bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S‐methyl derivatives from thiol compounds by the pyrolytic reaction with trimethylsulfonium hydroxide
Authors: Vosmann Klaus , Klein Erika , Weber Nikolaus 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBase‐catalyzed transesterification of acyl lipids with methanol in the presence of trimethylsulfonium hydroxide (TMSH) is an easy and convenient method for the preparation of fatty acid methyl esters for gas chromatography (GC) analyses. Free fatty acids are converted to fatty acid methyl esters by the pyrolytic reaction with TMSH as well. We have found that lipids and other compounds containing thiol groups are also converted easily to the corresponding methyl sulfides (methyl thioethers) by the pyrolytic reaction with TMSH occurring in the injector of the gas chromatograph. For example, alkane thiols such as dodecane thiol and octadecane thiol are converted to the corresponding alkyl methyl sulfides, whereas bis(methylthio) derivatives are formed from α,ω‐alkane dithiols, e.g., 1,8‐octanedithiol, and from 2,3‐dimercaptopropan‐1‐ol (dimercaprol). Furthermore, 3β‐mercaptocholest‐5‐ene (thiocholesterol) is converted to 3‐methylthiocholest‐5‐ene by the same reaction. The S‐methylation reactions which finally lead to the corresponding methylthio derivatives of lipids and other compounds with thiol groups may be of diagnostic value for the structural analysis of such compounds by GC and GC/mass spectrometry.
Lipid and fatty acid composition of brush border membrane of rat intestine during starvation
Authors: Waheed A. A. , Yasuzumi F. , Gupta P. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlterations in the lipid and fatty acid composition of brush border membrane (BBM) of small intestine were studied in well‐fed, starved, and refed rats. The ratios of cholesterol/phospholipid (mol/mol), sphingomyelin/phosphatidylcholine (mol/mol), protein/lipid (w/w), and free fatty acids (w/w) decreased whereas the total phospholipid (w/w) ratio and the double‐bond index increased in BBM of the intestine of the starved rat compared to that of the well‐fed rat. Analyses of fatty acids showed higher percentage of stearic and arachidonic acids whereas oleic and linoleic acids decreased under starvation. The acyl chain of starved rat BBM was less ordered compared with that of well‐fed rat BBM. On refeeding, these changes were restored to well‐fed levels. The change in membrane state under starvation is associated with alterations in the lipid and fatty acid composition of BBM and may be responsible for functional changes that occur under nutritional stress.
Dynamic Pricing and Consumer Fairness Perceptions
Authors: Haws Kelly L. , Bearden William O. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Dynamic pricing practices by sellers in response to segment and individual-level differences have been made more feasible as internet buyer behavior increases. While benefits from these pricing practices can accrue to sellers and buyers, the potential for (un)fairness perceptions to mitigate these advantages is important. In an effort to investigate these issues, this article reports the results of three studies that examine the effects of seller-, consumer-, time-, and auction-based price differences on perceived price fairness and purchase satisfaction. The findings underscore the potential negative effects associated with price differences from dynamic pricing practices.
The crystal structure of Zr2NiD4.5
Authors: Sørby M. H. , Gunnæs A. E. , Løvvik O. M. , Brinks H. W. , Fjellvåg H. , Hauback B. C. 
Published: November 2006

The crystal structure of Zr2NiD4.5 has been determined by a combination of synchrotron radiation powder X-ray diffraction, electron diffraction and powder neutron diffraction data. Deuterium ordering results in a triclinic supercell given by a
super = 6.81560 (7), b
super = 8.85137 (9), c
super = 8.88007 (10) Å, αsuper = 79.8337 (8), βsuper = 90.0987 (9), γsuper = 90.3634 (9)°, which relates to the non-super unit cell as a
super = −a, b
super = −b − c, c
super = −b + c. The centrosymmetric and fully ordered deuterium sublattice was determined by simulated annealing and Rietveld refinement. Deuterium was found to occupy three types of tetrahedral sites: two that are coordinated by four Zr atoms and one that is coordinated by three Zr atoms and one Ni atom. All D—D distances are longer than 2 Å. The feasibility of the crystal structure was supported by density functional theory calculations.
