bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in trehalase activity and trehalose level during Ascaris suum (Nematoda) embryogenesis
Authors: Dmitryjuk M. , Żółtowska K. , Kubiak K. , Głowińska A. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The levels of trehalose and the activity of trehalase during the development of Ascaris suum eggs were investigated. The level of trehalose in the zygote was high (2.96 ± 0.07 mg/g). During cleavage of eggs, it decreased (0.91 ± 0.35 mg/g). A higher concentration of the sugar was recorded at the blastula and during gastrulation, but it did not reach the uncleaved eggs level. In the early motile larvae, the concentration of trehalose was high (4.58 ± 2.01 mg/g). It decreased with development of L1 larvae (3.10 ± 1.47 mg/g). A rapid increase in trehalose reserves was observed between the L1 and L2 stages. The highest content of trehalose was found in invasive L2 larvae (5.78 ± 1.39 mg/g).
The activity of trehalase at the zygote stage was high (560.22 ± 322.31 U/mg). It decreased at the beginning of cleavage. It was the lowest at the 4–6-cell stage (189.76 ± 114.97 U/mg). An increase in the enzyme activity occurred after reaching the blastula stage (348.44 ± 343.34 U/mg). The highest trehalase activity was recorded during the L1 larvae stage (635.72 ± 251.16 U/mg). The activity of that enzyme was about three times lower in the invasive stage larvae than in the L1 larvae.
Foraging height levels and the risk of gastro-intestinal tract parasitic infections of wild ungulates in an African savannah eco-system
Authors: Apio A. , Plath M. , Wronski T. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Grazing herbivores mainly feed at low feeding height levels, while browsers select food items above ground level. Previous studies on gastrointestinal tract (GIT) nematode parasite burdens of African ungulates have suggested that browsing species hereby minimise the risk of infection with parasites. Here, we investigated the influence of feeding height levels on the pasture larval contamination level (PCL) in a natural African savannah eco-system in Queen Elizabeth National Park, western Uganda. The prevalence and mean abundance of infectious GIT nematode larvae on the pasture were used as measures of pasture contamination. Vegetation samples were examined following standard larval isolation, concentration and counting techniques. We found the feeding height level to be significantly related to the occurrence of infectious GIT nematode larvae, and the contamination was highest at low feeding levels. There was no statistically significant seasonal variation in the prevalence or mean abundance of the contamination of pastures with nematode larvae.
First record of three nematode species in Slovakia with new data on their morphology
Authors: Lišková M. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
During a survey of the nematode fauna of river bank vegetation in the central and south eastern regions of the Slovakia three species were found which are all new records for the country viz. Aulolaimus nannocephalus Andrássy, 1972, Hemicycliophora aberrans Thome, 1955 and Paratylenchus paramonovi Bagaturia & Solovyova in Solovyova, 1972.
Tb3Sc2Al3O12-TbScO3 eutectic self-organized microstructure for metamaterials and photonic crystals application
Authors: Kołodziejak K. , Turczyński S. , Diduszko R. , Klimek L. , Pawlak D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractEutectics are the materials with foreseen application in the field of photonic crystals and metamaterials. In this paper, the dependence on chemical composition of the microstructures of terbium-scandium-aluminium gamet and terbium-scandium perovskite (Tb3Sc2Al3O12-TbScO3) eutectics has been studied. The growth of the eutectic rods by the micro-pulling down method is presented, using compositions with several different volume fractions of the garnet and the perovskite phases, VTSAG:VTSP = 4, 3, 2, 1, 1/2. The phases have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectrometry. The relationship between the lattice constant of individual phases and the chemical composition is presented. The unidirectional growth of microrods has been also investigated by electron backscattering diffraction.
