bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correctional Research: An Elusive Paradise
Authors: Glaser Daniel 
Published: March 2007

Criminologists repeatedly have envisioned academic Utopias in prisons, courts, and other agencies handling criminals. In their dream worlds, research would guide practice and practi tioners would support research. Such promising arrangements, though sometimes initiated, have never been fully achieved. Their failure involved either coöptation of academicians by ad ministrators, in which instances research goals were abandoned, or divergence of research and operations into separate and largely autonomous social systems. New advances toward this elusive ideal have recently been in dicated at several points. These gains seem to require the "institutionalization of rationality" in correction through (1) legislative demands for change and for "hard" criteria of achieve ment in coping with criminals; (2) bridging of traditional admin istrative boundaries between police, couris, prisons, and parole; and (3) research designs which accommodate the conflicting or ganizational goals of correctional systems.
The Effects of Using a Mod versus a Traditional Approach in Communicating with Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Lowe Jay , Childers William , Doucet Will , Dilettuso Joe 
Published: March 2007

Communication between a juvenile officer and his delinquent client is frequently a major problem in court and correctional settings. The purpose of the research was to ascertain the differ ing responses of institutionalized juvenile delinquents to young adult interviewers using differing strategies of communications. One pair of interviewers used a traditional approach in which they asked straightforward questions using middle-class language while being well groomed and dressed in a suit and tie. The other pair assumed a mod appearance with beard, medium-length hair, and sport clothes and used the language of the youth sub culture. The latter pair additionally enhanced their communica tion with the juveniles by attempting to relate directly to the boy, a direct result of their facilitative training as described by Carkhuff and Truax. Twenty boys (10 white, 10 black) a random sample, were interviewed, with half being exposed to the mod pair and half to the traditional pair first. Seven days later each pair interviewed the other half of the sample. All subjects were asked the same basic questions by both pairs of interviewers. Tape recordings were made of each interview so as to ascertain the time and con tent of subjects and interviewers' communications. Analysis of the tapes indicates that (1) the mod pair was more effective in communicating with the juvenile delinquents than the traditional pair was; (2) the subjects' response time was three times as great for the mod interviews as for the traditionals; (3) the ratio of the subjects' response time to interviewers' response time shows the subjects in the mod interviews were twice as verbal as in the traditional interviews; (4) subjects' answers in both settings were reasonably accurate but those in the mod setting were more detailed and disclosed more information not solicited by the questioners; (5) the white subjects responded to the Mod Squad (in terms of response time) more readily than black subjects; and (6) responses to Traditional questioning elicited no negative comments on the criminal justice system, whereas the Mod Squad questioning brought forth several com ments. Overall, the data from this pilot project indicate that institu tionalized juvenile delinquents, especially white boys, respond more freely to persons who attempt to relate to the youth life style and who have acquired and used skills that facilitate good communication. Further research should explore the effects of various life styles and levels of communication skills before specific conclusions about each can be made.
The Burden of Taxation: An International Comparison
Authors: Needleman L. 
Published: March 2007

It has often been asserted that Britain is one of the most heavily taxed countries in the world. That assertion is examined in this note by comparing the weight of taxation and compulsory social security contributions in Britain with that in other countries. The comparison is made in broad terms with about twenty countries and in more detail with Australia, Western Germany, Ireland, Sweden and the United States. But even the detailed comparison is necessarily a coarse one. Tax systems almost everywhere are immensely complicated and only a few aspects of the systems are examined here.Taxation in this country does not appear to be exceptionally heavy. The total burden—the proportion of the country's income which is taken in tax—is quite near to the European average. Further, the British division of tax between direct taxes on households, taxes on corporations and indirect taxes, is closer to the European average than that of any other European country. Those earning more than about £10,000 a year are more heavily taxed in Britain than in the other countries examined in detail but less than one-tenth of one per cent of the working population are in this income group, so this is hardly a sufficient ground for the general complaint of high taxation. At incomes between £2,000 and £10,000 a year, Sweden takes more in tax than Britain; Australia and Ireland take about the same; and Western Germany and the United States take less. Below £2,000 a year Western Germany and Sweden have very much higher rates than the other countries.
The Size of Plant: A Comparison
Authors: Ray G. F. 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this note is to analyse the size of plant in Britain, Germany and some other European countries, in order to answer the question : are there any differences here which might throw light on Britain's competitive position?The main conclusion concerns large plants-those employing more than 1,000 people-in Germany and Britain. In Germany these large plants tend to be larger, in terms of employment, than in Britain. This is particularly marked in plants in industries producing for export. In all manufacturing industry, the typical large German plant was one-tenth larger than the British (in employment) ; in the six most important export industries, it was found to be one-third larger.
Flexibility, quality and competitiveness
Authors: Casey Bernard , Keep Ewart , Mayhew Ken 
Published: March 2007

