bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teat burns in dairy cattle – the prognosis and effect of treatment
Authors: MORTON J M , FITZPATRICK D H , MORRIS D C , WHITE M B 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwenty cows and 20 uncalved 20 month old heifers with severely burnt teats were studied. Ten of each group received topical treatment with a mixture of lanoline, cetrimide and dimethyl sulphoxide or vitamin A and petroleum jelly, respectively. Prognosis for survival and future normal milking ability was poor in heifers (8 subsequently normal of 20 assessed) but moderate in cows (9 cows with normal and 5 cows with partial machine milking ability of 18 cows fully assessed). Treatment did not significantly increase the rate cf epithelialisation of wounds. Topical treatment had no effect on the prognosis of heifers. However treated cows were more likely than control cows to survive and to show adequate teat function following subsequent calving. Severe clinical mastitis prior to calving, teat distortion and teat canal constriction were common sequelae. Recommendations on the management of heifers and cows with severely burnt teats are made.
Effect of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on the calcium and magnesium metabolism of lactating cows
Authors: MOATE P J , SCHNEIDER K M , LEAVER D D , MORRIS D C 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAdministration of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) to lactating dairy cows resulted in increased dietary calcium absorption and elevated concentrations of plasma calcium. Dietary magnesium absorption was unaffected by 1,25(OH)2D3 however, plasma magnesium concentration was depressed. Injections of 1,25(OH)2D3 were effective in elevating plasma calcium concentrations in both normal and hypomagnesaemic cows. This indicates a potential use for 1,25{OH)2D3 to prevent and treat hypocalcaemic cows with or without concurrent hypomagnesaemia.
Monitoring of dairy herds for Brucella abortus infection when prevalence is low
Authors: ROLFE D. C. , SYKES W. E. 
Published: March 2008

A total of 2,698 dairy herds were surveyed in 1981–1982 in New South Wales and north eastern Victoria in a review of the methods used to monitor them for the presence of Brucella abortus., The methods used to monitor dairy herds were testing of all breeding cows over 1 year of age using the rose bengal test (RBT) and complement fixation test (CFT), the bulk milk ring test (BMRT), and testing of blood samples collected at abattoirs using the RBT and CFT. The surveyed herds had at least one whole herd test, and BMRT was done at regular intervals in the period of the survey.Of the 99 (3.7%) herds that reacted to the BMRT, 91 (3.4%) herds had false positive reactions and 8 (0.3%) herds were declared infected on follow‐up herd testing. False‐positive reactions were obtained in 22 herds on more than one occasion. Common causes of false positive reactions to the BMRT were thought to be previous vaccination with Strain 19 and sampling in very early or late lactation.Of the 98 (3.63%) herds that reacted to the whole herd serological tests, 80 (2.96%) herds had false‐positive reactions and 18 (0.67%) herds were declared infected. Strain 19 vaccination was thought to be an important cause of false‐positive reactions. Fifty‐three (2.0%) herds showed suspicious reactions on abattoir monitoring but none was declared infected on follow‐up testing.Of the 18 herds with infected or equivocal status, the BMRT identified 8. In a further 6 herds, the infected cattle were not in the milking herd. Four other herds had milkers with high CFT titres which could not be confirmed as infected on culture. In no herds were culture positive RBT or CFT reactors from the milking herd detected without the BMRT being positive. The proportion of false‐positive reactions to the BMRT was high but the BMRT proved very useful in identifying dairy herds infected with B. abortus, when the prevalence of brucellosis was very low. Aust Vet J, 64: 97–100
A comparison of nematode control programs for cattle in south western Victoria
Authors: RIFFKIN G. G. , CALLINAN A. P. L. 
