bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevention of arterial spasm during percutaneous coronary interventions through radial artery: The SPASM study
Authors: Varenne Olivier , Jégou Arnaud , Cohen Remy , Empana Jean Philippe , Salengro Emmanuel , Ohanessian Alice , Gaultier Cédric , Allouch Philippe , Walspurger Sylvie , Margot Olivier , El Hallack Abdel , Jouven Xavier , Weber Simon , Spaulding Christian 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAims: Radial artery spasm remains the major limitation of transradial approach for percutaneous coronary interventions. The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of vasodilators in the prevention of radial artery spasm during percutaneous coronary interventions. Methods and results: 1,219 patients were consecutively randomized to receive placebo (n = 198), molsidomine 1 mg (n = 203), verapamil 2.5 mg (n = 409), 5 mg (n = 203) or verapamil 2.5 mg and molsidomine 1 mg (n = 206). All drugs were administered through the arterial sheath. The primary end point was the occurrence of a radial artery spasm defined by the operator as severe limitation of the catheter movement, with or without angiographic confirmation. Main characteristics including age, sex, wrist and arterial sheath diameters and procedure duration were identical across the groups. The rate of radial artery spasm was lowest in patients receiving verapamil and molsidomine (4.9%), compared to verapamil 2.5 mg or 5 mg (8.3 and 7.9%), or molsidomine 1 mg (13.3%); and placebo (22.2%) (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Radial artery spasm during transradial percutaneous interventions was effectively prevented by the administration of vasodilators. The combination of verapamil 2.5 mg and molsidomine 1 mg provided the strongest relative risk reduction of spasm compared to placebo and should therefore be recommended during percutaneous coronary interventions through the radial approach. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Light and Singlet Oxygen in Plant Defense Against Pathogens: Phototoxic Phenalenone Phytoalexins
Authors: Flors Cristina , Nonell Santi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Controlled Microwave Heating as an Enabling Technology: Expedient Synthesis of Protease Inhibitors in Perspective
Authors: Larhed Mats , Wannberg Johan , Hallberg Anders 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSince the early days of organic chemistry, oil baths, hot plates, metal blocks, and isomantles have been the heating devices of choice for driving chemical reactions. Over the last years, microwave heating has evolved as a well‐demonstrated alternative to classic heating with the potential to emerge as the preferred heating method in organic synthesis. In this perspective, we will illustrate that microwave heating has an edge over conventional heating also in medicinal and high‐throughput chemistry applications, enabling both an expanded reaction range and the diminishing of reaction times from many hours or days down to minutes. By focusing on the development of protease inhibitors, we present a series of successful lead optimizations starting from complex core structures and using controlled microwave heating as the energy source. In short, hundreds of protease inhibitors have been quickly synthesized under microwave irradiation since the start of our high‐speed program back in 1998.
QSAR Studies Related to Toxicity of Aromatic Compounds on Tetrahymena Pyriformis
Authors: Laszlo Tarko , Beteringhe Adrian 
Published: July 2006

AbstractResults of some QSAR studies in which the training set contained aromatic compounds with toxic effect onTetrahymena pyriformisare presented. The QSAR studies reveal the existence of two classes of compounds – with and without hydrogen bonds – for which the calculation of some QSAR separated equations are recommended. QSAR equations obtained for the two classes of aromatic compounds have good predictive powers:N=87,p=6,r2=0.7962,s=0.3178, andN=113,p=5,r2=0.8950,s=0.2637, respectively. For the compounds with hydrogen bonds, “moment of inertiaB” and “QSPR of percentage of mass fragments” are molecular characteristics with a powerful influence on toxicity values, and logKowhas a moderate influence. For compounds without hydrogen bonds “bonds number weighted total energy” and “LUMO‐HOMO gap weighted molecular volume” are the molecular characteristics with a powerful effect on toxicity values, and topological descriptor AAA has a moderate effect.
Puberty stage and spontaneous descent of acquired undescended testis: implications for therapy?
