bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary Cod Protein Improves Insulin Sensitivity in Insulin-Resistant Men and Women
Authors: Ouellet Véronique , Marois Julie , Weisnagel S. John , Jacques Hélène 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this article was to compare the effects of cod protein to those of other animal proteins on insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant human subjects.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Insulin sensitivity (M/I) was assessed using a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in 19 insulin-resistant subjects fed a cod protein diet and a similar diet containing lean beef, pork, veal, eggs, milk, and milk products (BPVEM) for 4 weeks in a crossover design study. Both diets were formulated to differ only in protein source, thus providing equivalent amounts of dietary fibers and monounsaturated, polyunsaturated (including n-3), and saturated fatty acids (1.1:1.8:1.0). β-Cell function, estimated by oral glucose tolerance test–derived parameters, was also assessed.
RESULTS—There was a significant improvement in insulin sensitivity (P = 0.027) and a strong tendency for a better disposition index (β-cell function × M/I) (P = 0.055) in subjects consuming the cod protein diet compared with those consuming the BPVEM diet. When median baseline M/I (4.8 × 10−3 mg · kg−1 · min−1 · pmol−1) was taken into account, an interaction on the 30-min C-peptide–to–30-min glucose ratio, used as an index of β-cell function, was observed between diet and M/I status (P = 0.022). Indeed, this ratio strongly tended to increase in subjects with low M/I consuming the cod protein diet compared with those consuming the BPVEM diet (P = 0.065).
CONCLUSIONS—Dietary cod protein improves insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant individuals and thus could contribute to prevention of type 2 diabetes by reducing the metabolic complications related to insulin resistance.
Pancreatic Fat Content and β-Cell Function in Men With and Without Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Tushuizen Maarten E. , Bunck Mathijs C. , Pouwels Petra J. , Bontemps Saskia , van Waesberghe Jan Hein T. , Schindhelm Roger K. , Mari Andrea , Heine Robert J. , Diamant Michaela 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—Insulin resistance, associated with increased lipolysis, results in a high exposure of nonadipose tissue to lipids. Experimental data indicate that fatty infiltration of pancreatic islets may also contribute to β-cell dysfunction, but whether this occurs in humans in vivo is unknown.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and oral glucose tolerance tests, we studied the association of pancreatic lipid accumulation in vivo and various aspects of β-cell function in 12 insulin-naive type 2 diabetic and 24 age- and BMI-matched nondiabetic men.
RESULTS—Patients versus control subjects had higher A1C, fasting plasma glucose, and insulin and triglyceride levels and lower HDL cholesterol, but similar waist circumference. Median (interquartile range) pancreatic fat content in patients and control subjects was 20.4% (13.4–43.6) and 9.7% (7.0–20.2), respectively (P = 0.032). Pancreatic fat correlated negatively with β-cell function parameters, including the insulinogenic index adjusted for insulin resistance, early glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, β-cell glucose sensitivity, and rate sensitivity (all P &lt; 0.05), but not potentiation. However, these associations were significantly affected by the diabetic state, such that a significant association of pancreatic fat with β-cell dysfunction was only present in the nondiabetic group (all P &lt; 0.01), suggesting that once diabetes occurs, factors additional to pancreatic fat account for further β-cell function decline. In control subjects, the association of pancreatic fat and β-cell function remained significant after correction for BMI, fasting plasma glucose, and triglycerides (P = 0.006).
CONCLUSIONS—These findings indicate that pancreatic lipid content may contribute to β-cell dysfunction and possibly to the subsequent development of type 2 diabetes in susceptible humans.
Long-Term Predictors of Insulin Resistance
Authors: Risérus Ulf , Ärnlöv Johan , Berglund Lars 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—Predictors of insulin resistance have hitherto only been examined in cross-sectional studies without information on lifestyle factors. Few researchers have measured insulin sensitivity directly and compared different metabolic and lifestyle predictors in a large population.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Our aim was to investigate independent long-term predictors of insulin sensitivity in a large population-based sample (the Uppsala Longitudinal Study of Adult Men cohort) of 50-year-old men who underwent a euglycemic clamp 20 years later (n = 770). Subjects with diabetes and treatment of cardiovascular disease at baseline were excluded. In linear regression models, metabolic (BMI, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, glucose, and blood pressure) and lifestyle factors (physical activity, smoking, saturated fat biomarkers, and socioeconomic status) were independent variables at baseline (age 50 years) and insulin sensitivity–dependent variables at follow-up (age 70 years). A subsample of only normal-weight men from the initial population was also examined (n = 440).
