bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of breed of cattle on innate resistance to infection with Anaplasma marginale transmitted by Boophilus microplus
Authors: BOCK RE , KINGSTON TG , DE VOS AJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the innate resistance of and transmission in naive Bos taurus cross Bos indicus and purebred Bos indicus cattle when placed in a paddock with cattle infected with Anaplasma marginale and carrying Boophilus microplus ticks. Design A group of 49 purebred B indicus, and 48 B indicus cross B taurus (50%, F1 generation) 24‐month‐old steers were kept in the same paddock with cattle artificially infected with a virulent isolate of A marginale and Boophilus microplus. The cattle were seronegative for A marginale at the start of the trial but had previously been exposed to Babesia bovis and B bigemina. Procedure Cattle were inspected twice weekly for 118 days. Whole blood, blood smears and serum samples were collected from the cattle on day 37 after exposure and then at regular intervals to day 83 after exposure to measure packed‐cell volumes, parasitaemias and antibody titres to A marginale. Any animals that met preset criteria were treated for anaplasmosis. On day 83 all cattle were treated with an acaricide and cattle infected with A marginale were removed from the rest of the group. Results
A marginale was detected in blood smears from 14 crossbred and 9 B indicus steers between days 56 and 72 after exposure. Five and two of the infected crossbred and B indicus steers required treatment, respectively. One of the Bos indicus cattle died as a result of the A marginale infection despite treatment. Antibodies to A marginale were detected in the 23 infected cattle. The mean packed‐cell volume depression was 40 and 37 % in the affected crossbred and Bos indicus groups, respectively. There was no significant difference detected in susceptibility between these two groups. Conclusions Innate resistance of purebred B indicus and crossbred cattle was not significantly different. The results confirm that purebred B indicus and crossbred cattle are sufficiently susceptible to warrant the use of vaccination against Anaplasma infections.
Costs of studying veterinary science: a national survey of fourth year veterinary students
Authors: HEATH TJ 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo estimate the costs to the student of veterinary education.MethodA questionnaire was completed by 180 fourth‐year veterinary students from the four veterinary schools in Australia. Frequencies and median costs were estimated using the SAS System for Windows 95.ResultsThe median direct living costs were about $5000 per academic year, but were higher in Sydney and for those with additional expenses including children, pets and cars. Other costs associated with the course including text books, equipment and travel to practical work were of the order of $1000, and income foregone while doing practical work placed additional burdens on some. More than half the students from Sydney and Murdoch needed to work to provide basic necessities. Most of this work involved interaction with animals or people. The percentage of Queensland and Melbourne students needing to work was lower, 47 and 24 respectively, and fewer of those worked directly with animals or people. The students expected to repay a median of $14,000 after they graduate, with 70% of this being due to the Australian government as part of the Higher Education Contribution Scheme.ConclusionsAlthough parents contributed an average of between one‐third and one half of the costs of obtaining a veterinary degree, the extent of parental contributions was very uneven and almost one half of all students needed to work to provide basic necessities. The average total debt on graduation was about half the annual starting salary, but those starting the course from 1997 are subject to much higher charges, and their average debt is likely to exceed one year's salary.
Vaccinating chickens against avian influenza with fowlpox recombinants expressing the H7 haemagglutinin
Authors: BOYLE DB , SELLECK P. , HEINE HG 
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate the vaccine efficacy of a fowlpox virus recombinant expressing the H7 haemagglutinin of avian influenza virus in poultry. Procedure Specific‐pathogen‐free poultry were vaccinated with fowlpox recombinants expressing H7 or H1 haemagglutinins of influenza virus. Chickens were vaccinated at 2 or 7 days of age and challenged with virulent Australian avian influenza virus at 10 and 21 days later, respectively. Morbidity and mortality, body weight change and the development of immune responses to influenza haemagglutinin and nucleo‐protein were recorded. Results Vaccination of poultry with fowlpox H7 avian influenza virus recombinants induced protective immune responses. All chickens vaccinated at 7 days of age and challenged 21 days later were protected from death. Few clinical signs of infection developed. In contrast, unvaccinated or chickens vaccinated with a non‐recombinant fowlpox or a fowlpox expressing the H1 haemagglutinin of human influenza were highly susceptible to avian influenza. All those chickens died within 72 h of challenge. In younger chickens, vaccinated at 2 days of age and challenged 10 days later the protection was lower with 80% of chickens protected from death. Chickens surviving vaccination and challenge had high antibody responses to haemagglutinin and primary antibody responses to nucleoprotein suggesting that although vaccination protected substantially against disease it failed to completely prevent replication of the challenge avian influenza virus. Conclusion Vaccination of chickens with fowlpox virus expressing the avian influenza H7 haemagglutinin provided good protection against experimental challenge with virulent avian influenza of H7 type. Although eradication will remain the method of first choice for control of avian influenza, in the circumstances of a continuing and widespread outbreak the availability of vaccines based upon fowlpox recombinants provides an additional method for disease control.
Trichinellosis in Papua New Guinea
Authors: OWEN IL , SIMS LD , WIGGLESWORTH MC , PUANA I. 
Published: March 2008

Objectives To describe the discovery in a domestic pig of the first case of trichinellosis in Papua New Guinea, caused by a new taxon within the genus Trichinella (T papuae). Also, to establish if the disease occurred in the local wild pig population and in domestic pigs elsewhere in the country, and to test if the worm was infective to some other animals. Procedure Fresh and fixed tissue samples were examined by the digestion method and histologically, respectively, for the non‐encapsulated larvae of T papuae. Feeding trials were conducted, using infected tissues and infective larvae, on animals under laboratory conditions. Results About 8.8% of a wild pig population in Western Province, adjacent to Irian Jaya, Indonesia, was found to be infected. Infection was not found in other local and feral animals or in domestic pigs from other parts of the country. Infection was experimentally established in cats, pigs and laboratory bred mice and rats. Conclusion Trichinellosis is confined to one remote locality in PNG. Domestic pigs in the initial case became infected, probably, by eating infected wild pig meat.
Effects of an oral vasopressin receptor antagonist (OPC‐31260) in a dog with syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone
Authors: FLEEMAN LM , IRWIN PJ , PHILLIPS PA , WEST J. 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveThe syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone is a rare disorder in dogs characterised by hypo‐osmolality and persistent arginine vasopressin production in the absence of hypovolaemia and/or hypotension. The study describes the efficacy and safety of the nonpeptide selective arginine vasopressin V2receptor antagonist OPC‐31260 in a dog with the naturally occurring syndrome.DesignThe detailed case history of a dog with spontaneous syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone that received long‐term therapy with oral OPC‐31260 is presented. Effects of the first dose of OPC‐31260 and of a dose administered after a continuous dosing period of 12 days are reported.ProcedurePacked cell volume, plasma sodium, total protein, arginine vasopressin, renin activity, atrial natriuretic peptide, urine specific gravity, urine output, heart rate and body weight were monitored for 2 h before, and for 4 h after, the first dose of OPC‐31260. The same parameters plus plasma osmolality and urine osmolality were monitored when an identical dose was administered after 12 days of therapy.ResultsOral administration of OPC‐31260 at 3 mg/kg body weight resulted in marked aquaresis with increased urine output and decline in urine specific gravity within 1 h. Corresponding increases in concentrations of plasma sodium, plasma osmolality and plasma renin activity were recorded over a 4 h period. Arginine vasopressin concentration remained inappropriately elevated throughout the study.Resultswere similar when the trial procedure was repeated after a stabilisation period of 12 days. Long‐term therapy with OPC‐31260 at a dose of 3 mg/kg body weight orally every 12 h resulted in good control of clinical signs with no deleterious effects detected during a 3‐year follow‐up period. Despite sustained clinical benefits observed in this case, plasma sodium did not normalise with continued administration of the drug.ConclusionsTreatment of a dog with naturally occurring syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone with OPC‐31260 at 3 mg/kg body weight orally every 12 h resulted in marked aquaresis and significant palliation of clinical signs with no discernible side‐effects detected over a 3‐year period. Thus, OPC‐31260 appears to offer a feasible medical alternative to water restriction for treatment of dogs with syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Higher doses of OPC‐31260 may be required to achieve and maintain normal plasma sodium in dogs with this syndrome.
Sensitivity and specificity of two serological tests for the detection of ovine paratuberculosis
Authors: HOPE AF , KLUVER PF , JONES SL , CONDRON RJ 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the sensitivity and specificity of an absorbed ELISA and an AGID test for the detection of clinical and subclinical paratuberculosis in sheep.DesignBy testing a panel of sera from 1257 Australian Merino and crossbred sheep greater than 1 year of age, of which 1137 sheep were not infected withMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosisand 120 sheep had paratuberculosis.ProcedureSera were collected from 457 sheep in Victoria and 800 sheep in Western Australia. Presence ofM a paratu‐berculosisinfection in Victorian sheep was determined by histological examination of intestinal tissues, whereas sheep from Western Australia were presumed to be free of Johne's disease. The ability of an absorbed ELISA to discriminate between infected and uninfected sheep was described by test sensitivity and specificity, the distribution of ELISA OD, and the area under a receiver operating characteristic curve.ResultsThe absorbed ELISA had a specificity of 98.2 to 99.5% (CI) and a sensitivity of 35 to 54% (CI). In sheep from infected flocks in Victoria, the AGID test had a specificity of 99 to 100% (CI) and a sensitivity of 38 to 56% (CI). The sensitivity of serological tests was higher in sheep with a body condition representative of the lower quintile of their flock of origin.ConclusionThe AGID test and absorbed ELISA are useful tests for the detection of ovine paratuberculosis. Although the tests had a similar accuracy, they detected different subpopulations of infected sheep with only moderate overlap. The AGID test had a higher specificity than the absorbed ELISA.
Evaluation of a novel antimicrobial polymer for the control of porcine postweaning colibacillosis
Authors: HAMPSON DJ , BUDDLE JR , MELROSE GJH 
Published: March 2008

Objective To determine whether CHEMYDERTM polymer has potential for use in the control of porcine postweaning colibacillosis (PWC). Procedure Two experiments were conducted in which 50 young pigs, either receiving CHEMYDERTM polymer in their food or not, were challenged orally with cultures of beta‐haemolytic Escherichia coli immediately after weaning. Their response in terms of development of diarrhoea, and the extent of colonisation of the intestinal tract by the bacteria was monitored. In a third experiment CHEMYDERTM polymer was added to the water supply of a group of 15 pigs on a piggery where PWC was an ongoing clinical problem. The response of these pigs was compared with that of pigs vaccinated against PWC or left unmedicated. Results In both experimental infection trials the pigs receiving CHEMYDERTM polymer showed significantly reduced intestinal colonisation with the challenge strain of E coli, and, in trial 2, significantly less diarrhoea after weaning compared to pigs not receiving CHEMYDERTM polymer. In the field trial the pigs receiving CHEMYDERTM polymer had significantly less diarrhoea and required significantly less antibiotic treatment than the other two groups of pigs. Conclusion CHEMYDERTM polymer has potential for use in the control of PWC.
Occurrence of different strains of Dichelobacter nodosus in new clinical lesions in sheep exposed to footrot associated with multi‐strain infections
Authors: JELINEK PD , DEPIAZZI LJ , GALVIN DA , SPICER IT , PALMER MA , PITMAN DR 
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate the occurrence of S1, U1 and T strains of Dichelobacter nodosus in new clinical lesions in sheep exposed to footrot associated with multi‐strain infections. Design Seventy‐seven donor sheep were grazed with 84 recipients for 33 weeks. The donor sheep were Merinos with a history of clinically virulent footrot associated with protease type S1, U1 and T strains of D nodosus that hybridised with gene sequences pJIR314B, pJIR318 and/or pB645–335. The recipient sheep were Merinos with no history of footrot. Procedure Each fortnight, all feet were examined, their lesion scores were recorded and samples of lesion material were taken for laboratory tests. Results Eighty‐nine percent (299 of 336) of feet of recipient sheep developed new clinical lesions. S1, U1 and T strains of D nodosus were recovered from 58%, 22% and 18%, respectively, of these lesions at a ratio that remained constant during two apparent peaks in footrot transmission. Gene sequences homologous to pJIR314B and pB645–335 were detected in 56% (93 of 166) and 29% (48 of 166), respectively, of S1 strains of D nodosus at a ratio that was not constant during the experiment. Conclusions S1 was the dominant protease type of D nodosus in new clinical lesions. The occurrence of S1 strains did not increase relative to U1 and T strains of D nodosus during the experiment. S1, U1 and T strains of D nodosus remained in equilibrium despite changes in environment, genetic types in the population of S1 strains, and host resistance to footrot.
Criteria used by employers to select new graduate employees
Authors: Heath TJ , Mills JN 
Published: March 2008

Objective To find out what criteria and methods are used by Australian employers to select new graduates to work in their practices. Design Questionnaires were completed by 258 employers and the responses were analysed using the SAS system. ResultsDuring selection, employers placed most reliance on formal interviews or visits to the practice. These occasions were used to assess the applicant's personal qualities including their ability to interact effectively with clients and colleagues. Employers used resumes mainly in selection of applicants to interview and many discounted nominated referees as being insufficiently critical. Academic knowledge was regarded as less important than personal qualities and very few employers reported using gender as a basis for selection. Conclusions Senior veterinary students need to be aware of the importance placed by employers on interpersonal skills and personal qualities and should make every effort to engage in practical work, paid work and other activities that will help develop these attributes. They should be conscious that practitioners with whom they work may be contacted by potential employers and they should learn to present themselves realistically in a resume.