Authors: Sijstermans K. , Hack W. W. M. , Van Der Voort‐Doedens L. M. , Meijer R. W. , Haasnoot K. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryWe assessed spontaneous descent of acquired undescended testis (UDT) at puberty. 299 Boys (aged 1.2–16.5 years, mean 9.4) with 350 acquired‐UDT were examined annually during a 12.6‐year period (mean 3.1). An acquired‐UDT was defined as a previously intrascrotal testis which can no longer be manipulated into a stable scrotal position. Each year, position of the testis and pubertal development according to Tanner's stages were assessed. Early puberty was defined as puberty stage G2 (testicular volume 4–9 mL), mid‐puberty as puberty stages G3 (testicular volume 10 mL) and G4 (testicular volume 11–15 mL), and late puberty as puberty stage G5 (testicular volume >15 mL). Follow‐up was completed if spontaneous descent had occurred, if mid‐pubertal orchidopexy (ORP) had to be performed, if the boy was lost for follow‐up, or if pre‐pubertal ORP was performed in another hospital. In 139 boys with 164 acquired‐UDT follow‐up was meanwhile completed. Twelve boys with 14 UDT were lost for follow‐up. In an additional 16 boys with 21 UDT, ORP was performed in another hospital. In 98 of the remaining 129 (76.0%) acquired‐UDT spontaneous descent at puberty occurred. Mean follow‐up was 2.5 years (range 0.2–8.5). In 70 of 98 testes (71.4%) descent occurred in early puberty, in 26 of 98 testes (26.5%) in mid‐puberty, and in two testes in late puberty. In 31 of 129 testes (24.0%) ORP had to be performed at mid (30 cases) or late (one case) puberty. In this series, 98 of 129 acquired‐UDT (76.0%) descended spontaneously at puberty, whereas in 31 of 129 (24.0%) pubertal ORP was performed. If ORP is postponed until puberty stage G3 (testicular volume of 10 mL) three of four acquired‐UDT will descend spontaneously.
Pattern of paediatric maxillofacial fractures in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: OGUNLEWE M. O. , JAMES O. , LADEINDE A. L. , ADEYEMO W. L. 
Published: July 2006

Summary.  Background.  Maxillofacial fractures in children are rare when compared to those occurring in adults.Aim.  To establish the incidence, pattern, and aetiology of maxillofacial fractures in children aged 15 years and below in Lagos, Nigeria.Design.  A review of patients with maxillofacial fractures aged 15 years and below seen and treated at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria between January 1997 and December 2004 was conducted.Results.  Of the 225 patients with maxillofacial fractures seen within the study period, 37 (16·4%) were children aged 15 years and below, with a male‐to‐female ratio of 1·5 : 1. The highest incidence recorded was found within the age group 12–15 years (41%), with the lowest incidence occurring in the age group 0–5 years (27%). Multiple fractures were commoner in older patients (P > 0·05), and in boys (P > 0·05). There were no statistically significant relationships between the age of the patients, gender distribution, and mechanisms of injury. Road traffic crashes were the most common aetiological factor (64·9%), with the mandible being the most involved facial bone (63·8%). Majority of the mandibular fractures (33·3%) were located in parasymphyseal region. Zygomatic complex fractures were the most common in the mid‐facial region. Most of the fractures (81·1%) were immobilized by simple methods (arch bars, eyelet wires, acrylic splint with circum‐mandibular wiring) with or without intermaxillary fixation. Of the cases, 18·9% were managed conservatively.Conclusion.  The incidence of facial fractures in this study was found to be higher than previously reported in Nigeria and worldwide, with almost two‐thirds of cases a result of road traffic crashes. There is a need to enforce legislation aimed at preventing road traffic crashes to reduce maxillofacial injuries in children.
Predictors of recruitment for willows invading riparian environments in south‐east Australia: implications for weed management
Authors: STOKES KATE E. , CUNNINGHAM SAUL A. 
Published: July 2006

Summary

Predicting geographical areas susceptible to weed invasion is a primary target for land managers. Willows (Salix spp.) invading riparian environments have recently been increasing in number in south‐east Australia. In order to prioritize management decisions, a clear understanding of the factors affecting recruitment success for sexually and asexually generated Salix recruits is vital.
