bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol Consumption in Relation to Metabolic Regulation, Inflammation, and Adiponectin in 64-Year-Old Caucasian Women
Authors: Englund Ögge Linda , Brohall Gerhard , Behre Carl Johan , Schmidt Caroline , Fagerberg Björn 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE— The aims of this study were to examine alcohol drinking patterns in women with type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and to investigate whether alcohol intake was associated with improved insulin sensitivity, decreased biomarkers of inflammation, and increased adiponectin levels and if these effects were limited to dysmetabolic women.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— From a cohort of 64-year-old Caucasian women, 209 with type 2 diabetes, 205 with IGT, and 186 with NGT were recruited. Alcohol consumption and medication use were assessed by questionnaires. Anthropometric data were collected, and blood glucose, insulin, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, C-reactive protein, white blood cell count, and serum adiponectin were measured.
RESULTS— Compared with the NGT group, alcohol consumption was lower in the IGT group and lowest in the diabetes group. Mean alcohol intakes of &gt;9.2 and ≥3–9 g/day were positively associated with adiponectin and insulin sensitivity (homeostasis model assessment [HOMA]), respectively, independently of obesity, metabolic control, and other confounders. Alcohol intake correlated negatively with inflammatory markers, although this did not remain after adjustment for HOMA and waist circumference. The inverse associations between alcohol consumption and factors related to the metabolic syndrome such as HOMA, waist circumference, and inflammatory markers were more obvious among women with diabetes and IGT than in healthy women.
CONCLUSIONS— In these women, moderate alcohol consumption showed beneficial associations with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, IGT, insulin sensitivity, and serum adiponectin. There is a need to clarify whether adiponectin may be a mechanistic link and also to clarify the clinical implications of these observations.
Attributions of Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes in Social Situations
Authors: Hains Anthony A. , Berlin Kristoffer S. , Davies W. Hobart , Parton Elaine A. , Alemzadeh Ramin 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE—To examine the relationships among negative attributions of friend reactions (NAFRs) within a social context, anticipated adherence difficulties, diabetes stress, and metabolic control.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A sample of 104 adolescents with type 1 diabetes completed instruments measuring demographics, attribution of friend reactions, anticipated adherence, and diabetes stress. Metabolic control was measured by HbA1c obtained during the clinic visit.
RESULTS—Path analysis demonstrated an excellent fit of a model depicting an indirect relationship between NAFRs and metabolic control through the mechanisms of expected adherence difficulties and diabetes stress.
CONCLUSIONS—Adolescents who make NAFRs are likely to find adherence difficult in social situations and have increased feelings of stress, with the latter associated with poorer metabolic control. Intervention efforts to address negative attributions may impact adherence behavior and feelings of stress, especially if specific contexts of self-care behavior are taken into account.
Altered Fiber Distribution and Fiber-Specific Glycolytic and Oxidative Enzyme Activity in Skeletal Muscle of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Oberbach Andreas , Bossenz Yvonne , Lehmann Stefanie , Niebauer Josef , Adams Volker , Paschke Ralf , Schön Michael R. , Blüher Matthias , Punkt Karla 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE—We investigated whether alterations of glycolytic and oxidative enzyme capacity in skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes pertain to specific muscle fibers and are associated with changes in muscle fiber composition.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Vastus lateralis muscle was obtained by percutaneous biopsy from 10 patients with type 2 diabetes and 15 age- and BMI-matched healthy volunteers. Using cytophotometry, muscle fiber composition and fiber type–specific glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activities were measured in slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic, and fast glycolytic fibers.
RESULTS—In the whole muscle, oxidative activity was decreased in patients with type 2 diabetes. The slow oxidative fiber fraction was reduced by 16%, whereas the fast glycolytic fiber fraction was increased by 49% in skeletal muscle from the diabetic patients. Both oxidative and glycolytic enzyme activities were significantly increased in fast glycolytic and fast oxidative glycolytic fibers of type 2 diabetic patients. However, the fiber-specific ratio of glycolytic enzyme activity relative to oxidative activity was not different between type 2 diabetic patients and the control subjects. The myofibrillic ATP activity was significantly lower in all fiber types of patients with type 2 diabetes and correlates with glucose infusion rate during the steady state of a euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp and maximal aerobic capacity and negatively with HbA1c values.
