bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isotopic Evidence of Nitrate Sources and Denitrification in the Mississippi River, Illinois
Authors: Panno Samuel V. , Hackley Keith C. , Kelly Walton R. , Hwang Hue‐Hwa 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTAnthropogenic nitrate (NO3−) within the Mississippi–Atchafalaya River basin and discharge to the Gulf of Mexico has been linked to serious environmental problems. The sources of this NO3−have been estimated by others using mass balance methods; however, there is considerable uncertainty in these estimates. Part of the uncertainty is the degree of denitrification that the NO3−has undergone. The isotopic composition of NO3−in the Mississippi River adjacent to Illinois and tile drain (subsurface drain) discharge in agricultural areas of east‐central Illinois was examined using N and O isotopes to help identify the major sources of NO3−and assess the degree of denitrification in the samples. The isotopic evidence suggests that most of the NO3−in the river is primarily derived from synthetic fertilizers and soil organic N, which is consistent with published estimates of N inputs to the Mississippi River. The 1:2 relationship between δ18O and δ15N also indicate that, depending on sample location and season, NO3−in the river and tile drains has undergone significant denitrification, ranging from about 0 to 55%. The majority of the denitrification appears to have occurred before discharge into the Mississippi River.
Reducing Crude Protein in Beef Cattle Diet Reduces Ammonia Emissions from Artificial Feedyard Surfaces
Authors: Todd Richard W. , Cole N. Andy , Clark R. Nolan 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTConcentrated animal feeding operations are major sources of ammonia to the atmosphere. Control methods to reduce emissions include acidifying amendments, urease inhibitors, and absorbents. For beef cattle, decreasing crude protein (CP) in diets may be the most practical and cost‐effective method to reduce ammonia emissions. Our objective was to quantify the effect of reducing CP in beef cattle diet on ammonia emissions. Two groups of steers were fed diets with either 11.5 or 13.0% CP and all urine and feces were collected. Manures from the two diet treatments were applied in a replicated laboratory chamber experiment, and ammonia emission was quantified using acid gas washing. In four seasonal field trials, manures from the two diet treatments were applied to two 10‐m‐diameter, circular, artificial feedyard surfaces, and ammonia emission was quantified using the integrated horizontal flux method. Manure from steers fed 11.5% CP diet had less urine, less urinary N, and a lesser fraction of total N in urine, compared with the 13.0% CP diet. Decreasing crude protein in beef cattle diets from 13 to 11.5% significantly decreased ammonia emission by 44% (p < 0.01) in the closed chamber laboratory experiment, and decreased mean daily ammonia flux by 30% (p = 0.10), 52% (p = 0.08), and 29% (p < 0.01) in summer, autumn, and spring field trials, respectively. No difference was observed in winter. On an annual basis, decreasing crude protein reduced daily ammonia flux by 28%. Reducing crude protein in beef cattle diets may provide the most practical and cost‐effective way to reduce ammonia emissions from feedyards.
