bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The pyrethrins and related compounds. XVII. Preparation of the insecticide bioresmethrin (5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl (+)‐trans‐chrysanthemate) and related compounds labelled with deuterium or tritium on the furan ring
Authors: Elliott Michael , Janes Norman F. , Spanner Jack A. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract2‐2H‐5‐Benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl esters exclusively are obtained from an exchange reaction of the parent esters with deuterium oxide and a trace of acid (n.m.r. and mass spectrometric control). Similarly, with tritiated water, 6 insecticidal esters of 5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl alcohol give the corresponding [2‐3H]esters, each with specific activity of approx. 500 mCi/mmol.
Radiochemical distribution and decline studies with bromoxynil octanoate in wheat
Authors: Buckland Jenny L. , Collins R. F. , Henderson Margaret A. , Pullin Eileen M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBromoxynil octanoate labelled with 14C in the ring or in the cyano‐group was applied to wheat seedlings at the two‐leaf or fully‐tillered stage and at rates equivalent to up to 16 oz a.i./acre. The plants were grown either in environmental chambers under controlled conditions for up to 28 days, or outdoors under field conditions for various periods up to harvest. Initially, elimination of radioactivity occurred more rapidly with bromoxynil‐cyano‐[14C]‐octanoate than with bromoxynil‐ring‐[14C]‐octanoate, indicating metabolic attack on the cyano group. Under outdoor conditions with ring‐[14C]‐herbicide applied at the two‐leaf stage, only 12% of the radioactivity was retained after 28 days, principally in the treated leaves. When application was made at fully‐tillered stage, about 33% of the 14C was retained after 56 days, almost entirely in the treated senescent leaves at the base of the plant. There was very little translocation of the herbicide or of any major metabolite.The level of radioactivity in harvested grain and in straw more than 7.5 cm above the ground was very low, even after very late application of ring‐[14C]‐labelled herbicide. The amount of bromoxynil octanoate, together with any metabolite retaining part of the aromatic ring, did not collectively exceed the equivalent of approx. 0.01 parts/million bromoxynil octanoate.
Bioassay and transcuticular movement of systemic fungicides
Authors: Edgington Lloyd , Buchenauer Heinrich , Grossmann Friedrich 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA sensitive bioassay method was developed using bidirectional diffusion of fungicides in agar bands instead of diffusion through 360°. This method permitted the measurement of fungicide movement through isolated cuticular disks into agar bands underneath. Oil dispersible formulations of oxycarboxin and pyracarbolid penetrated through cuticles of coffee much more efficiently than wettable powder formulations.
Studies on the performance of laying hens and broiler chickens fed low doses of tetrachlorvinphos
Authors: Phillips Joanne A. , Whitehead Colin C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of moderate to low doses of tetrachlorvinphos (TCVP) on egg production in hens and growth in broiler chickens have been studied. Dietary levels of 0, 50 and 500 mg TCVP/kg were fed to laying hens for 12 or 13 weeks. Adverse effects of the treatment on egg production, egg and yolk weight, egg hatchability, shell thickness, bird weight or food consumption were not observed. In an 8‐week study on broiler chickens fed dietary concentrations of 0,2,5,50,100 and 150 mg TCVP/kg growth and food conversion were not significantly affected.
The effect of nutrients on the decomposition of the herbicides atrazine and linuron incubated with soil
Authors: Hance R. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rates of disappearance of atrazine and linuron when incubated at 22°C with soil or soil containing added nutrient materials were determined with 2 contrasting soils. Inorganic salts, straw or a combination of both increased atrazine degradation in both soils. None of the treatments influenced linuron breakdown greatly. It is concluded that in these soils the rate limiting step in atrazine degradation could be microbiological, not chemical.
