bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tumours of the respiratory tract in rats and hamsters following chronic inhalation of engine exhaust emissions
Authors: Brightwell J. , Fouiliet X. , Cassano‐Zoppi A. ‐L. , Bernstein D. , Crawley F. , Duchosal F. , Gatz R. , Perczel S. , Pfeifer H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe potential carcinogenic effect of inhaled automobile exhaust emissions was examined in rodents. Both rats and hamsters were exposed to the emissions from (1) a gasoline engine, (2) a gasoline engine fitted with a three‐way catalytic converter, (3) a diesel engine and (4) a diesel engine with particle filtration. Exposures were for 16 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 2 years. All hamsters were sacrificed at the end of the 2 year exposure period, whereas the rats surviving after 2 years of exposure were maintained for a further 6 month observation period without additional exposure to emissions. Some of the hamsters in each treatment group were pretreated with diethylnitrosamine to induce respiratory tract tumours.No statistically significant changes were seen in the incidence of respiratory tract tumours in emission‐exposed hamsters compared to controls. This lack of a treatment‐related effect was seen in both the nitrosamine pretreated and the non‐pretreated hamsters.There was no increase in the incidence of lung tumours in rats exposed to filtered diesel exhaust or to the exhaust from the gasoline or gasoline‐catalyst engines.There was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of lung tumours in rats exposed to diesel engine emissions compared to controls. A clear dose response was evident in both males and females, although the incidence of lung tumours was markedly higher in females (96% in rats surviving beyond 2 years) than in males (44% in rats surviving beyond 2 years). An increased incidence of lung tumours was observed only in rats exposed to mean concentrations of diesel soot particles of either 2200 or 6600 μ/m3. No increase was observed at 700 μ/m3. In comparison, the projected mean concentration of diesel soot particles in major US cities with 20% of light‐duty vehicles diesel‐powered has been estimated to be 0.5 μ/m3.
The diagnostic usefulness of isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Davy C. W. , Fulleylove M. , Edmunds J. G. , Eichler D. A. , Rushton B. , Tudor R. J. , Walker J. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMarmosets were given either a hepatotoxin, carbon tetrachloride, orally or an i.m. injection of a mytoxin, chlorpromazine. Although muscle damage alone caused small increases in the plasma levels of lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), only the isoenzyme analysis of ICDH can differentiate definitely between liver and muscle damage. Only very severe muscle damage can increase the plasma concentration of this enzyme but, in this case, the elevation of plasma creatinine kinase levels helps differentiation. It is recommended that the elevation of ICDH is the most specific indicator of hepatic damage in the marmoset.
Nasal tumours in rats after severe injury to the nasal mucosa and prolonged exposure to 10 ppm formaldehyde
Authors: Woutersen R. A. , Van Garderen‐Hoetmer A. , Bruijntjes J. P. , Zwart A. , Feron V. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTo study the significance of damage to the nasal mucosa for the induction of nasal tumours by formaldehyde in rats, a long‐term inhalation study was conducted in which male rats with severely damaged or undamaged nose were exposed 6 h/day for 5 days/week to 0, 0.1, 1.0 or 10 ppm formaldehyde vapour for 28 months, or for 3 months followed by a 25‐month observation period. The damage to the nasal mucosa was induced by bilateral intranasal electrocoagulation. The total number of rats used was 720, 480 with damaged and 240 with intact nose.Compound‐related degenerative, inflammatory and hyperplastic changes of the nasal respiratory and olfactory mucosa were invariably observed when rats with intact nose were exposed to 10 ppm but not when exposed to 1.0 or 0.1 ppm formaldehyde. Nasal electrocoagulation increased the incidences of formaldehydeinduced rhinitis, hyper‐ and metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium, and degeneration and hyper‐ and metaplasia of the olfactory epithelium. In addition, exposure to 10 ppm formaldehyde for 28 months produced nasal squamous cell carcinomas in rats with damaged nose (15/58) but not in rats with intact nose. Three months of exposure to 10 ppm formaldehyde or exposure to 0.1 or 1.0 ppm formaldehyde for 28 months had no such effect. It was concluded that severe damage to the nasal mucosa may contribute to the induction of nasal tumours by formaldehyde.
Practice‐based learning innovation: The venous thromboembolism quality improvement resource room
Authors: Stein Jason , McKean Sylvia C. W. , Maynard Greg , Budnitz Tina , Amin Alpesh 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDHospitalists are seen as the logical choice to lead and teach systems‐based initiatives to improve the quality of inpatient care. The educational strategy of the Society of Hospital Medicine (SHM) includes development of resources to support hospitalist leadership and teaching of inpatient care delivery and improvement.PURPOSETo develop a resource to present quality improvement (QI) principles and systems‐level approaches for practice‐based learning and to support empiric, iterative efforts to improve inpatient medical, cost, and service outcomes.DESCRIPTIONThe SHM defined the role of the hospitalist in QI, performed an assessment of the educational needs of hospitalists, and executed a web‐based educational strategy to address those needs. The organization identified the most common cause of preventable inpatient deaths, hospital‐acquired venous thromboembolism (VTE), and prioritized the need to improve prophylaxis.RESULTSThis new resource at the SHM web site presents principles for conducting QI in the hospital while focusing on an important clinical topic. To facilitate learning that is practice‐based, the VTE Quality Improvement Resource Room features an interactive “Ask the Expert” discussion community and a novel “Improvement Workbook,” a downloadable project outline and tutorial that hospitalists can use to guide and document steps in an effort aimed at reducing hospital‐acquired VTE. Focus group feedback will refine the Quality Improvement Resource Room template and content so subsequent offerings can offer a measurably better learning experience and target other significant inpatient problems. Additional research is needed to evaluate learning and the clinical impact of this resource.
Outpatient physicians' satisfaction with discharge summaries and perceived need for an electronic discharge summary
Authors: O'Leary Kevin J. , Liebovitz David M. , Feinglass Joseph , Liss David T. , Baker David W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDDeficits in information transfer between inpatient and outpatient physicians are common and potentially dangerous.OBJECTIVETo evaluate satisfaction with current discharge summaries, perceptions of preventable adverse events related to suboptimal information transfer, and the perceived need for the electronic discharge summary we plan to design.DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS:Survey of Department of Medicine physicians with an outpatient practice.MEASUREMENTSSatisfaction with timeliness and quality of discharge summaries was assessed using a 5‐point Likert scale. Respondents estimated the number of patients with preventable adverse events related to suboptimal information transfer at discharge.RESULTSOf the 416 eligible respondents, 226 completed the survey (54%). Only 19% of the participants were satisfied or very satisfied with timeliness, and only 32% were satisfied or very satisfied with the quality of discharge summaries. Overall, 41% believed that at least 1 of their patients hospitalized in the previous 6 months had experienced a preventable adverse event related to poor transfer of information at discharge.CONCLUSIONSPhysicians were not satisfied with the timeliness or quality of discharge summaries. Physicians indicated that suboptimal transfer of information at hospital discharge contributed to preventable adverse events. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2006;1:317–320. © 2006 Society of Hospital Medicine.
A case of bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumor: The role of octreotide scanning in localization of an ectopic source of ACTH
Authors: Bhatia P. D. , Fung K. , Edmonds M. , Driedger A. A. , Malthaner R. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDBronchopulmonary carcinoids are neuroendocrine tumors. They can present with Cushing's syndrome secondary to ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion. Curative resection is possible only after adequate localization of the ectopic source.OBJECTIVETo describe a case that illustrates the role of octreotide scanning in the management of a bronchopulmonary carcinoid.RESULTSThe use of preoperative and postoperative octreotide scanning aided in performing a limited resection, thereby preserving the lung parenchyma.CONCLUSIONSWe propose that octreotide scanning can be a very important and informative test in the management of carcinoid tumors. In situations when conventional imaging is not conclusive, octreotide scanning may be of help in determining the source of ectopic ACTH syndrome. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2006;1:312–316. © 2006 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Labelled compounds of interest as antitumour agents I: N‐methylformamide and N, N‐dimethylformamide
Authors: Threadgill Michael D , Gate E Nicholas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEfficient preparations of N‐methylformamide (an active antitumour agent) have been developed in which the compound is labelled with 14C in the formyl group, with 14C in the methyl group and with deuterium in the methyl group. N, N‐Dimethyl‐14C‐formamide has also been synthesised.
