bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resources of foreign scientific literature: Acquisition on a national scale
Authors: Orne Jerrold 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBeginning with the premise that information, like education, is a group responsibility rather than an individual one, a brief historical summary moves swiftly to the present‐day framework which serves information to the country.The current acquisition of information on a national scale requires the participation of federal agencies, academic institutions, commercial enterprise, and individuals. Up to this time, the possibilities for coordinating the efforts of all these diverse sources are not a national systematic program. Even now it is not practical to regiment such diverse parts into a cohesive whole. Nevertheless, there have been recent indications of implicit recognition of the federal responsibility for leadership in this field. Equally important are new, coordinated efforts by groups of academic institutions, by growing numbers of commercial sources, and even by ever‐greater numbers of individuals through their professional associations, each to carry its proper measure of the full load.A plea is made for calm and logical planning by all together in the common interest of assuring full availability, by using carefully articulated physical decentralization with centralized bibliographic control.
The new “termatrex” line of I.R. Systems—the “Minimatrex” line of I.R. Systems
Authors: Jonker Frederick 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn 1960, Jonker Business Machines introduced the first model of its Termatrex line of I.R. equipment. Since then, a number of new Termatrex systems have been added. At present, a new line, the Minimatrex line, is being introduced. This article describes the complete line of Termatrex equipment and the line of Minimatrex equipment. Both the Termatrex and Minimatrix lines can be integrated with conventional punched card systems, computers, and microform document stores. Also described in this article is the integration of the conventional data‐processing equipment and the Termatrex and Minimatrex “inverted Data Processing” equipment.
Citation indexes in sociological and historical research
Authors: Garfield Eugene 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe use of citation data in the computer construction of historical network diagrams is proposed. A new “critical path method” of evaluating the impact of individual scientific discoveries is described as well as a “critical impact” factor which measures the arborization of specific papers or ideas through the subsequent literature. The danger of indiscriminate. unqualified use of quantitative citation data in sociological evaluations is emphasized. However, citation indexes do make thorough qualitative evaluations possible by providing a practical tool for locating subsequent criticisms of particular papers by specified authors.
Use of meta‐language in information retrieval systems
Authors: Goffman W. , Verhoeff J. , Belzer Jack 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article attempts to point out the usefulness of meta‐language in designing information retrieval systems. In its three sections, it first, sets the stage for the introduction of the meta‐language concept with general remarks on information retrieval systems.Second, it discusses meta‐language in general. Last, it considers certain theoretical implications pointing to the implementation of meta‐language in literature‐searching systems.
Direct documentation, analogue documentation, and information‐retrieval
Authors: Schweizer Robert F. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDefinitions are given of documentation and information‐retrieval. Attention has been given especially to the analogue side of documentation, with emphasis on the need to keep man out of documentation as much as possible. Transducing has been indicated without having been explained. Keywords in Context with compliments to Mr. H. P. Luhn.: Documentation, Information‐retrieval, man, language, machine, analogue, transducing, document, data, information.
A technique for determining index requirements
Authors: Jahoda G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThree basic types of subject indexes, the alphabetic subject index, the hierarchically classified index and the coordinate index, were examined for similarities and differences. Differences dependent upon type of index were determined to be: (1) number of steps required to get at identifications of potentially pertinent documents, and (2) specificity of access point and number of concepts in a search heading. These differences were used to formulate types of searches best answered by a particular type of index. Index requirements of an internal reports collection were then determined by translating 142 subject searches of this collection into types of searches best answered by each of the three types of indexes.
A survey on the information practices of engineers at western electric
Authors: Levy N. P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA stratified random sample of engineers by vertical classification (engineers, occupational engineers and senior engineers), from locations thought to be representative of all locations in the Company, were asked to complete a survey on Company information practices. Through the use of statistical tests and analyses of the trends of the data, it can now be assumed that the engineers, regardless of vertical engineering classification or location, are similar in respect to their technical information activities and needs. Furthermore, we determined the information activities and needs of engineers and adequacy of the information facilities. Based on the results of the survey, we established that a Company‐Wide Technical Information Storage and Retrieval System is needed at Western Electric. Such a system should keep the engineer informed on what he needs to know and reduce the amount of unknown duplication of effort.