Near field imaging in microwave regime using double layer split-ring resonator based metamaterial
Authors: Guven K. , Ozbay E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA planar metamaterial structure consisting of two layers of split-ring resonator (SRR) arrays is demonstrated to form the image of a point source with subwavelength resolution. The source frequency is swept through the resonance gap of the metamaterial layers and the lateral field intensity distribution is recorded on the transmission side of the metamaterial. When the source is tuned to the resonance frequency of SRRs, the metamaterial acts as a high permeability medium and a distinct image with subwavelength resolution in the lateral direction is obtained. Increasing the distance between the individual SRR layers reduces the interlayer coupling, and the intensity and spatial resolution of the image decrease rapidly.
Towards focusing using photonic crystal flat lens
Authors: Fabre N. , Fasquel S. , Legrand C. , Mélique X. , Muller M. , François M. , Vanbésien O. , Lippens D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe report on the numerical simulation and fabrication of a two-dimensional flat lens based on negative refraction in photonic crystals. The slab acting as a lens is made of an hole array (operating at the wavelength of 1.5 μm) etched in a InP/InGaAsP/InP semiconductor layer. We first study the key issues for the achievement of a negative refractive index taking advantage of folding of dispersion branches with main emphasis in dispersion properties rather than the opening of forbidden gaps. The diffraction and refraction regimes are analysed according to the comparison of the wave-vector with respect to the relevant dimensions of the hole array. In the second stage, we illustrate technological challenges in terms of e-beam lithography on a sub-micron scale and deep reactive ion etching for an indium phosphide based technology.
Energy transport in plasmon waveguides on chains of metal nanoplates
Authors: Saj W. , Antosiewicz T. , Pniewski J. , Szoplik T. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAn interest in energy transport in 3D chains of metal nanoparticles is oriented towards future applications in nanoscale optical devices. We consider plasmonic waveguides composed of silver nanoplates arranged in several geometries to find the one with the lowest attenuation. We investigate light propagation of 500-nm wavelength along different chains of silver nanoplates of subwavelength length and width and wavelength-size height. Energy transmission of the waveguides is analysed in the range of 400–2000 nm. We find that chain of short parallel nanoplates guides energy better than two electromagnetically coupled continuous stripes and all other considered nonparallel structures. In a wavelength range of 500–600 nm, this 2-μm long 3D waveguide transmits 39% of incident energy in a channel of λ × λ/2 cross section area.
Consistency of magnitude estimations with conceptual data dimensions used for sonification
Authors: Walker Bruce N. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn two experiments listeners assessed how sounds represented data, as might be used in sonification. In Experiment 1, 209 undergraduates used magnitude estimation to define the relationship between three sound attributes (frequency, tempo, modulation index) and 10 data dimensions (size, temperature, pressure, velocity, number of dollars, urgency, proximity, attractiveness, danger, mass). Polarities and slopes (i.e. power function exponents) are reported and compared to predictions from the literature. In Experiment 2, 226 new participants demonstrated polarities and slopes are stable across a direct replication. Results show that listener expectations depend on both sound and data dimensions in use. While there are some unanimous expectations across listeners, there are also differences due to different mental models formed by participants, which may relate to listening experience. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flashbulb memories are special after all; in phenomenology, not accuracy
Authors: Talarico Jennifer M. , Rubin David C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractConsistency of flashbulb memories (FBMs) of the 11th September terrorist attacks and of everyday memories (EDMs) of the preceding weekend do not differ, in both cases declining over the following year for a group of Duke University undergraduates. However, ratings of recollection, vividness and other phenomenological properties were consistently higher for FBMs than for EDMs across time. Belief in the accuracy of memory was initially high for both memories, but declined over time only for EDMs. These findings confirm that FBMs are not extraordinarily accurate, but they may systematically differ from EDMs in other meaningful ways. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical and experimental study of airflow through clothing around body parts
