bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racial and Ethnic Disparity in Oral Cancer Awareness and Examination: 2003 New York State BRFSS
Authors: Oh Junhie , Kumar Jayanth , Cruz Gustavo 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Objectives: This study documents the level of oral cancer awareness and examination among New York State adults and evaluates the determinants of disparities in oral cancer detection. Methods: The 2003 New York State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System gathered information on current awareness of oral cancer and receipt of oral cancer examination from 5,544 adults. To assess whether the racial/ethnic factor remains important for the awareness, receipt, and source of oral cancer examination after controlling for other socioeconomic and health care access variables, bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted using SAS and SUDAAN. Results: Even though a majority of State adults (80.4 percent) had heard about oral cancer, about three‐quarters of these adults (74.3 percent) had never heard about an oral cancer test or examination. Only 35 percent of the adults reportedly received an oral cancer examination in their lifetime. Adults with Hispanic origin were less likely to have heard about and received an oral cancer examination. Regarding the source of the examination, some 72 percent of the examinations were conducted by a dental professional; the remaining 28 percent were performed by a physician, nurse, or nurse practitioner. Non‐Hispanic Blacks were more likely to have received an oral cancer examination from health care providers other than a dentist or dental hygienist. Conclusions: These data suggest the need to improve the oral cancer awareness and examination rate in New York State. Routine examination of the mouth by primary care providers as part of a physical examination would provide the best opportunity for improving the low oral cancer examination rates in minority populations.
Rural Latino Immigrant Caregivers' Conceptions of Their Children's Oral Disease
Authors: Horton Sarah , Barker Judith C. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to examine Latino immigrant caregivers' explanatory models of the causes of early childhood caries (ECC). Methods: In a rural area, we conducted 71 open‐ended qualitative interviews with 26 Mexican immigrant and 12 Salvadoran immigrant caregivers of children under 6 about the causes of ECC. Two researchers independently read each interview and classified each interviewee's response. Results: Caregivers mentioned three biomedical causes of oral disease (sweets, poor oral hygiene, and bottle‐feeding) and two lay or popular causes (lack of milk consumption and “bad” genes). Although caregivers were aware that the consumption of sweet foods causes decay, they expressed particular confusion about how bottle‐feeding causes decay. Nineteen caregivers attributed decay specifically to bottle‐feeding, yet 14 believed the cause of decay was the bottle's nipple. Seven Mexican immigrant caregivers attributed their children's decay specifically to a lack of calcium, and six immigrant caregivers to “bad teeth genes.”Conclusions: Conceptions of oral disease derived from the caregivers' own dental experiences, their conceptions of the body, and interactions with dental professionals. The fact that biomedical explanations dominate the list of causes of caries for both groups indicates that the caregivers' explanatory models of oral disease are powerfully shaped by interactions with health professionals. Immigrant caregivers' mistaking of the baby bottle's nipple as the source of decay indicates the need for more effective oral health promotion. Yet the Mexican immigrants' conceptions of a lack of calcium as a major factor in their children's decay may illustrate a strong cultural link between teeth and milk.
Dental Treatment Improves Self‐Rated Oral Health in Homeless Veterans – A Brief Communication
Authors: Gibson Gretchen , Reifenstahl Erik F. , Wehler Carolyn J. , Rich Sharron E. , Kressin Nancy R. , King Tracy B. , Jones Judith A. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess homeless veterans' perception of their oral health and the impact that oral disease and treatment have on self‐assessed quality of life. Methods: Outcomes included measures of general and oral‐specific quality of life and functional status. Single‐item self‐report of oral health and the General Oral Health Assessment Index were assessed at baseline and after treatment. Results: One hundred and twelve veterans completed the baseline questionnaire, and 48 completed the follow‐up. Veterans who were eligible for ongoing dental care had improved General Oral Health Assessment scores, while patients who received only emergency dental care saw a decreased score (2.46 versus −2.12). General Oral Health Assessment improvement was significantly related to fewer teeth at baseline (18 versus 23), a lower baseline General Oral Health Assessment (23.6 versus 28.1), having a denture visit (22 versus 35 percent), and improvement in self‐reported oral health (25 versus 42 percent). Conclusion: There was significant improvement in homeless veterans' perceived oral health after receiving dental care.
Genotyping of Human Papillomaviruses by a Novel One-Step Typing Method with Multiplex PCR and Clinical Applications
Authors: Nishiwaki Morie , Yamamoto Tomohiro , Tone Somako , Murai Taichi , Ohkawara Tatsuya , Matsunami Takakuni , Koizumi Motoiki , Takagi Yoshitake , Yamaguchi Jun , Kondo Nobuo , Nishihira Jun , Horikawa Takeharu , Yoshiki Takashi 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT
We describe here a rapid, high-throughput genotyping procedure that allows the simultaneous detection of 16 high- and low-risk genital human papillomavirus (HPV) types by multiplex PCR in a single reaction tube. Multiplex PCR is based on the amplification of HPV DNA by sets of HPV genotype-specific primers, and the genotypes of HPV are visually identified by the sizes of amplicons after they are separated by capillary electrophoresis. The procedure does not include a hybridization step with HPV-specific probes and is rapid and labor-saving. We detected all 16 HPV genotypes (types 16, 58, 52, 51, 56, 31, 18, 39, 66, 59, 6, 33, 30, 35, 45, and 11) with a high sensitivity and a high degree of reproducibility. By using this newly developed method, we conducted a pilot study to examine the correlation between the prevalence and genotype distributions of HPV and the cytological group classifications for 547 cervical samples. Compared with the group of samples considered normal (14.7%), there was a significant increase in the prevalence of HPV in women with atypical squamous cells of unknown significance (61.3%), low-grade intraepithelial lesions (75.8%), and high-grade intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) (82.2%). The prevalence and distribution of type 58 were correlated with cytological malignancies, with the highest prevalence in women with HSILs. In conclusion, the novel multiplex PCR method described appears to be highly suitable not only for the screening of cervical cancer precursor lesions but also for the characterization of genotype distributions in large-scale epidemiological studies and HPV vaccination trials.
Application of Sensitive and Specific Molecular Methods To Uncover Global Dissemination of the Major RD
Rio
Sublineage of the Latin American-Mediterranean
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Spoligotype Family
Authors: Gibson Andrea L. , Huard Richard C. , Gey van Pittius Nicolaas C. , Lazzarini Luiz Claudio Oliveira , Driscoll Jeffrey , Kurepina Natalia , Zozio Thierry , Sola Christophe , Spindola Silvana Miranda , Kritski Afrânio L. , Fitzgerald Daniel , Kremer Kristin , Mardassi Helmi , Chitale Poonam , Brinkworth Jessica , Garcia de Viedma Dario , Gicquel Brigitte , Pape Jean W. , van Soolingen Dick , Kreiswirth Barry N. , Warren Robin M. , van Helden Paul D. , Rastogi Nalin , Suffys Philip N. , Lapa e Silva Jose , Ho John L. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

The Latin American-Mediterranean (LAM) family of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
is believed to be the cause of ∼15% of tuberculosis cases worldwide. Previously, we defined a prevalent sublineage of the LAM family in Brazil by a single characteristic genomic deletion designated RD
Rio
. Using the Brazilian strains, we pinpoint an Ag85C
103
single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (screened by restriction fragment length polymorphism [RFLP] analysis) that correctly identified all LAM family strains. Importantly, all RD
Rio
strains concomitantly possessed the RD174 deletion. These genetic signatures, along with a newly developed multiplex PCR for rapid differentiation between “wild-type” and RD
Rio
strains, were then used to analyze an international collection of
M. tuberculosis
strains. RD
Rio
M. tuberculosis
was identified from four continents involving 11 countries. Phylogenetic analysis of the IS
6110
-RFLP patterns from representative RD
Rio
and LAM strains from Brazil, along with all representative clusters from a South African database, confirmed their genetic relatedness and transcontinental transmission. The Ag85C
103
SNP RFLP, as compared to results obtained using a PCR method targeting a LAM-restricted IS
6110
element, correctly identified 99.8% of LAM spoligotype strains. Together, these tests were more accurate than spoligotyping at categorizing strains with indefinable spoligotypes and segregated true LAM strains from those with convergent spoligotypes. The fact that RD
Rio
strains were identified worldwide highlights the importance of this LAM family sublineage and suggests that this strain is a global threat that should be specifically targeted by public health resources. Our provision of simple and robust molecular methods will assist the evaluation of the LAM family and the RD
Rio
sublineage.
