bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydroxymethanesulfonic Acid as a Catalyst for Durable Press Finishing
Authors: Reid J. David , Cashen Norton A. , Kullman Russell M.H. , Reinhardt Robert M. 
Published: March 2007

Hydroxymethanesulfonic acid (HMS) is effective as a catalyst for durable-press finishing of cotton and polyester /cotton fabrics by pad-dry-cure, mild cure, and one-step dry-cure treatments. The catalyst is readily formed upon addition of sulfurous acid to pad baths containing free formaldehyde although it can be prepared separately. HMS is a strong acid and can be used in relatively small concentrations. The catalyst appears to be "self-limiting." It dissociates into volatile components during the curing treatment which makes afterwashing unnecessary to prevent changes in strength or wrinkle resistance. HMS catalysis of treatments with dimethylol methyl carbamate and formaldehyde crosslinking agents produced fabrics with high levels of durable-press properties. Mild-cure finishing at 100°C, and pad-dry-cure and one-step dry-cure finishing at 120-140°C were effective with this catalyst.
Continuous Low-Temperature Discharge Treatment of Wool Yarn A Process for Making Wool Yarn Oil Repellent and Shrink Resistant
Authors: Millard Merle M. , Lee Kay sue , Pavlath Attila E. 
Published: March 2007

A continuous discharge process has been developed to make wool yarn shrink resistant and oil repellent. A commer cially available fluorocarbon monomer was adsorbed on wool yarn and permanently grafted to the yarn by exposure to a low temperature discharge. Yarn was obtained with less than one percent fluorocarbon add-on after extensive extrac tion with a solvent in which the monomer and homopolymer are soluble. Yarn with high levels of oil repellency and fabrics with area shrinkage between 5% and 10% was obtained. The effect of process variables such as discharge power and concentration of adsorbed fluorocarbon were studied. X-ray photoetectron spectroscopy was used to detect the fluorocarbon graft on the yarn and to estimate the change in the concentration of the fluorocarbon graft on the yarn after solvent extraction and laundry tests.
Reduced Moisture Absorption, by Monosubstitution, Improves the Wrinkle Recovery Properties of Crosslinked and Noncrosslinked Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Liljemark N. Thomas , Åsnes Harald 
Published: March 2007

Basic knowledge of the mechanisms and conditions of cotton fabric wrinkling and recovery is reviewed. Special stress is laid upon the large importance of the treated cotton fiber hygroscopicity for the wrinkling properties at conditions characterized by moisture regains of the fiber lower than those corresponding to complete swelling. At such conditions nonequilibrium aspects of fiber moisture relation during wrinkling must be used rather than equilibrium con siderations. The instability of the cotton fiber material during moisture changes has been observed also by NMR studies. Reducing the hygroscopicity by hydrophobic monosubstitution reduces the wrinkling measured under nonequilibrium moisture conditions. A modified approach on the permanent-press, strength problem may be indicated by the fact that this is ohserved also for crosslinked fabrics, which hypothetically leads to treatments consisting of combinations of mono substitution (for reducing the hygroscopicity) and a reduced amount of cross-linking (for the necessary degree of elasticity).
Urea-Phosphoric Acid Hydrolysis of Mercerized Cotton Modified with Methylated Methylolmelamine
Authors: Jung H.Z. , Benerito R.R. , Gonzales E.J. , Berni R.J. 
Published: March 2007

