bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant Defense Guilds
Authors: Atsatt Peter R. , O'Dowd Dennis J. 
Published: October 2006

Optimal plant defense should incorporate any mechanisms that influence the feeding behavior of potential pests. From a diverse collection of examples suggesting that the defense of a plant may be improved in the company of specific neighbors, we discuss a framework of operational mechanisms that begin to clarify some aspects of the recognized influence of species diversity on herbivory. Neighbors serve as insectary plants for herbivore predators and parasites, and influence herbivore feeding behavior by repelling, masking, attracting, and decoying. Insectary plants lower the numerical response of herbivores by increasing the efficiency of their predators and parasites. Repellent plants primarily lower functional response by causing the predator to fail to locate or reject its normal prey. Attractant-decoy plants dilute herbivore impact by drawing off herbivores, either increasing or decreasing their numerical and functional response (or either).
The concept of gene conservation guilds adds diversionary and delaying tactics to the adaptation-counteradaptation view of plant-herbivore coevolution. The useful life of a given gene for resistance may best be extended by mechanisms that disrupt genetic tracking (specialization) by herbivores. Some plants may remain inedible not because their chemistry or morphology represents an evolutionary impasse, but because they live in an environment that provides acceptable options of variable quality. Feeding environments that provide little or no choice promote specialization by forcing physiological adaptation. Conversely, the evolutionary momentum of specializing herbivores may be lowered by enhancing their susceptibility, either by selection against virulent individuals, or by decreasing the exposure frequency of susceptible genotypes. The latter mechanism of conserving susceptible individuals takes advantage of herbivore behavioral sensitivity to variable plant quality. Direct selection against virulent genotypes requires temporal cycling of the herbivore population between resistant and nonresistant hosts. Both events may occur within defense guilds that provide acceptable feeding options of similar but distinctive quality.
An Upheaval in U.S. Strategic Thought
Authors: Smith R. Jeffrey 
Published: October 2006

Early this year, the U.S. land-based force of nuclear missiles became vulnerable to a preemptive attack by the Soviet Union, as the Soviets deployed a large number of highly accurate warheads on their own missiles. They first demonstrated this capability in 1977. Since then, U.S. missile vulnerability has come to assume great importance in superpower relations. Western observers have portrayed the Soviet achievement as a sign of aggression, and made missile vulnerability into a symbol of declining American military strength. The government has proposed a vast military buildup of nuclear weapons, supposedly made necessary by this new threat. But the public is increasingly skeptical, and support for some form of arms control is growing.
The first article in this series examines how the United States learned of the Soviet accuracy, and why it caused such great alarm. The next article will examine the Reagan Administration's response to this threat.
Prime Tests and Keeping Proofs Secret
Authors: Kolata Gina 
Published: October 2006

Stanford, California. On 29 July through 2 August, a group of computer scientists, mathematical physicists, and mathematicians met at Stanford University for a conference on Mathematics and Computers. It was a varied meeting—the talks ranged from the mathematics of chaos to a talk by the peripatetic Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdos on number theory problems that might be interesting to work on. In addition, software vendors set up shop, inviting investigators to bring their problems and try them on different systems.
On the last day of the conference, when the talks were in the field of computational complexity—the difficulty of doing certain computer calculations—two new computer science tricks were presented and are recounted here.
Molecular Beam Studies of Elementary Chemical Processes
Authors: Lee Yuan Tseh 
Published: October 2006

The experimental investigation of elementary chemical reactions is presently in a very exciting period. The advance in modern microscopic experimental methods, especially crossed molecular beams and laser technology, has made it possible to explore the dynamics and mechanisms of important elementary chemical reactions in great detail. Through the continued accumulation of detailed and reliable knowledge about elementary reactions, we will be in a better position to understand, predict, and control many time-dependent macroscopic chemical processes that are important in nature or to human society.
In addition, because of recent improvements in the accuracy of theoretical predictions based on large-scale ab initio quantum mechanical calculations, meaningful comparisons between theoretical and experimental findings have become possible. In the remaining years of the 20th century, there is no doubt that the experimental investigation of the dynamics and mechanisms of elementary chemical reactions will play a very important role in bridging the gap between the basic laws of mechanics and the real world of chemistry.
Membrane Asymmetry
Authors: Rothman James E. , Lenard John 
Published: October 2006

