bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies in Hypother MIA
Authors: Svanes K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe microcirculation was studied in the conjunctiva of the lower eyelid of mice.In hypothermic mice (21‐22°C), the metarterioles and venules were markedly dilated when anaesthesia was deep. When anaesthesia was light, they were usually of normal calibre.Intravascular erythrocyte aggregation was regularly observed in hypothermic mice. The size of the aggregates was found to be inversely related to the rate of blood flow. Large aggregates were observed in vessels with slow flow (venules), while no aggregates were seen in vessels with rapid blood flow (metarterioles). The anaesthesia influenced the degree of aggregation by altering the rate of blood flow. When the anaesthesia was deepened, the flow rate usually decreased and the aggregation increased, and vice versa.“White emboli” were also regularly observed in hypothermic mice. They were observed in all types of capillary vessels, independent of the rate of blood flow. They showed a tendency to stick to the walls of the venules and to cause temporary occlusions of true capillaries.Erythrocyte aggregates and white emboli were also observed in anaesthetized normothermic mice.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIn der Bindehaut des Unterlides von Mäusen wurde die Mikrozirkulation untersucht.Bei unterkühlten Mäsen (21‐22°C) waren die Metarteriolen und Venolen in tiefer Narkose merklich dilatiert. In oberflächlicher Narkose waren sie ge‐wöhnlich von normalem Kaliber.Bei den hypothermen Mäsen wurden regelmässig intravaskuläre Erythrozytenaggregationen beobachtet. Die Grösse der Aggregate war verkehrt proportional zur Durchströmungsrate: grosse Aggregate wurden in Gefässen mit langsamer Strömung (Venolen) beobachtet, während in Gefässen mit rascher Blutströmung (Metarteriolen) keine Aggregate gesehen wurden. Narkose beeinflusste das Ausmass der Aggregation durch Änderung der Durchströmungsrate. Bei Vertiefung der Narkose verringerte sich gewöhnlich die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit und die Aggregation nahm zu, und vice versa.«Weisse Emboli» wurden ebenfalls regelmässig bei den unterkühlten Mäsen beobachtet. Sie wurden in alien Arten von Kapillargefassen gesehen, un‐abhangig von der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit. Sie zeigten die Tendenz an den Venolenwänden zu haften und in den echten Kapillaren zeitweilige Verschlusse zu verursachen.Erythrozytenaggregate und weisse Emboli wurden auch bei narkotisierten normothermen Mäsen beobachtet.
Rib Fractures Following External Cardiac Massage
Authors: Henriksen Hans 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYPost‐mortem examination was performed in 37 patients after external cardiac massage. Rib fractures were found in 97% of the patients over 20 years. In the age group 0‐20 years no fractures occurred. The number of fractures increased with age. The localization in the individual cases is shown. The fractures were present only on the anterior surface of the chest and could be divided into parasternal and lateral ones. Only the latter are of clinical importance.Observation of rib fractures occurring under experimental conditions suggests that the displacement of the sternum required for efficient ECM is equal to or above the fracture limit of the thoracic cage. This is in good agreement with the high fracture rate found in the present study.ZSAMMENFASSUNGBei 37 Patienten wurden nach externer Herzmassage Autopsien durchgeführt. Rippenfrakturen fanden sich bei 98% der Patienten über 20 Jahre. In der Altersgruppe unter 20 wurden keine Frakturen beobachtet. Die Zahl der Frakturen erhöhte sich mit dem Alter. Es wird die Lokalisation bei den individuellen Fällen angeführt. Rippenbrüche kamen nur an der Vorderfläche des Brustkorbes zur Beobachtung und konnten in parasternale und laterale unterteilt werden. Nur die letzteren sind von klinischer Bedeutung.Die Beobachtung des Auftretens von Rippenfrakturen unter experiemtellen Bedingungen lässt den Schluss zu, dass die für eine ausreichende äussere Herzmassage erforderliche Sternalverschiebung knapp an der Frakturgrenze des Brustkorbes liegt. Dies steht in Übereinstimmung mit der hohen Frakturfrequenz, die in unserer Untersuchung gefunden wurde.
Hepatic Blood Flow During Different Depths of Halothane Anaesthesia in the Dog
Authors: Ahlgren I. , Aronsen K.‐F. , Ericsson B. , Fajgelj A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe hepatic blood flow during different depths of Halothane anaesthesia in the dog was estimated with a new mediod, based on the disappearance rate of 133Xenon injected into die portal vein. The administration of Halothane sufficient to give deep anaesdiesia was associated with a pronounced fall in hepatic blood flow. Widi adequate alveolar ventilation, with small changes in arterial carbon dioxide tension, and no hypoxia, the decrease in hepatic blood flow was parallel to the decrease in cardiac output. If the carbon dioxide tension in arterial blood was allowed to rise during deep Halothane anaesthesia, this was associated with an even more pronounced decrease of hepatic blood flow.An interesting side observation was diat in these dogs, if the depth of anaesthesia was kept constant, an intravenous injection of 0.25 mg atropine was associated with a pronounced fall in hepatic blood flow.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGMit Hilfe einer neuen Mediode, die auf der Eliminierungsgeschwindigkeit von in die Pfortader injiziertem 133 Xenon beruht, wurde die Leberdurch‐blutung beim Hund während verschiedener Narkosestadien mit Halothane untersucht. Halodianekonzentrationen, die zu einer tiefen Narkose führten, resultierten in einer ausgeprägten Verringerung der Leberdurchblutung. Bei genügender alveolärer Ventilation mit geringen Änderungen der arteriellen Kolensäurespannung und keiner Hypoxie ging die Abnahme der Leberdurchblutung paallel mit er Abnahme des Herzschlagvolumens. Wurde die Kohlensäurespannung im arterielln Blut während der tiefen Halothanenarkose erhöht, so war ein noch ausgeprägteres Absinken der Leberdurchblutung die Folge. Eine interessante Nebenbeobachtung bei diesen Hunden war, dass bei konstanter Narkosetiefe die intra venöse Verabreichung von 0,25 mg Atropine von einem ausgeprägten Absinken der Leberdurchblutung begleitet war.
A Comparison of Cardiac Rhythm During Halothane and Methoxyflurane Anaesthesia at Normal and Elevated Levels of PaCO2
Authors: Black Gerald W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYChanges in cardiac rhythm were studied at normal and elevated levels of PaCO2 during the inhalation of 1.5 per cent halothane and 1.5 per cent methoxyflurane in sixteen normal children. With halothane idioventricular rhythm developed in each of eight children at PCO2 levels ranging from 104 mm Hg to greater than 150 mm Hg. Normal sinus rhythm persisted in the presence of comparable degrees of respiratory acidosis in the children receiving methoxyflurane. It is suggested that myocardial sensitisation to the effects of catecholamines is minimal during anaesthesia with the latter agent.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGBei 16 gesunden Kindern wurden während der Inhalation von 1,5% Halothan, bzw. 1,5% Medioxyfluran Veränderungen des Herzrhythmus bei normalen und erhöhten PaCO2‐Werten untersucht. Unter Halothan entwickelte sich bei jedem der 8 Kinder ein idioventrikulärer Rhythmus bei Kohlensäurespannungen von 104 mm Hg bis über 150 mm Hg. Bei den Kindern, die Methoxyfluran erhielten, blieb normaler Sinusrhythmus auch bei vergleichbar hohen Graden von respiratorischer Azidose erhalten. Es wird angenommen, dass die Sensibilisierung des Myocards auf Katecholamine während der Narkose mit dem letztgenannten Mittel minimal ist.
Cerebral Circulation and Resuscitation
Authors: Keszler H. , Oppelt A. , Sliz K. , Vyska K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYAfter reviewing the literature mainly with a view to elucidate the effect of drugs commonly used in cardiac resuscitation on CBF, attention is drawn to the frequent occurrence of obstruction or stenosis in the extracranial cerebral vessels. The known effects of head positioning on cerebral circulation are also briefly reviewed and some preliminary results of the authors are reported. Backward tilt with rotation of the head may be expected to have an adverse effect on CBF. Early intubation may be desirable, expecially in the older age groups, whenever feasible in order to maintain an open airway without having to tilt the head backward.
A New Evaluation of Emergency Methods for Artificial Ventilation
Authors: Nolte Hans 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of artificial ventilation by the exhaled‐air methods (mouth‐to‐nose and mouth‐to‐mouth) and chest‐pressure‐arm‐lift methods (Ho‐ward‐Thomsen, Silvester‐Brosch, Holger Nielsen) was investigated in 11 anaesthetised apnoeic volunteers. The efficiency of these methods was assessed by the changes in arterial PO2, O2 saturation, PCO2 and pH. It could be shown that the exhaled‐air methods ensured normal PO2 and O2 saturation in all cases, while the ventilation by the manual methods was insufficient. Even though normal oxygenation was achieved by the manual methods in some cases, others were extremely hypoventilated, with critically low O2 tensions. pH and CO2 tensions did not change appreciably. Because of the uncertain ventilatory effect of the manual methods, they should not be taught or used.
The Pathology of Acute Coronary Death
Authors: Jørgensen Leif , Hærem Jørgen W. , Chandler A. Bleakley , Borchgrevink Christian F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYIn order to examine whether functional disturbances in the heart without significant lesions is a frequent cause of sudden cardiac death, two prospective autopsy studies were performed.In a series of 78 cases of myocardial ischaemia dying within 48 hours acute lesions in the major coronary arteries were found in 89 per cent in patients who had been on anticoagulant therapy at the onset of the acute disease and in 76 per cent of the untreated patients. The relative frequency of cases without acute coronary lesions, haemorrhage in fibrous plaque, rupture of necrotic plaque, and of thrombosis which was not secondary to rupture of plaques, was about the same whether the patients had died within 15 minutes or later. Thrombi secondary to rupturedplaques were not observed among those dying within 15 minutes, whereas such lesions were found in 28 per cent of the treated patients and in 27 per cent of the untreated patients who died later. This may be explained by assuming that it takes more than a few minutes for a sizable thrombus to form, and that the rupture itself is lethal.In another series of 38 cases sudden, unexpected death the blood supply of the sinus and atrioventricular nodes was particularly studied. Acute lesions in major coronary arteries was found in 75 per cent of the cases. There was no preferential location of the acute lesions to arteries supplying the dominant parts of the conductive system.In both autopsy series, platelet aggregates were found in the peripheral bed of the coronary arteries in several cases.It is concluded that the basic pathogenetic mechanisms are the same whether the patients are dying immediately or later with evidence of myocardial infarction. In the cases with no acute coronary lesion there is probably also a localized circulatory disturbance leading to myocardial infarction if the patient survives the initial period. On the basis of recent experimental evidence, it is proposed that one precipitating factor for such a localized circulatory disturbance could be intravascular platelet aggregation.
Metabolism and Function of the Heart During Acute Asphyxia and in Postasphyxial Recovery
Authors: Isselhard Wolf 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYIn asphyxia, the energy production by anaerobic glycolysis does not suffice to meet the energy demand of the heart. This energy deficit results in a rapid and complete depletion of creatine phosphate, and in a continuous decrease in ATP and the sum of adenine nucleotides. Upon restoration of the oxygen supply, the creatine phosphate returns to normal within 1‐2 minutes. Restoration of ATP and the sum of adenine nucleotides may require many hours and is determined by the depletion of the degradation products of the nucleotides which takes place during the anaerobic period. In the anaesthetised rabbits subjected to asphyxia myocardial power is rapidly and profoundly depressed, but returns to normal within 1‐2 minutes if artificial ventilation is applied, and asphyxia has not exceeded 5 minutes. The impaired cardiac performance during asphyxia and its postasphyxial restoration changes with the myocardial creatine phosphate and a small portion of the cellular ATP which is thought to be associated with the contraction process.
The Pathophysiology and Treatment of Drowning
Authors: Modell Jerome H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe pathophysiological changes which occur in both animals and man during drowning and near‐drowning with aspiration have been reviewed. Although the fluid and electrolyte changes will differ in patients, depending primarily on the quantity and nature of the fluid that was aspirated, the primary disturbance requiring emergency therapy is acute asphyxia with persistent arterial hypoxemia and acidosis. Initially, the hypoxia is due to perfusion of non‐ventilated alveoli. Arterial hypoxemia persists, however, even after a significant intra‐pulmonary shunt can no longer be demonstrated. All efforts should be directed to correct this situation with whatever equipment is most readily available. While the patient is being so treated, his fluid and electrolyte status should be evaluated and cor‐rected accordingly. Other drug therapy should be supplied as indicated. With this physiological approach to therapy the success rate in resuscitating drowning and near‐drowning victims will continue to improve.
