bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Method for characterization of triacylglycerols and fat‐soluble vitamins in edible oils and fats by supercritical fluid chromatography
Authors: Manninen Pekka , Laakso Päivi , Kallio Heikki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study demonstrates the usefulness of capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) for the characterization of triacylglycerols of edible oils and fats. Triacylglycerols were separated according to the acyl carbon number and the degree of unsaturation on a 25% cyanopropyl/25% phenyl/50% methylpolysiloxane stationary phase. Valuable information concerning the triacylglycerol composition of berry oils was obtained, despite the overlapping of certain triacylglycerol peaks. Simultaneous analysis of fat‐soluble vitamins and triacylglycerols is not practical by capillary SFC with flame‐ionization detection because of the low concentration of naturally‐occurring fat‐soluble vitamins in edible oils. Therefore, higher loading of the sample, which led to overloading of triacylglycerols, was required to get reasonable peaks for fat‐soluble vitamins. The method was applied to the characterization of triacylglycerols and tocopherols in sea buckthorn pulp and seed oil, and cloudberry seed oil without any sample purification prior to SFC. In addition, the stationary phase proved useful for separating the more complex mixtures of triacylglycerols found in milk fat and in fish oil.
Physical properties of fatty acid methyl esters. V. Dielectric constant
Authors: Gouw T. H. , Vlugter J. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe dielectric constants of methyl oleate, linoleate, linolenate, erucate and of saturated fatty acid methyl esters acetate through nonadecanoate have been measured at 20 and 40C in the liquid state. The data of the saturated compounds have been correlated with the Smittenberg relation. We computed molar additive properties and increments for the CH2 group through the Van Elk relation. For the saturated members of the series alternation is observed in the liquid state.
A neutron activation method for soil removal measurements: A comparison of the reflectance method and the neutron activation method
Authors: Netzel D. A. , Stanley C. W. , Rathburn D. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA nondestructive neutron activation analysis technique has been developed to determine the amt of particulate kaolinite clay soil removed from cotton fibers during a wash cycle.Neutron bombardment of aluminum, present as a constituent of the kaolinite lattice structure, produces short‐lived aluminum‐28. The amt of particulate soil present on a piece of cotton cloth before and after the wash cycle is determined by े scintillation counting of the aluminum‐28, thus providing an absolute method for the determination of the percentage of soil removed. A comparison of this method with the reflectance method has been made, and equations relating reflectance to clay concn for washed and unwashed soiled cloths have been developed for a given surfactant. It was found that the relationship of the concn of the soil on the test cloths and the measured reflectance depends upon whether the cloth has been washed or unwashed.The validity of the applicability of the Kubelka‐Munk equation relating reflectance to soil content on cotton fabric has been experimentally confirmed for soiled cloths have high reflectivity.
Pro‐oxidant effect of some carbonyl compounds in vegetable oils
Authors: Anderson R. H. , Huntley T. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCertain carbonyl compounds comparable in structure to those which might be produced in browning degradations of sugars were found to act as pro‐oxidants in vegetable oils. Action of these compounds as pro‐oxidants was apparent in oils held at 57C in open beakers, but not in oils at 99C in the AOM test.
Chromatographically homogeneous egg lecithin as stabilizer of emulsions for intravenous nutrition
Authors: Zeringue H. J. , Brown M. L. , Singleton W. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPhysically stable emulsions of cottonseed and soybean oils at 20% concn were prepared with chromatographically homogeneous egg lecithin at 1% concn as the sole emulsifier, and a 2.5% solution of glycerol as the aqueous phase. The physical stability of the emulsions was a function of the pH of the product, optimum pH 6.6~6.8. Aqueous solutions of dextrose and sorbitol decreased in pH to 4.8 when autoclaved, regardless of prior adjustment of pH to as high as 8.5, and emulsions in which these solutions were used as the aqueous phase exhibited phase separation. There was no significant decrease in pH, and no phase separation, in emulsions which contained glycerol solution as the aqueous phase. It appears that glycerol is superior to dextrose as the isotonic agent in lecithin‐stabilized emulsions for intravenous nutrition.Particle sizes and their distribution in lecithin‐stabilized emulsions of cottonseed and soybean oils were determined by means of a Coulter Counter. Approximately 99% of the oil in these emulsions was dispersed as particles whose diameters were no larger than 5 ॖ.
