bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV‐1 Nef induces p47phox phosphorylation leading to a rapid superoxide anion release from the U937 human monoblastic cell line
Authors: Olivetta Eleonora , Mallozzi Cinzia , Ruggieri Vitalba , Pietraforte Donatella , Federico Maurizio , Sanchez Massimo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe Nef protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) plays a crucial role in AIDS pathogenesis by modifying host cell signaling pathways. We investigated the effects of Nef on the NADPH oxidase complex, a key enzyme involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species during the respiratory burst in human monocyte/macrophages. We have recently shown that the inducible expression of HIV‐1 Nef in human macrophages cell line modulates in bi‐phasic mode the superoxide anion release by NADPH oxidase, inducing a fast increase of the superoxide production, followed by a delayed strong inhibition mediated by Nef‐induced soluble factor(s). Our study is focused on the molecular mechanisms involved in Nef‐mediated activation of NADPH oxidase and superoxide anion release. Using U937 cells stably transfected with different Nef alleles, we found that both Nef membrane localization and intact SH3‐binding domain are needed to induce superoxide release. The lack of effect during treatment with a specific MAPK pathway inhibitor, PD98059, demonstrated that Nef‐induced superoxide release is independent of Erk1/2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, Nef induced the phosphorylation and then the translocation of the cytosolic subunit of NADPH oxidase complex p47phox to the plasma membrane. Adding the inhibitor PP2 prevented this process, evidencing the involvement of the Src family kinases on Nef‐mediated NADPH oxidase activation. In addition, LY294002, a specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibited both the Nef‐induced p47phox phosphorylation and the superoxide anion release. These data indicate that Nef regulates the NADPH oxidase activity through the activation of the Src kinases and PI3K. J. Cell. Biochem. 106: 812–822, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction of NO molecules with Pd clusters: Ab initio density–functional study
Authors: Grybos Robert , Benco Lubomir , Bučko Tomas , Hafner Jürgen 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe adsorption of NO molecules on small Pdn (n = 1−6) clusters has been studied using first‐principles density‐functional theory. Three adsorption sites were considered: vertex (on–top), bridge, and hollow. Adsorption is strong, ranging from 2 to 3 eV. In all cases NO adsorbs in a bent configuration. Calculated shifts in N–O bond vibration frequencies (with anharmonic corrections) agree very well with available experimental data. In contrast to metallic Pd surfaces, adsorption of NO on palladium clusters causes considerable changes in geometry around adsorption site because palladium d‐orbitals rehybridize to maximize the overlap with NO orbitals (mainly the antibonding π*). Thus, the overall energetic effect of NO adsorption is the result of two competing processes: lowering of the total energy through tighter bonding with NO and rising the energy due to cluster deformation. The Pdn–NO bond creation is governed by electron transfer from Pd–d orbitals into the NO π*. As a result, the Pd cluster becomes locally demagnetized (with total magnetic moment of 1 μB located at Pd atoms not connected to NO) and the NO molecule is activated: the N–O bond length is increased and the vibration frequency is redshifted. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2009
Application of MOLMAP approach for QSAR modeling of various biological activities using substituent electronic descriptors
