bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protein restriction during gestation and/or lactation causes adverse transgenerational effects on biometry and glucose metabolism in F1 and F2 progenies of rats
Authors: Pinheiro Alessandra R. , Salvucci Isadora D. M. , Aguila Marcia B. , Mandarim-de-Lacerda Carlos A. 
Published: February 2008

Substantial evidence suggests that poor intrauterine milieu elicited by maternal nutritional disturbance may programme susceptibility in the fetus to later development of chronic diseases, such as obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and diabetes. One of the most interesting features of fetal programming is the evidence from several studies that the consequences may not be limited to the first-generation offspring and that it can be passed transgenerationally. In the present study, female rats (F0) were fed either a normal-protein diet [control diet (C); 19 g of protein/100 g of diet] or a low-protein diet [restricted diet (R); 5 g of protein/100 g of diet]. The offspring were termed according to the period and the types of diet the dams were fed, i.e. CC, RC, CR and RR (first letter indicates the diet during gestation and the second the diet during lactation). At 3 months of age, F1 females were bred to proven males, outside the experiment, to produce F2 offspring. At weaning, F2 offspring were divided by gender. RC1 offspring (with the number indicating the filial generation) were born with low birthweight, but afterwards they had catch-up growth, reaching the weight of the CC1 offspring. The increased glycaemia in RC1 offspring was associated with insulin resistance. CR1 and RR1 offspring had impaired growth with no changes in glucose metabolism. RC2 offspring had high BM (body mass) at birth, which was sustained over the whole experiment in male offspring. The F2 generation had more alteration in glucose metabolism than the F1 generation. CR2 and RC2 offspring had hyperglycaemia accompanied by hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance in both genders. CR2 offspring had an increase in body adiposity with hyperleptinaemia. In conclusion, low protein during gestation improves BM, fat mass and growth rate in F1 rats, but has adverse effects on glucose and leptin metabolism, resulting in insulin resistance in adult F1 and F2 offspring. Low protein during lactation has adverse effects on glucose, insulin and leptin metabolism, resulting in insulin resistance in adult F2 offspring. These findings suggest that low protein during gestation and/or lactation can be passed transgenerationally to the second generation.
Parabolic relationship between plasma triacylglycerols and LDL-cholesterol in familial combined hyperlipidaemia: the multiple-type hyperlipidaemia explained?
Authors: Brouwers Martijn C. G. J. , de Graaf Jacqueline , van Greevenbroek Marleen M. J. , Georgieva Anna M. , van der Kallen Carla J. H. , ter Avest Ewoud , Stehouwer Coen D. A. , Stalenhoef Anton F. , de Bruin Tjerk W. A. 
Published: February 2008

FCHL (familial combined hyperlipidaemia) is a highly prevalent genetic lipid disorder that accounts for a substantial number of premature cardiovascular events. To date, FCHL has been complicated by the different lipid phenotypes that are present within one family and one individual patient over time. In the present study, we hypothesized that a parabolic relationship between plasma triacylglycerols (triglycerides) and LDL (low-density lipoprotein)-cholesterol can explain this so-called ‘multiple-type hyperlipidaemia’ in FCHL. Our hypothesis was tested in two well-documented FCHL cohorts [Maastricht (n=145) and Nijmegen (n=299)] that were followed over a 5-year interval. Three groups were constructed depending on plasma triacylglycerols: group A (individuals with both measurements below 1.5 mmol/l), group B (one measurement below and one measurement above 1.5 mmol/l) and group C (both measurement above 1.5 mmol/l). In both male, but not female, cohorts, a significant positive relationship between plasma triacylglycerols and LDL-cholesterol was observed in group A (P=0.02 for Maastricht cohort and P=0.001 for the Nijmegen cohort), a significant negative relationship in group C (P=0.01 for Maastricht cohort and P=0.02 for the Nijmegen cohort), and a relationship intermediate to group A and C in group B. In contrast, both apoB (apolipoprotein B) levels and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease were related with plasma triacylglycerols in a more linear fashion. In conclusion, a parabolic relationship between plasma triacylglycerols and LDL-cholesterol explains the ‘multiple-type hyperlipidaemia’ in FCHL. In addition, the linear relationship between triacylglycerols and both apoB levels and the prevalence of cardiovascular disease substantiate the use of apoB instead of LDL-cholesterol in the diagnosis of FCHL and the prediction of cardiovascular disease.
Prophinder: a computational tool for prophage prediction in prokaryotic genomes
Authors: Lima-Mendez Gipsi , Van Helden Jacques , Toussaint Ariane , Leplae Raphaël 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Summary: Prophinder is a prophage prediction tool coupled with a prediction database, a web server and web service. Predicted prophages will help to fill the gaps in the current sparse phage sequence space, which should cover an estimated 100 million species. Systematic and reliable predictions will enable further studies of prophages contribution to the bacteriophage gene pool and to better understand gene shuffling between prophages and phages infecting the same host.
Availability: Softare is available at http://aclame.ulb.ac.be/prophinder
Contact: gipsi@scmbb.ulb.ac.be
Supplementary information: Supplementary data is available on http://aclame.ulb.ac.be/Tools/Prophinder/evaluations_table.html.
Le Cycle de Renart
: From the
Enfances
to the
Jugement
in a Cyclical
Roman de Renart
Manuscript
Authors: Sunderland Luke 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

