bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ophthalmic manifestations of head injury
Authors: Kowal L 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHead injuries are frequently associated with ophthalmic problems. The commonest problems seen in this series of 161 patients with head injury were problems with poor accommodation (16% of patients; 58% of these persisted), convergence (14% of patients; 35% of these persisted), pseudomyopia (19%; 55% persisted) and optic atrophy (26% of the patients; 78% of these were mild and easily missed on routine testing, and 22% were severe).Motility disorders were common, especially cranial nerve palsies. Other less frequent motility disturbances included apparent inferior oblique palsy, comitant esotropia, and exotropia which was often of the convergence insufficiency type.
Modern management of sixth nerve palsy
Authors: Lee John 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBetween November 1982 and September 1991, 179 patients with unilateral or bilateral sixth nerve palsy were treated in the Botulinum Toxin Strabismus Clinic at Moorfields Eye Hospital. Indications for treatment included prophylaxis (as part of a prospective treatment trial), maintenance therapy, diagnosis and adjunct to surgical therapy. A management plan for established sixth nerve palsy based on the rational use of toxin and surgery is suggested.
Epidemiological patterns of ocular trauma
Authors: Thylefors B 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOcular trauma is the cause of blindness in approximately half a million people worldwide, and many more have suffered partial loss of sight. Trauma is often the most important cause of unilateral loss of vision, particularly in developing countries. There is a cumulative risk of ocular trauma and visual loss during life, but the true incidence of accidents involving the eyes is not known. Males tend to have more eye trauma than females, and this is already apparent from childhood; lower socioeconomic classes are also more associated with ocular trauma. The setting for the occurrence of trauma is most commonly the workplace and, increasingly, road accidents. On the other hand, domestic accidents are probably under‐reported. Of particular importance in some developing countries is the occurrence of superficial corneal trauma in agricultural work, often leading to rapidly progressing corneal ulceration and visual loss.The impact of ocular trauma, in terms of need for medical care, loss of income and cost of rehabilitation services when indicated, clearly makes the strengthening of preventive measures very worthwhile.
Problems of deep foveas
Authors: Locket N A 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDeep or convexiclivate foveas occur in some birds, including raptors, some lizards and certain deep‐sea fishes. Theories on their function are reviewed. Common to raptor and deep‐sea fish foveas is a radial fibre lining, dark staining so probably optically dense, adjacent to the less refractile vitreous. The foveal curvatures and size are remarkably similar in a wide taxonomic and size range of birds and fishes.Ray plotting through traced foveal outlines suggests that sharp images will be formed beneath the centre and shoulders, with the centre image enlarged enough to account for the high acuity of raptors. Deep foveas will also exaggerate eccentricity of off‐centre images of a point source, such as deep‐sea fishes may meet.Despite similarities in foveal shape, the receptors differ widely between species. Raptors, and notosudid fishes, have short cones. Searsid fishes have long single rods. Howella and Bajacalifornia have multiple bank rods, more in the fovea than the periphery. Those of Howella are shown to be multiple inner‐outer segment complexes rather than interrupted single rods. Implications of foveal and receptor features are discussed.
Phenotypic similarities between Stargardt's flavimaculatus and pattern dystrophies
Authors: Lopez Pedro F. , Aaberg Thomas M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSome heredomacular diseases share ophthalmoscopic and morphologic similarities despite being nosologically distinct. In part, this may arise from pathologic reaction patterns such as lipopigment accumulation and drusen deposition which are common to a variety of disorders of the photoreceptor—retinal pigment epithelium—Bruch's membrane complex. Two of these disorders, Stargardt's flavimaculatus and the pattern dystrophies of the retinal pigment epithelium may be especially difficult to differentiate clinically since they are characterised by both a similar ophthalmoscopic appearance and considerable inter and intrafamilial variation in their expression. Stargardt's flavimaculatus may, however, be distinguished from the retinal pigment epithelial pattern dystrophies by certain clinical and morphological features that are outlined below.