Changes in Serotypes and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Invasive
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Strains in Cleveland: a Quarter Century of Experience
Authors: Jacobs Michael R. , Good Caryn E. , Beall Bernard , Bajaksouzian Saralee , Windau Anne R. , Whitney Cynthia G. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

The serotypes and susceptibilities to penicillin, macrolides, and clindamycin of 1,655 invasive isolates of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
recovered between 1979 and 2004 were determined. A precipitous decrease of 61% in the number of isolates was found following 2000, the year of 7-valent protein-conjugated pneumococcal vaccine (PCV7) introduction (139 versus 55 per 2-year period prior to versus after 2000;
P
< 0.001). This decrease was 84% in children <5 years old (80 versus 13 per 2-year period;
P
< 0.001) and 18 to 23% in other age groups (
P
, not significant). PCV7 serotypes decreased by 76% overall (103 versus 25 per 2-year period;
P
< 0.001) and by 92% in children <5 years old (65 versus 5 per 2-year period;
P
< 0.001), with significant decreases in six of the seven PCV serotypes. Other serotypes, except for type 19A, decreased from 32 to 22 per 2-year period, while type 19A increased from 4 to 8 per 2-year period, although none of these changes reached significance. Drug resistance emerged slowly, with the first penicillin-intermediate strain isolated in 1980 and the first macrolide/lincosamide-resistant strain isolated in 1984. The first penicillin-resistant strain was isolated in 1993. Resistance increased steadily thereafter until 2003-2004, when 51.1% of isolates were penicillin nonsusceptible and 53.3% were macrolide resistant. Clindamycin resistance remained low until 2003-2004, when 26.7% of strains were resistant; this was associated with the emergence of multidrug-resistant type 19A strains. This study documents the emergence of resistance over a quarter century among invasive pneumococci in the Cleveland area, as well as the reduction in disease caused by PCV7 serotypes following the introduction of PCV7 in 2000.
Rapid Detection of Triazole Antifungal Resistance in
Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Garcia-Effron Guillermo , Dilger Amanda , Alcazar-Fuoli Laura , Park Steven , Mellado Emilia , Perlin David S. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

Triazole resistance in
Aspergillus fumigatus
is an uncommon but rising phenomenon. Susceptibility testing is rarely performed and can take 48 h or longer, which is an impediment to effective therapy. Molecular diagnostic probing of well-defined resistance mechanisms, which serve as surrogate markers, provides an alternative approach to rapidly (within hours) and efficiently identify resistant strains. The mechanisms of triazole resistance in
A. fumigatus
are limited to amino acid substitutions in the drug target Cyp51A and include amino acid substitutions at the positions Gly 54, Gly 138, Met 220, and Leu 98, coupled with a tandem repetition in the gene promoter. We report the development of a real-time PCR assay utilizing molecular beacons to assess triazole resistance markers in
A. fumigatus
. When combined in a multiplex platform, the assay provides a comprehensive evaluation of drug resistance in
A. fumigatus
.
Recombinant VP4 of Human Rhinovirus Induces Permeability in Model Membranes
Authors: Davis Matthew P. , Bottley Graham , Beales Lucy P. , Killington Richard A. , Rowlands David J. , Tuthill Tobias J. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT
In common with all nonenveloped viruses, the mechanism of picornavirus membrane penetration during cell entry is poorly understood. The small, myristylated capsid protein VP4 has been implicated in this process. Here we show that recombinant VP4 of human rhinovirus 16 has the ability to associate with and induce membrane permeability in otherwise intact liposomes. This provides further evidence that VP4 plays a key role in picornavirus cell entry.
