bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survival of the lettuce anthracnose fungus (Microdochium panattonianum) in Victoria
Authors: GALEA V. J. , PRICE T. V. 
Published: April 2007

Soils from anthracnose‐infected lettuce fields at Keilor, Werribee South and La Trobe University caused lesions of Microdochium panattonianum to develop when inoculated on to lettuce leaves. Under field conditions conidia lost infectivity within 10 weeks in pasteurized and 6 weeks in non‐pasteurized Werribee South soil, 2 weeks in Keilor red and immediately in Keilor black non‐pasteurized soils. Soils remained infective for 18 weeks in non‐pasteurized and pasteurized Werribee South soils inoculated with conidia and for Hand 16 weeks respectively when the same soils were inoculated with infected leaf discs.In 1983 and 1984 M. panattonianum survived for 14 and 16 weeks respectively on infected Cos Verdi debris on the soil surface, for 10 and 20 weeks respectively on debris buried at 10 cm depth and for 70 and 58 weeks respectively on debris suspended in the air. The fungus survived for similar periods on infected Winterlake debris on the soil surface and buried at 10 cm depth. In soil the decline of infectivity was primarily influenced by duration of exposure and soil moisture, and in debris by duration of exposure and rainfall that occurred over the 2 weeks preceding each sample. The disease was not transmitted on seed produced on infected plants. Seedlings grown from healthy seed inoculated with conidia did not develop anthracnose after the seed had been stored for 24 days at 5 or 20°C. The significance of these results to the management of lettuce anthracnose in Victoria is discussed.
Fungitoxicity of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and PGR/fungicide mixtures in soak treatments to Septoria apiicola pycnidiospores
Authors: GOTT KATHLEEN A. , MAUDE R. B. , THOMAS T. H. 
Published: April 2007

Mixtures of the plant growth regulators (PGRs) gibberellins A4 and A7 (GA 4/7) and ethephon (2‐chloroethylphosphonic acid), applied as soak treatments at 20° C for 24 h, were toxic to pycnidiospores of Septoria apiicola on agar, apparently as a result of low pH of their solutions. Ultraviolet spectroscopy showed that the aqueous solubility of the fungicides benomyl and carbendazim increased significantly when buffered at low pH or mixed with aqueous solutions of GA 4/7 and ethephon. This resulted in greater quantities of 14C‐labelled fungicides entering celery seeds imbibed in PGR/fungicide mixtures in comparison with fungicides alone.A 24‐h seed soak at 20° C in a mixture of aqueous benomyl, GA 4/7 and ethephon eliminated S. apiicola in infected celery seeds. A thiram soak was also effective but PGR mixtures alone did not completely eliminate the pathogen.
The relative importance of Colletotrichum musae as a crown‐rot pathogen on Windward Island bananas
Authors: FINLAY A. R. , BROWN A. E. 
Published: April 2007

Low numbers of conidia of Colletotrichum musae (10–50) applied directly to the surface of freshly cut banana crowns caused extensive rot development. At least 20 times more conidia of Fusarium pallidoroseum were required to cause comparable levels of crown rot. Examination of the relative pathogenicity of the major fungal species involved in development of crown rot, C. musae, F. pallidoroseum, Fusarium moniliforme, F. moniliforme var. subglutinans, and Botryodiplodia theobromae, using a standard inoculum of 2 × 103 conidia per crown, showed C. musae to be the most aggressive species. C. musae produced a distinctive soft, dry fibrous rot while the fruit was still green, and on ripening further rotting, softening and blackening of crown tissues occurred. The other crown‐rot pathogens tested did not rot green fruit.Fruit inoculated with C. musae and held for 0, 1, 2 and 3 days at ambient temperature before ripening sustained increasingly more severe crown rot. C. musae was isolated with increasing frequency from rotting tissue the longer the period under ambient conditions. Crowns which had been inoculated with F. pallidoroseum and held for a comparable period did not display such extensive rot development although the pathogen was very frequently isolated from the tissue.
Biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria brassicicola on Dutch white cabbage by bacterial antagonists at cold‐store temperatures
Authors: LEIFERT C. , SIGEE D. C. , STANLEY R. , KNIGHT C. , EPTON H. A. S. 
Published: April 2007

