bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REVELATION, CREATION AND LAW1
Authors: TORRANCE THOMAS F. 
Published: May 2007

Through faith we understand that the worlds were made by the Word of God, so that things which are seen were not made of things which do appear (Hebrews 11:3, AV)By faith we understand that the universe was framed by God's command, so that the visible came forth from the invisible (Hebrews 11:3, NEB)
Ikaros is expressed in developing striatal neurons and involved in enkephalinergic differentiation
Authors: Agoston Denes V. , Szemes Marianna , Dobi Albert , Palkovits Miklos , Georgopoulos Katia , Gyorgy Andrea , Ring Mary A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Ikaros (Ik) gene encodes alternatively spliced zinc‐finger proteins originally identified in developing hematopoietic organs and acts as master regulator of lymphoid development. During our search for transcription factors that control the developmental expression of the enkephalin (ENK) gene we found that Ik‐1 and Ik‐2 isoforms are specifically expressed in the embryonic striatum and bind the Ik‐like cis‐regulatory DNA element present on the ENK gene. Ik proteins are expressed by both proliferating (BrdU+/nestin+) and by post‐mitotic differentiating (MAP2+) cells in the developing striatum between embryonic day 12 and post‐natal day 2 and mRNAs encoding for the Ik and ENK genes are co‐expressed by a subset of differentiating striatal neurons. Blocking the DNA binding of Ik proteins in differentiating embryonic striatal neuronal cultures resulted in decreased ENK expression and mutant animals lacking the DNA‐binding domain of Ik had a deficit in the number of ENK but not in dynorphin or substance P mRNA+ cells. Animals lacking the protein interaction domain of Ik showed no deficit. These results demonstrate that Ik‐1 and Ik‐2 proteins through their DNA binding act as positive regulators of ENK gene expression in the developing striatum and participate in regulating enkephalinergic differentiation.
Alanine metabolism, transport, and cycling in the brain
Authors: Bröer Stefan , Bröer Angelika , Hansen Jonas T. , Bubb William A. , Balcar Vladimir J. , Nasrallah Fatima A. , Garner Brett , Rae Caroline 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBrain glutamate/glutamine cycling is incomplete without return of ammonia to glial cells. Previous studies suggest that alanine is an important carrier for ammonia transfer. In this study, we investigated alanine transport and metabolism in Guinea pig brain cortical tissue slices and prisms, in primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes, and in synaptosomes. Alanine uptake into astrocytes was largely mediated by system L isoform LAT2, whereas alanine uptake into neurons was mediated by Na+‐dependent transporters with properties similar to system B0isoform B0AT2. To investigate the role of alanine transport in metabolism, its uptake was inhibited in cortical tissue slices under depolarizing conditions using the system L transport inhibitors 2‐aminobicyclo[2.2.1]heptane‐2‐carboxylic acid and cycloleucine (1‐aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid; cLeu). The results indicated that alanine cycling occurs subsequent to glutamate/glutamine cycling and that a significant proportion of cycling occurs via amino acid transport system L. Our results show that system L isoform LAT2 is critical for alanine uptake into astrocytes. However, alanine does not provide any significant carbon for energy or neurotransmitter metabolism under the conditions studied.
Pre‐Alpine eclogites in the Pennine Basement Complex of the Eastern Alps
Authors: DROOP G. T. R. 
Published: May 2007

An occurrence of quartz‐eclogite is described from the Inner Schieferhülle unit of the Pennine Basement Complex in the SE Tauern Window, Austria.Field relations strongly suggest a pre‐Alpine age for the primary eclogitic mineral assemblage (garnet + omphacite + quartz + rutile). This implies that there was no connection between the formation of these eclogites and the late Cretaceous and Tertiary tectonic evolution of the Eastern Alps. The quartz‐eclogite mineral assemblage crystallized under conditions of 620 ± 100°C and at pressures in excess of 12 kbar, and suffered amphibolitic overprinting of Alpine and possibly Hercynian age.A four‐stage polymetamorphic history is proposed for the Inner Schieferhülle:
A corundum and sapphirine paragenesis from the Limpopo Mobile Belt, southern Africa
Authors: HORROCKS PETER C. 