Correlation of indexing headings and title words in three medical indexing systems
Authors: O'Connor John 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Montgomery‐Swanson study of Index Medicus heading‐title correlations is discussed. Some presently unanswered questions relevant to practical use of their automatic indexing technique are indicated. Contrasted with the 86% heading‐title correlation figure which they found for Index Medicus are the following ranges (based on small samples): Index‐Handbook of Cardiovascular Agents: 19‐45%; Merck Sharp and Dohme Retrieval System: 40‐68%; NIH Research Grants Index: 13‐39%.
Machine compilation and editing of printed alphabetical subject indexes
Authors: Slamecka Vladimir 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBy defining and isolating certain generic relationships between index terms as invariably valid for all documents in a collection, the items under such “formally related” terms may be manipulated to produce automatically printed alphabetical subject indexes, tailor‐made for the volume of information they contain. The technique rapidly generates single‐issue and cumulative subject indexes having approximately constant “optimum” average numbers of items under given terms. A cross reference structure is produced automatically and individually for each index. Some implications of the technique for cooperative indexing are discussed.
Chemical documents and their titles: Human concept indexing vs. KWIC‐machine indexing
Authors: Ruhl Mary Jane 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe machine‐produced, key‐word‐in‐context title index was introduced as a temporary bridge between current literature and its indexes. Due to the lower cost and more rapid production, some researchers might substitute these indexes for the conventional ones, but valuable research findings might be lost if titles omit important descriptive words. Comparing the indexing of the same documents in Chemical Titles and Chemical Abstracts Subject Index shows that more than half of the titles included all concepts, or their equivalents, as indexed by Chemical Abstracts. However, in many cases, more definitive titles might have been assigned to the documents. Authors and editors must continue to upgrade their titles by examining each title word. Does each word define some aspect of the report? Have words been included in the title to describe, as nearly as possible, each important new development reported?
Effective information‐searching strategies without “perfect” indexing
Authors: Tritschler R. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractComputer searching of an information file offers significant advantages over manual searching when it can utilize strategies that are impractical for a human searcher to use. This paper examines several existing strategies, and then suggests that increased emphasis be placed on one that is relatively tolerant of “imperfect” indexing. Since “perfect” indexing does not exist, such a strategy would have considerable value. The general procedure consists of counting the number of search‐matched index terms and then calculating a relevance factor for each item found, thus enabling the final search‐output listing to be prepared in order of probable relevance. This technique is essentially the same as the strategy used successfully in such diverse tasks as identifying criminal suspects by their modus operandi, selecting suitable gifts for department store shoppers, and locating misspelled names in an airlines reservation file.
A novel index tailored to plastics specialists
Authors: Anzalone Alfred M. , Brokars Carol A. , Cohn Gunther 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSpecialists at the Plastics Technical Evaluation Center needed a retrieval tool in their field of technology. An index was developed which consists of a list of precoordinated subject terms, machine arranged and printed. The index is property and use oriented. In contrast with uniterms, coordinated terms have fewer postings per term; hence, desired indexing depth can be achieved with only about eight postings per document. We believe this type of index to be ideal for limited collections. It is speedy and economical. However, vocabulary control needs refinement.
Indexing and dependency logic for answering english questions
Authors: Simmons Robert F. , Klein Sheldon , McConlogue Keren 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a computer system which uses a combination of coordinate indexing and structure matching techniques to extract from English questions many criteria which can be used for selecting and recognizing answers. A complete index of all content words in text is first searched to find information‐rich statements which may be answers to the question. Each of these statements is then dependency analyzed to determine if the words (or synonyms) which correspond to question words maintain the dependency relations holding in the question. A simple semantic evaluation of structurally acceptable answers follows. A human editor working with the computer system helps to resolve syntactic ambiguities which are otherwise a major stumbling block in question‐answering systems.
A proposed improvement in the printing of chemical structures, which results in their complete computer codes
Authors: Feldman Alfred 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe traditional vehicle for the dissemination of information is and has been the printed page. Chemistry, however, has been notoriously refractory to modern printing techniques. In the following, we are proposing an improved method for composing chemical structures on typesetting machines. Besides its advantages in the printing process, this method will produce, as an automatic byproduct, coded tapes of the printed structures, which may be used for chemical information retrieval by computer.
Methodology for the comparative analysis of information storage and retrieval systems: A critical review
Authors: Klempner Irving M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSeveral studies extant utilizing the Historical, Normative Survey or Experimental Method for the comparative analysis of information storage and retrieval systems are critically reviewed. Indicated are evolutionary trends in the refinement of comparative analysis methodology and the need to utilize more than one research method for the analysis of a system's internal and external factors.
Measuring the reliability of subject classification by men and machines
Authors: Borko Harold 
Published: June 2007

AbstractProcedures for measuring the consistency of document classification are described. Three subject specialists classified 997 abstracts of psychological reports into one of eleven categories. These abstracts were also mechanically classified by a computer program using a factor‐score computational procedure. Each abstract was scored for all categories and assigned to the one with the highest score. The three manual classifications were compared with each other and with the mechanical classifications, and a series of contingency coefficients was computed. The average reliability of manual classification procedures was equal to 870. The correlation between automatic and manual classification was .766.
A quantitative measure of user circulation requirements and its possible effect on stack thinning and multiple copy determination
Authors: Trueswell Richard W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe strategy outlined in this article describes a possible aid to the librarian for thinning a library's stacks according to the criterion of user needs. The method uses the last circulation date as a parameter of user circulation requirements. The resulting stack collection would, by design, satisfy over 99 percent of the user circulation requirements and yet be of minimum size. Preliminary, but not yet fully validated research, indicates that the number of volumes in a library's holdings may be reduced by 60 to 70 percent and yet satisfy well over 99 percent of the user requirements. It may also be possible to determine which books should have multiple copies in order that user disappointment can be minimized. The effective result of this approach is that there now may be a quantitative method of maintaining the library's holdings at a reasonable level and, in addition, a reduction in the disappointment of the user who is unable to find the book he wants because of use by another.
Matching of question and answer terminology in an education research file
Authors: Tague Jean 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe hypothesis that relevant answers in a computer output may be distinguished from peripherally relevant and nonrelevant answers by the relative frequency with which question words and other related terms match words in the title, abstract, and machine index to these answers is investigated, using a sample of 14 questions searched against a pilot information file for education research. The frequencies of (1) significant words of the question, (2) words related thesaurally to the question words by the semantic code, and (3) words added to the original statement by the question analyst as answer index terms are used to determine empirically a function indicating the indexing and evaluating effectiveness of each. Similarly, the frequencies of question words in titles, conventional abstracts, and machine indexes are used to compare the indexing and evaluating effectiveness of these three forms of index.
Improvement of the selectivity of citation indexes to science literature through inclusion of citation relationship indicators
Authors: Lipetz Ben‐Ami 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCitation indexes to large bodies of science literature can often list far more citing references under the known cited reference than the user can afford the time to look up. By providing some additional information, beyond the minimal association of the citing reference with the cited reference, a citation index could provide the means for the user to select from a long list those citing references which are most relevant to his immediate search requirement. Means of providing this selectivity are discussed. Particular attention is given to the possibility of adding short codes to the citation entries which would be informative on the way in which the citing publication is operationally related to the cited one (this method is an integral feature of the Shepard's legal citations). A scheme of citation relationships of potential value to users of science literature is presented. These relationships were tested on a sampling of physics literature. The suggested categories include indicators of the relation of the citing reference to the scientific process in general, as well as indicators of its relationship to the cited reference in particular. Assignment of the categories to a citation requires the exercise of judgment, as in subject indexing, but does not involve the use of subject terminology. An illustration is provided of the application of citation relationship indicators to an excerpt from a citation index to physics literature.
Improvements in a permuted title index
Authors: Voress Hugh E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractImprovements in a computer‐prepared, permuted‐title index are described. The improvements include adding words to present titles or synthesizing new titles when insufficient keywords are provided in the title, positioning singular and plural words and word variants so that one follows the other, identifying and adding cross‐references where needed, and exceptional efforts in removing words that have no value for information retrieval. The index was prepared for a radiobiology bibliography.
Publication patterns of scientific serials
Authors: Bishop David , Milner Arnold L. , Roper Fred W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAmerican libraries are undertaking computer‐controlled inventories of serials holdings. Such automated records are posited on predictability of serials receipts. Publication patterns of serials, falling into 24 distinct classes and two further categories, are developed for machine‐based prediction and record updating. The relationship between publication patterns and frequency/dating systems is examined. The publication patterns listed are considered universally applicable to machine methods.
