bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Core/Shell Semiconductor Nanocrystals
Authors: Reiss Peter , Protière Myriam , Li Liang 
Published: January 2009

AbstractColloidal core/shell nanocrystals contain at least two semiconductor materials in an onionlike structure. The possibility to tune the basic optical properties of the core nanocrystals, for example, their fluorescence wavelength, quantum yield, and lifetime, by growing an epitaxial‐type shell of another semiconductor has fueled significant progress on the chemical synthesis of these systems. In such core/shell nanocrystals, the shell provides a physical barrier between the optically active core and the surrounding medium, thus making the nanocrystals less sensitive to environmental changes, surface chemistry, and photo‐oxidation. The shell further provides an efficient passivation of the surface trap states, giving rise to a strongly enhanced fluorescence quantum yield. This effect is a fundamental prerequisite for the use of nanocrystals in applications such as biological labeling and light‐emitting devices, which rely on their emission properties. Focusing on recent advances, this Review discusses the fundamental properties and synthesis methods of core/shell and core/multiple shell structures of II–VI, IV–VI, and III–V semiconductors.magnified image
Snapshots of the Hydrolysis of the Lithium Alkoxide [Li{OC(CF3)3}]4
Authors: Raabe Ines , Wagner Katrin , Santiso‐Quiñones Gustavo , Krossing Ingo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractExposure of the tetrameric, heterocubane‐like perfluorinated lithium alkoxide [Li{OC(CF3)3}]4 to humid air gaverise to the hydrolysis products [{(CF3)3CO}Li(H2O)2‐μ‐(H2O)‐Li(H2O)2{OC(CF3)3}], [{(CF3)3CO}Li(H2O)2‐μ‐(H2O)‐Li‐(H2O)3]+[OC(CF3)3]– and [Li(H2O)4]+[OC(CF3)3]– because of stepwise addition of water molecules in a gas‐solid reaction without solvent. All compounds were studied by X‐ray crystallography and their solid‐state structures are strongly influenced by hydrogen bonding and fluorophilic interactions.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Spectroscopic Characterisation of Mono‐ and Dinuclear 5,5‐Diethylbarbiturato Complexes of Chromium(0) and Rhenium(I)
Authors: Haque Nadera , Roedel J. Nicolas , Lorenz Ingo‐Peter 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAddition of 5,5‐diethylbarbituric acid (H2debarb, 1) to [CpCr(NO)2Cl], [Re(CO)5Br] or [(PPh3)Re(CO)4Br] in the presence of triethylamine and AgO3SCF3 (= AgOTf) resulted in the mono‐barbiturato complexes [CpCr(NO)2(Hdebarb)] (2), [PPh3Re(CO)4(Hdebarb)] (3) and [Re(CO)5(Hdebarb)] (4), respectively. Bis‐barbiturato complex [{(CO)5Re}2(debarb)] (5) with a doubly deprotonated barbiturate dianion formed when a molar ratio of metal complex to ligand of 2:1 was used. In the case of the rhenium complexes, AgO3SCF3 must be used additionally to cleave off bromide. All of the complexes were fully characterised by means of IR, mass and 1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectra and elemental analysis. In addition, their solid‐state structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. The complexes exhibit distorted pseudo‐tetrahedral (2) or pseudo‐octahedral (3–5) configuration around the metal atom. In all complexes the ring system of the Hdebarb ligand is essentially planar.
Early Dissimilar Fates of Liver Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Rats Fed Liposomes or Fish Oil and Gene Expression Related to Lipid Metabolism
Authors: Cansell Maud Sabine , Battin Aurélie , Degrace Pascal , Gresti Joseph , Clouet Pierre , Combe Nicole 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe study was undertaken to determine whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n‐3), esterified in phospholipids (PL) as liposomes or in triglycerides (TG) as oil, exhibited comparable fates in liver lipids and whether these fates were associated with gene expressions related to fatty acid (FA) metabolism. PL and TG mixtures with close contents in EPA and DHA were administered to rats over 2 weeks. Most relevant events occurred after 3 days for both treatments. At that time, liposomes, compared with oil, increased the liver content in PL with a FA composition enriched in n‐6 FA, comparable in DHA and much lower in EPA. Moreover, liposomes increased the activity and mRNA levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) I. In contrast, fish oil exerted opposite effects on CPT I and increased the genic expression of lipogenic enzymes. Liposomes, unlike fish oil, apparently increased the mRNA levels of acyl‐CoA oxidase and the activity of the peroxisomal FA‐oxidising system. Concomitantly, mRNA levels of hepatic lipoprotein receptors were increased with both diets, but intracellular proteins involved in free FA uptake and lipid synthesis were up‐regulated only with liposome‐treated rats. The quasi absence of EPA in hepatic PL of liposome‐treated rats on the short term could result from increased β‐oxidation activities through metabolic regulations induced by more available free EPA and other PUFA.
