bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inspiration into Installation: An Exploration of Contemporary Experience through Art
Authors: Horn Sheridan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article discusses the ways in which a fine art department has successfully enabled pupils, staff and the local community to gain access to exciting and wide‐ranging art experiences. Through the creation of temporary installations and exhibitions the art department at Trinity School regularly becomes a gallery resource centre for part of the year. Children across all key stages create art inspired by artists in residence (including an artist teacher) in response to challenging contemporary issues. In 2005 three collaborative installations were produced in response to a potentially disruptive phase within the educational establishment. ‘Sleep‐Eternal Rest’ involved pupils' contributions to the installation, gallery visits and the study of different artists' work. For the exhibition ‘Flesh, Fur and Feathers’, a resident artist worked with students in response to a hanging deer, game and a table laden with fruit. In a building about to be demolished a group of recently graduated artists collaborated on an exhibition entitled ‘Somewheretogo’. This collaborative partnership led to art becoming a central resource for different curriculum areas as well as PSHE. The success of the venture led to pupils' own work becoming an accessible artistic resource, to which they themselves could respond. As well as avoiding the potential limitations of examdriven targets and assessment, it became a source of enrichment in personal, educational and creative terms.
Patterns in Technical Efficiency and Technical Change at the Farm‐level in England and Wales, 1982–2002
Authors: Hadley David 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEnglish and Welsh farm‐level survey data are employed to estimate stochastic frontier production functions for eight different farm types (cereal, dairy, sheep, beef, poultry, pigs, general cropping and mixed) for the period 1982 to 2002. Differences in the relative efficiency of farms are explored by the simultaneous estimation of a model of technical inefficiency effects. The analysis shows that, generally, farms of all types are relatively efficient with a large proportion of farms operating close to the production frontier. However, whilst the frontier farms of all types are becoming more efficient through time because of technical change, it is also the case that the efficiency of the average farm for most farm types is increasing at a slower rate. In addition, annual mean levels of efficiency for most farm types have declined between 1982 and 2002. The factors that consistently appear to have a statistically significant effect on differences in efficiency between farms are: farm or herd size, farm debt ratios, farmer age, levels of specialisation and ownership status.
Traditions and Trajectories in the Historiography of European Witch Hunting
Authors: Fudge Thomas A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWitchcraft and witch hunting formed a social and intellectual tradition in early modern Europe. Arguments persist as to what extent that tradition was invented. This article reviews the schools of thought and directions within the study of European witchcraft in the period between 1450 and 1750. The contributions of modern scholars from the nineteenth century up to the present are reviewed. Key arguments, important publications, and representative research, together with teaching resources are covered. This historiographical review focuses on three issues: the understanding and exercise of power across the social, political, and religious cultures of early modern Europe; the prevailing problem of inconsistency hindering the development of a single explanatory model; and thus the advantage of micro‐history.
Feints
Authors: Hendricks Kenneth , McAfee R. Preston 
Published: April 2006

In both economic and military situations, agents may try to mislead rivals about their true types or plans, whatever they may be. We consider a simple model in which one player attacks and the other player defends. We show that such environments have two types of possible equilibrium behavior, depending upon the signaling technology. If the signal is not very revealing about the attacker's plans, then the attacker always invests more resources in attack than in misdirection. If the technology is revealing, then the attacker does not always feint, but when he feints, he invests more than half of his resources into misdirection. Comparative statics also depend on whether the technology is revealing.
“Always mystify, mislead and surprise the enemy, if possible.”—General Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson

“Create havoc in the east and strike in the west.”—Sun Tze
Mexican Democracy and Its Discontents
Authors: Flores‐Macias Francisco , Lawson Chappell 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article describes the first stage of a major research project on public opinion and democratic consolidation in Mexico. That project, the Mexico 2006 Panel Study, comprises approximately 7,000 in‐depth interviews with ordinary Mexicans over the course of the upcoming presidential campaign. Its purpose is two‐fold: (1) to assess the degree to which Mexican political attitudes are supportive of democratic governance, and (2) to understand the role played by voters, politicians, party leaders, and the mass media in shaping Mexico's political agenda. Ultimately, the project aims to assess how faithfully Mexico's new political system can be expected to respond to the desires and beliefs of ordinary citizens.
The End of Wilderness: Conflict and Defeat of Wilderness in the Grand Canyon
Authors: Jacques Peter , Ostergren David M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn the early 1970s, Grand Canyon National Park intended to designate its land to “Wilderness,” including the controversial Colorado River corridor. However, by the end of the 1970s the potential for Wilderness designation was off the table, and would never seriously return for genuine consideration. Using Schattschneider's model of conflict, we explain how the organization of this conflict privileges the “causal story” of Wilderness opponents, and therefore why the canyon is not designated. It is our contention that members of Congress will not stand forward to support Wilderness designations without simultaneously providing benefits for extractive land use because (1) congressional representatives are more penalized for supporting than opposing Wilderness designations, (2) Wilderness advocacy groups do not pressure congressional delegates as firmly as opposition groups, and (3) key local congressional members are not likely to see Wilderness as a salient issue worth the risk of negative exposure. If these findings hold, the implication is that we may have reached the end of significant Wilderness designations in highly visible areas, unless critical aspects in land use conflict change.
The Morphological Variations of Fibrous Histiocytomas
Authors: Vilanova Juan R. , Flint Andrew 
Published: April 2006

The morphological variants of dermal fibrous histiocytomas have engendered a confusing terminology. One hundred and eighty‐nine cases of fibrous histiocytomas were studied in order to define the morphological spectrum exhibited by these lesions.Based on the prevailing morphological components, fibrocollagenous, vascular, or histiocytie. an arbitrary division into three main categories was made. A fourth group was defined to include those cases in which a fully developed storiform pattern was the dominant morphological feature. The majority (115 cases) of the lesions were of the fibrocollagenous variety. Lesions with an angiomatous component (vascular variety) were the next most common (41 cases). Thirteen of the tumors were of the histiocytic variety.Twenty tumors were of the storiform variety and fulfilled many of the microscopic criteria of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. This latter group often presents a diagnostic problem and may stimulate fibrosarcoma, aggressive fibromatosis or other connective tissue neoplasias. The combination of several clinical and pathological features are helpful in better separating this variety from the more benign forms.The presence of different well‐defined morphological components developing in the same tumors suggests a common origin.
Light and Electron Microscopic Study of Riehl's Melanosis. Possible Mode of its Pigmentary Incontinence
Authors: Nagao Sadanori , Iijima Susumu 
Published: April 2006

Four cases of Riehl's melanosis were studied with light and electron microscopes. The results obtained were as follows:

Unmyelinated nerve fibers were found in both the epidermis and the dermis, and the Schwann cells enclsing the axons contained melanosomes. A peculiar pigment cell was found in the epidermis, it was thought to be a macrophage phagocytizing melanosomes from the extracellular spaces. A melanophage in contact with a keratinocyte through the gaps of the basal lamina was observed. It was suggested that all these processes might participate in pigmentary incontinence in Riehl's melanosis.
At the dermo‐epidermal junction the basal lamina was multilayered. In the upper dermis a large number of melanophages were present, and in addition, amyloid islets and fibrillar masses resembling the “fibrilläre Körper” were observed.
Effect of Topical 5‐Fluorouracil Treatment on Actinic Keratosis
Authors: Hodge Steven J. , Schrodt G. R. , Owen L. G. 
Published: April 2006

Sequential biopsies of 5‐FU‐treated actinic keratoses were studied by light and electron microscopy. Significant changes by light microscopy after 3 days of therapy included widened intercellular spaces, most marked in the basal layer, focal acantholysis, and intra‐epidermal vesicle formation. Mitotic figures were more numerous with increased nuclear hyperchromatism and pleomorphism.After 10 days of therapy, the changes noted at 3 days were increased both in quantity and quality, with sub‐epidermal bulla formation in some areas. After four weeks of therapy, the extensive changes noted at 10 days disappeared and the epidermis was essentially normal. Two months after cessation of therapy the epidermis was normal, but actinic degeneration of collagen persisted.The sequential ultrastructural changes parallelled those noted by light microscopy after 3 days of therapy. Discontinuities in the basal lamina were more pronounced. Intercellular spaces were wider and tonofilament abnormalities were more prominent. Desmo‐somes and their tonofilament attachments remained undisturbed. There was increased cytoplasmic vacuolization and mitochondrial degeneration. Nucleoli were more electron‐dense and bizarre.After 10 days of therapy, changes in the basal lamina, tonofilaments, cytoplasm and intercellular spaces were more pronounced. Desmosomes became homogenized, retracted and decreased in number. Plasma membranes became focally indistinct and cyoplasmic vacuolization and degeneration was widespread. Nucleoli were larger and more bizarre.After four weeks of therapy most of the changes noted at 10 days were absent with only a small degree of tonofilament condensation and mild widening of the intercellular spaces. Two months after cessation of therapy the epidermis was normal.
The Diagnosis of Mucopolysaccharidoses by Electron Microscopy of Skin Biopsies
Authors: Bioulac P. , Meucier M. , Beylot C. , Fontan D. 
Published: April 2006

An ultrastructural examination was carried out on the skin of six children suffering from Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPSI or Hurler's disease) and MPS II (Hunter's disease). Both intracellular mucopolysaccharides and lipids were observed. The dermal cells, i.e. fibroblasts, macrophages, were loaded with multiple vacuolar inclusions thought to be of lysosomal origin. They appeared either content‐free or filled with granular, fuzzy and/or pseudomyelinic structures. Identical abnormalities were observed within the Sebwann cells, smooth muscle cells and keratinocytes. Mast cells showed peculiar “worm‐like” inclusions apart from their normal granulations.Since ultrastructure of a skin sample may provide as much data as brain, liver or kidney, cutancous electron microscopy can be recommended to confirm a diagnosis of MPS
Studies on Etiologic Factors in Pemphigus
Authors: Beutner Ernst H. , Chorzelski Tadeusz P. 
Published: April 2006

A survey of 234 cases of pemphigus yielded three observations which suggest that different forms of pemphigus may have different etiologies.1. While the incidence of pemphigus in the age group of 21 and over was essentially the same in males and females (108 and 113) the incidence was significantly higher in females in the age group under 20. Only two of 13 patients in this group were males. Also pemphigus foliaceus and erythematosus was reported in a significantly higher proportion of the cases in the age group of 2 1/2 to 20 thus suggesting that the juvenile form of the discase differs from the adult form.2. In four of a group of 15 cases identified as pemphigus foliaceus the disease appeared to be provoked by minor physical insults, a frequency which is significantly higher than the five cases with similar histories in the group of 198 cases identified as pemphigus vulgaris.3. In the entire group of 234 cases two patients with pemphigus both proven by immunofluorescence had relatives with pemphigus. Also a third patient had a blood relative with bullous pemphigoid. This frequency of three per 234 is higher than would be expected by chance. Studies of one family (not included in this survey) with multiple skin antibodies suggest that such familial predispositions may be due to abnormal immune responses.
Freeze‐fracture replication technique of human skin
Authors: Caputo R. , Gasparini G. 
Published: April 2006

The freeze‐fracture replication technique represents one of the most advanced methods for studying the ultrastructure of biological tissues and has given a new dimension to the ultrastructure research. This technique makes it possible to obtain a cast of a fracture surface of frozen preparations. Apart from allowing samples 10 be examined without being dehydrated, i.e. under conditions very close to those of the living state, it has proved especially useful for the analysis of many tissue functions concerned with membrane activity and exchanges between cells and their disturbance in specific disease conditions.Even though good quality replicas had already been obtained back in 1961 (Moor et al. 1961), only after 1970, mainly thanks to the contribution made by Breathnach and his collaborators (Breathnach et al. 1972, Breathnach 1973, Breathnach et al. 1973) was the freeze‐fracture replication technique successfully used in the study of the skin, since this tissue had proved especially difficult to proces.In this review paper, technical principles will be summarized and the most important findings so far obtained in the study of normal and pathologic skin will be illustrated.
Structure of antibodies
Authors: Mestecky J. 
Published: April 2006

Vertebrates develop a highly specialized system of defense mechanisms as a result of continuous stimulation by foreign materials from the environment. Whether free in body fluids or attached to cell surfaces, antibodies play the key role in the recognition of, and protection of the body against, foreign substances.Important characteristics of antibodies are their adaptive production as a result of antigenic stimulation and the specificity they exhibit in their reaction with the antigen that induced their production. Antibodies are present in the globulin fraction of the body fluids and are summarily called immunoglobulins.Knowledge pertaining lo antibody structure has been acquired principally from research of the last two decades. During this period many important findings have been made that are applicable to other proteins; in fact, antibodies are presently the most completely characterized of the complex proteins.This paper will encompass a brief review of the structure of antibodies. The rapid development in this field makes it difficult lo ensure the inclusion of all appropriate publications, and therefore we shall refer the reader principally to the most recent review articles and books which can be examined for more detailed information. Of these, four deserve special attention: Kochwa & Kunkel (1971), Amos (1971), Merler (1970), and the Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology (1967).
Torulopsis glabrata infection in the oral cavity
Authors: Hase M. P. , Radden B. G. , Reade P. C. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.The first case report of an oral infection due to Torulopsis glabrata is presented. This microorganism is a yeast‐like fungus grouped in a similar family to the Candida species. It has been isolated with increasing frequency from the oral cavity but, surprisingly, has not been reported as a pathogen in this site. In other anatomical sites, including the urinary tract, lung and gastrointestinal tract, Torulopsis glabrata has been reported as a pathogen, at times resulting in a fatal outcome. However, there has usually been some modifying factor, e. g. malignancy, cytotoxic drug therapy, diabetes or broad spectrum antibiotics, which caused this marginal pathogen to assume a pathogenic role. No such modifying factors could be elicited in this case.The history of the case including the management is presented. A brief outline of the microbiologic grouping of Torulopsis glabrata is given, as well as the diagnostic test used in its identification. The histopathology is described and the necessity for combining special tests in establishing a positive diagnosis is exemplified, as the histology alone is not pathognomonic of the infection.
Ultrastructural features of the verruciform xanthoma
Authors: Cobb Charles M. , Holt Robert , Denys Francis R. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.The verruciform xanthoma, a rare lesion of the oral cavity, was studied by light and electron microscopy. The major cell type associated with the lesion was shown to contain appreciable amounts of lipid and was characterized as a macrophage. It was characteristic of the endothelial cells associated with subepithelial capillaries to exhibit multiple basal laminae. A rather unusual observation was the migration of lipid‐filled cells into the stratum germinativum of the overlying epithelium.
Tooth eruption and bone resorption: experimental investigation of the ia (osteopetrotic) rat as a model for studying their relationships
Authors: Marks Sandy C. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.The osteopetrotic (ia) rat was examined as an experimental model for studying the dependence of tooth eruption on bone resorption. In ia rats eruption of incisors and first molars was rare and eruption of second and third molars was reduced and delayed. Autoradiographic studies of 3H‐proline incorporation showed that delayed eruption was not due to reduced tooth formation. Microscopic study revealed distortion and failure of posterior growth of the apical ends of incisors, unresorbed bone blocking the eruption pathway for molars, and ankylosis of incisors and first molars to alveolar bone. A reduction in bone resorption, known to be the primary cause of the disease in ia rats, is presumed to be the cause of the delayed or unerupted dentition. The effectiveness of attempts to increase bone resorption in ia rats at an early age by injection of vitamin A and/or parathyroid extract or by parabiotic union with a normal littermate was determined by measuring their effect on the relative size of the tibial marrow cavity. Only parabiosis had a beneficial effect on bone resorption but surgical union could not be performed in animals young enough to affect eruption of incisors and first molars in ia parabionts. These results suggest that parabiotic union of neonatal rats should allow resorption to begin early enough to test the presumed dependence of tooth eruption on bone resorption.
Dinitrochlorobenzene contact hypersensitivity in the hamster cheek pouch
Authors: Mohammad AbdelRahim , Mincer Harry H. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.Stimulation of cell mediated immunity has been reported to be effective in bringing about clinical regression of carcinomas. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the possibility of introducing cell mediated immunity into an experimental animal‐chemical carcinogenesis system (dimethylbenzanthracene‐hamster cheek pouch) to serve as a model for the study of immunotherapy of oral cancer in humans. Contact hypersensitivity to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was induced in 17 Syrian hamsters via the abdominal skin. After secondary application of the allergen to the cheek pouch, local gross and histologic characteristics indicative of delayed hypersensitivity were observed. Control animals that had received only a primary or a secondary challenge with DNCB essentially showed no change. This study demonstrates that the buccal pouch of the Syrian hamster is capable of manifesting contact hypersensitivity to DNCB.
The effect of long standing chronic mechanical irritation on the tongue of rats
Authors: Shteyer A. , Greenman S. , Lewin‐Epstein J. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.The effect of long standing mechanical irritation of the tongue was studied in 100 young rats. This was effected by the protruding end of a twisted wire, ligated around the lower first molar and directed toward the latero‐ventral aspect of the tongue on one side, while the other side served as control. Groups of rats were killed after 3, 6, 9 and 12 months and the tongues were examined grossly and microscopically. Fibrous hyperplasia was observed in 48 % of tongues in the 3‐month group and increased to 79 % in the 12‐month group. Microscopically, epithelial changes were noted which included ulceration, acanthosis and hyperkeratosis. In no instance was dyskeratosis or any other malignant change noted.
Endodontic retreatment: a rational approach to non‐surgical root canal therapy of immature teeth
Authors: Mandel E. , Bourguignon‐Adelle C. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract The specificity of retreating immature teeth involves generally a broadly wide open apex and/or an inverted root canal conicity (apical opening wider than the root canal orifice), a periapical pathology leading often to a continuous canal exudation and thin and fragile dentinal walls.Nonsurgical endodontic retreatment of immature teeth consists at first in removing coronal and root canal iatrogenic obstructions in order to regain total canal patency. Apexification is then the treatment of choice, preceding a final gutta‐percha obturation.The present article outlines a step‐by‐step rational approach to the root canal retreatment of immature teeth, pertaining to their biomechanical and pathological specificity.