bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Awareness of Farmers on Effect of Harvest to Mill Gap Duration on Quality of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
Authors: Mandele Noah , Chove Bernard , Suleiman Rashid 
Published: April 2024

Aims: The aim of doing this research was to assess farmer's understanding on the impact of time interval from harvest to mill on sugarcane quality as the basic raw material for sugar production.
Study Design: A cross-sectional research design was used
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out from July to December 2023 in Kilombero Valley located in the eastern part of Tanzania, between latitude 7 0 42'42'S and longitude 37 0 00'00'E.
Methodology: The study involved two districts Kilombero and Kilosa of which three wards in Kilosa district and one ward in Kilombero were selected, two villages were selected from each ward to form a total of eight villages. A purposeful sampling technique was used to select eighty farmers from 8 villages and 10 employees of Kilombero Sugar Company, forming a total of ninety respondents. A constructed closed and open questionnaire were used to collect information from respondents. The questions were constructed, translated into Swahili and pre-tested and presented to the respondents. The data collected was then coded and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS).
Results: According to the findings, around 52.5% of those interviewed were aware of the 12- to 30-hour delay in cutting burnt sugarcane. The majority of farmers, around 70%, reported delays in transportation due to poor infrastructures as well as truck breakdown. The time to transport harvested sugarcane was between 12 and 72 hours. Farmers' perceptions of factors affecting sugarcane quality rated delays in processing and transportation as very important factors, delay in cutting burnt sugarcane as an important factor, and large distance and burning of sugarcane as slightly important factors affecting sugarcane quality.The impact of these series of delays, respondents explained, that affect sugarcane quality particularly sucrose losses, weight losses, and consequently affect their income Sucrose was mentioned by respondents as quality criteria for selling sugarcane. About 68.8% of the interviewed respondents, described that percentage of sucrose measured from their harvested sugarcane was between 9 and 11%, and the minority 2% obtained sucrose levels was between 12 and 14%.
Conclusion: Farmers' understanding on the impact of the harvest-to-mill gap is critical, as a raw sugarcane provider, frequent training on variables influencing sugarcane quality attributes is required. The government has to place greater emphasis on authorities tasked with delivering extension services to farmers that include Agriculture officers employed by district councils, Sugar Tanzania Sugar Board, Kilombero Sugar Company, and the National Sugar Institute.
A Comprehensive Review on Future of Smart Farming and Its Role in Shaping Food Production
Authors: A Deepasree , Singh Swati , Divyashree . , Sharma Nilesh , Rout Sandeep , Saritha B. , Gautam Saransh Kumar 
Published: April 2024

The advent of smart farming represents a pivotal shift in agricultural practices, integrating advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, and gene editing to enhance food production efficiency, sustainability, and global food security. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted dimensions of smart farming, including its implementation across diverse global contexts, the profound impacts on food production, the challenges and concerns associated with its adoption, and the prospective future directions shaped by emerging technologies and innovations. By analyzing case studies and current research, the review highlights how precision agriculture, IoT sensors, and data analytics have significantly increased crop yields and resource use efficiency, underscoring the role of smart farming in promoting sustainable agricultural practices and reducing environmental footprints. However, the adoption of smart farming technologies is not without challenges, including technical limitations, data privacy and security concerns, socio-economic and ethical considerations, such as job displacement and animal welfare. The review also discusses the crucial role of government policy, international collaboration, and education in facilitating the adoption of smart farming technologies and addressing these challenges. As the agricultural sector stands on the brink of a technological revolution, this review emphasizes the need for continuous innovation, robust support frameworks, and inclusive strategies to ensure that the benefits of smart farming are realized equitably across the global agricultural landscape, paving the way for a more sustainable and secure food future.