RESULTS—BMI was the strongest predictor of insulin sensitivity even after addition of metabolic factors. One SD (±2.8) increase in BMI corresponded to a mean 19% decrease in insulin sensitivity. After addition of lifestyle factors, all factors except triglycerides and smoking were significant predictors. BMI remained the strongest predictor (β = −0.67 [95% CI −0.83 to −0.51], P &lt; 0.0001) followed by physical activity, HDL cholesterol, saturated fat, and socioeconomic status (all P &lt; 0.05). BMI remained the strongest predictor in normal-weight subjects also (P &lt; 0.001). In addition, after adjustment for baseline insulin concentrations, BMI remained the strongest predictor (P &lt; 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS—Multiple factors, including novel factors such as saturated fat and socioeconomic status, independently predict insulin sensitivity after 20 years. BMI is, however, the single strongest predictor, even in normal-weight subjects.
The Effect of Glucosamine on Serum HDL Cholesterol and Apolipoprotein AI Levels in People With Diabetes
Authors: Albert Stewart G. , Fishman Oiknine Rachel , Parseghian Shant , Mooradian Arshag D. , Haas Michael J. , McPherson Timothy 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—Dietary and nutritional supplements are modulators of HDL cholesterol levels and production of apolipoprotein (apo) AI. Previously, in vitro treatment of hepatocyte cell lines with glucosamine increased apoAI production by stabilization of apoAI mRNA. The hypothesis is that the neutraceutical glucosamine, when given in conventional doses (1,500 mg/day) may increase apoAI and HDL cholesterol levels in subjects with diabetes and low HDL cholesterol.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Twelve subjects (three men and nine women) with type 1 (n = 2) and type 2 (n = 10) diabetes, aged 55 ± 12 years (mean ± SD), who had low HDL cholesterol (1.03 ± 0.20 mmol/l), were randomly assigned to a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial of 500 mg glucosamine or placebo orally three times daily for 2 weeks, followed by a 4-week washout phase and a 2-week cross-over to the alternate therapy.
RESULTS—Fasting serum glucose, fructosamine, and total cholesterol remained stable during the drug and placebo phases. Glucosamine had no significant effect after therapy on serum levels of HDL cholesterol (from baseline of 1.02 ± 0.15 to 1.05 ± 0.16 mmol/l compared with placebo from 1.04 ± 0.21 to 1.06 ± 0.16 mmol/l) nor in changes in apoAI levels (from baseline of 147 ± 15 to 140 ± 126 mg/dl with glucosamine and from 146 ± 25 to 142 ± 17 mg/dl with placebo).
CONCLUSIONS—These observations suggest that glucosamine at commonly consumed doses does not have significant effects on glycemic control, lipid profile, or levels of apoAI in diabetic subjects after 2 weeks of supplementation.
Comparison of Accuracy Measures of Two Screening Tests for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: van Leeuwen Marsha , Zweers Egbert J.K. , Opmeer Brent C. , van Ballegooie Evert , ter Brugge Henk G. , de Valk Harold W. , Mol Ben W.J. , Visser Gerard H.A. 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE— To compare the accuracy measures of the random glucose test and the 50-g glucose challenge test as screening tests for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— In this prospective cohort study, pregnant women without preexisting diabetes in two perinatal centers in the Netherlands underwent a random glucose test and a 50-g glucose challenge test between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. If one of the screening tests exceeded predefined threshold values, the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed within 1 week. Furthermore, the OGTT was performed in a random sample of women in whom both screening tests were normal. GDM was considered present when the OGTT (reference test) exceeded predefined threshold values. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the performance of the two screening tests. The results were corrected for verification bias.RESULTS— We included 1,301 women. The OGTT was performed in 322 women. After correction for verification bias, the random glucose test showed an area under the ROC curve of 0.69 (95% CI 0.61–0.78), whereas the glucose challenge test had an area under the curve of 0.88 (0.83–0.93). There was a significant difference in area under the curve of the two tests of 0.19 (0.11–0.27) in favor of the 50-g glucose challenge test.CONCLUSIONS— In screening for GDM, the 50-g glucose challenge test is more useful than the random glucose test.
