bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causes, types and severity of injury among army soldiers hospitalized with alcohol comorbidity*
Authors: Howland Jonathan , Bell Nicole S. , Hollander Ilyssa E. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAim To examine the relationship between alcohol use and the cause, type and severity of hospitalized injuries.Design/setting We used the Total Army Injury and Health Outcomes Database (TAIHOD) to conduct cross‐sectional analyses of the association between alcohol comorbidity and the cause, type and severity of soldiers' non‐combat injuries requiring hospitalization.Participants Subjects were active‐duty US army soldiers (n = 211 790) hospitalized with a primary diagnosis of injury between 1980 and 2002.Findings Alcohol comorbidity was positively associated with hospitalized injuries resulting from fights and falls and negatively associated with sports injuries; positively associated with hospitalized cases of head injury, open wounds and poisonings and negatively associated with musculoskeletal injury; and, overall, associated with shorter length of stay. Controlling for demographic factors did not moderate the association between alcohol and cause, type or severity of injury.Conclusion Alcohol comorbidity is specifically associated with injuries related to impairment and antisocial behavior.
Determinants of injection drug user (IDU) syringe sharing: the relationship between availability of syringes and risk network member characteristics in Winnipeg, Canada
Authors: Shaw Souradet Y. , Shah Lena , Jolly Ann M. , Wylie John L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAims  Despite the establishment of syringe exchange programmes, syringe‐sharing behaviour remains common among some injection drug users (IDU). Previous studies have identified several individual‐ and social network‐level variables associated with syringe sharing. We examine the extent to which each of these variables is related independently to this behaviour within a diverse study population.Design, setting and participants  A cross‐sectional survey of 435 IDU conducted between December 2003 and September 2004 in Winnipeg, Canada.Measurements  Individual and social‐network variables were obtained from a survey instrument administered through a personal interview. Syringe sharing was defined as receptive syringe sharing in the last 6 months. Logistic regression analysis with generalized estimating equations was used to determine simultaneously the role of individual‐level and risk network member‐level variables on the odds of syringe sharing.Findings  Individuals' relationship to a risk network member (sex partner, OR: 15.3 95% CI: 7.6–30.8; family member, OR: 3.4 95% CI: 1.3–9.0) and difficulty of access to syringes (OR: 3.6 95% CI: 1.3–9.9) were predictive of syringe sharing. Dyads who ‘often’ pooled resources to obtain drugs were at 4.9 times (95% CI: 2.1–11.6) the odds of syringe sharing, while those who ‘sometimes’ pooled resources were at 2.8 times (95% CI: 1.1–6.7) the odds, compared to those who ‘never’ pooled resources together.Conclusions  Syringe sharing in this population depended on both the availability of clean syringes and social network relationships. Adopting interventions that take into account relationships and behaviours that shape social norms present in networks/dyads would be a necessary prevention strategy alongside the provision of clean syringes.
Evaluation of a transdermal buprenorphine formulation in opioid detoxification
Authors: Lanier Ryan K. , Umbricht Annie , Harrison Joseph A. , Nuwayser Elie S. , Bigelow George E. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAims  Buprenorphine is marketed in a sublingual formulation for treatment of opioid dependence. A transdermal formulation has been developed that may provide extended relief from opioid withdrawal, reduce required clinic visits and improve adherence, while having less potential for diversion and abuse. This study evaluated the safety and biodelivery (blood levels) of this transdermal buprenorphine formulation (i.e. buprenorphine patch), and its apparent efficacy in suppressing the opioid withdrawal syndrome.Design  Open‐label, first‐in‐humans trial.Setting  A residential research facility.Participants  Nine physically dependent opioid‐users completed the 10‐day opioid detoxification study.Intervention  Each volunteer received a single patch application that remained in place for 3 days. The formulation has shown an average delivery of 1.9 mg/day of buprenorphine over 3 days in pre‐clinical evaluation.Measures  Physiological, behavioral, subjective and observer ratings of opioid withdrawal and opioid agonist effects were collected.Findings  Overall, the patch appeared safe and well tolerated. There were no serious adverse events, and no opioid intoxication following patch application. Oxygen saturation, heart rate, blood pressure, skin temperature and pupil diameter remained well within normal ranges. Buprenorphine blood levels peaked 48 hours after patch application at a concentration of 0.60 ng/ml. Volunteers' self‐reports of the presence and severity of withdrawal symptoms were reduced by approximately 50% on the 3 days of patch application. Withdrawal symptoms increased marginally upon patch removal. Administration of opioid rescue medication was eliminated within 6 hours of patch application, and increased slightly upon patch removal.Conclusions  The significant biodelivery of buprenorphine and the suppression of the opioid withdrawal syndrome during patch application and its reappearance after patch removal indicate clinically useful pharmacodynamic activity. Transdermal buprenorphine may be a useful opioid detoxification treatment that reduces compliance concerns, and delivers buprenorphine in a formulation less likely to be diverted to illicit use.
The role of schoolmates' smoking and non‐smoking in adolescents' smoking transitions: a longitudinal study
Authors: Bricker Jonathan B. , Andersen M. Robyn , Rajan K. Bharat , Sarason Irwin G. , Peterson Arthur V. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAims  The first longitudinal investigation of the extent to which same‐age and older schoolmates' smoking and non‐smoking are associated with adolescents' smoking transitions during three grade intervals.Design  Same‐age and older schoolmates' smoking and non‐smoking were assessed when adolescents were at grades 5 (age 10), 7 (age 12) and 9 (age 14). Adolescents' smoking transitions were assessed at three grade intervals: 5th−7th (age 10–12), 7th−9th (age 12–14) and 9th−12th (age 14–17).Setting  Forty Washington State school districts.Participants and measurements  Smoking questionnaire data were gathered on a cohort of adolescents (n = 4354 for same‐age schoolmate analysis; n = 1833 for older schoolmate analysis) that was 49% female and 91% Caucasian.Findings  No significant evidence that same‐age schoolmates' smoking or non‐smoking was associated with any of the adolescent smoking transitions at any of the three grade intervals. In contrast, the probability that each older schoolmate's smoking was associated with the adolescent making the transition to trying smoking was 1% (95% CI: 0.4%, 1.5%) and with the transition from trying to monthly smoking was also 1% (95% CI: 0.2%, 2.0%) during the 7th−9th grade (age 12–14) interval. Moreover, each older schoolmate's non‐smoking was associated with a 1.001–1.006 (all P < 0.05) relative risk of an adolescent not trying smoking or escalating from trying to monthly smoking at several grade intervals.Conclusions  Interventions should perhaps focus on the influence of both smoking and non‐smoking older schoolmates during late childhood and early adolescence.
Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among dormice (Rodentia, Gliridae) based on three nuclear genes
Authors: Nunome Mitsuo , Yasuda Shumpei P. , Sato Jun J. , Vogel Peter , Suzuki Hitoshi 
Published: August 2007

We examined phylogenetic relationships among six species representing three subfamilies, Glirinae, Graphiurinae and Leithiinae with sequences from three nuclear protein‐coding genes (apolipoprotein B, APOB; interphotoreceptor retinoid‐binding protein, IRBP; recombination‐activating gene 1, RAG1). Phylogenetic trees reconstructed from maximum‐parsimony (MP), maximum‐likelihood (ML) and Bayesian‐inference (BI) analyses showed the monophyly of Glirinae (GlisandGlirulus) and Leithiinae (Dryomys,EliomysandMuscardinus) with strong support, although the branch length maintaining this relationship was very short, implying rapid diversification among the three subfamilies. Divergence time estimates were calculated from ML (local clock model) and Bayesian‐dating method using a calibration point of 25 Myr (million years) ago for the divergence betweenGlisandGlirulus, and 55 Myr ago for the split between lineages of Gliridae and Sciuridae on the basis of fossil records. The results showed that each lineage ofGraphiurus,Glis,GlirulusandMuscardinusdates from the Late Oligocene to the Early Miocene period, which is mostly in agreement with fossil records. Taking into account that warm climate harbouring a glirid‐favoured forest dominated from Europe to Asia during this period, it is considered that this warm environment triggered the prosperity of the glirid species through the rapid diversification.Glirulus japonicusis suggested to be a relict of this ancient diversification during the warm period.
