bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of total amitraz residue in honey by electron capture capillary gas chroma tography–a simplified method
Authors: Taccheo Maria Barbina , De Paoli Mauro , Spessotto Claudio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA gas chromatographic method using a capillary column is described for the determination of total amitraz residue in honey samples. The method consists of a preliminary extraction of the sample, an alkaline hydrolysis, an extraction of the 2, 4‐dimethylaniline formed, without the aid of steam distillation/continuous extraction, its derivatisation with heptafluorobutyric anhydride and a gas chromatographic determination using an electron capture detector. The method is very rapid and can be carried out in a test tube. The detection limit is 0.020 mg kg−1 and recoveries are of the order of 85%.
The synthesis and biological activity of some potentially fungicidal zinc ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate): Amine complexes
Authors: Clifford David P. , Carson Chrislyn M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThirty‐one complexes of zinc ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate), zineb, were synthesised and evaluated in comparison with zineb and mancozeb across a broad range of pathogens. The activity of zineb was greatly potentiated and its persistence increased against several pathogens, particularly Puccinia recondita. Use of an excess of particular amines provided a convenient method of analysis for zineb.
Resistance to inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis in field isolates or laboratory strains of the eyespot pathogen Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides
Authors: Leroux Pierre , Gredt Michel , Boeda Philippe 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStrains of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides collected in France on winter wheat give either fast‐growing mycelial colonies with regular margins or slow‐growing mycelial colonies with irregular margins. Most of the fastgrowing isolates were sensitive to triadimenol (EC50 below 2mg litre−1), but some of them were resistant to this inhibitor of sterol C‐14 demethylation. In contrast, all the slow‐growing strains were highly resistant to triadimenol (EC50 greater than 100 mg litre−1). This resistance was also expressed in inhibition of germ‐tube elongation. Positive cross‐resistance was observed between most of the inhibitors of sterol C‐14 demethylation, with the exception of some imidazole derivatives (clotrimazole, prochloraz). All the fast‐growing strains were tolerant to fenpropimorph and fenpropidin whereas the slow‐growing ones were susceptible; the reverse was true with piperalin and tridemorph. All the field isolates were inhibited to the same extent by the inhibitors of squalene‐epoxidase, nafifine and terbinafine.Two types of mutant resistant to triadimenol have been induced under laboratory conditions from sensitive fast‐growing strains. The most common mutants were resistant to all the inhibitors of sterol C–14 demethylation and also in some conditions to fenpropimorph, tridemorph and the inhibitors of squalene‐epoxidase. The other mutants were characterised by a reduced spectrum of cross‐resistance between triadimenol and the other inhibitors of sterol biosynthesis.The field isolates and laboratory mutants resistant to triadimenol and propiconazole were also resistant to each of the four enantiomers of these two fungicides.
Residues of diflubenzuron and two of its metabolites in a forest ecosystem after control of the pine looper moth, Bupalus piniarius L
Authors: Mutanen Ritva M. , Siltanen Hilkka T. , Kuukka V. Pekka , Annila Erkki A. , Varama Martti M. O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDiflubenzuron, 1‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐(2,6‐difluorobenzoyl)urea was used to control the pine looper population in about 1160 ha of Scots pine stand in eastern Finland in summer 1984. The control measure was effective, resulting in the collapse of the population in the treated area. Residues of diflubenzuron and two of its metabolites, 4‐chloroaniline and 4‐chlorophenylurea, were determined in water, pine needles, litter, humus, boleti and other wild mushrooms, bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and cowberry (Vaccinium vitis‐idaea L.) samples taken from this area. In water samples taken from the treated area diflubenzuron was still detected at concentrations of 0.1 μg litre−1 2 months after application. No diflubenzuron was detected in this area the following year, nor outside the treated area. Neither metabolite was detected at any time. The sum of diflubenzuron and its metabolites in the litter layer was, on average, 0.7mg kg−1 both 1 week and 1 month after the application. The next year, however, it had increased to 1.4 mg kg−1. Diflubenzuron and its metabolites were not detected in the humus layer. The amount of diflubenzuron residues in the pine needles was, on average, 3.0 mg kg −1 1 day after the application, but in 2 months the level had decreased to 0.2‐0.3 mg kg −1 or was not detectable. The following year the sum of diflubenzuron and its metabolites in two pine‐needle samples was 0.3 and 1.6 mg kg −1. The sum of diflubenzuron and its metabolites in wild mushrooms was, on average, 0.07 mg kg −1 1 week after the application, but the following year no residues were detected. No residues were found in the boletus samples. The residues of diflubenzuron and its two metabolites in bilberries totalled, on average, 0.2 mg kg −1 1 day after the application, and 6 μg kg −1 the following year. The sum of diflubenzuron and metabolites in cowberries was, on average, 0.2 mg kg −1 1 month after application.
Synthesis and plant growth regulating properties of derivatives of alkyl 3‐benzoyl‐3‐(3‐chloro‐4‐substituted phenyl)‐2‐methylcarbazates
Authors: Bergmann Harry , Strumpf Thomas , Lyr Horst 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlkyl 3‐benzoyl‐3‐(3‐chloro‐4‐substituted‐phenyl)‐2‐methylcarbazates (isoelectronic analogues of wild oat herbicides) have plant growth regulating properties for various weeds and crops. Some derivatives of carbazates, bearing halogen in the 4‐position of the phenyl group, have been shown to have the highest activity of the prepared compounds.
Insecticide/acaricide resistance: Industry's efforts and plans to cope
Authors: Voss Günther 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe ‘Insecticide Resistance Action Committee’ (IRAC) is a consultative body to GIFAP on all technical/scientific matters relating to insecticide/acaricide resistance. IRAC coordinates industrial efforts to prolong the life of insect control agents, and fosters working relationships with non‐industrial research workers engaged in solving resistance problems. The activities of IRAC indicate that industry (1) is concerned about resistance reducing the benefit/cost ratio of valuable products, (2) is fully aware of existing and potential resistance problems in all areas where insecticides are being used, (3) plans to improve resistance monitoring in major crop/pests systems suffering from or being threatened by resistance in the field, and (4) is prepared to cooperate with external research institutions on carious practical and conceptual aspects.
Phenoxy ester herbicide identification and analysis
Authors: Noble Alan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA test for the identity of specific phenoxy ester herbicides was required. Work with packed column and capillary GLC showed that the retention times could be used to identify major ester components. An esterification method with acetyl chloride produced a mean yield of 98% with a range of phenoxy acids and alcohols. This method could be used to produce standards for the specific quantitative analysis of esters in formulations.
Catalytic hydrolysis of quinalphos on homoionic clays
Authors: Pusino Alba , Gessa Carlo , Kozlowski Henryk 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe decomposition of quinalphos, O,O‐diethyl O‐quinoxalin‐2‐yl phosphorothioate, on homoionic Cu(II)‐, Fe(III)‐, Al‐, Na‐, K‐ and Cabentonites in hydroalcoholic solution has been investigated. The results show that the hydrolysis of the pesticide may involve two different mechanisms, both depending on the nature of the exchangeable cations. The pesticide hydrolyses to 2‐hydroxyquinoxaline on the Cu‐, Fe‐ and Al‐clays, whereas O‐ethyl O‐quinoxalin‐2‐yl thiophosphoric acid is the main product of hydrolysis on the Na‐, K‐ and Ca‐clays. The de‐ethylation reaction appears to be favoured by the hydrolysis of the Na‐and K‐clays. A bidentate complex formed by quinalphos and the interlayer exchangeable cations may be responsible for the formation of 2‐hydroxyquinoxaline. The presence of this product in the interlamellar region of clay was shown by infrared and X‐ray data.
Use of novel approaches for designing safer drugs in insecticide research: Soft alkylating agents
Authors: Matolcsy GyöRgy , Bélai Iván , Fónagy Adrien , Varjas LáSzló , Tombor Agnes , Laczay Ildikó 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBased on the analogy between anticancer drugs and insect chemosterliants, both of them acting by virtue of their alkylating capacity, chloromethyl carboxylates (described by Bodor and co‐workers as potential anticancer drugs of the soft alkylating agent type) including the chloromethyl ester analogues of the juvenoids hydroprene and methoprene were prepared and tested for chemosterilant and morphogenetic juvenile hormone activity. While the chloromethyl esters of some simple carboxylic acids were inactive in this respect, the juvenoid chloromethyl esters revealed both chemosterilant and morphogenetic activity against Dysdercus cingulatus comparable with that of the known juvenoids hydroprene and methoprene. At the same time their activity against Pieris brassicae showed a sharp drop compared to the ‘parent’ compounds. The results suggest a species‐dependent rate of enzymatic hydrolysis of the chloromethyl ester group as a possible reason for their selective action. Thus, the chloromethyl ester group might function as a ‘selectivity factor’).
Factors affecting the foliar absorption and redistribution of pesticides. 2. Physicochemical properties of the active ingredient and the role of surfactant
Authors: Stevens Peter J. G. , Baker Edward A. , Anderson Nicholas H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUptake into and local translocation within leaves sprayed with radiolabelled glucose and fourteen agrochemicals dissolved in aqueous acetone has been measured for four species (maize, rape, strawberry and sugar beet). Uptake during droplet drying (2‐3 min after application) was small (mean value 4% of applied compound) and similarly only small amounts of compounds were found in the epicuticular wax 24 h after application. Total uptake into the leaf ranged from 1‐97% at 24 h, depending on compound and on species. Enhancement of uptake by addition of a non‐ionic surfactant was very variable. Regression analysis and graphical plots showed that uptake was inversely related to melting point, except into sugar beet, and for this species and for strawberry, uptake was also inversely related to water solubility. Both uptake and translocation passed through a maximum with increasing partition coefficient in most cases, with optimum values of log (partition coefficient) of c. 0 and 1.5‐2.2 respectively. The uptake of the four polar compounds used also appeared to be affected by their hygroscopicity and state of ionisation.
The fungitoxicity of chlorophenols to the pathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani: A structure‐activity relationship study
Authors: Cohen Ephraim , Gamliel Avraham , Katan Jaacov 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInhibition of hyphal growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis and Rhizoctonia solani by a series of chlorinated phenols was studied. Excluding the 2‐chloro derivative, R. solani was found to be more sensitive to chlorophenols than F. oxysporum. When the octanol‐water partition coefficients (expressed as π values) of the compounds were plotted against the effective median dose (ED50), a positive and linear relationship was disclosed. Fungitoxicity was enhanced with the increase in the number of chlorine substituents and their position on the phenol ring was an important factor in determining the biological activity. Toxicity was related to the undissociated (hydrophobic) state of the molecule. The toxicity of the chlorinated phenols varied with the pH of the medium: the relationship of this to the pKa of the compound indicated that permeation of the toxicant through the fungal cell walls and plasma membranes increased with increasing concentration of nonionized molecules. The different inhibition pattern of pentachlorophenol is discussed in light of its property as a lipophilic ion.
Neurotox '88‐An international symposium on neuropharmacology and pesticide action
Authors: Shukla S. P. , Tripathi G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOrganised by the Society of Chemical Industry on 10‐15 April 1988, at the University of Nottingham.The following are summaries of posters presented at Neurotox '88, and as so presented, they are entirely the responsibility of the authors and do not reflect the views of the Editorial Board of Pesticide Science.
Photochemical transformation of phosalone
Authors: Walia S. , Dureja P. , Mukerjee S. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe photodegradation of the insecticide phosalone has been investigated under UV and simulated solar light conditions. Irradiation of phosalone in solvents such as hexane and methanol yielded a new photoproduct, dechlorophosalone formed as a result of photodechlorination of phosalone. Irradiation in methanol afforded, besides the usual hydrolytic products, three new compounds: phosalone‐oxon; O,O‐diethyl S‐methyl phosphorodithioate; and 6‐chloro‐3‐methoxymethyl‐2‐oxobenzoxazoline. Photolysis of phosalone in the solid state as a thin film on a glass surface produced a number of photoproducts including two new compounds: 6‐chloro‐3‐mercaptomethyl‐2‐oxobenzoxazoline and its dimeric disulfide. Under controlled laboratory conditions, the half lifes of disappearance of phosalone in UV and simulated solar light were found to be 2.5 and 4.75 days on the soil surface and 4.75 and 8.5 days on the glass surface.
The determination of coumaphos residues in honey by HPTLC with in‐situ fluorimetry
Authors: Barbina Taccheo M. , De Paoli Mauro , Spessotto Claudio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn HPTLC method for determining fluorimetrically the residues of coumaphos in honey samples is described. The active ingredient is solid phase extracted with a C‐18 disposable column and determined densitometrically on HPTLC pre‐coated silica plates. The method does not require additional clean‐up steps, is extremely quick and can easily be adapted to routine determinations of a large number of samples. The determination limit is 0‐01 mg kg−1 and recoveries are above 87%.
Inhibition of chitin synthesis in an insect cell‐line
Authors: Spindler‐Barth Margarethe , Spindler Klaus‐Dieter , Londershausen Michael , Thomas Herbert , Ag Bayer 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn epithelial cell‐line from Chironomus tentans, able to synthesise chitin in considerable amounts, was used as a test system to study the influence of tunicamycin (I20=750 nM), the benzoylphenylurea derivative SIR 8514 (I50=100 nM), oligomycin (I50=200 nM), avermectin (I50=5 μM) and nikkomycin Z (I50,=50 μM) on the rate of glucosamine incorporation into chitin. Chitin synthesis was diminished by application of 20‐hydroxyecdysone.
Plant growth regulating activity of aromatic aminophosphonates and their short peptides
Authors: Kafarski Pawel , Lejczak Barbara , Slesak Edward , Przetocki Jacek 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhosphonic acid analogues of phenylalanine, tyrosine and 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine exhibited interesting plant growth regulatory properties when tested on Cucumis sativus L. Depending on the chemical structure, they slightly inhibited or strongly promoted the growth of C. sativus roots, while their influence on hypocotyls was negligible. Phosphono peptides based on these acids showed less significant plant growth regulating activity.
Studies on the systemicity of [14C]metalaxyl in cowpea (vigna unguiculata (L.) walp.)
Authors: Singh Uma S. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract[14C]metalaxyl applied to seeds, roots and leaves of cowpea was readily taken up by all plant parts and a major fraction of it was retained within the treated leaves and seeds but not in the roots. The fungicide exhibited ambimobility inside the plant. When applied to the middle of leaflets, metalaxyl mobilised towards proximal and distal parts of the leaflet. Intraleaflet movement seemed to result from translocation through veins and diffusion through cell walls and intercellular spaces. Accumulation of metalaxyl at tips and margins of primary leaves followed application to roots. Metalaxyl was readily extracted from most plant parts except cotyledons and only 0.8% of the fungicide applied as a seed treatment was recovered from 50‐day‐old plants.
On‐column esterification and N‐methylation of carbetamide with N,N,N‐trimethylanilinium hydroxide
Authors: Ogierman Leonard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTransesterification and N‐methylation of carbetamide was carried out using N,N,N‐trimethylanilinium hydroxide as an alkylation reagent. The final product of the on‐column methylation appeared as the dimethyl derivative of carbetamide which was qualitatively identified and quantitatively determined by means of gas‐liquid chromatography. The standard methyl N‐methylcarbanilate was analytically identified by a mass spectrometric method.
The pyrethrins and related compounds. Part XXXV. Esters of aryl‐substituted cyclopentane alcohols and analogues
Authors: Farnham Andrew W. , Janes Norman F. , Khambay Bhupinder P. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSynthesis of a range of 1‐, 2‐and 3‐phenyl, benzyl and phenethyl substituted cyclopentanols and cyclopentylmethyl alcohols and related unsaturated compounds is reported. Results of bioassays of their esters with known pyrethroidal acids against two species of insect lead to recognition of some structure‐activity relationships in this series. The distance and relative orientation between the alcoholic and aryl functions appears crucial, but in other respects the nature of the spacer group between them is less important. The most effective alcoholic components are based on cyclopentenes.