[18F] fluorine labeled aliphatic amino acids
Authors: van der Ley M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of 4‐[18F] fluoroproline is described, but attempts to prepare 3‐[18F] fluoroalanine failed. In the synthetic pathway to this compound different routes are investigated to make a labeled precursor, viz [18F] fluoromethyliodide, which, however, were unsuccessful.
Labeled aryl fluorides from the nucleophilic displacement of activated nitro groups by 18F‐F−
Authors: Attiná Marina , Cacace Fulvio , Wolf Alfred P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNucleophilic displacement of activated nitro groups by 18F‐fluoride ion is an efficient route to fluorine‐18 labeled aromatics, which can be obtained in the no‐carrier‐added state if required.The basic features of the fluorodenitration process are comparatively evaluated, and the influence of the experimental variables on its course are discussed. Examples concerning the preparation of typical 18F‐labeled aromatic molecules are reported.
Syntheses nouvelles de la mevalonolactone marquee AU 14C, 13C, ‐ (RS) mevalonolactone (14C2‐4,5) et (RS) mevalonolactone (14C‐5)
Authors: Rousseau Bernard , Beaucourt Jean‐Pierre , Pichat Louis 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThree new routes to (RS) mevalonolactone suitable for the double labeling with isotopic carbon at positions 4 and 5 or labeling at C‐5 are outlined.1–(2,4.10‐trioxaadamantyl) propanone : 2 was prepared from 2‐(2.4, 10‐trioxaadamantul) acetylchloride 1 and bis‐(trimethylsilul) malonate. Addition of [14C2]‐ethinyllithium on 2 provided an 80 % yield of acetylenic alcohol : 3. The latter was submitted to the regioselective gem terminal bishydroboration with 9‐BBN followed by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and base leading to the 1,3‐diol : 5, the hudrolysis of which, without isolation gave [4,5 14C2] mevalonolactone : 48 % overall yield based on Ba 14CO3 specific activity 98.5 mCi/mM. A second route following the same pattern started from commercial 1,1 dimethoxy 3‐butanone : 6. Addition of [14C2] ethinyllithium with 6 gave the alcohol 7 which was treated with 9‐BBN followed by oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and base leading to the 1,3‐diol 8 which after chromatography was oxidized with bromine water in hydrochloric acid provided [4,5 14C2] mevalonolactone. This route was followed to provide 10 gm batches of [4,5‐13C2] mevalonolactone. The third scheme involved the condensation of ethyl lithio [1‐14C] acetate with ketone : 2 followed by reduction with LiAlH4 of the resulting β‐ hydroxy‐ester 9 into 1, 3 diol : 10 which by hydrochloric hydrolysis gave rise to [5‐14C] mevalonolactone : 50 % overall yield based on ethul acetate : specific activity : 50 mCi/mMole.
Self‐radiolysis of clathrates containing tritium‐labelled molecules
Authors: Ciranni G. , Guarino A. , Pizzella R. , Possagno E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractClathrates containing high specific activity methyl stearate‐9, 10‐H3 were stored for approximately 70 days.The following ≪ host ≫ molecules were employed: desoxycholic acid, cycloveratryl, tri‐o‐thymotide and β‐cyclodextrin. The gaseous self‐radiolysis products decrease significantly up to ⋍90% (HT from chloeic clathrate). The total percentual decreases of the decomposition are: 16.95% (choleic clathrate); 27.10 (tri‐o‐thymotide clathrate); 19.35 (cycloveratryl clathrate); 12.10 (β‐cyclodextrin clathrate).
Vérification de la pureté radiochimique d'un isomère optique marqué
Authors: Verly Walter G. , Gerday Charles 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method for evaluating the radiochemical purity of the labelled isomer of an amino acid is described. It permits to measure the quantity of the enantiomer present as an impurity. The method is applied to the case of tritiated L‐phenylalanine.The inactive racemic form, added as a carrier, is condensed with L‐glutamic acid; the diastereoisomers of the resulting dipeptide are resolved chromatographically on Dowex 50 and the radioactivity of each peak is measured.This process requires only a very little sample and it enables the detection of very minute contaminants.
