bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development of Specialties in Science: the Case of X-ray Protein Crystallography
Authors: Law John 
Published: July 2007

I would like to thank the following for advice, assistance, and material help: Mr S. B. Barnes, Dr A. P. M. Coxon, Dr D. O. Edge, and Dr T. R. Elsdale of the University of Edinburgh; Mr D. French, of Lanchester Polytechnic; Dr M. J. Mulkay of the University of Cambridge; Dr N. C. Mullins, of Indiana University. I would also like to thank those crystallographers and molecular biologists who consented to be interviewed, and those who read early drafts of this paper. The research was supported by a grant from the SSRC, and was carried out at the Science Studies Unit, University of Edinburgh, and the Department of Sociology, University of Manchester.
Solid Waste Management in Tehran
Authors: Abduli M.A. 
Published: July 2007

The main objective of this paper is to analyse the present status of solid waste management in Tehran, and subsequently, to draw up a policy regarding their generation, collection, on-site handling, storage, processing, recycling, transportation and safe disposal. Through a detailed survey, all functional elements of the present solid waste management system in Tehran were studied. Factors affecting the important management issues in the operation of Tehran's solid waste management system are discussed. Key design data and other useful information selected from a variety of reliable sources are presented. The practical aspects associated with solid waste management systems, such as organizational structure, financing, operations, equipment management, personnel, reporting, cost accounting and budgeting, ordinances and guidelines, and public communications are described. © 1995 ISWA
Stabilization of Residue Containing Heavy Metals By Means of Matrices Generating Calcium Trisulphoaluminate and Silicate Hydrates
Authors: Albino V. , Cioffi R. , Santoro L. , Valenti G.L. 
Published: July 2007

Two binding matrices based on blast furnace slag or fly ash/lime mixtures were studied in relation to the stabilization/solidification of a residue from a municipal solid waste incinerator. Their use is of interest because of the formation of calcium trisulphoaluminate and silicate hydrates. Mixtures of the above matrices with up to 80% of the incinerator residue were paste-hydrated and cured for 28 days at 25°C and 100% relative humidity. The effect of added waste on the hydration phenomena was studied by means of differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis. The effectiveness of these systems as stabilization/solidification matrices was checked by means of mechanical and leaching tests. Cured samples with up to 20-40% of added waste gave compressive strengths sufficiently high for reuse as building materials. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency leaching test has shown that disposal in a landfill in which no facilities for collecting and treating percolating waters are provided, is possible with 40-60% of waste content. Finally, the American Nuclear Society dynamic leaching test has shown that the entrapment is mainly dependent on the physical binding potential of the matrices. © 1996 ISWA
Low Temperature Thermal Conductivity, Heat Capacity, and Heat Generation of PZT
Authors: Yarlagadda Shridhar , Chan Moses H.W. , Lee Hyun , Lesieutre George A. , Jensen David W. , Messer R. Scott 
Published: July 2007

The thermal conductivity, heat capacity and heat generation properties of two poled piezoceramic materials, a "soft" PZT-5H and a "hard" PZT-4S, were measured over the temperature range from 20 K to above 150 K. A single sample was used for each test type. The thermal conductivity (in the poling direction) of PZT-5H increased from 0.010 W/m-K at 15 K to 0.14 W/m-K at 300 K. The thermal conductivity of PZT-4S was generally higher, increasing from 0.018 to 0.34 W/m-K over the same temperature range. The heat capacity of PZT-5H increased from 23.3 J/kg-K at 23 K to 348 J/kg-K at 153 K, while the heat capacity of PZT-4S increased from 42.6 to 159 J/kg-K over the same range. Heat generation varied with drive amplitude and frequency as well as temperature, and is presented as an effective dielectric loss property. The dielectric loss for PZT-5H at 100 Hz varied from 4.15 (20 K) to 23.1 (150 K), and at 2000 Hz from 9.8 (20K) to 26.5 (150 K). As expected, the dielectric loss for the "hard" PZT-4S was lower, and varied at 100 Hz from 2.86 (25 K) to 16.2 (150 K), and at 2000 Hz from 6.47 (25 K) to 20.2 (150 K). A "transition" type behavior between 50 K and 80 K was observed for both materials.
Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura: long-term results of bacterium eradication and association with bacterium virulence profiles
Authors: Emilia Giovanni , Luppi Mario , Zucchini Patrizia , Morselli Monica , Potenza Leonardo , Forghieri Fabio , Volzone Francesco , Jovic Gordana , Leonardi Giovanna , Donelli Amedea , Torelli Giuseppe 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEradication of Helicobacter pylori may lead to improvement of chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), although its efficacy over time is uncertain. We report the results of H pylori screening and eradication in 75 consecutive adult patients with ITP. We also used molecular methods to investigate lymphocyte clonality and H pylori genotypes in the gastric biopsies from 10 H pylori–positive patients with ITP and 19 H pylori–positive patients without ITP with chronic gastritis. Active H pylori infection was documented in 38 (51%) patients and successfully eradicated in 34 (89%) patients. After a median follow-up of 60 months, a persistent platelet response in 23 (68%) of patients with eradicated infection was observed; 1 relapse occurred. No differences in mucosal B- or T-cell clonalities were observed between patients with ITP and control participants. Of note, the frequency of the H pylori cagA gene (P = .02) and the frequency of concomitant H pylori cagA, vacAs1, and iceA genes (triple-positive strains; P = .015) resulted statistically higher in patients with ITP than in control participants. All asymptomatic H pylori–positive patients with ITP were suffering from chronic gastritis. Our data suggest a sustained platelet recovery in a proportion of patients with ITP by H pylori eradication alone. Overrepresentation of specific H pylori genotypes in ITP suggests a possible role for bacterium-related factors in the disease pathogenesis.
Using contextual and lexical features to restructure and validate the classification of biomedical concepts
Authors: Fan Jung-Wei , Xu Hua , Friedman Carol 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundBiomedical ontologies are critical for integration of data from diverse sources and for use by knowledge-based biomedical applications, especially natural language processing as well as associated mining and reasoning systems. The effectiveness of these systems is heavily dependent on the quality of the ontological terms and their classifications. To assist in developing and maintaining the ontologies objectively, we propose automatic approaches to classify and/or validate their semantic categories. In previous work, we developed an approach using contextual syntactic features obtained from a large domain corpus to reclassify and validate concepts of the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS), a comprehensive resource of biomedical terminology. In this paper, we introduce another classification approach based on words of the concept strings and compare it to the contextual syntactic approach.ResultsThe string-based approach achieved an error rate of 0.143, with a mean reciprocal rank of 0.907. The context-based and string-based approaches were found to be complementary, and the error rate was reduced further by applying a linear combination of the two classifiers. The advantage of combining the two approaches was especially manifested on test data with sufficient contextual features, achieving the lowest error rate of 0.055 and a mean reciprocal rank of 0.969.ConclusionThe lexical features provide another semantic dimension in addition to syntactic contextual features that support the classification of ontological concepts. The classification errors of each dimension can be further reduced through appropriate combination of the complementary classifiers.
BPhyOG: An interactive server for genome-wide inference of bacterial phylogenies based on overlapping genes
Authors: Luo Yingqin , Fu Cong , Zhang Da-Yong , Lin Kui 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundOverlapping genes (OGs) in bacterial genomes are pairs of adjacent genes of which the coding sequences overlap partly or entirely. With the rapid accumulation of sequence data, many OGs in bacterial genomes have now been identified. Indeed, these might prove a consistent feature across all microbial genomes. Our previous work suggests that OGs can be considered as robust markers at the whole genome level for the construction of phylogenies. An online, interactive web server for inferring phylogenies is needed for biologists to analyze phylogenetic relationships among a set of bacterial genomes of interest.DescriptionBPhyOG is an online interactive server for reconstructing the phylogenies of completely sequenced bacterial genomes on the basis of their shared overlapping genes. It provides two tree-reconstruction methods: Neighbor Joining (NJ) and Unweighted Pair-Group Method using Arithmetic averages (UPGMA). Users can apply the desired method to generate phylogenetic trees, which are based on an evolutionary distance matrix for the selected genomes. The distance between two genomes is defined by the normalized number of their shared OG pairs. BPhyOG also allows users to browse the OGs that were used to infer the phylogenetic relationships. It provides detailed annotation for each OG pair and the features of the component genes through hyperlinks. Users can also retrieve each of the homologous OG pairs that have been determined among 177 genomes. It is a useful tool for analyzing the tree of life and overlapping genes from a genomic standpoint.ConclusionBPhyOG is a useful interactive web server for genome-wide inference of any potential evolutionary relationship among the genomes selected by users. It currently includes 177 completely sequenced bacterial genomes containing 79,855 OG pairs, the annotation and homologous OG pairs of which are integrated comprehensively. The reliability of phylogenies complemented by annotations make BPhyOG a powerful web server for genomic and genetic studies. It is freely available athttp://cmb.bnu.edu.cn/BPhyOG.
Knowledge and attitudes of parents and professionals to neonatal BCG vaccination in light of recent UK policy changes: A questionnaire study
Authors: Gordon Morris , Roberts Hannah , Odeka Egware 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackgroundUniversal BCG vaccination in the UK ended in 2005. The new vaccination policy instead offers a number of different forms of selective vaccination to newborns based on risk of acquiring TB. We set out to assess the attitudes and knowledge of both parents and professionals to the new policy for neonatal BCG vaccination.MethodsA short questionnaire was designed, made up of demographic and attitude questions, as well as very basic knowledge questions. The researchers handed out the questionnaire to all parents and professionals in the antenatal and postnatal areas, as well as the paediatric and neonatal units during a 6-week period. The site was the Royal Oldham hospital, a district general hospital with 3250 deliveries per year and multi-ethnic in its population mix.ResultsA total of 253 completed questionnaires were collected. The ethnic origin of responders was 50.6% White British, 18.2% Bangladeshi, 8.7% Indian, 4% White/Asian, the remaining 18.5% of other origins. 71.5% of responders said they had heard of BCG vaccine. When asked if they knew the new policy for its use, 33.2% answered yes. 24.5% gave the most accurate response when asked who now receives BCG.ConclusionWe have found that amongst parents and professionals alike there is a lack of knowledge of the new policy. This has lead to confusion and as knowledge amongst the professionals who identify neonates for vaccination is low, uptake may be sub-optimal. We suggest that units investigate the issue and ensure that the new policy is understood and implemented correctly.
Unilateral congenital elongation of the cervical part of the internal carotid artery with kinking and looping: two case reports and review of the literature
Authors: Ovchinnikov Nikolai A , Rao Ramesh T , Rao Suresh R 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Unilateral and bilateral variation in the course and elongation of the cervical (extracranial) part of the internal carotid artery (ICA) leading to its tortuosity, kinking and coiling or looping is not a rare condition, which could be caused by both embryological and acquired factors. Patients with such variations may be asymptomatic in some cases; in others, they can develop cerebrovascular symptoms due to carotid stenosis affecting cerebral circulation. The risk of transient ischemic attacks in patients with carotid stenosis is high and its surgical correction is indicated for the prevention of ischemic stroke. Detection of developmental variations of the ICA and evaluation of its stenotic areas is very important for surgical interventions and involves specific diagnostic imaging techniques for vascular lesions including contrast arteriography, duplex ultrasonography and magnetic resonance angiography. Examination of obtained images in cases of unusual and complicated variations of vascular pattern of the ICA may lead to confusion in interpretation of data. Awareness about details and topographic anatomy of variations of the ICA may serve as a useful guide for both radiologists and vascular surgeons. It may help to prevent diagnostic errors, influence surgical tactics and interventional procedures and avoid complications during the head and neck surgery. Our present study was conducted with a purpose of updating data about developmental variations of the ICA. Dissections of the main neurovascular bundle of the head and neck were performed on a total 14 human adult cadavers (10 – Africans: 7 males & 3 females and 4 – East Indians: all males). Two cases of unilateral congenital elongation of the cervical part of the ICA with kinking and looping and carotid stenoses were found only in African males. Here we present their detailed case reports with review of the literature.
Nonlinear regulation enhances the phenotypic expression of trans- acting genetic polymorphisms
Authors: Gjuvsland Arne B , Hayes Ben J , Meuwissen Theo HE , Plahte Erik , Omholt Stig W 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
Genetic variation explains a considerable part of observed phenotypic variation in gene expression networks. This variation has been shown to be located both locally (cis) and distally (trans) to the genes being measured. Here we explore to which degree the phenotypic manifestation of local and distant polymorphisms is a dynamic feature of regulatory design.

Results
By combining mathematical models of gene expression networks with genetic maps and linkage analysis we find that very different network structures and regulatory motifs give similar cis/trans linkage patterns. However, when the shape of the cis- regulatory input functions is more nonlinear or threshold-like, we observe for all networks a dramatic increase in the phenotypic expression of distant compared to local polymorphisms under otherwise equal conditions.

Conclusion
Our findings indicate that genetic variation affecting the form of cis-regulatory input functions may reshape the genotype-phenotype map by changing the relative importance of cis and trans variation. Our approach combining nonlinear dynamic models with statistical genetics opens up for a systematic investigation of how functional genetic variation is translated into phenotypic variation under various systemic conditions.
Patients with Mutations in Gsα Have Reduced Activation of a Downstream Target in Epithelial Tissues due to Haploinsufficiency
Authors: Hsu Stephanie C. , Groman Joshua D. , Merlo Christian A. , Naughton Kathleen , Zeitlin Pamela L. , Germain-Lee Emily L. , Boyle Michael P. , Cutting Garry R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractContext: Patients with Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) have defects in stimulatory G protein signaling due to loss of function mutations in GNAS. The mechanism by which these mutations lead to the AHO phenotype has been difficult to establish due to the inaccessibility of the affected tissues.Objective: The objective of the study was to gain insight into the downstream consequences of abnormal stimulatory G protein signaling in human epithelial tissues.Patients and Design: We assessed transcription of GNAS and Gsα-stimulated activation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in AHO patients, compared with normal controls and patients with cystic fibrosis.Main Outcome Measures: Relative expression of Gsα transcripts from each parental GNAS allele and cAMP measurements from nasal epithelial cells were compared among normal controls and AHO patients. In vivo measurements of CFTR function, pulmonary function, and pancreatic function were assessed in AHO patients.Results: GNAS was expressed equally from each allele in normals and two of five AHO patients. cAMP generation was significantly reduced in nasal respiratory epithelial cells from AHO patients, compared with normal controls (0.4 vs. 0.6, P = 0.0008). Activation of CFTR in vivo in nasal (P = 0.0065) and sweat gland epithelia (P = 0.01) of AHO patients was significantly reduced from normal. In three patients, the reduction in activity was comparable with patients with cystic fibrosis due to mutations in CFTR. Yet no AHO patients had pulmonary or pancreatic disease consistent with cystic fibrosis.Conclusions: In humans, haploinsufficiency of GNAS causes a significant reduction in the activation of the downstream target, CFTR, in vivo.
Succinate Dehydrogenase B Gene Mutations Predict Survival in Patients with Malignant Pheochromocytomas or Paragangliomas
Authors: Amar Laurence , Baudin Eric , Burnichon Nelly , Peyrard Séverine , Silvera Stéphane , Bertherat Jérôme , Bertagna Xavier , Schlumberger Martin , Jeunemaitre Xavier , Gimenez-Roqueplo Anne-Paule , Plouin Pierre-François 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Context: Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas may be malignant either at presentation or during recurrence, but the clinical course of malignant tumors is unpredictable.
Objective: The objective was to analyze survival according to clinical characteristics at diagnosis of malignancy and the presence or absence of SDHB mutations.
Design: This was a retrospective cohort study.
Setting and Participants: A total of 54 patients with malignant tumors were included. Malignancy was scored according to the presence of metastases or histologically documented lymph node invasion.
Main Outcome Measures: The main outcome was the specific survival after the diagnosis of the first metastasis.
Results: Germline mutations were identified in SDHB (n = 23, including 21 patients with apparent sporadic tumors) and VHL (n = 1) genes, and two patients had neurofibromatosis 1. Patients were followed up from the diagnosis of primary tumor and from the diagnosis of the first metastasis to the present or to death with medians of 79 [interquartile range (IQR) 24; 190] and 39 [IQR 14; 94] months, respectively. The 5-yr probability of survival after the diagnosis of the first metastasis was 0.55 (95% confidence interval 0.39–0.69). Patients with SDHB mutations were younger, more frequently had extra-adrenal tumors, and had a shorter metanephrine excretion doubling time. The presence of SDHB mutations was significantly and independently associated with mortality (relative risk 2.7; 95% confidence interval 1.2, 6.4; P = 0.021).
Conclusion: SDHB mutations, frequent in patients with malignant pheochromocytomas or paragangliomas, are associated with shorter survival. Therefore, SDHB genetic testing may be of prognostic value for such patients, even those with an apparent sporadic and/or benign presentation at diagnosis.
Overexpression of Micro Ribonucleic Acid 29, Highly Up-Regulated in Diabetic Rats, Leads to Insulin Resistance in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes
Authors: He Aibin , Zhu Liuluan , Gupta Nishith , Chang Yongsheng , Fang Fude 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) have been suggested to play pivotal roles in multifarious diseases associated with the posttranscriptional regulation of protein-coding genes. In this study, we aimed to investigate the function of miRNAs in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The miRNAs expression profiles were examined by miRNA microarray analysis of skeletal muscles from healthy and Goto-Kakizaki rats. We identified four up-regulated miRNAs, and 11 miRNAs that were down-regulated relative to normal individuals. Among induced miRNAs were three paralogs of miR-29, miR-29a, miR-29b, and miR-29c. Northern blotting further confirmed their elevated expression in three important target tissues of insulin action: muscle, fat, and liver of diabetic rats. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of miR-29a/b/c in 3T3-L1 adipocytes could largely repress insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, presumably through inhibiting Akt activation. The increase in miR-29 level caused insulin resistance, similar to that of incubation with high glucose and insulin in combination, which, in turn, induced miR-29a and miR-29b expression. In this paper, we demonstrate that Akt is not the direct target gene of miR-29 and that the negative effects of miR-29 on insulin signaling might be mediated by other unknown intermediates. Taken together, these data reveal the crucial role of miR-29 in type 2 diabetes.
Quantitative studies of lymphoid organs, blood and lymph in inbred athymic and euthymic LEW rats under germfree and specified-pathogen-free conditions
Authors: Klausen B. , Hougen H. P. 
Published: July 2007

Four groups of inbred male LEW rats were examined: A, germfree athymic; B, specified pathogen free (SPF) athymic; C, germfree euthymic; D, SPF euthymic. All animals were killed at 18 weeks and compared with respect to body weight, histological appearance and cell density of the lymphoid organs, haematological values and differential counts of bone marrow, peripheral blood and lymph. Athymic rats had a lower body weight, less densely populated lymphoid organs, and fewer lymphocytes in the blood and lymph compared with euthymic animals. No difference was seen between athymic rats under germfree and SPF conditions, and in general the differences between athymic and euthymic animals were less pronounced under germfree conditions.