bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in neighbourhood food store environment, food behaviour and body mass index, 1981–1990
Authors: Wang May C , Cubbin Catherine , Ahn Dave , Winkleby Marilyn A 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveThis paper examines trends in the neighbourhood food store environment (defined by the number and geographic density of food stores of each type in a neighbourhood), and in food consumption behaviour and overweight risk of 5779 men and women.DesignThe study used data gathered by the Stanford Heart Disease Prevention Program in four cross-sectional surveys conducted from 1981 to 1990.SettingFour mid-sized cities in agricultural regions of California.SubjectsIn total, 3154 women and 2625 men, aged 25–74 years.ResultsFrom 1981 to 1990, there were large increases in the number and density of neighbourhood stores selling sweets, pizza stores, small grocery stores and fast-food restaurants. During this period, the percentage of women and men who adopted healthy food behaviours increased but so did the percentage who adopted less healthy food behaviours. The percentage who were obese increased by 28% in women and 24% in men.ConclusionFindings point to increases in neighbourhood food stores that generally offer mostly unhealthy foods, and also to the importance of examining other food pattern changes that may have a substantial impact on obesity, such as large increases in portion sizes during the 1980s.
Regulation of multisite phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding of AS160 in response to IGF-1, EGF, PMA and AICAR
Authors: Geraghty Kathryn M. , Chen Shuai , Harthill Jean E. , Ibrahim Adel F. , Toth Rachel , Morrice Nick A. , Vandermoere Franck , Moorhead Greg B. , Hardie D. Grahame , MacKintosh Carol 
Published: September 2007

AS160 (Akt substrate of 160 kDa) mediates insulin-stimulated GLUT4 (glucose transporter 4) translocation, but is widely expressed in insulin-insensitive tissues lacking GLUT4. Having isolated AS160 by 14-3-3-affinity chromatography, we found that binding of AS160 to 14-3-3 isoforms in HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 cells was induced by IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor-1), EGF (epidermal growth factor), PMA and, to a lesser extent, AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside). AS160-14-3-3 interactions were stabilized by chemical cross-linking and abolished by dephosphorylation. Eight residues on AS160 (Ser318, Ser341, Thr568, Ser570, Ser588, Thr642, Ser666 and Ser751) were differentially phosphorylated in response to IGF-1, EGF, PMA and AICAR. The binding of 14-3-3 proteins to HA–AS160 (where HA is haemagglutinin) was markedly decreased by mutation of Thr642 and abolished in a Thr642Ala/Ser341Ala double mutant. The AGC (protein kinase A/protein kinase G/protein kinase C-family) kinases RSK1 (p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 1), SGK1 (serum- and glucocorticoid-induced protein kinase 1) and PKB (protein kinase B) displayed distinct signatures of AS160 phosphorylation in vitro: all three kinases phosphorylated Ser318, Ser588 and Thr642; RSK1 also phosphorylated Ser341, Ser751 and to a lesser extent Thr568; and SGK1 phosphorylated Thr568 and Ser751. AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) preferentially phosphorylated Ser588, with less phosphorylation of other sites. In cells, the IGF-1-stimulated phosphorylations, and certain EGF-stimulated phosphorylations, were inhibited by PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) inhibitors, whereas the RSK inhibitor BI-D1870 inhibited the PMA-induced phosphorylations. The expression of LKB1 in HeLa cells and the use of AICAR in HEK-293 cells promoted phosphorylation of Ser588, but only weak Ser341 and Thr642 phosphorylations and binding to 14-3-3s. Paradoxically however, phenformin activated AMPK without promoting AS160 phosphorylation. The IGF-1-induced phosphorylation of the novel phosphorylated Ser666-Pro site was suppressed by AICAR, and by combined mutation of a TOS (mTOR signalling)-like sequence (FEMDI) and rapamycin. Thus, although AS160 is a common target of insulin, IGF-1, EGF, PMA and AICAR, these stimuli induce distinctive patterns of phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding, mediated by at least four protein kinases.
Wincenty Lutosławski (1863–1954)
Authors: Pawłowski Adam , Pacewicz Artur 
Published: September 2007

