bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of diet as a cause of gastric ulcers in horses
Authors: Nadeau Jenifer A. , Andrews Frank M. , Mathew Alan G. , Argenzio Robert A. , Blackford James T. , Sohtell Morgan , Saxton Arnold M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To measure pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, and lactate concentrations in stomach contents and determine number and severity of gastric lesions in horses fed bromegrass hay and alfalfa hay-grain diets.Animals—Six 7-year-old horses.Procedure—A gastric cannula was inserted in each horse. Horses were fed each diet, using a randomized crossover design. Stomach contents were collected immediately after feeding and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 24 hours after feeding on day 14. The pH and VFA and lactate concentrations were measured in gastric juice. Number and severity of gastric lesions were scored during endoscopic examinations.Results—The alfalfa hay-grain diet caused significantly higher pH in gastric juice during the first 5 hours after feeding, compared with that for bromegrass hay. Concentrations of acetic, propionic, and isovaleric acid were significantly higher in gastric juice, and number and severity of nonglandular squamous gastric lesions were significantly lower in horses fed alfalfa hay-grain. Valeric acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid concentrations and pH were useful in predicting severity of nonglandular squamous gastric lesions in horses fed alfalfa hay-grain, whereas valeric acid concentrations and butyric acid were useful in predicting severity of those lesions in horses fed bromegrass hay.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—An alfalfa haygrain diet induced significantly higher pH and VFA concentrations in gastric juice than did bromegrass hay. However, number and severity of nonglandular squamous gastric lesions were significantly lower in horses fed alfalfa hay-grain. An alfalfa hay-grain diet may buffer stomach acid in horses. (Am J Vet Res2000;61: 784–790)
In vitro effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on cyclooxygenase activity in dogs
Authors: Kay-Mugford Patricia , Benn Sally J. , LaMarre Jonathan , Conlon Peter 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To establish an in vitro assay and determine the differential suppressive activity of non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) on cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 isoenzymes in dogs.Procedure—COX activity was evaluated in the presence and absence of 4 NSAID (meloxicam, tolfenamic acid, carprofen, and ketoprofen), using a canine monocyte/macrophage cell line that constitutively expresses COX-1, but can be induced to express COX-2 when incubated with lipopolysaccharide. Inhibition of prostaglandin E2(PGE2) synthesis by each NSAID was measured by enzyme immunoassay and attributed to specific COX-1 or COX-2 activity through assessment of COX messenger RNA expression by use of northern blot analysis and reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The COX selectivity of each drug was evaluated from dose-response curves by calculating a ratio (COX- 1:COX-2) of inhibitory concentration values on the basis of concentrations that reduced PGE2by 50% in each COX model.Results—Meloxicam and tolfenamic acid preferentially inhibited COX-2, with meloxicam inhibiting COX-2 activity 12 times more effectively than COX-1 activity. Carprofen was only 1.75 times more selective for COX-2 than for COX-1, and ketoprofen was slightly more selective for COX-1.Conclusions—COX-1 and COX-2 were differentially sensitive to inhibition in vitro by NSAID. Meloxicam and tolfenamic acid were selective for COX-2. Effects of carprofen and ketoprofen approached equipotency against both isoenzymes. Selective COX-2 inhibitors are a new class of drugs with anti-inflammatory effects similar to conventional NSAID but with fewer adverse effects. Development of these agents for veterinary use would be facilitated by the convenience of using a canine cell line as a model system to screen COX- 1 and COX-2 inhibitor activities in vitro. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:802–810)
Pharmacokinetics of penicillin G procaine versus penicillin G potassium and procaine hydrochloride in horses
