bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recombinant Interferon‐alpha with or without Vinblastine in Metastatic Renal Carcinoma Results of a Randomised Phase II Study
Authors: FOSSÅ SOPHIE D. , RAABE N. , MOE BRIT 
Published: November 2008

Summary— In a randomised phase II study, 5 of 24 patients with metastatic renal carcinoma responded to treatment with interferon (IFN) (Roferon A, Roche, Basle, Switzerland) (18 times 106 u i.m. 3 times/week). The combination of IFN with vinblastine (0.1 mg/kg every third week) yielded a response rate of 16% (4 of 25 patients). Three patients continue to show a response (2 complete, 1 partial) more than 20 months after cessation of treatment.Flu‐like symptoms represented the major side effect and often led to modification or discontinuation of treatment.It was concluded that IFN is the treatment of choice in patients with metastatic renal carcinoma who are candidates for medical treatment. The significance of additional vinblastine is uncertain.
Treatment of Chronic Prostatitis and Prostatodynia with Pollen Extract
Authors: BUCK A. C. , REES R. W. M. , EBELING L. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Chronic abacterial prostatitis and prostatodynia are notoriously difficult both to diagnose and to treat. These patients tend to have received several courses of antibiotics, antiinflammatory agents or adrenergic blockade and various other therapeutic manoeuvres with little success. The pollen extract, Cernilton, is reported to be effective in the treatment of this condition and we present the results of an open trial with Cernilton in a group of 15 patients with chronic prostatitis and prostatodynia. In 13 patients there was either complete and lasting relief of symptoms or a marked improvement; 2 patients failed to respond.Cernilton was found to be effective in the treatment of chronic prostatitis and prostatodynia. Its precise mode of action is not known, although experimental studies suggest that it has antiinflammatory and anti‐androgenic properties.
Factors Determining the Outcome following Implantation of the AMS 800 Artificial Urinary Sphincter
Authors: KIL P. J. M. , VRIES J. D. M. DE , KERREBROECK P. E. V. A. VAN , ZWIERS W. , DEBRUYNE F. M. J. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Erosion and infection are major complications following implantation of the AMS 800 artificial urinary sphincter. In the present study, 17 patients with this prosthesis were investigated urodynamically. All were continent. Urethral pressure profilometry showed a significantly lower intra‐urethral pressure than would have been expected from the pressure installed in the pressure regulating balloon during operation. The maximal urethral pressure was 69.9% of the expected pressure and did not vary significantly in relation to the various balloon pressures. The mean maximal urethral pressure (± SEM) between the cuff when inflated and when deflated was also significantly different, although the absolute difference was small (14.1 cm H2O± 10.0). There was good correlation between maximal urethral pressure and urethral leakage pressure as measured by retrograde perfusion sphincterometry. The mean functional urethral length became significantly longer after implantation of the cuff.A combination of low urethral pressure and increased functional length may help to prevent cuff erosion and maintain continence.
Phase II Study of Carboplatin in Locally Advanced and Metastatic Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder
Authors: RAABE N. K. , FOSSÅ SOPHIE D. , PARØ G. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Twenty‐five previously untreated patients with measurable locally advanced and/or metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder were included in a phase II study with carboplatin. Bolus injections were administered in 2 courses every 4 weeks at an initial dose of 400 to 450 mg/m2 with the option of increasing the dose to 450 to 500 mg/m2 in individual patients during the second cycle, depending on haematological toxicity. Two patients had a complete response (CR), 13 showed no change (NC) and 9 had progression of disease (PD), including 4 early progressions. There was no delay in treatment because of myelosuppression. Thrombocytopenia led to a reduction in drug dosage. No reduction in renal function was observed. Increased dosage did not increase the response rate.This study indicated the low effectiveness of single agent carboplatin in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.
Transurethral Resection of the Prostate and Bladder Tumour without Withdrawal of Warfarin Therapy
Authors: PARR N. J. , LOH C. S. , Article A. D. DESMONDOriginal 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Twelve resections of prostate and 1 extensive bladder tumour were performed in patients on long‐term anticoagulation without withdrawal of warfarin therapy. The mean preoperative prothrombin index was 2.3. Four patients required blood transfusion. There were no major complications.The effects of surgery and infusion of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) on the level of anticoagulation were monitored. FFP reduced the prothrombin index by 0.25/unit. Transurethral resection can be carried out safely by an experienced urologist on patients anticoagulated with warfarin, reducing the risk of serious thromboembolic complications associated with withdrawal of anticoagulation.
Testing the Chemosensitivity of Renal Carcinoma in vitro
Authors: LAI TERESA , FERRO M.A. , KAISARY A. V. , SMITH P.J. B. , SYMES M.O. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Tumour cells from 23 renal carcinomas were exposed in vitro to increasing concentrations of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) or one of several cytotoxic agents. Thereafter the uptake of 75Selenomethionine (75SeM) was compared to that of tumour cells not exposed to the drug.Using drug concentrations similar to those seen following in vivo administration in patients, MPA produced 50% inhibition of 75SeM uptake in 5 of 23 cases. The comparable proportion for doxorubicin was 4 of 5 and for mitozantrone 7 of 12. Methotrexate and Vinblastine were much less effective. In all cases where 2 50% inhibition was obtained with doxorubicin and mitozantrone the carcinoma had spread beyond the kidney. Thus drug sensitivity may be associated with a high mitotic rate.
