bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANDROGENS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS IN THE SPERMATIC VEIN BLOOD OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS
Authors: LINDNER H. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Testosterone and androstenedione were identified in the spermatic vein blood of the ram, the boar and the stallion. Neither of the two steroids could be detected in the arterial or peripheral venous blood, indicating that testosterone and androstenedione are secretory products of the testis in the three species studied.
Small amounts of testosterone (14–20 μg./hr.) were secreted by the testes of the young ram and boar already at the age of 3½ months. The testes of the mature boar are capable of releasing testosterone into the blood stream at the rate of 184–716 μg./hr. On the basis of these findings it is suggested that testosterone constitutes the principal testicular androgen in the boar.
This conclusion differs from the view expressed by earlier investigators with respect to the boar, but is consistent with the results obtained in all other mammalian species thus far examined.
Intravenous administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (2–15 i.u./kg.) was followed by a prompt increase in the rate of testicular secretion of androgen in most of the experimental animals; however, this observation requires confirmation, in view of the limited number of experiments carried out.
PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF A HYPOGLYCAEMIC PEPTIDE FROM OX GROWTH HORMONE
Authors: HUGGINS A. K. , OTTAWAY J. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A peptide has been isolated from crystalline ox growth hormone (GH) which stimulates glucose uptake by isolated rat diaphragm when incubated with it at low concentrations (0·01 μg./ml. medium). The peptide also causes a slight but persistent hypoglycaemia in fasted mice and rabbits. The increase in glucose uptake by diaphragm is not accompanied by increased glycogen synthesis; in certain circumstances it causes a diminution in lactate output. When incubated with normal rat diaphragm in the absence of acetate, very high concentrations (10 μg./ml.) cause an inhibition of glucose uptake.
The peptide appears to have negligible effects on fat metabolism.
The peptide has a mol. wt. of 5,000–10,000, an isoelectric point of about pH 6, and an N-terminal methionine. The amino acid composition is noteworthy for the complete absence of basic amino acids.
It is concluded that ox GH freed from this peptide will stimulate glycogen synthesis by muscle without increasing the uptake of glucose.
THE FAILURE OF THYROXINE TO INFLUENCE THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF THIAMINE-DEFICIENT MICE
Authors: BHAGAT B. , LOCKETT MARY F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The failure of adrenalectomized mice to respond to thyroxine by an increase in oxygen uptake was not reversed by intramuscular injections of thiamine. Thiamine-deficient mice were found to be incapable of responding to thyroxine by an increase in the metabolic rate.
THE INFLUENCE OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE ON THE RELEASE OF ACETYLCHOLINE BY A PHRENIC NERVE DIAPHRAGM PREPARATION
Authors: PICKENS JOAN , LOCKETT MARY F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A concentration of 0·01 μg. (—)-triiodothyronine in the Tyrode's fluid bathing a phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation has been shown to decrease the acetylcholine appearing in the bath fluid in response to tetanus of the diaphragm through the phrenic nerve at a fixed number of impulses per sec. for a fixed number of minutes, when (a) eserine (40 μg./ml.) was used to inhibit the cholinesterase and the acetylcholine was assayed on leech muscle; and (b) prostigmine (5 × 10-6) was used as the anticholinesterase and the acetylcholine was assayed by its depressor effect on the arterial pressure of rats.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF ANDROST-16-EN-3α-OL FROM ACETATE BY TESTICULAR SLICES
Authors: GOWER D. B. , HASLEWOOD G. A. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Evidence is produced for the biosynthesis of androst-16-en-3α-ol (androstenol) from 2-14C-acetate and 3H-acetate by surviving rabbit and guinea-pig testicular tissue. Incidental confirmation of the incorporation of acetate into cholesterol and testosterone by the same tissue is also reported.
THE RESPONSE OF RABBIT SPERMATOZOA TO ARTIFICIAL CRYPTORCHIDISM AND LIGATION OF THE EPIDIDYMIS
Authors: GLOVER T. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
By means of unilateral ligation of the epididymis and experimental cryptorchidism in twenty-one adult male rabbits, the reaction of spermatozoa in proximal regions of the epididymis to the effects of retention in the abdomen was investigated. Combined estimates of eosinophilic spermatozoa and decapitated spermatozoa in smears stained with aqueous nigrosin eosin were used to indicate the response in different samples.
Examination of spermatozoa withdrawn from four levels of the tubule showed that those in the caput epididymidis and the initial segment reacted rapidly to the effects of artificial cryptorchidism, whilst the response of spermatozoa from the corpus epididymidis appeared to be delayed.
Contralateral testes and ligated epididymides were maintained in the scrotum to serve as controls, and under these circumstances spermatogenesis continued for at least 3 weeks although, shortly after ligation, the epididymides were tightly packed with spermatozoa and fluid. Examination of the tubular contents in these specimens by means of the nigrosin eosin technique revealed a progressive degeneration of spermatozoa above the site of ligation. However, microscopical observations of motility indicated enhanced activity in samples collected during the first 3 weeks of ligation of the epididymis.
THE EFFECTS OF HISTAMINE ON THE VAGINAL EPITHELIUM OF THE MOUSE
Authors: MARTIN L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Histamine dihydrochloride, administered intravaginally, was similar in action to oestrone, causing increased tetrazolium reduction, epithelial growth and cornification in the vagina. However, massive doses were required, and the ineffectiveness of histamine releasers and of various antihistamines indicated that histamine release is not involved in the response of the vagina to oestrogens. The inhibition of histamine dihydrochloride by dimethylstilboestrol indicates that oestrogenic activity is involved. However, the inactivity of the diphosphate excludes histamine itself as a weak oestrogen and suggests that histamine dihydrochloride contains minute amounts of oestrogenic contaminants.
THE EXTENT OF THE ADRENAL INFLUENCE UPON RENAL ELECTROLYTE EXCRETION IN THE HEALTHY MAN ON A NORMAL DIET, AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE RENAL CHANGES ON STANDING
Authors: MILLS J. N. , THOMAS S. , WILLIAMSON K. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The magnitude of the influence of endogenous adrenal steroids upon renal excretion of electrolytes has been assessed by observing the changes on administering spironolactone, which blocks, at least in part, the effect of steroids upon the kidney. The findings indicate that endogenous steroids exert a sodium-retaining effect in subjects asleep at night, recumbent or standing in the afternoon, and ambulant and perhaps also recumbent in the morning. Endogenous steroids also promote chloride reabsorption, but the changes are usually smaller. Changes in excretion of potassium and hydrion have been less convincingly demonstrated, but it is believed that sodium reabsorption is by ion exchange for potassium and hydrion, as well as in association with chloride.
If the subject maintains the recumbent posture for 5 hr. from midday, the influence—and probably the production—of endogenous steroids declines steadily, but it is maintained if he stands. The contribution of steroids to the altered renal behaviour on changing posture has been assessed; the low sodium excretion on standing is in part due to a non-adrenal, presumably haemodynamic factor, and in part to aldosterone secretion; and on standing there is a modest but significant fall in potassium excretion due to the non-adrenal factor.
MAMMARY OXYGEN TENSION AND THE MILK-EJECTION MECHANISM
Authors: CROSS B. A. , SILVER I. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Polarographic recording of pO2 from gold-plated needle electrodes inserted into lactating mammary glands of rabbits under light urethane anaesthesia gave resting values of 15–30 mm. Hg. Expelling the milk from distended glands raised the pO2 level.
2. Myoepithelial contraction (milk ejection) induced by i.v. injection of oxytocin lowered pO2 by an amount depending on the rise in intramammary pressure.
3. Surgical shock, spinal anaesthesia or i.v. injection of adrenaline depressed mammary pO2 and reduced the milk-ejection response to i.v. oxytocin.
4. When mammary pO2 was raised by O2 breathing, or lowered by N2 breathing, the milk-ejection response to i.v. oxytocin was not affected.
5. Electrical stimulation of the lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas reduced mammary pO2 and milk ejection in a way similar to i.v. adrenaline. Bilateral electrolytic lesions in these areas produced a sustained depression of mammary pO2.
6. It is concluded that the pO2 of mammary tissues gives a measure of capillary blood flow and that this, rather than the absolute pO2 level, determines the response of the myoepithelium to circulating oxytocin.
THYMUS AND STRESS
Authors: CSABA G. , TÖRŐ I. , HORVÁTH CECILIA , ÁCS TH. , MOLD KATALIN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In rats in which arthritis had been induced by injections of formalin, removal of the thymus led to slight aggravation of the disease. Cortisone, which prevented or arrested the arthritis in intact rats, produced serious aggravation of the condition in thymectomized animals. The action of the thymus is not apparently hormonal but depends on the presence of thymic tissue. It seems that this phenomenon is connected with the participation of the thymus in polysaccharide metabolism. The various manifestations and the mechanism of thymic action are discussed, and a theory is put forward to explain the mechanism of action of cortisone.
INDUCTION OF IMPLANTATION IN THE OVARIECTOMIZED PROGESTERONE-TREATED RAT AFTER ADRENALECTOMY
Authors: MEYER R. K. , COCHRANE R. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The daily administration of 1 mg. cortisone did not induce ovo-implantation in rats ovariectomized or ovariectomized and adrenalectomized on the 3rd day of pregnancy and injected with 4 mg. progesterone each day. Oestrone administered in daily doses of 1 μg./animal, however, did induce nidation in ovariectomized progesterone-treated rats deprived of their adrenal glands.
A STUDY OF THE ROLES OF ADRENOCORTICAL STEROIDS AND GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE IN THE MECHANISM OF THE DIURNAL RHYTHM OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTE EXCRETION
Authors: MARTEL P. J. , SHARP G. W. G. , SLORACH S. A. , VIPOND H. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. An investigation of the mechanism of diurnal excretory rhythms has been carried out on four healthy male subjects in whom the excretory rhythms were reversed by a 12 hr. shift of the activity—sleep and light—dark schedules.
2. The diurnal rhythms of water, sodium, potassium, creatinine and ketogenic steroid excretion adapted to the reversal of routine at different rates.
3. It is concluded, from the dissociation of these rhythms during the reversal phase, that the ketogenic steroids are not controlling either the major variation of glomerular filtration rate or the excretory rhythms of water and sodium.
4. The potassium excretory rhythm appears to be linked with the ketogenic steroid rhythm.
5. The mechanism of the diurnal rhythm of urine flow is discussed in relation to these findings.
INDUCTION OF OVULATION IN IMMATURE MICE AS AN ASSAY OF GONADOTROPHIN
Authors: CUNNINGHAM F. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A bioassay of gonadotrophin depending on the induction of ovulation in immature mice is described.
Dose-response data to various preparations of gonadotrophin are examined.
Results by this method in some instances contrasted more sharply with those of the ovarian augmentation assay for follicle-stimulating hormone than did the results of the assay for total gonadotrophin.
The addition of prolactin, adrenocorticotrophic hormone and stilboestrol did not interfere with the assay.
THE BIOLOGICAL ASSAY OF FRACTIONS OF GONADOTROPHIN FROM HUMAN PITUITARY GLANDS
Authors: BUTT W. R. , CROOKE A. C. , CUNNINGHAM F. J. , KOVAČIĆ NADA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Four gonadotrophic fractions from human pituitary glands have been assayed in terms of the International Reference Preparation, HMG 24, by four different methods.
These are the assay for total gonadotrophin which depends on the increase in uterine weight of the immature mouse, the augmentation method for follicle-stimulating hormone, the increase in weight of the ventral prostate of the hypophysectomized rat for interstitial cell-stimulating hormone and the ovulation method for the 'ovulating ' factor.
The results have been contrasted and discussed.
PROLONGATION OF DIOESTRUS IN THE MOUSE AS A QUANTITATIVE ASSAY OF LUTEOTROPHIC ACTIVITY OF PROLACTIN
Authors: KOVAČIĆ NADA 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A method has been developed for the quantitative assay of luteotrophic activity of prolactin using the prolongation of dioestrus in mature virgin mice as the end-point of the effect. The assay is based on the principle of an 'all-or-none' response and criteria for a positive result have been specified. A modified parallel line assay has been used with three doses each of the standard and of the unknown.
Four different preparations of prolactin have been tested using bovine prolactin, Armour Laboratories, Lot no. D14083–2B as the reference preparation.
The assay is not specific, but it may be used for quantitative measurement of the luteotrophic activity of purified preparations of prolactin.
