bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Police Technologies: An Exploration of the Social Implications and Unforeseen Impacts of Some Recent Developments
Authors: Wright Steve 
Published: March 2007

Whilst developments in military hardware receive critical attention almost as a matter of course, innovations in police technology are only rarely focused upon. In this article an attempt is made to rectify this anomaly by providing a detailed survey of some recent devel opments in police technologies, as well as directing concern towards the unanticipated consequences associated with their integration into systems of socio-political control. The technology of socio-political control is by definition more or less repressive. Since it appears to offer a flexible solution to many of the problems of internal control, there is a grave danger of its becoming a technological panacea substituted for real political authority when this is absent. Politicians are increasingly prone to hand over their most problematic difficulties to the police or military for solution, only to get them back later in a more intractable form. Consideration is given to the social implications of the vertical and horizontal proliferation of these technologies and their role in effecting the militarization of the society in which they are deployed. The article concludes that new police technologies facilitate the creation and maintenance of totalitarian societies. They pose a real threat to civil liberties and human rights, a threat likely to increase over time. The most repressive forms are currently being transferred to the Third World to service existing systems of cultural imperialism. By frustrating the struggles of the peoples in these countries to obtain a more just and equitable social order, the transfer of political control technology will escalate the processes leading to domestic arms races and thus increase the overall level of violence in the long term. 1. See for example Hewitt, P. 1977, & State Research, 1978. 2. Jonathan Rosenhead provides a contempo rary example of the politics which formed the decision to deploy riot control shields in the U.K. Rosenhead, J., 1977a & 1977b. 3. Figure assumed from Ballantyne, 1977a. 4. For an intriguing discussion of the bizarre double binds which are implicit in governmental approaches to secrecy, see Laurie, P., 1978. 5. See New Scientist, 5 February, 1976, 'Teargas in high doses is lethal', P. 267. Also Gonzales et al., 1954, Stein & Kirwan, 1964, & HMSO, C.m.n.d. 4775, 1971. 6. Figures taken from New Scientist, 29/273, p. 726, 'Anti-crowd weapons work by causing fits.' It should be noted that ways exist to beat the photic driver using a simple eye patch (see New Scientist 11/10/73). 7. They are: State Research, 9, Poland Street, London W1., U.K. CILIP c/o Berghofstiftung für Konfliktforschung, Winklerstrasse 4a, 1000 Berlin 33, West Germany. Project on Militarism and Disarmament, Insti tute of Policy Studies, 1901 Que St., N.W. Wash ington D.C., 20009 USA. 8. These effects are described in more detail in New Scientist 9/11/71, p. 67: 'Interrogation Questioned'. 9. Report in The Sunday Times June 26, 1976. 'Why Britain Tortures its Own Soldiers'.
Revolt of the Incapacitated: Inter- and Intra-Organizational Consequences of the Polish Summer 1980
Authors: Kostecki Marian J. 
Published: March 2007

The main thesis of the paper is that the big wave of strikes during July-September 1980 in Poland can be interpreted as an opposition of society against the etatist formula of the social life forced by the authorities. A general picture of etatism is presented in the first part of the paper. Also main organizational pillars of this formula (the Party, central and local administration, business organizations, co-operatives, trade unions, youth organizations, and mass media) are analyzed. Emphasis is given to the acceleration of the processes of organizational concentration and monopolization in the 1970s. The second part of the paper is devoted to the process of refusal of this formula by Polish society; from non-cooperation to active resistance. The third part is concerned with changes in State-controlled and Party-controlled organizations and with the process of self-organization of the society. All the above-mentioned organizations are taken into account.
Détente: Models and Strategies
Authors: Schlotter Peter 
Published: March 2007