Placenta Percreta Invading the Urinary Bladder
Authors: LITWIN M. S. , LOUGHLIN K. R. , BENSON CAROL B. , DROEGE G. F. , RICHIE J. P. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
The placenta, normally confined to the decidual lining of the uterine cavity, can in some circumstances invade the muscular wall of the uterus, a condition known as placenta accreta. Less common is placenta increta, in which placental cotyledons become intertwined with the muscular stroma of the uterus. Placenta percreta, in which the trophoblastic tissues penetrate the serosa of the uterus and may extend directly to adjacent structures, is even more rare and is potentially life‐threatening.There have been only 10 reports of direct invasion of placenta percreta into the urinary bladder. We review these cases and report 3 recent patients, one of whom was diagnosed pre‐operatively by ultrasonography.
Assessing the Effectiveness of Different Urinary Catheters in Emptying the Bladder: an Application of Transvaginal Ultrasound
Authors: HAYLEN B. T. , FRAZER M. I. , MacDONALD J. H. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
The effectiveness of different types of urinary catheters in completely draining the bladder has not been tested. Transvaginal ultrasound, which is able to measure bladder volumes in women from 2 to 175 ml, provides a means of measuring any fluid volume remaining in the bladder following catheter drainage.Using transvaginal ultrasound, the post‐catheterisation bladder volumes were measured in 26 female patients; 14 underwent urethral catheterisation using either a 14F short plastic female catheter or a Foley catheter of the same size (balloon not inflated); 12 had an indwelling 12F suprapublic catheter following bladder neck surgery.The mean post‐catheterisation bladder volumes after using the short plastic female and Foley catheters were less than 1 ml and 77 ml respectively. A short plastic catheter should be used in women to collect the residual urine volume by urethral catheterisation. A Foley catheter is relatively ineffective in this task.A 12F suprapubic catheter was found to drain the bladder relatively well. The mean post‐catheterisation bladder volume was 35 ml. Prior to removing a suprapubic catheter post‐operatively, it is recommended that the residual urine volume (measured using the suprapubic catheter) be checked by measuring the post‐catheterisation bladder volume (using either a short plastic catheter or transvaginal ultrasound).
Urinary Bladder Cortical Evoked Potentials in Man: Suitable Stimulation Techniques
Authors: DELTENRE P. F. , THIRY A. J. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
A practical and easily applicable method of recording cortical potentials evoked by bipolar electrical stimulation of the bladder wall is described. This constitutes an objective electrophysiological test of afferent bladder central projections.Comparison of bipolar and monopolar methods of intravesical stimulation led to the conclusion that the simpler monopolar intravesical electrode technique is unsuitable because it yields potentials contaminated by extravesical components.
Prostatectomy in the Over 80‐year‐old
Authors: WYATT M. G. , STOWER M. J. , SMITH P. J. B. , ROBERTS J. B. M. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
With an ageing population the demand for prostatectomy in the over 80‐year‐olds is increasing. This study assesses the place of prostatectomy in this age group.All patients over the age of 80 who underwent prostatectomy in a 2‐year period were studied retrospectively; 90 such patients underwent 94 operations, 90 of which were TURPs. Serious concomitant disease was found in 64 patients (71%) and 11 (12%) had had a previous prostatectomy at least 1 year before. The mean weight of tissue removed was 24.8 g. In 18 men histology showed malignant change.Two men died from cardiovascular disease immediately after surgery (2.1%); a further 5 patients (7.8%) died within 6 months. Post‐operative morbidity was high, with 64 patients (71%) developing complications. These were related to pre‐operative urinary tract infections and uraemia. Nevertheless, at 6 weeks 72 patients (80%) were considered to have had a satisfactory result.Prostatectomy in the over 80‐year‐old has a good long‐term outcome. Although the morbidity rate is high, these patients should be considered for operation provided they undergo careful preoperative assessment.
Evaluation of Ki‐67 Monoclonal Antibody as Prognostic Indicator for Prostatic Carcinoma
Authors: McLOUGHLIN J. , FOSTER C. S. , PRICE P. , WILLIAMS GORDON , ABEL P. D. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Prostate tissue containing either primary adenocarcinoma (45 patients) or benign hyperplasia (15 patients) was immunostained with the monoclonal antibody Ki‐67, which recognises a human nuclear antigen expressed by human cycling cells. The percentage of cells staining positive was considered a measure of proliferation. This derived Ki‐67 index was higher for carcinomas than for hyperplastic glands. Within the group of carcinomas, KI‐67 indices in patients with metastatic disease were significantly higher than in those without and there was a trend towards increasing Ki‐67 indices with increasing Gleason grade. When patients with prostate cancer were prospectively followed up, the Ki‐67 index did not predict either disease progression or hormone responsiveness.Ki‐67 immunostaining may define a group of patients with prostate cancer of poor prognosis.
A modified extravesical technique for megaureter repair*
Authors: McLORIE G.A. , JAYANTHI V.R. , KINAHAN T.J. , KHOURY A.E. , CHURCHILL B.M. 
Published: November 2008

Objective To report on the use of extravesical detrusorraphy for megaureter repair. Patients and methods Twenty‐three children underwent an extravesical megaureter repair over a 25 month period. There were 17 boys and 6 girls with an average age of 4.4 years. Three children had bilateral megaureters for a total of 26 repairs. Ureters were defined as megaureters if the ureteric diameter exceeded 1.0 cm on pre‐operative imaging. There were 14 obstructing and 12 refluxing ureters. Three of the refluxing ureters were tapered while five of the obstructing megaureters were tapered. Results Twenty‐one of the 23 patients were successfully repaired using this method. Complications were minimal. Conclusion The extravesical approach can be used to correct reflux or obstruction in dilated ureters with efficacy equivalent to transvesical repairs.
Desmopressin in the treatment of nocturia and enuresis in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: ECKFORD S.D. , SWAMI K.S. , JACKSON S.R. , ABRAMS P.H. 
Published: November 2008

Objectives To assess whether the synthetic vasopressin analogue desmopressin [1‐desamino 8‐D‐arginine vasopressin] is efficacious and safe in the management of nocturia ± enuresis in patients with multiple sclerosis. Patients and methods Twenty‐two women and 11 men, under 65 years of age, with clinically definite multiple sclerosis and nocturnal frequency ± enuresis were entered into the study. A two week placebo run‐in, to establish normal voiding patterns, followed by a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over study of 20 μg intranasal desmopressin at night‐time was carried out. Results Desmopressin caused a significant decrease in nocturnal urinary frequency, nocturnal urinary volume and the percentage of total daily urine passed at night. There was no significant fall in plasma sodium with desmopressin although there were two cases of asymptomatic hyponatraemia. Conclusion Desmopressin is an efficacious and safe treatment for nocturia ± enuresis in patients with multiple sclerosis.
c‐jun oncogene expression in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder
Authors: TINIAKOS D. G. , MELLON K. , ANDERSON J. J. , ROBINSON M. C. , NEAL D. E. , HORNE C. H. W. 
Published: November 2008