Multiple variables are hypothesized to determine the spatial distribution of Salix recruits. Therefore an information–theoretic model comparison (ITMC) approach was used to analyse factors determining the abundance and distribution of Salix recruits along four rivers in south‐east Australia with differing flow regulation. Generalized linear modelling techniques were applied to multiparameter candidate models, developed from existing knowledge of the system and plausible hypotheses. Predictor variables included parameters describing river disturbance, availability of propagule sources and competition for recruitment space.
Models of sexually produced Salix recruits performed well, generating 95% confidence sets of candidate models that were small relative to the potential set of models analysed (18%), whereas models of asexual recruits performed less well, indicated by 95% confidence sets that were large relative to the potential set of models explored (67%).
A multimodel inference approach was required: model results indicated that availability of mating partners in the environment plays an important role in determining the abundance of sexually derived Salix recruits, whereas for asexual recruits river disturbance parameters better predicted abundance.
For the models of sexual reproduction, model plausibility was strengthened by corroborative results from an independent data set collected in the same geographical region. However, the validation data set was too small to assess the predictive capability of the model‐averaged model.
Synthesis and applications. Information–theoretic model selection methods helped clarify the relative importance of different model parameters on the abundance of Salix recruits. Knowledge of the link between river regulation and willow recruitment enables a greater degree of management flexibility in response to risk forecasting under future scenarios for different water flows. Targeting control programmes to focus on removal of female and seeding willows in rivers with low levels of disturbance may eliminate Salix recruits altogether, whereas the same treatment applied to high‐level disturbance rivers is likely to result in persistent problems with asexual recruits.
Alumni Donations and Colleges’Development Expenditures: Does Spending Matter?
Authors: Harrison Willian B. , Mitchell Shannon K. , Peterson Steven P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSince college development officers supply recognition to alumni and seek donations in return a model is devised wherein this exercise of market power in the exchange is included. Data for three years is used from eighteen universities and colleges‐public and private, large and small, research and teaching oriented. The findings indicate that schools with higher development costs generate substantially more donations. Several demographic characteristics of the student body were tested. Schools with higher participation in fraternities and sororities have higher giving, while schools with a higher proportion of part‐time students have lower giving. Surprisingly, having an NCAA Division I athletic program has no significant effect on alumni giving. Likewise, alumni donations seem independent of whether a school is public or private, or is or is not a research institution. Finally, the size of a school's endowment has no predictive value, but the level of annual bequests is strongly positively related to alumni giving.
Blockage of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-AKT Signaling Increases Radiosensitivity of K-RAS Mutated Human Tumor Cells In vitro by Affecting DNA Repair
Authors: Toulany Mahmoud , Kasten-Pisula Ulla , Brammer Ingo , Wang Shaomeng , Chen Jianyong , Dittmann Klaus , Baumann Michael , Dikomey Ekkehard , Rodemann H. Peter 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Purpose: It is known that blockage of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) activity enhances radiation sensitivity of human tumor cells presenting a K-RAS mutation. In the present study, we investigated whether impaired repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) is responsible for the radiosensitizing effect of EGFR and PI3K inhibition in K-RAS mutated (K-RASmt) cells.
Experimental Design: The effect of the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor BIBX1382BS (BIBX) on cellular radiosensitivity was determined in K-RASmt (A549) and K-RASwt (FaDu) cell lines by clonogenic survival assay. Radiation-induced phosphorylation of H2AX (Ser139), ATM (Ser1981), and DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs; Thr2609) was analyzed by immunoblotting. Twenty-four hours after irradiation, residual DSBs were quantified by identification of γH2AX foci and frequency of micronuclei.
Results: BIBX reduced clonogenic survival of K-RASmt-A549 cells, but not of K-RASwt-FaDu cells, after single-dose irradiation. Analysis of the radiation-induced H2AX phosphorylation revealed that BIBX, as well as the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, leads to a marked reduction of P-H2AX in K-RASmt-A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells, but not in K-RASwt-FaDu and HH4ded cells. Likewise, radiation-induced autophosphorylation of DNA-PKcs at Thr2609 was only blocked in A549 cells by these two inhibitors and AKT1 small interfering RNA transfection. However, neither in K-RASmt nor in K-RASwt cells the inhibitors did affect radiation-induced ATM phosphorylation. As a consequence of inhibitor treatment, a significant enhancement of both residual DSBs and frequency of micronuclei was apparent only in A549 but not in FaDu cells following radiation.
Conclusion: Targeting of the EGFR-dependent PI3K-AKT pathway in K-RAS-mutated A549 cells significantly affects postradiation survival by affecting the activation of DNA-PKcs, resulting in a decreased DSB repair capacity.
Pharmacologic Basis for the Enhanced Efficacy of Dutasteride against Prostatic Cancers
Authors: Xu Yi , Dalrymple Susan L. , Becker Robyn E. , Denmeade Samuel R. , Isaacs John T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPurpose: Prostatic dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentration is regulated by precursors from systemic circulation and prostatic enzymes of androgen metabolism, particularly 5α-reductases (i.e., SRD5A1 and SRD5A2). Therefore, the levels of expression SRD5A1 and SRD5A2 and the antiprostatic cancer growth response to finasteride, a selective SRD5A2 inhibitor, versus the dual SRD5A1 and SRD5A2 inhibitor, dutasteride, were compared.Experimental Design: Real-time PCR and enzymatic assays were used to determine the levels of SRD5A1 and SRD5A2 in normal versus malignant rat and human prostatic tissues. Rats bearing the Dunning R-3327H rat prostate cancer and nude mice bearing LNCaP or PC-3 human prostate cancer xenografts were used as model systems. Tissue levels of testosterone and DHT were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.Results: Prostate cancer cells express undetectable to low levels of SRD5A2 but elevated levels of SRD5A1 activity compared with nonmalignant prostatic tissue. Daily oral treatment of rats with the SRD5A2 selective inhibitor, finasteride, reduces prostate weight and DHT content but did not inhibit R-3327H rat prostate cancer growth or DHT content in intact (i.e., noncastrated) male rats. In contrast, daily oral treatment with even a low 1 mg/kg/d dose of the dual SRD5A1 and SRD5A2 inhibitor, dutasteride, reduces both normal prostate and H tumor DHT content and weight in intact rats while elevating tissue testosterone. Daily oral treatment with finasteride significantly (P &lt; 0.05) inhibits growth of LNCaP human prostate cancer xenografts in intact male nude mice, but this inhibition is not as great as that by equimolar oral dosing with dutasteride. This anticancer efficacy is not equivalent, however, to that produced by castration. Only combination of dutasteride and castration produces a greater tumor inhibition (P &lt; 0.05) than castration monotherapy against androgen-responsive LNCaP cancers. In contrast, no response was induced by dutasteride in nude mice bearing androgen-independent PC-3 human prostatic cancer xenografts.Conclusions: These results document that testosterone is not as potent as DHT but does stimulate prostate cancer growth, thus combining castration with dutasteride enhances therapeutic efficacy.