CONCLUSIONS—Reduced oxidative enzyme activity in muscle of type 2 diabetic patients is most likely due to a reduction in slow oxidative fibers. Increased glycolytic and oxidative enzyme activities in individual muscle fibers are closely related to measures of long-term glycemic control and whole-body insulin sensitivity and could therefore represent a compensatory mechanism of the muscle in function of the altered glucose metabolism.
Risk of Celiac Disease in Children With Type 1 Diabetes Is Modified by Positivity for HLA-DQB1*02-DQA1*05 andTNF −308A
Authors: Sumnik Zdenek , Cinek Ondrej , Bratanic Nina , Kordonouri Olga , Kulich Michal , Roszai Barnabas , Arato Andras , Lebl Jan , Soltesz Gyula , Danne Thomas , Battelino Tadej , Schober Edit 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE—The overlap between genetic susceptibility to celiac disease (CD) and to type 1 diabetes is incomplete; therefore, some genetic polymorphisms may significantly modify the risk of CD in subjects with type 1 diabetes. This study aimed to investigate whether the susceptibility to CD in diabetic children is modified by positivity for HLA-DQB1*02-DQA1*05 and DQB1*0302-DQA1*03 and by alleles of single nucleotide polymorphisms within the genes encoding CTLA4, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Genotypic data were compared between 130 case subjects (children with type 1 diabetes and CD diagnosed using endomysium antibodies) and 245 control subjects (children with type 1 diabetes only, optimally two per case, matched for center, age at type 1 diabetes onset, and type 1 diabetes duration). The subjects were recruited from 10 major European pediatric diabetes centers performing regular screening for CD. The polymorphisms were determined using PCR with sequence-specific primers, and the risk was assessed by building a step-up conditional logistic regression model using variables that were significantly associated with CD in the univariate analysis.
RESULTS—The best-fitted model showed that risk of CD is increased by presence of HLA-DQB1*02-DQA1*05 (odds ratio 4.5 [95% CI 1.8–11], for homozygosity, and 2.0 [1.1–3.7], for a single dose) and also independently by TNF −308A (1.9 [1.1–3.2], for phenotypic positivity), whereas IL1-α −889T showed a weak negative association (0.6 [0.4–0.9]).
CONCLUSIONS—The results indicate that the risk of CD in children with type 1 diabetes is significantly modified both by the presence of HLA-DQB1*02-DQA1*05 and by a variant of another gene within the major histocompatibility complex, the TNF −308A.
Efficacy, Tolerability, and Safety of a Novel Once-Daily Extended-Release Metformin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Schwartz Sherwyn , Fonseca Vivian , Berner Bret , Cramer Marilou , Chiang Yu-Kun , Lewin Andrew 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy and safety of a novel extended-release metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Adults with type 2 diabetes (newly diagnosed, treated with diet and exercise only, or previously treated with oral diabetic medications) were randomly assigned to receive one of three extended-release metformin treatment regimens (1,500 mg/day q.d., 1,500 mg/day twice daily, or 2,000 mg/day q.d.) or immediate-release metformin (1,500 mg/day twice daily) in a double-blind 24-week trial.
RESULTS—Significant decreases (P &lt; 0.001) in mean HbA1c (A1C) levels were observed by week 12 in all treatment groups. The mean changes from baseline to end point in the two groups given 1,500 mg extended-release metformin (−0.73 and −0.74%) were not significantly different from the change in the immediate-release metformin group (−0.70%), whereas the 2,000-mg extended-release metformin group showed a greater decrease in A1C levels (−1.06%; mean difference [2,000 mg extended-release metformin − immediate-release metformin]: −0.36 [98.4% CI −0.65 to −0.06]). Rapid decreases in fasting plasma glucose levels were observed by week 1, which continued until week 8, and were maintained for the duration of the study. The overall incidence of adverse events was similar for all treatment groups, but fewer patients in the extended-release metformin groups discontinued treatment due to nausea during the initial dosing period than in the immediate-release metformin group.
