bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of atoll garnets from the aureole of the Ardara pluton, Co. Donegal, Ireland
Authors: Smellie J. A. T. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryA detailed petrographic and microprobe study was carried out on atoll-shaped garnets from the aureole of the Ardara pluton, in which regionally metamorphosed rocks have been affected by thermal metamorphism. Textural evidence showed that the atoll garnets are formed by replacement mainly by biotite, some plagioclase, quartz, and opaques, and may proceed from the garnet interior towards the margins, or from the margins into the core. Core replacement occurs mainly in those garnets enclosed by quartz or quartz-rich matrix.Microprobe analyses are presented of garnets in different stages of atoll formation. Compositional profiles at the garnet margins show abnormal (reversed) zoning with increase in MnO and Fe2O32, marked decrease of CaO, and decrease of MgO towards the extreme edge. With decreasing width of the atoll rims, there is generally an increase in MnO and to a lesser extent Fe2O3, a decrease in CaO; MgO is variable. The microprobe data support the textural observations and a model for atoll formation involving prograde resorption (i.e. garnet replacement during temperature increase) is presented.
Superiority of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation Compared With Chemotherapy Alone in High-Risk Childhood T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Results From ALL-BFM 90 and 95
Authors: Schrauder André , Reiter Alfred , Gadner Helmut , Niethammer Dietrich , Klingebiel Thomas , Kremens Bernhard , Peters Christina , Ebell Wolfram , Zimmermann Martin , Niggli Felix , Ludwig Wolf-Dieter , Riehm Hansjörg , Welte Karl , Schrappe Martin 
Published: December 2006

Purpose The role of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (SCT) in first complete remission (CR1) for children with very high–risk (VHR) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is still under critical discussion. Patients and Methods In the ALL–Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster (BFM) 90 and ALL-BFM 95 trials, 387 patients were eligible for SCT if there was a matched sibling donor (MSD). T-cell ALL (T-ALL) patients with poor in vivo response to initial treatment represented the largest homogeneous subgroup within VHR patients. Results Of 191 high-risk (HR) T-ALL patients, 179 patients (94%) achieved CR1. Twenty-three patients received an MSD-SCT. Furthermore, in trial ALL-BFM 95, eight matched unrelated donors (MUDs) and five mismatched family donors (MMFDs) were used. The median time to SCT was 5 months (range, 2.4 to 10.8 months) from diagnosis. The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 67% ± 8% for 36 patients who received an SCT in CR1 and 42% ± 5% for the 120 patients treated with chemotherapy alone having an event-free survival time of at least the median time to transplantation (Mantel-Byar, P = .01). Overall survival (OS) rate for the SCT group was 67% ± 8% at 5 years, whereas patients treated with chemotherapy alone had an OS rate of 47% ± 5% at 5 years (Mantel-Byar, P = .01). Outcome of patients who received MSD-SCT versus MUD-/MMFD-SCT was comparable (DFS, 65% ± 10% v 69% ± 13%, respectively). However, relapses only occurred after MSD-SCT (eight of 23 patients), whereas treatment-related mortality only occurred after MUD-/MMFD-SCT (four of 13 patients). Conclusion SCT in CR1 is superior to treatment with chemotherapy alone for childhood HR-T-ALL.
Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein Expression in a Survival Analysis of Colorectal Cancer Patients
Authors: Al-Mulla Fahd , Hagan Suzanne , Behbehani Abdulla I. , Bitar Milad S. , George Shirley S. , Going James J. , García Jorge J. Curto , Scott Lucy , Fyfe Nicky , Murray Graeme I. , Kolch Walter 
Published: December 2006

Purpose Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP) inhibits the Raf and nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathways, and suppresses metastasis in animal models. We examined whether RKIP expression in primary colorectal cancers (CRCs) correlates with the risk of metastasis and overall survival. Patients and Methods RKIP expression was examined immunohistochemically in three separate cohorts: a tissue microarray containing 276 samples from human tumors and normal tissues, and retrospective studies of 268 CRC patients and 65 early-stage CRCs. Overall and metastasis-free survival rates were measured. Results RKIP was expressed in normal epithelia but was reduced in metastatic tumors. RKIP expression in primary CRC was an independent prognostic marker for survival using multivariate Cox regression analysis (hazard ratio, 2.808; 95% CI, 1.58 to 4.96; P = .0002), independent of Dukes' stage. Patients with Dukes' C RKIP-positive tumors had similar 5-year survival rates as early-stage patients if tumors had equivalent RKIP expression levels. An independent study of early-stage CRCs confirmed that reduced RKIP expression predicted metastatic recurrence and reduced disease-free survival (hazard ratio, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.7 to 12.3; P = .003). RKIP expression was independent of sex, age, mitotic index, lymphatic and vascular invasion, depth of invasion, and tumor site, but correlated positively with apoptotic index (P = .024). Weak or loss of RKIP expression was the most significant and independent prognostic marker using a multivariate regression equation (hazard ratio, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.7 to 12.3; P = .003). Conclusion RKIP expression in primary CRCs correlates with overall and disease-free survival, and can be useful for identifying early-stage CRC patients at risk of relapse.
