bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Biomedical and Environmental Characteristics of Slips, Stumbles, and Falls in the Elderly
Authors: Tideiksaar R 
Published: March 2009

Falls represent an important and critical event for older persons. Falls due to trips, slips, and stumbles occur during the stance and swing phase of the gait cycle. They are initiated by a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic events. Intrinsic causes include age-related declines in visual, vestibular, proprioceptive, and musculoskeletal function. Extrinsic factors encompass environmental obstacles associated with foot-ground contact.
The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine, in a group of older persons with multiple trip and slip falls, the underlying intrinsic and extrinsic factor responsible, and (2) to investigate whether medical and environmental intervention would reduce falls. Twenty-five older persons were examined. They experienced a total of 102 falls; 75% due to slips, and 25% the result of trips. Intrinsic abnormalities of the gait cycle (Parkinsonism and peripheral neuropathy) and decreased vision due to cataracts, in combination with extrinsic or environmental foot-ground conditions (that is, low-frictional resistant or irregular ground surfaces) were found to be the leading cause of slips and trips.
A one-year follow-up, after medical and environmental interventions, showed that fourteen persons experienced no additional falls, nine continued to fall, but less frequently, and two persons continued to fall as often as before.
Cleavage Fracture Under Short Stress Pulse Loading at Low Temperature
Authors: Homma H , Kanto Y , Tanaka K 
Published: March 2009

Cracks in SM50A steel for welding structure, chilled to 233 and 193K, were loaded by various stress intensity pulses with durations of 20, 40, and 80 μs to generate experimental data of critical stress intensity levels for crack instability. Fracture surfaces were observed by a scanning electron microscope to examine cleavage nucleation origins ahead of the crack tips. The experimental results are discussed in terms of minimum time criterion and dislocation dynamics.
The critical stress intensity obtained by the minimum time criterion was higher at 233K than at 193K, whereas the minimum time was shorter at 233K. The cleavage nucleation origin approached the crack tip as the temperature decreased. Finally, the temperature dependence of the minimum time was interpreted by the dislocation dynamics.
Dynamic Fracture Toughness of Ductile Iron
Authors: McConnell P 
Published: March 2009

Dynamic J-integral fracture-toughness test results were obtained for several different ductile irons over a range of temperatures. The ductile irons were all of a chemistry and microstructure in nominal compliance with ASTM Specification for Ferritic Ductile Iron Suitable for Low Temperature Service (A 874).
Among the materials investigated were ductile irons from actual nuclear spent-fuel storage casks and from a cask to be used in a drop-test program at a national laboratory. These ductile irons were of a mainly ferritic matrix with highly spherical graphite nodules. The tests were performed over a range of temperatures in an attempt to define the dynamic fracture-toughness transition temperature regime, important because the service temperature for transport casks for “normal” conditions can be as low as −40°C.
The technique employed for measuring the dynamic J-integral value was based on the multiplespecimen technique described in ASTM Test for JIc, a Measure of Fracture Toughness (E 813). Details of the test technique are discussed.
The upper-shelf dynamic fracture-toughness values for the three ductile irons investigated were similar, ranging from 61 to 77 MPa∙m½ at room temperature.
The transition between upper-shelf and lower-shelf dynamic fracture toughness occurred over the range of approximately -35 to -50°C for one ductile iron and the range of -50 to -68°C for another. These transition temperature regimes were higher than the quasi-static transition temperature noted for similar ductile iron material.
The influence of microstructure on the fracture toughness of ductile iron is discussed.
Crack-Arrest and Static Fracture Toughness Tests of a Ship Plate Steel
Authors: Underwood JH , Burch IA , Ritter JC 
Published: March 2009

