bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep infrasound radiated by the Sumatra earthquake and tsunami
Authors: Garcés M. , Caron P. , Hetzer C. , Le Pichon A. , Bass H. , Drob D. , Bhattacharyya J. 
Published: October 2006

Infrasound arrays in the Pacific and Indian oceans that are part of the International Monitoring System (IMS) of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) recorded distinct signatures associated with the 26 December 2004 Sumatra earthquake (M/9, http://earthquake.usgs.gov/) and tsunami. Although the radiation of infrasound from large continental earthquakes is established [e.g., Le Pichon et al., 2003], the results presented in the present article indicate that islands undergoing significant surface displacements from submarine earthquakes can produce infrasound.Far more intriguing is the possibility that the initiation and propagation of a tsunami may produce low‐frequency sound near the source as well as along coastlines and basins. Since distant sound effectively propagates at ˜300 m/s and tsunamis propagate at ˜200 m/s, precursory sound could potentially be used as a discriminant for tsunami genesis.
Novel interpretation for shift between eruptive styles in some volcanoes
Authors: Polacci Margherita , Rosi Mauro , Landi Patrizia , Di Muro Andrea , Papale Paolo 
Published: October 2006

The transition from effusive, low mass flow rate to explosive, high mass flow rate eruptive behavior is a common aspect of the activity of calc‐alkaline volcanoes. However, the process driving the shift between the two eruptive styles is at present debatable and represents a topical theme in the volcanological literature.The main challenge is to understand the mechanism that allows a high mass flow rate when eruptions of highly porphyritic (40 vol % crystals) and viscous magmas (≥106 Pas, pascal second) occur. In this article, volcanological, compositional, and textural observations are used to demonstrate that viscous dissipation, a process that develops heating within flowing magma in a boundary layer near the conduit walls due to friction, is responsible for the long‐lasting, sustained explosive phases of this eruption type, as well as for the transition from effusive to explosive behavior.
Oceanographic telecommuting: Going to sea virtually
Authors: Smith Deborah K. , Lemmond Peter 
Published: October 2006

Oceanography in the 21st century is on the verge of changing the way it does business. Telecommuting from office to sea is about to make the same impact as telecommuting between home and the office did 20 years ago.A recent geophysical survey highlighted the role that telecommuting will soon play in ocean research. In June 2005, R/V Knorr was in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean conducting a geophysical survey of a region centered at 13°N along the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge in the general area of the diffuse triple junction between the North America (NA), Africa (AF),and South America (SA) plates. This region is particularly notable because of a unique zone of seismicity that occurs ∼70 km west of the ridge axis between 14°20′N and 12°50′N. The survey conducted on this cruise (KN182–3) was a first step toward understanding how slow spreading lithosphere is deforming in the NA‐SA‐AF triple junction region.
Katrina's wake
Authors: Bossak Brian H. 
Published: October 2006

Residents and community leaders in New Orleans, Louisiana, “the Big Easy,” have long feared the “Big One,” the almost‐mythical “ubercane” predicted to one day destroy the city in a torrent of rushing water and violent winds.On the morning of Monday, 29 August 2005, Hurricane Katrina made landfall as a Category 4 storm on the Saffir‐Simpson scale, first to the south of New Orleans along the Mississippi delta, and then just to the east of New Orleans near Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. Only hours earlier, Hurricane Katrina, which weakened before landfall, had possessed sustained winds of 281 kph, with gusts over 321 kph.
Hurricane Katrina and New Orleans: “I told you so” is not enough
Authors: Groat Charles 
Published: October 2006

There has not been a major natural‐hazard‐related disaster in modern times that wasn't preceded by warnings from scientists about the potential consequences of the intersection of populations, infrastructure, and extreme natural events. We have taken our understanding of the frequency of these events and the processes associated with them to the table as earthquake‐prone cities have contemplated zoning regulations and building standards, floodplain communities and government agencies have sought to improve flood insurance programs, and settlement has moved into wildland fire danger zones.We have celebrated when we were heeded, but more often we have been frustrated when the impacts of a natural hazard were as we predicted and the opportunity for scientific understanding to have reduced consequences of the event was missed by decision‐makers.
Space Weather: The Physics Behind a Slogan
Authors: Moldwin Mark 
Published: October 2006