Cultural perceptions, gestational diabetes, and development
Authors: Nicolaisen Ida 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWomen constitute half of the world's population, but a far larger percentage of the world's poor, particularly in low‐income countries. The UN Millennium Declaration recognizes the link between growth, poverty reduction, and sustainable development, and the crucial role women play in achieving sustainable development. A child's future is interwoven with the life situation of its mother, most intimately so in the case of gestational diabetes. This article discusses the social and economic implications of the rapid growth of type 2 diabetes and diabetes mellitus. It calls for culturally sensitive health policies and programs to address prevention and treatment of these conditions. Notions of conception, pregnancy, and well‐being vary greatly among the world's 5000–6000 cultures. The article illuminates this disparity, drawing on the author's research among indigenous people in Central Borneo. It concludes that culture‐specific perceptions must be incorporated in policies and programs that address the detrimental effects of diabetes on health and socioeconomic development.
Polycystic ovary syndrome and abnormalities in glucose tolerance
Authors: Bhattacharya Sudhindra M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo compare the prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT) among women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and controls, and assess risk factors associated with PCOS.MethodA fasting oral glucose tolerance test after ingestion of 75 g of glucose was administered to 264 women with and 116 without PCOS. Moreover, fasting glucose, insulin, and testosterone levels were measured in the women with PCOS. Body mass index (BMI), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), and homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) were calculated for each woman with PCOS.ResultsThe AGT prevalence was 14.4% in the PCOS group and 11.2% in the control group (P = 0.17). The women with both PCOS and AGT had significantly higher BMIs, WHRs, testosterone levels, and HOMA‐IR values than those with normal glucose tolerance.ConclusionWhile AGT was not associated with PCOS, the women with both PCOS and AGT were significantly more obese, hyperandrogenic, and insulin resistant than those with PCOS and normal glucose tolerance.
Coenzyme Q10 supplementation during pregnancy reduces the risk of pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Teran Enrique , Hernandez Isabel , Nieto Belen , Tavara Rosio , Ocampo Juan Emilio , Calle Andres 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether supplementation with Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) during pregnancy reduces the risk of pre‐eclampsia.MethodsWomen at increased risk of pre‐eclampsia were enrolled in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Women were assigned to receive 200 mg of CoQ10 or placebo daily from 20 weeks of pregnancy until delivery. The primary outcome was rate of pre‐eclampsia. Statistical analyses were by intention‐to‐treat.ResultsOf the 235 women enrolled in the trial, 118 were randomized to receive CoQ10 and 117 received a placebo. A total of 197 (83.8%) women were followed‐up. The overall rate of pre‐eclampsia was 20% (n = 47). Thirty women (25.6%) in the placebo group developed pre‐eclampsia compared with 17 women (14.4%) in the CoQ10 group, and this reduction was significant (P = 0.035) (relative risk [RR] 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33–0.96).ConclusionSupplementation with CoQ10 reduces the risk of developing pre‐eclampsia in women at risk for the condition.
Pregnancy and diabetes scenario around the world: India
Authors: Seshiah Veerasamy , Balaji Vijayam , Balaji Madhuri S. , Paneerselvam Arunachalam , Kapur Anil 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWomen with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at an increased risk of developing diabetes in the future, as are their offspring. GDM is not only of clinical relevance, but is also an important public health issue. A community‐based prospective study showed that the prevalence of GDM was 13.9%. We also observed that the frequency of GDM varied across urban, semi‐urban, and rural areas. Based on multiple logistic regression analysis and taking the 3 areas into consideration, family history of diabetes, age greater than or equal to 25 years, and body mass index greater than or equal to 25 were found to have a significant independent association with GDM (P < 0.001).
On the value of Δn0m/nm, when m and n are very large
Authors: Professor Tait  
Published: January 2009

I had occasion, lately, to consider the following question connected with the Kinetic Theory of Gases:—Given that there are 3.1020 particles in a cubic inch of air, and that each has on the average 1010 collisions per second; after what period of time is it even betting that any specified particle shall have collided, once at least, with each of the others?
Sur les cordes communes à une conique et à un cercle de rayon nul
Authors: D'Ocagne M. Maurice 
Published: January 2009

Etant donnés une conique K, dont l'équation est K = 0, et un point P (α, β), l'équation générale des coniques qui passant par les points d'intersection de la conique K et du cercle P de rayon nul, qui a le point (α, β) pour centre, estComme les quatre points d'intersection du cercle P et de la conique K sont imaginaires, le système (1) comprend un seul couple de droites réelles Δ et Δ. Ces droites seront dites, par analogie avec une expression proposée par Chasles, les conjointes du point P et de la conique K.
The Convergence of the Series in Mathieu's Functions
Authors: Watson G. N. 
Published: January 2009

Periodic solutions of Mathieu's equation*where a is a suitable function of q have recently been discussed in several papers in these Proceedings. An elegant method of determining these solutions, which are writtenwas given by Whittaker, † who obtained the integral equationwhich is satisfied by periodic solutions of Mathieu's equation.
A Theorem on the Contact of Circles leading up to the Theorems of Feuerbach and Hart
Authors: Dougall John 
Published: January 2009

According to Feuerbach's theorem, the inscribed and the three escribed circles of a plane triangle are all touched by a circleHart's Theorem extends the proposition to a spherical triangle, or, which comes to the same thing, to a plane triangle formed by three circular arcs.
On Spheroidal Harmonics
Authors: Blades Edward 
Published: January 2009

Ellipsoidal harmonics are defined to be those solutions of Laplace's equation(where x, y, z are rectangular coordinates) which are useful in problems relating to ellipsoids. If the equationrepresents a family of confocal quadrics, it is known that the ellipsoidal harmonics belonging to the family are products of the formwhere l1, l2… are constants: one term is to be picked out of the square brackets as a multiplier of the other factors. Now if we consider the case in which two of the principal axes of the ellipsoids are equal, the latter become spheroids. If then we put b = 0 in (1) the family of confocal spheroids has the equationand belonging to this family there will be spheroidal harmonics of the form given by (2) with b zero.
Two infinite integrals
Authors: Watson G. N. 
Published: January 2009

The infinite integralsin which λ is positive and – π < θ < π were encountered by Kottler in a problem in the theory of diffraction. They have more recently been studied by Copson and Ferrar, who obtained the remarkably simple Fourier seriesin which denotes a “cut Bessel function” of the third kind; this expansion is valid when the term has to be added to the expansion on the right.
On the deformation of the tangent m-plane of a
Authors: Davies E. T. 
Published: January 2009

Schouten and van Kampen (1) have studied the deformation of a . Applying the methods of that paper to the tangent vectors , which exist by hypothesis at all points of a certain region Vm′ (m′ > m) of Vn, we shall haveWhence we define the differentialsIn the application of the to the lower index is treated as an ordinal index only. We shall not be concerned with any extension of the to indices other than those of the general Vb (see 1, equ. 3.24).
On some functional equations from additive and non-additive measures-I
Authors: Kannappan PL 
Published: January 2009

It is known that while the Shannon and the Rényi entropies are additive, the measure entropy of degree β proposed by Havrda and Charvat (7) is non-additive. Ever since Chaundy and McLeod (4) considered the following functional equationwhich arose in statistical thermodynamics, (1.1) has been extensively studied (1, 5, 6, 8). From the algebraic properties of symmetry, expansibility and branching of the entropy (viz. Shannon entropy Hn, etc.) one obtains the sum representationwhich with the property of additivity yields the functional equation (1.1), (9, 10).
Fatou-Riesz-theorems in general sequence spaces
Authors: Müller Gerhard Otto , Trautner Rolf 
Published: January 2009

Consider a formal serieswith partial sumsand the corresponding power series. Throughout we will assume thatfis analytic for |z| <1, i.e. thatA classical theorem of Fatou-Riesz (see (1,4)) states that ifandthenis convergent to 0.
On the (sub)logarithmic property of the pole-, zero- and algebraic multiplicity of operator functions
Authors: Thijsse G. Philip A. 
Published: January 2009

This paper contains an extension of a result obtained by H. Bart, M. A. Kaashoek and D. C. Lay in (2). These authors studied the reduced algebraic multiplicity RM(A; λ0) of a meromorphic operator function at a point λ0 ∈ C. They proved that under certain conditions this quantity has logarithmic behaviour, i.e.,For more restricted cases such results had been proved by others, notably I. C. Gohberg and E. I. Sigal (see (4) and (5)). Here we shall prove that such a result also holds for a larger class of operator functions than the diagonable functions considered in (2).
A Cauchy criterion for the summability of an infinite integral
Authors: Thorpe B. 
Published: January 2009

