bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conifer seeds: Oil content and fatty acid composition
Authors: Wolff Robert L. , Deluc Laurent G. , Marpeau Anne M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe seed oils from twenty‐five Conifer species (from four families—Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Taxodiaceae, and Taxaceae) have been analyzed, and their fatty acid compositions were established by capillary gas‐liquid chromatography on two columns with different polarities. The oil content of the seeds varied from less than 1% up to 50%. Conifer seed oils were characterized by the presence of several Δ5‐unsaturated polymethylene‐interrupted polyunsaturated fatty acids (Δ5‐acids) with either 18 (cis‐5,cis‐9, 18∶2,cis‐5,cis‐9,cis‐12 18∶3, andcis‐5,cis‐9,cis‐12,cis‐15 18∶4 acids) or 20 carbon atoms (cis‐5,cis‐11 20∶2,cis‐5,cis‐11,cis‐14, 20∶3, andcis‐5,cis‐11,cis‐14,cis‐17 20∶4 acids). Pinaceae seed oils contained 17–31% of Δ5‐acids, mainly with 18 carbon atoms. The 20‐carbon acids present were structurally derived from 20∶1n‐9 and 20∶2n‐6 acids. Pinaceae seed oils were practically devoid of 18∶3n‐3 acid and did not contain either Δ5‐18∶4 or Δ5‐20∶4 acids. Several Pinaceae seeds had a Δ5‐acid content higher than 50 mg/g of seed. The only Taxaceae seed oil studied (Taxus baccata) had a fatty acid composition related to those of Pinaceae seed oils. Cupressaceae seed oils differed from Pinaceae seed oils by the absence of Δ5‐acids with 18 carbon atoms and high concentrations in 18∶3n‐3 acid and in Δ5‐acids with 20 carbon atoms (Δ5‐20∶3 and Δ5‐20∶4 acids). Δ5‐18∶4 Acid was present in minute amounts. The highest level of Δ5‐20∶4 acid was found inJuniperus communis seed oil, but the best source of Δ5‐acids among Cupressaceae wasThuja occidentalis. Taxodiaceae seed oils had more heterogeneous fatty acid compositions, but the distribution of Δ5‐acids resembled that found in Cupressaceae seed oils. Except forSciadopytis verticillata, other Taxodiaceae species are not interesting sources of Δ5‐acids. The distribution profile of Δ5‐acids among different Conifer families appeared to be linked to the occurrence of 18∶3n‐3 acid in the seed oils.
Ambient‐temperature extraction of rice bran oil with hexane and isopropanol
Authors: Proctor A. , Bowen D. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHexane and isopropanol were compared as solvents for use in ambient‐temperature equilibrium extraction of rice bran oil (RBO). Isopropanol was as effective as hexane in extracting RBO when 20 mL of solvent was used to extract 2 g of bran. Free fatty acid levels were 2–3% in both solvents and similar to that previously reported for hexane extraction of RBO hexane extraction by this method. Larger‐scale extractions with 30 g of bran and 150 mL of solvent produced oil with a similar free fatty acid content and a phosphorus level of approximately 500 ppm. The oil extracted with isopropanol was significantly more stable to heat‐induced oxidation than hexane‐extracted oil. Antioxidants that are more easily extracted by isopropanol than hexane may be responsible for the increased stability.
Comparative performance of steam and nitrogen as stripping gas in physical refining of edible oils
Authors: Ruiz‐Méndez M. V. , Márquez‐Ruiz G. , Dobarganes M. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOlive, sunflower, and soybean oils were physically refined in a discontinuous laboratory system with either nitrogen or steam as stripping gas during the deodorization step. Comparative assays were also carried out on olive oil in a 10‐MT discontinuous industrial plant. Vaporization efficiency of free fatty acids was calculated, and quality of refined oils and composition of deodorizer distillates were analyzed. Results indicated that, in all assays, the efficiency of free fatty acid distillation was higher when nitrogen was used. The amount of nitrogen needed was much lower than that of steam for refined oils of similar high quality. The results also suggested that the amount of stripping gas had a clear influence on the composition of deodorizer distillates because lower quantities of triglycerides and unsaponifiable matter were found when nitrogen was employed.
