Chobe Leenata P. , Nair Rekha , Banerjee Kalyan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine if rhesus monkeys infected with one isolate of hepatitis E virus (HEV) were immune to subsequent challenge with other isolates of the virus. Three epidemic and one sporadic Indian HEV isolates were employed in the study. The interval between primary inoculation and challenge varied from 1 year and 6 months to 2 years and 9 months. Evidence of HEV infection was ascertained by rise in serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels and/or seroconversion to antibodies to HEV (anti‐HEV), and the presence of HEV‐RNA in the bile or faeces of the infected monkeys. No evidence for multiplication of virus in monkeys challenged with different HEV isolates was obtained. These results show that immunity generated by one isolate of HEV protects against different isolates of hepatitis E virus. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of HCV RNA in serum and seminal fluid from HIV‐1 co‐infected intravenous drug addicts
Authors: Fiore Ramon José , Potenza Domenico , Monno Laura , Appice Amelia , Distefano Mariantonietta , Giannelli Anna , Lagrasta Lidia , Romanelli Chiara , Dibari Cesare , Pastore Giuseppe 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in serum and seminal fluid was investigated in eleven drug addicts coinfected with HIV‐1 and HCV. Serum and seminal fluid were taken from each patient at the same time point. HCV RNA was found in ten of the eleven serum samples tested, but only in one of the semen samples. No relationship was observed between CD4 cell counts, the stage of HIV infection, extent of liver damage and the presence of HCV RNA in serum and semen. The results indicate that HCV is not usually present in the semen and provide further evidence against sexual transmission as an important mode of transmission of HCV infection. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Demonstration of either endogenous recurrence or exogenous reinfection by resiriction endonuclease cleavage analysis of herpes simplex virus from patients with recrudescent genital herpes
Authors: Sakaoka Hiroshi , Aomori Tsugumitsu , Gouro Tsutomu , Kumamoto Yoshiaki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBy using restriction endonuclease (RE) cleavage analysis, either endogenous recurrence or exogenous reinfection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) was clarified in 45 male and 20 female subjects with recrudescent genital herpes. All of the plural (two to ten) isolates from 63 (205 isolates) out of 65 subjects (97%) were HSV‐2. Two isolates from only one of 65 subjects (1.5%) were HSV‐1, and they showed the same RE profile. In addition, an HSV‐1 and five HSV‐2 isolates were obtained from the remaining one female patient (1.5%), indicating that an exogenous HSV‐1 strain has been reinfected during HSV‐2 recrudescences. HSV‐2 isolates were furthermore classified into genotypes of HSV‐2 using 16 different RE markers with five REs. Two hundred and ten HSV‐2 isolates from 64 subjects were classified into 27 distinct genotypes, in which some predominant genotypes and seven new genotypes were found. Plural HSV‐2 isolates obtained from 63 out of 64 subjects, including one subject from whom an HSV‐1 and five HSV‐2 strains were isolated, were classified into the same genotypes, indicating that they may be regarded as recrudescent genital herpes by the reactivation of the same endogenous strain. However, the RE profiles of two HSV‐2 strains from the remaining one subject were different. Thus, it was finally found that only two out of 65 subjects (3%) were reinfected with exogenous strains. These results lead to the conclusion that almost all recrudescent genital herpes are due to the reactivation of an initially infected HSV‐2 strain, and are occasionally due to reinfection with distinct HSV strains of either the same or a different type. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis C virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Relation with response to interferon treatment
Authors: Taliani Gloria , Badolato Maria Coneetta , Lecce Rosina , Poliandri Giuseppina , Bozza Alessandro , Duca Franca , Pasquazzi Caterina , Clementi Carlo , Furlan Caterina , De Bac Carlo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to investigate the presence of positive and negative hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA strands in serumand peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 20 patients with histologically proven HCV‐ related chronic liver disease. All patients completed a course of interferon (IFN) treatment (6 MU of IFN‐α2b three times a week for 24 weeks) and were followed‐up for 12 months after treatment was discontinued. Pre‐treatment, end‐treatment and 6‐month follow‐up serum and PBMC samples were examined. At enrollment, the positive strand of HCV‐RNA was detected in serum of 18 patients (90%), the negative strand in none. Positive‐stranded HCV‐RNA was detected in PBMC of 15 patients (75%), 13 of whom also had detectable levels of negative‐stranded HCV‐RNA in PBMC. By the end of the treatment, 12 patients (60%) were responders. The pre‐treatment HCV infection of PBMC, indicated by the presence of both RNA strands, was found in 8 (66.7%) responders compared to 5 (62.5%) non‐responders (P=n.s.). End‐treatment loss of PMBC HCV‐RNA correlated significantly with the response since it occurred in all responders compared to 2 non‐responders (P=0.02). However, end‐treatment‐negative serum and PBMC HCV‐RNA did not predict the occurrence of a sustained response, which was observed at month 12 in 5 of 12 responders (P= n.s.). On the other hand, the persistent absence of HCV RNA in serum and PBMC at the end of the 6‐month follow‐up was significantly associated with the occurrence of a sustained response (P<0.0001). © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis C virus infection of mononuclear cells from peripheral blood and liver infiltrates in chronically infected patients
Authors: Zignego Anna Linda , De Carli Marco , Monti Monica , Careccia Grazia , La Villa Giorgio , Giannini Carlo , D'Elios Mario Milco , Prete Gianfranco Del , Gentilini Paolo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe mechanisms underlying chronicity of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are poorly understood, but the importance of impaired viral clearance by the immune system has been suggested. The prevalence of HCV infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was in investigated in 34 persistently infected patients with anti‐HCV (7 with liver cirrhosis, 10 with chronic active hepatitis, 5 with chronic persistent hepatitis, 4 with chronic lobular hepatitis, and 8 healthy carriers) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HCV infection of 116 T cell clones derived from liver infiltrating mononuclear cells obtained from 3 patients with chronic liver disease was examined using the same methods. HCV genomic sequences were found in fresh, unstimulated PBMC from 20 patients with cirrhosis, and chronic active and persistent hepatitis, but in none of the healthy carriers and only in mitogen‐activated cells from 1 out of 4 patients with autoresolving chronic lobular hepatitis. Active PBMC infection was confirmed by identification of anti‐genomic HCV sequences in the majority of HCV RNA‐positive cells (fresh or mitogen‐stimulated). A high percentage of T cell clones obtained from liver infiltrates were found to be infected by HCV. These findings suggest that HCV infection of lymphatic cells plays a role in the pathogenesis of chronically evolving liver damage. PBMC may represent a reservoir for latent infection and a site for viral multiplication. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.