bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sequence in which essential amino acids become limiting for growth of rats fed rations containing cottonseed meal
Authors: Panemangalore Myna , Guttikar M. N. , Rao M. Narayana , Swaminathan M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo studies were made to determine the sequence in which essential amino acids become limiting for growth of rats fed rations containing 10% protein from cottonseed meal. In the first study, a mixture of six essential amino acids in which cottonseed proteins are deficient, as compared with human milk proteins, was added to the meal. Each of the amino acids was omitted sequentially and the effect on protein efficiency ratio (PER) and growth was studied. In the second study, the amino acids were added to the meal singly and in combinations. Data regarding PER and net protein utilisation (NPU) obtained in the two studies show that lysine is the first limiting amino acid in cottonseed proteins, followed by threonine, isoleucine and sulphur amino acids.
A possible rapid method of determining the moisture content of high‐moisture grain
Authors: Pixton S. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA linear relationship was shown to exist between the moisture content of barley and of tick beans and the temperature rise obtained when a quantity of concentrated sulphuric acid was added to the grain. This relationship can be used to determine the moisture content of grain, particularly at the higher moisture levels which are often outside the upper limit of many existing rapid methods of moisture measurement.The ‘acid’ method is reasonably rapid, taking about 15 minutes, and gives a reproducibility of approximately 1.0% moisture content. If the initial temperature of the grain differs widely from the calibration temperature, a temperature correction must be applied.
Effect of pasteurisation on the chemical composition of liquid whole egg V.—Isolation and examination of a complex lipoprotein from pasteurised liquid egg
Authors: Parkinson T. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA high molecular weight substance isolated from the insoluble proteins of pasteurised liquid whole egg was found to be a complex lipoprotein containing 70 % lipid and 30 % protein. The lipid portion was a mixture of several different groups and the apoprotein was an extremely insoluble material with an amino acid composition that did not exactly match that of any egg protein reported in the literature but closely resembled that of vitellenin. It is postulated that this lipoprotein was derived from the low density fraction of egg yolk. A substance of lower molecular weight that was also separated from the inert fraction of insoluble proteins by gel filtration was tentatively identified as one of the lipovitellins.
Changes in available nitrogen content of soils during storage
Authors: Singh B. R. , Kanehiro Y. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNitrification of mineralised NH4‐N was enhanced by long‐term laboratory storage in polyethylene bags. Such storage caused a slight decrease in soil pH, possibly due to release of acids from decomposing organic matter. Long‐term oven‐drying of soils released substantial amounts of NH4‐N; the NO3‐N remained practically unchanged. The magnitude of released NH4‐N was noted to be dependent upon the organic matter content of soils. It was speculated that the released NH4‐N came from the splitting of ammonium from N‐bearing organic compounds in these soils.
Studies on potassium nutrition of plants IV.—Effect of potassium nutrition on the composition of leaves of cabbage seedlings (Brassica oleracea capitata)
Authors: Freeman G. G. , Mossadeghi N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of potassium concentration in the nutrient medium on the composition of leaves of cabbage seedlings has been investigated. The plants were grown in sand culture with seven treatments ranging from extreme deficiency to relatively high potassium concentration. The total amounts of the mineral components were not influenced by the level of potassium nutrition. Similarly, proteins, amino acids and other organic nitrogen components, taken as a whole, did not vary appreciably as shown by the constancy of the Kjeldahl nitrogen values.Sugar (reducing sugars + sucrose) content rose with increasing potassium concentration in the medium to a maximum (11.0%) at 2.5 mequiv./l and fell slightly at the highest K+ concentration. Starch content varied in a similar manner but values were, in general, less than half those of the corresponding sugar contents. Total organic acids content was at a maximum (18.6%) when K+ concentration in the medium was 0.1 mequiv./l and fell to a minimum (7.7%) at a K+ concentration of 2.5 mequiv./l. ‘Other carbohydrates’ (the difference between content of 70% [by vol.] alcohol‐insoluble residue and Kjeldahl nitrogen × 6.25) also contributed to the balance of percentage composition; the content rose to a maximum (35.2%) at a K+ concentration of 2.5 mequiv./l and fell off both at higher and lower K+ concentrations. Within the limits of experimental error, the totals of the leaf components determined were constant over the range of potassium concentrations of 0.1–5.0 mequiv./l in the medium and, on average, 90.7% of the dried leaf was accounted for.Similar differences in mineral composition and ‘protein’, sugars and starch contents were found in plant fractions of different leaf ages in potassium deficiency. The differences were related to differences in potassium content which decreased with increasing leaf age.
