bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canine gastric dilatation‐volvulus
Authors: Burrows C. F. , Ignaszewski L. A. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTGastric dilatation‐volvulus (GDV) is a dramatic and enigmatic disease of large and giant breed dogs characterised by the rapid accumulation of gas in the stomach. This causes gastric dilatation, twisting of the stomach about its long axis, compression of surrounding organs, hypovolaemic and cardiogenic shock, and if untreated, death. It has been estimated that the disease afflicts approximately 60,000 dogs in the USA each year with a mortality rate ranging from 7 to 60 per cent depending on accessibility to adequate veterinary care. The cause is unknown. While diet was at one time believed to be associated with the genesis of the disease, critical review of available data provides no evidence to support this hypothesis. A variety of predisposing or risk factors have been identified but none is suspected of being the cause, indeed, the disorder may have a multiple aetiology. Current thinking suggests that the final common pathway in the development of GDV may be an inhibition of gastric motility and emptying. This could come about through a primary disruption of normal gastric electrical patterns or through the effect of extraneous stressful events that disrupt gastric motility. After dilatation a series of potentially lethal events is unleashed which include compression of the caudal vena cava, pooling of blood in the microcirculation of the viscera and hindlimbs, metabolic acidosis, gastric necrosis, cardiac arrhythmias, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypotensive and cardiogenic shock and death. Nevertheless, even advanced cases can survive if treated appropriately. If the cause could be identified logical prophylaxis might follow. Studies at the University of Florida have failed to demonstrate any effect of diet on gastric function in large breed dogs, suggesting that diet is probably not the cause of the disease.Researchers at Colorado State University also found no association with diet in clinical patients. Recent studies at the University of Florida have revealed distinct abnormalities in gastric electrical activity in GDV patients. In human patients these abnormalities, called dysrhythmias, have been associated with gastric distention, bloating, delayed emptying, nausea and retching. Unfortunately, dysrhythmias are also present, albeit to a lesser degree, in experimental GDV. These findings leave unanswered the question as to whether abnormalities in gastric motility play a role in the genesis of GDV.
Taurine: an essential nutrient for cats
Authors: Morris J. G. , Rogers Q. R. , Pacioretty L. M. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe β‐sulphonic amino acid taurine is synthe‐sised in animals from dietary sulphur amino acids. Cats exclusively use taurine to conjugate cholic acid rather than being able to use the alternate glycine conjugation. Since total body synthesis of taurine in cats is limiting, metabolic deficiencies of taurine occur when the dietary intake of taurine is restricted. A deficiency of taurine in cats is expressed by aberrant functions of a wide range of organ systems. Pathological changes occur in the eye, feline central degeneration; reproductive abnormalities occur in the female, a high incidence of fetal resorptions and abortions, low birth weight and survival of live‐born young; growth rate in the new born kitten is depressed; heart induction of dilated cardiomyopathy and compromised immune function. All these conditions are prevented or reversed with adequate dietary taurine. While all tissues contain taurine, the concentration varies with the tissue. Generally plasma has been used to assess taurine status in cats, but the concentration of taurine in plasma varies widely. Food deprivation of cats given high taurine diets causes a marked fall in the concentration of taurine in plasma. Major changes in whole blood concentration do not occur as rapidly as plasma and therefore appear to be a superior diagnostic test for taurine status. An inadequate number of samples have been analysed to define a marginal taurine level from whole blood concentration to prevent clinical signs. The minimal dietary concentration of taurine to prevent clinical signs of efficiency is dependent on the type of diet. For commercial expanded (dry) cat foods a concentration of 1200 mg taurine/kg dry matter appears adequate.Higher concentrations are required in canned diets, 2000 to 2500 mg taurine/kg dry matter to supply adequate taurine. The reasons for the higher concentration of taurine required in canned foods is not due to availability of taurine in the classical context. Rather it appears that heating during the canning process produces products which increase enterohepatic loss of taurine.
