bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantity, controls and functions of large woody debris in Midwestern USA streams
Authors: Cordova J. M. , Rosi‐Marshall E. J. , Yamamuro A. M. , Lamberti G. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLarge woody debris (LWD) can increase stream habitat heterogeneity by providing structure, altering flow patterns, enhancing sediment deposition, forming pools and retaining organic matter. In North America, the role of LWD has been studied extensively in streams of mature forests (e.g. Pacific Northwest), but few studies have assessed LWD in streams of younger forests (e.g. Midwestern USA). Our objectives were to: (1) quantify the volume and abundance of LWD in a set of Midwestern streams; (2) evaluate possible factors influencing LWD quantity; (3) identify the functional roles of LWD; and (4) compare LWD levels in the upper Midwest to those elsewhere in North America. In 2002 and 2003, we measured LWD and geomorphological variables in 15 low‐gradient streams draining previously logged watersheds in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Mean (±SE) LWD volume (0.77 ± 0.12 m3 100 m−2) and abundance (33 ± 3 pieces 100 m−1) were 71% and 10% lesser, respectively, than in streams of similar gradient elsewhere in North America. Channel shape (width:depth ratio) explained 30% of the variation in LWD volume (multiple stepwise regression, P = 0.015) while LWD length and length:channel width combined, explained 72% of the variation in LWD density (multiple stepwise regression, P < 0.0001). About 50% of the LWD either stored sediment or stabilized banks and 14% of the LWD formed pools, although pool density was not significantly related to LWD volume or density. LWD levels, overall, were low in upper Midwestern streams, but the relative importance of that LWD to ecosystem function may be magnified in these wood‐poor systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suspended sediment concentration in relation to forestry operations in Catamaran Brook and its tributaries (Canada)
Authors: Jolicoeur Serge , Caissie Daniel , Frenette Isabelle , Hardie Peter , Bouchard Mireille 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Catamaran Brook Habitat Research Project is a 15‐year investigation of river processes and potential impacts of forestry activities on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and its freshwater lotic habitats. Suspended sediments have been sampled in Catamaran Brook and its tributaries from 1990 to 1997. Data on total event precipitation and hourly peak discharge were related to suspended sediment concentration (SSC) under different catchment conditions (dry vs. wet) and treatment (absence or occurrence of timber harvesting). Although SSC generally showed a good correlation to total event precipitation and hourly peak discharge, there was no clear evidence that forestry operations were an important factor within the main Catamaran Brook during the timber harvesting year and the year that followed. Such was not the case for SSC in small tributaries draining directly from cut blocks during logging. In fact, the highest concentrations of suspended sediment were measured in small tributaries draining cut blocks during timber harvesting (with a maximum SSC of 404 mg L−1in Tributary 1). Within the main Catamaran Brook, a dilution effect rapidly decreased these values downstream of affected tributaries. Processes related to the transfer of sediment to the streams are discussed. Potential improvements in river management and operational timing with respect to the timing of harvesting activities as it relates to precipitation, discharge, catchment conditions (dry vs. wet), freezing/thawing, and salmon migration are also discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological and functional effects of altered cysteine string protein at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction
Authors: Dawson‐Scully Ken , Lin Yongqi , Imad Mays , Zhang Jinhui , Marin Leo , Horne Jane A. , Meinertzhagen Ian A. , Karunanithi Shanker , Zinsmaier Konrad E. , Atwood Harold L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe synaptic vesicle‐associated cysteine string protein (CSP) is critical for neurotransmitter release at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of Drosophila, where the ∼4% of mutant flies lacking CSP that survive to adulthood exhibit spastic jumping and shaking, temperature‐sensitive paralysis, and premature death. Previously, it has been shown that CSP is also required for nerve terminal growth and the prevention of neurodegeneration in Drosophila and mice. At larval csp null mutant NMJs of Drosophila, intracellular recordings from the muscle showed that evoked release is significantly reduced at room temperature. However, it remained unclear whether the reduction in evoked release might be due to a loss of synaptic boutons, loss of synapses, and alterations in trafficking of vesicles to synapses. To resolve these issues, we have examined synaptic structure and function of csp null mutant NMJs at the level of single boutons. csp null mutations proportionally reduce the number of synaptic boutons of both motor neurons (1s and 1b) innervating larval muscles 6 and 7, while the number of synapses per bouton remains normal. However, focal recordings from individual synaptic boutons show that nerve‐evoked neurotransmitter release is also impaired in both 1s and 1b boutons. Further, our ultrastructural analyses show that the reduction in evoked release at low stimulation frequencies is not due to a loss of synapses or to alterations in docked vesicles at synapses. Together, these data suggest that CSP promotes synaptic growth and evoked neurotransmitter release by mechanistically independent signaling pathways. Synapse 61:1–16, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phosphorylation of CREB and DARPP‐32 during late LTP at hippocampal to prefrontal cortex synapses in vivo
Authors: Hotte Maïté , Thuault Sébastien , Dineley Kelly T. , Hemmings Hugh C. , Nairn Angus C. , Jay Thérèse M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSpecific patterns of stimulation applied in the ventral hippocampus produce long‐term potentiation (LTP) of postsynaptic synapses in the prefrontal cortex in vivo. The induction of LTP is dependent on NMDA receptors and cAMP‐dependant kinase (PKA) activation. Yet little is known concerning the cellular mechanisms underlying the expression of this neocortical form of LTP. In the present study, we tested whether LTP at hippocampal to prefrontal cortex synapses leads to activation of DARPP‐32 and CREB as well as defined the temporal regulation of the phosphorylation states of both proteins. Our data indicate a peak in CREB and DARPP‐32 phosphorylation during the late phase of prefrontal LTP (2 h posttetanus). These findings support the hypothesis that prolonged expression of hippocampal‐prefrontal cortex LTP depends on a synergistic mechanism involving phosphorylation of both CREB and DARPP‐32 via activation of the cAMP/PKA‐dependent pathway. Synapse 61:24–28, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of acute “binge” cocaine on mRNA levels of μ opioid receptor and neuropeptides in dopamine D1 or D3 receptor knockout mice
Authors: Zhou Yan , Adomako‐Mensah Johannes , Yuferov Vadim , Ho Ann , Zhang Jianhua , Xu Ming , Kreek Mary Jeanne 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn humans, elevations of mu opioid receptor (MOP‐r) binding potential (BP) in the frontal cortex (FC) are associated with cocaine craving during early abstinence. In rats, decreases in dopaminergic (DAergic) transmission in the medial FC are associated with increased cocaine‐seeking behavior. DA D1 or D3 receptor homozygous knockout (D1−/− or D3−/−) mice offer the opportunity to test the roles of these specific receptors in regulating MOP‐r gene expression in response to cocaine. In the present studies, we found an increase in basal MOP‐r mRNA levels in the FC of both D1−/− and D3−/− mice compared to wild type controls, with no change in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core or caudate–putamen (CPu). Acute “binge” cocaine (3 × 15 mg/kg for 2.5 h) returned FC MOP‐r mRNA levels in D1−/− or D3−/− mice to those in wild type controls. In the NAc core, the MOP‐r mRNA levels after acute “binge” cocaine were decreased in D1−/− mice while increased in D3−/− mice. In the CPu, however, the MOP‐r mRNA levels after acute “binge” cocaine were increased in D1−/− mice while decreased in D3−/− mice. We also found a decrease in basal orexin mRNA levels in the lateral hypothalamus of the D3−/− mice, which was unaltered by acute “binge” cocaine. Together, our findings suggest that: (1) both D1 and D3 receptors are involved in FC MOP‐r gene regulation; and (2) D1 and D3 receptors play opposite roles in the effects of cocaine on MOP‐r gene regulation differentially in the NAc core or CPu. Synapse 61:50–59, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sustainable management of grassland ecosystems for controlling Asian dusts and desertification in Asian continent and a suggestion of Eco‐Village study in China
Authors: Kim Eun‐Shik , Park Dong Kyun , Zhao Xueyong , Hong Sun Kee , Koh Kang Suk , Suh Min Hwan , Kim Young Sun 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAsian dusts, yellow sand, or dust and sand storms (DSS) in Asian continent are the end products of desertification, which became a regional environmental problem being aggravated by time. It is closely related to an issue of sustainability in the region. As the desertification is caused not only by natural factors, such as the climate change, strong wind, and low precipitation, but also by rapidly increasing human activities, such as overgrazing, misuse of water resources, and irrational land use, it is urgent to make efforts to combat desertification in Asian continent including China. In this regard, it is necessary to consider socio‐economic aspects as well as ecological aspects and, consequently, the project for the construction of a Demonstration Model Village for eco‐environmental rehabilitation should be paid to a special attention. The authors deal with this regional issue in consideration of three Es, which are represented by ecology, economy, and environment in providing the perspectives in sound approach to the issue. As an approach to the issue of Asian dusts and desertification in Asian continent, this Eco‐Village study provides one way forward.
