bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photochromic micro‐images, a key to practical microdocument storage and dissemination
Authors: Tauber Alfred S. , Myers Wilbur C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRecent research and development within The National Cash Register Company has resulted in a new technique for the storage and dissemination of microdocuments. This new technique, Photochromic Micro‐Images (PCMI), had made very high‐density document storage feasible at linear reductions of 200:1, representing an area reduction of 40,000:1. Features of the PCMI process are described. Next, micro‐image system elements are reviewed with respect to their basic functions and potential incorporation into complete micro‐image systems. Finally, some potential future applications of microimages in the fields of document storage and retrieval, libraries, and microform publishing are discussed and explored.
Maxterm‐miniterm: An alpha numeric notation for significant document storage
Authors: Feichtinger H. George 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWhile inverted indexing systems have provided new capabilities in information searching and retrieval, the use of nonsignificant or accession index notation and document storage has also imposed various fundamental restraints on the basic user‐collection relationship. The purpose of this paper is to outline an indexing notation approach which can modify these constraints and still retain the search simplicity and effectiveness of inverted indexing. This concept has been designated as Maxterm‐Miniterm.
Requirements for a scientific mission‐oriented information center
Authors: Shilling Charles W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPlanning for a mission‐oriented information center requires determination by the interested scientific group of: the subject area to be covered; the type and number of persons to be served; the kind of services desired, i.e., parameters of the customer's need, form of copy desired (original article, microform, abstract), how frequently services are desired; the extent of coverage in estimated number of articles; and what professional and financial support can be counted on. As a method of obtaining many of the answers, the interested group can provide B A I T as background information (Bibliography, Abstracts, Indexes, and Translation), using several of the newer techniques. For example, in preparing indexes, key‐word techniques should be used, and a citation index should be prepared in the crucial subject area.
SHIEF: A realizable form of associative memory
Authors: Cheydleur Benjamin F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTo map the connections between index terms and items, a threaded‐list system of organizing a standard computer memory is developed. Two regions of memory are required: one for effecting content‐addressability and the other for associativity and cross‐referencing. Through special microsequencing and finely structured linkaging, the system obviates serialized scanning as a search strategy. When joined with discs and bulk memory, the system can be used for information retrieval without recourse to batch‐processing of retrieval items. Since responses to any one of a large variety of queries can be made within human reaction time, a SHIEF system should meet the speed requirements satisfactory for browsability, including indirect referencing.
The use of diary and interview techniques in evaluating a system for disseminating technical information
Authors: Resnick A. , Hensley C. B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDiary and interview techniques were employed to evaluate various aspects of a Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) System introduced in the International Business Machines Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York. The test population consisted of a representative stratified sample of IBM Research employees. The design of the experiment utilized three sets of matched subjects, two as test groups and one as a control group. All three groups were asked to keep, for a specified two‐week period, a diary of all readings that were relevant to their work interests. After the diary period, all subjects were interviewed with regard to their information‐gathering habits. The two test groups were then exposed to the SDI System for approximately ten weeks, while the control group received no exposure to the system. During the last two weeks of the subjects' exposure to the SDI System, all three groups were again asked to keep diaries of pertinent readings, and then all subjects were again interviewed. In utilizing this test‐retest situation, it was anticipated that any significant changes in the reading habits or information‐gathering techniques of the subjects could be detected and perhaps consequently related to the SDI System. An evaluation of the techniques employed is discussed, and some of the findings are compared to results of other research workers in this area.
Some proposals for handling the information problem—a brief bibliographical essay
Authors: Quenzel Carrol H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractComputers are not a solution for all bibliographic problems. Nevertheless, more machine control of information in university and other research libraries seems inevitable because of the frequent necessity and difficulty of determining what, if any, research has been done on certain subjects.The Library of Congress is currently conducting a computer feasibility study. The use of a Listomatic camera has increased the coverage and recency of The Index Medicus. One midwestern library is so pleased with the results of a preliminary study that it is planning to convert to an automated operation soon.A radical reorganization of university and research libraries is envisioned by some writers. One proposal calls for a national research library from which copies of desired items could be obtained by dialing the appropriate number. Others would have this service provided by six regional core libraries.Certain writers stress thorough investigation and extensive planning before any library decides to automate. Two of these specialists question the existence of a general information inundation.
