bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective and confident communications in the midst of a major crisis
Authors: Moskowitz Howard , Rabino Samuel , Gofman Alex , Moskowitz Daniel 
Published: November 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to use an approach that helps the pharma industry develop and structure communications that provide buyers and sellers with a better procedure to drive decisions to buy/sell stocks. Messages related to pharmaceutical companies and their products were collected from many sources.Design/methodology/approachAn experimental design was employed to evaluate communication concepts in a systematic way.FindingsThe most important finding was that the proclivity to buy/sell individual pharmaceutical stocks responds to varying sets of messages.Research limitations/implicationsThe study only covers the pharmaceutical industry.Practical implicationsFrom a practical stand‐point, the methodology facilitates the design of informative messages for consumers and shareholders within the pharma industry.Originality/valueThe study is unique in that it presents a statistically grounded experimental design evaluating communications messages and personal values that are important for individuals who routinely sell or purchase stocks.
US Navy Studies on Alternative Fuel Sources and Power and Propulsion Methods for Surface Combatants and Amphibious Warfare Ships
Authors: WEBSTER JAMES S. , FIREMAN HOWARD , ALLEN DILLON A. , MACKENNA ADRIAN J. , HOOTMAN JOHN C. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe US Navy has been studying the technical and cost impacts associated with the availability and cost of fossil fuel contrasted with nuclear energy alternatives for surface combatants and amphibious warfare ships. Over the past 2 years these efforts have grown in maturity to examine the tactical and strategic implications of our Navy's dependence on fossil fuels from technical, economic, and military perspectives. This paper will present three major topics:

Background research on alternative energy sources.
A survey discussion of current and future power and propulsion system technologies.
An overview of principal Naval Sea Systems Command studies on the integration of alternative power and propulsion system technologies into notional surface combatants, submarines, and amphibious warfare ships.

Given the US Navy's dependence on fossil fuels and the expected increase in cost and reduced availability of fossil fuel, propulsion system investment decisions made today will have a profound impact on the future tactical and strategic roles of the US Navy surface fleet. This paper lays the foundation for providing robust and flexible technology decision opportunities for the Navy's future.
Grounding Considerations for DC and Mixed DC and AC Power Systems
Authors: JACOBSON BORIS , WALKER JOHN 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper treats ground faults in mixed DC and AC systems. Grounding methods affect common‐mode voltage and circulating currents under normal conditions. Ground faults produce fault currents and systemwide offsets throughout the system with respect to ground. During ground fault transients, the aggregate bus‐to‐ground ground capacitance and inductance produce underdamped oscillatory overvoltages. Continuous operation under DC or AC offset affects component selection.
Model‐Based Failure Detection on Nonlinear Systems: Theory and Transition
Authors: DRAKE KIMBERLY J. , CAMPBELL STEPHEN L. , ANDJELKOVIC IVAN , SWEETINGHAM KELLY 
Published: November 2007

AbstractFailure detection is an active area of Navy research due to its many important applications. Recently, an approach for multi‐model identification and fault detection in the presence of bounded energy noise over finite time intervals has been introduced. This family of algorithms was originally designed to work on linear systems that can be modeled analytically. In this paper, efforts made toward extending this algorithm for fault detection to nonlinear systems along with efforts in testing this family of algorithms on real systems are discussed.
Shipboard Fluid System Diagnostic Indicators Using Non‐Intrusive Load Monitoring
Authors: MITCHELL GREGORY R. , COX ROBERT W. , PARIS JAMES , LEEB STEVEN B. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractField studies have demonstrated that it is possible to evaluate the state of many shipboard systems by analyzing the electrical power that is drawn by electromechanical actuators. This paper demonstrates how a device known as a non‐intrusive load monitor (NILM) uses only electrical power data to detect several critical faults in shipboard fluid systems. Using the example of reverse‐osmosis units installed aboard the US Coast Guard's Medium Endurance Cutters, it is shown that the NILM can provide ship's force with a highly reliable real‐time system monitoring capability.
Phylogeny of extant nephilid orb‐weaving spiders (Araneae, Nephilidae): testing morphological and ethological homologies
Authors: Kuntner Matjaž , Coddington Jonathan A. , Hormiga Gustavo 
Published: November 2007