An abbreviated assessment of ocular exposure to ultraviolet radiation
Authors: Taylor Hugh R , Muñoz Beatriz , Rosenthal Frank S , West Sheila 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIndividual behaviour has a very large effect on determining the exposure of the eye to solar radiation. To be able to examine the relationship between ocular exposure to ambient ultraviolet radiation and ocular disease, a model was developed previously that assessed cumulative ocular exposure from individual information on work and leisure activities. In this paper, we present a simplified version of the model that uses data on exposure during the middle of the day (9 a.m. to 3 p.m. solar time) during the northern ‘summer’ months (April to September). The ocular exposure determined by the simplified model is highly correlated with the full model (r=0.98) and the simplified model predicts 62% of the total ocular exposure. This model should be useful for future epidemiologic studies of sun exposure and eye disease.
Laser photocoagulation treatment of choroidal melanoma
Authors: Qiang Zhao , Cairns James D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTen cases of choroidal melanoma were treated with Argon and/or Krypton laser photocoagulation in this retrospective study. Each patient received an average of 9.6 laser treatment sessions. Three female and seven male patients were treated and followed for an average of 69.9 months. Clinical regression was observed in seven cases (70%).Tumour size in these successfully treated cases ranged from 4.5 times 5.0 times 1.5 mm to 7.0 times 7.0 times 3.5 mm. Continued growth occurred in one case (10%), tumour recurrence which failed to respond to additional laser treatment in another (10%), and although a recurrence appeared to respond to additional laser in a third case (the largest tumour in the series 11.0 times 9.0 times 2.5 mm) extraocular extension was found at enucleation (10%).Complications of laser treatment included cystoid macular oedema (Case 5), branch retinal vein occlusion (Cases 3 and 6), vitreous haemorrhage from neovascularisation at the edge of the scar, optic atrophy and thrombotic glaucoma (Case 8), and macular involvement by laser (Cases 4, 7 and 10). All patients remain alive without any clinical evidence of metastatic disease at the end of the follow‐up period.These results suggest that laser photocoagulation treatment is a useful option in the management of small choroidal melanomas. It avoids the psychological trauma of enucleation, and maintains some vision, without compromising life expectancy.
Suppurative corneal ulceration in Bangladesh
Authors: Dunlop AAS , Wright ED , Howlader SA , Nazrul I , Husain R , McClellan K , Billson FA 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSuppurative keratitis is an important preventable cause of blindness, particularly in the developing world. This study analyses 142 cases of suppurative keratitis referred to Chittagong Eye Infirmary, Bangladesh. Some 53.5% of cases were bacterial and 35.9% were fungal. The five most common pathogens were: Pseudomonas sp. 24%, Streptococcus pneumoniae 17%, Aspergillus sp. 13%, Fusarium sp. 7% and Curvularia sp. 6%. Gram stain and culture results were consistent in 62.6% of cases. Previous antibiotic treatment was a significant factor for failure of culture isolation and less so for Gram stain failure. On Gram stain, 55.9% of pseudomonal cases were missed, but only 2% of fungal cases were missed. Over all, Gram stain had a sensitivity of 62% and positive predictive value of 84% for bacterial cases, and 98% and 94% for fungal cases, respectively. Fungal ulcers were typically filamentous, but an antecedent history of trauma was not common. The most frequent injury was due to rice grains, but the inoculum appeared to be introduced during eye washing with contaminated water. Pseudomonal ulcers occurred most frequently in the monsoon season, and Fusarium cases were seen only in the hot, dry season.
Uveal effusion syndrome
Authors: Stelmach Maryla Z , O'Day Justin , Ryan Hugh 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe history and clinical findings are presented of a patient who suffered from the uveal effusion syndrome over a 10‐year period from 1956. The funduscopic appearance is illustrated both at the time of initial presentation and 36 years later. This condition typically affects healthy middle‐aged men and causes recurrent, spontaneous, serous retinal and ciliochoroidal detachments, often resulting in significant visual impairment. Two separate hypotheses have been postulated to explain the pathogenesis of the uveal effusion syndrome, one relating to abnormally thickened sclera, the other to chronic bulbar hypotony. Both are discussed, as is the rationale behind the current management of this unusual condition.
Automated extraction and quantification of macular drusen from fundal photographs
Authors: Morgan William H , Cooper Richard L , Constable Ian J , Eikelboom Robert H 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe objective quantification of drusen (and other macular lesions) should have applications epidemi‐ologically, in the study of the natural history of drusen, and with such instruments as the scanning laser ophthalmoscope. The automated extraction of drusen from photographs is technically difficult because of uneven macular reflectance, and the confusing pattern of darker vessels. We have developed a method using an IBM personal computer, an image digitising board and specially written software. Once the image is digitised, no further input from the operator is necessary. We present the results of manual counting versus automated counting on a small series of patients with drusen. The automated technique is highly reproducible, and will calculate the retinal area occupied by drusen. The area and numbers of drusen can be compared over time, giving an index of progression. Hard drusen are fairly well detected, but the detection of soft drusen with their lower contrast remains a problem. The technique cannot distinguish between drusen and other pale lesions (e.g., atrophic retinal changes).
Congenital lower eyelid deformity with trichiasis (epiblepharon and entropion)
Authors: O'Donnell Brett A , Collin J Richard O 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA series of 43 patients with congenital lower eyelid malposition and trichiasis (epiblepharon and entropion) is presented with clinical findings, family history, approach to management and results of treatment. The average age of patients was 9.3 years. A family history was present in 21 %, and 30% had at least one parent of Oriental extraction. Thirty‐nine patients underwent surgery for persistent symptoms due to chronic eyelash‐globe contact. The surgical procedures performed were a modified Hotz procedure, Quickert sutures, and Jones‐type retractor plication. Surgery was effective in at least 90% of all procedures.
Retrobulbar botulinum toxin for treatment of oscillopsia
Authors: Ruben Simon , Dunlop Iain S , Elston John 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTwo cases are presented in which multiple episodic retrobulbar botulinum toxin injections have diminished incapacitating acquired oscillopsia and nystagmus and improved visual acuity. One transient ptosis occurred in six procedures. Improvement duration averaged approximately three months. This is a simple, safe and effective therapy where alternative treatments are typically unsatisfactory.
Isolated bulbar conjunctival Kaposi's sarcoma
Authors: Murray Neil , McCluskey Peter , Wakefield Denis , Beaumont Paul 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe present a case of an isolated bulbar conjunctival Kaposi's sarcoma in a man with HIV infection. This is an unusual site for the initial presentation of Kaposi's sarcoma and in this site can be confused with a caroticocavernous fistula, cavernous haeman‐gioma or chronic subconjunctival haemorrhage. Biopsy is required to confirm the diagnosis in isolated disease. Local radiotherapy is the preferred treatment for isolated Kaposi's sarcoma.
Adult Coats' disease in branch retinal vein occlusion
Authors: Luckie Alan P , Hamilton AM Peter 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe report a case of adult Coats disease secondary to a branch retinal vein occlusion. Angiograms show the relationship of the peripheral telangiectasis, aneurysm formation and vascular incompetence to the peripheral retinal ischaemia. The possible role of vascular remodelling in the pathogenesis of this uncommon complication of a common condition is discussed.
Ganglion cell death in glaucoma: pathology recapitulates ontogeny
Authors: Quigley Harry A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractI review some improvements in our knowledge about the death of retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma during the last 20 years. These include the realisation that glaucoma damage precedes its detection by perimetry, the fact that the lamina cribrosa is a major site of axonal injury to ganglion cells, and the association between regional structure of optic nerve head connective tissue and the pattern of glaucoma damage. The selective susceptibility of larger retinal ganglion cells and its functional significance are described.Apoptosis is the mode of cell death in at least some ganglion cells in experimental glaucoma. This supports a theory that retrograde axonal transport failure leads to loss of trophic factor influence on ganglion cells, causing them to initiate their own suicide. As a consequence of this theory, two therapeutic avenues are suggested for prevention of glaucoma injury and cell death: delivery of trophic factors and manipulation of ganglion cell genetic expression of controlling influences over programmed cell death.
Patterns of visual loss associated with pituitary macroadenomas
Authors: Poon Alexander , McNeill Peter , Harper Alex , O'Day Justin 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Purpose: To describe the patterns of visual loss associated with pituitary macroadenomas compressing the anterior visual pathway. Method: A prospective survey of 29 patients with pituitary macroadenomas who presented to the neurosurgical unit at St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne. Selected patients had histologically verified pituitary macroadenomas, and visual defects (acuity, colour and/or field loss) consistent with anterior visual pathway compression. Results: All patients had visual field defects detected on perimetry, and the majority were asymmetrical. Bitemporal defects were most common but field defects ranged from monocular defects to generalised constriction. Four patients (13.8%) did not report visual symptoms, and of those who had symptoms, blurred vision was the most common complaint. Ninety‐six per cent of eyes had field loss, 56% had decreased colour vision, 46% had decreased acuity, 31% had optic disc pallor, and 2% had an ophthalmoplegia. Conclusions: Patients with visual pathway compression by pituitary macroadenomas may be asymptomatic despite having field defects. Perimetry is the most sensitive method of identifying compression, followed by colour vision, visual acuity, then the presence of optic atrophy. Automated static threshold perimetry appears to show early field defects better than manual kinetic perimetry. All patients with pituitary macroadenomas should have thorough ophthalmological examinations, including perimetry to document visual deficits secondary to compression.
Hydroxyapatite orbital implants Experience with 100 cases
Authors: McNab Alan 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: The hydroxyapatite (HA) intraorbital implant is a relatively new implant made from the porous skeleton of a coral species which allows fibrovascular ingrowth and therefore tissue integration. After fibrovascular ingrowth, a hole can be drilled in the implant and a motility peg inserted to increase movements of the prosthesis by coupling the implant to the prosthesis. Method: The records of the first 100 cases of HA intraorbital implants inserted by the one surgeon were analysed for complications, pain and nausea postoperatively, length of hospital stay, and further surgical procedures required. A series of acrylic implants inserted by the same surgeon was used for comparison. Results: Twenty‐five primary and 75 secondary HA implants were performed in patients ranging from six to 74 years of age. All were covered in donor sclera. Follow‐up was three to 34 months (mean 16.9, median 17.0). Complications occurred in 15 patients and included too large an implant (seven cases) requiring surgical reduction, scleral exposure in three (repair required in one), an early small exposure of the coral in one case, late thinning of the conjunctiva and later exposure of the implant in one, and shallowing of the inferior fornix requiring mucous membrane grafting in three. No implants migrated, extruded or became infected. Of 80 patients beyond six months follow‐up, 28 (35%) had insertion of motility pegs, and six (7.5%) of these suffered minor complications related to the peg. Compared to patients having acrylic implants, the postoperative analgesic requirements and length of hospital stay were significantly greater for the HA patients. Conclusions: Hydroxyapatite intraorbital implants represent a significant advance over other implants and offer a more stable, safe alternative. They also offer the possibility of improved prosthesis motility. The additional cost of the implant, prolonged hospital stay and postoperative pain, should be considered in recommending such implants to patients either as primary or secondary implants.
