bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microwave inactivation of thioglucosidase in intact crambe seeds
Authors: Medeiros H. , Kirleis A. W. , Vetter R. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOptimum conditions for microwave inactivation of thioglucosidase in whole crambe seeds(Crambe abyssinica Hochst.) were investigated. Whole crambe seeds were left at 7% moisture or tempered to between 10 and 20% moisture contents prior to exposure to various microwave power inputs for 38 sec under controlled conditions. Ten percent moisture crambe seeds coupled the maximum percentage of microwave power. The amount of microwave energy required to inactivate thioglucosidase decreased as the moisture content of the seeds increased from 10 to 20%. Thioglucosidase could not be inactivated in 7% moisture seeds without burning the seeds. With 10, 15, and 20% moisture levels crambe seeds required a minimum of 0.70, 0.60, and 0.65 kW, respectively, of initial microwave power input and 18,12, and 11 kJ, respectively, of coupled energy to inactivate thioglucosidase. Optimum crambe seed moisture contents for microwave inactivation of thioglucosidase were determined to be between 14‐16%.
Palmitoleic acid inRoureopsis obliquifoliata (Connaraceae) Seed oil
Authors: Spencer Gayland F. , Kleiman Robert 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRoureopsis obliquifoliata Schellenberg seeds contain an oil (45% by weight) comprised primarily of 16‐carbon fatty acids. Palmitic acid constitutes 50% of the fatty acids, palmitoleic acid 32%, and small amounts of the usual C18 acids make up the remainder. Identifications were based on Chromatographic properties of the acids and their ozonolysis products.
Cottonseed flour production: Economic evaluation
Authors: Clark S. P. , Baker G. W. , Matlock S. W. , Mulsow D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEstimating methods are described and results are presented on economic evaluation of processing glandless cottonseed into flour with by‐products of oil, hulls, and fine meats. Processing was assumed to be conducted in three sizes of mills processing 100, 200, and 400 tons per day of seed for 300 days per year. Estimates were made of the prices of flour required to give discounted cash flow rates of return ranging from 0 to 25%. At 25% return the estimated prices of flour were 36 cents, 28 cents, and 25 cents per pound for the three sizes of mills
The DSC thermal analysis of crystallization behavior in high erucic acid rapeseed oil
Authors: Kawamura K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDSC isothermal analysis is used to investigate the crystallization behavior of high erucic acid rapeseed oil (HEAR oil) in conjunction with usual cooling and heating methods. The crystallization of HEAR oil is found to be in two stages and which are accounted for by the crystallization of the α form and its transformation to theβ form under isothermal cooling conditions. Theα form is also transformed to theβ form under constant heating rate conditions (10 K/min), but this transformation is governed by the heating rate. The crystallization behavior of HEAR oil appears to be dominated by its characteristic triglyceride structure as the transformation is completely altered by random interesterification. Further, when HEAR oil is blended with SBO, the crystallization is changed as the SBO component is increased.
The preparation of a series of molecularly homogeneous para‐t‐octylphenoxypoly(ethoxy)ethanols
Authors: Mansfield R. C. , Locke J. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMulti‐gram quantities of the first ten members of a series of para‐ (1,1,3,3‐tetramethylbutyl) ‐phenoxypoly(ethoxy) ethanols (p‐t‐OPEn) have been prepared. Analytical and physical data indicate that each of these materials is composed of greater than 95% of a single molecular species.
Caking test for dried detergents
Authors: Watanabe Henry , Groves W. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA test to measure the caking tendency of dried detergents is described. This test has good reproducibility and should be useful in screening new products, studying formulation changes and examing anticaking agents.The test measures the force necessary to break cylinders formed from test detergents. Forming and breaking forces are extremely critical and are provided by an Instron Universal Tester. The sensitivity of the test demands careful control of the environment; a number of critical factors are discussed. These include test procedure variables such as cylinder length, forming force, forming rate and the time to form the cylinder and product variables such as moisture content and particle size. An increase in the forming force and time, particle size within cer‐tain limits and moisture, increase the breaking force.Results on drum‐dried products were found to correlate poorly with spray‐dried products. Heavy duty products show a lower caking tend‐ency than do light duty products. Anticaking additives cause a very marked decrease in break‐ing force.