Intrafamilial resource competition and mate competition shaped social‐group‐specific natal dispersal in the 18th and 19th century Krummhörn population
Authors: Beise Jan , Voland Eckart 
Published: January 2008

AbstractWe describe the natal dispersal patterns of the Krummhörn population as the outcome of intrafamilial competition. Depending on the affiliation with a specific social group and the sex of the individual, this competition is driven by different factors and obeys a different functional logic: The dispersal patterns of the daughters of landless workers allow a mate competition scenario to be detected, whereas the dispersal behavior of the children of farmers (especially of the sons) is driven by a resource competition scenario. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Canine size, shape, and bending strength in primates and carnivores
Authors: Plavcan J. Michael , Ruff Christopher B. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAnthropoid primates are well known for their highly sexually dimorphic canine teeth, with males possessing canines that are up to 400% taller than those of females. Primate canine dimorphism has been extensively documented, with a consensus that large male primate canines serve as weapons for intrasexual competition, and some evidence that large female canines in some species may likewise function as weapons. However, apart from speculation that very tall male canines may be relatively weak and that seed predators have strong canines, the functional significance of primate canine shape has not been explored. Because carnivore canine shape and size are associated with killing style, this group provides a useful comparative baseline for primates. We evaluate primate maxillary canine tooth size, shape and relative bending strength against body size, skull size, and behavioral and demographic measures of male competition and sexual selection, and compare them to those of carnivores. We demonstrate that, relative to skull length and body mass, primate male canines are on average as large as or larger than those of similar sized carnivores. The range of primate female canine sizes embraces that of carnivores. Male and female primate canines are generally as strong as or stronger than those of carnivores. Although we find that seed‐eating primates have relatively strong canines, we find no clear relationship between male primate canine strength and demographic or behavioral estimates of male competition or sexual selection, in spite of a strong relationship between these measures and canine crown height. This suggests either that most primate canines are selected to be very strong regardless of variation in behavior, or that primate canine shape is inherently strong enough to accommodate changes in crown height without compromising canine function. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Total Synthesis of Thiopeptide Antibiotics GE2270A, GE2270T, and GE2270C1
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Dethe Dattatraya H. , Leung Gulice Y. C. , Zou Bin , Chen David Y.‐K. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe total syntheses of the thiopeptide antibiotics GE2270A (7), GE2270T (8), and GE2270C1 (9) are described. The original synthetic strategies employed utilized the hetero‐Diels–Alder reaction to construct the pyridine core of the target molecules and relied on a macrolactamization process to construct the macrocycle. The hetero‐Diels–Alder‐based strategy finally evolved allows the introduction of all four thiazole units attached to the pyridine ring and a one‐pot sequence for macrocyclization and side‐chain extension, culminating in highly convergent and expedient syntheses of these molecules as exemplified by a 24‐step synthesis of GE2270C1 (9).
DIN 1052:2004 – Neue Grundlagen für Entwurf, Berechnung und Bemessung von Holzbauwerken – Teil 2: Anwendungsbereich und holzbauspezifische Grundlagen des neuen Sicherheitskonzepts
Authors: Lißner Karin , Rug Wolfgang , Steinmetz Dieter 
Published: January 2008

AbstractEs werden die grundlegenden Regeln der Berechnung nach Grenzzuständen im Holzbau, zum Beispiel die Lastkombinationen, die Berechnung der Bemessungswerte der Materialfestigkeit, der Einfluss der Lastdauer und der Holzfeuchte und die Bemessung für den Grenzzustand der Gebrauchstauglichkeit dargelegt.
