bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What future is there for work?
Authors: Bindé Jérôme 
Published: April 2007

PurposeThe paper aims to explore five lines of enquiry and action that mainly appeal to freedom and knowledge: developing forms of activity that put an emphasis on free commitment, such as NGOs, for example; fostering the building of creative knowledge‐based societies; designing a new social contract founded on the right to lifelong learning for all; underpinning globalization by a future‐oriented ethic; combining the necessity to work with the dignity to which citizens are entitled.Design/methodology/approachDrawing conclusions from recent trends in global economy as well as writings by economists, sociologists and philosophers from different countries, the paper argues that the social role and our conceptions of work have entered a time of crisis.FindingsOnce widely acknowledged as a central social and economic fact and a driving ethical value, work seems to lose some of its importance as a human activity in a world that is more and more global and technological. But, work being instrumental in defining not only what one does but also what one is, it cannot be discarded so casually. How can work be reinvented as a value and how are organizations such as Unesco to cope with an issue that pertains to human rights?Originality/valueThis conceptual paper focuses on work both as an economical fact and a social value.
Overview of hedge fund tax structures
Authors: Zarin Richard S. , Zimmerman William P. 
Published: April 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a brief overview of some common hedge fund structures and some of the tax considerations that are significant in choosing among these structures.Design/methodology/approachThe focus of this article is US federal income tax considerations, particularly in the circumstance where the fund manager includes, at least in part, persons who are US individual taxpayers. The structures described here, including limited partnerships organized under US law, offshore investment companies, and master‐feeder structures, serve as basic building blocks for many other variations that may be appropriate, depending on a number of factors, including investment objectives (e.g. capital appreciation versus dividend income), anticipated investors (e.g. non‐US investors and investors subject to special regulatory regimes) and the composition of the investment managers (e.g. managers that include both US and non‐US principals).FindingsHedge funds must be structured carefully to avoid unfavorable US tax consequences and each structure has both advantages and disadvantages.Originality/valueAn essential summary of tax structures for hedge fund managers and advisers.
Variant genotypes and haplotypes of the epidermal growth factor gene promoter are associated with a decreased risk of gastric cancer in a high‐risk Chinese population
Authors: Jin Guangfu , Miao Ruifen , Deng Yimei , Hu Zhibin , Zhou Yan , Tan Yongfei , Wang Jianming , Hua Zhaolai , Ding Weiliang , Wang Lina , Chen Wensen , Shen Jing , Wang Xinru , Xu Yaochu , Shen Hongbing 
Published: April 2007

Epidermal growth factor (EGF), a ligand of the EGF receptor, plays a critical role in the development of gastric cancer. Genetic variants in its promoter region may influence transcription activity and contribute to gastric cancer predisposition. To test this hypothesis, we genotyped three EGF promoter polymorphisms (G61A, G‐1380A, and A‐1744G) in a case–control study of 675 gastric cancer cases and 704 cancer‐free controls. We found that the variant genotypes of EGF 61GA/AA were associated with a significantly decreased risk of gastric cancer (OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.61–0.95), when compared with wild‐type homozygote 61GG. In the combined analysis with all three loci of EGF, subjects carrying one or more variant loci had a significantly decreased risk of gastric cancer in a dose–response manner (adjusted OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.42–0.80 for subjects carrying one variant locus and OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.32–0.66 for those carrying two to three variant loci, respectively; trend test: χ2 = 16.14, P < 0.001). Compared with the most common haplotype GGA, haplotypes AGA, GGG and GAA (each containing one variant allele) were associated with 33%, 29% and 34% significantly decreased risk of gastric cancer (adjusted OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.55–0.82 for AGA; OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.57–0.88 for GGG and OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.52–0.84 for GAA, respectively). Our findings indicate that variant genotypes and haplotypes of EGF promoter might play a role in gastric carcinogenesis. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 864–868)
Vulnerability of alpine stream biodiversity to shrinking glaciers and snowpacks
