bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disappearance of hepatitis B surface antigen during an unusual case of fulminant hepatitis B
Authors: Tabor Edward , Krugman Saul , Weiss Edwin C. , Gerety Robert J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA 30‐year‐old surgical resident was admitted to the hospital with symptoms of acute hepatitis; two days later he became comatose. Hepatitis B surface antigen had been detected in his serum two days prior to admission, but it was not detected at any time thereafter. Hepatitis B e antigen, antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, and antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen were detected using sensitive radioimmunoassays at admission. Titers of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen increased over the next five weeks. Clearance of hepatitis B e antigen and subsequent appearance of antibody to hepatitis B e antigen accompanied clinical improvement and recovery. This unusual case documents that hepatitis B surface antigen can become undetectable during the course of fulminant hepatitis B and indicates the importance of tests for other serologic markers of hepatitis B virus in the evaluation of hepatitis B surface antigen‐negative fulminant hepatitis.
Recovery of cytomegalovirus and chlamydia trachomatis from vaginal tampons
Authors: Larew Mary S. , Myers Martin G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHerpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Chlamydia trachomatis are important agents in venereal and neonatal disease. Vaginal tampon culture for HSV has previously been demonstrated to be a simple and effective technique for quantitative culture of cervical secretions. We have evaluated the tampon culture as a means of performing quantitative cultures for CMV and C trachomatis.Cell‐free and cell‐associated CMV were quantitatively recovered from vaginal tampons when extraction was performed within one hour of tampon inoculation. However, when tampons were stored, there was a rapid loss of infectivity over time at all storage temperatures except –70°C. C trachomatis was quantitatively recovered from tampons stored at ≤4°C for four days. When stored at –7O°C, C trachomatis was stable on tampons for more than one week.Because HSV, CMV, and C trachomatis are stable in a single transport medium, a tampon stored at 4°C briefly or at –70°C for one week could be utilized for the detection of all three agents.
Restriction endonuclease analysis of varicella‐zoster vaccine virus and wild‐type dnas
Authors: Martin Joel H. , Dohner Dennis E. , Wellinghoff Wanda J. , Gelb Lawrence D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe DNA from several clinical isolates of varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) were compared with the DNA from the vaccine strain VZV using three restriction endonucleases: BamHI, BglI, and HpaI. When electrophoresed through an agarose gel, the vaccine DNA digestion pattern was significantly different from the digestion patterns of the wild‐type DNAs. Variations in the digestion pattern of the separate clinical isolates were also observed.
Influenza virus replication in human alveolar macrophages
Authors: Rodgers B. C. , Mims C. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractStudies with animal models suggest that alveolar macrophages may be important cells in some respiratory virus infections, but little is known about the role of these cells in virus infections in man. In this study human alveolar macrophages were obtained by fibreoptic bronchoscopy and infected in vitro with a variety of influenza viruses. After infection with the NWS strain of influenza virus the haemagglutinin and nucleoprotein viral antigens were demonstrated in >90% of cells at 24 h by immunofluorescence with specific antisera. There was no cytopathic effect at this time, and no virus release was detected by plaque assay of culture fluids on MDCK cells.Alveolar macrophages were also infected with a human vaccine strain (H1N1) of influenza virus and with two recent isolates (H1N1 and H3N2). In each case viral nucleoprotein antigen was produced in 10–20% of the cells by 24 h postinfection, but there was no release of infectious virus. There was no cytopathic effect and the phagocytosis of IgG‐coated latex beads was unimpaired 24 h after in vitro infection.
Hepatitis b virus infection in homes for the aged
Authors: Chiaramonte Maria , Floreani Annarosa , Naccarato Remo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA seroepidemiological study was carried out in three different institutions for the aged. Serological evidence of HBV infection and the HBsAg carrier rate were found to be significantly increased in all three institutions with respect to the control group (noninstitutionalized aged). Of the 24 HBsAg asymptomatic chronic carriers 62% were positive for HBeAg. Among 15 patients with acute viral hepatitis, none had a severe course and in three HBsAg was not cleared 4–18 months after transaminase levels became normal. During 12–18 months of follow‐up, two asymptomatic seroconversions to HBsAg were observed. Although no single HBV transmission route was identified, the close cohabitation with this high number of HBsAg/HBeAg‐positive asymptomatic subjects could lead to an increased risk of spread of HBV within such institutions. Failure to clear HBsAg and the mild, often subclinical, HBV infection observed in these subjects, may be due to immunological abnormalities present in the elderly.