Résumé
La stylométrie est une branche de la linguistique qui se donne pour objet la description quantitative des particularités stylistiques des textes. Dans certains cas, cette description permet, entre autres, d’identifier les auteurs de textes anonymes et de déterminer la chronologie des textes d’un auteur sur la base de leurs traits stylistiques. En analysant le parcours historique de la stylométrie, il serait difficile de nommer l’auteur qui, par ses travaux, aurait donné l’impact décisif à son développement. La lecture des monographies qui décrivent l’histoire de la stylométrie prouve que la plupart des auteurs utilisent les données historiques de manière sélective, en distinguant certains chercheurs et et en demeurant muet sur d’autres. Wincenty Lutosławski (1863–1954) est un bon exemple de chercheur oublié (ou du moins sous-estimé) par les chercheurs contemporains. C’est pourtant lui qui, à la fin du XIXe siècle, a inventé le terme de ‘stylométrie’ et a défini les principes de cette ‘nouvelle science’. Dans notre article, nous présentons et discutons les points suivants : l’importance de la chronologie pour l’interprétation de la philosophie platonicienne, la définition de l’objet de la stylométrie, les chronologies platoniciennes les plus importantes, la description et l’évaluation de l’apport de Lutosławski au développement de la méthode stylométrique, et l’origine de la stylométrie. En conclusion, nous essayons de redéfinir la place occupée par Lutosławski dans l’histoire des sciences du langage.
Disciplining women?
Authors: Percy Carol 
Published: September 2007

SummaryOn the basis of an analysis of works for children published by Ellenor Fenn (1743–1813) in the 1780s, an argument is offered concerning the significance of English grammar to the domestic education of elite boys and girls. The topic is contextualized in overviews of the high social value of grammar and of the maternal educator, idealized for her ‘civilizing’ influence, especially on men. Some elite mothers were criticized by Fenn and her contemporaries for preferring public life to domestic responsibility or for indulging their children. While acknowledging the difficulties of child-rearing and the challenges to women’s domestic authority, Fenn and others spell out the consequences of failing to train young males in particular. The author argues that educational toys and age-graded books like Fenn’s encouraged loving mothers to socialize their children while simul­taneously displaying their wealth. Grammar, because of its associations with order, was central to this domestic curriculum. While not overtly challenging conventional gender roles, Fenn represented ‘sprightly’ young females not as intellectually superficial but as naturally quick to learn and playfully able to teach young males and females. Their pedagogical duties justified young women’s education and granted women educators domestic authority and public importance.
CONCEPTUALIZING INTELLIGENCE: FROM AN INTERNAL STATIC ATTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE PROCESS STRUCTURE OF ORGANISM‐ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Valsiner Jaan 
Published: September 2007

The concept of intelligence is analyzed in this article from the standpoint of social attributions, related to the meanings of intelligence‐terms in language. In various non‐Western cultures, the meaning of “intelligence ”includes characteristics of social transaction, along with cognitive characteristics. This cultural relativity of the meaning of “intelligence ”pinpoints the difficulties in the building of a general theory of intelligence on the basis of the meaning of “intelligence ”in the common sense of a given culture. Psychology's task is to transcend the limitations of the common sense of the background culture of the psychologists, instead of proposing theories based on the culture‐specific common sense.The article outlines three types of causal attributions (internal, external, relationship) and two ways of conceptualizing the causes (static and dynamic). In psychology, as well as in the common sense of laymen from different cultures, intelligence has been traditionally conceptualized in terms of static internal causal attribution. At times, cultures' folkways have provided the basis for attributing intelligence to the personified environment of the person.An ecological reconceptualization of intelligence in terms of a dynamic person‐environment causal attribution is proposed in the paper. If intelligence is conceptualized as a dynamic relationship between the actor and the environment, in the activity of goal‐directed problem‐solving, then it cannot be attributed to either the person, or the environment. This ecological conceptualization of intelligence is based on the theoretical heritage of Lewin, Brunswick, Vygotsky and Köhler. The article emphasizes the necessity of thinking about intelligence within a comparative‐cultural perspective.
DEFINISSEURS CULTURELS ET REPERES INDIVIDUELS: LE RAPPORT AU CORPS CHEZ LES PERSONNES AGEES
Authors: Corin Ellen 
Published: September 2007