Flexibility, quality and competitiveness are all hallelujah words in current debate about national economic performance. The achievement of more flexibility or higher quality or greater competitiveness, it is said, will help the UK become a more successful economy. At the same time increased labour market flexibility and deregulation has been seen by UK governments since the early 1980s as a means of creating jobs and tackling unemployment. In following this line the UK government has looked to the North American example, and has suggested on numerous occasions that overregulation and inflexibility in most European countries' labour markets has worsened unemployment. While the record of enhanced labour market flexibility in boosting employment is not the focus of this article (for details of the debate, see Solow, 1998; Walwei, 1998), this job creation aspect of flexibility is important because it has coloured discussions of flexible forms of employment in the UK and has often led to our conflating flexibility with deregulation. As will be argued below, the evidence from Europe in fact suggests that the use of some forms of flexible employment are not incompatible with relatively high degrees of labour market regulation.“I do not know what the word ‘flexibility’ is. Rarely in international discourse has a word gone so directly from obscurity to meaninglessness without any intervening period of coherence. Some people when they talk about labour market flexibility are talking about the freedom of employers to fire workers, the freedom of employers to reduce wages. I tell you something. That kind of freedom is not going to lead to higher standards of living in any of our countries.” Robert Reich, speaking at the International Labour Organisation, 10 June, 1994.
Student Teachers' Perceptions About Communicative Language Teaching Methods
Authors: Miller Lindsay , Aldred Deborah 
Published: March 2007

This paper presents some aspects of student teachers' perceptions about the suitability and usability of communicative language teaching methods (CLTM) in the language classrooms of Hong Kong. Teacher education around the world emphasises a move towards more communicative teaching methods with interactive student-centred learning encouraged. But for student teachers who have grown up in cultures which often have teacher-centred classrooms, examination and curriculum constraints, and large classes, there is often a mismatch between theoretical methods and reality. The paper describes how a research initiative used to gain an understanding of some of the student teachers' perceptions of CLTM became incorporated in an awareness raising exercise in the methodology course. This move was an attempt to make the course more relevant for the local student teachers involved and provide more support in training them for the classroom. Ultimately it is hoped that such initiatives will encourage student teachers to have more positive attitudes to communicative teaching methods.
Contrastive Rhetoric: Pedagogical Implications for the ESL Teacher in Singapore
Authors: Fagan Edward R. , Cheong Peggy 
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the rhetorical styles of English and Chinese expository prose and analyzed sixty compositions written by English-As-A-Second Language (ESL) ninth graders in Singapore. The first part of the study involved the delineation of the rhetorical patterns of English and Chinese expository styles. A Contrastive Rhetoric study was then undertaken of the two styles. The similarities and differences at the composition, paragraph, and sentence levels of English and Chinese exposition have been highlighted. The second part of the study involved the analysis of sixty English compositions written by nine-grade Chinese ESL students in Singapore. Four Singapore teachers and the researcher did the analysis. These compositions were analyzed for rhetorical patterns and charateristics and were then compared and contrasted with English rhetorical patterns. The findings of the study suggested that the sixty students were influenced by Chinese rhetorical styles. The raters' analyses indicated that 39.2% of the sixty compositions exhibited the English three-part pattern of Introduction-Body-Conclusion, and 50.6% exhibited the Chinese four-part pattern of Introduction-Body-Related or Con trasting Subtheme-Conclusion. The raters also indicated that 71.4% of the compositions had examples of digression, repetition, and in- direction and 53.8% had flowery, metaphorical styles. Pedagogically, results of this study imply a need for in-service programs for ESL teachers which address rhetorical theory for teaching composition. One corollary of that would be modification of the Singapore ESL curriculum to include rhetorical theory and its concurrent teaching techniques, which will help to minimize the ef fects of negative language transfer from Chinese to English composi tion writing.
Modèles culturels socio-religieux des groupes élitiques catholiques à Sri Lanka
Authors: Houtart François , Lemercinier Genevlève 
Published: March 2007

