bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bringing Community Psychology Home: The Leadership, Community and Values Initiative
Authors: Cauce Ana Mari 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWorkplaces are amongst the most influential settings in the lives of adults and community psychologists have long been interested how to foster environments that are empowering, provide a sense of community, and support diversity. Yet, despite the fact that many community psychologists work in academic settings, there is a dearth of research that examines universities as work environments, both for faculty and staff members. This paper presents a case study of an initiative at the University of Washington, the Leadership, Community, and Values Initiative that is used a collaborative process to assess the workplace environment and effect positive changes. It is hoped that a description of key aspects of the assessment and efforts toward workplace improvement will serve as a call to community psychologists to turn more of their attention to an important setting that affects many of us, and virtually all of our students.
Partial prevention of hepatic lipid alterations in nude mice by neonatal thymulin gene therapy
Authors: García de Bravo Margarita M. , Polo Mónica P. , Reggiani Paula C. , Rimoldi Omar J. , Dardenne Mireille , Goya Rodolfo G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDuring adult life athymic (nude) male mice display not only a severe T‐cell‐related immunodeficiency but also endocrine imbalances and a moderate hyperglycemia. We studied the impact of congential athymia on hepatic lipid composition and also assessed the ability of neonatal thymulin gene therapy to prevent the effects of athymia. We constructed a recombinant adenoviral vector, RAd‐metFTS, expression a synthetic DNA sequence encoding met‐FTS, an analog of the thymic peptide facteur thymique sérique (FTS), whose Zn‐bound biologically active form is known as thymulin. On postnatal day 1–2 homozygous (nu/nu) nude and heterozygous (nu/+) mice were injected with 108 pfu of RAd‐metFTS or RAd‐βgal (control vector) intramuscularly. The animals were processed at 52 d of age. Serum thymulin, glycemia, hepatic phospholipid FA compostion and free and esterified cholesterol were determined. Adult homozygous male nudes were significantly (P<0.01) hyperglycemic when compared with their heterozygous counterparts (2.04 vs. 1.40 g/L, respectively). The relative percentage of 16∶0, 18∶1n−9, and 18∶1n−7 FA was lower, whereas that of 18∶0, 20∶4n−6, and 22∶6n−3 FA was higher, in hepatic phospholipid (PL) of nu/nu animals as compared with their nu/+ counterparts. Some of these alterations, such as that in the relative content of 22∶6n−3 in liver PL and the unsaturation index, were completely or partially prevented by neonatal thymulin gene therapy. We conclude that the thymus influences lipid metabolism and that thymulin is involved in this modulatory activity.
Intrasample variability of intramyocellular triacylglycerol
Authors: Zhou Lianzhen , Guo ZengKui 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIntrasample variability of intramyocellular triacylglycerol (imcTG)in the skeletal muscle of rats has been examined. Aliquoting after homogenization of muscle samples reduced imcTG variability considerably compared with aliquoting before homogenization. The results suggested that skeletal muscle samples be homogenized before aliquoting in order to reduce imcTG variability.
Desaturation indices in liver, muscle, and bone of growing male and female mice fed trans‐10, cis‐12 conjugated linoleic acid
Authors: Viswanadha Srikant , McGilliard Michael L. , Herbein Joseph H. 
Published: February 2007

Abstracttrans‐10, cis‐12‐CLA (t10,c12‐CLA) inhibits lipid deposition in adipose tissue of many species, but it also enhances lipid deposition in liver. We evaluated effects of dietary t10,c12‐CLA content and gender on carcass composition, FA profile of selected tissues, and expression of FA synthase (FAS) and stearoyl‐CoA desaturase‐1 (SCD) mRNA in adipose tissue. Male and female (63 of each) CD‐1 mice were assigned a diet containing 0.0, 0.15, or 0.30% t10,c12‐CLA at 4 wk of age. Seven mice per dietary group within gender were sacrificed after 2,4 or 6 wk. The CLA isomer caused dose‐dependent reductions in dry carcass weight and fat content, without altering protein content, but carcass fat and epididymal fat pad weights of males were reduced to a greater extent than carcass fat and inguinal fat pad weights of females. FAS and SCD mRNA in adipose tissue was more abundant in females than males, but expression in both genders decreased as the t10, c12‐CLA content of the diet increased. Although the weight of gastrocnemius muscle was not influenced by diet, total FA content of the muscle of both genders decreased in response to dietary t10,c12‐CLA content. Femur weight of male mice increased as the t10,c12‐CLA content of the diet increased, but the weight increase was associated with a reduction in total FA content. The Δ9 desaturation indices for muscle and femur suggested a linear reduction in SCD activity, whereas Δ9 indices for liver indicated linear enhancement of SCD activity. Overall, results suggested that growing male mice were more susceptible than females to t10,c12‐CLA inhibition of lipid deposition.