Authors: Hemmateenejad Bahram , Mehdipour Ahmad R. , Miri Ramin , Shamsipur Mojtaba 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWhen using quantum chemical descriptors in quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) studies, there is always a challenge between accuracy of calculation and the complexity and time of computation. Very recently, we proposed the use of substituents electronic descriptors (SEDs) instead of the electronic properties of whole molecule as new and expedite source of electronic descriptors. For instance, SED parameters can be calculated with the highest degree of accuracy in very low computation time. In this article, we used SED parameters in QSAR modeling of six different biological data sets including (i) the dissociation constants for a set of substituted imidazolines, (ii) the pKa of imidazoles, (iii) inverse agonist activity of indoles, (iv) the influenza virus inhibition activities of benzimidazoles, (v) inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase by amides, and (vi) the natriuretic activity of sulfonamide. For poly‐substituted molecules, SED parameters produce a vector of electronic descriptors for each substituent, and thus a matrix of SED parameters is obtained for each molecule. Consequently, a three‐dimensional (3D) array is obtained by staking the descriptor data matrices of molecules beside each others. In addition to simple unfolding of the SED parameters, molecular maps of atom‐level properties (MOLMAP) approach, as a novel data analysis method, was also applied to transfer 3D array of SED into new two‐dimensional parameters using Kohonen network, following by genetic algorithm‐based partial least square (GA‐PLS) to connect a quantitative relationship between the Kohonen scores and biological activity. Accurate QSAR models were obtained by both approaches. However, the superiority of three‐way analysis of SED parameters based on MOLMAP approach with respect to simple unfolding was obtained. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2009
Blind docking of 260 protein–ligand complexes with EADock 2.0
Authors: Grosdidier Aurélien , Zoete Vincent , Michielin Olivier 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMolecular docking softwares are one of the important tools of modern drug development pipelines. The promising achievements of the last 10 years emphasize the need for further improvement, as reflected by several recent publications (Leach et al., J Med Chem 2006, 49, 5851; Warren et al., J Med Chem 2006, 49, 5912). Our initial approach, EADock, showed a good performance in reproducing the experimental binding modes for a set of 37 different ligand–protein complexes (Grosdidier et al., Proteins 2007, 67, 1010). This article presents recent improvements regarding the scoring and sampling aspects over the initial implementation, as well as a new seeding procedure based on the detection of cavities, opening the door to blind docking with EADock. These enhancements were validated on 260 complexes taken from the high quality Ligand Protein Database [LPDB, (Roche et al., J Med Chem 2001, 44, 3592)]. Two issues were identified: first, the quality of the initial structures cannot be assumed and a manual inspection and/or a search in the literature are likely to be required to achieve the best performance. Second the description of interactions involving metal ions still has to be improved. Nonetheless, a remarkable success rate of 65% was achieved for a large scale blind docking assay, when considering only the top ranked binding mode and a success threshold of 2 Å RMSD to the crystal structure. When looking at the five‐top ranked binding modes, the success rate increases up to 76%. In a standard local docking assay, success rates of 75 and 83% were obtained, considering only the top ranked binding mode, or the five top binding modes, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 2009
Therapy with religious couples
Authors: Duba Jill D. , Watts Richard E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAlthough 95% of married couples identify with a particular religion, there is great variation in how couples rely on their religion to define or structure their relationship. Various denominations will imply particular “rules” or will shape how the couple deals with interpersonal and family challenges, such as sexuality, parenting, and power. In this article, we review couple relationships within a religious context and advance several treatment principles for treating religious couples. We present a clinical case to illustrate marital therapy with a religious couple, with an Adlerian context. ©2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 65:1–13, 2009.