A randomised comparison of melphalan with prednisone or dexamethasone as induction therapy and dexamethasone or observation as maintenance therapy in multiple myeloma: NCIC CTG MY.7
Authors: Shustik Chaim , Belch Andrew , Robinson Sue , Rubin Sheldon H. , Dolan Sean P. , Kovacs Michael J. , Grewal Kuljit S. , Walde David , Barr Robert , Wilson Jonathan , Gill Kulwant , Vickars Linda , Rudinskas Leona , Sicheri Dolores A. , Wilson Kenneth , Djurfeldt Marina , Shepherd Lois E. , Ding Keyue , Meyer Ralph M. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe effectiveness of melphalan plus dexamethasone (M‐Dex) with melphalan plus prednisone (MP) as induction therapy and dexamethasone with observation as maintenance therapy was compared in 585 older patients with multiple myeloma. Randomization to the M‐Dex arm was stopped as a result of an analysis performed which met a predetermined event‐related criterion. Of 466 patients randomised to MP or M‐Dex, no differences were detected in the respective median progression‐free survivals (PFS) [1·8 vs. 1·9 years; Hazard Ratio (HR) = 0·88, 95% CI 0·72–1·07;P = 0·2] or overall survivals (OS) (2·5 vs. 2·7 years; HR = 0·91, 95% CI 0·74–1·11;P = 0·3). Of the initial 585 patients, 292 remained evaluable for maintenance therapy. Patients randomised to maintenance dexamethasone had a superior median PFS (2·8 years vs. 2·1 years; HR = 0·61, 95% CI 0·47–0·79;P = 0·0002). No difference in median OS was detected (4·1 years vs. 3·8 years; HR = 0·88, 95% CI 0·65–1·18;P = 0·4). The maintenance therapy results were robust when analysed by using two additional methodologies. Dexamethasone did not improve clinical outcome when combined with melphalan during induction; maintenance dexamethasone improved PFS, but this did not translate into a detectable survival advantage.
The effect of soya flour and flaxseed as a partial replacement for bread flour in yeast bread
Authors: Conforti Frank D. , Davis Sarah F. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe aim of the study was to incorporate and determine the effect of combining flaxseed meal (15%) and soya flour (5% and 10%) and monitoring the effect of the two ingredients on product quality in yeast bread while at the same time to evaluate the effect of soya flour in preventing the development of lipid rancidity in the stored soya/flax bread. Bread volume decreased (P < 0.05) with increased addition of grains (flax and soya flour). Firming (P < 0.05) of the crumb was observed with increased percentage of soya flour. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in moisture in the flax and soya/flax breads. Darker crusts (P < 0.05) were developed in the control and soya/flax breads, while a darker (P < 0.05) crumb was found in flax and soya/flax breads. A 10% substitution level of soya flour did not have a significant effect on inhibiting lipid rancidity, but a lower peroxide value was produced in the bread. A 10% level of soya flour substitution also produced bread with lower quality sensory scores.
Plant cell walls and cell‐wall polysaccharides: structures, properties and uses in food products
Authors: Harris Philip J. , Smith Bronwen G. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryWe describe preparations of plant cell walls and polysaccharides obtained from plant cell walls that are added to food products for two purposes: as modifiers of food texture and/or as dietary fibres with potential health benefits. Although a number of different types of plant cell walls occur, only some are presently exploited. Commercial ‘fibre preparations’ range from those containing mostly primary walls to those containing mostly lignified secondary walls from which much of the lignin and non‐cellulosic polysaccharides have been removed. Preparations of cell‐wall polysaccharides are obtained from the following sources: cellulose mostly from secondary walls of cotton and wood, pectin from primary walls of dicotyledons, and (1→3),(1→4)‐β‐glucans and arabinoxylans from primary walls of cereal grains. Preparations of galactomannans, xyloglucans and the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan I are obtained from non‐lignified secondary walls of certain leguminous seeds. The compositions, functionalities, uses and possible health benefits of these different preparations are discussed.
The effect of hybrid and growing environment on the rheological properties of starch and flour from maize (Zea mays L.) grain dried at four temperatures
Authors: Hardacre Allan Keith , Clark Suzanne Margaret 
Published: November 2006

SummaryGrain from three maize hybrids was harvested from crops grown at a mildly drought‐stressed site and at a non‐stressed site. Samples were dried to 14% moisture at temperatures of 25, 58, 80 and 100 °C before being milled to flour or starch extracted. Significant differences in the rheological properties of the flour milled from the grain samples were evident for all of the treatments. Differences in the rheological properties of extracted starches were smaller than those determined for the flours. Increasing the drying temperature from 58 °C to 110 °C increased the strength of the flour gels. The hard‐seeded variety, P3476, developed stronger gels during and after cooking. The effect of site was large, with the non‐stressed site producing stronger flour gels but weaker starch gels than the stressed site. Variation in the rheological properties of the flours could not be explained by differences in the properties of the starch.
Circulating levels of pro‐atrial natriuretic peptide in lower respiratory tract infections
Authors: MÜLLER B. , SÜESS E. , SCHUETZ P. , MÜLLER C. , BINGISSER R. , BERGMANN A. , STOLZ D. , TAMM M. , MORGENTHALER N. G. , CHRIST‐CRAIN M. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract.Objective.  To analyse the mid region of plasma N‐terminal pro‐atrial natriuretic peptide (MR‐proANP) levels in patients with lower respiratory tract infections to evaluate its prognostic use for the severity of disease and outcome.Design.  Prospective observational study.Setting.  Emergency department of a university hospital.Subjects.  A total of 545 consecutive patients with lower respiratory tract infections and 50 healthy controls.Interventions.  MR‐proANP was measured in serum from all patients using a new sandwich immunoassay.Results.  MR‐proANP levels (median [IQR], in pmol L−1) were significantly higher in patients with lower respiratory tract infections when compared with controls (138.0 [74.1–279.0] vs. 72.7 [62.5–89.5], P < 0.001), with highest levels in patients with community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP). MR‐proANP, but not C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels, gradually increased with increasing severity of CAP, classified according to the pneumonia severity index (PSI) score (P < 0.001). On admission, MR‐proANP levels were significantly higher in nonsurvivors when compared with survivors (293.0 [154.0–633.0] vs. 129.0 [71.4–255.0], P < 0.001). In a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis for the prediction of survival of patients with CAP the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for MR‐proANP was 0.69, similar when compared with the PSI (AUC 0.74, P = 0.31), and better when compared with other biomarkers, i.e. procalcitonin (AUC 0.57, P = 0.08), CRP (AUC 0.52, P = 0.02), and leucocyte count (AUC 0.56, P = 0.07).Conclusions.  MR‐proANP levels are increased in lower respiratory tract infections, especially in CAP. Together with other clinical, radiographic and laboratory findings, MR‐proANP levels might be helpful for the risk stratification in CAP.
Prognostic implications of renal dysfunction in patients with stable angina pectoris
Authors: ALMQUIST T. , FORSLUND L. , REHNQVIST N. , HJEMDAHL P. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract.Objective.  Impaired renal function is emerging as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular (CV) disease. We analysed the prognostic implications of estimated renal function in patients with angina pectoris.Design.  Post hoc analysis of the Angina Prognosis Study In Stockholm (APSIS). The estimated creatinine clearance (eCrCl) was calculated according to the Cockcroft–Gault formula in 808 patients. Outcomes were compared for subgroups with CrCl ≥90, 60–89 and<60 mL min−1.Setting.  Hospital‐based study with patients referred from primary care and hospital.Subjects.  A total of 809 patients (248 women) with clinically diagnosed stable angina pectoris.Intervention.  Double‐blind treatment with metoprolol or verapamil.Results.  One hundred and sixty‐four patients (91 women) had an eCrCl below 60 mL min−1. During a median follow‐up of 40 months, 38 patients suffered CV death and 31 patients had a nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI). In a univariate analysis a lower eCrCl was related to a higher risk for CV death or MI amongst men (log rank P = 0.036). A multivariate Cox analysis showed an independent prognostic importance of eCrCl for CV death (P = 0.046) and for CV death or MI (P = 0.042) amongst all patients. When analysed as a continuous variable, a 1 mL min−1 decrease in eCrCl was associated with a 1.6% (0.1–3.1) increase in the risk for CV death or MI, and a 2.1% (0–4.1) increase in the risk for CV death alone.Conclusion.  Renal dysfunction was found to be common in patients with stable angina pectoris and estimated creatinine clearances carried significant independent prognostic information regarding CV death and nonfatal MI.