Isolation of Salmonella Bacteriophages from Swine Effluent Lagoons
Authors: McLaughlin M. R. , Balaa M. F. , Sims J. , King R. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTBacteriophages (phages) associated with Salmonella were collected from nine swine manure lagoons in Mississippi. Phages were isolated by an enrichment protocol or directly from effluent. For enrichment, chloroform‐treated samples were filtered (0.22 μm) and selectively enriched by adding a cocktail of Salmonella strains in trypticase soy broth. After overnight incubation at 35°C, chloroform was added and samples stored at 5°C. Enriched samples were tested by double agar layer (DAL) plaque assay against individual Salmonella isolates. Phage titers of 2.9 × 108 to 2.1 × 109 plaque forming units (pfu) per mL were produced, but estimation of phage titers in lagoons was not possible. For direct isolation, effluent was clarified by centrifugation, filtered (0.22 μm), and used in DAL plaque assays to select single‐plaque isolates for 15 Salmonella strains. Plaque counts varied among Salmonella strains and lagoons. The most sensitive strain for direct phage recovery was ATCC 13311. Phage titers estimated by direct isolation with ATCC 13311 ranged among lagoons from 12 to 148 pfu per mL. In limited host range tests, 66 isolates recovered by the enrichment protocol produced plaques only on Enteritidis and Typhimurium strains of Salmonella and none produced plaques on lagoon isolates of Citrobacter, Escherichia, Proteus, Providencia, or Serratia Electron microscopy (EM) showed purified enrichment isolates had Podoviridae morphology (tailless 50‐nm icosahedral heads with tail spikes). Electron microscopy of clarified concentrated effluent showed 5.5:1 tailless to tailed phages. The isolated phages have potential as typing reagents, specific indicators, and biocontrol agents of Salmonella
Phosphorus Release from a Manure‐Impacted Spodosol: Effects of a Water Treatment Residual
Authors: Silveira M. L. , Miyittah M. K. , O'Connor G. A. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTLong‐term depositions of animal manures affect P dynamics in soils and can pose environmental risks associated with P losses. Laboratory studies were done on P solubility characteristics in a manure‐impacted Immokalee soil (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Arenic Alaquod) and the effectiveness of water treatment residual (WTR) in controlling P leaching. Soil samples with contrasting initial total P concentrations were prepared by mixing samples of a manure‐impacted surface A horizon and a minimally P‐impacted E horizon. Effects of mixing various ratios of A and E horizons, WTR rates (0, 25, 50, and 100 g kg−1), and depths of WTR incorporation (mixed throughout the soil column or partially incorporated) on P leaching were determined. Between 62 and 77% of total P was released from the soil mixes by successive water extractions, suggesting a considerable buffering capacity of this manure‐impacted soil to resupply P into solution. Between 224 and 408 mg kg−1 P were leached during the 36‐wk leaching period in the absence of WTR. Mixing WTRs with soil reduced soluble P concentration in leachates by as much as 99.8% compared with samples without WTR. Thoroughly mixing WTR with the entire soil column (15 cm) was much more efficient than mixing WTR with only the top 7.5 cm of soil. Calcium‐ and Mg‐P forms appear to control P release in soils without WTR, whereas sorption–desorption reactions probably determine P leaching in WTR‐treated samples. Soil P distribution in various chemical forms was affected by WTR additions. Data suggest that WTR‐immobilized P is stable in the long term.
Distribution of Phosphorus in Manure Slurry and Its Infiltration after Application to Soils
Authors: Vadas Peter A. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTComputer models help identify agricultural areas where P transport potential is high, but commonly used models do not simulate surface application of manures and P transport from manures to runoff. As part of an effort to model such P transport, we conducted manure slurry separation and soil infiltration experiments to determine how much slurry P infiltrates into soil after application but before rain, thus becoming less available to runoff. We applied dairy and swine slurry to soil columns and after both 24 and 96 h analyzed solids remaining on the soil surface for dry matter, total phosphorus (TP), and water‐extractable inorganic (WEIP) and organic (WEOP) phosphorus. We analyzed underlying soils for Mehlich‐3 and water‐extractable P. We also conducted slurry separation experiments by sieving, centrifuging, and suction‐filtering to determine which method could easily estimate slurry P infiltration into soils. About 20% of slurry solids and 40 to 65% of slurry TP and WEIP infiltrated into soil after application, rendering this P less available to transport in runoff. Slurry separation by suction‐filtering through a screen with 0.75‐mm‐diameter openings was the best method to estimate this slurry P infiltration. Measured quantities of manure WEOP changed too much during experiments to estimate WEOP infiltration into soil or what separation method can approximate infiltration. Applying slurries to soils always increased soil P in the top 0 to 1 cm of soil, frequently in the 1‐ to 2‐cm depth of soil, but rarely below 2 cm. Future research should use soils with coarser texture or large macropores, and slurry with low dry matter content (1–2%).
Does Calcite Encrustation in Chara Provide a Phosphorus Nutrient Sink?