SPORE‐FORMING THERMOPMLES IN STERILISED MILK
Authors: Clegg L. F. L. 
Published: August 2007

SummarySpore‐forming bacteria can be found in a wide variety of substances, including soil. They will survive temperatures of commercial sterilisation of milk. As they are present in at least 8% of raw milk supplies (in West Midlands) there seems little hope of applying control measures on the farm. Lethal time temperature combinations run very close to those at which milk becomes markedly caramelised. In order to ensure that the coldest bottle in most sterilisers is heated adequately it would be necessary to overheat other bottles. Rapid cooling is thought to be the secret of avoiding caramelisation, and is certainly a means of preventing rapid growth of surviving spore‐forming thermophiles, but is less effective against spore‐forming mesophiles. It might be possible to effect control of all spore‐formers by flash heating in bulk to 125o‐130oC. (257o‐266oF.) for 1 min. or less, and to avoid caramelisation by immediate cooling to homogenising temperature, bottling and sterilising at low pressure. Before any general recommendation could be made this would have to be subject to exhaustive trial both in the laboratory and dairy.
HEAT RESISTANT BACTERIA IN RAW MILK:Part VI. The Seasonal Incidence of Thermoduric Organisms
Authors: Thomas S. B. , Thomas Blodwen F. , Griffiths D. G. , Ellison Dorothy 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARY(1) Thermoduric colony counts at 30°C. of farm milk supplies handled in unsterile as well as in sterilised utensils were generally higher in summer and autumn than in winter and spring.(2) The thermoduric organisms content of bulked raw tanker milk on despatch from country creameries was highest during July to October and lowest during December to February.(3) The magnitude of the thermoduric colony counts of Tuberculin Tested milk was associated with atmospheric temperature, the highest counts being recorded during warm days.(4) Some preliminary work on the bacterial content of milking machine clusters suggests that the thermoduric bacterial flora of dairy utensils is at its maximum in summer and early autumn.(5) High thermoduric counts are more common in milk with high total colony counts, so that a higher thermoduric content is to be generally expected in raw milk during warm weather when the latter is at its maximum.(6) Though thermoduric organisms are generally most abundant in raw milk in summer and early autumn, excessive thermoduric counts have been encountered during all seasons of the year and high counts may occur during cold weather when sterilisation of utensils is neglected.
HEAT RESISTANT BACTERIA IN RAW MILK
Authors: Thomas S. B. , Griffiths D. G. , Thomas. Blodwen F. 
Published: August 2007

Summary(1) The methylene blue test at 37°C. was found to be a poor indicator of unsatisfactory sterilisation of farm dairy equipment, though there was a broad, general relationship between methylene blue reduction time at 37oC. and the magnitude of the thermoduric colony count at 30°C.(2) Approximately two‐thirds of the samples which failed on the statutory methylene blue test had thermoduric counts under 10,000 suggesting that the former is more likely to indicate inadequate cooling of the milk than unsatisfactory methods of production.(3) A combination of the laboratory pasteurisation test and a direct keeping quality test at 19°‐20°C. by clot on boiling is considered more useful for advisory work on dairy farms than a combination of the laboratory pasteurisation test and methylene blue reduction, in that the former pair give a better indication of both unhygienic methods of milk production and of the keeping quality of the milk.(4) For advisory work at country creameries, it is suggested that the laboratory pasteurisation test could be usefully applied to milk supplies reducing methylene blue at 37oC. within 1 hour in summer and 2 ½hours in winter.
