bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glacial refugia influence plant diversity patterns in the Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Médail Frédéric , Diadema Katia 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAim  The aims of this study were to assess the distribution of putative Mediterranean refugia of plants, to compare the locations of refugia and those of regional hotspots of plant biodiversity, and to provide a critical analysis of the Mediterranean refugium paradigm. Furthermore, we consider how biogeographical and genetic results can be combined to guide global conservation strategies.Location  The Mediterranean region.Methods  We started from a detailed analysis of the scientific literature (1993–2007) in order to identify refugia in the Mediterranean region, based on intra‐specific phylogeographical studies of plant species. We used population locations together with gene‐pool identity to establish the database, comparing patterns of phylogeographical concordance with the locations of Mediterranean refugia. We then tested the biogeographical congruence between two biodiversity components, namely phylogeographical refugia and regional hotspots.Results  We identified 52 refugia in the Mediterranean bioclimatic region and confirmed the role played by the three major peninsulas, with a shared total of 25 refugia. We emphasize the importance of areas that have previously been attributed a lesser role (large Mediterranean islands, North Africa, Turkey, Catalonia). Of the 52 refugia identified, 33 are situated in the western Mediterranean Basin and 19 in the eastern part. The locations of the phylogeographically defined refugia are significantly associated with the 10 regional hotspots of plant biodiversity, with 26 of these refugia (i.e. 50%) occurring within the hotspots.Main conclusions  The locations of refugia are determined by complex historical and environmental factors, the cumulative effects of which need to be considered because they have occurred since the Tertiary, rather than solely during the last glacial period. Refugia represent climatically stable areas and constitute a high conservation priority as key areas for the long‐term persistence of species and genetic diversity, especially given the threat posed by the extensive environmental change processes operating in the Mediterranean region. The refugia defined here represent ‘phylogeographical hotspots’; that is, significant reservoirs of unique genetic diversity favourable to the evolutionary processes of Mediterranean plant species.
Large‐scale spatial patterns in the distribution of Collembola (Hexapoda) species in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Caruso Tancredi , Hogg Ian D. , Carapelli Antonio , Frati Francesco , Bargagli Roberto 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAim  We tested whether the distribution of three common springtail species (Gressittacantha terranova, Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni and Friesea grisea) in Victoria Land (Antarctica) could be modelled as a function of latitude, longitude, altitude and distance from the sea.Location  Victoria Land, Ross Dependency, Antarctica.Methods  Generalized linear models were constructed using species presence/absence data relative to geographical features (latitude, longitude, altitude, distance from sea) across the species’ entire ranges. Model results were then integrated with the known phylogeography of each species and hypotheses were generated on the role of climate as a major driver of Antarctic springtail distribution.Results  Based on model selection using Akaike’s information criterion, the species’ distributions were: hump‐shaped relative to longitude and monotonic with altitude for Gressittacantha terranova; hump‐shaped relative to latitude and monotonic with altitude for Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni; and hump‐shaped relative to longitude and monotonic with latitude, altitude and distance from the sea for Friesea grisea.Main conclusions  No single distributional pattern was shared by the three species. While distributions were partially a response to climatic spatial clines, the patterns observed strongly suggest that past geological events have influenced the observed distributions. Accordingly, present‐day spatial patterns are likely to have arisen from the interaction of historical and environmental drivers. Future studies will need to integrate a range of spatial and temporal scales to further quantify their respective roles.
Putative glacial refugia of Cedrus atlantica deduced from Quaternary pollen records and modern genetic diversity
Authors: Cheddadi R. , Fady B. , François L. , Hajar L. , Suc J.‐P. , Huang K. , Demarteau M. , Vendramin G. G. , Ortu E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAim  To investigate the impact of past environmental changes on Cedrus atlantica and its current genetic diversity, and to predict its future distribution.Location  Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.Methods  Eleven fossil pollen records from these three countries were used to locate putative glacial refugia and to reconstruct past climate changes. A mechanistic vegetation distribution model was used to simulate the distribution of C. atlantica in the year 2100. In addition, a genetic survey was carried out on modern Moroccan C. atlantica.Results  Pollen records indicate that Cedrus was present during the last glacial period, probably in scattered refugia, in Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. In the Tunisian and Algerian sites, cedar expanded during the late glacial and the early Holocene, then disappeared after c. 8000 yr bp. Reconstructed mean annual precipitation and January temperature show that the last glacial period in Morocco was cooler by 10–15°C and drier by c. 300–400 mm year−1 than the climate today. Modern chloroplast microsatellites of 15 C. atlantica populations in Morocco confirm the presence of multiple refugia and indicate that cedar recolonized the Moroccan mountains fairly recently. Model simulation indicates that by the year 2100 the potential distribution of C. atlantica will be much restricted with a potential survival area located in the High Atlas.Main conclusions  Environmental changes in northern Africa since the last glacial period have had an impact on the geographical distribution of C. atlantica and on its modern genetic diversity. It is possible that by the end of this century C. atlantica may be unable to survive in its present‐day locations. To preserve the species, we suggest that seedlings from modern C. atlantica populations located in the High Atlas mountains, where a high genetic diversity is found, be transplanted into the western High Atlas.
