bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Decompressive Craniectomy After Severe Head Trauma
Authors: Wick Jane , Wade James , Rohrer Daniel , O'Neill Oisin 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTTen percent of head injuries qualify as “severe,” requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment. This level I trauma center uses an aggressive approach to treatment of severe head injuries and, when indicated, intervenes with decompressive craniectomy. This article explains decompressive craniectomy, including indications, procedures, and protocols. The case studies presented highlight two patients with profound head injuries. Additionally, cranioplasty replacement of autograft flap is explained and discussed. AORN J 69 (March 1999) 517–529.
Temporary Abdominal Closure Using an IV Bag Silo for Severe Trauma
Authors: Fox Vicki J. , Miller Julie , Nix A. Meredithe 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTPatients with severe abdominal trauma injuries can have improved outcomes if a priority‐oriented approach is taken to surgical intervention. This includes temporary abdominal closure and planned reoperation to complete complex, lengthy procedures when the patient is stabilized. Temporary abdominal closure can be achieved safely and cost‐effectively by using a presterilized 3‐liter cystoscopy fluid IV bag. This article discusses the rationale for temporary abdominal closure and planned reoperation, physiologic considerations in abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), abdominal injuries or conditions leading to ACS, and manifestations of ACS. It compares and contrasts various materials used for temporary abdominal closure, illustrates bag preparation and silo application and removal, and analyzes complex intraoperative and postoperative nursing activities. AORN J 69 (March 1999) 530–541.
Is the Robotic Arm a Cost‐effective Surgical Tool?
Authors: Dunlap Karen D. , Wanzer Linda 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTWith the advancement of technology, OR managers must properly appraise new tools and blend their resources to achieve optimal cost benefits. This article examines and compares five research studies to determine if the robotic arm can effectively provide the surgeon complete control of the surgical field and alleviate the need for a human camera holder assistant. The study results indicate the robotic arm not only outperforms human camera holders, but also reduces laparoscopic surgical operating time, resulting in improved efficiency and cost savings to the institution. AORN J 68 (August 1998) 265–272
Improving Glove Barrier Effectiveness
Authors: Rabussay Dietmar , Korniewicz Denise M. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTPerioperative staff members depend on surgical gloves to prevent disease transmission between themselves and patients, but these gloves frequently fail during use. Three approaches can make surgical gloves more effective barriers: preventing glove failures, monitoring glove integrity, and improving glove quality. Failure prevention includes modifying surgical techniques, improving instruments and equipment, streamlining teamwork, selecting the most appropriate gloves, double gloving, and performing preventive glove changes. Glove integrity monitoring can be performed visually or by feel, by wearing glove pairs with color‐puncture indicators, or by using electronic monitoring devices. Glove quality improvements must be accompanied by testing methods that reflect in‐use conditions. A glove rating system that is based on in‐use performance may enhance glove safety substantially. AORN J 66 (Dec 1997) 1043–1063.
ORBIS—Training Nurses Worldwide in Ophthalmic Care
Authors: Watts Karen , Taylor Helen , Taylor Kevin 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThe unique nature of the ORBIS teaching mission is reflected in many arenas. The ORBIS organization recognizes that the nurse's role is critical to achieving their mission of preventing blindness through education, hence the emphasis on nurse education. The roles of the head nurse, nurse educator, staff nurses, and the bio‐medical engineering department are discussed briefly with emphasis on the needs assessment and the different programs offered to meet the identified needs.
The Phenomenon of Compassion Fatigue in Perioperative Nursing
Authors: Schwam Kendall 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTCompassion fatigue is described as the emotional burden that health care providers may experience as a result of overexposure to a traumatic event that has befallen victims. Perioperative nurses are experiencing increased exposure to major traumatic events within their practice, especially those nurses who work in level I trauma centers. This article helps nurses identify risks for compassion fatigue and symptoms associated with this form of stress.
Are All Sterilization Processes Alike?
