bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The response to challenging behaviour by care staff: emotional responses, attributions of cause and observations of practice
Authors: Bailey B. A. , Hare D. J. , Hatton C. , Limb K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackground  Previous studies have attempted to apply Weiner's attributional model of helping behaviour to care staff who work with service users with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviours by using studies based on vignettes. The aims of the current study were to investigate the application of Weiner's model to ‘real’ service users with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviours and to observe the care staff's actual responses to challenging behaviours displayed by service users. Also, to compare care staff attributions, emotions, optimism, willingness to help and observed helping behaviours for self‐injurious behaviours in comparison to other forms of challenging behaviours.Method  A total of 27 care staff completed two sets of measures, one set regarding a self‐injurious behaviour and the other regarding other forms of challenging behaviour. An additional 16 staff completed one set of measures. The measures focused on care staff attributions, emotions, optimism and willingness to help. Also, 16 of the care staff were observed interacting with the service users to collect data regarding their responses to challenging behaviours.Results  For both self‐injurious behaviours and other forms of challenging behaviour, associations were found between the care staff internal, stable and uncontrollable attribution scores and care staff negative emotion scores. However, no associations were found between the care staff levels of emotion, optimism and willingness to help. Some associations were found between the care staff levels of willingness to help and observed helping behaviours. There were significant differences between the care staff attribution scores with higher scores being obtained for uncontrollable and stable attributions for other forms of challenging behaviours. No significant differences were found between the care staff emotions, optimism, willingness to help and observed helping behaviours.Conclusions  The results did not provide support for Weiner's attributional model of helping behaviour. However, a preliminary model of negative care staff behaviour was derived from the exploratory analyses completed. This model proposes that there are associations between internal, stable and uncontrollable attributions and negative emotions in care staff and also between negative emotions and negative behaviours displayed by care staff in response to the actions of service users.
Outcome in adult life for people with Williams syndrome – results from a survey of 239 families
Authors: Howlin P. , Udwin O. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackground  Although there has been considerable research into the genotype and phenotype of Williams syndrome, there have been relatively few studies of long‐term prognosis. As a preliminary to a more detailed investigation of adults with Williams syndrome, a parental questionnaire was distributed to members of the UK Williams Syndrome Foundation, focusing on areas of skill and difficulties in adult life.Method  A postal questionnaire was distributed to all members of the UK Williams Syndrome Foundation who had a son or daughter aged 18 years or over. The questionnaire covered issues related to the physical and mental health of the adults with Williams syndrome, together with questions about educational and employment status, self‐help and independence skills.Results  Out of a total of 290 questionnaires distributed, 239 were returned (82% response rate). The data highlighted the continuing high rates of physical problems in this group and apparent increases in rates of mental health problems with age. Parents also expressed their concerns about the lack of adequate support and care. Educational and employment attainments were generally low and self‐help skills were relatively poor.Discussion  The findings highlight the need for far better understanding of conditions such as Williams syndrome among professionals working in adult services and the need for more adequate support from educational, health and social services.
Axes of differentiation in the bower‐building cichlids of Lake Malawi
Authors: KIDD MICHAEL R. , KIDD CELESTE E. , KOCHER THOMAS D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe 500–1000 cichlid species endemic to Lake Malawi constitute one of the most rapid and extensive radiations of vertebrates known. There is a growing debate over the role natural and sexual selection have played in creating this remarkable assemblage of species. Phylogenetic analysis of the Lake Malawi species flock has been confounded by the lack of appropriate morphological characters and an exceptional rate of speciation, which has allowed ancestral molecular polymorphisms to persist within species. To overcome this problem we used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to reconstruct the evolution of species within three genera of Lake Malawi sand‐dwelling cichlids that construct elaborate male display platforms, or bowers. Sister taxa with distinct bower morphologies, and that exist in discrete leks separated by only 1–2 m of depth, are divergent in both sexually selected and ecological traits. Our phylogeny suggests that the forces of sexual and ecological selection are intertwined during the speciation of this group and that specific bower characteristics and trophic morphologies have evolved repeatedly. These results suggest that trophic morphology and bower form may be inappropriate characters for delineating taxonomic lineages. Specifically the morphological characters used to describe the genera Lethrinops and Tramitichromis do not define monophyletic clades. Using a combination of behavioural and genetic characters, we were able to identify several cryptic cichlid species on a single beach, which suggests that sand dweller species richness has been severely underestimated.
