bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contrast of Rainfall–SST Relationships in the Western North Pacific between the ENSO-Developing and ENSO-Decaying Summers*
Authors: Wu Bo , Zhou Tianjun , Li Tim 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
While the overall summer rainfall–sea surface temperature (SST) relationship has a negative correlation over the western North Pacific (WNP), this relationship experiences a significant interannual variation. During the ENSO-developing (decaying) summer, the rainfall–SST correlation is significantly positive (negative). The positive correlation is attributed to interplay between the anomalous Walker circulation and the cross-equatorial flows associated with the enhanced WNP summer monsoon. The former leads to negative rainfall anomalies in the western Pacific, whereas the latter leads to a cold SST anomaly resulting from enhanced surface latent heat fluxes. The negative correlation is attributed to the maintenance of an anomalous Philippine Sea anticyclone from the El Niño peak winter to the subsequent summer. The anomalous anticyclone, on one hand, suppresses the local rainfall, and on the other hand induces a warm in situ SST anomaly through both the enhanced solar radiation (resulting from a decrease in clouds) and the reduced surface latent heat flux (resulting from the decrease of the monsoon westerly). The rainfall–SST correlation is insignificant in the remaining summers. Thus, the overall weak negative rainfall–SST correlation is attributed to the significant negative correlation during the ENSO-decaying summers.
Local Mean Bias Correction in a Regional Model Downscaling: A Case Study of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon of 1998
Authors: Wu Po-Lin , Lin Pay-Liam , Juang Hann-Ming Henry 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Regional climate models used to resolve high-resolution local circulation by dynamically downscaling from a coarse-resolution analysis may have difficulty in keeping large-scale information the same as in the analysis. Such difficulty produces large-scale error or bias, mainly due to mathematically ill-posed lateral boundary conditions. To reduce this type of error, in this paper the authors propose a scheme called local mean bias correction (LMBC). LMBC has means in x and in y directions locally over the model domain, but not a single mean over the entire domain. In spectral space, local means are represented by the zero wavenumber in the x direction with all wavenumbers in the y direction, and the zero wavenumber in the y direction with all the wavenumbers in the x direction. The local mean perturbation can be removed to correct the local mean bias where the perturbation is defined as the difference between a regional field and a base field from the analysis. The LMBC constitutes a simple methodology to ameliorate the influence of the lateral boundary conditions (LBCs) on the integration of the regional climate model (RCM); using it in this study improved the regional climate simulation of the 1998 South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon. Generally speaking, this scheme proved to have a well-simulated circulation during all periods of monsoon activities examined. Circulation errors during the SCS summer monsoon onset can be corrected using this LMBC scheme, though the rainfall amount was always underestimated as compared to the observation. This research demonstrated that shifting the domain north, east, west, and south as well as enlarging domain size produced results that are consistent in different cases over different years.
Delayed Vastus Medialis Obliquus to Vastus Lateralis Onset Timing Contributes to the Development of Patellofemoral Pain in Previously Healthy Men
Authors: Van Tiggelen Damien , Cowan Sallie , Coorevits Pascal , Duvigneaud Nathalie , Witvrouw Erik 
Published: March 2009