Authors: Muscarella Lawrence F. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTAutomated processes designed to sterilize reusable medical instruments use heat and low‐temperature chemicals. Several factors, including the physical properties of the sterilizing agents and whether all of the instruments' surfaces can be adequately cleaned, can cause significant variations in the reliability and effectiveness of the sterilization processes. Instruments exposed to heat‐based sterilization processes pose the lowest probability of transmitting diseases between patients. Heat can conduct through many different types of materials and can destroy microorganisms embedded under layers of patient debris. Studies have demonstrated, however, that‐unlike heat‐low‐temperature chemicals require direct contact with the microorganisms to be effective. Moreover, the complex designs of some instruments can adversely affect the low‐temperature sterilization processes' outcomes by hindering cleaning and preventing the flow of low‐temperature chemicals to all of the instruments' contaminated surfaces. This article will explore the differences between heat‐based and low‐temperature chemical processes to help health care providers minimize the risk of cross‐infection. AORN J 67 (May 1998) 966–976.
A Study of Patterns and Prevention of Blood Exposures in OR Personnel
Authors: Jagger Janine , Bentley Melanie , Tereskerz Patricia 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThe authors conducted a surveillance study of occupational blood exposures in the ORs at six hospitals to identify risk patterns and prevention strategies. For 15 months, trained circulating nurses recorded OR staff members' exposures during all surgical procedures using a modified version of the Exposure Prevention Information Network surveillance system. It was discovered that a high proportion of percutaneous injuries were potentially preventable if safer devices had been used, and the authors estimate that use of blunt suture needles alone could reduce injuries by 30%. Increased use of barrier precautions is indicated to prevent mucocutaneous blood exposures. Health care workers' eyes were identified in the study as being the most vulnerable location for serious blood exposures. AORN J 67 (May 1998) 979–996.
The Evolving Role of Advanced Practice Nurses in Surgery
Authors: Hodson Denise M. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTHealth care reform has created many opportunities for advanced practice nurses and for OR nurses who want to go beyond traditional circulating and scrub roles. This article will briefly differentiate between expanded and advanced nursing practice and offer a definition and conceptual model for the surgical arena. Literature will be reviewed related to development, evaluation, and practice issues of the emerging role of the surgical advanced practice nurse. AORN J 67 (May 1998) 998‐1009.
Should Do‐Not‐Resuscitate Orders Be Suspended During Surgical Procedures?
Authors: McGraw Kristin S. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTOne of the most controversial ethical dilemmas faced by perioperative nurses, surgeons, and anesthesia care providers is the do‐not‐resuscitate (DNR) order for a surgical patient. This article discusses Informed consent, decision makers, laws and policy, DNR orders, and ethical considerations. AORN J 67 (April 1998) 794–799.
Cardiac Anatomy and Physiology: A Review
Authors: Gavaghan Mary 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThis article reviews the normal anatomy and physiology of the heart. Understanding the normal anatomic and physiologic relationships described in this article will help perioperative nurses care for patients who are undergoing cardiac procedures. Such knowledge also assists nurses in educating patients about cardiac procedures and about activities that can prevent, reverse, or improve cardiac illness. AORN J 67 (April 1998) 802–822.
Perioperative Nursing Care When Sudden Patient Death Occurs in the OR
Authors: Onstott Anne T. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThis article explores how nurses cope with sudden death in the OR. It reviews the literature on this topic and explores grief and bereavement models, as well as provides a discussion of clinical coping methods identified through nursing experience. An education model presents information about implementing nursing care for the patient and family members. Critical care nursing research has been used to develop the model with adaptation to the perioperative setting. The model discusses the value of support for perioperative nurses and peers experiencing sudden patient death. AORN J 67 (March 1998) 829–836.
Normalization Using Weighted Negative Second Order Exponential Error Functions (NeONORM) Provides Robustness Against Asymmetries in Comparative Transcriptome Profiles and Avoids False Calls
Authors: Noth Sebastian , Brysbaert Guillaume , Benecke Arndt 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Studies on high-throughput global gene expression using microarray technology have generated ever larger amounts of systematic transcriptome data. A major challenge in exploiting these heterogeneous datasets is how to normalize the expression profiles by inter-assay methods. Different non-linear and linear normalization methods have been developed, which essentially rely on the hypothesis that the true or perceived logarithmic fold-change distributions between two different assays are symmetric in nature. However, asymmetric gene expression changes are frequently observed, leading to suboptimal normalization results and in consequence potentially to thousands of false calls. Therefore, we have specifically investigated asymmetric comparative transcriptome profiles and developed the normalization using weighted negative second order exponential error functions (NeONORM) for robust and global inter-assay normalization. NeONORM efficiently damps true gene regulatory events in order to minimize their misleading impact on the normalization process. We evaluated NeONORM’s applicability using artificial and true experimental datasets, both of which demonstrated that NeONORM could be systematically applied to inter-assay and inter-condition comparisons.
Predicting the Subcellular Localization of Human Proteins Using Machine Learning and Exploratory Data Analysis
Authors: Acquaah-Mensah George K. , Leach Sonia M. , Guda Chittibabu 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Identifying the subcellular localization of proteins is particularly helpful in the functional annotation of gene products. In this study, we use Machine Learning and Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) techniques to examine and characterize amino acid sequences of human proteins localized in nine cellular compartments. A dataset of 3,749 protein sequences representing human proteins was extracted from the SWISS-PROT database. Feature vectors were created to capture specific amino acid sequence characteristics. Relative to a Support Vector Machine, a Multi-layer Perceptron, and a Naïve Bayes classifier, the C4.5 Decision Tree algorithm was the most consistent performer across all nine compartments in reliably predicting the subcellular localization of proteins based on their amino acid sequences (average Precision=0.88; average Sensitivity=0.86). Furthermore, EDA graphics characterized essential features of proteins in each compartment. As examples, proteins localized to the plasma membrane had higher proportions of hydrophobic amino acids; cytoplasmic proteins had higher proportions of neutral amino acids; and mitochondrial proteins had higher proportions of neutral amino acids and lower proportions of polar amino acids. These data showed that the C4.5 classifier and EDA tools can be effective for characterizing and predicting the subcellular localization of human proteins based on their amino acid sequences.
Truth, Agency and the Hutton Report: A Reply to Diana Coole
Authors: MENDUS SUSAN 
Published: August 2006

In her provocative article, ‘Agency, Truth and Meaning: Judging the Hutton Report’, Diana Coole makes two important claims: first, that ‘political inquiry is impoverished to the extent that theorists … ignore the more mundane reports and statements that help constitute everyday political life’; and secondly, that a theoretical analysis of the Hutton Report shows it to have been informed by a particular conception of truth (Lord Hutton's own conception) that largely guaranteed its conclusions and served to make Dr Kelly and the BBC ‘victims of a particular sense of truth’.I share Coole's belief that political theorists should contribute more to the analysis and understanding of ‘mundane’ texts, but I have grave reservations about the kind of analysis she favours, and about its implications in this particular case. It seems to me that her focus on truth is de-politicizing, while her conclusion that Dr David Kelly was a ‘victim’ rests upon a simplistic understanding of moral agency and responsibility. If we wish to bring the resources of theory to bear on everyday political texts, we do better, I suggest, to focus on moral and political philosophy than on epistemology.TRUTHCoole claims that the conclusions of the Hutton Report were informed (even determined) by a ‘positivist-juridical (empiricist-legalistic)’ conception of truth, one which displayed ‘antipathy towards the idea that truth is a matter of interpretation and hence dependent on subjective judgements’. As this conception worked its way through the inquiry it ‘guaranteed’ partisan conclusions that were at odds with the self-understanding of other protagonists in the affair, most notably that of Dr David Kelly.
Brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) in the German Bight (North Sea)—species diversity during the past 130 years
Authors: Boos Karin , Franke Heinz-Dieter 
Published: August 2006

In this study, an overview of the current species composition of ophiuroids off Helgoland, German Bight (North Sea) is given. In addition, abundance and distribution of ophiuroids on different types of soft bottom sediments taken by van Veen grab samples around Helgoland were recorded. The literature was reviewed in order to outline the diversity of ophiuroid species over the past 130 years in the inner German Bight. In the historical literature, quantitative references often apply to verbal descriptions and thus make comparisons to modern data and assessment of possible changes in abundance rather subjective.In total, six ophiuroid species were identified off Helgoland: Acrocnida brachiata, Amphiura filiformis, Amphipholis squamata, Ophiothrix fragilis, Ophiura albida and Ophiura ophiura. The species found in this study had also been reported by previous investigators and are regarded as ‘common’ species in the German Bight. Occasional findings in this area refer to Amphiura chiajei, Ophiopholis aculeata, Ophiocten affinis and Ophiura sarsi, which are regarded here as ‘rare’ species. These findings, however, do not indicate sustainable changes in the species diversity over time.Apart from Acrocnida brachiata, a newcomer in the 1970s, findings of the common species mentioned above can be dated back to 1875. Therefore, a fairly stable composition of brittle stars is represented in the inner German Bight during the past 130 years.
Greenbottle (Lucilia sericata) Larval Secretions Delivered from a Prototype Hydrogel Wound Dressing Accelerate the Closure of Model Wounds
Authors: Smith Annie G. , Powis Rachel A. , Pritchard David I. , Britland Stephen T. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe resurgence of larval biotherapy as a debridement tool in wound management has been accompanied by several clinical reports highlighting concomitant tissue regeneration. Studies employing in vitro cell motility assays have found that purified excretory/secretory (ES) products from Greenbottle larvae (blowfly, Lucilia sericata) are motogenic for human dermal fibroblasts when used as a supplement in culture media. The objective of the present study was to determine whether ES delivered using a prototype hydrogel wound dressing induced similar motogenic effects on fibroblastic (3T3) and epithelial cells (HaCaTs) comprising a scratched‐monolayer wound model. Quantitative analysis by MTT assay failed to detect significant mitogenic effects of ES on either cell type. Quantitative image analysis revealed that ES exposure markedly accelerated wound closure through a motogenic effect on both fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Quantitative histochemical analysis detected significantly higher phosphotyrosine (pTyr) expression in ES‐exposed cell cultures than in controls; moreover immunocytochemistry revealed conspicuously raised levels of pTyr expression in cells located at the wound margin. By attenuation with a panel of enzyme inhibitors these effects were attributed to the protease components of ES. The present results suggest that controlled delivery of ES as a follow‐up to maggot debridement therapy may be an effective therapeutic option for stimulation of tissue regeneration in wound management.
Cholinesterase activity in human pulmonary arteries and veins
Authors: Walch L , Taisne C , Gascard J P , Nashashibi N , Brink C , Norel X 
Published: August 2006

Human isolated pulmonary vessels were treated with cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors to determine the role of these enzymes in regulating vascular muscle tone. In addition, kinetic parameters were determined for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in human pulmonary vessel homogenates.
Carbachol (CCh) and acetylcholine (ACh) were equipotent contractile agonists in human pulmonary arteries (pD2 values, 5.28±0.05 and 5.65±0.16; Emax, 0.91±0.26 and 0.98±0.30 g wt. for CCh and ACh, respectively; n=7). In venous preparations, ACh was ineffective and CCh induced small contractions (Emax, 0.08±0.04 g wt.; n=13).
In human pulmonary arteries following pretreatment with tetraisopropylpyrophosphoramide (iso‐OMPA, 100 μM), an increased sensitivity to the contractile agonist ACh was observed (pD2 values, 5.80±0.13 and 6.37±0.19 for control and treated preparations, respectively; n=5). This pretreatment had no effect on the CCh concentration response curve. In contrast, human pulmonary veins pretreated with iso‐OMPA failed to elicit a contractile response to ACh.
Neither Iso‐OMPA nor neostigmine elicited concentration‐dependent contractions in human isolated pulmonary arteries or veins. These results suggest the absence of sufficient spontaneous release of ACh to modulate human pulmonary vessel basal tone.
CCh was less potent than ACh in relaxing precontracted human isolated pulmonary arteries (pD2 value, CCh: 6.55±0.15 and ACh: 7.16±0.13, n=4) and veins (pD2 value, CCh: 4.95±0.13; n=5 and ACh: 5.56±0.17; n=6). Pretreatment of vessels with either iso‐OMPA or neostigmine did not modify ACh relaxant responses in either type of preparation.