Biocatalysis of linoleic acid to conjugated linoleic acid
Authors: Irmak Sibel , Dunford Nurhan Turgut , Gilliland Stanley E. , Banskalieva Veneta , Eisenmenger Michael 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCLA refers to a group of geometrical and positional isomers of linoleic acid (LA) with conjugated double bonds. CLA has been reported to have diverse health benefits and biological properties. Traditional organic synthesis is highly capital‐intensive and results in an isomeric mixture of CLA isomers. Biotechnology presents new alternatives to traditional lipid manufacturing methods. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of protein isolation procedures on linoleate isomerase (LAI) recovery from microbial cells and biocatalysis of LA to CLA. Protein isolation experiments were carried out using Lactobacillus acidophilus L1 and two strains of Lactobacillus reuteri (ATCC 23272 and ATCC 55739). Under the same assay conditions, ATCC 55739 had the highest LAI activity among the microbial cultures examined in this study. Efficiency of cell lysis methods, which included various combinations of lysozyme and mutanolysin treatments in combination with sonication and osmotic rupture of cells with liquid nitrogen, was very low. Although treatment of cell material with a detergent (octylthioglucoyranoside) freed a significant amount of LAI activity into the solution, it was not sufficient to recover all the LAI activity from the residual cells. Crude LAI preparations produced mainly the cis‐9,trans‐11 CLA isomer. Time and substrate/protein ratio had a significant effect on biocatalysis of LA to CLA. It appears that the mechanism and kinetics of enzymatic conversion of LA to CLA are quite complex and requires further research using pure LAI preparations.
Syntheses of conjugated octadecadienoic acids
Authors: Kellersmann C. , Steinhart H. , Francke W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThree approaches for the synthesis of octadecadienoic acids with conjugated double bond systems are presented: synthesis of (10Z, 12Z)‐octadecadienoic acid via an enyne‐substructure; the use of an educt with a conjugated double bond system for the synthesis of (10E, 12E‐octadecadienoic acid; and the Suzuki cross coupling for the synthesis of (7E,9Z)‐octadecadienoic acid.
Phospholipid molecular profiles in the seed kernel from different sunflower (Helianthus annuus) mutants
Authors: Salas Joaquín J. , Martínez‐Force Enrique , Garcés Rafael 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPhospholipids are essential components of plant cell membranes whose acyl composition appears to be influenced by oil composition in the sunflower. In the current study, we have determined the diacylglycerol profile of the main phospholipids using phospholipase C degradation and separation of the diacylglycerols by HPLC and GLC. The main polar lipid molecular species were defined in different classes of sunflower kernel: PC, PE, and PI. The proportions of each were determined at different stages of development in order to define the point at which the mutations carried by each sunflower line affected the phospholipid composition of the seeds. The results indicated that modifications to intraplastidial de novo FA synthesis affected the seed phospholipid profile during the whole period of the seed formation, including accumulation and maturation, whereas the influence of mutations in the endoplasmic reticulum desaturases were more readily detected at later stages of development. These results are discussed in terms of the pathways involved in glycerolipid synthesis and phospholipid conversion in sunflower seeds.
Comparative study of lipids in mature seeds of six Cordia species (family boraginaceae) collected in different regions of Brazil
Authors: Carvalho Patrícia de O. , Arrebola Melissa B. , Sawaya Alexandra C. H. F. , Cunha Ildenize B. S. , Bastos Deborah H. M. , Eberlin Marcos N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe oil content, FA, and lipid class composition of the mature seeds of six Cordia species were analyzed. Mature seeds of each species were collected in their natural habitat from 2002 to 2004. The total lipid content varied from 1.9% to 13.2%, there beings significant differences between the results found in different years for each species and between the species analyzed. The contents of FFA varied from 2.0% to 7.9% of total lipids. Neutral lipids (NL) were the largest class, making up between 89.6% and 96.4% of the total lipids; the phospholipids (PL) were the second largest class (3.0% to 8.9% of the toal lipids), and the glycolipids (GL) were the smallest class (0.6 to 3.4%). The presence of GLA was determined in each class of lipids; it is predominant in the NL. Levels of GLA ranged from 1.2% to 6.8% of total seed FA. This is, to our knowledge the first study of lipid composition in seeds of species of Cordia from Brazil.
Insulin status‐dependent alterations in lipid/phospholipid composition of rat kidney microsomes and mitochondria
Authors: Patel Samir P. , Katyare Surendra S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEarly and late effects of alloxan‐diabetes on lipid/phospholipid composition in rat kidney microsomes and mitochondria were examined. In microsomes, early diabetic state resulted in an increase in contents of total phospholipids (TPL), cholesterol (CHL), with an increase in the lysophospholipids (Lyso), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylinositol (PI) components. The sphinogmyelin (SPM), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidic acid (PA) content decreased. Treatment with insulin had no effect on PC but PE increased and the other components decreased. In the 1‐month diabetic group PI, PS, PE, and PA components decreased, whereas Lyso and PC increased. Treatment with insulin had restorative effects on PE, PI, and PS; Lyso was further elevated whereas PA decreased. In mitochondria, at an early stage of diabetes marginally increased CHL content was restored by insulin treatment. Long‐term diabetes lowered the TPL and elevated the CHL content. Treatment with insulin partially restored the TPL and CHL content. A diabetic state decreased the proportion of PE and diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) components but increased the Lyso, SPM, PC, PI, and PS components in the mitochondria. Treatment with insulin had a partial restorative effect. The membrane fluidity of both microsomes and mitochondria decreased in general in the diabetic condition and was not corrected by insulin treatment at a late stage. However, at an early stage, treatment with insulin fluidized both membranes.
Deoxycholic acid formation in gnotobiotic mice associated with human intestinal bacteria
Authors: Narushima Seiko , Itoh Kikuji , Miyamoto Yukiko , Park Sang‐Hee , Nagata Keiko , Kuruma Kazuo , Uchida Kiyohisa 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn humans and animals, intestinal flora is indispensable for bile acid transformation. The goal of our study was to establish gnotobiotic mice with intestinal bacteria of human origin in order to examine the role of intestinal bacteria in the transformation of bile acids in vivo using the technique of gnotobiology. Eight strains of bile acid‐deconjugating bacteria were isolated from ex‐germ‐free mice inoculated with a human fecal dilution of 10−6, and five strains of 7α‐dehydroxylating bacteria were isolated from the intestine of limited human flora mice inoculated only with clostridia. The results of biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequence analysis showed that seven out of eight bile acid‐deconjugating strains belong to a bacteroides cluster (Bacteroides vulgatus, B. distasonis, and B. uniformis), and one strain had high similarity with Bilophila wadsworthia. All five strains that converted cholic acid to deoxycholic acid had greatest similarity with Clostridium hylemonae. A combination of 10 isolated strains converted taurocholic acid into deoxycholic acid both in vitro and in the mouse intestine. These results indicate that the predominant bacteria, mainly Bacteroides, in human feces comprise one of the main bacterial groups for the deconjugation of bile acids, and clostridia may play an important role in 7α‐dehydroxylation of free‐form primary bile acids in the intestine although these strains are not predominant. The gnotobiotic mouse with bacteria of human origin could be a useful model in studies of bile acid metabolism by human intestinal bacteria in vivo.
Regiospecificity profiles of storage and membrane lipids from the gill and muscle tissue of atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) grown at elevated temperature
Authors: Miller Matthew R. , Nichols Peter D , Barnes Julia , Davies Noel W. , Peacock Evan J. , Carter Chris G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRegiospecific and traditional analysis, of both storage and membrane lipids, was performed on gill, white muscle, and red muscle samples taken from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) to gauge the effect of elevated water temperature. The fish, fed a commercial diet, were held at an elevated water temperature of 19°C. Total n‐3 PUFA, total PUFA, and n‐3/n‐6 and unsaturated/saturated fatty acid (UFA/SFA) ratios in the FA profile of the total lipid extract in the white muscle were fairly low compared with fish grown at 15°C. Adaptation of structural and storage lipids at elevated temperatures was shown by a significant (P<0.01) reduction in PUFA especially in the percentage of EPA (6–8%). Further adaptation was indicated by the percentages of SFA, which were significantly (P<0.05) higher in gill (56%) and white muscle (58%) polar lipid fractions and coincided with lower percentages of n‐3, n‐6, and total PUFA. The regiospecific profiles indicated a high affinity of DHA to the sn‐2 position in both the TAG (61–68%) and polar lipid (35–60%) fractions. The combination of detailed regiospecific and lipid analyses demonstrated adaptation of cell membrane structure in Atlantic salmon grown at an elevated water temperature.
Effects of cis‐9, trans‐11 and trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA isomers on liver and adipose tissue fatty acid profile in hamsters
Authors: Zabala A. , Portillo M. P. , Macarulla M. T. , Rodríguez V. M. , Fernández‐Quintela A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cis‐9, trans‐11 and trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA on FA composition of TAG in epididymal adipose tissue and liver, and of hepatic phospholipids PL. Twenty‐four Syrian Golden hamsters were randomly divided into three groups of eight animals each and fed semipurified atherogenic diets supplemented with either 0.5 g/100g diet of linoleic acid or cis‐9, trans‐11 or trans‐12, cis‐9 CLA for 6 wk. Total lipids were extracted, and TAG and PL were separated by TLC. FA profile in lipid species from liver and adipose tissue, as well as in feces, was determined by GC. Trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA feeding significantly reduced linoleic and linolenic acids in TAG from both tissues, leading to reduced total PUFA content. Moreover, in the epididymal adipose tissue docosenoic and arachidonic acids were significantly increased. In liver PL, although no changes in individual FA were observed, total saturated FA (SFA) were decreased. No changes in TAG and PL FA profiles were induced by the cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA. TAG and PL incorporated cis‐9, trans‐11 more readily than trans‐11, cis‐12 CLA. This difference was not due to differential intestinal absorption, as shown by the analysis of feces. We concluded that only trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA induces changes in FA composition. Whereas increased PUFA content was observed in either liver or adipose tissue TAG, decreased SFA were found in liver PL. Incorporation of cis‐9, trans‐11 CLA in TAG is greater than that of trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA, but this is not due to differences in intestinal absorption.
Highly unsaturated fatty acid synthesis in marine fish: Cloning, functional characterization, and nutritional regulation of fatty acyl Δ6 desaturase of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)
Authors: Tocher Douglas R. , Zheng Xiaozhong , Schlechtriem Christian , Hastings Nicola , Dick James R. , Teale Alan J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study reports the cloning, functional characterization, tissue expression, and nutritional regulation of a Δ6 fatty acyl desaturase of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). PCR primers were designed based on the sequences of conserved motifs in available fish desaturases and used to isolate a cDNA fragment from cod liver, with full‐length cDNA obtained by rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The cDNA for the putative desaturase was shown to comprise 1980 bp, including a 261‐bp 5′‐UTR, a 375‐bp 3′‐UTR, and an ORF of 1344 bp that specified a protein of 447 amino acids. The protein sequence included three histidine boxes, two transmembrane regions, and an N‐terminal cytochrome b5 domain containing the heme‐binding motif HPGG, all characteristic of microsomal fatty acyl desaturases. The cDNA displayed Δ6 desaturase activity in a yeast expression system. Quantitative real‐time PCR assay of gene expression in cod showed that the Δ6 desaturase gene was expressed highly in brain, to a slightly lesser extent in liver, kidney, intestine, red muscle, and gill, and at much lower levels in white muscle, spleen, and heart. The expression of the Δ6 desaturase gene did not appear to be under significant nutritional regulation, with levels in liver and intestine being barely altered in fish fed a vegetable oil blend, in comparison with levels in fish fed fish oil. This was reflected in enzyme activity, as hepatocytes or enterocytes showed very little highly unsaturated FA biosynthesis activity irrespective of diet. Further studies are required to determine why the Δ6 desaturase appears to be barely functional in cod under the conditions tested.