Adenovirus E1B55K Region Is Required To Enhance Cyclin E Expression for Efficient Viral DNA Replication
Authors: Zheng Xinyu , Rao Xiao-Mei , Gomez-Gutierrez Jorge G. , Hao Hongying , McMasters Kelly M. , Zhou H. Sam 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

Adenoviruses (Ads) with E1B55K mutations can selectively replicate in and destroy cancer cells. However, the mechanism of Ad-selective replication in tumor cells is not well characterized. We have shown previously that expression of several cell cycle-regulating genes is markedly affected by the Ad
E1b
gene in WI-38 human lung fibroblast cells (X. Rao, et al., Virology 350:418-428, 2006). In the current study, we show that the Ad E1B55K region is required to enhance cyclin E expression and that the failure to induce cyclin E overexpression due to E1B55K mutations prevents viral DNA from undergoing efficient replication in WI-38 cells, especially when the cells are arrested in the G
0
phase of the cell cycle by serum starvation. In contrast, cyclin E induction is less dependent on the function encoded in the E1B55K region in A549 and other cancer cells that are permissive for replication of E1B55K-mutated viruses, whether the cells are in the S phase or G
0
phase. The small interfering RNA that specifically inhibits cyclin E expression partially decreased viral replication. Our study provides evidence suggesting that E1B55K may be involved in cell cycle regulation that is important for efficient viral DNA replication and that cyclin E overexpression in cancer cells may be associated with the oncolytic replication of E1B55K-mutated viruses.
Envelope Determinants of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Vaccine Protection and the Effects of Sequence Variation on Immune Recognition
Authors: Tagmyer Tara L. , Craigo Jodi K. , Cook Sheila J. , Even Deborah L. , Issel Charles J. , Montelaro Ronald C. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTA highly effective attenuated equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) vaccine (EIAVD9) capable of protecting 100% of horses from disease induced by a homologous Env challenge strain (EIAVPV) was recently tested in ponies to determine the level of protection against divergent Env challenge strains (J. K. Craigo, B. S. Zhang, S. Barnes, T. L. Tagmyer, S. J. Cook, C. J. Issel, and R. C. Montelaro, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA104:15105-15110, 2007). An inverse correlation between challenge strain Env variation and vaccine protection from disease was observed. Given the striking differences in protective immunity, we hypothesized that analysis of the humoral and cellular immune responses to the Env protein could reveal potential determinants of vaccine protection. Neutralization activity against the homologous Env or challenge strain-specific Env in immune sera from the vaccinated ponies did not correlate with protection from disease. Cellular analysis with Env peptide pools did not reveal an association with vaccine protection from disease. However, when individual vaccine-specific Env peptides were utilized, eight cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) peptides were found to associate closely with vaccine protection. One of these peptides also yielded the only lymphoproliferative response associated with protective immunity. The identified peptides spanned both variable and conserved regions of gp90. Amino acid divergence within the principal neutralization domain and the identified peptides profoundly affected immune recognition, as illustrated by the inability to detect cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies and the observation that certain peptide-specific CTL responses were altered. In addition to identifying potential Env determinants of EIAV vaccine efficacy and demonstrating the profound effects of defined Env variation on immune recognition, these data also illustrate the sensitivity offered by individual peptides compared to peptide pools in measuring cellular immune responses in lentiviral vaccine trials.
