bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulsed‐Plasma‐Induced Micropatterning with Alternating Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surface Chemistries
Authors: Malkov Galiya S. , Martin Ina T. , Schwisow Whitney B. , Chandler John P. , Wickes Bronwyn T. , Gamble Lara J. , Castner David G. , Fisher Ellen R. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractHigh‐fidelity micrometer‐scale patterns of alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials were created on polystyrene using pulsed plasma polymerization. The hydrophobic material was formed using C3F8. Grids with 80–100 µm holes were used to generate patterns with acrylic acid, 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate, N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone, N‐vinylformamide, allylamine, and hexylamine. The materials were characterized with angle‐resolved XPS, spectroscopic ellipsometry, and static CA measurements. Excellent pattern fidelity with all monomers was confirmed with SEM, SAM, XPS imaging, and static ToF‐SIMS imaging.magnified image
Comparative characterization of the canine normal prostate in intact and castrated animals
Authors: Lai Chen‐Li , van den Ham René , van Leenders Geert , van der Lugt Jaco , Teske Erik 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackgroundProstate diseases in the dog are generally regarded as representative for their human counterparts. We characterized the normal canine prostate in comparison to the normal human prostate.MethodsProstates of dogs were examined histomorphologically and by immunohistochemical detection of the markers CK14, HMWCK, CK5, CK18, CK7, UPIII, PSA, and PSMA.ResultsHistomorphologically, the canine prostate lacks the human zonal differentiation, has much more prominent acini, while comprising less stromal tissue. In general, the canine prostate epithelium displayed a highly differentiated character, with no cells expressing CK14, minimal amounts of cells expressing HMWCK/CK5 and the vast majority of cells expressing CK18 and PSA. After castration, the prostate epithelium regressed, and the remaining tubules were largely populated by cells showing a ductal phenotype (HMWCK+/CK5+/CK18+/CK7+).ConclusionsThe human and canine prostate are histologically differently organized. The general scheme of cellular differentiation of the prostate epithelium may however be applicable to both species. Prostate 68: 498–507, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A neutralizing anti‐fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 8 monoclonal antibody shows anti‐tumor activity against FGF8b‐expressing LNCaP xenografts in androgen‐dependent and ‐independent conditions
Authors: Maruyama‐Takahashi Kumiko , Shimada Naoki , Imada Teruyoshi , Maekawa‐Tokuda Yoshimi , Ishii Toshihiko , Ouchi Jun , Kusaka Hideaki , Miyaji Hiromasa , Akinaga Shiro , Tanaka Akira , Shitara Kenya 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBackgroundsFibroblast growth factor 8‐isoform b (FGF8b) has been detected in human clinical sex‐organ related cancers including hormone‐refractory prostate cancer. There are, however, few relevant experimental models. A murine monoclonal anti‐FGF8 antibody, KM1334, has been shown to neutralize FGF8b and inhibit the growth of androgen‐dependent mouse mammary SC‐3 cells in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we evaluated the anti‐tumor activity of KM1334 against androgen‐dependent and ‐independent progression of FGF8b‐expressing human prostate cancer xenografts.MethodsFGF8b cDNA was transfected into androgen‐dependent human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP, and its xenograft tumors were established subcutaneously in SCID mice with or without castration. KM1334 at the dose of 400 µg/head was injected twice weekly.ResultsFGF8b‐expressing LNCaP cells secreted FGF8b, showed enhanced level of Erk1/2 phosphorylation, and showed more potent growth properties than mock‐expressing cells in vitro and in vivo. KM1334 reduced these properties in vitro, inhibited tumorigenecity in vivo (T/C = 0.33), and showed anti‐tumor activity against established tumors (T/C = 0.47) of FGF8b‐expressing cells. FGF8b‐expressing LNCaP tumors were androgen‐dependent. However, they recurred as androgen‐independent FGF8b positive tumors after castration. KM1334 also inhibited the growth of established FGF8b‐expressing tumors in the androgen‐independent states (T/C = 0.47).ConclusionsThese results indicate that humanized monoclonal antibodies, conserving the paratope of KM1334, are a promising candidate for therapy of FGF8b‐expressing clinical prostate cancers. Follow‐up studies using xenograft models with clinical FGF8b‐expressing tumors are required to validate these early findings. Prostate 68: 640–650, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inheritance of resistance to acrinathrin in Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: Bielza Pablo , Quinto Vicente , Fernández Esther , Grávalos Carolina , Abellán Jaime , Cifuentes Dina 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The western flower thrips (WFT), Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is an economically important pest. The genetic basis of acrinathrin resistance was investigated in WFT.RESULTS: The resistant strain, selected in the laboratory for acrinathrin resistance from a pool of thrips populations collected in Almeria (south‐eastern Spain), showed a high resistance to acrinathrin (43‐fold based on LC50 values) compared with the laboratory susceptible strain. Mortality data from reciprocal crosses of resistant and susceptible thrips indicated that resistance was autosomal and not influenced by maternal effects. Analysis of probit lines from the parental strains and reciprocal crosses showed that resistance was expressed as a codominant trait. To determine the number of genes involved, a direct test of monogenic inheritance based on the backcrosses suggested that resistance to acrinathrin was probably controlled by one locus. Another approach, which was based on phenotypic variances, showed nE, or the minimum number of freely segregating genetic factors for the resistant strain, to be 0.79.CONCLUSION: The results showed that acrinathrin resistance in WFT was autosomal and not influenced by maternal effects, and was expressed as a codominant trait, probably controlled by one locus. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Theoretical investigation of isotope effects: The any‐particle molecular orbital code
Authors: González Sergio A. , Aguirre Néstor F. , Reyes Andrés 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTo study the hydrogen isotope effects in a series of diatomic molecules and water dimers we have created the any particle molecular orbital computer package (APMO). The current version of the APMO code is an implementation of the nuclear orbital and molecular orbital approaches (NMO) at the Hartree‐Fock level of theory. We have applied the APMO code to a variety of systems to elucidate the isotope effects on electronic wave functions, geometries and hydrogen bonds. We have studied the isotope effect on the dipole moments, electron densities and geometries of hydrogen molecule, lithium hydride and hydrogen fluoride and we have observed a reduction in the bond distance as the mass of the hydrogen isotopes is increased. This observation is in agreement with experimental data. We have also studied the primary and secondary isotope effects on the hydrogen bond of water dimers and we have observed that the hydrogen‐bond becomes weaker as the mass of the bonded hydrogen is increased. This trend has been observed by other authors. In contrast, the hydrogen bond becomes stronger when the mass of secondary hydrogens is increased. Our trends for secondary effects are in agreement with other theoretical and experimental studies. To our knowledge these are the first reported results on the secondary isotope effect on the hydrogen bond of water dimers using a NMO method. The applications presented in this paper demonstrate that the APMO code is highly suitable for the investigation of isotope effects in molecular systems containing a variety of quantum nuclei. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
A molecular dynamics simulation of air adsorption in single‐walled carbon nanotube bundles
Authors: Cervellera Víctor Rojas , Albertí Margarita , Huarte‐larrañaga Fermín 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe physisorption of air in single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is studied employing molecular dynamics. The effect of the nanotube diameter in the gas adsorption capacity of SWNT bundles has been investigated using (10,0), (15,0), and (20,0) SWNTs finding an increasing load capacity. The O2:N2 ratio in the nanotube bundles is analyzed in detail as well, comparing it to that in the gaseous bulk. The air contained in the carbon nanostructures has a larger content in O2 than the bulk air, thus providing a possible application of carbon nanotubes as molecular filters. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Linear and generalized linear models for the detection of QTL effects on within-subject variability
Authors: Wittenburg Dörte , Guiard Volker , Liese Friedrich , Reinsch Norbert 
Published: January 2008

SummaryQuantitative trait loci (QTLs) may affect not only the mean of a trait but also its variability. A special aspect is the variability between multiple measured traits of genotyped animals, such as the within-litter variance of piglet birth weights. The sample variance of repeated measurements is assigned as an observation for every genotyped individual. It is shown that the conditional distribution of the non-normally distributed trait can be approximated by a gamma distribution. To detect QTL effects in the daughter design, a generalized linear model with the identity link function is applied. Suitable test statistics are constructed to test the null hypothesisH0:No QTL with effect on the within-litter variance is segregatingversusHA:There is a QTL with effect on the variability of birth weight within litter. Furthermore, estimates of the QTL effect and the QTL position are introduced and discussed. The efficiency of the presented tests is compared with a test based on weighted regression. The error probability of the first type as well as the power of QTL detection are discussed and compared for the different tests.
Rb(7.17), a rare Robertsonian fusion in wild populations of the house mouse
Authors: SANS-FUENTES MARIA ASSUMPCIÓ , MUÑOZ-MUÑOZ FRANCESC , VENTURA JACINT , LÓPEZ-FUSTER MARÍA JOSÉ 
Published: January 2008

SummaryRobertsonian (Rb) translocation is the largest source of chromosomal diversity in the western European house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus). Recently, the fusion Rb(7.17) was found in the chromosomal polymorphic zone of this subspecies in the north-east of the Iberian Peninsula. This fusion has not been reported in any other European population. Here we give data on the distribution and frequency of this mutation in this region. Results revealed that Rb(7.17) is restricted to a small geographic area, and that, in comparison with other fusions in this polymorphic zone, it occurs at low frequencies. We suggest some possible explanations for the distribution of this translocation.
Identification, genetic characterization, GA response and molecular mapping of Sdt97: a dominant mutant gene conferring semi-dwarfism in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: TONG JI-PING , LIU XUE-JUN , ZHANG SHI-YONG , LI SHAO-QING , PENG XIAO-JUE , YANG JING , ZHU YING-GUO 
Published: January 2008

SummarySemi-dwarfism is an important agronomic trait in rice breeding programmes. sd-1, termed the ‘Green Revolution gene’, confers semi-dwarf stature, increases harvest index, improves lodging resistance, and is associated with increased responsiveness to nitrogen fertilizer. It has contributed substantially to the significant increase in rice production. In this paper, a novel semi-dwarf mutant in rice is reported. Genetic analysis revealed that only a single dominant gene locus non-allelic to sd-1, temporarily designated Sdt97, is involved in the control of semi-dwarfism of the mutant. The semi-dwarfism of the mutant could be partly restored to the tall wild-type by application of exogenous GA3, suggesting that the mutant gene Sdt97 may be involved in the gibberellin (GA) synthesis pathway and not the GA response pathway in rice. A residual heterozygous line (RHL) population derived from a recombinant inbred line (RIL) was developed. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) and bulked segregation analysis (BSA) combined with recessive class analysis (RCA) techniques were used to map Sdt97 to the long arm of chromosome 6 at the interval between two STS markers, N6 and TX5, with a genetic distance of 0·2 cM and 0·8 cM, respectively. A contig map was constructed based on the reference sequence aligned by the Sdt97 linked markers. The physical map of the Sdt97 locus was defined to a 118 kb interval, and 19 candidate genes were detected in the target region. This is the first time that a dominant semi-dwarf gene has been reported in rice. Cloning and functional analysis of gene Sdt97 will help us to learn more about molecular mechanism of rice semi-dwarfism.
THE PHYSICAL STATURE AND BMI VALUES OF US ARMY PERSONNEL IN 1988
Authors: KUES ARNE BENJAMIN 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe US Army’s 1988 Anthropometric Survey (ANSUR) data set is analysed in order to estimate the secular trend of their physical stature and body mass index while controlling for ethnic composition as well as place of birth of their parents. Separate analysis for blacks and whites stratified by gender is presented. The stature of the American population remained constant during most of the period considered, and no substantial ethnic or spatial effects were found. These results add further support to trends based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys and imply that the stagnation in height found in those data sets is most probably not biased by the omitted variables pertaining to own ethnicity or second-generation effects of parents’ ethnicity or foreign birth.
An association betweenSchistosoma mansoniworms and an enzymatically-active protease/peptidase in mouse blood
Authors: DARANI H. Y. , DOENHOFF M. J. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYAn enzyme found previously in extracts of adultSchistosoma mansoniworms, that hydrolysed the chromogenic substrate N-acetyl-DL-phenylalanine β-naphthyl-ester, has here been further investigated and characterized. Evidence that the molecule found in the parasite was antigenically and enzymatically homologous with a constituent of normal mouse plasma has been consolidated using a monospecific serum in immunoelectrophoresis and Western immunoblotting. The molecular size of the enzyme was found to be approximately 70 kDa and it was inhibited by a serine protease inhibitor, but not by inhibitors of other classes of protease. The enzymatic activity found in normal mouse serum was also found in normal rat serum, but not in sera from several other mammalian species.
Physicians and torture: lessons from the Nazi doctors
Authors: Grodin Michael , Annas George 
Published: January 2008

AbstractHow is it possible? What are the personal, professional and political contexts that allow physicians to use their skills to torture and kill rather than heal? What are the psychological characteristics and the social, cultural and political factors that predispose physicians to participate in human rights abuses? What can be done to recognize at-risk situations and attempt to provide corrective or preventive strategies? This article examines case studies from Nazi Germany in an attempt to answer these questions. Subjects discussed include the psychology of the individual perpetrator, dehumanization, numbing, splitting, omnipotence, medicalization, group dynamics, obedience to authority, diffusion of responsibility, theories of aggression, training, cultural and social contexts, accountability and prevention.
Jungle justice: passing sentence on the equality of belligerents in non-international armed conflict
Authors: Somer Jonathan 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA special challenge posed by the international humanitarian law (IHL) principle of equality of belligerents in the context of non-international armed conflict is the capacity of armed opposition groups to pass sentences on individuals for acts related to the hostilities. Today this situation is conflated by the concurrent application of international human rights and criminal law. The fair trial provisions of IHL can incorporate their human rights equivalents either qua human rights law or by analogy, recognizing that human rights law does not account for the anomalous relationship between a state and non-state party. It is argued that the preferred solution is the latter. This would put greater focus on the actual fairness of insurgent courts rather than on their legal basis. Moreover, it would be consistent with the equality of belligerents principle, a vital condition to encourage IHL compliance by armed opposition groups.
Transitional justice and the International Criminal Court – in “the interests of justice”?
Authors: Đukić Dražan 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTransitional justice encompasses a number of mechanisms that seek to allow post-conflict societies to deal with past atrocities in circumstances of radical change. However, two of these mechanisms – truth commissions and criminal processes – might clash if the former are combined with amnesties. This article examines the possibility of employing the Rome Statute's Article 53 so as to allow these two mechanisms to operate in a complementary manner. It considers three arguments – an interpretation of Article 53 in accordance with the relevant rules on treaty interpretation, states' obligations to prosecute certain crimes and the Rome Statute's approach to prosecutorial discretion – and concludes that Article 53 is ill-suited to accommodate truth commissions in conjunction with amnesties.
The worst scars are in the mind: psychological torture
Authors: Reyes Hernán 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTorture during interrogation often includes methods that do not physically assault the body or cause actual physical pain and yet entail severe psychological pain and suffering and profoundly disrupt the senses and personality. Solitary confinement and prolonged sleep deprivation are just two examples of these psychological torture methods. Even psychological methods which do not amount to ill-treatment when considered in isolation, amount to inhuman or degrading treatment or torture, when applied in conjunction with other techniques, cumulatively and/or over a long time. Often they are part and parcel of the whole torture process and constitute a “background environment” of harassment and duress. The “cumulation over time” factor must thus be considered as part of a system of psychological torture.
Automatic image quality quantification and mapping with an edge-preserving mask-filtering algorithm
Authors: Kortesniemi M. , Schenkel Y. , Salli E. 
Published: January 2008

Background: Imaging modalities in digital radiology produce large amounts of data for which image quality should be determined in order to validate the diagnostic operation. Purpose: To develop an automatic method for image quality assessment. Material and Methods: A filtering algorithm using a moving square mask was applied to create a map of filtered local intensity and noise values. Image quality scores were calculated from the filtered image data. The procedure was applied to technical and anthropomorphic (radiosurgery verification phantom [RSVP] head) phantom images obtained with varying radiation dose, field of view (FOV), and image content. The method was also applied to a clinical computed tomography (CT) brain image. Results: The image quality score ( IQs) of the phantom images increased from 0.51 to 0.82 as the radiation dose (CTDIvol) increased from 9.2 to 74.3 mGy. Correlation of the IQs with the pixel noise was R2 = 0.99. The deviation (1 SD) of IQs was 2.8% when the reconstruction FOV was set between 21 and 25 cm. The correlation of IQs with the pixel noise was R2 = 0.98 with variable image contents and dose. Automatic tube current modulation applied to the RSVP phantom scan reduced the variation in the calculated image quality score by about 60% compared to the use of a fixed tube current. Conclusion: The image quality score provides an efficient tool for automatic quantification of image quality. The presented method also produces a 2D image quality map, which can be used for further image analysis.
In-vitro evaluation of coronary stents and 64-detector-row computed tomography using a newly developed model of coronary artery stenosis
Authors: Schlosser T. , Scheuermann T. , Ulzheimer S. , Mohrs O. K. , Kühling M. , Albrecht P. E. , Voigtländer T. , Barkhausen J. , Schmermund A. 
Published: January 2008

Background: Stent implantation is the predominant therapy for non-surgical myocardial revascularization in patients with coronary artery disease. However, despite substantial advances in multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) coronary imaging, a reliable detection of coronary in-stent restenosis is currently not possible. Purpose: To examine the ability of 64-detector-row CT to detect and to grade in-stent stenosis in coronary stents using a newly developed ex-vivo vessel phantom with a realistic CT density pattern, artificial stenosis, and a thorax phantom. Material and Methods: Four different stents (Liberté and Lunar ROX, Boston Scientific; Driver, Medtronic; Multi-Link Vision, Guidant) were examined. The stents were placed on a polymer tube with a diameter of 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, or 4.0 mm. Different degrees of stenosis (0%, 30%, 50%, 70–80%) were created inside the tube. For quantitative analysis, attenuation values were measured in the non-stenotic vessel outside the stent, in the non-stenotic vessel inside the stent, and in the stenotic area inside the stent. The grade of stenosis was visually assessed by two observers. Results: All stents led to artificial reduction of attenuation, the least degree of which was found in the Liberté stent (11.3±10.2 HU) and the Multi-Link Vision stent (17.6±17.9 HU; P = 0.25). Overall, the non-stenotic vessel was correctly diagnosed in 55.5%, the low-grade stenosis in 58.3%, the intermediate stenosis in 63.8%, and the high-grade stenosis in 80.5%. In the 3.0-, 3.5-, and 4.0-mm vessels, in none of the cases was a non-stenotic or low-grade stenotic vessel misdiagnosed as intermediate or high-grade stenosis. The average deviation from the real grade of stenosis was 0.40 for the Liberté stent, 0.46 for the Lunar ROX stent, 0.45 for the Driver stent, and 0.58 for the Multi-Link Vision stent. Conclusion: Our ex-vivo data show that non-stenotic stents and low-grade in-stent stenosis can be reliably differentiated from intermediate and high-grade in-stent stenosis in vessels with a diameter of 3 to 4 mm. With regard to artifacts and the grading of stenoses, the Liberté stent was best suited for CT coronary angiography.
2 Greeces of Byron and of Homer
Authors: Roessel David 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe decisive engagement of the Greek War of Independence was fought in the bay of Navarino in western Greece on October 20, 1827. Among the dozens of poems written to celebrate the battle was Victor Hugo's “Navarin”, composed in November 1827. In the second section, Hugo addressed the two Greeces, modern and ancient. Hugo defined the two Greeces by their perceived relationship to the rest of Europe and by the two poets whose works form the dominant texts of the country in the Western imagination. This chapter argues that the poets of Hugo's two Greeces help to illustrate the pervasive perceptual dichotomy between ancient/pagan/Westernized Greece and modern/Orthodox Christian/Oriental Greece. As the Western ideal of culture and civilization, antiquity must be carefully studied in order that Europeans can learn how to improve themselves. But modern Greece is known through Western observers, chiefly Byron, who, instead of learning from or even about modern Greece, view themselves as advisers for the reclamation of the lost Greek past.