Space weather is an emerging field of space physics that has as its focus the understanding of the societal and technological impacts of the solar‐terrestrial relationship. The variable Sun's electromagnetic and charged particle outflows affect the Earth's space environment and the satellites, communications systems, electrical power grids, astronauts, and airline passengers that operate within it. The energy mass, and momentum outflow from the Sun changes over all timescales and gives rise to dynamics of the magnetic field and plasma environment around the Earth.Many terms used in space physics have been borrowed from meteorology: The mass outflow of the Sun is called the “solar wind,” and the constant drizzle of energetic electrons into the polar cap is called “polar rain.” In the last decade, the term “space weather” has become the umbrella term to describe space physics research.
The future of high‐pressure mineral physics
Authors: Liebermann Robert C. 
Published: October 2006

Research in mineral physics is essential in interpreting observational data from many other disciplines in the Earth sciences, including geodynamics, seismology, geochemistry petrology geomagnetism, and planetary science, as well as materials science and climate studies, as illustrated in Figure l. The field of high‐pressure mineral physics is highly interdisciplinary and fundamentally multidisciplinary mineral physicists do not always study minerals or use only physics; they study the science of materials that compose the Earth and other planets, and employ concepts and techniques from chemistry physics, materials science, and biology.A dramatic example of this interdisciplinarity in action occurred during the past year. The experimental discovery and theoretical confirmation in 2004 of a new phase of magnesium metasilicate (MgSiO3) stable only at pressures above 100 Gigapascals (and termed the postperovskite phase) has had an immediate and profound impact on multidisciplinary studies of the deep mantle of the Earth (see article by Lay et al. in the 4 January 2005 issue of Eos).
Reply to the Comment by N. L. Dias [on “The need for better contacts between hydrologists in the two Americas”]
Authors: Clarke Robin T. 
Published: October 2006

It is a pleasure to acknowledge Nelson Luis Dias' supportive comments on my Eos article (despite his overstatement of its author's eminence). I agree with Dias on the important role that the IAI can, and should, play in developing closer collaboration in hydrology across the Americas. I recently participated in a panel which evaluated potential projects submitted for IAI funding, and I was impressed by the strength and variety of North, Central, and South American collaboration demonstrated in the submissions.Many of these potential projects contained a hydrologic component, in particular with regard to the effects of increasing population pressure on the quantity and quality of water resources, an issue that is frequently difficult to study due to the limited length and often fragmentary nature of hydrologic records available in many South American countries.
Are natural hazards and disaster losses in the U.S. increasing?
Authors: Cutter Susan L. , Emrich Christopher 
Published: October 2006

More than 35 major Presidential disaster declarations, including those for hurricanes Katrina and Rita, already have been declared across the United States in 2005. This is a harbinger of another costly year for natural disasters.While losses from the 2004 hurricane season are still being tallied, estimates suggest that each Florida hurricane last year was responsible for more than $5 billion in damages (http://www.ncdc.gov/oa/reports/billionz. html). This year (2005) may prove to be the costliest ever. To see whether the years 2004–2005 are unique or are the continuation of an increasing trend in disaster losses over time, spatial and temporal trends in natural hazards losses for the United States (1960–2003) were examined and compared with the geographic patterns of Presidential disaster declarations.
Monitoring carbon from space
Authors: Plummer Stephen , Rayner Peter , Raupach Michael , Ciais Philippe , Dargaville Roger 
Published: October 2006