Authors: BROWN LEE E. , HANNAH DAVID M. , MILNER ALEXANDER M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractClimate change poses a considerable threat to the biodiversity of high latitude and altitude ecosystems, with alpine regions across the world already showing responses to warming. However, despite probable hydrological change as alpine glaciers and snowpacks shrink, links between alpine stream biota and reduced meltwater input are virtually unknown. Using data from the French Pyrénées, we demonstrate that taxonomic richness and total abundance of stream macroinvertebrates increase significantly as meltwater (snow melt and glacier melt) contributions to river flow decrease. Macroinvertebrate species showed a gradation of optimum meltwater conditions at which they persist. For example: Habroleptoides berthelemyi (Ephemeroptera), Perla grandis (Plecoptera) and Rhithrogena spp. (Ephemeroptera) increased in abundance when meltwater contributions to streamflow decrease, whereas in contrast, Rhyacophila angelieri (Trichoptera) and Diamesa latitarsis spp. (Diptera) decreased in abundance. Changes in alpine stream macroinvertebrate community composition as meltwater contributions decline were associated with lower suspended sediment concentration, and higher water temperature, electrical conductivity and pH. Our results suggest α diversity (at a site) of streams presently fed by meltwaters will increase with future meltwater reductions. However, β diversity (between‐sites) will be reduced as snow melt and glacier melt decrease because the habitat heterogeneity associated with spatiotemporal variability of water source contributions will become lower as meltwater contributions decline. Extinction of some endemic alpine aquatic species (such as the Pyrenean caddis fly R. angelieri) is predicted with reduced meltwater inputs, leading to decreases in γ diversity (region). Our identification of significant links between meltwater production and stream macroinvertebrate biodiversity has wider implications for the conservation of alpine river ecosystems under scenarios of climate change induced glacier and snowpack loss.
Cholestatic liver disease in adults may be due to an inherited defect in bile acid biosynthesis
Authors: Fischler B. , Bodin K. , Stjernman H. , Olin M. , Hansson M. , Sjövall J. , Björkhem I. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.Background.  An increasing number of treatable inborn errors of bile acid synthesis have been described, primarily in infants with severe cholestatic liver disease.Results.  The present patient, whose two older siblings had died from progressive cholestatic liver disease, developed neonatal cholestasis and rickets but recovered during the childhood years and follow‐up was terminated at 12 years of age. The patient presented again at 26 years of age with jaundice and pathological liver function tests. This was normalized upon treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid. Electrospray mass spectrometry of urine showed predominance of unsaturated bile acids, characteristic of 3β‐hydroxy‐Δ5‐C27‐steroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (HSD3B7) deficiency. The activity of HSD3B7 in cultured fibroblasts was less than 5% of normal. A single homozygous mutation was found in exon 4 leading to an amino acid exchange (S162R) and loss of enzyme activity.Conclusion.  This case illustrates that infants with an inherited absence of HSD3B7 may survive the neonatal period of life and childhood without treatment with bile acids. A low level of sulphation of the abnormal trihydroxy bile acid formed as a result of enzyme deficiency may be of importance for survival. The possibility that liver disease presenting in the adult may be due to a mutation in the HSD3B7 gene should be considered, especially in cases with familial occurrence of liver disease and earlier periods of liver dysfunction.
Child abuse study among Swedish physicians and medical students
Authors: BORRES MAGNUS P. , HÄGG ANNA 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackground: The purpose of the present paper was to examine the attitudes and experiences of reporting child abuse and neglect among primary care and hospital‐based physicians and to study the responses of physicians and medical students to case vignettes suggestive of possible physical abuse or neglect.Methods: Physicians at the child health centers in Göteborg primary care (n= 44) and the general pediatricians at the pediatric hospital (n= 21) in Göteborg answered a questionnaire regarding their attitude and experiences reporting child abuse and neglect. The physicians and medical students (n= 34) responded to three case vignettes in which child abuse and neglect could be suspected.Results: A majority of the physicians had reported child abuse and neglect to the social services (80%). No differences were found between primary care and hospital‐based physicians in terms of reporting or attitudes. Two‐thirds of the physicians had suspected child abuse and neglect and decided not to report, and the major reason for not reporting was a lack of confidence in social services organization. Twenty‐one percent had never reported a child for abuse or neglect during their working career. Medical students were more likely to report hypothetical cases than physicians.Conclusion: Many physicians have reported child abuse to social services but also have neglected to do so even when suspecting abuse. It is important that medical students’ willingness to report is continued when starting to work clinically and that all physicians should be continuously educated.