The Pantropical spider clade Nephilidae is famous for its extreme sexual size dimorphism, for constructing the largest orb‐webs known, and for unusual sexual behaviors, which include emasculation and extreme polygamy. We synthesize the available data for the generaNephila,Nephilengys,HerenniaandClitaetrato produce the first species level phylogeny of the family. We score 231 characters (197 morphological, 34 behavioral) for 61 taxa: 32 of the 37 known nephilid species plus twoPhonognathaand oneDeliochusspecies, 10 tetragnathid outgroups, nine araneids, and one genus each of Nesticidae, Theridiidae, Theridiosomatidae, Linyphiidae, Pimoidae, Uloboridae and Deinopidae. Four most parsimonious trees resulted, among which successive weighting preferred one ingroup topology. Neither an analysis of an alternative data set based on different morphological interpretations, nor separate analyses of morphology and behavior are superior to the total evidence analysis, which we therefore propose as the working hypothesis of nephilid relationships, and the basis for classification. Ingroup generic relationships are (Clitaetra(Herennia(Nephila,Nephilengys))). DeliochusandPhonognathagroup with Araneidae rather than Nephilidae. Nephilidae is sister to all other araneoids (contramost recent literature). Ethological data, although difficult to obtain and thus frequently missing for rare taxa, are phylogenetically informative. We explore the evolution of selected morphological and behavioral characters, discuss and redefine the homology of palpal sclerites, disprovesemientelegynyin spiders, trace the newly interpreted evolution of the orb web, and show that nephilid genital morphologies coevolve with sexual behaviors and extreme sexual size dimorphism. Phylogenetic interpretations of behavior suggest new insights into spider biology and avenues for future research.© The Willi Hennig Society 2007.
Three‐dimensional restoration of original sedimentary geometries in deformed basin fill, onshore Brunei Darussalam, NW Borneo
Authors: Back S. , Strozyk F. , Kukla P. A. , Lambiase J. J. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe western flank of the Jerudong Anticline, onshore Brunei Darussalam, provides a rare opportunity to analyse the base of a major Miocene mud‐rich delta in outcrop, including kilometre‐scale prograding clinoforms, delta‐front turbidites and large‐scale syndepositional faults. The lateral continuation of this system in the subsurface of the Belait Syncline is documented on two‐dimensional (2D) reflection seismic data and wireline logs. In order to link geological observations at surface with corresponding geophysical subsurface signatures, we constructed a combined, quantitative 3D surface–subsurface model of onshore Brunei Darussalam. This 3D model is used to analyse and discuss the relation between field geology and geophysical subsurface interpretation, and provides the base for a quantitative kinematic restoration of the Miocene Belait delta to its original shape before folding. Final decompaction of the balanced rock volume allows the reconstruction of the palaeo‐relief of a series of Miocene clinoforms, indicating a close relation between delta‐lobe activity, clinoform morphology and the generation of delta‐front turbidites.
Waldenström macroglobulinaemia and IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: emerging understanding of a potential precursor condition
Authors: McMaster Mary L. , Caporaso Neil 
Published: November 2007