The recently standardized ASTM Test for Determining the Plane-Strain Crack Arrest Fracture Toughness KIa of Ferritic Steels (E 1221) was modified for use with BIS 690 steel, an Australian low-alloy, 700-MPa strength, quenched and tempered steel used for ship plate. Specimens of 50-mm thickness in longitudinal and transverse orientations were tested at -60°C with various depths of side groove. Specimen configurations somewhat outside the range of ASTM Test E 1221 were found to be useful for this steel and were suggested as modifications to the standard method. A different solution and expression for stress intensity factor were used to evaluate the tests and to develop a method for predicting the crack length at which a running crack will arrest. Good agreement was obtained between the observed and predicted crack lengths at arrest.
The wedge-loading arrangement of the crack-arrest test procedure was used for static fracture toughness tests. Procedures for static wedge-loading fracture toughness were proposed, particularly for comparisons with crack-arrest toughness test results obtained under similar test conditions. for the tests here, the static fracture toughness was more than twice the value of crack-arrest toughness.
Comparison of High Calcium, Soft Burned Dolomitic and Hard Burned Dolomitic Quicklimes for Soil Stabilization Use
Authors: Oliphant JL , Walker DD 
Published: March 2009

A locally available clay, with an initial plasticity index of 63, was treated with high calcium, and soft and hard burned dolomitic quicklimes. The amount required for treatment was determined, using the Eades-Grimm pH test, to be 3 % for the high calcium quicklime, and 5 % for both the soft and hard burned dolomitic quicklimes. CBR (California bearing ratio) swelling and penetration tests were run on treated clay samples. The high calcium quicklime treated sample swelled 0.45 % while the soft and hard burned dolomitic quicklime treated samples swelled 1.2 and 1.3 % respectively. The CBR values were 65 for the high calcium sample and 60 and 56 for the soft and hard burned dolomitic samples.
Several tests were done to measure reaction rates of quicklime with the clay. The high calcium and soft burned dolomitic quicklimes reacted rapidly while the hard burned quicklime was somewhat slower.
A mathematical equation has been developed that defines the relationship of pH to quicklime dosage more accurately than the Eades-Grimm test method.
Temperature of the solutions at the time of the pH measurements can have a significant affect on the amount of lime required for stabilization. One illustration shows that the dosage of quicklime, as determined by the Eades-Grimm test method, could be in error by as much as 250 %.
The Porta Batch Lime Slurry Method
Authors: McKennon JT 
Published: March 2009

Many new methods of application have been tried as a result of the rapid growth of soil stabilization with lime. Mixing lime with water, prior to application, has become the predominant method of application because of environmental concerns over dust from both hydrated and quicklime.
With the slurrying of lime, prior to application, becoming the preferred method of application, the hunt for a mixing method, which is both economical and effective, has resulted in the development of the Porta Batch lime slaking system. This batch method converts truckload quantities of quicklime into hydrated lime slurry at the jobsite.
The saving of 10 to 15 % of the cost of the lime by converting quicklime into hydrated lime slurry at the jobsite has resulted in the rapid growth of the Porta Batch system in the U.S. In the last 6 to 8 years, dozens of major jobs (where clay soil dictates the use of lime) have been done by this method.
Research has now shown an added benefit of the Porta Batch method. The unique qualities of the patented mixing system combine to produce a lime slurry that is superior in many ways to dry hydrated lime mixed with water. The benefits include higher surface area, elevated temperature slurry for more rapid curing in the soil, and a more uniform homogeneous slurry mixture resulting in more uniform job results.
Gas Reburning—Sorbent Injection for the Control of Acid Rain Precursors from Coal Fired Utility Boilers
Authors: Folsom BA , Bartok W 
Published: March 2009

