bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategies to optimize phosphate removal from industrial anaerobic effluents by magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) production
Authors: Carballa Marta , Moerman Wim , De Windt Wim , Grootaerd H , Verstraete Willy 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Owing to more stringent phosphate discharge requirements and the increasing prices of fertilizers, beneficial recovery and reuse of phosphate from industrial anaerobic effluents is becoming an important issue. Phosphate recovery by struvite or magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) permits its recycling in the fertilizer industry because struvite is a valuable slow release fertilizer. Two different approaches to MAP crystallization depending on initial levels of phosphate in the wastewaters were tested and compared.RESULTS: For low‐phosphate‐containing anaerobic effluents (<30 mg PO43−‐P L−1), a novel approach using ureolytic induced MAP formation with MgO addition appeared to be suitable. The residual phosphate concentrations in the effluent ranged from 5 to 7 mg PO43−‐P L−1 and the separated matter contained residual amounts of Mg(OH)2. High‐phosphate‐containing anaerobic effluents (100 to 120 mg PO43−‐P L−1) were treated efficiently using air stripping combined with MgCl2 and NaOH reagents, yielding residual phosphate levels of 8 to 15 mg PO43−‐P L−1 and spherical pure MAP crystals of 0.5 to 2 mm.CONCLUSION: Results show that depending on the initial phosphate concentrations in the wastewaters and the ammonium and magnesium levels, the strategy selected for struvite crystallization is a determinative factor in achieving a cost effective technology. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of chromium (VI) on the activities of ureolytic mixed culture
Authors: Altaş Levent 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Ureolytic microbial carbonate precipitation (MCP) is a novel process for removing excess calcium from industrial effluents. This process is based on the hydrolization of urea to provide a suitable medium for the precipitation of Ca as CaCO3.RESULT: A toxicity identification evaluation was conducted on synthetic wastewater simulating wastewater from paper recycling to determine the inhibition or toxicity of chromium(VI) ions on the activities of a ureolytic mixed culture (UMC) with respect to the removal rate of COD and removal of Ca2+ in batch reactors. The 50% inhibiting concentration (IC50) and the 25% inhibiting concentration (IC25) values of Cr(VI) on UMC were determined as 40 and 18 mg L−1, respectively, for an exposure time of 1 day. The inhibitory effects of Cr(VI) were lower on UMC after longer exposure times of 3, 4 and 5 days. COD removal rate, ammonium production and Ca removal of samples with 512 mg Cr(VI) L−1 were significantly inhibited.CONCLUSION The present study has shown that the effects of different metallic species, organic toxicants and other environmental factors should be taken into account when removing problematic Ca and other possible elements from the environment using UMC. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Virulence factors and bacteriocins in faecal enterococci of wild boars
Authors: Poeta Patricia , Igrejas Gilberto , Costa Daniela , Sargo Roberto , Rodrigues Jorge , Torres Carmen 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe production of antimicrobial, haemolytic and gelatinase activities was tested in 67 enterococci (39 E. faecium, 24 E. hirae, 2 E. faecalis, and 2 Enterococcus spp.), recovered from faecal samples of wild boars. In addition, the presence of genes encoding bacteriocin and virulence factors was also analysed by PCR and sequencing. Production of antimicrobial activity was checked in all enterococci against 9 indicator bacteria and it was detected in 11 E. faecium isolates (16.5%); eight and two of them harboured the genes encoding enterocin A + enterocin B and enterocin L50A/B, respectively. Sixty‐seven per cent of our enterococci harboured different combinations of genes of the cyl operon, but none of them contained the complete cyl LLLSABM operon, necessary for cytolysin expression. The presence of gel E gene, associated with the fsr ABC locus, was identified in 4 E. faecium and two E. faecalis isolates, exhibiting all of them gelatinase activity. β ‐hemolytic activity was not found in our isolates. Both cpd and ace genes, encoding respectively the accessory colonisation factor and pheromone, were detected in two E. faecalis isolates, and the hyl gene, encoding hyalorunidase, in two E. faecium isolates, one of them gelatinase‐positive. Genes encoding bacteriocins and virulence factors are widely disseminated among faecal enterococci of wild boars and more studies should be carried out to know the global distribution of these determinants in enterococci of different ecosystems. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Genotypic and phenotypic diversity of Anabaena isolates from diverse rice agro‐ecologies of India
