bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contact Pressure Distribution of Radial Tire in Motion With Camber Angle
Authors: Kim S. , Kondo K. , Akasaka T. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Theoretical and experimental study is conducted on the contact pressure distribution of a radial tire in motion under various camber angles. Tire construction is modeled by a spring bedded elastic ring, consisted of sidewall springs and a composite belt ring. The contact area is assumed to be a trapezoidal shape, varying with camber angles and weighted load. The basic equation in a quasi-static form is derived for the deformation of a running belt with a constant velocity by the aid of Lagrange-Euler transformation.
Galerkin's method and stepwise calculation are applied for solving the basic equation and the mechanical boundary condition along both sides of the contact belt part subjected to shearing forces transmitted from the sidewall spring. Experimental results on the contact pressure, measured by pressure sensors embedded in the surface of the drum tester, correspond well with the calculated ones for the test tire under various camber angles, running velocities, and weighted loads. These results indicate that a buckling phenomenon of the contact belt in the widthwise direction occurs due to the effect of camber angle.
Effects of the Number of Siping Edges in a Tire Tread Block on Friction Property and Contact With an Icy Road
Authors: Yamazaki S. , Yamaguchi M. , Hiroki E. , Suzuki T. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Friction coefficients between tires and an icy road were measured at various temperatures and slip velocities using an inside-drum type testing machine. The tire contact with the icy road was observed during sliding. Effects of the number of sipes in a tread blocks on the friction coefficient were examined.
A New Tire Model to Predict Vibration Emission of Counterbalance Trucks
Authors: Lemerle P. , Mistrot P. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Counterbalance trucks are machines in widespread use in every industrial sector. Unlike cars, they are not designed with suspension systems. Consequently, they are considered to be high vibrating vehicles. Nevertheless, like suspension seats, tires can be selected as suspension parts. This paper presents a new numerical model for the analysis of the vibratory behavior of counterbalance truck tires. This model was intended to be a part of a fork lift truck model, including axles, chassis, and cabin. All the results reported here show a close agreement between measurements and numerical simulations. Thus, it can predict the vibration emission values at the driving position and is used to compare the efficiency of solid tires with pneumatic tires in terms of transmitted vibration levels.
Analysis of Tire Performance on Sand
Authors: Ataka H. , Yamashita F. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Recently, vehicles on sand have been operated at higher speeds with diversified usage, and requests for the development of radial tires, applicable to both pavements and sandy areas have emerged. Although a large number of studies and analyses of tire performance on paved surfaces have been reported, few reports are available for tire performance on sandy surfaces. This study deals with the behavior of radial tires on the sand.
A simple theoretical equation was derived in which the sand traction performance could be expressed as the difference between the propulsive force and the driving resistance on sand. The theoretical equation was found to be highly related to the empirical equation derived from previous work. Sand samples from typical deserts were used for analyses of shearing stress and compressive breaking force of sand through unique measuring techniques, resulting in modification of the theoretical equation to give more precise prediction of the tire performance on sand for most areas in the world.
One-Dimensional Contact Pressure Distribution of Radial Tires in Motion
Authors: Shiobara H. , Akasaka T. , Kagami S. , Tsutsumi S. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The contact pressure distribution and the rolling resistance of a running radial tire under load are fundamental properties of the tire construction, important to the steering performance of automobiles, as is well known. Many theoretical and experimental studies have been previously published on these tire properties. However, the relationships between tire performances in service and tire structural properties have not been clarified sufficiently due to analytical and experimental difficulties. In this paper, establishing a spring support ring model made of a composite belt ring and a Voigt type viscoelastic spring system of the sidewall and the tread rubber, we analyze the one-dimensional contact pressure distribution of a running tire at speeds of up to 60 km/h. The predicted distribution of the contact pressure under appropriate values of damping coefficients of rubber is shown to be in good agreement with experimental results. It is confirmed by this study that increasing velocity causes the pressure to rise at the leading edge of the contact patch, accompanied by the lowered pressure at the trailing edge, and further a slight movement of the contact area in the forward direction.
Millipolar Theory for Twisted Cord-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Padovan J. , Ma J. , Parris H. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Based on the torque-axial load coupling properties of twisted cord, a new unipolar composite theory is developed. Overall, the full complement of the so-called micropolar stress/moment-strain/rotation gradient coupling is accommodated. This includes the handling of the skew-symmetric stress to relative matrix wind-up interaction which is a central feature of continuous twisted cord-reinforced composites. To establish various interaction effects, both analytical and finite element models of unit cell behavior are employed. Due to the mixed tensor-vector properties of the constitutive formulation, a specially anisotropic polar formulation is developed. To illustrate the millimeter level importance of polarity, i.e., millipolarity, the results of several case study problems are also presented for cord-reinforced elastomeric composites. These include both square and alternating (triangular) packing morphologies. To generalize the results, the investigations include a wide range of packing densities.
