bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Form and Function of the Cytostome‐Cytopharynx of the Culture Forms of the Elasmobranch Haemoflagellate Trypanosoma raiae Laveran & Mesnil
Authors: PRESTON T. M. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. In the culture forms of the elasmobranch trypanosome Trypanosoma raiae is found a prominent cytopharyngeal complex. This consists of a group of 5 or 6 microtubules associated with a deep invagination of the cell membrane which arises from a cytostome near the opening of the flagellar pocket. This structure is a constant feature of the various epimastigote and trypomastigote forms that this flagellate has in culture. Replication of the cytopharyngeal apparatus is completed before cytokinesis.Experiments using ferritin as an electron dense tracer show that endocytosis occurs from the blind ending of the cytopharynx both in the exponential and stationary phases of growth in vitro. Ferritin is transported from the cytopharynx by endocytotic vesicles to large, membrane‐bound vacuoles in the posterior region of the cell. Ultrastructural location of non‐specific acid phosphatase within these digestive vacuoles and also within the Golgi apparatus is reported.Coated vesicles found in association with the flagellar pocket are another route of uptake of ferritin by T. raiae.
Apparent Indispensability of Bacteria in Foraminiferan Nutrition
Authors: MULLER WILLIAM A. , LEE JOHN J. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Bacteria were required for the sustained reproduction of 4 species of foraminifera in gnotobiotic culture. None of the species of algae tested, singly or in combination, supported continuous reproduction of the foraminifera in bacteria‐free gnotobiotic culture. It is inferred that bacteria have some nutritional factor required by the foraminifera that is either unavailable or unavailable in sufficient quantity in an exclusively algal diet.Gnotobiotic clones of Quinqueloculina lata, Spiroloculina hyalina, Rosalina leei, and Allogromia laticollaris were established on bacteria + algae (usually 1 or 2 species). In balanced gnotobiotic cultures neither light nor foraminiferan density (organisms/ml) were limiting. As cultures aged, pH shifted and limited growth. When waste products were removed by washing, reproductive rates were higher.
An Analysis of the Formation of Ciliary Primordia in the Hypotrich Ciliate Urostyla weissei*
Authors: JERKA‐DZIADOSZ MARIA , FRANKEL JOSEPH 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The protargol technic was used in a study of the development of oral, cirral, and dorsal primordia of Urostyla weissei fixed during division, reorganization, and regeneration following transection at different levels. While the course of development is similar in all situations, differences were observed in the way in which some primordia are initiaily formed. The primordium of the new AZM always appears posterior to the old AZM. It develops into an entire new membranellar band in dividing cells and in opimers (posterior fragments from equatorial transections), while it eventually joins with a portion of the old AZM in reorganizers, promers (anterior fragments from equatorial transections) and “large opimers” (cells whose anterior tip has been cut off). The UM‐primordium of proters is derived from disaggregation of the kinetosomes of the 2 old UM's, that of opisthes and opimers is formed “de novo” to the right of the AZM‐primordium, while the UM‐primordium of reorganizers, promers, and “large opimers” is of composite origin, partly “de novo” and partly from the old UM's. The UM primordium differentiates into the new UM's and the 1st frontal cirrus. The primordia of the remaining frontal, ventral, transversal (F‐V‐T) and marginal cirri originate as “streaks” of cilia, most of which are derived from re‐alignment of the constituent cilia of certain pre‐existing cirri. New cirri differendiate from the streaks, and replace the remaining old cirri. The streaks are formed similarly in all developmental situations, except for the 1st 3 F‐V‐T streaks. In proters, reorganizers, and promers, these originate from the posterior 3 frontal cirri, while in opisthes and opimers they are formed “de novo” to the right of the UM‐primordium. In the “large opimers” these streaks are formed “de novo” behind the 1st 3 frontal cirri, in spite of the continued presence of these cirri at the anterior tip of the fragments. The site of formation of these streaks thus appears to be determined by an anteriorposterior gradient, rather than by any preformed cortical structure.The new dorsal bristle rows I to III develop from the proliferation of portions of the old rows, while rows IV and V originate from short kineties formed “de novo” on the right margin. New caudal cirri differentiate at the posterior ends of the new rows I to III.The numbers of ventral cirral rows and transversal cirri are variable; these variations are correlated, and related to variations in numbers of developing streaks.A survey of hypotrich developmental patterns revealed extensive parallels, especially in the sites of appearance of primordia. The primordium site appears to be a more constant feature of cortical development than is the “source” of ciliary units. It is concluded that sites of primordia are determined by cellular gradients, with competent preformed structures being utilized if they are appropriately positioned within these gradients.
