bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distributed parallel compilation of MSBNs
Authors: An Xiangdong , Cercone Nick 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMultiply sectioned Bayesian networks (MSBNs) support multiagent probabilistic inference in distributed large problem domains. Inference with MSBNs can be performed using their compiled representations. The compilation involves moralization and triangulation of a set of local graphical structures. Privacy of agents may prevent us from compiling MSBNs at a central location. In earlier work, agents performed compilation sequentially via a depth‐first traversal of the hypertree that organizes local subnets, where communication failure between any two agents would crush the whole work. In this paper, we present an asynchronous compilation method by which multiple agents compile MSBNs in full parallel. Compared with the traversal compilation, the asynchronous one is robust, self‐adaptive, and fault‐tolerant. Experiments show that both methods provide similar quality compilation to simple MSBNs, but the asynchronous one provides much higher quality compilation to complex MSBNs. Empirical study also indicates that the asynchronous one is consistently faster than the traversal one. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnifying Superlenses and other Applications of Plasmonic Metamaterials in Microscopy and Sensing
Authors: Smolyaninov Igor I. , Davis Christopher C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEvery last detail: New advances in the construction of metamaterials enable the creation of artificial optical media, whose use in microscopy can provide resolution that is not determined by the conventional diffraction limit. The picture shows a superposition of an AFM image of a plasmonic metamaterial onto the corresponding optical image obtained using a conventional optical microscope.magnified imageOver the past century, the resolution of conventional optical microscopes, which rely on optical waves that propagate into the far field, has been limited because of diffraction to a value of the order of a half‐wavelength (λ0/2) of the light used. Although immersion microscopes have slightly improved resolution, of the order of λ0/2n, the increased resolution is limited by the small range of refractive indices n of available transparent materials. However, now we are experiencing a quick demolition of the diffraction limit in optical microscopy. In the last few years, numerous nonlinear optical microscopy techniques based on photoswitching and saturation of fluorescence have demonstrated far‐field resolution of 20 to 30 nm. In a parallel development, recent progress in metamaterials has demonstrated that artificial optical media can be created, whose use in microscopy can provide resolution that is not determined by the conventional diffraction limit. The resolution of linear immersion microscopes based on such metamaterials is only limited by losses, which can be minimized by appropriate selection of the constituents of the metamaterials used and by the wavelength(s) used for imaging. It is also feasible to compensate for losses by adding gain to the structure. Thus, optical microscopy is quickly moving towards resolution of around 10 nm, which should bring about numerous revolutionary advances in lithography and imaging.
Antimony‐Doped Tin Oxide Nanocrystals: Synthesis and Solubility Behavior in Organic Solvents
Authors: da Silva Rafael O. , Conti Tiago G. , de Moura André F. , Stroppa Daniel G. , Freitas Luiz C. G. , Ribeiro Caue , Camargo Emerson R. , Longo Elson , Leite Edson R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe right mix: SnO2:Sb nanocrystals (NCs) can be solubilized into organic solvents with a suitable solvent/surfactant combination to achieve a stable colloid (see picture). A single synthesis route and different solvent/amphiphilic molecule pairs are used to obtain soluble NC colloids, instead of requiring several syntheses to obtain soluble NCs in different solvents.magnified imageThis work focuses on the nonaqueous synthesis of antimony‐doped tin oxide nanocrystals in the size range of 2–6 nm and the investigation of their solubility in organic solvents (CHCl3 and THF) in the presence of amphiphilic molecules (oleic acid and oleylamine). To unravel the underlying processes, a set of molecular dynamics simulations is performed involving the compatibility of oleic acid and oleylamine in mixtures with both CHCl3 and THF. The results show that the method is useful for obtaining the desired oxide, and that the interaction between amphiphilic molecules and solvents can be predicted by molecular dynamics simulations with very good qualitative agreement.
