bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interrogating the Violent God of Hosea: A Conversation with Walter Brueggemann, Alice Keefe, and Ehud Ben Zvi
Authors: Sharp Carolyn 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis essay responds to Brueggemann, Keefe, and Ben Zvi. Commending Brueggemann's discernment of multivocality in Hosea, this response considers his idea of a recovering God in light of rhetorical disjuncture between the brutal God of most of Hosea and the nurturing deity of Hosea 14. Keefe's welcome focus on class-based economic motivations for Hosea's polemics raises a question about the "urban elite male warrior class" that she identifies as responsible for regional economic exploitation; postcolonial notions of hybridity and mimicry are invoked to extend Keefe's analysis. Ben Zvi's argument that Persian-period literati would have been empowered by Hosea's utopian rhetoric is considered; the male rereadership would have been shamed, too, by Hosea's metaphorization of Israel as adulterous woman, and Yehud readers might not have seen the monarchical-era implied audience as discontinuous with themselves. The question is posed as to what role(s) the prophet Hosea might play in the hermeneutical models of Brueggemann, Keefe, and Ben Zvi.
Measurements of Momentum and Heat Transfer across the Air–Sea Interface
Authors: Gerbi Gregory P. , Trowbridge John H. , Edson James B. , Plueddemann Albert J. , Terray Eugene A. , Fredericks Janet J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This study makes direct measurements of turbulent fluxes in the mixed layer in order to close heat and momentum budgets across the air–sea interface and to assess the ability of rigid-boundary turbulence models to predict mean vertical gradients beneath the ocean’s wavy surface. Observations were made at 20 Hz at nominal depths of 2.2 and 1.7 m in ∼16 m of water. A new method is developed to estimate the fluxes and the length scales of dominant flux-carrying eddies from cospectra at frequencies below the wave band. The results are compared to independent estimates of those quantities, with good agreement between the two sets of estimates. The observed temperature gradients were smaller than predicted by standard rigid-boundary closure models, consistent with the suggestion that wave breaking and Langmuir circulation increase turbulent diffusivity in the upper ocean. Similarly, the Monin–Obukhov stability function ϕh was smaller in the authors’ measurements than the stability functions used in rigid-boundary applications of the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory. The dominant horizontal length scales of flux-carrying turbulent eddies were found to be consistent with observations in the bottom boundary layer of the atmosphere and from laboratory experiments in three ways: 1) in statically unstable conditions, the eddy sizes scaled linearly with distance to the boundary; 2) in statically stable conditions, length scales decreased with increasing downward buoyancy flux; and 3) downwind length scales were larger than crosswind length scales.
Development of an Aerosol Retrieval Method: Description and Preliminary Tests
Authors: Carrió G. G. , Cotton W. R. , Zupanski D. , Zupanski M. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
A cloud-nucleating aerosol retrieval method was developed. It allows the estimation of ice-forming nuclei and cloud condensation nuclei (IFN and CCN) for regions in which boundary layer clouds prevail. The method is based on the assumption that the periodical assimilation of observations into a microscale model leads to an improved estimation of the model state vector (that contains the cloud-nucleating aerosol concentrations). The Colorado State University Cloud Resolving Model (CRM) version of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS@CSU) and the maximum likelihood ensemble filter algorithm (MLEF) were used as the forecast model and the assimilation algorithm, respectively. On the one hand, the microphysical modules of this CRM explicitly consider the nucleation of IFN, CCN, and giant CCN. On the other hand, the MLEF provides an important advantage because it is defined to address highly nonlinear problems, employing an iterative minimization of a cost function. This paper explores the possibility of using an assimilation technique with microscale models. These initial series of experiments focused on isolating the model response and showed that data assimilation enhanced its performance in simulating a mixed-phase Arctic boundary layer cloud. Moreover, the coupled model was successful in reproducing the presence of an observed polluted air mass above the inversion.
Mount Kenya Global Atmosphere Watch Station (MKN): Installation and Meteorological Characterization
Authors: Henne Stephan , Junkermann Wolfgang , Kariuki Josiah M. , Aseyo John , Klausen Jörg 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The meteorological conditions at the Mount Kenya (station identifier MKN) tropical Global Atmosphere Watch Programme station are described. Like other stations in mountainous terrain, the site experiences thermally induced wind systems that disturb free tropospheric conditions. Therefore, the adequacy of the site for long-term background atmospheric composition measurements needs to be evaluated. Meteorological parameters for the period June 2002–June 2006 were analyzed, focusing on the development of thermally induced wind systems and boundary layer influence. Filters based on the local wind and day–night differences in specific humidity were developed for selection of times representative of undisturbed free tropospheric conditions. In addition, the convective boundary layer depth was evaluated. Throughout the whole year the station is influenced by thermally induced wind systems and the atmospheric boundary layer. The filters distinguished between thermally and synoptically influenced days. Thermally influenced days (86%) dominated. However, maxima in specific humidity were also reached in the afternoon on synoptically influenced days and were attributed to mixing in the convective boundary layer. During nighttime, downslope wind dominated that carries undisturbed free tropospheric air masses. Nevertheless, during 24% of all nights the specific humidity was also elevated, possibly indicating the presence of residual layers. It is recommended that nighttime data only (2100–0400 UTC) be used for analysis of long-term trends of the free tropospheric background while the remaining data can be used to characterize composition and trends of the regional atmospheric boundary layer. Further exclusion of apparent pollution events and residual layer influence should be considered. With these constraints, the Mount Kenya Global Atmosphere Watch site is adequate for the study of trends and budgets of background atmospheric composition.
Spatially Distributed Measurements of Platform Motion for the Correction of Ship-Based Turbulent Fluxes
Authors: Brooks Ian M. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
A method for determining the angular offsets between measurement axes for multiple motion sensing systems and a sonic anemometer using underway data is demonstrated. This enables a single angular rate sensor to be used with spatially separated accelerometers, collocated with sonic anemometers, for the motion correction of turbulence measurements on a mobile platform such as a ship. Effective motion correction of turbulence measurements at sea is demonstrated. The errors in instrument alignment are considered, and estimates are made of the resulting biases in wind stress estimates.
Correction of Humidity Bias for Vaisala RS80-A Sondes during the AMMA 2006 Observing Period
Authors: Nuret Mathieu , Lafore Jean-Philippe , Guichard Françoise , Redelsperger Jean-Luc , Bock Olivier , Agusti-Panareda Anna , N’Gamini Jean-Blaise 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDuring the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) program, which included a special observing period that took place over West Africa in 2006, a major effort was devoted to monitor the atmosphere and its water cycle. The radiosonde network was upgraded and enhanced, and GPS receivers deployed. Among all sondes released in the atmosphere, a significant number were Vaisala RS80-A sondes, which revealed a significant dry bias relative to Vaisala RS92 (a maximum of 14% in the lower atmosphere, reaching 20% in the upper levels). This paper makes use of a simple but robust statistical approach to correct the bias. Comparisons against independent GPS data show that the bias is almost removed at night, whereas for daytime conditions, a weak dry bias (5%) still remains. The correction enhances CAPE by a factor of about 4 and, thus, becomes much more in line with expected values over the region.
A Rational Use of Immune Enhancing Diets: When Should We Use Dietary Arginine Supplementation?
Authors: Ochoa Juan B. , Makarenkova Valeriya , Bansal Vishal 
Published: May 2008

