bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protective Effects of Ischemic Preconditioning on the Intestinal Mucosal Microcirculation Following Ischemia–Reperfusion of the Intestine
Authors: MALLICK ISMAIL H. , YANG WENXUAN , WINSLET MARC C. , SEIFALIAN ALEXANDER M. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTObjective: The small bowel villi are extremely sensitive to ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury and a range of microcirculatory disturbances contribute to structural and functional changes. The aim of this study was to determine the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) of the intestine on the mucosal villous microcirculation during IR injury of the intestine and whether heme oxygenase (HO) is involved in the protection.Methods: Rats were allocated into 4 groups: (1) sham, (2) IR consisting of 30 min of ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion, (3) IPC, as in IR group, but preceded by 10 min of ischemia and 10 min of reperfusion, and (4) with administration of zinc protoporphyrin, an HO inhibitor before IPC and IR. The mucosa of an exteriorized segment of ileum was visualized. Mucosal perfusion index (MPI), red blood cell (RBC) velocity and leukocyte–endothelial interactions during reperfusion were assessed continuously using in vivo fluorescence microscopy. HO activity in the ileum was assessed at the end of the reperfusion period.Results: IPC improved the MPI by 26% and the RBC velocity by 29% on comparison to IR. IR led to a 52% increase in leukocyte–endothelial interactions on comparison to IPC. The administration of zinc protoporphyrin reversed the beneficial effects of IPC. There was a two fold increase of HO activity in IPC compared to IR, whereas zinc protoporphyrin significantly reduced the HO activity.Conclusions: IPC conferred a protective effect on the villous microcirculation possibly via HO and might prove to be an effective strategy for the amelioration of IR injury.
L'Osservatore Romano and the Holocaust, 1939–1945
Authors: Zuccotti Susan 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The frequent anti-Jewish articles in the official Vatican newspaper in the 1930s disappeared during the papacy of Pius XII (1939–1958). The research below shows that, even so, L'Osservatore Romano did not publicize the destruction of Europe's Jews during the Holocaust and remained reticent on other German atrocities. It did report Soviet cruelties and aggression. Even after the liberation of Rome in June 1944, the newspaper failed to denounce the ongoing genocide. It did, however, print the pope's three speeches that included expressions of compassion for those suffering because of “nationality and descent,” his two encyclicals mentioning the unity of the human family, and several articles objecting to biological racism. After the roundup of 1,259 Roman Jews on October 16, 1943, it referred twice to the pope's universal charity without distinction of “nationality, religion, or descent,” while in December it objected to arrests of Jews by Italians; the paper suffered no serious consequences. The author argues that L'Osservatore Romano could have done more.
The Senior Leadership Cadre of the Geheime Feldpolizei, 1939–1945
Authors: Brown Paul B. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
In the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal proceedings, the Geheime Feldpolizei (GFP) was adjudged not to have been a criminal organization as defined “within the charge of criminality contained in the Indictment.” The tribunal did, however, determine that GFP personnel committed both war crimes and crimes against humanity “on a wide scale.” Despite this judgment, senior GFP officials were never prosecuted for crimes committed by GFP personnel. This article provides a detailed analysis of forty-five senior GFP leaders, based in part on hitherto unavailable primary sources. It examines four main areas: the leaders' social origins and career patterns; the role of the GFP in the Vernichtungskrieg during the invasion of the Soviet Union; the senior GFP officials' political affiliations and attempts to influence postwar denazification; and their postwar careers.
Vanishing Acts: Perpetrators in Postwar Germany
Authors: von Kellenbach Katharina 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Family history is a dangerously neglected aspect of Germany's struggle with memory of the Holocaust. Breaking with established procedures of scholarly detachment, the author explores this subject via her own family history. This essay traces the career, court trials, and subsequent trial suspension of one SS officer, who was also the author's uncle. By drawing upon archival documents, textual analysis of court documents, and personal recollections, the author illustrates the powerful pressures that erase consciousness of genocide while protecting families and communities from facing the moral dilemmas raised by evil of such magnitude.
Ghetto Experience in Golta, Transnistria, 1942–1944
Authors: Deletant Dennis 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Despite the appalling conditions in the ghettos and labor camp in the town of Golta, Transnistria, most of the Jews who arrived there in late spring 1942 (after having escaped the December 1941 massacres in the Bogdanovka area by the Romanian authorities) survived their ordeal. This article describes and analyzes the conditions in two ghettos and a labor camp, concluding that the experience of the Jews in Golta was a microcosm of ghetto experience in Transnistria as a whole from summer 1942 to the Romanian withdrawal in March 1944.