White Blood Cells Telomere Length Is Shorter in Males With Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria
Authors: Tentolouris Nicholas , Nzietchueng Rosine , Cattan Valerie , Poitevin Gaël , Lacolley Patrick , Papazafiropoulou Athanasia , Perrea Despoina , Katsilambros Nicholas , Benetos Athanase 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—To examine differences in telomere (terminal restriction fragment [TRF]) length and pulse wave velocity (PWV)—an index of arterial stiffness—in patients with type 2 diabetes with and without microalbuminuria (MA).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 84 men with type 2 diabetes, 40 with MA and 44 without MA (aged 63.5 ± 9.0 vs. 61.2 ± 9.8 years), were studied. TRF length was determined in white blood cells. MA was defined as albumin excretion rate (AER) in the range of 30–300 mg/24 h in at least two of three 24-h urine collections. PWV was assessed using applanation tonometry. Markers of oxidative stress were also measured.
RESULTS—TRF length was shorter in patients with MA than in those without MA (6.64 ± 0.74 vs. 7.23 ± 1.01 kb, respectively, P = 0.004). PWV was significantly higher in the patients with MA. Multivariate linear regression analysis in the total sample demonstrated an independent association between TRF length and age (P = 0.02), MA status (P = 0.04) or AER (P = 0.002), and plasma nitrotyrosine levels (P = 0.02). AER was associated significantly with PWV (P &lt; 0.01).
CONCLUSIONS—Subjects with type 2 diabetes and MA have shorter TRF length and increased arterial stiffness than those without MA. Additionally, TRF length is associated with age, AER, and nitrosative stress. As shorter TRF length indicates older biological age, the increased arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes who have MA may be due to the more pronounced “aging ” of these subjects.
Development of an Evaluation Scale for Self-Management Behavior Related to Physical Activity of Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Nakawatase Yuri , Taru Chiemi , Tsutou Akimitsu , Shiotani Hideyuki , Kido Yoshiaki , Ohara Takeshi , Ogawa Wataru , Miyawaki Ikuko 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of an evaluation scale for self-management behavior related to physical activity of type 2 diabetic patients (ES-SMBPA-2D).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Outpatients with type 2 diabetes (n = 146) completed a self-administered questionnaire supported by a semistructured interview based on a literature review. The content, factor, and concurrent validity and internal consistency and reproducibility of the scale were analyzed. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for the ES-SMBPA-2D and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) subscale scores were calculated to evaluate the concurrent validity.
RESULTS—The ES-SMBPA-2D was divided into two parts, the first dealing with self-management behavior to enhance physical activity in daily life and the second with behavior to maintain the level of physical activity. Factor analysis showed that the first part comprised four factors and the second five. The ES-SMBPA-2D correlated with the IPAQ subscales. Cronbach’s α coefficient was between 0.56 and 0.90, and the intraclass test-retest correlation coefficient of the subscales was between 0.60 and 0.88.
CONCLUSIONS—The ES-SMBPA-2D is reasonably reliable and valid and is expected to prove useful for the assessment of patients’ self-management behavior and for individualized instruction.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Is a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes in Middle-Aged Japanese Men
Authors: Shibata Michihiko , Kihara Yasuyuki , Taguchi Masashi , Tashiro Mitsuo , Otsuki Makoto 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—To determine the association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the risk for development of diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We conducted an observational cohort study in male workers ≥40 years old in a Japanese company from 1997 to 2005. We excluded workers with alcohol intake ≥20 g/day and those with impaired glucose tolerance by a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. The remaining 3,189 workers were classified into fatty liver (FL) and non-FL group based on the findings of abdominal ultrasonography. Both groups were followed for the development of diabetes. Hazard ratio (HR) was determined in Cox proportional hazard analysis. A nested case-control study was conducted to determine the odds ratio (OR).
