bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Properties and units in the clinical laboratory sciences Part XX. Properties and units in clinical and environmental human toxicology (IUPAC Technical Report)
Authors: Duffus John , Bruunshuus Ivan , Cornelis Rita , Dybkær René , Nordberg Monica , Kuelpmann Wolf 
Published: January 2007

This document describes the introduction of the concept of property in the field of clinical and environmental human toxicology for the presentation of results of clinical laboratory investigations. It follows the IFCC-IUPAC systematic terminological rules and attempts to create a common base for communication between the clinical chemist, the medical practitioner, the human toxicologist, and the environmental toxicologist.The term designating a substance being a toxicant may be an international nonproprietary name (INN), a generic name, a registered trade name, a fantasy name, or other. This causes difficulties in the transmission of requests and reports on properties involving substances in biological fluids and environmental media to and from laboratories, to the end user, and in the collating of this information from different sources.The document comprises a list of properties of human and environmental systems involving toxicants for use in transmitting medical laboratory data. The document recommends terms based on the format developed by the IFCC and IUPAC to facilitate interaction between disciplines and unambiguous interpretation of data, e.g., for purposes of risk interpretation. Systematic terms are presented together with a code (identified by the letters NPU) for each.The complete CNPU Database may be found at http://dior.imt.liu.se/cnpu/info.htm.
Cosmologies in Collision: Pentecostal Conversion and Christian Cults in Asmara
Authors: Kileyesus Abbebe 
Published: January 2007

Abstract:This article aims to contribute to a better understanding of the popularity of Pentecostalism and the formation of religious identity in an Eritrean city. Examining the penetration of Pentecostal Protestantism into longstanding Christian churches in Asmara during a time of rapid socioeconomic change in Eritrea, it looks at how Pentecostalism discontinues its relation with the past, conceptualizes the present, and generates an autonomous image of itself in the highly competitive religious marketplace of an Eritrean urban space. The article discusses how and why this movement increasingly favors Bible reading and networks of religious meetings as the principal mediums of transmission of its teachings and the expansion of its denomination, breaking deliberately from traditional Christian churches and using local forces and resources.
Colonial Legacies and Postcolonial Authoritarianism in Tanzania: Connects and Disconnects
Authors: Schneider Leander 
Published: January 2007

Abstract:Through an examination of the Tanzanian experience, this article takes up a challenge forcefully posed by Mahmood Mamdani'sCitizen and Subjectto examine connections between late colonial and postindependence state power on the African continent. The discussion is critical of Mamdani's argument that postindependence authoritarianism in Africa can be understood as an institutional legacy of late colonialism. However, connections to colonial times did exist in the frames of legitimation that underpinned the frequently authoritarian actions of the postindependence Tanzanian state. One such connection was the persistent paternalism vis-à-vis their “subjects” that characterized the political imagination of state elites; another was the fact that “the colonial past” served as an important reference point in the construction of a deeply Manichean discourse and practice of politics after independence.
Pax Britannica or Pax Indigena ? Planter Nova Scotia (1760-1782) and Competing Strategies of Pacification
Authors: Reid John G. 
Published: January 2007

With regard to Planter Nova Scotia (1760­82), historians have frequently been content to assume that, following the defeat of the French at Louisbourg in 1758, Aboriginal relations had little further significance for the non-Native settlement history of that part of northeastern North America. This essay argues that such a view is mistaken and offers a reexamination of certain key elements of the evidence on the Aboriginal role vis-à-vis New England and the British imperial authorities in Nova Scotia. Far from accomplishing a pacification of Nova Scotia under British rule, the events of the 1750s and early 1760s ­ the expulsion of the Acadians, the British military victories of 1758–60, and the treaties of 1760–61 ­ set the stage for a ten-year era during which Aboriginal and British pacification strategies competed, followed by a partial reconciliation, which was finally swept away by the Loyalist migration.	These developments highlight the importance of recognizing eighteenth-century Nova Scotia as contested territory, with Aboriginal history retaining crucial importance far beyond the chronological point at which the region has been conventionally seen as a colonial entity and Aboriginal inhabitants as peripheral figures. More generally, this study contributes to the breakdown of the long-established consensus that the eighteenth century in northeastern North America represented the latter part of a 'colonial period,' and that the American Revolution then established a new and dramatic demarcation between British North America and the United States. Rather, a more complex series of patterns can be identified, in which the history of colonial settlement is just one part of a historiographical triumvirate along with imperial history and Aboriginal history.
The Effect of Age upon Care and Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized for Congestive Heart Failure in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Cujec Bibiana , Quan Hude , Jin Yan , Johnson David 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTWe describe the age-specific outcomes for patients hospitalized with newly diagnosed congestive heart failure using administrative hospital abstracts from Alberta, Canada, from April 1, 1994, to March 31, 2000. Seniors (aged 65 years and older) constituted about 85 per cent of the 16,162 patients. Both co-morbidity and severity of illness tended to increase with age. The use of special care unit admissions, coronary artery diagnostic services (cardiac catheterization), and revascularization procedures (percutanenous transluminal coronary angioplasty/stenting, coronary artery bypass surgery) peaked in the 50-to 64-year age group and decreased with increasing age. Specialist/sub-specialist care, prescriptions of beta blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors / angiotensin receptor blockers decreased with age in seniors. Adjusted in-hospital, 1-year mortality and crude, age-specific 5-year mortality were significantly greater in those 75 years and older. Outcomes and process of care in patients with newly diagnosed congestive heart failure were not uniformly distributed with age. The elderly had greater mortality but received less therapy.
A Geriatric Day Hospital: Who Improves the Most?
Authors: Desrosiers Johanne , Hébert Réjean , Payette Hélène , Roy Pierre-Michel , Tousignant Michel , Côté Sylvie , Trottier Lise 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThis study compared the changes in some bio-psychosocial variables (functional independence, nutritional risk, pain, balance and walking, grip strength, general well-being, psychiatric profile, perception of social support, leisure satisfaction, and caregivers' feeling of burden) in four categories of clients during their program at a geriatric day hospital (GDH). The study also evaluated whether or not improvements, if any, were maintained 3 months after discharge. One-hundred-and-fifty-one people, categorized by primary reason for admission, were assessed at the GDH with reliable and valid tools, at admission and at discharge. Three months after discharge, they were reassessed with the same tools. Overall, two categories of clients, stroke / neurological diseases and musculoskeletal disorders / amputations, improved the most. For the gait disorders and falls group, only the functional independence score improved, but not at a clinically significant level. Finally, clients in the cognitive function disorders / psychopathologies group improved the most on their well-being scores and caregivers' burden decreased the most. All gains were maintained up to 3 months after discharge, except for leisure satisfaction. With the exception of clients who attended the GDH because of gait disorders and falls, the improvements and maintenance achieved in each category occurred in the domains where improvement had been hoped for, because of the particular disabilities in question and because of the nature of the GDH services offered.
Sinfree Makoni and Koen Stroeken (Ed.). Ageing in Africa: Sociolinguistic and Anthropological Approaches. Hampshire, UK: Ashgate, 2002.
Authors: Gilbert Hannah 
Published: January 2007

RÉSUMÉCet ouvrage éditée traite de la construction de l'identité et de l'expérience du vieillissement en Afrique. Les trois principaux thèmes de l'ouvrage sont interdépendants. Dans un premier temps, on établit la relation entre l'âge et la construction de l'identité, puis on explore les notions de pouvoir et d'autorité des aînés. Enfin le dernier chapitre, examine comment l'évolution rapide de la société influe sur la façon dont les aînés se définissent et définissent leur position sociale. L'ouvrage atteint son objectif qui est de fournir du matériel concret pour l'élaboration de politiques. Les preuves ethnographiques et les témoignages narratifs présentés ici apportent un éclairage important sur la théorie du vieillissement en Afrique et ailleurs.
Quasi-experimental Study of the Effectiveness of an Integrated Service Delivery Network for the Frail Elderly
Authors: Tourigny André , Durand Pierre J. , Bonin Lucie , Hébert Réjean , Rochette Louis 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a new, integrated service delivery (ISD) network of health and social services for frail elderly living in a semi-urban community. A quasi-experimental study was conducted from 1997 to 2000, with measures taken before implementation (T0) and every 12 months after implementation for a 3-year period (T1, T2, T3); 482 people aged 75 years or older from 2 communities, 272 in the experimental and 210 in the control group, were followed. Analyses were conducted using parametric and non-parametric statistics, a generalized linear model, and Cox regression for survival analysis. A declining trend in institutionalization was observed and the desire to be institutionalized was lower in the study group. When absence of deterioration on follow-up was analysed in terms of the level of autonomy, the ISD network produced positive effects on the frailer clientele at T1, effects that tended to be maintained at T2. In regard to caregivers' burden, the ISD network seemed to have been effective, with caregivers' burden being less at T1 and T2. The ISD network did not have a marked effect on the utilization of services. The ISD network did, in fact, produce some effects that should be seen as important for the elderly population.
To Tell or Not to Tell? Professional and Lay Perspectives on the Disclosure of Personal Health Information in Community-Based Dementia Care
Authors: Tracy C. Shawn , Drummond Neil , Ferris Lorraine E. , Globerman Judith , Hébert Philip C. , Pringle Dorothy M. , Cohen Carole A. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTDevelopments in information technology and the ongoing restructuring of health services to increase provision in community settings militate in favour of a streamlining of communications and the exchange of information about patients among health and social care providers. Yet the principles of confidentiality and privacy appear to inhibit this process. In order to explore the practical, ethical, and legal imperatives attendant upon personal health information exchange, we conducted a series of interviews with professional care providers, persons with early-stage dementia, and their family caregivers. The findings indicate some degree of discordance. Professionals reported valuing disclosure both to colleagues and family caregivers on the basis of its being in the patients' best interests. Patients also valued inter-professional exchange, but sought strong control over disclosure to family members. Family caregivers valued being kept informed of the patient's condition, even without the latter's consent. Implications for research and policy are discussed.
Contextual Effects on Life Satisfaction of Older Men and Women
Authors: Bourque Paul , Pushkar Dolores , Bonneville Lucie , Béland François 
Published: January 2007

