bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canine and feline hematology reference values for the ADVIA 120 hematology system
Authors: Moritz Andreas , Fickenscher Yvonne , Meyer Karin , Failing Klaus , Weiss Douglas J. 
Published: March 2008

Background: The ADVIA 120 is a laser‐based hematology analyzer with software applications for animal species. Accurate reference values would be useful for the assessment of new hematologic parameters and for interlaboratory comparisons.Objective: The goal of this study was to establish reference intervals for CBC results and new parameters for RBC morphology, reticulocytes, and platelets in healthy dogs and cats using the ADVIA 120 hematology system.Methods: The ADVIA 120, with multispecies software (version 1.107‐MS), was used to analyze whole blood samples from clinically healthy dogs (n=46) and cats (n=61). Data distribution was determined and reference intervals were calculated as 2.5 to 97.5 percentiles and 25 to 75 percentiles.Results: Most data showed Gaussian or log‐normal distribution. The numbers of RBCs falling outside the normocyticnormochromic range were slightly higher in cats than in dogs. Both dogs and cats had reticulocytes with low, medium, and high absorbance. Mean numbers of large platelets and platelet clumps were higher in cats compared with dogs.Conclusions: Reference intervals obtained on the ADVIA 120 provide valuable baseline information for assessing new hematologic parameters and for interlaboratory comparisons. Differences compared with previously published reference values can be attributed largely to differences in methodology.
Hematology and clinical chemistry values in pregnant Wistar Hannover rats compared with nonmated controls
Authors: Liberati Teresa A. , Sansone Sandra R. , Feuston Maureen H. 
Published: March 2008

Background: The Wistar Hannover rat has been considered as an alternative animal model to the Sprague‐Dawley rat in the safety evaluation of candidate pharmaceuticals for potential reproductive and developmental toxicity. Hematology and clinical chemistry results may provide useful evidence of maternal toxicity in the absence of fetal effects.Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate differences in routine laboratory values between nonmated and pregnant (near‐term) Wistar Hannover rats during a control developmental study.Methods: One hundred fifty pregnant female Wistar Hannover rats (TacGbcWlfBR) were dosed orally once per day with distilled water from gestation days (CDs) 6 through 17. An additional 150 nonmated (nonpregnant) females used as age‐matched controls were dosed from study days (SDs) 7 through 18. Blood samples were collected on GD18 or 19 (SD 19 or 20) for routine hematology and plasma clinical chemistry tests. Reference intervals were established for pregnant and nonmated animals.Results: On GD 18/19, pregnant rats had a lower RBC count, hemoglobin concentration, and HCT, and higher MCH, MCHC, reticulocyte percentage, and platelet, WBC, absolute reticulocyte, segmented neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts compared with nonmated rats. Pregnant rats had lower albumin, glucose, urea, and chloride concentrations, lower creatine kinase and alkaline phosphatase activities, higher total bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, calcium, phosphorus, and globulin concentrations, and higher ALT activity than nonmated rats. Serum triglyceride concentration was approximately fourfold higher in pregnant rats compared with nonmated controls.Conclusion: Differences in hematology and chemistry values in pregnant Wistar Hannover rats are similar to those in Sprague‐Dawley rats and support use of the Wistar Hannover rat as an animal model in the assessment of maternal toxicity. Differences in laboratory values of pregnant rats should be considered when interpreting data following exposure to candidate pharmaceuticals.
Evaluation of the cytologic diagnosis of canine prostatic disorders
Authors: Powe Joshua R. , Canfield Paul J. , Martin Patricia A. 
Published: March 2008

