bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of growth rate among different protein genotypes in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, under farmed conditions
Authors: Jørstad K.E. , Karlsen Ø. , Svåsand T. , Otterå H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA major aim of the aquaculture industry in Norway is to develop sustainable farming of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L. A great deal of research, including farming trials and stock enhancement, has been performed on this species in Norway during the past two decades. The success of domestication of a new species depends on the genetic variability of the wild broodstock and the selection of appropriate genotypes for the farming environment. Growth experiments under farmed conditions, including genetic analyses, were started as early as 1983 after the breakthrough of cod juvenile production in mesocosm systems. At later stages (1988 and 1992 year classes), more detailed studies were conducted under farmed conditions. Based on individual tagging and genotyping (blood and white muscle biopsy sampling), estimates of growth performance (specific growth rate, SGR) of the various genotypes within six polymorphic protein loci were obtained. In general, the SGR in the two experiments varied through the year as a function of temperature and body size. In the 1988 year-class experiment, only a few statistically significant differences (ANOVA) were detected among genotypes, measured as mean weight and SGR. The 1992 year-class experiment included two different cod stocks, Northeast Arctic (NE) and Norwegian coastal (NC) cod, which were reared for about two years in the same net pen. Further, during this experiment, only a few genotypes exhibited significantly different growth within the NE group. No consistency was found in the variation with regard to protein loci investigated, growth periods studied, and relationship with temperature variation.
Mental health care in Berlin
Authors: Schouler-Ocak M. , Heinz A. , Kienast T. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAimTo provide information on the mental health care system in Berlin, Germany.MethodUsing available data we report on the spectrum of mental health care services provided in Berlin, the number of professionalsworking in these sectors, funding arrangements, pathways into care, and user/carer involvement.ResultsThe health care system in Berlin consists of a network of inpatient, outpatient, ancillary, and rehabilitative facilities, all of which are meant to work in a synergistic fashion. However, although the individual treatment options are generally well-planned, there is still a lack of co-ordination between them. Currently, the entire network is threatened by cuts in state funding for ancillary and rehabilitative services, by further reductions in the number of hospital beds, and by insurance company cuts in prescription drug budgets, such as those used for atypical antipsychotics in outpatient care.DiscussionDespite many similarities with the situation in other European capitals, the system of mental health care in Berlin suffersfrom a variety of problems related to co-ordination and costs that are unique to the German capital.
Mental health care in Paris
Authors: Greacen T. , Finkelstein C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAimCharacterised by its population density, cultural and ethnic diversity, familial fragmentation and high levels of HIV/AIDS, crime and homelessness, Paris poses specific problems with regard to mental healthcare.MethodsEpidemiological studies show high rates of generalised anxiety and drug and alcohol abuse and dependence, greater use ofpsychoactive medication and, at the same time, apprehension about looking after mentally ill family members at home.ResultsAlthough the Greater Paris area has a much higher density of GPs and specialists than the national mean, there are considerable variations within the region itself, with the central area having up to four times as many GPs or psychiatrists as the outer suburbs. On the other hand, although the number of mental health medical acts and the number of people receiving mental health care have been rising dramatically over the last 15 years, Paris has considerably less adult psychiatry beds and day care places per head of population than the rest of France.DiscussionCurrent planning targets include a more equitable distribution of mental health care service provision for the rapidly evolving urban population, early prevention of psycho-affective disorders, suicide and drug and alcohol misuse and the creation of low threshold services for adolescents in difficulty.
Mental health care in Prague
Authors: Raboch J. , Wenigova B. ,   Working Group of the Czech Psychiatric Association
Published: January 2006

AbstractAimTo describe principles and characteristics of mental health care in Prague.MethodBased on existing data, service provision, number of professionals working in services, funding arrangements, pathways intocare, user/carer involvement and specific issues are reported.ResultsMental health care in Prague has a special position in the Czech Republic. Prague has the longest tradition of psychiatrictreatment including the German Psychiatric Department of the Charles University. The density of services is higher, there are more extrainstitutional facilities and acute beds are located in general hospitals.DiscussionWhilst various issues of mental health care in Prague overlap with those in other European capitals, there also are some specific problems and features. After substantial political changes in early 90s, the prevailing institutional model of psychiatric care has started to be changed according to the Concept of Psychiatric Care prepared by the Czech Psychiatric Association and approved by the Ministry of Health. However, stigma connected with mental disturbances is still present and there are not enough financial resources and will to put these plans rapidly into the practice.
Rawlsian Reasonableness: A Problematic Presumption?
Authors: Young Shaun P. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract.The notion of “reasonableness” has been a prominent feature of liberalism since the latter first emerged as a coherent philosophical project. Indeed, arguably, reasonableness is the core value animating the liberal outlook. Such a claim is especially true with respect to the conception of political liberalism promoted by John Rawls. In essence, the viability of Rawlsian political liberalism is dependent upon the “reasonableness” of both the public conception of justice and the individuals who must live under its constraints. However, this reliance on reasonableness poses a number of potential difficulties for Rawls's argument, particularly insofar as his belief in the ability of his conception to secure the conditions essential to establishing and sustaining a just and stable liberal democracy is premised upon a number of questionable claims and expectations regarding the reasonableness of individual attitudes and behaviour. The primary task of this essay is to identify and explain a number of concerns that render suspect the plausibility of Rawls's conclusions regarding the extent to which it is realistic to presume the reasonableness of individuals and, by extension, the ability of his conception to achieve its stated goal.Résumé.La notion du “ raisonnable ” constitue un aspect important du libéralisme depuis l'émergence de ce dernier en tant que projet philosophique cohérent. En fait, le raisonnable est sans doute la valeur principale qui anime le point de vue libéral. Ceci est particulièrement vrai de la conception du libéralisme politique défendue par John Rawls. Le libéralisme politique de Rawls dépend essentiellement du caractère raisonnable de la conception publique de la justice, ainsi que des individus qui doivent vivre selon ses contraintes. Toutefois, l'importance du raisonnable dans ce concept soulève un certain nombre de problèmes dans le raisonnement de Rawls. Il est persuadé que ses idées garantissent les conditions essentielles pour établir et maintenir une démocratie libérale, mais ce postulat s'appuie sur de nombreuses affirmations et espérances discutables quant au caractère raisonnable des attitudes et comportements individuels. Cette dissertation s'efforcera principalement d'identifier et d'expliquer un certain nombre de problèmes remettant en cause la plausibilité des conclusions de Rawls. On étudiera tout particulièrement dans quelle mesure il est réaliste de présumer du caractère raisonnable des individus et, par extension, de la capacité de la conception de Rawls à atteindre ses objectifs.
An application of the use of safe minimum standards in the conservation of livestock biodiversity
Authors: DRUCKER ADAM G. 
Published: January 2006

This paper adapts the safe minimum standard (SMS) approach so as to explore its use as a potential policy decision support tool that can be applied to issues related to the conservation and sustainable use of farm animal genetic resource (AnGR) diversity. Empirical SMS cost estimates are obtained using data from three AnGR economics case studies in Mexico and Italy. The findings support our hypothesis that the costs of implementing an SMS are low, both when compared with the size of subsidies currently being provided to the livestock sector (<1 percent of the total subsidy) and with regard to the benefits of conservation (benefit-cost ratio of >2.9).Nevertheless, despite providing a potentially useful AnGR conservation decision support tool, a critical assessment of the application reveals that a much more extensive quantification of the components required to determine SMS costs needs to be undertaken before this tool can be applied in practice.
Japan and the Myanmar Stalemate: Regional Power and Resolution of a Regional Problem
Authors: HOLLIDAY IAN 
Published: January 2006

For years Myanmar has been caught in a political stalemate generated both by deadlock between the military government and the democratic opposition, and by polar differences between China and the United States. In searching for ways forward, analysts might therefore want to look beyond these dominant actors. This article considers the contribution that a regional power, Japan, could make to political change. It examines first political stalemate in Myanmar, second Japan as a regional power, third Japanese engagement with Myanmar, fourth Japan and resolution of the Myanmar problem, and fifth future possibilities. The argument is that strong historical ties and good relations inside and outside Myanmar put Japan in a pivotal position. As part of its reassurance diplomacy in East Asia, Japan should take the lead in tackling this regional problem.Since a May 1990 general election that saw the National League for Democracy (NLD) secure a landslide victory and the ruling State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) respond by reinforcing its dictatorship, Myanmar has been in political stasis. Although progress has been made on some fronts, notably in relations between the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC), as the military junta is now known, and the insurgent rebel armies with which it long fought civil wars, the uneasy political deadlock that settled on the country some 15 years ago has not been broken. Furthermore, within a complex internal context, the standoff between the two major protagonists from 1990 remains critical. Now, as then, the NLD, brandishing democratic legitimacy, charismatic leader Aung San Suu Kyi and latent popular support, confronts the military junta, wielding guns, power, and fear.
Evaluation of Dementia
Authors: Inglin  
Published: January 2006

Eine Demenzabklärung soll in drei Schritten erfolgen: 1. Zu Beginn jeder Demenzabklärung muß die Frage beantwortet werden, ob überhaupt eine Demenz vorliegt. Insbesondere gilt es, ein Delirium sowie eine leichte kognitive Störung («mild cognitive impairment») abzugrenzen. Zur Demenzdiagnostik gehören eine sorgfältige Anamneseerhebung sowie neuropsychologische Untersuchungen. Demenzscreening-Instrumente sind der Mini-Mental-Status sowie der Uhrentest, in Frühfällen sind umfassendere neuropsychologische Tests durch entsprechende Spezialisten nötig. 2. Bei Bestätigung einer Demenz muß die Frage der Ätiologie beantwortet werden. Internistischer Status, Neuro- und Psychostatus, neuropsychologische Untersuchungen, Laboruntersuchungen sowie meist bildgebende Verfahren und allenfalls weitere Zusatzuntersuchungen vermögen oft die Ursache einer Demenz aufzudecken. Eine frühzeitige Diagnostik hilft vor allem, reversible Prozesse rechtzeitig zu therapieren. 3. Unerläßlicher Bestandteil jeder Demenzabklärung muß schließlich auch die Evaluation der Betreuungssituation sein, mit nachfolgender Beratung.
Low-high and high-low biphasic injection forms in computed tomography examinations of the upper abdomen
Authors: Martí-Bonmatí L. , Arana E. , Tobarra E. , Sierra C. 
Published: January 2006

Purpose: To analyze the influence of different biphasic and monophasic injection rate protocols in abdominal computed tomography (CT). Material and Methods: A randomized, consecutive, parallel group study was designed and conducted in 60 patients studied with the same CT helical protocol. Patients were randomly distributed into three groups: (A) monophasic (120 ml at 2.5 ml/s); (B) low-high biphasic (120 ml, first 60 ml at a rate of 2 ml/s, the other 60 ml at 2.5 ml/s); and (C) high-low biphasic (120 ml, first 60 ml at a rate of 2.5 ml/s, the other 60 ml at 2 ml/s). All patients were injected with 300 mg I/ml non-ionic contrast media at a fixed delay time of 55 s. Contrast enhancement efficacy was evaluated by attenuation coefficient measurements. Results: Although non-significant, monophasic protocol enhancements were higher than biphasic protocol enhancements in all measurements except aortic bifurcation ( p = 0.003). At this level, biphasic protocols obtained an increased mean enhancement from 7.6% to 2.5% compared to monophasic protocols. Conclusion: Monophasic contrast agent injection in helical CT of the upper abdomen produces a higher enhancement of parenchymal and venous structures. No significant difference was observed between low-high and high-low biphasic protocols.
Characterization of adrenal adenomas and metastases: correlation between unenhanced computed tomography and chemical shift magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Rescinito G. , Zandrino F. , Cittadini G. , Santacroce E. , Giasotto V. , Neumaier C. E. 
Published: January 2006

