bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical identification of type I and type III collagen and chondroitin sulphate in human pre‐dentine: a correlative FEI‐SEM/TEM study
Authors: Orsini G. , Ruggeri A. , Mazzoni A. , Papa V. , Piccirilli M. , Falconi M. , Di Lenarda R. , Breschi L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAim  To identify type I‐ (I‐CF) and type III‐collagen fibrils (III‐CF) and chondroitin 4/6 sulphate (CS) within human pre‐dentine by means of a correlative analysis under field emission in‐lens‐scanning electron microscopy (FEI‐SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Methodology  Human‐extracted teeth were obtained and submitted to either a pre‐embedding or a post‐embedding immunolabelling procedure using monoclonal primary antibodies anti‐I‐CF, anti‐III‐CF and anti‐CS. Gold‐conjugated secondary antibodies were coupled to primary antibodies to visualize labelling under the electron beam. Correlative labelling patterns were obtained for I‐CF and CS under both FEI‐SEM and TEM.Results  Field emission in lens‐SEM analysis revealed an intricate three‐dimensional network of I‐CF and CS clarifying the intimate relationship between the two main components of the pre‐dentine organic matrix. TEM analysis revealed odontoblasts exhibiting intracellular labelling for CS, which became more intense and diffuse over the pre‐dentine organic matrix. The same diffuse immunoreaction was revealed for I‐CF, whereas a weak immunolocalization of III‐CF was found scattered throughout the pre‐dentine layer and over the collagen fibrils.Conclusions  Both the pre‐ and post‐embedding immunohistochemical approaches have led to the visualization of CF‐ and CS‐labelling distribution within the pre‐dentine layer, adding further knowledge on the elucidation of collagen–proteoglycans interaction in the organic matrix of human dental roots.
Mineral trioxide aggregate pulpotomy of a primary second molar in a patient with agenesis of the permanent successor
Authors: Moretti A. B. S. , Oliveira T. M. , Sakai V. T. , Santos C. F. , Machado M. A. A. M. , Abdo R. C. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAim  To describe a pulpotomy with mineral trioxide aggregate in a primary second molar with no permanent successor.Summary  Coronal pulpotomy was performed on a carious primary molar with no permanent successor in a 7‐year‐old child. Follow‐up examinations 24 months later revealed that the treatment was successful in preserving the tooth and the vitality of its pulp.Key learning point  Mineral trioxide aggregate might be considered as an alternative wound dressing for pulpotomy in primary molars, preserving pulp vitality and prolonging the useful life of the tooth.
Association of a high‐molecular weight arginine‐binding protein of Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 10953 with adhesion to secretory immunoglobulin A and coaggregation with Streptococcus cristatus
Authors: Edwards A. M. , Grossman T. J. , Rudney J. D. 
Published: June 2007

Introduction:  Fusobacterium nucleatum coaggregates with a diverse range of bacterial species, and binds to host tissues and proteins such as immunoglobulin. These interactions may support the attachment of a variety of organisms to oral surfaces and can facilitate the invasion of soft tissues. We hypothesized that coaggregation with streptococci and immunoglobulin binding may occur by a common adhesin sensitive to l‐arginine.Methods:  Repeated mixing of F. nucleatum with non‐immune secretory immunoglobulin A (S‐IgA) and recovery of non‐agglutinating cells isolated a spontaneous mutant (isolate 21) of F. nucleatum that was defective in S‐IgA binding. Wild‐type and mutant F. nucleatum were compared by coaggregation and adhesion assays.Results:  Isolate 21 exhibited significantly reduced S‐IgA binding and coaggregation with oral streptococci but not with Porphyromonas gingivalis. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the mutant was deficient compared to wild‐type for a single protein of approximately 360 kilodaltons. The corresponding protein was isolated from wild‐type F. nucleatum protein preparations by coprecipitation with arginine–agarose beads. This protein was able to bind both Streptococcus cristatus and S‐IgA. Mass spectrometry analysis indicated that this protein was closely related to putative autotransporter proteins in other F. nucleatum strains and was a 100% match to the deduced amino acid sequence of a 10,638‐base‐pair open reading frame in the incomplete genome sequence of F. nucleatum ATCC 10953. Peptides identified by MS‐MS analysis spanned most of the predicted amino acid sequence, suggesting that the mature protein is not subject to postsecretory cleavage.Conclusion:  Coaggregation represents a novel function within the autotransporter class of proteins, which are often associated with virulence.