Preparation of Porous Carbon Spheres Dispersed with Pd–Ag Alloy Nanoparticles
Authors: Horigome Masataka , Tanaka David A Pacheco , Tanco Margot A Llosa , Yukita Waki , Ishii Ryo , Kobayashi Kiyoshi , Mizukami Fujio , Suzuki Toshishige M 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Porous carbon spheres dispersed with Pd–Ag alloy nano-particles have been prepared by simultaneous complexation of PdII and AgI onto the chelating resin and subsequent thermal treatment, and the obtained alloy–carbon composites were examined as the electrode material in electrooxidation of hydrogen.
Rh(II)-catalyzed Isomerization of 2-Aryl-2H-azirines to 2,3-Disubstituted Indoles
Authors: Chiba Shunsuke , Hattori Gaku , Narasaka Koichi 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Various 2,3-disubstituted indoles are synthesized by Rh2(OCOCF3)4-catalyzed isomerization of 2-aryl-2H-azirines.
“contra-Michael” Addition of Alkyllithiums to Silicon- and Phenyl-substituted α,β-Unsaturated Amides in the Presence of t-BuOK
Authors: Hinago Tomoko , Teshima Nana , Kenmoku Satoko , Kamata Tiyako , Terauchi Nahoko , Chiba Nao , Satoh Chikako , Nakamura Aya , Asaoka Morio 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Carbolithiation of 3-(trimethylsilyl)acrylamide and cinnamamide derivatives gave the corresponding 3-substituted (Michael) and/or 2-substituted (contra-Michael) adducts. The regioselectivity depends on the nature of alkyllithium reagents. In the carbolithiation with n-alkyllithiums, the presence of t-BuOK caused dramatic change of the addition mode and the contra-Michael adducts were obtained exclusively.
Taurocholate and Taurodeoxycholate: Gel Formation and Protonation Constants
Authors: Antonilli Marco , Bottari Emilio , Festa Maria Rosa 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTaurocholate (TC) and taurodeoxycholate (TDC) in aqueous solutions, in the presence of sodium and hydrogen ions can give micellar products, even differently protonated. This phenomenon is investigated in this paper to explain whether the assumption of hydrogen ions is to attribute to the micellar aggregates, or to the protonation of taurocholate and taurodeoxycholate, respectively.In the course of this research, often the formation of gel occurred immediately after the mixture of the reagents (sodium, hydrogen ions and anions of bile acids) or after some time, depending on the concentrations of the reagents. No author mentions this evidence, but experiments carried out in the presence of gel are not reproducible because the investigated solutions cannot be considered in real equilibrium.The protonation study was performed by means of electromotive force measurements of a galvanic cell involving a glass electrode, at 25°C and 1.00 mol dm‐3 NaCl, as ionic medium. The obtained protonation constants had the following values: log k1 = 0.07 ± 0.02 for TC and log k'1 = 1.60 ± 0.03 for TDC.
Sit Parameters for 1:2 Electrolytes and Correlation with Pitzer Coefficients
Authors: Crea Francesco , Foti Claudia , de Stefano Concetta , Sammartano Silvio 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe empirical parameters of a two‐parameter SIT equation were determined for some 1:2 electrolytes: chlorides, bromides, iodides, nitrates, perchlorates of alkali earth metals and sulfates of alkali metals. A wide range of ionic strengths (0 < I ≤ 18 mol kg−1) and t = 25 °C was considered. Canonical correlation analysis showed quite significant correlations between SIT and Pitzer interaction coefficients for different classes of 1:2 type electrolytes.