Establishment in Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Mice of Subrenal Capsule Xenografts and Transplantable Tumor Lines from a Variety of Primary Human Lung Cancers: Potential Models for Studying Tumor Progression–Related Changes
Authors: Cutz Jean-Claude , Guan Jun , Bayani Jane , Yoshimoto Maisa , Xue Hui , Sutcliffe Margaret , English John , Flint Julia , LeRiche Jean , Yee John , Squire Jeremy A. , Gout Peter W. , Lam Stephen , Wang Yu-Zhuo 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPurpose: Lung cancer is a biologically diverse disease and relevant models reflecting its diversity would facilitate the improvement of existing therapies. With a view to establishing such models, we developed and evaluated xenografts of a variety of human lung cancers.Experimental Design: Using nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice, subrenal capsule xenografts were generated from primary lung cancer tissue, including moderately and poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, large cell undifferentiated carcinoma, and carcinosarcoma. After 4 to 12 weeks, xenografts were harvested for serial transplantation and comparison with the original tissue via histologic, chromosomal, and cytogenetic analyses.Results: Xenografts were successfully established. H&E staining showed that xenografts retained major histologic features of the original cancers. Immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed the human origin of the tumor cells and development in xenografts of murine supportive stroma. Four transplantable lines were developed from rapidly growing tumors (&gt;5 generations), i.e., a small cell lung carcinoma, large cell undifferentiated carcinoma, pulmonary carcinosarcoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Analyses including spectral karyotyping, comparative genomic hybridization, and fluorescence in situ hybridization, revealed that the xenografts were genetically similar to the original tumors, showing chromosomal abnormalities consistent with karyotypic changes reported for lung cancer.Conclusions: The subrenal capsule xenograft approach essentially provides a living tumor bank derived from patient material and a means for isolating and expanding specific cell populations. The transplantable tumor lines seem to provide good models for studying various aspects of tumor progression and a platform for developing novel therapeutic regimens, with the possibility of patient-tailored therapies.
Exon 19 Deletion Mutations of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Are Associated with Prolonged Survival in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Treated with Gefitinib or Erlotinib
Authors: Jackman David M. , Yeap Beow Y. , Sequist Lecia V. , Lindeman Neal , Holmes Alison J. , Joshi Victoria A. , Bell Daphne W. , Huberman Mark S. , Halmos Balazs , Rabin Michael S. , Haber Daniel A. , Lynch Thomas J. , Meyerson Matthew , Johnson Bruce E. , Jänne Pasi A. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Purpose: Somatic mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been detected in patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and are associated with sensitivity to treatment with gefitinib or erlotinib. Our study explored the relationship between the two most common types of somatic EGFR mutations, exon 19 deletions and the L858R point mutation, and outcomes of patients following treatment with gefitinib or erlotinib.
Experimental Design: Tumor specimens obtained before treatment with gefitinib or erlotinib were analyzed for EGFR mutations. Patients with exon 19 deletion or L858R mutations were identified. The response rate, time to progression, and overall survival were determined for the two groups.
Results: We identified 36 patients with NSCLC and an EGFR mutation who were treated with gefitinib or erlotinib. Patients with an exon 19 deletion had a significantly longer overall survival compared with patients with an L858R mutation (38 versus 17 months; P = 0.04). There were also trends toward higher response rate (73% versus 50%) and improved time to progression (24 versus 10 months) for the patients with an exon 19 deletion, although these were not independently significant in a multivariate analysis. A difference in response rate for patients treated with gefitinib compared with erlotinib was also noted [18 of 23 (78%) versus 3 of 9 (33%); P = 0.04]. No obvious difference in time to progression or overall survival was noted between gefitinib- and erlotinib-treated patients.
Conclusions: Patients with NSCLC and EGFR exon 19 deletions have a longer survival following treatment with gefitinib or erlotinib compared with those with the L858R mutation. Pooling of greater numbers of patients and completion of prospective trials are needed to further define the predictive and prognostic roles of different EGFR mutations with respect to treatment with gefitinib, erlotinib, and other EGFR inhibitors.
BRCA1 at the crossroad of multiple cellular pathways: approaches for therapeutic interventions
Authors: Yarden Ronit I. , Papa Moshe Z. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Approximately 10% of the cases of breast cancer and invasive ovarian cancer are hereditary, occurring predominantly in women with germ-line mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. Low expression of these genes in sporadic tumors extends their significance to sporadic breast and ovarian cancers as well. For over a decade since its identification, extensive research has been directed toward understanding the function of the breast and ovarian tumor suppressor gene BRCA1. The long-term goal has been to identify the biochemical pathways reliant on BRCA1 that can be exploited for developing targeted therapies and benefit mutation carriers. To date, no one specific role has been identified, but rather it is clear that BRCA1 has significant roles in multiple fundamental cellular processes, including control of gene expression, chromatin remodeling, DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoint control, and ubiquitination, and overall is important for maintenance of genomic stability. Major findings and potential BRCA1-dependent therapies will be discussed. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(6):1396–404]