Increasing tensions in NATO over détente demonstrate that the Harmel formula 'Defense and Détente' has become controversial. Europeans think about the 'Europeanization of Europe' and a strengthening of the 'European identity' vis-à-vis the superpowers. Here a détente model is outlined which is based on European interests. Scientific conceptions of the fifties and sixties are recalled which have widely fallen into oblivion. The model consists of the following elements: (1) a pluralistic security system, defined by the compatibility of central values, the consideration of the interests of the other side, and the anticipation of the reactions of all the partners (based on K.W. Deutsch, whose model of a developing Atlantic Community is transferred to the European East-West conflict); (2) functionalism according to which cooperation in as many areas as possible plays a tension- reducing role; (3) consociational systems which settle conflicts in their internal relations with a minimum of force and are stable even though they are very fractionated culturahy, according to living standards, ethnic groups, and basic ideological positions or religion. Consociational systems normally have broad coalition governments, mutual vetoes of important interest, ethnic, or religious groups, the principle of proportional representation, and the autonomy and self-management of each group. The basic pattern of conflict resolution is 'package dealing'. The model is illustrated by examples which demonstrate an embryonic European East-West security system. The article ends with — still abstract — recommendations for a new structure of détente policy, e.g. defensive policy, functionalist approach, multilateralization, dispersion of bi-polarism, and conflict resolution by package deals.
Fast Simulation of Open Queueing Systems
Authors: Hunt Cortney S. , Foote Bobbie L. 
Published: March 2007

We describe a technique developed by the authors for fast simulation of open queueing networks. The technique takes advantage of the recursive nature of departure times of customers in various parts of the system. The event calendar is circumvented using these recursive relationships whenever possible. A framework for identifying these recursive aspects of a network is presented. The technique involves identifying the servers in the system at which flows merge or diverge. Knowledge about the merge and diverge points defines the dependency relationships a specific customer has with other customers at each point in the system. The concept of a system level is based on these dependency relationships. The technique is implemented in the object oriented language SmallTalk 80. The implementation utilizes Windows interfaces and allows graphical analysis of the simulation results. The implementation is shown to achieve significant reductions in execution time compared with the traditional discrete- event approach to simulation of such networks in most cases. Several different types of systems are explored in an attempt to characterize those systems on which the technique functions well.
Les variables qui affectent le rôle intégrateur de la religion
Authors: Houtart Fr. 
Published: March 2007

There is a preliminary question that must be dealt with: is it true to say that religion has an integrating function? If by this we mean to indicate a consequence of religion—and not its finality—we can in fact say that it has a role to play in society The latter need not necessarily be an integrating role; it may equally be a disfunction. There exist also other social factors which are capable of fulfilling the social functions of religion (parties, ideologies) and which can be consi dered as being substitutes. By the fact that it is among other things a social reality, religion does have an influence upon social structures, but it acts in the first place on the cultural system. Variables which may be either internal (doctrine, organisation. liturgy, etc.) or external (social groups, social or cultural changes) affect the role which religion actually plays.
Valeurs sociales transmises par I'enseignement secondaire des églises et de l'état en Colombie
Authors: Benoit A. 
Published: March 2007

This investigation was carried out among the final-year classes of 12 educational institutions: 3 State schools, 3 Protestant schools and 6 Ca tholic schools. The research is subdivided in three parts. The first part includes a content analysis of the courses of philosophy, religion and one called 'Columbian institutions', as well as an opinion survey dealing with the subject matter of the courses and the way it is taught. The second part sets out to determine which type of ideology attracts the pupils. The analysis was limited to a study of the pupils' attitudes with regard to certain dimensions of democratization and secularization, and their opinions on the social meaning of religion. The third part tries to see how far the family reinforces (or does not reinforce) the communication of the values transmitted by the school environment; with this in mind the head of each family was asked to explain the motives which lead him to choose a particular school, and also to give his opinions on social change. In general, it can be concluded that the values transmitted by education are socially traditional, even if it is possible to detect certain more liberal or democratic tendencies in some institutions. On the other hand, the survey among the pupils shows that even at the level of secondary education, some of them already hold critical opinions with regard to the cultural content which is transmitted to them by the family and the school. These channels of cultural transmission are inevi tably, today, competing with others, as for example the mass media, whose development is increasingly generalizing an ideological pluralism.
The Protestant Clergyman in America the Problem in Analyzing His Career
Authors: Snook J.B. 
Published: March 2007

L'analyse des institutions religieuses ne peut se faire de manière systéma tique qu'a la lumière des grandes questions fondamentales qui ne peuvent par principe être résolues par une simple institutionalisation de l'expé rience religieuse. De telles questions se retrouvent à tous les niveaux de l'analyse. En particulier, elles se posent à propos de la carrière ecclésias tique, révélées notamment par le fait que de nombreux ecclésiastiques auront tendance à mal interprêter les normes des rôles qu'ils assument vis-à-vis de leurs paroissiens. Deux sortes d'informations sont essentielles pour analyser la situation du clergé: il faut identifier les points qui présentent le plus de diffi cultés, tant sur le plan structurel que dans le déroulement longitudinal de leur carrière, et essayer de déterminer les moyens institutionnels suscep tibles d'y remédier. L'analyse sociologique peut s'avérer utile, particulièrement par la com paraison entre le rôle ecclésiastique et les autres. L'analogie avec le politicien a semblé la plus appropriée pour éclairer le problème du rôle du pasteur américain, qui s'oppose en fait à l'image traditionnelle de l'exercice d'une profession, Cette comparaison s'avère fructueuse pour clarifier la relation d'autorité qui dans l'institution religieuse est centrale et elle peut aider le pasteur à comprendre la signification symbolique de son statut social.
Le champ de la religiosité. Projet d'analyse de la religiosité populaire au Brésil
Authors: Tavares de andrade José Maria 
Published: March 2007

The author begins by delineating the approach to religiosity that is peculiar to anthropology, as distinguished from that of sociology which, in the main, investigates religion's political and ideological role. The phenomenon he studies is popular religiosity, seen against the background of Brazilian culture — one that is derived, and alive with change. Setting off from Weberian theory and Bourdieu's epistemological frame work, he proposes a new model, as more dynamic and founded on apter concepts. Side by side with the ' legitimate ' religious structures, such as the world religions, present-day Brazilian society exhibits numerous elements of popular religion. Some come from African or Indian religions, having survived the encroachments of western culture, while others are the remnants of primitive or pagan cults, that were imported with medieval Catholicism. The article analyzes several such phenomena, as well as studies made recently about them.
Le modèle d'autorité dans l'Eglise
Authors: Van Billoen Etienne 
Published: March 2007

Following the important institutional moment that was the Second Vatican Council, the Catholic Church has seen the socio-cultural changes that were crystallized in the often con flicting changes of its system of authority. In addition, during a period of profound changes the positions taken by the levels of authority have reinforced institutional weight; that is why the study is concerned with the speech that the superior level of authority of the religious Catholic group produces about itself. The French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu is linked to an observation of the teaching system which is precisely one sector of social life where authority is strongly questioned. These thoughts have guided the author to formulate the hypotheses concerning the model of authority in the Roman Catholic group. To enter into this universe with the work hypotheses, the author presents an analytical grill of texts of which the key does not rest on a regrouping of different themes treated by speech ; it is these speeches themselves which give the key and, more precisely, their literary mechanisms brought to light by a study of pedagogical speech made by Jean Dubois. The conclusions of the analyses conclude by the speeches themselves, the existence of various arbitrary cultural insti tutions in the Catholic ecclesiastical institution, without that diversity being, all the same, accepted by the superior level of this institution. More than this statement, it is the method itself of the study which rates attention.
Definition of Religion- A Sociological Critique
Authors: Dobbelaere Karel , Lauwers Jan 
Published: March 2007

Les auteurs indiquent, pour commencer, sur base d'une comparaison entre les travaux de Berger et Yinger, que le choix entre une définition substantielle et une définition fonc tionnelle de la religion n'est pas une simple question de goût : ce choix exerce une influence décisive sur le résultat de l'ana lyse. Ils enquêtent ensuite sur la praticabilité des définitions fonc tionelles et substantielles. Il en ressort que la " religion " n'est pas une entité, mais une qualité qui est attribuée à certaines choses et à certaines fonctions par des catégories sociales ou catégories de positions. Une variation est évidente dans ce que certains appellent " religion " et d'autres pas. Il en découle que le sociologue doit porter son attention sur le contexte structurel et situationnel du processus de définition de la religion. Sans cela, il court le risque de reprendre à son compte la définition d'une catégorie de positions dans la société. Cela apparaît avec force en ce qui concerne l'emploi des définitions substantielles ou fonctionnelles dans les théo ries qui prennent parti implicitement ou explicitement au sujet de la sécularisation. Si le sociologue veut prendre distance de tout point de vue idéologisant dans sa définition de la religion, il ne lui reste qu'une seule alternative : il ne doit pas définir lui-méme la religion, mais la laisser définir par les différentes positions sociales présentes dans la société. La définition de la religion n'est pas un point d'aboutissement pour la recherche sociolo gique, mais elle appartient à l'objet à étudier. Elle est un élément de la réalité sociale changeante que le sociologue veut considérer.
The Utilization of Diplodia-Damaged Boll-Rot Cotton
Authors: Sands J.E. , Fiori L.A. , Groves N.H. , Marsh P.B. 
Published: March 2007

A limited quantity of specially selected seed cotton that had been damaged severely in the field by the common boll-rot fungus Diplodia sp. was roller-ginned and processed, along with a white control cotton, into blends containing 2.5%, 5.0%, 10.0%, and 35.0%. by weight, of the Diplodia-damaged lint. It was shown that the 35.0% blend could not be spun into a 38/1 (16 tex) yarn without an excessive number of ends down. The 10.0% blend could be utilized more efficiently in coarser-than-38/1 (16 tex) yarns. The 2.5% and 5.0% blends were spun into 38/1 (16 tex) yarns without an excessive number of ends down. The yarns from these two blends did not differ significantly from yarns spun from the control cotton in length uniformity, appearance grade, or yarn breaking tenacity and elongation. All cases of reduced processing efficiency and product quality in any of the blends, in comparison to the white control, were shown to be related to the short fiber content of the blends. Diplodia-damaged and undamaged bolls occur regularly together within a single cotton field, with a resulting admixture of the two kinds of fiber in the bale. Field observations suggest that in commercial bales amounts of fungus-damaged fiber in excess of that represented by the experimental 5% blend here employed are rare.
Draft Allocation and Tensor Setting in a Sliver-to-Yarn Drafting System for Cotton
Authors: Audivert R. , Vidiella J.E. 
Published: March 2007

This work investigates the effect of draft allocation on yarn properties in a sliver-to varn drafting system consisting of a back draft zone, an intermediate condensing zone, and a final draft zone. Back and front zones were of the double apron type. The effect of a range of pin openings for the front apron nip was also investigated. Results showed that for optimum yarn properties, back draft D1 and total draft D should be related to each other so that D1 = K √D, where K is a parameter dependent on drafting efficiency and is close to unity. Optimum yarn properties were obtained with the smallest available tensor in the front zone. Finally, in an attempt to explain results on the basis of previous theoretical work by other writers, it was shown that for ideal conditions D1 = √D.
Mathematical Aspects of Cotton Fiber Length Distribution under Various Breakage Models
Authors: Shapiro Harold N. , Sparer Gerson , Gaffney Harry E. , Armitage Russell H. , Tallant John D. 
Published: March 2007

Mathematical models of cotton fiber length distribution under various breakage models are discussed. Theoretical analyses are given, including the demonstration of certain factors, capable of measurement. which afford the possibility for numerical con firmation of the respective models. For example, the model for random fiber breakage independent of length shows that where μ F and μ G are the means and γ F and γ G are the absolute second moments about the origin of the parent and daughter populations, respectively. In addition, mathematical models, somewhat more complicated, are given when breakage is proportional to length and for the case where the fibers are held and then subjected to breakage.
Wet Spinning of High-Strength, Low-Elongation Polyvinyl Alcohol Fibers
Authors: Zwick M.M. , van Bochove C. 
Published: March 2007