Authors: Nayak Saswati , Prasanna Radha , Prasanna Boddupalli Maruthi , Sahoo Dinabandhu 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe genus Anabaena is one of the commonly observed genera in the rice fields in South‐east Asia. Diversity analyses of a set of 70 Anabaena strains (including 67 strains isolated from diverse rice agro ecologies of India, and three International Reference/Type strains), was carried out using morphological and molecular datasets. The pattern of growth in liquid and solid medium and microscopic observations revealed tremendous diversity in the Anabaena germplasm analysed. The species wise distribution in different soil types and soil pH revealed that Anabaena iyengarii was present at pH ranging from 5.5–8.5 and all the species of Anabaena except A. oscillarioides were present in alluvium soils. Molecular profiling using primers based on HipTG, STRRmod and STRR1A sequences generated specific fingerprints for individual isolates. STRR1A was observed to be the most informative and useful for differentiating the isolates. Analyses of a combined dataset, including both morphological and molecular data, proved highly effective in discerning the genetic relationships among the 70 Anabaena strains. The present study provided useful information for the development of a comprehensive database based on the distribution of Anabaena strains in diverse agro ecologies of India and identified useful primers for PCR based differentiation of isolates. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Upscaling European surface temperatures to North Atlantic circulation‐pattern statistics
Authors: Orlowsky B. , Fraedrich K. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper examines reversal of the common downscaling path from large‐scale circulation patterns to local surface weather: Can changes of near‐surface temperature be used to predict changes in circulation‐pattern statistics? A re‐sampling (RS) scheme is applied, which generates ensembles of future series by assembling segments from past (or training) time series. The RS scheme is only constrained by known linear regression parameters of future annual mean temperatures. As circulation patterns, represented by the generalized patterns obtained by a cluster analysis, are part of the past series, the RS scheme also provides future time series of these patterns, conditioned only on the prescribed temperature evolution. In order to test whether changing statistics of temperature and circulation patterns are related to one another, a cross‐validation experiment using global circulation model (GCM) data is conducted: Two independent 30‐year periods are extracted from an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)‐simulation (ECHAM5), the first of which serves as a training sample (2001–2030) for the RS scheme to simulate the temperature regime of the second (2071–2100). The estimates by the RS scheme and the GCM simulation for the second period are analysed with respect to circulation‐pattern statistics. It is found that much of the changes from the first to the second period can be attributed to the temperature evolution. Future applications are discussed in the conclusions. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Varied climatic and topographic influences on Late Pleistocene mountain glaciation in the western United States
Authors: Thackray Glenn D. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe timing of Late Pleistocene mountain glacier fluctuations varied widely across the western United States. Glaciers in the maritime Olympic Mountains reached local maxima 125–60 ka and 34–31 ka, and were far less extensive during the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Glaciers in the Cascade Mountains showed a similar general pattern but with contrasts in detailed timing. Most mountain glacier systems further inland exhibited maximum ice extent during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 2. In the Wallowa, Wind River, and possibly the Sawtooth Mountains, maximum ice extent occurred ca. 20–23 ka. Mountain glacier systems of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet (Puget Lobe), greater Yellowstone region and Uinta Mountains reached maximum extent ca. 19–16 ka, and those in the Wallowa, Sawtooth and Wind River Ranges were at near‐maximum positions ca. 17 ka. The variable timing of maximum and near‐maximum ice advances appears to be related to climatic setting and glacier mass balance characteristics. Mountain glacier systems