bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extracting metabolite ions out of a matrix background by combined mass defect, neutral loss and isotope filtration
Authors: Cuyckens Filip , Hurkmans Rob , Castro‐Perez Jose M. , Leclercq Laurent , Mortishire‐Smith Russell J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMass defect, neutral loss and isotope filtration techniques were applied to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) data obtained for in vivo and in vitro samples of drug metabolism studies. A combination of these post‐acquisition processing techniques was shown to be more powerful than the use of one of these tools alone for the detection in complex matrices of metabolites of candidate drugs with a characteristic isotope pattern (e.g. containing bromine, chlorine, or a high proportion of radiolabeled drug (12C/14C)) or characteristic neutral losses. In combination with ‘all‐in‐one’ data acquisition this methodology is able to perform software‐driven constant neutral loss scanning for an unlimited number of mass differences at any time after analysis. Highly selective MS chromatograms were obtained with excellent correlation with their corresponding radiochromatograms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of Tumor‐Cell Invasion with Chlorotoxin‐Bound Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Veiseh Omid , Gunn Jonathan W. , Kievit Forrest M. , Sun Conroy , Fang Chen , Lee Jerry S. H. , Zhang Miqin 
Published: December 2008

AbstractNanoparticles have been investigated as drug delivery vehicles, contrast agents, and multifunctional devices for patient care. Current nanoparticle‐based therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment are mainly based on delivery of chemotherapeutic agents to induce apoptosis or DNA/siRNA to regulate oncogene expression. Here, a nanoparticle system that demonstrates an alternative approach to the treatment of cancers through the inhibition of cell invasion, while serving as a magnetic resonance and optical imaging contrast agent, is presented. The nanoparticle comprises an iron oxide nanoparticle core conjugated with an amine‐functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) silane and a small peptide, chlorotoxin (CTX), which enables the tumor cell‐specific binding of the nanoparticle. It is shown that the nanoparticle exhibits substantially enhanced cellular uptake and an invasion inhibition rate of ∼98% compared to unbound CTX (∼45%). Significantly, the investigation from flow cytometry analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescent imaging reveals that the CTX‐enabled nanoparticles deactivated the membrane‐bound matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP‐2) and induced increased internalization of lipid rafts that contain surface‐expressed MMP‐2 and volume‐regulating ion channels through receptor‐mediated endocytosis, leading to enhanced prohibitory effects. Since upregulation and activity of MMP‐2 have been observed in tumors of neuroectodermal origin, and in cancers of the breast, colon, skin, lung, prostate, ovaries, and a host of others, this nanoparticle system can be potentially used for non‐invasive diagnosis and treatment of a variety of cancer types.
Strain‐Driven Self‐Assembled Network of Antidots in Complex Oxide Thin Films
Authors: Konstantinović Zorica , Santiso José , Balcells Lluis , Martínez Benjamín 
Published: December 2008

