bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bedding Factors and E' Values for Buried Pipe Installations Backfilled with Air-Modified CLSM
Authors: McGrath TJ , Hoopes RJ 
Published: March 2009

The use of controlled low strength material (CLSM) as a pipe bedding and backfill material requires characterization in terms of traditional design parameters such as bedding factors for rigid pipe and modulus of soil reaction, or E', values for flexible pipe. Triaxial compression and one-dimensional consolidation tests were conducted on two mixes of air-modified CLSM to establish parameters for use in finite element analyses of buried pipe installations. Both trial mixes contained 25 to 30% entrained air to provide flowability. The tests were conducted at ages of 16 hours, 7 days and 28 days to evaluate the change in strength and stiffness with time.
Results of the tests were analyzed to fit parameters to the Duncan hyperbolic soil model with the Selig bulk modulus model. These parameters were then used in analyses of flexible and rigid pipe installations, backfilled with CLSM, to determine traditional installation design parameters.
The finite element analyses indicate that bedding factors for rigid pipe installations range from 1.8, for trench installations backfilled at an age of 16 hours, to 2.5 for trench installations backfilled at an age of 28 days. Bedding factors for embankment installations of rigid pipe range from 2.5 to 4.8 for ages from 16 hours to 28 days, respectively. Values for the modulus of soil reaction (E') for installation of flexible pipe range from 7 MPa to 21 MPa (1,000 psi to 3,000 psi) for ages from 16 hours to 28 days respectively.
Effects of Product Quality and Design Criteria on Structural Integrity
Authors: Rice RC , Tritsch DE 
Published: March 2009

Description
Explores ways to increase the reliability in the initial quality of engineering materials, components and structures.
Leading experts in the field have presented eleven peer-reviewed papers addressing such issues as:
• The impact of production processing changes on laminated high-strength stainless steel corrosion damage and fatigue strength loss
• High temperature applications using fracture mechanics methodologies
• The influence of density and porosity size and shape on the fatigue properties of a high-strength powder metallurgy steel
• How to alleviate performance problems in a nickel base fastener system
• The effect of alterations in plating and shot peening design criteria on 4340 steel plate fatigue properties
• Fatigue behavior alteration in scale-model reinforced concrete bridge decks subjected to moving loads
• Design criteria and analysis procedures for reliable commercial transport aircraft maintenance
• Design methods to address crack arrest and avoid brittle failure in low-temperature storage tanks.
Advances in Fatigue Crack Closure Measurement and Analysis: Second Volume
Authors: McClung RC , Newman JC 
Published: March 2009

Description
STP 1343 features 28 peer-reviewed papers addressing development in fatigue crack growth (FTG) and fatigue life management. Worldwide leaders in the field provide their latest findings in five major areas:
Fundamental Studies -- answers basic questions about plasticity-induced crack closure and the adequacy of closure concepts in a wide range of growth behaviors.
Experimental Characterization of Closure -- examines one of the most active topics in closure studies. Included are experimental methods of measuring and analyzing crack opening levels and the correct way to incorporate closure information into the effective value of the stress intensity factor range.
Load History Effects -- addresses perhaps the most useful application of the crack closure concept, which has been to develop life prediction methods accounting for retardation and acceleration effects under variable-amplitude and spectrum loading methods.
Surface Roughness Effects -- explores how roughness interacts with plasticity-induced closure to affect crack growth rates. Several authors address this issue by developing models that include both effects.
Closure Effects on Crack Behavior -- investigates how fatigue crack closure, as an intrinsic feature of growing fatigue cracks, can have an influence on many different aspects of crack growth.
Organized according to the particular class of closure and including a variety of both experimental and analytical/numerical techniques, STP 1343 is an invaluable resource for all FTG experts.
Applications of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry to Radionuclide Determinations
Authors: Morrow RW , Crain JS 
Published: March 2009