In ageing the relationship to the body refers to the way in which old age is defined in our representational systems. This defining process intervenes on a social and individual level. The individual relationship to ageing is influenced by the way in which our society prefers a spatial or corporeal definition of old age to a temporal one and by the way in which it assigns a certain position to the individual on the ageing scale.In reference to this defining process different conceptions regarding the relationship between corporeity and ageing appear. Drawing on a survey of the literature and an exploratory interview conducted among elderly, three types of corporeity are disclosed. First, thediagnosedcorporeity, which is also defined by the medical system in chronic illness terms, reflects our fear of the irreversibility and the deterioration which we associate with this stage of life. Second, theimaginedandprojectedcorporeity of the elderly by which they themselves react to their devalorised image offered by society. Third, thelivedandactedcorporeity in which the corporeal signs reflect the social, relational, and behavioral space. In these different domains the concept of strategy seems appropriate to learn how the aged copes, at the margins, with his/her life conditions which are very difficult as well in a material, social as symbolic sense.
STRESS AMONG PALESTINIAN WOMEN UNDER MILITARY OCCUPATION; WOMEN'S APPRAISAL OF STRESSORS, THEIR COPING MODES, AND THEIR MENTAL HEALTH
Authors: Punamäki Raija‐Leena 
Published: September 2007

Psychological responses and mental health of 174 Palestinian women living in the occupied West‐Bank and the Gaza Strip were studied through a stress model. Thirty‐five Palestinian women living in Israel proper who had not been exposed to military occupation were interviewed as a comparison group. The stress process studied consists of women's appraisal of threat and the importance of the stressors in their lives, the estimation of their own resources to cope with stress, actual coping modes, and mental health outcomes.Women living under military occupation tended to appraise their environment as highly threatening and their experiences as strain‐producing. At the same time they believed they had sufficient assets, especially collective and ideological resources, to deal with the stressors. This tendency was particularly evident among victims of political violence. Women strongly exposed to hardships of military occupation tended to employ more social and political activity and less inactive and accommodative coping modes than did less traumatized women.Exposure to stressful events, characteristic to military occupation and armed conflict, tended to deteriorate women's mental health, as indicated by severe anxiety, depression, hostile feelings and psychiatric symptoms, and also deteriorating their general health. Multiple regression analysis of the data pertaining to the stress process indicated not only the existence of objective stressors but also the appraisal of their harmfulness, the coping modes as well as vulnerability‐protective factors which determine the outcomes of the stress process. A good economic situation, sufficient social support, and religious commitment functioned as protective factors in stress process, i.e., they were able to diminish the impact of exposure to stressors on women's mental health.In the case of the Palestinian women the hardships due to military occupation and national struggle initiated a different stress process than did the daily life difficulties. This indicates that in studies on psychological functioning in a political and armed conflict, the collective level of coping, values, norms, ideology as well as the concrete political aims of the society should be included in analysis and interpretation.
VALUES MOTHERS HOLD FOR HANDICAPPED AND NONHANDICAPPED PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN JAPAN, PUERTO RICO, AND THE UNITED STATES MAINLAND*
Authors: Quirk Mark , Ciottone Robert , Minami Hirofumi , Wapner Seymour , Yamamoto Takiji , Ishii Shinji , Lucca‐Irizarry Nydia , Pacheco Angel 
Published: September 2007

This study examines the values held by mothers in Japan, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Mainland for their handicapped and nonhandicapped preschoolers in the contexts of home and school. In order to study values, mothers from the three cultures were asked to rank twelve value items relating to four value areas: physical, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and sociocultural.The value rankings were different in the three cultures and depended upon the home and school contexts. The presence of a diagnosed orthopedic and/or neurological impairment in the child had no overall effect on value ratings but did interact with culture and context to influence mothers' values.
ACTIVITÉ MÉTACOGNITIVE DE L'ENFANT ET DIFFICULTÉ DE LA TÂCHE COGNITIVE
Authors: Vezin Jean François 
Published: September 2007

