bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decrease in respiratory rate in a wolf spider, Pardosa astrigera (L. Koch), under starvation
Authors: Tanaka Koichi , Itô Yosiaki 
Published: October 2006

SummaryEffects of starvation on the suryival period and the respiratory rate in adults of a wolf spider, Pardosa astrigera (L. Koch), were investigated. The spiders used were divided into four groups: well‐fed, starved and two limited food groups; in the latter two, each spider was supplied with one leafhopper every second or third day. Adult males and females of P. astrigera could survive for a long time; 28.8±2.7 days and 54.4±18.9 days, respectively, without any food. The longevities shown here were 73.8% for males and 78.6% for females of those of well‐fed spiders, indicating that P. astrigera adults have a strong tolerance to starvation. The respiratory rate of well‐fed adults showed no tendency to increase or decrease with their aging; the mean respiratory rates were 4.86×10−4 mg CO2/mg f.w. (fresh body weight)/hr for males and 3.80×10−4 mg CO2/mg f.w./hr for females. The respiratory rates of starved spiders increased during the first two days of starvation but decreased markedly from the third to the twelfth day, and thereafter retained an almost constant level for each sex. The mean respiratory rates after the twelfth day of starvation were 2.49×10−4 mg CO2/mg f.w./hr for males and 2.76×10−4 mg CO2/mg f.w./hr for females; these values were respectively 48.4% and 63.0% of those prior to starvation. The fresh body weight of starved spiders decreased linearly with time but the rate was small. The respiratory rates of the limited food groups tended to decline with time and thereby their weight losses were minimized. The decrease in the respiratory rate under starvation was considered not to be due to spider exhaustion or senescence but due to an intrinsic change in behaviour and/or metabolism, because when the spiders were supplied with ample food for five days after starvation, the respiratory rate and the body weight rapidly recovered to near the levels prior to starvation. It is suggested that starved spiders use a higher ratio of fat as catabolic substrate than normally fed or satiated ones. Feeding strategies of poikilo‐therm predators are discussed.
How mosquitoes fly to man
Authors: Nishimura Masahiko 
Published: October 2006

Summary
A model is presented to estimate the mosquito density and radius (r) of the attraction range of man as the bait.
Man walked to a spot in the woods and sampled mosquitoes flying to him with a net continuously. The arrival pattern was constant in each mosquito species, and in all species, the number of mosquitoes sampled per five min became constant after ten minutes sampling.
The mosquitoes gathered to man were composed of D: those waiting alight, I: those intruding the attraction range and F: those following man to the spot. They were estimated by means of continuous sampling sets and densities of D and I were calculated.
r s of female and male of A. albopictus and A. japonicus were 4.0, 5.6 and 9.0 m respectively. In these species, most individuals were D, although, in T. bambusa all individuals were I, flying to search for hosts.
How mosquitoes and hosts encounter, is discussed.
Local distribution of two species of Apodemus in Kyushu
Authors: Doi Teruo , Iwamoto Toshitaka 
Published: October 2006