Flow Injection Analysis with Tubular Membrane Ion‐Selective Electrode and Coated Wires for Buspirone Hydrochloride
Authors: Abdel‐Ghani Nour , Issa Yousry , Shoukry Adel , Ahmed Howayda 
Published: December 2006

AbstractNew Plastic membrane ion‐selective electrode for buspirone hydrochloride based on buspironium tetraphenylborate was prepared. The electrode exhibited mean slope of calibration graph of 58.4 mV per decade of BusCl concentration at 25 °C. The electrode can be used within the concentration range 6.3 × 10‐5‐10‐2 M BusCl at a pH range of 2.5‐7.0. The standard electrode potentials were determined at different temperatures and used to calculate the isothermal temperature coefficient of the electrode, amounting to 0.00056 V °C‐1. The electrode showed a very good selectivity for BusCl with respect to a number of inorganic cations, sugars and amino acids. The electrode was applied to the potentiometric determination of the buspirone ion and its pharmaceutical preparation under batch and flow injection conditions. Also, buspirone was determined by conductimetric titrations. Graphite rod, copper and silver coated wire electrodes were prepared and characterized as sensors for the drug under investigation.
Characteristics of hammer stones and anvils used by wild bearded capuchin monkeys (Cebus libidinosus) to crack open palm nuts
Authors: Visalberghi E. , Fragaszy D. , Ottoni E. , Izar P. , de Oliveira M.G. , Andrade F.R.D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractCapuchins living in Boa Vista (Piauì, Brazil) crack open hard palm nuts on hard, level surfaces (anvils) using stones (hammers) as percussive tools. This activity leaves diagnostic physical remains: distinctive shallow depressions (pits) on the surface of the anvil, cracked shells, and stone hammers on the anvil. To initiate comparison of percussive stone tool use and interpretation of the artifacts it produces across capuchins, chimpanzees, and hominins, we describe a sample of the anvils and hammer stones used by capuchin monkeys at our site. Anvils (boulders and logs) were located predominantly in the transition zone between the flat open woodland and ridges, in locations that offered some overhead coverage, and with a tree nearby, but not necessarily near palm trees. Anvils contained shallow, hemispherical pits with smooth interiors. Hammers represent a diverse assemblage of ancient rocks that are much harder than the prevailing sedimentary rock out of which they eroded. Hard stones large enough to serve as hammers were more abundant on the anvils than in the surrounding area, indicating that capuchins transport them to the anvils. Capuchins use hammers weighing on average more than 1 kg, a weight that is equivalent to 25–40% of the average body weight for adult males and females. Our findings indicate that capuchins select stones to use as hammers and transport stones and nuts to anvil sites. Wild capuchins provide a new reference point for interpreting early percussive stone tool use in hominins, and a point of comparison with chimpanzees cracking nuts. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetic model of a granular sludge SBR: Influences on nutrient removal
Authors: de Kreuk M.K. , Picioreanu C. , Hosseini M. , Xavier J.B. , van Loosdrecht M.C.M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA mathematical model was developed that can be used to describe an aerobic granular sludge reactor, fed with a defined influent, capable of simultaneously removing COD, nitrogen and phosphate in one sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The model described the experimental data from this complex system sufficiently. The effect of process parameters on the nutrient removal rates could therefore be reliably evaluated. The influence of oxygen concentration, temperature, granule diameter, sludge loading rate, and cycle configuration were analyzed. Oxygen penetration depth in combination with the position of the autotrophic biomass played a crucial role in the conversion rates of the different components and thus on overall nutrient removal efficiencies. The ratio between aerobic and anoxic volume in the granule strongly determines the N‐removal efficiency as it was shown by model simulations with varying oxygen concentration, temperature, and granule size. The optimum granule diameter for maximum N‐ and P‐removal in the standard case operating conditions (DO 2 mg L−1, 20°C) was found between 1.2 and 1.4 mm and the optimum COD loading rate was 1.9 kg COD m−3 day−1. When all ammonia is oxidized, oxygen diffuses to the core of the granule inhibiting the denitrification process. In order to optimize the process, anoxic phases can be implemented in the SBR‐cycle configuration, leading to a more efficient overall N‐removal. Phosphate removal efficiency mainly depends on the sludge age; if the SRT exceeds 30 days not enough biomass is removed from the system to keep effluent phosphate concentrations low. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;97: 801–815. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A unified starting procedure for the Houbolt method
