bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oligomerisierung von Nitrilen und Isonitrilen mittels Metallanen und geminalen Dilithiumverbindungen
Authors: Neumüller Bernhard 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDie Reaktionen von Nitrilen und Isonitrilen mit Metallanen der 13. Gruppe und geminalen Dilithiumverbindungen, vorzugsweise tBuELi2 (E = P, As), werden vorgestellt. Die Erkenntnisse aus Untersuchungen bezüglich der Intermediate und Produkte lassen teilweise deutliche Unterschiede zu bekannten Reaktionssystemen aus dem Bereich der Übergangsmetallchemie erkennen.
Effect of heart transplantation on skeletal muscle metabolic enzyme reserve and fiber type in end‐stage heart failure patients
Authors: Pierce Gary L. , Magyari Peter M. , Aranda Juan M. , Edwards David G. , Hamlin Scott A. , Hill James A. , Braith Randy W. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  Background:  Skeletal muscle myopathy is a hallmark of chronic heart failure (HF). Phenotypic changes involve shift in myosin heavy chain (MHC) fiber type from oxidative, MHC type I, towards more glycolytic MHC IIx fibers, reductions in oxidative enzyme activity, and increase in glycolytic enzyme activity. However, it is unknown if muscle myopathy is reversed following heart transplantation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of heart transplantation on skeletal muscle metabolic enzyme reserve and MHC fiber type in end‐stage HF patients.Methods:  Thirteen HF subjects were prospectively studied before and two months after heart transplantation and a subgroup (n = 6) at eight months after transplantation. Skeletal muscle biopsy of the vastus lateralis was performed and relative MHC composition was determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), citrate synthase (CS), and 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA‐dehydrogenase (HACoA) enzyme activity assays were performed to assess glycolytic, oxidative, and β‐oxidative metabolic enzyme reserves, respectively.Results:  Lactate dehydrogenase activity (130.5 ± 13.3 vs. 106.1 ± 13.2 μmol/g wet wt/min, p < 0.05), CS activity (14.0 ± 1.2 vs. 9 ± 0.9 μmol/g wet wt/min, p < 0.05), and HACoA activity (4.5 ± 0.48 vs. 3.6 ± 0.3 μmol/g wet wt/min, p < 0.05) decreased two months after heart transplantation. At eight months, LDH activity was restored (139.0 ± 11 μmol/g wet wt/min), but not CS or HACoA activity compared with before transplantation. There was no significant change in muscle %MHC type I (28.7 ± 3.5% vs. 25.3 ± 3.0%, p = NS), %MHC type IIa (33.2 ± 2.0% vs. 34.6 ± 1.9%, p = NS), or %MHC type IIx (38.1 ± 2.8% vs. 40.1 ± 3.7%, p = NS) fiber type two months after heart transplantation. However, %MHC type I (19.3 ± 6.6%) was decreased and %MHC type IIx (51.0 ± 6.5%) was increased at eight months after (p < 0.05) compared with before transplantationConclusions:  Skeletal muscle glycolytic, oxidative, and β‐oxidative enzymatic reserves are diminished early after heart transplantation, with reduced oxidative capacity persisting late in the first year. The myopathic MHC phenotype present in end‐stage HF persists early in the post‐operative state and declines further by eight months.
Transforming the Empire with a Department of Peace
Authors: De Rivera Joseph 
Published: January 2007

This article argues that transformation of the American Empire requires changing American culture and that this can best be achieved by establishing a Department of Peace. It presents details of how such a department could be structured to facilitate cultural change and then addresses the political challenges involved in establishing such a department. A brief history of past attempts to create a Department of Peace reveals three major challenges: the danger of co‐option, the necessity of facing bureaucratic conflicts, and the need to overcome nationalistic political opposition. To meet these challenges, those involved in the peace movement must recognize and resolve three specific sources of tension within the movement. The article addresses these tensions.
Multilingualism in Post‐9/11 U.S. Schools: Implications for Engaging Empire
Authors: Wong Shelley , Motha Suhanthie 
Published: January 2007

In this article we draw on our family histories of language loss to stimulate public discussion of the consequences of linguistic attrition for public school students in the United States. Our concerns for multilingualism, antiracism, and peace—and the salient connections among these three—are rooted in our lived experiences. Through an exploration of our family histories, we examine the ways in which empire and language identity can interact to shape decisions made by individual speakers of minority languages. We argue that multilingualism is a valuable resource for countering xenophobia, and that the teaching of foreign and world languages adds an important dimension to engaging empire, promoting peace and solidarity, and ultimately redefining what is legitimately “American.” We call attention to the potential power of well‐designed educational policies to support heritage language maintenance, to promote language rights, and to respond to dangers posed by the disproportionate power accorded to English.
A Rho‐dependent actin purse‐string is involved in wound repair in the early chick amnion following surgical puncture
Authors: MacManus Christopher F. , Tipping Nuala E. , Wilson David J. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThis study examined the mechanism of wound repair in the early chick amnion following surgical puncture. The chick amnion is a bilayered membrane with ultrastructural features similar to the human amnion, and thus may provide a model of the consequences of amnion puncture following first trimester amniocentesis in humans. Chick amnion was wounded on day 4–5 of incubation. The rate of wounding was measured as 40 μm2/minute by hourly measurements of wound area from initial wounding to a point where the wound appeared to be fully closed. Morphological changes were examined by scanning electron microscopy of amniotic membranes with the overlying chorionic membrane removed. Cells bordering the wound arranged themselves circumferentially during the healing period and eventually came together as a cellular pile up as the healing process was complete. The presence of an actin cable was revealed by fluorescein isothiocyanate‐labeled phalloidin. The actin was circumferentially arranged around the wound margin and appeared within 10 minutes after wounding. Treatment of the amnion with the inhibitor of endogenous Rho, C3 exotransferase, inhibited actin cable formation, suggesting that formation of an actin cable within the amnion during wound healing is Rho dependent.
Human U937 monocyte behavior and protein expression on various formulations of three‐dimensional fibrin clots
Authors: Mana Miyeko , Cole Marietta , Cox Steve , Tawil Bill 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTFibrin sealant products such as Tisseel®(Baxter Healthcare Corporation) are used in hemostasis and tissue sealing. Tisseel®consists of two components, a fibrinogen‐containing component and thrombin, which when mixed together form a fibrin clot. There is an interest in delivering monocytes to the wound because they are known to play an important role in the wound‐healing process. Therefore, we were interested in finding the best fibrin formulation for delivering monocytes by examining monocyte behavior on 3D‐fibrin clots. Using standard adhesion and proliferation assays, we found that monocytes differentially adhere, proliferate, and cluster on and within the 3D‐fibrin clots depending on the final fibrinogen and thrombin concentration. Moreover, using a Boyden chamber assay, we found that monocytes migrated through the 3D‐fibrin clots in 1–2 days. Furthermore, the protein expression in monocytes seeded on 3D‐fibrin clots for various time points varied depending on the fibrinogen and thrombin concentrations in the final 3D‐fibrin clots. The above data suggest that various formulations of fibrin sealant Tisseel®present a good surface for monocyte adhesion, proliferation and migration in vitro and potentially during the wound‐healing process in vivo. Moreover, because the monocytes proliferated well and clustered in the 3D fibrin, Tisseel®could be a good delivery vehicle for delivering monocytes into chronic wounds to overcome a healing deficiency.
Pharmacological Effects of AVE 0991, a Nonpeptide Angiotensin‐(1–7) Receptor Agonist
Authors: Santos Robson A. S. , Ferreira Anderson J. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTIn the last 20 years, our understanding of the physiopathology of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) has expanded dramatically. Basic and clinical studies showed that this system includes several other components in addition to renin, angiotensin (Ang) II, an‐giotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE), and Ang II receptors. One of the most interesting new members of RAS is the heptapeptide Ang‐(1–7). Many in vitro and in vivo studies have proven that this peptide plays several beneficial effects in the cardiovascular system, which are often opposite to the effects elicited by the main component of the RAS, Ang II. In addition, the recent discovery of the main enzyme involved in the Ang‐(1–7) production, ACE2 and the description of the Ang‐(1–7) receptor Mas reinforced the biological relevance of this peptide. These findings raised the possibility to develop new drugs based on the ACE2‐Ang‐(1–7)‐Mas axis and directed to cardiovascular and ‐related diseases. The development of AVE 0991, a nonpeptide Ang‐(1–7) receptor Mas agonist, represents an important step for exploration of the effects of Ang‐(1–7) and testing of its potential as a cardiovascular drug. Among advantages of this compound in comparison with Ang‐(1–7) is the fact that it is orally active and is expected to be resistant to proteolytic enzymes, circumventing an important problem associated with the use of peptides. This article briefly reviews in vitro and in vivo cardiovascular and renal effects of AVE 0991. Moreover, we are pointing to the evidence that ACE2‐Ang‐(1–7)‐Mas axis may represent a putative target for the development of new cardiovascular drugs.
Use of a Maximum Entropy Method as a Regularization Technique during the Retrieval of Trace Gas Profiles from Limb Sounding Measurements
Authors: Steinwagner J. , Schwarz G. , Hilgers S. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The retrieval of trace gas profiles from radiance measurements of limb sounding instruments represents an inverse problem: vertical profiles of mixing ratios have to be extracted from sequences of horizontally measured radiances recorded by a spectrometer. Typically, these retrievals are plagued by random noise and systematic errors, necessitating the use of regularization techniques during inversion calculations. In the following, the use of selected maximum entropy operators as a regularization tool is discussed and their performance with conventional optimal estimation and Tikhonov-type regularization techniques is compared. The main gain with the proposed maximum entropy operators is that no a priori knowledge is needed; a reasonable initial guess profile is fully sufficient. The approach is verified by using simulated data of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) instrument, an infrared Fourier transform spectrometer flown on the European Envisat mission.