In human pulmonary veins, the ChE activity was two fold greater than in arteries (n=6). Vmax for AChE was 1.73±0.24 and 3.36±0.26 miu mg−1 protein in arteries and veins, respectively, whereas Vss for BChE was 1.83±0.22 and 4.71±0.17 miu mg−1 protein, in these respectively.
In human pulmonary arteries, BChE activity may play a role in the smooth muscle contraction but not on the smooth muscle endothelium‐dependent relaxation induced by ACh. A role for ChE activity in the control of venous tone is presently difficult to observe, even though this tissue contains a greater amount of enzyme than the artery.
Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase by antisense techniques: investigations of the roles of NO produced by murine macrophages
Authors: Cartwright J E , Johnstone A P , Whitley G St J 
Published: August 2006

An antisense approach to block nitric oxide (NO) synthesis was developed, complementing the widely used chemical inhibitors and overcoming problems associated with their use in studying the roles of NO.
Murine macrophage cell lines (J774.2) were generated expressing a 500 bp sequence from inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in either the antisense or sense orientation, driven by the SV40 promoter/enhancer region.
Messenger RNA derived from the transfected sequences was detected by a specific cDNA probe. Cells expressing sense and antisense iNOS RNA were characterized further.
The antisense lines produced 22–97% less NO than the sense lines on stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the range 1 ng ml−1–10 μg ml−1, as determined by nitrite production. One antisense line in particular, A10, expressed substantially less iNOS protein on LPS stimulation as determined by western blot analysis.
Adhesion of the antisense line, A10, to cytokine‐stimulated murine endothelial cells (sEnd.1 line) was significantly higher than adhesion of the sense lines. There was a negative correlation between the amount of NO produced, as determined by nitrite accumulation, and the level of adhesion of the transfected lines. This indicates an anti‐adhesive role of NO, produced by macrophages during the 15 min of the assay, in adhesion to endothelial cells.
This novel approach allowed the roles of NO in adhesion to be investigated with the substantial advantage that the contribution of NO produced rapidly by activated macrophages could be studied separately from that produced in a continuous manner by endothelial cells.
These lines, and the extension of this approach, will be of great use in dissecting the contributions of NO produced by different cell types to its many potential functions.

British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 120, 146–152; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0700863
Antihyperglycaemic effect of saccharin in diabetic ob/ob mice
Authors: Bailey Clifford J , Day Caroline , Knapper Jacqueline M E , Turner Susan L , Flatt Peter R 
Published: August 2006

The effect of chronic saccharin (benzosulphimide) consumption on glucose homeostasis was examined in normal lean +/+ mice and genetically obese hyperglycaemic insulin‐resistant ob/ob mice.
Consumption of a 5% (w/v) sodium saccharin solution for 7 weeks prevented the development of hyperglycaemia, improved glucose tolerance (area under curve decreased by 51%), reduced the extent of hyperinsulinaemia (by 21%), and reduced excessive weight gain (by 18%) in ob/ob mice.
Consumption of 5% (w/v) sodium saccharin temporarily decreased hyperphagia at the beginning of treatment, decreased hepatic glycogen content (by 47%), increased abdominal muscle glycogen content (by 82%), but did not significantly alter the hypoglycaemic response to exogenous insulin in ob/ob mice.
Consumption of a 1% (w/v) sodium saccharin solution did not prevent the development of hyperglycaemia in ob/ob mice.
Normal lean +/+ mice consuming 5% (w/v) sodium saccharin solution showed a marginal decrease (by 8%) in glycaemia, and glucose tolerance was improved (area under curve decreased by 30%) without a significant change in the insulin response to glucose or the hypoglycaemic effect of exogenous insulin.
The results suggest that chronic consumption of saccharin can defer the development of hyperglycaemia and improve glucose homeostasis in insulin‐resistant ob/ob mice through a mechanism that is independent of insulin.

British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 120, 74–78; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0700871