Preparation of 35S‐labelled xanthates and 35S‐labelled carbon disulphide by exchange reactions
Authors: Cífka J. , Vinš V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe order of the exchange reaction between potassium ethyl xanthate and elemental sulphur was determined. A mixture of ethanol and toluene was used as the solvent for the routine preparation of 35S‐labelled ethyl, n‐butyl, n‐hexyl and n‐octyl xanthates at a temperature of 20°C. The dependence of the exchange rate on the presence of water was observed. The decomposition of 35S‐labelled ethyl xanthate in dilute hydrochloric acid was used for the preparation of labelled carbon disulphide.
Synthesis of carbon‐14 labeled isocyanates. Determination of the carbon‐14 distribution in the isocyanate groups of 2, 4‐tolylene diisocyanate
Authors: Kopka E. F. , Rapp N. Sue , Ingham J. D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA practical phosgenation procedure has been devised for the preparation of isocyanates labeled with 14C. Three such isocyanates: 2‐tolyl isocyanate, 4‐tolyl isocyanate, and 2, 4‐tolylene diisocyanate (TDI) were prepared. The 14C distribution in the latter was determined by scintillation counting of some of its derivatives, one of which was 3‐amino‐4, 2′, 6′‐trimethylcarbanilide, from which the fraction of 14C in the 4‐isocyanate group of TDI was obtained.
Preparation of labelled compounds by tritioboration procedures I. cyclohexene‐1‐3H
Authors: Buczkowski Z. , Nystrom R. F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCyclohexene‐1‐3H has been synthesized with a yield of 88% by tritioboration of 1‐(N‐piperidino)‐cyclohexene followed by heating with n‐valeric acid. Other unsaturated compounds can be labelled at one olefinic carbon atom with tritium by this method.
Darstellung von Coniferyl‐ und Sinapinalkohol, markiert in den Methoxylgruppen durch 14C
Authors: Haider K. , Lim S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFor experiments about the microbial cleavage of phenolic methylethers and lignin like polymerides, phenolic compounds which arise during microbial lignin decomposition and also lignin alcohols such as coniferyl‐ and sinapylalcohol were labelled in the methoxyl‐groups by 14C. For this reason suitable preliminary compounds were reacted with 14CH3I and vanillic acid and syringic acid were prepared and reduced to vanillin and syringaaldehyde. By reacting these aldehydes with malonic acid, ferulic acid and sinapic acid were obtoined and reduced to coniferyl‐ and sinapylalcohol. The yield was around 15 or respectively 10% related to the used amount of methyliodide; the specific activity of the coniferylalcohol was around 0,2 mC/mmole and 0,1 mC/mmole for the sinapylalcohol and for the other compounds, 0,5 mC/mmole.
Fluid‐attenuated inversion‐recovery SSFP imaging
Authors: Bangerter Neal K. , Hargreaves Brian A. , Gold Garry E. , Stucker Daniel T. , Nishimura Dwight G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPurposeTo describe and evaluate a fast, fluid‐suppressed 2D multislice steady‐state free precession (SSFP) neuroimaging sequence.Materials and MethodsWe developed a fast fluid‐attenuated inversion‐recovery SSFP sequence for use in neuroimaging. The inversion time (TI) was optimized to yield good cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) suppression while conserving white matter (WM)/lesion contrast across a broad range of flip angles. Multiple SSFP acquisitions were combined using the sum‐of‐squares (SOS) method to maximize SNR efficiency while minimizing SSFP banding artifacts. We compared our fluid‐attenuated inversion‐recovery (FLAIR) SSFP sequence with FLAIR fast spin‐echo (FSE) in both normal subjects and a volunteer with multiple sclerosis. SNR measurements were performed to ascertain the SNR efficiency of each sequence.ResultsOur FLAIR SSFP sequence demonstrated excellent CSF suppression and good gray matter (GM)/WM contrast. Coverage of the entire brain (5‐mm slices, 24‐cm FOV, 256 × 192 matrix) was achieved with FLAIR SSFP in less than half the scan time of a corresponding FLAIR FSE sequence with similar SNR, yielding improvements of more than 50% in SNR efficiency. Axial scans of a volunteer with multiple sclerosis show clearly visible plaques and very good visualization of brain parenchyma.ConclusionWe have demonstrated the feasibility of a very fast fluid‐suppressed neuroimaging technique using SSFP. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simple separation of isomeric sialylated N‐glycopeptides by a zwitterionic type of hydrophilic interaction chromatography
