bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE ROLE OF TESTOSTERONE AND ANDROSTENEDIONE AS PRECURSORS OF EPITESTOSTERONE IN GUINEA PIGS (IN VIVO AND IN VITRO STUDIES)
Authors: Szamatowicz Marian , Drosdowsky Michel , Jayle Max F. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
After injection of [7α-3H] androstenedione and [4-14C] testosterone into male and female guinea pigs, doubly labelled aetiocholanolone, 5α-androstanedione and epiandrosterone were identified in the urine. No epitestosterone was detected. Ovaries, testes, adrenals and liver slices were incubated with the same precursors. Epitestosterone production was observed in all organs except in the adrenals. According to the epitestosterone 3H/14C ratio, it can be concluded that in guinea pigs an interconversion of testosterone, androstenedione and epitestosterone takes place. In liver, androstenedione is preferentially converted to epitestosterone without sex differences, whereas in ovary and testis epitestosterone derives preferentially from testosterone.
DISPARITY BETWEEN THE STATES OF PSEUDOPREGNANCY INDUCED BY RESERPINE AND BY CERVICAL STIMULATION IN THE RAT
Authors: Kisch E. S. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The states of pseudopregnancy induced by electrical stimulation of the cervix uteri or by injection of reserpine were compared. Pseudopregnancy induced by either method can be interrupted by the administration of ergocornine, resulting in a return to oestrus. When the pseudopregnancy is induced by electrical stimulation, this oestrus is followed in about 70 % of cases by a secondary pseudopregnancy: the stimulus for the induction of the initial pseudopregnancy seems to be »remembered« in the central nervous system. This phenomenon of secondary pseudopregnancy could not be elicited in animals treated with reserpine only. The findings point to a different central mode of action of the two methods of prolonging luteal function.
EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC PYROGLUTAMYL-HISTIDYL-PROLINE-AMIDE ON SERUM LEVELS OF THYROTROPHIN, CORTISOL, GROWTH HORMONE, INSULIN AND PBI IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND PATIENTS WITH PITUITARY AND THYROID DISORDERS
Authors: Karlberg Bengt , Almqvist Sven , Werner Sigbritt 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Effects of single rapid iv injections of synthetic pyroglutamyl-histidyl-proline amide (TRH) in doses of 100 and 200 μg in nine normal subjects and patients with pituitary and thyroid disorders were evaluated by clinical observation and serial measurements of serum levels of human thyrotrophin (HTSH), cortisol, growth hormone (STH), insulin and PBI. An onset of fatigue was observed in about half of the patients six to eight hours after the injection of TRH and lasted several hours.
A rise in serum HTSH was detectable within 10 min after the administration of 100 μg of TRH in all normal subjects, reaching a maximum in 15 min in seven of these nine individuals and at 30 and 120 min in two subjects; and then gradually decreased over the next two hours, when the mean level was still above the baseline. Three of nine time courses of serum HTSH showed two peaks, a first at 5 to 15 min and a second at 30 to 120 min. Increases in serum PBI were measurable within 120 min after TRH.
Multiple effects of TRH on HTSH, cortisol and STH levels in serum were found in six of nine normal subjects. The percentage increases were frequently larger for STH than for HTSH levels and the effect was heterogeneous on the time courses of these two hormones.
An increase in serum HTSH occurred in four untreated patients with acromegaly, and a slow and prolonged response in two of three patients with primary hypothyroidism after 200 μg of TRH. One woman with Sheehan's syndrome showed no rise in serum HTSH at 100 μg of TRH but a moderate rise at 200 μg of TRH. Another patient with an operated chromophobe adenoma and panhypopituitarism responded normally to 100 μg of TRH.
Clinical studies involving the use of various synthetic derivatives of TRH are needed to evaluate the clinical response of the tripeptide.
GASCHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF STEROIDS IN THE URINE OF PATIENTS WITH CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Authors: Moolenaar A. J. , van Seters A. P. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The 17-oxosteroids were estimated in the urine of 27 patients with Cushing's syndrome by gas-liquid chromatography (G. L. C.). The values of the various steroid fractions are compared with those of normal subjects, patients with thyrotoxicosis and obese subjects. The effect of the age of the patients on the diagnostic value of the invidual 17-oxosteroids and their ratios is discussed.