The kinetics of methyl linoleate emulsion autoxidation in the presence of polyhydroxy compounds
Authors: Mabrouk A. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe kinetics of the autoxidation of methyl linoleate emulsions activated by carbohydrates likely to be present in meat, with special reference to the effects of functional groups, number of carbon atoms and configuration have been investigated by the rate of oxygen uptake. On the basis of equimolar concentrations of aldoses in the system, oxidation rate of methyl linoleate increases as the number of carbon atoms in the sugar molecule decreases, reaching a maximum in the presence of glyceraldehyde. Configuration of the aldose has a slight effect on the oxidation rate of methyl linoleate emulsions.At comparable molar ratios of hexose to methyl linoleate, the rate of oxidation was found to be: ketohexose > aldohexose > hexahydroxy alcohol.Replacement of the primary alcohol group in an aldohexose with a methyl group decreases the oxidation rate of methyl linoleate emulsion. An opposite effect is observed when the primary alcohol group is substituted with a carboxyl group, i.e., in the presence of sodium glucuronate.2‐Deoxy‐D‐glucose and 2‐deoxy‐D‐ribose exhibit a lesser effect on the autoxidation of methyl linoleate emulsion than glucose and ribose, respectively.Oxidation rates in the presence of reducing disaccharides, maltose, lactose and cellobiose, are more rapid than in the presence of the non‐reducing disaccharide sucrose.
The determination of the solids content of fats and oils by nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Bosin W. A. , Marmor R. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method was developed for the determination of the solids content of fats and oils at various temperatures. This method is more rapid, accurate, and uni‐versally applicable than the generally accepted solids fat index (SFI) by the dilatometric pro‐cedure. A standard deviation of 1.0% solids, unaffected by parameter interactions and attain‐able by inexperienced operators, indicates good reliability and reproducibility.The utilization of an NMR variable‐tempera‐ture accessory and a more precise mode of NMR tuning improves the precision and accuracy. The direct calculation of percentage of solids from the NMR signals eliminates the need for standards and compensates for the temperature variable. The results indicate that two separate labora‐tories, using somewhat different methods and modes of NMR operation, agree reasonably well.
Crude glycerol glucoside esters of cottonseed oil: Preliminary cost analysis
Authors: Decossas K. M. , Feuge R. O. , White J. L. , Mazzeno L.W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGlycerol glucoside esters prepared by transglycosylation of starch and glycerol, followed by interesterification with esters of cottonseed oil fatty acids, are well suited for use in the steadily growing food emulsifier market. They offer formulators and processors a wide range of compositions and physical properties for achieving more effective emulsification without increase in cost. Process flowsheets, capital costs, manufacturing costs, and general expenses are given for the production of 5.7 million pounds and 17.2 million pounds of crude glycerol glucoside esters annually in hypothetical 4‐ton batch and 12‐ton batch grass‐roots plants, respectively. A material balance and preliminary plant layout for the 12‐ton batch plant are also provided. The cost of crude esters ranges from 37.4 cents to 43.7 cents/lb, indicating that the crude esters would be competitive with many commercially available food emulsifiers. The process can be carried out in conventional batch process equipment without production of polluting byproducts. Fixed capital investment for a new 12‐ton batch plant would be $2.5 million, and for a new 4‐ton plant, $1.3 million.
Quantitation of fatty acids from flue‐cured tobacco by combined preparative thin layer chromatography‐gas chromatography
Authors: Ellington J. J. , Schlotzhauer P. F. , Schepartz A. I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFlue‐cured tobacco was subjected to alkaline hydrolysis, and, after acidification, the fatty acids and nonsaponifiables were extracted into hexane. Treatment of the hexane extract with diazomethane yielded fatty acid methyl esters. The methyl esters were separated from interfering hydrocarbons and sterols by preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC). After addition of an internal standard, the esters were quantitated by gas chromatography on the column packing, Silar 10C. Quantitation of the C14‐C32 fatty acid esters was possible by means of temperature programming.