Description
Features the most current methods for determining precise levels of radiation exposure using state-of-the-art instrumentation. An international selection of experts in the field from the United States, Europe and the Middle East have presented 13 comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers in two key categories:
Applications of ICP-MS in the Nuclear Fuel Cycle -- Topics covered include ICP-MS use for isotopic composition assessment in uranium products; refinements for the precise determination of uranium isotope ratios; on-site applications ranging from environmental monitoring to defense waste vitrification; and ICP-MS applications toward nuclear waste management in France.
Applications of ICP-MS in Health and Environmental Monitoring -- Key issues examined: On-line sample processing techniques for the determination of actinides in natural waters; Radionuclides determination in clinical media; and ICP-MS methods for the characterization of geological media.
This publication is an invaluable text for analytical spectroscopists, radiochemists, nuclear fuel fabricators, geochemists, environmental restoration companies and Department of Energy contractors.
Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: Eighteenth Volume
Authors: Nalewaja JD , Goss GR , Tann RS 
Published: March 2009

Description
Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: 18th Volume (STP 1347) provides 26 peer-reviewed papers from application, formulation, and synthesis professionals from academia, government, and industry. The volume is divided into three areas:
Current Issues -- the impact of pesticide and insect resistant crops on pesticide and adjuvant usage and regulatory concerns; the advantages and disadvantages of transgenic crops and potential shifts in pesticide usage; basic principles of endocrine disruption, compounds considered disrupters; the activities of the Endocrine Disrupter Screening and Testing Advisory Committee that was established to help the EPA with guidelines for the Congressional set date of August 1999.
Application Technology -- Innovations in pesticide spray applications; influence of species, spray volume, droplet size, adjuvant type and amount of spray retained; closed systems for spray application; spray distribution patterns; mechanism of spray droplet wetting and spreading; and surface tension affects on droplet spectrum.
Pesticide Formulations and Adjuvants -- Various components for liquid, flowable, and granular pesticide formulations are discussed in several papers. The surface acidity of clay carriers relative to pesticide stability, the use of computer models for developing emusifiable formulations; rapid tests for adjuvant efficacy with specific herbicides; and the blends of dispersing agents and surfactants for suspension stability are specific topics addressed.
Topics relating to adjuvant enhanced efficacy are adjuvant physicochemical properties; surfactant phytotoxicity to plants and cell suspensions; spray droplet retention and spread relative to efficacy with herbicides; potential of corn syrup as an adjuvant; and methods of evaluating adjuvant efficacy.
For pesticide formulators, pesticide developers, agricultural consultants, weed, insect, and plant disease scientists. Also for general formulation chemists (as in the paint industry, pharmaceuticals, inks, etc.) and pesticide distributors.
Acoustic Emission: Standards and Technology Update
Authors: Vahaviolos SJ 
Published: March 2009

Description
This comprehensive volume presents 16 peer-reviewed papers that explore the evolution of AE technology worldwide and provide you with the latest information on AE instrumentation, applications, standards and codes. STP 1353 also draws comparisons between AE and other Nondestructive Testing (NDT) technologies are examined as to their suitability in solving practical industrial problems; and covers Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV) Cylinder Testing with AE, which when properly applied, can save NGV assets.
This unique publication is a valuable asset to:
• Professionals at Petrochemical Plants and Refineries
• Power Generation and Distribution Industry Personnel
• Bridge Inspectors
• Railroad Tank Car Users and Leasers
• Compressed Natural Gas Users and Component Manufacturers
• NDT Community
• Researchers
• University Professors and Students
Field Instrumentation for Soil and Rock
Authors: Durham GN , Marr WA 
Published: March 2009

