bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crease Stiffness and Panel Compliance of Carton Folds and Their Integration in Modelling
Authors: Cannella F , Dai J S 
Published: August 2006

This paper investigates the stiffness characteristics of creases and panels of a carton, and their integrated effect on the carton during folding and manipulation in packaging, reveals the resistive moment resulting from carton creases and identifies the force required for folding cartons. The study starts from the residual moment of carton creases and its effects on carton panels when erecting a carton section. By characterizing stiffness of both creases and panels, an analytical model is developed and compared with numerical results from finite-element analysis. The study then extends to a whole carton with a crush-lock closure base. By modelling the base as a four-bar mechanism with guiding linkages, a kinematic model of the carton is established and the residual moment and forces are obtained. The paper further reveals the carton elasticity property and the non-linearity deformation that contributes to modelling in a case study.
Qualitative Analysis of Complex Modularized Fault Trees Using Binary Decision Diagrams
Authors: Remenyte R , Andrews J. D. 
Published: August 2006

Fault tree analysis is commonly used in the reliability assessment of industrial systems. When complex systems are studied conventional methods can become computationally intensive and require the use of approximations. This leads to inaccuracies in evaluating system reliability. To overcome such disadvantages, the binary decision diagram (BDD) method has been developed. This method improves accuracy and efficiency, because the exact solutions can be calculated without the requirement to calculate minimal cut sets as an intermediate phase. Minimal cut sets can be obtained if needed. BDDs are already proving to be of considerable use in system reliability analysis. However, the difficulty is with the conversion process of the fault tree to the BDD. The ordering of the basic events can have a crucial effect on the size of the final BDD, and previous research has failed to identify an optimum scheme for producing BDDs for all fault trees. This paper presents an extended strategy for the analysis of complex fault trees. The method utilizes simplification rules that are applied to the fault tree to reduce it to a series of smaller subtrees whose solution is equivalent to the original fault tree. The smaller subtree units are less sensitive to the basic event ordering during BDD conversion. BDDs are constructed for every subtree. Qualitative analysis is performed on the set of BDDs to obtain the minimal cut sets for the original top event. It is shown how to extract the minimal cut sets from complex and modular events in order to obtain the minimal cut sets of the original fault tree in terms of basic events.
Failure Bunching Phenomena in Electric Power Transmission Systems
Authors: Billinton R , Singh G , Acharya J 
Published: August 2006

The physical environment in which a component resides can have a significant effect on the resulting reliability of the system. This is particularly true in electric power systems containing overhead transmission lines. Extreme weather conditions can create significant increases in transmission element stress levels leading to sharp increases in the component failure rates. The phenomenon of increased transmission line failures during bad weather is generally referred to as ‘failure bunching’. This condition should not be misconstrued as a common mode failure. This is an entirely different phenomenon and one that is important for multi-circuit transmission lines on single tower structures. This paper illustrates the inclusion of weather conditions in the reliability analysis of parallel redundant systems. A series of weather models are presented with application to electric transmission lines. The reliability effects of incorporating common mode failures in multi-circuit tower structures and independent events incorporating normal, adverse, and major adverse weather considerations in separated parallel line configurations are illustrated and examined. The applications described in this paper are to electric power transmission lines. The concepts of stress related failure bunching and common mode failures are, however, applicable to a wide range of engineering systems.
Synthetic Photochemistry. LVIII. Intramolecular Photocycloaddition of 2-Alkenyl-6-methyl-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-ones
Authors: Takeshita Hitoshi , Cui Ying-She , Kato Nobuo , Mori Akira , Nagano Yoshiaki 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
2-Alkenyl-6-methyl-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-ones, adducts of diketene to alkenals or alkenones, are useful synthons which are applicable to photocycloadditions to construct multiply-functionalized alicyclic compounds via stereoselective intramolecular path. Some of the cage-shaped photoproducts showed extraordinary spectroscopic features.
Modification of α-Chymotrypsin by Bromomethyl Naphthyl Ketones and Behavior of Reporter Groups in the Active Site
Authors: Sakurai Tadamitsu , Kageyama Akihide , Hayashi Hisayoshi , Inoue Hiroyasu 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The reaction of α-chymotrypsin (ChT) with bromomethyl 1-naphthyl ketone (1-BNK) or with bromomethyl 2-naphthyl ketone (2-BNK) took place at the active site causing inactivation of the enzyme according to second-order kinetics. In addition to this finding, a comparison of the absorption spectrum of 2-BNK-modified ChT (2-BNK–ChT) with those of native ChT and the model dimethyl(2-naphthoylmethyl)sulfonium bromide (2-NSS) at low pH revealed that the alkylating agent, BNK, reacts with methionine-192 on ChT in a 1 : 1 stoichiometric ratio. Evidence for the existence of BNK-derived reporter groups at the enzyme active site came from the observation of (1) positive induced circular dichroism bands of these groups and of (2) pronounced absorption spectral changes of the 2-BNK–derived pendant on denaturation of the alkylated enzyme with guanidine hydrochloride at pH 7.0. From the pH dependence of the absorption spectra of the modified enzymes and the model sulfonium salts, we determined the pKa values of 1-BNK–ChT, 1-NSS, 2-BNK–ChT, and 2-NSS to be 6.6, 7.5, 5.2, and 8.4 at 25 ± 1 °C, respectively. The much larger difference in pKa between 2-BNK–ChT and 2-NSS (ΔpKa = 3.2) compared with that between 1-BNK–ChT and 1-NSS (ΔpKa = 0.9) was explained in terms of stabilization of the 2-BNK-derived ylide pendant due to a configurationally rigid hydrogen-bonding interaction between the ylide carbonyl oxygen atom with a negative charge and the serine hydroxyl group located near the substrate binding site of ChT. Supporting evidence for this interpretation was obtained from solvent effects on the absorption spectra of model compounds as well as pH effects on the remaining activity of the alkylated enzymes.
Effects of Alcoholic Solvents on the Formation of Cyclohexanones in the Hydrogenation of Phenols over Pd–C Catalysts
Authors: Higashijima Michio , Nishimura Shigeo 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The catalytic hydrogenation of phenol and cresols (methylphenols) with commercial Pd on active carbon (Pd–C) and acid-treated Pd–C (Pd–C–A) has been studied kinetically in t-pentyl alcohol (t-PeOH) and cyclohexane as solvents under 5.0 MPa hydrogen pressure at 120 °C. With both of the catalysts the maximum yields of the cyclohexanone intermediates as well as the hydrogenation rates of the phenols decreased markedly in t-PeOH, compared with hydrogenation in cyclohexane. With Pd–C–A in t-PeOH the decrease in the yields of cyclo-hexanone intermediates was shown to be due only to the increase in the relative reactivity of the cyclohexanones to phenols (K). On the other hand, with Pd–C the marked decreases were attributed not only to the increases in the values of K but also to the decreases in the selectivity for the formation of the ketone intermediates (f). The rates decreased in the order phenol &gt; m- &gt; p- &gt; o-cresol, irrespective of the catalysts and solvents. The relative reactivities and strengths of the adsorption of phenol to isomeric cresols were evaluated by both individual and competitive hydrogenation. It is suggested that the phenols are adsorbed on the catalysts both at the benzene nucleus and the hydroxyl group, and that the remarkable effects of alcoholic solvents over basic Pd–C result from the interaction of the hydroxyl groups as phenoxide ions with alcoholic solvents which may weaken adsorption at the phenoxide ions.
Infrared Spectroscopic Observation of Adsorbed CO Intermediately Formed in the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 at a Nickel Electrode
Authors: Hori Yoshio , Koga Osamu , Aramata Akiko , Enyo Michio 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
A nickel electrode surface during electroreduction of CO2 in phosphate buffer solution was studied by in situ infrared spectroscopy. SNIFTIRS (subtractively normalized interfacial Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) technique showed the presence of adsorbed CO on the electrode surface between −0.4 and −0.8 V vs. NHE in CO saturated solution. The adsorbed CO was bonded to the electrode in linear and bridged fashions. Linear and bridged adsorbed CO molecules were also detected on the electrode during the electroreduction of CO2. Linear CO disappeared at relatively negative potential (−0.8 V). Since the reduction of adsorbed CO proceeds below −1.0 V, the electroactive species in the reduction of CO is presumed to be bridged type CO.
Reactions of Hydridoruthenium(II) Complexes with Alkyl Allylic Sulfides
Authors: Hiraki Katsuma , Fuchita Yoshio , Kawabata Hirosuke , Iwamoto Koji , Yoshimura Takashi , Kawano Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
[RuClH(CO)(PPh3)3] (1) reacted with alkyl allyl sulfides at 10–25 °C to give insertion products, [Ru(CH2CH2CH2SR)Cl(CO)(PPh3)2] (R = CH3, 2; R = CH2C6H5, 3; and R = CH2CH=CH2, 4). Complexes 2–4 exhibited temperature-dependent NMR spectra above −40 °C, indicating that rapid exchange occurred between two structural isomers owing to inversion of the alkyl group upon the coordinated sulfur stom. Upon heating at 67 °C, 2 was converted into a binuclear complex, [Ru2(μ-Cl)Cl(μ-H)(μ-SCH3)(CO)2(PPh3)3], evolving propylene. Complex [RuClH(CO)(dppe)(PPh3)] (7) [dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane] reacted with allyl methyl sulfide at 110 °C to afford [Ru2Cl2(μ-SMe)2(CO)2(dppe)2] (8), evolving propylene.
X-Ray Structure and Conformational Analyses of Cobalt(III) Complexes Containing 1,3-Propanediamine and 1,4-Butanediamine
Authors: Kurachi Saeko , Ohba Shigeru 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Crystal structures of octahedral cobalt(III) complexes containing diamines, NH2 (CH2)n NH2 with n = 3 or 4 (abbreviations are tn and tmd, respectively), were determined by X-ray analysis. In crystals of [Co(tn)(tmd)2] Cl3, (1), the tn chelate ring takes skew-boat form, and the conformation of the complex is lel lel2. In crystals of [Co(tn)2(tmd)]Br3·2.7H2O, (2), both two independent complex cations take syn-chair2 lel configuration. Molecular mechanics calculation indicated that the six-membered tn chelate ring may take skew-boat form in a crowded system to reduce the steric repulsions between the chelate rings, although the tn chelate ring originally prefers the chair form.
Lanthanoids in Organic Synthesis. I. The Novel Reduction of Carboxylic Acids with Samarium Diiodide-Base System
Authors: Kamochi Yasuko , Kudo Tadahiro 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids were rapidly reduced with samarium diiodide by the addition of base in the presence of protic solvent at room temperature to the corresponding alcohols. Sodium benzoate was similarly reduced with samarium diiodide in the presence of H2O in a good yield. In the similar reactions of benzoic acid derivatives bearing carboxyl, formyl, carbamoyl, methoxyl, and chloro groups, these functional groups were also reduced to the corresponding alcohol or amine derivatives. Interestingly, the carboxyl and formyl groups of benzoic acids were partly reduced into the methyl group.
Protein Synthesis Using S-Alkyl Thioester of Partially Protected Peptide Segments. Synthesis of DNA-Binding Protein of Bacillus stearothermophilus
Authors: Hojo Hironobu , Aimoto Saburo 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Using partially protected peptide thioesters as building blocks, we synthesized HU-type DNA-binding protein of Bacillus stearothermophilus. Four peptide segments, Boc–[Lys(Boc)3]–HBs(1–15)–SCH2CH2CONH2, iNoc–[Lys(Boc)18,19,23,38]–HBs(16–39)–SCH2CH2CONH2, iNoc–[Lys(Boc)41,59]–HBs(40–60)–SCH2CH2CONH2, [Lys(Boc)75,80,83,86,90]–HBs(61–90) were prepared using peptides obtained by a solid-phase method. A partially protected peptide thioester was condensed to a peptide with a free amino group by converting the thioester to the corresponding active ester in the presence of silver ions and N-hydroxysuccinimide. Finally, highly pure synthetic HBs(1–90) was obtained.
Titanium(III) Chloride Mediated Reduction of Dicyanoalkenes
Authors: Sera Akira , Tsuzuki Toshihiro , Satoh Eishi , Itoh Kuniaki 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The reaction of substituted dicyanoalkenes with aqueous titanium(III) chloride was examined. The dicyanoalkenes, which showed irreversible reduction characteristics on cyclic voltammograms, (typically, 2-cyano-3-phenylpropenenitrile), afforded cyclized and/or uncyclized hydrodimers, while those characterized by reversible reduction behavior, (typically, 2-cyano-3,3-diphenylpropenenitrile), yielded the corresponding saturated dinitriles. The reduction mechanism has been rationalized by taking account of the electron transfer from the Ti(III) species to the dicyanoalkenes, followed by protonation, or dimerization and cyclization.
The Substituent Effects on Solvolyses of thero-2-Aryl-1-methylpropyl Brosylates
Authors: Fujio Mizue , Goto Naomi , Dairokuno Tetsuro , Goto Mutsuo , Saeki Yoshihiro , Okusako Yoshimi , Tsuno Yuho 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The solvolysis rates of threo-2-aryl-1-methylpropyl brosylates were determined for a series of substituents in acetic acid and 80% aq ethanol. The nonlinear substituent effect on the total rate was dissected with excellent precision into two linear LArSR relationships, each for the aryl-assisted (FkΔ) and unassisted (ks) processes. The use of the Brown σ+ for the dissection of the kΔ-correlation of this system failed to give any satisfactory results. The intermediate resonance demand of the kΔ solvolyses must be far beyond the scope of the Brown σ+ treatment with a fixed resonance demand of unity. The ρΔ and rΔ values for the kΔ process of thero-2-aryl-1-methylpropyl solvolysis were given to be −3.36 and 0.56 in AcOH, and −3.71 and 0.54 in 80% aq EtOH, respectively; they were identical to those for other aryl-assisted solvolyses, such as the neophyl system. Regardless of the structures of the reaction site, the resonance demands of β-aryl-assisted solvolysis of an identical mechanism all fall within a narrow range of 0.5–0.6 in the r scale of the continuous spectrum of resonance demands in aryl-conjugating carbocation solvolyses. The resonance demand of the aryl-assisted kΔ mechanism can be characterized in terms of this intermediate r value.
Epimerization of Chlorophyll Derivatives. V. Effects of the Central Magnesium and Ring Substituents on the Epimerization of Chlorophyll Derivatives
Authors: Mazaki Hitoshi , Watanabe Tadashi , Takahashi Terumi , Struck Andreas , Scheer Hugo 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Kinetic and equilibrium features of the epimerization in six C132-epimer pairs of chlorophyllous pigments, namely chlorophyll (Chl) a/a′, Chl b/b′, pheophytin (Pheo) a/a′, Pheo b/b′, C20-chlorinated Chl (Cl–Chl) a/a′, and Cl–Pheo a/a′, catalyzed by bases (triethylamine, pyrrolidine, and piperidine) and by Lewis acids (magnesium acetylacetonate and magnesium chloride), have been studied in diethyl ether and methanol. A significant difference was noted in the epimerization rate and equilibrium epimeric composition among the pigment systems. The difference in the rate constants was rationalized in terms of the ease in C132-proton detachment, affected by the ring π-electron density which in turn depends on the electron donation or withdrawal by the central metal and/or ring substituents. For Lewis acid-catalysis, a dominant factor appears to be the stabilization of the C131-enolate anion via formation of a loose complex with extraneous Mg2+. A synergistic action of a base (triethylamine) and a Lewis acid (Mg2+) was observed for the epimerization or enolization of Pheo a/a′ in methanol.
