bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetics and Criminal Behavior Evidence Through the End of the 1970s
Authors: ELLIS LEE 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTResearch reported up through and including the 1970s directly bearing upon the relationship between genetics and criminality is reviewed. Studies using four classes of research designs are considered: general pedigree (or family) studies, twin studies, karyotype studies, and adoption studies. Only the latter three offer solid evidence at least consistent with a partial genetic etiological hypothesis, and of these, only one type of karyotype study and the adoption studies appear to be on the verge of definitely settling the matter. Among the fairly definitive types of studies, most of the evidence is extremely supportive of the proposition that human variation in tendencies to commit criminal behavior is significantly affected by some genetic factors.
Release on Recognizance: Substantive or Superficial Reform?
Authors: BYNUM TIM S. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTIn the early 1960s, release on recognizance was hailed as a method through which inequities inherent in the system of monetary bail could be reduced. This goal was to be accomplished through the revision of the criteria on which pretrial release decisions were made; the defendant's ties to the local community and not his financial status were to be emphasized. Although the use of release on recognizance has become an accepted practice, these programs have escaped close examination. Using logit analysis, this article investigates the factors upon which release on recognizance was based in a western city. The findings suggest that decisions to release on recognizance were made more in accord with traditional criteria rather than those espoused by this reform movement.
Poverty, Inequality, and the Urban Homicide Rate: Some Unexpected Findings
Authors: MESSNER STEVEN F. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this article is to report findings concerning the relationship between poverty, inequality, and the homicide rate for a sample of 204 SMSAs. A measure of family income inequality exhibits a moderate zero order correlation with the homicide rate, but the effect becomes insignificant in the regression analysis. A second economic measure, that of the size of the poverty population, also exhibits a moderate zero order correlation with the homicide rate, but the partial effect is significant and the sign is quite unexpectedly negative. Additional unexpected results include strong partial effects for measures of Southern regional and racial composition. These findings suggest the need for reconsideration of the role of economic and perhaps subcultural factors in the explanation of urban homicide.
The Elderly Victim at Risk: Explaining the Fear‐ Victimization Paradox
Authors: LINDQUIST JOHN H. , DUKE JANICE M. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTCurrent research argues that criminal victimization of the elderly is less of a problem than advocates for the elderly have argued it was in the past. The rate of victimization has been empirically demonstrated to be lower than for most other age groups. At the same time, the elderly express high levels of fear regarding criminal victimization. This article seeks to explain this apparent paradox through an “at risk” hypothesis that accounts for both low rates and high fear.
Family Correlates of Male and Female Delinquency
Authors: CANTER RACHELLE J. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThis article examines sex differences in family bonds as a possible explanation of sex differences in self‐reported delinquent behavior (SRD) among a national probability sample of 1725 adolescents. It was hypothesized that girls would report significantly stronger family bonds and significantly lower delinquency than boys. The findings provide limited support for these hypotheses. The expected sex differences in SRD were observed. males report significantly greater involvement in all forms of delinquent behavior. However, the expected sex differences in family bonds were not observed. Family bonds are modestly correlated with delinquency, but at comparable rates for males and females, and with evidence of their greater association among males in many cases. Theoretical and methodological explanations are suggested for the divergence of the observed findings from existing research.
A Critical Analysis of the Changing Concept of Criminal Responsibility
Authors: LILLY J. ROBERT , BALL RICHARD A. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTBy critically examining the concept of criminal responsibility we learn how the concept has undergone three major transformations. The changes are illuminated by focusing on structural transformations underlying legal theory and changes in the application of legislation and case law. Attention is also directed to the changing rhetoric of legitimation associated with each transformation.
A Commentary on Victimization Research and the Importance of Meaning Structures
Authors: JOHNSON KIRK ALAN , WASIELEWSKI PATRICIA L. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThis article examines the largely atheoretical tradition of victimization research and some of the unintended consequences of work in the area. In using a legalistic definition of crime, victimization research has failed to incorporate the public's definition of crime and victimization. While “street” and property crime have a decided impact upon people's lives, the consequences of real or alleged corporate and political crimes also affect people's concep‐tions of their lives. The authors outline the beginnings of a theoretically apposite reinterpretation of perceptual victimlogy findings and related methodological concerns, and suggest ways that social scientists can become actively involved in the debunk‐ing of the “crime wave” mentality perpetuated through the media by providing alternate interpretations of crime statistics.
Mapping Police Organizational Change: From a Mechanistic Toward an Organic Model
Authors: KUYKENDALL JACK , ROBERG ROY R. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTCommunity police organizations have been the focus of substantial research since the 1960s. Recommendations from this research have frequently suggested some degree of reform. This reform effort has been directed in part at the oragnizational design of police departments, emphasizing movement away from a mechanistic to more of an organic approach. This article describes mechanistic and organic model constructs and relates them to both continuum and matrix change perspectives and a change problem‐intervention strategy typology. The matrix and typology are used to “map” the change process associated with team policing, which is one example of attempts to make police organizations more organic.
Socioeconomic Status and Perceptions of Personal Arrest Probabilities
Authors: RICHARDS PAMELA , TITTLE CHARLES R. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThis article examines the relationship between individual's perceptions of arrest probabilities and socioeconomic status. Although actual arrest probabilities are generally thought to vary inversely with socioeconomic status, no theories predict how this should translate into patterns in perceived sanction risks. Variables that would influence socioeconomic patterns in risk assessment are identified and related to estimates of arrest probabilities. Survey data from a three‐state sample of adults show that lower‐status respondents perceive higher arrest risks than do upper‐status respondents. However, none of these differences can be explained by the theoretically relevant variables available in these data.
Diversion and Crime Prevention: A Tim‐Series Analysis
Authors: SELKE WILLIAM L. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThe following study was aimed at assessing the impact of juvenile diversion program. A time‐series analysis was wed to examine the hypothesized systems level change for each of the programs. Reported crime levels and arrest rates for targeted offense categories are analyzed for each jurisdiction, and implementation evaluations are discussed in an attempt to clarify the findings.
Women's Liberation and Increases in Minor, Major, and Occupational Offenses
Authors: AUSTIN ROY L. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have been unable to determine a satisfatory starting point for female emancipation in order to examine the proposition that this variable caused an increase in female criminality. This study uses arithmetic coordinate charts and polynomial regression to set 1967 and 1968 as years when changes in female emancipation, as measured by female labor force participation and divorce rates, should be followed by noticeable effects. The same procedures also show take‐off points for the percentage female contribution to various criminal offenses occuring in close proximity and subsequent to exceptional changes in female emancipation and to the 1966 founding of the National Organization for Women. Contrary to the dominant position in the literature, increases in female involvement for the serious offenses of auto‐theft and robbery, which may be attributed to women's liberation, are greater than increases in larceny‐theft and fraud/embezzlement, which may be attributed to the same cause.
Crime Rate and Social Integration The Impact of Metropolitan Mobility
Authors: CRUTCHFIELD ROBERT D. , GEERKEN MICHAEL R. , GOVE WALTER R. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThis article examines the effect of residential mobility on the crime rates of the 65 largest Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the country. Mobility variables and population size are found to be better predictors of some crimes than measures traditionally used to measure the opportunity structure. A contextual interpretation of the mobility/crime rate relationship is posited. High rates of mobility are believed to negatively affect social integration, which decreases the effectiveness of community informal control mechanisms.
Social Structure and Swedish Crime Rates A Time‐Series Analysis, 1950‐1979
Authors: STACK STEVEN 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThe present article tests Cohenetal 's recent opportunity theory of crime with time series data from Sweden. Swedish welfare capitalism is viewed, from an economic perspective on crime, as possibly counteracting propensities toward crime generated from increased opportunity based, in turn, on the increased production of goods. Control variables are introduced from major alternative theories, including the econcmic, deterrence, and social bonds perspectives. The results of Cochrane‐Orcutt timeseries analyses indicate that the greater the availability of goods, the greater the rate of traditional property crime. Support is also found for an economic theory based on unemployment rates and a social bonds theory based on age. The availability of goods measure from an opportunity theory of crime, however, was the variable most closely associated with the variance in crime. The four‐fold increase in crime in Sweden was larger than that in the United States.
Gender, Police Arrest Decisions, and Notions of Chivalry
Authors: VISHER CHRISTY A. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *The extent of preferential treatment toward female offenders during arrest has been a neglected topic in research on female criminality. This article uses data collected in 1977 during police‐suspect encounters with 785 males and females to explore the existence of chivalrous treatment of female offenders in the initial stages of criminal processing. These data indicate that chivalry exists at the stage of arrest for those women who display appropriate gender behaviors and characteristics. In general, the findings suggest that female suspects who deviate from stereotypic gender expectations lose the advantage that may be extended to female offenders. Specifically, older, white, female suspects are less likely to be arrested than their younger, black or hostile sisters. In addition, in the initial stage of criminal processing, female property offenders receive no leniency, and some evidence suggests that offenses against property weigh more heavily in arrest decisions for females than for males. Differences in the factors influencing police arrest decisions for male and female suspects are also examined.
Correlates of Institutional Misconduct Among State Prisoners
Authors: FLANAGAN TIMOTHY J. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *As with participation in illegitimate activities in the larger society, involvement in rule infractions within prisons is not normally distributed among prisoners. Rather, a small segment of the inmate population is disproportionately represented in official records of disciplinary activity. In this research, factors associated with differential levels of involvement in prison disciplinary infractions were examined.The findings indicate that the inmate's age at commitment, history of drug use, current offense (particularly homicide/nonhomicide categories), and the type of sentence that the inmate served were significantly related to high‐rate infraction status. For one subgroup of the inmate population, race was also significantly related to infraction‐rate status. However, these variables are not sufficiently predictive of institutional misconduct to justify their use as classification factors. The implications of the findings for the study of social control mechanisms in prisons are discussed.
Judicial Discretion and Defendant's Sex
Authors: CURRAN DEBRA A. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *The judicial treatment of adult female relative to male criminal offenders is theoretically and empirically examined in this paper. After discussing various problems with the chivalry hypothesis and labeling theory–the two major explanations of gender disparities‐an empirical test is made to determine the accuracy of both perspectives. An analysis of 543 adult felony cases in Dade County, Florida, using multiple regression to control for the effects of relevant legal and nonlegal variables, indicated inconsistent differences in treatment by sex at the h e k of negotiations, prosecution, conviction, and sentence. These differences also vary over the three time periods examined: 1965–1966, 1971, and 1975–1976. The findings do not support any existing theory of the differential legal handling of male and female offenders, clearly indicating a need for the development of theory that takes into account the growing body of empirical work in this area.
Social Class and Delinquent Behavior in a National Youth Panel: 1976–1980
Authors: ELLIOTT DELBERT S. , HUIZINGA DAVID 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *This article addresses the question of whether or not a more adequate measure of self‐reported delinquency applied to a representative national sample would reveal class differences in r l e l i m that have not been found in earlier self‐report studies. The methodological criticisms of earlier self‐report measures are reviewed, a new self‐report measure is described, annual sex‐by‐class‐specific prevalence and incidence rates based on this measure are presented for a national youth panel for the years 1976 through 1980, and the implications of the class findings are discussed. Class differences in both prevalence and incidence are found for serious offenses. For males, class differences are also found in the incidence of nonserious offenses and global delinquency Class differences are more pervasive and stronger when using an incidence as opposed to a prevalence measure. Criticisms of earlier self report measures appear Justified, calling into Question conclusions about the distribution of delinquency in the adolescent population which are based on prim self‐report data.
Inequality, Opportunity, and Crime Rates in Central Cities
Authors: CARROLL LEO , JACKSON PAMELA IRVING 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *In a recent paper, Cohen and Felson argue that changes in our routine activities since World War 11 have contributed to the increase in predatory crime by creating additional opportunities for it. In particular, they found that a measure of the dispersal of activities away from the home‐the household activity ratio‐has had a significant effect on crime rate trends since 1947. The aim of the present research is twofold: (1) to determine if this relationship occurs across space as well as over time, and (2) to see i f economic inequality may be an intervening variable between the household activity ratio and the crime rate. The sample consists of 93 nonsouthern cities of over 50,000 population in 1960. Data are drawn from the 1970 Census und the U n i f m Crime Reports. Using path analysis, it is determined that the effects of the household activity ratio cm rates of predatory crime are entirely indirect, and are transmitted by income inequality.
Violence in Juvenile Institutions
Authors: POOLE ERIC D. , REGOLI ROBERT M. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *This study assesses the impact of selected deprivation and importation variables on inmate violence in four juvenile correctional institutions. While both sets of variables were shown to exert independent effects on inmate aggression, variations in the institutional context mediated the impact of inmate characteristics on levels of p r i s m violence. Preinstitutional violence emerged as the best predictor of inmate aggression, regardless of institutional setting. Race was shown to affect inmate violence directly m l y in the most treatment‐oriented facility, while the inmate code was found to exert effects only in the most custodial institution.
