bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Restorative proctocolectomy. Does ethnicity affect outcome?
Authors: Norwood M. G. A. , Mann C. D. , West K. , Miller A. S. , Hemingway D. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective  Restorative proctocolectomy (RPC) with ileal pouch‐anal anastomosis (IPAA) is well‐established in the management of ulcerative colitis (UC) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). We review outcome of pouch surgery from a single centre, comparing non‐South Asian and South Asian Caucasian populations.Method  Patients undergoing RPC for UC and FAP during a 10‐year period between January 1997 and January 2007 were identified from hospital records. Data were collected retrospectively from case notes on early and long‐term results.Results  A total of 107 patients underwent pouch formation for UC (94%) or FAP (6%) and 22 (21%) were from the Asian subcontinent. Eighty‐seven (81%) underwent a three‐stage procedure and 20 (19%) a two‐stage procedure. Postoperative complications occurred in 40 (37%) patients, being major in 11 (10%) patients with relaparotomy required in 9 (8%) with no difference between South Asian and non‐South Asian Caucasian patients. Long‐term pouch function, with a median of five times over 24 h (range 2–15), was similar between the two groups. The incidence of pouchitis was 57 (53%) and this was significantly greater in the South Asian population [17/21 (77%); 39/86 (46%); P = 0.006].Conclusion  Surgical results were similar in South Asian and non‐South Asian Caucasian patients, but the incidence of pouchitis was greater in the former group.
Extent of prevalence and size of flat neoplasms in a heterogeneous population undergoing routine colorectal cancer screening
Authors: Kim J. , Rami P. , O’Toole J. , Llor X. , Carroll R. E. , Benya R. V. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground  The importance of identifying flat colorectal neoplasms is increasingly appreciated, although the extent of prevalence of these lesions in a general population is not known.Objective  To determine the extent of prevalence of flat neoplasms in a diverse population undergoing routine endoscopic screening for colorectal cancer.Design  Patients referred to the Colorectal Cancer Screening Clinic over a 12‐month period (n = 642).Results  The patient population was 56% African American and 21% Caucasian; with a mean age of 59 ± 9 years. Flat neoplasms were detected in 5.5% of all patients, similar to that reported elsewhere, with extent of prevalence being similar regardless of gender or race. Average size of flat neoplasms was of 2.8 ± 2.3 mm (range 1–20 mm). However, there was no evidence of advanced pathology in any of the flat neoplasms identified.Conclusions  Flat neoplasms are common but may not be associated with advanced pathology in a population undergoing routine screening.
Urethrocutaneous fistula: preserve the tract and turn it inside out: the PATIO repair
Authors: Malone Peter R. 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVETo describe a novel technique for repairing penile urethrocutaneous (UC) fistula, by dissecting out the fistula tract, but instead of excising it, to preserve it and turn it inside out (PATIO); this creates a flap valve inside the urethral lumen that prevents the ingress of urine allowing the fistula to heal.PATIENTS AND METHODSFive UC fistulae in four patients (two adults and two children) were repaired using the PATIO technique over a 4‐year period. The two adults had developed the UC fistula after complex salvage hypospadias repair for failed surgery as children. In addition, three UC fistulae were recurrent after failed attempts to close them using conventional techniques, including the interposition of locally sourced ‘waterproofing’ subcutaneous tissue and, in one child, a rotational skin flap. One child had a difficult coronal UC fistula with little more than a skin bridge distally.RESULTSFour operations were performed as day‐cases with no catheter; one child was catheterized and kept in hospital overnight to prevent retention after a caudal anaesthetic. The catheter was removed, before discharge, the following morning. All five repairs were successful with no complications or recurrence, with a mean (range) follow‐up of 18 (2–50) months.CONCLUSIONThe PATIO technique is easy to perform and can be done as a day‐case with no need for urethral catheterization. It does not preclude the use of other techniques to minimize the risk of recurrence, but so far these have not been necessary. As with all new operations, reported after only a few cases, caution must be used when interpreting the results and more studies are needed. Nevertheless, the concept makes sense and the early results are encouraging, particularly as it has been used on UC fistulae most liable to recur.
Cross‐cultural validation of a prognostic tool: example of the Kattan preoperative nomogram as a predictor of prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Rouprêt Morgan , Hupertan Vincent , Comperat Eva , Drouin Sarah J. , Phé Véronique , Xylinas Evanguelos , Demanse David , Sibony Mathilde , Richard Francois , Cussenot Olivier 
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVETo establish the predictive accuracy of the Kattan preoperative nomogram by comparing predictions at 5 years with actual progression in patients who had a radical prostatectomy (RP).MATERIALS AND METHODSWe reviewed the data for 928 patients treated by RP as a first‐line treatment for localized prostate cancer, between 1994 and 2005. Recurrence was defined as one prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level of >0.4 ng/mL. The 5‐year progression‐free probability (PFP) rate was evaluated on censured data using the Kaplan‐Meier method. Relationships between all predictor variables included in the Kattan nomogram (PSA level, biopsy Gleason scores and clinical stage) and survival were evaluated by Cox proportional‐hazards regression analysis. The discriminating ability of the nomogram was assessed by the concordance index (c‐index). Bootstrapping was used to assess confidence intervals (CIs), and then the calibration was assessed.RESULTSThe median follow‐up was 60 months. Overall, 177 (19%) patients had a recurrence; the 5‐year PFP rate (95% CI) was 80.9 (78–83)%. Of the three variables included in the nomogram, all were associated with recurrence in a multivariate analysis (P < 0.001). The c‐index (95% CI) was only 0.664 (0.584–0.744). In general, the nomogram was not well calibrated.CONCLUSIONSThere was a discrepancy between the predicted PFP as estimated by the Kattan nomogram and actual relapse in this group of patients. Clinicians should be aware that the nomogram is less accurate when used outside the population used to formulate the nomogram. Although more accurate tools are needed, the Kattan nomogram is still the best choice for urologists so far.
Nateglinide combination therapy with basal insulin and metformin in patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Juurinen L. , Tiikkainen M. , Saltevo J. , Nikkilä K. , Lanki H. , Leppävuori E. , Kock T. , Teikari‐Myyrä T. , Kauppinen‐Mäkelin R. , Kotronen A. , Yki‐Järvinen H. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAims  To compare the effect of adding nateglinide or placebo on postprandial glucose excursions (PPGEs), glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), diurnal glucose profiles and hypoglycaemia in patients with Type 2 diabetes treated with the combination of basal insulin and metformin.Research design and methods  This was an investigator‐initiated, double‐blind, randomized, parallel‐group, study in five centres. Patients with Type 2 diabetes (n = 88, age 56.0 ± 0.9 years, duration of diabetes 9.4 ± 0.5 years, HbA1c 7.8 ± 0.1%, body mass index 32.4 ± 0.5 kg/m2) treated with basal insulin and metformin entered a 24‐week period, during which basal insulin was titrated to optimize glucose control. Thereafter, the patients were randomized to receive either nateglinide (120 mg three times daily) or placebo before their main meals for 24 weeks.Results  During the optimization period, HbA1c decreased by −0.3 ± 0.1 and −0.4 ± 0.2% (NS) and insulin doses increased by 10.0 IU (2.0–32.0) [0.09 IU/kg (0.02–0.34)] and 10.0 IU (0.0–19.0) [0.11 IU/kg (0.0–0.25)] (NS) in the nateglinide and placebo groups. Mean postprandial glucose during weeks 20–24 averaged 9.0 ± 0.3 and 10.0 ± 0.3 mmol/l in the nateglinide and placebo groups (P = 0.025) and mean PPGE averaged 2.4 ± 0.2 and 3.1 ± 0.2 mmol/l, respectively (P = 0.019). At 24 weeks as compared with 0 weeks, mean HbA1c had decreased by 0.41 ± 0.12% in the nateglinide group and by 0.04 ± 0.12% in the placebo group (P = 0.023). The frequency of confirmed, symptomatic hypoglycaemia was 7.7 episodes/patient‐year vs. 4.7 episodes/patient‐year in the nateglinide and placebo groups (P = 0.031).Conclusions  Addition of a short‐acting insulin secretagogue at main meals improves postprandial hyperglycaemia during combination therapy with basal insulin and metformin, but increases the frequency of hypolycaemia.
Road traffic accident risk in patients with diabetes mellitus receiving blood glucose‐lowering drugs. Prospective follow‐up study
Authors: Skurtveit S. , Strøm H. , Skrivarhaug T. , Mørland J. , Bramness J. G. , Engeland A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAim  To investigate, at a national level, whether patients using insulin or oral glucose‐lowering agents had an increased risk of road traffic accidents compared with non‐users.Methods  All Norwegians aged 18–69 years (3.1 million) were followed from April 2004 until September 2006. Information on drug prescriptions, road traffic accidents and emigration/death was obtained from the following population‐based registries: the Prescription Database, the Road Accident Registry and the Central Population Registry. The exposure period was the time from the first prescription of insulin or oral glucose‐lowering agent during the study period. The incidence of accidents in the exposed person‐time was compared with the incidence of accidents in the unexposed person‐time by standardized incidence ratio (SIR).Results  During the study period, 20 494 road traffic accidents with personal injuries were registered in Norway. One hundred and eighty‐three accidents were registered for insulin users not taking oral glucose‐lowering agents and 219 for users of oral blood glucose‐lowering drugs without insulin. The SIR (95% confidence interval) for all ages and both genders combined were: insulin 1.4 (1.2–1.6), oral glucose‐lowering agents 1.2 (1.0–1.3) and users of drugs for peptic ulcer and gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (negative comparators) 1.3 (1.2–1.4). The highest SIRs were found among the youngest insulin users (18–34 years old).Conclusions  A slightly increased risk of being involved in a road traffic accident was observed for drivers prescribed insulin, while no increased risk was observed for drivers prescribed oral glucose‐lowering agents. The increased risk observed for insulin users was similar to that observed for users of drugs for peptic ulcer and gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease.
A national consensus on outcomes and indicators for diabetes patient education
Authors: Colagiuri R. , Eigenmann C. A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAim  To develop a national evidence and consensus position on the desired goals, outcomes and indicators of diabetes patient education (DPE).Methods  A mixture of qualitative and quantitative methods were used including: (i) literature reviews to identify existing definitions, issues and work in the area; (ii) interviews with key opinion leaders; (iii) focus groups with people with diabetes; (iv) a national survey of diabetes education service providers; (v) a systematic consultation process culminating in a national stakeholder forum.Results  Three overarching goals were identified as the main purpose of diabetes patient education: (i) optimal adjustment to living with diabetes, (ii) optimal health outcomes and (iii) optimal cost‐effectiveness (for the individual and for society). Given the difficulty in attributing cause and effect between education and clinical or cost outcomes and that mechanisms already exist for collecting data on clinical endpoints and surrogate indicators, the development of education indicators concentrated on the goal of optimal adjustment to living with diabetes. Four key outcomes for this goal were listed in order as either directly attributable to DPE or in which DPE plays a discernable role: knowledge and understanding, self‐determination, self‐management and psychological adjustment.Conclusions  The consensus position represents a sound evidence‐informed platform on which diabetes education policy, programmes, data collection and research can be based. However, further work was required to test and make recommendations about applying potentially relevant psychometric tools to measure changes in the identified indicators.
National guidelines for psychological care in diabetes: how mindful have we been?
