bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Induction of Glial Cell Proliferation and Axonal Outgrowth and Myelination by Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor
Authors: de Groot Dorien M. , Coenen Anton J. M. , Verhofstad Albert , van Herp François , Martens Gerard J. M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBrain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) belongs to the neurotrophin family of neuronal cell survival and differentiation factors but is thought to be involved in neuronal cell proliferation and myelination as well. To explore the role of BDNF in vivo, we employed the intermediate pituitary melanotrope cells of the amphibian Xenopus laevis as a model system. These cells mediate background adaptation of the animal by producing high levels of the prohormone proopiomelanocortin (POMC) when the animal is black adapted. We used stable X. transgenesis in combination with the POMC gene promoter to generate transgenic frogs overexpressing BDNF specifically and physiologically inducible in the melanotrope cells. Intriguingly, an approximately 25-fold overexpression of BDNF resulted in hyperplastic glial cells and myelinated axons infiltrating the pituitary, whereby the transgenic melanotrope cells became located dispersed among the induced tissue. The infiltrating glial cells and axons originated from both peripheral and central nervous system sources. The formation of the phenotype started around tadpole stage 50 and was induced by placing white-adapted transgenics on a black background, i.e. after activation of transgene expression. The severity of the phenotype depended on the level of transgene expression, because the intermediate pituitaries from transgenic animals raised on a white background or from transgenics with only an approximately 5-fold BDNF overexpression were essentially not affected. In conclusion, we show in a physiological context that, besides its classical role as neuronal cell survival and differentiation factor, in vivo BDNF can also induce glial cell proliferation as well as axonal outgrowth and myelination.
A Multiplex Assay for the Detection and Mapping of Complex Glycerol Kinase Deficiency
Authors: Klein Roger D , Thorland Erik C , Gonzales Patrick R , Beck Patricia A , Dykas Daniel J , McGrath James M , Bale Allen E 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Background: Glycerol kinase deficiency (GKD) is an X-linked recessive disorder that presents in both isolated and complex forms. The contiguous deletion that leads to GKD also commonly affects NR0B1 (DAX1), the gene associated with adrenal hypoplasia congenita, and DMD, the Duchenne muscular dystrophy gene. Molecular testing to delineate this deletion is expensive and has only limited availability.
Methods: We designed a multiplex PCR assay for the detection and mapping of a contiguous deletion potentially affecting the IL1RAPL1, NR0B1, GK, and DMD genes in a 29-month-old male patient with GKD.
Results: Multiplex PCR detected a contiguous deletion that involved the IL1RAPL1, NR0B1, GK, and DMD genes. Although the patient had a creatine kinase concentration within the reference interval, further mapping with PCR revealed that exon 74 was the last intact exon at the 3′ end of the DMD gene.
Conclusions: Multiplex PCR is an effective and inexpensive way to detect and map the contiguous deletion in cases of complex GKD. The extension of a deletion to include DMD exon 75 in a patient with a creatine kinase concentration within the reference interval suggests that this region of the gene may not be essential for protein function.
Genetic Variation inDrosophila melanogasterResistance to Infection: A Comparison Across Bacteria
Authors: Lazzaro Brian P , Sackton Timothy B , Clark Andrew G 
Published: August 2006

AbstractInsects use a generalized immune response to combat bacterial infection. We have previously noted that natural populations of D. melanogaster harbor substantial genetic variation for antibacterial immunocompetence and that much of this variation can be mapped to genes that are known to play direct roles in immunity. It was not known, however, whether the phenotypic effects of variation in these genes are general across the range of potentially infectious bacteria. To address this question, we have reinfected the same set of D. melanogaster lines with Serratia marcescens, the bacterium used in the previous study, and with three additional bacteria that were isolated from the hemolymph of wild-caught D. melanogaster. Two of the new bacteria, Enterococcus faecalis and Lactococcus lactis, are gram positive. The third, Providencia burhodogranaria, is gram negative like S. marcescens. Drosophila genotypes vary highly significantly in bacterial load sustained after infection with each of the four bacteria, but mean loads are largely uncorrelated across bacteria. We have tested statistical associations between immunity phenotypes and nucleotide polymorphism in 21 candidate immunity genes. We find that molecular variation in some genes, such as Tehao, contributes to phenotypic variation in the suppression of only a subset of the pathogens. Variation in SR-CII and 18-wheeler, however, has effects that are more general. Although markers in SR-CII and 18-wheeler explain &gt;20% of the phenotypic variation in resistance to L. lactis and E. faecalis, respectively, most of the molecular polymorphisms tested explain &lt;10% of the total variance in bacterial load sustained after infection.