Authors: Siong Kian , Asaeda Takashi 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTWe studied the effect of calcite encrustation in stoneworts (Chara spp.) on P cycling in an aquatic ecosystem. Sequential fractionation was performed to quantify P fractions of the internodes of calcified (Ca‐CF) and uncalcified (UCa‐CF) Chara fibrosa Agardh ex Bruzelius. Our results showed that Ca‐CF was able to store more P and about 14 to 23% of total P in Ca‐CF was co‐precipitated with encrusted calcite, while only 2 to 3% was found in UCa‐CF. Furthermore, in Ca‐CF, an increased amount of total P did not result in a higher release of bioavailable water‐soluble and sodium hydroxide–extractable P. Extracellular calcification in Chara enhanced nutrient sink for P, provided a further bottom‐up control of phytoplankton, and should be regarded as a positive feedback in stabilizing Chara dominance in lakes.
Leaching of Carbonated Air Pollution Control Residues Using Compliance Leaching Tests
Authors: He Pin‐Jing , Zhang Hua , Shao Li‐Ming , Lee Duu‐Jong 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTThe leaching characteristics of air pollution control (APC) residues collected in Shanghai, China, were compared by performing three compliance leaching tests. These were the standard Chinese method for determining the leaching toxicity of solid waste (GB 5086.1‐1997), the USEPA's Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), and the new European shake test (EN 12457‐3). In particular, behaviors of raw samples and samples that had been subjected to natural aging were compared. Both the leaching tests and natural aging substantially affected the leaching results concerning the APC residue samples. Most importantly, EN and GB tests classified the raw APC residues as hazardous, but the residues passed the TCLP test as nonhazardous. After it had been naturally aged for 720 h, however, the aged sample was classified as hazardous by the TCLP and EN tests, but as nonhazardous by the GB test. Metals that are thought to have been immobilized by carbonation were released at pH 6.3. Model calculations based on the geochemical thermodynamic equilibrium model MINTEQA2 revealed that the formation of metal carbonates did not correspond to the noted change in the leaching behaviors in the three leaching tests. Rather, the partial neutralization of alkaline ash by dissolved CO2 changing the final pH of the leachate dominated the leaching characteristics. The leaching results showed a change in leachate pH.
Risk Assessment Test for Lead Bioaccessibility to Waterfowl in Mine‐Impacted Soils
Authors: Furman Olha , Strawn Daniel G. , Heinz Gary H. , Williams Barbara 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACTDue to variations in soil physicochemical properties, species physiology, and contaminant speciation, Pb toxicity is difficult to evaluate without conducting in vivo dose‐response studies. Such tests, however, are expensive and time consuming, making them impractical to use in assessment and management of contaminated environments. One possible alternative is to develop a physiologically based extraction test (PBET) that can be used to measure relative bioaccessibility. We developed and correlated a PBET designed to measure the bioaccessibility of Pb to waterfowl (W‐PBET) in mine‐impacted soils located in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho. The W‐PBET was also used to evaluate the impact of P amendments on Pb bioavailability. The W‐PBET results were correlated to waterfowl‐tissue Pb levels from a mallard duck [Anas platyrhynchos (L.)] feeding study. The W‐PBET Pb concentrations were significantly less in the P‐amended soils than in the unamended soils. Results from this study show that the W‐PBET can be used to assess relative changes in Pb bioaccessibility to waterfowl in these mine‐impacted soils, and therefore will be a valuable test to help manage and remediate contaminated soils.