If a ∈ L(1, T) for every finite T>1, then we say that the infinite integral a(u)du is convergent with sum s if a(u)du = s. It is well known that a necessary and sufficient condition for a(u)du to be convergent (with some finite sum s) is that Cauchy's criterion,holds. The object of this note is to obtain a similar result for summability (C, α) of a(u) du which reduces to Cauchy's criterion in the case of convergence. The corresti ponding problem for summable series has been treated by A. F. Andersen in (1).
Near-rings of polynomials over groups
Authors: Meldrum J. D. P. , Pilz G. , So Y. S. 
Published: January 2009

The set G[x] of polynomials over a group (G, + )—as well as the polynomial functions P(G) on (G, +) form near-rings with respect to addition and composition (substitution). See [1] for polynomials and [2] for near-rings. A number of results on G[x] can be deduced from [2].Due to [1], the polynomials in G[x] can uniquely be represented in the following “normal form”:
On ideally finite Lie algebras which are lower semi-modular
Authors: Towers David 
Published: January 2009

The purpose of this paper is twofold: first to correct the statement of Theorem 1 in [4], and secondly to consider related problems in the class of ideally finite Lie algebras.Throughout, L will denote a Lie algebra over a field K, F(L) will be its Frattini subalgebra and φ(L) its Frattini ideal. We will denote by the class of Lie algebras all of whose maximal subalgebras have codimension 1 in L. The Lie algebra with basis {u–1, u0, u1} and multiplication u–1u0 = u–1, u–1u1 = u0, u0u1 = u1 will be labelled L1(0).
Centres for near-rings: applications to commutativity theorems
Authors: Bell Howard E. 
Published: January 2009

Let R be an arbitrary near-ring and define the multiplicative centre Z(R) byIn previous papers (2,3,5) we have established additive or multiplicative commutativity for various near-rings R in which selected elements were restricted to lie in Z(R); the near-rings involved were usually distributively-generated (d-g) and were frequently assumed to have a multiplicative identity element as well.
Near-rings of compatible functions
Authors: Pilz Günter 
Published: January 2009

SummaryIn this paper we study near-rings of functions on Ω-groups which are compatible with all congruence relations. Polynomial functions, for instance, are of this type. We employ the structure theory for near-rings to get results for the theory of compatible and polynomial functions (affine completeness, etc.). For notations and results concerning near-rings see e.g. (10). However, we review briefly some terminology from there. (N, +,.) is a near-ring if (N, +) is a group and . is associative and right distributive over +. For instance,M(A): = (AA, +, °) is a near-ring for any group (A, +) (° is composition). IfNis a near-ring thenN0: = {n∈N/n0 = 0}. A group (Γ, +) is anN-group (we writeNΓ) if a “product”nyis defined with (n+n‛)γ =nγ +n‛γ and (nn‛)γ =n(n‛γ). Ideals of near-rings andN-groups are kernels of (N-) homomorphisms. If Γ is a vector-space,Maff(Γ) is the near-ring of all affine transformations on Γ.Nis 2-primitive onNΓ ifNΓ is non-trivial, faithful and without properN-subgroups. The (2-) radical and (2-) semisimplicity are defined similarly to the ring case.
Near-rings with chain conditions on right annihilators
Authors: Oswald A. 
Published: January 2009

Throughout this note, N will denote a (Left) near-ring with two-sided zero. Definitions of basic concepts can be found in (9).We prove first that a right ideal I in a d.g. near-ring has a right identity if and only if x ∈ xI for each x ∈I. This enables us to study the structure of regular d.g. near-rings with chain conditions on right annihilators. Specifically we will prove that a regular d.g. near-ring with both the maximum and the minimum conditions on right annihilators is a finite direct sum of near-rings which are either rings of matrices over division rings or non-rings of the form MG(Γ) for a suitable type 2 N-module Γ. Finally we consider the case of maximum condition on N-subgroups.
A triple in CAT
Authors: Wells Charles 
Published: January 2009

A triple (or monad) in a category K is a triple = (T, μ, η) where, T: K → K is a functor and μ: TT →, T, η: 1k → T are natural transformations for which (1.1) and (1.2) commute:In these diagrams the component of a natural transformation α at an object x is denoted xα. Thus for example (kη)T is the value of the functor T applied to the component of η at k, whereas (kT)η is the component of η at the object kT. I write functions and functors on the right and composition from left to right.
Nonimmersions of complex Grassmann manifolds
Authors: Ilori Samuel A. 
Published: January 2009

