bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulation of the mitogenic PHA response of carp, Cyprinus carpio L., by extracellular products of Aeromonas salmonicida
Authors: Pourreau C. N. , Koopman M. B. H. , Hendriks G. F. R. , Evenberg D. , van Muiswinkel W. B. 
Published: January 2006

The influence of bacteria‐free supernatants from cultures of atypical virulent (V234/81, auto‐agglutinating. A‐layer positive) and avirulent (126/68, non‐agglutinating, A‐layer negative) strains of A. salmonicida, obtained after different culture times in yeast‐tryptone broth at 20°C, was tested on the PHA response of carp pronephric leucocytes in vitro. Supernatants from virulent cultures modulated the response, whereas avirulent supernatants had no effect. The response was enhanced (400%) by supernatant from early virulent cultures (20 h), but severely depressed (<3%) by later ones (96 h). The effects were dose‐dependent. Inhibitory activity of 96‐h supernatant was lost by heating (70°C, 30 min), suggesting that the inhibiting factors are all proteinaceous.Heated 96‐h supernatant was as stimulatory as early supernatant. Stimulation of leucocytes also occurred in the absence of PHA with early and heat‐treated 96‐h supernatants, but at a tenth of the level, suggesting that only stimulated cells (blasts) might respond to the substance(s) present in supernatants. Membrane fragments from virulent and avirulent bacteria, and purified LPS from virulent bacteria, were stimulatory with or without PHA. Endotoxin‐free, heat‐treated, 96‐h culture supernatants were also stimulatory, suggesting that an additional mitogenic factor(s), other than LPS, is present in the supernatants. The modulating in vitro effects of extracellular products from A. salmonicida might explain the immunosuppression seen during later stages of erythrodermatitis in vivo.
The effects of acid and acid/aluminum exposure on circulating plasma cortisol levels and other blood parameters in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri
Authors: Goss G. G. , Wood C. M. 
Published: January 2006

Softwater (Ca2+=50, Na+= 50(μequiv. l−1) acclimated rainbow trout were fitted with chronic arterial catheters to allow for repetitive blood sampling. After 48 h recovery they were then exposed to either control (pH 6.5, Al = 0μg l−1), acid (pH 4.8, Al = 0μg l−1) or acid plus aluminum (pH 4.8, A1 = 112 μg l−1) conditions for 72 h. Parameters measured included blood glucose, lactate, haemoglobin, haematocrit and plasma Na+, Cl−, protein and cortisol.Exposure to pH 4′8 alone caused no mortality, a moderate ionoregulatory disturbance and a transient elevation in plasma cortisol. All other parameters were not significantly different from controls. Addition of aluminum to this exposure caused 100% mortality with a mean survival time of only 27.0 h. There was a marked decrease in plasma ions, hyperglycemia, lactate accumulation, haemoconcentration, red cell swelling, and a sharp rise in plasma cortisol becoming greatly increased as the fish neared death. The mechanism of toxicity of acute acid/aluminum exposure, the role for cortisol under such conditions, and the validity of cortisol and glucose as indicators of stress in fish are discussed.
Haematological, haematopoietic and biochemical responses to thermal stress in an air‐breathing freshwater fish, Channa punctatus Bloch
Authors: Dheer J. M. S. 
Published: January 2006

Results of experiments on fishes maintained at three different temperatures (25, 30 and 35° C), compared with a control group maintained at 14° C, are presented. Fishes showed obvious signs of stress at 30 and 35° C, as indicated by loss of weight and increase in mortality rate. On the other hand, those at 14 and 25° C gained weight steadily and showed normal growth.Biochemical studies confirm the stress symptoms, as there was a steady, statistically significant fall in blood glucose level and depletion of glycogen reserves in liver and muscle within the first week at 35° C and by the fourth week at 30° C.These results were further confirmed by haematological investigations. All the parameters tested indicated deviation from the normal healthy conditions seen at 14 and 25° C. The deviations in most of the parameters at 35° C were statistically significant from about the second week, and at 30° C by the fourth week. Erythrocytic polycythemia accompanied by an increase in haemoglobin content and haematocrit values were indicative of thermal stress. Leucopenia was mainly contributed by neutrophil decrease, but a relative increase in thrombocytes was recorded.Correlated erythropoietic studies indicated an increase both in the initial (small lymphoid haemoblast) and penultimate (mature reticulocyte) stages in red cell development, although the intermediate stages decreased in number. Similar trends in the different stages of neutrophil development were observed. The significance of these changes in the context of homeostatic phenomena is discussed.
A morphometric analysis of the spinal motor pool in relation to its target muscle during growth in the trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson
Authors: Alfei L. , Bertoncello G. , Gelosi E. , Parvopassu F. 
Published: January 2006

