bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UPTAKE AND TRANSLOCATION OF NITROGEN BY MILDEWED BARLEY SEEDLINGS
Authors: MURRAY A. J. S. , AYRES P. G. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe uptake of nitrogen (N) by roots, reciprocal transport of N between root and shoot, and reduction of nitrate in both root and shoot were examined in order to determine how the use of N in barley seedlings is affected by powdery mildew infection in both pre‐ and post‐sporulation phases. Plants were grown in culture solution supplying only nitrate‐N. The amount of N translocated in the xylem was calculated as the product of the concentration of N in the xylem sap and the flow rate of sap through the plant. The difference between this amount and the net increment of N in the shoot, which (like that of the root) was measured directly, was taken as being equal to the amount of N translocated in the phloem from the shoot to the root.Infection inhibited N uptake and lowered total amounts of N in roots and shoots both before and during sporulation. Effects of mildew on N content per unit dry weight of tissue were more complex and depended on the stage of infection. The rates of nitrate reduction by the shoots and roots were also altered by infection. Before sporulation, nitrate reduction in the shoots was unaffected by infection, while the rate of reduction in the roots was depressed. After sporulation began, nitrate reduction stopped in the shoots but increased in the roots.Relatively small amounts of N were measured in the fungal mycelium and conidia, and it was concluded that direct losses of N from leaves did not markedly affect the nitrogen budget. During sporulation, infection stopped the normally important recycling of N from the shoots to the roots. In both healthy and infected plants, the proportion of N recycled to the roots was higher when plants were grown on a low N supply than when grown on a high N supply. Root growth was affected by infection to a greater extent on the lower supply of N. The significance of the change in the rate of recycling of N to the roots for growth is discussed.
COMPARISON OF PROCHLORON FROM DIFFERENT HOSTS
Authors: COX GUY 
Published: May 2006

Summary Prochloron cells from a variety of ascidian hosts and from sites throughout the tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans have been studied by optical and electron microscopy. With a few exceptions, they can be placed into three typological groups which correlate closely with the type of host–symbiont relationship. This grouping is also compatible with the limited biochemical taxonomic data so far published on Prochloron. Some inferences can be drawn about the evolution of Prochloron and its symbiosis with ascidians.
THE ECOLOGICAL SPECIALIZATION OF DICOTYLEDONOUS FAMILIES WITHIN A LOCAL FLORA: SOME FACTORS CONSTRAINING OPTIMIZATION OF SEED SIZE AND THEIR POSSIBLE EVOLUTIONARY SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: HODGSON J. G. , MACKEY J. M. L. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryVariation in seed size is an ecological paradox. Seed size, an important determinant of ecological distribution, is subject to considerable selection pressure, yet intra‐family variation in seed size in the Sheffield region of Central England is less than expected.Taxonomically‐linked constraints of variation result from: number of ovules per carpel (solitary or numerous); placentation type (apical, basal or axile, parietal); presence or absence of endosperm in the ripe seed and the pattern of embryogenesis (Asterad, Chenopodiad or Caryophyllad, Onagrad, Solanad). These character states are not readily modified and tend to be conservatively expressed in families. The smaller‐ and larger‐seeded families of the local flora are characterized by different combinations of these features. Larger‐seeded families may be further subdivided into those from moist or relatively dry habitats. It is suggested that the presence of a starchy endosperm, an unusual feature in the dicotyledons, may allow the development of a high root/shoot ratio in the young seedling. From extrapolation, it is suggested that (a) optimization of ecologically important characteristics and (b) adaptive radiation of major taxa during the evolutionary history of the angiosperms may have been restricted by these relatively stable groups of characters.