EFFECTS OF PROGESTERONE ON THE SERUM LEVELS OF FSH AND LH IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN TREATED WITH OESTROGEN
Authors: Nillius Sven Johan , Wide Leif 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect on the serum levels of FSH and LH after the intramuscular administration of 10 or 100 mg progesterone in oil was studied in twenty postmenopausal women. Immunoreactive FSH and LH in the serum were assayed by a radioimmunosorbent technique.
The administration of progesterone alone to ten women did not result in any major changes in the serum levels of the gonadotrophins. Ethinyloestradiol in an oral dose of 100 μg daily to the other ten women significantly decreased the high postmenopausal levels of gonadotrophins. After four weeks of treatment levels usually seen in women of fertile age were found. The relative decrease for FSH was greater than for LH. When 10 mg progesterone was administered after four weeks of oestrogen treatment, an increase in the serum levels of LH was found in all the six women studied associated with a sharp conspicuous LH peak in four of them. There was also a small increase in the serum levels of FSH. After the larger dose of progesterone, i. e. 100 mg, only one of five women showed an LH peak combined with a minor FSH increase. In the other four subjects, there was only a minor increase in the serum levels of LH which was not of the same magnitude as that found with the 10 mg dose. The FSH levels were, if anything, decreased.
It thus appears that progesterone in low doses was more effective in inducing a release of gonadotrophins in postmenopausal women treated with oestrogen. This suggests that in this experimental situation progesterone does not act as an »antioestrogen[« and that this hormone, particularly in low doses, has a stimulating or facilitating effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary system.
URINARY TESTOSTERONE GLUCURONIDE AS A MEASURE OF ENDOGENOUS TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION
Authors: Goldzieher Joseph W. , Williams Mary C. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
It is generally assumed that urinary excretion of testosterone glucuronide (TG) represents a relatively constant fraction (about 1 %) of the circulating testosterone which is metabolized. For this urinary TG to be a reliable indicator of testosterone production, the constancy of the fractional conversion of endogenous testosterone to urinary TG must be validated. Small changes in a low fractional conversion would induce large errors in the estimate of endogenous production. Following intravenous injection of [4-14C] testosterone, the per cent of the injected material found in the testosterone glucuronide fraction of a 48 hour urine collection was determined in several groups of subjects. In eight males the value ranged from 0.80 to 2.34%; in ten normal females from 0.26 to 0.84%; and in fifteen hirsute females from 0.05 to 0.80 %, a 16-fold difference. It is concluded that the assessment of endogenous testosterone production from urinary TG is materially influenced by changes in fractional conversion, and this introduces a very large degree of unreliability in the interpretation of urinary TG excretion data.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL IMMUNOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN
Authors: Matthies D. L. , Petrusz P. , Diczfalusy E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Purified human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) preparations were chromatographed on Sephadex G-100 and the distribution of the hormone on the chromatogram was studied by an immunological test and by bioassay. Each preparation studied showed evidence of inhomogeneity in terms of the degree to which it was retarded on the gel bed, but the type of inhomogeneity was variable. By the use of gel filtration chromatography it was possible to separate HCG molecules devoid of detectable follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)-like activity from molecules which possessed FSH-like activity. Evidence is presented which indicates that at least some physico-chemical manipulations utilized in the purification of HCG from urine may introduce artifacts.
PLASMA RENIN ACTIVITY AND ALDOSTERONE EXCRETION DURING PROLONGED PROGESTERONE ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Sundsfjord Johan A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Four young men were given suppositories of 100 mg progesterone five times daily for nine consecutive days. During the last four days 12 g salt was added in divided doses.
The plasma renin activity and plasma progesterone and aldosterone excretion were investigated. The plasma progesterone varied within a range of 4.5–29 ng/ml, when progesterone was administered. The plasma renin activity rose significantly (P < 0.05) on the second, third and fifth day of progesterone administration, and fell significantly (P < 0.05) on the fourth day of salt loading. Aldosterone excretion rose gradually from the first day of progesterone administration to reach significantly higher values on the third, fourth and sixth day. During salt loading, the aldosterone excretion fell significantly (P < 0.005) from the first day onwards, even when compared with the control values found before progesterone administration.