Controversies in any arena of human activity often result in the polarization of the individuals involved into 2 opposing camps. Controversy about the use of immune‐enhancing diets (IEDs) is no exception. On one hand, some groups are proposing indiscriminate use of IEDs, whereas others have created guidelines advocating that their use should be banned for the critically ill. At stake is an emerging paradigm: that dietary manipulation of the immune system is possible and may become an important adjunct to other therapies, thus helping prevent or treat multiple diseases for millions worldwide. Under these circumstances, extremist claims of miraculous benefits or inappropriate assertions of evil can only delay the emergence of a nascent science. This paper is therefore a plea for moderation from both camps, lest we cause irreparable damage to our clinical practices and potential injury to individual patients.IEDs all contain arginine. However, they also contain other substances such as ω‐3 fatty acids, and nucleotides. The use of all these nutrients together into commercial IEDs without adequate evaluation of their individual effects has prevented the development of mechanistic hypotheses of action. Despite this, IEDs have been tested extensively, allowing the development of guidelines for their use. IEDs should be used for surgical patients, especially those undergoing elective surgery. IEDs show no benefit and indeed can potentially harm patients with sepsis, especially in the nonsurgical group, and should not be used outside of research protocols. Advances in basic research have helped us understand mechanisms of how arginine contained in IEDs may help surgical patients but may be deleterious in patients with sepsis. A review of the basic mechanisms of action of arginine on the immune system is enclosed in this paper and should serve as a basis for the development of scientific principles that guide clinical use of IEDs.
Correlation Between Ammonia Levels and the Severity of Hepatic Encephalopathy
Authors: Ong JP , Aggarwal A , Krieger D , Easley KA , Karafa MT , Van Lente F , Arroliga AC , Mullen KD 
Published: May 2008

