bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orographic Precipitation in the Tropics: Experiments in Dominica
Authors: Smith R. B. , Schafer P. , Kirshbaum D. J. , Regina E. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The “natural laboratory” of mountainous Dominica (15°N) in the trade wind belt is used to study the physics of tropical orographic precipitation in its purest form, unforced by weather disturbances or by the diurnal cycle of solar heating. A cross-island line of rain gauges and 5-min radar scans from Guadeloupe reveal a large annual precipitation at high elevation (7 m yr−1) and a large orographic enhancement factor (2 to 8) caused primarily by repetitive convective triggering over the windward slope. The triggering is caused by terrain-forced lifting of the conditionally unstable trade wind cloud layer. Ambient humidity fluctuations associated with open-ocean convection may play a key role. The convection transports moisture upward and causes frequent brief showers on the hilltops. The drying ratio of the full air column from precipitation is less than 1% whereas the surface air dries by about 17% from the east coast to the mountain top. On the lee side, a plunging trade wind inversion and reduced instability destroys convective clouds and creates an oceanic rain shadow.
Interannual Variability and Seasonal Evolution of Summer Monsoon Rainfall in South America
Authors: Grimm Alice M. , Zilli Marcia T. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The analysis of the interannual variability of the South American monsoon rainfall is carried out separately for austral spring and summer (and for November and January), based on a 40-yr station gauge dataset. Relationships between modes of variability in these seasons show the influence of antecedent conditions in spring (or November) on the evolution of the monsoon rainfall in peak summer (or January). In spring the first mode is dipolelike, with opposite loadings over central-eastern and southeastern South America. It is connected with ENSO. The second mode shows the highest loadings slightly south of the South Atlantic convergence zone. The leading mode of summer also features dipolelike oscillations between central-eastern and southeastern South America, but is not strongly connected with ENSO. The second mode represents the impact of ENSO, and the third is modulated by SST anomalies in the southern tropical Atlantic.
Significant relationships are disclosed between the first dipolelike modes of spring and summer rainfall and thus between the rainfall in spring and summer over central-eastern South America, which includes part of the monsoon core region. These dipolelike modes are associated with a rotational anomaly over southeast Brazil that either conveys moisture flux into central-eastern Brazil (if it is cyclonic) or into southeastern South America (if it is anticyclonic). In spring this anomaly seems to be remotely forced, but after strong rainfall anomalies over central-eastern Brazil in spring, it tends to reverse sign in peak summer, inverting the dipolelike rainfall anomalies. This reversal is hypothesized to be locally forced by surface–atmosphere feedback triggered by the spring anomalies, as weaker teleconnections in summer allow local processes that are stronger in summer to overcome remote forcing. SST and circulation anomalies associated with the first modes in spring and summer, and also the relationship between the first summer mode and surface temperature in spring, are consistent with that hypothesis.
Sensitivity Study of Regional Climate Model Simulations to Large-Scale Nudging Parameters
Authors: Alexandru Adelina , de Elia Ramon , Laprise René , Separovic Leo , Biner Sébastien 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Previous studies with nested regional climate models (RCMs) have shown that large-scale spectral nudging (SN) seems to be a powerful method to correct RCMs’ weaknesses such as internal variability, intermittent divergence in phase space (IDPS), and simulated climate dependence on domain size and geometry. Despite its initial success, SN is not yet in widespread use because of disagreement regarding the main premises—the unconfirmed advantages of removing freedom from RCMs’ large scales—and lingering doubts regarding its potentially negative side effects. This research addresses the latter issue. Five experiments have been carried out with the Canadian RCM (CRCM) over North America. Each experiment, performed under a given SN configuration, consists of four ensembles of simulations integrated on four different domain sizes for a summer season. In each experiment, the effects of SN on internal variability, time means, extremes, and power spectra are discussed. As anticipated from previous investigations, the present study confirms that internal variability, as well as simulated-climate dependence on domain size, decreases with increased SN strength. Our results further indicate a noticeable reduction of precipitation extremes as well as low-level vorticity amplitude in almost all length scales, as a side effect of SN; these effects are mostly perceived when SN is the most intense. Overall results indicate that the use of a weak to mild SN may constitute a reasonable compromise between the risk of decoupling of the RCM internal solution from the lateral boundary conditions (when using large domains without SN) and an excessive control of the large scales (with strong SN).
Description and Verification of the NOAA Smoke Forecasting System: The 2007 Fire Season
Authors: Rolph Glenn D. , Draxler Roland R. , Stein Ariel F. , Taylor Albion , Ruminski Mark G. , Kondragunta Shobha , Zeng Jian , Huang Ho-Chun , Manikin Geoffrey , McQueen Jeffery T. , Davidson Paula M. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
An overview of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) current operational Smoke Forecasting System (SFS) is presented. This system is intended as guidance to air quality forecasters and the public for fine particulate matter (≤2.5 μm) emitted from large wildfires and agricultural burning, which can elevate particulate concentrations to unhealthful levels. The SFS uses National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) Hazard Mapping System (HMS), which is based on satellite imagery, to establish the locations and extents of the fires. The particulate matter emission rate is computed using the emission processing portion of the U.S. Forest Service’s BlueSky Framework, which includes a fuel-type database, as well as consumption and emissions models. The Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model is used to calculate the transport, dispersion, and deposition of the emitted particulate matter. The model evaluation is carried out by comparing predicted smoke levels with actual smoke detected from satellites by the HMS and the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Aerosol/Smoke Product. This overlap is expressed as the figure of merit in space (FMS), the intersection over the union of the observed and calculated smoke plumes. Results are presented for the 2007 fire season (September 2006–November 2007). While the highest FMS scores for individual events approach 60%, average values for the 1 and 5 μg m−3 contours for the analysis period were 8.3% and 11.6%, respectively. FMS scores for the forecast period were lower by about 25% due, in part, to the inability to forecast new fires. The HMS plumes tend to be smaller than the corresponding predictions during the winter months, suggesting that excessive emissions predicted for the smaller fires resulted in an overprediction in the smoke area.
Review: Future perspectives for brain pharmacotherapies: implications of drug transport processes at the blood—brain barrier
Authors: Hermann Dirk M. 
Published: November 2008

Years ago, ischemic stroke was regarded as a model disease for the development of neuroprotective therapies by the pharmacological industry. Results were disappointing. There are still no treatments available allowing the rescue of brain tissue once a stroke has occurred. Study failure is not only a problem in the stroke field. In other neurodegenerative conditions and in non-degenerative brain disorders, progress in drug development was also rather scarce until recently. An important factor in drug failure is the blood—brain barrier, which expresses active transporters that eliminate drugs from the brain. These transporters exhibit strong variations between different animals, which make it difficult to predict brain concentrations of drugs over species barriers. This paper claims that more detailed knowledge about:(1) the biology of blood—brain barrier transporters; (2) their regulation in brain disease,(3) the affinity of transporters to candidate drugs; and (4) the accumulation of drugs in brain tissue is needed for the overall success of clinical trials to be improved. An alternative strategy could be the use of disease-modifying treatments that do not have to enter the brain to exert their function. As such, restorative and anti-inflammatory strategies acting at the blood—brain interface might gain therapeutic potential in the future.
Both alleles of PSF1 are required for maintenance of pool size of immature hematopoietic cells and acute bone marrow regeneration
Authors: Ueno Masaya , Itoh Machiko , Sugihara Kazushi , Asano Masahide , Takakura Nobuyuki 
Published: November 2008

AbstractHematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have a very low rate of cell division in the steady state; however, under conditions of hematopoietic stress, these cells can begin to proliferate at high rates, differentiate into mature hematopoietic cells, and rapidly reconstitute ablated bone marrow (BM). Previously, we isolated a novel evolutionarily conserved DNA replication factor, PSF1 (partner of SLD5-1), from an HSC-specific cDNA library. In the steady state, PSF1 is expressed predominantly in CD34+KSL (c-kit+/Sca-1+/Lineage−) cells and progenitors, whereas high levels of PSF1 expression are induced in KSL cells after BM ablation. In 1-year-old PSF1+/− mice, the pool size of stem cells and progenitors is decreased. Whereas young PSF1+/− mutant mice develop normally, are fertile, and have no obvious differences in hematopoiesis in the steady state compared with wild-type mice, intravenous injection of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is lethal in PSF1+/− mice, resulting from a delay in induction of HSC proliferation during ablated BM reconstitution. Overexpression studies revealed that PSF1 regulates molecular stability of other GINS components, including SLD5, PSF2, and PSF3. Our data indicate that PSF1 is required for acute proliferation of HSCs in the BM of mice.
Abnormal megakaryocyte morphology and proplatelet formation in mice with megakaryocyte-restricted MYH9 inactivation
Authors: Eckly Anita , Strassel Catherine , Freund Monique , Cazenave Jean-Pierre , Lanza François , Gachet Christian , Léon Catherine 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMutations in the MYH9 gene encoding nonmuscle myosin IIA lead to macrothrombocytopenia as observed in MYH9-related disorders. We used mice with megakaryocyte-restricted MYH9 inactivation to explore the role of myosin in thrombopoiesis. In situ, bone marrow MYH9Δ megakaryocytes were irregularly shaped, appearing leaky with poorly defined limits. The demarcation membranes were abnormally organized and poorly developed, pointing to an insufficient reservoir for the future formation of platelets. The cytoskeletal-rich peripheral zone was lacking due to the absence of the myosin filament network that normally surrounds the granular zone in wild-type cells. In vitro studies of cultured cells showed that MYH9Δ megakaryocytes were unable to form stress fibers upon adhesion to collagen, suggesting that the leaky shape results from defects in internal tension and anchorage to the extracellular environment. Surprisingly, the proportion of cells extending proplatelets was increased in MYH9Δ megakaryocytes and the proplatelet buds were larger. Overall, this study provides evidence for a role of myosin in different steps of megakaryocyte development through its participation in the maintenance of cell shape, formation and organization of the demarcation membranes and the peripheral zone, anchorage to the extracellular matrix, and proplatelet formation.
Frailty Intervention Trial (FIT)
Authors: Fairhall Nicola , Aggar Christina , Kurrle Susan E , Sherrington Catherine , Lord Stephen , Lockwood Keri , Monaghan Noeline , Cameron Ian D 
Published: November 2008

Abstract

Background
Frailty is a term commonly used to describe the condition of an older person who has chronic health problems, has lost functional abilities and is likely to deteriorate further. However, despite its common use, only a small number of studies have attempted to define the syndrome of frailty and measure its prevalence. The criteria Fried and colleagues used to define the frailty syndrome will be used in this study (i.e. weight loss, fatigue, decreased grip strength, slow gait speed, and low physical activity). Previous studies have shown that clinical outcomes for frail older people can be improved using multi-factorial interventions such as comprehensive geriatric assessment, and single interventions such as exercise programs or nutritional supplementation, but no interventions have been developed to specifically reverse the syndrome of frailty.
We have developed a multidisciplinary intervention that specifically targets frailty as defined by Fried et al. We aim to establish the effects of this intervention on frailty, mobility, hospitalisation and institutionalisation in frail older people.

Methods and Design
A single centre randomised controlled trial comparing a multidisciplinary intervention with usual care. The intervention will target identified characteristics of frailty, functional limitations, nutritional status, falls risk, psychological issues and management of chronic health conditions. Two hundred and thirty people aged 70 and over who meet the Fried definition of frailty will be recruited from clients of the aged care service of a metropolitan hospital. Participants will be followed for a 12-month period.

Discussion
This research is an important step in the examination of specifically targeted frailty interventions. This project will assess whether an intervention specifically targeting frailty can be implemented, and whether it is effective when compared to usual care. If successful, the study will establish a new approach to the treatment of older people at risk of further functional decline and institutionalisation. The strategies to be examined are readily transferable to routine clinical practice and are applicable broadly in the setting of aged care health services.

Trial Registration
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trails Registry: ACTRN12608000250336.
Exposure to ambient concentrations of particulate air pollution does not influence vascular function or inflammatory pathways in young healthy individuals
Authors: Bräuner Elvira V , Møller Peter , Barregard Lars , Dragsted Lars O , Glasius Marianne , Wåhlin Peter , Vinzents Peter , Raaschou-Nielsen Ole , Loft Steffen 
Published: November 2008

Abstract

Background
Particulate air pollution is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events although the involved mechanisms are poorly understood. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of controlled exposure to ambient air fine and ultrafine particles on microvascular function and biomarkers related to inflammation, haemostasis and lipid and protein oxidation.