Description
Nearly 30 papers feature the latest information on field instrumentation for soil and rock
Three major areas addressed include: • Geotechnical Instrumentation of Landfills; • Instrumentation for Project Cost Management, • and Field Data Acquisitions and Data Management.
Two papers address the geotechnical instrumentation aspects of the Central Artery/Tunnel Project in Boston, Massachusetts, while other papers address topics such as, culverts and buried pipe, instrumenting corrugated pipe, instrumentation of geogrid used in a reinforced slope, geotechnical instrumentation of landfills and more.
An Assessment of Potential Gamma Ray Enhancement of Embrittlement in ABWR Pressure Vessel Walls
Authors: Garner FA , Greenwood LR , Roy P 
Published: March 2009

It has recently been proposed that the unequal attenuation of γ-rays and fast neutrons in the water gaps of boiling water reactors may lead to a significant underprediction of the atomic displacement rate at the pressure vessel wall. Since a larger water gap has been incorporated in the design of the Advanced Boiling Water Reactor (ABWR), it was suggested that atomic displacements by γ-rays might significantly offset the advantage of reduced neutron damage to the wall gained by using the larger gap. Such a proposal is strongly amplified by another proposed assumption that atomic displacements generated by γ-rays are 100 times more survivable and therefore more damaging than those created by fast neutrons.
An independent assessment of the relative displacements caused by γ-rays and neutrons in the ABWR pressure vessel wall has been performed in this study. Based on recent works of others it does not appear that the use of 100-fold enhancement factors is justified for this application. When the full details of the neutron and gamma transport are addressed, it is found that no significant γ-enhancement of damage will occur in the ABWR pressure vessel wall. While the relative amount of damage caused by neutrons and gammas changes with increasing water gap, the overall advantage of low total displacement damage is not significantly changed by the gamma-induced component.
Behavior of an Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Ferritic Steel Irradiated in Phenix
Authors: Dubuisson P , Schill R , Hugon M-P , Grislin I , Séran J-L 
Published: March 2009

This paper deals with the irradiation behavior of the oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic alloy DT2203Y05, a 13% Cr ferritic alloy strengthened by a fine dispersion of yttrium and titanium oxides. This alloy was irradiated up to 81 dpa in Phénix as fuel pin cladding. The profilometry measurements confirm its high swelling resistance. Few voids, mainly associated with oxides, are observed at low irradiation temperatures, but this alloy is severely embrittled by irradiation. A few cracks are observed in the lower 2/3 of the fissile column, and the longitudinal tensile tests show hardening and severe ductility loss induced by irradiation along the whole fuel column.
Transmission electron microscopy observations show that the radiation-induced strong ductility loss results from a fine and uniform α′ precipitation and dislocation loop formation at low temperatures (as in classic ferritic steels) and from important χ precipitation at high temperatures. The radiation-induced embrittlement of this ODS ferritic steel results also from the recoil dissolution of oxides leading to the total dissolution of the finer oxides and to the formation of small oxide shells around the larger initial oxides. The oxide dispersion, which is characterized before irradiation by a broad size distribution with oxide-free bands leading to an heterogeneous dislocation loop distribution under irradiation, is probably responsible for the apparition of cracks in the lower 2/3 of the fuel column and for the channel fracture.
Comfort or Protection: The Clothing Dilemma
Authors: Slater K 
Published: March 2009

The need to provide protection from a variety of hazards is often met by the use of special clothing. Unfortunately, complete protection often necessitates apparel design which, for various reasons, cannot be tolerated by the human body.
The dilemma relates to human comfort and survival needs. People cannot tolerate lack of oxygen, nor can they survive exposure to excess heat, occasioned by preventing moisture resulting from perspiration from escaping into the atmosphere. Lack of air, or water build-up inside a garment can literally produce serious physiological overloading, ending possibly in death if the situation is not corrected. Thus, for instance, although protection from chemical, microbiological or radiative harm can theoretically be provided by total isolation of the body within a garment system, this approach is not feasible in practice, both because of breathing difficulties and because of heat build-up.
In this paper, the conflicting factors involved in providing protection while maintaining comfort are reviewed, and the current solutions proposed for resolving the dilemma, including the use of coated or microporous fabrics, external cooling or air supply arrangements, and clothing design, are critically evaluated.
Preliminary Tests of an Infrared Process Monitor for Polyethylene Encapsulation of Radioactive Waste
Authors: Wright SL , Jones RW , McClelland JF , Kalb PD 
Published: March 2009