Over the past two centuries, there have been great changes in the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide, methane, and carbon monoxide (CO2, CH4, and CO). The natural cycles of these gases have been strongly affected by human actions such as fossil fuel burning, land use change, and fire management.While there will always be uncertainty in understanding a system as complex as the world's climate, there is strong evidence that global warming is occurring and is being caused by increases in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The effects of such warming are already significant, and they are certain to accelerate in future decades as the magnitudes and feedback effects of the causative human actions increase.
The Sun and the Heliosphere as an Integrated System
Authors: Rust David M. 
Published: October 2006

The heliosphere is a bay in the interstellar space around the Sun where the solar wind blows lustily and holds back the magnetic fields and plasma of the local interstellar cloud. According to recent measurements from the Voyager 1 spacecraft, the radius of this bay, which is where the solar wind ceases to be supersonic, is about 94 astronomical units (AU) (1 AU = distance from the Sun to Earth).Much of what happens at the outer edges of the heliosphere is determined by what happens on the Sun. Magnetic fields generated in the solar interior boil to the surface and emerge into the outer atmosphere, called the corona, where they destabilize and propel coronal mass ejections (CMEs) into the heliosphere. The corona is also the source of the solar wind.
Mountain Ecosystems: Studies in Treeline Ecology
Authors: Körner Christian 
Published: October 2006

Except for water edges, cold climate treelines are the only land cover boundaries that have a global distribution. They are obvious even to the layperson, and they have fascinated biologists and geographers since the early days. High‐elevation treelines separate the montane forest and the treeless alpine region. This transition zone is commonly not sharp and is controlled by a multitude of environmental influences.This collection of case studies from around the world, edited in honor of treeline ecology pioneer F.‐K. Holtmeier, illuminates an impressively broad spectrum of phenomena associated with treelines. This broad spectrum, though, is also a limitation: The volume has no logical structure, and chapters neither build upon each other nor cover subjects by distinct thematic fields.
Seismic data reveal eastern Black Sea basin structure
Authors: Minshull T. A. , White N. J. , Edwards R. A. , Shillington D. J. , Scott C. L. , Demirer A. , Shaw‐Champion M. , Jones S. M. , Erduran M. , Besevli T. , Coskun G. , Raven K. , Price A. , Peterson B. 
Published: October 2006

Rifted continental margins are formed by progressive extension of the lithosphere. The development of these margins plays an integral role in the plate tectonic cycle, and an understanding of the extensional process underpins much hydrocarbon exploration.A key issue is whether the lithosphere extends uniformly, or whether extension varies with depth. Crustal extension may be determined using seismic techniques. Lithospheric extension may be inferred from the waterloaded subsidence history, determined from the pattern of sedimentation during and after rifting. Unfortunately, however, many rifted margins are sediment‐starved, so the subsidence history is poorly known.
Carrington, Schwabe, and the Gold Medal
Authors: Cliver Edward W. 
Published: October 2006

The mid‐nineteenth‐century sunspot studies of Heinrich Schwabe and Richard Carrington helped revitalize the then‐lagging subject of solar astronomy, ushered in the new field of solar‐terrestrial relations, and pointed astronomers toward a more modern view of the Sun's interior. This article recounts a little‐known connection between these two astronomers.Both Schwabe (Figure 1) and Carrington and were wealthy amateurs who pursued precise observational goals to great effect. While Schwabe's monumental result, the discovery of the 11‐year sunspot cycle, required 18 years of labor before its announcement and another seven before its acceptance, Carrington's key discoveries were all made within the first six years of his sunspot observations. Schwabe's solar observing career spanned 43 years (1825–1867); Carrington's spanned less than a fifth of that (1853–1861).
Survey presents broad approach to tsunami studies
Authors: Moran Kathryn , Austin James A. , Tappin David R. 
Published: October 2006

The Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami Offshore Survey (SEATOS) investigated the seafloor area near the 26 December 2004 earthquake. An early look at the data suggests that only small ground motions occurred. This raises major questions about how the enormous amount of energy from that earthquake could dissipate over relatively short distances, and whether the ground motion is characteristic of other active margins.SEATOS, which included an international, interdisciplinary team of scientists, conducted a detailed seafloor expedition in the vicinity of the epicenter of the Great Sumatra earthquake, in May 2005. The success of this interdisciplinary effort has led to a follow‐on workshop and a Union session at the upcoming AGU Fall Meeting on 5–6 December in San Francisco.
WMO head highlights link between climate and land degradation
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

soundunderstanding of the underlying factors of land degradation—particularly climate and the risk of natural hazards related to or induced by climate—is necessary for the sustainable development of countries affected by drought and desertification, according to Michel Jarraud, secretary‐general of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Jarraud spoke on 17 October at the seventh session of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) in Nairobi, Kenya.Land degradation, including one of its most extreme forms, desertification, directly affects about 250 million people and threatens one billion in over 100, mostly developing, countries worldwide, according to Jarraud.
New challenges in biogeochemical gradient research
Authors: Barth Johannes A. C. , Kappler Andreas , Piepenbrink Matthias , Werth Charles , Regenspurg Simona , Semprini Lewis , Slater Gregory F. , Schüth Christoph , Grathwohl Peter 
Published: October 2006

At a recent workshop focusing on biogeochemical gradients predominantly in groundwater and sediments, 32 North American and German scientists discussed research needs in three areas including (1) redox and microbes; (2) contaminants, isotopes, and fluxes; and (3) instruments, monitoring, and modeling.The presentation topics at the workshop at the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen in Germany ranged from new concepts for monitoring contaminant attenuation, microgradients, microbial and abiotic recycling of iron and arsenic, porous media characterization, modeling in marine and groundwater environments, and stable isotope as well as radioisotope techniques.
Seismic Reflection Processing With Special Reference to Anisotropy
Authors: Burns Dan 
Published: October 2006

Seismic reflection data are used extensively in petroleum exploration and development to provide subsurface images and estimates of rock and fluid properties. Data acquisition, processing, and interpretation methodologies have progressed over the past 30 years to allow high‐resolution three‐dimensional imaging, pore fluid and lithology prediction, and, in certain situations, time‐lapse monitoring of reservoir production. Exploration seismology experiences and applications are also finding their way into whole‐Earth imaging problems (and vice versa) with great success.Into this long and successful history, S. K. Upadhyay's book, Seismic Reflection Processing With Special Reference to Anisotropy, is introduced.
Great Sumatra Earthquake registers on electrostatic sensor
Authors: Röder Helmut , Schuhmann Wolfram , Büttner Ralf , Zimanowski Bernard , Braun Thomas , Boschi Enzo 
Published: October 2006

Strong electrical signals that correspond to the Mw = 9.3 earthquake of 26 December 2004, whichoccurred at 0058:50.7 UTC off the west coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia, were recorded by an electrostatic sensor (a device that detects short‐term variations in Earth's electrostatic field) at a seismic station in Italy, which had been installed to study the influence of local earthquakes on a new landslide monitoring system.Electrical signals arrived at the station practically instantaneously and were detected up to several hours before the onset of the Sumatra earthquake (Figure 1) as well as before local quakes. The corresponding seismic signals (p‐waves) arrived 740 seconds after the start of the earthquake. Because the electrical signals travel at the speed of light, electrical monitoring for the global detection of very strong earthquakes could be an important tool in significantly increasing the hazard alert window.
Flood risk and protection highlighted at hearing
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

Witnesses at a U.S. congressional hearing on reducing hurricane and flood risk argued for better assessments of flood risk, a national survey of levees, and a reevaluation of flood protection threshold levels.The hearing, held on 27 October by the U.S. House of Representatives' Transportation and Infrastructure Subcommittee on Water Resources and Environment, was one in a series to examine failures of hurricane and flood protection measures during hurricanes Katrina and Rita.
Young Scientist Network holds Inaugural Workshop
Authors: Scholze Marko , Mahowald Natalie , Hibbard Kathy 
Published: October 2006