Authors: Soroushian Aram , Farjoodi Jamshid 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe method proposed by J.C. Houbolt in 1950 is one of the pioneering methods of time integration. Nevertheless, especially due to its multi‐step fashion and not having a well‐defined starting procedure, the method has not met considerable acceptance. The conversion of the Houbolt method to a one‐step method is reported in the literature. However, the resulting method still lacks an appropriate starting procedure for all practical cases. In this paper, a parameter‐less unified starting procedure is proposed for time integration with the Houbolt method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical Interrogation and Sensor Applications of Nanostructured Polypyrroles
Authors: Akinyeye Richard , Michira Immaculate , Sekota Mantoa , Al‐Ahmed Amir , Baker Priscilla , Iwuoha Emmanuel 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe polymerization of pyrrole in β‐naphthalene sulfonic acid (NSA) gave nanotubules, nanomicelles or nanosheets of polypyrrole (PPy) depending on the amount of NSA in the polymer and the temperature of the reaction. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements showed that the diameters of the nanostructured polypyrrole‐β‐naphthalene sulfonic acid (PPyNSA) composites were 150–3000 nm for the tubules, 100–150 nm for the micelles and 20 nm for the sheets. A red shift in the UV‐vis absorption spectra of PPy was observed for PPyNSA which indicates the involvement of bulky β‐naphthalene sulfonate ion in the polymerization process. The UV‐vis also showed the existence of polaron and bi‐polaron in the polymer which may be responsible for the improved solubility of PPyNSA compared to PPy. All the characteristic IR bands of polypyrrole were observed in the FTIR spectra of PPyNSA, with slight variation in the absolute values. However, the absence of NH stretching at 3400 cm−1 and 1450 cm−1 usually associated with neutral polypyrrole confirms that the polymer is not in the aromatic state but in the excited polaron and bipolaron defect state. Electrochemical analysis of PPyNSA reveals two redox couples: a/a′ – partly oxidized polypyrrole‐naphthalene sulfonate radical cation/neutral polypyrrole naphthalene sulfonate; b/b′ – fully oxidized naphthalene sulfonate radical cation/partly reduced polypyrrole‐naphthalene sulfonate radical anion. The corresponding formal potentials measured at 5 mV/s, E°′(5 mV/s), are 181 mV and 291 mV, respectively. Amperometric phenol sensor constructed with PPyNSA on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) gave a sensitivity of 3.1 mA M−1 and a dynamic linear range of 0.65–139.5 μM. The data for the determination of phenol on the GCE/PPyNSA electrode was consistent with the electrocatalytic Michaelis‐Menten model, giving an apparent Michaelis‐Menten constant (KM′) value of 160 μM.
Antigenotoxic activities of crude extracts from Acacia salicina leaves
Authors: Mansour Hédi B. , Boubaker Jihed , Bouhlel Inès , Mahmoud Amor , Bernillon Stéphane , Chibani Jemni B. , Ghedira Kamel , Chekir‐Ghedira Leila 
Published: December 2006

AbstractFor centuries, plants have been used in traditional medicines and there has been recent interest in the chemopreventive properties of compounds derived from plants. In the present study, we investigated the effects of extracts of Acacia salicina leaves on the genotoxicity of benzo[a]pyrene (B(a)P) and nifuroxazide in the SOS Chromotest. Aqueous, total oligomers flavonoids (TOF)‐enriched, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts were prepared from powdered Acacia leaves, and characterized qualitatively for the presence of tannins, flavonoids, and sterols. All the extracts significantly decreased the genotoxicity induced by 1 μg B(a)P (+S9) and 10 μg nifuroxazide (−S9). The TOF‐enriched and methanol extracts decreased the SOS response induced by B(a)P to a greater extent, whereas the TOF‐enriched and the ethyl acetate extracts exhibited increased activity against the SOS response produced by nifuroxazide. In addition, the aqueous, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts showed increased activity in scavenging the 1,1‐diphenyl‐ 2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, while 100–300 μg/ml of all the test extracts were active in inhibiting
${\rm O}_2^{\cdot-}$
production in a xanthine/xanthine oxidase system. In contrast, only the petroleum ether extract was effective at inhibiting nitroblue tetrazolium reduction by the superoxide radical in a nonenzymatic ${\rm O}_2^{\cdot-}$‐generating system. The present study indicates that extracts of A. salicina leaves are a significant source of compounds with antigenotoxic and antioxidant activity (most likely phenolic compounds and sterols), and thus may be useful for chemoprevention. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic algorithm with integer representation of unit start‐up and shut‐down times for the unit commitment problem
