bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the fatty acid composition of crayfish lipids
Authors: Wolfe D. A. , Rao P. Venkata , Cornwell D. G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of carcass and exoskeleton lipids was determined for the freshwater crayfishOrconectes rusticus. Lipid fractions were isolated by column and thin‐layer chromatography. Fatty acid methyl esters and alcohol acetates were then prepared and analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography. Peak identities were established from retention time data for methyl esters, hydrogenated methyl esters, and saturated, monoene, diene, and polyene methyl esters separated as acetoxy‐mercuri‐methoxy derivatives. Minor component acids were estimated from their relative compositions in these fractions.
Optical brighteners as detergent additives
Authors: Stensby Per S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLaundering with brightener‐free detergents generally restores, but does not improve, the initial whiteness of soiled white fabrics. Optical brighteners are needed to increase the total spectral radiance, which normally results in better whiteness and an impression of superior cleanliness. Today's quality detergents therefore contain optical brighteners, often at levels higher than 0.5%. The outlay for brightener at this level represents a significant portion of the total raw‐material cost. Proper evaluation and selection of brightener systems (1–5) is therefore important. Selection is related to detergent type, laundry habits, fiber content of the wash load, the hue of white preferred by housewives, and other factors. These factors tend to change. For example, in recent years, cold‐water washing has become more popular in the United States; the capacity of washing machines has increased; bleach dispensers have been added; more polyamide and polyester, resin‐treated cotton and blended fabrics have been introduced; and improved surfactant/builder systems have been developed for detergents. New brightener systems have, of necessity, been adopted. Changes will no doubt continue. The detergent industry will consider these changes carefully and will have to update brightener systems to comply with the new conditions.
Hydrogenation of triglycerides containing linolenic acids. I. Calculation of selectivity
Authors: Schmidt H. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA simple graphic method is presented for the determination of selectivity direct from the analytical data before and after hydrogenation of fatty oils. For the technically important hydrogenation of soybean oil, where trienoates are to be hydrogenated preferentially, a graph for the determination of the linolenate selectivity ratio was prepared.It is shown by a generally valid mathematical derivation that it is possible in the hydrogenation of triglycerides containing linolenate to calculate the selectivity ratios in a relatively simple manner by eliminating the reaction time. As a result, one obtains a relationship between the initial and final concentrations of monoenoate, dienoate, and trienoate and the selectivity ratios. The exact calculation of such graphs as well as the exact determination of the selectivity ratios require no computer.
Automated refractive index measurement of catalyst‐laden edible oils undergoing partial hydrogenation
Authors: Cole Charles F. , Hill Glen M. , Adams Alois J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA planar optical waveguide, excited by monochromatic light, becomes a sensor for measuring the refractive index (RI) of edible oils. RI is commonly used to determine iodine value (IV). This process sensor operates in the presence of nickel catalyst and diatomaceous earth (DE) powders. An on‐line refractometer system, incorporating this sensor, demonstrates an accuracy of ±0.0001 RI units (RIU). Resolution is 0.00001 RIU. The waveguide refractometer is based on a loss in light transmission due to a temperature‐induced matching of waveguide and oil RIs. An algorithm adjusts the RI to conform to the temperature and wavelength as specified in AOCS Method Cc 7–25 (Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists' Society, edited by D. Firestone, American Oil Chemists' Society, Champaign, 1989), the accepted procedure for RI measurement with an Abbé refractometer. The theory, construction and performance characteristics of a prototype waveguide refractometer are described. Samples of partially hydrogenated soybean oils (IV ranges=106–75) are first examined with the Abbé refractometer, then tested in the prototype waveguide refractometer. Catalyst and DE are subsequently added to each sample, and RI data are taken again with the waveguide refractometer. Results confirm the instrument's ±0.0001 RIU accuracy and its immunity to interference from catalyst and DE. Real‐time operation holds promise for automatic control, improved production efficiency, and better batch‐to‐batch consistency of the hydrogenation process.
Present and future position of coconut oil in world supply and trade
Authors: Ignacio L. F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCoconut oil will remain available in quantities enough to meet the needs of industrial, institutional and household consumers in market countries at least throughout this century. Principal producing countries have restructured their domestic consumption formulations to make this commodity available to its users at more steady supply levels. This is being coupled by rejuvenation of tree stands, productivity measures and expanded hectarage. At the same time, parallel sources of similar oils are being explored in coconut‐producing countries like Papua, New Guinea, which now is a coconut and palm oil supplier nation.
Treatment of empty fruit bunches for recovery of residual oil and additional steam production
Authors: Jorgensen H. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe fiber and shells in fresh fruit bunches (FFB) are important as fuel in a standard palm oil milling process, with the empty bunches being incinerated or mulched for fertilizer application to oil palms. However, dewatering the empty bunches in an additional pressing station can substantially enhance the available energy. Recovery of residual oil which results from the pressing of the empty bunches is an attractive economic proposition in itself, especially with the change in the composition of the fresh fruit bunches as a result of the introduction of the weevil. The resultant fibrous material serves as valuable fuel for steam generation which can be profitably used for further downstream processing, especially where a refinery is located near a palm oil mill.
Chemistry of refining
Authors: Swoboda P. A. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractProcessing practices are reviewed, discussing the chemistry involved. Refining is a process of purification. Both the individual unit operations and the whole integrated process are considered. Efficiency of the physical and the alkaline refining procedures as practiced in Malaysia are compared. Palm oil is unique in being a fruit flesh oil and not a seed oil. The crude oil is produced at the oil mill by cooking, pressing and clarification. Quality of the crude affects the efficiency of refining and thus the quality of the fully processed product. Moreover, after fractionation problems can arise in refining of crude stearin. Recent research into the nature of the minor and trace constituents of crude palm oil is described. Their partition during fractionation and removal during the purification process of refining are important. Some chemical artifacts that can be formed during processing are discussed. Certain findings of the research laboratory are confirmed by actual commercial operations. Unique product specifications mean that both feedstock quality and refinery operation need to be controlled. Efficient optimization of processing requires a better understanding of the chemistry involved. Alternative purification procedures specifically relevant to palm oil are being investigated in the laboratory.
Processing for industrial fatty acids ‐ II
Authors: Ooi Suan Lin , Pee Ho Kee 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFatty acids are produced industrially from tallow, palm oil, palm stearin, palm kernel oil and coconut oil. The current and future supply situations of these raw materials and market economics favor palm stearin and palm kernel oil as major raw materials for fatty acids. The Malaysian oleochemical industry has adopted high‐temperature and high‐pressure “splitting” of triglycerides. Variations in product yields occurring in the processing of tallow and palm stearin and of coconut oil and palm kernel oil are indicated. Developments on the enzymic hydrolysis of triglycerides to fatty acids have been made, particularly in Japan. Enzymic hydrolysis at low temperature has the advantage of energy conservation compared to the high‐temperature and pressure‐splitting process. But enzymic hydrolysis is only applicable to triglycerides of low titre, such as palm kernel oil.
Precipitation of anionic surfactants in the presence of sodium oleate and calcium ions
Authors: Das S. , Nayyar N. , Bhirud R. G. , Narayan K. S. , Kumar V. V. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPrecipitation of anionic surfactants, linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) and alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS), by calcium ions was studied in the presence of sodium oleate. Lather stability was determined by the Ross‐Miles method, precipitation was followed by measuring the optical density (OD), and equilibrium surface tension (EST) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to characterize the nature of the precipitate formed. For the 5 mM LAS‐0.7 mM oleate system, lather was unstable, and the OD was high in the 2–5°FH region of calcium hardness, while at higher calcium hardness levels, lather was stable and the turbidity of solutions decreased. On the other hand, in the 5 mM AOS‐0.7 mM oleate system, lather was unstable throughout the calcium hardness region studied (0–20°FH). Also, the turbidity build‐up was much higher in the AOS system than in the LAS system. Analysis of the precipitates formed in these systems by FTIR spectroscopy indicated that the precipitate from the AOS system had an additional band at 1190 cm−1, corresponding to the sulfonate group. These results, together with the EST data, confirm that the precipitate formed in the LAS system between 2–5°FH calcium is calcium oleate, and that formed in the AOS system is likely to be calcium (AOS) oleate. It is tempting to hypothesize that the similarity of AOS and oleate in chainlength could be responsible for the coprecipitation of AOS and oleate with calcium, whereas LAS, which has a larger headgroup with a benzene ring and two smaller chains (average length is C8) is unlikely to precipitate with the oleate.