The dual nature of time preparation: neural activation and suppression revealed by transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex
Authors: Davranche Karen , Tandonnet Christophe , Burle Boris , Meynier Chloé , Vidal Franck , Hasbroucq Thierry 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSingle‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulations (TMSs) of the motor cortex (M1) were performed in order to decipher the neural mechanisms of time preparation. We varied the degree to which it was possible to prepare for the response signal in a choice reaction time (RT) task by employing either a short (500 ms) or a long (2500 ms) foreperiod in separate blocks of trials. Transcranial magnetic stimulations were delivered during these foreperiods in order to study modulations in both the size of the motor evoked potential (MEP) and the duration of the silent period (SP) in tonically activated response agonists. Motor evoked potential area and silent period duration were assumed to reflect, respectively, the excitability of the cortico‐spinal pathway and the recruitment of inhibitory cortical interneurons. Shorter reaction times were observed with the shorter foreperiod, indicating that a better level of preparation was attained for the short foreperiod. Silent period duration decreased as time elapsed during the foreperiod and this decrement was more pronounced for the short foreperiod. This result suggests that time preparation is accompanied by a removal of intracortical inhibition, resulting in an activation. Motor evoked potential area decreased over the course of the short foreperiod, but not over the long foreperiod, revealing that time preparation involves the inhibition of the cortico‐spinal pathway. We propose that cortico‐spinal inhibition secures the development of cortical activation, preventing erroneous premature responding.
Resting EEG sources correlate with attentional span in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Babiloni Claudio , Cassetta Emanuele , Binetti Giuliano , Tombini Mario , Del Percio Claudio , Ferreri Florinda , Ferri Raffaele , Frisoni Giovanni , Lanuzza Bartolo , Nobili Flavio , Parisi Laura , Rodriguez Guido , Frigerio Leonardo , Gurzì Mariella , Prestia Annapaola , Vernieri Fabrizio , Eusebi Fabrizio , Rossini Paolo M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPrevious evidence has shown that resting delta and alpha electroencephalographic (EEG) rhythms are abnormal in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its potential preclinical stage (mild cognitive impairment, MCI). Here, we tested the hypothesis that these EEG rhythms are correlated with memory and attention in the continuum across MCI and AD. Resting eyes‐closed EEG data were recorded in 34 MCI and 53 AD subjects. EEG rhythms of interest were delta (2–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha 1 (8–10.5 Hz), alpha 2 (10.5–13 Hz), beta 1 (13–20 Hz), and beta 2 (20–30 Hz). EEG cortical sources were estimated by low‐resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). These sources were correlated with neuropsychological measures such as Rey list immediate recall (word short‐term memory), Rey list delayed recall (word medium‐term memory), Digit span forward (immediate memory for digits probing focused attention), and Corsi span forward (visuo‐spatial immediate memory probing focused attention). A statistically significant negative correlation (Bonferroni corrected, P < 0.05) was observed between Corsi span forward score and amplitude of occipital or temporal delta sources across MCI and AD subjects. Furthermore, a positive correlation was shown between Digit span forward score and occipital alpha 1 sources (Bonferroni corrected, P < 0.05). These results suggest that cortical sources of resting delta and alpha rhythms correlate with neuropsychological measures of immediate memory based on focused attention in the continuum of MCI and AD subjects.
The Cav2.3 calcium channel antagonist SNX‐482 reduces dorsal horn neuronal responses in a rat model of chronic neuropathic pain
Authors: Matthews Elizabeth A. , Bee Lucy A. , Stephens Gary J. , Dickenson Anthony H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNeuropathic pain is a difficult state to treat, characterized by alterations in sensory processing that can include allodynia (touch‐evoked pain). Evidence exists for nerve damage‐induced plasticity in both transmission and modulatory systems, including changes in voltage‐dependent calcium channel (VDCC) expression and function; however, the role of Cav2.3 calcium channels has not clearly been defined. Here, the effects of SNX‐482, a selective Cav2.3 antagonist, on sensory transmission at the spinal cord level have been investigated in the rat. The spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model of chronic neuropathic pain [Kim & Chung, (1992)Pain, 50, 355–363] was used to induce mechanical allodynia, as tested on the ipsilateral hindpaw. In vivo electrophysiological measurements of dorsal horn neuronal responses to innocuous and noxious electrical and natural stimuli were made after SNL and compared to sham‐operated animals. Spinal SNX‐482 (0.5–4 µg/50 µL) exerted dose‐related inhibitions of noxious C‐fibre‐ and Aδ‐fibre‐mediated neuronal responses in conditions of neuropathy, but not in sham‐operated animals. Measures of spinal cord hyperexcitability and nociception were most susceptible to SNX‐482. In contrast, non‐noxious Aβ‐mediated responses were not affected by SNX‐482. Moreover, responses to innocuous mechanical and also thermal stimuli were more sensitive to SNX‐482 in SNL than control animals. This study is the first to demonstrate an antinociceptive role for SNX‐482‐sensitive channels in dorsal horn neurons during neuropathy. These data are consistent with plasticity in CaV2.3 calcium channel expression and suggest a potential selective target to reduce nociceptive transmission during conditions of nerve damage.
Peripheral oxygen‐sensing cells directly modulate the output of an identified respiratory central pattern generating neuron
Authors: Bell Harold J. , Inoue Takuya , Shum Kelly , Luk Collin , Syed Naweed I. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBreathing is an essential homeostatic behavior regulated by central neuronal networks, often called central pattern generators (CPGs). Despite ongoing advances in our understanding of the neural control of breathing, the basic mechanisms by which peripheral input modulates the activities of the central respiratory CPG remain elusive. This lack of fundamental knowledge vis‐à‐vis the role of peripheral influences in the control of the respiratory CPG is due in large part to the complexity of mammalian respiratory control centres. We have therefore developed a simpler invertebrate model to study the basic cellular and synaptic mechanisms by which a peripheral chemosensory input affects the central respiratory CPG. Here we report on the identification and characterization of peripheral chemoreceptor cells (PCRCs) that relay hypoxia‐sensitive chemosensory information to the known respiratory CPG neuron right pedal dorsal 1 in the mollusk Lymnaea stagnalis. Selective perfusion of these PCRCs with hypoxic saline triggered bursting activity in these neurons and when isolated in cell culture these cells also demonstrated hypoxic sensitivity that resulted in membrane depolarization and spiking activity. When cocultured with right pedal dorsal 1, the PCRCs developed synapses that exhibited a form of short‐term synaptic plasticity in response to hypoxia. Finally, osphradial denervation in intact animals significantly perturbed respiratory activity compared with their sham counterparts. This study provides evidence for direct synaptic connectivity between a peripheral regulatory element and a central respiratory CPG neuron, revealing a potential locus for hypoxia‐induced synaptic plasticity underlying breathing behavior.
Olfactory information converges in the amygdaloid cortex via the piriform and entorhinal cortices: observations in the guinea pig isolated whole‐brain preparation
Authors: Kajiwara Riichi , Tominaga Takashi , Takashima Ichiro 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe amygdaloid cortex (AC) has reciprocal connections with the entorhinal cortex (EC) and also receives projections from the olfactory bulb and the piriform cortex (PC). To assess the possibility that the AC and EC represent functionally coupled structures in the olfactory stream of information, we investigated the propagation pattern of neural activity in olfactory cortices − PC, AC and EC − using optical recordings with voltage‐sensitive dyes in the guinea pig in vitro isolated whole‐brain preparation. We observed two distinct pathways that convey neural activation evoked by olfactory nerve stimulation: a medial pathway from the PC to the AC, and a lateral pathway from the PC to the lateral EC along the rhinal sulcus. Besides being activated directly via the medial pathway, the AC was activated a second time via activity that propagated from the lateral EC. Lesion experiments revealed that the lateral pathway close to the rhinal sulcus is crucial for neural activation of the EC. Consistent with this activation pattern, we observed two separate, sharp downward deflections in field potential recordings, and we recorded synaptic potentials with multiple peaks from single neurons in the AC. Our findings suggest that the AC and EC are functionally coupled during olfactory information processing, and that this functional linkage may allow the AC to integrate olfactory sensation with information retained or processed in the EC.