Surface properties and natural defence in mammals
Authors: Macmillan W. G. , Hibbitt K. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOne of the factors affecting the non‐specific resistance of mammals to microbial invasion is the antimicrobial activity of cationic proteins produced by the host animal. These proteins, which carry a positive charge at physiological pH values, bind on to the anionic binding sites of the cell walls and membranes of invading bacteria leading to their destruction. It has been shown that these proteins produce an increased permeability of the bacterial membranes and lead to a leakage of the protoplasmic contents. Electron microscopy studies have revealed marked morphological changes in the bacteria! fine structure, particularly in the cell wall and membrane regions. An attempt is made to show how the polycations produced by the invaded host bind to the charged anionic sites on the bacteria, interfering with their microenvironment.
The effect of benomyl and thiophanate‐methyl on earthworm populations in apple orchards
Authors: Stringer Austin , Lyons Clive H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe use of the fungicides benomyl and thiophanate‐methyl on experimental orchard plots for 3 years and of benomyl on a commercial orchard for 1 year resulted in a drastic reduction of earthworm populations. The species of earthworms affected were Lumbricus terrestris, L. castaneus, L. festivus, L. rubellus, Allolobophora caliginosa, A. chlorotica, A., longa, A. rosea, A. tuberculata and Octolasium cyaneum. L. terrestris and A. chlorotica were more affected than the other species, both being virtually eliminated after 2 years' spraying. The depleted populations of species other than L. terrestris and A. chlorotica recovered to normal levels after a 2‐year rest period following a single year's treatment with benomyl (1.40 kg/ha). The role of the surface‐feeding L. terrestris is discussed in relation to the spray fall‐out on the sward and to grass management.
On the anti‐cholinesterase activity of benomyl
Authors: Krupka Richard M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fungicide benomyl, previously reported to be an anti‐cholinesterase and toxic to earthworms, has now been shown to have little or no effect on cholinesterase. However, it breaks down to form two products: butyl isocyanate. which is an irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme of comparable potency to organophosphates; and methyl benzimidazol‐2‐ylcarbamate (MBC, carbendazim), which does not inhibit at all. The reported inhibitory power of benomyl is therefore likely to be due to formation of small quantities of the former. It is also concluded that toxicity of benomyl and MBC to earthworms cannot be due to inactivation of cholinesterase.
A method for the estimation of 1,2‐dibromoethane in vegetables
Authors: Hargreaves Phillip A. , Wainwright David H. , Hamilton Denis J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResidues of 1,2‐dibromoethane (EDB) were readily estimated in treated vegetables down to levels of 0.2 mg/kg. Clean‐up was effected by steam distillation into a toluene trap. This was followed by X‐ray fluorescence determination of the collected EDB in the toluene. Good recoveries of added EDB were obtained at 0.5, 2, 5 and 20 mg/kg in cucumbers, pumpkins and zucchinis.
Comparison of solvents and methods of extracting methylbenzimidazol‐2‐yicarbamate (MBC) from tobacco
Authors: Fernandes Desirée L. , Cole James S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe bioautographic method of Homans and Fuchs for detecting MBC on thin layer plates, was tested quantitatively. The sum of the vertical and horizontal diameters of the zones of inhibition of Penicillium expansum, and the square root of the mass of an equal area of paper, were directly proportional to the logarithm of the concentration of MBC. Methanol and ethanol extracted significantly more MBC from tobacco tissue than acetone and chloroform. Soxhlet extraction was more effective than cold (22 °C) treatment, but the latter, in which 100 mg aliquots of dried tissue were used, was the least variable, very much quicker and could be used to detect the fungicide in small amounts of individual plant tissues.
Persistence of bromoxynil in three soil types
Authors: Ingram Gordon H. , Pullin Eileen M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe persistence of bromoxynil octanoate has been studied in clay loam, fen peat and sand soils. Application of the herbicide at 1.12 kg/ha (16 oz/acre) active ingredient, as the octanoate, produced mean initial residues of 0.91,0.53 and 0.35 mg/ litre in the clay, peat and sand respectively, but declined to below the level of detection, 0.11, 0.09 and 0.14 mg/litre in the clay, peat and sand after 28, 44 and 14 days respectively. The rate of decline was inversely related to the sum of the organic matter and clay components of the soils.
