bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic and Clinical Outcomes in Nondiabetic Individuals With the Metabolic Syndrome Assigned to Chlorthalidone, Amlodipine, or Lisinopril as Initial Treatment for Hypertension
Authors: Black Henry R. , Davis Barry , Barzilay Joshua , Nwachuku Chuke , Baimbridge Charles , Marginean Horia , Wright Jackson T. , Basile Jan , Wong Nathan D. , Whelton Paul , Dart Richard A. , Thadani Udho 
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE—Optimal initial antihypertensive drug therapy in people with the metabolic syndrome is unknown.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We conducted a subgroup analysis of the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) to compare metabolic, cardiovascular, and renal outcomes in individuals assigned to initial hypertension treatment with a thiazide-like diuretic (chlorthalidone), a calcium channel blocker (CCB; amlodipine), or an ACE inhibitor (lisinopril) in nondiabetic individuals with or without metabolic syndrome.
RESULTS—In participants with metabolic syndrome, at 4 years of follow-up, the incidence of newly diagnosed diabetes (fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dl) was 17.1% for chlorthalidone, 16.0% for amlodipine (P = 0.49, chlorthalidone vs. amlodipine) and 12.6% for lisinopril (P &lt; 0.05, lisinopril vs. chlorthalidone). For those without metabolic syndrome, the rate of newly diagnosed diabetes was 7.7% for chlorthalidone, 4.2% for amlodipine, and 4.7% for lisinopril (P &lt; 0.05 for both comparisons). There were no differences in relative risks (RRs) for outcomes with amlodipine compared with chlorthalidone in those with metabolic syndrome; in those without metabolic syndrome, there was a higher risk for heart failure (RR 1.55 [95% CI 1.25–1.35]). In comparison with lisinopril, chlorthalidone was superior in those with metabolic syndrome with respect to heart failure (1.31 [1.04–1.64]) and combined cardiovascular disease (CVD) (1.19 [1.07–1.32]). No significant treatment group–metabolic syndrome interaction was noted.
CONCLUSIONS—Despite a less favorable metabolic profile, thiazide-like diuretic initial therapy for hypertension offers similar, and in some instances possibly superior, CVD outcomes in older hypertensive adults with metabolic syndrome, as compared with treatment with CCBs and ACE inhibitors.
Effective Treatment With Oral Sulfonylureas in Patients With Diabetes Due to Sulfonylurea Receptor 1 (SUR1) Mutations
Authors: Rafiq Meena , Flanagan Sarah E. , Patch Ann-Marie , Shields Beverley M. , Ellard Sian , Hattersley Andrew T. ,   The Neonatal Diabetes International Collaborative Group
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE—Neonatal diabetes can result from mutations in the Kir6.2 or sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) subunits of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel. Transfer from insulin to oral sulfonylureas in patients with neonatal diabetes due to Kir6.2 mutations is well described, but less is known about changing therapy in patients with SUR1 mutations. We aimed to describe the response to sulfonylurea therapy in patients with SUR1 mutations and to compare it with Kir6.2 mutations.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We followed 27 patients with SUR1 mutations for at least 2 months after attempted transfer to sulfonylureas. Information was collected on clinical features, treatment before and after transfer, and the transfer protocol used. We compared successful and unsuccessful transfer patients, glycemic control before and after transfer, and treatment requirements in patients with SUR1 and Kir6.2 mutations.
RESULTS—Twenty-three patients (85%) successfully transferred onto sulfonylureas without significant side effects or increased hypoglycemia and did not need insulin injections. In these patients, median A1C fell from 7.2% (interquartile range 6.6–8.2%) on insulin to 5.5% (5.3–6.2%) on sulfonylureas (P = 0.01). When compared with Kir6.2 patients, SUR1 patients needed lower doses of both insulin before transfer (0.4 vs. 0.7 units · kg−1 · day−1; P = 0.002) and sulfonylureas after transfer (0.26 vs. 0.45 mg · kg−1 · day−1; P = 0.005).
CONCLUSIONS—Oral sulfonylurea therapy is safe and effective in the short term in most patients with diabetes due to SUR1 mutations and may successfully replace treatment with insulin injections. A different treatment protocol needs to be developed for this group because they require lower doses of sulfonylureas than required by Kir6.2 patients.
Does Anodyne Light Therapy Improve Peripheral Neuropathy in Diabetes?
Authors: Lavery Lawrence A. , Murdoch Douglas P. , Williams Jayme , Lavery David C. 
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of anodyne monochromatic infrared photo energy (MIRE) in-home treatments over a 90-day period to improve peripheral sensation and self-reported quality of life in individuals with diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This was a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled clinical trail. We randomly assigned 69 individuals with diabetes and a vibration perception threshold (VPT) between 20 and 45 V to two treatment groups: active or sham treatment. Sixty patients (120 limbs) completed the study. Anodyne units were used at home every day for 40 min for 90 days. We evaluated nerve conduction velocities, VPT, Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments (SWM) (4-, 10-, 26-, and 60-g monofilaments), the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI), a 10-cm visual analog pain scale, and a neuropathy-specific quality of life instrument. We used a nested repeated-measures multiple ANOVA design. Two sites (great toe and fifth metatarsal) were tested on both the left and right feet of each patient, so two feet were nested within each patient and two sites were nested within each foot. To analyze the ordinal SWM scores, we used a nonparametric factorial analysis for longitudinal data.
RESULTS—There were no significant differences in measures for quality of life, MNSI, VPT, SWM, or nerve conduction velocities in active or sham treatment groups (P &gt; 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS—Anodyne MIRE therapy was no more effective than sham therapy in the treatment of sensory neuropathy in individuals with diabetes.
Objectively Measured Sedentary Time, Physical Activity, and Metabolic Risk
Authors: Healy Genevieve N. , Wijndaele Katrien , Dunstan David W. , Shaw Jonathan E. , Salmon Jo , Zimmet Paul Z. , Owen Neville 
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE—We examined the associations of objectively measured sedentary time and physical activity with continuous indexes of metabolic risk in Australian adults without known diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—An accelerometer was used to derive the percentage of monitoring time spent sedentary and in light-intensity and moderate-to-vigorous–intensity activity, as well as mean activity intensity, in 169 Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab) participants (mean age 53.4 years). Associations with waist circumference, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, resting blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and a clustered metabolic risk score were examined.
RESULTS—Independent of time spent in moderate-to-vigorous–intensity activity, there were significant associations of sedentary time, light-intensity time, and mean activity intensity with waist circumference and clustered metabolic risk. Independent of waist circumference, moderate-to-vigorous–intensity activity time was significantly beneficially associated with triglycerides.
CONCLUSIONS—These findings highlight the importance of decreasing sedentary time, as well as increasing time spent in physical activity, for metabolic health.
Exploring taxonomic filtering in urban environments
Authors: Ricotta Carlo , DiNepi Micol , Guglietta Daniela , Celesti‐Grapow Laura 
Published: January 2008

AbstractQuestion: Several mechanisms have been proposed that control the spatio‐temporal pattern of species coexistence. Among others, the species pool hypothesis states that the large‐scale species pool is an important factor in controlling small‐scale species richness through filtering of species that can persist within a species assemblage on the basis of their tolerance of the abiotic environment. Because of the process of environmental filtering, co‐occurring species that experience similar environmental conditions are likely to be more taxonomically similar than ecologically distant species. This is because, due to the conservatism of many species traits during evolutionary diversification, the ability of species to colonize the same ecological space is thought to depend at least partially on their taxonomic similarity. The question for this study is: Under the assumption of trait conservatism, does environmental filtering lead to nonrandom species assemblages with respect to their taxonomic structure?Methods: The significance of taxonomic filtering in regulating species coexistence is tested using data from 15 local species assemblages from the urban flora of Rome (Italy). To find out whether the taxonomic structure of the selected’ local’ species assemblages was significantly different from random, we used a Monte Carlo simulation in which for each local species assemblage, the actual taxonomic diversity was compared to the taxonomic diversity of 1000 virtual species lists of the same size extracted at random from a larger ‘regional’ species pool. Results: We found that in most cases the local species assemblages have a higher degree of taxonomic similarity than would be expected by chance showing a phenomenon of ‘species condensation’ in a small number of higher‐level taxa.Conclusions: Our observations support the species pool hypothesis and imply that environmental filtering is an important mechanism in shaping the taxonomic structure of species assemblages. Therefore, the incorporation of taxonomic diversity into landscape and community ecology may be beneficial for a better understanding of the processes that regulate species coexistence.
Production of Polyclonal Antisera
Authors: Cooper Helen M. , Paterson Yvonne 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMuch of modern biology and biochemistry relies on the availability of highly specific antibodies for use in such ubiquitous techniques as immunohistochemistry, ELISAs, immunoprecipitation, and immunoblotting. Thus, the generation of large quantities of specific antibodies directed against proteins or peptides of interest is essential to the success of both basic and applied research programs. In addition, with the advent of antibody‐based proteomic strategies for profiling protein expression and post‐translational modification, a requirement for timely production of specific antibodies has been exemplified. Polyclonal antibodies derived from animals immunized with purified proteins or peptides are particularly valuable for use in the laboratory. This unit provides protocols for the production of polyclonal antisera specific for protein antigens using rabbits, rats, mice, and hamsters. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 81:11.12.1‐11.12.10. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Immunohistochemistry
Authors: Goldstein Marsha , Watkins Simon 
Published: January 2008

AbstractImmunohistochemistry is a vastly diverse and essential method for localization of proteins in cells and tissues. This unit presents methods for labeling proteins in suspension and adherent cultures and in tissue sections, using detection methods for both fluorescence and bright‐field microscopy. Choices of antibodies and detection methods are discussed, and detailed troubleshooting guidelines are provided. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 81:14.6.1‐14.6.23. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Basic Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Smith Carolyn L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis unit introduces the reader to the basic principles of confocal microscopy and the design and capabilities of current confocal microscopes. The advantages and disadvantages of confocal microscopy compared to other techniques for fluorescence imaging are described. There are also practical guidelines for sample preparation and optimization of imaging parameters, as well as examples of some of the applications of confocal microscopy.Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 81:14.11.1‐14.11.18. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Diagnosis of Inherited Disorders of Galactose Metabolism
Authors: Cuthbert Carla , Klapper Helene , Elsas Louis 
Published: January 2008

AbstractGalactose metabolism occurs through an evolutionarily conserved pathway in which galactose and uridine diphosphoglucose are converted to glucose‐1‐phosphate and uridine diphosphogalactose through the action of three sequential enzymes: galactokinase (GALK, EC 2.7.1.6), galactose‐1‐phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT, EC 2.7.7.12), and uridine phosphogalactose 4′‐epimerase (GALE, EC 5.1.3.2). Inborn errors of galactose metabolism occur with impaired activity for each of the enzymes. Classical galactosemia is the most common and the most severe of these diseases and is caused by deficiency of the GALT enzyme, affecting from ∼1 in 10,000 to 1 in 30,000 live births. Deficiency of GALE is the rarest of the three diseases. Assays for galactitol and galactose‐1‐phosphate and methods for assaying enzyme activities of GALT, GALK, and GALE are provided here. Interpretation of diagnostic results for screen‐positive newborns or symptomatic patients, as well as therapeutic interventions based on biochemical phenotype and molecular genotype, are also included as decision trees. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 56:17.5.1‐17.5.29. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Confocal Imaging of Cell Division
Authors: Maddox Paul S. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractImaging of subcellular events has been key to recent advances in the basic knowledge base as well as drug discovery for disease states such as cancer. In a snowball effect, advances in imaging have spurred new investigations, which have increased the demand for new technologies. The study of cell division serves as an example of this cycle. Here, application of spinning disk confocal technology to the study of cell division is discussed. While these studies have increased understanding of fundamental mechanisms in several mitotic events, new imaging technologies in the future will unlock more secrets of cell biology. Curr. Protocol. Cytom. 43:12.11.1‐12.11.13. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Mycoplasma‐Contaminated Cell Cultures