Orienting and maintenance of spatial attention in audition and vision: an event‐related brain potential study
Authors: Salmi Juha , Rinne Teemu , Degerman Alexander , Alho Kimmo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe examined the effects of orienting and maintenance of attention on performance and event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) in audition and vision. Our subjects selectively attended to sounds or pictures in one location (Maintenance of attention) or alternated the focus of their auditory or visual attention between left and right locations (Orienting of attention) in order to detect and press a response button to infrequent targets among the attended stimuli. Reaction times were longer in the Auditory Orienting condition and hit rates were lower and false alarm rates higher in the Visual Orienting condition than in the corresponding Maintenance conditions. Comparison of ERPs to the attended and unattended stimuli in the Auditory and Visual Orienting and Maintenance conditions revealed attention‐related modulations of ERPs. In each modality, ERPs to attended stimuli were negatively displaced in relation to unattended stimuli at 100–250 ms from stimulus onset. These negative differences (Nds) showed modality‐specific distributions and they were larger over the hemisphere contralateral to the attended sounds and pictures than over the ipsilateral hemisphere. Moreover, the Nd was larger in the Auditory Orienting condition than in the Auditory Maintenance condition, while no such difference was observed in the visual modality. In addition to the Nd, attended visual stimuli elicited a late positive response (LPR) in both Orienting and Maintenance conditions. In contrast to our recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study employing the same experimental paradigm and indicating orienting‐related activity in the frontal and parietal cortices, no ERP responses specifically related to orienting were found in either modality.
Glucocorticoid receptors in the basolateral nucleus of amygdala are required for postreactivation reconsolidation of auditory fear memory
Authors: Jin Xin‐Chun , Lu Yu‐Fei , Yang Xiao‐Fei , Ma Lan , Li Bao‐Ming 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt is well known that initial consolidation requires de novo gene transcription and protein synthesis in order for memory to become stable. The consolidated memory again becomes labile and temporarily sensitive to disruption when retrieved, requiring a reconsolidation process to become permanent. Although it is well established that glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in the basolateral nucleus of amygdala (BLA) are required for consolidation of fear memory, little is known about their role in reconsolidation of fear memory. In the present study, we first examined the effect of a GR antagonist on postconditioning consolidation of auditory fear memory (AFM). Intra‐BLA infusion of the GR antagonist RU486 0 h postconditioning impaired long‐term AFM, leaving short‐term AFM intact. RU486 had no effect if infusion was performed 6 h postconditioning. We then investigated the effect of the RU486 treatment on postretrieval reconsolidation of AFM. Severe amnesia took place when RU486 was infused into the BLA 0 h postretrieval (reactivation) of AFM, regardless of whether the retrieval was performed 1 day or 10 days postconditioning. RU486 produced no amnesia if the memory retrieval was omitted or if the drug was administered 6 h postretrieval. Treatment with RU486 0 h postretrieval produced no deficit in postretrieval short‐term memory but impaired postretrieval long‐term memory, and the amnesia exhibited no spontaneous recovery 6 days after retrieval. The present results provide strong evidence that glucocorticoid receptors in the BLA are required for reconsolidation as well as consolidation of AFM.
