bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Einfluß langjähriger Winterweizen‐Monokultur auf Ertragsbildung, Krankheitsbefall und Nematodenbesatz im Vergleich zum Winterweizenanbau in der Fruchtfolge
Authors: Claupein W. , Zoschke M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractInfluence of winter wheat grown continuously on grain yield, foot rot infection and nematodes compared with winter wheat in rotationThe field trial, started in 1968 at the experimental‐station in Rauischholzhausen, was intended to give informations about winter wheat in continuous cultivation. The question was if intensification of growing culture enables monoculture wheat to yield as high as winter wheat in rotation (sugar‐beet, winter wheat, spring barley). Influence of green manuring with additional nitrogen, straw manuring with additional nitrogen, straw burning and fungicid treatment against eyespot was investigated.The following results have been obtained in the years 1969 to 1985:1. In the 17 years average winter wheat in rotation yielded with 50.1 dt/ha a higher amount of grain dry weight than wheat in monoculture (43.6 dt/ha). Only in 3 years wheat in monoculture reaches the grain yield level of wheat in rotation.2. The incidence of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides was in wheat after wheat about 10% higher than in wheat after sugar‐beets.3. The use of fungicides against culm base diseases caused in monoculture an increase in yield of about 2.7 dt/ha which was not higher than in rotation (+2.5 dt/ha).4. The first 12 years indicated a decline‐effect with continuously decreasing differences in the yield of wheat in monoculture compared with rotation. But until the 17th year of the trial grain yield differences were as high as in the beginning.It is not possible either by means of intensification of fertilizing or chemical plant protection treatment to reach the grain yield level of winter wheat in rotation with winter wheat in monoculture. Even the use of modern agronomical methodes remains crop rotation as a central part of an effective plant culture.
Effect of some Herbicides on Oil Seed Rape (Brassica Napus L.) and Associated Weeds
Authors: Ibrahim A. F. , Shaban Sh. A. , El‐Metwally El. A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo field experiments were conducted during 1984/1985 and 1985/1986 seasons to study the effect of Alachlor, Metolachlor, Pendimethalin, Diphenamid, CGA 10832 and Oxadiazon as pre‐emergence herbicides and EPTC as presowing herbicide at two doses as well as hand‐hoeing treatment on weed spread and rapeseed yield under Egyptian conditions. All the tested herbicides except “Oxadiazon” gave satisfactorily good annual grass weed control up to harvest time. While, Oxadiazon and Diphenamid at both doses controlled adequately the growth of annual broad‐leaved weeds. The highest rapeseed yield was achieved under the application of Metolachlor at 2.4 and 3.6, Pendimethalin at 1.8, Diphenamid at 1.8, CGA 10832 at 2.4 and Oxadiazon at 1.2 kg a.i./ha. While, Pendimethalin at 2.4, Diphenamid at 2.4, CGA 10832 at 3.6, Oxadiazon at 1.8 and EPTC at 5.5 kg a.i./ha exhibited an obvious phytotoxic effect on rapeseed plants.
The Influence of Simulated Subtropical and Temperate Climates on Hot and Cold Climate Wheat Varieties for Ensiling
Authors: Ashbell G. , Wermke M. , Sklan D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo wheat varieties, developed for hot and cold climates, respectively, were grown in climatological chambers programmed to simulate subtropical and temperate climates. The plants were tested, their composition was determined, and they were ensiled in test tubes at five different maturation stages.The hot‐climate variety required 25–82 % more time to reach the same maturation stage in temperate climates in comparison with in subtropical climates, but developed well in both climates. However, the cold‐climate variety failed to mature under subtropical climatic conditions and only reached the flowering stage; temperate‐climatic conditions increased its height and yield. Differences in volatile fatty acids, lactic acid and ethanol were recorded between the two silages.
Wirkung verschiedener organischer Düngemittel auf die Effizienz der VA‐Mykorrhiza
Authors: Brechelt A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEffect of different organic manures on the efficiency of VA‐mycorrhizaUnder greenhouse conditions, it was examined how different organic manures influence the efficiency of the VA‐mycorrhiza Glomus macrocarpum cultivated with Capsicum annuum. The used organic manures: grassmulch, stablemanure as well as 3 different kinds of compost had been added in 5 stages of concentration: 50, 100, 150, 200 and 300 dt/ha.The mycorrhiza fungi inoculation caused greatest yield and P‐uptake increase at the lowest organic manure addition. Higher amounts of all types of manures led to decreasing mycorrhiza efficiencies. This tendency was least pronounced with the grassmulch‐variant. How fast this decrease took place was not only dependent on the nutrient contents of the manures. Further important factors of influence were the kind of starting‐material, which was used at the compost preparation, and the fact whether the manures were mixed up rotten or not rotten.
Erfassung von Wurzelmerkmalen bei Mais‐Inzuchtlinien und Hybriden unter kontrollierten Bedingungen und im Feldversuch
Authors: ÜLger A. C. , Kahnt G. , Becker H. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRoot characteristics of maize inbred lines and single crosses in controlled environments and in field trialsShoot and root dry matter yield and root surface of eight maize inbred lines and eight single crosses were investigated in nutrient solutions with low and high nitrogen content. In a seedling test root length was determined, and in field trials the vertical root‐pull resistance, kernel yield, lodging resistance and root dry matter in soil cores were measured.Nitrogen concentration had a positive effect on root growth in nutrient solution as well as under field conditions. For all root traits there exist a significant genotypic variation. No interactions occurred between genotype and nitrogen supply. Root dry matter in nutrient solution, vertical root‐pull resistance, and lodging resistance were positively correlated among one another. No correlation was observed between root weight in nutrient solution and root weight under field conditions.
Über den Einfluß von Trockenstreß in unterschiedlichen Entwicklungsphasen auf Wachstum, Blütenabwurf und Ertrag der Sojabohne (Glycine max [L.] Merr.)
Authors: Bartels M. , Caesar K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe influence of droughtstress during various growth phases on yield parameter and flower drop of the soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) was studied in a pod trial under arid conditions at Alexandria/Egypt. The two cultivars Calland and Williams do not differ in their reaction to droughtstress.The seed yield was decreased by ca. 18% when two weeks of drought occurred. Droughtstress during the seed filling phase reduced the yield by 25%. This decrease in yield is due to a decrease in pod number and seed number per plant. Flower drop on the main stem is not influenced by droughtstress and there is no relation to the seed yield per plant.
Influence of Seed‐Bed Preparation and Straw Utilization on Root Growth of Barley in Monoculture
Authors: Římovský K. , Chloupek O. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRoot system size of spring barley as measured by means of its electrical capacity was evaluated in the 12th till 14th year of monoculture. It was significantly greater in variants with burnt straw in situ or with turned under straw than in variant with straw cleared away. The kind of seed‐bed preparation did not influenced root system size significantly, but its interaction with straw utilization and with term of measurement was significant. The larges root sytem was found in combination with minimal seed‐bed preparation and burnt straw (relatively 100) and the smallest in combination with minimal seed‐bed preparation and straw cleared away (relatively 62).
Peroxidase Activity in Relation to Plant Height and Seed Yield in Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Coss)
Authors: Kumar R. , Gupta V. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPeroxidase levels were assayed in 12 genotypes and in 36 F1cross progenies of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Coss) at twelve stages of development, starting from seed germination till seed formation. The levels of peroxidase activity and the coefficient of variation emphasized the role of differential enzyme activity at different stages of development. Genotypes were also evaluated for plant height and seed yield. The correlations of peroxidase activity in 24 h soaked seeds with plant height and seed yield were significantly positive while those of enzyme activity in 45 days old plants with these traits were significantly negative. The study suggests the changing role of enzyme at two critical stages of plant development.
Nomogramm zur Keimung von Wintergerste (Hordeum vulgare L.) zwischen Teigreife und Ernte in Abhangigkeit von Temperatur und Niederschlag
Authors: Rauber R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNomogram of germination of winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) between dough stage and harvest, as influenced by temperature and rainfallWinter barley, cv. Katja, was cultivated on loess soil near Göttingen in three seasons (1982–1984). After passing the dough stage, barley seeds were separated at regular intervals and incubated at 12 °C for germination.For the germination (Y, in probits), the following regression equation was found: Y = 3.91 + 0.1186 X1– 0.0267 x2, where x1= daily mean temperature (°C), and x2= quantity of rainfall (mm) in the four days before the separation of the seeds.The relationship among germination, temperature and rainfall was presented in the form of a nomogram which shows a convenient method to solve the regression equation graphically.
Der Einsatz von Sortenmischungen zur Reduzierung des Krankheitsbefalls und zur Ertragsstabilisierung bei Sommergerste
Authors: Hengstmann U. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIntroducing varietal mixtures to reduce mildew attacks and to stabilize yields in spring barleyCultivation of varietal mixtures of spring barley aims at producing a growing crop resistant to barley mildew (Erysiphe graminis DC. f. sp. hordei Marchal). The so far rather short life of current varieties showing vertical resistance should be prolonged by using mixtures of several varieties.By using varietal mixtures, stabilization of crop yields is obtained due to the decrease of mildew‐related variability range of spring barley yields. Furthermore, labour and material are saved by reducing, or omitting, fungicide application.
Allelopathic Effects in the Maize‐Quelites‐Agroecosystem of the Tarahumara Indians
Authors: Kahl H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Tarahumara Indians of the north‐west Mexican Highland practice a method of using several weeds for food which are called “quelites”. These weeds play an important role in the Tarahumara diet and seem to be connected with maize‐cultivation in a special way.In bio‐assays with two quelites species, Bidens pilosa sens. lat. (Cobblers' pegs) and Lepidium virginicum (Pepper grass) and different cultivars of maize (Zea mays L.) it could be demonstrated that water extracts of leaves of B. pilosa and L. virginicum cause a significant stimulation of seedling growth of maize. Different cultivars of maize showed no differences in being stimulated by extracts of B. pilosa. This indicates an allelopathic potential of the two tested quelites species.Extracts of leaves of older plants of B. pilosa (shortly before flowering) do not show this effect. Different water extracts of maize snowed an indifferent influence on germination and seedling growth of B. pilosa and L. virginicum.Considering these results the practice of the Tarahumara Indians — leaving the quelites a certain amount of time among their maize and harvesting them after that — appears to be a stimulatory method for growing maize. The maize‐quelites double‐crop system seems to be highly tuned and may be understood as a result of a process of cultural learning among the Tarahumara Indians.
Comparative Ammonium and Potassium Fixation by some Wetland Rice Soil Clays as Affected by Mineralogical Composition and Treatment Sequence
Authors: Bajwa M. I. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractComparative fixation of NH4 and K by wetland rice soils in relation to clay mineral composition and treatment sequence is of agronomic interest, but information on the subject is scanty. An attempt has been made to clarify this relationship by employing the normally recommended doses of fertilizers, 3 application sequences, and 5 soil clays of divergent mineralogies. The results show that montmorillonitic clay is the greatest fixer of NH4, but least of K. X‐ray amorphous clay also prefers NH4 over K. Vermiculitic and beidellitic clays strongly fix both NH4 and K. Soil clay consisting of hydrous mica, chlorite, and halloysite fixes low proportions of applied NH4 and K. The sequence in which NH4 and K are applied does not appear to affect the relative amounts that are fixed.
Response of Yields and Yield Variability of Wheat and Barley to Nitrogen Fertilizing and Fungicide Treatments
Authors: Hanus H. , Schoop P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFrom the results of a long term experiment with wheat and barley and different fungicide treatments it could be concluded that the variability of yield did not increase with higher application rates of nitrogen until the maximum yield was reached. The relative variability even decreased due to the increasing yields and the nearly constant standard deviations of yields. Only if the fertilization exceeded the optimum and yield depressions occurred the yield variability increased especially for barley and on plots without fungicide treatments. Whether the yield variability increases with increasing intensity or not depends on the factors of intensification and whether these factors increase the yield potential (higher yielding varieties for example) or whether they only realize more of a given potential (like higher amounts of nitrogen). In the first case yield variability will increase while in the second a higher yield stability has to be expected. The changes in yield variability within time series raise from both factors and, therefore, the individual situation may be very different from one country to another and may also change within a country with time.
Wachstumsanalytische Untersuchungen an Knaulgras (Dactylis glomerata L.) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des phänologischen Entwicklungsstadiums bei der Nutzung im ersten Aufwuchs
Authors: Kornher A. , Taube F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Regrowth characteristics of a cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) sward after initial defoliation at different stages of development Over 2 two‐year period (1984‐1985) the productivity of Dactylis glomerata (cv. Baraula) swards as influenced by variations in time of the initial defoliation was studied. The stages at which the initial cuts were taken were: (a) before stem apices were raised to defoliation level (5 cm), (b) about two weeks later, when the reproductive tillers reached ear emergence, (c) about 4 weeks after (a), when the reproductive tillers reached flowering stages. Subsequent production was measured by weekly harvesting of representative sward samples over a 6‐7 weeks lastening growth period. Furtheron patterns of growth in a second regrowth in August and a third regrowth in September/October were studied.The growth behaviour in the investigation was described by calculations of curves concerning mainly the development of dry matter yield (DM), leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (C), relative growth rate (R) and net assimilation rate (E) during the growth period. The leaf area ratio (F) and leaf weight ratio (LWR) were derived from fitted curves.The highest dry matter yield and the highest growth rate (more than 20 g m−2day−1) was estimated in the spring growth and in the earliest regrowth (a). About 30 % of the tillers in these swards became reproductive.The main difference between regrowths of primary defoliations at successively later dates was between the earliest, after cutting on 8.‐13. May, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, the two later regrowths after primary cuts from 31. May to 12. June. The two latter and the second regrowth in August were in most respects very similar: no reproductive development; herbage yield of about 400‐500 g m−2; highest C of about 15‐20 g m−2day−1; maximum LAI‐ values from 8‐9.In respect to the E there were some differences between the stands. The E was at the time when C was highest somewhat higher in the reproduction stands (spring growth and first regrowth) compared with the vegetative regrowths.The relationship between C and LAI could in all stands be described by an relatively optimum curve, which means that C did not differ much within a wide range of LAI.
Zinc, Lead and Copper Concentrations in Plants and Soils from two Mines in Chalkidiki, North Greece
Authors: Babalonas D. , Karataglis S. , Kabassakalis V. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPlant materials and soil samples from metal‐bearing sites (Madem‐Lakko, Plyntirio, Skouries) of N. Greece (Chalkidiki) were analysed while their content in Zn, Pb, Cu, Ca, Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, Cr and Cd was determined. Zn, Pb and Cu regarded as the basic metals of these sites were found in plant materials in the following concentrations: 28–1079 ppm Zn (the highest in Cistus incanus), traces‐313 ppm Pb (the highest in Campanula ligulata) andtraces‐817 ppm Cu (the highest in Rumex acetosella). The corresponding ones detected in soil samples were: 80–10547 ppm Zn, 15–7349 ppm Pb and 112–5288 ppm Cu.Only traces were detectable of the elements Co, Ni, Cr and Cd contained in considerably smaller amounts in the soil (Co: 12–45 ppm, Ni: 33–272 ppm, Cr: 17–228 ppm, Cd: 5–45 ppm). Mn whose concentrations in the soil differentiate the site of Madem‐Lakko from the other two, occurred between 51–1079 ppm.Finally while Ca and Mg generally manifest the order Ca<Mg in the soil, in the case of plants they are observed to reverse this order to Ca>Mg.Although the 36 plant materials examined show great diversity in the behaviour towards soil metals, however it seems that, at times, the amount of metal taken up is proportional to that already existing in the soil. Consequently the overall quantity of metals in the soil is rather analogously related to the quantity available and to the tolerance degree of plant populations.ZusammenfassungZink‐, Blei‐ und Kupfer‐Konzentrationen in Pflanzenmaterial und Böden von zwei Minen in Chalkidiki, Nord‐GriechenlandPflanzenmaterial und Bodenproben wurden von metallhaltigen Standorten (Madem‐Lakko, Plyntirio, Skouries) in Nord‐Griechenland (Chalkidiki) analysiert und auf ihren Gehalt an Zn, Pb, Cu, Ca, Mg, Mn, Co, Ni, Cr und Cd bestimmt. Zn, Pb und Cu, die als die Hauptmetalle dieser Standorte zu betrachten sind, fanden sich im Pflanzenmaterial in folgenden Konzentrationen: 28–1079 ppm Zn (die hochste in Cistus incanus), Spuren bis 313 ppm Pb (die höchste in Campanula ligulata) und Spuren bis 817 ppm Cu (die höchste in Rumex acetosella). Die hierzu korrespondierten Werte in den Bodenproben waren: 80–10547 ppm Zn, 15–7349 ppm Pb und 112–5288 ppm Cu.Von den Elementen Co, Ni, Cr und Cd waren nur Spuren im Boden nachzuweisen (Co: 12–45 ppm, Ni: 33–272 ppm, Cr: 17–228 ppm, Cd: 5–45 ppm). Mn, dessen Konzentrationen im Boden den Standort Madem‐Lakko von den anderen beiden zu unterscheiden erlaubt, traten mit Werten zwischen 51–1079 ppm auf.Schließlich wurde festgestellt, daß grundsätzlich im Boden mehr Mg als Ca vorlag, bei Pflanzen wurde die gegenteilige Beziehung nachgewiesen, d. h., mehr Ca als Mg. Obwohl die 36 Pflanzen große Unterschiede in ihrem Verhalten gegenüber den Metallen im Boden zeigten, scheint die Menge des aufgenommenen Metalls proportional zu dem bereits im Boden vorhandenen zu sein. Danach entspricht die Gesamtmenge an Metallen im Boden der verfügbaren Menge und der Toleranz der Pflanzenbestände.
Estimation of Leaf Area in Greengram by Non‐destructive Linear Measurements
Authors: Manian K. , Balakrishnan K. , Natarajaratnam  , Mohanasundaram K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe leaf area by non‐destructive linear measurements have been made in eight cultivars of greengram. The regression equation was Y = 1.58 + 1.79 (X), r = 0.9988** while X = L × W. L and W are the maximum length and width of the terminal leaflet of a trifoliate leaf respectively. Y = leaf area of a trifoliate leaf. This study indicated that this equation can be used for a measuring of the leaf area in situ irrespective of the position of the leaves and variety in greengram.ZusammenfassungAbschätzung der Blattfläche von Mung‐Bohne mit Hilfe einer nichtdestruktiven linearen MessungDie Untersuchungen zu einer nichtdestruktiven linearen Messung wurden bei acht Sorten der Mung‐Bohne durchgeführt. Die Regressionsgleichung war Y = 1,58 + 1,79 (X), r = 0,9988**, während ×= L × W war. L und W sind die Maximumlängen und Breiten des terminalen Blattes eines dreifach gefiederten Blattes. Y = Blattfläche eines dreifach gefiederten Blattes. Die Untersuchung zeigt, daß die Gleichung für die Messung der Blattfläche in situ bei Mungo‐Bohnen verwendet werden kann, unabhängig von der Position des Blattes und der Sorte.
Berechnung der Biomasseproduktion von Grünland mit einem Photosynthese‐Wasserhaushaltsmodell
Authors: Wessolek G. , Duynisveld W. H. M. , Renger M. , Strebel O. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCalculation of biomassproduction of grassland using a photosynthesis‐water use simulation modelUsing a simple model of field water use and photosynthesis the gross, potential and actual biomassproduction of grassland could be quantified. A comparison of measured and calculated yields from grassland for different water supply conditions shows that the model satisfactory describes the water‐use crop‐yield dynamics.Further results demonstrate the influence of capillary rise on grassland yield with special regard to different conditions.ZusammenfassungMit Hilfe eines einfachen Photosynthese‐Was‐serhaushaltsmodells lassen sich die Brutto‐, potentielle und aktuelle Biomasseproduktion von Grünlandbeständen ermitteln. Ein Ver‐gleich von gemessenen mit berechneten Grün‐landerträgen unterschiedlicher Jahre und Was‐serversorgung zeigt, daß die getroffenen Mo‐dellannahmen eine befriedigende Beschreibung der Ertrags‐Wasserdynamik widerspiegeln.Anhand von Berechnungen kann der Ein‐fluß unterschiedlicher Wasserversorgung aus dem Grundwasser auf den Ertrag von Grün‐land dargestellt und in Beziehung zum Klima‐verlauf gebracht werden.