Metabolic signalling in defence and stress: the central roles of soluble redox couples
Authors: NOCTOR GRAHAM 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTPlant growth and development are driven by electron transfer reactions. Modifications of redox components are both monitored and induced by cells, and are integral to responses to environmental change. Key redox compounds in the soluble phase of the cell are NAD†, NADP, glutathione and ascorbate – all of which interact strongly with reactive oxygen. This review takes an integrated view of the NAD(P)‐glutathione‐ascorbate network. These compounds are considered not as one‐dimensional ‘reductants’ or ‘antioxidants’ but as redox couples that can act together to condition cellular redox tone or that can act independently to transmit specific information that tunes signalling pathways. Emphasis is placed on recent developments highlighting the complexity of redox‐dependent defence reactions, and the importance of interactions between the reduction state of soluble redox couples and their concentration in mediating dynamic signalling in response to stress. Signalling roles are assessed within the context of interactions with reactive oxygen, phytohormones and calcium, and the biochemical reactions through which redox couples could be sensed are discussed.
Molecular mechanisms for the release of chemokines from human leukemic mast cell line (HMC)‐1 cells activated by SCF and TNF‐α: roles of ERK, p38 MAPK, and NF‐κB
Authors: Wong C. K. , Tsang C. M. , Ip W. K. , Lam C. W. K. 
Published: January 2006

Background: Mast cells play pivotal roles in IgE‐mediated airway inflammation and other mast cell‐mediated inflammation by activation and chemoattraction of inflammatory cells.Objective: We investigated the intracellular signaling mechanisms regulating chemokine release from human mast cell line‐1 (HMC‐1) cells activated by stem cell factor (SCF) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α.Methods: Chemokine gene expressions were assessed by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, while the releases of chemokines were determined by flow cytometry or enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To elucidate the intracellular signal transduction regulating the chemokine expression, phosphorylated‐extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK), phosphorylated‐p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear translocated nuclear factor (NF)‐κB‐DNA binding were quantitatively assessed by ELISA.Results: Either SCF or TNF‐αcould induce release from HMC‐1 cells of interleukin (IL)‐8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1, regulated upon activation normal T‐cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and I‐309, while SCF and TNF‐αinduced release of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1βand interferon‐γ‐inducible protein‐10 (IP‐10), respectively. Using various selective inhibitors for signaling molecules, we found that the inductions of IL‐8, MCP‐1, and I‐309 were mediated by either SCF‐activated ERK or TNF‐α‐activated p38 MAPK, while the induction of IP‐10 by TNF‐αwas mediated by both activated p38 MAPK and NF‐κB. The induction of RANTES by SCF or TNF‐αwas mediated by ERK and NF‐κB, respectively, and SCF induced MIP‐1βrelease was mediated by ERK.Conclusion: The above results therefore elucidated the different intracellular signaling pathways regulating the release of different chemokines from SCF and TNF‐α‐activated mast cells, thereby shedding light for the immunopathological mechanisms of mast cell‐mediated diseases.
Identification of oleosins as major allergens in sesame seed allergic patients
Authors: Leduc V. , Moneret‐Vautrin D. A. , Tzen J. T. C. , Morisset M. , Guerin L. , Kanny G. 
Published: January 2006

Background:  The prevalence of sesame allergy is increasing in European countries. Cases of severe allergy lack any evidence of specific immunoglobulin (Ig)Es by prick tests and CAPSystem‐FEIA. The reasons for this negativity are unknown.Methods:  In 32 patients displaying immediate symptoms such as anaphylactic shock, asthma, urticaria, angioedema, sesame allergy was diagnosed by double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenge (DBPCFC) or convincing clinical history. However, 10 patients had negative prick tests and CapSystem‐FEIA. The specificity of IgEs was further investigated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), isoelectrofocalisation (IEF)‐blotting, and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) blotting using total sesame extracts and purified fraction of oil bodies. Monospecific rabbit antibodies directed to two oleosin isoforms (15 and 17 kDa) were used.Results:  By ELISA, white sesame seed extract allowed the detection of higher levels of IgE than brown sesame extract. In all sera, numerous bands binding IgEs were detected by IEF or SDS‐PAGE. In reducing conditions, two bands (15–17 kDa), could be separated from 2S albumin. Oleosins, present in oil bodies fractions, were recognized by IgEs from all sera.Conclusion:  Oleosins are major allergens of sesame seeds and may be relevant to severe anaphylaxis. Falsely negative prick tests could be due to the lack of oleosins in presently available extracts, or to the fact that epitopes might be buried in the inner molecule. Detection tests currently used to identify sesame allergens based on sesame vicillins or other storage proteins could be insufficient for the detection of sesame seed contamination. Oleosins have been named Ses i 4 (17 kDa) and Ses i 5 (15 kDa), in accordance with the IUIS Nomenclature Committee.
No trade-off between learning ability and parasitoid resistance in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Kolss M. , Kraaijeveld A. R. , Mery F. , Kawecki T. J. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Learning ability and immunity to parasites are linked at the physiological level in several insect species. The aim of this work was to investigate the relationship between learning and immunity at an evolutionary level. We tested whether selection for improved learning ability in Drosophila melanogaster led to changes in parasitoid resistance as a correlated response. Similarly, we assayed whether selection for better parasitoid resistance led to a change in learning ability. There was no significant difference between selected and control lines in either case; the estimated confidence intervals for the differences indicate that a trade-off relationship is unlikely.
Collaboration and referral practices of general practitioners and community mental health workers in rural and remote Australia
Authors: Lockhart Chris 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective:  To assess an important part of Australia's National Mental Health Strategy by examining the collaboration and referral practices between general practitioners and community mental health workers in rural and remote areas. Design:  Semistructured interviews. Setting:  Rural and remote health service region in Australia. Participants:  In total, 31 general practitioners and 14 mental health workers. Results:  Meaningful collaboration and referral practices between general practitioners and mental health workers are prevented by contradictory and ambiguous definitions involving professional roles and mental health. A pattern of negative collaboration was further magnified by the rural and remote context. Conclusion:  The implementation of Australia's National Mental Health Strategy faces serious problems in rural and remote area due to the negative collaboration and referral practices between general practitioners and mental health workers.
Primary medical care workforce enumeration in rural and remote areas of Australia: Time for a new approach?
Authors: Pegram Robert W. , Humphreys John S. , Calcino Gordon 
Published: January 2006

Abstract The rural and remote primary medical workforce continues to struggle to meet community needs. This paper looks at the strengths and weaknesses of the various datasets used to measure workforce. The analysis concludes that no current data set adequately describes workforce from a community need perspective. In particular, activity based data sets based on claims data do not capture issues such as service mix or the importance of issues outside activity collections, such as time on call. The paper calls for a new approach to workforce measurement based on a community needs model.
Outcome of cirrhotic patients undergoing cholecystectomy: Applying Bayesian analysis in gastroenterology
Authors: Da Silveira Eduardo BV 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Cholelithiasis is a common finding in patients with cirrhosis. Previous studies showed that open cholecystectomy (OC) carries a high risk of postoperative complications and deaths in cirrhotic patients. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has significantly decreased hospital stay and postoperative morbidity in non‐cirrhotic patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of cirrhotic patients after LC and OC in a tertiary center.Methods:  The outcomes of 33 cirrhotic patients matched by age and sex to 66 non‐cirrhotic controls who underwent cholecystectomy were assessed using Bayesian analysis. Both non‐informative and informative priors were used to calculate posterior distributions for parameters under investigation.Results:  Twenty‐four (72%) cirrhotic patients had LC and 9 (27%) OC. A similar percentage of patients in the control group underwent LC (78%) and OC (21%). Emergent cholecystectomy was not different between cirrhotic and controls (95% credible interval [CrI]−0.35, 0.02). Mean blood loss, duration of surgery and conversion rate was not different between cirrhotic and controls, but cirrhotic patients had a longer length of hospital stay than controls (CrI 0.88, 4.71). Cirrhotic patients undergoing LC had lower volume of blood loss (CrI −363.85 mL, −49.28 mL), shorter duration of surgery (CrI −79.82 min, −19.74 min), lower amount of intravenous fluid during surgery (CrI −1532.9 mL, −495.4 mL) and shorter hospital stay (CrI −11.14 days, −1.20 days) than cirrhotic patients undergoing OC. Child–Pugh class B class and admission diagnosis of biliary pancreatitis were associated with a longer hospital stay.Conclusion:  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safe and effective alternative to OC in Child–Pugh class A and B cirrhotic patients undergoing elective or emergent cholecystectomy. Although outcomes of cirrhotic patients undergoing LC and OC in a tertiary center are not different, LC is associated with less intraoperative bleeding, shorter duration of surgery and fewer days of in‐hospital care.
Clinical significance of human kallikrein 10 gene expression in colorectal cancer and gastric cancer
Authors: Feng Bo , Xu Wei‐Bin , Zheng Min‐Hua , Ma Jun‐Jun , Cai Qu , Zhang Yi , Ji Jun , Lu Ai‐Guo , Qu Ying , Li Jian‐Wen , Wang Ming‐Liang , Hu Wei‐Guo , Liu Bing‐Ya , Zhu Zheng‐Gang 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Recent evidence suggests that the human kallikrein 10 (KLK10) gene is differentially regulated in endocrine‐related tumors and has potential as diagnostic and/or prognostic marker; however, KLK10 expression has never been investigated in gastrointestinal cancers. The aims of this study were to demonstrate expression and single nucleotide polymorphisms of KLK10 in colorectal cancer (CRC) and gastric cancer (GC), and to correlate the relative KLK10 expression level with clinicopathological factors of CRC and GC.Methods:  Between March 2004 and January 2005, 63 patients with histologically confirmed CRC and 36 with GC were recruited into the study. Using quantitative real‐time (qRT) RT–PCR and Western blot, KLK10 expression in tumor and non‐tumor colorectal and gastric tissues was determined at the mRNA and protein levels. KLK10 protein was localized by immunohistochemistry. The KLK10 genomic DNA from 16 cases of paired normal/cancerous colorectal tissues was PCR‐amplified and examined for single nucleotide polymorphisms by direct sequencing.Results:  KLK10 mRNA expression was detected by qRT in 61 of 63 (96.8%) CRC specimens and in all GC specimens. KLK10 expression was much higher in tumor tissue than in the corresponding normal mucosal tissue at the mRNA and protein levels (P < 0.01). The KLK10 mRNA expression level significantly correlated with lymphatic invasion (P = 0.034) and clinical stage of CRC (P = 0.025). The KLK10 mRNA expression level significantly correlated with the depth of GC invasion (P = 0.018), clinical stage (P = 0.045), patient sex (P = 0.027) and Lauren type of gastric cancer (P = 0.028). No mutations or polymorphisms were detected in exon 1, 2 and 5 of KLK10 gene in CRC. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in codon 50 of exon 3, GCC (alanine) to TCC (serine). The genetic changes of exon 4 were located at codon 106 [GGC (glysine) to GGA (glysine)], codon 112 [ACG (threonine) to ACC (threonine)], codon 141 [CTA (leucine) to CTG (leucine)], and codon 149 [CCG (proline) to CTG (leucine)]. All were identical in tumor and corresponding normal tissue DNA from the same individuals.Conclusion:  KLK10 expression is up‐regulated in CRC and GC and higher expression of KLK10 closely correlates with advanced disease stage, which predicts a poorer prognosis; however, further follow‐up study is needed.