AbstractStructural strain due to lattice mismatch is used to promote the formation of a self‐assembled network of antidots in highly epitaxial La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 thin films grown on (001) oriented SrTiO3 substrates by radiofrequency magnetron sputtering. Size, depth, and separation between antidots can be controlled by changing deposition parameters and the miscut angle of the substrate. This morphology exhibits a remarkable magnetic anisotropy and offers unique opportunities for versatile nanostencils for the preparation of nano‐object networks that can be of major relevance for the fabrication of oxide‐based magnetic and magnetoelectronic devices.
Influence of Cassava Storage Root Development and Environmental Conditions on Starch Granule Size Distribution
Authors: Teerawanichpan Prapapan , Lertpanyasampatha Manassawe , Netrphan Supatcharee , Varavinit Saiyavit , Boonseng Opas , Narangajavana Jarunya 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAmong starch producing crops, cassava has a higher carbohydrate production than others under suboptimal conditions, more than 163×106 t of cassava starch are produced world‐wide each year and are used for direct human consumption, animal feeds and as raw material for a wide range of industrial products. A basic knowledge of starch characteristics and storage process is required to improve cassava starch quality and quantity. This report describes a comparative study of morphology, starch granule size distribution and amylose content in cassava storage roots grown under different conditions. Microscopic evaluation reveals that storage roots contain larger starch granules than fibrous roots. The study on three Asian cassava cultivars demonstrates the increment of starch granule size from outermost to innermost layers of storage root, while no significant change is observed in amylose content. The effects of developmental stage and growing season on cassava starch reveals that granule size is significantly influenced by both factors, while the amylose contents only fluctuate in a narrow range. The size of the starch granules increases particularly in the first six months after cultivation. Planting cassava in the beginning of the wet season in Asia yields larger granule sizes than planting in the dry season. The significance of this study lies in better understanding optimal growing conditions for improved starch characteristics and production, leading to a better quality agricultural production of this important food and materials crop.
EVALUATING PYRETHROID ALTERNATIVES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF COTTON BOLLWORMS AND RESISTANCE IN CAMEROON
Authors: ACHALEKE J. , VAISSAYRE M. , BREVAULT T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYIn sub-Saharan Africa, the bollworm complex, includingHelicoverpa armigera,Diparopsis watersiandEariasspp., threatens the continued success of cotton production. Pyrethroid resistance inH. armigeraled to serious crop losses while endosulfan, a suitable alternative to pyrethroids, was banned for cotton pest management. Five candidates with no cross-resistance to pyrethroids were evaluated in both on-station and on-farm trials from 2002 to 2006. Two applications were made at the early peak ofH. armigerainfestation in September, the period when pyrethroid use should be restricted for resistance management purposes. Results showed that, as expected, bollworm infestation consistently peaked from mid-September to mid-October. Spinosad, thiodicarb and emamectin-benzoate were the most suitable alternatives to reduce damage, regardless of the cotton bollworm species. Indoxacarb and lufenuron were less effective in controllingD. watersi. On-farm experiments confirmed the suitability of spinosad for control of pyrethroid-resistantH. armigera, particularly on late sown fields. These new chemistries offer control of bollworms which justify their relevance for pyrethroid resistance management in Cameroon and sub-Saharan Africa.
DETERMINANTS OF THE DECISION TO ADOPT INTEGRATED SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES BY SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN THE CENTRAL HIGHLANDS OF KENYA
Authors: MUGWE JAYNE , MUGENDI DANIEL , MUCHERU-MUNA MONICAH , MERCKX ROEL , CHIANU JONAS , VANLAUWE BERNARD 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYDeclining soil fertility is a major cause of low per capita food production on smallholder farms of sub-Saharan Africa. This study attempted to provide an empirical explanation of the factors associated with farmers' decisions to adopt or not to adopt newly introduced integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) technologies consisting of combinations of organics and mineral fertilizer in Meru South district of the central highlands of Kenya. Out of 106 households interviewed, 46% were ‘adopters’ while 54% were ‘non-adopters’. A logistic regression model showed that the factors that significantly influenced adoption positively were farm management, ability to hire labour and months in a year households bought food for their families, while age of household head and number of mature cattle negatively influenced adoption. The implication of these results is that the adoption of ISFM practices could be enhanced through targeting of younger families where both spouses work on the farm full-time and food insecure households. It is also important to target farmers that lack access to other sources of soil fertility improvement. Examples include farmers that do not own cattle or those owning few and who, therefore, have limited access to animal manure.
Unknown Chapters in the History of “Vpered”
Authors: Sapir Boris 
Published: December 2008

The period 1870–1880 represents an important phase in the history of social movements in Russia. Within that decade ideas and groups merged whose influence can be discerned in the events that preceded and those that followed the upheaval of 1917.Among those groups one of the more interesting was the so-called Lavrists, or vperedovtzy, named after the publication “Vpered” (Forward), founded and edited by Peter Lavrov (1823–1900) and first published in Zurich, Switzerland, where volumes I and II were brought out in 1873 And 1874 respectively, and then in London, where volumes III, IV And V (the last-named not under the editorship of lavrov) as well as a bimonthly edition of “Vpered” were published during 1874–1877. In addition, the printing office of “Vpered” also produced several books and pamphlets.
Wilhelm Weitling und die deutsche politische Handwerkerlyrik im Vormärz
Authors: Schieder Wolfgang 
Published: December 2008