Etude Cytologique, Systématique et Pathologique d'Ichtyobodo necator (Henneguy, 1883) Pinto, 1928 (Zooflagelle)
Authors: JOYON LOUIS , LOM JIRI 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The free form of Ichtyobodo necator is typically quadrangular, with rounded corners, and flattened dorso‐ventrally. Its dorsal surface is strongly convex and its ventral surface somewhat concave. A longitudinal groove traverses the posterior 2/3 of the ventral surface near its right margin. The part of the organism anterior to the groove is rather thick; that containing the depression thins out progressively toward the posterior end. Most of the organelles are in the major part of the cytoplasm to the left of the groove. Anteriorly this depression continues into a rather short canal. Two (4 in predivision stages) flagella originate near the anterior end of the canal, from which they run posteriorly. The cytostome is also near the anterior part of the canal. The cytostome, canal, and cell membrane are reinforced by microtubules. The chondriome, undoubtedly represented by a single very elongated mitochondrion, contains numerous dilated areas rich in deoxyribonucleic acid.The fixed form of the flagellate is highly modified. Its anterior part becomes attached to the host cell by forming a plate. A type of sucking organelle that contains the cytostome forms from the plate and penetrates the host cell.I. necator belongs in the family Bodonidae.RESUME La forme libre d'Ichtyobodo necator est quadrangulaire avec des angles arrondis, et présente un aplatissement dorsoventral. Sa surface dorsale est fortement convexe et sa surface ventrale légèrement concave. Une gouttiére longitudinale traverse les 2/3 postérieurs de la face ventrale sur le bord droit. La région cellulaire antérieure à, la gouttiére est plus épaisse que celle qui contient la dépression et s'amincit progressivement vers la partie terminale. La plupart des organites cellulaires occupent la partie gauche de la cellule. Dans la région antérieure la gouttiére se prolonge par un canal assez court. Deux (quatre dans les stades de prédivision) flagelles partent de ce canal et se dirigent vers la région postérieure. Le cytostome est également localisé près de la région antérieure du canal. Le cytostome, le canal et la membrane cellulaire sont jouxtés de microtubules. Le chondriome, sans doute représenté par une seule mitochondrie très allongée, présente de nombreuses dilatations riches en acide désoxyribonucléique.La forme fixée du flagellé est très modifiée. Sa partie antérieure adhère à la cellule hǒte par l'intermédiaire d'un plateau. Une sorte de suçoir, qui contient le cytostome, se forme à partir de ce plateau et pénètre dans la cellule hǒte.Ichtyobodo necator appartient à la famille des Bodonidae.
Autogamy in Allogromia laticollaris (Foraminifera)
Authors: LEE JOHN J. , McENERY MARIE E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.The life cycles of 2 strains ofAllogromia laticollaris(CSH and TPA) raised on experimentally restricted diets have been studied. Cloned cultures of the strains differed in nutritional requirements for continuous reproduction. The TPA strain was more fecund. Both strains have a basically apogamic (asexual) life cycle; only occasionally were gamonts (sexually reproducing individuals) produced. They were autogamous (self‐fertilizing) and fusion of the gametes took place within the parental test.We found in CSH clones a regular alternation of vesicularly nucleated and compactly multinucleated diploid generations. The details of the life cycle of either strain are not known well enough to be able to construct life cycle diagrams more meaningful than that of Arnold. The 2 strains studied differ in cytologic and nuclear detail from each other and from the strain studied by Arnold.
