bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Astonishing diversity of natural surfactants: 6. Biologically active marine and terrestrial alkaloid glycosides
Authors: Dembitsky Valery M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis review article presents 209 alkaloid glycosides isolated and identified from plants, microorganisms, and marine invertebrates that demonstrate different biological activities. They are of great interest, especially for the medicinal and/or pharmaceutical industries. These biologically active glycosides have good potential for future chemical preparation of compounds useful as antioxidants, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antibacterial agents. These glycosidic compounds have been subdivided into several groups, including: acridone; aporphine; benzoxazinoid; ergot; indole; enediyne alkaloidal antibiotics; glycosidic lupine alkaloids; piperidine, pyridine, pyrrolidine, and pyrrolizidine alkaloid glycosides; glycosidic quinoline and isoquinoline alkaloids; steroidal glycoalkaloids; and miscellaneous alkaloid glycosides.
Overview of hemostatic factors involved in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
Authors: Kannel William B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHemostatic factors associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) include fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) antigen, plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1), and factor VII. Each SD increment of these increases the association by 24–30%. Most hemostatic factors are intercorrelated with inflammatory markers [e.g., C‐reactive protein (CRP)] and LDL cholesterol. Fibrinogen seems the most fundamental hemostatic risk factor for CVD. The Framingham Study reaffirms the significant linear risk factor trends across fibrinogen tertiles (P<0.001) for age, body mass index, smoking, diabetes mellitus, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and TG in both sexes. Fibrinogen may also directly increase CVD risk because of its role in platelet aggregation, plasma viscosity, and fibrin formation. Fibrinogen is also an acute‐phase reactant that is elevated in inflammatory states. Fibrinogen mediates the thrombogenic effect of other risk factors. Fibrinogen levels increase with the number of cigarettes smoked and quickly fall after smoking cessation. This rapid fibrinogen decline may be a mechanism for CVD risk reduction after smoking cessation. Weight loss is accompanied by reduced fibrinogen. The correlation between fibrinogen and LDL cholesterol suggests that lipidimposed CVD risk is mediated partly through fibrinogen. Hyperreactive platelets of diabetics may result in part from their increased fibrinogen. Elevated fibrinogen and CRP of unstable angina suggest an acute‐phase reaction. Prevalence, case‐control, angiographic, and echocardiogram investigations incriminate hemostatic and inflammatory markers as strong independent risk factors for initial and recurrent CVD. Framingham Study data indicate that each SD increase in fibrinogen imposes a 20% independent increment in risk. It may be concluded that fibrinogen and CRP determination may be useful screening tools to identify individuals at added risk for thrombotic complications of CVD.
Lipolysis of different oils using crude enzyme isolate from the intestinal tract of rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Gøttsche Jesper R. , Nielsen Nina S. , Nielsen Henrik H. , Mu Huiling 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCrude enzyme isolate was prepared from the intestine of rainbow trout. Positional specificity of the crude enzyme isolate was determined from both 1(3)‐ and 2‐MAG products afterin vitrolipolysis of radioactive‐labeled triolein. The ratio of 2‐MAG/1(3)‐MAG was 2∶1, suggesting that the overall lipase specificity of the enzyme isolate from rainbow trout tended to be 1,3‐specific; however, activity against thesn‐2 position also was shown.In vitrolipolysis of four different unlabeled oils was performed with the crude enzyme isolate. The oils were: structured lipid [SL; containing the medium‐chain FA (MCFA) 8∶0 in thesn‐1,3 positions and long‐chain FA (LCFA) in thesn‐2 position], DAG oil (mainly 1,3‐DAG), fish oil (FO), and triolein (TO). MCFA were rapidly hydrolyzed from the SL oil. LCFA including n−3 PUFA were, however, preserved in thesn‐2 position and therefore found in higher amounts in 2‐MAG of SL compared with 2‐MAG of FO, DAG, and TO. Lipolysis of the DAG oil produced higher amounts of MAG than the TAG oils, and 1(3)‐MAG mainly was observed after lipolysis of the DAG oil. The positional specificity determined and the results from the hydrolysis of the different oils suggest that n−3 very long‐chain PUFA from structured oils may be used better by aquacultured fish than that from fish oils.