Im Juliheft 1851 der Zeitschrift „Die Republik der Arbeiter”, die Wilhelm Weitling 1850–1855 in New York herausgab, machte der deutsche Frühsozialist eine selbstbiographische Angabe, der die Forschung bisher noch nicht nachgegangen ist. Um sich gegen verschiedene Angriffe zu verteidigen, veröffentlichte Weitling dort under dem Titel „Ubersicht der Erfolge einer zwölfjährigen Propaganda mit bezug auf die Geldpunkte” eine Art von literarischem Rechenschaftsbericht, in dem er u.a. folgendes schrieb:„Im Jahre 1838 wurde mir in Paris von der Zentralbehörde unserer Verbindung, der ich seit kurzem mit angehörte, der Auftrag: die Möglichkeit der Gütergerneinschaft durch eine Schrift zu veranschaulichen, weil die Mitglieder eine solche Schrift verlangten. Ich hatte einen Mitbewerber, aber die Mitglieder der Zentralbehörde entschieden sich einstimmig für meine Schrift: ‘Die Menschheit, wie sie ist and wie sie sein sollte’…. Ich verfaßte die Schrift zu einer Zeit, in weicher ich jeden Abend bis 10 und 11 Uhr und jeden Sonntag bis 12 Uhr mittags als Schneidergeselle arbeiten mußte. Ich übersetzte Lamennais' ‘Buch des Volkes’ und gab das Manuskript einem Agenten unserer Verbindung für die Verbindung in Deutschland gratis mit. Ich lieferte 12 Lieder zu den ‘Volksklängen’, versteht sich gleichfalls gratis. Das waren meine ersten literarischen Produktionen…”
Some Reflections on Corsican Secret Societies in the Early Nineteenth Century
Authors: Savigear P. 
Published: December 2008