Bacterial antagonists against Botrytis cinerea were isolated from different Brassica spp. and identified. All isolates showing in vitro antagonism at 4°C were shown to be either fluorescent pseudomonads or Serratia spp. In vitro antagonism against B. cinerea and Alternaria brassicicola was found to depend on the temperature and concentration of nutrients in the medium.Bacterial strains which showed in vitro antagonism were tested for in vivo antagonism at 4°C against B. cinerea and A. brassicicola using a leaf disc bioassay. Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates CL42, CL66, CL82 and Serratia plymuthica strain CL43 showed inhibition of Botrytis growth on leaf discs; P. fluorescens isolate CL74 and all Serratia liquefaciens isolates exhibited intermediate control. All other fluorescent pseudomonad isolates showed poor control or caused rotting of the cabbage tissue.
Clostero‐like particles associated with a yellows disease of melons in South‐eastern Spain
Authors: JORDÁ‐GUTIÉRREZ C. , GÓMEZ‐GUILLAMÓN M. L. , JUÁREZ M. , ALFARO‐GARCÍA A. 
Published: April 2007

Melon yellows disease is a new disease of melon which has become very important in several areas of protected melon crops in the south‐east of Spain. It is spreading to other regions of the Mediterranean Coast. On first studies a viral agent was suspected; however, there were no experimental data to support such a hypothesis. In 1988 it was demonstrated that the disease was transmitted by Trialeurodes vaporariorum.The disease was found to be associated with the presence of long flexuous viral particles typical of Closterovirus Group II. A preliminary method for purification of the virus has been developed and an antiserum has been prepared.
Phage sensitivity in relation to pathogenicity and virulence of the cotton bacterial blight pathogen of Sudan
Authors: FREIGOUN S. O. , EL FAKI H. I. , GELIE B. , SCHIRMER M. , LEMATTRE M. 
Published: April 2007

At least two pathotypes of Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum are now known to exist in Sudan. The pre‐Barakat (race 1) and post‐Barakat (race 2) pathogens have been shown to exhibit different host specificity. The former is pathogenic and highly aggressive on only cultivars with no resistance genes or with the B2 and/or B3 resistance factors, while the latter can infect the B6 cultivars also. Race 2 in Sudan, which was previously reported to infect all the standard differentials, produced milder angular leaf spot symptoms and occasionally restricted vein infection. Moreover, it exhibited reduced growth in planta compared with race 1.Bacteriophage studies revealed that the two races are quite distinct in their phage sensitivity. Race 1 can be lysed by only three, or rarely four, of the six phages used for typing, while race 2 is sensitive to all of them. The present study suggests that phage 7 may be the type‐determining phage for race 2. Race 2 strain mutants resistant to phage 3 or 4 were found to be sensitive to phage 7 and pathogenic to both Acala and Barakat, although showing marked attenuation of virulence. However, mutants resistant to phage 2 or 7 were insensitive to all the phages and although they retained their pathogenicity to Acala, they either lost the ability to infect Barakat or produced a hypersensitive reaction. The resistance of all mutants was found to be due to failure to adsorb the homologous phage, indicating a change in the cell wall. The association of this with the attenuation of virulence suggests that bacterial wall components may function as virulence determinants in Xanthomonas campestris pv. malvacearum.
The occurrence of thiabendazole‐resistant isolates of Polyscytalum pustulans and Helminthosporium solani on seed potato tubers in relation to fungicide treatment and storage
Authors: CARNEGIE S. F. , CAMERON A. M. , HIDE G. A. , HALL S. M. 
Published: April 2007

