bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competency-Based HSE Training for All Employees
Authors: White J. J. , Henderson Grahaeme , Walters K. B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The development of BSP's Safety Management System identified areas for improvement in HSE training, traditionally seen as an important yet marginalised activity which "anybody can do". This paper describes the company's HSE training initiatives, their design and development, implementation and the results achieved.
The first step in the development process was to bring together the findings and conclusions of an HSE Training Needs Analysis Study1 and an audit of HSE training2. This confirmed the need to improve the quality, appropriateness (objectives and methodology) and supply of training.
A project definition was produced and the project formed an integral part of the Corporate HSE Plan. Provision for the expected benefits reflecting sustained and improved HSE performance, were built into the Corporate targets.
Work commenced in early 1992 and by mid 1993 more than 30 new competency based HSE training courses had been placed in the local market. Courses were developed in two categories, namely HSE induction (which is known in BSP as core training), for all BSP and contractor staff, and specialist which are related to the work type. In this later case, courses included management, supervisory, transport, offshore, materials handling, fire, etc.
This paper describes the key elements of the project, introduces some of the concepts and models used, the innovative training methodologies employed and reflects upon some of the issues and problems faced so far and some which have yet to be fully resolved.
One of the innovative methodologies now in place is the use of high quality multi-lingual graphics based on-the-job training packs which are being regularly presented by workplace supervisors to the 10,000 contractors’ employees.
Well Control Simulation Interfaced With Real Rig Equipment To Improve Training and Skills Validation
Authors: Bamford A. S. , Wang Zhihua 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The importance of good well control training is well recognised. But in most cases, well control training is out of context in which the trainees do the job. To address this problem, the Software Pressure Upon Rig Simulator "SPURS" has been developed to make well control training more realistic and real rig based. The system is designed to improve the communications between crew members and competence in their working environment and provide validation of their training for such international standards as the European Well Control Forum.
The paper describes the basic concept where a mathematical well control model running on a portable PC is interfaced with real rig equipment, a choke and its control console. The choke console has been made to respond to the mathematical model as if it was connected to a live well.
The initial system has been developed and tested in the laboratory on the Cooper Oil Tools choke and choke control panel. The results from laboratory trials demonstrate the differences between the novice choke operator and the unproved performance with training on the system.
At the time of writing field trials are being planned for the system.
Individual Employees’ Involvement in Accidental Risk Reduction
Authors: Daenuwy George , Simpson David , Rande J- C. , Haddad Gabriel , de Fleurieu Robert 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A widespread HSE strategy involves individual employees under the manager's full responsibility into the continuous reduction of the risks associated with operations. The employees provide a fine combing of the hazards, generate some innovative improvements and gain skills in risk avoidance.
This paper describes several processes used by a group of oilfield service companies to maximize employee involvement. The paper addresses:
– How employees and supervisory personnel track and correct unsafe acts and dangerous conditions at their particular worksite. – How a special HSE team helps employees track and correct the hazards observed in an organization of multiple teams, multiple worksites and irregular schedules. – How a computerized tracking system helps employees and supporting staff to deal with a widely dispersed organization similar to the preceding one. – How monitoring devices help to keep employees involved.
It is concluded that different methods, justified by different conditions, have led to a good involvement of employees into detecting and discussing hazards and that more progress is needed in the individuals’ contribution to overall risk reduction.
E&P Forum's Initiative To Improve Aviation Safety
Authors: Hollingsbee H. C. , Greenwood K. A. , Thorp Geoffrey 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper reviews the action taken by members of the Oil Industry International Exploration and Production Forum (E&P Forum) to improve the industry's aircraft operations with a view to reducing incidents and accidents that lead to material losses and lost time injuries and fatalities.
Drawing on the Safety Management System being developed by the E&P Forum which incorporates:
Statement of policy and objectives Evaluation of scope of work Planning and provision of a structure Implementation Monitoring, audit and review
the E&P Forum's Aviation Sub-committee has provided its members with an Aircraft Management Guideline which covers the contents of planning and the provision of structure. The E&P Forum is now developing audit systems and the monitoring and reviewing of aircraft accidents to provide feed back to industry.
Safety in Cargo Handling
Authors: Jolly C. W. , Woodall-Mason N. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Shell Todd Oil Services Ltd in New Zealand encountered problems in the preparation, despatch and off-loading of cargoes both to and from offshore locations.
These problems manifested themselves into a variety of incidents which included incorrect manifest weights, inconvenient placing of cargoes on vessel decks, cargo movements with-in containers, and inadequate communication between parties. In addition, a series of accidents, in handling of cargo in several stages, at various locations of the cargo handling process were reported.
