bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ENDOCRINE STUDIES IN MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE
Authors: SAVAGE M. O. , CHAUSSAIN J. L. , EVAIN D. , ROGER M. , CANLORBE P. , JOB J. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe clinical and endocrine features of fifty cases of male pseudohermaphroditism and XY karyotype aged from 6 months to 20 years have been studied. Thirty‐two subjects were pre‐pubertal and eighteen, of whom ten developed gynaecomastia, were pubertal. A definite aetiology was established in 12%. 4% had deficient testosterone biosynthesis and 8% mixed gonadal dysgenesis. In the remaining 88% an aetiology of androgen unresponsiveness at the target areas is suggested. Hormonal investigations in these subjects showed that before puberty basal plasma testosterone and oestradiol were slightly but significantly elevated, whereas testosterone response to stimulation with human chorionic gonadotrophin was significantly diminished. In the pubertal subjects basal plasma testosterone, oestradiol, serum binding capacity of testosterone‐oestradiol binding globulin and basal plasma LH were significantly elevated. These hormonal features in pubertal or post‐pubertal male pseudo‐hermaphrodites appear to be characteristic of androgen unresponsiveness. The presence in addition of elevated basal plasma testosterone and oestradiol in the pre‐pubertal subjects suggest that some of these findings may be present from early childhood.
PLASMA STEROID AND GONADOTROPHIN PROFILES IN OVULATORY BUT INFERTILE WOMEN
Authors: LENTON ELIZABETH A. , ADAMS MALCOLM , COOKE IAN D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA group of twelve patients with a history of infertility lasting at least 2 years despite evidence of regular ovulatory cycles, were selected from an Infertility Clinic after thorough investigation had revealed no other obvious cause for their infertility. Daily plasma gonadotrophin and steroid concentrations were measured in twenty cycles from these women and the results compared with the hormonal profiles obtained from a group of eleven control ‘normal’ women. No significant differences were found in the concentrations of LH, FSH or oestradiol although plasma progesterone concentrations were significantly lower in the infertile women, particularly during the first half of the luteal phase. In the absence of any other demonstrable defect, it was assumed that the decreased progesterone secretion was directly or indirectly implicated in the pathogenesis of their infertility, and a number of therapeutic regimes (progesterone supplementation of the luteal phase or additional stimulation by either anti‐oestrogens or exogenous gonadotrophins) were assessed for their efficacy in correcting this defect. Although plasma progesterone concentrations after most of these regimes were significantly increased, none of the patients in this series conceived.
EVIDENCE FOR THYROIDAL SECRETION OF 3,3′,5′‐TRIIODOTHYRONINE IN MAN AND ITS CONTROL BY TSH
Authors: HOOPER M. J. , RATCLIFFE J. G. , RATCLIFFE W. A. , MARSHALL J. , YOUNG R. E. , NGAEI G. , CLARK D. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThyroidal secretion of 3,3′,5′‐triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) and its control by TSH was assessed by measuring (1) arterio‐venous hormone gradients in patients undergoing surgery, (2) changes of hormone concentrations after induction of anaesthesia, and (3) changes induced by TRH administration. In ten patients in whom thyroid activity was under TSH control (parathyroidectomy and non‐toxic goitre) increased thyroid vein/carotid artery ratios (TV/CA) for rT3 (mean TV/CA ratio 2.53) were found when compared to six patients with non‐toxic goitre on suppressive doses of T4 (mean TV/CA ratio, 1.27) (P > 0.05). The mean calculated operative secretion rate of rT3 was 12.5 μg/day but only 2.4 μg/day in patients receiving T4. In thirteen patients undergoing elective surgery induction of anaesthesia significantly increased rT3 levels. In nine euthyroid adults intravenous TRH (200 μg) increased peripheral venous rT3 levels between 3 h (P > 0.005) and 8 h (P > 0.05) after the injection. It is concluded that significant amounts of rT3 are secreted by the thyroid gland at operation and this is, in part, under TSH control.
TESTICULAR FUNCTION FOLLOWING IRRADIATION OF THE HUMAN PREPUBERTAL TESTIS
Authors: SHALET S. M. , BEARDWELL C. G. , JACOBS H. S. , PEARSON D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTesticular function was studied in ten men, aged between 17 and 36 years, who had received irradiation for a nephroblastoma during childhood. The dose of scattered irradiation to the testes ranged from 268 to 983 rad. Eight subjects had either oligo‐ or azoospermia (0 to 5.6 million/ml), seven of whom had an elevated serum follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) level. One subject showed evidence of Leydig cell dysfunction with a raised serum luteinizing hormone level (LH) and a low plasma testosterone concentration.A second group of eight prepubertal males, aged between 8 and 14 years, were studied. These had also been irradiated for abdominal malignancies during childhood and received a similar dose of irradiation to the testis as the first group studied. The plasma testosterone levels were within the normal range for prepubertal boys in all eight. The mean gonadotrophin levels were not significantly different from the mean levels of normal prepubertal males. Thus irradiation‐induced damage to the germinal epithelium in prepubertal boys produces raised FSH levels after puberty but not before it.We conclude, therefore, that inhibin has a minor role in the control of the prepubertal hypothalamic‐pituitary testicular axis and its contribution to gonadal control of gonadotrophin secretion changes with sexual maturation.
CHANGES IN PITUITARY GONADOTROPINS DURING THE AMENORRHOEA‐GALACTORRHOEA SYNDROME DUE TO SULPIRIDE
Authors: BUVAT J. , THOMAS K. , RACADOT A. , BLACKER C. , BUVAT‐HERBAUT M. , FERIN F. , LINQUETTE M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSulpiride, a dopamine receptor blocker which raises prolactin, was given to six women with idiopathic amenorrhoea for 10 days and to eleven women with regular cycles for 3 to 6 months. The latter group developed galactorrhoea and amenorrhoea during treatment. Basal LH and FSH concentrations showed no significant changes. At 3 months but not at 10 days (amenorrhoea group) or 6 months (regular menses group) the area‐under‐the‐curve of LH response to LHRH was increased. FSH responses to LHRH was not altered. The significance of these results to the hyper‐prolactinaemia‐amenorrhoea syndromes are discussed.
NON‐TOXIC GOITRE: DIAGNOSTIC ROLE OF ASPIRATION CYTOLOGY, ANTIBODIES AND SERUM THYROTROPHIN
Authors: GUTTERIDGE D. H. , ORELL S. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFifty cases of bilateral non‐toxic goitre, largely unselected, have been studied using fine needle aspiration cytology (without local anaesthesia); four techniques of thyroid antibody tests; serum thyroid biochemistry (including radioimmunoassay of TSH) and clinical evaluation. Autoimmune thyroiditis was found cytologically in 64%; simple colloid goitre in 24%; subacute thyroiditis of de Quervain in 10%. Aspiration cytology was the most sensitive means of detecting autoimmune thyroiditis and subacute thyroiditis. Two antibodies directed against the intra‐cellular cyto‐plasmic antigen‐the complement fixation test and an immunofluorescent antibody were of lesser value in detecting autoimmune thyroiditis (80% positivity) though equal to each other. Serum TSH was of some value‐being elevated in 63% of cases of autoimmune thyroiditis and in no cases of simple colloid goitre. Two major cytological subtypes of autoimmune thyroiditis have been described‐with significant differences in duration of goitre, mode of presentation, frequency of hypo‐thyroidism, and response to thyroxine therapy. The high frequency of autoimmune thyroiditis in this series suggests that endemic goitre is unlikely in Western Australia.
THE EFFECT OF SERUM IONIZED CALCIUM ELEVATION ON SOMATOSTATIN INHIBITION OF GLUCOSE‐INDUCED INSULIN RELEASE IN HUMANS
Authors: WAJCHENBERG B. L. , CESAR F. P. , LEME C. E. , SILVA H. B. , LERARIO A. C. , COY D. H. , SCHALLY A. V. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of somatostatin on the insulin response to an acute intravenous glucose load was studied in five normal subjects before and after induction of hypercalcaemia. In the normocalcaemic state, the insulin response to glucose was depressed by somatostatin. In the hypercalcaemic state, insulin responses to glucose in the presence of somatostatin, were partially restored and appeared to be related to the level of increment of serum ionized calcium. It is concluded that, in the human being, hypercalcaemia and somatostatin have opposite actions on glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion.
INCREASED SERUM OESTRONE AND OESTRADIOL FOLLOWING SPIRONOLACTONE ADMINISTRATION IN HYPERTENSIVE MEN
Authors: MIYATAKE AKIHIKO , NOMA KEIZO , NAKAO KIYOHIDE , MORIMOTO YASUHIKO , YAMAMURA YUICHI 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe present study was undertaken to evaluate long‐term effects of spironolactone on basal serum oestrone, oestradiol, testosterone, LH and prolactin concentrations in hypertensive male patients. Serum prolactin response to TRH was also evaluated. Patients were divided into two groups: a conventional‐dosage group, consisting of six males with essential hypertension who took 75 to 150 mg of spironolactone daily for 12 weeks, and a high‐dosage group, consisting of two males with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism who took 300 mg of spironolactone daily for more than 40 weeks.In the conventional‐dosage group, serum oestrone concentrations significantly increased (P > 0.01) at 12 weeks, serum oestradiol concentrations gradually increased throughout the study period, however, the increments were not statistically significant (P > 0.2). Basal serum testosterone, LH and prolactin concentrations were not significantly changed throughout the study period. Enhancement of serum prolactin response to TRH was not found in any of the patients in the conventional‐dosage group.In the high‐dosage group, serum oestrone maintained high levels from the beginning of this study, and serum oestradiol concentrations increased with the development of gynaecomastia. Serum testosterone, LH and prolactin concentrations did not show any definite change throughout the study period.Thus, long‐term spironolactone treatment increased the serum levels of oestrone and oestradiol in hypertensive men followed by the development of gynaecomastia. The elevations in circulating oestrogens could well explain the oestrogenic side‐effects of spironolactone treatment.
PROLACTIN AND LUTEAL INSUFFICIENCY
Authors: SARRIS S. , SWYER G. I. M. , MCGARRIGLE H. H. G. , LAWRENCE D. M. , LITTLE V. , LACHELIN G. C. L. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe relationship between mid‐luteal plasma levels of progesterone and prolactin was studied in 75 women with regular menstrual cycles. Eighteen women had normal prolactin (mean 260 ± 51.7 mU/l) and normal progesterone levels (mean 67 ± 21.3 nmol/l). Thirty‐nine women had elevated prolactin levels (mean 850 ± 503 mU/l); progesterone levels were normal in all cases (mean 61 ± 22.3nmol/l). Eighteen women had evidence of luteal deficiency (mean progesterone 15.3 ± 7.7 nmol/l); prolactin levels were normal in all cases (mean 243 106 mU/l). There was no correlation between plasma prolactin and progesterone levels.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE ON GONADOTROPHIN RELEASE INDUCED BY LH‐RH IN MEN
Authors: ANDÒ S. , POLOSA P. , D'AGATA R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn order to determine the effect of dihydrotestosterone on the feed‐back mechanism of the hypothalamo‐pituitary testis axis, seven men were subjected to LH‐RH tests before and after treatment with dihydrotestosterone.Our results clearly show that DHT at least in pharmacological doses, inhibits directly basal LH‐RH and gonadotrophin secretion, without affecting the pulsatile gonadotrophin release or impairing the pituitary response to LH‐RH. The physiological significance of these observations remains however to be proven.
ACROMEGALY: INSENSITIVITY OF THE PANCREATIC ALPHA CELL TO HYPERGLYCAEMIA*
Authors: SEINO YUTAKA , TAMINATO TOMOHIKO , GOTO YASUO , INOUE YOSHIMICHI , KADOWAKI SEIZO , MORI KOZABURO , IMURA HIROO 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlasma glucagon levels were determined after 50 g of oral glucose loading in eleven acromegalics and fourteen normal subjects. Basal plasma glucagon levels were significantly elevated in patients with acromegaly, as compared with those in normal subjects. Oral glucose loading caused a decrease in plasma glucagon in normal subjects but not in acromegalics. Since this non‐suppressibility of plasma glucagon by orally administered glucose was observed even in acromegalics without diabetes, it is concluded that insensitivity of the pancreatic alpha cell to hyper‐glycaemia exists in patients with acromegaly as well as in diabetics.
INAPPROPRIATE TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3) AND THYROXINE (T4) RADIOIMMUNOASSAY LEVELS SECONDARY TO CIRCULATING THYROID HORMONE AUTOANTIBODIES
Authors: GINSBERG JODY , SEGAL D. , EHRLICH R. M. , WALFISH P. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA 16‐year‐old boy with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis was noted to have a low free thyroxine (T4) level, low triiodothyronine resin uptake (T3U), and high serum thyrotropin (TSH) values. Unexpectedly, markedly elevated T3 radioimmunoassay (RIA) and T4 (RIA) values, using a double antibody technique were obtained when performed directly on unextracted serum samples. Extremely low T4 (RIA) values were noted when polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used to separate bound from free hormone. The presence of circulating T3‐ and T4‐binding immunoglobulins was suspected and confirmed with the following special studies. With undiluted serum in a T3 (RIA) system, using dextran‐coated charcoal separation, 82% binding of 125I‐labelled T3 occurred in the absence of specific first antibody, with 55% binding retained at 1: 7 dilution with T3‐free serum. Comparable results were obtained in the T4 (RIA) system using polyethylene glycol separation. Following ethanol extraction, low T4 (RIA) and low normal T3 (RIA) values were obtained, using a double antibody technique. There was ten‐fold greater binding by the patient's serum to rabbit anti‐human IgG in both the T3 and T4 radioassay systems as compared to controls. No preferential binding to rabbit anti‐human IgM was noted. Scatchard plot analyses for the antibodies against T3 and T4 showed high affinity constants for these hormones. With adequate l‐thyroxine therapy, an appropriate decline in serum TSH to normal was achieved. It is concluded that where RIA determinations of T3 and T4 are inconsistent with other laboratory and clinical indices, the presence of autoantibodies to thyroid hormones should be suspected and appropriate tests undertaken.
24 HOUR PROFILE OF 18‐HYDROXY‐11‐DEOXYCORTICOSTERONE IN NORMAL SUPINE MAN: RELATIONSHIP WITH CORTISOL AND ALDOSTERONE
Authors: SULON J. , SPARANO F. , SCIARRA F. , GIAQUINTO G. , GENARD P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYDaily profiles of plasma 18‐hydroxy‐11‐deoxycorticosterone (18‐OH‐DOC) were studied in four normal supine men on a normal sodium intake. Blood was taken every hour from 01.00 to 24.00 hours. Plasma cortisol (F) and aldosterone (A) were determined hourly for comparative studies. 18‐OH‐DOC fluctuated considerably during the 24 h period of investigation, the highest values being found during the early morning hours in synchrony with F. The episodic secretions of 18‐OH‐DOC were also significantly correlated with those of A, which in turn paralleled those of F. We conclude that ACTH, plays a definite role in the regulation of 18‐OH‐DOC in normal supine men on a normal sodium diet.