Authors: Uboh Cornelius E. , Soma Lawrence R. , Luo Yi , McNamara Elizabeth , Fennell Mary A. , May Laura , Teleis Donna C. , Rudy Jeffrey A. , Watson Anthony O. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare the pharmacokinetics of penicillin G and procaine in racehorses following IM administration of penicillin G procaine (PGP) with pharmacokinetics following IM administration of penicillin G potassium and procaine hydrochloride (PH).Animals—6 healthy adult mares.Procedure—Horses were treated with PGP (22,000 units of penicillin G/kg of body weight, IM) and with penicillin G potassium (22,000 U/kg, IM) and PH (1.55 mg/kg, IM). A minimum of 3 weeks was allowed to elapse between drug treatments. Plasma and urine penicillin G and procaine concentrations were measured by use of high-pressure liquid chromatography.Results—Median elimination phase half-lives of penicillin G were 24.7 and 12.9 hours, respectively, after administration of PGP and penicillin G potassium. Plasma penicillin G concentration 24 hours after administration of penicillin G potassium and PH was not significantly different from concentration 24 hours after administration of PGP. Median elimination phase halflife of procaine following administration of PGP (15.6 hours) was significantly longer than value obtained after administration of penicillin G potassium and PH (1 hour).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that IM administration of penicillin G potassium will result in plasma penicillin G concentrations for 24 hours after drug administration comparable to those obtained with administration of PGP. Clearance of procaine from plasma following administration of penicillin G potassium and PH was rapid, compared with clearance following administration of PGP. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:811–815)
Failure to detect bovine immunodeficiency virus contamination of stud bull spermatozoa, blood leukocytes, or semen leukocytes in samples supplied by artificial insemination centers
Authors: Burger Rebecca A. , Nelson Phillip D. , Kelly-Quagliana Kindra , Coats Karen S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) infection could be detected in spermatozoa, blood leukocytes, or semen leukocytes from stud bulls in artificial insemination centers.Animals—30 bulls at 3 artificial insemination centers.Procedure—Polymerase chain reaction testing that used 3 sets of primer pairs targeting pol and env regions of the BIV proviral genome was performed on DNA extracted from semen leukocytes, spermatozoa, and blood leukocytes from each bull. Southern blot analysis was performed to increase sensitivity of detection. Western blot analysis of plasma samples was used to detect antibodies against BIV.Results—BIV provirus was not detected in DNA samples obtained from semen leukocytes, spermatozoa, or blood leukocytes, and antibodies against BIV were not detected.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Contrary to our report of high point prevalence of BIV contamination of semen from a single artificial insemination center, bulls of the study reported here did not appear to be infected. Maximum risk of BIV infection in similar bulls was estimated at 10% with a confidence level of 95%. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:816–819)
Comparison of the trotting gaits of Labrador Retrievers and Greyhounds
Authors: Bertram John E. A. , Lee David V. , Case Holly N. , Todhunter Rory J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare the trotting gaits of Labrador Retrievers and Greyhounds to determine whether differences in locomotion are attributable to differences in their manner of moving or to body size and shape differences between these 2 breeds.Animals—8 healthy 5-month-old Greyhounds and 5 healthy Labrador Retrievers between 6 and 18 months old.Procedure—A series of 4 force platforms was used to record independent ground reaction forces on the forelimbs and hind limbs during trotting. Values of stride parameters were compared between breeds before and after normalization for size differences. Standard values of absolute and normalized stride period and stride length were determined from linear regressions of these parameters on relative (normalized) velocity. Forces were normalized to body weight and compared at the same relative velocity.Results—Greyhounds used fewer, longer strides than the Labrador Retrievers to travel at the same absolute speed. After normalization for body size differences, most measurable differences between breeds were eliminated. Subtle differences that did persist related to proportion of the stride that the forefoot was in contact with the ground, timing of initial hind foot contact relative to initial forefoot contact, and distribution of vertical force between the forelimbs and hind limbs.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that apparent differences in the trotting gait between Labrador Retrievers and Greyhounds are mainly attributable to differences in size, and that dogs of these 2 breeds move in a dynamically similar manner at the trot. (Am J Vet Res2000;61: 832–838)
Effects of various adjuvants on efficacy of a vaccine against Streptococcus bovis and Lactobacillus spp in cattle
Authors: Shu Quan , Hillard Michael A. , Bindon Bernard M. , Duan Enkui , Xu Yuqing , Bird Simon H. , Rowe James B. , Oddy Victor H. , Gill Harsharnjit S. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine efficacy of vaccines incorporating
QuilA, alum, dextran combined with mineral
oil, or Freund adjuvant for immunization of feedlot cattle
against Streptococcus bovis and Lactobacillus spp.

Animals—24 steers housed under feedlot conditions.

Procedure—Steers were randomly assigned to 4
experimental groups and a control group. Animals in
experimental groups were inoculated on days 0 and
26 with vaccines containing Freund adjuvant (FCA),
QuilA, dextran combined with mineral oil (Dex), or
alum as adjuvant. Serum anti-S bovis and anti-
Lactobacillus IgG concentrations were measured,
along with fecal pH, ruminal fluid pH, and number of
S bovis and Lactobacillus spp in ruminal fluid.

Results—Throughout the study, serum anti-S bovis
and anti-Lactobacillus IgG concentrations for animals in
the Dex, QuilA, and alum groups were similar to or significantly
higher than concentrations for animals in the
FCA group. Serum anti-S bovis and anti-Lactobacillus
IgG concentrations were significantly increased on
days 26 through 75 in all 4 experimental groups, and
there was a linear relationship between anti-S bovis
and anti-Lactobacillus IgG concentrations. For animals
in the QuilA and Dex groups, mean pH of feces
throughout the period of experiment were significantly
higher and numbers of S bovis and Lactobacillus spp in
ruminal fluid on day 47 were significantly lower than
values for control cattle.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that immunization of feedlot steers against
S bovis and Lactobacillus spp with vaccines incorporating
Freund adjuvant, QuilA, dextran, or alum as an
adjuvant effectively induced high, long-lasting serum
anti-S bovis and anti-Lactobacillus IgG concentrations.
Of the adjuvants tested, dextran may be the most
effective. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61;839–843)
Flow cytometric analysis of nuclear DNA for sex identification in three psittacine species
Authors: Canon Nicole R. , Tell Lisa A. , Needham Martha L. , Gardner Ian A. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate flow cytometric analysis for
sex identification in 3 psittacine species, establish reference
values for blood cell DNA content for each
species, and determine effects of sample storage on
DNA content.

Animals—36 orange-winged Amazon parrots, 41
budgerigars, and 39 cockatiels.

Procedure—Blood samples were stained and analyzed
by use of flow cytometry to measure cellular
DNA content. Samples were analyzed immediately
after collection and after being stored at 4 C for 48
and 72 hours.

Results—Mean DNA content (picograms per cell)
was 3.248 for Amazon parrots, 2.702 for budgerigars,
and 2.946 for cockatiels; DNA concentrations in samples
analyzed immediately overlapped in a male and a
female Amazon parrot and among 19 cockatiels. For
budgerigars, DNA overlap between sexes was not
detected in samples analyzed immediately or after
storage for 72 hours. Sex was identified correctly in
94.4% of Amazon parrots, 100% of budgerigars, and
51.3% of cockatiels. For both sexes, DNA content in
samples analyzed immediately was significantly different
from that of stored samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Flow cytometric
analysis was accurate for sex identification of
Amazon parrots and budgerigars. Sample storage at 4
C for 48 or 72 hours caused variability in DNA content.
(Am J Vet Res 2000;61:847–850)
Laminar microvascular flow, measured by means of laser Doppler flowmetry, during the prodromal stages of black walnut-induced laminitis in horses
Authors: Adair Henry S. , Goble Dallas O. , Schmidhammer James L. , Shires G. M. H. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To measure changes in laminar microvascular blood flow (LMBF) over time in healthy horses and horses in the prodromal stage of black walnutinduced laminitis and to determine the effects of glyceryl trinitrate application on LMBF in horses with acute laminitis.Animals—10 healthy adult horses.Procedure—Laser Doppler flowmetry was used to measure LMBF. Baseline measurements were obtained, horses were given deionized water via a nasogastric tube, and measurements were obtained hourly for 12 hours. Twenty-four hours later, baseline measurements were again obtained, and horses were given black walnut extract. Measurements were obtained hourly for 12 hours or until development of Obel grade-3 laminitis. At this time, 5 horses were treated with phenylbutazone, and the other 5 were treated with phenylbutazone and glyceryl trinitrate, and measurements were obtained hourly for an additional 12 hours.Results—LMBF was significantly decreased 1 and 2 hours after administration of the black walnut extract but then returned to near-baseline values for the next 6 hours. Eight hours after extract administration, there was a second significant decrease in LMBF that persisted until the end of the study. Glyceryl trinitrate had no effect on LMBF. Clinical signs of laminitis developed 8 to 12 hours after extract administration.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that in horses with black walnut-induced laminitis, there is an early decrease in LMBF followed by reperfusion prior to onset of clinical signs. Treatment with glyceryl trinitrate after development of clinical signs of laminitis did not have a significant effect on LMBF. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:862–868)
