bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specificity of Ubiquitin‐Binding Proteins: Recognition of Different Faces of Ubiquitin
Authors: Yin Luming , Russell Nathaniel S. , Cheng Dongmei , Peng Junmin , Wilkinson Keith D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo further understand ubiquitin‐binding proteins, we have developed a panel of monoubiquitin affinity resins linked through six different positions: residues 6, 11, 29, 48, 63, and 76. Each resin bound a different subset of yeast proteins. MALDI‐TOF MS analysis of the eluted proteins identified several of these proteins. Adding excess free ubiquitin competes for the binding of specific ubiquitin‐binding proteins. Thus, putative monoubiquitin‐binding proteins could be identified by this method. Analysis of yeast protein with this panel of resins demonstrates clear differences in the protein‐binding pattern, depending on what ubiquitin residue is coupled to the resin. The results suggested that certain proteins show a preference for binding to different faces of ubiquitin. Sap185, an effector of the Sit4 protein phosphatase, has been identified as a putative ubiquitin‐binding protein that binds to a face of ubiquitin other than that containing the hydrophobic patch. The combined affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry approach is a powerful tool for identifying ubiquitin‐binding proteins.
The GI‐UEV Domain, a Catalytically Inactive Ubiquitin‐Conjugating Enzyme Variant With a Role in Translational Regulation
Authors: Scheel Hartmut , Hofmann Kay 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUbiquitin‐conjugating enzymes (UBCs) form the second step in the enzyme cascade required for protein ubiquitylation. Most eukaryotic genomes contain a multitude of different catalytically active UBCs. In addition, several proteins contain homology domains related to UBCs that have lost their catalytic activity and are referred to as “ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme variants” or UEV‐domains. A common property of those domains is a role in ubiquitin binding and recognition. We report here on a novel class of more distantly related UEV domains, which forms a superset of the previously described GI‐homology region found in Gcn2 and IMPACT proteins. In the Gcn2 and IMPACT protein families, the GI‐UEV domain binds to proteins of the Gcn1 family and thus regulates translation levels via eIF2α phosphorylation. Bioinformatical analysis shows that GI‐UEV domains occur in a large number of proteins, many of them without an established role in translational regulation. Residue conservation and domain context predict that GI‐UEV domains might also have a role in the ubiquitin/proteasome system, suggesting a possible cross‐talk between ubiquitylation and translational regulation.
Evaluating Age Determination and Spatial Patterns of Growth in Red Sea Urchins in Southeast Alaska
Authors: Shelton Andrew O. , Woodby Douglas A. , Hebert Kyle , Witman Jon D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe goals of this study were to characterize growth of the commercially harvested red sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus in southeastern Alaska and test the validity of an aging technique. We aged urchins by counting growth rings on a part (rotula) of the Aristotle's lantern complex from urchins collected at three sites. A subset of collected urchins had three or more years of size measurements from passive integrated transponder (PIT) tag data, allowing us to fit and compare PIT tag and ring‐derived growth curves and test the assumption that rings were formed annually. Growth from PIT‐tagged individuals approximated the growth derived from ring counts for two of three sites. The third site deviated slightly from predicted growth, providing support for our aging technique. However, we failed to detect any extremely old urchins, suggesting that this technique is not appropriate for assessing the longevity or growth trajectory of very large urchins. An additional five sites without PIT‐tagged urchins were sampled to examine spatial variation in growth. Estimates of time to fishery entry varied substantially among sites, but four nonlinear growth functions produced similar estimates at individual sites. Time to fishery entry was positively correlated with an index of food availability, which suggests that the technique revealed true variation in growth rates.
Electrical Stimulation Modulates Fate Determination of Differentiating Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Yamada Masahisa , Tanemura Kentaro , Okada Seiji , Iwanami Akio , Nakamura Masaya , Mizuno Hideaki , Ozawa Michiru , Ohyama-Goto Ritsuko , Kitamura Naohito , Kawano Masako , Tan-Takeuchi Kyoko , Ohtsuka Chiho , Miyawaki Atsushi , Takashima Akihiko , Ogawa Masaharu , Toyama Yoshiaki , Okano Hideyuki , Kondo Takashi 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
A clear understanding of cell fate regulation during differentiation is key in successfully using stem cells for therapeutic applications. Here, we report that mild electrical stimulation strongly influences embryonic stem cells to assume a neuronal fate. Although the resulting neuronal cells showed no sign of specific terminal differentiation in culture, they showed potential to differentiate into various types of neurons in vivo, and, in adult mice, contributed to the injured spinal cord as neuronal cells. Induction of calcium ion influx is significant in this differentiation system. This phenomenon opens up possibilities for understanding novel mechanisms underlying cellular differentiation and early development, and, perhaps more importantly, suggests possibilities for treatments in medical contexts.
Differentiation of Adult Mouse Olfactory Precursor Cells into Hair Cells In Vitro
Authors: Doyle Kharen L. , Kazda Anita , Hort Yvonne , McKay Sarah M. , Oleskevich Sharon 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Many forms of deafness result from degeneration of the sensory cells for hearing, the hair cells in the cochlea. Stem cells offer a potential cell-based therapy for the treatment of deafness. Here, we investigate whether adult olfactory precursor cells can differentiate into hair cells in culture. Precursor cells were isolated from mouse olfactory neuroepithelium, were sphere-forming, showed proliferative capacity, and contained cells expressing neuronal and non-neuronal proteins. To induce differentiation, precursor cells were cocultured with cochlear cells and/or cochlear supernatant. Differentiated precursor cells were immunopositive for specific hair cell markers, including myosin VIIa, FM1-43, calretinin, phalloidin, and espin, and resembled hair cells anatomically and immunocytochemically in culture. The results demonstrate for the first time that adult olfactory precursor cells can differentiate into hair cell-like cells, thus providing a potential autotransplantation therapy for hearing loss.
No Contribution of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells to Liver Regeneration in a Rat Model of Prolonged Hepatic Injury
Authors: Popp Felix C. , Slowik Przemyslaw , Eggenhofer Elke , Renner Phillip , Lang Sven A. , Stoeltzing Oliver , Geissler Edward K. , Piso Pompiliu , Schlitt Hans J. , Dahlke Marc H. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stromal (MS) cells from adult bone marrow are a cell population that can be expanded to large numbers in culture. MS cells might be differentiated toward hepatocytes in vitro and thus are promising candidates for therapeutic applications in vivo. The efficacy of bone marrow-derived MS cells versus hepatocytes to contribute to liver regeneration was compared in a rat model of prolonged toxic hepatic injury. Liver damage was induced by injection of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or allyl alcohol (AA) with and without retrorsine (R) pretreatment. MS cells or hepatocytes of wild-type F344 rats were injected into dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV)-deficient syngeneic rats. Hepatocyte chimerism was higher after intraportal hepatocyte transplantation in the R/AA group (mean maximal cluster size [MCS] = 21 cells) compared with the R/CCl4 treatment group (MCS = 18). No hepatocyte engraftment was outlined following post-transplant CCl4 injection only, whereas mere AA injection resulted in small clusters of donor-derived hepatocytes (MCS = 2). Intraparenchymal injection of hepatocytes was associated with a MCS = 11 after R/AA treatment and a MCS = 6 after AA administration alone. Redistribution of MS cells to the liver was shown after intraportal and intraparenchymal injection. In contrast to hepatocyte transplantation, however, donor-derived DPPIV-positive cells could not be demonstrated in any recipient after MS cell transplantation. Data from the present study indicate that a well-defined population of MS cells obtained according to established standard protocols does not differentiate into hepatocytes in vivo when transplanted under regenerative conditions, in which the application of hepatocytes results in stable hepatic engraftment.
Nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders: 2006 revision
Authors: Superti‐Furga Andrea , Unger Sheila ,   and the Nosology Group of the International Skeletal Dysplasia Society
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe objective of the paper is to provide the revision of the Nosology of Constitutional Disorders of Bone that incorporates newly recognized disorders and reflects new molecular and pathogenetic concepts. Criteria for inclusion of disorders were (1) significant skeletal involvement corresponding to the definition of skeletal dysplasias, metabolic bone disorders, dysostoses, and skeletal malformation and/or reduction syndromes, (2) publication and/or MIM listing, (3) genetic basis proven or very likely, and (4) nosologic autonomy confirmed by molecular or linkage analysis and/or distinctive diagnostic features and observation in multiple individuals or families. Three hundred seventy‐two different conditions were included and placed in 37 groups defined by molecular, biochemical and/or radiographic criteria. Of these conditions, 215 were associated with one or more of 140 different genes. Nosologic status was classified as final (mutations or locus identified), probable (pedigree evidence), or bona fide (multiple observations and clear diagnostic criteria, but no pedigree or locus evidence yet). The number of recognized genetic disorders with a significant skeletal component is growing and the distinction between dysplasias, metabolic bone disorders, dysostoses, and malformation syndromes is blurring. For classification purposes, pathogenetic and molecular criteria are integrating with morphological ones but disorders are still identified by clinical features and radiographic appearance. Molecular evidence leads to confirmation of individual entities and to the constitution of new groups, but also allows for delineation of related but distinct entities and indicates a previously unexpected heterogeneity of molecular mechanisms; thus, molecular evidence does not necessarily simplify the Nosology, and a further increase in the number of entities and growing complexity is expected. By providing an updated overview of recognized entities with skeletal involvement and of the underlying gene defects, the new Nosology can provide practical diagnostic help, facilitate the recognition of new entities, and foster and direct research in skeletal biology and genetic disorders. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unusually mild tuberous sclerosis phenotype is associated withTSC2R905Q mutation
Authors: Jansen An C. , Sancak Ozgur , D'Agostino Maria Daniela , Badhwar Amanpreet , Roberts Penelope , Gobbi Gabriella , Wilkinson Ralph , Melanson Denis , Tampieri Donatella , Koenekoop Robert , Gans Mark , Maat‐Kievit Anneke , Goedbloed Miriam , van den Ouweland Ans M. W. , Nellist Mark , Pandolfo Massimo , McQueen Mary , Sims Katherine , Thiele Elisabeth A. , Dubeau François , Andermann Frederick , Kwiatkowski David J. , Halley Dicky J. J. , Andermann Eva 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo report the clinical manifestations and functional aspects of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC), resulting from Codon 905 mutations inTSC2gene.MethodsWe performed a detailed study of the TSC phenotype and genotype in a large French‐Canadian kindred (Family A). Subsequently, clinical and molecular data on 18 additional TSC families with missense mutations at the same codon ofTSC2were collected. Functional studies were performed on the different missense changes and related to the phenotype.ResultsA 2714G>A (R905Q) mutation was identified in Family A. The TSC phenotype in this family was unusually mild and characterized by hypomelanotic macules or focal seizures that remitted spontaneously or were easily controlled with medication. Diagnostic criteria were met in only a minority of mutation carriers. Other families with the R905Q mutation were found to have a similar mild phenotype. In contrast, patients with a 2713C>T (R905W) or a 2713C>G (R905G) mutation had more severe phenotypes. Although all three amino acid substitutions were pathogenic, the R905W and R905G substitutions affected tuberin function more severely than R905Q.InterpretationCodon 905 missense mutations inTSC2are relatively common. TheTSC2R905Q mutation is associated with unusually mild disease, consistent with functional studies. Combined with previous reports, it is apparent that certainTSC2missense mutations are associated with a mild form of tuberous sclerosis, which in many patients does not meet standard diagnostic criteria. These findings have implications for the large number of patients with limited clinical features of TSC and for genetic counseling in these families.
Recombinant therapeutics: From bench to bedside (if your health plan concurs)
Authors: Hauser Stephen L. , Johnston S. Claiborne 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA talented medical student at our institution was recently diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). β interferon was prescribed; however, her annual cap from student health insurance coverage for outpatient drug expenses is only $3,000, a sum that would be exceeded within 3 months and leave her without coverage for symptomatic medications also required for her care. Unable to pay for the treatment from personal resources, she qualified to receive β interferon without cost from a universal access program established by the manufacturer. Unfortunately, it was evident within a few months that she had a poor therapeutic response, so her physician prescribed natalizumab. Her health care plan requires that infusion therapy be given at the hospital's infusion center, yet for various reasons, the drug was not yet approved by the formulary. She remains unable to receive the drug.
Nonlinear behavior of reactor separator networks with mass and energy recycle
Authors: Sree Rama Raju V. , Pushpavanam S. , Kienle Achim 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this paper we investigate the nonlinear behavior of a coupled reactor separator system. The focus is on considering the effect of energy as well as the mass coupling between the reactor and the separator. The reactor holdup is controlled using the reactor effluent stream and the flash is operated under a constant heat duty. The fresh feed flow rate is flow controlled. We compare the behavior of the system when there is only mass coupling to the case when there is mass and energy coupling. It is shown that the presence of energy coupling can render a system unstable. We also investigate the effect of a nonideal vapor liquid equilibrium (VLE) in the form of a minimum boiling azeotrope and a maximum boiling azeotrope. It is shown that, when the VLE exhibits a minimum boiling azeotrope, the system is more stable when the liquid stream is recycled from the flash to the reactor. Copyright © 2006 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of magnetic field and rare‐earth ions on properties of polyaniline nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Shuling , Tang Rong , Kan Jinqing 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe uniform polyaniline nanoparticles with the size of about 50 nm were electropolymerized using the method of constant potential of 0.8 V. The effects of rare‐earth cations and magnetic field on the preparation and properties of polyaniline were investigated. It was found that the addition of rare‐earth cations could enhance the effect of magnetic field on the properties of polyaniline. The resulting products were characterized by FTIR spectra, UV–vis spectra and scanning electron microscope (SEM); the conductivity and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were also investigated. The experimental results show that the magnetic field has an orientation effect on polyaniline chain and there exists the interaction between rare‐earth cations and polyaniline chain because of the electrostatic interaction. The addition of rare‐earth cations can increase electrical conductivity, moreover, the effect of NdCl3 and ErCl3 on properties of polyaniline is more remarkable than LaCl3 and SmCl3. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2286–2294, 2007
Preparation and optical properties of an all‐polymer light modulator using colored N‐isopropylacrylamide gel particles in a gel‐in‐gel system
Authors: Tsutsui Hiroaki , Akashi Ryojiro 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA novel all‐polymer light modulator with a gel‐in‐gel system was developed. The gel‐in‐gel system was constructed with colored gel particles responsive to stimuli held independently in another stimuli‐nonresponsive gel matrix. Well‐known thermoresponsive N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) gel particles containing a pigment were dispersed and fixed in an outer stimuli‐nonresponsive gel matrix. When poly(vinyl alcohol)–styrylpyridinium (PVA–SbQ) was used for the outer gel matrix, the light modulator showed excellent color‐changing properties because the PVA–SbQ matrix was selectively formed around the NIPAM gel particles and the particles exhibited a large volume change in the matrix. The temperature when the outer gel matrix was formed affected the haze of the light modulator. When the outer gel matrix was formed in the swollen state of the NIPAM gels, the haze of a light modulator increased with heating. On the contrary, the haze of a light modulator prepared in the shrunken state of the NIPAM gels decreased with heating. The response time of the color change was less than 1 s. The gel‐in‐gel system made a very fast macroscopic color change, taking advantage of the fast response of the micrometer‐sized gel particles. We believe that a light modulator with a gel‐in‐gel system may find various applications in optical devices. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2295–2303, 2007
Diffusion of two associated solvents in various compositions through a swelling polymer material, EVAc
Authors: Oughilas A. , Roukbi O. , Benghalem A. , Rabah M. Zouaoui , Chafi N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe particular sorption by a swelling polymer with the transfer of hydrocarbons was studied in order to evaluate some barrier properties of this material. The transfer of two types of solvents through two varieties of ethylene vinyl acetate was investigated: absorption of pure toluene and pure n‐hexane and absorption of a toluene/hexane mixture in various compositions. A comparison between the two processes showed that these transfers were very different and depended on two factors: vinyl acetate content and composition of the mixture. The kinetics of absorption were calculated for various compositions. The profiles of concentration as well as the kinetics of swelling were evaluated using a numerical model deduced from the general theory of radial diffusion of a substance with change in dimensions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2099–2106, 2007
Rheological investigation of microphase separation transition of polyurethane elastomer
Authors: Yang I‐Kuan , Wang Pei Ju , Tsai Ping Hung 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA technique of linear viscoelasticity measurements coupling with temperature scanning was found effective in the detection of microphase separation transition (MST) and in the determination of MST temperature. The validity and accuracy of the technique were confirmed and reinforced by atomic force microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The technique was applied to a study of the MST of a series of 13 polyurethane (PU) elastomers based on mixed toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 1,4 butadiol, and poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) of two different molecular weights; the MST temperatures of the PU elastomer samples were measured. Although each of the 13 polymer samples had distinct hard segment content and used PTMO of different chain lengths, or mixed PTMO, the MST temperatures of the 13 samples formed a linear master curve when the MST temperature was plotted against the fraction of hard segment. The master curve indicated that the MST temperature is independent of the length and type of PTMO. It was also found that 2,4 TDI prevailing over its isomer 2,6 TDI played a dominant role in the MST of this series of PU elastomers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2107–2112, 2007
Comparison of molecular adsorption ability of the molecularly imprinted polymers prepared by ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate as cross linkers
Authors: Saenkasa Zikant , Chaiyasut Chaiyavat , Srichana Roongnapa , Piyamongkol Sirivipa 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe target of this study was to synthesize the molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) of L‐phenylalanine as the solid phases for characterization of molecular adsorption by molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE). These MIPs, in microscale, were synthesized using thermal (40°C)‐compared with thermal (65°C)‐initiated polymerization process. Itaconic acid was chosen as the functional monomers, and either ethylene glycol dimethacrylate or trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM) was used as the cross linker and was compared together. The influences of several parameters on the properties of the MIPs were investigated, especially physical robustness from the percentage yields and molecular adsorption from the percentage recovery by MISPE. The best yields were obtained from polymers made using TRIM and thermal (65°C)‐initiated polymerization. However, there were no significant differences in molecular adsorption. It was concluded that these parameters can be considered to synthesize MIPs for chiral separation in advance steps such as other related chromatographic techniques. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2325–2330, 2007
Effect of aniline‐formaldehyde resin on the reduced conjugation length of doped polyaniline: Thermal studies
Authors: Ho Ko‐Shan , Huang Ying‐Jie , Kuo Chung‐Wen , Lee Swu‐Wen , Hsieh Tar‐Hwa , Chuang Ching‐Nan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA linear aniline‐formaldehyde resin (AF) complexed with different acids was successfully synthesized with the traditional way of polymerizing a novolac‐type phenolic resin. When the AF(DBSA)1.0 (AF complexed with only HDBSA (n‐dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid)) was blended with PANI(DBSA)0.5 (polyaniline doped only by HDBSA, the Tgs (glass transition temperatures) of the polyblends decreased with PANI(DBSA)0.5, indicating the presence of the compatibility that can alter the doping condition of PANI(DBSA)0.5 by changing the conjugation length. In the polyblend system, it was also confirmed when the polyblend of 50/50 showed a higher residue weight than the rest of polyblends after being heated up to 450°C. The λmax of UV–vis spectra of PANI (DBSA)0.5 demonstrates a red shifts indicating the secondary doping effect (increasing conjugation length) was recovered when PANI(DBSA)0.5 was mixed with less than 50% of AF(DBSA)0.5 (HCl)0.5. Similar phenomenon of red shift was found for the blended samples of PANI(DBSA)0.5/AF(DBSA)1.0 at high temperatures. IR spectra revealed an alkyl affinity interaction is present between PANI(DBSA)0.5 and AF(DBSA)1.0 at room temperature and a strong and free localized polaron band appeared at high temperatures due to the recovery of secondary doping. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2120–2128, 2007