bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient metal‐free aerobic oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons utilizing aryl‐tetrahalogenated N‐hydroxyphthalimides and 1,4‐diamino‐2,3‐dichloroanthraquinone
Authors: Zhang Qiaohong , Chen Chen , Ma Hong , Miao Hong , Zhang Wei , Sun Zhiqiang , Xu Jie 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Hydrocarbon oxidation reactions are central to numerous processes that convert bulk chemicals into useful and higher‐value products. In this investigation, an efficient metal‐free catalytic system for aerobic oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons was successfully established by synthesizing a series of aryl‐tetrahalogenated N‐hydroxyphthalimides and applying these compounds with 1,4‐diamino‐2,3‐dichloroanthraquinone (DADCAQ).RESULTS: Ethylbenzene was oxidized with 82.3% conversion and 86.9% selectivity to acetophenone catalyzed by the system of TCNHPI/DADCAQ under 0.3 MPa of molecular oxygen at 100 °C for 5 h. Other hydrocarbons were oxidized with high efficiency using this catalytic system. For example, indane can be converted completely to indan‐1‐one with 98.0% selectivity.CONCLUSION: A highly efficient metal‐free catalytic system consisting of TCNHPI and DADCAQ was developed for the oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular oxygen. Aryl‐halogen substituents served to significantly increase the activities of the catalytic system. The results in this study can form the basis for the design of an efficient hydrocarbon oxidation process. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Activation of autophagy in retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Kim Seok Hwan , Munemasa Yasunari , Kwong Jacky M. K. , Ahn Jae Hong , Mareninov Sergey , Gordon Lynn K. , Caprioli Joseph , Piri Natik 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAutophagy has been shown to be activated in neuronal cells in response to injury and suggested to have a cell‐protective role in neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated the activation of autophagy in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) following optic nerve transection (ONT) and evaluated its effect on RGC survival. Expression of several autophagy‐related genes, including Atg5, Atg7, and Atg12, and autophagy markers microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3–II (LC3‐II) and beclin‐1 were analyzed at the transcriptional or protein level 1, 3, and 7 days after ONT. Transcription of the Atg5, Atg7, and Atg12 genes was up‐regulated 1.5‐ to 1.8‐fold in the retina 3 days after ONT compared with that in the controls. Expression of Atg12 mRNA was increased 1.6‐fold 1 day after ONT. Seven days after ONT, expression of Atg5, Atg7, and Atg12 mRNA was comparable to that in the untreated retinas. Western blot analysis of proteins isolated from RGCs showed 1.6‐, 2.7‐, and 1.7‐fold increases in LC3‐II level 1, 3, and 7 days after ONT, respectively, compared with those in the controls. Expression of beclin‐1 was 1.7‐fold higher 1 day after RGCs were axotomized, but 3 and 7 days after ONT it was comparable to that of the control. Inhibition of autophagy with bafilomycin A1, 3‐methyladenine, and Wortmannin in RGC‐5 cells under serum‐deprived conditions decreased cell viability by approximately 40%. These results suggest possible activation of autophagy in RGCs after optic nerve transection and demonstrate its protective role in RGC‐5 cells maintained under conditions of serum deprivation. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
C‐jun N‐terminal kinase regulates the interaction between 14‐3‐3 and Bad in ethanol‐induced cell death
Authors: Han Jae Yoon , Jeong Eun Young , Kim Yoon Sook , Roh Gu Seob , Kim Hyun Joon , Kang Sang Soo , Cho Gyeong Jae , Choi Wan Sung 
Published: June 2008

AbstractActivation of the c‐jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) is known to be an important step during ethanol‐induced cell death, but it has yet to be identified how JNK regulates apoptosis. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism by which JNK induces cell death following ethanol treatment. Ethanol (6 g/kg, 20% in saline) was administered subcutaneously to postnatal 7 day rat pups. Twelve hours after the first ethanol administration, rat pups were decapitated, and extracts of total protein from cerebral cortices were prepared. Ethanol exposure induced phosphorylation of JNK but did not affect the expression levels of pro‐ and antiapoptotic proteins. Furthermore, interactions of phospho‐JNK (p‐JNK) with 14‐3‐3 as well as with Bad were enhanced in the cerebral cortices of ethanol‐treated rats. Pretreatment with JNK inhibitor (SP600125) of SH‐SY5Y cells inhibited JNK phosphorylation and interaction between p‐JNK and 14‐3‐3 resulting from ethanol. Furthermore, 14‐3‐3 interaction with Bad was diminished in the cerebral cortices of ethanol‐treated rats. These findings suggest that JNK induces Bad release from 14‐3‐3 by inhibiting their interaction. After this event, Bad binds to Bcl‐xL, releasing Bax from Bcl‐xL and leading to cell death. We hypothesize that JNK may play an important role during ethanol‐induced cell death via the inhibition of antiapoptotic function of 14‐3‐3 as well as activation of proapoptotic function of Bad. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of African orography and the Indian summer monsoon on the low‐level Somali jet