Published: March 2008

Nematodiasis and its subsequent effect on production in Hereford weaner steers in western Victoria was studied during 1983 and 1984. In the first summer, steers were allocated to 2 replicates of 6 treatments – No treatment (Nil); Morantel slow release bolus in March (M1); Morantel bolus in March and June (M2); pour‐on levamizole in January, May and July (R3); albendazole in January and July (V2) and albendazole in January, May and July, (V3). In 1984, treatment M2 was discontinued to provide extra replicates for Nil and M1. The replicate paddocks were 5 ha and were stocked with 7 and 8 steers in 1983 and 1984, respectively.Nematode egg counts in faeces, were generally<50 epg, indicating low numbers of adult nematodes. Faecal egg counts were highest in autumn and declined during the year. There was a significant (P = 0.02) effect of treatment on mean faecal egg count. Mean egg counts for treatment groups Nil and M1 were 16 and 10 epg above the overall mean (47 epg); those of the other treatments were 6 to 12 epg below the mean. There were no significant (P = 0.8) differences between treatments in the numbers of nematode larvae on pasture, during the experiment.At the end of both years of the experiment most nematodes (92%) were early fourth stage larvae of O. ostertagi. There were no consistent differences in nematode counts between treatments. There were no significant (P = 0.33) differences between treatments in bodyweights at any time during the experiment. After adjustment for herbage availability and year, steers in the V2 group had heaviest final liveweights; they were 19 kg heavier than the Nil group and 8 kg heavier than the V3 group. We conclude that cattle producers may not derive an economic benefit from treating weaner cattle with these anthelmintics.
Tunicamycin and corynetoxin poisoning in sheep
Authors: JAGO M V , CULVENOR C C J 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYQuantitative toxicity studies were carried out in sheep using corynetoxin, tunicamycin and toxic annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidurri).Sheep were very sensitive to these toxins. The lethal dose was about 35 μ.g/kg bodyweight for pure tunicamycin given by subcutaneous injection and 3 to 5 mg/kg for corynetoxin administered orally as slurries of bacterial galls of known corynetoxin content. The total lethal dose was of the same order, whether given as a single dose or as repeated smaller doses, the maximum interval tested being 9 weeks between doses. This finding indicates that a second exposure of animals to toxic rye grass in the one season would present a greater risk than would a first exposure to the same field. It also demonstrates the advisability of the monitoring of pasture levels of gall contamination, as levels below those that produce clinical signs of the disease may still contribute to an accumulating burden of toxicity. Aust Vet J 64: 232–235
A Clostridium botulinum type B vaccine for prevention of shaker foal syndrome
Authors: THOMAS R J , ROSENTHAL D V , ROGERS R J 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A toxoid was prepared from type 6 toxin of Clostridium botulinum by treatment with 0.6% formalin for 6 weeks. The toxoid was adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide and this vaccine was evaluated for safety in guinea pigs, mice and horses, and for immunogenicity in guinea pigs and horses.Neutralising antitoxin was demonstrated in adult horses receiving two 2 ml subcutaneous doses 6 weeks apart, and in a foal which suckled its vaccinated dam. Another vaccinated mare and the passively immunised foal were protected against subcutaneous injection of 1600 and 2000 mouse lethal doses of toxin per kg respectively.
Abundance and survival of infective larvae of the cattle nematodes Cooperia punctata, Haemonchus placei and Oesophagostomum radiatum from faecal pats in a wet tropical climate
Authors: FABIYI JP , COPEMAN DB , HUTCHINSON GW 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Observations were made on the abundance and survival of Haemonchus placei, Cooperia punctata and Oesophagostomum radiatum infective larvae from cattle faecal pats exposed at various times of the year in north Queensland wet tropics.Pats exposed in the hot, wet season yielded abundant larvae on herbage. In the dry season, although low numbers of infective larvae were usual, considerable numbers were produced under conditions of heavy dews on dense herbage. Irrespective of season of deposition of pats, the resulting larvae persisted generally for not longer than 10 to 12 weeks, and in large numbers for only 2 to 6 weeks.The findings suggest that prevention of contamination in the wet season, and in the dry season when light rainfalls are accompanied by heavy dews on dense herbage, will result in low levels of larval infestation on herbage. Rotational grazing in the area is suggested as a means of worm control.
The effect of artificial photoperiod at the end of the breeding season on plasma testosterone concentrations in stallions
Authors: COX JE , REDHEAD PH , JAWADS NMA 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Testosterone concentrations in stallions showed a seasonal trend with peak concentrations in the spring (April and May in Britain) and lowest concentrations in the period from December to February. The effect on this pattern of changing the length of the photoperiod at the end of the normal breeding season (mid‐summer's day) was studied in 2 experiments.In the first experiment artificial illumination was organised from 21 June to mimic the effect of transfer to a southern hemisphere spring and summer, that is short days becoming longer. The stallions had low concentrations of testosterone in February and high concentrations in April. Concentrations in July, August and September were extremely low with a return to high values in late Novemberlearly December.In the second experiment, illumination was maintained at the equivalent of a 16 1/2 hour day from 21 June to mid December. These stallions had high testosterone concentrations in April, after which they fell until August, later rising to a maximum in October.These after results are discussed in relation to transfer of stallions between the northern and southern hemispheres.
Inherited progressive spinal myelinopathy in Murray Grey cattle
Authors: EDWARDS JR , RICHARDS RB , CARRICK MJ 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: In a breeding experiment conducted to determine the mode of inheritance of progressive spinal myelinopathy, semen from a Murray Grey bull which had previously sired affected calves was used to inseminate 120 cows. Female progeny were then inseminated with semen from the same bull. Of the 51 calves born, six (11.8%) had spinal cord lesions consistent with progressive spinal myelinopathy.From analysis of pedigrees and the results of the breeding experiment it was concluded that the condition was inherited as an autosomal recessive condition in Murray Grey cattle.
Akabane disease in sheep
Authors: HAUGHEY KG , HARTLEY WJ , DELLA‐PORTA AJ , MURRAY MD 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Perinatal lamb mortality, associated with malformations of the CNS due to Akabane viral infection, occurred in 4 of 9 flocks of ewes lambing on 3 farms between 26 May and 14 November, 1976. Cases were restricted to ewes conceiving prior to the second week of March and lambing between 26 May and 19 July. As judged by seroconversion in sentinel flocks on 2 of the farms, field infection with Akabane virus occurred mainly between mid‐February and mid‐April. Malformations of the CNS occurred in 42.5%, 51.2%, 100% and 31.0% of the dead lambs examined in the affected flocks respectively. Prevalence in the 4 affected flocks, expressed as the proportion of ewes lambing which delivered at least one malformed foetus, was 6.1%, 8.4%, 88.9% and 5.7% respectively. Lamb mortality due to malformations of the CNS was 7.1%, 5.5%, 92.3% and 5.7% of lambs born. Age‐specific prevalence was calculated for 3 of the 4 flocks and 2‐year‐old ewes accounted for 71.4% and 76.9% of total cases respectively in 2 flocks, whereas in one flock malformations occurred at equivalent frequencies throughout several older age groups.Birthweights of affected lambs were usually significantly lighter than those of unaffected lambs of similar sex and birth‐type, and their mean duration of gestation was slightly, and significantly, prolonged. Micrencephaly (88.1% of cases) and hydrocephalus (68.7% of cases) were the outstanding pathological features of the malformations with hydranencephaly, microgyria, porencephaly and attenuation of the spinal cord occurring at much lower frequencies. Other deformities, usually of the musculoskeletal system, commonly accompanied these abnormalities. The mean weights of the brains and spinal cords of affected lambs were 31.3% and 87.7% respectively of those of unaffected lambs. The epidemiological data provide a basis for calculating the cost‐benefits of controlling the disease by vaccination.
Prevalence of bovine veneral disease in the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory: likely economic effects and practicable control measures
Authors: McCOOL C J , TOWNSEND M P , WOLFE S G , SIMPSON M A , OLM T C , JAYAWARDHANA G A , CARNEY J V 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Area prevalences of bovine Campylobacteriosis and Trichomoniasis in the Victoria River District (VRD) of the Northern Territory were determined by a survey of bulls. Eighty‐seven percent of herds were infected with Campylobacteriosis and 65.6 percent were infected with Trichomoniasis. The levels of infection recorded are likely to be causing significant reductions in reproductive rates. Control of Campylobacteriosis is unlikely to be practicable on a district basis, but in some herds it may be possible to implement control measures in select groups subject to good stock control. Trichomoniasis control measures are generally not implementable in the VRD management situation.Computer modelling suggests that control measures are unlikely to be profitable in commercial herds. There is a need for field invetigations to confirm this.
Comparison of media used for the primary isolation of Mycobacteriurm bovis by veterinary and medical diagnostic laboratories
Authors: CORNER LA , NICOLACOPOULOS C 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Veterinary and medical laboratories engaged in the cultural diagnosis of bovine or human tuberculosis were requested to supply samples of the media that they routinely use for the primary isolation of M. bovis. Fourteen laboratories supplied 7 basic media types; these were Lowenstein‐Jensen, Stonebrink's, modified Middlebrook 7H11 agar, tuberculosis bovine blood agar, egg yolk agar, Gerloff's egg and Herrold's egg yolk.Two strains of M. bovis were used to test the media, strain AN5, a glycerol‐tolerant laboratory strain and M86/90 a glycerol‐sensitive wildtype strain. AN5 grew well on all media with the exception of Herrold's and strain M86/90 did not grow on media containing glycerol and grew poorly on Herrold's medium.It is recommended that Lowenstein‐Jensen with pyruvate (but without glycerol), Stonebrink's, modified Middlebrook 7H11 and tuberculosis bovine blood agar should be considered the media of choice for the primary isolation of M. bovis. Egg yolk agar also proved adequate for this purpose in the trial. This medium may be suitable for routine use but to date experience with its use is limited.
Infectivity and virulence of Australian strains of Moraxella bovis for the murine and bovine eye in relation to pilus serogroup sub‐unit size and degree of piliation
Authors: LEPPER AWD , POWER BE 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The degree of piliation of 29 haemolytic and 4 non‐haemolytic Australian strains of Moraxella bovis representing 7 different pilus antigen groups was determined. The infectivity and virulence for the eye was measured in steroid‐treated mice and in cattle. Non‐piliated strains failed to infect the murine eye. Most moderately or heavily piliated strains reproducibly produced the highest infectivity and virulence scores in mice when compared with lightly or very lightly piliated strains (p <0.05). Non‐haemolytic, piliated strains were infective and in one instance virulent for mice. Almost similar levels of infectivity and virulence were observed for 7 representative haemolytic strains tested in both cattle and mice.The relative molecular weight of pilin sub‐units was compared using sodium dodecyl‐sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Three classes of pili, α, β and γ of ascending sub‐unit size were identified among the 7 pilus antigen serogroups. Pilin sub‐unit size bore no relationship to the degree of piliation but most strains that were highly virulent in mice and cattle expressed a and γ sub‐units. Some strains appeared capable of switching from α to β or form β to γ sub‐unit production.
Vaccination against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: protective efficacy and antibody response induced by pili of homologous and heterologous strains of Moraxella bovis
Authors: LEPPER AWD 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The protective effect of 2 Moraxella bovis pili vaccines against infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) experimentally induced by homologous or heterologous strain challenge with virulent, haemolytic M. bovis strain, Dal 2d, was measured in trials using weaned calves aged 3 to 7 months. Purified pili vaccines were prepared from haemolytic strain Dal 2d, (pilus serogroup IV), and haemolytic strain Epp 63, (pilus serogroup 111). Calves were challenged by conjunctival instillation of 1 × 109 colony forming units of virulent M‐bovis strain Dal 2d 14 days after the second of 2 subcutaneous doses of vaccine. Each consisted of 200 pg of pili in alum‐oil adjuvant administered at an interval of 21 days.In trial 1 the level of protection against challenge with the homologous strain was 46.7% (p < 0.01). Small, rapidly resolving lesions of IBK occurred in some vaccinates compared with a larger proportion of severe lesions that required treatment in non‐vaccinated calves (p < 0.025). In trial 2, the level of protection against IBK after exposure of vaccinates to the homologous Dal 2d strain was 72.7%, but no significant level of protection or reduction in the size and duration of lesions was apparent in similarly challenged calves vaccinated with Epp 63 pili when contrasted with susceptible, non‐vaccinated controls. No marked reduction in the duration of infection with M. bovis Dal 2d following challenge resulted from vaccination with pili of either 01 the serogroups III or IV. Rising homologous serum IgG antibody titres to serogroups III and IV pili were recorded in response to vaccination with each antigen. Serum and lachrymal IgG titres showed significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) and lachrymal IgG and IgA responses to homologous or heterologous serogroup antigens were also positively correlated (p < 0.001). Mean cross‐reactivity of serum IgG, lachrymal IgG and IgA titres was found to be 8%, 9% and 18% respectively. The post‐booster, pre‐challenge IgG antibody titres of trial 1 calves which were vaccinated with Dal 2d pili and which showed some susceptibility to IBK, were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those of the totallyresistant calves in trial 2 that had been vaccinated with this antigen.
Immunoglobulins and immunoglobulin‐containing cells in the reproductive tract of normal rams
Authors: FOSTER R A , LADDS P W , HOFFMANN D. , HUSBANDS A J 
Published: March 2008

Summary: The levels of the immunoglobulins IgA, IgG1, IgG2 and IgM were measured in serum and fluid from various locations in the reproductive tract of normal rams. These fluids included semen, preputial washings, and fluid from the accessory sex glands (ASG), vasa deferens, rete testes, and tissue fluid from the seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, epididymal tails and efferent ducts. In addition, the prevalence of specific Ig‐containing cells (ICC) was measured in sections of formalin fixed tissues stained by an indirect peroxidase‐antiperoxidase labelling technique.Mean IgA levels in semen (1.23 mg/ml) and ASG fluid (0.46 mg/ml), were higher than in serum (0.19 mg/ml) and were at levels higher than IgG1 or IgG2 levels in semen, ASG fluid, and preputial washings, thus confirming the existence of a local immune system primarily in the ASG of ram genitalia. Relatively low concentrations of IgA and IgG in other genital fluids and IgG levels in these fluids were consistent with diffusion from serum. The relatively high prevalence of IgA‐containing cells in bulbourethral (56% of all ICC) and prostate (49%) glands confirmed these tissues as major sites of local Ig production. ICC were also found in large numbers beneath pelvic urethral and preputial epithelia, but these were predominantly IgG‐containing (88 and 72% respectively).
Evaluation of strategies for control of sheep lice (Damalinia ovis) with an epidemiological model
Authors: BRIGHTLING A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A model was constructed to integrate the epidemiology and economics of control of sheep lice in Victoria and provide an objective basis for comparing lice control strategies.The strategies evaluated included different allocations of Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (DARA) resources for detection and supervision of infected flocks and for extension to enhance owner detection rates, change treatment practices or promote the adoption of disease prevention measures.Changes in prevalence and the net present cost of sheep lice to the industry were calculated over a 10‐year period.The model predicted that the most profitable lice control strategy was to discourage routine annual treatment, promote treatment on detection, and encourage the adoption of lice prevention measures. The number of infested flocks undertaking eradication programs under DARA supervision had little effect on the prevalence or net cost of lice to Victoria.
Survey of internal parasites in Western Australian pig herds. 1. Prevalence
Authors: MERCY AR. , de. CHANEET G. , EMMS Y. 
Published: March 2008

Between September 1982 and March 1984, 101 Western Australian piggeries with 15 or more sows were surveyed to determine the prevalence of internal parasites and examine the relationship between parasitism and management practices. Faecal samples were collected from 20 pigs in 4 age groups in randomly selected piggeries, and examined for the presence of eggs of helminth parasites and protozoan cysts.Evidence of nematode parasites was found in 79% of piggeries. Sows were more commonly affected than other classes of pigs with worm eggs being found in 68% of herds. Oesophagostomum spp was the most prevalent worm species, being found in pigs from 65% of piggeries and in sows in 60% of herds. Ascaris suum was the most common species of worm found in growing pigs. There was no evidence of infection with either Metastrongylus spp or Strongyloides spp in any of the herds sampled.Oocysts of coccidia were found in pigs from 56% of piggeries and Balantidium coli cysts were detected in pigs from 42% of piggeries sampled.