bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of an automated in situ fracture stage for a ToF‐SIMS system
Authors: Wood Arran R. , Benedetto Nicolas , Hooker Nigel , Scullion Edward , Smith Paul A. , Watts John F. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe design philosophy and implementation of an ultra high vacuum (UHV), PC controlled, automated in situ fracture stage for a surface analysis system is described. ToF‐SIMS spectra are shown to illustrate the improvement in spectral quality obtained from micro‐compact tension (CT) tests of polymer matrix fracture surfaces produced using the fracture stage in UHV compared to those obtained from a sample tested at air. This system is flexible in that by changing the capacity of the load cell it is possible to reduce or increase maximum loads as the specimen type and material demands. The stage has been designed with instrumental flexibility in mind, utilising commercial SEM‐stub type sample mounts, and can thus be used for AES/SAM and XPS investigations, as well as ToF‐SIMS analysis, in the authors' laboratory. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategy making, novelty and analogical reasoning — commentary on Gavetti, Levinthal, and Rivkin (2005)
Authors: Farjoun Moshe 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis commentary responds to and builds upon a recent article about the role of analogical reasoning in strategy making (Gavetti, Levinthal, and Rivkin, 2005). Based on conceptual and formal analysis, the authors state that in complex and novel contexts, analogical reasoning may be superior to two established models: rational choice and local incremental search. I show that given an alternative conceptualization of the strategy‐making context and main models, analogical reasoning is not necessarily superior. Furthermore, in novel and complex contexts, this model and other approaches such as mental experimentation can play a larger role, particularly in inventing effective strategies. I further extend the analysis by considering some boundary conditions in which analogical reasoning and its alternatives best apply, exploring the idea that blending and adapting several search strategies may be more effective than using only one method, such as analogical reasoning, and advancing new directions for empirical research. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Market orientation, job satisfaction, product quality, and firm performance: evidence from China
Authors: Zhou Kevin Zheng , Li Julie Juan , Zhou Nan , Su Chenting 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis article examines the processes by which market orientation (MO) affects performance using a cross‐level approach. The results of a survey of 2,754 employees from 180 firms in China show that organization‐level MO culture leads to unit‐level MO behavior, which improves employee‐level job satisfaction and then product quality, which in turn fosters organizational performance. In particular, MO behavior fully mediates the effects of MO culture on employee satisfaction, product quality, and organizational performance. Leadership quality strengthens the effect of MO culture on unit‐level MO behavior. Moreover, MO behavior enhances firm performance indirectly through employee job satisfaction and product quality. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving dynamic software analysis by applying grammar inference principles
Authors: Walkinshaw Neil , Bogdanov Kirill , Holcombe Mike , Salahuddin Sarah 
Published: July 2008

AbstractGrammar inference is a family of machine learning techniques that aim to infer grammars from a sample of sentences in some (unknown) language. Dynamic analysis is a family of techniques in the domain of software engineering that attempts to infer rules that govern the behaviour of software systems from a sample of executions. Despite their disparate domains, both fields have broadly similar aims; they try to infer rules that govern the behaviour of some unknown system from a sample of observations. Deriving general rules about program behaviour from dynamic analysis is difficult because it is virtually impossible to identify and supply a complete sample of necessary program executions. The problems that arise with incomplete input samples have been extensively investigated in the grammar inference community. This has resulted in a number of advances that have produced increasingly sophisticated solutions that are more successful at accurately inferring grammars from (potentially) sparse information about the underlying system. This paper investigates the similarities and shows how many of these advances can be applied with similar effect to dynamic analysis problems by a series of small experiments on random state machines. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
National Board Certification (NBC) as a catalyst for teachers' learning about teaching: The effects of the NBC process on candidate teachers' PCK development
Authors: Park Soonhye , Oliver J. Steve 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis study examined how the National Board Certification (NBC) process, especially the portfolio creation, influenced candidate teachers' pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). In a larger sense, this study aimed to construct a better understanding of how teachers develop PCK and to establish ecological validity of the National Board assessments. Qualitative research methods, most notably case study, were utilized. Participants were three high school science teachers who were going thorough the NBC process. Data sources included classroom observations, interviews, teachers' reflections, and researcher's field notes. Data were analyzed using the constant comparative method and enumerative approach. Findings indicated that the NBC process affected five aspects of the candidate teachers' instructional practices that were closely related to PCK development: (a) reflection on teaching practices, (b) implementation of new and/or innovative teaching strategies, (c) inquiry‐oriented instruction, (d) assessments of students' learning, and (e) understanding of students. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 45: 812–834, 2008
On selecting the best transmission mode for WiFi devices
Authors: Mohammad Hossein Manshaei , Mathieu Lacage , Ceilidh Hoffmann , Thierry Turletti 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe design of efficient IEEE 802.11 physical (PHY) rate adaptation algorithms is a challenging research topic and usually the issues surrounding their implementations on real 802.11 devices are not disclosed. In this paper, we identify and evaluate the key parameters to design such algorithms. We then present a survey on existing PHY rate adaptation mechanisms and discuss their advantages and drawbacks. We also propose three new 802.11 PHY rate adaptation mechanisms, named adaptive auto rate fallback (AARF), closed loop adaptive rate allocation (CLARA), and adaptive multi‐rate retry (AMRR). AARF, proposed for low‐latency systems, has low complexity and obtains similar performance than RBAR in stationary and non‐fading wireless channels. CLARA is a culmination of the best attributes of the transmitter‐based ARF and RBAR control mechanisms with additional practical features such as adaptive fragmentation to improve multipath‐fading channel sensing and to provide feedback control signaling. AMRR is designed for high‐latency systems; it has been implemented and evaluated on an AR5212‐based device. Experimentation results show more than 20% performance improvement in throughput over the default algorithm implemented in the AR5212 MADWIFI driver. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospects and problems of wireless communication for underwater sensor networks
Authors: Lanbo Liu , Shengli Zhou , Jun‐Hong Cui 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper reviews the physical fundamentals and engineering implementations for efficient information exchange via wireless communication using physical waves as the carrier among nodes in an underwater sensor network (UWSN). The physical waves under discussion include sound, radio, and light. We first present the fundamental physics of different waves; then we discuss and compare the pros and cons for adopting different communication carriers (acoustic, radio, and optical) based on the fundamental first principles of physics and engineering practice. The discussions are mainly targeted at underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) with densely deployed nodes. Based on the comparison study, we make recommendations for the selection of communication carriers for UWSNs with engineering countermeasures that can possibly enhance the communication efficiency in specified underwater environments. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimally Invasive Management of Pancreatic Abscess, Pseudocyst, and Necrosis: A Systematic Review of Current Guidelines
Authors: Loveday Benjamin P. T. , Mittal Anubhav , Phillips Anthony , Windsor John A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackgroundMinimally invasive techniques have been used to manage infected pancreatic necrosis and its local complications, although there are no randomised trials to evaluate these techniques. The aims of this study were to review the scope and quality of recommendations in current clinical practice guidelines on the role of percutaneous catheter drainage and endoscopic techniques for pancreatic abscess, pseudocyst, and infected pancreatic necrosis and identify the degree of consensus between guidelines.MethodsA MEDLINE search was performed to identify current guidelines from any professional body published in the English language. Guidelines were analysed to determine their specific recommendations for using percutaneous catheter drainage and endoscopic techniques to manage pancreatic abscess, infected pseudocyst, and infected pancreatic necrosis.ResultsSixteen guidelines were reviewed. Percutaneous catheter drainage for pancreatic abscess was recommended by eight guidelines; for infected pseudocysts, one guideline did not recommend its use and six recommended its use; for infected necrosis, two guidelines did not recommend its use and four recommended its use. Endoscopic management of both pancreatic abscess and infected pseudocyst was recommended by seven guidelines; for infected necrosis, endoscopic management was recommended by ten guidelines. Ten guidelines did not include levels of evidence to support their recommendations.ConclusionsGuidelines lacked consensus in their recommendations for minimally invasive management of pancreatic abscess, infected pseudocyst, and infected necrosis, and few recommendations were graded according to the strength of the evidence. More prospective trials are needed to provide evidence where it is lacking, which should be incorporated into clinical practice guidelines.
Biobanking for better healthcare
Authors: Riegman Peter H.J. , Morente Manuel M. , Betsou Fay , de Blasio Pasquale , Geary Peter 
Published: July 2008

Translational cancer research is highly dependent of large series of cases including high quality samples and their associated data. Comprehensive Cancer Centers should be involved in networks to enable large‐scale multi‐center research projects between the centers [Ringborg, U., de Valeriola, D., van Harten, W., Llombart‐Bosch, A., Lombardo, C., Nilsson, K., Philip, T., Pierotti, M.A., Riegman, P., Saghatchian, M., Storme, G., Tursz, T., Verellen, D, 2008. Improvement of European translational cancer research. Collaboration between comprehensive cancer centers. Tumori 94, 143–146.]. Combating cancer knows many frontiers. Research is needed for prevention as well as better care for those who have acquired the disease. This implies that human samples for cancer research need to be sourced from distinct forms of biobanking. An easier access to these samples for the scientific community is considered as the main bottleneck for research for health, and biobanks are the most adequate site to try to resolve this issue [Ozols, R.F., Herbst, R.S., Colson, Y.L., Gralow, J., Bonner, J., Curran Jr., W.J., Eisenberg, B.L., Ganz, P.A., Kramer, B.S., Kris, M.G., Markman, M., Mayer, R.J., Raghavan, D., Reaman, G.H., Sawaya, R., Schilsky, R.L., Schuchter, L.M., Sweetenham, J.W., Vahdat, L.T., Winn, R.J., and the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2007. Clinical cancer advances 2006: major research advances in cancer treatment, prevention, and screening: a report from the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J. Clin. Oncol. 25, 146–162.].However, biobanks should not be considered a static activity. On the contrary, biobanking is a young discipline [Morente, M.M., Fernandez, P.L., de Alava, E. Biobanking: old activity or young discipline? Semin. Diagn. Pathol., in press.], which need continuously evolve according to the permanent development of new techniques and new scientific goals. To accomplish current requirements of the scientific community biobanks need to face some essential challenges including an appropriate design, harmonized and more suitable procedures, and sustainability, all of them in the framework of their ethic, legal and social dimensions.This review therefore presents an overview on these issues, based on the works and discussions of the Marble Arch International Working Group on Biobanking for Biomedical Research, integrated by experts in biobanking from five continents.