Feline urological syndrome (FUS) ‐ theory and practice
Authors: Gaskell C. J. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTFeline urological syndrome (FUS, urolithiasis, feline urethral obstruction, ‘blocked cat’) is the most important condition of the lower urinary tract of the cat, both because of its frequency of occurrence and the immediately serious nature of some facets of the clinical condition. It is also an enigmatic disease on which much clinical and research effort has been expended, but about which much remains to be understood. Problems include those of definition, of aetiology and of pathogenesis, and each are of practical as well as theoretical importance. The first, in the absence of a single diagnostic criterion, is clearly essential as a basis for clinical management. Considerable efforts have been made to define a single cause or aetiology but have not proved helpful and it is now clear that the development of FUS may be related to a number of factors. Understanding of the pathogenesis of FUS remains patchy, for while the metabolic consequences of urethral obstruction are relatively well understood, little is known of the earlier, pre‐clinical stages of the disease where the role of struvite crystals and the colloid matrix of the obstructing material remains unclear. These aspects, and their relevance in the management of clinical FUS will be discussed.
Prolonged coagulopathy associated with brodifacoum poisoning in two dogs
Authors: Hall E. J. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTTwo dogs developed a generalised bleeding disorder after ingestion of brodifacoum, a compound belonging to a new generation of more potent and longer‐acting anticoagulant rodenti‐cides. Haemorrhage recurred after treatment with conventional dosages of vitamin K1 Successful therapy required dosages of vitamin K1 of 5 mg/kg for a period of up to eight weeks.
Ultrastructural lesions to the canine intestinal epithelium caused by enteropathogenic E coli
Authors: Hart C. A. , Embaye H. , Getty B. , Saunders J. R. , Batt R. M. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTMucosal biopsies from canine jejunum and ileum were established in organ culture, and remained structurally intact for up to 72 hours. Infection of such mucosal biopsies with an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) 0111 results in the characteristic loss of brush border observed during natural and induced infection in other animal species. Within four hours of infection, bacteria had become attached to the mucous overlying the microvilli and by eight hours had penetrated between the microvilli resulting in partial loss of the brush border. After 24 hours incubation there was almost complete effacement of the brush border with cup and pedestal formation at sites of bacterial adherence. We conclude that EPEC should be considered as a potential cause of diarrhoea in the dog and that organ culture of canine mucosal biopsies provides a useful model for studying infection with EPECs and other enteric pathogens.
Canine urolithiasis: epidemiology and analysis of urinary calculi
Authors: Hesse A. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe incidence of canine urolithiasis was found to lie between 0–5 to 1 per cent of the canine population. Epidemiological and analytical data were collected for 1731 urinary stones, and causal relationships investigated. Calculi were found in 72 breeds. While they were relatively common among dachshunds, dalmatians, cocker spaniels, Pekingese, bassets, poodles, schnauzers and small terrier breeds, urinary stones were relatively rare among German shepherd dogs, boxers, collies, chow chows, old English sheepdogs, spitz and rottweiler breeds. Struvite, which was found in 55‐6 per cent of all calculi, proved to be the most common constituent, followed by cystine (22‐5 per cent) and ammonium urate (6‐6 per cent). Xanthine calculi were rare (six cases), while silicium dioxide calculi were present in only one case. The likelihood of calculi in male animals was twice that of bitches, although the latter were found to be more prone to infection of the urinary tract. Adiposity was present in 29 per cent of all dogs with calculi. The average age of the animals was seven years. In 98‐7 per cent of all cases the calculi were found in the lower urinary tract, and surgical removal of the stones was required in 87‐5 per cent of cases. The main types of calculi appear among specific breeds, which indicates that a careful breeding programme may help to reduce the frequency of urinary calculi.
Stenosis of the thoracolumbar vertebral canal in a basset hound
Authors: Stigen ø. , Hagen G. , Kolbjørnsen ø. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTA three‐month‐old female basset hound was referred to the Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine with a history of progressive paresis of the pelvic limbs. Following neurological examination and the study of myelograms, extradural masses causing spinal cord compressions at the T12.13 and T13‐L1 junctions were diagnosed. At necropsy bone‐tissue of the vertebral laminae was found to have formed stenoses of the vertebral canal producing compressions of the spinal cord. Irreversible tissue‐damage was observed in histological sections prepared from the compressed areas of the spinal cord.