Background: Because the correlation between ammonia levels and the severity of hepatic encephalopathy remains controversial, we prospectively evaluated the correlation in 121 consecutive patients with cirrhosis. Methods: The diagno‐ sis of hepatic encephalopathy was based on clinical criteria, and the severity of hepatic encephalopathy was based on the West Haven Criteria for grading of mental status. Arterial and venous blood samples were obtained from each patient. Four types of ammonia measurements were analyzed: arterial and venous total ammonia, and arterial and venous partial pressure of ammonia. Spearman rank correlations (r s) were calculated. Results: Of the 121 patients, 30 (25%) had grade 0 encephalopathy (no signs or symptoms), 27 (22%) had grade 1, 23 (19%) had grade 2, 28 (23%) had grade 3, and 13 (11%) had grade 4 (the most severe signs and symptoms). Each of the four measures of ammonia increased with the severity of hepatic encephalopathy: arterial total ammonia (r s =0.61, p ≤ .001), venous total ammonia (r s =0.56, p ≤ .001), arterial partial pressure of ammonia (r s =0.55, p ≤ .001), and venous partial pressure of ammonia (r s =0.52, p≤ .001).Conclusions: Ammonia levels correlate with the severity of hepatic encephalopathy. Venous sampling is adequate for ammo‐ nia measurement. There appears to be no additional advantage of measuring the partial pressure of ammonia compared with total ammonia levels.
Gluten‐Free Diet: The Medical and Nutrition Management of Celiac Disease
Authors: See Jacalyn , Murray Joseph A. 
Published: May 2008

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic disease causing inflammation of the proximal small intestine that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals when they eat gluten, which is the storage protein in wheat, barley, and rye. The disease injury usually resolves when gluten is excluded from the diet. Although the injury will heal, the reaction to gluten is permanent and will recur with the reintroduction of gluten. The condition is surprisingly common, affecting as many as 1% of white populations. The consequences of the disease are predominantly those of malnutrition due to maldigestion and malabsorption, such as diarrhea, weight loss, and anemia. Symptoms caused by inflammation of the small intestine are also common. CD, although it is common and its pathology is well understood, frequently goes undiagnosed, probably because of the nonspecific or vague nature of many of the symptoms that occur.The cornerstone of treatment for CD is elimination of gluten from the diet. In most patients diagnosed with CD, a strict gluten‐free diet (GFD) alone should result in complete symptomatic and histologic resolution of the disease and reduce risk of complications. Noncompliance with diet is the leading cause of failure to respond in patients with CD. For these reasons, thorough assessment and counseling at the time of diagnosis and ongoing care are crucial. In this article, we address briefly what is known about the pathogenesis and diagnosis of CD and address its treatment in detail.
Maladaptive Eating Patterns After Weight‐Loss Surgery
Authors: Rusch Mark D. , Andris Deborah 
Published: May 2008