Tubers infected with thiabendazole‐sensitive isolates of Polyscytalum pustulans and Helminthosporium solani were treated annually for 4 years with benomyl, thiabendazole or a formulated mixture of thiabendazole and imazalil, and grown at three farms in Scotland. The proportion of thiabendazole‐resistant isolates of H. solani increased, and isolates producing black colonies became more common with successive annual applications of thiabendazole or benomyl. Silver scurf was not reduced after three annual applications. When these fungicides were applied once to untreated seed the incidence of resistant isolates of H. solani was much less in 1988 than in 1991 when tubers had been grown on farms for 3 years from untreated seed.The proportion of resistant isolates of P. pustulans increased with the number of successive applications of thiabendazole or benomyl but at differing rates on each farm. At one farm, skin spot was not reduced by three annual applications of these fungicides whereas at the other farms it was reduced by 90–100% by four annual applications.A smaller proportion of resistant isolates of P. pustulans and H. solani was obtained after applying the mixture of thiabendazole and imazalil than after benomyl or thiabendazole alone. Their occurrence was not related to the number of fungicide applications. The mixture also reduced both diseases by more than 75% over the 4 years.At one farm where resistant isolates of H. solani were present, tubers were infected when stored on trays but not when stored in bags.
The relationship between wheat yield and stripe rust as affected by length of epidemic and temperature at the grain development stage of crop growth
Authors: MURRAY G. M. , ELLISON P. J. , WATSON A. , CULLIS B. R. 
Published: April 2007

Stripe (yellow) rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. was associated with mean losses of up to 84% in the yield of wheat in southern New South Wales, Australia, between 1984 and 1987. Yield loss became smaller in cultivars with increasing levels of resistance in adult plant reaction and did not appear in cultivars with seedling susceptibility and moderate or better adult plant reaction levels in the 3 years when epidemics began after emergence of the flag leaf. However, in 1984 the stripe rust epidemic began during stem elongation, and yield losses of up to 21% occurred in cultivars with seedling susceptibility and a moderate or better adult plant reaction.Yield was significantly negatively correlated with the proportion of leaf area affected by stripe rust at stages of crop development from the end of heading to late milk. The correlation was greatest at the early milk stage of growth where the relationship was logarithmic. Two factors significantly influenced this relationship. Yield loss increased as the length of the epidemic increased, and decreased as temperature increased during grain development. The relationship that was developed for predicting yield loss accounted for 80‐5% of the variance across all experiments, and was: y= 100(1‐e10‐4×(393+165 L‐141T))where y= yield loss (%); X= stripe rust (leaf area affected, range 0‐99%) at early milk; L= time from 1% disease to early milk (range 0‐70 days); and T= mean daily maximum temperature from 7 days before to 14 days after early milk (range 198‐27.5°C).
Pathogen‐associated molecular pattern recognition rather than development of tissue necrosis contributes to bacterial induction of systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis
Authors: Mishina Tatiana E. , Zeier Jürgen 
Published: April 2007

SummarySystemic acquired resistance (SAR) is usually described as a phenomenon whereby localized inoculation with a necrotizing pathogen renders a plant more resistant to subsequent pathogen infection. Here we show that Pseudomonas syringae strains for which Arabidopsis thaliana represents a non‐host plant systemically elevate resistance although the underlying interactions neither trigger a hypersensitive response nor cause necrotic disease symptoms. A similar enhancement of systemic resistance was observed when elicitor‐active preparations of two typical bacterial pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), flagellin and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), were applied in a localized manner. Several lines of evidence indicate that the observed systemic resistance responses are identical to SAR. Localized applications of non‐adapted bacteria, flagellin or LPS elevate levels of the SAR regulatory metabolite salicylic acid (SA) and pathogenesis‐related (PR) gene expression not only in treated but also in distant leaves. All treatments also systemically increase expression of the SAR marker gene FLAVIN‐DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE 1. Further, a whole set of SAR‐deficient Arabidopsis lines, including mutants in SA biosynthesis and signalling, are impaired in establishing the systemic resistance response triggered by non‐host bacteria or PAMPs. We also show that the magnitude of defence reactions such as SA accumulation, PR gene expression or camalexin accumulation induced at sites of virulent or avirulent P. syringae inoculation but not the extent of tissue necrosis during these interactions determines the extent of SAR in distant leaves. Our data indicate that PAMPs significantly contribute to SAR initiation in Arabidopsis and that tissue necroses at inoculation sites are dispensable for SAR activation.
Two case reports of oral ulcers with lamotrigine several weeks after oxcarbazepine withdrawal
Authors: O'Neill Amy , De Leon Jose 
Published: April 2007