The components of biological membranes are asymmetrically distributed between the membrane surfaces. Proteins are absolutely asymmetrical in that every copy of a polypeptide chain has the same orientation in the membrane, and lipids are nonabsolutely asymmetrical in that almost every type of lipid is present on both sides of the bilayer, but in different and highly variable amounts. Asymmetry is maintained by lack of transmembrane diffusion. Two types of membrane proteins, called ectoproteins and endoproteins, are distinguished. Biosynthetic pathways for both types of proteins and for membrane lipids are inferred from their topography and distribution in the formed cells.
Note added in proof. A cell-free system has now been developed which permits the mechanisms of membrane protein assembly to be studied . The membrane glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus has been synthesized by wheat germ ribosomes in the presence of rough endoplasmic reticulum from pancreas. The resulting polypeptide is incorporated into the membrane, spans the lipid bilayer asymmetrically, and is glycosylated . The amino terminal portion of this transmembrane protein is found inside the endoplasmic reticulum vesicle, while the carboxyl terminal portion is exposed on the outer surface of the vesicle. Furthermore, addition of the glycoprotein to membranes after protein synthesis does not result in incorporation of the protein into the membrane in the manner described above . Consequently, protein synthesis and incorporation into the membrane must be closely coupled. Indeed, using techniques to synchronize the growth of nascent polypeptides, it has been shown that no more than one-fourth of the glycoprotein chain can be made in the absence of membranes and still cross the lipid bilayer when chains are subsequently completed in the presence of membranes. These findings demonstrate directly that the extracytoplasmic portion of an ectoprotein can cross the membrane only during biosynthesis, and not after.
New patient-oriented summary measure of net total gain in certainty for dichotomous diagnostic tests
Authors: Linn Shai , Grunau Peter D 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Objectives
To introduce a new, patient-oriented predictive index as a measure of gain in certainty.

Study design
Algebraic equations.

Results
A new measure is suggested based on error rates in a patient population. The new Predictive Summary Index (PSI) reflects the true total gain in certainty obtained by performing a diagnostic test based on knowledge of disease prevalence, i.e., the overall additional certainty. We show that the overall gain in certainty can be expressed in the form of the following expression: PSI = PPV+NPV-1. PSI is a more comprehensive measure than the post-test probability or the Youden Index (J). The reciprocal of J is interpreted as the number of persons with a given disease who need to be examined in order to detect correctly one person with the disease. The reciprocal of PSI is suggested as the number of persons who need to be examined in order to correctly predict a diagnosis of the disease.

Conclusion
PSI provides more information than J and the predictive values, making it more appropriate in a clinical setting.
Epidemiology and clinical outcome of virus-positive respiratory samples in ventilated patients: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Daubin Cédric , Parienti Jean-Jacques , Vincent Sophie , Vabret Astrid , du Cheyron Damien , Ramakers Michel , Freymuth François , Charbonneau Pierre 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Introduction
Respiratory viruses are a major cause of respiratory tract infections. The prevalence of a virus-positive respiratory sample and its significance in patients requiring mechanical ventilation remain unknown.

Methods
We conducted a cohort study in all consecutive adults ventilated for more than 48 hours admitted to a 22-bed medical intensive care unit during a 12-month period. Respiratory samples at the time of intubation were assessed by culture, by indirect immunofluorescence assay or by molecular methods in systematic tracheobronchial aspirates. Patients with a virus-negative respiratory sample at the time of intubation were considered unexposed and served as the control group.