Insecticide application and insect control using a drip irrigation delivery system
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Edelson J. V. , Bogle C. R. , McCrate S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of pesticide delivery on the eficacy of equivalent rates of several insecticides was investigated by comparing broadcast foliar sprays to applications via drip irrigation in bell peppers, celery and cantaloupe.Oxamyl applied through the drip line controlled green peach aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in bell peppers, Capsicum annum L. ‘Tambel‐2’, throughout the growing season, but did not control pepper weevil, Anthonomus eugenii Cano populations. Foliar applications of oxamyl controlled both insects. Foliar applications of cyromazine controlled leafminers, Liriomyza spp. in bell peppers late in the growing season. Drip applications of cyromazine suppressed leafiminers early in the growing season, but were ineffective in later applications.In cantaloupe, Cucumis melo L. ‘Magnum 45’, populations of melon aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover were suppressed with oxamyl and oxydemeton‐methyl, but foliar applications were significantlymore effective in achieving reductions. Oxamyl controlled leafmminers in cantaloupe with both application methods after the first evaluation, but control was superior with foliar applications at the second evaluation.Oxamyl suppressed populations of the western potato leafhopper, Empoasca abrupta DeLong in celery, Apium graveolens L. ‘5270’, using either delivery method. Oxamyl residues in drip‐applied celery were higher than USA regulations would allow, thus the rate of application would have to be modified.A cost analysis comparing delivery systems indicated that a drip‐applied insecticide application was much less expensive than a foliar application with air or ground equipment. However, control was limited to phloem‐feeding insects, was slower in attainment, and at best, was equal to or less than that obtained with a foliar spray.
Development of insecticide resistance and cross‐resistance in fenvalerate‐, and cypermethrin‐selected strains of Earias vittella(fab.)
Authors: Saini R. K. , Chopra N. P. , Verma A. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFirst‐instar Earias vittella (Fab.) larvae were selected with fenvalerate and cypermethrin for 15 successive generations in the laboratory at 28(± 1)°C. The insect developed 7.8‐fold resistance to fenvalerate and no resistance to cypermethrin. The fenvalerate‐selected strain developed 2800‐fold and 1200‐fold cross‐resistance to endosulfan and carbaryl, respectively. This strain, however, did not manifest cross‐resistance to the organophosphorus insecticides, quinalphos, fenitrothion, monocrotophos and malathion, or to the synthetic pyrethroid, cypermethrin. The cypermethrin‐selected strain acquired 5‐, 4‐, and 3‐fold cross‐resistance to endosulfan, fenvalerate and carbaryl, respectively and no cross‐resistance to the above organophosphorus insecticides.
The fate of the rodenticide flocoumafen in the rat: Retention and elimination of a single oral dose
Authors: Huckle K. R. , Hutson D. H. , Logan C. J. , Morrison B. J. , Warburton P. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA single oral dose of 0.14 mg kg−1 of [14C] flocoumafen to rat, which gave a transient, non‐lethal, effect, was rapidly absorbed, radioactivity appearing in the blood maximally at 4 h and falling to half maximum value by 8 h. The maximum effect on prothrombin time was at 24 h and the value returned to normal by 48 h. Elimination of radioactivity was very slow, with less than 0.5% of the dose in the urine up to 7 days after dosing, and 23‐26% in the faeces (more than half of which appeared in the first 24 h). Most of the administered radioactivity (74‐76%) was retained 7 days after dosing. Approximately half of the dose was in the liver; it was eliminated with a halflife of 220 days. At 48 h after dosing, most of the hepatic radioactivity comprised unchanged flocoumafen. Treatments of flocoumafen‐dosed rats with warfarin or with cytochrome P450‐inducing doses of phenobarbitone were without effect on the hepatic residue of flocoumafen.
Some investigations of suspoemulsions
Authors: Wigger August , Gückel Walter 
Published: November 2006

Abstract‘Suspoemulsions’ (SE) is the term used to describe combined formulations of solid and liquid active ingredients as dispersed systems. The parameters influencing an SE were investigated with reference to four examples (one solid and three liquid products) in various mixing ratios. Apart from the type and amount of the partners and the energy dissipation density used, the recipe and viscosity particularly had effects on the formation and properties of an SE. The solid particles in the suspension promoted the comminution of the liquid phase. However, they had practically no influence on the flow behaviour in the three degrees of comminution fineness investigated. The causes of the phenomena discovered are discussed. The storage stability of the SE was equal to that of suspension concentrate (SC) formulations. The advantageous effect of the addition of a thickener on storage stability was similar to that in the case of an SC.