Authors: Nicholson T. R. J. , Taylor J.‐P. , Gosden C. , Trigwell P. , Ismail K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAims  To assess the availability and types of psychological services for people with diabetes in the UK, compliance with national guidelines and skills of the diabetes team in, and attitudes towards, psychological aspects of diabetes management.Methods  Postal questionnaires to team leads (doctor and nurse) of all UK diabetes centres (n = 464) followed by semi‐structured telephone interviews of expert providers of psychological services identified by team leads.Results  Two hundred and sixty‐seven centres (58%) returned postal questionnaires; 66 (25%) identified a named expert provider of psychological services, of whom 53 (80%) were interviewed by telephone. Less than one‐third (n = 84) of responding centres had access to specialist psychological services and availability varied across the four UK nations (P = 0.02). Over two‐thirds (n = 182) of centres had not implemented the majority of national guidelines and only 2.6% met all guidelines. Psychological input into teams was associated with improved training in psychological issues for team members (P < 0.001), perception of better skills in managing more complex psychological issues (P ≤ 0.01) and increased likelihood of having psychological care pathways (P ≤ 0.05). Most (81%) expert providers interviewed by telephone were under‐resourced to meet the psychological needs of their population.Conclusions  Expert psychological support is not available to the majority of diabetes centres and significant geographical variation indicates inequity of service provision. Only a minority of centres meet national guidelines. Skills and services within diabetes teams vary widely and are positively influenced by the presence of expert providers of psychological care. Lack of resources are a barrier to service provision.
Neighborhood: the “outside” space for girls in urban India
Authors: Singh Shweta 
Published: February 2009

Singh S. Neighborhood: the “outside” space for girls in urban India Int J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 206–214 © 2009 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.This study explores the perspective of adolescent girls on the neighborhood as a social space that plays a role in the formation of their identity and agency. The study applies the ‘identities’ conceptual framework, which is a global, interdisciplinary, theoretical approach to understanding female identity. The study participants were girls enrolled in grades 7–10, from five schools in a district in the Northern State of India, who participated in structured focus group discussions. The study reports on the reduced relevance of neighborhood for girls and illustrates, through quotes, the reasons for their limited interaction.
Visual orienting in the early broader autism phenotype: disengagement and facilitation
Authors: Elsabbagh Mayada , Volein Agnes , Holmboe Karla , Tucker Leslie , Csibra Gergely , Baron‐Cohen Simon , Bolton Patrick , Charman Tony , Baird Gillian , Johnson Mark H 
Published: February 2009

Background:  Recent studies of infant siblings of children diagnosed with autism have allowed for a prospective approach to examine the emergence of symptoms and revealed behavioral differences in the broader autism phenotype within the early years. In the current study we focused on a set of functions associated with visual attention, previously reported to be atypical in autism.Method:  We compared performance of a group of 9–10‐month‐old infant siblings of children with autism to a control group with no family history of autism on the ‘gap‐overlap task’, which measures the cost of disengaging from a central stimulus in order to fixate a peripheral one. Two measures were derived on the basis of infants’ saccadic reaction times. The first is the Disengagement effect, which measures the efficiency of disengaging from a central stimulus to orient to a peripheral one. The second was a Facilitation effect, which arises when the infant is cued by a temporal gap preceding the onset of the peripheral stimulus, and would orient faster after its onset.Results and conclusion:  Infant siblings of children with autism showed longer Disengagement latencies as well as less Facilitation relative to the control group. The findings are discussed in relation to how differences in visual attention may relate to characteristics observed in autism and the broader phenotype.
Self‐referenced memory, social cognition, and symptom presentation in autism
Authors: Henderson Heather A. , Zahka Nicole E. , Kojkowski Nicole M. , Inge Anne P. , Schwartz Caley B. , Hileman Camilla M. , Coman Drew C. , Mundy Peter C. 
Published: February 2009

Background:  We examined performance on a self‐referenced memory (SRM) task for higher‐functioning children with autism (HFA) and a matched comparison group. SRM performance was examined in relation to symptom severity and social cognitive tests of mentalizing.Method:  Sixty‐two children (31 HFA, 31 comparison; 8–16 years) completed a SRM task in which they read a list of words and decided whether the word described something about them, something about Harry Potter, or contained a certain number of letters. They then identified words that were familiar from a longer list. Dependent measures were memory performance (d′) in each of the three encoding conditions as well as a self‐memory bias score (d′ self–d′ other). Children completed The Strange Stories Task and The Children’s Eyes Test as measures of social cognition. Parents completed the SCQ and ASSQ as measures of symptom severity.Results:  Children in the comparison sample showed the standard SRM effect in which they recognized significantly more self‐referenced words relative to words in the other‐referenced and letter conditions. In contrast, HFA children showed comparable rates of recognition for self‐ and other‐referenced words. For all children, SRM performance improved with age and enhanced SRM performance was related to lower levels of social problems. These associations were not accounted for by performance on the mentalizing tasks.Conclusions:  Children with HFA did not show the standard enhanced processing of self‐ vs. other‐relevant information. Individual differences in the tendency to preferentially process self‐relevant information may be associated with social cognitive processes that serve to modify the expression of social symptoms in children with autism.
Familial associations of intense preoccupations, an empirical factor of the restricted, repetitive behaviors and interests domain of autism
Authors: Smith Christopher J. , Lang Colleen M. , Kryzak Lauren , Reichenberg Abraham , Hollander Eric , Silverman Jeremy M. 
Published: February 2009

Background:  Clinical heterogeneity of autism likely hinders efforts to find genes associated with this complex psychiatric disorder. Some studies have produced promising results by restricting the sample according to the expression of specific familial factors or components of autism. Previous factor analyses of the restricted, repetitive behaviors and interest (RRBI) domain of autism have consistently identified a two‐factor model that explains a moderate amount of variance. The identification of additional factors may explain more variance in the RRBI domain and provide an additional component of autism that may help in the identification of underlying genetic association.Methods:  We conducted factor analyses of RRBI symptoms with a sample that included verbal subjects meeting full criteria for autism aged 5 to 22 years (n = 245). Among affected sibling pairs (n = 126) we examined the familial aggregation of the identified factors. We also examined the associations of the factors with autism‐related personality traits in fathers and mothers (n = 50).Results:  The previously identified two‐factor model – insistence on sameness (IS) and repetitive stereotypic motor behaviors (RSMB) – was replicated in our sample. Next, a second factor analysis that included the item for verbal rituals resulted in a four‐factor model – IS, ‘simple’ RSMB, ‘complex’ RSMB, and a fourth factor including symptoms associated with intense preoccupations (IP). Of these four, both IS and IP were significantly familial among affected siblings, but only IP was significantly correlated with the broader autism phenotype traits of rigidity and aloofness in fathers.Conclusions:  The results support previous evidence for the IS factor, its familiality, and the identification of IP as an additional strong candidate trait for genetic studies of autism.
Conscientiousness as a mediator of the association between masculinized finger‐length ratios and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Authors: Martel Michelle M. 
Published: February 2009

Background:  One often‐overlooked biological risk factor that may help explain sex‐biased prevalence rates in psychopathology is sex hormones. Personality traits, which also show sex differences, may mediate relations between biological risk factors like hormones and childhood psychopathology such as ADHD (or, alternatively, be independent risk factors).Methods:  Three hundred and twelve children/adolescents (178 boys, 134 girls) between the ages of 8 and 17 completed a comprehensive, multistage, clinical diagnostic procedure; 168 children were diagnosed with ADHD and 144 were classified as non‐ADHD comparison controls. Primary caregivers completed the California Q‐sort in order to provide a measure of conscientiousness. Finger‐length ratios (specifically right 2D:4D) served as a proxy of prenatal testosterone exposure (relative to estrogen).Results:  Lower levels of conscientiousness statistically mediated the relationship between more masculine right 2D:4D (i.e., increased prenatal testosterone exposure) and increased ADHD inattentive symptoms.Conclusion:  More masculinized finger‐length ratios show associations with ADHD symptoms, possibly acting through the trait mechanism of conscientiousness.