The vulnerability and sustainability of the global human‐environment system is poised on a threshold of uncertainty in the near‐ and long‐term future. The future of the planet may at least be partly in the hands of young scientists.Because Earth system science has become increasingly integrative and the need for international communication is increasingly important, an international young scientist network was established in June 2005 as a key activity of the Analysis, Integration, and Modeling of the Earth System (AIMES) project of the International Geosphere‐Biosphere Programme.
Hydrologic measurement facility conducts user survey
Authors: Selker John 
Published: October 2006

The Hydrologic Measurement Facility (HMF) of the Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Sciences, Inc. (CUAHSI), which in October 2005 received three years of start‐up funds from the U.S. National Science Foundation's (NSF) Hydrological Sciences Program, aims to help researchers obtain effective access to cuttingedge techniques required to study hydrologic processes.The facility's first three years focus on determining the optimal types of, and delivery methods for, technical assistance, in order to provide the greatest benefit for the entire hydrological community.
International Climate Change Assessment highlighted at workshop
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

With the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) still more than a year from completion in 2007, organizers are attempting to keep the process open and to respond to criticism of some of its contents, including uncertainty in climate models, that was received after release of the 2001 report.Since 1990, the IPCC has produced three assessments of the scientific and socio‐economic information relevant to understanding human‐induced climate change, the potential impacts of climate change, and options for mitigation and adaptation. AR4 will contain an evaluation of the current understanding of climate change, based on peer‐reviewed science that has been published or is in press by December 2005.
A new eruptive cycle at Mount St. Helens?
Authors: Pallister John S. , Reagan Mark , Cashman Kathy 
Published: October 2006

What triggered the recent and ongoing eruption of Mount St. Helens? Is it new magma or just leftovers from the 1980s? How long will the eruption continue? Will the magma composition change, and will it become more explosive?The U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) Cascades Volcano Observatory (CVO) hosted a three‐day workshop at which 25 petrologists addressed these fundamental questions. The workshop began with a review of monitoring data by CVO staff and was followed by presentations and discussions of new petrologic data.
Making scientific data sets easier to find, access, and use
Authors: Wright Dawn , Watson Stephanie , Graybeal John , Bermudez Luis 
Published: October 2006

Over the years, a tremendous challenge has developed in the Earth and atmospheric sciences: that of managing and searching increasingly large volumes of data collected over relatively short time periods across multiple disciplines and from multiple platforms.Significant resources have been spent often on activities that are program‐ or project‐specific, which has resulted in many different standards, conventions, approaches, and tools for data documentation and management. However, it is still difficult to make data truly interoperable across the breadth and depth of the Earth and atmospheric sciences. Indeed, a key issue identified by scientists and technologists alike is the ability to use data (and its descriptive metadata), as described by different vocabularies, in a transparent, discipline‐independent, and scientifically valid way. With the proliferation of vocabularies specific to individual projects, data repositories, domains, and even individual scientists, finding and using data has become a manual and often labor‐intensive task.
Workshop highlights progress in solar‐heliospheric physics
Authors: Gopalswamy Nat 
Published: October 2006

The Solar, Heliospheric, and Interplanetary Environment (SHINE) group is an affiliation of researchers dedicated to promoting an enhanced understanding of the processes by which magnetic fields, plasmas, and energetic particles are produced near the Sun and propagated through the interplanetary medium to Earth and other locations in the heliosphere. The group conducted its annual workshop in July to discuss recent developments in the study of solar variability and its impact on Earth's space environment. One hundred fifty‐five scientists, including 27 students, participated in the plenary working group, and poster sessions.Student Day activities on 10 July consisted of tutorials given by experienced scientists: solar flares and particle acceleration (Robert Lin, University of California Berkeley), the origin of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) (Spiro Antiochos, Naval Research Laboratory Washington, D.C.),connecting the Sun and heliosphere (Thomas Zurbuchen, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor),and acceleration and transport of solar energetic particles (SEPs) (Christina Cohen, California Institute of Technology Pasadena). The tutorials were followed by student presentations on CMEs near the sun and in the interplanetary medium, solar wind, and SEPs.