New factors in the evaluation of scientific literature through citation indexing
Authors: Garfield E. , Sher I. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMore than one million citations from the scientific literature have been processed by the Citation Index Project at the Institute for Scientific Information. The Project, sponsored by NSF and NIH, will be described briefly, and new methods of using citation data for evaluation of publications will be discussed.Summaries of statistical data, compiled by computer methods such as the following, will be given.

Frequency of citation of one journal by another.
Frequency of current citations to the past literature.
Frequency of self‐citation by journals and authors.
Number of source citations per cited paper.
Number of references per source paper.
Number of papers published per journal.
Information scientists and research workers are encouraged to use this unique reservoir of information for additional statistics applicable to their fields of work as a basis for comparative studies on the efficacy of various indexing techniques.
A quantitative study of characters on biomedical catalogue cards—a preliminary investigation
Authors: Sprenkle Peter M. , Kilgour Frederick G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe data reported in this paper were compiled for use in estimating computer memory file capacity required to store information from research medical library card catalogues. The computer file would be the basis for an automatic information‐retrieval system. The findings also provide comparisons of descriptive and subject cataloguing practices in the Columbia, Harvard, and Yale Medical Libraries as well as cataloguing of biomedical books at the Library of Congress. Such data seem not to have appeared in the literature before and are being published with the hope that they will be useful to others in the early stages of devising unconventional library information‐retrieval systems as well as mechanized cataloguing procedures.
The holy grail evades the search
Authors: Carlson William H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper presents the views and reactions of one traditional librarian to the search for literature control by machine. Everyone in the cultural community with any perceptiveness and vision must be concerned about, possibly even a bit awed by, how much has been written, is being written, and by the rapidity of the quantitative increase. It is natural that man, in his efforts to keep the massive record of his articulate‐ness organized and findable, should look hopefully to the machine which he has bent to his will and needs in so many directions.
Some hierarchical models for automatic document retrieval
Authors: Salton Gerard 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWithin the last few years, several automatic indexing and abstracting systems have been designed which are based primarily on word frequency counts and on techniques for measuring word and document associations. These systems are not wholly successful because both the sentence structure and the semantic relations between words are normally disregarded.An attempt is made in the present study to overcome the limitations of the strictly quantitative methods by presenting two systems for automatic document retrieval which are based on hierarchical storage arrangements as well as on the usual frequency counts and association measures. The first one utilizes a hierarchical arrangement similar to a library classification schedule, including lists of synonyms or related words, and cross‐references. The second uses, in addition, a simplified form of syntactic analysis, thus making it possible to represent the syntactic dependency structure between individual words. The required retrieval operations are described briefly and are compared with those of the simpler quantitative model.
On the occurrence of reversible words
Authors: Livant William Paul , Boyd John Paul 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe consider the population of trigrams in printed English of the form consonant1‐vowel‐consonant2. It is shown that, if a trigram C1VC2 is an English word, then its symmetric permutation, C2VC1, is likely to be an English word more often than expected on the basis of the ratio of all words to all trigrams. It was conjectured that the set of trigram words tends to be closed under the formation of mirror images; i.e., the permutation of the consonants of one trigram word yields another trigram word rather than nonsense. But it is shown that the number of symmetric combinations (C1VC2: C2VC1), both of which are words, can be predicted from 1) the relative frequencies of letters in all trigram words and 2) the particular frequency distributions of consonants in C1 and C2.
Economics of journal publication
Authors: Kuney Joseph H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe publisher of primary journals faces the problem of how to continue to pay the costs of publishing in the face of a steadily expanding flow of literature, particularly the trend toward specialization. The former tends to add to his costs, while the latter tends to reduce the number of those willing to share the cost of publication.As new publications become more specialized in character and content, they tend to approach highly individualized information systems. It also becomes more difficult to maintain interdisciplinary contact. The resultant problems are significant to all concerned.It seems clear that the economics of the situation is going to be a decisive factor in reaching ultimate solutions. Whether we find new ways to support primary journals or seek to finance the dissemination of primary information by developing new methods of distribution will depend largely on how well we use our creative abilities to analyze our needs and to provide the answers.
