bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Miniaturized Protein Arrays for
Escherichia coli
O Serotyping
Authors: Anjum Muna F. , Tucker James D. , Sprigings Katherine A. , Woodward Martin J. , Ehricht Ralf 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT

Serological typing of
Escherichia coli
O antigens is a well-established method used for differentiation and identification of O serotypes commonly associated with disease. In this feasibility study, we have developed a novel somatic antibody-based miniaturized microarray chip, using 17 antisera, which can be used to detect bound whole-cell
E. coli
antigen with its corresponding immobilized antibody, to assess the feasibility of this approach. The chip was tested using the related 17 control strains, and the O types found by the microarray chip showed 100% correlation with the O types found by conventional typing. A blind trial was performed in which 100
E. coli
isolates that had been O serotyped previously by the conventional assay were tested by the array approach. Overall, the O serotypes of 88% of isolates were correctly identified by the microarray method. For several isolates, ambiguity of O-type designation by microarray arose due to increased sensitivity of this method, allowing signal intensities of cross-reactions to be quantified. Investigation of discrepancies between conventional and microarray O serotyping indicated that some isolates upon storage had become untypeable and, therefore, gave poor signal intensity when tested by the microarray or retested by conventional means. For all 20 serotype O26 and O157 isolates, the apparent discrepancy in O serotyping was analyzed further by a third independent test, which confirmed the microarray results. Therefore, the use of miniaturized protein arrays increases the speed and efficiency of O serotyping in a cost-effective manner, and these preliminary findings suggest the microarray approach may have a higher accuracy than those of traditional O-serotyping methods.
Unique Posttranslational Modifications of Chitin-Binding Lectins of
Entamoeba invadens
Cyst Walls
Authors: Van Dellen Katrina L. , Chatterjee Anirban , Ratner Daniel M. , Magnelli Paula E. , Cipollo John F. , Steffen Martin , Robbins Phillips W. , Samuelson John 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT

Entamoeba histolytica
, which causes amebic dysentery and liver abscesses, is spread via chitin-walled cysts. The most abundant protein in the cyst wall of
Entamoeba invadens
, a model for amebic encystation, is a lectin called EiJacob1. EiJacob1 has five tandemly arrayed, six-Cys chitin-binding domains separated by low-complexity Ser- and Thr-rich spacers.
E. histolytica
also has numerous predicted Jessie lectins and chitinases, which contain a single, N-terminal eight-Cys chitin-binding domain. We hypothesized that
E. invadens
cyst walls are composed entirely of proteins with six-Cys or eight-Cys chitin-binding domains and that some of these proteins contain sugars.
E. invadens
genomic sequences predicted seven Jacob lectins, five Jessie lectins, and three chitinases. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed that mRNAs encoding Jacobs, Jessies, and chitinases are increased during
E. invadens
encystation, while mass spectrometry showed that the cyst wall is composed of an ∼30:70 mix of Jacob lectins (cross-linking proteins) and Jessie and chitinase lectins (possible enzymes). Three Jacob lectins were cleaved prior to Lys at conserved sites (e.g., TPSVDK) in the Ser- and Thr-rich spacers between chitin-binding domains. A model peptide was cleaved at the same site by papain and
E. invadens
Cys proteases, suggesting that the latter cleave Jacob lectins in vivo. Some Jacob lectins had
O
-phosphodiester-linked carbohydrates, which were one to seven hexoses long and had deoxysugars at reducing ends. We concluded that the major protein components of the
E. invadens
cyst wall all contain chitin-binding domains (chitinases, Jessie lectins, and Jacob lectins) and that the Jacob lectins are differentially modified by site-specific Cys proteases and
O
-phosphodiester-linked glycans.
Water Vapor Structure Displacements from Cloud-Free Meteosat Scenes and Their Interpretation for the Wind Field
Authors: Büche G. , Karbstein H. , Kummer A. , Fischer H. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The evaluation of water vapor (WV) images taken by satellite-borne radiometers has become an essential source of data in modern meteorology. The analysis of structure displacements within sections of WV images is an effective way to get horizontal components of wind vectors. In contrast to intermediate-level and high-level clouds, the height assignment of displacement vectors connected with cloud-free WV structures needs additional information from atmospheric profiles. Nevertheless, interpreting these motion vectors as independent wind vectors and not simply matching them to any model wind field is tried. This contribution reports on the evaluation of structure displacements and how it can be done efficiently in the case of smooth and shallow scenes by the use of appropriate filters. Then, a series of height-assignment methods is tested for altitude-sensitive parameters such as wind shear and brightness contrast of pixels within segments used for structure tracking. The results are verified by comparison with reference wind data from the analysis of a weather prediction model as well as from radiosonde ascents. From a statistical point of view and for cases of strong wind shear it is clearly revealed that methods that use the effective brightness temperature, in particular from the coldest pixels, lead to better height assignment than do others that are based on the contribution function explicitly. From a series of individual cases it is found that the relative minimum of the difference between reference wind and clear-air structure displacement is not related uniquely to either the coldest (or warmest) pixel of the segment or the effective brightness temperature of pixels leading the tracking procedure. A cloud-free WV structure consequently contains information from an atmospheric layer whose displacement vector is a weighted sum over the motions within its specific thickness. Then the individual situation will determine whether a structure displacement reflects the motion at a well-defined height or whether it should be taken as a collective motion within an atmospheric layer that is an essential part of the upper troposphere.
Dual Lidar Observations at 10.6 μm and 532 nm for Retrieving Semitransparent Cirrus Cloud Properties
Authors: Chiriaco M. , Chepfer H. , Noel V. , Haeffelin M. , Drobinski P. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTo improve the estimation of the infrared radiances in cirrus clouds, one needs to consider the vertical inhomogeneities of the cloud properties. The position of the maximum of absorption within an ice cloud is potentially important to the improvement of the split-window techniques for retrieving particle size and for understanding the radiative effect of the cloud in the infrared spectrum. Current remote sensing techniques used for inferring ice clouds hardly reach the level of accuracy required to resolve the vertical inhomogeneities of a cloud and to determine the position of absorption. This study explores the possibility of retrieving the vertical structures of ice clouds by combining data from two lidar measurements acquired at the wavelengths of 532 nm and 10.6 μm. A method is proposed to retrieve the variability of ice crystal absorption efficiency at 10.6 μm, the particle concentration weighted by the crystal area, and the attenuation by absorption at 10.6 μm. The method is tested against observations collected at Site Instrumental de Recherche en Télédétection Atmosphérique (SIRTA) in Palaiseau, France. Observations and simulations both show that lidar observations collected simultaneously at those two wavelengths can be used to determine the level within the ice cloud where maximum attenuation of infrared radiation occurs. The maximum attenuation may occur near the cloud base or the cloud top, depending on the case studied.
Conversion of Lactones into Substituted Cyclic Ethers
Authors: Tsushima Kazunori , Araki Katsumi , Murai Akio 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Lactone enolates were treated with N-phenyl triflimide in the presence of hexamethylphosphoric triamide to afford smoothly the corresponding enol triflates, which, on reaction with lithium dialkylcuprates, gave rise to alkylated cyclic ethers in good yields.
Hetero-aggregation between Gold Porphyrins and Zinc Porphyrins through Charge Transfer Interaction
Authors: Segawa Hiroshi , Nishino Hitoshi , Kamikawa Taku , Honda Kenichi , Shimidzu Takeo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Hetero-aggregates composed of electron-attracting gold porphyrins and electron-releasing zinc porphyrins are investigated in aqueous solution. A charge transfer interaction is confirmed by the dependence of hetero-aggregation constants on charge transfer energy of the aggregates.
Novel Method for Hydroboration of Olefins Using Electrolysis
Authors: Shundo Ryushi , Matsubara Yoshiharu , Nishiguchi Ikuzo , Hirashima Tsuneaki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A first example of electrochemical hydroboration of olefins was found. Anodic oxidation of sodium borohydride in the presence of olefins in diglyme followed by conventional oxidation gave the corresponding alcohols regio- and stereoselectively in good yields.
Preparation of a Layered Double Hydroxide–Porphyrin Intercalation Compound
Authors: Park In Yong , Kuroda Kazuyuki , Kato Chuzo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
5,10,15,20-tetra(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphin (TSPP) is intercalated into the interlayer space of hydrotalcite by anion exchange. The intercalated porphyrin anions are possibly arranged with the molecular plane perpendicular to the hydroxide layers.
Activation Parameters for Calixarene Ring Inversion As Determined by Computer-Assisted Spectrum Simulation
Authors: Araki Koji , Shinkai Seiji , Matsuda Tsutomu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Activation parameters for calixarene ring inversion were determined for the first time by computer-assisted simulation of the 1H-NMR spectra. It was found that the process is governed by the enthalpy term and features small, negative ΔS≠ for calix[4]arenes and positive ΔS≠ for calix[8]arenes. These data are of great significance to understanding the nature of calixarene conformations.
Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Hetero Diels–Alder Reactions of Readily Enolizable 1-Oxa-1,3-dienes, 2-Oxo-3-alkenylphosphonates, with Vinyl Ethers
Authors: Wada Eiji , Kanemasa Shuji , Tsuge Otohiko 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Remarkable rate enhancement is achieved by use of a weak Lewis acid catalyst such as zinc chloride or bromide in the hetero Diels–Alder reactions of 2-oxo-3-alkenylphosphonates as readily enolizable 1-oxa-1,3-dienes with vinyl ethers. Highly endo-selective cyclo-adducts, 2,4-cis-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrans, are produced in good yields.
A Catalytic Synthesis of Nitriles from Aldehydes and Alcohols in the Presence of Aqueous Ammonia by Oxidation with NiSO4–K2S2O8
Authors: Yamazaki Shigekazu , Yamazaki Yasuyuki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Aromatic and conjugated aldehydes were converted to nitriles by nickel-catalyzed oxidation in the presence of aqueous ammonia with K2S2O8 under the basic aqueous conditions. This reaction could be applied to alcohols as the starting materials.
Isadora Duncan's Dance Theory
Authors: Daly Ann 
Published: May 2006