Effects of dietary antioxidant supplementation on oxidative damage and resistance to oxidative damage during prolonged exercise in sled dogs
Authors: Baskin Carole R. , Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , DiSilvestro Robert A. , Reinhart Gregg A. , Hayek Michael G. , Chew Boon P. , Burr John R. , Swenson Richard A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives—To determine effects of dietary antioxidant supplementation on plasma concentrations of antioxidants, exercise-induced oxidative damage, and resistance to oxidative damage during exercise in Alaskan sled dogs.Animals—62 Alaskan sled dogs.Procedure—Dogs were matched for age, sex, and ability and assigned to 1 of 3 groups: sedentary and nonsupplemented (control [C]; n = 21), exercised and supplemented (S; 22), and exercised and nonsupplemented (N; 19). Dogs in group S were given 400 units of α- tocopherol acetate, 3 mg of β-carotene, and 20 mg of lutein orally per day for 1 month, then dogs in groups S and N completed 3 days of exercise. Blood samples were collected before and after 1 and 3 days of exercise and after 3 days of rest. Plasma antioxidant concentrations were determined, and oxidative damage to DNA (plasma 7,8 dihydro-8-oxo-2'deoxyguanosine [8-oxodG] concentration) and membrane lipids (plasma hydroperoxide concentration) and resistance of plasma lipoproteins to oxidation were assessed.Results—Supplementation increased plasma concentrations of α-tocopherol, β-carotene, and lutein. Plasma concentration of α-tocopherol increased and concentration of lutein decreased in group S with exercise. Concentration of 8-oxodG decreased in group S but increased in group N during and after exercise. Lag time of in vitro oxidation of lipoprotein particles increased with exercise in group S only.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dietary supplementation with antioxidants resulted in increased plasma concentrations of antioxidants. Moreover, supplementation decreased DNA oxidation and increased resistance of lipoprotein particles to in vitro oxidation. Antioxidant supplementation of sled dogs may attenuate exercise-induced oxidative damage. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:886–891)
Pharmacokinetics of erythromycin estolate and erythromycin phosphate after intragastric administration to healthy foals
Authors: Lakritz Jeffrey , Wilson W. David , Marsh Antoinette E. , Mihalyi Judy E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine pharmacokinetics and plasma concentrations of erythromycin and related compounds after intragastric administration of erythromycin phosphate and erythromycin estolate to healthy foals.Animals—11 healthy 2- to 6-month-old foals.Procedure—Food was withheld from foals overnight before intragastric administration of erythromycin estolate (25 mg/kg of body weight; n = 8) and erythromycin phosphate (25 mg/kg; 7). Four foals received both drugs with 2 weeks between treatments. Plasma erythromycin concentrations were determined at various times after drug administration by use of high-performance liquid chromatography. Maximum plasma peak concentrations, time to maximum concentrations, area under plasma concentration versus time curves, half-life of elimination, and mean residence times were determined from concentration versus time curves.Results—Maximum peak concentration of erythromycin A after administration of erythromycin phosphate was significantly greater than after administration of erythromycin estolate (2.9 ± 1.1 µg/ml vs 1.0 ± 0.82 µg/ml). Time to maximum concentration was shorter after administration of erythromycin phosphate than after erythromycin estolate (0.71 ± 0.29 hours vs 1.7 ± 1.2 hours). Concentrations of anhydroerythromycin A were significantly less 1 and 3 hours after administration of erythromycin estolate than after administration of erythromycin phosphate.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Plasma concentrations of erythromycin A remained > 0.25 µg/ml (reported minimum inhibitory concentration forRhodococcus equi) for at least 4 hours after intragastric administration of erythromycin phosphate or erythromycin estolate, suggesting that the recommended dosage for either formulation (25 mg/kg, q 6 h) should be adequate for treatment ofR equiinfections in foals. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:914–919)
Use of a nonionic detergent (Triton WR 1339) in healthy cats to assess hepatic secretion of triglyceride
Authors: Hall Jean A. , Gradin Joseph L. , Andreasen Claire B. , Wander Rosemary C. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether a nonionic detergent
(Triton WR 1339) can be used in cats to assess
hepatic secretion of triglyceride.
