bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Christentum im Trend. Monotheistische Tendenzen in der späten Antike
Authors: Fürst Alfons 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
According to a popular view, the history of religion in Late Antiquity is dominated by the opposition of Christian monotheism and pagan polytheism. In the last few years, however, scholars of that period have come to detect a phenomenon they called ‘pagan monotheism’. To put it more cautiously, we can see a tendency towards monotheism within the pagan world of Late Antiquity.
The article offers a survey of archaeological, epigraphical and literary evidence of ‘pagan monotheism’ – it seems to be better to speak of ‘henotheism’ – in different areas of the ancient world (philosophy, politics, religion). Considering the results of current research on this topic, the development of religious ideas and practices from the second century C.E. onwards becomes intriguingly complicated. The promotion of the Christian church by Constantine I. and his successors was not at all the decisive turning point of history as pronounced in Christian propaganda. Rather, the Christian belief that God is One, no less than Constantine's politics in favour of Christianity, was part of a more general ‘trend’ towards monotheism. The success of the Christian religion owes very much to this favourable circumstances.
Hence, looking at the idea of One God, the article argues that we should reconsider our conception of ‘Christianity’ and ‘Paganism’ and the interactions between them in Late Antiquity.
Ein Städtegleichnis des Makarios/Symeon
Authors: Illert Martin 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The Pseudo-Macarian Spiritual Homily 42, collection H (= Logos 14, collection B) betrays its author's knowledge of the Syriac version of the Abgar-Legend and accordingly demonstrates the deep impact Syriac Christianity had upon Pseudo-Macarius' writings. The Abgar-tradition is adapted here in order to emphasize the ascetic's utter rejection of the art of rhetoric and ancient philosophy.
„Sich des Gebrauchs der Frauen enthalten“. Eine Anfrage an die grammatikalische Struktur einer Interzession für Verstorbene im Großen Euchologion aus dem Weißen Kloster
Authors: Förster Hans 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
An intercession in one of the Coptic anaphoras in the Grand Euchologue du Monastère Blanc (published by Lanne) proves to be of great interest. According to the translation by the editor the intercession for the deceased mentions those “who refrain from the use of women”. This puzzling translation seems to be unjustified by the text. A thorough discussion of the grammatical structure of this intercession points towards a different interpretation because from a grammatical point of view we find an asyndetic enumeration of deceased persons and groups of persons for whom the priest is praying. Furthermore the nomen agentis

is interpreted by Lanne as a verb. Thus, the evidence points clearly towards a separate group of persons, namely women serving as deacons, as attested by the Grand Euchologue as late as the tenth or the eleventh century.
The Construction of Historical Equivalence: Weighing the Red and Brown Scares
Authors: Fine Gary Alan 
Published: February 2007

Whether two events “belong together,” cognitively and in terms of collective memory, requires that we develop classification strategies. Historical equivalence refers to the perception that two events, separate in space and time, belong to the same cognitive category, or speak to the same issues. They are “good to think together.” Rejecting a radical constructionism that suggests that everything is a matter of ontological preference, I argue, following Gubrium (1993), that interactionists should prefer a cautious naturalism. While interests and resources affect the presentation of historical claims, an obdurate reality permits the evaluation of empirical claims of comparability. To determine historical equivalence, we need to examine events in light of their magnitude, metaphorical continuity, analogous causation, and comparative effects. To examine the construction of historical equivalence, I discuss the similarities and differences between the Red Scares of 1919 and the late 1940s and the Brown Scare of the early 1940s.What you choose as an historical analogy begins and ends the conversation.—Elazar Barkan,“On Accepting Historical Responsibility: Refugees and the Right of Return” (2004)
Recurrent Locus-Specific Mutation Resulting From a Cryptic Ectopic Insertion in Neurospora
Authors: Perkins David D , Freitag Michael , Pollard Virginia C , Bailey-Shrode Lori A , Selker Eric U , Ebbole Daniel J 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
New mutations are found among ∼20% of progeny when one or both parents carry eas allele UCLA191 (easUCLA, easily wettable, hydrophobin-deficient, linkage group II). The mutations inactivate the wild-type allele of cya-8 (cytochrome aa3 deficient, linkage group VII), resulting in thin, “transparent” mycelial growth. Other eas alleles fail to produce cya-8 mutant progeny. The recurrent cya-8 mutations are attributed to repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) resulting from a duplicated copy of cya-8+ that was inserted ectopically at eas when the UCLA191 mutation occurred. As expected for RIP, easUCLA-induced cya-8 mutations occur during nuclear proliferation prior to karyogamy. When only one parent is easUCLA, the new mutations arise exclusively in easUCLA nuclei. Mutation of cya-8 is suppressed when a long unlinked duplication is present. Stable cya-8 mutations are effectively eliminated in crosses homozygous for rid, a recessive suppressor of RIP. The easUCLA allele is associated with a long paracentric inversion. A discontinuity is present in easUCLA DNA. The eas promoter is methylated in cya-8 progeny of easUCLA, presumably by the spreading of methylation beyond the adjoining RIP-inactivated duplication. These findings support a model in which an ectopic insertion that created a mutation at the target site acts as a locus-specific mutator via RIP.
