bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Injuries in elite pair skaters and ice dancers
Authors: Smith Angela D. , Ludington Ronald 
Published: June 2007

Figure skating coaches have become concerned about the increasing number of injuries among competitive skaters, particularly pair skaters. This study prospec tively examines the incidence, severity, and cause of injuries sustained by a group of elite pair skaters and ice dancers. Thirty-three serious injuries, causing the skater to alter training significantly or to cease training completely for at least 7 consecutive days, were re corded over a 9 month period. Female senior pair skaters reported an average of 1.4 serious injuries, and other groups averaged greater than 0.5 serious injury per skater. The lower extremities were injured most frequently, and 7 of the 33 serious injuries were directly related to the skating boot. Eleven serious injuries were caused by lifts. Few of the serious injuries appeared preventable. Changes in boot design and the training for lifting maneuvers should be initiated and studied prospec tively to attempt to reduce the unacceptably high injury rate among elite pair skaters and ice dancers.
Metacarpal fractures in the athlete
Authors: Rettig Arthur C. , Ryan Ramon , Shelbourne K. Donald , McCarroll John R. , Johnson Frank , Ahlfeld Steven K. 
Published: June 2007

Fifty-six fractures of the metacarpal occurring in 53 athletes were studied from September 1985 to Decem ber 1986, regarding mechanism of injury, type of frac ture, type of treatment, and time lost from sport. Age range of the patients was 8 to 28 years with greater than 77% being in the 14 to 18 year age range, the high school athlete. Twenty-nine of the fractures oc curred in football, 14 in basketball, and the remainder were divided between various other sports. The most common mechanism of injury involved falls or hitting an object such as a helmet or another player. Fractures were evenly divided regarding which digit was involved in football, whereas most basketball injuries occurred in the fourth and fifth metacarpal. Fractures were ana lyzed as to type of radiographic appearance and this was correlated with time lost from competition or par ticipation. No significant difference among fracture type regarding time lost was noted. Forty-six of the fractures (82%) were minimally dis placed or undisplaced and were treated by means of simple casting and/or splinting whereas 10 were dis placed. Two of the 10 underwent closed reduction and casting; 3 underwent closed reduction and percuta neous pin fixation; and 5 (9%) underwent open reduc tion internal fixation using AO type plates and screws. All fractures healed primarily clinically and radiographi cally. The average time lost from practice or competition in this group overall was 13.7 days, (range, 0 to 56 days). Average time lost from basketball was 19.8 days and from football 10.63 days overall. Average time lost from sport in stable fractures treated with casting or splinting was 12.3 days. Those undergoing open reduction in ternal fixation with plate and screws averaged 13.6 days. We concluded that most metacarpal fractures in the athlete can be treated by closed means with a fairly rapid return to sport, depending on type of sport and position played. In certain displaced fractures, open reduction internal fixation can expedite early return to function and return to sport.
Human lymphocyte reaction to freeze-dried allograft and xenograft ligamentous tissue
Authors: Pinkowski John L. , Reiman Paul R. , Chen Suio-Ling 
Published: June 2007

Decisions made before reconstruction of the ACL in clude patient selection, choice of operative procedure, and selection of proper reconstructive material. Re search in the use of allograft material for reconstructive grafts is of great interest for many reasons, including the advantage of not violating the patient's normal anatomy for donor tissue. A group of eight patients who received arthroscopically inserted freeze-dried bone-patellar tendon-bone allograft tissue for ACL re construction were selected for a prospective study. These patients were matched against a group of four autograft controls. Immunologically, the lymphocyte blast transformation test was used to evaluate the host reaction to implanted donor graft. Lymphocytes drawn from each patient were tested for their reaction against a panel of human allograft tendon and goat xenograft tendon homoge nates. A stimulation index of greater than 3 was con sidered a positive reaction. It was hypothesized that a consistent lack of antigenicity would be observed with allograft extracts and that an antigenic reaction would be observed with the xenograft extracts. Six patients (75%) showed an immunologic reaction to the goat xenograft, and four patients (50%) showed an immunologic reaction to at least one human allograft test cell after allograft insertion. One patient had such an intense clinical immunologic response that she re quired removal of the allograft. All four of the autograft controls had a nonimmunogenic response to testing, as had been expected. Although the numbers of this study are small, it is important to point out that an immunologic response to freeze-dried allograft tendon appears to be occurring, in contrast to previous re search in animals.
The effect of volleyball playing on the knee extensor mechanism
Authors: Kujala U.M. , Aalto T. , Österman K. , Dahlstrom S. 
Published: June 2007