Dissociation of hepatitis a virus antigen‐anti‐hav antibody complexes by 2‐mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol
Authors: Bradley Daniel W. , McCaustland Karen A. , Cook E.H. , Fields Howard A. , Frosner Gert G. , Maynard James E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIntravenous inoculation of two marmosets and one chimpanzee with hepatitis A virus (HAV) resulted in the replication of virus in liver, excretion of HAV particles in stool, and the appearance of circulating antibodies specific for hepatitis A. The development of an early antibody response in the chimpanzee and in one of the two infected marmosets was shown to interfere with the serologic detection of HAV antigen (HAV Ag) in homogenates of acute phase liver tissue obtained from these animals. Treatment of HAV Ag‐positive and IgM anti‐HAV‐positive liver homogenates with thiol reducing compounds was shown to release HAV Ag from in vitro formed immune complexes. The increased RIA response for HAV Ag in homogenates treated with 2‐mercaptoethanol (2‐ME) or dithiothreitol (DTT) was further shown not to be due to activation of HAV Ag itself or to a nonspecific effect on the RIA coating antibody, radiolabeled probe, or homogenized liver tissue. IgG and IgM double‐antibody sandwich RIAs for HAV Ag were also compared for their ability to detect HAV Ag under reducing and nonreducing conditions. Application of the 2‐ME or DTT treatment procedure to the serologic detection of other viral antigens or viruses whose presence in blood, stool, tissue macerate, or other milieu may be masked by specific antibody appears to be feasible.
Transmission of hepatitis A virus among recently captured panamanian owl monkeys
Authors: Lemon Stanley M. , Leduc James W. , Binn Leonard N. , Escajadillo Alphonso , Ishak Kamal G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe presence of antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti‐HAV) in 60% of procured owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) held within the United States prompted a study of recently captured A trivigatus in Panama. Only 2 of 145 newly captured monkeys, but all of 35 A trivirgatus held within a colony for over 100 days, were found to have anti‐HAV. Of 41 sero‐negative, newly captured monkeys followed prospectively, 25 became infected with hepatitis A virus (HAV) as evidenced by seroconversion or demonstration of virus in the liver at death. Only one monkey that survived over 60 days within the colony was not infected. HAV was identified in the feces of most infected monkeys prior to the development of antibody and was antigenically indistinguishable from human HAV in cross‐blocking radioimmunoassays. This colony‐centered epizootic provides strong evidence that A trivirgatus is susceptible to HAV and should be investigated further as a potential model of human hepatitis A.
Inbred rat strains mimic the disparate human response to rift valley fever virus infection
Authors: Peters C. J. , Slone T. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRift Valley fever virus (RFFV) has long been a major pathogen of domestic animals and humans in sub‐Saharan Africa. In the last 5 yr it has been recognized that this agent not only causes a self‐limited febrile illness in humans but may also lead to fatal hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis. In 1977 the disease invaded Egypt for the first time in recorded history, resulting in an extensive epizootic/epidemic and threatening additional spread into the Middle East. Because of this unprecedented geographical extension and the florid human disease associated with it, we have studied the pathogenicity of an Egyptian isolate (Zagazig Hospital 501) for laboratory animals. During the course of these studies, inbred rat strains were found to have three distinct patterns of response. Wistar‐Furth and Brown Norway rats were exquisitely susceptible to the virus and died with extensive hepatic necrosis 3 to 5 days after inoculation of only 5 plaque‐forming units (pfu). Lewis, Buffalo, DA, and Fischer 344 rats resisted subcutaneous infection with 5 × 105 pfu. ACI and Maxx rats were moderately susceptible to the lethal effects of 5 × 103 to 5 × 105 pfu of the virus and died within 2 to 3 wk with encephalitis. These findings suggest that the genetic susceptibility of the host is responsible for the markedly different evolution of RVF in the rats. The clinical and virologic events following rat inoculation resembled the course of benign, encephalitic, or fulminant human disease. The inbred rat model may be useful in defining the critical determinants of severe human RVF and suggests that more attention should be directed to host genetic factors.