Information science and liberal education
Authors: Cheydleur Benjamin F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe scale of activity in Information Science and Retrieval, unique in the twentieth century, is plotted by surveying three areas of impingement between professional people and information systems. The first testimony cites the momentum in a major scientific society with respect to the reorganization and automation of publication and retrieval. The second projects the state of the art in the time‐sharing of computer programs and files to the degree that the exchange of information is becoming a completely economic and critical tool for education, with man‐machine interfaces provided for students and professors alike. The third deals with the rapid progress in the realization of man‐interface conversation in nearly natural English format, made possible by sophisticated programs and hardware. The prognostication of the impact of these increasing capabilities on the deepest concerns and activities of mankind is sketched. The immediate availability throughout the world of all information files will engender continual review and evaluation in the scientific spirit that welcomes reexamination of any data without fear. In liberal education, there must be a responsibility to prepare minds for this regimen in the world of scholarship of the 1970's, but there must be a concomitant exhilaration of the young human spirit in the seeking of the total view and of a value system for the individuality in the universe.
The norms of citation behavior: Prolegomena to the footnote
Authors: Kaplan Norman 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe publications explosion has focused renewed attention on the lowly footnote. While we are all at least partially aware of the technical functions of the citation for both the writer and the reader of the scientific paper, little is known about the norms operating in actual practice. Even less is known about the operating norms with respect to the more sociological functions, including the acknowledgement of intellectual debts or the conferral of recognition upon the works of others. This paper reviews the state of our knowledge, raises questions, and proposes suggestions and hypotheses for studying the relationships between footnoting practices among scientists and the social system of science.
Adaptive information dissemination
Authors: Sage C. R. , Anderson R. R. , Fitzwater D. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractComputer dissemination of information offers significant advantages over manual dissemination because the computer can use strategies that are impractical and in some cases impossible for a human. This paper describes the Ames Laboratory Selective Dissemination of Information1 system with emphasis on the effectiveness of user feedback. The system will accept any document, abstract, keywords, etc., in a KWIC2 or Science Citation Index3‐Source format. User profiles consist of words or word clusters each with an initially assigned significance value. These values are used in making the decision to notify a user that he may be interested in a particular document. According to responses, the significance values are increased or decreased and quickly attain an equilibrium which accurately describes the user's interests. The system is economical compared to other existing SDI systems and human intervention is negligible except for adding and deleting profile entries.
An experiment in automatic indexing
Authors: Damerau Fred J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis report describes a method of indexing documents which is based on the assumptions, (1) that a subset of the words in a document can be an effective index to that document and, (2) that this subject can be approximated by selecting those words from the document whose frequencies are statistically unexpectedly high. The results of the experiment are encouraging, although not definitive because any index set chosen must be tested by using it for retrieval from a large collection.
An informal survey of modern linguistics
Authors: Garvin Paul L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe field of linguistics is considered of importance to the information sciences. In the author's opinion, linguistic contributions have so far been of significance only in the field of machine translation. A critical survey of different approaches to linguistics is therefore given from the standpoint of their usefulness to machine translation. In conclusion, some comments about the relevance of linguistics to other areas of information processing are given.
Comparative indexing: Terms supplied by biomedical authors and by document titles
Authors: Schultz Claire K. , Schultz Wallace L. , Orr Richard H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe original aim of this study was to obtain objective data bearing on the much argued question of whether author indexing is “good.” Author indexing of 285 documents reporting biomedical research was scored by comparing the author‐supplied terms (author set) for each paper with a criterion set of terms that was established by asking a group of 12 potential users to describe the same document. Terms in the document title (title set) were scored similarly. The average author set contained almost half of all the terms employed by more than one member of the user group and scored 73% of the maximal possible score, as compared with 44% for the average title set. When judged by the method and criterion employed here, author indexing is substantially better than indexing derived from document titles. The findings suggest that indicia supplied by an author should serve scientists in biomedical disciplines other than his own about as well as they serve his disciplinary colleagues. The general method developed for measuring indexing quality may represent a practical yardstick of wide applicability.