A solution blending route to ethylene propylene diene terpolymer/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites
Authors: Acharya H. , Srivastava S. K. , Bhowmick Anil K. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM)/MgAl layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanocomposites have been synthesized by solution intercalation using organically modified LDH (DS-LDH). The molecular level dispersion of LDH nanolayers has been verified by the disappearance of basal XRD peak of DS-LDH in the composites. The internal structures, of the nanocomposite with the dispersion nature of LDH particles in EPDM matrix have been studied by TEM and AFM. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows thermal stability of nanocomposites improved by ≈40 °C when 10% weight loss was selected as point of comparison. The degradation for pure EPDM is faster above 380 °C while in case of its nanocomposites, it is much slower.
Synthesis and characterization of Nb2O5@C core-shell nanorods and Nb2O5nanorods by reacting Nb(OEt)5via RAPET (reaction under autogenic pressure at elevated temperatures) technique
Authors: George P. P. , Pol V. G. , Gedanken A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The reaction of pentaethoxy niobate, Nb(OEt)5, at elevated temperature (800 °C) under autogenic pressure provides a chemical route to niobium oxide nanorods coated with amorphous carbon. This synthetic approach yielded nanocrystalline particles of Nb2O5@C. As prepared Nb2O5@C core-shell nanorods is annealed under air at 500 °C for 3 h (removing the carbon coating) results in neat Nb2O5nanorods. According to the TEM measurements, the Nb2O5crystals exhibit particle sizes between 25 nm and 100 nm, and the Nb2O5crystals display rod-like shapes without any indication of an amorphous character. The optical band gap of the Nb2O5nanorods was determined by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) and was found to be 3.8 eV.
Personality trait differences in boys and girls with clinical or sub‐clinical diagnoses of conduct disorder versus antisocial personality disorder
Authors: Taylor Jeanette , Iacono William G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study tested differences in personality traits measured by the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) in a community sample of adolescents with definite or probable conduct disorder (CD) diagnoses that did not progress to a diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) by early adulthood (n=43), those with definite or probable ASPD that persisted into early adulthood (n=68), or controls with neither a CD nor an ASPD diagnosis (n=716) to examine whether antisocial behaviour disorders that differed in course were associated with differences in personality traits. As expected, boys and girls with ASPD were significantly different from controls on constraint, and those with ASPD were significantly lower on constraint than those with only CD. The results suggest that individual differences in certain personality traits may contribute to differences in the type of antisocial behaviour disorder that emerges and thereby to the course of antisocial behaviour.
Tracheoesophageal compression associated with substernal goitre. Correlation of symptoms with cross-sectional imaging findings
Authors: Mackle T , Meaney J , Timon C 
Published: October 2006

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the subjective tracheoesophageal pressure symptoms associated with substernal goitres with objective cross-sectional radiographic measurements.Design: Patients with substernal goitre were questioned regarding tracheoesophageal compression symptoms and these data were analysed for correlation with radiographic and intra-operative findings.Results: Twenty-six patients were included. Patients with airway symptoms including dyspnoea, stridor and coughing were more likely to have significant tracheal narrowing on pre-operative computed tomography (CT) imaging. There was also a significant correlation between the perceived severity of lump sensation in the throat and the presence of tracheal and oesophageal displacement and retrotracheal extension of the thyroid mass.Conclusion: Pre-operative CT measurements of tracheal and oesophageal displacement, retrotracheal extension and the degree of tracheal compression correlate well with the presence and severity of tracheoesophageal pressure symptoms. None of the radiographic findings that are exclusive to substernal goitre (percentage of substernal mass, goitre size at the level of the thoracic inlet, ratio of goitre size to the vertebral body at the thoracic inlet and retrosternal isthmus size) had any correlation with clinical symptoms in this study.
Status and impact of rural aquaculture practice on Lake Victoria basin wetlands
Authors: Mwanja Wilson Waiswa , Akol Anne , Abubaker Laila , Mwanja Matthew , Msuku Scot Batman , Bugenyi Fred 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRural aquaculture in Lake Victoria basin is a fast increasing nontraditional farming activity which if not appropriately practised will lead to degradation of the wetlands. As part of a study to develop appropriate guidelines and model systems forwetlands‐basedrural aquaculture in the basin a survey was conducted to assess the status and the ecological and socioeconomic impact of rural aquaculture on wetlands and wetlands communities. Aquaculture practice was found to be common but not as a major activity. Aquaculture in the wetlands can be described as alow input‐low outputproduction activity and subsistence based on ponds under 400 m2using free seed from public agencies with hardly any supplementary feeding. Men owned most of the ponds and women only contributed to the management of the fishponds by feeding the fish. Poorly constructed ponds and loss during harvesting have led to the escape of cultured species into the wild. Introduction of nonnative species in the basin has already led to wide ranging ecological, environmental and socioeconomic changes whose impact and usefulness are still very much contentious. Repeat of such scenarios can be avoided if appropriate and science‐based models for rural aquaculture farming are developed, tested and disseminated to the communities.
Medication prescribing practices in a child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic
Authors: Aras S. , Tas F. Varol , Unlu G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackground  The aim of this study was to evaluate the medication prescribing practices for children who had attended a child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic in Turkey.Methods  A retrospective chart review of consecutive new patients admitted to a child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic of university hospital within 6 months was performed.Results  Male/female ratio of 822 charts examined was 1.75. Over activity and/or distractibility were the most common presenting complaints and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder was the most common disorder. Approximately one‐fourth (24.0%) of children were prescribed psychotropic medications. Initiation time of psychotropic medication was one of the first two visits in 65% of the children who were prescribed medication. The most commonly prescribed medications were in descending order of prescribing frequency: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, atypical antipsychotics and psychostimulants. About 54.2% of depressed children were prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and 24.3% of children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder were prescribed psychostimulant treatment. Among children who used at least one psychotropic medication, the rate of co‐prescription was 10.7%.Conclusion  It was found that the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and methylphenidate in children has become widespread. The results of our study may be helpful in improving treatment services in child and adolescent psychiatry.
The contributions of land‐use change, CO2 fertilization, and climate variability to the Eastern US carbon sink
Authors: ALBANI MARCO , MEDVIGY DAVID , HURTT GEORGE C. , MOORCROFT PAUL R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAtmospheric measurements and land‐based inventories imply that terrestrial ecosystems in the northern hemisphere are taking up significant amounts of anthropogenic cabon dioxide (CO2) emissions; however, there is considerable disagreement about the causes of this uptake, and its expected future trajectory. In this paper, we use the ecosystem demography (ED) model to quantify the contributions of disturbance history, CO2 fertilization and climate variability to the past, current, and future terrestrial carbon fluxes in the Eastern United States. The simulations indicate that forest regrowth following agricultural abandonment accounts for uptake of 0.11 Pg C yr−1 in the 1980s and 0.15 Pg C yr−1 in the 1990s, and regrowth following forest harvesting accounts for an additional 0.1 Pg C yr−1 of uptake during both these decades. The addition of CO2 fertilization into the model simulations increases carbon uptake rates to 0.38 Pg C yr−1 in the 1980s and 0.47 Pg C yr−1 in the 1990s. Comparisons of predicted aboveground carbon uptake to regional‐scale forest inventory measurements indicate that the model's predictions in the absence of CO2 fertilization are 14% lower than observed, while in the presence of CO2 fertilization, predicted uptake rates are 28% larger than observed. Comparable results are obtained from comparisons of predicted total Net Ecosystem Productivity to the carbon fluxes observed at the Harvard Forest flux tower site and in model simulations free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments. These results imply that disturbance history is the principal mechanism responsible for current carbon uptake in the Eastern United States, and that conventional biogeochemical formulations of plant growth overestimate the response of plants to rising CO2 levels. Model projections out to 2100 imply that the carbon uptake arising from forest regrowth will increasingly be dominated by forest regrowth following harvesting. Consequently, actual carbon storage declines to near zero by the end of the 21st century as the forest regrowth that has occurred since agricultural abandonment comes into equilibrium with the landscape's new disturbance regime. Incorporating interannual climate variability into the model simulations gives rise to large interannual variation in regional carbon fluxes, indicating that long‐term measurements are necessary to detect the signature of processes that give rise to long‐term uptake and storage.
Mid‐infrared spectroscopy as a new tool for the evaluation of fish freshness
Authors: Karoui Romdhane , Lefur Bruno , Grondin Christel , Thomas Emilie , Demeulemester Claude , Baerdemaeker Josse De , Guillard Anne‐Sophie 
Published: October 2006

SummaryFrozen fish usually have a much lower market price than fresh fish, hence, adulteration could occur. This paper focuses on the use of mid‐infrared (MIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometric tools to determine whether fish has been frozen–thawed. A total of twenty‐four fish samples (fresh fish (n = 12) and frozen–thawed fish (n = 12)) were investigated. The principal component analysis and the factorial discriminant analysis were applied to the three spectral regions in the MIR of 3000–2800 cm−1, 1700–1500 cm−1 and 1500–900 cm−1. Within the 1500–900 cm−1 spectral region, correct classification (CC) of 100% and 75% was observed for the calibration and validation spectra, respectively. Improved classification was obtained from the 3000–2800 cm−1 spectral region, with CC of 100% and 87.5% of the calibration and validation spectra, respectively. It can be concluded that the 3000–2800 cm−1 and 1500–900 cm−1 spectral regions may provide useful fingerprints allowing the differentiation between fresh and frozen–thawed fish. These regions can be considered as a reliable indicator of fish freshness.
Effects of pretreatments and drying air temperature on drying behaviour of peach slice
Authors: Kingsly Rose P. , Goyal Raj K. , Manikantan Musuvodi R. , Ilyas Syed M. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryIn this study, the effect of pretreatments (potassium meta bisulphite and ascorbic acid) and drying air temperature (55 and 65 °C) on drying behaviour of peach slices were investigated. The peach slices were dried in a cross‐flow tunnel dryer. Drying of peach occurred in falling rate period. Pretreated samples had higher drying rate. To select a suitable drying curve, six thin‐layer drying models were fitted to the experimental data. The logarithmic model best described the drying behaviour of peach slices with high correlation coefficient values. The effective moisture diffusivity of treated samples was higher than the untreated samples.
Development of a method to remove cyanogen glycosides from flaxseed meal
Authors: Yamashita Takatoshi , Sano Takashi , Hashimoto Takashi , Kanazawa Kazuki 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe use of flaxseed is increasing in foodstuffs; however, it contains a considerable amount of cyanogen glycosides. We have, therefore, developed a convenient method to remove cyanides from processed flaxseed, which involves the enzymic release of HCN from cyanogen glycosides and the steam‐evaporation of HCN. Freshly ground flaxseed showed strong activity to transform cyanogen glycosides to HCN, while commercial enzymes, such as sweet almond β‐glycosidase and butter bean linamarase, did not. To remove cyanides from flaxseed, 5% or 10% of freshly ground flaxseed by weight could be added to cold‐pressed or heat‐pressed flaxseed, respectively, with incubation at 30 °C for 18 h followed by steam heat to evaporate HCN. This simple method could remove cyanides from flaxseed up to the detection limit in commercial‐scale treatment. The cyanide‐free flaxseed meal retained the beneficial nutrients, protein, fat, fibre, and lignans at the same level as untreated flaxseed meal.