bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obesity and Impairment in Psychosocial Functioning in Women: The Mediating Role of Eating Disorder Features
Authors: Mond Jonathan M. , Rodgers Bryan , Hay Phillipa J. , Darby Anita , Owen Cathy , Baune Bernhard T. , Kennedy R. L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective was to test the hypothesis that, in women, the association between obesity and impairment in psychosocial functioning is mediated by levels of weight and shape concerns and/or binge‐eating frequency.Research Methods and Procedures: Self‐report measures of eating disorder psychopathology, mental health functioning, subjective quality of life in the psychological and social domains, and days “out‐of‐role” associated with any (physical or mental) health problem, were completed by a community sample of women classified as obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2, n = 639) or non‐obese (BMI <30 kg/m2, n = 4253). For each of the dependent measures, regression models were used to test the hypothesis of mediation by comparing the strength of the relationship between independent and dependent variables with and without inclusion of the putative mediator in the regression model.Results: On each measure, the conditions for perfect mediation were satisfied when weight or shape concerns acted as the putative mediator, indicating that there was no association between obesity and functional impairment after controlling for weight or shape concerns. In contrast, associations between obesity and impairment in psychosocial functioning remained highly significant when binge‐eating frequency was the putative mediator.Discussion: The findings suggest that in women, weight and shape concerns are an important mediator of the relationship between obesity and impairment in psychosocial functioning, whereas binge eating may not be of primary importance. A greater focus on body acceptance in obesity treatment may be indicated.
Central Rather Than Overall Obesity Is Related to Diabetes in the Chinese Population: The InterASIA Study
Authors: Hu Dongsheng , Xie Jing , Fu Pengyu , Zhou Jing , Yu Dahai , Whelton Paul K. , He Jiang , Gu Dongfeng 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective was to compare central and overall obesity measurements for identifying diabetes mellitus (DM) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) level in the Chinese population.Research Methods and Procedures: Data for 15,236 Chinese adults between the ages of 35 and 74 years, obtained by the InterASIA Study in 2000–2001, were used for the current analyses. We analyzed the areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUCs) for waist circumference (WC), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), and BMI to determine the ability of these indices to identify DM and IFG in the study sample and bootstrapped samples. WC was used as a measure of central obesity and BMI as a measure of overall obesity.Results: The prevalence rates of central and overall obesity in the study population were 33.97% and 9.78%, respectively. The prevalence rates of IFG and DM were 7.34% and 5.51%, respectively. ROC analysis revealed significant differences between AUCs for WHR (0.666, 95% confidence interval, 0.647 to 0.685) and BMI (0.622, 95% confidence interval, 0.601 to 0.642) and for WC (0.661, 95% confidence interval, 0.643 to 0.682) and BMI for identifying DM (all p < 0.0001). The analysis also revealed significant differences between AUCs for WHR (0.638, 95% confidence interval, 0.619 to 0.655) and BMI (0.607, 95% confidence interval, 0.589 to 0.627) and for WC (0.637, 95% confidence interval, 0.615 to 0.654) and BMI for identifying IFG (all p < 0.001).Discussion: Central obesity is more related to DM and IFG than is overall obesity in the Chinese population, and both WC and WHR are equally able to identify DM.
Lipid and Insulin Levels in Obese Children: Changes with Age and Puberty
Authors: Pinhas‐Hamiel Orit , Lerner‐Geva Liat , Copperman Nancy M. , Jacobson Marc S. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The goal was to describe the lipid profile and insulin changes seen in obese children and adolescents at different stages of puberty.Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional study was conducted by chart review of 181 obese (BMI > 95th) children and adolescents 5 to 17 years of age, who were referred to the Center for Atherosclerosis Prevention for cardiovascular risk reduction from January 2003 through December 2003.Results: Eighty (44.2%) subjects were <12 years of age, and 101 (55.8%) were ≥12 years. Severity of obesity as expressed by BMI standard deviation score did not differ between these age groups. A significant difference with lower serum levels of total cholesterol, non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was seen with older age and with advancing sexual maturity rating. Triglycerides, very‐low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and lipoprotein(a) levels remained elevated across age and pubertal stages. Insulin levels and insulin resistance as expressed by homeostasis model assessment were significantly higher with older age. Similar trends were observed both in obese boys and obese girls during puberty.Discussion: The most striking findings of this study are that in the 5‐ to 17‐year‐old obese population, the combination of elevated triglycerides and very‐low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol levels place them at greater cardiovascular risk than their non‐obese peers, even when the changing patterns of lipids and lipoproteins seen during pubertal maturation are accounted for.
