bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RESULTS IN THE TREATMENT OF BACTERIAL ENDOPHTHALMITIS
Authors: HAYMET T. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractFifteen cases of confirmed and clinically suspected bacterial endophthalmitis seen at the Vitreous Clinic of Sydney Eye Hospital in the three‐year period from July 1981 to July 1984 are reviewed.The predisposing factors are summarized; two cases followed secondary implantation of an intraocular lens and one case followed removal of sutures from a cataract section. All but one of the patients had been given topical, subconjunctival or systemic antibiotics prior to surgery. All but two of the patients had vitreous biopsies performed, and all of these patients in turn received intravitreal antibiotics, usually gentamicin and cephalothin.Positive cultures were obtained in nine cases (69%), including the two cases who had not received antibiotics prior to vitreous biopsy.Final visual acuities ranged from 6/6 to no perception of light (NPL). Delay of more than 36 hours between the onset of severe symptoms and intravitreal antibiotic treatment was associated with a poor visual outcome.
MASS SCREENING OF THE OPTIC DISC FOR GLAUCOMA: A FOLLOW‐UP STUDY
Authors: COOPER R. L. , GROSE G. C. , CONSTABLE I. J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBecause of the high false positive and negative rates for detection of suspects when screening for glaucoma by tonometry, we screened 12 156 subjects over the age of 40 years or with a stated family history of glaucoma by examining the optic discs. This was followed by Schiotz tonometry. Eight hundred and twelve (6.7%) suspects were referred to their primary physician for investigation by an ophthalmologist. A database program was used to send out follow‐up letters to both suspects and ophthalmologists. Three hundred and seventynine replies were received from ophthalmologists: 100 (26.4%) of these suspects had ocular hypertension and 68 (17.9%) had glaucoma. Of these 68, 60 (15.8%) had chronic simple glaucoma, five (1.3%) had secondary open‐angle glaucoma, and three (0.79%) had primary closed‐angle glaucoma. The prevalence of all types of glaucoma in this group for which follow‐up was obtained was at least 0.56% of the total number screened. Assuming that the prevalence was similar for the group for whom no replies were obtained, the prevalence of glaucoma in this population is approximately 1.19%. Screening by optic disc examination is therefore likely to detect most cases of glaucoma.
OCULAR MANIFESTATIONS OF ADULT NIEMANN‐PICK DISEASE: A CASE REPORT
Authors: LOWE D. , MARTIN F. , SARKS J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractNiemann‐Pick Disease Type B in a 33‐year‐old man is described. No family, racial or hereditary factors were noted in this case as in other reports in the literature.The ocular abnormalities in our patient were mild myopia, a mild generalized colour abnormality. and fundi showing a lipid ring‐form opacity about the foveolas resulting in minimal visual impairment.Sphingomyelinase deficiency was found with the resulting deposition of phospholipid occurring most probably in the Müller cell. No neurological features were present and the patient was otherwise well.
PENICILLINASE‐PRODUCING NEISSERIA GONORRHOEA AS A CAUSE OF NEONATAL AND ADULT OPHTHALMIA
Authors: LOCKIE PATRICK , LEONG LAU KWOK , LOUIS ANN 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA retrospective analysis of 80 cases of gonococcal ophthalmia revealed six (7.5%) to be due to penicillinase‐producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG), five neonatal cases and one adult. All six cases were finally cured, but best results were obtained with topical chloramphenicol and single‐dose spectinomycin (40 mg/kg) given intramuscularly. All gonococcal isolates should be tested promptly for penicillinase production, and if this is present systemic treatment, modified to spectinomycin or penicillinase‐stable cephalosporin, should be given as single‐dose treatment.
INTERSTITIAL KERATITIS IN UNTREATED LATENT (LATE) SYPHILIS
Authors: BROOKS ANNE M. V. , WEINER JOHN M. , ROBERTSON IAN F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractUntreated latent syphilis with interstitial keratitis is not uncommon in the older age group who may present with refractive problems. It is important to investigate these patients with a full range of serological rests for syphilis to determine whether they have been treated adequately in the past If there is evidence of untreated latent syphilis, examination of the cerebrospinal fluid is important to exclude asymptomatic neurosyphilis for which intensive systemic therapy in hospital is indicated. If there is no evidence of central nervous system involvement a course of penicillin is still indicated, but may be given on an outpatient basis. This is illustrated by the histories of six patients who presented to The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital between 1962 and 1979.
CORNEAL GRAFT SURVIVAL: A RETROSPECTIVE AUSTRALIAN STUDY
Authors: BISHOP VIRGINIA L. M. , ROBINSON LYON P. , WECHSLER ALFRED W. , BILLSON FRANK A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Four hundred and forty‐eight consecutive corneal grafts are analysed and their survival calculated usin the actuarial life‐table method. Overall survival at two years is 81 ± 4%and at five years is 65 ± 5%. Within diagnostic subgroups keratoconus has the best prognosis. Previous graft failure and recipient corneal vascularization are shown to have a negative effect on graft survival. Sex of patient, urgency of operation and use of combined procedures do not affect survival and second regrafts fare no worse than first regraits. The use of the actuarial life‐table method of analysing graft survival is discussed and its importance emphasized.
ADJUSTABLE SUTURES IN STRABISMUS SURGERY: A PERSONAL SERIES OF CASES
Authors: AGNELLO ROSS 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA personal series of 77 separate primary adjustable suture procedures performed on 69 patients is analysed. Adjustable suture surgery was performed on patients over ten years of age undergoing rectus muscle surgery, and a few selected younger patients. The ages ranged from 7 to 74 years. A 24‐month‐old infant who had a two‐stage‐anaesthesia is included in the series.Thirty‐eight of the 69 patients were reoperations. Of the 77 primary procedures, 48 (62.3%) required postoperative adjustment; 29 (37.7%) were tied down without adjustment.Sixty‐two of the 69 patients (89.8%) achieved a “cure”. A further four patients (5.8%) were initially in desired alignment, but deteriorated within the follow‐up period. Three of these were successfully reoperated. Of the three primary failures (4.4 %) two were reoperated with one achieving orthophoria.Apart from alignment failure in the primary procedure, complications were minimal. Current follow‐up periods range from one to 24 months.
VIDEO AND DIGITAL FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY
Authors: FAVILLA I. , BARRY W. R. , TURNER I. J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA video recording system, which provides real‐time imaing and instant reporting of retinal fluorescein angiograms, with improved patient comfort, is described. Agital image‐processing methods can be applied to video angiograms to improve image qualify, quantitate retinal blood flow, measure areas, improve storage and access, and send images via phone lines or other electronic communication channels. Video image quality is somewhat inferior to conventional photographic techniques, but is more than adequate for diagnostic interpretation.
THE DETECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE ACUTE RISE IN INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE FOLLOWING LASER TRABECULOPLASTY
Authors: LEUNG K. W. , GlLLlES W. E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA series of 64 patients undergoing laser trabeculoplasty had pressures estimated immediately before treatment and at one, two and three hours and in some patients at four, 24 and 48 hours after treatment. Pilocarpine 4% was given topically to 33 patients in order to assess its effect in preventing a pressure rise. The mean pressure rise for the whole series was 4 mmHg, for those not using pilocarpine it was 4.9 mmHg, and for those using pilocarpine it was 3.2 mmHg. A significant pressure rise of 5 mmHg or more was usually apparent by two hours, and patients with no rise or a fall at two hours were very unlikely to develop a rise in pressure.Patients with an initial pressure greater than 20 mmHg, pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule, and a shallow anterior chamber seemed more susceptible to a pressure rise while those with an initial pressure of 17 mmHg or less and only a slight reaction in the anterior chamber seemed very unlikely to develop a pressure rise. Treatment with acetazolamide, fluorometholone drops and hypotensive drops was usually successful in controlling the raised pressure.
CAUSES OF BLINDNESS IN AUSTRALIA: ANALYSIS OF PENSIONS GRANTED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SECURITY ON THE GROUND OF BLINDNESS FOR THE YEAR ENDING 30 JUNE 1984
Authors: BANKS C. NEVILLE , KRATOCHVIL ROMAN 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe principal and contributing causes of blindness for all pensions granted by the Department of Social Security on account of blindness in Australia during the year ending 30 June 1984 have been coded according to the lnternational Classification of Diseases, 7975 (lCD9). The results are presented in tables which show the major diagnosis for symmetrical and asymmetrical cases according to frequency and age, and the combination of major and contributing diagnosis according to age, sex and prevalence per 100 persons.
INVESTIGATION AND PROGNOSIS IN THE RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIOPATHIES
Authors: FOULDS WALLACE S. , DAMATO BERTIL E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractEighty‐three patients with retinal pigment epitheliopathy have been identified from the photographic and fluorescein records of the Tennent Institute of Ophthalmology in Glasgow. Many have been brought back for follow‐up assessment. Twenty‐seven patients had placoid lesions. 22 geographic lesions and 15 a condition which we propose to rename the 'not ocular histoplasmosis' (NOH) syndrome. Patients with placoid lesions could be divided into typical acute multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy (AMPPE), where the long‐term visual prognosis was poor because of recurrent disease leading to extensive areas of atrophy, and acute diffuse placoid pigment epitheliopathy which seemed to be self‐limiting. No consistent evidence of viral or immunological abnormality was found in either group of patientsGeographic lesions appeared to result either from a coalescence of focal lesions or from a slow (serpiginous) spread from a single focus.Four patients with helicoid atrophy lost central vision from disciform lesions.Seven patients had pigment epithelial disorder associated with sarcoidosis. The pigment epithelial disease was unresponsive to systemic corticosteroid therapy and tended to be complicated by disciform lesions.Disciform lesions may occur in any type of pigment epitheliopathy, as may serous retinal detachment or pigment epithelial detachment.A technique for the biopsy of choroid and retinal pigment epithelium is described. This may lead to a better understanding of these disorders.
TWENTY‐TWO CASES OF CLEAR CORNEA TRABECULECTOMY
Authors: KEILLOR R. B. , MOLTENO A. C. B. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe essential feature of clear cornea trabeculectomy is the use of a corneal approach, to create an intrascleral cleft communicating freely with the anterior chamber, without disturbing fenon's tissue and conjunctiva. In this small series the procedure produced diffuse thick walled blebs with normalisation of intraocular pressure without medication in 11 eyes This relatively poor result may be due to lack of the specialised instruments used by Cairns The technique deserves further investigation.
TEN YEARS' EXPERIENCE IN LOW VISION PRACTICE
Authors: BOULTON LESLEY 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe Low Vision Clinic at the Palmerston North Hospital has now been oerating for 70 years. Over the course of these ten years a number of factors have emerged which can be as readily applied to general ophthalmological practice as to low vision practice. The philosophy of low vision care is one of which all ophthalmologists should be aware and includes factors to be taken into account when dealing with children, people in the workplace, and everyday factors involved in daily living activities, all of which are equally relevant in routine ophthalmological practice. This paper endeavours to share some thoughts on these factors and also discusses means by which the visually handicapped can be helped in areas where specialist low vision services are not readily available.
LOOKING, MOVING AND SEEING
Authors: CRAWFORD B. A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Why are there eye movements? To shift images across the retina There is a system for fast centring of an image on the retina, a system for tracking a slowly moving image. and a vestibular system for main taining the same field of view How is the perception of the visual world rendered stable in the face of all these eye movements and yet the movement of particular objects within the environment is accurately seen?
STRATEGIES FOR THE CONTROL OF TRACHOMA
Authors: TAYLOR HUGH R. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Trachoma is still a major cause of blindness in many developing areas. Trachoma can be viewed as a community‐based disease, and treatment or intervening strategies must be aimed at the community level. The more conventional approaches of treatment using either topical or systemic antibiotics do not seem to offer an appropriate cost‐benefit ratio for widespread use. A number of the recent advances in epidemiological field research offer new methods and techniques for studying trachoma. Carefully designed epidemiological field studies can evaluate the role of many different community, family and personal practices and behaviours that could be associated with trachoma. Two recent studies have now shown a clear association between trachoma and infrequent face washing in children. Further studies are in progress to identify ways to alter this behaviour and assess the impact of such an intervention on trachoma. An appropriately designed intervention strategy using a public health approach to alter hygiene practices should have a lasting impact on trachoma at the community level.
SERUM TRYPTOPHAN AND CATARACT
Authors: AUGUSTEYN ROBERT C. , BOYD ANNA , CARROLL NANETTE , MACLEAN HECTOR , MERKREBS JOHN 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTotal serum tryptophan concentrations were measured in 74 cataractous patients and 124 controls No significant diferences were observed in the mean values for the cataractous and normal subjects, 11.4 ± 2.6 and 11.3 ± 2.2 µg/ml respectively, or in the range of values 7.–17.1 and 7.3–17.4 µg/ml respectively These results do not support previous reports that serum tryptophan is elevated in cataractous subjects
VITAMIN E AND RABBIT CORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL CELL SURVIVAL
Authors: Neuwirth‐lux ORA , Billson FRANK 
Published: November 2007

Abstract In this study, vitamin E (alpha‐tocopherol), a powerful antioxidant, is shown to double the survival time of isolated perfused rabbit corneal endothelium. The results are discussed and evidence concerning vitamin E in ocular tissue function is reviewed.
THE IDENTIFICATION OF DIFFERENT VASCULAR CELLS ON THE CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM BY SPECULAR MICROSCOPY I. RED BLOOD CELLS AND CORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL CHANGES IN HYPHAEMA SECONDARY TO CONTUSION INJURY
Authors: BROOKS ANNE M. V. , GRANT GLENYS , GILLIES W.E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn order to differentiate clearly red blood cells and their relationship to the corneal endothelium, specular microscopy was performed in patients with hyphaema due to contusion injury. This enabled the clear identification of red blood cells as rounded, umbilicated or flattened spheroidal structures depending on whether they were seen side on or end on. They were seen best in the relief mode lying on the posterior endothelial surface and not infiltrating the corneal endothelium. It also disclosed the presence of subendohelial blebs one to three cells in diameter seen at the level of the corneal mosaic and not in the relief mode. These are probably due to mild oedema following the contusion injury and were distinct from the red blood cells. The corneal endothelial cell count and morphology were similar to that in the other eye when the changes resolved a week or so after the injury.
THRESHOLD PERIMETRY AND THE DIAGNOSIS OF GLAUCOMA
Authors: SOMMER ALFRED 
Published: November 2007

AbstractVisual field examinations are one of the commonest, presumably most sensitive practical indices of optic nerve dysfunction in glaucoma. Given the difficulties in training and retaining good technicians, and presumed vagaries of the Goldmann‐type isopter examination technique, interest has turned to computer‐controlled automated suprathreshold and threshold static perimetry. Despite the enthusiasm for these approaches, we lack rigorous tests of their value, criteria of abnormality and progressive deterioration, and even normal standards. These important issues are now being addressed. In the interim ophthalmologists must be cautious in their use and interpretation.
MANAGEMENT OF DYSTHYROID EYE DISEASE
Authors: FELLS PETER , LAWTON NICHOLAS F. , SHINE BRIAN , McCARRY BERNADETTE 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOnce the diagnosis of thyroid eye disease has been made the doctor's problems begin because the management is long term with a condition that has many ramifications over a period of years. Short‐term heroics to save vision by use of high‐dose systemic steroids, orbital decompression or radiotherapy may have to be followed by control of diplopia by muscle surgery and prisms. Lid retraction, both upper and lower, may merit surgery, and even those patients who have come to terms with their facial appearance may still complain of lacrimation, irritation and grittiness. The advantages of a thyroid clinic, run jointly by a physician and an ophthalmologist, are presented and the patient is helped to live with this distressing condition.
DOPPLER ULTRASOUND OF ORBITAL VESSELS
Authors: CANNING C. R. , RESTORI M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe techniques of doppler ultrasound have been applied to blood vessels within the orbit. The doppler frequency shifts of ultrasonic pulses scattered from blood cells moving within orbital vessels are a measure of velocities rather than the amount of blood flow. The doppler signal from the ophthalmic artery behind the globe is responsive to changes in ocular blood flow. Blood flow can also be detected at the optic nerve head, and from the coats of the eye adjacent to the nerve head. Flow rate in the ophthalmic artery is reduced following retrobulbar anaesthesia. The source of the pulsatile retrograde flow signal which can be detected in some cases of internal carotid stenosis is located in the region of the ophthalmic artery.