RESULTS—The average age of participants was 48.0 years at the entry, and the average follow-up period was 4.0 years. The incidence of diabetes in the FL group was 2,073 per 100,000 person-years (65 cases), whereas 452 per 100,000 person-years (44 cases) in the non-FL group. The age- and BMI-adjusted HR of diabetes associated with FL was 5.5 (95% CI 3.6–8.5, P &lt; 0.001). In the nested case-control analysis, the OR adjusted for age and BMI was 4.6 (3.0–6.9, P &lt; 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS—Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease significantly increases the risk of diabetes in middle-aged Japanese men.
The CETP TaqIB Polymorphism Is Associated With the Risk of Sudden Death in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Porchay-Baldérelli Isabelle , Péan Franck , Bellili Naïma , Jaziri Riphed , Marre Michel , Fumeron Frédéric ,   for the DIABHYCAR Study Group
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—Type 2 diabetic patients have a high risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and sudden death. This cardiovascular risk can be partly attributed to low levels of HDL cholesterol. The B2 allele of the CETP TaqIB polymorphism has been repeatedly reported to be associated with high HDL cholesterol levels in both healthy and type 2 diabetic subjects, but its association with CHD is unclear. We investigated the association of the CETP TaqIB polymorphism with CHD, and sudden death in particular, in a prospective cohort of type 2 diabetic patients.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The CETP TaqIB polymorphism was genotyped in 3,124 type 2 diabetic subjects with high cardiovascular risk: the Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes, Hypertension, Microalbuminuria, Proteinuria, Cardiovascular Events, and Ramipril (DIABHYCAR) study. We used Cox regression analysis to estimate the impact of the TaqIB single nucleotide polymorphism on the CHD events (myocardial infarction or sudden death) during follow-up.
RESULTS—The incidence of CHD was higher in B1B1 homozygotes than in B2 carriers (P = 0.02). This effect was mainly due to sudden death (hazard ratio [B1B1 vs. B2+] = 1.51 [95% CI = 1.05–2.18]). Although the B1 allele was associated in a dose-dependent fashion with lower HDL cholesterol (P &lt; 0.001), the association with sudden death persisted after adjustment for multiple risk factors, including HDL cholesterol levels.
CONCLUSIONS—In type 2 diabetic patients, the CETP TaqIB polymorphism is a good genetic predictor of cardiac mortality. This association is partly independent of the effect on HDL cholesterol levels.
Dehydroepiandrosterone Administration Counteracts Oxidative Imbalance and Advanced Glycation End Product Formation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Brignardello Enrico , Runzo Cristina , Aragno Manuela , Catalano Maria Graziella , Cassader Maurizio , Perin Paolo Cavallo , Boccuzzi Giuseppe 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has been shown to prevent oxidative stress in several in vivo and in vitro models. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of DHEA administration on oxidative stress, pentosidine concentration, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/TNF-α receptor system activity in patients with type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Twenty patients were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to the DHEA (n = 10) or placebo (n = 10) group. Twenty healthy sex- and age-matched subjects with normal glucose levels served as control subjects. DHEA was given as a single daily dose of 50 mg for 12 weeks.
RESULTS—Oxidative stress parameters were significantly higher in diabetic patients versus control subjects. Pentosidine levels, as well as soluble TNF receptor (sTNF-R)I and sTNF-RII, were also higher in diabetic patients. After DHEA, plasma levels of reactive oxygen species and hydroxynonenal dropped by 53 and 47%, respectively, whereas the nonenzymatic antioxidants glutathione and vitamin E increased (+38 and +76%, respectively). The same changes in oxidative parameters were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). DHEA treatment also induced a marked decrease of pentosidine plasma concentration in diabetic patients (−50%). Moreover, the TNF-α/TNF-α receptor system was shown to be less activated after DHEA treatment, in both plasma and PBMCs.
CONCLUSIONS—Data indicate that DHEA treatment ameliorates the oxidative imbalance induced by hyperglycemia, downregulates the TNF-α/TNF-α receptor system, and prevents advanced glycation end product formation, suggesting a beneficial effect on the onset and/or progression of chronic complications in type 2 diabetic patients.