Stendhal, in La Chartreuse de Parme, described a minister of police who“se garde bien de nier la conspiration, au contraire, seul avec le prince, et armé jusqu'aux dents, il visite tous les coins des appartements, regarde sous les lits et, en un mot, se livre à une foule d'actions ridicules dignes d'une vieille femme.”Thus it is when conspiracy is in the air, and such fears were not without parallel in the administrations of the European states in years between 1815 and 1848. The European cabinets in this “age of Metternich” were beset by a fear of revolution, international conspiracy, carbonari and illuminati, and a widespread suspicion of subversion. The picture of clandestine organisation whether drawn in Vienna, Paris, Berlin, Rome or Milan, was not vastly different nor entirely fictitious. The period was punctuated with armed revolts, coups, arrests of agitators, and the appearance of secret societies, often republican, dedicated to the overthrow of the existing order. It is not surprising that contemporaries and indeed some historians of the period exaggerated the links between these phenomena, even to the extent of occasionally suggesting that one principal organisation was at work with a series of national variants creating an international network. Revolt in Piedmont, Naples and Spain was readily conceived to have a connection with attempted coups elsewhere in Europe. Buonarroti, Mazzini, La Cecilia, Victor Cousin, General Lafayette and many others were observed by the police of Europe as they moved about the continent engaged on legitimate business and perhaps on work of a more subversive nature. The suspicion was constantly present that such men were the agents of international revolution. This was the case not least in the ranks of the French administration, where carbonarist activity came into prominence in 1821 and 1822 and a fear of traffic in revolution remained until the middle of the century.
The Path Not Taken: The Anarchist Alternative in Chinese Socialism, 1921–1927
Authors: Dirlik Arif 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYUntil the late 1920s, anarchism was still a significant presence in Chinese radical thinking and activity, and till the middle of the decade, gave serious competition to the Communists. The essay discusses the nature of the anarchist movement in China, anarchist criticism of Bolshevik Marxism, and anarchist revolutionary strategy and activity during 1921–1927. It argues that while anarchists were quite innovative with regard to revolutionary strategy, their repudiation of organized power deprived them of the ability to coordinate revolutionary activity on a national scale, and what success they achieved remained local and short-lived. Indeed, the Communists were able to make better use of anarchist tactics than were the anarchists themselves. Anarchist critique of power rested on a denial of a center to society (and history). While this undercut the anarchists' ability to organize the revolutionary movement, it is also revealing of a basic problem of socialist revolution: the problem of democracy. In ignoring the anarchist critique of power, the successful revolutionaries deprived themselves of a critical perspective on the problem of socialist revolution, and were left at the mercy of the new structures of power that they brought into existence. Hence the importance of recalling anarchism.
Tito: The Formation of a Disloyal Bolshevik
Authors: Swain G. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYTito rose to lead the Yugoslav Communist Party by stressing his loyalty to Lenin. As a “Left” critic of “Right Liquidationism” his views coincided with the Left turn in the Comintern which climaxed with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. During the “imperialist” war, Tito, like Lenin, wrote only of the armed uprising and the proletarian revolution; for him this began with the German invasion of April 1941. However, Tito's experiences in Moscow during the height of the purges enabled him to get the measure of Stalin. Twice he emerged unscathed from accusations of Trotskyism, and in his writings began to explore the differences between Leninism and Stalinism.
Unemployment Insurance in Interwar Belgium
Authors: Vanthemsche Guy 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYIn 1900, a special type of unemployment insurance was set up in Belgium: the so-called “Ghent system”, which had some influence on the development of unemployment insurance in many European countries. This particular system was characterized by the important role played by the trade-union unemployment societies. The public authorities (in Belgium, from 1920 onwards, the central government next to the towns and provinces) encouraged the affiliation of the labourers to these societies by granting different sorts of financial support to the unemployed society members and to the societies themselves. During the crisis of the 1930s, this led to an important growth of Belgian trade-union membership. On the other hand, the quantitative growth of the labour movement due to this particular organization of unemployment insurance, led to many negative sideeffects for the trade unions (administrative chaos, financial problems, loss of combativity). Moreover, the employers' organizations strongly opposed this system of unemployment insurance, because they thought it reinforced the labour movement's power in society (strengthening of union membership, influence on wage formation, obstruction of deflation policy). This article examines the heated debates waged in the labour movement itself and between this actor, the employers' organizations and the government, to solve the many important problems posed by this type of social insurance. The Belgian pre-Second World War debate concerning unemployment insurance was of great importance for the shaping of the Welfare State in Belgium, which took its present-day form in 1944.
A Season for violence
Authors: Beck E.M. , Tolnay Stewart E. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryIn this paper we explore the hypothesis that monthly variation in white mob violence against blacks in the American South was affected by seasonal variation in the demand for labor in southern agriculture. Using monthly data on black lynchings that occurred between 1882 and 1930 we find that mob violence was more frequent during times of stronger labor demand than during slack periods. While the manifest function of lynchings might well have been to rid the white community of offending blacks who violated the moral order, we suggest that the latent function was to tighten the reins of control over the black population, especially during times when whites most needed black labor to work fields of cotton or tobacco.
Women's Subversive Individualism in Barcelona during the 1930s
Authors: seidman Michael 
Published: December 2008

SummaryA focus on politically uncommitted working-class women alters the traditional historiographical emphasis on collective militancy in the Spanish Revolution. A large number of females acted ambivalently towards the cause, and revolutionaries were forced to confront women's individualism. In the search for the collective identities of class and gender, this individualism has been ignored. Instead of neglecting or condemning the personal, historians should try to understand how an exploration of the varieties of subversive individualism – resistance to workplace discipline, opportunism, and petty fraud – can expand the boundaries of social history and help to contribute to a theory of the state.
The British Social Democratic Federation 1880–1885
Authors: Bevir Mark 
Published: December 2008

SummaryA number of Bronterre O'Brien's disciples were the leading lights of London clubs that provided the silent majority to the Social Democratic Federation (S.D.F.). Even after the O'Brienites came to accept the need for collective ownership of the means of production, their political strategy remained that of O'Brien. An understanding of the role played by the O'Brienites helps to explain various problems in the history of the S.D.F. such as why most members remained with Hyndman rather than follow Morris into the Socialist League and why the S.D.F. adopted an ambiguous attitude to trade unions and to palliatives.
The Power of Shop Culture
Authors: Olssen Erik , Brecher Jeremy 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThis paper investigates the history of the labour process in New Zealand's state-owned railway workshops and questions the idea that large-scale industry inevitably destroyed whatever agency skilled workers had enjoyed. It also shows that relations of production vary with the political and cultural contexts. Craft control of the labour process survived in New Zealand's state-owned railway workshops and the union played only a minor role. Jop control was more important in achieving bureaucratic instead of autocratic control over such matters as hiring and firing; the retention of apprentice-based crafts; the institutionalization of seniority; and in resisting both de-skilling and the “premium bonus”. The strength and vitality of shop culture, based on craft control of the labour process, also survived and modified the Government's vigorous attempt to introduce “scientific management”. In brief the article concludes that productive processes do not inevitably determine social relations of production, that capitalism has been neither homogeneous nor uniform, and that mechanization never inevitably results in de-skilling.
Insight correlates in child- and adolescent-onset first episodes of psychosis: results from the CAFEPS study
Authors: Parellada M. , Fraguas D. , Bombín I. , Otero S. , Castro-Fornieles J. , Baeza I. , Gonzalez-Pinto A. , Graell M. , Soutullo C. , Paya B. , Arango C. 
Published: December 2008

BackgroundThe correlates of insight in early-onset psychosis have received little previous attention.MethodWe studied clinical correlates of insight in a sample of 110 adolescent recent-onset psychosis patients (mean age 15.53 years; psychotic symptoms present for <6 months). Insight was measured with the Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorder (SUMD) at baseline, 6 months and 12 months follow-up.ResultsInsight improved over the early phases of the illness, in parallel with psychopathological improvement. Poor insight at baseline and 6 months correlated with poor functioning at 6 and 12 months respectively. Schizophrenia patients had poorer insight than patients with bipolar disorder at 6 and 12 months but not at baseline. Logistic and linear regressions were used to predict 12-month diagnoses and functioning based on insight measurements. Baseline awareness of illness was a significant predictor for diagnosis [odds ratio (OR) 1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05–1.97]. Treatment compliance at 6 months did not correlate with baseline SUMD subscores, but correlated with insight into having a disorder (Spearman's ρ=0.21,p=0.039), its consequences (Spearman's ρ=0.28,p=0.006) and the need for treatment (Spearman's ρ=0.26,p=0.012) at 6 months. The ‘attribution of symptoms’ dimension of insight is poorly correlated with other insight dimensions and with other clinical variables.ConclusionsPoor insight correlates with symptom severity and global functioning but also has some trait value for schizophrenia, which is apparent once acute psychotic symptomatology is not prominent. A multi-dimensional approach to the assessment of insight is necessary, as different dimensions are influenced by different factors.
Harmonic G-structures
Authors: GONZÁLEZ–DÁVILA J. C. , CABRERA F. MARTÍN 
Published: December 2008

AbstractFor closed and connected subgroups G of SO(n), we study the energy functional on the space of G-structures of a (compact) Riemannian manifold (M, 〈⋅, ⋅〉), where G-structures are considered as sections of the quotient bundle (M)/G. We deduce the corresponding first and second variation formulae and the characterising conditions for critical points by means of tools closely related to the study of G-structures. In this direction, we show the rôle in the energy functional played by the intrinsic torsion of the G-structure. Moreover, we analyse the particular case G=U(n) for 2n-dimensional manifolds. This leads to the study of harmonic almost Hermitian manifolds and harmonic maps from M into (M)/U(n).
Existence and stability of static shells for the Vlasov–Poisson system with a fixed central point mass
Authors: SCHULZE ACHIM 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe consider the Vlasov–Poisson system with spherical symmetry and an exterior potential which is induced by a point mass in the center. This system can be used as a simple model for a newtonian galaxy surrounding a black hole. For this system, we establish a global existence result for classical solutions with shell-like initial data, i.e. the support of the density is bounded away from the point mass singularity. We also prove existence and stability of stationary solutions which describe static shells, where we use a variational approach which was established by Y. Guo and G. Rein.