Polymyositis associated with Ehrlichia canis infection in two dogs
Authors: Buoro I. B. J. , Kanui T. I. , Atwell R. B. , Njenga K. M. , Gathumbi P. K. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTClinical, haematological, biochemical, electrophysiological and pathological features of two dogs infected with Ehrlichia canis and with concurrent signs of polymyositis are presented. Both dogs had a history of relatively acute onset, progressive tetraparesis, hyporeflexia and generalised muscle wasting. Skeletal muscles were atrophic and characterised histologically by plasmocytic, lymphocytic and immature lymph‐oreticular cellular infiltrates with accompanying areas of necrosis. Histopathological similarities between ehrlichiosis and polymyositis are noted and a probable aetiological relationship is inferred.
Corneal epithelial inclusion cyst in the dog
Authors: Bedford P. G. C. , Grierson I. , McKechnie N. M. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTUnilateral corneal epithelial inclusion cysts are recorded in a series of 16 dogs. The cysts were not congenital, there was no breed incidence, and in 11 patients there was history of corneal trauma or ulceration before cyst formation. There was some variability in clinical presentation, and sight was affected in six dogs. Fifteen patients were treated successfully by superficial keratectomy without cyst recurrence.
Colchicine treatment in a dog with hepatoportal fibrosis
Authors: Rutgers H. C. , Haywood S. , Batt R. M. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTA two‐year‐old female spayed English setter with hepatic encephalopathy was found to have hepatoportal fibrosis and acquired portosystemic shunts on laparotomy and liver biopsy. The dog was treated symptomatically with a low‐protein diet, lactulose and metronidazole, while colchicine was given as antifibrotic therapy. There was a gradual improvement in clinical signs and liver function until 30 months after first presentation, when the dog developed severe haematuria caused by renal infarction of unknown aetiology. Post mortem examination revealed hepatic fibrosis to be unchanged. This case illustrates that long term survival may be possible in canine hepatoportal fibrosis and suggests that colchicine may be effective in improving liver function and slowing progression of hepatic fibrosis.
Urethral tumours in dogs
Authors: Davies J. V. , Read H. M. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTUrethral tumours in 21 dogs are reported. Transitional cell carcinoma was the most frequent presentation. A more deliberate radiographic protocol has enhanced diagnostic ability and has improved presurgical evaluation. The use of a transpubic surgical approach has allowed the direct examination of the affected urethra and excision or resection of focal and diffuse lesions in 10 dogs with periods of remission varying from eight to 22 months. The apparent success of the surgical technique underlines the necessity for early and careful investigation of the dysuric, haematuric case.
Clinical effectiveness of atipamezole as a medetomidine antagonist in cats
Authors: Vaha‐Vahe A. T. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe efficacy of atipamezole to reverse medetomidine induced effects in cats was investigated in a clinical study (n=160) including placebo. The atipamezole doses (intramuscularly) were two, four and six times (2X, 4X and 6X) the preceding medetomidine dose, which was 100 ug/kg body weight intramuscularly. Medetomidine was shown to produce moderate to deep sedation, recumbency and bradycardia in cat. Atipamezole was clearly able to reverse these effects of medetomidine. The median arousal time in the atipamezole dose groups was five minutes and walking time, 10 minutes, compared with more than 30 minutes in the placebo group. Heart rate was increased towards normal by atipamezole in a dose related manner. The clinical evaluation of the ability of atipamezole to reverse the effects of medetomidine was found to be ‘good’ in 82‐5, 75 or 65 per cent of cases in dose groups 2X, 4X and 6X, respectively. The effect of atipamezole was evaluated as being ‘too potent’ in 2–5, 5 or 25 per cent of the cases in these respective groups. The incidence of side effects was negligible. In conclusion, atipamezole at the dose of two to four times the preceding dose of medetomidine seems to be an effective medetomidine antagonist for clinical use in cats.
