bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Municipal Regulation of Smoke Pollution in Liverpool, 1853-1866
Authors: Hawes Richard 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Overcrowding and epidemic disease helped to promote tremendous municipal sanitary activity in Liverpool from the late 1840s, including an attempt to limit smoke pollution. A smoke prevention committee supervised the work of two specialist inspectors and maintained detailed minutes. These show how councillors decided that 'black smoke' was preventable. The council offered advice on smokeless fuels, furnace design, and other improvements, but much time was spent confirming the prosecution of offenders. Appearing before the magistrates were not only the owners of steamships, glass factories, bakeries and breweries, but also poor law officers, hospital workers and the council's employees. Prominent individuals such as David and Charles McIver, founders of the Cunard Company, and Henry Tate also appear. Although public health matters explains some of this involvement, the need to protect the city's new public buildings was more frequently emphasised. Sadly, the end of the minutes in 1866 makes it difficult to discover the duration of such regulation, and by the late nineteenth century, Liverpool was becoming notorious for its polluted atmosphere.
Historical and Applied Perspectives on Prehistoric Land Use in Eastern North America
Authors: Peacock Evan 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Despite mounting evidence to the contrary, many scientists continue to ignore prehistoric human impact as a factor in the development of ecosystems in eastern North America. One result is the promulgation of an 'Indian as natural conservationist' mythos in the popular media. Archaeological evidence demonstrates that prehistoric human activities caused significant environmental alteration in many parts of the region. The location, timing, and severity of such alteration varied greatly, suggesting that scientists must become familiar with the archaeological record on human/land interaction at the local level. Misinformation can lead to naive justifications for conservation or other land management activities. It is argued that archaeological data pertain to current theoretical concerns in ecology, such as establishing greater temporal depth in ecosystem studies and investigating the evolution of mosaic-type landscapes. Archaeology can also be used in raising the public environmental consciousness.
Restoring the Countryside: George Perkins Marsh and the Italian Land Ethic (1861-1882)
Authors: Hall Marcus 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
G.P. Marsh wrote his monumental Man and Nature (1864) almost entirely in Italy, where he drew heavily from Italian insights and Italian landscapes. While warning about the human propensity to degrade nature, he also maintained hope in the human ability to restore nature. In Italy, as in the United States, Marsh's writings helped stimulate discussion leading to major new land-use policies; generally preservationist measures in the U.S. and restorationist measures in Italy. The novelty and urgency of Marsh's messages depended upon contrasting Old and New World traditions of land management.
Abruzzo National Park: Land of Dreams
Authors: Sievert James 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
After centuries of seclusion, Pescasseroli and the upper Sangro River valley in Italy's central Apennine Mountains began opening to the world in the early twentieth century. Spearheading the drive was Ermino Sipari, cousin of the famous philosopher Benedetto Croce. Both Sipari and Croce, who was born in Pescasseroli, believed the natural world could bring great material and cultural benefits to the local population. All it would take was a proper land management structure. After a decade of debate in government, in the press, and in conservation circles, the result was the inauguration of Abruzzo National Park in 1922.
Oriental Nature, its Friends and its Enemies: Conservation of Nature in Late-Colonial Indonesia, 1889-1949
Authors: Boomgaard Peter 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Deforestation of mountain slopes in Java began to be perceived as a problem around 1850. This led to the establishment of a colonial Forest Service and, from c. 1890 onwards, to the creation of protected forests. Forest Service personnel were also heavily involved in the organised conservation movement dating from the 1910s. This organisation, in turn, urged the colonial government to take legislative action regarding the protection of nature, thus stimulating the creation of nature and wildlife reserves. Although the conservation movement was almost entirely a Dutch affair, its character was, not surprisingly, 'Orientalist' and colonial, and therefore quite different from the movement in the Netherlands. Too little was done too late, but the measures taken preserved some 'nature' that otherwise would have been lost, and created a framework that is still being used today.
Thomas Pringle's Plantation
Authors: Shaw Damian 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Thomas Pringle (1789-1834) was perhaps the most famous of the British settlers who landed at the Cape in 1820. He exerted an enormous influence on subsequent poetic and literary representations of Southern Africa. In this article, I investigate how Pringle's early experience as a settler moulded his attitude to the Cape landscape, and how he represented this in his early poetry. In this early poetry we see the germ of various attitudes towards the environment which are expressed later in the works of John Croumbie Brown.
