bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMAGES DU TRAVAIL CHEZ LES PAYSANS ITALIENS
Authors: GASPARINI ALBERTO 
Published: March 2008

RésuméQuellcs images et quelles valeurs sous‐jacentes conditionnent l'attrait ou la répulsion pour le travail agricole en Italie? A quelles conditions objectives correspondent‐elles dans l' exploitation agricole, la maison ou la famille? Du sud au nord de l'ltalie, l'auteur a questioné des paysans de 4 provinces: Cosenca en Calabre, Latina entre Naples et Rome, Reggio d'Emilie et enfin Trevise en Vénétie. l'analyse des correspon‐dances fournit des résultats surprenants: les appréciations d'ordre technologique sont d'autant plus positives que les conditions objectives sont modernes, se rapprochant de celles qu'exalte la société industrielle, et par conséquent que Ton va du sud au nord. Mais les appréciations sur la responsabilité, la sécurité, le prestige ou la santé valorisent plutôt des situations intermédiates modérément modernisées (Trévise et Latina). Voilà de quoi inspirer théoriciens et praticiens.SummaryWhat are the underlying images and values conditioning the fact that farm work in Italy is attractive or repellent? To what objective conditions do the former correspond compared with the agricultural holding, the household or the family? From the South of Italy, to the North, the author has questioned peasants belonging to 4 provinces: Cosenza in Calabria, Latina between Naples and Rome, Reggio Emilia and finally Treviso of Venezia. The analysis of correspondences provides astonishing results; the appreciations of a technological nature are all the more positive as the objective conditions are modern, approximating those magnified by the industrial society, and consequently as one goes from the South to the North. But the appreciations about responsibility, security, prestige or health rather valorize moderately modernized intermediate situations (Treviso and Latina). Here is enough subject matter for inspiring theoreticians and practicians.ZusammenfassungWelche Bilder und unausgesprochcnen Werte bestimmen in Italien die Anziehungskraft und die Abneigung gegenüber der landwirtschaftlichen Arbeit? Welchen objektiven Bedingungen entsprechen sie auf den Gebieten der Landwirtschaft, des Hauses oder der Familie? Vom Süden bis zum Norden Italiens hat der Verfasser Bauern aus 4 Provinzen befragt: Cosenza, Latina, Reggio d'Emilia und Trevisa. Aus einer vergleichenden Analyse ergeben sich überraschende Resultate; die Abschätzungen technologischer Art sind umso positiver als die objektiven Verhältnisse modern sind und denjenigen der industriellen Gesellschaft gleichkommen. Entsprechend wandern die Leute vom Süden nach dem Norden. Aber Begriffe wie Verantwortung, Sicherheit, Prestige oder Gesundheit werden in mittleren Lagcn mit mässiger Modernisierung positiver bewertet. Das kann den Theoretikern und Praktikern Stoff zum Nachdenken geben.
OVERGRAZING IN PASTORAL AREAS THE COMMONS RECONSIDERED*
Authors: GILLES JERE LEE , JAMTGAARD KEITH 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe tragedy of the commons concept as popularized by Garrett Hardin places the blame for desertification and overgrazing in pastoral areas upon the land tenure system. Common ownership of pastureland is seen as the major culprit. Examination of ethnographic literature does not reveal a close relationship between common ownership of pastures and resource depletion. Where large numbers of people share a pasture with low but highly variable yields, common ownership is the most desirable form of land tenure. There are many situations where common pastures have been properly managed. Examples from Switzerland, Peru and Africa are presented. These examples illustrate the basic characteristics of a properly managed common grazing system. Collective ownership of land can under these circumstances facilitate livestock development rather than impede it.ZusammenfassungDas von Garrett Hardin verbreitete Konzept der Tragödie der Gemeinschaftsweiden macht die Bodeneigentumsverhältnisse für Verwüstung und Überweidung von Weidegebieten verantwortlich. Gemeinschaftliches Eigentum an Weideland wird als Hauptursache dafür angesehen. Das Studium ethnographischer Literatur läßt dagegen keine enge Beziehung zwischen gemeinschaftlichem Eigentum und Zerstörung von natürlichen Resourcen erkennen. Dort, wo eine große Zahl von Menschen sich ein Weidegebiet mit niedrigen, aber sehr stark variierenden Erträgen miteinander teilt, ist gemeinschaftliches Eigentum die bestgeeigneteste Bodeneigentumsform. Es gibt viele Gemeinschaftsweiden, die gut geführt werden. Es werden Beispiele dafür aus der Schweiz, aus Peru und Afrika vorgestellt. Diese Beispiele zeigen die grundlegenden Merkmale eines gut geführten gemeinschaftlichen Weidennutzungssystems auf. Gemeinschaftliches Bodeneigentum kann unter diesen Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Viehhaltung eher erleichtern als erschweren.
CORPORATISM A N D AGRICULTURE IN THE U.K.: THE CASE OF THE MILK MARKETING BOARD
Authors: WINTER MICHAEL 
Published: March 2008

AbstractFamily farming is an important element in British agriculture, particularly dairying. The nature of specialised milk production by family farmers is intricately linked to the activities of the Milk Marketing Board (M.M.B.). This article traces the history of the Milk Marketing Board and assesses its impact on dairy producers. The Board is taken as an example of corporatist arrangements in the political management of the agricultural economy, and the article explores a number of issues central to the debate on corporatism. The Board is seen to be a powerful form of representation of dairy farmers to government, and at the same time a means of regulation of members through the implementation of a number of modernising policies. Questions of the accountability of the Board to consumers, farmers and government are raised.Résumé.ľ'agriculture familiale est une composante importante de ľagriculturc britannique, spécialement dans ľélevagc. La nature de la production laitiere spécialisée est intimement liée, en ce qui concerne les producteurs familiaux, aux activités du Milk Marketing Board (M.M.B.). ľarticle retrace ľhistoire de cette institution et évaluc son impact sur les producteurs individuels. II s'agit ?un excmple ?organisation corporative dans la gestion politique de ľéconomie agricole: ľarticle détaille quelques thémes cruciaux du débat sur le corporatisme. Le M.M.B. est à la fois un représentant puissant des élevcurs auprés du gouvernement, et un moyen de régulation à travers la mise en oeuvre de nombreuses politiques modernisatrices. ľarticle évoque enfin les problémes de responsabilité de cette organisation par rapport aux consommateurs, aux agriculteurs et au gouvernement.ZusammenfassungLandwirtschaftliche Familienbetriebe sind ein wesentliches Element dcr britischen Land‐wirtschaft, vor allem in dcr Milchviehhaltung. Die spczialisierte Milcherzeugung in land‐wirtschaftlichen Familienbctrieben ist in komplizierter Weisc mit den Aktivitäten des Milk‐Marketing‐Board (M.M.B.) verbunden. Dieser Artikcl zeichnct die historische Ent‐wicklung des Milk‐Marketing‐Board nach und bcurtcilt seincn Einfluß auf die Milcher‐zeuger. Das Board wird als ein Beispiel für körperschaftlicher Einrichtungen zur politischen Steuerung der Agrarwirtschaft angesehen, und in dem Artikel werden cine Reihe von Sachverhalten untcrsucht, die in der Debatte über den Korporativismus cine zentrale Rolle spielen. Das Board wird als cine machtvolle Form der Vertretung der Milchviehhalter gegenüber der Regierung angesehen und gleichzeitig als ein Mittel zur Beeinflussung der Mitglieder durch die Einfiürung einer Reihe von politischen Modernisierungsmaßnahmen. Fragen der Veranrwortlichkeit des Board gegenüber Verbrauchern, Landwirten und der Regierung werden aufgeworfen.
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND CAPITALISM: THE STRUCTURED AND EXPRESSIVE ORIENTATIONS1
Authors: GREEN GARY P. , FAIRWEATHER JOHN R. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper argues that the debates in the sociology of agriculture concerning the viability of family farms and related public policy issues can be understood by examining the fundamental assumptions of two different approaches to understanding the totality of society: the expressive and structured orientations. The different orientations to totality provide two distinct formulations of the relationship of agricultural sector to the wider society. Examples are given of the two ways of perceiving agricultural social structure and its relation to the polity and economy. We argue that the structured orientation is most appropriate for the sociology of agriculture and discuss derivatc concepts that can strengthen theory and direct substantive research.RésuméCet article développe ľhypothése selon laquelle les débats de la sociologie ruralc à propos de la viabilite de l'agriculture familiale et des problémes politiques qui y sont associés, peuvent être compris en examinant les hypothéses fondamentales qui se référent à deux approches différentcs de la totalité sociale: approche structurée et approche expressive. Ccs deux approches proposent en effet deux formulations distinctcs de la relation du sectcur agricole á la société globale. Les auteurs donnent des exemples de ces deux maniéres de percevoir la structure agricole et sa relation à la politique et àľéconomie. lis estiment que ľapproche “structurée” est la plus adéquate pour ľetude de &lcar'agriculture, et ils développcnt des concepts qui doivent renforccr cette approche théorique et alimenter des recherches empiriques.ZusammenfassungIn diesem Beitrag wirdt erörtert, wie die Debatten in der Soziologic der Landwirtschaft über die Lebensfähigkcit von Familienbetrieben und damit zusamenhängende politische Sachverhalte verstanden werden können, in dem man die Grundannahmen von zwei untcrschiedlichen Ansätzen zur Erklärung der gesellschaftlichen Tocalität untersucht: die expressiven und die strukturierten Orientierungen. Die uncerschicdlichen Orientierungen auf die gesellschaftliche Totalität führen zu zwei unterschiedlichen Formulierungen dcr Beziehungen des landwirtschaftlichen Sektors zur übrigen Gesellschaft. Es werden Beispiele für die beiden Formen der Wahmehmung dcr sozialen Strukturen in der Landwirtschaft und ihrer Beziehung zur Polidk und WirtKhafi angeführt. Wir bchaupten, daß die strukturierte Orientierung am bestcn für die Soziologie der Landwirtschaft geeignet ist und diskutieren abgeleitete Konzepte, die die Theorie und die direkte, gegenständlichc Forschung stärken können.
The Role of the Firm and Owner Characteristics on the Performance of Agritourism Farms
Authors: Barbieri Carla , Mshenga Patience M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis article investigates the role of firm and owner characteristics on the gross income of farms engaged in agritourism. The findings indicate that the length of time in business, the number of employees and the farm acreage have a positive impact on performance in terms of annual gross sales of agritourism farms. Owners of farms with greater annual gross sales than the rest are male or white or their main occupation is farming. The age of the farmer has an inverse relationship on gross sales. Other characteristics including location, if it is a working farm, whether the operator had business and marketing plans, sources of start‐up capital and the entrepreneur's education level did not have a significant relationship on the performance of these farms.
THE EMPERORS'S NEW CLOTHES: THE SECOND EDITION OF THE SOCIETY'S DICTIONARY*
Authors: Algeo John 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe second edition of the OED (1989) differs from earlier versions in format, form, substance, and especially its invisible electronic base. Future revision of this greatest of English dictionaries should strive, not merely to include more words, but to correct and up‐date the information in entries and to make the dictionary truly international in its editorial languae and usage labels.
Intertemporal Dynamics of Corporate Voluntary Disclosures
Authors: EINHORN ETI , ZIV AMIR 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTWhile empirical evidence alludes to the intertemporal nature of corporate voluntary disclosures, most of the existing theory analyzes firms' voluntary disclosure decisions within single‐period settings. Introducing a repeated, multiperiod, disclosure setting, we study the extent to which firms' strategic disclosure behavior in the past affects their prosperity to provide voluntary disclosures in the future. Our analysis demonstrates that by voluntarily disclosing private information firms make an implicit commitment to provide similar disclosures in the future, and therefore are less willing to voluntarily disclose information in the first place. This effect is expected to be of larger magnitude for firms (1) with a long history of absence of voluntary disclosures and an impressive past operating performance, or (2) that operate in a relatively stable and predictable business and information environment, or (3) whose managers have a long time horizon and a high degree of risk aversion.
The attribution and sitter of the Munich Portrait of a Young Man in a Fur Coat
Authors: Oakes Simon P. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTIn the mid seventeenth century, Carlo Ridolfi attributed to Giorgione a Portrait of a Young Man in a Fur Coat, now in the Alte Pinakothek, Munich. However, Ridolfi was confused about much of Giorgione's oeuvre, and his ascription is now generally discarded. Currently, most scholars believe that the portrait was executed by Palma Vecchio, but style and chronology suggest otherwise, and in this paper Mauro Lucco's attribution of the painting to Sebastiano Luciani, known later in his career as Sebastiano del Piombo, is endorsed. Ridolfi also stated that the young man in the Munich portrait was a member of the Fugger family of Augsburg, and the reasons for accepting this are sound. Here, the sitter is recognised as Anton Fugger (1493–1560), an identification that is supported by biographical details, and through comparison with other known likenesses.
Raphael and the bad humours of painters in Vasari's Lives of the Artists*
Authors: Britton Piers D. G. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThroughout his monumental series of artists’ biographies, and above all in the section of this text dealing with his contemporaries, Giorgio Vasari used the medically related terms ‘complexion’ and ‘humour’ in distinct – though not wholly discrete – ways. The former is deployed to comment on artists’ innate constitutional strength and on changes in their health, while the latter is invoked primarily to characterize pathological tendencies – often problematic or morally objectionable ones. When correlated with information in other vite, striking passages at the beginning and end of the biography of Raphael serve to clarify how and why Vasari considered certain humours – primarily melancholy, but secondarily choler – particularly destructive in their influence on artists’ behaviour. Conversely, the (essentially jaundiced) picture of human temperament in Vasari's text at large serves inversely to underscore the strength of his stated admiration for the ‘gracious,’ Christ‐like Raphael.
Caesarea Laus: Ciriaco d’Ancona praising Caesar to Leonardo Bruni
Authors: Schadee Hester 
Published: March 2008

In the 1430s, Poggio Bracciolini and Guarino Veronese conducted a heated epistolary exchange on the relative merits of the Roman republican paragon Scipio Africanus, and Julius Caesar, whom Poggio decried as destroyer of the Republic, whilst Guarino praised him as founder of the Empire. To this debate Ciriaco d’Ancona added his views, a defence of universal monarchy with Caesar as its herald, in his Caesarea Laus. This startling letter, addressed to Leonardo Bruni, is profoundly different in conception from the previous contributions to the Scipio‐Caesar controversy, and is as yet not fully studied. In order to explain Ciriaco's argument, the present article examines his narrative tropes, his self‐presentation, and his literary models in the Caesarea Laus.Foremost among these is Virgil, but behind him, Ciriaco's ultimate source appears: Dante. In choosing these models, Ciriaco also takes issue with Poggio, and Bruni, concerning the use of poetical allegory as a means to attain truth, of which both had been critical. Comparison with an earlier letter, in which Ciriaco defends such interpretations of poetry, sheds further light not only on his method, but also on the contents of his argument in the Caesarea Laus, and the importance he attached to it. Both Ciriaco's appraisal of Caesar and his espousal of allegorical exegesis, which for him are intimately linked, bespeak the continuing vitality, in early Quattrocento humanism, of medieval approaches, which underlie the originality of the Caesarea Laus.
α‐[11C]methyl‐L‐tryptophan uptake in patients with periventricular nodular heterotopia and epilepsy
Authors: Natsume Jun , Bernasconi Neda , Aghakhani Yahya , Kumakura Yoshitaka , Nishikawa Masami , Fedi Marco , Soualmi Lahbib , Dubeau François , Andermann Frederick , Bernasconi Andrea , Diksic Mirko 
Published: March 2008

Summary
Background:α‐[11C]methyl‐L‐tryptophan (α‐MTrp) positron emission tomography (PET) is a promising tool in the localization of the epileptogenic area in selected group of focal epilepsy patients. Electrophysiological evidence suggests the involvement of the neocortex in periventricular nodular heterotopia (PVNH).
Purpose: To determine whether α‐MTrp PET can detect neocortical changes in patients with PVNH.
Methods: Four patients (2 male, mean age 28, range 23–35 years) with PVNH and intractable seizures were studied. The functional image in each patient was compared with those from 21 healthy controls (mean age 34.6 ± 14.2 years) by using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). The location of increased α‐MTrp uptake was compared with the location of the EEG focus. A significant cluster was defined as a cluster with a height p = 0.005 and an extent threshold 100.
Results:α‐MTrp PET revealed increased cortical uptake in two of four patients. The area of increased α‐MTrp uptake in one patient was widespread. In the other patient, the area of increased uptake did not include the region where most seizures were generated on EEG. α‐MTrp PET did not show increased uptake in the heterotopic nodules in any of the patients.
Conclusions:α‐MTrp PET suggests abnormal metabolism of tryptophan in the neocortex. The increased uptake may be diffuse and may not co‐localize with the EEG focus. This preliminary study suggests that α‐MTrp PET may be useful, in conjunction with other evaluations, in localizing epileptic focus in patients with PVNH and refractory seizures.
The prevalence of epilepsy and pharmacoresistant epilepsy in adults: A population‐based study in a Western European country
Authors: Picot Marie‐Christine , Baldy‐Moulinier Michel , Daurès Jean‐Pierre , Dujols Pierre , Crespel Arielle 
Published: March 2008

Summary
Purpose: To determine the prevalence of epilepsy in a defined adult population and identify the frequency and principal features of pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
Methods: From a population over 15 years of age residing in a medium‐sized French city, all patients with epilepsy on June 30, 1995 were identified from multiple sources. Pharmacoresistance was defined as failure to control epilepsy by at least two first‐line antiepileptic drugs, with a seizure frequency of at least one per month for 18 months. Collected data were examined by experts in epileptology, and responding patients were reexamined using a standardized diagnostic questionnaire. ILAE definitions and classifications were used.
Results: The age‐adjusted prevalence of active epilepsy was 5.4 per 1,000 (95% CI: 4.7–6.0) and was higher for males (7.8) than for females (5.2). For epilepsy in remission under treatment, this rate was 0.7 per 1,000 (95% CI: 0.5–0.95). Age‐specific prevalence was highest in age groups 25–49 years and declined in the oldest age groups. Localization‐related seizures represented 61.1% of cases and generalized seizures 30.9%. The proportion of noncontrolled epilepsy (seizure‐frequency at least one per month for 18 months) was 15.6%, corresponding to a prevalence of 0.94 per 1,000. In this group, the mean age at onset was lower (p = 0.0007) and localization‐related epilepsy more frequent (p = 0.01).
Conclusion: The findings support previous epidemiological estimates of the prevalence of epilepsy in developed countries. For approximately one patient in eight, epilepsy was not adequately controlled.
The renin‐angiotensin system is upregulated in the cortex and hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy related to mesial temporal sclerosis
Authors: Argañaraz Gustavo Adolfo , Konno Ana Carla , Perosa Sandra Regina , Santiago Joselita Ferreira Carvalho , Boim Mirian A. , Vidotti Daniela Berguio , Varella Pedro Paulo Vasconcelos , Costa Luciana Gilbert , Canzian Mauro , Porcionatto Marimélia Aparecida , Yacubian Elza Márcia , Sakamoto Américo Ceiki , Carrete Jr Henrique , Centeno Ricardo Silva , Amado Débora , Cavalheiro Esper Abrão , Junior José Antonio Silva , Mazzacoratti Maria da Graça Naffah 
Published: March 2008

Summary
Purpose: As reported by several authors, angiotensin II (AngII) is a proinflammatory molecule that stimulates the release of inflammatory cytokines and activates nuclear factor κB (NFκB), being also associated with the increase of cellular oxidative stress. Its production depends on the activity of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) that hydrolyzes the inactive precursor angiotensin I (AngI) into AngII. It has been suggested that AngII underlies the physiopathological mechanisms of several brain disorders such as stroke, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and disease. The aim of the present work was to localize and quantify AngII AT1 and AT2 receptors in the cortex and hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy related to mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) submitted to corticoamygdalohippocampectomy for seizure control.
Method: Immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real‐time PCR techniques were employed to analyze the expression of these receptors.
Results: The results showed an upregulation of AngII AT1 receptor as well as its messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression in the cortex and hippocampus of patients with MTS. In addition, an increased immunoexpression of AngII AT2 receptors was found only in the hippocampus of these patients with no changes in its mRNA levels.
Discussion: These data show, for the first time, changes in components of renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) that could be implicated in the physiopathology of MTS.