bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved methods for extracting frequent itemsets from interim‐support trees
Authors: Coenen F. , Leng P. , Pagourtzis A. , Rytter W. , Souliou D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMining association rules in relational databases is a significant computational task with lots of applications. A fundamental ingredient of this task is the discovery of sets of attributes (itemsets) whose frequency in the data exceeds some threshold value. In this paper we describe two algorithms for completing the calculation of frequent sets using a tree structure for storing partial supports, called interim‐support (IS) tree. The first of our algorithms (T‐Tree‐First (TTF)) uses a novel tree pruning technique, based on the notion of (fixed‐prefix) potential inclusion, which is specially designed for trees that are implemented using only two pointers per node. This allows to implement the IS tree in a space‐efficient manner. The second algorithm (P‐Tree‐First (PTF)) explores the idea of storing the frequent itemsets in a second tree structure, called the total support tree (T‐tree); the main innovation lies in the use of multiple pointers per node, which provides rapid access to the nodes of the T‐tree and makes it possible to design a new, usually faster, method for updating them. Experimental comparison shows that these techniques result in considerable speedup for both algorithms compared with earlier approaches that also use IS trees (Principles of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, Proceedings of the 5th European Conference, PKDD, 2001, Freiburg, September 2001 (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, vol. 2168). Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, 54–66; Journal of Knowledge‐Based Syst. 2000; 13:141–149). Further comparison between the two new algorithms, shows that the PTF is generally faster on instances with a large number of frequent itemsets, provided that they are relatively short, whereas TTF is more appropriate whenever there exist few or quite long frequent itemsets; in addition, TTF behaves well on instances in which the densities of the items of the database have a high variance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rheological and Thermal Properties of Extruded Mixtures of Rice Starch and Isolated Soy Protein
Authors: Ramírez Ortiz Maria Eugenia , San Martín‐Martínez Eduardo , Martínez Padilla Laura P. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMany foods gain new mechanical, thermal and textural properties after being processed due to interactions between carbohydrates and proteins. This effect is characteristic for each foodstuff. The properties of extruded isolated soy protein (ISP) and rice starch were studied considering the following extrusion variables: starch proportion with respect to ISP (0–100%), pH (3–9), moisture content (20–30%) and temperature (140–180ºC). The following characteristics were measured: Water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), glass transition temperature (Tg), melting temperature (Tm), viscosity at 90ºC and at 50ºC, storage (G′), loss modulus (G′′) and tan δ. The results indicate that the extruded starch exhibits higher WAI and WSI values than untreated starch. For extruded ISP these values are much lower than for untreated ISP. Extrudates with higher starch proportion had higher Tg and Tm values; pH has a significant effect (p<0.05), at pH 3 higher Tg values were observed, and at pH 9 higher values of Tm. The highest viscosities at 90ºC and 50ºC were observed for extrudates with a higher starch proportion and pH 9. Extruded mixtures showed a more elastic than viscous behavior and an extruded 1:1 blend of starch‐ISP exhibited the behavior of a viscous liquid.
Effects of Extrusion Temperature and Plasticizers on the Physical and Functional Properties of Starch Films
Authors: Pushpadass Heartwin A. , Marx David B. , Hanna Milford A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCornstarch, at 20% moisture content (dry basis, d.b.), was mixed with glycerol at 3:1 ratio to form the base material for extruded starch films. Stearic acid, sucrose and urea, at varying concentrations, were tested as secondary plasticizers for the starch‐glycerol mixture. The ingredients were extruded at 110 and 120°C barrel temperatures to determine the effects of extrusion temperature, plasticizer type and their concentrations on the film‐forming characteristics of starch, as well as their effects on selected physical and functional properties of the films. The physical and mechanical properties of the films were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tensile testing, while the glass transition and gelatinization properties were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The interactions between the functional groups of starch and plasticizers were investigated using Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The water vapor permeability (WVP) properties of starch films were determined using ASTM standard E96‐95. Scanning electron micrographs exhibited the presence of native and partially melted starch granules in the extruded films. The tensile stress, strain at break and Young's modulus of starch films ranged from 0.9 to 3.2 MPa, 26.9 to 56.2% and 4.5 to 67.7 MPa, respectively. DSC scans displayed two glass transitions in the temperature ranges of 0.1 to 1°C and 9.6 to 12°C. Multiple melting endotherms, including that of amylose‐lipid complexes, were observed in the thermoplastic extrudates. The gelatinization enthalpies of the starch in the extruded films varied from 0 to 1.7 J/g, and were dependent largely on the extrusion temperature and plasticizer content. The shift in the FTIR spectral bands, as well as the appearance of double‐peaks, suggested strong hydrogen bonding interactions between the starch and plasticizers. The WVP of starch films ranged from 10.9 to 15.7 g mm h‐1 m‐2 kPa‐1, depending on the extrusion temperature and the type of plasticizer used.
Evaluating the utility of an accelerometer and urinary hormone analysis as indicators of estrus in a Zoo‐housed koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)
Authors: Takahashi Maressa , Tobey Jennifer R. , Pisacane Corinne Bacon , Andrus Chris Hamlin 
Published: October 2008

AbstractInduced ovulators, such as the koala, do not always have overt signs of estrus, which makes pairing these animals for breeding purposes difficult to achieve in a zoo setting. This study examined the possibility of using alternative methods to behavioral sampling and weight fluctuations for monitoring estrus in a female koala of reproductive age. We attempt to gain an improved understanding of koala estrus and enhance our ability to detect it by combining a noninvasive technique for hormone analysis with a newer method for recording activity level. The findings suggest that activity levels were accurately measured using an accelerometer and increased activity was associated with one estrus behavior, bellowing. Weekly weight declines occur with increases in activity registered from the accelerometer. We also validated an assay to detect progesterone and estradiol in female koala urine in an attempt to detect an estrus spike. However, neither urinary concentrations of estradiol nor progesterone was associated with behavioral cues of estrus in our subject. We suggest that increased female activity, bellowing, and weight loss all indicate a pro‐estrus state that requires proper male stimulation in order to achieve a full estrus display. Zoo Biol 28:59–68, 2009. ©2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
EFA supplementation in children with inattention, hyperactivity, and other disruptive behaviors
Authors: Stevens Laura , Zhang Wen , Peck Louise , Kuczek Thomas , Grevstad Nels , Mahon Anne , Zentall Sydney S. , Eugene Arnold L. , Burgess John R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis pilot study evaluated the effects of supplementation with PUFA on blood FA composition and behavior in children with Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD)‐like symptoms also reporting thirst and skin problems. Fifty children were randomized to treatment groups receiving either a PUFA supplement providing a daily dose of 480 mg DHA, 80 mg EPA, 40 mg arachidonic acid (AA), 96 mg GLA, and 24 mg α‐tocopheryl acetate, or an olive oil placebo for 4 mon of doubleblind parallel treatment. Supplementation with the PUFA led to a substantial increase in the proportions of EPA, DHA, and α‐tocopherol in the plasma phospholipids and red blood cell (RBC) total lipids, but an increase was noted in the plasma phospholipid proportions of 18∶3n‐3 with olive oil as well. Significant improvements in multiple but outcomes (as rated by parents) were noted in both groups, but a clear benefit from PUFA supplementation for all behaviors characteristic of AD/HD was not observed. For most outcomes, improvement of the PUFA group was consistently nominally better than that of the olive oil group; but the treatment difference was significantly, by secondary intent‐to‐treat analysis on only 2 out of 16 outcome measures: conduct problems rated by parents (−42.7 vs. −9.9%, n=47, P=0.05), and attention symptoms rated by teachers (−14.8 vs. +3.4%, n=47, P=0.03). PUFA supplementation led to a greater number of participants showing improvement in oppositional defiant behavior from a clinical to a nonclinical range compared with olive oil supplementation (8 out of 12 vs. 3 out of 11, n=33, P=0.02). Also, significant correlations were observed when comparing the magnitude of change between increasing proportions of EPA in the RBC and decreasing disruptive behavior as assessed by the Abbreviated Symptom Questionnaire (ASQ) for parents (r=−0.38, n=31, P<0.05), and for EPA and DHA in the RBC and the teachers' Disruptive Behavior Disorders (DBD) Rating Scale for Attention (r=−0.49, n=24, P<0.05). Interestingly, significant correlations were observed between the magnitude of increase in α‐tocopherol concentrations in the RBC and a decrease in scores for all four subscales of the teacher's DBD (Hyperactivity, r=−0.45; Attention, r=−0.60; Conduct, r=−0.41; Oppositional/Defiant Disorder, r=−0.54; n=24, P<0.05) as well as the ASQ for teachers (r=−0.51, n=24, P<0.05). Thus, the results of this pilot study suggest the need for further research with both n−3 FA and vitamin E in children with behavioral disorders.