In response to the increasing frequency of these problems a multi functional meeting was held including all relevant contractors. This meeting addressed the problems in a manner unique to the local offshore environment.
The subsequent results justified the time and effort put in by all parties and the introductory use of a technique known as the Business Process Analysis was applied. This technique ensured that the problems were identified, solutions put into practice, procedures were written and put into place, with a resulting significant drop in the accidents. These positive results were achieved and ‘owned’ by all participants, and ensured full commitment to ongoing safety in the process.
Guidance Manual on HSE
Authors: Milne D. J. , Willink C. A. Tjeenk , Sexton K. , Stockley J. D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the SIPM1 centrally produced Safety Manual issued as a prime reference to Shell2 Exploration and Production Operating Companies worldwide. It discusses the decision to update such a document at a time when a Company standardisation spearhead is directed at reducing internal standards and adopting where possible internationally accepted standards and guidelines and also when more HSE3 guidance literature is available in the industry.
The revised Manual will address Health, Safety and Environmental issues and provide support to Operating Companies in the development and maintenance of their HSE Management System and Safety Cases. The Shell Exploration and Production Business Model (EPBM) of activities is used in the Operating Companies to define the business and is used together with hazard management techniques to identify the critical areas of risk to be managed. The EPBM also provides a hierarchical structure for documentation into which guidelines such as the HSE Manual can be placed. The sections of the HSE Manual are prepared by custodians from the relevant business areas ensuring that the responsibility for HSE remains in the respective disciplines and that the sections are transferable to other documents.
Most importantly, the HSE Manual together with a document management system provides the central framework for feedback and improvement for HSE matters from operations worldwide.
Monitoring, Process Design, and Formulation Ensures Operators Good Health
Authors: Dewprashad Brahmadeo , Sanders Johnny , McCrary Joel , Murphey J. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Resin-coated proppants are used in hydraulic fracturing treatments to increase the permeability of the propped bed and/or to reduce proppant flowback. Traditionally, proppants have been precoated in a factory with a resin, taken to the field and used to treat wells with BHT's of 160°F to 325°F. To complement this process, a novel liquid epoxy resin system which can be used to coat proppants in the carrier fluid as they are being pumped downhole, was developed. Proppants, coated with this formulation, can be used to treat wells with BHT's of 75°F to 325°F. Figure 1 shows a schematic of the process. The resin and hardener (caring agent) are mixed and injected at a fixed ratio into the gel which then enters the blender tub where it is thoroughly mixed with proppants. This process minimizes workers exposure to chemicals and has several other advantages.
Exposure to high levels of many of the chemicals commonly used in resin formulations is considered a health risk. However, a formulation which has minimal health risks but optimal performance was developed. Chemicals which have been routinely used in resin formulations, were substituted with novel and less hazardous analogues. In one case, a combination of analogues was necessary to match the performance of the component they replaced.
The formulation was successfully used to treat a number of wells in the Williston Basin of the USA resulting in a several-fold increase in production in each case. The following additional steps were taken to minimize workers exposure to the chemicals used: (1) operators were educated on any adverse health effects of the chemicals used and the proper procedures to prevent exposure, (2) chemicals were transferred directly from storage drums to tanks used during the process in a completely closed system at the district office where conditions are more controlled, and (3) Tyvex coveralls, butyl rubber gloves, and organic vapor/acid gas respirators were provided to operators. Monitoring was done randomly to determine the effectiveness of the steps taken to ensure the operators good health. Their exposure to Chemicals A, B, C, and D in the formulation/fluids was determined by using surface wipes of equipment and skin wipes of operators as well as by air quality monitoring with passive organic vapor monitoring badges and Chemical A sample media. The results, obtained during a particular treatment and given in Tables 1 to 3 indicate exposure levels well within the acceptable levels. Monitoring for these chemicals was repeated during another treatment. Again, exposure levels were within the acceptable limit.
EIA as an Integrated Management Tool: Case Study
Authors: Bakar M. J. , Cramwinckel J. F. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Brunei Shell Petroleum, as a major operator for exploration and production of oil and gas in the country, has a policy to give the highest regard to the protection of the environment. Minimisation of environmental impact throughout the life of a project, from inception to abandonment, is a requirement of this policy. As a tool Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is performed before entering new projects and major modifications to existing facilities.
The process of an EIA can be broken into four major stages with feedback or corrective loops during the planning and execution of the activity, and after closeout of the project. The flow of environmental and business activities is fully integrated, (Figure 1).
Firstly the Environmental Profile and the Technical Profile of an activity need to be identified. A Preliminary EIA is prepared from this information.