Aero‐allergens in canine atopic dermatitis in southeastern Australia based on 1000 intradermal skin tests
Authors: MUELLER RS , BETTENAY SV , TIDEMAN L 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the most relevant aero‐allergens involved in canine atopi dermatitis in southeastern Australia and provide information about these aero‐allergens to the general practitioner.ProcedureDogs presented to the Animal Skin & Allergy Clinic with history and clinical signs of atopic dermatitis were injected intradermally with 38 different allergens and negative and positive control. Intradermal skin tests in 1000 dogs were retrospectively evaluated.ResultsOne third of all patients reacted to the house dust miteDermatophagoides farinae.Allergens reacting in more than 15% of the patients were wheat (Triticum aestivum), sweet vernal (Anthoxanthum odoratum), English couch (Agropyron repens), yellow dock (Rumex crispus), Mexican tea (Chenopodium ambrosioides), plantain (Plantago lanceolata), melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia) and peppercorn (Schimusspp).ConclusionHouse dust mites are the most common allergens in canine atopic dermatitis in southeastern Australia andD farinaeis involved most frequently. However, a number of grass, weed and tree pollens also are involved regularly.
Acute cortisol responses and wound healing in lambs after ring castration plus docking with or without application of a castration clamp to the scrotum
Authors: SUTHERLAND MA , STAFFORD KJ , MELLOR DJ , GREGORY NG , BRUCE RA , WARD RN 
Published: March 2008

Objective To test whether the cortisol response to ring castration plus docking is reduced by additional application of a castration clamp across the full width of the scrotum distal to the ring. Design A physiological study with controls Procedure Lambs, 3 to 6 weeks of age, were castrated using a ring or ring plus castration clamp applied for 6 or 10 s and docked using a ring. Blood samples were taken before and regularly for about 4 h after treatment and analysed for plasma cortisol concentrations. The healing of the scrotal wounds was monitored for 6 weeks after castration. Results The plasma cortisol concentrations were lower only at 60 min after treatment in lambs castrated with a clamp placed on the scrotum for 10 s after ring castration and docking than in lambs castrated and docked by ring alone. Scrotal wounds healed more quickly after ring plus clamp than after ringonly castration. Conclusions The castration clamp had at most a marginal effect on the cortisol response to ring castration and docking of 3‐ to 6‐week‐old lambs, but it did seem to improve the rate of healing.
Platinum pharmacokinetics in sulphur‐crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita) following single‐dose cisplatin infusion
Authors: FILIPPICH LJ , BUCHER AM , CHARLES BG 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the pharmacokinetics of platinum (Pt) in cockatoos.DesignA pharmacokinetic study of Pt, following a single IV infusion of cisplatin, was done in six healthy sulphur‐crested cockatoos (Cacatua galerita).ProcedureBirds were hydrated for 1 h before and 2 h after a 1‐h cisplatin infusion (1 mg/kg, IV). Serial blood samples were collected for 96 h after initiation of the infusion and urine was collected for 2 h during the hydration period after cisplatin administration. Tissue samples from 10 organs were obtained at necropsy, 96 h after cisplatin infusion. Total Pt and filterable Pt in plasma, urinary Pt and tissue Pt concentrations were assayed by inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry. A noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on the plasma and urine data.ResultsFor total Pt and filterable Pt, the respective mean systemic clearances were 0.373 and 0.699 L/kg hourly, the steady state volumes of distribution were 4.19 and 0.356 L/kg, and the mean residence times were 111 and 0.512 h. Total plasma Pt displayed a bi‐exponential decay profile with average half‐lives of 0.398 and 79.0 h, while filterable Pt had a monoexponential decay with mean half‐life of 0.413 h. The renal clearance during the 2‐h postinfusion period was 0.167 L/kg hourly. The kidneys had the highest Pt accumulation (4.54 u.g/g DM).Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceCisplatin infusion in cockatoos was well tolerated and Pt plasma concentrations were similar to those measured during treatment of solid tumours in human patients. Despite anatomical, physiological and biochemical differences among animal species, the pharmacokinetic disposition of Pt in the cockatoo shares some features with the kinetics reported previously in rodents, dogs and human beings.
Use of the polymerase chain reaction assay for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in blood and liver biopsies from experimentally infected sheep
Authors: GWOZDZ JM , THOMPSON KG , MURRAY A , WEST DM , MANKTELOW BW 
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate a polymerase chain reaction‐based assay for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in blood and liver biopsies from subclinically infected sheep. Study design A direct PCR assay for the detection of M a paratuberculosis was applied to liver biopsy specimens and to samples of blood that were sequentially collected over 53 weeks from 14 sheep infected experimentally with the organism. Results Of 117 blood samples from the 14 experimentally infected sheep, two tested positive in the PCR assay. Both positive results were obtained in two subclinically infected sheep that had paratuberculosis later confirmed by histological examination at necropsy. However, the assay failed to detect the target DNA in samples of blood from five other sheep with histologically confirmed paratuberculosis. Similarly, the PCR assay on liver biopsy specimens collected 32 weeks after administration of M a paratuberculosis gave only two positive results, both of which were obtained in sheep with histological evidence of paratuberculosis. Conclusions The PCR assay on blood and liver biopsies does not provide a useful method for the diagnosis of M a paratuberculosis infection in subclinically infected sheep.