bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Solid and EC Chlorpyrifos Formulations for the Control of Chironomid Larvae (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Establishing Rice Crops
Authors: STEVENS M. M. , KORTH W. , WARREN G. N. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTTwo solid chlorpyrifos formulations, a 15% w/w clay‐based granule (Lorsban® 15G) and a starch‐based 12% w/w pellet (Crop Care formulation G01S23), were evaluated for control of chironomid larvae in establishing rice crops. Both formulations were evaluated at 144 and 228 g a.i./ha, and compared to a standard 75 g a.i./ha emulsifiable concentrate (EC) chlorpyrifos treatment. Neither of the solid formulations provided substantially better control than the EC treatment at the rates examined. The EC formulation reduced Chironominae by 26% and other chironomids (predominantly Tanypodinae) by 94% over the 34‐d trial period. Lorsban® 15G reduced Chironominae by between 24 and 30%. and other chironomids by 94 to 99%, whilst the starch‐based formulation led to an increase of between 13 and 25% in Chironominae and a reduction of between 60 and 78% in other chironomids. GC/MS analysis of water samples showed that chlorpyrifos levels resulting from the EC formulation dropped rapidly after application, but remained above detection limits (0.05 μg/L) for at least 18 d. Water chlorpyrifos levels resulting from the starch‐based formulation fell below detection limits 7‐10 d after application at both rates, whilst levels from the clay‐based treatment remained above 0.1 μg/L for at least 18 d post‐treatment. Detection of high levels of chlorpyrifos in the water column shortly after application of the EC formulation supported results of water sample bioassays against Chironomus tepperi larvae, however bioassays tended to underestimate total chlorpyrifos concentrations when correlated to a laboratory‐derived LG90 value.
Oothecal structure and male genitalia of the Geoscapheinae and some Australian Panaesthia Serville (Blattodea: Blaberidae)
Authors: Walker JA , Rose HA 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOothecal structure and male genitalia of Geoscapheinae and some species of Australian Panaesthia are examined and discussed. Within Geoscapheinae two forms of oviposition behaviour exist. the first is similar to that of Panaesthia where a double row of eggs is partially enclosed in a thin membrane. the second form consists of a loosely appressed mass of eggs without a membrane. In both forms eggs are stored in an internal brood sac. Male genitalia within Panaesthia is relatively conservative, showing little interspecific variation; however, not all species possess the L2d phallomere. Among Geoscapheinae, male genitalia vary greatly from almost a full complement to nearly a complete absence of blaberid phallomeres. Some Geoscapheinae exhibit intraspecific variation of the L1 and R2 phallomeres.
Thermophilia in a tropical Australian ant of the Melophorus aeneovirens (Lowne) species‐group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Hoffmann Benjamin D 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObservations were made on the activity of three colonies of a Melophorus species of the aeneovirens species‐group in woodland at Black Jungle, near Darwin in the monsoonal tropics of the Northern Territory. Melophorus aeneovirens displays thermophilic behaviour typical of the genus. Colony activity rates and duration varied between colonies in relation to the microclimatic conditions of the nests. the lowest nest mound temperature at which activity was initiated was 35.2°C; the highest was 45.3°C. Foraging (leaving the nest) did not occur below a threshold of 38°C. Activity levels peaked at around midday. Cessation of activity in the afternoon corresponded with temperatures between 38.3°C and 42.8°C. Activity levels differed between minor and major workers, with the latter most active prior to 10.00 h and the minors most active during the remaining hours of the day. the activity of a single colony of M. aeneovirens was strongly negatively correlated to the activity of the behaviourally dominant ant Iridomyrmex sanguineus. the average foraging time of M. aeneovirens workers was 11 min, the mean furthest displacement from the colony was 9 m and the furthest, 25 m. Melophorus aeneovirens differed from arid and semi‐arid congeners in having year‐round activity, lower initial activity levels, less random and slower foraging, and in not exploiting thermal refugia.
