bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calculus on strong partition cardinals
Authors: Henle James M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn [1] it was shown that if κ is a strong partition cardinal, then every function from [κ ]κ to [κ ]κ is continuous almost everywhere. In this investigation, we explore whether such functions are differentiable or integrable in any sense. Some of them are. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A finite model property for RMImin
Authors: Hsieh Ai‐ni , Raftery James G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt is proved that the variety of relevant disjunction lattices has the finite embeddability property. It follows that Avron's relevance logicRMIminhas a strong form of the finite model property, so it has a solvable deducibility problem. This strengthens Avron's result thatRMIminis decidable. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The strength of sharply bounded induction
Authors: Jeřábek Emil 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe prove that the sharply bounded arithmetic T02in a language containing the function symbol ⌊x/2y⌋ (often denoted by MSP) is equivalent to PV1. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Can brand encounters inspire flashbulb memories?
Authors: Roehm, Jr. Harper A. , Roehm Michelle L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFlashbulb memory has conventionally been studied in conjunction with negative public events, such as deaths of government officials. The present research investigates the possibility that this phenomenon may extend to events that are more positive and more private in nature, such as encounters with certain brands. Data from two studies suggest that flashbulb memories can arise from brand‐related experiences and that this may be especially likely when a brand is well‐differentiated from competitors and when an encounter is novel by virtue of its being a first‐ever interface between a consumer and a brand. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impact of attributions about life events on perceptions of foreign products: Contrasts in individualism and collectivism
Authors: Leigh James H. , Choi Youngtae 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn event important to a consumer that occurred in a foreign country may serve to affect perceptions about the products from the country. Life events represent important experiences or circumstances that tend to exert a major influence on the individual. This article examines how consumer attributions made about a life event occurring in a foreign country vary across individuals from individualist and collectivist cultures, which serve to moderate the impact of the event on product perceptions. The research literature on life events, attribution theory, and cross‐cultural differences are used to formulate propositions regarding the relationship between life‐event attributions and subsequent perceptions of products from the foreign country. Implications and research directions are provided. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On market mavens and consumer self‐confidence: A cross‐cultural study
Authors: Chelminski Piotr , Coulter Robin A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMarket mavens are attentive to media and important diffusers of marketplace information. This study examines the relationships between cultural individualism, general and consumer self‐confidence, and market mavenism in the context of two distinct cultural systems, the United States and South Korea. The examination of cross‐cultural equivalence of the constructs under study provides evidence for both configural and full or partial metric invariance. The results indicate that cultural individualism is positively related to general self‐confidence, general self‐confidence is positively related to consumer selfconfidence, and consumer self‐confidence is positively related to market mavenism. Additionally, this research shows that these relationships hold in both the U.S. and South Korean samples. The results of this study indicate that market mavenism, and thus levels of confidence about marketplace knowledge and speed of diffusion of such information may be more prevalent among the more individualistic than collectivistic consumers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Consistent non‐cartesian off‐axis MRI quality: Calibrating and removing multiple sources of demodulation phase errors
Authors: Jung Youngkyoo , Jashnani Yogesh , Kijowski Richard , Block Walter F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe consistency of off‐axis MRI with non‐Cartesian sequences across a large number of scanners is highly variable. Improper timing alignment of the gradient fields, data acquisition system, and real‐time frequency demodulation reference signal, which are necessary for off‐axis imaging, is an important source of this variability. In addition, eddy currents and anisotropic gradient delays cause deviations in k‐space trajectories that in turn make the demodulation reference signals inaccurate. A method is presented to quickly measure the timing error in the frequency demodulation reference signal and separate it from anisotropic gradient delays. k‐Space deviations, as measured with a previous gradient calibration technique, are shown to be a second source of demodulation phase errors that degrade image quality. Using the timing delay and k‐space deviations, a retrospective phase correction is applied to each k‐space sample before the data are regridded during reconstruction. The timing delays of four MR scanners were measured to be 4.2–7.5 μs below the manufacturer's suggested delay. Significant degradation in 3D radial (3D projection reconstruction (PR)) knee and breast images are retrospectively corrected while a partial prospective correction is applied for spiral imaging. The method allows for more consistent performance of non‐Cartesian sequences across multiple scanners without operator intervention. Magn Reson Med 57:206–212, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of regional brain temperature using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to assess brain–body temperature differences in healthy human subjects
Authors: Childs Charmaine , Hiltunen Yrjö , Vidyasagar Rishma , Kauppinen Risto A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) was used to determine brain temperature in healthy volunteers. Partially water‐suppressed 1H MRS data sets were acquired at 3T from four different gray matter (GM)/white matter (WM) volumes. Brain temperatures were determined from the chemical‐shift difference between the CH3 of N‐acetyl aspartate (NAA) at 2.01 ppm and water. Brain temperatures in 1H MRS voxels of 2 × 2 × 2 cm3 showed no substantial heterogeneity. The volume‐averaged temperature from single‐voxel spectroscopy was compared with body temperatures obtained from the oral cavity, tympanum, and temporal artery regions. The mean brain parenchyma temperature was 0.5°C cooler than readings obtained from three extra‐brain sites (P < 0.01). 1H MRS imaging (MRSI) data were acquired from a slice encompassing the single‐voxel volumes to assess the ability of spectroscopic imaging to determine regional brain temperature within the imaging slice. Brain temperature away from the center of the brain determined by MRSI differed from that obtained by single‐voxel MRS in the same brain region, possibly due to a poor line width (LW) in MRSI. The data are discussed in the light of proposed brain–body temperature gradients and the use of 1H MRSI to monitor brain temperature in pathologies, such as brain trauma. Magn Reson Med 57:59–66, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo 2D mapping of impaired murine cardiac energetics in NO‐induced heart failure
Authors: Flögel Ulrich , Jacoby Christoph , Gödecke Axel , Schrader Jürgen 
Published: November 2006

Abstract31P MRS studies in humans have shown that an impairment of cardiac energetics is characteristic of heart failure. Although numerous transgenic mouse models with a heart‐failure phenotype have been generated, current methods to analyze murine high‐energy phosphates (HEPs) in vivo are hampered by limited spatial resolution. Using acquisition‐weighted 2D 31P chemical shift imaging (CSI) at 9.4 Tesla, we were able to acquire 31P MR spectra over the entire thorax of the mouse with high spatial resolution in defined regions of the heart (the anterior, lateral, posterior, and septal walls) within a reasonable acquisition time of about 75 min. Analysis of a transgenic cardiomyopathy model (double mutant: cardiospecific inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) overexpression and lack of myoglobin (tg‐iNOS+/myo−/−) revealed that cardiac dysfunction in the mutant was associated with an impaired energy state (phosphocreatine (PCr)/adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 1.54 ± 0.18) over the entire left ventricle (LV; wild‐type (WT): PCr/ATP 2.06 ± 0.22, N = 5, P < 0.05), indicating that in the absence of efficient cytosolic NO scavenging, iNOS‐derived NO critically interferes with the respiratory chain. In vivo data were validated against 31P MR spectra of perchloric acid extracts (PCr/ATP: 1.87 ± 0.21 (WT), 1.39 ± 0.17 (tg‐iNOS+/myo−/−, N = 5, P < 0.05). Future applications will substantially benefit studies on the cause‐and‐effect relationship between cardiac energetics and function in other genetically well‐defined models of heart failure. Magn Reson Med 57:50–58, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrasonography in carpal tunnel syndrome: Comparison with electrophysiological stage and motor unit number estimate
Authors: Bayrak Ilkay Koray , Bayrak Ayse Oytun , Tilki Hacer Erdem , Nural Mehmet Selim , Sunter Tevfik 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to document the ultrasonographic measurement differences in median nerve size between patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and controls, and to correlate these findings with electrophysiological stage and motor unit number estimation (MUNE), thereby allowing us to test the validity of ultrasound as a diagnostic modality for assessing the severity of CTS. High‐resolution sonography and electrophysiological studies were performed on 41 wrists of 27 patients and compared with findings on 40 wrists of 20 healthy individuals. On ultrasonographic views, cross‐sectional area and flattening ratio in proximal, middle, and distal tunnel segments of the median nerve were measured both by calculating ellipsoid area by large and small cross‐sectional diameters and by automated ellipsoid area calculation. We compared electrophysiological stage and MUNE with proximal, middle, and distal cross‐sectional area and other ultrasonographic findings. All correlations between electrophysiological stage and cross‐sectional areas in these different segments of the median nerve were significant with both measurement methods. Negative correlations were seen between MUNE and cross‐sectional area in the proximal and middle segments, whereas no significant correlation was detected in the distal segment. Our results indicate that there are close correlations between the ultrasonographic findings and electrophysiological stage. Ultrasound also reflects the reduction in the number of axons estimated by the MUNE method. Therefore, we suggest that the ultrasonographic findings reflect the severity of disease in patients with CTS. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Impaired oxygen extraction in metabolic myopathies: Detection and quantification by near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Grassi Bruno , Marzorati Mauro , Lanfranconi Francesca , Ferri Alessandra , Longaretti Miriam , Stucchi Andrea , Vago Paola , Marconi Claudio , Morandi Lucia 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPatients with mitochondrial myopathies (MM) or myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's disease, McA) show impaired capacity for O2 extraction, low maximal aerobic power, and reduced exercise tolerance. Non‐invasive tools are needed to quantify the metabolic impairment. Six patients with MM, 6 with McA, 25 with symptoms of metabolic myopathy but negative biopsy (patient‐controls, P‐CTRL) and 20 controls (CTRL) underwent an incremental cycloergometric test. Pulmonary O2 uptake (V̇O2) and vastus lateralis oxygenation indices (by near‐infrared spectroscopy, NIRS) were determined. Concentration changes of deoxygenated hemoglobin and myoglobin (Δ[deoxy(Hb + Mb)]) were considered an index of O2 extraction. Δ[deoxy(Hb + Mb)] peak (percent limb ischemia) was lower in MM (25.3 ± 12.0%) and McA (18.7 ± 7.3) than in P‐CTRL (62.4 ± 3.9) and CTRL (71.3 ± 3.9) subjects. V̇O2 peak and Δ[deoxy(Hb + Mb)] peak were linearly related (r2 = 0.83). In these patients, NIRS is a tool to detect and quantify non‐invasively the metabolic impairment, which may be useful in the follow‐up of patients and in the assessment of therapies and interventions. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Grid computing: a STOPE view
Authors: Arafah Mohammad Amer , Al‐Harbi Hazza S. , Bakry Saad Haj 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGrid computing is emerging as the foundation upon which virtual organizations can be built. Such organizations are becoming of increasing importance for tackling various projects, both in academic and in business fields. This paper is concerned with presenting an integrated view of the grid to readers interested in understanding it, or perhaps in developing it further or making use of it in the future. The target view is based on the STOPE (strategy/technology/organization/people/environment) framework that has previously been used to integrate the issues of various information technology problems over its well‐defined domains. For strategy, the view considers the reasons associated with the need for the grid, including grid services and grid benefits. For technology, the technical components of the grid and their functions are taken into account. For organization, the organizations concerned with the development, technology production, service provisioning and use of the grid are considered. For people, those associated with the grid in the related organizations are taken into account. For the environment, rules, practices and support associated with the grid are discussed. Finally, the paper emphasizes questions that need to be answered in order to contribute to the future development of the grid. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flatfoot: the palaeopathological diagnosis
Authors: Darton Y. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBipedal human motion is related to the original shape of the foot. Distortion and degenerative changes may be caused by failure in the complex chain of movements. There are few references to valgus flatfoot in either the palaeopathological or medical literature. The study of three French medieval series (Macon, Larina and Cutry) in the osteological collections of the CEPAM (UMR 6130 – CNRS/UNSA) at Valbonne (France) enabled us to define several significant osseous signs which provide evidence of abnormal biomechanical constraints following structural change in the foot. The consequences of the change of axis of the talar pulley, abnormal osseous contacts, and evolutionary modifications noticed in some synostoses of the tarsus, are particularly useful for study. Analysis of the location of arthritic change in the joint may produce an additional coherent argument to the diagnosis. The recognition of flatfootedness in an archaeological context provides a marker of health and of distress, which is all the more interesting since bones required for this diagnosis are often present and relatively well preserved in the excavations of burials. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disentangling the racial test score gap: Probing the evidence in a large urban school district
Authors: Stiefel Leanna , Schwartz Amy Ellen , Gould Ellen Ingrid 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe examine the size and distribution of the gap in test scores across races within New York City public schools and the factors that explain these gaps. While gaps are partially explained by differences in student characteristics, such as poverty, differences in schools attended are also important. At the same time, substantial within‐school gaps remain and are only partly explained by differences in academic preparation across students from different race groups. Controlling for differences in classrooms attended explains little of the remaining gap, suggesting little role for within‐school inequities in resources. There is some evidence that school characteristics matter. Race gaps are negatively correlated with school size—implying small schools may be helpful. In addition, the trade‐off between the size and experience of the teaching staff in urban schools may carry unintended consequences for within‐school race gaps. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Decentralized governance and environmental change: Local institutional moderation of deforestation in Bolivia
Authors: Andersson Krister , Gibson Clark C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDozens of countries have decentralized at least part of their natural resource policies over the last two decades. Despite the length of time that these policy experiments have been in force, there is little agreement about their effectiveness. We argue that part of this ambivalence stems from three limitations of extant studies, suggesting that future studies of decentralized natural resource governance should consider a combination of 1) variation in the local institutional context, 2) the fit between the reform and other public policies, and 3) more adequate outcome measures for decentralized resource governance. After developing such an approach, we posit that varying forest conditions depend on the moderating effects that local institutions have on the socioeconomic and biophysical drivers of environmental change. Analyzing data from interviews and remotely sensed images from 30 municipalities in the Bolivian lowlands, we find that the local institutional performance affects unauthorized deforestation directly and indirectly, but detect no effects on either permitted or total deforestation. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Increasing the transparency of stated choice studies for policy analysis: Designing experiments to produce raw response graphs
Authors: Sur Dipika , Cook Joseph , Chatterjee Susmita , Deen Jacqueline , Whittington Dale 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe believe a lack of transparency undermines both the credibility of, and interest in, stated choice studies among policy makers. Unlike articles reporting the results of contingent valuation studies, papers in the stated choice literature rarely present simple tabulations of raw response data (that is, a table or graph showing the percentage of respondents agreeing to purchase a good or service, or vote for a proposed management plan as a function of price). We describe an approach for adding “policy” tasks to a standard orthogonal‐in‐attribute‐levels research design that allows the researcher to plot raw responses as a function of changes in only one characteristic of the offered good or service. We demonstrate this approach using data from a stated choice study of private demand for cholera and typhoid vaccines in Kolkata, India, carried out in the summer of 2004. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Holzer, Harry J., and Neumark, David (2006). Affirmative action: What do we know? The Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 26(2), 463‐490.
Authors: Holzer Harry J. , Neumark David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe original article to which this Erratum refers was published in the Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 25(2), 463–490.
Proton conducting membranes based on sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/TiO2nanocomposites for a direct methanol fuel cell
Authors: Kalappa Prashantha , Lee Joong‐Hee 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper presents an evaluation of the effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) with a sulfonation degree of 57%. A series of inorganic/organic hybrid membranes was prepared with a systematic variation of titanium dioxide nanoparticle content. Their water uptake, methanol permeability and proton conductivity as a function of temperature were investigated. The results obtained show that the inorganic oxide network decreases the proton conductivity and water swelling. It is also found that increasing the inorganic oxide content leads to a decrease of methanol permeability. In terms of morphology, the membranes are homogeneous and exhibit good adhesion between inorganic domains and the polymer matrix. The proton conductivity and fuel cell performances of the nanocomposite membranes showed very good prospective in direct methanol fuel cell usages. The properties of the composite membranes are compared with those of standard Nafion membranes. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Surface modification of montmorillonite and application to the preparation of polybutadiene/montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Qian Xinhua , Liao Mingyi , Zhang Weiqing 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHydrophobic organic montmorillonite (OMMT) which exists as stable dispersions in cyclohexane has been prepared by the combined modification of quaternary ammonium salts and coupling agents, and polybutadiene (PB)/OMMT nanocomposites (NCs) were successfully synthesized by in situ living anionic polymerization. The results showed that the interlayer spacing of OMMT increased dramatically on increasing the length of the long alkyl chain of C12, C16, C18 and C22 in n‐alkyltrimethylammonium ions and the number of long alkyl chains of 1C16, 2C16 and 3C16 in hexadecylmethylammonium ions. The interlayer spacings reached 4.9 and 5.07 nm, respectively, when C22 and 3C16 were used. The dispersion of MMT intercalated by quaternary ammonium salts was improved significantly after surface modification by different coupling agents, and the OMMTs could be disperses stably in cyclohexane for at least 72 h. In addition, the coupling agents did not change the inherent intercalation structure of OMMT. The results from a kinetic study and 1H NMR analysis indicated that the incorporation of OMMT had little influence on the living polymerization and PB microstructure (proportions of 1,2‐ and 1,4‐units) when the OMMT content was below 3 wt%. However, the OMMT modified by different coupling agents had some influence on the molecular weight distribution. The results from transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction revealed that exfoliated structures of clay were obtained for all NCs. Furthermore, the results of differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis indicated that Tg and Tdc of NCs were increased compared to those of PB. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry