bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neonatologists' Practices and Experiences in Arranging Retinopathy of Prematurity Screening Services
Authors: Kemper Alex R. , Wallace David K. 
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND. Neonatologists play a central role in identifying infants who require screening for retinopathy of prematurity and in coordinating screening and treatment when necessary. No previous study has evaluated neonatologists' practices or experiences related to these activities.
METHODS. A national mail survey of a random sample of 300 neonatologists was conducted from September to November 2006.
RESULTS. The response rate was 62%. Nearly all (98%) of the respondents considered gestational age to identify infants for retinopathy of prematurity screening. However, only 19% used the currently recommended gestational age criterion of 30 weeks; instead, 6% used a lower, more-restrictive criterion, and 74% used a higher, more-inclusive criterion. Fewer respondents (77%) considered birth weight to identify infants for retinopathy of prematurity screening, most of whom (86%) used the current criterion of ≤1500 g. Although more than one half (67%) of the respondents reported that pediatric ophthalmologists usually screen infants for retinopathy of prematurity in their NICU, nearly one half (46%) reported that retinal specialists provide treatment. Some (36%) reported that they have been unable to transfer a child to a NICU of lower acuity or closer to the child's home because there are no specialists available there for retinopathy of prematurity screening. Some (34%) also reported that they have needed to delay discharge because outpatient follow-up for either screening or treatment of retinopathy of prematurity is not available near the family's home.
CONCLUSIONS. We found variations in how children are identified for retinopathy of prematurity screening and how screening and treatment are provided. Future research is needed to understand how these variations affect visual outcomes and costs of care. Such work must also consider the impact of regional pediatric eye care workforce shortages on retinopathy of prematurity screening and treatment strategies.
Improving the Management of Family Psychosocial Problems at Low-Income Children's Well-Child Care Visits: The WE CARE Project
Authors: Garg Arvin , Butz Arlene M. , Dworkin Paul H. , Lewis Rooti A. , Thompson Richard E. , Serwint Janet R. 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to evaluate the feasibility and impact of an intervention on the management of family psychosocial topics at well-child care visits at a medical home for low-income children.PATIENTS AND METHODS. A randomized, controlled trial of a 10-item self-report psychosocial screening instrument was conducted at an urban hospital-based pediatric clinic. Pediatric residents and parents were randomly assigned to either the intervention or control group. During a 12-week period, parents of children aged 2 months to 10 years presenting for a well-child care visit were enrolled. The intervention components included provider training, administration of the family psychosocial screening tool to parents before the visit, and provider access to a resource book that contained community resources. Parent outcomes were obtained from postvisit and 1-month interviews, and from medical chart review. Provider outcomes were obtained from a self-administered questionnaire collected after the study.RESULTS. Two hundred parents and 45 residents were enrolled. Compared with the control group, parents in the intervention group discussed a significantly greater number of family psychosocial topics (2.9 vs 1.8) with their resident provider and had fewer unmet desires for discussion (0.46 vs 1.41). More parents in the intervention group received at least 1 referral (51.0% vs 11.6%), most often for employment (21.9%), graduate equivalent degree programs (15.3%), and smoking-cessation classes (14.6%). After controlling for child age, Medicaid status, race, educational status, and food stamps, intervention parents at 1 month had greater odds of having contacted a community resource. The majority of residents in the intervention group reported that the survey instrument did not slow the visit; 54% reported that it added &lt;2 minutes to the visit.CONCLUSIONS. Brief family psychosocial screening is feasible in pediatric practice. Screening and provider training may lead to greater discussion of topics and contact of community family support resources by parents.
Follow-up of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Dexamethasone to Decrease the Duration of Ventilator Dependency in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 4 to 11 Years of Age
Authors: O'Shea T. Michael , Washburn Lisa K. , Nixon Patricia A. , Goldstein Donald J. 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE. High doses of dexamethasone reduce the risk of chronic lung disease among premature infants but may increase the risk of developmental impairments. The objective of this study was to compare developmental outcomes beyond infancy for children who, as neonates, participated in a randomized trial of dexamethasone.PATIENTS AND METHODS. One hundred eighteen children with birth weights &lt;1500 g were randomly assigned at 15 to 25 days of life to a 42-day tapering course of dexamethasone or placebo. All 95 survivors were assessed by using standardized measures of developmental outcome at least once at or beyond 1 year of age, and 84 were examined at 4 to 11 years. For this follow-up study, the outcome of primary interest was death or major neurodevelopmental impairment, which was defined as cerebral palsy, cognitive impairment, or blindness.RESULTS. On the basis of each child's most recent follow-up, the rates of major neurodevelopmental impairments were 40% for the dexamethasone group and 20% for the placebo group. The higher impairment rate for the dexamethasone group was mainly attributed to a higher prevalence of cerebral palsy. Rates of the composite outcome of death or major neurodevelopmental impairment were 47% and 41%, respectively.CONCLUSION. A 42-day tapering course of dexamethasone, which was shown previously to decrease the risk of chronic lung disease in very low birth weight infants, does not increase the risk of the composite outcome of death or major neurodevelopmental impairment.
Iron Deficiency in Early Childhood in the United States: Risk Factors and Racial/Ethnic Disparities
Authors: Brotanek Jane M. , Gosz Jacqueline , Weitzman Michael , Flores Glenn 
Published: August 2007