Hepatitis virus infection in an isolated canadian inuit (Eskimo) population
Authors: Minuk Gerald Y. , Nicolle Lindsay E. , Postl Brian , Waggoner Jeanne G. , Hoofnagle Jay H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe epidemiology of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was studied in a northern Canadian Inuit (Eskimo) settlement. Sera from 720 of the 850 inhabitants of Baker Lake, Canada, were tested for markers of HAV and HBV infection. Anti‐HAV was present in 71% of the residents and its prevalence increased with age. Serologic evidence of HBV infections was found in 27% of residents. The prevalence increased with age, being uncommon under the age of 20 (6%)and almost universal over the age of 60 (93%). Among the 29 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers identified, all were adults, all had low levels of HBsAg, and all were negative for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and DNA polymerase but positive for antibody to HBeAg. These data demonstrate a high prevalence of HAV and HBV infection in this population. Further, they suggest that a dramatic decrease in the transmission of HRV infection has occurred over the past 20–30 years.
Preparation and evaluation of a zonal purified influenza vaccine gripax
Authors: Levy Reuven , Zakay‐Rones Zichria 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA highly purified influenza vaccine was prepared on a large scale. The inactivated whole virus vaccine fulfills the requirements of the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, for influenza A and B vaccines. The three strains of influenza virus, A/England/321/77, B/Hong Kong/8/73, and A/USSR/99/77, used for the vaccine, were chosen in accordance with the demands of the WHO and the Israel Ministry of Health for 1978 to 1979 and 1979 to 1980. Virus strains were grown in the allantoic sac of embryonated eggs, inactivated by formalin, and purified by zonal centrifugation in sucrose. Each dose of 0.5 ml contained 1200 international units (IU) of influenza antigen (400 IU of each strain). The vaccine is higly immunogenic as demonstrated by potency tests in mice. Its immunogenicity was higher than that of commercial vaccines of a similar nature purchased at random in local pharmacies. A high dilution of 1:3125 still elicited HI antibodies in mice. No residual egg‐protein contamination was detectable by sensitive immunological methods. Total protein concentration was 80 μg protein per dose of 1200 IU, ie 15 IU per μg of protein as compared to 5–8 IU per μg of protein in the commercial vaccines tested by us. Purity of a vaccine is of major importance for the prevention of adverse side effects.
An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for an antigen related to non‐a, non‐b hepatitis and its antibody: Partial characterization of the antigen and chimpanzee transmission
Authors: Duermeyer W. , Stute R. , Hellings J. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed based on sera from patients convalescent from non‐A, non‐B hepatitis and haemophilia A patients who had been frequently treated with commercial blood products. Using this ELISA, an antigen was detected which appears to be related to non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. The antigen is provisionally designated as DS‐antigen (DS‐Ag). The serum of another patient with haemophilia A, which was strongly positive for the DS‐Ag, caused a typical case of non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in a chimpanzee. DS‐Ag could be detected in the serum of the chimpanzee during the acute phase of the infection.The ELISA for DS‐Ag reacted with neither hepatitis A or B virus antigens, nor Epstein‐Barr virus or cytomegalovirus. The assay was provisionally evaluated using sera from different groups of patients. Out of 17 patients with posttransfusion hepatitis non‐A, non‐B, 11 were found positive in the ELISA for DS‐Ag (65%).As expected, a relatively high prevalence of DS‐Ag (9%) was found in patients with haemophilia, who are regularly treated with blood‐clotting factor‐concentrates. Antibodies to DS‐Ag were found in 48% of these patients. The DS‐Ag was found in 8 of 1400 (0.6%) volunteer blood donors, and antibody to DS‐Ag in 3% of the sera. Remarkably, a high incidence (41%) of antibodies to DS‐Ag was found in prostitutes, suggesting that this antigen may be transmitted by a sexual route.The DS‐Ag was pelleted by ultracentrifugation for four hours at 100,000g and was found to have a buoyant density of 1.32 g/cm3 in a CsCl gradient.
Naturally occurring antibodies to the human syncytial virus in west africa
Authors: Achong B. G. , Epstein M. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe seroepidemiology of the human syncytial virus has been investigated by means of an indirect immunofluorescence test on 113 sera from normal antenatal women in Nigeria and 233 sera from normal individuals of both sexes and all ages in the Ivory Coast. It was found that 3.5% of samples from Nigeria and 19.7% of those from the Ivory Coast were positive. The findings are discussed.