THE USE OF SPECULAR MICROSCOPY TO INVESTIGATE UNUSUAL FINDINGS IN THE CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM AND ITS ADJACENT STRUCTURES
Authors: BROOKS ANNE M. V. , GRANT GLENYS , FRACO W. E. GILLIES 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe use of specular microscopy is not confined to the corneal endothelial mosaic, but may be used at any level through the corneal stroma to the posterior endothelial surface. In the stroma the not very dense, irregularly rounded deposits of corneal dystrophies may be differentiated from the dense, geometric shapes of crystalline deposits. At the level of Descemet's membrane the fine parallel lines of tears in Descemet's are distinct from the multiple fine vertical deep stromal lines seen in advanced keratoconus. At the level of the endothelial mosaic the cells may be counted and their morphology examined, while blebs may also be seen in a wide variety of pathological conditions including superficial keratopathies, contact lens wearers, deep keratopathies, anterior uveitis and contusion injury. These blebs vary in size in different conditions and are often transient. They must be distinguished from guttae which are permanent and although an occasional finding in normal corneas are a constant feature of cornea gutatta and Fuchs' dystrophy. On the posterior endothelial surface the relief mode enables the examination of numerous deposits including red blood cells, white blood cells, keratitic precipitates, pigment granules and pseudoexfoliative KP. The morphology of these various findings is discussed.
PSEUDOPHAKIC CYSTOID MACULAR OEDEMA AND ITS TREATMENT WITH LOCAL STEROIDS
Authors: SUCKLING R. D. , MASLIN K. F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe treatment of 26 cases of cystoid macular oedema following cataract extraction is reviewed. Cases treated early and more aggressively with betamethazone drops and subtenons injection of methyl‐prednisolone, responded well to treatment. Those given later and fess aggressive treatment had a less satisfactory outcome. Our results would suggest that local steroids are effective in the treatment of pseudophakic cystoid macular oedema.
THE DIFFUSION OF OPHTHALMIC LASER IN AUSTRALIA*
Authors: HERTZBERG R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper demonstrates the diffusion of ophthalmic laser into the Australian health care system. Australian ophthalmologists were quick to adopt the use of laser. Argon laser was introduced three years after its first use in the USA; YAG laser the same year as its use in the USA and Dye laser two years after its introduction in the USA. In the years 1975‐84 there had been a gradual introduction of laser into ophthalmic practice growing from three to 39 in that period. From the end of 1984 to June 1986 the number increased by 68, an increase so sharp as almost to defy the classical S curve. The rapid rise can be attributed to its increased use in diabetic retinopathy, retinal vascular disease, senile macular degeneration, glaucoma and to perforate thickened posterior capsules.
MEASUREMENT OF CHOROIDAL MELANOMAS: A COMPARISON OF METHODS
Authors: FAVILLA IAN , BARRY WILLIAM , McNEIL JOHN , McKENZIE JOHN , GOSBELL ANDREW , ELLIMS PETER 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe prognosis for death from metastatic choroidal melanoma following enucleation has been shown to be strongly correlated with a number of risk factors of which the most important are age of onset, aggressive cell types and tumour volume. The advantages of enucleation for the treatment of choroidal melanomas are put into question by the singular lack of a parallel increase in life expectancy following this treatment, and evidence that it may promote the development of metastatic disease. Alternative forms of treatment have been introduced including observation of small and asymptomatic tumours. We are using a computer‐aided system for serial measurement and statistical analysis of area and volume of choroidal melanomas. A comparison of results using our method and the conventional method of estimating volume by the product of basal area and height for 51 measurements on 15 eyes over a 6‐month period showed an overestimate of volume by conventional methods which could be corrected by applying a “shape constant” determined by linear regression. Calculation of tumour growth rates is also shape‐dependent, and a slowing in growth rate or even a reduction in melanoma size is possible.
MICROHOLES OF THE FOVEA CENTRALIS
Authors: CAIRNS JAMES D. , McCOMBE MARK F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractFoveal microholes are a possible cause of unilateral or bilateral small central visual defects in the absence of other macular pathology. In 18 eyes of 17 patients we noted the following features: small, dark‐reddish holes in the centre of the fovea ranging from 50 to 750 μm in size; normal adjacent retinal pigment epithelium and neuroepithelium; unilateral in most cases; males and females are equally affected; mean age 40 years; insidious onset; no history of direct eye trauma orsungazing; non‐progressive; relatively favourable visual outcome; no relationship with regular macular holes; aetiology unknown. These distinctive features justify reporting these patients as an important separate group.