bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
QUANTIFICATION OF INSTREAM FLOW NEEDS OF A WILD AND SCENIC RIVER FOR WATER RIGHTS LITIGATION1
Authors: Garn Herbert S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The lower 4 miles of the Red River, a tributary of the Rio Grande in northern New Mexico, was designated as one of the “instant” components of the National Wild and Scenic River System in 1968. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM), as the managing agency of the wild and scenic river, was a participant in a general water rights adjudication of the Red River stream system. The BLM sought a federal reserved water right and asserted a claim to the instream flows necessary to protect and maintain the values of the river. Instream flows are not recognized under New Mexico water law.Instream flow requirements were determined by several methods to quantify the claims made by the United States for a federal reserved water right under the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. The scenic (aesthetic), recreational, and fish and wildlife values are the purposes for which instream flow requirements were claimed. Since water quality is related to these values, instream flows for waste transport and protection of water quality were also included in the claim. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's Instream Flow Incremental Methodology was used to quantify the relationship between various flow regimes and fish habitat.Experience in this litigation indicates the importance of using state‐of‐the‐art methodologies in quantifying instream flow claims. The incremental methodology held up well under technical and legal scrutiny and is an example of the latest methodology that was applied successfully in an adjudication. On February 23, 1984, the parties involved in the adjudication entered a precedential stipulation recognizing a federal reserved right to instream flows for the Red River component of the National Wild and Scenic River System.
VARIABILITY IN ADJUSTMENT PREFERENCES TO GROUNDWATER DEPLETION IN THE AMERICAN HIGH PLAINS1
Authors: Kromm David E. , White Stephen E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper explores the adjustments and institutions that residents of the American High Plains prefer in coping with the depletion of the High Plains (Ogallaia) aquifer. The authors identify 48 possible adjustments and report on public preferences for them as determined from a mail survey of 956 respondents in 14 counties. For purposes of analysis, the adjustments are categorized into five groups: user practices, management policies, financial incentives and disincentives, technological fixes, and other. Preferences were also determined among five levels of government to enforce each of the adjustments.Adjustments associated with user conservation practices were generally most preferred while financial incentives and disincentives were least favored. Local groundwater management agencies were the most favored level of institution to administer conservation adjustments followed by the state, county, and federal levels. The most preferred option for 20 adjustments was that no agency should be involved. Respondents in agriculturally related occupations showed less support for water conservation laws and gave greater acceptance to the continuance of existing methods. Irrigators viewed the increasing cost of lifting water as a more serious problem than the depletion of groundwater.
EFFECTIVENESS OF ALUM IN A WEEDY, SHALLOW LAKE1
Authors: Welch E. B. , DeGasperi C. L. , Spyridakis D. E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An alum treatment in Long Lake (mean depth, 2 m) in 1980 has been effective at controlling internal loading of phosphorus for four years. The fifth summer after treatment, the lake returned to its pro‐treatment state. Lake P content decreased from a summer average of 65 μg/L during 1976–1978 to about 30 μg/L during four years following treatment. In 1985, summer P content was 61 μg/L. Algal abundance, species composition, and transparency have responded proportionately with P.Alum effectiveness apparently declined because the floe layer tended to sink and become dispersed at a deeper level in the sediment, as well as become covered with new, P‐rich sediment. Iron‐reduction may be the principal mechanism for internal P loading, although the lake is unstratified and anoxia is usually not pronounced.
SOCIAL FEASIBILITY AS AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO WATER RESOURCE PLANNING1
Authors: Hrezo Margaret S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Research suggests that conflict over public participation in water resource planning is due, in part, to confusion over the nature of the policies involved. This article examines the roadblocks to citizen involvement in water resource planning in terms of two policy models: (1) the Social Feasibility Model and (2) the Political Feasibility Model. Each model posits a different role for public participation.Although the Political Feasibility Model has been widely accepted in water resource planning, changes in the nature of the policies involved in water resource management have weakened its appropriateness. Currently, social and redistributive policies involving value conflicts often dominate water planning and these policies are best chosen through the Social Feasibility Model. The article discusses the nature of the social feasibility model, the new types of policy decisions facing water resource managers, and how the social feasibility model can help overcome the roadblocks to increased public participation in water resource policy making.
