bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of starch and total fermentables content in storage roots of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.)
Authors: Keating Brian A. , Evenson John P. , Breen Alan R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe relationships between the percentage of dry matter (DM), specific gravity, percentage of starch and percentage of total fermentables in cassava storage roots have been examined in detail. The results confirm the findings of earlier workers that specific gravity can provide a reliable estimate of storage root DM in the absence of drying facilities. A curvilinear relationship of the form 1/y = a + bx was found to exist between storage root DM and percentage of starch or fermentables within one cultivar over a range of ages and seasonal conditions. This relationship shows that the proportion of total DM present as starch or fermentables increases for samples of higher DM percentages. A similar relationship was shown to exist between specific gravity and percentage of starch or fermentables. A linear relationship was also developed between the percentage of DM and of fermentables based on 28 cultivars harvested at the same age and under the same seasonal conditions. More information is required on cultivar differences in these relationships over the entire range of DM and fermentable percentages, before widespread use is recommended. Once correctly established, relationships based on DM or specific gravity provide a simple and reliable method of estimating percentage of starch or total fermentables in the storage roots of cassava. Comparisons are made between these results and those reported earlier in the literature, using less precise methods of starch measurement.
Some observations on the effect of grassing‐down, nitrogen fertilisation and irrigation on the growth, leaf nutrient content and fruit quality of young golden delicious apple trees
Authors: Haynes Richard J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn a 3 year trial the growth and leaf nutrient content of newly planted Golden Delicious/MM 106 apple trees was compared under grassed‐down and clean cultivated conditions. With no fertiliser applications grassing down, compared with cultivation, decreased shoot extension and trunk girth increment in all three seasons and total dry weight of both tops and roots of trees at the end of the 3 year period. Grassing‐down generally decreased total N and increased concentrations of P, K and Ca in the leaves. Generally, in the third season, the mineral composition of the fruit paralleled that in the leaves. Application of fertiliser N to cultivated plots in the second and third seasons had no significant effect on tree growth; N fertilisation significantly increased tree growth and total leaf area per tree under grassed‐down conditions, particularly in the third season. During the third season irrigation had only a small effect on the growth of trees from the grassed‐down non‐fertilised plots. However, there was a large positive interaction between N fertilisation and irrigation on tree growth, total dry weight of both shoots and roots of trees and on fruit size.
Kinetics and equilibria of tea infusion. Analysis and partition constants of theaflavins, thearubigins, and caffeine in koonsong broken pekoe
Authors: Spiro Michael , Siddique Shama 
Published: October 2006

AbstractKoonsong Broken Pekoe tea leaf was equilibrated with water at 79.5 and 94.0°C using water: leaf ratios from 25:1 to 100:1. The concentrations of theaflavins, thearubigins, and caffeine were measured in the aqueous extracts. Analysis of the results by a simple two‐phase model gave the concentrations of the three constituents in the original leaf without the necessity for the usual assumption of complete extraction. The theory also yielded the partition constants (distribution coefficients) of the three constituents between swollen leaf and aqueous solution, and the enthalpy changes for their extraction.
Identification of the component responsible for the effects of added dietary copper sulphate in the female domestic fowl
Authors: Jackson Norman , Stevenson Mary H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSulphate, as sulphuric acid, was fed to Shaver 288 and Warren Studler SSL laying hens for 280 days at levels equivalent to 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g sulphate kg−1 diet. The results obtained were compared with those found using similar diets to which the sulphate was added as copper sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4·5H2O). Addition of H2SO4 had no effect on food intake, food conversion efficiency, body‐weight or egg production. The addition of CuSO4 caused adverse effects on food intake, egg production and body‐weight. The H2SO4 had no effect on liver, kidney, oviduct, ovary and gizzard weight per unit body‐weight. CuSO4 decreased ovary and oviduct weights and increased gizzard weight. H2SO4 had no significant effect on liver copper (Cu) concentrations but CuSO4 increased liver Cu. The highest level of CuSO4 addition depressed liver lipid concentration in the Shaver 288 birds. Both the H2SO4 and the CuSO4 affected the levels of individual fatty acids.
