bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hyperglycemia and Externalizing Behavior in Children With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: McDonnell Ciara M. , Northam Elisabeth A. , Donath Susan M. , Werther George A. , Cameron Fergus J. 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE—Ancedotally, parents report behavioral changes in their diabetic children who have fluctuating blood glucose levels. This study aimed to test associations between intercurrent glycemia and child behavior in an ambulant setting.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Prepubertal children attending the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, with type 1 diabetes received glycemic assessment and simultaneous behavioral assessment on two occasions 6 months apart. Subjects wore a continuous glucose monitor over a 72-h period, and parents completed the Behavior Assessment System for Children at the two study time points.
RESULTS—There was a high correlation between intra-individual externalizing and internalizing behavior scores (r = 0.88, P &lt; 0.001 and r = 0.81, P &lt; 0.001, respectively) at the two time points. Mean blood glucose (MBG) was significantly associated with the mean externalizing behavior score (β = 1.7 [95% CI 0.6–2.8], adjusted r2 = 0.088). Percentage of time in the normal (r = −0.2 [−0.3 to −0.5], adjusted r2 = 0.068) and high (r = 0.2 [0.07–0.3], adjusted r2 = 0.089) glycemic ranges were significantly associated with the mean externalizing behavior score. For every 5% increase in time in the normal glycemic range, there was a decrease in the externalizing behavior score of 1.0, and for every 5% increase in time in the high glycemic range there was an increase in the externalizing behavior score of 1.0. There was no significant association between MBG and the mean internalizing behavior score.
CONCLUSIONS—Externalizing behaviors were associated with intercurrent glycemic status. These findings underscore the importance of understanding the mechanisms of this association and how it might impact ultimate diabetes outcomes.
Depression Screening Disparities Among Veterans With Diabetes Compared With the General Veteran Population
Authors: Jones Laura E. , Doebbeling Caroline Carney 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE—We sought to describe the proportion of veterans with diabetes screened for depression compared with the general population of veterans.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Electronic medical records (fiscal years 2001–2004) from a Midwestern Veterans Health Administration (VHA) facility and VHA External Peer Review Program (EPRP) data were used for the study. Facility-level data included inpatient and outpatient encounters, which included depression screen results. EPRP data were facility-level summary data, which detailed the proportion of general population veterans nationwide and patients at the Midwestern facility who were screened for depression. Logistic regression tested for associations between depression screen receipt and screening positive and demographic/clinical characteristics among patients with diabetes.
RESULTS—Depression screening among those with diabetes improved from 62% in fiscal year 2001 to 83% in 2004. Screening was 9–23% lower and 11–22% lower in patients with diabetes compared with the general population of veterans nationwide and patients at the Midwestern facility, respectively. Seventeen percent of subjects with diabetes screened positive, which is two times higher than in the general population. Women (odds ratio 0.45 [95% CI 0.35–0.60]) and subjects with unknown A1C (0.40 [0.34–0.46]) were less likely to be screened for depression. A ≥50% service-connected disability rating was inversely associated with screening (0.84 [0.72–0.99]) but positively associated with screening positive for depression (1.56 [1.33–1.82]).
CONCLUSIONS—Screening for depression among veterans with diabetes improved 21% but is considerably lower than the proportion of general population veterans screened nationally and at the facility of interest. Targeted interventions to improve screening in patients with diabetes are required based on evidence that screening translates into increased provider recognition and treatment of depression.
Regional Brain Volume Differences Associated With Hyperglycemia and Severe Hypoglycemia in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Perantie Dana C. , Wu Jenny , Koller Jonathan M. , Lim Audrey , Warren Stacie L. , Black Kevin J. , Sadler Michelle , White Neil H. , Hershey Tamara 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE—Despite interest in the effects of type 1 diabetes on the developing brain, structural brain volumes in youth with this disease have not previously been examined. This study is the first to quantify regional brain volume differences in a large sample of youth with diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Magnetic resonance images (MRIs) were acquired from youth with diabetes (n = 108) and healthy sibling control subjects (n = 51) aged 7–17 years. History of severe hypoglycemia was assessed by parent interview and included seizure, loss of consciousness, or requiring assistance to treat. A1C values since diagnosis were obtained from medical records; median A1C was weighted by duration of disease. Voxel-based morphometry was used to determine the relationships of prior hypo- and hyperglycemia to regional grey and white matter volumes across the whole brain.
RESULTS—No significant differences were found between diabetic and healthy control groups in grey or white matter. However, within the diabetic group, a history of severe hypoglycemia was associated with smaller grey matter volume in the left superior temporal region. Greater exposure to hyperglycemia was associated with smaller grey matter volume in the right cuneus and precuneus, smaller white matter volume in a right posterior parietal region, and larger grey matter volume in a right prefrontal region.
CONCLUSIONS—Qualitatively different relationships were found between hypo- and hyperglycemia and regional brain volumes in youth with type 1 diabetes. Future studies should investigate whether these differences relate to cognitive function and how these regions are affected by further exposure.
Muscle-Strengthening Activity and Its Association With Insulin Sensitivity
Authors: Cheng Yiling J. , Gregg Edward W. , De Rekeneire Nathalie , Williams Desmond E. , Imperatore Giuseppina , Caspersen Carl J. , Kahn Henry S. 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE—Muscle-strengthening activities (MSAs) may increase insulin sensitivity, thereby reducing the risk of diabetes. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between MSAs and insulin sensitivity among American adults.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We analyzed data on 4,504 adults without diabetes, aged 20–79 years, who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004 and had information on MSAs. Self-reported frequency (times/week) of MSAs was grouped as low (&lt;1), moderate (1–2.9), or high (≥3). Insulin sensitivity was measured by the fasting quantitative insulin sensitivity check index × 100 (QUICKI).
RESULTS—After adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, physical activity other than MSAs, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, and daily total caloric intake, the mean values for QUICKI by low, moderate, and high MSA were 33.6, 33.9, and 34.2, respectively (P for linear trend = 0.008) for men and 34.2, 34.6, 34.6, respectively (P for linear trend = 0.009) for women. Mean fasting insulin (picomols per liter) concentrations were 75.0, 68.9, and 65.9, respectively (P for linear trend = 0.017) for men and 66.9, 63.3, 61.2, respectively (P for linear trend = 0.007) for women. There were no significant differences across MSA groups for fasting glucose among men or women.
CONCLUSIONS—MSA is independently associated with higher insulin sensitivity among U.S. adults. Efforts to increase MSA may be a realistic, feasible, and effective method of reducing insulin resistance among the U.S. population.
Microvascular Diabetes Complications in Wolfram Syndrome (Diabetes Insipidus, Diabetes Mellitus, Optic Atrophy, and Deafness [DIDMOAD])
Authors: Cano Aline , Molines Laurent , Valéro René , Simonin Gilbert , Paquis-Flucklinger Véronique , Vialettes Bernard ,   the French Group of Wolfram Syndrome
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE—Some previous studies suggested that patients suffering from Wolfram syndrome or DIDMOAD (diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness) might be relatively preserved from diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. However, these data were not conclusive because either observations were only anecdotic or did not match with control type 1 diabetic populations.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A group of 26 French diabetic patients with DIDMOAD was compared with a population of 52 patients with common type 1 diabetes matched for age at diabetes diagnosis (8.62 ± 1.84 vs. 8.27 ± 1.30 years; P = NS) and diabetes duration (12.88 ± 1.58 vs. 12.87 ± 1.13 years; P = NS) to study the quality of glycemic control and the incidence of microvascular complications.
RESULTS—Glycemic control was significantly better in the DIDMOAD group than in the type 1 diabetic group (A1C: 7.72 ± 0.21 vs. 8.99 ± 0.25%, respectively; P = 0.002), with significant lower daily insulin requirements (0.71 ± 0.07 vs. 0.88 ± 0.04 UI · kg−1 · day−1, respectively; P = 0.0325). The prevalence of microvascular complications in the DIDMOAD group was half that observed in the type 1 diabetic group, but the difference was not significant.
CONCLUSIONS—Diabetes in DIDMOAD patients is more easily controlled despite the presence of other handicaps. This better glycemic control could explain the trend to decreased microvascular diabetes complications observed in previous studies.
Increased Body Iron Stores of Obese Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Are a Consequence of Insulin Resistance and Hyperinsulinism and Are Not a Result of Reduced Menstrual Losses
Authors: Luque-Ramírez Manuel , Álvarez-Blasco Francisco , Botella-Carretero José I. , Sanchón Raul , San Millán José L. , Escobar-Morreale Héctor F. 
Published: August 2007

OBJECTIVE—Increased serum ferritin levels, indicating increased body iron stores, have been found in overweight and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This finding might result from reduced menstrual losses secondary to oligo- or amenorrhea or from hyperinsulinism secondary to insulin resistance, because insulin favors the intestinal absorption and the tissue deposition of iron. To explore which of these mechanisms is responsible for the increase in body iron stores in women with PCOS, we have monitored the changes in serum ferritin levels during treatment with an antiandrogenic oral contraceptive or an insulin sensitizer.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Thirty-four consecutive PCOS patients were randomized to an oral contraceptive containing 35 μg ethinyl-estradiol plus 2 mg cyproterone acetate (Diane35 Diario) or metformin (850 mg twice daily), and their serum ferritin levels were evaluated at baseline and after 12 and 24 weeks of treatment.
RESULTS—Despite the fact that treatment with Diane35 Diario restored regular menstrual cycles in all the patients, whereas metformin only did so in 50% of them, serum ferritin levels decreased at 12 and 24 weeks of treatment only with metformin, in association with a marked increase in insulin sensitivity. On the contrary, no changes in ferritin and insulin sensitivity were observed with Diane35 Diario.
CONCLUSIONS—Our present results suggest that insulin resistance and hyperinsulinism, and not the reduced menstrual losses secondary to from oligo- or amenorrhea, are responsible of the increased ferritin levels and body iron stores found in overweight and obese women with PCOS.
Disordered Eating: Identifying, Treating, Preventing, and Differentiating It From Eating Disorders
Authors: Pereira Raquel Franzini , Alvarenga Marle 
Published: August 2007

In BriefDisordered eating is prevalent among people with diabetes and can significantly increase diabetes mortality and morbidity. When disordered eating behaviors are culturally accepted and performed with significant frequency by a variety of groups, it can lead to the perception that these behaviors are “normal,” which can be detrimental to the prevention and treatment of diabetes. Diabetes educators are capable of improving their diagnostic skills and treatment methods to meet the special needs of people with diabetes who also suffer from disordered eating. It is important to integrate key questions into assessment interviews and to ensure that the diabetes care team has the skill, knowledge, and tools to diagnose and treat disordered eating to improve outcomes for individuals with diabetes.
Measurement of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase (sEH) Activity
Authors: Morisseau Christophe , Hammock Bruce D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe human soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH; EC 3.3.3.2) is the product of the EXPH2 gene. The sEH catalyzes the addition of a water molecule to an epoxide, resulting in the corresponding diol. Early work suggested a role of sEH in detoxifying a wide array of xenobiotic epoxides; however, recent findings clearly implicate the sEH in the regulation of blood pressure, pain, and inflammation through the hydrolysis of endogenous epoxy fatty acids such as epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). Both expression and activity of sEH are influenced by a wide array of xenobiotics, underlying how environmental contaminants could influence human health through sEH. This unit describes radiometric, fluorimetric, and mass spectrometric assays for measuring the activity of sEH and its inhibition. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 33:4.23.1‐4.23.18. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In Vitro Evaluation of Metabolic Drug‐Drug Interactions: A Descriptive and Critical Commentary
Authors: Li Albert P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAdverse drug‐drug interactions represent a major challenge for the pharmaceutical industry. Recently, in vitro approaches for the evaluation of metabolism‐related drug‐drug interactions have been developed. These in vitro approaches are found to be useful in the assessment of clinical drug‐drug interaction potential of new chemical entities and to aid the understanding of clinically significant drug‐drug interactions observed with existing drugs. The general methods for the evaluation of drug‐drug interactions using in vitro, human‐based experimental systems are described and critically reviewed.Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 33:4.25.1‐4.25.11. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fluorescence Microscopy and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Peyer's Patches and Intestinal Immune Cells
Authors: López María C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn recent years researchers have become more aware of the importance of the gut‐associated immune system since it is in direct interaction with the entry site for virus, bacteria, and all type of food contaminants, including numerous toxins that can alter mucosal immunity. Peyer's patches (PP) are considered the inductive site for protein antigen presentation in the gut as well as the starting point for IgA B‐cell differentiation. The IgA found in feces comes from IgA secreted by IgA lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL), and its presence is a sign of normal physiology, in that IgA plays a role in absorption and immune defense against gut‐associated pathogens. Methods presented in this unit are intended to analyze PP and intestinal intraepithelial and LPL to determine whether the complexity of the mucosal‐associated lymphoid tissue and its components have been altered by any form of external damage. The protocols explain how to isolate and culture isolated cells; how to stain and analyze; and also how to cryopreserve the gut. Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 33:18.13.1‐18.13.20. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Purification and Characterization of Gingipains
Authors: Potempa Jan , Nguyen Ky‐Anh 
Published: August 2007

AbstractGingipains are cysteine proteases produced in large quantities by Porphyromonas gingivalis which together constitute important virulence factors in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease by that organism. Described is this unit is an efficient procedure for the purification of gingipains from the growth medium of P. gingivalis strain HG66, along with detailed protocols for growth of the organism and basic characterization of the purified proteases. The purification procedure consists of acetone precipitation followed by gel filtration to separate high‐molecular‐mass gingipains (Kgp and HRgpA) from RgpB. Kgp and HRgpA are further separated on Arg‐Sepharose by the virtue of differential elution from the affinity matrix with lysine (Kgp) and arginine (HRgpA) eluant. Obtained from these procedures, the gingipains are stable and can be stored at −80°C for years without loss of activity. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 49:21.20.1‐21.20.27. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Microplate Assay For Cathepsin Detection in Viable Cells Using Derivatives of 4‐Methoxy‐β‐Naphthylamide
Authors: Ruettger Anke , Wiederanders Bernd 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis unit describes an assay for the direct and selective detection of the four cathepsins B, H, K, and L in adherently growing cells. Cells are incubated with substrates that are peptidic derivatives of 4‐methoxy‐β‐naphthylamine partially selective for each cathepsin, together with 5‐nitrosalicylaldehyde. The protease reaction is performed in microtiter plates and the fluorescent hydrolysis products are detected using a plate reader. The selectivity of detection is enhanced by parallel assays containing inhibitors that are also partially selective for each of the cathepsins. Individual cathepsin activities can then be calculated by the difference between the uninhibited and the inhibited assays. Detection of cathepsin H activity differs from the other assays in that other nonlysosomal aminopeptidases are inhibited by bestatin. The most common application of these assays is to compare directly cells treated with different substances, e.g., pharmaceutically interesting cathepsin inhibitors. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 49:21.21.1‐21.21.8. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Detection of Intracellular Cytokines by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Foster Barbara , Prussin Calman , Liu Fei , Whitmire Jason K. , Whitton J. Lindsay 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIntracellular cytokine detection by flow cytometry has emerged as the premier technique for studying cytokine production at the single‐cell level. Multiparameter flow cytometry permits simultaneous detection of two or more cytokines within a single cell, allowing direct TH1 versus TH2 determination. This capability, combined with the high throughput inherent in the instrumentation, gives intracellular cytokine staining an enormous advantage over existing single‐cell techniques such as ELISPOT, limiting dilution, and T cell cloning. The unit describes intracellular staining of cells that have already been stimulated in vitro and fixed. Methods for in vitro activation by PMA and ionomycin or antigens, fixation of cell suspensions, and cell‐surface staining are also described. Because of the greater level of nonspecific binding inherent in fixed, permeabilized cells, greater care must be taken in designing specificity controls. A protocol in which brefeldin A is used to identify cytokine‐producing T cells activated in response to in vivo contact with microbial antigens is also described. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 78:6.24.1‐6.24.21. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measurement of Interleukin‐21
Authors: Zeng Rong , Spolski Rosanne , Leonard Warren J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis unit describes three procedures for measurement of interleukin‐21 (IL‐21). The first employs the use of an antibody sandwich ELISA. An alternative procedure measures proliferative responses of T cells to a combination of IL‐21 and IL‐15 using CFSE. Finally, a method to assess IL‐21‐induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat3 in splenic CD8+ T cells using a flow cytometry–based analysis is described. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 78:6.30.1‐6.30.8. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Single‐Cell Phospho‐Protein Analysis by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Schulz Kenneth R. , Danna Erika A. , Krutzik Peter O. , Nolan Garry P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis protocol describes methods for monitoring intracellular phosphorylation‐dependent signaling events on a single‐cell basis. This approach measures cell signaling by treating cells with exogenous stimuli, fixing cells with formaldehyde, permeabilizing with methanol, and then staining with phospho‐specific antibodies. Thus, cell signaling states can be determined as a measure of how cells interact with their environment. This method has applications in clinical research as well as mechanistic studies of basic biology. In clinical research, diagnostic or drug efficacy information can be retrieved by discovering how a disease affects the ability of cells to respond to growth factors. Basic scientists can use this technique to analyze signaling events in cell lines and human or murine primary cells, including rare populations, like B1 cells or stem cells. This technique has broad applications to take standard biochemical analysis into primary cells to garner valuable information about signaling events in physiologic settings. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 78:8.17.1‐8.17.20. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Phenotypic Analysis of Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Ungrin Mark , O'Connor Michael , Eaves Connie , Zandstra Peter W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractHuman embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are an important tool for the study of developmental biology and may one day serve as a source of cells for regenerative medicine. As no definitive assay for hESC pluripotency is available, surrogate assays that measure markers or properties that have been correlated with hESC developmental potential are used to measure the effects of test conditions on their propagation and differentiation. This unit presents a range of protocols, including visual inspection, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, quantitative real‐time reverse‐transcriptase PCR, and a colony‐forming assay, as tools to measure the undifferentiated hESC state. The authors discuss the advantages and limitations of the various protocols, and present expected results and discuss potential problems. The development of quantitative assays of hESC developmental potential are critical for our understanding of hESC biology. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 2:1B.3.1‐1B.3.25. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pancreas Differentiation of Mouse ES Cells
Authors: Micallef Suzanne J. , Li Xueling , Elefanty Andrew G. , Stanley Edouard G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis unit describes the derivation of pancreatic cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Mouse ESCs are pluripotent immortal cells derived from the inner cell mass of pre‐implantation blastocyst‐stage embryos that possess the ability to differentiate into any cell type within the adult animal. In vitro, ESCs can be differentiated into a variety of cell types representing derivatives of the three embryonic germ layers, mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm. Successfully differentiating ES cells to pancreatic cells has the potential to provide an alternative to cadaver‐derived cells for treatment of type I diabetes. This unit outlines a method for the differentiation of ESCs toward pancreatic endoderm in serum‐free medium from embryoid bodies (EBs) formed in suspension or spin EBs. In addition there is a protocol for maintaining ESC. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 2:1G.2.1‐1G.2.8. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.