bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Declaration of Nelson W. Polsby in Badham v. Eu
Authors: Polsby Nelson W. 
Published: April 2006

1. I offer the Court this declaration because I believe that it is helpful for the Court to consider the extent to which the reapportionment process is inescapably political and value-laden. The drawing of district boundaries requires the weighing of many different and often conflicting interests. Any result will be a political result pleasing to some and not to others. Tests that could be used by the courts to manage cases, like this one, in which a partisan group petitions the courts to impose a judicial result in a state in which one political party claims to be disadvantaged by the outcome of the political process, are not neutral but political in their outcomes, and trade-offs between and among the various tests that might be used require the exercise of political judgment.2. In the early 1960s, the United States Supreme Court affirmed the principle that members of Congress must represent districts containing equal numbers of individuals (regardless of whether they vote or are even eligible to vote) as measured by the United States census. The application of this standard required only that the courts determine the respective populations of districts, a readily manageable task. The plaintiffs in this case, however, are asking the Court to do something much more difficult, namely protect the interests of one of many political or social groups, and have suggested that there may be an ideal degree of collective “effectiveness” of votes cast by a particular group. This is an entirely different matter.
The Electoral Connection in the 99th Congress
Authors: Cook Timothy E. 
Published: April 2006

Participant observation has provided some of our most impressive insights into the contemporary Congress. In particular, two scholars relied upon this method for results that must be regarded as shaping our current paradigm on Congress and its members: David Mayhew, who, six years after serving as an APSA Congressional Fellow, published his essay, Congress: The Electoral Connection (1974), and Richard Fenno, who traveled with representatives and senators in order to assess how members of Congress interact with their constituents and the impact of those interactions upon their performances in Washington in Home Style (1978) and its companion volume on the Senate (1982).Despite the influence of these works, some ambiguities remained when I began my stint as a Congressional Fellow in the fall of 1984. For one thing, Mayhew and Fenno had reached different conclusions regarding the impact of the need to run for reelection. Mayhew asserted that congressional behavior and congressional outcomes could be explained solely by the goal of getting reelected; on the other hand, Fenno contended that members could establish separate “home styles” and “Washington styles,” as leeway in the latter increased with more successful presentations of self back home. Likewise, whereas Mayhew made no distinction between the strength of the electoral incentive for representatives and senators, Fenno argued that having longer terms than representatives provided much more temptation for senators to do something besides merely run for reelection. A second ambiguity was that most of Mayhew's and Fenno's fieldwork was accomplished in the early to mid 1970s, before the sea-change in American politics best symbolized by Ronald Reagan's election and the dramatic shifts in policy and in political style that ensued (see especially Edsall, 1984; Chubb and Peterson, 1985). While studies suggest that congressional decision-making has changed only slightly in the Reagan years (e.g., Smith, 1985), the altered electoral environment may have produced far-reaching changes in how the electoral connection shapes Congress.
Democracy and Religion
Authors: Reichley A. James 
Published: April 2006

Relations between American democracy and religion have always been somewhat equivocal.On the one hand, moral and ethical principles derived from the Judeo-Christian tradition have been a major source of democratic values. Religion was an important motivating factor in both the colonization of North America and the American Revolution. The Founding Fathers set such high store by religion that they included its free exercise along with free speech and a free press among the liberties specifically protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution. Organized religion played a key role in such drives to perfect democracy as the abolition of slavery, the enactment of woman's suffrage, and the civil rights struggle of the 1960s. Perhaps most important, the so-called Protestant ethic provided the moral bedrock on which republican institutions were built.On the other hand, democratic theorists and much of the general public have been wary of the absolutist social outlook often associated with religion. Practically all religions claim to embody ultimate truths about the nature of the universe and the human condition. At some level, therefore, they can hardly be tolerant of rival beliefs. Religious bodies can avoid social intolerance by acknowledging that human imperfection clouds and corrupts the judgments of all institutions, including the churches, or by limiting their social pronouncement to broad moral directives. In practice, however, individuals or institutions claiming to represent transcendent moral authority are often tempted to attach certainty to their opinions on complex issues in secular politics.
Some Modest Propositions About an Immodest Subject
Authors: Dunn Charles W. 
Published: April 2006

Few subjects arouse emotions like religion and politics. And when combined, few subjects raise more obstacles to balanced and objective scholarly analysis. Many strong and competing biases among both religious and political groups together with a scholar's own ideological and religious views may make it difficult to examine dispassionately the issues raised.Jerry Falwell's Moral Majority on the right and Norman Lear's People for the American Way on the left pose perplexing problems for American democracy. Each group speaks fervently with immodest assurance that its views of American democracy is correct.Comments by Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn and former Yale University President A. Bartlett Giamatti contrast between these polarized positions. Solzhenitsyn in his 1978 Harvard University commencement address charged that humanism “started Western civilization on the dangerous trend of worshipping man and his material needs. … As humanism in its development was becoming more and more materialistic, it also increasingly allowed its concepts to be used first by socialism and then by communism” (Solzhenitsyn, p. 53). Giamatti, on the other hand, has condemned groups like the Moral Majority by saying they “would sweep before them anyone who holds a different opinion” (The New York Times, September 1, 1981, p. 1).
The Presidency, Democratic Reform, and Constitutional Change
Authors: Milkis Sidney M. 
Published: April 2006

Recent events have rendered the politics and governance of the American presidency a source of scorn and derision. While the nation seeks to come to terms with problems of the most serious magnitude in domestic and foreign affairs, the incumbent of the nation's highest office is crippled by a byzantine arms scandal. Moreover, the candidacy of the opposition's “front-runner” for the 1988 presidential nomination has been derailed by a scandal sufficiently salacious to displace as the focus of the media's attention the first week of congressional hearings that are investigating the Iran-Contra affair.These developments represent an extraordinarily sharp shift in perceptions about the state of the presidency and American politics. Until the Iran-Contra revelations, many statesmen and scholars credited the Reagan Administration with suspending the paralysis that seemed to grip the nation during the post-Watergate years. For example, a survey of political scientists carried out by the National Journal in 1985 revealed that even many scholars who opposed Reagan's policies granted that the president had shown impressive leadership ability in dominating the government's agenda and mastering the Congress (National Journal, April 6, 1985, 743–747). Yet the Iran-Contra affair has apparently spoiled the Reagan legacy, belying the prospects for an enduring restoration of the presidency and a renewed sense of national purpose. The rapid demise of Senator Hart's candidacy reaffirmed that presidential politics was once again mired in issues of personality and institutional disarray. Indeed, the extreme scrutiny of Hart's “private” activities highlighted the ongoing lack of commitment in American politics to a public philosophy, as well as the absence of institutional strength necessary to cultivate and sustain a coherent sense of national purpose (Brinkley, 1987).
Reactions of Polychlorophenyllithium Compounds with Electrophiles.
Authors: Burukin A. S. , Vasil'ev A. A. , Struchkova M. I. , Kachala V. V. , Zlotin S. G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Photoinduced Metalation of Nonactivated C—Cl Bonds with Samarium Diiodide: Synthesis of Alkenes with High (Z)‐Selectivity Through β‐Elimination Reactions.
Authors: Concellon Jose M. , Rodrigues‐Solla Humberto , Simal Carmen , Huerta Monica 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Amination and Imidation of 2,3‐Allenyl Phosphates.
Authors: Imada Yasushi , Nishida Masayuki , Kutsuwa Koji , Murahashi Shun‐Ichi , Naota Takeshi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Formation of O‐Allyl Oximes by Reaction of Allylzinc Reagents with α‐Chloronitroso Compounds.
Authors: Filip Sorin V. , Sewald Norbert 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of an Anomalous Heck Reaction: Skeletal Rearrangement of Divinyl and Enyne Carbinols.