Polymer/surfactant interaction—Its relevance to detergent systems
Authors: Goddard E. D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe field of polymer/surfactant interaction is reviewed in this work. Results from two investigative methods,viz., dialysis and surface tension, are discussed, illustrating the main behavioral patterns and outlining the principles of the interactions. Next, aspects of the interaction phenomena that appear to have relevance to detergent formulation are presented. These include solution rheology, solubility control and surface conditioning. Lastly, the importance of surface activity of the polymer itself is stressed, culminating in a discussion of the properties of hydrophobically modified water‐soluble polymers (“polymeric surfactants”), both alone and in the presence of conventional surfactants.
A quantitative study of factors that influence the substantivity of fragrance chemicals on laundered and dried fabrics
Authors: Escher Sina D. , Oliveros Esther 
Published: January 2007

AbstractModel investigations of physicochemical aspects of the substantivity of fragrance raw materials on laundered fabrics were performed. The overall process was divided into two consecutive steps, laundry and dryout, which were characterized by affinity and tenacity, respectively. The affinities of fifteen fragrance raw materials to cotton and polyacrylonitrile were measured in standard fabric softener and detergent solutions. Affinities correlated with the corresponding partition coefficient, P(o/w). To study the impact of parameters independent of the chemical structure of the fragrance molecules, 1‐[3H]‐3‐methyl‐5‐phenylpentanol (phenylhexanol) was selected, and aqueous solutions of defined anionic, nonionic and cationic surfactants were used as model detergent and fabric softener media. A sequence of experiments, based on the fractional factorial design, was planted for quantifying the relative contribution on substantivity of a number of variables: the concentration of the fragrance chemical, the type and concentration of the surfactants, the type and weight of the fabrics (cotton or polyacrylonitrile) and the washing temperature in the case of cotton. The affinity that characterizes the washing process depends mainly on the type of fabric and the type of surfactant and, to a lesser extent, on the surfactant concentration and the temperature. Anionic and nonionic surfactants, the main components of detergent powders, behave similarly, whereas the combination of cationic surfactant with cotton markedly enhances the affinity. For phenylhexanol, the tenacity after dryout is largely controlled by the type of fabric. The role of fiber swelling is discussed. The substantivity, which represents the global effect of laundering and dryout, shows the same trend as the affinity. The complexity of the physicochemical phenomena involved is highlighted by the importance of the interactions between the main contributing factors.
Flavor stability of soybean oil based on induction periods for the formation of volatile compounds by gas chromatography
Authors: Warner K. , Frankel E. N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAlthough previous research showed that volatile compounds detected by gas chromatography (GC) correlated well with flavor scores, no instrumental or chemical method has been available to predict flavor stability of vegetable oils reliably. A direct GC method was tested to predict flavor stability of soybean oil by measuring induction periods based on the time required for rapid formation of volatile compounds. By this technique, induction periods of 9, 5 and 0 days were obtained with oils containing a combination of tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and citric acid (CA), CA only and no additives, respectively. Addition of methyl silicone to the oils containing CA or CA+TBHQ did not increase their stability. Prominent peaks identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry included: pentane, hexanal, 2‐heptanal, 2,4‐heptadienal, 2‐decenal and 2,4‐decadienal. Measures of total volatile compounds, pentane and 2,4‐decadienal were best related to deteriorative changes. High correlation coefficients were obtained between individual and total volatiles with flavor scores. This study showed that flavor stability of oils can be predicted by determining induction periods based on the formation of volatile compounds.
Simultaneous determination of moisture and oil content in oilseeds by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Gambhir P. N. , Agarwala A. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPulsed nuclear magnetic resonance technique using Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill (CPMG) sequence has been used for simultaneous determination of moisture and oil content in rapeseed‐mustard. This method involves sampling the free induction decay (FID) following 90° pulse in the CPMG sequence and resolving the trace of the amplitude of the CPMG echo signals into exponentially decaying liquid components of oilseeds. The data show that water in oilseeds generally exists in 2 phases and the relatively slow decaying component disappears around moisture content of 7% and below. The moisture and oil content have been determined by the method for 34 samples of 5 different varieties of seeds at varying moisture levels (∼3% to 22%). The measured moisture and oil content have been compared with the values obtained by the oven drying method and earlier known FID method of pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) respectively, and the agreement is fairly good for rapid estimation with standard deviation of 0.70% for oil content and 0.99% for moisture content. This is a rapid and nondestructive method for determination of both moisture and oil content without weighing and drying the seeds and also seems suitable for other matrix samples.
Epoxidation ofLesquerella andLimnanthes (Meadowfoam) oils
Authors: Carlson Kenneth D. , Kleiman Robert , Bagby Marvin O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLesquerella gordonii (Gray) Wats andLimnanthes alba Benth. (Meadowfoam) are species being studied as new and alternative crops. Triglyceride oil from lesquerella contains 55–60% of the uncommon 14‐hydroxy‐cis‐11‐eicosenoic acid. Meadowfoam oil has 95% uncommon acids, includingca. 60%cis‐5‐eicosenoic acid. Both oils are predominantly unsaturated (3% saturated acids), and have similar iodine values (90–91), from which oxirane values of 5.7% are possible for the fully epoxidized oils. Each oil was epoxidized withm‐chloro‐peroxybenzoic acid, and oxirane values were 5.0% (lesquerella) and 5.2% (meadowfoam). The epoxy acid composition of each product was examined by gas chromatography of the methyl esters, which showed that epoxidizedL. gordonii oil contained 55% 11,12‐epoxy‐14‐hydroxyeicosanoic acid, and epoxidized meadowfoam oil contained 63% 5,6‐epoxyeicosanoic acid, as expected for normal complete epoxidation. Mass spectrometry of trimethylsilyloxy derivatives of polyols, prepared from the epoxidized esters, confirmed the identity of the epoxidation products and the straightforward nature of the epoxidation process. Synthesis and characterization of these interesting epoxy oils and derivatives are discussed.
Oxidative stability of fat substitutes and vegetable oils by the oxidative stability index method
Authors: Akoh Casimir C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOxidative Stability Index (OSI) of carbohydrate fatty acid polyesters, fat substitutes and vegetable oils were measured with the Omnion Oxidative Stability Instrument according to the new AOCS Standard Method Cd 12 B‐92 (The Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists' Society, edited by D. Firestone, AOCS, Champaign, 1991). The stability of crude and refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) vegetable oils (soybean, hydrogenated soybean and peanut) were determined at 110°C. In addition, OSI times for sucrose polyesters of soybean oil, butterfat, oleate:stearate and methyl glucoside polyester of soybean oil were determined in the absence and in the presence of 0.02 wt% antioxidants, [Tenox TBHQ (tertiary butylhydroquinone, Tenox GT‐2 (from Eastman Chemical Products (Kingsport, TN); and vitamin E (from BASF, Wyandotte, MI)], and the results were compared with those of vegetable oils. Crude oils were most stable (20.4–25.9 h), followed by RBD oils (9.3–10.4 h) for soybean and peanut oils, respectively, and fat substitutes (3.8–6.8 h). Overall, Tenox TBHQ was the best antioxidant for improving the oxidative stability of both vegetable oils and fat substitutes. The sucrose polyester made with oleic and stearic acid was more stable than fat substitutes containing more polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as those from soybean oil, or from short‐chain fatty acids, such as from butterfat. Antioxidants enhanced the stability of RBD oils (222% increase) and synthetic fat substitutes (421–424% increase) more than that of crude oils (33% increase). The shapes of the induction curves, not the actual OSI times for fat substitutes and vegetable oils, were similar and sharply defined.
