bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of fatty acids during germination of cottonseeds
Authors: Joshi A. C. , Doctor V. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGas chromatographic determination of the fatty acids in the seeds of cottonseed (Gossypium sp.) showed linoleic, palmitic, oleic, and stearic acids, with linoleic acid being the major component. Changes in the composition of fatty acids during various stages of germination were measured in the cotyledons and in the roots. A decrease in the content of all the fatty acids and an 8‐fold increase in the moisture content of the cotyledons were observed during the 10 days of germination. There were no significant changes in the fatty acid contents of the roots with the exception of those in linoleic acid which increased by 50% during 4–10 days of germination. The possible significance of these changes is discussed.
Carduus nigrescens seed oil—A rich source of pentacyclic triterpenoids
Authors: Madrigal R. V. , Plattner R. D. , Smith C. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPentacyclic triterpene alcohols (3%), their acetates (18%), and their long chain fatty acid esters (11%), together with triterpene acids (18%), represent ca. 50% of the oil from the seed and pericarp of the thistleCarduus nigrescens Vill. (Compositae). Along with the usual fatty acids, alkaline hydrolysis of this oil gave triterpene alcohols, some of which were identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Composition of the triterpenoid fraction, as indicated by gas chromatography of the corresponding acetates, was: α‐amyrin (6%), β‐amyrin (15%), lupeol plus ϕ‐taraxasterol (3%), erythrodiol (6%), and oleanolic acid (3%). Several components, representing 16% of the oil, were not identified. The content of pentacyclic triterpenoids is the largest found in plant seed oils.
Phosphatidylinositol metabolism during fertilization in the sea urchin egg
Authors: Kamel L. Christopher , Bailey Judy , Schoenbaum Laura , Kinsey William 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFertilization of the sea urchin egg results in a transient decline in the amount of phosphatidylinositol (PI) to a level equal to about 50% of that present in the unfertilized egg. This response begins as early as 15 seconds after insemination. The level of PI reaches a minimum at 30 seconds post‐insemination, and returns to the original value between 2 and 5 min later. Pulse labelling studies with32PO4 and [3H]‐inositol showed that the incorporation of these two isotopes into 1‐(3‐sn‐phosphatidyl)‐L‐myoinositol 4,5‐biphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] increased as much as 50% within one minute after insemination. This suggests that at least part of the reduction in PI levels represents the phosphorylation of PI to form PtdIns(4,5)P2. We also found that the production of [3H]‐labelled 1D‐myoinositol 1,4,5 triphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3] present in the trichloroacetic acid (TCA) soluble fraction of eggs increased over five‐fold during the first 10 min post insemination. The temporal correlation between the early burst of PtdIns(4,5)P2 and Ins(1,4,5)P3 formation and the transient increase in intracellular free calcium known to occur in the fertilized egg suggest that the production of PtdIns(4,5)P2 and ultimately Ins(1,4,5)P3 may be associated with calcium mobilization within the egg.
Effect of oxalic acid impregnation of chromarods on the separation of phospholipids for determination by the latroscan TLC/FID
Authors: Banerjee A. K. , Ratnayake W. M. N. , Ackman R. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhospholipid separations were carried out using Chromarods‐SII impregnated with oxalic acid without interfering with Iatroscan TLC/FID detection and measurement. The resolutions were compared with untreated rods. Oxalic acid impregnated Chromarods gave better resolution of phospholipids, and the separations were more reproducible on a day to day basis compared to untreated Chromarods. A concentration of 0.25 M oxalic acid in acetonitrile, with 15 min of impregnation, followed by 60 min of activation at 110 C, provided the ideal conditions for coating. Three solvent mixtures, viz. CHCl3:MeOH:HAc:H2O (50∶30∶8∶4, v/v/v/v), CHCl3:MeOH:H2O (65∶35∶4, v/v/v), and CHCl3:MeOH:28% NH4OH (70∶30∶2, v/v/v) were tested as developing solvents. CHCl3:MeOH:H2O (65∶35∶4) was found to be the best solvent system. Double development (initially in acetone, followed by CHCl3:MeOH:H2O [65∶35∶4]) is of minor value in improving separations. All the above solvent systems are capable of separating most of the commonly occurring plant phospholipids, except phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine. Both of these phospholipids eluted together on Chromarods‐SII, giving a single peak on the Chromarod, regardless of whether the rods were impregnated with oxalic acid.