Mercerized cotton finished with a methylated methylolmelamine (MeMM) responded differently to hydiolysis with urea-phosphoric acid (UPac) than did similarly finished native cotton. UPac hydrolysis did not affect dry and wet wrinkle recoveries of mercerized cotton, but caused reduction in dry recovery angles of the unmodified native cotton control. Treatment with MeMM produced specimens with equally high dry and wet wrinkle-recovery angles regardless of nature of the control fabric; behavior of MeMM-treated fabrics, when subjected to UPac hydrolysis, was influenced by nature of the control fabric. With MeMM-treated mercerized fabrics, each subsequent hydrolysis removed about one-half of the bound nitrogen and virtually all formaldehyde; it destroyed dry recoveries, but had little effect upon wet wrinkle-recovery angles. Each MeMM retreatment completely restored these properties in products from mercerized cotton, but resulted in only partial restoration of recoveries in products from native cotton. X-ray diffractions after MeMM-UPac treatments of mercerized cottons indicated retention of the mixed cellulose I and II lattice of the unmodified control while products from native cotton retained the cellulose I lattice. Infrared spectra indicated that reaction, with MeMM in both cases, proceeded with loss of adsorbed water and occurred preferentially at the primary hydroxyl of cellulose. Unlike products from native cotton, modified mercerized fabrics did not show a buildup of polymer on the periphery of fiber cross sections after an increasing number of MeMM-UPac treatments. Hence, homopolymerization was not indicated in the MeMM treatment of mercerized fabrics.
Bonding in Paper and Nonwovens
Authors: Allan G.G. , Miller M.L. , Reif W.M. 
Published: March 2007

The manipulation of the physical characteristics of nonwovens and paper by variation of fiber and web geometry is briefly reviewed in terms of a new system of bonding in which the adhesive interfiber forces are a consequence of ionic chemical bonds. These bonds were created by the sequential covalent introduction of anionic sites onto the interior and exterior surfaces of microporous pulp and rayon fibers using a chloro-s-triazinyl fiber reactive dye and subsequent stoichiometric reaction with crosslinking polycations derived from ethylenimine. The tensile properties of both the pulp and rayon fiber assemblages were significantly augmented as a result of the development of both ionic inter- and intra-fiber bonds.
Some Physical Effects of Acid Wet Chlorination on Wool Fibers in Relation to Its Use as a Shrinkproofing Treatment for Wool
Authors: Makinson K. Rachel , Watt I.C. 
Published: March 2007

In the shrinkproofing of wool, uniformity of treatment between fibers is desirable but difficult to achieve. Laboratory- scale experiments, treating fibers in effect individually, have been conducted to determine whether the considerable varia tion normally obtained is due to inherent differences between the fibers, or is simply the result of inhomogeneous exposure to the chlorinating solution. It is shown that, under such laboratory conditions, a high degree of uniformity can be attained, even with levels of treatment which cause very little damage to the wool. There is, therefore, no inherent variation between fibers which would prohibit uniform treatment, and it is worth while to attempt to improve the present process. The techniques used for examination of the fibers were: comparison of forces required to extend 15% in water before and after treatment; microscopy and micromanipulation; the Allwörden reaction; friction measurements by an improved capstan method; loss of weight in a blank dye-bath. The amount of chlorine reacting was estimated approximately from auxiliary experiments.
Heat Transfer from Flammable Fabrics
Authors: Chouinard M.P. , Knodel D.C. , Arnold H.W. 
Published: March 2007

An instrumented mannequin was constructed to measure the general heat transfer from single- and multi-layer garment systems after ignition by a flame source. A range of weights in fabrics of cotton, polyester/cotton, acrylic, wool, nylon, and polyester has been studied. Due in large measure to the melt-drip phenomenon, garments of polyester or nylon were found to burn relatively slowly over a limited area and self-extinguish, resulting in little heat transfer to the mannequin. To supplement the mannequin data, an instrument was developed to record all modes of heat transfer, including that from melted polymer. This paper deals with its application to both single and double fabric layers. Measurements were related to possible physiological effects, using data from the literature and a supplementary patho logical study.
Laboratory Modeling of Garment Fires1
Authors: Krasny John F. , Fisher Albert L. 
Published: March 2007