Animals—28 healthy cats.
Procedure—Triton WR 1339 was administered IV
according to the following schedule: 5, 50, 150, and
250 mg/kg of body weight. Control cats did not
receive an injection or received 0.9% NaCl or PBS
solutions at the same osmolarity and volume as the
250 mg/kg group. Blood samples were collected
throughout the 48-hour period after administration for
determination of triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations
and for RBC morphology and osmotic fragility
studies.
Results—Administration of Triton WR 1339 at 150
and 250 mg/kg caused profound hypertriglyceridemia.
Triglyceride concentrations increased in a
curvilinear fashion for the first 2 hours and remained
increased for approximately 24 hours. Area under the
time-concentration curve for triglyceride at 5 hours
differed significantly among groups. At 12 and 24
hours, cholesterol was significantly higher in cats
receiving 250 mg/kg. The most dramatic changes in
osmotic fragility and RBC morphology were in cats
receiving 250 mg/kg; 1 of these cats developed
severe icterus and died 5 days later. Feeding rice and
casein before administering Triton WR 1339 at 150
mg/kg did not appear to affect the hypertriglyceridemia
response.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Triton WR 1339
can be administered IV to cats at a rate of 150 mg/kg to
assess hepatic triglyceride secretion, although some
cats may have increased RBC osmotic fragility. Higher
dosages caused substantial adverse effects, whereas
lower dosages did not alter plasma triglyceride concentration.
(Am J Vet Res 2000;61:941–950)
Use of an instrument sandwiched between the hoof and shoe to measure vertical ground reaction forces and three-dimensional acceleration at the walk, trot, and canter in horses
Authors: Kai Makoto , Aoki Osamu , Hiraga Atsushi , Oki Hironori , Tokuriki Mikihiko 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To develop an instrument that could be sandwiched between the hoof and shoe of horses and that would reliably measure vertical ground reaction forces and three-dimensional acceleration at the walk, trot, and canter.Animals—5 clinically sound Thoroughbreds.Procedures—The recording instrument (weight, 350 g) consisted of 2 metal plates, 2 bolts, 4 load cells, and 3 accelerometers. It was mounted to the hoof with a glue-on shoe and devised to support as much load exerted by a limb as possible. The load cells and accelerometers were wired to a 16-channel transmitter, and transmitted signals were received and amplified with a telemetry receiver.Results—The recording instrument could measure in real time the 4 components of the ground reaction force or their resultant force along with acceleration in 3 dimensions as horses walked, trotted, or cantered on a treadmill. Patterns of force-time curves recorded for consecutive strides were similar to each other and to those previously reported, using a force plate.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The recording instrument developed for use in the present study allowed us to record vertical ground reaction force and acceleration in 3 dimensions in horses at the walk, trot, and canter. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:979–985)
Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of amoxicillin in healthy and Salmonella Typhimurium-inoculated pigs
Authors: Agersø Dr. Henrik , Friis Christian , Nielsen Jens Peter 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of amoxicillin in healthy andSalmonellaTyphimurium-inoculated pigs.Animals—12 healthy pigs and 12STyphimuriuminoculated pigs.Procedure—Concentration of amoxicillin in tissue was measured by use of high-performance liquid chromatography 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after IM administration. Pharmacokinetic values of amoxicillin in plasma were assessed by use of a 1-compartment model with first-order absorption.Results—Inoculation caused diarrhea and increased rectal temperature and WBC count. Absorption halflife was shorter in inoculated pigs (0.26 hours) than in healthy pigs (0.71 hours), and inoculated pigs had longer elimination half-life. Distribution ratios in healthy pigs ranged from 0.31 to 0.56 and in inoculated pigs ranged from 0.14 to 0.48. Ratios for distribution to intestinal mucosa ranged from 0.34 to 1.16 in healthy pigs and from 0.22 to 0.36 in inoculated pigs.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—SalmonellaTyphimurium inoculation altered absorption of amoxicillin from the injection site and prolonged elimination half-life. However, distribution of amoxicillin to intestinal tract tissue was only affected to a minor degree. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:992–996)