bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-contained Bioethics and the Politics of Legal Prohibition
Authors: Lezaun Javier 
Published: September 2008

Law and bioethics have traditionally expressed an elective affinity. Bioethics has often spoken “in the language of the law,” or at least in a pidgin that the law can easily understand, and bioethicists have conceptualized their principles and arguments in ways that make them amenable to legal translation. However, there has always been a tradition of bioethical reflection, what I describe as “self-contained bioethics,” that is deeply suspicious of its own readability to legal forms of interpretation; a tradition for which proximity to the law and a consideration of the actual circumstances of legal action compromises the purity of ethical inquiry. The article examines the work of President Bush's Council on Bioethics on human cloning as an example of this type of bioethical inquiry. In its 2002 report “ Human Cloning and Human Dignity: An Ethical Inquiry” the Council professed to keep specific legal and policy options at arm's length to better explore the ethical significance of the issues at stake without being “skewed” by considerations of practical expediency. The article compares the form of bioethical advice produced by the Council with the opinion on human cloning that its predecessor, the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC), issued in 1997. In NBAC's report the discussion of the paths of legal action was thoroughly and explicitly integrated into the moral analysis. Ultimately, the President's Council resorted to the law, understood as an instrument of absolute prohibition, to translate its purified moral argument into social reality in the form of a ban or a moratorium. Yet, by not using legal considerations to focus and refine its bioethical inquiry, and instead resorting to the law merely as a tool of proscription, the Council guarantees that its advice remains as controversial in the short term as ineffective in the long run.
Measurement of thermal diffusivity at high pressures and temperatures using synchrotron radiography
Authors: Dobson D. P. , Hunt S. A. , Li L. , Weidner D. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractA new method to measure thermal diffusivity in samples at simultaneous high pressure and high temperature is presented. The sample is placed inside a cylindrical heater and subjected to a heater power that varies sinusoidally with time. The diffusion of the temperature variations into the sample is monitored using radiographic imaging of marker foils. This provides measurements of the phase lag and amplitude variation of the temperature cycle at a range of radii from the sample axis without the need for multiple thermocouples. The technique is tested using a NaCl sample at 4 GPa; the best-fit thermal diffusivity for NaCl at 4 GPa and 673 K is 2.4±0.5x10-6 m2/s.
Three-dimensional Mesoporous TiKIT-6 with Ia3d Symmetry Synthesized at Low Acid Concentration and Its Catalytic Performances
Authors: Vinu Ajayan , Srinivasu Pavuluri , Balasubramanian Veerappan V , Ariga Katsuhiko , Mori Toshiyuki , Nemoto Yoshihiro 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Here we report for the first time on the preparation of well-ordered titanium substituted KIT-6 at low acid concentration using polymeric surfactant. The characterization results show that the pore diameter and the unit cell constant of TiKIT-6 increase with increasing Ti incorporation. UV–vis results reveal that most of the Ti are in tetrahedral coordination. In addition, the materials showed higher activity in the epoxidation of styrene than TiSBA-15.
One-pot Synthesis of Indolino[2′,3′:1,2][60]fullerenes from Fullerene Epoxide: Lewis Acid-assisted Nucleophilic Addition Followed by Intramolecular Cyclization
Authors: Numata Youhei , Kawashima Jun-ichi , Hara Takumi , Tajima Yusuke 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
An efficient one-pot method for the synthesis of indolino[2′,3′:1,2][60]fullerene derivatives was developed, in which the formation and cyclization of a β-amino alcohol intermediate by the nucleophilic reaction of fullerene epoxide with aromatic amines was promoted in the presence of aprotic heterogeneous catalysts.
Low Melting and Electrochemically Stable Ionic Liquids Based on Asymmetric Fluorosulfonyl(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide
Authors: Matsumoto Hajime , Terasawa Naohiro , Umecky Tatsuya , Tsuzuki Seiji , Sakaebe Hikari , Asaka Kinji , Tatsumi Kuniaki 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
An asymmetric amide anion, FTA− {[(FSO2)(CF3SO2)N]−}, has a significant ability to reduce the melting points of an aliphatic quaternary ammonium salts even for a symmetric tetraethylammonium. Much more interestingly, the electrochemical stability of this anion was comparable to a typical amide anion, such as bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide.
Importance of the Order of Successive Catalyst-transfer Condensation Polymerization in the Synthesis of Block Copolymers of Polythiophene and Poly(p-phenylene)
Authors: Miyakoshi Ryo , Yokoyama Akihiro , Yokozawa Tsutomu 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Successive catalyst-transfer condensation polymerization of a Grignard-type phenylene monomer and then a thiophene monomer with a Ni catalyst yields well-defined block copolymers of poly(p-phenylene) and polythiophene, but the reverse order of polymerization results in polymers with broad molecular weight distribution.
Polar and Low Viscosity Ionic Liquid Mixtures from Amino Acids
Authors: Kagimoto Junko , Noguchi Keiichi , Murata Kenichi , Fukumoto Kenta , Nakamura Nobuhumi , Ohno Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Amino acid ionic liquids, composed of tetrabutylphosphonium ([P4444]) cation and both asparagic acid ([Asp]) and lysine ([Lys]) anions, are polar and of low viscosity because of perturbation of the ordered Asp anion alignment.
A New Catch-and-release Purification Method Using a Levulinyl Group as a Tag and Its Application to Oligosaccharide Synthesis
Authors: Izumi Minoru , Okamoto Ritsu , Sato Mizuho , Nakajima Shuhei , Baba Naomichi , Fukase Koichi 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Products possessing a levulinyl group were selectively isolated from reaction mixtures using a new resin-capture method and a polymer-supported aminooxy group. Successive treatment with NaOH in MeOH readily liberated purified products from the resins. Applications of this method to oligosaccharide syntheses are described.
CpCoI-mediated Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Dimeric 1,3-Dithiol-2-one Derivative with Spiro Structure and Successive Formation of Novel Cobalt Dithiolene Complex
Authors: Masui Tatsuya , Nomura Mitsushiro , Kobayashi Yusuke , Terada Kosuke , Fujita-Takayama Chikako , Sugiyama Toru , Kajitani Masatsugu 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
4,5-Bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-dithiol-2-one (1) reacts with CpCo(CO)2 (2) under thermal condition to undergo a debromination of 1 and to form dimeric 1,3-dithiol-2-one derivative having a spiro structure 3 by the [4 + 2] Diels–Alder reaction, and the resulted 3 further reacts with 2 to afford new CpCo(dithiolene) complex 4.
An Environmentally Friendly Electrolytic System Based on the Acid–Base Reaction between Water and Solid-supported Bases
Authors: Tajima Toshiki , Ishino Satomi , Kurihara Hitoshi 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
We have developed an environmentally friendly electrolytic system based on the acid–base reaction between water and solid-supported bases. Furthermore, we have successfully applied the electrolytic system to a flow cell.
Neural Plasticity as a Basis for Motor Learning and Neurorehabilitation
Authors: Seitz Rüdiger J. , Matyas Thomas A. , Carey Leeanne M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSkilled action is the end-product of learning processes that can improve several aspects of motor control such as strategic movement organisation, perceptual–motor associations, or muscle commands for basic components of sequentially evolving, complex movements. Experimental studies in healthy participants using functional imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation have identified separable processes that form cortical motor representations and that assist this formation of representations. These processes capitalise on use-dependent plasticity and changes in cortical excitability before and after practice. In terms of neural circuits, motor learning manifests measurably via structures that support transient phenomena, such as attentive error monitoring, or through continued activation of brain structures that support control processes still adapting. Specifically, movement guidance engages the dorsal premotor and parietal cortex along the intraparietal sulcus in addition to the supplementary motor area and the anterior cerebellum. Movement conception based on explicit experience of the movement task involves the inferior premotor cortex. Evidence in patients recovering from brain lesions such as stroke, suggests that similar principles hold for neurorehabilitation as well. The challenging issue is to what degree altered motor strategies afford improvement in function through relearning and neural plasticity.