“My Holocaust Is Not Your Holocaust”: “Facing” Black and Jewish Experience in The Pawnbroker, Higher Ground, and The Nature of Blood
Authors: Zierler Wendy 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
What is to be gained by drawing literary comparisons between the African Diaspora experience of slavery and the Jewish experience of the Holocaust? Can such comparisons be made without distorting the historical record? This article critiques the juxtaposition of tragedy found in The Pawnbroker—both the novel and the film version—and offers a reading of Cynthia Ozick's The Shawl as a polemical response to The Pawnbroker. Two Holocaust-related novels by the West Indian writer Caryl Phillips are then examined as models of how a literary text can enact a “facing” of black and Jewish experience through the postmodern technique of narrative fragmentation and juxtaposition.
The Ruins of the Gas Chambers: A Forensic Investigation of Crematoriums at Auschwitz I and Auschwitz-Birkenau
Authors: Keren Daniel , McCarthy Jamie , Mazal Harry W. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Combining engineering, computer, and photographic techniques with historical sources, this research note discusses the gas chambers attached to crematoriums at Auschwitz I and the Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp. Among other things, the authors identify the locations of several of the holes in the roofs through which Zyklon B was introduced: five in Crematorium I and three of the four in the badly damaged Crematorium II. The authors began their project before David Irving's libel suit against Penguin Books and Deborah Lipstadt, proceeding simultaneously with, but independently of, the trial. The defense presented the first version of the authors' report during Irving's subsequent application to appeal. Irving's application was rejected by the court.
Jewish Israeli Teenagers, National Identity, and the Lessons of the Holocaust
Authors: Lazar Alon , Chaitin Julia , Gross Tamar , Bar-On Dan 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
This article examines the attitudes of a group of Jewish Israeli adolescents who participated in a Holocaust seminar that included an optional trip to related sites in Poland. The authors sought to determine whether youth who participate in such a seminar still consider Jewish Israeli identity important, which lessons of the Holocaust they value, and whether belonging to a survivor's family makes a difference when considering these lessons. The results show that, regardless of participation in the trip and affiliation with Holocaust survivors, the youth hold a strong sense of Jewish Israeli national identity and tend to support Jewish and Zionist lessons more than universalistic ones, although a complex interplay exists between identity and those lessons. Adolescents whose family members included survivors connected a more “power-oriented” interpretation of the Holocaust to a strong sense of national identity; participants not related to survivors developed a more complex frame of reference that combined both power-oriented and humanistic lessons of the Holocaust.
Pope Pius XII and the Rescue of Jews in Italy: Evidence of a Papal Directive?
Authors: Zuccotti Susan 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Little evidence supports the notion that Pius XII delivered a directive to members of the Catholic Church to help Jews during the German occupation of Italy, argues the author of this article. That many such men and women did open their doors is well known, and several thousand Jews in Italy were saved as a result. The pope and his advisers knew that many Jews, along with many more non-Jewish fugitives from the Nazis and Fascists, were hiding in religious institutions outside Vatican City, and being sheltered individually in prelates' residences in Vatican City itself. However, they seem not to have been aware of the full extent of the rescue effort, nor to have ordered it initially.
The Role of Antisemitic Doctrine in German Propaganda in the Crimea, 1941–1944
Authors: Tyaglyy Mikhail I. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Why did antisemitic propaganda continue in specific localities long after the Jews had been exterminated there? Relying on a case study of the Crimea, the following survey addresses this and other little-researched questions, such as how propaganda fit into the occupation regime's division of labor and how the German administration organized the means of mass information; why some antisemitic canards were emphasized and others downplayed; the balance between local and central information sources; and the role of collaborationist intellectuals. The author considers the long-term influence of Nazi propaganda on its intended audiences.
Fancy a Stay at the ‘Hotel California’? The Role of Easy Entry and Exit for FDI
Authors: Görg Holger 
Published: November 2005

SummaryInvestment incentives targeted at attracting multinational firms have been extensively researched, and empirical evidence has shown them to be influential. The same is not true of exit restrictions. Yet, as recent theory suggests, there may be a trade‐off between entry incentives and ease of exit. This paper focuses on that trade‐off in the case of US multinationals in 33 host countries. An indicator of labour market regulations is used as a measure of ease of exit. Results suggest that both entry incentives and labour market regulations are important and ignoring the latter neglects an important dimension in firms' location decision.
‘Market Discipline’, Lending Ceilings and Subnational Finance
Authors: Londero Elio 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThe ‘market discipline’ approach to subnational finance requires that moral hazard derived from the possibility of a central government bailout be made insignificantly small. Therefore, governments interested in following this approach and willing to abide by its rules should start by creating the conditions for a default and its resolution to be possible. This article discusses the use of lending ceilings as an instrument to allow the default, without dragging in the central government.
Is Sectoral Diversification a Solution to Unemployment? Evidence from EU Regions#
Authors: Longhi Simonetta , Nijkamp Peter , Traistaru Iulia 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThere is a growing interest in the academic and policy making communities in understanding the effects of sectoral specialisation on labour market performance. The existing empirical evidence, mainly based on US data, generally finds a positive correlation between sectoral specialisation and labour market indicators such as wages and unemployment. The policy implication one can draw from these results is that fostering sectoral diversification may reduce unemployment. However, this lesson may not hold for all countries. In particular, in the case of Europe, the diversity of labour market institutions may play a distinct role in shaping the relationship between sectoral specialisation and labour market performance.In this paper, we investigate the relationship between regional sectoral specialisation and regional unemployment rate in the context of different collective bargaining institutions in the EU countries. We find that collective bargaining institutions do play a role in shaping the unemployment rate differentials across regions belonging to the same country. Furthermore, the relationship between regional specialisation and the regional unemployment rate is stronger in countries with intermediate and decentralised collective bargaining institutions in comparison to countries with centralised collective bargaining institutions.Our results suggest that labour market institutions are likely to influence the outcome of policies aiming at fostering regional diversification. While such policies may result in reducing regional unemployment in countries with decentralised and intermediate levels of collective bargaining, they may not make a big difference in countries with centralised collective bargaining institutions.
Integrating the Empirical Tests of the Natural Rate Hypothesis: A Meta‐Regression Analysis
Authors: Stanley T. D. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryA meta‐analysis of thirty‐four restriction tests from nine studies of the natural rate of unemployment hypothesis (NRU) finds the statistical trace of a false empirical hypothesis. A theme of bias and misspecification among those studies that tend to be more supportive of NRU emerges. When combined with a separate meta‐analysis of NRU's falsifying hypothesis, unemployment ‘hysteresis’ (Stanley 2004a), the natural rate hypothesis may be regarded as empirically ‘falsified’ (Popper 1959). Monte Carlo simulations validate the meta‐regression methods used here to integrate different restriction tests and to identify their limitations.
Colophonium and Compositae mix as markers of fragrance allergy: Cross‐reactivity between fragrance terpenes, colophonium and Compositae plant extracts
Authors: Paulsen E. , Andersen K. E. 
Published: November 2005

The aim of this study was to assess the strength of any association between sensitization to ‘new’ fragrance compounds and sensitization to Compositae, fragrance mix, Myroxylon pereirae resin and colophonium, respectively.Consecutive eczema patients were tested with a series of essential oils and selected fragrance compounds and another series of oxidized terpenes in connection with European multicentre fragrance projects. Contact allergy to either series was frequently detected, in 5% of 318 and 4.6% of 262 persons tested, and both had a statistically significant association with Compositae, colophonium and fragrance mix sensitization. The individual results indicated that simultaneously occurring positive reactions to essential oils, colophonium and Compositae were based on cross‐reactivity rather than concomitant sensitization. Thus, all patients with positive reaction to the rare fragrance sensitizer β‐caryophyllene had positive colophonium reactions, and cross‐reactivity between essential oils and Compositae was related to the Compositae plant extracts of the Compositae mix and not the pure sesquiterpene lactones of the standard series. The implication is that Compositae mix and colophonium may be markers of fragrance allergy, which is important to know when assessing the relevance of positive reactions to Compositae plant extracts and colophonium.
Assessing genetic diversity in indigenous Veneto chicken breeds using AFLP markers
Authors: De Marchi M. , Dalvit C. , Targhetta C. , Cassandro M. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryGenetic variation in four indigenous chicken breeds from the Veneto region of Italy was assessed using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. A total of 99 individuals were analysed using three AFLP primer combinations that produced 70 polymorphisms. Four indigenous Veneto chicken breeds (Ermellinata, Padovana, Pépoi and Robusta) and a reference broiler line were included in the analysis. Breed‐specific markers were identified in each breed. The expected heterozygosity did not differ significantly among the indigenous Veneto chicken breeds and the broiler line. The coefficient of gene variation (Gst) value across loci indicated that almost half of the total variability was observed among breeds. Nei's standard genetic distance between pairs of breeds showed that the distance between the broiler line and the Pépoi breed was greater than the distances between the broiler line and the other three chicken breeds. Cluster analysis based on standard genetic distances between breeds indicated that the Padovana and Pépoi breeds were closely related. Factorial analysis based on a binary matrix of the AFLP data showed a clear distinction of all breeds.
Identification of quantitative trait loci regulating haematopoietic parameters in B6AKRF2 mice
Authors: van Os Ronald , Ausema Albertina , Noach Estelle J. K. , van Pelt Kyrjon , Dontje Bert J. H. , Vellenga Edo , de Haan Gerald 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThe haematopoietic system is a complex organised tissue with a hierarchical structure. Identification of organisational pathways within the haematopoietic system is relevant for a better understanding of haematopoiesis in health and disease. We have analysed numerous haematopoietic parameters in two panels of a total of 157 genetically distinct B6AKRF2 mice, derived from an intercross between AKR and C57Bl/6 mice, strains known to differ in various stem cell traits. The major objective of our study was to assess the extent to which various haematopoietic parameters, such as stem cell numbers, progenitor cell cycling, progenitor cell mobilisation and neutrophil numbers in blood and bone marrow are coregulated. The genotypes of these mice were used to search for genetic loci that regulate these parameters. We found significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the number of stem cells (CAFC‐35) in the bone marrow and the number of neutrophils in the blood. However, most haematopoietic parameters appeared to be controlled by non‐heritable (epigenetic) factors, or by multiple QTLs. Our study reveals striking differences in structure of the haematopoietic hierarchy between individual mice. Surprisingly, stem and progenitor cell pool size and proliferation rate, as well as peripheral blood cell counts are all independently regulated.
Constraining the Sheffield dynamic global vegetation model using stream‐flow measurements in the United Kingdom
Authors: Picard G. , Woodward F.I. , Lomas M.R. , Pellenq J. , Quegan S. , Kennedy M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe biospheric water and carbon cycles are intimately coupled, so simulating carbon fluxes by vegetation also requires modelling of the water fluxes, with each component influencing the other. Observations of river streamflow integrate information at the catchment scale and are widely available over a long period; they therefore provide an important source of information for validating or calibrating vegetation models. In this paper, we analyse the performance of the Sheffield dynamic global vegetation model (SDGVM) for predicting river streamflow and quantifying how this information helps to constrain carbon flux predictions.The SDGVM is run for 29 large catchments in the United Kingdom. Annual streamflow estimates are compared with long time‐series observations. In 23 out of the 29 catchments, the bias between model and observations is less than 50 mm, equivalent to less than 10% of precipitation. In the remaining catchments, larger errors are because of combinations of unpredictable causes, in particular various human activities and measurement issues and, in two cases, unidentified causes.In one of the catchments, we assess to what extent a knowledge of annual streamflow can constrain model parameters and in turn constrain estimates of gross primary production (GPP). For this purpose, we assume the model parameters are uncertain and constrain them by the streamflow observations using the generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation method. Comparing the probability density function of GPP with and without constraint shows that streamflow effectively constrains GPP, mainly by setting a low probability to GPP values below about 1100 g C−1 m2 yr−1. In other words, streamflow observations allow the rejection of low values of GPP, so that the potential range of possible GPP values is almost halved.
Carbon sequestration potential in European croplands has been overestimated
Authors: Smith Pete , Andrén Olof , Karlsson Thord , Perälä Paula , Regina Kristiina , Rounsevell Mark , Van Wesemael Bas 
Published: November 2005

AbstractYearly, per‐area carbon sequestration rates are used to estimate mitigation potentials by comparing types and areas of land management in 1990 and 2000 and projected to 2010, for the European Union (EU)‐15 and for four country‐level case studies for which data are available: UK, Sweden, Belgium and Finland. Because cropland area is decreasing in these countries (except for Belgium), and in most European countries there are no incentives in place to encourage soil carbon sequestration, carbon sequestration between 1990 and 2000 was small or negative in the EU‐15 and all case study countries. Belgium has a slightly higher estimate for carbon sequestration than the other countries examined. This is at odds with previous reports of decreasing soil organic carbon stocks in Flanders. For all countries except Belgium, carbon sequestration is predicted to be negligible or negative by 2010, based on extrapolated trends, and is small even in Belgium. The only trend in agriculture that may be enhancing carbon stocks on croplands at present is organic farming, and the magnitude of this effect is highly uncertain.Previous studies have focused on the potential for carbon sequestration and have shown quite significant potential. This study, which examines the sequestration likely to occur by 2010, suggests that the potential will not be realized. Without incentives for carbon sequestration in the future, cropland carbon sequestration under Article 3.4 of the Kyoto Protocol will not be an option in EU‐15.
Nitrogen stunning of rainbow trout
Authors: Wills Carmel C. , Zampacavallo Giulia , Poli Bianca‐Maria , Proctor Marlene R.M. , Henehan Gary T.M. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThis study examined the use of nitrogen gas for stunning of Rainbow Trout. It was found that nitrogen could be used as an effective stunning method and that the strong aversive reaction reported for carbon dioxide stunning was not observed. Measurement of ATP, its metabolites and pH were carried out to evaluate the effects of nitrogen stunning on post mortem muscle biochemistry. This treatment was compared to percussive stunning and air asphyxiation. Post mortem ATP levels in nitrogen stunned fish (1.96 ± 0.36 μmol g−1) were significantly higher than for asphyxiated fish (0.2 ± 0.11 μmol g−1) but lower than values for percussively stunned fish (5.9 ± 0.89 μmol g−1). This work indicates that the use of gasses other than carbon dioxide for stunning of fish deserves further study.