Gas reburning-sorbent injection (GR-SI) is an emissions control technology for coal fired power plants which uses natural gas and calcium sorbents to reduce NOx and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions by 60 and 50 %, respectively. Gas reburning involves injecting natural gas into the boiler and reduces NOx by reactions involving hydrocarbon fragments produced in the process. SO2 is reduced since natural gas contains no sulfur. Additional SO2 reduction is provided by injection of a calcium based sorbent into the boiler furnace or downstream. The sorbent reacts with SO2 to produce calcium sulfate (CaSO4) which is captured by existing particulate collection equipment at the plant.
The preferred sorbent for GR-SI is calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]. GR-SI requires substantial quantities of sorbent and will thus produce a significant market for calcium products.
A field evaluation of GR-SI is now in progress on two boilers in Illinois. The design engineering has been completed and construction is in progress. Start-up is scheduled for fall 1990.
This paper presents an overview of the GR-SI technology and the field evaluation project. Implications for the lime industry are also discussed.
FGD System Conversion
Authors: Blackford EA , Forsythe RC 
Published: March 2009

This paper reports on the conversion of a soda-ash and lime dual-alkali flue gas desulfurization system (FGD) to a magnesium-enhanced lime process at Applied Energy Services' Beaver Valley Cogeneration Plant in Monaca, PA.
Burning approximately 500 000 tons 454 000 metric tons of medium sulfur coal per year in the plant's four boilers, with a total capacity of 125 MW, AES' Beaver Valley Cogeneration Plant supplies process steam used at the ARCO Chemical Co.'s Beaver Valley Plant, while also selling approximately 105 MW of electricity to West Penn Power Company. Equipped, in 1980, with a soda-ash and lime dual-alkali FGD system, the plant is required to meet the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources 0.75 lb (0.3410 kg) SO2/MM Btu sulfur dioxide emission limit.
Use of Kiln Dust with Quicklime for Effective Municipal Sludge Pasteurization and Stabilization with the N-Viro Soil Process
Authors: Burnham JC , Hatfield N , Bennett GF , Logan TJ 
Published: March 2009

A series of experiments has provided data which indicate that treatment of municipal wastewater sludge cakes with 35 % kiln dust (cement, CKD or lime, LKD), alone or with a small amount of quicklime, will reduce the pathogenic microbial population in the sludge to below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Process to Further Reduce Pathogens (PFRP) standard (USEPA, 1989). Both laboratory and large-scale field tests show that maintaining treated sludge at 52°C for 12 h, while the pH exceeds 12.0, kills viable indigenous and seeded populations of salmonella, poliovirus, and ascaris ova.
The addition of the cement or lime kiln dust results in a granular, easy-to-handle, soil-like material that is then treated in one of two methods. In one alternative no heating is necessary, while in the other, sludge cake is heated to 52°C for 12 h. In both, the pH must exceed 12.0 for a defined period. After this, the alkaline treated sludge is air dried through intermittent turning of windrows.
These patented (N-Viro) and USEPA's PFRP-approved pasteurization processes leave approximately 106 indigenous microorganisms per 5 g dry weight sludge, which help maintain the treated sludge in a nearly odor-free, stable, soil-like form. The specific chemical and physical effects of cement and lime kiln dust on municipal sludge cakes are presented to explain the mechanisms of the pasteurization process. Sludges from over twenty cities have been processed to make N-Viro Soil and all of them have achieved the PFRP criteria.
This process helps to prevent metal release in leachate by fixing the heavy metals present in the product and converting them to insoluble metal hydroxides. Data will show the degree to which alkaline treatment renders insoluble the heavy metals present in sludge. The modified EP Tox test was used to quantify the metal fixation accomplished by the mixing of kiln dust and sludge.
Fatigue Testing of Femoral Hip Prostheses with a Two-Beam Simulated Femoral Bone Support Fixture
Authors: Humphrey SM , Gilbertson LN 
Published: March 2009

Changes in the design philosophy for femoral hip implants are resulting in new cementless designs that attempt to increase bone strain levels by increasing stem flexibility. Composite materials are often selected for these new implants because of the inherent ability to custom design the mechanical response of the material. Traditional test methods currently used for the evaluation of relatively stiff, homogeneous metallic implants may not be appropriate for the evaluation of these new prosthesis designs.
This paper presents a new test fixture design that uses a two-beam structure to simulate the support provided in-vivo by the femoral bone. A prototype fixture was designed, built, and tested with composite hip prostheses to demonstrate the viability of the concept. Net head deflections and prosthesis strain levels were measured and compared to the response of the same implants when press fit and cemented in composite femurs.
Data from these tests suggest that such a fixture design is capable of providing the required support and endurance for high cycle prosthesis fatigue testing. The net support was greater than that of a press fit implant but less than that of a cemented implant in a composite bone. Simulation of the most extreme stress state for the implant is most likely represented by the press fit case and therefor some modifications of the fixture design will be required to improve the support model.
Creep Testing of a Composite Material Human Hip Prosthesis
Authors: Maharaj GR , Jamison RD 
Published: March 2009

Composite materials are being investigated for use as replacements for metals in the femoral component of total hip arthroplasty with current interest being focused primarily on carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics. Since a composite hip prosthesis will be a primary load bearing component in an aggressive in vivo environment for the lifetime of the patient, a time-dependent effect such as creep must be thoroughly characterized and is the focus of this paper.
Environmental flexural creep testing of two laminate designs of carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone (C/PEEK) coupons at 207 MPa for 3 months resulted in a maximum creep strain of 226 μtstrain. After 3000 h at an equivalent in vivo load of 4000 N, two prototype C/PEEK hips with the same laminate designs as previously mentioned displayed 93 μm and 250 μm of creep.
In both the coupon and prototype hip study, the measured and predicted creep strains are an order of magnitude below the elastic strains that are themselves significantly lower than the strain to failure of this material. The results clearly indicate that the viscoelastic behavior of the composite hip is fiber dominated and is not expected to be a limiting factor in the long-term performance of a properly designed composite hip.
Analysis of ASTM Round-Robin Results: Ae Sensors, Systems, Brands, and Calibration Rods
Authors: Ek CW 
Published: March 2009

Round-robin evaluation of various acoustic emission (AE) sensors, systems, and brands were made using four calibration rods. The intent of the evaluation was to determine the suitability of using plastic rods as in situ system calibration check devices. The rods were made of clear acrylic, and were provided with milled flats by which to mount each sensor under test.
Data from five participants in the round robin evaluation shows that among the variables of rod number (4), sensor frequency (2), sensor brand (2), and AE system (5), the largest difference of peak amplitude AE signal was due to sensor frequency, with a coefficient of variation (COV) of 0.26. Differences in sensor resonant frequency are expected to result in large differences in signal characteristics. The remaining variables are ranked by decreasing magnitude of effect: sensor brand (0.11), AE system (0.10), and rod number (0.05). The COV's shown above are based on average signal peak amplitude from at least five lead break events from a 30 in. (76 cm) distance for each sensor-rod combination.
The paper includes data summaries and a discussion of sources which may have led to the observed variations. A conclusion is drawn indicating that the plastic rods are acceptable in situ system check devices. However, serious concern exists due to variations between AE systems and sensor brands. These variations may complicate the use of numerical standards or guidelines for AE test acceptance criteria.
Personnel Qualification and Certification for Acoustic Emission Testing of Aerial Devices
Authors: Pollock AA , Ternowchek SJ 
Published: March 2009

The ASTM Standard Test Method for Acoustic Emission for Insulated Aerial Personnel Devices (F 914-85) requires personnel performing the method to be qualified consistent with SNT-TC-1A, a recommended practice of the American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT). SNT-TC-1A provides recommendations for employer certification at three levels of responsibility, based on training, examinations and on-the-job experience.
This paper describes programs developed for two electric utilities for the qualification of their AE inspectors in accordance with F 914 requirements. Starting with a pre-existing General course and examination, Specific and Practical trainings and examinations were developed and delivered to candidate Level I and Level II personnel. This led to several AE inspectors being duly certified under their utility's in-house procedure for NDT personnel. A well documented test procedure proved to be an important prerequisite to the personnel qualification process. Practical examinations in AE proved to be best conducted in the context of a fullscale test of an actual aerial device.
Alarms in an Operative Intensive Care Unit: Response of the Nursing Staff
Authors: Deller A , Konrad F , Kilian J , Schühle B 
Published: March 2009