Polyethylene encapsulation is a process that is being nvestigated for the solidification of radioactive nitrate salts at Brookhaven National Laboratory and Rocky Flats Plant. In the encapsulation process, radioactive-salt waste is mixed with polyethylene pellets, heated, and extruded as a molten stream. Upon cooling, the mixture solidifies to a monolithic waste form with excellent properties for long-term waste storage. This paper describes a novel method to monitor the composition of the salt/polymer stream as it exits the extruder.
The monitor is based on a technique known as transient infrared spectroscopy (TIRS). The TIRS monitor is able to capture the real-time mid-infrared spectrum of the processed waste stream as it exits the extruder. The wealth of chemical information contained in a mid-infrared spectrum makes this technique very appealing for on-line monitoring and process control. Data from the monitor can be used to guide processing, minimize waste volume, and certify the composition of the final waste form.
Leaching Behavior of Polyethylene Encapsulated Nitrate Waste
Authors: Fuhrmann M , Kalb PD 
Published: March 2009

The leaching behavior of sodium nitrate salts (simulating wastes from the Hanford single-shell tanks) encapsulated in polyethylene was investigated. These wastes are sufficiently radioactive that they may be self-heating. Laboratory scale waste forms prepared for leach tests were mixtures of NaNO3 and low-density polyethylene, with nominal salt loadings of 50, 60 and 70 wt%. In this study we determined: (1) leach rates of NaNO3/polyethylene waste forms at several waste loadings (2) leach rates at temperatures as high as 70°C which is the maximum projected temperature of this self-heating waste (3) leaching mechanism of NaNO3/polyethylene waste forms and predicted releases.
The Accelerated Leach Test (ALT) used for this study was recently developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). It is particularly well suited for this application since it was designed to be run at elevated temperatures.
Use of the Shrinking Core / Exposure Model to Describe the Leachability from Cement Stabilized Wastes
Authors: Hinsenveld M , Bishop PL 
Published: March 2009

Based on physical evidence and observation of the acid dependency of the leaching process, a shrinking core model seems to be an appropriate model for cement stabilized waste. It is argued that for cement stabilized wastes, the bulk diffusion model is likely to be in error. Recent findings will be used to support the concept of a shrinking core model.
To be able to deal with varying acidities in the leachant, the concept of exposure will be introduced. The model will be derived for a flat surface to illustrate that, as in the ANS 16.1 model, a parabolic leaching behavior can be obtained. Some other characteristics of the model are indicated.
It is shown that the shrinking core model, using the concept of exposure, adequately takes into account the physical observations as well as adequately correlates the leaching data for a model specimen contaminated with lead. The findings indicate that kinetic factors may play a role in the release of metals. Their relevance for the interpretation of TCLP results is indicated.
In Situ Solidification/Stabilization Pilot Study for the Treatment of Coal Tar Contaminated Soils and River Sediments
Authors: Lawson MA , Venn JG , Pugh LB , Vallis T 
Published: March 2009

Coal tar contamination was encountered at a former coal gasification site in soils below the groundwater table, and in the sediments of the adjacent river. Ex situ remediation techniques at this site would be costly because of the need to dewater the impacted media. In situ solidification/stabilization was tested to evaluate its effectiveness. Treatability testing was performed to evaluate a Portland cement/fly ash binder system with added stabilizing agents. Results were sufficiently promising to warrant pilot testing.
Grout containing Portland cement, fly ash, organically modified clay, and granular activated carbon was pilot tested at the site. Test specimens were collected and tested to evaluate durability, compressive strength, and permeability. The samples were extracted by several methods and analyzed to measure the leachable concentrations of organic compounds and metals. Results indicated acceptable physical characteristics. Leachable concentrations of most polynuclear aromatic compounds were decreased.
Uses of Automated Geotechnical Instrumentation Systems
Authors: Marr WA 
Published: March 2009

