bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modellversuche zur Aufnahme von Boden‐ und Dünger‐Stickstoff aus verschiedenen Tiefen durch Sommerweizen*
Authors: Dressel J. , Jung J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Model trials on the uptake of soil and fertilizer nitrogen from various depths by spring wheat The uptake of ammonium nitrogen by spring wheat mixed into various soil depths was investigated in a pot trial using 1‐m high soil columns. At the same time a nitrification inhibitor (NI) was used in some of the variants in order to study the utilization of fertilizer N under the conditions of a temporary inhibition of nitrification. In order to monitor the interrelationships of soil and fertilizer N, 15 N‐labelled ammonium sulphate was used. The following results were obtained.

The various depths at which the N was located were not found to affect yields; nor did the use of the NI have any influence.
There was a statistically significant increase in the N content of the grains as the N was mixed with deeper layers of the soil; this was at a lower level in the series with NI. In straw no change was observed in the series without NI, there being a decrease of the N content in the series with NI.
The utilization of fertilizer N according to the “difference method” was between 76 % and 84 % in the series without NI with an increasing tendency of the nitrogen located at deeper levels. In the series with NI there was a reverse tendency of 74 % to 69 %. According to the 15N method only 54–62 % of the fertilizer N was used by the plants. The NI scarcely changed the utilization. Overall there was not a significant higher use of the nitrogen in the deeper layers.
In the fertilized series more soil N was mobilized and taken up by the plants than in the control. This effect was more pronounced in the series with no NI.
The mobilization of soil N by fertilizer N (“priming effect”) contrasted with a more vigorous immobilization of fertilizer N. This resulted in an overall positive soil N balance.
A total of about 30 % of the fertilizer N remained in the soil. Most of it was to be found in the incorporation layer. However, displacement into the neighbouring layers did take place, this being more pronounced in the acropetal direction in the case of the N in the deeper layers than in the basipetal direction in the case of the N introduced into the top layer.
Moisture Stress Effects on the Yield and Water Use of Sorghum Hybrids and their Parents*
Authors: O'Neill M. K. , Hofmann W. C. , Dobrenz A. K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLittle is known of the relationship between hybrids and parental material with respect to water use and drought resistance. Responses of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) F1 hybrids to moisture deficits are partially determined by parental material. The yield and water use of six sorghum hybrids and their respective male and female parents were evaluated under stressed and well irrigated conditions during 1980 and 1981 at Tucson, Arizona. The soil was Comoro loamy sand (coarse‐loamy, mixed, calcareous, thermic typic Torrifluvent) with an average available soil moisture of 16 % at field capacity.Changes in soil moisture were monitored semi‐weekly by neutron modulation. Meteorological data were collected daily. The 1980 season had higher maximum temperatures and pan evaporation than the 1981 season. Differences in cumulative water use among entries were apparent within the same water treatments during 1981. Mean cumulative evapotranspiration (ET) for the stressed treatment was 248 and 281 mm for 1980 and 1981, respectively, and ET under well irrigated conditions was 419 and 528 mm for 1980 and 1981, respectively.Hybrids produced greater grain yield than their parents under both water treatments. This was due to greater seed number for hybrids. Seed numbers were more stable for hybrids over both treatments than for parents. Hybrids four and seven had the greatest grain yield in 1980 and 1981, respectively, under stressed conditions. Water use efficiency (WUE) was significantly different within water treatments but was not so between the irrigated and stressed treatments. Hybrids WUE was generally greater than that of parents except for hybrid five under irrigated conditions in 1981. Hybrids with WUE and stable yields were not necessarily reflective of parental material under stressed and non‐stressed environments.
Canopy and Seasonal Profiles of Nitrate Reductase Activity in Field Grown Grain Sorghum
Authors: Pal U. R. , Kununka J. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractField experiments were conducted at the Livestock Research Centre of G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnager, India during wet season (June‐September) of 1978 with the objectives of characterizing canopy and seasonal profiles of in vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) cultivars.Canopy profile of NRA was studied on hybrid CSH 5 at 45, 55, 70, 80 and 95 days after sowing, whereas seasonal profile of NRA was studied in six sorghum cultivars — hybrid CSH 5 and pure line varieties CSV 4, SPV 100, SPV 101, SPV 103 and SPV 106 beginning at 30 days until 95 days after sowing.Canopy profile studies indicated that fully expanded recently matured leaves possessed higher levels of in vivo NRA than unexpanded immature as well as older leaves. Seasonal profiles of in vivo NRA showed different trends in different cultivars. Cultivars SPV 100, SPV 101, SPV 103 and SPV 106 demonstrated two peaks of in vivo NRA/plant/day at 44 and 95 days. On the other hand, hybrid CSH‐5 had only one peak at 51 days and cultivar CSV 4 had none.