Spina bifida and anencephaly: a problem in genetic–environmental interaction
Authors: Carter C. O. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAnencephaly and spina bifida cystica, malformations of the central nervous system, are due to failure of closure of the neural tube. These malformations are a major cause of stillbirth, infant death and (in the case of spina bifida) of childhood morbidity in Britain today.Their aetiology is not known in detail. There are, however, indications from family studies and from the striking racial variation in their incidence (which is in part at least maintained after migration) that genetic factors are important in their causation. There is also evidence from maternal age and birth order effects, secular and seasonal variation, and social class effects that environmental factors also are important in their aetiology.
Heights and Weights of Schoolchildren in St Vincent
Authors: Ashcroft M. T. , Antrobus A. C. K. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryHeights and weights were measured of 5600 children aged 5 to 14 years, of predominantly African origin, attending primary schools situated in rural areas of St Vincent. The mean size of these children was intermediate between that of London children recorded in 1905 to 1912 and in 1959 and not greatly different from that found in recent years in most other parts of the West Indies. These St Vincent children were larger than those measured in a small survey 20 years ago. For a given height, they were lighter than London children in 1959 and obesity was much less common. Signs of serious malnutrition were rare. A standard of mean heights and weights of West Indian children from lower socio-economic classes and of predominantly African origin has been calculated from the results of recent surveys in five different countries.
An Analysis of Coital Patterns
Authors: Barrett J. C. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryData concerning occasions of coitus were recorded by 241 married couples who had sought advice from the Catholic Marriage Advisory Council about the basal body temperature method of regulating births. The present analysis deals with the 6 days of the post-ovulatory phase which are considered to be least affected by intended birth regulation. The distribution among couples of coital frequencies is tabulated by age of wife; the mean frequency during the 6 days is 1·8 (Table 2) but this value may be influenced by the fact that some couples had avoided coitus in the pre-ovulatory phase. The hypothesis is examined that the probability of coitus on any day is unaffected by whether or not coitus occurred on the previous day. Sufficient data are available to show, as expected, that not all couples behave in the way described by this hypothesis. It is estimated that for about a third of the couples the probability of coitus is decreased if it occurred on the previous day (alternators). There are also significant numbers for whom it is increased (persisters), besides those conforming to the hypothesis.
Effect of Desired Sex Composition in Families on the Birth Rate
Authors: Talwar Prem P. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper attempts to assess, by assuming the sex of a live birth to be a binomial event, the contribution of desires for specific sex compositions to the level of birth rate. Data from India are utilized to quantify the contribution. It is found that the birth rate in India could be greatly reduced by an effective campaign of limiting family size to three, even if the campaign were accepted by only those couples who had achieved their desired family composition.
Families with a Child with Epilepsy: A Sociological Contribution
Authors: Mulder H. C. , Suurmeijer T. P. B. M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper reports a pilot study of thirteen children with epilepsy and their families; the parents' efforts to obtain help for the child and the effect of the child's disability on the family relationships are described. About half of the parents did not consult the family doctor immediately after the first appearance of signs of epilepsy (patient delay). About a quarter of the family doctors delayed referral of the patient with epilepsy to the specialist (doctor's delay). Another 3 years passed, on average, before the patient reached a special centre or clinic for epilepsy (specialist delay); in three-quarters of all cases the first step to get there was taken by the parents and not by the specialist and chance plays an important role in determining how the entry into this third echelon is achieved. Reasons for the search for more specialized help were: dissatisfaction with the results of the treatment and the kind of rapport with the second echelon specialist. The out-patient clinic for epilepsy is generally favourably commented on because the expert medical advice is combined with the availability of a social worker, thus offering support with social problems also. As regards the influence of the illness on the family, there is evidence that family life is disrupted to a greater or less extent. The parents experience psychological stress and are generally apprehensive lest something will happen to their child. In a number of cases the relationships between siblings are rather disturbed. The parents, especially mothers, tend to (over-)protect the child with epilepsy. The child with epilepsy has a relatively isolated position in his social environment; he has few informal or formal social contacts with his peer group. The condition epilepsy contributes to a diminution of expectations for the future and curtailment of scholastic behaviour.
