bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Effects of Water Injection on Chalk Reservoirs
Authors: Piau J.-M. , Maury V. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Water-injection is often implemented in oil reservoirs with mainly two goals. On one hand, it provides an efficient means of secondary production in water-wet fields by sweepage and pressure maintenance. On the other hand and precisely because of pressure maintenance it generally contributes to mitigate compaction and subsidence of highly compactable reservoirs. This last function is however severely put in question by the mechanical behaviour of North Sea chalk fields submitted to massive water-injection. From experimental results common to most labs we develop several models including a water-induced compaction, which allow to restore numerous field observations remained unexplained until now.
In-Situ Stress Modelling of the Snorre Field
Authors: Aadnoy Bernt S. , Bratli Rolf K. , Lindholm Conrad D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Snorre field is located in the Tampen area in the North Sea. This area is characterized by intense faulting, and is located in one of the most earthquake active areas in northern Europe. The paper summarize several activities to determine the stress state of the Snorre field. The regional in-situ stress state and direction is obtained from earthquake focal mechanism studies, while the local stress fields are modelled by borehole elongation and a new inversion technique that estimates both magnitude and direction of the principal stresses from leak-off data. A comparison between these analyses results in the proposed stress model. This local stress model provides a tool for field development and well planning.
The Estimation of Horizontal Stresses at Depth in Faulted Regions and their Relationship to Pore Pressure Variations
Authors: Addis M. A. , Last N. C. , Yassir N. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Relationships used for estimating the magnitudes of horizontal stress which can exist in faulted sedimentary basins are discussed. The relationships are based on simple assumptions and take into account the tectonic stress component associated with active normal and thrust faults. Predictions based on the equations indicate that the orientation of the far field minimum stress can change once a normal or thrust fault has formed. Stress-depletion measurements from normally faulted basins and stress measurements performed ‘at depth’ in compressive tectonic ‘thrust’ regions are presented and the predictions from passive basin and faulted basin based relationships are assessed.
Modelling the Damage Evolution in Rock Containing Pore Fluid by Acoustic Emission
Authors: Sammonds Peter R. , Meredith P. G. , Murrell S. A. F. , Main I. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
We report results from laboratory triaxial deformation experiments on sandstone specimens containing pore fluid in which the evolution of microcrack damage was continuously monitored by acoustic emission (AE) output. We use the AE output to calculate the evolution of mean strain energy release rate, mean crack length and crack density. We then calculate the evolution of a damage parameter and relate microcracks to the constitutive stress-strain behaviour describing the deformation history. For "drained" experiments there is good quantitative agreement with experimental results.
Vertical Integration and Cooperation in the German Gas Industry
Authors: Kind H. D. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
In Germany, production, transportation and trading of natural gas are dominated directly or indirectly by few vertically integrated oil and energy companies.
Structures, main players and trends towards liberalisation are described. The growing demand for gas calls for international co-operation to finance new large pipelines and the development of large gas fields in remote areas.
Sharing Risk and Reward: Floating Production Contractorship
Authors: Gisvold K. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Golar-Nor Offshore is a floating production contractor that has provided turnkey production services in the UK and Norwegian Sectors of the North Sea since 1986, with the production vessel PETROJARL I, and its dedicated shuttle tankers, PETROSKALD and PETROTROLL. They are currently engaged in early production for Amerada Hess (UK) in the Hudson Field, and shall be commencing a full field depletion contract for Arco (UK) in the Blenheim Field in early 1995, for a period of 35 years.
The paper will examine the applicability of contractor-based production services for extended well testing, early production and full field depletion, addressing the economic limitations and considerations, both of Company and Contractor, for these three market segments.
The paper will further examine the applicability of variable reimbursement schemes to such contracts, based on the risk-sharing scenario currently practiced by GNO, and discuss how such models can be further developed to optimize risk-sharing between Contractor and Company, in the context of development of smaller fields with uncertain reserves.
Long-Life Production and Corporate Survival
Authors: Markland J. T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The difficulty of valuing long life production is commonly experienced in oil + gas economic evaluations. High project discount rates are observed to reduce the Net Present Value of late life-of-field production to a low level, thus lending doubts as to the credibility of the valuation tools employed in practice. This paper attempts to identify the fundamentals which control the value of long life production. In so doing it is, inter alia, necessary to consider issues of corporate finance and to employ concepts derived from modern asset pricing methodologies. Attitudes to Corporate Survival and the availability of reinvestment opportunities are cornerstones in the analysis. A by-product of this process are some important observations on the volatility of oil prices.
The complexity of ‘rear problems and the availability of suitable data upon which to base the valuations are seen as difficulties to be overcome in practical applications.