Caesarean section on request: a comparison of obstetricians’ attitudes in eight European countries
Authors: Habiba M , Kaminski M , Da Frè M , Marsal K , Bleker O , Librero J , Grandjean H , Gratia P , Guaschino S , Heyl W , Taylor D , Cuttini M 
Published: May 2006

Objective  To explore the attitudes of obstetricians to performe a caesarean section on maternal request in the absence of medical indication.Design  Cluster sampling cross‐sectional survey.Setting  Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) associated maternity units in eight European countries.Population  Obstetricians with at least 6 months clinical experience.Methods  NICU‐associated maternity units were chosen by census in Luxembourg, Netherlands and Sweden and by geographically stratified random sampling in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and UK. An anonymous, self‐administered questionnaire was used for data collection.Main outcome measures  Obstetricians’ willingness to perform a caesarean section on maternal request.Results  One hundred and five units and 1530 obstetricians participated in the study (response rates of 70 and 77%, respectively). Compliance with a hypothetical woman’s request for elective caesarean section simply because it was ‘her choice’ was lowest in Spain (15%), France (19%) and Netherlands (22%); highest in Germany (75%) and UK (79%) and intermediate in the remaining countries. Using weighted multivariate logistic regression, country of practice (P < 0.001), fear of litigation (P= 0.004) and working in a university‐affiliated hospital (P= 0.001) were associated with physicians’ likelihood to agree to patient’s request. The subset of female doctors with children was less likely to agree (OR 0.29, 95% CI 0.20–0.42).Conclusions  The differences in obstetricians’ attitudes are not founded on concrete medical evidence. Cultural factors, legal liability and variables linked to the specific perinatal care organisation of the various countries play a role. Greater emphasis should be placed on understanding the motivation, values and fears underlying a woman’s request for elective caesarean delivery.
Studies of P accumulation in soil/sediment profiles used for large‐scale wastewater reclamation
Authors: Lin C. , Eshel G. , Roehl K. E. , Negev I. , Greenwald D. , Shachar Y. , Banin A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe studied the long‐term accumulation processes and material balances of phosphorus (P) in the soil/sediment profiles of large‐scale effluent recharge basins used for wastewater reclamation by the soil aquifer treatment (SAT) system. The objective was to quantify and clarify the long‐term performance of soil/sediment in the SAT system as a sorbent to filter out P from the recharged effluent. Total P concentration in the soil/sediment profiles of the Shafdan wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) increased over 25 years of operation (1977–2001) by 20–220 mg kg−1, as a result of adding loads of 0.17–6.2 kg m−2of P. Retained P in the 0–2.0 m soil layer increased from 0.06 to 0.31 kg m−2with increasing cumulative load of P while the retained percentage gradually decreased from 19 to 5% of the cumulative P load. Accumulation rate of P in the 0–0.15 m horizon in the basins was inversely proportional to recharge time, decreasing from ∼28 mg P kg−1 year−1during the first 3 years of operation, to <2.3 mg P kg−1 year−1between the 20th and 25th years of operation. Thus, P content in this horizon approached a steady state after about 10–15 years of effluent recharge under the operational conditions of the Shafdan WWTP. Phosphorus concentration in deeper horizons increased at constant rates of approximately 7.8, 5.9 and 2.9 mg P kg −1 year−1in the 0.15–0.30, 0.30–0.60 and 1.80 to 2.10‐m horizons, respectively, over the 25 years of effluent recharge. However, the accumulation front of P appears gradually to have moved deeper in the soil profile. In general, this phenomenon may be explained by kinetic limitations to the achievement of full adsorption equilibrium for P between the flowing solution and the solid phase components of the soil. In addition, both the increase of EPC0(the equilibrium P concentration in solution at which there is no sorption or desorption to or from the soil under the given conditions), caused by long‐term effluent recharge, and gradual decrease of the annual average concentration of P in the effluent input after 1995, may result in the steady‐state level of P in the topsoil of the basin.
Towards a World Soil Survey Archive and Catalogue
Authors: Hallett S. H. , Bullock P. , Baillie I. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAn extensive collection of soil, land resource and land suitability surveys undertaken worldwide over the last 80 years by soil surveyors and scientists at the behest of the British government and others has been archived and catalogued using internationally recognized bibliographic standards. The World Soil Survey Archive and Catalogue (WOSSAC) consisting of over 13 000 reports and maps is now available for consultation and use by the international soil science community.
Impact of pegylated interferon α‐2B and ribavirin on hepatic fibrosis in liver transplant patients with recurrent hepatitis C: an open‐label series
Authors: Mukherjee Sandeep , Lyden Elizabeth 
Published: May 2006

Abstract: Background: Patients with recurrent hepatitis C virus (HCV) are often treated with interferon‐based therapy in an attempt to eradicate HCV and prevent cirrhosis requiring retransplantation. We describe our experience with pegylated interferon and ribavirin and the impact of this therapy on hepatic fibrosis.Methods: Patients were treated with pegylated interferon α‐2b 1.5 mcg/kg/week and ribavirin 800 mg/day for 6–12 months according to genotype. HCV ribonucleic acid (HCV RNA) was repeated at 3 months, end of treatment (EOT) and 6 months after EOT for patients HCV RNA negative at EOT. Liver biopsies were performed prior to treatment and at EOT.Results: Thirty nine patients were eligible. Twenty two completed treatment and 17 (43.6%) were intolerant. Eleven of 22 (50%) patients who completed treatment developed sustained viral response (SVR). Two patients intolerant to treatment also developed SVR. Serial biopsies were performed in 17 patients and refused in five. Improved fibrosis scores were present in four patients (non‐responders, n=2), unchanged in 10 (non‐responders, n=4), and worse in three (all non‐responders).Conclusions: Side effects are an important limiting factor in recurrent HCV treatment with SVR only 33.3% in an intention‐to‐treat analysis. However, improved or stable fibrosis scores were also demonstrated in 66.7% of non‐responders. This suggests failure to eradicate HCV should not necessarily lead to treatment discontinuation as a subgroup of patients may benefit from maintenance therapy.
Therapeutic advances in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: MOK C. C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractDespite the improvement in survival of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the past few decades, manifestations that are refractory to conventional therapies, and complications as a result of treatment, are still major concerns in SLE management. Novel therapeutic modalities for SLE should aim at enhancing treatment efficacy, reducing the risk of disease flares, as well as decreasing the incidence of short‐term and long‐term toxicities. This article summarizes the newer therapeutic modalities that have been used in patients with SLE and those which are undergoing clinical trials.
Guidelines for diagnosing, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in Asia
Authors: LAU E. M. C. , SAMBROOK P. , SEEMAN E. , LEONG K. H. , LEUNG P. C. , DELMAS P. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAccording to the World Health Organization criteria, osteoporosis can be defined as a bone mineral density of −2.5 or more. Dual X‐ray densitometry is the recognised method for diagnosing osteoporosis. Drugs which have been shown to be efficacious in treating osteoporosis include alendronate, residronate, ibandronate, raloxifene, teriparitide and strontium ranleate. Patients with established osteoporosis should be treated. Primary prevention of osteoporosis is important at the community level.
Quality of life in young fibromyalgia patients and effect of depression
Authors: GUR Ali , CEVIK Remzi , NAS Kemal , SARAC Aysegul Jale , OZEN Sakir 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAim:  The purpose of this study was to compare the depression and quality of life (QOL) scores of fibromyalgia (FM) patients and control subjects. We also aimed to detect relationships between different QOL scales, depression and clinical symptoms.Method:  Ninety‐eight fibromyalgia patients and 48 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Depression was evaluated by a psychiatrist according to the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders Edition 4 (DSM‐IV) criteria. QOL of the FM patients was assessed according to the Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), and Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ).Results:  We found significantly higher scores of depression, NHP, FIQ and HAQ in FM patients compared with controls (P < 0.000). Pain, tender point count (TPC), pain intensity, skinfold tenderness, FIQ, HAQ, and NHP scores were higher in patients with depression than in those without depression. Depression scores correlated with FIQ (r = 0.39, P < 0.01), HAQ (r = 0.35, P < 0.01), NHP (r = 0.55, P < 0.01) scores, TPC (r = 0.34, P < 0.01) and duration of disease (r = 0.21, P < 0.05). Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire scores correlated with HAQ scores (r = 0.45, P < 0.01), NHP scores (r = 0.49, P < 0.01) and TPC (r = 0.21, P < 0.05). HAQ scores correlated with NHP scores (r = 0.40, P < 0.01) and TPC (r = 0.29, P < 0.05). Nottingham Health Profile scores correlated with TPC (r = 0.43, P < 0.01) and duration of disease (r = 0.22, P < 0.05).Conclusion:  We found higher scores of TPC, pain intensity, skinfold tenderness, NHP, FIQ, and HAQ in depressive FM patients as compared with non‐depressive FM patients. Our study indicates that there is an important relationship between pain, depression and QOL scales in young FM patients. Therefore; these patients should be managed using a multidisciplinary approach including psychiatric support.