On Comparison of Birth Interval Distributions
Authors: Suchindran C. M. , Lingner J. W. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryFrequently it is of interest to compare the distributions of birth intervals for two or more population subgroups. Such analysis can serve as a useful adjunct to conventional studies of differential fertility.This paper discusses several statistical tests which can be used to test differences in the distributions of the length of birth order specific intervals when these distributions are obtained using life table techniques. Since such estimates involve incomplete or arbitrarily censored intervals, conventional statistical tests are not appropriate.The tests are illustrated through application to data from the 1965 National Fertility Survey. Data on the occurrence and timing of third and fourth births are shown to be significantly different for black and white currently married women. Comparisons among income groups, however, fail to show significant differences.
Fertility Pattern of Japanese Agricultural Settlers in Eastern Bolivia
Authors: Kashiwazaki Hiroshi 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe fertility of Japanese agricultural immigrants settled in eastern Bolivia was studied in comparison with Japanese populations in South Brazil and in Japan. The fertility of the Japanese in Bolivia was found to be high compared with the contemporary Japanese living in Japan, and lay between the levels for South Brazil in 1952 and for Japan in 1970. It is supposed that the Japanese immigrant women in Bolivia maintained the high level of fertility which was prevailing in Japan at the time when they had emigrated, while the level of fertility in Japan had declined remarkably.
Genetical, Environmental and Personality Factors Influencing the Age of First Sexual Intercourse in Twins
Authors: Martin N. G. , Eaves L. J. , Eysenck H. J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA study of MZ and DZ twins suggests that cultural differences are less important than individual environmental experiences in determining the age of first sexual intercourse. Certain personality factors are found to be correlated with this trait and there is also evidence that genetical differences may predispose individuals to cross this threshold at an earlier or a later age.
The Statistical Analysis of Menstrual Bleeding Patterns
Authors: Snowden Robert 
Published: July 2008

Conclusion and summaryThe proposed method of bleeding pattern analysis avoids the problem of defining the menstrual cycle. The difficulty of maintaining a cyclical approach becomes acute when methods of fertility regulation are used which are known to disrupt seriously previously experienced bleeding patterns.By using eight simple measures relating to the pattern of bleeding over a fixed period of time, it is possible to present sensitive indicators previously available but not used. These indicators will permit a more meaningful comparison of data obtained from different groups of women or for the same woman over time. The eight measures relate to the number, average duration and variability of bleeding episodes taking place within a defined period of time; the variability of the bleeding-free interval; the average duration and variability of the bleeding episode and its succeeding bleeding-free interval; and the number of days on which bleeding has occurred.Agreement was reached by the Workshop participants regarding the terms to be used, the definition of these terms, the statistical approach to be adopted and the analytical procedures to be followed in the analysis of bleeding patterns. It is hoped that this alternative approach to bleeding pattern analysis will assist researchers, clinicians and other investigators in the collection, analysis and interpretation of menstrual bleeding patterns.An example of this approach is given in the following paper by D. Mayes. This example is based on data in the form of diary cards made available to the Family Planning Research Unit, Exeter University, by John Guillebaud of the Churchill Hospital, Oxford.
Polygyny and Fertility Differentials among the Yoruba of Western Nigeria
Authors: Ahmed J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryData were analysed from the 1973 surveys of the Nigerian segment of the Changing African Family (CAFN) Project which covered Yoruba women and men in Ibadan and the western state of Nigeria. The Yoruba women in monogamous unions and those in polygynous unions show slightly varying levels of fertility, measured as mean number of children ever born. Most of this variation can be attributed to other variables; type of union of the women does not significantly affect their fertility level.
Multivariate Analysis of Infant and Child Mortality in Java and Bali
Authors: Hull Terence H. , Gubhaju Bhakta 
Published: July 2008

SummaryApplication of a multivariate analytical technique to the World Fertility Survey data for Java and Bali indicates that demographic variables, particularly the length of the preceding birth interval, are more important in explaining infant and child mortality differentials than are such social variables as education of parents or urban–rural residence. These findings are weakened to some extent by the lack of satisfactory data on household economic status which might have provided a better base for indirectly discerning the effects of nutrition and sanitation on mortality at young ages.