bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teaching the role of mitochondrial transport in energy metabolism
Authors: Passarella Salvatore , Atlante Anna 
Published: March 2007

AbstractStudies from our laboratories over recent years have uncovered the existence, and established the properties of a variety of mitochondrial transporters. The properties of these transporters throw light on a variety of biochemical phenomena that were previously poorly understood. In particular the role of mitochondrial transport in energy metabolism has been investigated under a variety of physio‐pathological conditions. Consistently we describe the procedure to investigate mitochondrial traffic in isolated mitochondria as a model system for students to learn. Here we report some observations that contribute to novel knowledge of the role of mitochondria in glycolysis, urea and purine nucleotide cycle, and nitrogen metabolism with particular reference to the malate/oxaloacetate shuttle and fumarate, glutamine, and lactate metabolism.
Analysis of the cell cycle by flow cytometry
Authors: Szeberenyl Jozsef 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTerms to be familiar with before you start to solve the test: Cell cycle, flow cytometry, cell culture, fluorescent DNA dye, diploid and tetraploid cells, mitosis, phases of the cell cycle, growth factors, microtubules, apoptosis, DNA synthesis, proteasome, [3H]thymidine, pulse labeling, histones, protein phosphorylation, M‐phase promoting factor (MPF), cyclins, cyclin‐dependent kinases (Cdks), synchronized culture.
Students' ability to organize biochemical and biochemistry‐related terms correlates with their performance in a biochemical examination
Authors: Nagata Ryoichi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOrganization is believed to be related to understanding and memory. Whether this belief was applicable in biochemical education was examined about two years after students had experienced biochemistry classes in their first year. The ability of organizing information in biochemistry was judged from the number of correct links of 886 biochemical and biochemistry‐related terms to 14 headings, and the level of understanding and memory on biochemical material was determined from the number of correct answers to biochemical items. The result showed a statistically significant positive correlation between the ability of organization and the level of understanding and memory. Thus, biochemistry teachers need to show the organization of what they teach for the help of the students who have a low level of understanding and memory.
Interplay Between Kinetically Slow Thermal Spin‐Crossover and Metastable High‐Spin State Relaxation in an Iron(II) Complex with Similar T1/2 and T(LIESST)
Authors: Money Victoria A. , Carbonera Chiara , Elhaïk Jérôme , Halcrow Malcolm A. , Howard Judith A. K. , Létard Jean‐François 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the first material to show the well‐known light‐induced excited spin‐state trapping (LIESST) effect, the metastable excited state of which relaxes at a temperature approaching its thermal spin‐crossover. Cooling polycrystalline [FeL2][BF4]2⋅x H2O (L=2,6‐bis{3‐methylpyrazol‐1‐yl}pyridine; x=0–1/3) at 1 K min−1 leads to a cooperative spin transition, taking place in two steps centered at 147 and 105 K, that is only 54 % complete by magnetic susceptibility. Annealing the sample at 100 K for 2 h results in a slow decrease in χMT to zero, showing that the remainder of the spin‐crossover can proceed, but is kinetically slow. The crystalline high‐ and fully low‐spin phases of [FeL2][BF4]2⋅x H2O are isostructural (C2/c, Z=8), but the spin‐crossover proceeds via a mixed‐spin intermediate phase that has a triple unit cell (C2/c, Z=24). The water content of the crystals is slowly lost on exposure to air without causing decomposition. However, the high‐spin/mixed‐spin transition in the crystal proceeds at 110±20 K when x=1/3 and 155±5 K when x=0, which correspond to the two spin‐crossover steps seen in the bulk material. The high‐spin state of the compound is generated quantitatively by irradiation of the low‐spin or the mixed‐spin phase at 10 K, and in approximately 70 % yield by rapidly quenching the sample to 10 K. This metastable high‐spin state relaxes back to the low‐spin ground state at 87±1 K in one, not two, steps, and without passing through the intermediate phase. This implies that thermal spin‐crossover and thermally activated high‐spin–low‐spin relaxation in this material become decoupled, thus avoiding the physical impossibility of T(LIESST) being greater than T1/2.