Chemical and thermal characteristics of milk‐fat fractions isolated by a melt crystallization
Authors: Dimick P. S. , Reddy S. Yella , Ziegler G. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAnhydrous milk fat (AMF) was fractionated by a two‐stage dry fractionation process to produce three fractions: high melting (HMF), middle melting (MMF), and low melting (LMF). The HMF (m.p. 42°C) exhibited a broad melting range similar to a plastic fat. The MMF (m.p. 33°C) resembled the original AMF (m.p. 31°C), but with slightly higher solid fat content. The LMF (m.p. 16°C) was liquid at ambient temperature. Differences in the thermal properties of these fractions were attributed to the triacylglycerols (TAG) and their fatty acid composition. Saturated TAG with carbon numbers of 36–54 were concentrated in the HMF; whereas unsaturated TAG of carbon number 36–54 predominated in the LMF. Likewise, the long‐chain saturated fatty acids were significantly higher and the long‐chain unsaturated fatty acids were significantly lower in the HMF fraction. Binary blends of milk‐fat fractions with a range of melting profiles were produced by mixing HMF with AMF, MMF, or LMF. Laboratory‐prepared fractions were similar to commercially available fractions.
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction ofDimorphotheca pluvialis oil seeds
Authors: Cuperus F. Petrus , Boswinkel Gerard , Muuse Bart G. , Derksen Johannes T. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe possibility of extraction ofDimorphotheca oil with supercritical carbon dioxide is demonstrated in this article. Before extraction, the seeds have to be pretreated to improve extraction yield. Experiments showed that the best pretreatment procedure forDimorphotheca was heating the seeds under reduced pressure to 100°C for 60 min, followed by flaking or milling. To give an impression about the efficiency of the supercritical extraction, a mathematical model has been developed to estimate the overall mass transfer coefficient (ApK). Also, an empirical relation betweenApK and the interstitial velocity has been found. The physical properties of the supercriticalDimorphotheca oil are in good agreement with those of conventionally extracted oil, except for a lower phospholipid content. It is expected that further refining of supercriticalDimorphotheca oil will be marginal.
Determination of totaltrans fatty acids in foods: Comparison of capillary‐column gas chromatography and single‐bounce horizontal attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Ali Laila H. , Angyal Gerald , Weaver Carol M. , Rader Jeanne I. , Mossoba Magdi M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe totaltrans fatty acid content of 18 food products was determined, after acid hydrolysis, extraction and methylation of fatty acids, by gas chromatography with a polar 100% cyanopropylsiloxane capillary column and by single‐bounce horizontal attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (SB‐HATR). Thetrans fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) of 9‐hexadecenoate (9t‐16:1), 9‐octadecenoate (9t‐18:1), and 9,12‐octadecadienoate (9t,12t‐18:2) were identified by comparison of their retention times with those of known standards and quantitated. The isomersc,t‐ andt,c‐18:2 were identified from their published retention times and included in the quantitation oftrans FAME. Neat 50‐μL portions of the FAME that were used for gas‐chromatographic analysis also were analyzed by SB‐HATR. This technique requires neither weighing nor quantitative dilution of test portions prior to spectroscopic quantitation of isolated double bonds oftrans configuration. A symmetric 966‐cm−1 absorption band on a horizontal background was obtained from unhydrogenated soybean oil FAME as the reference material. For 9 of 11 products withtrans fat content>5% of total fat, results obtained by SB‐HATR were higher than those obtained by gas chromatography. Results obtained by the gaschromatographic procedure were slightly to significantly higher than those obtained by SB‐HATR for the six foods in whichtrans fat content was <5% of total fat.
The seed oil ofBernardia pulchella (Euphorbiaceae) —A rich source of vernolic acid
Authors: Spitzer V. , Aitzetmüller K. , Vosmann K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fatty acids from the seed oil ofBernardia pulchella (Euphorbiaceae) have been analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC‐mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of their methyl esters. Vernolic acid is the main compound (91%), along with other usual fatty acids. In addition to the quantitation by GC analysis,1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals from the seed oil have been used to estimate the total epoxy fatty acid content. The structure of vernolic acid has been proven by spectroscopic methods (infrared,1H, and13C‐NMR) and by GC‐MS analysis of the corresponding silylated hydroxy‐methoxy derivative. The 4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives of the fatty acid mixture have also been examined by GC‐MS, and it was shown that this derivazation reaction is not suitable for the structure analysis of vernolic acid.
Quantitative‐structure‐effect relationship for some technical nonionic surfactants
Authors: Lindgren Åsa , Sjöström Michael , Wold Svante 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe detergency effect has been examined for a series of technical nonionic surfactants with the use of statistical experimental designs and revealed a plateau in each of the response surfaces obtained. The surfactant concentrations and washing temperatures, needed to reach the edge of each detergency effect plateau, were also determined. These conditions, which define the edge of the plateau, could be well modeled from the physicochemical properties of the surfactants with the use of partial least squares of latent structures. It was also possible to point out the importance of the different physicochemical properties. If an experimental design has been utilized, the detergency effect of a nonionic surfactant can be modeled from multiple linear regression as a function of surfactant concentration, washing time, and washing temperature. We have shown how these regression coefficients can be modeled from the physicochemical properties of the surfactants. Partial least squares of latent structures were used to estimate these models as well. We also demonstrated how these models can be used to predict the regression coefficients of a surfactant not included in the model estimations. The resultant regression coefficients can then be used to predict the detergency effects of this surfactant at different variable settings. The detergency effects thus obtained are in good agreement with measured data acquired under corresponding conditions.
Environmentally acceptable drag‐reducing surfactants for district heating and cooling
Authors: Harwigsson I. , Hellsten M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe aim of this work was to find drag‐reducing surfactants for both district heating and cooling that are environmentally more acceptable than the organic salts of quaternary ammonium compounds that so far have dominated this application. Vortex inhibition of test solutions in glass beakers has been used to screen a large number of surfactant mixtures, various electrolytes, and temperatures. For the most interesting products, the pressure drop in a test loop was measured at various flow rates and temperatures.N‐cetyl sarcosinate andN‐stearyl betaine, the latter together with Na‐dodecylbenzene sulfonate, give good drag reduction (DR) properties at 65–100 and 45–85°C, respectively. The sarcosinate is sensitive to pH changes, whereas the betaine‐sulfonate complex is more robust. Ethoxylates of oleic acid monoethanolamide show good DR properties at 0–25°C. At an increased salt concentration, a mixture of this surfactant with an ethoxylated oleyl alcohol worked well. At a still higher salt concentration, e.g., sea water, a combination ofN‐cetyl betaine and alkylbenzene sulfonate showed DR.
The relationship between size, budding rate, and growth efficiency in three species of hydra
Authors: Stiven Alan E. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThree species of the fresh water carnivore hydra, H. littoralis, H. pseudoligactis, and C. viridissima present a graduation in size with the first species the largest and albino Chlorohydra the smallest. When presented with a daily overabundance of food (artemia), considerable variation in food intake and gross efficiency of growth (proportion of food energy consumed that is turned into new protoplasm or buds) existed among the species. The degree of association between size of species and food intake was highly significant. However, budding efficiency among the species was found to be independent of food intake (when the effects of species size were eliminated) and of species size (when the effects of food intake were removed). However, species with high (low) efficiencies have significantly higher (lower) reproductive rates.A lowering of the temperature from 25° to 15° C. increased the size of the species, increased food intake, but decreased reproductive rate. In all species except H. pseudoligactis a corresponding increase in the production of bud energy with no change in efficiency also occurred. On the other hand, lowering of the temperature for H. pseudoligactis significantly lowered reproductive efficiency but had no effect on the total calorific output of buds. This species, in constrast to the others, appears to have a compensatory ability to adjust its efficiency to maintain a high calorific output when temperature increases.It was also found that albino Chlorohydra have budding efficiencies of around 35 percent which are not influenced by changes in food intake or light. Normal green hydras, however, have efficiencies which range from 40 to 62 percent above their albino counterparts when fed once a day and once every two days in light respectively. It it concluded first, that the symbiotic algae in the gastrodermals cells of green hydra contribute quantitatively in the order of the above amounts to the growth process in this species, and second, that green hydras have the ablity to increase their growth efficiency when food intake is reduced thus reducing the drop in calorific but output that normally occurs in the albino (control) form.
Methods for estimating the number of the Cryptomeria red mite, especially with the removal by solutions
Authors: Kobayashi Fujio , Murai Minoru 
Published: November 2006

SummaryWe compared the removal by solution, the represented count‐area method and the beating, for the purpose of estimating the number of the Cryptomeria red mite.Among them the solution procedure provided the smallest standard error as per cent of the mean. 0.25 per cent unheated solution of sodium hydroxide is used for the summer generation, and also 0.25 per cent boiling one for the winter eggs. The mean proportion removed±standard error for the summer eggs and the winter eggs were 0.8770±0.0316 and 0.7920±0.0281 respectively, while 0.9894±0.0050 for the mites.
Studies on the spatial distribution pattern of larvae of the mosquito, Anopheles sinensis, in rice fields
Authors: Ikemoto Takaya 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe spatial distribution patterns of the population of Anopheles sinensis larvae were studied in the rice field area in the suburb of Urawa city in Japan, during the summer seasons in 1973 and 1974.The distribution pattern of the larval population within the field, analysed by the m−m regression method, indicated that the basic component of larval distribution was not a group of individuals but a single individual and such components were distributed contagiously over the field. This basic pattern did not change significantly according to developmental stage, census date or field. Therefore, we could describe the distribution pattern of the population in a rice field by the single linear regression, x=0.021+1.339x(r2−0.912).Also, the relation for the whole population in the field area including the five fields could be shown by the linear regression, x=0.049+1.749x(r2−0.959). The value of α remained to be nearly equal to zero, but the value of β became larger than the value for the single‐field relation. Such a change in distribution pattern seemed to reflect the greater heterogeneity in conditions among the fields than within individual field.Using the information on the distribution patterns mentioned above, some considerations were given on the sampling plans for mosquito larvae, including samplesize determination and application of sequential methods to estimate population size as well as to classify population level.
Growth related to behaviour of ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis, reared under low density
Authors: Kodama Yasuo 
Published: November 2006

Summary
Three groups of ayu, each populated by 6 fish, were reared in three concrete ponds of same size (1×4×0.3 m). Growth of all individuals was measured on total length, and behaviour of all individuals marked by vinyl ribbon was observed at some intervals during the experiment of about 40 days in August and September, 1960.
Averaged growth of fish did not vary significantly among the groups. But the growth of individual whether in the size attained or its rate varied considerably, and the variation well corresponded to the social construction in which they participted.
Within each group, individual behaviour which was well expressed in the strength of chasing action (competition) and territory formation correlated positively to the growth of fish. The correlation as such is believed to exist not only in ayu but also in many other species of fish possessing competitive or territorial behaviour.
The different social structures formulated by the three groups of fish under low population density may not be adequately explained at this moment leaving further studies to be carried out.
It was assumed that the ayu population of low density as experimented here has not presented natural social structure of the species, thus, resulted diversity. Nonetheless, the experiment is believed to approve the writer's concept‐density dependent growth of fish will be resulted through the medium of differential behaviour of associated member.
Dispersive behaviour of larvae of the common cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae crucivora
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro 
Published: November 2006

SummaryTo investigate the aggregative nature of the larvae of Pieris rapae crucivora, each 50 individuals of the 4th and 5th instar larvae collected from cabbage farms and reared under crowded and solitary conditions were released on an experimental arena and their dispersive behaviour was observed with the lapse of time.Both the 4th and 5th instar larvae showed the trend to approach toward random distribution when they were released under clumped condition, and they maintained random distribution when they were released at random.Therefore, it may be concluded that the larvae have not any aggregative nature caused by the mutual attraction among individuals. However, as the larvae reared in crowds sometimes showed the slight aggregative behaviour, it seems that the larval dispersal is different between densely and sparsely populated plants in field.
Depression and unemployment: Panel findings from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study
Authors: Dooley David , Catalano Ralph , Wilson Georjeanna 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStudies that have found an association between unemployment and psychological depression often fail to establish the direction of causal influence. Analyses of Epidemiologic Catchment Area panel data revealed that of employed respondents not diagnosed with major depression at first interview, those who became unemployed had over twice the risk of increased depressive symptoms and of becoming clinically depressed as those who continued employed. Although the increase in symptoms was statistically significant, the effect on clinical depression was not, possibly because of the low power of the test. The reverse causal path from clinical depression at Time 1 to becoming unemployed by Time 2 was not supported. The unemployment rate in the respondent's community at time of interview was not related directly to psychological depression but appeared associated indirectly with depression via its impact on the risk of becoming unemployed. Implications for policy and further research were discussed.
An examination of the cross‐ethnic equivalence of measures of negative life events and mental health among Hispanic and Anglo‐American children
Authors: Knight George P. , Virdin Lynn M. , Ocampo Katheryn A. , Roosa Mark 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRecently there has been concern over the need for mental health research within ethnic minority populations, particularly Hispanic populations. Although there has been research focusing upon the similarity of mental health problems among Hispanic and Anglo‐American samples, the absence of information regarding the cross‐ethnic measurement equivalence of the assessment tools used in these comparisons seriously limits the interpretability of these findings. The two reported studies were designed to (a) examine the cross‐ethnic functional and scalar equivalence of several mental health measures by examining the interrelations of these mental health indicators and examining the regression equations using negative life events to predict mental health outcomes; and (b) compare several mental health indicators among Hispanic and Anglo‐American 8‐ to 14‐year‐old children. Findings suggest considerable cross‐ethnic functional and scalar equivalence for the measure of depression, conduct disorders, and negative life events. In addition, findings indicate that the Hispanic children scored higher in depression than did the Anglo‐American children, but this difference could be a function of differences in SES. The reader is cautioned that the present samples included only English‐speaking and primarily Mexican American children.
Multicultural training practices in community psychology programs
Authors: Suarez-Balcazar Yolanda , Durlak Joseph A. , Smith Christine 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSurveyed the directors of 56 community psychology graduate programs to assess multicultural training practices and attitudes. Although most program directors agreed that multicultural training is important in their mission to educate students, less than half the programs (48%) required their students to take any relevant course work and only half of the programs surveyed had any faculty who were members of an ethnic minority group and one third had only one such faculty member. Furthermore, less than half the programs had a combination of training opportunities in place to integrate classroom, research, and field experiences relevant to multicultural issues. Finally, only 23% of program directors believed their training programs were successful for most students, suggesting the need to improve training.