Zur Berechnung von Holzstabtragwerken mit mehrlagigen nachgiebigen Verbundquerschnitten
Authors: Gollwitzer Thomas , Gebbeken Norbert 
Published: January 2008

AbstractDie Brettrippenbauweise bietet Ingenieuren und Architekten die Möglichkeit, leistungsfähige, ökonomische und ästhetische gekrümmte Flächentragwerke zu realisieren. Trotz ihrer Vorzüge sind Brettrippenschalen vergleichsweise gering verbreitet. Ein Grund ist der Mangel an geeigneten Berechnungsverfahren für derartig komplexe statische Systeme aus mehrteiligen, nachgiebigen Verbundquerschnitten. Bisherige Lösungsmethoden basieren lediglich auf Spezialfällen oder stellen Näherungen dar. Eine leistungsfähige, anwenderfreundliche und zuverlässige Berechnungsmethode würde ihre häufigere Realisierung fördern. Hierzu wird in diesem Beitrag ein Finites Stabelement mit quadratischem Längsverschiebungsansatz für nahezu beliebige, mehrteilige nachgiebige Verbundquerschnitte mit räumlicher Tragwirkung nach Theorie II. Ordnung vorgestellt, an einem Beispiel verifiziert und eine maximale Elementlänge im Verhältnis zu den Fugensteifigkeiten angegeben. Das Element eignet sich z. B. auch zur Berechnung von Holz‐Beton‐Verbunddecken.Die Berechnung von Durchlaufsystemen und die Berücksichtigung von Schwinden und Kriechen in den Teil querschnitten sind möglich. Die Abstände der Verbindungsmittel können abgestuft und damit optimal eingesetzt werden, was bei den derzeitig üblichen Berechnungsmethoden nicht möglich ist. Der Beitrag ist ein Auszug aus der Dissertation des erstgenannten Autors.
Pharmacokinetic properties of TDP4815 after single intravenous and oral administrations to rat, rabbit, monkey, dog andin vitrodrug metabolism
Authors: Chen Yanmin , Cheng Deping , Tio Cesar , Kagan Natashia , Eisennagel Stephen , Dasgupta Malini , Tomczuk Bruce , Bone Roger , Huebert Norman 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe pharmacokinetics of TDP4815 was evaluated in rats, rabbits, dogs and monkeys. After intravenous administration, TDP4815 achieved COof 3255 ng/ml in rats at 5 mg/kg, 9066 ng/ml in rabbits and 7858 ng/ml in monkeys at 6 mg/kg, and 4457 ng/ml in dogs at 3 mg/kg. The clearance (CL) was 3105, 1692, 835 and 640 ml/h/kg in rats, rabbits, monkeys and dogs, respectively. The volume of distribution (VZ) was more than 3861 ml/kg in all species, except 1915 ml/kg in monkeys. The oral bioavailability was rabbit >rat> monkey compared at 100 mg/kg, but it was much higher in dogs (> 64%) after oral administrations. The calculated intrinsic clearance data suggested that the clearance of dog and human was restricted by binding to the plasma protein, and the clearance of rat and monkey was dependent on both the free fraction of plasma protein binding and the liver blood flow rate. The unbound hepatic intrinsic clearance of monkey was close to itsCLsuggesting that the hepatic clearance was an important excretion in monkeys. The poor oral bioavailability in the monkey may be related to the extensive glucuronidation. TheVZ·kg andCL·kg in test species showed good correlation with the animal body weights (R2 = 0.87 and 0.96). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypoxia induces cardiac malformations via A1 adenosine receptor activation in chicken embryos
Authors: Ghatpande Satish K. , Billington Charles J. , Rivkees Scott A. , Wendler Christopher C. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND:The current understanding of the effects of hypoxia on early embryogenesis is limited. Potential mediators of hypoxic effects include adenosine, which increases dramatically during hypoxic conditions and activates A1 adenosine receptors (A1ARs).METHODS:To examine the influences of hypoxia and adenosine signaling on cardiac development, chicken embryos were studied. Real time RT‐PCR assay was used to examine the A1AR gene expression during embryogenesis and after siRNA‐ mediated knock down. Cell proliferation was determined by counting cell nuclei and PhosphoHistone H3 positive cells. Apoptosis was determined by TUNEL assay.RESULTS:A1ARs were found to be expressed in chicken embryos during early embryogenesis. Treatment of Hamburger and Hamilton stage 4 embryos with the A1AR agonist N6‐cyclopentyladenosine caused cardiac bifida and looping defects in 55% of embryos. Hamburger and Hamilton stage 4 embryos exposed to 10% oxygen for 6, 12, 18, and 24 h followed by recovery in room air until stage 11, exhibited cardia bifida and looping defects in 34, 45, 60, and 86% of embryos respectively. Hypoxia‐induced abnormalities were reduced when A1AR signaling was inhibited by the A1AR antagonist 1,3 dipropyl‐8‐cyclopentylxanthine or by siRNA‐targeting A1ARs. Hypoxia treatment did not increase apoptosis, but decreased embryonic cell proliferation.CONCLUSIONS:These data indicate that hypoxia adversely influences cardiac malformations during development, in part by A1AR signaling. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Synthetic Seven‐Membered 1‐Azasugars Displaying Potent Inhibition Towards Glycosidases and Glucosylceramide Transferase
Authors: Li Hongqing , Liu Tao , Zhang Yongmin , Favre Sylvain , Bello Claudia , Vogel Pierre , Butters Terry D. , Oikonomakos Nikos G. , Marrot Jérôme , Blériot Yves 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSeveral members of a new family of seven‐membered azasugars, which can be seen as 1‐azasugar ring homologues, have been obtained by simple chemical transformations starting from a sugar‐derived azidolactol. Unlike their piperidine counterparts, these molecules are chemically stable when they possess a hydroxy group at the pseudo‐C‐2 position. Biological assays with a range of carbohydrate‐processing enzymes have revealed interesting potential for these compounds. A trihydroxymethyl‐substituted azepane displayed strong competitive inhibition on almond β‐glucosidase (Ki=2.5 μM) while a trihydroxylated carboxylic acid derivative proved to be a potent and selective L‐fucosidase inhibitor (Ki=41 nM). N‐Butylation of these seven‐membered 1‐azasugars generated derivatives with some activity towards the Gaucher’s disease‐related glucosylceramide transferase (IC50 75 μM) that did not interact significantly with digestive glucosidases.
PARAFASCA: ASCA combined with PARAFAC for the analysis of metabolic fingerprinting data
Authors: Jansen Jeroen J. , Bro Rasmus , Hoefsloot Huub C. J. , van den Berg Frans W. J. , Westerhuis Johan A. , Smilde Age K. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractNovel post‐genomics experiments such as metabolomics provide datasets that are highly multivariate and often reflect an underlying experimental design, developed with a specific experimental question in mind. ANOVA‐simultaneous component analysis (ASCA) can be used for the analysis of multivariate data obtained from an experimental design instead of the widely used principal component analysis (PCA). This increases the interpretability of the model in terms of the experimental question. Aside from the levels of individual factors, variation that can be described by the experimental design may also depend on levels of multiple (crossed) factors simultaneously, e.g. the interactions. ASCA describes each contribution with a PCA model, but a contribution depending on crossed factors may be described more parsimoniously by multiway models like parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). The combination of PARAFAC and ASCA, named PARAFASCA, provides a view on the data that is both parsimonious and focused on the experimental question. The novel method is used to analyze a dataset in which the effect of two doses of hydrazine on the urinary chemical composition of rats is investigated by time‐resolved metabolic fingerprinting with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This experiment has been conducted to monitor the dose‐specific urine composition changes in time upon hydrazine administration. Comparison of the PCA, the ASCA and the PARAFASCA models shows that ASCA and PARAFASCA describe the data more dedicated to the experimental question than PCA, but that PARAFASCA is more parsimonious than ASCA, and separates the variation underlying different effects better. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cost‐effectiveness of prostate cancer chemoprevention
Authors: Svatek Robert S. , Lee J. Jack , Roehrborn Claus G. , Lippman Scott M. , Lotan Yair 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) demonstrated that finasteride reduces the prevalence of prostate cancer by 24.8% (risk reduction) but questions remain regarding the cost‐effectiveness of widespread utilization. The purpose of the current analysis was to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of chemoprevention utilizing a quality‐of‐life adjustment.METHODSA Markov decision analysis model with probabilistic sensitivity analysis was designed to determine the lifetime prostate health‐related costs, beginning at age 50 years, for men treated with finasteride compared with placebo. Model assumptions were based on data from the PCPT; Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End‐Results program; literature review of costs, utilities, and transition rates among various prostate cancer health states; and local institutional cost data.RESULTSThe quality‐adjusted cost‐effectiveness ratio for finasteride compared with men not receiving chemoprevention was $122,747 (in U.S.