The value of health care – a matter of discussion in Germany
Authors: Porzsolt Franz , Ackermann Moritz , Amelung Volker 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Background
Interest in assessing the value of health-care services in Germany has considerably increased since the foundation of the Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen, IQWiG (Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care). The practical application of value assessment illustrates how problematic the process can be. In all decisions made for the provision of health care, data concerning the measurable dimensions (quantity and quality of efficacy and effectiveness, validity of the results and costs) flow into a complex and not yet standardized decision-making process concerning public financing. Some of these decisions are based on data of uncertain validity, unknown reproducibility and unclear appropriateness.

Discussion
In this paper we describe the theoretical aspects of value from psychological and economic viewpoints and discuss national and international approaches. Methodic details and difficulties in assessing the value of health-care services are analysed. A definition of the intangible value of health-care services will be proposed which contains only three factors: the absolute risk reduction (usually a measure of efficacy), the validity of the scientific papers examined and the type of the expected effectiveness (prevention of death and disability, restitution of well-being). The intangible value describes the additional benefit when comparing two possible actions, like treatment or observation only.

Conclusion
The description of intangible value from the viewpoint of different stakeholders is a useful measure for subsequent steps (not discussed here) – the evaluation of costs and of patient benefit. A standardised, transparent, fair and democratic evaluation is essential for the definition of a basic benefit package.
Cooperative learning in third graders' jigsaw groups for mathematics and science with and without questioning training
Authors: Souvignier Elmar. , Kronenberger Julia. 
Published: January 2007

Background. There is much support for using cooperative methods, since important instructional aspects, such as elaboration of new information, can easily be realized by methods like ‘jigsaw’. However, the impact of providing students with additional help like a questioning training and potential limitations of the method concerning the (minimum) age of the students have rarely been investigated.Aims. The study investigated the effects of cooperative methods at elementary school level. Three conditions of instruction were compared: jigsaw, jigsaw with a supplementary questioning training and teacher‐guided instruction.Sample. Nine third grade classes from three schools with 208 students participated in the study. In each school, all the three instructional conditions were realized in three different classes.Method. All classes studied three units on geometry and one unit on astronomy using the assigned instructional method. Each learning unit comprised six lessons. For each unit, an achievement test was administered as pre‐test, post‐test and delayed test.Results. In the math units, no differences between the three conditions could be detected. In the astronomy unit, students benefited more from teacher‐guided instruction. Differential analyses revealed that ‘experts’ learned more than students in teacher‐guided instruction, whereas ‘novices’ were outperformed by the students in the control classes.Conclusions. Even third graders used the jigsaw method with satisfactory learning results. The modest impact of the questioning training and the low learning gains of the cooperative classes in the astronomy unit as well as high discrepancies between learning outcomes of experts and novices show that explicit instruction of explaining skills in combination with well‐structured material are key issues in using the jigsaw method with younger students.
Statistical properties of polarized radio continuum emission and effects of data processing
Authors: Mizeva I. , Reich W. , Frick P. , Beck R. , Sokoloff D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPolarized intensity and polarization angles are calculated from Stokes parametersQandUin a nonlinear way. The statistical properties of polarized emission hold information about the structure of magnetic fields in a large range of scales, but the contributions of different stages of data processing to the statistical properties should first be understood. We use 1.4 GHz polarization data from the Effelsberg 100‐m telescope of emission in the Galactic plane, near the plane and far out of the plane. We analyze the probability distribution function and the wavelet spectrum of the original maps in Stokes parametersQ,Uand correspondingPI. Then we apply absolute calibration (i.e. adding the large‐scale emission to the maps inQandU), subtraction of polarized sources and subtraction of the positive bias inPIdue to noise (“denoising”). We show how each procedure affects the statistical properties of the data. We find a complex behavior of the statistical properties for the different regions analyzed which depends largely on the intensity level of polarized emission. Absolute calibration changes the morphology of the polarized structures. The statistical properties change in a complex way: Compact sources in the field flatten the wavelet spectrum over a substantial range. Adding large‐scale emission does not change the spectral slopes inQandUat small scales, but changes thePIspectrum in a complex way. “Denoising” significantly changes the p.d.f. ofPIand raises the entire spectrum. The final spectra are flat in the Galactic plane due to magnetic structures in the ISM, but steeper at high Galactic latitude and in the anticenter. For a reliable study of the statistical properties of magnetic fields and turbulence in the ISM based on radio polarization observations, absolute calibration and source subtraction are required. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inventor perseverance after being told to quit: the role of cognitive biases
Authors: Åstebro Thomas , Jeffrey Scott A. , Adomdza Gordon K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe find that approximately one third (29%) of independent inventors continue to spend money and 51% continue to spend time on projects after receiving highly diagnostic advice to cease effort. Using survey data from actual inventors, this paper studies the role of overconfidence, optimism, and the sunk‐cost bias in these decisions. We find that inventors are more overconfident and optimistic than the general population. We also find that optimism and past expenditures increased perseverance after being told to quit, while overconfidence in judgment ability had no effect. After being told to quit, optimists spend 166% more than pessimists and those having already spent, for example, $10 000 spend another $10 000. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
9‐Fluorenylphosphines for the Pd‐Catalyzed Sonogashira, Suzuki, and Buchwald–Hartwig Coupling Reactions in Organic Solvents and Water
Authors: Fleckenstein Christoph A. , Plenio Herbert 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe lithiation/alkylation of fluorene leads to various 9‐alkyl‐fluorenes (alkyl=Me, Et, iPr, ‐Pr, ‐C18H25) in >95 % yields, for which lithiation and reaction with R2PCl (R=Cy, iPr, tBu) generates 9‐alkyl, 9‐PR2‐fluorenes which constitute electron‐rich and bulky phosphine ligands. The in‐situ‐formed palladium–phosphine complexes ([Na2PdCl4], phosphonium salt, base, substrates) were tested in the Sonogashira, Suzuki, and Buchwald–Hartwig reactions of aryl chlorides and aryl bromides in organic solvents. The Sonogashira coupling of aryl chlorides at 100–120 °C leads to >90 % yields with 1 mol % of Pd catalyst. The Suzuki coupling of aryl chlorides typically requires 0.05 mol % of Pd catalyst at 100 °C in dioxane for quantitative product formation. To carry out “green” cross‐coupling reactions in water, 9‐ethylfluorenyldicyclohexylphosphine was reacted in sulphuric acid to generate the respective 2‐sulfonated phosphonium salt. The Suzuki coupling of activated aryl chlorides by using this water‐soluble catalyst requires only 0.01 mol % of Pd catalyst, while a wide range of aryl chlorides can be quantitatively converted into the respective coupling products by using 0.1–0.5 mol % of catalyst in pure water at 100 °C. Difficult substrate combinations, such as naphthylboronic acid or 3‐pyridylboronic acid and aryl chlorides are coupled at 100 °C by using 0.1–0.5 mol % of catalyst in pure water to obtain the respective N‐heterocycles in quantitative yields. The copper‐free aqueous Sonogashira coupling of aryl bromides generates the respective tolane derivatives in >95 % yield.
Some aspects of floor spectra of 1DOF nonlinear primary structures
Authors: Politopoulos Ioannis , Feau Cyril 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn this paper the influence of the nonlinear behaviour of the primary structure on floor spectra is investigated by means of simple models. The general trends of floor spectra for different types of nonlinear behaviour of one degree of freedom (1DOF) primary structure are shown and we point out their common futures and their differences. A special attention is given to the cases of elastoplastic and nonlinear elastic behaviours and methods to determine an equivalent linear oscillator are proposed. The properties (frequency and damping) of this equivalent linear oscillator are quite different from the properties of equivalent linear oscillators commonly considered in practice. In particular, in the case of elastoplastic behaviour, there is no frequency shift and damping is smaller than assumed by other methods commonly used. In the case of nonlinear elastic behaviour, the concept of an equivalent frequency which is a random variable is used. Finally, a design floor spectrum of primary structures, exhibiting energy dissipating nonlinear behaviour is proposed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The evolving role of engineers: towards sustainable development of the built environment
Authors: Cruickshank Heather J. , Fenner Richard. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSustainable development requires consideration of the requirements of systems that interact in a complex way. Consideration of these systems, with regard to the provision of infrastructure for the built environment serving an increasingly urbanised world, requires engineers to embrace a range of additional skills beyond the engineering science they have traditionally relied upon to solve engineering problems. This will require changes to the way in which engineering education prepares students for professional practice. This paper draws on field research and recommends expanding the solution space open to engineers. To facilitate this broader decision‐making requirement, it provides a framework to assist engineers in arriving at a suitable solution. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On generalized Hilbert transforms and their interaction with the Radon transform in Clifford analysis
Authors: Brackx Fred , De Knock Bram , De Schepper Hennie 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe present paper deals with the interaction between the multidimensional Hilbert transform and the Radon transform in Clifford analysis, both transforms being protagonists in multidimensional signal analysis theory. In an attempt to complete the picture, we consider in particular the action of the Radon transform on two types of generalized Hilbert operators, which have been constructed in the context of some well‐established families of Clifford distributions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.