Objective:  To report two cases of mouth ulcers in lamotrigine patients after oxcarbazepine withdrawal.Patients and methods:  The first patient was a 35‐year‐old woman with bipolar disorder II (BD II) started on lamotrigine and tapered off oxcarbazepine while an inpatient. The second patient was a 36‐year‐old man with BD II. He was discharged on lamotrigine and oxcarbazepine with the recommendation of a slow withdrawal of oxcarbazepine.Results:  Many weeks after hospital discharge and after a stable lamotrigine dose had been established, both patients developed painful mouth ulcers that were diagnosed during outpatient visits. The first patient developed ulcers 39 days after oxcarbazepine was stopped and the ulcers resolved 4 days after lamotrigine discontinuation. The second patient was taking 1200 mg/day of oxcarbazepine and after leaving hospital decreased this to 600 mg/day. Twenty‐two days after the oxcarbazepine decrease, he developed oral ulcers that resolved with oxcarbazepine and lamotrigine discontinuation.Conclusions:  Lamotrigine is mainly metabolized by glucuronidation, specifically by the uridine 5′‐diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases 1A4 (UGT1A4). Carbamazepine is a UGT1A4 inducer. These two cases suggest that oxcarbazepine may also induce lamotrigine metabolism. The discontinuation or dosage decrease of carbamazepine or oxcarbazepine may be associated with a slow increase of lamotrigine levels over several weeks and thus increase risk of lamotrigine toxicity that may manifest as oral ulcers. Hospital psychiatrists need to be aware that discontinuation of inducers may take several weeks to manifest as side effects.
Sensorimotor gating in manic and mixed episode bipolar disorder
Authors: Carroll Christine A , Vohs Jenifer L , O'Donnell Brian F , Shekhar Anantha , Hetrick William P 
Published: April 2007

Objectives:  Few studies have examined acoustic startle sensorimotor gating in bipolar disorder (BPD) despite the fact that patients with BPD have exhibited inhibitory dysfunctions on a variety of early information processing tasks. The present study aimed to expand the current literature through the investigation of electromyographic (EMG) measures of acoustic startle prepulse inhibition (PPI) in manic and mixed episode BPD.Methods:  Fourteen manic and 21 mixed episode BPD patients were compared to 32 healthy controls on acoustic startle measures of PPI using a 120‐ms lead interval.Results:  Prepulse inhibition did not significantly differ across diagnostic groups (manic, mixed, control), and the presence of psychosis in the patient sample was not significantly related to PPI levels. With respect to startle response characteristics, patients in the mixed phase of the disorder showed prolonged prepulsed startle latency and attenuated responses to both probe‐alone and prepulsed probes, though no differences in startle habituation were found across diagnostic groups.Conclusions:  Although PPI deficits were not observed in either BPD sub‐group, attenuated probe‐alone and prepulsed startle magnitudes and reduced prepulse‐induced latency facilitation in the mixed episode group is consistent with evidence that the mixed phase of BPD is associated with a more severe clinical outlook than other stages of the disorder. The absence of attenuated PPI in the patient sample may be due to the low incidence of psychosis in the BPD groups, though further studies are required to systematically assess the effects of symptom factors and clinical phase on sensorimotor gating in BPD.
Lithium normalizes elevated intracellular sodium
Authors: Huang Xian , Lei Zhenmin , El‐Mallakh Rif S 
Published: April 2007

