bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Could the Mw = 9.3 Sumatra earthquake trigger a geomagnetic jerk?
Authors: Florindo Fabio , De Michelis Paola , Piersanti Antonio , Boschi Enzo 
Published: October 2006

The magnetic field observed at the Earth's surface is not a stationary feature. It is characterized by time variations ranging from milliseconds (micropulsations) to millions of years (the time interval between field reversals). Time variations with periods of a year or longer are related to Earth's outer core sources, whereas for shorter timescales an external origin is invoked (i.e.,solar activity).One of the most interesting time variations of the geomagnetic field is represented by the “geomagnetic jerk.” It is idealized as a rapid change in the slope of the secular variation, defined as the first derivative of the geomagnetic field. This means that the secular variation roughly appears as a series of straightline segments separated by geomagnetic jerks.
Evaluating landslide damage during the 2004 Chuetsu earthquake, Niigata Japan
Authors: Sidle Roy C. , Kamai Toshitaka , Trandafir Aurelian C. 
Published: October 2006

A series of earthquakes, the strongest with a magnitude of 6.6 on the Richter scale (6.8 on the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) scale), jolted Niigata Prefecture, Japan, late in the afternoon of 23 October 2004, killing about 40 people and injuring about 3000, largely as the result of building collapse. More than 100,000 residents were forced to evacuate their homes, and 2200 residents of Yamakoshi village and other areas have not yet returned.The three strongest earthquakes (M>6.2 on the JMA scale) occurred within less than 40 min with epicenters spread across Ojiya city and Hirokami and Yamakoshi villages in Niigata Prefecture. These earthquakes were characterized by shallow focal depths (9–14 km) that generated strong levels of ground motion, resulting in extensive damage throughout the region.
A splash in Earth gravity from the 2004 Sumatra Earthquake
Authors: Sabadini Roberto , Dalla Via Giorgio , Hoogland Masja , Aoudia Abdelkrim 
Published: October 2006

The 26 December 2004 Sumatra earthquake displaced a large amount of material in the radial direction with respect to the Earth's center, and the earthquake is thus expected to have permanently changed the gravity in a broad region surrounding its causative fault.This article examines gravity changes, which are here quantified by geoid anomaly patterns depicting the displacement of the sea surface's hydrostatic component after the earthquake. The article focuses on the feasibility of the detection of these patterns by gravity space missions. Models of changes in the rotation and oblateness of the Earth due to global gravitational effects of the earthquake have already been reported [Chao and Gross, 2005].
Advances in controlled‐source seismic imaging
Authors: Hole J. A. , Zelt C. A. , Pratt R. G. 
Published: October 2006

The current rapid growth in the number of seismometers available to the research community, combined with increasing computer power, will allow improvement in the type and quality of seismic images of the crust and lithosphere. An example of improved imaging capability is the inversion of the full seismic waveform, rather than solely travel times, in controlled‐source surveys (seismic refraction or reflection using human‐induced ground shaking).At the 12th Deep Seismic Methods workshop in 2003, sponsored by the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior (IASPEI), an analysis of computer‐generated data exemplified the potential of increased source and station density. The synthetic seismic data set was generated from a geologic model that includes large‐, medium‐, and small‐scale stochastic variation. The source and seismometer spacing mimic imminent community capabilities. The Earth model was kept secret, and the data were made available for analysis (http://crust. geol.vt.edu/hole/ccss/). Figure 1 illustrates the results of blind travel time and waveform tomography applied to the data.The images, described in more detail below, illustrate an excellent match to the true Earth model.
Keeping pseudoscience out of AGU meetings
Authors: Craddock Robert A. 
Published: October 2006

I found the editorial, “Speaking Up For Science” (Eos, 86,(24), 14 June 2005, p. 225) disturbing, but not for the reasons you intended. The Smithsonian made a mistake, but nowhere do you discuss its efforts to correct that.More troublesome to me as a member of AGU is the blatant hypocrisy contained in the editorial. How many posters or presentations have been made at AGU meetings in the last 10–20 years that support creationism, intelligent design, or other forms of pseudo‐science, such as the so‐called “face” on Mars?
Second phase of paleoclimate modelling intercomparison project
Authors: Crucifix M. , Braconnot P. , Harrison S. P. , Otto‐Bliesner B. 
Published: October 2006