Evaluation of new monoclonal antibodies in detection of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and Her2 protein expression in breast carcinoma cell block sections using conventional microscopy and quantitative image analysis
Authors: Hanley K. Z. , Siddiqui M. T. , Lawson D. , Cohen C. , Nassar A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAccurate assessment of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Her2 status of breast carcinomas is critical for predicting response to systemic therapies. Recently, developed rabbit monoclonal antibodies (RMab) are reported to have higher sensitivity than murine monoclonal antibodies (Mab). This study compares RMabs against FDA‐approved Mab (FMab) in breast carcinoma cell block sections using visual and image quantification. Cell blocks from 52 breast cancers were studied. Immunohistochemistry using RMab (ER, PR, and Her2) was compared with FMabs (ER, PR, Dako) and HercepTest (HerFDA). Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was used as a reference standard for Her2. Slides were later scanned and reanalyzed with an automated cellular imaging system (ACIS III, Dako). Frequency of ER (38.5% vs. 36.5% for visual; 55.8% vs. 57.7% for image) and PR (28.8% vs. 36.5% for visual; 50% vs. 51.9% for image), and concordance (overall agreement is 71.2% and 75% for visual and image ER; and 84.6% and 59.6% for visual and image PR) were similar for both FMab and RMab, respectively. Overall agreement (53.8% vs. 77.1% for visual and image detection, respectively, using HerFDA and RMab) is poor to moderate for Her2. Visual Her2 (RMab) has the highest concordance (94.1%), and visual HerFDA has the lowest concordance (35.3%) with FISH. ER and PR analysis (FMab vs. RMab) are almost comparable using both detection methods with good overall agreement. For Her2 overexpression, RMab proved to be superior to HerFDA and showed excellent agreement with FISH results with both quantitative detection methods. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of accuracy of diagnostic modalities for evaluation of breast cancer with review of literature
Authors: Bukhari Mulazim Hussain , Akhtar Zahid Mahmood 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis study was conducted to confirm which of these modalities [mammography (MG), fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), core‐needle biopsy (CNB), or intraoperative touch imprint cytology (IOTIC)] is useful to detect breast cancer and to compare the accuracy of these modalities for the diagnostic setting. One hundred seventy‐five, 85, 78, and 25 patients were selected who underwent FNAC, MG, IOTIC, and CNB, respectively. Histopathology was used as a gold standard for comparison of the results of all diagnostic modalities. Twenty‐five patients with combinations of three preoperative tests (MG, FNAC, CNB) showed 100% accurate results when compared with histopathology, while the overall accuracy for MG, FNAC, and CNB was 91.7%, 91.5%, and 96%, respectively. Both touch and scrape imprints' sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy were 100% for class V and class II smears, while sensitivity, accuracy, and NPV were 87, 95, and 83% for IOTIC and 94%, 96%, and 89% for IOSC for class III and IV smears. On comparison of the results of all these procedures, the difference was nonspecific (P = 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.55, and 0.6 for MG, FNAC, IOTI, IOSC, and CNB, respectively). Combinations of preoperative tests (MG, FNAC, CNB) were more accurate, reliable, and acceptable when compared with individual diagnostic procedure, but these have their own technical limitations. The accuracy of CNB was much higher than that of MG and FNAC. IOTP and IOSC are simple and cost effective diagnostic tests with better accuracy that can be used as an alternate to frozen section in diagnostic settings and margin assessments. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ascitic fluid cytology of a malignant mixed müllerian tumor of the peritoneum: A report of two cases with special reference to p53 status