Thiocyanations VI: Iron‐catalyzed thiocyanations of unsaturated acids and esters
Authors: Maxwell R. J. , Silbert L. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of iron catalyst and the advantages of its use in thiocyanogen additions to a series of unsaturated acids and esters were studied. In the absence of catalyst, the deactivation effect of the carboxylic group on the double bond is observed up to and including the Δ5 position, conversions to products are low, and the products in some cases are not the anticipated dithiocyanate adducts. These normally unreactive double bonds are induced to react with thiocyanogen by iron catalyst. Furthermore, for the catalyzed reactions of Δ2 and Δ3 acids and esters, the esters are found to be more reactive than the acids, although both produce trace to low yields of adducts. Single isolated bonds located in any position beyond Δ3, including terminal, are thiocyanated rapidly and in high yield in the presence of iron catlyst. Methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate form ca. 80% of the tetrathiocyanate and hexathiocyanate adducts, respectively.
1,1,2‐trichloro‐1,2,2‐trifluoroethane for oilseed extractions: Demonstration of a viscosity effect
Authors: Temple S. , Sullivan R. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractExtractions of full fat soy flake and meal were carried out at 5 to 70 C with hexane and 1,1,2‐trichloro‐l,2,2‐trifluoroethane (FC‐113) and their corresponding miscellas in order to evaluate FC‐113 as a process solvent. In flake extraction, the rate of oil extraction by FC‐113 was markedly improved with increasing temperature while extraction by hexane was relatively independent of temperature. In contrast, extraction of flake by the miscellas from both solvents and extraction of meal by fresh solvents gave similar results. A comparison of solvent properties indicates that the differences can be related to the viscosity dependent diffusion into the microporous flakes and suggests similar efficiencies for FC‐113 and hexane in countercurrent flow extractors operating at elevated temperatures.
Toxicological, bacteriocidal and fungicidal properties of fatty acids and some derivatives
Authors: Kabara J. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe LD50 oral ingestion values for the common commercial fatty acids are in the range which are considered nontoxic; 24 hour primary skin irritation is considered positive for octanoic acid but negative for decanoic acid and upwards; 4 hour skin corrosivity is considered positive for decanoic acid and lower, negative for lauric acid and higher; eye irritation is considered positive for lauric acid and lower, negative for myristic acid and higher. Among the fatty acid derivatives that have well recognized bacteriocidal and fungicidal properties are undecanoic acid and its salts, sodium and zinc particularly, (athlete's foot fungus), fatty amine quaternary salts, (general bacteriocide properties), fatty amide derivatives, and sodium salts of common fatty acids. The highly purified monoglyceride prepared from high C‐12 fatty acid has unprecedented activity and sanitizing properties.
Traditional analytical chemistry of fatty acids and their derivatives
Authors: Metcalfe A. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIndustrial fatty acids and their derivatives are generally manufactured under strict quality control and sold under rigid specifications. The purchase specifications are normally prescribed by a series of traditional “wet” analytical methods. These methods include acid value, saponification value, iodine value, hydroxyl value, water content, and others. Occasionally, other information is specified; this may include for tall oil fatty acids, rosin content, and free glycerol in monoglycerides, diene value for drying fatty acids, and conjugated fatty acids for specialized fatty acids. The most common fatty acid derivatives of the industrial fatty acids are anionic and nonionic surfactants and the nitrogen derivatives such as amines and quaternary ammonium salts. Rigid quality control is also applied to these compounds. The amine value and the determination of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are the key analytical methods applied to amine derivatives. Quaternary ammonium compounds present unique problems; these are in a present state of methods improvement. Physical property test methods are often used to characterize fatty acids. Though simple in concept, they are often the most difficult to meet in purchase specifications. Examples of these tests are viscosity, titer, color, color stability, flash and fire point.
Soap and fat‐based detergents
Authors: Jungermann E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMany materials made from fats and oils derive their importance from their ability to modify the surface behavior of the liquid in which they are dissolved. These compounds are grouped under the broad classification of surface active agents or surfactants. Depending on their use, they are classified as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, dispersing agents, etc. The oldest, and still one of the most important surfactants, is ordinary soap; twentythree percent of all the tallow produced in the United States goes into soap. This paper covers the present state of the art of soap technology, and the most important classes of fat‐based surfactants.
Fat‐based food emulsifiers
Authors: Van Haften J. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEmulsifiers are widely used in foods in order to achieve the texture, taste, appearance and shelf life characteristics desired by today's consumers. A relatively limited number of fat‐based emulsifiers is used alone and in various combinations to provide these characteristics. Bakery products is one of the more important food areas utilizing emulsifiers, and bread is the most important food within this class. The use of dough conditioners and softeners in bread represents one of the largest markets for fat‐based emulsifiers. Therefore, the emphasis in this paper is on those fat‐based emulsifiers used in the manufacture of bread. To a lesser extent, those emulsifiers used in other bakery products will also be covered.
Fatty alcohols
Authors: Monick J. A. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract“Fatty” or higher alcohols are mostly C11 to C20 monohydric compounds. In probably no other homologous aliphatic series is the current balance between natural and synthetic products so vividly evident. Natural sources, such as plant or animal esters (waxes), can be made to yield straight chain (normal) alcohols with a terminal (primary) hydroxyl, along with varying degrees of unsaturation. In the past, socalled fatty alcohols were prepared commercially by three general processes from fatty acids or methyl esters, occasionally triglycerides. Fatty acids add hydrogen in the carboxyl group to form fatty alcohols when treated with hydrogen under high pressure and suitable metal catalysts. By a similar reaction, fatty alcohols are prepared by the hydrogenation of glycerides or methyl esters. Fatty alcohols are also prepared by the sodium reduction of esters of fatty acids in a lower molecular weight alcohol. The sodium reduction method was ordinarily too expensive; it was displaced early by the other methods; finally most unsaturated alcohols made by this route were largely replaced. Methyl ester reduction continues to provide perhaps 20% of the saturated fatty alcohols, and selective hydrogenation with the use of special catalysts such as copper or cadmium oxides was developed for the production of oleyl alcohol. Synthetic or petroleum technology for long chain alcohols include the Ziegler process, useful for straight chain, even‐numbered saturated products. A second is the carbonylation and reduction of olefins affording medium or highly branched chain alcohols. Paraffin oxidation affords mixed primary alcohols. Fatty alcohols undergo the usual reactions of alcohols. They may be reacted with ethylene oxide to yield a series of polymeric polyoxyethylene alcohols or with acetylene under pressure to yield vinyl ethers or with vinyl acetate to give vinyl ethers.
Antioxidant properties of carrot oil
Authors: Heftmann Erich 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA modified technique for the assay of antioxidants and a method for the preparation of carrot oil have been described. The antioxidant effect of carrot oil has been analyzed by molecular distillation and chemical treatment of the oil. Tocopherols appear to be chiefly responsible for the protection of the autoxidizable substrate and of carotene from oxidation. The effect of pure tocopherol and of pure carotene, and various mixtures of both, produced by molecular distillation, on the autoxidation of the substrate has been studied. The effectiveness of increasing tocopherol concentrations in reducing the initial rate of peroxidation of the substrate showed a maximum at 5 mg.% tocopherol concentration. Carotene was an inhibitor of this reaction in concentrations of less than 3 mg.%, but a pro‐oxidant in higher concentrations. The antioxidant activity of the molecular distillate fractions of both the carrot oil and the mixture of pure tocopherol and carotene showed a maximum around a distillation temperature of 190° under the conditions of the experiment. The tocopherol content of carrot oil is considerable; it has been estimated at about 0.5 to 1%.