This study, which is an extract from the more general resarch on interrelations between the religious and political fields in Sinhalese society, tries to establish the cultural patterns of westernized and nonwesternized Catholic elite groups. Following the schools' question, which polarised opposition in the political field between Christians and Buddhists, religion formed the basis of social belonging in the collective situation. With the alleviation of this problem, the question of development became the main political objective, at least in the officially proclaimed ideologies. What then of the social viewpoint of the Catholic groups and their relationship with religion ? Only the elite groups are taken into account here. The data of the survey was studied by means of factor analysis which showed the existing patterns for the three sub-groups studied : westernized elite, nonwesternized elite and clergy. If the function of religion as an ideological structure is evident only among a very small group, it serves however to conserve the dominant position of the westernized elite. Differing attitudes prevail among the nonwesternized elite, particularty a combination of a stereotyped attitude with regard to authority and more critical positions regarding the socio- political organization. As for the Catholic clergy, their cultural patterns strongly resemble the westernized group, which is understandable given their formation and cultural environment. However, it is interesting to note that in each group there exists a minority who see in religious motivation a basis for a more radical attitude towards the transformation of society.
Sex Roles in the Jesus Movement
Authors: Harder Mary W. 
Published: March 2007

Au sein du phénomène du Jesus People, l'Auteur s'est atta ché à l'étude des positions différentielles et des rôles joués selon les sexes dans une communauté religieuse. L'analyse met en lumière l'absence de conflit de rôles, eu égard aux sexes, et la volonté de minimiser toute idée de conflit de la part des membres du groupe. L'auteur souligne cependant la perdurance d'une position d'infériorité des femmes dans le groupe.
On Esotericism
Authors: WAITE GEOFFREY 
Published: March 2007

There was a famous discussion between Heidegger and Ernst Cassirer in Davos which revealed the lostness and emptiness of this remarkable representative of established academic philosophy to everyone who had eyes. Cassirer had been a pupil of Hermann Cohen, the founder of the neo-Kantian school. Cohen had elaborated a system of philosophy whose center was ethics. Cassirer had transformed Cohen's system into a new system of philosophy in which ethics had completely disappeared. It had been silently dropped: he had not faced the problem. Heidegger had faced the problem. He declared that ethics is impossible, and his whole being was permeated by the awareness that this fact opens up an abyss.... Only a great thinker could help us in our plight. But here is the great trouble: the only great thinker in our time is Heidegger. The only question of importance, of course, is the question whether Heidegger's teaching is true or not. But the very question is deceptive because it is silent about the question of competence—of who is competent to judge. Strauss Heidegger conceals nothing. He does not lie. He says what he really thinks. Janicaud It is important for us to understand, above all, the true intentions of our author, to illuminate what he thinks really needs to be said, and to surmise what is most critical for him. Levinas Only once or twice in my thirty to thirty-five years of teaching have I ever spoken about what really matters to me. Heidegger For a long time I have not said what I believed, nor do I ever believe what I say, and if indeed I do happen to tell the truth I hide it among so many lies that it is hard to find. Machiavelli The `doctrine' of a thinker is what is unsaid in his saying, to which man is exposed so that he might expend himself for it. Heidegger But for those on the outside everything is in parables; so that they may see but not perceive, and hearing, they may hear but not understand; lest they should turn, and their sins be forgiven them. Mark 4:12 “Now do you recognize that I am a philosopher?”... “I would have, had you remained silent.” Boethius The same goes for Heidegger: It is necessary to know how to listen to the silences of philosophers. These are always eloquent. Althusser
Self-Management: The Case of the Kibbutz
Authors: Stryian Yohanan 
Published: March 2007

Trends in the development of economic and production management in kibbutzim are examined in a general comparative framework of productive cooperation and self-management. The influence of such internal processes on the single SM enterprise's ability of survival in and coping with a capitalist economic environment is studied with reference to the concept of 'degeneration of cooperatives'. (Webb, 1899) Bad organization can often mean defeat. This is a truism. More interesting,however,is the fact that good organization can also lead to defeat, i.e., for the purposes, goals and interests which were the original reasons that the grouporganized. (Abrahamsson, 1977: 227)
Union Structural Change
Authors: Abrahamsson Bengt 
Published: March 2007

Labour unions frequently try to adjust to external pressures by changing their inner structures. Analyses of union structural change will benefit from considering the concept of union jurisdiction. Three organizational stages of jurisdictions are identified, and change of jurisdictions along two variables, extension and centralization, is discussed. The conceptual framework is used to examine, for example, organizational mergers and dissolutions, industrial unionism and jurisdictional conflicts. The rise and fall of organizations, governmental and non-governmental, is a sensitive barometer of the social and political problems of our time. (Perrow, 1971: 99)
The role of telecommunications in economic growth: proposal for an alternative framework of analysis
Authors: Riaz Ali 
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the literature on the relationship between telecommunications and economic growth and argues that its weakness is its technocratic perspective. It then goes on to argue for an approach that does not view telecommunications as an exogenous driver of economic development, but which assesses the relationship between telecommunications and economic growth within the broader framework of global economic transformation and the location of the specific country within the matrix of a world capitalist system. This approach is then exemplified by a study of Singapore and the stages through which its telecommunications and economic development has passed over the last 30 years.
A. Teaching Scientific Attitudes and Methods in Science
Authors: Darrell Barnard J. 
Published: March 2007