Impaired Discrimination of Sensory Information About Slip Between Object and Skin is Associated With Handgrip Limitation Poststroke
Authors: Blennerhassett Jannette M. , Carey Leeanne M. , Matyas Thomas A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractImpaired somatosensory processing could contribute to handgrip limitation following stroke. The aim of this study was to examine the association between somatosensory function measured by psychophysical tests and clinical measures of handgrip limitation poststroke. Forty-five people with stroke who could perform a pinch grip task were recruited from rehabilitation settings. Ability to discriminate surface friction, and to match object weight were quantified using psychophysical methods. Handgrip limitation was measured using items of the Motor Assessment Scale, Jebsen Taylor Hand Function Test and the Hand Function Survey. Impaired discrimination of surface friction was moderately to weakly associated with handgrip limitation (rs = .36 to .55). In contrast, an association between degree of impairment in matching weight and handgrip limitation poststroke was not observed (rs < .24). The findings suggest that processing of tactile cues arising between the object and skin when training handgrip ability may be beneficial for people with stroke.
Predicting Compliance With Treatment Following Stroke: A New Model of Adherence Following Rehabilitation
Authors: Coetzee Nicolene , Andrewes David , Khan Fary , Hale Tom , Jenkins Lisanne , Lincoln Nadina , Disler Peter 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackground and purpose: Adherence to medication is fundamental to optimal health recovery yet compliance to medication rates are lower than 50% in most studies. This study aimed to investigate the correlates of adherence in stroke patients. Method: Twenty-six stroke patients and 29 amputee patients who had completed a rehabilitation program at Melbourne Rehabilitation Centre were investigated. Medical adherence was determined from computed adherence metrics based on pill counts and subjective reports of patient knowledge of medication use. Model components that were believed to contribute to poor adherence, included emotional and cognitive dysfunction, beliefs about medication, and social support. These factors were assessed by patient and partner self-rating questionnaires. Results: Stroke patients showed a lower level of adherence compared to amputee patients. Cognitive and emotional dysfunction, beliefs about medication, and the level of care were significantly associated with low adherence to medicine regimes in stroke patients. Level of cognitive impairment and emotional impairment were significantly associated with low adherence to medicines in amputee patients. Emotional dysfunction was the best predictor of poor adherence in both patient groups. Conclusion: The findings are in keeping with past adherence studies with other patient groups and support the position that emotional, cognitive, and social factors are important factors in adherence. The specific nonadherence profile for this brain-damaged group is modeled and the application for outpatients following rehabilitation is discussed.
Effectiveness of Sensory Discrimination Training When Delivered By Family Members: A Pilot Study
Authors: Carey Leeanne M. , Matyas Thomas A. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe proportion of disabled stroke survivors is increasing. These people may experience loss of sensation that negatively impacts on performance and participation in daily activities. The value of adopting active approaches to rehabilitation is growing; however, high costs and demand over an extended period of time impose limits on therapist-based application. Informal carers and family members are a potential, low-cost resource for expanding the scope of rehabilitation across environments and over extended time periods. We systematically developed and established the effectiveness of an approach to retraining lost sensation and function in the hand that has positive outcomes in relation to the ability to feel everyday textures and objects and use the hand in daily tasks. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether family members, as surrogate therapists, are able to effectively conduct the sensory training program in home environments. Three single-case quasi-experiments were conducted in which stroke survivors' spouses implemented the training program across touch or limb position sensations. We found positive treatment effects in all cases. These findings indicate that selected surrogate therapists (spouses) can successfully implement a program of sensory retraining when provided 2 to 3 hours of training and supervision by a qualified therapist.