The Fine Structure of Some Developmental Stages of Mattesia grandis McLaughlin (Sporozoa, Neogregarinida), a Parasite of the Boll Weevil Anthonomus grandis Boheman
Authors: VAVRA JIRI , McLAUGHLIN ROY E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS Sporozoites, macronuclear schizonts, merozoites and gamonts of Mattesia grandis were examined by electron microscopy. A conoidal complex, consisting of conoid, polar rings and subpellicular microtubules was present in all of these stages. The conoidal complex was similar in structure to the same organelle of other Sporozoa. The conoidal complex in mono‐ to quadrinucleate macronuclear schizonts is transformed into an organelle similar to the mucron of some eugregarines.This mucron consists of a specialized area of the cell membrane from which fine fibers extend into a large vacuole situated directly beneath the cell membrane. The top part of the vacuole is encircled by 2 ring‐like structures formed by the dilatation of the original apical rings. The vacuole of the mucron contains many anastomosing protrusions of the cytoplasm, suggesting a nutritional role. The mucron disappears when the schizont reaches the multinucleate state. Later the merozoites bud from the surface of the schizont as in the coccidia. Each merozoite again has a conoidal complex, which persists thru the gamont stage and usually serves as the point of contact between 2 gamonts during their pairing.The presence of a conoidal complex thru a major portion of the life cycle, its transformation into a mucron and the mode of formation of merozoites indicate that the Neogregarinida combine the fine structure characters of both the Eugregarinida and the Eucoccida, thereby suggesting a phylogenetic relationship between these sporozoans, with the neogregarines as a link between eugregarines and coccidia.
Life Cycles of Leucocytozoon dubreuili Mathis and Leger, 1911 and L. fringillinarum Woodcock, 1910 (Haemosporidia: Leucocytozoidae)*
Authors: KHAN RASUL A. , FALLIS A. M. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS The development of Leucocytozoon dubreuili and L. fringillinarum was studied on successive days in simuliid and avian hosts. Sporogony of both parasites is completed in at least 5 species of sylvatic Simuliidae in a minimum of 4‐5 days at 21 C. The pattern of development of the 2 species is similar but the size of the oocysts and the number of sporozoites differ. Sporozoites of L. dubreuili and L. fringillinarum were injected into uninfected robins (Turdus m. migratorius) and grackles (Quiscalus quiscula versicolor), respectively. Hepatic biopsies were performed on some of the injected birds. These and others were killed at intervals following inoculation and their tissues examined to detect stages of schizogony. Blood and macerated tissues from birds injected with sporozoites were transferred to uninfected birds to determine whether asexual stages would develop in the latter as a result of the inoculations.The 1st asexual cycle of L. dubreuili is completed in hepatic parenchymal cells in a minimum of 84 hr. Merozoites produced by the hepatic schizonts apparently follow one of 3 courses: invade hepatic parenchymal cells to initiate another cycle; penetrate blood cells and become gametocytes; penetrate tubular cells of the kidneys and grow into renal schizonts.The minimum prepatent period in infections with L. fringillinarum is 76 hr. The 1st asexual cycle occurs in hepatic parenchymal cells and in tubular cells of the kidney. A schizogonic cycle is completed in a minimum of 72 hr in the former and 96 hr in the kidney. Merozoites from the primary hepatic schizonts apparently give rise to (a) gametocytes; (b) secondary hepatic schizonts; (c) renal schizonts. Thus the schizogonic cycles of L. dubreuili and L. fringillinarum differ from each other and from those of L. simondi in ducks.
Helical Nature of the Ciliary Beat of Paramecium multimicronucleatum*
Authors: KUŹICKI LESZEK , JAHN THEODORE L. , FONSECA JAMS R. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Phase and interference cinemicrographs of cilia of Paramecium multimicronucleatum, immersed 3–24 hours in 1.0% methyl cellulose, revealed that 1) in swimming Paramecium the cilia beat with a traveling helical wave from base to tip rather than with the back and forth movement usually assumed, 2) during ciliary reversal the cilia merely change direction, but continue to beat with a traveling helical wave, and 3) in stationary Paramecium the beat is conicoidal. The traveling wave appears as an undulatory wave about 1 1/4 wave lengths long in both surface and profile views, and therefore must be helical. Envelope of the wave is cylindrical except near the base. Observations were confirmed in media without methyl cellulose by means of high speed cinemicrography, up to 4000 frames/sec.The back and forth movement, as described in all textbooks and monographs, is based mostly on 1) analogy to the abfrontal cilia (cirri) of Mytilus, which do beat with a back and forth movement, and 2) conclusions drawn from fixed preparations which do not represent what actually happens in a living animal.In a stationary Paramecium the envelope of the beat is conicoidal as seen in profile, but probably is a spiral wave, i.e., similar to a helix but increasing in diameter from base to tip. This change in wave form could be caused by the increase in resistance of the water in a stationary organism over one that is moving.Cilia and flagella (also ciliates and flagellates) are usually distinguished on the basis of wave form, but the present observations, together with previous data on flagella, show that such distinctions are untenable.
The Effect of Acetate on Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris as a Function of Environmental Conditions
Authors: BATES ROBERT C. , HURLBERT RONALD E. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Acetate, a widely used substrate for the growth of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris, becomes lethal to these organisms at pH's below 5.0. The kinetics, as well as the extent of acetate‐induced death, depend upon both the hydrogen ion and acetate concentrations. Formic, propionic, butyric, and fluoroacetic acids also kill E. gracilis at low pH's, whereas fumaric, malic, succinic and pyruvic acids do not under these conditions.It is suggested that death is caused by a lowering of the intra‐cellular pH, due to the release of hydrogen ion brought into the cell by freely penetrating undissociated acetate molecules.
Holotrich Ciliates from the Stomach ofHippopotamus amphibius, with Descriptions of Two New Genera and Four New Species
Authors: THURSTON JUNE P. , GRAIN JEAN 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Holotrich ciliates from the stomach contents ofHippopotamus amphibiusare described, including details of their infraciliature. They are placed in 4 families: subclass Holotrichia, order Gymnostomatida, suborder Rhabdophorina, family Buetschliidae:Blepharozoum binucleatumn.sp.,Cucurbella vivaxn.g., n.sp.; order Trichostomatida, family Plagiopylidae:Paraplagiopyla kibokon.g., n.sp.; family Paraisotrichidae:Paraisotricha minutaHsiung, 1930; family Blepharocorythidae:Charonina hippopotamin.sp.Paraisotricha minutaappears identical to the form found in the cecum and colon of the horse;Blepharozoum binucleatum, Cucurbella vivaxandCharonina hippopotamialso approach species found in the digestive tract of Equidae. By contrast,Paraplagiopyla kibokoresembles species that are free‐living or are commensal in the digestive tract of Echinodermata.
The Mechanism of Onset of the Stationary Phase inEuglena gracilisGrown with 10 mM Succinate: Intracellular pH Values*
Authors: VOTTA JOHN J. , JAHN THEODORE L. , LEVEDAHL BLAINE H. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.WhenEuglena graciliswere grown with 10mM succinate at pH 3.5 the extracellular pH averaged 3.62 and the cultures had produced 6 × 105cells/ml when the stationary phase began. Oxygen consumption values reached a maximum of 30 μliters/106cells/hr. Total protein and dry weights per cell remained constant during the logarithmic phase and began to decline when the late logarithmic phase was reached. Added succinate caused the cultures in stationary phase to commence logarithmic growth once more. Onset of the stationary phase in cultures grown at pH 3.5 was due to depletion of succinate.When cultures were grown at pH 6.9 the extracellular pH averaged 7.62 and the cultures produced 3 × 105cells/ml when the stationary phase began. Oxygen consumption values reached a maximum of 20 μliters/106cells/hr during the logarithmic phase. The decline in total protein and dry weights per cell began at the beginning of the logarithmic phase and continued into the stationary phase of growth. Cultures grown at pH 3.5 should produce a larger number of cells/ml than cultures grown at pH 6.9 if the cells are responding to the unionized moiety of succinate and not the ionized moiety. At pH 3.5 83% of the succinate is unionized, whereas at pH 6.9 0.20% of the succinate is unionized. The onset of the stationary phase in cultures grown at pH 3.5 and pH 6.9 is due to lack of an adequate amount of extracellular unionized succinate.Intracellular pH values were determined in cultures grown at pH 6.9 using the weak acid DMO (5.5‐dimethyl‐2,4‐oxazolidinedione). As the extracellular pH increased from 6.90 to 7.62, the intracellular pH increased from 5.89 to 6.89. As the extracellular pH increased from 7.62 to 8.44, the intracellular pH increased from 6.89 to 7.50.