Background:  Both mania and bipolar depression are characterized by elevations of intracellular sodium concentrations. This observation has been purported to be central to the pathophysiology of abnormal moods in bipolar illness. Reduction of sodium influx is a proposed shared mechanism of action of effective mood stabilizers, but direct documentation of this effect for lithium has never been demonstrated.Methods:  Flame spectroscopic determinations of intracellular sodium concentration were performed in the human glioma cell line, LN292, after treatment with the sodium pump inhibitor, ouabain, and co‐treatment with ouabain and lithium.Results:  Ouabain 0.1 μM doubles the intracellular sodium concentration after 3 days. Pretreatment with lithium 1 mM for 1 week normalizes intracellular sodium.Conclusion:  This is the first demonstration that lithium can normalize abnormally elevated intracellular sodium levels. This may be an important mechanism of lithium action.
Nutritional status of low‐birthweight ethnic minority infants in Backan province, Vietnam
Authors: HIEN NGUYEN THANH , USHIJIMA HIROSHI 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackground: Birthweight and length have been reported to be important determinants of infant growth and future nutritional status. The study aims to describe the weight and length growth patterns during the first year of life of low‐birthweight (LBW) ethnic minority infants in the mountainous province Backan, Vietnam.Methods: A total of 64 LBW and normal birthweight infants of ethnic minority mothers were recruited from 2001 to 2002 into a prospective cohort study. The weight and length of infants were measured monthly for 1 year. Data on nutritional status and feeding practices of the infants were collected from monthly health records and face‐to‐face interviews with mothers while their infants were 6 and 12 months of age.Results: Most of the increase in weight, length and catch‐up to the 10th percentile for LBW infants occurred during the first 3 and 6 months for boys and for girls, respectively. After these ages, the mean weight and length diverged from National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) reference curves to below the 10th percentile. LBW infants’ weight‐for‐age z‐scores was below the NCHS standard at birth (−2.16 SD), caught up after birth, became sustainable by 4 months, fell rapidly from the sixth month, then decreased to −2 SD at 12 months of age. LBW infants’ length‐for‐age z‐scores increased in the first month after birth, decreased in the second month and sharply increased again until 5 months of age before decreasing.Conclusions: For LBW infants, it is difficult to achieve the same weight or length curves at 12 months of age as the NCHS standard.
Immune concept of human papillomaviruses and related antigens in local cancer milieu of human cervical neoplasia
Authors: Sheu Bor‐Ching , Chang Wen‐Chun , Lin Ho‐Hsiung , Chow Song‐Nan , Huang Su‐Cheng 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIt is presently the right time for clarifying human papillomavirus (HPV)‐associated cellular immunity and clinical implications before global HPV vaccination programs begin. Infection with oncogenic HPV associates with the progression of cervical neoplasia. Both cellular and humoral immune responses are essential for the clearance of HPV‐associated cervical lesions. There is increasing evidence that the immune system plays a pivotal role in determining the outcome of HPV infection. Viruses and associated neoplastic cells are proposed to have evolved mechanisms to avoid immune attack. T‐cell‐mediated immune responses against oncogenic HPV are believed to play a central role in cervical carcinogenesis. The presence of HPV‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in a majority of human cervical cancer patients provides an approach for further study of their functional role in modulating this malignancy. Tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) develop as manifestations of the recognition and defense against malignant cells by the host immune system. Cancer cells may overcome immune surveillance, either by downregulating the proliferation of HPV‐specific CTL, or altering the effector compositions of immune cells against HPV infections. TIL in the tumor microenvironment can be functionally inhibited and lose the ability of clonal proliferation as a result of depressed expression of IL‐2Rα. The upregulation of inhibitory signaling relates to the modulation of the virus‐ and/or tumor‐specific immune responses. Alteration of host genetic susceptibility may also lead to abnormal immune response as a general genomic instability resulting from virus persistence. Induction of HPV‐specific immune responses is anticipated as an intimate point for the treatment of cervical neoplasia.
Synchronous rectal and colon cancer caused by familial polyposis coli during pregnancy
Authors: Lolis Evangelos D. , Likoudis Paulos , Voiniadis Panagiotis , Hassiakos Dimitrios , Samanides Lazaros 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe management of colon and rectal cancer during pregnancy is controversial and challenging. Rectal or colon cancer during pregnancy is a very rare event. A 29‐year‐old woman, pregnant with her second child, was diagnosed with rectal cancer causing bowel obstruction and synchronous colon cancer during the 27th week of gestation. Both cancers occurred as a result of familial polyposis. This is the first case of synchronous rectal and colon cancer caused by familial polyposis during pregnancy reported in the published literature. We discuss the therapeutic interventions and the surgical management of the cancer in relation to the gestation.
Census Data Issues for Epidemiology and Health Risk Assessment: Experiences from the Small Area Health Statistics Unit
Authors: Briggs David , Fecht Daniela , De Hoogh Kees 
Published: April 2007

SummaryCensus data are vital components of epidemiological studies, but the issues that are involved in using these data in such studies are often not fully appreciated. The paper describes some of the problems and uncertainties that arise, and some of the approaches that can be used to address them, based on experience in the Small Area Health Statistics Unit at Imperial College London. Issues considered include the geography of census data (zone design systems, recasting and the role of postcodes), temporal aspects of census data (especially in relation to migration and population change) and information content (especially in relation to characterization of socio-economic status). In the light of these issues, opportunities to improve the resolution and utility of census data for epidemiological studies are discussed.