Abstract 620: Screening of small-molecule MAPK pathway inhibitors on a panel of 130 human cancer cell lines identifies determinants of response in RAS-mutant subgroups
Authors: Kooijman Jeffrey J. , Al Koerdi Awan , Kluitmans Daphne J. , van den Bossche Esmee , Dylus Jelle , de Roos Jeroen A. , Melis Janneke J. , Zaman Guido J. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Oncogenic mutations in members of the RAS family, HRAS, NRAS, and KRAS, are frequently identified in various cancers and often lead to increased signaling of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. KRAS is the most frequently mutated RAS isoform, with a mutation incidence of &gt;10% across all cancers, and up to 70% and 20% in pancreatic and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), respectively. RAS has long been considered to be undruggable, and direct inhibition of RAS with small molecule inhibitors has only recently been achieved, with the approval of the KRAS G12C-mutant selective inhibitors sotorasib and adagrasib for treatment of NSCLC. Indirect targeting of RAS-mutated cancers by inhibitors of downstream components such as MEK and ERK has shown variable responses. Novel insights into MAPK signaling have renewed interest into targeting the MAPK pathway in RAS-mutant cancer, with pan-RAF dimer inhibitors and dual RAF/MEK inhibitors reaching clinical trials. To improve the chances of success, it is important to determine which patient populations are most likely to respond to these inhibitors. To gain more insight into the cellular targeting of MAPK pathway inhibitors, eighteen inhibitors of the MAPK components KRAS, RAF, MEK, and ERK were profiled on a panel of 130 cell lines in cell viability assays (the Oncolines® panel). The cell lines represented a diverse range of tumor tissues and had different genomic backgrounds. Many of the cell lines had mutations in KRAS, NRAS, or BRAF. Drug responses were determined by exposing the cell lines to nine-point duplicate dose ranges of the inhibitors. Using bioinformatics, cell line responses to the inhibitors were related to genomic and transcriptomic features, to identify determinants of drug response in both tissue-agnostic and tissue-specific contexts.
The results of our analyses revealed variable responses of KRAS-mutant cell lines to the inhibitors, reflecting clinical responses. Tissue-focused analyses showed that the different responses could be traced back to the different KRAS amino acid substitutions. For instance, in pancreatic cancer cell lines, the KRAS Q61H mutation predicted increased sensitivity to MAPK pathway inhibitors compared to other KRAS amino acid substitutions. Additionally, in tissue groups with a more heterogenous mutation profile, co-mutations explained the decreased effectivity of MAPK pathway inhibitors in KRAS-mutant cell lines, such as PIK3CA mutations in colorectal cancer cell lines. Lastly, a gene expression-based signature of MAPK activity predicted response to MAPK pathway inhibitors, independent of mutation status. Our findings have uncovered determinants of response to MAPK pathway inhibitors in RAS-mutant cell lines. These determinants can serve as markers to select patients who are most likely to benefit from MAPK inhibitors.
Citation Format: Jeffrey J. Kooijman, Awan Al Koerdi, Daphne J. Kluitmans, Esmee van den Bossche, Jelle Dylus, Jeroen A. de Roos, Janneke J. Melis, Guido J. Zaman. Screening of small-molecule MAPK pathway inhibitors on a panel of 130 human cancer cell lines identifies determinants of response in RAS-mutant subgroups [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 620.