Developing Aggregate Measures of Disparity
Authors: VINING AIDAN R. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *The empirical evidence on the determinants of sentencing outcomes has been increasingly utilized in debates on the nature of sentencing. Often the characterization of the impact of a variable as “appropriate” or “inappropriate” is controversial, and consequently there is wide disagreement as to the meaning of disparity. This article presents a method of clarifying this debate by developing aggregate measures of disparity. The value of such aggregate measures is illustrated using data from California. The exemplary models suggest that, given relevant data sets, it is possible to develop viable measures of disparity and that an estimation of the extent of disparity is highly dependent on normative beliefs about disparity.
Structural Density and Criminal Victimization
Authors: SAMPSON ROBERT J. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *This study examines the relationship between neighborhood structural density and rates of robbery and assault victimization. A theoretical framework linking defensible‐space theory with an opportunity model of predatory criminal victimization suggests that structural density has a positive relationship with victimization, independent of victim characteristics. This perspective is compared to recent empirical and theoretical works that argue that denisty has either no relationship or an inverse relationship to crime. Hypotheses are tested with National Crime Survey victimization data for the years 1973 to 1978. The results support the major hypothesis and s h that structural density is positively related to rates of robbery and assault victimization, controlling for age, race, and sex of victim, and for extent of urbanization. Surprisingly, the positive relationship between structural density and victimization is stronger in rural areas than in urban areas.
Ethical Dilemmas in the Research Setting
Authors: LONGMIRE DENNIS R. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *The frequency with which criminological researchers are confronted with various ethical dilemmas is ascertained through a survey of members of the American Society of Criminology (ASC). The results of this survey reveal that approximately 63% of those criminologists who have been active in research since 1975 have experienced one or more of eight types of ethical dilemmas. Further analysis demonstrates that criminologists favor developing a professional code of conduct as well as some legal guidelines in this area. The majority of those surveyed do not believe governmental regulations or a general sense of morality among the researchers are effective mechanisms in preventing ethical dilemmas.
The Effect of Police Employment on Crime
Authors: GREENBERG DAVID F. , KESSLER RONALD C. , LOFTIN COLIN 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *The effects of police employment on index violent trim rates and index property crime rates are studied using a maximum likelihood technique to estimate two‐wave multivariate panel models. Separate analyses are carried out for a sample of 252 U.S. suburbs and for a sample of 269 U.S. cities for the years 1960 and 1970.
Victim Noncooperation in the Prosecution of Domestic Assault
Authors: McLEOD MAUREEN 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *In recent years increased attention has been focused on the response of the criminal justice system to domestic violence. Several studies have attributed the low rate of prosecution for spousal assaults to noncooperation on the part of police, prosecutors, and judges. A discussion of the role played by victim noncooperation in the prosecution process has been conspicuously absent. This article presents preliminary findings from a study of approximately 6,200 cases of domestic assaults reported to law enforcement authorities. The incidence and correlates of victim noncooperation are outlined at four decision points.
Is Chivalry Dead?
Authors: KROHN MARVIN D. , CURRY JAMES P. , NELSON‐KILGER SHIRLEY 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *An apparent decrease in differences between the sexes in criminal behavior and law enforcement outcomes has been attributed to changes in attitudes toward sex roles and increasing female labor force participation. The research reported here addresses two related questions in this area: (1) Have there been changes over time in sex differences in the disposition of police contacts with juveniles and adults? and (2) Do any observed changes account for increases in the female crime rate? Our analysis of data from 10,723 police contacts in a mid‐western city during the period 1948–1976 found a trend toward a diminished sex difference in police dispositions of juvenile and adult misdemeanors and adult felonies. There was no evidence for a similar trend for juvenile status offenses or juvenile felonies. The findings also suggest that part of the apparent increase in female crime may be due to changes in official reactions to female offenders.
U.S. Social Structure and Imprisonment
Authors: CARROLL LEO , DOUBET MARY BETH 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *An article by Joubert, Picon and McIntosh (1981) is found to contain several serious methodological flaws. A second analysis using a similar data set suggests that these methodological problems may have caused them to draw erroneous conclusions regarding the effects of social structural variables on prison admission and release rates.
Periodical Prestige in Criminology and Criminal Justice
Authors: SHICHOR DAVID , O'BRIEN ROBERT M. , DECKER DAVID L. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACT* * *Journals in criminology and criminal justice have been ranked using subjective techniques to assess journal presitige as well as objective measures intended to assess journal eminence. Two recent studies have resulted in somewhat similar rankings of professional journals although each used distinct methods of data analysis and asked different research questions. This finding suggests that there is a consensus among professionals in the field concerning the importance of particular journals.