Sailing through the Late Pleistocene: unusual historical demography of an East Asian endemic, the Chinese Hwamei (Leucodioptron canorum canorum), during the last glacial period
Authors: LI SHOU‐HSIEN , YEUNG CAROL K‐L. , FEINSTEIN JULIE , HAN LIANXIAN , LE MANH HUNG , WANG CHI‐XAN , DING PING 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPleistocene climate fluctuations shaped the patterns of genetic diversity observed in extant species. In contrast to Europe and North America where the effects of recent glacial cycles on genetic diversity have been well studied, the genetic legacy of the Late Pleistocene for East Asia, a region of great topographical complexity and presumably milder historical climate, remains poorly understood. We analysed 3.86 kb of the mitochondrial genome of 186 Chinese Hwamei birds,Leucodioptron canorum canorum, and found that contrary to the conventional expectation of population decline during cold periods (stadials), the demographic history of this species shows continuous population growth since the penultimate glacial period (about 170 000 years ago). Refugia were identified in the south, coastal regions, and northern inland areas, implying that topographic complexity played a substantial role in providing suitable habitats for the Chinese Hwamei during cold periods. Intermittent gene flow between these refugia during the warmer periods (interstadials) might have resulted in a large effective population of this bird through the last glacial period.
New Zealand triplefin fishes (family Tripterygiidae): contrasting population structure and mtDNA diversity within a marine species flock
Authors: HICKEY ANTHONY J. R. , LAVERY SHANE D. , HANNAN DANIELLE A. , BAKER C. SCOTT , CLEMENTS KENDALL D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTriplefin fishes (Family Tripterygiidae) dominate the New Zealand temperate coastal fish fauna in diversity (26 endemic species, 14 genera). Most species appear to have evolved as a local radiation and mostly occupy sympatric distributions throughout New Zealand. To investigate the forces driving current gene‐flow patterns and past evolutionary histories, we searched for common patterns of population genetic subdivision within eight species sampled throughout their distributions [mitchochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region, n = 1086]. We hypothesised that common phylogeographical and population differentiation patterns would reveal past or ongoing physical processes, with differences reflecting stochastic or species‐specific processes. Striking differences between species were apparent, with strong phylogeographical structure detected in Grahamina capito and the estuarine species G. nigripenne. G. capito fell into three distinct geographically restricted lineages. G. nigripenne largely separated into northern and southern lineages (ΦST 0.834). Strong population structuring and isolation by distance was evident in Bellapiscis medius, B. lesleyae and Forsterygion lapillum (ΦST 0.686, 0.436 and 0.115, respectively). High gene flow was apparent in G. gymnota and Ruanoho whero, and F. varium. However, for the latter species, isolation was apparent with samples collected from the offshore Three Kings Islands. Overall, a strong relationship was found between habitat depth and population structure among species, and species inhabiting shallower water habitats showed lower genetic diversity with higher levels of population subdivision. High‐latitude populations generally showed low haplotype and nucleotide diversity. These data suggest that processes resulting from intraspecific differences in habitat preference, climatic histories and/or larval ecologies have subdivided populations of shallow water triplefin species.
Paradigmatic responses of marine benthic communities to different anthropogenic pressures, using M‐AMBI, within the European Water Framework Directive
Authors: Borja Angel , Muxika Iñigo , Rodríguez José Germán 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe use of AMBI and M‐AMBI in benthic quality assessments, within the European Water Framework Directive (WFD), has increased dramatically in recent years. M‐AMBI is a multivariate tool, which incorporates AMBI, richness and Shannon diversity within the assessment. The response of this approach to different human pressures in coastal and estuarine waters has been investigated for the Basque Country (Northern Spain). In this contribution, several paradigmatic examples of these applications to different water bodies are presented. The time‐series extend to samples collected between 1995 and 2007, showing the evolution of M‐AMBI values under different pressures, i.e. urban and industrial discharges, dredging and disposal of sediments, and engineering works (such as land reclamation or marina construction), and, in addition, for illustrating the benthic quality recovery after positive actions have been undertaken, i.e. the removal of point‐source discharges or water treatment programmes. In most cases, M‐AMBI responds to these pressures as expected, with decreases in the ecological status immediately following the pressure. Conversely, when a pressure is removed, the recovery takes between 2 and 15 years, depending upon the intensity of the pressure and the characteristics of the water body. M‐AMBI has been intercalibrated previously in coastal waters. After intercalibration in transitional waters, M‐AMBI will be able to be used in the integrative quality assessment of European water bodies.