Effect of orlistat on fat absorption in rats: A comparison of normal rats and rats with diverted bile and pancreatic juice
Authors: Porsgaard Trine , Straarup Ellen Marie , Mu Huiling , Høy Carl‐Erik 
Published: October 2008

AbstractOrlistat is a specific inhibitor of pancreatic and gastric lipases leading to decreased absorption of fat. In the present study, we measured the effect of orlistat on lymphatic fat transport in rats following intake of oils very different in FA composition and TAG, structure, and compared this with the transport in normal rats and rats with fat malabsorption. Rats were subjected to cannulation of the main mesenteric lymph duct, and a feeding catheter was inserted into the stomach. In addition, malabsorbing rats were cannulated in the common bile and pancreatic duct. Emulsified safflower, fish, and randomized oils were administered, and lymph was collected for 24 h and analyzed for FA composition. Administration of 25 mg orlistat together with the dietary oils resulted in very small changes from baseline lymphatic transport, indicating that inhibition of the fat absorption was almost complete and furthermore that the source of fat had no influence on the inhibitory effect of orlistat. Orlistat did not interfere with the absorption of the hydrolysis products, since high absorption of sn‐2 MAG and FFA (oleic acid) mixed with orlistat was observed. The baseline lymphatic transport in the orlistat group was higher than in the malabsorbing group, but this was the result of generally lower transport of endogenous FA in the malabsorbing group, presumably caused by the absence of bile FA. The transport of FA in normal rats was several‐fold higher than the transport after orlistat addition and in malabsorbing rats. Thus, this study showed that orlistat inhibited fat hydrolysis, and thereby lymphatic absorption, almost completely independently of the fat administered.
Dietary α‐linolenic acid increases the n−3 PUFA content of sow's milk and the tissues of the suckling piglet
Authors: Bazinet Richard P. , McMillan Ewen G. , Cunnane Stephen C. 
Published: October 2008

Abstractα‐Linolenic acid (18∶3n−3) is a precursor to DHA (22∶6n−3), which is essential for normal growth and development in the infant. This study was undertaken to assess how a raised 18∶3n−3 intake in sows affects the n−3 PUFA content of the suckling piglet. Sows consumed a high‐ 18∶3n−3 or control diet (n−3 PUFA/n−6 PUFA, 0.5 vs. 0.05, respectively) for 10 d prior to parturition and for 14 d postpartum. Piglets suckled from their mothers until 14 d of age, when they were sacrificed. Sows consuming the high‐18∶3n−3 diet had 141% more 18∶3n−3 and 86% more 22∶6n−3 in their milk compared to control sows. There was no difference in the proximate composition of the piglets. The n−3/n−6 PUFA ratio was 82% higher in the milk of sows consuming the high‐18∶3n−3 diet compared to controls. Piglets suckling from sows consuming the high‐18∶3n−3 die had 423% more 18∶3n−3 in the carcass as well as a 460% higher n−3/n−6 PUFA ratio than controls. The piglets suckling from sows consuming the high‐18∶3n−3 diet had 333% more 18∶3n−3 and 54% more 22∶6n−3 in the liver, as well as a 114% higher n−3/n−6 ratio than control piglets. Piglets suckling from sows consuming a high‐18∶3n−3 diet also had 24% more 22∶6n−3 and a 33% higher n−3/n−6 ratio in the brain compared to control piglets. A high 18∶3n−3 intake in the sow increases not only the 18∶3n−3 but also the 22∶6n−3 content of sow's milk and the tissues of the suckling piglet.
Stearic acid stimulates FA ethyl ester synthesis in HepG2 cells exposed to ethanol
Authors: Hasaba Ali , Cluette‐Brown Joanne E. , Laposata Michael 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFA ethyl esters (FAEE) are nonoxidative metabolites of ethanol produced by the esterification of FA and ethanol. FAFF have been implicated as mediators of ethanol‐induced organ damage in vivo and in vitro, and are markers of ethanol intake. Upon ethanol intake, FAEE are synthesized in the liver and pancreas in significant quantities. There is limited information on the stimulation of FAEE synthesis upon addition of exogenous FA in vitro. HepG2 cells were incubated with ethanol alone, ethanol with 25 μM linoleate, and ethanol with 25 μM stearate. The amount of FAFF in human hepatoblastoma (HepG2) cells was determined 1–3 h after ethanol and FA addition. Stearate increased the FAEE concentration in HepG2 cells when incubated with the cells for 1 h, whereas linoleate did not increase the cellular FAEE concentration at any time. Ethyl palmitate, ethyl stearate, and ethyl oleate were the predominant FAEE species identified in all cases, independent of the specific supplemental FA added to the medium.
Inhibitory action of emulsified sulfoquinovosyl acylglycerol on mammalian DNA polymerases
Authors: Mizushina Yoshiyuki , Maeda Naoki , Kawasaki Miho , Ichikawa Hideki , Murakami Chikako , Takemura Masaharu , Xu Xianai , Sugawara Fumio , Fukumori Yoshinobu , Yoshida Hiromi , Sakaguchi Kengo 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe reported previously that sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyl monoacylglycerol (SQDG/SQMG) are potent inhibitors of mammalian DNA polymerases and DNA topoisomerase II, and can be potent immunosuppressive agents and anticancer chemotherapy agents [Matsumoto, Y., Sahara, H., Fujita T., Shimozawa, K., Takenouchi, M., Torigoe, T., Hanashima, S., Yamazaki, T., Takahashi, S., Sugawara, F., et al., An Immunosuppressive Effect by Synthetic Sulfonolipids Deduced from Sulfonoquinovosyl Diacylglycerols of Sea Urchin, Transplantation 74, 261–267 (2002); Sahara, H., Hanashima, S., Yamazaki, T., Takahashi, S., Sugawara, F., Ohtani, S., Ishikawa, M., Mizushina, Y., Ohta, K., Shimozawa, K., et al., Anti‐tumor Effect of Chemically Synthesized Sulfolipids Based on Sea Urchin's Natural Sulfonoquinovosylmonoacylglycerols, Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 93, 85–92 (2002)]. In those experiments, the in vivo effectiveness greatly depended on the degree of water solubility of SQDG/SQMG. In the present work, we studied the emulsification of SQDG/SQMG in terms of their use in in vivo experiments. Lipid emulsions containing SQDG/SQMG (oil‐in‐water emulsions) in which the particle size was smaller than 100 nm were designed and synthesized, and then the biochemical modes of emulsified SQDG/SQMG were studied in comparison with those of SQDG/SQMG solubilized by DMSO. Emulsified SQDG/SQMG are also selective mammalian DNA polymerase inhibitors and potent antineoplastic agents but do not inhibit the DNA topoisomerase II activity. The growth inhibition effect of emulsified SQMG to NUGC‐3 cancer cells was twofold stronger than DMSO‐soluble, SQMG (69 and 151 μM, respectively). From these results, the properties of lipid emulsions containing SQDG/SQMG and their possible use in in vivo experiments including clinical use are discussed.
On the origin of cis‐vaccenic acid photodegradation products in the marine environment
Authors: Rontani Jean‐François , Koblížek Michal , Beker Béatriz , Bonin Patricia , Kolber Zbigniew S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe origin of 11‐hydroxyoctadec‐trans‐12‐enoic and 12‐hydroxyoctadec‐trans‐10‐enoic acids (photodegradation products of cis‐vaccenic acid) in the marine environment was investigated. cis‐vaccenic acid is commonly used as a bacterial biomarker; however, in heterotrophic bacteria the observed rates of cis‐vaccenic acid photodegradation are negligible. Here, two hypotheses explaining the source of the photoproducts were tested. According to the first hypothesis, the photoproducts originate from aerobic anoxygenic bacteria, i.e., photoheterotrophic organisms using bacteriochlorophyll‐containing reaction centers. Alternatively, the photoproducts come from a heterotrophic bacterial community closely associated with senescent phytoplanktonic cells. cis‐Vaccenic acid photodegradation was detected in both experimental setups. However, a detailed comparison of the cis‐vaccenic acid photodegradation patterns with those observed in particulate matter samples of the DYFAMED station (Mediterranean Sea) suggests that photodegradation of heterotrophic bacteria attached to senescent phytoplanktonic cells constitutes the more likely source of cis‐vaccenic acid oxidation products detected in situ.
Fatty acids of lipid fractions in extracellular polymeric substances of activated sludge flocs
Authors: Conrad Arnaud , Kontro Merja , Keinänen Minna M. , Cadoret Aurore , Faure Pierre , Mansuy‐Huault Laurence , Block Jean‐Claude 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPhospholipid (PL), glycolipid (GL), and neutral lipid (NL) FA, and the lipopolysaccharide 2‐ and 3‐hydroxy (LPS 2‐OH and 3‐OH) FA of activated sludges and extracted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were determined on samples collected from two wastewater treatment plants. EPS extracted from sludges by means of sonication and cation exchange contained proteins (43.4%), humic‐like substances (11.5%), nucleic acids (10.9%), carbohydrates (9.9%), and lipid‐bound FA (1.8%). The lipids associated with EPS were composed of GL, PL, NL, and LPS acids in proportions of 61, 21, 16, and 2%, respectively. The profiles of lipid‐bound FA in activated sludges and EPS were similar (around 85 separate FA were identified). The FA signatures observed can be attributed to the likely presence of yeasts, fungi, sulfate‐reducing bacteria, gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria, and, in lesser quantities, mycobacteria. Comparison of data from the dates of sampling (January and September) showed that there were more unsaturated PLFA in the EPS extracted from the activated sludges sampled in January. This observation could be partly related to microorganism adaptation to temperature variations. The comparison between two wastewater treatment plants showed that the FA profiles were similar, although differences in microbial community structure were also seen. Most of the FA in sludges had an even number of carbons.
