bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Instrumental analytical methods for edible oil processing: Present and future
Authors: Sleeter R. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCurrent trends in analytical techniques for edible oil processing are reviewed. Major emphasis is placed on advances in instrumental and automated analyses. Future goals and priorities are also discussed. Some of the major analytical topics covered are: pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance, automated solid fat index, atomic absorption, automated active oxygen method, color, hydrogenation control, and gas liquid chromatography.
Miscellaneous exotic oils
Authors: Fedeli E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe main problems relating to olive production are described considering varieties, climatic influences and attacks by pests. Analytical data are presented on composition of fruit, oil and waste materials. A similar description is provided for rice bran, safflower, grapeseed and the oils derived from them. Olive oil quality is complicated in that three types of oil are produced: virgin olive oil, refined olive oil, and residue refined olive oil. The first is used mainly as a salad oil, the second for cooking and as a salad oil, and the third for cooking. The latter two oils also are used in preparation of canned foods (e.g., tuna, mackeral, sardine). Advantages in the use of olive oil come mainly from its composition that is very stable to autoxidation. The presence of a complex antioxidant mixture preserves the oil during storage. Problems in the prduction of olive oil arise from the rapid spoilage of the fruit due to its enzymatic content.
Changes in commercial fat and oil products by the year 2000
Authors: Wiedermann L. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe best way to look at the year 2000 and beyond is to comprehend our historical developments and current practices. For food, the world depends on comparatively few fat and oil sources and that, basically, is not likely to change. We can, however, expect to see significant shifts within these sources as the world strives to meet its basic dietary needs. Pritein demands, for both direct and indirect consumption, will continue as the most immediate controlling factor. This is impacted by political and socioeconomic influences, and changes in eating habits where functional performance requirements are superimposed on basic caloric needs. Technological advances, both via conventional and genetic engineering, will be significant in tailoring these traditional oil sources. Biotechnology can change compositions and even traditional growing latitudes. What we will have from these new technologies in the more distant future will still depend on what we want and what we will allow to happen. Food fat systems for this futuristic period as defined by functional characteristics will be recognizably unchanged, being reasonably adaptable to any changes in fat and oil sources or their compositions.
Antioxidant activity of oxidation products of α‐tocopherol and of its model compound 2,2,5,7,8‐pentamethyl‐6‐chromanol
Authors: Suarna Cacang , Southwell‐Keely Peter T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA variety of oxidation products (4–29) of α‐tocopherol, 1 and of its model compound, 2,2,5,7,8‐pentamethyl‐6‐chromanol (2) has been tested for antioxidant activity against autoxidizing safflower oil (ASO) and autoxidizing methyl linoleate (AML). The following compounds showed good antioxidant activity against both substrates: 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (4), 5‐(2,2,5,7,8‐pentamethyl‐6‐chromanoxy)methyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (15), 1,2‐bis(2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol‐5‐)ethane (16), 5‐ethoxymethyl‐7,8‐dimethyltocol (19), 5‐mthoxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (21), 5‐ethoxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (20), 5‐propoxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (22), 5‐butoxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (23), 5‐(2‐methyl‐1‐propoxy)methyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (24), 5‐(2‐methyl‐2‐propoxy)methyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (25), 5‐heptoxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (26), 5‐undecoxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (27), 5‐phytoxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (28) and 5‐cholesteroxymethyl‐2,2,7,8‐tetramethyl‐6‐chromanol (29). 2,2,7,8‐Tetramethylchroman‐5,6‐dione (17) and 1,2‐bis(2,2,7‐trimethylchroman‐5,6‐dione‐8‐)ethane (18) showed significant antioxidant activity against ASO but not against AML. If the corresponding oxidation products of 1 are formedin vivo it means that the antioxidant activity of 1 is not lost on oxidation. This may help to explain the outstanding capacity of 1 to protect cell membranes.
Implication of steroid saponins and sapogenins in the hypocholesterolemic effect of fenugreek
Authors: Sauvaire Yves , Ribes Gérard , Baccou Jean‐Claude , Loubatieres‐Mariani Marie‐Madeleine 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe transformation of fenugreek subfractions, rich in steroid saponins, was studied upon their passage through the digestive tract to determine the contribution of saponins and/or diosgenin and other steroid sapogenins to the hypocholesterolemic effect of fenugreek seeds. Feces of alloxan diabetic dogs fed fenugreek subfractions were analyzed, and diosgenin, smilagenin and gitogenin were identified and measured using capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Our results show that saponins are, in part (about 57%), hydrolyzed into sapogenins in the digestive tract. It appears that saponins may be implicated, alone or together with diosgenin, in the observed hypocholesterolemic effect of fenugreek seeds in diabetic dogs.
Analysis of polymers from autoxidized marine oils by gel permeation HPLC using a light‐scattering detector
Authors: Burkow Ivan C. , Henderson R. James 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA high‐performance gel‐permeation chromatographic method was developed for the isolation and quantification of polymers from autoxidized fish oils. The chromatographic system consists of a single pump, a 500 Å styrene/divinylbenzene column, and a light‐scattering “mass” detector. Dichloromethane was used as the mobile phase, and quantifications were carried out using glycerol as internal standard. The polymer content of commercially available fish oils was found to be around 2%, but the value increased rapidly during oxidation at 35°C in air under light. The oxidized oils were also characterized by peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid value, ultraviolet (UV) measurements, thin‐layer chromatography (TLC)/densitometry, and capillary gas chromatography. No correlation between polymer content and standard oxidation assessment parameters for the fish oils analyzed was found. However, a relationship between the polymer increase and the decrease of total fatty acids was observed, indicating that the polymers may be the main oxidation product in autoxidized marine oils.
Unusual product ratios resulting from the gamma‐irradiation of cholesterol in liposomes
Authors: Maerker G. , Jones K. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCholesterol in aqueous suspensions of multilamellar vesicles (MLV) was exposed to gamma‐irradiation (0.5–10 kGy) at 0–4°C. Cholesterol oxidation products resulting from the irradiation were isolated by dry column extraction followed by preparative thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) and were quantitated by on‐column gas chromatography (GC). The ratio of 7‐ketocholesterol/cholesterol 5,6‐epoxides generated by irradiation was less than one, much lower than the ratio of ten commonly produced by autoxidation. Irradiation also produced relatively higher amounts of 7‐hydroxycholesterol than did autoxidation. These unique product ratios may be suitable indicators of past exposure to irradiation.
Gas chromatographic analysis of malonaldehyde and 4‐hydroxy‐2‐(E)‐nonenal produced from arachidonic acid and linoleic acid in a lipid peroxidation model system
Authors: Tamura H. , Shibamoto T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMalonaldehyde (MA) and 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HN) formed upon oxidation with Fe2+/H2O2 from arachidonic acid and linoleic acid, and their ethyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The MA and 4‐HN produced were reacted withN‐methylhydrazine (NMH) to give 1‐methylpyrazole and 5(1′‐hydroxyhexyl)‐1‐methyl‐2‐pyrazoline, respectively. The derivatives were analyzed by GC on a fused silica capillary column using a nitrogen‐phosphorus detector. With arachidonic acid, more MA and 4‐HN were formed from the ester (88 nmol/mg and 23 nmol/mg, respectively) than from the free acid (25 nmol/mg and 9 nmol/mg, respectively). In contrast, with linoleic acid, more MA and 4‐HN were produced from the free acid (53 nmol/mg and 13 nmol/mg, respectively) than from the ester (39 nm/mg and 8 nmol/mg, respectively).
Separation and quantitation of phospholipids in animal tissues by latroscan TLC/FID
Authors: De Schrijver Remi , Vermeulen Daniel 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA procedure has been developed to separate and quantitate phospholipids, including phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine, from animal tissues by means of the Iatroscan TLC/FID technique. The method is based on the use of 0.01 M oxalic acid impregnated Chromarods‐SII and stepwise resolution of the phospholipids in the presence of 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phospho (N,N‐dimethylethanolamine) as internal standard. To remove the neutral lipids, the rods are initially developed in a nonpolar solvent mixture followed by partial scanning. Next, the rods are impregnated with oxalic acid, developed twice in CHCl3/CH3OH/CH3COOH/HCOOH/H2O (80∶35∶2∶1∶3, v/v/v/v/v) and partially scanned for measuring lysophosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and phosphatidylcholine. The subsequent step involves double development in CHCl3/CH3OH/30% NH4OH (60∶35∶0.9, v/v/v) to resolve cardiolipin, internal standard, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid. For each phospholipid a linear calibration curve with a highly significant correlation coefficient was obtained. However, the calibration lines extrapolated to negative intercepts on the ordinate, indicating declining sensitivity at low phospholipid loads.
Effects of bile acid feeding on hepatic deoxycholate 7α‐hydroxylase activity in the hamster
Authors: Oda Hitoshi , Kuroki Syoji , Yamashita Hiroyuki , Nakayama Fumio 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn order to investigate the effects of bile acid feeding on hepatic microsomal deoxycholate 7α‐hydroxylase activity, three different bile acids were administered (0.2% w/w in chow) to hamsters for two weeks. Deoxycholate 7α‐hydroxylase activity was increased markedly by feeding of cholic acid (CA) and slightly by deoxycholic acid (DCA) Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) had little effect on the enzyme activity. Feeding each of the bile acids significantly inhibited the activity of cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase in the order CDCA≥ DCA>CA. There was no correlation between deoxycholate 7α‐hydroxylase activity and cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase activity. It is concluded that the activity of deoxycholate 7α‐hydroxylase is up‐regulated by feeding DCA and CA and that the mechanism seems to be different from that of cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase. The increased activity of hepatic deoxycholate 7α‐hydroxylase by CA and DCA should be beneficial in minimizing the toxic effects of DCA in the hamster.
Rapid analysis of fatty acids in plasma lipids
Authors: Ohta Akira , Mayo Michael C. , Kramer Nancy , Lands William E. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA rapid and convenient procedure for the quantitative determination of the fatty acid composition of plasma lipids is described. Human plasma was applied directly to the preadsorbent zones of thin‐layer silica gel plates with added antioxidant, internal standards and carriers. The thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) plates were partially developed with methanol followed by chloroform/methanol (1∶1, v/v), and then they were fully developed in hexane/diethyl ether/acetic acid (80∶20∶1, v/v/v) to separate the major classes of lipids. Silica gel from regions containing the separated lipids was scraped into screw‐capped tubes and treated with boron trifluoride‐methanol prior to gas chromatography. The method of direct application to TLC plates gave yields and compositions of fatty acids very similar to the method of applying extracted plasma lipids. This relatively simple method is suitable for analyzing the fatty acids in plasma lipids from a 50 microliter finger‐tip blood samples from an individual, and it may be useful in wide‐scale screening of different individuals to estimate the relative amounts of ingested polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Is intestinal villus phospholipase A2/lysophospholipase bound pancreatic carboxylester lipase?
Authors: Mizuno N. K. , Brockman H. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSimilarities in substrate specificity, localization and molecular weight between villus membrane phospholipase A2/lysophospholipase and carboxylester lipase of pancreatic origin suggested their possible identity. To test this, a preparation of the phospholipase A2/lysophospholipase released from brush border vesicles by papain was compared to authentic, pancreatic carboxylester lipase. Susceptibility of both activities to the inhibitor, diisopropylfluorophosphate, was consistent with their identity, but inconclusive. It also indicated that two populations of phospholipase A2 species may be present in the papain‐released preparation. However, comparison of binding of the activities to Sepharose‐coupled, anti‐carboxylester‐lipase IgG indicates that they are immunologically distinct.
Interactive effects of prenatal ethanol and N−3 fatty acid supplementation on brain development in mice
Authors: Wainwright P. E. , Huang Y. S. , Mills D. E. , Ward G. R. , Ward R. P. , McCutcheon D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis study assesses the combined effects on brain and behavioral development of ethanol administration and supplementation of the maternal diet with long chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. From day 7 to 17 of gestation, pregnant mice were fed equivalent daily amounts of isocaloric liquid diets; 20% of the energy was provided by either ethanol or maltose‐dextrin, and a further 20% by either safflower oil (rich in linoleic acid, 18∶2n−6), or a combination of safflower oil with a fish oil concentrate (rich in eicosapentaenoic acid, 20∶5n−3, and docosahexaenoic acid, 22∶6n−3). On day 18 the liquid diets were replaced by lab chow; a fifth group was maintained on lab chow throughout the experiment. Measures on the pups included brain weight and the fatty acid composition of the brain phospholipids on days 22 and 32 post‐conception (birth=day 19), as well as behavioral development. Maternal weight gain during gestation was decreased by ethanol relative to maltose‐dextrin, and increased by fish relative to safflower oil. On day 32, the brain weight of ethanoltreated animals fed fish oil was greater than their safflower oil controls, whereas the reverse was true in the two maltose‐dextrin groups; a similar trend was apparent on day 22. The brain phospholipid content of the longer chain fatty acids (20∶4n−6, 22∶4n−6, 22∶5n−6, 20∶5n−3, 22∶5n−3, 22∶6n−3) on day 22 reflected that of the prenatal diet, with the proportion of n−3 compounds being higher and that of n−6 floer in the fish oil than safflower oil groups. Prenatal dietary effects were absent by day 32, with the exception of lower 22∶5n−6 in fish oil groups. Dietary supplementation with n−3 fatty acids increased the ratio of 20∶3n−6 to 20∶4n−6, which is consistent with a blockade of the activity of Δ‐5 desaturase. On day 22 the incorporation of dietary long chain n−3 fatty acids into the brain phosphatidylcholine fraction was enhanced in the ethanol‐treated animals; by day 32 the animals treated prenatally with ethanol also showed increased levels of long chain n−6 compounds. Behavioral development was retarded by ethanol, but there was no effect of the dietary oils. These results support the hypothesis that effects of ethanol on the developing brain may be modified by the availability of an exogenous supply of long chain fatty acids.
The status of biodegradability testing of nonionic surfactants
Authors: Mausner M. , Benedict J. H. , Booman K. A. , Brenner T. E. , Conway R. A. , Duthie J. R. , Garrison L. J. , Hendrix C. D. , Shewmaker J. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA wide range of nonionic surfactants was studied in an extensive inter‐laboratory biodegradability testing program carried out by member companies of The Soap and Detergent Association over a three year period. The objectives were to determine the biodegradability of a variety of nonionic surfactants, and to develop a reliable laboratory scale test method which could be used to evaluate the biodegradability of new candidate materials. The results of this research and testing confirm that the primary and secondary alcohol ethoxylates, the alkyl alkanolamides, and the alkyl amine oxides are all highly biodegradable. These materials represent the important classes of nonionics used in household and institutional synthetic detergents. The removal of these materials under conditions of normal secondary wastewater treatment can be anticipated. The diversity of structures represented in the complete nonionic surfactant spectrum, and the problems of residue analysis imposed serious obstacles in the development of a single standard laboratory procedure which will correlate well with the limited field data presently available. The objective of establishing a standard test for all nonionics was not achieved. Residues of nonionic surfactants from household and institutional synthetic detergents do not appear to contribute to esthetic water pollution or to interfere with waste treatment processes. A variety of biodegradability assessment procedures, applicable to specific nonionics or nonionic groups are currently available and should assure that their residues will not adversely affect the quality of receiving waters. The Subcommittee plans to maintain a program for continued research in nonionic biodegradability testing.
Synthetic high molecular weight linear alkyl sulfates in heavy duty detergents
Authors: Sosis Paul , Katstra Richard D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHigh molecular weight alcohol derivatives, when blended with linear alkyl sulfates (LAS), produce high performing soil removal systems which exhibit improved water solubility over that of the alkyl sulfate alone. The foam profile of the mixed active product may also be designed to yield either moderate or high foaming products. Studies of blend ratios, active concentrations and builder effects are presented to optimize performance. Blend ratios which exhibited considerable interest ranged from 1 part LAS per 2 parts high molecular weight synthetic alcohol sulfate (HMWAS) to 1.5 parts LAS per 1 part HMWAS. Evaluations were conducted on soil removal with cellulosic and synthetic fabrics and foam stability. The effects of foam boosters, water hardness and temperature are also measured as foam modifiers. Synthetic lauryl alcohol was shown to be an effective foam booster in these systems.
Reaction of aldehyde oils with a resinous polyol, styrene‐allyl alcohol copolymer
Authors: Rheineck A. E. , Lakshmanan P. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA series of film formers based on aldehyde oils, derived by reductive ozonolysis of soybean and linseed oils was prepared by a two‐step reaction with a resinous polyol, styrene‐allyl alcohol copolymer. The methyl acetals of the di‐ and monoaldehyde oils were interchanged with the hydroxyl functionality of the resinous polyol with potassium acid sulfate as the catalyst as follows: (a) The heterogeneous mixture was heated only to clarity in the first step. This consumed about 20–25% of the hydroxyl groups of the resinous polyol. (b) Films of the partially reacted products of (a) were cast and cured at various temperatures between 100 and 175 C for variable periods of time. The films showed good hardness, scratch and chemical resistance. Some yellowing was observed. The film former in the (a) stage was compatible with melamine and urea‐formaldehyde resins and, upon baking, these compositions also produced clear, hard chemical‐resistant films.
Resin catalyzed epoxidation of methyl undecylenate
Authors: Rheineck A. E. , Bender J. R. , Sreenivasan B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe optimum temperature for the epoxidation of methyl undecylenate is 60 C and a maximum conversion of about 50% occurs in 4 hr reaction. Thin layer chromatography showed evidence of ring opening and the presence of decomposition products. Gas liquid chromatography on a silicone column appears promising but cannot be used for quantitative purposes due to the presence of noneluting components. However, infrared absorption at 906 cm−1 is characteristic of terminal unsaturation and the intensity of this peak has been observed to be proportional to the concentration up to 90 g/liter of the methyl undecylenate. Hence, we feel this absorption can be used to estimate the unreacted methyl undecylenate in the products.
Laboratory oilseed processing by a small screw press
Authors: Sivakumaran K. , Goodrum J. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractApplicability of the small screw press as a laboratory tool in processing oilseeds was investigated. The meal and oil produced from peanuts in a small press were physically characterized. A simple set of standards was established for relating the oil extraction efficiency and the meal oil content to the physical and visual qualities of the meal produced. This will assist a researcher in maintaining in‐process control of the quality of screw press products. These standards were used to identify the conditions of maximum peanut oil recovery. Results with screw pressing of peanuts are compared to studies of other oilseeds.
An improved procedure for the detritylation of 1‐alkyl 2‐acyl 3‐trityl‐sn‐glycerols
Authors: Iwama Takashi , Foglia Thomas A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effects of experimental conditions and acid catalysts on the removal of the trityl group of 1‐alkyl‐2‐acyl‐3‐trityl‐sn‐glycerols to yield 1‐alkyl‐2‐acyl‐sn‐glycerols have been investigated. Removal of the trityl protecting group was complicated by the concomitant migration of the 2‐acyl moiety to yield the 1‐alkyl‐3‐acyl‐sn‐glycerol isomer. The course of detritylation as well as the extent of the 2‐acyl to 3‐acyl migration under the various conditions used were followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Optimum yields of the desired 1‐alkyl‐2‐acyl‐sn‐glycerol (}90%) were obtained with a molar equivalent of boron trifluoride‐methanol in methylene chloride at 22 C for five min.
NMR relaxation studies to explore the role of emulsifier in tristearin polymorphic transformation
Authors: Azoury R. , Aronhime J. S. , Sarig S. , Abrashkin S. , Mayer I. , Garti N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractProton magnetic resonance measurements were performed onα andβ polymorphs of tristearin crystals. T1 relaxation time was measured with the Bruker PC Minispec at 20 MHz and 37° on the pure triglyceride crystals and therefore on tristearin crystallized in the presence of different solid surfactants. A significant negative correlation for T1 values and different compositions ofα andβ polymorphs in a mechanical mixture was found. The shortening of T1 relaxation time of theβ form was found to be different for the various types of the added surfactants while they have no effect on the relaxation time of theα form. A model was proposed according to which the presence of additives, such as surfactants, generates vacancies within the crystal lattice of triglyceride and enhances the freedom of rotation of the fat molecule about the terminal carbon‐carbon bond.