The knee extensor mechanism was examined in 32 male competitive volleyball players (Group V) and in a control group of 49 young adult males (Group C) to evaluate the effects of previous jumping activity on the knee extensor mechanism. Several variables were re corded by means of a structured questionnaire, and by clinical and radiographic examination. The amount of physical activity from the age of 7 years onward was significantly greater in Group V than in Group C. The incidence of anterior knee pain during the year preceding the examination was higher in Group V (31%) than in Group C (6%;P < 0.01). The most common reason for anterior knee pain in Group V was so-called "jumper's knee." No significant difference be tween the groups was found in the incidence of clinical symptoms and signs of patellar chondromalacia. There were radiologically detectable soft tissue calcifications at the upper or lower pole of the patella or anterior to the patella in 38% of the subjects in Group V, but no such calcifications were seen in Group C ( P < 0.001). However, persistent symptoms did not correlate with the calcifications. Group V subjects had a slight but significant trend to patella alta when compared to Group C ( P < 0.05) according to the Blackburne and Peel index.
The importance of the meniscus in unstable knees
Authors: Sommerlath Karola 
Published: June 2007

This study analyzes differences in knee function in ACL deficient knees with different meniscus status. Eighty patients, 12 women and 68 men, were matched in four groups according to sex, age, knee injuries, and follow up time. Group I had two intact menisci; Group II, one meniscus successfully repaired; Group III, one menis cus removed; and Group IV, both menisci removed. The ACL was repaired acutely or reconstructed later in most cases and other significant ligament injuries were treated. All patients were reexamined clinically 6 to 8 years after injury. Knee function was recorded using the Lysholm knee function score. Activity level before injury and at followup was rated with the Tegner scale. Stability was tested and weightbearing roentgen ograms were taken. There was a higher frequency of ACL reconstructions in Groups I and II, but instability was the same in all groups. No difference was found in Lysholm score (range, 86 to 92). The activity level was higher in Group IV at followup. A lower frequency of motion impairment was found in Group III, (20% versus 50%). Subjective evaluation was similar and positive in all groups. Group I had six meniscus ruptures during the follow-up period. In Group II three of the repaired menisci were removed, as were two of the contralateral menisci in Group III. Roentgenograms, available in 55 of 80 cases, showed osteoarthritis in 65%. There were no differences in the frequency of osteoarthritis among the first three groups, but Group IV had a higher incidence of osteoar thritic changes. Osteoarthritis did not result in lower knee function, poorer subjective evaluation, or in creased impairment of motion. Of the patients with osteoarthritis, more maintained their preinjury activities. In terms of function and osteoarthritis, instability and chosen activity level seemed to be of prognostic impor tance.
Electromyographic shoulder activity in men and women professional golfers
Authors: Jobe Frank W. , Perry Jacquelin , Pink Marilyn 
Published: June 2007

Men and women both enjoy the game of golf. Special considerations are made for women, such as the courses on the professional tours. Thus, one can ask what differences might exist between men and women golfers. This study compares the electromyographic firing patterns of normal shoulder musculature in men and women professional golfers. Eight shoulder mus cles (pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, anterior, middle and pos terior deltoids) were studied using indwelling electro myography. A visual analysis revealed that women tended to have slightly more activity during the takeaway and forward swing phases, and the men tended to have more activ ity during acceleration and follow-through. However, an independent two-tailed t-test ( P = 0.05) showed these differences not to be statistically significant. This finding is in keeping with injury incidence data from the LPGA Tour, PGA Tour, and Senior PGA Tour, which showed that all three tours have a similar inci dence of shoulder injuries. This study does not compare the relative strength of men and women, however.
The sartorial nerve: Its relationship to the medial aspect of the knee
Authors: Arthornthurasook Art , Gaew-lm Kasem 
Published: June 2007

When using the medial approach to the knee, as in repair of medial compartment structures, knowledge of the location of the sartorial nerve is important in order to avoid postoperative distress caused by division of this nerve. We studied the locations of the sartorial nerve in 23 cadavers, with particular reference to the relationship with the pes anserinus and the nerve's distance from the medial femoral epicondyle. The average distance between the sartorial nerve at its emergence and the central point of the medial femoral epicondyle was 34.02 mm, with a range of 20.7 to 49.8 mm on the right lower limb, and 33.27 mm, with a range of 20.0 to 49.2 mm, on the left lower limb.
Body load in heel-strike running: The effect of a firm heel counter
Authors: Jørgensen Uffe 
Published: June 2007