RÉSUMÉDes différences existent entre les sexes dans les variables liées à la démographie, à la santé et aux réseaux sociaux, variables qui sont associés à un vieillissement réussi, mais on n'en trouve généralement pas en ce qui concerne la satisfaction face à la vie. La présente étude avait pour but premier de déterminer s'il y a des différences entre les hommes et les femmes par rapport à leur satisfaction dans des domaines particuliers et en général à l'égard de la vie. Ont également été examinées les différences dans la satisfaction face au parcours de la vie entre les hommes et les femmes. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons procédé à une analyse de l'ensemble de données recueillies dans l'étudeVieillir dans la communauté(Béland et al., 1989) afin d'évaluer le bien-être des adultes francophones plus âgés (N=958). Des analyses acheminatoires ont révélé une bonne concordance des modèles utilisés pour les échantillons masculins et féminins. Chez les hommes, la satisfaction face à la vie s'explique positivement selon l'âge, le revenu et le contrôle et négativement selon les erreurs de mémoire, la maladie et les limitations fonctionnelles. Chez les femmes, la satisfaction face à la vie s'explique selon l'âge, la scolarité, le revenu, la maladie, les limitations fonctionnelles, le soutien social, le contrô le et le mode de vie. Les résultats ont fait ressortir les aspects positifs et négatifs du soutien social pour les femmes. Tel que nous nous y attendions, les modèles de parcours ont indiqué que, même s'il existe des similitudes dans la satisfaction face au parcours de la vie chez les hommes et chez les femmes plus âgés, on retrouve également des différences importantes.
Theorizing about Aging Well: Constructing a Narrative
Authors: Chapman Sherry Ann 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTAging well is new, again. The recent interest is part of a 50-year period of research. Contradictory conceptualizations of aging well create an opportunity to consider assumptions that underlie the concept. In this paper, through the construction of an aging-well, theorizing narrative, an underlying assumption is identified in past aging-well conceptual frameworks: to age well is to achieve self-integration in relation to particular sets of resources or forms of engagement. The narrative relates how more recent aging-well theorizing is being shaped by a growing interest in later-life meaning-making. Evidence is presented of a contemporary shift toward describing aging well as the negotiation of the co-construction and reconstruction of multiple selves in an ongoing, open-ended process of meaning-making amid later-life events and transitions. The paper concludes with implications for future research.
A Theory of Presentism
Authors: Bourne Craig 
Published: January 2007

Most of us would want to say that it is true that Socrates taught Plato. According to realists about past facts, this is made true by the fact that there is, located in the past, i.e., earlier than now, at least one real event that is the teaching of Plato by Socrates. Presentists, however, in denying that past events and facts exist cannot appeal to such facts to make their past-tensed Statements true. So what is a presentist to do?There are at least three conditions that would ideally be met in a satisfactory solution to this problem:a) It must preserve our views about which Statements are true and which falseb) It must be transparent what the truthmakers are for those Statementsc) It must accommodate the truth-value links between various times.
Breadth and Depth: Specialized Vocabulary Learning in Theology among Native and Non-native English Speakers
Authors: Lessard-Clouston Michael 
Published: January 2007

This article describes a case study on native and non-native English-speaker (NES and NNES) students' knowledge and learning of specialized vocabulary over one academic term in a graduate school of theology. After outlining the collection of baseline data on theological vocabulary and the development of a Test of Theological Language (TTL), the article discusses the five NNES and seven NES participants' scores on the TTL. Results on the initial TTL revealed that both groups brought some breadth and depth knowledge of specialized theological vocabulary to their studies, but that the NNES group's scores on both measures tended to be lower than those of NESs. At the end of the term the TTL results indicated an overall increase in scores, but while the gap between the NNES and NES groups in breadth vocabulary knowledge was essentially bridged, for depth knowledge it actually widened. These and other findings are discussed. Résumé Cet article fait état d'une étude de cas sur les connaissances et l'apprentissage du vocabulaire spécialisé chez les étudiants dont la langue maternelle est ou n'est pas l'anglais (NES et NNES) dans un programme de théologie au 2e cycle. Après la description du recueil des données de base sur le vocabulaire de théologie et du développement d'un test de vocabulaire en théologie (TTL), l'article traite des résultats du TTL des cinq participants NNES et des sept participants NES. Les résultats du premier TTL indiquent que les connaissances lexicales des deux groupes présentaient profondeur et ampleur, mais que le groupe NNES avait généralement des scores inférieurs. Les résultats du TTL Ã la fin du trimestre indiquent que les scores des participants des deux groupes ont augmenté ; les scores des deux groupes pour l'ampleur des connaissances lexicales sont essentiellement comparables, mais ceux pour la profondeur des connaissances lexicales révèlent une lacune parmi les participants du groupe NNES. L'article conclut sur une discussion des résultats de cette étude de cas. [End Page 175]
"Methinks you are my glass": Looking for The Comedy of Errors in Performance
Authors: Ford John R 
Published: January 2007

This article offers a survey of twentieth-century performances of The Comedy of Errors , a play notable only by its absence from the four-hundred year performance history of Shakespeare's works. Having long been supplanted, adapted, and rewritten in the three centuries after it was first performed, the play, the article suggests, was restored to something of its original identity by the four productions under examination: the 1962, 1963, 1964, and 1972 Clifford Williams productions for the RSC, the 1976 Trevor Nunn production at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre, the 1996 Tim Supple RSC production at The Other Place, and the 2004 Cecil MacKinnon Shakespeare & Company production in Lenox, Massachusetts. The study is particularly concerned with how each of the productions retain a faithfulness, not to the letter of Shakespeare's play, but to its liquidity, by employing precisely those tactics that earlier productions had used to supplant the play: free experimentation with additional music, tone, setting, and textual cuts. While measurably different from one another in directorial vision and performance style, the four productions, the article seeks to demonstrate, while measurably different from one another in vision and style, nonetheless share two seemingly antithetical characteristics: an attentiveness to Shakespeare's language and yet a willingness to adapt that language freely, taking it as a cue for wandering adaptations. In so doing, the article is ultimately concerned with illustrating how the productions, through adaptation, recovered a range of voices in The Comedy of Errors that centuries of production choices and critical judgments had muted.
Impact of Newborn Skin-Cleansing With Chlorhexidine on Neonatal Mortality in Southern Nepal: A Community-Based, Cluster-Randomized Trial
Authors: Tielsch James M. , Darmstadt Gary L. , Mullany Luke C. , Khatry Subarna K. , Katz Joanne , LeClerq Steven C. , Shrestha Shardaram , Adhikari Ramesh 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVE. Hospital-based data from Africa suggest that newborn skin-cleansing with chlorhexidine may reduce neonatal mortality. Evaluation of this intervention in the communities where most births occur in the home has not been done. Our objective was to assess the efficacy of a 1-time skin-cleansing of newborn infants with 0.25% chlorhexidine on neonatal mortality.
METHODS. The design was a community-based, placebo-controlled, cluster-randomized trial in Sarlahi District in southern Nepal. Newborn infants were cleansed with infant wipes that contained 0.25% chlorhexidine or placebo solution as soon as possible after delivery in the home (median: 5.8 hours). The primary outcome was all-cause mortality by 28 days. After the completion of the randomized phase, all newborns in study clusters were converted to chlorhexidine treatment for the subsequent 9 months.
RESULTS. A total of 17530 live births occurred in the enrolled sectors, 8650 and 8880 in the chlorhexidine and placebo groups, respectively. Baseline characteristics were similar in the treatment groups. Intention-to-treat analysis among all live births showed no impact of the intervention on neonatal mortality. Among live-born infants who actually received their assigned treatment (98.7%), there was a nonsignificant 11% lower neonatal mortality rate among those who were treated with chlorhexidine compared with placebo. Low birth weight infants had a statistically significant 28% reduction in neonatal mortality; there was no significant difference among infants who were born weighing ≥2500 g. After conversion to active treatment in the placebo clusters, there was a 37% reduction in mortality among low birth weight infants in the placebo clusters versus no change in the chlorhexidine clusters.
CONCLUSIONS. Newborn skin-wiping with chlorhexidine solution once, soon after birth, reduced neonatal mortality only among low birth weight infants. Evidence from additional trials is needed to determine whether this inexpensive and simple intervention could improve survival significantly among low birth weight infants in settings where home delivery is common and hygiene practices are poor.