bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Roy Castle Fag Ends Stop Smoking Service: A Successful Client-Led Approach to Smoking Cessation
Authors: Owens Christine , Springett Jane 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Roy Castle Fag Ends Community Stop Smoking Service (RCFE) is commissioned by three primary care trusts (PCTs) to provide the adult smoking-cessation service across Liverpool. The service is not theoretically driven but there are several principles governing RCFE, which maintain the client-led, person-centred philosophy. Unique aspects are that the service is provided by trained lay advisors with a nonmedical background and there is no waiting list — clients can self-refer by calling a helpline or walking into a meeting. At RCFE, clients control their own quit attempt as well as self-regulating attendance at meetings and discharge from the service. Relapsed clients are also welcomed back without fear of criticism or the need for an appointment. Possible reasons for the success of RCFE include the client-led methodology, the community approach that removes doctor–patient barriers that may exist, and the nature of the group meetings, which allows interaction between clients who are at different stages of the quit process. Introducing some of the RCFE principles into other stop-smoking services may help to increase the overall smoking-cessation rate in England.
Smoking in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Need of the Taken-for-Granted Body
Authors: Gullick Janice G. , Stainton M. Colleen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSmoking is the major predisposing factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), yet there has been little understanding of the embodied experience of smoking addiction for the person with chronic breathlessness and their close family members. This interpretive study applies Merleau-Ponty's existential philosophy of the body as a philosophical framework. Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenology was the mode of inquiry used to gain understanding by engaging 15 people who were admitted to hospital for palliative surgery for emphysema, and 14 close family members in a total of 58 in-depth interviews. People with severe emphysema experienced smoking as a need of their taken-for-granted body. This need was experienced as an intense enjoyment, and as a response to triggers for smoking that were still perceived by the automatic body long after smoking cessation. People with COPD and their families described a link between heavy smoking and exacerbations of breathlessness that created a tension between continued smoking behaviour and awareness of smoking-related illness. Failure to overcome the body's addiction to smoking could lead to the person's denial of the relationship between their need to smoke and their worsening breathlessness. The need to smoke can lead to family anger that is mediated by each family member's personal experience of addiction. Even after cessation, the issue of smoking as part of the situation of COPD was in the foreground for family carers, as it was for the breathless people themselves. This discussion highlights the importance of ‘the right words at the right time’ in assisting a multifaceted approach to smoking cessation.
Implementation of Smoking Cessation Services in Respiratory Medicine
Authors: Jiménez-Ruiz Carlos A. , Martín Juan José Ruiz , Guerrero Ana Cicero , Miranda Juan Antonio Riesco , Mochales Jenaro Astray , García Angel Guirao 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSmoking is a leading cause of respiratory disorders. Smoking cessation is crucial for improving and even for curing many respiratory diseases. Smokers with respiratory diseases can suffer from comorbidities and a higher degree of nicotine dependency than ‘healthy smokers’. For this reason, smoking cessation services (SCS) should be an integral part of a chest unit. The SCS must be run by professionals with expertise and must be well-equipped. They should provide cessation support for all patients who smoke, and educational programs for health professionals. They also have a role in investigation of new treatment strategies.
Effect of Season, City Size, and Recruitment Source on Latinos' Participation in a Statewide Smoking Cessation Program
Authors: Dornelas Ellen A. , Fischer Edward H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLatino No Fumes:Protege tu Salud was a smoking cessation demonstration project carried out in 2003 to 2004 that recruited Spanish-speaking smokers in 8 Connecticut cities. Recruitment was through radio and TV announcements, by mail, and at clinics and hospitals. 252 current smokers — mainly of Puerto Rican ancestry — signed up for the program; 75% of them attended one or more of the program's 6 weekly, group counselling sessions. One third of the registrants attended at least 5 of the sessions offered. Attendance of one or more sessions was only 55% for summer or winter groups, but 98% for sessions held in the fall. For the summer or winter sessions (only), attendance at one or more sessions was significantly greater in small than in larger cities. At program end, 14% of the participants were verified nonsmokers (self-reported abstinence and carbon monoxide readings < 9 ppm). The reported quit rates were 18% and 13%, respectively, at 3 and 6 months. The amount of attendance was not significantly related to the reported end of program quit-rates. Nearly all nonsmokers at program end had attended groups conducted by just 3 (of the 7) trained counsellors, who were presumably more effective in helping these Latino smokers to quit.
