bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Not All Sex Results in Reproduction
Authors: Teather Kevin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In Chapter 2, the ability to replicate one’s genome without resorting to sex was examined. In this chapter, the engagement in sex repeatedly without reproduction being the immediate goal is considered. Males are often expected to engage in repeated intercourse, as fertilizing as many eggs as possible is usually the goal. However, females typically receive enough sperm from one male to fertilize all their eggs. The various reasons females engage in repeated copulation are often related to increased reproductive output, even though they may not immediately result in more offspring. These include hedging their bets against infertility or sperm depletion, getting materials from males that are obtained through sex, improving the genetic quality of their progeny, mate assessment, reassuring males of their paternity, and even to enhance social positioning. In some cases, males harass females or force them to mate. This difference in the copulation aims of males and females demonstrates sexual conflict, and repeated copulation by females is not in their best interest.
Why Criticize Desires for the Bad?
Authors: Hazlett Allan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter presents an argument that goodness is the accuracy condition for desire, in the same sense that truth is the accuracy condition for belief. It makes sense to criticize a desire on the grounds that its object is bad, and it is argued here that the claim that goodness is the accuracy condition for desire provides the best explanation of why this is so. On the explanation proposed, desires for the bad are inaccurate. Various alternative explanations are considered, including the idea that desires for the bad are vicious, the idea that desires for the bad might have bad consequences, the view that desires for the bad are unfitting, and the idea that desires for the bad are desires there is a reason not to have. These various alternative explanations are either rejected as implausible or argued to imply that goodness is the accuracy condition for desire.
The Problem
Authors: Hazlett Allan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter provides an articulation of the problem of nihilism and canvasses a number of solutions to it, none of which are found satisfying. The problem of nihilism is understood as premised on the assumption that it is irrational to desire something you believe is not good. If this is so, then it is irrational for someone who believes that nothing is good or bad—a “nihilist about value”—to desire anything. Nihilism about value, in this way, seems to mandate total indifference. The solutions to the problem of nihilism considered here include the Humean solution (on which desire does not admit of irrationality), the realist solution (on which nihilism about value is obviously false), and the naturalist solution (on which it is not possible for a human being to sustain total indifference for very long).
Seeing More
Authors: Matherne Samantha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The book defends a systematic interpretation of the philosopher Immanuel Kant’s theory of imagination. To this end, it offers an account of what kind of mental capacity Kant takes imagination to be in general, as well as an account of the way in which we use this capacity in theoretical, aesthetic, and practical contexts. In contrast with more traditional theories of imagination, as a kind of fantasy that we exercise only in relation to objects that are not real or not present, it proposes that Kant theorizes imagination as something that we exercise just as much in relation to objects that are real and present. It thus attributes to Kant a view of imagining as something that pervades our lives. In order to bring out this pervasiveness, it explores Kant’s account of how we exercise our imagination in perception, ordinary experience, the appreciation of beauty and sublimity, the production of art, the pursuit of happiness, and the pursuit of morality. However, it also makes the case that Kant’s analysis of this wide range of phenomena is underwritten by a unified theory of what imagination is as a remarkably flexible cognitive capacity that we can exercise in constrained and creative, playful and serious ways.
Introduction
Authors: Matherne Samantha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces a systematic interpretation of Kant’s theory of imagination that compares his theory with a traditional theory of imagination as fantasy, as well as with a range of contemporary approaches to imagination. It orients the discussion of Kant’s relationship to contemporary accounts of imagination around three key questions that are alive in philosophical debates about imagination today. The first is the unity question: is there any reason to think that there is something we can refer to as ‘the imagination’? The second is the taxonomy question: how should we classify imaginative phenomena? The third is the use question: how do we use imagination in epistemic, aesthetic, and practical contexts? After comparing Kant’s answers to these questions with contemporary answers, the chapter offers a linear overview of the book, which includes a chapter-by-chapter breakdown and some remarks on how Kant’s texts are used throughout.
Imagination as a Cognitive Capacity
Authors: Matherne Samantha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The goal in this chapter is to begin situating imagination in Kant’s cognitive architecture. To this end, it offers an analysis of his treatment of imagination as a capacity that belongs to faculty of cognition. The chapter discusses exactly what Kant means by “cognition.” It also addresses Kant’s account of the structure of the faculty of cognition as divided between two stems, sensibility and understanding, and their logical, metaphysical, and functional distinction. And it considers the basic implications that this picture of cognition has for how we are to think of imagination as a cognitive capacity on Kant’s view.
Imagination Is Part of Sensibility
Authors: Matherne Samantha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The chapter proposes that Kant’s considered view is that imagination is part of sensibility, rather than a third thing distinct from sensibility and understanding or a sensible exercise of the understanding. Central to its argument is the claim that Kant defends a bipartite account of sensibility as containing two parts, sense and imagination, each of which realize the general logical, metaphysical, and function profile of sensibility in a specific way. In order to spell out the details, the chapter explores his distinction between the two parts of sensibility in light of the types of intuitions they generate, the mental processes they involve, and the cognitive function they perform. The upshot of this chapter is that once we appreciate Kant’s bipartite account of sensibility, we have reason to not only regard imagination as part of sensibility, but also to revise certain assumptions about intuition and sensibility on his view.
A Priori Imagination and the Conditions of Experience I
Authors: Matherne Samantha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to elucidate Kant’s account of the a priori exercise of imagination in the B-edition of the Transcendental Deduction. It focuses, in particular, on issues surrounding the relationship that the a priori exercise of imagination has to space and time in light of Kant’s distinction between ‘formal intuitions’ and ‘forms of intuition’. The chapter argues against a radical reading of Kant, according to which the a priori exercise of imagination is the source of our most fundamental pure intuitions of space and time that condition empirical intuitions. It, instead, defends a mediating model that is in keeping with Kant’s theory of imagination more generally. According to this mediating model, the a priori exercise of imagination mediates between pure intuitions of space and time and the categories, and it makes possible the way we take up empirical intuitions given through sense in perception and experience.
A Priori Imagination and the Conditions of Experience II
Authors: Matherne Samantha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to elucidate Kant’s account of the a priori exercise of imagination in the Schematism chapter of the first Critique. The chapter focuses, in particular, on issues surrounding the relationship that the a priori exercise of imagination has to the categories in light of Kant’s account of transcendental schematism. It argues against a radical reading, according to which the a priori exercise of imagination is the source of the categories, in favor of a mediating model that is in keeping with Kant’s theory of imagination as a faculty of exhibition. According to this mediating model, transcendental schematism mediates between pure intuitions of space and time and the categories, and it generates intuitions (‘transcendental schemata’) that exhibit the categories. The chapter also offers an interpretation of how the transcendental schematism of the categories of quantity, quality, and relation works and how it conditions perception and experience on Kant’s view.
Imaginative Sight and the Faculty of Desire
Authors: Matherne Samantha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores Kant’s account of the role imagination plays in our practical lives in light of how imagination, as a capacity that enables us to see more, contributes to our pursuit of happiness and morality through the faculty of desire. It offers a reconstruction of how the imaginative activity of seeing more bears on three basic ways in which we exercise this faculty: the specification of practical principles, the assessment of concrete situations in light of particular practical principles, and deliberation about which course of action to pursue in concrete situations. It also addresses Kant’s account of happiness as an “ideal of imagination,” and argues that he ascribes it an important role vis-à-vis exercises of the lower and higher faculties of desire. Finally, it takes up the role that imaginatively seeing more can play in relation to testing maxims in light of the categorical imperative.
What does it mean to be ‘left behind?’
Authors: Eisenberg Ann M 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis comment critiques the idea of geographic regions being “left behind.” It argues that the term frames the regions in question as passive experiencers of natural phenomena, in turn obfuscating the structural forces that have shaped those regions and local populations’ efforts to pursue better living conditions. The comment draws on three examples from the rural United States to illustrate how the designation of being “left behind” serves to mask subjugation and struggle.
Development of marine biodiversity database (BISMaL) to enable estimations past habitat conditions for marine life in the northwestern Pacific
Authors: Hosono Takashi , Kitayama Tomoaki , Saito Hideaki , Fujikura Katsunori 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Global activities involving the collection of marine biodiversity information have provided a large amount of biological observation records that cover various spatiotemporal areas. To predict biological responses or distribution changes in response to environmental changes by using these observation records, it is essential to analyze not only the current marine physicochemical environmental conditions but also the past conditions when the organisms were observed. We developed a new function to estimate the past marine environmental conditions for the observation records in our marine biodiversity database (Biological Information System for Marine Life: BISMaL) and examine whether the database can reliably estimate thermal habitats for both benthic and planktonic marine organisms. For the benthic squat lobster Shinkaia crosnieri, the estimated and observed in situ temperatures were similar to each other. For the planktonic chaetognaths Krohnitta pacifica and K. subtilis, the estimated temperatures showed clear seasonal changes specific to their distribution areas. These results indicated that BISMaL can reliably provide past habitat conditions regardless of planktonic or benthic lifestyles. BISMaL, which provides both biological observations and estimated past environmental conditions through web services, could lower the barrier to data access and use and make data-driven science available not only for data scientists but also for various marine scientists, such as taxonomists, ecologists and field scientists.
Database URL: https://www.godac.jamstec.go.jp/bismal/e/
“How will we cope?” Couples With Intellectual Disability Where One Partner Has a Diagnosis of Dementia
Authors: Watchman Karen , Jacobs Paula , Boustead Louise , Doyle Andrew , Doyle Lynn , Murdoch Jan , Carson Jill , Hoyle Louise , Wilkinson Heather 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives
People with intellectual disability are at increased risk of dementia at an earlier age. This is the first study to explore experiences of couples with an intellectual disability when one partner has dementia.

