bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NK cell activity in treated prostate cancer patients as a probe for circulating tumor cells: Hormone regulatory effects in vivo
Authors: KašCtelan Maja , Tarle Marko , Kraljić Ivo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cell activity was studied together with tumor marker serotests (PSA, PAP) and blood testosterone, estradiol, cortisol, and prolactin concentrations in treated prostate cancer patients. NK cell activity data were correlated with tumor stage (stage D0 + D1 versus stage D2) and showed statistically insignificant differences. Both tumor progression and stabilization of metastatic disease, triggered by the application of more appropriate therapy in progressive subjects, yielded low NK activity data. By contrast, normal NK activity was found during both partial remission of stage D2 tumor and stabilization of the same disease, after an initial period of tumor remission. Differences between NK activity data from the aforementioned two groups are statistically significant (p<0.01). In subjects examined, the application of NK activity assay to those with advanced disease reflected changes in the outcome of the treatment more closely than it did routine tumor marker assessment. The activity of NK cells seems unaffected by changes in basal blood estradiol, cortisol, testosterone, and prolactin concentrations that occur during therapy with pharmacological agents (estradiol, cyproterone acetate, diethylstilbestrol, and flutamide) and during surgical castration. The reported NK activity recordings in treated prostate cancer patients might be indicative of the presence of tumor cells in the circulation. If this holds true, the measurement of NK activity would appear to furnish urological oncology with a new tool for early, rapid recognition of progressive metastatic tumors.
Induction of benign prostatic hyperplasia in intact dogs by near‐physiological levels of 5α‐dihydrotestosterone and 17β‐estradiol
Authors: Winter Mark L. , Liehr Joachim G. , Bosland Maarten C. , Wade David R. , Falvo Richard E. , Nagamani Manubai 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBenign prostatic hyperplasia was induced in mongrel dogs treated for 60 days with one silastic implant containing 17β‐estradiol and four containing 5α‐dihydrotestosterone. The condition was characterized by (1) a marked increase of the stromal elements, particularly the stromal septa between the individual glands, (2) a slight increase in prostatic volume, and (3) a morphology that resembled spontaneous complex benign prostatic hyperplasia in the dog. Other groups of animals that remained untreated or received only 17β‐estradiol or only 5α‐dihydrotestosterone did not develop this condition. Prostate volumes decreased by 14% in the estrogen‐treated dogs, whereas they increased in the androgen‐treated animals by 6% compared to pretreatment prostate volumes. The morphology of the epithelium of the prostates of androgen‐treated animals was not different from that of controls despite the increase in prostate volume. The serum 17β‐estradiol and 5α‐dihydrotestosterone concentrations were increased from 25 ± 2 (mean ± SEM) and 256 ± 42 pg/mL, respectively, in control dogs to 52 ± 37 and 562 ± 37 pg/mL, respectively, in the dogs treated with the hormone combination. Thus, hormone concentrations were two‐ to three‐fold higher than control values, and the ratio of estradiol‐17β to 5α‐dihydrotestosterone was increased by up to 19%. These data demonstrate that treatment of dogs with low levels of estrogen and androgen may be an excellent model for the study of spontaneous complex benign prostatic hyperplasia in aging men.
Time course of reactive oxygen intermediates release and histopathological findings during experimental autoimmune prostatitis development
Authors: Orsilles M. A. , Donadio A. C. , Depiante‐Depaoli M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSpontaneous and stimulated reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) release by peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) and histopathological findings in the prostate gland were assessed during experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) development. Results in EAP rats were compared with data from rats immunized with kidney homogenate, BSA, and CFA, as well as nontreated rats. At 28 days of first immunization (FI), EAP rats spontaneously released significantly more ROI than occurred in the cells from controls rats. A similar response was found when ROI release was analyzed after in vitro stimulus. In time course studies, an increased spontaneous O−2 production was observed at day 7 after FI, and remained the same during all period studied (14, 21, and 28 days after FI). The stimulated O−2 production showed elevated levels at 7 days after FI and fell afterward to levels similar to those of nontreated rats and increased again at day 28. Spontaneous or stimulated H2O2 release showed a progressive increase during the study periods. ROI release was correlated with infiltrate formation in the prostate gland. This differential responsiveness could indicate that, during the autoimmune process, the autoantigen(s) amplify the inflammatory response triggered by them. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A screening tool for vulnerability assessment of pesticide leaching to groundwater for the islands of Hawaii, USA
Authors: Stenemo Fredrik , Ray Chittaranjan , Yost Russell , Matsuda Steven 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper describes an updated version of a screening tool for groundwater vulnerability assessment to evaluate pesticide leaching to groundwater, based on a revised version of the attenuation factor. The tool has been implemented in a geographical information system (GIS) covering the major islands of the state of Hawaii, USA. The Hawaii Department of Agriculture currently uses the tool in their pesticide evaluation process as a first‐tier screening tool. The basic soil properties and pesticide properties necessary to compute the index, and estimates of their uncertainty, are included in the GIS. Uncertainties in soil and pesticide properties are accounted for using first‐order uncertainty analysis. Classifications of pesticides as ‘likely’, ‘uncertain’ or ‘unlikely’ to leach are made on the basis of the uncertainty and a comparison of the revised attenuation factor with values and uncertainties of two reference chemicals. The reference chemicals represent what are considered to be a ‘leachable’ and a ‘non‐leachable’ pesticide under Hawaii conditions. It is concluded that the tool is suitable for screening new and already used pesticides for the islands of Hawaii. However, the tool is associated with uncertainties that are not accounted for, so a conservative approach with respect to interpretation of the results and selection of pesticide parameters used in the tool is recommended. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Tropical cyclone forecasting with model‐constrained 3D‐Var. II: Improved cyclone track forecasting using AMSU‐A, QuikSCAT and cloud‐drift wind data
Authors: Liang Xudong , Wang Bin , Chan Johnny CL , Duan Yihong , Wang Dongliang , Zeng Zhihua , Leiming Mab 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGenerally, the three‐dimensional variational (3D‐Var) data assimilation technique does not impose constraints on the numerical model such as the dynamics and physics, which are used in a 4D‐Var technique. On the other hand, adopting the 4D‐Var technique requires a large amount of computer resources, which limits its practical application. In Part I, a 3D‐Var method was proposed by minimizing the distance between observations and model variables, and the time tendency of model variables which makes the optimized initial conditions satisfy the constraints of full dynamics and physics in the numerical model. The forward and adjoint models used in this method are the same as those in a 4D‐Var method but are only integrated one time step to calculate the time tendency and gradient. Because a numerical model is adopted as weak constraint, this technique is labelled as MC‐3DVar. Here the National Center for Atmospheric Research/Penn State Mesoscale Model 5 (MM5) is used.In this paper (Part II), AMSU‐A retrieved air temperatures are assimilated into 32 tropical cyclone (TC) cases using this framework. The results show a significant decrease in track forecast errors. Meanwhile, one case‐study of assimilating AMSU‐A temperature, QuikSCAT sea‐level winds, and cloud‐drift winds gives dramatic track error decreases. The study shows that the assimilation of these data with MC‐3DVar improves TC forecasts, and more satellite data give better performances. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
The remapped particle‐mesh semi‐Lagrangian advection scheme
Authors: Cotter C. J. , Frank J. , Reich S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe describe the remapped particle‐mesh advection method, a new mass‐conserving method for solving the density equation which is suitable for combining with semi‐Lagrangian methods for compressible flow applied to numerical weather prediction. In addition to the conservation property, the remapped particle‐mesh method is computationally efficient and at least as accurate as current semi‐Lagrangian methods based on cubic interpolation. We provide results of tests of the method in the plane, results from incorporating the advection method into a semi‐Lagrangian method for the rotating shallow‐water equations in planar geometry, and results from extending the method to the surface of a sphere. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
A multivariate treatment of bias for sequential data assimilation: Application to the tropical oceans
Authors: Balmaseda M. A. , Dee D. , Vidard A. , Anderson D. L. T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses the problems arising from the presence of system bias in ocean data assimilation taking examples from the ECMWF ocean reanalysis used for seasonal forecasting. The examples illustrate how in a biased system, the non‐stationary nature of the observing system is a handicap for the reliable representation of climate variability. It is also shown how the bias can be aggravated by the assimilation process, as is the case for the temperature bias in the eastern equatorial Pacific, linked to a spurious vertical circulation generated by the data assimilation.A generalized algorithm for treatment of bias in sequential data assimilation has been implemented. The scheme allows the control variables of the bias to be different from those for the state vector. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of the results to the choice of bias variables. Results highlight the importance of the correct choice of variables for the bias: while correcting the bias in the pressure field reduces the bias in temperature and in the velocity field, the direct correction of the bias in the temperature field reduces the temperature bias, but significantly increases the error in the velocity field.Analysis of the error statistics reveals that the bias term is not constant in time, but exhibits large interannual fluctuations. The bias algorithm has been generalized further to include temporal variations of the bias term. A memory factor is included to allow for the slow variations of the bias, and a prescribed bias term is added to represent errors known a priori. Several experiments have been conducted to illustrate the sensitivity of the results to the time evolution of the bias. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Ice supersaturation in the ECMWF integrated forecast system
Authors: Tompkins A. M. , Gierens K. , Rädel G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA parametrization for ice supersaturation is introduced into the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System (IFS), compatible with the cloud scheme that allows partial cloud coverage. It is based on the simple, but often justifiable, diagnostic assumption that the ice nucleation and subsequent depositional growth time‐scales are short compared to the model time step, thus supersaturation is only permitted in the clear‐sky portion of the grid cell.Results from model integrations using the new scheme are presented, which is demonstrated to increase upper‐tropospheric humidity, decrease high‐level cloud cover and, to a much lesser extent, cloud ice amounts, all as expected from simple arguments. Evaluation of the relative distribution of supersaturated humidity amounts shows good agreement with the observed climatology derived from in situ aircraft observations. With the new scheme, the global distribution of frequency of occurrence of supersaturated regions compares well with remotely sensed microwave limb sounder (MLS) data, with the most marked errors of underprediction occurring in regions where the model is known to underpredict deep convection. Finally, it is also demonstrated that the new scheme leads to improved predictions of permanent contrail cloud over southern England, which indirectly implies upper‐tropospheric humidity fields are better represented for this region. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Precipitating convection in cold air: Virtual potential temperature structure
Authors: Grant A. L. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSimulations of precipitating convection are used to illustrate the importance of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budget in determining the virtual potential‐temperature structure of the convecting atmosphere. Two sets of simulations are presented: in one the surface temperature was increased to simulate cold air flowing over a warmer surface and in the second a cooling profile, representing cold‐air advection, was imposed. It is shown that the terms in the TKE budgets for both sets of simulations scale in the same way, but that the non‐dimensional profiles are different. It is suggested that this is associated with the effects of sublimation of ice.It is shown that the magnitudes of the transport and precipitation terms in the virtual potential temperature budget are determined by the scaling of the TKE budget. Some implications of these results for parametrizations of moist convection are discussed. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Impacts of initial condition errors on mesoscale predictability of heavy precipitation along the Mei‐Yu front of China
Authors: Bei Naifang , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSummertime heavy precipitation associated with the quasi‐stationary Mei‐Yu front often causes severe flooding along the Yangtze river basin in China. This study explores the mesoscale predictability of one such event near Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei Province. The 20–21 July rainfall event contributed to making the 1998 flood season the worst in this region since 1954. Various sensitivity experiments were performed to examine the impact of both realistic and idealized initial condition uncertainties of different scales and amplitudes on the prediction of the mesoscale precipitation systems along the Mei‐Yu front. While it is found that mesoscale model simulations initialized with global analyses at a 36‐h lead time can depict the evolution of the synoptic environment reasonably well, there are large variations between different experiments in the prediction of the mesoscale details and heavy precipitation of this event. It was also found that larger‐scale, larger‐amplitude initial uncertainties generally led to larger forecast divergence than did uncertainties of smaller scales and small amplitudes. However, the forecast errors induced by perturbations of the same amplitude but at different scales are very similar if the initial error is sufficiently small. Error growth is strongly nonlinear and small‐amplitude initial errors, which are far smaller than those of current observational networks, may grow rapidly and quickly saturate at smaller scales. They subsequently grow upscale, leading to significant forecast uncertainties at increasingly larger scales. In agreement with previous studies, moist convection is found to be the key to the rapid error growth leading to limited mesoscale predictability. These findings further suggest that, while there is significant scope for improving forecast skill by improving forecast models and initial conditions, mesoscale predictability of such a heavy precipitation event is inherently limited. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Northern Hemisphere stratospheric summer from MIPAS observations