Authors: Harlin Helena , Gajewski Thomas F. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMycoplasma contamination is a serious and frequent problem in the culture laboratory. Although mycoplasma contamination may be suspected by the failure of cells to thrive, the formal diagnosis rests on the detection of adenosine phosphorylase secretion by infected cell lines. This appendix describes how to test for mycoplasma contamination, and also presents methods for antibiotic treatment of infected cultures. Curr. Protocol. Cytom. 43:A.3C.1‐A.3C.7. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Production of Polyclonal Antisera
Authors: Cooper Helen M. , Paterson Yvonne 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMuch of modern biology and biochemistry relies on the availability of highly specific antibodies for use in such ubiquitous techniques as immunohistochemistry, ELISAs, immunoprecipitation, and immunoblotting. Thus, the generation of large quantities of specific antibodies directed against proteins or peptides of interest is essential to the success of both basic and applied research programs. In addition, with the advent of antibody‐based proteomic strategies for profiling protein expression and post‐translational modification, a requirement for timely production of specific antibodies has been exemplified. Polyclonal antibodies derived from animals immunized with purified proteins or peptides are particularly valuable for use in the laboratory. This appendix provides protocols for the production of polyclonal antisera specific for protein antigens using rabbits, rats, mice, and hamsters. Curr. Protocol. Cytom. 43:A.3I.1‐A.3I.10. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis and Manipulation of Hematopoietic Progenitor and Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Tissues
Authors: Medvinsky Alexander , Taoudi Samir , Mendes Sandra , Dzierzak Elaine 
Published: January 2008

AbstractHematopoietic development begins in several locations in the mammalian embryo: yolk sac, aorta‐gonad‐mesonephros region (AGM), and the chorio‐allantoic placenta. Generation of the most potent cells, adult definitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), occurs within the body of the mouse embryo at midgestation in the AGM region. Similarly, at the equivalent developmental time in the human embryo, the AGM region has been shown to contain multipotent progenitors. Hence, the mouse embryo serves as an excellent model to study hematopoietic development. To further studies on the ontogeny of the adult hematopoietic system, the focus of this unit is on the experimental methods used in analysis of the AGM region. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 4:2A.6.1‐2A.6.25. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High Level In Vitro Expansion of Murine Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Sekulovic Sanja , Imren Suzan , Humphries Keith 
Published: January 2008

AbstractDevelopment of strategies to extensively expand hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vitro will be a major factor in enhancing the success of a range of transplant‐based therapies for malignant and genetic disorders. In addition to potential clinical applications, the ability to increase the number of HSCs in culture will facilitate investigations into the mechanisms underlying self‐renewal. In this unit, we describe a robust strategy for consistently achieving over 1000‐fold net expansion of HSCs in short‐term in vitro culture by using novel engineered fusions of the N‐terminal domain of nucleoporin 98 (NUP98) and the homeodomain of the hox transcription factor, HOXA10 (so called NUP98‐HOXA10hd fusion). We also provide a detailed protocol for monitoring the magnitude of HSC expansion in culture by limiting dilution assay of competitive lympho‐myeloid repopulating units (CRU Assay). These procedures provide new possibilities for achieving significant numbers of HSCs in culture, as well as for studying HSCs biochemically and genetically. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 4:2A.7.1‐2A.7.14. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Monodispersed Gold Nanorod‐Embedded Silica Particles as Novel Raman Labels for Biosensing
Authors: Wang C. , Chen Y. , Wang T. , Ma Z. , Su Z. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBiocompatible, photostable, and multiplexing‐compatible surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopic tagging materials have been developed that are composed of gold nanorod (GNR)‐embedded silica particles and organic Raman labels. GNR‐embedded silica particles were prepared with different surface coverage by the assembly of GNRs on silica particles based on an electrostatic interaction and subsequent coating of silica with controllable thickness. This method allows the incorporation of various organic Raman labels to generate intense surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra. Furthermore, SERS‐active particles are demonstrated as novel Raman tags for immunoassay. The results suggest SERS tags can be used for multiplex and ultrasensitive detection of biomolecules.