Heated fat, vitamin E and vascular eicosanoids
Authors: Giani E. , Masi I. , Galli C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA semisynthetic diet containing adequate amounts of vitamin E and 10% (w/w) of a mixture of polyunsaturated oils subjected to heating and characterized by elevated indexes of thermal alteration (polar component, dimer triglyceride, altered triglyceride contents and reduced α‐tocopherol levels) was fed to growing male rats for a period of eight weeks. It resulted in a selective alteration of the production of vascular eicosanoids (elevation of platelet thromboxane formation and decrease of vascular prostacyclin release) compared to the values found in rats fed a diet containing a fresh mixture of polyunsaturated oils. Major nutritional parameters, plasma lipids and the fatty acid profiles of plasma, liver and heart lipids were not different in the two groups of animals. Supplementation of an excess vitamin E (300 mg/kg) to the diet containing heated fat neutralized the adverse effects of heated fat on vascular eicosanoid production.
Metabolism of lysophosphatidylcholine by swine platelets
Authors: Chen Dian‐er , White Arnold A. , Tumbleson M. E. , Sun Grace Y. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIncubation of intact platelets from Sinclair(S‐1) miniature swine with32P‐labeled lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso PC) indicated the presence of an active lysophospholipase with a pH optimum of 8.0 for hydrolysis of the substrate. However, lyso PC was incorporated into the membrane phosphatidylcholines by the acyltransferase pathway upon addition of ATP, Mg++ and CoA to the platelet suspension. These results suggest that intact platelets are able to resist the cytotoxic effects of lyso PC in plasma, and the phospholipids in platelet membranes are not readily affected by the lipid environment of the plasma. The acyltransfer reaction apparently is saturated with endogenous free fatty acids since arachidonic acid added exogenously did not further enhance the incorporation activity. Neither the acyltransferase nor the lysophospholipase activity was affected by Ca++, but divalent metal ions such as Zn++ inhibited the lysophospholipase activity. Cholesterol but not cholesteryl esters elicited a biphasic effect on both enzymes, stimulating at low concentration but inhibiting at a cholesterol to lyso PC ratio greater than 1. Serum albumin inhibited the lysophospholipase but gave a small biphasic effect to the acyltransferase.
Temperature‐induced phase change in a fat. A study by electron spin resonance
Authors: Le Meste Martine , Cornily Gérard , Simatos Denise 
Published: November 2006

AbstractElectron Spin Resonance, Differential Scanning Calorimetry and rheological techniques have been used to study the physical changes induced by temperature in lard and in the solid and liquid fractions obtained by fractionation of lard at 15 C. The mobilization process of a C18 fatty acid nitroxide derivative dispersed in the molten fat has been observed in the temperature range −50 to +70 C.The mobilization of the probe seemed to be concomitant with the melting of the low melting point glycerides. Above this temperature, all the probes were in the liquid phase and their mobility reflected the viscosity of their liquid environment, or the viscosity of the bulk fat when crystal was no longer present.Probe mobility was temperature dependent, and it was identical for the three fats at the same temperature, despite their different triglyceride compositions.
Analysis of deuterium labeled blood lipids by chemical ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Rohwedder William K. , Emken Edward A. , Wolf Darhal J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA quantitative analytical method has been developed to analyze methyl esters of blood fatty acids derived from human subjects fed deuterium‐labeled fats. The GCMS computer method provides for the analysis of the fed deuterium‐labeled fatty acids, the naturally occurring blood fatty acids and new fatty acids formed by chain elongation or shortening of the fed labeled fats. Approximately 20 fatty acids including 16, 17, 18 and 20 carbon chain acids were analyzed with a relative standard deviation of 0.02 at the microgram level and a sensitivity of less than one nanogram. The method uses capillary GC to separate the fatty acid esters and isobutane chemical ionization mass spectrometry with multiple ion detection to determine the isotopic constituents of the GC peaks. The technique provides for the determination of overlapping GC peaks labeled with 2, 4 and 6 deuterium atoms and makes extensive use of computers both for data acquisition and processing.