Effect of stage of maturity of perennial ryegrass on its content of some organic acids and phenolic compounds
Authors: Martin A. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractS24 perennial ryegrass was harvested at six stages of growth ranging from young leafy grass with no stem tissue to mature herbage cut when the seed was ripe. The contents of crude protein, lignin, total o‐dihydroxyphenolic compounds and of chlorogenic, shikimic, quinic, succinic, malic and citric acids were determined in the grass samples from each cut and their distribution between leaf, stem and seed head tissue was examined. The decreases observed in the contents of malic, quinic and chlorogenic acids and of total o‐dihydroxyphenolic compounds with increasing maturity of the herbage were linearly related to both the decrease in the proportion of leaf tissue and the increase in the lignin content of the herbage. The significance of the alicyclic acids, shikimic and quinic acids, and of the phenolic acids as dietary precursors of urinary aromatic acids in ruminants is discussed.
Lucerne saponins II.—Purification and fractionation of saponins from lucerne tops and roots and characterisation of the isolated fractions
Authors: Gestetner B. , Shany S. , Tencer Y. , Birk Yehudith , Bondi A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractContinuous flow paper electrophoresis or column chromatography on alumina of saponin extracts prepared from lucerne tops or roots resulted in the isolation of a saponin fraction. This fraction, which is the main component of root saponin extract but is present only in small amounts in saponins isolated from lucerne tops, consists of glucose, arabinose and xylose as carbohydrate constituents and medicagenic acid, soyasapogenol A and a new, hitherto unidentified sapogenin as aglycones. It is shown that this saponin fraction is the main haemolytic agent and contains almost all of the growth‐impairing activity towards Tribolium castaneum larvae. Larval growth can, however, be restored to its normal level by the addition of cholesterol to the diet.Further separation of non‐homogeneous fractions obtained on alumina columns resulted in the isolation of individual saponins; examination of their haemolytic activities indicates that both the nature of the sapogenin, i.e., medicagenic acid, as well as the sapogenin/sugar ratio contribute to the extent of this activity.
Lucerne saponins III.—effect of lucerne saponins on larval growth and their detoxification by various sterols
Authors: Shany S. , Gestetner B. , Birk Yehudith , Bondi A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe role of sapogenins in the antibiological effects exerted by lucerne saponins has been studied. Data are presented, showing that lucerne sapogenins are more toxic towards Tribolium castaneum larvae than their respective saponins, from which they are isolated. Medicagenic acid and to a lesser extent a new, hitherto unidentified sapogenin are the main growth‐depressing factors, the soyasapogenols being almost harmless in this respect. When cholesterol is also included in the diet, the negative influence of the sapogenins is completely abolished. The counteraction found with cholesterol, as well as with various plant sterols, of the growth inhibition of the larvae caused by dietary saponin extracts (SE) was studied quantitatively with different SE: sterol ratios. It is shown that the amount of cholesterol needed to counteract fully the growth impairment depends on the toxicity of the SE preparation and its concentration in the diet. The counteracting property of plant sterols on larval growth depression leads to the conclusion that a built‐in defence mechanism exists in lucerne against the antibiological effects of saponins.