Obesity, White Blood Cell Counts, and Platelet Counts among Police Officers
Authors: Charles Luenda E. , Fekedulegn Desta , McCall Terika , Burchfiel Cecil M. , Andrew Michael E. , Violanti John M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the association between several obesity indices (BMI, waist circumference, waist‐to‐hip and waist‐to‐height ratios, and abdominal height) and hematologic parameters [white blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts] among police officers.Research Methods and Procedures: The authors conducted this cross‐sectional study among 104 randomly selected officers (41 women and 63 men) from the Buffalo, NY, Police Department. Anthropometric measures were performed by clinic staff, and fasting blood samples were drawn for complete blood counts. Pearson's correlation, Student's t tests, ANOVA, analysis of covariance, and linear regression were used to assess the associations.Results: Officers ranged in age from 26 to 61 years old and were predominantly white. Among women, current smokers had significantly higher WBC counts (7.4 × 103 cells/µL ± 1.4) than former (5.2 × 103 cells/µL ± 1.4) or never smokers (5.6 × 103 cells/µL ± 1.5) (p = 0.002). Women had similar WBC counts but higher mean platelet counts than men (p = 0.005). Among women, abdominal height was positively associated with platelet count after adjustment for depression (p for trend = 0.039). Among women and men, a non‐significant step‐wise trend was observed between abdominal height and mean WBC counts before and after adjustment for smoking, race, and physical activity. No association was observed between obesity and platelet count among men.Discussion: Abdominal height was significantly associated with increased platelet counts among female officers. No significant associations were observed between obesity and WBC or platelet counts among male officers.
Effect of Obesity on High‐density Lipoprotein Metabolism
Authors: Rashid Shirya , Genest Jacques 
Published: July 2008

AbstractReduced levels of high‐density lipoproteins (HDL) in non‐obese and obese states are associated with increased risk for the development of coronary artery disease. Therefore, it is imperative to determine the mechanisms responsible for reduced HDL in obese states and, conversely, to examine therapies aimed at increasing HDL levels in these individuals. This paper examines the multiple causes for reduced HDL in obese states and the effect of exercise and diet—two non‐pharmacologic therapies—on HDL metabolism in humans. In general, the concentration of HDL‐cholesterol is adversely altered in obesity, with HDL‐cholesterol levels associated with both the degree and distribution of obesity. More specifically, intra‐abdominal visceral fat deposition is an important negative correlate of HDL‐cholesterol. The specific subfractions of HDL that are altered in obese states include the HDL2, apolipoprotein A‐I, and pre‐β1 subfractions. Decreased HDL levels in obesity have been attributed to both an enhancement in the uptake of HDL2 by adipocytes and an increase in the catabolism of apolipoprotein A‐I on HDL particles. In addition, there is a decrease in the conversion of the pre‐β1 subfraction, the initial acceptor of cholesterol from peripheral cells, to pre‐β2 particles. Conversely, as a means of reversing the decrease in HDL levels in obesity, sustained weight loss is an effective method. More specifically, weight loss achieved through exercise is more effective at raising HDL levels than dieting. Exercise mediates positive effects on HDL levels at least partly through changes in enzymes of HDL metabolism. Increased lipid transfer to HDL by lipoprotein lipase and reduced HDL clearance by hepatic triglyceride lipase as a result of endurance training are two important mechanisms for increases in HDL observed from exercise.