Authors: Ndungu J. Maina , Larson Kimberly K. , Sarpong Richmond 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Concise and Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of (S)‐2‐Ethylphenylpropanoic Acid Derivatives: Dual Agonists for Human Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor α and δ.
Authors: Kasuga Jun‐ichi , Hashimoto Yuichi , Miyachi Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
ZrCl4 Dispersed on Dry Silica Gel Provides a Useful Reagent for S‐Alkylation of Thiols with Alcohols under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Firouzabadi Habib , Iranpoor Nasser , Jafarpour Maasoumeh 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Photophysical Characterization of a Titanium(IV) Phthalocyanine—C60 Supramolecular Dyad.
Authors: Ballesteros Beatriz , de la Torre Gema , Torres Tomas , Hug Gordon L. , Rahman G. M. Aminur , Guldi Dirk M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyrroles from Nitroso‐Diels—Alder Cycloadducts.
Authors: Calvet Geraldine , Blanchard Nicolas , Kouklovsky Cyrille 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Design and Synthesis of C‐2 Substituted Chiral Imidazolium Ionic Liquids from Amino Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Ni Bukuo , Headley Allan D. , Li Guigen 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Triazoles from Nitroalkenes — Revisited.
Authors: Quiclet‐Sire Beatrice , Zard Samir Z. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of 4‐Hydroxypiperidin‐2‐ones via Cu(I)‐Catalyzed Reductive Aldol Cyclization.
Authors: Lam Hon Wai , Murray Gordon J. , Firth James D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of N‐Diphenylphosphinoylimines Using the Kresze Reaction
Authors: Lauzon Caroline , Desrosiers Jean‐Nicolas , Charette Andre B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Simple Method for Deprotection of the N‐ and O‐Carbobenzoxy Groups and N‐Methylation of the Desosamine Sugar Moiety of Ketolides.
Authors: Iwaki Tsutomu , Nomura Takashi , Narukawa Yukitoshi , Uotani Koichi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A 12 to 24 weeks pilot study of sertraline treatment in obese women binge eaters
Authors: Leombruni Paolo , Pierò Andrea , Brustolin Annalisa , Mondelli Valeria , Levi Maura , Campisi Stefania , Marozio Susanna , Abbate‐Daga Giovanni , Fassino Secondo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPrevious studies tested the efficacy of sertraline in Binge Eating Disorder (BED) over a period of 6 weeks. The present open study assesses the efficacy of sertraline over a period of 24 weeks in obese persons with binge eating behaviour (with or without the full criteria for BED) confirmed by high scores on the Binge Eating Scale (BES). Thirty‐two obese outpatients (14 with BED and 18 without full criteria for BED), without co‐occurring psychiatric comorbidities, were treated with sertraline (dose range 100–200 mg/d). Subjects were assessed at baseline and at 8, 12 and 24 weeks of treatment for number of binges, weight and psychopathology. After 8 weeks of treatment a significant improvement in the BES score and a significant weight loss emerged. These results were maintained over 24 weeks. A moderate drop out rate was detected, but no significant association with the severity of side effects was found. Further studies are needed to confirm the usefulness of sertraline in the treatment of patients with BED and also in binge eaters with a less severe eating psychopathology. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Quasi-Physical Algorithm for the Structure Optimization in an Off-Lattice Protein Model
Authors: Liu Jing-Fa , Huang Wen-Qi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In this paper, we study an off-lattice protein AB model with two species of monomers, hydrophobic and hydrophilic, and present a heuristic quasi-physical algorithm. First, by elaborately simulating the movement of the smooth solids in the physical world, we find low-energy conformations for a given monomer chain. A subsequent off-trap strategy is then proposed to trigger a jump for a stuck situation in order to get out of the local minima. The algorithm has been tested in the three-dimensional AB model for all sequences with lengths of 13–55 monomers. In several cases, we renew the putative ground state energy values. The numerical results show that the proposed methods are very promising for finding the ground states of proteins.
Three-dimensional natural convection in a confined porous medium heated from below
Authors: Horne Roland N. 
Published: April 2006

Previous analyses of natural convection in a porous medium have drawn seemingly contradictory conclusions as to whether the motion is two- or three-dimensional. This investigation uses numerical results to show the relationship between previous contending observations, and demonstrates that there exists more than one mode of convection for any particular physical configuration and Rayleigh number. In some cases, a particular flow situation may be stable even though it does not maximize the energy transfer across the system.The methods used are based on the efficient numerical solution of the governing equations, formulated with the definition of a vector potential. This approach is shown to be superior to formulating the equations in terms of pressure.For a cubic region the flow pattern at a particular value of the Rayleigh number is not unique and is determined by the initial conditions. In some cases there exist four alternatives, two- and three-dimensional, steady and unsteady.
Stability and mixing of a vertical plane buoyant jet in confined depth
Authors: Jirka Gerhard H. , Harleman Donald R. F. 
Published: April 2006

A plane turbulent buoyant jet discharging vertically into a two-dimensional channel of confined depth is considered. The channel opens at both ends into a large outside reservoir, thus defining a steady symmetrical flow field within the channel. The analysis is aimed at two aspects, the stability and the bulk mixing characteristics of the discharge. A stable discharge configuration is defined as one in which a buoyant surface layer is formed which spreads horizontally and does not communicate with the initial buoyant jet region. On the other hand, the discharge configuration is unstable when a recirculating cell exists on both sides of the jet efflux.It is shown that discharge stability is only dependent on the dynamic interaction of three near-field regions, a buoyant jet region, a surface impingement region and an internal hydraulic jump region. The buoyant jet region is analysed with the assumption of a variable entrainment coefficient in a form corresponding to an approximately constant jet-spreading angle as confirmed by different experimental sources. The properties of surface impingement and internal jump regions are determined on the basis of control volume analyses. Under the Boussinesq approximation, only two dimensionless parameters govern the near-field interaction; these are a discharge densimetric Froude number and a relative depth. For certain parameter combinations, namely those implying low buoyancy and shallow depth, there is no solution to the conjugate downstream condition in the hydraulic jump which would satisfy both momentum and energy conservation principles. Arguments are given which interpret this condition as one which leads to the establishment of a near-field recirculation cell and, thus, discharge instability.The far-field boundary conditions, while having no influence on discharge stability, determine the bulk mixing characteristics of the jet discharge. The governing equations for the two-layered counterflow system in the far field are solved. The strength of the convective transport, and hence the related dilution ratio, is governed by another non-dimensional parameter, the product of the relative channel length and the boundary friction coefficient.Experiments in a laboratory flume, covering a range of the governing parameters, are in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions, both the stability criterion and the bulk mixing characteristics.
The trajectories of particles in steep, symmetric gravity waves
Authors: Longuet-Higgins M. S. 
Published: April 2006

To gain insight into the orbital motion in waves on the point of breaking, we first study the trajectories of particles in some ideal irrotational flows, including Stokes’ 120° corner-flow, the motion in an almost-highest wave, in periodic deep-water waves of maximum height, and in steep, solitary waves.In Stokes’ corner-flow the particles move as though under the action of a constant force directed away from the crest. The orbits are expressible in terms of an elliptic integral. The trajectory has a loop or not according as q [sqcup ] c where q is the particle speed at the summit of each trajectory, in a reference frame moving with speed c. When q = c, the trajectory has a cusp. For particles near the free surface there is a sharp vertical gradient of the horizontal displacement.The trajectories of particles in almost-highest waves are generally similar to those in the Stokes corner-flow, except that the sharp drift gradient at the free surface is now absent.In deep-water irrotational waves of maximum steepness, it is shown that the surface particles advance at a mean speed U equal to 0·274c, where c is the phase-speed. In solitary waves of maximum amplitude, a particle at the surface advances a total distance 4·23 times the depth h during the passage of each wave. The initial angle α which the trajectory makes with the horizontal is close to 60°.The orbits of subsurface particles are calculated using the ‘hexagon’ approximation for deep-water waves. Near the free surface the drift has the appearance of a thin forwards jet, arising mainly from the flow near the wave crest. The vertical gradient is so sharp, however, that at a mean depth of only 0.01L below the surface (where L is the wavelength) the forwards drift is reduced to less than half its surface value. Under the action of viscosity and turbulence, this sharp gradient will be modified. Nevertheless the orbital motion may contribute appreciably to the observed ‘winddrift current’.Implications for the drift motions of buoys and other floating bodies are also discussed.