A degenerative myelopathy in young German shepherd dogs
Authors: Longhof S. L. , Duncan I. D. , Messing A. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTTwo young male German shepherd dogs, six and seven months old, were evaluated for progressive hindlimb ataxia and paresis. Both dogs were found to be thin and poorly muscled on physical examination, and on neurological examination, the lesions were localised to the spinal cord between T2 and L4. Microscopical examination of the spinal cords demonstrated widespread axonal degeneration similar to that seen in aged German shepherd dogs with chronic degenerative radiculomyelopathy (CDRM), although the distribution of these changes was not identical to CDRM.
Clinical observations on medetomidine/ ketamine anaesthesia and its antagonism by atipamezole in the cat
Authors: Young L. E. , Jones R. S. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTA combination of medetomidine and ketamine was administered intramuscularly to produce anaesthesia in 34 cats undergoing elective surgery or diagnostic procedures. Vomiting before the onset of sedation was observed in six cats. Surgical anaesthesia was rapid in onset and of consistently high quality. In order to hasten return to full awareness at the termination of surgery, atipamezole was administered, intramuscularly, in 33 cats. Recovery was smooth in all cases, with return to full consciousness occurring within a short time of the injection of atipamezole.
Haematology of the weanling, juvenile and adult cat
Authors: Earle K. E. , Smith P. M. , Gillott W. M. , Poore D. W. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTNormal values for haematological parameters within the cat colony at the Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition were reviewed over a period of five years. Data was collected from a large number of animals (n = 468) fed commercially prepared pet food and will provide a useful guide for practitioners when assessing cats in a practice situation.
Dietary fibre and post prandial hyperglycaemia in normal and diabetic dogs
Authors: Blaxter A. C. , Cripps P. J. , Gruffydd‐Jones T. J. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTBlood glucose responses to three different diets were measured in six normal dogs and in five diabetic dogs stabilised on insulin replacement therapy. In all animals a control canned diet was compared with the same diet containing 20 g wheat bran, and with the same diet containing 20 g guar granules. Reductions in hyper‐glycaemia were demonstrated for 240 minutes following the test meal containing guar in comparison with the control diet in all but one dog, and moderate reductions were demonstrated following the test meal containing bran. These findings suggest that, as in man, feeding restricted carbohydrate diets to diabetics is an outdated concept. As in human medicine, high fibre diets or dietary supplementation with soluble fibre, such as guar, reduces post prandial hypergly‐caemia and may help to improve gylcaemic control in diabetes mellitus.
Hiatal hernia in the dog and cat: A retrospective study of 16 cases
Authors: Bright R. M. , Sackman J. E. , DeNovo C. , Toal C. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTSixteen cases of hiatal hernia were diagnosed in cats and dogs at the University of Tennessee between 1978 and 1989. Three cases were found as incidental findings during thoracic or abdominal radiography and another two cases were found during post mortem examination. The remaining 11 cases were evaluated clinically and radiographically. The results of conservative or surgical therapy were reviewed. Not all animals with a hiatal hernia were symptomatic. Five animals with signs underwent surgery and another three had surgical intervention but were asymptomatic. Medical management was successful in controlling the signs in two animals showing signs consistent with reflux oesophagitis. One dog with ‘shortened oesophagus syndrome’ was treated inappropriately with conventional surgical techniques used in veterinary medicine for hiatal hernia. This study clearly emphasises the need to evaluate carefully each dog or cat with hiatal hernia before choosing the best therapeutic plan.
Response of dogs with functional pituitary macroadenomas and macrocarcinomas to radiation
Authors: Dow S. W. , LeCouteur R. A. , Rosychuk R. A. W. , Powers B. E. , Kemppainen R. J. , Gillette E. L. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTA prospective study was conducted to assess the use of radiation therapy for treatment of dogs with large, functional pituitary tumours and pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Four dogs received only pituitary irradiation, whereas two dogs received irradiation and concurrent mitotane treatment. Effects of radiation therapy on tumour size and function were assessed by sequential CT scans, ACTH assays and ACTH stimulation tests. Reduction in tumour size and resolution of neurological abnormalities occurred in all dogs. The mean and median survival time following irradiation for dogs in this report was 740 days and 743 days, respectively. Atnecropsy, a pituitary chromophobe adenoma was detected in three dogs, and a pituitary carcinoma in one dog; necropsy was not carried out on two dogs. Pituitary hypersecretion of ACTH persisted for at
Bilateral olecranon avulsion in a cat
Authors: Wong W. T. , Mitten R. W. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTPhyseal fracture at the proximal olecranon has been rarely reported in the cat. Bilateral involvement in this case resulted in the cat adopting a ‘kangaroo‐like’ posture with both elbows flexed. Careful clinical examination and radiography were essential for a diagnosis. The fractures were successfully treated using the wire tension band principle.