In situ transmission electron microscopy study on Nb‐doped Pb(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 ceramics
Authors: Qu Weiguo , Tan Xiaoli , Yang Pin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe ferroelectric‐to‐ferroelectric phase transition between the high temperature (FERH) and the low temperature (FERL) rhombohedral phases in a Nb‐doped Pb(Zr0.95Ti0.05)O3 ceramic was investigated with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Both bright field images and electron diffraction patterns were monitored as a function of temperature as well as dc electric field. A special TEM specimen holder that permits the application of electric voltage up to 600 V was employed for the study of electric field‐induced phase transition. It was found that both [1/2](011)c‐ and [1/2](111)c‐type superlattice diffraction spots were present at room temperature when the specimen was under no electric field. The [1/2](111)c‐type superlattice spots were observed to disappear during heating above the phase transition temperature. When dc electric fields were applied at room temperature, the [1/2](111)c‐type superlattice spots vanished as the electric field‐induced FERL → FERH phase transition occurred. Microsc. Res. Tech. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of darkness on embryonic diapause termination in dormant Artemia cysts with no experience of desiccation
Authors: Nambu Ziro , Tanaka Shin , Nambu Fumiko , Nakano Masahiro 
Published: January 2009

AbstractOne of the environmental cues for Artemia embryonic diapause termination (EDT), the nature of which is barely understood, is the absence of light, although light–dark cycles (photoperiod) have been examined in inducing embryonic diapause. The influence of constant darkness (DD) on EDT was investigated in laboratory‐produced cysts of Artemia franciscana. In a previous report (Nambu et al., 2008. J Exp Zool 309A:17–24 ), we described a facilitated effect of pretreatment of DD (5–14 days) on EDT in Artemia cysts exposed to a standard rearing condition. In this article, the influence of pretreatment of DD (1–150 days) was investigated in detail by bioassay of hatching. It was found that all the DD conditions significantly promoted EDT. Either the plateau value of the percent hatch increased in response to each DD condition, or the rearing period to attain the half value of the plateau value became shorter. It was also found that DD (1–100 days) led to cyclic changes of EDT: the logistic functions of hatching were cyclically regulated and 30 days‐DD cycles of relative values of their parameters were observed synchronously. The effect of DD‐duration was not cumulative, and a couple of optimum conditions for higher EDT levels were obtained. The probability of Artemia's encountering DD and the possible meaning of cyclic regulation of EDT by DD in Artemia are discussed. J. Exp. Zool. 311A:182–188, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heterochrony in limb evolution: developmental mechanisms and natural selection
Authors: Richardson Michael K. , Gobes Sharon M.H. , van Leeuwen Anne C. , Polman Japke A.E. , Pieau Claude , Sánchez‐Villagra Marcelo R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe tetrapod limb provides several examples of heterochrony—changes in the timing of developmental events. These include species differences in the sequence of skeletal chondrogenesis, in gene transcription in the developing limbs, and in the relative time at which forelimb and hind limb buds develop. Here, we examine (i) phylogenetic trends in limb heterochrony; (ii) changes in developmental mechanisms that may lead to heterochrony; and (iii) the possible role that heterochrony plays in generating adaptive traits. We analyze the published literature and present preliminary data on turtle (Emys orbicularis) and bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus) limb development. Teleosts, marsupials, and some urodeles show extreme timing differences between forelimb (or pectoral fin) and hind limb (or pelvic fin) development; this heterochrony may, in some cases, be adaptive. Published data on limb chondrogenesis reveal sequence elements that are strongly conserved (possibly owing to constraints); and others that vary between higher taxa (for unknown reasons). We find little evidence that chondrogenic sequences are modified by selection for limb functional traits. There are a few examples of developmental mechanisms that may be modified under heterochrony to produce adaptive changes in the limb (e.g. some cases of hyperphalangy or limb reduction). In conclusion, numerous examples of limb heterochrony have been recorded. However, few cases are obviously adaptive. Indeed, current data and methodologies make it difficult to identify the developmental changes, or selective pressures, that may underlie limb heterochrony. More integrative studies, including studies of heterochrony within populations, are needed to assess the role of timing shifts in limb evolution. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 312B:639–664, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Forelimb indicators of prey‐size preference in the Felidae