BACKGROUND. Iron deficiency affects 2.4 million US children, and childhood iron-deficiency anemia is associated with behavioral and cognitive delays. Given the detrimental long-term effects and high prevalence of iron deficiency, its prevention in early childhood is an important public health issue.OBJECTIVES. The study objectives were to (1) identify risk factors for iron deficiency in US children 1 to 3 years old, using data from the most recent waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV (1999–2002) and (2) examine risk factors for iron deficiency among Hispanic toddlers, the largest minority group of US children.PATIENTS AND METHODS. Analyses of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey IV were performed for a nationally representative sample of US children 1 to 3 years old. Iron-status measures were transferrin saturation, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, and serum ferritin. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were performed to identify factors associated with iron deficiency.RESULTS. Among 1641 toddlers, 42% were Hispanic, 28% were white, and 25% were black. The iron deficiency prevalence was 12% among Hispanics versus 6% in whites and 6% in blacks. Iron deficiency prevalence was 20% among those with overweight, 8% for those at risk for overweight, and 7% for normal-weight toddlers. Fourteen percent of toddlers with parents interviewed in a non–English language had iron deficiency versus 7% of toddlers with parents interviewed in English. Five percent of toddlers in day care and 10% of the toddlers not in day care had iron deficiency. Hispanic toddlers were significantly more likely than white and black toddlers to be overweight (16% vs 5% vs 4%) and not in day care (70% vs 50% vs 43%). In multivariable analyses, overweight toddlers and those not in day care had higher odds of iron deficiency.CONCLUSIONS. Toddlers who are overweight and not in day care are at high risk for iron deficiency. Hispanic toddlers are more likely than white and black toddlers to be overweight and not in day care. The higher prevalence of these risk factors among Hispanic toddlers may account for their increased prevalence of iron deficiency.
Prevention of Human Papillomavirus Infection: Provisional Recommendations for Immunization of Girls and Women With Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine
Authors:   Committee on Infectious Diseases
Published: August 2007

This Policy Statement was retired July 2010.
This policy statement contains provisional recommendations for use of the quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccine in girls and women. A full policy statement from the American Academy of Pediatrics is forthcoming.
Suicide and Suicide Attempts in Adolescents
Authors: Shain Benjamin N. ,   and the Committee on Adolescence
Published: August 2007

This Clinical Report was revised. See https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2023-064800.
Suicide is the third-leading cause of death for adolescents 15 to 19 years old. Pediatricians can take steps to help reduce the incidence of adolescent suicide by screening for depression and suicidal ideation and behavior. This report updates the previous statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics and is intended to assist the pediatrician in the identification and management of the adolescent at risk of suicide. The extent to which pediatricians provide appropriate care for suicidal adolescents depends on their knowledge, skill, comfort with the topic, and ready access to appropriate community resources. All teenagers with suicidal thoughts or behaviors should know that their pleas for assistance are heard and that pediatricians are willing to serve as advocates to help resolve the crisis.
Soluble Jagged1 Attenuates Lateral Inhibition, Allowing for the Clonal Expansion of Neural Crest Stem Cells
Authors: Nikopoulos George N. , Duarte Maria , Kubu Chris J. , Bellum Stephen , Friesel Robert , Maciag Thomas , Prudovsky Igor , Verdi Joseph M. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The activation of Notch signaling in neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) results in the rapid loss of neurogenic potential and differentiation into glia. We now show that the attenuation of endogenous Notch signaling within expanding NCSC clones by the Notch ligand soluble Jagged1 (sJ1), maintains NCSCs in a clonal self-renewing state in vitro without affecting their sensitivity to instructive differentiation signals observed previously during NCSC self-renewal. sJ1 functions as a competitive inhibitor of Notch signaling to modulate endogenous cell-cell communication to levels sufficient to inhibit neural differentiation but insufficient to instruct gliogenic differentiation. Attenuated Notch signaling promotes the induction and nonclassic release of fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1). The functions of sJ1 and FGF1 signaling are complementary, as abrogation of FGF signaling diminishes the ability of sJ1 to promote NCSC expansion, yet the secondary NCSCs maintain the dosage sensitivity of the founder. These results validate and build upon previous studies on the role of Notch signaling in stem cell self-renewal and suggest that the differentiation bias or self-renewal potential of NCSCs is intrinsically linked to the level of endogenous Notch signaling. This should provide a unique opportunity for the expansion of NCSCs ex vivo without altering their differentiation bias for clinical cell replacement or transplant strategies in tissue repair.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Functional Similarities Among Genes Regulated by Oct4 in Human Mesenchymal and Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Greco Steven J. , Liu Katherine , Rameshwar Pranela 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
OCT4 is a master transcriptional regulator, which mediates pluripotency in ESCs through inhibition of tissue-specific and promotion of stem cell-specific genes. Suppression of OCT4, along with other regulators of pluripotency, such as SOX2 and NANOG, has been correlated with cell-fate specification and lineage-specific differentiation. Recent reports have shown the expression of OCT4 in adult MSCs but have not ascribed functional homology with ESCs. MSCs are mesoderm-derived cells, primarily resident in adult bone marrow, that undergo lineage-specific differentiation to generate specialized cells such as stroma, fat, bone, and cartilage. We have previously demonstrated the plasticity of MSCs through their ability to generate neuronal cells. Here, we show that OCT4 provides similar regulatory circuitries in human MSCs and ESCs, using chromatin immunoprecipitation-DNA selection and ligation technology and loss-of-function studies. MSCs were found to express the embryonic transcription factors OCT4, NANOG, and SOX2. In addition, OCT4 was found to (a) target similar genes in MSCs and ESCs, (b) promote the expression of MSC-specific genes, and (c) regulate MSC cell cycle progression. The results suggest similar regulatory mechanisms for OCT4 in MSCs and ESCs and have implications regarding MSC plasticity.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Irradiation Does Not Compromise or Exacerbate the Innate Immune Response in the Brains of Mice That Were Transplanted with Bone Marrow Stem Cells
Authors: Turrin Nicolas P. , Plante Marie-Michèle , Lessard Martine , Rivest Serge 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Microglia and invading macrophages play key roles in the brain immune response. The contributions of these two populations of cells in health and diseases have yet to be clearly established. The use of chimeric mice receiving bone marrow-derived stem cell grafts from green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing mice has provided an invaluable tool to distinguish between local and blood-derived monocytic populations. The validity of the method is questioned because of the possible immune alterations caused by the irradiation of the recipient mouse. In this experiment, we compared the brain expression of innate immune markers Toll-like receptor 2, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in C57BL/6, GFP, and chimeric mice following an intracerebral injection of lipopolysaccharide. The endotoxin caused a marked transcriptional activation of all these innate immune genes in microglial cells across the ipsilateral side of injection. The expression patterns and signal intensity were similar in the brains of the three groups of mice. Consequently, the chimera technique is appropriate to study the role of infiltrating and resident immune cells in the brain without having immune compromised hosts.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Commentary: Is Totipotency of a Human Cell a Sufficient Reason to Exclude Its Patentability Under the European Law?
Authors: Triller Vrtovec Katja , Vrtovec Bojan 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
This article argues that totipotent character of human totipotent cells—defined as the capacity of a cell “to differentiate into all somatic lineages (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm), the germ line and extra-embryonic tissues such as the placenta”—is not a sufficient reason to exclude their patentability on the basis of Article 5(1) of the Directive 98/44/EC on the Legal Protection of Biotechnological Inventions (Biopatent Directive), which maintains that “the human body, at the various stages of its formation and development, […] cannot constitute patentable inventions.” Since human totipotent cells have both the potential to generate an entire new organism or to generate only different tissues or organs of an organism, they simultaneously fit the definition of the unpatentable human body at the earliest stage of its formation as well as of an element of the human body, which “may constitute a patentable invention” pursuant to Article 5(2) of the Biopatent Directive, whether that element is isolated from the human body or otherwise produced by means of a technical process. Therefore, this article suggests that, when evaluating patentability of human totipotent cells, they should be further evaluated according to their location and their method of derivation (i.e., whether human totipotent cells are located in the human body, whether they are isolated from the human body, or whether they are produced otherwise by means of a technical process).
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
The Biology Behind mTOR Inhibition in Sarcoma
Authors: Wan Xiaolin , Helman Lee J. 
Published: August 2007

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the function of the mTOR pathway in cancer cell growth and survival.Describe the potential mechanism of targeting this pathway by rapamycin and its derivatives for cancer therapy.Summarize the clinical trials performed with mTOR inhibitors in the treatment of sarcomas and suggest the future clinical development of these inhibitors in the treatment of sarcomas.
CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Flat-Fixed Dosing Versus Body Surface Area–Based Dosing of Anticancer Drugs in Adults: Does It Make a Difference?
Authors: Mathijssen Ron H.J. , de Jong Floris A. , Loos Walter J. , van der Bol Jessica M. , Verweij Jaap , Sparreboom Alex 
Published: August 2007

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe how and why BSA-based dosing was implemented into oncology.Discuss if flat-fixed dosing of adults has advantages over BSA-based dosing in terms of interpatient pharmacokinetic variation of anticancer drugs, efficiency, and costs.Explain which alternative dosing strategies for BSA-based dosing may have potential, leading to a minimum of adverse events and superior therapeutic outcome.
CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Profiling Studies in Ovarian Cancer: A Review
Authors: Fehrmann Rudolf S. N. , Li Xiang-yi , van der Zee Ate G. J. , de Jong Steven , te Meerman Gerard J. , de Vries Elisabeth G. E. , Crijns Anne P. G. 
Published: August 2007

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the present status of treating ovarian cancer.Summarize the research in microarray gene profiling.Describe the weakness in microarray gene profile research.Identify the potential applications of gene profiling.
CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Clinical Impact of Bortezomib in Frontline Regimens for Patients with Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Manochakian Rami , Miller Kena C. , Chanan-Khan Asher A. 
Published: August 2007

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the efficacy of bortezomib as part of primary therapy for patients with multiple myeloma.Describe the safety of bortezomib and bortezomib-based regimens in patients with previously untreated multiple myeloma.Identify new management options for patients with treatment-naïve multiple myeloma.
CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
FDA Drug Approval Summary: Pegaspargase (Oncaspar®) for the First-Line Treatment of Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
Authors: Dinndorf Patricia Anne , Gootenberg Joseph , Cohen Martin H. , Keegan Patricia , Pazdur Richard 
Published: August 2007

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the effect of pegylation on asparaginase pharmacokinetics and immunogenicity.Identify the current pegaspargase indications.Discuss the advantages of pegaspargase treatment.Outline the clinical trial design leading to pegaspargase approval by the FDA.List the major adverse events associated with pegaspargase treatment.
CME Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Gemcitabine and Docetaxel in Metastatic Sarcoma: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Maki Robert G. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract

Objective.
In the era of oral molecular kinase inhibitors, cytotoxic chemotherapy agents are somewhat overlooked, but remain the backbone of treatment for most cancers. Patients with non–gastrointestinal stromal tumor sarcomas, such as leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, and undifferentiated high-grade pleomorphic sarcoma (formerly called malignant fibrous histiocytoma), have received doxorubicin and ifosfamide as the backbone of their treatment for over 15 years or more. The goal of this article is to review the data that have led to the use of gemcitabine and docetaxel as a useful combination for patients with metastatic sarcomas, and to comment on possible synergy of the combination.

Methods and results.
The literature regarding the use of gemcitabine, docetaxel, or both, is reviewed, with emphasis on patients with metastatic sarcoma.

Results.
Activity of gemcitabine and docetaxel is observed in leiomyosarcoma and undifferentiated high-grade pleomorphic sarcoma. There is apparent schedule dependence of the combination in other cancers; it is unclear if schedule matters in patients with sarcomas. The dose and schedule of gemcitabine and docetaxel examined in phase II studies are probably too high for routine practice.

Conclusions.
The combination of gemcitabine and docetaxel is an effective option for patients with metastatic sarcoma, increasing the armamentarium for the practicing oncologist in treating this heterogeneous group of diseases. Given the low response rate to docetaxel as a single agent, it is likely that there is true clinical synergy of the combination.