bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
«... J'ai fait un rêve... » Le président François Mitterrand, artisan de l'Union européenne
Authors: Moreau Defarges Philippe 
Published: November 2007

«... I had a dream... » Président François Mitterrand, Builder of European Union, by Philippe Moreau Defarges
In 1981 Président François Mitterrand attempted to impose his socialist vision on Europe, but he was swiftly forced to bow to the traditional constraints of French diplomacy, such as ties with the Federal Republic, and the need to remain compétitive. Between 1981 and 1983 a debate started which has never been totally closed. It was thought that for the period of économie and social experiment, France should discharge itself temporarily from Community discipline. In fact, it was decided to stick to the rules of the game. At this time France needed to regain its European credibility. During the first half of 1984, Président Mitterrand resolved the knotty problems of budget déficit. However, the greatest challenges remain, i.e. the entry of Spain and Portugal and the industrial transformation which will entail severe upheaval for the Community system. And France must forge another role for itself within a new heterogeneous entity, beset by inconsistencies.
Kadhafi : hier, aujourd'hui... et demain ?
Authors: Miller Judith 
Published: November 2007

Qaddafi : Yesterday, To-Day and To-Morrow, par Judith Miller
The American raid on Libya has temporarily garnered public support for Qaddafi and his regime throughout the Arab world and Africa. But most analysts see this as a short term effect of the raid. Arab and African leaders remain deeply suspicious of the ecclectic colonel and his underlying motives. The mistrust him. Apart from Sudan and Tunisia, Libya seems unlikely to make further spectacular inroads in Africa or the Mahgreb in the near future. The constraints for Qaddafi lie not in so much in American and French opposition to his regime, but in the collapse of the world price of oil. Qaddafi, whose power and influence are rooted in his country's oil wealth, may hâve far more pressing concerns at home.
La politique étrangère de l'Inde sous Rajiv Gandhi
Authors: Singh Narendra 
Published: November 2007

India's Foreign Policy under Rajiv Gandhi, by Narendra Singh
« Each generation is a new people » said de Toqueville. The Indians of Mr. Rajiv Gandhi s generation are without personal memories of foreign domination or humiliation, untainted with the Fabian socialism of the 20's and 30's, more pragmatic and technology conscious, and with less attachment to the non-violent ideologies of Mahatma Gandhi or the internationalism of Mr. Jawharlal Nehru. What changes has this generational cycle brought in Indian foreign relations ? Has the US s rearming of Pakistan, as a price for support in Afghanistan and China's recent bellicose posture on the border, reinforced India's Russian connection ? Does Europe figure in India's present foreign policy projections ?
Portée et signification du traité de Washington
Authors: Klein Jean 
Published: November 2007

The Meaning and Implications of the Washington Treaty, by Jean Klein
On 8th December, 1987, a treaty was signed in Washington between the United States and the Soviet Union to eliminate intermediate and short-range nuclear missiles. It was a historie event in that it was the first time the two protagonists had agreed on genuine disarmament measures and accepted the necessary strict verification controls. Since then members of the Atlantic Alliance have been asking themselves many questions concerning the political and strategie implications of the Treaty and, in the United States, certain difficulties are being spotlighted during the process of debate before ratification. It appears highly likely that the Washington Treaty will corne into force but it remains to be seen how it will be linked to further disarmament measures being called for between the Soviet Union and the United States as well as between the two opposing allied groups in Europe.
L'accord sur les euromissiles : le point de vue britannique
Authors: Mellor David 
Published: November 2007

The Euromissile Accord : the British Point of View, by David Mellor
The verdict of the British government on the INF negotiations is unequivocal : the Washington Treaty is a good one and perfectly compatible with the defence of Western Europe. Further, it has been made possible by the unity of NATO and its determination to negotiate from a position of force. It has established a precedent, a first in the nuclear era. Doubts have however arisen — a risk of less effective deterrence, weakening of the ties between the United States and Europe, and the impossibility of effective verification. According to the author, these worries are misplaced, though it must be said that the intermediate missile accord does not solve ail Europe's defence problems. It is important from now on that the West succeed in imposing its own priorities in the field of arms control.
Vers la paix en Terre Sainte
Authors: Khalidi Walid 
Published: November 2007