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of the MCHR1 Gene Do Not Affect Metabolism in Humans
Authors: Rutanen Jarno , Pihlajamäki Jussi , Vänttinen Markku , Salmenniemi Urpu , Ruotsalainen Eija , Kuulasmaa Teemu , Kainulainen Sakari , Kuusisto Johanna , Laakso Markku 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMelanin concentrating hormone receptor‐1 (MCHR1) is a centrally and peripherally expressed receptor that regulates energy expenditure and appetite. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the MCHR1 gene have been previously associated with obesity, but the results are inconsistent among different populations. This study was performed to determine whether SNPs of MCHR1 affect glucose and energy metabolism. We screened six SNPs of MCHR1 in a cross‐sectional study of 217 middle‐age, non‐diabetic Finnish subjects who were offspring of type 2 diabetic patients. Insulin secretion was evaluated by an intravenous glucose tolerance test and insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism by the hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp and indirect calorimetry. SNPs of MCHR1 were not associated with BMI, waist circumference, subcutaneous or intra‐abdominal fat area, glucose tolerance, first‐phase insulin release, insulin sensitivity, or energy metabolism. One SNP, which was in >0.50 linkage disequilibrium with the other five SNPs, was also screened in 1455 unrelated Finnish middle‐age subjects in a population‐based study. No differences in BMI, waist circumference, or glucose or insulin levels in an oral glucose tolerance test among the genotypes were found. In conclusion, SNPs of MCHR1 did not have effects on metabolic variables in humans.
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein‐1 and Nitric Oxide Promote Adipogenesis in a Model That Mimics Obesity
Authors: Hemmrich Karsten , Thomas Gregory P.L. , Abberton Keren M. , Thompson Erik W. , Rophael John A. , Penington Anthony J. , Morrison Wayne A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: An increasing body of evidence is emerging linking adipogenesis and inflammation. Obesity, alone or as a part of the metabolic syndrome, is characterized by a state of chronic low‐level inflammation as revealed by raised plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines and acute‐phase proteins. If inflammation can, in turn, increase adipose tissue growth, this may be the basis for a positive feedback loop in obesity. We have developed a tissue engineering model for growing adipose tissue in the mouse that allows quantification of increases in adipogenesis. In this study, we evaluated the adipogenic potential of the inflammogens monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 and zymosan‐A (Zy) in a murine tissue engineering model.Research Methods and Procedures: MCP‐1 and Zy were added to chambers filled with Matrigel and fibroblast growth factor 2. To analyze the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), the iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine was added to the chamber.Results: Our results show that MCP‐1 generated proportionally large quantities of new adipose tissue. This neoadipogenesis was accompanied by an ingrowth of macrophages and could be mimicked by Zy. Aminoguanidine significantly inhibited the formation of adipose tissue.Discussion: Our findings demonstrate that low‐grade inflammation and iNOS expression are important factors in adipogenesis. Because fat neoformation in obesity and the metabolic syndrome is believed to be mediated by macrophage‐derived proinflammatory cytokines, this adipose tissue engineering system provides a model that could potentially be used to further unravel the pathogenesis of these two metabolic disorders.
Effect of Calorie Restriction on Resting Metabolic Rate and Spontaneous Physical Activity
Authors: Martin Corby K. , Heilbronn Leonie K. , de Jonge Lilian , DeLany James P. , Volaufova Julia , Anton Stephen D. , Redman Leanne M. , Smith Steven R. , Ravussin Eric 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: It is unclear if resting metabolic rate (RMR) and spontaneous physical activity (SPA) decrease in weight‐reduced non‐obese participants. Additionally, it is unknown if changes in SPA, measured in a respiratory chamber, reflect changes in free‐living physical activity level (PAL).Research Methods and Procedures: Participants (N = 48) were randomized into 4 groups for 6 months: calorie restriction (CR, 25% restriction), CR plus structured exercise (CR+EX, 12.5% restriction plus 12.5% increased energy expenditure via exercise), low‐calorie diet (LCD, 890 kcal/d supplement diet until 15% weight loss, then weight maintenance), and control (weight maintenance). Measurements were collected at baseline, Month 3, and Month 6. Body composition and RMR were measured by DXA and indirect calorimetry, respectively. Two measures of SPA were collected in a respiratory chamber (percent of time active and kcal/d). Free‐living PAL (PAL = total daily energy expenditure by doubly labeled water/RMR) was also measured. Regression equations at baseline were used to adjust RMR for fat‐free mass and SPA (kcal/d) for body weight.Results: Adjusted RMR decreased at Month 3 in the CR group and at Month 6 in the CR+EX and LCD groups. Neither measure of SPA decreased significantly in any group. PAL decreased at Month 3 in the CR and LCD groups, but not in the CR+EX group, who engaged in structured exercise. Changes in SPA in the chamber and free‐living PAL were not related.Discussion: Body weight is defended in non‐obese participants during modest caloric restriction, evidenced by metabolic adaptation of RMR and reduced energy expenditure through physical activity.