Objective To investigate c‐jun oncoprotein expression in transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) of the urinary bladder and to determine its relationship to tumour grade and stage, and to the expression of eptdermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), c‐erbB‐2 and p53 oncoproteins. Materials and methods The expression of c‐jun was studied using immunohistochemistry in a series of 48 TCCs of known EGFR, c‐erbB‐2 and p53 status. Results Forty‐four of 48 (92%) tumours showed c‐jun specific nuclear immunoreactivity of variable intensity. The intensity of c‐jun immunostaining was significantly related to tumour stage (P=0.009) and EGFR status (P= 0.01). There was no correlation between c‐jun oncoprotein expression and c‐erbB‐2 or p53 immunoreactivity. c‐jun expression was not related to clinical outcome in terms of patient survival or rate of tumour recurrence. Conclusion The c‐jun oncoprotein is expressed in the majority of TCCs of the urinary bladder. There is a positive association between intense c‐jun immunoreactivity and muscle invasive growth, and EGFR positivity in TCCs.
Analysis of factors associated with complications following renal transplant needle core biopsy
Authors: BECKINGHAM I. J. , NICHOLSON M. L. , BELL P.R.F. 
Published: November 2008

Objective To determine factors associated with complications in patients undergoing renal transplant biopsy.Patients and methods A total of 210 consecutive renal transplant patients biopsied for acute graft dysfunction or as part of a long term surveillance programme. Biopsies were performed under ultrasound control at two centres (Nottingham City and Leicester General Hospitals).Results Seventeen patients developed macroscopic haematuria following biopsy (8%). There were no graft losses. In cases where at least one biopsy core contained only renal medullary tissue, there was a significantly higher risk of a post‐biopsy bleed (P < 0.001).Conclusion This study demonstrates that even with careful ultrasound guidance, renal transplant biopsy has an important complication rate. Every effort must be made to obtain very superficial biopsies which consist largely or exclusively of renal cortex.
Volume determinations of the whole prostate and of adenomas by transrectal ultrasound in patients with clinically benign prostatic hyperplasia: correlation of resected weight, blood loss and duration of operation
Authors: AUS G. , BERGDAHL S. , HUGOSSON I. , NORLÉN L. 
Published: November 2008

Objective To study whether transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) volume determinations of the whole prostate and of the adenomas alone correlate to resected weight, operation time and blood loss in patients operated upon with transurethral resection of the prostate because of presumed benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).Patients and methods The whole prostate and the transition zone, which corresponds to the adenomas, were measured separately in 159 patients with presumed BPH, pre‐operatively and 4 months post‐operatively.Results The transition zone volume correlated well with the resected weight (r=0.91; P < 0.0001), the blood loss (r=0.67; P < 0.0001) and the operation time (r= 0.67; P <0.0001). Four months post‐operatively a reduction of the total prostate volume was recorded which corresponded well with the resected weight (r= 0.91; P <0.0001).Conclusion TRUS with high resolution 7 MHz probes successfully estimated the size of the whole prostate and that of the adenomas alone. The transition zone volume predicted the expected resection weight of adenomas and to some extent the duration of the operation and the blood loss. These calculations may be used for more accurate pre‐operative planning. Together with its superior detection rate for prostate cancer, TRUS seems to be a powerful tool in the pre‐operative morphological assessment of patients with prostatism.
The use of bladder wash‐outs to reduce urinary catheter encrustation
Authors: GETLIFFE K.A. 
Published: November 2008

Objective To examine the effectiveness of bladder washouts in reducing catheter encrustation.Materials and methods A model of the catheterized bladder was developed and used to produce catheter encrustation in vitro. The effects of bladder wash‐outs with Suby G, mandelic acid 1% or saline 0.9% were compared with control catheters that did not receive wash‐outs, by measuring the area of patent catheter lumen and the changes in urinary calcium and magnesium concentrations after wash‐outs.Results Encrustation was reduced significantly, compared with the controls, in catheters washed out with the acidic reagents, Suby G and mandelic acid. Saline wash‐outs did not reduce encrustation.Conclusion The model of the catheterized bladder provided a reliable technique with which to examine the effects of bladder wash‐out on catheter encrustation under controlled conditions. The results indicate that bladder wash‐outs with Suby G or mandelic acid may be beneficial for patients who suffer from recurrent catheter encrustation and blockage.
Radiographic evaluation of renal trauma: evaluation of 1103 consecutive patients
Authors: McANDREW J. D. , CORRIERE J. N. 
Published: November 2008

Objective To review the records of patients with suspected urinary tract trauma to determine whethe reliminating imaging studies would have missed any significant injuries. Patients and methods The records of 1103 consecutive patients who underwent radiographic evaluation of the urinary tract because of suspected renal trauma were evaluated retrospectively. A comprehensive review was made of the group of patients who were normotensive and had only microscopic haematuria. Results Abnormal intravenous pyelograms (IVP) were found in 10% of patients with normotension and microscopic haematuria. In patients with injuries due to penetrating trauma, five of 16 with an abnormal IVP required operative intervention, while in patients with injuries due to blunt trauma, only one of 60 had a significant renal injury. None of the 605 patients with a blunt injury, microscopic haematuria, no his‐ tory of hypotension, and no significant associated injuries required operative intervention solely for the renal injury. Conclusion Radiographic evaluation of the urinary tract is recommended for all patients with penetrating trauma and any degree of haematuria, but only for patients with blunt trauma if associated with gross haematuria, microscopic haematuria and hypotension, or microscopic haematuria and significant associated injuries.
Trends in death rates and registration rates for prostate cancer in England and Wales
Authors: MAJEED F. A. , BURGESS N. A. 
Published: November 2008

Objective To describe trends in deaths from prostate cancer between 1970 and 1990, and trends in registrations of prostate cancer between 1971 and 1986. Methods Data on prostate cancer deaths and registrations were obtained from the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, and age specific rates were calculated. Results The number of deaths from prostate cancer rose by 107% between 1970 and 1990, from 3906 to 8098. The number of registrations of prostate cancer rose by 75% between 1971 and 1986, from 5819 to 10 180. Age‐specific death rates and registration rates also increased but by a smaller amount than the rise in absolute numbers. Conclusions A component of the increase seen in both the number of prostate cancer deaths and registrations can be explained by a concomitant increase in the elderly male population, the group at highest risk, but the rises seen in rates are more difficult to explain, The rises are likely to have had considerable implications for the workload of urologists and should be taken into account when planning future health services. With further increases expected over the next decade in the elderly male population, deaths and registrations from prostate cancer will continue to rise. Research will be required to determine possible reasons for the increase seen in prostate cancer rates over the last 20 years, to determine the true incidence and prevalence of prostate cancer in the general population and to identify possible aetiological factors.
Smoking and drinking habits in relation to prostate cancer
Authors: GULDEN J. W. J. VAN DER , VERBEEK A. L. M. , KOLK J. J. 
Published: November 2008

Objective To evaluate the role of tobacco and alcohol consumption in the aetiology of prostate cancer. Patients and methods In a case‐control study conducted in the Netherlands, information on smoking and drinking habits was obtained from questionnaires completed by 345 patients exhibiting primary prostate cancer and by 1346 controls with benign prostate hyperplasia. The response rate was 79%. Results No association was observed between drinking habits and the risk of prostate cancer (324 cases versus 123‐7 controls; odds ratio 1.36; 95%CI 0.84‐2.22). A significantly elevated odds ratio was found for individuals who had smoked at any time during their lives (329 cases versus 1212 controls: odds ratio 2.12; 95%CI 1.24‐3.62). However, no relationship was observed between the number of cigarettes smoked, the duration of smoking, the age at which the subjects started smoking or with the calendar period in which they were born. Odds ratios calculated for individuals who smoked in consecutive 5‐year periods between 1940 and 1989 did not show any trend. Furthermore, the risk of prostate cancer among ex‐smokers did not differ significantly from the risk among current smokers, even when smoking was stopped more than 25 years previously. Conclusion From these findings, which do not point to the causative agent, it would appear that neither smoking nor alcohol consumption seriously increases the risk of prostate cancer.