bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of SnO2 and Nb2O5 Supported Vanadium Oxide Catalysts by a Column-Exchange Adsorption Method and Dispersed States of Vanadia Species
Authors: Kera Yoshiya , Kawashima Takahiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
SnO2 and Nb2O5-supported monolayer or sub monolayer vanadium oxide catalysts were prepared by an impregnation method such as the column-exchange adsorption of oxovanadium ion at various pH(=2, 4, and 7). The deposited states of the vanadia species on SnO2 and Nb2O5 surfaces were examined by ESR spectrometry using V4+ ion as a probe. The catalytic features were studied by measuring the 2-propanol decomposition rate as a test reaction. The deposited states of the vanadia species differed to a small extent between SnO2 and Nb2O5 carriers depending upon the difference in the symmetry of the surface field. The deposited states, however, did not vary with pH upon impregnation, although the amounts of vanadium oxide deposited (coverage, θ) were much affected by the pH. The activation energy (Ea) for the dehydration of 2-propanol over these catalysts was linearly related to the reciprocal of the coverage (1⁄θ). When both curves were extended to 1⁄θ=0, they crossed at around 5–6 kcal·mol−1 which was the minimum value, although the inclination differed largely between the carriers. This low activation energy was regarded as an intrinsic value that was caused by the multi-layered vanadium oxide deposited on the carriers. Through the discussion it is clearly shown that the most effective catalyst, a monolayer catalyst, was prepared on impregnation at pH=2 and the vanadia species were dispersed widely, keeping a weak interaction with the SnO2 and Nb2O5 surfaces.
The 1H and 13C NMR of 9,10-Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene Dianion
Authors: Hirayama Masatoshi , Kobayashi Masaaki , Yamamoto Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The formation of 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene dianion by contact of tetrahydrofuran-d8 solution of its precursor with sodium in vacuo, is confirmed by the 1H and 13C NMR spectra and its reactivity. The excess π-charge-density distribution estimated by the CNDO/2 calculation for the dianion, is consistent with the observed 1H and 13C chemical shift values.
Adsorbing-Particle Flotation of Hg2+ by Combined Use of Charcoal, Polyacrylamide, and Cationic Surfactant
Authors: Kidokoro Tadahiko , Matsui Kotaro , Ishiwata Satoshi , Sasaki Toshiyuki , Sasaki Tsunetaka 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Adsorbing-particle flotation of Hg2+ ions by using active charcoal as an adsorbent, Polyacrylamide (PAA) as a coagulant, and hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (HTAC) as a frother was carried out. The floatability exceeded 90% in a wide range of pH and nearly 98% of Hg2+ ions was floated from 2.1×10−4 mol dm−3 solution by adding 2500 ppm of active charcoal, 24 ppm of PAA, 81 ppm of HTAC and with shaking. Stepwise and double flotations were further attempted which proved to distinctly increase the floatability, while sodium sulfide treatment of active charcoal showed only a slight increase and the coexistence of chloride ions showed no effect. The mechanism of adsorbing-particle flotation was discussed.
Structure of Platinum Particles Deposited on Titanium Dioxide (110) Surface Studied by X-Ray Photoelectron Diffraction
Authors: Tamura Koji , Owari Masanori , Nihei Yoshimasa 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Platinum atoms deposited on a TiO2 (110) surface were studied by X-ray photoelectron diffraction, and the structure of the platinum particles was clarified. It was found that after annealing at 823 K for 30 min the platinum particles coalesced and that the structural model of platinum particles based on the (111) surface of the fcc crystal explained the experimental XPED patterns very well.
Proton and Carbon-13 NMR Study of Dimer Dianions Produced from 1,1-Diphenylethylene Derivatives
Authors: Yokoyama Yukihiro , Ushio Masahiro , Goto Kenji , Takaki Mikio , Takahashi Kensuke , Asami Ryuzo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
1H and 13C NMR spectra have been observed for the carbanions produced from 1,1-diphenylethylene derivatives. Among five precursors, three have been reduced to corresponding dimer dianions in contact with alkali metal in THF; however, the rest could not be dimerized. Failure in dimerization is controlled by a steric effect of substituents at the 2-position. DNMR measurements were also carried out for 1,1-di-p-tolylpropene dimer dianions. The results are discussed in terms of two internal rotations around the bonds between the C1 and C2, and the C1 and Ci atoms.
Effect of Polyethylene Glycol Monoalkyl Ethers on Phase Transition Temperature of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Vesicle Membrane
Authors: Inoue Tohru , Fukushima Kohsuke , Shimozawa Ryosuke 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The gel-to-liquid-crystalline phase transition temperature of a dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicle membrane was measured in the presence of polyethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers (CnEm) of various chain lengths of hydrophobic (n) and hydrophilic (m) groups. All of the surfactants, except of C12E1, depressed the transition temperature almost linearly with the concentration. The depression of the phase-transition temperature was analyzed by applying the van’t Hoff model for the freezing-point depression; also, the partition coefficients of the surfactants between bulk water and the membrane phase were estimated. Discussions were given concerning the dependence of the partition coefficients on the chain lengths of both oxyethylene and alkyl groups.
Formation of Graphite Single Crystal from Iron Solution by the Slow Cooling Method
Authors: Sumiyoshi Yoshihiro , Ushio Masumi , Suzuki Sadao 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Graphite single crystals with maximum dimensions of 40 mm in diameter and 0.04-mm thick were prepared from an iron solution by a slow-cooling method. The cell parameters of the product were ao=2.462±0.002 and co=6.708±0.001 Å. A flux of 200 g of electrolytical iron and 8 g of graphite were charged in the graphite crucible. The iron melt, saturated with carbon, was slowly cooled from maximum temperatures ranging between 1800 and 2500 °C to near 1150 °C at cooling rates ranging from 5 to 30 °C min−1. Large graphite single-crystal films of better quality were formed after quick cooling rather than slow cooling. Large graphite crystal films were formed at above 1850 °C; temperatures greater than 1950 °C were needed in order to grow the crystal films with good quality. From in-situ observations through a hole, the growth of the small graphite crystals was seen to occur on the surface of the melt at about 1550 °C; these were gathered in a constant direction, initiating the incorporation of small crystals. The incorporation of the small crystals was promoted at about 1700 °C and the surface of the melt was covered with a single-crystal film. For the formation mechanism of the graphite single-crystal film, a heating process was played an important role.
Reactions of Bis(β-diketonato)platinum(II) and -palladium(II) with Diphosphines Ph2PCHRPPh2 (R=H, Me): Unexpected Formation of the Homoleptic Bis(diphenylphosphino)methanido and Related Complexes
Authors: Hashimoto Hiromasa , Okeya Seichi , Nakamura Yukio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reactions of [M(β-dik)2] (M=Pt(II), Pd(II); β-dik=acetylacetonate (acac), dipivaloylmethanate (dpm), hexafluoroacetylacetonate (hfac) ions) with dppm (dppm=Ph2PCH2PPh2) and mdppm (mdppm=Ph2PCH(Me)PPh2) have been investigated. [M(hfac)2] complexes react with dppm to afford the stable cationic complexes, [M(dppm)2](hfac)2. By contrast, [M(acac)2] complexes react to give the homoleptic bis(diphenylphosphino)methanido complexes, [M(Ph2PCHPPh2)2], through deprotonation of dppm by the displaced acac anions. The analogous complexes, [M(Ph2PC(Me)PPh2)2], are obtained using mdppm, instead of dppm. A complete reaction scheme leading to these products is proposed, based on the IR and 1H, 13C, and 31P NMR spectral data. Some consideration is given to the dependence of these reactions on the metals and the β-diketonate ligands, employed.
Syntheses, and Crystal and Molecular Structures of [Enneakis(chloroacetato)tetrakis(dimethyl sulfoxide)trineodymium(III)], [Nd3(ClCH2CO2)9{(CH3)2SO}4], and of the Isomorphous Lanthanum(III) and Praseodymium(III) Salts
Authors: Sugita Yoshihiko , Ouchi Akira 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The crystal and molecular structures of the chloroacetato–dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso) mixed complex of neodymium(III) indicated in the title were determined by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. The crystal is monoclinic, space group P21⁄n, a=21.106(21), b=15.871(8), c=15.748(7) Å, β=93.29(5)°, Z=4 (including 12 metal atoms in a unit cell). There are three kinds of crystallographically independent metal atoms, Nd(1), Nd(2), and Nd(3): Nd(1) and Nd(3) are ennea-coordinated (approximately tricapped trigonalprism geometry), and Nd(2) is deca-coordinated (approximately bicapped square-antiprism geometry) including a slightly long M–O bonding. All dmso molecules are directly coordinated to the metal atoms as unidentate, while all the carboxylate ions bridge metal atoms acting as bidentate or tridentate ligands. The bridging atoms are arranged in a chain which is approximately formed along the [101] axis. Also, the isomorphous lanthanum(III) and praseodymium(III) complexes were obtained and their structures were elucidated.
Thermal and Photochemical Reactions of 10-Methyl-9-phenylacridinium Chloride in Alcohols
Authors: Zhou Bin , Kano Koji , Hashimoto Shizunobu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The photoreduction of 10-methyl-9-phenylacridinium chloride in methanol containing K2CO3 involves the nucleophilic addition of methanol to the 9-position of the acridinium cation, the photoinduced heterolysis of the methanol adduct, and the hydride transfer from the alkoxide anion to the acridinium cation in the nonrelaxed ground states to give 9,10-dihydro-10-methyl-9-phenylacridine.
Synthesis of Cyclic Polysulfides. Reactions of Dithiols and Related Compounds with Elemental Sulfur in Liquid Ammonia
Authors: Sato Ryu , Saito Satoru , Chiba Hiroshi , Goto Takehiko , Saito Minoru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Many cyclic polysulfides, i.e., benzopentathiepins (3a–d), 6H-1,2,3,4,5-benzopentathiocin, 5H-1,2,3,4-benzotetrathiepin, 3H-1,2-benzodithiole, 1,5-dihydro-2,3,4-benzotrithiepin, 1,4-dihydro-2,3-benzodithiin, naphtho[1,8-cd]-1,2-dithiole, 1,2,3-trithiane, 1,2-dithiane, 2,3,4,5-tetrathiabicyclo[4.4.0]decane, and 2,3,4,5,6-pentathiabicyclo[5.4.0]undecane, were synthesized in high yields by new reactions of their corresponding dithiols and related compounds, 1,3-benzodithiole-2-thiones (5) and 1,3-dithiolane-2-thione, with elemental sulfur in liquid ammonia at ambient temperature. In the synthesis of 3a–d from 1,2-benzenedithiol or 5, considerable increase in the product yield was observed upon adding 1,3-dinitrobenzene to the solvent used in work-up.
Hydrolytic Metalloenzyme Models. Effects of AOT Reverse Micelles on the Hydrolysis of p-Nitrophenyl Picolinate Catalyzed by Zn2+ and Cu2+ Complexes of N-Alkyl-2-hydroxymethylimidazoles
Authors: Fujita Tsunehisa , Inaba Yoichi , Ogino Kenji , Tagaki Waichiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The catalytic effects of bivalent metal ion (Zn2+ and Cu2+) complexes of N-alkyl-2-hydroxymethylimidazoles on the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl picolinate (PNPP) have been studied kinetically in the reverse micelles of AOT/hexane/water at 25 °C. The results were compared with those obtained in the non-micellar aqueous media and aqueous micelles. The hydrolysis was observed to occur through the acyl group transfer from PNPP to the ligand hydroxyl group in both cases of Zn2+ and Cu2+ ions and in all three non-micellar and micellar systems. However, the ligand:metal ion ratio in the kinetically active complexes was found to differ significantly in the three systems: there seems to exist general trends of 1 : 1, 2 : 1, and 4 : 1 stoichiometry in the ligand:metal ion ratio, depending on non-micellar aqueous media, aqueous micelles and reverse micelles, respectively. It was also noticed that the hydrolysis is always faster in micellar systems than in non-micellar aqueous media. Furthermore, a lipophilic ligand (N-dodecyl, Lig-12) was found to be more active than a hydrophilic ligand (N-methyl, Lig-1) under two micellar conditions.
Synthesis of Oligoribonucleotides by Use of 4,4′,4″-Tris(acyloxy)trityl Groups for Protection of the 6-Amino Group of Adenosine
Authors: Sekine Mitsuo , Iwase Reiko , Masuda Narihiro , Hata Tsujiaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Two kinds of substituted trityls, i.e., 4,4′,4″-tris(benzoyloxy)trityl (TBTr) and 4,4′,4″-tris(p-anisoyloxy)trityl (TAnTr), have been examined as protecting groups of the amino group of adenosine in oligoribonucleotide synthesis. The former was used for a 3′-terminal adenosine unit and the latter was introduced into an building block of internal adenosine. These protecting groups were successfully applied to the liquid-phase synthesis of pGUA and pGUAUUA which were the 5′-terminal oligoribonucleotide fragments of brome mosaic virus mRNA 4.
Synthesis and Properties of Novel Analogs of Viologen
Authors: Kawashima Toshihide , Shiomi Yutaka , Tohda Yasuo , Ariga Masahiro , Mori Yutaka , Sakata Yoshiteru , Misumi Soichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Several viologen analogs having good coplanarity were synthesized and their redox potentials were measured by cyclic voltammetry.
Preparation and Properties of Pyridine-Analogue of TCNQ Dianion Salt
Authors: Hama Yoshiyuki , Nobuhara Yukikazu , Aso Yoshio , Otsubo Tetsuo , Ogura Fumio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Bis(tetrapropyl- and tetrabutylammonium) 1,1′-(2,5-pyridinediyl)bis[dicyanomethanide] (4a and 4b) were prepared in order to investigate the properties of pyridine-analogue 3 of TCNQ as a new electron acceptor and its complexation with TTF. Although 3 was not isolated, the cyclic voltammetry of the salt 4 indicated that 3 was a stronger electron acceptor than TCNQ. The charge-transfer complex of TTF and 3 was prepared by mixing TTF with 3 which was generated in situ from the electrolytic oxidation of 4 or from the oxidation of 2,5-bis(dicyanomethyl)pyridine, a precursor of 4, with hydrogen peroxide. It consisted of 1 : 1 composition of donor and acceptor and showed a high electrical conductivity of 19 S cm−1. The 2 : 1 complex was prepared by metathesis of (TTF)3(BF4)2 and 4, and also highly conductive.
The Conformational Studies of 4,7,10-Trioxa-1,13-dithia[13](1,1′)ruthenocenophane and Its PdCl2 Complex by X-Ray Analyses
Authors: Akabori Sadatoshi , Sato Sadao , Kawazoe Kayoko , Sato Masaru , Habata Yoichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Dichlorobis(4,7,10-trioxa-1,13-dithia[13](1,1′)ruthenocenophane)palladium(II) (6) was obtained by the reaction of 4,7,10-trioxa-1,13-dithia[13](1,1′)ruthenocenophane (5) with dichlorobis(acetonitrile)palladium(II) in 72% yield. The crystal structures of the complex 6 and its metal free ligand 5 were determined by the X-ray method. The crystal data: 5, monoclinic, P21⁄a, a=18.783(2), b=7.895(1), c=12.892(1) Å, β=93.53(1)°, U=1908.2 Å3, Z=4, Dc=1.58 g cm−3, μ(Mo Kα)=10 cm−1. 6, triclinic, P\bar1, a=13.956(2), b=9.174(1), c=8.770(1) Å, α=86.61(1), β=75.54(1), γ=94.37(1)°, U=1080.6 Å3, Z=2, Dc=1.94 g cm−3, μ(Mo Kα)=20 cm−1. The Pd atom of 6 bonded to the two sulfur atoms of the ligand and the torsion angle (69.2°) around the z-axis of the ruthenocenophane nucleus in the metal-free ligand is much larger than the corresponding one (0.4°) in the complex. These results are completely opposite of the case of 1,4,7,10-tetrathia[10](1,1′)ruthenocenophane and its Pt complex. Furthermore, the intramolecular atomic distance (3.697 Å) between the Ru and Pd atoms in 6 suggests the absence of the Ru–Pd dative bond.
Conductometric Determination of Some Metal Ions Using Oxine as Reagent
Authors: Zaki Mohamed Tarek Mohamed , Hanna Wageh Georgy , Fawzy Mohamed Hossam 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A simple and sensitive conductometric method for the determination of copper(II), iron(II) and (III), aluminum(III), chromium(III), gold(III), platinum(IV), vanadyl, zirconyl, and uranyl ions with oxine solution in ethanol–water system is described. An average recovery of 100.3% with standard deviation not exceeding 0.4% is observed. The effect of solvent, shape of titration curves and molar ratio of the chelates are studied. The proposed method shows good agreement with the conventional EDTA titration using metallochromic indicators. The advantage over the conventional method is discussed.
Phosphorescence Excitation Spectra in the Singlet–Triplet Absorption Region of Pyrazine and Pyrimidine Vapors
Authors: Fujita Masahisa , Ohta Nobuhiro , Takemura Takeshi , Baba Hiroaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Phosphorescence excitation spectra in the S0→T1 absorption region of pyrazine and pyrimidine have been observed in the vapor phase at room temperature. In pyrimidine vapor, the origin of the S0→T1 transition has been determined to be at 350.42 nm, and the T1 state is assigned to the nπ* state.
Chemistry of Germanium Atoms. III. Reactions of Thermally Evaporated Germanium Vapor with Hydrogermanes
Authors: Mochida Kunio , Yoshida Yasuhiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Thermally generated germanium atoms were found to react with hydrogermanes by insertion into germanium–hydrogen bonds. The resulting germylenes were inserted again in a germanium–hydrogen bond to form trigermanes.
A Convenient Synthesis of 3-Phenacylidenephthalides
Authors: Hori Kimihiko , Takaishi Naotake 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
3-Phenacylidenephthalides were prepared by the dehydration of 2-(1,3-dioxo-3-phenylpropyl)benzoic acids, obtained in turn by the condensation of phthalic anhydride with acetophenones.
Novel and Convenient Synthesis of Dioxaphospholes
Authors: Singh Maya Shanker , Mehrotra Kailash Nath 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Treatment of 1,2-diketones 1a–d with sodium in dry THF followed by addition of dry phenyl and ethyl phosphorodichloridate gave 2-phenoxy- and 2-hydroxy-4,5-diaryl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphole 2-oxides, respectively.
Dielectric Losses of Dehydrated Na11-ZK4 and K3Na8-ZK4 Zeolites
Authors: Ohgushi Tatsuo , Nonaka Kenji , Watanabe Tsuyoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Dielectric properties of completely dehydrated Na11-ZK4 and K3Na8-ZK4 zeolites were studied. A relaxation loss peak and a loss in the lower frequency region were observed in both zeolites. The relaxation losses were assigned to the jump of a cation from the 8-ring site to the 4-ring site. The losses in the lower frequency region were attributed to a cation movement beyond the unit cell dimension.
Structure Dependence in the Hydrogenation of Acetylene over Columnar Pd Film
Authors: Tamaki Jun , Imanaka Toshinobu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Pd films prepared by the UHV RF sputtering system had the tapered columnar structure as observed using SEM. The microstructure of the films changed with the film thickness. This affected the hydrogenation of acetylene. The Pd films which showed the strong (220) intensity in XRD exhibited the high ethylene selectivity.
Proton Magnetic Relaxation and Molecular Motion in Crystalline Tetramethylsilane
Authors: Hasebe Tooru , Nakamura Nobuo , Chihara Hideaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The molecular motion in the three modifications of tetramethylsilane was studied by the spin-lattice relaxation time measurements. The activation parameters for the methyl group reorientation, overall molecular tumbling, and the molecular self-diffusion were determined in each phase. A possible correlation between these parameters and the stability of the plastic phase was pointed out.
Improvement in Flash Chromatography
Authors: Naruta Yoshinori , Uemori Hitoshi , Fukumoto Masami , Sugiyama Haruhiko , Sakata Yoshitsugu , Maruyama Kazuhiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Optimum and higher resolution in flash chromatography (FC) has been realized with 20–40 μm silica gel, which gives 1.4–1.9 times larger theoretical plate numbers, than the reported one, 40–63 μm. A new FC tube is proposed and the combination of quartz-made chromatographic tube and silica gel with fluorescent indicator is conveniently used for the preparative separation of colorless but UV absorbing compounds.
Selective Conversion of 2-Mercaptoalkanols to Thiirans with Orthocarbonates
Authors: Takata Toshikazu , Endo Takeshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Tetraalkyl orthocarbonates 1 were demonstrated to serve as potent cyclodehydrating agents for 2-mercaptoalkanols 2 to give the corresponding thiirans in good yields in acid-catalyzed reactions in aprotic solvents. Effects of catalysts, solvents, and alkyl substituents of 1 were examined. Activity of the acid catalysts depended on their acidity (pKa), and the strong Lewis acid BF3·OEt2 also had high catalytic activity. Effects of solvents and alkyl substituents of 1 were little observed.
New Synthesis of Penta-N,O-acetyl-Dl-validamine and Pseudo-2-amino-2-deoxy-α-Dl-mannopyranose, and Their Uronate Analogs
Authors: Ogawa Seiichiro , Suzuki Motohiro , Tonegawa Takeshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Treatment of the hydroxy lactone derived from (±)-endo-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylic acid with hydrogen bromide–acetic acid, followed by esterification, gave 48% of ethyl Dl-(1,3,5/2,4)-5-bromo-2,3,4-trihydroxy-1-cyclohexanecarboxylate, from which Dl-validamine and pseudo-2-amino-2-deoxy-α-Dl-mannopyranose, and their uronate analogs have been synthesized as the totally acetylated derivatives.
NMR Study of Dynamics of Carboxyl Proton in Crystals of Acetylenedicarboxylic Acid and p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
Authors: Imaoka Nobuyoshi , Takeda Sadamu , Chihara Hideaki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Two kinds of motions of proton in dimeric carboxyl group were distinguished by the temperature dependence of spin-lattice relaxation times of dipolar system (T1d) and of Zeeman system (T1z) on acethylenedicarboxylic acid (ADCA) and on p-nitrobenzoic acid (PNBA) in the A2⁄a form. High temperature motion of ADCA is 180° rotation of the eight-membered ring of dimeric carboxyl group about the axis nearly parallel to the hydrogen bonds. The activation energy of this motion of ADCA is 58 kJ mol−1. The low temperature motion of ADCA and PNBA is the proton translation along the hydrogen bonds in a dimeric carboxyl group, which induces the minima of T1z and T1d at the same temperature. The activation energy derived from the high temperature slope of T1z curve is 6.9 kJ mol−1 for ADCA and 2.5 kJ mol−1 for PNBA. The low temperature slope gives a small activation energy of 1.9 kJ mol−1 for ADCA and 1.0 kJ mol−1 for PNBA. The frequency dependence of T1z in the low temperature limit was constant at low Larmor frequency. This result indicates that the translational motion of protons along the hydrogen bonds is not classical but quantum-mechanical.
Effect of Attractive Solvent–Solvent and Solvent–Solute Interactions on Partial Molal Quantities
Authors: Yoshimura Yosuke , Nakahara Masaru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The effect of the perturbation due to attractive solute–solvent and solvent–solvent interactions on the partial molal volume (PMV), entropy (PME), and enthalpy in infinitely dilute solution has been formulated on the basis of the first-order perturbation theory which comes from the van der Waals picture of liquid. PMV is found to be composed of the two compensating factors which arise from the solute–solvent and solvent–solvent attractive interactions treated as the perturbation; when the former is larger than the latter PMV becomes smaller. PME is influenced only indirectly by the attractive perturbation through the volume change due to the perturbation interactions. The limitations of the basic expressions derived are discussed in the case of large solute.