High intercontinental migration rates and population admixture in the sapstain fungusOphiostoma ips
Authors: ZHOU XUDONG , BURGESS TREENA I. , DE BEER Z. WILHELM , LIEUTIER FRANCOIS , YART ANNIE , KLEPZIG KIER , CARNEGIE ANGUS , PORTALES JULIO MENA , WINGFIELD BRENDA D. , WINGFIELD MICHAEL J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOphiostoma ipsis a common fungal associate of various conifer‐infesting bark beetles in their native ranges and has been introduced into non‐native pine plantations in the Southern Hemisphere. In this study, we used 10 microsatellite markers to investigate the population biology ofO. ipsin native (Cuba, France, Morocco and USA) and non‐native (Australia, Chile and South Africa) areas to characterize host specificity, reproductive behaviour, and the potential origin as well as patterns of spread of the fungus and its insect vectors. The markers resolved a total of 41 alleles and 75 haplotypes. Higher genetic diversity was found in the native populations than in the introduced populations. Based on the origin of the insect vectors, the populations ofO. ipsin Australia would be expected to reflect a North American origin, and those in Chile and South Africa to reflect a European origin. However, most alleles observed in the native European population were also found in the native North American population; only the allele frequencies among the populations varied. This admixture made it impossible to confirm the origin of the introduced Southern Hemisphere (SH) populations ofO. ips. There was also no evidence for specificity of the fungus to particular bark beetle vectors or hosts. AlthoughO. ipsis thought to be mainly self‐fertilizing, evidence for recombination was found in the four native populations surveyed. The higher genetic diversity in the North American than in the European population suggests that North America could be the possible source region ofO. ips.
Pleistocene isolation in the Northwestern Pacific marginal seas and limited dispersal in a marine fish,Chelon haematocheilus(Temminck & Schlegel, 1845)
Authors: LIU JIN‐XIAN , GAO TIAN‐XIANG , WU SHI‐FANG , ZHANG YA‐PING 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe Northwestern Pacific has a unique tectonic and geographical history with several marginal seas separating Asia from the Pacific Ocean. During low sea level periods of Pleistocene glaciations, populations might have been isolated in three marginal seas: the Sea of Japan, East China Sea and South China Sea. Following postglacial sea level rise, we would expect the populations isolated in the three regions to have been homogenized by high dispersal potential. To assess these hypotheses, we explore the intraspecific phylogeographical patterns in redlip mullet,Chelon haematocheilus. Fragments of 435 bp at the 5′ end of mitochondrial DNA control region were sequenced for 272 individuals from nine localities over most of the species’ range. Three distinct lineages were detected, which might have diverged in the three marginal seas during Pleistocene low sea levels. Contrary to homogenization expectation, there were strong differences in the geographical distribution of the three lineages. Analyses of molecular variance and the population statistic ΦSTalso revealed significant genetic structure among populations of the three marginal seas. These results indicate that gene flow inChelon haematocheilusis far more restricted spatially than predicted by the potential dispersal capabilities of this species. The lack of phylogeographical structure in East China Sea may reflect a recent range expansion after the last glacial maximum and insufficient time to attain migration‐drift equilibrium.
The Situation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) Outbreaks in Turkey
Authors: Coven F. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe first avian influenza (AI) outbreak occurred on 5 October, 2005, in north‐west Turkey. On 13 October 2005, the virus was confirmed as H5N1 in Weybridge CVL, AI‐NDV Reference Laboratory. Based on genetic analysis of the NA gene, the virus showed a close similarity to A7 Great Black Headed Gull/Qinghai/1/05 (99.6 % identity). Therefore, there is a direct relationship between the recent central Asian and Turkey isolates. The HA gene of the Turkish isolate was most similar to A/Grebe/Novosbirsk/05 (98.7% identity), and the Turkish isolate has therefore direct relationship with recent Russia, Mongolia and China isolates. The second outbreak of AI in Turkey occurred on 26 December 2005 in Igdır, close to the Iranian and Armenian border. The second outbreak was also due to H5N1 and it exhibited a significant spreading potential within the eastern region of the country. A total of 2 246 954 susceptible animals in the protection zone were culled with compensation.
Strength in Networks: Employment Rights Organizations and the Problem of Co‐Ordination
Authors: Heckscher Charles , Carré Françoise 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn recent decades, alternative organizations and movements —‘quasi‐unions’— have emerged to fill gaps in the US system of representation caused by union decline. We examine the record of quasi‐unions and find that although they have sometimes helped workers who lack other means of representation, they have significant limitations and are unlikely to replace unions as the primary means of representation. But networks, consisting of sets of diverse actors including unions and quasi‐unions, are more promising. They have already shown power in specific campaigns, but they have yet to do so for more sustained strategies. By looking at analogous cases, we identify institutional bases for sustained networks, including shared information platforms, behavioural norms, common mission and governance mechanisms that go well beyond what now exists in labour alliances and campaigns. There are substantial resistances to these network institutions because of the history of fragmentation and autonomy among both unions and quasi‐unions; yet we also identify positive potential for network formation.
Parvalbumin is freely mobile in axons, somata and nuclei of cerebellar Purkinje neurones
Authors: Schmidt Hartmut , Arendt Oliver , Brown Edward B. , Schwaller Beat , Eilers Jens 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe Ca2+‐binding protein (CaBP) parvalbumin (PV) is strongly expressed in cerebellar Purkinje neurones (PNs). It is considered a pure Ca2+buffer, lacking any Ca2+sensor function. Consistent with this notion, no PV ligand was found in dendrites of PNs. Recently, however, we observed for a related CaBP that ligand‐targeting differs substantially between dendrites and axons. Thus, here we quantified the diffusion of dye‐labelled PV in axons, somata and nuclei of PNs by two‐photon fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). In all three compartments the fluorescence rapidly returned to baseline, indicating that no large or immobile PV ligand was present. In the axon, FRAP was well described by a one‐dimensional diffusion equation and a diffusion coefficient (D) of 12 (IQR 6–20) µm2/s. For the soma and nucleus a three‐dimensional model yielded similarDvalues. The diffusional mobility in these compartments was ∼3 times smaller than in dendrites. Based on control experiments with fluorescein dextrans, we attributed this reduced mobility of PV to different cytoplasmic properties rather than to specific PV interactions in these compartments. Our findings support the notion that PV functions as a pure Ca2+buffer and will aid simulations of neuronal Ca2+signalling.
Coarse fractionated radiation therapy for pituitary tumours in cats: a retrospective study of 12 cases
Authors: Brearley M. J. , Polton G. A. , Littler R. M. , Niessen S. J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis retrospective study describes the clinical progression of 12 cats with pituitary tumours treated with a coarse fractionated radiation protocol delivering a total dose of 37 Gy in five once weekly fractions. A pituitary macrotumour was identified in all 12 cats: 4 with neurological signs only and 8 with insulin‐resistant diabetes mellitus secondary to acromegaly. One of the cats with central neurological signs died before completing the radiotherapy course; the remaining three had partial or complete remissions of their central neurological signs. Of the cats with unstable diabetes mellitus, five no longer required insulin therapy, one required less insulin and two became stable. The overall median survival time was 72.6 weeks; four cats died from related causes, two from unrelated problems and six remain alive. Radiation therapy is confirmed as an effective treatment for feline pituitary tumours, giving prolonged survival and control of both paraneoplastic and mass effect signs.
Educational Attainment in New and Established Latino Metropolitan Destinations*
Authors: Stamps Katherine , Bohon Stephanie A. 
Published: November 2006

Objective. This study examines the educational attainment of Latinos who immigrated to the United States by age 12. We compare the educational attainment of Latino immigrants in established and emerging Latino immigrant gateway cities in order to identify whether there are any significant differences in educational attainment between immigrants in these two gateways types and why such differences might exist.Methods. We employ OLS regression using the 2000 5% Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample.Results. Our results suggest that contrary to speculation, educational attainment among Latino immigrants is significantly higher in new Latino destinations than in established Latino metropolitan areas, although much of the difference is mediated by demographic factors. Migration history, English proficiency, ethnicity, and citizenship status account for a substantial portion of the differences in educational attainment between destination types. The migration history of these immigrants suggests a selection effect: only those immigrants who are relative newcomers to their new Latino destination have significantly higher educational attainment than those in established metropolitan areas.Conclusions. We find that educational attainment among Latino immigrants is higher in new Latino destinations. Our study suggests that more highly educated Latino immigrants are choosing new Latino destinations, while longer‐term immigrant residents of new destinations are faring no better (in terms of educational levels) than those in established destinations. English proficiency, ethnicity, and citizenship status are confirmed as factors strongly associated with educational attainment among immigrants.