bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A SWOT analysis for successful bridge team organization and safer marine operations
Authors: ARSLAN Ozcan , ER Ismail Deha 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSWOT analysis is an established method for assisting the formulation of strategy. In this respect SWOT application to strategy formulation about bridge organization is examined and proposed in this study. A qualitative investigation using strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats analysis (SWOT) has been successfully implemented, emphasizing the limited capabilities of bridge resources to provide safe navigation and properly implemented bridge team management procedures. The human factor approach interacting with SWOT parameters was discussed in advance to clarify the potential threats of bridge operations for the enhancement of safety in maritime transportation. The originality of this study is that SWOT analysis as a management tool was firstly applied to bridge team management to perform strategic action plans for ship management companies to utilize bridge resources. With this bridge resource based SWOT analysis, efforts were made to explore the ways and means of converting the possible threats into opportunities and changing the weaknesses into strengths. Consequently, strategic action plans were developed for improved bridge team organization and safer marine operations. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2007
Synthesis of lipophilic 2‐oxoamides based on γ‐aminobutyric and δ‐aminovaleric analogues and their activity against phospholipase A2
Authors: Moutevelis‐Minakakis Panagiota , Neokosmidi Afroditi , Filippakou Maria , Stephens Daren , Dennis Edward A. , Kokotos George 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA variety of lipophilic 2‐oxoamides based on γ‐aminobutyric and δ‐aminovaleric analogues were synthesized. 2‐oxoamides containing a tetrazole, a thioethyl or a thioacetyl group are weak inhibitors of GIVA cPLA2, while derivatives containing a methyl tetrazole, a diethyl phosphonate or a thioethyl group are weak inhibitors of GV sPLA2. Copyright © 2007 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comprehensive microanalytical study of welding aerosols with x‐ray and Raman based methods
Authors: Worobiec A. , Stefaniak E. A. , Kiro S. , Oprya M. , Bekshaev A. , Spolnik Z. , Potgieter‐Vermaak S. S. , Ennan A. , Van Grieken R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA comprehensive analysis of individual welding fume particles of different size fraction has been performed by applying of an innovative combination of the energy‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF), micro‐Raman spectroscopy (MRS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Owing to this set of analytical techniques, a systematic study of the chemical composition along with the size, morphology and structure parameters of the collected welding particles was performed. The results show distinct interdependencies between the particles' elemental composition and their sizes and structures, which are consistent with commonly assumed mechanisms of their formation and evolution. In particular, interactions between the particles of fine and coarse fractions as well as regularities in distribution of the most toxic welding fume components (Mn and its oxides) have been observed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reproductive cycles and contraception of black lemurs (Eulemur macaco macaco) with depot medroxyprogesterone acetate during the breeding season
Authors: Asa Cheryl S. , Porton Ingrid J. , Junge Randall 
Published: July 2007

AbstractContraception is a critical component of population management for lemurs, but concerns about potential deleterious effects of continuous, long‐term treatment with synthetic progestins such as the widely used melengestrol acetate implant led us to evaluate seasonal contraception with injections of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo‐Provera, Upjohn Pharmacia, Kalamazoo, MI) to limit the duration of exposure. We compared two dosage regimens in female black lemurs using vaginal cytology as an indirect measure of ovarian suppression. Our results indicate that both 10 mg/kg body weight at 90‐day intervals or 2.5 mg/kg at approximately 30‐day intervals can be effective in most females, although one female on the 10‐mg dose showed signs of estrus at 53 days. Darkening of pelage during treatment was the primary side effect noted. A more important observation was that contraception can extend the breeding season to as much as 9 months, considerably longer than reported previously, which necessitates extending the period of contraceptive treatment. Zoo Biol 26:289–298, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characteristics of the storage proteins of cotton
Authors: Dure Leon 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe storage proteins of the cottonseed are composed of α and β globulins which are homologous to the vicilins and legumins, respectively, of the legumes. Gene sequences for members of both protein families have been determined, and the derived amino acid compositions are presented here. The proteolytic cleavages and glycosylations involved in the processing of the preproproteins during embryogenesis to yield the proteins found in the mature seed are outlined.