Authors: Meachen‐Samuels Julie , Van Valkenburgh Blaire 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe forelimbs, along with the crania, are an essential part of the prey‐killing apparatus in cats. Linear morphometrics of the forelimbs were used to determine the morphological differences between felids that specialize on large prey, small prey, or mixed prey. We also compared the scaling of felid forelimbs to those of canids to test whether prey capture strategies affect forelimb scaling. Results suggest that large prey specialists have relatively robust forelimbs when compared with smaller prey specialists. This includes relatively more robust humeri and radii, relatively larger distal ends of the humerus, and relatively larger articular areas of the humerus and radius. Large prey specialists also had relatively longer olecranon processes of the ulna and wider proximal paws. These characters are all important for subduing large prey while the cat positions itself for the killing bite. Small prey specialists have relatively longer distal limb elements for swift prey capture, and mixed prey specialists had intermediate values with relatively more robust metacarpals. Arboreal felids also had more robust limbs. They had relatively longer proximal phalanges for better grip while climbing, and a relatively short brachial index (radius to humerus ratio). Additionally, we found that felids and canids differ in forelimb scaling, which emphasizes the dual use of forelimbs for locomotion and prey capture in felids. This morphometric technique worked well to separate prey‐size preference in felids, but did not work as well to separate locomotor groups, as scansorial and terrestrial felids were not clearly distinguished. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural and biochemical seasonal changes in epididymal corpus and cauda of viscacha (Lagostomus maximus maximus)
Authors: Aguilera‐Merlo Claudia , Fogal Teresa , Sator Tirso , Dominguez Susana , Sosa Miguel , Scardapane Luis , Piezzi Ramón 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe reproductive and adaptative behavior of wild rodents is synchronized primarily by the photoperiod. The viscacha, a South American rodent of nocturnal habits and seasonal reproduction is photoperiod‐dependent and its reproductive behavior is regulated by the retinohypothalamic‐pituitary pineal axis. Adult males exhibit an annual reproductive cycle with periods of maximum gonadal activity (summer‐early autumn) and gonadal regression (winter). The corpus and the cauda, the most sensitive segments of the epididymis to changes induced by the photoperiod, were analyzed using electron microscopy and enzymatic biochemistry. During gonadal regression, principal and clear cells showed signs of involution with respect to the activity period. These were characterized by more irregular nuclei, smaller cytoplasms, large vacuoles, altered mitochondria, and glycogen deposits. All cellular populations of the epididymal epithelium in regression presented abundant lysosome‐like dense bodies during the active period. In addition, we measured the activity of four acid glycosidases in the cauda epididymis along the reproductive cycle. N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAG), an enzyme that degrades endocytosed substances from the epididymal lumen, increased significantly during gonadal regression relative to the active period. These results demonstrate that the viscacha epididymis exhibits significant ultrastructural and biochemical changes during the reproductive cycle. We demonstrate that during regression, melatonin secretion in viscacha increases. This study shows that the epididymal epithelium is reduced. Thus, we postulate that the changes observed in the epididymis are modulated by pineal melatonin. Despite these changes, the epididymis might maintain a microenvironment suitable for the survival of stored spermatozoa. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel membrane specialization in the sperm tail of bug insects (heteroptera)
Authors: Mercati David , Giusti Fabiola , Dallai Romano 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe sperm tail of bug insects has 9 + 9 + 2 flagellar axonemes and two mitochondrial derivatives showing two to three crystalline inclusions in their matrix. During spermiogenesis, the axoneme is surrounded by a membrane cistern which, at sperm maturity, reduces to two short cisterns on the opposite sides of the axoneme adhering to the mitochondrial derivatives. Filamentous bridges connect the intertubular material of the axoneme to these cisterns. Such bridges, which represent a peculiar feature of bug insects, are resistant to detergent treatment, whereas part of the intertubular material and the inner content of microtubular doublets are affected by the treatment. After freeze‐fracture replicas, at the insertion of the bridges to the cisternal membrane, the P‐face of this membrane shows a characteristic ribbon consisting of four rows of 11 ± 1 nm staggered intramembrane particles, 13 ± 2 nm apart along each row. The bridges could be able to maintain the axoneme in the proper position during flagellar beating avoiding distortion affecting sperm motility. J. Morphol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spurious correlations between recent warming and indices of local economic activity