Authors: Brasser Paul 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe air flow profile around a cylinder, covered with textile, was analyzed both theoretically and experimentally. A model was deduced, which describes the air flow through and underneath clothing that is covering a body part. In the air profile model presented here, the body part is represented by a cylinder. The model was validated by conducting pressure measurements around the cylinder, both with and without clothing. These pressure profiles were used to calculate the velocity profile around the cylinder, which was then compared to the theoretically predicted velocity profile. There is a good agreement between the measurements and the model. The model was also used to validate an empirical formula, which is used at present, that described the air velocity through the clothing as a function of the wind velocity. A correction factor for this formula is proposed. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Slow‐mode induced pulsing in trickle‐bed reactors at elevated temperature
Authors: Aydin Bora , Fries Donata , Lange Rüdiger , Larachi Faïçal 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPeriodic operation, as a process intensification measure for trickle beds, is still tepidly greeted by industry despite numerous benefits underlined in the literature. This state of aloofness is partly ascribed to the paucity of experimental data acquired under elevated temperature and pressure, which, in practice, most catalytic reactions are subjected to. Currently, the hydrodynamics of trickle bed periodic operation at elevated temperature and pressure remains by and large an uncharted territory. This study specifically approaches from a hydrodynamic perspective the pros and cons of slow‐mode induced pulsing for Newtonian and non‐Newtonian power‐law liquids at elevated temperature and moderate pressure. Four morphological features of the liquid holdup periodic pattern were analyzed: shock wave breakthrough, shock wave decay times, shock wave plateau, and shock wave breakthrough amplitude. The shock wave decay and breakthrough times were found to shorten, while correspondingly the shock wave plateau to lengthen, with increasing pressure and temperature. Conversely, the breakthrough amplitude of the shock wave underwent palpable collapse the higher the temperature (and/or pressure). The collapse of the bursting pulses with increasing temperatures and pressures was the result of the reduction of base and pulse liquid holdup levels, delivery of liquid cargo from pulse to baseline flow, and occurrence of dispersive hydrodynamic effects with a tendency to flatten the pulses. Qualitatively, similar effects of temperature and pressure were equally observed whether Newtonian or non‐Newtonian liquids were used. The less sensational contrasts prevailing between base and pulse holdups might question the opportunity for implementing induced pulsing strategies in high‐temperature, high‐pressure tall trickle beds. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Craniofacial and dental phenotype of Smith–Magenis syndrome
Authors: Tomona Natalia , Smith Ann C.M. , Guadagnini Jean Pierre , Hart Thomas C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess and characterize dental and craniofacial findings in individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS). Extraoral and intraoral examination including dental and craniofacial radiographs and three‐dimensional facial photoimaging were performed for 15 cases between ages 4 and 19 years old. Tooth agenesis (13/15 cases) affecting primarily the mandibular second premolars and taurodontism (13/15 cases) were common findings. Dilaceration of the tooth roots was present in one‐third of the cases. At least one dental anomaly was present in each case. These findings occur with greater frequency than in the general population (P < 0.001). An age‐related increase in decayed and restored teeth was found. Poorer oral hygiene, increased dental plaque, and increased gingival inflammation progressed from childhood to teenage years. Radiographic findings suggest the prognathic appearance is not caused by excessive mandibular growth. Other findings including protrusion of the mandibular anterior teeth, increased bony chin size, and macroglossia were noted, which may contribute to the prognathic appearance. The high prevalence of dental anomalies (>90%) further expands the phenotype and indicates that dental evaluation may aid in the diagnosis of SMS. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A newly recognized polyosteolysis/hyperostosis syndrome
Authors: Kantaputra Piranit N. , Limwongse Chanin , Koolvisoot Ajchara , Ausawamongkolkul Apichart , Tayavitit Somsiri 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe report a newly recognized bone disorder consisting of polyostotic expansile osteolysis affecting long bones and iliac bones; hyperostosis of the skull, thoracic cage, and medial portion of both clavicles; pectus carinatum; gigantiform synovial masses of the elbows and knees; atrial septal defect; cardiomegaly; unilateral cryptorchidism; and mental deficiency. Affected bones can be grouped into four general types of skeletal pathology: (1) expansile osteolysis, (2) osteolysis without expansion, (3) expansion without osteolysis, and (4) hyperostosis. Some bones remained unaffected. We have named the condition “polyosteolysis/hyperostosis syndrome.” It is clearly at variance with any previously reported bone disorder, including familial expansile osteolysis, juvenile Paget disease, and McCune–Albright syndrome (and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia). Because our patient shared some features in common with juvenile Paget disease, we thought that mutational analysis of TNFRSF11B was indicated, even though our patient had some manifestations not found in juvenile Paget disease. Direct sequencing failed to identify a TNFRSF11B mutation. Because the parents of our propositus were first cousins suggests that polyosteolysis/hyperostosis syndrome may possibly have autosomal recessive inheritance. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
SIX3 mutations with holoprosencephaly
Authors: Ribeiro Lucilene Arilho , El‐Jaick Kenia B. , Muenke Maximilian , Richieri‐Costa Antonio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractHere, we report six Brazilian patients with holoprosencephaly caused by SIX3 mutations. Missense mutations were more common than frameshift mutations. Comparison of patients with missense versus frameshift mutations was essentially unremarkable. Our cases suggest that SIX3 mutations result in a more severe phenotype than other gene mutations for holoprosencephaly. One patient had a double SIX3 mutation, which has not been reported previously. In our SIX3 mutations, three were transmitted by the paternal side, two were transmitted by the maternal side, and one was a de novo event. Mutations in normal parents with severe involvement of their offspring does not allow prediction of phenotypic severity, which makes genetic counseling difficult. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Holoprosencephaly‐like phenotype: Clinical and genetic perspectives
Authors: Richieri‐Costa A. , Ribeiro Lucilene Arilho 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe report 22 patients with normal neuropsychological development and a holoprosencephaly‐like (HPE‐like) phenotype screened for SHH, SIX3, TGIF, and GLI2. These patients were divided into two groups: (1) 6 patients with SHH and GLI2 mutations and (2) 16 patients with no detectable mutations. We discuss the phenotypic manifestations, evolution of the phenotype, and neuroimaging in the two groups. Conclusions about the HPE‐like phenotype include (1) initial appearance as an unusually wide, and very severe unilateral cleft lip‐palate in some cases; (2) variability with the expression of minor anomalies in some cases, such as single maxillary central incisor; (3) identifiable mutations in some cases and absence of mutations in others; (4) essentially normal MRI in the most cases (pituitary tumor in two cases and choroid fissure cyst in one case in Group 1; empty sella turcica in one case in Group 2); (5) intelligence within the normal range; and (6) familial aggregation in some instances. Implications include (1) thorough examination of family members for minor anomalies; (2) MRI and developmental assessment for the proband; and (3) molecular analysis. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contiguous gene syndrome of holoprosencephaly and hypotrichosis simplex: Association with an 18p11.3 deletion
Authors: Kantaputra Piranit N. , Limwongse Chanin , Tochareontanaphol Chintana , Mutirangura Apiwat , Mevatee Umnat , Praphanphoj Verayuth 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe report a patient with a unique combination of features, including microcephaly; mental retardation; poorly developed frontal lobes; hypoplastic pituitary gland; hypothyroidism; alopecia universalis; single maxillary central incisor; taurodontism; median palatal ridge; longitudinally grooved nails; and scoliosis. His unbalanced karyotype was found to be 45,XY,der(15;18)(q10;q10). The constellation of anomalies appears to represent a contiguous gene syndrome caused, at least in part, by deletion of TGIF and the gene responsible for hereditary hypotrichosis simplex. The phenotype of our patient differs other reported patients with del(18p). Possible explanations include (1) the effects of a different deleted region, (2) a positional effect caused by a gene close by, or (3) by interruption of a different gene resulting from chromosomal translocation. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A pathological approach to anomalies of the posterior fossa
Authors: Siebert Joseph R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND: Both clinical and postmortem diagnoses of posterior fossa anomalies remain difficult to make and to corroborate. This is particularly true for Dandy‐Walker malformation and variant. Difficulties arise for a variety of reasons, including technical and methodological ones, but also because the conditions may overlap anatomically with others, most notably mega cisterna magna, Blake's pouch cyst, and posterior fossa (arachnoid) cysts. Family counseling is difficult and complicated not only by diagnostic uncertainties but by the highly variable prognosis. METHODS: In this study, a systematic pathologic approach to study of the posterior fossa is put forth. The benefits of postmortem imaging and in situ and ex situ examination of posterior fossa contents are demonstrated. RESULTS: Normative data for cerebellar width (transverse cerebellar diameter) and height and vermian width and height are derived for the fetal period. These data will help workers recognize changes in these structures, particularly hypoplasia. CONCLUSIONS: Basic morphologic definitions of posterior fossa anomalies are advanced, in the hopes that better agreement can be reached between clinical and pathologic diagnoses and that better patient and family care will result. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 76:674–684, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pediatric perspective on prenatal counseling for myelomeningocele
Authors: Doherty Daniel , Shurtleff David B. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND: Over the past 35 years, advances in the prenatal diagnosis of spina bifida using ultrasound and laboratory testing have increased the number of patients seeking prenatal counseling. METHODS: Traditionally, this counseling has been provided by practitioners with little direct experience in the care of individuals with spina bifida across their life span. RESULTS: Physicians experienced in the care of children with spina bifida are able to provide information that is not available from other sources. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides a broad overview of many of the issues encountered during prenatal counseling sessions and emphasizes the additional value of the pediatric perspective during the process of informed decision making or preparation for an the birth of an affected child. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 76:645–653, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the cranial base in amnion rupture sequence involving the anterior neural tube: Implications regarding recurrence risk
Authors: Jones Kenneth Lyons , Robinson Luther K. , Benirschke Kurt 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND: Amniotic bands can cause disruption of the cranial end of the developing fetus, leading in some cases to a neural tube closure defect. Although recurrence for unaffected parents of an affected child with a defect in which the neural tube closed normally but was subsequently disrupted by amniotic bands is negligible; for a primary defect in closure of the neural tube to which amnion has subsequently adhered, recurrence risk is 1.7%. In that primary defects of neural tube closure are characterized by typical abnormalities of the base of the skull, evaluation of the cranial base in such fetuses provides an approach for making a distinction between these 2 mechanisms. This distinction has implications regarding recurrence risk. METHODS:The skull base of 2 fetuses with amnion rupture sequence involving the cranial end of the neural tube were compared to that of 1 fetus with anencephaly as well as that of a structurally normal fetus. The skulls were cleaned, fixed in 10% formalin, recleaned, and then exposed to 10% KOH solution. After washing and recleaning, the skulls were exposed to hydrogen peroxide for bleaching and photography. RESULTS: Despite involvement of the anterior neural tube in both fetuses with amnion rupture sequence, in Case 3 the cranial base was normal while in Case 4 the cranial base was similar to that seen in anencephaly. CONCLUSIONS: This technique provides a method for determining the developmental pathogenesis of anterior neural tube defects in cases of amnion rupture sequence. As such, it provides information that can be used to counsel parents of affected children with respect to recurrence risk. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 76:688–691, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tracking the prevention of folic acid–preventable spina bifida and anencephaly
Authors: Bell Karen N. , Oakley Godfrey P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND: The fortification of wheat flour with folic acid prevents most cases of spina bifida and anencephaly by raising serum folate levels among women capable of bearing children, as does encouraging women to consume folic acid supplements prior to pregnancy. Unfortunately, surveillance is conducted in few countries where the need is greatest. METHODS: A method for assessing the prevention of these birth defects is presented that combines fortification program information with country case prevalence estimates. RESULTS: This approach suggests that about 70% of all cases could be prevented within a year of implementation of fortification programs, were it not for the inertia of regulatory agencies. CONCLUSIONS: Professional researchers and clinicians can help combat this situation by becoming advocates for child health in their respective countries. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 76:654–657, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.