Orientations of a Nematic Liquid Crystal in Sandwich-Type Cells Studied by Polarized Electronic Absorption Spectra
Authors: Kobayashi Michio , Kato Yoshinori , Koma Norio , Taki Naobumi , Maruyama Kazunori , Tanizaki Yoshie 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Polarized electronic absorption spectra of a nematic liquid crystal (4-butyl-4′-ethoxyazobenzene, BEAB) were measured in sandwich-type cells to which no rubbing treatment was applied. These polarized spectra were utilized to evaluate the mean squares of the direction cosines of the transition moment, those of the molecular orientation axis, and the three-dimensional absorption components as a function of the cell gap. It has been shown that the inclinations of the transition moment for the 354 nm band (long-axis polarized) and the molecular orientation axis to the cell plane increase with the decrease in the cell gap while the absorption component for the 354 nm band normal to the cell plane decreases. These observations provide a quantitative support for the molecular orientation model proposed previously that the molecular long axis tends to be oriented parallel to the cell plane in the interface region and perpendicular in the bulk region. The thickness of the interface region has been estimated to be about 0.02 μm by a model calculation based on a discrete model for the orientation of the BEAB molecules in the cell.
Solvent Effects on the Formation and Decay of Ionic Intermediates for the Photoreduction of Anthraquinone by Triethylamine in Ethanol, Toluene, and Acetonitrile at Room Temperature
Authors: Hamanoue Kumao , Nakayama Toshihiro , Sasaki Hideyuki , Ikenaga Koichiro , Ibuki Kazuyasu 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
In toluene and ethanol containing triethylamine (TEA), a reaction of the lowest excited triplet state [3AQ(T1)] of anthraquinone (AQ) with ground-state TEA gave rise to the formation of an exciplex [3(AQ–TEA)*] which converted into a contact ion pair between the AQ radical anion (AQ−·) and the TEA radical cation (TEA+·). By an intramolecular proton transfer, this contact ion pair yielded anthrasemiquinone radical followed by the formation of 9,10-anthracenediol (AQH2); in ethanol, the monoanion (AQH−) of AQH2 was also produced. In ethanol/TEA, moreover, not only the decay rate constant of 3(AQ–TEA)* but also the quantum yield for the photoreduction of AQ were affected by the change of TEA concentration. This was interpreted in terms of the existence of a rapid interconversion between 3(AQ–TEA)* and atriplex [3(AQ–TEA2)*] of 3AQ(T1) with ground-state TEA. In contrast to the exciplex formation in ethanol and toluene, free AQ−· (and TEA+·) and 3(AQ–TEA)* [or a contact (or solvent-separated) ion pair between AQ−· and TEA+·] were produced in acetonitrile via the second and lowest excited triplet states of AQ, respectively: In the submicrosecond time regime, 3(AQ–TEA)* or the contact (or solvent-separated) ion pair dissociated into the radical ions (AQ−· and TEA+·) followed by their second-order reaction yielding finally AQH2 and AQH−.
Preparation of 1,4-Dienes from 2-(2-Hydroxyalkylseleno)benzothiazoles by the Reaction Involving Se → O Azaaromatic Ring Rearrangement
Authors: Shibata Koichi , Mitsunobu Oyo 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The reactions of 2-(2-oxoalkylseleno)benzothiazoles with allylic Grignard reagents in the presence of BF3·OEt2 gave the corresponding 2-[(2-alkyl-2-hydroxy-4-pententyl or 2-alkyl-2-hydroxy-4-methyl-4-pentenyl)seleno]benzothiazoles which, on treatment with Ph3P and NaH, afforded 1,4-dienes in good to excellent yields.
Triplet Sensitized Quadricyclane-Norbornadiene Valence Isomerization of Methyl 5-(4-Biphenylyl)tetracyclo[3.2.0.2,70.4,6] heptane-1-carboxylate
Authors: Nakabayashi Kenichi , Takamuku Setsuo 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The mechanism of valence isomerization between methyl 5-(4-biphenylyl) tetracyclo [3.2.0.2,70.4,6] heptane-1-carboxylate (1) and methyl 3-(4-biphenylyl)bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene-2-carboxylate (2) under the triplet sensitization in benzene was studied by γ-radiolysis and pulse radiolysis. As an intermediate for the isomerization, an equilibrium state between a 1,3-biradical intermediate and a triplet state with the structure of norbornadiene has been estimated. The triplet energy levels of 1 and 2 were determined to be 59 and 57 kcal mol−1, respectively. The energy difference between the ground states of 1 and 2 was determined to be 18 kcal mol−1.
The Crystal Structure of Tetraethylene Glycol Complex of Sodium Tetraphenylborate
Authors: Ueda Takahiro , Nakamura Nobuo 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The crystal of 2,2′-[oxybis(ethyleneoxy)] diethanol (tetraethylene glycol or TEG) complex of sodium tetraphenylborate, [Na(C8H18O5)]B(C6H5)4, is triclinic, Pl, with the unit cell dimensions: a = 1.1730 (2), b = 1.3212 (3), c = 1.1408 (2) nm, α = 108.83 (1), β = 112.40 (1), and γ = 67.42° (2), Z = 2. This compound contains binucear metal complex, ion, [Na(C8H18O5)]22+ The sodium ion is coordinated highly asymmetrically by six oxygens in two TEG.
Noncatalyzed Conjugate Addition Reaction of Alkylaluminum Compounds to 5-Methylene-2,4-imidazolidinedione Derivative
Authors: Sankhavasi Wongsiri , Kishikawa Keiki , Kohmoto Shigeo , Yamamoto Makoto , Yamada Kazutoshi 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
A noncatalyzed conjugate addition reaction of alkylaluminium compounds to 1,3-dibenzyl-5-methylene-2,4-imidazolidinedione 1 led to the exclusive formation of single and double conjugate adducts (2 and 3, respectively). The ratio of 2 : 3 depended on the reaction temperature and the concentration of 1.
Electroreductive Deoxygenation of Methanesulfonates of α-Hydroxy Esters via a Catalytic Selenation–Deselenation Sequence
Authors: Inokuchi Tsutomu , Sugimoto Tatsuya , Kusumoto Masahiko , Torii Sigeru 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The methanesulfonates of α-hydroxy esters were converted to the corresponding deoxygenated esters in 70–88% yields by the indirect electrolysis with diphenyl diselenide as a recyclable reagent in a divided cell. This deoxygenation method may involve the formation of α-phenylselenoester by replacement of α-methylsulfonyloxyl group with phenylselenide anion followed by capture of the α-phenylseleno group with phenylselenide anion.
A New Synthetic Method for α-Oxo-β,γ-unsaturated Esters
Authors: Sugimura Hideyuki , Yoshida Kazuhiro 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
α-Oxo-β,γ-unsaturated esters have been prepared in moderate to good yields via a two-step procedure consisting of the boron trifluoride-promoted reaction of 2-(trimethylsiloxy)acrylic esters with acetals, followed by treatment with silica gel in benzene under reflux.
Pheophytinization of Eight Chlorophyll Derivatives in Aqueous Acetone
Authors: Mazaki Hitoshi , Watanabe Tadashi , Takahashi Terumi , Struck Andreas , Scheer Hugo 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
A significant difference in the pheophytinization rates among four C132-epimer pairs of chlorophylls is explained in terms of the inductive effects of ring substituents, and/or a strain at the macrocycle core due to the C132 stereochemistry. The rate-determining step appears to involve two protons at high [H+] and one proton at low [H+].