In a prospective study the present state of alarming by medical devices in an operative intensive care unit of a 1000 bed university hospital was recorded including the responses of the nursing staff. On a multiphase base over 190 h 2041 alarms released by 18 different alarm releasing medicotechnical devices were registrated, indicating an emergency condition in 24 cases (1%), 1345 times (66%) a warning, and in 672 cases a false alarm as judged from the view after. The mean interval between two alarms was 5½ min.
Inadequate adjustment of tolerance limits for alarm activation was found in all groups of medicotechnical devices. Switch on/off keys of alarms might better be replaced by muting buttons, which silence the signal and reactivate it spontaneous after 1 min.
The response of the attendants to the alarm signals was immediate in 94% of all alarms and a delay of more than 2 min in 1% was interpreted as missing. The first response was alarm related in most instances.
We conclude that the number of alarm devices in medicotechnical equipment should be reduced although the present state revealed effective in anticipatory warning in most conditions before the patient's physiologic parameters were concerned.
Influence of Special Consumer Groups as a Subset of Respondents on the Outcomes of Consumer Acceptance Tests
Authors: Lundahl DS 
Published: March 2009

Statistical modeling was applied to determine the influence of special consumer groups as a small subset (10 to 30%) of respondents on the outcomes of consumer tests. Tables are displayed for standard deviations ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 where a special consumer group displays a differing hedonic response pattern from the general consumer population. Without segmenting by the special consumer group in the design and analysis, situations are identified (i.e., number of respondents, type I error, standard deviations and proportion of special consumers) where a crossover interaction greatly increases the chances for a type II error (i.e., missing true differences). When special consumers are a minority segment accepting one product over another, a small proportion of special consumers can greatly increase the power to conclude significance. Without segmenting in the design and analysis, minority acceptance can increase the chances for a type I error, i.e., falsely concluding that the general consumer population accepts one product over the other. As the total number of respondents increases, the smaller the proportion of minority acceptors needed to draw a conclusion with a type I error.
Testing strategies are presented to segment on the basis of special consumer groups to guard against the chances for type I or II errors. In addition, if a special consumer group responds differently from the general population, methods are presented to determine how the special consumer group differed. Strategies are discussed for randomized complete block and balanced incomplete block test designs.
Vehicle Fatigue Induced by Road Surface Roughness
Authors: Poelman MA , Weir RP 
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of an experiment to determine surface roughness effects, as measured by a response meter, on vehicle suspension. The results suggest that accelerated vehicle suspension fatigue begins to occur on road surfaces with measured road roughnesses less than 2.5 on a Present Serviceability Index (PSI) scale (State of Pennsylvania conversion), and greatly accelerated vehicle suspension fatigue occurs at PSIs less than 1.0.
The basis of vehicle suspension design is to absorb road load inputs to protect the vehicle and driver from variations in the traveled surface. The load input into the suspension depends on the roughness of the surface and the vehicular weight and speed over the surface. Pavement engineers often use PSI to classify pavement wear on the individual roads in their jurisdiction. This paper examines field data from 25 sites ranging in PSI from 0 to 2.5. Using two different instrumented vehicles, load input was measured on each vehicle for eight road load carrying components. The data was analyzed for approximate fatigue response and then compared to the site PSI. The results suggest that for most measured suspension components, fatigue response is affected for PSIs between 2.5 and 1.0 and greatly accelerated for PSIs less than 1.0.
Vehicle manufacturers should be aware of their products' usage in the real world and design their vehicles to be able to accept the appropriate amount of road load input from roads with 2.5 ratings or less. Also, when determining maintenance and resurfacing schedules, road planners should understand at what point the customer may experience significant vehicle damage.