CONCLUSIONS—Once- or twice-daily extended-release metformin was as safe and effective as twice-daily immediate-release metformin and provided continued glycemic control for up to 24 weeks of treatment.
HbA1c and Peripheral Arterial Disease in Diabetes
Authors: Selvin Elizabeth , Wattanakit Keattiyoat , Steffes Michael W. , Coresh Josef , Sharrett A. Richey 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE—To assess the relation between HbA1c (A1C) and incident peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in a community-based cohort of diabetic adults from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. A second aim was to investigate whether the association was stronger for severe, symptomatic disease compared with PAD assessed by low ankle-brachial index (ABI).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This was a prospective cohort study of 1,894 individuals with diabetes using ARIC visit 2 as baseline (1990–1992) with follow-up for incident PAD through 2002. We assessed the relation between A1C and incident PAD, defined by intermittent claudication, PAD-related hospitalization, or a low ABI (&lt;0.9).
RESULTS—During a mean follow-up of 9.8 years, the crude incidence rates were 2.1 per 1,000 person-years for intermittent claudication (n = 41), 2.9 per 1,000 person-years for PAD-related hospitalization (n = 57), and 18.9 per 1,000 person-years for low ABI at visit 3 or 4 (n = 123). The relative risk (RR) (95% CI) of an incident PAD event comparing the second and third tertiles of A1C to the first, respectively, after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors was strongest for severe, symptomatic forms of disease, e.g., PAD-related hospitalization (RR = 4.56 [1.86–11.18] for the third A1C tertile compared with the first, P trend &lt;0.001) than for low ABI (RR = 1.64 [0.94–2.87], P trend = 0.08).
CONCLUSIONS—We found a positive, graded, and independent association between A1C and PAD risk in diabetic adults. This association was stronger for clinical (symptomatic) PAD, whose manifestations may be related to microvascular insufficiency, than for low ABI. Our results suggest that efforts to improve glycemic control in persons with diabetes may substantially reduce the risk of PAD.
Cover Picture: A Glass Hook Allows Fishing of Hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronene Graphitic Nanotubes: Fabrication of a Macroscopic Fiber with Anisotropic Electrical Conduction (Adv. Mater. 10/2006)
Authors: Yamamoto Y. , Fukushima T. , Jin W. , Kosaka A. , Hara T. , Nakamura T. , Saeki A. , Seki S. , Tagawa S. , Aida T. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe cover illustrates self‐assembly of a hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronene amphiphile to give a graphitic nanotube, formed through helical rolling‐up of a bilayer tape consisting of bilaterally coupled columns of π‐stacked hexabenzocoronene units. The graphitic layer inside the wall offers a charge‐transport pathway. Aida and co‐workers report on p. 1297 on the fabrication of a macroscopic fiber by “fishing” the nanotubes with a glass hook. In the fiber, most of the nanotubes are oriented unidirectionally along the fiber axis, thereby allowing an anisotropic electrical conduction upon doping with iodine.
Potential Tuberculostatic Agent: Micelle‐forming Pyrazinamide Prodrug
Authors: Silva Marcia , Ricelli Nara L. , El Seoud Omar , Valentim Celso S. , Ferreira Antônio G. , Sato Daisy N. , Leite Clarice Q. F. , Ferreira Elizabeth I. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPyrazinamide was condensed with the poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(aspartic acid) copolymer (PEG‐PASP), a micelle‐forming derivative was obtained that was characterized in terms of its critical micelle concentration (CMC) and micelle diameter. The CMC was found by observing the solubility of Sudan III in Poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(pyrazinamidomethyl aspartate) copolymer (PEG‐PASP‐PZA) solutions. The mean diameter of PEG‐PASP‐PZA micelles, obtained by analyzing the dynamic light‐scattering data, was 78.2 nm. The PEG‐PASP‐PZA derivative, when assayed for anti‐Mycobacterium activity, exhibited stronger activity than the simple drug.
