bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of smoking images in magazines on the smoking attitudes and intentions of youth: an experimental investigation: Table 1
Authors: Carter Owen B J , Donovan Robert J , Weller Narelle M , Jalleh Geoffrey 
Published: November 2007

Objective:To determine the effect of magazine incidental smoking imagery on youths’ smoking intentions.Methods:A magazine was developed incorporating photographs of smokers (Smoking Magazine). A second version of the magazine (Non-smoking Magazine) included these photographs with the tobacco paraphernalia digitally erased. Equal numbers of smokers and non-smokers aged 14–17 years (n = 357) were randomly assigned to look through one version of the magazine and then asked a series of questions.Results:Smokers made more unprompted mention of smoking imagery than non-smokers after viewingSmoking Magazine(52% vs 34%; p<0.05). Smokers viewingSmoking Magazinewere more likely to report an urge to smoke (54% vs 40%; p<0.05). Female non-smokers who viewedSmoking Magazinewere more likely than those who viewedNon-smoking Magazineto state a future intention to smoke (13% vs 0%; p<0.05). Female smokers were more attracted to the male models appearing inSmoking MagazinethanNon-smoking Magazine(49% vs 24%; p<0.05) and the opposite was true for female non-smokers (28% vs 52%; p<0.05). Female smokers were also marginally more likely to desire looking like the female models inSmoking Magazine(64% vs 46%; p = 0.06) but no difference was observed in the non-smoking females (46% vs 46%). Male smokers and non-smokers did not differ in their responses by magazine type.Conclusions:Incidental positive smoking imagery in magazines can generate the same sorts of consumer effects attributed to advertising in general, including tobacco advertising. Sex specific results of our study may be explained by the choice of smoking images used.
Bishop Alfred Tucker and the Establishment of a British Protectorate in Uganda 1890-94
Authors: Griffiths Tudor 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe article considers the involvement of Bishop Alfred Tucker and other missionaries of the Church Missionary Society (CMS) in the establishment of a British Protectorate in Buganda between 1890 and 1894. These missionaries were drawn, often not unwillingly, into political affairs, both within Uganda and internationally. The contribution made by Tucker was frequently ill-informed and sometimes tendentious. Nevertheless, he sought to uphold the long-standing CMS regulation that missionaries should abstain from any political involvement. The theoretical distinction between the sacred and secular was alien to the intellectual heritage of Uganda, and in practice it was contradicted by the activities of CMS missionaries, who justified their involvement in terms of considering Uganda to be a 'special case'.
The Reconstruction of Imperial Mathematics in China During the Kangxi Reign (1662-1722)
Authors:   Han Qi, Jami Catherine 
Published: November 2007

AbstractContrary to astronomy, the early modern Chinese State did not systematically sponsor mathematics. However, early in his reign, the Kangxi Emperor studied this subject with the Jesuit missionaries in charge of the calendar. His first teacher, Ferdinand Verbiest (1623-1688) relied on textbooks based on Christoph Clavius' (1538-1612). Those who succeeded Verbiest as imperial tutors in the 1690s produced lecture notes in Manchu and Chinese. Newly discovered manuscripts show Antoine Thomas (1644-1709) wrote substantial treatises on arithmetic and algebra while teaching those subjects. In 1713, the emperor commissioned a group of scholars and officials to compile a standard survey of mathematics (Shuli jingyun, "Essential principles of mathematics"). This work opened with the claim that mathematics had its roots in Chinese Antiquity. However, it can be shown that the Jesuits' lecture notes were the main source of the Shuli jingyun. The reconstruction of mathematics under Kangxi's patronage is thus best characterised as the imperial appropriation of Western learning.
Caligula, the Church of Antioch and the Gentile Mission
Authors: Taylor Nicholas H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis study examines such data as are available regarding the impact of the crisis which confronted Jewish communities in many parts of the Roman Empire during the reign of Gaius Caligula (37-41 CE). Particular attention is given to Antioch on the Orontes, and to the Christian community which emerged there and was to become a major force both in the spread of Christianity and in the conversion of Gentiles to a hitherto Jewish movement. It is argued that the crisis was a major catalyst in changing the character of the Christian church in Antioch, so that it acquired an identity distinct from that of the Jewish community. The reappraisal of eschatological expectations occasioned by the crisis led to the conviction that Gentiles must be included in the Church before the parousia of Christ.
Human Rights in the Name of God?
Authors: Pieterse Hendrik J.C. , Van Der Ven Johannes A. , Dreyer Jaco S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis article is a study of the tension which arises because South Africa is a religious society within a secular state, or a secular state embedded in a religious society. The belief in God among Grade 11 students in the Johannesburg/ Pretoria region is investigated, and questions are posed as to the role belief in God plays in the formation of their attitudes towards human rights. Fundamental aspects of the relationship between belief in God and human rights are dealt with, students' belief in God is investigated and described, and finally, it is asked whether the students believe that there is a God of human rights.
Heretic But Faithful: the Reclamation of the Body as Sacred in Christian Feminist Theology
Authors: Van Schalkwyk Annalet 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis article investigates the history of Christian patriarchy, misogyny and devaluation of the body, and the response of the feminist theological movement to this history; namely to reclaim the (female) body as sacred. It uses a metaphorical method to rediscover the goddess traditions as one of the main sources for such are-appraisal of the body as sacred. This is done because, in these ancient traditions, the female (and male) body was regarded as sacred, powerful and fruitful and the sexuality of the human body was accepted fully. The author then continues to investigate how three contemporary feminist theologians use this metaphorical approach and combine it with historical, psychological and exegetical approaches to rediscover and re-evaluate the sacredness and the goodness of the (female) body. By doing so, the author also assesses these theologians' understanding of Eros as that primordial life-force in the lives of women and men which include the spiritual-psychological, the physical, the erotic, the rational as well as the political. In short, these theologians have a basic understanding of Eros as love and power in action.
South African New Age Prophets: Past and Present
Authors: Steyn H. Christina 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis article explores the visions, beliefs and prophecies of three remarkable South Africans. Johanna Brandt, Jan Smuts, and Joseph Busby espoused ideas that are central to New Age thought today. All three may be seen as Prophets': Brandt as the messenger of God who receives visions and is compelled to proclaim it to the nation; Smuts as the visionary with remarkable insight into the nature of reality; and Busby as the mouthpiece of an Ascended Master of the Spiritual Hierarchy who conveys important messages to the South African people. Brandt and Smuts were ahead of their time and their work was not at all well received by the local community. Brandt was eventually censored by her church and although Smuts was honoured in many circles for his statesmanship, his scientific theories with their metaphysical implications were spurned in this country. Busby, on the other hand, was not a particularly well-known person outside New Age circles, but he had a following among whom his work was welcomed and honoured. From this short review, it is clear that the central concepts of New Age philosophy have been taught in South Africa for many years and today it has penetrated the minds and beliefs of many South Africans.
Creation and Re-Creation: the Origins and Preservation of the Shinto Shrines At Ise, Japan, and the Abbey Church of St. Michael At Hildesheim, Germany
Authors: Maré Estelle A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn this article Ise Jingu, Japan, and the church of St Michael, Germany, are juxtaposed. At first glance they do not seem to have much in common, except that they exist as a testimony to the intentions of the original builders who established their distinctive architectural traditions and, physically, both are recent reconstructions. The reasons for their reconstruction are different because, whereas the Ise precincts are renewed as it were in obedience to a sacred injunction at a place where war never occurred, the renewal of the Hildesheim church to its original design is predominantly the result of circumstance and the vicissitudes of devastation, plunder and war.
Assimilation of Satellite Cloud Data into the GMAO Finite-Volume Data Assimilation System Using a Parameter Estimation Method. Part I: Motivation and Algorithm Description
Authors: Norris Peter M. , da Silva Arlindo M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
General circulation models are unable to resolve subgrid-scale moisture variability and associated cloudiness and so must parameterize grid-scale cloud properties. This typically involves various empirical assumptions and a failure to capture the full range (synoptic, geographic, diurnal) of the subgrid-scale variability. A variational parameter estimation technique is employed to adjust empirical model cloud parameters in both space and time, in order to better represent assimilated International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) cloud fraction and optical depth and Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) liquid water path. The value of these adjustments is verified by much improved cloud radiative forcing and persistent improvement in cloud fraction forecasts.
A Fast Cloud Overlap Parameterization for Microwave Radiance Assimilation
Authors: O’Dell Christopher W. , Bauer Peter , Bennartz Ralf 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The assimilation of cloud- and rain-affected radiances in numerical weather prediction systems requires fast and accurate radiative transfer models. One of the largest sources of modeling errors originates from the assumptions regarding the vertical and horizontal subgrid-scale variability of model clouds and precipitation. In this work, cloud overlap assumptions are examined in the context of microwave radiative transfer and used to develop an accurate reference model. A fast cloud overlap algorithm is presented that allows for the accurate simulation of microwave radiances with a small number of radiative transfer calculations. In particular, the errors for a typical two-column approach currently used operationally are found to be relatively large for many cases of cloudy fields containing precipitation, even those with an overall cloud fraction of unity; these errors are largely eliminated by using the new approach presented here, at the cost of a slight increase in computation time. Radiative transfer cloud overlap errors are also evident in simulations when compared to actual satellite observations, in that the biases are somewhat reduced when applying a more accurate treatment of cloud overlap.
The Remote Sensing of Clouds and Precipitation from Space: A Review
Authors: Stephens Graeme L. , Kummerow Christian D. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a critical review of a number of popular methods that have been developed to retrieve cloud and precipitation properties from satellite radiance measurements. The emphasis of the paper is on the retrieval uncertainties associated with these methods, as these shape future data assimilation applications, either in the form of direct radiance assimilation or assimilation of retrieved geophysical data, or even in the use of retrieved information as a source of model error characterization. It is demonstrated throughout the paper how cloud and precipitation observing systems developed around seemingly simple concepts are in fact very complex and largely underconstrained, which explains, in part, why assigning realistic errors to these properties has been so elusive in the past. Two primary sources of error that define the observing system are highlighted throughout: (i) the first source is errors associated with the identification of cloudy scenes from clear scenes and the identification of precipitation in cloudy scenes from nonprecipitating cloudy scenes. The problems of discriminating of cloud clear and cloud precipitation are illustrated using examples drawn from microwave cloud liquid water path and precipitation retrievals. (ii) The second source is errors introduced by the forward model and its related parameters. The forward model generally contains two main components: a model of the atmosphere and the cloud and precipitation structures imbedded in that atmosphere and a forward model of the radiative transfer that produces the synthetic measurement that is ultimately compared to the measurement. The vast majority of methods developed for deriving cloud and precipitation information from satellite measurements is highly sensitive to these model parameters, which merely reflects the underconstrained nature of the problem and the need for other information in deriving solutions. The cloud and precipitation retrieval examples presented in this paper are most often constructed around very unrealistic atmosphere models typically composed of just a few layers. The consequence is that the retrievals become too sensitive to the unobserved parameters of those layers and the atmosphere above and below. Clearly a better definition of the atmospheric state, and the vertical structure of clouds and precipitation, are needed to improve the information extracted from satellite observations, and it is for this reason that the combination of active and passive measurements offers much hope for improving cloud and precipitation retrievals.
Dynamics of Convectively Driven Banded Jets in the Laboratory
Authors: Read Peter L. , Yamazaki Yasuhiro H. , Lewis Stephen R. , Williams Paul D. , Wordsworth Robin , Miki-Yamazaki Kuniko , Sommeria Joël , Didelle Henri 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The banded organization of clouds and zonal winds in the atmospheres of the outer planets has long fascinated observers. Several recent studies in the theory and idealized modeling of geostrophic turbulence have suggested possible explanations for the emergence of such organized patterns, typically involving highly anisotropic exchanges of kinetic energy and vorticity within the dissipationless inertial ranges of turbulent flows dominated (at least at large scales) by ensembles of propagating Rossby waves. The results from an attempt to reproduce such conditions in the laboratory are presented here. Achievement of a distinct inertial range turns out to require an experiment on the largest feasible scale. Deep, rotating convection on small horizontal scales was induced by gently and continuously spraying dense, salty water onto the free surface of the 13-m-diameter cylindrical tank on the Coriolis platform in Grenoble, France. A “planetary vorticity gradient” or “β effect” was obtained by use of a conically sloping bottom and the whole tank rotated at angular speeds up to 0.15 rad s−1. Over a period of several hours, a highly barotropic, zonally banded large-scale flow pattern was seen to emerge with up to 5–6 narrow, alternating, zonally aligned jets across the tank, indicating the development of an anisotropic field of geostrophic turbulence. Using particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques, zonal jets are shown to have arisen from nonlinear interactions between barotropic eddies on a scale comparable to either a Rhines or “frictional” wavelength, which scales roughly as (β/Urms)−1/2. This resulted in an anisotropic kinetic energy spectrum with a significantly steeper slope with wavenumber k for the zonal flow than for the nonzonal eddies, which largely follows the classical Kolmogorov k−5/3 inertial range. Potential vorticity fields show evidence of Rossby wave breaking and the presence of a “hyperstaircase” with radius, indicating instantaneous flows that are supercritical with respect to the Rayleigh–Kuo instability criterion and in a state of “barotropic adjustment.” The implications of these results are discussed in light of zonal jets observed in planetary atmospheres and, most recently, in the terrestrial oceans.
A Total Turbulent Energy Closure Model for Neutrally and Stably Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layers
Authors: Mauritsen Thorsten , Svensson Gunilla , Zilitinkevich Sergej S. , Esau Igor , Enger Leif , Grisogono Branko 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a turbulence closure for neutral and stratified atmospheric conditions. The closure is based on the concept of the total turbulent energy. The total turbulent energy is the sum of the turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent potential energy, which is proportional to the potential temperature variance. The closure uses recent observational findings to take into account the mean flow stability. These observations indicate that turbulent transfer of heat and momentum behaves differently under very stable stratification. Whereas the turbulent heat flux tends toward zero beyond a certain stability limit, the turbulent stress stays finite. The suggested scheme avoids the problem of self-correlation. The latter is an improvement over the widely used Monin–Obukhov-based closures. Numerous large-eddy simulations, including a wide range of neutral and stably stratified cases, are used to estimate likely values of two free constants. In a benchmark case the new turbulence closure performs indistinguishably from independent large-eddy simulations.
Assimilation of Satellite Cloud and Precipitation Observations in Numerical Weather Prediction Models: Introduction to the JAS Special Collection
Authors: Errico Ronald M. , Ohring George , Weng Fuzhong , Bauer Peter , Ferrier Brad , Mahfouf Jean-François , Turk Joe 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
To date, the assimilation of satellite measurements in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models has focused on the clear atmosphere. But satellite observations in the visible, infrared, and microwave provide a great deal of information on clouds and precipitation. This special collection describes how to use this information to initialize clouds and precipitation in models. Since clouds and precipitation often occur in sensitive regions for forecast impacts, such improvements are likely necessary for continuing to acquire significant gains in weather forecasting.
This special collection of the Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences is devoted to articles based on papers presented at the International Workshop on Assimilation of Satellite Cloud and Precipitation Observations in Numerical Weather Prediction Models, in Lansdowne, Virginia, in May 2005. This introduction summarizes the findings of the workshop. The special collection includes review articles on satellite observations of clouds and precipitation (Stephens and Kummerow), parameterizations of clouds and precipitation in NWP models (Lopez), radiative transfer in cloudy/precipitating atmospheres (Weng), and assimilation of cloud and precipitation observations (Errico et al.), as well as research papers on these topics.
Decoupling of arsenic and iron release from ferrihydrite suspension under reducing conditions: a biogeochemical model
Authors: Burnol André , Garrido Francis , Baranger Philippe , Joulian Catherine , Dictor Marie-Christine , Bodénan Françoise , Morin Guillaume , Charlet Laurent 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHigh levels of arsenic in groundwater and drinking water are a major health problem. Although the processes controlling the release of As are still not well known, the reductive dissolution of As-rich Fe oxyhydroxides has so far been a favorite hypothesis. Decoupling between arsenic and iron redox transformations has been experimentally demonstrated, but not quantitatively interpreted. Here, we report on incubation batch experiments run with As(V) sorbed on, or co-precipitated with, 2-line ferrihydrite. The biotic and abiotic processes of As release were investigated by using wet chemistry, X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption and genomic techniques. The incubation experiments were carried out with a phosphate-rich growth medium and a community of Fe(III)-reducing bacteria under strict anoxic conditions for two months. During the first month, the release of Fe(II) in the aqueous phase amounted to only 3% to 10% of the total initial solid Fe concentration, whilst the total aqueous As remained almost constant after an initial exchange with phosphate ions. During the second month, the aqueous Fe(II) concentration remained constant, or even decreased, whereas the total quantity of As released to the solution accounted for 14% to 45% of the total initial solid As concentration. At the end of the incubation, the aqueous-phase arsenic was present predominately as As(III) whilst X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicated that more than 70% of the solid-phase arsenic was present as As(V). X-ray diffraction revealed vivianite Fe(II)3(PO4)2.8H2O in some of the experiments. A biogeochemical model was then developed to simulate these aqueous- and solid-phase results. The two main conclusions drawn from the model are that (1) As(V) is not reduced during the first incubation month with high Eh values, but rather re-adsorbed onto the ferrihydrite surface, and this state remains until arsenic reduction is energetically more favorable than iron reduction, and (2) the release of As during the second month is due to its reduction to the more weakly adsorbed As(III) which cannot compete against carbonate ions for sorption onto ferrihydrite. The model was also successfully applied to recent experimental results on the release of arsenic from Bengal delta sediments.
SAT, a flexible and optimized Web application for SSR marker development
Authors: Dereeper Alexis , Argout Xavier , Billot Claire , Rami Jean-François , Ruiz Manuel 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background
Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs), or microsatellites, are among the most powerful genetic markers known. A common method for the development of SSR markers is the construction of genomic DNA libraries enriched for SSR sequences, followed by DNA sequencing. However, designing optimal SSR markers from bulk sequence data is a laborious and time-consuming process.

Results
SAT (SSR Analysis Tool) is a user-friendly Web application developed to minimize tedious manual operations and reduce errors. This tool facilitates the integration, analysis and display of sequence data from SSR-enriched libraries.
SAT is designed to successively perform base calling and quality evaluation of chromatograms, eliminate cloning vector, adaptors and low quality sequences, detect chimera or partially digested sequences, search for SSR motifs, cluster and assemble the redundant sequences, and design SSR primer pairs. An additional virtual PCR step establishes primer specificity. Users may modify the different parameters of each step of the SAT analysis.
Although certain steps are compulsory, such as SSR motifs search and sequence assembly, users do not have to run the entire pipeline, and they can choose selectively which steps to perform. A database allows users to store and query results, and to redo individual steps of the workflow.

Conclusion
The SAT Web application is available at http://sat.cirad.fr/sat, and a standalone command-line version is also freely downloadable. Users must send an email to the SAT administrator tropgene@cirad.fr to request a login and password.