Developments occurring in electronics and instrumentation promise to lower the cost and improve the reliability of electronic systems to monitor geotechnical instrumentation. The miniaturization of electronics, reduction of power consumption, reduced component cost, and improved component reliability all help to make new instruments possible and geotechnical instrumentation more cost effective.
This paper describes the application of some of these developments to three problems and summarizes the potential benefits to the engineer from their use. The increased capabilities of instrumentation and data acquisition equipment combined with their improved reliability and lower cost will make future applications of geotechnical instrumentation more cost effective.
Apparatus and Method for Field Calibration of Nuclear Surface Density Gauges
Authors: Regimand A , Gilbert AB 
Published: March 2009

Nuclear gauge density measurements are routinely used for compliance verification with specifications for road and construction projects. The density of construction materials is an important indicator of structural performance and quality. Due to speed of measurement, flexibility and accuracy, nuclear gauge density measurement methods are becoming the preferred standard around the world.
Requirements dictate that gauges be verified or calibrated once every 12 to 18 months. Presently, there are no field portable devices available for verification of the gauge calibration. Also, the density references used for calibration of gauges, are large and not designed for field portability. Therefore, to meet the present standards, users are required to ship gauges back to a service facility for calibration.
This paper presents results obtained by a newly developed device for field verification and calibration of nuclear density gauges from three different manufacturers. The calibrations obtained by this device are compared to the factory calibration methods and accuracies are reported for each gauge model.
Field Measurements of Frost Penetration into a Landfill Cover that uses a Paper Sludge Barrier
Authors: Moo-Young HK , LaPlante C , Zimmie TF , Quiroz J 
Published: March 2009

Frost penetration is a major environmental concern in landfill design. Freezing and thawing cycles may deteriorate the permeability of the liner or cap. In this study, the depth of frost penetration into a landfill cover that uses paper sludge as the impermeable barrier (the Hubbardston landfill in Massachusetts) was measured using a frost measurement system. A thermistor probe measured the temperature at various depths. Although temperature measurements are important, soil resistivity measurements are required to accurately predict the freezing level, since soil resistivity increases greatly upon freezing. A conductivity probe measured the half bridge voltage between conductivity rings and a ground rod. Data were collected in data loggers.
The data collected from 1992–1996 showed that the frost level did not penetrate the paper sludge capping layer. Heavy snow cover throughout the winters decreased the depth of frost penetration by insulating the landfill. The high water content in the sludge also contributed to the lack of freezing.
Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods for Geological, Hydrological, Geotechnical, and Environmental Investigations: The Rationale for the ASTM Provisional Guide
Authors: Saunders W , Benson R , Snelgrove F , Soloyanis S 
Published: March 2009

The ASTM Provisional Guide (PS 78–97) for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods was developed as a guide for project managers, contractors, geologists, and geophysicists to assist in selecting the most likely geophysical method or methods to conduct specific subsurface investigations. Numerous surface geophysical methods and techniques exist that can be used to determine subsurface soil and rock properties and their distribution. These same methods are also widely used to investigate and locate manmade structures such as buried objects and landfills. This paper discusses the general uses of surface geophysics and the use of the provisional guide. This paper is not intended to be used as the guide.
The ASTM Provisional Guide provides direction in selecting the most appropriate geophysical method or methods for a specific application under general site conditions. Secondary methods are also proposed that, under certain circumstances, should be evaluated before a final selection is made. Some typical conditions under which a primary or secondary method might or might not provide satisfactory results are given in the provisional guide. References for further information about selected methods and to method-specific ASTM guides are also provided. Secondary methods usually have less than desired performance, higher cost, or greater labor requirements as compared to the primary methods.