In America, around 1900, Edith Wharton wrote in her autobiography, “[O]nly two kinds of dancing were familiar…: waltzing in the ballroom and pirouetting on the stage”. Wharton missed her earliest opportunity to see Duncan, in 1899, when a Boston philanthropist and Newport hostess featured the young dancer at a garden party:“Isadora Duncan?” People repeated the unknown name, wondering why it had been used to bait Miss Mason's invitation.… I hated pirouetting, and did not go to Miss Mason's. Those who did smiled, and said they supposed their hostess had asked the young woman to dance out of charity—as I daresay she did. Nobody had ever seen anything like it; you couldn't call it dancing, they said. No other Newport hostess engaged Miss Duncan, and her name vanished from everybody's mind.No doubt, the young Duncan's earliest performances must have looked peculiar. She neither waltzed nor pirouetted. She did not kick up her legs; she manipulated no skirts; she rarely portrayed any specific character. Legend even has it (though not quite accurately) that she was maverick enough at a very tender age to disavow her toe dancing lessons. In her more semantically polemical moments, Duncan rejected the label “dancer” altogether, in order to disassociate herself from the questionable antics of her colleagues. Instead, she set herself apart as an “artiste.” That is what she listed as her occupation on the birth certificate for her second child, Patrick Augustus Duncan, in 1910.
The Interplay of Knowledge and Practice in Dance Teaching: What we Can Learn From a Non-Traditional Dance Teacher
Authors: Fortin Sylvie , Siedentop Daryl 
Published: May 2006

If we are serious about dance education within the school setting and the preparation of professional dance educators, current dance educators must engage in the difficult identification of the knowledge base required for competent teaching, and develop the materials and strategies to transfer this to students. (Brooks Schmitz 1990, 61)As Brooks Schmitz recognized, the improvement of dance education will arise from a better understanding of the dance teacher's knowledge in relation to its pedagogical delivery. Although research on teacher knowledge has become a major focus of research in general education (Elbaz 1993; Leinhardt 1990; Schön 1983; Shulman 1986), such research is absent in dance.
Experience and Experiment: A Comparison of Zabarella's View with Galileo's inDe Motu*
Authors: Schmitt Charles B. 
Published: May 2006