Occupational Health Practice in Confined Space
Authors: Darmansjah Nuch 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
PT. CALTEX PACIFIC INDONESIA is a production oil company located in Riau Sumatra, with the average production of 700,000 barrel of crude oil per day and total employees of around 6200 excluding contractors. In its daily activities a number of facilities or work places are considered as Confined Spaces. These facilities among others are: Vessels, Gas Turbine, Tanks, Pipeline, Pits, Gas Boots, Stacks, Tunnels, Towers, Tank Cars/Truck.
Since Confined Space has a different work environmental condition, a special attention should be taken to protect the workers in doing their job from any health hazard or unsafe condition/act. This corresponds with CPI statement values in its vision and mission stating that CPI will maintain a safe and healthy environment for employees, contractors and dependents.
Confined Space is a space with a relatively small volume of unfavorable natural ventilation where the workers enter for the purpose of doing some maintenance, repair or cleaning.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impelementation of Occupational Health and Safety practice among CPI employees and its contractors. And the scope of the study is the workers who work in Confined Space in Minas and Duri districts within CPI area.
In this study we have collected data from wash tank, shipping tank and some tank farm within CPI area of operation. The main problems encountered by the workers while doing their job are hot temperature, lack of oxygen, some hydrocarbon vapor and the possibility of accident because of slippery condition or fire that can be caused by crude oil if they don't clean it thoroughly. The workers consist of contractors and CPI employees with their age varies from 25 - 45 years. Work procedure has been established by Environmental Health Department and Safety Department in anticipating this situation.
Water supplement, extra feeding and strict supervisory are conducted in order to protect the workers from any possible injury or health ill effect. Some improvement must be implemented especially for the contractor's workers as follows:
Health certificate or Physical examination should be available beforehand. First aider should be available at any time during working period. First aid kit and emergency procedure should be established accordingly. Health education and safety information must be conducted regularly for the supervisor and the workers.
Polymerizable Ultra-Thin Films: A New Technique for Fines Stabilization
Authors: Sharma B. G. , Sharma M. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The detachment and migration of colloidal particles is an important cause of permeability decline in the near wellbore region. It is shown that polymerizable ultra thin film can be utilized to immobilize fines on pore surfaces. The Surface Adsorption Polymerization (SAP) process developed here is a three step process requiring a sequential injection of a specific concentration of the surfactant, monomer, and initiator. An ionic surfactant is first adsorbed on the solid substrate or the porous medium. In the second step, a monomer is injected that preferentially resides in the surfactant layer. In the final step, an initiator is used to polymerize the monomer on the surface to form a solid ultra thin film which is very stable and effectively holds the colloids on the surface.
There are three major advantages of such a treatment. Firstly, there is a great deal of flexibility in the choice of monomers and surfactants used so that the mechanical and chemical properties of the film, can be tailored to meet the needs of a particular application. Secondly, when applied to porous media or microporous membranes the ultra thin film does not cause pore closure. The film is extremely thin and the thickness of the film can be controlled by using appropriate concentrations of the monomer and surfactant. Lastly, the polymerization does not occur in the bulk solution, resulting in minimal waste or damage caused by polymer formation in the bulk solution. The SAP process can be potentially applied to stabilizing fines in high rate producers, as a post flush after acidizing and in specialized applications such as steam huff and puff wells.
Effect of Incompatibilities Caused by Fluids Filtrates on Formation Properties
Authors: Gharat Sandeep , Azar J. J. , Teeters Dale 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Incompatibilities between drilling fluid filtrates and formation connate fluids are believed to cause changes in rock wettability and hence impair production for a given reservoir rock.
This paper summarizes test results and analysis of an experimental study to systematically assess the effect of incompatibilities on rock wettability and in turn on its permeability. The rocks considered are dolomite, limestone and sandstone. The parameters that were studied are the ph, monovalent to divalent cation ratio, total cation concentration (salinity) and the drilling fluid surfactants. The Dynamic Wilhelmy Plate Technique was used in the measurement of wettability changes. The analysis of test data was conducted using a defined deviation number that allowed quantitative evaluation of the various effects that were considered in the study. Results have shown that the most significant in rock wettability changes are the surfactants in the drilling fluids.
Dolomite rock had the maximum reduction in water wetness when surfactants are absent, while the reduction is about the sameforall rocks when surfactants are present. Also, among all five water-base muds studied, the calcium treated gypsum mud had the least water wetness.
Minimizing Formation Damage to Gravel Packs: Laboratory and Field Case Studies in the Battrum Field
Authors: Bennion D. B. , Sanders Ron , Thomson W. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Gravel packs are commonly used to minimize sand production in unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs. The migration of particulates and fines into the gravel packs often has a severely reducing effect on the permeability of the packs and the subsequent productivity of the well. Detailed laboratory studies were undertaken using 12/20 and 20/40 mesh silica gravel to ascertain the optimum gravel size to minimize formation damage to gravel packs in the Battrum field.
The Battrum field is a shallow unconsolidated sandstone reservoir located in Saskatchewan, Canada, producing a low API gravity crude oil over an area of approximately 3900 hectares with 180 active injection and production wells. Currently a large portion of the field is under enhanced recovery using a commercial scale in-situ combustion technique. The results of detailed laboratory studies, including detailed size and sieve analysis of the formation, classification of the different lithologies and detailed laboratory tests to investigate at reservoir conditions the flow of gravel and fines into different sizes of gravel packs are documented. Tests include detailed petrography and computerized petrographic image analysis on actual sections of gravel and formation sand interfaces and illustrate the mechanism of fines entrainment in the gravel packs and provide associated permeability reduction data. Details of field gravel pack treatments are also provided in the paper. Test results indicated an increased propensity for gravel pack plugging in the coarser (12/20) mesh gravel in comparison to the 20/40 mesh gravel. Simultaneous multiphase flow of both oil and water was also found to have an increasing effect on rapidity and severity of apparent plugging. The results presented provide insight into optimum gravel to sand sizing ratios for this field and have potential application to other similar reservoirs.
Degradation Mechanisms of the HEC Gel in Connection With Prevention of the Formation Damage: Part I
Authors: Hayatdavoudi Asadollah , Mehdizadeh A. M. , Caothien Scott , Malbrel Chris 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In the course of a recent investigation on the formation damage associated with HEC gels, we found no published comprehensive work on the interactions between HEC gels, the geochemistry of the formation, and the gel breakers. Recognizing this lack of information and in view of the popularity of HEC gels as viscosifying agents, we have embarked on sharing our findings with the oil and gas industry in several parts, the first of which is presented below.
In this paper, we will review fundamentals on cellulose chemistry and cellulose quality as related to the manufacturing of HEC polymer, the formation of "fish-eyes" and "micro-gels" and the degradation mechanisms of HEC gels by temperature, acids, bleach, and enzymes. Finally, we will present practical measures to alleviate formation damage. These measures includes adequate polymer and gel quality control (MS/DS ratio) as well as the implementation of proper field practices (control of the pH, filtration of the gels, etc.).
Correcting a Serious Procedural Flaw in Laboratory Studies of HEC Gel Return Permeability in Connection With Formation Damage: Part II
Authors: Hayatdavoudi Asadollah , Ghalambor Ali 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In the course of our laboratory investigation of HEC gel return permeability, with regard to formation damage (see also, SPE #27366) we found that the gel quality assessment, as related to the gel breakback is based on the ancient displacement studies related to reservoir engineering where flow through a Berea core is maintained at constant pressure and later the change in permeability is calculated as a percentage of the initial permeability. Furthermore, and to the detriment of some service industries, we found when these procedures were followed exactly as written by some well-intentioned spec writers, some of the tests qualified the HEC gel sold by one service company, while the same HEC gel sold by another company failed the same qualifying test badly. In fact, we witnessed HEC gel return permeabilities ranging from zero to about 13%. Appreciating the dilemma of the service industry within the context of "hard times", the authors, at their own initiatives, reconfirmed their initial findings: That is the main cause of damage could be only understood by a broad, interdisciplinary petroleum engineering approach, rather than through ordinary reservoir engineering practices. Our approach was to examine simultaneously the cellulose backbone chemistry of the HEC, the geochemical engineering aspect of the Berea core, the flow through it and interaction of gel breaker with HEC and the mineral contents of the Berea core.
On the basis of our findings, we concluded that damage to the Berea core resulted from: (a) the hydration and/or oxidation of iron minerals in the core, namely iron chlorite, ilmenite and iron (II) oxide, (b) most of the minerals reacted with the HEC gel breaker (in this case, sodium hypochlorite), (c) the transport and entrapment of hydrolyzed/oxidized particles of 0.4 to 1.0 micron by high viscosity gel, and (d) the appearance of newly formed clay particles (most probably kaolinite) at the pore throats. These new particles could have originated from the breakdown of chlorite clay after release of iron and/or from K-feldspars.
In order to aid the service industry, we reported that a serious procedural flaw in HEC gel quality control must be corrected before running a core flow test by following two simple steps: (1) If strong breakers are chosen for quick degradation of HEC gel, they must be compatible with mineral contents of the core, and (2) HEC gel/breaker/mineral contents of the core must be considered as one system. Following these simple corrective steps in our first test, we chose a "very" clean Berea core with extremely minute amount of hydratable iron sources which could react with sodium hypochlorite. In that experiment we qualified the HEC gel with nearly 90 - 95% return permeability. This was the same HEC that had failed the test previously.