Cyclopropene fatty acids of six seed oils from malvaceae
Authors: Rao K. Sundar , Jones Gwyn P. , Rivett Donald E. , Tucker Daryl J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeeds ofHibiscus leptocladus, H. sturtii, Sida echinocarpa, Abutilon amplum, Gossypium robinsonii andLagunaria patersonii contained 11.2\s‐26.8% oil and 11.6\s‐18.2% protein. Spectral, chromatographic and chemical analyses of the seed oils revealed the presence of malvalic (0.5\s‐3.2%), sterculic (0.1\s‐1.7%) and dihydrosterculic (trace‐0.7%) acids.
Supercritical fluid processing of fish oils: Extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls
Authors: Krukonis V. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPolychlorinated biphenyls can be extracted from fish oils with supercritical carbon dioxide at quite modest temperature and pressure with little yield loss of the fish oils. The distribution coefficient, viz, the ratio of the concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls in the carbon dioxide and fish oil phases, respectively, was measured to be about 0.01 (wt basis). The selectivity of carbon dioxide for polychlorinated biphenyls was found to be very high, about 13 at a concentration of about 10 ppm.
Mustard seed processing: Simple methods for following heat damage to protein meals
Authors: McGhee J. E. , Kirk L. D. , Mustakas G. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractProcessed mustard seed contains a considerably higher content of reducing sugar than other oilseeds. During processing, the natural reducing sugar is supplmented with glucose released by enzyme hydrolysis of the thioglucoside, and this total content reaches a value of more than 3% of the defatted mustard meal. This quantity of reducing sugar in mustard seed is three times more than that in soybean meal. Consequently, the browning reaction, which degrades protein, presents a greater problem in processing oilseeds containing thioglucosides than oilseeds free of thioglucosides. In developing the processing of mustard seed, the degree of heat treatment given the protein meals had to be determined. Several indirect methods were developed for following the effects of heat treatment on protein quality. Nitrogen solubility index, optical density of aqueous extracts, and reducing sugar content correlated well with degradation of heat‐labile amino acids, such as lysine, arginine, and histidine, and gave an index of protein quality.
Preparation and analysis of some food fats and oils for fatty acid content by gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Hivon Katharine J. , Hagan Susie N. , Wile Edith B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid compositions of some food fats and oils were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) before and after application of reagents and conditions of some extraction procedures. The extraction procedures studied had a nonsignificant effect on the fatty acid compositions. Procedures leading to methyl ester formation through a series of room temp reactions were selected over procedures requiring higher temp reactions, on the basis of yield of products, fatty acid compositions of food lipids of simple composition, or both. These procedures were then used to prepare some food fats and oils for analysis by GLC and the fatty acid compositions determined in this manner are presented.
Application of specific response factors in the gas chromatographic analysis of methyl esters of fatty acids with flame ionization detectors
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Sipos J. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe relative responses for flame ionization detectors in the analysis of the longer chain fatty acid methyl esters are shown to correlate with the theoretical responses based on weight percent content of 舠active舡 carbon. While particularly affecting estimation of the shorter chain length saturated fatty acids, these erratums have a less marked effect on the estimation of unsaturated fatty acids.
Nutritional studies of polyglycerol esters
Authors: Babayan V. K. , Kaunitz H. , Slanetz C. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPalatable polyglycerol esters of various mol wt were prepared with fatty acids from cottonseed and peanut oils. The wt gains of weanling male rats fed 1 g/day polyglycerol esters in 5 g of a basic diet were compared with those of matching rats fed 1 g, 0.5 g, and no lard in 5 g basic diet. After three weeks, all rats were given free access to diets containing 8% polyglycerol esters or lard. The polyglycerol esters were utilized as well as lard for wt gain. Intestinal absorption of the fatty acids from the polyglycerol esters was the same as with lard. Autopsies and histological examination of the tissues revealed no abnormalities attributable to the consumption of these materials. Appearance of the animals was normal throughout the experiment. The epididymal fat of the animals was similar regardless of the polyglycerol structure fed. No polyglycerols were detected in the body fat. From these results, it is concluded that the polyglycerol esters of both low and high mol wt were nutritionally similar to naturally occurring fats and that they were nontoxic.
