bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des Screenings von Thrombozyten-Konzentraten auf bakterielle Kontamination Perspectives and limitations in the bacterial screening of platelet concentrates
Authors: Montag Thomas 
Published: May 2006

Zusammenfassung
Nachdem es gelungen ist, die Übertragung von Viren durch Bluttransfusion eindrucksvoll zu reduzieren, stehen transfusionsbedingte bakterielle Infektionen im Vordergrund des Interesses. Aktuell richtet sich das Augenmerk auf Thrombozyten-Konzentrate, weil sie unter Temperaturbedingungen gelagert werden, welche das Wachstum kontaminierender Bakterien bis 1010 und mehr Mikroorganismen pro Thrombozytenbeutel erlauben. Die vorliegende Arbeit geht nicht auf die Pathogen-Inaktivierungsmethoden ein, sondern bewertet sinnvolle Screeningmethoden. Neben konventionellen mikrobiologischen Verfahren und Surrogatmarkern stehen heute auf dem Markt einige effektive Methoden zum Nachweis bakterieller Kontamination in Thrombozyten-Konzentraten zur Verfügung. Diese können in zwei methodische Prinzipien unterteilt werden: Die Inkubationsmethoden und die Schnellmethoden. Inkubations- oder Kultivierungsmethoden benötigen einige Zeit für die Erzeugung ihres Signals, weil sie vom Wachstum der Mikroorganismen abhängig sind. Deshalb müssen sie mit einer frühen Probenentnahme kombiniert werden, d.h. die Untersuchungsprobe wird einen Tag nach der Spende der Blutkomponente entnommen. Ihr Vorteil besteht darin, dass sie relativ unkompliziert in die Logistik transfusionsmedizinischer Einrichtungen integriert werden können. Aufgrund der initial geringen Bakterienzahl nach einer Spende verbleibt ein gewisser Probenfehler beim Einsatz dieser Strategie. Schnellmethoden ermöglichen eine Diagnose in kurzer Zeit. Deshalb erlauben sie die Verschiebung der Probenentnahme, idealerweise auf einen Zeitpunkt unmittelbar vor der Transfusion. Sie führen jedoch zu logistischen Problemen. Andererseits kann die Kombination von später Probenentnahme mit einer Schnellmethode die Transfusion hochkontaminierter Thrombozyten-Konzentrate, welche in der Regel zum akuten septischen Schock bis hin zum Tod des Patienten führen, verhindern. Berücksichtigt man sämtliche Aspekte, darf von beiden Strategien ein vergleichbarer Sicherheitsgewinn erwartet werden.
Cover Picture: The Effect of Grain Size on the Deformation Behaviour of Magnesium Alloys Investigated by the Acoustic Emission Technique (Adv. Eng. Mater. 5/2006)
Authors: Bohlen J. , Dobron P. , Meza Garcia E. , Chmelík F. , Lukáč P. , Letzig D. , Kainer K. U. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe cover shows Micrographs from longitudinal sections of extruded bars of ZEK100, extrusion direction horizontal. More information can be found in the paper by J. Bohlen et al. on page 422 in this issue.
Cover Picture: Dendritic Encapsulation – “Postsynthetic” Functionalizations of a Single Benzophenone Shielded by Shape‐Persistent Polyphenylene Dendrons (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 11/2006)
Authors: Bernhardt Stefan , Baumgarten Martin , Müllen Klaus 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe cover picture shows shape‐persistent first‐ and second‐generation polyphenylene dendrimers grown from a single benzophenone unit as core. To investigate the influence of the size and the density of the dendritic shell upon the reactivity of the core, “postsynthetic” chemical functionalizations with reagents of different size as well as alkali‐metal reduction of the encapsulated benzophenone were performed. Details are discussed in the article by K. Müllen et al. on p. 2523 ff.
Simulation of probability distributions commonly used in hydrological frequency analysis
Authors: Cheng Ke‐Sheng , Chiang Jie‐Lun , Hsu Chieh‐Wei 
Published: May 2006

AbstractRandom variable simulation has been applied to many applications in hydrological modelling, flood risk analysis, environmental impact assessment, etc. However, computer codes for simulation of distributions commonly used in hydrological frequency analysis are not available in most software libraries. This paper presents a frequency‐factor‐based method for random number generation of five distributions (normal, log–normal, extreme‐value type I, Pearson type III and log‐Pearson type III) commonly used in hydrological frequency analysis. The proposed method is shown to produce random numbers of desired distributions through three means of validation: (1) graphical comparison of cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) and empirical CDFs derived from generated data; (2) properties of estimated parameters; (3) type I error of goodness‐of‐fit test. An advantage of the method is that it does not require CDF inversion, and frequency factors of the five commonly used distributions involves only the standard normal deviate. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development and application of an analytical method for the determination of storage lipids, fatty acids and fatty alcohols in Calanus finmarchicus
Authors: Webster Lynda , Walsham Pam , Ahmed Yusuf , Richards Sarah , Hay Steve , Heath Mike , Moffat Colin F. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA method was developed for the determination of the major storage lipids, wax ester and triglycerides, in the copepod Calanus finmarchicus. A variation of the Folch method was used to extract the lipid. The method was scaled down to enable the extraction of either pooled (∼︁1 mg) or individual (∼︁200 μg) copepods. The major lipid classes were identified using TLC and quantified using HPLC coupled with evaporative light scattering detection. Analysis of laboratory reference materials indicated that this method underestimated the minor triglyceride component, but gave a good estimate of the major wax ester component. The fatty acid and fatty alcohol composition of the C. finmarchicus were determined following trans‐esterification of the lipid extract in methanol. Fatty acids and fatty alcohols were initially identified by comparison with authentic standard and by mass spectroscopy. Using GC with flame ionisation detection the normalised area percentage of the fatty alcohols and fatty acid methyl esters was determined simultaneously in one run for either pooled or individual copepod samples. These methods were applied to C. finmarchicus collected from the Irminger Sea, North Atlantic in 2001 and 2002.
Characterization of amino acids in silk sericin protein from Gonometa rufobrunnae by MEKC with phenyl isothiocyanate derivatization
Authors: Dube Simiso , Khumalo Mkhululi T. , Torto Nelson , Nyati Jacob A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAn MEKC method was developed for the separation and characterization of phenylisothiocyanate (PITC)‐labeled amino acids derived from Gonometa rufobrunnae silkworm after microdialysis sample cleanup. The influence of the buffer and SDS concentration on the resolution of the amino acids was investigated. A buffer system consisting of 25 mM phosphate, 10 mM borate buffer at pH 9.00, and 70 mM SDS showed the best results, with 13 PITC‐amino acid derivatives being resolved out of 15 possible amino acids that were under study. Microdialysis sampling demonstrated its efficiency as a sample cleanup technique. Sericin protein from G. rufobrunnae was found to be characterized by at least 11 positively identified amino acids. These included His, Tyr, Ser, Ala, Phe, Lys, Gly, Arg, Cys, Glu, and Asp. Leu/Met and Val/Thr were coeluting pairs and hence could not be positively confirmed.
Phanquinone as a suitable derivatization reagent in micellar electrokinetic chromatography and HPLC analysis of amino acids
Authors: Gotti Roberto , Gioia Maria Grazia , Gatti Rita , Cavrini Vanni 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPhanquinone (chemically: 4,7‐phenanthroline‐5,6‐dione) was applied as an original precolumn derivatization reagent for amino acids followed by separation using MEKC with UV detection (240 nm). The derivatization reaction was carried out at 68°C in the presence of aqueous phosphate buffer (pH 8.0) and it was found to be complete after 30 min. Twelve derivatized standard amino acids were separated in about 22 min under MEKC conditions using sodium cholate (250 mM) as the surfactant in phosphate buffer (20 mM, pH 9.0). The developed method was validated for the analysis of D,L‐phosphoserine (D,L‐p‐Ser) and L‐glutamine (L‐Gln); good linearity (r >0.999) was achieved in the calibration range of 0.25–2.5 μmol/mL. The sensitivity of the MEKC method (LOD 0.1 μmol/mL; LOQ 0.25 μmol/mL, RSD% <5.0%, n = 3) was found to be adequate for quantitation of amino acids in pharmaceuticals. Quantitative applications of the validated MEKC method were carried out by the analysis of commercially available oral polyaminoacid formulations (tablets and extemporaneous solutions) containing L‐Gln and D,L‐p‐Ser; the obtained results were found to be in agreement with those from a validated reference RP‐HPLC method.
On the proof theory of type two functionals based on primitive recursive operations
Authors: Steiner David , Strahm Thomas 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis paper is a companion to work of Feferman, Jäger, Glaß, and Strahm on the proof theory of the type two functionals μ and E1 in the context of Feferman‐style applicative theories. In contrast to the previous work, we analyze these two functionals in the context of Schlüter's weakened applicative basis PRON which allows for an interpretation in the primitive recursive indices. The proof‐theoretic strength of PRON augmented by μ and E1 is measured in terms of the two subsystems of second order arithmetic, Π10‐CA and Π11‐CA, respectively. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Omitting types in fuzzy logic with evaluated syntax
Authors: Murinová Petra , Novák Vilém 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis paper is a contribution to the development of model theory of fuzzy logic in narrow sense. We consider a formal system EvŁ of fuzzy logic that has evaluated syntax, i. e. axioms need not be fully convincing and so, they form a fuzzy set only. Consequently, formulas are provable in some general degree. A generalization of Gödel's completeness theorem does hold in EvŁ. The truth values form an MV‐algebra that is either finite or Łukasiewicz algebra on [0, 1].The classical omitting types theorem states that given a formal theory T and a set Σ(x 1, … , xn ) of formulas with the same free variables, we can construct a model of T which omits Σ, i. e. there is always a formula from Σ not true in it. In this paper, we generalize this theorem for EvŁ, that is, we prove that if T is a fuzzy theory and Σ(x 1, … , xn ) forms a fuzzy set , then a model omitting Σ also exists. We will prove this theorem for two essential cases of EvŁ: either EvŁ has logical (truth) constants for all truth values, or it has these constants for truth values from [0, 1] ∩ ℚ only. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The effects of the selective estrogen receptor modulators, methyl‐piperidino‐pyrazole (MPP), and raloxifene in normal and cancerous endometrial cell lines and in the murine uterus
Authors: Davis Angela M. , Ellersieck Mark R. , Grimm Kristie M. , Rosenfeld Cheryl S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSince estrogens have vital functions in the uterus but might also contribute to endometrial cancer, we sought to determine the in vitro effects of methyl‐piperidino‐pyrazole (MPP), raloxifene, and β‐estradiol on Ishikawa and RL‐95 endometrial cancer, and ovine luminal endometrial (oLE) cell lines and the in vivo effects of these compounds in the rodent uterus. MPP and raloxifene (1 nM) induced significant apoptosis in the endometrial cancer and oLE cell lines compared to β‐estradiol treated and control cells (P ≤ 0.0001–0.001). To determine the in vivo uterine effects of these compounds, ovariectomized wild‐type (WT) and estrogen receptor‐β knockout (ERβKO) mice were treated with 25, 50, 100, or 150 µg of each compound. Although raloxifene caused no significant increase in uterine weight, the presumptive ERα antagonist, MPP (25–150 µg) increased uterine weight, and cell proliferation significantly relative to vehicle control in WT and ERβKO mice (P ≤ 0.001). However, MPP did not increase uterine wet weight as effectively as β‐estradiol (P ≤ 0.0001), and administration of either 50 µg of MPP or raloxifene effectively reversed the positive effects of 50 and 100 µg β‐estradiol. Unexpectedly, in view of the in vitro studies, MPP and raloxifene treatment of ovariectomized mice did not induce apoptosis of the luminal epithelial cells but rather these compounds induced apoptosis of the underlying uterine stromal cells. These results demonstrate that MPP and raloxifene can exert apparently contrasting in vitro versus in vivo effects, and that they have mixed agonist/antagonist action on murine uterine ERα in vivo. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 1034–1044, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
C2v nitrogen‐hydrogen complexes in GaAsN revealed by X‐ray Absorption Near‐Edge Spectroscopy and ab initio simulations
Authors: Ciatto G. , Boscherini F. , Amore Bonapasta A. , Filippone F. , Polimeni A. , Capizzi M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractHydrogenation of GaAsN alloys has recently attracted great interest thanks to the possibility of passivating in a tunable way the large band gap reduction induced by N incorporation. Even if, nowadays, it is well established that the formation of N‐H complexes is at the origin of N passivation, uncovering the structure of the complex responsible for the experimental observations represents a more difficult task. In this work, we combine X‐ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) at the nitrogen K‐edge with ab‐initio simulations to investigate the atomic geometry of N‐H complexes in hydrogenated GaAsN; simulations are performed in a Real Space‐Full Multiple Scattering approach. We provide evidence that a dihydrogennitrogen complex with C2v symmetry is the most abundant species in hydrogenated GaAsN. We show that the use of very large atomic clusters and of broadening terms in the potential are necessary in order to reproduce the experimental data. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Schottky gate effects on transport properties of Al0.35Ga0.65N/GaN heterostructures
Authors: Asgari A. , Kalafi M. , Faraone L. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe effects of the Schottky gate on transport properties of Al0.35Ga0.65N/GaN heterostructure‐based high electron mobility transistor parameters such as the two‐dimensional electron gas density, two‐dimensional electron mobility and current–voltage characteristics were determined by using exact numerical methods including transferred electron effects from 2‐dimensional to 3‐dimensional states. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Prolonged kinetics of photoluminescence of two‐dimensional electron gas in AlGaN/GaN heterostructure
Authors: Shamirzaev T. S. , Korzhavina N. S. , Mansurov V. G. , Preobrazhenskii V. V. , Zhuravlev K. S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAlGaN/GaN heterostructure with a two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) has been studied by cw and transient photoluminescence (PL). Low temperature cw PL spectra of the heterostructure demonstrate a line connected with the 2DEG in the spectral region between excitonic and band to acceptor transitions of the CaN layer. The line demonstrates a non‐exponential decay with duration of several tens microseconds and a red shift with time after an excitation pulse. The PL kinetics of the 2DEG was explained in framework of a model taking into account spatial separation of two‐dimensional electrons and holes localized at acceptors located in a space‐charge region of the GaN layer. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inhibitory effect of polar oregano extracts on aldose reductase and soybean lipoxygenase in vitro
Authors: Koukoulitsa Catherine , Zika Chariklia , Hadjipavlou–Litina Dimitra , Demopoulos Vassilis J. , Skaltsa Helen 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe effect of methanol and aqueous methanol extract of Origanum vulgare L. ssp. hirtum on aldose reductase and soybean lipoxygenase was investigated. The results revealed a promising potential of oregano for preventing diabetes complications in the long term and an antiinflammatory efficacy by inhibiting soybean lipoxygenase. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of various extracts and a polysaccharide from the edible mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis on cellular and humoral immune response against ovalbumin in mice
Authors: Wu Yalin , Sun Hongxiang , Qin Feng , Pan Yuanjiang , Sun Cuirong 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn this study, the edible mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. were sequentially extracted by petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol and ultrasonic water‐bath (75 °C), and the water extract was further isolated by Sephadex G‐100 to afford a petroleum ether extract (PE), ethyl acetate extract (EAE), ethanol extract (EE), glycoprotein (GP) and a purified polysaccharide (PS). In combination with component analysis, the isolated PS showed d‐Glc, d‐Man, l‐Ara and d‐Gal in a molar ratio of 8:90:1:1. The average molecular weight of PS was determined as ∼8.3 × 104. The immunomodulatory potentials of these samples (PE, EAE, EE, GP and PS) at three dose levels on the cellular and humoral immune responses of ICR mice against ovalbumin (OVA) were studied. ICR mice were immunized subcutaneously with 100 µg OVA alone or with 100 µg OVA dissolved in saline containing these samples (100, 200 or 400 µg) on days 1 and 15. Two weeks later (day 28), concanavalin A (Con A)‐ and OVA‐stimulated splenocyte proliferation and OVA‐specific antibody in serum were investigated. These samples, except for PS, significantly enhanced the Con A‐ and OVA‐induced splenocyte proliferation in OVA‐immunized mice at a suitable dose (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). OVA‐specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2b antibody levels in serum were significantly enhanced by these extracts and PS compared with the OVA control group (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 or p < 0.001). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding Free/Open Source Software Development Processes