Appropriate discounting leads to forward‐looking ecosystem management
Authors: Carpenter Stephen R. , Brock William A. , Ludwig Donald 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEcology and economics share many intellectual challenges, such as uncertainty about future system dynamics. An appropriate consideration of our uncertainty about our economic future leads to discounting of benefits of ecosystem services at the lowest possible rate over long time horizons. This more realistic discounting supports much more conservative and sustainable decisions than conventional discounting.
A kinetic model for co‐oxidation of β‐carotene with oleic acid
Authors: Takahashi Atsushi , Suzuki Jun‐ichi , Shibasaki‐Kitakawa Naomi , Yonemoto Toshikuni 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOxidation experiments with β‐carotene in a lipid solution were conducted under various conditions of temperature, oxygen composition, and lipid content. The experimental results were compared with those using n‐decane reported previously. Under all conditions, the oxidation rate in oleic acid was faster than that in n‐decane. A novel kinetic model for the co‐oxidation of carotene with a lipid was proposed based on the reaction mechanism, which consisted of the oxidation of carotene, the oxidation of oleic acid, and the cross‐reaction of carotene with oleic acid. The model quantitatively described the oxidation behavior of carotene over a wide range of temperatures, oxygen compositions, and lipid contents.
A second‐order model for catalytic‐transfer hydrogenation of edible oils
Authors: Mondal Kanchan , Lalvani Shashi B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA second‐order kinetic model for hydrogenation of fatty acids in series has been developed and analyzed. The model is applied to the data obtained for sodium formatecatalyzed hydrogenation of soybean, peanut, corn, and olive oils. There is good agreement between the experimental data and predicted values obtained from the model as evidenced by the analysis of r2 and F‐test values. The effect of individual fatty acid composition of various edible oils on the rate of hydrogenation has been explained in view of the mathematical model developed. The individual rate constants seem to obey the Arrhenius rate law. The second‐order kinetic analysis discussed is found to be suitable for mathematically describing hydrogenation of vegetable oils by hydrogen donors as compared to the traditional first‐order kinetic analysis
Nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of reaction products of interesterification of peracetylated α‐d‐glucopyranose and fatty acid methyl esters
Authors: Kuang Dzulkefly , Obaje Olobo J. , Kassim Anuar , Ee Gwendoline C. L. , Suhaimi Hamdan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMono‐ and diesters of fatty acids of peracetylated α‐d‐glucopyranose were prepared by chemical interesterification. Substituent‐induced chemical shift effects on the carbonyl carbons rather than the ring carbons and proton atoms unambiguosly show the fatty acyl substituents to be at C1 in the monosubstituted, and at C1 and C6 in the disubstituted products. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) integration data before and after interesterification complemented 13C chemical shift data in verifying the molecular structures. Empirical data from classical 1H and 13C NMR experiments thus provide a simple self‐contained method for determining the number and position of fatty acyl substituents, and the anomeric compositions of peracetylated glucose fatty esters.
Modification of menhaden oil by enzymatic acidolysis to produce structured lipids: Optimization by response surface design in a packed bed reactor
Authors: Xu Xuebing , Fomuso Lydia B. , Akoh Casimir C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStructured lipids from menhaden oil were produced by enzymatic acidolysis in a packed bed reactor. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize the reaction. Lipozyme IM from Rhizomucor miehei lipase was the biocatalyst, and caprylic acid was the acyl donor. Parameters such as residence time, substrate molar ratio, and reaction temperature were included for the optimization. High incorporation of acyl donor and retention of high levels of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids in the original menhaden oil were obtained. Good quadratic models were obtained for the incorporation of caprylic acid and for the content of EPA plus DHA retained, by multiple regression with backward elimination. The coefficients of determination (R2) for the two models were 0.91 and 0.87, respectively. The regression probabilities (P) were below 0.003 for both models. Also, the predicted values from the two models had linear relationships with the observed responses. All parameters studied had positive effects on the incorporation of caprylic acid, but only residence time and substrate molar ratio had negative effects on the content of EPA plus DHA retained. The optimal conditions generated from models were temperature =65°C, substrate molar ratio=4–5, and residence time=180–220 min. Incorporated caprylic acid did not replace DHA, but the content of EPA decreased somewhat with an increase in caprylic acid incorporation.