A compartmental computer model of foliar uptake of pesticides
Authors: Bridges Raymond C. , Farrington John A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe uptake and movement of a chemical into a wheat leaf has been simulated in a 5‐compartment model. The compound is considered to be applied to the leaf as discrete droplets of solution, from which water evaporates at a uniform rate. Solute diffuses from the droplets through the plant cuticle into the epidermal cell wall, and from there either into and out of the cytoplasm and vacuole of the mesophyll cells or along cell walls to the xylem. Once in the xylem it is carried in the transpiration stream towards the tip of the leaf.Accurate values for the parameters required by the model have not yet been measured, but the model simulates in a qualitative manner the movement pattern observed for 1‐methyl‐2‐pyridone. The results presented focus attention on the possible importance of membrane permeability in determining the phytotoxicity of xylem mobile pesticides.
Conversion of metham‐sodium to methyl isothiocyanate and basic data on the behaviour of methyl isothiocyanate in soil
Authors: Smelt Johan H. , Leistra Minze 
Published: November 2006

AbstractData were collected that are needed to simulate soil fumigation with metham‐sodium with computation models. The rate of conversion of metham‐sodium into methyl isothiocyanate was dependent on temperature and soil type, and conversion was usually completed within a few hours. In comparison with dichloropropene, there was a higher water/gas distribution ratio and thus a slower vapour diffusion. Adsorption from the water phase onto the solid phase was weaker. The first‐order rate equation described the decomposition of methyl isothiocyanate and the half‐lives varied from a few days to a few weeks according to temperature and soil type.
Effects of phorate placement on carrot fly control, seedling density and terminal residues in the crop
Authors: Maskell Frank E. , Gair Robert , Williams John H. , Cooper Beverley J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe application of granules containing 10 % phorate at 1.12,2.24 or 4.48 kg a.i./ha in a narrow slit together with carrot seed significantly reduced seedling emergence in both a mineral and peat soil. When the granules were applied at 2.24 or 4.48 kg a.i./ha in a narrow slit 2.5 cm below the seed, seedling emergence was adversely affected only at the higher rate in the mineral soil. Phorate granules applied with the seed in the peat soil gave a significantly lower plant density than when applied below the seed, but subsequent carrot yields were unaffected because much larger roots were produced. All phorate treatments gave effective reduction of carrot fly larval damage to the roots.On the peat soil, there were significant increases in total phorate residues present in mature carrots with increasing rate of phorate granules placed with the seed. Placement of the granules 2.5 cm below the seed resulted in a 50% reduction in total residues of phorate in whole carrots compared with placing the granules with the seed. Residues resulting from 1.12 kg a.i./ha with the seed or 2.24 kg a.i./ha 2.5 cm below the seed were not significantly greater than residues in untreated carrots.
Studies in phytotoxicity III. Changes in the levels of some keto‐acids in plants treated with a phytotoxic pesticide
Authors: Milward Anthony F. , Skerrett E. John 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn attempts to develop more rapid tests for phytotoxicity before the appearance of visual symptoms, the levels of pyruvic and a‐oxo‐glutaric acids were determined in leaves of dwarf bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) before and after treatment with a toxicant (lime sulphur). Efforts were also directed towards demonstrating the recovery of the initial photosynthetic processes by exposing plants to radio‐active labelled carbon dioxide at various intervals after treatment and then measuring the quantities of radioactivity incorporated into the two acids.
The toxicity of dieldrin (HEOD) to domestic fowl
Authors: Brown Vernon K. H. , Robinson John , Thorpe Ernest , Barrett John W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDomestic fowl were fed control diet or diets containing 10 or 20 μg/g HEOD. Eggs and samples of blood were collected at intervals and the concentration of HEOD was determined. The concentrations of HEOD in body tissues were also determined after 7 and 13 months. Some of the birds died, but the health of the remainder appeared to be unaffected. The hens of the 20 parts/million group showed an increased egg production, but chick mortality in this group was higher than in the other two groups. The dynamics of HEOD in domestic fowl were qualitatively similar to that in other vertebrates and was consistent with the mamillary type compartmental model.
