bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparisons Among the Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale, Compulsion Checklist, and Other Measures of Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Nakagawa A. , Marks I. M. , Takei N. , de Araujo L A. , Ito L M. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThe Yale–Brown Obsessive–Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) and Compulsion Checklist (CC) were compared with one another and with five other measures to assess their place in measuring the outcome of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).MethodData came from a randomised trial of 46 patients with OCD who completed eight weeks of treatment by exposure and response prevention. Using a structured modelling analysis, the YBOCS and the CC were compared with a latent factor derived from five other variables (Target Rituals, Target Obsession, Clinical Global Impression, Avoidance, Disability) of baseline severity and change after treatment, and also directly with those variables.ResultsBoth the YBOCS and the CC were accurate and sensitive measures of OCD. The YBOCS related slightly more than did the CC to the latent factor and to Disability directly. The YBOCS related slightly more to Disability than it did to other measures. Inter-assessor and self v. assessor reliability was high.ConclusionsThe 10-item YBOCS plus the 4-item Disability scale are a simple and efficient way to measure important aspects of OCD in clinical practice.
Estimating Local-Area Needs for Psychiatric Care: A Case Study
Authors: Lesage Alain D. , Clerc Doris , Uribé Isabelle , Cournoyer Jocelyne , Fabian José , Tourjman Valérie , Van Haaster Ian , Chang Chi-Hsing 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundDifferent approaches to estimating local catchment-area needs for psychiatric services are illustrated and compared.MethodData from an epidemiological morbidity survey of a random sample of 496 adults were available, as were actual service utilisation rates. Four types of utilisation were modelled (i.e. overall out-patient, in-patient, emergency clinic) using social indicators available from Statistics Canada census-tract data. Finally, a case–control study compared out-patients from a deprived and an affluent catchment area, matched case by case for primary diagnosis, age, sex and residential status (n=52).ResultsModelling proved highly predictive of utilisation, the overall-use model accounting for 73% of the variance. The case–control study indicated a higher rate of Axis II traits, substance abuse and needs for social care in the deprived catchment area.ConclusionsResource allocation based on the social indicators modelling method was more consistent with sensible distribution of human resources. None of the methods, however, appear to reflect adequately the severity of caseloads evidenced in the case–control study.
Artificial Neural Network to Assist Psychiatric Diagnosis
Authors: Zou Yizhuang , Shen Yucun , Shu Liang , Wang Yufeng , Feng Feng , Xu Keqin , Qu Ying , Song Yanming , Zhong Yixin , Wang Minghui , Liu Weiquan 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundArtificial Neural Network (ANN), as a potential powerful classifier, was explored to assist psychiatric diagnosis of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).MethodBoth Back-Propagation (BP) and Kohonen networks were developed to fit psychiatric diagnosis and programmed (using 60 cases) to classify neurosis, schizophrenia and normal people. The programmed networks were cross-tested using another 222 cases. All subjects were randomly selected from two mental hospitals in Beijing.ResultsCompared to ICD-10 diagnosis by psychiatrists, the overall kappa of BP network was 0.94 and that of Kohonen was 0.88 (both P < 0.01). In classifying patients who were difficult to diagnose, the kappa of BP was 0.69 (P < 0.01). ANN-assisted CIDI was compared with expert system assisted CIDI (kappa=0.72–0.76); ANN was more powerful than a traditional expert system.ConclusionANN might be used to improve psychiatric diagnosis.
Head Circumference as a Measure of Cognitive Reserve
Authors: Graves A. B. , Mortimer J. A. , Larson E. B. , Wenzlow A. , Bowen J. D. , McCormick W. C. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundRecent studies suggest that larger brain size may offer some protection against the clinical manifestations of Alzheimer's disease. However, this association has not been investigated in population-based studies.MethodThe relationship between head circumference, a measure of premorbid brain size, and score on the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI) was studied in a population of 1985 Japanese–Americans aged 65+ living in King County, Washington, USA.ResultsAfter adjusting for age, sex and education, head circumference was positively associated with CASI score (b=3.8, 95% CI: 2.2, 5.4;P=0.0000), but not with diagnosis of probable AD (odds ratio=0.87, 95% CI: 0.33, 1.87). When the data were stratified by AD status, no association was seen among controls (b=1.6, 95% CI: – 1.7, 5.1;P=0.4), whereas a strong effect was present among cases (b=35.3, 95% CI: 12.2, 58.4:P=0.006).ConclusionsThese results suggest that persons with AD with smaller head circumference either had the disease longer or progressed more rapidly than those with larger head circumference. Improvement in environmental factors in prenatal and early life that partially determine completed brain/head size may have consequences for the late-life expression of Alzheimer's disease in vulnerable individuals.
The Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder: Influence of Cognitive Therapists on Outcome
Authors: Kingdon David , Tyrer Peter , Seivewright Nicholas , Ferguson Brian , Murphy Siobhan 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundIn previously published papers from the Nottingham Study of Neurotic Disorder a short treatment package of cognitive–behaviour therapy was no more effective than placebo drug treatment after 10 weeks' assessment in a cohort of 210 patients with neurotic disorders. This paper examines the outcome over two years of the patients treated by cognitive–behaviour therapy separated into two therapist groups, those who were competent in administering treatment and those of uncertain competence.MethodThe therapists (mainly community psychiatric nurses) of 70 patients with an original DSM–III diagnosis of either dysthymic, panic or generalised anxiety disorder were separated into two groups on the basis of their perceived competence by their supervisor (DK). Ratings of psychopathology were made at regular intervals over two years by assessors blind to knowledge of treatment or therapist.ResultsThe patients treated by competent therapists (n=30) generally showed greater improvement than those allocated to therapists of uncertain competence (n=40), mainly with respect to depressive symptoms, and the difference persisted over two years, long after the cognitive–behaviour therapy had been completed.ConclusionsCognitive–behaviour therapy given by competent therapists over a 10 week period is of lasting benefit in neurotic disorder.
The Neural Correlates of Inner Speech and Auditory Verbal Imagery in Schizophrenia: Relationship to Auditory Verbal Hallucinations
Authors: McGuire P. K. , Silbersweig D. A. , Wright I. , Murray R. M. , Frackowiak R. S. J. , Frith C. D. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundAuditory verbal hallucinations are thought to arise from the disordered monitoring of inner speech (thinking in words). We tested the hypothesis that a predisposition to verbal auditory hallucinations would be associated with an abnormal pattern of brain activation during tasks which involved the generation and monitoring of inner speech.MethodThe neural correlates of tasks which engaged inner speech and auditory verbal imagery were examined using positron emission tomography in (a) schizophrenic patients with a strong predisposition to auditory verbal hallucinations (hallucinators), (b) schizophrenic patients with no history of hallucinations (nonhallucinators), and (c) normal controls.ResultsThere were few between-group differences in activation during the inner speech task. However, when imagining sentences spoken in another person's voice, which entails the monitoring of inner speech, hallucinators showed reduced activation in the left middle temporal gyrus and the rostral supplementary motor area, regions which were strongly activated by both normal subjects and nonhallucinators (P<0.001). Conversely, when nonhallucinators imagined speech, they differed from both hallucinators and controls in showing reduced activation in the right parietal operculum.ConclusionsA predisposition to verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia is associated with a failure to activate areas implicated in the normal monitoring of inner speech, whereas the absence of a history of hallucinations may be linked to reduced activation in an area concerned with verbal prosody.
A Controlled Trial of Cognitive–Behavioural Treatment of Hypochondriasis
Authors: Warwick Hilary M. C. , Clark David M. , Cobb Andrew M. , Salkovskis Paul M. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundHypochondriasis is a distressing disorder for which there is no adequate established treatment. This study evaluates the effect of cognitive–behavioural treatment of hypochondriasis, compared with a waiting list control.MethodThirty-two patients were randomly assigned to either cognitive–behavioural therapy or a no treatment waiting list control. Cognitive–behavioural treatment consisted of 16 individual treatment sessions over a four-month period. The waiting list control lasted for four months and was followed by 16 sessions of cognitive–behavioural treatment. Assessments were made before allocation and after treatment or waiting list control. Patients who had cognitive–behavioural treatment were reassessed three months after completion of treatment.ResultsPaired comparisons on post-treatment/wait scores indicated that the cognitive–behavioural group showed significantly greater improvements than the waiting list on all but one patient rating, all therapist ratings and all assessor ratings. After three months the benefits of therapy were maintained.ConclusionsCognitive–behavioural treatment is an effective therapy for hypochondriasis. Implications of the study are discussed.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Authors: Veale David , Boocock Ann , Gournay Kevin , Dryden Windy , Shah Fozia , Willson Robert , Walburn Jessica 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundBody dysmorphic disorder (BDD) consists of a preoccupation with an ‘imagined’ defect in appearance which causes significant distress or impairment in functioning. There has been little previous research into BDD. This study replicates a survey from the USA in a UK population and evaluates specific measures of BDD.MethodCross-sectional interview survey of 50 patients who satisfied DSM–IV criteria for BDD as their primary disorder.ResultsThe average age at onset was late adolescence and a large proportion of patients were either single or divorced. Three-quarters of the sample were female. There was a high degree of comorbidity with the most common additional Axis I diagnosis being either a mood disorder (26%), social phobia (16%) or obsessive–compulsive disorder (6%). Twenty-four per cent had made a suicide attempt in the past. Personality disorders were present in 72% of patients, the most common being paranoid, avoidant and obsessive–compulsive.ConclusionsBDD patients had a high associated comorbidity and previous suicide attempts. BDD is a chronic handicapping disorder and patients are not being adequately identified or treated by health professionals.
Cumulative Incidence and Prevalence of Childhood Autism in Children in Japan
Authors: Honda Hideo , Shimizu Yasuo , Misumi Kimiko , Niimi Miyuki , Ohashi Yasuo 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundAn epidemiological survey of childhood autism as defined in ICD–10 Research Criteria was conducted in the northern part of Yokohama, Japan.MethodThe routine health checkup for 18-month-old children served as the initial mass-screening, and all facilities which provide child care services function to detect all cases with childhood autism and refer them to the Yokohama Rehabilitation Centre. Cumulative incidence of childhood autism up to 5 years of age among the birth cohort of 1988, and prevalence on 1 January 1994, among residents born in 1988 were estimated.ResultsCumulative incidence and prevalence were 16.2 per 10 000 and 21.1 per 10 000, respectively. Children with high-functioning autism who had IQs of 70 and over constituted approximately half of all the children with childhood autism.ConclusionIt was confirmed through better detection of high-functioning cases that childhood autism in Japan is more common than formerly estimated.
Factitious Illness by Proxy
Authors: Bools Christopher 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundSince 1977 a literature has grown describing examples of factitious illness by proxy (FIP).MethodThe literature in English was searched using MEDLINE and supplemented by a manual search. Extracted data focused on terminology of a spectrum of behaviours, clinical features and psychopathology of perpetrators.ResultsThere has been difficulty with the use of terminology and classification of psychiatric disorders.ConclusionsThe spectrum of FIP is wide. Suggestions are made for the use of terminology and classification when FIP is identified.
The TAPS Project. 36: The Most Difficult to Place Long-Stay Psychiatric In-patients
Authors: Trieman Noam , Leff Julian 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThe clinical and social outcomes were evaluated of “difficult to place” (DTP) patients discharged from hospital to alternative facilities.MethodIn the course of a reprovision programme for a psychiatric hospital, 72 long-stay patients were considered to be too problematic to live within the usual range of community placements. Their clinical and social state was assessed shortly before the hospital closed. Severe, persistent behavioural problems were recorded for each subject at baseline. One year after being relocated, patients were reassessed.ResultsClinical and social measures were stable over time. The profile of severe behavioural problems changed over time, with one-third of the total problems subsiding and a similar number of new problems emerging. There was a significant reduction in physical aggression. One of the settings provided an environment as free of restrictions as the usual community homes.ConclusionsThe most difficult patients to reprovide for can be contained in a relatively non-restrictive care environment. There is some indication that aggressive behaviour can improve, raising the possibility that some DTP patients can move on to the usual community homes.
Single Photon Emission Computerised Tomography in Chronic Alcoholism
Authors: Kuruoglu Asli Çepik , Arikan Zehra , Vural Gülin , Karataş Metin , Araç Mehmet , Işik Erdal 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundWe examined the functional and structural cerebral changes in chronic alcoholics, analysing their association with personality features and alcohol drinking habits.MethodForty patients with alcohol dependency, including 15 with antisocial personality disorder (ASP) as defined in DSM–III–R and 10 age and sex matched healthy controls were studied after termination of withdrawal symptoms, using high resolution single photon emission tomography (SPECT), cranial computerised tomography (CT) and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP).ResultsWe found significant reductions in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) measurements of alcoholic patients. Low flow in frontal regions encountered in 67.5% of the patients was associated with the duration of alcohol consumption, while no such relation existed with the amount of daily intake. Patients with ASP exhibited more marked frontal hypoperfusion. Significant brain atrophy detected by CT was present in 40% of the patients and did not correlate with frontal hypoperfusion.ConclusionsPatients with ASP are more sensitive to toxic effects of alcohol. Alternatively chronic alcoholism leads to frontal lobe dysfunction recognised as ASP in the clinical setting.
Sexual Abuse in People with Alcohol Problems
Authors: Moncrieff Joanna , Drummond D. Colin , Candy Bridget , Checinski Ken , Farmer Roger 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThere is evidence that people with a history of sexual abuse may have an increased risk of developing alcohol and drug problems.MethodA self-completion sexual abuse questionnaire was designed and administered to a sample of attenders at three London alcohol services. Drinking behaviour was assessed using the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire and the Alcohol Problems Questionnaire, and additional data were derived from case notes.ResultsFifty-four per cent of women and 24% of men identified themselves as victims of sexual abuse or assault. For the majority this had started before the age of 16 and involved non-relatives. Subjects with a history of sexual abuse were younger, reached drinking milestones earlier, were more likely to have a family history of alcohol misuse and had more alcohol-related problems than non-abused subjects. Sexual abuse, age and alcohol dependence predicted level of problems in a regression analysis.ConclusionsThe high rates of sexual abuse and its association with indications of increased morbidity suggest it is an important issue for the management of alcohol problems. More use could be made of self-completion questionnaires for the investigation of sexual abuse.
Long-Term Stability of Diagnosis and Symptom Dimensions in a Systematic Sample of Patients with Onset of Schizophrenia in Childhood and Early Adolescence. I: Nosology, Sex and Age of Onset
Authors: Maziade Michel , Gingras Nathalie , Rodrigue Caroune , Bouchard Stéphane , Cardinal Andrée , Gauthier Benoît , Tremblay Guy , Côté Serge , Fournier Christiane , Boutin Pierrette , Hamel Martin , Roy Marc-André , Martinez Maria , Mérette Chantal 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundLittle is known about the long-term outcome of schizophrenia that has its onset during childhood and early adolescence (early-onset schizophrenia, or EO-SZ). Whether or not EO-SZ is an aetiologically separate form of schizophrenia (SZ) is unresolved.MethodThe study was a 14.8-year follow-up, using methods such as systematic sampling, evaluation of possible non-respondent bias, consensus best-estimate diagnoses (DSM–III–R) made independently in childhood and adulthood, measures of positive and negative dimensions, of non-psychotic behaviour disturbances (NPBD) and of developmental problems before the appearance of SZ.ResultsThere was high stability of EO-SZ (n=40) diagnoses (mean onset at 14.0 years) until adulthood (mean age at follow-up 28.8 years) but a lower stability of positive and negative schizophrenic dimensions. There was a poor outcome of EO-SZ, a strong over-representation of males but few gender differences, and no effect of age of onset on clinical features and outcome.ConclusionsEO-SZ taken as a whole shows no qualitative differences to adult-onset SZ. However, a distinction through the onset of preschizophrenic developmental problems or NPBD might be a way to investigate heterogeneity within EO-SZ.
Seven Year Prognosis in Depression
Authors: O'Leary Denis A. , Lee Alan S. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundThe longer term prognosis of depressed patients treated with ECT is relatively unknown. We describe seven-year mortality and readmission risks for the Nottingham ECT series.MethodCases were defined and subtyped using the Present State Examination (PSE). Follow-up was naturalistic. Death and readmission were ascertained using the Nottingham case register.ResultsThe risk of death was doubled (SMR=1.99, 95% CI = 1.34–2.84, P < 0.001). The seven-year cumulative probability of remaining without readmission was 0.27 (95% CI 0.19–0.35), being 0.79 (0.71–0.87) at 16 weeks (relapse) and 0.34 (0.24–0.44) thereafter (recurrence readmissions). Multiple regression analysis showed that delusions predicted relapse, while endogenous subtype, absence of psychomotor retardation, and previous history predicted recurrence readmissions.ConclusionIndex ECT treatment predicted high longer-term mortality and readmission risks. PSE/CATEGO-based subtyping identified patients most vulnerable to relapse and recurrence.
Cognitive Function and Duration of Rooflessness in Entrants to a Hostel for Homeless Men
Authors: Bremner Alexander J. , Duke Peter J. , Nelson Hazel E. , Pantelis Christos , Barnes Thomas R. E. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundFour previous studies of homeless adults have yielded conflicting results regarding the presence of cognitive impairment.MethodA consecutive series of 80 roofless entrants to a hostel for homeless men were sampled and 62 (76%) completed a range of assessments, including measures of mental state, cognitive functions and substance use.ResultsEstimated premorbid IQ (mean=96), current IQ (mean=84) and cognitive speed were significantly lower than the norm. There was a significant IQ drop in all diagnostic groups. IQ drop, but not current IQ, correlated with duration of rooflessness. Those with schizophrenia or alcohol problems were roofless for longest. Alcohol misuse did not correlate with IQ drop, excepting alcohol withdrawal symptoms in those with schizophrenia.ConclusionThe hypothesis that low IQ is a risk factor for rooflessness is supported. However, length of rooflessness was more closely related to IQ drop than to current IQ, suggesting that some third factor may be affecting both rooflessness and intellectual functioning. Roofless men with schizophrenia or alcohol problems may be especially at risk of long-term rooflessness.
Impulsivity or Comorbidity in Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Welch Sarah L. , Fairburn Christopher G. 
Published: October 2008

BackgroundStudies showing high rates of alcohol and drug misuse and deliberate self-harm in bulimia nervosa have led some authors to call for a distinct diagnostic subgroup, sometimes termed “multi-impulsive bulimia”. However, these studies have been uncontrolled and of clinic samples and may be subject to sampling bias.MethodOne hundred and two women with DSM–III–R bulimia nervosa were compared with 204 normal controls and 102 controls with other psychiatric disorders, all recruited from the same community sample. Interview measures were used for diagnosis and for the assessment of alcohol and drug misuse and deliberate self-harm.ResultsBulimia nervosa cases did not differ from either of the control groups in terms of current alcohol consumption. Bulimia nervosa cases used more illicit drugs than either control group, but loss of control over drug use was very uncommon. Bulimia nervosa cases had a higher rate of deliberate self-harm than the controls. Only six (6%) bulimia nervosa cases had two or more of these behaviours concurrently.ConclusionSampling bias is present in clinic-based studies of comorbidity in bulimia nervosa. Those with comorbid substance misuse and deliberate self-harm are probably heterogeneous in character, and their classification as a subgroup would therefore be premature.