Plastic changes in the vibrissa motor cortex in adult rats after output suppression in the homotopic cortex
Authors: Maggiolini Emma , Veronesi Carlo , Franchi Gianfranco 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAfter motor cortex damage, the unaffected homotopic cortex shows changes in motor output. The present experiments were designed to clarify the nature of these interhemispheric effects. We investigate the vibrissa motor cortex (VMC) output after activity suppression of the homotopic area in adult rats. Comparison was made of VMC output after lidocaine inactivation (L‐group) or quinolinic acid lesion (Q‐group) of the homotopic cortex. In the Q‐group, VMC mapping was performed 3 days (Q3Ds group), 2 weeks (Q2Ws group) and 4 weeks (Q4Ws group) after cortical lesion. In each animal, VMC output was assessed by mapping movements induced by intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) in both hemispheres (hemisphere ipsilateral and contralateral to injections). Findings demonstrated that, in the L‐group, the size of vibrissal representation was 39.5% smaller and thresholds required to evoke vibrissa movement were 46.3% higher than those in the Control group. There was an increase in the percentage of ineffective sites within the medial part of the VMC and an increase in the percentage of forelimb sites within the lateral part. Both the Q3Ds group and the L‐group led to a similar VMC reorganization (Q3Ds vs. L‐group, P > 0.05). In the Q2Ws group the VMC representation showed improvement in size (83.4% recovery compared with controls). The VMC showed recovery to normal output at 4 weeks after lesion (Control vs. Q4Ws group, P > 0.05). These results suggest that the VMC of the two hemispheres continuously interact through excitatory influences, preserving the normal output and inhibitory influences defining the border with the forelimb representation.
AAV‐mediated delivery of BDNF augments neurogenesis in the normal and quinolinic acid‐lesioned adult rat brain
Authors: Henry Rebecca A. , Hughes Stephanie M. , Connor Bronwen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBrain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a major role in regulating the survival and fate of progenitor cells in the adult brain. In order to extend previous observations in the normal adult brain and advance our knowledge regarding the effect of BDNF on neurogenesis in the injured brain, this study directly compared the effect of BDNF on basal and injury‐induced neurogenesis in relation to progenitor cell distribution and levels of neuronal differentiation and survival. BDNF was overexpressed in the subventricular zone (SVZ) via recombinant adeno‐associated virus (AAV1/2) delivery, and newly generated cells were identified using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labelling. Selective striatal cell loss was induced in a subgroup of rats by unilateral striatal injection of quinolinic acid (QA) 21 days after AAV1/2 injection. In the normal brain, BDNF overexpression significantly increased BrdU‐positive cell numbers in the rostral migratory stream, indicating enhanced progenitor cell migration. Following QA lesioning, we observed a reduction in BrdU immunoreactivity in the SVZ. Overexpression of BDNF restored BrdU‐positive cell numbers in the QA‐lesioned SVZ to that observed in the normal brain. Most significantly, BDNF enhanced the recruitment of progenitor cells to the QA‐lesioned striatum and promoted neuronal differentiation in both the normal and QA‐lesioned striatum. Our findings indicate that BDNF augments the recruitment, neuronal differentiation and survival of progenitor cells in both neurogenic and non‐neurogenic regions of the normal or QA‐lesioned brain. Enhanced expression of BDNF may therefore be a viable strategy for augmenting neurogenesis from endogenous progenitor cells.
Efficacy of single‐agent bortezomib vs. single‐agent thalidomide in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: a systematic comparison
Authors: Prince H. Miles , Adena Michael , Smith Dell Kingsford , Hertel Judy 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjective:  To conduct a systematic review of the efficacy of single‐agent bortezomib vs. single‐agent thalidomide in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple.Methods:  Publications in English from 1966 to June 2005 (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane library), publication reference lists, Janssen‐Cilag data‐on‐file and abstracts from recent multiple myeloma conferences were reviewed. Prospective studies containing at least a single arm of either treatment group with n≥30 were included. Studies adding dexamethasone for non‐responders were excluded. Statistical pooling was performed for response rate and overallsurvival.Results:  One bortezomib study (n = 333, NEJM 2005, 352; 2487–98) and 15 thalidomide (n = 1007) studies met these criteria and were included. Patient baseline characteristics including age, gender, IgG : IgA, disease duration and beta‐2 microglobulin were well matched except that 48% of bortezomib patients had received prior thalidomide. Response rate, defined as serum M‐protein reduction ≥50%, was 53% for patients receiving bortezomib vs. 32% for thalidomide (P < 0.001, n = 10 studies). Response rate determined by European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) criteria was 41% for patients receiving bortezomib vs. 22% for thalidomide (P < 0.001, n = 4 studies).Conclusion:  Bortezomib was associated with a significantly higher response rate and complete remission rate using both M‐protein and EBMT criteria.