This article is a reading of a
Roman de Renart
manuscript from the often neglected gamma family, which subsumes the narrative to a broadly biographical (or cyclical) framework. The manuscript studied here therefore opens with an
Enfances
text, which lays the ground for seeing the fox as a radically evil creation, and his crimes as inevitable repetitions of his evil propensities. Whereas the alpha and beta families open with the famous trial (
Le Jugement de Renart
), the gamma family locates it later, after a series of misdeeds by the fox, meaning that this episode now serves less as an attempt to punish Renart for a single sexual crime than to mark the impossibility of holding him to justice for anything he has done. Using an approach to repetition deriving from Lacanian theory, the author argues that the
Jugement
, itself now a rerun of a previous trial, represents the community's failure to confront the Renardian trauma that haunts it, and, by extension, its inability to function effectively. Thwarting the ideological closure of justice allows Renart to become an emblem of the fiction itself.
Death and the Aesthetic of Continuity: Reading Victor Hugo's
Contemplations
Authors: Lunn-Rockliffe Katherine 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

This article addresses the importance of continuity in Victor Hugo's poetry, understood both as connection between author and reader and as sheer length. Arguing that his very prolixity merits analysis, it investigates the relationship between his connective readability and his ability to sustain long verse paragraphs. It uses examples from the long visionary poems in book VI of
Les Contemplations
, which represent death both as a rupture and as a continuity. The first part considers the connection between poet and reader, focusing on Hugo's use of solitude as an experience shared by the dead, the poet and the reader. He plays on the concrete reality that the printed book is read in isolation to draw the reader close to the visionary experience of death. The second part examines how the reader is made to go through this solitary experience line by line, a process that unfolds in time. It shows how Hugo builds verse lines into a continuum and plays on turning points, particularly line-endings, to sustain his long verse paragraphs. Far from being monolithic blocks, these sequences are articulated by a series of transitions which constantly oblige the reader to reconsider the relationship between breaks and joinings, separation and continuity.
The Legacy of the Beast: Patrilinearity and Rupture in Zola's
La Bête humaine
and Freud's
Totem and Taboo
Authors: Counter Andrew 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

This article explores the legacy of primitive violence evoked by Zola and Freud in
La Bête humaine
(1890) and
Totem and Taboo
(1913) respectively, and attempts to show how Zola's and Freud's use of a paradigm of primitive aggression might be ideologically complicit with a violent inclination in their contemporaneous societies. This issue will be considered in its relations with the notions of patrilinearity and rupture, concepts which are integral to both texts, and which, it shall be argued, constitute in some sense the essence of patriarchy. Reading both writers through the prism of Deleuze's theory, patrilinearity itself will begin to appear as a series of ruptures rather than a continuous genealogy, a history of struggle which both perpetuates and conceals the dominance of violence. The ambivalence of Freud's and Zola's rendering of that violence will ultimately appear as an ethical challenge to the reader.
Drosophila RNA Interference (RNAi) Using a Gal-4 Inducible Transgene Vector: Figure 1.
Authors: Misquitta Leonie , Wei Qin , Paterson Bruce M. 
Published: February 2008

INTRODUCTIONRNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful method for determining the role of specific genes during Drosophila embryogenesis. This protocol describes a method for RNAi in vivo using tissue-specific Gal-4 transgenes to induce dsRNA synthesis from an upstream activator sequence (UAS) vector. This vector contains the desired exonic inverted sequences representing the target gene (preferably more than 400 bp) separated by a unique spacer, the first intron of the actin 5C gene. The inverted repeats are stable during cloning in E. coli with this intronic spacer and the intron is spliced out to produce an almost perfect dsRNA target for Dicer cleavage and the production of siRNAs.
PCR Mutagenesis by Overlap Extension and Gene SOE
Authors: Vallejo Abbe N. , Pogulis Robert J. , Pease Larry R. 
Published: February 2008

INTRODUCTIONMutagenesis by PCR is accomplished by incorporating desired genetic changes into custom-made primers used in amplification reactions. Because these mutagenizing primers have terminal complementarity, two separate DNA fragments amplified from a target gene can be fused into a single product by primer extension without relying on restriction endonuclease sites or ligation reactions. Briefly, mutagenesis is achieved by performing PCR with specially designed oligonucleotide primers that include the desired substitutions, insertions, or deletions in their sequence. The two overlapping fragments are fused together in a subsequent extension reaction. The inclusion of outside primers in the extension reaction amplifies the fused product by PCR. Theoretically, the primers can be moved anywhere along the targeted gene to introduce mutations. This method can be exploited further by using DNA fragments from different sources. Such gene splicing by overlap extension (SOE) can be used to rapidly produce chimeras. A limitation of SOE is the difficulty of manipulating large DNA segments (i.e., >1-2 kb). To circumvent this, a cassette system can be targeted, modified by SOE, and reinserted using restriction endonuclease sites designed into the cassette structure. This approach also allows easy shuffling or replacement of gene segments.
Collection of Drosophila Embryos for RNA Interference (RNAi)
Authors: Misquitta Leonie , Wei Qin , Paterson Bruce M. 
Published: February 2008

INTRODUCTIONRNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful method for determining the role of specific genes during Drosophila embryogenesis. This protocol describes a method for collection of Drosophila embryos for RNA interference (RNAi) experiments. The embryos are collected in a simple, homemade apparatus, arrayed on prepared glass slides, and readied for injection. It is important to keep the embryos moist and oxygenated. Work expeditiously, because embryos should be injected within 30-60 min after collection.
Labeling Acetylcholine Receptors in Live Cells Using Rhodamine α-Bungarotoxin for Imaging: Figure 1.
Authors: Chazotte Brad 
Published: February 2008

INTRODUCTIONThe eukaryotic cell has evolved to compartmentalize its functions and transport various metabolites among cellular compartments. Therefore, in cell biology, the study of organization and structure/function relationships is of great importance. Integral membrane protein receptors can be studied using specifically fluoresceinated but still functional hormones or toxins that bind to specific receptors. α-bungarotoxin binds with high affinity to the α-subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of the neuromuscular junction. In this article, acetylcholine receptors are labeled with α-bungarotoxin conjugated to rhodamine.
Whole-Mount In Situ Hybridization of RNA Probes to Plant Tissues
Authors: Traas Jan 
Published: February 2008