A Dormant Internal Ribosome Entry Site Controls Translation of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Camerini Valentina , Decimo Didier , Balvay Laurent , Pistello Mauro , Bendinelli Mauro , Darlix Jean-Luc , Ohlmann Théophile 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT
The characterization of internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) in virtually all lentiviruses prompted us to investigate the mechanism used by the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) to produce viral proteins. Various in vitro translation assays with mono- and bicistronic constructs revealed that translation of the FIV genomic RNA occurred both by a cap-dependent mechanism and by weak internal entry of the ribosomes. This weak IRES activity was confirmed in feline cells expressing bicistronic RNAs containing the FIV 5′ untranslated region (UTR). Surprisingly, infection of feline cells with FIV, but not human immunodeficiency virus type 1, resulted in a great increase in FIV translation. Moreover, a change in the cellular physiological condition provoked by heat stress resulted in the specific stimulation of expression driven by the FIV 5′ UTR while cap-dependent initiation was severely repressed. These results reveal the presence of a “dormant” IRES that becomes activated by viral infection and cellular stress.
An Overlapping Bacterial Artificial Chromosome System That Generates Vectorless Progeny for Channel Catfish Herpesvirus
Authors: Kunec Dusan , Hanson Larry A. , van Haren Sandra , Nieuwenhuizen I. F. , Burgess Shane C. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT

Herpesviruses are important pathogens of humans and other animals. Herpesvirus infectious clones that can reconstitute phenotypically wild-type (wt) virus are extremely valuable tools for elucidating the roles of specific genes in virus pathophysiology as well as for making vaccines.
Ictalurid herpesvirus 1
(channel catfish herpesvirus [CCV]) is economically very important and is the best characterized of the herpesviruses that occur primarily in bony fish and amphibians. Here, we describe the cloning of the hitherto recalcitrant CCV genome as three overlapping subgenomic bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). These clones allowed us to regenerate vectorless wt CCVs with a phenotype that is indistinguishable from that of the wt CCV from which the BACs were derived. To test the recombinogenic systems, we next used the overlapping BACs to construct a full-length CCV BAC by replacing the CCV ORF5 with the BAC cassette and cotransfecting CCO cells. The viral progeny that we used to transform
Escherichia coli
and the resulting BAC had only one of the 18-kb terminal repeated regions. Both systems suggest that one of the terminal repeat regions is lost during the replicative stage of the CCV life cycle. We also demonstrated the feasibility of introducing a targeted mutation into the CCV BAC infectious clone by constructing a CCV ORF12 deletion mutant and showed that ORF12 encodes a nonessential protein for virus replication. This is the first report of the generation of an infectious BAC clone of a member of the fish and amphibian herpesviruses and its use to generate recombinants.
Phylogenetic Evidence against Evolutionary Stasis and Natural Abiotic Reservoirs of Influenza A Virus
Authors: Worobey Michael 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT
Zhang et al. (G. Zhang, D. Shoham, D. Gilichinsky, S. Davydov, J. D. Castello, and S. O. Rogers, J. Virol. 80:12229-12235, 2006) have claimed to have recovered influenza A virus RNA from Siberian lake ice, postulating that ice might represent an important abiotic reservoir for the persistence and reemergence of this medically important pathogen. A rigorous phylogenetic analysis of these influenza A virus hemagglutinin gene sequences, however, indicates that they originated from a laboratory reference strain derived from the earliest human influenza A virus isolate, WS/33. Contrary to Zhang et al.'s assertions that the Siberian “ice viruses” are most closely related either to avian influenza virus or to human influenza virus strains from Asia from the 1960s (Zhang et al., J. Virol. 81:2538 [erratum], 2007), they are clearly contaminants from the WS/33 positive control used in their laboratory. There is thus no credible evidence that environmental ice acts as a biologically relevant reservoir for influenza viruses. Several additional cases with findings that seem at odds with the biology of influenza virus, including modern-looking avian influenza virus RNA sequences from an archival goose specimen collected in 1917 (T. G. Fanning, R. D. Slemons, A. H. Reid, T. A. Janczewski, J. Dean, and J. K. Taubenberger, J. Virol. 76:7860-7862, 2002), can also be explained by laboratory contamination or other experimental errors. Many putative examples of evolutionary stasis in influenza A virus appear to be due to laboratory artifacts.