THE IN VITRO EFFECT OF PROLACTIN ON β-GLUCURONIDASE IN THE TESTIS OF THE RAT
Authors: EVANS ANNE J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of prolactin on the activity of β-glucuronidase in the testis of the rat and mouse has been studied in vitro.
Prolactin increased this activity, and a linear log dose-response relationship was found to exist with doses of between 0·3 and 1·2 mg. of a preparation of prolactin containing between 20 and 25 i.u./mg.
The optimal conditions for this effect have been investigated.
Twenty other substances have been tested; none increased the enzymic activity, but six decreased it.
Possible mechanisms for this effect are discussed.
THE INFLUENCE OF OESTRIOL AND PROGESTERONE ON THE ENDOMETRIUM OF THE GUINEA-PIG IN VITRO
Authors: EVERETT JANET 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The direct influence of oestriol and progesterone, and a combination of these hormones, on endometrium of guinea-pigs has been studied in organ culture.
Progesterone stimulated the size and number of stromal cells, and provoked slight dilation of uterine glands.
The glands were more numerous and widely dilated in the presence of oestriol, and the number and size of stromal cells were even greater than with progesterone alone.
A combination of the two hormones led to the simultaneous appearance of synergism—well-preserved epithelium and glands of a secretory nature, and antagonism—there being fewer stromal cells of a smaller size than with either hormone alone.
The significance of these results is discussed in relation to the effects of the hormones in vivo.
The inhibitory action of progesterone on the appearance of the cystic hyperplasia of the uterine glands provoked by oestriol was noted.
REDUCTION OF 11-OXY AND 11-DEOXY STEROIDS BY MAMMALIAN LIVER Δ4-HYDROGENASES
Authors: BROWN-GRANT K. , FORCHIELLI E. , DORFMAN R. I. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The steroid Δ4-hydrogenases occurring in liver of both sexes of rats, mice, hamsters, rabbits and guinea-pigs have been investigated in vitro.
2. In both sexes of the species studied, with the exception of the female rat, Δ4-hydrogenase activity was found to be present in both the microsomal and 105,000 g supernatant fractions.
3. The reactivity of these enzyme preparations has been studied with a variety of 11-deoxy, 11β-hydroxy and 11-keto compounds. In general, the enzyme preparations (microsomal and soluble) of guinea-pig, mouse and rabbit liver reduced the 11β-hydroxy compounds to a lesser degree than the 11-deoxy and 11-keto analogues. A similar pattern of reactivity was exhibited by the soluble enzyme preparations of livers from the male rat and hamster. But the microsomal preparations of these two species, in contrast to the other preparations studied, reduced the 11β-hydroxy compounds almost as readily as the 11-keto and 11-deoxy compounds.
4. It is concluded that the differences observed in the relative rates of Δ4 reduction of 11β-hydroxy compounds as compared with 11-keto and 11-deoxy compounds are consistent with some degree of enzyme group specificity.
5. The relationship between the observations in vitro and the urinary steroid excretion pattern is discussed.
THE INSULIN ACTIVITY OF BOVINE AND OVINE BLOOD PLASMA
Authors: CUNNINGHAM N. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A standardized method for the assay of small amounts of insulin (10–1000 μu./ml.) by measuring the effect on the glucose uptake of rat diaphragm in vitro is described. The most sensitive part of the concentration/response curve is within the range 10–150 μu./ml., and over this range there is a straight-line relationship between insulin concentration and insulin effect.
The importance of having a protein such as gelatin present in dilute solutions of insulin is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF INJECTED OESTROGEN ON PREGNANCY IN THE RABBIT
Authors: SCHOFIELD BRENDA M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Rabbits were injected with oestradiol-17β for 3–6 consecutive days at different times during pregnancy. The course of pregnancy was followed thereafter, or, in acute experiments, the staircase effect and the oxytocin sensitivity were determined on the day following the last injection. Results showed that doses of oestrogen sufficient to interrupt pregnancy through an effect on the endometrial component of the uterus did not directly antagonize the influence of endogenous progesterone on the myometrium. Diminution of the progesterone block indicated by the oxytocin sensitivity of the myometrium is considered to be due to degeneration of the placenta and hence of its ability to maintain the corpus luteum.