The effect of a firm heel counter in the shoe was studied in 11 athletes during submaximal heel-strike running on a treadmill under standardized conditions. The runners were tested in identical shoes with and without the distal 2 cm of the firm heel counter. Body load was expressed by absolute and relative VO2, surface EMG on the right leg, and g-force registration from an accel erometer below the right tibial tuberosity. The heel counter caused a 2.4% significant decrease in VO2, a reduction in musculoskeletal transients, and a decrease in the activity of the triceps surae and quadriceps muscles at heel strike. The changes found are expressions of kinematic adaptations in the body to increased or decreased load and provide functional evidence for the loading factor in the pathophysiology of overuse injuries.
Antegrade curettement, bone grafting and pinning of osteochondritis dissecans in the skeletally mature knee
Authors: Anderson Allen F. , Lipscomb A. Brant , Coulam Craig 
Published: June 2007

In the period between 1981 and 1983, we treated 40 patients who had osteochondritis dissecans of the knee. Seventeen patients were skeletally mature and had large lesions (2 to 3 cm in diameter) of the medial femoral condyle that required surgery. Each of these patients, who underwent antegrade curettement, bone grafting, and pinning, had either failed a conservative program or had a loose or separated fragment. The average age at the time of surgery was 17. Followup ranged from 5 to 7 years. Postoperative evaluation included the criteria of the Hughston et al. rating scale, subjective assessment, clinical examination, and AP, lateral, and tunnel radio graphs. According to the osteochondritis dissecans rating scale described by Hughston et al., there were two excellent, nine good, five fair, no poor results, and one failure. Additional evaluation, not included in the Hughston rating scale, consisted of Cybex II muscle strength testing, strict grading of preoperative and postoperative roentgenograms for degenerative changes, and magnetic resonance imaging. Roentgenograms demonstrated that 16 of the 17 lesions healed. The average healing time was 8 months. Preoperative degenerative changes occurred fre quently ; postoperatively, there was some progression of these changes in the majority of cases. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated that the articular sur face was smooth in 57% of the knees and in 43% there was some degree of irregularity. Although the integrity of the articular cartilage could be documented, mag netic resonance imaging is of questionable value in the postoperative evaluation of this condition, because the status of the articular cartilage could not be correlated with the degree of degenerative changes or results. The results appear to be worse in those who had more preoperative degenerative changes, a larger le sion, or a loose fragment. This suggests that interven tion before these changes occur may improve results.
Living with artificial grass: A knowledge update
Authors: Levy I. Martin , Skovron Mary Louise , Agel Julie 
Published: June 2007

Part I of this two part study reviews the development and characteristics of artificial grass, and the influence of this surface on the American football player. Artificial grass was initially developed to provide city children with increased play space and thus enable them to maintain a fitness level equal to their peers in more rural locales. Today, artificial grass fields allow for increased use when field availability is limited, or for a grass substitute where grass will not grow. However, epidemiologic studies suggest that there is an in creased risk of lower extremity injury to the football athlete playing on an artificial grass field. By reviewing available studies, a knowledge base can be formed that can serve to direct future investigations concerning the influence of artificial grass surfaces and injury and, ultimately, how that influence can be affected.
Sports medical experiences from the International Flower Marathon for disabled wheelers
Authors: Hoeberigs J.H. , Debets-Eggen H.B.L. , Debets P.M.L. 
Published: June 2007

Little is known about sports medical problems in long distance wheelchair athletes. Using a continuous mon itoring system, we studied participants of a yearly wheelchair event lasting 1 week (International Flower Marathon). The aims were 1) to evaluate the medical problems in 40 athletes who took part in the 1986 edition and 2) to explore whether problems in previous editions (1984 and 1985) played a role in the decision to take part in 1986. The results showed that 19 athletes experienced 20 medical problems, many of which were caused by spills or were related to climatologic conditions. Problems were relatively more frequent in paraplegics and polio- disabled athletes (N = 22) than in the remaining com petitors (N = 18). Statistical analysis showed that this difference was significant (P < 0.01). Complaints in previous editions of the same event did not play a role in the athletes' decision to participate in the 1986 edition. This study suggests that the number and seri ousness of injuries and other medical problems in dis abled wheelers is related to environmental conditions as well as to the nature of disabilities involved. The study also shows, without doubt, that long distance events for wheelers need the support of adequate medical escorts.
Incidence of cervical spinal stenosis in professional and rookie football players
Authors: Odor James M. , Watkins Robert G. , Dillin William H. , Dennis Steven , Saberi Mohammad 
Published: June 2007

Sagittal canal/vertebral body ratios were measured on cervical spine lateral radiographs of 124 professional football players and 100 rookie football players. A total of 894 levels were measured in 224 players. Thirty-two percent (40) of the 124 professional football players, and 34% of the 100 rookies had a ratio of less than 0.80 at one or more levels from C3 to C6. The 0.80 ratio has been considered indicative of cervical spinal stenosis. This is the first time that the incidence of spinal stenosis, as determined by Torg's ratio, has been dem onstrated in a population of professional and rookie football players. Because one-third of this population has cervical spinal stenosis as determined by the Torg ratio, other factors should be considered in the evalu ation of a player with a transient quadriplegic episode when making continued play decisions.
Arterial abnormalities of the shoulder in athletes
Authors: Nuber Gordon W. , McCarthy Walter J. , Yao James S.T. , Schafer Michael F. , Suker Jacob R. 
Published: June 2007