Effects of duodenal seal oil administration in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Arslan Gülen , Brunborg Linn Anne , Frøyland Livar , Brun Johan G. , Valen Merete , Berstad Arnold 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLong‐chain n‐3 PUFA in fish oil have modulating effects on inflammatory responses. The aim of this open pilot study was to investigate whether duodenal seal oil administration would benefit patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Seal oil (10 mL) was administered three times a day directly into the distal part of the duodenum via a nasoduodenal feeding tube for 10 d in 10 patients, 5 of whom had Crohn's disease and 5 ulcerative colitis. Nine of the 10 patients suffered from IBD‐associated joint pain. Various parameters of disease activity and FA incorporation in tissues were analyzed before and after treatment. Following seal oil therapy, joint pain index, disease activity, and serum cholesterol level were significantly decreased, whereas the n‐3 to n‐6 ratio both in intestinal biopsies and blood was significantly increased. Measures of calprotectin concentration in gut lavage fluid, intestinal permeability, and lipid peroxidation were not significantly changed. The results suggest positive effects of seal oil in patients with IBD, especially on IBD‐associated joint pain. Further controlled studies are warranted.
Long‐chain PUFA supplementation improves PUFA profile in infants with cholestasis
Authors: Socha Piotr , Koletzko Berthold , Jankowska Irena , Pawlowska Joanna , Demmelmair Hans , Stolarczyk Anna , Świątkowska Elzbieta , Socha Jerzy 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLong‐chain PUFA (LCP) deficiency is a frequent complication in cholestatic infants. We investigated the effects of LCP‐supplemented formula on EFA status in infants with cholestasis. Twenty‐three infants with cholestasis (biliary atresia after surgery, 8; intrahepatic cholestasis, 15) aged 1.9 to 4.9 mon (median 3.1 mon) were randomized to receive commercial infant formulas either without LCP or with LCP from egg phospholipids for 1 mon. Liver tests, nutrient intakes, and plasma phospholipid FA (%w/w) were determined at baseline and after intervention. At baseline, patients had high serum direct bilirubin levels (5.9 ± 3.0 mg/dL; mean ± SD), they were malnourished (body fat mass: 40 ± 13% of normal) and presented with PUFA deficiency [plasma phospholipid PUFA: 28.43%w/w (26.56–30.53) in patients vs. 37.02%w/w (34.53–39.58) in controls; median (1st–3rd quartile)] with elevated Mead acid and palmitoleic acid. LCP‐supplemented (n=11 and‐nonsupplemented groups (n=12) did not differ in age, indicators of liver function, and EFA status at baseline. After the intervention, LCP‐supplemented infants had higher levels of arachidonic acid [7.2 (5.9–8.8) vs. 4.2 (3.0–5.3) %w/w; P<0.001] and DHA [2.8 (2.2–3.2) vs. 1.6 (1.0–2.1) %w/w; P<0.05], accompanied by increased [BARS concentration: 1.9 (1.4–2.2) vs. 1.3 (1.1–1.6) nmol/mL; P<0.05]. We concluded that LCP‐supplemented formulae improve LCP status of infants with severe cholestasis but may enhance lipid peroxidation.
Divergent incorporation of dietary trans fatty acids in different serum lipid fractions
Authors: Vidgren Helvi M. , Louheranta Anne M. , Ågren Jyrki J. , Schwab Ursula S. , Uusitupa Matti I. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTrans fatty acids may be involved in atherosclerotic vascular diseases. We investigated the incorporation of dietary trans fatty acids and oleic acid into the serum triglycerides (TG), cholesterol esters (CE), and phospholipids (PL). Fourteen healthy female volunteers, aged 23.2±3.1 yr (mean±SD), body mass index 20.8±2.1 kg/m2 participated in this study. All subjects consumed both a trans fatty acid‐enriched diet (TRANS diet) and an oleic acid‐enriched diet (OLEIC diet) for 4 wk according to a randomized crossover design. Both experimental diet periods were preceded by consumption of a baseline diet for 2 wk which supplied 37% of total energy (E%) as fat: 18 E% from saturated fatty acids (SFA), 12 E% from monounsaturated fatty acids, and 6 E% from polyunsaturated fatty acids. Five E% of the SFA in the baseline diet was replaced by trans fatty acids (18∶1 t and 18∶2 c,t+18∶2t,t, where c is cis and t is trans) in the TRANS diet and by oleic acid (18∶1n‐9) in the OLEIC diet. After the TRANS diet, the proportions of 18∶1t and 18∶2t increased (P <0.001) in all serum lipid fractions analyzed. The increase of 18∶1 t in TG and PL (1.80±0.28 vs. 5.26±1.40; 1.07±0.34 vs. 3.39±0.76 mol% of total fatty acids, respectively) was markedly higher than that in CE (0.44±0.07 vs. 0.92±0.26), whereas that of 18∶2t was nearly the same in all three fractions. The proportions of palmitic, stearic, arachidonic, and eicosapentaenoic acids in TG, CE, and PL and that of oleic acid in TG and CE were decreased when compared with the baseline value. In contrast, the proportion of palmitoleic acid in TG and PL and that of linoleic acid in PL increased on the TRANS diet. After consumption of the OLEIC diet, the proportion of oleic acid increased in all three lipid fractions analyzed, and the percentage increase was nearly the same in all fractions. In contrast, the proportions of 18∶1 t in TG and PL and 18∶2 t in TG and CE decreased when compared with the baseline value. In conclusion, a moderate increase in dietary trans fatty acids resulted in a marked incorporation into serum lipids and decreased the conversion of linoleic acid to its more unsaturated long‐chain metabolites. Analysis of 18∶1 t from serum TG and PL seems to reflect reliably the dietary intake of this fatty acid.