Fatty acid composition of muscle fat and enzymes of storage lipid synthesis in whole muscle from beef cattle
Authors: Chris Kazala E. , Lozeman Fred J. , Mir Priya S. , Aalhus Jennifer L. , Schmutz Sheila M. , Weselake Randall J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEnhanced intramuscular fat content (i.e., marbling) in beef is a desirable trait, which can result in increased product value. This study was undertaken with the aim of revealing biochemical factors associated with the marbling trait in beef cattle. Samples of longissimus lumborum (LL) and pars costalis diaphragmatis (PCD) were taken from a group of intact crossbred males and females at slaughter, lipids extracted, and the resulting FAME examined for relationships with marbling fat deposition. For LL, significant associations were found between degree of marbling and myristic (14∶0, r=0.55, P<0.01), palmitic (16∶0, r=0.80 P<0.001), stearic (18∶0, r=−0.58, P<0.01), and oleic (18∶1c‐9, r=0.79, P<0.001) acids. For PCD, significant relationships were found between marbling and palmitic (r=0.71, P<0.001) and oleic (r=0.74, P<0.001) acids. Microsomal fractions prepared from PCD muscle were assayed for diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAAT), and phosphatidic acid phosphatase‐1 (PAP‐1) activity, and the results examined for relationships with degree of intramuscular fat deposition. None of the enzyme activities from PCD displayed an association with marbling fat content, but DGAT specific activity showed significant positive associations with LPAAT (r=0.54, P<0.01), total PAP (r=0.66, P<0.001), and PAP‐1 (r=0.63, P<0.01) specific activities. The results on FA compositions of whole muscle tissues provide insight into possible enzyme action associated with the production of specific FA. The increased proportion of oleic acid associated with enhanced lipid content of whole muscle is noteworthy given the known health benefits of this FA.
Diacylglycerol acyltransferase: A key mediator of plant triacylglycerol synthesis
Authors: Lung Shiu‐Cheung , Weselake Randall J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMany plants deposit TAG in seeds and fruits as the major form of storage lipid. TAG production is of tremendous socioeconomic value in food, nutraceutical, and industrial applications, and thus numerous conventional and molecular genetic strategies have been explored in attempts to increase TAG content and modify the FA composition of plant seed oils. Much research has focused on the acyl‐CoA‐dependent reaction catalyzed by diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT), which is an integral endoplasmic reticulum protein and has also been shown to be present in oil bodies and plastids. DGAT enzymes exhibit diverse biochemical properties among different plant species, many of which are summarized here. In addition to catalyzing a critical step in TAG biosynthesis, there is evidence that DGAT has roles in lipid metabolism associated with germination and leaf senescence. TAG can also be formed in plants via two different acyl‐CoA‐independent pathways, catalyzed by phospholipid: diacylglycerol acyltransferase and diacylglycerol transacylase. The current understanding of the terminal step in TAG formation in plants and the development of molecular genetic approaches aimed at altering TAG yield and FA composition of TAG are discussed.
Enhanced incorporation of n−3 fatty acids from fish compared with fish oils
Authors: Elvevoll Edel O. , Barstad Harald , Breimo Einar S. , Brox Jan , Eilertsen Karl‐Erik , Lund Trine , Olsen Jan Ole , Østerud Bjarne 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis work was undertaken to study the impact of the source of n−3 FA on their incorporation in serum, on blood lipid composition, and on cellular activation. A clinical trial comprising 71 volunteers, divided into five groups, was performed. Three groups were given 400 g smoked salmon (n=14), cooked salmon (n=15), or cooked cod (n=13) per week for 8 wk. A fourth group was given 15 mL/d of cod liver oil (CLO) (n=15), and a fifth group served as control (n=14) without supplementation. The serum content of EPA and DHA before and after intervention revealed a higher rise in EPA and DHA in the cooked salmon group (129% rise in EPA and 45% rise in DHA) as compared with CLO (106 and 25%, respectively) despite an intake of EPA and DHA in the CLO group of 3.0 g/d compared with 1.2 g/d in the cooked salmon group. No significant changes were observed in blood lipids, fibrinogen, fibrinolysis, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced tissue factor (TF) activity, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα), interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) in whole blood. EPA and DHA were negatively correlated with LPS‐induced TNFα, IL‐8, LTB4, TxB2, and TF in whole blood. In conclusion, fish consumption is more effective in increasing serum EPA and DHA than supplementing the diet with fish oil. Since the n−3 FA are predominantly in TAG in fish as well as CLO, it is suggested that the larger uptake from fish than CLO is due to differences in physiochemical structure of the lipids.