Methods
Twenty-nine subjects participated in a randomized, two-factor crossover study with or without biking exercise for 180 minutes and with 24 hour exposure to particle rich (number concentrations, NC: 11600 ± 5600 per cm3, mass concentrations: 13.8 ± 7.4 μg/m3 and 10.5 ± 4.8 μg/m3 for PM10-2.5 and PM2.5, respectively) or particle filtered (NC: 555 ± 1053 per cm3) air collected above a busy street. Microvascular function was assessed non-invasively by measuring digital peripheral artery tone following arm ischemia. Biomarkers included haemoglobin, red blood cells, platelet count, coagulation factors, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, interleukin-6, tumour necrosis factor α, lag time to copper-induced oxidation of plasma lipids and protein oxidation measured as 2-aminoadipic semialdehyde in plasma.

Results
No statistically significant differences were observed on microvascular function or the biomarkers after exposure to particle rich or particle filtered air.

Conclusion
This study indicates that exposure to air pollution particles at outdoor concentrations is not associated with detectable systemic inflammation, lipid or protein oxidation, altered haemostasis or microvascular function in young healthy participants.
Ewing sarcoma of the mandible mimicking an odontogenic abscess – a case report
Authors: Gosau Martin , Baumhoer Daniel , Ihrler Stefan , Kleinheinz Johannes , Driemel Oliver 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Ewing sarcoma (ES) of the mandible is rare and can be mistaken for inflammation of dental origin. We present a 24-year old male patient which underwent radical tumour surgery and primary reconstruction with a microvascular osteoseptocutaneous free fibular flap as well as postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. Incomplete osseous tumour resection required a second intervention. This case report recapitulates the clinical and histopathological findings in oral ES, demonstrates its sometimes difficult diagnosis and discusses the (dis-)advantages of primary osseous reconstruction in ablative tumour surgery.
Copeptin in the Differential Diagnosis of Hyponatremia
Authors: Fenske Wiebke , Störk Stefan , Blechschmidt Anne , Maier Sebastian G. K. , Morgenthaler Nils G. , Allolio Bruno 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackground: Treatment of patients with hyponatremia varies widely; thus, convenient diagnostic parameters are needed to guide the correct treatment strategy. This study was designed to evaluate the diagnostic potential of copeptin, the C-terminal part of provasopressin, as a new marker in the differential diagnosis of hyponatremia.Methods: In this prospective observational study, 106 consecutive hyponatremic patients were classified based on their history, clinical evaluation, and laboratory tests. In patients and 32 healthy control subjects, plasma copeptin concentration and standard biochemical parameters were tested for their utility of diagnosing the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD).Results: Four patients (4%) were diagnosed as primary polydipsia, nine (8%) as diuretic-induced hyponatremia, 42 (40%) as SIAD, 29 (27%) as hypovolemic hyponatremia, and 22 patients (21%) as hypervolemic hyponatremia. In controls, a close correlation between plasma copeptin and serum sodium (r2 = 0.62, P &lt; 0.001) or urine osmolality (r2 = 0.39, P = 0.001) was observed. Plasma copeptin levels were significantly higher in patients with hypo- and hypervolemic hyponatremia compared with SIAD (P &lt; 0.005, respectively) and primary polydipsia (P &lt; 0.001). The copeptin to U-Na ratio differentiated accurately between volume-depleted and normovolemic disorders (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve 0.88, 95% confidence interval 0.81–0.95; P &lt; 0.001), resulting in a sensitivity and specificity of 85 and 87% if a cutoff value of 30 pmol/mmol was used. The combined information of plasma copeptin less than 3 pmol/liter and urine osmolality less than 200 mOsm/kg ensured primary polydipsia in 100% of suspected patients.Conclusion: Copeptin measurement reliably identifies patients with primary polydipsia but has limited utility in the differential diagnosis of other hyponatremic disorders. In contrast, the copeptin to U-Na ratio is superior to the reference standard in discriminating volume-depleted from normovolemic hyponatremic disorders.