INTRODUCTIONThe labeling of entire plantlets (whole-mount labeling) is very easy, but it can cause substantial artifacts. Because whole plants are labeled, certain tissues are not readily accessible to the probes, whereas others can often stain nonspecifically. In the hands of the author, for instance, the elongation zone of the root is labeled even in negative controls, whereas mature parts of the roots and hypocotyl tend to be more resistant to probe penetration. Whole-mount labeling should therefore only be used to monitor gene expression in a limited number of organs and tissues--in particular, root meristems, embryos, and very young primordia--and the results should be interpreted with care. A protocol for whole-mount labeling is described here. Positive (e.g., constitutive probe) and negative controls should be included systematically.
Outcome of ETV6/RUNX1‐positive childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in the NOPHO‐ALL‐1992 protocol: frequent late relapses but good overall survival
Authors: Forestier Erik , Heyman Mats , Andersen Mette K , Autio Kirsi , Blennow Elisabeth , Borgström Georg , Golovleva Irina , Heim Sverre , Heinonen Kristina , Hovland Randi , Johannsson Johann H , Kerndrup Gitte , Nordgren Ann , Rosenquist Richard , Swolin Birgitta , Johansson Bertil ,   the Nordic Society of Paediatric Haematology, Oncology (NOPHO), the Swedish Cytogenetic Leukaemia Study Group (SCLSG) and the NOPHO Leukaemia Cytogenetic Study Group (NLCSG)
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe prognostic impact of t(12;21)(p13;q22) [ETV6/RUNX1 fusion] in paediatric acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) has been extensively debated, particularly with regard to the frequency of late relapses and appropriate treatment regimens. We have retrospectively collected 679 ALLs with known ETV6/RUNX1 status, as ascertained by fluorescence in situ hybridization or reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction, treated according to the Nordic Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology ‐ALL‐1992 protocol. The assigned risk groups/treatment modalities for the 171 (25%) patients with t(12;21)‐positive ALLs were 74 (43%) standard risk, 71 (42%) intermediate risk and 26 (15%) high risk. The 5‐ and 10‐year event‐free survival (EFS) of the 171 patients was 80% and 75% respectively, with no significant differences among the three risk groups. Most of the relapses occurred in boys and were late, with almost 50% of all relapses occurring ≥5 years after diagnosis. Of all relapses after 6 years, 80% occurred in the t(12;21)‐positive group. The overall survival was 94% at 5 years and 88% at 10 years; thus, the treatment of patients in second or later remission is usually successful. As yet, there is no reliable plateau in the EFS curve, a fact that raises the question as to when the prognostic ramifications of ALLs harbouring ETV6/RUNX1 should be evaluated.
Is adequate parenting compatible with maternal drug use? A 5‐year follow‐up
Authors: Street K. , Whitlingum G. , Gibson P. , Cairns P. , Ellis M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIntroduction  This prospective, cohort study compares child protection outcomes over the first 5 years of life in a group of children born to self‐declared drug‐using mothers recruited during pregnancy (cases) and a group of children matched for gestational age, chronological age, maternal neighbourhood and place of delivery whose mothers made no such declaration of problematic drug use (controls).Methodology  We monitored local child protection registers to identify cohort members who came to the attention of the local authority.Results  Of the 71 original cases and 142 original controls, 55 (77%) and 96 (68%) remained in the area enrolled in local schools at 5 years of age. In total, 26 (47.3%) of the case children were subject to child protection procedures compared with 18 (18.8%) of the control children. This risk difference of 28.5% (95% CI 13.2% to 43.9%) has increased marginally since our previous report in this journal of child protection outcomes at 18 months of age (32% vs. 7%). However, the level of intervention deemed necessary to protect the child has increased significantly with six cases (compared with one control child) taken into the care of the local authority.Conclusions  Despite early maternal intentions and multiple supportive interventions, 27% of children born to women with significant substance abuse problems in our area required child protection during the pre‐school years. Child protection risk assessment procedures need to weigh problematic maternal drug use heavily. Intervention studies with child welfare outcomes are needed to identify the most effective harm reduction strategies and inform public debate on how we can minimize child abuse related to substance misuse.
Discrepancy between expected and actual child support payments: predicting the health and health‐related quality of life of children living in low‐income, single‐parent families
Authors: Cook K. , Davis E. , Davies B. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractObjective  Although the amount and frequency of child support payments received by single parents are often erratic and fluctuate, no study to date has quantitatively explored how the discrepancy between expected and actual payments relates to child health. This study aims to examine whether the discrepancy between expected and actual child support payments predicts a range of child health outcomes, including global health, health‐related quality of life, involvement in activities and parental psychological distress.Methods  This study used results from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children, which included a sample of parents of children aged 4–5 years (n = 4983). The questionnaire was completed by the parent who spent the most time with the child and knew the child best. From the 4983 families, 332 low‐income single parents reliant on welfare with a formal or informal child support order in place were identified.Results  After controlling for income, the discrepancy between expected and actual child support predicted school functioning, conduct problems, total mental health problems and involvement in activities. Discrepancy between expected and actual child support payments did not predict the remaining health‐related quality of life domains, mental health domains, global child health or parental psychosocial distress.Conclusion  This was the first study to examine how the discrepancy between expected and actual child support payments relates to child health, providing important data on the effectiveness of the child support system for children's well‐being. These findings highlight the potential impact of the discrepancy on school functioning, conduct problems, total mental health problems and involvement in activities.
Objective measurement of levels and patterns of physical activity
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: February 2008

.

Riddoch C.J.,
Mattocks C.,
Deere K.,
Saunders J.,
Kirkby J.,
Tilling K.,
Leary S.D.,
Blair S.N. &
Ness A.R.
(
2007
)

,
92
,
963
–
969
.
DOI: 10.1136/adc.2006.112136.
Objective  To measure the levels and patterns of physical activity, using accelerometers, of 11‐year‐old children participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC).Design  Cross‐sectional analysis.Setting  The ALSPAC is a birth cohort study located in the former county of Avon, in the south‐west of England. This study used data collected when the children were 11 years old.Participants  A total of 5595 children (2662 boys, 2933 girls). The children are the offspring of women recruited to a birth cohort study during 1991–1992. The median age (95% CI) of the children is now 11.8 (11.6–11.9) years.Methods  Physical activity was measured over a maximum of seven consecutive days using the MTI Actigraph accelerometer.Main outcome measures  Level and pattern of physical activity.Results  The median physical activity level was 580 counts/min. Boys were more active than girls [median (IQR) 644 (528–772) counts/min vs. 529 (444–638) counts/min, respectively]. Only 2.5% (95% CI 2.1% to 2.9%) of children [boys 5.1% (95% CI 4.3% to 6.0%), girls 0.4% (95% CI 0.2% to 0.7%)] met current internationally recognized recommendations for physical activity. Children were most active in summer and least active in winter (difference = 108 counts/min). Both the mother and partner's education level were inversely associated with activity level [P for trend <0.001 (both mother and partner)]. The association was lost for mother's education (P for trend = 0.07) and attenuated for partner's education (P for trend = 0.02), after adjustment for age, sex, season, maternal age and social class.Conclusions  A large majority of children are insufficiently active, according to current recommended levels for health.
Diagnosing abuse: a systematic review of torn frenum and other intra‐oral injuries
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: February 2008

.

Maguire S.,
Hunter B.,
Hunter L.,
Sibert J.R.,
Mann M.,
Kemp A.M.
, for the

. (
2007
)

,
92
,
1113
–
1117
.

DOI: 10.1136/adc.2006.113001.
Introduction  A torn labial frenum is widely regarded as pathognomonic of abuse.Methods  We systematically reviewed the evidence for this, and to define other intra‐oral injuries found in physical abuse. Nine studies documented abusive torn labial frena in 30 children and 27 were fatally abused: 22 were less than 5 years old. Only a direct blow to the face was substantiated as a mechanism of injury.Results  Two studies noted accidentally torn labial frena, both from intubation. Abusive intra‐oral injuries were widely distributed to the lips, gums, tongue and palate and included fractures, intrusion and extraction of the dentition, bites and contusions.Conclusions  Current literature does not support the diagnosis of abuse based on a torn labial frenum in isolation. The intra‐oral hard and soft tissue should be examined in all suspected abuse cases, and a dental opinion sought where abnormalities are found.