bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Polydimethylsiloxane for Injection Laryngoplasty
Authors: Hagemann Matthias , Seifert Eberhard 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackgroundInjuries of the recurrent laryngeal nerve with consecutive vocal cord paralysis is a typical complication in chest, esophageal, thyroideal, and neck surgery. Glottic insufficiency secondary to such a lesion can be treated by endolaryngeal vocal cord augmentation (injection laryngoplasty). Many different substances have been used, often showing complications or disadvantages. This study reports on the use of injectable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), with special regard to the long‐term results.MethodsIn this prospective study, 21 patients with unilateral vocal cord paralysis underwent injection laryngoplasty using PDMS at a volume of 0.5–1.0 ml. Preoperatively, 6 weeks and 12 months after the injection the following parameters concerning patients’ voice were evaluated: Glottic closure by videolaryngostroboscopy, maximum phonation time, voice range, voice dynamic, jitter, shimmer, noise‐to‐harmonic‐ratio, and roughness, breathiness, and hoarseness (RBH). In addition, patients were asked to give their own evaluation of how satisfied they felt with their voice and of the handicaps it caused them.ResultsPostoperatively an improvement was evident in all the parameters that were investigated, and this significant improvement was still in evidence for most of the parameters more than one year after the injection. In our study no complications were observed more than one year after injection.ConclusionPDMS is a safe substance for injection laryngoplasty in unilateral vocal cord paresis. Objective and subjective parameters confirm its effectiveness. It is suitable for obtaining satisfying results in the reestablishment of the patient’s voice and communication ability.
A chronosequence approach for detecting revegetation patterns afterSphagnum‐peat mining, northern Japan
Authors: Nishimura Aiko , Tsuyuzaki Shiro , Haraguchi Akira 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe aim of this study is to detect how vegetation development proceeds afterSphagnum‐peat mining and how physical and chemical factors in groundwater are related to the revegetation patterns in Sarobetsu mire, Hokkaido, Japan. A total of 189 plots on peat‐mining sites were set in a chronosequence and 18 plots were set on unmined control sites. A vegetation survey was conducted, and seasonal changes in groundwater levels and chemistry (pH, electrical conductance, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, anions, and cations) were monitored. Species richness and plot cover tended to increase with increasing age, but were significantly lower in mined sites than in unmined sites dominated bySphagnumspp. The trends in vegetation change were (1) bare ground, (2) grasslands dominated by grasses and sedges, e.g.,Rhyncohospora alba,Phragmites communis, andMoliniopsis japonicaand (3)Sphagnum‐dominated vegetation. The characteristics of groundwater level during the plant‐growth period mostly determined vegetation recovery, i.e.,Sphagnumestablishment was promoted when groundwater declined greatly in early summer. The patterns of temporal vegetation changes affected by groundwater characteristics were detected by chronological sequence, and hydrological factors in groundwater were more important for revegetation than chemical factors. The original vegetation has not returned after three decades.
The Nilpotent filtration and the action of automorphisms on the cohomology of finite p-groups
Authors: KUHN NICHOLAS J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe study H*(P), the mod p cohomology of a finite p-group P, viewed as an $\F_p[Out(P)]$–module. In particular, we study the conjecture, first considered by Martino and Priddy, that, if e ∈ $\F_p[Out(P)]$ is a nonzero idempotent, then the Krull dimension of eH*(P) equals the rank of P. We prove this for all p-groups when p is odd, and for many 2–groups.
Why Is There Still a Controversy About Adjusting the
Census for Undercount?
Authors: Anderson Margo , Fienberg Stephen E. 
Published: May 2008

We appear to agree with Brunell on four factual matters: “Census 2000 is over; the
debate over adjusting the census is
not”.The computer coding error
in 1990 would not have erroneously shifted any
congressional seats has adjusted data been used for
reapportionment.In March
2001, the Census Bureau announced that it was “unable to
conclude … that the adjusted Census 2000 data are more
accurate for
redistricting.”The Census
Bureau has refused to release the adjusted 2000 census
data.Otherwise we find Brunell's arguments against census adjustment
either distorted or confused.
Indicators of the Increase of Political Science
Scholarship on Teaching and Learning in Political
Science
Authors: Kehl Jenny 
Published: May 2008

