bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE REVERSAL OF THE HEPATIC VENOUS CIRCULATION IN THE ISOLATED PERFUSED DOG LIVER
Authors: Field CD 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe changes in the circulatory pathways were studied in an isolated perfused canine liver, when the venous circulation was reversed. A radioactive isotope dilution technique was employed, in which two radioactive tracers were used simultaneously, to investigate the nature of the hepatic vascular bed under normal and reversed conditions. The results indicate that when the venus circulation is reversed the hepatic arterial blood fills far less of the vascular bed than under normal conditions. This indicates that there may be a low impedance pathway between the hepatic artery and the portal vein, which enables the hepatic arterial blood, under reversed flow conditions, to reach the portal tract without it traversing the normal arterial pathways through the liver.
THE TRANSFER OF IMMUNOLOGICAL COMPETENCE TO RATS TOLERANT OF SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES WITH LYMPHOCYTES FROM NORMAL RATS
Authors: McCullagh PJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAn explanation has been sought for the mechanism whereby prior irradiation of rats tolerant of sheep erythrocytes facilitates haemolysin formation by transfused normal lymphocytes. Taking account of the effects of depleting tolerant rats of lymphocytes by means of prolonged thoracic duct drainage, it was concluded that enhanced colonization of host lymphoid tissues by transfused cells was unlikely to be the major factor in this facilitation. The formation of haemolysin was investigated in tolerant rats after sub lethal irradiation and the transfer of lymphocytes from normal donors. The haemolysin response after the transfer of thoracic duct lymphocytes to irradiated, tolerant hosts was much weaker than that observed after their transfer to irradiated normal (non‐tolerant) hosts unless the lymphocytes had been incubated in vitro with antigen primed peritoneal cells. Previous incubation of the lymphocytes to be injected with unprimed peritoneal cells or with antigen alone failed to enhance the subsequent immune response. Lymphocytes and primed peritoneal cells which had not been incubated together were a much less efficient inoculums than incubated cell mixtures. It is suggested that, in addition to the specific deficiency of its lymphocytes, there is some factor in the tolerant rat inimical to the initiation of an immune response in transfused normal lymphocytes.
THE ABSORPTION OF IODOVANCOMYCIN BY MICROCOCCUS LYSODEIKTICUS CELLS
Authors: Oo KC 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIodinated vancomycin, when incubated at growth‐inhibitory concentrations with a calture of Micrococcus lysodeikticus, was absorbed by the growing cells. On fractionation of those cells into tell wall, cell membrane and cytoplasmic fractions, the antibiotic was found to be associated mainly with the first two fractions. The antibiotic initially attached to the cell wall appeared to become associated with the cell membrane on further incubation. At the same time, an increase in the hexosamine content of the cell membrane was observed. In growing M. lysodeikticus cells under progressive inhibition by iodovancomycin, the antibiotic is found at different sites within the cell.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL STATUS OF THE BONE MARROW CELLS OF SHEEP ERYTHROCYTE‐TOLERANT RATS
Authors: McCullagh PJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryNo evidence could be obtained for specific collaboration between cells derived from thymus and bone marrow in the immune response of rats to sheep erythrocytes. Bone marrow cells did not enhance the ability of thoracic duct lymphocytes to restore immune responsiveness to sheep erythrocytes in irradiated rats. In comparison with thoracic duct lymphocytes, thymus cells were most inefficient as an immunologically restorative inoculum in this situation, and done marrow cells did not augment their performance. Bone marrow cells augmented the restorative capacity of spleen cells from immunized, irradiated donors, regardless of whether these had been injected previously with thymus or bone marrow cells. No evidence was forthcoming for the existence of a modified subpopulation of cells in the thoracic duct lymph of tolerant rats.
THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF HETEROLOGOUS ANTILYMPHOCYTIC SERUM: THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF RABBIT MACROPHAGE‐CYTOPHILIC ANTILYMPHOCYTIC ANTIBODY IN MICE
Authors: Gill PG 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe existence and predominantly 7S nature of macrophage‐cytophilic antibody in rabbit anti‐mouse lymphocyte serum has been confirmed. Absorption of rabbit anti‐mouse lymphocyte serum with homologous cells reduced the titre of cytophilic activity determined by both direct and indirect methods, while most of the cytotoxic and agglutinating activity was retained. This suggests the antibodies responsible for cytophilia exist as a separate class in rabbit anti‐mouse lymphocyte serum. Cytophilic antibody also promoted the attachment of thymus cells to Balb/c macrophages both in vitro and in vivo, the attachment in the latter instance occurring only when the thymocytes were pre‐incubated with low antibody concentrations. Absorption of rabbit anti‐mouse lymphocyte serum with rabbit cells also reduced its ability in increase the localisation in the liver of injected thymocytes, while eluates of cytophilic antibody could promote significant uptake of these cells by the liver when incubated with them in vitro.The results generally confirm the opsonizing properties of rabbit anti‐mouse lymphocyte serum and indicate that rabbit cytophilic antibody is biologically active in mice.
IMMUNITY IN THE INVERTEBRATES. THE FATE AND DISTRIBUTION OF BACTERIA IN NORMAL AND IMMUNISED CRAYFISH (PARACHAERAPS BICARINATUS)
Authors: McKay D , Jenkin CR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe immunity of the crayfish (Parachaeraps bicarinatus) to infection by a pathogenic species of Pseudomonas following vaccination is not dependent on the production of bactericidins. Data indicate that immunity may be related to an altered activity of the phagocytic cells.
IMMUNITY IN THE INVERTEBRATES. CORRELATION OF THE PHAGOCYTIC ACTIVITY OF HAEMOCYTES WITH RESISTANCE TO INFECTION IN THE CRAYFISH (PARACHAERAPS BICARINATUS)
Authors: McKay D , Jenkin CR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryData presented indicate that the most important change in the adaptive immune response of the crayfish (Parachaeraps bicarinatus) to infection following immunisation resides in a change in the activity of phagocytic cells. However, the activity of the cells as measured by the phagocytosis of erythrocytes can lie demonstrated only if the erythrocytes are first treated with haemolymph.
SEPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CELLS PRODUCED BY THE ANTIGENICALLY STIMULATED LYMPH NODE
Authors: Yamashita A , Hay JB , Lafferty KJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAntigen stimulated cells leaving the lymph node by way of the efferent lymph are predominantly low density cells. 80–90% of the antibody producing cells accumulating in the density region 1·020 to 1·042 g./cc. Although 85% of the cells in this fraction were classified as antigen stimulated cells on morphological grounds, only 8% of them were synthesizing detectable antibody at the time of collection. Density gradient fractionation provides an effective means for separating these cells from the unstimulated cells in the lymph stream. Plaque‐forming cells isolated from the lymph node cover a much wider density range; some 70% of these cells have a density greater than 1·042 g./cc. Morphological analysis indicates that the low density cells produced in the lymph node by antigenic stimulation can readily leave the rode via the efferent lymph, while the high density cells, which include the plasma cells, tend to remain associated with the lymph node.
STIMULUS—CARDIORESPIRATORY EFFECTOR RESPONSE PROFILE DURING ARTERIAL HYPOXIA IN THE UNANAESTHETIZED RABBIT
Authors: Korner PI , Uther JB 
Published: November 2007

SummaryEstimates were obtained in unanaesthetized rabbits during arterial hypoxia of the relationship between arterial PO2 and (i) respiration, and (ii) autonomic effects on heart rate and total peripheral resistance. The contributions to the reflex effects made by the arterial chemoreceptors, by the arterial baroreceptors and by the lung inflation reflex were also assessed. The respiratory response was almost entirely mediated through the arterial chemoreceptors and became maximal at PaO2 35 mm. Hg. The autonomic effect on total peripheral resistance increased moderately at PaO2 50 mm. Hg, but did not change further until the PaO2 fell below 35 mm. Hg following attainment of the respiratory maximum, and then increased sharply with more severe hypoxia. Above PaO2 35 mm. Hg the primary reflex chemoreceptor effects on total peripheral resistance were entirely suppressed by the reflex effects of hyperventilatation, and the elevation in systemic constrictor tone was mediated through the baroreceptor system. Below PaO2 35 mm. Hg the primary circulatory reflex chemoreceptor effects became increasingly evident, though the contribution to increased constrictor tone made by the baroreceptor system was still important during the latter part of hypoxia. Primary reflex chemoreceptor effects on heart rate were completely suppressed at PaO2 50 mm. Hg, and became increasingly evident at lower PaO2.
VIRUS‐LIKE PARTICLES ASSOCIATED WITH A FAECAL ANTIGEN FROM HEPATITIS PATIENTS AND WITH AUSTRALIA ANTIGEN
Authors: Cross GF , Waugh Meryl , Ferris AA , Gust ID , Kaldor J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTwo virus‐like particles, one 15–25 nm. and the other 40–45 nm., have been demonstrated in materials containing a faecal antigen from hepatitis patients. These particles are morphologically similar to, but serologically distinct from, those which have been found in sera containing Australia antigen. The findings presented in this paper provide suggestive evidence that the small particles contain a type‐specific antigen and the large particles contain both type‐specific and group‐specific antigens.
BINDING OF LIPID BY SOLUBLE AND MEMBRANE PROTEINS ISOLATED FROM RAT LIVER
Authors: Fidge Noel H 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe binding of lipid to proteins isolated from rat liver was investigated by incubating ultrasonically dispersed mixtures of phospliolipids and neutral lipids with 3H‐lahelled proteins. After incubaation the lipid‐protein eomplexes were separated from the imbound protein by preparative ultracen‐ trifugation at d = 1·21.Gonsiderable binding of soluble (105,000 × g supernatant) and “solubilised” membrane (endoplasmic reticulum) protein to lipid occurred after incubation for 90 min. at 37°, whereas plasma proteins under similar conditions were not significantly bound to lipid. These observations suggest that the binding of liver protein to lipid, as measured in these experiments, was due to specific binding of liver proteins with lipid, rather than the result of non‐specific adsorbance. Alteration of the phospholipid: neutral lipid ratios appreciably influeneed the amonnt of protein bound, and the lipid‐protein interaction was found to be dependent on time and temperature.
THE VASCULAR ACTIONS OF CLONIDINE IN MAN
Authors: Hodge RL , Robinson SM 
Published: November 2007

SummarySome of the peripheral actions of clonidine have been investigated in nonnal volunteers. Close intra‐nrterial administration of clonidine (125–500 μg./min.) into the brachial artery caused a rapid constriction of the skin vessels in the foreann and the hand. The response was dose‐dependent and did not show tachyphylaxis during a thirty minute infusion. It was absent in the presence nl adrenerjjic alpha receptor blockade, which indicates a sympathometic mode of action. Reflex vascular sympathetic responses were still elicited during the intra‐arterial infusion, therefore neuronal or alpha receptor block was not present at the doses of clonidine used.Intravenous infusion of 150 μg. clonidine caused a 16% fall in mean arterial pressure, a biphasic change in calculated hand vascular resistance and a fall in heart rate. The patteni of vascular resistance changes reflects a direct vasocon‐ strictor action of the drug which is then overshadowed by its central sympathetic inhibitory action. The vasoconstrictor response to intra‐arterial nonitlrenaline was greater during the hypotension produced by clonidine. Similarly, tbe pressor response to intravenous noradrenaline was accentuated at this time. At least with acute administration of clonidine to man, reduced vascular responsiveness cannot play any part in the hypotension which occurs.
THE RESPONSE OF THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM TO SKIN TRANSPLANTATION. PHAGOCYTIC INDICES AND WEIGHTS OF RETICULOENDOTHELIAL ORGANS OE MICE BEARING PRIMARY SKIN ISOGRAFTS AND ALLOGRAFTS
Authors: Gotjamanos T 
Published: November 2007

SummaryBalb/c mice bearing different‐sized skin isografts or allografts from C57 Black or CBA donors were studied for changes in phagocytic activity of their reticuloendothelial organs. The rate of blood clearance of opsonized, P32‐labelIed Salmonella typhimurium C5 was significantly increased in mice wilh 4 cm2 and 8 cm2 isografts and allografts. When colloidal carbon was used to measure phagocytosis, significant phagocytic stimulation was found in mice bearing 1 cm2‐ grafts, but not in mice with 4 cm2 and 8 cm2 grafts. It is likely that the surgical trauma involved in transplanting large grafts indirectly limits carbon clearance, possibly by bringing about a depletion of serum opsonins.