A study of the determination of peroxides in fats
Authors: Volz Frances E. , Gortner Willis A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe Kokatnur‐Jelling method as modified by Lingenfelter for the determination of peroxides in animal fat has been found to agree satisfactorily with other methods now in use. The modified method involves a microtitration in a homogeneous medium (isopropanol) and has the additional advantages of being both simple and rapid.A statistical analysis of the peroxide values shows that the reaction time and temperature and the sample size must be standardized to obtain reproducible and reliable results. Close adherence to reaction specifications such as five minutes at 80°C. or seven minutes at 75°C. is necessary. Three minutes is too short a reaction time. The individual fat sample should contain no more than 50 microequivalents of peroxygen to avoid depression of the peroxide value.
Production of free fatty acids in safflower seeds by fungi
Authors: Heaton T. C. , Knowles P. F. , Mikkelsen D. S. , Ruckman J. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn 1975, free fatty acids (FFA) reached 0.50% in hand‐sampled seeds (achenes) from the Sacramento Valley but never exceeded 0.10% in samples from the San Joaquin Valley. High levels of FFA in safflower seeds from the Sacramento Valley were attributed to seed‐borne fungi, especiallyAlternaria sp., having a lipolytic action on safflower oil. Greenhouse inoculations on representative safflower cultivars reduced yields and oil content while increasing FFA. In vitro experiments using safflower oil‐potato dextrose agar medium showed that theAlternaria species and four other fungi isolated from safflower had lipolytic activity. TheAlternaria sp. produced 3.90% FFA after 20 days of growth on this medium. Separation of the FFA by thin layer chromatography and characterization by gas liquid chromatography indicated that fatty acids are released by all five fungi in proportions similar to those in safflower oil.
Fatty acid compositions of the oils ofceltis sinensis var.japonica andzelkova serrata
Authors: Ihara Shogo , Tanaka Tatsuo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOils were extracted from the pits ofCeltis sinensis Pers. var.japonica Nakai and the fruits ofZelkova serrata Makino, of the family Ulmaceae. The oils were examined for their characteristics and fatty acid composition. The percentages of component acids ofCeltis andZelkova oils determined by gas liquid chromatography of their methyl esters were, respectively: propionic (−, 0.9), butyric (−, trace), caproic (−, 0.1), caprylic (−, 7.3), capric (−, 76.5), lauric (−, 3.3), myristic (0.1, 1.0), palmitic (6.8, 2.8), hexadecenoic (trace, −), stearic (3.5, 0.4), oleic (7.5, 3.9), linoleic (80.0, 3.3), linolenic (2.1, 0.5), and arachidic (trace, −) acids.
Double bond analysis of dienoic fatty acids in mixtures
Authors: Johnston A. E. , Dutton H. J. , Scholfield C. R. , Butterfield R. O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMixtures of dienoic fatty acids such as occur in edible hydrogenated fat products cannot be analyzed by current methodology. A method of ozonization, reduction to alcohol fragments by sodium borohydride, gas chromatographic analysis for alcohol, alcohol ester, and internal dialcohol fragments, and computer resolution of a matrix of linear simultaneous equations, is described that gives the analysis of the diene isomers.
Study of the foamability of solutions using the tensiolaminometric technique
Authors: Eydt Andre J. , Rosano H. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe work involved in the formation (extension and contraction) of a liquid lamella inside a rectangular wettable frame has been used to study the foaming, properties of aqueous solutions. Force versus displacement curves are recorded. From these curves the dynamic and the static surface tension can be calculated and the rate of adsorption of the surface‐active agent can be estimated. Foam stability appears to be related to 1) the difference of work involved in expanding and in contracting the liquid lamella, 2) the rate and the irreversibility of adsorption of the surface‐active material, 3) the rate of spreading of the adsorbed molecules, 4) the rate of evaporation of the solvent and 5) the rate of drainage.The instrument can also be used to study the oil‐water interface and to serve as a screening device for foaming agents and emulsifiers. Substituting solid blades for the frame offers a possibility to study wetting and dewetting phenoma (4).