bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spruce Budworm Policy in Maine: Tradition, Conflict, and Adaptation
Authors: Rumpf Thomas A. , Irland Lloyd C. , Blackmer Stephen D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the late 1970s an outbreak of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) combined with rising protection costs, environmental concerns, and recognition of the long-term nature of the infestation demanded new approaches to forest management. Through adaptation of traditional policy, frequent conflict, and innovation the Maine Department of Conservation and private landowners refined their understanding of the budworm infestation and have adopted forest management techniques in lieu of exclusive reliance on insecticides. As knowledge of the budworm problem continues to grow, and as spray costs continue to rise, further revisions in policy will most likely be needed.
Maximizing Financial Yields by Integrating Logging and Silvicultural Techniques
Authors: LeDoux Chris B. , Brodie J. Douglas 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Substantial gains in merchantable volume yields and profits from Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) stands in mountainous terrain can be achieved by considering logging and silvicultural techniques simultaneously. To maximize financial yields, managers must consider not only the length of the rotation, timing of entries, and volume removal per entry but also the proper harvesting equipment, precommercial and commercial thinning treatments, and fertilizer applications. The joint returns from combinations of techniques are greater than the sum of returns from each technique applied independently.
Variables for Predicting Inside-Bark Diameters of Upper Stems of Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Wingerd Dan E. , Wiant Harry V. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Multiple regression equations for predicting upper-stem, inside-bark diameters of seven Appalachian hardwoods were selected by screening all possible combinations of seven independent variables. Independent variables involving diameter measurements appeared in more equations than those involving height measurements. Comparisons to the bark options used in the STX program are provided.
Establishing Natural Regeneration of Ponderosa Pine in Central Arizona
Authors: Heidmann L. J. , Johnsen Thomas N. , Cole Quinten W. , Cullum George 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Since 1968, more than 11,000 acres of Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.) natural regeneration have been established on the Chevelon District of the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest by timing site preparation and rodent control with seedfall. Domestic livestock is excluded from regeneration areas. At current prices, the average cost per acre of natural regeneration is about $41, which is $218 less than the cost of planting an acre in the Southwest.
Stand Risk Rating for the Southern Pine Beetle: Integrating Pest Management with Forest Management
Authors: Lorio Peter L. , Mason Garland N. , Autry Gordon L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Stand risk rating for the southern pine beetle. Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., is a first step toward dealing with a serious but sporadic insect problem. Two approaches, one utilizing readily available resource data, the other employing data obtained from aerial photographs, illustrate application of current knowledge to meet the protection needs of resource management--the primary role of integrated pest management. During a 36-month period in Louisiana, high-risk stands accounted for 13.4 infestations per 1,000 acres, four times the rate of low-risk stands; in Texas high-risk stands accounted for 9.9 infestations per 1,000 acres during 1973-1978, almost five times the number for low.
Forest Services Data on Timber Sold And Harvested--Some Caveats for Users
Authors: Wiener Alfred A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
USDA Forest Service reports of timber sold and harvested provide data for measuring performance on the national forests, as well as comparative information for private applications. Analysis or comparisons of such data must, however, be made with care, because there are differences in periods of reporting, potential uses, units of measurement, species, timber size, and contract terms.
Land-Use Planning: Opportunity for Resource Professionals
Authors: Stine Stephen E. , Byrne James G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Theories and processes of planning have undergone susbstantial changes in recent decades, and innovations are occuring in the means by which state and local governments put plans into effect. Managers of public and industrial forests must keep abreast of developments and contribute their knowledge and skills when land-use plans are being made. They should also reappraise the planning on the lands they are directly responsible for Forestry schools do not seen to give students a basic understanding of land-use planning.
World Forestry: Forestry in Tanzania
Authors: Dykstra Dennis P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Forests in Tanzania occupy nearly half of the country's total land area. Most of the forestland is classified as woodland, with smaller areas in tropical high forest, mangrove forest, and plantations. An increasing share of industrial wood is harvested from the plantations, although pitsawing of native timber remains an important component of lumber production. About 97 percent of total roundwood consumption is for fuelwood and charcoal, and much of the country's current emphasis in forestry is on the establishment of village woodlots and agroforestry plots. Education in forestry and forest products is provided by two technical institutes and one university. Wildlife remains an important part of Tanzania's natural resource heritage, and the country supports some of the largest remaining populations of many African game species.
Managing Red Alder in the Douglas-Fir Region: Some Possibilities
Authors: Tarrant Robert F. , Bormann Bernard T. , DeBell Dean S. , Atkinson William A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We compare the present net worth (PNW) of each of six theoretical systems for managing red alder (Alnus rubra) with PNW of fertilized and unfertilized Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) systems in continuous management. Under the conditions specified for this analysis, the most profitable system (PNW = $623 per acre) is Douglas-fir commercially thinned and fertilized twice in a 45-year rotation. In the next most profitable system (PNW = $578 per acre), red alder is grown to sawlog size in 28 years and followed by Douglas-fir, thinned twice but not fertilized, in a 45-year rotation. The remaining six systems range downward from PNW = $527 (unfertilized Douglas-fir) to PNW = -$251 (red alder in continuous 13-year rotation). The conditions under which managed red alder systems are equally profitable with Douglas-fir include increases in either real interest rate, alder stumpage price, or the cost of nitrogen fertilizer, or a decrease in the time required to grow red alder to minimum sawlog size.
Forest Home Sites Influence Heating and Cooling Energy
Authors: DeWalle David R. , Heisler Gordon M. , Jacobs Robert E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Experiments with small mobile homes in Pennsylvania indicated that shade of trees can significantly reduce solar heating and that by lowering wind speeds forests can lessen infiltration of outside air. In one deciduous stand in summer, cooling energy needs were 75 percent less than in the open. In winter shading is counterproductive, offsetting savings from reduced infiltration of cold air. In the deciduous stand, savings in winter heating energy were only 8 percent, and with greater shading in a dense pine forest heating energy needs rose 12 percent. Forests and windbreaks are especially effective with poorly sealed houses and in windy weather. On forested sites in most of the United States, energy use can probably be lessened by manipulating forest growth to allow the sun to strike the house in winter. On open sites windbreaks and carefully located shade trees would lessen year-round energy use.
Designated-Dispersed Tentsites
Authors: Echelberger Herbert E. , Leonard Raymond E. , Adler Steven P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Simple campsites away from trails and streams were marked in an attempt to disperse campers in heavily used eastern backcountry. Campers who used these sites responded more favorably to the concept of dispersed camping than did those who stayed at trailside sites.
Redwood Sprout Growth Three Decades after Thinning
Authors: Cole Dana W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Growth of redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) stump sprouts was monitored for 31 years. Thinning of sprouts at two years of age accelerated growth of those that received full sunlight at the time of thinning. Conversely, sprouts receiving only moderate light and some competition from surrounding vegetation grew at a significantly faster rate when unthinned than when thinned--an indication that where light is limiting some minimal number of sprouts is necessary to maintain a healthy stump-root system. In clumps receiving minimal light, many residual sprouts died after thinning.
Benefit-Cost Evaluation of the Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth Research and Development Program
Authors: Rose Dietmar W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Preprogram benefit-cost analyses of the Expanded Research and Development Program for Douglas-Fir Tussock Moth (Orgyia pseudotsuga) were reviewed. Additional analyses were performed to test the sensitivity of benefit-cost ratios to various assumptions after incorporating currently available information. The decision to accelerate funding of the research is supported under some assumptions, but many uncertainties need to be resolved before a final verdict can be given. Models to estimate damages under alternative research funding and control procedures need to be improved. The great number of unknowns emphasizes the need for careful analyses before making major research funding decisions.
A New Education System for Woodlot Owners
Authors: Zeichick Herbert H. , OKeefe Timothy G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In an attempt to teach Maine owners of small woodlots about forest management, a new technique based on a system of rotating teaching units was tried in Penobscot Country. Our personal observations, and reports by participants, seem to show that the technique increases woodlot owners' interest and involvement in management.
Tax Incentives for Reforestation in Public Law 96-451
Authors: Dennis Donald F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Concern about reforestation and to some extent about the financial viability of forest management on private land stimulated passage of Public Law 96-451, which includes tax incentives for reforestation. An economic analysis that measures the impact of the incentives on present net worth, cash flow, and internal rate of return under various landowner and forest situations indicates that the incentives wall improve forestry's competitive positions with respect to other long-term capital investments.
Continuing Forestry Education: The Independent Study Option
Authors: Straka Thomas J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Independent study through correspondence instruction can be a valuable component of continuing forest education. Course work is available in almost any field that would interest a forester, including the natural, physical, and social sciences, business administration, quantitative methods, and environmental studies. Credit from most of these courses can be applied to the Continuing Forestry Education Program of the Society of American Foresters.
Damage to National Forest Timber on Mount St. Helens
Authors: Snellgrove Thomas A. , Kendall Snell J. A. , Max Timothy A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Within the blowdown area breakage amounted to 7 percent of the total cubic volume of all species. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) breakage was 4.6, western redcedar (Thuja plicata) was 6.6, true fir (Abies spp.) was 6.9, and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) was 9.2. Woody material available for energy generation was about 5,800 cubic feet per acre. Fuel loading (material 0.25 to 3 inches in diameter) was 2.9 tons per acre.
Tract Size and Harvesting Costs in Southern Pine
Authors: Cubbage Frederick W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Average harvesting costs per cord were estimated by computer simulation for several southern pine harvesting systems on tracts ranging from 5 to 360 acres in size. Costs for highly mechanized systems averaged less than those for shortwood and chain-saw tree-length operations on tracts larger than 20 to 30 acres, but rose rapidly on tracts smaller than 20 acres. On tracts under 20 acres, shortwood systems employing bobtail trucks or prehaulers had somewhat lower costs--which, however, remained nearly constant as tract size increased. Costs for a tree-length cable skidder operation leveled off slightly higher than those for the prehauler system at about 40 acres. Semi-mechanized shortwood systems were not much affected by tract size, but their costs were higher than those for all other harvest systems. While the simulation held constant many factors that influence costs in the field, the general results correspond to the actual use of systems in the South.
Bird Predation and Spruce Budworm Populations
Authors: Crawford H. S. , Titterington R. W. , Jennings D. T. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In northern New England, numbers of birds and amounts of budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) larvae and pupae eaten per bird increased as insect populations increased. Birds ate approximately 2, 23, and 87 percent of the epidemic, transitional, and endemic populations. Blackburnian and Nashville warblers, golden-crowned kinglets, white-throated sparrows, and black-capped chickadees were important predators in stands with endemic budworm populations. Bird communities most effective as budworm predators are found in mature managed forests containing a mix of species and size classes with scattered openings and patches of regeneration.
World Forestry: Control of Pine Bast Scale in China
Authors: McClure Mark S. , Dahlsten Donald L. , DeBarr Gary L. , Hedden Roy L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The pine bast scale, Matsucoccus matsumurae (Kuwana), is an economically important pest throughout east-central China. It probably is the same as Matsucoccus resinosae Bean and Godwin, which attacks red pine (Pinus resinosa) in the northeastern United States. The Chinese Ministry of Forestry has organized an intensive control effort which integrates biological, chemical, regulatory, and silvicultural methods. The most effective predators include several ladybird beetles, an anthocorid bug, and a mite, but rearing and release are still in experimental stages. Insecticides are applied by smoke, spray, or injection when scale densities necessitate their use. Attacks of the scale are most frequent in dense monocultures, on northern slopes, and in stands at middle or low elevations. Knowledge developed in China may prove applicable in the United States, and the two nations might profitably cooperate in research.
Research and Technology Transfer in Southwest Oregon
Authors: Hobbs Stephen D. , Gordon John C. , Brown George W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A cooperative program designed to intensify research and technology transfer has developed as a result of local demand to address severe reforestation problems in southwest Oregon. The Forestry Intensified Research (FIR) Program, begun in 1978, has two distinct, interrelated phases: (1) Fundamental FIR, in which scientists conduct basic research at off-site research centers, and (2) Adaptive FIR, in which forestry specialists conduct adaptive research and education programs as an interdisciplinary team in the problem area. Establishing the local team has done more to ensure effective technology transfer than any other single factor.
Road Density Models Describing Habitat Effectiveness for Elk
Authors: Lyon L. Jack 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Models depicting elk response to changes in the density of forest roads usually require extrapolation beyond the data. Results are likely to reflect the calculation technique rather than elk behavior. One technique described here does produce a model that coincides with actual elk behavior. This model can be used to predict habitat effectiveness for elk at road densities up to six miles per square mile.
SKIDLOG--An Interactive Skidding Model
Authors: Hassler Curt C. , Sinclair Steven A. , Ferguson Duncan J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
SKIDLOG is a deterministic "what-if?" interactive computer simulation model designed to evaluate the potential performance of a 4-wheel-drive articulated log skidder under a variety of assumptions and constraints. The model considers the effect of tire size, soil strength, tree size and load geometry, slope, and skidder size, type, horsepower, and speed to determine the ability of a skidder to move a load of logs.
Residential Fuelwood Use in the United States
Authors: Skog Kenneth E. , Watterson Irene A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A national survey by the USDA Forest Service found that U.S. households are burning more wood than at any time since World War II. In 1981, an estimated 42 million cords were used--an amount equal to one-fourth of that going into other wood products. Eighty percent of fuelwood is hardwood. The effect on timber markets is limited because only one-fourth is purchased and less than one-fourth of that cut by households comes from portions of trees usable for pulpwood or sawlogs. Currently, fuelwood displaces 2 to 3 percent of other home-heating fuels. One-half of fuelwood is burned in rural areas, where almost one-half of the households use 2½ to 3 cords annually. Greatest use per household is in the Pacific Northwest, Northern Rocky Mountains, and New England.
Site Characteristics and Preparation Practices Influence Costs of Hand-Planting Southern Pine
Authors: Guldin Richard W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Analyses of 67 planting contracts covering 11,344 acres on eight southern national forests and six corporate ownerships yielded an equation that explained 79 percent of the variation in hand-planting cost. Planting contracts for between 140 and 250 acres were the most expensive. Diseconomies of scale for both small and large planting contractors overlapped in this range. Number of machine passes and broadcast burning cost measured site-preparation intensity. Planting cost per acre was reduced $5.21 for every machine pass and $0.27 for every dollar spent on broadcast burning. National forests paid $15.59 per acre more to plant their sites than industries paid.
Hope Farm Woodland: 33-Year Production in an Uneven-Aged Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stand
Authors: Farrar R. M. , Murphy P. A. , Colvin R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A 25.7-acre stand of loblolly-shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda and P. echinata), located in southwestern Arkansas on site index 80 land and managed under a selection system, has averaged 414 board feet Doyle in annual growth and maintained an average annual cut of 360 board feet per acre over a 33-year period. This stand illustrates the productive capacity of small forests of southern pine under good management. The trends in stand structure and volume suggest that regulation by volume control applied solely to sawtimber may not provide adequate control of the structure. A remedy is proposed in which the entire diameter distribution is regulated.
Conversion Factors can affect Forest Products Trade Policies
Authors: Darr David R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Conversion of board feet to cubic measurement is a common problem that is shared by analysts of forest products trade policies. Two examples--comparison of the United States and Canadian stumpage prices, and comparisons of United States and Japanese log and lumber trade data--illustrate how conversion factors can influence trade policies. Guidelines are proposed for assessing whether or not conversing factors are appropriate.
The Forestry Incentives Program and Forest Yield Taxation in Massachusetts: Do We Need the Subsidy?
Authors: Kronrad Gary D. , Morzuch Bernard J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In Massachusetts, nonindustrial private forest landowners are offered two incentive programs: the Forestry Incentives Program (FIP) and a modified assessment-yield tax law. Both are designed to increase the flow of timber products by decreasing the costs of engaging in forest management. Of sites studied, 76.5 percent do not need FIP or the tax incentive to earn an alternative rate of return from forest management. Still, benefit-cost analyses indicate that FIP is a profitable investment of public dollars at discount rates of 4 and 6.625 percent. FIP is unprofitable at 10 percent. The property tax incentive was shown to be an inefficient investment of public dollars at discount rates of 5, 10, or 15 percent. Ratios obtained by combining the programs and using discount rates of 5, 10, and 15 percent indicated costs greater than benefits. The authors conclude that programs with similar objectives should be analyzed together.
When is Hardwood Cable Logging Economical?
Authors: LeDoux Chris B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Using cable logging to harvest eastern hardwood logs on steep terrain can result in low production rates and high costs per unit of wood produced. Logging managers can improve productivity and profitability by knowing how the interaction of site-specific variables and cable logging equipment affect costs and revenues. Data from selected field studies and forest model plots, as used in a simulation model, indicate that managers must consider cable logging technology, average slope distances required, volume and size of material cut, tree species and market price, and silvicultural treatment proposed.
The Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources: Case Histories from Canada, Mexico, and the United States
Authors: Ledig F. Thomas , Vargas-Hernández J. Jesús , Johnsen Kurt H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Genetic diversity in forest trees is best conserved in native populations. However, natural populations are threatened by many factors, eliminating valuable but often cryptic genetic resources. Gene banks (seed banks, plantations, or clonal archives) provide a prudent backup for breeders and ecological restorers should native populations be lost. Ottawa Valley white spruce, Guadalupe Island pine, and Torrey pine are examples of the value of gene banks in the conservation of forest genetic resources.
Integrating Wildfire into Strategic Planning for Sierra Nevada Forests
Authors: Johnson K. Norman , Sessions John , Franklin Jerry , Gabriel John 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study combines the spatial simulation of forest development on a large landscape, including wildfire occurrence and effects, with the search for management actions that achieve multiple goals. The approach was applied to the Eldorado National Forest. Resulting analysis suggests that active management (prescribed fire and timber harvest) could enable the simultaneous movement toward the goals of developing complex forest structure and reducing high-severity fire, while also limiting watershed disturbance and providing a regular timber harvest.
ICBEMP: Terrestrial Species and Habitats
Authors: Raphael Martin G. , Marcot Bruce G. , Holthausen Richard S. , Wisdom Michael J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The assessment of interior Columbia basin terrestrial species compared prehistoric, historical, and current terrestrial environments and plant and animal communities and looked closely at habitat changes that would affect sensitive vertebrates. We then projected three management scenarios and estimated future distributions of forest cover and other habitat elements on the viability of plant and animal populations. Amount the implications for biodiversity conservation strategies: identifying and managing groups of species with similar ecological functions may be more effective than managing individual keystone species. The assessment also revealed gaps in our scientific knowledge of biodiversity in the region.