Purification, identification and quantification of an egg‐weight‐depressing factor (vicine) in fababeans (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: Olaboro Gershon , Marquardt Ronald R. , Campbell Lloyd D. , Fröhlich Andrzej A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn egg‐weight‐depressing factor in fababeans was isolated in pure form from a white precipitate which had been shown in a previous study, to contain a concentrated form of this factor. The analytically pure compound was obtained in colourless, needle crystals. Its melting point was 242‐244°C, it contained 17.4% nitrogen but did not react with ninhydrin. The spectra had adsorption maxima at 274, 276 and 269 nm in acidic, neutral, and alkaline solutions, respectively. These and other properties were identical to those of vicine [2,6‐diamino‐4,5‐dihydroxy pyrimidine,5‐(β‐D‐glucopyrano‐side)] a compound known to be present in fababeans. Vicine and convicine [2,4,5‐trihydroxy, 6‐aminopyrimidine,5‐(β‐D‐glucopyranoside)]; compounds having similar chemical and probably physiological activity, were resolved on a cation‐exchange column and were detected by monitoring at 280 nm. Quantitative results obtained with the procedure was shown to be similar to those obtained with two other procedures. This method, however, was superior to other methods as it gave individual values for both vicine and convicine rather than a composite value; sample preparation was simple and the method could readily be adapted to automatic analysis.
Studies on black gram (Vigna mungo) trypsin inhibitor
Authors: Kamalakannan Vedhachalam , Sathyamoorthy Arcot Venugopal , Motlag Dinkar Bhagwant 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe trypsin inhibitor fraction from black gram was isolated by ammonium sulphate fractionation (0‐75%). It exerted maximum inhibition on trypsin and to a less extent on the endopeptidases, chymotrypsin, papain, pronase and pepsin in vitro, In‐vitro digestibility of the raw black gram was found to be lower than autoclaved black gram and autoclaved black gram supplemented with native black gram trypsin inhibitor. Haemagglutinating activity was absent in the black gram extract as well as in the black gram trypsin inhibitor fractions. During the last 48 h of germination there was a steep decline in trypsin inhibitory activity and an increase was observed later. Trypsin inhibitory activity was greater in the leaves than the cotyledons during the fourth, fifth and sixth days of germination.
A third β‐Gliadin from Cappelle‐Desprez wheat
Authors: Ewart John A. D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA third β‐gliadin has been isolated from Cappelle‐Desprez wheat. It is the middle member of a triplet of almost equally spaced bands that appears on starch‐gel electro‐phoresis. Surprisingly, it has no very close affinity with the fastest of these three bands. Although conforming to the amino acid composition expected in gliadins, the content of (His + Arg) is four less than in the fastest component, but the small molecular weight of only 27 000 compensates for this, so that the mobility at acid pH is only a little less than that of its faster companion. The protein appears to be single‐chain and free from SH groups and carbohydrate. Of the (Glx+Asx) content, 96% is amidated. Published analyses of β‐gliadins have been calculated to the same basis and compared.
The effect of emulsifiers, sugar, shortening and soya flour on the staling of barbari flat bread
Authors: Maleki Morteza , Vetter James L. , Hoover William J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA standard method has been developed to bake barbari flat‐type bread. Instron was used to measure the hardness of the crumb of bread samples as a criterion of staling. Different combinations of emulsifiers, sugar, shortening and soya flour were added to the formula of barbari bread to find their effect on the retardation of hardness. Addition of soya flour increased the loaf weight but decreased its total organoleptic score. Added amounts of different additives tried in this experiment improved the hardness approximately to the same level. The best result was obtained by the addition of sodium stearoyl‐2‐lactylate and shortening.
The evaluation of liquefied de‐oiled herring silage in diets for growing pigs: Feeding trials
Authors: Hillyer G. Michael , Peers David G. , Macandrew Alister 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPens of pigs grown from 30 to 60 kg liveweight (LW) and 30 to 90 kg LW in separate experiments were fed diets containing either 75 or 150 kg t−1 dietary dry matter of de‐oiled herring offal silage stored for up to 8 weeks, and their performance compared with pens of pigs fed control diets based on soya bean meal formulated to contain equivalent levels of total lysine. All pens of pigs were rationed on the same time‐based scale of feeding. Pigs in both weight ranges fed herring silage diets grew significantly faster than the control pigs; in the 30–60 kg LW range growth rates were 687 and 529 g day−1 (P<0.01) and in the 30–90 kg LW range, 670 and 588 g day−1 (P= 0.05), respectively. The mean feed: gain ratio was also better with pigs fed the herring silage diets. No significant differences were found between treatment and control pigs slaughtered at either 60 or 90 kg LW for back fat probe measurements or killingout percentage. No pigs were down graded by the Meat and Livestock Commission carcass quality classification.
The evaluation of liquid de‐oiled herring silage in diets for growing pigs: Palatability studies
Authors: Parry Doreen A. , Hillyer G. Michael , Fraser James C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTriangle tests were used to detect possible differences in the aroma of subcutaneous fat of growing pigs receiving de‐oiled herring offal silage as a protein supplement at high (HS) and medium (MS) levels, i.e. at levels of 150 and 75 kg t−1 dry matter (DM), when compared with samples from matched controls. Tests were carried out on samples from pigs slaughtered at 60 and 90 kg. Statistically significant differences in the aroma of subcutaneous fat were detected at both feeding levels (HS and MS) and at each slaughter weight (60 and 90 kg). Correct identification of the odd samples was 60% in pigs slaughtered at 60 kg at both feeding levels. At 90 kg slaughter weight, there were 56 and 76% correct identifications at HS and MS levels, respectively. Paired Comparison (Preference) tests were used to determine if such differences were associated with flavour defects and consequent loss of palatability. Roasted pork joints and pork/rusk loaves from HS and MS pigs were compared with matched controls (HC and MC). As a result of these tests it was concluded that detectable differences from controls in aroma of subcutaneous fat in samples from HS and MS pigs were not associated with alteration in consumer preference for cooked meats. There was no evidence of taint in meats from either HS or MS groups.
The effect of a cellulase preparation derived from Trichoderma viride on the chemical changes during the ensilage of grass, lucerne and clover
Authors: Henderson Annie R. , McDonald Peter , Anderson David 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPerennial ryegrass, lucerne and clover were each treated with formic acid (4.5 litre t−1 crop) and a commercial cellulase preparation derived from Trichoderma viride (4 g kg−1) and ensiled in triplicate in test‐tube silos, capacity 80 g. The crops were minced, finely chopped or coarsely chopped before ensiling and the test‐tubes were held at 0, 15, 35 or 50°C. All the silages were well preserved and the grass silages, with and without cellulase treatment, contained residual water‐soluble carbohydrates. Treatment with the cellulase preparation resulted in more cellulose being hydrolysed in the grass silages than in the legume silages. The greatest losses of cellulose in each crop occurred in the minced silages held at 15 and 35°C.
Effect of season upon 5α‐androst‐16‐en‐3‐one (boar taint) concentrations in the subcutaneous fat of commercial weight boars
Authors: Patterson Ronald L. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe concentration of androstenone in the subcutaneous fat of commercial weight boars has been studied at two seasons of the year, one coincident with the natural mating period of the wild pig and the other 6 months later. Significant differences due to breed, season and rearing conditions were not sufficiently large to be of commercial importance. Boars raised mixed with gilts tended to have lower levels of androstenone than those raised with other boars, and the low level of male‐female interaction observed during growth seemed unlikely to effect adversely the flavour quality of meat from boars at any time of year.
