bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE POLITICS OF REFORM AND THE MAKING OF THE SECOND REFORM ACT, 1848–1867
Authors: SAUNDERS ROBERT 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe second reform act came at the close of a remarkable period of constitutional debate, in which seven different governments had committed themselves to reform. Yet historians have shown little interest in this debate, seeing it as largely irrelevant to the making of the second reform act. This article seeks to reconnect the discussions of the 1850s with the measure of 1867, and to explore some of the issues that shaped the course of legislation. It argues that the failure to achieve reform in the 1850s was the result not of hostility to reform in the abstract, but of an inability to agree on the type of reform that was desirable. Depending on who was enfranchised and where, different reform bills could produce quite different electorates, making consensus elusive. The article shows how the Liberal opposition to the 1866 bill was fuelled by concerns over the nature of Liberal politics after Palmerston, and concludes that the disagreement over the rating franchise concealed a wider disagreement on the whole nature of reform, exerting a powerful influence on the measures of both 1866 and 1867.
THE UNITED STATES AND THE FISCAL DEBATE IN BRITAIN, 1873–1913
Authors: ROGERS EDMUND 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTHistorians of the debate over free trade and tariffs in Britain during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries have not taken adequate account of the impact of the protectionist United States. The article first examines how American protectionism influenced the cause of imperial preference. It then looks at how both sides in the fiscal debate used the American economic experience to bolster their cases. Finally, it is demonstrated that the economic success and liberal democratic character of America compelled free traders to attack the American example on a moral and political basis.
CHANGING LANGUAGES OF EMPIRE AND THE ORIENT: BRITAIN AND THE INVENTION OF THE MIDDLE EAST, 1917–1918
Authors: RENTON JAMES 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTDuring the last two years of the Great War the British government undertook a global propaganda campaign to generate support for the military advance into the Near East, British post-war domination of the region, and the war effort in general. The objective was to transform how the West and the peoples of the Ottoman empire perceived the Orient, its future, and the British empire. To fit with the international demand that the war should be fought for the cause of national self-determination, the Orient was re-defined as the Middle East: a region of oppressed nations that required liberation and tutelage by Britain and the entente. Great Britain was portrayed as the pre-eminent champion of the principle of nationality, which was behind its move into the Middle East. It is argued in this article that these narratives constituted a significant change in Western representations of the Orient and the British empire.
INDIA, POST-IMPERIALISM AND THE ORIGINS OF ENOCH POWELL'S ‘RIVERS OF BLOOD’ SPEECH
Authors: BROOKE PETER 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIn January 2003 Enoch Powell's personal archive was opened to the public. The release shed new light on the nature of Powell's thought on immigration, and in particular, his reasons for making the so-called ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech of 1968. Historians have suggested that Powell's primary concern was a post-imperialist desire to sever all links with the New Commonwealth. However, papers written immediately after Powell's time in India (1943–6) reveal that his objections to immigration were established long before he abandoned his fierce love of empire in 1954. These objections were rooted in a seemingly liberal commitment to national homogeneity as a prerequisite for democracy. The imagery, reasoning, and political context of Powell's speeches in 1968 demonstrate a striking continuity with his ideas of 1946. Powell's example suggests that British attitudes to mass immigration may owe more to the experience of empire than to post-war changes in national identity.
STALIN AND HIS ERA
Authors: KUROMIYA HIROAKI 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe partial opening up of the formerly closed Soviet archives has had an enormous impact on the amount of new historical material available for research. Recent developments in research on Stalin and the Soviet Union are remarkable. The present article examines these developments with respect to three particular topics: ‘Stalin and Terror’, ‘Stalin and ideology’, and ‘Stalin and society’. It argues that whereas in certain areas new information has led to a greater consensus among historians, in others, such as Stalin's Great Terror, it has led to heated controversy. The article asks why, and suggests that the problem lies both in conceptualization and in the use of historical sources. More generally, the article discusses the present state of knowledge in the field. Because the study of Stalinism is often assessed in the light of the study of Nazism, it includes brief comparisons of Stalin and Hitler and Stalinism and Nazism where appropriate.
Group A Streptococcal Disease in Long-Term Care Facilities: Descriptive Epidemiology and Potential Control Measures
Authors: Jordan Hannah T. , Richards Chesley L. , Burton Deron C. , Thigpen Michael C. , Van Beneden Chris A. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Group A streptococci (GAS) are an important cause of severe, life-threatening illness among the elderly population, particularly those individuals residing in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Outbreaks of GAS infection are potentially devastating in this vulnerable population and often require large-scale control efforts involving LTCF staff, public health officials, and infectious diseases practitioners. Although multiple outbreaks of GAS infection in LTCFs have been described in the medical literature, this topic has not been reviewed for 15 years, and there is a need for updated guidance on how to approach GAS infection outbreak control. We reviewed published documents on GAS infection in LTCFs to describe the current understanding of the disease's epidemiology in this setting, identify techniques for outbreak investigation and prevention, and expose areas where additional research is needed. We highlight well-accepted prevention and control strategies that can be employed during investigation and control of GAS infection outbreaks in LTCFs.
