bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dealing with uncertainty
Authors: Walker Daniel A. 
Published: October 2006

Juan G. Roederer raises some difficult questions in his Forum article “The Challenge of Global Change” (Eos, Sept. 18, 1990): “How can we sustain a public sense of the common danger of global change while remaining honest in view of the realities of scientific uncertainties? How can we nurture this sense of common danger without making statements based on half‐baked ideas, statistically unreliable results, or oversimplified models? How can we strike a balance between the need to overstate a case to attract the attention of the media and the obligation to adhere strictly to the ethos of science?”There are no easy answers to these questions since debate and uncertainty characterize most scientific advancements. Also, it is often very difficult in the early stages of those advancements to determine which ideas are “half‐baked,” which results are “statistically unreliable,” or which models are “oversimplified.”
A Path Where No Man Thought; Nuclear Winter and the End of the Arms Race
Authors: Brasseur Guy 
Published: October 2006

In 1982, Paul Crutzen, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany, and John Birks, University of Colorado, Boulder, published a provocative paper suggesting that the smoke from the fires triggered by potential massive nuclear explosions would generate profound changes in the chemical composition and physical state of the Earth's atmosphere. A year later, a group of five scientists, Richard Turco, Brian Toon, Tom Ackerman, Jim Pollack, and Carl Sagan, showed, on the basis of model calculations, that the Earth would cool significantly following nuclear explosions and that the climatic impacts of a nuclear war would affect not only the country attacked but also the aggressor. This group, which received the acronym of TTAPS, showed that the number of fatalities resulting from the indirect climatic perturbations could be at least as large as the number of humans directly killed by the explosions.Two of the authors of the TTAPS theory, Carl Sagan and Richard Turco, have summarized 10 years of extensive research and public controversy following the publication of the nuclear winter hypothesis. In their fascinating book they try to analyze how the concept of nuclear winter has changed the attitude of the political world, has contributed to the improvement of political relations between the two superpowers, and has initiated a revision of geopolitical and military theories.
50 years of membership in AGU recognized
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Recently seven members who joined the Union in 1941 received their gold pins in recognition of 50 years of membership in the Union. They join the distinguished ranks of the other 50‐year members, all of whom are listed below by the year they joined.1941 Max Bookman, Desmond F. Glynn, William F. Guyton, Kenneth E. Lohman, Charles Miron, Russell W. Revell, and Wilbur T. Stuart
Satellite surveillance of volcanic ash plumes, application to aircraft safety
Authors: Kienle T. , Dean K. G. , Garbeil H. , Rose W. I. 
Published: October 2006

The early phreatomagmatic and magmatic explosive activity of Redoubt Volcano, December 14–16, 1989, produced several ashladen eruption columns that caused significant damage to jet aircraft.The major aircraft‐ash incident occurred December 15 at 1150 AST, when a KLM Boeing 747 jet aircraft, enroute from Amsterdam to Anchorage with 231 passengers and 14 crew members, flew through an ash plume east of Talkeetna, Alaska, at an altitude of 7.5 km and experienced sudden shutdown of all four engines. For 12 minutes the jet glided steeply from 7.5 km to 3.5 km before the crew managed to restart the engines after seven or eight tries. The plane came within about 1500 m of the mountain tops before landing safely at Anchorage International Airport.
Congress hears testimony on Augustine Report
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

A range of space analysts assessed the future of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on January 29 and 31 before the House Science, Space, and Technology Committee. The committee's new chairman, George E. Brown, Jr. (D‐Calif.), held the hearing on the Report of the Advisory Committee on the Future of the U.S. Space Program, better known as the Augustine Report, which was released in December.Most witnesses from government agencies, scientific associations, and universities lauded the report's conclusions, expressing strong consensus that NASA needed new direction. John M. Logsdon, director of George Washington University's Space Policy Institute, summed up the report's message as “let's stop 20 years of arguments and uncertainty and get on with a space program that commands stable support from the White House, the Congress, and the American people.”
Kiwi magic: New Zealand paleomagnetism comes of age
Authors: Turner Gillian M. , Roberts Andrew P. 
Published: October 2006