Southwest oncology group phase II study of arsenic trioxide in patients with refractory germ cell malignancies
Authors: Beer Tomasz M. , Tangen Catherine M. , Nichols Craig R. , Margolin Kim A. , Dreicer Robert , Stephenson William T. , Quinn David I. , Raghavan Derek , Crawford E. David 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo the authors' knowledge, no satisfactory therapy is available for patients with refractory germ cell neoplasms. The activity and safety of arsenic trioxide in refractory germ cell tumors was assessed.METHODSTwenty patients were treated with arsenic trioxide at a dose of 0.25 mg/kg/day and administered intravenously over 1 to 2 hours on Days 1‐5 and repeated every 28 days.RESULTSThere were no complete or partial responses. The median progression‐free survival was 1 month and the median overall survival was 2 months. Three patients died as a result of adverse events believed to be possibly related to treatment: ventricular arrhythmia, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and pneumonitis.CONCLUSIONSIn the current study, arsenic trioxide in the dose regimen and schedule employed was found to have no activity in men with refractory germ cell malignancies. Treatment was associated with severe toxicity. Dismal overall survival reflects the poor outcome in this patient group and highlights the acute need for new agents with activity in refractory germ cell neoplasms. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Nitric oxide reduces adenosine transporter ENT1 gene (SLC29A1) promoter activity in human fetal endothelium from gestational diabetes
Authors: Farías Marcelo , San Martín Rody , Puebla Carlos , Pearson Jeremy D. , Casado Javier F. , Pastor‐Anglada Marçal , Casanello Paola , Sobrevia Luis 
Published: May 2006

AbstractHuman umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) from gestational diabetes exhibit reduced adenosine uptake and increased nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. Adenosine transport via human equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 (hENT1) is reduced by NO by unknown mechanisms in HUVEC. We examined whether gestational diabetes‐reduced adenosine transport results from lower hENT1 gene (SLC29A1) expression. HUVEC from gestational diabetes exhibit reduced SLC29A1 promoter activity when transfected with pGL3‐hENT1−2154 compared with pGL3‐hENT1−1114 constructs, an effect blocked by NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester (L‐NAME, NOS inhibitor), but unaltered by S‐nitroso‐N‐acetyl‐L,D‐penicillamine (SNAP, NO donor). In cells from gestational diabetes transfected with pGL3‐hENT1−2154, L‐NAME increased, but SNAP did not alter promoter activity and hENT1 expression. However, in cells from normal pregnancies L‐NAME increased, but SNAP reduced promoter activity and hENT1 expression. Adenovirus‐silenced eNOS expression increased hENT1 expression and activity in cells from normal or gestational diabetic pregnancies. Thus, reduced adenosine transport may result from downregulation of SLC29A1 expression by NO in HUVEC from gestational diabetes. These findings explain the accumulation of extracellular adenosine detected in cultures of HUVEC from gestational diabetes. In addition, fetal endothelial dysfunction could be involved in the abnormal fetal development and growth seen in gestational diabetes. J. Cell. Physiol. 208: 451–460, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retinoic acid signaling and function in the adult hippocampus
Authors: McCaffery Peter , Zhang Jinghua , Crandall James E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractRetinoic acid (RA) is an essential growth factor, derived from vitamin A, which controls growth by activating specific receptors that are members of the nuclear receptor family of transcriptional regulators. Its function in control of growth and differentiation in the embryonic CNS has been extensively investigated, but a role for RA in the mature brain has only recently become apparent. Although the adult CNS has much less capacity for change compared to the embryonic CNS, a limited amount of flexibility, referred to as neural plasticity, still exists. It is these processes that RA influences in the adult brain, including long‐term potentiation and neurogenesis. The hippocampus is a brain region dependent upon neural plasticity for its function in learning and memory, and this review focuses on the roles that RA may play in regulating these processes in the adult. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 66: 780–791, 2006
Composition of root‐colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities in different ecosystems around the globe
Authors: ÖPIK MAARJA , MOORA MARI , LIIRA JAAN , ZOBEL MARTIN 
Published: May 2006

Summary
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are obligate root symbionts that are present in most terrestrial ecosystems and have roles in plant mineral nutrition, carbon cycling and biotic interactions. In this work, 26 publications were surveyed that report on the occurrence of natural root‐colonizing AM fungi identified using rDNA region sequences. A total of 52 host plant species were investigated. Sixteen publications provided data enabling a comparison to be made of AM fungal taxon richness and community composition across 36 host plant species and 25 locations. Ninety‐five fungal taxa (small subunit rRNA gene sequence types) were involved, 49 of which were recorded from at least two study sites, and 65 from more than one host plant species.