Exploring the functional landscape of gene expression: directed search of large microarray compendia
Authors: Hibbs Matthew A. , Hess David C. , Myers Chad L. , Huttenhower Curtis , Li Kai , Troyanskaya Olga G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMotivation: The increasing availability of gene expression microarray technology has resulted in the publication of thousands of microarray gene expression datasets investigating various biological conditions. This vast repository is still underutilized due to the lack of methods for fast, accurate exploration of the entire compendium.Results: We have collected Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene expression microarray data containing roughly 2400 experimental conditions. We analyzed the functional coverage of this collection and we designed a context-sensitive search algorithm for rapid exploration of the compendium. A researcher using our system provides a small set of query genes to establish a biological search context; based on this query, we weight each dataset's relevance to the context, and within these weighted datasets we identify additional genes that are co-expressed with the query set. Our method exhibits an average increase in accuracy of 273% compared to previous mega-clustering approaches when recapitulating known biology. Further, we find that our search paradigm identifies novel biological predictions that can be verified through further experimentation. Our methodology provides the ability for biological researchers to explore the totality of existing microarray data in a manner useful for drawing conclusions and formulating hypotheses, which we believe is invaluable for the research community.Availability: Our query-driven search engine, called SPELL, is available at http://function.princeton.edu/SPELLContact: ogt@genomics.princeton.eduSupplementary information: Several additional data files, figures and discussions are available at http://function.princeton.edu/SPELL/supplement
Multi-objective assessment of conservation measures for the European eel (Anguilla anguilla): an application to the Camargue lagoons
Authors: Bevacqua Daniele , Melià Paco , Crivelli Alain J. , Gatto Marino , De Leo Giulio A. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Bevacqua, D., Melià, P., Crivelli, A. J., Gatto, M., and De Leo, G. A. 2007. Multi-objective assessment of conservation measures for the European eel (Anguilla anguilla): an application to the Carmargue lagoons. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 000–000: –. The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) stock has declined since the early 1970s and is currently considered to be outside safe biological limits. The European Commission has proposed a regulation (COM 2005/472 final) to establish measures for the recovery of the stock, with the aim of achieving an escapement to the sea of 40% of the adult eel biomass (with respect to undisturbed conditions) from each river basin. The proposed regulation imposes an effective reduction of fishing activities until implementation of an approved eel management plan. We use a demographic model, explicitly accounting for age, length, and sex structure, and important features of the continental phase of eel life cycle, to assess the effectiveness of the proposed regulation. We explore alternative management options with reference to the Camargue (southern France) eel population. Using multi-criteria methods, we compare different fishing policies with respect to two potentially conflicting objectives: preserving a sufficient spawner escapement and guaranteeing an acceptable harvest to fishers. We show that the current fishery is inefficient and that appropriate management policies (such as limiting the fishing season and increasing the mesh size of fishing gear) are likely to have a doubly positive effect, by achieving the conservation target of the regulation and increasing fisher revenues.
Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts)
Authors: Graham Ian , Atar Dan , Borch-Johnsen Knut , Boysen Gudrun , Burell Gunilla , Cifkova Renata , Dallongeville Jean , Backer Guy De , Ebrahim Shah , Gjelsvik Bjørn , Herrmann-Lingen Christoph , Hoes Arno , Humphries Steve , Knapton Mike , Perk Joep , Priori Silvia G. , Pyorala Kalevi , Reiner Zeljko , Ruilope Luis , Sans-Menendez Susana , Op Reimer Wilma Scholte , Weissberg Peter , Wood David , Yarnell John , Zamorano Jose Luis 
Published: August 2007

Other experts who contributed to parts of the guidelines: Edmond Walma, Schoonhoven (The Netherlands), Tony Fitzgerald, Dublin (Ireland), Marie Therese Cooney, Dublin (Ireland), Alexandra Dudina, Dublin (Ireland) European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG):, Alec Vahanian (Chairperson) (France), John Camm (UK), Raffaele De Caterina (Italy), Veronica Dean (France), Kenneth Dickstein (Norway), Christian Funck-Brentano (France), Gerasimos Filippatos (Greece), Irene Hellemans (The Netherlands), Steen Dalby Kristensen (Denmark), Keith McGregor (France), Udo Sechtem (Germany), Sigmund Silber (Germany), Michal Tendera (Poland), Petr Widimsky (Czech Republic), José Luis Zamorano (Spain) Document reviewers: Irene Hellemans (CPG Review Coordinator) (The Netherlands), Attila Altiner (Germany), Enzo Bonora (Italy), Paul N. Durrington (UK), Robert Fagard (Belgium), Simona Giampaoli(Italy), Harry Hemingway (UK), Jan Hakansson (Sweden), Sverre Erik Kjeldsen (Norway), Mogens Lytken Larsen (Denmark), Giuseppe Mancia (Italy), Athanasios J. Manolis (Greece), Kristina Orth-Gomer (Sweden), Terje Pedersen (Norway), Mike Rayner (UK), Lars Ryden (Sweden), Mario Sammut (Malta), Neil Schneiderman (USA), Anton F. Stalenhoef (The Netherlands), Lale Tokgözoglu (Turkey), Olov Wiklund (Sweden), Antonis Zampelas (Greece)
Human liver‐specific organic anion transporter‐2 is a potent prognostic factor for human breast carcinoma
Authors: Muto Mitsuhisa , Onogawa Tohru , Suzuki Takashi , Ishida Takanori , Rikiyama Toshiki , Katayose Yu , Ohuchi Noriaki , Sasano Hironobu , Abe Takaaki , Unno Michiaki 
Published: August 2007

Human liver‐specific organic anion transporter‐2 (LST‐2/OATP8/SLCO1B3) has been demonstrated to be expressed in various gastrointestinal carcinomas and also to play pivotal roles in the uptake of a wide variety of both endogenous and exogenous anionic compounds, including bile acids, conjugated steroids and hormones, into hepatocytes in the human liver. However, the biological significance of LST‐2 in human carcinomas remains unknown. In the present study, we examined the expression of LST‐2 in 102 cases of breast carcinoma using immunohistochemistry and correlated the findings with various clinicopathological parameters in order to examine the possible biological and clinical significance of LST‐2. LST‐2 immunoreactivity was detected in 51 cases (50.0%); of these 51 positive cases, LST‐2 immunoreactivity was inversely correlated with tumor size (P = 0.0289). In addition, LST‐2 immunoreactivity was significantly associated with a decreased risk of recurrence and improved prognosis by both univariate (P = 0.02 and P = 0.01) and multivariate (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01) analyses. In the estrogen receptor‐positive groups, the LST‐2‐positive patients showed good prognoses. Considering that LST‐2 transports estrone‐3‐sulfate, these results suggest that LST‐2 overexpression is associated with a hormone‐dependent growth mechanism of the breast cancer. The results of our present study demonstrate that LST‐2 immunoreactivity is a potent prognostic factor in human breast cancer. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1570–1576)
Hepatitis B virus X protein overcomes oncogenic RAS‐induced senescence in human immortalized cells
Authors: Oishi Naoki , Shilagardi Khurts , Nakamoto Yasunari , Honda Masao , Kaneko Shuichi , Murakami Seishi 
Published: August 2007

Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. The HBV X protein (HBx) is thought to have oncogenic potential, although the molecular mechanism remains obscure. Pathological roles of HBx in the carcinogenic process have been examined using rodent systems and no report is available on the oncogenic roles of HBx in human cells in vitro. We therefore examined the effect of HBx on immortalization and transformation in human primary cells. We found that HBx could overcome active RAS‐induced senescence in human immortalized cells and that these cells could form colonies in soft agar and tumors in nude mice. HBx alone, however, could contribute to neither immortalization nor transformation of these cells. In a population doubling analysis, an N‐terminal truncated mutant of HBx, HBx‐D1 (amino acids 51–154), which harbors the coactivation domain, could overcome active RAS‐induced cellular senescence, but these cells failed to exhibit colonigenic and tumorigenic abilities, probably due to the low expression level of the protein. By scanning a HBx expression library of the clustered‐alanine substitution mutants, the N‐terminal domain was found to be critical for overcoming active RAS‐induced senescence by stabilizing full‐length HBx. These results strongly suggest that HBx can contribute to carcinogenesis by overcoming active oncogene‐induced senescence. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1540–1548)
Functional roles of Fli‐1, a member of the Ets family of transcription factors, in human breast malignancy
Authors: Sakurai Takuya , Kondoh Nobuo , Arai Masaaki , Hamada Jun‐ichi , Yamada Toshiyuki , Kihara‐Negishi Fumiko , Izawa Tetsuya , Ohno Hideki , Yamamoto Mikio , Oikawa Tsuneyuki 