A DyI3-catalyzed Mannich-type Reaction of 1-Methylcyclopropanecarboxylate-type Donors for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Pyrrolidines with Quaternary Stereocenters
Authors: Noda Hidetoshi , Wiedemann Sean H , Matsunaga Shigeki , Shibasaki Masakatsu 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Stereoselective synthesis of functionalized pyrrolidines with all-carbon quaternary stereocenters is described. DyI3 catalyzed the ring opening of cyclopropanecarboxylate equivalents and promoted Mannich-type addition of the resulting α,α-disubstituted enolate intermediates to aryl and isomerizable alkyl imines, giving products in 86–58% yield and &gt;96:4–84:16 diastereoselectivity.
Synthesis of Stable cis-Dichloro- and cis-Dimethylplatinum(II) Complexes Bearing Bulky Primary Phosphines and Introduction of an Alkyl Group on the Primary Phosphine Ligand
Authors: Sasamori Takahiro , Kawai Masahiro , Takeda Nobuhiro , Tokitoh Norihiro 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Stable cis-dichloro- and cis-dimethylplatinum(II) complexes bearing bulky primary phosphines, such as BbtPH2 (Bbt = 2,6-bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]-4-[tris(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl) and TbtPH2 (Tbt = 2,4,6-tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl), were synthesized and isolated as stable compounds. The treatment of cis-[PtMe2(PH2Bbt)2] with lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) followed by the addition of an alkyl halide afforded the corresponding alkylated complexes, cis-[PtMe2(PHRBbt)(PH2Bbt)] (R=Me, Et, Bu, etc.). The spectroscopic observation of the intermediacy of the lithiated complex, cis-[PtMe2(PHLiBbt)(PH2Bbt)], has been accomplished.
Catalytic Excavation and Graphitization of Activated Carbon by Cobalt Nanoparticles
Authors: Iwazaki Tomoya , Semba Toshiro , Konishi Shunsuke , Sezai Takahiro , Murakami Yasushi , Sugimoto Wataru , Takasu Yoshio 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Cobalt nanoparticles loaded on an activated carbon catalytically excavated the activated carbon when it was heat-treated in a 1 atm stream of a mixture of hydrogen and argon gases at high temperature. The BET surface area of the activated carbon decreased from 2210 to 1750 m2 g−1, and the mesopore volume increased from 0.14 to 0.25 cm3 g−1 by heat-treatment at 900 °C for 8 h. As for the XRD pattern of the heat-treated specimen, diffraction peaks from the turbostratic carbon phase were observed. This phase was confirmed by TEM both around the cobalt particles and the walls of the pores formed by the excavation.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Temperature-responsive Amphiphilic Block Copolymer Containing a Liquid Crystalline Unit
Authors: Nishihara Masamichi , Murakami Yoshihiko , Shinoda Takashi , Yamamoto Jun , Yokoyama Masayuki 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
To create a stimuli-responsive micelle, we synthesized a novel temperature-responsive amphiphilic block copolymer, poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly{6-[4-(4-pyridylazo)phenoxy]hexyl methacrylate} [PEG-b-P(AzoPyl)], by undertaking the RAFT polymerization of an AzoPyl monomer with a PEG macro-RAFT reagent. This block copolymer possesses a liquid crystalline unit derived from a hydrophobic AzoPyl/carboxylic acid complex. The PEG-b-P(AzoPyl/decanoic acid (C9COOH)) complex formed a micelle structure (weight-average diameter = 68 nm). DSC results confirmed that the PEG-b-P(AzoPyl/C9COOH) micellar solution exhibited thermodynamic phase-transition behavior.
Abrupt Spin Transitions and LIESST Effects Observed in FeII Spin-crossover Complexes with Extended π-Conjugated Schiff-base Ligands Having N4O2 Donor Sets
Authors: Kuroda-Sowa Takayoshi , Yu Zhong , Senzaki Yuka , Sugimoto Kunihisa , Maekawa Masahiko , Munakata Megumu , Hayami Shinya , Maeda Yonezo 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Novel FeII complexes with N4O2 donor sets having extended π-conjugated aromatic rings, [Fe(qnal)2]·CH2Cl2 and [Fe(qnal)2], show abrupt spin transitions at 220 and 265 K, respectively. Both complexes show LIESST effects below 80 K.