Molecule‐Responsive Block Copolymer Micelles
Authors: Ishihara Yoshihiro , Bazzi Hassan S. , Toader Violeta , Godin François , Sleiman Hanadi F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractRing‐opening metathesis polymerization was used to generate an ABC triblock copolymer, containing complementary diamidopyridine (DAP) and thymine (THY) outer blocks, which assembles into spherical aggregates held together by DAP–THY noncovalent interactions. Addition of THY‐containing small guest molecules results in complete opening and deaggregation of the block copolymer micelle. This molecular recognition and macroscopic response shows high selectivity to the guest structure, and tolerates only a small amount of conformational mobility in the THY guest. On the other hand, addition of a small DAP‐containing guest does not break the aggregates, but instead, results in new micelles which show a different selectivity profile from the parent morphology. We have examined the effect of a number of structural features in the block copolymers, on both the extent and selectivity of their macroscopic response to guests (that is, opening of the micelle). This study has resulted in a set of structural guidelines, which help in the design of effective molecule‐responsive micelles for applications in selective drug delivery, sensing, and surface patterning.
Preparative chiral chromatography and chiroptical characterization of enantiomers of omeprazole and related benzimidazoles
Authors: Andersson Shalini , Nelander Hanna , Öhlén Kristina 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo chiroptically characterize the enantiomers of omeprazole and some structurally related benzimidazoles with circular dichroism (CD), preparative chiral liquid chromatography was utilized for the isolation of the pure enantiomers. A limited analytical column screen was performed identifying Kromasil‐CHI‐TBB and the amylose‐based phases Chiralpak AD and AS as possible chiral stationary phases (CSPs) for the preparative scale separation of the enantiomers of the different benzimidazoles. Optimization of the chromatographic conditions with respect to retention, enantioseparation, and resolution was achieved by variation of the mobile phase constituents as well as of temperature. Because of the lability of the compound in slightly acidic media, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) could not be applied for a preparative scale separation of the enantiomers. The separation of omeprazole was optimized to give high throughput (2.6 kg racemate/kg CSP/day) and high enantiomeric excess of the obtained isomers. The absolute configurations of the pure enantiomers of rabeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole were determined from the strong correlation to the CD spectrum of (+)‐(R)‐omeprazole. For all the compounds, the (+)‐enantiomers displayed similar chiroptical features as (+)‐(R)‐omeprazole and were thus assigned the (R)‐ configuration. Elution order of the optical isomers was monitored by injecting racemic solutions spiked with one of the isomers and also by an on‐line laser polarimeter. Both the type of CSP and also the mobile phase constituents had a strong effect on elution order of the enantiomers. Chirality, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Update on the molecular biology of malignant mesothelioma
Authors: Lee Amie Y. , Raz Dan J. , He Biao , Jablons David M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMalignant mesothelioma (MM) is a highly aggressive tumor with a very poor prognosis. The disease is largely unresponsive to conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy, and most patients die within 10–17 months of the first symptoms. Novel, more effective therapeutic strategies are needed for this inexorably fatal disease. Improvement in our understanding of the molecular biology of MM has identified promising new candidates for targeted treatments. In this review the key molecular signaling pathways, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), Wnt, and the cell cycle control genes p53, pRb, and bcl‐2 that appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of MM are explored. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Immunohistochemical localization of cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript peptide in the brain of the catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.)
Authors: Singru Praful S. , Mazumdar Minakshi , Sakharkar Amul J. , Lechan Ronald M. , Thim Lars , Clausen Jes Thorn , Subhedar Nishikant K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe organization of cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript peptide (CARTp, 54–102) immunoreactivity was investigated in the brain of the catfish, Clarias batrachus. CARTp‐immunoreactivity was observed in several granule cells of the olfactory bulbs, in dot‐like terminals around mitral cells, and in the fibers of the medial olfactory tracts. While several groups of discrete cells in the telencephalon showed CARTp‐immunoreactivity, the immunostained fibers were widely distributed in the area dorsalis and ventralis telencephali. Immunoreactivity was seen in several periventricular and a few magnocellular neurons, and in a dense fiber network throughout the preoptic area. Varying degrees of immunoreactive fibers were seen in the periventricular region in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary. Some neurons in the nucleus preglomerulosus medialis and lateralis, central nucleus of the inferior lobes, nucleus lobobulbaris of the posterior tuberculum, and nucleus recessus posterioris showed distinct CARTp‐immunoreactivity. Considerable immunoreactivity was seen in the optic tectum, rostral torus semicircularis, central pretectal area, and granule cells of the cerebellum. While only isolated immunoreactive cells were seen at three distinct sites in the metencephalon, a fiber network was seen in the facial and vagal lobes and periventricular and ventral regions of the medulla oblongata. The pattern of the CARTp distribution in the brain of C. batrachus suggests that it may play an important role in the processing of sensory information, the regulation of hormone secretion by hypophysial cell types, and motor and vegetative function. Finally, as in other animal species, CARTp seems to play a role in the processing of gustatory information. J. Comp. Neurol. 502:215–235, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clustering, migration, and neurite formation of neural precursor cells in the adult rat hippocampus
Authors: Seki Tatsunori , Namba Takashi , Mochizuki Hideki , Onodera Masafumi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAdult neurogenesis occurs in the subgranular zone and innermost part of the dentate granule cell layer. To examine how neural precursor cells proliferate, migrate, and extend their neurites, we performed BrdU‐ and improved retrovirus‐green fluorescence protein (GFP)‐labeling analyses. Soon after labeling the majority of BrdU+ cells and GFP+ cells expressed Ki67, a cell cycle marker, and formed clusters together with PSA+ neuroblasts. Most of the Ki67+ proliferating cells expressed Hu, an immature and mature neuronal marker, and the subpopulation expressed both Hu+ and GFAP+. In the clusters, Ki67+ and PSA+ cells strongly expressed β‐catenin and N‐cadherin, but PSA+ cells outside the clusters did not. Therefore, it was mainly Hu+ neuronal precursor cells that proliferated within clusters in which the cluster cells are closely associated via cell adhesion molecules, such as N‐cadherin/β‐cateninIn and PSA. The newly generated cells appeared to stay in the clusters for a few days and then disperse around the clusters. The findings of this in vivo analysis and in vitro time‐lapse imaging of early postnatal hippocampal slices support the notion that most postmitotic neuroblasts migrate tangentially from clusters, extending tangentially oriented processes, one of which often retains close contact with the clusters, and finally extend radial processes, or prospective apical dendrites. These results suggest that the clustering cells and tangentially migrating cells have a systematic cellular arrangement and intercellular interaction. J. Comp. Neurol. 502:275–290, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential modes of termination of amygdalothalamic and amygdalocortical projections in the monkey
Authors: Miyashita Toshio , Ichinohe Noritaka , Rockland Kathleen S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe amygdala complex participates in multiple systems having to do with affective processes. It has been implicated in human disorders of social and emotional behavior, such as autism. Of the interconnected functional networks, considerable research in rodents and primates has focused on connections between the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). The amygdala projects to OFC by both a direct amygdalocortical (AC) pathway and an indirect pathway through mediodorsal thalamus. In the rat, retrograde tracer experiments indicate that the AC and amygdalothalamic (AT) pathways originate from separate populations, and may therefore convey distinctive information, although the characteristics of these pathways remain unclear. To investigate this issue in monkeys we made anterograde tracer injections in the basolateral amygdala complex (BLC; n = 3). Three distinctive features were found preferentially associated with the AT or AC pathways. First, AT terminations are large (average diameter = 3.5 μm; range = 1.2–7.0 μm) and cluster around proximal dendrites, in contrast with small‐bouton AC terminations. Second, AT terminations form small arbors (diameter ≈0.1 mm), while AC are widely divergent (often >1.0 mm long). The AT terminations features are reminiscent of large bouton, “driver” corticothalamic terminations. Finally, AC but not AT terminations are positive for zinc (Zn), a neuromodulator associated with synaptic plasticity. From these results we suggest that AC and AT terminations originate from distinct populations in monkey as well as in rodent. Further work is necessary to determine the degree and manner of their segregation and how these subsystems interact within a broader connectivity network. J. Comp. Neurol. 502:309–324, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Time course and distribution of inflammatory and neurodegenerative events suggest structural bases for the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Brown David A. , Sawchenko Paul E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMurine models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are important vehicles for studying the effects of genetic manipulation on disease processes related to multiple sclerosis (MS). Currently, a comprehensive assessment of EAE pathogenesis with respect to inflammatory and degenerating neuronal elements is lacking. By using Fluoro‐jade histochemistry to mark neurodegeneration and dual immunostaining to follow T‐cell, microglial, and vascular responses, the time course and distribution of pathological events in EAE was surveyed. C57BL/6J mice were killed at 7, 10, 14, 21 or 35 days after vaccination with the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide MOG35–55. Disease onset occurred at day 14 and peaked at day 21. Early T‐cell infiltration and microglial activation in periventricular and superficial white matter structures adjacent to meninges suggested initial recruitment of effector T cells via the cerebrospinal fluid and choroid plexus. This was associated with microglial activation at distal sites along the same white matter tracts, with subsequent vascular recruitment of T cells associated with further injury. Systematic examination of the entire CNS supported this two‐step model of EAE pathogenesis, with inflammation and neurodegeneration commencing at similar times and affecting multiple levels of predominantly sensory central pathways, including their terminal fields. This included aspects of the visual, auditory/vestibular, somatosensory (lemniscal), and proprioceptive (spinocerebellar) systems. The early targeting of visual and periventricular structures followed by more widespread CNS involvement is consistent with common presenting signs in human MS patients and suggestive of a similar basis in neuropathology. J. Comp. Neurol. 502:236–260, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of fine lithium niobate powders by sol‐ gel method
Authors: Wang L. H. , Yuan D. R. , Duan X. L. , Wang X. Q. , Yu F. P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractLithium niobate (LN) nanocrystal powders were prepared by low‐temperature sol‐gel method. Dihydrate lithium acetate as lithium source, and niobium chloride as niobium source were used as starting materials. The gel and powders were characterized by thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG/DSC), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The results show that when the gel was heat‐treated at 600°C, the fine LN nanocrystals with the size of 40‐60 nm were obtained, and the size of the powders become larger with the heat‐treated temperature increasing. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mathematical modeling of the multi‐run process of crystal pulling from the melt by EFG (Stepanov) technique in dependence on the angle of inclination of the working edges of the dies
Authors: Zhdanov A. V. , Rossolenko S. N. , Borodin V. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA mathematical model for the determination of melt hydrodynamics, impurity concentrations and thermal stresses in the multi‐run process of the growth of sapphire ribbons by EFG (Stepanov) technique with inclinated working surfaces of the dies is considered. The mathematical model deals with thermal conductivity equation, Navier‐Stokes equation, diffusion equation, capillary Laplace equation. This problem has been solved by the finite‐element method. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crystallization shelves for laboratory furnaces
