bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Diagnosis of Love‐Sickness: Experimental Psychophysiology Without the Polygraph
Authors: Mesulam Marek‐Marsel , Perry Jon 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPsychophysiological concepts and methodology are central to the practices of Erasistratos, Galen, and Avicenna, great physicians of antiquity whose lives span a period in history from the third century, B.C., to the eleventh century, A.D. This point is illustrated by means of a diagnostic vignette common to all three physicians’clinical experience, namely, the discovery of a concealed love object by monitoring changes in pulse rate. Within the context of these case sketches can be found the seeds of modern concepts in psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine. Some of the texts examined are new translations of Greek and Latin originals.
On‐Line Averaging of Potentials Antecedent to Voluntary Behavior
Authors: Morrell Lenore K. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPP‐T0007‐0‐ABCE‐ST A computational procedure is presented which permits the measurement and averaging of physiological activity time‐locked to a preceding voluntary event (e.g., the subject's operant behavior). The method allows the assessment of activity antecedent to any event on‐line, i.e., during the course of an experiment; it may be used with any small general‐purpose laboratory computer. Applications to electroencephalographic and electromyographic data are described.
Orienting and Defensive Responses to Visual Stimuli
Authors: Hare Robert D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPhysiological responses were recorded while 10 females who feared spiders (Group SP) and 10 females who did not (Group NP) viewed 24 neutral and 6 spider slides.Group NP responded to the spider stimuli with heart rate (HR) deceleration and cephalic vasodilation (increase in pulse amplitude), while Group SP responded with HR acceleration and cephalic vasoconstriction. Neither group gave appreciable or systematic cardiovascular responses to the neutral stimuli. Palmar and dorsal skin conductance (SC) responses to the spider stimuli were larger than those given to the neutral slides, and tended to be larger and more resistant to habituation in Group SP than in Group NP.When considered along with post‐experimental reports, the responses given by Group NP to the spider slides could be considered to be indicative of an orienting response (OR), while those given by Group SP were consistent with recent conceptions of the defensive response (DR).These response patterns, especially the latter one, were evident in both group data and in individual records.
Physiological Correlates of Mental Activity: Eye Movements, Alpha, and Heart Rate During Imagining, Suppression, Concentration, Search, and Choice
Authors: Klinger Eric , Gregoire Kenneth C. , Barta Steven G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRapid eye movements (REMs), EEG alpha, and tonic heart rate (HR) were measured during 6 types of cognitive tasks—imagining a liked person, suppressing thoughts of the person, searching one's mind for alternative solutions, arithmetic involving little concentration, problems involving high concentration, and choosing a preferred activity. The latter 3 required verbalization, the former 3 did not. Only suppression and search did not differ significantly from each other on at least one physiological variable. Imagining, suppression, and search yielded few REMs, high alpha, and low HR. High concentration yielded many REMs, low alpha, and high HR. Choice yielded many REMs, low alpha, and intermediate HR. Low concentration yielded few REMs, low alpha, and high HR. Suppression produced somewhat less alpha than imagining but did not differ significantly in REMs.
The Effect of Predictability on Evoked Response Enhancement in Intramodal Selective Attention
Authors: Corby James C. , Kopell Bert S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWe investigated the relationship between the attention enhancement of the visual average evoked response (AER) and the S's ability to predict the presentation of the attended stimulus. Twelve students were presented with sequences of two distinct visual stimuli while DC EEG and electro‐oculogram (EOG) were simultaneously recorded. Stimuli were either regularly alternated (predictable) or randomly intermixed (nonpredictable). Verbal instructions directed S's attention and push button response to either one or both of the two stimuli. Interstimulus interval was held constant to permit computer averaging of the AER and the contingent negative variation.Selective attention enhanced the late positive component of the AER equally in the two conditions of predictability. Thus, it seems that the AER enhancement with intramodal selective attention does not depend on the S's ability to predict the presentation of the attended stimulus or to differentially arouse prior to its presentation. In the high predictability condition, the baseline EEG potential fluctuated with attention such that the AERs to the attended stimuli were negative relative to those to the ignored stimuli.