HEAT RESISTANT BACTERIA IN RAW MILK: Part III.: The Proliferation of Thermoduric Organisms on Dairy Equipment
Authors: Thomas S. B. , Thomas Blodwen F. , Ellison Dorothy 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe results of five experiments designed to show the magnitude and rate of build‐up of thermoduric organisms on dairy equipment indicate that:—(1) Milk rinses of both hand milking utensils and milking machine clusters may contain over 10,000 thermoduric organisms per ml. within 2 to 4 days of absolute sterilisation, when the equipment is simply washed after milking in hot water or hot detergent and where the conditions of milking allow the introduction of a few thermoduric organisms into the milk at each milking.(2) The build‐up of thermoduric organisms on utensils is mainly due to multiplication of the organisms in the milk‐scale or milky‐film and is hardly affected by cumulative additions during milking.(3) The thermoduric flora increased more rapidly and attained greater numbers on the rough surfaces of a galvanized pail than on a smooth, seamless pail.(4) There was no appreciable build‐up of thermoduric bacteria within a month on hand milking utensils consistently sterilised by steam or hypochlorite.(5) Washing milking pails in warm water at 120°F. led to a rapid build‐up of non‐heat‐resisting organisms, but not to such a rapid build‐up of thermoduric organisms.(6) Washing milking pails in hot detergent solution at 160°‐170°F. did not result in anything like as marked a build‐up of heat‐labile organisms, but the build‐up of thermoduric organisms was appreciable by the third week.(7) Under the conditions of our experiments there was no more rapid or greater build‐up of thermoduric organisms on pails held between milking at summer temperatures than at winter temperatures. This conclusion is tentative and further information should be obtained under varied farm conditions.Our experiments were in the main confined to hand milking utensils and we have no direct evidence to decide whether the thermoduric build‐up is more rapid or of a greater magnitude on inefficiently sterilised milking machine clusters.
LOOKING AT AN INDUSTRY
Authors: DAVIES J. L. 
Published: August 2007

The National Institute for Research in Dairying invites each year an outstanding person in the dairy industry, engaged either in the field of milk production, milk distribution, milk manujacture, dairy economics, dairy research or dairy education, to give a Special Lecture to the whole of the Institute staff. The Special Lecturer is given entire jreedom of choice as regards the title of his address, though it is hoped that it will have some bearing, direct or indirect, on the work of the Institute.The Special Lecturer for 1957‐58 was Mr. J. L. Davies, C.B.E., General Manager of the Milk Marketing Board. His lecture delivered at the Institute on 17th February, 1958, was not only of particular interest to the N.I.R.D. staff, but had wider interest to many others associated with the dairy industry and he has kindly consented to its publication in the Journal of the Society of Dairy Technology. H.D.K.
USE OF MILK CONCENTRATED BY ULTRAFILTRATION FOR MAKING HARD CHEESE, SOFT CHEESE AND YOGHURT*
Authors: Chapman Helen R. , Bines Valerie E. , Glover F. A. , Skudder P. J. 
Published: August 2007

Whole milk was concentrated by a factor of two by ultrafiltration. It was used directly for making Cheddar and Cheshire cheese, an unripened soft cheese of the Coulommier type, and yoghurt.The yields of hard cheese from the concentrated milk were the same as those from normal whole milk. The cheeses were acceptable though the flavour was milder than that of good quality Cheddar and Cheshire cheese.Medium fat soft cheeses were made from the concentrated milk. The yield of cheese was 41 per cent greater than that made from normal whole milk and the making time was half that of the normal process. The cheeses were consumed fresh or stored in deep freeze.For making yoghurt, the usual reinforcement with skim milk powder was not necessary as the concentrated milk had a high total solids content, nor was it necessary to homogenize the mix. The yoghurt contained 21 per cent total solids and was a very acceptable product.
Modelling the relation between bacterial growth and storage temperature in pasteurized milks of varying hygienic quality
Authors: Griffiths M W , Phillips J D 
Published: August 2007

The shelf‐life of pasteurized milk was mainly determined by the level of contamination with Gram‐negative psychrotrophic bacteria. The length of lag phase of the bacteria was also important, although the generation times of the naturally contaminating flora seemed to be of little relevance except for milks where the shelf‐life exceeded 10 days at 6°C. The effect of temperature on growth of the contaminants could be accurately determined by the ‘square root’ plot but the conceptual minimum temperature for growth (To) varied. The variation was related to the quality of the pasteurized milk. Effects of temperature on generation time, length of lag phase and shelf‐life were most marked at temperatures below 15°C.The microflora of pasteurized milk varied significantly with storage temperature. At refrigeration temperatures, spoilage was mainly due to the growth of Pseudomonas spp. Enterobacteriaceae and Gram‐positive bacteria assumed greater importance in the spoilage of milks stored at temperatures above 10°C. Milks of good quality also contained Bacillus spp and this group of bacteria were not detectable in milks with short shelf‐lives.