In an attempt to model real-life burn accidents, garment assemblies were burned on adult-size mannequins and the temperature distribution over the mannequin surface determined. Anaesthetized, shaved rats were exposed in openings of the mannequinns in the spatial arrangements encountered in real-life garment fires. The correlation between the depth of burn into the skin and the temperature observed on the mannequin surface near the exposed skin seemed fair. In other experiments, the interaction of burning fabrics and depth of burn was studied by means of simulated garments fitted to anaesthetized, shaved rats. Garment geometry was found to affect the burn injury potential as much as fabric parameters. It is discussed in terms of initial fabric to skin, fabric to mannequin, and outerwear-underwear distance (these distances often change during the fire due to heat shrinkage of thermoplastic fibers, turbulence, etc); formation of chimney spaces between fabric layers and the mannequin surface; and firestops such as belts. Other experiments covered the effect of combinations of various fabrics, such as dress-slip assemblies. Garments made from flame-retardant (FR)-treated cotton fabric and 100% thermoplastic fibers did not ignite in our experiments when used as single layers. When combined with polyester/cotton blends in outerwear-underwear assemblies, these fabrics caused smaller areas of the mannequins to be raised to elevated temperatures than the blend fabrics alone. This effect was particularly marked for the FR treated cotton. In our experiments, polyester/cotton blends seemed to have more potential for causing injury than comparable, 100% cotton fabrics. 100% thermoplastic fiber fabrics appeared to have a low injury potential. The effect of fabric weight on the area of the mannequin raised to elevated temperatures was not clear cut, though it was obvious that heavier fabric caused more severe injury to exposed skin, and were more difficult to extinguish by beating out the flames, than light fabrics.
Fatigue Testing of Fibers Under Compressive Flexing
Authors: Dunlop J.I. , Barker A. 
Published: March 2007

A machine has been designed for fatigue testing of fibers under compressive flexing. The mode of action involves collapsing a fiber under a compressive axial load. The resulting curvatures can be accurately controlled. Tests using wool fibers suggest that the fatigue life of a fiber and the damage produced depend on the curvatures pro duced during flexing.
Studies in Polyester Fiber Morphology and Related Dyeing and Finishing Properties by the Critical Dissolution Time (CDT) Technique
Authors: Galil Fahmy 
Published: March 2007

Critical Dissolution Time (CDT) of polyester yarn in phenol or phenol/tetrachloroethane (TCE) mixtures was found to be an extremely sensitive technique for measuring fiber crystallinity and for detecting small morphological differences between untextured fibers and differences due to heat treatment. Pure phenol at 60°C is quite suitable foi measuring differences in fiber crystallinity due to heat treatment, while phenol/ TCE 1 :3 at 25°C amplifies the differences between yarns before heat treatment. The effect of phenol/TCE ratio was studied and an increase in phenol percent in the mixture decreases the CDT. Log CDT was found to have a linear relationship with fiber density and dye adsorption. CDT technique was used to monitor uniformity of untextured and textured yarn.
Particulate Migration During Drying of Fabric Padded with Dyestuff Dispersions
Authors: Urbanik A. , Etters J.N. 
Published: March 2007

A brief discussion was presented of the migration process involving particulate dyestuff dispersions on fabric. An equation was derived, based on some assumptions regarding the flow of the dye liquor through fabric capillaries, relating the migration of particulate dyestuff dispersions during drying of padded fabric to the total liquor pickup, the average dyestuff particle size, and the fiber surface area of the fabric. The derived equation was shown to apply to mea surements of actual migration of a commercial disperse dye on a 50 polyester/50 cotton blend fabric. The average dye stuff particle diameter calculated from migration measurements agreed with that determined by other methods. A simple laboratory procedure was described for inducing migration and for determining the percent migration.
The Nature and Function of the Resin in the Chlorine /Resin Shrinkproofing Treatment of Wool Tops
Authors: Makinson K. Rachel , Lead Judith A. 
Published: March 2007

The only resin which has been found fully satisfactory for shrinkproofing wool tops by the chlorine/resin process on the industrial scale is a polyamide-epichlorohydrin polymer. A study has been made of the nature and function of this resin, on the wool and in isolation from it, to determine why it is peculiarly suitable. It is accepted as a premise for which there is considerable evidence that most of the shrinkproofing effect is produced by the prechlorination treatment, which softens the scales on the wool fibers, and that chlorination usually leaves some fibers undertreated, with scales hard enough to cause fiber migration and felting. It is shown that the role of the resin is to form a complete sheath over each fiber, burying or "masking" these undertreated scales. This requires an effective mean thickness which depends on the level of chlorination, but is usually greater than 0.5 μm, corresponding to about 10% of resin on the weight of wool. So high an uptake would, however, give too harsh a handle in the dry state. The peculiar advantage of the resin which has been used appears to be its capacity to swell considerably in water, to nearly 5 times its air-dry volume, while remaining solid and adhering to the wool. A 2% uptake of resin solids, measured in the air-dry state, is therefore equivalent approxi mately to the required 10% of resin gel in water. It has sometimes been found that the effectiveness of this treatment is reduced if processing oils are present. It is shown that such "oils," which contain considerable quantities of surfactants, dehydrate both the resin and the chlori nated cuticle cells. This hardens the scales and sharpens their contour while simultaneously thinning the masking films of resin and reducing their mutual adhesiveness; all these changes promote felting. Some suggestions are made as to the nature of the forces which hold the resin on the wool fibers.
Novel Isocyanate Binder Systems for Composite Wood Panels
Authors: Gaul J.M. , Nguyen T. , Babiec J.S. 
Published: March 2007

The growing demand for structural composite wood panels has created an op portunity for novel cost effective binder systems. Recently, much data has been published extolling the virtues of isocyanates (PMDI) as binders for composite wood panels intended for exterior applications. To date, there are two main drawbacks which inhibit the wide spread use of PMDI as binders: 1) generally, isocyanates are more expensive than the commonly used formaldehyde binder systems and 2) isocyanates adhere strongly to the caul plate during the pressing cycle. To overcome this sticking problem, release agents are necessary which in creases the overall cost of an isocyanate binder system. This study was undertaken to investigate the cost/performance of isocyanate binder systems which incorporate significant levels of low cost reactive diluents. Several binder systems were evaluated which were cost/performance effective when compared to phenol-formaldehyde (exterior) and urea-formaldehyde (inter ior) binders for composite wood panels. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that propylene carbonate (PC) is one such effective diluent in conjunction with isocyanates. The data indicates that ac ceptable composite wood panels, both exterior and interior grade, can be pro duced even when 30% of the isocyanate is replaced by propylene carbonate. Economical analyses indicate that the 70% PMDI/30% PC binder system offers cost advantages over 7% phenol-formaldehyde (PF) or 9% urea-formaldehyde (UF) binder systems.
Wash Studies of IMR Containing PU-RIM
Authors: Hutchinson D.J. 
Published: March 2007

The use of polyurethane reaction injection molding (PU-RIM) to produce au tomotive fascia is well known. More recently, this technology has been used to produce body panels. To allow PU-RIM to maintain competitiveness with other plastic processes internal mold release (IMR) technology was highly desirable. Recent developments by the Dow Chemical Company have resulted in the first commercialization of PU-RIM IMR technology for the production of automotive fascia. Further developments have extended the use of IMR chemistry to the production of body panels. But the conversion of conventional PU-RIM fascia production to IMR contain ing technology was not done easily. The same surface energy phenomenon which results in multiple release of the substrate from the tooling caused the primer to display unacceptable wetout characteristics when applied to the con ventionally washed fascia. Secondly, the IMR in use today is heat migratory and thus the sequence of postcure prior to washing was mandatory for the suc cessful cleaning of fascia prior to the application of primer. This paper describes the development of wash chemistries to overcome the initial unacceptable primer wetout which was inhibiting the conversion of PU- RIM molders to this IMR technology. Several aqueous wash chemistries and heat migration studies will be discussed. Adhesion testing of the successful primed fascia will also be presented.
Play Objects as Tools of Propaganda: Characterizations of the African American Male
Authors: Wilkinson Doris Y. 
Published: March 2007

In this study, children's toys constitute the units of analy sis from which inferences are drawn about the labeling process and racial psychology. Emphasis is placed on characterizations of African American males in play arti facts from the years following the Civil War up to and including the Depression years. The general objective of the research is to provide a psychocultural analysis of toys as material objects instrumental in attitude formation and value transmission. To assess the meaning and labeling function of racial play objects as socialization tools, the method of content analysis is used. Department store catalogs and selected historical volumes on toys consti tute the data bases. This study transcends limited ethnic identification and racial preference attitude experiments that have employed dolls as stimuli. It concentrates instead on toys as the focus of analysis, and on their use as communi cators of racial stereotypes. Five categories of com munication bias are used to ascertain stereotypes as well as propaganda content. The data show that racial games and toys have functioned for decades as disseminators of racially biased images. The results of the examination provide a framework for evaluating the content of con temporary media portrayals of African American males.
Reversibility and the acquisition of complex syntactic structures in 3- to 7-year-old children
Authors: Trosborg Anna 
Published: March 2007

In recent years the role of general cognitive development in language acquisition has been stressed (e.g. Piaget, Sinclair). However, most often this relationship is implied, rather than empirically verified. This paper provides data for both linguistic and cognitive functioning in the same children. It is concerned with the acquisition of active/passive sentences (synonymy judgement) and temporally, causally, and conditionally related sequences in relation to 'reversal skills'. Ability to relate active and passive sentences in order to judge meaning equivalence and the ability to reverse clause order to correspond with event order and/or cause-effect is dependent on the child's ability to perform reversible operations as involved in conservation tasks. The concept of time is supposed to be spatial in origin (seriation tasks), and an understanding of relational time is dependent on the ability to decentre and coordinate (picture arrangement task). Also conditionals require reversible transformations and coordination of several internal structures. Only at the age from 5 to 7 and onwards can children comprehend the complex structures in question, if they have to rely on syntactic information alone for their interpretation, but if the child can rely on his knowledge of the world, he can begin to interpret/produce these structures already at the age of 3, that is before he has achieved reversible operations.
Managerial Strategies of Domination. Power in Soft Bureaucracies
Authors: Courpasson David 
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the emergence and reinforcement of organizational political regimes based on domination and centralization in French organizations. Domination and power are old concepts in organizational sociology, but the confrontation of two well-known approaches to politics in organizations, that of Weber and that of Crozier, suggests that an `archaic' notion such as domination is still very useful for understanding how business leaders `govern' organizations today. Based on empirical studies, the paper proposes that organizations should be seen as `soft bureaucracies', in which centralization and entrepreneurial forms of governance are combined. Thus, choosing a Weberian point of view, this paper simultaneously describes organizations as `structures of domination' and as `structures of legitimacy'. It defends the idea that, in spite of the success of the network form utopia, the re-emergence of bureaucracies is a sign that organizations are more and more politically centralized and governed.
A Strategy for the Analysis of Idea Innovation Networks and Institutions
Authors: Hage Jerald , Hollingsworth J. Rogers 
Published: March 2007

The perspective of this paper is that variation in commercially successful radical product/process innovations among science-based industrial sectors can be explored by focusing on idea innovation networks. Idea innovation networks have six arenas reflecting research basic research, applied research, product development research, production research, quality control research, and commercialization/ marketing research. The paper develops two interrelated hypotheses. The first is that the greater the diversity of competencies or knowledges that are connected with frequent and intense communication within an arena and the greater the size of the arena, and the greater the likelihood that radical innovations will emerge. The second hypothesis involves the same kind of logic: if radical solutions are to occur in more than one arena, there must be intense and frequent communication among the different arenas involving radically new ways of thinking. Radical research solutions in one arena usually involve tacit knowledge and to be effectively communicated to another arena, both tacit knowledge and codified knowledge must be communicated across arenas. However, the communication of tacit knowledge is more likely to occur when there is frequent and intense communication across arenas. In analyzing connectedness, the authors draw on the literatures about organizational innovation and organizational learning. In addition, they recognize that institutional environments shape the size of research arenas and the connectedness within and among them. The suggestion is that the more similarity there is across sectors, in patterns of research arena size and connectedness, the greater the support for a national system of innovation interpretation. Contrariwise, less similarity of network arena characteristics across sectors may mean more support for the strong role of globalization forces in affecting innovation.