Effects of Long Term Exposure to Tone Pulse Noise on Human Sleep
Authors: Townsend Richard E. , Johnson Laverne C. , Muzet Alain 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTElectrophysiological and self‐report data were obtained from 10 and 20 Ss, respectively, during 15 days of baseline, 30 days of 24‐hr per day exposure to a 660 msec, 3.5K Hz tone pulse with a 22 sec interstimulus interval (10 days each at 80, 85, and 90 dB), and during a 10‐day post‐exposure period. A self‐reported increase in difficulty falling asleep was not substantiated by objective sleep latency measures. Changes in total hours of sleep, number of awakenings, and percent time for sleep stages were of small magnitude and not consistently related to stimulus intensity. All 10 monitored Ss gave clear EEG and autonomic responses to the stimulus, with no evidence of response extinction over the 30‐day exposure period. There was no change in average all‐night heart rate. Total number of body movements during the night did not change. However, the movements that did occur, tended to be triggered by the stimulus, with most movements closely following the tone pulse. The youth and good health of the Ss, and the 24‐hr per day exposure, favoring rapid adaptation to the stimulus, are suggested to account for the lack of disruption of sleep.
Auditory Feedback and Conditioning of the Single Motor Unit
Authors: Leibrecht Bruce C. , Lloyd Andree J. , Pounder Sadie 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of direct auditory feedback of the electromyogram (EMG) on learning to control a single motor unit (SMU) were investigated. Seventeen human subjects were injected with bipolar fine‐wire electrodes into the tibialis anterior muscle. A trial light indicated the onset of a trial. If the subject activated an SMU, a correct light appeared. A non‐SMU response was followed by an incorrect light. All subjects received an initial training series with auditory EMG feedback followed by a retest at 2 weeks without EMG feedback. Speed of initial learning was substantially improved by direct EMG feedback. The nature and amount of learning, including the ability to use proprioceptive cues in controlling an SMU, were not affected, nor was retention of learning.
EEG Delta Activity During Human Sleep as a Damped Ultradian Rhythm
Authors: Lubin Aride , Nute Cyril , Naitoh Paul , Martin William B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEEG delta activity during human sleep has a rhythmic pattern resembling a damped sinusoid with a period of about 100 min. Although the REM episodes coincide with the troughs of the delta cycle, the two rhythms are semi‐independent.
Cognitive Factors in Eyelid Conditioning
Authors: Grant David A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWith instructions not to try to figure out the experiment nor to aid or inhibit their natural responses, Ss report even complex CS‐UCS contingencies quite accurately after most single cue and differential eyelid conditioning experiments. These cognitions, however, are rarely related to the S's conditioning performance. With a less obvious discriminandum, grammaticality of simple adjective‐noun phrases, accuracy of reporting the differential cue was enhanced significantly when high imagery nouns were employed, and Ss unable to report the discriminandum learned no conditioned discrimination. Only those “aware’Ss who gave the V‐form of the eyelid CR topography showed conditioned discrimination that was significantly superior to that of “unaware’Ss. Many kinds of cognitions are conditioned in the eyelid experiments, and awareness of CS‐UCS contingencies may be a necessary but certainly not a sufficient condition for learning to occur. Awareness of CS‐CR contingencies is almost never reported and consequently is unrelated to conditioning performance. In eyelid conditioning, cognitions may be viewed as simply another class of responses that are conditioned. Feedback from other CRs may, or may not, influence the course of conditioning.
Unexpected Effects of Masking: Differential EDR Conditioning Without Relational Learning
Authors: Baer Paul E. , Fuhrer Marcus J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe issue of whether the autonomic activity of intellectually capable human Ss can be differentially conditioned without their knowledge of the CS‐UCS relations is examined. Results from two recent studies are presented showing that differential electrodermal conditioning can be obtained when Ss are distracted from recognition of the CS‐UCS relations by embedding the conditional stimuli in a probability learning task. The characteristics of conditioning with and without awareness of the stimulus relations are described, and evaluated for accord with Razran's (1955) propositions regarding relational learning and “true’ conditioning.
EEG Alpha: Lateral Asymmetry Related to Task, and Hypnotizability
Authors: Morgan Arlene H. , Macdonald Hugh , Hilgard And Ernest R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTOccipital EEG alpha (8‐13 Hz) was recorded separately from the right and left hemispheres of 26 right‐handed subjects during analytic (verbal and numerical) tasks, spatial (imagery) tasks, a music task, and a hypnotic susceptibility scale. An alpha laterality score was derived by computing the percent difference in the amplitude of alpha in the two hemispheres. This laterality score was significantly different between the analytic and spatial tasks, and between an eyes‐open baseline and an eyes‐open measurement during hypnotic amnesia. Because the spatial tasks used in this study are considered “easier” than the analytic or music tasks, the role of task difficulty provides some ambiguity in interpretation.Highly hypnotizable subjects showed significantly more alpha activity (compared to low hypnotizables) in all conditions (both outside hypnosis and within it) except for the eyes‐open baseline and the eyes‐open measurement following the release of amnesia. No differences were found between low‐ and high‐hypnotizables in the laterality measure. This suggests that the lateral asymmetry of alpha is a function of task rather than of any particular cognitive style that may characterize the hypnotically susceptible. That high hypnotizables showed higher amplitudes of alpha, however, suggests that the overall production of alpha may be positively related to the particular cognitive style that characterizes the person who is able to experience hypnotic phenomena.
Visual Evoked Responses (VERs) in Normal and Disabled Readers
Authors: Preston Malcolm S. , Guthrie John T. , Childs Barton 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study investigated the possibility that reading disabled children exhibit abnormal visual evoked responses (VERs). Comparisons were made between a group of disabled children and two control groups of normals, one group matched on age and IQ, and the other on reading level and IQ. VERs were obtained for flashes of light and word stimuli. Results indicated that the reading disabled children showed a significantly smaller amplitude in the negative wave at 180 msec following stimulus onset, for an electrode placed in the region of the left angular gyrus, compared to the two controls. All three groups showed significantly greater negative amplitudes at this latency for the word stimulus compared to the light flash. The results confirm some earlier findings and suggest that a neurological origin of reading disability is likely.
Spectral Evaluation of the Electroencephalogram: Power and Variability in Chronic Schizophrenics and Control Subjects
Authors: Lifshitz Kenneth , Gradijan Jack 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSelected EEG parameters were evaluated for their ability to discriminate between a group of 30 chronic schizophrenic and 30 control Ss. For each S 150 random EEG segments were collected. The results confirmed that the coefficient of variation of the absolute EEG potential recorded from the occiput is significantly (φ <.03) smaller in schizophrenics than in controls.The power density spectrum was calculated for each EEG segment. β power was significantly higher in patients, markedly so in the β2 band (34–54 Hz). The possibility of muscle contamination was considered. Coefficients of variation were calculated for the power in EEG frequency bands for each S. The most significant discriminator between schizophrenics and controls, considered to be artifact free, was the coefficient of variation of β1 (18–32 Hz) recorded from an anterior‐posterior electrode pair at the vertex (p <.0005).Included in the evaluations were: ordering of the EEG segments by delta band power, as an index of arousal; subject age; exposure to medication; and severity of illness.
On the Validity of the Preception Hypothesis
Authors: Lykken D. T. , Tellegen Auke 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe preception hypothesis holds that when an aversive stimulus is made predictable in time, S may be able to inhibit his arousal response to that stimulus and thus reduce its aversiveness or impact. In response to a paper by Furedy and Klajner, which questions the validity of the preception hypothesis, it is argued that considerable behavioral and autonomic response data seem to support this hypothesis. The present authors, in particular, do not share Furedy and Klajner's view that OR theory developed to explain habituation should also be adopted to account for the findings attributed to preception. On the contrary, preception is proposed to be a distinct process playing a role complementary to that of habituation, more labile and also more effortful in the sense that it requires the involvement of the “second signal system,” while habituation can apparently proceed as a non‐cognitive, automatic process. However, Furedy and Klajner's discussion suggests the fruitfulness of additional investigations to test more decisively differential predictions based on an habituation vs a preception position. Even if accepted the preception mechanism could ultimately be incorporated in an elaborated version of OR theory.
Evoked Potential Tests of Augmenting‐Reducing
Authors: Soskis David A. , Shagass Charles 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo evoked potential tests of augmenting‐reducing, using flash and sine wave modulated light stimuli, were administered to 23 normal Ss to determine: a) generalizability between tests; b) short‐term reliability; c) influence of electrooculographic (EOG) activity; d) relationships between perceptual discrimination of stimuli and evoked response measurements; e) correlation between evoked responses, extraversion and neuroticism (Eysenck Personality Inventory). Four months later 11 Ss were retested before and after pilocarpine fixation of the pupil in miosis, to assess long‐term reliability and pupillary factors. Although mean amplitudes of sine and flash responses were significantly positively correlated, correlations between linear slope measures of their intensity‐response functions were low. Both short‐ and long‐term reliability were high for mean amplitudes, but relatively low for most slope measures. Ocular factors, as reflected in EOG and changes with pupillary miosis, appeared to exert relatively little influence on the evoked potential measures of augmenting‐reducing. Subjective perceptual discrimination performance was not correlated with evoked potential measures. Extraversion was correlated with some evoked response augmenting indicators; neuroticism yielded inconsistent results. Generally, results varied with lead placement.
Effects of “Below‐Zero” Habituation on Spontaneous Recovery and Dishabituation of the Orienting Response
Authors: Waters William F. , McDonald David G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty male undergraduate Ss underwent habituation of the skin conductance component of the orienting response to a neutral tone, spontaneous recovery, rehabituation, and dishabituation (habituation, H condition). Another 20 Ss underwent the same procedure, except they received an additional 10 stimulus presentations immediately after initial habituation (extended habituation, EH condition). The EH condition resulted in more (not significant) spontaneous recovery and trials to rehabituation than did the H condition, indicating that such a “below‐zero” habituation procedure did not strengthen habituation. There were significant differences between the groups in response to a post‐rehabituation buzzer (dishabituating stimulus), and in response to the subsequent re‐presentation of the original tone stimulus (dishabituation), the EH group giving larger responses than the H group. These latter results were seen as consonant with both the Sokolov (1963) and Groves and Thompson (1970) approaches to habituation, and were discussed in that context.
Changes in Mood and Autonomic Functioning During the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Little Betsy Carter , Zahn Theodore P. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe autonomic nervous system activity and mood ratings of 12 women were studied 6 days a week for a complete menstrual cycle. The daily procedure consisted of a resting period, a series of 5 mild tones, time estimation (TE), and reaction time (RT) trials, and a final resting period. Significant increase in heart rate (HR), respiration rate, and body temperature, and a significant decrease in resting skin conductance (SC) were found during the luteal phase. During the ovulatory phase there were significant increases in autonomic responsivity, as shown by greater amplitude of SC response in the TE and RT situations as well as in faster SC drop‐rate and greater HR variability. All of these autonomic variability measures coincided with a significant peak in feelings of elation and vigor.Significant age effects were that older women had higher basal body temperatures, less marked HR variability, and tended to have lower levels of SC, particularly in the luteal phase of the cycle. The results are discussed in terms of the psychophysiological effects of estrogen and progesterone.