Proportions of C18∶1n−7 and C18∶1n−9 fatty acids in canola seedcoat surface and internal lipids
Authors: Hu X. , Daun J. K. , Scarth R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLipids of canola seedcoats (Brassica napus L. andB. rapa L.) were prepared by surface washing and by complete extraction of seed coats with toluene. The major fatty acyl‐containing triacylglycerols, wax esters and free fatty acids were separated by thin‐layer chromatography prior to transesterification and analysis by gas‐liquid chromatography. The proportion of C18∶1n−7 to C18∶1n−9 was higher in the extracted lipids than in the surface‐washed lipids for all three classes.
Formulation of household automatic dishwasher detergents
Authors: Fuchs R. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe growth of the household automatic dishwasher detergent market and factors affecting future growth is reviewed. Major formulation changes that have occurred during the years are discussed, with emphasis on those contributions which resulted in significant improvement in performance. Present day formulations are classified according to types of ingredients and method of manufacture. Formulation options, types of equipment that can be used and factors which affect product performance are discussed, and performance test methods are described.
Sampling for respirable cotton dust
Authors: Robert K. Q. , Baril A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe nature of sampling from a dust cloud containing fine dust and lint fragments is reviewed. The definition of “respirable cotton dust” in the OSHA Cotton Dust Standard is compared and contrasted with the quantity measured by the NIOSH (Lumsden‐Lynch) vertical elutriator (VE) cotton dust sampler. Theoretical and empirical factors that affect the accuracy and precision of VE measurements are discussed. Technologies for alternative sampling strategies and for improving VE sampling are described.
Lipid methodology — Chromatography and beyond. Part I. GC/MS and LC/MS of glycerolipids
Authors: Kuksis A. , Myher J. J. , Marai L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews recent examples of the application of combined high temperature gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) and reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry for structural studies of natural diacyl and triacylglycerols. It was concluded that the combination of reversed phase HPLC with direct liquid inlet chemical ionization mass spectrometry provides the most complete resolution and most reliable identification of natural acylglycerols, far exceeding the capabilities of either technique alone. The LC/MS method is suitable for quantitative analysis following appropriate calibration of the total or fragment ion response.
Ammoniation of aflatoxin B1 in a pressure chamber used to decontaminate toxin‐containing cottonseed meal
Authors: Lee L. S. , Koltun S. P. , Stanley J. B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractRadiolabelled aflatoxin B1 mixed with non‐labelled B1 distributed on an inert carrier was treated in a pressurized ammoniation chamber with 4% ammonia at 40 psi and held at 100 C for 30 min. Twenty per cent of the radiolabel was lost, probably as volatiles. Less than 1% of the original toxin was recovered as B1 indicating that ammoniation altered the structure of essentially all of the B1. Approximately 20% of degraded aflatoxin B1 was accounted for as a 206 MW compound that exhibited properties of a nonfluorescent phenol with a difuran moiety but neither the lactone carbonyl nor the cyclopentenone ring of aflatoxin B1. The remaining degradation products were fragments of B1 having molecular weights less than 200.
Effect of surfactant structure on stability of enzymes formulated into laundry liquids
Authors: Kravetz L. , Guin K. F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effect of surfactant structure on enzyme stability in heavy duty laundry liquids was investigated. Surfactants studied were alcohol ethoxylates and anionic surfactants having varying hydrophobic and hydrophilic types and chain lengths. Enzymes used were proteases and amylases. The results showed these enzymes were considerably more stable when formulated into laundry liquids containing alcohol ethoxylates and ethoxysulfates than when formulated with alcohol sulfates and surfactants containing sulfonate groups such as linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and alpha olefin sulfonates. Enzyme stabilizer systems were only partially effective in reducing the enzymedeactivating influence of sulfonate‐containing surfactants.