bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analysis of phospholipids from whey protein concentrates by high‐performance liquid chromatography with a narrow‐bore column and an evaporative light‐scattering detector
Authors: Vaghela M. N. , Kilara A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA procedure for separation and quantitative determination of phospholipid classes by high‐performance liquid chromatography with a narrow‐bore column and a light‐scattering detector was developed. Cerebrosides (CER), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylcholine (PC), sphingomeyelin (SPH), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) were base‐line resolved, and column life was improved due to low back pressure and low alkalinity of the solvents. Solvent consumption was reduced by 80%, and the detection limit was improved more than tenfold, compared to an analytical column. A gradient elution with pH modifier was necessary for good resolution of acidic phospholipids. A binary solvent system, consisting of A: chloroform/methanol, 80:20 and B: chloroform/methanol/water/ammonium hydroxide (20%), 60:34:6:0.25, was used. Analysis was completed in 36 min, and repeated injections of the samples were possible. The method was applied to the analysis of phospholipids from whey protein concentrates (WPC). Phospholipids in WPC (75% protein) contained (%, w/w) 3.57±0.13 CER; 18.13±1.23 Pl; 4.45±0.21 PE; 7.45±0.58 PS; 30.54±1.84 PC; 35.82±1.16 SPH; and no detectable LPC.
Comparison of SFI, DSC and NMR methods for determining solid‐liquid ratios in fats
Authors: Walker R. C. , Bosin W. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDilatometry (SFI) has gained wide acceptance for the characterization of solid‐liquid contents of fats over approximately the past 15 years. In more recent times, wide‐line nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been used for this purpose. Still more recently the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique has been used to determine solid‐liquid contents. These three techniques were used to determine the properties of seven fats and oils which represent a cross section of commercially available materials. These products were blended into 14 different compositions and the solid‐liquid contents were determined by the three methods. A comparison is made on the results obtained on the various samples by SFI, NMR and DSC techniques. The results of each procedure are compared according to fat composition.
On‐stream NMR measurements and control
Authors: Rollwitz William L. , Persyn Gilbert A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFour examples are described in which nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements provided quantitative analyses with an accuracy of 1% of the amount measured. In the first instance, the amplitude of the NMR absorption of hydrogen was combined with the weight and volume of the sample to give a moisture determination in starch. The second NMR instrument used no sample weight and the amount of moisture in a flowing stream of Milo maize was measured by means of only the amplitude of the NMR absorption of hydrogen. The third instrument used the second harmonic of the NMR absorption from hydrogen to measure the amount of moisture in a flowing process stream of starch or other hygroscopic material without weighing. The last example described how the amplitude and area of the aluminum and hydrogen NMR absorptions, respectively, can be combined to measure the per cent aluminum and per cent hydrogen in a flowing process stream, again without weighing.
Reduction of phosphate builder in tallow‐based detergent formulations
Authors: Bistline R. G. , Stirton A. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLaboratory washing tests using two different kinds of standard soiled cotton were made to compare built solutions of hydrogenated tallow alcohol sulfate (HTAS), sodium methylα‐sulfotallowate (NaMeαST) and linear alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) in hard water of 300 ppm at 60 C. Most of the experiments were at 0.25% total concentration (0.05% active ingredient plus 0.20% builder). Phosphate reduction, without loss in detergency, can be accomplished in some cases but not in others, depending both upon the detergent and the test cloth. Both cloths have shown with HTAS as the active ingredient, that reduction in phosphate builder is possible without loss in detergency. The effect of other changes in formulation has been determined.
Hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty alcohols: I. Study of Cu and Cd oleates as catalysts
Authors: Richter J. D. , van den Berg P. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe catalyst system containing copper and cadmium oleates as used in selective hydrogenations was analyzed. The reddish brown reaction mixture as such and after precipitation by alcohol was subjected to polarographic, spectroscopic, x‐ray and electron‐microscopic analysis. The conclusion drawn was that the mixture is a heterogeneous system. From an electron micrograph it was observed that the average particle size is 48 Å. It was also possible to determine the mean degree of oxidation of copper in the precipitate, the results indicating that the copper is in its metallic state. Cadmium is present as cadmiumoleate, which stabilizes the copper colloid during the reaction.