Authors: Chakraborty Arindam , Nanjundiah Ravi S. , Srinivasan J. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe low‐level jet (LLJ) over the Indian region, which is most prominent during the monsoon (June–September) season, has been studied with a general circulation model (GCM). The role of African orography in modulating this jet is the focus of this article. The presence of African orography intensifies the cross‐equatorial flow. Contrary to previous modelling studies we find that cross‐equatorial flow occurs even in the absence of African orography, though this flow is much weaker even when the Indian monsoon rainfall is high. However, the location of the meridional jet near the equator in the Somali region is linked to the Indian monsoon rainfall rather than to the land–sea contrast over Somalia. Also, the presence of African orography, and not the strength of the Indian monsoon, controls the vertical extent of the equatorial meridional wind.In an aqua‐planet simulation, the cross‐equatorial flow occurs about 30° to the west of the rainfall maximum. Thus, the longitudinal location of the equatorial Somali jet depends upon the occurrence of monsoon heating, but the vertical structure of the jet is on account of the western boundary current in the atmosphere due to the East African highlands under the influence of monsoonal heat source. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Interannual variability of boreal summer rainfall in the equatorial Atlantic
Authors: Gu Guojun , Adler Robert F. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractTropical Atlantic rainfall variations during boreal summer (June–July–August (JJA)) are quantified by means of a 28‐year (1979–2006) monthly precipitation dataset from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP). Rainfall variability during boreal spring (March–April–May (MAM)) is also examined for comparison in that the most intense interannual variability is usually observed during this season. Comparable variabilities in the Atlantic maritime intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) (15° –35°W) strength (PITCZ) are found during both seasons. Variations in the ITCZ's latitudinal location (LatITCZ) during JJA, however, are much weaker than during MAM.PITCZ and LatITCZ are shown to be closely associated with sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in both the tropical Atlantic and Pacific. Within the tropical Atlantic, the Atlantic Niño events (Atl3) and SST anomalies in the tropical North Atlantic (TNA) are the two major local factors modulating surface rainfall patterns and variations. Atl3 is significantly correlated with PITCZ and LatITCZ during JJA and MAM. TNA is significantly correlated to PITCZ during JJA but not to LatITCZ. In contrast, TNA is significantly correlated to LatITCZ during MAM but its correlation with PITCZ is weak.The impact of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events (Nino3.4) is observed during both seasons, while the correlation between Nino3.4 and LatITCZ is slightly weak. However, with the effects of Atl3 and TNA removed, the ENSO tends to have a quite limited direct impact on the tropical Atlantic, specifically over the open ocean. High second‐order partial correlation between Nino3.4 and rainfall is generally confined to the western basin and over the northeastern South America. Therefore, during JJA, the two local SST modes are of dominance for the tropical Atlantic rainfall variability. Nevertheless, the ENSO seems to still play an active role in modulating surface zonal wind anomalies in the western basin and then the Atlantic Niño mode. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
In vivo contact stresses during activities of daily living after knee arthroplasty
Authors: D'Lima Darryl D. , Steklov Nikolai , Fregly Benjamin J. , Banks Scott A. , Colwell Clifford W. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe implanted an electronic knee prosthesis to measure tibial forces in vivo during activities of daily living after total knee arthroplasty. We used tibial forces and knee kinematic data collected in vivo to calculate contact stresses using finite element analysis. The polyethylene insert was modeled as an elastoplastic material, and predicted contact stresses were validated using pressure sensitive sensors. Peak contact stresses generated during walking were similar but about 18% lower than those calculated for International Standards Organization (ISO)‐recommended wear simulation conditions. Stair climbing generated higher contact stresses (32 MPa) than walking (26 MPa). However, both high flexion activities (lunge and kneel) generated even higher contact stresses, with the lunge activity generating the highest stresses (56 MPa). The activities that generated high contact stresses also resulted in high equivalent plastic strain. However, the lunge activity generated dramatically higher plastic equivalent strain than the other activities. In vivo measurement of kinematics, forces, and contact stresses may be used to develop more clinically relevant wear simulator protocols. Contact stresses generated during high flexion activities were substantially higher and were largely due to the reduced contact area in deep flexion rather than due to an increase in contact forces. Our results support the use of “high flexion” designs that improve contact conditions and preserve contact area at high flexion angles. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Therapeutic touch affects DNA synthesis and mineralization of human osteoblasts in culture
Authors: Jhaveri Ankur , Walsh Stephen J. , Wang Yatzen , McCarthy MaryBeth , Gronowicz Gloria 
Published: June 2008

AbstractComplementary and alternative medicine (CAM) techniques are commonly used in hospitals and private medical facilities; however, the effectiveness of many of these practices has not been thoroughly studied in a scientific manner. Developed by Dr. Dolores Krieger and Dora Kunz, Therapeutic Touch is one of these CAM practices and is a highly disciplined five‐step process by which a practitioner can generate energy through their hands to promote healing. There are numerous clinical studies on the effects of TT but few in vitro studies. Our purpose was to determine if Therapeutic Touch had any effect on osteoblast proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization in vitro. TT was performed twice a week for 10 min each on human osteoblasts (HOBs) and on an osteosarcoma‐derived cell line, SaOs‐2. No significant differences were found in DNA synthesis, assayed by [3H]‐thymidine incorporation at 1 or 2 weeks for SaOs‐2 or 1 week for HOBs. However, after four TT treatments in 2 weeks, TT significantly (p = 0.03) increased HOB DNA synthesis compared to controls. Immunocytochemistry for Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) confirmed these data. At 2 weeks in differentiation medium, TT significantly increased mineralization in HOBs (p = 0.016) and decreased mineralization in SaOs‐2 (p = 0.0007), compared to controls. Additionally, Northern blot analysis indicated a TT‐induced increase in mRNA expression for Type I collagen, bone sialoprotein, and alkaline phosphatase in HOBs and a decrease of these bone markers in SaOs‐2 cells. In conclusion, Therapeutic Touch appears to increase human osteoblast DNA synthesis, differentiation and mineralization, and decrease differentiation and mineralization in a human osteosarcoma‐derived cell line. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:1541–1546, 2008
The effect of muscle loading on flexor tendon‐to‐bone healing in a canine model
Authors: Thomopoulos Stavros , Zampiakis Emmanouil , Das Rosalina , Silva Matthew J. , Gelberman Richard H. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPrevious tendon and ligament studies have demonstrated a role for mechanical loading in tissue homeostasis and healing. In uninjured musculoskeletal tissues, increased loading leads to an increase in mechanical properties, whereas decreased loading leads to a decrease in mechanical properties. The role of loading on healing tissues is less clear. We studied tendon‐to‐bone healing in a canine flexor tendon‐to‐bone injury and repair model. To examine the effect of muscle loading on tendon‐to‐bone healing, repaired tendons were either cut proximally (unloaded group) to remove all load from the distal phalanx repair site or left intact proximally (loaded group). All paws were casted postoperatively and subjected to daily passive motion rehabilitation. Specimens were tested to determine functional properties, biomechanical properties, repair‐site gapping, and bone mineral density. Loading across the repair site led to improved functional and biomechanical properties (e.g., stiffness for the loaded group was 8.2 ± 3.9 versus 5.1 ± 2.5 N/mm for the unloaded group). Loading did not affect bone mineral density or gapping. The formation of a gap between the healing tendon and bone correlated with failure properties. Using a clinically relevant model of flexor tendon injury and repair, we found that muscle loading was beneficial to healing. Complete removal of load by proximal transection resulted in tendon‐to‐bone repairs with less range of motion and lower biomechanical properties compared to repairs in which the muscle‐tendon‐bone unit was left intact. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Rapid degradation of the Cry3Bb1 protein from Diabrotica‐resistant Bt‐corn MON88017 during ensilation and fermentation in biogas production facilities
Authors: Rauschen Stefan , Nguyen Hang Thu , Schuphan Ingolf , Jehle Johannes A , Eber Sabine 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Insect‐resistant transgenic corn is meeting a growing adoption in Europe. Corn is also the major substrate for biogas production, which has vastly increased in recent years. In areas with high insect pest pressure Bt‐corn silage will consequently be fed into biogas production facilities. To assess the potential risks of transgenic plants as energy crops we investigated the fate of the coleopteran‐specific protein Cry3Bb1 from MON88017 corn in the utilization chain of a farm‐scale biogas production facility using ELISA.RESULTS: The mean Cry3Bb1 protein content in chaffed MON88017 plant material was 15 µg g−1. In silage the content decreased rapidly, with less than 20 ng g−1 detectable after 8 months. From the start of fermentation in the biogas reactor, only trace amounts of Cry3Bb1 could be detected. Conventional corn harvested alongside MON88017 with the same equipment showed a presence of transgenic plant material of around 0.5%. Analyses performed at two laboratories showed consistent and systematic differences in the concentrations of Cry3Bb1 measured with ELISA due to methodical differences.CONCLUSIONS: An extensive degradation of Cry3Bb1 was observed in silage despite differences in ELISA measurements. The potential risk associated with the use of MON88017 silage is discussed on this basis. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis, Electrochemical and Photovoltaic Properties of Multi‐Armed Polythiophenes with Triphenylamine Trivinylene as Conjugated Linker
Authors: Zou Yingping , Sang Guangyi , Wan Meixiu , Tan Songting , Li Yongfang 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThree polythiophenes with 5%, 10% and 15% triphenylamine trivinylene (TPAV) as bridge linker, PT‐TPAV5, PT‐TPAV10 and PT‐TPAV15, were synthesized. The Wittig‐Horner‐Emmons reaction and the Stille method were employed to synthesize these polymers. The polythiophenes were subsequently used in bulk‐heterojunction polymer solar cells (PSCs) as donor materials. The polymers exhibited a striking and reversible color change after the oxidation of the polymer films. The power conversion efficiencies of the PSCs based on PT‐TPAV5, PT‐TPAV10 and PT‐TPAV15 as donors and PCBM as acceptor were 0.17%, 0.50%, and 0.35%, respectively, under the illumination of AM 1.5, 100 mW · cm−2.magnified image
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding Effectiveness of PP/PS Polymer Blends Containing High Structure Carbon Black
Authors: Al‐Saleh Mohammed H. , Sundararaj Uttandaraman 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe morphological, electrical resistivity (ER), and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) properties of poly(propylene) (PP), polystyrene (PS), PP/PS, and PP/PS/styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) blends filled with 10 vol.‐% high structure carbon black (CB) were studied. For the CB/PP/PS blends, TEM and SEM observations indicated that CB is preferentially localized in the PS phase. ER and EMI SE of the CB/PP/PS and CB/PP/PS/SBS blends were bounded between those of the PS composite (lower bound) and the PP composite (upper bound). In the PP/PS volume ratio ranging from (75/25) to (25/75), ER and EMI SE of the CB‐filled blends were independent of the PP/PS volume ratio. The EMI SE obtained by the 2 mm thick plates made of 10 vol.‐% CB‐filled (100/0)–(10/90) PP/PS blends are adequate for computers shielding applications.magnified image
Effect of an Organically Modified Nanoclay on Low‐Surface‐Energy Materials of Polybenzoxazine
Authors: Fu Huei‐Kuan , Huang Chih‐Feng , Kuo Shiao‐Wei , Lin Han‐Ching , Yei Ding‐Ru , Chang Feng‐Chih 
Published: June 2008

AbstractNovel low surface free energy materials of polybenzoxazine/organically modified silicate nanocomposites have been prepared and characterized. The CPC (cetylpyridinium chloride)/clay10%/poly(3‐phenyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐1,3‐benzoxazine) (PP‐a) material possesses an extremely low surface free energy (12.7 mJ · m−2) after 4 h curing at 200 °C, which is even lower than that of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (22.0 mJ · m−2) calculated on the basis of the three‐liquid geometric method. X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows a higher silicon content on the surface of the nanocomposites than for an average composition, which implies that the clay is more preferentially enriched on the outermost layer. In addition, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polybenzoxazine (PP‐a) in the nanocomposite is 22.6 °C higher and its thermal decomposition temperature is also 31.5 °C higher than the pure PP‐a. This finding provides a simple way to prepare low surface energy and high thermal stability materials.magnified image
Supramolecular Gels Based on Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes Bearing Covalently Attached Cyclodextrin and Water‐Soluble Guest Polymers
Authors: Klink Michael , Ritter Helmut 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe preparation of associative networks containing multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with covalently attached cyclodextrin (CD) rings and poly[(isobutylene)‐co‐(maleic anhydride)‐co‐(maleic acid‐(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)amide)] in water is described in this study. The synthesis of CD containing MWCNTs is realized by an amidation reaction of oxidized MWCNTs with propargylamine followed by a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition with CD‐azide. Dispersion behavior indicated the high stability of these networks. An increase in viscosity compared to a solution of pure polymer as a cause of network formation is observed. The addition of a CD‐decomposing enzyme (taka‐diastase from Aspergillus oryzae) let the network collapse and results in sedimentation of the modified MWCNTs.magnified image
A quantitative analysis of risk based on climatic factors on the roads in Iran
Authors: Habibi Nokhandan Majid , Bazrafshan Javad , Ghorbani Khalil 
Published: June 2008

AbstractClimate factors such as rain, snow, strong winds, and icy roads are largely responsible for road accidents in various periods of the year and in various parts of the world. This study first examines the frequency of these factors in Iran. Using a quantitative method of risk analysis, the study identifies the potential for the climate risk affecting road safety and then prepares risk maps in a geographic information system (GIS) environment in various months of the year for the whole country. A study of risk maps shows that the months of the year may be divided into two periods in terms of accident potential: (1) April–October, when the roads face small or moderate numbers of accidents. In this period, strong winds play an important role in road accidents especially in windy regions such as the southeast and the northwest of the country, and (2) November–March, when the potential for road accidents gradually increases, reaching its peak in January. In this period, snow, rain, and icy roads are the most important causes of accidents especially on mountainous roads such as the roads in the Alborz and Zagros Mountains. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
1H, 13C NMR, X‐ray and conformational studies of new 1‐alkyl‐3‐benzoyl‐pyrazole and 1‐alkyl‐3‐benzoyl‐pyrazoline derivatives
Authors: López‐Cara Luisa C. , Carrión M. Dora , Camacho M. Encarnación , Gallo Miguel A. , Espinosa Antonio , Choquesillo‐Lazarte Duane , Gonzalez‐Pérez Josefa M. , Entrena Guadix Antonio 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe 1H and 13C NMR resonances of 22 1‐alkyl‐pyrazole and 25 1‐alkyl‐pyrazoline derivatives were assigned completely using the concerted application of one‐ and two‐dimensional experiments (DEPT, gs‐HMQC and gs‐HMBC). Nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) effects, conformational analysis and X‐ray crystallography confirm the preferred conformation of those compounds. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformational and structural analysis of exocyclic olefins and ketimines by multinuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Montalvo‐González Rubén , Montalvo‐González J. Ascención , Ariza‐Castolo Armando 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR spectra of 5 exocyclic alkenes and 15 different ketimines obtained from cyclohexanone and derivatives using benzyl bromide and primary amines—are analyzed. Relative stereochemical and preferential conformations are determined by analyzing both the homonuclear coupling and the chemical shifts of the protons and carbon atoms in the aliphatic rings, which are directly related to the geometry of the double bond and the steric and electronic effects of the exocyclic group. In addition, the racemic mixture of the N‐(4‐methylcyclohexylidene)pyridine‐3‐amine derivative is resolved. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.