Infections in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: NG Woon‐Leung 
Published: May 2006

AbstractInfection is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In most clinical series, infection ranks first or second as the most common cause of death in SLE patients worldwide, including Hong Kong. In this article, the spectrum of infections and their protean manifestations in lupus patients will be reviewed with emphasis on clinical data from Hong Kong and other Asian countries. A high index of suspicion and dedicated work‐up to identify the causative pathogens is pivotal to the early diagnosis and effective management of infective complications in patients with SLE.
Clinical approach to patients with joint disease: importance of distinguishing inflammatory from non‐inflammatory conditions
Authors: MALAVIYA Anand N. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe widening gap between demand and supply of trained rheumatologists to deal with enormous numbers of patients with musculoskeletal (MSK) diseases, especially in the South‐East Asian region, was the topic of a recent oration. A possible temporary solution to the problem was offered. It was suggested that the entire time and energy of available rheumatologists may be focused only toward patients with systemic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. The argument was that these are serious life‐threatening conditions requiring urgent specialist (rheumatologist‐physician) referrals for early aggressive treatment with disease modifying antirheumatic drugs/biologicals to save permanent MSK damage and premature death. Crucial to this arrangement would be to have primary care physicians and orthopaedic surgeons who could quickly recognize serious systemic inflammatory MSK diseases (the so‐called ‘red‐flag’ conditions) from local/regional/biomechanical structural damage‐related MSK diseases (the so‐called ‘green‐flag’ conditions). Only the ‘red‐flag’ conditions may then be referred to the rheumatologist‐physician for detailed evaluation and appropriate drug therapy. This article describes a simple clinical approach for quick distinction between these two categories of MSK diseases. Rheumatologists may like to use this approach to conduct continuing medical education (CME) programs targeted towards primary care physicians and orthopaedic surgeons so that ‘red flag’ MSK disease patients reach rheumatologist‐physicians as soon as possible.
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome: a clinicoradiologic study
Authors: HANDA Rohini , SHANKAR S. , BAL C. S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAim:  To describe the clinico‐radiologic profile of patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome.Methods:  Patients diagnosed with RSDS according to criteria proposed by the International Association for Study of Pain and attending a large rheumatology clinic in north India are described.Results:  Fourteen patients (8 male, 6 female) were seen over a 3‐years period. Clinical features included extremity pain (100%), vasomotor symptoms (79%), hyperalgesia (72%), allodynia (36%), sudomotor symptoms (14%) and motor dysfunction (14%). Radiologic features included osteopenia (50%) and soft tissue swelling (7%). As many as 43% of patients exhibited normal radiographs. Technetium 99 m 3‐phase bone scintigraphy was abnormal in all patients in our series. Eleven of the 14 patients exhibited symptomatic response to non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids.Conclusions:  Reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome is a pain syndrome occasionally encountered by rheumatologists. Extremity pain is the most common presenting feature. Bone scintigraphy is very useful in corroborating the diagnosis even when radiographs are normal.
A post-mortem investigation of the Type IIb supernova 2001ig
Authors: Ryder Stuart D. , Murrowood Clair E. , Stathakis Raylee A. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
We present images taken with the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph on Gemini-South, in excellent (&lt;0.5 arcsec) seeing, of supernova (SN) 2001ig in NGC 7424, ∼1000 d after explosion. A point source seen at the site of the SN is shown to have colours inconsistent with being an H ii region or a SN 1993J-like remnant, but can be matched to a late-B through late-F supergiant with AV &lt; 1. We believe this object is the massive binary companion responsible for periodic modulation in mass-loss material around the Wolf–Rayet progenitor which gave rise to significant structure in the SN radio light curve.
KINETICS OF THE CUPRIC ACETATE CATALYZED HYDROGENATION OF DICHROMATE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: Peters E. , Halpern J. 
Published: May 2006

In aqueous solution, cupric acetate was found to act as a homogeneous catalyst for the reduction of dichromate by hydrogen, i.e.[Formula: see text] The paper describes a kinetic study of this reaction. Rates were determined at temperatures between 80° and 140 °C. and hydrogen partial pressures up to 27 atmospheres. The rate is independent of the dichromate concentration but varies directly with the partial pressure of hydrogen and is nearly proportional to the concentration of cupric acetate. The activation energy is 24,600 calories per mole. Cupric acetate, apparently acting as a true catalyst, activates the hydrogen through formation of a complex with it. An extension of the mechanism proposed earlier for the reaction of cupric acetate itself with hydrogen also accounts for the kinetics of the dichromate reaction.
THE PHOTO-OXIDATION OF AZOMETHANE
Authors: Hoey G. R. , Kutschke K. O. 
Published: May 2006

The photo-oxidation of azomethane has been studied at low oxygen pressures (0.02 to 1 mm.) in the temperature range ca. 25 °C. to 161 °C. The primary process in the normal photolysis of azomethane is essentially unaffected by the presence of oxygen. Carbon monoxide is probably a secondary product of the oxidation of methyl radicals. Carbon dioxide formation is quite small, and therefore neither methyl radicals nor CH3N=N—CH2 radicals are oxidized appreciably to carbon dioxide. Nitrous oxide, which is a major product of the oxidation, is most likely formed from the oxidation of CH3N=NCH2 radicals. The suggested mechanism of N2O formation is:[Formula: see text] The reaction of methyl radicals with oxygen was found to proceed with a negligible activation energy and a steric factor of the order of 10−2. Evidence for the occurrence of the reactions[Formula: see text]at room temperature was obtained.
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND ITS ANALOGUES: VI. INFRARED SPECTRA OF H2O2, D2O2, AND HDO2
Authors: Bain Osias , Giguère Paul A. 
Published: May 2006

The absorption spectrum of hydrogen peroxide was re-examined with a prism instrument in the region 1.5 to 25 μ. A pair of well-resolved perpendicular bands arising from torsional oscillation of the OH groups were found centered about 460 and 575 cm.−1. The overtone band at 3.8 μ was shown to be a hybrid with prominent rotational structure and some indications of doubling. Its assignment to the combination ν2+ν6 implies a positive anharmonicity. Four new overtone bands were observed in liquid hydrogen peroxide. The infrared spectrum of deuterium peroxide was measured for the first time in the solid and vapor states. The vapor bands are quite different in appearance from those of hydrogen peroxide. One of the fundamentals, the asymmetric O—D stretching at 2661 cm−1, was resolved sufficiently to allow calculation of the rotational constants of the isotopic molecule. Mixtures of the two peroxides containing around 40% of HDO2 were also investigated; from the results the frequency of the as yet unobserved symmetric modes ν1 and ν2 could be estimated with fair certainty. The O—O stretching vibration at 11μ was too weak to be located definitely in the spectra of the gaseous peroxides. The structural parameters of the H2O2 molecule are now established as follows:[Formula: see text] The O—H and O—D stretching bands were studied in solutions of the three isotopic peroxides in carbon tetrachloride.
THE RADIOLYSIS OF HCl–HBr MIXTURES
Authors: Rumfeldt R. C. , Armstrong D. A. 
Published: May 2006

Bromine was the only halogen formed in irradiated mixtures of HCl and HBr. A study of its effect on the hydrogen yield from HCl showed that it reacted with the first hydrogen-forming species (or its precursor), and indicated the same yield for this species as did the earlier experiments with chlorine. The results were consistent with thermal hydrogen atoms, formed in the reaction[Formula: see text]as the first hydrogen-forming species, and hot hydrogen atoms, resulting from the dissociation of excited HCl molecules, as the second species.The hydrogen yield from liquid HBr at −79°C was a factor of two larger than that from liquid HCl at the same temperature, and in mixtures of the two the hydrogen yield increased gradually from a value characteristic of pure HCl [Formula: see text] to one characteristic of pure HBr [Formula: see text] The smaller yield from HCl cannot be explained by radical combinations:[Formula: see text] [Formula: see text]in the radiation tracks and must be attributed either to differences in the ion-combination reactions in the two liquids or to a genuinely greater yield of ions and/or dissociative excited molecules in HBr. The hydrogen yield from solid HBr at −196 °C was [Formula: see text].