Weight‐loss surgery has been shown to contribute to the improved health and well‐being of the clinically severe obese, and for many has been seen as their“ last resort.” Although the majority of patients who choose this option as a means to achieve a healthier weight are successful, for some patients it is not beneficial. Bariatric surgery is not a panacea, and its immediate and long‐term success depends on the patient's ability to incorporate lifestyle and behavioral changes.Patients who are not successful in achieving and maintaining their anticipated weight loss struggle to comply with diet, exercise, and vitamin regimens. Not only do these patients exhibit diminished weight loss, they have put themselves at risk for vitamin and mineral deficiencies and protein malnutrition. Their problematic response to weight‐loss surgery may or may not be due to a worsening of presurgical depression, binge eating, emotion‐triggered eating, body image, or eating behaviors associated with specific situations such as social events.This paper describes clinical responses we have observed in our bariatric practice. Several case studies are presented to highlight problems we have encountered when following bariatric surgery patients in the early postoperative period, as well as in a long‐term setting. Recommendations are made for screening and follow‐up of at‐risk patients.
Use of Probiotics in Pediatrics: Rationale, Mechanisms of Action, and Practical Aspects
Authors: Saavedra Jose M. 
Published: May 2008

The use of probiotics (ingested microbes that can modify intestinal microbial populations in a way that benefit the host) has moved from concept to actual demonstration of specific benefits by specific microorganisms for specific populations. It is increasingly clear that these benefits to the host are mostly mediated by the profound effect that intestinal microflora (microbiota) have on gut barrier function and host immune response.Intestinal bacteria are more numerous than the human cells of the host that harbors them. Despite having many potential pathogens in this microflora, humans do not routinely get infected. It is no coincidence that gut‐associated immune tissue constitutes approximately 80% of all immunologically active cells in the human host. The gut interacts with intestinal bacteria, both resident and ingested, to develop protective mechanisms (via improving gut barrier function and immune stimulation for defense) and appropriate, nonexaggerated responses (via immune modulation and immune tolerance) to support host health. The mechanisms of this interaction between host and bacteria are increasingly being unraveled and in great part explain the clinical benefits that have been reported with specific probiotic bacteria by enhancing host defense mechanisms (such as for treatment and prevention of viral diarrhea and reducing risk of necrotizing enterocolitis), mitigating antibiotic‐associated diarrhea, and modulating host immune response (such as in allergic disease).
Effects of Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency on the Induction of Liver Microsomal Membranes by Phenobarbital: An Ultrastructural and Biochemical Investigation
Authors: Friedman Harold Ira , Caldwell Michael D. , Lollini Lance , Shearer Jeffrey , Nemeth Thomas J. 
Published: May 2008

The essential fatty acids, particularly arachidonic, are important components of intracellular membrane systems. Their absence during dietary manipulation has been postulated to cause alterations in both composition and function of membranes and associated enzyme systems. In the current investigation, the effect of essential fatty acid deficiency on the induction of hepatic microsomal membranes by phenobarbital was studied. Control rats were fed a standard chow diet and either injected daily for 4 days with phenobarbital or with a placebo. Experimental animals were given an essential fatty acid‐deficient (EFAD) diet and similarly injected with either phenobarbital or placebo. Following the above regimens, liver tissue was obtained for electron microscopy and biochemical membrane analysis. Control animals given phenobarbital displayed a marked proliferation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in comparison to placebo controls. In contrast, EFAD rats did not exhibit an endoplasmic reticulum response to phenobarbital injection and appeared to recover from the drug administration more slowly than control animals. The alterations in fatty acid composition characteristic of an EFAD diet were observed in the microsomal membranes of the deficient animals. The concentrations of palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic, and 5,8,11‐eicosatrienoic acids were significantly increased above that found in control animals. Concentrations of linoleic and arachidonic acids were reduced. Phenobarbital administration significantly increased the concentrations of palmitic, linoleic, and arachidonic acids in microsomal fractions of chow‐fed animals but not in EFAD animals. Conversely, eicosatrienoic acid concentrations increased in phenobarbital‐treated EFAD animals but not in chow‐fed, drug‐injected rats. The triene/tetraene ratio reflected these alterations.Essential fatty acid deficiency causes biochemical alterations of the hepatic microsomal membranes which are exaggerated by the administration of phenobarbital. These compositional changes appear to alter the functional ability of the membranes to proliferate in response to phenobarbital and, thereby, inhibit the efficaceous metabolism of this drug.
Nutritional Assessment and Surgical Infections in Patients with Gastric Cancer or Peptic Ulcer
Authors: Dionigi Paolo , Nazari Stefano , Bonoldi Alberto Pietro , Cividini Flavio , Olezza Silvana , Dionigi Renzo 
Published: May 2008