ASSESSING POTENTIAL SOURCES OF ASBESTOS FIBERS IN WATER SUPPLIES OF S. E. QUEBEC1
Authors: Bacon D. W. , Coomes O. T. , Marsan A. A. , Rowlands N. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:A comparative study of the concentration of asbestos fibers in drinking water supplies of southeastern Quebec was undertaken to assess the relative contributions of fibers by asbestos‐bearing railway ballast and naturally occurring asbestos deposits. Water samples were taken from areas where one or the other potential sources or neither potential source was present. In addition, rainwater samples were taken to assess the importance of atmospheric contributions. The sampling design accounted for potential variations in fiber counts due to the season, location and analytical procedures.Fiber concentrations were estimated from counts made on a JEOL 100CX scanning transmission electron microscope and statistically compared among areas. These levels were then compared with levels found in other areas of Canada and the United States.The results indicate that the rail ballast could be contributing statistically (albeit marginally) significant quantities of fibers to water supplies during the summer but not in the spring. Estimated concentrations in water supplies ranged between 1.7 × 106fibers/liter and 147.8 × 106fibers/liter. Fiber levels in samples taken during the spring were significantly higher and more variable than those taken during the summer. The presence of fibers in rainwater samples at concentrations of 1.9 × 106fibers/liter, 18.3 × 106fibers/liter and 23.7 × 106fibers/liter suggests that atmospheric transport may play an important role in contributing fibers to regional systems. Fiber levels found in these systems are not unique when compared to levels observed elsewhere in North America.
UNSATURATED FLOW THROUGH SOLID WASTE LANDFILLS: MODEL AND SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS1
Authors: Demetracopoulos Alexander C. , Korfiatis George P. , Bourodimos Efst. L. , Nawy Edward G. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The movement of precipitation water infiltrating through the material (refuse) of solid waste landfills is examined via numerical solution of the equations of continuity, and motion (Darcy's Law).The solution of the equations is obtained by a fully implicit, finite‐difference scheme. Both unsaturated and saturated surface conditions are considered, making the scheme suitable for real‐time simulation of net precipitation and moisture redistribution events.A sensitivity analysis showed that for unsaturated surface conditions the solution is primarily affected by hydraulic conductivity and capillary diffusivity, and is relatively independent of the space and time steps. In addition, the precipitation averaging process is shown to be critical in the correct computation of moisture transport during the time period where the transition from unsaturated to saturated conditions occurs.The model presented herein is suitable for analysis of water movement through landfills, and the design of bottom collection systems.
FACTORS INFLUENCING ACUTE TOXICfrY OF COAL ASH TO RAINBOW TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERI) AND BLUEGILL SUNFISH (LEPOMIS MACROCHIRUS)1
Authors: Cherry Donald S. , Van Hassel John H. , Ribbe Paul H. , Cairns John 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The potentially toxic components in coal ash (ash particles, heavy metals) were evaluated in laboratory static, acute (96 hr) bioassays, both separately and in various combinations with extreme pH (5.0 and 8.5), using rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and bluegifi sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus). Ash particle morphology and metal distribution anlaysis, using electron microscopy and surface‐subsurface analysis by ion microscopy, showed that metals could be either clumped or evenly distributed on the surface of fly ash. Surface enrichment on fly ash particles from electrostatic precipitators, as measured by ion microscopy, was found for cadmium, copper, chromium, nickel, lead, mercury, titanium, arsenic, and selenium.Bottom (heavy) ash was not acutely toxic to either fish species at concentrations of up to 1500 mg/l total suspended solids (TSS) at pH 5.0, 7.5, or 8.5. Fly ash particles were not acutely toxic to blue‐gill at levels up to 1360 mg/l TSS. Rainbow trout were highly sensitive to fly ash (25 to 60 percent mortality) at concentrations of 4.3 to 20.5 mg/I TSS when dissolved metal availability was high but were not sensitive at higher particulate concentrations (58 to 638 mg/I TSS) when dissolved metals were low. When metals were acid‐leached from fly ash prior to testing, no rainbow trout mortality occurred at TSS concentrations of up to 2,350 mg/l TSS. When the percent of dissolved metal was high (e.g., 50–90 percent of the total), fish mortality was increased. Rainbow trout were nearly two orders of magnitude more sensitive than bluegill when subjected to a blend of cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc. The two species were similar in their acute sensitivity to acidic pH at levels at or below 4.0 and alkaline pH of 9.1.If the pH of coal ash effluent is contained within the range 6.0 to 9.0, acute toxicity to fish can be attributed to trace element availability from fly ash but not heavy ash. Control of holding pond and effluent pH and maximizing pond residence time are important strategies for minimizing effects of ash pond discharges on fish.
REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF DEPLETED AQUIFERS1
Authors: Whipple William 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Aquifers with pressure head seriously reduced by overdrafting are referred to as depleted. In coastal areas they may be invaded by saltwater. An obvious remedy is to reduce the rate of withdrawal to the permanently available dependable yield. This is being done now in two areas for New Jersey, under the authority of the State's Water Supply Management Act; but it has not previously been accomplished on a regional scale.The dependable yield was estimated by means of detailed hydrogeological modeling. “Water Supply Critical Areas” were delimited on the basis of piezometric pressure, drawn down 30 feet below sea level. Within the depleted area, water withdrawals must be reduced by a fixed ratio (35 to 50 percent) below the amount withdrawn during 1983. This reduction is effective as soon as al alternative source of water can be made available, usually from a surface source. Special arrangements are made whereby ground water users unconnected to the alternative source of supply can pay to withdrawn their full needs from the depleted aquifers, the money being used to purchase additional water from the new surface water source, in return for which some other user will reduce his ground water withdrawal below his reduced allocation.
USE OF RADAR TO DERWE A STORM INTENSITY‐DURATION CURVE1
Authors: Wojtiw L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Rainstorms which exceed the design capacity of conveyance systems and cause extensive damage to structures and property, occur frequently in Alberta. After such a severe storm, an early and quick assessment of the storm's location and magnitude and the corresponding frequency for various duration (storm intensity‐duration curve) is often required to estimate the damage. The storm intensity‐duration curve is produced with information obtained from a sparse network of recording raingages, thus, creating a high degree of uncertainty in the result. Short‐duration precipitation is usually quite variable in Alberta; hencea very dense network of recording precipitation stations would be required to provide precise measurements of the storm intensity‐duration curve at all locations. Such a dense network does not exist in Alberta; it would be very expensive to install, maintain, and thus difficult to justify financially.One solution for obtaining a large amount of closely spaced in‐intensity‐duration values is to use weather radar. Using weather radar data, intensity‐duration curves could be produced routinely for any set of prespecified locations. The radar data thus have the potential for facilitating the identification of the return period of rainfall events quickly, cheaply, and precisely when the long‐term intensity‐duration curves are available. As a pilot project to demonstrate the feasibility of the method and the potential of the radar data, computer software was developed to derive from archived radar data, intensity‐duration values for up to a 2,500 2 area for a given storm.
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT: COMBINING NOMINAL GROUP PROCESS AND MICROCOMPUTERS1
Authors: Pizor Peter J. , Holler Sandra M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The growing concern for public participation in water resource decision‐making has invited researchers to improve and develop reliable, quick, and inexpensive techniques for measuring public preferences. It is increasingly clear that traditional participation mechanisms, though useful, are no longer sufficient in providing the level of participation desired by many. A combination of microcomputer technology with Nominal Group Process (a step‐by‐step process ending in ranked recommendations) offers numerous possibilities for active participatory planning.Efforts at participation occurring through a well developed and defined process cannot be successful without a sensitivity to the conceptual, methodological, and pragmatic problems involved. This paper prefaces presentation of an alternative active process technique with discussion of the theoretical basis of participatory democracy and the frustration with practical implementation procedures.
WATER POLLUTION FROM OIL AND GAS RECOVERY IN EASTERN KENTUCKY WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Sidhu Amarjit , Mitsch William J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe effects of water quality on brine discharged from oil and gas recovery operations are described for surface water and ground water in two small watersheds in eastern Kentucky. The brine, which had salinity that was often several times that of sea water, led to significantly higher concentrations of several minerals in surface water, particularly in the first and second order streams. Concentractions as high as 50,000 mg/I for sodium and 64,000 mg/I for chloride were measured in streams. The. differences in chemical concentrations for various chemicals over the period of the study were ascribed to temporal variability, particularly due to differences between wet and dry seasons, and to spatial variability, particularly due to dilution and other chemical decay processes. Chemical decay coefficients for sodium and chloride were developed as a function of watershed area for possible application to similar watersheds. There was some evidence that the brine was influencing the Licking River, the major stream that drains the eastern part of Kentucky.
RESISTANCE TO FLOW OVER RIPRAP IN STEEP CHANNELS1
Authors: Abt Steven R. , Wittier Rodney J. , Ruff James F. , Khattak Mohammad S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A series of flume tests were conducted to determine the flow resistance of angular shaped riprap in steep channels. Flow resistance was expressed in terms of the Darcy‐Weisbach friction factor and the Manning's roughness coefficient. Prototype channels of 4 ft. (1.2 m) and 12 ft. (3.7 m) in width were constructed at slopes ranging from 0.01 to 0.20. The channel beds were comprised of angular riprap of median diameters of 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 inches (2.59, 5.59, 10.41, 12.95, and 15.75 cms). The Darcy‐Weisbach and Manning's coefficients were determined for each test condition prior to bed failure.The resulting Darcy‐Weisbach coefficients were related to the channel energy gradient and the bed relative submergence for highly turbulent flow. Also, Manning's roughness coefficients were related to the product of the median stone diameter and energy gradient. Because of the angular shape of the riprap and the wedging and/or packing of the bed materials, the resistance to flow was found to exceed the flow resistance values predicted by previous studies. Expressions were presented for estimating the resistance to flow for angular riprap in steep channels.