What evidence can be found of political science scholarship on
teaching and learning? What questions are being asked and what
methodologies are being used by political scientists engaged in this
work? This article identifies and discusses six transformative
trends in STL, specific to the discipline of political science. The
most prominent trends are the dramatic increases in: democratic and civic
educationthe use of
technology in the
classroomcurriculum
development and innovation in teaching
strategies. There is also evidence of
the continuing importance of diversity, experimentation with service
learning, and attention to professional development.
The Isle of Ted Simulation: Teaching Collective Action in International Relations and Organization
Authors: Thomas G. Dale 
Published: May 2008

The Isle of Ted Simulation is a successful teaching tool that is disarmingly simple yet repeatedly captivates participants. Although I originally designed the simulation to explain collective-action problems in American politics, almost all recent uses of the simulation have been in international relations and international organization classes. The simulation is an effective teaching tool for a wide variety of issues including:
collective goods and free riders (e.g., Olson 1971)international organizations versus international organization and global governance versus global government (e.g., Rosenau and Czempiel 1992)regimes and the effects of transparency (e.g., Keohane 1982, 1984; Krasner 1982; Mitchell 1994; Young 1989, 1994)relative and absolute gains (e.g., Grieco 1988)constructivist approaches to international relations (e.g., Wendt 1992)rational choice models of decision making (e.g., Bueno de Mesquita 2000; Lave and March 1993; Monroe 1991)and how the shadow of the future can engender cooperation in the present (e.g, Axelrod 1984; Hardin 1982; Shubik 1970).
Contribution of Yap1 towards Saccharomyces cerevisiae adaptation to arsenic-mediated oxidative stress
Authors: Menezes Regina A. , Amaral Catarina , Batista-Nascimento Liliana , Santos Claudia , Ferreira Ricardo Boavida , Devaux Fréderic , Eleutherio Elis C. A. , Rodrigues-Pousada Claudina 
Published: May 2008

In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, arsenic detoxification involves the activation of Yap8, a member of the Yap (yeast AP-1-like) family of transcription factors, which in turn regulates ACR2 and ACR3, genes encoding an arsenate reductase and a plasma-membrane arsenite-efflux protein respectively. In addition, Yap1 is involved in the arsenic adaptation process through regulation of the expression of the vacuolar pump encoded by YCF1 (yeast cadmium factor 1 gene) and also contributing to the regulation of ACR genes. Here we show that Yap1 is also involved in the removal of ROS (reactive oxygen species) generated by arsenic compounds. Data on lipid peroxidation and intracellular oxidation indicate that deletion of YAP1 and YAP8 triggers cellular oxidation mediated by inorganic arsenic. In spite of the increased amounts of As(III) absorbed by the yap8 mutant, the enhanced transcriptional activation of the antioxidant genes such as GSH1 (γ- glutamylcysteine synthetase gene), SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1 gene) and TRX2 (thioredoxin 2 gene) may prevent protein oxidation. In contrast, the yap1 mutant exhibits high contents of protein carbonyl groups and the GSSG/GSH ratio is severely disturbed on exposure to arsenic compounds in these cells. These results point to an additional level of Yap1 contribution to arsenic stress responses by preventing oxidative damage in cells exposed to these compounds. Transcriptional profiling revealed that genes of the functional categories related to sulphur and methionine metabolism and to the maintenance of cell redox homoeostasis are activated to mediate adaptation of the wild-type strain to 2 mM arsenate treatment.
Heat shock and ethanol stress provoke distinctly different responses in 3′-processing and nuclear export of HSP mRNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Izawa Shingo , Kita Takeomi , Ikeda Kayo , Inoue Yoshiharu 
Published: May 2008