Phase II study of gemcitabine and cisplatin in advanced biliary tract cancer
Authors: Park Byung Kyu , Kim Yoon Jae , Park Jeong Youp , Bang Seungmin , Park Seung Woo , Chung Jae Bock , Kim Kyung Sik , Choi Jin‐Sub , Lee Woo Jung , Song Si Young 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackground:  The aim of this phase II study was to determine the efficacy of gemcitabine plus cisplatin chemotherapy in patients with advanced biliary tract cancer.Methods:  Eligibility criteria included histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma with measurable tumor in the biliary tract that was unresectable and either locally advanced or metastatic. Patients received a combination of gemcitabine (1000 mg/m2 intravenously [IV] on days 1, 8, and 15) and cisplatin (75 mg/m2 IV on day 1). Cycles were repeated every 28 days. Objective tumor response rates and toxicities were evaluated according to World Health Organization criteria.Results:  Twenty‐seven patients were enrolled in the study and a total of 120 cycles of chemotherapy were administrated. Objective partial response was observed in nine (33.3%) patients, while stable disease was found in seven (25.9%) patients. The median survival time was 10.0 months and the 1‐year survival rate was 36%. Median time to disease progression was 5.6 months. The most common grade 3–4 toxicities were leukopenia (25.9%), anemia (29.6%), thrombocytopenia (22.2%), and vomiting (18.5%). Only one patient was hospitalized for chemotherapy‐related complications.Conclusion:  Gemcitabine and cisplatin combination chemotherapy is an effective, safe, and well‐tolerated regimen for the treatment of advanced biliary tract cancer.
Increasing trend of acute hepatitis A in north India: Need for identification of high‐risk population for vaccination
Authors: Hussain Zahid , Das Bhudev C , Husain Syed A , Murthy Nandagudi S , Kar Premashis 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackground and Aims:  Hepatitis A (HAV) is endemic in India and most of the population is infected asymptomatically in early childhood with lifelong immunity. Because of altered epidemiology and decreasing endemicity, the pattern of acute HAV infection is changing from asymptomatic childhood infection to an increased incidence of symptomatic disease in the 18–40 age group. The aims of the present study were to assess whether the proportion of adults with acute HAV infection has been increasing over the years and to analyze the seroprevalence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti‐HAV antibodies in young adults above the age of 15 years as well as in cases of chronic liver disease.Methods:  Sera collected from 3495 patients with acute (1932) and chronic (1563) liver disease attending the Medical Outpatient Department of Lok Nayak Hospital during the previous five years (1999–2003) were tested for various serological markers of acute (HBsAg, HBcIgM, anti‐HCV, HEV‐IgM, and HAV‐IgM) and chronic (HBsAg, HBcIgG, HBeAg, and anti‐HCV) hepatitis. In addition, 500 normal healthy attendants of the patients above the age of 15 years were tested for IgG anti‐HAV as controls.Results:  Of 1932 patients with acute viral hepatitis, 221 (11.4%) were positive for immunoglobulin M (IgM) anti‐HAV. The patients who were IgM anti‐HAV negative included hepatitis B (321 patients), C (39 patients), E (507 patients) and unclassified (844 patients). Although the frequency of HAV infection among children had increased (10.6% to 22.0%) in the 5‐year period, the frequency of HAV infection among adults had also increased (3.4% to 12.3%) during the same period. A total of 300 patients with chronic liver diseases that were etiologically related to hepatitis B (169), C (73) or dual infection (10) and alcoholic liver injury (48) were tested for the presence of IgG anti‐HAV antibody; 98% (294/300) were positive for the antibody.Conclusions:  Although universal vaccination against HAV is not currently indicated, selective vaccination of the high‐risk population, based on their serological evidence of HAV antibody, would be a rational and cost‐effective approach.
A pediatric patient with a mediastinal mass and pulmonary embolus
Authors: BURGOYNE LAURA L. , ANGHELESCU DORALINA L. , TAMBURRO ROBERT F. , DE ARMENDI ALBERTO J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryWhen anesthetizing a patient with an anterior mediastinal mass, sudden hypoxaemia and cardiovascular collapse may result from compression of a large airway or vascular structure in the mediastinum. We report the case of a pediatric cancer patient with an anterior mediastinal mass, who developed sudden and fatal hypoxaemia and cardiovascular collapse in the hours following sedation. A massive pulmonary thromboembolism was diagnosed at autopsy. We suggest that pulmonary embolism should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a patient with a mediastinal mass develops perioperative hypoxaemia, cardiovascular collapse, or both.