Authors: Kato Noriko , Motoyama Teiichi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMalignant mixed müllerian tumors (MMMTs) rarely originate in the female peritoneum. Peritoneal MMMT, as well as its uterine or ovarian counterpart, is characterized by biphasic histologic components, including carcinoma of the müllerian type and sarcoma. In ascitic fluid cytology of MMMT, however, the biphasic pattern is less evident than in tissue sections, and heterogeneity of cell differentiation makes the cytologic diagnosis difficult, especially in distinguishing tumor cells from reactive mesothelial cells. Here, we report ascitic fluid cytology for two peritoneal MMMT cases. Immunocytochemistry for p53 was helpful in identifying malignant cells; tumor cells in ascitic fluid smears, as well as carcinomatous cells and sarcomatous cells in tissue sections, showed distinct nuclear immunostaining for p53, whereas mesothelial cells did not. Subsequent molecular genetic analysis confirmed frameshift mutations in both cases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report showing p53 overexpression and its genetic background in MMMT of the peritoneum. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cellular mesoblastic nephroma in an infant: Report of the cytologic diagnosis of a rare paediatric renal tumor
Authors: Gupta Ruchika , Mathur Sandeep R. , Priti Singh  , Agarwala Sandeep , Gupta S. Datta 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCongenital mesoblastic nephroma is a rare pediatric tumor with a favorable clinical outcome. Cytological features of this uncommon tumor and diagnostic difficulties with other commoner pediatric renal neoplasms have been inadequately discussed in the available literature. We describe the case of a 1‐year‐old girl who presented with a right renal mass. Fine‐needle aspiration smears consisted of a few cellular clusters of spindle cells with mitotic activity and mild nuclear pleomorphism. No blastema was identified. A cytologic impression of mesoblastic nephroma was rendered, which was confirmed on histopathological examination of the right nephrectomy specimen as a cellular mesoblastic nephroma.Cytologic diagnosis of mesoblastic nephroma has important prognostic and therapeutic implications. The cytopathologist should carefully evaluate smears from such patients and attempt to differentiate mesoblastic nephroma from Wilms' tumor and clear cell sarcoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thiazolidinediones: effects on the development and progression of type 2 diabetes and associated vascular complications
Authors: Krentz Andrew 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn addition to reducing hyperglycaemia, the metabolic actions of TZDs (pioglitazone and rosiglitazone) in theory might improve the prognosis of patients with type 2 diabetes. However, it appears from recent data that pioglitazone and rosiglitazone have different cardiovascular risk profiles. The scope of this paper is to examine the benefits and risks of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone. Three large clinical studies (DREAM, and ADOPT with rosiglitazone; PROactive with pioglitazone) have recently been reported. A lower annual rate of decline of ß‐cell function observed with rosiglitazone in the ADOPT study, compared with metformin and glyburide (glibenclamide), along with a reduced progression to insulin use seen with pioglitazone in the PROactive study, provides evidence that TZDs are effective in treating progressive hyperglycaemia. In PROactive, although the primary endpoint was not met, pioglitazone was associated with a reduction in a secondary composite endpoint of clinical cardiovascular events in high‐risk patients with existing macrovascular disease who were already receiving other glycaemic and cardiovascular medications. Further evidence supporting an anti‐atherogenic effect of pioglitazone was gained from the PERISCOPE study of carotid intima‐media thickness. Recent controversy concerning a possible increased risk of myocardial infarction associated with rosiglitazone has fuelled uncertainty about the risk–benefit profile of this agent. In 2008, an update of an American Diabetes Association–European Association for the Study of Diabetes consensus statement on initiation and adjustment of therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes advised clinicians against using rosiglitazone. Skeletal fractures have recently emerged as a side effect of both TZDs. Available data suggest that cardiovascular benefits observed with pioglitazone might not be a class effect of TZDs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hypervalent Organoantimony(III) Compounds Containing the [2‐(Me2NCH2)C6H4]2Sb Fragment