SummaryLocal distributions of two species of Apodemus, A. argenteus and A. speciosus, were studied by the correct estimation of peak density of mice and the detailed description of the habitat. Multiple regression analysis is applied to these distributional data setting with four variables as altitude, forest type, relative cover of shrub layer and age of forest. The local densities of both species and the percentage abundance of A. argenteus can be completely predicted by use of the regression coefficients. The density of A. speciosus correlates with the altitude of habitats, and that of A. argenteus does with the age of forest. The mean relative cover of shrub layer influences the dominancy of A. argenteus when both species occur sympatrically.
Probability functions for components of the Dendroctonus frontalis—Host tree population system and their potential use with population models
Authors: Fargo W. S. , Wagner T. L. , Coulson R. N. , Cover J. D. , McAudle T. , Schowalter T. D. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryDetailed investigation of the within‐tree population system of Dendroctonus frontalisZimmermann has resulted in a large data base consisting of abundance estimates for various life stages. This data base was used to construct histograms for transformed estimates and several life stage indices. Histograms were also constructed for transformed values of adult residence time, brood development time, and several host‐tree characteristics.Probability and cumulative density functions of the Weibull distribution were fitted, in tandem, to the scaled frequencies and interval means for each histogram. The inverse cumulative function is known, and with a uniform random number generator, allows the selection of random deviates from each distribution.This technique can be used for generating initial (starting) values in D. frontalis population models.
Use of a general model to examine control procedures for a cockroach population
Authors: Larter R. J. , Chadwick P. R. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryA matrix model for populations is described. The model breaks the population into an appropriate number of stadia to allow for reproductive cycles and includes individual daily survival rates and simple density dependence together with migration. Mortality due to insecticidal treatments may be applied on specified days to simulate space spraying while residual insecticides may be simulated with constant or declining effect. The use of the model is exemplified using a simulated population of Blattella germanica with various treatment regimes. This simulation emphasised the importance of immigration.
Age‐specific survivorship analysis of Heliothis spp. Populations on cotton
Authors: Hogg David B. , Nordheim Erik V. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryPopulation dynamics of Heliothis virescens (F.) and Heliothis zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs and larvae were studied for two years in a small plot of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.). Due to morphological and ecological similarities, the pooled Heliothis population was considered for most of the analyses. Two generations of Heliothis eggs and larvae were completed during each year. Stage recruitment was estimated for the eggs and larval instars 2–6, and recruitment variances were estimated by a Monte Carlo method. A modified form of the Weibull distribution was developed and used as a model to characterize survivorship curves for each of the four Heliothis generations. A Type I survivorship curve (mortality rate increasing with age) was inferred for both Generation 1 (early season) data sets, whereas a Type II survivorship curve (mortality rate constant and thus independent of age) was inferred for both Generation 2 (late season) data sets. The shapes of the survivorship curves for the individual H. virescens and H. zea populations were inferred to be the same as those for the pooled populations. Analysis of the contributions of various factors to Heliothis stage‐specific mortality indicated that natural enemies (predators and parasites) and the availability of food for larvae were responsible for between‐generation differences in survivorship patterns.
Alternative risk‐taking styles: The case of time‐budgeting strategies of terrestrial gastropods
Authors: Rollo C. D. , Vertinsky I. B. , Wellington W. G. , Kanetkar V. K. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe terrestrial slugs Arion ater, Limax maximus and Ariolimax columbianus have similar morphological designs but differ remarkably in their life history tactics and behavioural time budgets. The adaptive value of particular risk‐taking styles was investigated using a comprehensive computer simulation model.The model allowed each species' success (growth rates, food acquisition) and costs (distance travelled, hydration deficits, injury from aggressive encounters) to be evaluated in various types of weather (benign, harsh and surprise). This was interpreted in terms of the species' life history design. In addition, each species was simulated with the behavioural strategy of the other two species substituted for its natural programming.The simulation experiments demonstrated how variations in a few simple rules could lead to divergent cost‐benefit consequences. The model also illustrated that coarsely‐tuned sensitivity to the environment may be better than finely‐tuned responses, depending on the animal's ability to respond quickly and the degree of risk.The simulations suggested that competition has shaped the time‐budgeting tactics of A. ater and L. maximus. Each species actually performed better in harsh weather, using the behavioural program of the other. L. maximus is an aggressive species with a narrow, nocturnal activity period. The concentrated activity of L. maximus may allow it to displace competitors more effectively, whereas the broader time span of A. ater's activity may be necessary to avoid L. maximus.
Studies on the mating system of the winter cherry bug, Acanthocoris sordidus Thunberg (Heteroptera: Coreidae) II. Harem defence polygyny
Authors: Fujisaki Kenji 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe mating system of the winter cherry bug, Acanthocoris sordidus, was analyzed precisely. As a result, it was found that male adults of this species establish a small territory for mating on the stem of host plant which harbors females. These males abandoned their territories soon after the disappearance of monopolized females. Thus it was confirned that the cue for the territorial establishment of males is the presence of females per se on the host plant. Moreover, most aggregations of adults observed on the host plant contained only a single male. This one‐male unit in the mating was named a harem. Harem holding males were usually big in body‐size and had a high chance of copulations. The defence behaviors of harem holding males, the mating disparity among males, and the oviposition habit of females in relation to the mating system, were observed. The results obtained were discussed in relation to the sexual selection theories.
The effects of food and density on the nocturnal behaviour of Arion ater and Ariolimax columbianus (Pulmonata: Stylommatophora)
Authors: Hamilton Peter A. , Wellington William G. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe effects of food supply and population density on the nocturnal behaviour of Arion ater and Ariolimax columbianus were investigated. Density did not significantly affect A. ater's level of activity or short‐term movement, resting, or feeding. A. columbianus was more active and moved, rested, and fed more frequently when slug density was high. A. ater foraged and rested more often, but fed less when good food was unavailable. Ariolimax's only response to the food regime was to feed more when good food was available. Seasonal changes in the level of activity and behaviour of Arion were evident, whereas Ariolimax's activity and behavioural repertoire were not similarly affected. Arion ater's nightly activity appeared to be mainly food oriented, while Ariolimax columbianus seemed most responsive to slug density during its nocturnal activity periods.
Estimation of the attraction range of a human bait for Aedes albopictus (Diptera, culicidae) adults and its absolute density by a new removal method applicable to populations with immigrants
Authors: Mogi Motoyoshi , Yamamura Norio 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe attraction range of a human bait for Aedes albopictus (Diptera, Culicidae) adults and its absolute density in the range were estimated by a new removal method which is applicable to populations with immigrants. In this model, the number of mosquitoes removed during the kth collection unit yk, is expressed as
urn:x-wiley:14383896:pope0328:equation:pope0328-math-0001
where x0 is the initial number of mosquitoes in the attraction range, a is an index directly proportional to collection efficiency, b is the number of immgirants per collection unit and s(=e−a) is the survival rate of mosquitoes in the attraction range per collection unit. From the result of successive two collections with various interval distances, it was considered that Aedes albopictus adults are attracted to a human bait from the distance of 4–5 m in the bamboo forest on the calm day. The applicability of this method for the population census of forest mosquitoes was discussed.
Growth and survival rate of the larvae of Hynobius nebulosus Tokyoensis Tago (Amphibia, Hynobiidae)
Authors: Kusano Tamotsu 
Published: October 2006

SummaryGrowth and population density of the larvae, Hynobius nebulosus tokyoensisTago, were estimated in a small pond within the study site settled in Habu village of Hinodemachi, a suburb of Tokyo City, during the period from 1975 to 1980. The mortality factors which influenced the survival rate of larvae were also evaluated from the ecological point of view. Laboratory experiments on the growth of larvae and predation by newts were conducted in pararell with the field survey.The results showed that growth rate of larvae under the natural condition was very slow, as compared with that under the laboratory condition with sufficient food supply, and mean body size at metamorphosis was negatively correlated with the density at that time. This suggested that food resources were in short supply in the pond, and there occurred a severe intraspecific competition for food among larvae.The mortality rate of larvae was so high, 80–99% in each year, and the density of larvae survived until metamorphosis varied so greatly from year to year that the larval stage was the most important stage throughout the life cycle to the maintenance of a population for this salamander. The most important factors which contributed to this high mortality were the predation by the newt, Triturus pyrrhogaster pyrrhogasterBoie, and cannibalism. From the laboratory experiment, it was found that predators could attack only small larvae successfully, and successful attack rate decreased sharply as larvae grew larger. This relationship resulted in the characteristic L‐shaped pattern of survivorship curve of larvae; that is, heavy mortality just after hatching period.
On the mode of selection in Escherichia coli
Authors: Kosuda Kazuhiko 
Published: October 2006

SummaryCompetition experiments between a lac+ prototroph and a lac− auxotroph of Escherichia coli were conducted by serial transfer procedure on four levels of sugar concentration. Changes of the relative frequencies of both genotypes were followed and the relative fitness was estimated. Fitness was proved to be density‐dependent. No explicit dependence of fitness upon genotype frequencies could be detected by the simple method ofKosuda (1981).
Comparison of dispersal ability between the green leafhoppers, Nephotettix virescens and N. cincticeps (hemiptera: Cicadellidae) by tethered flight
Authors: Widiarta I Nyoman , Ikeda Tsuyoshi , Fujisaki Kenji , Nakasuji Fusao 
Published: October 2006

SummaryDispersal propensity of green leafhoppers was compared between a tropical species, Nephotettix virescens, and a temperate species, N. cincticeps. The flight ability was measured with tethered flight technique under laboratory conditions (25°C, 16L‐8D). The pre‐flight period was shorter and the flight duration was longer in N. virescens than in N. cincticeps in both sexes. No significant correlations were found between the flight activity and morphometric characters for either of the two species. The results suggested that dispersal propensity of N. virescens is higher than that of N. cincticeps.
Antimicrobial resistance in non-typhoidal salmonellas from humans in Northern Ireland, 2001–2003: standardization needed for better epidemiological monitoring
Authors: ONG G. , WILSON I. , SMYTH B. , ROONEY P. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYThis study investigated the identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Salmonella isolates in Northern Ireland during 2001–2003. All six participating hospital laboratories used similar methods. Identification and antimicrobial resistance of human enteric (n=897) Salmonella isolates were analysed by retrospective collation of laboratory records. Resistance of human Salmonella isolates to nalidixic acid was 16% but resistance to ciprofloxacin or cefotaxime was rare (<1%). Minor inter-laboratory variations in sensitivity testing practices make it difficult to compare antimicrobial sensitivity results reliably and also to monitor for epidemic clones such as S. Typhimurium DT104 with the ACSSuT resistance pattern. The outcome of this study was the adoption of a standardized regional approach to the isolation of salmonella antimicrobial resistance. This should improve epidemiological monitoring of epidemic clones and assure optimum treatment options are available. In cases of treatment failure, MICs to third-generation cephalosporins and ciprofloxacin should be determined.
Attitudes and Social Categories: Complementary Explanations of Innovation-Adoption Behavior
Authors: Brown M A 
Published: October 2006

This paper explores the relationships between an individual's attitudes toward innovation adoption, his or her social category with respect to adoption, and innovation-adoption behavior. First the paper describes how attitudes and social categories can theoretically be linked to innovation adoption, and proposes a comprehensive model in which the two sets of variables are viewed as explaining both unique and common variance in adoption behavior. The paper then empirically examines the intercorrelations of attitudes, social categories, and innovation adoption in a real-world situation: The diffusion of five agricultural innovations in a portion of Appalachian Ohio. The results indicate that some attitudes are significantly related to social categories, whereas others are not; both sets of variables are highly associated with innovation adoption, but attitudes more so than social categories; finally, each set of variables explains some unique aspects of innovation adoption. Thus the findings suggest that comprehensive behavioral models must include psychological as well as socioeconomic and locational variables.
Modeling the Choice of Telecommuting: Setting the Context
Authors: Mokhtarian P L , Salomon I 
Published: October 2006

In this paper a conceptual model of the individual decision to telecommute is presented. Key elements of that decision, including constraints, facilitators, and drives, are defined and the relationships among them described. The major types of constraints (if negative) or facilitators (if positive) include external factors related to awareness, the organization, and the job, and internal psychosocial factors. The major types of drives are work, family, leisure, ideology, and travel. It is argued that the absence of constraints is a necessary but not sufficient condition for telecommuting to be adopted by an individual. The presence of one or more drives, assumed to be associated with some dissatisfaction, is necessary to activate the search for a solution to that dissatisfaction. The choice set contains those alternative solutions perceived to be feasible by the individual. It may or may not contain telecommuting (depending on whether all constraints are nonbinding or not), and probably contains other alternatives having nothing to do with telecommuting. Each alternative is evaluated in terms of how effectively it satisfies the drive, and the individual's attitudes toward it. The alternative (or bundle of alternatives) which maximizes individual utility becomes the preferred behavioral pattern. However, short-term constraints may prevent the preferred behavior from being chosen. The process is a dynamic one, in which previous choices affect attitudes and constraints and alter drives. Work directed by the authors is under way to operationalize the conceptual model.
Measuring Equal Opportunities in European Employment
Authors: Perrons D 
Published: October 2006

The European Community has developed various social policies to compensate for the uneven effects of economic integration, and to bring about greater equality between women and men. In addition, the member states have their own policy traditions and institutional frameworks which likewise affect general employment conditions. In order to bring about greater economic and social cohesion in the European Community there have been moves to harmonise social policy. Clearly, if greater equality between women and men is a desired goal then it is important that the harmonisation should take place around those policies that are more progressive in this respect. Two ways of measuring gender inequality in paid work are proposed and applied to EC data. The results of this preliminary study indicate that those countries with more formal regulatory frameworks are more conducive to greater gender equality than those where market-based policies prevail.
Moving Plans of the Elderly: A Test of the Stress-Threshold Model
Authors: Fokkema T , Van Wissen L 
Published: October 2006

The aim of this paper is to develop and test a theoretical model for the explanation of moving plans among elderly persons. This model of moving behaviour of the elderly is more or less similar to the ‘residential satisfaction model of relocation’, developed by Speare, and consists of three sets of variables: (1) background characteristics (personal characteristics, discrepancies with regard to several housing and neighbourhood characteristics, and social bonds); (2) level of housing and neighbourhood dissatisfaction; and (3) moving plans. The main feature of this model is the intervening role of the two dissatisfaction variables: it is assumed that the background characteristics influence the levels of housing and/or neighbourhood dissatisfaction, which in turn affect the moving plans. In order to test this model, covariance structure analysis is utilized among a sample of elderly residents in two districts of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Although the results support the residential mobility model to a large extent—the levels of housing and neighbourhood dissatisfaction act mostly as intervening variables—some unexpected findings emerge. In addition, the percentage of unexplained variance in moving plans is relatively large. For this reason, a number of suggestions are given to extend the theoretical model towards a better explanation of moving plans of elderly persons. One of these suggestions, that is, including the appropriateness of the dwelling in the near future as an intervening variable, is tested. It is shown that this factor plays an important intervening role, which implies that the elderly do not consider to move only because they are dissatisfied with their living conditions at the moment, but that those who expect their house to be inappropriate in the short term are more inclined to move. Therefore, in future research on the moving behaviour of the elderly it is necessary to take this anticipatory behaviour into account.