bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of changing ocean chemistry in a high-CO2 world
Authors: Turley C. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractOver the last ∼200 years, since the start of the industrial revolution, the increase in the burning of fossil fuels, cement manufacturing and changes to land use has increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations from ∼80 to 385 ppm. These are the highest levels experienced on Earth for at least the last 800,000 years, possibly for the past 10’s of millions of years. The 2007 IPCC report on climate change predicts a continued rapid rise in atmospheric CO2 leading to significant temperature increases in the atmosphere and ocean in the coming decades, as well as other climate changes. The IPCC (2007) also reports, for the first time, that increasing anthropogenic CO2 will result in increased acidity of the world’s surface oceans. This process is already happening and further rapid decreases in ocean pH will occur this century, concomitantly with warming seas, creating multiple threats to the marine environment. The future addition of massive amounts of CO2 to surface waters will have a profound impact on ocean chemistry and could have an equally profound impact on biogeochemical cycles, marine organisms, ecosystems and the services they provide. ‘Ocean acidification’ is a strong additional argument to that of climate change for urgent and substantial reduction of CO2 emissions.
Ecotoxicity of Ni in soil
Authors: Allen H. E. , Yanqing Lin , Di Toro D. M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAssessing metal contamination of soils has been a difficult task because the metal concentration in soil is not directly correlated to its potential effects. We review an approach, termed the Terrestrial Biotic Ligand Model (TBLM), in which partitioning of metal from soil to soil solution is modelled and the metal in solution interacts with an organism, the biotic ligand, to cause toxicity. The toxicity is modulated by other cations in the soil solution, principally H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. New results for the model using Ni as the toxic species and barley root elongation as the biological response are presented.
Geochemical characteristics of rare earth element movement during incipient alteration of pyroxenes in Guatemalan corestones
Authors: Donatelle A. , Velbel M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractEarth scientists currently use changes in major and minor elements as an indication of rock alteration. Work on spheroidal weathering has shown an increase in the rare earth element (REE) whole-rock abundancescan accompany minor changes in major elementsand highlights the need for new, more sensitive, geochemical techniques of detecting incipient alteration. Augites from the core and rind of a corestone system from the Tecuamburro complex in SE Guatemala are examined to determine their role in the whole-rock REE increases.
Reactive nanoparticles in chalk: implications for sequestration of metals from groundwater
Authors: Balogh Z. , Stipp S. L. S. , Bechgaard K. , Johnson E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWater supplies from chalk aquifers in northern Europe can be contaminated by semi-metals such as As and metals such as Cr, Ni and many more, as a result of leaks from landfills, industrial sites and from natural oxidation of pyrite in the chalk, releasing trace elements. Chalk, which is predominantly calcite (CaCO3), has the ability to immobilize Ni, but its uptake by chalk is sometimes greater than expected. In an attempt to identify the controls on metal uptake, chalk samples from Klintholm I/S (Fyn, Denmark) were decalcified in EDTA solution and the residue was examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for morphology and composition. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDXS) revealed minor Si and Al (probably clay) and major Mn and Fe as (hydr)oxides. These natural nanoparticles have very large surface areas contributing to chalk’s uptake capacity for Ni and other metals from groundwater.