SummaryPreviously thought to be best described as a plasma cell disorder, Waldenström macroglobulinaemia (WM) is now understood to be a distinct clinicobiological entity. WM shares B‐cell origin and certain other features with both chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and multiple myeloma (MM). WM and CLL arise from B‐cells at discrete stages in their maturation process, and MM arises from B‐cells that have fully differentiated into plasma cells. While MM has a well‐known precursor condition, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), CLL and WM may also have associated precursor states, monoclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis (MBL) and IgM MGUS, respectively. This review explores the features that link or distinguish these haematolymphoid malignancies, with special attention to emerging data regarding IgM MGUS and its unique relationship to WM, and identifies important gaps in our understanding of the putative precursor conditions, MBL and IgM MGUS.
The biological and clinical relationship between CD5+23+ monoclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
Authors: Rawstron Andy C. , Bennett Fiona , Hillmen Peter 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA CD5+23+ monoclonal B‐cell population is detectable in approximately 3% of the general adult population. The phenotype of the monoclonal CD5+23+ B cells is identical to chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) with respect to a large number of proteins in addition to the standard diagnostic markers used to identify CLL. Studies in CLL families and direct assessment of genetic features indicate a close biological association between indolent CLL and the CLL‐phenotype cells detected in individuals with a normal blood count. Patients with a CLL‐phenotype monoclonal B‐cell lymphocytosis (MBL) often have increasing CLL cell counts with time and some progress to a stage requiring treatment. Analysis of intraclonal variation in the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene suggests a process of clonal diversification rather than clonal selection in the early stages of disease progression. CLL‐phenotype MBL is detectable in approximately 10% of cases referred for investigation of a lymphocytosis and future studies should be directed towards the detection of factors which identify MBL patients at risk of disease progression.
Dynamics of cell cycle phase perturbations by trabectedin (ET‐743) in nucleotide excision repair (NER)‐deficient and NER‐proficient cells, unravelled by a novel mathematical simulation approach
Authors: Tavecchio M. , Natoli C. , Ubezio P. , Erba E. , D’Incalci M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract.  Objectives: Trabectedin (ET‐743, Yondelis®) is a natural marine product, with antitumour activity, currently in phase II/III clinical trials. Previous studies have shown that cells hypersensitive to ultraviolet (UV)‐rays because of nucleotide excision repair (NER) deficiency, were resistant to trabectedin. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether this resistance was associated with different drug‐induced cell cycle perturbations. Materials and Methods: An isogenic NER‐proficient cellular system (CHO‐AA8) and a NER‐deficient one (CHO‐UV‐96), lacking functional ERCC‐1, were studied. Flow cytometric assays showed progressive accumulation of cells in G2 + M phase in NER‐proficient but not in NER‐deficient cells. Applying a computer simulation method, we realized that the dynamics of the cell cycle perturbations in all phases were complex. Results: Cells exposed to trabectedin during G1 and G2 + M first experienced a G1 block, while those exposed in S phase were delayed in S and G2 + M phases but eventually divided. In the presence of functional NER, exit from the G1 block was faster; then, cells progressed slowly through S phase and were subsequently blocked in G2 + M phase. This G2 + M processing of trabectedin‐induced damage in NER‐proficient cells was unable to restore cell cycling, suggesting a difficulty in repairing the damage. Conclusions: This might be due either to important damage left unrepaired by previous G1 repair, or that NER activity itself caused DNA damage, or both. We speculate that in UV‐96 cells repair mechanisms other than NER are activated both in G1 and G2 + M phases.
Role of the platelet‐activating factor and its receptor in the proliferative regulation of bovine ovarian granulosa cells
Authors: Viergutz T. , Löhrke B. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract.  Proliferation of granulosa cells and their withdrawal from the cell cycle may regulate follicular ovulation. Antagonists of platelet‐activating factor (PAF) and its receptor (PAFr) inhibit follicle rupture. Objectives: Thus, PAF and PAFr may be involved in proliferative regulation of granulosa cells; however, expression of PAFr in these cells is unknown. Materials and Methods: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of PAFr and the effect of PAF on proliferation of cultured bovine granulosa cells using real‐time polymerase chain reaction to assay steady‐state level of mRNA, immunocytochemistry to quantify PAFr protein and proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein by flow cytometry. Results: We found that granulosa cells express PAFr transcripts and protein. PAF presence did not change the concentration of PAFr mRNA or PAFr protein. Granulosa cells responded to PAF doses of 10 and 50 nm with increasing proportions of cells entering G0/G1 phase, as well as a significant expansion of total cell numbers. Rise in G0/G1‐phase cells was accompanied by a decline in proliferating cell nuclear antigen protein expression, and these effects could be suspended by simultaneous PAFr blockage. The results provide clear evidence for expression of PAFr in bovine granulosa cells and its functional involvement in PAF/PAFr‐mediated stimulation of cell recruitment. Conclusions: PAF antagonists are suggested to disturb this regulative activity of PAF and to contribute in this way to blockage of ovulation.
Bruton's tyrosine kinase expression and activity in X-linked agammaglobulinaemia (XLA): the use of protein analysis as a diagnostic indicator of XLA
Authors: Gaspar H B , Lester T , Levinsky R J , Kinnon C 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARY
Mutations in the Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) gene result in XLA. Despite the large numbers of BTK mutations reported, no correlation can be made between the clinical phenotype and the gene defects. Analysis of Btk protein expression and activity in individuals with XLA was performed to characterize the relationship between a particular mutation, the resultant Btk protein and the clinical phenotype. In most patients studied, including those with atypical phenotypes, there was complete absence of protein expression and activity. Furthermore, in two undiagnosed individuals with a clinical phenotype suggestive of XLA, lack of protein expression was used to confirm an abnormality in Btk. These results underline the importance of protein analysis prior to speculating on protein structure and function based on the gene mutation. Lack of Btk expression in atypical phenotypes suggests that there is redundancy in B lymphocyte signalling such that alternative signalling molecules, or mechanisms, can compensate for the lack of Btk. We also suggest that analysis of Btk expression can be used as an indicator of XLA. These rapid assays may be used to screen a wider spectrum of individuals with humoral immunodeficiency in order to characterize fully the extent of Btk deficiency.
Raised water temperature lowers diversity of hyporheic aquatic hyphomycetes
Authors: BÄRLOCHER FELIX , SEENA SAHADEVAN , WILSON KEVIN P. , DUDLEY WILLIAMS D. 
Published: November 2007