Published: May 2007

An assemblage consisting of corundum, sapphirine, spinel, cordierite, garnet, biotite and bronzite is described from the Messina area of the Limpopo Mobile Belt, and consideration given to its petrogenesis. Various geothermometers and geobarometers have been applied in an attempt to determine the temperatures and pressures of metamorphism.A former coexistence of garnet and corundum is suggested to have developed during the earliest high pressure phase of the metamorphism, where temperatures exceeded 800°C and pressures as high as 10kbar may have been experienced. Subsequently, continuous retrograding reactions from medium pressure granulite facies at about 800°C and 8kbar towards amphibolite facies generated spinel, cordierite, sapphirine and possibly also bronzite. The most notable reaction was probably of the form: garnet + corundum = cordierite + sapphirine + spinel.
Synthesis of Fe‐pumpellyite and its stability relations with epidote
Authors: SCHIFFMAN PETER , LIOU J. G. 
Published: May 2007

Hydrothermal synthesis of Fe‐pum‐pellyites was conducted using high pressure cold‐seal apparatus and solid oxygen buffering techniques at temperatures between 250°C and 550°C and 2.0–9.1 kbar Pfluid. Fe‐pumpellyites were synthesized from partially crystalline gel mixtures of compositions: 4CaO ‐ 2.1Al2O3_1.5FeO ‐ 0.3MgO ‐ 6SiO2 (II) and 3CaO ‐ 1.5 Al2O3 ‐ 2.7FeO ‐ 0.3MgO ‐ 6SiO2 (III) in the presence of excess H2O at Pfluid of 5–9.1 Kbar, temperatures between 275°C and 325°C, and fO2 defined by the QFM and HM buffers; for both of these compositions (II and III), the condensed synthetic run products included minor 7Å chlorite ± garnet ± Fe‐oxide. The cell dimensions and aggregate refractive index (a= 19.13(2)Å, b= 5.940(4)Å, c= 8.847(5)Å, ±= 97.37(6)±, and n= 1.702(2)) of the pum‐pellyite synthesized from the bulk composition II mix are compatible with those of natural pumpellyites containing similar total Fe contents. Attempts at synthesizing Fe‐pumpellyites from a Mg‐free bulk composition were not successful; these results are consistent with the total absence of natural Mg‐free pumpellyites.The higher temperature, higher oxygen fugacity assemblages of the equivalent bulk compositions (II and III) consist of epidote ± minor amounts of chlorite, garnet, quartz, hematite, and magnetite. The results of these synthesis experiments accord with the mineral parageneses observed in low‐grade metabasites which imply that Fe‐pumpellyites are replaced by epidote with increasing temperature and/or fO2 and that Fe3+ is preferentially partitioned into epidote with respect to coexisting pum‐pellyite. In addition, these synthesis experiments indicate that Fe‐bearing pumpellyites crystallize at and are stable to lower temperatures than more aluminous pumpellyites—a result also consistent with natural systems.
Plagioclase porphyroblast growth and its relation to deformation in the Alhamilla unit (Sierra Alhamilla, Betic Cordilleras, SE Spain)
Authors: EECKHOUT B. VAN DEN , KONERT G. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract. Plagioclase porphyroblasts from silvergrey schists belonging to the Nevado Filabride Complex in the Sierra Alhamilla (Betic Zone, SE Spain) are interpreted as having been formed preand synkinematically with respect to the second phase of deformation. Different types of inclusion patterns represent 'snap‐shots’(high growth‐rate/strain‐rate ratio features) of the formation of a diffentiated crenulation cleavage during this second phase of deformation, by the processes of kinking, crenulation and associated differentiation.Regional considerations indicate an Alpine age for this tectono‐metamorphic event, which can be explained by the‘hot emplacement’of the higher Nevado Filabride units. The observed structural evolution is not consistent with a pre‐Alpine polyphase deformation history.