Drugs affecting lipid synthesis
Authors: Holmes W. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe apparent direct casual relationship of elevated blood lipids to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has resulted in many lines of investigation directed toward the control of lipids, particularly cholesterol, in blood and tissues. Much of this work during the past decade has been concerned with the regulation of endogenous synthesis of cholesterol. No attempt has been made herein to discuss the many cholesterol synthesis inhibitors which have been reported, but rather the salient features of two compounds, triparanol and nicotinic acid, both of which have been extensively used in the clinic, have been reviewed with a major emphasis on their mechanism of action. In addition, preliminary studies with two classes of azasteroids, a group of 3‐(ॆ‐dialkylaminoethoxy)‐substituted steroids, and a substituted alphatic acid, ethyl‐ॅ‐p‐chlorophenoxyisobutyrate, have been discussed. Brief mention is made of the effect of another class of hypocholesterolemic drugs, D‐ and L‐triiodothyronine, on the synthesis of chenodeoxycholate and cholate from cholesterol.
Mutagenic potential of ammonia‐related aflatoxin reaction products in a model system
Authors: Hawortha S. R. , Lawlor T. E. , Zeiger E. , Lee L. S. , Park D. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn a joint research effort, the Food and Drug Administration, the National Toxicology Program and the U.S. Department of Agriculture determined the mutagenic potential of aflatoxin reaction products following ammoniation of aflatoxin B 1 in a pressure chamber used to decontaminate aflatoxin‐contaminated cottonseed meal. Uniformly ring‐labeled (14C)‐aflatoxin B1 was added to nonlabeled B1, distributed on an inert carrier and treated with 4% ammonia at 40 psi, 100 C, for 30 min. Aflatoxin‐derived decontamination reaction products were separated, and fractions having a high specific activity were tested for mutagenic activity using the Salmonella/mammalian‐microsome mutagenicity assay (Ames test). When concentrations ranging from 3.3 to 100 μg per plate were tested, all fractions exhibited a similar mutagenic response. The observed mutagenic activity was 2,000‐20,000 times less than that observed with nonammoniated aflatoxin B1.
Microbiological synthesis of wax esters by euglena gracilis
Authors: Koritala S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEuglena gracias (ATCC 12716) grown on yeast‐malt extract medium synthesized wax esters. Saturated even‐numbered acids and alcohols (C12 to C18) were major con‐stituents, with traces of odd‐numbered fatty acids and alcohols. Tetradecanoic acid and tetradecanyl alcohol were the predominant components, and tetradecanyl tetradecanoate was the predominant wax ester.
Chemical characterization and physicochemical behavior of biosurfactants
Authors: Parra J. L , Guinea J. , Manresa M. A. , Robert M. , Mercadé M. E. , Comelles F. , Bosch M. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMicrobes have been isolated from soil and water samples after an enrichment culture process with kerosene and tested for biosurfactant production by measuring the surface and interfacial tensions and emulsification power of culture broths. The isolation and characterization of extracellular surface‐active agents from the culture broth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 44T1 strain have been made. Preliminary structure identification with specific TLC reagents of the CHCl3MeOH (2:1) extracts showed two spots with a glycolipidic structure and Rf values of 0.70 and 0.45, respectively, using the solvent system CHCl3:MeOH:H2O (65:25:4). Separation of surface active agents by Chromatographic absorption column in Florisil or silica gel and further spectroscopic study (IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR) and chemical degradation techniques (acid and alkaline hydrolysis) gave a structure of β[β(2‐0‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyloxy)decanoyl] decanoic acid and β[β (2‐0‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyloxy) decanoyloxy] decanoic acid (glycolipid A and glycolipid B, respectively) for the two glycolipids detected. A new method of mass spectrometry, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS), was used to probe molecular structure. The mass spectra obtained contain molecular weight recognition and sequence information signals, and they are in agreement with the proposed structures. Physicochemical evaluations of the two isolated glycolipids were made. The minimum surface tension obtained was 25 mN/m in water solutions. At pH 7 the CMC value was 11 ppm. In both cases, at pH 3 the CMC was displaced to lower and at pH 9 it was displaced to higher concentration values. Glycolipid B showed a lower value of interfacial tension (0.2 mN/m) than glycolipid A (1.0 mN/m). Glycolipid A showed a lower CMC value at alkaline pH, whereas glycolipid B had a lower CMC at acidic pH than at alkaline pH.
