bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors for graft‐versus‐host disease after donor lymphocyte infusions with an escalating dose regimen: lack of association with cell dose
Authors: Fozza C. , Szydlo R.M. , Abdel‐Rehim M.M. , Nadal E. , Goldman J.M. , Apperley J.F. , Dazzi F. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryWe investigated the risk factors for graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) in 82 patients treated with donor lymphocyte infusions (DLI) using an escalating dose regimen for chronic myeloid leukaemia in relapse following conventional allografting. Two factors emerged as predictors of both acute and chronic GVHD: the infusion of male recipients with lymphocytes from a female donor and the interval between transplant and last DLI, but only the first remained significant at multivariate analysis. Surprisingly, lymphocyte dose did not influence the incidence of GVHD. Our results suggest that DLI can be given in large cell doses without increasing the risk of GVHD.
Factor VIIa analogue (V158D/E296V/M298Q‐FVIIa) normalises clot formation in whole blood from patients with severe haemophilia A
Authors: Sørensen Benny , Persson Egon , Ingerslev Jørgen 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThis study evaluated and compared the haemostatic potential of a recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) analogue (V158D/E296V/M298Q‐FVIIa, NN1731, Novo Nordisk, Denmark) with rFVIIa (NovoSeven®, Novo Nordisk). In vitro studies were performed using freshly drawn whole blood (WB) from 14 patients with severe haemophilia A and two patients with inhibitory antibodies to FVIII, comparing NN1731 and rFVIIa against a buffer control. Fourteen healthy males served as controls. Dynamic WB coagulation profiles were recorded, quantitatively illustrating the initiation [clotting time = CT (s)], propagation [maximum velocity = MaxVel (mm*100/s)] and termination [maximum clot firmness = MCF (mm*100)] as determined by thromboelastography with minute amounts of tissue factor (TF, Innovin®– final dilution 1:50 000, c. 0·12 pM) serving as activator. WB clot stability was assessed using a separate set‐up including TF plus tissue plasminogen activator (final concentration 2 nmol/l), evaluating the MCF as well as the area under the elasticity curve (AUEC) after 60 min (mm*100*s). NN1731 shortened the CT more markedly than rFVIIa. At the dose tested, NN1731 even shortened CT in haemophilia below the value of healthy males. NN1731 accelerated MaxVel giving a value indistinguishable from that in healthy males. Furthermore, NN1731 increased clot stability more markedly than rFVIIa. Altogether, these in vitro studies on WB revealed a favourable haemostatic potential of NN1731 compared with rFVIIa in severe haemophilia A, both in the absence and presence of enhanced fibrinolytic activity.
Linking ecological theory with stream restoration
Authors: LAKE P. S. , BOND N. , REICH P. 
Published: March 2007

Summary1. Faced with widespread degradation of riverine ecosystems, stream restoration has greatly increased. Such restoration is rarely planned and executed with inputs from ecological theory. In this paper, we seek to identify principles from ecological theory that have been, or could be, used to guide stream restoration.2. In attempts to re‐establish populations, knowledge of the species’ life history, habitat template and spatio‐temporal scope is critical. In many cases dispersal will be a critical process in maintaining viable populations at the landscape scale, and special attention should be given to the unique geometry of stream systems3. One way by which organisms survive natural disturbances is by the use of refugia, many forms of which may have been lost with degradation. Restoring refugia may therefore be critical to survival of target populations, particularly in facilitating resilience to ongoing anthropogenic disturbance regimes.4. Restoring connectivity, especially longitudinal connectivity, has been a major restoration goal. In restoring lateral connectivity there has been an increasing awareness of the riparian zone as a critical transition zone between streams and their catchments.5. Increased knowledge of food web structure – bottom‐up versus top‐down control, trophic cascades and subsidies – are yet to be applied to stream restoration efforts.6. In restoration, species are drawn from the regional species pool. Having overcome dispersal and environmental constraints (filters), species persistence may be governed by local internal dynamics, which are referred to as assembly rules.7. While restoration projects often define goals and endpoints, the succession pathways and mechanisms (e.g. facilitation) by which these may be achieved are rarely considered. This occurs in spite of a large of body of general theory on which to draw.8. Stream restoration has neglected ecosystem processes. The concept that increasing biodiversity increases ecosystem functioning is very relevant to stream restoration. Whether biodiversity affects ecosystem processes, such as decomposition, in streams is equivocal.9. Considering the spatial scale of restoration projects is critical to success. Success is more likely with large‐scale projects, but they will often be infeasible in terms of the available resources and conflicts of interest. Small‐scale restoration may remedy specific problems. In general, restoration should occur at the appropriate spatial scale such that restoration is not reversed by the prevailing disturbance regime.10. The effectiveness and predictability of stream ecosystem restoration will improve with an increased understanding of the processes by which ecosystems develop and are maintained. Ideas from general ecological theory can clearly be better incorporated into stream restoration projects. This will provide a twofold benefit in providing an opportunity both to improve restoration outcomes and to test ecological theory.
Restoring freshwater ecosystems in riverine landscapes: the roles of connectivity and recovery processes
Authors: JANSSON ROLAND , NILSSON CHRISTER , MALMQVIST BJÖRN 
Published: March 2007