under the strongest maritime influences reached maximum extent at times of strong westerly atmospheric flow. Olympic and Cascades glaciers appear to have been negatively influenced by weakened westerly flow at the time of the global LGM, perhaps associated with ice‐sheet‐induced anticyclonic flow. Glacier systems with maximum advances correlative with the global LGM appear to have responded more strongly to depressed temperature. The ca. 17 ka ice advances of several glacier systems are broadly correlative with Heinrich Event 1 in the North Atlantic region, and imply a cooling event and reinvigoration of moisture transport into the region. Post‐LGM advances of Uinta Mountain glaciers appear to have arisen from moisture influences of pluvial Lake Bonneville. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late Quaternary glaciations in northeastern Russia
Authors: Stauch G. , Gualtieri L. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA summary of the extent and chronology of Quaternary glaciations in NE Russia is presented in this paper. The complex timing and style of glaciations include asynchronous development of alpine glaciers in the western and eastern part of the area. While in the eastern part of NE Russia well‐preserved moraines have been dated to the global Last Glacial Maximum (18–24 ka), in the westernmost part of the area no glacial advance took place at this time. In general, glacial advances were more extensive earlier rather than later, in the last glacial cycle. Although only a handful of studies with reliable absolute ages in the vast area of NE Russia exist, it is clear that the number of advances throughout the region varies. Variable glacial response to global climate patterns is attributable to contrasting sources of precipitation. An Atlantic moisture source dominates in the western part of NE Russia, while a Pacific source influences the eastern part of the region. The glacial advances in the interior of NE Russia are largely unexplored and further research is needed in order to understand Quaternary climate change in the region. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Timing of glaciation in the Mediterranean mountains during the last cold stage
Authors: Hughes Philip D. , Woodward Jamie C. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractRecent research in the mountains of the Mediterranean has attempted to establish the timing of the maximum extent of glaciers during the last cold stage. Several dating methods have been utilised and new dating frameworks have emerged in key areas. In several places, multiple dating techniques (radiocarbon, optically stimulated luminescence, U‐series) applied to glacial and associated sediments suggest that local glacier maxima preceded the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ca. 18 14C ka BP/ 21 cal. ka BP) by at least several thousand years. Studies in Spain, the Pyrenees, the Maritime Alps and Turkey utilising cosmogenic isotope analyses (10Be and 36Cl), have yielded glacial geochronologies with maxima that correlate closely with the marine isotope record of ice volume and the global LGM. In some cases, the use of different geochronological techniques has led to conflicting evidence for the timing of the local last glacier maxima in the same area. From a palaeoclimate perspective, glacier–climate reconstructions for the local last glacier maxima in the mountains of central Italy, northern Greece and western Turkey indicate that climate was wet and cold. In Italy and Greece the local glacier maxima preceded the driest part of the last cold stage – as indicated by palaeoecological records – by several thousand years. For western Turkey, however, recent cosmogenic exposure ages combined with glacier modelling suggest a local last glacier maximum characterised by cold and wet conditions coinciding with the global LGM. The available evidence indicates that a dichotomy is emerging, not only in our understanding of the timing of glaciation across the Mediterranean, but also in the palaeoclimatic interpretations derived from glacial and palaeoecological records. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quaternary glaciation in Africa: key chronologies and climatic implications
Authors: Mark Bryan G. , Osmaston Henry A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMultiple episodes of Quaternary glaciation are evidenced on >10 distinct mountain localities throughout Africa, with the best dated sites from Kilimanjaro and Mt Kenya in equatorial East Africa. A general paucity of radiogenic dates constrains the glacial chronology, and regional sequences have largely been based on correlations by relative weathering of features. Excellent glacial moraine preservation and other features of erosion put limits on the spatial extent of palaeoglaciers, and have facilitated advances in palaeo‐equilibrium line altitude (ELA) analyses. All radiocarbon dates (n < 30) provide minimum ages of deglaciation, and are consistent with a widespread synchronous advance during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 ± 2 ka). K–Ar dates on Kilimanjaro lava flows initially recognised up to three glaciations prior to the LGM. Over 100 cosmogenic radionuclide (CRN) 36Cl exposure ages on glacial erratics and bedrock from Kilimanjaro and Mt Kenya date 16 landforms, confirming maximum glacial extent prior to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 10. No glacial geological features have been dated to MIS 6. While on Kilimanjaro the CRN ages confirm a clear LGM (MIS 2) maximum, Mt Kenya lacks definitive LGM moraines. Lateglacial advances or stillstands on both mountains are suggested by low‐relief moraines dating to 14.6 ± 1.2 ka (two boulders) on Mt Kenya and 16.3 ± 1.9 ka and 15.8 ± 2.5 ka on Kilimanjaro. Multiple moraines upvalley have early Holocene ages ranging from 11.2 ± 0.8 to 8.6 ± 0.2 ka. Isolated and equivocal dates on both mountains also provide speculative evidence that the maximum extent since MIS 5e may have occurred close to 30 ka, similar to sites in South America. New palaeoclimatic understanding from lake and ocean proxies suggests hypotheses for the source of low‐latitude climate changes causing the advances that can be tested with improved dates. A high degree of intra‐regional variance in ELA is observed, with differences by aspect reflecting precipitation gradients. Future work should include more CRN dates, improved mapping and inverse climate–mass balance modelling. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Review of Holocene glacial chronologies based on radiocarbon dating in Tibet and its surrounding mountains
Authors: Yi Chaolu , Chen Hualiang , Yang Jianqiang , Liu Bin , Fu Ping , Liu Kexin , Li Shijie 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA compilation of 53 14C ages on moraines constrains the Holocene glacial history of Tibet and the surrounding mountains. Several Holocene glacial stages are identified. The Little Ice Age had three substages at 1.0–0.13 cal. ka BP. However, the glacial advances may have occurred 200–600 a earlier in southern and eastern bordering mountains than in the northern bordering mountains. The earlier glacial advance might have been driven by humid conditions in bordering areas of Tibet. Most glacial advances in the Neoglaciation occurred at 3.5–1.4 cal. ka BP. They can be identified in almost every mountain range. An early Holocene glacial advance occurred 9.4–8.8 cal. ka BP, in both central Tibet and bordering mountains. The timings of Holocene glacial advances are synchronous with the cooling periods in the δ18O record from ice cores and with the results of optically stimulated luminescence dating and cosmogenic exposure dating in Tibet. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoinduced electron transfer in glucose oxidase: a picosecond time‐resolved ultraviolet resonance Raman study
Authors: Fujiwara Akiko , Mizutani Yasuhisa 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPicosecond time‐resolved ultraviolet resonance Raman (UVRR) spectroscopy has been applied to photoinduced electron transfer (ET) of glucose oxidase (GOD). In this study, we succeeded in directly observing changes in the aromatic amino acid residues in the photoinduced ET of GOD for the first time. UVRR spectra excited at 226 nm showed bands from Trp and Tyr residues. An intensity decrease of the Trp UVRR bands and the appearance of the UVRR bands attributable to Trp•+ were observed in the time‐resolved spectra. In the time‐resolved UVRR spectra excited at 240 nm, the intensity decrease of the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) bands was also observed on the same time scale. These results showed that the Trp residue(s) serves as an electron donor to excited‐state FAD in the photoinduced ET of GOD. The comparison of the temporal changes of the Trp and FAD band intensities suggested that the ET from the Trp residue(s) to the FAD occurs with a time constant of ∼1.5 ps. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐Raman spectroscopy and SEM/EDX applied to improve the zircon fission track method used for dating geological formations
Authors: Dias Airton Natanael Coelho , Tello Saenz Carlos Alberto , Constantino Carlos José Leopoldo , Soares Cleber José , Novaes Felipe Ponciano , Balan Ana Maria Osório Araya 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe zircon mineral is widely studied in geochronology. In the case of the fission track method (FTM), the age is determined by the density of fission tracks at the zircon surface, which can be observed with an optical microscope after an appropriate chemical treatment (etching). The etching must be isotropic at the zircon grain surface to be used in the FTM, which leads those zircon grains whose etching is anisotropic to be discarded. The only reason for this discarding is the nonuniform morphology of the surface grain seen by optical microscopy, that is, no further physicochemical analysis is performed. In this work, combining micro‐Raman and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to study the etching anisotropy, it was shown that zircon grains that present at least one area at the surface where the density of fission track is uniform can be used in the FTM. The micro‐Raman showed characteristic spectra of the standard zircon sample either from the areas where there are tracks or from where there are not. The only difference found was in the Raman bandwidths, which were broader for the areas with higher density of fission tracks. This suggests simply a decrease in the relative percentage of the crystalline/amorphous phases at these areas. The SEM/energy dispersive spectrometry (EDX) showed that there were no significant differences in the principal chemical composition at the areas with and without fission tracks. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopic study of the tellurite minerals: graemite CuTeO3·H2O and teineite CuTeO3·2H2O
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Keeffe Eloise C. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractTellurites may be subdivided according to formula and structure. There are five groups based upon the formulae (a) A(XO3), (b) A(XO3)·xH2O, (c) A2(XO3)3·xH2O, (d) A2(X2O5) and (e) A(X3O8). Raman spectroscopy has been used to study the tellurite minerals teineite and graemite; both contain water as an essential element of their stability. The tellurite ion should show a maximum of six bands. The free tellurite ion will have C3v symmetry and four modes, 2A1 and 2 E.Raman bands for teineite at 739 and 778 cm−1 and for graemite at 768 and 793 cm−1 are assigned to the ν1 (TeO3)2− symmetric stretching mode while bands at 667 and 701 cm−1 for teineite and 676 and 708 cm−1 for graemite are attributed to the ν3 (TeO3)2− antisymmetric stretching mode. The intense Raman band at 509 cm−1 for both teineite and graemite is assigned to the water librational mode. Raman bands for teineite at 318 and 347 cm−1 are assigned to the (TeO3)2−ν2(A1) bending mode and the two bands for teineite at 384 and 458 cm−1 may be assigned to the (TeO3)2−ν4(E) bending mode. Prominent Raman bands, observed at 2286, 2854, 3040 and 3495 cm−1, are attributed to OH stretching vibrations. The values for these OH stretching vibrations provide hydrogen bond distances of 2.550(6) Å (2341 cm−1), 2.610(3) Å (2796 cm−1) and 2.623(2) Å (2870 cm−1) which are comparatively short for secondary minerals. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of L‐carnitine supplementation to diets with different fat sources and energy levels on fatty acid composition of egg yolk of laying hens
Authors: Corduk Muzaffer , Sarica Senay , Calikoglu Eda , Kiralan Mustafa 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The present study was carried out to determine the effects of feeding diets with two different levels of metabolisable energy (ME) (11.51 or 10.88 MJ ME kg−1 diet) and three different sources of fat (palm oil, sunflower oil or fish oil) with or without supplemental L‐carnitine (0 or 500 mg kg−1 diet) on the fatty acid (FA) composition of egg yolk and the passage of n3 polyunsaturated FAs to egg yolk in laying hens.RESULTS: The ∑n3, particularly C22:6n‐3, FA contents of egg yolk were significantly reduced by adding of L‐carnitine (C2) to different fat sources (P < 0.01). The ratio of n6/n3 was reduced from 53.77 to 17.72 in eggs yolks when ME was lowered in the diet with C2‐sunflower oil (SFO) whereas it was enhanced from 2.19 to 9.31 in C2‐E2 (low energy) diet with fish oil (FO) (P < 0.001). The diet with E2 or C2 containing FO resulted in a decrease of the C22:5n‐3, C22:6n‐3 and ∑n3 FA contents of egg yolk (P < 0.001). On the other hand, supplementation of C2 to diets with SFO or palm oil (PO) caused to a decrease in the C22:6n‐3 and ∑n3 FA contents of egg yolk (P < 0.01). A significant increase of the ratio of n6/n3 in egg yolk can be seen by feeding with E2 diet by adding of C2 to all fat sources like in E1 (normal energy) diet (P < 0.001).CONCLUSION: Dietary treatments resulted in major changes in FA composition of egg yolk. The supplemental C2 in diet decreased the C22:5n‐3, C22:6n‐3 and ∑n3FA contents in egg yolk. The use of FO in diets with E2 significantly reduced the passage rate of C22:6n‐3 FA to egg yolk. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry