bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of RANKL/RANK/OPG in primary and metastatic human prostate cancer as markers of disease stage and functional regulation
Authors: Chen Gaoping , Sircar Kanishka , Aprikian Armen , Potti Anil , Goltzman David , Rabbani Shafaat A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDLate‐stage prostate cancer patients are refractory to hormone therapy and exhibit a high propensity to develop skeletal metastasis. In this regard, the role of a novel cytokine system belonging to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family that is critical for osteoclastic osteolysis and that consists of receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL), its receptor (RANK), and decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) is of potential interest.METHODSReverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and immunohistochemical analysis was used to examine the expression of RANKL, RANK, and OPG in human prostate cancer cell lines and in 89 archival samples of primary and metastatic (lymph nodes, skeleton) prostate cancer patients. Expression of these proteins was correlated with clinicopathogic parameters of the prostate cancer.RESULTSExpression of RANKL/RANK/OPG was low in normal but markedly higher in prostate cancer cell lines. Analysis of surgical biopsy specimens showed the expression of RANKL (31%), RANK (38%), and OPG (19%) in primary carcinoma. The expression frequency was significantly higher (RANKL [44%], RANK [49%], and OPG [73%]) in metastatic prostate cancer. OPG (83%) production was more common in skeletal as compared with lymph node metastases (46%), whereas the expression of RANKL expression was less discordant in bone (47%) and lymph node metastases (36%). The increased expression of RANKL/RANK/OPG observed correlated with Gleason score, TNM stage, androgen status, and serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels in the prostate cancer patients.CONCLUSIONSExpression of RANKL/RANK/OPG correlates with more aggressive, advanced, metastatic prostate carcinoma to suggest their role as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets for prostate cancer. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Preoperative radiation therapy with selective dose escalation to the margin at risk for retroperitoneal sarcoma
Authors: Tzeng Ching‐Wei D. , Fiveash John B. , Popple Richard A. , Pablo Arnoletti J. , Russo Suzanne M. , Urist Marshall M. , Bland Kirby I. , Heslin Martin J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDRetroperitoneal sarcomas (RPSs) are rare tumors with poor survival rates due to difficult resectability and high local and distant recurrence rates. Preoperative radiation therapy appears to have dosimetric advantages to utilize the tumor as a tissue expander to limit exposure of small bowel to higher radiation doses.METHODSBetween June 1999 and December 2003, 16 consecutive patients with biopsy‐proven RPS were treated with preoperative radiation with selective dose escalation. This included 45 grays (Gy) in 25 fractions to the entire tumor plus margin and a boost dose of 57.5 Gy to the volume predicted as high risk for positive surgical margins. Treatment toxicity and local control were evaluated prospectively as primary endpoints. The secondary goal was the theoretical calculation of future dose escalation and feasibility. Each patient underwent laparotomy. Tumor response was judged using computed tomography (CT) scan and by necrosis on final pathology. Theoretical treatment plans evaluated the potential for additional radiation dose escalation.RESULTSAll patients completed the radiation protocol. The most common acute side effects were nausea/vomiting, which affected 4 patients (25%), with only 1 patient requiring inpatient intravenous hydration. There was no severe late postoperative morbidity or mortality. Twelve tumors (75%) decreased in maximum dimension, with a median decrease of 9.4%. Fourteen of 16 patients (88%) underwent complete macroscopic resection. With a median follow‐up of 28 months (range, 7‐52 months), there were only 2 local recurrences. The actuarial 2‐year local control rate was 80%. Theoretical treatment plans suggest that significant dose escalation (up to 80 Gy) may be possible.CONCLUSIONSPreoperative radiation therapy with selective dose escalation to the margin at risk is tolerable and allows higher radiation dose to the volume judged to be at greatest risk for local tumor recurrence. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Retinal capillary basement membrane thickness in diabetic mice genetically modified at the haptoglobin locus
Authors: Miller‐Lotan Rachel , Miller Benjamin , Nakhoul Farid , Aronson Doron , Asaf Roy , Levy Andrew P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) homozygous for the haptoglobin (Hp) 1 allele are at decreased risk of retinopathy as compared to DM individuals with the Hp 2 allele. We sought to recapitulate these findings in DM mice genetically modified at the Hp locus.MethodsAn early morphological characteristic of the microangiopathy seen in diabetic retinal disease is retinal capillary basement membrane (RCBM) thickening. RCBM thickness as assessed by electron microscopy was performed on a total of 12 eyes taken from three mice in each of the four study groups (three eyes from C57Bl/6 Hp 1 and C57Bl/6 Hp 2 mice with and without streptozotocin‐induced diabetes).ResultsThe non‐parametric Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA test demonstrated that there was a highly significant difference between the four groups of mice (P < 0.0001). Mann–Whitney tests for specific pair‐wise comparisons demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the RCBM thickness between Hp 1 and Hp 2 mice (p = 0.70) or between DM Hp 1 and non‐DM Hp 1 mice (p = 0.42). However, induction of diabetes resulted in a marked increase in RCBM thickness in Hp 2 mice compared to non‐DM Hp 2 mice (p = 0.0004) and compared to DM Hp 1 mice (p = 0.0005).ConclusionsA highly significant increase in RCBM thickness was observed in DM mice with the Hp 2 genotype. These data provide important support for association studies done in humans showing an increased prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in individuals with the Hp 2 genotype. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Definitive endoderm of the mouse embryo: Formation, cell fates, and morphogenetic function
Authors: Lewis Samara L. , Tam Patrick P.L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe endoderm is one of the primary germ layers but, in comparison to ectoderm and mesoderm, has received less attention. The definitive endoderm forms during gastrulation and replaces the extraembryonic visceral endoderm. It participates in the complex morphogenesis of the gut tube and contributes to the associated visceral organs. This review highlights the role of the definitive endoderm as a source of patterning cues for the morphogenesis of other germ‐layer tissues, such as the anterior neurectoderm and the pharyngeal region, and also emphasizes the intricate patterning that the endoderm itself undergoes enabling the acquisition of regionalized cell fates. Developmental Dynamics 235:2315–2329, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Barhl1 is required for maintenance of a large population of neurons in the zonal layer of the superior colliculus
Authors: Li Shengguo , Xiang Mengqing 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe mammalian superior colliculus of the midbrain is a brainstem center that integrates sensorimotor signals involved in the control of orienting behaviors. Its structure is characterized by seven well‐organized cellular and fibrous layers associated with distinct physiological properties. To date, however, little is known about the molecular bases governing the lamination, differentiation, and survival of superior collicular neurons. Barhl1 is a homeodomain transcription factor that has been demonstrated to play an essential role in maintaining inner ear hair cells, cerebellar granule cells, and precerebellar neurons. We show here that Barhl1 exhibits a select expression pattern in the superior colliculus with positive neurons largely restricted to the zonal layer, as visualized by the β‐galactosidase activity expressed from the lacZ reporter knocked in the Barhl1 locus. Targeted disruption of Barhl1 results in the loss of a large population of neurons from the zonal layer of the superior colliculus, as indicated by reduced β‐galactosidase staining and marker gene expression as well as by increased apoptotic cell death. Taken together, these data suggest that Barhl1 is crucially required for the survival but not for the specification of zonal layer neurons in the superior colliculus. Developmental Dynamics 235:2260–2265, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An aligned nanofibrous collagen scaffold by electrospinning and its effects on in vitro fibroblast culture
Authors: Zhong Shaoping , Teo Wee Eong , Zhu Xiao , Beuerman Roger W. , Ramakrishna Seeram , Yung Lin Yue Lanry 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFabrication of nanofibrous scaffolds with well‐defined architecture mimicking native extracellular matrix analog has significant potentials for many specific tissue engineering and organs regeneration applications. The fabrication of aligned collagen nanofibrous scaffolds by electrospinning was described in this study. The structure and in vitro properties of these scaffolds were compared with a random collagen scaffold. All the collagen scaffolds were first crosslinked in glutaraldehyde vapor to enhance the biostability and keep the initial nano‐scale dimension intact. From in vitro culture of rabbit conjunctiva fibroblast, the aligned scaffold exhibited lower cell adhesion but higher cell proliferation because of the aligned orientation of fibers when compared with the random scaffold. And the alignment of the fibers may control cell orientation and strengthen the interaction between the cell body and the fibers in the longitudinal direction of the fibers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Matrix‐mediated retention of in vitro osteogenic differentiation potential and in vivo bone‐forming capacity by human adult bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells during ex vivo expansion
Authors: Mauney Joshua R. , Kirker‐Head Carl , Abrahamson Lauren , Gronowicz Gloria , Volloch Vladimir , Kaplan David L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent an attractive cell source for tissue engineering applications, since they are readily isolated from adult bone marrow and have the ability to differentiate along multiple mesenchymal lineages, including osteogenic. Currently, utilization of MSCs for bone tissue engineering is limited because of the attenuation of their osteogenic differentiation potential and in vivo bone‐forming capacity following ex vivo expansion on conventional tissue culture plastic (TCP). Previously, we demonstrated that a denatured type I collagen (DC) matrix promotes the maintenance of MSC in vitro osteogenic differentiation potential during ex vivo expansion in contrast to TCP. In this study, we further demonstrate that the maintenance of MSC osteogenic differentiation potential is primarily due to the ability of DC matrix to influence the retention of early passage osteogenic functions in late passage (LP) cells during ex vivo expansion, in contrast to solely enhancing attenuated LP cellular functions during osteogenic differentiation. Serum‐associated factors played a significant role in influencing the retention of MSC osteogenic differentiation potential during expansion on the DC matrix. Significantly, the results show that although LP cells expanded ex vivo on TCP highly attentuate their in vivo bone‐forming capacity, the expansion of MSCs on DC matrix preserves this ability as determined by histological, histomorphometric, and bone mineral density evaluations of MSC‐seeded hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate scaffolds following an 8‐week implantation period within a heterotopic muscle pouch model. These findings provide further insight into the importance of matrix‐mediated effects on MSC function and selective factors important in this process. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
A new approach to counterpoise correction to BSSE
Authors: Galano Annia , Alvarez–Idaboy J. Raúl 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn the present work the intermolecular BSSE, associated to the A–B interaction, is obtained by subtracting the intramolecular BSSE of the fragments from the intramolecular BSSE of the supermolecule, and considering every atom as a fragment in the calculation of each intramolecular BSSE. This atom by atom scheme (CPaa) is based on the consideration that the proximity of the fragments may affect the intramolecular BSSE of every involved species, and artificially influences the value of the BSSE associated to the supermolecule formation. It drastically decreases the reported counterpoise overcorrection of the A–B interaction, even though it does not deal with all the overcorrection because it includes all the orbitals, and not only the unoccupied ones. This new approach has been tested on the water dimer, some hydrogen fluoride weakly bonded complexes, the conformational analysis of 1,2‐dichloroethane, and the reaction profile of formaldehyde + OH reaction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 1203–1210, 2006
Lipoplexes prepared from cationic liposomes and mammalian DNA induce CpG‐independent, direct cytotoxic effects in cell cultures and in mice
Authors: Khazanov Elena , Simberg Dmitri , Barenholz Yechezkel 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundRecent studies demonstrated the cytotoxic activity of bacterial DNA (pDNA) complexed with cationic lipids. This cytotoxicity is related to the ability of pDNA to induce potently the immune system, which is associated with release of inflamatory cytokines. Both activities seem to be related to the nonmethylated CpG sequences present in the pDNA. Here we study the cytotoxic activity of nonbacterial DNA complexed with cationic lipids against various tumor cell lines.MethodsVarious nucleic acids complexed with cationic liposomes were prepared and their cytotoxic activity was studied in cell cultures and in tumor‐bearing mice. Cell uptake of lipoplexes was evaluated, and mechanism of DNA cytotoxic activity was studied.ResultsWe found that nonbacterial (vertebrate) genomic DNA when complexed with cationic lipids is highly cytotoxic against C‐26 and M‐109 tumor cells. Cationic lipids alone were not toxic to these cells. The cytotoxic activity does not result from nonspecific acidification of the intracellular milieu, as substitution of DNA by poly‐L‐glutamate did not result in cytotoxicity, although the level of uptake of anionic charges per cell was similar to that of the nucleic acids, suggesting that this cytotoxic effect is specific to nucleic acids. By studying the nucleic acid fate using confocal microscopy, we found that cytotoxicity correlated with the release of DNA into the cytoplasm following uptake of lipoplexes. Injection of calf thymus DNA‐based lipoplexes to mice with peritoneal C‐26 metastases resulted in doubling of median survival time and long‐term survival in 20% of the tumor‐bearing mice. Judging by low levels of IFN‐γ, TNF‐α and IL‐6 in the treated mice, this effect cannot be ascribed to Th‐1 inflammation, but rather to a direct cytotoxic effect on the tumor cells.ConclusionsThe above data provide a new insight into the mechanisms of lipoplex‐mediated antitumor effects in vitro and in vivo and new perspectives in cancer therapy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On arc‐traceable tournaments
Authors: Busch Arthur H. , Jacobson Michael S. , Reid K. B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA digraph D = (V, A) is arc‐traceable if for each arc xy in A, xy lies on a directed path containing all the vertices of V, that is, a hamiltonian path. Given a tournament T, it is well known that it contains a directed hamiltonian path. In this article, we develop the structure necessary for a tournament T to contain an arc xy that is not on any hamiltonian path. Using this structure, we give sufficient conditions for a tournament to be arc‐traceable. In addition, we give examples to show that these conditions are best possible. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 53: 157–166, 2006
Characterization of edge‐colored complete graphs with properly colored Hamilton paths
Authors: Feng Jinfeng , Giesen Hans‐Erik , Guo Yubao , Gutin Gregory , Jensen Tommy , Rafiey Arash 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn edge‐colored graph H is properly colored if no two adjacent edges of H have the same color. In 1997, J. Bang‐Jensen and G. Gutin conjectured that an edge‐colored complete graph G has a properly colored Hamilton path if and only if G has a spanning subgraph consisting of a properly colored path C0 and a (possibly empty) collection of properly colored cycles C1,C2,…, Cd such that $V (C_i) \cap {V(C}_j) =\emptyset$ provided $0 \le i < j \le d$. We prove this conjecture. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 53: 333–346, 2006
Diabetes care in the hospital: Is there clinical inertia?
Authors: Knecht Laura A. D. , Gauthier Susanne M. , Castro Janna C. , Schmidt Ronald E. , Whitaker Michael D. , Zimmerman Richard S. , Mishark Kenneth J. , Cook Curtiss B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDEffective control of hospital glucose improves outcomes, but little is known about hospital management of diabetes.OBJECTIVEAssess hospital‐based diabetes care delivery.DESIGNRetrospective chart review.SETTINGAcademic teaching hospital.PATIENTSInpatients with a discharge diagnosis of diabetes or hyperglycemia were selected from electronic records. A random sample (5%, n = 90) was selected for chart review.MEASUREMENTSWe determined the percentage of patients with diabetes or hyperglycemia documented in admission, daily progress, and discharge notes. We determined the proportion of cases with glucose levels documented in daily progress notes and with changes in hyperglycemia therapy recorded. The frequency of hypoglycemic and hyperglycemic events was also determined.RESULTSA diabetes diagnosis was recorded at admission in 96% of patients with preexisting disease, but daily progress notes mentioned diabetes in only 62% of cases and 60% of discharge notes; just 20% of discharges indicated a plan for diabetes follow‐up. Most patients (86%) had bedside glucose measurements ordered, but progress notes tracked values for only 53%, and only 52% had a documented assessment of glucose severity. Hypoglycemic events were rare (11% of patients had at least one bedside glucose < 70 mg/dL), but hyperglycemia was common (71% of cases had at least one bedside glucose > 200 mg/dL). Despite the frequency of hyperglycemia, only 34% of patients had their therapy changed.CONCLUSIONSPractitioners were often aware of diabetes at admission, but the problem was often overlooked during hospitalization. The low rate of documentation and therapeutic change suggests the need for interventions to improve provider awareness and enhance inpatient diabetes care. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2006;3:151–160. © 2006 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Cost utility of substituting enoxaparin for unfractionated heparin for prophylaxis of venous thrombosis in the hospitalized medical patient