$) per quality‐adjusted life‐years saved (QALYs). If finasteride is assumed to not increase the incidence of high‐grade tumors, the quality‐adjusted cost‐effectiveness ratio was $112,062 per QALYs. Sensitivity analysis found that chemoprevention of prostate cancer with an agent that has no effect on the prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia can render a cost‐effectiveness ratio of <$50,000 per QALYs saved when applied to a high‐risk population associated with a 25% risk reduction, and a cost of $30 per month.CONCLUSIONSFinasteride is unlikely to be cost‐effective when considering the impact on survival differences among treated versus untreated groups. However, chemoprevention may be cost‐effective in high‐risk populations when taking into consideration adjustments for the impact on quality of life. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Red blood cell transfusions and iron overload in the treatment of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Jabbour Elias , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Koller Charles , Taher Ali 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBACKGROUNDApproximately 15,000 new cases of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are expected in the United States each year.METHODSThe mainstay for the management of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) is supportive therapy with red blood cell (RBC) transfusions to improve the patient's quality of life. RBC transfusions enable adequate tissue oxygenation and increase hemoglobin levels, improve fatigue, and improve the physical and intellectual activity of patients. Up to 90% of patients with MDS will receive RBC transfusions during the course of their disease, and many will become chronically dependent on transfusions to manage their anemia. These transfusions lead to an accumulation of excess iron that, in turn, can develop into a condition known as iron overload, causing clinical consequences like hypertransaminasemia and cirrhosis, dilated cardiomyopathy, and progressive dysfunction of the endocrine glands.RESULTSStudies in patients with MDS have indicated that iron overload because of RBC transfusions was an independent, adverse prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) and leukemia‐free survival (LFS): OS and LFS were significantly shorter in transfusion‐dependent patients with MDS than in those who were not transfusion dependent.CONCLUSIONSAlthough the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for the treatment of patients with MDS recommend the use of RBC transfusions as supportive care, they further recommend that the iron burden of transfused patients be monitored regularly and that iron chelation therapy be considered to maintain serum ferritin levels of <1000 ng/mL. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Integrins and dystroglycan regulate astrocyte wound healing: The integrin β1 subunit is necessary for process extension and orienting the microtubular network
Authors: Peng Huashan , Shah Waris , Holland Paul , Carbonetto Salvatore 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMonolayers of astrocytes in culture respond to a scrape wound by orienting towards the wound and extending processes that will repair it. We show here that they also upregulate the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, laminin, and chondroitin sulfated proteoglycan, that are deposited in astrocytic scars in vivo. We have previously shown that the major functional ECM receptors on astrocytes are dystroglycan (DG) plus integrins α1β1, α5β1, α6β1, and αvβ3. Consistent with this, laminin fragments that activate α1β1 integrin, α6β1 integrin, and DG all contribute to attachment. During astrocyte attachment, or process extension, integrins and DG are found at the leading edge of the lammelipodium, though they change in distribution with the extent of attachment and the α and β subunits of DG can be spatially uncoupled. Functionally, inhibitory antibodies to DG and integrin α1β1 or the RGD peptide all inhibit process extension, showing that ligand engagement of integrins and DG contribute to process extension. Astrocytes differentiated from DG or β1 null ES cells respond very differently to wounding. The former fail to extend process and cell polarization is disrupted partially. However, β1 null astrocytes not only fail to extend processes perpendicular to the wound, but cell polarization is completely disrupted and cells migrate randomly into the wound. We conclude that integrins are essential for astrocyte polarity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 2008