bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
′Five at One Stroke′: Proline and Small Peptides in the Stereoselective de novo Synthesis and Enantiotopic Functionalization of Carbohydrates
Authors: Limbach Michael 
Published: June 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Femtochemistry of Organic Peroxides: Ultrafast Formation and Decarboxylation of Carbonyloxy Radicals
Authors: Abel B. , Buback M. , Grimm Ch. , Kling M. , Schmatz S. , Schroeder J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
ESR Study on the Radical Intermediates Formed in the Photoinduced Charge Transfer Process in Semiconductor Systems
Authors: Xu Guangzhi , Zuo Ping , Yang Junling , Chen Ciping , Ai Xicheng , Tang Yalin , Zhang Jianping 
Published: June 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reactions of Laser Ablated Metal Plasma with Molecular Alcohol Beams: Dependence of the Produced Cluster Ion Species on the Beam Condition
Authors: Niu Dong‐Mei , Li Hai‐Yang , Zhang Shu‐Dong 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe gas phase reactions of metal plasma with alcohol clusters were studied by time of flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) using laser ablation‐molecular beam (LAMB) method. The significant dependence of the product cluster ions on the molecular beam conditions was observed. When the plasma acted on the low density parts of the pulsed molecular beam, the metal‐alcohol complexes M+An (M=Cu, Al, Mg, Ni and A=C2H5OH, CH3OH) were the dominant products, and the sizes of product ion clusters were smaller. While the plasma acted on the high density part of the beam, however, the main products turned to be protonated alcohol clusters H+An and, as the reactions of plasma with methanol were concerned, the protonated water‐methanol complexes H3O+(CH3OH)n with a larger size (n≦12 for ethanol and n≦24 for methanol). Similarly, as the pressure of the carrier helium gas was varied from 1×105 to 5×105 Pa, the main products were changed from M+An to H+An and the sizes of the clusters also increased. The changes in the product clusters were attributed to the different formation mechanism of the output ions, that is, the M+An ions came from the reaction of metal ion with alcohol clusters, while H+An mainly from collisional reaction of electron with alcohol clusters.
Recoverable Palladium(0) on Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) Catalyzed Ligand‐free Suzuki Reaction in Water
Authors: Wang Lei 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn the absence of any ligand, a recoverable palladium(0) on poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) catalyzed Suzuki reaction of aryl iodide and bromide with potassium aryltrifluoroborate was developed. The reaction conditions involved the use of water as the solvent, potassium carbonate as the base, and PVP supported palladium metal colloids as the catalyst. The palladium metal could be recovered and recycled for eight consecutive trials without significant loss of its activity.
Synthesis of Stereoisomers of 3‐Aminocyclohexanecarboxylic Acid and cis‐3‐Aminocyclohexene‐5‐carboxylic Acid
Authors: Hu Yu , Yu Sheng‐Liang , Yang Yu‐Jin , Zhu Jin , Deng Jin‐Gen 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA practical synthesis of stereoisomers of 3‐aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid and cis‐3‐aminocyclohexene‐5‐ carboxylic acid was achieved from cyclohexene‐4‐carboxylic acid via a key resolving approach with chiral 1‐phenylethylamine.
Size Effect of Gold Sol/γ ‐Alumina on the Catalytic Activities of CO Oxidation
Authors: Wang Wei‐Hua , Cao Geng‐Yu 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe relationship between particle size and catalytic activity of gold nanoparticle catalysts with γ‐Al2O3 as support has been investigated. The catalysts were prepared via the gold sol with different particle sizes by micelle method, and their structures were characterized by HRTEM and XRD, respectively. Furthermore, the catalytic activities were tested by CO oxidation. Experimental results showed that the catalytic activity became much weaker when gold particles were increased from 3.2 to 6.6 nm. Additionally, the particle size was also a key factor to govern catalytic activity with regard to gold supported on TiO2 prepared by the methods of deposition‐precipitation.
Reduction of Azide to Amine Using Fe/AlCl3 or Fe/BiCl3 System in Aqueous EtOH
Authors: Zheng Peng‐Wu , Xie Xue‐Min , Wang Wei , Wang Xiao‐Ji , Guo Yu‐Ping , Tu Qi‐Dong 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAzides were reduced to the corresponding amines by two new metal/Lewis acid systems in aqueous EtOH with yields ranging from 80% to 95%. The new reduction systems were Fe/AlCl3·6H2O or Fe/BiCl3 system in H2O/ethanol (2:1, V:V) at room temperature. Fifteen azides with different functional groups were well reduced to the corresponding amines in excellent yields.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Bi(thio)xanthylidene Overcrowded Alkenes
Authors: Geertsema Edzard M. , Hoen Rob , Meetsma Auke , Feringa Ben L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractOvercrowded alkenes are a fascinating class of inherent dissymmetric molecules that attract considerable interest for instance as chiroptical molecular switches and unidirectionally rotary motors. A practical synthesis route towards enantiomerically pure overcrowded alkenes is an important goal. We report here the development of an asymmetric synthesis of bi(thio)xanthylidenes. The upper and lower part of the desired alkenes were first coupled to a chiral template. Intramolecular coupling with partial stereocontrol, separation of diastereoisomers and subsequent removal of the templates gave stable enantiomers of bithioxanthylidene. The absolute configuration was determined by X‐ray analysis. In the case of bixanthylidene, stereocontrol during the intramolecular coupling reaction was complete, and it was found that the presence of a binaphthol bridging unit prevents the fast racemization process of the bixanthylidene, which it normally exhibited at ambient temperature. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
1% for 10%: executive strategies for customer care
Authors: Kakabadse Andrew P. , Savery Lawson , Kakabadse Nada K. , Lee‐Davies Linda 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

This paper avoids the linear route to establishing where the biggest impact on customer service lies and instead examines the influences on the quality of the customer experience from all angles in an organization. From the culture and policies of the organization itself, to the front‐line individuals and their managers, it is evident that customer satisfaction is influenced at many levels and this directly affects organizational success and competitive standing.
The Cranfield Top Executive Leadership studies, across 12 countries, examine senior managers' commitment to customer focus. The sample's division, into three distinct groups according to their customer focus commitment levels, highlights a range of arguments about individual, management and corporate dedication to levels of customer satisfaction with hints at where these may conflict with each other. By taking a rounded look at the customer focus process from all its pivots within an organization, potential bottlenecks in the process are also highlighted.
Most interestingly, it is concluded that there is actually little difference between the groups in pure quantitative terms, but it is that small difference indeed which makes all the difference to a substantial increase in positive customer experience.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Semi‐Interpenetrating Network Hydrogels: Synthesis, Characterization and Properties
Authors: Zhao San‐Ping , Ma Dong , Zhang Li‐Ming 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSummary: Amphiphilic hydrogels composed of aliphatic polyesters and poly(ethylene glycol) have potential applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering and other biomedical devices due to their advantageous biological properties, biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, they also exhibit some shortcomings in terms of their reactivity, swelling and mechanical properties. To address these limitations, new semi‐interpenetrating network (semi‐IPN) hydrogels based on poly(ethylene glycol)‐co‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PEG‐PCL) diacrylate macromer and hydroxypropyl guar gum (HPGG) were prepared by a low intensity ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation method, and characterized by FT‐IR, DSC and WAXD analysis. Their properties were evaluated by investigating the swelling kinetics, dynamic mechanical rheology and the release behavior for bovine serum albumin (BSA). It was found that the introduction of the semi‐IPN structure and HPGG decreased the crystallinity of PEG segments in the hydrogel, and improved the swelling and mechanical properties of the hydrogel, as well as lowered the release percentage of BSA from the hydrogel. Such hydrogel materials may have more advantages as a potentially interesting platform for the design of medical devices.The elastic modulus (G′) and viscous modulus (G″) as a function of frequency for various hydrogel samples.magnified imageThe elastic modulus (G′) and viscous modulus (G″) as a function of frequency for various hydrogel samples.