Published: August 2007

The Ets family of transcription factors is implicated in malignant transformation and tumor progression, including invasion, metastasis and neo‐angiogenesis. In the present study, we found that the Fli‐1 gene, a member of the Ets family, was highly expressed in several breast cancer cell lines (MDA‐MB231, MDA‐MB436, BT‐549 and HCC1395). To investigate the functional roles of Fli‐1 in breast cancer malignancy, we introduced an expression plasmid containing full‐length Fli‐1 cDNA into MCF7 breast cancer cells in which endogenous expression of Fli‐1 was barely detectable. Overexpression of Fli‐1 in MCF7 cells led to inhibition of apoptosis induced by serum depletion or ultraviolet irradiation, although it did not affect cell growth rate in liquid media, colony formation in soft agar or the in vitro invasion capacity of the cells. Expression of Fli‐1 and antiapoptotic bcl‐2 was coordinately upregulated by serum depletion in MCF7 cells, and the upregulation was inhibited by treatment of the cells with a c‐Jun–NH2‐terminal kinase‐specific inhibitor. Furthermore, expression of the bcl‐2 gene and protein was enhanced in Fli‐1‐overexpressing MCF7 cells compared with mock‐transfected cells. In addition, human bcl‐2 promoter activity was transactivated by Fli‐1. These results suggest that Fli‐1 contributes to the malignancy of human breast cancer by inhibiting apoptosis through upregulated expression of the bcl‐2 gene. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1775–1784)
A biological consequence of reducing Arctic ice cover: arrival of the Pacific diatom Neodenticula seminae in the North Atlantic for the first time in 800 000 years
Authors: REID PHILIP C. , JOHNS DAVID G. , EDWARDS MARTIN , STARR MICHEL , POULIN MICHEL , SNOEIJS PAULI 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe Continuous Plankton Recorder survey has monitored plankton in the Northwest Atlantic at monthly intervals since 1962, with an interegnum between 1978 and 1990. In May 1999, large numbers of the Pacific diatom Neodenticula seminae were found in Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) samples in the Labrador Sea as the first record in the North Atlantic for more than 800 000 years. The event coincided with modifications in Arctic hydrography and circulation, increased flows of Pacific water into the Northwest Atlantic and in the previous year the exceptional occurrence of extensive ice‐free water to the North of Canada. These observations indicate that N. seminae was carried in a pulse of Pacific water in 1998/early 1999 via the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and/or Fram Strait. The species occurred previously in the North Atlantic during the Pleistocene from∼1.2 to∼0.8 Ma as recorded in deep sea sediment cores. The reappearance of N. seminae in the North Atlantic is an indicator of the scale and speed of changes that are taking place in the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans as a consequence of regional climate warming. Because of the unusual nature of the event it appears that a threshold has been passed, marking a change in the circulation between the North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans via the Arctic. Trans‐Arctic migrations from the Pacific into the Atlantic are likely to occur increasingly over the next 100 years as Arctic ice continues to melt affecting Atlantic biodiversity and the biological pump with consequent feedbacks to the carbon cycle.
Basal rates of soil respiration are correlated with photosynthesis in a mixed temperate forest
Authors: SAMPSON D. A. , JANSSENS I. A. , CURIEL YUSTE J. , CEULEMANS R. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMany field studies have demonstrated that soil temperature explains most of the temporal variation in soil respiration (SR). However, there is increasing evidence to suggest that SR is also influenced by current, or recent, photosynthate. Accordingly, seasonal changes in SR nominally attributed to temperature may, in part, be due to seasonality in photosynthesis. Within a mixed coniferous–deciduous temperate forest, we measured SR and used the process model SECRETS to test whether seasonal changes in photosynthesis influence seasonal differences in SR. Measurements were made in six adjacent plots (from pure evergreen to pure deciduous) that exhibited a gradient in the seasonality of photosynthesis. Within all six plots, we found strong correlations between the basal rate of SR (BR; defined as the SR at 10°C) and modeled photosynthesis (i.e. gross primary productivity; GPP). Moreover, we observed larger seasonal changes in BR in those plots that exhibited larger seasonal changes in photosynthesis, as compared with plots with smaller changes in photosynthesis. This is relevant because estimates of the Q10 of SR (Q10 is the relative change in a process rate per temperature change of 10°C) typically assume a constant BR. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that differences in the apparent Q10 of SR (apparent Q10=Q10 derived from field measurements of SR and temperature) among studies may, in large part, be related to seasonal differences in photosynthesis. We suggest that variation in stand structure and species composition and, thus, in the photosynthetic signatures, induce different seasonal changes in BR via differences in the belowground supply of labile carbon. If these seasonal changes in BR are not properly accounted for, fitted apparent Q10 values may not express the temperature response of respiratory processes in the soil.