THE RESPONSE OF THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM TO SKIN TRANSPLANTATION. THE CELLULAR BASIS OF HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY IN MICE BEARING SKIN GRAFTS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Gotjamanos T 
Published: November 2007

SummaryBalb/c mice bearing small, medium and massive skin allografts developed hepatosplenomegaly. The increased liver mass, found also in mice with massive isografts, was due to hypertrophied hepatocytes. These enlarged cells were seen in electron micrographs to contain increased amounts of rough‐ surfaced endoplasmic reticulum, and biochemical estimations revealed increased concentrations of ribonucleic acid. It is likely that the increase in liver mass and ribonucleic acid formation represents a hypertrophic response which provides increased amounts of (a) purines, and thereby sustains the intense cellular proliferation in lymphoid tissues, and (b) plasma proteins, notably α‐ and β‐globulins and fibrinogen which are known to be elevated following surgery or trauma.Mice bearing 4 cm2 and 8 cm2 isografts and allografts showed splenomegaly which reached a maximum between 8 and 12 days after transplantation; in the case of 4 cm2 allografts. a second peak of splenic enlargement occurred at 22 days. The spleens of isografted mice showed increased erythropoiesis but little change in the lymphatic nodules. Allografted mice showed intense granulo‐ poiesis as well as increased erythropoiesis during the first peak of splenomegaly; the second peak was characterized by normal haematopoietic activity and a marked enlargement of lymphatic nodules with prominent germinal centre development. Mice with massive allografts showed some evidence of germinal centre formation in their spleens at about the time of allograft rejection, but did not exhibit a second peak of splenomegaly nor a cellular response indicative of intense antibody formation such as that seen in mice with 4 cm2 allografts. If the prolonged survival of massive allografts is due to a depression of immuno‐ logical capacity resulting from the sequelae of severe surgical trauma, as previously suggested, then the inability of mice with massive allografts to monnt a total humoral antibody response may reflect another aspect of their immuno‐ logical impairment.
TOXICITY OF OUABAIN TO EMBRYONIC CHICK LENS
Authors: Gupta JD , Edwards Anne , Peterson VJ , Filipic M , Harley JD 
Published: November 2007

SummaryOuabain in concentrations of 10—3M to 10—7M exerted a toxic effect on intact embryonic chick lenses grown in culture, indicated by inhibition of uptake of rubidium86, inhibition of acid production and distinct histopathological changes. While inhibition of rubidium86 uptake is explicable in terms of inhibition of Na+‐K+‐ATPase activity, and decreased acid production in terms of direct inhibition of glycolysis, liquefactive changes in lens fibres provided clear evidence of irreversible toxicity of the higher concentrations of ouabain. It is suggested that further attention should be paid to the possibility that cardiac glycosides may favour cataractogenesis in vivo, particularly during developmental life.
PLASMA MEMBRANES IN ACUTE LIVER INJURY. BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES INDUCED BY CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Authors: Le Page RN , Dorling PR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryPlasma membranes isolated from liver of rats given a single high dose of carbon tetrachloride were compared with controls, with respect to activity of three enzymes, 5′‐mononucleotidase, Na+‐K+‐ATPase and Mg2+‐ATPase. All three enzymes showed decreases in activity in the period 2½‐18 h following dosing with CCl4. This is considered as direct evidence that biochemical changes arise in the liver‐cell plasma membrane at an early stage after poisoning of rats with this hepatotoxin.
TRANSFER OF GENES RELATED TO UNRESPONSIVENESS TO BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN FROM SOBEY TO BALB/C MICE
Authors: Hardy D , Kotlarski Ieva 
Published: November 2007

SummaryUnsatisfactory breeding of Sobey mice (genetically unresponsive to bovine serum albumin) has necessitated an outbreeding programme to transfer the genes related to unresponsiveness from Sobey to BALB/c mice. Responses to bovine serum albumin of mice at various stages in the breeding programme are given. A more sensitive method of assaying anti‐bovine serum albumin antibodies has been used to select low responding mice.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN DETERMINANTS ON ROSETTE‐FORMING CELLS: THEIR CHANGING NATURE DURING AN IMMUNE RESPONSE
Authors: Wilson JD 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAntisera to mouse immunoglobulin heavy and light chains were used in vitro to inhibit the formation of rosettes in mouse spleen cell suspensions taken at intervals after sheep red blood cell immunization. Anti‐kappa produced greater than 90% inhibition of both immune and non‐immune rosettes. 65–80% inhibition of non‐immune and immune rosettes was induced by anti‐μ, up to 14 days after injection. Late in the response anti‐μ inhibited rosettes by less than 50%. Anti‐γ inhibited immune rosettes only, increasing to 42% inhibition on the 28th day of response. Anti‐α inhibited rosette formation only during the peak of the response. These results are discussed as relating to antigen‐binding receptors on rosette‐forming cells.
ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS CHANGES AND THE DIVING RESPONSE IN MAN
Authors: Elsner R , Gooden BA , Robinson SM 
Published: November 2007

SummaryFace immersion breath‐holds were performed by five seated male subjects after normal breathing of room air, normal breathing of 100% oxygen for 15 minutes and hyperventilation of 100% oxygen for 15 minutes. Heart rate and forearm blood flow were determined in all three procedures and PO2,PCO2 and pH of brachial artery blood were measured in the oxygen breathing experiments.Simulated diving after breathing room air significantly reduced the heart rate and forearm blood flow. After normal breathing and hyperventilation of oxygen, PaO2 was elevated by three and five times, respectively. PaCO2 was unchanged by normal breathing but halved by hyperventilation. “Diving” after both oxygen breathing procedures still significantly reduced both heart rate and forearm blood flow below resting control levels and these responses were not significantly different from those after breathing room air.The fall in arterial oxygen tension during “diving” after hyperventilation of oxygen was inversely related to the fall in forearm blood flow (P < 0.001) which fits the concept that the diving response may serve an oxygen conserving function in man. Despite arterial hyperoxia with or without hypocapnia, a significant diving response was still evoked by face immersion breath‐holding, showing that the response is basically independent of asphyxial blood gas changes.
TISSUE IRON IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC LIVER DAMACE FROM CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Authors: Loh TT , Juggi JS 
Published: November 2007

SummaryIn acute carbon tetrachloride‐induced liver damage in rats, plasma iron and total iron‐building capacity were enormously elevated. This was coupled with an increase in the weight of livers and spleens as well as spleen iron concentrations when compared with control values. On the other hand, the haematocrit and liver iron concentrations were low. In chronic liver injury there were no changes in plasma iron or total iron‐binding capacity. The gains in weight of both liver and spleen were dependent upon the dose of hepatic poison. Liver iron stores were also increased; however, this increase was attributable to the expansion of haemosiderin iron. In Grade III cirrhosis, the rate of iron absorption dropped significantly, possibly as a result of increased liver stores.
STABILITY OF AMYLASE IN SERUM FROM PATIENTS WITH PANCREATITIS
Authors: Howe Linda , Elmslie RG 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effect of storage on amylase activity was measured in sera from normal individuals and from patients with suspected acute pancreatitis. The sera were stored for 18 and 22 h at 37°, 5°, and −19° Amylase in serum from the patients was less stable than that in normal serum. The instability was not affected by dilution or by variations of temperature. It may have been due to the presence of an unstable isoamylase released into the serum in acute pancreatitis. This finding should be taken into account when interpreting the significance of an amylase estimation performed on stored serum from a patient with suspected acute pancreatitis.
A SEX‐DEPENDENT DIFFERENCE IN THE HAPTOGLOBIN DISTRIBUTIONS OF SOME AUSTRALIAN URBAN POPULATION SAMPLES, WITH A NOTE ON THE METHOD OF HALDANE FOR ESTIMATING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LOGARITHM OF A RATIO OF FREQUENCIES
Authors: Brackenridge CJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryFrequencies of plasma haptoglobin phenotypes of a sample of the Melbourne population with a wide age range were compared with those reported for two other Australian cities, Perth and Sydney. When the samples were combined, the proportion of females possessing type 2·1 (50·7%) exceeded that of males (44·9%). Statistical analysis of the data demonstrated the significance of the sex difference at the 3% level. It was possible to exclude the participation of age‐releterd factors from this finding.
FACTOR IN COLOSTRUM CAUSING MOBILIZATION OF FREE FATTY ACID IN NEWBORN CALVES
Authors: Gooden JM , Lascelles AK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryFeeding colostrum or fat‐free colostral whey to newborn, previously unbuckled calves was followed by a four‐fold increase in free fatty acid concentration in thoracic duct lymph and blood plasma. There was no increase in free fatty acid concentration when newborn calves were fed milk. The fatty acid composition of lymph free fatty acid in calves fed colostrum more closely resembled per renal fat than lipid of dietary origin. It was apparent that colostrum contains a factor responsible for the mobilization of depot fat in newborn calves.In a previous paper from this laboratory attention was drawn to a pronounced increase in free fatty acid concentration in thoracic duct lymph after feeding colostrum to newborn unsuckled calves (Shannon and Lascelles, 1969). This increase occurred before a significant concentration of chylomicrons appeared in the lymph, suggesting that it was not associated with absorption of dietary lipid. A possible interpretation of these results is that colostrum contains a factor responsible for the mobilization of free fatty acid from the fat depots of the newborn calf. The opportunity to test this hypothesis arose in experiments primarily designed to compare the pattern and efficiency of lipid absorption by way of the lymphatic system in newborn calves fed colostrum or milk (Gooden, Brandon, Hartmann and Lascelles, 1971).