Comparative studies of the immunogenic activity of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and hbsag polypeptides
Authors: Sanchez Yanuario , Ionescu‐Matiu Irina , Melnick Joseph L. , Dreesman Gordon R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThree hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) preparations were compared: Purified intact 22‐nm HBsAg particles; HBsAg‐derived, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐denatured P25 + GP30 polypeptide pool; and nondenatured P25 + GP30 micelles. The micelles had the same polypeptide composition as the P25 + GP30 pool. The immunogenicity in mice of each preparation, administered either in saline suspension or adsorbed to aluminum gel, was compared. The SDS‐denatured polypeptides were less immunogenic than intact HBsAg particles, whereas the micelles were more immunogenic. High anti‐HBs titers were observed in mice immunized with micelle preparations in either saline suspension or adsorbed to aluminum gel for as long as 200 days after a booster inoculation, administered 26 days after the primary dose.
Hepatitis B infection in vietnamese families
Authors: Skinhøj P. , Kjersem M. , Aldershvile J. , Black F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe occurrence of hepatitis B infection as measured by sensitive serological tests for HBsAg, HBeAg and hepatitis B‐specific antibodies was studied in Vietnamese refugee families. HBsAg was found in 10% of 301 children studied. Totally 74% of all HBsAg‐positive children had an HBsAg‐positive mother or father and an additional 7% had a positive sibling. The distribution of these cases indicated that the risk of HBs‐antigenemia was increased 11‐fold for those who had an HBsAg‐positive mother compared with all other children.The presence of HBeAg in the HBsAg‐positive parents was associated with a threefold higher risk of HBs‐antigenemia in children as compared with the presence of anti‐HBe.It was thus documented that HBV in this population is spread primarily by intrafamilial routes and prophylactic measures within risk families should largely be able to control the appearance of new HBsAg carriers.
Studies on human lacteal rotavirus antibodies by immune electron microscopy
Authors: Totterdell Barbara M. , Banatvala J. E. , Chrystie I. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn vitro studies carried out by immune electron microscopy (IEM) indicate that rotavirus aggregation detected in the stools of newborn breast‐fed infants with rotavirus infection is antibody‐induced. Aggregation of rotavirus particles occurred with the IgA‐containing fraction of expressed breast milk (EBM) obtained five days postpartum and with the IgA‐ and IgG‐containing fractions of a pool of EBMs containing samples collected 2–3 days postpartum. Bovine milk fractions also demonstrated this activity in the IgG‐ and IgA‐containing fractions. Studies on unfractionated EBMs from a mother who experienced a rotavirus infection during the 43rd week of lactation showed that following rotavirus infection all three major classes of rotavirus‐specific antibodies were present in breast milk, this being confirmed by enzyme immunoassay.
Non‐A, non‐b hepatitis in persistent carriers of hepatitis b virus
Authors: Tsiquaye K. N. , Tovey G. , Kessler H. , Hu Shanlian , Lu Xiao‐Zhen , Zuckerman A. J. , Craske J. , Portmann B. , Williams R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThere are reports in the literature that infection with hepatitis A virus in hepatitis B carriers can result in resolution of the carrier state. In an attempt to induce clearance of the carrier state of hepatitis B virus in two persistently infected chimpanzees, the chimpanzees were infused with documented non‐A, non‐B infectious material. Biochemical and histopathological evidence of hepatitis was accompanied by the unique abnormalities of endoplasmic reticulum associated with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in the chimpanzees. Elevation of alanine aminotransferase was accompanied by fourfold reduction in one chimpanzee and sixfold reduction in the other in the plasma levels of HBV‐associated DNA polymerase activity and simultaneously by twofold reduction in the concentration of hepatitis B surface antigen in both chimpanzees. A mediator may account for these changes in markers of hepatitis B virus infection, and this mechanism may also explain the occurrence of spontaneous regression in some persistently infected carriers. The significance of transient red cell anaemia in non‐A, non‐B hepatitis, which was observed in one of the chimpanzees, is yet to be established.