Identification of conjugated linoleic acid isomers in cheese by gas chromatography, silver ion high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectral reconstructed ion profiles. Comparison of chromatographic elution sequences
Authors: Sehat Najibullah , Kramer John K. G. , Mossoba Magdi M. , Yurawecz Martin P. , Roach John A. G. , Eulitz Klaus , Morehouse Kim M. , Ku Youh 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCommercial cheese products were analyzed for their composition and content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers. The total lipids were extracted from cheese using petroleum ether/diethyl ether and methylated using NaOCH3. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were separated by gas chromatography (GC), using a 100‐m polar capillary column, into nine minor peaks besides that of the major rumenic acid, 9c, 11t‐octadecadienoic acid (18∶2), and were attributed to 19 CLA isomers. By using silver ion‐high performance liquid chromatography (Ag+‐HPLC), CLA isomers were resolved into seven trans, trans (5–9%), three cis/trans (10–13%), and five cis, cis (<1%) peaks, totaling 15, in addition to that of the 9c, 11t‐18∶2 (78–84%). The FAME of total cheese lipids were fractionated by semipreparative Ag+‐HPLC and converted to their 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives after hydrolysis to free fatty acids. The geometrical configuration of the CLA isomers was confirmed by GC‐direct deposition‐Fourier transform infrared, and their double bond positions were established by GC‐electron ionization mass spectrometry. Reconstructed mass spectral ion profiles of the m+2 allylic ion and the m+3 ion (where m is the position of the second double bond in the parent conjugated fatty acid) were used to identify the minor CLA isomers in cheese. Cheese contained 7 t,9c‐18∶2 and the previously unreported 11t, 13c‐18∶2 and 12c, 14t‐18∶2, and their trans,trans and cis,cis geometric isomers. Minor amounts of 8,10‐, and 10, 12–18∶2 were also found. The predicted elution orders of the different CLA isomers on long polar capillary GC and Ag*‐HPLC columns are also presented.
Acid‐catalyzed isomerization of fucosterol and Δ5‐avenasterol
Authors: Kamal‐Eldin Afaf , Määttä Kaisu , Toivo Jari , Lampi Anna‐Maija , Piironen Vieno 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis work shows that fucosterol, Δ5‐avenasterol, and similar ethylidene‐side chain sterols can undergo acid‐catalyzed isomerization to give a mixture of five isomers. Four isomers formed from fucosterol were analyzed, using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, and were characterized as Δ5‐avenasterol two Δ5,23‐stigmastadienols, and Δ5,24(250)‐stigmastadienol. When the unsaponifiables fraction from oat oil was subjected to acid hydrolysis, the two Δ5,23‐stigmastadienol isomers and Δ5,24(25)‐stigmastadienol were detected while fucosterol coeluted with sitosterol. Interisomerization of ethylidene‐side chain sterols represents a limitation to the use of the acid hydrolysis method in the determination of sterols in food and other plant materials rich in these sterols, e.g., oat lipids.
