bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond Women, Children, and Families: Gender, Representation, and Public Funding for the Arts*
Authors: Boles Janet K. , Scheurer Katherine 
Published: March 2007

Objectives.Research on the impact of female legislators has found that in their voting records women in elective office tend to be more liberal and more supportive of issues of concern to women, children, and families than are men, differences that conform to gender stereotypes held by voters. This article examines another well‐established gender stereotype that is not linked to the traditional concerns of women as conventionally defined by scholars: that women in public office will be more supportive of the arts.Method.The 40 votes taken on arts legislation in the U.S. House of Representatives, 1983–2002, are examined using negative binomial regression in a model that includes district and personal characteristics.Results.Democratic Party membership and support, citizen ideology, urban residence, and gender are significant factors in explaining support for public funding for the arts. Female representatives are more likely than their male colleagues to support the arts, a finding that primarily reflects the greater support of Republican women for the arts in comparison with their male counterparts.Conclusion.This study suggests that substantive representation of women by female elected officials may extend to more policy issues than previous research has documented. Research on issues that are recognized as gendered (e.g., arts policy) but are not traditionally defined as women's issues is an area for further exploration.
Campaign Fundraising in State Supreme Court Elections*
Authors: Bonneau Chris W. 
Published: March 2007

Objective. What factors affect the ability of candidates for state supreme courts to raise money? In this article, I test (and expand) existing theories of political fundraising (taken largely from legislative studies) in the context of judicial elections.Methods. I examine the determinants of campaign contributions to all candidates running for the state supreme court from 1990–2000 in states that have competitive judicial elections. Most basically, I hypothesize that a candidate's ability to raise money is dependent on characteristics of the candidate, the state electoral and supreme court context, and institutional arrangements.Results. The results suggest that candidates who have a greater probability of success than their opponents are better able to raise money. Yet, all is not within the control of the candidates, as the electoral context of the state and the court as well as the institutional arrangements of the election and the court are also relevant.Conclusions. Campaign fundraising by state supreme court candidates, much like fundraising by legislative candidates, can be understood in systematic and predictable ways. Candidates have some control over the amount of money that they are able to raise (and thus their electoral viability), although there is little they can do about the electoral and supreme court context. Additionally, institutional arrangements play a large role in raising campaign funds, suggesting that there is not much reformers can do to limit the amount of money involved in elections short of eradicating elections altogether.
When Do States Pursue Targeted Economic Development Policies? The Adoption and Expansion of State Enterprise Zone Programs*
Authors: Turner Robert C. , Cassell Mark K. 
Published: March 2007

Objective. The objective of this article is twofold. First, why did states adopt enterprise zones, which allow designated economically distressed areas to provide significant financial incentives to attract firms? Second, why did some states significantly increase the number of zones within the state and transform what began as a spatially targeted program aimed at helping poor places into a state‐wide incentive program aimed at improving the state's competitive position? We also demonstrate the value of examining how changes in a state's policy environment can undermine a policy innovation, namely, the adoption of place‐based economic development policies.Methods. We use event history analysis to model when states adopt enterprise zones and an event‐count model to estimate when states increase the number of enterprise zones, and thereby undermine the original intent of the program.Results. States with larger urban populations and neighboring states with enterprise zone programs are more likely to adopt enterprise zone programs. States are more likely to increase the number of enterprise zones when they have larger urban populations, more neighboring states with enterprise zone programs, professional legislatures, more centrist elected officials, and as the program ages.Conclusions. Although the adoption of enterprise zones signaled states' commitment to improve conditions in the most distressed areas of the states, that commitment gradually wanes in the face of internal political demands and external competition for investment and jobs. By extending our analysis to examine what happens after the adoption of enterprise zones, we develop a more pessimistic assessment of states' capacity to pursue spatially targeted economic development policies to help economically distressed areas.
Business Interest Group Power and Temporary Assistance to Needy Families*
Authors: Klarner Carl , Mao Xiaotong , Buchanan Stan 
Published: March 2007