Can Smoking for Positive or Negative Reinforcement Together With Dependence Help Us Better Diagnose Smokers?
Authors: Fagerström Karl , Jimenez-Ruiz Carlos A. , Mochales Jenaro Astray , Gilljam Hans 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWith more medications available for smoking cessation treatment the need to diagnose the tobacco dependence for better tailoring of treatment is growing. It has been suggested that smokers can be peak seekers or trough maintainers vis-à-vis blood nicotine concentrations (Russell, 1990), or smoking predominantly for coping with withdrawal or smoking for pleasure (Juniper et al., 2005). In this article a related concept, smoking for negative reinforcement (NR) or positive reinforcement (PR), is investigated. A simple 1-question assessment of type of reinforcement is suggested. From data from smokers attending smoker's clinics — 2 from Sweden using varenicline and 1 from Spain using nicotine patches — it looks as if smokers smoking predominantly for PR do better than NR smokers when treated with varenicline, while there is no difference when they are treated with nicotine replacement. When degree of nicotine dependence is crossed with type of reinforcement it looks as if NR/low nicotine dependent smokers have the best outcome (64%) compared with 47% (p < .01) for the whole sample treated with nicotine replacement. When varenicline is used, the PR/low dependent group had the best quit rate with 85% compared with 67% (p < .05) for the whole sample. This brief report proposes that smoking for PR or NR, possibly combined with degree of dependence, should be further studied as a tool for tailoring smoking cessation treatments.
Evidence of Declining Nicotine Dependency in New Callers to a National Quitline
Authors: Li Judy , Grigg Michele 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjective:To look for evidence of changing nicotine dependency self-reported by new callers to a national quitline in New Zealand between 2001 and 2005.Methods:Levels of self-reported nicotine dependence of new callers were compared across 5 years to determine changes over time.Results:Statistically significant decreases were found in all 3 measures of nicotine dependence over the 5-year period: time to first cigarette (7.9% decline for smoking within 30 minutes of waking), intensity of inhalation (36.8% decline for ‘heavy’ inhalation), and number of cigarettes per day (29.8% decline for 21+ cigarettes per day).Conclusions:The results showed the proportion of callers with high nicotine dependency remains large but decreased continuously during the 5-year period. A decline of highly nicotine dependent callers to the Quitline may indirectly suggest an increased proportion of hard-core smokers in the overall smoking population as this group tends to be less likely to consider quitting smoking. However, the results may also suggest that the overall smoking population was less nicotine dependent in 2005, than it was in 2001, or that the Quitline has become less appealing to heavily nicotine dependent smokers.
Mass Distribution of Free, Intranasally Administered Influenza Vaccine in a Public School System
Authors: Carpenter L. Rand , Lott John , Lawson Brian M. , Hall Stephanie , Craig Allen S. , Schaffner William , Jones Timothy F. 
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVE. School-based influenza vaccination programs are a potentially important method of protecting the community against influenza. We evaluated the feasibility and success of a large, school-based influenza vaccination campaign.
METHODS. On-site administration of intranasally administered, live attenuated influenza vaccine was offered to all students and staff members in a large, metropolitan public school system in October to December 2005. We evaluated vaccine coverage levels, resources expended, and physician and parent attitudes and knowledge.
RESULTS. Of 53420 public school students, 24198 were vaccinated with live attenuated influenza vaccine. Of 5841 school staff members, 3626 were vaccinated with live attenuated influenza vaccine or inactivated influenza vaccine. The proportions of students vaccinated were 56% among elementary schools, 45% among middle schools, and 30% among high schools. Schools with larger proportions of black or low-income families had lower vaccine coverage levels. The health department and school system expended 6900 person-hours during the campaign, and various health department clinics were closed for a total of 84 half-days. Community physicians were supportive of the campaign and frequently advised participation for eligible patients. Some physicians had misunderstandings about live attenuated influenza vaccine contraindications. Concern about adverse effects, having asthma, negative physician advice, and nonparticipation in any vaccination program were common reasons for students not participating.
CONCLUSIONS. This influenza vaccination campaign in a large public school system achieved relatively high vaccine coverage levels but required a substantial resource commitment from the local health department. This evaluation has critical implications for the ongoing debate regarding immunization policies for school-aged children and preparedness plans for pandemic influenza.
Effect of an Aluminum‐ and Magnesium‐Containing Antacid on the Bioavailability of Garenoxacin in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Krishna Gopal , Kisicki James C. , Olsen Steven , Grasela Dennis M. , Wang Zaiqi 
Published: June 2007

Study Objective. To evaluate the effect of an aluminum‐ and magnesium‐containing antacid (Al‐Mg antacid), which contains a high concentration of cations, on the pharmacokinetics of garenoxacin.Design. Prospective, randomized, open‐label, control‐balanced, residual‐effects—design study.Setting. Pharmaceutical company—affiliated study clinic.Subjects. Twenty healthy volunteers who were garenoxacin naïve.Intervention. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive three of six oral treatments, each separated by a 7‐day washout period: garenoxacin 600 mg administered alone, with concomitant Al‐Mg antacid, 2 or 4 hours before Al‐Mg antacid, or 2 or 4 hours after Al‐Mg antacid. The Al‐Mg antacid dose was 20 ml, which contained aluminum hydroxide 900 mg and magnesium hydroxide 800 mg.Measurements and Main Results. The pharmacokinetics and safety of garenoxacin were assessed. For each treatment, serial blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis of garenoxacin were collected before and up to 72 hours after garenoxacin dosing. Absence of effect of Al‐Mg antacid on garenoxacin area under the concentration‐time curve from time zero extrapolated to infinity (AUC0–∞) and maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) were concluded if the 90% confidence interval of the adjusted geometric mean ratios with and without the antacid were contained within 0.80–1.25 and 0.70–1.43, respectively. Exposure to garenoxacin measured by AUC0–∞, a parameter well correlated with efficacy, was reduced by 58% when coadministered with Al‐Mg antacid and reduced by 22% and 16% when administered 2 and 4 hours after the antacid, respectively. Administration of garenoxacin 4 hours before Al‐Mg antacid had no effect on AUC0–∞ or Cmax of garenoxacin, whereas administration 2 hours before the antacid resulted in a nonclinically relevant (12%) reduction in AUC0–∞ of garenoxacin.Conclusion. Exposure to garenoxacin was significantly decreased when garenoxacin was coadministered with Al‐Mg antacid or within 2 hours after the antacid. The magnitude of the changes in garenoxacin exposure suggests that garenoxacin should be administered at least 2 hours before or 4 hours after administration of Al‐Mg antacid or other cation‐containing products.
Dosage and Effectiveness of Intrapleural Doxycycline for Pediatric Postcardiotomy Pleural Effusions
Authors: Hoff David S. , Gremmels David B. , Hall Karen M. , Overman David M. , Moga Francis X. 
Published: June 2007

Study Objective. To determine the effectiveness of intrapleural doxycycline for the treatment of postcardiotomy pleural effusions in pediatric patients.Design. Retrospective case series.Setting. Intensive care unit in a pediatric tertiary care center.Patients. Sequential sample of 12 pediatric patients who underwent cardiotomy for congenital heart disease and received doxycycline pleurodesis for persistent pleural effusion that lasted more than 7 days between December 21, 2001, and May 23, 2005.Measurements and Main Results. Mean age of the patients was 1 year (range 2 wks—2.5 yrs). Eighteen courses of doxycycline were administered among the 12 patients. An average dose of 19.1 mg/kg/dose of parenteral doxycycline was diluted in normal saline to a final syringe concentration of 2–8 mg/ml and injected through a chest tube. The patient was rotated according to a protocol. The doxycycline dose remained in the pleural space for approximately 6 hours before being drained under suction. Treatment success was defined as achievement of 0‐ml/hour chest tube output after a doxycycline dose. The overall treatment success rate was 94% (17 of 18 courses). The mean times from dosing to treatment success and chest tube removal were 76 hours (range <1 to 140 hrs) and 130 hours (range 8–453 hrs), respectively. Seventy‐two percent of the courses (13 of 18) achieved treatment success within 96 hours and chest tube removal within 168 hours after dosing. Doxycycline concentration did not appear to be related to treatment success. Chest pain was the most common adverse effect.Conclusion. Intrapleural doxycycline infusion is effective for postcardiotomy pleural effusion in pediatric patients with persistent chest tube drainage lasting more than 7 days.