The metabolism ofTrans, trans‐octadecadienoic acid. Incorporation ofTrans, trans‐octadecadienoic acid into the C20 polyunsaturated acids of the rat
Authors: Knipprath W. G. , Mead J. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTrans,trans‐9,12‐octadecadienoic acid‐1‐C14 was fed to adult rats. After four hr the animals were killed and the fatty acids isolated from their organ lipids. The 20‐carbon fatty acids were isolated and degraded stepwise.Radioactivity of the degradation products indicated that the fed acid was incorporated into the isolated C20 acids, mainly eicosatetraenoic acid probably with twotrans‐double bonds, while radio‐activity throughout the chain gave evidence for a synthesis of eicosatrienoic and eicosatetraenoic acid from acetate derived from the fed material.In a separate experiment, unlabeledtrans,trans‐9,12‐octadecadienoic acid was fed to wealing rats for 14 days. Isolation of their fatty acids also gave evidence for the incorporation of the fed acid into eicosatrienoic and eicosatetraenoic acids containingtrans double bonds.
Rapeseed preparation for solvent extraction
Authors: Hopkins D. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses procedures and outlines the flow of rapeseed from field to extraction unit. The important areas of handling, grading, and cleaning are identified with the most satisfactory solutions to the problems described. Rapeseed contains nutritional depressant factors, i.e. glucosinolates and erucic acid. Their presence necessitates careful selection and processing requirements to meet the high quality demand of vegetable oil processors and the feed manufactures. The specific attention required to consistently meet these requirements will also be presented and discussed.
Solvent extraction of oil from soybean flour II— pilot plant and two‐solvent extractions
Authors: Nieh C. D. , Snyder H. E. 
Published: July 2007

The process of grinding soybeans to a fine flour and extracting the flour with hexane was studied on a pilot plant scale. The crude oil from the pilot plant study had 15 ppm phosphorus and was suitable for physical refining after a light acid pretreatment and bleaching. The refined oil showed a Lovibond color of 1.4 yellow and 0.3 red. The pilot plant study also showed that grinding of the soybeans and the separation of solid from miscella were the most difficult steps in solvent extraction with fine flour.A laboratory study on separation of miscella from meal by aqueous ethanol reduced the hold‐up volume, but it did not remove all the miscella. A test with betacarotene showed that only the miscella outside the flour particles was displaced.Aqueous ethanol solutions used as a second solvent extracted additional nontriglyceride materials (primarily phospholipids) from the meal. Also, the free fatty acid content of the oil was increased with aqueous ethanol solution wash. The quality of the extracted crude oil was lowered by using a second solvent, but it had the advantage of needing only one centrifugation to separate miscella from meal.
Utilization of zearalenone‐ contaminated corn for ethanol production
Authors: Bennett G. A. , Lagoda A. A. , Shotwell O. L. , Hesseltine C. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTwo lots of yellow corn, severely damaged byFusarium fungi and contaminated with 8.0 and 33.5 ppm zearalenone, respectively, were used for ethanol fermentations. Substrate corn (5‐kg samples) was processed in a laboratory procedure similar to that used by the fermentation industry. Stillages obtained were 7.0 to 9.0% ethanol. Ethanol was recovered by distillation, residual grain solids by filtration, and solubles by concentration. No zearalenone could be detected in the ethanol fraction. Zearalenone in the original corn was concentrated in the residual solids and solubles, which are generally used for animal feed. Treatment with formaldehyde significantly reduced the level of zearalenone in fermentation solids. Ammonium hydroxide was a much less effective agent for toxin degradation.
HPLC separation of natural oil triglycerides into fractions with the same carbon number and numbers of double bonds
Authors: Petersson B. , Podlaha O. , Töregård B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA high performance liquid Chromatographie method was developed and tested on palm oil, low‐erucic‐acid rapeseed oil and cocoa butter. A 100‐cm long column was used, packed with Nucleosil 5 C18 and using acetonitrile/acetone, 60:40 (v/v) as mobile phase. Using this system, the oils could be separated directly into fractions specified by having the same carbon number and number of double bonds. Earlier, the same fractionation could be obtained only by a 2‐step Chromatographie separation. The fractions have been found to be very pure and to have simple triglyceride composition with only one totally dominating triglyceride type in almost all cases.
A new method for evaluating the washing power of washing agents for cotton fabrics: I. description
Authors: Vogtman W. , Degórski A. , Wójcik E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis work describes a new method of evaluating washing effec‐tiveness based on analysis of light scattering on washed fabric. A relationship was found for determining the maximal degree of cleaning achieved using given washing agents in given physico‐chemical conditions. The errors in the method for evaluating the degree of cleaning are also discussed in this work.
The determination of alcohol and ether sulfates and their respective alkyl carbon distributions in detergent formulations by gas chromatography
Authors: Sones E. L. , Hoyt J. L. , Sooter A. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFour fractions, isolated by the procedure pre‐sented in a previous paper, are analyzed by gas chromatography to obtain additional information about the formulation. The alkyl homolog distribu‐tion of ethoxylated alcohol nonionic is determined by the gas chromatography (GC) analysis of the re‐sultant alkyl iodides (RI‐FNI) produced by the pre‐viously reported procedure. The relative ratio of alco‐hol sulfate to ethoxylated alcohol sulfate is determined by the GC analysis of the combined acid‐hydrolyzed products of these two active ingredients. The alkyl homolog distributions of the alcohol sul‐fate (AS) and ethoxylated alcohol sulfate are then individually calculated after GC analysis of the resultant alkyl iodides produced from the two in‐gredients by the previous procedure. The source of the original alcohol reactants can often be identified by the characteristic alkyl homologs which are produced by the presented techniques.
Preparation of meadowfoam dimer acids and dimer esters, and their use as lubricants
Authors: Burg Douglas A. , Kleiman Robert 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMeadowfoam dimer acids have been prepared in a thermal clay‐catalyzed reaction. Reaction conditions have been optimized, and yields of 44% were obtained with 2% water and 6–8% of an acid‐washed montmorillonite clay, based on the meadowfoam fatty acids. Purity of the distilled dimer acids was 79–89% with most of the remaining 11–22% being residual mono‐ and tribasic acids. Dimethyl, di‐(2‐ethylhexyl), and di‐n‐butyl meadowfoam dimer ester derivatives were also prepared. Color, viscosity, and wear‐preventive characteristics of the meadowfoam dimer acids and dimer ester derivatives were compared to those of commercial dimer acids and dimer esters. The viscosity of the meadowfoam dimer acids is similar to that of Empol® 1010, which is also derived from a highly monounsaturated fatty acid source. Viscosities of the meadowfoam dimer esters were also comparable to those of commercial dimer esters. Wear prevention characteristics, as determined by the four‐ball test method, of the meadowfoam dimer acids and dimer esters were similar to those of the commercial products. In one case, the di‐n‐butyl esters, the meadowfoam derivative showed a significantly smaller wear scar than that shown by the di‐n‐butyl derivative of Unidyme® 14.
Chemistry of long‐chain peroxy acids under laundry conditions
Authors: Bolsman T. A. B. M. , Kok R. , Vreugdenhil A. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPeroxycarboxylic acids are increasingly used as bleaching agents for the laundering process. These peroxy acids can be added as such to the wash liquor or may be generated in situ by reaction of a precursor component with hydrogen peroxide. Bleaching effectiveness appears to be determined by a delicate balance of chemical reactions of peroxy acid with the staining dyes and the rate of peroxy acid decomposition under the prevailing conditions. To improve our understanding of the chemistry involved we have carried out a systematic study using a range of aromatic and aliphatic mono‐ and diperoxycarboxylic acids with various carbon chain lengths and degrees of branching. We investigated peroxy acid decomposition, bleaching of stained fabric and bleaching of a water‐soluble dye, and showed that the alkyl chain length of the peroxy acids, the presence of detergent components and the pH of the medium are important factors. Combination of the kinetic data for decomposition and bleaching reactions allows the selection of structures and conditions for optimum performance.
Crystalline fractionation of hydrogenated sunflowerseed oil
Authors: Herrera M. L. , Segura J. A. , Añon M. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCrystalline fractionation of hydrogenated sunflowerseed oil was performed and the chemical composition of the separated fractions at different temperatures was determined. The results show that the triglycerides obtained after a short retention time (less than 16.4 min) were enriched in the low‐temperature fractions (lower than 22°C), the triglycerides of long retention time (more than 21.5 min) were concentrated in the higher‐temperature fractions (higher than 30°C), and the triglycerides of medium retention time (between 16.4 and 21.5 min) were concentrated in the medium‐temperature fractions (22°C to 30°C). The partition ratio of triglycerides with retention times of 8.8, 12.5, 16.5, 21.5 and 29.1 minutes was increased as a function of the fractionation temperature.
A hybrid membrane‐emulsion reactor for the enzymatic hydrolysis of lipids
Authors: Pronk Wouter , van der Burgt Machteld , Boswinkel Gerard , van ’t Riet Klaas 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA hybrid reactor, consisting of a stirred vessel, a hydrophilic membrane loop and a hydrophobic membrane loop, is presented for the continuous enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean oil in an emulsion. The permeates of the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic membrane consist of a single water phase and a single lipid phase, respectively. No lipase activity could be detected in the permeates of both membranes, which implies that all enzyme is retained in the system. An important advantage of this system is that it combines the high surface area in an emulsion with the containment of lipase in a membrane reactor. It is further shown that the stability of the system can be improved considerably by the addition of CaCl2 to the water phase. Under comparable conditions the enzyme stability in the hybrid reactor is lower than the stability in a stirred vessel. The composition of the emulsion appears to influence the flux of the membranes. The flux of the hydrophobic membrane increases with an increasing oil fraction of the emulsion while the flux of the hydrophilic membrane has an optimum for two different oil fractions—0 and 0.55 (v/v).
Fatty acid composition of oil from adapted, elite corn breeding materials
Authors: Dunlap Francie G. , White Pamela J. , Pollak Linda M. , Brumm Thomas J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of corn oil can be altered to meet consumer demands for “healthful” fats (i.e., lower saturates and higher monounsaturates). To this end, a survey of 418 corn hybrids and 98 corn inbreds grown in Iowa was done to determine the fatty acid composition of readily‐available, adapted, elite corn breeding materials. These materials are those used in commercial hybrid production. Eighty‐seven hybrids grown in France (18 of which also were grown in lowa) were analyzed to determine environmental influence on fatty acid content. The parents of the hybrids and the inbreds were classified in one of four heterotic groups: Lancaster, Stiff Stalk, non‐Lancaster/non‐Stiff Stalk, and Other.t‐Tests and correlation analyses were performed with statistical significance accepted at a level ofP≤0.05. The findings showed a wide range of fatty acid profiles present in adapted, elite corn breeding materials with ranges for each fatty acid as follows: palmitic acid, 6.7–16.5%; palmitoleic acid, 0.0–1.2%; stearic acid, 0.7–6.6%; oleic acid, 16.2–43.8%; linoleic acid, 39.5–69.5%; linolenic acid, 0.0–3.1%; and arachidic acid, 0.0–1.0%. Small amounts of myristic acid, margaric acid, and gadoleic acid also were found. Three lines had total saturates of 9.1% or less. Thirty‐six of thet‐tests involving hybrids showed significant differences among heterotic groups. There were small but significant correlations among protein, starch and oil content and the amounts of several fatty acids. Results from the corn grown in France vs. lowa demonstrated a large environmental effect that overwhelmed the genetic differences among lines. This study shows that for some attributes, a breeding program involving adapted corn breeding materials might produce the desired oil. Other types of oil (such as high‐oleic) would have to be produced in a different manner, for example, by a breeding program with exotic breeding materials.