The distribution of term usage in manipulative indexes
Authors: Houston Nona , Wall Eugene 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA semi‐empirical correlation, based on data from nine indexes, permits the prediction of the percentage of terms in a manipulative index vocabulary which will be used to index any given number of documents. This is a function of the total number of index entries in the system. A log‐normal relationship, similar to Zipf's Law, exists between total index entries and distribution of term usage. Based upon the correlation, optimum vocabulary size and growth rate can be inferred, as well as the most efficient arrangement of index entries in a storage medium. The results agree well with published data and appear to be particularly useful for designers of mechanized retrieval or publication operations.
Detailed discussion of bar‐hillel's “theoretical aspects of the mechanization of literature searching”
Authors: Manly Ron 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBar‐Hillel is criticized as tending to use the terms “impossible” or “unfeasible” for almost anything that cannot be done immediately. This is considered inappropriate for evaluating research. It is stated that there seems to be no reason why a lower limit in the costs of machine processing should exist that would be above comparable costs of human processing. This is presented to counter Bar‐Hillel's doubts as to whether machines can do complex information processing tasks (in the area of documentation) cheaper than present methods. A “proof” that machines are capable of fully‐automatic, high‐quality indexing, extracting, abstracting, etc., is presented to refute Bar‐Hillel's doubts on this point (and as a counter‐proof to Bar‐Hillel's demonstration of the nonfeasibility of fully‐automatic, high‐quality machine translation of languages). Other topics discussed include: types of information retrieval systems and distinctions between various complex information processing tasks.
Cost analysis and simulation procedures for the evaluation of large information systems
Authors: Bourne Charles P. , Ford Donald F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA computer program has been written and used which simulates the several‐year operation of an information system and computes estimates of the expected operating costs as well as the amount of equipment and personnel required during that time period. The program has been used for the analysis of several large systems and has proven itself to be a useful research tool for the study of systems with so many components and interrelated operations that an equivalent manual analysis would be extremely cumbersome and time consuming, and perhaps even impractical. This paper describes this program and shows, as an example, some of the results of a simulation of two of several suggested designs for a specific information system.
Boeing SLIP: Computer produced and maintained printed book catalogs
Authors: Weinstein Edward A. , Spry Joan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Boeing SLIP system provides a method for producing distributable printed book catalogs for all types of library materials, utilizing IBM 7094, 7090, or 709 computers. Initial input is by either punched paper tape or cards. Basic to the program is a core storage method utilizing string tables and sorting principles analogous to those of LC. Outputs are alphabetical printed lists in a variety of formats.
The structure, objectives, and findings of a study of scientific information exchange in psychology
Authors: Garvey William D. , Griffith Belver C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe general objective of this study was to develop a description of the scientific information exchange environment in psychology by determining the responsibilities of the persons and institutions associated with the origination, transmission, storage, and use of scientific information; the characteristics of the processes involved in the fulfillment of each of these functions and of the storage properties they afford; and, finally, the utilization of scientific information. To accomplish this objective sixteen specific studies were designed of which nine are available as technical reports. Findings trace the dissemination of information from initiation of research through archival publication (stressing that type of communication occurring at conventions); discuss access to and use of archival media; and determine the characteristics of the user's behavior in his search for and use of needed information. Subsequent work will emphasize the user's behavior and will develop and test communication innovations which seem practical and desirable.
Identifying key contributions to information science
Authors: Cuadra Carlos A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSeveral alternative aproaches were examined to determine how one might identify the key contributions to “information science.” The advice of experts provides some assistance, provided one is prepared to cope with their differing value systems. Reliance on current textbooks can also be helpful, provided it is recognized that they show very considerable variation in point of view, subject coverage and — apparently — in the selection of references. For example, of 911 distinct references contained in the six current texts that were analyzed, only 14% of them appeared in more than one of the books. The unclear selective patterns in current bibliographies in the information science field also presented problems. The present attempt to identify key contributions suggests that we are far from common agreement on the conceptual, methodological, or practical contributions to the information science field.
Analogy between information retrieval and education
Authors: Heilprin Laurence B. , Goodman Frederick L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis work is presented as a challenge paper for a symposium on education for information science to be held by the American Documentation Institute in September, 1965. The paper suggests that both searching for information in a collection of stored messages and searching for information in the process of education have been subject to and shaped by one basic constraint—the very limited rates of flow of information into human sense channels. It is shown how information retrieval and education each have surmounted the same difficulty in the same way, by many‐1 homomorphic transformations on messages which greatly reduce their word (or bit) content while preserving certain minimum invariants which identify the messages. From the homomorphic reductions, sensing time has been reduced further by means of the equivalence classes derived from the “vocabularies” in which the reduced messages are recoded. A quantitative partial model of information retrieval (to be presented in greater detail elsewhere) is suggested as homomorphic with education. Some possible applications to education in general and to education for information science in particular are discussed.