Authors: Leykum Luci , Pugh Jacqueline , Diuguid David , Papadopoulos Kyriakos 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDBoth heparin and enoxaparin are effective for the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in medical patients. On the basis of price, heparin appears preferable because it is less expensive. However, choosing enoxaparin may have greater cost utility when the outcomes of heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) and heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia with thrombosis (HITT) are considered.OBJECTIVETo determine the cost utility of substituting enoxaparin for heparin from payer and institutional perspectives.DESIGNA decision analysis model was used. Cost data were based on Medicare reimbursement and the medication and laboratory costs for a multi‐institutional healthcare system. Quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) saved by preventing HIT/HITT through the use of enoxaparin were based on published data. Costs are expressed on a per‐day basis, and the incremental cost of enoxaparin over that of heparin was used in the calculation of cost/QALY. A sensitivity analysis also was performed.SETTINGInpatient medicine.PATIENTSAll medical patients for whom VTE prophylaxis was appropriate.INTERVENTIONSSubstitution of enoxaparin for heparin.MEASUREMENTCost/QALY.RESULTSFrom a payer perspective, using enoxaparin resulted in a decrease in cost of $28.61 over that of heparin and saved 0.00629 QALYs in the base case, resulting in a savings of $4550.17/QALY. The sensitivity analysis showed this finding of decreased cost and increased effectiveness to be consistent. From an institutional perspective, the use of heparin generally appeared less costly but was dependent on medication price, length of stay required, and bed utilization.CONCLUSIONSFrom a payer and, by extrapolation, a societal perspective, cost‐utility analysis supports the use of enoxaparin in place of heparin for the prevention of VTE in medical inpatients. From an institutional perspective, the decision is more complicated, but in most cases, the use of enoxaparin also is supported. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2006;3:168–176. © 2006 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Electrospinning of Fluorinated Polymers: Formation of Superhydrophobic Surfaces
Authors: Agarwal Seema , Horst Sven , Bognitzki Michael 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSummary: Superhydrophobic surfaces are generated by a simple one‐step method of electrospinning of fluorinated homopolymers and copolymers of PFS. The hydrophobicity and superhydrophobicity can be changed by simply changing the surface morphology, which is possible by changing the electrospinning conditions. The appropriate combination of surface morphology and fluorinated materials led to the formation of super‐water‐resistant coatings showing the ‘water‐roll’ effect at an angle of 0°, i.e. placement of water droplets on such surfaces was not possible as they immediately rolled away. The effect is compared with the corresponding nonfluorinated PS and found to be clearly distinct in terms of water‐roll effect. Incorporation of about 30 mol‐% PFS onto the PS backbone could also convert hydrophobic PS surfaces to superhydrophobic surfaces. The effect is generalized by also using a new fluorinated poly(p‐xylylene) derivative. The molecular weight of the polymers has no noticeable effect on hydrophobicity/superhydrophobicity behavior.SEM micrographs PFS–styrene copolymer, 10% solution in THF:DMF (1:1 v/v); 5% solution in THF:DMF (1:1 v/v) and homo‐PPFS < 2% solution in THF:DMF (1:1 v/v).magnified imageSEM micrographs PFS–styrene copolymer, 10% solution in THF:DMF (1:1 v/v); 5% solution in THF:DMF (1:1 v/v) and homo‐PPFS < 2% solution in THF:DMF (1:1 v/v).
Ring‐opening copolymerization of L‐lactide with ε‐caprolactone initiated by diphenylzinc
Authors: Contreras Jesús , Dávila Darymar 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCopolymerization of mixtures of L‐lactide and ε‐caprolactone has been initiated by diphenylzinc. The reaction conditions were investigated, to discover the effects on yield, molecular weight and microstructure of copolymers obtained. The temperature used varied between 50 and 120 °C, the molar ratio of monomer to initiator ranged between 90 and 1440 mol/mol, and the molar ratio of ε‐caprolactone to L‐lactide employed was between 100/0 and 0/100 mol/mol. Copolymers were characterized by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, DSC and gel permeation chromatography. The results indicate that incorporation of L‐lactide to the growing chain is preferred and ε‐caprolactone is copolymerized after most of the L‐lactide has been depleted. The microstructure of obtained copolyesters was affected considerably by transesterification reactions. It was observed that increasing reaction temperature, reaction time and concentration initiator was advantageous to the transesterification. The crystallinity of copolyester obtained was determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The results are in good agreement with both molar composition and sequence distribution of copolyesters. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry