bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separation and purification of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, and comparison of semi‐synthetic aflatoxins B2 and G2 with naturally‐occurring aflatoxins B2 and G2
Authors: Rodricks J. V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA method is described for the isolation of highly purified aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 from extracts ofAspergillus flavus. The four aflatoxins, isolated from background impurities by rapid passage of the extracts through an acid alumina column, are separated from each other by chromatography on a silica gel column. Aflatoxins B2 and G2 are prepared by hydrogenation of the mixture of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 and then separated by elution from a silica gel column with chloroform containing 0.7% ethanol. A comparison of semi‐synthetic aflatoxins B2 and G2 with naturally‐occurring aflatoxins B2 and G2 shows no significant difference in physical properties.
Studies on surface tension of the system: Barium soap‐water and propanol‐1
Authors: Mehrotra K. N. , Varma R. P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe surface tension results of the barium soap solutions in water‐propanol‐1 mixtures have been explained on the basis of Szyszkowski's empirical equation:γ =γo (1 + X ln Y) ‐ Xγo ln C. The values of the constants X and Y of the equation have been calculated for various soap systems. The constant X is found to be almost independent of the composition of the solvent mixture but it depends to some extent on the chain length of the soap. The values of Y show a marked increase at 50% propanol‐1 concentration which confirms that the transition in the nature of the micelles takes place at about 50% propanol‐1 concentration. The values of X and Y are suggestive of the size and nature of the micelles, respectively.
Ethoxylation of fatty amines
Authors: Sanders H. L. , Braunwarth J. B. , McConnell R. B. , Swenson R. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt is well known that long chain alcohols and phenols cannot react with ethylene oxide in the absence of catalysts, whereas primary fatty amines can take up at least two moles of oxide to form tertiary amines. It has been found that further ethoxylation of this two mole adduct in the absence of added catalyst can proceed only if ethoxylation temperatures are lowered considerably. The present paper demonstrates that this low‐temperature ethoxylation is really catalyzed by a previously overlooked highly alkaline compound generated during the course of the reaction. It is shown that this is a long‐chain quaternary ammonium compound, and the mechanism of its formation is described. As the addition of ethylene oxide proceeds, this quaternary gradually decomposes and the reaction essentially comes to a halt when it has all disappeared.
Effect of growth regulators on lipase activity of peanut during germination
Authors: Vyas D. N. , Patel K. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLipase activity is affected by the growth regulator treatments prior to germination of the seeds. The order of magnitude of this effect is as follows: Suc > MH ⋍ AA > Sul > DW ⋍ GA > control. The effect induced by the growth regulators is explained on the basis of interfering effect of the regulators with the functions of mitochondria. The lipase activity of all the seeds is found to increase with the period of germination reaching maximum values on different periods. The increase of lipase activity is not only dependent on the plant physiology, but other metabolic products such as ascorbic acid oxidase and amino acids produced during germination also play a great role on its production in oil‐bearing seeds.
Ion‐chromatographic characterization of ethoxylated anionic surfactants
Authors: Stemp A. , Boriraj V. A. , Walling P. , Neill P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlkyl ether sulfates (AES), analyzed by nonsuppressed or single‐column ion chromatography with conductivity detection, generate profiles that are characteristic of the ethoxylate content. Identification of ethoxylation content was accomplished by calculating the slope of the log of the peak area for each homologue vs. the number of ethoxyl groups in the homologue. Quantitation of ethylene oxide content as well as quantitation of mixed alkyl sufates in the presence of AES in mixed surfactant systems is possible. Raw materials require only dilution in mobile phase, while finished products must be subjected to a solid‐phase extraction by means of a reverse‐phase cartridge and an ion‐pair reagent. The chromatogram of the anionic surfactant yields the moles of ethoxylation and the characterization of the ethoxyl chain distribution. Anionic surfactant mixtures in products are identified and quantitated by reference to AES raw materials with a similar slope.