Authors: Dudek Grzegorz 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis paper presents an approach for solving the unit commitment problem based on genetic algorithm with integer representation of the unit start‐up and shut‐down times. The new definition of the decision variables in the unit commitment problem reduces the solution space and computational time of the genetic algorithm. The method incorporates time‐dependent start‐up costs, demand and reserve constraints, minimum up and down time constraints, ramp rate limit constraints, and units power generation limits. Penalty functions are applied to the infeasible solutions. Test results showed an improvement in effectiveness and computational time compared to results obtained from genetic algorithm with standard binary representation of the unit states and other techniques. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
It might be premature to reject the assumption of a power curve relationship between VAS and SG data: three comments on Stevens, McCabe and Brazier's ‘Mapping between VAS and SG data; results from the UK HUI Index 2 valuation survey’
Authors: Shmueli Amir 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn a recent paper in Health Economics, Stevens, McCabe and Brazier (Health Econ. 2006; 15: 527–533.) found that the cubic relationship between Visual Analog Scale (VAS) values and standard gamble (SG) utilities was superior to other functional forms in terms of explanatory power and predictive ability. Consequently, they question the reliance on the assumption of a power curve relationship, which was established, theoretically and empirically, in earlier works. This note argues that: (1) SMB's conclusions are incorrect. The estimated cubic function overfits the four data points, and is questionable with respect to the implied attitude toward relative risk. (2) The evaluation of the functional forms in terms of the individual predictions' mean absolute error is misleading and (3) correcting for heteroscedasticity improves the precision of the estimates and of the predictions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of flocoumafen and brodifacoum in whole blood
Authors: Jin Mi‐cong , OuYang Xiao‐kun , Chen Xiao‐hong 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA high‐performance liquid chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometric (HPLC–MS–MS) assay was developed and validated to determine quantitatively flocoumafen and brodifacoum in whole blood using warfarin as an internal standard (IS). Liquid–liquid extraction, using ethyl acetate, was used to isolate flocoumafen, brodifacoum and the IS from the biological matrix. Detection was performed on a mass spectrometer by negative electrospray ionization (ESI) in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The calibration curves were linear (r2 > 0.998) in the concentration range of 0.1–100.0 ng ml−1 with a lower limit of quantification of 0.05 ng ml−1 for flocoumafen, and 0.1 ng ml−1 for brodifacoum in whole blood. Intra‐day and inter‐day relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 8.0% and 10.8%, respectively. Recoveries of flocoumafen and brodifacoum ranged from 78.0% to 83.7%. This assay can be used to determine trace flocoumafen and brodifacoum in whole blood to investigate suspected poisoning of human and animals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selection‐by‐function: efficient enrichment of cathepsin E inhibitors from a DNA library
Authors: Naimuddin Mohammed , Kitamura Koichirou , Kinoshita Yasunori , Honda‐Takahashi Yoko , Murakami Marina , Ito Masato , Yamamoto Kenji , Hanada Kazunori , Husimi Yuzuru , Nishigaki Koichi 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA method for efficient enrichment of protease inhibitors out of a DNA library was developed by introducing SF‐link technology. A two‐step selection strategy was designed consisting of the initial enrichment of aptamers based on binding function while the second enrichment step was based on the inhibitory activity to a protease, cathepsin E (CE). The latter was constructed by covalently linking of a biotinylated peptide substrate to each of the ssDNA molecule contained in the preliminarily selected DNA library, generating ‘SF‐link’. Gradual enrichment of inhibitory DNAs was attained in the course of selection. One molecule, SFR‐6‐3, showed an IC50 of around 30 nM, a Kd of around 15 nM and high selectivity for CE. Sequence and structure analysis revealed a C‐rich sequence without any guanine and possibly an i‐motif structure, which must be novel to be found in in vitro‐selected aptamers. SF‐link technology, which is novel as the screening technology, provided a remarkable enrichment of specific protease inhibitors and has a potential to be further developed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.