Background: Canine prostatic disease is commonly investigated using cytologic techniques, especially now that ultrasound‐guided fine needle cell aspiration (US‐ENA) is widely available. Few studies, however, have evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of prostatic cytology. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of cytologic investigation of prostatic disease using US‐FNA and other methods in comparison with histopathologic diagnosis.Methods: Cytologic and histopathologic specimens of prostate or paraprostatic tissue from 25 adult dogs were retrospectively evaluated. Cytologic samples were obtained by US‐FNA, prostatic massage, or direct impression smears or aspirates of tissue at surgery. Histopathologic sections were obtained from tissue collected by biopsy or at necropsy.Results: Cytologic diagnoses were categorized as nondiagnostic (n = 2); cyst (n = 1); squamous metaplasia (n = 2); inflammation (n = 4); benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH; n = 5); inflammation and BPH (n = 3); inflammation, BPH, and neoplasia (n = 1); inflammation and neoplasia (n = 3); and neoplasia (n = 4). Cytologic diagnoses agreed with final histologic diagnoses in 20 of the 25 cases (80%). Of those samples collected by US‐FNA, 75% were concordant. Four samples obtained by US‐FNA and 1 sample obtained by prostatic massage and wash had discordant results.Conclusions: The results of this study suggest strong agreement between cytologic and histopathologic diagnoses for prostatic conditions. Discordance in results obtained by US‐FNA usually was the result of the pathologic process rather than a failure to obtain an appropriate sample.
Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme profiles in phenobarbital‐treated epileptic dogs
Authors: Gaskill Cynthia L. , Hoffmann Walter E. , Cribb Alastair E. 
Published: March 2008

Background:Serum total alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity commonly is high in dogs receiving phenobarbital. Specific isoenzymes responsible for this increase are not well documented.Objectives:The purposes of this study were 1) to qualitatively and quantitatively describe serum AP isoenzymes in phenobarbital‐treated dogs and 2) to monitor changes in serum AP isoenzyme activities associated with phenobarbital treatment over time.Methods:Serum AP isoenzyme activities were determined in a cross‐sectional study of 29 dogs receiving phenobarbital (duration of treatment 2 months to 6.5 years). Additionally, in a prospective study of 23 dogs, serum AP isoenzyme activities were determined before and 3 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after the start of phenobarbital treatment. Isoenzyme activities were quantitatively determined using wheat germ lectin precipitation and levamisole inhibition, and qualitatively (ie, present or absent) evaluated using cellulose acetate affinity electrophoresis.Results:In phenobarbital‐treated dogs with high serum total AP activity in the cross‐sectional study, the increase was due predominantly to increased activities of the corticosteroid‐induced (C‐AP) and liver (L‐AP) isoenzymes. Prospectively, serum total AP and L‐AP activities were significantly higher at 3 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after the start of phenobarbital treatment compared with pretreatment values. Serum C‐AP and bone isoenzyme (B‐AP) activities were significantly higher after 6 and 12 months of treatment. B‐AP accounted for only a small amount of the total AP activity. No unusual or previously unidentified AP isoenzymes were identified.Conclusions:Phenobarbital treatment was associated with increased C‐AP and L‐AP isoenzyme activities and with a minor increase in B‐AP activity. No unique “phenobarbital‐induced” isoenzyme was identified. Isoenzyme analysis does not appear to be useful for differentiating between high serum total AP due to phenobarbital therapy and other causes.
Stomatocytosis in 7 related Standard Schnauzers
Authors: Bonfanti Ugo , Comazzi Stefano , Paltrinieri Saverio , Bertazzolo Walter 
Published: March 2008