In this article, Professor Barnard examines the rationale underlying the frequent inclusion of scientific attitudes and methods among the objectives of science educa tion. After discussing the nature of the scientific method(s), he outlines research evidence on the extent to which education along these lines is actually occurring in today's schools. He concludes that one reason teachers do not do better in these areas is that they are unclear concerning the objectives— in terms of behavior— of learning related to scientific attitudes and methods. The writer next proposes ten statements which describe behavior pupils will ex hibit as they improve in their possession of scientific attitudes and ability to use scien tific methods. Finally, he describes the kind of teaching we should have, as compared to that we should not have, if our science pupils are to make progress toward the realization of these objectives.
Your Life in Their Hands: Migrant Workers in the National Health Service
Authors: Doyal Lesley , Hunt Geoff , Mellor Jenny 
Published: March 2007

The National Health Service is heavily dependent on overseas workers at all levels. Some 33 per cent of all doctors and 20 per cent of student nurses now working in Britain were born overseas. The traditional justification for this situation is that it constitutes a form of British 'aid' to the third world, training health workers who then go back to their own countries. However a closer examination reveals that in reality these workers provide a crucial source of cheap labour and their utilisation has always been an important component both in keeping down costs and in rationalising the labour process in health care. Moreover, many do not return home and for those who do, the training they have received in Britain may well have very little relevance to the health needs of their own countries. Against the background of the epidemic of national chauvinism being fostered by the Conservative government, this article examines the vital role played by overseas workers in sustaining a major social service. We wish to acknowledge the important role of Frances Gee and Imogen Pennell in producing the material on which much of this article is based.
Citizens of workplace democracies
Authors: Stanton Alan 
Published: March 2007

This article draws from research with social services agencies trying to run collectively and collaboratively. It argues that applying the experience of such teams has been hindered by their characterisation in the 1970s as prefigurative future socialist forms. As a result, they have often been judged, less by their achievements, than against an idealised model of direct democracy. Their development in the 80s suggests a different picture. Successful Collective working cannot solve, but can balance the tensions inherent in workplace democracy and in the process, offer valuable experience of the pratical problems in defining and building citizenship in other forums.
The psychological aspect of visual impairment as a central understanding in the development of inclusion
Authors: Rodney Peter 
Published: March 2007

The move from integration to inclusion is more than a change of terminology. It is a shift from one set of beliefs to another. The reason for change in paradigms is that the old set of theories no longer can fulfil its purpose to create coherence in complex situations. The main question that yesterday's theory about the integration of visually impaired students no longer can explain is, 'Why does the student not automatically become a part of the group's social life?' Or as it is often put, 'Social integration is the most difficult part of integration.' This is a complex of problems that is obvious to many, but difficult to explain. So when a set of theories is no longer functional, it is time to create a new one. The theory of inclusion is a step in that direction. Until now it has been the theoretical fields of pedagogy and didacticism that have been constructing the new paradigm of inclusion. The aim of this article is to show that a psychological approach to the understanding of visual impairment is essential to develop the concept of inclusion.
Anxiety and the College Musician: A Study of Performance Conditions and Subject Variables
Authors: Hamann Donald L. , Sobaje Martha 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine response to anxiety in musical performance in relation to anxiety theory statements concerning A-Trait and/or A-State arousal and the Drive or motivational properties of anxiety. Performances of 60 subjects were recorded under a reduced and an enhanced anxiety situation and were evaluated for musical quality by five adjudicators. From research results it was found that anxiety had positive effects on subjects' performances due to the Drive properties of anxiety. Further, musicians tend to respond to anxiety in relation to anxiety theory hypotheses.
Japanese Immigration in Brazil
Authors: Nogueira Arlinda Rocha 
Published: March 2007

Television, newspapers and magazines often discuss the presence in Japan of dekasseguis from Brazil. This migratory movement, which started in 1985, has started to show signs of decline. The recession in Japan has been accompanied by the laying off of around 20,000 Brazilian dekasseguis - employed in businesses in the industrial sector (cars, electronics and food production) - which explains the reduction in the number of candidates for departure.The emigrants have generally been drawn by attractive salaries, while always aware that they were being offered work refused by the local population, considered kitsui (heavy), kitani (dirty) and kiken (dangerous). The hope of amassing sufficient savings in a few years to enjoy a better standard of living on their return to Brazil weighed significantly on their decision to leave.