Vascular lesions of the shoulder may be misinterpreted as one of the more familiar shoulder abnormalities by a treating physician. We are reporting on 13 athletes who were found to have symptoms related to compression of the subclavian or axillary artery or their tributaries. Nine were amateur or professional baseball pitchers. Severe arm fatigue or finger ischemia, secondary to embolization, were presenting symptoms. Arm fatigue was noted in all pitchers. After complete history and physical examination, including auscultation for bruits in functional positions, all athletes were evaluated by noninvasive tests (Doppler and Duplex scanning). Ar teriography was performed with positional testing, re creating overhead activity, and complete radiographic visualization of the dye to the digital arteries. Two patients were found to have subclavian artery aneu rysm. The remaining athletes were found to have compression of the subclavian artery beneath the an terior scalene muscle (five patients), the axillary artery beneath the pectoralis minor (two patients), both arterial segments (two patients), and one was found to have arterial compromise at the level of the humeral head. Branch artery compression was also noted. One pitcher occluded the posterior circumflex humeral artery with embolization to the digit. The two patients with subclavian aneurysms under went saphenous vein bypass with cervical rib resection. All of the other athletes except one underwent resection of a 2 to 3 cm segment of the anterior scalene muscle or pectoralis minor muscles. All returned to their pre vious level of activity except one patient who developed impingement type symptoms and required acromio plasty. He is currently undergoing rehabilitation. Proper recognition of vascular compromise in the upper extremity of athletes is essential to avoid the catastropic complications of arterial thrombosis.
Stress fractures of the femoral neck in athletes
Authors: Johansson Christer , Ekenman Ingrid , Tornkvist Hans , Eriksson Ejnar 
Published: June 2007

Twenty-three patients with stress fractures of the fem oral neck were followed up at an average of 6.5 years after the injury. There were 16 recreational athletes and seven elite athletes. Most injuries (N = 15) occurred during running. The diagnosis was confirmed within 3 to 104 weeks (mean, 14 weeks) after the initial onset of symptoms. Sixteen of the patients were treated with internal fixation, the remaining seven were treated con servatively. Seven patients (30%) developed complica tions requiring major surgery. Five of these patients had Type 3 fractures (displaced) and four had been treated with internal fixation initially. The remaining two patients had Type 1 fractures (endosteal or periosteal callus without an overt fracture line); one was treated operatively and the other conservatively. Three patients developed avascular necrosis and two were treated by hip replacement. The third patient was treated with arthrodesis. Three refractures and one pseudarthrosis were treated by osteotomy. At followup, all elite athletes stated that they had to end their career as a result of the injury. Results were rated by the ability of the athlete to return to sports. There were 9 bad or fair results, 13 good, and 1 excellent result. No difference in activity level or subjec tive rating was observed between the surgically and conservatively treated group either preinjury or postin jury. The most important factor influencing the compli cation rate seems to be the type of fracture. The high incidence of displaced fractures (Type 3) could specu latively be caused by undiagnosed tension side stress fractures. If so, the delay in correct diagnosis may be disastrous. However, we could only objectively observe this in one of our cases.
The contribution of the glenohumeral ligaments to anterior stability of the shoulder joint
Authors: O'Connell Patrick W. , Nuber Gordon W. , Mileski Robert A. , Lautenschlager Eugene 
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the liga mentous stabilizing mechanisms preventing anterior instability in the glenohumeral joint. Six freshly thawed, unembalmed cadaveric shoulders were dissected, preserving the joint capsule and gle nohumeral ligaments, the coracohumeral ligament, and the subscapularis tendon. Hall-effect strain transducers were placed on the superior, middle, and inferior gle nohumeral ligaments. The humerus and scapula were fixed in a specifically designed mounting apparatus that allowed the glenohumeral joint to be placed in 0°, 45°, or 90° of abduction. The mounting apparatus was placed in a model TTC Instron Universal Testing Instru ment, which applied an external rotation torque to the humerus. Strain produced in the three glenohumeral ligaments was recorded on a three-channel X-Y chart recorder. At 0° of abduction, the superior and middle gleno humeral ligaments developed the most strain. At 45° of abduction, the inferior and middle glenohumeral lig aments developed the most strain, with considerable strain also being developed in the superior glenohu meral ligament. At 90° of abduction, the inferior gleno humeral ligament developed the most strain, with strain also seen in the middle glenohumeral ligament.