The effect of oxygen concentration on oxidative deterioration in heated high‐oleic safflower oil
Authors: Fujisaki Mariko , Mohri Satoshi , Endo Yasushi , Fujimoto Kenshiro 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHigh‐oleic safflower oil was heated at 180°C in atmospheres with four levels of oxygen concentration (2, 4, 10, and 20%) modified with nitrogen gas, to assess the effects of atmospheric oxygen concentration on the oxidative deterioration of deep‐frying oils. Acid value, carbonyl value, polar materials, linoleic acid, tocopherol contents, and oxidative stability were measured to evaluate the quality of heated oils. These values were found to be correlated with both heating time and oxygen concentration. Acid and carbonyl values and polar material content of oils heated at oxygen concentrations of 2 and 4% were lower than those at 10 or 20%. On the other hand, linoleic acid and tocopherols were hardly reduced in oils after heating for 30 h at 2% O2, whereas they were decomposed according to the oxygen concentration and heating time. Oxidative stability was well maintained in oils heated at 2 and 4% O2. These results suggest that the oxidative deterioration of heated higholeic safflower oil depends on oxygen concentration.
Membrane processing of used frying oils
Authors: Subramanian R. , Nandini K. E. , Sheila P. M. , Gopalakrishna A. G. , Raghavarao K. S. M. S. , Nakajima M. , Kimura T. , Maekawa T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStudies were conducted with used frying oils in a flat membrane batch cell using five different types of polymeric membranes to decrease the soluble degradation products. During membrane processing, triglycerides permeated preferentially compared to the majority of the polar compounds including oxidation products, polymers, and color compounds. Two of the composite membranes, NTGS‐AX and NTGS‐2200, selectively rejected polar compounds and oxidation products to the extent of 25–48% and 24–44% respectively. The reduction in Lovibond color values (5R+Y) was in the range of 83–93%. The viscosity of the used frying oil was reduced to the extent of 22%. The composite membranes were effective in reducing the soluble impurities, as well as insoluble particulates, without causing any undesirable changes to the oil. The membrane process appears to improve the life of used frying oils and does not have the disadvantages associated with the active filtration systems, however, for commercial application the permeate flux needs to be improved considerably.
Enrichment of polyunsaturated fatty acids from sardine cannery effluents by enzymatic selective esterification
Authors: Schmitt‐Rozieres Murielle , Deyris Valérie , Comeau Louis‐Claude 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe sardine canning industry produces vast quantities of effluents that need expensive reprocessing. Their oily component contains valuable n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, namely EPA (5,8,11,14,17‐eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (7,10,13, 16,19‐docosahexaenoic acid), up to 10% each. Our aim was to develop a process allowing the recovery of these fatty acids. After removing solid particles, proteins, and peptides from the crude effluent, the obtained oil was hydrolyzed. EPA and DHA were enriched from the recovered free fatty acid fraction by selective enzymatic esterification. Lipases were used as biocatalysts: LipozymeTM allowed up to 80% DHA enrichment but gave no EPA enrichment. By immobilizing Candida rugosa lipase on Amberlite IRC50 cation‐exchange resin, a 30% EPA enrichment was obtained.
Lipase activity and fatty acid typoselectivities of plant extracts in hydrolysis and interesterification
Authors: Caro Yanis , Villeneuve Pierre , Pina Michel , Reynes Max , Graille Jean 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLipase fatty acid typoselectivities of Euphorbia characias latex and commercially available crude preparation of bromelain were determined in the hydrolysis of homogeneous triacylglycerols (TAG) and natural TAG mixtures. Their activities were compared to a commercially available crude preparation of papain. Under optimal lipolysis conditions at pH 8.0 and 10 min of incubation time, maximal activities were observed at 45, 55, and 50°C, respectively, for E. characias latex, crude bromelain, and crude papain. Commercially available crude preparations of bromelain exhibited very poor hydrolysis activity. Latex from E. characias, which contained 340 mg of dried material per milliliter of fresh latex, exhibited a high lipase activity and a short‐chain fatty acid preference in the hydrolysis of homogeneous TAG. For all substrates, it showed a better activity than crude papain. Lipase fatty acid typoselectivities of crude bromelain and crude papain also were studied in interesterification reactions of tributyrin with a series of homogeneous TAG. Experiments showed that crude bromelain [water activity (Aw)∶ 0.21] had no activity in interesterification. Regarding reactions with crude papain (Aw∶ 0.55), yields of newly formed TAG decreased with increasing chain length of TAG, except for the reaction with trimargarin. For interesterification of tributyrin with unsaturated TAG, triolein reacted faster than polyunsaturated TAG. During these interesterification reactions, the proportion of new TAG with two butyroyl residues was higher than new TAG with only one butyroyl residue. This phenomenon was more pronounced for reactions with long‐chain TAG.