The relation between number and size of spinal motoneurons and the dimension of myotomal muscle has been investigated in trout at different stages of embryonic, larval and postlarval development (body length 1–15 cm). Three spinal segments have been analysed (cervical, trunk and caudal) and the following parameters were determined by means of a Micromeasurements Image Analyzer: (a) mean cross‐sectional myotomal area; (b) mean soma size of principal (or dorsomedian, DM) and secondary (or ventrolateral, VL) motoneurons; (c) DM and VL motoneuron density per segment. Myotomal muscle and motor pool growth was evaluated by percent increments of a, b and c parameters at each stage. Their relationships were denned by equations of computed regression lines.The analysis provided evidence that: (1) a continuous exponential growth of mean myotomal area takes place in the three segments, with the same trend and with the lowest values in the caudal segment; (2) DM and VL motoneuron size and density per segment also increase during development, with the least value in the caudal segment, VL parameters being of lesser value than DM; (3) motoneuron pool and its target myotomal muscle parameters bear a linear relationship as defined by equations of computer regression lines; (4) motoneuron number percent increment at early eleutherembryonic stage precedes myotomal area increment which takes place during late eleutherembryonic stage.It is apparent that spinal motor pool and target myotomal muscle grow at the same rate in the trout during the considered stages. The discussion links this fact with the hypothesis of a neuronal influence on muscle fibre type differentiation.
The effects of water hardness upon the uptake, accumulation and excretion of zinc in the brown trout, Salmo trutta L.
Authors: Everall N. C. , Macfarlane N. A. A. , Sedgwick R. W. 
Published: January 2006

The effects of water hardness (9 and 220 mgl−1 as CaCO3) upon zinc exchange in brown trout exposed to 0.77 μmol Zn 1−1 have been investigated using artificial soft water (<49.9 μmol Ca l‐1, <40.1 μmol Mg 1−1) and mains hard water (1671.7 μmol Ca 1−1, 493.6 μmol Mg 1−1) of known composition. Both hard and soft water‐adapted fish exhibited a bimodal pattern of net zinc influx. Net zinc influxes during both fast and slow uptake phases were significantly greater (P<0.001) in soft (82.9 and 6.2 μmol Zn 100 g−1 h−1) than in hard water (46.3 and 2.4 μmol Zn 100 g h−1). Zinc efflux (‐ 0.2 μmol Zn 100 g−1 h−1) was enhanced only in hard water during the slow net influx phase.Brown trout exposed to zinc in hard water and placed in metal‐free media exhibited a greater net efflux (‐ 25.6 μmol Zn 100 g−1 h−1) of the metal than did fish in soft water (‐4.2 μmol Zn 100 g−1 h−1) treated in the same manner. Tissue 65Zn activities reflected both the differences in uptake and excretion rates of the metal between hard and soft water fish. During zinc exposure (0.77 μmol Zn 1−1) high water hardness reduced tissue burdens of the metal by reducing net branchial influx, and enhancing efflux of the metal in hard water fish.
Dose‐related effects of 17βoestradiol (E2) on liver weight, plasma E2, protein, calcium and thyroid hormone levels, and measurement of the binding of thyroid hormones to vitellogenin in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson
Authors: Flett P. A. , Leatherland J. F. 
Published: January 2006

Administration of 17β‐oestradiol (E2) to rainbow trout, in the form of hydrogenated coconut oil implants produced a stable, long‐term elevation in plasma E2 levels. The elevation was doserelated (over the range 1–10mg kg‐1 body weight) both 4 and 8 weeks after implantation. Dose‐related increases were also observed with respect to liver weight‐body weight ratios and plasma protein levels. Plasma T3 and total calcium levels were depressed and elevated, respectively, by E2 treatment but the responses were not linearly related to the dose of E2 administered; there was no significant effect of E2 on plasma T4 levels.E2 induced a shift in the binding of T3 to plasma proteins, with T3 binding to smaller molecular weight proteins; neither T4 nor T3 bound to vitellogenin which was present at high levels in the plasma of E2‐treated fish.
Morphology of central compartment and vasculature of the gills of Lepidosiren paradoxa (Fitzinger)
Authors: Morgan M. , Wright D. E. 
Published: January 2006

The four paired gill arches of the South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa contain single branchial arteries directly connecting dorsal and ventral arteries. In gill arches 3 and 4 the branchial arteries also supply looped arlerioles and capillaries to much‐reduced gill filaments. Regulation of blood between these routes is thought to be by alteration of vascular resistance. Within the filaments, extensive subepithelial capillary networks and numerous small pumps connect lymphatic vessels in the central connective tissue compartment with venules which, in turn, drain to paired branchial veins.The features of the endothelium of many of the filament blood vessels suggest extensive transporting, haematolytic and granulopoeitic functions. Large numbers of macrophages pack the connective tissue. Many contain extensive quantities of haemosiderin.
Consumption, growth and evacuation in the Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus
Authors: Paul A. J. , Paul J. M. , Smith R. L. 
Published: January 2006

Growth of Pacific cod was related to energy consumption (cal g−1 day−1) and was well described by linear equations. Maintenance ration was 11 and 12 cal g−1 day−1 at 4.5 and 6.5° C, respectively. Cod between 200 and 5000 g had similar growth rates when growth was expressed as a function of consumption (cal g−1 day−1). Laboratory consumption of food averaged 0.9 and 1.3% body weight per day at 4.5 and 6.5° C, respectively. At these temperatures growth was 0.34–0.38% body weight day−1.Maximum stomach volumes equated to approximately 4.7% of body weight with shrimp as prey. At this meal size Pacific cod did not feed the next day. A multiple meal evacuation experiment was used to verify the consumption estimates. A return‐to‐hunger estimate of the meal size evacuated was 1.5% body weight day−1 at 6.5° C, similar to the 1.3% consumption estimate. For Pacific cod fed a single meal of 1% body weight the estimated instantaneous evacuation rate was 0.63 body weight day−1 at 6.5° C. Meal size markedly affected the evacuation rate.Measured consumption and growth rates are similar to those of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua.
Comparative study of growth of flatfishes on the west coast of Brittany
Authors: Deniel C. 
Published: January 2006

Lusitanian and boreal flatfish species live in the Bay of Douarnenez (Brittany, France); ten are abundant enough to be the subject of this growth investigation. In all species, females attain greater ultimate size than males, and oldest specimens are frequently female. Species are segre‐gated to their longevity: those rapidly reaching their asymptotic length have the shortest life spans and also the highest values of the Von Bertalanffy parameter K.In the bay, species of the boreal fish fauna (plaice, dab) find suitable environmental conditions for rapid growth; fish of the Lusitanian fauna (sand soles) grow slower than those living in southern areas.In the Atlantic Ocean, the growth of the sole is better than in the North Sea and the Mediterranean.
Tetramer‐blocking assay for defining antigen‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes using peptide‐MHC tetramer
Authors: Yokouchi Hiroshi , Chamoto Kenji , Wakita Daiko , Noguchi Daisuke , Yamazaki Koichi , Dosaka‐Akita Hirotoshi , Nishimura Masaharu , Ikeda Hiroaki , Nishimura Takashi 
Published: January 2006