Utilization of canola oil and lactose to produce biosurfactant withCandida bombicola
Authors: Zhou Qing‐Hua , Kosaric Naim 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe prerequisites for a commercial fermentation process of biosurfactants include the use of low‐ or negative‐cost substrates and maximum conversion yields. Under competitive market conditions, the price of canola oil is expected to decrease in response to its increased supply. Lactose, obtained from cheese whey, is a by‐product of the dairy industry. In this work, canola oil with glucose or lactose as carbon sources was used as substrates to produce sophorose lipids (SLs) by means of the yeastCandida bombicola. Fermentations were conducted in either shaker flasks or 1‐L Bellco (Vineland, NJ) stirred reactors for 5–7 d at 450 rpm and 30°C. The production of SLs reached 150–160 g/L in a medium consisting of 10% glucose, 10.5% canola oil, 0.1% urea and 0.4% yeast extract. When lactose was substituted for glucose, 90–110 g/L SL was obtained. The apolar SL 17‐l‐([2′‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐β‐d‐glucopyransoyl]oxy)‐octadecanoic acid 1′‐4″‐lactone 6′,6″‐diacetate (SL‐1) was the major one (73%) when canola oil was used instead of safflower oil (SL‐1, 50%). Use of canola oil generally resulted in increased yields of SLs comparable to the yields obtained when safflower oil was used in the medium. Other literature reports present yields of 70 g/L and 120 g/L SLs, respectively, with these substrates.
A lamellar liquid crystal with a vegetable oil
Authors: Hamdan S. , Anuar K. , Mitchell G. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe molecular arrangement was studied in the sodium octanoate and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) system, a lamellar liquid crystal, before and after the addition of a vegetable oil [refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) palm olein] by means of small‐angle x‐ray diffraction and optical microscopy. Results from the small‐angle x‐ray showed the RBD palm olein molecules to be partitioned between the nonpolar methyl group layers for both systems. The water molecules, located between the polar head groups, showed less penetrating tendency into the layered structure of cationic surfactant than into the anionic one, both before and after addition of RBD palm olein.
Triglyceride alterations in normal and reticuloendothelial stimulated rats following carbon tetrachloride
Authors: Di Luzio N. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe administration of a single dose of carbon tetrachloride to normal rats was associated with a significant increase in liver triglyceride concentration and a pronounced reduction in plasma triglycerides. The evaluation of hepatic activity indicated that the removal of bromsulphalein from plasma was significantly impaired while phagocytic function remained unaltered. Animals with pronounced hyperplasia and hyperfunction of the reticulo‐endothelial system induced by zymosan were less susceptible to carbon tetrachloride, manifesting a smaller degree of liver triglyceride accumulation and maintenance of a normal plasma triglyceride level. The possible significance of these findings are discussed.
Continuous high temperature preparation of alkylolamides
Authors: Monick J. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLauric diethanolamide was prepared from methyl laurate and diethanolamine in the presence of an alkaline catalyst by a continuous high temperature process. The conventional batch process requires cycle times of 2舑6 hr which can lead to undesirable by‐products.With a reaction time of about 10 sec, product purity of 91舑94% was obtained at 149C for an absolute pressure range of 10舑760 mm Hg. When reaction temperature was lowered to 110C, product purity became poorer as the absolute pressure was increased from 30 mm Hg to 760 mm Hg.Two studies for optimum catalyst content of either KOH or sodium methylate showed that maximum product purity of about 97% was obtained at 0.20% catalyst by weight.
Laocs news feature Shortages and regulations: headaches for toilet soap formulators
Authors: Pickin John H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe formulator is faced with shortages in soap stock fats and oils and must juggle the merits and costs of less common oils, lower grade greases, and synthetics as substitutes for familiar beef tallow and coconut oil. Best compromises must be made by the perfumer for essential oils no longer obtainable to maintain quality and to preserve the odor image of soap products. The formulator must have in vitro, in vivo, and safety data for soap additives. All through development, the formulator must remember that, having made it, he must prove it. Efficacy tests must be more detailed and closer and closer to life.
Detection of heat transfer media in edible oil
Authors: Imai C. , Watanabe H. , Haga N. , Ii T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractVolatile substances obtained by steam distillation were analyzed by gas chromatography for the detection of heat transfer media in contaminated edible vegetable oil. It was found that a recovery of more than 90% of the contaminant was obtained by distillation of 10 g sample oil for 120 min and that a larger quantity of sample oil caused a decrease of recovery ratio. The detection limits were 0.2 ppm for Dowtherm A and 0.5 ppm for KSK Oil 260. It was found also that this method can be applied to the detection of heat transfer media in the secondary products, such as mayonnaise, salad dressing, and french dressing.
New quaternary benzyl chloride salts for inclusion in hair cream rinse formulations
Authors: Bailey A. V. , Sumrell G. , Gurtner T. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractQuaternary ammonium salts have been prepared from benzyl chloride and amino amides and an amino ester of a long chain fatty acid. These benzyl salts were incorporated in simple hair conditioner formulations containing the quaternary salt, anhydrous lanolin, cetyl alcohol, and water. Preliminary evaluations indicated that the formulations were effective in the removal of tangles and snarls following washing with ordinary shampoo. The dried hair was easily manageable and had good luster.
Characterization of products from clay catalyzed polymerization of tall oil fatty acids
Authors: McMahon D. H. , Crowell E. P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractProducts obtained by acid clay catalyzed dimerization of oleic, elaidic, and tall oil fatty acids were characterized. The monomeric products (35% of total) consisted of stearic, octadecenoic (66%trans‐), and mid chain monomethyl branched acids, both saturated and unsaturated. The polymeric products (65% of total) consisted of linear, alicyclic, aromatic, and polycyclic dimers. The tall oil fatty acid based dimer closely resembled oleic dimer in polycyclic character and linoleic dimer in aromatic and linear structures. Oleic dimers contained the highest linear structural content, while linoleic dimer contained the largest polycyclic content. Alicyclic structures were the principal components of all three products. The monocyclic dimer structures present consisted of six membered ring systems with linoleic and tall oil fatty acid dimers containing the highest aromatic contents.
Peroxide value determination—Comparison of some methods
Authors: Barthel G. , Grosch W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA comparison between the determination of the peroxide value by the methods of Wheeler and Sully (iodometric titration) and that of Stine, et al. (ferric thiocyanate method) was made. Some oxidized vegetable oils, H2O2, t‐butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, methyl oleate hydroperoxides, and methyl linoleate hydroperoxides were used as substrates. One‐hundred percent of the methyl linoleate hydroperoxides were recovered by the Wheeler reduction, 85% by the Sully method. The Wheeler method was used to reduce the methyl linoleate hydroperoxides to the corresponding hydroxy acids. In the Sully procedure, the hydroxy acids are only intermediates which are dehydrated to octadecatrienoic acids. One equivalent methyl linoleate hydroperoxide oxidized two equivalents of I− (Wheeler) and four equivalents of Fe2+ (Stine, et al.). By way of contrast, H2O2 needs only two equivalents I− or Fe2+ for reduction. The excess consumption of reduction equivalents in the ferric thiocyanate method probably is caused by secondary reactions of the methyl linoleate hydroperoxide acyl residue.
Biodegradation of some sulfur analogues of sodiump‐(n‐dodecyl) benzenesulfonates
Authors: Rogers Morris R. , Kaplan Arthur M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe biodegradability of a novel class of thia derivatives of sodiump‐(n‐dodecyl) benzenesulfonate and of the corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones has been compared using the Shake Flask, River‐Die‐away, Aeration Chamber Die‐away, and Warburg respirometric techniques. These studies have shown that the incorporation of the sulfur atom into the alkyl side chain of the linear alkylate sulfonate detergent molecule has failed to shorten the time required to biodegrade the linear alkylate sulfonate structure. The 7–9‐thia derivatives, the 7–9‐sulfoxides, and the 7–9‐sulfones are rated as bioresistant compounds when using the Shake Flask and River Die‐away tests, but, when testing these resistant isomers in synthetic sewage using a batch type Aeration Chamber Die‐way procedure, all 11 thia compounds are found to be biodegradable. Some of the isomers do not appear to acclimatize sufficiently rapidly to the bacteria under the conditions of the Shake Flask or River Die‐away tests. Under the more practical treatment conditions when using the Aeration Chamber Die‐away procedure inoculated with activated sludge, a high order of biodegradability is obtained. The probable metabolic pathway and causes for variation in the biodegradation results obtained with these isomers are discussed.
Analysis of antioxidants in oil
Authors: Min D. B. , Ticknor D. , Schweizer D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractOils containing from 0 to 200 ppm of the most common phenolic antioxidants, BHA, BHT and TBHQ, were analyzed by a new gas chromatographic method. This method requires neither extraction of antioxidants from oil nor derivatization of antioxidants. The correlation coefficients (r) between gas chromatographic peak heights or peak area and their concentrations in oils were 0.99 for BHA, BHT and TBHQ. This simple gas chromatographic method can accurately determine as little as 10 ppm of BHA, BHT and TBHQ in oils in 1 hr.
Tertiary‐butyl hydroquinone treatment for crude palm oils
Authors: Huffaker J. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBleachability of crude palm oil was studied with respect to oxidation state of the oil at time of bleach, amount of bleaching clay needed, and the effects of an antioxidant treatment with tert‐butyl‐hydroquinone (TBHQ) on oxidation reactions. These studies confirm the adverse effects of oxidation on bleachability of palm oil and the effectiveness of TBHQ in preserving bleachability. Citric acid was shown to benefit only old oxidized oils. TBHQ was effective in the laboratory and at a full‐scale plant experiment in retarding onset and rate of oxidation reactions.
The equilibrium distribution of wool‐grease components and contaminants between the solvents hexane and aqueous isopropanol
Authors: Warner J. J. , Harris I. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA strategy has been developed that enables the equilibrium distribution of wool‐grease components and contaminants to be specified in a form suitable for the design of a solvent extraction process. Experimentally determined equilibrium phase compositions for carefully selected model components were fitted by multi‐variable least‐squares regression to an empirical model to provide a convenient mathematical specification. The specification accounts for the dependency of distribution coefficient on concentration and also for the effects of component interactions.
Absence of volatile N‐nitrosamines in margarines
Authors: Aitzetmüller K. , Thiele E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSamples of margarines, butter and vegetable oils were analyzed for volatile N‐nitrosamines by the vacuum steam distillation method followed by dichloromethane extraction of the distillate and gas chromatographic‐thermal energy analysis (GC‐TEA) of the extracts. No volatile nitrosamines in excess of a practical limit of determination of 0.5 ppb were found in any of the samples. The problem of artifact formation during analysis of low levels of nitrosamines and the meaning of a “practical limit of determination” is briefly discussed.
Chlorine‐Containing compounds as copper catalyst poisons
Authors: Heldal J. A. , Mørk P. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe effect of chlorine‐containing substances on the rate of the copper chromite‐catalyzed hydrogenation of soybean oil has been investigated. Using chlorinated soybean oil as a model substance, it was found that amounts corresponding to 25, 50 and 90 ppm Cl markedly decreased the rate of hydrogenation when added to a 0.5% Cu run at 170 C. Similar effects were found with various chlorinated alkanes. It was also found that the refined and bleached soybean oil contained noticeable amounts of an unknown catalyst poison. This made if difficult to calculate specific poisoning constants for chlorine (% Cu/ppm Cl). Attempts have been made to estimate minimal values for this constant.
Lipase‐catalyzed alcoholysis of cod liver oil in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Gunnlaugsdottir Helga , Sivik Björn 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEnzymatic alcoholysis of cod liver oil, with an immobilized lipase, was carried out in supercritical carbon dioxide. The enzyme was catalytically active under the experimental conditions used. The reaction medium was investigated to preferentially extract ethyl esters, synthesized during the course of the experiment, from the unconverted cod liver oil substrate and side‐products. The effect of pressure changes on the amount of tri‐, di‐, and monoglycerides and ethyl esters, present in both the extract and the remaining lipid residue, was determined. Furthermore, the fatty acid compositions of the lipid classes were analyzed, and the relative amounts of both eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid to palmitic acid were determined. The results show that it is possible to preferentially extract the synthesized ethyl esters at low pressures. The extract collected at 9 MPa contained 64 g ethyl esters/100 g extract, while the total amount of all other lipid classes detected was 19 g/100 g extract. As the pressure was increased, the relative amount of the other lipid classes detected in the extract, especially triglycerides, was enhanced. The relative amounts of both eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid to palmitic acid increased for some lipid classes in the extract. This increase was most pronounced for the monoglyceride lipid class. The integration of biocatalysis and product fractionation, applied in this study, suggests that the potential for biocatalysis in industrial processes is considerably wider than had been thought.
Enzymic synthesis of fatty esters by hydrophobic lipase derivatives immobilized on organic polymer beads
Authors: Basri M. , Ampon K. , Wan Yunus W. M. Z. , Razak C. N. A. , Salleh A. B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLipase fromCandida rugosa was modified with several hydrophobic modifiers before being adsorbed onto organic polymer beads. The effects of different enzyme modifiers, supports, solvents, reaction temperatures, fatty acids, and alcohols on the activity of the immobilized enzyme were investigated. The immobilized lipases were good biocatalysts for esterification reactions in organic solvents. They exhibited high activities in all solvents tested, including polar solvents. The activity seemed to depend on the type of support rather than on the modifier of the enzyme. The medium polar support, XAD7, appeared to be the best for the modified lipases. The immobilized lipase favored the medium‐chain fatty acids rather than the long‐chain fatty acids as acyl donors. The alcohol selectivity of the enzyme was unchanged upon immobilization. The native and immobilized lipases favored the short‐chain and terpene alcohols as nucleophiles.
Comparison of visual and automated colorimeter for refined and bleached cottonseed oils
Authors: Wan P. J. , Pakarinen D. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractColor as a fundamental quality of edible oils has been determined primarily by visual comparison. The automatic colorimeters introduced recently made it possible to avoid operator variability associated with visual color measurement. The feasibility of using an automatic colorimeter, Colourscan, to measure the color of refined and bleached cottonseed oils was investigated. Good agreement, r2=0.99, between automatic color readings vs. visual color measurement by using the Lovibond‐AOCS Color Scale was obtained. Near‐linear correlation of light paths from 133.4 to 2.5 mm permits dark oil to be assessed with the automatic colorimeter.
Edible cottonseed flour by air classification of glanded seed: Cost analysis
Authors: Decossas K. M. , Kadan R. S. , Spadaro J. J. , Ziegler G. M. , Freeman D. W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA new, edible, 65%‐protein cottonseed flour having the characteristics of flour produced from glandless cottonseed has been prepared from milled, hexane‐extracted glanded cottonseed flakes by a simple, practical, economical air classification process. The product has physical and functional characteristics that make it attractive for use in food formulation and it meets the free gossypol standards of both the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Protein Advisory Group of the United Nations System. A process flowsheet and a material balance are given: capital costs, manufacturing costs, general expenses, profitability and selling prices are indicated for annual productions of up to 17.5 and 35 million lb of flour in hypothetical industrial‐scale satellite plants having daily capacities of 25 and 50 tons of flour, respectively. It is estimated that fixed capital investment for a 25‐ton/day plant would be $4.0 million, and for a 50‐ton/day plant, $5.5 million. Production of edible flour from prime‐quality cottonseed kernels would cost as little as 15.8 cents/lb and the selling price of flour, allowing for the value of coproducts, would be as low as 23.6, 18.9, and 16.5 cents/lb for payout periods of 2, 3 and 4 years, respectively. Selling price would be competitive with the price of soy protein concentrate over most of the production range studied.