Recent reports provide evidence that cancer is frequently associated with malnutrition and infection. This is particularly evident when the gastrointestinal tract is involved. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difference between the nutritional status of patients with gastric cancer and with peptic ulcer, and to determine which of the nutritional indicators may be of value in identifying patients with high risk of postoperative infections.A complete nutritional assessment was performed at admission and the following parameters were determined: hemoglobin, total serum protein, albumin, ceruloplasmin, retinol binding protein, transferrin; Fe; urine creatinine, creatinine/height index, arm muscle circumference; ideal body weight, usual body weight, arm circumference, triceps skinfold; lymphocytes, white blood cells, C3c, skin tests to recall and primary antigens.In the cancer patient group, hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, Fe, percentage usual body weight, and delayed hypersensitivity response to skin antigens were significantly more impaired than in controls. Preoperative delayed hypersensitivity response was the only test in correlation with the tumor stage. It was also significantly different in the gastric cancer patients who developed postoperative infections.
Malnutrition and Hospital Prognosis in the Alcoholic Patient
Authors: Bienia Richard , Ratcliff Sandra , Barbour Galen L. , Kummer Mary 
Published: May 2008

The nutritional status of 65 alcoholic patients admitted to the Medical Service of a Veterans Administration Hospital was evaluated and compared to that of 87 nonalcoholic patients admitted during the same period of time. There was no statistical difference in the prevalence of malnutrition in the alcoholic population (36.9%) when compared to the nonalcoholic population (43.7%).The death rate and incidence of infection were similar in both populations as was the prevalence of anemia, depressed total lymphocyte count, and skin test anergy. Malnutrition, however, correlated with an increased death rate and incidence of infection, regardless of whether the patient was an alcoholic or not.
Normalization of Abnormal Electroencephalograms in Beagles with Portacaval Anastomosis by Infusion of Solutions Rich in Branched‐Chain Amino Acids
Authors: Okamoto Hiroh , Fujimura Takao 
Published: May 2008

The effects of intravenous infusions of amino acid solutions on the electroencephalograms (EEG) and biochemical indices of 12 beagle dogs with a portacaval anastomosis (PCA) were studied in unanesthetized and unrestrained conditions. EEGs were recorded everyday from 2 days after the operation. When the EEGs showed predominant delta and theta frequency bands (slow‐wave), solutions of amino acids were infused intravenously at 5 ml/kg/hr for an hour. Blood was withdrawn immediately before and after the infusion to determine plasma amino acids and ammonia.Infusion of amino acid solutions enriched in branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA) with restricted aromatic amino acids (AAA) normalized the predominantly slow‐wave EEGs. These solutions reduced the increased plasma AAA and ammonia concentrations and increased the lowered plasma BCAA concentrations. The abnormal EEGs were not improved by infusion with a balanced and AAA‐enriched amino acid solution for nutritional support of surgical patients and became worse on infusion of AAA solution. Significant correlations were found between percent changes in the incidence of slow‐waves and plasma AAA concentrations. These results suggest that infusion of solution with low AAA and high BCAA concentrations may be suitable for treatment of cirrhotic patients with abnormal EEG or with hepatic encephalopathy. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 10:34–39, 1986)