Objectives. Our aim is to test the influence of business interest groups on Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) policy at the state level.Methods. We use the state TANF guarantee, the length of time recipients have before they lose their benefits, and the existence of a “family cap” as dependent variables in three models. Each of the models tests business interest group power and several other measures that represent possible influences on the dependent variable.Results. We find that business interest group power is significantly related to both the generosity of the TANF guarantee and to TANF time limits. However, it is not related to the presence of the family cap in state TANF policy.Conclusions. The evidence we found is consistent with the idea that those state TANF policies that are most intimately related to business interests are just those policies that are most affected by business group influence. States' TANF policies regarding maximum benefit and time limits both have a direct impact on wealth redistribution and labor‐market behavior. On the other hand, business interest groups do not seem to have much influence on the presence of TANF family caps, policies that are arguably less the concern of business interest groups, and more connected to public attitudes toward families and children.
Black Voters, Black Candidates, and Social Issues: Does Party Identification Matter?*
Authors: Kidd Quentin , Diggs Herman , Farooq Mehreen , Murray Megan 
Published: March 2007

Objective. Much is known about voting behavior generally; less is known about voting behavior of African Americans in particular due in part to the overwhelming support of black voters for Democratic candidates. However, some argue that black conservatism on social issues could lead to more Republican voting.Methods. We test this question with a set of data on black voting behavior in a 2004 congressional race where two black candidates ran against each other. We thus hold race of candidate constant and look at the influence of social issues and party identification on black vote choice.Results. We find evidence to suggest that evangelicalism and support for the war in Iraq is related to being Republican, but that Democratic Party identification plays the dominant role in black voter decision making.Conclusions. Black conservatism on at least certain social issues is real and has the potential to influence vote choice, but the influence of Democratic Party allegiance is still a very powerful cue for black voters.
Buying into the American Dream? Mexican Immigrants, Legal Status, and Homeownership in Los Angeles County*
Authors: McConnell Eileen Diaz , Marcelli Enrico A. 
Published: March 2007

Objectives. Contemporary patterns of homeownership reflect the continuing racial and ethnic stratification that exists in nearly all areas of American society. Of particular interest, especially within the context of recent immigration legislation, are the homeownership experiences of Mexican immigrants in the United States.Methods. The current study employs unique data from the 2001 Los Angeles County Mexican Immigrant Residency Status Survey (LAC‐MIRSS) to examine the association between diverse forms of legal status and homeownership for Mexican immigrants.Results. Analyses indicate that the relationship between legal status and housing tenure is not statistically significant, after accounting for economic, life‐course/life‐cycle, and assimilation/social capital characteristics.Conclusions. The lack of a significant relationship is contrary to past research, perhaps explained by the explosive growth of the subprime mortgage market in the United States; the increasing recognition by financial institutions of Latino immigrants as a largely untapped, yet emerging, market in the mortgage industry; the availability of alternative forms of identification; and the institutionalization of unauthorized immigration in Los Angeles.
Effect of γ‐immunoglobulin on the asaccharolytic growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Oda H. , Saiki K. , Numabe Y. , Konishi K. 
Published: March 2007

Background and Objectives:  A minimal medium is indispensable for examining the growth properties of the asaccharolytic bacterium, Porphyromonas gingivalis. The purpose of the present study was to improve the widely used KGB medium to support good growth of P. gingivalis.Material and Methods:  Growth of P. gingivalis (W50, W83, and ATCC33277) in a minimal medium was monitored by measuring the optical density of the culture during incubation.Results:  W50, W83, and ATCC33277 grew poorly with bovine serum albumin as the sole carbon and nitrogen source, and α‐ketoglutarate had little or no effect on this poor growth. In contrast, FeCl3 improved the growth of W83 and ATCC33277; however, the use of a high concentration of FeCl3 elicited black pigmentation of the cells. Bovine γ‐immunoglobulin greatly recovered the growth defect. None of α‐ketoglutarate, citrate, or trace metal ions, when used to supplement KGB medium, was required for growth. We determined the optimal conditions for growth, and developed a new simple minimal medium for P. gingivalis (GA medium). Growth of ATCC33277 in GA medium was dependent on gingipains; Arg‐gingipains and Lys‐gingipain contributed comparably to proliferation of the bacterium.Conclusion:  These data indicate that GA medium is currently the most reliable minimal medium for examining the growth properties of P. gingivalis.
Chest wall kinematics during cough in healthy subjects
Authors: Lanini B. , Bianchi R. , Binazzi B. , Romagnoli I. , Pala F. , Gigliotti F. , Scano G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAim:  The study of kinematics of the chest wall (CW) could allow us to define the relative deflationary contribution of its compartments during fits of coughing. We hypothesized that if forces applied to the lung apposed rib cage are not commensurate with those applied to the abdomen‐apposed rib cage, cough could result in rib cage distortion.Methods:  In 12 (five women) healthy subjects we evaluated the volumes of CW (Vcw) and its compartments: the lung apposed rib cage, the abdomen apposed rib cage and the abdomen, by optoelectronic plethysmography. The loop of volume of the lung apposed rib cage/volume of the abdomen apposed rib cage allowed the calculation of mean rib cage distortion, resulting in a dimensionless number which, when multiplied by 100, gives percentage distortion. Each subject performed voluntary single and prolonged coughing efforts at functional residual capacity (FRC) and after maximal inspiration (max). The normal level of mean distortion was set at <0.5%.Results:  The three compartments contributed to reducing end‐expiratory Vcw during cough at FRC and prolonged maximum cough, with the latter resulting in the greatest CW deflation. Mean rib cage distortion did not differ between men and women (P > 0.1), but tended to significantly increase from single to prolonged Cough Max (1.3% ± 1.0 vs. 2.3% ± 1.6, respectively; P = 0.06).Conclusion:  Rib cage distortion may ensue during coughing, probably as a result of uneven distribution of forces applied to the rib cage.
Nitric oxide, superoxide and renal blood flow autoregulation in SHR after perinatal L‐arginine and antioxidants
Authors: Koeners M. P. , Racasan S. , Koomans H. A. , Joles J. A. , Braam B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAim:  Nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide are considered to be regulatory in renal blood flow (RBF) autoregulation, and hence may contribute to development of hypertension. To extend our previous observations that dynamic NO release is impaired in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) we investigated, firstly, if superoxide dependency of RBF autoregulation is increased in SHR and, secondly, if the beneficial effect of perinatal supplementation in SHR is partly as a result of early correction of RBF autoregulation. We hypothesized that perinatal supplementation by restoring dynamic NO release and/or decreasing superoxide dependency and would improve life‐long blood pressure regulation.Methods:  Autoregulation was studied using stepwise reductions in renal perfusion pressure in anaesthetized male SHR, SHR perinatally supplemented with arginine and antioxidants (SHRsuppl) and Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY), prior to and during i.v. Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine (NO synthase inhibitor) or tempol (superoxide dismutase mimetic).Results:  Spontaneously hypertensive rat displayed a wider operating range of RBF autoregulation as compared with WKY (59 ± 4 vs. 33 ± 2 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.01). Perinatal supplementation in SHR decreased mean arterial pressure, renal vascular resistance and the operating range of RBF autoregulation (43 ± 3 mmHg; P < 0.01). In addition autoregulation efficiency decreased. RBF autoregulation characteristics shifted towards those of normotensive WKY. However, dynamic NO release was still impaired and no clear differences in superoxide dependency in RBF autoregulation between groups was observed.Conclusion:  Perinatal supplements shifted RBF autoregulation characteristics of SHR towards WKY, although capacity of the SHRsuppl kidney to modulate NO production to shear stress still seems impaired. The less strictly controlled RBF as observed in perinatally supplemented SHR could result in an improved long‐term blood pressure control. This might partly underlie the beneficial effects of perinatal supplementation.
Francesco Paolo Cantelli
Authors: Benzi Margherita , Benzi Michele , Seneta Eugene 
Published: March 2007

Summary Francesco Paolo Cantelli made fundamental contributions to the foundations of probability theory and to the clarification of different types of probabilistic convergence. He is remembered through the Borel–Cantelli Lemma, the Glivenko–Cantelli Theorem, and Cantelli's Inequality. He also made seminal contributions to actuarial science.
Methodology for Easy Access to Large Sidewall Bis-Tröger's Bases
Authors: Havlík Martin , Král Vladimír , Dolensky Bohumil 
Published: March 2007

4,6-Bis(bromomethyl)-N1,N3-bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)benzene-1,3-diamine is introduced as a general starting compound for the preparation of bis-Tröger's base (bisTB) derivatives in excellent yield in just two steps. The synthetic sequence includes treatment of the above-mentioned protected diamine with an arylamine followed by in situ deprotection and the final bisTB-forming reaction. This sequence allows synthesis of bisTB derivatives, which are not accessible by known procedures. The described approach is a general new method for the preparation of bisTB derivatives from "troegerable" arylamines.
Relationship between the intensity of physical activity, inactivity, cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in 7–10-year-old Dublin children
Authors: Hussey J , Bell C , Bennett K , O’Dwyer J , Gormley J 
Published: March 2007

Objective:To investigate the relationships between the time spent in specific intensities of activity and inactivity, cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in children.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in a random sample of schools. Height, weight and waist circumference were measured in 224 children aged 7–10 years. Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated by the 20 m multistage running test, and physical activity was measured over 4 days by the RT3 (a triaxial accelerometer). Time each day spent in moderate and vigorous intensities of activity was calculated.Results:Twelve schools agreed to participate in the study. Body composition and fitness data were obtained for 224 children and activity data for 152 children. Boys were found to take part in about twice as much vigorous and hard activity as girls (mean (95% confidence interval) 64.3 (53.2 to 75.4) min in boys compared with 37 (33.1 to 40.9) min in girls; p<0.001). In boys there was significant difference between those defined as normal, overweight and obese in the time spent in vigorous activity (p<0.05), but no such difference was found in girls. A significant negative correlation between waist circumference and time spent in vigorous activity (r = –0.31, p<0.05) was found in boys but not in girls. Time spent sedentary was positively correlated with waist circumference in boys (r = 0.33, p<0.01) but not in girls. In both boys and girls there were significant negative correlations between fitness and both body mass index (r = –0.274, p<0.001) and waist circumference (boys:r = –0.503, p<0.01; girls:r = –0.286, p<0.01).Conclusion:In boys, body composition was inversely related to fitness and to vigorous activity and was positively related to inactivity. In girls, body composition was related to fitness but not to specific components of physical activity.
The unhealthy physician
Authors: Magnavita Nicola 
Published: March 2007

Background:Physicians, if affected by transmissible or impairing diseases, could be hazardous for third persons.Aim:To solve the apparent chasm between patient’s and sick worker’s rights, a consensus-building process leading to hospital-wide policies is the better alternative to individual decision making.Conclusions:Policies have to balance the rights of the sick worker, the right of the other workers, patients and customers, and society’s expectations.
Mortality and life expectancy in relation to long-term cigarette, cigar and pipe smoking: The Zutphen Study
Authors: Streppel Martinette T , Boshuizen Hendriek C , Ocké Marga C , Kok Frans J , Kromhout Daan 
Published: March 2007

Study objective:To study the effect of long-term smoking on all-cause and cause-specific mortality, and to estimate the effects of cigarette and cigar or pipe smoking on life expectancy.Design:A long-term prospective cohort study.Setting:Zutphen, The Netherlands.Participants:1373 men from the Zutphen Study, born between 1900 and 1920 and studied between 1960 and 2000.Measurements:Hazard ratios for the type of smoking, amount and duration of cigarette smoking, obtained from a time-dependent Cox regression model. Absolute health effects of smoking are expressed as differences in life expectancy and the number of disease-free years of life.Main results:Duration of cigarette smoking was strongly associated with mortality from cardiovascular disease, lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, whereas both the number of cigarettes smoked as well as duration of cigarette smoking were strongly associated with all-cause mortality. Average cigarette smoking reduced the total life expectancy by 6.8 years, whereas heavy cigarette smoking reduced the total life expectancy by 8.8 years. The number of total life-years lost due to cigar or pipe smoking was 4.7 years. Moreover, cigarette smoking reduced the number of disease-free life-years by 5.8 years, and cigar or pipe smoking by 5.2 years. Stopping cigarette smoking at age 40 increased the life expectancy by 4.6 years, while the number of disease-free life-years was increased by 3.0 years.Conclusions:Cigar or pipe smoking reduces life expectancy to a lesser extent than cigarette smoking. Both the number of cigarettes smoked and duration of smoking are strongly associated with mortality risk and the number of life-years lost. Stopping smoking after age 40 has major health benefits.
Effect of local youth-access regulations on progression to established smoking among youths in Massachusetts
Authors: Conley Thomson Carey , Hamilton William L , Siegel Michael B , Biener Lois , Rigotti Nancy A 
Published: March 2007

Objective:To test whether community-level restrictions on youth access to tobacco (including both ordinances and enforcement) are associated with less smoking initiation or less progression to established smoking among adolescents.Design:Prospective cohort study of a random sample of adolescents in Massachusetts whose smoking status was assessed by telephone interviews at baseline and 2-year follow-up, and linked to a state-wide database of town-level youth-access ordinances and enforcement practices.Participants:A random sample of 2623 adolescents aged 12–17 years who lived in 295 towns in Massachusetts in 2001–2 and were followed in 2003–4.Main outcome measures:The relationship between the strength of local youth access restrictions (including both ordinances and level of enforcement) and (1) never-smokers’ smoking initiation rates and (2) experimenters’ rate of progression to established smoking was tested in a multilevel analysis that accounted for town-level clustering and adjusted for potential individual, household and town-level confounders.Results:Over 2 years, 21% of 1986 never-smokers initiated smoking and 25% of 518 experimenters became established smokers. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for smoking initiation was 0.89 (95% CI 0.61 to 1.31) for strong versus weak youth-access policies and 0.93 (95% CI 0.67 to 1.29) for medium versus weak policies. The adjusted OR for progression to established smoking among adolescents who had experimented with smoking was 0.79 (95% CI 0.45 to 1.39) for strong versus weak local smoking restrictions and 0.85 (95% CI 0.50 to 1.45) for medium versus weak restrictions.Conclusions:This prospective cohort study found no association between community-level youth-access restrictions and adolescents’ rate of smoking initiation or progression to established smoking over 2 years.
Empirical Probability Models to Predict Precipitation Levels over Puerto Rico Stations
Authors: Ramirez-Beltran Nazario D. , Lau William K. M. , Winter Amos , Castro Joan M. , Escalante Nazario Ramirez 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A new algorithm is proposed to predict the level of rainfall (above normal, normal, and below normal) in Puerto Rico that relies on probability and empirical models. The algorithm includes a theoretical probability model in which parameters are expressed as regression equations containing observed meteorological variables. Six rainfall stations were used in this study to implement and assess the reliability of the models. The stations, located throughout Puerto Rico, have monthly records that extend back 101 yr. The maximum likelihood method is used to estimate the parameters of the empirical probability models. A variable selection (VS) algorithm identifies the minimum number of variables that maximize the correlation between predictors and a predictand. The VS algorithm is used to identify the initial point and the maximum likelihood is optimized by using the sequential quadratic programming algorithm. Ten years of cross validation were applied to the results from six stations. The proposed method outperforms both climatology and damped persistence models. Results suggest that the methodology implemented here can be used as a potential tool to predict the level of rainfall at any station located on a tropical island, assuming that at least 50 yr of monthly rainfall observations are available. Model analyses show that meteorological indices can be used to predict rainfall stages.