The addition of mercaptans to methyl sterculate and sterculene: An hypothesis concerning the nature of the biological activity exhibited by cyclopropene derivatives
Authors: Kircher H. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLipids that contain a cyclopropene ring have been found to be biologically active when incorporated into the diet of laying hens. Methyl sterculate and sterculene (1,2‐di‐n‐octylcyclopropene) are examples of these compounds. When added to dilute solutions of methyl mercaptan and ॆ‐mercaptopropionic acid, the sulfhydryl group added to the double bond of the cyclopropene ring. The cyclopropyl methyl and 2‐carboxyethyl derivatives were isolated and their structure established. This reaction of sulfhydryl groups with the cyclopropene ring may have its counterpart in the animal舗s body, and could be the cause of the physiological effects that are observed when cyclopropene derivatives are fed to laying hens.
A study of detergent biodegradability as shown by various analytical techniques
Authors: Allred R. C. , Setzkorn E. A. , Huddleston R. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe data discussed in this paper indicate the importance of the application of a number of different analytical procedures to a detergent biodegradation study, since no single technique is an adequate means of measuring the various aspects of detergent biodegradability.This paper describes surface tension, colorimetric, manometric, radioactive, and GLC analytical methods applicable to detergent biodegradation analyses, with an interpretation of the results given by each method.The biological system used in the studies is also described.
Rigid urethane foams from blown castor oils
Authors: Lyon C. K. , Garrett Vilma H. , Goldblatt L. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSolvent‐blown rigid urethane foams prepared from a low‐cost polyol mixture composed of raw castor oil and triisopropanolamine have been described. Foams with higher compressive strengths can be obtained by substituting oxidized (blown) castor oil for the raw castor oil in formulations of this type.The properties of rigid foams prepared from several commercial blown castor oils are described. The properties of these foams are correlated with the degree of oxidation of the blown oils used, as indicated by their oxygen content, density, viscosity, and refractive index. Removal of acid from blown oils having high acid values has no significant effect on the compressive strength of foams prepared from these oils.When blown castor oil is used instead of raw castor oil, less isocyanate is required to produce a urethane foam of specified density and compressive strength.
Gas chromatography ofCis‐Trans fatty acid isomers on nitrile silicone capillary columns
Authors: Litchfield Carter , Reiser Raymond , Isbell A. F. , Feldman G. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThree nitrile silicone polymers have been evaluated as liquid phases for gas chromatographic separation of the geometric isomers of methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, and methyl linolenate on capillary columns. A polymer of ॆ‐cyanoethylmethylsiloxane proved the most effective. This liquid phase separated oleate from elaidate, resolved the four geometric isomers of linoleate into three peaks, and divided the eight geometric isomers of linolenate into six peaks. Two other copolymers of dimethylsiloxane and ॆ‐cyanoethylmethylsiloxane gave poorer resolution ofcis‐trans isomers, but showed different elution patterns for the geometric isomers of linoleate and linolenate.
Cyclic fatty acids from linolenic acid
Authors: Eisenhauer R. A. , Beal R. E. , Griffin E. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLinolenic acid of 95% purity was heated with excess alkali in ethylene glycol to produce cyclic fatty acids. Reaction variables, which are associated with the cyclization reaction and which were investigated, included solvent‐to‐fatty‐acid ratio, catalyst concentration, and reaction temperature, headspace gas (N2 or C2H4), and head‐space gas pressure.Yields of cyclic acids were improved by increasing solvent ratio (1.5舑6 wt basis), reaction temperature (225舑295C), and catalyst concentration (10舑100% excess). With nitrogen the optimum catalyst concentration was about 100% excess, but when ethylene was used, no increase was obtained beyond 50% excess catalyst. Yields of polymeric acids produced in the reaction generally decreased as cyclic acid yields increased, except in one instance.Higher yields of cyclic fatty acids were obtained with ethylene than with nitrogen under all comparable conditions, and increasing the ethylene pressure to as high as 500 psi improved the yield. Ethylene adds to the conjugated double bonds and is believed to give C20 fatty acids having a 1,4‐disubstituted monoene ring in the chain. The maximum yield of monomeric cyclic acids from 95% linolenic acid was 84.6%, the balance being polymeric and unreacted monomeric acids. Monomeric acids from this test contained 95% cyclic acids.