Sequence Conservation of Homeologous Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes and Transcription of Homeologous Genes in Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.)
Authors: Schlueter Jessica A , Scheffler Brian E , Schlueter Shannon D , Shoemaker Randy C 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
The paleopolyploid soybean genome was investigated by sequencing homeologous BAC clones anchored by duplicate N-hydroxycinnamoyl/benzoyltransferase (HCBT) genes. The homeologous BACs were genetically mapped to linkage groups C1 and C2. Annotation of the 173,747- and 98,760-bp BACs showed that gene conservation in both order and orientation is high between homeologous regions with only a single gene insertion/deletion and local tandem duplications differing between the regions. The nucleotide sequence conservation extends into intergenic regions as well, probably due to conserved regulatory sequences. Most of the homeologs appear to have a role in either transcription/DNA binding or cellular signaling, suggesting a potential preference for retention of duplicate genes with these functions. Reverse transcriptase–PCR analysis of homeologs showed that in the tissues sampled, most homeologs have not diverged greatly in their transcription profiles. However, four cases of changes in transcription were identified, primarily in the HCBT gene cluster. Because a mapped locus corresponds to a soybean cyst nematode (SCN) QTL, the potential role of HCBT genes in response to SCN is discussed. These results are the first sequenced-based analysis of homeologous BACs in soybean, a diploidized paleopolyploid.
Marker-Based Prediction of the Parental Genome Contribution to Inbred Lines Derived From Biparental Crosses
Authors: Frisch Matthias , Melchinger Albrecht E 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMolecular markers can be employed to predict the parental genome contribution to inbred lines. The proportion α of alleles originating from parent P1 at markers polymorphic between the parental lines P1 and P2 is commonly used as a predictor for the genome contribution of parent P1 to an offspring line. Our objectives were to develop a new marker-based predictor ξ for the parental genome contribution, which takes into account not only the alleles at marker loci but also their map distance, and to compare the prediction precision of ξ with that of alternative methods. We derived formulas for ξ for inbreds derived from biparental crosses (F1 and backcrosses) with the single-seed descent or double-haploid method and presented an extension ξ* possessing statistical optimum properties. In a simulation study, α showed a systematic overestimation of large parental genome contribution that was not observed for ξ. The mean squared prediction error of ξ was at least 50% smaller than that of α for linkage maps with unequal distances between adjacent markers. A data set from a study on plant variety protection in maize was used to illustrate the application of ξ. We conclude that ξ provides substantially greater prediction precision than the commonly used predictor α in a broad range of applications in genetics and breeding.
Marker Genotypes and Population Admixture and Their Association With Body Weight, Height and Relative Body Mass in United States Federal Bison Herds
Authors: Musani Solomon K , Halbert Natalie D , Redden David T , Allison David B , Derr James N 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Elucidating genetic influences on bison growth and body composition is of interest, not only because bison are important for historical, cultural, and agricultural reasons, but also because their unusual population history makes them valuable models for finding influential loci in both domestic cattle and humans. We tested for trait loci associated with body weight, height, and bison mass index (BMI) while controlling for estimated ancestry to reduce potential confounding effects due to population admixture in 1316 bison sampled from four U.S. herds. We used 60 microsatellite markers to model each phenotype as a function of herd, sex, age, marker genotypes, and individual ancestry estimates. Statistical significance for genotype and its interaction with ancestry was evaluated using the adaptive false discovery rate. Of the four herds, two appeared to be admixed and two were nonadmixed. Although none of the main effects of the loci were significant, estimated ancestry and its interaction with marker loci were significantly associated with the phenotypes, illustrating the importance of including ancestry in the models and the dependence of genotype–phenotype associations on background ancestry. Individual loci contributed ∼2.0% of variation in weight, height, and BMI, which confirms the utility and potential importance of adjusting for population stratification.
Drosophila mus301/spindle-C Encodes a Helicase With an Essential Role in Double-Strand DNA Break Repair and Meiotic Progression
Authors: McCaffrey Ruth , St Johnston Daniel , González-Reyes Acaimo 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
mus301 was identified independently in two genetic screens, one for mutants hypersensitive to chemical mutagens and another for maternal mutants with eggshell defects. mus301 is required for the proper specification of the oocyte and for progression through meiosis in the Drosophila ovary. We have cloned mus301 and show that it is a member of the Mus308 subfamily of ATP-dependent helicases and the closest homolog of human and mouse HEL308. Functional analyses demonstrate that Mus301 is involved in chromosome segregation in meiosis and in the repair of double-strand-DNA breaks in both meiotic and mitotic cells. Most of the oogenesis defects of mus301 mutants are suppressed by mutants in the checkpoint kinase Mei41 and in MeiW68, the Spo11 homolog that is thought to generate the dsDNA breaks that initiate recombination, indicating that these phenotypes are caused by activation of the DNA damage checkpoint in response to unrepaired Mei-W68-induced dsDNA breaks. However, neither mei-W68 nor mei-41 rescue the defects in oocyte specification of mus301 mutants, suggesting that this helicase has another function in oocyte selection that is independent from its role in meiotic recombination.
Variable Populations Within Variable Populations: Quantifying Mitochondrial Heteroplasmy in Natural Populations of the Gynodioecious PlantSilene vulgaris
Authors: Welch Mark E , Darnell Michael Z , McCauley David E 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPopulations of mitochondria reside within individuals. Among angiosperms, these populations are rarely considered as genetically variable entities and typically are not found to be heteroplasmic in nature, leading to the widespread assumption that plant mitochondrial populations are homoplasmic. However, empirical studies of mitochondrial variation in angiosperms are relatively uncommon due to a paucity of sequence variation. Recent greenhouse studies of Silene vulgaris suggested that heteroplasmy might occur in this species at a level that it is biologically relevant. Here, we use established qualitative methods and a novel quantitative PCR method to study the intraindividual population genetics of mitochondria across two generations in natural populations of S. vulgaris. We show incidences of heteroplasmy for mitochondrial atpA and patterns of inheritance that are suggestive of more widespread heteroplasmy at both atpA and cox1. Further, our results demonstrate that quantitative levels of mitochondrial variation within individuals are high, constituting 26% of the total in one population. These findings are most consistent with a biparental model of mitochondrial inheritance. However, selection within individuals may be instrumental in the maintenance of variation because S. vulgaris is gynodioecious. Male sterility is, in part, regulated by the mitochondrial genome, and strong selection pressures appear to influence the frequency of females in these populations.
Assessing the Significance of Quantitative Trait Loci in Replicable Mapping Populations
Authors: Zou Fei , Xu Zongli , Vision Todd 
Published: August 2006

AbstractReplicable populations, such as panels of recombinant inbred or doubled haploid lines, are convenient resources for the mapping of QTL. To increase mapping power, replications are often collected within each RI line and a common way to analyze such data is to include in the QTL model only a single measurement from each line that represents the average among the replicates (a line means model). An obvious, but seldom explored, alternative, is to include every replicate in the model (a full data model). Here, we use simulations to compare these two approaches. Further, we propose an extension of the standard permutation procedure that is required to correctly control the type I error in mapping populations with nested structure.
Inheritance Patterns of Transcript Levels in F1 Hybrid Mice
Authors: Cui Xiangqin , Affourtit Jason , Shockley Keith R , Woo Yong , Churchill Gary A 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Genetic analysis of transcriptional regulation is a rapidly emerging field of investigation that promises to shed light on the regulatory networks that control gene expression. Although a number of such studies have been carried out, the nature and extent of the heritability of gene expression traits have not been well established. We describe the inheritance of transcript levels in liver tissue in the first filial (F1) generation of mice obtained from reciprocal crosses between the common inbred strains A/J and C57BL/6J. We obtain estimates of genetic and technical variance components from these data and demonstrate that shrinkage estimators can increase detectable heritability. Estimates of heritability vary widely from transcript to transcript, with one-third of transcripts showing essentially no heritability (&lt;0.01) and one-quarter showing very high heritability (&gt;0.50). Roughly half of all transcripts are differentially expressed between the two parental strains. Most transcripts show an additive pattern of inheritance. Dominance effects were observed for 20% of transcripts and a small number of transcripts were identified as showing an overdominance mode of inheritance. In addition, we identified 314 transcripts with expression levels that differ between the reciprocal F1 animals. These genes may be related to maternal effect.
Repair of DNA Damage Induced by Bile Salts in Salmonella enterica
Authors: Prieto Ana I , Ramos-Morales Francisco , Casadesús Josep 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Exposure of Salmonella enterica to sodium cholate, sodium deoxycholate, sodium chenodeoxycholate, sodium glychocholate, sodium taurocholate, or sodium glycochenodeoxycholate induces the SOS response, indicating that the DNA-damaging activity of bile resides in bile salts. Bile increases the frequency of GC → AT transitions and induces the expression of genes belonging to the OxyR and SoxRS regulons, suggesting that bile salts may cause oxidative DNA damage. S. enterica mutants lacking both exonuclease III (XthA) and endonuclease IV (Nfo) are bile sensitive, indicating that S. enterica requires base excision repair (BER) to overcome DNA damage caused by bile salts. Bile resistance also requires DinB polymerase, suggesting the need of SOS-associated translesion DNA synthesis. Certain recombination functions are also required for bile resistance, and a key factor is the RecBCD enzyme. The extreme bile sensitivity of RecB−, RecC−, and RecA− RecD− mutants provides evidence that bile-induced damage may impair DNA replication.
The Drosophila Fragile X Protein dFMR1 Is Required During Early Embryogenesis for Pole Cell Formation and Rapid Nuclear Division Cycles
Authors: Deshpande Girish , Calhoun Gretchen , Schedl Paul 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe FMR family of KH domain RNA-binding proteins is conserved from invertebrates to humans. In humans, inactivation of the X-linked FMR gene fragile X is the most common cause of mental retardation and leads to defects in neuronal architecture. While there are three FMR family members in humans, there is only a single gene, dfmr1, in flies. As in humans, inactivation of dfmr1 causes defects in neuronal architecture and in behavior. dfmr1 has other functions in the fly in addition to neurogenesis. Here we have analyzed its role during early embryonic development. We found that dfmr1 embryos display defects in the rapid nuclear division cycles that precede gastrulation in nuclear migration and in pole cell formation. While the aberrations in nuclear division are correlated with a defect in the assembly of centromeric/centric heterochromatin, the defects in pole cell formation are associated with alterations in the actin–myosin cytoskeleton.
The Responsibility of School Music to Music
Authors: Boyle Imogene 
Published: August 2006

“The Responsibility of Music Education to Music” was the sutbject of a much discussed address given by William Schuman at the 1956 St. Louis convention of the MENC. The address was printed in the Music Educators Journal; subsequently articles written by Theodore Normann and Parker LaBach extended the discussion.* Numerous letters and comments discussing one, two or all three of the articles have been received. Much as the Journal would like to give space to all, in the judgment of the Editorial Board, Miss Boyle's contribition merits place as the fourth voice in the sym, posium. Miss Boyle is Director of Mu, sic and conductor of the High School Synmphony Orchestra in the Pulblic Schools of Hempstead (Long Island), Nez York…. After the discussion of ‘The Responsibility of Music Education to Music’ by William Schuman in the June-July 1956 issue of MENC Journal,” wrote Miss Boyle, “I am impelled to project some conclusions relative to the responsibility of school music to music from the viewpoint of the elementary and secondary school levels of the public schools in our country.” The article, although accepted by the Editorial Board some time ago-prior to her recently announced appointment as a member of the Board, by the way-had to be held for this issue because of space limitations imposed by previously scheduled material. Mr. Normann's was of Music to Education,” article, “The Responsibility published in the September-October 1956, MEJ. Mr. LaBach's article, “Why We Are Criticized: A Music Educator's Analysis,” appeared in the NovemberDecember 1956 issue.
Musicology for the Theory Teacher
Authors: Kleeman Frances Alice 
Published: August 2006

INTRODUCTORY NOTE: The recent article by Pauline Alderman and its title “Musicology for the Music Educator,” suggest a subheading, “Musicology for the Theory Teacher.” It is hoped that no one will turn the page at this point thinking, “This is not for me,” for ideally all music educators are theory teachers. Theory is not a collection of dry-as-dust facts about key signatures and raised seventh steps or rules about parallel fifths, having very little to do with singing or playing or listening to music, but it is the exciting study of the very nature of the language of music, vital to musical understanding and expression.—F.A.K. [The author directed the music workshop for the first Girl Scouts International Festival of the Arts in the summer of 1958. This year Miss Kleeman is teaching music at Yokohama High School, Japan, an American School.]
Music as a Fine Art
Authors: Jarrett James L. 
Published: August 2006

“Music, A Fine Art,” was the theme of the. Northwest Division Conference. Serious music education has always held uppermost and pursued the values and import of music, a fine art. With the additional stimulation of today's increased attention to this view, the Northwest Conference devoted four days to asking questions generated by the theme and to searching for answers. What is aesthetic education and how can it be realized through music? Does our instruction adapt to individual aesthetic endowment and recognize the effects of different kinds of art on students of various ages and types? Do we respect and transmit our musical heritage? Is it a part of the humanities in education? Do we follow the school's and community's attitude toward aesthetics or do we lead? A keynote address which opened and inspired our minds was the opening address by James L. Jarrett. We are pleased to share his thoughts with you. —FRANK L. D'ANDREA, president, MENC Northwest Division.
The General Music Program: The Viewpoint of Some Students
Authors: White Howard G. 
Published: August 2006

As PART of the course work in one of our music education classes, “Music Education in the Junior High School,” students are required to read articles in the current issues of the MusIC EDUCATORS JOURNAL. When the recent February-March issue appeared, the article, “The General Music Program” by Robert W. John, greatly stimulated and challenged the students’ thinking. At the suggestion of a class member, it was agreed to write a group report which would be a consensus of opinion of the class regarding the ideas presented by Mr. John. In the following days the class was organized into committees which did research and reading concerning various ideas and areas presented in the article, then they presented their findings to the class so that they could be discussed. The following article is a result of this team effort. As a teacher of music education, I feel indebted to Mr. John for providing a springboard which enabled me to help the students synthesize and solidify their conception of the purpose and function of the general music class in the modern curriculum. Many times students are considered to be the uninitiated group that understand little of the intricacies of their chosen professional field. It is desired by this teacher that the impact of thinking students in music education may produce many positive results in future organization and planning of general music classes.
Above and beyond a Knowledge of Music
Authors: Hesch Clarence J. 
Published: August 2006

The Author is supervisor of music, State Department of Education, Richmond, Virginia; director of the annual Virginia Music Camp; chairman, MENC National Council of State Supervisors of Music. Mr. Hesch outlines valuable pointers for individuals planning to or just embarking upon a career in music education. As the title implies, there are many necessary qualifications for music educators other than a knowledge of music. If an awareness of these qualifications is known upon entering the profession, a music educator can surely exnect a more rewarding career both in point of service to the community and to himself.