The influence of some biologically active compounds on microbial activity and on the availability of plant nutrients in soils. I. simazine, ioxynil and 2,3,6‐tba
Authors: Smith Margaret S. , Weeraratna C. Stanley 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of the herbicides simazine (2)‐chloro‐4,6‐bis (ethylamino)‐s‐triazine, ioxynil (4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐diiodobenzonitrile) and 2,3,6‐TBA(2, 3,6‐trichlorobenzoic acid) on microbial activity and available plant nutrient content of an acid and an alkaline soil during an incubation period of six weeks under aerobic conditions has been studied in comparison with untreated soils. The herbicides were incorporated with the soils at normal application rates. At intervals determinations were made of carbon dioxide liberated, the content of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen and of available mineral plant nutrient elements. These quantities were not significantly influenced by the presence of 2,3,6‐TBA :simazine stimulated microbial activity and ioxynil did so after an initial period of suppression. Both simazine and ioxynil retarded nitrification in the alkaline soil but increased it in the acid soil, attributed in part to stimulation of heterotrophic organisms. Biological oxidation of manganese was retarded by ioxynil but stimulated by simazine. Changes in the availability of some other plant nutrient elements were also found.
Degradation of triphenyltin chloride on sugar beet plants and in rats
Authors: Freitag Klaus‐Dieter , Bock Rudolf 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe degradation of triphenyltin chloride on the leaves of sugar beet proceeds via di‐ and mono‐phenyltin compounds to inorganic tin(IV). This degradation scheme has also been observed in rats, as the same metabolites were found in urine and faeces of these animals. After a single application of triphenyltin chloride, more than 90% of the tin given is excreted within one week (approx. 88% with the faeces and approx. 3% with the urine). The experiments were performed with radioactive (C6H5)3113SnCl.
Residues in carrots treated with linuron
Authors: Løkke Hans 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInvestigations have been carried out on residues of linuron and its breakdown products in carrots sprayed with Jinuron at 1, 2, or 4 kg a.i./ha, 0, 19, 28, 36 or 60 days after sowing (up to 57 days before harvesting). The extracted residues were separated into three fractions by liquid‐liquid partitioning: (a) linuron, (b) 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyi)‐l‐methoxyurea, 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐l‐methylurea, 3,4‐di‐chlorophenylurea and (c) 3,4‐dichloroaniline. The compounds in each fraction were hydrolysed and the iodine derivative 1,2‐dichloro‐4‐iodobenzene was formed by a Sandmeyer reaction between 3,4‐dichloroaniline and iodide ion, followed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector. Only 5‐13% of the extract‐able residues were breakdown products. Most of the detectable residue (87‐95%) was identified as linuron. The relative proportions of linuron and breakdown products in carrots at the time of harvest were not affected by the time of spraying or the interval between treatment and harvest.
Pesticide residues in the total diet in Canada. IV. 1972 and 1973
Authors: Smith Dorothy C. , Leduc Raymonde , Tremblay Louise 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFoods, representing an average Canadian diet, were prepared for eating, made into homogenised composites, each containing one type of produce, and analysed for pesticide residues and arsenic. The amounts found were at a consistently low level which could contribute approximately 20 μg total pesticide residues and 35 μg arsenic/person/day.
Chloroanisole residues in broiler tissues
Authors: Harper David B. , Balnave Derick 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe relative tissue concentrations and total bird levels of chloroanisoles in commercial broilers reared on litter are reported. The levels observed at either 4 or 8 weeks of age are well below those quoted as inducing taint development in cooked birds. Although the highest concentrations of chloroanisoles occurred in bone and adipose fat the greatest contribution of chloroanisoles to “whole bird” levels was found in edible tissue. However, this was predominantly pentachloroanisole which is unlikely to cause a taint problem since it has a much higher taint threshold than tetrachloroanisole.
Fungicidal activity of some naturally occurring naphthaquinones
Authors: Sankaram Akella V. B. , Srinivasan Trichinapally N. , Indulkar Anil S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fungicidal activity of some naturally occurring 1,4‐naphthaquinones and related compounds has been determined. The activity is associated with the presence of a vacant quinonoid position or a halogen atom in the quinone ring of the naphthaquinone moiety as postulated earlier. Perimethoxy 1,4‐naphthaquinones showed diminished activity as compared to their parent compounds.