Under conditions of heat shock at 42 °C, mRNAs of HSP (heat shock protein) genes are exported out of the nucleus, whereas bulk poly(A)+ (polyadenylated) mRNA shows a nuclear accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Such a selective mRNA export seems an efficacious strategy of yeast cells to adapt rapidly to stress. Although ethanol stress (10%, v/v) as well as heat shock blocks the export of bulk poly(A)+ mRNA, the differences and/or similarity between heat shock and ethanol stress in the mechanisms of selective mRNA export still remain to be clarified. We found that ethanol stress induced transcriptional activation of a subset of yeast HSP genes; however, intriguingly, most such transcripts remained in the nucleus in a hyperadenylated state and, as a consequence, were not translated into HSPs. Elimination of ethanol resulted in a rapid shortening of the poly(A) tails of HSP mRNAs, loss of their nuclear retention, and the coincidental synthesis of the respective HSPs. Since HSP mRNAs are selectively exported from the nucleus in heat-shocked cells, yeast cells respond differently to ethanol stress and heat shock in the 3′-processing and transport of HSP mRNAs. Furthermore, these results also suggest that hyperadenylation and nuclear retention of mRNAs might be used as a means to control eukaryotic gene expression under stressed conditions.
SOX9 transduction increases chondroitin sulfate synthesis in cultured human articular chondrocytes without altering glycosyltransferase and sulfotransferase transcription
Authors: Tew Simon R. , Pothacharoen Peraphan , Katopodi Theoni , Hardingham Timothy E. 
Published: May 2008

The transcription factor SOX9 (Sry-type high-mobility-group box 9) is expressed in all chondrocytes and is essential for the expression of aggrecan, which during biosynthesis is substituted with more than 10 times its weight of CS (chondroitin sulfate) and is secreted by chondrocytes to form the characteristic GAG (glycosaminoglycan)-rich ECM (extracellular matrix) of cartilage. SOX9 expression rapidly falls during monolayer culture of isolated chondrocytes and this turns off aggrecan and associated CS synthesis. We therefore investigated whether SOX9 transduction of cultured human articular chondrocytes had any effect on the gene expression of the glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases necessary for GAG biosynthesis. Retroviral SOX9 transduction of passaged chondrocytes increased the endogenous rate of GAG synthesis and the total capacity for GAG synthesis assessed in monolayer culture with β-xyloside. Both the endogenous rate and the total capacity of GAG biosynthesis were increased further in chondrogenic cell aggregate cultures. The GAG synthesized was predominantly CS and the hydrodynamic size of the newly synthesized chains was unchanged by SOX9 transduction. Aggrecan gene expression was increased in the SOX9-transduced chondrocytes and increased further in chondrogenic culture, but no comparable effects were found in SOX9 transduced dermal fibroblasts. However, the expression of CS glycosyltransferase and sulfotransferase genes in chondrocytes was unaffected by SOX9 transduction. Therefore SOX9 transduction in chondrocytes increased their CS synthetic capacity, but this was not accompanied by changes in the transcription of the CS biosynthetic enzymes and must occur by indirect regulation of enzyme activity through control of enzyme protein translation or enzyme organization.
Determination of carrier mobility in phenylamine by time-of-flight, dark-injection, and thin film transistor techniques
Authors: Cheung C. H. , Kwok K. C. , Tse S. C. , So S. K. 
Published: May 2008

The hole transport property of a phenylamine-based compound, 4, 4′,4″-tris(n- (2-naphthyl)-n-phenyl-amino)-triphenylamine, was independently studied by time-of-flight (TOF), dark-injection space-charged-limited-current (DI-SCLC), and thin film transistor (TFT) techniques. With UV-ozone treated gold as the injecting anode, clear DI-SCLC transient peaks were observed over a wide range of electric fields. The hole mobilities evaluated by DI-SCLC experiment were in excellent agreement with the mobilities obtained from the TOF technique. The injection contact was demonstrated to be Ohmic by an independent current-voltage (J-V) experiment. However, with the same injecting electrode, the mobility deduced from the TFT method was found to be 9.8×10−7 cm2/V s, which was about one order of magnitude smaller than the TOF mobility (∼1.2 ×10−5 cm2/V s). The origin of the discrepancy is discussed.
When to offer cognitive behavioural or psychoanalytic psychotherapy in an integrated psychotherapy service: Are everyday allocation decisions theoretically congruent?
Authors: Warden Sharon , Ricketts Tom , Saxon David , Houghton Simon , St. Ledger Sara , Curran Joe , Fitzgerald Gearoid 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDifferent modes of psychotherapy can be an effective form of treatment for a range of mental health problems. Psychotherapy provision in the NHS is organised in a variety of ways, with patient entry to various modes of therapy determined by a range of factors including evidence‐based guidelines and patient or referrer preference. The methods by which patients arrive at a particular mode of psychotherapy are largely unreported. This paper aims to describe this process in one UK NHS psychotherapy service offering cognitive behavioural and psychoanalytic psychotherapy, and provides data to inform a discussion on the theoretical congruence of these allocation decisions.
Preparing our future counselling professionals: Gatekeeping and the implications for research
Authors: Brear Pamela , Dorrian Jillian , Luscri Giuseppa 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSocial science research specific to the identification and prevalence of unsuitable students within counselling, psychology, and social work training programmes is briefly reviewed in this article. This area of enquiry relates to the gatekeeping responsibilities of professional educational programmes, to ensure that their graduates are competent to provide ethical and effective practice to the public. Key issues which impede the usefulness of this gatekeeping literature to counselling educators are raised. These include: methodological inconsistencies which limit the comparison of findings and hence the drawing of sound conclusions; the lack of definitional clarity relating to the construct of gatekeeping; and the confusing array of nomenclature used to represent students’ failure to meet acceptable professional standards. It is apparent from this overview that there are common factors irrespective of nomenclature that are associated with students at risk of not becoming competent entry‐level practitioners. This suggests that a structured approach to terminology is appropriate. There is also evidence to suggest that encountering such students is a regular occurrence for faculty, with students indicating higher numbers of impaired students than educators. A working definition of gatekeeping is provided and nomenclature suggested.
Online counselling: The experience of counsellors providing synchronous single‐session counselling to young people
Authors: Bambling Matthew , King Robert , Reid Wendy , Wegner Karly 
Published: May 2008

AbstractKids Help Line (KHL) is a national Australian youth counselling service that provides free online and telephone counselling. This qualitative study examines the experience of 26 online KHL counsellors. Using a focus group methodology, counsellor responses were organised into categories: privacy and an emotionally safe environment; communication through text; and time. Counsellors reported the main benefit of the online environment to be emotional safety, due to reduced client emotional proximity to the counsellor, and the main disadvantage to be that reduced emotional proximity and the absence of non‐verbal cues could result in communication problems and difficulty in accurately assessing young people's concerns. Time proved a significant issue for counsellors, as the slow speed of text exchange could limit their ability to complete interventions. Methods that enhance both the process and effectiveness of online counselling are needed. Potential solutions to the challenges faced by online counsellors are discussed.
MATERIAL DEFORMATION
Authors: Ghoniem Nasr M. , Walgraef Daniel D. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter discusses the main elements of continuum theory, which will be utilized further in later sections dealing with a variety of applications. First, a basic review of vector and tensor operations is presented, followed by descriptions of stress and strain tensors, and their relationships through thermodynamic functions. The special conditions of anisotropic crystals are also discussed. Green's tensor functions are derived for the displacement field of a material in response to a point force, for both isotropic and anisotropic crystals. Then, the methods of Eshelby for inclusions and inhomogeneities are presented, with analytical solutions to special problems of a second phase within a perfect crystals. This is followed by a presentation of the basic elements of crystal plasticity, and its connection with dislocation (or incompatibility) fields. The elastic fields of complex dislocation loop ensembles are finally given for both isotropic and anisotropic crystals.
TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
Authors: Ghoniem Nasr M. , Walgraef Daniel D. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the development of conservation and kinetic equations which govern nonequilibrium material processes. First, it discusses the concepts of mass and mass species conservation. Mass balance equations are developed in the general case, where transport is occurring simultaneously with chemical reactions. This is followed by a discussion of the conservation equations of momentum and energy, which is given in a form that is useful for solving practical problems in material processes. The thermodynamics of irreversible processes are then used to derive equations for mass and heat flow. Diffusion in solids is discussed from both microscopic and macroscopic viewpoints. Finally, it is shown that the Onsager reciprocity relations can provide links between the transport of heat, mass, and electric current, which is generally encountered in CVD and plasma processing of materials.
RADIATION-INDUCED INSTABILITIES
Authors: Ghoniem Nasr M. , Walgraef Daniel D. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The irradiation of materials with energetic particles may induce drastic changes in their microstructure, and hence may induce important variations in their physicochemical properties. This chapter discusses the phase stability of metals and alloys under irradiation, self-organization of defect microstructure, the rate theory of microstructure self-organization, nonlinear evolution dynamics, dislocation and void dynamics, and spatial instability.
SOLIDIFICATION AND ELECTRO-DEPOSITION
Authors: Ghoniem Nasr M. , Walgraef Daniel D. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the morphological instabilities of interfaces between the liquid and solid phases as the phase transformation process is completed. It first presents the problem of melting and solidification, in which the classical ‘Stefan problem’ is introduced as a fundamental model upon which melting and solidification studies are based. It then discusses some general aspects of phase change in pure, single-species systems. The attractiveness of the Stefan problem stems from the fact that the model is amenable to analytical solutions, and as such, it furnishes the physical understanding of more complex analysis of coupled heat and mass transport in a binary system. It also leads to the analysis of morphological surface instabilities and dendrite formation. The emergence of interfacial morphological instabilities in electro-chemical deposition is studied, exposing the rich variety of interfacial structures that arise in this case.
Bias in size composition of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) caught by a gillnet with a geometric series of mesh sizes, and its correction using gear intercalibration
Authors: Fukuwaka Masa-aki , Azumaya Tomonori , Davis Nancy D. , Nagasawa Toru 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Fukuwaka, M., Azumaya, T., Davis, N. D., and Nagasawa, T. 2008. Bias in size composition of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) caught by a gillnet with a geometric series of mesh sizes, and its correction using gear intercalibration. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 930–936. Some research gillnets with size combinations based on a geometric series have been used for research surveys underpinning the stock assessment of fresh-water and marine fish. We assessed a bias in size composition of chum salmon caught using a research gillnet consisting of ten different mesh sizes based on a geometric series of factor 1.14. In all, 11 fishing operations were conducted for gear intercalibration between the research gillnet and a midwater trawl in the central Bering Sea. The best-fit selectivity model to pooled catch data included different fishing intensities among gillnet meshes. The pooled catch efficiency and the maximum catch efficiency of the gillnet increased with fish size. Estimated size composition of chum salmon was more similar to trawl catches than to research gillnet catches. Bias in size composition of research gillnet catches may be caused by the difference in encounter probability among mesh sizes, variability in fish swimming speed based on fish size, mesh visibility influencing fish behaviour, and diel vertical migration of chum salmon. When conducting multimesh gillnet surveys for stock assessment, researchers should correct a bias in size composition by performing gear intercalibrations.
Identification of a Xylogalacturonan Xylosyltransferase Involved in Pectin Biosynthesis inArabidopsis
Authors: Jensen Jacob Krüger , Sørensen Susanne Oxenbøll , Harholt Jesper , Geshi Naomi , Sakuragi Yumiko , Møller Isabel , Zandleven Joris , Bernal Adriana J. , Jensen Niels Bjerg , Sørensen Charlotte , Pauly Markus , Beldman Gerrit , Willats William G.T. , Scheller Henrik Vibe 
Published: May 2008

AbstractXylogalacturonan (XGA) is a class of pectic polysaccharide found in plant cell walls. The Arabidopsis thaliana locus At5g33290 encodes a predicted Type II membrane protein, and insertion mutants of the At5g33290 locus had decreased cell wall xylose. Immunological studies, enzymatic extraction of polysaccharides, monosaccharide linkage analysis, and oligosaccharide mass profiling were employed to identify the affected cell wall polymer. Pectic XGA was reduced to much lower levels in mutant than in wild-type leaves, indicating a role of At5g33290 in XGA biosynthesis. The mutated gene was designated xylogalacturonan deficient1 (xgd1). Transformation of the xgd1-1 mutant with the wild-type gene restored XGA to wild-type levels. XGD1 protein heterologously expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana catalyzed the transfer of xylose from UDP-xylose onto oligogalacturonides and endogenous acceptors. The products formed could be hydrolyzed with an XGA-specific hydrolase. These results confirm that the XGD1 protein is a XGA xylosyltransferase. The protein was shown by expression of a fluorescent fusion protein in N. benthamiana to be localized in the Golgi vesicles as expected for a glycosyltransferase involved in pectin biosynthesis.