Total Tire Energy Loss Comparison by the Whole Tire Hysteresis and the Rolling Resistance Methods
Authors: Pillai P. S. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Energy loss per hour in a tire traveling at 80 km/h was obtained for a number of tires of different sizes and makes from the respective whole tire hysteresis loss of each tire. This loss value was then compared to the corresponding rolling loss obtained from the 1.7 m dynamometer rolling resistance method. The two methods agreed, indicating that the basic premise of the rolling resistance hysteresis ratio relation is valid.
Application of a Technical Documentation System for Developing New Belt Constructions for Truck Tires
Authors: Németh T. , Nándori F. , Sárközi L. , Szabó T. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The highly challenging activity of designing tires can be supported by different types of software. An IBM compatible PC based technical documentation system has been worked out to help with both the design and manufacturing of four belted truck tires. It has the capability for construction of tire section geometry, for processing of pattern and general assembly drawings, etc. From the basic geometrical information pre-processing can be done by using an interface module for an in-house finite element analysis program. Examples are shown how the belt construction has been modified for a given TOP type tire.
Computational Models for Multilayered Composite Shells with Application to Tires
Authors: Kulikov G. M. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This paper focuses on four tire computational models based on two-dimensional shear deformation theories, namely, the first-order Timoshenko-type theory, the higher-order Timoshenko-type theory, the first-order discrete-layer theory, and the higher-order discrete-layer theory. The joint influence of anisotropy, geometrical nonlinearity, and laminated material response on the tire stress-strain fields is examined. The comparative analysis of stresses and strains of the cord-rubber tire on the basis of these four shell computational models is given. Results show that neglecting the effect of anisotropy leads to an incorrect description of the stress-strain fields even in bias-ply tires.
Pass-by Noise Measurement with a Noise-Isolated Car
Authors: Buschmann J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
To attain good tire performance in pass-by noise under acceleration (as requested in Europe by 92/97/EEC), tires have to be tested with a noise-isolated vehicle. The tire/road noise under acceleration can be evaluated without disturbance from engine noise. In a pass-by noise program (with simultaneous measurements of sound pressure level, torque, and slip) tires with different tread compounds and patterns were chosen to study the influence of both on pass-by noise. Due to the noise isolation of the test vehicle, the rolling noise and the tire/road pass-by noise under acceleration can be evaluated. Test results were compared to laboratory noise tests where a driven tire runs on a drum.
Dynamic Simulation of the Tire Curing Process
Authors: Han I-S. , Chung C-B. , Kim J-H. , Kim S-J. , Chung H-C. , Cho C-T. , Oh S-C. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The curing process is the final step in tire manufacturing where curing reactions of rubber compounds take place under elevated pressures and temperatures in a press. A simulator for the tire curing processes was developed, which implements numerical algorithms based on a finite element method to solve the rigorous model equations governing transient heat transfer and curing reactions. Extensive simulation has been carried out ranging from simple heat conduction problems to actual tire curing processes. The results have been verified through comparison with analytical solutions or actual thermocouple measurements. The simulator successfully describes the trends in temperature and the state of cure during the tire curing process. It also serves as the core module of an optimization algorithm, which is being developed for the curing processes.
Predictive Model for Reversion-Type Cures
Authors: Rimondi G. , Toth W. J. , Kounavis J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Tire manufacturers exploit the use of cure kinetics models in the FEA for setting optimum cure cycles. The following cure process assures production of superior tire compound properties in a cost competitive manner.
It is well known that overcure of many tire compounds results in reversion. This effect is directly observed as a decrease in modulus relative to the optimum value. Reversion is directly observed on rheometric isothermal torque-time profiles which pass through a maximum torque value. Reversion usually implies a deleterious effect on vulcanizate properties.
We are not aware of any cure models, given in the literature, which adequately account for reversion. Such models cannot be used to accurately optimize cure cycles in those cases where the extent of reversion is significant.
This paper presents a cure kinetics model that accounts for reversion. Also, the model does not need to use an “induction time.” Rather, the model predicts a continuous torque-time trace, initially rising slowly but eventually rising sharply. The predicted and observed torque-time traces, as shown in this paper, exhibit excellent agreement over the entire rheometric time scale. Furthermore, the constants of the model can be interpreted as indicators of the basic mechanism of the curing process, i.e., rate constants for creation and loss rates of different types of cross-links, therefore enabling a prediction of the extent of reversion during a cure cycle.
Analytical Comments on Radial Tire Nonuniformity
Authors: Koutny F. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A circular eccentric serves as a useful model for simulating radial nonuniformities in tires. A belt model for radial tires has been utilized to study the dynamic responses to such nonuniformities. For direct experimental verifications, a special tire was made, with variable belt stiffnesses in the circumferential direction. The analysis presented in this paper is confined to only the most important radial nonuniformities. Force run-out formulas are given and related topics are discussed. Statistical views are applied in processing the experimental uniformity samples. It can be concluded that radial nonuniformities are mutually correlated while the others are not. A power transform is suggested to attain normality in simultaneous and marginal sample distributions.
Indoor Simulation of Tire Wear: Some Case Studies
Authors: Stalnaker D. , Turner J. , Parekh D. , Whittle B. , Norton R. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Methodology is described for the indoor simulation of tire wear. The motivation for developing indoor simulations was the need to establish consistent test results in reduced time and costs. Descriptions are given of two different indoor test facilities, a PC-based laser scanning system for quantifying tire wear and an on-vehicle tire force measurement system for replicating road histories in the laboratory. Case studies illustrate (1) the influence of tire load history on wear, in particular city cornering versus highway driving and drive torque versus free rolling, (2) the influence of a 3 m road wheel versus a fiat belt on wear, and (3) detailed comparisons between vehicle-tested and indoor-tested tires. Results indicate good correlation between indoor and fleet testing.
Two-Dimensional Contact Pressure Distribution of a Radial Tire in Motion
Authors: Shiobara H. , Akasaka T. , Kagami S. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The two-dimensional contact pressure distribution of a running radial tire under load is a fundamental property of the tire structure. The two-dimensional contact pressure distribution in the static case and the one-dimensional contact pressure distribution in the dynamic case were previously analyzed for a spring bedded ring model consisting of a composite belt ring and a spring system for the sidewall and the tread rubber.
In this paper, a Voigt-type viscoelastic spring system is assumed for the sidewall and the tread rubber. We analyzed the dynamic deformation of the belt ring in a steady state, and obtained the two-dimensional dynamic contact pressure distribution at speeds up to approximately 60 km/h. The predicted contact pressure distribution for a model with appropriate values for the damping coefficient of each constituent rubber is shown to be in good agreement with experimental results.
It is a characteristic feature that increasing velocity yields an increase in the pressure at the leading edge of the crown centerline in the contact area and at the trailing edge of the shoulder line.
Stress Analysis of Tire Sections
Authors: Wang T-M. , Daniel I. M. , Huang K. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
An experimental stress-strain analysis by means of the Moiré method was conducted in the area of the tread and belt regions of tire sections. A special loading fixture was designed to support the tire section and load it in a manner simulating service loading and allowing for Moiré measurements. The specimen was loaded by imposing a uniform fixed deflection on the tread surface and increasing the internal pressure in steps. Moiré fringe patterns were recorded and analyzed to obtain strain components at various locations of interest. Maximum strains in the range of 1–7% were determined for an effective inflation pressure of 690 kPa (100 psi). These results were in substantial agreement with results obtained by a finite element stress analysis.
An Investigation of the Slip of a Tire Tread
Authors: Lazeration J. J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Tire performance such as handling, noise, traction, wear, etc., is determined ultimately in the tire footprint. The nature of the distribution of the contact stresses within the tire footprint determine whether or not the tire tread adheres to the road or slips relative to the road surface. Loss of adhesion between the tire tread and the road can be extreme as in gross slippage resulting in the loss of vehicle control or it can be subtle as in the small magnitude slippage that promotes treadwear. This paper presents results from an experimental characterization of the slip between the tread of a free-rolling tire and a simulated road surface. Trajectories of discrete points on the tread surface were measured from the entrance to the exit of the footprint and were used to calculate the total slip of each point. The relationship between the average slip of the tire and toe angle was established. Also, the relationship between toe, camber, and the distribution of tread slip and velocity across the tire footprint, was investigated in this paper.
The Use of Tangential X-Ray Tools in the Analysis of Tire/Wheel Mismatch
Authors: Gerhardt J. S. , Fuller R. L. , Follen G. D. , Schnuth C. L. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This paper introduces and discusses the use of tangential x-rays as a tool and technique for analysis of fitment of the tire/wheel contact area or bead seat area for any pneumatic tire/wheel assembly. The bead seat area of pneumatic tires has long been an area of “intrigue” owing to its hidden nature. This technique is demonstrated in the analysis of a progressive degradation of a casing ply turn-up in a tire. The tangential x-ray methodology permits observation of the structural elements in a tire while it is mounted and inflated. The process makes it possible to answer definitively many questions relating to the fitment of a tire to a rim. The paper includes examples of bead and component identification and placement. More importantly, tangential x-ray analysis helps in the evaluation of minute tear anomalies and their propagation during use.
Techniques for Determining the Parameters of a Two-Dimensional Tire Model for the Study of Ride Comfort
Authors: Mancosu F. , Matrascia G. , Cheli F. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A rigid ring model of the tire for the study of in-plane dynamics and a new technique for determining the parameters of the model are presented in this paper. This model can be used for studying the comfort of vehicles, problems of driving, and braking problems in the longitudinal direction. Comparison with finite element models shows that the rigid ring model of the tire is capable of describing the in-plane eigenmode shapes in the frequency range of 0–130 Hz. The well-known “brush model,” integrated into the tire model, is introduced to take into account the slide phenomena in the contact patch. The parameters of the model can be correlated with the physical properties of the tire so that designers can take advantage of such a correlation in the development of new tires in terms of time, cost, and performance. The technique used to determine the parameters of the model for some automobile tires include the direct measurements of some physical properties (mass, moment of inertia, stiffness) and a method of identification applied on the results from a dynamic test. The model is able to predict experimental data in terms of natural frequencies and relative dampings. Results from the application of this technique on two tires are reported.
Friction Mechanism of Tread Blocks on Snow Surfaces
Authors: Mundl R. , Meschke G. , Liederer W. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Evaluation of tread pattern designs with respect to performance of winter tires on snow is still predominantly based on empirical knowledge. To gain greater insight into the complex interaction between the elastic tread block and the inelastically deforming snow, numerical simulations by means of the Finite Element Method (FEM) were carried out in conjunction with experimental investigations. An elastoplastic material model for snow was developed. Calibration of the model parameters is based on shear and compression tests conducted on specimens made of natural and artificial snow. Good correlation is obtained between results from laboratory experiments and from numerical simulations with respect to the deformations and the frictional behavior of a single rubber block sliding on snow.
Tire Modeling by Finite Elements
Authors: Faria L. O. , Oden J. T. , Yavari B. , Tworzydlo W. W. , Bass J. M. , Becker E. B. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Recent advances in the development of a general three-dimensional finite element methodology for modeling large deformation steady state behavior of tire structures is presented. The new developments outlined here include the extension of the material modeling capabilities to include viscoelastic materials and a generalization of the formulation of the rolling contact problem to include special nonlinear constraints. These constraints include normal contact load, applied torque, and constant pressure-volume. Several new test problems and examples of tire analysis are presented.
The Flat-Trac II® Machine, the State-of-the-Art in Tire Force and Moment Measurement
Authors: Pottinger M. G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This paper summarizes the technology of the Flat-Trac II® machine and then demonstrates its capabilities as a tool for the 1990s. Specific emphasis is placed on the machine's ability to contribute valid data to the study of residual pull, highway speed uniformity, dynamic steer (sinusoidal and simulated step), behavior in the limit, and simultaneous steer, camber, and torqued behavior.
An Approach to Vehicle Pull Using a Tire Finite Element Model
Authors: Murakoshi H. , Ide H. , Nishihata S. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A vehicle sometimes drifts in a straight lane. This is caused by wind, road contour, suspension alignment, and tire properties. In this paper, characteristic tire properties which affect vehicle pull are defined and analyzed by the finite element method. The effect of tire construction and tread pattern on these characteristics are discussed.
Tire Vibration Modes and Effects on Vehicle Ride Quality
Authors: Scavuzzo R. W. , Richards T. R. , Charek L. T. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Tire vibration modes are known to play a key role in vehicle ride, for applications ranging from passenger cars to earthmover equipment. Inputs to the tire such as discrete impacts (harshness), rough road surfaces, tire nonuniformities, and tread patterns can potentially excite tire vibration modes. Many parameters affect the frequency of tire vibration modes: tire size, tire construction, inflation pressure, and operating conditions such as speed, load, and temperature. This paper discusses the influence of these parameters on tire vibration modes and describes how these tire modes influence vehicle ride quality. Results from both finite element modeling and modal testing are discussed.
On the Incorporation of Frictional Effects in the Tire/Ground Contact Area
Authors: Gall R. , Tkacik P. , Andrews M. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This paper introduces a three-dimensional finite element model of a tire with a detailed tread block structure to more accurately describe the stress distribution in the tire/ground contact area. Because of the importance of properly modeling the contact, several preliminary studies are detailed. First, the frictional contact between a rib and the ground is presented using a plane strain model. In particular, the edge effects are studied. Second, a combined experimental and numerical method for determining the coefficient of friction between a rubber block and a glass plate is described. A friction law is developed which includes the well-known dependence of the coefficient of friction on the normal stress. Finally, the three-dimensional tire model is discussed and results are given.