Toward Peace in the Holy Land, by Walid Khalidi
Today, in contrast to the earlier instances, the Palestinians on the West Bank of the Jordan River and in the Gaza Strip are face-to-face with their perceived dispossessors, with no third party or geographie distance intervening. While the Israelis wield ail state powers, the chief weapons of the Palestinians — who have more than tripled in number, from 1 300 000 in 1948 to 4 500 000 today — are the stones of the countryside in the « Jerusalem Program », read out on January 14, 1988, leading representatives of the uprising outlined their aspirations and demands for lifting the oppression of the occupation and achieving « real peace » between Israel and the Palestinian people. This latest manifestation of the Palestinian collective will represents a legitimate daim to the attention and concern of the outside world. In the light of historical experience accumulated since the Balfour Declaration, the recent uprising in the occupied territories and the configuration of power in the Arab world, an honorable and pragmatically just seulement seems to be possible to the author.
Tchécoslovaquie : la révolution douce
Authors: Rupnik Jacques 
Published: November 2007

Czechoslovakia : the Soft Revolution, by Jacques Rupnik
After more than 20 years of « normalization » in Czechoslovakia, everybody — and the opposition circles first and foremost — has been surprised by the strength of the popular uprising of November 1989. External factors created a favourable environment for the destabilization of the Party, but did not directly affect the «10 days that shook Czechoslovakia ». Though Gorbachev played a less primordial part than is often thought in the West, the Central European environment played on the other hand a destabilizing part. As in Est Germany, societal pressure compelled the regime to retreat. In the immediate future, the new government faces urgent issues : how could the diplomatie apparatus shaped by forty years of communist power be changed ? How could amateurism and improvisation be avoided among the new elites ? How could the Slovak enigma be solved ?
Les groupes religieux informels dans la société soviétique
Authors: Rousselet Kathy 
Published: November 2007

The Unofficial Religious Groups in the Soviet Society, by Kathy Rousselet
In the Soviet Union, the religious landscape has changea to a significant extent. Considering the fact that the ecclesiastical hierarchies are unable to join the perestroika process, unofficial movements set up inside and outside the established churches. Oecumenism particularly seems to get a good position and there are emergent religious movements which are more or less related to Christianity. Most of these groups show an apocalyptic concern and think that a spiritual revival can only safeguard the country from a disaster. Such a bust of religious demonstrations is as much a logical religious protest as an heritage of the forced secularization and perhaps an emergent kind of individualism.
La CSCE et les droits des minorités nationales
Authors: Remacle Eric 
Published: November 2007

The CSCE and the Rights of National Minorities, by Eric Remacle
The Conference on security and cooperation in Europe has addressed the question of the rights of national minorities with increasing interest, especially since the fall of the Berlin Wall and the heginning of the Yugoslav War. It has enlarged the concept of national minorities and recently recognised the complementarity of its individual and collective dimensions and its involvement in security as well as in human rights issues. The 1990 Copenhagen Document on the Human Dimension of the CSCE has defined widely the commitments of the participating states who more recently accepted that the rights of national minorities are not a purely internal affair. Lastly, the CSCE mechanism on the human dimension, reinforced in Moscow in 1991, and the creation of the function of High Commissionner for National Minorities by the Helsinki Summit in 1992 pave the way for a general System of protection for minorities. The use of these mechanisms during the Yugoslav War shows their usefulness but also their limits.
La réconciliation et les Nations unies
Authors: Picco Giandomenico 
Published: November 2007