Purpose: To evaluate the correlation of absolute attenuation values of unenhanced computed tomography (CT) with signal intensity (SI) quantitative analysis on chemical shift (CS) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in differentiating adrenal adenomas from metastases. Material and Methods: Forty-one adrenal masses (27 adenomas, 14 metastases) were studied with CS MR imaging and unenhanced CT. MR included T1-weighted breathhold gradient-echo in-phase (IP) and opposed-phase (OP) sequences. The SI index (SI-i) [(SIIP−SIOP/SIIP)]×100% and chemical-shift ratio (CS-r) relative to the spleen [(SIlesion/SIspleen)OP/(SIlesion/SIspleen)IP] were calculated for each lesion. CT absolute attenuation values were also determined. Results: The mean attenuation value of metastases was significantly greater than that of adenomas (<0.0001). On MR, the mean SI-i of adenomas was significantly greater than that of metastases ( P<0.0001) and no overlaps were evident. The CS-r of malignant and benign lesions overlapped considerably, and five adenomas (all with indeterminate Hounsfield Unit values at CT) were misclassified as potentially malignant. CT attenuation values were significantly correlated with both MR quantitative analyses. Conclusion: Since CS MR imaging and CT both depict the presence of lipids within adrenal lesions, absolute attenuation values are highly correlated with MR quantitative analysis. SI-i is the most reliable tool for differentiating adrenal adenomas from metastases, showing better accuracy than lesion-to-spleen CS-r, in particular for adenomas with indeterminate absolute attenuation values.
64-slice computed tomography assessment of coronary artery stents: a phantom study
Authors: Mahnken A. H. , Mühlenbruch G. , Seyfarth T. , Flohr T. , Stanzel S. , Wildberger J. E. , Günther R. W. , Kuettner A. 
Published: January 2006

Purpose: To compare the use of a new 64-slice computed tomography (CT) scanner with 16-slice CT in the visualization of coronary artery stent lumen. Material and Methods: Eight different coronary artery stents, each with a diameter of 3 mm, were placed in a static chest phantom. The phantom was positioned in the CT gantry at an angle of 0° and 45° towards the z-axis and examined with both a 64-slice and a 16-slice CT scanner. Effective slice thickness was 0.6 mm with 64-slice CT and 1 mm with 16-slice CT. A reconstruction increment of 0.3 mm was applied in both scanners. Image quality was assessed visually using a 5-point grading scale. Stent diameters were measured and compared using paired Wilcoxon tests. Results: Artificial lumen reduction was significantly less with 64-slice than with 16-slice CT. Average visible stent lumen was 53.4% using 64-slice CT and 47.5% with 16-slice MSCT. Most severe artifacts were seen in stents with radiopaque markers. Using 64-slice CT, image noise increased by approximately 30% due to thinner slice thickness. Conclusion: Improved spatial resolution of 64-slice CT resulted in superior assessment of coronary artery stent lumen compared to 16-slice CT. However, a relevant part of the stent lumen is still not assessable with multi-slice CT.
Split renal function in patients with suspected renal artery stenosis: a comparison between gamma camera renography and two methods of measurement with computed tomography
Authors: Björkman H. , Eklöf H. , Wadström J. , Andersson L.-G. , Nyman R. , Magnusson A. 
Published: January 2006

Purpose: To validate a method for calculating split renal function from computed tomography (CT) compared with gamma camera renography, and to test a new method for the measurement based on a volume-rendering technique. Material and Methods: Thirty-eight patients, aged 65.7±11.6 (range 37.8–82.1) years, who had undergone both CT angiography and gamma camera renography for a suspected renal artery stenosis were included in this study. Split renal function was calculated from the CT examinations by measuring area and mean attenuation in the image slices of the kidneys, and also by measuring volume and mean attenuation from a 3D reconstruction of the kidneys. Gamma camera renography with 99mTc-MAG3 with or without captopril enhancement was used as a reference. Results: The 2D CT method had good correlation with renography ( r = 0.93). Mean difference was 4.7±3.6 (0–12) percentage points per kidney. There was also excellent correlation between the two CT methods ( r = 1.00). Conclusion: CT is equivalent to renography in determining split renal function, and the measurement from the CT examination can be made more quickly and equally accurately with a 3D technique.
Imaging characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma using the hepatobiliary contrast agent GD-EOB-DTPA
Authors: Jung G. , Breuer J. , Poll L. W. , Koch J. A. , Balzer T. , Chang S. , Mödder U. 
Published: January 2006

Purpose: To evaluate the ability of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with Gd-EOB-DTPA in comparison with non-enhanced imaging and spiral computed tomography (CT) to provide additional information for classification and characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Material and Methods: Forty patients with histopathology-proven hepatocellular carcinoma were selected for this subgroup analysis from a phase-III multicenter study in 235 patients with known or suspected liver lesions. The primary analysis was comparison of the proportion of hepatocellular carcinoma correctly classified and characterized by combined pre-/post-contrast MRI compared with pre-contrast MRI alone or with spiral CT. All images were evaluated on site, and in a blinded reading by three independent readers off site. Results: In the on-site evaluation, the lesions were correctly classified as a malignant tumor with combined MRI in 90.3%, with pre-contrast imaging alone in 82.9% and with spiral CT in 87.8% (n.s.). The proportion of correct characterization (lesion type diagnosis) with combined MRI was 85.4%, 75.6% for pre-contrast imaging, and 77.5% for spiral CT (n.s.), respectively. In the blinded reading, one reader showed a significant increase in the proportion of correctly characterized lesions by 27% ( P<0.05). The other two readers showed a reduction in the proportion of correct characterization by 12% and 15%, respectively (n.s.). Conclusion: With regard to lesion classification, no difference was found between combined pre-/post-contrast MRI and spiral CT. A non-significant trend in favor of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI with regard to characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma was found, although the CT scans were not optimized as the MRI scans.
Phytate technetium-99m versus dextran 500 technetium-99m in the sentinel lymph node biopsy
Authors: Paiva G. R. , Filho R. S. O. , Ferreira L. M. , Wagner J. , Nogueira S. A. , Novo N. F. , Juliano Y. , Rocha J. L. B. S. 
Published: January 2006

Purpose: To study which of the two most used radiopharmaceutical drugs for the sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy procedure (dextran 500 99mTc and phytate 99mTc) best defines the SLN and migrates less to other lymph nodes. Material and Methods: Thirty-two rats, separated into two groups, underwent lymphoscintigraphy examination with either dextran or phytate followed by sentinel (popliteal), lumbar, and inguinal lymph node biopsy. Radiation was detected with a gamma probe. Results: The statistical study indicated count rates significantly higher in the SLN than in the other basins for both the dextran ( P<0.01) and phytate groups ( P<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference concerning SLN absorption in either group ( P = 0.2981). In the dextran group, migration occurred to 1.5 lymphatic basins with counting higher than 10% of that found in the SLN versus 0.8 in the phytate group ( P = 0.0023). Migration was thus higher in the dextran group ( P = 0.0207). Conclusion: There was no statistically significant difference between dextran and phytate in the SLN identification, but the phytate migrated to fewer lymphatic basins beyond the SLN and with less intensity.
Virtual bronchoscopy versus thin section computed tomography in evaluation of moderate and low grade stenoses: receiver operating characteristic curve analysis
Authors: Maniatis P. N. , Triantopoulou C. C. , Tsalafoutas I. A. , Lamprakis C. K. , Malagari K. S. , Konstantinou K. , Christodoulou E. , Papailiou J. , Kelekis D. A. 
Published: January 2006

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of virtual bronchoscopy, under proper threshold settings, on observer level of confidence in the assessment of bronchial abnormalities producing stenoses ⩽75% compared to interpretation of thin section computed tomography (CT) images. Material and Methods: Sixty-five patients with fiberoptic bronchoscopy positive for tracheobronchial abnormalities were evaluated in a blinded observer study using a commercially available virtual endoscopy software package. The findings of virtual endoscopy were compared with those of fiberoptic bronchoscopy using receiver operating characteristic curves (ROCs) and other statistical tools. Results: A total of 102 lesions were identified by fiberoptic bronchoscopy, with 44 of these producing bronchial stenoses ⩽75%. Concerning the latter lesions, for virtual bronchoscopy the areas under the ROCs were 0.93 and 0.96 for the two observers, respectively, while for thin section CT the corresponding values were 0.86 and 0.88; the differences observed were statistically significant. Contrary to thin section CT, virtual bronchoscopy did not show statistically significant differences from fiberoptic bronchoscopy regarding estimation of degree of stenosis. Conclusion: Virtual bronchoscopy under proper threshold settings has a statistically significant impact on observer performance where moderate and low-grade bronchial stenoses are concerned and gives an estimate of the degree of stenosis more precisely than thin section CT.