‘Quoad congeriem vero, conficimus historiam non solum naturae liberae ac solutae (cum scilicet ilia sponte fluit et opus suum peragit), qualis est historia coelestium, meteororum, terrae et maris, mineralium, plantarum, animalium; sed multo magis naturae constrictae et vexatae; nempe, cum per artem et ministeriurn humanum de statu suo detruditur, atque premitur et fingitur.’—Francis Bacon,Novum Organum(1620), ‘Distributio operis, pars tertia’‘Experimentum est experientia, quae versatur circa facta naturae, quae nonnisi interveniente opera nostra contingunt.’—Christian Wolff,Psychologia empirica(1732)One of the tendencies which clearly marked the intellectual development of the seventeenth century was an increasing emphasis on experience. In philosophy this took the form of an empiricism which developed progressively from Gassendi to Locke; in science there emerged ever more clearly a definable ‘experimental method’, which was progressively refined from Francis Bacon to Newton. By the end of the seventeenth century the classic works illustrating these tendencies had appeared and set the trend for much of eighteenth-century intellectual activity.
English Bosman and Dutch Bosman: A Comparison of Texts
Authors: van Dantzig Albert 
Published: May 2006

What will follow in this and subsequent papers will constitute an extended gloss of the English translation of Willem Bosman's account of the Guinea coast. This translation was published in London in 1705 under the title A New and Accurate Description of the Coast of Guinea … and was based on the 1703 Dutch edition published in Amsterdam. For the English translation I have used the edited reprint published in 1967, which was an identical copy of the 1705 edition. For the Dutch version I have used the 1737 edition, also published in Amsterdam; this was in fact the last of a series of reprints of the 1709 second edition. This second edition contained numerous amendments and additions to the first (1703) edition, and these will be noted as they occur.In addition to including all the material in the Dutch edition which was omitted from the English translation, I have included all passages in which significant differences in tone or meaning occur. Throughout I have tried to retain the capitalization, italicization, and punctuation employed in the Dutch version–styles to which the English translation generally conformed.Citation is by page number, paragraph, and line number within paragraph, with the first paragraph presumed to begin in each case with the first line of a page. Thus, for example, P. 17 I/8 indicates that the gloss concerns the eighth line of the first paragraph on page 17 of the English translation. Shorter passages are arranged on a FOR … READ basis, while for longer passages only the Dutch original is included after SHOULD READ.
The “Hill Refuges” of the Jos Plateau: A Historiographical Examination
Authors: Tambo David C. 
Published: May 2006

The Jos Plateau comprises an area of approximately 2500 square miles in the north-central part of Nigeria. It includes a high plain, interspersed with granite hills and is bounded by a broken scarp some 1500 to 3000 feet in height. Historically as well as geographically, the Plateau has stood apart from the neighboring lower plains region. In the nineteenth century, the Muslim emirate of Bauchi controlled nearly all the territory surrounding the Plateau, but inhabitants of the Plateau successfully repelled intermittent Bauchi Incursions and maintained their independence until the arrival of the British at the beginning of the twentieth century.Most of the literature dealing with the Plateau has focused on this theme of resistance and a number of interrelated topics. As it happens, such studies nearly always emphasize the isolated nature of the region, whether cultural or economic. As a result, a stereotyped view of the Plateau has emerged, a view which characterizes the area as a “hill refuge,” settled by small groups who lived in the most inaccessible reaches, were economically self-sufficient, and who at best maintained minimal links with each other. The isolated nature of these groups is seen as a major cause of their intrinsically conservative nature and predisposition to resist change. According to the stereotype, the people of the Plateau remain a useful subject of research since they continue to exhibit many of the “archaic” forms of social, political and economic organization that may have been prevalent throughout Africa thousands of years ago.
Anti-Witchcraft Cults in Asante: An Essay in the Social History of an African People
Authors: McCaskie T.C. 
Published: May 2006

