bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain stem auditory-evoked responses in the dog
Authors: Bodenhamer Robert D. , Hunter Jon F. , Luttgen Patricia J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Brain stem auditory-evoked responses (baer) were recorded from 58 dogs that did not have a known history of hearing problems. The baer wave forms had an overall mean amplitude approximately 3.0 µV and typically consisted of a series of 4 to 5 vertex-positive peaks (peaks I through V). When acoustic clicks having intensities of 60-dB hearing level (decibels relative to the subjective hearing threshold) were used as stimuli, peak I had a latency of 1.49 ± 0.13 ms; peak II, 2.32 ± 0.14 ms; peak III, 3.01 ± 0.25 ms; peak IV, 4.22 ± 0.27 ms; and peak V, 5.55 ± 0.37 ms. Latency values were influenced by a number of nonpathologic factors, including stimulus intensity and the body temperature of the dog. As stimulus intensity was decreased, there was a lengthening of the latency of each peak coupled with a decrease in the overall amplitude of baer. Decreases in rectal temperature caused a similar lengthening of peak latencies. Age may have an influence on baer, but under the conditions of the present study, the effect was not significant.
Normal and paradoxical ventricular septal motion in the dog
Authors: DeMadron Eric , Bonagura John D. , O'Grady Michael R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Normal and paradoxical ventricular septal motions were studied in dogs, using M-mode and 2-dimensional echocardiography. Normal ventricular septal motion was evaluated, using 35 clinically healthy dogs (group I), and was compared with characteristics of septal motion measured in 12 dogs with right ventricular overload (group II) and 14 dogs with left-sided heart disease (group III). Normal ventricular septal motion consisted of a series of active and passive anterior (right cranial) and posterior (left caudal) movements that were subjectively evaluated and quantitated during segments of the cardiac cycle. Maximum excursion of the ventricular septum occurred during systole, was directed toward the left ventricle, and was related to body size. Determination of a normalized radius of septal curvature from analysis of 2-dimensional echocardiogram indicated that the septal arc formed part of a generally circular left ventricle in group I dogs. In contrast to these findings, group II dogs with right ventricular pressure and volume overloads exhibited reduced systolic septal excursion, diminished or flat septal motion, and paradoxical systolic septal motion. Normalized radius of septal curvature was significantly greater in group II dogs than in group I or group III dogs. Septal motion and radius of septal curvature in dogs comprising group III were not significantly different from normal during most phases of the cardiac cycle. Results of this study support the concept that septal motion is a reflection of overall left ventricular shape and that abnormalities in ventricular septal motion, namely flat or paradoxical septal motion, should cause the clinician to suspect right ventricular volume or pressure overload.
Familial canine dermatomyositis: Clinical, electrodiagnostic, and genetic studies
Authors: Haupt Kirk H. , Prieur David J. , Moore Michael P. , Hargis Ann M. , Hegreberg Gerald A. , Gavin Patrick R. , Johnson R. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three Collies with a skin disorder, 6 progeny from a breeding of 2 of the Collies (incross litter), and the 4 progeny from the breeding of an affected Collie male and a normal Labrador Retriever female (outcross litter) were examined. By 7 to 11 weeks of age, all 6 dogs in the incross litter developed a qualitatively similar, but variably severe, dermatitis of the ears, face, lips, tip of the tail, and over bony prominences of limbs, Later, myopathic signs characterized by bilaterally symmetrical skeletal muscle atrophy of the head, neck, trunk, and extremities; facial palsy; decreased jaw tone; stiff gait; and hyperreflexia were observed in the dogs more severely affected by the dermatitis. Of the 4 dogs in the outcross litter, 3 had similar, but milder, clinical manifestations of the dermatitis and myopathy.
Cutaneous lesions consisted of intraepidermal and subepidermal vesicles or pustules with intradermal infiltration by leukocytes. Muscle lesions included myositis; myofiber degeneration, regeneration, and atrophy; and fibrosis. A generalized myopathy in the severely affected dogs was indicated by abnormal readings on needle electromyograms and normal motor nerve conduction velocities. Spontaneous needle electromyogram abnormalities were fibrillation potentials, positive sharp waves, and bizarre high-frequency discharges. Retrospective and prospective genetic analyses disclosed a definite familial tendency and indicated the condition has an autosomal dominant component.
Phagocytic and killing capacities of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes from mares resistant and susceptible to chronic endometritis
Authors: Cheung Anthony T. W. , Liu Irwin K. M. , Walsh Erin M. , Miller Michael E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The host defense competence of uterine-derived polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmn) from mares considered resistant (grade I uteri) and susceptible (grade III uteri) to chronic endometritis was evaluated for phagocytic and killing (bactericidal) capacities, using a fluorochrome assay. Peripheral blood pmn from noncategorized mares and from grade I and grade III mares were used as controls.
Uterine-derived pmn from mares with grade I uteri were functionally competent for phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans, whereas uterine-derived pmn from mares with grade III uteri had significantly less phagocytic and killing capacities (P ≥ 0.0001).
Results of the present study, together with data obtained from chemotactic responsiveness and deformability assays of a previous study, indicated an overall deficiency in the host defense mechanism of uterine-derived pmn from mares with grade III uteri obtained 12 hours after induced Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection. This deficiency may account for the susceptibility of mares with grade III uteri to chronic endometritis.
Visceral analgesia: Effects of xylazine, butorphanol, meperidine, and pentazocine in horses
Authors: Muir W. W. , Robertson J. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The visceral analgesic, cardiorespiratory, and behavioral effects induced by xylazine, butorphanol, meperidine, and pentazocine were determined in 9 adult horses with colic. Colic was produced by inflating a balloon in the horses' cecum. Heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial blood pressure, and cardiac output increased after cecal balloon inflation. Xylazine and butorphanol decreased the hemodynamic response to cecal balloon inflation. Meperidine and pentazocine had minimal effects on the cardiorespiratory changes induced by cecal balloon inflation. Xylazine produced the most pronounced visceral analgesia. The duration of visceral analgesia was longest with xylazine (approx 90 minutes) followed by butorphanol (approx 60 min) and then by meperidine and pentazocine (approx 30 to 35 min). Accurate assessment of the effects of visceral analgesics is dependent upon the use of objective tests to evaluate pain.
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cephalothin in horse mares
Authors: Ruoff W. W. , Sams R. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cephalothin given to 6 horse mares at a dosage level of 11 mg/kg of body weight iv or im were investigated. The disposition of cephalothin given iv was characterized by a rapid disposition phase with a mean half-life of 2.89 minutes and a subsequent slower elimination phase with a mean half-life of only 14.7 minutes. The mean residence time of cephalothin was 10.6 ± 2.11 minutes. The total plasma clearance of cephalothin averaged 13.6 ml/mm/kg and was caused by metabolism and renal elimination. Renal clearance of cephalothin averaged 1.32 ml/min/kg and accounted for elimination of about 10.1% of the administered dose. The volume of distribution at steady state averaged 151 mg/kg. Plasma protein binding of cephalothin at a concentration of 10 µg/ml averaged 17.9 ± 2.5%.
Cephalothin was rapidly metabolized to desacetytcephalothin. Maximum plasma desacetylcephalothin concentrations were observed in the blood samples collected 5 minutes after iv doses and averaged 22.9 µg/ml. The apparent half-life of desacetylcephalothin in plasma was 41.6 minutes and its renal clearance averaged 4.49 ± 2.43 ml/min/kg. An average of 33.9% of the dose was recovered in the urine as desacetylcephalothin.
The maximum plasma cephalothin concentration after im administration was 11.3 ± 3.71 µg/ml. The terminal half-life was 47.0 minutes and was longer than the half-life after iv administration. The bioavailability of cephalothin given im ranged from 38.3% to 93.1% and averaged 65.0 ± 20.5%,
Campylobacter sputorum subsp mucosalis and Campylobacter hyointestinalis infections in the intestine of gnotobiotic pigs
Authors: Boosinger Timothy R. , Thacker H. Leon , Armstrong Charles H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
At 4 days of age, 7 gnotobiotic pigs were orally inoculated with broth cultures of both Campylobacter sputorum subsp mucosalis (csm) and Campylobacter hyointestinalis (ch). One pig was killed and evaluated each week for 7 weeks. Forty-eight hours after inoculation, ch and csm were recovered from the feces of the pigs; thereafter, only ch was recovered. Organisms morphologically typical of Campylobacter sp were observed on the mucosal surface and on the crypt epithelial cells of the ileum, cecum, and colon from post-inoculation weeks (piw) 2 through 7.
Bacteria were clustered around the surface opening of goblet cells in pigs at piw 6 and 7. Crypt epithelial cell proliferation and intracellular bacteria were not seen, except in 1 pig (killed at piw 7) in which intracellular bacteria were seen only in the cecum. Therefore, csm and ch did not induce porcine proliferative enteritis in gnotobiotic pigs.
Effect of intrauterine infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin in postpartum pony mares
Authors: Blanchard T. L. , Elmore R. G. , Kinden D. A. , Berg J. N. , Mollett T. A. , Garcia M. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Fifteen pony mares were assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups after foaling: Group 1, 35 ml of sterile saline solution was infused into the uterine lumen within 24 hours after parturition (6 mares); group 2, 300 mg of Escherichia coli endotoxin was infused into the uterine lumen within 24 hours after parturition (6 mares); and group 3, 300 mg of E coli endotoxin was infused into the uterine lumen between 72 and 96 hours after parturition (3 mares). Rectal temperatures were taken at −1, −0.5, 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours after treatment. Venous blood samples were also taken at these times for routine wbc counts. Data were analyzed as a repeated measurement design with linear and quadratic orthogonal contrasts performed where significant time and interaction with time occurred. Pretreatment averages of total wbc and neutrophil counts were compared with their nadir posttreatment averages by a t test when treatment-by-time interaction was significant for the parameter.
Rectal temperature (37.9 ± 0.1 C) remained stable and did not vary among treatment groups after intrauterine infusions. In contrast, total wbc and neutrophil counts did vary among treatment groups across time. However, for treatment groups 1 and 3, neither blood total wbc count nor neutrophil count after intrauterine infusions was different from pretreatment observations. In group 2, total wbc count decreased (P < 0.10) from a pretreatment average of 11.5 ± 0.4 × 103 cells/mm3 to a nadir concentration of 10.0 ± 0.6 × 103 cells/mm3 by 60 minutes after infusion of endotoxin into the uterus. Blood neutrophil count in group 2 decreased (P < 0.025) from a pretreatment average of 7.4 ± 0.4 × 103 cells/mm3 to 5.4 ± 0.6 × 103 cells/mm3 by 2 hours after treatment.
Endometrial biopsy samples were taken from 3 mares in each treatment group after the last blood samples were obtained. Biopsy samples were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The mucosal surfaces of endometria from all treatment groups remained intact and appeared cytologically normal with no indication of cellular damage or injury.
Efficacy of the tris-salt of 2[(methoxycarbonylamino)-[2-nitro-5-(n-propylthio) phenylimimo] methylamino] ethane sulfonic acid against inhibited larvae of Ostertagia ostertagi
Authors: Williams J. C. , Knox J. W. , Marbury K. S. , Kimball M. D. , Willis Ε. R. , Snider T. G. , Miller J. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The tris-salt of 2-[(methoxycarbonylamino) - [2-nitro-5-(n-propylthio) phenylimimo] methylamino] ethane sulfonic acid (mca) was evaluated against naturally acquired gastrointestinal parasitism in cattle during spring in Louisiana to determine efficacy of the compound against inhibited early 4th-stage larvae (EL4) of Ostertagia ostertagi. Forty-three crossbred yearling beef heifers were grazed together on contaminated pastures between Mar 1 and Apr 18, 1984. On April 17, 3 of the 43 heifers were slaughtered. Analysis of worm population characteristics in the 3 cattle indicated sufficient numbers of Ο ostertagi EL4, and other worm genera and species in these cattle to pursue a valid evaluation of the anthelmintic efficacy of mca. The remaining 40 heifers were removed from pasture on April 18. On April 24, they were allotted into 4 treatment groups (10/group) based on an equal distribution of body weights and on whether they were spring- or autumn-born cattle. On April 25, the cattle were treated as follows: group 1, nontreated controls; group 2, treated with mca at 7.5 mg/kg of body weight by oral drench; group 3, treated with mca at 15.0 mg/kg by oral drench; and group 4, treated with mca at 20.0 mg/kg by oral drench. The cattle were then confined in drylot pens until May 7. Similar numbers of cattle from each group were killed over a 3-day period from May 8 to May 10 (13 to 15 days after treatment). Mean numbers of Ο ostertagi recovered from nontreated controls were: adults, 8,279; developing 4th-stage larvae, 2,806; and inhibited EL4, 12,070. The mean percentage inhibition was 51.2%. Means for significant numbers of other parasite genera recovered from nontreated controls were: Trichostrongylus axei adults, 42,260; immature, 1,118; Haemonchus sp adults, 979; and Cooperia spp adults, 588. Percentage reduction of parasites at the 7.5, 15.0, and 20.0 mg/kg dosages were, respectively: Ο ostertagi adults, 94.9, 98.7, and 99.2; developing 4th-stage larvae, 83.3, 86.8, and 91.0; inhibited EL.,, 60.2, 74.7, and 81.5; T axei adults, 99.7, 99.9, and 99.8; immature, 100.0, 100.0, and 100.0; Haemonchus sp adults, 95.1, 100.0, and 100.0; and Cooperia spp adults, 89.5, 98.3, and 96.6. Variability of efficacy against Ο ostertagi-inhibited EL4 was observed at all dosages.
Haemophilus somnus: Investigations of its potential role in bovine mastitis
Authors: Hazlett Murray J. , Little Peter B. , Barnum Donald A. , Maxie M. Grant , Leslie Kenneth E. , Miller Richard B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Mammary glands of 6 lactating Holstein cows were inoculated with Haemophilus somnus strain 43826. Three cows developed chronic mastitis and shed bacteria for up to 1 year. Three cows developed acute gangrenous mastitis, with evidence of bacteremia and endotoxemia. Cows with gangrenous mastitis had lower somatic cell counts early after inoculation in affected quarter secretions compared with those in cows that developed chronic mastitis. Cows with gangrenous mastitis developed hypocalcemia, hypoalbuminemia, azotemia, hyperbilirubinemia, mildly increased serum aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase activity, and a marked neutropenia with a degenerative left shift. Histopathologic examination of gangrenous quarters revealed edema, necrosis, and vascular thrombosis with few inflammatory cells. A limited survey failed to recover H somnus from dairy cows with clinical mastitis or from mammary secretions from 41 beef cattle at an abattoir.
Switch hair as an indicator of magnesium and copper status of beef cows
Authors: Fisher D. D. , Wilson L. L. , Leach R. M. , Scholz R. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Samples of switch hair, blood, and urine were obtained periodically over 5.5 months from 11 Angus and 13 Angus-Charolais cows grazing either all-grass or grass-legume swards. Liver samples were obtained at the end of the study. Hair growth rate and mineral concentrations in switch hair (magnesium [Mg], copper [Cu]), blood serum (Mg, Cu), urine (Mg), and liver (Cu) were determined. Significant (P < 0.05) hair-growth rate differences were observed among sampling periods (daily X = 0.58 ± 0.01 mm), Angus black-pigmented switch hair contained more (P < 0.001) Mg than did the light-pigmented Angus-Charolais hair. The effect of season was observed on hair Mg and Cu and on serum Mg (P < 0.01). Serum and hair Mg concentration correlated in both breed groups after removal of individual cow treatment effects (Angus: r = 0.58, P < 0.001, n = 64; Angus-Charolais: r = 0.46, P < 0.001, n = 76). Likewise, urine Mg and hair Mg concentrations correlated (Angus: r = 0.35, P < 0.05, n - 53; Angus-Charolais; r = 0.26, P < 0.05, n = 63). Sward type had a pronounced effect on serum and urine Mg concentrations and a slight effect on hair Mg concentrations (P < 0.10) only during midsummer, Cattle with switch hair Mg values < 25 to 30 mg (light pigmentation) and 100 to 125 mg (black pigmentation)/kg of dry matter (dm) may be hypomagnesemic. Copper concentrations in the end segment of hair plucked in early spring correlated (r = 0.46, P < 0.05, n = 23) with Cu concentrations in serum obtained in the spring. The corresponding correlation of autumnal hair and serum Cu concentration was 0.54 (P < 0.01; n = 23). Copper concentrations in autumnal hair also correlated with liver Cu concentrations (r = 0.50, P < 0.05, n = 19). Overall mean serum Cu concentrations and individual Cu concentrations (autumnal serum) correlated with liver Cu concentrations (r = 0.48, P < 0.05, n = 20 and r = 0.45, P < 0.05, n = 20, respectively). Six cows with a mean liver Cu concentration of 28.5 ± 5.7 mg/kg of dm, indicating marginal deficiency, had serum and hair Cu concentrations of 0.66 ± 0.04 mg/L and 8.7 ± 0.4 mg/kg of dm, respectively. The end segment of hair (obtained on the previous sampling date) and the corresponding intermediate segment correlated 0.51 for Mg (P < 0.001, n = 89,) and 0.36 for Cu (P < 0.001, n = 79). Over 127 days (using paired-hair segments obtained on different dates), Mg concentrations increased near-linearly with time as a result of environmental contamination. Copper concentration did not increase noticeably until the 127th day.