The number of AM fungal taxa per host plant species differed between habitat types: a significantly higher richness was found in tropical forests (18.2 fungal taxa per plant species), followed by grasslands (8.3), temperate forests (5.6) and habitats under anthropogenic influence (arable fields and polluted sites, 5.2).
AM fungal communities exhibit differing compositions in broadly defined habitat types: tropical forests, temperate forests and habitats under anthropogenic influence. Grassland locations around the world host heterogeneous AM fungal communities.
A number of AM fungi had a global distribution, including sequence types related to the Glomus intraradices/fasciculatum group, G. mosseae, G. sp. UY1225 and G. hoi, as well as the Glomus and Scutellospora types of unknown taxonomic affiliation. Widespread taxa occur in both natural and anthropogenic (disturbed) habitats, and may show high local abundance. However, about 50% of taxa have been recorded from only a single site.
The current global analysis of AM fungal communities suggests that soil micro‐organisms may exhibit different distribution patterns, resulting in a high variability of taxon richness and composition between particular ecosystems.
E‐learning funding for schools: a policy paradox?
Authors: Mee Adrian 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe rise in UK government funding for information and communications technologies (ICTs) since 1997 has created a large capital infrastructure, which schools are required to support with their own funds. Simultaneously, both nationally and internationally, the model of self‐managing schools gathers momentum. In the UK, the government supports the key principle of local management of schools, which points towards the leadership team and governors as the body best placed to make decisions on how funding will support school improvement. The complexity of policy formation with respect to e‐learning funding in schools is further compounded by the requirement to address the needs of a range of stakeholders in the state and commercial sectors.This goal of this paper was to explore this potential paradox between centralised funding of school ICTs and local planning and decision‐making. Five possible funding policy models were suggested and discussed, and key questions in relation to policy formation were identified.
Adding Injury to Insult: Fracture Risk After Stroke in Veterans
Authors: Whitson Heather E. , Pieper Carl F. , Sanders Linda , Horner Ronnie D. , Duncan Pamela W. , Lyles Kenneth W. 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVES: To determine fracture risk in U.S. stroke patients and identify patient characteristics that predict highest fracture risk in two complementary cohorts.DESIGN: Secondary analyses of two prospective cohorts.SETTING: Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Centers.PARTICIPANTS: The VA Acute Stroke (VASt) cohort includes 1,073 veterans admitted to nine VA hospitals for stroke between April 1995 and March 1997. The Integrated Stroke Outcomes Database (ISOD) includes 6,578 veterans who received inpatient rehabilitation for stroke at 121 VA facilities during fiscal years 2001 and 2002.MEASUREMENTS: Fractures detected using International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, codes in the VA computerized patient record system; baseline patient characteristics and stroke features; Functional Independence Measures scores in ISOD.RESULTS: Estimated 2‐year fracture rates after stroke in the VASt and ISOD cohorts were 6.1% and 4.7%, respectively. Longer hospitalizations for stroke (P=.06) and new motor or sensory impairment (P=.09) showed trends toward greater risk in the VASt cohort. Female sex (P <.001), cognitive impairment (P=.01), and nonblack race (P=.04) were associated with higher fracture risk in the ISOD. Intermediate functional impairment conferred higher fracture risk than mild or severe functional impairment.CONCLUSION: Veterans who suffer a stroke are at high risk of subsequent fracture, which can lead to further disability. Women, nonblacks, and those with intermediate functional impairment were at particularly high risk of fracture. Future study should investigate therapies to decrease fracture risk in stroke patients.