bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Corn Root Exudates on the Degradation of Atrazine and Its Chlorinated Metabolites in Soils
Authors: Wenger K. , Bigler L. , Suter M. J.‐F. , Schönenberger R. , Gupta S. K. , Schulin R. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTDIMBOA (3,4‐dihydro‐2,4‐dihydroxy‐7‐methoxy‐2H‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3‐one), a major benzoxazinone of Poaceae plants, was isolated and purified from corn seedlings. The effect of isolated and purified DIMBOA on the degradation of atrazine [2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine], and its toxic breakdown products, desethylatrazine [2‐chloro‐4‐amino‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine; DEA] and desisopropylatrazine [2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐amino‐s‐triazine; DIA], was studied in the absence of plants using batch experiments, while the effect of corn root exudates on these compounds was determined in hydroponic experiments. Degradation experiments were performed in the presence and absence of 50 μM, 1 mM, or 5 mM DIMBOA resulting in ratios of DIMBOA to pesticide of 1:1, 20:1, and 100:1. We observed a 100% degradation of atrazine to hydroxyatrazine within 48 h at a ratio of DIMBOA to atrazine of 100:1. DIMBOA had the largest effect on atrazine, while it was about three times less effective on DEA and DIA. Corn (Zea mays L. cv. LG 2185) was exposed to 10 mg L−1 of either atrazine, DEA, or DIA for 11 d in a growth chamber experiment. Up to 4.3 μmol L−1 d−1 of hydroxyatrazine were formed in the nutrient solutions by plants exposed to atrazine, while the formation of hydroxylated metabolites from plants exposed to DEA and DIA was smaller and also delayed. The formation of hydroxylated metabolites increased in the solution with plant age in all atrazine, DEA, and DIA treatments. HMBOA (3,4‐dihydro‐2‐hydroxy‐7‐methoxy‐2H‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3‐one), the lactam precursor of DIMBOA, and a tentatively identified derivative of MBOA (2,3‐dihydro‐6‐methoxy‐benzoxazol‐2‐one) were detected in the corn root exudates. Mass balance calculations revealed that up to 30% of the disappearance of atrazine and DEA, and up to 10% of DIA removal from the solution medium in our study could be explained by the formation of hydroxylated metabolites in the solution itself. Our results show that higher plants such as corn have the potential to promote the hydrolysis of triazine residues in soils by exudation of benzoxazinones.
Relative Movement and Soil Fixation of Soluble Organic and Inorganic Phosphorus
Authors: Anderson Brandon H. , Magdoff Frederick R. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTThere is considerable concern about pollution of surface waters with P. Although most of the research has focused on inorganic P in surface runoff, it has recently become possible to easily follow the fate of soluble organic P forms in soils and waters. Two experiments were performed to compare the relative mobility and soil fixation affinity of orthophosphate monoesters, orthophosphate diesters, and soluble inorganic P. We used three P substrates, 4‐methylumbelliferyl phosphate (MUP), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and KH2PO4 in (i) a soil column experiment and (ii) a soil P adsorption test tube experiment. Shortly after columns were prepared, approximately two pore volumes of 0.005 M CaCl2 were passed through 25 cm length columns containing 10 cm of loamy sand amended with approximately 10 mg P as MUP, DNA, or KH2PO4 above 15 cm of nonamended loamy sand. The total net quantity of 757.8 μg P 2L−1 of orthophosphate diesters in the leachate from the DNA columns exceeded the net quantity of orthophosphate monoesters in leachate from the MUP columns (4.6 μg P 2L−1) and soluble inorganic P from the KH2PO4 columns (34.0 μg P 2L−1). Adsorption of soluble organic and inorganic P in the test tube experiment yielded similar results: DNA, containing orthophosphate diesters, had a relatively low affinity for soils. In both experiments, high concentrations of other P compounds were identified in samples treated with organic P substrates, suggesting enzymatic hydrolysis by native soil phosphatase enzymes. These findings indicate that repeated application of organic forms of P could lead to significant leaching of P to ground water.
In Situ Measurements of Nitrate Leaching Implicate Poor Nitrogen and Irrigation Management on Sandy Soils
Authors: Gehl R. J. , Schmidt J. P. , Stone L. R. , Schlegel A. J. , Clark G. A. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTMinimizing the risk of nitrate contamination along the waterways of the U.S. Great Plains is essential to continued irrigated corn production and quality water supplies. The objectives of this study were to quantify nitrate (NO3) leaching for irrigated sandy soils (Pratt loamy fine sand [sandy, mixed, mesic Lamellic Haplustalfs]) and to evaluate the effects of N fertilizer and irrigation management strategies on NO3 leaching in irrigated corn. Two irrigation schedules (1.0× and 1.25× optimum) were combined with six N fertilizer treatments broadcast as NH4NO3 (kg N ha−1): 300 and 250 applied pre‐plant; 250 applied pre‐plant and sidedress; 185 applied pre‐plant and sidedress; 125 applied pre‐plant and sidedress; and 0. Porous‐cup tensiometers and solution samplers were installed in each of the four highest N treatments. Soil solution samples were collected during the 2001 and 2002 growing seasons. Maximum corn grain yield was achieved with 125 or 185 kg N ha−1, regardless of the irrigation schedule (IS). The 1.25× IS exacerbated the amount of NO3 leached below the 152‐cm depth in the preplant N treatments, with a mean of 146 kg N ha−1 for the 250 and 300 kg N preplant applications compared with 12 kg N ha−1 for the same N treatments and 1.0× IS. With 185 kg N ha−1, the 1.25× IS treatment resulted in 74 kg N ha−1 leached compared with 10 kg N ha−1 for the 1.0× IS. Appropriate irrigation scheduling and N fertilizer rates are essential to improving N management practices on these sandy soils.
Use of Drinking Water Treatment Residuals as a Potential Best Management Practice to Reduce Phosphorus Risk Index Scores
Authors: Dayton E. A. , Basta N. T. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTThe P risk index system has been developed to identify agricultural fields vulnerable to P loss as a step toward protecting surface water. Because of their high Langmuir phosphorus adsorption maxima (Pmax), use of drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs) should be considered as a best management practice (BMP) to lower P risk index scores. This work discusses three WTR application methods that can be used to reduce P risk scores: (i) enhanced buffer strip, (ii) incorporation into a high soil test phosphorus (STP) soil, and (iii) co‐blending with manure or biosolids. The relationship between WTR Pmax and reduction in P extractability and runoff P was investigated. In a simulated rainfall experiment, using a buffer strip enhanced with 20 Mg WTR ha−1, runoff P was reduced by from 66.8 to 86.2% and reductions were related to the WTR Pmax When 25 g kg−1 WTR was incorporated into a high STP soil of 315 mg kg−1 determined using Mehlich‐3 extraction, 0.01 M calcium chloride–extractable phosphorus (CaCl2–P) reductions ranged from 60.9 to 96.0% and were strongly (P < 0.01) related to WTR Pmax At a 100 g kg−1 WTR addition, Mehlich 3–extractable P reductions ranged from 41.1 to 86.7% and were strongly (P < 0.01) related to WTR Pmax Co‐blending WTR at 250 g kg−1 to manure or biosolids reduced CaCl2–P by >75%. The WTR Pmax normalized across WTR application rates (Pmax × WTR application) was significantly related to reductions in CaCl2–P or STP. Using WTR as a P risk index modifying factor will promote effective use of WTR as a BMP to reduce P loss from agricultural land.
HPLC‐MSn to Investigate the Oxidative Destruction Pathway of Aromatic Sulfonate Wastes
Authors: Gosetti Fabio , Gianotti Valentina , Ravera Mauro , Gennaro Maria Carla 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTThe article concerns the problem of destruction and remediation of industrial wastes containing aromatic sulfonates. The effects of an oxidation process induced by thermally activated persulfate in the degradation of 1,5‐naphthalenedisulfonate (NDS) are investigated by the use of UV‐Vis spectrophotometry, high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS) and HPLC‐MSn techniques. The results obtained indicated that thermal activation (80°C) of a solution containing NDS and sodium persulfate in a molar ratio equal to 1 leads to the cleavage of the naphthalene structure. Estimated chemical oxygen demand (COD) indicates that when the excess of persulfate is equal to 100, NDS undergoes a mineralization of the order of 90%. A degradation pathway undergone by NDS when thermally activated in the presence of persulfate is proposed.
A framework to model shrimp (Pandalus borealis) stock dynamics and to quantify the risk associated with alternative management options, using Bayesian methods
Authors: Hvingel Carsten , Kingsley Michael C.S. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA new integrated Bayesian framework for making quantitative assessments, predictions, and risk analyses of shrimp (Pandalus borealis) stock development is constructed. A biomass dynamic model, based on the logistic function but including an explicit term for cod predation, suggests that the quantity of shrimp consumed by cod could equal that taken by the fishery. The model proved superior to an alternative model in its ability to estimate parameters central to the assessment; the alternative model subsumed cod predation as part of an overall population growth effect without a time trend. Two series of shrimp biomass indices, catch, cod biomass estimates, cod consumption estimates, and prior distributions of model parameters provided information to the models. Process and observation errors were incorporated simultaneously using a state-space modelling framework. A Bayesian approach was used to construct posterior probability distributions of model parameters and derived variables relevant for management advice, including quantification of future risk of transgressing reference points in relation to alternative management options.
Detection of Helicobacter Pylori in the Middle Ear Fluid of Patients with Otitis Media with Effusion
Authors: Morinaka Setsuko , Tominaga Masayuki , Nakamura Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVESIn patients with otitis media with effusion (OME), colonization of the middle ear effusion (MEE) by Helicobacter pylori (HP) was investigated.STUDY DESIGNA prospective nonrandomized study with nonpaired, nonmatched controls. Smear preparations were immunostained with anti‐HP antibody and were subjected to Gram staining and Giemsa staining. The rapid urease test (CLO) was done.RESULTSTwelve of 15 smears for MEE were positive for HP by immunohistochemistry and 14 by Giemsa that were Gram‐negative. In 3 with positive immunohistochemistry, the CLO was positive.CONCLUSIONThe results suggest that HP may exist in the MEE of some patients with OME.
Total Nasopharyngeal Stenosis: Treatment With Laser Excision, Nasopharyngeal Obturators, and Topical Mitomycin‐c
Authors: Jones Loren M. , Guillory Villa L. , Mair Eric A. 
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVESevere nasopharyngeal stenosis after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) is a dreaded complication. Very little has been written about successful treatment because attempts at correction frequently fail. Severe stenosis of the nasopharynx drastically worsens speech, swallowing, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We present our successful experience with severe stenosis focusing on a simple functional repair using topical mitomycin‐c as well as differing daytime and nighttime palatal obturators.METHODSThree adults with total or near‐total nasopharyngeal stenosis secondary to UPPP were referred to our institution after multiple failed attempts at repair. Each presented with significant OSA on polysomnogram (PSG), with excessive daytime somnolence and voice and swallowing complaints. Under general anesthesia, a CO2 laser is used to create an opening in the nasopharynx. Removable and adjustable palatal obturators are fashioned to keep the nasopharynx open with a daytime insert piece with a small obturator hole for diminished velopharyngeal insufficiency and a nighttime piece without an insert to maximize recumbent airflow. Obturators are removed 6 months later with topical application of mitomycin‐c as a fibroblast inhibitor. All patients were followed clinically for at least 1 year and received posttreatment PSG.RESULTSAll patients experienced resolution of their stenoses. Swallowing and voice complaints resolved. Either OSA was eliminated or any residual OSA was successfully treated with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Serial videoendoscopic images throughout the treatment phase demonstrate the effectiveness of this new technique.CONCLUSIONSSevere nasopharyngeal stenosis is a rare but devastating complication of UPPP. We introduce a simple technique that uses functional palatal obturators and topical mitomycin‐c and describe our success with this treatment algorithm.
Mitomycin C Effect on Fibrous Adhesions of Rabbit Temporomandibular Joint
Authors: Aydin Erdinc , Uckan Sina , Ozdemir B. Handan , Uyar Pinar 
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVETo evaluate influence of mitomycin C on fibrosis in temporomandibular joints of rabbits with mandibular traction.STUDY DESIGNTwenty rabbits (8 control, 12 mitomycin C group) were included. Titanium screws were placed in the anterior edge of the right masseter tuberosity and the posterior part of the right zygoma. Elastic bands were placed between 2 screws to initiate posterio‐superior displacement of the mandible to the right. Animals in the control group (CG) received intraarticular NaCl (0.9%) on the nondrawing (left) side, and animals in the study group (SG) received mitomycin C weekly (0.4 mg/mL) for 6 weeks. Rabbits were decapitated, temporomandibular joints were removed, and histopathological investigation was performed.RESULTSMicroscopically, 4 of 6 rabbits in the CG had fibrosis in the temporomandibular joint, whereas only 1 of 11 rabbits in the SG had fibrosis (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONApplication of mitomycin C to the temporomandibular joint of rabbits significantly reduces formation of intraarticular fibrous adhesions.SIGNIFICANCEThis is the first study in the literature investigating the use of mitomycin C in the joints.
Histopathologic Effects of Cidofovir on Cartilage
Authors: Spiegel Jeffrey H. , Andrus Jennifer G. , Stefanato Catherine M. , Heeren Timothy 
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effects of subcutaneously injected cidofovir on cartilage in a rabbit model.STUDY DESIGNProspective study. The ears of 6 New Zealand White rabbits received perichondrial injection at 2 sites each of 0.1 mL of cidofovir in concentrations of 75 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL, and 0 mg/mL. Animals were monitored for 6 weeks, and then injection sites excised and evaluated for histopathologic changes in epithelium, perichondrium, and cartilage.RESULTSA positive dose–response relationship existed for gross skin changes; however, there was no dose–response relationship for severity of change in the epithelium. There was a temporal component to gross changes, demonstrating peak incidence and severity between 2 and 3 weeks after injection, with resolution of most changes within the 6‐week study period. There was an increased likelihood of cartilage change when injecting cidofovir, but no clear relationship with injected dose.CONCLUSIONWe report the first evaluation of the local effects of cidofovir injection on cartilage. The results of this study using a rabbit model suggest that delayed skin changes or histopathologic change in the cartilage may be expected in approximately one third of sites injected. Although there was a statistical likelihood for increased local change after cidofovir injection, there was no correlation of severity with injected dose.SIGNIFICANCEHigher doses of cidofovir than commonly are used in the treatment of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis may be safe to use, although the effects of repeat application and long‐term complications are not yet evident.
Comparison of Delivery of Topical Medications to the Paranasal Sinuses via “Vertex‐to‐floor” Position and Atomizer Spray after FESS
Authors: Cannady Steven B. , Batra Pete S. , Citardi Martin J. , Lanza Donald C. 
Published: November 2005

INTRODUCTIONTopical nasal medications are frequently employed for persistent sinonasal symptoms after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) in chronic rhinosinusitis patients. The optimal means for the delivery of these medications is unclear. In this study, the efficacy of the vertex to floor (VF) position compared to atomizer spray was evaluated in post‐FESS patients.METHODSThree trials were performed: two trials in which patients maintained the VF position for 1 and 5 minutes, respectively, after nasal drop administration were compared to a third trial utilizing an atomizer spray in the upright position. Two independent observers rated the distribution of fluorescein‐dyed dexamethasone drops at 5 sinonasal sites: maxillary sinus (MS), ethmoid cavity (EC), frontal recess (FR), sphenoid sinus (SS), and olfactory cleft (OC).RESULTSVF position consistently delivered nasal drops to the MS, EC, SS, and OC. The atomizer distributed drops to the MS, EC, SS, and FR. The greatest difference was noted with the nasal drops in the olfactory cleft in the VF position; statistical significance was achieved with ANOVA testing (P = 0.012). Student's paired t test comparing trial 1 to 2, 1 to 3, and 2 to 3 demonstrated greater distribution in the OC at 5 minutes compared with 1 minute and spray (P = 0.042 and 0.003).CONCLUSIONSThe VF position and atomizer spray were both effective in delivery of the dexamethasone drops to the paranasal sinuses. This has significant implications for management of patients suffering from recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis and/or sinonasal polyposis through the delivery of topical medications to the paranasal sinuses and olfactory cleft.
Holocene Dryness and Human Occupation in Brazil During the “Archaic Gap”
Authors: Araujo Astolfo G.M. , Neves Walter A. , Piló Luís B. , Atui João Paulo V. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAn overview of the archaeological data produced over the last decades for Brazil, coupled with a background of recent paleoenvironmental studies, suggests that during the mid-Holocene vast areas of Central Brazil ceased to be occupied by human groups. Independent data from dated human skeletons, rock-shelter stratigraphy, and chronology of open-air sites converge to support the inference that these areas were depopulated or altogether abandoned. Paleoenvironmental data suggest that dryness events constitute the major cause behind the observed trends. This phenomenon expands the already perceived notion that climatic stresses had a major role in the shaping of human settlement patterns in marginal environments, such as deserts and high-altitude settings.
Vestibular Dysfunction in Gulf War Syndrome
Authors: Roland Peter S. , Haley Robert W. , Yellin Wendy , Owens Kris , Shoup Angela G. , Holt G. Richard 
Published: November 2005

METHODSVestibular complaints of Gulf War veterans were characterized by a nested case‐control study of 23 veterans with 3 different Gulf War syndromes and 20 matched control subjects. All subjects completed a standardized symptom questionnaire and underwent standard audiovestibular tests administered by audiologists blinded to group identities.RESULTSThe prevalence of reported dizzy spells was higher in veterans with Gulf War syndromes 1 (100%), 2 (85%), and 3 (100%) than in controls (25%, P < 0.0001). Dizzy spells were more frequent, lasted longer, and involved a wider variety of accompanying symptoms in veterans with syndrome 2 than in those with syndromes 1 and 3. Audiovestibular testing showed greater interocular asymmetry of nystagmic velocity on sinusoidal harmonic acceleration in syndromes 1 (P = 0.015) and 2 (P = 0.002), greater asymmetry of saccadic velocity in syndrome 2 (P = 0.4), diminished nystagmic velocity after caloric stimulation bilaterally in syndrome 3 (P = 0.02 to 0.04), more subjects with pathologic nystagmus (P = 0.09), and greater interside asymmetry of wave I to III interpeak latency on auditory brain stem response in syndromes 1 (P = 0.005) and 2 (P = 0.07). Asymmetry of gain on sinusoidal harmonic acceleration and pathologic nystagmus were most strongly associated with symptoms of paroxysmal vertigo (P = 0.002 and 0.07, respectively); asymmetry of saccadic velocity, with the severity of vertigo (P = 0.004); and abnormal caloric response, with chronic dysequilibrium (P = 0.006).CONCLUSIONSThe findings are compatible with a subtle neurologic injury from organophosphate‐induced delayed neurotoxicity.
Pharyngeal Suspension Suture with Repose Bone Screw for Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Woodson B. Tucker , Derowe Ari , Hawke Michael , Wenig Barry , Ross E.B. , Katsantonis George P. , Mickelson Samuel A. , Bonham Robert E. , Benbadis Selim 
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVEMultilevel surgery for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) may improve success. This study's goal is to prospectively evaluate the feasibility and short‐term subjective effectiveness of a new tongue‐suspension technique.METHODSA multicenter nonrandomized open enrollment trial used the Repose device to treat tongue obstruction in 39 snoring and OSA patients. Outcomes include 1‐ and 2‐month subjective reports of general health, snoring, and sleep.RESULTSTwenty‐three patients completed 1 month and 19 completed 2 months of follow‐up. In OSA patients, activity level, energy/fatigue, and sleepiness improved. Two‐month outcomes were less (activity level, energy/fatigue, and sleepiness). Fewer changes were observed in snorers than in OSA patients. There were 6 complications (18%), including sialadenitis (4), gastrointestinal bleeding (1), and dehydration (1) after the procedure.CONCLUSIONA pharyngeal suspension suture changes subjective outcomes. Improvement is incomplete. The procedure is nonexcisional, but significant complications may occur. Further evaluation is required to demonstrate effectiveness.
Radiofrequency Volumetric Reduction of the Palate: An Extended Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Li Kasey K. , Powell Nelson B. , Riley Robert W. , Troell Robert J. , Guilleminault Christian 
Published: November 2005

OBJECTIVEThe goal was to evaluate the effect of radiofrequency (RF) of the palate on speech, swallowing, taste, sleep, and snoring 12 to 18 months after treatment.METHODSTwenty‐two patients were evaluated by clinical examination, questionnaires, and visual analog scales. The patients with relapse of snoring were offered further RF treatment.RESULTSAfter a mean follow‐up of 14 months, no adverse effect was reported. Subjective snoring scores relapsed by 29% overall. Nine patients (41%) noted relapse of snoring from 2.1 ± 1.1 to 5.7 ± 2.7 (P < 0.001). Eight of the patients underwent further RF treatment with a reduction of snoring from 5.8 ± 2.9 to 3.3 ± 3.1 (P = 0.01).CONCLUSIONThe success of RF volumetric reduction of the palate diminishes with time, as with other surgical procedures of the palate. However, the minimal invasiveness of the RF provided a high patient acceptance for retreatment, and relapse of snoring can be improved.