Epoxidized soybean oil‐based ceramer coatings
Authors: Teng Ganghua , Soucek Mark D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNew inorganic/organic hybrid coating containing epoxidized soybean oil were prepared. Three sol‐gel precursors [titanium (IV) i‐propoxide, titanium (IV) di‐i‐propoxide bis‐acetoacetonate, and zirconium n‐propoxide] were utilized as the inorganic phase. Various coating properties, including adhesion, hardness, impact resistance, flexibility and tensile properties, were investigated as a function of sol‐gel precursor type and concentration. All ceramer coatings exhibited excellent flexibility and hardness. Tensile strength and hardness increased with sol‐gel precursor concentration. A slight decrease in adhesion and impact resistance was observed with increasing precursor content.
Crystallization kinetics of fully hydrogenated palm oil in sunflower oil mixtures
Authors: Kloek William , Walstra Pieter , van Vliet Ton 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe crystallization kinetics of mixtures of fully hydrogenated palm oil (HP) in sunflower oil (SF) was studied. The thermal properties and phase behavior of this model system were characterized by means of differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction. From the melting enthalpy and clear point of HP, it was possible to calculate the supersaturation at a given temperature for every composition of the model system. Supersaturation of the model system for the β′ but not for the α polymorph yielded the β′ polymorph, while supersaturation for the α polymorph yielded a mixture of mainly β and some β′ polymorphs. The crystallization kinetics of HP/SF mixtures were determined by pulsed wide‐line proton nuclear magnetic resonance for various initial supersaturations in the β′ polymorph. The determined curves were modeled by a modified classical nucleation model and an empirical crystal growth function, which are both functions of supersaturation. Heterogeneous nucleation rates in the β′ polymorph yielded a surface Gibbs energy for heterogeneous nucleus formation of 3.8 mJ·m−2. About 80% of the triglyceride was assumed to be in a suitable conformation for incorporation in a nucleus. Induction times for isothermal crystallization in the β′ polymorph yielded a surface free energy for heterogeneous nucleus formation of 3.4 to 3.9 mJ·−2.
Synergistic effects of rosemary, sage, and citric acid on fatty acid retention of palm olein during deep‐fat frying
Authors: Jaswir Irwandi , Man Yaakob B. Che , Kitts David D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study to optimize the use of oleoresin rosemary extract, sage extract, and citric acid in refined, bleached, and deodorized (RBD) palm olein during deep‐fat frying of potato chips was performed using response surface methodology. Results showed that the natural antioxidants used in this study retarded oil deterioration, as evidenced by retention of fatty acid profiles. The linoleic to palmitic (C18∶2/C16∶0) ratio was chosen as the parameter for optimizing the use of natural antioxidants in RBD palm olein during deep‐fat frying. Linoleic (R2=0.946) and palmitic (R2=0.825) acids were found to be the most important dependent variables, giving highest R2 values to various antioxidant treatments after 25 h of frying. All three antioxidants had independent significant (P<0.05) effects on the C18∶2/C16∶0 ratio. In fact, significant effects on the C18∶2/C16∶0 ratio of RBD palm olein were also given by a second‐order form. A combination of 0.076% oleoresin rosemary extract, 0.066% sage extract, and 0.037% citric acid produced the optimal retention of the essential fatty acid C18∶2. In addition, a synergistic effect among these antioxidants on the fatty acid ratio of RBD palm olein was found.