Voracity of larvae, rate of development in eggs, larvae and pupae, and flight seasons of adults of the hoverflies Melangyna viridiceps Macquart and Symosyrphus grandicornis Macquart (Diptera: Syrphidae)
Authors: Soleyman‐Nezhadiyan E , Laughlin Roger 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe voracity of larvae of Melangyna viridiceps and Symosyrphus grandicornis fed on the rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosae (L.), was measured at 10, 15 and 20°C. Over the three larval instars, a lifetime total of about 300 aphids (third‐instar equivalents) was consumed for a weight gain of 20 mg. Lifetime consumption was greater at lower temperatures. At 20°C, the third‐instar larva ate about 80% of the total, although this instar accounted for only 50% of larval development time. Melangyna viridiceps consumed more aphids than Symosyrphus grandicornis at 10 and 15°C. Development of eggs, larvae and pupae of both species was studied at constant temperatures of 4, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C. Although eggs hatched at 4°C, first‐instar larvae died at this temperature. A computer program (PMDS) was used to fit temperature/development functions for all stages. Linear, LoganTb, Stinner and exponential functions were fitted to the data. A day‐degree program, using the parameters given by PMDS and records of daily maximum‐minimum temperatures and data obtained from the field, suggested that the hoverflies might go through 10–13 generations per year in the field.
Associations between ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) andAdrianaGaudich. (Euphorbiaceae) in East Gippsland
Authors: Mackay DA , Whalen MA 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe consequences of ant attendance on plants with extranoral nectaries (EFN) belonging to the endemic Australian genusAdriana(Euphorbiaceae) were examined at two study sites in Gippsland, Victoria. Ants in seven genera were observed visiting nectaries across both sites and ants in four of these genera were also previously observed on the foliage ofAdrianaplants in Queensland and Western Australia. Following ant exclusions, numbers of insect herbivores (primarily flea beetles) exhibited a significant increase, although this was not reflected in an increase in foliar herbivory on experimental branches. Numbers of coccinellid beetles also increased on branches from which ants were excluded. the lack of a treatment effect on herbivory may reflect low herbivore densities on plants.
Host plants and their role in the ecology of the fruitspotting bugs Amblypelta nitida Stål and Amblypelta lutescens lutescens (Distant) (Hemiptera: Coreidae)
Authors: Waite GK , Huwer RK 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn expanded host list is given for Amblypelta nitida (fruitspotting bug) and Amblypelta lutescens lutescens (banana‐spotting bug) in Australia. These are compared with those extracted from the literature for Amblypelta cocophaga China, Amblypelta theobromae Brown, Amblypelta lutescens papuensis Brown, and Amblypelta brevicornis Brown. Despite many new additions to the list of known hosts for A. nitida and A. I. lutescens, Australian native plant species are relatively poorly represented. Rainforest species are thought to be important refugia and breeding hosts for the bugs since orchards located adjacent to such vegetation are often severely damaged. the broad host range of several Amblypelta spp. is discussed with respect to the bugs' pest status and the role of alternative hosts as breeding sites for fruitspotting bugs which migrate into commercial orchards.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF FATIGUE CRACK CLOSURE IN VACUUM
Authors: LAFARIE‐FRENOT M. C. , PETIT J. , GASC C. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Fatigue crack closure in air and vacuum was studied under constant amplitude loading in tension, on compact tension specimens of the aluminium alloy 7175. The experimental techniques used were: (1) the compliance method in air, and (2) the compliance method and the potential drop technique in vacuum.From the test results in vacuum a correspondence was established between the results obtained using the two different techniques which led us to propose a closure model.As R increases, crack closure decreases to attain a minimum value for R > Rc. The value of Rc depends on the specimen thickness and is greater in vacuum.Crack closure is more pronounced in vacuum than in air which can be partly associated with a larger plastic zone of greater work hardness.
THE EFFECT OF STRESS RATIO AND FREQUENCY ON FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH
Authors: MUSUVA J. K. , RADON J. C. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The influence of stress ratio and the loading frequency on fatigue crack growth rates in BS 4360–50C steel was investigated in laboratory air.Fatigue crack growth tests were performed on compact tension specimens (CTS) made in two thicknesses 12 and 24 mm. Tests were conducted at two frequencies of 0·25 and 30 Hz, applying a stress ratio R varying from – 0·7 to 0·7. The results were analysed using the linear elastic fracture mechanics approach. They showed that the increase in both positive and negative R caused increased fatigue crack growth rates. Also an empirical effective stress intensity factor range, ΔKeff, was found more appropriate to correlate the fatigue crack growth data than the ΔK factor frequently used in crack growth studies.The loading frequency had only a little influence on crack growth rates at low R. However, at high R, growth rates were significantly higher at lower frequencies. It is suggested that this frequency influence may be associated with environmental effects, due to the embrittlement caused by hydrogen from the moist air, while the crack was fully open.
Widespread capacity to metabolize polychlorinated biphenyls by diverse microbial communities in soils with no significant exposure to PCB contamination
Authors: Macedo Alexandre J. , Timmis Kenneth N. , Abraham Wolf‐Rainer 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe purpose of this work was to determine the extent of microbial metabolic potential for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soils that have had no previous exposure to this class of xenobiotic pollutants. Soil and sediment samples of distinct characteristics from six sites in Germany were used to inoculate PCB oil (Aroclor 1242) microdroplets. All samples yielded multispecies biofilms, as revealed by single‐strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analyses of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of 16S rRNA genes, and sequence analysis of the main amplicons. Microbes representing 20 different operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified in the biofilms, but only a few were common to all biofilms, namely those closely related to Aquabacterium sp., Caulobacter sp., Imtechium assamiensis, Nevskia ramosa, Parvibaculum lavamentivorans and Burkholderia sp. The PCB biofilm communities were always distinct from control biofilms developing from the same samples in the absence of PCB. All PCB droplet‐grown biofilms degraded multiple PCB congeners but differed in the congener spectra they degraded. These findings reveal that microbial potential to degrade PCBs is widespread in soils that have not been subjected to PCB contamination, and that this potential is characteristic of consortia of very diverse phylogenetic composition.
Interactive effect of retinopathy and macroalbuminuria on all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular and renal end points in Chinese patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Tong P. C. Y. , Kong A. P. , So W Y. , Yang X. , Ng M C. Y. , Ho C S. , Ma R C. W. , Ozaki R. , Ng V. , Chow C C. , Lam C W. K. , Chan J C. N. , Cockram C S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAims  To examine the effect of albuminuria and retinopathy on the risk of cardiovascular and renal events, and all‐cause mortality in patients with Type 2 diabetes.Methods  A post‐hoc analysis of 4416 Chinese patients without macrovascular complications at baseline (age 57.6 ± 13.3 years). Glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was estimated by the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group Formula, further adjusted for Chinese ethnicity. Clinical end points were all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular events (heart failure or angina, myocardial infarction, lower limb amputation, re‐vascularization procedures and stroke) and renal end points (reduction in eGFR by more than 50% or eGFR < 15 ml/min/1.73 m2 or death as a result of renal causes or need for dialysis).Results  Compared with individuals without complications, subjects with retinopathy and macroalbuminuria had higher rates of cardiovascular events (14.1 vs. 2.4%), renal events (40.0 vs. 0.8%) and death (9.3 vs. 1.7%, P < 0.001). For composite event of death, cardiovascular and renal events, the presence of retinopathy, microalbuminuria alone, macroalbuminuria alone, retinopathy with microalbuminuria or retinopathy with macroalbuminuria increased the risk [hazard ratio (95% CI)] by 1.61 (1.05 to 2.47; P = 0.04), 1.93 (1.38 to 2.69; P < 0.001), 4.34 (3.02 to 6.22; P < 0.001), 2.59 [1.76 to 3.81; P < 0.001) and 6.83 (4.89 to 9.55; P < 0.001) fold, respectively. The relative excess risk as a result of interaction between retinopathy and macroalbuminuria was 15.31, implying biological interaction in the development of renal events.Conclusions  In Chinese patients with Type 2 diabetes, retinopathy interacts with macroalbuminuria to increase the risk of composite cardio‐renal events.
The relationship of heart rate and heart rate variability to non‐diabetic fasting glucose levels and the metabolic syndrome: The Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: Stein P. K. , Barzilay J. I. , Domitrovich P. P. , Chaves P. M. , Gottdiener J. S. , Heckbert S. R. , Kronmal R. A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackground  Increased heart rate (HR) and diminished heart rate variability (HRV) are signs of early cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. We tested the hypotheses that increased HR and diminished HRV are present in people: (i) with increased fasting glucose (FG) levels not in the range of diabetes mellitus (DM), and (ii) in people with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) independent of elevated FG levels.Methods  HR and HRV were determined in 1267 adults (mean age 72 years) who had Holter monitoring and FG measures: 536 had normal FG levels (NORM, FG 4.5–5.5 mmol/l), 363 had mildly impaired FG (IFG‐1, FG 5.6–6.0 mmol/l), 182 had significantly impaired FG (IFG‐2, FG 6.1–6.9 mmol/l) and 178 had DM (FG > 6.9 mmol/l or use of glucose‐lowering agents/insulin). HR and HRV in NORM/IFG‐1 was further compared by the number of components of the MetS and compared by the presence or absence of MetS in IFG‐2/DM.Results  HRV indices were more impaired in IFG‐2 and DM than in NORM or IFG‐1. There were few differences in HRV indices between NORM and IFG‐1 or between IFG‐2 and DM. In NORM/IFG‐1 participants, having ≥ 2 components of the MetS was associated with a greater decrease in HRV compared with having no or one components. In IFG‐2/DM participants, MetS was associated with decreased HRV compared with no MetS.Conclusions  Increased HR and diminished HRV occur in the non‐diabetic FG range. Diminished HRV is associated with the MetS, independent of FG levels. Both these results suggest that factors associated with increasing non‐diabetic FG levels and the MetS play a role in the onset of cardiac autonomic impairment.
Glucose tolerance status and cognitive impairment in early middle‐aged women
Authors: Fuh J‐L. , Wang S‐J. , Hwu C‐M. , Lu S‐R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAims  To examine the effect of glucose tolerance status on cognitive performance in early middle‐aged women.Methods  We conducted a matched, case–control study from a population‐based cohort in Kinmen, Taiwan. Women aged 40–54 years were recruited. Participants were classified into one of three groups: normal, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or diabetes mellitus. Cognitive measures used were the Rey Auditory‐Verbal Learning Test, visual memory, verbal fluency, Trail Making Test, and digit spans.Results  Seven hundred and twenty eligible women underwent both the cognitive and oral glucose tolerance tests. The 72 women (10%) who had diabetes mellitus were compared with 68 women with IGT and 144 with normal glucose tolerance. All groups were matched for age and education level. Mean scores on cognitive testing did not differ between the three groups, except for the forward digit spans test. After adjustment for menopausal status, psychological stress scores and other cardiovascular variables, glucose tolerance status was no longer a significant predictor for forward digit span scores.Conclusions  Glucose tolerance status was not associated with cognitive performance in middle‐aged women.
Visual category‐selectivity for faces, places and objects emerges along different developmental trajectories
Authors: Scherf K. Suzanne , Behrmann Marlene , Humphreys Kate , Luna Beatriz 
Published: April 2007

Abstract The organization of category‐selective regions in ventral visual cortex is well characterized in human adults. We investigated a crucial, previously unaddressed, question about how this organization emerges developmentally. We contrasted the developmental trajectories for face‐, object‐, and place‐selective activation in the ventral visual cortex in children, adolescents, and adults. Although children demonstrated adult‐like organization in object‐ and place‐related cortex, as a group they failed to show consistent face‐selective activation in classical face regions. The lack of a consistent neural signature for faces was attributable to (1) reduced face‐selectivity and extent of activation within the regions that will become the FFA, OFA, and STS in adults, and (2) smaller volumes and considerable variability in the locus of face‐selective activation in individual children. In contrast, adolescents showed an adult‐like pattern of face‐selective activation, although it was more right‐lateralized. These findings reveal critical age‐related differences in the emergence of category‐specific functional organization in the visual cortex and support a model of brain development in which specialization emerges from interactions between experience‐dependent learning and the maturing brain.
WORKERS'CO‐OPERATION
Authors: Fletcher Richard 
Published: April 2007

I. AbstractThe first draft of this paper was put forward for consideration within the Labour Movement in April 1975 and was amended as a result of subsequent discussion. The paper examines the present movement for workers' co‐operation in the light of the historical development of producers' co‐operation in Britain.It concludes that the relative failure of producers' co‐operation in the past has been due to the unfavourable economic environment in which it has tried to function – and that as a result it has been unable to compete with aggressive entrepreneurial capitalism in the accumulation of capital.Producers' co‐operation has already demonstrated undoubted advantages. It is potentially more efficient in the use of labour and less socially divisive; it provides a model for the future transformation of industry in which workers can play a full part as equal partners rather than hired hands; it may also assist in maintaining existing, and creating new employment.In the present changed circumstances in which the free market economy is breaking down under accelerating inflation and major firms are turning to the government to solve their liquidity problems, it is suggested that workers' co‐operation has an important part to play in the regeneration of British industry and that it should be encouraged as a matter of public policy.There are two major requirements for the growth of the producers' co‐operative sector:1. There must be a demand for, and ideological commitment to workers' co‐operation on the shop floor. While this can be helped by government action it must develop primarily by the self‐education of workers through their trade unions.2. The state must create a climate favourable to workers' co‐operation in the economy by the provision of capital, advice and specialist educational and technical assistance.
COOPERATIVES AND NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS IN SWEDISH SOCIAL WELFARE
Authors: STRYJAN Yohanan , WIJKSTRÖM Filip 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACT*The Swedish welfare system was developed in an incremental fashion in an interaction between the state and a range of voluntary organizations. Consequently, Swedish voluntary organizations do not quite fit accepted typologies, with regard to underlying normative principles, fields of activity and organizational forms. The absolute size of the Swedish nonprofit sector is comparable with that of other European countries. However, the bulk of its activity is within policy formulation, rather than service provision; concepts of membership and popular movement are central, and charitable organizations are marginal. The spread of existing organizational forms is reviewed, with particular reference to the role of cooperatives. New cooperative users' and producers' organizations play an important role in the current expansion of third‐sector organizations providing welfare services. Three case descriptions of new cooperative forms are appended.
A programming language for learning environments
Authors: Glasgow J. I. , Jenkins M. A. , Hendren L. J. 
Published: April 2007

Most of the recent research on programming languages for education has been centered around the language Logo. In this paper we introduce another candidate language for learning environments, Nial, the nested interactive array language.Nial is a general‐purpose programming language based on a formal theory of mathematics called array theory. This paper introduces Nial as a language for learning programming and developing and using computer‐aided instruction tools. A comparison with Logo is provided to evaluate these two languages in terms of their strengths and weaknesses as programming environments for novice programmers. We also demonstrate that a programming environment can be both simple to leam at the novice level and extendible to a powerful and sophisticated language.
The design of the SCENT automated advisor
Authors: McCalla Gordon I. , Bunt Richard B. , Harms Janelle J. 
Published: April 2007

The SCENT (Student Computing ENvironmenT) project is concerned with building an intelligent tutoring system to help student programmers debug their LISP programs. The major thrust of current SCENT investigations is into the design of the SCENT advisor which is meant to provide debugging assistance to novice students. Six conceptual levels constitute the advisor. At the lowest level is the “raw data,” consisting of the student's (possibly buggy) program. This can be interpreted by a “program behaviour” level which can produce traces, cross‐reference charts, etc. from the student's program. These traces, etc. can be analyzed by “observers” for interesting patterns. At the next level are “strategy judges” and “diagnosticians” which determine which strategy the student has used in his/her program and bugs in this strategy. A “task expert” provides task‐specific input into the process of analyzing the student's solution, and a “student‐knowledge component” provides student‐specific input into this process. Information from the six levels interacts in a variety of ways and control is similarly hierarchical. This necessitates a blackboard‐style scheme to coordinate information dissemination and control flow.This paper discusses the objectives of SCENT and focusses on organizing the process of debugging student programs. A complete example is given to illustrate how entities at the six levels interact and to indicate the kinds of information sharing that occur in the SCENT advisor. The paper concludes with an evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of this approach to automated debugging, and suggestions about directions for further exploration.