Authors: Cabric B. , Janicijevic A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSeveral designs of air coolers (modular bilateral “crystallization shelves”), installed in laboratory furnaces are presented. The setup allows easy regulation and simultaneous crystallization of several substances at different temperature gradients, shapes of crystallization fronts and rate intervals, with the purpose of obtaining crystals. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and characterization of nonlinear optical zinc hydrogen phosphate single crystal grown in silica gel
Authors: Raj C. Justin , Mangalam G. , Navis Priya S. Mary , Linet J. Mary , Vesta C. , Dinakaran S. , Milton Boaz B. , Das S. Jerome 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGood optical quality single crystals of zinc hydrogen phosphate (ZnHPO4) having dimensions up to 8×2×2 mm3 have been grown with the aid of sodium meta silicate gel. Single crystal XRD studies confirm that the crystal belongs to the orthorhombic system with space group P212121. The functional groups present in the crystals were confirmed using FTIR technique. Optical absorbance shows very low absorption in the entire visible region. Differential thermal and thermo gravimetric analysis confirmed that the crystal is stable up to 193°C. Photoconductivity study reveals positive photoconductivity in the presence of photo active centers formed by trap energy levels. The NLO activity of the crystal was confirmed by Kurtz powder technique. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The effect of metallic ions on tapering phenomenon of DKDP crystals and its elimination
Authors: Li Guohui , He Youping , Su Genbo , Zhuang Xinxin , Lin Xiuqin , Li Zhengdong 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe anomalous wedge‐like shape of KH2PO4‐type single crystal, also called tapering, is discussed in this paper. DKDP single crystals grew on seeds from the solutions containing high concentrations of Al3+, Fe3+ and Cr3+ impurities. The tapering phenomenon occurred on the prismatic {010} faces, and the tapering angle θ was nearly measured as 10°. We adjusted the pD value of the solution from 3.0 to 4.2 by adding K2CO3, the tapering angle of DKDP crystal grown from the same solution at same supercooling was reduced to 0°. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of x‐irradiation on indentation size effect and formation of cracks for [Ky(NH4)1‐y]2ZnCl4mixed crystals
Authors: Abu El‐Fadl A. , Soltan A. S. , Shaalan N. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effects of x‐beam irradiation with different doses on microhardness and its related physical constants on [Ky(NH4)1‐y]2ZnCl4mixed crystals with concentrations, y equals 0.000, 0.232, 0.644, 0.859 or 1.000 has been studied. The tests were performed for x‐doses from 0.2 kGy up to 1.6 kGy for loads from 20 to 160 g. The variation of hardness on (010) faces of orthorhombic [Ky(NH4)1‐y]2ZnCl4mixed crystals with load were studied. The experimental results showed that, the hardness decreased as the x‐doses increased. Variation of the microhardness follows the normal ISE trend for low x‐doses and un‐irradiated crystals, then follows the reverse ISE trend for high x‐doses. Analysis of the experimental results revealed that: the radial cracks length, indentation size and applied indentation load are mutually related, and these dependences related with fracture mechanics are the basis of Meyer's empirical law. Indentation size effect (ISE) can be explained satisfactory by Hays‐Kendall's approach and proportional specimen resistance model. Brittleness of two cracks system are applicable for characterizing cracks around indentation impression (i.e. radial cracks) and another is (lateral cracks) for [Ky(NH4)1‐y]2ZnCl4mixed crystals, crystals in the load range 60 – 160 g. It is shown that indentation induced microhardness decreases, whereas the length of radial cracks induced on indentation increases with the increase of x‐doses. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Domain structure and birefringence studies on a 0.91Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 ‐0.09PbTiO3 single crystal
Authors: Singh G. , Bhaumik I. , Ganesamoorthy S. , Karnal A. K. , Tiwari V. S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDomain structure and phase transition sequence of 0.91PZN‐0.09PT single crystal, grown from high temperature solution, have been analysed using polarised light microscopy. The domain structure of (001)cub cut single crystal exhibit co‐existence of rhombohedral and tetragonal phases. The sequence and phase transition temperatures have been determined from temperature dependence of birefringence. Birefringence measurements during heating and cooling reveal a first order nature of phase transition between rhombohedral (R3m) and tetragonal (P4mm). The birefringence was measured with accuracy of 10‐3. However, dielectric measurement does not provide any evidence of R3m ‐ P4mm phase transition. It is shown that in‐situ analysis of domain structure and phase transition can be used as non‐destructive analytical tool for determination of local composition and phase transition sequence. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)