Human neuroscience at National Institute on Drug Abuse: Implications for genetics research
Authors: Gordon Harold W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIt is becoming clear that there is a genetic component to drug abuse. Family studies, adoption studies, and critical twin studies have all pointed to some genetic vulnerability or risk factors for an individual to abuse psychoactive drugs depending on certain psychopathologies in the biological parents and/or parents' own drug use. The question for the next generation of research at the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is to apply the rapidly developing technology in molecular genetics in an effort to determine the candidate genes contributing to the risk. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic studies in alcohol research
Authors: Karp Robert W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) supports research to elucidate the specific genetic factors, now largely unknown, which underlie susceptibility to alcoholism and its medical complications (including fetal alcohol syndrome). Because of the genetic complexity and heterogeneity of alcoholism, identification of the multiple underlying factors will require the development of new study designs and methods of analysis of data from human families. While techniques of genetic analysis of animal behavioral traits (e.g., targeted gene disruption, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping) are more powerful than those applicable to humans (e.g., linkage and allelic association studies), the validation of animal behaviors as models of aspects of human alcoholism has been problematic. Newly developed methods for mapping QTL influencing animal behavioral traits can not only permit analyses of human family data to be directly informed by the results of animal studies, but can also serve as a novel means of validating animal models of aspects of alcoholism. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. This article is a U.S. Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Research on neuropsychiatric genetics: Interests of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Authors: Small Judy A. , Sheridan Philip H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) supports research concerning the determinants of normal and pathological development of the nervous system, from the genetic to the environmental. NINDS also funds basic and clinical research concerning the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, consequences, and prevention of the spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders including neurobehavioral and neurodegenerative disorders (National Advisory Council Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 1989, 1992; Division of Convulsive, Developmental and Neuromuscular Disorders, NINDS, 1993). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What association analysis can and cannot tell us about the genetics of complex disease
Authors: Hodge Susan E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHuman genetics researchers have been intrigued for many years by weak‐to‐moderate associations between markers and diseases. However, in most cases of association, the cause of this phenomenon is still unknown. Recently, interest has grown in pursuing association studies for complex psychiatric diseases, either instead of or in addition to linkage studies. However, it is one thing to detect association; the next important step is to determine why. Here we consider what a disease‐marker association in the weak‐to‐moderate range (relative risk <5) can tell us about disease etiology. Two distinct models (not the only possibilities) which could explain such an association are formulated. One is a linkage disequilibrium or major disease gene model, involving tight linkage with a “necessary” major gene. The other is a pure association model, involving a “susceptibility” gene that has only a minor effect on disease state. It will be shown that association analysis cannot distinguish between these two models, and hence cannot elucidate the biological mechanism behind the association. (This statement holds for traditional population‐based association tests, as well as for more recent family‐based association tests.) The importance of drawing the distinction between these two genetic models and the implications for understanding the genetics of complex human disease will also be discussed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetics of blood‐injury fears and phobias: A population‐based twin study
Authors: Neale Michael C. , Walters Ellen E. , Eaves Lindon J. , Kessler Ron C. , Heath Andrew C. , Kendler Kenneth S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractData on unreasonable fears of blood, needles, hospitals, and illness (BNHI) were collected by telephone interview from 541 MZ and 388 DZ pairs of female twins from the population‐based Virginia Twin Registry. BNHI phobia was defined as the presence of fear accompanied by interference. Age at onset of phobia was found to be very similar to that of situational phobias previously assessed in the sample. Using a multiple threshold model, we found no evidence for qualitative differences between BNHI fears and BNHI phobia. The familial aggregation of fears appears to be entirely due to additive genetic variance. The possible exception to this is fear of illness, which, like BNHI phobias, seems to aggregate within families because of shared environmental factors. Although power to discriminate between the causes of familial resemblance is low, results suggest that random traumatic events and some social learning may be responsible for the onset of BNHI phobias. About two‐thirds of variance is individual‐specific environmental, and could include genotype x environment interaction and measurement error. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is cholinergic sensitivity a genetic marker for the affective disorders?