Influence of BMI and Gender on Postprandial Hormone Responses
Authors: Carroll Joan F. , Kaiser Kathryn A. , Franks Susan F. , Deere Curtistine , Caffrey James L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Influences of gender and body weight on the hormonal response to eating are not well understood. This study was conducted to determine a convenient time‐point to evaluate peak postprandial hormone responses and to test the hypothesis that gender and BMI interact to produce differences in postprandial secretion of selected humoral markers implicated in hunger and satiety.Research Methods and Procedures: Fasting blood glucose, insulin, leptin, ghrelin, glucagon‐like peptide‐1, and glucagon were measured in normal‐weight (20 ≤ BMI < 25 kg/m2) men (n = 10) and women (n = 9) and obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) men (n = 9) and women (n = 11). A standard liquid meal was consumed, and humoral measurements were repeated every 10 minutes for 1 hour. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with BMI and gender as main effects.Results: Obese subjects had delayed peak insulin responses (p = 0.004), whereas obese men had a delayed nadir ghrelin response (p = 0.05). Obese subjects had higher and more sustained postprandial glucose (p = 0.02), and greater fasting (p = 0.0004) and postprandial insulin (p = 0.0001). Ghrelin decreased after the meal (p = 0.003); the percent change from fasting tended to be reduced in obese subjects (p = 0.07). Men had greater fasting (p = 0.02) and postprandial (p = 0.03) glucagon and a subtle postprandial decline in plasma leptin (p = 0.01).Discussion: Peak hormone responses occurred 20 to 40 minutes after eating. Measurements made during this interval may be useful in evaluating postprandial response magnitude. Peak/nadir responses and time courses of postprandial responses are influenced by gender and BMI. Nutritional studies need to account for variability introduced by these factors.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness Influences the Blood Pressure Response to Experimental Weight Gain
Authors: Gentile Christopher L. , Orr Jeb S. , Davy Brenda M. , Davy Kevin P. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: We tested the hypothesis that with similar weight gain the increase in blood pressure (BP) would be smaller in men with higher cardiorespiratory fitness (HCRF) than in men with lower cardiorespiratory fitness (LCRF).Research Methods and Procedures: Thirteen men (age = 23 ± 1, BMI = 24 ± 1) were overfed by ∼1000 kcal/d over ∼8 weeks to achieve a 5‐kg weight gain. Resting BP and 24‐hour ambulatory BP, body composition, and fat distribution were measured.Results: Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was higher in the HCRF group compared with the LCRF group (49.9 ± 1.2 vs. 38.1 ± 1.4 mL/kg per minute, p < 0.001). At baseline, body weight was similar in the HCRF and LCRF groups, whereas the HCRF group displayed lower levels of total body fat (13.0 ± 1.7 vs. 16.9 ± 1.3 kg, p = 0.049) and abdominal visceral fat (49 ± 6 vs. 80 ± 14 cm2, p = 0.032). Resting BP and 24‐hour ambulatory BP were similar in the two groups at baseline. After weight gain, body weight increased ∼5 kg (p < 0.05) in both groups; the changes in body composition and regional fat distribution were similar. As hypothesized, the increases in resting systolic (1 ± 2 vs. 7 ± 2 mm Hg; p = 0.008) and diastolic (−1 ± 4 vs. 5 ± 1 mm Hg; p = 0.005) BP were smaller in the HCRF group. CRF was correlated with the increases in resting systolic (r = −0.64; p = 0.009) and diastolic BP (r = −0.80; p < 0.001). Furthermore, the relationship between CRF and BP remained significant after adjusting for the changes in the proportion of total abdominal fat gained as visceral fat.Discussion: These findings suggest that higher levels of CRF are associated with a smaller increase in BP with weight gain, independently of changes in abdominal visceral fat.