Authors: Lahoz W. A. , Geer A. J. , Orsolini Y. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractData from the MIPAS instrument on Envisat, supplemented by meteorological analyses from ECMWF and the Met Office, are used to study the meteorological and trace‐gas evolution of the stratosphere in the Northern Hemisphere during spring and summer 2003. A Pole‐centred approach, together with sequences of vertical profiles along the viewing tracks of the MIPAS instrument, is used to interpret the data in the physically meaningful context of the evolving summertime high. During April the vortex break‐up and build‐up of the summertime high gives rise, in the mid‐stratosphere, to a ‘frozen‐in’ anticyclone (FrIAC), over the Pole, encircled by vortex fragments at ∼50°N. As the summer moves on, the FrIACs and vortex fragments are gradually smoothed out but they persist in the mid‐ and upper stratosphere until July–August as roughly zonally symmetric W‐shaped tracer isopleths. The persistence of the W shows the slowness of isentropic mixing processes at these levels during the summer. As the summertime high becomes dominant during June–August, net photochemical ozone loss produces a low ozone pool in the lower and mid‐stratosphere. Finally, as the summertime high decays and the wintertime polar vortex builds up from September onward, the low ozone pool extends vertically throughout the stratosphere, and the tracer isopleths at high latitudes start to dip, showing the effects of wintertime diabatic descent. Of these features, to our knowledge, the W‐shaped tracer isopleths have not been observed previously. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Small scale mixing processes at the top of a marine stratocumulus—a case study
Authors: Haman Krzysztof E. , Malinowski Szymon P. , Kurowski Marcin J. , Gerber Hermann , Brenguier Jean‐Louis 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA layer of intensive mixing (entrainment interface layer, [EIL]) at the top of marine stratocumulus under a strong inversion has been investigated with 10 cm resolution using an ultrafast thermometer (UFT‐F; temperature), a particle volume monitor PVM–100A (liquid water content), and a fast forward scattering spectrometer probe (FFSSP; droplet spectra). Measurements were collected on board the NCAR C‐130 aircraft during research flight RF05 of DYCOMS‐II field study. The EIL consists of mutual filaments of cloudy and clear air at different stages of stirring, mixing, and homogenization. Borders between these filaments are often very sharp, with the 10 cm resolution of the instruments being insufficient to characterize them properly in many cases. Certain classifications of these filaments and hypotheses about the mechanisms of their formation have been proposed. The common occurrence of filaments of sizes smaller than the resolution of instruments has been indirectly confirmed. This is in agreement with the observed cloud droplet spectra showing variations of droplet number concentration without significant change of the mean droplet diameter and spectrum width. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Effects of data selection and error specification on the assimilation of AIRS data
Authors: Joiner J. , Brin E. , Treadon R. , Derber J. , Van Delst P. , Da Silva A. , Le Marshall J. , Poli P. , Atlas R. , Bungato D. , Cruz C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS), flying aboard NASA's Aqua satellite with the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit‐A (AMSU‐A) and four other instruments, has been providing data for use in numerical weather prediction and data assimilation systems for over three years. The full AIRS data set is currently not transmitted in near‐real‐time to the prediction/assimilation centres. Instead, data sets with reduced spatial and spectral information are produced and made available within three hours of the observation time. In this paper, we evaluate the use of different channel selections and error specifications. We achieve significant positive impact from the Aqua AIRS/AMSU‐A combination during our experimental time period of January 2003. The best results are obtained using a set of 156 channels that do not include any in the H2O band between 1080 and 2100 cm−1. The H2O band channels have a large influence on both temperature and humidity analyses. If observation and background errors are not properly specified, the partitioning of temperature and humidity information from these channels will not be correct, and this can lead to a degradation in forecast skill. Therefore, we suggest that it is important to focus on background error specification in order to maximize the impact from AIRS and similar instruments. In addition, we find that changing the specified channel errors has a significant effect on the amount of data that enters the analysis as a result of quality control thresholds that are related to the errors. However, moderate changes to the channel errors do not significantly impact forecast skill with the 156 channel set. We also examine the effects of different types of spatial data reduction on assimilated data sets and NWP forecast skill. Whether we pick the centre or the warmest AIRS pixel in a 3 × 3 array affects the amount of data ingested by the analysis but does not have a statistically significant impact on the forecast skill. Copyright © Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometric study of dirhenium biscarboxylate:purine dinucleotide complexes
Authors: Day Elizabeth F. , Payne Tiffany A. , Holt Crystal A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDirhenium adducts of purine dinucleotides were identified by mass spectrometry. In consecutive studies, Re2(O2C2H3)2Cl4 · 2H2O was reacted with 2′‐deoxyguanylyl(3′→5′)‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (dGpG) and 2′‐deoxyadenylyl(3′→5′)‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (dApG) in H2O or D2O. These reactions were monitored to identify novel dinuclear rhenium:dinucleotide complexes as confirmed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and collision‐induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID MS/MS) experiments. However, the most abundant adducts detected by ES‐MS were dirhenium:nucleotide species. Of these, guanine‐containing ions were observed with highest ion counts suggesting a preference for guanine coordination. Dimetal adducts showed coordination of the purine bases and common metalated fragments were observed for both dGpG and dApG reactions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.