bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Driving under the influence of cocaine and MDMA: Relationship between blood concentrations and results from clinical test of impairment
Authors: Heide Gunhild , Jamt Ragnhild Elén Gjulem , Fainberg-Sandbu Jonas , Øiestad Åse Marit Leere , Høiseth Gudrun 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The general use of cocaine is increasing in recent years, while the trend for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is less clear. The relationship between blood concentrations and impairment is poorly understood, which complicates interpretation. The aims of this study were to report prevalence and blood concentrations of cocaine and MDMA in drugged drivers, and to investigate the relationship between blood concentrations and impairment. Samples of whole blood were collected from apprehended drivers in the period 2000–2022, and a clinical test of impairment (CTI) was simultaneously performed. The samples were initially analyzed for cocaine and MDMA using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (until 2009 and 2012, respectively), and later using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Overall, cocaine was detected in 2,331 cases and MDMA in 2,569 cases. There were 377 and 85 mono cases of cocaine and MDMA, respectively. In the mono cases, the median cocaine concentration was 0.09 mg/L (range: 0.02–1.15 mg/L), and 54% of the drivers were clinically impaired. The median MDMA concentration was 0.19 mg/L (range: 0.04–1.36 mg/L), and 38% were clinically impaired. There was a statistically significant difference in the median cocaine concentration between drivers assessed as not impaired (0.07 mg/L) and drivers assessed as impaired (0.10 mg/L) (P = 0.009). There was also a significant effect of the blood concentration of cocaine (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 6.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.13–36.53, P = 0.036) and driving during the evening/night-time (aOR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.34–3.51, P = 0.002) on the probability of being assessed as impaired on the CTI. No significant differences were found for MDMA. Many drivers are not assessed as impaired on a CTI following cocaine or especially MDMA use. For cocaine, a relationship between blood concentrations and impairment was demonstrated, but this could not be shown for MDMA.
Chiral analysis of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA and MDA enantiomers in human hair samples
Authors: Bickel Julian , Szewczyk Anne , Aboutara Nadine , Jungen Hilke , Müller Alexander , Ondruschka Benjamin , Iwersen-Bergmann Stefanie 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A novel analytical method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of the R/S-enantiomers of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA and MDMA in hair samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS). This method involved a straightforward derivatization step with dansyl chloride and the use of a chiral column, enabling the separation and quantification of all eight enantiomers in a single analysis. The method exhibited excellent linearity across a concentration range of 0.03–3.00 ng/mg for each enantiomer. Precision and accuracy were within acceptable limits, with bias and relative standard deviation (RSD) values consistently below 6% and 9%, respectively. Selectivity and specificity assessments confirmed the absence of any interference from contaminants or co-extracted drugs. The method demonstrated high sensitivity, with limits of detection (LOD) below 8 pg/mg and limits of quantification (LOQ) below 19 pg/mg for all analytes. Extraction recovery exceeded 79%, and matrix effects were minimal for all analytes. Processed sample stability evaluations revealed consistent results with deviations below 11% for all analytes. Application of the method to 32 authentic human hair samples provided valuable insights into amphetamine use patterns, allowing differentiation between medical amphetamine consumption and illicit use based on enantiomeric composition. Additionally, the method detected co-use of methamphetamine, MDA or MDMA in some samples, highlighting its applicability in drug monitoring and real-life case scenarios within a forensic institute. This innovative analytical approach offers a sensitive and selective method for enantiomeric differentiation of amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA and MDMA in human hair samples, providing a valuable tool for forensic and clinical investigations.
Distance to Burn Center Does Not Impact Long-term Anxiety and Depression Risk Following Burn Injury
Authors: Risinger William B , Dye Crystal N , Thompson Spencer K , Uma Chinweotuto V , Keeven David D , Nash Nicholas A , Smith Jason W , Bozeman Matthew C 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Burn injury predisposes patients to significant psychological morbidity, including anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress. Adding to the burden of injury, patients often require transfer to specialized burn centers located far from home. We hypothesized that greater distances between a patient’s home address and the treating burn center would increase the rate of postinjury anxiety and depression. From January 2021 to June 2023, patients who were admitted to our American Burn Association verified center and seen for posthospitalization follow-up were identified. Demographics, burn characteristics, and follow-up anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-2) screening scores were reviewed. Comparisons between patients with positive and negative screens were performed using univariate analysis followed by logistic regression. Linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between distance to the burn center and incremental screening scores. Of the 272 patients identified, 35.6% and 27.9% screened positive for anxiety and depression, respectively. The distance to burn center was not greater among patients with positive screens. Likewise, no statistically significant linear relationship was found between distance to the burn center and incremental screening scores. Morphine milligram equivalents on the last day of hospitalization (P = .04) and a prior psychiatric history (P &lt; .001) all predicted postinjury anxiety. Total body surface area burned (P = .02) and a prior psychiatric history (P = .02) predicted postinjury depression. The distance between a patient’s home and the treating burn center does not alter anxiety and depression rates following burn injury, further supporting the transfer of patients to specialized centers.
The Burden of Burns: An Analysis of Public Health Measures
Authors: Ivanko Anastasiya , Garbuzov Anna E , Schoen Jonathan E , Kearns Randy , Phillips Bart , Murata Erica , Danos Denise , Phelan Herb A , Carter Jeffrey E 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Accurate analysis of injuries is paramount when allocating resources for prevention, research, education, and legislation. As burn mortality has improved over recent decades, the societal burden of burn injuries has grown ambiguous to the public while a scarcity of investigational funding for survivors has led to a gap in understanding lifelong sequela. We aim to compare national references reporting the incidence of burn injuries in the United States. The American Burn Association Burn Injury Summary Report (ABA-BISR), American Burn Association Fact Sheet, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting (WISQARS) database, the CDC National Center for Health Statistics’ National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS), National Inpatient Sample (NIS), National Emergency Department Sample (NEDS), and commercially available claims databases were queried for 2020 or the most recent data available. The BISR estimated 30,135 burn admissions in 2022. The 2016 ABA Fact Sheet reported 486,000 burns presented to US emergency departments (ED). In 2020, CDC’s WISQARS database reported 3,529 fatal, and 287,926 non-fatal, burn injuries. The 2020 NEDS reported 438,185 ED visits while the 2020 NIS estimated 103,235 inpatients. The NHAMCS reported 359,000 ED visits for burn injuries in the same period, and an analysis of ICD-10 burn codes demonstrated over 698,555 claims. Our study demonstrates a large variability in the reported incidence of burn injury by the ABA, CDC, national samples, and claims databases. Per our analyses, we estimate that 600,000 individuals annually suffer a burn injury which merits emergent care in the United States.
Review of Breast Imaging in Transgender and Gender-Diverse Patients: Gender-Affirming Care, Histopathologic Findings, Breast Cancer Risk, and Screening Recommendations
Authors: Chowdhury Ajmain , Saad Eddin Assim , Kim Hsieh Su , Policeni Fabiana C 
Published: April 2024

AbstractGender diversity, especially pertaining to transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) populations, is often stigmatized. A small but not insignificant number of adults in the United States identify as TGD, including transgender, nonbinary, and other gender identities than cisgender. Accessing health care remains a significant challenge for TGD individuals because many health care systems adhere to a gender binary model and many TGD individuals experience negative interactions when interfacing with health care. There is also a scarcity of literature addressing their unique health care needs, limiting our current understanding of breast cancer risks and screening recommendations for TGD patients. This article reviews important considerations when providing care to TGD patients. It covers background information on gender identity and sexuality, explores gender-affirming care, discusses histopathologic findings of breast biopsy specimens, examines breast cancer risks, and presents current breast cancer screening recommendations for TGD patients. Education on TGD breast cancer risks and screening and creating a standardized screening protocol for TGD patients who may receive gender-affirming care through hormonal and surgical therapies could help improve their health care equity and access.
An Emergency Department-based system intervention to improve osteoporosis screening for older adults at high-risk of fracture
Authors: Jackson Lesley E , Skains Rachel M , Mudano Amy , Techarukpong Norma , Booth James S , Saag Kenneth G , Fraenkel Liana , Danila Maria I 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Falls and osteoporosis are risk factors for fragility fractures. Bone mineral density (BMD) assessment is associated with better preventative osteoporosis care, but it is underutilized by those at high fracture risk. We created a novel electronic medical record (EMR) alert-driven protocol to screen patients in the Emergency Department (ED) for fracture risk and tested its feasibility and effectiveness in generating and completing referrals for outpatient BMD testing after discharge. The EMR alert was configured in 2 tertiary-care EDs and triggered by the term “fall” in the chief complaint, age (≥65 years for women, ≥70 years for men), and high fall risk (Morse score ≥ 45). The alert electronically notified ED study staff of potentially eligible patients. Participants received osteoporosis screening education and had BMD testing ordered. From November 15, 2020 to December 4, 2021, there were 2,608 EMR alerts among 2,509 patients. We identified 558 patients at high-risk of fracture who were screened for BMD testing referral. Participants were excluded for: serious illness (N = 141), no documented health insurance to cover BMD testing (N = 97), prior BMD testing/recent osteoporosis care (N = 58), research assistant unavailable to enroll (N = 53), concomitant fracture (N = 43), bedridden status (N = 38), chief complaint of fall documented in error (N = 38), long-term care residence (N = 34), participation refusal (N = 32), or hospitalization (N = 3). Of the 16 participants who had BMD testing ordered, 7 scheduled and 5 completed BMD testing. EMR alerts can help identify subpopulations who may benefit from osteoporosis screening, but there are significant barriers to identifying eligible and willing patients for screening in the ED. In our study targeting an innovative venue for osteoporosis care delivery, only about 1% of patients at high-risk of fracture scheduled BMD testing after an ED visit. Adequate resources during and after an ED visit are needed to ensure that older adults participate in preventative osteoporosis care.
Surgical and radiological perspectives for the spinal accessory nerve passing through a fenestrated internal jugular vein: case series and literature review
Authors: Guarino Pierre , Tesauro Paolo , Giordano Leone , Caporale Claudio Donadio , Presutti Livio , Mattioli Francesco 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The preservation of the spinal accessory nerve represents a key goal in head and neck oncologic surgery during selective neck dissection. This study aims to illustrate the anatomical variants of the XI cranial nerve, delving into the relationship between the spinal nerve and the internal jugular vein, as well as the surgical implications. Two cases of patients who underwent oncologic surgery with neck dissection are described. Both cases found the spinal accessory nerve passing through the fenestration of the internal jugular vein. Alongside this case series, an independent literature review was conducted using the Medline and PubMed databases. In the majority of cases (67% – 96%), the spinal accessory nerve traces a lateral course to the internal jugular vein. Less frequently, the XI cranial nerve courses medial to the internal jugular vein. More rarely, as described in this case series, the nerve crosses through the fenestration of the vein (0.48% – 3.3%).
Residual water losses mediate the trade-off between growth and drought survival across saplings of 12 tropical rainforest tree species with contrasting hydraulic strategies
Authors: Ziegler Camille , Cochard Hervé , Stahl Clément , Foltzer Louis , Gérard Bastien , Goret Jean-Yves , Heuret Patrick , Levionnois Sébastien , Maillard Pascale , Bonal Damien , Coste Sabrina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Knowledge of the physiological mechanisms underlying species vulnerability to drought is critical for better understanding patterns of tree mortality. Investigating plant adaptive strategies to drought should thus help to fill this knowledge gap, especially in tropical rainforests exhibiting high functional diversity. In a semi-controlled drought experiment using 12 rainforest tree species, we investigated the diversity in hydraulic strategies and whether they determined the ability of saplings to use stored non-structural carbohydrates during an extreme imposed drought. We further explored the importance of water- and carbon-use strategies in relation to drought survival through a modelling approach. Hydraulic strategies varied considerably across species with a continuum between dehydration tolerance and avoidance. During dehydration leading to hydraulic failure and irrespective of hydraulic strategies, species showed strong declines in whole-plant starch concentrations and maintenance, or even increases in soluble sugar concentrations, potentially favouring osmotic adjustments. Residual water losses mediated the trade-off between time to hydraulic failure and growth, indicating that dehydration avoidance is an effective drought-survival strategy linked to the ‘fast–slow’ continuum of plant performance at the sapling stage. Further investigations on residual water losses may be key to understanding the response of tropical rainforest tree communities to climate change.
Military Blood Supply and Distribution in USCENTCOM
Authors: Hall Andrew , Olsen Cara , Comes Ryan , McDaniel Steven , Carrillo Michael , Wilson Ramey , Hanson Matthew 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT
In expeditionary environments, the consistent availability of blood for casualty care is imperative yet challenging. Responding to evidence and the specific needs of its expeditionary context, the US Central Command (USCENTCOM) prioritized supplying stored low titer O whole blood (LTOWB) to its units from March, 2023 onward. A strategy was devised to set minimal LTOWB on-hand supply benchmarks, determined by the number of operating beds and point of injury teams. This transition led to a 54% reduction in orders for packed red blood cells. As a countermove, the Armed Services Blood Program (ASBP) enhanced LTOWB production at a conversion rate 2:1 from packed red blood cell to LTOWB. Consequently, there was a decline in expired blood products, and fulfillment rates for blood requests are projected to reach 100% consistently. This paper delves into the intricacies of the expeditionary blood supply, the rationale behind the LTOWB transition, the devised allocation strategy, and the subsequent impacts of this change.
Emergency Department Use Among Combat and Non-Combat Post-9/11 Military Veterans
Authors: Carvalho Christopher J , Dalton Aaron L , Boothroyd Derek , Urech Tracy H , Vashi Anita A 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Most post-9/11 Veterans have completed at least 1 combat deployment—a known factor associated with adverse health outcomes. Such Veterans are known to have unmet health care needs, and the emergency department (ED) may serve as a safety net, yet little is known about whether combat status is associated with more frequent ED use. We sought to evaluate the relationship between combat status and frequency of ED use among post-9/11 Veterans and assess the most common reasons for ED visits.

Materials and Methods
This retrospective cohort study consisted of post-9/11 Veterans who enrolled in U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) care between fiscal years (FYs) 2005 and 2015. Data were obtained from the VA Corporate Data Warehouse. Incidence rates for ED visits for combat and non-combat Veterans were compared from FY 2010 to 2019 using zero-inflated negative binomial regression. The most frequent reasons for ED visits were determined using International Classification of Diseases codes. This study was approved by the Stanford Institutional Review Board.

Results
Among 1.3 million Veterans included in analyses, 70.4% had deployed to a combat zone. The mean (SD) age of our cohort was 32.6 (5.0) years and 83.5% of Veterans were male. After controlling for other factors, combat Veterans had 1.84 times the rate of ED visits compared to non-combat Veterans (95% CI, 1.83-1.85). Only combat Veterans had a mental health-related ED visit (suicidal ideations) among the top 3 reasons for ED presentation.

Conclusions
Those who deployed to a combat zone had a significantly higher rate of ED use compared to those who did not. Further, mental health-related ED diagnoses appeared to be more prevalent in combat Veterans. These findings highlight the unique health care needs faced by combat Veterans and emphasize the importance of tailored interventions and support services for this specific population.
On the origin of globular clusters in a hierarchical universe
Authors: De Lucia Gabriella , Kruijssen J M Diederik , Trujillo-Gomez Sebastian , Hirschmann Michaela , Xie Lizhi 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT
We present an end-to-end description of the formation of globular clusters (GCs) combining a treatment for their formation and dynamical evolution within galaxy haloes with a state-of-the-art semi-analytic simulation of galaxy formation. Our approach allows us to obtain exquisite statistics to study the effect of the environment and assembly history of galaxies, while still allowing a very efficient exploration of the parameter space. Our reference model, including both efficient cluster disruption during galaxy mergers and dynamical friction of GCs within the galactic potential, accurately reproduces the observed correlation between the total mass in GCs and the parent halo mass. A deviation from linearity is predicted at low-halo masses, which is driven by a strong dependence on morphological type: bulge-dominated galaxies tend to host larger masses of GCs than their later-type counterparts. While the significance of the difference might be affected by resolution at the lowest halo masses considered, this is a robust prediction of our model and a natural consequence of the assumption that cluster migration into the halo is triggered by galaxy mergers. Our model requires an environmental dependence of GC radii to reproduce the observed low-mass mass distribution of GCs in our Galaxy. At GC masses $\gt 10^6\, {\rm M}_\odot$, our model predicts fewer GCs than observed, due to an overly aggressive treatment of dynamical friction. Our model reproduces well the metallicity distribution measured for Galactic GCs, even though we predict systematically younger GCs than observed. We argue that this adds further evidence for an anomalously early formation of the stars in our Galaxy.
Simple numerical X-ray polarization models of reflecting axially symmetric structures around accreting compact objects
Authors: Podgorný J , Dovčiak M , Marin F 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT
We present a series of numerical models suitable for X-ray polarimetry of accreting systems. First, we provide a spectropolarimetric routine that integrates reflection from inner optically thick walls of a geometrical torus of arbitrary size viewed under general inclination. In the studied example, the equatorial torus is illuminated by a central isotropic source of X-ray power-law emission, representing a hot corona. Nearly neutral reprocessing inside the walls is precomputed by Monte Carlo code stokes that incorporates both line and continuum processes, including multiple scatterings and absorption. We created a new xspec model, called xsstokes, which in this version enables efficient X-ray polarimetric fitting of the torus parameters, observer’s inclination and primary emission properties, interpolating for arbitrary state of primary polarization. Comparison of the results to a Monte Carlo simulation allowing partial transparency shows that the no-transparency condition may induce different polarization by tens of per cent. Allowing partial transparency leads to lower/higher polarization fraction, if the resulting polarization orientation is perpendicular/parallel to the rotation axis. We provide another version of xsstokes that is suitable for approximating nearly neutral reflection from a distant optically thick disc of small geometrical thickness. It assumes local illumination averaged for a selected range of incident angles, representing a toy model of a diffuse corona of various physical extent. Assessing both xsstokes variants, we conclude that the resulting polarization can be tens of per cent and perpendicularly/parallelly oriented towards the rotation axis, if the reflecting medium is rather vertically/equatorially distributed with respect to a compact central source.
Astrometric weak lensing with Gaia DR3 and future catalogues: searches for dark matter substructure
Authors: Mondino Cristina , Tsantilas Andreas , Taki Anna-Maria , Van Tilburg Ken , Weiner Neal 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT
Small-scale dark matter structures lighter than a billion solar masses are an important probe of primordial density fluctuations and dark matter microphysics. Due to their lack of starlight emission, their only guaranteed signatures are gravitational in nature. We report on results of a search for astrometric weak lensing by compact dark matter subhaloes in the Milky Way with Gaia DR3 data. Using a matched-filter analysis to look for correlated imprints of time-domain lensing on the proper motions of background stars in the Magellanic Clouds, we exclude order-unity substructure fractions in haloes with masses Ml between 107 and $10^9 \, {\rm M}_\odot$ and sizes of one parsec or smaller. We forecast that a similar approach based on proper accelerations across the entire sky with data from Gaia DR4 may be sensitive to substructure fractions of fl ≳ 10−3 in the much lower mass range of $10 \, {\rm M}_\odot \lesssim M_l \lesssim 3 \times 10^3 \, {\rm M}_\odot$. We further propose an analogous technique for stacked star–star lensing events in the regime of large impact parameters. Our first implementation is not yet sufficiently sensitive but serves as a useful diagnostic and calibration tool; future data releases should enable average stellar mass measurements using this stacking method.1