Simmons‐Smith reaction of allylic hydroxylated long chain α, β‐unsaturated esters
Authors: Ahmad M. S. , Osman S. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe reaction of methyl 4‐hydroxy‐trans‐2‐hexadecenoate [1b] with diiodomethane in the presence of zinc‐copper couple yielded methyl 4‐methoxy‐trans‐2,3‐methylenehexadecanoate [2] in a 70% yield, together with methyl 4‐hydroxy‐trans‐2,3‐methylenehexadecanoate [3] (∼20%). The presence of an allylic hydroxyl group in the α,β‐unsaturated ester increases the yield of the cyclopropanation product. The formation ofo‐methyl ether reveals the dual role of cyclopropanation and etherification by S.S. reagent of a hydroxylated olefinic compound.
Detection of goat body fat in ghee by differential thermal analysis
Authors: Lambelet P. , Singhal O. P. , Ganguli N. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe differences in the melting diagrams and crystallization patterns of goat body fat and ghee, as determined by differential thermal analysis, provide a basis for the determination of adulteration in cow or buffalo ghee. The new endothermic peak on the melting diagram in samples having more than 10% goat body fat can be used for qualitative detection and the crystallization diagram can be used for quantitative estimation.
Polymorphism of POS. II. kinetics of melt crystallization
Authors: Koyano T. , Hachiya I. , Arishima T. , Sagi N. , Sato K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMelt crystallization of four polymorphs of POS, α,δ, pseudo‐β′ andβ, was examined with pure samples (>99.9%). Induction time, τ, for newly occurring crystals was measured with a polarizing microscope equipped with a temperature‐controlled growth cell. Rate of crystallization, 1/τ, was obtained for each polymorph, whose identification was done with x‐ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Two modes of crystallization, melt cooling and melt mediation, were applied. From these experiments, the following conclusions were obtained: (i) The rate of melt‐mediated crystallization was always higher than of simple melt cooling; (ii) the pseudo‐β′ form was crystallized in a wider range of temperature than the less stable δ form; (iii) the occurrence behavior of the polymorphs differed between simple melt cooling and melt mediation; (iv) the δ form was crystallized only by simple melt cooling in a narrow range of temperature, 25.5°C∼28.3°C. This means that there is a possibility that δ may result from racemic compounds that are crystallized in a specific manner. The experimental results are discussed in comparison to 1,3‐dipalmitoyl2‐oleoylglycerol (POP), 1,3‐distearoyl‐2‐oleoylglycerol (SOS) and cocoa butter.
High antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from sage by supercritical co2 extraction
Authors: Djarmati Z. , Jankov R. M. , Schwirtlich E. , Djulinac B. , Djordjevic A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe ethanolic extract of sage(Salvia officinalis L.) was separated into five fractions through reextraction with supercritical CO2. Further fractionation of the most active antioxidant fractions by means of liquid chromatography, with silicic acid as absorbent, yielded 2H‐10,4α‐(epoxy methano)‐phenantren‐12‐one‐1,3,4,9,10,10αhexahydro‐5, 6‐dihydroxy‐9α‐ethoxy‐1,1‐dimethyl‐7‐(1methylethy), (rosmanol‐9‐ethyl ether). The same compound was isolated from the alcoholic extract of the hyssop(Hyssopus officinalis L.). Rosmanol‐9‐ethyl ether was shown to be one of the active antioxidant components in sage and hyssop, with activity much greater than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT).
Solubilization of vitamin C in fish oil and synergistic effect with vitamin E in retarding oxidation
Authors: Han Daeseok , Yi Ock‐Sook , Shin Hyun‐Kyung 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAntioxidative effects of ascorbic acid and δ‐tocopherol on the oxidation of sardine oil stored at 30°C in the dark has been investigated. It was found from phase diagrams and peroxide values of fish oil/lecithin/water systems that the desirable levels of lecithin and water to solubilize ascorbic acid in the oil were 0.3% (w/w) and 0.1% (w/w), respectively. When ascorbic acid (0.02%) and δ‐tocopherol (0.4%) were used together, the induction period of fish oil could be lengthened 22‐fold, due to their synergism. They could inhibit the production of carbonyl and volatile compounds and oxidative polymerization.
Mechanism of formation of chloropropanols present in protein hydrolysates
Authors: Collier P. D. , Cromie D. D. O. , Davies A. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChloropropanols are formed in protein hydrolysates by the reaction of hydrochloric acid with residual lipids associated with the proteinaceous materials used in their production. The products formed from glycerol, triolein, 1,2‐diacyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphorylcholine and soya meal have been analyzed by thin‐layer and gas chromatography. The yields and isomer ratios of the chloropropandiols and dichloropropanols formed are interpreted in terms of reaction mechanisms for their formation, which involve preferential nucleophilic substitution by the chloride anion at positions activated by neighboring ester groups. These provide anchimeric assistance and govern regioselectivity through steric and electronic effects.
Triglyceride analysis with glass capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Grob K. , Neukom H. P. , Battaglia R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe analyses of triglycerides on capillary columns is reported. Applications in which this technique can be used include: rapid identification of fats and oils, measurement of butter fat or coconut oil content in margarine or chocolate, monitoring of processes such as fractionation, transesterification or heat treatment. Although separation of all isomers within a group of triglycerides with identical carbon numbers is not usually feasible by gas chromatography (GC) alone, the resolution obtained with capillary columns gives more information than that obtained with packed column GC. The conditions used in this work are described. Persilylated columns coated with nonpolar gum phases could be used for ca. 1 yr with hundreds of injections.
Preparation of an ω3 fatty acid concentrate from cod liver oil
Authors: Haagsma N. , van Gent C. M. , Luten J. B. , de Jong R. W. , van Doorn E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPreparation of an 85% ω3 fatty acid concentrate from cod liver oil is described. The urea inclusion compound method was used. On the average, 265 g of concentrate was obtained from 1,000 g of cod liver oil. For stabilization of the fatty acids, 0.01% octyl gallate was added.
Adsorption study of nonionic surfactants on polyester fibers
Authors: Gum M. L. , Goddard E. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn adsorption study of a series of nonionic surfactants on polyester fiber was performed to determine the relative importance of sub‐strate affinity in the detergency process. The fiber used in this study was a multifilament polyester yarn. Because of the relatively low surface area/g of the yarn, analytical methods for detecting the depletion of surfactant due to adsorption have to be extremely sensitive. One qualitative technique used was streaming potential measurements. The electrokinetic effect, which the streaming poten‐tial measures, depends on the nature of the electrical double layer at the fiber/solution interface. The modification of the streaming potential indicates that the extent of surfactant adsorption onto the fiber surface is very similar for the nonionic surfactants studied. A very sensitive, quantitative analytical technique, which can only be used for surfactants with an appropriate chromophore, is ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. The UV study showed that the adsorption of the nonylphenol ethoxylate onto the polyester is Langmuirian with the adsorption plateau occurring at the critical micelle concentra‐tion. For alcohol ethoxylates without a UV chromophore, con‐venient quantification at the ppm level represents a difficult analyt‐ical problem. In this work, total carbon analysis was developed as a sensitive analytical tool for surfactant determination. Agreement between the UV and total carbon data for the nonylphenol ethox‐ylate was quite good. The relevance of the data to the detergency process is discussed.
Effects of quenching mechanisms of carotenoids on the photosensitized oxidation of soybean oil
Authors: Jung Mun Y. , Min David B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effects of 0, 1.0 × 10”−5, 2.5 × 10−5, and 5.0 × 10−5 M β‐apo‐8'‐carotenal, β‐carotene, and canthaxanthin on the photooxidation of soybean oil in methylene chloride containing 3.3 × 10−9 M chlorophyll b were studied by measuring peroxide values and conjugated diene content. β‐Apo‐8'‐carotenal, β‐carotene, and canthaxanthin contain 10,11, and 13 conjugated double bonds, respectively. The peroxide values and conjugated diene contents of oils containing the carotenoids were significantly lower (P<0.05) than those of control oil containing no carotenoid. As the number of conjugated double bonds of the carotenoids increased, the peroxide values of soybean oils decreased significantly (P<0.05). The quenching mechanisms and kinetics of the carotenoids in the photosensitized oxidation of soybean oil were studied by measuring peroxide values. The steady‐state kinetics study showed that carotenoids quenched singlet oxygen to reduce chlorophyll‐sensitized photooxidation of soybean oil. The singlet‐oxygen quenching rate constants ofβ‐ apo‐8'‐carotenal, β‐carotene, and canthaxanthin were 3.06 × 109, 4.60 × 109, and 1.12 × 1010 M−1sec−1, respectively.