A garnet–hornblende geothermometer: calibration, testing, and application to the Pelona Schist, Southern California
Authors: GRAHAM COLIN M. , POWELL ROGER 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
A garnet–hornblende Fe–Mg exchange geothermometer has been calibrated against the garnet–clinopyroxene geothermometer of Ellis & Green (1979) using data on coexisting garnet + hornblende + clinopyroxene in amphibolite and granulite facies metamorphic assemblages. Data for the Fe–Mg exchange reaction between garnet and hornblende have been fitted to the equation. In KD=Δ (XCa,g) where KD is the Fe–Mg distribution coefficient, using a robust regression approach, giving a thermometer of the form: with very satisfactory agreement between garnet–hornblende and garnet–clinopyroxene temperatures. The thermometer is applicable below about 850°C to rocks with Mn‐poor garnet and common hornblende of widely varying chemistry metamorphosed at low aO2.Application of the garnet–hornblende geothermometer to Dalradian garnet amphibolites gives temperatures in good agreement with those predicted by pelite petrogenetic grids, ranging from 520°C for the lower garnet zone to 565–610°C for the staurolite to kyanite zones. These results suggest that systematic errors introduced by closure temperature problems in the application of the garnet–clinopyroxene geothermometer to the ‘calibration’data set are not serious. Application to ‘eclogitic’garnet amphibolites suggests that garnet and hornblende seldom attain Fe–Mg exchange equilibrium in these rocks.Quartzo‐feldspathic and mafic schists of the Pelona Schist on Sierra Pelona, Southern California, were metamorphosed under high pressure greenschist, epidote–amphibolite and (oligoclase) amphibolite facies beneath the Vincent Thrust at pressures deduced to be 10±1 kbar using the phengite geobarometer, and 8–9kbar using the jadeite content of clinopyroxene in equilibrium with oligoclase and quartz. Application of the garnet–hornblende thermometer gives temperatures ranging from about 480°C at the garnet isograd through 570°C at the oligoclase isograd to a maximum of 620–650°C near the thrust. Inverted thermal gradients beneath the Vincent Thrust were in the range 170 to 250°C per km close to the thrust.
Topological relations in multisystems of more than n+ 3 phases 1
Authors: GUO QITI 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMultisystems of n+k (k > 3) phases are very complicated and knowledge of them has suffered as a result. The successful solution of the topological relationships in n+ 3 phase multisystems by Zen (1966, 1967) and Zen & Roseboom (1972) has aroused much interest regarding what will happen in a multisystem of more than n+ 3 phases. Since 1979, some important research results on this topic have been published. These results have expounded the substantial rules governing the appearance of phase relations in phase diagrams of n ‐ k (k > 3) phase multisystems. The most significant conclusions include: (1) It is impossible to incorporate all the possible phase relations in an n+k (k > 3) phase multisystem in a single closed net. Therefore, it is no longer enough to use only a single closed net to depict the topological relations involved in these types of multisystems. Instead, one or more groups of closed nets, namely the complete system(s) of closed nets are necessary for this purpose. (2) A principle called the Combination Principle has been proposed and proved. It states: Any closed net of one n+k (k > 3) phase multisystem must be a combination of two or more distinct n+ 3 order submultisystem closed nets belonging to the given n+k phase multisystem, if it is not one of the n+ 3 order submultisystem closed nets itself. The combination principle provides both a theoretical basis and a practical method for the construction of closed nets and, hence, for the derivation of the real phase diagrams for any n+k (k > 3) phase multisystem. (3) A theorem on divariant‐assemblage‐characteristic‐stability‐polygons is also important to our understanding of the n+k (k± 3) phase multisystem closed nets. This theorem can be stated as follows: A divariant assemblage of an n+k (k± 3) phase multisystem will be stable in an l‐polygon lacking diagonals in an appropriate set of closed‐net‐diagrams, and this l‐polygon may be at least a triangle, and at most a k‐polygon. In addition, the closed‐net‐diagrams of unary and binary n+ 4 phase multisystems derived respectively by Guo (1980b, 1980c, 1981a) and by Roseboom & Zen (1982) have also been summarized. The combination principle is applied to a practical petrological problem in this paper, dealing with 7 phases in the system FeO‐Fe2O3‐SiO2.
The trace element geochemistry of some high‐grade Bergen‐Jotun kindred gneisses from the Jotun Nappe around Gjendebu, central southern Norway
Authors: EMMETT TREVOR F. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The high‐grade meta‐plutonic rocks of this study lie entirely within the Jotun Nappe of the southern Norwegian Caledonides. They are divisible on the basis of metamorphic grade and petrographic character into three units, the Storadalen Complex (SCX), the Svartdalen Gneiss (SG), and the Mjølkedøla Purple Gabbro (MPG). The SCX is a differentiated series of ultrabasic to intermediate rocks now showing only tectonite fabrics. It has been metamorphosed to spinel‐Iherzolite granulite facies grade. The broadly monzonitic SG is weakly tectonized and internally differentiated. Its metamorphic grade does not exceed plagioclase‐lherzolite granulite facies grade. The mis‐named MPG is also broadly of monzonitic composition but it retains a coarse ophitic texture, and is of amphibolite facies grade. A gradational boundary exists between the MPG and SG, but the contact between these two units and the SCX is the steeply dipping Tyin‐Gjende Fault. The three units represent a comagmatic body of mid‐Proterozoic age, metamorphosed during a Sveconorwegian event and finally dismembered and upthrust during the Caledonian Orogeny.The new trace element analyses reported here show that the three rock units have remarkably similar trace element abundances and trends. K‐Rb covariation shows increasing K/Rb ratios with increasing K. These patterns were produced by magmatic fractionation processes acting at deep crustal levels, possibly in the presence of a non‐aqueous fluid phase. With the exception of K and Sr, close similarities exist between the rocks of this study and present‐day calc‐alkaline basalts and andesites from island arcs. The high K content is regarded as a primary magmatic feature, but the available data are insufficient to indicate its origin. The Sr contents are abnormally high and are ascribed to metasomatism which occurred during either high‐grade metamorphism or post‐climactic cooling. There are no systematic geochemical variations with metamorphic grade or degree of deformation.
Crystal chemistry of a Mg‐vesuvianite and implications of phase equilibria in the system CaO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐H2O‐CO21
Authors: VALLEY J. W. , PEACOR D. R. , BOWMAN J. R. , ESSENE E. J. , ALLARD M. J. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Chemical analysis (including H2, F2, FeO, Fe2O3) of a Mg‐vesuvianite from Georgetown, Calif., USA, yields a formula, Ca18.92Mg1.88Fe3+0.40Al10.97Si17.81‐ O69.0.1(OH)8.84F0.14, in good agreement on a cation basis with the analysis reported by Pabst (1936). X‐ray and electron diffraction reveal sharp reflections violating the space group P4/nnc as consistent with domains having space groups P4/n and P4nc. Refinement of the average crystal structure in space group P4/nnc is consistent with occupancy of the A site with Al, of the half‐occupied B site by 0.8 Mg and 0.2 Fe, of the half‐occupied C site by Ca, of the Ca (1,2,3) sites by Ca, and the OH and O(10) sites by OH and O. We infer an idealized formula for Mg‐vesuvianite to be Ca19Mg(MgAl7)Al4Si18O69(OH)9, which is related to Fe3+‐vesuvianite by the substitutions Mg + OH = Fe3++ O in the B and O(10) sites and Fe3+= Al in the AlFe site.Thermodynamic calculations using this formula for Mg‐vesuvianite are consistent with the phase equilibria of Hochella, Liou, Keskinen & Kim (1982) but inconsistent with those of Olesch (1978). Further work is needed in determining the composition and entropy of synthetic vs natural vesuvianite before quantitative phase equilibria can be dependably generated. A qualitative analysis of reactions in the system CaO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐H2O‐CO2 shows that assemblages with Mg‐vesuvianite are stable to high T in the absence of quartz and require water‐rich conditions (XH2O > 0.8). In the presence of wollastonite, Mg‐vesuvianite requires very water‐rich conditions (XH2O > 0.97).
Precambrian granulites of the Aldan shield, eastern Siberia, USSR
Authors: PERCHUK L. L. , ARANOVICH L. Ya. , PODLESSKII K. K. , LAVRANT'EVA I. V. , GERASIMOV V. Yu , FED'KIN V. V. , KITSUL V. I. , KARSAKOV L. P. , BERDNIKOV N. V. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Precambrian granulites of the Aldan shield in southern Yakutia, USSR, form a massif of 200,000 km2 bounded by younger fold‐belts to the south, west and east. The massif consists of several blocks that reflect a primary heterogeneity of composition and differences in structural and thermodynamic evolution of different parts of the area. According to structural and petrological data the massif can be divided into two megablocks: eastern Aldan and western Aldan. They are separated by a narrow meridional fold‐belt. Structural evolution of this central zone was determined by the geodynamics of the mega‐blocks and was completed in the late Archaean. Towards the south, this central zone is ‘transformed’into the relatively small Sutam block adjoining the Stanovoy fold‐belt that bounds the Aldan shield on the south. The Sutam block is separated from the other structural units of the Aldan shield by a system of north trending grabens filled by post‐Archaean sediments.The Aldan shield is composed of Archaean high‐grade granulites, while the Stanovoy fold‐belt, to the south, consists of highly foliated Proterozoic rocks metamorphosed under relatively lower‐grade conditions. However, relics of the granulites are mapped within the fold‐belt. They contain high‐grade assemblages (e.g. Opx + Sil + Qz, Sap + Qz, Opx + Gr + Sil, etc.). One of the relics, the Tokskii block, which is only slightly touched by diaphthoresis, is located in the southeastern part of the Stanovoy fold‐belt. Metamorphic conditions of the Tokskii block are compared with those of the Sutam block and a similar evolution of the units is revealed.Mineral assemblages and mineral compositions do not vary within each unit, but they change in a north‐south direction. The Opx + Sil + Qz assemblage has been found only in Sutam and Tok, but not in eastern Aldan and western Aldan. The Sap + Qz assemblage has been found in the Tokskii block but has not yet been found in the Sutam block. The pyrope content in garnets, from metapelites of both blocks, is significantly higher than that from the Aldan (eastern and western blocks) rocks to the north. The most important assemblages from different units of the Aldan shield have been studied using the electron microprobe in order to unravel the metamorphic evolution of the granulites and thus to deduce the thermodynamic regime of this evolution. A geodynamic model for the Aldan shield is discussed in terms of Archaean island arc development.