Algerian and french rapeseed meals as a protein source for caged laying hens, with observations on their toxic effects
Authors: Jackson N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlgerian and French rapeseed meals have been examined as protein sources in layers diets also containing Peruvian fishmeal and soyabean meal. The eleven experimental diets used were designed to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric with respect to metabolisable energy.Egg production on the Algerian meal was satisfactory up to the maximum level (8%) used. The French meal was satisfactory up to 6.9% but at a level of 8.6% egg, production and feed utilisation for egg production were significantly decreased.The amino acid analysis of the diets showed these to be adequate in the light of known requirements.Investigations of the thyroid, liver, kidney, adrenals and pituitary were carried out in an attempt to assess the nature of the toxic effects associated with rapeseed meal.
Lipids of berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) seed
Authors: Bhatia I. S. , Lal Sikander , Sukhija P. S. , Pruthi T. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBerseem seed oil was fractionated into non‐polar and polar components. Tentative identification was made of hydrocarbons, sterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids and partial glycerides in the non‐polar fraction and of lysophosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl inositol, lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, digalactosyl diglycerides, sterol glycosides, phosphatidic acid, monogalactosyl diglycerides, cerebrosides and esterified sterol glycosides in the polar fraction. The fatty acid constituents of the major polar and of all the non‐polar lipid components are also reported.
Determination of copper in foods by atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Authors: Cameron A. G. , Hackett D. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method for determining copper in a wide range of foods by atomic absorption spectrophotometry is described and shown to be reliable and sensitive. It is shown that, when copper is chelated and extracted into ketone, very high sensitivity may be achieved; copper in aqueous extracts can be determined at a level of 0.003 ppm. The main problem of the method is found to be sample preparation which for many foods is lengthy. Direct sampling, dry ashing and wet oxidation are described and the method of atomic absorption is compared with a colorimetric procedure.
Changes in the levels of catechol oxidase and laccase activity in developing peaches
Authors: Harel E. , Mayer A. M. , Lerner H. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCatechol oxidase and laccase activity and the content of o‐diphenols were followed in developing peaches from 2 weeks after fruit set to harvest time. Catechol oxidase activity in the soluble fraction drops sharply during the first few weeks and remains low until harvest time. Laccase activity rises from a very low level in the first 3 months to a level higher than that of catechol oxidase at harvest time. Catechol oxidase activity in a paniculate fraction and o‐diphenols content per fruit, each show a peak during fruit development The peak in o‐diphenols content precedes that of catechol oxidase activity.
Potassium nutrition of the strawberry plant I.—Rates of dry matter production and potassium uptake: Effect of potassium supply on components of yield
Authors: Bradfield E. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRates of dry matter production and potassium uptake by three varieties of strawberry were studied in a sand culture experiment, with containers of 780 ml water retention capacity, in relation to the effect of potassium supply on components of yield.Potassium, applied at the levels in this experiment, had little effect on the potential yield of the plant as determined by numbers of flowers initiated but a positive effect on the actual yield as determined by % flower set, yield of fruit and degree of berry expansion. The major factor which limited yield, however, was the failure of the berries to expand to their maximum size.It is suggested that in future experiments plants should be grown in containers of sand which have at least 2000 ml water retention capacity and that the nutrient solutions applied should be more dilute.
Cell‐wall constituents of some grass species and varieties
Authors: Jones D. I. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStructural carbohydrates and lignin were determined in two varieties each of perennial ryegrass, cocksfoot and timothy during first growth. Structural carbohydrates were extracted with N‐sulphuric acid and with 72% sulphuric acid and partitioned by paper chromatography.The content of structural constituents increased and in vitro digestibility decreased as the grasses matured. When compared at the same growth stage, perennial ryegrass varieties were higher in digestibility and lower in lignin than the other grasses. When compared at the same level of dry matter digestibility cocksfoot varieties were lower in structural carbohydrates but higher in lignin than other grasses. Correlations between digestibility and the content of structural constituents including fibre were highly significant. The results are discussed with reference to the effect of varietal variation in structural constituents on digestibility and voluntary intake.