Effect of Azolla as an Organic Source of Nitrogen in Rice‐Wheat Cropping System
Authors: Kolhe S. S. , Mittra B. N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIncreasing area under high yielding varieties require more quantity of fertilizers and other inputs for higher yield. However, utilization of available biomass could reduce the dependence on costly crop production inputs like fertilizers. In light of this, field experiments were carried out at Agricultural Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur for two years i.e. 1982–83 and 1983–84 to find out the possibilities to meet at least a part of nitrogen requirement through incorporation of Azolla in rice‐wheat cropping system. Incorporation of 10 t/ha of fresh Azolla before planting + 30 kg N/ha through fertilizer as basal proved to be the best and recorded maximum land productivity in rice‐wheat cropping system. This treatment recorded 117.69 and 103.30 per cent higher grain yield of rice and wheat respectively over control. About 30 kg N could be supplemented through preplanting incorporation of 5 t fresh Azolla. The result indicated that Azolla could be utilized as an alternative source of N‐fertilizer for higher production of crops in rice‐wheat cropping system.
Untersuchungen zum Einfluß der Bestandesdichte auf das Ertragspotential von Rapspflanzen (Brassica napus L. var. napus)*)
Authors: Geisler G. , Stoy A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Investigations on the effect of number of plants/area on the yield potential of rapeseed plants (Brassica napus L. var. napus) Based on field experiments with winter rapeseed, the effect of number of plants per area on yield potential and components of yield were investigated. The dependence of yield from number of plants per area before and after winter was analyzed by manipulating the number of plants immediately after sowing and in spring before beginning of growth. The number of plants per area was varied between 10 plants/m2 till 185 plants/m2. The results show that the yield potential is partly dependend on the growing conditions before winter as influenced by the number of plants per area; the yield potential declines with increasing number of plants/area before winter; affected are the number of siliquae producing lateral shoots, the number of siliquae per shoot and seeds per siliqua. The growing conditions before winter, in this way control the capacity of the rapeseed plant to utilize environmental factors in the main growing period. 50–100 plants/m2 before winter and 45–90 plants/m2 after winter are within the compensation capacity of rapeseed plants.
Variability for Salt Tolerance in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. under Hydroponic Conditions
Authors: Azhar F. M. , McNeilly T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe response of seedlings of 51 Sorghum bicolor accessions to 0, 50, 100, 150, 175, and 200 mM NaCl in solution culture was examined. Plant growth was measured as longest root lengths, maximum shoot lengths, and total plant dry weights after 14 days. Increasing NaCl concentration caused significant reductions in all three characters. Accession response to increasing NaCl also varied. The data suggest that increase in NaCl tolerance in this species through recurrent selection may be possible.
The Effects of Lime (Ca[OH]2) on the Performance of Wheat Cultivars in Plinthic Ferralsols (Eldoret Soils) of Kenya
Authors: Nyachiro J. M. , Briggs K. G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSeven wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) were used as indicators of lime response in greenhouse trials with a Kenyan Plinthic Ferralsol (Eldoret) soil, which was limed from an initial pH of 5.5 to 6.5 using Ca(OH)2 of pure compound. Two lime treatments were used: (1) No lime added (Control), and (2) Equivalent of 3.25 tonnes/ha of lime added. The analysis of variance revealed that treatment × cultivar interaction was significant (P 0.05) for grain yield, harvest index, %, and number of seeds per plot. It was demonstrated that the cultivars could be separated into distinct groups based on their relative performance in limed and unlimed soil, and that the degree of response to liming was cultivar dependent. Quantitative relationships between the characters measured, estimated by correlation coefficients, were affected very little by the level of lime treatment.
Effect of Seed Pre‐sowing Hardening on Physiological Behaviour and Seed Yield of Berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) Crop
Authors: Sinha N. C. , Singh R. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA field experiment was conducted at Central Research Farm, Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi to study the effect of seed pre‐sowing hardening on seed emergence, physiological behaviour — and seed yield of berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum L. Var. S‐99‐1) crop. For this purpose, seed pre‐sowing hardening were made by soaking of seeds in tap water for 24 and 36 hours separately and later dried back to their original weight or left undried. These seeds were sown at two depths (5 and 3 cm) and judged against control (no soaking). Results demonstrated that augmented effect of seed hardening on seed emergence and physiological process responsible for seed yield was recorded in descending order of harden seeds (of 24 hours soaking) > non harden seeds (of 24 hours soaking) > harden seeds (of 36 hours soaking); while non‐harden seeds of 36 hours soaking adversely affect the plant growth because of leaching of sugar during excess soaking — an element for reduced seed vigour potential. Seed hardening system developed the strength of seed emergence on account of efficient catabolic process releasing high water soluble sugars needed for efficient germination process. Further this process augmented the absorption mechanism of mineral nutrients (particularly phosphorus and nitrogen with marginal variation in calcium) was quite evident at bloom stage — indicating a high metabolic activity during this period. Performance of seed hardening was effective at 5 cm deep sowing.
An Evaluation of Fertilizer and Soil Nitrogen Uptake by Wheat
Authors: Sangakkara U. R. , Cho C. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNitrogen utilization and uptake patterns of wheat was studied using 15N labelled fertilizer at four rates of application. Plants harvested at maximum tillering and at flowering indicated that plant N levels stabilized with time. Fertilizer N uptake and utilization of added fertilizer increased with time. However, uptake of soil N was not affected by rates of fertilizer at early stages. Increases were observed only at higher rates at the later harvest.
Effect of Some Growth Factors and Glyphosate Herbicide on Pigments and Protein in Faba Beans (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: El‐Hattab A. H. , Hassan Esmat A. , Shaban Sh. A. , Abo‐El Suoud M. R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo field experiments were carried out during 1982/83 and 1983/84 seasons at Experimental Farm of National Research Centre at Shalakan, Kalubia Governorate, Egypt, to study the effects of supplemental growth factors on the reversal of glyphosate‐induced inhibition in photosynthetic pigments and protein in faba beans. A split plot design with four replications was used in both seasons. Glyphosate at 0,312 and 468 g.a.i./ha as well as the untreated treatment, arranged at random in main plots while, the growth factors, i.e., growth regulators, amino acids and nutrient elements at different concentrations distributed randomly in the sub plots. The results could be summarized as follows:1. Glyphosate decreased chlorophyll a, b and carotenoides content and the total pigments content in the leaves of faba bean plants, as well as, the protein content of seeds and protein yield per hectare.2. The treatments of phenylalanine at 500 ppm, urea at 1 %, cytolinin at 4/1000 and tryptophan at 500 ppm, reversed the glyphosate‐induced‐phytotoxicity on decreasing the chlorophyll a, b content and total pigments content in faba bean leaves. The same treatments, as well as, zinc sulfate at 1 %, reversed the glyphosate‐induced‐phytotoxicity on decreasing the carotenoids content in faba bean leaves.3. The treatment of Ga3 at 100 ppm gave the highest percentage of crude protein in seeds, while the lowest value was obtained from cytokinin at 4/1000, in both seasons.4. The treatments of cytokinin at 4/1000, phenylalanine at 500 ppm and tryptophan at both levels, reversed the glyphosate‐induced‐phytotoxicity on decreasing the protein yield per h.
Seedling Development of Maize Genotypes at Constant and at Fluctuating Temperatures
Authors: Stamp P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFour maize genotypes from North West Europe, tropical highlands and tropical lowlands were grown at constant temperatures (14°C; 24°C), diurnal temperature variations (18°/10°C; 28°/20°C) and at temperatures alternating every three days (18°+ 10°C; 28°+ 20°C) until the three leaves stage. Fluctuating temperatures were generally favourable for growth with most marked effects at an average of 14°C when 18°/10°C were applied. Temperature situation had pronounced effects on morphological and biochemical traits like area of second leaves and activity of phosphofructokinase but between these traits and growth rates no close relationship existed. For all traits genotype specific reaction patterns to temperature situation existed. One tropical highland variety excelled by fast growth, especially at low fluctuating temperatures. A specific chilling susceptibility of the tropical lowland variety was only marked for growth at constant 14°C.
Differential Response of Soybean Cultivars Promiscuous to Native Rhizobia to Split Application of Fertilizer N in Nigerian Savanna
Authors: Pal U. R. , Norman J. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractField experiments were conducted to ascertain the differential response of promiscuous soybean cultivars to split application of fertilizer N during 1984 and 1985 at Yandev Agricultural Experiment Station, Nigeria. The cultivars were grown with and without 205 kg N/ha and was applied into equal splits at 20, 40, 60 and 80 days after planting in 1984. In 1985, however, graded doses of 0, 50, 100 and 200 kg fertilizer N/ha were equally split into 3 and applied at 30, 50 and 70 days after planting.In both years, averaged over all cultivars, split application of N increased the grain yield and total N content of shoot and decreased the nodulation significantly. Cultivars X N interaction existed in affecting the grain yield and total N content wherein cultivars like TGX 297‐35C, TGX 536‐02D, TGX 713‐011D and TGX 306‐036D showed significant increase in grain yield and total N content as against no effect on these attributes of other cultivars. This probably proves our hypothesis that, though some promiscuous cultivars yield moderately better without inoculation with R. japonicum or fertilizer; they are incapable of fixing sufficient quantity of atmospheric N symbiotically for maximum soybean yields and therefore require fertilizer N to be applied into splits at several growth and development stages of crop.
Wirkung von Impfung, N‐Spät‐, PK‐Düngung und Beregnung auf den Kornertrag und die N‐Akkumulation in den Samen von mehreren Sojabohnensorten an zwei Standorten Deutschlands
Authors: Fellmann K. , Kahnt G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEffect of inoculation, late N‐ and PK‐manuring and irrigation on seed yield and N‐accumulation in the seed of several varieties of soybean at two locations in GermanyEffect of inoculation with rhizobium, late N‐ and PK‐fertilization and irrigation on yield and N‐accumulation in seeds of four soybean cultivars was tested in a polyfactoral experiment design.Seed yield ranged from 11.5 to 43.7 dt DM/ha and N‐accumulation in seeds from 52 to 247 kg/ha. Irrigation and inoculation were the most effective production techniques. Cultivar MA96 yielded 38.0 dt DM/ha in Frankenthal on a sandy soil when plants were irrigated and inoculated. No further yield increase was obtained with additional NPK‐fertilization. Cultivar KW269 resulted in a significant higher yield (43.7 dt DM/ha) when late N‐fertilization was given to irrigated and inoculated plants.
Influence of Initial Plant Size and Temperature on Competitive Interactions in Pasture Grasses
Authors: Sangakkara R. , Roberts E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractResearch has suggested that larger initial seedling size conferred a distinct advantage on the more competitive species. Therefore, competitive relationships between ryegrass, prairie grass and cocksfoot were evaluated using seedlings at the same growth stage, in order to minimise the advantages of seedling size differences between species. This study demonstrated that the performance of species in mixtures and their competitive abilities were related to their ability to accumulate dry matter. Simulated spring and autumn temperatures showed that temperature had no significant effect on the competitive relationships between these species.
Available Moisture in Relation to Water‐stable Aggregates of Two Forest Soils
Authors: Das A. , Gupta S. K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAvailable moisture release characteristics for two well aggregated clayey forest soils of West Bengal (INDIA) were determined with respect to different‐sized water‐stable aggregates. In situ determination of higher range of available moisture differed appreciably from classic 1/3 bar moisture retention, for the soils. Release of moisture at lower tensions (0.33 > bar) were mainly governed by the inter‐aggregate pore size distribution while that at higher tension chiefly attributed to the texture of aggregates i.e. the intra‐aggregate pore size distribution. The difference in moisture releasing capacity particularly in the range 0.33—15.0 bar amongst different sized aggregates, was due mainly to varying amount of clay and organic carbon in different‐sized aggregates.
Dry Matter Accumulation in Different Guar Genotypes Under Irrigated and Dryland Conditions
Authors: Stafford R. E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis investigation measured plant dry matter accumulation in guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] grown under water‐optimal and water‐stressed field conditions. Twelve guar genotypes were planted in irrigated and dryland tests at Chillicothe, TX on a Miles fine sandy loam (fine‐loamy mixed, thermic Udic Paleustalf). Dry weight harvests were made at 60, 90, 120, and 150 days after planting (DAP).Significant variation was found among guar genotypes within maturity groups for plant dry matter accumulation. Percentage shoot dry weight in reproductive parts (pods) ranged from 41 to 79 % among the 12 genotypes at 150 DAP. Percentage stem weight, expressed as a percentage of shoot weight, averaged 36% at 60 DAP and 40% at 150 DAP. Percentage leaves decreased from 60% at 60 DAP to 0 at 150 DAP.Genotypic differences were found in irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE). IWUE was highest for Lewis (28.3) and lowest for Hall (5.4). Medium maturing genotypes, with the exception of Lewis, had similar IWUE's ranging from 16.3 to 19.2. Early and late maturing genotypes generally had relatively low IWUE's. Genotypes differed significantly in harvest index (ratio of seed to shoot weight). Harvest indices ranged from 0.20 to 0.48. Harvest indices of the same magnitude were found in the water‐optimal and the water‐stressed tests.
Stability Analysis of Winter‐rape (Brassica napus L.) by Using Plant Density and Mean Yield per Plant
Authors: Hühn M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe yield F per area can be expressed multiplicatively by using yield components. For the most simple case of including only two yield components one obtains: F = X1− X2 with X1= number of plants per area (= plant density) and X2= mean yield per plant.For normal variables X1 and X2 the phenotypic yield stability of F, which has been measured quantitatively by the variance V(F) of F, can be explicitly expressed dependent on 1) the component means, 2) the component variances and 3) the correlation between the two components. V(F), therefore, depends on 5 parameters.For many applications the use of the coefficient of variation v of F instead of the variance itself may be advantageous, v can be explicitly expressed dependent on 1) the coefficients of variation of the yield components and 2) the correlation between the components, v, therefore, depends on 3 parameters.The different conditions leading to the same phenotypic yield stability can be investigated by using these explicit expressions for V(F) and v.The main purpose of the present paper is the application of these theoretical models and results to the data of an extensive field trial with winter‐rape, which has been performed for 5 years with 4 plant densities and 3 row distances.For the lowest plant density (40 plants/m2) there results a very good agreement between the theoretically expected and the experimentally obtained values for the phenotypic stability of yield per area. But, for the higher plant densities this result don't hold true. Possible causes and explanations are discussed in detail.
Yielding Ability of Pure Stands and Equal Proportion Blends of Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) with Double‐low Quality
Authors: Léon J. , Diepenbrock W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractYielding ability of intraspecific mixtures is an important issue not only for homozygous and homogeneous crops but also for heterozygous and/or heterogeneous ones. The goal of the present study was to examine the performance of mixtures and synthetics from double‐low (low in erucic acid and glucosinolates) rapeseed (Brassica napusL.) as compared to pure stands. The material consisted of seven lines and from 1982/83 to 1984/ 85 lines, all possible biblends and syn1's (1983/84 and 1984/85 exclusively) were grown in a completely randomized block design. An analysis of variance was conducted and general mixing effects (g.m.e.) and specific mixing effects (s.m.e.) were calculated for components of biblends. A few pure‐standing lines yielded higher than some mixtures. Nevertheless, the overall mean of mixtures was not exceeded by any pure stand. For selection purposes, the higher variance of ‘among lines’ in comparison with ‘among blends’ would not result in higher yields because of the generally higher yielding ability of blends. Additionally, mixtures were marked by higher yield stability as compared to pure‐standing lines. On the average of two years of testing yields of syn1's amounted higher than yields of mixtures. Differences between ‘g.m.e.’ of lines were proved and moreover, the variance component of ‘s.m.e.’ was on a lower level than that of ‘g.m.e.’. Consequently, in order to find the best mixture it seemed not necessary to analyse a complete diallel rather than to apply factorial or incomplete factorial concepts.