bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survival of HIV‐1 activity after disinfection, temperature and pH changes, or drying
Authors: Tjøtta Enok , Hungnes Olav , Grinde Bjørn 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA recently developed assay for measuring infectious HIV‐1 particles was used to determine the stability of the virus under various storage conditions as well as the effect of commonly used disinfectants. At the optimum pH of 7.1 the half life of the virus ranged from approx. twenty‐four hours at 37°C to no significant loss over 6 months at −75°C. Drying the virus on a glass surface or freezing caused a 5‐12 fold and 4‐5 fold decrease of activity, respectively. The dried preparations, however, were about as stable as when stored in a buffered solution. A solution of iodine and detergent (2% Jodopax) was the only disinfectant examined which removed all detectable HIV‐1 activity. Isopropanol and ethanol were more potent than acetone; however, all three solvents left some viable particles after a 30 min treatment with 70% solutions.
Differential antibody responsiveness to p19 Gag results in serological discrimination between human T lymphotropic virus type I and type II
Authors: Lal Renu B. , Brodine Stephanie K. , Coligan John E. , Roberts Chester R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA new algorithm based upon the differential antibody responses to two gag gene products (p19 and p24) of human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) has been suggested for serologic discrimination of HTLV type I (HTLV‐I) and type II (HTLV‐II) [Lillihoj et al., 1990]. To evaluate the practical usefulness of this algorithm, serum specimens from HTLV‐seropositive individuals whose infection was confirmed by PCR analysis to be HTLV‐I (n = 60) or HTLV‐II (n = 61) were analyzed by western blot. The intensities of the antibody response to p24gagand p19gag were scored by one individual without prior knowledge of PCR results. According to the algorithm, specimens with p19 > p24 were classified as HTLV‐I, whereas specimens with p19 < p24 were classified as HTLV‐II. Of 60 PCR confirmed HTLV‐I specimens, 56 had p19 > p24 (93%) while 4 had p19 < p24. Of 61 PCR confirmed HTLV‐II specimens, 56 had p19< p24 (92%) and 5 had p19 > p24. The overall accuracy of serologic differentiation when using this algorithm was 92%, as 4 of 60 HTLV‐I (7%) and 5 of 61 HTLV‐II (8%) could have been wrongly classified. Although the differential antibody response to p19gag and p2 4gag provides a simple means of serologically distinguishing between HTLV‐I and HTLV‐II infection in population‐based epidemiological studies, in a clinical context more accurate means of confirmation are required. The dominant p19gag responses were mapped to the C‐terminus of p19 (p19102–117) Competitive inhibition of p19gag response by peptide p19102–107, however, did not abrogate the binding of serum specimens from HTLV‐I‐infected individuals.
Low prevalence of hepatitis C virus and infrequent perinatal or spouse infections in pregnant women in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Ho‐Hsiung , Hsu Hong‐Yuan , Chang Mei‐Hwei , Hong Kun‐Fun , Young Yin‐Chin , Lee Tzu‐Yao , Chen Pei‐Jer , Chen Ding‐Shinn 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo assess the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the pregnant women in Taiwan, we investigated two groups of pregnant women, 944 women without serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) screening (group A) and 197 women with abnormal ALT (>45 IU/L) (group B). They were checked for anti‐HCV (anti‐C100‐3) with HCV EIA kit (Abbott Lab., North Chicago, IL). The results showed that 21 (2.2%) in group A and 5 (2.5%) in group B were anti‐HCV‐positive. However, 15 out of 21 in group A had an optical density (O.D.) of anti‐HCV <1.0, were negative by recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA), and were regarded as false‐positive.Nine infants delivered by those 11 cases were negative for anti‐HCV at 6 months of age, while none of the 8 husbands were anti‐HCV‐positive. It is concluded that the prevalence of anti‐HCV in pregnant women in Taiwan is low (6/944,0.63%), even in the cases with abnormal ALT (5/197, 2.5%). There was no serologic evidence for perinatal transmission or spouse infection.
Respiratory tract infections due to different rhinovirus serotypes and the influence of maternal antibodies on the clinical expression of the disease in infants
Authors: Kellner Gabriele , Popow‐Kraupp Therese , Binder Christa , Goedl Irene , Kundi Michael , Kunz Christian 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRhinoviruses were isolated from nasopharyngeal secretions of 49 children hospitalized because of severe respiratory tract infection. The isolates were typed using 90 type‐specific antisera. No obvious relation between certain serotypes and the severity of illness was found.Serum samples were drawn from all children simultaneously with the nasopharyngeal secretions and screened for the presence of type‐specific neutralizing antibodies. Children aged 1 week t o 6 months had higher neutralizing antibody titers and revealed a lower degree of morbidity than older children. The decline of neutralizing serum antibodies with increasing age was correlated with a higher incidence of severe disease in those aged 7‐12 months. Nevertheless, also in this age group children with mild clinical courses of disease were observed despite a low concentration or an absence of neutralizing serum antibodies. This indicates that not only neutralizing serum antibodies, but other factors also influence the clinical expression of RHV‐induced disease.
Comparative evaluation of the immunogenicity of yeast‐derived (recombinant) and plasma‐derived hepatitis B vaccine in infants
Authors: Panda Subrat K. , Ramesh Rajagopal , Rao Kanury V. S. , Gupta Asha , Zuckerman Arie J. , Nayak Nabeen C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe immunogenicity of plasma‐derived (HB Vax, MSD) and recombinant hepatitis B virus (Engerix B, SKF) vaccines was evaluated in infants born to hepatitis B virus carrier mothers. The vaccination was carried out at 1 day, 1 month, and 6 months of age using 10 μg of the vaccine given intramuscularly. A total of 83/88 (94.3%) and 74/79 (93.6%) of the infants receiving the plasma‐derived vaccine and yeast‐derived vaccine showed antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti‐HBs). None of the maternal factors studied apart from the HBeAg positivity corellated with vaccine failure. The yeast‐derived vaccine gives marginally lower antibody titre than the plasma‐derived vaccine. The group‐specific anti‐“a” antibody was less than 10% of the total anti‐HBsAg titre. It was observed that the vaccine alone without prior administration of hepatitis B immunoglobulin is effective in perinatal infection.
Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type 1 infection and tropical spastic paraparesis in belgian expatriates
Authors: Goubau P. , Carton H. , Cornet P. , Vercauteren G. , van Gompel A. , de Vooght H. , Piot P. , Desmyter J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA case of HTLV‐1 associated tropical spastic paraparesis is described in a Belgian nun who had been working as a midwife in Central Africa. Occupational exposure was the only risk factor identified. Among 2,482 Belgian expatriates in tropical countries, 92% of whom had resided in sub‐Saharan Africa for an average of 15.5 years, only one Belgian‐born man was found seropositive for HTLV‐1. He was married t o an African woman and living in Central Africa for 23 years. The risk of HTLV‐1 infection is low in Belgian expatriates and on its own does not support generalised anti‐HTLV screening in autochthonous Belgian blood donors.
Transfusion‐acquired cytomegalovirus infection in children in a hyperendemic area
Authors: Lee Ping‐Ing , Chang Mei‐Hwei , Hwu Wuh‐Liang , Kao Chuan‐Liang , Lee Chin‐Yun 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThirty‐nine children without previous cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection received blood transfusion in the National Taiwan University Hospital. The overall transfusion‐acquired CMV infection rate was 36% (14/39). Donor CMV seropositive rate was 70%. None of the nine children who had received seronegative blood became infected, in contrast to 14 of the 21 children (67%) who had received seropositive blood (P = 0.002). Another significant risk factor associated with CMV infection was the use of fresh blood: 13 of 15 (87%) with fresh seropositive blood were infected, in contrast to one of six (17%) with “old” seropositive blood (P = 0.01). Most of the fresh blood was used within 24 hours. This blood processing method was shown to account for the extremely high rate of CMV infection in those who had received fresh seropositive blood. The results indicated that the incidence of CMV infection can be reduced by avoiding the use of fresh blood, especially blood less than 24 hours old. For such a population in Taiwan with high prevalence of positive CMV antibody, this approach was more applicable than screening donor blood for CMV antibody.
Antibodies to Epstein‐Barr virus and cytomegalovirus in relation to CD4 cell number in human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection
Authors: Quesnel A. , Pozzetto B. , Touraine F. , Moja P. , Lucht F. , de The G. , Touraine J. L. , Gaudin O. , Genin C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInteraction between herpesviruses and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)I is postulated in the progression of HIV disease. In order to evaluate the specific antibody responses directed to Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) and to provide serological evidence suggesting reactivation of these viruses able to accelerate the immunodeficiency, we studied IgA and IgG titres to EBV and CMV in the serum of HIV positive patients in relation to the CD4 cell number.The titres of IgG antibodies to EBV and the prevalence of IgG to CMV were significantly higher i n HIV positive patients compared to control high risk HIV negative subjects. In HIV infected patients, anti‐VCA IgG antibodies increased and anti‐EBNA IgG antibodies decreased progressively in relation t o the decline of D4 cell number whereas anti‐CMV IgG antibodies did not varied significantly at the same time. Anti‐VCA IgA and anti‐EA IgG antibodies were found uncommonly and with low titres. IgA antibodies to EA and CMV were not detected in any patient. The variations in EBV antibody response that we describe in HIV infection were previously reported in other immunodeficiency states and could be distinctive of these diseases.
Replication of hepatitis B virus in differentiated adult rat hepatocytes transfected with cloned viral DNA
Authors: Diot Christian , Gripon Philippe , Rissel Maryvonne , Guguen‐Guillouzo Christiane 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe possibility of obtaining expression of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) genes and production of virus particles in normal liver cells from heterologous species like normal adult rat hepatocytes, by transfecting the complete HBV genome, was investigated. Various techniques for hepatocyte transfection were assayed including the usual calcium‐phosphate coprecipitation technique, the Pasco and Fagan modified calcium‐phosphate procedure, and the lipofection technique. Transfection efficiency was determined by measuring the production of HBV surface antigen under various culture conditions. Transfection was the most efficient when assayed 1 or 2 days after hepatocyte plating at low density. Few variations in the efficiency were observed between the different transfection procedures. We show that under these culture conditions, replication of HBV can be achieved in differentiated adult rat hepatocytes. Synthesis of relaxed circular and single‐stranded DNA forms and of viral transcripts including pregenome RNA occurred in the cells whereas viral antigens and mature and immature viral particles were released into the culture medium. The production of viral proteins was always higher in hepatocytes cocultivated with rat liver epithelial cells and maintained at a low density. In contrast, viral replication was not obtained by transfecting undifferentiated rat liver epithelial cells. These results demonstrate that replication of HBV can occur in hepatocytes from mammalian species non‐closely related to primates and strongly support the idea that attachment of the virus and its penetration into the cells are critical steps in the host‐specificity of the infection process and that hepatic‐specific regulating factors could be essential for viral replication. This model provides a powerful experimental system which is easy to use t o test the role of HBV DNA sequences on normal hepatocyte functional activity, particularly those expected to transactivate cellular genes.
Increased detection of HPV 16 virus in invasive, but not in early cervical cancers
Authors: Labeit D. , Back W. , Weizsäcker F. V. , Hermann P. , Melchert F. , Leonard K. , Labeit S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHuman papilloma virus type 16 (HPV 16) DNA is found in about 50% of cervical squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), and this association has raised the possibility of a causal role for HPV 16 in cervical carcinogenesis. We have tested this hypothesis by assaying a series of biopsies (n = 119) ranging from normal mucosa to infiltrating SCC with the PCR‐technique for the presence of HPV 16 DNA. While HPV 16 DNA was detected in 50% of our cases with invasive SCC, the incidence of HPV 16‐positive samples was about 10% in all other biopsies ranging from normal mucosa t o cases of carcinoma in situ. HPV 16 therefore appears to be involved in late tumor promotion but not in early tumor development.
Lack of detectable human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I sequences in samples from multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Menzo Stefano , Manzin Aldo , Bagnarelli Patrizia , Varaldo Pietro E. , Grandi Giorgio , Giuliani Giorgio , Cazzato Giuseppe , Giacca Mauro , Clementi Massimo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRecently, inconclusive results have followed the early data on the possible association between multiple sclerosis (MS) and human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV‐I) infection. For this reason, we examined this hypothesis using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to study samples of differing origin from Italian MS patients.In particular, we developed a systematic analysis of paraffin‐embedded brain white matter from histologically defined lesions of 14 MS patients using PCR and primer sets specific for HTLV‐I sequences; additionally, cerebrospinal fluids (CSFs) from 12 patients and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from subjects at the early and late phase of the disease were investigated for free HTLV‐I virions and specific proviral sequences, respectively.In agreement with some groups who reported lack of HTLV‐I sequences in PBMCs of MS patients but in clear contrast with others, we failed to detect specific viral sequences using this broad approach.
Application of screening and confirmatory assays for anti‐HTLV‐I/II in U.K. populations
Authors: Tosswill Jennifer H. C. , Parry John V. , Weber Jonathan N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDuring an epidemiological study of a low risk U.K. population diverse screening and confirmatory assays for the detection of anti‐HTLV‐1/11 were assessed. Sera from 2,900 antenatal patients were tested for anti‐HTLV‐1/11 by gelatin particle agglutination assay (GPA). All reactive sera, and 133 randomly selected unreactive sera, were further tested by Abbott and DuPont ELISAs, “in house” competitive and IgG capture radioimmunoassays (RIAs), and Western blot (WB). Sera which reacted with any HTLV‐I proteins by WB were tested by radio immunoprecipitation assays (RIPA). The two ELlSAs detected all the GPA reactive specimens that were subsequently confirmed as anti‐HTLV‐1/11 positive. Confirmation of positive screening results required the use of both WB and RIPA. Serological diagnosis of HTLV infection involves access to specialised assays that are not commercially available.
Salivary antibody titers in adults challenged with a human rotavirus
Authors: Ward Richard L. , Pax Kristine A. , Sherwood James R. , Young Elizabeth C. , Schiff Gilbert M. , Bernstein David I. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo determine whether salivary antibody is a reliable indicator of rotavirus infection and mucosal rotavirus antibody concentrations, salivary rotavirus antibody titers were determined as a function of time following inoculation of 24 adult volunteers with a virulent strain of human rotavirus (CJN). Twenty of the subjects became infected and all produced detectable amounts of salivary rotavirus IgA. These antibody concentrations remained undetectable in the four uninfected subjects. Rises of ≥ fourfold in either salivary rotavirus IgA or neutralizing antibody to the challenge virus were detected in all but two subjects. The titers of both antibodies were maximal at 13 days after inoculation and decreased significantly (p < .02) by 27 days, a result very similar to that previously found with stool rotavirus IgA in CJN‐infected subjects. These results suggest that salivary rotavirus antibody titers are an accurate reflection of mucosal rotavirus anti‐body and a possible surrogate for intestinal rotavirus antibody.
Temporal relationships of hepatitis C virus RNA and antibody responses following experimental infection of chimpanzees
Authors: Beach Michael J. , Meeks Emory L. , Mimms Larry T. , Vallari David , Ducharme Louise , Spelbring John , Taskar Suhas , Schleicher Joseph B. , Krawczynski Krzysztof , Bradley Daniel W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLiver enzyme levels, viral RNA, and the immune response against both structural and nonstructural hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins have been studied in experimentally infected chimpanzees in order to further understand the natural history of HCV infection. An ELISA for measuring both IgG and IgM responses to core (c22), 33c (NS3), and c l00. (NS4) was employed. The IgG response rates were 5/8 for core, and 8/8 for both 33c and c100. Utilizing this antigen combination, a t least one antibody response is measurable at, or within 3 weeks of, the major ALT peak. Although no individual antibody response is universally associated with initial detection of seroconversion, the combination of all three recombinant proteins measures seroconversion an average of 54 days earlier than with c100 alone, in 6/8 of the animals. IgM responses were measurable in 5/8 of the chimpanzees, were of shorter duration, and usually arose concomitantly with IgG responses. IgM appears to be a good indicator of primary infection since neither boosting nor recrudescence of disease during the chronic phase of disease elicited a secondary IgM response. Viral RNA can be measured 4‐7 days (average = 9 days) postinfection with the period preceding the ALT peak being characterized by several PCR positive segments interrupted by periods in which no viral RNA can be measured. Following the ALT peak, chronically infected animals with recurring ALT elevations are generally PCR positive with intercedent PCR negative periods. Those animals that appear to have biochemically resolved disease generally have PCR negative profiles, although they still may periodically exhibit PCR positive sera. This indicates that with the recent advent of new screening techniques, a more stringent definition of HCV resolution will be required.
Association of hepatitis C virus carrier state with the occurrence of hepatitis C virus core antibodies
Authors: Claeys Hendrik , Volckaerts André , Beenhouwer Hans D. , Vermylen Carl 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was developed for the determination of antibodies against the “putative” core protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV). Antigens used were recombinant fragments (amino acids 6‐77 or 6‐143) of the HCV core protein, produced in Escherichia coli with truncated hepatitis B core (HBc) as fusion protein.Evaluation of 385 sera positive for HCV antibodies by first generation EIA, revealed 98 (25.4%) with HCV core antibodies. HCV‐RNA, determined by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), was exclusively found in the sera positive for HCV core antibodies (89 PCR positives). In random screening of 3,708 sera, 3 sera with HCV core antibodies were found PCR positive. Only 2 of these sera were positive in the first generation EIAIt is concluded that HCV core antibody determination is a reliable test for identifying HCV carriers among blood donors.
Prevalence of high risk genital papillomaviruses in the Belgian female population determined by fast multiplex polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Vandenvelde C. , Scheen R. , van Pachterbeke C. , Loriaux C. , Decelle J. , Hubert T. , Delhaye C. , Cattoor J.‐P. , Buys M. , van Beers D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBecause in situ/filter hybridisation is not sensitive enough and because classical polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols are generally not sufficiently reproducible and specific, there is little accurate information on the prevalence of human papillomaviruses (HPV) 16,18, and 33 infections in women without dyskaryotic changes of the cervix.In our hands, our Fast Multiplex PCR protocol has always been the most sensitive, specific, and reproducible DNA detection assay in all the microbiological and haematological applications we attempted (Vandenvelde C, Verstraete M, Van Beers D [ 1990] : Journal of Virological Methods 30:215‐228; Vandenvelde C, Scheen R, Corazza F, Van Beers D [1991a]: Journal of Experimental and Clinical Hematology 33:293‐297;Vandenvelde C, Scheen R, Van Beers D, Fondu P [1991 b]: Journa lof Experimental and Clinical He‐matology 30:25‐29). Using this new technique, cervical scrapes from 336 Belgian women attending the cervical cancer screening clinic were examined for the presence of these three high‐risk genital papillomaviruses. Positive results were confirmed using another set of HPV‐specific primers. Exactly one sixth of our population was found positive for one or more of these HPVs. Types 33 and 16 were significantly more prevalent than type 18. The nonparametric statistical analysis of the data suggests that some risk factors such as particular sexual habits, that are inversely related to age, must exist.
Prevalence of human papillomavirus infections among heterosexual men and women with multiple sexual partners
Authors: van Doornum Gerard J. J. , Hooykaas Christa , Juffermans Leon H. J. , van der Lans Sylvia M. G. A. , van der Linden Mireille M. D. , Coutinho Roel A. , Quint Wim G. V. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA prospective study of 65 men and 111 women with multiple heterosexual partners was designed to assess the prevalence and potential risk factors of genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. In addition, the HPV reservoir in genital, rectal, and oral mucosa was examined.The specimens for the detection of HPV DNA were taken from different sites such as the urethra and coronal sulcus (men), cervix and labia minora (women), anus, rectum, tongue, and buccal mucosa (both men and women). Women underwent speculum examination and colposcopic evaluation of the anogenital region, and a smear for routine cytological classification was also taken. In men, the anogenital region was examined clinically and colposcopically.The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the detection of HPV types 6/11, 16, 18, and 33.A high prevalence of HPV infection at one or more sites was detected, in 32% of the male and in 23% of the female participants. Seventeen percent of the male distal urethral specimens were positive for HPV DNA. From the female cervical specimens 14% were found positive. Ten proctal specimens (five men and five women) were positive for HPV DNA without any discernible lesion. The persons from whom these samples were taken denied anal insertive intercourse. No oral manifestation of HPV infection was detected.In both men and women a difference between HPV DNA‐positive and ‐negative persons was not found in relation to known risk factors associated HPV infection.The clinical manifestation of HPV infections in this group of heterosexual men and women with multiple sexual partners is characterised by a high rate of latency both in men (72%) and women (80%), which may be important in the understanding of the transmission of HPV. The male urethra was identified as an important site of latent infection. The data support heterosexual transmission of HPV and suggest a nonsexual means of spread at the same time. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.