Authors: Scacchi Walt , Feller Joseph , Fitzgerald Brian , Hissam Scott , Lakhani Karim 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis article introduces a special issue ofSoftware Process—Improvement and Practicefocusing on processes found in free or open source software development (F/OSSD) projects. It seeks to provide a background overview of research in this area through a review of selected empirical studies of F/OSSD processes. The results and findings from a survey of empirical studies of F/OSSD give rise to an interesting variety of opportunities and challenges for understanding these processes, which are identified along the way. Overall, what becomes clear is that studies of F/OSSD processes reveal a more diverse set of different types of processes than have typically been examined in conventional software development projects. The articles in this special issue further advance understanding of what processes characterize and shape F/OSSD. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Usability processes in open source projects
Authors: Nichols David M. , Twidale Michael B. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe explore how some open source projects address issues of usability. We describe the mechanisms, techniques and technology used by open source communities to design and refine the interfaces to their programs. In particular we consider how these developers cope with their distributed community, lack of domain expertise, limited resources and separation from their users. We also discuss how bug reporting and discussion systems can be improved to better support bug reporters and open source developers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Techniques and processes for improving the quality and performance of open‐source software
Authors: Porter Adam , Yilmaz Cemal , Memon Atif M. , Krishna Arvind S. , Schmidt Douglas C. , Gokhale Aniruddha 
Published: May 2006

AbstractOpen‐source development processes have emerged as an effective approach to reduce cycle‐time and decrease design, implementation, and quality assurance (QA) costs for certain types of software, particularly systems infrastructure software, such as operating systems (OS), compilers and language processing tools, text and drawing editors, and middleware. This article presents two contributions to the study of open‐source software processes. First, we describe key challenges of open‐source software and illustrate how QA processes—specifically those tailored to open‐source development—help mitigate these challenges better than traditional closed‐source processes do. Second, we summarize results of empirical studies that evaluate how our Skoll distributed continuous quality assurance (DCQA) techniques and processes help to resolve key challenges in developing and validating open‐source software. Our results show that: (a) using models to configure and guide the DCQA process improves developer understanding of open‐source software, (b) improving the diversity of platform configurations helps QA engineers find defects missed during conventional testing, and (c) centralizing control of QA activities helps to eliminate redundant work. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition byl‐phenylalanine of tryptophan transport by synaptosomal plasma membrane vesicles: Implications in the pathogenesis of phenylketonuria
Authors: Herrero E. , Aragon M. C. , Gimenez C. , Valdivieso F. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPhenylalanine is accumulated in the genetically linked deficiency phenylketonuria. The effect ofl‐phenylalanine on the transport of tryptophan was studied using membrane vesicles from rat‐brain synaptosomes. Phenylalanine at similar concentrations to those found in phenylketonuric patients competitively inhibits tryptophan uptake, with aKiof the same order as theKmfor tryptophan. This inhibition could be responsible for the depletion of serotonin found in phenylketonuria.
Kinetic analysis of argininosuccinate synthetase in a variant form of citrullinaemia
Authors: Akaboshi I. , Endo F. , Matsuda I. , Saheki T. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractArgininosuccinate (ASA) synthetase in the liver from a patient with a variant form of citrullinaemia was analysed. Serum citrulline level was approximately 40 times higher than the control level, and the ASA synthetase activity was approximately 10% that of the control. Other urea cycle enzymes were within normal ranges. The specific activity (enzyme activity/enzyme protein, measured by immunochemical method), pH optimum, Michaelis constants, and thermal denaturation in the presence or absence of ASA were similar to those in enzymes obtained from the normal and the patient's liver cells. Noin vitro effect of the patient's liver homogenate on ASA synthetase in normal liver was observed. Serum citrulline levels of the patient's parents and young brother were at the maximal level of control at fasting and definitely elevated 4 h after citrulline loading (100 mg/kg).