Authors: Takegawa Yasuhiro , Deguchi Kisaburo , Ito Hiroki , Keira Takuro , Nakagawa Hiroaki , Nishimura Shin‐Ichiro 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAsparagine‐linked oligosaccharides (N‐glycans) usually show structural heterogeneity, especially in proteins with sialylated N‐glycans and, therefore, their structural analysis is still very difficult. A zwitterionic type of hydrophilic interaction chromatography column with sulfobetaine functional groups (called a ZIC‐HILIC column) was applied to the separation of tryptic peptides of alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein. It was demonstrated that the ZIC‐HILIC separation column has a selectivity for sialylated N‐glycopeptides and a high capability for separation based on the structural recognition of sialylated N‐glycan isomers as well as for the previously reported neutral N‐glycans and N‐glycopeptides. The retention characteristics of neutral and sialylated N‐glycans derivatized with 2‐aminopyridine (PA N‐glycans) demonstrate that the retentions of the N‐glycans are based primarily on hydrophilic interaction with the water‐rich liquid layer generated on the surface of the ZIC‐HILIC column. In addition, the electrostatic repulsion interaction shielded with counter ions effectively tunes the separation and recognition of sialylated N‐glycan isomers.
Monolithic poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐divinylbenzene) capillary columns functionalized to strong anion exchangers for nucleotide and oligonucleotide separation
Authors: Wieder Wolfgang , Bisjak Clemens P. , Huck Christian W. , Bakry Rania , Bonn Guenther K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the present work, poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐divinylbenzene) monoliths were synthesized and further derivatized to obtain strong anion exchange supports. Capillary monoliths (65×0.2 mm id) were prepared in situ by copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate and divinylbenzene, employing 1‐decanol and tetrahydrofuran as porogens. The free epoxy groups were derivatized in a two step synthesis to obtain quaternary ammonium functionalities. On testing the pressure stability of the synthesized monolith, a highly linear dependence between flow rate and pressure drop was obtained, indicating the high stability of the material even at high flow rates. The morphology of the copolymer was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Mercury intrusion porosimetry showed a narrow pore size distribution, having a maximum at 439 nm. On recording a van Deemter plot the number of theoretical plates per meter was found to be 59 324. The produced strong anion exchange monoliths turned out to be highly suitable for the separation of nucleotides and oligonucleotides.
Simple determination of betamethasone and chloramphenicol in a pharmaceutical preparation using a short monolithic column coupled to a sequential injection system
Authors: Šatínský Dalibor , Chocholouš Petr , Salabová Markéta , Solich Petr 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis contribution describes the use of a new separation method based on a reversed‐phase sequential injection chromatography (SIC) technique for simultaneous determination of chloramphenicol and betamethasone in pharmaceutical eye drops. A short monolithic column coupled with a sequential injection analysis (SIA) system enabled separation of two compounds in one step. A Chromolith Flash RP‐18e, 25×4.6 mm column with a 5 mm precolumn (Merck, Germany) and a FIAlab 3000 system (USA) with a 6‐port selection valve and 5 mL syringe were used for sequential injection chromatographic separations in this study. The mobile phase used was acetonitrile‐water (30 : 80, v/v), flow rate 0.48 mL/min; UV detection was at two wavelengths, i. e., 241 and 278 nm (absorption maxima of betamethasone and chloramphenicol, respectively). The basic validation parameters showed good results: linearity of determination for both compounds including internal standard (propylparaben) >0.999; repeatability of determination (RSD) in the range 0.8–1.7% at two different concentration levels, and detection limits in the range 0.5–1.0 mg/mL. The chromatographic resolution between compound peaks was greater than 2.1 and the analysis time was less than 8 min under optimal conditions. The developed sequential injection chromatography method was compared with the HPLC method and was found to be applicable for routine analysis of active compounds in pharmaceutical preparations.