Supplementation of Conventional Therapy With the Novel Grain Salba (Salvia hispanica L.) Improves Major and Emerging Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Vuksan Vladimir , Whitham Dana , Sievenpiper John L. , Jenkins Alexandra L. , Rogovik Alexander L. , Bazinet Richard P. , Vidgen Edward , Hanna Amir 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—To determine whether addition of Salba (Salvia hispanica L.), a novel whole grain that is rich in fiber, α-linolenic acid (ALA), and minerals to conventional treatment is associated with improvement in major and emerging cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Using a single-blind cross-over design, subjects were randomly assigned to receive either 37 ± 4 g/day of Salba or wheat bran for 12 weeks while maintaining their conventional diabetes therapies. Twenty well-controlled subjects with type 2 diabetes (11 men and 9 women, aged 64 ± 8 years, BMI 28 ± 4 kg/m2, and A1C 6.8 ± 0.9%) completed the study. This study was set in the outpatient clinic of the Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
RESULTS—Compared with the control treatment, Salba reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 6.3 ± 4 mmHg (P &lt; 0.001), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (mg/l) by 40 ± 1.6% (P = 0.04), and vonWillebrand factor (vWF) by 21 ± 0.3% (P = 0.03), with significant decreases in A1C and fibrinogen in relation to the Salba baseline but not with the control treatment. There were no changes in safety parameters including liver, kidney and hemostatic function, or body weight. Both plasma ALA and eicosapentaenoic polyunsaturated fatty acid levels were increased twofold (P &lt; 0.05) while consuming Salba.
CONCLUSIONS—Long-term supplementation with Salba attenuated a major cardiovascular risk factor (SBP) and emerging factors (hs-CRP and vWF) safely beyond conventional therapy, while maintaining good glycemic and lipid control in people with well-controlled type 2 diabetes.
Resolution of Asymptomatic Myocardial Ischemia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in the Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics (DIAD) Study
Authors: Wackers Frans J. Th. , Chyun Deborah A. , Young Lawrence H. , Heller Gary V. , Iskandrian Ami E. , Davey Janice A. , Barrett Eugene J. , Taillefer Raymond , Wittlin Steven D. , Filipchuk Neil , Ratner Robert E. , Inzucchi Silvio E. ,   for the Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics (DIAD) Investigators
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to assess whether the prevalence of inducible myocardial ischemia increases over time in patients with type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Participants enrolled in the Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics (DIAD) study underwent repeat adenosine-stress myocardial perfusion imaging 3 years after initial evaluation. Patients with intervening cardiac events or revascularization and those who were unable or unwilling to repeat stress imaging were excluded.
RESULTS—Of the initial 522 DIAD patients, 358 had repeat stress imaging (DIAD-2), of whom 71 (20%) had ischemia at enrollment (DIAD-1). Of 287 patients with normal DIAD-1 studies, 259 (90%) remained normal in DIAD-2, whereas 28 (10%) developed new ischemia in DIAD-2. Of the 71 patients with abnormal DIAD-1 studies, 56 (79%) demonstrated resolution of ischemia, whereas 15 (21%) remained abnormal. During this 3-year interval, medical treatment was intensified, with more patients using statins, aspirin, and ACE inhibitors than at baseline. Patients with resolution of ischemia had significantly greater increases in these medications than patients who developed new ischemia (P = 0.04).
CONCLUSIONS—Thus, the majority of asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes demonstrated resolution of ischemia upon repeat stress imaging after 3 years. This resolution was associated with more intensive treatment of cardiovascular risk factors.
Working memory abilities and children's performance in laboratory analogues of classroom activities
Authors: Gathercole Susan E. , Durling Emily , Evans Matthew , Jeffcock Sarah , Stone Sarah 
Published: October 2007

AbstractLaboratory analogues of classroom activities on which children with low working memory skills have been observed to perform very poorly were developed and employed in two studies. In Study 1, 5‐ and 6‐year‐old completed one task involving recalling spoken sentences and counting the numbers of words, and another task involving the identification of rhyming words in spoken poems. Poorer performance of low than average working memory children was obtained on the recall measure of both tasks. In Study 2, 5‐ and 6‐year‐old children heard spoken instructions involving the manipulation of a sequence of objects, and were asked either to perform the instructions or repeat them, in different conditions. The accuracy of performing but not repeating instructions was strongly associated with working memory skills. These results indicate that working memory plays a significant role in typical classroom activities that involve both the storage and mental manipulation of information. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.