By devoting an entire chapter of the fourth assessment report (AR4) to paleoclimates, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has recognized that studying past climates is essential for comprehending the climate system, and hence for predicting its future evolution.In particular, numerical simulations of past climates, different from today constitute an independent test of the performance and reliability of the general circulation models commonly used for climate predictions. This idea is the motivation for the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP), a long‐standing initiative endorsed by the World Climate Research Programme and the International Geosphere and Biosphere Programme. The focus has so far been on two reference periods, chosen as being the most representative of cold and warm climate intervals in the recent past: the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21,000 years ago) and the mid‐Holocene (6000 years ago).
Chicxulub Crater Seismic Survey prepares way for future drilling
Authors: Morgan Jo , Urrutia‐Fucugauchi Jaime , Gulick Sean , Christeson Gail , Barton Penny , Rebolledo‐Vieyra Mario , Melosh Jay 
Published: October 2006

Sixty‐five million years ago, a large meteorite hit the Earth and formed the ∼200‐km‐wide Chicxulub crater in Yucatán, Mexico. The well‐known, massive extinction event at the Cretaceous‐Tertiary (K‐T) boundary appears to have been caused, at least in part, by this impact. In the first few seconds after impact the surface of the Earth was pushed down to form a cavity ∼35 km deep, and in the next few hundred seconds this cavity collapsed to form a multi‐ring basin with an inner peak ring.To examine the rings and subsurface structure of this superbly preserved impact crater, a seismic experiment was shot across the crater in January and February 2005 by a team of scientists from Mexico, the United States, and the United Kingdom (Figure 1).
Modeling past atmospheric CO2: Results of a challenge
Authors: Wolff Eric , Kull Christoph , Chappellaz Jerome , Fischer Hubertus , Miller Heinz , Stocker Thomas F. , Watson Andrew J. , Flower Benjamin , Joos Fortunat , Köhler Peter , Matsumoto Katsumi , Monnin Eric , Mudelsee Manfred , Paillard Didier , Shackleton Nick 
Published: October 2006

The models and concepts used to predict future climate are based on physical laws and information obtained from observations of the past. New paleoclimate records are crucial for a test of our current understanding.The Vostok ice core record [Petit et al., 1999] showed that over the past 420 kyr (1 kyr = 1000 years), Antarctic climate and concentrations of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4,) were tightly coupled. In particular, CO2 seemed to be confined between bounds of about 180 ppmv (parts per million by volume) in glacial periods and 280 ppmv in interglacials; both gases rose and fell with climate as the Earth passed through four glacial/interglacial cycles.
Sumatra tsunami affects observations by GRACE satellites
Authors: Bao L. F. , Piatanesi Alessio , Lu Y. , Hsu H. T. , Zhou X. H. 
Published: October 2006

Changes in the Earth's gravity field are caused by the redistribution of mass within the Earth and on or above its surface. While previous studies [Tapley, 2004; Wahr, 2004] showed that the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission, executed by NASA, had successfully determined oceanic mass redistribution, the relative motions between two GRACE satellites caused by the 2004 Sumatra tsunami is still uncertain.This present study combines a numerical model of the tsunami and GRACE orbit data to estimate the realistic effect of oceanic mass redistribution on the inter‐satellite range‐rate change between two GRACE satellites. The GRACE mission is designed to map out the Earth's gravity field to high accuracy. Instead of measuring the Earth gravity field or mass variations directly GRACE estimates a set of spherical harmonic coefficients denoting the Earth gravity field each month by measuring range changes between two spacecrafts [Chambers et al., 2004].
Count‐a‐thon of airplane contrails
Authors: Chambers L. H. , Duda D. P. 
Published: October 2006