The dosage of oestrogen necessary to interrupt pregnancy was higher in late pregnancy. This is in agreement with the finding that oestrogen production increases steadily from mid-pregnancy to term.
REPRODUCTION IN THE MARSUPIAL TRICHOSURUS VULPECULA
Authors: PILTON PHYLLIS E. , SHARMAN G. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Most, or all, wild females of Trichosurus vulpecula bred during the first 6 months of the year and some bred again during the second half of the year. In captive females the oestrous cycle varied in length from 22 to 58 days but all cycles longer than 32 days began between 20 April and 16 June. During two periods of each year, from early February until 20 April and from 16 June until late September, the cycle varied in length from 22 to 32 days (mean: 25·69±0·31 days). The females were polyoestrous and monovular and the gestation period was about 17·5 days.
Vaginal smears from mated and non-mated females were alike except that spermatozoa were usually found in smears from mated females on the first or second day after copulation. After oestrus, ovulation and corpus luteum formation occurred alike in mated and non-mated females. There were no differences between corpora lutea of pregnant and non-pregnant females. After parturition oestrus was inhibited by the onset of lactation except in one female which produced two successive young separated in age by approximately the length of one oestrous cycle. Females came into oestrus an average of 8·02±0·18 days after removal of suckling young from the pouch.
In pregnant females the gravid uterus was much larger than the non-gravid uterus from 12 days after oestrus until after parturition. The sub-epithelial capillary layer was better developed in the gravid than in the non-gravid uterus during the closing stages of pregnancy. The uterine luteal phase was present 7–8 days after oestrus and began to disappear at about 15 days after oestrus in both pregnant and non-pregnant females. There was no evidence that the luteal phase was longer in pregnant than in non-pregnant females and the occurrence of pregnancy did not extend the normal interval between successive oestrous periods if the young were removed at birth.
THE STIMULATING EFFECTS OF ADRENALINE AND ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES ON THE RELEASE OF FREE FATTY ACIDS FROM ADIPOSE TISSUE
Authors: BUCKLE R. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The quantity of free fatty acids (FFA) released from rat epididymal fat pads in vitro and their concentration within the tissue were determined. The addition of adrenaline, adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and growth hormone (GH) each increased the release of FFA, and their respective minimum effective concentrations were 0·125, 0·004, 0·5 and 1·25 μg./ml. of medium. In every case, the increased release of FFA was associated with a rise in the quantity present within the pads, and the amount released closely paralleled their concentration within the tissue.
It is suggested that the stimulatory effect of all four hormones on the release of FFA from adipose tissue is largely a manifestation of their activity of increasing the concentration of FFA within the cells, and this they do by facilitating the net conversion of storage triglyceride to fatty acid. The significance of the relative activities of the hormones in vitro is discussed and compared with their fatty acid mobilizing effects in vivo.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES BY ADRENAL GLANDS OF LIZARDS AND SNAKES
Authors: PHILLIPS J. G. , JONES I. CHESTER , BELLAMY D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Adrenal glands of lizards (Lacerta viridis L.) and snakes (Natrix natrix L.) were incubated in media containing tritiated progesterone. Aldosterone, corticosterone and an unknown steroid were produced. Added ACTH did not affect, though added amphenone markedly reduced, the rate of steroid production.
A NEW BIOASSAY TECHNIQUE FOR THE MEASUREMENT IN VITRO OF THYROTROPHIC HORMONE IN SERUM AND IN PITUITARY EXTRACTS
Authors: KIRKHAM K. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A new technique by which thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) can be rapidly measured in vitro in the serum of euthyroid subjects and in human pituitary extracts is presented.
In euthyroid male subjects levels of TSH in serum ranged from 0 to 30·1 i.u. × 10−3/100ml., the mean value being 10·8. In normal menstruating women the mean value was 4·8 and the range 0 to 21·5 i.u. × 10−3/100 ml.
In human pituitary extracts, TSH could be detected in all fractions tested, but the amount of activity present was greatest in the gonadotrophin fraction. When the latter was separated into the FSH and LH components the TSH activity was found to be mainly associated with the LH fraction.
The specificity of the method has been examined by incubating thyroid tissue with other hormones of pituitary origin and measuring their effect on the response to TSH. It is concluded that any interference with the assay method produced by FSH and LH is due to their contamination with TSH.