Risk Sharing in Exploration and Production Contracts
Authors: Kellas G. K. , Hodgshon Susan 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The increasing number of countries providing exploration opportunities are having to compete for oil company exploration budgets which are inextricably linked to oil prices. In today's climate of sub-$15 oil this competition is fierce. Companies carefully evaluate the array of available opportunities and select those which provide the best balance between risk and reward.
Naturally, many of the inherent risks in E&P activities (such as the geological prospectivity) are very different from country to country and cannot be influenced by the host government. There are a number of mechanisms, however, which can be employed by governments in their contract and fiscal terms which can significantly affect the perceived risk/reward balance of the country.
This paper considers various contract and fiscal terms employed across the world and considers what impact these have on the investor's risk/reward balance. Simple examples are employed throughout to illustrate the effect that altering different terms can have on the balance-showing that often the strongest impact can be made by small concessions from the government.
Information Services From an Outsider's Viewpoint
Authors: Floyd B. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
For three years I served as coordinator between Information Services and revenue accounting. From this vantage point I have formulated three concepts that may help to differentiate tomorrow's leaders. First, performance measures should be revised to measure customer satisfaction with Information Services. Second, Information Services should reevaluate their proprietary controls over systems and data. Third, joint information exploitation teams are needed by today's changing organizations.
IPDOS: An Integrated Pipeline Design and Operation System
Authors: Darwich T. D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the newly developed computer package IPDOS, an Integrated Pipeline Design and Operation System. The developed package provides a useful tool in assisting the pipeline engineers in compiling and processing the massive amounts of data needed for the various phases of pipeline design, construction, operation and maintenance.
IPDOS, which operates in a DOS environment, is made up of two main integrated modules: the database module and the processing module. The database module consists of a set of relational databases that are used to store the environmental, constructional, operational and maintenance parameters of the different pipeline systems within a company. These parameters can be entered, accessed, or reported via a number of easy-to-use interactive user menus. The processing module consists of a suit of programs that allow the user to perform a wide variety of data processing and analysis. These programs include wall thickness calculations, pipe size selection, stability analysis, pipeline lay-stress analysis and fluid flow analysis for gas, liquid, and multiphase pipelines.
The paper provides a summary description of the main features of the software. The application of IPDOS as an information channel and an analysis tool for field and office pipeline personnel to completely evaluate the available data in an expedient manner is also presented.
A PC/Workstation Cluster Computing Environment for Reservoir Engineering/Simulation Applications
Authors: Hermes C. E. , Koo John 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARY
Like the rest of the petroleum industry, Texaco has been migrating its applications and databases from mainframes to PC's and workstations. This transition has been very positive from the standpoint that it provides an environment for integrating applications, increases end user productivity, and in general reduces overall computing costs. On the downside, the transition typically results in a dramatic increase in workstation purchases and raises concerns with regards to the cost and effective management of computing resources in this new environment. The workstation transition also places the user in a UNIX computing environment which, to say the least, can be quite frustrating to learn and use.
This paper describes the approach, philosophy, architecture, and current status of the new reservoir engineering / reservoir simulation computing environment developed at Texaco's Exploration and Production Technology Department in Houston, Texas. The environment is representative of that under development at several other large oil companies and is based upon a cluster of IBM and Silicon Graphics workstations connected by a fiber optics communications network and engineering PC's connected to LAN's or Ethernets. Since computing resources and software licenses are shared among a group of users, the new environment enables us to get more out of our investments in workstation hardware and software.
Bit Wobble: A Kinetic Interpretation of PDC Bit Failure
Authors: Guo Boyun , Hareland Geir 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Considering the configuration of bottom hole assembly (BHA), rock properties, effect of BHA rotation, and fluid damping, this paper presents a kinetic model for vibration analysis of drilling bits in vertical holes. Based on this model, it is demonstrated that drill bits undergo wobbling motion in drilling conditions. This model explains the lobed appearance of bottom hole patterns associated with PDC bit failure in hard rock drilling. Resonance is responsible for severe bit wobbling which may damage PDC bits rapidly in hard formation drilling. Sensitivity analysis with the model identifies possible solutions to the bit wobble problem: (1) using high-lateral-contact-area bits, (2) using full gauge near bit stabilizers and absorbers, (3) using high stiffness drill collars, (4) using heavy bits, (5) using low rotary speeds, (6) using high weights on bits, and (7) using viscous drilling fluids.
Innovative Approach to CO2 Project Development Holds Promise for Improving CO2 Flood Economics in Smaller Fields Nearing Abandonment
Authors: Hallenbeck L. D. , Harpole K. J. , Sistrunk G. T. , Wier D. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The South Cowden (San Andres) Unit is the site selected for one of three mid-term projects to be conducted under the DOE Class II oil Program for Shallow Shelf Carbonate Reservoirs. The proposed $21 million dollar project is designed to demonstrate the technical and economic viability of an innovative CO2 flood project development approach. The new approach employs cost-effective advanced reservoir characterization technology as an integral part of a focused development plan utilizing horizontal CO2 injection wells and centralization of production/injection facilities to optimize CO2 project economics. If proven successful, this new approach will help improve the economic viability of CO2 flooding for many older, smaller fields which are or soon will be facing abandonment.
A Comparative Analysis of Production-Sharing Contracts and Economic Risk Using a Weighted Criteria Decision Analysis Model
Authors: Hallermann D. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper is written for the smaller integrated producer, or the large independent producer in the planning stages of international exploration. The paper focuses on developing economic and geological criteria, and illustrates how to use a weighted decision model to compare multiple countries for exploration desirability. Then the paper will compare seven countries for exploration desirability using two weighting models.
It is important for the reader to understand that the criteria developed in this paper are only a few of several possible criteria. Additionally, when the reader applies a weighted decision model to determining where to explore, the reader should understand the reasoning behind using each set of criteria, and should adjust the weights used in accordance with the risk profile of the firm.
Engineering Salary Trends in the United States Petroleum Industry
Authors: Seanard K. C. , Leach T. A. , Frailey S. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A total of 6,194 SPE members responded to the 1993 SPE Salary Survey and reported an average salary increase of 2.6% when compared to the 1992 salary survey. The purpose of this paper is to highlight where significant differences in salaries exist within the membership. Due to problems with relatively small numbers of responses per country and changes in reserve exchange rates it was not possible to do data analysis for international members. In order to do an analysis of the international data properly it would have to be done on a country by country basis and the expertise is not currently available on the committee.
Pressure Transient Behavior of a Finite Conductivity Fracture in Infinite-Acting and Bounded Reservoirs
Authors: Poe B. D. , Elbel J. L. , Blasingame T. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper presents analytic solutions of the pressure transient behavior of a well intersected by a finite-conductivity fracture in an infinite-acting, or in cylindrically or rectangularly bounded finite reservoirs. These solutions include the practical effects of reservoir permeability anisotropy and dual porosity behavior. These solutions are analytic, and thus do not require discretization in space.
The analytical solutions of the finite-conductivity fracture transient behavior presented in this paper eliminate the numerical difficulties associated with other mathematically rigorous finite-conductivity fracture solutions that have been reported in the literature. Both the pressure and rate transient responses can be accurately evaluated using the finite- conductivity fracture solutions presented in this paper. This is especially important for low-conductivity fractures, for which the pressure and rate transient behavior is often difficult to evaluate accurately using the solutions available in the literature.
Use of Supplemental Curves from Pulsed Spectral Gamma Logs to Enhance Log Interpretation
Authors: Wyatt D. F. , Jacobson L. A. , Fox Philip 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Supplemental measurements from induced nuclear spectrometry tools are examined to demonstrate what additional information they provide about the well and reservoir conditions. Logs in shut-in wells from Indonesia provide examples of oxygen activation measurements showing cross-flow from one reservoir to another via open perforations. Leaking squeezed perforations were also observed. An example from Alaska shows radioactive scale build-up in the casing which spectral analysis identifies as a mixture of uranium and thorium salts. Another log, where the casing fluid was replaced with crude oil, demonstrates a technique for identifying cement channels. Logs from Nigeria comparing oil saturation estimates before and after a squeeze operation illustrate the effect of casing fluid flushing of the formation through open perforations. Understanding the diagnostic character of these curves leads to higher confidence in the overall log interpretation process.
New Solutions for Well-Test-Analysis Problems: Part III—Additional Algorithms
Authors: Özkan Erdal , Raghavan Rajagopal 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
We extend the Laplace-space, source-function approach presented in Part I of this series to compute unsteady flows for some complex, well-reservoir configurations such as inclined wells, disc-shaped, horizontal and vertical fractures, and off-centered wells in cylindrical reservoirs. Asymptotic approximations for well responses at early and late times are provided. Computational issues are addressed and example applications are discussed.
Development of the Industry’s First MWD Slimhole Resistivity Tool
Authors: Maranuk C. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A new multiple depth of investigation resistivity device has been developed for use in slimhole drilling applications. The tool has a 4-3/4 inch nominal diameter and also contains gamma ray and vibration sensors.
The tool has been designed to work in medium radius horizontal wells. It can be run stand-alone or in conjunction with existing 4-3/4 inch MWD (Measurements-While-Drilling) directional tools. The data are stored in the tool’s downhole memory and are transmitted to the surface real-time.
This paper describes the requirements and design process used to develop this slimhole resistivity device and discusses its testing and field results.
Dipping Fluid Contacts in the Kraka Field, Danish North Sea
Authors: Thomasen J. B. , Jacobsen N. L. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe orientation of fluid contacts in chalk fields of the southern North Sea is influenced by a regional hydrodynamic gradient in the chalk aquifer.This paper describes how dipping fluid contacts have been modelled in the Kraka field by integration of geophysical, geological, petrophysical and reservoir engineering data. The Kraka field is a thin oil accumulation developed with long horizontal wells. The main reservoir is fractured chalk of Palaeocene (Danian) age. The field is located in the southern part of the Danish North Sea.The orientation of the fracture free water level (FWL) in Kraka was initially inferred from a lateral gradient in the virgin aquifer pressures between three wells. Subsequently, during the process of matching a theoretical saturation curve to the logged water saturations, a tilt of the matrix oil-water contact (OWC) was identified. In order to model this tilt it was necessary to assume a FWL with the same orientation as the fracture FWL interpreted from pressure data. Further support of the existence of dipping fluid levels was provided by a seismically mapped dipping planar anomaly interpreted as a fluid contact. The outline of this anomaly is in very good agreement with the OWC obtained from saturation modelling. Thus, three data sources (pressures, saturation modelling and seismic mapping) have independently provided evidence of tilted fluid contacts in the Kraka field. The validity of the model has subsequently been supported by data from new wells.
The Response of Dielectric Logging Tools to Dipping Thin Beds
Authors: Anderson B. I. , Lüling M. G. , Taherian Reza , Habashy T. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The response of 1.1-GHz dielectric logging tools to thin dipping beds, laminates and anisotropic formations is analyzed using a new modeling program. This program models the tool as an array of point magnetic dipoles. The formation is described as a sequence of dipping parallel layers with anisotropic conductivity, dielectric permittivity and magnetic permeability. The program is benchmarked against laboratory experimental results in dipping formations. The agreement between the modeled and experimental results is well within experimental uncertainties.
Additional modeling compares the tool response to laminates and to bulk anisotropy. In very thin laminates, the modeled tool response agrees with the response to an effectively anisotropic medium. The results show that vertically oriented tools in horizontal beds are mostly sensitive to the horizontal component of the conductivity and dielectric permittivity. With changing dip, the tools measure a weighted average of the horizontal and vertical components of the formation electrical parameters.
The program is also used to simulate 1.1-GHz, tool logs from an oil well in the Gulf of Mexico. The results of the simulations depend on the choice of electrical parameters input to the modeling code for individual beds. For thick beds with a negligible bed-boundary scattering, the input parameters are directly imported from the field log. For thinner beds, the electrical parameters are determined by iteratively varying the input parameters to minimize the difference between the simulated log and the field log.
Selection of Corrosion-Resistant Alloy (CRA) Pipeline Material for Pt. McIntyre Cross-Country Flowlines Via Life-Cycle Analysis
Authors: Schaeffer K. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Corrosion Resistant Alloys (CRAs) provide for low maintenance expense and long service life, but require high up-front capital expenditures when compared to other materials. This paper examines the use of life-cycle cost analysis to select Corrosion Resistant Alloys for the Pt. Mclntyre Field’s crosscountry flowlines. Pt. Mclntyre, located two miles north of Prudhoe Bay, was discovered in 1988 by ARCO and Exxon. The field, developed by ARCO, Exxon and BP, began production on October 14, 1993. To a large extent, large project cost decisions are based on lowest initial capital cost. Life-cycle cost analysis takes into account the costs to operate the equipment in addition to the initial cost. Present worth analysis allows the selection of the most economic choice over the expected life of the project by allowing the input of expense costs into the analysis. For the Pt. Mclntyre cross-country flowlines, several competing material options were compared against Bare Carbon Steel (BCS) as a base case. Other materials analyzed were: internally coated carbon steel, Incoloy 825, 22% Cr duplex stainless steel, 25% Cr (super) duplex stainless steel, and carbon steel with internally clad Incoloy 825. In order to undertake life-cycle cost analysis, initial capital and operating expense costs were quantified. Effort went into understanding and making equivalent expected service life, operating costs, and repair costs. This analysis resulted in the selection of 22% Cr duplex stainless steel for the Pt. Mclntyre cross-country flowlines and the first large scale application of CRA flowlines on the North Slope of Alaska.