Oral Regeneration in the Ciliate Stentor coeruleus: A Scanning and Transmission Electron Optical Study
Authors: PAULIN JEROME J. , BUSSEY JOHN 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Elaboration of ciliated feeding organelles in the protozoon Stentor coeruleus was reinvestigated for the first time by scanning electron microscopy which gives the most realistic 3‐dimensional images. Parallel transmission EM studies of synchronized regenerating stentors gave further ultrastructural details of stomatogenesis, while also confirming the expectation that in the structure of its kineties this now classical experimental object does not differ from other species of Stentor previously studied.Within 2 hr after the stimulus to regeneration, several generations of new kinetosomes for the oral primordium are produced, first in association with kinetosomes of kineties at the restricted primordium site. These kinetosomes rapidly sprout membranellar cilia as well as subpellicular microtubules but are still randomly oriented (anarchic field). The forming membranellar band increases from its center‐line to both sides while it grows in length. Young cilia are blunt‐ended.Recession of the early anlage occurs without rupture of the pellicle; soon apparent is the clear border stripe of unknown function along the right side of the membranellar band.Instantaneous fixation of beating cilia in early primordia revealed random beating, with coordination and presumably membranellar organization not yet attained. In late anlagen there are 2 types of metachronal rhythm: transversely from cilium to cilium across any given membranelle, as well as the easily observable serial beating of membranelles along the entire band. A single file of cilia leads the subsequent cytostomal invagination. The posterior end of the membranellar band then follows to line the cytopharynx.
The Effects of Antilymphocytic Serum (ALS) on Trypanosoma lewisi Infection
Authors: TAWIL A. , DUSANIC D. G. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. ALS was produced in rabbits immunized with cells collected from spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes of normal female Holtzman rats. The ALS was pooled and leucoagglutination tests were performed to determine the ability of the antiserum to agglutinate rat white blood cells in vitro. ALS employed in the study had a titer of 1 :512.Treatment of rats with ALS prior to and during Trypanosoma lewisi infection resulted in suppression of the immune response. Ablastin production was inhibited. The numbers of dividing forms of the parasites were higher in ALS‐treated rats during the course of infection than in controls injected with saline or normal rabbit serum. ALS‐treated rats continued to have a higher parasitemia than the controls and died 5–12 days post‐infection. Hematocrit readings were lower in the ALS‐treated rats infected with T. lewisi than in rats infected with T. lewisi or normal animals treated with ALS.
Revision of the Order Hypotrichida (Ciliophora, Protozoa)1
Authors: BORRO ARTHUR C. 
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Nearly 400 species of hypotrichs have been described during the last 100 years, but their classification does not reflect their most probable phylogenetic relationships. Recent developments in our understanding of structural and morphogenetic variation now allow for critical evaluation of descriptions of species, explicit definitions of genera, and assignment of genera to families. Following a historical review of classification schemes used previously, morphogenetic bases are given for revisions at the family level, based on a standardized terminology of structural features. The 6 families Urostylidae (9 genera), Psilotrichidae (3 genera), Holostichidae (7 genera), Spirofilidae (7 genera), Oxytrichidae (14 genera), and Euplotidae (11 genera) are now recognized. The suborders erected by Fauré‐Fremiet in 1961 are not recognized in this revision.Revision at the genus and species levels is based on the known limits of structural variation as well as decisions relative to synonyms and homonyms. Some described species are excluded because they are insufficiently described or interpretable as distorted specimens of unknown systematic position. New genera Paraurostyla n. g. and Pseudourostyla n. g. are proposed. The new names Spiratella and Psammomitra are proposed as replacement names for Spiretta and Micromitra which must fall as junior homonyms. All families and genera are diagnosed and illustrated, and synonymies are listed for each species. The revision recognizes 310 species distributed among 51 genera and 6 families.