Primary extramedullary plasmacytoma of the orbit
Authors: Aboud Niall , Sullivan Timothy , Whitehead Kevin 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: We report a case of extramedullary plasmacytoma of the orbit. This is a rare tumour which has uncommonly presented in the orbit. Case report: A 58‐year‐old woman presented with painless proptosis, upper lid swelling and ptosis. Incisional biopsy was performed. Clinical findings and investigations were correlated to establish the diagnosis. Treatment consisted of 35 Gy external beam radiotherapy. Conclusions: This condition is considered to be of low grade malignancy and as such can be regarded as a separate entity to multiple myeloma involving the orbit or solitary myeloma of bone in terms of treatment and prognosis.
Aspergillus sphenoid sinusitis‐induced orbital apex syndrome in HIV infection
Authors: Lee Lawrence R. , Sullivan Timothy J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: Orbital apex syndrome due to aspergillus sphenoid sinusitis is a rare condition. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has recently been reported in aspergillus orbital abscess. To the authors' knowledge this is the first reported association of HIV with the orbital apex syndrome. Methods: A 37‐year‐old HIV‐infected man presented with headache, reduced vision and progressive ophthalmoplegia in the right eye. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed sphenoid sinusitis. Sphenoid sinus biopsy was performed. Results: Light microscopy revealed infiltrative branching septate fungal hyphae. Fungal culture isolated Aspergillus fumigatus. Conclusion: Atypical fungal infection such as Aspergillus fumigatus sphenoid sinusitis should be suspected in HIV‐infected patients with orbital apex syndrome.
Malignant glaucoma following laser iridotomy
Authors: Small Keith M. , Maslin Keith F. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Background: A 69‐year‐old man presented with malignant glaucoma 10 days after an iridotomy for acute angle‐closure glaucoma. Methods: The case notes are reviewed, describing his presentation and treatment, including the technique of extracapsular cataract extraction with anterior vitrectomy. Results: An excellent visual outcome was achieved with no recurrence of the malignant glaucoma. Conclusions: This case illustrates the recently established link between laser iridotomy and malignant glaucoma. Miotics and other possible causes are excluded, a surgical option is described and the importance of assessing central anterior chamber depth in cases of angle closure is emphasised.
The role of free radicals in disease*
Authors: Florence T M 
Published: November 2007

AbstractEvidence is accumulating that most of the degenerative diseases that afflict humanity have their origin in deleterious free radical reactions. These diseases include atherosclerosis, cancer, inflammatory joint disease, asthma, diabetes, senile dementia and degenerative eye disease. The process of biological ageing might also have a free radical basis. Most free radical damage to cells involves oxygen free radicals or, more generally, activated oxygen species (AOS) which include non‐radical species such as singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide as well as free radicals. The AOS can damage genetic material, cause lipid peroxidation in cell membranes, and inactivate membrane‐bound enzymes. Humans are well endowed with antioxidant defences against AOS; these antioxidants, or free radical scavengers, include ascorbic acid (vitamin C), α‐tocopherol (vitamin E), beta‐carotene, coenzyme Q10, enzymes such as catalase and superoxide dismutase, and trace elements including selenium and zinc. The eye is an organ with intense AOS activity, and it requires high levels of antioxidants to protect its unsaturated fatty acids. The human species is not genetically adapted to survive past middle age, and it appears that antioxidant supplementation of our diet is needed to ensure a more healthy elderly population.
Molteno implant surgery for advanced glaucoma
Authors: Thomas Ravi , Gieser Stephen C. , FRACO Frank Billson 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Purpose:
The use of adjunctive antimitotics with conventional filtering surgery appears to have decreased the need for Molteno implants in glaucomas with a poor prognosis. We review the current status, results and complications of Molteno implants.
Methods:
Review of the literature and practical experience from two university departments of ophthalmology.
Results:
Improvements in the design and surgical techniques for Molteno implants have decreased the incidence of over filtration, but this and other complications continue to pose problems. Increased success rates may be possible if antimitotics are used with Molteno implants.
Conclusion:
Molteno implants continue to be an option when conventional filtration with or without antimitotics has failed: they continue to be regarded as a last resort for filtration. The use of antimitotics to increase the success rate of Molteno implants is not proven, but merits further investigation.