A highly significant (P < 0.001) coefficient of correlation between plasma renin activity and aldosterone excretion was found throughout the investigation period. The same significant degree of correlation was found between the plasma renin activity and progesterone and between aldosterone excretion and plasma progesterone during the period before the sodium loading.
The possible causal relationship between these parameters is discussed.
INVESTIGATION OF PITUITARY-ADRENOCORTICAL FUNCTION IN THE ELDERLY DURING STANDARDIZED OPERATIONS AND POSTOPERATIVE INTRAVENOUS METYRAPONE TEST ASSESSED BY PLASMA CORTISOL, PLASMA COMPOUND S AND EOSINOPHIL CELL DETERMINATIONS
Authors: Jensen H. Kaalund , Blichert-Toft M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Twenty elderly subjects with an average age of 73.0 years (range 66–82) underwent standardized surgery (laparotomies). Thirteen younger subjects with an average age of 45.4 years (range 23–58) served as controls. Changes in plasma cortisol, plasma compound S and eosinophil cell count were checked throughout the first 24 hours after surgery. A maximum increase in the plasma cortisol concentration exceeding the spontaneous initial value by 150 and 110 per cent respectively was observed, in the young and elderly subjects. An insignificant rise only was seen in the plasma compound S concentration. The eosinophil cell count fell to less than 50 n/μl. The variations in the three parameters, observed in the geriatric group, indicate a less marked response to surgical stress although no evidence was found for the existence of any significant age difference. Between the fourth and eighth postoperative day, an intravenous metyrapone test was carried out in 13 elderly and 10 young subjects. The changes in the concentration of plasma cortisol and plasma compound S and in the eosinophil cell count were recorded. When exposed to an apparently identical stimulation of the feedback system during the postoperative phase, the elderly patients showed a much greater response than that seen in the younger patients. The possibility that the pituitary-adrenal system in the elderly develops a higher sensitivity following repeated exposures to stress, is discussed.
Exhaustion of the pituitary-adrenal system during the postoperative phase was not demonstrated in the elderly.
ENZYMOLOGISCHE STUDIEN AM ARRHENOBLASTOM
Authors: Brandau H. , Brandau L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In an arrhenoblastoma of a 24 years old female patient the enzyme activities of the intermediary carbonhydrate metabolism, the citric acid cycle, the glycerophosphate cycle, the pentose-phosphate shunt as well as the steroid-dehydrogenases were measured quantitatively and localized histochemically. The striking high activities of the glycolytic enzymes, the presence of steroid-dehydrogenases and the only moderately increased enzyme activities of the citric acid cycle in comparison with the stroma ovarii identify the arrhenoblastoma as a tissue with steroid hormonal metabolism. High activities of the mentioned enzymes and especially the activities of the steroid-dehydrogenases were localized histochemically only in Leydig-cell-like cells. Therefore these cells may be considered as structures of steroid-biogenesis. The enzyme activity pattern of the steroiddehydrogenases illuminates the biogenetic pathways of androgens. The low activities of the 17β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase in this tissue in comparison with other steroid producing tissues indicate a special testosterone metabolism.
DETECTION OF AN ACTH-SECRETING BRONCHIAL CARCINOID TUMOUR EIGHTEEN MONTHS AFTER ADRENALECTOMY FOR CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Authors: Vingerhoeds A. C. M. , der Kinderen P. J. , Thijssen J. H. H. , Schwarz F. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A patient is described in whom an ACTH-producing bronchial carcinoid tumour was found eighteen months after bilateral adrenalectomy for Cushing's syndrome. A critical review is given of laboratory methods used in the differential diagnosis of ectopic Cushing's syndrome. Finally a course of action is suggested by which such unnecessary ablative surgery might be avoided.
UPTAKE OF 3H-CORTISOL BY RABBIT POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: Simonsson Bengt 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The in vitro uptake of 3H-cortisol by rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was studied. The 3H-cortisol concentration in the incubation medium was 1 ng/ml. By adding non-radioactive cortisol to the medium the 3H-cortisol uptake could be depressed, indicating a saturable component in the uptake. At 37°C the uptake was maximal within 10 minutes. The uptake was also depressed by progesterone, 17α-OH-progesterone, corticosterone and to a lesser degree by testosterone and 17β-oestradiol. Chromatography showed that almost all the 3H-cortisol was bound in an unchanged form. The uptake and retention were temperature-sensitive. Contrary to the cortisol-binding site of transcortin, the saturable binding of 3H-cortisol in the PMN's was not destroyed by trypsin. The 3H-cortisol uptake in erythrocytes was also studied; it was very small and showed no saturable component. The saturable 3H-cortisol uptake in the PMN's might be related to a special sensitivity to this hormone.