Comprehensive Analysis of the Substituent Distribution in Hydroxyethyl Celluloses by Quantitative MALDI‐ToF‐MS
Authors: Adden Roland , Müller Romy , Brinkmalm Gunnar , Ehrler Rudolf , Mischnick Petra 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSummary: Three HECs with a high MS (HEC 1: 1.89, HEC 2: 1.94, HEC 3: 3.03) were analyzed with respect to their substituent distribution and tandem reaction in the glucosyl unit by GLC of the corresponding glucitol acetates, and along the polymer chain by MALDI‐ToF‐MS after a multi‐step sample preparation. For comparison of the experimental data with a random pattern an extended Bernoulli plot was applied to calculate a random distribution for the composition of un‐, mono‐, di‐, tri‐, and up to heptasubstituted glucosyl units (c0, c1, c2, … c7).
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Resistivity and Thermal Reproducibility of High‐Density Polyethylene Heaters Filled With Carbon Black
Authors: Park Eun‐Soo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSummary: Various output heaters were extruded with CB‐filled HDPE composites. The effects of crystallinity on the PTC and thermal reproducibility of the quenched, annealed, and E‐beam crosslinked heaters were examined during heating and cooling cycles at an applied voltage of 220 V. Conductor resisitivity and PTC effect of the heaters increased as crystallinity of composites increased. During the thermal cycling test, significant changes in heater‐output and resistivity for annealed and quenched heaters were observed. However, for quenched/E‐beam radiated and annealed/E‐beam radiated heaters no significant difference was found. These results indicate that the annealing process did not affect the thermal and electrical reproducibility of HDPE/CB heaters significantly.Acetylene black aggregates in polyethylene matrix.magnified imageAcetylene black aggregates in polyethylene matrix.
Heparin‐Controlled Growth of Polypyrrole Nanowires
Authors: Shi Wei , Ge Dongtao , Wang Jixiao , Jiang Zhizhong , Ren Lei , Zhang Qiqing 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSummary: Heparin, a potent anticoagulant, has been used for the first time for the synthesis of PPy nanowires serving not only as an anion dopant but also as an effective morphology‐directing agent. The obtained PPy nanowires exhibit long and fine structures with smooth surface and the average diameter of the nanowires is about 90–100 nm and lengths are several hundred nanometers to micrometers. The possible formation mechanism of PPy nanowires may be related to the chain structure of heparin with functional groups (SO and COO−) on the surface. The effect of concentrations of pyrrole monomers and heparin on the morphology and size of PPy nanowires has been investigated.SEM image of PPy nanowires synthesized in the presence of heparin.magnified imageSEM image of PPy nanowires synthesized in the presence of heparin.
Tunability of Fluorescence Property of a Terbium‐Complex‐Containing Polymer via Incorporation of a Transition‐Metal Complex
Authors: Wu Shuizhu , Wu Yanfeng , Zeng Fang , Tong Zhen , Zhao Jianqing 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSummary: In this study, a terbium‐complex monomer and transition‐metal‐complex monomers (FeIII, MnII, and NiII complex monomers) are synthesized, and novel acrylate copolymers are then obtained through covalent attachment of the terbium complex and the transition‐metal complex onto the macromolecular chain simultaneously. The copolymers developed herein present the characteristic fluorescence properties of the terbium(III) ion, The incorporation of an MnII complex into a TbIII‐containing polymer leads to greater fluorescence enhancement compared with the NiII complex, while the incorporation of the FeIII complex results in fluorescence quenching, thus the incorporation of different transition‐metal complexes into the copolymers ensures tunability of the copolymer's fluorescence property.Fluorescence emission spectra of the copolymer solid films. Solid: P‐Tb; dash‐dot: P‐Tb‐MnII; dash: P‐Tb‐NiII; and dot: P‐Tb‐FeIII.magnified imageFluorescence emission spectra of the copolymer solid films. Solid: P‐Tb; dash‐dot: P‐Tb‐MnII; dash: P‐Tb‐NiII; and dot: P‐Tb‐FeIII.