Importance of storage stability studies in the development of pesticide formulations
Authors: Niessen Heinz J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractManufacturers of pesticides must know the shelf life of their products for the most varied storage conditions. Accelerated storage tests at elevated temperatures can never completely substitute long‐term tests under practical conditions. Nevertheless, a mathematical evaluation of analysis results can considerably raise the meaningfulness of such accelerated tests since predictions of the anticipated active ingredient decomposition under the many different temperature/time conditions are possible. An example is given to demonstrate that for this purpose only a small number of analytical data are needed. Without the degradation reaction order being determined, a sufficiently accurate estimate of the degradation rate can be made. This is demonstrated by a comparison of calculated and found levels of active ingredient content in a long‐term storage test.
Principles and problems of pesticides legislation
Authors: van Tiel N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe present paper deals with a number of aspects concerning principles and problems of pesticides legislation. Consideration is first given to the definition of the term pesticide, both in the context of legislation, which requires a precise description, and for the purpose of international organisations, such as for example the FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. A general outline is given of the pesticide situation, summarising the benefits derived from the use of pesticides, and the risks involved concerning man, environment and food. The necessity of regulations in this field is stipulated, though it is emphasised that such regulations should not jeopardise justified plant health requirements. Consideration is further given to the criteria, which are relevant in any approval scheme, mandatory or voluntary, for pesticides. The main criteria should refer to efficacy and risk of undesirable side‐effects on the basis of toxicological and environmental data. Reference is given to some principles of the present Netherlands Pesticides Act and of the proposed amendments. A survey is given of the present position within the European Economic Community with respect to harmonisation of tolerances, and of the difficulties encountered in the FAO/WHO Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues in agreeing on international tolerances. A certain degree of uncoupling of tolerance regulations from national use pattern regulations would be desirable. The question is raised whether it is theoretically possible to cover all requirements in one single tolerance figure, applicable world‐wide, and thought might be given to a dual value system.
Pesticide Legislation and Industry
Authors: Waitt Arthur W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPesticides are an essential part of modern agricultural technology required to provide high quality and high yields of food, feed and fibres. The pesticide industry faces widespread environmental concern, rising costs for research and development and increasingly stringent regulations. These pressures demand a highly critical appraisal of all stages of product evaluation, product development and of capital investment. The safe use of pesticides is the joint responsibility of government and industry; their effective cooperation can only be assured by ready dialogue combined with willingness to compromise on legislation and registration procedures, nationally and internationally, for the benefit of improved technology.
Role of insect haemolymph in translocation of insecticides
Authors: Gerolt Philip 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA ligature round the “waist” of the housefly was shown to block effectively the flow of haemolymph between the abdomen and the rest of the body, but it did not prevent the toxic action of certain contact insecticides. These included representatives of four major chemical types. The ligature appeared to have little effect on the speed of action of these compounds, suggesting that the haemolymph is not important in their transport to the site of action.
Organophosphorus poisoning: A comparative study of the toxicity of carbophenothion to the Canada goose, the pigeon and the Japanese quail
Authors: Jennings Derek M. , Bunyan Peter J. , Brown Peter M. , Stanley Peter I. , Jones Frank J. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe acute single dose oral toxicity of carbophenothion (S‐4‐chlorophenylthiomethyl OO‐diethyl phosphorodithioate) has been determined in Canada geese (Branta canadensis), pigeons (Columba livia) and Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). At post mortem examination gross pathological changes were observed in Canada geese and pigeons and esterase levels were determined by conventional and electrophoretic methods on extracts of liver and brain from these two species. Carbophenothion residue levels were determined in liver, brain and gizzard contents from the geese and pigeons. The overall pattern of results suggests that esterase inhibition may not be the dominant factor in carbophenothion poisoning in geese. It is suggested that a brain carbophenothion residue level of 1 part/106 is indicative of death by poisoning in geese.