Model-Based Clustering for Social Networks
Authors: Handcock Mark S. , Raftery Adrian E. , Tantrum Jeremy M. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryNetwork models are widely used to represent relations between interacting units or actors. Network data often exhibit transitivity, meaning that two actors that have ties to a third actor are more likely to be tied than actors that do not, homophily by attributes of the actors or dyads, and clustering. Interest often focuses on finding clusters of actors or ties, and the number of groups in the data is typically unknown. We propose a new model, the latent position cluster model, under which the probability of a tie between two actors depends on the distance between them in an unobserved Euclidean ‘social space’, and the actors’ locations in the latent social space arise from a mixture of distributions, each corresponding to a cluster. We propose two estimation methods: a two-stage maximum likelihood method and a fully Bayesian method that uses Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling. The former is quicker and simpler, but the latter performs better. We also propose a Bayesian way of determining the number of clusters that are present by using approximate conditional Bayes factors. Our model represents transitivity, homophily by attributes and clustering simultaneously and does not require the number of clusters to be known. The model makes it easy to simulate realistic networks with clustering, which are potentially useful as inputs to models of more complex systems of which the network is part, such as epidemic models of infectious disease. We apply the model to two networks of social relations. A free software package in the R statistical language, latentnet, is available to analyse data by using the model.
Religion and Popular Culture in Nineteenth‐Century Ireland
Authors: McMahon Timothy G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAfter the so‐called ‘revisionist controversy’ of the 1990s, historians of Ireland have embraced more fervently comparative and interdisciplinary approaches to the study of the Irish past. One subfield that has benefited enormously from these new directions has been the history of popular culture. In particular, the study of popular religion in the long nineteenth century has become more nuanced during the past fifteen years, as scholars have re‐assessed the combined impacts of population change and the Catholic Church's ‘devotional revolution’ on popular culture and beliefs. An examination of the transformation of the devotional practice known as ‘the pattern’ suggests that popular religion (and popular culture more generally) emerged out of a dialectical process in which local traditions and beliefs were nearly as significant as were the prescriptive actions of elites.
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Small-Scale Mixing in Drake Passage
Authors: Thompson Andrew F. , Gille Sarah T. , MacKinnon J. A. , Sprintall Janet 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTemperature and salinity profiles obtained with expendable CTD probes throughout Drake Passage between February 2002 and July 2005 are analyzed to estimate turbulent diapycnal eddy diffusivities to a depth of 1000 m. Diffusivity values are inferred from density/temperature inversions and internal wave vertical strain. Both methods reveal the same pattern of spatial variability across Drake Passage; diffusivity estimates from inversions exceed those from vertical strain by a factor of 3 over most of Drake Passage. The Polar Front (PF) separates two dynamically different regions. Strong thermohaline intrusions characterize profiles obtained north of the PF. South of the PF, stratification is determined largely by salinity, and temperature is typically unstably stratified between 100- and 600-m depth. In the upper 400 m, turbulent diapycnal diffusivities are O(10−3 m2 s−1) north of the PF but decrease to O(10−4 m2 s−1) or smaller south of the PF. Below 400 m diffusivities typically exceed 10−4 m2 s−1. Diffusivities decay weakly with depth north of the PF, whereas diffusivities increase with depth and peak near the local temperature maximum south of the PF. The meridional pattern in near-surface mixing corresponds to local maxima and minima of both wind stress and wind stress variance. Near-surface diffusivities are also found to be larger during winter months north of the PF. Wind-driven near-inertial waves, strong mesoscale eddy activity, and double-diffusive convection are suggested as possible factors contributing to observed mixing patterns.
Drawing on assessment: using visual representations to understand students' experiences of assessment in art and design
Authors: McKillop Chris 
Published: April 2007

This paper discusses research that is being conducted using visual representations as a method for understanding students' experiences of the assessment process in art and design. The preliminary analysis of drawings has highlighted a number of factors including: a negative reaction
to assessment; the use of metaphor and simile in drawings and the effectiveness of using visual representations to successfully convey experience.
Using visual representations is proposed as a means of furthering our understanding of the student learning experience; and as a method for
students to reflect on their experiences, such as within a Personal Development Planning (PDP) process. The drawings have highlighted an overwhelmingly negative reaction to assessment and this paper suggests that the prejudicial effects of assessment need further investigation, due to potentially
detrimental consequences on students' creative abilities.
Assessing creativity in the creative arts
Authors: Cowdroy Rob , Williams Anthony 
Published: April 2007

This paper follows the authors' and their faculty colleagues' experiences in developing an innovative approach to creative design teaching and assessment. Failure to adequately explain to students how they were to be assessed in creative design had led to a formal appeal by students
and an inquiry which focused attention on how difficult it was to define creativity and creative ability. The inquiry led to University pressure for objective or transparent assessment that conformed with the University's quality assurance protocols. From the teachers' perspective, however,
creative ability was associated with conceptual ideas that were higherorder thinking activities that could not be adequately assessed objectively or transparently in the conventional meanings of these terms. Subsequent investigation showed widespread disagreement among the various design and
creative arts disciplines (within the University and beyond) on what constitutes creativity and what constitutes creative ability; whether creative ability is essentially intuitive or essentially rational or procedural; whether creative ability could or should be reduced to quantifiable parameters
for assessment; and whether the most important aspects of creative achievement reside in the initial thinking (creative ideas) or in the subsequent process of development of the idea (crafting a work of art, design, etc.) or in the creative work that is the end product (the work of art itself).
The
paper follows, from the perspective of the authors as teachers, curriculum developers and researchers, how a new approach to the problem unfolded, and how a basic empirical research project tracking the psychological processes of inspiration and complex decision-making (and other applied research)
contributed to the evolution of an innovative approach to creative design education that recognized multiple levels of creativity and engaged multiple forms of assessment, and that has satisfied both teachers' pursuit of realistic creative thinking objectives and the University's transparency
and accountability agenda.
Stiff Reminders, and Regenerating for the Future: A Commentary on “Man as the Measure of All Things”
Authors: Rosskam Ellen 
Published: April 2007

Margrit Hugentobler's article, “Man as the Measure of All Things: A Limiting Approach to Urban Regeneration?,” took to task the challenges of sustainable development that neither governments nor industry have yet met on the scale that is needed. From a planner's perspective, she gives a philosophical context. In essence, her message is that through thoughtful regeneration, urban environments can become more sustainable and that urban regeneration can meet a variety of human and environmental needs. She proposes a new model, using a multidisciplinary approach to urban regeneration and development. A slow advance in the beginning, followed by rapid and uniformly accelerated progress, followed again by progress that continues to slacken until it finally stops: These are the three ages of … invention … if taken as a guide by the statistician and by the sociologists, (they) would save many illusions [1].
Dandy‐Walker complex in a boy with a 5 Mb deletion of region 1q44 due to a paternal t(1;20)(q44;q13.33)
Authors: Poot Martin , Kroes Hester Y. , v. d. Wijst Suzanne E. , Eleveld Marc J. , Rooms Liesbeth , Nievelstein Rutger A.J. , Olde Weghuis Daniel , Vreuls Rene C. , Hageman Gerard , Kooy Frank , Hochstenbach Ron 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA 10‐year‐old boy with vermis hypoplasia, dilatation of the fourth ventricle, enlarged cisterna magna and aplasia of the corpus callosum, consistent with the Dandy‐Walker complex (DWC), and slight facial dysmorphisms, severe motor and mental retardation is presented. By combining data obtained by karyotyping, array‐CGH, FISH, and multiplex ligation‐mediated probe amplification (MLPA) we identified a 5 Mb deletion of the 1q44 → qter region resulting from a paternal t(1;20)(q44;q13.33). This smallest 1q44 deletion reported so far, enabled us to significantly narrow down the number of candidate genes for the DWC in this region. Since the ZNF124 transcription factor is strongly expressed in the fetal brain it may represent a candidate gene for the DWC at 1q44. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic counseling utilization by families with offspring affected by birth defects, Hawaii, 1986–2003
Authors: Forrester Mathias B. , Merz Ruth D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractInformation on the genetic counseling facility utilization by families with offspring affected by birth defects in the United States is limited. The intent of this study was to report on genetic counseling utilization in Hawaii. Cases were all infants and fetuses of any pregnancy outcome with major birth defects included in a Hawaii birth defects registry and delivered during 1986–2003. The genetic counseling facility utilization rates were determined for various factors and evaluated for significance by calculating the rate ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Of 15,104 total cases, genetic counseling facilities were utilized in 1,596 (10.6%). Utilization rates were higher with the presence of multiple major birth defects (RR 3.06, 95% CI 2.75–3.42), chromosomal abnormalities (RR 4.25, 95% CI 3.82–4.73), and malformation syndromes (RR 6.83, 95% CI 5.85–7.93). Among 54 specific birth defects, the utilization rate varied from 1.5% for pyloric stenosis to 55.3% for holoprosencephaly and was significantly higher for 31 (57.4%) of the defects. Greater utilization rates were found with live births that had expired within 1 year after delivery (RR 2.86, 95% CI 2.42–3.36), fetal deaths (RR 1.59, 95% CI 1.23–2.03), elective terminations (RR 5.76, 95% CI 5.06–6.55), and maternal age ≥35 years (RR 1.59, 95% CI 1.41–1.78). Genetic counseling facility utilization rates were much higher with the presence of multiple major birth defects, chromosomal abnormalities, and malformation syndromes, certain specific birth defects, death of the fetus or infant, and older maternal age. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Model Systems for Activation of Nucleic Acid Encoded Prodrugs
Authors: Jacobsen Mikkel F. , Cló Emiliano , Mokhir Andriy , Gothelf Kurt V. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe development of more selective chemotherapeutic agents for benign treatments of malicious diseases is highly desirable. In recent years model systems for the release of small molecule drugs from nucleic acid conjugates by templated chemical or photochemical reactions have been designed. Common for these systems is that the stoichiometric or catalytic drug release is controlled by the highly selective hybridization between complementary strands of nucleic acids. Herein, the concepts of the new field of nucleic acid templated release reactions are outlined.
Angeli's Salt (Na2N2O3) is a Precursor of HNO and NO: a Voltammetric Study of the Reactive Intermediates Released by Angeli's Salt Decomposition
Authors: Amatore Christian , Arbault Stéphane , Ducrocq Claire , Hu Shenghua , Tapsoba Issa 
Published: April 2007

AbstractUnder physiological conditions, it is usually accepted that the aerobic decomposition of Angeli's salt produces nitrite (NO2−) and nitroxyl (HNO), which dimerizes and leads to N2O. No consensus has yet been established on the formation of nitric oxide (NO) and/or peroxynitrite (ONOO−) by Angeli's salt. Because this salt has recently been shown to have pharmacological properties for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, identification of its follow‐up reactive intermediates is of increasing importance. In this work, we investigated the decomposition mechanism of Angeli's salt by voltammetry performed at platinized carbon fiber microelectrodes. By following the decomposition process of Angeli's salt, we showed that the mechanism depends on the experimental conditions. Under aerobic neutral and slightly alkaline conditions, the formation of HNO, NO2−, but also of nitric oxide NO was demonstrated. In strongly alkaline buffer (pH>10), we observed the formation of peroxynitrite ONOO− in the presence of oxygen. These electrochemical results are supported by comparison with UV spectrophotometry data.