bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invasion of wood by basidiomycetous fungi II. Obliterated differences between pathosism and saprophytism on pre‐degraded wood substrates in monoxenic culture
Authors: Gramss G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMycelial production and linear extension growth of 41 wood‐destroying basidiomycetous fungi (WBF) whose pathogenicity and kratovirulence levels permitted their subdivision into 7 fungal categories was determined on nonsterile and autoclaved wood dust materials from fresh, discoloured (nondecay), and decay wood samples. The resident microflora of nonsterile wood meals compels the intruding WBF mycelium to mobilize its entire competitive ability when going to colonize a contaminated substrate. This demand excludes the pathogenic WBF from utilizing the non‐sterile substrates but allows for extensive development of the fresh‐wood and successive saprophytes that afford the required kratovirulence level. On sterilized wood dust, any differences in the growth patterns of pathogenic and saprophytic WBF vanish immediately. Sterile fresh wood samples from host and nonhost trees the latter being never infected in the field allow for widely uniform mycelial production by fungal species with wide or extremely narrow host range. Some fungi display, in addition, a strong substrate preference to certain natural host tree species or their close relatives. No correlation was found between the total exoenzymatic activity reported for the fungus concerned and its mycelial production. Top values of mycelial formation were observed in fungi with lowest enzymatic activity as well as in producers of normal enzyme quantities while some brown‐rot fungi showed extremely restricted mycelial output although they are known for enzymatic activities to be highest.Among the 41 fungal species listed, 25 prefer certain particular nondecay and decay wood samples to fresh wood meal although the general rule is a higher mycelial production on fresh wood. The addiction to pre‐degraded wood can be traced, surprisingly, throughout all fungal categories with the tendency to abate in saprophytic ones. The brown‐rot fungi are more frequently stimulated by the discoloured nondecay wood while white‐rot fungi tend to prefer decay wood samples. The partially diminutive mycelial production in certain brown‐rot fungi means no defect in vitality or wood‐decay capacity. The weekly linear extension growth figure LE7 of the fungal mycelia can reach top values throughout the 7 fungal categories. No relationship was detected between rapid mycelial growth and both kratovirulence level or pathogenic potency. Fungi most reliably transplanted to raw substrates have medium‐sized LE7 figures. It is concluded that the striking differences between pathogenic and saprophytic members of WBF they display in their competitive ability immediately vanish in the absence of substrate microorganisms. The in vitro tests neither reveal differences in a striking host substrate specificity, the preference to fresh or decay wood, mycelial dry matter production, general enzymatic particularities, and weekly mycelial growth rate.
Einfluß von Acetat auf die Bildung des Phytoeffektors Tentoxin durch Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler
Authors: Hänel I. , Liebermann B. , Brückner B. , Tröger R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effect of the cosubstrate acetate on the formation of the phytotoxic substance tentoxin by Alternaria alternata (fr.) Keissler was investigated. Acetate was taken up and metabolized during growth. The added acetate stimulated considerably the biosynthesis of tentoxin depending on its concentration and time of introduction. There was an increased incorporation of (U‐14C)‐glucose into the toxin molecule in the presence of acetate in the medium. The results indicate an induction of the biosynthesis of tentoxin by the precursor acetate, probably mediated through the accumulation of the glycolytic intermediates pyruvate and phosphoenolpyruvate.
Induction and inactivation of phenol hydroxylase and catechol oxygenase in Candida maltosa L4 in dependence on the carbon source
Authors: Hofmann K. H. , Krüger Anne‐Kathrin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn order to investigate the regulation of phenol assimilation in the yeast Candida maltosa L4 the activities of phenol hydroxylase and catechol oxygenase were measured in crude extracts from cells grown in presence of different carbon sources.No activities of these two enzymes have been found in cells grown on glucose, glycerol, succinate or n‐hexadecane. The phenol hydroxylase and catechol oxygenase were induced in presence of phenol. Glucose repressed the induction of both enzymes. The catechol oxygenase appeared only after complete exhaustion of glucose and in the presence of phenol. The phenol hydroxylase was already synthesized in presence of low Incentrations of glucose (<0.2% w/v).Addition of glucose (2% w/v) to a culture of Candida maltosa L4 caused a very rapid disappearance of phenol hydroxylase activity both in the presence of phenol or after depletion of phenol. The catechol oxygenase activity decreased only slowly under these conditions.The inactivation of phenol hydroxylase could be reversed by transferring the glucose‐treated cells into a glucose‐free and phenol‐containing medium. This reappearance of phenol hydroxylase activity could be prevented by the addition of 0.1 mM of cycloheximid, it is, therefore, dependent on de novo protein synthesis.From these results we conclude that the glucose‐dependent catabolite inactivation of phenol hydroxylase in Candida maltosa L4 resulted in a proteolytic degradation of the enzyme.
Cyclopeptine synthetase activity in surface cultures of Penicillium cyclopium
Authors: Lerbs W. , Luckner M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCyclopeptine synthetase, the key enzyme of benzodiazepine alkaloid biosynthesis in Penicillium cyclopium forms cyclo‐(anthranoyl‐phenylalanyl) from anthranilic acid, L‐phenylalanine, the methyl group of L‐methionine and ATP. The following in vitro measurable partial activities of the enzyme system were followed during the development of P. cyclopium: anthranilic acid and L‐phenylalanine adenylyltransferase activities, and the ability for thioester‐binding of L‐phenylalanine to the enzyme protein. These activities became measurable at the beginning of the idiophase and reached a maximum 6 days after inoculation, i.e., the pattern of activity was similar to that of the other enzymes participating in the biosynthesis of the benzodiazepine alkaloids indicating that the activities of all enzymes of the pathway were coordinatedly expressed. Inhibitor experiments indicated that 48–55 h after inoculation a preprotein of anthranilic acid adenylyltransferase was formed, which later on became activated by a hitherto unknown mechanism.
Studies of colicin action on wall‐less stable L‐forms of Escherichia coli II. Growth inhibition of complete and wall‐less (L‐form) cells of Escherichia coli by basic colicin types
Authors: Šmarda J. , Schuhmann† Edith 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe inhibitive activity of colicins of 16 types (produced by 22 colicinogenic strains) on rods and protoplast‐like stable L‐form cells of the strains Escherichia coli B, W1655 F+ and W1655 F− was compared. The results of 58 combinations tested fall into four groups (with three subgroups):

both cell forms are sensitive

both cell forms are about equally sensitive
rods are distinctly more sensitive than L‐form cells
L‐form cells are distinctly more sensitive than rods

only rods are sensitive, L‐form cells are not sensitive
only L‐form cells are sensitive rodsare not sensitive
neither cell form is sensitive.
Group la represents simple sensitivity; both cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane receptors are present and functioning. Groups 1b and 2 represent sensitivity, substantially or completely mediated by cell wall receptors. Groups 1 c and 3, represent partial or complete “pseudoresistance” or “pseudotolerance”; cell wall receptors are absent or non‐lethal, but cytoplasmic membrane ones are present and mediate the lethal effect. Group 4 represents both true resistance and true tolerance.
Studies of colicin action on wall‐less stable L‐forms of Escherichia coli III. A colicin‐tolerant mutant in a wall‐less stable L‐form
Authors: Šmarda J. , Schuhmann† Edith 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe conversion of a tol III Escherichia coli mutant, tolerant to colicins E2, E3, la and K, into protoplast‐like stable L‐form makes it sensitive to colicins E2, la and K. Its original sensitivity to colicin El and tolerance to E3 are preserved in this cell form. Thus, rods of this mutant are not truly tolerant to colicins E2, la and K, but “pseudotolerant”: their wall receptors have been turned out to “nonlethal” ones by the mutation in question.
Rapid yeast DNA staining method for flow cytometry
Authors: Kuchenbecker Doris , Braun G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe variation of the fluorescence intensity of olivomycin‐stained yeast cells as a function of the concentration of olivomycin, NaCl, and MgCl2 in the staining solution was studied.The best results were obtained when the staining solution contained 100 μg olivomycin/ml, 40 mM MgCl2, and 1 M NaCl. A staining time of 12 min was sufficient for proper staining.
Adaptation games between microorganisms sharing a common substrate niche
Authors: Reich J. G. , Meiske W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMicroorganisms adapt their enzymic outfit to the ambient substrate supply. If several species compete for a limiting substrate, then reciprocal influence on the state of adaptation results, which has been envisaged in the paper as strategic game. The most important types of strategies, which are assessed by the governing selection rule, are called aggressive, neutral and cooperative. A cooperative strategy brings the highest advantage, but triggers the temptation to increase the gain by defection. The neutral strategy, i.e. acting as if the competitor were alone in the medium, is promising only when the selection rule favours product maximization, whereas as aggressive strategy, e.g. maximizing the difference between own and foreign profit, is most effective on growth rate maximization as selection criterion. Gruelling competition reduces the metabolic output and weakens the community as a whole against other systems.
Isolierung einer Hefezellen agglutinierenden Komponente aus Normalserum durch Zellsäulenchromatographie
Authors: Wegewitz Brigitte , Flemming Ch. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBy cell column chromatography a fraction of porcine serum has been obtained that specifically reacts to the surfaces of the yeast cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae H155. This serum fraction agglutinates only the cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae H155 but does not those of Candida maltosa EH15 and Yarrowia lipolytica EH59, respectively.
Vorkommen von 3‐Amino‐3,6‐didesoxy‐D‐glucose in einem Lipopolysaccharid von Campylobacter coli
Authors: Seltmann G. , Beer W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn a Campylobacter coli strain 3‐amino‐3,6‐dideoxy‐D‐glucose was detected.
Wechselwirkungen der Aldehyddehydrogenase aus Acinetobacter calcoaceticus mit Membranlipiden I. Einfluß von Detergentien, Proteinasen und Phospholipasen auf die Solubilisierung und Aktivität des Enzyms
Authors: Aurich H. , Sorger H. , Bergmann R. , Lasch J. , Koelsch R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe NADP+‐dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus was inducible by alkanes. It was located in the membranes surrounding the intracellular alkane inclusions. The enzyme could not be solubilized by changing of the pH or the ionic strength but by detergents at concentrations around the critical micelle concentration. High concentrations of detergents inactivated the enzyme; reactivation was possible by addition of natural membrane phospholipids. The enzyme in intact membranes gave lower Km values than the enzyme in the micelle form. The size of the particles of cell envelopes (including the inclusion membranes) and of micelles was controlled by measurements of the wavelength dependence of turbidity. Proteinases were unable to solubilize the enzyme; in the presence of detergent they inactivated it irreversibly. Phospholipase A2 and D inactivated the enzyme reversibly.
Metabolism of methanol by yeast and SCP production
Authors: Jwanny Etidal W. , Rashad Mona M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe utilization of methanol by Candida lipolytica was studied with respect to the biomass, protein, lipid and other metabolites contents. Supplementation of the methanol medium with certain redox agents such as 2,6‐dichlorophenol indophenol, reduced glutathione and methyl red, showed a stimulation of both growth and protein production of C. lipolytica. At certain growth conditions the cellular yield of C. lipolytica was 0.3 g of cells/g of methanol and the protein of the biomass was 41.0%. The amino acid composition of the protein especially of the essential ones was comparable to FAO standards. Thin‐layer chromatography of the lipids indicated a dominance of total glycerides. Analyses of the acylated unsaponified fraction by gas liquid chromatography showed that campesterol was the major component.
Localization of hydrolytic enzymes in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
Authors: Fischer B. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe localization of hydrolytic enzymes, phosphatase, esterase, lipase and palmitoyl‐CoA hydrolase was analysed in the cytosol, cytoplasmic membrane, periplasmic fraction, outer membrane and culture supernatant in dependence on the growth rate of the bacteria.The unspecific phosphatase was found to be a cytosolic enzyme.A lipase was the only extracellular enzyme detected. The results pointed to a secretion of the lipase into the culture medium via cytoplasmic and outer membrane.The palmitoyl‐CoA hydrolase was found to be attached to the outer membrane, but activities were also detected in the periplasmic fraction.Unspecific esterolytic activities were mainly measured in the cytosol and in the cytoplasmic membrane.
DNA replication is not restricted to specific regions in young vegetative Streptomyces mycelia
Authors: Kummer Christel , Kretschmer Sigrid , Kummer C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn order to determine the localization of DNA‐synthesis in Streptomyces granaticolor and Streptomyces hygroscopicus, mycelia (growing either on agar or in liquid medium) were pulse‐labelled with 3H‐thymidine and prepared for autoradiography. The distribution of silver grains showed no regions of preferential incorporation of 3H‐thymidine in mycelia up 300 μm in length. Since mycelia grow by apical elongation of hyphae, the frequency of silver grains was quantitatively analysed along individual main hyphase. No significant difference of labelling was found within zones of different age up to a distance of 80 μm from the hyphal tip. Also, the very youngest part of the hyphae enclosing only the most apically situated nucleoid did not show any deviation from the average frequency of silver grains.
Comparative study of the temperature profiles of growth and death of the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans and the non‐pathogenic Cryptococcus albidus
Authors: Madeira‐Lopes A. , Plácido M. Teresa , Cabeça‐Silva C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe temperature profiles of two species of Cryptococcus were compared. The pathogenic Cr. neoformans had a maximum temperature for growth of 39.8 °C and the non‐pathogenic Cr. albidus, of 30.2 °C. The specific growth rates measured in the former were of an order of magnitude higher than in the latter, whereas the Arrhenius plots of the specific thermal death rates did not show a significant difference.
Expression of the Proteus mirabilis recA gene in Bacillus subtilis is directed by its own promoter
Authors: Eitner‐mönke G. , Manteuffel R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe recA gene of Proteus mirabilis (recApm) has been cloned into the PstI site of the Bacillus promoter‐probe plasmid pPL603. When present on this plasmid, the recApm1) gene is expressed in B. subtilis under the control of its own transcriptional and translational signals. It is concluded that the high AT‐content of the DNA sequence upstream of the −35 region is of decisive importance for the usage of the recApm promoter by the B. subtilis RNA polymerase. The results are discussed in relation to the expression barriers found to exist for genes from gram‐negative bacteria in the gram‐positive B. subtilis.
Expression of the streptokinase gene from Streptococcus equisimilis in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Klessen Christian , Malke Horst 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe previously cloned and sequenced streptokinase gene (skc) from Streptococcus equisimilis H46A was inserted into plasmid vectors capable of replication in Bacillus subtilis. The skc gene was expressed by use of its own transcription and translation signals which appeared to meet the stringent requirements of B. subtilis for efficient foreign gene expression. The secreted streptokinase activity began to decline toward the end of the exponential growth phase suggesting that B. subtilis exoproteases hydrolyzed and inactivated the foreign protein.
Fractionation of ribonucleic acid transcripts synthesized during spore germination in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Matsuda M. , Kameyama T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTranscription was found to proceed stepwise during germination of Bacillus subtilis spores. Three distinct phases were evident with respect to pulse‐labelled RNA synthesis and the RNA species synthesized.At the early stage of germination (Gm 1:0—15 min), RNA synthesis started in about 5 min and increased linearly when 1 min pulse‐labelling with 3H‐uridine was used. RNA molecules of relatively low molecular weight (LMW) 4S, 4.5S, 5S, LMW I, II, III, VII RNAs and so on were mainly synthesized during this stage. The relative synthesis of 16S and 23S rRNA was suppressed considerably at Gm 1. This suppression was eliminated by the mid stage of germination (Gm 2:15 to 40 min). Pulse‐labelled RNA synthesis took on a constant level for about 20 min (Gm 2). The relative amounts of LMW I, II, III and VI RNAs in an aliquot (10,000 cpm) decreased at Gm 2. Gm 2 was followed by a tremendous increase in the pulse‐labelled RNA synthesis (Gm 3 and outgrowth).The transition from Gm 1 to Gm 2 was inhibited by chloramphenicol. LMW I, III, and VI RNAs were densely banded at Gm 2 on administration of chloramphenicol.These results strongly suggested that transcription may be positively regulated at an early stage of germination.Possible positive factor(s) involved in this regulation are discussed.
Oxidation of naphthalene by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis
Authors: Hofmann K. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae 118 and Candida utilis 128 were examined for their ability to metabolize the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons naphthalene and anthracene. The two yeasts tested oxidized these aromatics. Metabolites were extracted and analyzed by thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography. The predominant oxidation product of naphthalene found in the culture medium was 1‐naphthol.
Frequency of acrystalliferous spore‐forming bacteria possessing flagellar antigens of Bacillus thuringiensis
Authors: Ohba M. , Aizawa K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFlagellar (H) antigens of 189 acrystalliferous spore‐forming bacteria, referable to Bacillus cereus, isolated from soils and silkworm litters of Japan, were analyzed by using H antisera against Bacillus thuringiensis H serotypes 1–20. These isolates proved to share common H antigens at a very high frequency of 29.6% (56/189) with the known 16 H serotypes of B. thuringiensis. This indicates that, in natural environments, B. cereus possessing B. thuringiensis H antigens is distributed more widely than crystalliferous B. thuringiensis.
Monosaccharide composition of lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli
Authors: Beer W. , Seltmann G. , Adam Maria 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe monosaccharide composition of the LPS from 5 Campylobacter jejuni strains and 7 Campylobacter coli strains has been studied. All LPS's contained KDO, heptose, glucosamine, glucose, and (with one exception) galactose. All C. jejuni and 3 C. coli LPS contained > 1% galactosamine. 3‐Amino‐3.6‐dideoxyglucose was present in all but one C. coli LPS and in only one C. jejuni LPS.
Theoretically possible yields of microbial secondary products
Authors: Bormann E. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBalance equations for some representatives of the main biogenetic groups of secondary metabolites were formulated which provide the known and probable reactions within the biosynthetic routes. The calculated yields Ymaxp/s with respect to the usual substrate glucose range between 0.37 and 0.9 and, obviously, they agree well with the theoretical yields of biochemically related parts of cell dry mass. The sugar derivatives correspond to carbohydrates, the β‐lactams and shikimate derivatives to proteins, and finally, the polyketides and mevalonate derivatives to lipids. From this stoichiometric point of view the secondary metabolism thus seems to possess the same biosynthetic efficiency as adequate parts of primary metabolism under the conditions of retarded growth.The introduction of the Ymaxp/s values into an equation for substrate consumption regarding the growth, maintenance and product formation (van der Beek and Roels 1984) delivered yields which demonstrated that more than 70% of the glucose flowed into byproducts or waste metabolites, respectively.
DNA replication behaviour of individual nucleoids of two Streptomyces strains
Authors: Kummer Christel , Kretschmer Sigrid 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDuring exponential growth mycelia of Streptomyces granaticolor and Streptomyces hygroscopicus were pulse‐labelled with 3H‐thymidine for different times. The distribution of silver grains was analyzed in the autoradiograms by using the unit cell‐concept, according to which a unit cell corresponds to the hyphal length containing one nucleoid, i. e. one genome equivalent.All nucleoids of the mycelia were labelled, if the pulse extended for more than 50% of the doubling time. Thus, in young mycelia there were no nucleoids in which had stopped replication at all. However, the mycelia showed an increasing fraction of non‐replicating nucleoids, if the pulse was shortened. This fact indicated that nucleoids transiently lacked replication.The fraction of non‐replicating nucleoids as determined from the latter samples allowed to calculate the replication time C of the individual nucleoids. The C period occupied about 54% of the doubling time in mycelia growing with a generation time of 96 to 415 min.Replication of neighboured nucleoids was not synchronous.
Biotransformation of aklanonic acid by blocked mutants of anthracycline‐producing strains of Streptomyces galilaeus and Streptomyces peucetius
Authors: Schumann G. , Stengel C. , Eckardt K. , Ihn W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAklanonic acid is an anthracyclinone‐related pigment that was found to be an intermediate at an early stage of the biosynthesis of daunomycinone glycosides by Streptomyces griseus. We now isolated anthracycline‐negative mutants of other Streptomyces species and used them in feeding experiments with both natural and radioactive aklanonic acid. In cultures of the mutant Streptomyces galilaeus S 727 exogenous aklanonic acid was biotransformed to cinerubin A as the major product. The spectrum of the conversion products was qualitatively comparable to that of the parent strain. In cultures of mutant 21/8 derived from Streptomyces peucetius var. caesius the predominant conversion product was ϵ‐rhodomycinone. Daunomycinone glycosides were isolated in small amounts. According to results obtained with the radioactively labelled precursor aklanonic acid was completely incorporated into the molecules of the conversion products. Our findings suggest that aklanonic acid is also a natural intermediate in the biosynthesis of anthracyclines by Streptomyces galilaeus and Streptomyces peucetius. Proposed bisynthetic pathways have been constructed.