Accounting for Uncertainty in Estimates of Escapement Goals for Fraser River Sockeye Salmon Based on Productivity of Nursery Lakes in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Bodtker Karin M. , Peterman Randall M. , Bradford Michael J. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
For certain populations of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka, spawner and recruit data are either absent or too limited to estimate escapement goals (target abundance of spawners). In some cases, scientists instead use data on productivity of nursery lakes; however, many such analyses have not accounted for uncertainties. We therefore extended a previously developed lake productivity method for estimating escapement goals (the photosynthetic rate (PR) model) by using a Bayesian statistical approach that takes several sources of uncertainty into account. Utilizing data for Fraser River, British Columbia, sockeye salmon stocks, we compared this Bayesian PR method with stock–recruitment analysis. In six of seven cases, probability distributions of spawner abundance goals from the Bayesian PR method were 27% narrower on average than those from the stock–recruitment method. In four of seven cases, the Bayesian PR method produced higher median estimates of target spawner abundance than did stock–recruitment analysis; the other three pairs of estimates were within 7% of one another. We suggest that the Bayesian PR method is a potential alternative to using stock–recruitment data to estimate escapement goals for sockeye salmon populations.
A Raman Spectroscopy Study of Individual SiC Nanowires
Authors: Bechelany M. , Brioude A. , Cornu D. , Ferro G. , Miele P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRaman spectroscopy of a single 40 nm 3C‐SiC nanowire (NW) has been achieved at room temperature with the use of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The structure used to enhance the Raman scattering process is based on a tungsten tip covered by a thin gold layer; a NW is attached to the apex of this tip. The specific dimensions of the SiC NWs (diameters are a few tens of nanometers and lengths are a few micrometers) allow us to study several parts of an individual NW according to the lateral resolution of the Raman microspectrometer. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images show both atomic arrangements in the SiC NWs with growth predominantly in the [111] direction and abundant structural defects. Effort has been focused on the correlation between the Raman spectroscopic profiles and the structural deformations. The Fano interference features of the sharp phonon lines have been used to evaluate the free carrier concentration.
Identification of T cell lymphoma tumor antigens on human T cell lines
Authors: Kaplan Joseph , Tilton Jerel , Peterson Ward D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAll human T lymphoblast cell lines have been derived from subjects with leukemia secondary to thymic lymphoblastic lymphoma, a T cell malignacy, suggesting that such lines represent established cultures of neoplastic T cells. Based on this observation, we prepared rabbit antisera to T cell line HSB‐2, removed reactivity for histocompatibility antigens and normal T cells by absorption with autocthonous B cell line CCRF‐SB and normal thymocytes, and tested the absorbed antisera by complement‐dependent cytotoxicity against a panel of normal and malignant cells.A representative antiserum reacted with all 4 T cell lines (mean cytotoxic index = 56) and with tumor cells from 4 patients with T cell lymphma (mean cytotoxic index = 50) but did not react with tumor cells from 6 patients with other types of leukemias (mean cytotoxic index = 2), with 3 B cell lines (mean cytotoxic index = 1), normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (mean cytotoxic index = 5), or normal thymocytes (mean cytotoxic index = 6). We conclude that appropriately absorbed antisera to human T cell lines detect T cell lymphoma tumor antigens.
Superoxide generation by human monocytes and macrophages
Authors: Weiss Stephen J. , King Gerald W. , Lobuglio Albert F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIntracellular and extracellular superoxide (O2 .−) generation by human monocytes and macrophages was quantitated by the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction method. Human monocytes reduced 4.4 ± 0.9 nmoles/106 cells/15 minutes with an increase to 12.4 ± 1.3 during phagocytosis of zymosan. Based on inhibition by superoxide dismutase, superoxide generation of these cells was 1.8 ± 0.3 nmoles in the resting state and 16.8 ± 2.8 nmoles with zymosan phagocytosis. Human macrophages obtained by thoracentesis had comparable levels of NBT reduction and O2 .− generation. Monocytes from a patient with chronic granulomatous disease demonstrated no increment in O2 .− production during phagocytosis. Thus, human monocytes and macrophages appear capable of generating substantial amounts of O2 .− during phagocytosis which may play an important role in bactericidal and other cell functions.
Human macrophage hemoglobin‐iron metabolism in vitro
Authors: Custer Galen , Balcerzak Stanley , Rinehart John 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn entirely in vitro technique was employed to characterize hemoglobin‐iron metabolism by human macrophages obtained by culture of blood monocytes and pulmonary alveolar macrophages.Macrophages phagocytized about three times as many erythrocytes as monocytes and six times as many erythrocytes as pulmonary alveolar macrophages. The rate of subsequent release of 59Fe to the extracellular transferrin pool was two‐ to fourfold greater for macrophages as compared to the other two cell types. The kinetics of 59Fe‐transferrin release were characterized by a relatively rapid early phase (hours 1‐‐4) followed by a slow phase (hours 4–72) for all three cell types. Intracellular movement of iron was characterized by a rapid shift from hemoglobin to ferritin that was complete with the onset of the slow phase of extracellular release. A transient increase in 59Fe associated with an intracellular protein eluting with transferrin was also observed within 1 hour after phagocytosis. The process of hemoglobin‐iron release to extracellular transferrin was inhibited at 4°C but was unaffected by inhibitors of protein synthesis, glycolysis, microtubule function, and microfilament function. These data emphasize the rapidity of macrophage hemoglobin iron metabolism, provide a model for characterization of this process in vitro, and in general confirm data obtained utilizing in vivo animal models.
Clinical diversity of sickle cell anemia: Genetic and cellular modulation of disease severity
Authors: Steinberg Martin H. , Hebbel Robert P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere is a great diversity in the clinical manifestations of sickle cell anemia. Some patients have severe repetitive infarctive episodes culminating in organ failure. Others have minor and nonincapacitating problems. This review focuses on the cellular and genetic factors that may play a role in modulating the clinical effects of the sickle hemoglobin gene. Understanding the role of putative modulators of disease severity may in the future allow the introduction of novel methods of therapy.
Immunoregulatory abnormalities in evans syndrome
Authors: Wang Winfred , Herrod Henry , Pui Ching‐Hon , Presbury Gerald , Wilimas Judith 
Published: February 2007

AbstractImmune function in six patients with Evans syndrome (Coombs‐positive hemolytic anemia and immune thrombocytopenia) was compared to that in seven with chronic ITP. The two groups differed in measurements of T‐cell subsets and immunoglobulin production. Evans syndrome patients had decreased T4 (T‐helper) (P = 0.025), increased T8 (T‐suppressor) (P = 0.008), and a decreased ratio of T4:T8 cells (P = 0.0009) when compared to controls. Results in chronic ITP Patients were similar to those in controls. Serum IgG, IgM, and IgA levels and in vitro synthesis of IgG and/or IgM were decreased in most Evans syndrome patients. Diminished in vivo and in vitro immunoglobulin synthesis in Evans syndrome is consistent with the decreased T4:T8 ratio in these patients. The altered T4:T8 ratio may represent an unsuccessful response to an autoimmune process in which the trigger is unknown.
Marrow transplantation in hepatitis‐associated aplastic anemia
Authors: Witherspoon Robert P. , Storb Rainer , Shulman Howard , Buckner C. Dean , Deeg H. Joachim , Clift Reginald A. , Sanders Jean E. , Doney Kristine , McDonald George , Sullivan Keith M. , Appelbaum Fred R. , Thomas E. Donnall 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSeventeen patients who developed aplastic anemia in association with viral hepatitis were transplanted with sibling marrow. Of the 16 HLA‐identical recipients, 14 were conditioned with cyclophosphamide, 200 mg/kg, and two received 10 Gy total body irradiation. One HLA‐nonidentical recipient received 123 mg/kg cyclophosphamide and 10 Gy total body irradiation. Of the 14 patients conditioned with cyclophosphamide alone, one died on day 49 after graft rejection, and 13 had sustained engraftment. Six of the 13 developed acute graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD), which led to death from opportunistic infections 84, 97, and 130 days after transplantation in three patients. Four of the 13 developed chronic GVHD, two without preceding acute GVHD. Currently, ten of the 14 cyclophosphamide‐conditioned patients are alive 0.9–12.4 (median 5.9) years from transplantation. The two HLA‐identical recipients conditioned for grafting with total body irradiation died after failure of engraftment, and one also developed concomitant hepatic venoclusive disease. The mismatched recipient conditioned with radiation and cyclophosphamide died of severe GVHD 18 days posttransplant. We conclude that survival, graft rejection, and incidence of acute and chronic GVHD after marrow transplantation for hepatitis‐associated aplastic anemia are similar to those of patients transplanted for aplastic anemia of other etiologies. Previous hepatic damage from viral hepatitis and liver function abnormalities existing at the time of grafting do not appear to increase the risk of posttransplant morbidity and mortality from hepatocellular damage or venocclusive disease in cyclophosphamide‐conditioned patients.
Characteristics of hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase during adult and neonatal reticulocyte maturation
Authors: Jansen G. , Koenderman L. , Rijksen G. , Cats B. P. , Staal G. E. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractErythrocytes from adults and newborn infants (at term and premature) were separated by Percoll density gradient centrifugation into four fractions of increasing density. Glycolytic enzymes, especially the age‐dependent ones, hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1, HK), pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40, PK), and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49, G6PD) were studied during reticulocyte maturation and further red cell senescence.Analysis of the fraction with lowest density showed an almost linear and steep decline of HK, PK, and G6PD activity with a decreasing number of reticulocytes. In the next three fractions of increasing density, the activity decline was far less. These data are therefore illustrative for a biphasic activity decay pattern of HK, PK, and G6PD during both adult and neonatal red cell aging.The strong decline in HK activity could not be ascribed to the disappearance of a particulate (mitochondrial) bound fraction of the enzyme during reticulocyte maturation. All hexokinase activity in human reticulocytes was found to be cytosolic in contrast with rabbit reticulocytes in which 70% of HK activity was particulate.
Primary lymphomas of the small intestine: East‐west contrast
Authors: Al‐Mondhiry Hamid 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPrimary small intestinal lymphoma (PSIL) represents a heterogenous group of disorders with variable clinical and pathologic features and a characteristic age, socioeconomic, and geographic distribution. In developed countries, PSIL usually occurs as a localized ileal tumor, shows a bimodal age distribution, and most frequently presents with abdominal pain and obstructive symptoms. Histologicaily, most of these tumors are diffuse histiocytic, lymphocytic, or undifferentiated lymphomas. Other variants of PSIL, collectively referred to as immunoproliferative small intestinal disease, occur most often among young patients of poor socioeconomic status in Third World countries, mostly in the Middle East and Mediterranean area. They are characterized by involvement of long loops of the upper small intestine and commonly present with abdominal pain, diarrhea, malabsorption, and clubbing of the fingers. A subgroup of these patients shows a serological abnormality with the appearance of part of the alpha heavy chain of IgA in the serum. Histologically, the lesion appears as a dense diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate of the mucosa of the upper jejenum or duodenum. A form of malignant lymphoma of true histiocytic origin complicates long‐standing celiac disease. The contrasting clinical, epidemiological, histopathological, and immunological features of these variants of PSIL raise interesting questions about the pathogenesis of small bowel lymphoma.
Extradural granulocytic sarcoma of the spine: A unique case of long survival after local therapy
Authors: Chan John K. C. , Lau W. H. , Saw Daisy 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA 13‐year‐old boy presented with progressive bilateral lower limb weakness due to exradural granulocytic sarcoma of the spine. After surgical decompression and radiotherapy, he remained in complete remission 6 years after initial diagnosis. The possible reasons for the favorable outcome of this unique case are discussed.
Lupus anticoagulant in women with multiple spontaneous miscarriage
Authors: Howard Margaret A. , Firkin Barry G. , Healy David L. , Choong Siew‐Chin C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA link between the presence of the lupus anticoagulant (LA) and recurrent spontaneous miscarriage exists; however, the incidence of the LA in patients with unexplained recurrent miscarriage is unknown. We have therefore investigated the incidence of the LA in women with recurrent miscarriage but without evidence of systemic lupus erythematosus or other syndromes known to predispose towards spontaneous abortion. Plasma from 29 such women was obtained and tested in the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), testing for correction with normal plasma if prolonged and in the dilute simplastin time test (DSTT), again mixing with normal plasma if prolonged. Using a prolongation in either/or both tests which was not corrected by mixing with normal plasma as criteria for the presence of the LA, 14 (48%) patients showed evidence for the presence of the LA. Substitution of platelet‐rich plasma for phospholipid and plasma in the APTT corrected the prolonged clotting time in every patient (9/29) in which it was prolonged, further substantiating the presence of the LA. We suggest that the presence of the LA should be investigated in any patient with unexplained recurrent miscarriage.
Nonspecific esterase of acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3)
Authors: Matsuo Tatsuki , Jain Nemi C. , Bennett John M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLeukemic cells of 43 patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3) were investigated morphologically and cytochemically to determine the percentage of aberrant enzymes and whether or not the presence impacts on the clinical outcome. Twelve patients (27.9%) showed alpha‐naphythyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity in their leukemic cells, and two of these cases revealed remarkably low myeloperoxidase (MPO) positivity, a pattern seen in monocytic precursors. However, further cytochemical evidence for this monocytic feature, the inhibition of naphthol AS‐D acetate esterase (NASDA) activity with sodium fluoride (NASDA‐F), was found in only five of these nine patients. In 31 cases (72.1%), there was minimal ANAE activity. Of interest, two of these were devoid of naphthol AS‐D chloroacetate esterase (CAE), which is prominently displayed in neu‐trophilic granulocytes, even though these leukemic cells were 100% intensely positive for MPO activity. Between the two groups with and without ANAE activity, there were no remarkable differences in the distribution of sex and age, hematological findings, and rates of complete response. Our study has confirmed the cytochemical heterogeneity of M3 with no obvious relationship between this heterogeneity and early therapeutic outcome.
Changes in hemostatic and fibrinolytic proteins in patients receiving L‐asparaginase therapy
Authors: Saito Masanori , Asakura Hidesaku , Jokaji Hiroshi , Uotani Chika , Kumabashiri Ichiro , Ito Keiko , Matsuda Tamotsu 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHemostatic changes were evaluated in ten patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma who received chemotherapy with L‐asparaginase, vincristine, and prednisolone for 1 week. Following treatment, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were significantly prolonged, while a marked decrease in fibrinogen levels was observed. The values for cross‐linked fibrin degradation products, however, remained within normal limits during treatment, which excluded the possibility of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The concentrations of coagulation inhibitors (antithrombin III, protein C, and protein S), plasminogen, and α2 antiplasmin also significantly decreased; however, levels of both tissue‐type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor, which are synthesized in endothelial cells, increased during the treatment.Although a decrease was observed in concentrations of many coagulation factors, including subunits A and B of factor XIII, the activity and antigenicity of factor VII significantly increased following the treatment. From this study, we concluded that these hemostatic abnormalities caused by the administration of L‐asparaginase produced a labile condition that easily inclines to bleeding or thrombosis.