Interference between non‐a, non‐b and hepatitis b virus infection in chimpanzees
Authors: Brotman Betsy , Prince Alfred M. , Huima Tellervo , Richardson Linda , Van Den Ende M. C. , Pfeifer U. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPre‐existing chronic or concurrent acute non‐A, non‐B (NANB) virus infection has been found to interfere with hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and to delay and moderate markedly the appearance of disease related to HBV infection in chimpanzees. The mechanism for this phenomenon remains unclear.These findings are of practical significance for vaccine safety testing and evaluation of methods for virus inactivation in chimpanzees. The possible occurrence of dual NANB and HBV infection requires that prolonged follow‐up be carried out. Attempts to carry out inactivation studies on materials containing both types of virus may also provide misleading observations.
Immune responses in serum and respiratory secretions following vaccination with a live cold‐recombinant (cr35) and inactivated a/ussr/77 (h1n1) influenza virus vaccine
Authors: Zahradnik John M. , Kasel Julius A. , Martin R. Russell , Six Howard R. , Cate Thomas R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOne hundred adult volunteers were administered inactivated vaccine (20 m̈g/0.5 cc) intramuscularly (IM) or intranasally (IN), or 104.7 TCID50 of a live coldadapted vaccine (CR35) IN. Microneutralization (Nt) and radioimmunoprecipitation methods were employed to measure hemagglutinin antibody responses in sera, nasal washes, and in bronchopulmonary lavage fluids. In unprimed recipients, the relative frequency of serum antibody response and magnitude of rise was highest following the IM‐inactivated vaccine (100%) and lowest after IN‐live vaccine (29%). However, in individuals with pre‐existing antibody, the three vaccines given were comparably immunogenic. Occurrences of secretory IgA hemagglutinin antibody in nasal washings were more frequently associated with topical administration of live or inactivated vaccine, whereas, IgG hemagglutinin antibody responses occurred with equal frequency in nasal washings in all three vaccine groups. Analysis of the hemagglutinin antibody responses in the lower respiratory tract showed that the IN‐live vaccine favored the induction of secretory IgA hemagglutinin antibody and the IM‐inactivated vaccine stimulated a more frequent IgG hemagglutinin antibody response.
The use of monoclonal antibodies in (reverse) passive haemagglutination tests for herpes simplex virus antigens and antibodies
Authors: Cranage M. P. , Coombs R. R. A. , McLean C. S. , Buckmaster E. A. , Minson A. C. , Wildy P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThree monoclonal antibodies against herpes simplex virus type 2 have been tested for their suitability as reagents in reverse passive haemagglutination. Two of these antibodies with specificity for virus glycoprotein D. when linked to red blood cells, were able to capture antigens without being agglutinated. but addition of immune serum subsequently led to agglutination. Haemagglutination using these monoclonal antibody‐linked, antigen‐captured red cells was readily applicable to testing human sera for antibodies to herpes simplex virus and the titres obtained correlated with those from virus plaque neutralisation tests. The procedure has been termed “Specific Antigen Capture Passive Haemagglutination.” A further monoclonal antibody with specificity for the major DNA‐binding protein of type 2 herpes virus‐infected cells (a nonstructural protein) showed conventional reverse passive haemagglutination when linked to red blood cells and was specific for type 2 herpes simplex virus.The nature and potential uses of these simple reverse passive haemagglutination procedures using monoclonal antibody reagents are discussed.
Human venezuelan equine encephalitis virus infection and diabetes in zulia state, venezuela
Authors: Ryder Elena , Ryder Slavia 
Published: March 2007

AbstractVenezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus has been implicated as producing alterations in glucose metabolism in animals. We performed oral glucose tolerance tests and measured serum immunoreactive insulin responses in 13 patients who were infected by VEE virus during an epidemic in 1969, in Zulia State, Venezuela. No significant alterations in the glucose tolerance test were found. Sera of 86 diabetic outpatients and 98 control individuals with normal glycemia at a local hospital were tested for antibodies to VEE virus by hemagglutination inhibition. No statistically significant difference was found between the two groups; 10.4% of the diabetic patients had detectable antibodies against VEE virus, compared to 7.1% of controls. Seventy‐three percent of the diabetics with antibodies were individuals over 40 yr old, whose diabetes could be catalogued as insulin independent. The results of these studies indicate no relationship of VEE virus infection to subsequent diabetes.