Comparative digestibility of carbohydrates of microbial products and their metabolisable energy values in chicks and rats
Authors: Longe O. Grace , Norton Grenville , Lewis Dyfed 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe digestibility of the carbohydrate components and the metabolisable energy (ME) values of two yeasts grown on hydrocarbon (BPG and BPL yeasts) and a filamentous fungus grown on carbohydrate waste (RHM fungus) have been investigated in rats and chicks. The microbial products were included at three different levels. Mannan, and chicks, and glycogen have been shown to be the major constituent polysaccharides of these microbial products. Glycogen in the three samples tested was found to be completely digested by both animals. Mannan, β‐glucan and chitin were less digestible and their utilisation varied according to the level of inclusion in the diet. The difference in the ability of the animals to digest the cell wall carbohydrates or to metabolise the gross energy from the test ingredients was significant (P 0.001). Rats digested up to 68.1 % chitin, 47.4% β‐glucan and 41.8% mannan but the highest value obtained for chicks was 12.9% for mannan. Chitin had the lowest digestibility in chicks varying between 0.7 and 2.9%, whilst values for β‐glucan were between 3.3 and 11.7%. Uncorrected ME values for BPG yeast, BPL yeast and RHM fungus, respectively, were 13 617, 13 190 and 12 194 kJ kg−1 dry matter for chicks and 16 380, 15 903 and 14 107 kJ kg−1 DM for rats. Correction of these values to zero nitrogen retention lowered the values by about 18% in chicks and 8 % in rats. Adjusting the values to 30 and 50% nitrogen retention for rats and chicks, respectively, resulted in values which were very close to uncorrected values.
Extraction of nitrogenous material from winged bean [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC] flour and the preparation and properties of protein isolates
Authors: Dench Jane E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe extractability of nitrogenous material from the seeds of 12 winged bean accessions has been investigated. Little variation in nitrogen content and extractability in water or salt solution was obtained, although decortication considerably reduced the levels of extraction. The effect of three oil extraction procedures on the extractability of nitrogenous material at different pH values is reported. Protein isolates were prepared and simple laboratory tests were used to evaluate their functional properties. The prepared winged bean isolates possessed very low bulk densities and high fat absorption values and the relationship between these factors was investigated further. Winged bean isolates showed high (100%) nitrogen dispersibilities and were able to form heat‐stable emulsions. They did not form gels under the conditions used except in the presence of CaCl2. Isolates prepared from unheated winged bean flour formed stiff but unstable foams. The relationship between the oil extraction procedure and isolate yield, purity and functional properties is discussed.
Identification of hexaploid wheat cultivars based on isozyme patterns
Authors: Salinas Julio , de la Vega Marcelino Perez , Benito Cesar 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe classification and identification of 38 wheat cultivars of Triticum aestivum L. and one cultivar of Triticum spelta L. have been carried out using polyacrylamide and starch gel electrophoresis. The analyses were carried out using different parts of dry kernels, specifically embryo plus scutellum, endosperm and 15‐day‐old seedling leaves. The isozymic systems studied were: peroxidases, malic dehydrogenase, alcohol dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatase in dry kernels; α‐amylases in germinating kernel endosperms and phospho‐glucose mutase and isomerase, esterases, leucin‐aminopeptidase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, malic dehydrogenase and peroxidases in 15‐day‐old seedling leaves. Not all the cultivars could be identified. One group had three cultivars, five groups had two cultivars, and 26 groups had only one cultivar. The classification obtained using the isozymic patterns and the similarity indexes did not show a clear relation to the ancestor‐descendant relationships among related cultivars.
Retention of nitrogen from ground barley grain supplemented with lucerne or barley leaf juice in long‐term balance experiments conducted with rats
Authors: Hanczakowski Piotr , Hanczakowska Ewa , Skraba Bogumila 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe biological value (BV) and true digestibility of lucerne and barley juice protein mixed with ground barley grain were estimated using the Thomas‐Mitchell balance method with rats. The BV with forage barley juice protein was similar to that of barley grain protein alone and was not improved by any of the applied treatments. The BV with lucerne juice protein was lower and was improved by separating the ‘brown juice’ after heat coagulation. Better results were obtained in a group fed diets with lowered levels of potassium and calcium which suggested an imbalance in the mineral content of lucerne juice; there was no difference in water consumption. The haemoglobin content of the blood of rats fed lucerne or barley juice alone was lower than that of animals fed plant juice/barley grain mixtures. No pathological lesions were observed in the guts, kidneys and livers of the rats.
The ammoniation of agricultural residues
Authors: Hamad Mohamed A. , El‐Saied Houssni 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAgricultural residues, including sugar cane bagasse, maize stalks, rice straw and rice hulls, were ammoniated at high temperature and pressure. Products containing more than 2% fixed nitrogen were obtained. The highest level of nitrogen was found after ammoniation of sugar cane bagasse. Maize stalks, rice straw and rice hulls contained decreasing amounts. The level of ammoniation achieved was related to the pentosan content of the residue used.
Natural plant enzyme inhibitors. Purification and properties of an amylase inhibitor from yam (Dioscorea alata)
Authors: Sharma K. Krishna , Pattabiraman Thillaisthanam N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA high‐molecular‐weight α‐amylase inhibitor has been isolated from mature tubers of Dioscorea alata by extraction with 0.02M acetate buffer (pH 5.0), negative absorption on CM‐cellulose and ultracentrifuging. The inhibitor was fairly heat stable and was active against human salivary, human pancreatic and pig pancreatic amylases. The inhibitor had no action on Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus oryzae amylases. Trypsin and α‐chymotrypsin inactivated the inhibitor. Pre‐incubation of the inhibitor with starch or concanavalin A resulted in complete abolition of its activity. Chemical modification of the amino groups with trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid led to loss of activity. The inhibitor was found to be a glycoprotein with 64% carbohydrate. The monosaccharide units present were glucose, mannose and galactose in a molar ratio of 5.5:3.8:1.
Nutritional value and mineral contents of Chrysophyllum albidum Fruit
Authors: Nwadinigwe Chukwuemeka A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe mineral content and nutritional value of Chrysophyllum albidum fruit has been studied. Fresh fruit samples, both untreated and treated with 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, were investigated. Analyses for moisture, ash, crude fibre, oil, protein, starch, sugar, ascorbic acid, and mineral elements contents in the edible portions of each sample showed that both samples retained their freshness equally. The mineral elements present (K, P, S, Ca, Mg, Fe, Al and Zn) and the crude fibre also showed no significant difference between samples. The contribution of all of these minerals to the Recommended Dietary Allowance was quite significant.
Fate of sulphur compounds released from cellulose xanthate during its action as a soil conditioner
Authors: Page E. Ronald , Gerwitz Anthony 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe distribution of the sulphur‐containing compounds released from cellulose xanthate after its application to soil has been investigated by laboratory experiments using 35S‐labelled cellulose xanthate. It was shown that more than half of the sulphur contained in cellulose xanthate applied to soil was dispersed into the atmosphere, presumably as carbon disulphide. This release occurred rapidly during the first few hours and was virtually complete within 48 h. About 25% of the sulphur added was water soluble, and was leached through the soil by simulated rain. About 20% of the sulphur added remained attached to the soil in an insoluble form, some of it acid resistant. Ageing the cellulose xanthate for up to 14 days at 20°C before application had only minor effects on this fractionation. It is unlikely that the use of cellulose xanthate as a soil conditioner would have any appreciably harmful or unpleasant side effects, or cause damage to the environment.
Protease inhibitor from barley embryo inhibiting trypsin and trypsin‐like microbial proteases. Purification and characterisation of two isoforms
Authors: Boisen Sigurd , Djurtoft Robert 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo isoforms of an embryonal inhibitor of serine proteases have been isolated from barley grains. Both forms strongly inhibit animal trypsins and the microbial trypsinlike protease in Pronase. Chymotrypsin is weakly inhibited, and no effect is observed on subtilisin. Grains of the high‐lysine barley mutant Risø 1508 contain about 0.35 mg inhibitor g−1 grain, which is 2–4 times more than in normal barley varieties. The two inhibitor forms were isolated from Risø 1508 barley by extraction with a 5 g litre−1 solution of sodium chloride acidified to pH 4.9, ammonium sulphate fractionation, anion exchange, cation exchange and gel filtration. The final preparations were homogeneous in electrophoretic analyses. The two isolated inhibitor forms are basic proteins with isoelectric points higher than pI 9 and molecular weights of about 16 000. There are only slight differences between the amino acid composition of the two forms, both being rich in cyst(e)ine, proline and basic amino acids. The properties of the two forms are very similar showing high stability to pepsin at pH 2, and to heat at 100°C, and having identical inhibitor properties against trypsin, Pronase and chymotrypsin. Both inhibitor forms have two active sites against trypsin and the trpysin‐like protease in Pronase, but apparently only one against chymotrypsin. The two purified barley inhibitor forms show immunochemical identities between themselves and with corresponding protease inhibitors from rye and wheat embryos.