Determination of sulphur in foodstuffs II.—reduction to hydrogen sulphide
Authors: Beswick G. , Johnson R. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSulphate formed by the oxygen‐flask combustion of foodstuffs may be quantitatively reduced to hydrogen sulphide by a mixture of hydriodic acid, hypophosphorous acid and hydrochloric acid. The gas, swept out by nitrogen, is absorbed in sodium hydroxide solution and titrated with mercuric acetate solution using dithizone as indicator. The difficulties encountered in the method, including interferences, have been investigated and compared with a turbidimetric method. This reduction procedure is recommended where accuracy is required or where elements that interfere with the simpler methods are present.
Composition of lard fatty acids from pigs given beef fats in their diet
Authors: Bastijns L. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influence of diets containing beef offal on the change in composition of the fatty acids of pork fat has been experimentally studied. It is shown that by the use of such diets there is a considerable increase in the branched‐chain fatty acids level. This means that no valuable conclusion can be drawn from the amount of branched‐chain fatty acids in the examination of pork fat for the possible presence of ruminant fat.
Superficial scald, a functional disorder of stored apples VII.—effect of applied α‐farnesene, temperature and diphenylamine on scald and the concentration and oxidation of α‐farnesene in the fruit
Authors: Huelin F. E. , Coggiola I. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe α‐farnesene content of apples usually passed through a maximum during storage. Studies in the range 0 to 15°c indicated that the highest maximum was reached at approximately 5°c. The concentration of total lipid and fatty acids in the coating increased with temperature. Application of α‐farnesene to the surface before storage inhibited further production of α‐farnesene and reduced the production of total lipid and fatty acids.Application of α‐farnesene by dipping in ethanolic solution caused injury to the outer cortex which differed from typical scald. Application within marked circles induced typical scald only with previously oxidised farnesene. In comparing experiments over five years, conjugated trienes gave a higher correlation with scald than α‐farnesene or the peroxide value.Superficial scald is discussed in relation to the concentration of α‐farnesene and its oxidation products and the concentration of natural antioxidants. Tests for artificial antioxidants are discussed.
Photolysis of nootkatone—an unusual intramolecular photocyclisation
Authors: Stevens K. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPhotolysis of the principal flavouring constituent in grapefruit, nootkatone, leads to a number of products. One of these has been isolated and its structure has been determined by a variety of spectral methods on the parent compound and on its derivatives. The product arises by an unusual photochemical transformation which is a result of the unique geometry of the nootkatone molecule.
Death rates of salmonellae in fishmeals with different water activities II.—During heat treatment
Authors: Doesburg J. J. , Lamprecht E. C. , Elliott M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDuring heating of fishmeals, the death rate of salmonellae (initial count about 106/g) was not constant, but decreased with time. For heat treatments at constant temperatures between 50 and 85°c, the initial death rates were the same in meals with water activity (aw) 0.58‐0.89, but increased with reduction of aw below 0.58. In contrast to this, the average death rate of Salmonella oranienburg, calculated after heat treatments which reduced the Salmonella count to very low or non‐detectable levels, increased strongly with aw from 0.40 to 0.80. In case of the strain S. senftenberg 775W, the relationship between aw and heat resistance was different, the maximum heat resistance being found in fishmeal at aw 0.53.The heat resistance of a strain of S. oranienburg was found to be greater than that of S. senftenberg 775W. In case of a meal with aw 0.72, infected with S. oranienburg, a heat treatment of 10 min at 80°c was found to be sufficient for reduction of the Salmonella count to non‐detectable levels. In other experiments, a much lower heat resistance was found for S. oranienburg and other salmonellae.
Organoleptic effect in sugar structures
Authors: Birch G. G. , Lee C. K. , Rolfe E. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractShallenberger's sweetness hypothesis is discussed and a new method for assessing its validity is offered by organoleptic examination of glycosidic structures. In particular the stable symmetrical disaccharide, a, a‐trehalose presents an ideal model for these studies. An attempt to locate that part of the molecule which is specifically responsible for the sweet taste of sugars implicates the hydroxyl group on carbon atom No. 4 of pyranosides as playing an important role.
High concentration of cobalt in wheat grasses
Authors: Lambert T. L. , Blincoe C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe concentration of cobalt in range wheat grasses (Agropyron spp.) in north‐eastern Nevada was considerably in excess of that reported in other species grown on untreated soils. Concentrations of of 0–8 to 23 ppm (dry basis) were confirmed by three independent methods of analysis.
Determination of ammonium in Kjeldahl digests of crops by an automated procedure
Authors: Crooke W. M. , Simpson W. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn automated technique has been developed for estimating NH4+ in Kjeldahl digests of crops, using the salicylate‐dichloroisocyanurate reaction in the presence of nitroprusside. The method gives reproducible results in close agreement with those from conventional distillation and titration, and there is a marked improvement in output.
Measurements on disulphide bonds in cereal glutelins
Authors: Redman D. G. , Ewart J. A. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCereal glutelins were divided by dilute acetic acid extraction into‘soluble’and‘insoluble’fractions. The quantities dissolved in the cases of oats and maize were negligibly small. The S.S bonds of these fractions from wheat, rye, barley, oats and maize have been amperometrically titrated after reaction with sulphite in the absence and presence of guanidine hydrochloride to give, respectively, the accessible and total S.S groups. Accessible S.S groups are believed to be mainly inter‐polypeptide chain bonds. The results imply that wheat glutenin resembles the other glutelins in being highly crosslinked. There is some evidence that the density of crosslinking is higher in oats, maize and barley glutelins, provided that the polypeptide chains of the other cereal glutelins are similar in size to those of wheat glutenin.
Nutritive value of cashewnut extraction meal
Authors: Piva G. , Santi E. , Ekpenyong T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChemical analysis has shown that cashewnut meal extracted from whole kernels contains about 42% crude protein, about 1% crude lipid, a low content of crude fibre and 0.5 and 0.2% calcium and phosphorus, respectively. The meal has good quality protein containing 4.6% lysine, 1.3% tryptophan, about 2% cystine, and 1.6% methionine. The content of sulphur‐containing amino acids is higher than that of soyabean and groundnut meals. The meal from cashewnut is shown to be superior to that of soyabean meal, judging from the weight gains obtained and‘protein score’calculated at 97 for cashew and 93 for soyabean meal.
Fatty acid composition and intramolecular structure of triglycerides from adipose tissue of the red deer and the reindeer
Authors: Garton G. A. , Duncan W. R. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB2 9SBTriglycerides extracted from perinephric, omental and subcutaneous adipose tissue of six female red deer and of two male and one female reindeer were analysed for the composition and intramolecular disposition of their component fatty acids.In their overall fatty acid composition, the triglycerides of normal and pregnant red deer were similar and resembled those of domesticated ruminants; trans‐unsaturated acids were present and the perinephric triglycerides contained a relatively high proportion of stearic acid compared with triglycerides from other bodily sites. The triglycerides from corresponding adipose tissue of lactating hinds contained much less stearic acid and relatively more myristic, palmitic and palmitoleic acids, suggesting that fatty acids of exogenous origin were not being deposited because they were in demand for milk fat synthesis.The adipose tissue triglycerides of the reindeer were unusual in that they were, apparently, mainly of endogenous origin and showed a notable resemblance to the triglycerides of lambs reared on a virtually lipid‐free diet. This was reflected in a comparatively low content of stearic acid in the perinephric triglycerides, and the absence of trans‐unsaturated acids from all the triglycerides. Analysis of the principal feed (‘reindeer moss’, Cladonia) showed that, compared with normal herbage, it is a very poor source of exogenous fatty acids.Regardless of their fatty acid composition, the intramolecular structure of the triglycerides of the red deer and the reindeer conformed to the general distribution pattern common to most animals. Stearic acid was, for the most part, esterified to the primary alcoholic groups of the glycerol moiety (positions 1 and 3), as was palmitic acid, except when it was present in lower overall proportion than stearic acid. Unsaturated acids and the medium‐chain acid, myristic acid, were mainly esterified to the secondary alcohol group (position 2).