Results
Forty-five viruses were isolated in 41/187 (22%) patients. Rhinovirus was the most commonly isolated virus (42%), followed byherpes simplex virus type 1 (22%) and virus influenza A (16%). In multivariate analysis controlling for the Acute Pathophysiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, patients with respiratory disorder at admission (adjusted odds ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 0.8–5.1; P = 0.12), with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/asthma patients (adjusted odds ratio, 3.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–6.7; P = 0.01) and with admission between 21 November and 21 March (adjusted odds ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.3–5.9; P = 0.008) were independently associated with a virus-positive sample. Among the 122 patients admitted with respiratory disorder, a tracheobronchial aspirate positive for respiratory viruses at the time of intubation (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.273; 95% confidence interval, 0.096–0.777; P < 0.006) was independently associated with better survival, controlling for the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II and admission for cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest. Among the remaining 65 patients, a virus-positive sample on intubation did not predict survival.

Conclusion
We confirmed the pathogenic role of respiratory viruses in the intensive care unit, particularly rhinovirus. We suggest, however, that the prognostic value of virus-associated respiratory disorder is better than that of other causes of respiratory disorder.
Hydrogen sulfide as an oxygen sensor/transducer in vertebrate hypoxic vasoconstriction and hypoxic vasodilation
Authors: Olson Kenneth R. , Dombkowski Ryan A. , Russell Michael J. , Doellman Meredith M. , Head Sally K. , Whitfield Nathan L. , Madden Jane A. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYHow vertebrate blood vessels sense acute hypoxia and respond either by constricting (hypoxic vasoconstriction) or dilating (hypoxic vasodilation) has not been resolved. In the present study we compared the mechanical and electrical responses of select blood vessels to hypoxia and H2S,measured vascular H2S production, and evaluated the effects of inhibitors of H2S synthesis and addition of the H2S precursor, cysteine, on hypoxic vasoconstriction and hypoxic vasodilation. We found that: (1) in all vertebrate vessels examined to date, hypoxia and H2S produce temporally and quantitatively identical responses even though the responses vary from constriction (lamprey dorsal aorta; lDA), to dilation (rat aorta; rA), to multi-phasic (rat and bovine pulmonary arteries;rPA and bPA, respectively). (2) The responses of lDA, rA and bPA to hypoxia and H2S appear competitive; in the presence of one stimulus, the response to the other stimulus is substantially or completely eliminated. (3)Hypoxia and H2S produce the same degree of cell depolarization in bPA. (4) H2S is constitutively synthesized by lDA and bPA vascular smooth muscle. (5) Inhibition of H2S synthesis inhibits the hypoxic response of lDA, rA, rPA and bPA. (6) Addition of the H2S precursor, cysteine, doubles hypoxic contraction in lDA, prolongs contraction in bPA and alters the re-oxygenation response of rA. These studies suggest that H2S may serve as an O2 sensor/transducer in the vascular responses to hypoxia. In this model, the concentration of vasoactive H2S in the vessel is governed by the balance between endogenous H2S production and its oxidation by available O2.
Fabrication of Gold Sulfide Nanoparticles Using the Protein Cage of Apoferritin
Authors: Yoshizawa Keiko , Iwahori Kenji , Sugimoto Kenji , Yamashita Ichiro 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Au2S nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared in the cavity of the cage-shaped protein, apoferritin. Apoferritin has a cavity, 7 nm in diameter, and the diameter of fabricated Au2S NPs is about the same size with the cavity and size dispersion was small. Although Au2S is generally insoluble in water, our prepared Au2S NPs can be dissolved over 100 mg/mL in water due to the water-soluble protein shell. This solubility will make it possible to place and construct nanostructures made of Au2S NPs.
Tracheostomy‐related subglottic stenosis: Bacteriologic pathogenesis
Authors: Sasaki Clarence T. , Horiuchi Masatoshi , Koss Neal 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSubglottic stenosis carries devastating consequences. Its pathogenesis, and therefore prevention, have thus far eluded precise definition. The following data suggest that tracheostomy results in a contaminated wound, secondarily infecting a larynx which may have been injured by prior intubation, fracture, or surgery. The interpretation of these data is based upon the tested assumption that infection prolongs healing of injured tissue and predisposes to scar and stricture formation. Therefore, the ability to control stomal contamination by the judicious use of topical or systemic antibiotics may play an important role in the prevention of complications in an organ functionally by‐passed by the tracheostomy cannula.
Transoral management of localized carcinoma of the oral cavity using the CO2 laser
Authors: Strong M. Stuart , Vaughan Charles W. , Healy Gerald B. , Shapshay Stanley M. , Jako Geza J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSince 1972 we have been cautiously exploring the use of CO2 laser in the management of carefully selected cases of localized carcinoma of the oral cavity. At the present time our experience is based on the treatment of 57 patients with cancer of the oral cavity.The CO2 laser has been found to be an indispensable tool in the transoral management of T1 carcinomas, multiple superficial carcinoma, extensive leukoplakia and verrucous carcinoma. The laser allows precise excision of the lesion and involved mucosa and provides an excellent specimen for histologic verification of the margins.The morbidity of laser excision is minimal, so that a tracheotomy is not needed and patients can almost always be discharged on the following day. (Follow‐up data on those patients at risk for 30 months indicate excellent control rates.)
Partial laryngectomy after radiation failure
Authors: Nichols Richard D. , Stine Patrick H. , Greenawald Kenneth J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOf patients given radiation therapy as primary treatment for limited carcinoma of the larynx, 15‐32% will not be cured by this modality. The recurrent tumor and primary site can be encompassed with a partial laryngectomy in a certain number of these individuals. This report reviews the subject of partial laryngectomy after radiation failure and reports experience with 18 patients who had partial laryngectomies to control recurrent or persistent carcinoma after full dose radiation therapy.Four patients had biopsy cures. Local tumor control was achieved by partial laryngectomy in 10 of 14 patients. Three of 4 partial failures were salvaged with total laryngectomy. Major wound complications were noted in 4 patients. Prolonged healing was observed in most patients. Prognosis is probably as good with partial laryngectomy as with total laryngectomy.
American burkitt's lymphoma of the mastoid
Authors: Welling D. Bradely , McCabe Brian F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPrimary clinical presentation of malignant lymphoma in the middle ear is rare. One case of African Burkitt's lymphoma involving the mastoid has been reported, but the case herein presented would appear to be the first case of American Burkitt's lymphoma in the literature. American and African varieties have distinct clinical presentations but are histologically identical. Chemotherapy is effective against these aggressive tumors.A 6‐year‐old boy with the first known case of American Burkitt's lymphoma of the mastoid is presented. He is doing well 23 months from the onset of symptoms.
Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea by uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Authors: Dickson R. I. , Blokmanis A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAlthough uvulopalatopharyngoplasty has been proposed as a treatment for obstructive sleep apnea, there is limited objective data concerning its efficacy. We have examined 40 patients with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea before and 3 months following uvulopalatopharyngoplasty. A standardized questionnaire and detailed overnight sleep study were performed before and after surgery. In addition, 15 patients were retested 1 year postoperatively.Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty resulted in a statistically significant reduction in symptoms, blood pressure, apnea index, and total apneic time. There was no significant change in patient weight or sleep gas exchange.Seventy‐seven percent had a reduction in apnea index of greater than 50%, which is better than other reported series using a more conservative approach. Our more aggressive surgical method will be shown in detail.The 1‐year follow‐up studies revealed the results were maintained or slightly improved over time.
Corrosive esophageal injuries I. A study of nine cases of concurrent accidental caustic ingestion
Authors: Thompson James N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTreatment of corrosive injuries of the esophagus remains largely unsatisfactory, and severe esophageal burns still frequently result in stricture with accompanying morbidity or death. The nine patients presented here with 3‐year follow‐up accidentally drank a concentrated alkaline solution. All were teenagers or young adults who drank from the same bottle while at a party. The problems encountered in these patients led us to conclude that all patients with moderate to severe corrosive injury of the esophagus should have assessment of the entire esophagus and stomach at the time of initial assessment. Six patients underwent diagnostic laparotomy and one underwent thoracotomy as well for assessment of his esophageal injuries. Had we followed the traditional approach of esophagoscopy only to the level of the first circumferential burn, more severe and potentially life‐threatening injuries would have been missed. Early endoscopic evaluation of the esophagus and stomach remains the standard for diagnosis; however, complete assessment may require laparotomy or thoracotomy. Early resection of necrotic tissue in the esophagus or stomach can lead to increased survival.
Autologous fibrin tissue adhesive biodegration and systemic effects
Authors: Harris David M. , Siedentop Karl H. , Ham Kevin R. , Sanchez Ben 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA series of experiments was conducted to investigate the rate of Autologous Fibrin Tissue Adhesive (AFTA) degradation by the fibrinolysis inhibitor, epsilon amino caproic acid (EACA). The duration of AFTA clots in vitro, subcutaneous, and in the middle ear was prolonged for a time interval that was proportional to the concentration of EACA in Component II of the adhesive. No toxic reactions were observed in the middle or inner ear. Systemic pathology (thrombosis or emboli) could not be related to the presence of EACA applied in the middle ear or directly into the blood stream at concentrations (mg/kg body weight) up to 1,500 times that expected to occur during surgery on humans.
The effect of glutathione and vitamins A, C, and E on acute skin flap survival
Authors: Hayden Richard E. , Paniello Randal C. , Yeung Cecil S. T. , Bello Steven L. , Dawson Steven M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractVitamins A, C, and E act as antioxidants and as free radical scavengers in biological systems. Glutathione is involved in several reactions in vitamin metabolism and also plays an important role in cell membrane protection against lipid peroxidation by free radicals. We sought to use these natural defense mechanisms against oxygen free radicals formed during reperfusion of ischemic skin flaps. An acute axial random skin flap model was utilized in the rat. Vitamins or glutathione were administered by oral gastric tube or intravenously in the perioperative period, and survival of the flap was measured at 1 week. Glutathione, beta‐carotene, ascorbic acid and alpha‐D‐tocopherol showed mean flap survival of 84% to 89%, each of which was significantly improved over saline controls (67% p <.0005). The mechanisms and biochemistry of these vitamins, and their interactions with other vitamins and with glutathione, are discussed, along with clinical implications of free radical scavenging and skin flap survival.
Corrosive esophageal injuries. II. An investigation of treatment methods and histochemical analysis of esophageal strictures in a new animal model
Authors: Thompson James N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe unique clinical experience of having to treat simultaneously nine young adults who had ingested the same corrosive substance prompted this investigation in rabbits of the pathophysiology of corrosive esophageal injury and of drugs that might prevent formation of stricture. Treatment of experimental corrosive esophageal injury in these animals consisted of antegrade dilatation and administration of two lathyrogenic drugs, colchicine and penicillamine, in various combinations. This study demonstrated that the rabbit can serve as a suitable animal model for study of corrosive injury of the esophagus, that penicillamine given alone affected wound healing with less severe stricture after such an injury, and that colchicine was associated with delayed wound healing and severe stricture.
Some observations concerning 200 stapedectomies: Fifteen years postoperatively
Authors: Bo Massimo Del , Zaghis Arturo , Ambrosetti Umberto 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this study, a statistical evaluation of the hearing improvement, the incidence of postoperative tinnitus and vertigo, and the permanency of the surgically restored hearing of 120 women and 80 men operated on for otosclerosis between 1970 and 1971 was undertaken.The standardized operating procedure in all of these cases involved the use of a Gelfoam® and wire prosthesis (Schuknecht 3). All patients underwent normal audiological examinations, including determination of bone and air conduction values. Pure tone thresholds were determined by averaging the values for 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 Hz. The incidence (10%) of severe sensorineural loss in regard to age, preoperative bone conduction, and oval window pathology was examined.Severe sensorineural losses had occurred immediately postoperatively in 14 of the ears. In the remaining ears, losses were gradual in the course of 15 years. Hearing thresholds in ears not subjected to operation were also determined.