THE EXCRETION OF »LABILE« OESTROGENS DURING HUMAN PREGNANCY
Authors: Cohen Saul L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
One hundred and twenty-three urines from 12 pregnant diabetic patients have been assayed for their stable and »labile« fractions by techniques previously described (Cohen 1971). The oestriol values varied from below normal (5 to 8 mg per day during the last weeks of pregnancy) in three of the patients to high normal (37 to 48 mg per day in the 35th to 38th weeks of pregnancy) in four patients. The oestrone + oestradiol fractions were lower than normal in most of the diabetic patients studied. Nonetheless this fraction like that for normals, yielded a diminishing percentage of the »total« oestrogen as pregnancy progressed. The »labile« fraction of diabetics, however, unlike that of the normals, fluctuated markedly and did not show any consistent increase with advancing pregnancy. For those diabetics the »labile« fraction contributed from 4 to 86 per cent of the »total« oestrogens excreted, and was equal to or greater than the oestriol fractions in 31 urines. The oestriol fraction for all the diabetics was over 90 per cent of the »modified Brown« total, but was only 10 to 86 per cent of the ammonium sulphate »total«. It was less than 50 % of the »total« in 17 assays obtained from 6 of the 12 patients in the post 30 week period. The danger of using the oestriol excretion as a measure of foetal viability for diabetic patients is thus indicated.
THE IN VITRO FORMATION OF ANDROSTENEDIONE FROM C21 STEROIDS BY FOLLICLES ISOLATED FROM HUMAN OVARIES
Authors: Patwardhan Vasant V. , Lanthier André 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Follicles from human ovaries were incubated simultaneously with [4-14C] pregnenolone and [7α-3H] progesterone in 3 experiments. Samples of the incubation medium were withdrawn at 10, 30 and 60 min and the incubation stopped at 180 min. The unchanged substrates, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione were isolated from each sample. 17-Hydroxypregnenolone was also isolated in one experiment. The product yield-time curves and the 3H/14C ratios of compounds isolated at different time periods showed that in the formation of androstenedione from pregnenolone the following pathways can be operative in the follicle; 1) the Δ5 pathway passing through 17-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone, 2) the pathway passing through 17-hydroxypregnenolone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone and 3) the Δ4 pathway passing through progesterone. Of these, the first two were found to be of major importance.
THE PATTERN OF URINARY EXCRETION OF INDIVIDUAL 17-KETOSTEROIDS IN RHESUS MONKEYS
Authors: Pal S. B. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A systematic procedure for the extraction, separation, purification and colorimetric determination of urinary individual 17-ketosteroids in normal rhesus monkeys is described. Dehydroepiandrosterone was extracted after hot hydrolysis of the urine at neutral pH and the remaining steroid conjugates were extracted at pH 2 by the addition of ammonium sulphate. The liberated steroids were extracted after enzyme hydrolysis and the ketonic steroids were separated from the non-ketones by the Girard T reaction. The 11-deoxy steroids were separated from the 11-oxygenated steroids on a Celite column. They were further separated by paper chromatography and after elution, the individual 17-ketosteroids were estimated by the Zimmermann reaction. Normal mean excretion values in 30 female monkeys for total neutral 17-ketosteroids were 1.8 mg/24 h (range 1.5–2.6); total 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, 3.1 mg/24 h (range 2.2–4.8); androsterone, 38.6 μg/kg/24 h (range 9.3–60.2); aetiocholanolone, 19.2 μg/kg/24 h (range 6.8–30.7); dehydroepiandrosterone, 30.8 μg/kg/24 h (range 13.4–50.6); 11-ketoandrosterone, 7.5 μg/kg/24 h (range 5.1–14.1); 11-ketoaetiocholanolone, 10.2 μg/kg/24 h (range 6.8–18.3); 11β-hydroxyandrosterone, 15.4 μg/kg/24 h (range 8.8–26.7); 11β-hydroxyaetiocholanolone, 19.6 μg/kg/24 h (range 12.2–33.1). For total neutral 17-ketosteroids in 20 males, they were 2.5 mg/day (range 2.3–4.1); total 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, 3.7 mg/day (range 2.8–5.3); androsterone, 51.5 μg/kg/24 h (range 12.3–76.7); aetiocholanolone, 22.6 μg/kg/24 h (range 8.7–42.3); dehydroepiandrosterone, 41.3 μg/kg/24 h (range 16.9–59.7); 11-ketoandrosterone, 9.6 μg/kg/24 h (range 6.4–16.3); 11-ketoaetiocholanolone, 12.3 μg/kg/24 h (range 8.2–20.5); 11β-hydroxyandrosterone, 17.5 μg/kg/24 h (range 11.7–29.2); 11β-hydroxyaetiocholanolone, 21.7 μg/kg/24 h (range 14.5–36.4).
