bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional Neuroimaging of Cortical Dysfunction in Alcoholic Korsakoff's Syndrome
Authors: Paller Ken A. , Acharya Ananth , Richardson Brian C. , Plaisant Odile , Shimamura Arthur P. , Reed Bruce R. , Jagust William J. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Many neuropsychological investigations of human memory have focused on the amnesic deficits of alcoholic Korsakoff's syndrome. Structural neuroimaging suggests that the syndrome results from midline diencephalic damage, but functional neuroimaging has the potential to reveal additional neuropathology that may be responsible for cognitive dysfunction. Accordingly, high-resolution positron emission tomography (PET) was used to measure regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose utilization in five alcoholic Korsakoff patients and nine alcoholic control subjects. Results from a continuous recognition test administered during the radiotracer uptake period indicated that all subjects performed normally with respect to immediate memory, whereas Korsakoff patients demonstrated a marked memory impairment in delayed recognition. PET results from the Korsakoff group showed a widespread decline in glucose metabolism in frontal, parietal, and cingulate regions, suggesting that these functional abnormalities in the cerebral cortex contribute to the memory impairment. Hippocampal glucose metabolism did not differ between the groups. Thus, the evidence did not support the hypothesis that parallel brain dysfunctions are responsible for the similar amnesic symptomatology after hippocampal and diencephalic damage. We hypothesize that the amnesic dysfunction of Korsakoff's syndrome depends on a disruption of thalamocortical interactions that mediate a function critical for normal memory storage.
Egocentric and Allocentric Constraints in the Expression of Patterns of Interlimb Coordination
Authors: Swinnen Stephan P. , Jardin Kris , Meulenbroek Ruud , Dounskaia Natalia , Den Brandt Myriam Hofkens-Van 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Tasks that are easy when performed in isolation become difficult when performed simultaneously in the upper and/or lower limbs. This observation points to basic CNS constraints in the organization of patterns of interlimb coordination. The present studies provide evidence for the existence of two basic coordinative constraints whose effects may be additive under certain conditions. On one hand, the egocentric constraint denotes a general preference for moving the limbs toward or away from the longitudinal axis of the body in a symmetrical fashion and is of primary importance during the coordination of homologous limbs. On the other hand, the allocentric constraint refers to a general preference to move the limbs in the same direction in extrinsic space and pertains to the coordination of nonhomologous limbs (eg., various combinations of the upper and lower limbs). In the present context, constraints are considered as expressions of basic features of CNS operation that give way to preferred coordination patterns to which the system is naturally drawn or biased. The identification and description of these constraints is considered of critical importance to obtain a better understanding of the control of coordination patterns.
Time-Related Changes in Neural Systems Underlying Attention and Arousal During the Performance of an Auditory Vigilance Task
Authors: Paus Tomáš , Zatorre Robert J. , Hofle Nina , Caramanos Zografos , Gotman Jean , Petrides Michael , Evans Alan C. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Vigilance behavior, or watch keeping, involves the focusing of attention on the detection of subtle changes in the environment that occur over a long period of time. We investigated the time course of changes in brain activity during the continuous performance of a 60-min auditory vigilance task. The task required the detection of an intensity drop that occurred in 5% of the auditory stimuli. Six 1-min samples of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and electroencephalographic (EEG) activity were obtained at l0-min intervals during the vigilance performance. Changes in CBF were measured by means of positron emission tomography (PET). Performance data (hits, false alarms, reaction time) were analyzed across six 10-min blocks. Eight healthy male volunteers participated in the study. During the 60-min test, the number of correct detections (hits) did not change, but both the reaction time and EEG activity in the theta (4 to 7 Hz) range progressively increased across testing. CBF in several subcortical structures (thalamus, substantia innominata, and putamen) and cortical areas (ventrolateral, dorsolateral, and orbital frontal cortex; parietal cortex; and temporal cortex) decreased as a function of time-on-task; changes in the cortical regions were limited to the right hemisphere. Blood flow also decreased in the temporalis muscles. At the same time, CBF increased in several visual cortical areas including the left and right fusiform gyri. Furthermore, the thalamic blood-flow response co-varied with that in the substantia innominata, the ponto-mesencephalic tegmentum, and the anterior cingulate cortex. The right ventrolateral-frontal blood-flow response covaried with that in the right parietal, orbitofrontal, and dorsolateral frontal cortex. 'Iko main conclusions are drawn from the obtained data. First, we suggest that the observed time-related changes in reaction time, EEG activity, and blood flow in the temporalis muscles are related to changes in the level of arousal (alertness) and that CBF changes in the thalamus-related neural circuitry represent a brain correlate of such changes. Second, we speculate that time-related CBF decreases in cortical regions of the right hemisphere underlie a shift from controlled to automatic attentional processing of the auditory stimuli.