Summary1. The hyporheic zone of a permanent first‐order stream was divided into a treatment and a control section using a 1 m deep sheet‐metal barrier. During a 4‐month pre‐treatment period, water temperatures in two transects of the two sections were not different. Upon heating, the water temperature in the treatment transect increased by an average of 4.3 °C over values in the control transect.2. Eleven bimonthly core samples were taken from a treatment and a control transect, and recovered CPOM was classified as twigs, wood, grass, roots, cedar and deciduous leaves.3. In both transects, twigs were the most common and deciduous leaves the least common substrates. The number of leaf fragments declined significantly in the heat‐treated transect.4. Diversity and frequencies of occurrence of aquatic hyphomycetes were highest on leaves and lowest on grass and wood. On leaves, their frequency of occurrence was higher in control than in treatment samples.5. Preliminary results with amplified and cloned 18S DNA sequences revealed many fungal taxa with high affinities to Basidiomycota, particularly to Limnoperdon incarnatum.6. By itself, higher water temperature due to global warming is likely to lower the availability of substrates for, and therefore the occurrence of, aquatic hyphomycetes.
The potential role of waterbirds in dispersing invertebrates and plants in arid Australia
Authors: GREEN A. J. , JENKINS K. M. , BELL D. , MORRIS P. J. , KINGSFORD R. T. 
Published: November 2007

Summary1. The role of waterbirds as vectors of plants and invertebrates within and between arid‐zone wetlands is poorly understood. We present the first detailed study of passive dispersal by nomadic birds in Australasia. We investigated the numbers and types of invertebrate and plant propagules within freshly collected faecal samples as well as their viability. We compared dispersal among Grey Teal (Anas gracilis), Eurasian Coot (Fulica atra) and Black Swan (Cygnus atratus) in the Macquarie Marshes, a complex of temporary to semi‐permanent wetlands in New South Wales.2. When faecal samples (n = 60) were inundated in the laboratory and monitored over 3 weeks, ciliates (75% of samples), nematodes (22%), ostracods (13%) and rotifers (5%) were recorded, with higher taxon richness in coot samples. Faecal samples (n = 71) were also sieved to quantify intact propagules, and ostracod eggs (70% of samples), large branchiopod eggs (31%) and bryozoan statoblasts (31%) were the most abundant invertebrates. Diaspores of 19 plant taxa were recorded, 14 of which were germinated in the laboratory or shown to be viable at the end of germination trials. The abundance and diversity of invertebrate propagules was highest in coot samples, whereas the abundance and diversity of diaspores was highest in teal samples.3. One Australian Pelican (Pelecanus conspicillatus) sample was obtained and found to contain more taxa and far more propagules than any sample from other waterbirds, suggesting that piscivorous birds might have an important role in the indirect dispersal of propagules ingested by fish.4. Our results support a role for birds in explaining the distributions of cosmopolitan plant genera such as Lemna, Typha, Myriophyllum and Nitella. The alien plants Ranunculus sceleratus, Medicago polymorpha and Polygonum arenastrum were recorded, demonstrating the potential role of waterfowl in the spread of exotic species. As the frequency and duration of flooding of arid‐zone wetlands decreases owing to human activities, the importance of waterbirds in facilitating recolonisation of temporary wetlands is likely to increase.
Changes in feeding niche widths of perch and roach following biomanipulation, revealed by stable isotope analysis
Authors: SYVÄRANTA JARI , JONES ROGER I. 
Published: November 2007

Summary1. We made an empirical test of a recent proposal that feeding niche widths might be determined as variance of stable isotope values. We determined δ13C and δ15N values of perch (Perca fluviatilis), roach (Rutilus rutilus) and their prey from a biomanipulated lake, when the mass removal of fish led to reduced inter‐ and intra‐specific competition and increases in zooplankton abundance and body size.2. After the first fish removals, both perch and roach mean δ13C values decreased and mean δ15N values increased, indicating a greater diet contribution from pelagic sources.3. Variances of both δ13C and δ15N values first increased in both fish populations, indicating a wider food spectrum and expanded feeding niche width following reduced fish abundances. Observed changes were greater for the perch population than for roach.4. In 2006, the perch population abruptly changed its diet so that most individuals were primarily consuming the abundant young‐of‐the‐year fish, and this was reflected in significantly reduced variances of both δ13C and δ15N values.5. We conclude that isotopic variance can indeed reflect changes in feeding niche width and offers a promising way to study such general ecological concepts.
Effects of drying regime on microbial colonization and shredder preference in seasonal woodland wetlands
Authors: INKLEY MARTYN D. , WISSINGER SCOTT A. , BAROS BRANDI L. 
Published: November 2007

Summary1. Energy budgets of wetlands in temperate deciduous forests are dominated by terrestrially derived leaf litter that decays under different drying conditions depending on autumn precipitation. We compared decay rates and microbial colonization of maple leaves under different inundation schedules in a field experiment, and then conducted a laboratory study on shredder preference. In the field, litter bags either remained submerged (permanent), were moved to a dried part of the basin once and then returned (semi‐permanent), or were alternated between wet and dry conditions for 8 weeks (temporary).2. There was no difference in decay rates among treatments, but leaves incubated under permanent and semi‐permanent conditions had higher fungal and bacterial biomass, and lower C : N ratios than those incubated under alternating drying and wetting conditions.3. To determine the effects of these differences in litter nutritional quality on shredder preference, we conducted a laboratory preference test with larvae of leaf‐shredding caddisflies that inhabit the wetland. Caddisflies spent twice as much time foraging on permanent and semi‐permanent litter than on litter incubated under temporary conditions.4. There is considerable variation among previous studies in how basin drying affects litter breakdown in wetlands, and no previous information on shredder preference. We found that frequent drying in a shallow wetland reduces the nutritional quality of leaf litter (lower microbial biomass and nitrogen content), and therefore preference by invertebrate shredders. These results suggest that inter‐annual shifts in drying regime should alter detritus processing rates, and hence the mobilization of the energy and nutrients in leaf litter to the wetland food web.