There is a considerable literature dealing with the phemenon of twentieth-century anti-witchcraft cults among the Akan peoples of Ghana, and notably the Asante. This literature is written from the disciplinary perspective of social anthropology and it may be divided into two interpretative views of the matter. The first espouses the theory that such cults are ‘new’--creations of the twentieth century--in that they represent a reflexive response to the social disorientation assumed to have been engendered by colonial overrule. The second questions the causative link between the twentieth century and increased anomie, and suggests the location of such cults in a time perspective reaching back into the distant--but undefined--pre-colonial past. For a social historian interested in the problem of witchcraft and its suppression this literature presents a resistant difficulty. It concerns itself with the material appurtenances and the impressionistic ‘psychohistory’ of cult practices, but it is almost entirely bereft of historical data and it indulges in generalizations erected upon the flimsiest of factual considerations. McLeod, who has ably reviewed this literature, has commented upon this deficiency with regret, but--at least so far--has done little to rectify it.In this paper I am concerned with the discrete history--social, economic and political--of three important anti-witchcraft cults that flourished in Asante between the late 1870s adn the late 1920s; in chronological order these were,domankama(‘The Creator’),aberewa(‘The Old Woman’) andhwe me so(‘Watch Over Me’). In discussing these cults as historical phenomena I seek to explicate or otherwise to dissolve some of the generalizations evident in the existing literature. I seek too to say something concerning the construction of a valid Asante (and African) social history, the relationship between social history and social anthropology in the African context, and the significance for the historian of Africa of socio-cultural phenomena such as witchcraft.
Putting the Horse Back Before the Cart: Recent Encouraging Signs
Authors: Henige David 
Published: May 2006

The historian can of course be his own textual critic; but the editing of text has to precede its use as a historical document.The view of the primacy of the properly edited source represents a notion long taken for granted by classical and medieval historians (among others) and philologists, as is evidenced by the very large number of edited texts that undergird their interpretative work, and which continue to appear regularly, including improved editions of previously-published texts. It cannot be said that Africanists (to mention only one group) have enthusiastically adopted a similar view with respect to their own sources.In fact, if there was a hallmark of the nascent historiography of precolonial Africa, it was its commitment to rehabilitating oral sources as a legitimate tool for recovering the deeper past. The reasons for this development are obvious, perhaps even ineluctable: it provided a unifying esprit de corps which served to actuate its practitioners; it permitted the study of geographical areas not well served by other types of sources; it prompted apparently rapid progress in the field from virtually a standing start.In the circumstances it is no surprise that written sources, typically the staple of most historical inquiry, were relegated to a supporting role. Like Akan stool disputants, African historians were frequently content to draft written/printed materials into service largely in attempts to corroborate information more gratifyingly elicited from oral sources. This state of affairs was appropriately mirrored in scholarly publishing during the period.
Perceptions of Bonduku's Contribution to the Western Sudanese Gold Trade: An Assessment of the Evidence
Authors: Perinbam B. Marie 
Published: May 2006

On his way back from Mossi country in 1888, Louis Binger visited Bonduku, principal town of the Akan state of Gyaman. Commenting erroneously on the city's antiquity, Binger nonetheless appropriately referred to Bonduku's association with gold mining and the gold trade with nearby towns such as Kong and Buna. The town's more distant trading partners, he continiued, included Jenne and other Niger bend towns. In effect, the saltgold trade, to which Binger was referring, extended from the Taghaza mines in the north (northern Mali, two day's journey from Taodeni), to the southerly mines in the Bonduku and Asante regions. On his own admission, Binger obtained little information on the gold trade which, of the “hidden” variety, was conducted in traders' homes. He learned even less about gold mining. Even his own attempts to purchase a large gold nugget of 150 grams foundered on his host's opposition, claiming that the sale would bring misfortune to the peoples and their communities.Misinformed on the city's age and frustrated in further endeavors, Binger nonetheless affirmed that a great deal of gold was in the city. He noticed, for example, that gold was the “almost exclusive” payment for European merchandise abounding in local markets. “Not a day passes,” he continued, but that commercial transactions--at his host's residence, or at any other house chosen at random--were concluded, involving gold as the exchange medium. Bonduku's inhabitants, moreover, adorned themselves with gold. Taxes were paid in gold.