Summary1. This paper introduces key messages from a number of papers emanating from the Second International Symposium on Riverine Landscapes held in August 2004 in Sweden, focusing on river restoration. Together these papers provide an overview of the science of river restoration, and point out future research needs.2. Restoration tests the feasibility of recreating complex ecosystems from more simple and degraded states, thereby presenting a major challenge to ecological science. Therefore, close cooperation between practitioners and scientists would be beneficial, but most river restoration projects are currently performed with little or no scientific involvement.3. Key messages emanating from this series of papers are: The scope, i.e. the maximum and minimum spatial extent and temporal duration of habitat use, of species targeted for restoration should be acknowledged, so that all relevant stages in their life cycles are considered. Species that have been lost from a stream cannot be assumed to recolonise spontaneously, calling for strategies to ensure the return of target species to be integrated into projects. Possible effects of invasive exotic species also need to be incorporated into project plans, either to minimise the impact of exotics, or to modify the expected outcome of restoration in cases where extirpation of exotics is impractical.4. Restoration of important ecological processes often implies improving connectivity of the stream. For example, longitudinal and lateral connectivity can be enhanced by restoring fluvial dynamics on flood‐suppressed rivers and by increasing water availability in rivers subject to water diversion or withdrawal, thereby increasing habitat and species diversity. Restoring links between surface and ground water flow enhances vertical connectivity and communities associated with the hyporheic zone.5. Future restoration schemes should consider where in the catchment to locate projects to make restoration most effective, consider the cumulative effects of many small projects, and evaluate the potential to restore ecosystem processes under highly constrained conditions such as in urban areas. Moreover, restoration projects should be properly monitored to assess whether restoration has been successful, thus enabling adaptive management and learning for the future from both successful and unsuccessful restorations.
The meaning of living with malodorous exuding ulcers
Authors: Lindahl Elisabeth , Norberg Astrid , Söderberg Anna 
Published: March 2007

Aim.  This study illuminates the meaning of living with malodorous, exuding ulcers.Background.  Difficulties for patients with chronic ulcers and the ulcers’ impact on patients’ daily life are described in the literature. Suffering and consolation are also addressed in the literature as important issues in nursing care.Design.  The first author interviewed seven women and two men, aged 41–95, with various diagnoses.Method.  We interpreted the transcribed interviews using a phenomenological hermeneutic method.Results.  Two processes were identified: ‘being struck down’– themes: feeling dirty, being trapped, losing confidence, losing hope, becoming frustrated and protecting oneself; and ‘finding consolation’– themes: experiencing kinship, encountering genuineness and gaining control. The meaning of living with malodorous and exuding ulcers can be understood as being trapped in a debilitating process that slowly strikes one down. There is a longing for purity and wholeness and for one's life to improve. When people with malodorous, exuding ulcers encounter genuineness and feel loved, regarded and respected as fully human despite their ulcers, they feel purified. The contaminated body no longer contaminates their self‐image and self‐esteem and they feel restored and fully human again. Only when they feel fully human can they regain control and see life beyond their ulcers.Conclusion.  Although nurses cannot make ulcers or smell disappear, they can contribute significantly to improve the patients’ life. Finding consolation makes patients feel purified despite their contaminated body.Relevance to Clinical Practice.  This study points to the importance of seeing the human being beyond the ulcer and considering not only the body but the whole person.
Experiences of loss and chronic sorrow in persons with severe chronic illness
Authors: Ahlström Gerd 
Published: March 2007

Aims and objectives. The aims of the present study were to describe losses narrated by persons afflicted with severe chronic physical illness and to identify the concomitant occurrence of chronic sorrow.Background. Reactions connected with repeated losses are referred to in the literature as chronic sorrow, which has recently been described in conjunction with chronic illness.Design. A qualitative study with an abductive approach of analysis, including both inductive and deductive interpretations.Method. The study is based on 30 persons of working age with average disease duration of 18 years. The average age was 51 years. All of the persons had personal assistance for at least three months because of considerable need for help in daily life due to physical disability. Each person was interviewed twice. There was also an independent assessment of the deductive results concerning chronic sorrow.Results. The inductive findings show that all persons had experienced repeated physical, emotional and social losses. Most common were ‘Loss of bodily function’, ‘Loss of relationship’, ‘Loss of autonomous life’ and ‘Loss of the life imagined’. ‘Loss of identity’ included the loss of human worth, dignity and a changed self‐image. In addition, the deductive findings suggest that chronic sorrow exists in the study population. Sixteen of 30 participating subjects were assessed by both assessors to be in a state of chronic sorrow and there was an especially high agreement with respect to one criterion of chronic sorrow ‘Loss experience, ongoing or single event’ (28 of 30 subjects).Conclusions. This study shows that persons with severe chronic illness often experience recurring losses. These experiences are consistent with the phenomenon of chronic sorrow.Relevance to clinical practice. Knowledge of the existence of chronic sorrow in persons with chronic illness will enable nurses to support these persons in a more sensitive and appropriate way.
Young women with diabetes: using Internet communication to create stability during life transitions
Authors: Rasmussen Bodil , Dunning Patricia , O'Connell Beverly 
Published: March 2007

Aims and objectives.  The aim of the current study was to explore and describe the strategies young women with Type 1 diabetes used to manage transitions in their lives. This paper will describe one aspect of the findings of how women with Type 1 diabetes used the Internet to interact with other people with diabetes and create stability in their lives.Background.  Individuals living with diabetes develop a range of different strategies to create stability in their lives and enhance their well‐being. Changing social and emotional conditions during life transitions have a major impact on diabetes management. Although the literature indicates that strategies enabling the individuals to cope with transitions are important, they remain under‐researched.Design.  Using grounded theory, interviews were conducted with 20 women with Type 1 diabetes. Constant comparative data analysis was used to analyse the data and develop an understanding of how young women with Type 1 diabetes used the Internet to create stability in their lives.Findings.  The findings revealed that the women valued their autonomy and being in control of when and to whom they reveal their diabetic status, especially during life transitions and at times of uncertainty. However, during these times they also required health and social information and interacting with other people. One of the women's main strategies in managing transitions was to use Internet chat lines as a way of obtaining information and communicating with others. This strategy gave women a sense of autonomy, enabled them to maintain their anonymity and interact with other people on their own terms.Conclusions.  Having meaningful personal interactions, social support and being able to connect with others were fundamental to the women's well being. Most importantly, preserving autonomy and anonymity during such interactions were integral to the way the women with Type 1 diabetes managed life transitions.Relevance to clinical practice.  Health professionals need to explore and incorporate Internet communication process or anonymous help lines into their practice as a way to assist people manage their diabetes.
Genetic diversity and population size: island populations of the common shrew,Sorex araneus
Authors: WHITE THOMAS A. , SEARLE JEREMY B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPopulations of many species are currently being fragmented and reduced by human interactions. These processes will tend to reduce genetic diversity within populations and reduce individual heterozygosities because of genetic drift, inbreeding and reduced migration. Conservation biologists need to know the effect of population size on genetic diversity, as this is likely to influence a population's ability to persist. Island populations represent an ideal natural experiment with which to study this problem. In a study of common shrews (Sorex araneus) on offshore Scottish islands, 497 individuals from 13 islands of different sizes and 6 regions on the mainland were trapped and genotyped at eight microsatellite loci. Previous genetic work had revealed that most of the islands in this study were highly genetically divergent from one another and the mainland. We found that most of the islands exhibited lower genetic diversity than the mainland populations. In the island populations, mean expected heterozygosity, mean observed heterozygosity and mean allelic richness were significantly positively correlated with log island size and log population size, which were estimated using habitat population density data and application of a Geographic Information System.
The Cross‐priming Pathway: A Portrait of an Intricate Immune System
Authors: Basta S. , Alatery A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAntigen presentation by professional antigen‐presenting cells (pAPCs) to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells can occur via two processing routes – the direct and cross‐presentation pathways. Cross‐presentation of exogenous antigens in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules has recently attracted a lot of research interest because it may prove crucial for vaccine development. This alternative pathway has been implicated in priming CD8+ T‐cell responses to pathogens as well as tumours in vivo (cross‐priming). In cross‐presentation, the internalized antigens can be processed through diverse intracellular routes. As many unresolved questions regarding the molecular basis that controls the cross‐priming process still exist, it is essential to explore the various elements involved therein, to better elucidate this pathway. In this review, we summarize current data that explore how the source and nature of antigens could affect their cross‐presentation. Moreover, we will discuss and outline how recent advances regarding pAPCs’ properties have increased our appreciation of the complex nature of the cross‐priming pathway in vivo. In conclusion, we contemplate how the direct and cross‐presentation pathways can function to allow the immune system to deal efficiently with diverse pathogens.
Factors favouring the development and maintenance of outbreaks in an invasive leaf miner Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): a life table study
Authors: Girardoz Sandrine , Quicke Donald L. J. , Kenis Marc 
Published: March 2007

Abstract1 Life tables were constructed for seven generations of the invasive horse‐chestnut leaf miner Cameraria ohridella in Switzerland, to assess the factors allowing the moth to build and maintain outbreak densities and to identify ‘gaps’ among their mortality factors that could be targeted by new control methods. The fecundity of females was calculated and the mortality factors affecting all developmental stages determined.2 Females contained 106.6 eggs. In captivity, the mean number of eggs laid per female varied between 34 and 82 eggs, with a maximum of 184 eggs. Egg mortality was 18–75% and was mostly due to unknown factors.3 The main mortality factors affecting larvae and pupae in the leaves were predation by birds and arthropods in all generation and leaf senescence in the autumn generation. Parasitoids killed less than 5% of the population.4 Nearly 90% of overwintering pupae died in dead leaves, the majority of them being killed by earthworms and other leaf decomposers. As a result, the overwintering generations were the only ones showing a net rate of increase less than one. Non‐overwintering generations had net rates of increase between four and 11, allowing populations to build up from spring to autumn.5 The persistence of high outbreak densities in Europe is explained by a combination of at least three factors: (i) high fecundity; (ii) multivoltinism; (iii) the unusually low impact of traditional natural enemies of leaf miners and particularly parasitoids.6 Yearly variations in population densities could be at least partly explained by differences in larval mortality due to leaf senescence and intraspecific competition in the last generation in autumn.
Risk Measures for Hedge Funds: a Cross‐sectional Approach
Authors: Liang Bing , Park Hyuna 
Published: March 2007

Abstract This paper analyses the risk‐return trade‐off in the hedge fund industry. We compare semi‐deviation, value‐at‐risk (VaR), Expected Shortfall (ES) and Tail Risk (TR) with standard deviation at the individual fund level as well as the portfolio level. Using the

Fama and French (1992)

methodology and the combined live and defunct hedge fund data from TASS, we find that the left‐tail risk captured by Expected Shortfall (ES) and Tail Risk (TR) explains the cross‐sectional variation in hedge fund returns very well, while the other risk measures provide statistically insignificant or marginally significant results. During the period between January 1995 and December 2004, hedge funds with high ES outperform those with low ES by an annual return difference of 7%. We provide empirical evidence on the theoretical argument by

Artzner et al. (1999)

that ES is superior to VaR as a downside risk measure. We also find the

Cornish‐Fisher (1937)

expansion is superior to the nonparametric method in estimating ES and TR.
City‐Regions and Social Reproduction: A ‘Place’ for Sustainable Development?
Authors: KRUEGER ROB , SAVAGE LYDIA 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRecent studies have suggested a city‐region’s competitiveness is based not only on production, but social reproduction. These issues as well as the policy measures adopted by many city‐regions are frequently couched in a discourse of ‘sustainable development’. But as an analytical framework how well does the concept of sustainable development account for the dynamics of social reproduction and the sustainability of a city‐region? This article examines the possible relationship between city‐regions and sustainable development at a conceptual level. We argue that despite some excellent work on the concept of ‘just sustainability’, current constructions of sustainable development are inadequate to capture the broad array of social and economic issues found in the city‐region. As a way forward we initiate a discussion between the sustainability literature and labor geography, and provide a case study of a hospital privatization process in Boston, USA, which has been framed by a politics of city‐regionalism.
Ordering competition: the interactional accomplishment of the sale of art and antiques at auction
Authors: Heath Christian , Luff Paul 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAuctions provide an institutional solution to a social problem; they enable the legitimate pricing and exchange of goods where those goods are of uncertain value. In turn, auctions raise a number of social and organizational issues that are resolved within the interaction that arise in sales by auction. In this paper, we examine sales of fine art, antiques and objets d'art and explore the ways in which auctioneers mediate competition between buyers and establish a value for goods. In particular, we explore how bids are elicited, co‐ordinated and revealed so as to rapidly escalate the price of goods in a transparent manner that enables the legitimate valuation and exchange of goods. In directing attention towards the significance of the social interaction, including talk, visual and material conduct, the paper contributes to the growing corpus of ethnographic studies of markets. It suggests that to understand the operation of markets and their outcomes, and to unpack issues of agency, trust and practice, we need to place the ‘interaction order’ at the heart of analytic agenda.