Effectiveness of a slow-release, morantel tartrate anthelmintic bolus for controlling parasitic gastroenteritis in replacement dairy heifers
Authors: Gibbs H. C. , Kitsos A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two experiments were done to evaluate the effectiveness of a slow-release, morantel tartrate, anthelmintic bolus for controlling parasitic gastroenteritis in replacement dairy heifers. In experiment 1, good control of nematode contamination of pasture was indicated by lower worm burdens in tracer calves that grazed with 15 heifers treated orally with a single bolus and by significantly decreased numbers of nematode eggs in the feces of the 15 treated heifers, as compared with numbers of eggs in the feces of 15 nontreated control calves. Significant differences in weight gain were not seen between treated and nontreated heifers, probably due to low amounts of larval exposure, the small number of heifers evaluated, and parasitic resistance in the heifers, which may have developed as a result of prestudy exposure to contaminated pasture.
In experiment 2, done 1 year after the 1st experiment, using the same pastures that were used in experiment 1, young heifers were used. Many of the heifers were parasite naive at the beginning of the experiment (ie, nematode eggs were not found before the experiment). Treatment with the bolus was effective in controlling parasitic gastroenteritis in the heifers and in controlling nematode contamination of pasture. Compared with nontreated heifers, treated heifers had significantly higher cumulative weight gains, a significant decrease in plasma pepsinogen concentrations, and a significant decrease in worm egg excretion. The number of worms acquired by tracer calves that were grazed with treated heifers was significantly less than for tracer calves that were grazed with nontreated heifers.
Serotype-specific resistance to nasal colonization by Pasteurella haemolytica in cattle
Authors: Frank Glynn H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Vaccination of calves with a Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 antigen preparation elicited a serotype-specific inhibition of nasal colonization by P haemolytica under field conditions. Inhibition was evidenced by a low frequency of nasal colonizations and by relatively few P haemolytica serotype 1 organisms isolated from vaccinated calves. The study comprised 3 field trials, each on a separate year, and included 480 calves.
Effect of antibiotics and vehicles on bovine mammary polymorphonuclear leukocyte morphologic features, viability, and phagocytic activity in vitro
Authors: Nickerson Stephen C. , Paape Max J. , Dulin Ann M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of antibiotics and antibiotic vehicles on polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmnl) isolated from bovine mammary glands were studied in vitro. Amikacin, dicloxacillin, erythromycin, gentamicin, lincomycin, nitrofurantoin, novobiocin-penicillin, polymyxin B, rifampin, tetracycline, or tiamulin was added to culture medium at 1 mg/ml and chloramphenicol was added at 4 mg/ml. Drug concentrations were equivalent to those detected in milk immediately after injection into the mammary gland. Vehicles included mineral oil and peanut oil, each at a dilution of 1:100 in culture medium. The pmnl morphologic features, viability, and phagocytic activity were evaluated.
In comparison with the phosphate-buffered saline solution (pbss) control, significant (P < 0.05) alterations in normal cell morphologic features were observed in pmnl cultured with tetracycline, nitrofurantoin, erythromycin, polymyxin B, rifampin, novobiocin-penicillin, chloramphenicol, tiamulin, or peanut oil. Viabilities of pmnl cultured with chloramphenicol, novobiocin-penicillin, or tiamulin were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced when compared with those of pbss controls. Addition of Staphylococcus aureus to culture medium enhanced morphologic alterations and reduced viabilities of pmnl. Phagocytosis of S aureus by pmnl was significantly (P < 0.05) depressed in medium containing novobiocin-penicillin, amikacin, rifampin, chloramphenicol, tiamulin, or peanut oil in comparison with that of pmnl incubated in pbss.
Kidney graft survival in transfused and nontransfused sibling Beagle dogs
Authors: Finco Delmar R. , Rawlings Clarence A. , Barsanti Jeanne A. , Crowell Wayne A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In 6 pairs of sibling Beagle dogs, 1 kidney was exchanged between pairs, and contralateral nephrectomy was done. Previously, one dog of each pair was given blood transfusions from the donor of its allograft. All dogs were given azathioprine and prednisone postoperatively for immunosuppression. Four of 6 dogs given pretransplantation transfusions were healthy 1 year after surgical manipulation was done, and 2 died for reasons other than graft rejection. Of the 6 dogs that were not given pre-transplantation transfusions, 3 were healthy after 1 year, but 2 were euthanatized because of graft rejection, and the last was euthanatized because of both graft rejection and intussusception.
Other complications in these dogs were leukopenia (7 dogs), interdigital abscesses (2 dogs), urinary infection (3 dogs), and renal vein thrombosis (1 dog).
Considering the lack of alternative methods for effective therapy for chronic renal failure in dogs, results of this study seem encouraging for selective use of renal transplantation, clinically. This study supports previous reports which indicated that pretransplantation transfusion enhanced graft survival in dogs.