bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is antiretroviral therapy associated with symptom prevalence and burden?
Authors: Harding Richard , Molloy Tim , Easterbrook Philippa , Frame Karen , Higginson Irene J 
Published: May 2006

Although distressing pain and other symptoms have been reported at all stages of HIV disease, studies have not taken account of the relative contribution of treatment side-effects and underlying disease. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of symptoms, their burden and the association with use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Three hundred and forty-seven gay men with HIV disease completed an online survey, reporting data on age, CD4, viral load, year of diagnosis, HAART use, and the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale Short Form (MSAS-SF). Those men currently receiving HAART ( n=210, 56.6%) reported a higher number of symptoms than those without (14 versus 10.3, P=0.001). Fourteen physical symptoms were significantly more frequent among HAART users. Symptoms of psychological distress were the most common in both groups, ranging from 69.2% to 79.5%. Mean distress indices were higher for those on treatment with respect to both global ( P=0.011) and physical ( P=0.001) distress. In multivariate analysis, use of HAART was independently associated with number of physical symptoms ( b=2.81, P=0.006), and physical distress score ( b=2.45, P=0.017); both increasing with HAART use when controlling for age, year of diagnosis, CD4 and viral load. The high symptom prevalence, particularly psychological symptoms, is comparable with end-stage malignant and non-malignant diseases. Greater attention needs to be paid to the assessment and management of burdensome symptoms.
Changing World of Neuroscience and Clinical Practice: A Personal Perspective Part 1 — Paediatric Brain Injury
Authors: Ewing Jan 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn the last 10 to 15 years there has been much development in the knowledge base that underpins clinical neurospychology. The aim of this article is to highlight new information about normal development in the intact brain and discuss the implications that this knowledge has had on paediatric brain injury. A personal perspective of the impact of this area of developing knowledge on clinical practice is illustrated using two recent clinical cases. A second article will discuss the impact on adult neuropsychology and will appear in a subsequent issue.
Chromite Ore Processing Residue (COPR): Hazardous Contaminated Soil or Solid Waste?
Authors: Dermatas D , Bonaparte R , Chrysochoou M , Moon DH 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Chromite ore processing residue (COPR), which contains hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) at concentrations typically in the range of thousands of milligrams/kilograms, was deposited over a timeframe of 50 years as fill at a site referred to as SA7 in New Jersey. Significant surface heaving associated with COPR weathering-induced mineralogical expansion has been observed at the site over time. The current site owner is being required to remediate the site to mitigate both human health risks associated with the Cr6+ and site redevelopment problems associated with COPR heave. The owner is presently required to remediate the COPR by excavation and off-site disposal at a licensed hazardous waste landfill. This is a very expensive remediation option, one that may not be financially sustainable at other COPR impacted sites. The owner has undertaken a major investigation to better characterize the nature of COPR and to develop on-site treatment technologies to reduce Cr6+ concentrations and mitigate COPR heave potential. As one part of the investigation, the characteristics of COPR were evaluated with respect to the definitions of hazardous contaminated soil and hazardous solid waste under the toxicity characteristic waste provisions of the U.S. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Remediation clean-up standards, and thus the potential costs and applicable methods associated with site remediation, under these two definitions are significantly different. This paper explains these differences and evaluates the COPR for conformance with each definition. This evaluation includes comparison of sampling, logging, and laboratory testing techniques for COPR compared to soil, geotechnical parameter comparisons, and mineralogical and total metals comparisons. Based on these comparisons, the authors conclude that COPR should classify as a hazardous contaminated soil from both regulatory and scientific perspectives. The bases for this conclusion are provided in the paper. The methodology presented herein to evaluate COPR classification may have applicability to other contaminated soil-like media from industrial processes that are potentially subject to the requirements of RCRA hazardous waste regulations or similar regulations in other countries.
Disposal of Dredged Material in a Local Confined Disposal Facility: Budgeting and Accounting of Contaminant Transport
Authors: Eek E , Pettersen A , Hauge A , Breedveld GD , Solberg A , Heines SU , Solberg K , Lie SO 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Disposal of contaminated dredged material in local confined disposal facilities (CDF) has the advantages of reduced costs and reduced need for transport of the dredged material compared to many other disposal alternatives. CDFs can often be combined with land reclamation which can add considerable value to a dredging project. A local CDF has been constructed for Hg and HCB contaminated dredged material on a contaminated seabed close to one of Norway's largest industrial areas, Herøya. The construction has been completed with permeable barriers allowing transport of water from dewatering of dredged material and consolidation of sediment below the CDF. However, this design will also allow some transport of contaminants with the released pore water. The efficiency of the CDF was evaluated by making a budget of estimated contaminant emission from the disposal area before, during, and after construction and filling of the CDF. Laboratory tests and an analytical model were utilized for calculation of advective and diffusive transport of contaminants both from the dredged material and from the original contaminated seabed sediment at the disposal site. Our estimation of contaminant transport predicted that the leakage of contaminants from dredged material in the disposal facility would be orders of magnitude less than what was released from the seabed sediments at the disposal site before the realization of the CDF. Monitoring of contaminant transport, after realization of the CDF, has so far shown that the actual transport is much lower than the conservative estimate presented in our budget of contaminant transport. These results show that there can be a large and positive cost benefit from disposal of dredged material in CDFs constructed with permeable barriers in already contaminated areas. Sensitivity of calculated remediation efficiency to uncertainties in the estimated transport was found to be small in the case presented here. Our results also show that budgeting and accounting of contaminant transport can be a powerful tool both for impact assessments before realization of a project in contaminated sediments and for interpretation of monitoring data during and after the realization. Budgeting of contaminant transport also helps identifying the most critical transport mechanisms during the different phases of the project.
Contamination of Sediments and Proposed Containment Technique in a Wood Pool in Shimizu, Japan
Authors: Fukue M , Sato Y , Uehara K , Kato Y , Furukawa Y 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The objective of this study is to evaluate the contamination of sediments, in order to determine a remediation method for a local bay bottom. To achieve this, 12 surface-sediment samples were obtained from a wood pool located in the inner part of Shimizu Port, Japan, and were subjected to physical and chemical analyses. The results show that the concentrations of the heavy metals measured were relatively high. The concentrations of copper and zinc in the sediment samples were higher than the probable effect levels of marine sediments provided by the Canadian Sediment Quality Guidelines. The high concentrations obtained are probably due to the high organic content resulting from humus. The separation of organic matter might be useful as a remediation technique for dredged materials. A containment technique for dredged sediments using permeable bags is therefore proposed.
Biochemical Effects on the Long-Term Mobility of Heavy Metals in Marine Clay at Coastal Landfill Sites
Authors: Kamon M , Zhang H , Katsumi T , Inui T 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In coastal landfill facilities that are constructed to contain municipal and industrial wastes in Japan, natural marine clay layers serve as bottom liners to prevent pollutant migration. Leachates from landfills are rich in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) that can be used by micro-organisms. Biological processes could lead to redox reactions that change the pH and Eh. These biochemical factors may strongly influence the behavior of pollutants leached from landfills, particularly heavy metals. In this paper, modified batch tests were conducted to investigate the effects of pH and Eh and to simulate both chemical and biochemical reactions on zinc mobility in a marine clay layer. To examine the effects of pH and Eh, the pH and Eh were controlled by adding acid or base, respectively, and a reducing agent. To study the zinc mobility, biochemical reactions were enhanced by cultivating native micro-organisms, which gradually changed the pH and Eh conditions. Batch tests with different DOC concentrations were also conducted to evaluate the effect of DOC on zinc mobility. In addition, biochemical processes in the bottom clay liners at coastal landfill sites that receive municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerator ash were simulated by batch tests using a solution of MSW incinerator ash mixed with seawater along with cultivating native micro-organisms found in marine clay. The experimental results indicated that microbial activities in closed soil-water systems result in strongly reduced conditions compared to that controlled by a strong reducing agent, and that the zinc mobility is lowered through the formation of sulfides. Although microbial activity was initially limited under highly alkaline conditions due to MSW incinerator ash, the pH gradually decreased mainly due to the formation of organic acids from microbial activity. Under the oxidized conditions, the solubility of zinc was controlled by pH and the Eh had a negligible effect on the zinc concentration. DOC in the leachate served as a bioavailable carbon source for microbial activities, which promoted anaerobic conditions in the soil-water system and the immobilization of zinc. However, DOC also formed soluble complexes with heavy metals, which increased the zinc concentration. These observations confirmed that heavy metals in the leachates became immobilized under the conditions found at landfill bottom liners when estimated in terms of pH, Eh, and DOC.
Current Status of Estrogenlike Compounds in Sediments in Enclosed Sea Areas
Authors: Iwasaki S , Sakka M , Kimura T , Sakka K , Matsuda T , Matsui S 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The concentrations of estrogenlike compounds in sediment were surveyed in Ise Bay and Ago Bay, which are typical of enclosed sea areas. Fourteen sediment samples were collected from the deepest part at the entrances to these bays. The examination of estrogenlike compounds was performed by a yeast screen assay developed by Professor J. P. Sumpter. The highest concentrations of estrogenlike compounds of sediment were found in the deepest part of Ise Bay (6.54 μg kg-1), and quantified as 17β-estradiol (E2) active equivalent. The concentration gradually decreased approaching the entrance of the bay from the deepest part of the bay. It was suggested that this decrease could be the result of biodegradation. The sediment assay samples were fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography and assayed to determine the chemical species of estrogenlike compounds. The detected estrogenlike compounds corresponded with E1 and E2, and were found in all of the samples. They are typical natural female hormones, and their origin is presumably domestic sewage and other wastewater containing feces and urine.
Evaluation of the Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Sediment in Continuous Flow Tests with Selective Sequential Extraction
Authors: Dahrazma B , Mulligan CN 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSolutions to heavy metal-contaminated sediment require the understanding of the availability of heavy metals, interaction of the contaminants with soil and sediment particles, and metal retention mechanisms, which are complicated phenomena. The objective of this investigation was to study the removal of heavy metals (copper, zinc, and nickel) from the sediments by employing a biosurfactant rhamnolipid in continuous flow tests. Continuous flow of the biosurfactant in a column was applied to evaluate the feasibility of this type of setup since the configuration simulates the process of soil flushing. In the case of heavy metals, the flowing washing agent is believed to reduce the possibility of readsorption of the metals on to the soil and sediment. In addition, since the distribution of heavy meals between soil and solute is the key to evaluating the environmental impact of the metals, to determining the mobility of metals and to recommending reliable removal techniques, selective sequential extraction tests were used to determine the portion of sediment from which the metal was removed. This method is based on extracting metals with solutions of increasing strengths from different fractions of soils or sediments. Exchangeable, carbonate, reducible oxide, and organic fractions responded to washing techniques while residually bound contaminants are not economical or feasible to remove. This information is vital in proposing the most appropriate conditions for sediment washing.
Microstructure, Strength, and Consolidation Properties of Ariake Clay Deposits Obtained from Samplers
Authors: Shogaki T 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The effect of tube wall friction on the microstructure of Ariake clay samples obtained from a small diameter sampler (45-mm sampler) and their strength and consolidation properties are examined from use of a color laser three-dimensional profile microscope plus unconfined compression, triaxial compression, and standard oedometer tests. The microstructure within 2 mm of the tube wall was disturbed due to wall friction. However, the disturbance in the rest of the sample had other causes and the samples were mechanically homogeneous. The unconfined compressive strength and preconsolidation pressure values obtained from the 45-mm sampler were 20 % to 40 % greater than those of the 75-mm sampler and their sample quality therefore higher.
Environmental Monitoring of the Sediment Pollution along the Thai:Laos Mekong
Authors: Keenan HE , Dyer M , Songsasen A , Bangkedphol S , Homchan U 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The Mekong is an essential source of water and protein for the denizens of Thai Laos countries. However historic pollution is adversely affecting the water and sediment quality that threatens the short- and long-term supply/use of this major river system. This can have a major impact on the health and population of the marine life and ultimately adversely affect human health and the economy for both countries. As a first stage in the assessment of the scale and extent of the pollution problem, an in-depth program of sampling and analysis has been carried out for both water and sediments for three seasons since 2000. A range of water quality parameters were measured from ten sampling stations. These included the PolyAromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) initially measured as chrysene equivalents, then as individual compounds of fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, and indeno(1,2,3,cd)pyrene. A range of heavy metals were measured including chromium, cadmium, mercury, copper, zinc, lead, and titanium. This paper presents the results of the field study to date and provides a preliminary evaluation of the extent of the pollution and potential for bioaccumulation within the local food chain.
The Lasting Effect of Sand Capping Techniques on Nutrient Release Reduction from Contaminated Sediments in Tokyo Bay
Authors: Murakami K , Nobusawa Y , Kameyama Y 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
This paper describes the lasting effect of sand capping techniques on nutrient release reduction from contaminated sediments. Bottom sediments in Tokyo Bay are very contaminated as the results of eutrophication behavior. From the sediments, a large amount of nutrients are released into seawater bodies. In order to know the effect of the sand capping technique on nutrient release reduction and its lasting effect, we carried out the undisturbed sediment sampling at Yokohama Port. Then we carried out the laboratory tests to estimate the nutrient release rate. From the study, it is concluded that the sand capping technique has a still effect on nutrient release reduction from the contaminated sediments, and the effectiveness is dependent upon the thickness of mud layer accumulated on the capped sand.
Column Compression Strength of Tubular Packaging Forms Made from Paper
Authors: Urbanik TJ , Lee SK , Johnson CG 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Tubular packaging forms fabricated and shaped from rolled paper are used as reinforcing corner posts for major appliances packaged in corrugated containers. Tests of column compression strength simulate the expected performance loads from appliances stacked in warehouses. Column strength depends on tube geometry, paper properties, basis weight, and number of laminations. A column strength model considers the tube geometry to be a sequence of geometric flat and arched segments with each segment apt to fail by either buckling or compression. Contributions of segments to strength depend on respective failure modes and are appropriately summed. The principles of our derived model provide insight into the optimum paper properties and number of laminations in the selection and design of tubular posts.
Holoprosencephaly: Clinical evaluation on audiological and brainstem electrophysiological profiles
Authors: Antoneli Melissa Z. , Zanchetta Sthella , Zorzetto Neivo L. , Ribeiro Lucilene A. , Richieri‐Costa Antonio 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis study evaluated audiological and electrophysiological profiles in 13 patients with holoprosencephaly. All patients had imaging evaluation by magnetic resonance imaging and molecular screening for the genes SHH, GLI2, and SIX3. Each patient underwent clinical (otological and vestibular antecedents, otoscopy) and instrumental (tympanometry, auditory brainstem response—ABR) evaluation to compare hearing and the electrophysiological profile possibly occurring in patients with these mutations. To our knowledge there are no systematic studies correlating molecular/imaging and evoked potentials in patients with HPE. Here, we discuss the audiological and electrophysiological profiles of patients and the possible role of the genes studied on the overall findings. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A mutation in the GABAA receptor α1‐subunit is associated with absence epilepsy
Authors: Maljevic Snezana , Krampfl Klaus , Cobilanschi Joana , Tilgen Nikola , Beyer Susanne , Weber Yvonne G. , Schlesinger Friedrich , Ursu Daniel , Melzer Werner , Cossette Patrick , Bufler Johannes , Lerche Holger , Heils Armin 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo detect mutations in GABRA1 in idiopathic generalized epilepsy.MethodsGABRA1 was sequenced in 98 unrelated idiopathic generalized epilepsy patients. Patch clamping and confocal imaging was performed in transfected mammalian cells.ResultsWe identified the first GABRA1 mutation in a patient with childhood absence epilepsy. Functional studies showed no detectable GABA‐evoked currents for the mutant, truncated receptor, which was not integrated into the surface membrane.InterpretationWe conclude that this de novo mutation can contribute to the cause of “sporadic” childhood absence epilepsy by a loss of function and haploinsufficiency of the GABAA receptor α1‐subunit, and that GABRA1 mutations rarely are associated with idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Ann Neurol 2006;59:983–987
Novel missense mutation in ALS2 gene results in infantile ascending hereditary spastic paralysis
Authors: Eymard‐Pierre Eleonore , Yamanaka Koji , Haeussler Martin , Kress Wolfram , Gauthier‐Barichard Fernande , Combes Patricia , Cleveland Don W. , Boespflug‐Tanguy Odile 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjectiveRecessive mutations in ALS2 (juvenile amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) are causative for early‐onset upper motor neuron diseases, including infantile ascending hereditary spastic paralysis (IAHSP). The goal of this study is to identify novel disease‐causing ALS2 mutations.MethodsMutations in ALS2 were screened by direct sequencing of complementary DNA obtained from patients' lymphoblasts.ResultsWe report a novel ALS2 missense mutation in patients affected by IAHSP. This homozygous G669A mutation in exon 4 is predicted to result in a tyrosine substitution at cysteine 156 of the RCC1 (regulator of chromatin condensation)‐like domain, encoding a putative guanine exchange factor for Ran guanosine triphosphatase, leading to a loss of ALS2 function due to instability of mutant protein.InterpretationThese results highlight the important role of the RCC1‐like domain in ALS2 stability and function that is essential for upper motor neuron maintenance. Ann Neurol 2006;59:976–980
Head injury and Parkinson's disease risk in twins
Authors: Goldman Samuel M. , Tanner Caroline M. , Oakes David , Bhudhikanok Grace S. , Gupta Anjali , Langston J. William 
Published: May 2006

AbstractObjectiveHead injury is an inconsistently reported risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). Many related variables might confound this association, such as differences in childhood and adolescent lifestyles or genetically determined risk‐taking behaviors. Twin studies circumvent some of these problems, because twins are genetically and environmentally much more similar than typical cases and control subjects.MethodsWe conducted a case–control study in 93 twin pairs discordant for PD ascertained from the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council World War II Veteran Twins Cohort.ResultsA prior head injury with amnesia or loss of consciousness was associated with an increased risk for PD (odds ratio, 3.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–11; p = 0.014). Truncating observations 10 years before PD onset enhanced the association. Though less precise, the association was somewhat stronger in monozygotic than in dizygotic pairs. Risk increased further with a subsequent head injury (p trend = 0.022) and with head injuries requiring hospitalization. Duration of unconsciousness was not associated. In a subanalysis of 18 pairs concordant for PD, the twin with younger onset PD was more likely to have sustained a head injury, although numbers were small.InterpretationOur results suggest that mild‐to‐moderate closed head injury may increase PD risk decades later. Ann Neurol 2006;