Venous congestive flap salvage with subcutaneous rtPA
Authors: Tran Nho V. , Bishop Allen T. , Convery Phyllis A. , Yu Art Y. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFree‐flap success has been the rule with technical advancements in microsurgery. Despite improvements, thrombosis and flap loss still occur occasionally. Salvaging a sick flap can be a harrowing experience, even in the most experienced hands. Thrombolysis using intravenous and intra‐arterial urokinase, streptokinase, and/or tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) administered through the flap vascular pedicle has been reported in free‐flap salvages. In such situations, success depends on early diagnosis and emergent exploration. Recently, we successfully used rtPA subcutaneously to salvage a venous congested free transverse rectus abdominus myocutaneous (TRAM) flap. Here, we report on that case. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2006.
Efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in chronic heart failure: The HELAS study
Authors: Cokkinos Dennis V. , Haralabopoulos George C. , Kostis John B. , Toutouzas Pavlos K. ,   for the HELAS investigators
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground:It is not clear if long‐term antithrombotic treatment has a beneficial effect on the incidence of thromboembolism in chronic heart failure (CHF). The HELAS study (Heart failure Long‐term Antithrombotic Study) is a multicentre, randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial to evaluate antithrombotic treatment in patients with CHF.Methods:197 HF patients (EF <35%) were enrolled. Patients with Ischaemic Heart Disease were randomised to receive either aspirin 325 mg or warfarin. Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) were randomised to receive either warfarin or placebo.Results:Analysis of the data from 312 patient years showed an incidence of 2.2 embolic events per 100 patient years, with no significant difference between groups. The incidence of myocardial infarction, hospitalisation, exacerbation of heart failure, death and haemorrhage were not different between the groups. No peripheral or pulmonary emboli were reported. Echocardiographic follow‐up for 2 years showed an overall increase in left ventricular ejection fraction from 28.2±6 to 30.3±7 p<0.05, which was most obvious in patients with DCM taking warfarin (EF 26.8±5.3 at baseline, 30.7±10 at 2 years, p<0.05).Conclusions:(1) Overall embolic events are rare in heart failure regardless of treatment. (2) Treatment does not seem to affect outcome.
FINANCE AND WELFARE: THE IMPACT OF TWO WORLD WARS ON DOMESTIC POLICY IN FRANCE
Authors: LYNCH FRANCES M. B. 
Published: June 2006

Fathers, families, and the state in France, 1914–1945. By Kristen Stromberg Childers. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2003. Pp. 261. ISBN 0-8014-4122-6. £23.95.Origins of the French welfare state: the struggle for social reform in France, 1914–1947. By Paul V. Dutton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Pp. 251. ISBN 0-521-81334-4. £49.99.Britain, France, and the financing of the First World War. By Martin Horn. Montreal and Kingston: McGill – Queen's University Press, 2002. Pp. 249. ISBN 0-7735-2293-X. £65.00.The gold standard illusion: France, the Bank of France and the International Gold Standard, 1914–1939. By Kenneth Mouré. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. Pp. 297. ISBN 0-19-924904-0. £40.00.Workers' participation in post-Liberation France. By Adam Steinhouse. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2001. Pp. 245. ISBN 0-7391-0282-6. $70.00 (hb). ISBN 0-7391-0283-4. $24.95 (pbk).In the traditional historiography of twentieth-century France the period after the Second World War is usually contrasted favourably with that after 1918. After 1945, new men with new ideas, born out of the shock of defeat in 1940 and resistance to Nazi occupation, laid the basis for an economic and social democracy. The welfare state was created, women were given full voting rights, and French security, in both economic and territorial respects, was partially guaranteed by integrating West Germany into a new supranational institutional structure in Western Europe. 1945 was to mark the beginning of the ‘30 glorious years’ of peace and prosperity enjoyed by an expanding population in France. In sharp contrast, the years after 1918 are characterized as a period dominated by France's failed attempts to restore its status as a great power. Policies based on making the German taxpayer finance France's restoration are blamed for contributing to the great depression after 1929 and the rise of Hitler. However, as more research is carried out into the social and economic reconstruction of France after both world wars, it is becoming clear that the basis of what was to become the welfare state after 1945 was laid in the aftermath of the First World War. On the other hand, new reforms adopted in 1945 which did not build on interwar policies, such as those designed to give workers a voice in decision-making at the workplace, proved to be short-lived.
Emergent properties from organisms to ecosystems: towards a realistic approach
Authors: Ponge Jean‐François 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTMore realistic approaches are needed to understand the complexity of ecological systems. Emergent properties of real systems can be used as a basis for a new, neither reductionist nor holistic, approach. Three systems, termed here BUBBLEs, WAVEs and CRYSTALS, have been identified as exhibiting emergent properties. They are non‐hierarchical assemblages of individual components, with amplification and connectedness being two main principles that govern their build‐up, maintenance and mutual relationships. Examples from various fields of biological and ecological science are referred to, ranging from individual organisms to landscapes.
Terrestrial insects along elevation gradients: species and community responses to altitude
Authors: Hodkinson Ian D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe literature on the response of insect species to the changing environments experienced along altitudinal gradients is diverse and widely dispersed. There is a growing awareness that such responses may serve as analogues for climate warming effects occurring at a particular fixed altitude or latitude over time. This review seeks, therefore, to synthesise information on the responses of insects and allied groups to increasing altitude and provide a platform for future research. It focuses on those functional aspects of insect biology that show positive or negative reaction to altitudinal changes but avoids emphasising adaptation to high altitudeper se. Reactions can be direct, with insect characteristics or performance responding to changing environmental parameters, or they can be indirect and mediated through the insect's interaction with other organisms. These organisms include the host plant in the case of herbivorous insects, and also competitor species, specific parasitoids, predators and pathogens. The manner in which these various factors individually and collectively influence the morphology, behaviour, ecophysiology, growth and development, survival, reproduction, and spatial distribution of insect species is considered in detail. Resultant patterns in the abundance of individual species populations and of community species richness are examined. Attempts are made throughout to provide mechanistic explanations of trends and to place each topic, where appropriate, into the broader theoretical context by appropriate reference to key literature. The paper concludes by considering how montane insect species will respond to climate warming.
Angiotensin AT1 receptor signalling modulates reparative angiogenesis induced by limb ischaemia
Authors: Emanueli Costanza , Salis Maria Bonaria , Stacca Tiziana , Pinna Alessandra , Gaspa Leonardo , Maddeddu Paolo 
Published: June 2006

The concept that angiotensin II exerts pro‐angiogenic activity is not universally accepted. We evaluated whether inhibition of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) would influence reparative angiogenesis in a murine model of limb ischaemia.
Perfusion recovery following surgical removal of the left femoral artery was analysed by laser Doppler flowmetry in mice given the ACE inhibitor ramipril (1 mg kg−1 per day), the AT1 antagonist losartan (15 mg kg−1 per day), or vehicle. Muscular capillarity was examined at necroscopy. Ramipril‐induced effects were also studied under combined blockade of kinin B1 and B2 receptors. Furthermore, the effects of ischaemia on AT1 gene expression and ACE activity were determined.
In untreated mice, muscular AT1a gene expression was transiently decreased early after induction of limb ischaemia, whereas AT1b mRNA was up‐regulated. ACE activity was reduced in ischaemic muscles at 1 and 3 days. Gene expression of AT1 isoforms as well as ACE activity returned to basal values by day 14. Spontaneous neovascularization allowed for complete perfusion recovery of the ischaemic limb after 21 days.
Reparative angiogenesis was negatively influenced by either ramipril (P<0.02) or losartan (P<0.01), leading to delayed and impaired post‐ischaemic recovery (50 – 70% less compared with controls). Ramipril‐induced effects remained unaltered under kinin receptor blockade.
The present study indicates that (a) expression of angiotensin II AT1 receptors and ACE activity are modulated by ischaemia, (b) ACE‐inhibition or AT1 antagonism impairs reparative angiogenesis, and (c) intact AT1 receptor signalling is essential for post‐ischaemic recovery. These results provide new insights into the role of the RAS in vascular biology and suggest cautionary use of ACE inhibitors and AT1 antagonists in patients at risk for developing peripheral ischaemia.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2002) 135, 87–92; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704461