Authors: Schmidt Gavin A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA series of climate model simulations of the 20th Century are analysed to investigate a number of published correlations between indices of local economic activity and recent global warming. These correlations have been used to support a hypothesis that the observed surface warming record has been contaminated in some way and thus overestimates true global warming. However, the basis of the results are correlations over a very restricted set of locations (predominantly western Europe, Japan and the USA) which project strongly onto naturally occurring patterns of climate variability, or are with fields with significant amounts of spatial auto‐correlation. Across model simulations, the correlations vary widely due to the chaotic weather component in any short‐term record. The reported correlations do not fall outside the simulated distribution, and are probably spurious (i.e. are likely to have arisen from chance alone). Thus, though this study cannot prove that the global temperature record is unbiased, there is no compelling evidence from these correlations of any large‐scale contamination. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Comparative evaluation of Ca chloride and Ca phosphate for extractable sulfur in soils with a wide range in pH
Authors: Sahrawat Kanwar L. , Murthy K. V. S. , Wani S. P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDeficiency of sulfur (S) is becoming widespread in the rainfed systems of India, and there is increasing need for diagnosing the deficiency. Calcium chloride and Ca phosphate are commonly used for extracting available S in soils. Because of cost and the ease of availability locally, we prefer using Ca chloride as an extractant over Ca phosphate, for extracting available S. However, there is paucity of data on the comparative evaluation of the two extractants to extract available S, especially in soils having a wide range in natural pH (from acidic to alkaline range). It is recognized that soil pH plays a dominant role in the adsorption–desorption and extractability of sulfate‐S in soils. We compared the extraction of S by Ca chloride and Ca phosphate in 86 Indian soils having a wide range in pH (4.5 to 10.6). Sulfur in the extracts was determined by ICP‐AES. Considering all the 86 soil samples tested, there was an excellent agreement between the values of extractable S determined by using the two extractants (r = 0.96, p < 0.001). However, the correlation coefficient (r) between the values of extractable S by the two reagents, although highly significant, varied among the groups of soil samples according to the range in soil pH. The highest correlation coefficient (r = 0.99, p < 0.0001, n = 17) was found for soils with pH in the alkaline range (8.5–10.6), and the lowest correlation coefficient (r = 0.71, p < 0.0001, n = 58) was obtained with a set of soil samples with pH in the acidic range (4.5–6.5). For soil samples having pH in the near‐neutral range (6.7–7.3), an excellent agreement was observed (r = 0.93, p < 0.0001, n =11) between the extractable‐S values obtained by the two extractants. While Ca phosphate extracted higher amount of S compared to Ca chloride in soil samples with pH in the acidic range, the two extractants were equally effective for soil samples with pH in the neutral or alkaline range. Our results suggest that for most of the soils in the semiarid tropical regions, which have pH in the neutral to alkaline range, Ca chloride can replace Ca phosphate as an extractant for removing available S in such soils.
Future Market: Photovoltaic Industry
Authors: Grohe Andreas , Wirth Harry 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThere are numerous possibilities for laser source manufacturers as well as laser equipment manufacturers in the photovoltaic market. On one side there are structuring steps unavoidable in thin film photovoltaic production, incorporating numerous small lasers per module production line. On the other there is a huge variety of possible laser processes in crystalline silicon photovoltaic, where it is only a matter of time until the first laser processes make their way into process sequences for higher efficient solar cells.
To Know How is Still Fundamental
Authors: Brak Philippe 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe GSI Group Inc. was founded in 1968 as General Scanning, Inc. Since then they changed towards a supplier of lasers, laser systems and precision motion devices. In particular, the acquisition of Excel Technology Inc. in summer 2008 was a major step in this direction. Andreas Thoss spoke for LTJ with Philippe Brak, Vice President and General Manager of Laser Business at GSI, about the acquisition and GSI's future plans.
Click Polyester: Synthesis of Polyesters Containing Triazole Units in the Main Chain by Click Chemistry and Improved Thermal Property
Authors: Nagao Yu , Takasu Akinori 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA “click” polymerization of dialkynes that contain an ester linkages and diazides to has been performed to synthesize various polyesters, termed “click polyesters” with a high $\overline M _{\rm n}$ of 1.0 × 104 to 7.0 × 104 in an excellent yield. This polymerization accompanied a formation of 1,4‐disubstituted triazoles in the polyester main chain by a CuI catalyst. The triazole ring formation in the polyester main chain leads to improved thermal properties and enhancement of the even–odd effect of methylene chain length of the produced click polyesters. This report is the first report of the application of click chemistry to synthesize a series of polyesters under mild conditions.magnified image