bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of bioactive nanotitania ceramics with biomechanical compatibility
Authors: Yang B. C. , Yu Q. F. , Li Z. S. , Qu Y. , Huang Y. , Chen J. Y. , Gu Z. W. , Zhang X. D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this article, bioactive nanotitania ceramics with biomechanical compatibility was prepared by using an additive of hydroxyapatite or MgO as particle growth inhibitor. After sintering at 1000°C, the particle size of nanotitania ceramics prepared by using HA as additive (HT) was much smaller than that prepared by using MgO as additive (MT). In simulated body fluid (SBF), HT could induce apatite formation in 4 days, while no apatite could be found on MT even after it was soaked in SBF for 14 days. After Ros17/28 osteoblasts were cultured on the materials for 1, 4, and 6 days, MTT results showed that the osteoblasts on the HT differentiated faster than that on the MT. Mechanical tests results showed that the bending and compressive strength of HT were 160 and 200 MPa, while those of MT were 70 and 88 MPa, respectively. These results demonstrated that it is suitable to prepare bioactive nanotitania ceramics, with biomechanical compatibility, by using HA as particle growth inhibitor. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Synthetic lubricants and their industrial applications
Authors: Miller J. William 
Published: July 2006

AbstractProduction of many synthetic lubricants starts with base stocks which are syntbesised from high volume hydrocarbon intermediates. For example, polyalphaolefin base fluids are synthesised from ethylene. Some, however, start with very basic raw materials. for example, silicone base fluids are made from sand (SiO2), require considerable energy, and there are many steps in their manufacture including handling of very corrosive materials. These variable manufacturing requirements account for the broad price range for synthetics and the much higher price for the ‘exotics’ such as fluorosilicones. Unlike mineral oil base stocks, which are a complex mixture of naturally‐occurring hydrocarbons refined from crude oil, synthetic base stocks are man‐made, having controlled molecular structure with predictable properties. As with all present‐day fluid lubricants, synthetics are formulated by combining the base stocks with selected additives.
Nonflammable hydraulic system development for aerospace
Authors: Snyder Carl E. , Gschwender Lois J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn 1975, the Air Force Laboratories were directed to evaluate ways to eliminate United States Air Force hydraulic fluid fires. This paper describes the approach selected: the development of a hydraulic fluid which would be totally nonflammable to any current or anticipated aircraft hydraulic fire ignition source. Flammability test criteria were established. Selection and optimisation of a suitable base stock, fluid characterisation and formulation efforts are presented.
A laboratory evaluation of partial synthetic automatic transmission fluids
Authors: Willermet P. A. , Haakana C. C. , Sever A. W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBlending synthetic fluids with conventional base stocks gave large reductions in low temperature viscosity without appreciable reductions in high temperature viscosity or deterioration in properties such as volatility or flash point. Ten percent blends of a polyalpbaolefin or an ester synthetic reduced the viscosity at — 27.9°C by approximately 50%. These blends gave improved oxidation stability as measured by the Aluminum Beaker Oxidation Test, but poorer antiwear performance as measured by the Four Ball Test. The latter result indicated that the antiwear additive package should be optimised to accommodate composition differences between conventional fluids and conventional/synthetic blends.
Arylalkoxysilanes as synthetic lubricants
Authors: Sasín M. , Čermák J. , Kolář D. , Dobeš P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn earlier paper1 reported experimental data for a group of silicon compounds examined in comparison with other materials normally used as bases for synthetic lubricants. Here, a furthergroup of organo‐silicon compounds are examined and their properties given. Readers are referred back to the original paper appearing in JSL Volume 1 Number 2 July 1984 for background and comparative material.
Formulating advanced 4 centistoke gas turbine oils ‐ a feasibility study
Authors: Thompson Q. E. , Zielinski R. E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA formulation study has been carried out to assess the feasibility of developing advanced gas turbine lubricants in the (4 cSt) viscosity range intermediate between current MIL‐L‐7808 and MIL‐L‐23699 lubricants. Using additive technology developed on advanced MIL‐L‐2 7502 oils the authors have formulated several 4 cSt polyol ester base stocks. Eight of the blends thus far tested have shown good to acceptable performance in the Erdco Bearing Rig Test run under MIL‐L‐27502 conditions. Various other key targets of a proposed new specification have been met or closely approached.
A study of the potential benefits associated with the development of a dedicated helicopter transmission lubricant
Authors: Drago R. J. , Mangione P. J. , Wendrzycki R. D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA common oil is now used in both the engines and transmissions of virtually all US military helicopters. While this provides significant logistic advantages, these advantages are attained only by compromising the optimisation of the oil for either system. This paper summarises the results of two studies undertaken to determine what benefits would accrue through the development of a special oil tailored specifically to meet the unique requirements of high‐speed, heavily loaded helicopter transmission systems. These studies, conducted independently by two major helicopter manufacturers under the direction of the US Naval Air Propulsion Center, addressed specific problem areas as related to typical production aircraft in order to reach well‐documented conclusions. In addition, the effect of the availability of such a special gearbox lubricant on the development of other advanced‐technology components was evaluated and documented.
Laboratory parameters for high water based hydraulic fluid testing
Authors: Hughes D. G. , Forsberg J. W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA review of the composition and properties of current water‐containing hydraulic fluids leads to the conclusion that current technology could be improved towards a high water containing fluid with good antiwear, low toxicity and high fire resistance characteristics. A modified pump test was used based on ASTM D2882, using a Vickers V105C apparatus. Wear rate data is presented for various candidate fluids including a full synthetic, showing differences between HFA, HFB, HFC and HWBF and looking at variations in break‐in wear and subsequent wear behaviour. Data is also presented for candidate fluids tested in industrial‐type hydraulic pumps, and illustrates the role of viscometric properties including shear stability.
A practical investigation of wear in piston pumps operated with HFA fluids with different additives
Authors: Janko K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the use of water‐based hydraulic fluids in hydraulic pumps, Four different types of HFA fluid are reviewed in terms of properties and usage. In a research programme, two principal fluids, a HFA micro emulsion and a HFA solution, were evaluated in relation to their wear protection capability in a short‐term test procedure, and their operational behaviour and confirmation of the short‐term test procedure in a long‐term test. The differences between the fluids are mainly in terms of wear of the test pumps. It is concluded that a performance standard similar to oil‐based fluids has not yet been reached.
High temperature greases based on polyurea gellants: A review
Authors: Venkataramani P. S. , Srivastava R. G. , Gupta S. K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThere is increasing demand for high temperature greases capable of operating in the range of 175–235°C. In this paper, one type of grease, polyurea, is described, and its preparation given, in terms of raw materials, temperature, solvents, base fluids including synthetics, catalysts, additives and thickeners. Two typical preparation procedures are described. The properties of polyurea greases are then reviewed, with detailed tabular matter given.
Effects of cutting fluids on drilling aluminium casting alloy 390
Authors: Leep Herman R. , Sims Robin W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe primary objective of this research project was to compare the tool wear resulting when a semi‐synthetic cutting fluid was used, to that from use of a premium soluble oil. The secondary objective was to determine the effects of cutting speed, drill diameter, and fluid concentration, on tool wear.The experiments contained two key elements: (1) cast aluminium alloy 390 was used as the workpiece material and (2) deep‐hole drilling to a depth greater than two diameters was performed. Numerous drilling tests were performed with each cutting fluid using a flood application. To meet the primary objective, an experiment was designed for each cutting fluid and the wear on the lands of twist drills was measured. The secondary objective utilized a statistically‐designed 23 factorial experiment which evaluated the effects that moderate and relatively high cutting speeds, two drill diameters, and two levels of fluid concentration, had on tool wear.After analysis of the test results, it was concluded that concentration had the most significant effect on land wear when the experimentally‐formulated semi‐synthetic cutting fluid was used. Cutting speed was the most significant factor when drilling with the commercially‐available premium soluble oil. Tool wear while using the semi‐synthetic fluid was slightly less than that for the premium soluble oil.
The lubrication of plastics by perfluoropolyether fluids
Authors: Anderson J. C. , Flabbi L. , Caporiccio G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe work reported here demonstrates that very small quantities of perfluoropolyether fluids will provide effective boundary lubrication for a number of plastics materials. This includes plastics which are known to benefit from trace quantities of lubricants, as well as high‐temperature plastics, where a reduction of two orders of magnitude in wear rate can be achieved at temperatures up to 200°C. Direct application of fluid to the plastics surfaces appears to give better results than impregnation into a porous plastic. The effect of counterface roughness and bearing pressure on wear performance is also discussed.
Synthesis, evaluation and applications of complex esters as lubricants: A basic study
Authors: Venkataramani P. S. , Kalra S. L. , Raman S. V. , Srivastava H. C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper reports the synthesis of various complex esters, describing their physical, chemical, and tribological properties. Specifically, an attempt is made to study the effects of changing the central polyol backbone, of varying chain length of diacids, and of different endcapping alcohols on various properties.
Performance comparisons of synthetic and mineral oil crankcase lubricant base stocks
Authors: Ripple D. E. , Fuhrmann J. F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe physical and performance characteristics of representative synthetic base stocks are compared with those of mineral oils. Comparisons of the base stocks alone and as fully formulated crankcase lubricants are presented.Bench test results and physical properties of unformulated synthetic and mineral oil base stocks are compared. The volatility characteristics of synthetic base stocks are superior to typical mineral oil base stocks. All the synthetic base stocks displayed greater viscosity indices than did mineral oils. Bench tests designed to measure thermal and oxidative stabilities are used to compare synthetic with mineral oil base stocks. Although synthetics appeared no more resistant to oxidation than did mineral oils, fewer sediments, deposits and fluid viscosity increases were observed with synthetic base stocks. No one type of synthetic base oil showed a distinct advantage in these evaluations.Fully formulated mineral oil‐based lubricants are compared with commonly used synthetic‐based lubricants containing identical additive treatments. The synthetic lubricants showed superior engine cleanliness, and resistance to viscosity increased in these tests, but were directionally less effective in wear prevention than mineral oil‐based lubricants. Proper formulation or addition of an antiwear supplement overcame this deficiency.These comparisons demonstrated that synthetic base stocks are available with a wide range of physical properties. Available synthetic base stocks offer performance advantages at an increased cost over mineral oils, but proper formulation of the synthetic lubricant is necessary to ensure totally acceptable lubricant performance.
Rotary‐vane compressors: Some technical aspects of long‐life lubricants
Authors: Légeron J.‐P. , Beslin L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCompressors are used all over the world for various individual applications; the current application concerns their use in the ozone process of water treatment. Technical data on different mineral and synthetic lubricants are given. In particular, a new oil was chosen for investigation. Field testing was undertaken over more than 6000 h on two different locations. Used oil monitoring was conducted by sampling during the experiment; analyses of physical and chemical parameters were made and their kinetics are described. Wear, viscometrics and ozone process interaction are discussed in this study.
Development of a soluble lubricity additive for perfluoropolyalkylether fluids
Authors: Sharma Sashi K. , Gschwender Lois J. , Snyder Carl E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA new lubricity additive for perfluoropolyalkylether (PFPAE) fluids was synthesized. A linear, unbranched fluid formulated with this additive was evaluated under boundary lubrication and elastohydrodynamic (EHD) lubrications. Performance of the base fluid imporved significantly with the incorporation of this additive.
Influence of the type and concentration of synthetic components in motor oil formulations
Authors: Camera F. , Huby F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA sixteen‐test experimental design has been used to evaluate the influence offive factors which are of primary importance when formulating a semisynthetic engine oil. These are the package composition, the Viscosity Index Improver (VII) chemistry, the total synthetic concentration, the PAO‐to‐ester ratio and the origin of the ester.The subjects of interest in this work were the composition of the final formulation (percentage of Viscosity Index Improver, base oil balance, etc.) and the results of the sixteen formulations in laboratory screening tests for volatility, dispersancy, oxidation and detergency.
Viscosity — temperature relationship of alphaolefin oligomers/polyalphaolefins
Authors: Kotas Jan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFor the liquid products of the oligomerisation of C3‐C12 alphaolefins the values of poles of the Walther viscosity dependencies have been found to be a function of monomer size and oligomerisation initiation system. In this paper some new relationships are described that have been found between the value of kinematic viscosity and average number molecular weight. These dependencies allow definition of the functional relationship between kinematic viscosity, size and structure of oligomer and temperature; a program can be written for rapid and sufficiently precise determination of viscosity‐temperature dependencies and average number molecular weights, both for fractions and for mixtures of alphaolefin oligomers.
Some testing criteria for antiwear and antifriction properties of synthetic fluids
Authors: Korycki J. , Wiślicki B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFriction test results for selected properties of lubricating fluids including carboxylic acid esters, phosphate esters and polyglycol water solutions are presented, which indicate that results obtained in a modified four‐ball tester can change with time spent under load. A variety of conditions and materials were tested.
The characterisation of synthetic lubricant formulations by field desorption mass spectrometry
Authors: Rollins K. , Taylor M. , Scrives J. H. , Robertson A. , Major H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractField desorption ‐ mass spectrometry (FD‐MS) was evaluated as a tool for characterisation of the complex mixtures of compounds typical of synthetic lubricants. The lubricants were initially screened using field ionisation, then tested samples were subjected to field desorption. Results are presented for various formulations for an ester, an ester‐synthetic oil mixture, polyisobutylenes, PAO additives, and a fully formulated oil.
High‐performance ester‐based two‐stroke engine oils
Authors: Kenbeek D. , van der Waal G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAs lubricant classification of different types of two‐stroke oil moves towards realisation, the need has emerged for environmentally friendly two‐stroke lubricants suitable for different operating conditions and applications. In this paper the authors report results on ester‐based synthetic lubricants according to various test regimes, and show the superiority of synthetics in these tests. Outboard and chainsaw 2T lubricants are discussed.
A study of high‐boiling alkylbenzene fractions as synthetic lubricants for refrigerators
Authors: Yotov St. , Antonov C. , Alexandrov V. , Hinkova M. , Ivanov S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe properties of synthetic oils based on high‐boiling alkylbenzenes ‐ good low temperature behaviour, thermo‐oxidative, anticorrosive and hydrolylic stability, make them suitable candidates as lubricating oils for refrigerator machinery. This paper reports the results of investigations by column adrorption chromatography and GC‐MS into the nature and properties of three high boiling alkylbenzene fractions, and their behaviour when compounded into candidate refrigerator oils.
Effects of kinds of oil on power transmission: Efficiency of planetary traction drives
Authors: Ishibashi A. , Sonoda K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractOne of the most interesting problems in traction drives is the analysis of their power transmission efficiency. Using an experimental two‐disk machine and two planetary traction drives, together with fourteen test oils, it is shown that the power transmission efficiency can increase up to 97% in the case of an experimental planetary traction drive. The synthetic traction oils bring about a lower efficiency than mineral oils when the output torque is small. This is ascribed to their higher traction coefficients which cause larger friction in the rolling bearings which support the rolling elements.
High‐temperature hydraulic fluids
Authors: Gschwender L. J. , Snyder C. E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe rationale is presented for the development of 315 °C bulk oil high‐temperature hydraulic fluids for future US Air Force systems. Four chemical classes of candidate fluids worthy of consideration are described along with their relative merits and limitations. The four fluids are: mineral oil based MIL‐H‐ 27601A, a synthetic hydrogenated polyalphaolefin, a synthetic silahydrocarbon (tetra alkyl silane), and a linear perjluoropolyalkylether. Questions for consideration in selecting a candidate high‐temperature hydraulic fluid are presented and discussed in relation to the intended specific application.
Influence of the size, geometry, and material of the rollers on EHD traction
Authors: Muraki M. , Sakaguchi K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe influence of the parameters relating to the rolling elements on traction in EHD contacts is experimentally studied on a two‐roller machine, in which experiments with point contacts are conducted for two paraffinic mineral oils, a synthetic naphthene, and a synthetic ester. Firstly, it is shown that the same traction curves are obtained in both internal and external contacts when the effective radius in rolling direction of the rollers is equal. The effect of an increase in the size of the rollers is to increase the film thickness and this results in a gentle decline in the maximum traction coefficient. As the effective radius in transverse direction is increased, so the traction decreases for a paraffinic mineral oil, while that for a synthetic naphthene remains constant independent of the geometry of the rollers. Finally, the effect of the material of the rollers is studied, employing rollers made of steel, ceramics, phosphorus bronze, brass, and aluminium alloy. The traction obtained under an identical normal load can be arranged according to the effective elastic modulus of the rollers for each oil. However, under identical contact pressure the same maximum traction curve is obtained independent of the material, but the decline in traction in the thermal region is slightly steeper with the ceramic than with the steel rollers because of the difference in the temperature rise of the fluid film.
Fractionation of oligomers of linear alphaolefins in a molecular evaporator
Authors: Cvengroš Ján , Kotas Jan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractOligomers of higher alphaolefins, mainly of 1‐decene and 1‐octene have important applications as synthetic lubricating oils or their components. The results of fractionation of polydecene, polyoctene, and polybutene oils in a wiped‐film molecular evaporator, for the purpose of preparing narrow distillate cuts, are presented in the paper. Characteristics and properties of the fractions obtained are shown, and the possibilities for this distillation method in the fractionation of polyolefin oils discussed.
Wear and friction of filled polyamide coatings
Authors: Ali Waheed Yosry 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe aim of this article is to report wear and friction studies of cylindrical test steel pins coated with polyamide (PA6) incorporating fillers (iron, copper, aluminium, tin, lead) and solid lubricants (graphite, molybdenum disulphide (MoS2)) to improve the mechanical, thermal, and frictional properties of polyamide (PA6). The coated testpins were loaded against a rotating cylinder of bearing steel in dry, lubricated, abrasive conditions at constant load and sliding speed. The test results show a significant reduction in wear and friction for both copper‐filled polyamides and lead‐filled polyamides.
The film‐forming properties of polyalkylene glycols
Authors: Aderi M. E. , Johnsto G. J. , Spikes H. A. , Balson T. G. , Emery M. G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIt is now recognised that, for many practical applications, an important property of a lubricant is its ability to generate thick, elastohydrodynamic (EHD) films in concentrated contacts. This paper describes a study of the EHD film‐ forming properties of polyalkylenie glycol lubricants. A wide range of polyglycol structures have been examined, with different monomer types, initiators, and molecular weights. Film thickness has been measured at several different temperatures using both conventional and ultra‐thin film interferometry. From the measured film thicknesses, the effective pressure–viscosity coefficients of the lubricants have been evaluated. This has enabled a systematic investigation of the effect of polyalkylene glycol structure on both pressure–viscosity coefficient and EHD film formation.
Friction and wear of copper/lead and aluminium/tin filled polyamide coatings
Authors: Ali Waheed Yosry 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe friction and wear of steel pins coated with filled polyamides and loaded against a rotating cylinder of bearing steel were tested under dry, lubricated, and abrasive contaminated conditions. The filler materials were copper/lead and aluminium/tin powders.The test results show a significant reduction in friction with the Cu/Pb filled polyamides (8 wt.% Cu, 12 wt.% Pb, and 80 wt.% PA6). The Al/Sn filled polyamides (3 wt.% Al, 2 wt.% Sn, and 95 wt.% PA6) showed the best wear resistance, accompanied by an increase in the coefficient of friction.