SDT Spring Symposium: Organic milk and dairy products
Authors: O'SULLIVAN ANTHONY 
Published: August 2007

Summaryobjective evaluation of this Symposium results in the following three conclusiThe organic speakers all laboured the view that this new sector is very ‘open’ in terms of helping each other and readily providing information. However, their actual contributions highlighted that they were less open with ‘outsiders’ in mainstream dairying.In turn, the organic presentations were characterized by (i) paucity of hard facts and lack of technical content, (ii) too much emphasis on the philosophy/ethos of organic production and (iii) associated feelings of superiority over mainstream or conventional agriculture. These considerations were compounded by two speakers not adequately addressing their specific topics and associated briefs.A niggling concern about the professionalism and commercialism of organic producers and processors, especially when they face the full blast of competition from the major dairy processors in due course.However, an overall assessment of this Symposium suggests that it still achieved the main objective set by the Society of providing an independent forum for the domestic organic sector to present its wares to the mainstream UK dairy industry.
Sporothrix brasiliensis,S. globosa, andS. mexicana, Three NewSporothrixSpecies of Clinical Interest
Authors: Marimon Rita , Cano Josep , Gené Josepa , Sutton Deanna A. , Kawasaki Masako , Guarro Josep 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSporothrix schenckiiis the species responsible for sporotrichosis, a fungal infection caused by the traumatic implantation of this dimorphic fungus. Recent molecular studies have demonstrated that this species constitutes a complex of numerous phylogenetic species. Since the delineation of such species could be of extreme importance from a clinical point of view, we have studied a total of 127 isolates, most of which were received asS. schenckii, including the available type strains of species currently considered synonyms, and also some close morphological species. We have phenotypically characterized all these isolates using different culture media, growth rates at different temperatures, and numerous nutritional tests and compared their calmodulin gene sequences. The molecular analysis revealed thatSporothrix albicans,S. inflata, andS. schenckiivar.lurieiare species that are clearly different fromS. schenckii. The combination of these phenetic and genetic approaches allowed us to propose the new speciesSporothrix brasiliensis,S. globosa, andS. mexicana. The key phenotypic features for recognizing these species are the morphology of the sessile pigmented conidia, growth at 30, 35, and 37°C, and the assimilation of sucrose, raffinose, and ribitol.
Targeted PCR for Detection of Vaginal Bacteria Associated with Bacterial Vaginosis
Authors: Fredricks David N. , Fiedler Tina L. , Thomas Katherine K. , Oakley Brian B. , Marrazzo Jeanne M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Several novel bacterial species have been detected in subjects with bacterial vaginosis (BV) by using broad-range PCR assays, but this approach is insensitive for detecting minority species. We developed a series of taxon-directed 16S rRNA gene PCR assays for more sensitive detection of key vaginal bacteria. We sought to determine the prevalence of each species in the vagina, its association with BV, and the utility of PCR for the microbiological diagnosis of BV. Targeted PCR assays were developed for 17 vaginal bacterial species and applied to 264 vaginal-fluid samples from 81 subjects with and 183 subjects without BV. The results were compared to those of two widely accepted methods for diagnosing BV, the use of clinical findings (Amsel criteria) and the interpretation of vaginal-fluid Gram stains (Nugent criteria).
Leptotrichia
/
Sneathia
,
Atopobium vaginae
, an
Eggerthella
-like bacterium,
Megasphaera
species, and three novel bacteria in the order
Clostridiales
are among the bacterial species significantly associated with BV. PCR detection of either a
Megasphaera
species or one of the
Clostridiales
bacteria yielded a sensitivity of 99% and a specificity of 89% for diagnosis of BV compared to the Amsel clinical criteria and a sensitivity of 95.9% and a specificity of 93.7% compared to the Nugent criteria (Gram stain). PCR detection of one or more fastidious bacterial species is a more reliable indicator of BV than detection of bacteria, such as
Gardnerella vaginalis
, previously linked to BV, highlighting the potential of PCR for the diagnosis of BV.