The influence of the type of difficulty of a cognitive task on metacognitive activity (metacognitive experiences and metacognitive strategies) was studied in six‐ and eight‐year‐old children. Children had to make decisions about the correspondence of statements and drawings presented in pairs one after the other, starting either with a statement, or with a picture. They encounter two kinds of difficulties: (1) one due to the information conveyed by drawing (non‐correspondence with the statement); (2) another due to the order in which the statements and drawings are presented: when the drawing comes first the child must retain it in his memory until a statement can guide him in his decoding of it; this difficulty is unexpected given the expectations the child has due to the cognitive task proposed.The principal findings were as follows: (1) Compared to the six‐year‐olds, the eight‐year‐olds demonstrated three times more metacognitive control strategies for expressing information, more cognitive skills (reasoning), and a higher level of performance (understanding and recall). (2) The two types of difficulties do not have the same effects: (a) the difficulty due to the information conveyed by the drawing leads to an increase in the latency time; the performance (understanding) is not as good; (b) in the case of difficulty due to the statement‐drawing order, twice as many verbalizations expressing metacognitive experiences and a decrease in the latency time were observed. The interpretation of the findings underscores the importance for the child of the indicators he has to orient him in mobilizing metacognitive and cognitive activities.
CREx: inferring genomic rearrangements based on common intervals
Authors: Bernt Matthias , Merkle Daniel , Ramsch Kai , Fritzsch Guido , Perseke Marleen , Bernhard Detlef , Schlegel Martin , Stadler Peter F. , Middendorf Martin 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSummary: We present the web-based program CREx for heuristically determining pairwise rearrangement events in unichromosomal genomes. CREx considers transpositions, reverse transpositions, reversals and tandem-duplication-random-loss (TDRL) events. It supports the user in finding parsimonious rearrangement scenarios given a phylogenetic hypothesis. CREx is based on common intervals, which reflect genes that appear consecutively in several of the input gene orders.Availability: CREx is freely available at http://pacosy.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/crexContact: merkle@informatik.uni-leipzig.de
Activation of the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) signalling pathway in cortical neurons of multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Dutta Ranjan , McDonough Jennifer , Chang Ansi , Swamy Lakshman , Siu Alan , Kidd Grahame J. , Rudick Richard , Mirnics Karoly , Trapp Bruce D. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Neuronal and axonal degeneration results in irreversible neurological disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. A number of adaptive or neuroprotective mechanisms are thought to repress neurodegeneration and neurological disability in MS patients. To investigate possible neuroprotective pathways in the cerebral cortex of MS patients, we compared gene transcripts in cortices of six control and six MS patients. Out of 67 transcripts increased in MS cortex nine were related to the signalling mediated by the neurotrophin ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF). Therefore, we quantified and localized transcriptional (RT-PCR, in situ hybridization) and translational (western, immunohistochemistry) products of CNTF-related genes. CNTF-receptor complex members, CNTFRα, LIFRβ and GP130, were increased in MS cortical neurons. CNTF was increased and also expressed by neurons. Phosphorylated STAT3 and the anti-apoptotic molecule, Bcl2, known down stream products of CNTF signalling were also increased in MS cortical neurons. We hypothesize that in response to the chronic insults or stress of the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, cortical neurons up regulate a CNTF-mediated neuroprotective signalling pathway. Induction of CNTF signalling and the anti-apoptotic molecule, Bcl2, thus represents a compensatory response to disease pathogenesis and a potential therapeutic target in MS patients.
Isothermic surfaces in sphere geometries as Moutard nets
Authors: Bobenko Alexander I , Suris Yuri B 
Published: September 2007

We give an elaborated treatment of discrete isothermic surfaces and their analogues in different geometries (projective, Möbius, Laguerre and Lie). We find the core of the theory to be a novel characterization of discrete isothermic nets as Moutard nets. The latter are characterized by the existence of representatives in the space of homogeneous coordinates satisfying the discrete Moutard equation. Moutard nets admit also a projective geometric characterization as nets with planar faces with a five-point property: a vertex and its four diagonal neighbours span a three-dimensional space.Restricting the projective theory to quadrics, we obtain Moutard nets in sphere geometries. In particular, Moutard nets in Möbius geometry are shown to coincide with discrete isothermic nets. The five-point property, in this particular case, states that a vertex and its four diagonal neighbours lie on a common sphere, which is a novel characterization of discrete isothermic surfaces. Discrete Laguerre isothermic surfaces are defined through the corresponding five-plane property, which requires that a plane and its four diagonal neighbours share a common touching sphere. Equivalently, Laguerre isothermic surfaces are characterized by having an isothermic Gauss map. S-isothermic surfaces as an instance of Moutard nets in Lie geometry are also discussed.
Simultaneous inhibition of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3′‐kinase pathways enhances sensitivity to paclitaxel in ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Kawaguchi Wakae , Itamochi Hiroaki , Kigawa Junzo , Kanamori Yasunobu , Oishi Tetsuro , Shimada Muneaki , Sato Sinya , Shimogai Ruri , Sato Seiya , Terakawa Naoki 
Published: September 2007

Paclitaxel (PTX), one of the key drugs used to treat ovarian cancer, activates the Raf–mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and phosphatidylinositol 3′‐kinase (PI3K) pathways, both considered to be proliferation and cell‐survival pathways. The present study aimed to clarify whether and how MEK and PI3K inhibitors affect sensitivity to PTX in ovarian cancer cells. We treated five ovarian cancer cell lines using PTX combined with MEK inhibitor (PD98059 [PD]) and PI3K inhibitor (LY294002 [LY]), then assessed cell viability, apoptosis, and expression of phosphorylated (p) MEK and pAkt. We also investigated the effect of combined treatment on survival in a xenograft model. The protein expression levels of MEK, pMEK, Akt, and pAkt were confirmed in all cell lines. pMEK levels increased after PTX treatment in all five ovarian cancer cell lines. Combining PTX with either PD or LY had an additive effect on cell‐growth inhibition. In contrast, we observed a synergistic effect when PTX was combined with both PD and LY. The number of apoptotic cells was significantly higher after treatment with PTX combined with PD and LY, compared with PTX alone or PTX with either PD or LY (P < 0.05). PD with PTX downregulated the protein expression level of pMEK and upregulated pAkt in all five cell lines. Treating nude mice with PTX and PD and LY prolonged survival in an ovarian cancer xenograft model (P < 0.005). These results indicate that further study is warranted for PTX combined with MEK inhibitor and PI3K inhibitor to treat ovarian carcinoma. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 2002–2008)
Upregulation of CC chemokine ligand 18 and downregulation of CX3C chemokine receptor 1 expression in human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1‐associated lymph node lesions: Results of chemokine and chemokine receptor DNA chip analysis
Authors: Shimizu Kei , Karube Kennosuke , Arakawa Fumiko , Nomura Yuko , Komatani Hideki , Yamamoto Kouhei , Yoshida Shiro , Aoki Ryosuke , Sugita Yasuo , Takeshita Morishige , Ohshima Koichi 
Published: September 2007

Adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a human malignancy associated with human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV‐1). The pathological features of the lymph nodes of ATLL change from those of lymphadenitis to Hodgkin's‐like features and those of lymphoma. Chemokines and their receptors are closely associated with T‐cell subgroups and immune responses. To clarify the relationship between chemokines and their receptor expression, as well as the development of ATLL, 17 cases with ATLL were analyzed using DNA chips of chemokines and their receptors. All cases showed a varied and mixed pattern of upregulated and downregulated gene expression of Th1, Th2, naïve, and cytotoxic cell‐associated chemokine genes. As CC chemokine ligand 18 (CCL18) accounted for the most upregulated gene and CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) for the most downregulated gene, they were selected for immunohistochemical analysis. Immunohistochemical staining showed expression of the two genes in immunological cells, with a positive expression for reticulum cells, but not for ATLL cells. HTLV‐1‐associated lymphadenitis type (n = 13) and Hodgkin's‐like type (n = 12) cases showed significantly higher CCL18 expression than the non‐specific lymphadenitis cases (n = 10) (P < 0.05). However, all HTLV‐1‐associated cases showed significantly lower CX3CR1 expression than the non‐specific lymphadenitis cases (P < 0.05). These results suggest that upregulation of CCL18 expression and downregulation of CX3CR1 expression play a role in immune responses against the ATLL cells. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1875–1880)