Two Novel Ceramides with a Phytosphingolipid and a Tertiary Amide Structure from Zephyranthes candida
Authors: Wu Zhi‐ping , Chen Yu , Xia Bing , Wang Ming , Dong Yun‐Fa , Feng Xu 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTwo novel ceramides, Candidamide A (1) with a phytosphingolipid structure, and Candidamide B (2) with a tertiary amide structure, together with 12 known compounds (3–14) have been isolated from the bulbs of Zephyranthes candida, The structures of 1 and 2 have been elucidated to be 1,3,5,6‐tetrahydroxy‐2‐(2′‐hydroxytetracosanoyl amino)‐8‐(E)‐octadecadiene (1) and (2S,3S,4R,8E,2′R)‐2‐[N‐(2′‐hydroxyoctadecanoyl)‐N‐(1′′,2′′‐dihydroxyethyl)‐amino]‐8‐hexacosene‐1,3,4‐triol (2) on the basis of spectroscopic evidence including IR, MS, NMR (1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, DEPT, 1H–1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC). The known compounds were identified as (2S)‐3′,7‐dihydroxy‐4′‐methoxyflavan (3), (2S)‐4′‐hydroxy‐7‐methoxyflavan (4), (2S)‐4′,7‐dihydroxyflavan (5), 7‐hydroxy‐3′, 4′‐methylenedioxyflavan (6), ambrettolide (7), β‐sitostero1 (8), β‐daucosterin (9), rutin (10), pancratistatin (11), lycorine (12), haemanthidine (13), and haemanthamine (14). In the antimicrobial assay, candidamide A (1) and candidamide B (2) displayed moderate activities against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and fungi Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum.
NMR, GC–MS and ESI‐FTICR‐MS Profiling of Fatty Acids and Triacylglycerols in Some Botswana Seed Oils
Authors: Mitei Y. C. , Ngila J. C. , Yeboah S. O. , Wessjohann L. , Schmidt J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn the search for non‐traditional seed oils, physicochemical parameters, fatty acid (FA) and triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles for five Botswana seed oils, obtained by Soxhlet extraction, were determined. GC–MS and 1H‐NMR analyses showed the FA profiles for mkukubuyo, Sterculia africana, and manketti, Ricinodendron rautanenii, seed oils dominated by linoleic and oleic acids, 26.1, 16.7 and 51.9, 24.4%, respectively, with S. africana containing significant amounts of cyclic FAs (19.9%). Mokolwane, Hyphaene petersiana, seed oil was typically lauric; 12:0 and 14:0 acids were 25.9 and 13.4%, respectively. Morama, Tylosema esculentum, seed oil resembled olive oil; 18:1 (47.3%) and 18:2 (23.4%) acids dominated. Moretologa‐kgomo, Ximenia caffra, seed oil had 45.8% of 18:1 FA, plus significant amounts of very long chain FAs: 26:1 (5.8%), 28:1 (13.9%), 30:1 (3.9%), and acetylenic acids, 9a‐18:1 (1.5%) and 9a, 11t‐18:2 (16.0%). TAG classes and regiochemistry were determined with ESI‐FTICR‐MS, and 13C‐NMR spectra, respectively. Morama showed seven major TAG classes with C54:4 and C54:3 dominating; mokolwane had 16 major classes with C32:0, C38:0 and C42:2 dominating; manketti had 11 major classes with C54:7, C54:6 and C54:4 dominating; mkukubuyo had 12 major classes with C52:4, C52:3 and C54:4 dominating; moretologa‐kgomo had 30 major TAG classes with C64:5, C64:3 and C62:3 dominating. Saturated FAs were generally distributed over the sn‐1(3) position for morama, manketti, and moretologa‐kgomo but at the sn‐2 position for mokolwane and mkukubuyo. These findings indicate that morama and manketti seed oils can be developed for food uses, whilst moretologa‐kgomo and mkukubuyo seed oils only for nonfood uses.