The considerations that influence the selection of polymers and spmning conditions for the purpose of preparing a high-strength, low-elongation type of polyvinyl alcohol fiber for use as a reinforcing component in rigid, cold-hardening resins are discussed. A number of polyvinyl alcohol products from commercial sources were spun, and their fibers evaluated. The two products that gave the best over-all results yielded fibers with a tensde strength of 9-10 g/den and a breaking elongation of 4.5-5%. Elongations at break as small as 3.5% were obtamed with two low-molecular-weight samples. ' To attain optimum values of strength and stiffness with any polyvinyl alcohol, a careful build-up of the fiber fine structure is necessary. This was brought about in wet spinning by slowing down fiber coagulation, as well as other processing steps.
Theoretical Study of the Flow of Highly Viscous Materials
Authors: Horve Leslie A. 
Published: March 2007

Injection molding of thermosetting elastomers has become an important processing technique within recent years. The material enters the injection head at a temperature below the vulcanization point. It is fed by a screw and injected with a ram-like action into a closed mold. Vulcanization of the rubber occurs in the heated mold. The elastomer must flow from the injection chamber into the closed mold through nozzles, channels, sprues, and gates. Pressure drops occur and the material temperature increases as heat is transferred from the mold walls and internal heat is generated by viscous shear. Analytical methods of describing this flow are useful in modifying the mold configuration to increase flow. The basic flow equations are discussed, simplifications are made and a numerical solution of the set of equations describing the flow of a highly viscous non-Newtonian fluid is outlined. Heat transfer from the wall and generation of heat due to viscous shear is considered. The mathematical model is used to generate the local temperature and velocity profiles in the fluid at typical molding conditions.
A New Look at Adolescent Learning Problems
Authors: Thompson Ardithearl 
Published: March 2007

The dynamics and treatment of adolescent learning problems are different from those of childhood problems resulting from developmental delays or developmental imbalances. Even though the school curriculum is based on a logical continuum of learning tasks, some adolescents (although intelligent) are unable to successfully master the orderly sequence of skills and as a result become discouraged, rebellious, disruptive, or all three, and eventually drop out of school before graduation. This article explains how a theory of adolescent learning problems is used to successfully provide treatment for this type of student within the main stream.
A standard procedure for generating personal classifications and indexes
Authors: Cooney S. 
Published: March 2007

A standard procedure for generating classifications to index personal collections of reprints and references is des cribed. Keywords are selected from all the documents in the collection. These keywords are used both to construct a personal classification for the user (or user group) and to index the documents, using a sequence of operations carried out in a required order. Frequency of keywords and related meanings are used to group keywords under subject headings. Classifications are normally maintained on Peekaboo cards permitting new subject headings to be added and new docu ments indexed at will. The method has been used since 1966, and 25 indexes have been constructed. Up to 1970 all the work was manual; since then the computer has been used as an aid.
Chemical toxicology searching: a collaborative evaluation, comparing information resources and searching techniques
Authors: Bawden David , Brock Alison M. 
Published: March 2007

A collaborative evaluation project has been carried out by fourteen UK and European organisations, both industrial and public sector, to compare information resources and searching techniques for chemical toxrcology information. The project had two objectives: to improve the participants' own expertise in this area, and to allow an objective evaluation of searching methods. Eight test queries were designed and searched by the participants, and the results evaluated semi-qualitatively, with an extensive failure analysis. Printed sources, online data-bases, data-banks, and in-house files were included in the evaluation. The results are presented and discussed, including both comments on strengths and weaknesses of sources and search techniques, and recommenda tions for future improvements to facilitate access to chemical toxicology information.