P–T conditions for the Arendal granulites, southern Norway: implications for the roles of P, T and CO2 in deep crustal LILE‐depletion
Authors: LAMB R. C. , SMALLEY P. C. , FIELD D. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The orthopyroxene‐clinopyroxene, garnet‐orthopyroxene and garnet‐clinopyroxene geothermometers, and the garnet‐orthopyroxene‐plagioclase, garnet‐clinopyroxene‐plagioclase and anorthite‐ferrosilite‐grossular‐almandine‐quartz geobarometers are applied to metabasites and the garnetplagioclase‐sillimanite‐quartz geobarometer is applied to a metapelite from the Proterozoic Arendal granulite terrain, Bamble sector, Norway. P–T conditions of metamorphism were 7.3 ± 0.5 kbar and 800 ± 60°C.This terrain shows a regional gradation from the amphibolite facies, into normal LILE content granulite facies rocks and finally strongly LILE deficient granulite facies gneisses. Neither P nor T vary significantly across the entire transition zone. The change in ‘grade’parallels the increasing dominance of CO2 over H2O in the fluid phase.LILE‐depletion is not a pre‐condition of granulite facies metamorphism: granulites may have either ‘depleted’or ‘normal’chemistries. The results presented herein show that LILE‐deficiency in granulite facies orthogneisses is not necessarily related to variations in either P or T. The important mechanisms in the Arendal terrain were (a) direct synmetamorphic crystallization from magma, with primary LILE‐poor mineralogies imposed by the prevailing fluid regime, and (b) metamorphic depletion, involving scavenging of LILEs during flushing by mantle‐derived CO2‐rich fluids. The latter process is constrained by U–Pb and Rb–Sr isotopic work to have occurred no later than 50 Ma after intrusion of the acid‐intermediate gneisses, and was probably associated with contemporary basic magmatism in a tectonic environment similar to a present day cordilleran continental margin.
A reconnaissance study of the distribution of Ba, Nb, Y, and Zr in some Jotun kindred gneisses from Central Jotunheimen, southern Norway
Authors: EMMETT T. F. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The Bergen‐Jotun kindred rocks of this study, the Storådalen Complex (SCX), Svartdalen Gneiss (SG) and Mjølkedøla Purple Gabbro (MPG), have been shown to be a co‐magmatic series with calc‐alkaline affinities. The analyses of Ba, Nb, Y, and Zr presented here show no variation in these elements between the three rock units and are consistent with the calc‐alkaline character of the rocks. The lithophile elements Ba, K, and Sr are enriched relative to MORB and the high field strength elements Nb, Y, and Zr are depleted relative to MORB, Zr especially so.The SCX contains rocks with low (>30) differentiation indices which are interpreted as plagioclase + pyroxene ± olivine ± amphibole cumulates. The remainder of the SCX, together with the MPG and SG, is regarded as the congealed liquid in equilibrium with these cumulates. The distribution of trace elements between these two components of the SCX can be adequately modelled using a Rayleigh fractionation process, measured ‘liquid’compositions, and calculated bulk distribution coefficients. It is thus concluded that the trace element geochemistry of the rocks of this study is consistent with subduction‐related, mantle‐derived magmas that fractionate within a continental or mature island arc environment. Subsequent high‐grade metamorphism and deformation of Sveconorwegian age have been essentially isochemical.