Background Delayed onset of vastus medialis obliquus activity has been described in patellofemoral pain patients. No prospective study investigating the development of patellofemoral pain has tested the onset timing of electromyographic activity of the vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis muscles during a functional task. Hypothesis Before the development of patellofemoral pain, subjects demonstrate an altered firing order of the vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis muscles compared with healthy subjects during a functional task. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods The onset of vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis activity was measured with surface electromyography during a functional task (rocking back on the heels) in 79 healthy subjects subsequently submitted to a 6-week strenuous basic military training. Afterward, these subjects were reassessed. Results Thirty-two percent of the recruits developed patellofemoral pain during training. Patellofemoral pain subjects demonstrated a significant delay of onset of vastus medialis obliquus electromyographic activity compared with the healthy controls ( P = .023), even before basic military training. In healthy subjects, no significant differences in electromyographic activity onset of the vastus medialis obliquus compared with the vastus lateralis could be identified before and after basic military training. A significant ( P < .001) delay could be demonstrated in the patellofemoral pain group after basic military training. A binary logistic regression could be constructed wherein the onset of the electromyographic activity of the vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis was withheld in the model. The most optimal cutoff value, which is based on the receiver operating characteristic curve, is a timing difference of −0.67 milliseconds (vastus medialis obliquus – vastus lateralis). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve is considered as fair (0.68). Conclusion Delayed onset of electromyographic activity of the vastus medialis obliquus–vastus lateralis is one of the contributing risk factors to the development of patellofemoral pain.
A randomized trial to investigate the effects of functional electrical stimulation and therapeutic exercise on walking performance for people with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Barrett CL , Mann GE , Taylor PN , Strike P 
Published: March 2009

Background Functional electrical stimulation (FES), is a means of producing a contraction in a paralyzed or weak muscle to enable function through electrical excitation of the innervating nerve. Objective This two-group randomized trial assessed the effects of single channel common peroneal nerve stimulation on objective aspects of gait relative to exercise therapy for people with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). Methods Forty-four people with a diagnosis of SPMS and unilateral dropped foot completed the trial. Twenty patients were randomly allocated to a group receiving FES and the remaining 24 to a group receiving a physiotherapy home exercise program for a period of 18 weeks. Results The exercise group showed a statistically significant increase in 10 m walking speed and distance walked in 3 min, relative to the FES group who showed no significant change in walking performance without stimulation. At each stage of the trial, the FES group performed to a significantly higher level with FES than without for the same outcome measures. Conclusion Exercise may provide a greater training effect on walking speed and endurance than FES for people with SPMS. FES may provide an orthotic benefit when outcome is measured using the same parameters. More research is required to investigate the combined therapeutic effects of FES and exercise for this patient group.
Superoxide dismutase and catalase anti-oxidant activity in leucocyte lysates from hypertensive patients: effects of eprosartan treatment
Authors: Labiós Manuel , Martínez Marcial , Gabriel Francisco , Guiral Victoria , Dasi Francisco , Beltrán Belén , Muñoz Anna 
Published: March 2009

Introduction. In an earlier study, our group reported that circulating leucocytes in hypertensive (HT) patients show a significant increase in oxidative stress compared to the control group, and this normalised after two months of treatment with eprosartan.1 It can be speculated that these facts may be attributable to a possible reduction in anti-oxidative activity in untreated HT patients, which would be corrected by eprosartan. Materials and methods. In this observational pilot study, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were evaluated in leucocyte lysates in a group of 21 HT patients at baseline and after two months of treatment with eprosartan (600 mg/ day). For the control group, 25 normotensive volunteers were recruited with comparable characteristics to the patients. Results. The results obtained indicate, paradoxically, that the untreated HT patients present greater anti-oxidant enzyme activity than the control group. Conclusion. This result could be interpreted as a cell defence mechanism against the greater oxidative stress that exists in these patients.This hypothesis is consistent with the facts reported previously by our group in which a reduction in oxidative stress was found after two months of treatment with eprosartan. 1 Upon reducing this stress, less anti-oxidative activity would be necessary, just as was observed in the present study after two months of treatment with eprosartan.
Analysis of tarantula skeletal muscle protein sequences and identification of transcriptional isoforms
Authors: Zhu Jingui , Sun Yongqiao , Zhao Fa-Qing , Yu Jun , Craig Roger , Hu Songnian 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Background
Tarantula has been used as a model system for studying skeletal muscle structure and function, yet data on the genes expressed in tarantula muscle are lacking.

Results
We constructed a cDNA library from Aphonopelma sp. (Tarantula) skeletal muscle and got 2507 high-quality 5'ESTs (expressed sequence tags) from randomly picked clones. EST analysis showed 305 unigenes, among which 81 had more than 2 ESTs. Twenty abundant unigenes had matches to skeletal muscle-related genes including actin, myosin, tropomyosin, troponin-I, T and C, paramyosin, muscle LIM protein, muscle protein 20, a-actinin and tandem Ig/Fn motifs (found in giant sarcomere-related proteins). Matches to myosin light chain kinase and calponin were also identified. These results support the existence of both actin-linked and myosin-linked regulation in tarantula skeletal muscle.
We have predicted full-length as well as partial cDNA sequences both experimentally and computationally for myosin heavy and light chains, actin, tropomyosin, and troponin-I, T and C, and have deduced the putative peptides. A preliminary analysis of the structural and functional properties was also carried out. Sequence similarities suggested multiple isoforms of most myofibrillar proteins, supporting the generality of multiple isoforms known from previous muscle sequence studies. This may be related to a mix of muscle fiber types.

Conclusion
The present study serves as a basis for defining the transcriptome of tarantula skeletal muscle, for future in vitro expression of tarantula proteins, and for interpreting structural and functional observations in this model species.
Implication of scavenger receptors in the interactions between diesel exhaust particles and immature or mature dendritic cells
Authors: Taront Solenne , Dieudonné Audrey , Blanchard Simon , Jeannin Pascale , Lassalle Philippe , Delneste Yves , Gosset Philippe 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe exposure to pollutants such as diesel exhaust particles (DEP) is associated with an increased incidence of respiratory diseases. However, the mechanisms by which DEP have an effect on human health are not completely understood. In addition to their action on macrophages and airway epithelial cells, DEP also modulate the functions of dendritic cells (DC). These professional antigen-presenting cells are able to discriminate unmodified self from non-self thanks to pattern recognition receptors such as the Toll like Receptors (TLR) and Scavenger Receptors (SR). SR were originally identified by their ability to bind and internalize modified lipoproteins and microorganisms but also particles and TLR agonists. In this study, we assessed the implication of SR in the effects of DEP associated or not with TLR agonists on monocyte-derived DC (MDDC). For this, we studied the regulation of CD36, CXCL16, LOX-1, SR-A1 and SR-B1 expression on MDDC treated with DEP associated or not with TLR2, 3 and 4 ligands. Then, the capacity of SR ligands (dextran sulfate and maleylated-ovalbumin) to block the effects of DEP on the function of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated DC has been evaluated.ResultsOur data demonstrate that TLR2 agonists mainly augmented CXCL16, LOX-1 and SR-B1 expression whereas DEP alone had only a weak effect. Interestingly, DEP modulated the action of TLR2 and TLR4 ligands on the expression of LOX-1 and SR-B1. Pretreatment with the SR ligand maleylated-ovalbumin but not dextran sulfate inhibited the endocytosis of DEP by MDDC. Moreover, this SR ligand blocked the effect by DEP at low dose (1 μg/ml) on MDDC phenotype (a decrease of CD86 and HLA-DR expression) and on the secretion of CXCL10, IL-12 and TNF-α. In contrast, the decrease of IL-12 and CXCL10 secretion and the generation of oxygen metabolite induced by DEP at 10 μg/ml was not affected by SR ligandsConclusionOur results show for the first time that the modulation of DC functions by DEP implicates SR. TLR agonists upregulated SR expression in contrast to DEP. Interfering with the expression and/or the function of SR might be one way to limit the impact of DEP on lung immune response.
Clinical audit of core podiatry treatment in the NHS
Authors: Farndon Lisa , Barnes Andrew , Littlewood Keith , Harle Justine , Beecroft Craig , Burnside Jaclyn , Wheeler Tracey , Morris Selwyn , Walters Stephen J 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundCore podiatry involves treatment of the nails, corns and callus and also giving footwear and foot health advice. Though it is an integral part of current podiatric practice little evidence is available to support its efficacy in terms of research and audit data. This information is important in order to support the current NHS commissioning process where services are expected to provide data on standards including outcomes. This study aimed to increase the evidence base for this area of practice by conducting a multi‐centre audit in 8 NHS podiatry departments over a 1‐year period.MethodsThe outcome measure used in this audit was the Podiatry Health Questionnaire which is a self completed short measure of foot health including a pain visual analogue scale and a section for the podiatrist to rate an individual's foot health based on their podiatric problems. The patient questionnaire was completed by individuals prior to receiving podiatry care and then 2 weeks after treatment to assess the effect of core podiatry in terms of pain and foot health.Results1047 patients completed both questionnaires, with an age range from 26–95 years and a mean age of 72.9 years. The podiatrists clinical rating at baseline showed 75% of patients had either slight or moderate podiatric problems. The differences in questionnaire and visual analogue scores before and after treatment were determined according to three categories – better, same, worse and 75% of patients’ scores either remained the same or improved after core podiatry treatment. A student t‐test showed a statistical significant difference in pre and post treatment scores where P < 0.001, though the confidence interval indicated that the improvement was relatively small.ConclusionCore podiatry has been shown to sustain or improve foot health and pain in 75% of the patients taking part in the audit. Simple outcome measures including pain scales should be used routinely in podiatric practice to assess the affect of different aspects of treatments and improve the evidence base for podiatry.
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Secondary to Quetiapine
Authors: Gortney Justine Schuller , Fagan Alexandria , Kissack Julie Cold 
Published: March 2009

Objective: To report a case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) secondary to quetiapine in which the patient developed extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). Case Summary: A 34-year-old male with a history of severe brain damage, mental retardation, and seizures was admitted to the hospital with changes in mental status, development of tremors, and a temperature of 39.9 °C. Initial differentia) diagnoses included seizure, aspiration, stroke, and infection. Once these were excluded, NMS was considered. The patient exhibited other characteristics of NMS during hospitalization, including lead pipe rigidity, tachycardia, and high creatine kinase level (up to 12,654 IU/L). Drug therapy on presentation included quetiapine 200 mg 3 times per day, guanfacine 2 mg/day. carbamazepine 400 mg every 12 hours, valproic acid 500 mg twice daily, and lorazepam 2 mg (unknown schedule). He reportedly had received these medications for at least a month before admission. On hospital day 2, quetiapine was discontinued. The patient received traditional treatment (or NMS, which included bromocriptine, dantrolene, intravenous fluids, and supportive care. The NMS resolved in 7 days. Discussion: In cases of NMS, clinicians previously believed that the risk for developing severe adverse effects such as EPS was lower with atypical versus typical antipsychotics. We identified 13 cases of NMS secondary to quetiapine in the literature via a search of MEDLINE/PubMed (1950–2008), and Iowa Drug Information Service (1966–2008). Seventy-five percent of previous reports of NMS secondary to quetiapine had reactions that included EPS, Common patient characteristics in our report and others included male sex, history of mental retardation, and treatment modalities used in NMS. Unique characteristics in this case included length of therapy without dosage change or titration and no known history of drug-related EPS. The Naranjo probability scale indicated a probable relationship between the development of NMS and quetiapine. Conclusions: NMS with associated EPS has been previously associated with quetiapine. Clinicians should be aware that NMS with EPS can occur with quetiapine at steady state doses without recent dosage adjustments or titration.
Polysulfide Rubber
Authors: Peterson EA , Pozniak BW , Smith DJ , Yazujian AD 
Published: March 2009

The chemistry of Thiokol LP® liquid polysulfide polymers and their ambient temperature vulcanization to rubbery products is presented. Compounding, chemical and physical properties, testing, and specification data for polysulfide building sealants are also included.
Application techniques, joint design, and recommended practices for the installation of polysulfide sealants in building, heavy construction, and highway areas are discussed. The aforementioned cover expansion joints, glazing, curtain walls, canals, decks, and highways.
VTOL Aircraft
Authors: Salkind MJ 
Published: March 2009

Fibrous composites offer significant potential for structural improvement in VTOL (vertical take off and landing) aircraft. In addition to the potential for light weight fuselage structures, composites offer the unique capability of providing dynamic tuning of the fuselage. Composites provide substantial potential for helicopter rotor blades because of improved fatigue capability, good damage tolerance, and ability to be molded in complex aerodynamic configurations.
This chapter summarizes the major design considerations in VTOL aircraft and reviews composite hardware which has been developed to date.
Plane Stress Fracture Testing Using Center-Cracked Panels
Authors: Carman CM 
Published: March 2009

Three experimental techniques for developing the crack resistance curve and plane stress fracture toughness using center cracked panels are reviewed. One technique involving a plasticity characterization based on the crack opening stretch is discussed in detail.
Experimental data for a variety of materials and thicknesses are presented which show the equivalence of the various methods for determining the crack resistance curve.
Role of Homogeneity in Powder Sampling
Authors: Grant CL , Pelton PA 
Published: March 2009

When chemical analyses fail to satisfy the precision and accuracy requirements of a problem, it is common to attribute this difficulty to heterogeneity. In this paper, relationships between the properties of samples and standards and the methods used to analyze them are examined with respect to the influence of homogeneity.
The majority of chemical analyses are intended to characterize bulk composition. In this situation, a homogeneous material is one in which the unit that determines segregation is “very small” compared to the size of the analytical sample and in which the defining units are randomly distributed in the bulk. Both theoretical and experimental evidence is presented to demonstrate the magnitude of error contributed by various sizes of analytical samples and segregation units.
The error contributed by heterogeneity cannot be completely eliminated. Therefore, the analyst must attempt to devise a total analytical system with an acceptable sampling error.
Obtaining and Summarizing Subjective Impressions for Correlation with Analytical Measurements
Authors: Jenkins MW 
Published: March 2009

Subjective thresholds of acuity, acceptability, or preference must be obtained to assure a manufacturer that his product is desirable. Subjective tests are often costly and time consuming. This delays decision making and product improvement or availability. Therefore, much effort has been extended in recent years to relate subjective impressions to analytical measurements such that a subjective study need not be run each time a product is tested.
The intent of this paper is to present a few studies, initiated to evaluate product appearance, wherein statistical techniques have been interrelated to obtain and describe the relationship between subjective impressions and objective measurements. The techniques used to obtain and summarize subjective impressions are presented in some detail. They are not necessarily new and are not all-inclusive but are applicable for testing a variety of products with modifications dictated by the product tested or the threshold level of subjects. The emphasis in experimental design is on the scaling of items by rank order or paired comparison techniques.
The Role of Some Alloying Elements on Radiation Hardening in Pressure Vessel Steels
Authors: Igata N , Watanabe K , Sato S 
Published: March 2009

Recent trends in nuclear-pressure-vessel steels for light-water reactors have been toward Ni-Cr-Mo steels. The effect of minor elements—for example, copper and phosphorus—also has been investigated. In this study, the role of nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and copper was investigated to understand the irradiation behavior of pressure vessel steel, using internal friction measurement, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and mechanical testing. The materials used were Fe-1Ni, Fe-0.25Cr, Fe-0.5Mo, and Fe-0.2Cu. They were annealed or quenched and irradiated 1 ∼ 3 × 1019 nvt(&gt;1MeV) at 60 C (140 F), and postirradiation annealing was performed in the range 150∼450 C (302∼842 F).
The irradiation hardening was closely related to the amount of the solute nitrogen that corresponded to the amount of the complex defects in the aforementioned alloys. The irradiation hardening was primarily correlated with the strength of the interaction between solute nitrogen (or carbon) atoms. Other contributions of copper and molybdenum were considered.