Peptide‐MHC tetramers have been engineered to allow accurate detection of antigen‐specific cytotoxic C lymphocytes (CTL) by flow cytometry. Here, we propose a novel use for peptide‐MHC tetramers in the specific and sensitive analysis of the cytotoxic function of antigen‐specific CTL by blocking MHC‐restricted antigen‐specific cytotoxicity. We found that pretreatment of ovalbumin (OVA)‐specific CD8+ CTL (OT‐1 CTL), derived from OT‐1 T‐cell receptor (TCR)‐transgenic mice, with OVA257−264 peptide‐H‐2Kb tetramer caused a marked inhibition of the cytotoxicity against OVA‐expressing EG‐7 tumor cells. OVA257−264 peptide‐H‐2Kb tetramer did not block the cytotoxicity mediated by 2C mouse (H‐2b)‐derived CD8+ CTL, which recognize allo (H‐2Ld) antigens. Moreover, OT‐I CTL activity was not inhibited by an irrelevant HBV208−216 peptide‐H‐2Kb tetramer. These results indicate that the blocking of CTL activity with peptide‐MHC tetramer was caused by interference with the interaction between the TCR and H‐2Kb‐OVA257−264 peptide complex, but not with the CD8‐MHC class I interaction. The blocking activity of OVA257−264 peptide‐H‐2Kb tetramer was reversible because OT‐I CTL pretreated with the tetramer recovered their cytotoxicity after culturing with interleukin‐2 for 24 h. The same results were also demonstrated in freshly isolated, in vivo‐primed OT‐1 CTL sorted by the tetramer. These results demonstrate that peptide‐MHC tetramer is a useful tool for defining MHC‐restricted antigen‐specific CTL function. Moreover, our finding implies that the measurement of CTL activity immediately after tetramer‐guided sorting is not a suitable method for evaluating the function of in vivo‐induced tetramer‐positive CTL. We believe that the tetramer‐blocking assay presented here will be useful for functionally monitor the induction of MHC‐restricted antigen‐specific CTL during vaccination therapy against tumor and infectious diseases. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 148 –154)
Formation of 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine in the DNA of cultured human keratinocytes by clinically used doses of narrowband and broadband ultraviolet B and psoralen plus ultraviolet A
Authors: Orimo Hiroshi , Tokura Yoshiki , Hino Ryosuke , Kasai Hiroshi 
Published: January 2006

Psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA) and narrowband ultraviolet B (UVB) are widely used in skin disease phototherapy. Recently, the efficacy of UVB therapy has been greatly improved by narrowband UVB, compared to conventional broadband UVB. The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the influence of UVB‐induced and PUVA‐induced oxidative stress on cultured keratinocytes. We analyzed 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OH‐dG) in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cell line) using a high‐performance liquid chromatography system equipped with an electrochemical detector. Non‐irradiated human keratinocytes contained a baseline of 1.48 ± 0.22 (mean ± SD) 8‐OH‐dG per 106 deoxyguanosine (dG) residues in cellular DNA, which increased linearly with higher doses of UVB. When their abilities to induce 8‐OH‐dG were compared to each other, based on the minimal erythemal and therapeutically used doses, by irradiating them with broadband UVB at 100 mJ/cm2, the amount of 8‐OH‐dG increased to 3.42 ± 0.46 residues per 106 dG, while a narrowband UVB treatment at 1000 mJ/cm2, with biological effects comparable to those elicited by 100 mJ/cm2 broadband UVB, increased it to 2.06 ± 0.31 residues per 106 dG. PUVA treatment, with 100 ng/mL 8‐methoxypsoralen and 5000 mJ/cm2 UVA, increased the 8‐OH‐dG level to 4.52 ± 0.42 residues per 106 dG. When HaCaT cells treated with 2000 mJ/cm2 narrowband UVB were cultured and the amount of 8‐OH‐dG was monitored in the living cells, 65.6% of the residues were repaired 24 h after treatment. Our study provides a warning that widely used narrowband UVB and PUVA induce cellular oxidative DNA damage at the therapeutically used doses, although to a lesser degree than broadband UVB with the same clinically effective dose. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 99  – 105)
Prevalence of Drug Misuse Among Young People in Glasgow 1970–72
Authors: Fish F. , Wells B. W. P. , Bindeman S. , Bunney J. E. , Jordan Monica M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryUsing a self‐report questionnaire we hose determined the prevalence of non‐therapeutic drug taking among young persons, within the age range 26–24, in the following groups: school pupils, university/college students, trainee nurses, patients attending special (V.D.) clinics, casualty patients, and young offenders. The percentage proportions of occasional and regular drug misusers within each group are given together with information on the extent of misuse of individual drags and drug combinations.
British Users of Opiate‐type Drugs: A Follow‐up Study
Authors: Blumberg Herbert H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPeople were interviewed in 1971, when they first attended London “drug clinics”, and again twelve months later. Of 187 people, 28 per cent did not receive even an initial regular prescription for opiates, 29 per cent had received at least an initial regular prescription but were not receiving one at follow‐up and 43 per cent were receiving an opiate‐type prescription at follow‐up. Use of heroin decreased in the course of the year (partly as an historical, as opposed to a career/maturation‐type, change). At both times the no‐prescription group showed the most unemployment, illegal activities, and physical complications.
Failure of an Experimental Treatment Program to Inculcate Controlled Drinking in Alcoholics
Authors: Ewing John A. , Rouse Beatrice A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper reviews an out‐patient pilot experiment that attempted to inculcate controlled drinking behavior in alcoholics. The methods are detailed along with some of the problems experienced and solutions invoked. The nature of a long term follow‐up study is discussed and the results are presented.Thirty‐five patients were referred or self‐referred to the experimental program. Ten people came one time only and decided that they did not want to participate. Eleven others came less than six times, some of them saying they felt that too much effort was required of them and that it would be easier to stop drinking altogether. A total of 14 people came at least six times and nine of these came on 12 to 24 occasions. Treatments were held weekly and lasted at least four hours.This follow‐up is the longest yet reported of a program designed to maintain controlled drinking in alcoholics. The follow‐up period ranged from 27 to 55 months since treatment was completed. Although patients who persisted in the program were very successful at learning to recognize their levels of blood alcohol and at developing controlled drinking patterns while in the program, the follow‐up results indicate that sooner or later all of them had begun to drink again with loss of control.
Alcohol Consumption in Offshore Oil Rig Workers
Authors: Aiken G. J. M. , McCance C. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe opportunity was taken in March 1981, to obtain self‐reports from a sample of men working in the North Sea Oil Industry, of the amount of alcohol consumed during the week preceding their period offshore. It was very heavy; approximately 30per cent of 213 men had drunk amounts above the safe limits suggested by the Royal College of Psychiatrists [1]. The findings are compared with data obtained by similar methods in other groups of men by other investigators, and the results discussed.
Alcohol and Food Abuse: Some Comparisons
Authors: Scott Derek W. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe literature concerning alcohol and food abuse is reviewed. Previous researchers in their respective fields of alcoholism, anorexia nervosa and hyperphagia/obesity have often remarked on cross‐abuse commonalities. Such supposed commonalities are examined. Sociocultural and familial influences, personality, intemality vs externality, and the concepts of craving, abstinence and relapse are discussed. The Abstinence Violation Effect and catastrophe theory are outlined as models with comment on their applicability. Conclusions and suggestions for subsequent research are proposed.
The World Health Organization and Alcohol Control
Authors: Room Robin 
Published: January 2006

SummaryWhile international concern and cooperation about alcohol programmes date back almost a century, modem programming in international agencies has been primarily focused in the World Health Organization. Aside from a spate of work in 1950–1955, the primary effort has come since 1970. The main lines of this work are described. Assessing the record, the programme has been successful in symbolic accentuation of alcohol issues, and productive in information collation, conceptual development and collaborative research, but has failed as yet to become institutionalized as a regular‐budget activity. The difficulties for WHO and other public health institutions in facing the terrain of alcohol control are discussed.
The Contribution of Pavlovian Conditioning to Drug Tolerance and Dependence
Authors: MACRAE JAMES R. , SCOLES MICHAEL T. , SIEGEL SHEPARD 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA progressively smaller response to a drug over repeated administrations defines tolerance. While traditional views of tolerance have assumed that the physiological changes underlying tolerance result simply from past exposure to the drug per se, it has become increasingly apparent that environmental cues present at the time of drug administration contribute to tolerance. The contribution of such drug‐predictive environmental cues has been incorporated in a Pavlovian conditioning model of tolerance. The present paper summarizes data supporting the conditioning analysis of tolerance. The relevance of this analysis for the management of tolerance in clinical settings, and for drug withdrawal symptoms, is discussed.
Pathological Gambling Among Youthful Multiple Substance Abusers in a Therapeutic Community
Authors: LESIEUR HENRY R. , HEINEMAN MARY 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPatients in a therapeutic community were questioned about their gambling behavior in order to find out what percentage of them were pathological gamblers. The South Oaks Gambling Screen (the SOGS) was used to screen the clients for gambling‐related problems. Out of 100 residents tested, 14 were diagnosed as pathological gamblers and an additional 14 showed signs of problematic gambling. Seventeen percent listing alcohol as one their three favorite drugs, 18% listing cocaine, 13% preferring marihuana, 11% preferring hallucinogens, 29% choosing heroin, 10% choosing PCP, and none choosing tranquilizers or sedatives showed signs of pathological gambling. Males were more likely to be classified as pathological gamblers than females. Residents aged 19 years and over were four times as likely to show signs of pathological gambling than those 18years and under. SOGS was also significantly associated with parental gambling (50% of the children of pathological gamblers were pathological gamblers themselves) and occupational status. The implications for study and treatment of these individuals are made in terms of the study of addictions.