If an oriented manifold M immerses in codimension k, then the normal bundle has dimension k such that its Euler class χ є Hk(M; Z) and χ2 є H2k(M; Z). (Cf. (3)).If M is the complex Grassmann manifold G2(Cn) of 2-planes in Cn (n = 4, 5,…, 15, 17), then dim M = 4n – 8 ≡ d and we shall show that although M immerses in R2d–1 by classical results (3), M does not immerse in Rd+d/2.The same result was obtained for n = 4 and 5 by Connell (2) and for n = 6 and 7 by the author (6). The nonimmersion results of this paper are new for n = 8, 9, …, 15, 17 and they are an improvement over the result for the general G2(Cn) obtained in (5). In this paper, we use generators of the cohomology ring of G2(Cn) different from those used in (2) and (6) and this simplifies the calculations considerably.
Higher point derivations on commutative Banach algebras, III
Authors: Dales H. G. , McClure J. P. 
Published: January 2009

Let A be a commutative Banach algebra with identity 1 over the complex field C, and let d0 be a character on A. We recall that a (higher) point derivation of order q on A at d0 is a sequence d1, …, dq of linear functionals on A such that the identitieshold for each choice of f and g in A and k in {1, …, q}. A point derivation of infinite order is an infinite sequence {dk} of linear functionals such that (1.1) holds for all k. A point derivation is continuous if each dk is continuous, totally discontinuous if dk is discontinuous for each k≧1, and degenerate if d1 = 0.
On cyclic subgroups of finite groups
Authors: Dempwolff U. , Wong S. K. 
Published: January 2009

In [3] Laffey has shown that if Z is a cyclic subgroup of a finite subgroup G, then either a nontrivial subgroup of Z is normal in the Fitting subgroup F(G) or there exists a g in G such that Zg∩Z = 1. In this note we offer a simple proof of the following generalisation of that result:Theorem. Let G be a finite group and X and Y cyclic subgroups of G. Then there exists a g in G such that Xg∩Y⊴F(G).
A remark on the radical of a group algebra
Authors: Brockhaus Peter 
Published: January 2009

This paper contains a new proof of a theorem of D. A. R. Wallace [5] in case of a p-solvable group. An alternative proof has been given by K. Motose [4].Let G be a finite group, F a field with prime characteristic p, P a Sylow p-subgroup of G. JFG will denote the Jacobson radical of FG.
Rigid Artinian rings
Authors: McLean K. R. 
Published: January 2009

In [4], Maxson studied the properties of a ring R whose only ring endomorphisms φ: R → R are the trivial ones, namely the identity map, idR, and the map 0R given by φ(R) = 0. We shall say that any such ring is rigid, slightly extending the definition used in [4] by dropping the restriction that R2 ≠ 0. Maxson's most detailed results concerned the structure of rigid artinian rings, and our main aim is to complete this part of his investigation by establishing the followingTheorem. Let R(≠0) be a left-artinian ring. Then R is rigid if and only if(i) , the ring of integers modulo a prime power pk,(ii) R ≅ N2, the null ring on a cyclic group of order 2, or(iii) R is a rigid field of characteristic zero.
On Determinants of Symmetric Functions
Authors: Aitken A. C. 
Published: January 2009

The result of dividing the alternant |aαbβcγ…| by the simplest alternant |a0b1c2…| (the difference-product of a, b, c, …) is known to be a symmetric function expressible in two distinct ways, (1) as a determinant having for elements the elementary symmetric functions C, of a, b, c, …, (2) as a determinant having for elements the complete homogeneous symmetric functions Hr. For exampleThe formation of the (historically earlier) H-determinant is evident. The suffixes in the first row are the indices of the alternant; those of the other rows decrease by unit steps. This result is due to Jacobi.
On Differentiating a Matrix
Authors: Turnbull H. W. 
Published: January 2009

The theorem is well known. So also is the theorem that if concerning a determinant Λ and its reciprocal expressed by means of cofactors Aij of aij. Not quite so well known is the Cayley Hamilton theorem that a matrix X =[xij] satisfies its own characteristic equationUnlike as these three results are, they nevertheless can be looked upon as particular phases of a general theorem concerning a matrix differential operator acting upon a function of a matrix X or its transposed.