Experimental study of Ni adsorption on chalk: preliminary results
Authors: Belova D. A. , Lakshtanov L. Z. , Stipp S. L. S. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractNickel can cause allergic reactions so it is often considered to be a toxic metal. In some areas of Denmark and northern Europe, where drinking water comes predominantly from chalk aquifers, Ni concentrations in groundwater are higher than safety limits. The contamination is natural in the sense that it comes from oxidation of small grains of pyrite in the chalk that contain Ni as a trace element (Larsen and Postma, 1997). Because of Danish water-treatment practice, the most politically acceptable water-supply protocol is not to use secondary water treatment, so in order to minimize allergy risks for consumers, high-Ni water is either mixed with low-Ni water to bring concentrations below the Danish limit, or new, uncontaminated wells are drilled. Some recent efforts focused on finding a method to minimize nickel concentration while the water is still in the ground, before it is pumped to the primary treatment facility and distributed.Unfortunately, only a few experimental studies of the interactions between Ni and calcite have been published (Lakshtanov and Stipp, 2007; Zachara et al., 1991; Hoffmann and Stipp, 2001) and we found no previous work on Ni uptake by chalk. Experiments with calcite show that Ni forms surface complexes and it is incorporated into the solid as solid solution. Chalk aquifers often contain as much as 99% calcite, so the same processes ought to control Ni uptake, but some very preliminary experiments suggested that chalk behaviour might not be what one would expect by analogy with calcite (Stipp et al., 2005). The aim of this study was to examine the Ni-uptake capacity of chalk and compare it with that of synthetic, pure calcite.
The effect of aqueous sulphate on basaltic glass dissolution rates
Authors: Flaathen T. K. , Oelkers E. H. , Gislason S. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSteady-state dissolution rates of basaltic glass were measured in mixed-flow reactors at 50ºC at pH 3 and 4 as a function of aqueous sulphate concentration. Dissolution rates in the presence of 0.1 moles/kg SO42- were found to be ~3 times greater than those in corresponding SO42- free solutions. This rate increase is found to be approximately consistent with that calculated using a rate equation previously proposed by Gislason and Oelkers (2003). These results suggest that the addition of sulphate to injected CO2 may facilitate CO2 sequestration in basalts by accelerating basaltic glass dissolution rates thus more rapidly releasing aqueous Ca and Mg to solution.
Influence of biofilms on transport of fluids in subsurface granitic environments — some mineralogical and petrographical observations of materials from column experiments
Authors: Coombs P. , West J. M. , Wagner D. , Turner G. , Noy D. J. , Milodowski A. E. , Lacinska A. , Harrison H. , Bateman K. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractLandfill and radioactive waste disposal risk assessments focus on contaminant transport and are principally concerned with understanding the movement of gas, water and solutes through engineered barriers and naturalgroundwater systems. However, microbiologicalactivity can impact on transport processes changing the chemicaland physicalcharacteristics of the subsurface environment. Such effects are generally caused by biofilms attached to rock surfaces. This paper will present some mineralogical and petrographical observations of materials extracted at the completion of an experimental column study which examined the influences of biofilm growth on groundwater flow through crushed diorite from the Äspö Hard Rock Underground Research Laboratory, Sweden.
Chemistry and FT-IR spectroscopic studies of plants from contaminated mining sites in the Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal
Authors: Durães N. , Bobos I. , Ferreira da Silva E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSemi-aquatic and native plants collected from a mining site in the Iberian Pyrite Belt were analysed. Semi-aquatic plants showed enrichment of Cu (1.2—11 times), Zn (1.3—6 times), Pb (5—8 times) and As (24—1300 times) relative to typical concentrations in plants of the same species growing at uncontaminated sites. Translocation factors indicate limited internal metal transportation from roots to shoots. Infrared spectroscopy identified aromatic and aliphatic C-H (CH2) groups, S-O complexes and kaolinite in semi-aquatic plants.
Natural and anthropogenic impacts on the composition of lake sediments
Authors: Eskola T. , Peuraniemi V. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractLake sediments were studied from four lakes in environmentally different areas in northern Finland. Lakes Pyykösjärvi and Kuivasjärvi are situated near roads with heavy traffic and the city of Oulu. Lakes Martinlampi and Umpilampi are small lakes in a forest area with no immediate human impact nearby. The concentration of Pb increases in the upper parts of the sedimentary columns of Lake Kuivasjärvi and Lake Pyykösjärvi. This is interpreted as being an anthropogenic effect related to heavy traffic in the area and use of Lake Pyykösjärvi as an airport during World War II. High Ni and Zn concentrations in the Lake Umpilampi sediments are caused by weathered black schists. Sediments in Lake Martinlampi show high Pb and Zn contents with increasing Pb concentrations up through the sedimentary column. The sources of these elements are probably Pb-Zn mineralization in the bedrock, Pb-Zn-rich boulders and anomalous Pb and Zn contents in till in the catchment area of the lake.
The adsorption of progesterone onto mineral surfaces imaged with high-resolution atomic force microscopy
Authors: Goritschnig B. , Hallam K. R. , McMaster T. , Ragnarsdottir V. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAtomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used to monitor the appearance and behaviour of the hormone progesterone on mineral surfaces, including mica and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). Different solvents have been used resulting in various features on the two substrates. After the application of 254 nm ultra-violet (UV) light, changes in structure of the adsorbed hormone have been observed. To understand the reactions at the progesterone-mica interface in aqueous solution, adsorption has been studied in situ with AFM.
Geochemistry of arsenic (As) in spring and stream waters from San Antonio de los Cobres, NW Argentina
Authors: Hudson-Edwards K. A. , Archer J. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSpring and stream waters from the San Antonio de los Cobres area in NW Argentina have high concentrations of arsenic (As) (151—9490 μg l-1), of which AsV varies widely (6—~100% of total As). Arsenic concentrations correlate with Na, K, Cl, HCO3, B and Li, which are high in the spring waters and are typical of geothermal areas world-wide. Springs near San Antonio supply large amounts of As to the Rio San Antonio de los Cobres (up to 1180 μg l-1), but these concentrations decline to 400 μg l-1 within 10 km of the spring inputs, due to dilution and mineral precipitation.
Efficiences of As uptake from aqueous solution by a natural vivianite material at 4ºC
Authors: Hudson-Edwards K. A. , Houghton S. , Taylor K. G. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSeveral field and laboratory studies have demonstrated that secondary Fe-bearing minerals such as goethite, lepidocrocite and mackinawite have a high capacity for the uptake of As, but little work has been carried out to examine the capacity of the mineral vivianite [Fe3(PO4)2·8H2O] for this element. We report here preliminary results of an experimental study designed to test the efficiency of As(III) and As(V) uptake by natural vivianite at acid, near-neutral and alkaline pH at T = 4ºC, which is representative of Lake Baikal-type environments, where natural vivianite is reported to occur. The vivianite takes up between 0 and 5% As(III), and between 21 and 45% As(V), from 200 ppb solutions of these As species. Further work at 25ºC and other solution concentrations, together with characterization of the post-sorption solids, will yield information on the efficiencies and mechanisms of As uptake by natural vivianite.
Detection of coal combustion products in stream sediments by chemical analysis and magnetic-susceptibility measurements
Authors: Frančišković S. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractCoal slag and ash, obtained from burning coal in a textile factory in Duga Resa (Croatia) was discharged directly into the Mrežnica River for 110 y (1884–1994), from where it travelled to the Korana River and further to the Kupa River at Karlovac, a total of ~50km from its source. Of 54 elements determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in the <2 mm sediment fraction, a number of anomalously high levels were recorded. The geoaccumulation index (Igeo) for the anomalous elements were: Hg (1.88), B (4.05), Na (1.44), Al (2.05), V (1.65), Cr (1.20), Fe (1.18), Ni (2.10), Cu (2.37), Sr (0.97), Zr (3.27), Mo (3.34) and U (4.03). Low-field magnetic susceptibility (MS) was measured for each sample. The Igeo for MS in the anomalous region is 5.85. Correlation analysis showed good correlation (>0.90) of MS with: B (0.96), U (0.95), Zr (0.94), Sr (0.93), Na (0.92), Mo (0.92) and Ni (0.90). Cluster analysis of R-modality indicates that MS is linked to B, Mo, Na and U. Low correlation of MS with Fe (0.36) suggests that Fe in stream sediments is not in a ferromagnetic form. Neither maghemite, nor magnetite phases were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the sediments. Low-field magnetic susceptibility provides an indicator of contamination of river sediments by transported coal slag and ash, although it cannot be prescribed to a single element.
Crystallization of the (Cd,Ca)CO3 solid solution in double diffusion systems: the partitioning behaviour of Cd2+ in calcite at different supersaturation rates
Authors: Katsikopoulos D. , Fernandez-Gonzalez Á. , Prieto M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractConsidering an ideal solid solution, the partitioning of cadmium in calcite was studied at different levels of supersaturation (δ) using counter-diffusion experiments. The effective (non-equilibrium) distribution coefficients of Cd2+ in calcite (DCd), varied between 20 and 100 depending on the initial concentration of reactants and the evolution of supersaturation. A function that relates the DCd with the supersaturation at nucleation was derived: logDCd= —0.40logδ + 2.42. The relationship obtained suggests that in naturalwaters, Cd2+ can be incorporated to a greater degree in calcite when the solid solution-aqueous solutions system is near to equilibrium, which can occur in scenarios where the supersaturation rate and hence the supersaturation level are relatively small.
The geochemical and isotopic composition of ground waters in West Bengal: tracing ground-surface water interaction and its role in arsenic release
Authors: Lawson M. , Ballentine C. J. , Polya D. A. , Boyce A. J. , Mondal D. , Chatterjee D. , Majumder S. , Biswas A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn many areas of south and south-eastern Asia, concentrations of As in ground water have been found to exceed the WHO maximum concentration limit of 10 μg/l. This is adversely affecting the health of millions of people and has grave current and future health implications. It has recently been suggested that extensive abstraction of ground water in these areas may accelerate the release of As to ground water. This study uses geochemical and isotopic data to assess this hypothesis. The area investigated in this study is in the Chakdaha block of the Nadia District, West Bengal. The ground water is predominantly of the Ca-Mg-HCO3 type, although some samples were found to contain elevated concentrations of Na, Cl and SO4. This is thought to reflect a greater degree of water-rock interaction at the locations of these particular samples. Arsenic concentrations exceeded the national limit of 50 μg/l in 13 of the 22 samples collected. Four of the 13 samples with high As were recovered from tubewells with depths of 60 m or more. Shallow ground water samples were found to have a stable isotopic composition which falls subparallel to the Global Meteoric Water Line. This probably represents a contribution of evaporated surface water to the ground water, possibly from surface ponds or re-infiltrating irrigation water. Deep ground water, conversely, was shown to have a composition that closely reflects that of meteoric water. The data presented in this study suggest that, whilst the drawdown of surface waters may drive As release in shallow ground waters, it is not responsible for driving As release in deep ground water. However, local abstraction may have resulted in changes in the ground water flow regime of the area, with contaminated shallow ground waters being drawn into previously uncontaminated deep aquifers.
Contamination level and distribution patterns of Hg in soil, sediment, dust and sludge from various anthropogenic sources in Korea
Authors: Lee Ko Eun , Chon Hyo Taek , Jung Myung Chae 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn spite of significant concerns about Hg contamination and its toxic impacts in the environment, limited studies have been carried out in Korea. The objectives of this study are to investigate the extent and degree of Hg contamination in soil, sediment, dust and sludge from various anthropogenic sources in Korea, and to understand the distribution patterns of Hg in the study areas. The anthropogenic sources of Hg contamination were divided into four major sources: (1) by-product from abandoned Au-Ag mines; (2) coal combustion; (3) cement production; and (4) industrial and domestic discharges. A calculation of enrichment factor and index of geoaccumulation for Hg in soils and sediments indicated that some samples from mining sites were enriched in Hg. In addition, Hg concentrations in marine sediments from industrial sites were above the Effects Range Median (ERM) criteria suggested by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States (NOAA). Therefore, it can be concluded that samples from various sites were directly influenced by anthropogenic sources of Hg in the surface environment.