Changes of Antero‐Posterior Distribution of CNV and Late Positive Component as a Function of Information Processing Demands
Authors: Poon Leonard W. , Thompson Larry W. , Williams Redford B. , Marsh Gail R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe topographic distribution of the amplitudes of the contingent negative variation (CNV) recorded along the midline at the anterior, central, and posterior regions of the human scalp varied as a function of type of information processing demanded. A parietal‐dominant CNV was found when active problem‐solving behavior was required. A central‐dominant CNV was evident in a disjunctive reaction time task. The results are interpreted as evidence supporting a model of cortical function which predicts shifts in cortical involvement as a function of type of task demands. A late positive component (LPC) of the average evoked potential was also found to vary as a function of stage of learning, recording sites, and an attitudinal dimension measured by Rotter's internal‐external locus of control scale.
Operant Conditioning of Heart Rate: Somatic Correlates
Authors: Obrist Paul A. , Galosy Richard A. , Lawler James E. , Gaebelein Claude J. , Howard James L. , Shanks Emily M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationships between heart rate (HR) and several parameters of somatic activity were evaluated in human subjects when shuck avoidance was made contingent on either increases or decreases in HR. In order to depict any influence of the contingency specific 10 HR, somatic activity was controlled to varying degrees by instructions and the use of non‐contingent control groups. When increases in HR were reinforced, the contingency we found to influence somatic activity but an effect specific to HR was also observed. When decreases in HR were reinforced, there was no evidence that HR were influenced independently of somatic activity. The result are discussed with respect to several current issues.
The Effect of Artificial Ventilation on Cardiovascular Status and on Heart Rate Conditioning in the Curarized Rat
Authors: Middaugh Susan , Eissenberg Ethel , Brener Jasper 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between artificial ventilation, cardiovascular status, and operant conditioning in the curarized rat was investigated in a series of studies. Two respiratory parameters, peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) and respiratory rate (RR), were sequentially altered in curarized rats while heart rate and variability, and mean blood pressure were recorded. Heart rate increases or decreases were also rewarded in curarized rats ventilated at differing PIP values, 20 cm H2O or 12 cm H2O. Heart rate and variability were also recorded in non‐curarized rats. At PIP 12, heart rate and variability in the curarized rat was very similar to that of the non‐curarized rat. These subjects responded to operant contingencies. Subjects ventilated at PIP 20, however, showed elevated, invariant, and unresponsive heart rates. Ventilation therefore, proved an important determinant of cardiovasculur status and conditionability in the curarized rat. RR was not related to heart rate or variability. Neither PIP nor RR affected blood pressure.
Habituation During Sleeping and Waking
Authors: Johnson L. C. , Townsend R. E. , Wilson M. R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEEG and autonomic habituation were studied during sleep stages 2 and REM. and during awake. Repeated presentations of the same stimulus to the same subjects within sleep stages and when awake permitted evaluation of habituation between tone sets within stag 2, REM, and awake, and from sleep to awake. Forty‐six subjects were exposed to 800 Hz. 75 dB, 1‐ or 2‐sec tones, presented in sets of 20 tones. During steep, there was no habituation of the EEC response. Habituation occurred for both FPR and HRR during stage 2, with no evidence of within‐stage. between tone set habituation. No significant habituation occurred during REM for HRR or FPR. Evoked skin resistance responses were rare during both stage 2 and RKM. In the awake state, HRR was unresponsive but all other variables showed habituation. Tones presented during the night had no effect on the awake response.
Habituation of the Orienting Response in Sleep
Authors: McDonald David G. , Carpenter F. Allen 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis experiment was designed with stimulus parameters deliberately chosen to maximize the probability of observing habituation of the orienting response (OR) in sleep: weak stimulus, short interstimulas interval. with test for both dishabituation and spontaneous recovery, Habituation of finger plethysmograph. heart rate, skin potential. and skin resistance responses was studied in delta sleep and RKM sleep in 46 male undergraduate volunteers. There was significant habituation of both finger plethysmograph and heart rate responses in both delta and REM sleep, as well as dishabituation and spontaneous recovery. None of these effects was observed in the electrodermal measures. Results were compared with other studies of habituation of the OR in sleep, as well as theories of habituation. The authors do not interpret the results as demonstrating learning during steep.