The third Contrail Count‐a‐Thon of the GLOBE (Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment) project is being held during Earth Science Week 2005 in October. Reports of sky observations—including those of contrail‐free skies—taken between 11:00 A.M. and 1:00 P.M. local time on 13 October 2005 are welcome from any interested observers (including Eos readers), whether or not they are associated with local schools, clubs, parks, or other groups. The Web site with instructions and the report form is available at http://www.globe.gov/earthsciweek2005.Clouds remain one of the main sources of uncertainty in efforts to understand and predict the Earth's global climate [Cess et al., 1990]. Although satellite instruments and techniques to study clouds continue to improve, contrails are a cloud type of significant interest that remains a challenge to study.
Chapopote Asphalt Volcano may have been generated by supercritical water
Authors: Hovland M. , MacDonald I. R. , Rueslåtten H. , Johnsen H. K. , Naehr T. , Bohrmann G. 
Published: October 2006

Asphalt volcanoes and lava‐like flows of solidified asphalt on the seafloor (Figure 1) were first discovered and described by MacDonald et al. [2004]. The flows covered more than one square kilometer of a dissected salt dome at abyssal depths (∼3000 m) in the southern Gulf of Mexico. “Chapopote” (93°26′W, 21°54′N) was one of two asphalt volcanoes they discovered. MacDonald et al. determined that the apparently fresh asphalt must initially have flowed in a hot state, and subsequently chilled, contracted, and solidified, much in the same way as normal lava does on the surface of the Earth.The two asphalt‐volcanoes discovered occur at the apex of salt domes that pierce through the seafloor. These “piercement salt domes,” known as the Campeche Knolls, are pertinent features of the deep Campeche Sedimentary Basin, which has a sediment thickness of about 10 km. According to conventional theory [Vendeville and Jackson, 1992], piercement salt domes represent “salt diapirs” that have risen up, due partly to density contrasts between salt and clay/sand from the “mother salt” located between 7 and 10 km below seafloor. A salt diapir is a vertical body of sub‐surface salt, which is most often circular in cross section, is one to several kilometers in diameter, and can be 8–10 km high.
Repeat hydrography cruises reveal chemical changes in the North Atlantic
Authors: Feely Richard A. , Talley Lynne D. , Johnson Gergory C. , Sabine Christopher L. , Wanninkhof Rik 
Published: October 2006

The U.S. contribution to a large international effort to document long‐term trends in carbon storage and transport in the global oceans by reoccupying selected hydrographic sections on decadal timescales began with three North Atlantic cruises in 2003. The initial results from these reoccupation cruises have shown significant long‐term changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide (CO2), and several other measurable parameters since the last global survey, which occurred in 1993.The ocean has a memory of the climate system and is second only to the Sun in affecting variability in the seasons and longterm climate change. The ocean stores an estimated 1000 times more heat than the atmosphere, and 50 times more carbon. Additionally the key to possible abrupt climate change may lie in deep‐ocean circulation.
U.S. Earth observation programs may still be at risk
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

A recent interim report from a committee of the National Research Council (NRC) of the U.S. National Academies warned that the U.S. system of environmental satellites was “at risk of collapse” (see Eos, 10 May 2005, p. 186). Nearly six months later, despite assurances from NASA that the agency would work to address in its fiscal year (FY) 2007 budget some of the imbalances that have led to mission delays and cancellations, these satellite programs may still be at risk.NASA funding for Earth science has suffered in recent years due to several pressures on the budget: deficit reduction, efforts to restore the space shuttle program, and plans for missions to the Moon and Mars. The NRC report, which was released as a draft in April and in its final form on 8 September, noted that six planned missions with implications for Earth science research were delayed, descoped, or canceled in the proposed FY2006 NASA budget.
Bed load sediment transport in ephemeral and perennial gravel bed streams
Authors: Almedeij Jaber , Diplas Panayiotis 
Published: October 2006

Perennial gravel streams are usually dominated by a bed material stratified in terms of grain size, with a coarse surface layer overlying a finer subsurface (Figure 1a). However, field observations from some ephemeral gravel streams in the Middle East and other locations exhibit the opposite stratification (Figure 1b).Recent studies have found that under the same range of flow strengths, such an ephemeral stream has a much higher transport efficiency of bed load sediment (the movement of particles by rolling and sliding on the bed, or by making short hops of a few grain diameters in distance), which suggests a completely different behavior from perennial streams [e.g., Laronne and Reid, 1993; Reid and Laronne, 1995].
Putting the geology back into Earth models
Authors: McCaffrey Kenneth , Holdsworth Robert , Imber Jonathan , Clegg Phillip , De Paola Nicola , Jones Richard , Hobbs Richard , Holliman Nick , Trinks Immo 
Published: October 2006

New digital methods for data capture can now provide photorealistic, spatially precise, and geometrically accurate three‐dimensional (3‐D) models of rocks exposed at the Earth's surface [Xu et al., 2000; Pringle et al., 2001; Clegg et al., 2005]. These “virtual outcrops” have the potential to create a new form of laboratory‐based teaching aids for geoscience students, to help address accessibility issues in fieldwork, and generally to improve public awareness of the spectacular nature of geologic exposures from remote locations worldwide.This article addresses how virtual outcrops can provide calibration, or a quantitative “reality check,” for a new generation of high‐resolution predictive models for the Earth's subsurface.
Island arc debris avalanches and tsunami generation
Authors: Silver Eli , Day Simon , Ward Steve , Hoffmann Gary , Llanes Pilar , Lyons Amelia , Driscoll Neal , Perembo Russ , John Susan , Saunders Steve , Taranu Felix , Anton Lawrence , Abiari Isabela , Applegate Bruce , Engels Jenny , Smith Jamie , Tagliodes Jones 
Published: October 2006

On the early morning of 13 March 1888, roughly five cubic kilometers of the Ritter Island volcano fell violently into the sea northeast of Papua New Guinea (Figure 1). This event, the largest lateral collapse of a volcanic island in historical time, flung devastating tsunamis tens of meters high onto adjacent shores [Cooke, 1981].Calamitous as they might be, natural disasters like these must be viewed in perspective. One should ask, “Were the events of that March day unique, or are they common geological occurrences?” Partly to address this question, a seafloor imaging and sampling program was conducted around Ritter Island and elsewhere along the Bismarck volcanic arc during November–December 2004 on the research vessel Kilo Moana.
Hurricane Ivan's Impact along the northern Gulf Of Mexico
Authors: Stone Gregory W. , Walker Nan D. , Hsu A. , Babin Adele , Liu Baozhu , Keim Barry D. , Teague William , Mitchell Douglas , Leben Robert 
Published: October 2006

Just over a year after the landfall of Hurricane Ivan, scientists have now had an opportunity to evaluate a variety of oceanographic and geologic responses to this storm. Hurricanes Ivan, Katrina,and Rita are among the most powerful hurricanes recently to enter the Gulf of Mexico.Although it weakened from a very powerful Category 5 hurricane to a Category 3 before making landfall along the Alabama coast, Hurricane Ivan devastated the coasts of northwestern Florida and Alabama on 16 September 2004. This article summarizes what researchers have learned about Hurricane Ivan as it moved into the Gulf and made landfall along the northeastern Gulf of Mexico coast. The article focuses on storm meteorology, sea state,shelf circulation, and sediment transport on the shelf and along the coast.
Monitoring volcano eruptions and lava domes with Doppler radar
Authors: Voege Malte , Hort Matthias , Seyfried Ralf 
Published: October 2006

About 10 percent of the world's population lives in the vicinity of one of the planet's approximately 1500 active volcanoes. These volcanoes represent a large threat to human lives and regional economies, especially in highly‐populated areas. This makes effective and reliable volcanic hazard mitigation absolutely mandatory.Because volcanoes are complex systems, hazard mitigation can be achieved only by applying numerous techniques, such as geophysical monitoring, thorough mapping of previous activity and numerical simulations of different eruption scenarios.
The great plume debate
Authors: Foulger Gillian R. , Fitton J. Godfrey , Presnall Dean C. , Morgan W. Jason 
Published: October 2006