Spectrophotometric determination of low-level concentrations of Se in aqueous solutions
Authors: Matamoros A. , Benning L. G. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper describes the design, testing and validation of a simple and inexpensive spectrophotometric method for total Se analysis in aqueous solution based on the azo coupling reaction of amines. In this reaction, selenite ions react with hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH2OH.HCl), which in turn diazotizes p-Nitroaniline and is coupled with N-1-naphthyl-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NEDA) to form a red coloured azo compound. This azo compound has a maximum absorption peak at 545 nm, an apparent molar absorption of 2.85x104 l mol-1 cm-1 and it follows the Beer’s law in the range from 0.01 to 2.50 mg/l with R2 = 0.9998. Interferences between the azo reaction and non-targeted ions often present in environmental samples (i.e., NO3-, CO3-, Cl- or metals) were investigated and specific protocols to overcome them were implemented. The advantages of the new method for low levels of Se in aqueous solutions are its high sensitivity and reproducibility, and the fact that measurements are simple, rapid and low-cost.
A record of anthropogenic Pb deposition in a Mediterranean karst catchment (Lake Vrana, Cres Island, Croatia)
Authors: Miko S. , Mesić S. , Šparica Miko M. , Hasan O. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractTo trace the historyof anthropogenic, atmospheric Pb pollution, analyses of soils from the region and of cores from the karst Lake Vrana (Croat: Vransko jezero) on the island of Cres were performed. The area affected byPb pollution in Croatia covers most of the high-mountain karst region. Since lake sediments can act as archives of atmospheric deposition of metals (and other pollutants) a multi-element analysis as well as Pb isotopes of dated sediment core samples and palaeosoil from the catchment enabled the evaluation of Pb-pollution history. The Pb/Sc ratios and the 206Pb/207Pb ratios allowed the calculation of enrichment factors and the anthropogenic contributions of Pb during the past 4000 y. The sediments of Lake Vrana were found to be a consistent record of Pb pollution in this part of the Mediterranean region, despite the fact that the catchment lost most of its soil cover between 1404 and 1650 AD due to deforestation which caused a major change in sediment composition.
Impact of acid mine drainage from Tinoca Mine on the Abrilongo dam (southeast Portugal)
Authors: Morais C. , Rosado L. , Mirão J. , Pinto A. P. , Nogueira P. , Candeias A. E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis work presents a geochemical study conducted on the abandoned Tinoca Copper mine (southeast Portugal) to evaluate the potential hazard in surrounding areas particularly the effect on the Abrilongo River Dam which receivesthe acid waters from the mine watershed. The characterization of the area was performed over a period of 3 y and involved the study of waters, sediments and mine wastes. A sequential extraction methodology was conducted on the sediments and mine wastes and five elements were selected (Cu, Fe, Zn, Cd and Pb). The statistical and spatial analysis allowed the inference of the affinities between the chemical elements and specific mineralogical phases and to characterize chemical behaviour such as mobility and bioavailability. The results show that the distance to the source (mine-waste deposit), the point of zero charge, and the dynamics of the system are factors that control the behaviour of the elementss tudied. The acid drainage is characterized by an average pH of 2.5 and concentrationsof copper 20 timesgreater than the legal limit for irrigation waters.
Inorganic substances screening and prioritization (ISSP) in risk assessment for mining operations
Authors: Pan J. , Oates C. , Ihlenfeld C. , Plant J. , Voulvoulis N. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMetals have been central to the development of human civilization from the Bronze Age to the present although historically, mining and smelting have been the cause of local environmental pollution with the potential to harm human health. Despite problems from artisanal mining in some developing countries, modern mining for Western standards now uses the best available mining technology combined with environmental monitoring, mitigation and remediation measures to control emissions to the environment. The relocation and removal of large quantities of mineral and waste could also release chemicals into the environment including surface water, ground water and soil during the mining lifecycle. There are only few published methods available for prioritizing hazardous chemicals. These fail to recognize differences between organic and inorganic chemicals make it necessary to develop separate screening and prioritization procedures for those two different classes of chemicals. In this study, we focus on the development of screening and prioritization procedure in risk assessment for inorganic chemicals with particular reference to those used, generated and released in mining operations.