EVALUATION OF GONADOTROPHIN ANALYSES IN MALE HYPOGONADISM
Authors: Johnsen Svend G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Urinary total hypophyseal gonadotrophin (HG) analyses in 56 healthy men and 282 patients with a great variety of forms of male hypogonadism showed that in some clinical conditions HG is decreased, in others increased while in some others the HG level is normal.
It has been shown, however, that primary damage of the germinal epithelium per se causes an increase of the HG level. It is necessary, therefore, to take the functional state of the germinal epithelium into account when HG excretion is used as a parameter of function and responsiveness of the hypophysis.
By the testicular biopsy score count method described by the author, a figure (mean score, MS) is obtained which expresses the spermatogenetic state. Analysis of 284 patients with primary testicular disorders established a correlation between the log gonadotrophin value (log HG) and MS. It was found that the HG level in the control group of apparently healthy men was considerably higher than that corresponding to perfect spermatogenesis. The question whether »ideal« men with perfect spermatogenesis or »average healthy« men should be used as controls in gonadotrophin assays is a dilemma.
By using the regression equation between log HG and MS the influence of various spermatogenetic states on the HG level was eliminated by transforming, in each patient, the log HG value to the value corresponding to a fixed mean score of 1.0. These transformed log HG values were then evaluated in the various disorders. Decreased values were found in hypopituitarism, infantilism, eunuchoidism, adiposogenital dystrophy (in adults) and hypogonadism secondary to metabolic disease. In all other conditions, the HG level corresponded to the spermatogenetic state. No extra-tubular factors seem to influence the HG level and no case of primary overproduction of gonadotrophins was found.
The value of transforming gonadotrophin values to a defined spermatogenetic state in clinical and experimental studies is discussed.
OVULATION IN ADULT RATS AFTER TREATMENT WITH PREGNANT MARE SERUM GONADOTROPHIN DURING OESTRUS
Authors: Welschen R. , Rutte M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Treatment of the adult rat with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMS) followed by human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) is the standard procedure for inducing superovulation. Experiments were performed on rats with a 5 day cycle to determine why treatment with PMS only does not produce superovulation.
In untreated animals all follicles in a range of [2267] 55 × 106 μm3 take part in ovulation. Similarly, in precocious ovulation induced by HCG in otherwise untreated animals, all follicles in this size range produce ovulations. After the injection of 5 IU of PMS into rats during oestrus the number of follicles in the size range of [2267] 55 × 106 μm3 is doubled, but only half of them take part in spontaneous ovulation, which occurs one day earlier than in untreated animals. An additional ovulating stimulus by means of treatment with HCG causes no increase in the number of ovulations. Data from hypophysectomized animals receiving HCG indicate that the ovulatory release of luteinizing hormone (LH) is not subnormal following treatment with 5 IU of PMS. After the administration of 10–35 IU PMS in oestrus, spontaneous ovulation does not occur. Data on hypophysectomized animals receiving HCG indicate that at this dose level of PMS, the ovulatory release of LH is subnormal. Indirect evidence suggests that this is due to high oestrogen levels in the blood, blocking the ovulatory release of LH. After 50–80 IU of PMS spontaneous ovulation of a small number of ova occurs on day 3. The ovulatory release of LH, estimated as in the previous experiments, is not distinctly subnormal. Therefore at this dose level of PMS a diminished responsiveness of the ovaries is responsible for the subnormal number of ovulations.