Energy Imbalance Underlying the Development of Childhood Obesity
Authors: Butte Nancy F. , Christiansen Edmund , Sørensen Thorkild I. A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To develop a model based on empirical data and human energetics to predict the total energy cost of weight gain and obligatory increase in energy intake and/or decrease in physical activity level associated with weight gain in children and adolescents.Research Methods and Procedures: One‐year changes in weight and body composition and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were measured in 488 Hispanic children and adolescents. Fat‐free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) were measured by DXA and BMR by calorimetry. Model specifications include the following: body mass (BM) = FFM + FM, each with a specific energy content, cff (1.07 kcal/g FFM) and cf (9.25 kcal/g FM), basal energy expenditure (EE), kff and kf, and energetic conversion efficiency, eff (0.42) for FFM and ef (0.85) for FM. Total energy cost of weight gain is equal to the sum of energy storage, EE associated with increased BM, conversion energy (CE), and diet‐induced EE (DIEE).Results: Sex‐ and Tanner stage–specific values are indicated for the basal EE of FFM (kff) and the fat fraction in added tissue (fr). Total energy cost of weight gain is partitioned into energy storage (24% to 36%), increase in EE (40% to 57%), CE (8% to 13%), and DIEE (10%). Observed median (10th to 90th percentile) weight gain of 6.1 kg/yr (2.4 to 11.4 kg/yr) corresponds at physical activity level (PAL) = 1.5, 1.75, and 2.0 to a total energy cost of weight gain of 244 (93 to 448 kcal/d), 267 (101 to 485 kcal/d), and 290 kcal/d (110 to 527 kcal/d), respectively, and to a total energy intake of 2695 (1890 to 3730), 3127 (2191 to 4335), and 3551 (2487 to 4930) kcal/d, respectively. If weight gain is caused by a change in PAL alone and PAL0 = 1.5 at baseline t = 0, the model indicates a drop in PAL of 0.22 (0.08 to 0.34) units, which is equivalent to 60 (18 to 105) min/d of walking at 2.5 mph.Discussion: Halting the development or progression of childhood obesity, as observed in these Hispanic children and adolescents, by counteracting its total energy costs will require a sizable decrease in energy intake and/or reciprocal increase in physical activity.
Adolescents’ Perceived Weight Associated With Depression in Young Adulthood: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Al Mamun Abdullah , Cramb Susanna , McDermott Brett M. , O'Callaghan Michael , Najman Jake M. , Williams Gail M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The objective of this study is to examine whether adolescents’ measured BMI and self‐ or mother's perception of weight status at age 14 are associated with depression at age 21.Research Methods and Procedures: The study participants were a subsample of 2017 participants of the Mater–University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy and Its Outcomes, a population‐based birth cohort study, which commenced in 1981 in Brisbane, Australia, for whom measured BMI at ages 14 and 21 and information on self‐reported mental health problems were available at the age 21 follow‐up. A total of 1802 individuals had measured BMI and reported weight perception in a supplementary questionnaire at 14 years, and their self‐reported mental health problems were reported at 21 years. Mental health was measured using Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression Scale and Young Adults Self‐Reported depression/anxiety at 21 years of age.Results: We found that both young adult males and females who perceived themselves as overweight at age 14 had more mental health problems compared with those who perceived themselves as the right weight. When we combined adolescents’ weight perception with their measured BMI categories, weight perception but not measured overweight was associated with mental health problems for males and females at age 21. This association remained after adjusting for potential confounders, including adolescents’ behavioral problems, family meals, diet, physical activity, and television watching.Conclusions: This study suggests that the perception of being overweight during adolescence is a significant risk factor for depression in young adult men and women. The perception of being overweight during adolescence should be considered a possible target for a prevention intervention.