An on‐line technical library reference retrieval system
Authors: Drew D. L. , Summit R. K. , Tanaka R. I. , Whiteley R. B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn October 1964, Lockheed Missiles & Space Company (LMSC) started to experiment with an on‐line reference retrieval system which uses a coordinate search strategy. Installation of the retrieval system was greatly facilitated by the existence of the LMSC on‐line Automatic Data Acquisition (ADA) system which provided the vehicle for this application.Experience with the current hardware‐limited design has led to a more flexible “conversational” approach which is currently being implemented. The current system and the second‐generation design using a “dialogue” are briefly described.
Indexing problems and some of their solutions
Authors: Loukopoulos Loukas 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper concerns problems of redundancy and inaccuracy in the indexing of technical information, illustrated by the coordinate indexing scheme employed in the NASA Information System. A proposal is made for the elimination of “panacea” or “catch‐all” terms, and a rule for uniform grammatical negation is given. The effects of synonyms, antonyms, and negations on the overall efficiency of the information system are illustrated. Merits are discussed and rules are given for indexing under acronyms whenever possible. Finally, the concept of a “pictorial thesaurus” is proposed to exhibit hierarchy and connectivity of terms as an aid to indexing and retrieving of information.
A clearinghouse for scientific and technical meetings: Organizational and operational problems
Authors: Baum Harry 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThere has been much interest expressed in the formation of a clearinghouse for scientific and technical meetings. In spite of this interest, no clearinghouse has been formed. Whether or not there is a valid need for the existence of such a clearinghouse has not been proven, but in this paper it is assumed that the need exists. Discussion of the organizational and operational problems involved follows. These problems include: (a) definition of area and level of coverage of the subject matter of any given meeting; (b) definition of the geographic area from which the meeting will draw its attendance; (c) definition of the area of interest of the clearinghouse in the face of difficulties imposed by mission‐ or project‐oriented meetings and other interdisciplinary meetings; (d) attaining comprehensive coverage in spite of the difficulties in obtaining inputs from the organizers of government classified and other closed meetings, as well as from the organizers of ad hoc meetings; and (e) the need to ensure that the organizers of meetings will make use of the clearinghouse. Solutions to these problems will not yield to a simple approach, but will be obtainable only on the basis of careful study of the structure and dynamics of the national and international scientific and technical meetings network.
The KWIC index concept: A retrospective view
Authors: Fischer Marguerite 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper defines and describes the KWIC (keyword in context) index concept, providing a history of the concept and of its literature. It discusses variations of the index, such as the Bell Telephone Index, KWOC indexes, and the WADEX.The paper discusses improvements and variations to the KWIC index, such as manipulation of the index line, variations of the code, addition of classification information, combination of author index and title index, and improvements of the type face. It also discusses improvements to the preparation of the KWIC indexes, such as improvement of titles and use of a thesaurus, and discusses improvement of the use of the KWIC index. The paper discusses the usage of the KWIC index and comments on the future of KWIC indexes and of the KWIC concept.
Characteristics and use of personal indexes maintained by scientists and engineers in one university
Authors: Jahoda G. , Hutchins Ronald D. , Galford Robert R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractInterviews with 75 graduate school faculty members in the science and engineering departments at Florida State University have revealed that 46 of the interviewed faculty members maintain personal indexes. The structure of these personal indexes, their size, rate of growth, frequency of use, physical form, and other characteristics are given and discussed.
State of the art of computers in commercial publishing
Authors: Markus John 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDespite excessive glamorizing of the role of computers in publishing, truly economical applications are beginning to emerge. Many types of directories, indexes, cumulated bibliographies, and cumulated library book catalogs can today be put through a computer in less time and at less cost than for conventional typesetting. Examples of successful applications are given, after taking up one by one the many system design decisions that must be made in the areas of input hardware, computer hardware, computer software, and output hardware. Major attention is given to the proofreading problem, because line printers are still far from ideal for producing the equivalent of galley proofs.