Milking Drylands: The Marketing of Camel Milk in North-East Somalia
Authors: Nori Michele , Kenyanjui Matthew B. , Yusuf Mohammed Ahmed , Mohammed Fadhumo Hussein 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Increasing market integration appears to be an unavoidable process for most pastoral societies. Raising substitution rates between direct utilisation of animal products and consumption of cereals exchanged through markets is the most important reason for consistent population growth on rangelands (Helland 2000). To some extent, market exchanges are therefore a determinant of pastoral livelihoods, especially during the dry season when internal food production does not always satisfy households' energy requirements. While offering potential for development, market integration of pastoral economies also presents critical risk factors. Increasing interdependence on regional and global political and economic environments compound pastoral vulnerability to climatic extremes. The Milking Drylands research initiative1 addresses these issues in one particular area of the world, Somalia. In this paper, mechanisms regulating the marketing of camel milk in north-eastern Somalia (Region of Puntland) are analysed in order to provide relevant insights into a society that continues to experience a lack of central government and institutional capacities. Our preliminary research findings provide some indications that pastoral dairy marketing serves a number of economic as well as social functions, through the exchange of a number of commodities, non-commodity services and information, which aims to satisfy the needs of both pastoral and urban communities.
Landscape attributes affecting patch occupancy by howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata mexicana) at Los Tuxtlas, Mexico
Authors: Arroyo‐Rodríguez Víctor , Mandujano Salvador , Benítez‐Malvido Julieta 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUnderstanding how forest cover is related to patch attributes such as size, shape, and isolation, and how this influences the occurrence of a species in fragmented landscapes is an important question in landscape ecology and conservation biology. To study the effects of fragmentation on patch occupancy by the critically endangered Mexican mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata mexicana) in the Los Tuxtlas region of Mexico, we selected three landscapes of ca. 5,000 ha, which differed in their remaining forest cover (24, 11, and 4%). For each landscape, we related patch occupancy to forest cover, patch size and shape, and four isolation parameters. Landscape attributes varied according to forest cover, and the percentage of occupation was greater in landscapes with more forest cover. The attributes affecting the probability of occupancy differed among landscapes. Occupancy was positively related to patch size in all landscapes, but in the northernmost landscape, shape irregularity had a negative effect on occupancy, whereas in the southernmost landscape, occupancy was favored by greater distances to the nearest village. The results show that not only the total amount of forest cover but also patch configuration need to be taken into consideration when designing management strategies for the conservation of the Mexican mantled howler monkey. Am. J. Primatol. 70:69–77, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, spectral, thermal, DNA interaction and antimicrobial properties of novel Cu(II) heterochelates
Authors: Pansuriya Pramod B. , Patel Mohan N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNovel dimeric Cu(II) heterochelates were synthesized using 1‐cyclopropyl‐6‐fluoro‐4‐oxo‐7‐piperazin‐1‐yl‐1,4‐dihydro‐quinoline‐3‐carboxylic acid (Cpf) and eight different neutral bidentate ligands. All ligands were characterized by elemental analyses, melting point and IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra, while heterochelates were characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectra, reflectance spectra, magnetic measurements and thermogravimetric analyses. The DNA interaction and cleavage behaviors of the ligands and corresponding heterochelates were studied by UV–vis absorption titration and gel electrophoresis technique, respectively. The results indicate that heterochelates show larger DNA interaction and cleavage affinity than the ligands. The antimicrobial activities of heterochelates, ligands, cupric nitrate and standard drugs against six bacteria and three fungi were tested. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly efficient N‐Heterocyclic carbene–palladium complex‐catalyzed multicomponent carbonylative Suzuki reaction: novel practical synthesis of unsymmetric aryl ketones
Authors: Zheng ShuZhan , Xu LiWen , Xia ChunGu 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHighly efficient and chemoselective N‐heterocyclic carbene palladium complexes‐catalyzed multicomponent carbonyltive Suzuki reaction with sodium tetraphenylborate used as phenylating reagent has been demonstrated in this article. Both electron‐rich and electron‐deficient aryl iodides gave unsymmetric aryl ketones in excellent yields. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunogenicity of candidate DNA vaccine based on subtype A of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 predominant in Russia
Authors: Murashev Boris , Kazennova Elena , Kozlov Alexander , Murasheva Irina , Dukhovlinova Elena , Galachyants Yuri , Dorofeeva Ekaterina , Dukhovlinov Ilya , Smirnova Galina , Masharsky Alexey , Klimov Nikolay , Kozlov Andrei P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 subtype A strains circulating among the majority of HIVinfected individuals in the former Soviet Union (FSU) countries demonstrate low genetic diversity. The consensus sequence of the FSU region‐specific isolate has been used for the candidate DNA vaccine development. We constructed recombinant plasmids with four viral genes: env (gp140), gag, pol (reverse transcriptase), and nef. We immunized BALB/c mice intramuscularly using equimolar mixture of four recombinant plasmids, and observed significant cytotoxic T lymphocyte response and specific CD8+ cell production against cells presenting HIV‐1 peptides. Overall, the Th1 pathway of immune response clearly dominated. Immunological properties of this candidate DNA vaccine against HIV‐1 suggest the possibility of its further study in clinical trials.
Culture of transgenic Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 cells in serum‐free media based on TC100 basal medium
Authors: Galesi Adriana L. L. , Pereira Carlos A. , Moraes Ângela M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRequirements of eliminating animal proteins from cell culture have intensified in recent years, with the pressure of regulatory agencies related to biopharmaceuticals production. In this work, the substitution of fetal bovine serum by yeastolate and a soy hydrolysate (Hy Soy) for the culture of Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 cells transfected for the production of rabies virus G glycoprotein was evaluated. TC100 supplemented with glucose, glutamine, lipid emulsion and Pluronic F68 was employed as basal medium. Results show that yeastolate was more efficient on cell growth stimulation than Hy Soy. Cells adapted in medium formulation supplemented with 3 g/L yeastolate, 1% lipid emulsion, 10 g/L glucose, 3.5 g/L glutamine and 0.1% Pluronic F68 attained a maximum concentration of 10.7 × 106 cells/mL, with the expression of 9.4 ng/mL G glycoprotein.
Second axillary sentinel node biopsy for ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence
Authors: Intra M , Trifirò G , Galimberti V , Gentilini O , Rotmensz N , Veronesi P 
Published: June 2007

Abstract

Background
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is the standard procedure for axillary staging in patients with primary operable breast cancer and uninvolved axillary nodes. These patients increasingly have breast-conserving surgery (BCS), and 5 to 10 per cent develop ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence during follow-up. If axillary nodes remain clinically uninvolved after a previous negative SLNB the question remains whether second SLNB is a suitable option.

Methods
Between January 2000 and October 2006, 202 patients who had previously had BCS and a negative SLNB developed an ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence. Of these, 65 women with clinically negative axillary nodes were offered a second SLNB; 57 had received adjuvant radiotherapy after BCS.

Results
In 63 women, preoperative lymphoscintigraphy showed an axillary sentinel node (identification rate 97 per cent). In five, this was associated with extra-axillary migration. Sentinel node metastases were detected in seven women; in two this was the only metastasis. At a median follow-up of 45·9 months, no axillary recurrence had occurred in the women who had not had axillary dissection.

Conclusion
Second SLNB after previous BCS and negative SLNB plus adjuvant radiotherapy may be offered to selected women with ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence.