bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maize populations with resistance to field contamination by aflatoxin B1
Authors: Wallin Jack R , Widstrom Neil W , Fortnum Bruce A 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMaize (Zea mays L) germplasm is needed with resistance to infection by Aspergillus flavus and/or subsequent contamination by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). A select group of maize populations were evaluated for their resistance to AFB1 contamination at three locations. Four populations (Ibadan B and three others derived from crosses between Corn Belt inbreds and diploid perennial teosinte. Zea diploperennis) were compared with a susceptible hybrid check in a randomised complete block experiment with 10 replicates in Georgia, Missouri and South Carolina for two years. Ears were not inoculated, and naturally occurring concentrations of AFB1 in harvested grain were analysed for population differences. Ibadan B and Mo2 W × Z diploperennis had significantly lower average amounts of AFB1, 19 μg kg−1 and 18 μg kg−1, respectively, than other test entries. Backcrossing to susceptible Corn Belt inbreds produced populations as susceptible as the check when resistance was measured as the concentrations of AFB1 in the grain. The consistency and significance of low AFB1 concentrations for Ibadan B and Mo20W × Z diploperennis suggest that these may be useful sources of resistance.
Investigation into the response of barley to applied zinc
Authors: Paterson Jessie E , Berndt Gwendoline F , Cameron Deborah , Rowbottom William 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe response of barley to foliar and soil applied zinc was studied at fire low soil zinc sites in south‐east Scotland over two season. None of the treatments increased the grain yield at harvest. Of the treatments studied only foliar applied zinc sulphate consistently increased the zinc content of plant tissue, and this was more marked when a split application of 2·5 + 2·5 kg ha−1 Zn was used as opposed to a single treatment of 5 kg ha−1 Zn. It is concluded that at the present time there is no evidence that zinc is limiting the yield potential of barley when grown on low zinc soils in this part of Scotland.
Purification of trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor from jack fruit seeds
Authors: Annapurna S Sai , Prasad D Siva 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor (JSTI) was isolated from jack fruit seeds (Artocarpus integrifolia Hook f) by ammonium sulphate fractionation and chromatography on DEAE–cellulose and Sephadex G‐100. During all stages of purification, the ratio of trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activities remained constant. The purified preparation was found to be homogeneous by gel filtration, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and ultra‐centrifugation. From the sedimentation coefficient, S20w value of 3·5 ± 0·15 S. the molecular weight of JSTI was calculated to be 30·00 ± 2·50 kamu. The inhibitor showed a molecular weight of 24·55 kamu on a Sephadex G‐75 column when eluted with 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, Under non‐denaturing conditions, JSTI exhibited anomalous behaviour on a Sephadex G‐200 column. On SDS–PAGE, the inhibitor showed two major bands with molecular weights of 26·30 and 15·00 kamu and two minor bands with molecular weights of 19·50 and 12·00 kamu. The carboxyamidomethylated JSTI showed three trypsin inhibitory activity bands on PAGE, suggesting the presence of isoinhibitors.
Preparation of fibrous textured protein from field bean globulins by wet non‐spinneret spinning
Authors: Suchkov Vladimir V , Vasserman Ljubov A , Popello Irina A , Grinberg Valery Ya , Tolstoguzov Vladimir B 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGeneral regularity of preparation of fibrous textured protein from field bean globulin fraction by wet non‐spinneret spinning and the water absorption capacity of the textured protein were investigated. The optimal conditions for this process for minimum protein loss in the coagulation bath were determined. Use of a highly concentrated neutral protein solution (>500 g litre−1) as a dope avoids the need for neutralisation and washing of the textured product. The textured protein obtained had a microfibrous structure.
Ripening of Gloster 69 apples after low‐ethylene storage
Authors: Tsantili Eleni , Knee Michael 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPreclimacteric Gloster 69 apples were stored for up to 200 days in 2 k Pa O2 at 1·5°C with continuous ethylene removal. Fruit retained the ability to ripen normally after prolonged storage. In particular, synthesis of the aroma volatiles, 2‐methyl butyl acetate and hexyl acetate, was not impaired. Ethylene at 15°C induced the synthesis of both aroma volatiles, the decrease in firmness and the increase in soluble pectin but simply accelerated the decreases in malate, starch and chlorophyll, whereas it showed no direct and consistent effect on sugar changes.
Chromatic parameters and oxidation indices for edible vegetable oils submitted to thermal oxidation
Authors: Sans R Guillén , Pérez Yépez , Mira F Heredia , Chozas M Guzmán 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPeroxide values, TBA numbers and chromatic parameters of edible vegetable oils (olive, sunflower, corn oils) thermally oxidised (75°C, 100°C, 180°C) during 5 days were determined. For calculating chromatic parameters the recommended standard CIE methods and several simplified methods were employed. With olive oil a remarkable change in spectral characteristics occurred as the temperature and time of heating were increased. Thermal autoxidation, as assessed by peroxide value and TBA number, was only observed at 75°C (Schaal oven test). In none of the three types of vegetable oil was the dominant wavelength modified during the course of the heating process. Luminosity and hue angle showed slight increases in olive and sunflower oils. Colour saturation underwent a remarkable decrease in olive oil. From a comparison and a correlation study it is concluded that the simplified methods could be applied only for certain chromatic parameters and types of vegetable oil. For a comprehensive study of the diverse chromatic parameters the standard CIE methods should be applied.
Genetic and environmental variability in protein, oil and fatty acid composition in high‐alkaloid hite lupin (Lupinus albus)
Authors: Jimenez M Dolores , Cubero José I , de Haro Antonio 
Published: October 2006

AbstractProtein, oil and fatty acid composition ere determined on seed samples of Lupinus albus L cultivars gron in to different locations, Villafranca and Córdoba. Seeds planted in the latter location ere inoculated ith Rhizobium leguminosarum f lupini as soil pH as 7·5‐7·9. Locations clearly caused differences in both protein and oil contents. Interactions beteen localities and genotypes ere not significant. Environmental effects ere much greater than the genotypic factors except for oleic and linoleic acids. Both locality and genotype effects ere clearly significant for all fatty acids studied except for palmitic acid. A negative correlation as found beteen protein and oil content. Oil and oleic acid contents ere positively correlated to each other. Linoleic acid content seemed not to be correlated ith any other fatty acid except oleic. Linolenic acid content as also negatively correlated ith that of oleic acid. Covariance analysis shoed a strong positive genetic correlation beteen oil and oleic acid contents; the genetic correlation as higher than the environmental one. Oil content is strongly negatively correlated ith both linoleic and linolenic acid contents at the genotypic level.
Preliminary investigation of the influence of dietary protected lipid supplements on the characteristics of cows' milk fat
Authors: Fearon Anna M , Kilpatrick David J 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDietary manipulation of cos' milk fat composition has principally been concerned ith increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids present. Hoever, such changes in fatty acid composition result in a softening of the milk fat, a property not to the benefit of every user. Bakers and confectioners, for example, frequently prefer a harder milk fat to achieve the desired textural characteristics of their products. A preliminary investigation of the influence of protected lipid supplements on the characteristics of milk fat found that inclusion of Dairy Fat Prills (at a level of 1.0 kg day−1) in the diet of dairy cos hardened the fat. This as shon by a significant increase in percentage solid fat content over the temperature range (5–30°C) investigated and as accompanied by a significant increase in mean slip melting point from 31.81°C (control diet) to 35.18°C.
Stability and properties of alkaline phosphate immobilized by a rendzina soil
Authors: Perez‐Mateos M , Busto M D , Rad J C 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDifferent factors (agitation time, type of buffer, enzyme solution/soil ratio, enzyme solution concentration) affecting alkaline phosphatase immobilisation by a rendzina soil were studied. Appreciable quantities (>48%) of commercial active phosphatase were immobilised by the soil colloidal particles in a process well adjusted to a Langmuir isotherm (r = 0·999 at P<0·001), giving an index of bonding energy of 0·115 ml h μmol p‐nitrophenol−1 and an enzymic sorption maximum of 79·9 μmolp‐nitrophenol g soil−1 h−1.Some properties and the stability of the immobilised enzyme (kinetics, effect of soil, pH‐activity curves, inhibition by inorganic phosphate, persistence, thermal stability, and exposure to proteinases) were also investigated. The Km value for the immobilised enzyme was greater than that for the soluble enzyme, the pH optimum was similar to that of the indigenous soil enzyme but higher than that of the enzyme in solution, and there were no appreciable differences in the inhibition by inorganic phosphate of the three types of enzyme (immobilised, indigenous and soluble phosphatase). The enzyme studied was stable when added to soil, and appeared to have a thermal stability and a protection against pronase and trypsin larger than that of the soluble enzyme but lower than that of indigenous soil alkaline phosphatase.
Non‐starch polysaccharides from sunflower (Helianthus annuus) meal and palm kernel (Elaeis guineenis) meal—preparation of cell wall material and extraction of polysaccharide fractions
Authors: Düsterhöft Eva‐Maria , Voragen Alfons G J , Engels Ferdinand M 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo different chemical methods, sequential extraction with alkali and sodium chlorite and treatment with 4‐methylmorpholine N‐oxide (MMNO), were applied to the extraction of non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP) from the enzymically deproteinated, water‐insoluble cell wall materials of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) meal and palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) meal. The NSP content accounted for 550 g kg−1 (sunflower meal) and 750 g kg−1 (palm kernel meal) of the cell wall materials. Neither of the treatments alone was capable of solubilising more than about half of the original NSP. Combined treatment using alkali/chlorite followed by MMNO completely dissolved cell wall material from palm kernel meal, whereas a small residue (40 g kg−1 of original NSP) was left in sunflower meal. Loss of NSP occurred with both methods (total NSP recovery ranging from 88% for alkali/chlorite extraction of sunflower to 64% for MMNO extraction of palm kernel). Due to differences in solubility revealed upon acidification and/or dialysis, extracts became subdivided into precipitates and soulble fractions. The sugar composition of the resulting fractions enabled a tentative identification of teh major non‐starch polysaccharides; sunflower meal was found to contain cellulose, (acidic) xylans, polyuronide‐containing fractions and xyloglucan; palm kernel meal was found to contain mannans, cellulose and xylans, with the major part of the mannans originating from the endosperm and the xylans being almost exclusively located in the endocarp.
Influence of seed mycoflora and harvesting conditions on milling, popping and malting qualities of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Authors: Kumar L Satish , Prakash H S , Shetty H S , Malleshi N G 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFour cultivars of sorghum were artificially inoculated with Fusarium moniliforme conidia at flowering and bagged. These samples along with their untreated controls were harvested at physiological maturity and 2 weeks after physiological maturity. The grains obtained from both the treatments were studied for their milling, malting and popping characteristics. Grains harvested at physiological maturity stage possessed superior milling and malting characteristics whereas late‐harvested grains exhibited better popping characteristics. Milling and popping reduced the seed mycoflora considerably.
Review on the significance of starch and protein to wheat kernel hardness
Authors: Anjum Faqir M , Walker C E 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWheat starch contains large lenticular (A‐type) and small spherical (B‐type) granules, with some intermediate (underdeveloped A‐type), composed of two structurally different polysaccharides, amylose (20–30%) and amylopectin (70–80%), plus small amounts of lipids, nitrogen and phosphorus. Vitreous character is related to air spaces between granules, whereas hardness relates to protein‐starch bond strength and protein matrix continuity between granules. Grain hardness is controlled genetically by one or more major genes, modified by one or more minor genes. Environmental factors also exert effects. Most hardness measurements are grouped into categories based on grinding, crushing, abrasion or indentation. Recent methods, viz microscopy, NIR, single kernel cutting, tensile strength and an acoustical technique, seem to have promise.Three basic mechanisms of grain hardness have been postulated: (a) chemically induced adhesion between the protein matrix and starch granule, (b) continuity of the protein matrix, and (c) net charge on the protein. Some recent studies have revealed small amounts of protein as an integral component of the starch granule. The surface granule proteins showed relatively low molecular weight polypeptide bands (5–30 kDa), whereas the integral starch granule proteins had higher molecular weights (59–149 k Da). The 59 kDa protein is postulated to be the enzyme that synthesises amylose. The 15 kDa polypeptide is related to kernel softness, because it is strong in soft wheats, weak or faint in hard wheats, and absent in durum wheats. Reconstituted tablets made from hard wheat starch showed higher tensile strength than those made from soft wheat. Tablets reconstituted from soft wheat starch free from 15 kDa protein exhibited increased tensile strength, suggesting that the 15 kDa protein acts as a ‘non‐sticking’ agent between the starch granules and the protein matrix. Some lipids are associated with arnylose and the starch granule surface but their significance is not clear. Key words. Starch, kernel hardness measurement, hardness mechanism, starch granule proteins.