Reconciliation and the United Nations, by Giandomenico Picco
Reconciliation could be a necessary step in world governance. Is it possible to acbieve it within the existing international System ? To this end, must the concept of the enemy be altered, or rather, should the role of the enemy be changed ? If we wish to reach reconciliation, it will not suffice to appease intolerance. Instead, reconciliation can be achieved only if a common denomi-nator of values is disseminated among international actors. The structure of the United Nations could be useful in this dissemination provided that the specifie role of its different organs be maintained, and above ail, that the Security Council and the Secretary General be used as separate but comple- mentary instruments. Over time, confusion could render these two instruments less effective, and might signal the end of the weaker of the two, that is, the Secretary General. A more adequate role for the Secretary General might be that of moral and intellectual, rather than political leader, especially given that such new role might be the only way to maintain the Secretary General's distinctiveness from the Security Council. In short, it is impossible to reach reconciliation without leaders who are capable of governing without an enemy.
Economies et géopolitiques à l'Est
Authors: Kulesza-Mietkowski Ewa , Mietkowski Piotr 
Published: November 2007

Economies and Geopolitics in Eastern Europe, by Ewa Kulesza-Mietkowski and Piotr Mietkowski
The very different ways in which Central and East European countries have developed make it increasingly difficult to evaluate their respective chances of achieving the present « great transformation ». They certainly have in common a shared experience of communism and the new challenges brought about by the period of transition. However, it is highly important to take into account that the situation of each country is affected by such specifie factors as national history, recent choices in economie policy or geographical location. This article recognizes that there is no satisfactory System of « classifying » post-communist countries. Hence, it aims to present the way in which structural reforms have been implemented so far and to assess the economie results of 1993. At the same time, the link between economie change and the new geopolitical configurations emerging in the region has been analyzed.
Intégration à géométrie variable et organisation de la politique économique en Europe
Authors: Pisani-Ferry Jean 
Published: November 2007

Variable Geometry Integration and the Political Economy of Europe, by Jean Pisani-Ferry
The perspective of a differentiated monetary integration and of imminent enlargements means that the issue of variable geometry in Europe must he seriously considered. It raises several questions for the organization of monetary and economie policy: relations between the "ins" and the "outs" and nature of the budgetary coordination within the "Euro" core. Because the European Central Bank will naturally be the institution in the best position to deal with any variable geometry whïle the Council might become entangled in it, differentiated integration will probably change the balance of the économie policy pole intended by the signatory countries of the Maastricht Treaty. The emergence of an economie counterweight to the monetary policy embodied by the ECB will become more problematic.
Hongrie / Roumanie : rivalités et synergies dans la marche vers l'Europe
Authors: Capelle-Pogăcean Antonela 
Published: November 2007

Hungary/Romania: Rivalries and Synergies in the March Towards Europe, by Antonela Capelle-Pogàcean
The signing of the Hungarian-Romanian treaty reflects both countries' wish for Euro-Atlantic integration.The agreement also sheds light upon a rapprochement between the two countries over the Magyar minority, which has, for long time, been a source of tensions between Bucharest and Budapest. The socio-liberal Hungarian government pragmatically invokes the international norms on minorities to defend the rights of Magyars outside of Hungary. Moreover, the Romanian attitude has become more rational. This trend should be confirmed after the legislative and presidential elections, the 3 and 17 November 1996, which saw the first democratic changeover with the opposition's victory, as well as decline in the influence of the nationalists, and which could lead to a 'normalization' of bilateral and interethnic relations.
L'islam en Russie, un danger pour le Kremlin ?
Authors: Semenoff-Tian-Chansky Irène 
Published: November 2007

Islam in Russia, a Danger to the Kremlin?, by Irène Semenoff-Tian-Chansky
Islam, as an integral part of Russian history, has proved to be extremely dynamic since the fall of communism. Re-islamization has taken various forms, among which we can distinguish two models — Tatarstan and Chechenia — that can be linked to Russia's traditional reformism and Soufism, as well as to Wah-habism of foreign origin. The development of Islam in Russia depends on economie and strategie factors, which gives her some assets. But the country does not seem to be taking sufficient advantage of them for want of an overall policy.
Turquie : la démocratie ou la mort
Authors: Vaner Semih 
Published: November 2007

Turkey : Democracy or Death, by Semih Vaner
The Turkish political scene is dominated by three central issues : Kurdish separatism, participation by the political branch of Islam in the democratic process, and "affairs" whose disturbing proportions are being revealed by various scandals. To the background of this picture could be added the very marked regional and social disparities. While authoritarian temptations do exist, it also has to be acknowledged that Turkish democracy ― like secularism ― has made considerable progress .
Réunir l'Europe
Authors: Kwasniewski Aleksander 
Published: November 2007

Reuniting Europe, by Aleksander Kwasniewski
Having joined NATO in 1999, Poland is currently negotiating the conditions of its membership of the European Union. This development was unthink-able ten years ago. However, the divisions between the western and eastern parts of the continent are still visible. Western Europeans should show a more flexible attitude towards the Eastern European candidates because those countries belong — as they themselves do ― to a common cultural and spiritual area. They are participating in their own way in European unifica tion through their own unification initiatives (CEFTA). However, the return of the old demons (Balkans) as well as the combination of euroscepticism in the West and the frustration that would be caused in the East by overly delayed integration, are all threats to European plans. However that may be, all the Central and Eastern European countries must be involved in the process and be regarded more as authentic partners in building European prosperity than as mere candidates.
Les dilemmes de la politique américaine vis-à-vis des Rogue States
Authors: O'Sullivan Meghan L. 
Published: November 2007

The Dilemmas of US Policy Toward "Rogue States", by Meghan O'Sullivan
With the passage of the cold war, the United States increasingly focused its attention on threats posed by states it categorizes as "rogues." This label was given to a disparate group of countries - including Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, and, oddly, Cuba — considered by American policy-makers to support terrorism, pursue weapons of mass destruction, oppose the existence of Israel and Middle East peace, and vilify the United States. With few exceptions, the United States has sought to use punitive policies such as sanctions, military force, and covert action to compel these regimes to change their behavior. Although the record of these policies of punishment in achieving US goals is far from impressive, American policy-makers have struggled to offer more promising strategies. This article argues that one of the greatest obstacles to exploring alternative policies is the concept of "rogue" states itself. A flawed and subjective term, the "rogue" label is useful in fomenting domestic US opposition to these states, but effectively excludes less confrontational approaches, such as engagement, from the matrix of plausible policy options.
Irak, Libye, Soudan : efficacité des sanctions ?
Authors: Niblock Timothy 
Published: November 2007

Iraq, Libya, Sudan: Are Sanctions Effective ?, by Tim Niblock
The article assesses the extent to which UN sanctions help in the maintenance of a stable international order. The experience of Iraq, Libya and Sudan suggests that, while sanctions may constrain states from external adventurism, they also have effects which may be severely destabilizing in the long term: regimes are strengthened against their own civil societies, moves towards regional collective security arrangements are blocked, and the domestic social order becomes more divided and divisive.
La France et l'Empire
Authors: Moreau Defarges Philippe 
Published: November 2007

France and Empire, by Philippe Moreau Defarges
France's history is dominated by a contradictory relationship with the European empire: at some periods France has dreamed of being the imperial unifier of Europe; at the sarae time, in the name of the nation, she has obstinately combated se-veral empire-building attempts, especially those made by Germany. Would the European Union not be this empire that France has both wanted and rejected? For France, the building of Europe does constitute a break: she is no longer a totally sovereign country, she belongs to a team. This implies that France has to radically reinvent herself. But in the end, are not all great nations today — even the United States — discovering themselves to be some countries among many others?
La guerre dans le siècle
Authors: David Dominique 
Published: November 2007

Warfare Through the Century, by Dominique David
Technological breakthroughs changed the face of war machines, war operations and arsenals in 20th century societies ; they diversified military ven-tures and revolutionized the concept of warfare. This concept, while undergoing incessant change, has throughout this century never ceased to perform its role as an instrument for defining political units. The end of the century shows warfare in a novel dynamic, which it is still difficult for us to conceptualize.
Mexique 2000 : l'année de la déroute du parti hégémonique
Authors: Crespo José Antonio 
Published: November 2007

Mexico in 2000: the Rout of the Ruling Party, by José Antonio Crespo
The 2000 presidential election in Mexico was expected to be the closest in Mexican history. The conceivability of the scénario involving the defeat of the PRI was very real and the probability of this outcome was very high. The PRI might have won however, but only by a very narrow margin, which could have had grave consequences since the legitimacy and credibility of such a close victory, with revelations of voting irregularities, would have been lacking. This article reflects on the electoral trends and causes of the defeat of a party that ruled its country for seven decades, the longest such hegemony in the world.
Europe des Etats - Europe fédérale
Authors: Toulemon Robert 
Published: November 2007

A Europe of States versus a Federal Europe, by Robert Toulemon
The Convention on the future of the European Union will try to establish a broad coalition of support for its proposals to have the best chance of them being accepted by the 2004 intergovernmental conférence. Rather than coming up with a compromise that would maintain the present division of the EU between the community pillars and the intergovernmental pillars, it would be desirable if the members of the convention were to synthesise the two approaches, which should complement, not compete with, each other. It is necessary to balance the attachment of each state to its sovereignty, a désire to be directly linked to the definition and putting in place of the EU's policies, on the one hand, with the need to abolish the veto in an enlarged Europe, to bring Europe closer to its citizens, and to assure internal and external openness, on the other. By progressively enlarging the areas of competence or the EU through a well-adapted and flexible process, especially taking into account the diversity of expectations and the capabilities of present and future members, it might be possible to corne up with a satisfactory proposal.
La puissance militaire en question
Authors: Van Creveld Martin 
Published: November 2007

The Effectiveness of Military Power, by Martin VAN CREVELD
Twelve years after the publication of The Transformation of War — French edition, Le Futur de la guerre — it is time to re-examine its basic arguments. Two outstanding facts emerge. First, the fact that we are in the midst of a historical shift from interstate conventional conflict towards what différent people call low intensity war, non-trinitarian war, or asymmetric war, has been amply borne out and has, indeed, become the subject of a vast literature. Second, people have not yet corne around to re-examine the other main premise of the book, namely the need to re-examine Clausewitz and to come up with a new theory of war more suitable to the times in which we live. Still, sound practice can only be based on sound theory. At the beginning of the third millenium, we are still trying to wage war on the basis of theories first formulated two hundred years ago under completely different circum-stances, for a completely different kind of war. It is high time that this problem be remedied. Or, else, those who put their heads in the sand will end up by being kicked in the ass.
La Turquie : puissance régionale et forteresse assiégée ?
Authors: Bozarslan Hamit 
Published: November 2007

Turkey: A Regional Power or a Fortress under Siege?, by Hamit BOZARSLAN
The attitude of Turkey, one of the closest allies of the United States in the Middle East, has been highly ambiguous throughout the Iraqi crisis. Obviously, Ankara does not have enough resources to oppose Washington's decisions. Its policy, however, is determined by a set of factors and constraints, among them the legacy of the Ottoman Empire and the fear of emergence of a viable Kurdish entity. Moreover, some sections among the military and civil establishment are quite reluctant towards the United States, which are accused to aim at the destruction of the "nation-states". The declaration of general Tuncer Kilinç, secretary general of the powerful National Security Council, underlining the necessity of a radical switch in the Turkish foreign policy and a strategie alliance with Russia and Iran against the West, is a significant proof of internal tensions inside the Turkish establishment. Ultimately, Ankara will be obliged to accept some kind of co-operation with the US during the Iraqi crisis. It seems however also be convinced that the establishment of a pro-American administration in Iraq will depreciate its "strategie value" in the Middle East.