Psychological Distress and Social Support in Informal Caregivers of Stroke Survivors
Authors: Cumming Toby B. , Cadilhac Dominique A. , Rubin Gary , Crafti Naomi , Pearce Dora C. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackground:A high degree of burden is often experienced by informal caregivers of stroke survivors. However, little is known about the long-term impact of the caregiving role. This study sought to examine the relationship between social support and the psychological effects experienced by long-term caregivers of stroke survivors.Methods:The design was a prospective, multicentre, hospital-based stroke cohort study with 3 years of follow-up. Caregivers of participating stroke survivors completed questionnaires either through face-to-face interview or over the telephone. Primary outcome measures were the Medical Outcome Study (MOS) Social Support Survey and the Irritability, Depression, and Anxiety (IDA) Scale, and the association between them was investigated using multivariate logistic regression.Results:174/217 (80%) stroke survivors participated at 3 years, involving 116 informal caregivers (mean age 66.9 years, 71% female). Increasing social support was correlated with lower levels of depression, anxiety and inward irritability in caregivers. Social support was independently associated with anxiety (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.35–0.85;p= .007) and inward irritability (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.29–0.77;p= .002). Furthermore, social support was significantly associated with carer strain, as assessed by the Caregiver Strain Index.Conclusions:The amount of social support available to long-term caregivers of stroke survivors may be an important factor in lowering psychological burden in these caregivers.
Impact of Stroke on Return to Work
Authors: Radford Kathryn A. , Walker Marion F. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractStroke has a marked impact on the ability to return to work. However, the stroke and its residual cognitive, physical and language deficits do not fully explain return-to-work success. While those with very severe deficits are less likely to return to work, and presence of disability is important, other extrinsic and intrinsic factors, such as having a job to go back to, beliefs and attitudes about work, job markets and the benefits system all play an important part. Vocational rehabilitation services developed with the stroke service user in mind are scarce in the United Kingdom. However, recent government interest in vocational rehabilitation and a recognition that evidence to support poststroke vocational rehabilitation is lacking have prompted efforts to develop new vocational rehabilitation services. People with stroke need specialist vocational rehabilitation services delivered by those who have an in-depth understanding of stroke and its effects. Service developers need to acknowledge and address factors that enable or impede return to work after stroke in service design. Research is needed to evaluate vocational rehabilitation interventions aimed specifically at the needs of stroke patients.
Communication Outcome 12 Months Following Left-Hemisphere Stroke in the Elderly
Authors: Macrae Margaret , Douglas Jacinta M. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractWith increasing life expectancy and the changing age structure of the population, the health sector is experiencing increased demands on services associated with age-related diseases including stroke and Alzheimer's disease. The communication needs of older Australians in these disease groups need to be understood to enable adequate provision of speech pathology services. In this project we set out to make a preliminary investigation of 12-month communication outcome and discharge destination of aphasic stroke survivors over age 65 at onset of first ever in a lifetime stroke (FELS). The recruitment timeframe was a 6-month period of stroke admissions to a large metropolitan health network. Nearly 70% of stroke admissions were aged 65 years and over and 34% were ascertained retrospectively from medical records as having aphasia. Within this group, there was a 20% mortality rate. Sixteen left-hemisphere stroke survivors with aphasia were followed up at 12 months. More than half were living in residential care. Excluding the impact of recurrent stroke, 12-month reassessment of language demonstrated substantial improvement could occur in the old-very old stroke survivor. These findings highlight the need to develop systematic review and follow-up speech pathology services that operate effectively in residential care environments.
Recent Advances and Future Directions in Aphasia Therapy
Authors: Holland Audrey L. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis article reviews literature in aphasia rehabilitation in the English-speaking world. Although attempts have been made to incorporate literature from other continents, the major bias is toward North America. Four themes are emphasised. They are (1) advances in neuroscience that have already realised influences in language rehabilitation and some that have potential influence for the near future; (2) effects on language rehabilitation that have resulted from the worldwide acknowledgment and acceptance of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF); (3) the growing emergence of psychosocial concerns in the management of aphasia; and (4) present and future applications of technology to aphasia rehabilitation. For the sake of manageability, the review is largely limited to the rehabilitation literature of the decade from 1998, and to published or in-press work that is programmatic in the sense that it represents more than a single publication.
The Therapy ‘Pill’: Achieving Treatment Dose Within a Rehabilitation Trial
Authors: Collier Janice M. , Bernhardt Julie 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackground: Developing high quality clinical trials within rehabilitation research is achievable and should be pursued wherever possible. One of the greatest challenges rehabilitation trialists face is defining experimental and control interventions and ensuring that the intervention dose is delivered as planned. Aim: We describe procedures employed within a pilot randomised controlled trial of a rehabilitation intervention to monitor therapy dose. Method: The trial setting was two acute stroke units in large teaching hospitals in Melbourne, Australia. The design was a randomised controlled trial of very early mobilisation (commenced within 24 hours of stroke onset) plus standard care (VEM) versus standard care alone. Assessors were blinded to group and analysis was intention to treat. All therapy data (both intervention and control) were acquired using personal digital assistants. Monitoring of therapy dose and feedback to trial staff was given 6 months into the trial by a researcher independent of the trial team. Results: Before feedback, therapists were barely meeting intervention protocol minimum targets. Following feedback, compliance with trial protocol was achieved. Conclusion: Monitoring of the therapy dose within a clinical trial is important to achieve trial quality. This article shows how monitoring including feedback leads to improved delivery of the therapy ‘pill’.
Benefits and Challenges in Stroke Research in Developing Countries
Authors: Fitzgerald Sharyn M. , Srikanth Velandai K. , Evans Roger G. , Thrift Amanda G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractStroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Currently more than two thirds of the burden of stroke occurs in developing countries. Development of strategies for prevention and management of stroke in these countries requires data on incidence, risk factors and management practices that are relevant to the specific socioeconomic and cultural factors present in these populations. Yet currently available data come almost exclusively from developed countries. Herein, we aim to discuss some of the issues, impediments and opportunities faced by researchers undertaking population-based studies on the burden of stroke in developing countries. Important criteria to be addressed include the establishment of productive working relationships with both local collaborators and the community; the identification of an appropriate population group; and development of a working protocol which takes into account potential language barriers and the need for cultural sensitivity. When possible the protocol should include similar methods to studies conducted elsewhere so that comparisons can be made between regions. Furthermore, the results of such studies should be disseminated in an appropriate and timely manner to the local community and appropriate government and nongovernment organisations. This will enable the development and implementation of prevention and intervention programs to reduce the impact of stroke in these nations.
Stroke Rehabilitation
Authors: Lindley Richard I. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe need for stroke rehabilitation will lessen if stroke incidence declines and acute stroke medical and surgical treatment improves. The burden of stroke will also lessen as effective rehabilitation services (stroke rehabilitation units) and interventions are widely implemented. Despite the considerable amount of evidence available, implementation has been slow. Improvement in stroke rehabilitation will require continued professional advocacy, supported by local and national audit and future focused research.
Disparagement humor: A theoretical and empirical review of psychoanalytic, superiority, and social identity theories
Authors: Ferguson Mark A. , Ford Thomas E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis research reviews the empirical and theoretical literature on disparagement humor and amusement. In particular, we ask, “Why is disparagement humor funny?” Three theoretical frameworks provide responses to this question: psychoanalytic theory, superiority theories, and social identity theory. Each framework suggests a distinct psychological mechanism that fosters amusement upon exposure to disparagement humor. The review presents the central theoretical propositions from each framework and assesses their empirical support. Based on this review, we suggest that social identity theory offers a promising new avenue for disparagement humor research. The review concludes by offering future research directions.