Effect of method of extraction on the total polyphenol, 1,2‐diphenol content and stability of virgin olive oil
Authors: Nergiz Cevdet , Ünal Kemal 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of the method of olive oil extraction on the total polyphenol, 1,2‐diphenol content and stability of the oil was studied. The total polyphenol and 12,‐diphenol content of oils extracted in commercial olive oil mills was 60% and 45% lower, respectively, than oil extracted on the laboratory scale. A significant difference was found in total polyphenol content between oils obtained by traditional press systems and new continuous systems. The stability of the industrially extracted oil was considerably lower on account of its reduced phenol content.
Micromalting triticale: Comparative malting characteristics
Authors: Blanchflower Andrea J , Briggs Dennis E 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSmall‐scale trials were carried out to compare the malting characteristics of 12 triticale varieties harvested in the UK in 1985. Grain samples from two locations, each having grain total nitrogen contents of between 1.78 and 2.57%, were micromalted. The results established varietal differences in malting quality with respect to grain water uptake, optimum germination period and malt hot water extract. Hot water extracts after a 5‐day germination period ranged between 302 and 324 litre° kg−1 with malt yields in the range 87–90%. Compared with barley malts, triticale malts possessed extremely high 70° mash wort viscosities of between 10.4 and 26.9 cSt. The appendix shows the advantages of adjusting × 0.2‐scale hot water extract mashes to a final weight of 100 g rather than 90 g.
Quality characteristics of triticale malts and worts
Authors: Blanchflower Andrea J , Briggs Dennis E 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWorts from triticale malts, in particular well modified malts, separated poorly from mashes. Worts prepared at 70° C had high viscosities (10–27 cSt) indicating that problems would occur during filtration in brewing. The viscosities of triticale worts were higher than those of worts from barley malts. In addition, worts from well modified malts were generally turbid. Proteinaceous material (partly degraded prolamins) was the primary cause of this turbidity. Although the degree of malt modification did influence the rate of wort separation, it had little effect on wort viscosity. High viscosity was caused by pentosans dissolved from the triticale malt during mashing. Oxidative gelation was not observed with these pentosans. Grains and malts were fractionated, and the high molecular weight fractions were analysed for their sugar and acyl components. All were rich in arabinose and xylose. There was a rough inverse correlation between the solubility of the poly saccharide fractions and the levels of substitution with acetyl and feruloyl residues. The poor wort separation from triticale malt grists appeared to be related to the particle size distributions, which were narrow. The sedimentation values of the grist ‘fines’ were high.
Effect of slowly and rapidly degraded protein sources on the concentrations of amino acids and peptides in the rumen of steers
Authors: Williams Alwyn P , Cockburn John E 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFour steers were given diets of straw and tapioca supplemented with urea, casein, formaldehyde treated casein (FTC), decorticated groundnut meal (DCGM), soya bean meal (SBM), maize gluten meal (MGM) or fish meal (FM) to determine the effect of degradability on rumen amino acid and peptide concentrations. Maximum concentrations of amino acid and peptide‐N in rumen ultrafiltrates occurred 1 h after feeding. Total amino acid‐N concentrations (mg litre−1) at this time were low, ranging from 1.2 SE 0.8 (urea) to 15.6 SE 6.0 (casein) with little variation in individual amino acids. The peptide‐N concentrations (mg litre−1) were higher, ranging from 2.4 SE 0.5 (urea) to 160.0 SE 21.0 (casein), but were poorly correlated with degradability and solubility. Apart from casein, the highest concentrations of peptide‐N were for those protein supplements, MGM (136.0 SE 25.0), FM (90.0 SE 15.0), and FTC (87.0 SE 14.0), with the lowest degradability suggesting that other factors, such as hydrophobicity, are also involved in the control of rumen peptide concentrations. Pooled samples taken 1 h after the morning feed were separated into three molecular weight (MW) fractions, 5000–50 000 da, 250–5000 da and < 250 da by gel filtration chromatography. From amino acid analysis it was found that the highest proportion of peptide‐N was in the 250–5000 da fraction, and although some high MW (5000–50 000) constituents were present, only the FTC and MGM diets gave rise to significant amounts.
Control by the embryo axis of the breakdown of storage proteins in cotyledons of germinating seeds of citrus limon
Authors: García‐Agustín Pilar , Gastaldo M José Benaches , Primo‐Millo Eduardo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAzocaseolytic (endopeptidase) and carboxypeptidase activities in cotyledons of germinating seeds of Citrus limon (L) Burm f (cv Verna) showed a peak on the fourth day after the onset of imbibition and then decreased. A second peak of activity in both enzymes appeared 16 days after imbibition. The activities of leucine‐aminopeptidase and alanine‐aminopeptidase increased until 12 days after imbibition and then declined.When cotyledons were detached from seedlings 8 days after imbibition and then incubated in water, protein breakdown was accelerated and α‐amino N accumulation increased. In detached and incubated cotyledons, the azocaseolytic activity decreased whereas the carboxypeptidase activity continued to increase more markedly than when the axis remained attached. The effect of the axis on azocaseolytic activity was replaceable by kinetin. On the other hand, kinetin, GA3 and IAA showed no significant effect on the carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase activities in detached cotyledons.
Overwinter variation in glucosinolate content of green tissue of rape (Brassica napus) in response to grazing by wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Smith William H Macfarlane , Griffiths D Wynne , Boag Brian 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effects of different rabbit grazing regimes on the concentration and relative amounts of individual glucosinolates were studied overwinter in the green tissue of two oilseed rape cultivars (Bienvenu, a single‐low type, and Ariana, a double‐low type) and two forage rape cultivars (Hobson and Bonar). Grazing significantly increased total glucosinolate content. Within this general increase, the proportion of aliphiatic glucosinolates was reduced whereas the proportion of both indole and phenylethyl glucosinolates increased. Possible reasons for such changes are discussed.
Structure and digestibility of tissues in normal and brown midrib pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum)
Authors: Akin Danny E , Rigsby Luanne L , Hanna Wayne W , Gates Roger N 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe tissues in leaf blades, midribs, sheaths and stems of normal (N), 5848, and two brown midrib (bmr) mutants, 5753 and 5778, of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L) R Br) were examined for structural characteristics related to digestibility. The anatomies of the various plant parts were not substantially different between N and bmr plants. The more rigid, lignified tissues such as vascular bundles in all plant parts and the rind of stems were not digested after incubation for 7 days in N or bmr plants, indicating that modifications in these tissues were not sufficient to affect biodegradation. Modifications in the digestible tissues resulted in faster and more extensive degradation in bmr plants, and these changes appear to be the most significant in relation to biodegradation. The parenchyma of midveins and stems, which occupies c 70 and 60% of the cross‐sectional area of these respective parts, were the sites where modification in phenolics resulted in the greatest improvement in digestibility.
Reducing ammonia loss from cattle slurry by the use of acidifying additives: The role of the buffer system
Authors: Husted Søren , Jensen Lars S , Jørgensen S Storgaard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn 8‐month‐old cattle slurry was analysed titrimetrically and the major buffer components were found to be ammonium, bicarbonate and a solid phase of carbonates. A simulation model was developed which explained the experimental results. pH stability in response to addition of HCl, superphosphate, FeCl3, Ca(NO3)2 and CaCl2 in increasing levels was investigated. Upon aeration, pH rose quickly by 0.4 to 1.5 units for all additives and levels, except where HCl was added equivalently to the total alkalinity of the slurry, which then kept a stable pH of 4.2. Ammonia volatilisation in response to the addition of either HCl or CaCl2 was found to decrease with increasing amount of additive, HCl being more effective than CaCl2. This confirms that the total alkalinity is an important factor regulating the potential ammonia loss from cattle slurry. Addition of HCl or CaCl2 close to the total alkalinity resulted in a reduction of the potential ammonia loss to 0 and 15% of the untreated loss, respectively.