EVALUATION OF THE RESULTS OF TRANS‐SPHENOIDAL SURGERY IN ACROMEGALY BY ASSESSMENT OF THE GROWTH HORMONE RESPONSE TO THYROTROPHIN‐RELEASING HORMONE
Authors: FAGLIA G. , PARACCHI A. , FERRARI C. , BECK‐PECCOZ P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYEighteen acromegalic patients GH‐responsive to TRH were reinvestigated following trans‐sphenoidal surgery and radiotherapy. Basal serum GH decreased below 10 μg/l in thirteen cases; nine of them became GH‐unresponsive to TRH 1 month after operation, and another one following conventional pituitary irradiation. Four of these ten patients also showed a normal GH response to l‐Dopa after treatment, and five responded normally to insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia; two patients had a normal GH secretory pattern after both these stimuli.No recurrences were observed over a follow‐up period of 15–80 months among the ten patients who became GH‐unresponsive to TRH following operation, while one of the three subjects still responsive to TRH in spite of normalized basal serum GH concentration relapsed 10 months after surgery. Three patients with normalized TRH test following operation were repeatedly reinvestigated over a 3–6 years period and always found unresponsive.The present study shows that the ‘paradoxical’ GH responses to TRH and l‐Dopa frequently disappear after surgery, that complete normalization of GH secretory pattern may rarely be attained, and that the disappearance of GH response to TRH probably indicates satisfactory treatment of acromegaly. These data suggest that the ‘paradoxical’ GH responses frequently found in acromegaly are dependent on the adenoma per se and not on hypothalamic dysfunction.
HYPERTHYROIDISM INDUCED BY SECONDARY CARCINOMA IN THE THYROID
Authors: EDMONDS C. J. , THOMPSON B. D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA young women presenting with hyperthyroidism proved to have diffuse infiltration of the thyroid with carcinoma probably from a primary breast adenocarcinoma. The gland was diffusely infiltrated with tumour although the thyroid follicles were intact. Blood thyroid hormone levels were raised but thyroid uptake of iodine was undetectable. It is suggested that the tumour released a locally active agent which stimulated hormone release but not iodine uptake, the latter being very low due to suppression of TSH.
GLUCAGON RESPONSE TO ARGININE IN GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENT CHILDREN BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT WITH GROWTH HORMONE AND IN CHILDREN WITH NON‐ENDOCRINE SHORT STATURE
Authors: LEVITSKY LYNNE L. , UEHARA JANE A. , MARCHICHOW JO ANN , DUMBOVIC NIVES 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYIn order to assess the role of growth hormone in the modulation of alpha cell function, the plasma pancreatic glucagon response to intravenous arginine (0.5 g/kg) was determined in thirty‐two children with non‐endocrine short stature and in eighteen growth hormone deficient children. 60 min after arginine infusion, the growth hormone deficient children had significantly higher (P<0.05) plasma glucagon values than the children with non‐endocrine short stature. Following short‐term growth hormone therapy (2 iu qd or bid for 5 days) in eleven of these growth hormone deficient children, plasma pancreatic glucagon response to arginine was diminished, and there was a significantly (P<0.02) more rapid return to basal values than in the untreated group. The same trends persisted after long‐term growth hormone therapy (2 iu three times per week for 12–30 months) in ten children but were not statistically significant.We conclude that growth hormone may play a role in modulating plasma pancreatic glucagon response. The persistent glucagon response to arginine noted in growth hormone deficient children might reflect a greater gluconeogenic stress imposed upon these children during fasting or decreased catabolism of glucagon in the growth hormone deficient state.
BROMOCRIPTINE: LACK OF EFFECT ON THE ANGIOTENSIN II AND ALDOSTERONE RESPONSES TO SODIUM DEPRIVATION
Authors: SEMPLE PETER F. , MASON PETER A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYFive normal subjects took a low sodium diet for four days on two occasions, one with and one without added bromocriptine 2.5 mg three times a day by mouth. Daily measurements of urinary electrolytes and the concentrations of plasma renin (PRC), angiotensin II (AII), aldosterone, 18‐hydroxycorticosterone, cortisol, electrolytes and prolactin were made in both phases of the study. Deprivation of sodium without bromocriptine resulted in progressive and highly significant increases in the plasma concentration of aldosterone from 230 ± 50 to 418 ± 44 (SEM) pmol/l, 18‐hydroxycorticosterone from 627 ± 138 to 1420 ± 478 pmol/l, PRC from 108 ± 38 to 166 ± 14 μU/ml and AII from 16 ± 3 to 29 ± 4 pmol/l. Similar changes were found during bromocriptine administration despite suppression of prolactin secretion. Sodium deprivation together with bromocriptine resulted in increases in the plasma concentrations of aldosterone from 230 ± 47 to 416 ± 72 pmol/l, 18‐hydroxycorticosterone from 630 ± 99 to 1629 ± 552 pmol/l, PRC from 105 ± 12 μU/ml and AII from 14 ± 3 to 26 ± 5 pmol/l. Plasma cortisol did not change either in response to sodium deprivation or bromocriptine. Mean cumulative negative sodium balance was 101 ± 14 mmol on bromocriptine and 118 ± 14 mmol in the control period. We conclude that prolactin is not necessary for the steroidogenic response to sodium deprivation in man.
THYROID FUNCTION IN EARLY SUB‐ACUTE THYROIDITIS
Authors: GÓROWSKI TADEUSZ , KANIEWSKI MAREK , GABRYELEWICZ MARIA 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA 53‐year‐old woman with an early form of de Quervain's disease involving both thyroid lobes was found to have her thyroid uptake of iodine suppressed, although the serum thyroid hormone concentrations were normal while the administration of TRH resulted in significant increase in the serum TSH concentrations. After administration of TSH the thyroid reserve was found to below. The diagnosis of sub‐acute thyroiditis was confirmed on biopsy. The above data seem to indicate that the suppression of the thyroid uptake in the early stage of de Quervain's disease may be directly caused by the inflammatory condition of the gland, rather than, as is usually the case, by the excess of thyroid hormones and, consequently, by the suppression of pituitary TSH secretion.
THYROIDAL HORMONE METABOLISM IN OBESITY DURING SEMI‐STARVATION
Authors: GRANT A. M. , EDWARDS O. M. , HOWARD A. N. , CHALLAND G. S. , WRAIGHT E. P. , MILLS I. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSix obese subjects were studied over a period of 12 weeks whilst on a 1260 kJ (300 kcal) formula diet. Weight loss was initially rapid, but later slowed markedly despite good patient compliance. The basal metabolic rate (BMR) fell in all patients during the study. Plasma triiodothyronine fell in all patients, whilst the plasma half‐life of thyroxine increased. Plasma thyroxine, reverse triiodothyronine (reverse T3) and the serum prolactin and thyrotropin response to thyroliberin all showed no significant change.
HYPERPROLACTINAEMIA IN RENAL DISEASE
Authors: COWDEN E. A. , RATCLIFFE W. A. , RATCLIFFE J. G. , DOBBIE J. W. , KENNEDY A. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYBasal prolactin concentrations in 357 patients with renal disease of defined pathology have been compared with those in 210 control subjects. Elevated prolactin concentrations were found in 113 renal patients (32%) including 53 patients in whom elevated concentrations were possibly attributable to drug therapy. In the remaining 60 patients who had hyperprolactinaemia not attributable to drugs, elevated concentrations (P < 0.005) were found exclusively in patients with impaired renal function. A significant correlation was observed between prolactin and creatinine concentrations in these patients (r= 0.45 P < 0.005) and prolactin reverted towards normal after successful renal transplantation. A significant arteriovenous prolactin concentration difference across the kidney (mean 16% range 8–29%P < 0.02) was found in seven patients with non‐renal non‐endocrine disease.It is concluded that the hyperprolactinaemia found commonly in patients with impaired renal function is only partly attributable to drug therapy. The positive correlation between prolactin and creatinine reversion of prolactin towards normal after successful transplantation and arteriovenous hormone concentration differences across the normal kidney suggests that the kidney has a important role in prolactin metabolism. Abnormal regulation of prolactin secretion in renal failure may also be involved.