Background: Hereditary canine Stomatocytosis has been described in purebred Alaskan Malamutes, Drentse Patrijshonds, and Miniature Schnauzers. In humans, hereditary Stomatocytosis is a heterogeneous group of congenital disorders characterized by the presence of stomatocytes in blood, increased osmotic fragility, and frequent hemolytic anemia. Objective: Our objective was to describe hematologic findings and RBC characteristics in 7 closely related Standard Schnauzers with Stomatocytosis.Methods: The following parameters were measured using an automated analyzer: HCT, RBC, hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, MCV, MCH, MCHC, red cell distribution width (ROW), WBC, platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), thrombocrit (PCT), and platelet distribution width (PDW). Differential leukocyte count, platelet estimate, reticulocyte count, and the percentage of stomatocytes in blood films were microscopically evaluated. An osmotic fragility test of RBCs and measurement of intracellular Na+, K+, and 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate (2,3‐DPG) concentrations were also performed.Results: The affected dogs had macrocytosis (80 ± 4.24 fL, reference interval 60–76 fL), decreased MCHC (29.3 ± 0.8 g/dL, reference interval 32–39 g/dL), slightly increased ROW (17.3 ± 0.4%, reference interval 12–16%), and an increased reticulocyte count (1.55 ± 0.77%, reference interval <1%). The percentage of stomatocytes in blood films varied from 0.6 to 18.9% of all RBCs. Erythrocyte osmotic fragility and intracellular Na+ (138.1 ± 3.2 mmol/L; controls 99 ± 6.1 mmol/L), K+ (8.1 ± 0.8 mmol/L; controls 6.1 ± 0.5 mmol/1), and 2,3‐DPG (21.9 ± 2.0 μmol/g Hb; controls: 14.6 ± 3.3 μmol/g Hb) concentrations were increased in dogs with Stomatocytosis.Conclusions: Hematologic findings and the metabolic defects in RBCs in these Standard Schnauzers were consistent with a diagnosis of Stomatocytosis. Parentage analysis suggests that Stomatocytosis in Standard Schnauzers may have a hereditary component.
Bacterial Growth and Cell Division: a Mycobacterial Perspective
Authors: Hett Erik C. , Rubin Eric J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe genusMycobacteriumis best known for its two major pathogenic species,M. tuberculosisandM. leprae, the causative agents of two of the world's oldest diseases, tuberculosis and leprosy, respectively.M. tuberculosiskills approximately two million people each year and is thought to latently infect one-third of the world's population. One of the most remarkable features of the nonsporulatingM. tuberculosisis its ability to remain dormant within an individual for decades before reactivating into active tuberculosis. Thus, control of cell division is a critical part of the disease. The mycobacterial cell wall has unique characteristics and is impermeable to a number of compounds, a feature in part responsible for inherent resistance to numerous drugs. The complexity of the cell wall represents a challenge to the organism, requiring specialized mechanisms to allow cell division to occur. Besides these mycobacterial specializations, all bacteria face some common challenges when they divide. First, they must maintain their normal architecture during and after cell division. In the case of mycobacteria, that means synthesizing the many layers of complex cell wall and maintaining their rod shape. Second, they need to coordinate synthesis and breakdown of cell wall components to maintain integrity throughout division. Finally, they need to regulate cell division in response to environmental stimuli. Here we discuss these challenges and the mechanisms that mycobacteria employ to meet them. Because these organisms are difficult to study, in many cases we extrapolate from information known for gram-negative bacteria or more closely related GC-rich gram-positive organisms.
Molecular Control of Bacterial Death and Lysis
Authors: Rice Kelly C. , Bayles Kenneth W. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY
Although the phenomenon of bacterial cell death and lysis has been studied for over 100 years, the contribution of these important processes to bacterial physiology and development has only recently been recognized. Contemporary study of cell death and lysis in a number of different bacteria has revealed that these processes, once thought of as being passive and unregulated, are actually governed by highly complex regulatory systems. An emerging paradigm in this field suggests that, analogous to programmed cell death in eukaryotes, regulated cell death and lysis in bacteria play an important role in both developmental processes, such as competence and biofilm development, and the elimination of damaged cells, such as those irreversibly injured by environmental or antibiotic stress. Further study in this exciting field of bacterial research may provide new insight into the potential evolutionary link between control of cell death in bacteria and programmed cell death (apoptosis) in eukaryotes.
Management of toxic epidermal necrolysis and related syndromes
Authors: Mukasa Y , Craven N 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens–Johnson syndrome are rare and life-threatening diseases that often configure as medical emergencies. The majority of cases are drug reactions. The clinical picture is one of widespread epidermal necrosis and mucosal erosions. Treatment is largely supportive and must be provided in an appropriate environment. The role of steroids and other potential disease-modifying therapies has yet to be fully established by controlled studies. The significant mortality associated with these conditions dictates that an understanding of these conditions is essential for all doctors.
Follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a diagnostic challenge for clinicians and pathologists
Authors: Salajegheh A , Petcu E B , Smith R A , Lam A K-Y 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (FVPTC) presents a type of papillary thyroid cancer that has created continuous diagnosis and treatment controversies among clinicians and pathologists. In this review, we describe the nomenclature, the clinical features, diagnostic problems and the molecular biology of FVPTC. It is important for clinicians to understand this entity as the diagnosis and management of this group of patient may be different from other patients with conventional PTC. The literature suggests that FVPTC behaves in a way similar, clinically, to conventional papillary thyroid carcinoma. However, there are some genotypic differences which may characterise this neoplasm. These parameters may account for the phenotypic variation described by some scientists in this type of cancer. Further understanding can only be achieved by defining strict pathological criteria, in-depth study of the molecular biology and long term follow-up of the optional patients with FVPTC.
Recent epidemiological changes in meningococcal disease may be due to the displacement of serogroup A by serogroup C in Hefei city, China
Authors: Ni J Dong , Jin Y H , Dai B , Wang X P , Liu D Q , Chen X , Zheng Y , Ye D Q 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the change in epidemiological characteristics of meningococcal disease in the Hefei city area and to provide valuable information for developing timely and appropriate public health interventions.

Methods
Meningococcal disease was identified according to the National Disease Surveillance System. Data were collected using standardised questionnaires. Serological and bacteria culture testing was performed on cerebrospinal fluid and serum specimens from suspected cases for evidence of Neisseria meningitidis infection.

Results
From July 2003 to June 2007, meningococcal disease was confirmed in 386 cases in the total population. This worked out at an annual incidence of 1.19–2.86 per 100 000 population, which was significantly higher than that in 2002–3 (0.27 cases per 100 000 population). The increase in incidence was accompanied by a shift in age distribution, more cases being reported in adolescents and young adults: the median age increased to 15 years (range 2 months to 78 years). When assessed by age group, middle-school students (aged 12–17) had the highest incidence (6.57 per 100 000 population) and the highest proportion (31.4%). The N meningitidis serogroup was identified in 135 (35.0%) of the cases of meningococcal disease; all were serogroup C. No cases due to serogroup A or other strains were found during the study period. The mean case-fatality rate was 7.3%, with a peak of 16.9% in children younger than 6. Since winter 2003, a vaccination campaign has been partially implemented, but the effectiveness has been limited.

Conclusions
The incidence of meningococcal disease has substantially increased in Hefei city, which may be due to the replacement of serogroup A by serogroup C. A shift in age distribution of cases to adolescents and young adults was found.
Modulation of drug resistance by artificial transcription factors
Authors: Blancafort Pilar , Tschan Mario P. , Bergquist Sharon , Guthy Daniel , Brachat Arndt , Sheeter Dennis A. , Torbett Bruce E. , Erdmann Dirk , Barbas Carlos F. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The efficiency of chemotherapeutic treatments in cancer patients is often impaired by the acquisition of drug resistance. Cancer cells develop drug resistance through dysregulation of one or more genes or cellular pathways. To isolate efficient regulators of drug resistance in tumor cells, we have adopted a genome-wide scanning approach based on the screening of large libraries of artificial transcription factors (ATFs) made of three and six randomly assembled zinc finger domains. Zinc finger libraries were linked to a VP64 activation domain and delivered into a paclitaxel-sensitive tumor cell line. Following drug treatment, several ATFs were isolated that promoted drug resistance. One of these ATFs, 3ZF-1-VP, promoted paclitaxel resistance in cell lines having mutated or inactivated p53, such as MDA-MB-435 and Kaposi's sarcoma cell lines. 3ZF-1-VP also induced strong resistance to etoposide, vincristine, and cisplatinum. Linkage of a repression domain to the selected ATF resulted in enhanced sensitivity to multiple drugs, particularly vincristine, cisplatinum, and 5-fluorouracil. Small interfering RNA–mediated inhibition of p53 revealed that 3ZF-1-VP activated both p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms to promote survival, whereas other ATF required intact p53. Real-time expression analysis and DNA microarrays showed that several ATFs up-regulated targets of p53, such as the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1, and genes participating in the p14ARF-MDM2-p53 tumor suppressor pathway, such as hDMP1. Thus, ATF can be used to map genes and pathways involved in drug resistance phenotypes and have potential as novel therapeutic agents to inhibit drug resistance. [Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7(3):688–97]
Level of HER-2/neu protein expression in breast cancer may affect the development of endogenous HER-2/neu-specific immunity
Authors: Goodell Vivian , Waisman James , Salazar Lupe G. , dela Rosa Corazon , Link John , Coveler Andrew L. , Childs Jennifer S. , Fintak Patricia A. , Higgins Doreen M. , Disis Mary L. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
We questioned whether the incidence or magnitude of the humoral or cellular immune response to the self-tumor antigen HER-2/neu is influenced by the level of HER-2/neu protein overexpression as defined by immunohistochemical staining of tumors in breast cancer patients. We obtained peripheral blood from 104 women with stage II, III, and IV pathologically confirmed HER-2/neu-overexpressing breast cancer. Patients were categorized with +1 (n = 14), +2 (n = 20), or +3 (n = 70) HER-2/neu overexpression by institutional pathologic report. Circulating antibodies to HER-2/neu were evaluated using ELISA. T-cell responses to HER-2/neu were measured using an antigen-specific tritiated thymidine incorporation assay. Eighty-two percent of subjects with HER-2/neu antibodies were +3 overexpressors compared with 18% +2 overexpressors and 0% +1 overexpressors, a highly significant difference (P &lt; 0.001), and there were significant differences in the magnitude of the HER-2/neu-specific antibodies between groups with varying HER-2/neu protein expression (P = 0.022). In addition, 65% of subjects with HER-2/neu-specific T cells were +3 overexpressors compared with 16% +2 overexpressors and 19% +1 overexpressors (P = 0.001). Data presented here indicate that endogenous HER-2/neu-specific humoral and T-cell immunity is greater in patients with +3 protein overexpression in their tumors than in patients with lower levels of HER-2/neu expression. Overexpression of a self-tumor-associated protein is a potential mechanism by which immunogenicity is enhanced and may aid in the identification of biologically relevant proteins to target for immune-based molecular cancer therapies. [Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7(3):449–54]
Shoulder Strength after Open versus Arthroscopic Stabilization
Authors: Hiemstra Laurie A. , Sasyniuk Treny M. , Mohtadi Nicholas G. H. , Fick Gordon H. 
Published: March 2008

Background With current techniques, the main difference between arthroscopic and open shoulder stabilization is the violation of the subscapularis tendon. No studies have looked at strength differences of internal and external rotation between these groups. Hypothesis Internal rotation strength deficits will exist in patients having undergone an open shoulder stabilization procedure compared with an arthroscopic one. Study Design Piggy-back randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods Forty-eight patients (38 men, 10 women), average age, 30.6 years (range, 18–59 years), were randomized to either open (n = 24) or arthroscopic (n = 24) shoulder stabilization. Rehabilitation protocols were standardized. At a mean follow-up of 19.4 months (range, 12–36 months) from surgery, patients underwent isokinetic strength testing (concentric and eccentric peak moments at 60 deg/s and 180 deg/s). Measurements were body-mass normalized. Primary outcome was internal rotation strength at 60 deg/s. Results There were no significant differences between groups with respect to age, gender, or operative limb. There were no statistical differences between operative groups for the primary outcome of internal concentric strength at 60 deg/s (mean difference, 0.011 N·m/kg; 95% confidence interval, −0.043 to 0.066; P = .677) or secondary strength measures. When compared with the contralateral limb, strength deficits existed for both surgical groups for both internal and external rotation. Regression analysis demonstrated that arm dominance is a factor in strength deficits. Conclusion The results of this trial suggest there are no side-to-side isokinetic strength deficits between patients having an open stabilization using a subscapularis splitting approach versus arthroscopic stabilization for anterior traumatic shoulder instability at 1 year after surgery. Strength deficits exist in both groups when compared with the contralateral limb.