When the New Zealand Geological Society held its annual meeting in November 1988 in Hamilton, they scheduled a major symposium, Palaeomagnetism and Its Applications in the New Zealand Region. That interest and enthusiasm for paleomagnetic research in New Zealand has reached such a level is a tribute to those who, over the past 30 years, have built expertise and developed our facilities to international standards.In 1957 Colin Bull became the first geophysicist appointed to the physics department at Victoria University, in Wellington. He brought with him from the United Kingdom a magnet assembly that was incorporated into an astatic magnetometer by Jim Gellen [1959] as part of his Master's degree project.
First JGG Award given to Tsunakawa
Authors: Kono Masaru 
Published: October 2006

Hideo Tsunakawa of Tokai University, Japan, was presented the first Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity (JOG) Award at the 86th semiannual meeting of the Society of Geomagnetism and Earth; Planetary and Space Sciences, held in October 1989 at Kobe University, Japan. (SGEPSS was formerly the Society of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity of Japan.) Tsunakawa was given the award for his paper “Geomagnetic secular variation during the Brunhes epoch inferred from the paleomagnetism and the last 200 years geomagnetic field” (J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 40, 1365, 1988).The JGG Award will be given annually to honor “the best paper which was written by a scientist under 40 and which appeared in JGG in the last year.” The award carries 300,000 yen travel allowance to enable the recipient, if Japanese, to attend meetings in foreign countries or, if the recipient is from another country, to attend meetings in Japan sponsored or organized by SGEPSS. The JGG Editorial Board will nominate award candidates to SGEPSS; other than age limit, there is no restriction on candidates.
1989 Horton Award to William Yeh
Authors: Sorooshian Soroosh 
Published: October 2006

The Robert E. Horton Award of the American Geophysical Union's Hydrology Section is presented to the individual who displays “a single outstanding contribution to the science of hydrology made during the preceding five years.”Those who are involved in the education, research, and practice of hydrology and water resources and follow the literature would agree that Professor William Yeh is most deserving of this award as the 1989 recipient. It is with great pleasure that I present the following citation and highlight some of Bill's accomplishments from the start of his career to the present time.
Biogeophysical remote sensing: A ground truth data base and graphics system for the northwestern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Harashima A. , Kikuchi Y. 
Published: October 2006

The Coastal Zone Color Scanner of the Nimbus‐7 satellite has revealed the global distribution of the chlorophyll‐like pigments. The succeeding ocean color sensors Sea WiFS and OCTS are expected to give more information on the coupled phenomena of biological and geophysical processes in the ocean [Esaias et al., 1986; Brewer et al., 1986; Platt and Sathyendranath, 1988].We have developed personal‐computer software for searching routine station‐based observations to systematically calibrate satellite products and for visualizing biogeochemical processes in the ocean interior by generating 3‐dimensional perspective views of ocean parameters. Success of our system depends on the spatial and temporal coverage of the routine observations.
Clay Mineral Society 1989
Authors: Moore Duane M. 
Published: October 2006

Two themes emerged from the Clay Mineral Society's 1989 meeting: We need to consider larger samples, whether in theoretical or experimental work—count more spacings in HRTEM photos, and take multiple samples from single locations; and the configurations R0, Rl, (R2) and R3 have some kind of distinct stability. Kaolinite also got its share of attention, even though no session was devoted to it.The society met September 23–28, 1989, at California State University, Sacramento; 195 scientists attended. Although there were fewer presentations than in recent years, participants agreed that quality was improved and that more time allowed for more and better discussions.
Magnetosphere
Authors: Siscoe George L. 
Published: October 2006

Research on the terrestrial magnetosphere, above 500 km, continues to focus on how energy gets from the solar wind into the magnetosphere and how it circulates through the magnetosphere. The prime candidate for energy coupling has long been magnetic merging in which the magnetic field that the solar wind carries from the Sun merges with the geomagnetic field. (The result couples the ionosphere, above 60 km, to the solar wind by magnetic field lines that act both as elastic bands, stretching against the motion of the wind and extracting energy from it, and as current conductors, electrically conveying the extracted energy to the ionosphere.)Only a decade ago, the first direct evidence of merging was uncovered in the form of fast, magnetically driven flows at the magnetosphere's sunward boundary. Narrow and brief, such flows are elusive, rendering synoptic studies difficult. On the other hand, distinctive, common wiggles in the magnetic field near the boundary, called “flux transfer events” (FTE), are suspected of being proxy merging signatures. The problem has been that to learn about merging from FTEs requires a physical model connecting them. A new FTE model postulates that impulsive merging launches tube‐like surges along the boundary and perturbs the field to some distance away. This model, independently proposed by two leading theorists, seems to satisfy all observational constraints (untrue of earlier attempts), and thereby seems to bring the field much closer to exploiting FTE data.
Scientific drilling: Limitations to drilling and logging in thermal regimes
Authors: Lysne Peter , Jacobson Ronald 
Published: October 2006

Although many investigators are eager to explore thermal regimes of Earth's crust by drilling, present technologies limit these activities to relatively benign environments. This article enumerates areas of difficulty and offers suggestions as to how they may be addressed.Over the past century two drilling technologies have evolved, primarily to support extractive industries. The most common involves the “rotary drilling” machinery that is used in the hydrocarbon production industry. It features big rigs capable of drilling deeper than 10 km and is the least expensive way to make large holes necessary for production. Unfortunately, when this equipment is used to take core, costs mount rapidly because the drill string must be removed from the hole after each core run. Thus formation analysis usually depends on downhole measurements that are provided by an aggressive logging service industry. Many of these measurements are, understandably, directed toward hydrocarbon applications. This situation is not always advantageous to scientific drilling programs in volcanic formations [Lysne, 1989].
NSF warned about budget cuts
Authors: Jones Richard 
Published: October 2006

Walter Massey had been director of the National Science Foundation for less than 24 hours when Bob Traxler, chairman of the House VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies appropriations subcommittee, and one of the two most important people in Congress with jurisdiction over NSF, provided early warning of cuts in the foundation's proposed FY 1992 budget. “We must tell you that in our best judgement, we're not going to be too successful in matching your allocation of the 302(b) process with the generosity of the president's request,” Traxler told Massey, referring to the process that was largely set up by last year's budget agreement.The subcommittee hearing—held March 5 and 6 in a room off the main corridor of the U.S. Capitol, with space for only a dozen spectators—was one of the most important congressional events in this year's consideration of the NSF budget. Massey attended with the entire top tier of the NSF staff.
Landsat 5 marks 7th anniversary
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

For Landsat 5, it will be business as usual today—orbiting the Earth 14 times, gathering data. The remote‐sensing satellite has been following this pattern every day since its launch in 1984. Collectively, it has gone around the Earth more than 37,000 times and collected more than 2.5 million images.Originally planned for a 3‐year orbit, Landsat 5 has exceeded its design life by almost 150%, and its continued success “is a tribute to American space technology,” says C. P. Williams, president and CEO of the Earth Observation Satellite Co. (EOSAT).
Mixed response to smaller space station
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

The newly restructured space station Freedom made headlines in March, as supporters and opponents debated the plan for a scaled‐down station, carrying on the controversy engendered by the station over its 8‐year, $4 billion history.Last October, Congress directed the National Aeronautics and Space Administration to reduce the station's cost by $6 billion over 5 years. “The new design is cheaper, smaller, easier to assemble in orbit, and will require fewer shuttle flights to build,” NASA announced. The agency's international partners on the station—the European Space Agency, Japan, and Canada—have supported the new model.
Geotransects in the Taiwan region
Authors: Yen T. P. , Yeh Yih‐Hsing 
Published: October 2006

The Republic of China National Committee for the Inter‐Union Commission on the Lithosphere organized an ad hoc working group in 1988 for compilation and construction of geotransects in the Taiwan region, a region considered by the scientific world as a classic example of collision and subduction of plates.Three geotransects have been constructed, with insufficient data: geotransect N along latitude 24°30′N, geotransect M along latitude 23°30′, and geotransect S along latitude 22°30′N. The data used in the constructions are mainly scattered in publications on the geology and geophysics of Taiwan. The purpose of the study is to promote further investigation of the mechanism of plate motion in terms of geology and geophysics, to improve interpretation of the geotectonics of the region.
A plea for simplicity
Authors: Urrutia‐Fucugauchi J. 
Published: October 2006

This comment is a simple plea that authors who wish to introduce a new name for geological/geophysical features into the literature check that the feature has not already been discovered and named, and that the term is suitable. This is of particular concern for researchers working in foreign countries, where the language may be different. Unrestricted and careless naming of features in journals and maps only adds to the confusion and detracts from the scientific work being reported.Naming new formations, species, and planetary features (asteroids, moon craters, etc.) has been carefully regulated in the fields of geology, biology, and astronomy, both to maintain accuracy and to eliminate unnecessary duplication of terms. Such care should also be exercised in referring to other features, such as faults, volcanos, small hills, paleoelements, tectonic blocks, and terranes. Closely scrutinizing appropriate literature and/or consulting with mapping agencies, institutions, or individual researchers should be completed before a new name is chosen. This will not only be an act of courtesy and good taste, but it will add to the scientific work. A similar plea has been expressed in respect to naming new features in marine sciences [Fisher, 1987; Laughton, 1990].
Basaltic magma from the crust is not a free option
Authors: Morse S. A. 
Published: October 2006

Supposing that it is the business of section officers to stir the pot from time to time, I have elected to introduce myself (as President‐Elect of the Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology section) by way of this small polemic on a matter of general interest, the origin of mafic magma. My hope is to identify a piece of folly so that it will go away. Knowing, however, the Gresham‐Murphy law of information that bad ideas outrun the good, my expectations are somewhat lower than my hopes.In a recent abstract about the perturbed geochemistry of mafic crustal rocks, the usual options were invoked: enriched mantle source, crustal contamination of basaltic magma, and, in addition, “ … by partial melting of basaltic crust in the lower crust or uppermost mantle.” This last hypothesis appears with some frequency in the literature. Accordingly, I refrain from pointing the finger at the amiably misguided perpetrators by citing references to any of them.
Regional deformation and global tectonics from space geodetic techniques
Authors: Robbins John W. 
Published: October 2006

Present‐day plate‐tectonic motions have been estimated from the space‐based geodetic techniques of Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) between sites located on seven of the major tectonic plates. The observational history for the two techniques extends back to the late 1960s, but data taken during the last decade is particularly robust and of sufficient quality to resolve relative motions of the observing stations at the 2–4 mm/year uncertainty level. With the continuation of these measurements and the expansion of tracking networks, more detailed interpretations of the surface motions can be made, further deepening our understanding of plate‐driving processes and the lithospheric response to tectonic stress.Shortly after the Loma Prieta earthquake in the Santa Cruz Mountains of California on October 18, 1989, mobile VLBI systems visited three sites within 150 km of the epicenter and made measurements jointly with other sites in an intensive observational campaign to measure co‐ and postseismic deformation. At Fort Ord (50 km south of the epicenter), the earthquake‐related horizontal displacement was estimated at 4914 mm, oriented in a northerly direction. At the Presidio (in San Francisco, 100 km northwest of the epicenter), the horizontal displacement was estimated at 1215 mm oriented in a southeasterly direction, and further north, at Point Reyes (140 km northwest of the epicenter), no horizontal displacement was detected beyond the noise level of the observations. A coseismic slip model in which slip on the rupture zone's southern segment is shallower than that on the more northern segment predicts static displacements that are consistent with these results [Clark et al., 1990].
Supercomputing research networks
Authors: Mulhall Marguerite 
Published: October 2006