THE W‐INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL WATER CONSERVATION1
Authors: DeCook K. James. , Foster Kennith E. , Karpiscak Martin M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An index of residential water efficiency ‐ a “W‐Index” ‐ can serve as a measure of effectiveness of water conservation features in the home. The index provides a calculated numerical value for each dwelling unit, derived from the number and kind of water‐saving features present, including indoor and outdoor water savers and water harvesting or recycling systems.A W‐Index worksheet, devised for on‐site evaluation of single‐family residences in the Tucson, Arizona, region shows that a nonconserving residence with all the water‐using features would use 151,000 gallons per year or 148 gallons per capita per day (gpcpd), while the fully conserving model would use 35,300 gallons per year or 35 gpcpd and with water harvesting and graywater recycling systems would have a maximum W‐Index of W‐160. A Tucson water conservation demonstration home, Casa del Agua, received a rating of W‐139, and field tests of about 30 homes in new Tucson subdivisions show values ranging from W‐75 to W‐100, indicating the incorporation of some water conservation in current new models.By adjustment of some climatic or water‐use parameters, the W‐Index format can be applied to various types of dwelling units or to other urban areas. The W‐Index can be used by individual homeowners or builders to evaluate water efficiency of residential units, or by water providers or water management agencies as a device for promoting and achieving water conservation goals.
GROUND WATER MONITORING FOR TEMIK (ALDICARB) IN FLORIDA1
Authors: Miller W. L. , Foran J. A. , Huber W. , Davidson J. M. , Moye H. A. , Spangler D. P. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Over 700 community drinking water supplies were sampled for the pesticide Temik (aldicarb and its oxidative metabolites aldicarb sulfoxide and aldicarb sulfone) in Florida. All community supply wells sampled for Temik were located in counties where Temik was reported to have been used and approximately one‐half of the wells were located in counties where ground water was determined to be highly susceptible to contamination by Temik. Susceptibility was determined using ranking criteria that incorporated ground water recharge characteristics, water use, and Temik use patterns.Temik was not detected in any of the community supply wells sampled during the study. However, Temik was detected in shallow, private wells, as was the pesticide ethylene dibromide in counties with ground water characterized as highly susceptible to contamination.
ESTIMATED RUNOFF FROM MAN‐MADE SNOW1
Authors: Eisel Leo M. , Bradley Kimberly M. , Leaf Charles F 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The consumptive loss from man‐made snowmaking at six Colorado ski areas is calculated. The focus of the procedures in this investigation is on the consumptive loss that occurs to man‐made snow particles during the period they reside on or in the snowpack until spring snowmelt (termed the watershed loss). Calculated watershed losses under a variety of precipitation and temperature conditions at six ski areas varied from 7 to 33 percent. These calculations were made using the calibrated Subalpine Water Balance Simulation Model (Leaf and Brink, 1973a, 1973b). The watershed loss of 7 to 33 percent indicates the range of likely watershed losses that can be expected at Colorado ski areas.A previous paper by the authors (Eisel et al., 1988) provided estimates of the mean consumptive loss during the snowmaking process (termed initial loss) for conditions existing at Colorado ski areas to be 6 percent of water applied. Therefore, based on the mean initial loss, the total consumptive loss from man‐made snowmaking under conditions found at Colorado ski areas could be expected to range from 13 to 37 percent. These results demonstrate the range of total consumptive losses that could be expected in various years and for various watershed conditions. These total percentage losses cannot be extrapolated directly to other specific sites because the total consumptive loss is dependent on temperature during actual snowmaking, temperature and precipitation throughout the winter at the specific ski area, and watershed conditions at the ski area. Consumptive losses to man‐made snow for a specific ski area should be estimated using the handbook procedures developed especially for this purpose (Colorado Ski Country USA, 1986b).
MONITORING OPERATIONS PERFORMANCE IN LARGE‐SCALE PUBLIC IRRIGATION SYSTEMS IN INDONESIA1
Authors: Kelley Timothy G. , Johnson Sam H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Different allocation and delivery performance ratios are used to assess operations performance in a large scale public irrigation system in Indonesia. Results from this analysis indicate that field management practices deviate substantially from the official operating procedures. The lack of application of a single, standardized procedure for planning water allocations represents a serious constraint to effective monitoring and evaluating system performance. Underestimated and unrealistic planned allocations becomes the justification for overdiversion of water, and has the effect of undermining the resolve of managers to see to it that actual flows meet planned flows.Miscalculating planned allocations, poor matches between planned flows and actual deliveries, overdiversion and misreporting have economic consequences as well. For example, strict adherence to the standard operating rule during the second dry season of 1987 would have resulted in 19,070,000 m3 less water diverted into the irrigation system from the Brantas River or, at a conservative estimate of $1.78 per 100 m3 water, a savings of $339,500. Scope exists for making improvements in management by closer adherence to the standard delivery rule, which will also facilitate proper monitoring and evaluation.