Degenerative lumbosacral stenosis in 18 dogs
Authors: Watt P. R. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTEighteen dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis were presented to the University of Queensland Small Animal Clinic (UQSAC) over a three‐year period. Presenting clinical signs included lumbosacral pain (89 per cent), hindlimb paresis and proprioceptive deficits (56 per cent), lameness (49 per cent), flaccid tails (22 per cent), and urinary dysfunction (16 per cent). All 18 dogs were treated by decompressive laminectomy. Two dogs were also treated by a pin fixation‐fusion technique. The major compressive lesion was a type II disc protrusion (72 per cent). Seventeen dogs (94 per cent) showed improvement postoperatively with minimal complications. Confirmation of diagnosis is difficult in that many aged dogs without clinical signs show radiographic signs compatible with stenosis.
Serodiagnosis of Lyme disease in UK dogs
Authors: May C. , Cartert S. D. , Barnes A. , Bell S. , Bennett D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLyme disease is a chronic, multisystemic, inflammatory disorder of man and animals associated with infection by the tick‐borne spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi. Lyme disease was recently reported for the first time in a dog in the UK (May and others 1990). Using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we have performed a serological survey to investigate the prevalence of antibodies to B burgdorferi in UK dogs. The survey has shown that dogs from many areas in the UK have serum antibodies to B burgdorferi, that the presence of serum antibodies is associated with known exposure to ticks and that some dogs seropositive for B burgdorferi have clinical signs consistent with Lyme disease. High levels of serum anti‐Borrelia antibodies are not diagnostic for canine Lyme disease, but, in association with appropriate clinical signs, they help to confirm the diagnosis in suspected cases.
Pharmacology and therapeutics of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in the dog and cat: 1 General pharmacology
Authors: Lees P. , May S. A. , McKellar Q. A. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTSThe inflammatory process is described with particular reference to the cardinal signs, the microcir‐culatory changes and the mediators and modulators of inflammation. Mediators and modulars comprise targets for therapeutic intervention; and the arachidonic acid pathway, generating the eicosanoid group of compounds, is considered in detail. Most non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) of both carboxylic and enolic acid subgroups act partly and in some cases perhaps soley through inhibition of the enzyme cyclo‐oxy‐genase which is concerned with the generation of an important subgroup of eicosanoids, the prostaglandins. The wanted (therapeutic) and unwanted (side‐effects) actions of NSAIDs are considered together with their pharmacokinetic properties. The clinical pharmacology and therapeutic uses of NSAIDs in dogs and cats are described.
Pharmacology and therapeutics of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in the dog and cat: 2 Individual agents
Authors: McKellar Q. A. , May S. A. , Lees P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe general pharmacology of the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used in dogs and cats has been described in part 1 of this review (Lees and others 1991). This paper outlines the properties of the individual agents as they are used in small animal practice. The NSAIDs which have been used extensively in small animals include the older agents such as Aspirin, cinchophen and phenylbutazone. These agents have previously been used empirically by extrapolation of dosages from other species and by clinical experience. Studies are now available which provide a scientific rationale for the dosage rate recommended. A number of new drugs have recently been licensed for use in the dog or may be licensed in the near future. These include flunixin, carprofen and tolfenamic acid and the data generated from these products provides very useful information for formulating I effective dosage regimens. There are also some NSAIDs such as piroxicam which have been investigated in the dog because they have particular properties which may be of use in common clinical conditions and others, such as Paracetamol and Ibuprofen, which are readily available to the public and which owners may administer to dogs or cats at toxic doses.