The need for a federal high‐performance computing network has been presented before several congressional committees over the last several weeks. Championing the cause is Senator Albert Gore, Jr.(D‐TN), Chairman of the Senate Subcommittee on Science, Space and Technology. Gore has been trumpeting the creation of computer “superhighways,” which would link supercomputers at universities, national laboratories and in industry and have the capability of transmitting 1000 times more data per second than current networks. The National High‐Performance Computer Technology Act (S.1067) was introduced by Gore in May 1989 and authorizes $1.75 billion over 5 years for the program.The proposed program would involve the National Science Foundation, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Department of Energy and Department of Defense. Other agencies such as National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Geological Survey, National Institutes of Health and Library of Congress would also play important roles. Gore's bill authorizes specific funds for the NSF in this area; however, to gain authorization for the program for some of the other agencies' “companion” bills must be introduced.
Rainfall mission approved in U.S. and Japan
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), the joint U.S./Japan space mission to measure rainfall over the global tropics, has been formally approved in both nations, with launch scheduled for late 1996 or 1997.As described in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (vol. 69, pp. 278–295), TRMM, in its early planning stages, will be the first space mission to fly a rain radar. The “rain package” also includes a multichannel passive microwave radiometer and a high‐resolution visible and infrared instrument, similar to the AVHRR (advanced very high‐resolution radiometer). Orbiting at 350‐km elevation for high resolution, TRMM is inclined at 35° in order to overfly tropical locations at a different local time each day, and to document the diurnal variability in precipitation. An important TRMM measurement will monitor monthly rainfall over 5° by 5° boxes over oceans to an accuracy of approximately 10–15%, with the largest error arising from sampling by the selected orbit. Rainfall over individual swaths will also be valuable and can become useful data sets, particularly when combined with products from other satellites.
GLOBEC Research
Authors: Taylor Phillip R. 
Published: October 2006

The Division of Ocean Sciences of the National Science Foundation has announced the first research opportunities in GLOBEC, an initiative for studying global ocean ecosystems. The announcement is based on research priorities developed by the U.S. GLOBEC Steering Committee. Initial GLOBEC studies will be directed at theoretical and modeling developments.GLOBEC (GLOBal ocean ECosystems dynamics) is a component of the U.S. Global Change Research Program (see “GLOBEC,” Eos, 70, 82, 1989). The initiative was called for by the oceanographic, marine ecology and fisheries communities to address the question, What will be the effect of the changes in our global environment on the populations and communities of marine animals comprising marine ecosystems?
Jesuit Geophysical Observatories
Authors: Udias Agustin , Stauder William 
Published: October 2006

Jesuits have had ah interest in observing and explaining geophysical phenomena since this religious order, the Society of Jesus, was founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540. Three principal factors contributed to this interest: their educational work in colleges and universities, their missionary endeavors to remote lands where they observed interesting and often as yet undocumented natural phenomena, and a network of communication that brought research of other Jesuits readily to their awareness.One of the first and most important Jesuit colleges was the Roman College (today the Gregorian University) founded in 1551 in Rome, which served as a model for many other universities throughout the world. By 1572, Christopher Clavius (1537–1612), professor of mathematics at the Roman College, had already initiated an important tradition of Jesuit research by emphasizing applied mathematics and insisting on the need of serious study of mathematics in the program of studies in the humanities. In 1547 he directed a publication of Euclid's work with commentaries, and published several treatises on mathematics, including Arithmetica Practica [1585], Gnomonicae [1581], and Geometrica Practica [1606]. Clavius was also a Copernican and supported his friend Galileo when he announced the discovery of the satellites of Jupiter.