Cause of death in patients with dementia disorders
Authors: Brunnström H. R. , Englund E. M. 
Published: January 2009

Background:  Investigations on cause of death may provide valuable information about life expectancy and on conditions of terminal dementia care, which perhaps can be ameliorated.Methods:  The autopsy reports were studied on all patients (n = 524; 55.3% females; median age 80 years) with a clinically and neuropathologically diagnosed dementia disorder who underwent a complete autopsy at the University Hospital in Lund, Sweden, during 1974–2004.Results:  The two most common causes of death were bronchopneumonia (38.4%) and ischaemic heart disease (23.1%), whilst neoplastic diseases were uncommon (3.8%). In a general population of elderly studied for comparison, bronchopneumonia accounted for 2.8%, ischaemic heart disease for 22.0%, and neoplasm for 21.3% of the deaths. Amongst the demented patients, circulatory and respiratory system diseases were the causes of death in 23.2% and 55.5% of the Alzheimer patients, respectively, whilst the corresponding figures were 54.8% and 33.1% for the patients with vascular dementia.Conclusions:  In patients with dementia, pneumonia as the immediate cause of death may reflect a terminal stage in which patient care and feeding is difficult to manage well. Knowledge about what actually causes death is of value in the terminal care of patients with dementia disorders.
SEX OFFENDERS AND THEIR PSYCHIATRIC TREATMENT
Authors: Brown W. Paterson 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThe only rational guide to treatment comes from knowledge and experience. I shall therefore examine sexual offences and sexual perversions as a whole, add to this a discussion of three of the more important influences bearing upon individual emotional development, and from this material attempt to deduce some of the more important considerations for prevention and treatment.First, however, let us remind ourselves of some possible confusions in order to avoid them. We should not assume that a sexual offence implies a psychiatric disorder: this does not necessarily follow. Equally, we should distinguish between two senses in which the word treatment is commonly used. It may be used broadly to cover all actions taken in regard to the offender, or narrowly, in the strictly medical sense, only to cover that which is ordered for the benefit of the patient. A boy may be sent to an approved school and ordered psychiatric treatment. Together they may be called treatment, but it is perfectly possible for the two recommendations to be contradictory. To put it another way, the authorities are bound to concentrate on upholding the law, while the psychiatrist must concentrate on helping the patient.
In Defence of the 1969 Act
Authors: Reynolds Frances 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe arguments and policy implications of two recent books on the juvenile justice system are strongly criticised. It is suggested that the attacks on the philosophy and the practice of the Children and Young Persons Act 1969 are unjustified. The “Justice” model proposed seems to be the result of a return to a doctrine of classical liberalism. If applied it would remove many of the legal rights of parents and teachers, and would inevitably lead to a retributive and punitive system which would be in nobody's best interests.
Finding Employment for Ex‐Prisoners: A Ten‐Year Follow‐up Study
Authors: Soothill Keith , Holmes Jennifer 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe efforts of a specialist employment agency for ex‐prisoners resulted in 65 men starting work soon after their release from prison. The present study considers evidence regarding their involvement in further criminal activity in the subsequent ten years. The claims in terms of modifying subsequent reconviction rates must be modest but, remarkably, of the men who worked in the job for at least a year, not one was reconvicted. The authors argue that the task is to find work which is commensurate with the offender's skills and further suggest that finding suitable employment may be particularly beneficial for offenders with a “medium risk” of reconviction.
Young Offenders: II. Custodial Sentences for Young Adult Offenders: A Critique
Authors: Brown A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe White Paper Young Offenders deliberately avoids any attempt at establishing a definite philosophical framework within which to develop a rationally based system of custodial measures. Whilst it can be regarded as moving towards a “justice” model in proposing the abolition of borstal training, when taken together with its other provisions there are strong indications of a deeply rooted ambivalence. To advocate greater use of non‐custodial measures whilst at the same time proposing measures apparently designed to ensure an increase in the use of custodial sentences borders on the schizophrenic. In short, whilst some of the proposals are to be welcomed, the total package is likely to prove retrogressive.
New Prisons for Old Gaols: Scottish Penal Reform 1835–1842
Authors: Forsythe William James 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBy 1835 it was very widely believed by penal theorists and administrators that Scottish prisons had remained customary, idiosyncratic, unregulated anachronisms in the era of the Howardian and Separate Systems of penitential discipline. The State consequently appointed an Inspector who directed a very skilful attack against these prisons on ideological grounds. This attack was successful, and resulted in a penal revolution in Scotland. Thus there were established wholly new mechanisms of government which operated to impose both the Howardian and Separate Systems upon Scottish Prisons, and to annihilate all remnants of penal practice which did not conform with these ideologies.