Homogeneity of active demyelinating lesions in established multiple sclerosis
Authors: Breij Esther C. W. , Brink Bianca P. , Veerhuis Rob , van den Berg Christa , Vloet Rianka , Yan Riqiang , Dijkstra Christine D. , van der Valk Paul , Bö Lars 
Published: January 2008

AbstractObjectiveFour different patterns of demyelination have been described in active demyelinating lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients that were biopsied shortly after disease onset. These patterns were suggested to represent heterogeneity of the underlying pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine whether lesion heterogeneity also exists in an unselected collection of autopsy material from patients with established MS.MethodsAll MS brain tissue available in the VU Medical Center was assessed for the presence of active demyelinating lesions using magnetic resonance imaging–guided sampling and immunohistochemistry. Tissue blocks containing active demyelinating lesions were evaluated for the presence of complement and antibody deposition, oligodendrocyte apoptosis, differential loss of myelin proteins, and hypoxia‐like damage using histology, immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscopy. Blocks with active demyelinating lesions were compared with blocks with active (nondemyelinating) and inactive lesions.ResultsComplement and antibodies were consistently associated with macrophages in areas of active demyelination. Preferential loss of myelin proteins, extensive hypoxia‐like damage, and oligodendrocyte apoptosis were absent or rare. This pattern was observed in all tissue blocks containing active demyelinating lesions; lesion heterogeneity between patients was not found.InterpretationThe immunopathological appearance of active demyelinating lesions in established MS is uniform. Initial heterogeneity of demyelinating lesions in the earliest phase of MS lesion formation may disappear over time as different pathways converge in one general mechanism of demyelination. Consistent presence of complement, antibodies, and Fcγ receptors in phagocytic macrophages suggests that antibody‐ and complement‐mediated myelin phagocytosis is the dominant mechanism of demyelination in established MS. Ann Neurol 2008;63:16–25
Hysteresis temperature dependence in filled rubbers. II. Mechanical mixing, filler microdispersion, and polymer–filler interactions
Authors: Scurati Alberto , Hergenrother William L. , Lin Chenchy J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe effects of mechanical mixing and filler–filler (F–F) and polymer–filler (P–F) interactions on the normalized state of a filler microdispersion [d(x)] and the viscoelastic properties of silica‐filled rubbers were studied. The rubbers were prepared with or without the addition of n‐octyl‐triethoxysilane (OTES) to modify F–F interactions or coupling agents such as 3‐mercaptopropyl‐trimethoxysilane and 3‐mercaptopropyl‐triethoxysilane (MPTES) to increase P–F interactions. Increased mixing improved d(x) and enhanced the hysteresis temperature dependence (HTD) by giving a higher tan δ value near the compound glass‐transition temperature (Tg) but lowered tan δ at elevated temperatures for stocks containing a coupling agent. The changes in P–F and F–F interactions in rubbers with mixing and subsequent thermal treatment were shown to be responsible for the property differences observed among stocks containing different silanes. Attempts were made to quantify the efficiency for improving d(x) with various silanes. The increased P–F interactions in compounds containing MPTES showed better efficiency for improving d(x) and enhancing HTD in comparison with OTES. It was also demonstrated that the change in hysteresis near Tg was mainly governed by the degree of filler networking, whereas elevated‐temperature hysteresis was strongly influenced by the P–F interactions in compounds. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Structure and surface elemental state analysis of polyimide resin film after carbonization and graphitization
Authors: Zhao Shuo , Shi Zhi‐qiang , Wang Cheng‐yang , Chen Ming‐ming 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe carbon materials prepared from polyimide (PI) resin film were investigated by TG‐DTG, X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. TG‐DTG study revealed that the weight loss of PI resin film during carbonization occurred in three stages, and the most serious changes occurred at 605.5°C. XRD results indicated that a disorder structure occurred after the carbonization at 600°C and graphite crystallite appeared gradually with increasing the temperature. And PI resin film still presented some characteristics of nongraphitizing carbon, after graphitizing at 2600°C. XPS analysis identified that pyrrole type nitrogen was a main component of surface nitrogen atoms after carbonization. When the temperature reached 2600°C, nitrogen atoms disappeared totally; the reason why oxygen atoms still existed in the material at so high temperature was our subject of interesting matter in the later study. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008