Low doses of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and hypolipidemic eicosapentaenoic acid derivatives have no effect on lipid peroxidation in plasma
Authors: Vaagenes Hege , Muna Ziad A. , Madsen Lise , Berge Rolf K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt was of interest to investigate the influence of both high doses of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and low doses of 2‐or 3‐methylated EPA on the antioxidant status, as they all cause hypolipidemia, but the dose required is quite different. We fed low doses (250 mg/d/kg body wt) of different EPA derivatives or high doses (1500 mg/d/kg body wt) of EPA and DHA to rats for 5 and 7 d, respectively. The most potent hypolipidemic EPA derivative, 2,2‐dimethyl‐EPA, did not change the malondialdehyde content in liver or plasma. Plasma vitamin E decreased only after supplementation of those EPA derivatives that caused the greatest increase in the fatty acyl‐CoA oxidase activity. Fatty acyl‐CoA oxidase activity increased after administration of both EPA and DHA at high doses. High doses of EPA and DHA decreased plasma vitamin E content, whereas only DHA elevated lipid peroxidation. In liver, however, both EPA and DHA increased lipid peroxidation, but the hepatic level of vitamin E was unchanged. The glutathione‐requiring enzymes and the glutathione level were unaffected, and no significant changes in the activities of xanthine oxidase and superoxide dismutase were observed in either low‐or high‐dose experiments. In conclusion, increased peroxisomal β‐oxidation in combination with high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids caused elevated lipid peroxidation. At low doses of polyunsaturated fatty acids, lipid peroxidation was unchanged, in spite of increased peroxisomal β‐oxidation, indicating that polyunsaturation is the most important factor for lipid peroxidation.
Proliferation of activated CD1d‐restricted NKT cells is down‐modulated by lymphocyte activation gene‐3 signaling via cell cycle arrest in S phase
Authors: Byun Hyun‐Jung , Jung Woon‐Won , Lee Dong‐Sup , Kim Sanghee , Kim Sang Joon , Park Chung‐Gyu , Chung Hee Yong , Chun Taehoon 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUpon antigenic stimulation, CD1d‐restricted NKT cells quickly secrete large amounts of cytokines. This prompt response demonstrates that CD1d‐restricted NKT cells may potentially prove to be useful therapeutic agents for the treatment of many diseases. Despite the clinical importance of CD1d‐restricted NKT cells, the regulating mechanisms of this unique T cell population remain to be defined. We found murine LAG‐3 is inducible on CD1d‐restricted NKT cells as the result of a variety of stimulants such as concanavalin A (con A) and anti‐CD3. Also, antigen‐specific CD1d stimulation can elicit LAG‐3 in CD1d‐restricted NKT cells. Moreover, ectopic LAG‐3 expression on CD1d‐restricted NKT cells results in cell cycle arrest in the S phase. These results show that LAG‐3 signaling on activated CD1d‐restricted NKT cells may down‐modulate NKT cell proliferation.
Localisation and modulation of prostanoid receptors EP1 and EP4 in the rat chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain
Authors: Woodhams Peter L. , MacDonald Rachel E. , Collins Sue D. , Chessell Iain P. , Day Nicola C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractImmunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of prostaglandin E2 receptors EP1 and EP4 in sciatic nerves from the rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain. At 21 days post‐surgery the CCI rats had developed mechanical hyperalgesia on the operated side, and quantitative image analysis showed a highly significant doubling of the area occupied by EP1‐ and EP4‐positive pixels in sections from CCI nerves when compared to sham‐operated controls. Co‐localisation studies with the marker ED1 revealed that 73% of the EP1‐positive cells and 54% of the EP4‐positive cells in the injured nerves represented infiltrating macrophages. Cells negative for ED1 and positive for either EP1 or EP4 were characterised as Schwann cells from their morphology and expression of myelin basic protein and S100 antigens. Similar EP1‐ and EP4‐positive Schwann cell profiles were observed in sections of uninjured control nerves. Low levels of EP receptor expression were found in neurofilament‐immunostained axons, but no consistent differences were observed in the levels of axonal EP staining between CCI and control tissue. These data provide further evidence of the importance of prostaglandins in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain, and suggest that not only infiltrating macrophages but also Schwann cells may be involved in the modulation of these mediators in response to nerve injury.
NOM PROPRE, POÉSIE ET GÉNÉRICITÉ: BERTRAND, RIMBAUD, VERHAEREN
Authors: Bonenfant Luc 
Published: November 2006

Résumé
Cet article s'intéresse au fonctionnement générique du nom propre dans la poésie d'Aloysius Bertrand, Arthur Rimbaud et Émile Verhaeren. La première partie s'attache à la distinction éventuelle entre le fonctionnement narratif et le fonctionnement poétique du Nom propre à partir d'exemples fournis par la poésie en prose bertrandienne, poésie dont les états premiers ressortent des genres narratifs brefs. Suivant cela, la seconde partie de l'article envisage le fonctionnement du nom propre chez Rimbaud et Verhaeren, montrant bien que la poésie, pourtant un genre à faible densité onomastique, exacerbe la fonction sémantique du Nom plutôt que sa traditionnelle fonction narrative. Chez les trois poètes étudiés, la motivation sémantique du Nom ne se transforme pas en succession narrative, penchant plutôt vers cet espace absolu de ‘totalisation’ dont Jean Cohen a fait un critère de distinction poétique.
In vitro kinetics of factor VIII activity in patients with mild haemophilia A and a discrepancy between one‐stage and two‐stage factor VIII assay results
Authors: Rodgers Susan E. , Duncan Elizabeth M. , Barbulescu Denise M. , Quinn Diana M. , Lloyd John V. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryIn some mild haemophilia A patients (discrepant haemophilia), factor VIII coagulant activity (FVIII:C) levels, by one‐stage assay are more than double than those by two‐stage assay. This may be due to the longer incubation times (10–12 min) in the two‐stage assay. This study aimed to determine the time course of the activation phase of the two‐stage assay, using both classical coagulation and chromogenic detection methods. In both systems, for equivalent patients (equivalent FVIII:C levels by one‐stage and two‐stage assays, n = 6, all different mutations), similar FVIII:C results were obtained with short‐ or long‐incubation times. In contrast, plasma from discrepant patients (n = 8, five different mutations) showed higher FVIII:C at shorter incubation times than after longer incubation times. In the chromogenic assay, FVIII:C levels were higher after incubation for 2 min (23–56%, mean 41%) than after 10 min (19–41%, mean 29%). In the classical coagulation assay, FVIII:C levels were higher at shorter incubation times (21–64%, mean 37%) than with the longer incubation times usually used (13–29%, mean 23%). These time‐course experiments have verified that the longer incubation time used in the two‐stage assay is at least partly responsible for the lower FVIII:C measured by that assay in discrepant haemophilia.
An open‐label study of darbepoetin alfa administered once monthly for the maintenance of haemoglobin concentrations in patients with chronic kidney disease not receiving dialysis
Authors: AGARWAL A. K. , SILVER M. R. , REED J. E. , DHINGRA R. K. , LIU W. , VARMA N. , STEHMAN‐BREEN C. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract.Objective.  To demonstrate the efficacy and safety of once‐monthly (QM) darbepoetin alfa administration in maintaining haemoglobin (Hb) 11.0–13.0 g dL−1 in subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD) not receiving dialysis and previously treated with darbepoetin alfa every other week (Q2W).Subjects.  This open‐label study enrolled subjects ≥18 years of age who had glomerular filtration rate ≥15 and ≤60 mL min−1/1.73 m2, had Hb 11.0–13.0 g dL−1, and were receiving Q2W darbepoetin alfa.Design.  Subjects were switched to QM darbepoetin alfa therapy for 28 weeks; the QM dose was titrated to maintain Hb levels. Primary end‐point: proportion of subjects maintaining Hb ≥11.0 g dL−1 during the final 8 weeks of the study (evaluation phase). Secondary end‐points: Hb concentration during evaluation, darbepoetin alfa dose during the study, adverse events, laboratory parameters, and blood pressure.Results.  The study enrolled 152 subjects (female 52%, white 64%). Mean Hb ≥11.0 g dL−1 during evaluation was achieved by 76% of the 150 subjects who received at least one dose of darbepoetin alfa [95% confidence interval (CI): 68%, 83%]. Mean (SD) Hb during evaluation was 11.71 (0.92) g dL−1. Eighty‐five per cent of 129 subjects who completed the study (95% CI: 78%, 91%) had Hb ≥11.0 g dL−1 during evaluation. The dose of darbepoetin alfa over the study period was median (95% CI) 124.4 μg (106.2, 140.0). Darbepoetin alpha administered QM was well tolerated in study subjects.Conclusion.  Darbepoetin alpha administered QM maintained Hb in study subjects with CKD not receiving dialysis.