Penal Reform in the Netherlands*: Part I—Bringing the Criminal Justice System Under Control
Authors: Hulsman L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractContrary to popular belief, events which can be defined as criminal are not exceptional and cannot be considered to be of a more problematic nature to people than numerous other types of events. Several attempts have been made to control and reduce activities of the criminal justice system (c.j.s.) in dealing with such events, however without much success. This makes it necessary to examine more closely what kind of social systems are most suitable to deal with events which are considered problematic. Three main reasons why the c.j.s. seems “problematic” as a system of social control are: it causes unnecessary suffering which is also unequally divided; it offers little influence to those directly involved: it seems difficult to control.The main question facing those who are involved in penal reform is not how to provide the c.j.s. with a more adequate set of sanctions, but how to promote a better way of tackling very divergent problems and how to minimise the social problems which are caused by the c.j.s. as it presently operates.
Incapacitation Revisited
Authors: Ainsworth Peter B. , Pease Ken 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRecent developments in the estimation of incapacitation are reviewed. Particular attention is paid to two reports, the first being that of some British incapacitation research (Brody and Tarling 1980), and the second reporting a Californian investigation of prisoners' self‐report of their criminal careers (Peterson et al. 1980). The British work is extensively criticised. Peterson et al. 's study is commended as valuable research which, however, does not enable accurate estimates of the incapacitative effects of imprisonment to be made.
Crime Prevention and Insurance
Authors: Litton R. A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractCrime prevention is hampered by a lack of incentives. A “situational” approach to crime is consistent with the view that environmental measures can help in its prevention. The fitting of crime prevention devices should help to reduce the incidence of certain types of crime and insurers are uniquely positioned to provide incentives for such devices to be installed. This paper explores the interaction between insurance and property crime and suggests some ways in which insurers can influence the behaviour of potential victims in such a way as to prevent the crimes from which they may otherwise have suffered.
Parental Responsibility and Delinquency: Reflections on a White Paper Proposal
Authors: Wilson Harriett 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe White Paper Young Offenders (Cmnd. 8045, October 1980) has a section on the responsibility of parents which contains proposals concerning the extension of mandatory provisions for children aged under 14. The proposals are examined in the light of the findings of a series of studies showing the significant association between parental supervision and their children's social behaviour. While parental supervision appears to be more important than other factors, effective supervision was found to be closely associated with the material circumstances of the family and also with the proportion of severely socially handicapped families in the neighbourhood. The likelihood of the White Paper proposals succeeding, if implemented, in bringing home to parents their responsibility is discussed with reference to different styles of parental regimes and alternative measures are considered.
The Probation Officer at Court: Some Further Thoughts
Authors: James Adrian L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn his recent article in the Howard Journal, McWilliams examined the proposition that the relationship between probation officers and courts has deteriorated as a result of a growing gulf between a virtually unchanging bench and a much changed justices' clerk and probation service. There have however been substantial and significant changes in the nature of the bench and its work which, it is suggested, have had a fundamental effect upon the growing belief in this proposition. When these changes are considered with alternative interpretations of the changes in the probation service, the possibility of alternatives to McWilliams's tentative solutions emerges.
Fines and Fine Enforcement in Northern Ireland
Authors: Mulligan Gerard 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA N.A.C.R.O. review team recently suggested some changes in current methods of fine enforcement to reduce prison receptions resulting from default. In Northern Ireland fines are imposed less frequently than is the case in England and Wales. It is contended that Northern Ireland has had less resort to imprisonment for fine default after less serious offences but more such resort for more serious offences. Recent legislation has given sentencers in Northern Ireland more flexibility in means of enforcement. It is argued that the capacity of these changes to reduce rates of imprisonment on default should be determined before other changes are considered.
Intermediate Treatment and the Normalization Crisis
Authors: Pratt J. D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper has as its starting point the unease with which researchers and some members of the social work profession now view current trends in Intermediate Treatment (I.T.) In this paper, which is intended to be an introduction to a more detailed analysis, I attempt to explain these issues by drawing together the historical development of I.T. and showing the connection between these changes that have taken place in penal policy and changes that have occurred in the wider social structure. It is argued that this raises serious questions in respect of the assumptions made by the social work profession about I.T., in particular that the continuous justification in terms of and preoccupation with“individual need” obscures the fact that I.T. has become the vehicle for an increasingly wider and more intensive regulation of the lives of young people.