Military Conflict and Forests in Central Provinces, India: Gonds and the Gondwana Region in Pre-colonial History
Authors: Prasad Archana 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
In this article I counter the proposition that pre-colonial, caste-based, natural resource management regimes were superior, in terms of stability and coherence, to colonial regimes. By engaging with the English sources of the Gondwana region I show how the question of 'stability' ignores the unequal and oppressive character of pre-colonial societies. This is borne out by the history of the Gondwana, where the social and political marginalisation of the Gonds was a result of the changing nature of zamidari power and the creation of private property rights in early colonial India.
Bamboo, Rats and Famines: Famine Relief and Perceptions of British Paternalism in the Mizo Hills (India)
Authors: Nag Sajal 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
As the British entered the Mizo hills (part of the Indo-Burmese range of hills, then known as the Lushai hills) to chase the headhunting tribal raiders and try to gain control over them by securing a foothold in the heart of the hills at Aizawl, they witnessed an amazing ecological phenomenon: a severe famine apparently caused by rats. The Mizo hills are covered extensively by various species of bamboo, which periodically rot, flower and seed. The bamboo seeds appeared to be a delicious food item for jungle rats, which emerged in massive numbers to devour them, and the consumption of bamboo seeds seemed to produce a vast increase in the rodent population. Once the millions of rats had exhausted the bamboo seed, they began to attack the standing crops in the fields. As they devoured the grains the resulting scarcity of food led to massive hardship, starvation and deaths....
Atmospheric Pollution and Stone Degradation in Nineteenth Century Exeter
Authors: Inkpen Rob 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Over the nineteenth century the spatial pattern of coal use in Exeter changes little, particularly near to the cathedral. Localised sources of pollution, such as the heating of the cathedral itself may, in this context, be important sources of potentially damaging pollutants. By the end of the nineteenth century coal use in Exeter of approximately 33,000 tons is at a similar level to Oxford. Restoration and repair costs vary over the nineteenth century, but seem to bear little relationship to the changes in coal use. Detailed examination of the fabric records suggests that there is no simple, direct relationship between coal use and fabric repair costs. Complicating the relationship are a whole set of complex human systems involved in identification of decay, the style of restoration and management of the repair work.
Histories of Forestry: Ideas, Networks and Silences
Authors: McManus Phil 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Professional German foresters have had a significant impact in many parts of the world. While this impact is acknowledged in India, Canada and the USA, it appears that many histories of Australian forestry are Anglocentric, spatially and temporally constrained, and unaware of the travel of ideas which underpin forestry practice. This article compares Australian and Canadian forestry histories, with particular reference to New South Wales and British Columbia respectively. It uses a modified form of Actant-Network Theory to look at the construction of Nature as part of the evolution of forestry, and to investigate the movement of ideas that underpin forestry in Australia and Canada.
Sir George Stapledon (1882-1960) and the Landscape of Britain
Authors: Moore-Colyer R.J. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
This article is concerned with some aspects of the career of Sir George Stapledon, pioneer ecologist, geneticist and agricultural improver. In reviewing some of Stapledon's writings on the regeneration of rural Britain during the inter-war years it places his work within the social and cultural context of the time. Stapledon's suspicions of inductive science and reductionist economics, his concern with holism, 'spiritual values' and 'the nature of things' and his emphasis upon breadth of vision and the cultivation of the imagination was in stark contrast to many scientists of the day. However debatable the effects upon the 'natural' environment may have been, Stapledon's remarkable achievements in upland agricultural improvement were largely responsible for the retention of the social, cultural and economic infrastructure of the hills and uplands of today's Britain.
Ecology, Epidemics and Empires: Environmental Change and the Geopolitics of Tropical America, 1600-1825
Authors: McNeill J.R. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
In the Atlantic American tropics, from Florida to Brazil, yellow fever attacked different populations differently. It killed outsiders more easily than locals, whites more easily than blacks, adults more easily than children. This meant that, after yellow fever was firmly ensconced via an ecological reconfiguration connected to sugar (c. 1640-90) it underpinned a military and political status quo, keeping Spanish America Spanish. After 1780, and particularly in the Haitian revolution, yellow fever undermined that status quo by assisting independence movements in the American tropics.
Ballast and the Tay Eider Duck Populations
Authors: McManus John 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Deposits of coarse gravels which line the southern margin of the Tay Estuary entrance channel east of Tayport support a thriving population of mussels. Large numbers of Eider ducks, dependent on mussels for food, overwinter in this part of the estuary. The mussels depend on the gravels to provide a firm base on which to grow. The accidental grounding of an oil tanker on the gravel beds led to analysis of the component pebbles, demonstrating that they were unlike gravels from glacial deposits nearby, but closely resembled gravels in the River Tay at Perth, 40km to landward. It is suggested that the gravels which originated at Perth were transported seawards as ballast in lighters seeking to trans-ship cargoes from larger vessels anchored at Tayport which were unable to penetrate the upper estuary due to lack of water. Gravel ballast, required by the empty sailing ships, was unloaded to ballast barges and discharged at the edge of the tidal flats, forming the island of Lucky Scalp. It was spread by salmon fishermen to improve footholds for net hauling. With the improvement of navigation waters to Perth the trans-shipment trade at Tayport ceased. With the demise of the salmon netting industry the gravel banks were abandoned and the mussel beds grew more freely, so that the shell beds increased in area. The presence of the extensive winter Eider duck population in the Tay is at least partly dependent upon the 'waste'products of a human activity that ceased more than a century ago.
Groundwater Development in England
Authors: Cook Hadrian F. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Current groundwater protection policies for England and Wales and licence controls are the outcome of a complicated history of resource development, legislative change and institutional evolution. Conflicts emerged in the late nineteenth century reflecting the need to balance resource exploitation for public supply and industry with environmental considerations. This situation arose through a late appreciation of plausible scientific principles and the 'invisibility' of groundwater; the result has been a near crisis in resource management. The issues discussed provide an interface between 'green history' and frameworks for sustainable development. An overview of groundwater exploitation is presented with case studies of low flows, the nitrate issue and salinisation of chalk aquifers.
'The Land is Spoiled By Water': Cossack Colonisation in the North Caucasus
Authors: Barrett Thomas M. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
A frontier environmental history of Cossack settlers in the North Caucasus reveals some of the weaknesses of the Russian imperial mission. Cossacks transformed the landscape of settlement through deforestation and canalisation; the resulting floods and disease regime put severe limits on their ability to be economic colonisers or cultural assimilators. In many respects, the land proved to be a tougher enemy than the mountain people whom they were sent to conquer.
Societies in Conflict: Algae and Humanity in the Philippines
Authors: Bankoff Greg 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
This paper examines the origin and evolutionary role of microalgae, the phenomenon of harmful dinoflagellate blooms commonly referred to as red tides, their history in the Philippines since a regular annual occurrence in 1983, and the loss of livelihood, morbidity and even death caused through the human consumption of seafood contaminated by such toxins.
Cover Picture: A Germanium Inverse Woodpile Structure with a Large Photonic Band Gap (Adv. Mater. 12/2007)
Authors: García‐Santamaría F. , Xu M. , Lousse V. , Fan S. , Braun P. V. , Lewis J. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGermanium inverse woodpile 3D photonic crystals with a large (25%) photonic band gap in the infrared (background image) were fabricated through a multistep replication procedure. A polymer scaffold was first created by direct‐write assembly, followed by the conformal growth of oxide and semiconductor layers, and removal of the polymer and oxide (foreground), as reported on p. 1567 by Paul Braun, Jennifer Lewis, and co‐workers.
Inside Front Cover: Aromatic Carbonyl Derivative Polymers as High‐Performance Li‐Ion Storage Materials (Adv. Mater. 12/2007)
Authors: Han X. , Chang C. , Yuan L. , Sun T. , Sun J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMolecular simulation of a PTCDA sulfide polymer crystal, in which a layered structure can be clearly observed. As reported on p. 1616 by Taolei Sun, Jutang Sun, and co‐workers, this is a new class of promising organic positive‐electrode materials for Li‐ion batteries. The excellent electrochemical performance of these materials, which is comparable or even superior to conventional inorganic materials, as well as their high safety, environmental friendliness, molecular design flexibility and diversity, and low cost, endow them with broad application and market potential.
GATA‐1 transcription factor is up‐regulated in bone marrow hematopoietic progenitor CD34+ and erythroid CD71+ cells in myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Maratheftis Christos I. , Bolaraki Pelagia E. , Voulgarelis Michael 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGATA‐1 is a transcription factor governing the production of erythroid and megakaryocytic cells. Unobstructed GATA‐1 expression in early progenitor cells commits them to the myeloid lineage, channeling its differentiation towards erythrocytes and megakaryocytes. Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) are clonal disorders of the hematopoietic stem cell frequently presenting dysplasia in erythroid and/or megakaryocytic lineage. We reasoned that measurement of GATA‐1 expression levels in hematopoietic progenitor CD34+ and the committed erythroid CD71+ cells, from various MDS subcategories, could demonstrate GATA‐1 involvement in the pathogenesis of the syndrome. In this study, MDS patients displayed significantly elevated GATA‐1 mRNA expression, in bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs), progenitor CD34+ and erythroid CD71+ cells in contrast to the control population (P << 0.001). Additionally, GATA‐1 mRNA expression in MDS CD71+ cells was positively correlated with their apoptotic levels (ρ = 0.58, P = 0.03). Furthermore, GATA‐1 expression levels were found to correlate with the disease progression. MDS patients in high/INT‐2 IPSS risk group expressed significantly higher GATA‐1 mRNA levels, in both CD34+ and CD71+ cells, as opposed to low/INT‐1 patients (P < 0.001). Moreover, the former displayed increased apoptosis in the CD71+ cells and significantly reduced neutrophil and platelet numbers and hemoglobin levels compared with the latter. We conclude that MDS patients display an increase of GATA‐1 mRNA expression in BM cells, with high/INT‐2 patients showing significantly higher levels. The higher level of GATA‐1 mRNA in erythroid cells was positively correlated with their degree of apoptosis. These findings suggest that the up‐regulation of GATA‐1 may be responsible for the peripheral cytopenias in MDS. Am. J. Hematol. 82:887–892, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The global experience with lead in gasoline and the lessons we should apply to the use of MMT
Authors: Walsh Michael P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAs leaded gasoline is on the verge of being eliminated from all gasoline worldwide another neurotoxin has been put on the market as a lead substitute. Initial concerns regarding the potential adverse health impacts of this additive have emerged and some evidence indicates that its use could damage pollution controls on advance gasoline fueled vehicles. This paper attempts to draw upon the experience with lead in gasoline to see what lessons we should have learned and how these lessons should apply to the use of the new additive, methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT). Based on the global experience with lead, the question is whether we have sufficient information to conclude that the precautionary principle should apply to the use of MMT; this would require the developer of the additive to demonstrate conclusively that it is safe before it is sold around the world. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:853–860, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Whole‐genome array‐CGH identifies novel contiguous gene deletions and duplications associated with developmental delay, mental retardation, and dysmorphic features
Authors: Aradhya Swaroop , Manning Melanie A. , Splendore Alessandra , Cherry Athena M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCytogenetic imbalances are the most frequently identified cause of developmental delay or mental retardation, which affect 1–3% of children and are often seen in conjunction with growth retardation, dysmorphic features, and various congenital anomalies. A substantial number of patients with developmental delay or mental retardation are predicted to have cytogenetic imbalances, but conventional methods for identifying these imbalances yield positive results in only a small fraction of these patients. We used microarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) to study a panel of 20 patients predicted to have chromosomal aberrations based on clinical presentation of developmental delay or mental retardation, growth delay, dysmorphic features, and/or congenital anomalies. Previous G‐banded karyotypes and fluorescence in situ hybridization results were normal for all of these patients. Using both oligonucleotide‐based and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)‐based arrays on the same panel of patients, we identified 10 unique deletions and duplications ranging in size from 280 kb to 8.3 Mb. The whole‐genome oligonucleotide arrays identified nearly twice as many imbalances as did the lower‐resolution whole‐genome BAC arrays. This has implications for using aCGH in a clinical setting. Analysis of parental DNA samples indicated that most of the imbalances had occurred de novo. Moreover, seven of the 10 imbalances represented novel disorders, adding to an increasing number of conditions caused by large‐scale deletions or duplications. These results underscore the strength of high‐resolution genomic arrays in diagnosing cases of unknown genetic etiology and suggest that contiguous genomic alterations are the underlying pathogenic cause of a significant number of cases of developmental delay. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phenotype description of a Dutch otosclerosis family with suggestive linkage to OTSC7
Authors: Pauw Robert Jan , Huygen Patrick L.M. , Thys Melissa , Van Camp Guy , Joosten Frank B.M. , Cremers Cor W.R.J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study reports on a clinical investigation of a Dutch family that shows suggestive linkage to OTSC7. Cross‐sectional as well as longitudinal analyses of audiometric data were performed. Also, high‐resolution computed tomography (CT) images of the temporal bones from genetically affected family members were obtained to study the incidence and extent of otospongiotic foci. Audiometric data showed a considerable degree of phenotypic variability. Cross‐sectional regression analysis did not show age‐dependent progression of bone conduction (BC), air conduction (AC), and air‐bone gap (ABG) levels. Longitudinal analysis of audiometric follow‐up data of one family member showed age‐dependent progression of AC, BC, and ABG levels. High‐resolution CT images revealed an otospongiotic focus in six of six (100%) clinically affected individuals that carried the disease haplotype. In none of the clinically unaffected family members that showed linkage to OTSC7, an otospongiotic focus was detected by CT. In conclusion, hearing impairment in the present otosclerosis family seems to be variable in terms of onset age and level of progression. Long‐term audiometric data of one patient proved to be valuable in understanding progression of hearing impairment in this individual. The detection rate of otospongiotic foci in our study group is similar compared to previous reports on CT data in consecutive otosclerosis patients who had stapes replacing surgery. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.