Research Design and Methods
Four people with intellectual disability whose partner had dementia and one partner who had both an intellectual disability and dementia took part in narrative life story interviews. One of the interviews was conducted as a couple giving direct perspectives from 4 couples overall. Additionally, 13 semistructured interviews were conducted with 9 social care professionals and 4 family members. This provided perspectives of the relationships of a further 4 couples, which collectively led to data on 8 couples.

Results
The emotional impact of a dementia diagnosis, planning for the future, and fear of separation was noted by couples with intellectual disability. Partners took on caring roles thus challenging views of being solely care-receivers. Families spoke of commitment and longevity in relationships, whilst social care staff highlighted how their own information needs changed recognizing the importance of intellectual disability and dementia-specific knowledge.

Discussion and Implications
Couples with intellectual disability continue to enjoy intimate relationships into later life and will face common conditions in older age including dementia. Those who provide support need to ensure that they are sensitive to the previous experience and life story of each couple and have specific knowledge of how dementia can affect people with intellectual disability.
GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra vs Unstimulated Interferon γ (IRISA-TB) for the Diagnosis of Tuberculous Pericarditis in a Tuberculosis-Endemic Setting
Authors: Randall Philippa , Esmail Aliasgar , Wilson Lindsay , Makambwa Edson , Pooran Anil , Tomasicchio Michele , Dheda Keertan , Ntsekhe Mpiko 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
Tuberculous pericarditis (TBP) is a paucibacillary disease, where host biomarkers such as unstimulated interferon γ (IRISA-TB) have high diagnostic accuracy. However, DNA-based diagnostic tests (GeneXpert Ultra), more sensitive than an earlier versions, have recently become available. Given that the diagnosis of TBP is challenging, we performed a comparative diagnostic accuracy study comparing both assays.

Methods
We recruited 99 consecutive patients with suspected TBP in Cape Town, South Africa. Definite TBP was defined by microbiological confirmation of tuberculosis (TB) on pericardial fluid culture or an alternative polymerase chain reaction–based test (GeneXpert MTB/RIF) or by use of sputum (polymerase chain reaction or culture). Probable TBP was defined as a high clinical suspicion of TB accompanied by anti-TB treatment, while non-TBP was defined as negative microbiological test results for TB without initiation of TB treatment and/or the presence of an alternative diagnosis.

Results
There were 39 patients with definite TBP, 35 with probable TBP, and 23 with non-TBP. Approximately 70% of participants who received TB treatment were HIV coinfected. Overall, IRISA-TB was more sensitive than Xpert Ultra (88.6% [95% CI, 74.1%–95.5%] vs 71.5% [55.0%–83.7%], n = 53) and significantly more sensitive in participants who were HIV uninfected (100% [95% CI, 72.3%–100.0%] vs 60% [31.3%–83.2%], P = .03). In patients with definite and probable TBP combined (n = 84), sensitivity was significantly higher with IRISA-TB (77.3% [95% CI, 65.9%–85.8%] vs 37.9 [27.2%–50.0%], P &lt; .0001). A similar pattern was seen in persons who were HIV uninfected (88.3% vs 35.3%, P = .002). Specificity was high for both assays (&gt;95%).

Conclusions
Unstimulated interferon γ (IRISA-TB) was significantly more sensitive than Xpert Ultra for the diagnosis of TB pericarditis in a TB-endemic resource-poor setting.
Supervised Telerehabilitation and Home-Based Respiratory Muscle Training for Post–COVID-19 Condition Symptoms: A Nested Qualitative Study Exploring the Perspectives of Participants in a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Palacios-Ceña Domingo , Bautista-Villaécija Oscar , Güeita-Rodríguez Javier , García-Bravo Cristina , Pérez-Corrales Jorge , Del Corral Tamara , López-de-Uralde-Villanueva Ibai , Fabero-Garrido Raúl , Plaza-Manzano Gustavo 
Published: March 2024

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of individuals with post–coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) condition symptoms who underwent a supervised telerehabilitation and home-based respiratory muscle training (TSHB-RMT) program.MethodsA qualitative descriptive study was conducted. Participants were recruited using purposeful sampling. The inclusion criteria consisted of: patients aged over 18 years who presented persistent COVID-19 symptoms of fatigue and dyspnea for at least 3 months after the COVID-19 diagnosis. In total, 28 patients were included. In-depth interviews and researcher field notes were used to collect the data. A thematic analysis was performed.ResultsThree themes reflect the patients’ perspective on the TSHB-RMT before the program (reasons for participating), during the treatment program, and upon completion of the study. Among the reasons for participation, participants highlighted the absence of improvement and treatment, and feeling abandoned and forgotten by the health system. The treatment required discipline on behalf of the patients. Mondays and Tuesdays were the most difficult days for performing the therapy, and the physical therapist was perceived as a tool for adherence, change, and a source of validated information. The patients perceived positive effects quite soon; however, it was necessary to extend the follow-up after completing the program because they abandoned the program due to the lack of guidance for exercise supervision.ConclusionThis study described relevant aspects that physical therapist professionals should consider when providing TSHB-RMT treatment.ImpactTSHB-RMT requires discipline, perseverance, effort, and a commitment to the group. The physical therapist is perceived as the tool that facilitates adherence and participation. The effects are rapidly perceived, leading to improved self-confidence and autonomy; however, it is necessary to increase the follow-up time.
Metabolic profiling of aortic stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy identifies mechanistic contrasts in substrate utilization
Authors: Pal Nikhil , Acharjee Animesh , Ament Zsuzsanna , Dent Tim , Yavari Arash , Mahmod Masliza , Ariga Rina , West James , Steeples Violetta , Cassar Mark , Howell Neil J. , Lockstone Helen , Elliott Kate , Yavari Parisa , Briggs William , Frenneaux Michael , Prendergast Bernard , Dwight Jeremy S. , Kharbanda Rajesh , Watkins Hugh , Ashrafian Houman , Griffin Julian L. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAortic stenosis (AS) and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are distinct disorders leading to left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), but whether cardiac metabolism substantially differs between these in humans remains to be elucidated. We undertook an invasive (aortic root, coronary sinus) metabolic profiling in patients with severe AS and HCM in comparison with non‐LVH controls to investigate cardiac fuel selection and metabolic remodeling. These patients were assessed under different physiological states (at rest, during stress induced by pacing). The identified changes in the metabolome were further validated by metabolomic and orthogonal transcriptomic analysis, in separately recruited patient cohorts. We identified a highly discriminant metabolomic signature in severe AS in all samples, regardless of sampling site, characterized by striking accumulation of long‐chain acylcarnitines, intermediates of fatty acid transport across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and validated this in a separate cohort. Mechanistically, we identify a downregulation in the PPAR‐α transcriptional network, including expression of genes regulating fatty acid oxidation (FAO). In silico modeling of β‐oxidation demonstrated that flux could be inhibited by both the accumulation of fatty acids as a substrate for mitochondria and the accumulation of medium‐chain carnitines which induce competitive inhibition of the acyl‐CoA dehydrogenases. We present a comprehensive analysis of changes in the metabolic pathways (transcriptome to metabolome) in severe AS, and its comparison to HCM. Our results demonstrate a progressive impairment of β‐oxidation from HCM to AS, particularly for FAO of long‐chain fatty acids, and that the PPAR‐α signaling network may be a specific metabolic therapeutic target in AS.
Arthroscopic Hemitrapeziectomy and Extensor Carpis Radialis Longus Suspensioplasty With Intermetacarpal Ligament Reconstruction for Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint Osteoarthritis: Surgical Technique
Authors: Sous José , Tovar-Bazaga Miguel , Teixeira-Taborda Astrid 
Published: March 2024

Most of the classical reconstructive procedures for the treatment of thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint osteoarthritis consist of partial or complete trapeziectomy with ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition (LRTI). Traditionally, this was performed with an open approach. In the last 2 decades, emerging arthroscopic techniques have been developed. Although more technically challenging, arthroscopic management of CMC pathology provides the potential benefits of minimally invasive surgery. Despite several different arthroscopic approaches that exist, in recent years, arthroscopic hemitrapeziectomy with suture button (SB) suspensionplasty has become popular, with overall good outcomes. However, several complications associated with the SB device have been described as requiring secondary surgery. In this report, we present and describe a new surgical technique for arthroscopic treatment of thumb CMC osteoarthritis that combines the benefits of arthroscopic management with the potential advantages of ligament reconstruction by creating a real anatomical and biological reconstruction of the intermetacarpal ligament using a distally based strip of the extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) tendon with a minimally invasive approach. Our ongoing research data show encouraging preliminary clinical and radiologic outcomes at the latest follow-up, with further studies forthcoming.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.