VASOCONSTRICTORS AND GENERAL ANAESTHESIA: Ornithine‐8‐Vasopressin and Noradrenaline during Halothane Anaesthesia in a Double‐Blind Study
Authors: Valentin Niels , Nielsen Ole Vagn 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYIn a double‐blind study, the synthetic vasopressin derivative ornithine‐8‐vasopressin (POR‐8) was compared with noradrenaline and a placebo as a haemostatic to be used locally during halothane anaesthesia. In the concentrations selected, POR‐8 was found to be far more effective than noradrenaline. Both compounds caused a moderate rise in blood pressure. Extrasystoles occurred after injection of POR‐8 in one patient. It is concluded that there is no reason to advise against the use of POR‐8 during halothane anaesthesia although the experience in this field is at present too limited to exclude completely the possibility of cardiac complications. Caution is recommended when patients suffer from marked coronary insufficiency.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGIm Doppelblindversuch wurde der synthetische Vasopressinabkömmling Ornithin‐8‐Vasopressin (POR‐8) mit Noradrenalin und einem Plazebo als während der Halothannarkose lokal anwendbares Haemostyptikum verglichen. In den gewählten Konzentrationen erwies sich POR‐8 gegenüber Noradrenalin als wesentlich wirksamer. Beide Mittel verursachten einen geringen Blutdruck‐anstieg. Extrasystolen kamen nach Injektion von POR‐8 bei einem Patienten zur Beobachtung. Es kann die Schlussfolgerung gezogen werden, dass gegen die Anwendung von POR‐8 während einer Halothannarkose kein Grund zur Ablehnung vorliegt, obwohl die Erfahrung auf diesem Gebiet augenblicklich noch zu beschränkt ist, urn die Möglichkeit von kardialen Komplikationen völlig auszuschliessen. Vorsicht ist geraten bei Patienten mit ausgeprägter Koronarinsuffizienz.
LEVALLORPHAN AND MEPERIDINE MIXTURES: A Dose‐Response Study of the Ventilatory Sensitivity to Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Rouge Jean‐Claude 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe ventilatory response to carbon dioxide after intramuscular meperidine, 1.65 mg/kg, was compared with those of three mixtures consisting of the same dose of meperidine widi levallorphan, 0.01, 0.02, or 0.04 mg/kg intramuscularly. In five healthy volunteers meperidine increased the PCO2of end‐tidal gas by an average of 6 torr. The three mixtures caused a similar increase (4 to 6 torr) with concomitant reduction in minute ventilation. The respiratory response to carbon dioxide challenge was displaced to die right, but none of the four injections produced a significant change in slope of the response compared with the placebo control. The curve displacements, measured at ventilation of 20 L/min, were 10.8 ± 2.03 torr for meperidine alone and 9.5 ± 1.64, 7.5 ± 0.95, and 10.9 ± 0.95 for the three doses of levallorphan. Analysis of variance showed that chance could account for the differences among all drugs (P > 0.05). Thus, over a four‐fold range of dose, levallorphan gave no antagonism for the mild respiratory depression of simultaneously administered meperidine.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Ventilationsreaktion auf Kohlensäure nach intramuskulärer Gabe von 1,65 mg/kg Meperidin wurde mit der nach 3 verschiedenen Mischungen, die ebenfalls intramuskulär gegeben wurden, verglichen und die aus der gleichen Dosis von Meperidin bestanden, mit einem Zusatz von jeweils 0,01, 0,02 oder 0,04 mg/kg Levallophan. Meperidin erhöhte bei 5 gesunden Freiwilligen daspC02der Endausatemluft im Durchschnitt um 6 Torr. Die 3 Mischungen verursachten einen ähnlichen Anstieg (von 4‐6 Torr) mit gleichsinniger Ver‐minderung des Atemminutenvolumens. Die Antwort der Atmung auf Kohlensäurereiz war nach rechts verschoben, aber keine der 4 Injektionen führte zu einer signifikanten Änderung in der Neigung der Kurve beim Vergleich mit Plazebo‐Kontrollen. Die Kurvenverschiebungen, gemessen bei einer Ventilation von 20 1/min waren 10,8 ± 2,3 Torr für Meperidin allein und 9,5 ± 1,64, 7,5 ± 0,95 bzw. 10,9 ± 0,95 für die 3 Dosen von Levallorphan. Varianzanalysen zeigten, dass die Unterschiede zwischen alien Kombinationen im Bereich des Zufalls lagen (P > 0,05). Es ergab sich also über einen 4‐fachen Dosisbereich kein Antagonismus von Levallorphan gegen die milde atemdepressorische Wirkung von gleichzeitig verabreichtem Meperidin.
How plants cope with biotic interactions
Authors: Van Dam N. M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn their natural environment, plants interact with many different organisms. The nature of these interactions may range from positive, for example interactions with pollinators, to negative, such as interactions with pathogens and herbivores. In this special issue, the contributors provide several examples of how plants manage both positive and negative biotic interactions. This review aims to relate their findings to what we know about the complex natural environments in which plants have evolved. Molecular analyses of plant genomes and expression profiles have shown how intricately plants may regulate responses to single or multiple biotic interactions. Plant responses are fine‐tuned by signalling hormone interactions. When multiple organisms interact with a single plant this may result in antagonistic or synergistic effects. The emerging fields of ecogenomics and metabolomics undoubtedly will refine our understanding of the multilayered regulation that plants use to manage relationships with their biotic environment. However, we can only understand why plants have such an intricate regulatory apparatus if we consider the ecological context of plant biotic interactions.
Quorum sensing and Candida albicans
Authors: Kruppa Michael 
Published: December 2008

Summary Candida albicans is one of the most commonly identified nosocomially acquired pathogens. This organism has a number of virulence traits including production of degrading enzymes, the ability to undergo phenotypic switching, and can rapidly undergo morphogenic switch from a blastospore (yeast) phase to that of a hyphal state. Interest in C. albicans morphogenic regulation has been the focus of a large number of studies, which have characterised transcriptional modulators of these morphologies. Recently, C. albicans has been shown to regulate its morphogenic shift through changes in cell density. It was observed that C. albicans inoculated at cell densities below 106 cells ml−1 under conditions which favour hyphal morphogenesis (pH 7.5, 37 °C), will germinate to form hyphae. However, if cells densities are greater than 106 cells ml−1, little germination will occur and cells will maintain yeast morphology. The basis for this cell‐density‐dependent control of morphogenesis is similar to that which is seen with bacterial cells regulating their activities via quorum sensing (QS). A number of molecules have been identified which affect the ability of C. albicans to undergo the yeast‐to‐hyphal shift, and three compounds have been demonstrated to be quorum‐sensing molecules. The scope of this review is to bring to light what is now understood about QS in C. albicans and address the roles of these molecules in relation to virulence in the host and potential roles in cross‐kingdom interactions.
AGE‐RELATED SYNAPTIC CHANGES IN THE CA1 STRATUM RADIATUM AND SPATIAL LEARNING IMPAIRMENT IN RATS
Authors: Long Li‐Hong , Liu Rui‐Li , Wang Fang , Liu Jue , Hu Zhuang‐Li , Xie Na , Jin You , Fu Hui , Chen Jian‐Guo 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

Age‐related impairments in hippocampus‐dependent spatial learning and memory are not associated with a loss of neurons, but may be related to synaptic changes. In the present study, we analysed the behavioural performance of adult, middle‐aged and old Wistar rats using the Morris water maze, as well as the structure of synapses and the expression of autophosphorylated Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II at threonine 286 (pThr286‐αCaMKII), a key post‐synaptic protein in the CA1 stratum radiatum, in the same rats.
Old Wistar rats showed significant cognitive deficits. Synaptic density, the area of post‐synaptic densities and the total number of synapses in the CA1 stratum radiatum of old rats were significantly decreased compared with adult rats. The decrease in autophosphorylated pThr286‐αCaMKII was age dependent.
These findings reveal that age‐related impairments in learning and memory are associated with synaptic atrophy. The decreased expression of pThr286‐CaMKII may result in reduced synaptic function with ageing.
SMOKING AND CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS: FOLLOW‐UP STUDY IN CHINA
Authors: Jia En‐Zhi , Liang Jun , Yang Zhi‐Jian , Zhu Tie‐Bing , Wang Lian‐Sheng , Chen Bo , Cao Ke‐Jiang , Huang Jun , Ma Wen‐Zhu 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

The aim of the present study was to explore the association between the total number of cigarettes smoked in life and the severity of and mortality due to coronary atherosclerosis.
The study population comprised 1096 consecutive patients (820 men and 276 women) who underwent coronary angiography for suspected or known coronary atherosclerosis. Anthropometric and plasma measurements (body mass index, blood pressure and blood lipid, blood glucose and pro‐insulin levels) were made. The number of cigarettes smoked during previous years was estimated. The severity of coronary atherosclerosis was defined by the Gensini score system.
At baseline, a significant positive association was observed between the number of cigarettes smoked and Gensini score (r = 0.213; P = 0.000), pro‐insulin (r = 0.072; P = 0.017), total leucocyte count (r = 0.179; P = 0.000) and neutrophil count (r = 0.164; P = 0.000), whereas an inverse correlation was found between the number of cigarettes smoked and High‐density lipoprotein–cholesterol (r = −0.150; P = 0.000).
When participants were divided into five categories based on the baseline number of cigarettes smoked, an independent association between baseline number of cigarettes smoked and all‐cause mortality was observed in a multivariate analysis of Cox proportional hazards models, with a hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) of 1.328 (1.086–1.623; P = 0.006) during a median follow up of 2.86 years.
The number of cigarettes smoked was a highly significant predictor of coronary atherosclerosis and an independent risk factor for mortality in subjects with atherosclerosis in this Chinese population.