It has been 40 years since Wilson [1963] first suggested that the Hawaiian Islands were produced by the oceanic lithosphere moving over a stationary ‘hot spot’ in the mantle, and 30 years since Morgan [1971] suggested that plumes exist in the Earth's mantle and play an important role in convection. Subsequently, large igneous provinces (LIPs), volcanic continental margins, and large oceanic plateaus, along with smaller‐volume seamounts and ocean‐island chains, have all been attributed to mantle plumes.For the last two to three decades, the tendency has been to focus research on those features of LIPs and hot spots that can be explained by the plume hypothesis and to neglect those that cannot. Many papers have treated the plume hypothesis as an a priori assumption, and there has been little questioning of the hypothesis.
NASA budget focuses on exploration
Authors: Zielinski Sarah 
Published: October 2006

NASA has decided to rebalance its priorities following several years of healthy growth for science, turning its focus instead towards expanding support for manned space exploration, explained NASA Administrator Michael Griffin at a 16 February hearing before the U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Science.The Bush Administration has requested $16.8 billion for NASA in Fiscal Year 2007, an increase of 3.2 percent over the previous year. Most of the benefit would go to the exploration program, which would get a 55 percent increase in funding—for a total of $3.9 billion—primarily for the development of the new Crew Exploration Vehicle and Crew Launch Vehicle. The science budget would grow by 1.5 percent in FY2007—to $5.3 billion—and then is projected to grow by just one percent per year in 2008–2011.
HiSeasNet: Oceanographic ships join the grid
Authors: Berger Jonathan , Orcutt John , Foley Steven , Bohlen Steven 
Published: October 2006

HiSeasNet, the communications network providing full‐period Internet access for the U.S. academic ocean research fleet, is an enabling technology that is changing the way oceanography is done in the 21st century. With the installation in March 2006 of a system on the research vessel (R/V) Seward Johnson and the planned installation on the R/V Marcus Langseth later this year, all but two of the Universities National Oceanographic Laboratories System (UNOLS) fleet of large/global and intermediate/ocean vessels will be equipped with HiSeasNet capability.HiSeasNet is a full‐service Internet Protocol (IP) satellite network utilizing Cisco technology. In addition to the familiar IP services—such as e‐mail, telnet, ssh, rlogin, Web traffic, and ftp—HiSeasNet can move real‐time audio and video traffic across the satellite links. Phone systems onboard research ships can be connected to their home institutions' phone exchanges. Video teleconferencing with the current 96 kilobits per second circuits supports compressed video frame rates at about 10 frames per second, allowing for effective conversations and demonstrations with ship‐to‐shore video.
Ocean surface drift revealed by synthetic aperture radar images
Authors: Liu Antony K. , Zhao Yunhe , Hsu Ming‐Kuang 
Published: October 2006

Monitoring the world's oceans has proven to be challenging in the past because of their size, remoteness, and the lack of instrumentation capable of such observational coverage. Until now, ocean surface feature tracking analyses have been based on data from a lone, low‐Earth orbital satellite—images were collected from a single orbital sensor with repeat passes over the same ocean surface. This process was insufficient and incapable to track ocean features due to the satellite's long revisit interval that could not capture the daily complications of surface ocean circulation.Today, ocean surface currents are being derived much more efficiently by performing ‘feature tracking,’ which uses data from the same types of sensors on different satellites to simultaneously monitor ocean surface phenomenon. In particular, tracking results indicate that multiple synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images overlapped in a short time can be used to derive ocean surface drift, and can help to identify oceanic processes.
Italy's investment in research
Authors: De Vivo Benedetto , Trigila Raffaello , Panza Giuliano , Peccerillo Angelo 
Published: October 2006

The international scientific community should be made aware of the plight of the Earth sciences in Italy. The challenges facing the Italian research community recently have been addressed in various articles in Nature. We report here, for the sake of conciseness, on the work of King [2004], Brumfield [2006], and Abbott [2006].Italy spends on scientific research a little over 1% of its gross domestic product (GDP), ranking twenty‐first out of 30 developed countries (Organization for Economic Development (OECD),Main Science and Technology Indicators, May 2005).This is a very low level for any industrialized country The average for the European Union (EU) is almost 2%, but according to the Lisbon agreement, signed in 2000 by the presidents of EU countries, the OECD countries should spend 3% of their GDP on research and development (R&D) by 2010.