Authors: Janowsky David S. , Overstreet David H. , Nurnberger John I. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe recent literature on the involvement of cholinergic muscarinic mechanisms and adrenergic/cholinergic balance in affective disorders is reviewed and integrated with the older literature. There is strong evidence supporting the presence of exaggerated responses (behavioral, neuro‐endocrine, sleep) to cholinergic agents in affective disorder patients relative to normal controls and certain other psychiatric patients. There is also some, albeit less, conclusive evidence that these exaggerated responses may occur in euthymic individuals with a history of affective disorders, or in children at risk for development of affective disorders. Despite these promising results, suggesting a role for acetylcholine in the genetics of the affective disorders, further work in biochemistry and genetics is needed to link specific muscarinic receptors or other cholinergic variables to affective illness. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study of the possible association of HLA class II, CD4, and CD3 polymorphisms with schizophrenia
Authors: Zamani Mahdi Ghabanbasani , De Hert Marc , Spaepen Marijke , Hermans Mark , Marynen Peter , Cassiman Jean‐Jacques , Peuskens Jozef 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn the present study the HLA‐DRB and DPB1 alleles as well as CD4 and CD3 polymorphisms were tested in 100 Belgian schizophrenic patients and 204 controls. Our results indicate a significant negative association of the DPB1 0101 allele with schizophrenia (relative risk [RR] = 0.27). Furthermore a significant positive and negative association could be noticed for the CD4 A4 allele and CD4 A7/A8 genotype, respectively (RR 1.79 and 0.47, respectively). These findings suggest that some contribution of HLA class II and CD4 genes to an autoimmune‐like pathogenesis in schizophrenia might exist. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Theory and practice of psychopharmacogenetics
Authors: Tu Jun‐Bi 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis article attempts to elucidate the theory and practice of psychopharmacogenetics. Eight working models were identified and characterized with a distinct view of risk factors in the host, the pathophysiology of disease, and the strategies for optimum therapy. The biochemical culprits related to adverse drug reaction in each case can be used to identify a risk and thus contribute to prevention research. Since the phenomenology of these uncommon conditions covers a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric manifestations, the insights they generated might presage a better understanding of the natural history of a wider range of mental disorders associated with genetic vulnerability. The emerging information suggests that psychopharmacogenetics could be defined from clinical perspectives as multidimensional analysis of genes, drugs, and behaviour for the treatment and prevention of psychiatric disorders. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linkage analysis of bipolar illness with X‐chromosome DNA markers: A susceptibility gene in Xq27‐q28 cannot be excluded
Authors: De Bruyn A. , Raeymaekers P. , Mendelbaum K. , Sandkuijl L. A. , Raes G. , Delvenne V. , Hirsch D. , Staner L. , Mendlewicz J. , Van Broeckhoven C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTransmission studies have supported the presence of a susceptibility gene for bipolar (BP) illness on the X‐chromosome. Initial linkage studies with color blindness (CB), glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, and the blood coagulation factor IX (F9) have suggested that a gene for BP illness is located in the Xq27‐q28 region. We tested linkage with several DNA markers located in Xq27‐q28 in 2 families, MAD3 and MAD4, that previously were linked to F9 and 7 newly ascertained families of BP probands. Linkage was also examined with the gene encoding the α3 subunit of the gamma‐amino butyric acid receptor (GABRA3), a candidate gene for BP illness located in this region. The genetic data were analyzed with the LOD score method using age‐dependent penetrance of an autosomal dominant disease gene and narrow and broad clinical models. In MAD3 and MAD4 the multipoint LOD score data suggested a localization of a BPI gene again near F9. In the 7 new families the overall linkage data excluded the Xq27‐q28 region. However, if the families were grouped according to their proband's phenotype BPI or BPII, a susceptibility gene for BPI disorder at the DXS52‐F8 cluster could not be excluded. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of leptin in regulating appetite, neuroendocrine function, and bone remodeling
Authors: Cohen M. Michael 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLeptin, a hormone secreted by adipocytes, acts on the hypothalamus to regulate appetite and neuroendocrine function. In the hypothalamus, both the arcuate nucleus and the ventromedial nucleus express leptin receptors. Specific neurons in the arcuate nucleus regulate appetite and reproduction. In contrast, neurons in the ventromedial nucleus regulate bone mass. The melanocortin system is the downstream pathway for regulating appetite and neuroendocrine function. In contrast, the sympathetic nervous system is the downstream pathway for regulating bone mass. Leptin, in regulating food intake and body weight, acts, in part, by inhibiting the synthesis of neuropeptide Y and its release from the hypothalamus. The leptin and insulin pathways may interact and may be important in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.