Analysis of nonionic surfactants in bench‐scale biotreater samples
Authors: Dubey S. T. , Kravetz L. , Salanitro J. P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe effluents and activated sludges used in benchscale biotreater units have been analyzed for nonionic alcohol ethoxylates and their residues. Separate bench‐scale units were fed linear alcohol ethoxylates (AE), highly branched and branched nonylphenol ethoxylates. Effluents and sludges were first pretreated by a foam sublation technique to provide a gross separation of surfactants from the environmental matrix. This step was followed by normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with either fluorescence detection (FD) or evaporative light‐scattering detection (ESLD). The AEs were derivatized with phenylisocyanate and analyzed by normal‐phase HPLC coupled with FD. At extremely low surfactant levels, pretreatment of large sample volumes resulted in interferences on derivatization. Hence, a normal‐phase HPLC method with ELSD was developed. Although some interferences do appear using ELSD, this method appears to be a more viable alternative to derivatization/FD for very low levels of AE. HPLC with FD and ELSD detection methods are more quantitative and provide information on the polyoxyethylene chain than is possible with traditional methods like cobalt‐thiocyanate active substance.
Automation of phase diagram recording
Authors: Rouse J. , Adamy S. T. , Mehreteab A. , Broze G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn automated titration system has been developed for generating data to construct phase diagrams, which are extremely useful in the development of personal and household products. In this report, we describe the system and how it can be utilized to perform the technique of dual titration. In the procedure, a clear microemulsion sample is titrated with an oil until the dispersion turns cloudy (defined to be a transmittance below 90%). The mixture is then dosed with a certain quantity of cosurfactant, more than enough to clear the mixture. The sample is again titrated with oil. This process continues until the sample no longer clear upon adding cosurfactant. The resulting measurements of oil uptake can be used to characterize the boundaries of the L1 or oil‐in‐water microemulsion region of the phase space. Experiments for up to sixteen samples can be performed, each having individual setup and operating instructions. Features include completely automated operation, computer‐controlled two‐speed mixing, viscosity detection at the end‐point condition and the storage of results in a computerized format.
Nonionic surfactant polarity index determination by inverse gas chromatography
Authors: Nace V. M. , Knoell James C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPolyglycol nonionic surfactants are widely used in industrial and consumer products. Two classes of these surfactants, made from selected combinations of 1,2‐butylene oxide, propylene oxide and ethylene oxide, were compared to alcohol ethoxylate (AE) and nonyl phenol ethoxylate nonionic surfactants in this study. Polyglycol copolymers consisted of either a polypropylene glycol (PPG) or polybutylene glycol (PBG) central hydrophobe. Ethoxylation of the hydrophobes produced polyethylene glycol hydrophilic blocks. Differences in hydrophobe polarity were determined by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). IGC is a useful analytical method by which the physical and chemical characteristics of a material are studied. The stationary surfactant material under study was coated onto an inert support and used as the packing for the column. A probe mixture, containing simple organic molecules of varying polarity, was injected, and the retention characteristics were measured. The retention characteristics of the standard probe mixture were used to reveal relative polarity information about the stationary surfactant coatings. Polarities of the four hydrophobes were (in decreasing order): PPG, PBG, nonyl phenyl and fatty alkyl. Comparisons were then made between the calculated hydrophile‐lipophile balance values and polarity indices of the hydrophobes and their ethoxylates. The effects of hydroxyl groups on polarity were also studied and quantified.
Solubilization of unilamellar liposomes by betaine‐type zwitterionic/anionic surfactant systems
Authors: de la Maza A. , Parra J. L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe mechanisms governing the solubilizing interactions between zwitterionic/anionic mixed surfactant systems at different molar fractions of the zwitterionic surfactant (Xzwitter) and neutral or electrically charged unilamellar liposomes were investigated. The mixed systems were formed by N‐dodecyl‐N,N‐dimethylbetaine and sodium dodecyl sulfate in the presence of piperazine‐1,4‐bis‐(2‐ethanesulfonic acid) buffer at pH 7.20. Unilamellar liposomes formed by egg phosphatidylcholine, in some cases together with stearylamine or phosphatidic acid, were used. Solubilization was detected as a decrease in static light‐scattering of liposomes. Two parameters were regarded as corresponding to the effective surfactant/lipid molar ratios (Re) at which the surfactant system (i) saturated the liposomes, Resat, and (ii) led to a total solubilization of liposomes, Resol. From these parameters the bilayer/aqueous medium surfactant partition coefficients for the saturation (Ksat) and complete bilayer solubilization (Ksol) were determined. When Xzwitter was 0.40, The Re and K parameters showed a maximum, whereas the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of these systems exhibited a minimum, regardless of the electrical charge of bilayers. Given that the ability of the surfactant systems to saturate or solubilize liposomes is inversely related to the Resat and Resol parameters, these capacities appear to be directly correlated with the CMC of the mixed systems. The similarity of both Ksat and Ksol (particularly for Xzwitter=0.2–0.8) suggests that a similar partition equilibrium governs both the saturation and the complete solubilization of bilayers, the free surfactant concentration (Sa,Sb), remaining almost constant with similar values to the CMC for each mixed system studied.
Aqueous and nonaqueous microemulsion systems with a palm oil‐base emollient
Authors: Hamdan S. , Lizana R. , Laili C. R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMicroemulsions with a palm oil‐based emollient, i.e., medium‐chain triglyceride (MCT), and water or glycerol, stabilized by two oppositely charged ionic surfactants and a medium‐chain alcohol, were investigated. The results showed that only the water‐in‐MCT or the glycerol‐in‐MCT microemulsions were prominent. The maximum solubilization of the MCT emollient was higher in cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, i.e., the positively charged surfactant that contained a nitrogen atom, than the negatively charged surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate. However, the results did not lend themselves for selecting any decisive factor that would explain the different solubilization behavior encountered in the investigated aqueous and nonaqueous systems.
Sulfonation with SO3: Relative reactivity of commercial alkylbenzene components
Authors: Cohen L. , Vergara R. , Moreno A. , Berna J. L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCommercial linear alkylbenzene components, such as linear alkylbenzene homologs and isomers, branched alkylbenzene and dialkyltetralins, have been synthesized and isolated. Equimolar mixtures have been prepared, and their relative velocities during the sulfonation reaction have been established.
On the probable origin of some milk fat acids in rumen microbial lipids
Authors: Keeney Mark , Katz Ira , Allison M. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe quantity and character of the microbial lipid isolated from rumen digesta are interpreted as indicating that significant quantities of milk fat acids originate from rumen microbial synthesis of long chain acids from volatile fatty acids. Component fatty acid patterns are presented of rumen bacterial lipid, crude rumen protozoal lipid, blood serum lipid, and milk lipid isolated from samples taken from a lactating Holstein. Certain rumen bacterial lipid fractions are shown to be very rich sources of odd carbon acids and branched acids, and it is suggested that the major source of these acids in ruminant fats is from bacterial synthesis rather than animal synthesis.
Infrared spectra and gas chromatography of some oxygenated fatty acid derivatives
Authors: Kitagawa I. , Sugai M. , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractInfrared spectra of hydroxy‐, acetoxy‐, oxo‐, and unsaturated oxo‐stearic acid derivatives were studied, and their purities were checked by gas‐liquid chromatography.
Fractionation of ethoxylated n‐dodecanol into molecular species by countercurrent distribution and determination of some of their physical properties
Authors: Gerhardt W. , Harigopal V. P. , Suss Sabine 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEthoxylated n‐dodecanol, containing an average 4.2 moles of ethylene oxide, was separated into 13 members of a series of dodecyoxypoly (ethoxy) ethanols using a 200 tube counter current distribution apparatus. Purity of each homologue was checked by thin layer chromatography, and its distribution constant, mp and refractive index were determined.
Synthesis of novel alkyl‐aryl polyamide
Authors: Richardson W. E. , Smith C. H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA laboratory procedure for synthesizing an alkylaryl polyamide curing agent for liquid epoxy resins from commercially available, low cost materials is given. The various chemical reactions required to obtain the desired end‐product are described, and several properties of the novel polyamide are listed. This agent was found suitable for producing foamed or frothed epoxy products.
Rate of color formation in sulfonation of dodecylbenzene with gaseous sulfur trioxide
Authors: Broström Anders 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn experimental method has been developed to study the color formation in sulfonation of dodecylbenzene with gaseous sulfur trioxide. The rate of color formation in dodecylbenzene sulfonation, measured as the light absorbance at 420 nm, has been studied under various conditions, and the results have been correlated to a mathematical model.
Addition of bisulfite to α‐olefins: Synthesis of n‐alkane sulfonates and characterization of intermediates
Authors: Herke Robert , Rasheed Khalid 
Published: June 2007

The free radical‐catalyzed bisulfite addition to octene‐1, decene‐1, dodecene‐1 and tetradecene‐1 was studied under different conditions. The experimental conditions could be adjusted to yield different ratios of intermediate as well as final compounds. We have separated, purified and positively identified alkane‐1‐sodium sulfonates of general formula CH3‐(CH2)n‐SO3Na (n=7,9,11 and 13), alkane‐1‐sodium sulfonate‐2‐sulfinic acids of general formula CH3‐(CH2)n‐CHSO2H‐CH2‐SO3Na (n=5,7,9 and 11) and alkane‐1,2‐disodium sulfonates of general formula CH3‐(CH2)n‐CHSO3Na‐CH2‐SO3Na (n=5,7,9 and 11).The solubilities and critical micelle concentrations of mono‐ and disodium alkane sulfonates were determined, and for definite identification13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and dispersive X‐ray crystallography were employed along with classical wet analytical procedures.
Fish meal and oil: Current uses
Authors: Bimbo Anthony P. , Crowther Jane B. 
Published: June 2007

World landings of fish and shellfish are approaching 100 million metric tons (MMT) annually. Of this total, around 28% is processed into fish meal and oil. Economic pressures due to poor landings, low prices in traditional markets and high fuel costs have forced the industry to seek new markets and products that can take advantage of the unique properties of fish proteins and oils.Fish meal processing continues to evolve. Fresh raw materials and new, low‐temperature processing techniques lead to products with excellent nutritional value. These new, special meals are finding uses in feeding farmed fish, early‐weaned pigs, ruminants and pets.Fish oils, whether present as fat in the fish meal or as separated oil, are rich in ω3 fatty acids. When fed to food animals, these ω3 fatty acids deposit in the meat and depot fat. Concepts for poultry with an equivalent amount of ω3 fatty acids to lean fish are being developed. Eggs with a high ω3 fatty acid content and good functionality and flavor are under evaluation. Catfish with shelf‐stable flavors and high ω3 fatty acids are also under study. ω3 Fatty acids may affect the immune function of livestock. Future research will evaluate the overall immune function of animals, including resistance to disease, survival under stress and hatchability.
Effectiveness of oil carrier for antioxidants in fish concentrate
Authors: Chuang J. L. , Harris Natholyn D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwo levels of antioxidants, 0.02% and 0.002%, were added to a concentrated fish product. Two ways of incorporating antioxidants into fish oil were studied. The oxidation rate of the samples was measured by using an oxygen analyzer and the thiobarbituric acid test. The concentrated fish prepared from fresh mullet was stored for 0 hr, 48 hr, and 96 hr. The use of antioxidants in a vegetable oil carrier did significantly slow the breakdown reaction of fish oil and lowered the oxidation rate of the sample. When vegetable oil was used to serve as an antioxidant carrier, the high level of antioxidant (0.02%) stabilized the fatty product more efficiently than the lower level (0.002%) did. At the level of 0.02% antioxidants, using soybean oil to serve as antioxidant carrier, the fish product was quite stable during storage under the conditions of this study.
Studies on viscosity of calcium soaps in aqueous methanol
Authors: Varma R. P. , Bahadur P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractViscosity measurements of calcium soaps show that two kinds of micelles are formed in aqueous methanol mixtures. The change in the nature of micelles from hydrophilic oleomicelles to lipophilic hydromicelles occurs in solvents containing 40–50% (v/v) of methanol. The equations of Vand and Moulik are applicable only above the critical micelle concentration of the soaps. The parameters of the equations have been evaluated. These may be used to calculate the viscosity of soap solutions in the concentration range in which the equations hold good.
Biorenewable solvents for vegetable oil extraction
Authors: Hron R. J. , Koltun S. P. , Graci A. V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA review of the literature pertaining to possible alternatives for hexane as solvent in the extraction of vegetable oils was made. The review was restricted to solvents obtainable from renewable resources and included the most recent technological advances in oil extraction processes. The most promising systems surveyed were based on the use of water, alcohols, ketones, halocarbons, or of liquified and supercritical gases as solvents for oils.
Rice hull ash adsorbent performance under commercial soy oil bleaching conditions
Authors: Proctor A. , Clark P. K. , Parker C. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRice hull silica and a rice hull carbon ash were evaluated as adsorbents for the soy oil bleaching process under commercial temperature and pressure conditions. Their performance in adsorbing pigment, phospholipid, free fatty acids, and peroxides was compared with that of a commercial bleaching clay and silica hydrogel. With the exception of phospholipid binding, rice hull‐derived adsorbents were ineffective. Rice hull silica showed potential as a phospholipid adsorbent but was not as effective as the synthetic silica hydrogel on an adsorbent weight basis. However, it was a superior adsorbent when the data were expressed as adsorbate bound per unit surface area. The low surface area of the rice hull silica limits its commercial viability. It may have value in areas of the world where rice hulls are plentiful and an inexpensive phospholipid adsorbent is required for oil processing. Research is in progress to increase the surface area of rice hull silica for commercial oil processing.
Organic reactions in emulsions—Preparation of glycerol and polyglycerol esters of fatty acids by transesterification reaction
Authors: Kaufman V. R. , Garti N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMonoglycerol and polyglycerol esters of fatty acids have been prepared in an emulsion medium of polyglycerol in esters of fatty acids. Transesterification between glycerol or polyglycerols and methyl esters of fatty acids is made at relatively low temperatures (95–150 C) in the presence of alkaline catalyst and anionic or nonionic emulsifiers. The reaction system consists of two immiscible phases transformed into a “milky” (macro) or transparent (micro) emulsion throughout the heating process. The product obtained using this technology is not a highly substituted ester since the transesterification reaction is selective. The type and the amount of emulsifier have to be carefully selected. Unsuitable emulsifiers which will not stabilize the emulsion are ineffective in enlarging the contact between the reactants; therefore, the conversion of the reactants is very poor. With suitable emulsifiers, the conversions and the yields improved due to a better contact between reactants.
Accumulation of lipids, proteins, alkaloids and anthocyanins during embryo development in vivo ofTheobroma cacao L.
Authors: Wright D. C. , Park W. D. , Leopold N. R. , Hasegawa P. M. , Janick J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDeveloping embryos ofTheobroma cacao ranging in weight from 0.01–2.2 g dry weight, equivalent to 100–180 days postpollination, were analyzed for lipids, alkaloids, proteins, and anthocyanins. Total lipid, fatty acid, triglyceride, alkaloid, and anthocyanin accumulation increased linearly after an initial lag with embryo dry weight. Palmitic, stearic, arachidic, and oleic acids had constant rates of accumulation per micromole of total fatty acid (0.29, 0.27, 0.38, and 0.01, respectively); however, linoleic and linolenic acid accumulation decreased from 0.2 and 0.02 below 0.2 g dry weight to 0.035 and 0.0035 above 0.2 g dry weight, respectively. Monounsaturated triglycerides [palmito‐oleo‐stearin (POS), oleo‐distearin (SOS), and oleo‐dipalmitin (POP)] continued to accumulate as dry weight increased but polyunsaturated triglycerides [palmito‐diolein (POO), stearo‐diolein (SOO), linoleo‐dipalmitin (PLP), and palmito‐linoleo‐olein (PLO)] ceased to accumulate at about 0.4 g dry weight. Theobromine accumulation increased linearly with dry weight after an initial lag but the rate differed with cultivar. Caffeine accumulation was low until the final stages of development. The protein pattern became dominated by 4 protein species with apparent molecular weights of 43, 34, 22, and 14 kDa as embryos matured.
Comparative efficiencies of bread crumb softeners at varied bread storage temperatures
Authors: Lorenz K. , Dilsaver W. , Kulp K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA series of commercial surfactants was evaluated in white pan bread for their crumb antifirming effects during storage at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 C. These agents produced softer breads at all temperatures as compared to bread without surfactants. Although breads kept at 40 and 50 C remained softer than at room temperature (25 C), storage at elevated temperatures is not advised due to possible organoleptic and microbial deteriorations. At temperatures below 25 C, faster firming generally occurred, but was much less in the presence of surfactants. This observation suggests that a surfactant system might be found to retard firming at those conditions.