Authors: Opris Laura M. , Preda Ana Maria , Varga Richard A. , Breunig Hans J. , Silvestru Cristian 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCompounds containing the [2‐(Me2NCH2)C6H4]2Sb moiety were prepared by using R2SbX [X = Cl (1), Br (2)] as starting materials. The reaction of 1 with Me3SiCH2MgCl gave the mixed alkyl–aryl stibine R2SbCH2SiMe3 (3). Reduction of 2 with Mg in thf followed by in situ air oxidation or treatment with S8 resulted in the isolation of (R2Sb)2E [E = O (4), S (5)]. Compound 5 is also formed from R2SbCl and Na2S. The reaction of 4 with [W(CO)5(thf)] gives the unexpected complex [(R2SbOH)W(CO)5] (6). The new compounds were investigated by IR, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy, as well as by mass spectrometry. The structures of 3–6 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. For compounds 3–5, both nitrogen atoms from the pendant arms are involved in intramolecular N→Sb coordination, which results in distorted square‐pyramidal (C,N)2SbC or (C,N)2SbE (E = O, S) cores. By contrast, in 6 only one nitrogen atom is strongly coordinated to the antimony center, whereas the second nitrogen atom is involved in N···H–O bonding. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Novel Alkaloids from Myrioneuron nutans
Authors: Pham Van Cuong , Jossang Akino , Sévenet Thierry , Nguyen Van Hung , Bodo Bernard 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTwo new alkaloids, dehydronitraramine (1) and N‐formylmyrionine (2) were isolated from the leaves of Myrioneuron nutans, and their structures were determined from spectroscopic analysis, including mass spectrometry and 2D‐NMR spectroscopy. The absolute configuration 8S, 9R, 10S of N‐formylmyrionine (2) was established by N‐formylation of the known (8S,9R,10S)‐myrionine and then comparison of the optical rotation of the natural N‐formylmyrionine (2) with that of the semi‐synthetic (8S,9R,10S)‐N‐formylmyrionine. Dehydronitraramine (1) displayed a moderate antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with an IC50 value of 16 μM, whereas both 1 and 2 showed a weak cytotoxicity against KB cells.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Application of 7‐endo‐trigPictet–Spengler Cyclization to the Formation of the Benzazepine Ring: Synthesis of Benzazepinoindoles
Authors: Sharma Sudhir K. , Sharma Sunil , Agarwal Piyush K. , Kundu Bijoy 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe preparation of benzazepinoindoles, fused heterocycles with a benzazepine moiety, was accomplished through an intramolecular 7‐endo‐trigPictet–Spengler cyclization. The precursors comprising C‐3‐ or C‐2‐linkedo‐aminobenzylindoles required for the cyclization were obtained either by treating indoles witho‐nitrobenzyl bromide followed by reduction of the nitro group or by treating 2‐nitrophenylacetic acid with DCC/DMAP followed by reduction of the aryl nitro functionality. Resulting substrates5and6were then subjected to the 7‐endo‐trigPictet–Spengler reaction with a variety of aldehydes and ketones to furnish new polycyclic structures benzazepinoindoles. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Direct Electron Transfer and Electrocatalysis of Myoglobin Based on its Direct Immobilization on Carbon Ionic Liquid Electrode
Authors: Shangguan Xiaodong , Zheng Jianbin 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDirect electron transfer of myoglobin (Mb) was achieved by its direct immobilization on carbon ionic liquid electrode (CILE) with a conductive hydrophobic ionic liquid, 1‐butyl pyridinium hexaflourophosphate ([BuPy][PF6]) as binder for the first time. A pair of well‐defined, quasi‐reversible redox peaks was observed for Mb/CILE resulting from Mb redox of heme Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0) with oxidation potential of −0.277 V, reduction potential of −0.388 V, the formal potential E°′ (E°′=(Epa+Epc)/2) at −0.332 V and the peak‐to‐peak potential separation of 0.111 V at 0.5 V/s. The average surface coverage of the electroactive Mb immobilized on the electrode surface was calculated as 1.06±0.03×10−9 mol cm−2. Mb retained its bioactivity on modified electrode and showed excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of H2O2. The cathodic peak current of Mb was linear to H2O2 concentration in the range from 6.0 μM to 160 μM with a detection limit of 2.0 μM (S/N=3). The apparent Michaelis–Menten constant (K$\rm{ {_{m}^{app}})}$ and the electron transfer rate constant (ks) were estimated to be 140±1 μM and 2.8±0.1 s−1, respectively. The biosensor achieved the direct electrochemistry of Mb on CILE without the help of any supporting film or any electron mediator.
A fibre flexure–shear model for seismic analysis of RC‐framed structures
Authors: Ceresa P. , Petrini L. , Pinho R. , Sousa R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWhile currently existing modelling approaches of reinforced concrete (RC) behaviour allow a reasonably accurate prediction of flexural response, the determination of its shear counterpart needs further developments. There are various modelling strategies in the literature able to predict the shear response and the shear–flexure coupling under monotonic loading conditions. However, very few are the reported models that have demonstrated successful results under cyclic loading, as in the seismic load case. These considerations lead to this research work focused on the development of a flexure–shear model for RC beam–column elements. A reliable constitutive model for cracked RC subjected to cyclic loading was implemented as bi‐axial fibre constitutive model into a two‐dimensional Timoshenko beam–column element. Aim of this research work is to arrive at the definition of a numerical model sufficiently accurate and, at the same time, computationally efficient, which will enable implementation within a finite element package for nonlinear dynamic analysis of existing non‐seismically designed RC structures that are prone to shear‐induced damage and collapse. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of the shaking table test of a seven‐story shear wall building
Authors: Martinelli Paolo , Filippou Filip C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper presents the simulation of the nonlinear dynamic response of a full‐scale seven‐story reinforced concrete shear wall shaking table specimen under base excitations representing four earthquake records of increasing intensity. The study was motivated by the participation in the blind prediction contest of the shaking table specimen organized by University of California at San Diego (UCSD), NEES, and Portland Cement Association (PCA). Owing to the time constraints of the contest a relatively simple two‐dimensional (2d) model was used for the shear wall specimen. In this model, the shear wall was represented by 2d beam–column elements with fiber discretization of the cross‐section that account for the interaction of the axial force with the bending moment. Upon conclusion of the contest, the available experimental measurements permitted a thorough examination of the analytical results. While the measured data confirmed the excellent accuracy of the model predictions, some limitations also became apparent. The paper addresses the benefits and limitations of the selected modeling strategy and investigates the sensitivity of this type of model to parameter selection. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post‐Younger Dryas deglaciation of the Greenland western margin as revealed by spatial analysis of lakes
Authors: Gorokhovich Yuri , Rinterknecht Vincent , Rogers Jessica 
Published: February 2009

AbstractLake shapes and their spatial distribution are important geomorphological indicators in previously glaciated areas. Their shapes are influenced by the underlying geological structure and processes of glacial sediment deposition or erosion. Since these processes act on large areas, distribution of lakes can reflect the intensity of glacial erosional/depositional processes and their spatial extent. Landsat imagery was used to extract lake outlines from a selected pilot‐study area on the widest ice‐free coastal margin of the south‐western Greenland north of Kangerlussuaq. Analysis included image classification and spatial analysis of lakes with elevation data using geographic information system (GIS) tools. A morphometric index was applied to extract kettle lakes as indicators of a specific glacial process – ice stagnation. Analysis of their spatial distribution helped in the reconstruction of glacial dynamics in formerly glaciated terrain. Our results show that spatial lake distribution combined with elevation analysis can be used to identify zones of glacial erosion and deposition. The highest concentrations of lakes within the study area occupy the elevation range between 164 and 361 m above sea level (a.s.l.). This zone can be identified as an area where intensive glacial erosion took place in the past. The widespread distribution of modeled kettle lake features within the same elevation range and across the study area suggests that the last deglaciation process was accompanied by abandonment of blocks of stagnant ice. This conclusion is supported by surface exposure ages obtained in the same study area and published elsewhere. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of solifluction rates using multi‐temporal aerial photography
Authors: Ridefelt Hanna , Boelhouwers Jan , Eiken Trond 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA new method is presented to assess decadal solifluction lobe movement and volumetric changes at the catchment scale. The method is based on photogrammetrical analysis of orthorectified repeat aerial photography in a geographic information system (GIS). High resolution aerial photographs from two valleys in northern Sweden, Kärkevagge and Låktatjåkka valleys, are used to quantify changes of the lobe fronts, as an indication of solifluction rates over a period of 41 years. Two methods are explored, the flow direction method and the front line method, in order to quantify the movement rates. Results show that the maximum combined root mean square error (RMSE) and resolution error amount to c. 1·7 m; no clear preference of one measurement method over the other was found. Application potential of the method is promising but reliability depends on the movement rates of the landforms and sufficient time span between the images. In the pilot study the measured yearly movement over the period 1959–2000 ranges from not‐detectable to 63 mm/yr. Not‐detectable means that movement cannot be detected within the resolution used in the study. Lobe advance rates are similar to measured surface movement rates and volumetric sediment flux by solifluction is found to be considerably lower than a previous estimate by Rapp (1960). Implications for lobe advance models are discussed. Photogrammetrical analysis is recommended as an important tool for detecting decadal solifluction movement at the catchment scale. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.