Localizing Arithmetic Processes in the Brain: Evidence from a Transient Deficit During Cortical Stimulation
Authors: Whalen John , McCloskey Michael , Lesser Ronald P. , Gordon Barry 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Although substantial progress has been made in characterizing the cognitive processes involved in simple arithmetic, the localization of these processes in the brain is not yet well understood. In this article we consider the localization of a specific arithmetic process, the retrieval of arithmetic table facts from memory. We report a single-patient study in which cortical stimulation was used to create transient disruption of brain activity in localized regions of the cortex. We show that stimulation at a left parietal site impaired performance on simple multiplication problems and further that the impairment reflected stimulation-induced disruption of arithmetic fact retrieval. Our findings support the hypothesis (e.g., Warrington, 1982) that the left parietal lobe is implicated in the arithmetic fact retrieval process.
Visual Imagery: Effects of Short- and Long-Term Memory
Authors: Ishai Alumit , Sagi Dov 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Visual imagery and perception share several functional properties and apparently share common underlying brain structures. A main approach to the scientific study of visual imagery is exploring the effects of mental imagery on perceptual processes. Previous studies have shown that visual imagery interferes with perception (Perky effect). Recently we have shown a direct facilitatory effect of visual imagery on visual perception. In an attempt to differentiate the conditions under which visual imagery interferes or facilitates visual perception, we designed new experimental paradigms, using detection tasks of a Gabor target. We found that imagery-induced interference and facilitation are memorydependent: Visual recall of common objects from long-term memory can interfere with perception, while on short-term memory tasks facilitation can be obtained. These results support the distinction between low-level and structural representations in visual memory.
Global Rise Of Neoliberal State And Its Impact On Citizenship: Experiences In Developing Nations
Authors: Haque Shamsul 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn general, the realization of major principles and dimensions of citizenship, especially with regard to people's rights, entitlements, and obligations, is largely determined by the nature of the state, which varies depending on its socio-historical context. It is argued in this article that the recent decades have witnessed a fundamental shift in the nature of the state worldwide, based on neoliberal assumptions, policies, and programs. Focusing mainly on developing countries, the article examines the major tenets of such a neoliberal state, especially with regard to its policy preferences and reorientations, and evaluates its implications for democratic citizenship in these countries. It concludes by exploring some policy alternatives for the revival of such a citizenship.
Politics of Identities and Resources in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh: Ethnonationalism and/or Indigenous Identity
Authors: Chowdhury Khairul 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn recent years, representation of indigenous communities and their relation to resources has been highly contested. Rather than offering critique to the representation of indigenous communities, this paper examines Jumma and indigenous identity formation among the hill peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, their historical contingency and dynamics. I show that groups' identities are products of agencies emerging from a particular pattern of struggle between the group and other political forces of their given circumstance, and are informed by their particular history, place and practices. I also show that claims over resources based on indigenous identity is a recent positioning in comparison to claims based on Jumma identity. Difference and convergence between Jumma and indigenous identities are contingent upon specific historical contexts and groups' relation with the state and its legal provision, and ideological settings.
Globalization and State Autonomy in Singapore
Authors: Khondker Habibul Haque 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis paper revisits the concept of state autonomy in the context of globalization. Earlier literature either considered state autonomy from the social forces in broad institutional and cultural terms or from the dominant classes in a restrictive sense. However, in either case the focus remained on domestic/national society, not the global society. The discussion of relative autonomy of the state began among the Marxists in the 1970s and then graduated into the mainstream social sciences in the 1980s and 1990s. In the upshot, the notions of developmental state and the embedded autonomy have significantly added to our knowledge of the role of the state. This paper broadens the idea of embedded autonomy by locating the sources of embeddedness in both local as well global institutions and norms. The paper uses the Singapore case to illustrate some of the possibilities and limitations of the reconfigured role of the state in the face of globalization.
Global DNA: Genomics, the Nation-State and Globalisation
Authors: Baber Zaheer 
Published: February 2008

AbstractGlobalization has influenced the conduct of scientific research in a number of expected and unexpected ways. At the same time the emergence of specific scientific fields has also influenced the texture and trajectory of globalization. In this paper the relationship between globalization and genomics is analyzed. Much like the globalization of traditional manufacturing, genomics research represents a phase of global bio-capitalism. With specific reference to Singapore, the possible social, economic and political effects of the rapid global circulation of scientists, knowledge, capital and DNA are examined in this paper.
The First Judgement of the Special Court for Sierra Leone: A Missed Opportunity?
Authors: Guibert Nolwenn , Blumenstock Tilman 
Published: February 2008

AbstractOn 29 June 2007, the Special Court for Sierra Leone – a criminal tribunal created by an agreement between the United Nations and Sierra Leone – rendered its first judgement. The three accused, all senior members of a military junta which had ousted the elected government, were amongst other things found guilty of "new" international crimes, such as using child soldiers and collectively punishing the civilian population. This note critically analyses the achievements and shortcomings of what can be seen as a landmark ruling in international criminal law. It discusses the court's rejection of a separate crime of "forced marriages" as well as the application of "effective control" in terms of responsibility of a superior in the context of an "African conflict". Finally, this note examines the treatment of defective pleadings in the indictment in relation to particulars, crimes committed by the accused in person, and the existence of a joint criminal enterprise. It will be demonstrated that the judgement is of significance not only for assessing the success of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, but also for future criminal trials dealing with similar charges.
New Observations of Precipitation Initiation in Warm Cumulus Clouds
Authors: Small Jennifer D. , Chuang Patrick Y. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The mechanism responsible for formation of rain in warm clouds has been debated for over six decades. Here, the authors analyze new measurements of shallow cumulus made with a phase Doppler interferometer during the Rain in Cumulus over the Ocean (RICO) experiment. These observations show that drops sufficiently large (&gt;55-μm diameter) to initiate precipitation (termed collision–coalescence initiators or CCIs) are found preferentially at cloud top, tend to cluster with each other, and are found in environments that are thermodynamically, dynamically, and microphysically distinct from those of smaller drops. The CCI environments exhibit cloud spectra that are shifted to larger sizes, with enhanced broadening toward larger drop sizes. Increased entrainment is also associated with CCIs, suggesting that it is an important process in CCI production. A simple model combining inhomogeneous mixing and condensation is inadequate to explain these observations. It is hypothesized that CCIs are produced in cloud-top regions where turbulence generated by entrainment mixing locally enhances collision–coalescence rates.
A Study of the Probability of Clear Line of Sight through Single-Layer Cumulus Cloud Fields in the Tropical Western Pacific
Authors: Taylor Patrick C. , Ellingson Robert G. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe plane-parallel horizontal (PPH) hypothesis used to approximate clouds in GCMs neglects three-dimensional cloud effects. Such effects can amount to as much as 20 W m−2 in longwave radiation. Several investigators have proposed accounting for longwave three-dimensional cloud effects by using information on the probability of clear line of sight (PCLoS) to modify the PPH approximation. This study investigates the PCLoS at the Atmosphere Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program’s Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) site. PCLoS is estimated for single-layer tropical marine cumulus cases for 2-h intervals using the Whole Sky Imager (WSI) observations at the Manus and Nauru sites. PCLoS estimates are compared to calculations from a set of simple PCLoS models using measured cloud field statistics as input. A summary of the PCLoS at the TWP site is presented in addition to a statistical summary of retrieved cloud field characteristics. The results are used to investigate the spatial variability of the PCLoS and to test the usefulness of the parameterization of effective cloud fraction.
Long-Term Changes in Ice Phenology of the Yellow River in the Past Decades
Authors: Jiang Yundi , Dong Wenjie , Yang Song , Ma Jun 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The authors quantitatively describe the changes in the characteristics of ice phenology including the flow rate and freeze/breakup dates of the Yellow River based on observations of the past 50 yr. In both the upper and lower reaches of the Yellow River, increasing temperature delays the freeze date and advances the breakup date, thus decreasing the number of freeze days and the expanse of river freeze. From 1968 to 2001, the freeze duration has shortened significantly by 38 days at Bayangaole and 25 days at Sanhuhe, respectively. From the early 1950s to the early 2000s, the changes in freeze and breakup dates have shortened the freeze duration in the lower reach of the Yellow River by 12 days. The flow rate has reduced from 500 to 260 m3 s−1, and the expanse of river freeze has also decreased significantly by about 310 km. In addition, in the lower reach of the river, the location of earliest ice breakup has shifted downstream significantly in the last 50 yr, although the location of earliest freeze exhibits little change.
Toward Climate Prediction: Interannual Potential Predictability due to an Increase in CO2 Concentration as Diagnosed from an Ensemble of AO GCM Integrations
Authors: von Storch Jin-Song 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Predictability studies of the second kind are often carried out to address the potential in predicting atmospheric variables based on knowledge of changes in sea surface temperature (SST). Here a predictability study of the second kind is performed for the coupled atmosphere–ocean system based on knowledge of changes in CO2 concentration. The focus is on potential predictabilities obtained after imposing a CO2 forcing over a short time period (i.e., a few years), which are less sensitive to the exact future time evolution of the CO2 forcing. Potential predictability is measured by the ensemble mean difference resulting from the CO2 forcing relative to the ensemble spread subjected to the same forcing. The measure is calculated from a 50-member prediction ensemble obtained from an atmosphere–ocean GCM forced by a 3% increase in CO2 concentration per year and a reference ensemble obtained under a constant CO2 concentration.
The largest potential predictabilities are found in and over the Southern Ocean. The origin of these predictabilities is a positive feedback involving interactions between the atmosphere and the upper ocean. An increase in the meridional gradient of SST resulting from a large SST increase in the southern subtropics leads to a strengthening of atmospheric circulation, and from that increases in surface zonal wind stress result. The latter enhances the northward Ekman transport over the southern high latitudes, which transports polar water equatorward, whereby maintaining the meridional temperature gradient. Potential predictability is also found in the deep ocean, characterized by the downward propagation of the surface warming within a few years through two “corridors,” located at 40°S and 40°N and extending from the near surface to about 3000–3500 m. The warming in the atmosphere and the upper ocean is reduced by half because of this downward heat propagation.
The Impact of Analysis Error on Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
Authors: Swanson Kyle L. , Roebber Paul J. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
All meteorological analyzed fields contain errors, the magnitude of which ultimately determines the point at which a given forecast will fail. Here, the authors explore the extent to which analysis difference fields capture certain aspects of the actual but unknowable flow-dependent analysis error. The analysis difference fields considered here are obtained by subtracting the NCEP and ECMWF reanalysis 500-hPa height fields. It is shown that the magnitude of this 500-hPa analysis difference averaged over the North Pacific Ocean has a statistically significant impact on forecast skill over the continental United States well into the medium range (5 days). Further, it is shown that the impact of this analysis difference on forecast skill is similar to that of ensemble spread well into the medium range, a measure of forecast uncertainty currently used in the operational setting. Finally, the analysis difference and ensemble spread are shown to be independent; hence, the impact of these two quantities upon forecast skill is additive.
Prognostic influence of tumor-infiltrating mast cells in patients with follicular lymphoma treated with rituximab and CHOP
Authors: Taskinen Minna , Karjalainen-Lindsberg Marja-Liisa , Leppä Sirpa 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Gene expression profiling and immunohistochemical studies have demonstrated that nonmalignant tumor infiltrating inflammatory cells contribute to clinical outcome in patients with follicular lymphoma (FL). Particularly, tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) content correlates with longer survival rates after immunochemotherapy. Here we investigated the prognostic importance of tumor-associated mast cells (MCs) and their relation to TAMs in patients with FL treated with a combination of rituximab (R) and cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) chemotherapy. Of the 98 patients, 70 received R-CHOP at diagnosis and 28 at relapse. According to Kaplan-Meier estimates, the patients with high MC content had a worse 4-year progression-free survival (PFS) than the ones with low MC content after R-CHOP therapy (34% vs 74%, P = .002). The adverse prognostic value of MCs was seen both for the patients treated at diagnosis and at relapse, whereas no such impact on PFS was observed for the control patients treated with chemotherapy only (P = .4). When the TAM-related PFS was analyzed separately in patients with high and low MC contents, the positive prognostic effect of TAM was seen only in patients with few MCs. Taken together, the data demonstrate that a high MC score is associated with unfavorable prognosis and it eliminates the positive prognostic value of TAMs in patients with FL treated with immunochemotherapy.
Mediastinal angiomyolipomas in a male patient affected by tuberous sclerosis
Authors: Warth A. , Herpel E. , Schmähl A. , Hoffmann H. , Herth F. J. F. , Schirmacher P. , Dienemann H. , Schnabel P. A. 
Published: February 2008

Classical angiomyolipomas are benign tumours composed of various tissues, including components of fat, abnormal blood vessels and smooth muscle cells. They are often found in association with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC).The present study reports a male patient affected by TSC with intermittent, massive chylous pleural effusions, who developed recurrent mediastinal angiomyolipomas. The tumours were characterisedviahistological and immunohistochemical methods.Although angiomyolipomas frequently occur in the kidneys of TSC patients, this case is the first report of mediastinal angiomyolipomas associated with TSC.Besides lymphangioleiomyomatosis, this differential diagnosis has to be taken into account in the case of chylous pleural effusions and mediastinal masses in tuberous sclerosis complex patients.